cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extreme Bounds Analysis in the Kalman Filter

Abstract In this article, using the representation that the Kalman filter recursions in state-space models can be expressed as a matrix-weighted average of prior and sample estimates, we supplement the usual filtering algorithm by an extreme bounds analysis. Specifically, as the covariance matrix of the state error is varied in the class of symmetric and positive-definite matrices, the filtering estimates are shown to be in an ellipsoid.
Determination of Interstitial Chloride in Shales and Consolidated Rocks by a Precision Leaching Technique

We have devised a technique for determining chloride in interstitial water of consolidated rocks. Samples of rocks ranging from 5 to 10 g are crushed and sieved under controlled conditions and then ground with distilled water to submicron size in a closed mechanical mill. After ultracentrifugation, chloride content is determined by coulometric titration. The chloride concentrations and total pore-water concentrations, obtained earlier from the same samples by low-temperature vacuum desiccation, are used to arrive at the ''original'' pore-water chloride concentrations by a simple iteration procedure. Interstitial chlorinity results obtained from Cretaceous and Jurassic strata in the Gulf of Mexico coastal areas ranged from 20 to 100 g/kg Cl with reproducibility approaching + or - 1%. We have also applied the technique to igneous and metamorphic bedrocks as well as ocean basalts containing 1% water or less. Chloride values ranging from 6.7 to 20 g/kg with a reproducibility of about 5% were obtained.
Anti-epileptiform effects of audiogenic seizure priming on in vitro kindling in rat hippocampus

The effect of priming for audiogenic seizures (AGS) on the development of epileptiform activity in the hippocampus was studied using in vitro kindling (IVK) in Long-Evans rats. AGS priming consists of intense auditory stimulation during a critical period of auditory development, resulting in sound-induced clonic convulsions upon subsequent testing. Between postnatal day (PND) 28 and 50, slices from subjects primed and sham-primed for AGS on PND 18 were used for recording responses in area CA1 of hippocampus following Schaffer collateral stimulation from stratum radiatum of area CA2/CA3. The developmental priming procedure, which enhances auditory brainstem excitability, resulted in fewer afterdischarges in slices from primed subjects across initial IVK stimulation sequences. These results suggest that changes in excitability that occur with acoustic priming can initially diminish selective epileptiform response characteristics in forebrain areas such as the hippocampus.
Cerebral arterial angioplasty in a patient with Loeys–Dietz syndrome

A 14-year-old boy with Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) had an acute neurologic decline 6 days after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral angiography at presentation did not show an aneurysmal source of the hemorrhage. However, on post-bleed day 6 the patient experienced an acutely worsening headache and subsequently lost consciousness. Head CT showed new subarachnoid blood and repeat angiography demonstrated a basilar tip aneurysm. Endovascular coil embolization was performed and his neurologic status improved postoperatively until post-bleed day 9 when he became unresponsive. A CT angiogram demonstrated severe proximal vasospasm. After an unsuccessful attempt to treat the vasospasm medically, the patient was transported to the neurointerventional suite for intra-arterial vasodilator treatment, which also failed to ameliorate the vasospasm. The endovascular surgeons were then faced with the conundrum of attempting a high-risk cerebral angioplasty in a pediatric patient with LDS or returning to maximal medical treatment for severe refractory vasospasm.
Hazardous Waste Incineration at Sea: EPA Decision Making on Risk

This paper critiques the Environmental Protection Agency's assessment of risk for hazardous waste incineration at sea. It reviews operational and transportation risks and considers alternative approaches for managing chlorinated organic hazardous wastes. It concludes that depending on the scale of the program, ocean incineration will either contribute little to the overall management of this waste stream or else it will engender significant risks, especially in the coastal environment. Furthermore, past assessments on the part of EPA have tended to understate the risks of incineration at sea while simultaneously holding out the promise of the technology as a commercial-scale management option. Finally, this paper observes that the Western European countries that pioneered incineration in the North Sea are now finding practical alternatives. It is recommended that waste reuse, on-site treatment, and techniques of waste reduction provide viable alternatives and obviate the need for incineration at sea.
Phosphorylation in a simple system of lipids and chloroplast ATP synthetase driven by pulsed ionising radiation

Phosphorylation in a simple system of lipids and chloroplast ATP synthetase driven by pulsed ionising radiation
The biochemical basis for the deleterious effects of L-canavanine

Abstract l -Canavanine, l -2-amino-4-(guanidinooxy)butyric acid, is a potentially toxic analogue of l -arginine. Canavanine-sensitive organisms activate and aminoacylate this non-protein amino acid and thereby create structurally aberrant, canavanine-containing proteins. Incorporation of canavanine into protein can alter the conformation and disrupt the function of the native macromolecule. Production of functionally impaired, canavanyl proteins affects developmental processes and contributes significantly to the expression of canavanine's potent antimetabolic properties in insects.
Stimulus control of cannibalism and maternal behavior in anosmic mice.

Abstract Lactating mice had their olfactory bulbs removed 3, 7 or 14 days after their young were born. They were then observed for cannibalism; 80, 55 and 0 per cent of the three groups, respectively, ate their young. Another study showed that differences were not a function of maternal experience by using bulbectomized virgin female mice: pup killing also declined as a function of pup age for these females. The last experiment showed that one of the cues which attenuates pup killing is the presense of body hair.
A Comedic Practicum: Molière and Terence Revisited

AbstractNumerous authors and critics in the seventeenth century compared Moliere with Terence, the Roman playwright. However, a close examination of the two authors shows that this comparison is difficult to sustain from the perspective of style or source material. There appears to be a much closer connection in the way that the two playwrights described their role as authors, their approach to compositional rules, and their deliberate use of controversy to solicit interest in their plays. By examining Terence's prologues and Moliere's published prefaces, this study argues that Moliere did indeed read and imitate Terence, but that Moliere's understanding of Terence's work avoided the narrow tangential reading imposed upon the Roman playwright by Moliere's contemporaries, using Terence instead as a guide to negotiating classical comedy's paradoxical imperative: to make extensive use of what has already been written in order to celebrate the primacy of present over past. What critics such as Boileau saw as ...
Maternal discrimination of infant vocalizations in squirrel monkeys

Responses of mother squirrel monkeys to vocalizations of their own and other infants were examined to determine whether mothers could discriminate their infants on the basis of auditory cues. Thirty mothers, whose infants ranged in age from one to seven months were tested in three conditions in which their own infant, a different infant, and no infant served as the stimulus. Mothers were tested in an enclosed alleyway with opaque end panels behind which stimuli were placed. The quantity and quality of maternal responses clearly differed in the three conditions and indicated that mothers recognized their own infants. Differences in maternal vocalizations were the most pronounced. All but one type of vocalization increased in the own-infant condition; the exception, a high-pitched shrill, decreased. Mothers also spent more time near the stimulus and were more active when tested with their own infants.
Regional gap junction inhibition increases defibrillation thresholds.

It is clear that ischemia inhibits successful defibrillation by altering regional electro-physiology. However, the exact mechanisms are unclear. This study investigated whether regional gap junctio...
Augmentation with Buspirone: A Review

Buspirone, an azaspirone serotonin (5-HT) 1A partial agonist, has been approved by the FDA as an anxiolytic. It has been tested for use in depression, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia as well. Several trials have indicated that it may prove to be a useful agent for augmentation of other psychotropic medications in these disorders. We review the literature supporting the potential use of buspirone as an augmenting agent.
Effect of atrial natriuretic factor on Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport of vascular smooth muscle cells.

We previously demonstrated that vascular smooth muscle cells possess a prominent Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport system that can be markedly stimulated by elevations in levels of intracellular cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP). Since others have shown that atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) can bind to specific membrane receptors and can enhance cGMP levels in vascular smooth muscle cells, we asked whether ANF could also stimulate Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport in vascular smooth muscle cells. It was discovered that rat atriopeptin III stimulated Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport of vascular smooth muscle cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, rat atriopeptin III had no effect on two other sodium transport systems known to be present in vascular smooth muscle cells (i.e., Na+-H+ exchange and Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). These studies indicated that ANF selectively stimulates Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport of vascular smooth muscle cells. We then asked whether ANF-stimulated Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport was dependent upon the ability of ANF to enhance intracellular cGMP levels. When rat atriopeptin III-stimulated increases in cGMP were inhibited with the quinolinedione LY 83583, rat atriopeptin III could no longer stimulate Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport of vascular smooth muscle cells. Thus it appeared that the effects of ANF were dependent upon the ability of ANF to elevate intracellular cGMP levels. Finally, we asked whether ANF effects on Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport were related to the biological activity of ANF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Risk-preference differentiates orbitofrontal cortex responses to freely chosen reward outcomes

To successfully evaluate potential courses of action and choose the most favorable, we must consider the outcomes that may result. Many choices involve risk, our assessment of which may lead us to success or failure in matters financial, legal or health-related. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been implicated as critical for evaluating choices based on risk. To measure how outcomes of risky decisions are represented in the OFC, we recorded the electrophysiological activity of single neurons while rats made behavioral responses to obtain rewards under conditions of either certainty or risk. Rats exhibited different risk-preferences when given the opportunity to choose. In risk-preferring rats, OFC responses were enhanced following the delivery of large rewards obtained under risk compared with smaller, certain rewards and reward omission. However, in risk-neutral rats, neurons showed similarly enhanced responses to both large rewards obtained under risk and smaller, certain rewards compared with reward omission. Thus, the responses of OFC neurons reflected the subjective evaluation of outcomes in individuals with different risk-preferences. Such enhanced neural responding to risky rewards may serve to bias individuals towards risk-preference in decision-making.
The trials and travels of tRNA

For relatively small molecules, the biogenesis of functional mature tRNAs is an amazingly complicated process. All tRNAs are transcribed initially as precursors containing 58 leader and 38 trailer sequences that must be removed by processing. Pre-tRNAs also undergo a complex set of base modifications that are carried out by a series of enzymes that recognize specific features of tRNA structure. In addition, eukaryotic tRNAs have CCA added to their 38 ends by a specialized nucleotidyltransferase. A subset of eukaryotic pre-tRNAs also contain intervening sequences, which are removed by a dedicated set of tRNA splicing enzymes. Lastly, tRNAs must be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and must undergo aminoacylation to participate in protein synthesis. Although the basic features of the tRNA biogenesis pathway have been appreciated for at least a decade, work in a number of laboratories over the last several years has resulted in several novel and unexpected insights into this complex process. For example, it was revealed recently that tRNAs are recognized and exported to the cytoplasm by a specialized export receptor, and that recognition by this export receptor is part of a quality control mechanism that ensures that incompletely processed and mutant RNAs will be retained in the nucleus. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that certain of the various tRNA processing steps take place in discrete subcellular compartments, such that at least some steps of the tRNA biogenesis pathway are spatially as well as temporally ordered. The eukaryotic tRNA biogenesis pathway is best understood in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, primarily due to the ease of combining genetics with biochemistry in this organism. However, virtually all components that have been identified in yeast have counterparts in higher cells, as would be expected for such a highly conserved process. Therefore, in this review, we emphasize recent results from yeast but also draw upon data from both prokaryotes and higher eukaryotic species. We provide an update on what is presently known about the processing events and paths taken by eukaryotic tRNAs following termination of transcription, culminating in their export to the cytoplasm. For more extensive descriptions of the enzymology of end-maturation, nucleotide modification, and tRNA splicing, see the following excellent reviews: Hopper and Martin (1992); Westaway and Abelson (1995); Grosjean et al. (1997); and Abelson et al. (1998).
Extending distributed lag models to higher degrees

Distributed lag (DL) models relate lagged covariates to a response and are a popular statistical model used in a wide variety of disciplines to analyze exposure-response data. However, classical DL models do not account for possible interactions between lagged predictors. In the presence of interactions between lagged covariates, the total effect of a change on the response is not merely a sum of lagged effects as is typically assumed. This article proposes a new class of models, called high-degree DL models, that extend basic DL models to incorporate hypothesized interactions between lagged predictors. The modeling strategy utilizes Gaussian processes to counterbalance predictor collinearity and as a dimension reduction tool. To choose the degree and maximum lags used within the models, a computationally manageable model comparison method is proposed based on maximum a posteriori estimators. The models and methods are illustrated via simulation and application to investigating the effect of heat exposure on mortality in Los Angeles and New York.
Synthesis of Lead Titanate: Thermodynamic Modeling and Experimental Verification

A comprehensive thermodynamic model has been developed to determine the reaction conditions favoring hydrothermal synthesis of lead titanate (PbTiO{sub 3}). The model combines standard-state thermodynamic data for solid and aqueous species and an excess Gibbs energy model to account for the nonideality of the solution. The method has been used to generate phase stability diagrams that indicate the ranges of pH and reagent concentrations for which various species predominate in the system at a given temperature and pressure. Also, yield diagrams have been constructed that indicate the concentration, pH and temperature conditions for which different yields of crystalline PbTiO{sub 3} can be obtained. The stability and yield diagrams have been used to predict the optimum synthesis conditions (e.g., reagent concentrations, pH and temperature). Subsequently, these predictions have been experimentally verified. As a result, phase-pure perovskite PbTiO{sub 3} has been obtained at temperatures ranging from 413 to 433 K using lead acetate or lead nitrate and commercial TiO{sub 2} powder. Also, PbTiO{sub 3} has been synthesized at lower temperatures (353 < T < 363 K) by using lead acetate and hydrous TiO{sub 2} and calcining the obtained amorphous product.
The vitriolic blood of a Negro: the development of racial identity and Creole elitism in New Spain and Spanish Louisiana, 1763–1803

This paper shows that the introduction of concepts of whiteness, purity of blood and legitimacy of kin under the Spanish caused a transformation within the New Orleans coloured community. As generations of mixed-race men and women emerged from interracial families established during the late French Period, Spanish social and legal practices permeated the New Orleans cultural landscape. Suddenly, new ideas of racial science, mixture and definition appeared in law, gradually affecting social intercourse. The ambiguous awareness of mulâtres and negres under the French gave way to a regimented taxonomy of ‘races’ and ‘hybrids’ developed over more than a century in Latin America and the Caribbean and manifested in the social and racial identities of the New Orleans mixed-race community.
Binding of thyrotropin to lentil lectin is unchanged by thyrotropin-releasing hormone administration in three patients with thyrotropin-producing pituitary adenomas.

Glycoproteins have increased affinity for lentil lectin when fucose residues are bound to N-acetylglucosamine in the “core region” of their asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. In three patients with thyrotropin (TSH)-producing pituitary tumors, the proportion of serum TSH isoforms that bound to lentil (70.8% ± 15%) was higher than that seen for TSH from normal persons (32.5 ± 8%). Unlike normal subjects, the concentration of TSH circulating in the tumor patients after acute administration of TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) did not rise, and the TSH did not exhibit increased binding to lentil compared to basal TSH. The TSH binding to lentil in one tumor patient decreased after metoclopramide, but TSH binding to lentil generally remained unchanged after metoclopramide or L-dopa administration. We conclude that human thyrotropic tumor tissue, unlike normal thyrotrophs, generally fails to release more highly fucosylated isoforms of TSH after pharmacologic stimulation, perhaps because the tumor tissue is less read...
An Examination of Audit Information Technology Use and Perceived Importance

Information technology (IT) use can directly impact audit judgment and ultimately audit effectiveness and efficiency. Although IT has significantly changed the audit process, few studies have examined the perceived importance of IT use across a diverse group of audit firms. Our descriptive study explores audit IT use and its perceived importance across several audit applications. To address regulator concerns about barriers to entry in public accounting and to advance auditing research, we examine whether audit IT use and perceived importance of IT varies by firm size. A field‐based questionnaire was used to collect data from 181 auditors representing Big 4, national, regional, and local firms. Our results indicate that auditors extensively use a variety of audit applications including analytical procedures, audit report writing, electronic work papers, Internet search tools, and sampling. Auditors perceive several applications as important (e.g., fraud review), but use them infrequently. In addition, IT ...
Making the Most of Where You Are: Geography, Networks, and Innovation in Organizations

Drawing on insights from macro- and microlevel research, I develop and test a theory of how the makeup of firms’ local environments influences their ability to generate innovations. I propose that although geographic proximity to industry peers can enhance performance, such effects are moderated by intraorganizational network structures. Data on collaborations among inventors and the geographic locations of 454 US companies active in nanotechnology R&D between 1990 and 2004 are used to show that as proximity to industry peers decreases—and knowledge spillovers become less common—inefficient networks are beneficial because they create and sustain diversity internally. For firms with high proximity, more cohesive network structures that facilitate information processing are desirable.
SUPERSENSITIVITY TO ACh IN MUSCLES AFTER PROLONGED NERVE BLOCK

Sciatic nerves of rats and tibial nerves of rabbits were kept anaesthetized in situ for periods of 3-11 days by applying silastic cuffs containing lidocaine base or marcaine hydrochloride. To insure a more uniform release of the rapidly diffusing lidocaine base, the drug was contained in compartments at some distance from the nerve and the cuffs were covered with polystyrene. The completeness of anaesthesia and the functional state of the nerve were tested by stimulating the exposed nerves proximal and distal to the cuff and by observing the behaviour of the muscle prior to killing the animals. The ACh sensitivity was tested by electrophoretic application of ACh from micropipettes and by recording the results changes of the resting membrane potential in individual muscle fibres. The ACh sensitivity was found to be present in the extrajunctional area of all muscle fibres including those displaying miniature end-plate potentials. These was no difference between the behaviour of muscles from rats and rabbits and between the action of lidocaine base and marcaine hydrochloride. Previous reports on the absence of extrajunctional ACh sensitivity in muscles of rabbits whose nerves had been treated by lidocaine base were explained by a relatively rapid loss of the drug from the usual type of nerve cuffs (more than 70% of the drug lost in one day), permitting a premature recovery of the nerves from anaesthesia.
Effect of anchoring 4-anilidopiperidines to opioid peptides

We report here the design, synthesis, and in vitro characterization of new opioid peptides featuring a 4-anilidopiperidine moiety. Despite the fact that the chemical structures of fentanyl surrogates have been found suboptimal per se for the opioid activity, the corresponding conjugates with opioid peptides displayed potent opioid activity. These studies shed an instructive light on the strategies and potential therapeutic values of anchoring the 4-anilidopiperidine scaffold to different classes of opioid peptides.
On second-order thermoelastic effects

Grundbeziehungen einer Theorie der Warmespannungen zweiter Ordnung werden aufgestellt, indem thermische Einflusse inBiots Elastizitatstheorie zweiter Ordnung einbezogen werden, oder, was dasselbe ist, indem Glieder zweiter Ordnung in lineare Beziehungen einer Warmespannungstheorie einbezogen werden, in einer Formulierung, die wiederum vonBiot vorgelegt wurde. Diese Grundbeziehungen werden dazu benutzt thermische Einflusse zu untersuchen, die eine einfache Schubverschiebung, reine Schubverzerrung und reine Schubspannung begleiten, und auch um mogliche isotherme Spannungs-und Verzerrungszustande zu finden.
Computational explorations into the dynamics of rings of coupled oscillators

This paper deals with the response of homogeneous and inhomogeneous rings of coupled oscillators where each individual oscillator, when uncoupled from the others, is chaotic. It is shown that coupling can bring about a wide variety of global responses, and that there is a significant range of coupling values when the response of the ring is periodic despite the fact that each oscillator is chaotic. In fact numerous periodic solutions can be found depending on the initial conditions. The response of a coupled set of homogeneous and non-homogeneous rings is also investigated showing that the behavior of such coupled compartmental models can be quite counterintuitive and sensitive to the parameters that describe the extent and nature of coupling.
Quantitating severity and progression in primary progressive aphasia.

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is an insidiously progressive clinical syndrome that includes at its core an impairment in language. From a clinical perspective, there are a variety of diagnostic challenges; international consensus has only recently been reached on the nomenclature for specific clinical subtypes. There are at present no established treatments, and efforts to develop treatments have been hampered by the lack of standardized methods to monitor progression of the illness. This is further complicated by the multiplicity of underlying neuropathologies. Although measures developed from work with stroke aphasia and from work with disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia have provided a valuable foundation for monitoring progression, PPA presents unique challenges to clinicians aiming to quantify impairments for the purposes of full characterization and monitoring, and ultimately with the goal of designing clinical trials of interventions to make a meaningful difference in patients’ lives. In this review, I will summarize the main points made in my presentation at the 2010 International Conference on Frontotemporal Dementia, expand from there to summarize our current approach to monitoring progression of PPA, and finally will outline some ideas about goals for the development of better tools for this purpose.
The cloze procedure: assessing the understandability of an IEEE standard

A description is given of the cloze procedure, which has been used to measure the readability of many different types of written materials such as textbooks and works of literature. It assesses readability by measuring readers' success in supplying deleted words that have been replaced by blanks. The procedure was used to test the readability of an IEEE standard, and the results are compared with readability scores for the same work computed by other formulas. >
SETTING EVENTS IN APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS: TOWARD A CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL EXPANSION

The contributions of applied behavior analysis as a natural science approach to the study of human behavior are acknowledged. However, it is also argued that applied behavior analysis has provided limited access to the full range of environmental events that influence socially significant behavior. Recent changes in applied behavior analysis to include analysis of side effects and social validation represent ways in which the traditional applied behavior analysis conceptual and methodological model has been profitably expanded. A third area of expansion, the analysis of setting events, is proposed by the authors. The historical development of setting events as a behavior influence concept is traced. Modifications of the basic applied behavior analysis methodology and conceptual systems that seem necessary to setting event analysis are discussed and examples of descriptive and experimental setting event analyses are presented.
Effects of a new insect growth regulator, CGA-255'728, on the different stages of the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).

A new juvenile hormone mimic CGA-255′728, developed by Novartis, was tested for its efficacy on different life stages of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche). The compound was mixed in bovine blood at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 ppb and fed to adult fleas using an artificial membrane system. Less than 7% of the eggs from fleas fed 10 and 100 ppb hatched, compared with >70% hatch in eggs laid by control fleas or fleas fed 1 ppb. Histological studies demonstrated that ≈50% of the eggs from fleas fed 10 ppb contained unhatched larvae that died after completing embryological development. At 100 ppb, 24% of the fleas died as fully formed larvae within the egg, but at this concentration nearly 20% of fleas also died before embryogenesis was completed. In addition to embryonic and larval mortality, ≈28% of eggs from the 100 ppb-treated group were deposited as empty shells. Evidently these eggs were crushed by the muscular action of the oviduct and yolk was expelled into the oviduct during oviposition. None of the test concentrations showed adulticidal effects over a 10-d period. Fecundity was significantly increased with increased concentrations of CGA-255′728 indicating that the compound mimicked the effect of juvenile hormone.
Sustainable Reverse Logistics for Distribution of Industrial Waste/Byproducts: A Joint Optimization of Operation and Environmental Costs

Byproducts and waste materials are potentially valuable inputs into a variety of industrial processes. Markets are being developed to capitalize on the use and reuse of these materials as inputs. The literature on reverse logistics analysis mostly concentrates on the end-of-life product recovery systems and mainly does not address the recovery process for waste/byproduct streams in an exchange network among industries. We have developed a reverse logistic model that minimizes the operational and environmental costs of exchanging waste and byproduct materials in a business-to-business network. The network contains firms, value-added process (VAP) centers (e.g., disassembly, recycling, or remanufacturing), disposal centers, and a virgin material market. The model takes the form of a mixed integer linear model. The model output contains the locations of the VAP centers and the material movement that minimizes the weighted sum of the operational and environmental costs. Because the problem is NP-hard, we deve...
Effect of Incorrect Docking on Clinical Accuracy of the HipSextantTM Navigation System

Introduction: Cup malposition leads to increased incidences of dislocation, impingement, wear, and revision. The HipSextant navigation system is a smart mechanical navigation device designed to indicate correct cup orientation at surgery. The current study assesses the effect of deliberately mis-docking the device on clinical accuracy. Methods: Ten patients (5 men and 5 women) presenting for total hip arthroplasty were assessed. Planning for the HipSextant Navigation System (Surgical Planning Associates, Inc., Boston, MA) was performed as usual. This is done by first creating a 3D surface model from CT imaging, establishing an Anterior Pelvic Plane coordinate system, and then creating a patient-specific HipSextant coordinate system. This coordinate system is defined by three points. The first point, called the basepoint, is located just behind the posterior wall of the acetabulum a fixed distance above the infracotyloid notch. The second point is located on the lateral aspect of the anterior superior iliac spine. The third point is located on the surface of the ilium and equally distant from the other two points. These three points define a patient-specific coordinate system that is known relative to the APP. Clinically, the instrument is then docked according to the plan and two protractors on the top of the instrument allow a direction indicator to point in the direction of desired cup orientation. For each of the hips, after the HipSextant plan was created (Figure 1), two additional plans were created: one where the basepoint was docked 5 mm closer to and one 5 mm further from the infracotyloind notch. The effect of the deliberate mis-docking was measured in degrees of operative anteversion and operative inclination. Results Docking the basepoint 5 mm lower than planned led to an average increase in anteversion of 2.5° (SD 0.5 °, range 2–3 °) and an average decrease in inclination of 0.5 o (SD 0.7 °, range 0 to −2 °). Docking the basepoint 5 mm higher than planned led to a decrease in anteversion of 2.4 °(SD 1 °, range 0 to 3 °) and an average increase in inclination of 0.1 ° (SD 0.7 °, range 1 to −1 °). Discussion Improving cup orientation on a routine clinical basis remains an important and challenging problem in hip arthroplasty. Traditional navigation and robotic techniques can lead to improved accuracy but their use has not been adopted on a routine basis, possibly due to the additional time, complexity, and expense associated with these technologies. Simple smart mechanical navigation instruments will likely play an increasing role due to their efficiency, simplicity, and accuracy. This mechanical navigation system has proven to be accurate and reliable in clinical practice1. The current study demonstrates that mis-docking of the HipSextant navigation system leads to relatively small errors when compared to the errors of ttraditional navigation systems which have cumulative registration, tracking errors.
On social network firewall selection

It is common knowledge that the decision of an individual regarding adoption of a product or technology is, more often than not, heavily influenced by their friends and acquaintances. In real world, there are different competing products and innovations that try to garner as many loyal followers as possible. Over the past few years, there has been a significant interest in the research community to study social network problems with a flavor of competition. Such problems often focus on identification of a set of people in a given social network by the competing players in order to achieve some goal. In this paper, we introduce the weighted Segregating Vertex Set (wSVS) problem, in which we are given a weighted undirected graph with a subset of nodes identified as the seedset of the first player and the goal for the second player is to identify a subset of nodes (firewall) of minimum cumulative weight, such that the total weight of the nodes reachable by the first player is strictly less than the total weight of the nodes not reachable by the first player. Thus, the second player tries to contain the reach of the first player within the social network community. This problem is also relevant for containment of disease in epidemiology, containment of forest fire and several other domains. We prove that this problem is NP-complete and provide an optimal solution through the use of Mixed Integer Linear Programming. We also provide a heuristic solution for the wSVS problem and show its efficacy through detailed experimentation. Our heuristic solution delivers near optimal solution in lesser time compared to that needed to find the optimal solution.
Moral Virtue and Responsibility for Character

IN ANALYSIs 24.2, December 1963, Mr. Jon Wheatley has in my opinion successfully defended his earlier article "Virtue: An Analysis and a Speculation" (ANALYSIS 22.3, January 1962) against the criticisms of Mr. Anthony Savile in ANALYSIS 23.4, March 1963. Wheatley concludes his defence, however, with the admission: "I have no idea how such a theory can be philosophically demonstrated." In this paper I shall offer an argument which might serve as a "philosophical demonstration" for Wheatley's views and also might throw some light on the problems: What does it mean to hold a person responsible for his moral character? On what grounds are we justified in doing so? Wheatley's main contentions are (1) that there are occasions on which we are morally obliged to have certain feelings (e.g., to feel shame at race oppression), (2) that it is sometimes appropriate or justifiable to issue moral imperatives not only about what we ought to do but also about what we ought to feel (e.g., to say 'Everyone ought to feel shame at race oppression'), (3) that if we accept points (1) and (2) then we must question the doctrine that 'ought' implies 'can', because we are unable to control our feelings, and (4) that this in turn casts doubt on the adequacy of those moral systems in which obligations apply only to actions, and not to feelings, desires, attitudes, and dispositions. In his second article Wheatley also maintains (5) that it is possible to cultivate virtuous feelings by various kinds of "spiritual exercise", and (6) that, since the process of cultivating virtuous feelings takes time, we cannot always feel the feelings we ought to feel at the time when it is suggested we ought to feel them-that is, at the time the moral imperative is uttered. In connection with points (1) and (2) we should notice that when we make assertions about how people ought or ought not to feel toward something, we are not prescribing conduct. Wheatley calls these assertions "imperatives", but they are not imperatives in the sense that they demand of us some kind of action. We do not, by means of them, tell the persons to whom they are addressed to feel certain feelings which they do not in fact feel. Unlike imperatives, such statements need not be in the second person, nor need they be in the present tense. ('They ought to feel grateful for the gifts they received'; 'I ought not to have been envious of him'.) I should say that, instead of prescribing conduct, such statements morally evaluate feelings. To evaluate feelings morally is to grade them on the basis of moral standards or criteria. These evaluations are most accurately expressed by applying such words as 'fitting', 'right', and 'appropriate' (or their negatives) to the feelings in
Attitude Change and Cognitive Dissonance

> The comparative effect of factual and ideological propaganda was investigated by means of a controlled experiment in which matched groups were exposed to films exemplifying these persuasive techniques. Results disclosed the greater influence of the ideological film, which was also the least liked. Further analysis provided empirical support for cognitive dissonance as an explanation. The purpose of this article is to report the results of an experiment investigating the effects of "ideological" and "technological" propaganda and to analyze a paradoxical finding. Ideological propaganda refers to persuasive techniques which expound and extol values and beliefs of a doctrinaire nature. It typically involves sentimental and emotional appeals, opinionated statements and explicit conclusions. Technological propaganda focuses on concrete facts, deeds and procedures. It characteristically avoids values and nonrational appeals. Conclusions and implications are usually left unstated. Despite several decades of rigorous empirical research, information on the effects of mass communication remains highly specific, subject to considerable qualification and occasionally contradictory. The for
Computational investigation of the role of counterions and reorganization energy in a switchable bistable [2]rotaxane.

Switchable bistable [2]rotaxanes, such as those of the Stoddart-Heath-type, show promise for the development of molecular electronic devices and functional prototypes have been demonstrated. Herein...
Common method bias in hospitality research: A critical review of literature and an empirical study

Abstract Common method variance has received much attention in the behavioral sciences. Nonetheless, scant scholarly effort has been invested in handling common method variance in hospitality research. This study investigates the current status of controlling for common method variance in hospitality research and assists researchers in taking appropriate actions. Study 1 shows hospitality researchers’ endeavors to control for common method bias through a critical review of literature published in four leading hospitality journals in the ten years from 2006 to 2015: International Journal of Hospitality Management , Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, Cornell Hospitality Quarterly and International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management . In Study 2, empirical investigations examine the effectiveness of a procedural remedy (temporal separation) and a statistical control (an unmeasured method factor approach) with two independent samples. The results of Study 1 reveal that most survey-related publications in the four journals fail to address or acknowledge common method variance. Moreover, only a limited number of techniques is found to be used to control for method variance. The findings of Study 2 suggest that temporal separation with a time lag of one day leads to a weak control for method variance; however, the use of an unmeasured method factor significantly helps control for method variance in the model.
Some Remarks on the Mechanics of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials

In 1950 Oldroyd published an important paper1 on constitutive equations in rheology. In it he considered a reference system embedded in a material which is undergoing deformation. The reference system is taken to be a rectangular Cartesian system at some reference time t0. As the material deforms this is distorted into a system which is, in general curvilinear. A three-dimensional rectangular net formed by coordinate lines at time t0 becomes, at some subsequent time t a three-dimensional curvilinear net. This is shown schematically, in two dimensions, in Fig. 1. We shall call the rectangular Cartesian reference system C t 0 and the curvilinear system into which it is distorted C t . Oldroyd argued that the distortion of the material is determined by the distortion of the coordinate system. This in turn may be measured in the following way. Let dl i 1 dl i 2, and dl i 3 be three infinitesimal vectors of length dl at a point of the system C t 0, in the directions of the axes of the system Ct 0. Let these become vectors h 1 dl j 1, h 2 dl j 2, and h 3 dl j 3 at time t, where j 1, j 2, and j 3 are unit vectors. These three vectors are, of course, tangential to the coordinate lines of the curvilinear system C t The six quantities h 1 2, h 2 2, h 3 2, h 2 h 3 j 2 ·j 3, h 3 h 1 j 3 ·j 1, h 1 h 2 j 1 ·j 2 completely describe the distortion undergone by the coordinate system as the material is deformed.
Clinical Manifestations and Viral Triggers of Childhood Multiple Sclerosis: Multinational Study

The clinical manifestations, outcome, and viral triggers in 137 children (<18 years old) with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 96 controls, enrolled between 2003 and 2006 from diverse multinational geographic regions, were studied by researchers from the Divisions of Neurology and Microbiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Stony Brook University Medical Center, USA; and other centers in Canada, USA, Argentina, Russia, Italy, and Sweden.
Flattening the Rugby World

My mum was born in Pontypool. ‘Pooler’ was one of the prominent forces in British rugby during the latter decades of amateurism. Under the leadership of Ray Prosser it built a fearsome reputation as a hard and uncompromising place to play. The qualities of the Pontypool pack reflected the town itself — tough, rugged and dour. These were hard men many of whom went rugby training after a day of physical labour. Like many surrounding areas by the dawn of the professional era the town was a visible symbol of post-industrial decline. Once an important marker in the local identity of the town, a little more than two decades after they hosted the 1984 Wallabies touring team, Pontypool RFC was put up for sale for one pound. I remember standing on the bank at Pontypool Park watching this Australian team. To say I actually watched the game is probably an exaggeration for the match was played in thick mist and the occasional glimpse of a Wallaby jersey or a brief sighting of a man in the red, white and black hoops of the home team was a rare occurrence. Just as rare an occurrence in the professional age are sightings of these touring teams at places like Pontypool Park. Now the leading southern hemisphere nations play a series of test matches against their northern hemisphere counterparts and matches against club sides or regional teams are few and far between.
Three-dimensional motion tracking reveals a diving component to visual and auditory escape swims in zebrafish larvae.

Escape behaviors have been studied in zebrafish by neuroscientists seeking cellular-level descriptions of neural circuits but few studies have examined vertical swimming during escapes. We analyzed three-dimensional swimming paths of zebrafish larvae during visually-evoked and auditory-evoked escapes while the fish were in a cubical tank with equal vertical and lateral range. Visually evoked escapes, elicited by sudden dimming of ambient light, consistently elicited downward spiral swimming (dives) with faster vertical than lateral movement. Auditory taps also elicited rapid escape swimming with equivalent total distance traveled but with significantly less vertical and more lateral movement. Visually evoked dives usually ended with the zebrafish hitting the bottom of the 10 cm3 tank. Therefore, visually evoked dives were also analyzed in a tubular tank with 50 cm of vertical range, and in most cases larvae reached the bottom of that tank during a 120 s dimming stimulus. Light-evoked spiral diving in zebrafish may be an innate defense reflex against specific predation threats. Since visual and auditory escapes are initially similar but dives persist only during visual escapes, our findings lay the groundwork for studying a type of decision-making within zebrafish sensorimotor circuits.
Reusing surgical instruments during Mohs micrographic surgery: safe from infection, but not free from risk.

Author(s): Petukhova, Tatyana A; King, Thomas H; Omlin, Kenny J; Eisen, Daniel B | Abstract: We report several scenarios of compromise in patient safety owing to the re-use of mis-assigned patient’s surgical instruments in Mohs micrographic surgery.We discuss the breaks in universal protocols that others may experience in their practices and describe corrective measures that our institutions employed to avoid such future events.There is a lack of publication in the literature on the topic of mis-assigned instrument use in Mohs surgery. We believe that the practice of re-using instruments is cost-effective and therefore common. Based on our humbling experience, this publication may initiate important discussion among dermatologist regarding safety protocols at their respective institutions.
Inevitable Psychological Mechanisms Triggered by Robot Appearance: Morality Included?

Certain stimuli in the environment reliably, and perhaps inevitably, trigger human cognitive and behavioral responses. We suggest that the presence of such “trigger stimuli” in modern robots can have disconcerting consequences. We provide one new example of such consequences: a reversal of a pattern of moral judgments people make about robots, depending on whether they view a “mechanical” or a “humanoid” robot.
Lessons Learned About the Impact of Disasters on Children and Families and Post-disaster Recovery

Disasters affect the lives of millions of children each year causing immense hardship and suffering. Traumatic experiences for children and their families caused by natural disasters (earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, tsunamis, fires) and human made disasters (industrial accidents, nuclear fall-out, armed conflict, terrorism, disease outbreaks) are often cumulative. With disasters, children and families are displaced, lose their homes and property, suffer economic hardship, loss of community and social supports, and, at times, injury and death of loved ones.