cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defining the mechanism involved in the inhibition of GvHD by azacitidine in vivo through the use of FoxP3 diphtheria toxin receptor (Foxp3DTR) donor T cells. (TRAN3P.911)

Azacitidine (AzaC) can mitigate GvHD in both murine preclinical transplant models and in human clinical trials while maintaining a robust GvL effect. Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain how AzaC reduces GvHD: 1) the generation of suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) through the in vivo conversion of alloreactive donor T effectors (FoxP3-) into suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+), or 2) the direct anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of AzaC on allogeneic T cells. To determine the importance of AzaC generated Tregs, we designed an MHC-mismatched model of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in which Tregs could be specifically depleted by Diphtheria toxin (DT) following treatment of mice with AzaC. Mice depleted of nTreg prior to infusion, and treated with AzaC alone had significantly less GvHD and increased overall survival than mice treated with AzaC and depleted of AzaC generated Tregs with DT, indicating an important role of AzaC generated Tregs in GvHD amelioration. Furthermore, mice treated with both AzaC and DT had less GvHD and survived longer than PBS treated control mice suggesting direct cytotoxicity of effector T cells induced by AzaC leads to enhanced survival and reduced GvHD. Our data suggests that increasing FOXP3+ Tregs and AzaC induced cytotoxicity towards allogeneic T cells are both important mechanisms involved in the mitigation of GvHD in vivo.
The Cultures Of International Management

In this paper I present an approach based on Cultural Studies to conceive of and pursue cultural inquiry in international management. For this purpose, I first develop a genealogical framework for understanding how the international management literature has engaged with culture over the past forty years. This framework focuses on decisions that international management scholars have made as they attempt to address culture in their research. It also focuses on the consequences of these decisions, which have skewed the field towards certain intellectual positions and have maintained culture as a problematic concept. In the last section I present an alternative approach situated within Cultural Studies to address the problem of culture in international management scholarship.
A simple method for computing exact probabilities of mutation numbers

We describe a method for the recursive computation of exact probability distributions for the number of neutral mutations segregating in samples of arbitrary size and configuration. Construction of the recursions requires only characterization of evolutionary changes as a Markov process and determination of one-step transition matrices. We address the pattern of nucleotide diversity at a neutral marker locus linked to a determinant of mating type. Under a reformulation of parameters, the method also applies directly to metapopulation models with island migration among demes. Characterization of complete probability distributions facilitates parameter estimation and hypothesis testing by likelihood- as well as moment-based approaches.
Arthrography of the wrist

Eighty-four wrist arthrograms were performed on 76 patients with posttraumatic wrist pain. Instillation of a small amount of contrast media into the radiocarpal joint under fluoroscopic control was helpful in delineating specific areas of pathology about the wrist. Comparison of the arthrographic findings with the plane films of 74 patients and the operative findings of 24 patients revealed that the arthrogram was most helpful in delineating perforations of the scapholunate ligament, the lunotriquetral ligament, the triangular fibrocartilage complex, and the wrist joint capsule.
Security measures on school crime in Texas middle and high schools

This statewide study surveyed 215 principals of middle schools and high schools in Texas, USA. It examined the effectiveness of activities on school crime by three main methods: (1) what activities...
Use of EXAFS to probe electrode–solution interfaces

A review of the development and application of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy for in situ structural characterization of chemical processes at the electrode surface is presented. The designs of the in situ electrochemical cells developed to date are shown. Applications are presented from the areas of metal passivation, spectroelectrochemistry, modified electrodes, underpotential deposition, and adsorption.
Glutathione S-transferase isozymes of mouse intestine: Differential induction by 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole

Electrofocusing of mouse small intestine mucosal cytosol yielded two prominent peaks of glutathione S-transferase activity, at pH 8.7 and pH 9.0. These intestinal transferases were indistinguishable from corresponding liver transferases in immunological reactivities and in several other properties. Dietary t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole increased intestine cytosol protein immunologically identical to the liver transferase with pI of 8.7 and also elevated markedly and preferentially the intestinal transferase activity peak at pH 8.7. Thus, the predominant transferases of mouse intestine appear identical to two of the liver isozymes, and t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole enhances intestinal transferase activity mainly by increasing the quantity of the isozyme(s) of pI 8.7.
Tracking Sediment Redistribution in a Small Watershed: Implications for Agro-Landscape Evolution

A new, multi-tracer method is used to track erosion, translocation, and redeposition of sediment in a small watershed, thus allowing for the ﬁrst time a complete, spatially distributed, sediment balance to be made as a function of landscape position. A 0·68 ha watershed near Coshocton, Ohio, USA was divided into six morphological units, each tagged with one of six rare earth element oxides. Sediment translocation was evaluated by collecting run-off and by spatially sampling the soil surface. Average measured erosion rate was 6·1 t ha−1, but varied between 40·4 t ha−1 loss from the lower channels to 24·1 t ha−1 gain on the toeslope. With this technique it was possible for the ﬁrst time to itemize the sediment budget for landscape elements into three components: (1) the soil from the element that left the watershed with run-off; (2) soil from the element that was redeposited on lower positions, with the spatial distribution of that deposition; and (3) soil originating from the upper positions and deposited on the element, with quantiﬁcation of relative source areas. The results are incongruous with the current morphology of the watershed, suggesting that diffusion-type erosion must also play a major role in deﬁning the evolution of this landscape. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transitional phenomena in early language acquisition

Two transitional phases in the child's early language development are described; the first occurs between prelinguistic vocalization and one-word speech and the second between one-word and patterned speech. Cognitive, linguistic and affective inputs to the acquisition of reference and syntax are discussed in the light of the transitional phenomena that were found. We claim that each major linguistic stage is preceded by a transitional phase which serves as a bridging device for the next major acquisition; that sound and meaning develop partly independently in language development; and that the child's earliest patterned speech is not organized in terms of knowledge of grammatical categories, but in terms of more fundamental coordinations of conceptual meanings with phonetic outputs. A theoretical framework is proposed which provides a more systematic treatment of transitional phenomena than has previously been provided. The framework allows for interpretations of transitional phenomena and of their relations to the milestone periods of early language development.
Spontaneous echo contrast in the descending aorta detected by transesophageal echocardiography

Abstract We have described a small series of patients with SEC detected in the thoracic aorta in the absence of aortic dissection. Although SEC is an uncommon finding in patients referred for TEE, when it is detected in the thoracic aorta, the incidence of concomitant aortic or cardiac pathology is high. The role of this finding for cardiovascular thromboembolic events remains undetermined.
Longitudinal Assessment of Major Depression and Anxiety Disorders in Children

Abstract Two-year recall and mother-child agreement with respect to a child's DSM-III lifetime diagnoses of major depression and anxiety disorder, based on K-SADS-E interviews with children, were assessed for a sample of 59 children, 6 to 16 years of age, at high and low risk for depression. The mothers had excellent recall and the children had good recall of a child's major depression. Both mothers and children had poor recall of a child's anxiety disorder. Mother-child agreement on major depression in children improved at the 2-year follow-up. A comparison of diagnoses based on mother and child reports with the psychiatrists' best estimate diagnoses of major depression suggested that children were more informative than mothers at the initial interview. The children were slightly less informative than the mothers at follow-up. These findings underscore the importance of multiple informants and longitudinal assessment in research on childhood psychiatric disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1991, 30, 1:38–42.
Latin America and the challenge of globalizing the history of sexuality.

Moche artisans on the coast of what is now northern Peru wrote perhaps the first Latin American history of sexuality sometime between 150 and 800 c.e. These crafts men declared their interest in "sexual" subjects by producing a vast amount of pot tery that depicted anal intercourse, fellatio, and masturbation. Only rarely did they construct explicit images in which the penis penetrated the vagina. One anthropol ogist argues convincingly that the artisans intended these vessels as historical com mentaries. As they fixed meaning to sexual acts and developed particular ideologies regarding the past, they produced a historical critique, an analysis of time, rulers, ancestors, and gods. Yet, because we have such difficulty interpreting the messages portrayed, either we leave such imaginary universes entirely out of the history of sexuality, or we relegate them to uninterpretable oddities.1 Another puzzle emerges when we read an early colonial ethnography of a Nahua ceremony in which a priest donned the skin of a woman slain as an offering to a fertility goddess.2 In the ritual process, the Nahuas invoked a notion of creation: the
Reading DNA at single-nucleotide resolution with a mutant MspA nanopore and phi29 DNA polymerase

Nanopore technologies are being developed for fast and direct sequencing of single DNA molecules through detection of ionic current modulations as DNA passes through a pore's constriction. Here we demonstrate the ability to resolve changes in current that correspond to a known DNA sequence by combining the high sensitivity of a mutated form of the protein pore Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) with phi29 DNA polymerase (DNAP), which controls the rate of DNA translocation through the pore. As phi29 DNAP synthesizes DNA and functions like a motor to pull a single-stranded template through MspA, we observe well-resolved and reproducible ionic current levels with median durations of ∼28 ms and ionic current differences of up to 40 pA. Using six different DNA sequences with readable regions 42-53 nucleotides long, we record current traces that map to the known DNA sequences. With single-nucleotide resolution and DNA translocation control, this system integrates solutions to two long-standing hurdles to nanopore sequencing.
Effects of zomepirac and indomethacin on renal blood flow and electrolyte excretion in anesthetized monkeys.

Abstract Zomepirac sodium is a new inhibitor of prostaglandin cyclooxygenase with an in vitro potency equivalent to indomethacin. Since inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis have marked effects on renal hemodynamics, zomepirac may be expected to reduce renal blood flow (RBF) in a manner similar to indomethacin. This study compares the effects of zomepirac and indomethacin on RBF and electrolyte excretion in anesthetized Rhesus monkeys. Each experiment consisted of a control period followed by 3 or 4 drug treatment periods in which increasing doses of zomepirac (0.5 to 20 mg/kg) or indomethacin (0.5 to 10 mg/kg were given. Indomethacin (5 mg/kg) reduced RBF by 22% and the higher dose (10 mg/kg) reduced RBF by an additional 13%. Zomepirac had little effect on RBF in doses as high as 20 mg/kg. At any given dose the mean plasma concentration of zomepirac was equal to or greater than indomethacin. Peak indomethacin concentration was 48 μg/ml after the 10 mg/kg dose while the peak zomepirac, after 20 mg/kg, was 158 μg/ml. Neither drug had a significant effect on either glomerular filtration rate or excretion rate of sodium or potassium. Thus, zomepirac had only minimal effects on RBF while indomethacin decreased RBF of anesthetized monkeys in a manner qualitatively similar to its effect in other species. The minimal renal effects caused by zomepirac relative to indomethacin in this primate may indicate a therapeutic advantage for zomepirac in man.
Escalation of cocaine intake with extended access in rats: dysregulated addiction or regulated acquisition?

Rationale Understanding the neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying dysregulated cocaine intake is important for the development of new cocaine abuse therapies.
Principled reasoning and practical applications of alert fusion in intrusion detection systems

It is generally believed that by combining several diverse intrusion detectors (i.e., forming an IDS ensemble), we may achieve better performance. However, there has been very little work on analyzing the effectiveness of an IDS ensemble. In this paper, we study the following problem: how to make a good fusion decision on the alerts from multiple detectors in order to improve the final performance. We propose a decision-theoretic alert fusion technique based on the likelihood ratio test (LRT). We report our experience from empirical studies, and formally analyze its practical interpretation based on ROC curve analysis. Through theoretical reasoning and experiments using multiple IDSs on several data sets, we show that our technique is more flexible and also outperforms other existing fusion techniques such as AND, OR, majority voting, and weighted voting.
Sudden Cardiac Death From Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Clinical thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is characterized by a pentad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neurological symptoms, renal involvement, and fever. A case of TTP in which early symptoms and signs were suggestive of ischemic heart disease, renal failure, and severe thrombocytopenia developed to a rapid outcome of death. The postmortem examination revealed coronary artery microthrombi, typical of TTP. The clinical presentation of this TTP was atypical: severe thrombocytopenia, striking renal and CNS symptoms were present, but fever and anemia were not present. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is an uncommon condition that carries a high fatality rate if untreated. Awareness of this syndrome and its high risk of sudden death underlines the importance of rapid diagnosis and treatment.
Osteoclastoma-like giant cell tumor of the thyroid. Report of a case with prolonged survival following partial excision and radiotherapy

A case of osteoclastoma-like giant cell tumor of the thyroid with 6-year survival following radiotherapy is reported. This is believed to be the seventh case of this tumor in the literature, and the only one with known long-term survival. This lesion differs from the usual giant and spindle cell thyroid carcinoma by the fact that its giant cells contain up to 100 or more small, uniform, benign-appearing nuclei, and are admixed with mononuclear “stromal” cells, the overall histologic appearance resembling that of giant cell tumor of bone. This is probably an anaplastic epithelial tumor, but its histogenesis is not definitively established.
WE‐G‐BRE‐04: Gold Nanoparticle Induced Vasculature Damage for Proton Therapy: Monte Carlo Simulation

Purpose: The aim of this work is to investigate the gold nanoparticle (GNP) induced vasculature damage in a proton beam. We compared the results using a clinical proton beam, 6MV photon beam and two kilovoltage photon beams. Methods: Monte Carlo simulations were carried out using TOPAS (TOol for PArticle Simulation) to obtain the spatial dose distribution in close proximity to GNPs up to 20μm distance. The spatial dose distribution was used as an input to calculate the additional dose deposited to the blood vessels. For this study, GNP induced vasculature damage is evaluated for three particle sources (proton beam, MV photon beam and kV photon beam), various treatment depths for each particle source, various GNP uptakes and three different vessel diameters (8μm, 14μm and 20μm). Results: The result shows that for kV photon, GNPs induce more dose in the vessel wall for 150kVp photon source than 250kVp. For proton therapy, GNPs cause more dose in the vessel wall at shallower treatment depths. For 6MV photons, GNPs induce more dose in the vessel wall at deeper treatment depths. For the same GNP concentration and prescribed dose, the additional dose at the inner vessel wall is 30% more than the prescribed dose for the kVp photon source, 15% more for the proton source and only 2% more for the 6MV photon source. In addition, the dose from GNPs deceases sharper for proton therapy than kVp photon therapy as the distance from the vessel inner wall increases. Conclusion: We show in this study that GNPs can potentially be used to enhance radiation therapy by causing vasculature damage using clinical proton beams. The GNP induced damage for proton therapy is less than for the kVp photon source but significantly larger than for the clinical MV photon source.
Genetic determinants at the interface of cancer and neurodegenerative disease

It has been hypothesized that oncogenesis and neurodegeneration may share common mechanistic foundations. Recent evidence now reveals a number of genes in which alteration leads to either carcinogenesis or neurodegeneration, depending on cellular context. Pathways that have emerged as having critical roles in both cancer and neurodegenerative disease include those involving genes such as PARK2, ATM, PTEN, PTPRD, and mTOR. A number of mechanisms have been implicated, and commonly affected cellular processes include cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and response to oxidative stress. For example, we have recently shown that the E3 ubiquitin ligase PARK2 is mutated or deleted in many different human malignancies and helps drive loss on chromosome 6q25.2-27, a genomic region frequently deleted in cancers. Mutation in PARK2 is also the most common cause of juvenile Parkinson's disease. Mutations in PARK2 result in an upregulation of its substrate cyclin E, resulting in dysregulated entry into the cell cycle. In neurons, this process results in cell death, but in cycling cells, the result is a growth advantage. Thus, depending on whether the cell affected is a dividing cell or a post-mitotic neuron, responses to these alterations may differ, ultimately leading to varying disease phenotypes. Here, we review the substantial data implicating specific genes in both cancer and neurodegenerative disease.
Ultrafast relaxation dynamics of photoexcited carriers in GaAs

We report time-resolved pump-probe measurements of both absorption and refractive index for GaAs thin films with 80 fs time resolution. The probe photon energies are near the band-edge and near the initial excited states, and photoexcited carrier densities are varied from 1017 to 1019 cm3. Our results reveal the instantaneous band gap renormalization and the importance of carrier-carrier scattering and intervalley scattering. Mechanisms which cause an ultrafast change in refractive index are also discussed.
Using Clinical Risk Models for Lung Nodule Classification

Evaluation and diagnosis of indeterminate pulmonary nodules is a significant and increasing burden on our health care system. The advent of lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography only exacerbates this problem, and more surgeons will be evaluating smaller and screening discovered nodules. Multiple calculators exist that can help the clinician diagnose lung cancer at the bedside. The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer (PLCO) model helps to determine who needs lung cancer screening, and the McWilliams and Mayo models help to guide the primary care clinician or pulmonologist with diagnosis by estimating the probability of cancer in patients with indeterminate pulmonary nodules. The Thoracic Research Evaluation And Treatment (TREAT) model assists surgeons to determine who needs a surgical biopsy among patients referred for suspicious lesions. Additional work is needed to develop decision support tools that will facilitate the use of these models in clinical practice, to complement the clinician׳s judgment and enhance shared decision making with the patient at the bedside.
The ferritin content of human red blood cells during the replacement of embryonic cells by fetal cells.

Mature human embryonic erythrocytes (hemoglobin is ≥ 90% of the cellular protein) contained at least 20 times as much ferritin as human adult erythrocytes, suggesting the possibility that the embryonic red cells participate in iron storage as they do in other embryonic or larval vertebrates. The ferritin content of mature red cells in the circulation declined when fetal red cells replaced embryonic red cells; the cell replacement was monitored by the disappearance of embryonic e-chains and the appearance of the fetal globin chains, γA and γG. A constant ratio of 0.67 was obtained for γGγA + γG from the first detectable appearance (4 weeks after conception) until 13 weeks, a value which is similar to the value previously obtained at 20 weeks gestation and birth but higher than that observable in adults; thus, both γG and γA chains are produced in similar amounts throughout gestation. The high levels of ferritin in normal human embryonic erythrocytes emphasize the similarity of erythropoiesis in human embryos and other vertebrates. In addition, the results show that red cell ferritin can be used as a marker for studying the mechanism of induction of embryonic erythropoiesis in cultured cell lines, such as K562 from human chronic myelocytic leukemia, and that ferritin content may also serve as a marker for cellular transformations involving reversions to embryonic erythropoiesis.
The dye laser and laser with a saturable absorber: A comparison of the time-dependent density matrix equations

Abstract It is shown that the general time-dependent equation for the matrix elements of the dye laser field is identical in form to that for the laser with a saturable absorber to order 1 n 0 , where n0 is the mean number of photons at threshold. The parameters of the saturable absorber have, of course, to be replaced by the appropriate parameters of the dye molecule.
The toy salesperson: A voice for change in sex-role stereotypes?

A field experiment was designed in which students approached sales personnel in 31 different retail settings, asking for help in selecting toys for a twin niece and nephew, 5 years of age. A majority of salesperson suggestions involved a sex-stereotypic selection of toys for both the male and the female child. Limited support was found for hypotheses that the responses of sales personnel would vary by retail setting (specialized toystore, department store, dimestore/discount store) and by sex of salesperson; responses did not vary by salesperson's age, however. Because more different toys are available for boys than for girls, female role expansion in children's play activities is a more likely outcome than sex-role convergence.
Burn shock in untreated and saline-resuscitated guinea pigs development of a model

Abstract We developed a model for the study of burn shock in untreated and saline-resuscitated guinea pigs. The animals were anesthetized while being burned, but were conscious and unrestrained throughout the experiment. The most dramatic postburn response in the untreated animals was an immediate and sustained reduction in cardiac output (CO). Saline resuscitation restored CO to its preburn level in 4 hr and improved 24-hr survival from 30 to 100%. When CO was restored in this manner, many of the alterations in physiological function in the burned, untreated animals returned to the level seen in the control group. The reductions in heart rate, oxygen consumption, core temperature, and pH, and the elevation in lactate evident in the burned, untreated animals were all back to the preburn levels in the resuscitated animals by 4 hr. These reversals suggested that the responses were secondary to a low CO. Hyperglycemia, on the other hand, persisted in the burned animals, regardless of whether or not saline resuscitation was begun. The control animals maintained stable values over time in all measures.
Temporal trends in the black/white breast cancer case ratio for estrogen receptor status: disparities are historically contingent, not innate

Objective For at least three decades, many investigators have reported on the US black/white breast cancer case ratio for estrogen receptor (ER) status as if it reflected an intrinsic biological difference. In light of racial/ethnic differences in declines in the incidence of ER+ breast cancer, as linked to changing use of hormone therapy, we empirically tested whether the black/white breast cancer estrogen receptor ratio has changed over time.
New toxins from the venom of the common tiger snake (Notechis scutatus scutatus)

Abstract Scutoxin A and B represent two isoforms of a new toxic protein from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus. Both isoforms, of apparent mol. wt 13,000, are less basic than either notexin or notechis II-5. They both have similar i.v. ld 50-values in mice of ca 0.006 μg/g, and phospholipase activities of about 136 μmoles of fatty acid released /min/mg at 37°C when acting on phosphatidylcholine in the presence of Triton X-100. Toxicities of the scutoxins are the same as notexin and about seven times more potent than notechis II-5. ELISAs and western blot analyses indicate that the new toxins are immunologically similar to notexin and notechis II-5, with phospholipase activities falling between these latter two proteins. When crude venom is initially passed over a gel filtration column, each scutoxin isoform co-elutes in a different fraction with notexin. Gel filtration experiments using purified samples of notexin and scutoxin have failed to demonstrate any evidence for the formation of higher mol. wt protein complexes. Peptide mapping suggests the presence of five glutamate residues in one of the protein isoforms. These findings, together with the high toxicity and active phospholipase levels, demonstrate that the new proteins are not the previously reported non-toxic and enzymatically inactive notechis II-1. The combination of gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 and cation-exchange chromatography used to isolate the scutoxins also permits recovery of notexin and notechis II-5 in high purity.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Device With Reduced Acoustic Noise

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used for noninvasive activation of neurons in the brain for research and clinical applications. The strong, brief magnetic pulse generated in TMS is associated with a loud (>100 dB) clicking sound that can impair hearing and that activates auditory circuits in the brain. We introduce a two-pronged solution to reduce TMS noise by redesigning both the pulse waveform and the coil structure. First, the coil current pulse duration is reduced which shifts a substantial portion of the pulse acoustic spectrum above audible frequencies. Second, the mechanical structure of the stimulation coil is designed to suppress the emergence of the sound at the source, diminish down-mixing of high-frequency sound into the audible range, and impede the transmission of residual sound to the coil surface but dissipate it away from the casing. A prototype coil driven with ultrabrief current pulses (down to 45-μs biphasic duration) is demonstrated to reduce the peak sound pressure level by more than 25 dB compared to a conventional TMS configuration, resulting in loudness reduction by more than 14-fold. These results motivate improved mechanical design of TMS coils as well as design of TMS pulse generators with shorter pulse durations and increased voltage limits with the objective of reducing TMS acoustic noise while retaining the neurostimulation strength.
Evaluation of health policies and actions

Abstract This paper examines the reasons for the current pressures to achieve accountability through evaluation, summarizes major issues of benefit or effectiveness assessment, reviews the current status of evaluation studies on health policy, and indicates some directions for the future.
Tumor Suppressor p53 as a Component of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced, Protein Kinase PKR-mediated Apoptotic Pathway in Human Promonocytic U937 Cells

Despite what is known about the early signaling events in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-induced apoptosis, characterization of the downstream events remains largely undefined. It is now known that a cross-talk exists between the interferon and TNF-α pathways. This linkage allows recruitment of the cell proliferation suppressor PKR (dsRNA-dependent protein kinase) from the interferon pathway to play a pivotal role in TNF-α-induced apoptosis. In this study, we took advantage of the differential TNF-α susceptibilities of human promonocytic U937 subclones, deficient in or overexpressing PKR, to further characterize the role of PKR in apoptosis. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we demonstrated that TNF-α transiently induces the tumor suppressor p53 in U937 cells. This p53 induction lags behind the TNF-α induction of PKR by 1 h. By cell viability determination, ultrastructural studies, apoptotic DNA laddering, and antisense techniques, it was shown that inhibition of p53 expression in PKR-overexpressing U937 cells abrogates the TNF-α-induced apoptosis in these cells. Conversely, overexpressing wild type p53 in PKR-deficient U937 cells confers the susceptibility of these cells to TNF-α-induced apoptosis. This latter result indicates that p53 induction is an event downstream of TNF-α-induced up-regulation of PKR, thereby further establishing the critical role of p53 in TNF-α-induced apoptosis in U937 cells. PKR-overexpressing U937 cells were found to possess a constitutively higher level of p53, which partly explains why these cells spontaneously undergo apoptosis even without TNF-α treatment. Finally, a model is presented on the interplay between PKR and p53 in effecting TNF-α-induced apoptosis in U937 cells.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is the clinical expression of the obstruction of venous blood flow through the superior vena cava [1]. This syndrome was first described in 1757 by Hunter in a patient with a syphilitic aortic aneurysm [2]. In a 1949 review of 502 patients with SVCS, two-thirds had benign etiologies and one-third had malignant tumors as the underlying causes [3]. One-third of the benign etiologies were aortic aneurysms. Presently, 87%–97% of patients with SVCS have underlying malignant tumors [4], with about two-thirds being lung cancers of all cell types (small cell carcinoma, 38%; squamous cell carcinoma, 26%; adenocarcinoma, 14%; large cell carcinoma, 12%) [1].. Of patients with primary bronchial carcinomas, 3%–15% will develop SVCS [5], with right-sided tumors being more frequent.
Studies on Trichomonads. III. Inhibitors, Acid Production, and Substrate Utilization by 4 Strains of Tritrichomonas foetus

SYNOPSIS. Inhibitors, acid production, and substrate utilization by 4 strains of Tritrichmonas foetus (BP-3, BP-4, A-1, and A-2) were studied manometrically. All used glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, glycogen, starch, lactate, and pyruvate. Strain A-1, with the highest aerobic and anaerobic endogenous rates, used these substrates less than did the others. Strain BP-3 did not use lactose; strains BP-4 and A-2 did not use raffinose aerobically and only slightly anaerobically; strain A-1 used both nearly as well as maltose and sucrose. All were strongly inhibited by iodoacetate and, if tested in the presence of glucose, aerobically or anaerobically, by fluoride, arsenite, hydroxylamine, and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Aerobically, 2,4-dinitrophenol produced stimulation which was greater in the presence of glucose; anaerobically, it produced inhibition which was, in some cases, comparable to the effects produced by the other inhibitors. Fluoride, arsenite, azide, and hydroxylamine, although producing insignificant inhibitory effects on endogenous O2 consumption, reduced and, in some cases, abolished motility of all strains. All 4 strains produced acid under anaerobic and aerobic conditions; strain A-1 produced more than the others. Lactic acid accounted for 30–51% of the acid produced in all strains. Strain A-1 more closely resembled the nasal trichomonad of swine (strain PN-610) than did strain BP-1. (Doran(3)). The writer believes that the swine nasal strain is a highly adapted strain of T. foetus.
In and Out of the Ethnographer's Shadow: “Native” Identity in the Anthropology of China

In the past two decades, many Chinese students have trained as anthropologists in the West. The study of China has been enriched by the contributions of “native” anthropologists, but the “native” is not necessarily native to the site studied; the term may not be entirely helpful in the end. At the same time, complete outsiders can still contribute effective and vivid understandings of China. Ultimately, I argue that the anthropologist's identity may not be an overwhelmingly relevant criterion of a work's value, since there are many aspects to identity in every case. SUSAN BLUM is Associate Professor of Anthropology and Director of the Center for Asian Studies at the University of Notre Dame. Her research interests are in identity, ethnicity, nationalism; psychological aspects of behavior; language as social action; food; Asia and China; and anthropological theory. She is the author of Portraits of “Primitives”: Ordering Human Kinds in the Chinese Nation (Rowman and Littlefield, 2001) and coeditor of China...
High-Dimensional Model Representations for the Neutron Transport Equation

The Boltzmann transport equation is used to model the neutron flux in a nuclear reactor. The solution of the transport equation is the neutron flux, which depends on a large number of material cross sections that can be on the order of thousands. These cross sections describe various types of possible interactions between neutrons, such as fission, capture, and scattering. The cross sections are measured experimentally and therefore have associated uncertainties. It is thus necessary to quantify how the uncertainty of the cross-section values is propagated through the model for the neutron flux. High-dimensional model representations (HDMRs) can be employed to systematically quantify input-output relations. It can, however, be computationally prohibitive to construct a surrogate model using the HDMR framework for a model that has thousands of parameters. In this paper, we introduce an algorithm that utilizes the New Morris Method to first reduce the parameter space to include only the significant individual and pairwise effects and then construct a surrogate model using a Cut-HDMR expansion within the reduced space. A unified index is introduced to facilitate the comparison of the significance of the model parameters. The accuracy and efficiency of the surrogate model is demonstrated using a one-dimensional neutron transport equation.
New Leader Behavior Description Subscales

(1962). New Leader Behavior Description Subscales. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 259-269.
Regulation of TNF-α Receptor Expression on Human Neutrophils by Various Cell Activating Factors

Since tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been implicated in a wide range of inflammatory states, we sought to examine the regulation of TNF-alpha receptors on human neutrophils (PMNs). We were particularly interested in the relationship of TNF-alpha binding characteristics to various known neutrophil-priming stimuli such as temperature, N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), C5ades Arg, and human recombinant C5a (HrC5a). Competition binding studies indicated that there was no significant change in receptor number or affinity due to the temperature used for neutrophil isolation. PMNs isolated at 4 or 25 degrees C had a single class of receptors with a Kd of 83.1 +/- 3.3 vs 90.0 +/- 8.3 pmole/liter and a similar number of receptors, 1575 +/- 99 vs 1876 +/- 279 receptors/cell. However, when either group of isolated PMNs was further incubated in buffer at 37 degrees C for 15 min, a significant increase in Kd (4-37 degrees C, 147.9 +/- 23.7 pmole/liter; 25-37 degrees C, 165.2 +/- 29.2 pmol/liter) and a decrease in receptor number (4-37 degrees C, 1116 +/- 86 receptors/cell; 25-37 degrees C, 957 +/- 71 receptors/cell) were seen. To determine the effect of other activating substances such as fMLP, PMA, C5ades Arg, HrC5a, 4 degrees C isolated PMNs were used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Silicone‐induced granulomas and renal failure

The use of liquid silicone for soft tissue augmentation has been in practice for the last 40 years. Initially thought to be inert, provoking little local and no systemic response, liquid silicone was extensively used for cosmetic sub-cutaneous augmentation. With its rampant and unregulated use, however, this substance has become implicated in a variety of adverse reactions, some of which occur months to years after initial exposure. We report the case of a male-to-female transsexual patient who had received liquid silicone hip injections for cosmetic augmentation. Years after receiving these injections she developed silicone-induced granulomas causing hypercalcemia and subsequent renal failure. We discuss the controversy over the use of liquid silicone for soft tissue augmentation. In addition, the pathophysiology of granulomatous disease causing hypercalcemia and treatment options for sili-cone-induced granulomas is discussed.
Celestial mechanics experiment for Mariner Mars 1971

Celestial mechanics experiment for Mariner Mars 1971 to test general relativity theory and improve Martian ephemeris
Personality Disorder and Assault History in Substance-Dependent Individuals

The authors explored the relationship between assault, substance use disorders, and personality disorders by interviewing 82 substance-dependent inpatients with a structured interview concerning physical and sexual assault as well as the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, parts I and II. Sixty percent of subjects met criteria for a personality disorder. Individuals who had experienced assault (n = 43) were more likely to have all types of personality disorder diagnoses (P ⩽ 0.001). Those who reported childhood assault were more likely to have Cluster Bpersonality disorders and to meet criteria for more than two personality disorder diagnoses (P < 0.05) compared with those who reported adult assault only. Personality disorders were commonly diagnosed in this group of treatment-seeking, substance-dependent individuals. The effect of substance abuse as well as assault on the development and presentation of personality disorders is likely to be substantial.
The Role of Vocabulary Development in Children′s Spoken Word Recognition and Segmentation Ability

Abstract This paper reviews research bearing on the development of spoken word recognition, from studies of speech perception in infancy and early word productions through investigations of word recognition proper and explicit phoneme segmentation ability in middle childhood. In contrast to the assumption of two prominent models of adult recognition (the cohort model of Marslen-Wilson, 1987, and the neighborhood activation model of Luce, 1986b), the bulk of the developmental research indicates that lexical representation and processing are not, at the outset, segmentally based; instead, they are more holistic in nature. Segmental restructuring of lexical representations begins largely with the "vocabulary growth spurt" in late infancy/toddlerhood and associated pressures for more detailed and efficient storage of lexical items. However, this restructuring is a protracted process that extends over the preschool years, because there is still substantial growth during this period in terms of overall vocabulary size and the familiarity of individual lexical items. Such continued vocabulary growth (and thus the dynamic nature of intra- and interlexical representations) dictates that the use of partial, word-initial acoustic-phonetic input does not always constitute a reliable basis for recognition, as it does for the adult. Extant variations in the segmental structure of basic lexical representations and/or the use of such structure for recognition in the preschool period may contribute to individual differences in explicit phoneme segmentation ability, and thus early reading success.
Chemical Composition and Color of Strained Carrots as Affected by Processing

The effects of processing line location, holding temperature prior to retorting (82.7, 87.8, and 93.3°C) and retort temperature (118.3, 121.1, and 123.9°C) on chemical composition and color of strained carrots was evaluated. Hunter L, chroma and hue values, and glucose and fructose levels decreased as strained carrots were transferred from batch to holding tanks. Strained carrots held in batch tanks at 93.3°C had less total soluble phenolics, glucose and fructose than those held at 87.8°C and 82.2°C. Carrots retorted at 123.9°C had lower Hunter L and chroma values, and greater levels of total soluble phenolics than those retorted at 118.3 and 121.1°C.
Automated self-service modeling: predictive analytics as a service

Research into service provision and innovation is becoming progressively more important as automated service-provision via the web matures as a technology. We describe a web-based targeting platform that uses advanced dynamic model building techniques to conduct intelligent reporting and modeling. The impact of the automated targeting services is realized through a knowledge base that drives the development of predictive model(s). The knowledge base is comprised of a rules engine that guides and evaluates the development of an automated model-building process. The template defines the model classifier (e.g., logistic regression, multinomial logit, ordinary least squares, etc.) in concert with rules for data filling and transformations. Additionally, the template also defines which variables to test ("include" rules) and which variables to retain ("keep" rules). The "final" model emerges from the iterative steps undertaken by the rules engine, and is utilized to target, or rank, the best prospects. This automated modeling approach is designed to cost-effectively assist businesses in their targeting activities--independent of the firm's size and targeting needs. We describe how the service has been utilized to provide "targeting services" for a small to medium business direct marketing campaign, and for direct sales-force targeting in a larger firm. Empirical results suggest that the automated modeling approach provides superior "service" in terms of cost and timing compared to more traditional manual service provision.
Consultation-liaison psychiatry: stability and change over a 10-year-period

Few long term studies have reported observations of changes over time with Consultation-liaison (C-L) populations. This is a longitudinal observational study of a tertiary care psychiatric C-L-service over a ten-year-period (1988-1997) using a standardized computerized clinical database to examine 4,429 consecutive referrals. Sociodemographic variables, relative consultation rates, reasons for referral and psychiatric diagnoses, apart from a shift from adjustment disorders with depressed mood to major depressive disorders within the depressive syndrome group, did not demonstrate significant changes during the study period. Levels of psychosocial and somatic functioning of referred patients decreased. Changes occurred in the pattern of C-L-psychiatric recommendations, e.g., in the prescription of antidepressants where tricyclic antidepressants were replaced by newer agents such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Consulting psychiatrists were more likely to refer to private psychiatrists to follow patients, and more patients were transferred to inpatient psychiatric units. Due to a decrease in length of stay over the ten year observation period, the correlation of lagtime (the time from admission to the hospital until referral to C-L psychiatry) and length of stay decreased from very strong to moderate.
Modeling motorcycle helmet use in Iowa: Evidence from six roadside observational surveys

This paper investigates the influence of type of roadway, weather conditions and other factors on motorcycle helmet use rates in Iowa. Using data from six statewide roadside observational surveys of motorcycle helmet use, a bivariate probit model is estimated. The applied methodological approach allows for potentially interrelated choices of motorcycle helmet use by drivers and passengers to be examined. The estimation results can enhance our understanding of other factors than state helmet laws which correlate with motorcycle rider helmet use, and the effect that the presence of a passenger has on motorcycle driver helmet use rates.
Functional versus other types of imprinting and sensitive periods in Gallus chicks

Literature on “imprinting,” a process whereby social preferences are presumably “stamped in” as a result of exposure during a very brief sensitive or critical period, is voluminous, yet much of it may have little relationship to social attachment processes. Domestic chicks remain responsive to biologically appropriate stimuli for several days posthatching and do not exhibit behavior which suggests that they learn to prefer to socialize with objects to which they have earlier been trained regardless of when they were exposed. Social attachment processes are of huge evolutionary and ontogenetic significance; imprinting, as it is usually defined and measured, may not reflect social attachment.
Seasonal transmission of Fasciola hepatica in north central Florida (U.S.A.).

Abstract To assess seasonal transmission of Fasciola hepatica 37 groups of fluke-free tracer sheep, one group of four sheep each month in succession, grazed an infected pasture in north central Florida (U.S.A.) from June 1984 to June 1987. At the end of each month, tracers were moved to a fluke-free bam for 2 months, then necropsied and flukes counted. Fluke transmission mostly occurred during the first half of the year, with peak transmission from February to April. No transmission occurred during the warm summer months, having ceased in either May or June of each year to begin again in late autumn or early winter (November–January).