cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Higher‐order thoughts and conscious experience

Abstract For nearly a decade, David Rosenthal has proposed that a mental state M of a creature C is conscious just in case C has a suitable higher‐order thought directed toward M. While this theory has had its share of criticism in recent years, I believe that the real difficulties have been ignored. In this essay, I show that the presence of a higher order is insufficient for conscious experience, even if we suppose that the thought satisfies the constraints that Rosenthal lists (i.e. that it is assertoric in nature, that it is had occurently, and that it is non‐inferentially formed). The only way Rosenthal's view could possibly yield sufficient conditions is by requiring that the higher‐order thought be suitably causally related to its object. Yet, as I also show, the only causal constraint strong enough to do the job is not only ill‐motivated but probably false.
Management of drug-resistant tuberculosis

The emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) have become tremendous challenges for clinical and programmatic tuberculosis (TB) management. Until recently, TB diagnosis was largely based on 120-year-old smear microscopy, and treatment was based on a limited number of drugs developed prior to 1970. During the past few years, we have witnessed a revolution in the ability of laboratories to detect TB and anti-TB drug resistance. Furthermore, after several years of silence, several new anti-TB drugs have recently appeared on the scene, offering hope for patients with very limited therapeutic options. There is also new evidence supporting the appropriate use of existing drugs in the treatment of MDR-TB and a better understanding of the relevance of additional resistance beyond extensive drug resistance patterns. In this article, we review the management of drug-resistant TB and highlight recent developments concerning its diagnosis and treatment.
Adult Trauma and HIV Status Among Latinas: Effects Upon Psychological Adjustment and Substance Use

Latinas have unique cultural factors that can contribute to their health, including recent immigration, documentation status, and language barriers. Additional stressors and experiencing traumatic events can further compromise their psychological adjustment and substance use. This study tests the differential contribution of adult trauma and other life stressors to psychological adjustment and substance use among Latinas who differ in their HIV status and level of acculturation. Baseline and 1-year follow-up data on a community sample of 113 (79 HIV-positive and 34 HIV-negative) 1 to 50 year old Latinas were examined with path analyses to estimate the influence of acculturation, HIV status, and adult trauma, including intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual assault, on subsequent changes in psychological adjustment (depression) and substance use 1 year later. Age, education, and relationship status were controlled and further analyses examined the interactive influence of HIV status and acculturation and trauma on the outcomes. Findings indicate that both acculturation and HIV status were related to the outcome variables, but did not influence these over time, emphasizing the developmental stability of these processes. Education was the most prominent variable in protecting these women from HIV, depression, and intimate partner violence (IPV), but placed them at greater risk for illicit drug use. The primary predictors of change in the outcome variables were domestic and sexual trauma were exacerbated by HIV positive status. Implications for future research and culturally relevant prevention and intervention programs are discussed.
Sublimation thermodynamics of EuSe

Abstract The high-temperature sublimation behavior of europium(II) selenide was investigated by Knudsen-effusion and mass-spectrometric techniques. Solid EuSe sublimes congruently to the gaseous elements. The equilibrium pressure of europium may be represented, in the temperature range 1808 to 2131 K, by In { p( Eu atm } = −(5.20±0.04)×10 4 K T+(14.6 4 ±0.2 2 ) The experimental (second-law) slope and intercept corrected to 298.15 K by use of published and estimated thermodynamic data yield: ΔsgHo = (886.2±5.4) kJ mol−1; ΔsgSo = (263.3±2.8) J K−1 mol−1; So(EuSe, s, 298.15 K) = (102.0±2.9) J K−1 mol−1; ΔHfo(EuSe, s, 298.15K) = −(474.5±5.4) kJ mol−1; ΔSfo(EuSe, s, 298.15 K) = (18.8±2.9) J K−1 mol−1. The temperature-independent enthalpy change derived by third-law procedures for the congruent sublimation of EuSe(s) is (882.0±9.2) kJ mol−1. From an estimated upper limit of 0.001 p(Eu) for the pressure of the molecular EuSe(g) species, the dissociation energy, Do(EuSe, g, T = 0) is derived as
A WEB-BASED ENVIRONMENT FOR DOCUMENTATION AND SHARING OF ENGINEERING DESIGN KNOWLEDGE

This paper presents the foundation for a collaborative Web-based environment for improving communication by formally defining a platform for documentation and sharing of engineering design knowledge throughout the entire design process. In this work an ontological structure is utilized to concisely define a set of individual engineering concepts. This set of modular ontologies link together to create a flexible, yet consistent, product development knowledge-base. The resulting infrastructure uniquely enables the information stored within the knowledge-base to be readily inspectable and computable, thus allowing for design tools that reason on the information to assist designers and automate design processes. A case study of the structural optimization of a transfer plate for an aerospace circuit breaker is presented to demonstrate implementation and usefulness of the knowledge framework. The results indicate that the ontological knowledge-base can be used to prompt engineers to document important product development information, increase understanding of the design process, provide a means to intuitively retrieve information, and seamlessly access distributed information.© 2008 ASME
Synthesis of a constrained ligand comprising carboxylate and amine donor groups via direct 1,8-functionalization of positionally protected fluorene

The synthesis of 1,8-bis(dimethylaminomethylethynyl)-3,6-di(tert-butyl)fluorene-9-yl-acetic acid, a potentially dinucleating ligand containing two N-donor and bridging carboxylate groups, is described. The electronically disfavored 1,8-disubstitution of the fluorene ring system was achieved by using tert-butyl protecting groups in the 3- and 6-positions of the fluorene molecule in combination with mercury(II) as a sterically demanding electrophile. The straightforward synthesis of a 1,8-diiodofluorene derivative provides simple general access to 1,8-disubstituted fluorene molecules.
Differential Police Response to Black Battered Women

Abstract As the experiences of black battered women with the police remain an underresearched issue, the current study focuses on the police arrest decision for these victims compared to other victims. Two important research questions are answered: (1) is the arrest rate for black battered women significantly lower compared to other domestic violence victims, and (2) are there different factors influencing the police decision to arrest for these victims compared to others? Using data from a medium-sized Midwestern police department, a model of the arrest decision was analyzed using logistic regression to compare the police response to black battered women versus ‘other’ victims. Results indicated that four variables differed to a significant extent across models: victim age, suspect age, victim had a probable drug or alcohol problem, and children present at the scene. Drawing upon the feminist and policing literatures, the results and implications of our findings are discussed.
Population Studies in Groups and Clusters of Galaxies. IV. Comparison of the Luminosity Functions and Morphological-Type Distributions in Seven Nearby Groups

Published observational data on the Leo, Dorado, NGC 1400, NGC 5044, Antlia, Fornax, and Virgo groups of galaxies are analyzed in terms of the luminosity functions and morphological types of their members. The data sets employed are characterized, and the results are presented in extensive tables and graphs and discussed in detail. While the fractions of early and late galaxies in the groups are similar, the ratio of dwarfs to giants (D/G) in the early galaxies varies monotonically with the richness of the cluster, leading to artificial flattening at the faint end of the total luminosity function in environments with low D/G. The luminosity function for dwarfs in all environments is found to have a slope of about -1.3.
Hypertension in 2010: new challenges in blood pressure goals and assessment.

Provocative new studies have shown that tight blood pressure (BP) control (goal systolic BP <120 mmHg) in high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus confers no significant cardiovascular benefit other than stroke reduction, and that BP variability is important for the diagnosis and management of hypertension. The impact of these findings on future hypertension guidelines remains to be assessed.
The influence of sentence elicitation variables on children's speech production.

This study investigated the potential influence of adult-modeled sentences on the speech production of 15 children with speech delays of unknown origin. Two comparison tokens of target words contai...
Ultrastructure and electrical activity in developing heart cells (insect).

Abstract Ultrastructural and electrophysiological studies on developing heart cells of the moth Hyalophora cecropia are reported. The myocardium is identified at 6 days postoviposition (dpo) and heartbeats are detected at 8 dpo. At 10 dpo eclosion produces a larva. Cellular ultrastructure of the heart is presented from 6, 7, and 8 dpo embryos and first-instar larvae. Electrophysiological recordings are presented to demonstrate that the developing heart is myogenic, cells generate typical cardiac-type action potentials, and some mechanism for intercellular communication is present. The structure as it relates to function is discussed.
Evaluation of otolaryngology residency program websites.

Importance Prior to applying or interviewing, most prospective applicants turn to the Internet when evaluating residency programs, making maintenance of a comprehensive website critical. While certain “intangibles” such as reputation may not be communicated effectively online, residency websites are invaluable for conveying other aspects of a program. Prior analyses have reported that certain criteria such as research experience and didactics are important considerations for applicants. Objective To evaluate the comprehensiveness of otolaryngology residency websites. Design and Participants Review of otolaryngology residency program websites. Websites of 99 civilian residency programs were searched for the presence of 23 criteria. Main Outcomes and Measures Presence of 23 criteria for application process, incentives, instruction, research, clinical training, and other. Results Only 5 programs contained at least three-quarters of the criteria analyzed; on average programs reported less than 50% of information sought. Among the 99 residency program websites, a description of the following criteria was noted: comprehensive faculty listing (88%), didactics (80%), contact e-mail (77%), current residents (74%), description of facilities (70%), intern schedule (70%), research requirements (69%), otolaryngology rotation schedule (64%), other courses (61%), ERAS (Electronic Residency Application Service) link (55%), year-to-year responsibility progression (47%), call schedule (40%), active/past research projects (37%), area information (34%), message from the program director (33%) or chair (23%), selection criteria (30%), salary (directly on site) (23%), surgical statistics (18%), parking (9%), and meal allowance (7%). The mean (SD) percentage present of factors encompassing “clinical training” was 55% (23%), significantly higher than the mean (SD) percentage of factors covered under the “incentives” category (19% [11%]; P = .01). The proportion of overall criteria present on websites did not differ on organizing programs by region (range, 42%-49%). Sites for “large” programs (≥3 residents per year) were more comprehensive (49% vs 42%; P = .04). Conclusions and Relevance While further survey of prospective applicants would be invaluable in determining which factors are of greatest interest, many residency websites appear to be inadequately comprehensive. Despite the relative comprehensiveness of criteria relevant to clinical training when compared with other aspects of websites such as incentives, several crucial aspects of training are still not addressed in many sites.
The malcolm baldrige national quality award : implications and uses for healthcare organizations

Whatever your line of business, chances are the rate of change you are experiencing is outrunning your organization's ability to keep up. This environment challenges business leaders to redesign their enterprises using revolutionary change strategies. Evolutionary change processes that were successful in the past are ineffective in the competitive global marketplace. However, several viewpoints for organizational redesign exist. For example, noted author Peter Senge believes in the importance of creating a learning organization. He argues that an “organization doesn't start out great, it learns to be great. Learning organizations are those where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective organization is set free, and where people are continually learning to learn together.”l Senge describes those organizations that will excel in the future as those that discover how to tap people's commitment and capacity to learn at all levels in the organization. In times of rapid change, employees' ability to analyze work processes and to improve them can be the difference between organizational success and failure. Many organizations accept this theory but have difficulty determining how to create a learning organization through empowering and energizing the work force.
LXRα is uniquely required for maximal reverse cholesterol transport and atheroprotection in ApoE-deficient mice

The liver X receptor (LXR) signaling pathway is an important modulator of atherosclerosis, but the relative importance of the two LXRs in atheroprotection is incompletely understood. We show here that LXRα, the dominant LXR isotype expressed in liver, plays a particularly important role in whole-body sterol homeostasis. In the context of the ApoE−/− background, deletion of LXRα, but not LXRβ, led to prominent increases in atherosclerosis and peripheral cholesterol accumulation. However, combined loss of LXRα and LXRβ on the ApoE−/− background led to an even more severe cholesterol accumulation phenotype compared to LXRα−/−ApoE−/− mice, indicating that LXRβ does contribute to reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) but that this contribution is quantitatively less important than that of LXRα. Unexpectedly, macrophages did not appear to underlie the differential phenotype of LXRα−/−ApoE−/− and LXRβ−/−ApoE−/− mice, as in vitro assays revealed no difference in the efficiency of cholesterol efflux from isolated macrophages. By contrast, in vivo assays of RCT using exogenously labeled macrophages revealed a marked defect in fecal sterol efflux in LXRα−/−ApoE−/− mice. Mechanistically, this defect was linked to a specific requirement for LXRα−/− in the expression of hepatic LXR target genes involved in sterol transport and metabolism. These studies reveal a previously unrecognized requirement for hepatic LXRα for optimal reverse cholesterol transport in mice.
The effect of dichotic, monaural and diotic verbal stimuli on auditory evoked potentials.

Abstract To clarify the nature of the right ear preference in dichotic listening to speech stimuli, comparisons were made between evoked responses from the two hemispheres of normals when verbal input (dichotic, monaural, diotic) varied and when response accuracy varied. The positive component of the evoked response was significantly larger in the right hemisphere in all conditions. No significant asymmetry was seen in the negative component. Negative and positive components did not vary with response accuracy. However, the negative component was significantly larger in dichotic tasks than in all others. This difference may be related to complexity of dichotic input or to inhibition of the ipsilateral auditory pathway during dichotic stimulation.
Parrēsia, Foucault, and the Classical Rhetorical Tradition

In his last seminars, Michel Foucault analyzed parrēsia (frank speech) in classical Greece and Rome, a subject also addressed by classical rhetoricians. Foucault regards parrēsia as an idealized modality of truth telling—unartful, sincere, courageous speech that tells an unwelcome truth to power. Aligning rhetoric with flattery, Foucault excludes rhetorical parrēsia from his history of thought. This essay offers an alternative analysis of parrēsia from the perspective of classical rhetoric. Drawing especially on the comprehensive description in the Rhetorica Ad Herennium, this essay identifies within the classical tradition a feigned parrēsia as well as a sincere one and a rhetorically artful parrēsia as well as the unartful, bold one that Foucault favors. Furthermore, the essay traces a genealogy that highlights changes in the practice of parrēsia as the term is conceptualized in the context of friendship, at which point parrēsia takes on an unmistakably rhetorical character.
Wave absorbing-boundary method in seismic centrifuge simulation of vertical free-field ground motion

Abstract In this paper, an evaluation of the method of experimental seismic simulation of vertical free-field ground motion by wave-absorbing boundary and centrifuge modeling is presented. By means of a large soil container with Ductseal lining and an in-box shake-table system, a series of seismic tests on a sand stratum model of uniform density and a large width-to-depth ratio was conducted at multiple g -levels. With a focus on the vertical motion produced, the time-domain data was processed using the transfer function approach. By examining the measured resonant regimes for the vertical mode as a function of the g -level or length scale over the frequency spectrum, the capability of the Ductseal boundary approach in simulating vertical free-field motions in one-dimensional inhomogeneous site response theory is highlighted. In seeking a comprehensive basis of synthesis for the modeling methodology, the benefits of using the three-dimensional elastodynamic model in the interpretation of the vertical free-field measurements are demonstrated.
Noise levels in a neonatal transport incubator in medically configured aircraft.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate exposure of neonates to noise during air medical transport as few commercially available hearing protective devices exist for premature newborns during air medical transport. Methods Sound pressure levels in an infant incubator during actual flight conditions in four common medically configured aircraft were measured. Three noise dosimeters measured time-weighted average noise exposure during flight in each aircraft. One dosimeter was placed in the infant incubator, and the remaining dosimeters recorded noise levels in various parts of the aircraft cabin. Results The incubator provided a 6-dBA decrease in noise exposure from that in the crew cabin. The average noise level in the incubator in all aircraft was close to 80 dB, much higher than the proposed limits of 45 dB for neonatal intensive care unit noise exposure or 60 dB during transport. Conclusions Exposure of neonates to elevated noise levels during transport may be harmful, and steps should be taken to protect the hearing of this patient population.
Circulating androgen and estrogen concentrations in lizards (Iguana iguana)

To determine whether the sex of an adult reptile could be established by measuring the levels of circulating sex steroids, a study was conducted on 11 iguanas during January and February of 1975. Blood samples were obtained either by cardiac puncture or phlebotomy of the tail vessels. Serum or plasma testosterone, androstenedione, 17β-estradiol, and estrone were measured on each sample (estrone and estradiol could not be measured on all samples because of small specimen volumes). For testosterone, the mean (± SE) level was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the males (10,167 ± 2916 pg/ml) than in the females (258 ± 46 pg/ml). There was no overlap of values between the two sexes with ranges of 2177 to 15,652 pg/ml and 66 to 431 pg/ml for the same respective animals. For the estrogens the mean levels were higher in the females for both estradiol (258 ± 46 pg/ml) and estrone (205 ± 147 pg/ml) than in the males (estradiol, 79 ± 42 pg/ml; estrone, 37 ± 2 pg/ml). Although higher levels were found in the female iguana, there was no clear division between the two sexes for both estrogens. In the majority of animals androstenedione concentration was below the level of detectability of the assay (<100 pg/ml). The level was lower than 400 pg/ml in the remainder. These data suggest that the sex of a mature iguana can be established during the breeding season by measuring circulating sex steroid levels, particularly testosterone.
Management of the N0 Neck in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has an unpredictable capacity to metastasize to the neck, an event that dramatically worsens prognosis. Metastasis occurs even in earlier stages when no neck lymph node involvement is clinically detectable (N0). Management of the N0 neck, namely when and how to electively treat, has been debated extensively. This article presents the controversies surrounding management of the N0 neck, and the benefits and pitfalls of different approaches used in evaluation and treatment. As current methods of assessing the risk for occult metastasis are insufficiently accurate and prone to underestimation of actual risk, and because selective neck dissection (SND) is an effective treatment and has minimal long-term detriment to quality of life, the authors believe that all patients who have oral SCC, excluding lip SCC, should be prescribed elective treatment of the neck lymphatics. However, this opinion remains controversial. Because of the morbidity of radiation therapy and because treatment of the primary tumor is surgical, elective neck dissection is the preferred treatment. In deciding the extent of the neck dissection, several retrospective studies and one randomized clinical trial have shown SND of levels I through III to be highly efficacious.
Understanding testosterone variation in a tropical lek-breeding bird

Male reproductive coalitions, in which males cooperate to attract females, are a rare strategy among vertebrates. While some studies have investigated ultimate aspects of these relationships, little is known about the mechanistic role that hormones play in modulating cooperative behaviours. Here, we examined male testosterone variation in a tropical lekking bird, the wire-tailed manakin (Pipra filicauda), which exhibits cooperative male–male display coalitions. We found that testosterone levels in territorial males were comparable to those of temperate breeding birds, a surprising result given their environmental, social and reproductive dynamics. In addition, social status rather than plumage was a strong predictor of testosterone variation. Territorial males had significantly higher testosterone levels than did two other plumage classes of floater males, who do not hold territories. We hypothesize that testosterone variation plays an important role in the establishment of male dominance hierarchies (competition), while concurrently facilitating stable display partnerships (cooperation).
Energy dissipation during phase conversion: Application to calorimetry and hysteresis in metal hydrides

Abstract The conditions of two-phase coexistence in guest-host systems like the metal hydrides are examined, assuming that conversion between the phases dissipates energy. It is shown that any such dissipation during phase conversion allows the two phases to coexist over a range of chemical potential and end phase compositions, and hence can account for hysteresis in the metal hydrides. In gas calorimetry the dissipated heat is passed to the outside world through the gas reservoir and is not seen in measured calorimetric heats. The dissipation produces a difference between calorimetric enthalpies of hydride formation and decomposition only indirectly owing to variations in the end phase compositions. However, the dissipation directly affects methods of enthalpy measurement based on temperature variation of chemical potential or composition.
Off-board regeneration of ammonia borane for use as a hydrogen carrier for automotive fuel cells

Abstract Ammonia borane (AB) is a promising chemical hydrogen storage material because of its high H2 intrinsic material capacity and the exothermicity of the dehydrogenation reactions. A major technical barrier for AB, however, is in the development of an energy-efficient regeneration scheme. This paper examines three promising regeneration schemes that are in various stages of development and verification in the laboratory. The first scheme utilizes a thiol to digest the spent fuel and requires reforming formic acid to close the fuel cycle. The second scheme utilizes an alcohol to digest the spent fuel, but not all steps in the process have been formulated or tested. The third scheme is a single-reactor process that uses hydrazine to regenerate spent AB, but the production of hydrazine from hydrogen is itself not a trivial process. Engineering flowsheets were constructed for each of the three regeneration schemes and the process energy requirements for each scheme were calculated. Additionally, total energy requirements across the entire chain of production, delivery, storage, recovery, and regeneration were evaluated to determine the total cycle well-to-tank energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions. The well-to-tank efficiency ranges from a low of 8% in one version of the third regeneration scheme to as high as 37% in the second scheme if the missing process steps were to have no impact on efficiency. The estimated greenhouse gas emissions are between 20 and 100 kg CO2-equivalent per kg H2 delivered to the vehicle.
Social stress, visceral obesity, and coronary artery atherosclerosis: product of a primate adaptation

Abdominal obesity is prevalent and often accompanied by an array of metabolic perturbations including elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state, together referred to as the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome greatly increases coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Social stress also increases CHD although the mechanisms through which this occurs are not completely understood. Chronic stress may result in sustained glucocorticoid production, which is thought to promote visceral obesity. Thus, one hypothesis is that social stress may cause visceral fat deposition and the metabolic syndrome, which, in turn increases CHD. CHD is caused by coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA) and its sequelae. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) are a well-established models of CAA. Social subordination may be stressful to cynomolgus monkeys and result in hypercortisolemia and exacerbated CAA in females. Herein is reviewed a body of literature which suggests that social stress increases visceral fat deposition in cynomolgus monkeys, that subordinate females are more likely than dominants to have visceral obesity, that females with visceral obesity have behavioral and physiological characteristics consistent with a stressed state, and that females with high ratios of visceral to subcutaneous abdominal fat develop more CAA. While these relationships have been most extensively studied in cynomolgus macaques, obesity-related metabolic disturbances are also observed in other primate species. Taken together, these observations support the view that the current obesity epidemic is the result of a primate adaptation involving the coevolution with encephalization of elaborate physiological systems to protect against starvation and defend stored body fat in order to feed a large and metabolically demanding brain. Social stress may be engaging these same physiological systems, increasing the visceral deposition of fat and its sequelae, which increase CHD risk.
Fluorescent inhibitor probes of enzyme active site conformation: anion binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme

Dansylated tight-binding inhibitors are effective fluorophoric probes for detecting conformational changes of enzyme active sites. In this study they have been employed to examine the effect of anions on the conformation of angiotensin-converting enzyme. The efficiency of radiationless energy transfer between enzyme tryptophan residues and an active site-bound dansyl inhibitor has been shown to be enhanced by the addition of chloride. Half-maximal fluorescence enhancement occurs at about 2 mM chloride and is the same for both N-(1-carboxyl-5-dansylamino-pentyl)-glycyl-L-phenylalanine [Ki,app = 50 nM (pH 7.5, 300 mM NaCl)] and N-(1-carboxyl-5-dansylamino-pentyl)-glycyl-L-lysine (Ki,app = 5.7 nM). Other activating anions also evoke similar increases in enzyme-inhibitor energy transfer. Fluorescence changes are not due to binding additional inhibitor molecules but rather to an anion-induced change in protein conformation.
A history of New York state literacy test assessment: Historicizing calls to localism in writing assessment

Abstract Drawing upon archival materials, I describe the history, design, and assessment of literacy tests from early 20th century New York state. Practitioners working with these early standardized writing tests grappled with tensions created by public Nativist sentiment, the legislation of “literacy,” and calls to score the tests in standardized yet locally appropriate ways. These practitioners developed their own constructs for “reading,” “writing,” and “literacy” as they administered and scored the tests. These practitioners were enacting writing assessment theories and methods that are currently valorized in calls to local writing assessment, disrupting some assumptions about writing assessment history as a move from strict standardization to more contextualized, local approaches. Practitioner efforts also provide a way forward as we continue to negotiate between calls to localism and standardization.
The relationship between aboveground and belowground biomass of freshwater tidal wetland macrophytes

Abstract Aboveground and belowground biomass relationships of 15 annual and perennial freshwater tidal wetland macrophytes were examined. The data showed that regression equations may be used with confidence to estimate belowground biomass from aboveground biomass for most species. The linear regression model was suitable except for one species which had a large belowground component and for which the exponential model was more appropriate. Belowground: aboveground biomass ratios were significantly different for the 8 annual species examined. At peak biomass, all annuals allocated less than one third of the total net annual production into belowground structures. They exhibited distinct seasonal patterns of biomass allocation with more biomass incorporated into belowground components during the early part of the growing season. Perennial species exhibited 4 patterns of biomass allocation with Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth having a significantly greater mean belowground: aboveground biomass ratio than other perennials. Factors that may control biomass allocation patterns include depth of rooting and life history strategies.
Reproductive Development and Related Observations during the Spawning Migration of Hickory Shad

Abstract Hickory shad Alosa mediocris were sampled for two consecutive years in coastal North Carolina at various points of their ascent in salt water, brackish water, and freshwater to examine reproductive development and related variables during the spawning migration. Fish averaged 3 years of age; however, the proportion of repeat spawners and the proportion of individuals in older age-classes were greater for females than for males, and females were larger than males of the same age. Nearly all fish had identifiable food items in their stomachs early in migration. Feeding decreased significantly as fish entered freshwater, and energy reserves became depleted with movements upstream. Reproductive development was positively correlated with inland movements, as indicated by increases in the gonadosomatic index and oocyte size and based on histological examination. Separate oocyte size-classes were observed within the same individuals, and postovulatory follicles were also present; these observations indi...
Write-optimized reliable design of STT MRAM

Spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT MRAM) is a promising non-volatile memory due to its outstanding potential for high integration density and excellent scalability. Despite the attractive features, high write current and power is still a major challenge. As a result, the optimization of the memory for write is critical.In this work, we analyze asymmetric write currents in STT MRAMs considering process variations, and identify a potential for write power reduction. We propose circuit design techniques 1) bit-line voltage clamping using a pass transistor and 2) 2T-1R dual source-line bit-cell design, to balance out the asymmetric write currents and optimize the memory design from both write-power and reliability aspects. Our proposed techniques can be easily incorporated with previously proposed design techniques without affecting the bit-cell write-ability, read stability, and performance. We analyze the impact of our proposed techniques on write power and MTJ current density and show 30-68% average write power savings and 4-41% reduction in MTJ current density in STT MRAM.
The effects of triparanol on adrenocortical cells of the zona fasciculata of Syrian hamsters

Adrenocortical cells of the zona fasciculata of adult Syrian hamsters given 250 mg/kg triparanol daily by stomach tube were compared with cortical cells of untreated control animals. Dark cytoplasmic bodies which stained with toluidine blue, Nile blue sulfate, Sudan black B and acid hematein were observed with the light microscope. The bodies disappeared following the pyridine extraction-acid hematein test and control animals as well as animals treated with triparanol failed to give a positive reaction for cholesterol. These findings offer evidence that the cytoplasmic bodies are phospholipids. With the electron microscope the cytoplasmic granules exhibited rounded edges and were occasionally surrounded by a membrane. They displayed a crystalline latticework with opaque lines approximately 40–60 A separated by clear spaces 50–70 A. These observations coupled with the biochemical findings of other investigators suggest that the crystals may represent either the accumulations of enzymes or the matrix for a steroid precursor such as desmosterol.
Propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism reduces xenograft tumor growth in athymic nude mice.

BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones are endocrine modulators of several vital processes that are crucial to tumor growth and differentiation. Several anecdotal reports in the literature suggest that some histologic types of carcinoma may remain in a dormant state for prolonged periods of time in patients with hypothyroidism, with eventual progression of the disease once the decreased thyroid function is identified and corrected. METHODS Oral propylthiouracil (PTU) was used to induce hypothyroidism in athymic nude mice that were subsequently inoculated with lung adenocarcinoma and prostate adenocarcinoma cells. Mice were also treated with a combination of PTU and thyroxine, which resulted in hyperthyroid levels of T4. RESULTS Subcutaneous lung and prostate xenografts grew significantly more slowly in hypothyroid mice treated with PTU than in euthyroid or hyperthyroid mice, regardless of treatment with PTU. Tumors grew well in groups of mice that were changed from a hypothyroid state to a euthyroid state by withdrawal of oral PTU. Administration of PTU 3 weeks after tumor inoculation also caused the tumor growth to slow significantly compared with tumors in mice that did not receive PTU. Mice that received PTU and thyroxine had tumors that grew as well as the tumors in euthyroid control animals. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that human lung and prostate tumors do not grow well in hypothyroid nude mice, and that rendering these animals euthyroid has a significant impact on the growth rate of these tumors. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo data indicated that this was not a result of an interaction of the tumor cells with PTU, but rather a result of the hypothyroid state. Cancer 1999;86:1596–601. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Mirror inspection varies with age and tool-using ability in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

We examined mirror inspection in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Capuchins were presented with a non-reflective surface for 30 minutes and then a mirror for 3 hours. Inspection of the non-reflective surface did not vary significantly as a function of tool-using ability, age, or sex. Mirror inspection was lowest in older animals, and was greater in animals that used tools than in animals that did not use tools. Mirror-aided self-inspection was not observed. These results indicate that mirror inspection varies with age and tool-using ability in tufted capuchin monkeys. We hypothesize that psychological capacities associated with mirror inspection correspond with those related to the use of tools, and that these capacities facilitate the emergence of self-recognition in some primate species.
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN COLD TOLERANCE AND TEMPERATE BIOGEOGRAPHY IN A WESTERN ATLANTIC SYMBIODINIUM (DINOPHYTA) LINEAGE1

Many corals form obligate symbioses with photosynthetic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium Freudenthal (1962). These symbionts vary genotypically, with their geographical distribution and abundance dependent upon host specificity and tolerance to temperature and light variation. Despite the importance of these mutualistic relationships, the physiology and ecology of Symbiodinium spp. remain poorly characterized. Here, we report that rDNA internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) defined Symbiodinium type B2 associates with the cnidarian hosts Astrangia poculata and Oculina arbuscula from northerly habitats of the western Atlantic. Using pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometry, we compared maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII of type B2 to that of common tropical Symbiodinium lineages (types A3, B1, and C2) under cold-stress conditions. Symbiont cultures were gradually cooled from 26°C to 10°C to simulate seasonal temperature declines. Cold stress decreased the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII and likely the photosynthetic potential for all Symbiodinium clades tested. Cultures were then maintained at 10°C for a 2-week period and gradually returned to initial conditions. Subsequent to low temperature stress, only type B2 displayed rapid and full recovery of PSII photochemical efficiency, whereas other symbiont phylotypes remained nonfunctional. These findings indicate that the distribution and abundance of Symbiodinium spp., and by extension their cnidarian hosts, in temperate climates correspond significantly with the photosynthetic cold tolerance of these symbiotic algae.
Confidence in Charitable Institutions and Volunteering

Should we be concerned when the public’s confidence in charitable institutions declines? This research fills a gap in the literature regarding the relationship between volunteering and confidence in charitable institutions. It models volunteering as impure altruism—joint consumption of a public good (charity) and a private good (clubbiness). Confidence affects the consumption of the public good but not the private good. The feedback effect of volunteering on confidence is also considered. Low-confidence people may volunteer because they are asked and then gain confidence in charitable institutions by working with them. A two-equation bivariate probit model separately identifies the effect of confidence in charitable institutions on volunteering and the opposite effect of volunteering on confidence. Empirical results support hypotheses that recruiting a person to volunteer overrides a lack of confidence in charitable institutions and volunteering fosters confidence in charitable institutions. The latter ef...
A first multigigahertz digitally controlled oscillator for wireless applications

A novel digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) architecture for multigigahertz wireless RF applications, such as short-range wireless connectivity or cellular phones, is proposed and demonstrated. It deliberately avoids any use of an analog tuning voltage control line. Fine frequency resolution is achieved through high-speed dithering, yet the resulting spurious tones are very low. This enables to employ fully digital frequency synthesizers in the most advanced deep-submicrometer digital CMOS processes, which allow almost no analog extensions. It promotes cost-effective integration with the digital back-end onto a single silicon die. The demonstrator test chip has been fabricated in a digital 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS process together with a digital signal processor to investigate noise coupling. The 2.4 GHz DCO core consumes 2.3 mA from a 1.5 V supply and has a very large tuning range of 500 MHz. The phase noise is -112 dBc/Hz at 500 kHz offset. The presented ideas have been incorporated in a commercial Bluetooth transceiver.
The Costs and Risks of Social Activism: A Study of Sanctuary Movement Activism

This study challenges thefrequent characterization of social movements as homogeneous webs of activity. Such a view distorts the activist experience and blinds scholars to the daily realities of activism. We use the concepts of "cost" and "risk" to distinguish activist experiences within a single social movement. Data obtained from 141 participants in the sanctuary movement show: (1) individuals engage in a variety of movement activities; (2) cost and risk are empirically distinguishable, along with their personal correlates; and (3) of the varables drawn from two dominant explanations of movement participation, biographical availability factors best predict high-cost activism (more hours devoted to the movement), while socialization factors best differentiate highrisk (direct contact with Central American refugees) from low-risk activists (no refugee contact). Two research questions have long dominated the sociological study of social movements: the macroquestion of movement emergence: Why do movements emerge in the first place?, and the microquestion of movement recruitment: Why do some individuals, but not others, join social movements? Our research is concerned with the latter question of social movement recruitment. In some ways, our study is concerned with issues preliminary to the question of recruitment. We ask, What are individuals being recruited to do? While this question may appear to be an obvious one to ask about movement recruitment, social movement scholars have paid minimal attention to it. We approach the study of social activism in several ways. First, we depart from the usual approach of studying recruitment. Rather than searching for factors that differentiate activists from nonactivists, we investigate variation between activists in the same movement. Next, we call into question a view often implied in the sociological study of social movements, a view that distorts the activist experience by depicting social movements as homogeneous webs of
Continental Rise off East Coast of North America: Deep Structure: ABSTRACT

End_Page 707------------------------------Gravity and magnetic measurements together with continuous seismic profiling have provided new information about the structure beneath the sediments of the continental shelf, slope, and rise off the east coast of North America. Free-air and simple Bouguer gravity anomaly charts were prepared for this region from data obtained on three cruises of the R/V Chain in 1968 and published submarine pendulum observations by Vening Meinesz and Worzel. The zero free-air gravity anomaly contour parallels the strike of the continental slope and is located over water depths ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 m. A continuous band of positive free-air anomaly values occurs over the landward side of the continental shelf. The maximum measured anomaly ranges from about +10 to +85 mgal along the band, and maxi a occur near Cape Hatteras, off southern New Jersey, near 66° W long., and near 60° W long. Structure-model studies suggest that the positive anomaly band is caused mainly by a basement ridge beneath the edge of the continental shelf. The same structure models also suggest that the continental shelf and rise are largely in isostatic equilibrium, and that only crustal segments near the continental slope with widths of about 40-50 km are not in equilibrium. Magnetic measurements made on various cruises of WHOI ships show that the continental rise and slope have a smooth magnetic anomaly field about 400 km wide. The anomaly amplitudes here are generally less than 200 ^ggr except above isolated seamounts. West of this low-amplitude region, a belt of strong positive anomalies trends along the slope. East of the smooth anomaly region, an abrupt transition takes place to high-amplitude anomalies, commonly greater than 500 ^ggr. Tentative correlation of these anomaly peaks suggests that the anomaly trend north of the New England seamount chain is toward the east and, south of the chain, toward the south-southwest. Model studies suggest that the top of the magnetic material that produces the anomalies observed across the abyssal plains could be the rough opaque seismic reflector beneath this area. Magnetic susceptibility contrasts within the basement material, rather than topographic effects, are required if the basement produces the observed anomalies. Sea-floor-spreading-type models were constructed using simple two-dimensional blocks of alternately positive and negative magnetized material and a spreading rate of 1 cm/yr. The region of low-amplitude anomalies is inferred to have a uniform negative magnetic polarity and to have formed during the Kiaman Magnetic Interval: a 50-million year period during late Paleozoic time when the geomagnetic field polarity was reversed. It is suggested that the belt of strong magnetic anomalies beneath the slope, but west of the low-amplitude anomalies, was formed during Early Permian time p ior to the Kiaman Magnetic Interval. End_of_Article - Last_Page 708------------
Competing Risks of Mortality in Prostate Cancer

AbstractPurpose: We have observed that in prostate cancer older age, black race, high stage and no treatment are independently associated with higher disease specific and overall mortality. Because disease nonspecific mortality was not examined one cannot reasonably infer that higher overall mortality is largely due to higher disease specific mortality. To understand better the interactions of independent prognostic variables with overall mortality we jointly evaluated their effects on type of death and time to death.Materials and Methods: Using the prostate cancer patients of the 1973 to 1990 public use tape of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program, we performed competing risks analysis with multivariate accelerated failure time model to examine if the prognostic factors were associated with type of death and time to death.Results: Older age, black race and no treatment were independently associated with higher relative risk of disease specific and nonspecific mortality. Localized stage ...