cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do not just "higher the low and lower the high".

Copyright © 2007 Sage Publications 121 In 1910, WW Duke [1] noted an improvement in hemorrhagic disease after administering plateletcontaining whole blood and identified the relationship between hemostasis and platelets. Since then, platelet transfusion has made stepwise innovations and become a valuable and sometimes lifesaving intervention in various clinical conditions. Yet, in the absence of evidence-based guidelines, the decision to administer platelet concentrates prophylactically continues to often be a casual one. Despite its limitations, acknowledged by the authors, the study by Salman et al [2], in line with work by others, provides evidence that the practice of prophylactic platelet transfusion in the setting of intensive care medicine is variable and arbitrary, not translated into improved outcome, and not uncommonly associated with adverse effects. They appropriately concluded that prospective studies were warranted. Until such studies, including the one conducted by the Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis Clinical Trial Network, clinicians are invited to use a rationalized step-by-step approach to platelet transfusion decision-making (Table 1) [3]. First, platelet clumping must be ruled out before submitting patients to unnecessary testing or platelet transfusion. Second, the possibility of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, which requires rapid recognition and treatment, must be considered. Platelet transfusion is contraindicated in microagiopathic hemolytic syndromes, heparin-induced
Environmental Factors Associated with Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Oviposition

The period of insect activity (PIA) contributes information to estimates of the minimum postmortem interval in forensic investigations and begins with blow fly attraction and oviposition on a resource such as carrion or a human corpse. Incorrectly estimating nocturnal oviposition could alter PIA estimates by up to at least 12 h; however, the extent of this difference in PIA would depend on environmental and geographic factors. To date, the literature on the extent and frequency of blow fly nocturnal oviposition is conflicting. Our objectives were as follows: 1) to measure the effects of artificial lighting and beef liver bait height above ground on nocturnal and diurnal oviposition, and 2) to monitor oviposition through the night on swine carcasses exposed to the environment at dusk in different habitats over 3 yr. We documented no consistent nocturnal oviposition in any trial using beef liver or on carcasses in different habitats and seasons. There were statistically significant effects of light and height of bait above the ground on diurnal oviposition of Phormia regina (Meigen) in August of 2009, the only month with mean night temperatures >20°C. In August there also was significantly greater diurnal oviposition on liver bait placed on the ground compared with bait elevated 1 m. Our results suggest that nocturnal oviposition is rare in the natural environment. However, we found enhanced diurnal oviposition of P. regina under conditions of ambient temperatures >20°C the night before oviposition. Additional studies are needed to better understand the ecological mechanisms governing blow fly oviposition important to forensic entomology.
Methane dynamics across a tidally flooded riverbank margin

The cycling of methane across the soils of the tidally flooded bank margins in the tidal freshwater portion of the White Oak River estuary, North Carolina, was investigated from October 1990 to November 199 1. A comparison between these bank cdgcs and adjacent submerged stations was made. The bank stations showed large seasonal variations in methane production rates, with very little being produced in winter and large amounts (up to 1,000 mg m 2 d- I) during summer. This seasonality seems to be linked to the cycle of growth and senescence of vascular plants growing in these soils. In contrast, the submerged stations produced smaller amounts of methane year-round, with moderate increases during summer. Vascular plants are not rooted in these submerged sediments. Seasonal variations in methane production rates at the tidally flooded bank stations led to significant changes in the dissolved methane pool sizes. Although production rates and pore-water concentrations increased with seasonal increases in soil temperatures, the flux of methane to the atmosphere remained fairly low and variable. Methane flux varied with stage of the semidiurnal tidal cycle and exhibited a bimodal distribution, with fluxes greatest when the water level was nearest the soil surface. During summer months, methane production was up to 10 times greater than its flux to the atmosphere. This large difference between production and flux is attributed mainly to bacterially mediated methane oxidation at the soil surface during low-tide exposure and(or) in the root zone of plants. However, in midsummer, lateral export of dissolved methane from the bank soils, driven by tidal flushing, may account for almost 30% of this discrepancy between production and flux. Global budget estimates for methane, such as those of Cicerone and Orcmland (1988) and Tyler (1989), have shown that natural wetlands can contribute up to 50% of the methane emitted annually to the atmosphere. Thus, a major effort has been made to map the world’s wetlands (Matthews and Fung 1987; Aselman and Crutzen 1989) and to determine average fluxes from the major biomes. Grill (in press) divided the world’s wetlands into four major latitudinal zones, tropical (O-20”), temperate (2045”), boreal (45-65”), and arctic (>65”) and calculated that more than half (52.6%) of the yearly emission of methane from wetlands comes from the colder regions (boreal, 45.6%; arctic, 7.0%), with another 40.6% from the tropics and only 6.8% from temperate regions. Although temperate wetlands may contribute relatively little to the global methane flux (Crill in press), they can provide important opportunities to study factors that control methane production and flux. Given the east of access to these regions, they lend themselves to seasonal studies in which processes affecting the production of methane and its mode of transport to the atmosphere can be ascertained (c.g. Chanton and Martens 1988; Wilson
Multiscale electrodynamics of the ionosphere‐magnetosphere system

(1) In this paper we investigate how the parameters of the ionosphere and the low-altitude magnetosphere mediate the formation and spatiotemporal properties of small-scale, intense electromagnetic structures commonly observed by low-altitude satellites in the auroral and subauroral magnetosphere. The study is based on numerical modeling of a time-evolving, nonlinear system that describes multiscale electrodynamics of the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupled system in terms of field-aligned currents, both quasi- static and Alfvenic. Simulations show that intense electric fields and currents with a perpendicular size of 10-20 km at 120 km altitude can be generated by a large-scale, slowly evolving current system interacting with a weakly conducting ionosphere, even without a resonant cavity in the magnetosphere. These structures form in the strong gradient in the ionospheric conductivity that develops at the boundary between the large- scale upward and downward currents when the background ionospheric Pedersen conductivity, SP, is low but higher than the Alfven conductivity, SA =1 /m0vA, above the ionosphere. When SPSA the ionosphere can generate electromagnetic waves with perpendicular sizes less than 10 km. These waves can be trapped inside the cavity of the classical ionospheric Alfven resonator, and their amplitude can be significantly amplified there by the ionospheric feedback instability. INDEX TERMS: 2736 Magnetospheric Physics: Magnetosphere/ionosphere interactions; 2704 Magnetospheric Physics: Auroral phenomena (2407); 2753 Magnetospheric Physics: Numerical modeling; 2411 Ionosphere: Electric fields (2712); 2437 Ionosphere: Ionospheric dynamics; KEYWORDS: magnetosphere-ionosphere interaction, ionospheric feedback instability, field-aligned current, Alfven wave
Jury Understanding of DNA Evidence: An Empirical Assessment of Presentation Formats for Trace Evidence with a Relatively Small Random Match Probability

In cases involving scientific evidence in the form of a test result linking the accused to a crime (e.g., DNA match), expert testimony sometimes can also provide a suitably reliable estimate of the chance of a coincidental match (the random match probability). Considerable controversy, however, attends the question of whether to allow testimony reporting that probability and, if so, in what form it should be given. Additional and related controversy concerns the implications of proficiency test results for testimony about the chance of false positive lab error, especially when that figure greatly exceeds the random match probability. This paper reports a large scale empirical study, using members of an Illinois jury pool, designed to contribute to our understanding of the issues involved. Our results confirm earlier research suggesting that jurors, rather than being credulously overwhelmed by the science, tend to undervalue forensic match evidence. On the other hand, our results differ from most prior research in showing that variation in the way the random match probability is presented and explained can reduce the extent of the undervaluation, without at the same time inviting inferential fallacies that would exaggerate the probative value of the match. And contrary to predictions, our results also show that incorporating information about comparatively large lab error rates, when it has any discernible effect, actually increases the jurors' assessed probability of guilt and willingness to convict.
Shoot dieback during prolonged drought in Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae) chaparral of California: a possible case of hydraulic failure

Progressive diebacks of outer canopy branchlets of Ceanothus crassifolius were repeatedly observed after rainless periods up to 9 mo in duration in the Santa Monica Mountains of southern California. Mean xylem pressures of branchlets near the end of drought were as low as 211.2 MPa (N 5 22) with a mean of about 60 dead branchlets per shrub. Inoculation (N 5 15) with three species of fungi previously isolated from the same population of C. crassifolius did not promote dieback, suggesting that the observed decline was not fungal induced, as had been proposed. Further, at least 50% of healthy-appearing twigs, without symptoms of dieback, contained isolatible endophytic fungi. We used a centrifugal force method to determine the range of xylem pressure causing cavitation (vulnerability curves) for branchlets (N 5 12) and roots (N 5 16). We combined vulnerability curves with soil texture data (N 5 6) into a water transport model that estimated the critical values ( PLcrit) of leaf xylem pressure associated with the loss of water from soil to foliage. Maximum PLcrit was between 210 and 211 MPa and within the range of minimum measured xylem pressures of branchlets during drought and dieback. Branchlet dieback correlated with seasonal declines in xylem pressure in concert with declining safety margins from hydraulic failure. Symptoms of dieback were duplicated in the field by partially severing stem xylem that normally supplied branchlets with water. Taken together, these results indicate that loss of hydraulic conductance to foliage was the probable cause of the observed dieback in C. crassifolius. Partial dieback of peripheral branchlets, and its attendant reduction in evaporative surface area, may be a last-resort mechanism for whole-plant water conservation and drought survival in this species.
Cortical nNOS neurons co-express the NK1 receptor and are depolarized by Substance P in multiple mammalian species.

We have previously demonstrated that Type I neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS)-expressing neurons are sleep-active in the cortex of mice, rats and hamsters. These neurons are known to be GABAergic, to express Neuropeptide Y and, in rats, to co-express the Substance P (SP) receptor NK1, suggesting a possible role for SP in sleep/wake regulation. To evaluate the degree of co-expression of nNOS and NK1 in the cortex among mammals, we used double immunofluorescence for nNOS and NK1 and determined the anatomical distribution in mouse, rat, and squirrel monkey cortex. Type I nNOS neurons co-expressed NK1 in all three species although the anatomical distribution within the cortex was species-specific. We then performed in vitro patch clamp recordings in cortical neurons in mouse and rat slices using the SP conjugate tetramethylrhodamine-SP (TMR-SP) to identify NK1-expressing cells and evaluated the effects of SP on these neurons. Bath application of SP (0.03-1 µM) resulted in a sustained increase in firing rate of these neurons; depolarization persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin. These results suggest a conserved role for SP in the regulation of cortical sleep-active neurons in mammals.
Studies on moisture-induced failures in ACF interconnection

The anisotropic conductive film (ACF) was applied as an under-fill material to bond the die to the substrate in a flip chip package. However, the package encountered electrical failure in environment tests, especially in autoclave test (AC). Therefore, a generic study on the reliability performance of the flip chip in package using ACF in the AC test environment was carried out. Finite element simulations were used to determine the status of moisture diffusion, and hygro-thermally-induced stresses inside the package. The behaviors of conductive particles were also studied. Simulation results agreed well with lab evaluations. It is found that the mismatch in moisture expansion between metal joints and ACF is a key contributor to the robustness of the package.
New developments in the treatment of invasive cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a preventable disease that is curable when it is detected early. For advanced-stage cancer, the prognosis is worse. Over the years, much progress has been made in radiation therapy and in chemotherapy, but it took three decades for the arrival of concurrent chemoradiation therapy, which significantly improved the survival among women with advanced cervical cancer. This fact underscores the need and the importance for continuing efforts in clinical research. While current standards of therapy are being fine-tuned as more information is being gathered, great strides are being made in the areas of molecular and cancer biology. Novel treatments for cervical cancer appear to be imminent in the near future.
A FATAL CASE OF ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME EXUDATIVUM (STEVENS-JOHNSON'S SYNDROME) FOLLOWING THERAPY WITH DILANTIN

A fatal case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome that followed therapy with diphenylhydantoin sodium (Dilantin) is presented. The pathological findings at autopsy are described and briefly discussed.
Cell Cycle Parameters as Biological Predictors of Prognosis in AML: A Review and Update of Cell Cycle Kinetics and Remission Induction/Duration in Acute Leukemia

Although the prognostic and clinical significance of cell cycle kinetic studies in neoplastic diseases has been inconclusive at worst and controversial at best, new advances in techniques to study cell cycle characteristics have dramatically improved our ability to more accurately measure the parameters of labeling index (LI), S-phase time (Ts) and total cell cycle time (Tc), and subsequently to find any correlations which would enable us to use these as prognostic indicators. Data from 285 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who were given in-vivo infusion of the thymidine analogue bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) prior to chemotherapy show differences in mean labeling indices derived from bone marrow aspirates versus biopsies-being 9.2% and 22.2% respectively. The Tc and Ts were obtained by double labeling the aspirates with tritiated thymidine in-vitro. In 102 uniformly treated patients with standard risk de novo AML, correlations between cell cycle parameters thus measured and clinical data were sought...
Phenotype/Karyotype correlations of Y chromosome aneuploidy with emphasis on structural aberrations in postnatally diagnosed cases

Over 600 cases with a Y aneuploidy (other than non-mosaic 47,XYY) were reviewed for phenotype/karyotype correlations. Except for 93 prenatally diagnosed cases of mosaicism 45,X/46,XY (79 cases), 45,X/47,XYY (8 cases), and 45,X/46,XY/47,XYY (6 cases), all other cases were ascertained postnatally. Special emphasis was placed on structural abnormalities. This review includes 11 cases of 46,XYp-; 90 cases of 46,XYq- (52 cases non-mosaic; 38 cases 45,X mosaic); 34 cases of 46,X,r(Y) (9 cases non-mosaic and 25 cases 45,X mosaic); 8 cases of 46,X,i(Yp) (4 non-mosaic and 4 mosaic with 45,X); 12 cases of 46,X,i(Yq) (7 non-mosaic and 5 mosaic); 44 cases of 46,X,idic(Yq); 80 cases of 46,X, idic(Yp) (74 cases had breakpoints at Yq11 and 6 cases had breakpoints at Yq12); 130 cases of Y/autosome translocations (50 cases with a Y/A reciprocal translocation, 20 cases of Y/A translocation in 45,X males, 60 cases of Y/DP or Y/Gp translocations); 52 cases of Y/X translocations [47 cases with der(X); 4 cases with der(Y), and 1 case with 45,X with a der(X)], 7 cases of Y/Y translocations; 151 postnatally diagnosed cases of 45,X/46,XY; 14 postnatally diagnosed cases of 45,X/47,XYY; 18 cases of 45,X/46,XY/47,XYY; and 93 aforementioned prenatally diagnosed cases with a 45,X cell line. It is clear that in the absence of a 45,X cell line, the presence of an entire Yp or a region of it including SRY would lead to a male phenotype in an individual with a Y aneuploidy, whereas the lack of Yp invariably leads to a female phenotype with typical or atypical Ullrich-Turner syndrome (UTS). Once there is a 45,X cell line, regardless of whether there is Yp, Yq, or both Yp and Yq, or even a free Y chromosome in other cell line, there is an increased chance for that individual to be a phenotypic female with UTS manifestations or to have ambiguous external genitalia. This review once again shows a major difference in reported phenotypes between postnatally and prenatally diagnosed cases of 45,X/46,XY, 45,X/47,XYY, and 45,X/46,XY/47,XYY mosaicism. It appears that ascertainment bias can explain the fact that all known patients with postnatal diagnosis are phenotypically abnormal, while over 90% of prenatally diagnosed cases are reported to have a normal male phenotype. Further elucidation of major Y genes and their clinical significance can be expected in the rapidly expanding gene mapping projects. More, consequently better, phenotype/karyotype correlations can be anticipated at both the cytogenetic and the molecular level.
A threatening intellectual environment: why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males.

Does placing females in environments in which they have contact with males cause deficits in their problem-solving perfor- mance? Is a situational cue, such as gender composition, sufficient for creating a threatening intellectual environment for females—an en- vironment that elicits performance-impinging stereotypes? Two stud- ies explored these questions. Participants completed a difficult math or verbal test in 3-person groups, each of which included 2 additional people of the same sex as the participant (same-sex condition) or of the opposite sex (minority condition). Female participants in the mi- nority condition experienced performance deficits in the math test only, whereas males performed equally well on the math test in the two conditions. Further investigation showed that females' deficits were proportional to the number of males in their group. Even females who were placed in a mixed-sex majority condition (2 females and 1 male) experienced moderate but significant deficits. Findings are dis- cussed in relation to theories of distinctiveness, stereotype threat, and tokenism. Females currently are a small minority of students and researchers in the natural and physical sciences. A recent National Science Foun- dation (1996) report showed that females constitute 35% of under- graduate students enrolled in physics, math, and computer science classes; 16% of undergraduate students enrolled in engineering classes; and less than 10% of graduate students in physics and engi- neering. Moreover, this report showed that females suffer from higher attrition rates in their academic careers than do males, so that by the time women reach the workplace, they occupy only 22% of jobs in mathematical and scientific domains. Does females' problem-solving performance diminish when they are placed in an environment in which males outnumber them? If so, are such performance deficits specifically linked to domains that are associated with negative ste- reotypes about females' intellectual capacity? Examining these ques- tions can inform theories of how social stereotypes affect the intellectual processing of individuals who are the targets of these stereotypes, as well as educational practice.
An itinerant antiferromagnetic metal without magnetic constituents.

Sc3In and ZrZn2 are the only two known itinerant ferromagnets that form from non-magnetic constituents. Now, Svanidze et al., evidence itinerant antiferromagnetism in TiAu below 36 K using thermodynamic, transport, muon-based and neutron-based measurements, and density functional analysis.
Telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) activity upon recombinant expression and purification of human telomerase in a bacterial system

Telomerase biogenesis is a highly regulated process that solves the DNA end-replication problem. Recombinant expression has so far been accomplished only within a eukaryotic background. Towards structural and functional analyses, we developed bacterial expression of human telomerase. Positive activity by the telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) was identified in cell extracts of Escherichia coli expressing a sequence-optimized hTERT gene, the full-length hTR RNA with a self-splicing hepatitis delta virus ribozyme, and the human heat shock complex of Hsp90, Hsp70, p60/Hop, Hsp40, and p23. The Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin did not affect post-assembly TRAP activity. By various purification methods, TRAP activity was also obtained upon expression of only hTERT and hTR. hTERT was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry in a ∼120 kDa SDS-PAGE fragment from a TRAP-positive purification fraction. TRAP activity was also supported by hTR constructs lacking the box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA domain. End-point TRAP indicated expression levels within 3-fold of that from HeLa carcinoma cells, which is several orders of magnitude below detection by the direct assay. These results represent the first report of TRAP activity from a bacterium and provide a facile system for the investigation of assembly factors and anti-cancer therapeutics independently of a eukaryotic setting.
Predictors of Hospital Length of Stay in an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Program for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Shorter length of stay (LOS) for total hip arthroplasty (THA) is becoming standard, yet variables identifying candidates for a 1-day discharge in an enhanced recovery after surgery program are not well defined. With growing emphasis on cost-efficiency and bundled care for THA, this study looked to identify variables that correlated with LOS. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for 273 primary THAs, from April 2014 to January 2015. Clinical measures differentiating a 1-day LOS cohort from that of a LOS longer than 1 day were identified. Direct medical costs were calculated for services billed during hospitalization. Results Logistic regression identified the following preoperative patient characteristics to correlate with an LOS >1 day: older age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.06, P P = .005), female gender (OR: 1.76, P = .031), American Society of Anesthesiologists score 3 or 4 (OR: 1.84, P = .029), and coronary artery disease (OR: 3.90, P = .013). After adjusting for age, body mass index, and gender, the following perioperative variables led to an LOS ≥2 days: general anesthesia (OR: 2.24, P = .007), longer operative time (OR: 1.04, P P = .001). Postoperatively, not ambulating on the day of surgery strongly correlated with an LOS ≥2 days (OR: 3.9, P Conclusion With growing emphasis on cost-efficiency, studying the association of clinical factors with LOS is necessary to develop a preoperative and perioperative predictive risk stratification model that may be used to help optimize discharge protocols for patients in an enhanced recovery after surgery program.
Exogenous intracellular, but not extracellular, iron augments myocardial reperfusion injury.

Although previous studies using iron chelators suggest that iron-catalyzed reactions exacerbate myocardial injury, a direct demonstration of the timing, sites, and mechanisms of iron-mediated damag...
Inactivation of Pressor Amines by Quinones and Related Diketones

Summary1. The pressor activity of certain aromatic amines is destroyed by aeration in vitro in the presence of quinones. 2. Simultaneous injection of dihydroxyphenyl-alanine and small amounts of copper salts in hypertensive rats causes a considerable lowering of blood pressure. 3. It is suggested that tyrosinase reduces the blood pressure by its oxidative effect on acceptor substances of the catechol type such as dopa and epinephrine, which in turn, upon oxidation to ortho-quinones, destroy the pressor amines in vivo.
Reply to “Comments on the Impact of Advertising on the Price of Consumer Products”'

supported the advertising = market power school of thought. In fact, we concluded "that the outcome of manufacturer advertising on the absolute price level of a product category is ambiguous." (Farris and Albion 1980, p. 33) Ferguson's first main point is that we have "failed to understand that those who argue that advertising increases prices lack both theory and facts" and that we are "uncritical of the 'advertising leads to monopoly power' approach." We believe both statements are misleading, because Ferguson's criticisms are the same as we provided: There is no way to determine how much product differentiation is excessive and/or attributable to advertising. Ferguson merely underscores the difficulty in testing a change in "perceived" product differentiation-the same notion as a change in taste (see our Table 2, C1). Later, Ferguson observes that "a class of differentiated products can be described by a vector of objectively measured characteristics. Hedonic prices are the implicit prices of attributes that are derived from observed prices . . ." He fails to note that such analyses cannot distinguish between a "true" consumer utility function and one influ nced by advertising via the mechanisms described in Table 2 of our article. Therefore, the central tenet of the advertising = information school, that advertising does not change the utility function, has exactly the same problems with testing.' (Our apologies to Kelvin Lancaster and other consumer behavior researchers too numerous to cite individually.) Other than the above "criticism" we find only this circular argument: "Advertising cannot increase the cost per unit of quality to consumers, because if it did so, consumers would not continue to respond positively to advertising." If one equates consumer response to product quality2 or real cost, the statement is a tautology and devoid of meaning. This
Phosphine-Catalyzed Annulation Reactions of 2-Butynoate and α-Keto Esters: Synthesis of Cyclopentene Derivatives

We have developed phosphine-catalyzed annulation reactions for the synthesis of highly substituted cyclopentene derivatives from 2-alkynoate and α-keto esters. These transformations involve carbon–carbon bond cleavage of α-keto esters. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that, in addition to facilitating carbon–carbon bond formation, the phosphine catalyst plays a role in promoting methanolysis.
Captives of Law: Judicial Enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion Laws, 1891–1905

The Gaelic sailed into San Francisco harbor onJune 11, 1892, completing a routine voyage from Hong Kong. As usual, the ship carried several Chinese passengers. Yeap Shee was journeying to the United States to join her husband, Young Ah Chew, a merchant in San Francisco. Another traveler, Fong Yot Hing, had been born in San Francisco in 1875 but had left to live in China when only six years old. Now, at the behest of his older brother, he was returning to his birthplace in Chinatown to learn the family's goldsmithing business. A third passenger, Fong Sam Toy, was coming back to his general merchandising firm after a visit to China to get married. When the so-called Chinese inspectors from the Chinese Bureau of the Office of the Collector of Customs boarded the ship, it became clear that the journey of Yeap Shee, Fong Yot Hing, and Fong Sam Toy was not yet over. It would end only after a protracted struggle involving the federal courts. Those passengers, like all other Chinese coming to the United States, had to surmount obstacles created by the federal Chinese exclusion laws to prove they had a right to enter. Though the collector of customs, as supervisor of the Chinese Bureau, allowed several Chinese passengers on the Gaelic to land, he refused entry to other passengers, including those three. Rather than accept their exclusion, however, Yeap Shee, Fong Yot Hing, and Fong Sam Toy chose to challenge the collector's decision by petitioning the local federal district court for writs of habeas corpus. It was a wise strategy; District Court Judge William W. Morrow ordered the collector to allow all three to enter and reside in the United States.'
Intracellular Neutralization of Sendai and Influenza Viruses by IgA Monoclonal Antibodies

Secretory IgA (S-IgA), a polymeric immunoglobulin, plays a central role in protecting the mucosal surfaces of the body against foreign pathogens.1,2 Resistance to viral infections correlates with the presence of specific IgA antibody in mucosal secretions.3 Polymeric IgA is transported into mucosal secretions by the receptor for polymeric immunoglobulins, which is expressed on the surface of many mucosal epithelial cells.4,5 Traditionally, S-IgA is thought to neutralize virus extracellularly by binding to virions and preventing their attachment and entry into epithelial cells.6 Since IgA is transported through epithelial cells and since viruses are obligate intracellular parasites requiring the host cell’s metabolic machinery to replicate, we hypothesize that IgA may be able to interfere with virus assembly by binding to newly synthesized viral proteins within the infected epithelial cell. Thus, to examine the possible role of IgA in intracellular neutralization of viruses, we employed polarized monolayers of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells stably transfected with the cDNA encoding the receptor for polymeric immunoglobulin.7 Cells were infected on the apical surface with either Sendai or influenza virus and subsequently treated on the basal surface with viral specific monoclonal antibody (mAB). Using this in vitro epithelial model, we showed that anti-viral IgA mAB co-localizes with viral protein within the cell.8 In concert, viral titers in both apical supernatants and cell lysates were reduced from monolayers treated with viral-specific IgA but not from those receiving viral-specific IgG or an irrelevant IgA.8 Based on these observations, we conclude that IgA, as it is transported through the epithelial cell, is capable of neutralizing microbial pathogens intracellularly.
Selective inhibition of angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction by lipoxygenase blockade

We have previously demonstrated that the lipoxygenase (LO) pathway has a specific role in the effect of angiotensin II (ANG II) on aldosterone secretion. To elucidate whether the LO pathway also participates in the vascular effects of ANG II, the nonselective LO inhibitor phenidone (PHE; 30 mg/kg) was administered to rats 1 h before graded dose ANG II infusion. PHE reduced the LO product 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) in deendothelialized aortas by an average of 36% as determined by radiometric detection with high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay methods. In parallel, the peak systolic pressor response to ANG II was lowered from 36.2 +/- 3.7 to 16.8 +/- 2.0 mmHg. The peak pressor responses to ANG II were also reduced by two other LO inhibitors, baicalein (30 mg/kg) and esculetin (60 mg/kg) (13.9 +/- 2.4 and 22.1 +/- 4.7 mmHg, respectively; P less than 0.01 compared with control rats for both), but not by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. The LO inhibitors baicalein (7.5 X 10(-5) M) and PHE (10(-4) M) markedly attenuated the in vitro contractile response to ANG II of femoral artery rings. In contrast, neither the in vivo nor in vitro constrictor responses to norepinephrine were affected by baicalein. Thus lipoxygenase blockade induces a direct and selective inhibition of ANG II-induced vasoconstriction. The LO pathway may have an important role in mediating the pressor effect of ANG II.
Direct and indirect effects of nicotine on rabbit pancreatic secretion.

The mechanism of nicotine-induced inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretion of water and bicarbonate was studied, using in vitro and in vivo preparations of rabbit pancreas. High concentrations of nicotine (10 mM) in the bathing fluid of the in vitro pancreas caused decreases in flow rate, bicarbonate secretion, and tissue ATP content. In anesthetized rabbits, doses of nicotine, comparable to those absorbed by human smokers, inhibited flow and bicarbonate secretion but had no effect on tissue ATP content. Norepinephrine and epinephrine mimicked the pancreatic effects of nicotine in vivo. Phenoxybenzamine stimulated secretion of water and bicarbonate in vivo and blocked the inhibitory effects of nicotine and catecholamines. These results indicate that inhibition of pancreatic secretion by nicotine is probably mediated by release of catecholamines.
Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting of Shoot Apical Meristem Cell Types

Growing tips of plants harbor a set of stem cells in structures called shoot apical meristems (SAMs) which provide cells for development of aboveground biomass. Despite a periodic differentiation of stem cell progenitors into leaves, the stem cell pool remains constant over time. Genetic analysis has revealed molecular pathways involved in stem-cell specification, cell division patterns, and organ differentiation. Stem cells within SAMs are few in number, which imposes a limitation to the experimental approaches that can be used for deciphering the gene regulatory networks that underlie cell fate transitions. Here, I provide detailed experimental protocols for the protoplasting and subsequent purification through cell sorting of SAM cells, which allows genome-wide analyses of gene expression patterns at a single cell-type resolution.
Outcome of Cerebellar Hemorrhage in Preterm Newborns

Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants with cerebellar hemorrhages detected only on MRI was studied at University of California, San Francisco.
FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS AND ADIPOKINES IN HIV-INFECTED OLDER ADULTS

There is a significant increase in the number of HIV-infected older adults (HOA). This population may experience functional decline at a much younger age. Little is known about the relationship between functional limitations and systemic adipokines in HOA.Our study aimed to evaluate the relationship between functional limitations and systemic adipokine levels in HOA population.Cross-sectional.Academic hospital-based infectious disease clinic.The study investigated community-dwelling HIV-infected adults >50 years old and compared this group with age, gender and BMI comparable healthy controls.We measured functional status, body composition and plasma concentrations of adipokines.Fifty-four HOA were studied (mean: age 57 years, BMI 29 kg/m2, CD4 604, duration of HIV 17 years) and compared with thirty-two age, gender and BMI comparable healthy controls. The HOA group showed significantly higher functional limitations compared to the age, gender and BMI comparable controls (p<0.05). Levels of adipokines were significantly different between the two groups (p<0.05). Multiple regression analyses indicated that adiponectin and visfatin were significantly correlated with several physical function measures after controlling for age, sex, and metabolic comorbidities. Adiponectin was negatively correlated with functional limitations, and this relationship was stronger in the control group compared to the HOA group. Conversely, visfatin was positively correlated with functional limitations only in the HOA group.HOA have significant functional limitations and alteration in adipokine levels compared to controls. Adiponectin and visfatin were associated with functional limitations. Visfatin was a correlate of physical function only in the HOA group. Prospective longitudinal studies could provide further insight on the role of adipokines in HIV-related functional decline.
Urinary neutrophil chemotactic factors in interstitial cystitis patients and a rabbit model of bladder inflammation.

AbstractThe present study investigates a possible source of inflammatory mediators involved in the pathogenesis of bladder inflammation characteristics of interstitial cystitis disease. Our tested hypothesis is that in response to injury, tissues of the urinary bladder participate in the initiation of bladder inflammation by releasing inflammatory mediators such as neutrophil chemotactic factors. Bladders of anesthetized rabbits (n = 7) were instilled with an acidic solution (pH 4.5) for 15 minutes, then washed with saline and instilled with sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.2) for an additional 45 minutes prior to sacrificing the rabbits. Control rabbits (n = 7) were instilled with sterile PBS (pH 7.2) for 15 minutes, then 45 minutes. The levels of neutrophil chemotactic factors were measured using modified Boyden chambers and rabbit peritoneal neutrophils as indicator cells. Results indicated the release of high levels of neutrophil chemotactic factors (via a checkerboard analysis) from acid...
CFD simulation and experimental study of oil viscosity effect on multi-stage electrical submersible pump (ESP) performance

Abstract In this study, the oil viscosity effect on ESP performance is investigated by experimental study and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Oils with different viscosities are flowed through a DN1750ESP at varying flow rates and rotary speeds. The temperature is maintained at different levels with a heat exchanger circulated by cold water. The pressure increase over the 3 rd stage as well as total 7 stages in ESP is measured with differential pressure transducers. The same geometries, fluid properties and flow characteristics are implemented into CFD simulations. The three-dimensional (3D), steady-state Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations with standard SST (shear stress transport) turbulence models are solved in ANSYS CFX by employing frozen-rotor technique. With high-quality structured hexahedral mesh, the simulated pressure increment is compared with corresponding experimental results. Flow structures inside ESP impeller and diffuser channels are analyzed. At pump best efficiency point (BEP), the boosting pressure decreases 30–40% when oil viscosity increases from 10 cp to 100 cp. ESP becomes ineffective when oil viscosity is higher than 200 cp. With oil viscosity increasing, pump H-Q performance curve becomes more linear. CFD simulation reveals that the recirculation flow at impeller blade trailing edge is more prominent at lower liquid flow rates.
The Radical Right, the National Municipal League Smear File, and the Controversy over Metropolitan Government in the United States during the Postwar Years

This paper reports on activities undertaken by the National Municipal League (NML) and the Public Administration Service (PAS) during the 1950’s and 1960’s to counter libelous and slanderous actions taken by grass roots activists in opposition to efforts to reform metropolitan governance across the United States. I utilize records from the NML archives—and give special attention to their “Smear File”—to chronicle and analyze the key events and actors. Specifically, I focus on the ideas of opponents of metropolitan government reform from the South and West in the United States including Jo Hindman, Dan Smoot, and Don Bell. These individuals used right-wing idea distribution vehicles including magazines, small-town newspapers, and subscription newsletters to disseminate their arguments and rally support for their cause. I also analyze the actions of their foes at the NML and PAS—namely those of Alfred Willoughby, Executive Director of the National Municipal League; H.G. Pope, President of the Public Administration Service;Richard S. Childs, former President of the National Municipal League; and Karl Detzer,Roving Editor for Reader’s Digest and contributing writer for the National Municipal Review, the academic and professional journal of the National Municipal League. This study adds to the literature explaining the lack of metropolitan governmental frameworks at the local level in the United States, which has been built on the work of Charles Tiebout, Vincent Ostrom, Robert Bish, Ronald Oakerson, and Roger Parks. Although this analysis is idiographic and historical in perspective, it does not necessarily challenge the core empirical results of the nomothetic modeling of these scholars.
Urban and peri-urban precipitation and air temperature trends in mega cities of the world using multiple trend analysis methods

Urbanization plays an important role in altering local to regional climate. In this study, the trends in precipitation and the air temperature were investigated for urban and peri-urban areas of 18 mega cities selected from six continents (representing a wide range of climatic patterns). Multiple statistical tests were used to examine long-term trends in annual and seasonal precipitation and air temperature for the selected cities. The urban and peri-urban areas were classified based on the percentage of land imperviousness. Through this study, it was evident that removal of the lag-k serial correlation caused a reduction of approximately 20 to 30% in significant trend observability for temperature and precipitation data. This observation suggests that appropriate trend analysis methodology for climate studies is necessary. Additionally, about 70% of the urban areas showed higher positive air temperature trends, compared with peri-urban areas. There were not clear trend signatures (i.e., mix of increase or decrease) when comparing urban vs peri-urban precipitation in each selected city. Overall, cities located in dry areas, for example, in Africa, southern parts of North America, and Eastern Asia, showed a decrease in annual and seasonal precipitation, while wetter conditions were favorable for cities located in wet regions such as, southeastern South America, eastern North America, and northern Europe. A positive relationship was observed between decadal trends of annual/seasonal air temperature and precipitation for all urban and peri-urban areas, with a higher rate being observed for urban areas.
Tumor Progression Following Petroclival Meningioma Subtotal Resection: A Volumetric Study.

Background One study has investigated postoperative growth rates following subtotal resection of petroclival meningiomas utilizing linear measurements, which are insensitive to the multidimensional complex growth of meningiomas, to estimate tumor volume. Objective To describe petroclival meningioma growth patterns following less-than-complete resection utilizing volumetric analysis and to identify variables associated with tumor progression. Methods Patients with surgically resected WHO grade I petroclival meningiomas were retrospectively reviewed (1999-2015). Image analysis software was utilized to perform volumetric analyses of tumor size and growth on serial MRI studies. The impact of preoperative and postoperative variables on tumor growth after subtotal resection was analyzed. An increase in tumor volume of at least 20% was defined as "tumor growth." Results Twenty-three patients had immediate preoperative and serial postoperative MRI studies available for review. The mean preoperative tumor volume was 20.9 cm3 (range 0.4-54.6). The mean extent of resection was 75.5% (range 31.5%-100.0%). At a mean follow-up of 24.8 mo, 12 tumors (66.7%) exhibited radiological tumor growth, while 6 tumors did not change in size. The median annual volumetric growth rate was 2.82 cm3/yr (range -0.34 to 10.1). Extent of resection and immediate postoperative tumor volume were significantly correlated with the annual volumetric growth rate following resection. At last follow-up, 3 (13%) patients required further intervention. Conclusion The majority of petroclival meningiomas exhibit growth following subtotal resection. Extent of resection is strongly associated with risk for disease progression following surgery.
Practitioner Review: Empirical evolution of youth psychotherapy toward transdiagnostic approaches

Background Psychotherapy for children and adolescents (herein, ‘youths’) has grown more precise and focused over the decades, shifting toward empirically supported treatments standardized via therapist manuals. The manuals have increasingly emphasized precise targeting of single disorders or problems, or homogenous clusters. These focal treatments represent a valuable advance, with intervention benefit documented in hundreds of studies. However, relatively few of these treatments are widely used in everyday clinical practice, and their level of benefit may not be ideal, particularly in practice contexts and when compared to usual clinical care. Thesis These limitations may be due, in part, to a mismatch between focal treatment design and the young people treated in real-world clinical care, who are diagnostically heterogeneous, and very frequently present with comorbidity. Improved fit may be achieved via transdiagnostic treatment approaches designed to address multiple disorders and problems, if these approaches can retain the benefits of manualization and the substantive clinical strength that has generated empirical support to date. Scope Here we review the evolution of empirically-based youth psychotherapy from focal treatment manuals toward transdiagnostic approaches, and we describe and illustrate three transdiagnostic treatment strategies: (a) a core dysfunction approach, (b) a common elements and modular design approach, and (c) a principle-guided approach. Clinical applications We complement research findings with a clinical perspective based on our use of manual-guided transdiagnostic intervention in clinical care settings, and we propose directions for research and practice.
Credit Ratings: Qualitative Versus Quantitative Information

While credit rating agencies are of central importance to credit markets, it is still unclear how credit ratings decisions are being made. Are credit rating quantitatively hard-wired? Or, do ratings represent a more holistic approach to the evaluation of creditworthiness? I evaluate the quantitative content of rating decisions made by S&P Global Ratings Inc. and assess its development over time. I find that S&P rating decisions moved from being quantitative to being qualitative and then being highly quantitative again in the last few years. I also find that rating standards became more lenient during the global financial crisis suggesting that it is possible that ratings were artificially held up to avoid even further downgrades. My results suggest that, in general, S&P rating decisions are highly quantitative and can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy using firm characteristics. In fact, my analysis suggests that credit rating decisions can be replaced by an algorithm that uses just ten financial variables.