cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opening Nature’s Door to a New Generation of Citizens and Ecologists

Humans by their nature are observers. Before we are even born we are sensing our environment. As we grow older, we acquire crucial information mainly by observing the environment directly or through our peers’ interactions with the environment. There is a natural connection between observation and how we learn and understand the world. We have evolved to use observations to build up our own representation of reality. As the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the National Science Foundation have acknowledged, the “practices of observation,” particularly “observing nature,” are essential to build the ability to apply the process of science in biology (Brewer and Smith 2011).
BEETLE RECORDS | Late Pleistocene of South America

The beetle fauna of the lowlands of the mid-latitudes of the Chilean lake region from 24 to about 14.000 yr BP had low diversity and included species that currently inhabit treeline and tundra habitats in the Andes. The environment was a moorland with patches of Nothofagus woodland. Mean summer temperature is estimated to have been 4–5 °C lower than today. Following the final glacial advance, the moorland fauna was completely replaced between 14.000 and 12.000 yr BP by a diverse forest fauna that is very similar in composition to the fauna of the Valdivian rain forest. After the initial warming at about 14.000 yr BP, there is no evidence to support climatic reversals during the Antarctic Cold Reversal or the Younger Dryas. Fossil assemblages from further south in the Chilean Channels indicate that the climate during the Younger Dryas was similar to that of today. At this time, the South Patagonian ice field was within its present limits. Flightless species of beetles in the basal deposits of a bog in the Chilean Channels indicate that species must have survived glaciation in refugia within the region, possibly along the Pacific coast. The evidence leads to the conclusion that the areal extent and volume of the Patagonian ice sheet has been overestimated.
The effect of β-adrenergic stimulation on fetal cardiovascular function during hypoxemia

The effect of beta-adrenergic stimulation on fetal cardiovascular function during hypoxemia was studied in six lamb fetuses with gestational ages of 119 to 140 days. In chronic preparations, we determined fetal heart rate, umbilical blood flow (by electromagnetic flowmeter), PO2, PCO2, and pH and calculated fetal cardiac output and organ blood flows (using 15 mu nuclide-labeled microspheres). Observations were made during control periods and periods of hypoxemia, beta-adrenergic blockade by propranolol, and hypoxemia superimposed upon the beta-adrenergic blockade. Beta blockade effected a decrease in fetal heart rate both at rest and with hypoxemic stress. Propranolol produced a fall in cardiac output with hypoxemia, but the meaning of this in regard to beta-adrenergic effects is unclear. Beta blockade did not alter fetal arterial pressure or general blood flow distribution. However, we observed a decrease in umbilical blood flow in response to propranolol under both normoxic and hypoxemic conditions.
The Origin of Matter in the Universe: Reheating after Inflation

In the inflationary scenario all the matter constituting the universe was created from the process of reheating after inflation. Recent development of the theory of reheating is briefly reviewed. The list of topics includes elementary (perturbative) theory of reheating; quantum field theory in a time-varying background; parametric resonance and explosive particle creation; non-thermal phase transitions from reheating; baryogenesis from reheating; residual oscillations of the scalar field, and other cosmological applications.
El análisis existencial de la anorexia nerviosa: de la ciencia psiquiátrica a su fundamentación

Abstract. The field of anorexia nervosa is experiencing a great deal of activity at present with predominantly practical and empirical issues. In contrast, theoretical and methodological considerations have rather been neglected. The term existential analysis (Daseinsanalyse) was introduced by Binswanger basing his approach on Martin Heidegger, to characterize a method for investigating psychopathological phenomena. The Daseinsanalytic view of the anorexia nervosa and its world ask just to look at the phenomena themselves, as they confront the psychiatrist. The statements are extremely strict, careful, and subtle, descriptions and expositions of the essential aspects and features of anorectics, of their being-in-the-world. Key words: Existential analysis, science, fundamentals, anorexia nervosa, methodology. Resumen. El campo de la anorexia nerviosa esta experimentando una gran actividad, especialmente en los aspectos practicos y empiricos. Por el contrario, las consideraciones teoricas y metodologicas han sido descuidadas. El analisis existencial (Daseinsanalyse) fue introducido por Binwanger basandose en Martin Heidegger, para caracterizar un metodo para investigar los fenomenos psicopatologicos. La perspectiva analitico-existencial de la anorexia y su mundo solo pide mirar los fenomenos mismos, tal como le hacen frente al psiquiatra. Sus aseveraciones son descripciones estrictas, cuidadosas y sutiles que exponen los aspectos esenciales de las anorecticas, su ser-en-el-mundo. Palabras clave: Analisis existencial, anorexia nerviosa, ciencia, fundamentacion, metodologia.
High frequency characterization of conductive inks embedded within a structural composite

Woven fabric composites provide an attractive platform for integrating electromagnetic functionality, such as conformal load bearing antennas and frequency selective surfaces, into a structural platform. A practical fabrication method for integrating conductive elements within a woven fabric composite system is the use of additive manufacturing systems such as screen printing. While screen printing is an inherently scalable, flexible and cost effective method there is little known about the high frequency electrical properties of conductive inks when embedded within a woven fabric structural composite. In this paper we report results from a numerical and experimental study to determine the electrical conductivity of screen printable conductive inks embedded within a structural composite laminate.
Rainbow-like MoO3 Nanobelts Fashioned via AFM Micromachining

Single-crystalline MoO3 nanobelts were prepared on a wide variety of substrates by a simple evaporation and deposition process using a thermal hot plate. This cost-effective technique has the poten...
Monte-Carlo renormalization group studies of the Ising model on a fcc lattice

Abstract The fcc Ising model with nearest-neighbour ferromagnetic interactions has been studied using the Monte-Carlo renormalization group method of Swendsen. The values of the exponents found are consistent with those determined from series analysis and ϵ-expansions.
Velocity dispersion profiles ofN-body simulations

The time evolution of the velocity dispersion as a function of radius, called σv-profiles, of threeN-body simulations of Wielen are presented in units ofr/RG (whereRG is the gravitational or virial radius) and discussed as a function of mass sample. The evolution of the radial and tangential components of the velocity dispersion is discussed, and each σv-profile is fitted to a simple power law in the halo (0.15≤r/RG≤2.0). Several structural features appear at late time intervals: (a) an upturn in the radial component of σv which occurs in a decreasing shell (closer to the core) in time, (b) the σv-profile of the massive particles mimics that of the total sample, since equipartition of kinetic energy does not obtain, and (c) a local minimum atr∼0.3–0.5RG appears in one model which coincides with the local minimum in the number density profiles and possibly with feature (a).
Integrating smart-phone based momentary location tracking with fixed site air quality monitoring for personal exposure assessment

Epidemiological studies investigating relationships between environmental exposures from air pollution and health typically use residential addresses as a single point for exposure, while environmental exposures in transit, at work, school or other locations are largely ignored. Personal exposure monitors measure individuals' exposures over time; however, current personal monitors are intrusive and cannot be operated at a large scale over an extended period of time (e.g., for a continuous three months) and can be very costly. In addition, spatial locations typically cannot be identified when only personal monitors are used. In this paper, we piloted a study that applied momentary location tracking services supplied by smart phones to identify an individual's location in space-time for three consecutive months (April 28 to July 28, 2013) using available Wi-Fi networks. Individual exposures in space-time to the traffic-related pollutants Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) were estimated by superimposing an annual mean NOX concentration surface modeled using the Land Use Regression (LUR) modeling technique. Individual's exposures were assigned to stationary (including home, work and other stationary locations) and in-transit (including commute and other travel) locations. For the individual, whose home/work addresses were known and the commute route was fixed, it was found that 95.3% of the time, the individual could be accurately identified in space-time. The ambient concentration estimated at the home location was 21.01 ppb. When indoor/outdoor infiltration, indoor sources of air pollution and time spent outdoors were taken into consideration, the individual's cumulative exposures were 28.59 ppb and 96.49 ppb, assuming a respective indoor/outdoor ratio of 1.33 and 5.00. Integrating momentary location tracking services with fixed-site field monitoring, plus indoor-outdoor air exchange calibration, makes exposure assessment of a very large population over an extended time period feasible.
Additive utility of family history and waist circumference to body mass index in childhood for predicting metabolic syndrome in adulthood.

Objective To determine whether waist circumference (WC) and family history of disease increase the predictive utility of body mass index (BMI) for adult metabolic syndrome (MetS). Study design A subsample of 161 men and women from the Fels Longitudinal Study with childhood and adulthood measures were analyzed. Using logistic regression, childhood BMI categories (50th, 75th, and 85th percentiles), WC categories (75th and 90th percentiles), and family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease were modeled separately and in combinations to predict adult MetS. Predicted probabilities and c-statistics were compared across models. Results The addition offamilyhistory to BMI improved the predicted probability of adultMetS from 29%to 52% (D c-statistic = 0.13). The combination of WC and BMI was more predictive than BMI alone but did not outperform the combination of family history and BMI. In 3 of the 4 models with a combination of family history, WC, and BMI, the predicted probability of adult MetS did not exceed that from the combination of family history and BMI. Conclusions Familyhistoryoftype2diabetesorcardiovasculardiseaseisausefuladditiontoBMIinchildhoodto predict the future risk of adult MetS. (J Pediatr 2009;155:S6.e9-13).
Deuteron Electric Quadrupole Moment

The deuteron electric quadrapole moment Q is calculated by deriving theoretically the electric field gradient q along the molecular axis at one deuteron for the quadrupole coupling constant eQq. With the use of a trial molecular wave function constructed in the framework of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation which gives a molecular binding energy of 4.728 ev, Q is calculated to be 282 x 10/sup -27/ cm/sup 2/, about 3% larger than Newell's Q value. (D.L.C.)
The relationship of ethanol feeding to the methyl folate trap

Abstract Feeding rats a semiliquid ethanol diet for a period of four weeks produced a hepatic accumulation of the methylating agent N 5 -methyltetrahydrofolate (N 5 CH 3 THF). When the ethanol-containing diet was supplemented with 0.5% betaine, an agent known to promote the generation of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) in ethanol-fed animals, the accumulation of N 5 CH 3 THF was prevented. One index that the methyl folate trap exists is the hepatic accumulation of N 5 CH 3 THF, and a second index is that the N 5 CH 3 THF accumulation can be relieved by methionine administration. Since ethanol is shown to produce N 5 CH 3 THF accumulation in this study, and since betaine (a generator of methionine and SAM) acts to eliminate this accumulation, it is suggestive that ethanol can contribute to the impairing hepatic condition referred to as the "methyl folate trap."
History and significance of rapid automatized naming

In this review, the origins and history of a test of rapid automatized naming (RAN) are traced from nineteenth-century classical brain-behavior analyses of cases of acquired “alexia without agraphia” through adaptations to studies of normal and reading disabled children. The element of speed (of responding verbally to a visual stimulus) was derived from a test of color naming developed over 50 years ago as a bedside measure of recovery from brain injuries. Merging the “visual-verbal” connection essential to reading (specific) with the response time element (general), RAN turned out to be a useful correlate and predictor of reading competence, accounting even for variance beyond that accounted for by timed tests of discrete naming. As one of the two deficits highlighted in the Double Deficit hypothesis with phonological awareness, RAN has emerged as something more than a particularly difficult challenge to a unitary phonological retrieval deficit, and has itself been subjected to further dissection. Coming full circle to its origins, recent research suggests that RAN taps both visual-verbal (language domain) and processing speed (executive domain) contributions to reading.
Modeling the effects of unsaturated, stratified sediments on groundwater recharge from intermittent streams

Abstract Unsaturated, stratified sediments beneath intermittent stream channels affect groundwater recharge from these streams. Using four different cases of sediment stratification, we simulate transient, variably saturated flow in a two-dimensional (2-D) vertical cross-section between the stream and the underlying water table. These cases include: homogeneous sediments; low permeability streambed sediments; narrow, low permeability lenses; and extensive, low permeability layers. The permeability of the sediments in these cases greatly affects the timing and rate of channel loss and groundwater recharge. Flow patterns and the style of stream/water table connection are controlled by the location and geometry of low permeability sediments. In cases with homogeneous sediments and narrow, low permeability lenses, stream/water table connection occurs by a saturated column advancing from above. In cases with low permeability streambed sediments and extensive, low permeability layers, connection occurs by a water table mound building from below. The style of stream/water table connection suggests simplified physically based interaction models that may be appropriate for these settings. We compared channel loss and groundwater recharge computed using two simplified models, a Darcian seepage equation and the Green-Ampt infiltration equation, with the results from our 2-D simulations. Simplified models using parameters from the 2-D simulations appear to perform well in cases with homogeneous and low permeability streambed sediments. In cases with low permeability lenses or layers, the simplified models require calibrated parameters to perform well.
Numerical characterization of mold injection in resin transfer molding process

A control volume technique based on the finite difference method is used to characterize the flow behavior in resin transfer molding (RTM) of composite structures. Resin flow through fiber mats is modeled as a two-phase flow through porous media. The transient time terms are considered, and the concept of the fraction volume of fluid (VOF) is applied in order to accurately describe the behavior of the free boundary at the interface between the two fluids involved in the process, the resin and the air. Flow experiments in a transparent mold were performed to verify the numerical model. Experimental results on flow behavior of EPON 826 epoxy resin into irregular mold cavity with fiberglass mats agree well with the present numerical simulation. Several parametric studies using the developed model are conducted to investigate the effects of injection pressure and mold design on resin flow pattern, mold filling time, and pressure distribution inside the mold. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 19: 173–179, 2000
Brewster Smith: Conscience of Psychology

Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology and the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence (American Psychological Association's Division 48) are privileged to present this issu...
Dissensual Decision Making: Revisiting the Demise of Consensual Norms within the U.S. Supreme Court

This analysis seeks to understand the decline of Supreme Court consensual norms often attributed to the failed leadership of Chief Justice Stone. A new unit of analysis—justice-level dissent and concurrence rates—supports an alternative view of observed increases in dissensual decision making. When these measures are estimated with time- series techniques, results offer evidence of multiple changepoints in this norm of the Court that both lead and lag Stone's elevation. Broader contextual explanations related to the alteration of the Court's discretionary issue agenda and its ideological and demographic composition also contribute to fractures in the once-unanimous voting coalitions.
The elementary static magnetic field of the photon

Abstract It is argued that the photon generates on a fundamental level a static magnetic field, a flux density operator BΠ = B0Ĵ/ h where Ĵ is the photon's angular momentum operator and B0 the scalar magnetic flux density amplitude of a beam of N photons. A key experimental test of the theory is proposed, whereby a circularly polarised laser beam is reflected at right angles from a beam of electrons, and the frequency shift Δf (hertz) = (m£BΠ)/h measured in the reflected laser beam as a function of incident laser intensity I0. Here m is the magnetic dipole moment operator of the electron.
Antisense Inhibition of β1-Adrenergic Receptor mRNA in a Single Dose Produces a Profound and Prolonged Reduction in High Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Background —β-Blockers are the first line of therapy for hypertension. However, they are associated with side effects because of central nervous system (CNS) effects and β 2 -adrenergic antagonism. To overcome these problems and provide a long-term β 1 -blockade, antisense oligonucleotides against rat β 1 -adrenergic receptor (β 1 -AR) mRNA (β 1 -AS-ODN) were designed and tested for the ability to inhibit cardiac β 1 -ARs as well as lower blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Methods and Results —Radioligand binding assay showed that a single intravenous injection of β 1 -AS-ODN delivered in cationic liposomes significantly decreased cardiac β 1 -AR density by 30% to 50% for 18 days ( P 2 -ARs. This was accompanied by marked attenuation of β 1 -AR–mediated positive inotropic response in isolated perfused hearts in vitro ( P P 1 -AS-ODN effects on the CNS, which demonstrated no changes in β 1 -ARs in brain, in contrast to a significant reduction in heart and kidney ( P Conclusions —These results indicate that β 1 -AS-ODN, a novel approach to specific β 1 -blockade, has advantages over currently used β-blockers in providing a profound and prolonged reduction in blood pressure without affecting heart rate, β 2 -ARs, and the CNS. Diminished cardiac contractility resulting from less β 1 -AR expression contributes to the antihypertensive effect.
Effect of region and herd size on dairy herd performance parameters.

Differences in selected Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) performance parameters among regions and herds of different size categories were evaluated. DHI records from herds in 37 states were grouped into North, Midsouth, and South regions, and six herd size categories (20 to 49, 50 to 99, 100 to 149, 150 to 249, 250 to 449, and ≥450 cows). The North region had higher income over feed costs (IOFC); milk, fat, and protein rolling herd averages; summit milk; standardized 150-d milk; and percentage of cows in milk, than the other regions. These variables were lowest for the South region. Cost/45.4 kg of milk, days open, days dry, and somatic cell counts were lowest in the North region and were highest in the South. Percentage of cows entering and leaving the herd were highest in the Midsouth and were lowest in the South. Larger herds had higher total feed cost, IOFC, milk, fat, and protein rolling herd averages, summit milk, standardized 150-d milk, percentage of cows entering and percentage leaving the herd than smaller herds. Larger herds had lower somatic cell counts than smaller herds. Cost/45.4 kg of milk, days dry, days open, days in milk, and percentage of cows in milk did not show clear trends among different herd sizes. There were significant interactions between region and herd size for some of the variables.
Charge-transfer electrostatic model of compositional order in perovskite alloys

We introduce an electrostatic model including charge transfer that is shown to account for the observed B-site ordering in Pb-based perovskite alloys. The model allows charge transfer between A sites and is a generalization of Bellaiche and Vanderbilt's [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1318 (1998)] purely electrostatic model. The large covalency of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{2+}$ compared to ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{2+}$ is modeled by an environment-dependent effective A-site charge. Monte Carlo simulations of this model successfully reproduce the long-range compositional order of both Pb- and Ba-based complex ${A(BB}^{\ensuremath{'}}{B}^{\ensuremath{''}}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ perovskite alloys. The models are also extended to study systems with A- and B-site doping, such as $({\mathrm{Na}}_{1/2}{\mathrm{La}}_{1/2})({\mathrm{Mg}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{Ta}}_{2/3}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}, ({\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x})({\mathrm{Mg}}_{(1+x)/3}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{(2\ensuremath{-}x)/3}){\mathrm{O}}_{3},$ and $({\mathrm{Pb}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x})({\mathrm{Mg}}_{(1+x)/3}{\mathrm{Ta}}_{(2\ensuremath{-}x)/3}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}.$ General trends are reproduced by purely electrostatic interactions, and charge-transfer effects indicate that local structural relaxations can tip the balance between different B-site orderings in Pb-based materials.
Cercopithecine Y-chromosome data provide a test of competing morphological evolutionary hypotheses.

Abstract We report here the results of the first molecular evolutionary analysis to include members of all 10 extant genera of cercopithecine monkeys. A total of 44 individuals were surveyed for ∼2.2 kb of the testis-specific protein, Y-chromosome (TSPY). The TSPY sequences were subjected to parsimony analyses in PAUP 4.0, followed by tree comparison tests designed to assess existing morphological hypotheses of cercopithecine evolution. The results of these tests show that the present Y-chromosome dataset unambiguously supports: (1) monophyly of Macaca , (2) polyphyly of the mangabeys ( Cercocebus and Lophocebus ), (3) paraphyly of Cercopithecus , and (4) inclusion of Allenopithecus and Miopithecus in the tribe Cercopithecini. A number of unexpected Y-chromosome relationships are also discussed, including a pattern suggesting resurrection of the genus Chlorocebus for the guenons currently identified as Erythrocebus patas , Cercopithecus aethiops , and Cercopithecus lhoesti . Relative rate tests reveal significant difference in the TSPY substitution rate across numerous lineages in the tribe Cercopithecini. Because the rate differences follow no obvious phylogenetic pattern, “local” molecular clocks were not employed and divergence dates were not estimated for this tribe. In contrast, similar analysis of the Papionini reveals rate heterogeneity between a single pair of taxonomic groups: Macaca vs. the “African papionins.” Divergence dates were therefore calculated for the tribe by calibrating TSPY clocks specific to each of these two clades.
Chromium mediated reductive coupling of isonitrile forms unusual heterocycles.

The quintuply bonded α-diimine chromium dimer [HLiPrCr]2 reductively couples cyclohexyl isocyanide to produce various novel nitrogen heterocycles. Tetramerization yielded, inter alia, the aromatic squaramidinate, i.e. [C4(NCy)4]2–, whereas hexamerization produces a substituted 1,4-diaza-bicyclo[3.3.0]octadiene dianion. These unprecedented transformations complement the coupling reactions of isoelectronic CO, and they may prove synthetically useful.
Growth hormone-dependent serum stimulation of DNA synthesis in chick embryo fibroblasts in culture.

We have investigated the role of GH in the serum requirement for the multiplication of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) in culture. Serum from hypophysectomized (hypox.) rats is much less effective than normal serum in stimulating the incorporation of [3H-methyl]thymidine into DNA. More importantly, bovine GH (bGH) treatment of the hypox. rat restores 60% or more of the activity in the 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. Bovine GH is inactive when tested directly in the assay. Mixing experiments show that the decreased activity of hypox. serum is not due to the presence of an inhibitor in the hypox. serum. The GH dependent factor is nondialysable and stable to boiling at pH 5.5. Boiling the normal, hypox. and bGH treated hypox. rat sera results not only in enhancement of the activity but also a more linear dose response curve in the 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. The 3H-thymidine incorporation data reflect DNA synthesis because measurements of cell numbers show the CEFs multiply less well in boiled hypox....
The presence of DNA sequences of the Lucké herpesvirus in normal and neoplastic kidney tissue of Rana pipiens

Summary The Lucke tumour herpesvirus (LTV) is the aetiological agent of the Lucke renal adenocarcinoma of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens . LTV virions can be detected by electron microscopy in renal adenocarcinomata after prolonged exposure to low temperature. Tumours maintained at warm temperatures do not contain viral particles. To gain insight into the processes of viral infection, replication and oncogenesis, evidence was sought for the presence of LTV DNA in warm renal tumours and normal renal tissue. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a Hind III restriction fragment of LTV DNA in tissue homogenates. LTV DNA was detected in a significant percentage of normal kidneys as well as in “virus-free” warm tumours and virus-containing cold tumours.
Baryogenesis from cosmic strings at the electroweak scale

We explore the viability of baryogenesis from light scalar decays after the electroweak phase transition. A minimal model of this kind is constructed with new CP-violating interactions involving a heavy fourth family. The departure from thermal equilibrium must come from topological defects such as cosmic strings, and we show that almost any mechanism for producing the cosmic strings at the electroweak scale results in a viable theory. Baryogenesis occurs in the fourth generation but the baryon number is later transported to the visible generations. This mechanism of indirect baryogenesis allows us to satisfy experimental limits on the proton lifetime while still having perturbative baryon number violation at low energies. The fourth family has very small mixing angles which opens the possibility of distinct observable signatures in collider experiments. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Increasing tPA Activity in Astrocytes Induced by Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Facilitate Neurite Outgrowth after Stroke in the Mouse

We demonstrate that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and its inhibitors contribute to neurite outgrowth in the central nervous system (CNS) after treatment of stroke with multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). In vivo, administration of MSCs to mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) significantly increased activation of tPA and downregulated PAI-1 levels in the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ) compared with control PBS treated mice, concurrently with increases of myelinated axons and synaptophysin. In vitro, MSCs significantly increased tPA levels and concomitantly reduced plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) expression in astrocytes under normal and oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions. ELISA analysis of conditioned medium revealed that MSCs stimulated astrocytes to secrete tPA. When primary cortical neurons were cultured in the conditioned medium from MSC co-cultured astrocytes, these neurons exhibited a significant increase in neurite outgrowth compared to conditioned medium from astrocytes alone. Blockage of tPA with a neutralizing antibody or knock-down of tPA with siRNA significantly attenuated the effect of the conditioned medium on neurite outgrowth. Addition of recombinant human tPA into cortical neuronal cultures also substantially enhanced neurite outgrowth. Collectively, these in vivo and in vitro data suggest that the MSC mediated increased activation of tPA in astrocytes promotes neurite outgrowth after stroke.
A PROPOSED NEW MEASUREMENT OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING GAP IN YBa2Cu3O7

The superconducting energy gap of YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) varies strongly with and from a sheet of the Fermi surface to another. The strong anisotropic superconducting gap in high Tc materials such as YBCO has led to conflicting d-wave and s-wave interpretations. We have utilized electronic wave functions from the ab-initio density functional calculation and the related electron-phonon interaction matrix elements for the calculation of the superconducting gap values of YBCO. We have found that the superconducting gap on one sheet of the Fermi surface around S-point only shows a minor variation from about 18 meV to 25 meV. Especially, there is no node on this sheet of the Fermi surface around the S-point. We propose a new test measurement of the superconducting gap of YBCO on this sheet of the Fermi surface around the S-point in the Brillouin zone. This measurement is expected to shed light on the gap symmetry properties of high Tc superconductors.
Linear DNA plasmids of the perennial ryegrass choke pathogen, Epichloë typhina (Clavicipitaceae).

Epichloe typhina is a clavicipitaceous ascomycete which systemically infects grasses, causes choke disease of host inflorescences, and is related to a group of mutualistic grass endophytes. Three plasmids of 7.5, 2.1 and 2.0 kilobase pairs were found in mitochondrial DNA preparations of an E. typhina isolate from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Results of nuclease digestion indicated that the plasmids, designated Et7.5L, Et2.1L, and Et2.0L, were linear, double-stranded DNAs with protein linked to their 5'-ends (plDNA). The plasmids shared little or no homology with each other, and were not integrated into the mitochondrial or nuclear genomes. No homologous plasmids were detected in isolates of E. typhina from other grass hosts, anamorphic endophytes, or other Clavicipitaceae. However, other plasmids were present in Balansia obtecta and Claviceps purpurea. A partial sequence of one of the E. typhina plasmids, Et2.0L, indicated an open reading frame when UGA was assumed to encode tryptophan. The inferred amino acid sequence had 24% identity over 258 amino acids in two regions of the reverse transcriptase encoded by the circular Mauriceville and Varkud plasmids of Neurospora spp. The homologies included six segments conserved in RNA template-dependent DNA or RNA polymerases.
The Bidirectional Relations between Affect and Belief

Whereas a majority of previous work has focused on the cognitive factors that influence beliefs, current theory and research suggest that affect also plays an important role. In this article, we co...
Project-Based Learning in a Middle School: Tracing Abilities through the Artifacts of Learning

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore how individual differences—specifically abilities—were used in the construction of computer-mediated learning artifacts while working within a project-based learning environment. A case study design was used with five participants purposively selected from 61 eighth grade geography students at a small, private day school in the southeastern United States. Data were collected through a self-report inventory, interviews, observations, and artifacts. Results indicated that learning artifacts reflected individual differences through blends of abilities while other abilities identified by the participants went untapped or unrecognized. Second, the learning artifacts represented the learners’ knowledge in three ways: system knowledge, domain knowledge, and metacognitive knowledge. However, some knowledge, such as process decision making, went undocumented. Finally, the flexibility in the project-based learning environment allowed the participants to make decision...
Endourology in perspective

Rapid technical advancements have taken place in rigid and flexible lens optics, in radiologic localization using fluoroscopy and real-time ultrasound, and in ultrasonic and shock-wave fragmentation of urinary calculi. The subsequent development of techniques for “closed controlled manipulation of the urinary tract” has resulted in a new urologic subspecialtyendourology. These rapid developments have been assimilated with high quality by practicing urologists despite a significant lag in propagation of available literature.‘m4 The purpose of this article is to review newly developed procedures, to look at possible future developments, and to try to place endourologic procedures in perspective as they find a place in this era of changing technology.
Numerical characterization of the nonlinear fracture process in concrete

Abstract The growth and development of the fracture process zone in plain concrete has been investigated. A fictitious crack model based noniterative numerical scheme is developed to study the fracture characteristics of specimens of different sizes and geometries. Results from numerical studies on four different geometrically similar specimen sizes and two different specimen geometries are reported and discussed. The finite element program developed accommodates linear as well as nonlinear softening laws for the fracture process zone in concrete. It is observed that the process zone reaches a steady state length which is specimen size as well as specimen geometry dependent. As long as the process zone is allowed to develop to its steady state length, the energy absorbed in the process zone appears to be size and geometry independent. Results from tests on three-point bending specimens and compact tension specimens reported in the literature have been compared with the numerical solutions obtained in this investigation. Specimen size and geometry dependence generally observed in these fracture experiments have been duplicated. The numerical model also successfully reproduces many of the other experimentally observed characteristics in the fracture of plain concrete.
Merging of modalities in the optic tectum: infrared and visual integration in rattlesnakes

The optic tectum of pit vipers (Crotalinae) contains a layer of infrared-sensitive neurons subjacent to the visual layer; these indirectly receive input from the facial pit organs. They respond transiently to the appearance or motion of warm objects within their 25 degrees to 70 degrees excitatory receptive fields (some have inhibitory regions) and presumably allow the snake to orient or strike toward prey. The infrared and visual spatiotopic tectal maps have similar but not identical axes; the infrared magnification is greater than that for vision. Bimodal neurons have receptive fields for each modality that reflect the disparity of the two maps. This finding suggests that (i) during development the infrared and visual fibers spread out independently to fill available tectal sites and (ii) bimodal neurons form local connections without regard to establishing spatial correspondence between the two modalities.
The rate of CSF formation in man: Preliminary observations on metrizamide washout as a measure of CSF bulk flow

Metrizamide, a nonionic, water-soluble contrast agent, was injected into the ventricular system of 3 patients with indwelling ventricular catheters and subcutaneous cerebrospinal fluid reservoirs. A first-order rate constant, k, for metrizamide washout from the right lateral ventricle was determined with reference to mean ventricular metrizamide concentration on serial CAT scans; right ventricular volume, V, was estimated after metrizamide injection by multiplying the appropriate ventricular area on consecutive CAT slices by the nominal slice thickness. The rate of right lateral ventricular CSF formation, If, in our 3 patients was calculated as k X V and ranged from 0.083 to 0.103 ml per minute.
Human syntaxin 7: a Pep12p/Vps6p homologue implicated in vesicle trafficking to lysosomes

The movement of hydrolases and other proteins to lysosomes is accomplished by vesicle trafficking. Specific vesicles are targeted from the trans-Golgi network via a prelysosomal compartment to lysosomes. The specificity of vesicle transport is thought to occur through the interaction of vesicle proteins with receptors on a particular target membrane. The syntaxins are a family of transmembrane proteins that have been implicated as vesicle receptors involved in vesicle docking and fusion. Syntaxins 1-4 are localized to the plasma membrane, and in particular, syntaxin 1a mediates synaptic vesicle docking in the nerve terminal. Syntaxins 5 and 6 have been localized to cis-Golgi and trans-Golgi network compartments, respectively. We now report the identification of syntaxin 7 from a human brain cDNA library. The syntaxin 7 gene is localized to human chromosome 6. By Northern analysis, the syntaxin RNA was found to be broadly distributed. Based on its homology to yeast and plant vacuolar syntaxins, we propose that syntaxin 7 has a role in vesicle trafficking between the Golgi complex and lysosomes. In vitro binding studies reveal that syntaxin 7 binds alphaSNAP, a key regulator of transport vesicle fusion at multiple stages of the secretory pathway.
The releasability of central norepinephrine and serotonin by peripherally administered d-amphetamine before and after tolerance

Abstract The relationship between tolerance to the effects of d-amphetamine upon operant behavior and its ability to release radiolabeled transmitters in the brain were studied. Prior to tolerance d-amphetamine could release [7- 3 H]NE but not [2- 14 C]5-HT while a behaviorally equieffective dose of mescaline could release [ 14 C]5-HT and not [ 3 H]NE. After tolerance to d-amphetamine, the psychomotor stimulant releases the same amount of [ 3 H]NE as before but in addition is capable of releasing significant amounts of [ 14 C]5-HT. The data are interpreted as suggestive of noradrenergic receptor refractoriness and/or a functional antagonism between 5-HT and NE.
Observaton of envelope solitons in solids.

We have observed highly nonlinear localized wave packets propagating as flexural modes of thin shells. They maintain their structure in a collision and have envelopes in quantitative agreement with the soliton solutions to the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation.
Contemporary Psychotherapy: Looking Backward, Looking Forward

This editorial summarizes the founding of the Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, and its evolution into its current form. Also, the editor provides several recommendations for authors hoping to publish their ideas regarding psychotherapy. Finally, the current editor acknowledges the numerous people who have worked to develop, improve, and strengthen the journal.
Theoretical Study of One- and Two-Photon Absorption Properties of Organic Conjugated Materials for Photovoltaic Devices

In the process of photovoltaic energy conversion, photons with the energy below the band-gap can not be absorbed and do not contribute to energy conversion. Frequency up-conversion describes the conversion of low energy incident photons towards higher energy photons via active materials. Two-photon absorption induced fluorescence is one of the approaches that convert low energy incident photons towards higher energy photons via active material. In this paper, quantum-chemical techniques were applied to theoretically investigate one- and two-photon absorption properties of some new molecules with “Λ” shape. Two-photon absorption cross sections of these derivatives were obtained using three-state model. Geometrical structure of molecule was optimized using Hartree-Fock Theory (HF) and properties of excited states of molecule were obtained based on Configuration Interaction with single excitations method (CIS).Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Capstone experience: achieving success with an undergraduate research group in speech

We present an experience paper describing progress made with a Capstone course in Computer Information Systems (CIS) at the University of New Hampshire (UNH) at Manchester that was transformed into an undergraduate research group. When initially created four years ago, the aim of the course was to help students develop sound problem solving skills in information technology by exposing them to a real world research project. We used Automatic Speech Recognition as the field of research, a complex and challenging technology that has a very appealing, hands-on nature where students can see applicable results of their work. UNH Manchester is a commuter college, representing a non-traditional educational setting. Many students work day jobs and thus have limited amount of time they can focus on school. The goal of this project is to pique student interest in science to help further their education beyond the undergraduate experience.
A New Species of Pseudodelphis (Dracunculoidea: Guyanemidae) in the Intertidal Fish Scartichthys viridis (Blenniidae) from Central Chile

Abstract A new species of nematode, Pseudodelphis chilensis n. sp., is described. This parasite was found in muscles of the pectoral fins of a blenniid fish, Scartichthys viridis, from central Chile. The new species differs from the other 2 described (P. oligocotti Adamson and Roth, 1990 and P. limnicola Brugni and Viozzi, 2006) for its longer glandular esophagus and a small caecum at the beginning of the glandular esophagus; both characteristics are in males and females. In addition, the male of P. chilensis n. sp. does not have an adanal caudal papillae, and it has longer spicules than the other 2 species. This is the first Pseudodelphis species described for Chile and the second for South America.
Role Play for Classroom Management: Providing a Lodestar for Alternate-Route Teachers

AbstractClassroom management is a crucial skill for any teacher. It is a skill that many new teachers struggle with, especially those who enter the profession through an alternate-route program. Alternate-route teachers often lack the training, support, and student teaching offered through traditional teaching programs. As such, this essay offers a guide for training alternate-route -teachers on effective classroom management strategies through the use of role-play simulation.
Saving the particulars: religious experience and religious ends

Conflict in the testimony of religious experiences appears to seriously undercut its evidential value. Arguments that make positive appeal to the evidence of religious experience usually deal with this objection by denying evidential value to the particularistic elements in such experience as descriptive of an ultimate religious reality and an ultimate human end. Using the work of Jerome Gellman, I contend that the referential value of diverse and particular religious testimony can be saved. I suggest that the strongest form of this argument requires two assumptions: the possibility of multiple religious ends and intrinsic complexity in the religious object. If the argument is valid, these assumptions may also serve as theological criteria.
The construction and testing of an image questionnaire

This paper reports on the construction and testing of a survey instrument which could be used by pharmacy retailers to conduct image analysis. After investigating the use of multidimensional scaling in combination with semantic scales and extensive pretesting involving the use of scale discrimination and multivariate techniques, the relevant image components were identified and a self-administered questionnaire was constructed and tested. It was concluded that the resulting instrument was not only valid and useful to pharmacy retailers but demonstrated methods which were potentially applicable to other image analysis.
Collisional transfer of rotational energy in the 2B1 electronic state of nitrogen dioxide

Collisional satellite lines have been observed in fluorescence from nitrogen dioxide excited by the 4545-A line of the argon laser. The 13/sub 0,13/ level of the (0, 8, 0) vibrational state is populated by the laser and undergoes collisionally induced transitions to the 11/sub 0, 11/, 15/sub 0,15/, and 17/sub 0,17/ states. These collisionally populated states are identified by their fluorescence to the well-studied (0, 0, 0) and (0, 1, 0) levels of the ground electronic state. These satellite lines are also observed in fluorescence to the (0, 2, 0) and (0, 3, 0) vibrational levels of the ground electronic state. The wavenumbers of those lines, together with those from unrelaxed fluorescence and previously published microwave transitions, allow vibrational and rotational constants for the higher vibrational states to be determined more accurately than was previously possible. Several much weaker forbidden transitions have also been observed, including ..delta.. K/sub a/ = 0 through -6 transitions in the (0, 8, 0)-(0, 0, 1) band.
Age-related changes in lysine isoacceptor proportions and acylation capacity of rat liver transfer RNA’s with little change in physical properties

The transfer ribonucleic acids of livers from male Sprague Dawley rats of 3 and 24 months were compared. The tRNAs were similar in the following properties: UV spectra from 220-340 rim, thermal denaturation in low salt or high buffer, and electrophoretic migration on 5% polyacrylamide gels. Electrophoresis on 10% or 2 dimensional 10%–20% gels showed some differences between the young and old tRNA populations.
Weak lensing of the primary CMB bispectrum

The bispectrum of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies is a well-known probe of the non-Gaussianity of primordial perturbations. Just as the intervening large-scale structure modifies the CMB angular power spectrum through weak gravitational lensing, the CMB primary bispectrum generated at the last scattering surface is also modified by lensing. We discuss the lensing modification to the CMB bispectrum and show that lensing leads to an overall decrease in the amplitude of the primary bispectrum at multipoles of interest between 100 and 2000 through additional smoothing introduced by lensing. Since weak lensing is not accounted for in current estimators of the primordial non-Gaussianity parameter, the existing measurements of ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}$ of the local model with WMAP out to ${l}_{\mathrm{max}﻿}\ensuremath{\sim}750$ is biased low by about 6%. For a high resolution experiment such as Planck, the lensing modification to the bispectrum must be properly included when attempting to estimate the primordial non-Gaussianity or the bias will be at the level of 30%. For Planck, weak lensing increases the minimum detectable value for the non-Gaussianity parameter of the local type ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}$ to 7 from the previous estimate of about 5 without lensing. The minimum detectable value of ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}$ for a cosmic variance limited experiment is also increased from less than 3 to $\ensuremath{\sim}5$.