cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Portable GMR Handheld Platform for the Detection of Influenza A Virus

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a common respiratory pathogen infecting many hosts including humans, pigs (swine influenza virus or SIV), and birds (avian influenza virus or AIV). Monitoring swine and avian influenza viruses in the wild, farms, and live poultry markets is of great significance for human and veterinary public health. A portable, sensitive, and quantitative immunoassay device will be of high demand especially in the rural and resource-limited areas. We report herein our Z-Lab point-of-care (POC) device for sensitive and specific detection of swine influenza viruses with minimum sample handling and laboratory skill requirements. In the present study, a portable and quantitative immunoassay platform based on giant magnetoresistive (GMR) technology is used for the detection of IAV nucleoprotein (NP) and purified H3N2v. Z-Lab displays quantitative results in less than 10 min with sensitivities down to 15 ng/mL and 125 TCID50/mL for IAV nucleoprotein and purified H3N2v, respectively. This platform al...
A Nanobionic Light-Emitting Plant

The engineering of living plants for visible light emission and sustainable illumination is compelling because plants possess independent energy generation and storage mechanisms and autonomous self-repair. Herein, we demonstrate a plant nanobionic approach that enables exceptional luminosity and lifetime utilizing four chemically interacting nanoparticles, including firefly luciferase conjugated silica (SNP-Luc), d-luciferin releasing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA-LH2), coenzyme A functionalized chitosan (CS-CoA) and semiconductor nanocrystal phosphors for longer wavelength modulation. An in vitro kinetic model incorporating the release rates of the nanoparticles is developed to maximize the chemiluminescent lifetimes to exceed 21.5 h. In watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and other species, the nanoparticles circumvent limitations such as luciferin toxicity above 400 μM and colocalization of enzymatic reactions near high adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Pressurized bath infusion of nanopar...
Laser Ultrasonics: Simultaneous Generation by Means of Thermoelastic Expansion and Material Ablation

This paper describes a laser ultrasonic probe capable of generating ultrasound by both thermoelastic expansion and material ablation mechanisms simultaneously. Because bulk wave propagation is centered around a 67° line of sight for thermoelastically generated signals, and near normal (0°) for signals generated by means of ablation, the simultaneous generation by both mechanisms results in a wider range of useful observation angles. The system described uses a Nd:Yag laser with fiber optic delivery and a focusing objective, with an independent receiver, such as an EMAT, interferometer or contact transducer. The optical fiber delivery system allows the probe to be easily positioned (i.e. using a robot), and has the added benefit of allowing a single laser to service several test sites. The focusing objective provides the means for generating ultrasound by either thermoelastic expansion or ablation, or a combination of the two mechanism. The objective also serves to protect the fiber from ablated material and manufacturing contaminants (dust, welding gas, etc.). The resulting system is both physically robust and highly adaptable for a wide range of industrial ultrasonic inspection applications.
G. T. Fechner (1801-1887) In and For Psychology

I have presented a broader review of Fechner “in and for psychology” than that with which psychologists are generally familiar. Fechner wrote in a time before the emergence of psychology as a discipline and a profession. (1) He offered a quantitative theory of pleasure as a computational principle in action, directed toward the goal of stability or equilibrium. (2) Bodies and minds are collections of phenomena in Fechner’s phenomenalism. Mental changes are a function of bodily changes, but not vice versa, an asymmetric relationship. Double-aspect theory can be seen as relating clusters of body phenomena and mental phenomena. Is their relation functional or causal? (3) Fechner’s psychological parallelism contributed a widely-accepted meme to nineteenth-century philosophical and psychological thought. (4) Scholars have anchored his psychophysics in sensitivity, expanded it to a psychophysical worldview, and drawn lessons for memory from the inner psychophysics. (5) Fechner’s experimental aesthetics drew on judgments of beautiful objects by naive subjects, taking into consideration the proportions of the object as well as the feelings of the subject. Part II will address Fechner “beyond psychology”: his physics and chemistry, indeterminism, atomism, non-reductive materialism, satirical writings, and philosophy of religion.
Seeds of STEM: The Development of a Problem-Based STEM Curriculum for Early Childhood Classrooms

This chapter adds to the body of research on engineering in early childhood education by describing the multiple research components associated with the development of an early childhood engineering curriculum, Seeds of STEM. Since very few research studies were devoted to the topic of engineering in early childhood, the Seeds of STEM research team was charged with developing many of the tools and instruments to be used throughout the project. The chapter describes the research conducted by the Seeds of STEM team in order to establish the framework for the curriculum, the development process, evaluation of fidelity of implementation, as well as the effectiveness of the curriculum. More specifically, the chapter addresses the following questions on curriculum development research: (a) Who should be part of the curriculum development team? (b) What is a successful curriculum development process? (c) What principles should guide the Seeds of STEM units? (d) How should the curriculum’s effectiveness be measured? and (e) What measures should be taken to ensure fidelity of implementation?
Choosing the right citation management tool: EndNote, Mendeley, RefWorks, or Zotero

There are now many bibliographic management packages available and many factors to consider when choosing the product that best meets the needs of the individual user or institution. Popular tools include RefWorks, EndNote, Zotero, and Mendeley.
The Significance of Ethology for Psychiatry

Theories of human nature attempting to explain man’s behavior developed concomitantly with the evolution of our knowledge of the surrounding world. The discovery of physical laws governing the earth permitted the replacement of the medieval divine model of man with the mechanical one. When the new scientific era was propelled by the Copernican-Newtonian cosmological revolution, psychology, as a new science, progressively adopted the mechanical model of man introduced by Descarte, worked out by La Mettrie, Cabanis, and J. Mills and subsequently modified by Freud. Yet, the ambitious plans of Freud to provide a scientific understanding of man fell short of his own expectations. Without diminishing Freud’s contribution to psychiatry, we can admit that his project of scientific psychology, which was supposed to reduce psychological processes to quantitatively determined physical laws, ended up in metaphysical explanation (Freud, 1954). The Cartesian laws of res cogitans became linked to elusive unconscious motivational drives, thereby changing the mechanical model into a metaphysical one. Conversely, an animal component of human nature was always conceded, although man refused to accept any direct comparison with the animals, in a grandiose vision of himself as a final product of God. In this sense, any mysterious meaning attached to his behavior continued to support his divine origins, which explains why mystical theories are so well entrenched in our thinking.
Transformation by Polyomaviruses

Since its identification as a tumor virus, SV40 has been a favorite model for understanding the mechanism by which a DNA virus can control the state and growth properties of susceptible cells. From its humble beginnings, the polyomavirus tumor biology field has mushroomed into several new directions, most notably into tumor suppressors. These new branches are now buzzing with activity and touching or merging with other established disciplines including cell-cycle controls, oncogenes, and differentiation.
2. Lorentz microscopy: Theoretical basis and image simulations

Publisher Summary Magnetization configurations in real engineering materials can be studied both qualitatively and quantitatively in a variety of ways. This chapter reviews the basic theory of Lorentz microscopy, a set of observation modes that are commonly used in either a conventional transmission electron microscope (CTEM) or a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The behavior of relativistic electrons in a magnetic field is examined in the chapter, using first a classical and then a quantum mechanical approach. In the chapter, the various observation modes (Fresnel, Foucault, and derived techniques) are presented and the way the transmission electron microscope (TEM) can be used to obtain qualitative pictures of the magnetization configuration in a thin foil is discussed. The chapter presents quantitative observation modes, which produce direct maps of the sample magnetization configuration. These include differential phase contrast, which can be used in CTEM and STEM versions. It also describe the way Lorentz images can be simulated for a given magnetization configuration.
Antiretroviral Drug Resistance: Mechanisms, Pathogenesis, Clinical Significance

Since HIV drug resistance was first recognized, many studies have documented the emergence of isolates with reduced susceptibility under the selective pressure of drug therapy, both in vitro and in vivo. These resistant isolates have been identified for nucleosides, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) and protease inhibitors. Resistant isolates have been characterized with regard to cross resistance to other drugs, enzymatic activity of the target protein, mutations in the target gene and protein, and the relationship of these mutations to the x-ray crystallographic structure of the enzyme. Many of these aspects of HIV drug resistance were reviewed in some detail in the preceding symposium proceedings.’ I shall briefly summarize the status of the in vitro data with reverse transcriptase inhibitors before concentrating upon more recent developments in the field relating to resistance to protease inhibitors, the interrelationships of pathogenesis and drug resistance, and the clinical significance of drug resistance.
Essential Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System and the Pulmonary Circulation

Knowledge of the clinical anatomy and function of the respiratory system is essential for the safe, efficient, and appropriate perioperative management of intubation, mechanical ventilation, and anesthesia for the thoracic surgical patient. The lung has ten (third generation airway) bronchopulmonary segments on the right and eight segments on the left that are readily identifiable by fiberoptic bronchoscopy (two segmental bronchi on the left are considered “fused”). The anesthetic employed, both general and regional, will impact the control of respiration, reactivity of the airways, and the patient’s ability to maintain their airway, take a deep breath, and cough. Dynamic influences of ventilatory pattern, posture, body habitus, agitation or pain, and inflammation can cause “air trapping” and drastically reduce alveolar ventilation. The compliance and resistance of the respiratory system will change during the course of surgery, especially those procedures requiring one-lung ventilation, and may necessitate frequent adjustments of the ventilator to optimize gas exchange and reduce lung injury. Many drugs employed during cardiothoracic surgery will impact the lung’s intrinsic mechanisms to match ventilation to perfusion matching either directly on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) or indirectly by altering cardiac output or vascular resistance.
Social movement organizations in the local food movement: linking social capital and movement support

Social movement actors seeking alternatives to the highly industrialized, global food system have been advocating for more sustainable, local food systems. Many of the local food movement strategies and initiatives to counter the conventional practices of the industrial food system have proven successful. Social movement researchers have documented the importance of the roles and services social movement organizations provide for movement constituents to realize their success, emphasizing human and financial capital as key components for mobilizing collective action. Researchers have also documented the value of interorganizational networks, and the benefits of collaboration to expand the share of resources, and perhaps more importantly design social movement frames to direct collective action for social change. However, what local food movement research has yet to address are some of the potential barriers that minimize collaboration among organizational leaders as it relates to social capital and collective identity. This dissertation takes a cross-sectional, network analysis of social movement organizations working to increase the sustainability of the local food system in Marin County, California, a historically agricultural region serving a number of urban communities. Findings from the mixed-methods research reveal evidence of collective identity and social capital as enhancing collaboration among particular types of organizations while reducing potential collaboration among and between other social movement organizations. By analyzing the collective identity and dichotomous nature of social capital among social movement organizations, this research contributes a clearer understanding of the existing gaps for realizing a more sustainable local food system.
Impact of High-Intensity Ultrasound on Strength of Surgical Mesh When Treating Biofilm Infections

The use of cavitation-based ultrasound histotripsy to treat infections on surgical mesh has shown great potential. However, any impact of the therapy on the mesh must be assessed before the therapy can be applied in the clinic. The goal of this study was to determine if the cavitation-based therapy would reduce the strength of the mesh thus compromising the functionality of the mesh. First, Staphylococcus aureus biofilms were grown on the surgical mesh samples and exposed to high-intensity ultrasound pulses. For each exposure, the effectiveness of the therapy was confirmed by counting the number of colony forming units (CFUs) on the mesh. Most of the exposed meshes had no CFUs with an average reduction of 5.4-log10 relative to the sham exposures. To quantify the impact of the exposure on mesh strength, the force required to tear the mesh and the maximum mesh expansion before damage were quantified for control, sham, and exposed mesh samples. There was no statistical difference between the exposed and sham/control mesh samples in terms of ultimate tensile strength and corresponding mesh expansion. The only statistical difference was with respect to mesh orientation relative to the applied load. The tensile strength increased by 1.36 N while the expansion was reduced by 1.33 mm between different mesh orientations.
Science Song Project: Integration of Science, Technology and Music to Learn Science and Process Skills

It has been critical to find a way for teachers to motivate their young children to learn science and improve science achievement. Since music has been used as a tool for educating young students, this study introduces the science song project to teacher candidates that contains science facts, concepts, laws and theories, and combines them with music for motivating their young children to learn science and improve science achievement. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of the science song project on teacher candidates’ understanding of science processing skills and their attitudes toward science. The participants were 45 science teacher candidates who were enrolled in an EC-6 (Early Childhood through Grade 6) program in the teacher certification program at a racially diverse Texas public research university. To collect data, this study used two instruments: pre-and post-self efficacy tests before and after the science teacher candidates experienced the science song project and final reflective essay at the end of the semester. The results show that while developing their songs, the participating teacher candidates experienced a process for science practice, understood science concepts and facts, and positively improved attitudes toward science. This study suggests that the science song project is a science instruction offering rich experiences of process-based learning and positive attitudes toward science.
Classical, Thermostated Ring Polymer, and Quantum VSCF/VCI Calculations of IR Spectra of H7O3+ and H9O4+ (Eigen) and Comparison with Experiment

We report vibrational IR spectra of the protonated water clusters H7O3+ and H9O4+ (Eigen) in the range from 0 to 4000 cm–1, from classical molecular dynamics (MD) and thermostated ring polymer mole...
Feeling Race: Theorizing the Racial Economy of Emotions:

In this presidential address, I advance a theoretical sketch on racialized emotions—the emotions specific to racialized societies. These emotions are central to the racial edifice of societies, thu...
Consequences of multilingualism for neural architecture

Language has the power to shape cognition, behavior, and even the form and function of the brain. Technological and scientific developments have recently yielded an increasingly diverse set of tools with which to study the way language changes neural structures and processes. Here, we review research investigating the consequences of multilingualism as revealed by brain imaging. A key feature of multilingual cognition is that two or more languages can become activated at the same time, requiring mechanisms to control interference. Consequently, extensive experience managing multiple languages can influence cognitive processes as well as their neural correlates. We begin with a brief discussion of how bilinguals activate language, and of the brain regions implicated in resolving language conflict. We then review evidence for the pervasive impact of bilingual experience on the function and structure of neural networks that support linguistic and non-linguistic cognitive control, speech processing and production, and language learning. We conclude that even seemingly distinct effects of language on cognitive operations likely arise from interdependent functions, and that future work directly exploring the interactions between multiple levels of processing could offer a more comprehensive view of how language molds the mind.
Synthesis of 6-(Fluoromethyl)-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3-ol, a Fluorinated Analogue of NP-59, using the Mild Fluorinating Reagent, TBAF(Pinacol)2

For 45 years, efforts to prepare a fluorinated analogue of the scintiscanning/SPECT agent 6-(iodomethyl)-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3-ol (NP-59) for development of a PET imaging agent have failed due to undesired elimination reactions and unexpected rearrangements observed­ while utilizing a wide variety of fluorinating conditions (e.g., cesium­ fluoride, silver fluoride, (2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)diethylamine (FAR), diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST), and hexa­fluoro­propene diethylamine FPA). Herein, we report the full synthesis of NP-59, followed by the four-step synthesis of 6-(fluoromethyl)-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3-ol (FNP-59) using a recently developed mild fluorinating reagent, less prone to producing elimination reactions in the preparation of primary fluorides, TBAF(pinacol)2, with an overall yield of 16% (four steps). Also included is an evaluation of the TBAF(pinacol)2 reagent on eight test substrates to investigate its scope.
Recognition of RNA and DNA targets by peptide nucleic acids

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are analogs of DNA in which the phosphodiester backbone has been replaced by 2-aminoethyl glycine units with the nucleobases attached through methylene carbonyl linkages to the glycine amino group. PNAs have demonstrated several important advantages in cell free systems including (i) high affinity binding, (ii) rapid rates of recognition, (iii) resistance to proteases and nucleases, (iv) low affinity for proteins that normally recognize the polyanion backbone of DNA and RNA, (v) being obtainable using standard protocols for peptide synthesis, and (vi) a high propensity for hybridization to sequences within duplex DNA by strand invasion [1]. Intracellular application of PNAs for functional genomics has, however, been delayed by the lack of simple methods for delivery of PNAs into cells. We have demonstrated that PNAs can be delivered into cells as PNADNA-lipid complexes [2]. Once within cells they can inhibit human telomerase and cause a target-related phenotypic change telomere shortening.
BMP‐Smad Signaling Regulates Postnatal Crown Dentinogenesis in Mouse Molar

Dentinogenesis, a formation of dentin by odontoblasts, is an essential process during tooth development. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are one of the most crucial growth factors that contribute to dentin formation. However, it is still unclear how BMP signaling pathways regulate postnatal crown and root dentinogenesis. BMPs transduce signals through canonical Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways including p38 and ERK signaling pathways. To investigate the roles of Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways in dentinogenesis, we conditionally deleted Bmpr1a, which encodes the type 1A receptor for BMPs, to remove both Smad and non-Smad pathways in Osterix-expressing cells. We also expressed a constitutively activated form of Bmpr1a (caBmpr1a) to increase Smad1/5/9 signaling activity without altered non-Smad activity in odontoblasts. To understand the function of BMP signaling during postnatal dentin formation, Cre activity was induced at the day of birth. Our results showed that loss of BmpR1A in odontoblasts resulted in impaired dentin formation and short molar roots at postnatal day 21. Bmpr1a cKO mice displayed a reduction of dentin matrix production compared to controls associated with increased cell proliferation and reduced Osx and Dspp expression. In contrast, caBmpr1a mutant mice that show increased Smad1/5/9 signaling activity resulted in no overt tooth phenotype. To further dissect the functions of each signaling activity, we generated Bmpr1a cKO mice also expressing caBmpr1a to restore only Smad1/5/9 signaling activity. Restoring Smad activity in the compound mutant mice rescued impaired crown dentin formation in the Bmpr1a cKO mice; however, impaired root dentin formation and short roots were not changed. These results suggest that BMP-Smad signaling in odontoblasts is responsible for crown dentin formation, while non-Smad signaling may play a major role in root dentin formation and elongation. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Optimal demand response operation of electric boosting glass furnaces

Abstract The glass industry is highly energy-intensive, accounting for 1% of total industrial energy consumption in the United States. Most of the energy consumption in the glass manufacturing process is attributable to the significant heat required to melt raw materials. An electric boosting system which can transfer extra heat (5%–20% of total energy) to the glass melt in addition to the energy from natural gas combustion can be implemented in a glass furnace. Electric boosting is thermally efficient, reduces direct pollutant emissions, and prolongs furnace superstructure lifespan. However, a high level of electric boost is not always economically desirable, considering the volatility of electricity prices. Balancing between natural gas and electricity consumption in a demand response strategy can reduce the energy cost and mitigate strain on the electrical grid. In this paper, a physics-based model is developed to describe the dynamic behavior of a prototype electric boosting glass furnace. We present a dynamic optimization strategy to optimally balance between using natural gas and electric power under electricity price fluctuations. Case studies on the effect of varying energy prices and emissions regulations are analyzed.
The Hazen collection: A new source on Arikara material culture

Scholarly knowledge of nineteenth century Arikara history and culture has been informed by archaeological investigation, documentary sources, and community knowledge as recorded in the twentieth ce...
Octenidine/carbenicillin GUMBOS as potential treatment for oropharyngeal gonorrhoea

Background Reducing Neisseria gonorrhoeae colonies in the oropharynx is a viable solution to minimize the transmission of this bacterium amongst individuals. Objectives A strategy involving the electrostatic interaction between a common antiseptic and a discontinued antibiotic (i.e. octenidine and carbenicillin) was evaluated as a potential treatment for gonorrhoea. Octenidine/carbenicillin is a novel group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS) with inherent in vitro antibacterial activity that comes from its parent antiseptic and antibacterial ions, octenidine and carbenicillin, respectively. Methods Antibacterial activities for octenidine dihydrochloride, disodium carbenicillin, octenidine/carbenicillin and stoichiometrically equivalent 1:1 octenidine dihydrochloride to disodium carbenicillin were assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay for N. gonorrhoeae (ATCC 49226) and three clinical isolates. Predictive permeability using the Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay and cytotoxicity against HeLa cells was also evaluated. Results Additive in vitro antibacterial activities against N. gonorrhoeae were observed in this study, which suggests octenidine/carbenicillin could be a useful agent in reducing N. gonorrhoeae transmission and minimizing gonorrhoea infections. Octenidine/carbenicillin also exhibited bioequivalence to azithromycin and doxycycline, two currently prescribed antibiotics. Likewise, octenidine/carbenicillin had improved predicted permeability compared with octenidine dihydrochloride. Conclusions Antimicrobial GUMBOS synthesized in this study could be used as an adjunctive treatment approach to current drug therapies for oropharyngeal gonorrhoea infection control and prevention.
Inferences About Drug Safety in Phase III Trials in Oncology: Examples From Advanced Prostate Cancer.

Background Safety is a central consideration when choosing between multiple medications with similar efficacy. We aimed to evaluate whether adverse event (AE) profiles of three such drugs in advanced prostate cancer could be distinguished based on published literature. Methods We assessed consistency in AE reporting, AE risk in placebo arms, and methodology used for risk estimates and quantification of statistical uncertainty in randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 trials of apalutamide, enzalutamide and darolutamide in advanced prostate cancer. Results Seven included clinical trials enrolled a total of 9215 participants (range = 1051 to 1715 per trial) across three prostate cancer disease states. Within disease states, baseline patient characteristics appeared similar between trials. Of 54 distinct AE types in total, only 3 (fatigue, hypertension, and seizure) were reported by all 7 trials. Absolute risks of AEs in the placebo arms differed systematically and more than two-fold between trials, which was associated with visit frequency and resulted in different degrees of uncertainty in AE profiles between trials. No trial used inferential methodology to quantify statistical uncertainty in AE risks, but 6 of 7 trials drew overall conclusions. Two trials concluded that there was no elevated AE risk due to the intervention, including the trial of darolutamide, which had the greatest statistical uncertainty. Conclusion Rigorous comparison of drug safety was precluded by heterogeneity in AE reporting, variation in AE risks in the placebo arms, and lack of inferential statistical methodology, underscoring considerable opportunities to improve how AE data are collected, analyzed, and interpreted in oncology trials.
Efficient parallel programming with Linda

A number of computer scientists have contended that Linda cannot possibly be implemented efficiently on distributed memory machines because there is simply too much overhead. They believe that Linda will not be able to compete with message passing on such machines even for solving computationally intensive problems. The authors address this claim by discussing C-Linda's performance in solving a particular scientific computing problem, the shallow water equations. They have implemented and evaluated the performance of the Linda program on a variety of machines. They present results for shared memory machines (Sequent Symmetry and the Encore Multimax), for distributed memory machines (iPSC/2 and iPSC/860 hypercubes), and for a network of Sparcstations connected by an Ethernet. The same Linda program was executed on all these machines and its performance was evaluated and compared to that of implementations using alternative methods available on all machines. In the authors' experience, the Linda program has generally been easier and more convenient to write than the native versions for each machine.
Comfort of Conformity

A reality check on dynamic, stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models was overdue and Servaas Storm has filled the void. His sharp, complete, yet succinct analysis of these models’ shortcomings is a stepping stone for macroeconomists who want to move on. Macroeconomic policy has been captive to “evil twins,” DSGE and computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, inheriting their disconnect from some of reality’s most pressing problems. The latest example is the Italian government’s plan to recover from the COVID-19 crisis, which showcases these models’ inability to account for demand-driven growth. Better models exist but require more investment to break the blockade of current expert opinion. © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Multiplexed profiling of kinase interactomes quantifies cellular network plasticity

Cells utilize protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to receive, transduce, and respond to stimuli. Interaction network rewiring drives devastating diseases like cancers, making PPIs attractive targets for pharmacological intervention. Kinases are druggable nodes in PPI networks but high-throughput proteomics approaches to quantify disease-associated kinome PPI rewiring are lacking. We introduce kinobead competition and correlation analysis (Ki-CCA), a chemoproteomics approach to simultaneously map hundreds of endogenous kinase PPIs. We identified 2,305 PPIs of 300 kinases across 18 diverse cancer lines, quantifying the high plasticity of interaction networks between cancer types, signaling, and phenotypic states; this database of dynamic kinome PPIs provides deep insights into cancer cell signaling. We discovered an AAK1 complex promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and drug resistance, and depleting its components sensitized cells to targeted therapy. Ki-CCA enables rapid and highly multiplexed mapping of kinome PPIs in native cell and tissue lysates, without epitope tagged baits, protein labeling, or antibodies.
Research on Infrared Image Extraction and Defect Analysis of Composite Insulator Based on U-net

To improve the efficiency and accuracy of defect analysis for infrared images of composite insulators, the processing flow based on U-net model is proposed. By constructing and training the U-net model, the extraction of composite insulators in infrared images is realized. On this basis, the locating of target insulator is also carried out. Meanwhile, the temperature matrix is derived based on the conversion of infrared image and the temperature value mapping is performed to obtain the corresponding temperature value of composite insulator. Then, combined with historical defect characteristics, the defect diagnosis is carried out to automatically determine the type of insulator defect according to the temperature value and the range of temperature rising area. At last, two types of insulator defects are intelligently identified to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Anti-hyperalgesic effects of imidazoline I2 receptor ligands in a rat model of inflammatory pain: interactions with oxycodone.

Emerging preclinical evidence suggests that imidazoline I2 receptor ligands may be effective analgesics. Quantitative analysis of the combined I2 receptor ligands and opioids is needed for the justification of combination therapy. This study systematically examined the anti-hyperalgesic and response rate-suppressing effects of selective I2 receptor ligands (2-BFI and phenyzoline) alone and in combination with oxycodone in rats. Von Frey filament test was used to examine the anti-hyperalgesic effects of drugs in a rat model of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain. Schedule-controlled responding was used to assess the rate-altering effects of study drugs. Duration of actions of individual drugs (2-BFI, phenyzoline, and oxycodone) alone or in combination was studied. Dose-addition analysis was employed to assess the anti-hyperalgesic interactions between drugs. Oxycodone (0.1–3.2 mg/kg, i.p.), 2-BFI (1–17.8 mg/kg, i.p.), and phenyzoline (17.8–56 mg/kg, i.p.) all dose-dependently produced significant antinociceptive effects. When studied as combinations, 2-BFI and oxycodone produced additive interactions while phenyzoline and oxycodone produced supra-additive interactions under all fixed ratios. The same drug combinations did not alter or significantly reduced the operant responding depending on the ratios of the drug combinations. Quantitative analysis of the anti-hyperalgesic effects of I2 receptor ligands strongly supports the therapeutic potential of I2 receptor ligands against inflammatory pain. In addition, the data reveal that phenyzoline is superior to the prototypic I2 receptor ligand 2-BFI for the management of pain and warrants further consideration as a novel analgesic.
The Wider Economic Benefits of Transportation

Economic contributions of investments of transport infrastructure are typically assessed from a microeconomic perspective, which tries to identify the link between specific transport infrastructure improvements and the productivity of specific production units. The traditional economic tool of the microeconomic perspective is cost benefit analysis (CBA), an ex ante tool which tries to capture the benefits of time and cost savings --- as well as further gains from logistical improvements and facilities consolidation made possible by transport improvements --- and the associated costs including external costs. The objective of this Round Table sponsored by OECD / ECMT and Boston University is to identify and move towards methods which incorporate the wider economic benefits of transport infrastructure, not typically captured in the CBA estimates of benefits and costs. The aim of this brief paper is to offer an overview of such wider economic benefits ensuing from transport infrastructure investments.
Epidemiology and Geography of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes is one of the most prevalent severe chronic diseases of childhood, affecting approximately 1.4 million people in the United States and 10–20 million people globally. In the United States, where 30 000 new cases occur each year, 1:300 children and 1:100 adults are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes during the life span. Type 1 diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, blindness, and amputation, and a major cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death in the general population. The economic impact of diabetes is large, with an annual average total direct cost of medical care in the United States in 1997 of $10 071 per person with diabetes compared to $2669 per person without diabetes. These expenditures include all types of diabetes and are likely to underestimate type 1 diabetes related costs. The incidence of type 1 diabetes appears to be increasing by 3–5% per year. The high incidence, associated severe morbidity, mortality, and associated health care expenditures make type 1 diabetes a prime target for prevention. Population-based epidemiological studies as well as family studies and clinical trials have provided new insights into the pathogenesis and natural history of type 1 diabetes. Such studies are essential for appropriate diagnosis and for evidence-based programs of prevention and treatment. Keywords: epidemiology; geography; type 1 diabetes; classification; type 1A diabetes; type 1B diabetes; incidence; prevalence
Who Really Benefits from Liability Litigation

Various studies have estimated the annual cost of product liability litigation alone (not to mention other kinds of liability litigation) in the United States to be between $80 and $117 billion. That's more than the combined gross national products of Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay or about equal to the annual profits of the top 200 corporations in America. But that's only the direct cost. When you add the indirect costs that are incurred in order to avoid liability -- needless testing, excessive liability insurance costs, etc. -- the total could reach as much as $300 billion a year -- the combined gross national products of Austria, Luxembourg, the Philippines, Portugal and Switzerland. This article discusses the liability litigation situation in the United States.
Neural Perspectives on Emotion: Impact on Perception, Attention, and Memory

1 Emotion's Influence on Attention and Perception 2 Emotion's Influence on Memory 3 Summary Keywords: emotion; attention; perception; memory; amygdala; blindsight; encoding; consolidation; beta adrenergic; retrieval; cognition
Incidence trends and age distribution of colorectal cancer by subsite in Guangzhou, 2000–2011

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in China. The incidence of CRC has been increasing in recent years. The aim of this study was to explore the incidence trends and the age distribution of CRC by subsite in Guangzhou between 2000 and 2011. A total of 22,432 incident cases of CRC between 2000 and 2011 from Guangzhou Cancer Registry were identified. Crude incidence and age-standardized rates (ASRs), using the Segi’s world standard population, were calculated for CRC and CRC subsites. The incidence trend was analyzed and the annual percentage change (APC) in incidence was calculated by using JoinPoint software. The crude incidence increased significantly from 23.4/105 in 2000 to 37.4/105 in 2011 for males and from 20.9/105 to 30.5/105 for females. The ASRs of CRC incidence stabilized during the period of 2000–2011 for both males and females. The ages at the onset of CRC for both males and females during 2010–2011 were significantly higher compared with those during 2000–2002 (males: t = 1.95, P = 0.05; females: t = 6.03, P < 0.01). For males aged 50–64 years, the CRC incidence increased by 8.50% annually (P = 0.04) during 2000–2004 and by 1.68% annually (P = 0.03) during 2005–2011. For females aged 65 years and older, the CRC incidence increased by 5.77% annually (P = 0.03) during 2000–2004. There were no significant changes for the CRC incidences in males aged 49 and younger and 65 years and older and females aged 64 years and younger during 2000–2004, or for those in all females as well as males aged 49 years and younger and 65 years and older during 2005–2011. The percentage of colon cancer in all CRCs increased significantly for both males and females between the periods of 2000–2002 and 2010–2011. The ASRs of descending colon and sigmoid colon cancer incidences increased significantly for females during 2005–2011 (APC, 5.51% and 1.08%, respectively, both P < 0.05). The crude incidence of CRC increased significantly between 2000 and 2011 because of the aging, whereas the ASRs kept stable. The percentage of colon cancer in all CRCs increased significantly. Further surveillance, research, and intervention are needed to identify the causes of these changes and to reduce the incidence and mortality of CRC.
THE EFFECTS OF WALLS, PATERNITY AND AGEING ON SPERM MOTILITY

The measurement of sperm motility is critical when studying fertilization kinetics and chemotaxis. Analysis of motility has traditionally been carried out on cells in small fluid volumes on microscope slides. Several theoretical treatments suggest that drag forces significantly affect flagellar motion within 10 sperm body lengths of the slide surface. Understanding how sperm move in the absence of surface drag is crucial when considering natural locomotory patterns. To examine the effects of solid surfaces, motile sperm from sea urchins (Arbacia punctulata) were placed in a Plexiglas chamber (69 mmx45 mmx15.5 mm; length x width x height). A system was constructed to minimize convective flow by limiting temperature differences within the chamber to less than 0.1 degrees C. The movement of sperm was video-recorded at two levels: (3/4)100 micron (3 body lengths) and 5 mm (150 body lengths) below the chamber lid. When swimming speeds were measured using a computerized video motion-analysis system, a highly significant difference (P<0. 0001) between cells at the two depths was found. Cells nearest the lid swam at 174.6+/-5.9 micron s-1 (mean +/- s.e.m.), whereas those farther away slowed to only 111.1+/-9.9 micron s-1 (mean +/- s.e.m.). Swimming speed was also found to be significantly (P<0.01) affected by paternity, but not by sperm age. We conclude that viscous wall effects must be carefully considered in studies of sperm motility and chemotaxis. The analysis of sperm on a microscope slide may substantially exaggerate swimming speed.
Anisotropic cascaded Raman self-frequency shifted solitons generated in a fiber amplifier

Summary form only given. We have experimentally demonstrated and theoretically investigated the generation of cascaded Raman self-frequency shifted soliton in Er/Yb-doped fiber amplifier and its dependence on input polarization. The number of cascaded Raman solitons generated increases as a function of optical pump power of the fiber amplifier, while different input polarization condition results in different amount of soliton frequency shift.
Historical Materialism Seen Through the Lens of Magical Realism: Gender Relationships in ‘Nights at the Circus’

Nights at the Circus (1984) by Angela Carter is widely recognized as a masterpiece of magical realism. At the same time, the novel stands out in the literary genre because of its distinctly materialistic outlook. This essay argues that specific to Carter’s writing is the view of gender discourse as yet another form of idealization of dominant economic relationships. Classical Marxist theory begins with the analysis of capitalism under the Industrial Revolution and extends it to consider its implications in less developed economies. The novel proceeds similarly: it starts with gender relationships most obviously fashioned as economic transactions but explained away as natural, moves on to those apparently less governed by economic interests, and finally examines gender relationships where they appear to be dominated by the supernatural, showing that in all these cases economic relationships are not less decisive but rather differently naturalized.
Expression of a human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase cDNA in transgenic tobacco and its effects on polyamine biosynthesis

S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC; EC 4.1.1.50) is a key regulatory enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. Numerous studies have shown that the enzyme activity and polyamine levels are generally correlated with cellular growth in plants, animals and bacteria. In order to gain more insight into the role of polyamines in plants, human SAMDC cDNA under control of the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus, along with a neomycin phosphotransferase gene, was transferred to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) viaAgrobacterium tumefaciens. Transgenic plants showed the presence of human SAMDC mRNA and a 2-4-fold increase in SAMDC activity. In the transformed tissues, putrescine levels were significantly reduced, while spermidine content was 2–3 times higher than the control tissues. Cellular spermine content was either increased or remained unchanged. Excised leaf segments from transformed plants frequently produced shoots even on callus inducing medium.
Self-assembling nanoclusters in living systems: application for integrated photothermal nanodiagnostics and nanotherapy

Nanotechnologies represent an unprecedented recent advance that may revolutionize many areas of medicine and biology, including cancer diagnostics and treatment. Nanoparticle-based technologies have demonstrated especially high potential for medical purposes, ranging from diagnosing diseases to providing novel therapies. However, to be clinically relevant, the existing nanoparticle-based technologies must overcome several challenges, including selective nanoparticle delivery, potential cytotoxicity, imaging of nanoparticles, and real-time assessment of their therapeutic efficacy. This review addresses these issues by summarizing the recent advances in medical diagnostics and therapy with a focus on the self-assembly of gold nanoparticles into nanoclusters in live cells, in combination with their detection using photothermal (PT) techniques.
RESEARCH TN BIOLOGY“XENIA”1

It is the object of this department to present to teachers of physics the results of recent research. In so far as is possible, the articles and items will be nontechnical, and it is hoped that they will furnish material that will be of value in the classroom. Suggestions and contributions should be sent to Dr. Homer C. Sampson, Department of Zoology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Design plasticity in elastic optical network for unpredictable traffic

We propose the cognitive photonic network (CPN), which provides the highest degree of design plasticity in elastic optical networks. Autonomous network optimization to adapt to unpredictable traffic demands and photonic virtualization to achieve disruption-free operation are harmonized to serve the CPN.
Modeling Human Hand and Sensing Hand Motions With the Five-Fingered Haptic Glove Mechanism

This paper presents the design and application of a newly developed five-fingered haptic glove mechanism. This haptic device is a lightweight and portable actuator system that fits on a hand. The new five-fingered glove is adaptable to a wide variety of finger sizes, without constraining the range of motion which makes it possible to accurately and comfortably track the complex motion of the finger joints and add a sense of touch to each finger of the user. Based on this glove, a novel method was developed to build an accurate human hand model which includes finger length and joints location. The parameters of the hand are determined by a circle fitting procedure from a collection of points. The method of least squares fitting of circles is used to analyze the kinematic model. The center and the radius of the fitting circle are the joint location and the finger length respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the newly developed five-fingered glove is capable of reliably modeling hand kinematics and measuring fingers’ motion. These capabilities are often needed for monitoring and assisting rehabilitation activities of the hand as well as applications involving virtual reality and teleoperation.
The logic of social control

Styles of Social Control.- The Penal Style.- The Compensatory Style.- The Conciliatory Style.- The Therapeutic Style.- Forms of Social Control.- Inaction.- Unilateral and Bilateral Social Control.- Trilateral Forms of Social Control.- The Response of Trilateral Control.- The Effectiveness of Social Control.- Detecting and Treating Deviance.- Preventing Deviance.- Conclusion.