cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlated variation and population differentiation in satellite DNA abundance among lines of Drosophila melanogaster

Tandemly repeating satellite DNA elements in heterochromatin occupy a substantial portion of many eukaryotic genomes. Although often characterized as genomic parasites deleterious to the host, they also can be crucial for essential processes such as chromosome segregation. Adding to their interest, satellite DNA elements evolve at high rates; among Drosophila, closely related species often differ drastically in both the types and abundances of satellite repeats. However, due to technical challenges, the evolutionary mechanisms driving this rapid turnover remain unclear. Here we characterize natural variation in simple-sequence repeats of 2–10 bp from inbred Drosophila melanogaster lines derived from multiple populations, using a method we developed called k-Seek that analyzes unassembled Illumina sequence reads. In addition to quantifying all previously described satellite repeats, we identified many novel repeats of low to medium abundance. Many of the repeats show population differentiation, including two that are present in only some populations. Interestingly, the population structure inferred from overall satellite quantities does not recapitulate the expected population relationships based on the demographic history of D. melanogaster. We also find that some satellites of similar sequence composition are correlated across lines, revealing concerted evolution. Moreover, correlated satellites tend to be interspersed with each other, further suggesting that concerted change is partially driven by higher order structure. Surprisingly, we identified negative correlations among some satellites, suggesting antagonistic interactions. Our study demonstrates that current genome assemblies vastly underestimate the complexity, abundance, and variation of highly repetitive satellite DNA and presents approaches to understand their rapid evolutionary divergence.
Polarization dependence of second-harmonic generation in thin-film planar waveguides.

The effect of light polarization on the growth of second-harmonic generation (SHG) in germanium-doped silica thin-film planar waveguides was investigated. Film-generated SHG produced by input coupled light with transverse magnetic polarization was measured to be over three orders of magnitude larger than that for light with transverse electric polarization. A phenomenological model, based on charge transport induced by photoionization, was used to compute the SHG and was found to agree with the experimental results.
Dynamics of Insulin Signaling in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes DIFFERENTIAL COMPARTMENTALIZATION AND TRAFFICKING OF INSULIN RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE (IRS)-1 AND IRS-2

The ability of the insulin receptor to phosphorylate multiple substrates and their subcellular localization are two of the determinants that contribute to diversity of signaling. We find that insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 is 2-fold more concentrated in the intracellular membrane (IM) compartment than in cytosol, whereas IRS-2 is 2-fold more concentrated in cytosol than in IM. Insulin stimulation induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of both IRS-1 and IRS-2. This occurs mainly in the IM compartment, even though IRS-2 is located predominantly in cytosol. Furthermore, after insulin stimulation, both IRS-1 and IRS-2 translocate from IM to cytosol with at½ of 3.5 min. Using an in vitro reconstitution assay, we have demonstrated an association between IRS-1 and internal membranes and have shown that the dissociation of IRS-1 from IM is dependent on serine/threonine phosphorylation of IM. By comparison, within 1 min after insulin stimulation, 40% of the total pool of the 85-kDa subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p85) is recruited from cytosol to IM, the greater part of which can be accounted for by binding to IRS-1 present in the IM. The p85 binding and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity associated with IRS-2 rapidly decrease in both IM and cytosol, whereas those associated with IRS-1 stay at a relatively high level in IM and increase with time in cytosol despite a return of p85 to the cytosol and decreasing tyrosine phosphorylation of cytosolic IRS-1. These data indicate that IRS-1 and IRS-2 are differentially distributed in the cell and move from IM to cytosol following insulin stimulation. Insulin-stimulated IRS-1 and IRS-2 signaling occurs mainly in the IM and shows different kinetics; IRS-1-mediated signaling is more stable, whereas IRS-2-mediated signaling is more transient. These differences in substrate utilization and compartmentalization may contribute to the complexity and diversity of the insulin signaling network.
A Note on Denavit-Hartenberg Notation in Robotics

The Denavit-Hartenberg conventions model chains of bodies connected by joints. Originally they were applied to single-loop chains but are now almost universally applied to open-loop serial chains such as robotic manipulators. Unfortunately there are several popular variations of the notation: the original, the distal variant, and the proximal variant. These three cases are compared for their application to serial robots. The proximal variate is advanced as the most notationally transparent for the mechanical analysis of serial manipulators.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Variations in hemolytic efficiency of isoelectric antibody fractions

Abstract Pooled, specifically purified rabbit IgG antibody to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) hapten was separated into 64 fractions by a combination of ion exchange chromatography on QAE-Sephadex and isoelectric focusing, with an overall recovery of 67 per cent of the applied protein. 38 per cent of the starting material was recovered in eight fractions, each comprising 2·5 per cent or more of the input. Gel isoelectric focusing of these fractions revealed some remaining contamination by adjacent bands. Quantitative measurements of complement-mediated hemolytic activity against DNP-erythrocytes showed that (i) only seven of the 64 fractions, comprising 0·9 per cent of the input, had no detectable hemolytic activity; (ii) the pI of hemolytically active fractions ranged from 4·5 to 9·3; (iii) the hemolytic activity per mg of protein varied for different fractions, fractions of low pI generally being less active than those of high pI. Equilibrium dialysis data on some of the fractions showed some losses of combining sites; but differences in hemolytic activity per mg of protein between fractions could not be accounted for in terms of differences in number of hapten binding sites or binding constants.
Austrian Business Cycle Theory: A Corporate Finance Point of View

The Austrian business cycle theory (ABCT) has been criticized for not being a true theory of the business cycle. The main emphasis of the ABCT has been on the theory of the upper-turning point—the artificial expansion of credit, the manipulation of interest rates, the malinvestments committed by entrepreneurs and then the credit crunch and/or real resource crunch. The paper provides an illustration (from a corporate finance point of view) of how a company, by following market signals, will launch a project that is a malinvestment. The paper then demonstrates how a company can take a failing component from another business and turn it into a viable operation via the liquidation process. This paper then demonstrates how the Austrian theory can make superior recommendations for policies (through the usage of the liquidation process) to help stimulate economic recovery.
Multipass coefficients for terrain impacts based on military vehicle type, size and dynamic operating properties

Abstract Quantification of multipass vehicle impacts is needed to determine terrain disturbance during military training. This study, conducted at Fort Riley, Kansas on a clay loam soil, evaluated the multipass terrain impacts of four military vehicles: the M1A1 Main Battle Tank, M998 HMMWV, M985 HEMTT, and M113 APC. Disturbed width and impact severity were assessed along 14 spirals subjected to a maximum of eight passes for a total of 696 impact points. Project goals included evaluating vegetation impacts by tracked and wheeled military vehicles across multiple passes in order to develop coefficients allowing more accurate predictive modeling of vehicle multipass impacts. Multiple passes produce increased vegetative impacts, with multipass coefficients (MPC) ranging from 0.98 to 4.44 depending on vehicle type, size and turn severity. Tracked vehicles were found to have a higher multipass coefficient than wheeled vehicles, with multipass coefficients increasing with vehicle weight and the sharpness of turns. The components of a more theoretical and universal multipass vehicle impact model are discussed. Understanding multipass dynamics will allow land managers to determine the extent and severity of terrain impacts on military training areas and quickly evaluate vehicle environmental impacts when used in conjunction with a GPS-based vehicle tracking system (VTS).
Reduction in vesicant-induced cellular inflammation and hyperalgesia by local injection of corticotropin releasing factor in rabbit eyelid.

Objective and design: This study tested the ability of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) to mitigate inflammatory cell infiltration and hyperalgesia after a direct subcutaneous doxorubicin injection, a vesicant drug that causes localized inflammation at the site of subcutaneous exposure.¶Subjects: This study used 62 adult New Zealand white rabbits.¶Methods: Doxorubicin (1-2 mg), followed by either CRF (300, 150, 75, 35, 20 or 10 μg in 1 ml saline) or saline only, was injected into pairs of rabbit eyelids. One set of doxorubicin and CRF treated eyelid pairs also received injection of a CRF antagonist into one eyelid. The eyelid tissue was assayed from 1-7 days later for morphometric changes in CD11b-positive inflammatory cell infiltrate. Hyperalgesia was assessed using the blink response to von Frey hair stimulation. Epidermal and dermal nerve fibers were visualized immunochemically using an antibody to PGP 9.5. The cellular localization of corticotropin releasing factor was determined immunohistochemically in eyelid tissue.¶Results: Doses of CRF from 35 to 150 μg significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration at all the post-injury time intervals examined, from 2 h post-injection up until 7 days. Doses of 10 and 20 μg CRF had no effect on local tissue inflammation caused by subcutaneous doxorubicin exposure. Doses of 35-150 μg CRF treatment significantly reduced the development of doxorubicin-induced hyperalgesia; this was maintained up to 4 days. Local CRF injections of 35-150 μg markedly reduced the doxorubicin induction of PGP-positive axons within the epidermis and subepidermis. CRF receptors were localized to the basal layer of the epithelium and to the subcutaneous nerve afferents.¶Conclusions: Local injection of CRF, after a subcutaneous exposure to the vesicant drug doxorubicin, significantly reduced the infiltration of CD11b-positive cells and reduced doxorubicin-induced hyperalgesia in the treated eyelids. This reduction in hyperalgesia appears to be a local peripheral effect, reducing nerve fibers within the subepidermal treatment area. This demonstrates the potential clinical usefulness of CRF because it could be used post-injury as a locally injected treatment; this potent local anti-inflammatory agent may have wide applications following drug, chemical, physical or surgical injury.
Role of Poly-ADP Ribosyltransferase Activation in the Vascular Contractile and Energetic Failure Elicited by Exogenous and Endogenous Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite

Abstract Stimulation of vascular smooth muscle with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and proinflammatory cytokines induces the expression of a distinct isoform of NO synthase (inducible NOS [iNOS...
Miniature circulatory column system for gas chromatography

This paper presents the first micro-scale circulatory column system that enables the extension of the effective column length through the circulatory loop without increasing the device volume, thus ultimately achieving ultra-high separation capacity. The circulatory column system consists of two 25-cm micro columns and six mini valves to produce circulatory Chromatographie separation. The fabricated column system (1) demonstrated the highest theoretical plate number per length-pressure of 206plates/m-kPa ever reported, enhancement in the detection capacity by 66% compared to the literature; (2) accomplished the longest effective micro column length of 5 meters ever reported; and (3) demonstrated the first micro-scale circulatory separation of target gas molecules up to 10 turns through a set of two 25-cm micro columns.
Phase-2 evaluation of a Tactical conflict detection tool in the Terminal area

A conflict detection and resolution tool, Terminal Tactical Separation Assurance Flight Environment (T-TSAFE), is being developed to improve the accuracy and reduce the false alert rate beyond currently deployed technology. The legacy system in use today, Conflict Alert, relies primarily on a dead reckoning algorithm. By adding altitude intent information for conflict detection and resolution, T-TSAFE may improve conflict detection accuracy. In addition to verifying T-TSAFE's efficacy over Conflict Alert, an initial human-in-the-loop study suggested possible avenues of tool improvement through heuristic analysis. Results of this analysis were then used to guide a follow-up T-TSAFE investigation, which is described in this paper. This follow-up study tested four experimental conditions. The first two conditions varied conflict detection with and without altitude clearances entered into the tool by the controllers via keyboard. The other two conditions varied the presence of Automatic Terminal Proximity Alert (ATPA), an FAA tool used for monitoring final approach [1]. One of these final approach conditions used regular alerts in the data block without cones and the others used ATPA cones between different aircraft (i.e., a cone graphic shown in the flight display) as a warning for possible compression errors in the final approach. Entering altitude clearances into T-TSAFE was expected to reduce false alerts but did not, possibly due to the short duration of the runs, which did not allow for a large enough frequency of altitude entries to study the issue adequately. Also, the test conditions did not significantly impact the duration of the alert or the controller's response time to the alert. The subjective data showed that controllers favored the ATPA cones over the T-TSAFE alerts in the data blocks on final approach. Results also indicate manageable levels of workload and situation awareness, which combined with other results, seem to indicate promise for T-TSAFE as a viable air traffic control tool, pending further research and adaptation.
Anomalous spiral motion of steps near dislocations on silicon surfaces.

We have used low-energy electron microscopy to measure step motion on Si(111) and Si(001) near dislocations during growth and sublimation. Steps on Si(111) exhibit the classic rotating Archimedean spiral motion, as predicted by Burton, Cabrera, and Frank. Steps on Si(001), however, move in a strikingly different manner. Thestrain-relieving anomalous behavior can be understood in detail by considering how the local step velocity is affected by the nonuniform strain field arising from the dislocation. We show how the dynamic step-flow pattern is related to the dislocation slip system.
Encephalomyocarditis virus induces PKR-independent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in macrophages

In this study, we provide evidence that the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is not required for virus-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) or the activation of specific signaling pathways in macrophages. The infection of RAW264.7 cells with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) induces iNOS expression and nitric oxide production, which are unaffected by a dominant-negative mutant of PKR. EMCV infection also activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase, cyclic AMP response element binding protein, and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling cascades at 15 to 30 min postinfection in PKR+/+ and PKR-/- macrophages. Activation of these signaling cascades does not temporally correlate with PKR activity or the accumulation of EMCV RNA, suggesting that an interaction between a structural component of the virion and the cell surface may activate macrophages. Consistent with this hypothesis, empty EMCV capsids induced comparable levels of iNOS expression, nitrite production, and activation of these signaling cascades to those induced by intact virions. These findings support the hypothesis that virion-host cell interactions are primary mediators of the PKR-independent activation of signaling pathways that participate in the macrophage antiviral response of inflammatory gene expression.
Behavioral discretization and the number of castes in an ant species

1. Two extreme possibilities in the evolution of temporal castes can be envisaged. First, workers can undergo changes in responsiveness to various kinds of stimuli in a strongly discordant manner as they grow older, so that each task is addressed by a distinctly different frequency distribution of workers belonging to different age groups. Because these age-frequency distributions change almost gradually from one task to another in covering many such tasks, the resulting temporal caste system is referred to as continuous. At the opposite extreme, the aging worker can undergo changes in responsiveness to different stimuli in a highly concordant manner, so that all of the tasks are attended by one or relatively few frequency distributions of workers belonging to different age groups. The resulting temporal caste system is referred to as discrete, and the evolutionary process leading to it is called behavioral discretization (Fig. 1). 2. The temporal system of the minor worker caste of Pheidole dentata proves to be much closer to the discrete state, although it is not extreme in form (Figs. 3, 4). On the basis of ethograms constructed of stressed and unstressed colonies in which the approximate ages of the minor workers were known, it is possible to recognize five discrete female castes: the queen, a single temporal subcaste of the major worker, and three temporal subcastes of the minor worker. These are the elements which can now be employed in ergonomic analyses of the species' caste system.
Glucose regulates steady-state levels of PDX1 via the reciprocal actions of GSK3 and AKT kinases.

The pancreatic beta cell is sensitive to even small changes in PDX1 protein levels; consequently, Pdx1 haploinsufficiency can inhibit beta cell growth and decrease insulin biosynthesis and gene expression, leading to compromised glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Using metabolic labeling of primary islets and a cultured β cell line, we show that glucose levels modulate PDX1 protein phosphorylation at a novel C-terminal GSK3 consensus that maps to serines 268 and 272. A decrease in glucose levels triggers increased turnover of the PDX1 protein in a GSK3-dependent manner, such that PDX1 phosphomutants are refractory to the destabilizing effect of low glucose. Glucose-stimulated activation of AKT and inhibition of GSK3 decrease PDX1 phosphorylation and delay degradation. Furthermore, direct pharmacologic inhibition of AKT destabilizes, and inhibition of GSK3 increases PDX1 protein stability. These studies define a novel functional role for the PDX1 C terminus in mediating the effects of glucose and demonstrate that glucose modulates PDX1 stability via the AKT-GSK3 axis.
Nadine Naber. Arab America: Gender, Cultural Politics, and Activism. New York: New York UP, 2012. Print.

Nadine Naber's Arab America: Gender, Cultural Politics, and Activism provides context, cultural understanding, and criticism for what it means to be an Arab American and activist for both insiders ...
Numerical simulation of resonances in microtomographic models.

Summary To quantitatively assess material properties in porous media and their associated scale dependence, we simulate acoustic wavefield resonances in numerical models derived from microtomographic data gathered for sintered glass bead packs. The 3D wave propagation simulations utilize a staggered-grid finite-difference (FD) formulation of the first order velocity-pressure system of equations. The FD code is capable of modeling both stress-free and periodic boundaries and this flexibility facilitates the modeling of an infinitely-extending “slab” resonator from the microtomographic-based models. We find that the porous materials act as homogeneous effective media at low frequencies and we observe the transition into the regime of strong scattering from the pore structure, where an effective medium description is no longer valid. Future work will focus on simulating viscous loss, elastic wave propagation, and resonances resulting from a cube sample geometry instead of a “slab” in order to reproduce the experimental setup typically used in resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS).
The free-edge stress singularity at an interface between bilinear materials

Abstract The degree of the stress singularity that occurs at the termination of an interface between materials exhibiting bilinear stress-strain response under plane strain conditions is calculated. The governing elasticity equations together with traction-free boundary conditions and interface continuity conditions define a two-point boundary value problem. The stress components near the free edge are assumed to be proportional to r 1−t , with solutions existing only for certain values of s . Finding these values entails the solution of a generalized eigenvalue problem. Because it has been impossible to integrate the differential equations analytically, the integration has been performed numerically with a shooting method coupled with a Newton improvement scheme.
A NOTE ON LATENT TRAIT THEORY AND BOWKER'S TEST

Bowker's test for marginal equality in contingency tables provides a familiar chi-square test to determine whether the marginal distributions are the same across two or more factors or occasions. In this note it is shown how latent trait theory provides a theoretical framework for the development and application of this test.
Effects of relaxation training on cursive handwriting of fourth grade students.

A relaxation method for handwriting improvement was examined. The experimental and no-treatment control groups were composed of 10 students receiving a poor rating on handwriting characteristics an...
PGC-1α Regulation of Mitochondrial Degeneration in Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy

Mitochondrial degeneration is considered to play an important role in the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in humans. Mitochondrial degeneration and the corresponding protein regulation associated with the degeneration were studied in an animal model of diabetic neuropathy. PGC-1α and its-regulated transcription factors including TFAM and NRF1, which are master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, are significantly downregulated in streptozotocin diabetic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Diabetic mice develop peripheral neuropathy, loss of mitochondria, decreased mitochondrial DNA content and increased protein oxidation. Importantly, this phenotype is exacerbated in PGC-1α (−/−) diabetic mice, which develop a more severe neuropathy with reduced mitochondrial DNA and a further increase in protein oxidation. PGC-1α (−/−) diabetic mice develop an increase in total cholesterol and triglycerides, and a decrease in TFAM and NRF1 protein levels. Loss of PGC-1α causes severe mitochondrial degeneration with vacuolization in DRG neurons, coupled with reduced state 3 and 4 respiration, reduced expression of oxidative stress response genes and an increase in protein oxidation. In contrast, overexpression of PGC-1α in cultured adult mouse neurons prevents oxidative stress associated with increased glucose levels. The study provides new insights into the role of PGC-1α in mitochondrial regeneration in peripheral neurons and suggests that therapeutic modulation of PGC-1α function may be an attractive approach for treatment of diabetic neuropathy.
Previous land use alters plant allocation and growth in forest herbs

Summary 1 Former human practices can persistently influence forest ecosystems, particularly by altering the distribution and abundance of vegetation. Previous research has focused on the role of colonization success in governing plant community patterns in abandoned forests, but few studies have explored how changes in the performance of adult plants may contribute to changes in plant populations. 2 We examined patterns of biomass allocation and growth of 12 herbaceous plant species in southern Appalachian forest stands that have developed after agricultural abandonment or logging at least 55 years ago, to determine whether plant performance varied with land-use history. Soil nutrient availability and canopy closure were also investigated. 3 Adult plant biomass allocation varied appreciably among stands with different histories. Herbs in farmed stands generally allocated the most to leaves and the least to stems, while reference stands showed the opposite pattern. Plants in previously farmed sites had the highest rate of growth, although we observed considerable interspecific variation in plant performance. Stem allocation and relative growth rate were positively correlated in reference stands, but not in farmed or logged stands. Similarly, the growth of plants was clearly associated with soil nutrient concentration in reference stands but not in farmed or logged stands. 4 Differences in understorey density and soil nutrient availability may account for the observed patterns. Total herbaceous cover was appreciably lower in farmed and logged stands (58% and 51%) than in reference stands (78%), and soil phosphorus was higher in farmed stands than in logged and reference stands. Thus, competition for light and nutrients may be lower in farmed and logged stands than in reference stands, despite there being no difference in canopy closure with land-use history. 5 Overall, these results suggest that land-use history may influence environmental variables in ways that can enhance the performance of some herbaceous species. However, not all species may respond similarly to these changes.
Altered expression of the DNA repair protein, N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), in breast cancer

We examined expression of N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), a DNA repair enzyme that removes N-alkylpurine damage, in normal, malignant, and immortalized breast epithelial cells, and breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF7, T47D). Northern analysis showed increased expression in cancer versus normal breast epithelial cells (2–24-fold). Southern blots revealed no gene amplification or polymorphisms. Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis demonstrated increased MPG protein expression in the tumor cells that correlated with elevated glycosylase activity. Since MPG overexpression has been shown to be paradoxically associated with increased susceptibility to DNA damage, up-regulation of this gene may suggest a functional role in breast carcinogenesis.
Ethnic Peace in the Taiwan Strait

The Taiwan Strait has often been referred to as one of the world’s most dangerous hotspots and many dire predictions have been made about a military conflict between mainland China and Taiwan, likely involving the United States. Yet, despite several crises in the Taiwan Strait and numerous war speculations, there has been no major armed conflict between Beijing and Taipei since the 1950s. How do we explain the puzzle that an expected war across the Taiwan Strait did not happen after all? This paper first examines the explanations based on military balance of power. Having found the realist/rationalist explanations less convincing, however, this study explores the explanatory power of the “ethnicity” factor. It suggests that when the Chinese society is no longer divided by ideological differences, the “ethnicity” may provide a more convincing explanation of why a military conflict has not happened in the Taiwan Strait in the past four decades. This paper also considers several counterarguments, including the neo-liberal argument of economic integration as a driving force for peace in the age of globalization. The paper concludes with a discussion of some policy implications resulting from the “ethnic peace” thesis and proposes that when actively promoted by the both sides, the Chinese ethnic identity is likely to be the most important strategic guarantee of peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait for many years to come.
The Influence of Age, Gender, and Training on Exercise Efficiency

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in oxygen efficiency occur with aging or exercise training in healthy young and older subjects. Background Exercise capacity declines with age and improves with exercise training. Whether changes in oxygen efficiency, defined as the oxygen cost per unit work, contributes to the effects of aging or training has not yet been defined. Methods Sixty-one healthy subjects were recruited into four groups of younger women (ages 20 to 33 years, n = 15), younger men (ages 20 to 30 years, n = 12), older women (ages 65 to 79 years, n = 16), and older men (ages 65 to 77 years, n = 18). All subjects underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing to analyze aerobic parameters before and after three to six months of supervised aerobic exercise training. Results Before training, younger subjects had a much higher exercise capacity, as shown by a 42% higher peak oxygen consumption (Vo2) (ml/kg/min, p Conclusions Older age is associated with a decreased exercise efficiency and an increase in the oxygen cost of exercise, which contribute to a decreased exercise capacity. These age-related changes are reversed with exercise training, which improves efficiency to a greater degree in the elderly than in the young.
Sound velocity anisotropy in cubic crystals

Simple analytical expressions may be derived for sound velocities in cubic crystals by using lattice harmonics or functions which are invariant under the crystal symmetry operations. These expressions are in good agreement with the exact results for typical crystals such as metallic iron and potassium fluoride.
B cell signatures of BCWD-resistant and susceptible lines of rainbow trout: A shift towards more EBF-expressing progenitors and fewer mature B cells in resistant animals

Bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) is a chronic disease of rainbow trout, and is caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Fp), a common aquaculture pathogen. The National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture has bred two genetic lines of rainbow trout: a line of Fp-resistant trout (ARS-Fp-R or R-line trout) and a line of susceptible trout (ARS-Fp-S, or S-line). Little is known about how phenotypic selection alters immune response parameters or how such changes relate to genetic disease resistance. Herein, we quantify interindividual variation in the distribution and abundance of B cell populations (B cell signatures) and examine differences between genetic lines of naive animals. There are limited trout-specific cell surface markers currently available to resolve B cell subpopulations and thus we developed an alternative approach based on detection of differentially expressed transcription factors and intracellular cytokines. B cell signatures were compared between R-line and S-line trout by flow cytometry using antibodies against transcription factors early B cell factor-1 (EBF1) and paired domain box protein Pax5, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, and the immunoglobulin heavy chain mu. R-line trout had higher percentages of EBF(+) B myeloid/ progenitor and pre-B cells in PBL, anterior and posterior kidney tissues compared to S-line trout. The opposite pattern was detected in more mature B cell populations: R-line trout had lower percentages of both IgM(+) mature B cells and IgM-secreting cells in anterior kidney and PBL compared to S-line trout. In vitro LPS-activation studies of PBL and spleen cell cultures revealed no significant induction differences between R-line and S-line trout. Together, our findings suggest that selective resistance to BCWD may be associated with shifts in naive animal developmental lineage commitment that result in decreased B lymphopoiesis and increased myelopoiesis in BCWD resistant trout relative to susceptible trout.
On a representation of the inverse Fq-transform

A generalization of the Central Limit Theorem consistent with nonextensive statistical mechanics has been recently achieved through a generalized Fourier transform, noted q-Fourier transform. A representation formula for the inverse q-Fourier transform is here obtained in the class of functions G=⋃1⩽q 0,β>0}. This constitutes a first step towards a general representation of the inverse q-Fourier operation, which would enable interesting physical and other applications.
Infusion of an Oxytocin Antagonist into the Medial Preoptic Area Prior to Progesterone Inhibits Sexual Receptivity and Increases Rejection in Female Rats

Central administration of an antagonist to the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has been shown to block the progesterone-induced facilitation of female sexual receptivity. In this study we examined the effects of infusing an OT antagonist (OTA) into various brain sites before rats were injected with 250 micrograms progesterone (P). Ovariectomized animals were injected daily for three consecutive days with 1 microgram estradiol benzoate and then on the fourth day were infused into the medial preoptic area (MPOA), medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) or ventral tegmental area with either 250 ng/microliter/side OTA or artificial cerebrospinal fluid vehicle. Animals were tested in an arena made of two white polyethylene cages connected by a tunnel that allowed passage of the female but not of the larger male. Several receptive and non-receptive behaviors were recorded for a 15-min period beginning 4 hr after P injection. Animals infused with OTA into the MPOA before P showed an increase in the frequency and total duration of fighting with males and the frequency of audible vocalizations made by females. OTA infusions also increased the frequency of mounts that did not result in a lordosis posture. OTA infusions into the MPOA also reduced the frequency and total duration of lordosis postures in response to mounts. OTA infusions into the MBH and VTA had no effect on measures of sexual behaviors. Blocking OT transmission in the MPOA resulted in increased rejection behaviors and decreased receptivity in females when infused before systemic P injection.
Elevated cJUN expression and an ATF/CRE site within the ATF3 promoter contribute to activation of ATF3 transcription by the amino acid response.

Mammalian cells respond to amino acid deprivation through multiple signaling pathways referred to as the amino acid response (AAR). Transcription factors mediate the AAR after their activation by s...
Hair follicles serve as local reservoirs of skin mast cell precursors.

Several leukocyte populations normally reside in mouse skin, including Langerhans cells and γδ T cells in the epidermis and macrophage and mast cells in the dermis. Interestingly, these skin resident leukocytes are frequently identified within or around hair follicles (HFs), which are known to contain stem cell populations that can generate the epidermal architecture or give rise to the melanocyte lineage. Thus, we reasoned that HFs might serve as a local reservoir of the resident leukocyte populations in the skin. When vibrissal follicles of adult mice were cultured in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin 3 (IL-3), IL-7, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and Flt3 ligand, CD45+/lineage–/c-kit+/FcϵRI+ cells became detectable on the outgrowing fibroblasts in 10 days and expanded progressively thereafter. These HF-derived leukocytes showed characteristic features of connective tissue-type mast cells, including proliferative responsiveness to SCF, metachromatic granules, mRNA expression for mast cell proteases-1, -4, -5, and -6, and histamine release on ligation of surface IgE or stimulation with substance P or compound 48/80. These results, together with our findings that HFs contain c-kit+ cells and produce SCF mRNA and protein, suggest that HFs provide a unique microenvironment for local development of mast cells.
Cortical Stimulation Elicits Regional Distinctions in Auditory and Visual Naming

Summary: We used electrical stimulation mapping to compare performance on auditory and visual naming tasks in inferotemporal, lateral temporal, frontal, and parietal cortex in 8 temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with subdural electrodes placed for preoperative language localization. Performance on auditory responsive naming (ARN) and visual confrontation naming (VCN) was best during stimulation of parietal cortex and was equally impaired during stimulation of inferotemporal and frontal cortex. In contrast, ARN performance was significantly poorer than VCN performance during stimulation of anterior and posterior lateral temporal cortex. In most patients, stimulation of inferotemporal cortex at relatively low stimulus intensities (≥ 5 mA) during either ARN or VCN elicited reproducible errors in which patients could describe, gesture, spell, or draw, but not name, in response to auditory or visual cues. Inferotemporal and frontal cortex appear to be multimodality language regions distinct from lateral temporal cortex.
Surface Segregation of Aluminum (Spinel Precipitation) in MgO Crystals

MgO single crystals containing 0.006 and 0.187 wt% Al in solid solution at 1850°C were quenched and slow cooled. Analysis of the Al distribution near the surface with ion microprobe mass analysis indicated an increased Al concentration and near-surface precipitation within a region × to 4 μ thick in the slow-cooled samples and a much smaller enhanced concentration in the region 0.1 to 0.2 μ from the surface in the quenched samples.
Medical and nonmedical use of prescription pain medication by youth in a Detroit-area public school district

The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine the nonmedical use of prescription pain medications in a sample of public school students in the Detroit metropolitan area. The Web-based survey occurred during a 2-week period in May 2003 and drew on a diverse population between the ages of 10 and 18 years. An 87% response rate was achieved, providing a final sample of 1017. Twenty-two percent of girls and 10% of boys reported lifetime nonmedical use of a pain medication (χ2 = 25.2, d.f. = 1, p < 0.001). Of these students who reported lifetime nonmedical use of a pain medication, 15% of girls and 7% of boys reported past year use (χ2 = 12.7, d.f. = 1, p < 0.01). Compared to nonusers, nonmedical users of prescription pain medication were seven times more likely to smoke cigarettes, five times more likely to drink alcohol and smoke marijuana, almost four times more likely to binge drink, and eight times more likely to have used other illicit drugs. Of those reporting lifetime nonmedical use of prescription pain medication, 70% noted who gave them the drugs; 32% reported getting the drugs from a family member, 16% from a friend and 13% from a dealer or theft.
Properties of crystalline hexokinase from yeast. IV. Multiple forms of the enzyme.

Abstract Crystalline yeast hexokinase, prepared from commercial baker's yeast and recrystallized to constant specific activity, was separated into six molecular forms of equal specific activity by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. No protein without hexokinase activity was found. In preliminary studies, hexokinase was separated into at least two components by starch-gel electrophoresis. A technique involving the detection of hydrogen ions released in the hexokinase reaction was used to locate enzymatic activity in the starch gel.
The Effect of Peroxidase on Anthocyanin Pigments

SUMMARY Purified eyanidin 3-gentiobioside, cyanidin 3-rhamnoglucoside, and pelar-gonidin 3-glucoside are decolorized by horseradish peroxidase in acetate buffer. Among the optimum conditions for the reaction are pH 4.5–5.5, a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 10-4 to 10-3M, and a temperature of 60–70°C. A value equal to 110 × 104M-1× sec-1 was estimated for the reaction horseradish peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide-pelargonidin 3-monoglucoside at pH 4.7.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Dispersion Due to Impregnation of Viscous Fluids in Heated Fibrous Porous During Composites Processing

Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) is a composite manufacturing process in which a fibrous preform is placed in a closed mold and a viscous resin is injected into the mold to fill the empty spaces between the stationary network of fibers. The fiber preform and the mold are usually hot and transfer the heat to the moving resin. In this paper, we carried out an experimental investigation to validate the importance of heat dispersion in RTM and the local thermal equilibrium assumption during the non-isothermal mold filling process. In addition, we have developed an expression for the temperature boundary condition at the moving flow front for this moving boundary mold filling process based on volume averaging method and verified it with experiments. The heat dispersion was found to vary linearly with Peclet number and contributed significantly to the temperature distribution in RTM. Using order of magnitude analysis, it was clearly shown that the local thermal equilibrium is a reasonable assumption to model RTM processes and was verified with experimental results. Finally, as many fiber preforms consist of two scales of pore sizes, it is pointed out that further research is necessary in characterization and prediction of heat dispersion in dual scale porous media.
Reduplicating verbs in North-West Germanic

Abstract The existence of reduplication for forming the past of seventh-class strong verbs in Gothic as opposed to ablaut for the same class in the NW Gmc, languages has long posed a problem for the reconstruction of Germanic. Here we demonstrate that the stress in Gothic fell on the root of such verbs, not on the prefix as is generally supposed. Positing this as the Gmc. situation, we attempt to offer a plausible account of how the reduplicated forms of Gothic (and Proto-Germanic) could through reasonable and attested types of change eventually turn into the ablauting forms of NW Germanic.
A COMPARISON OF MICROBIOLOGICAL AND RADIOIMMUNOASSAY METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PANTOTHENIC ACID IN FOODS

Seventy-five foods were analyzed for the vitamin pantothenic acid using a microbiological assay and a new radioimmunoassay (RIA). The food sample extract used in both assays was the result of dialysis after enzyme hydrolysis. In the method used previously, the food-enzyme mixture had been filtered. A very high correlation (r2=.94) between the results from the RIA and the microbiological assay was found. There was a statistically significant difference between the two assay results for all foods and for the subgroups meats, breads and cereals, and fruits and vegetables at p=.05. At p = .01 breads and cereals and fruits and vegetables did not have significantly different results between the two assay methods. For all foods and all subgroups, the microbiological assay produced a higher mean result than the RIA. The RIA is an acceptable method for assaying pantothenic acid in breads and cereals and fruits and vegetables. Futher study is needed to determine how components of meat interact with one or both assay systems.
I Drum, Therefore I Am: Being and Becoming a Drummer

If the persistence of jokes about drummers is any indication, then the person behind the kit continues, 60 years after the start of the rock era, to be underappreciated. Through sociological and mu...
Annealing instabilities in small fabricated structures

Abstract When small fabricated structures are annealed under conditions where significant mass transport can occur, details of the shape can be altered as the material tries to reduce its total surface free-energy. Fluctuations in local surface curvature can lead to instabilities under the right geometrical conditions. In this Letter we describe the development of inhomogeneities in thin columns and ridges which have been fabricated on Si(001) wafer surfaces. We believe these instabilities to be closely related to the “Rayleigh” instability that causes such diverse phenomena as the break-up of fine columns of fluid into drops or the break-up of cylindrical second-phase material in a solid matrix.
Pleasure in Pursuit of Answers

What indeed is the "significance" of viscerosomatic convergence? It is clear from the four commentaries (and the comments of four anonymous reviewers) that there are multiple potential and compatible answers to this satisfyingly challenging question.
Initiating Physical Therapy on the Day of Surgery Decreases Length of Stay Without Compromising Functional Outcomes Following Total Hip Arthroplasty

In response to rising health care costs, hospitals are implementing clinical pathways in order to standardize care, improve cost efficiency and outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of initiating physical therapy (PT) on post operative day 1 (POD1) compared to initiating PT on day of surgery (DOS), on length of stay and in-hospital rehabilitation functional outcomes in total hip arthroplasty patients. This change in PT guidelines was part of the implementation of a new multidisciplinary clinical pathway, adopted by the institution in 2007. A retrospective descriptive study of 408 subjects undergoing unilateral THA compared two groups (204 in each group): those who initiated PT on POD1 and those who initiated PT on DOS. Compared to the POD1 group, patients in the DOS group stayed on average 0.21 days less in the hospital. There was no difference in the achievement of functional milestones in spite of the shortened hospitalization. The initiation of a new clinical pathway was successful in reducing mean length of stay while still allowing patients to achieve all necessary functional outcomes, required for discharge home.
Age related differences in the response to acidosis, hypoxia, and hyperkalaemia in canine cardiac Purkinje fibres

Objective: In the clinical setting, the response of adult and neonatal cardiac rhythms to hypoxia and to acidosis differs, the former leading to tachyarrhythmias and the latter to bradyarrhythmias. In this study, the aim was to determine whether a cellular electrophysiological substrate could be identified to explain the clinical observation. Methods: Conventional microelectrode techniques were used to study the electrophysiological responses of automatic Purkinje fibres to acidosis, hypoxia, and hyperkalaemia individually. Results: Adult Purkinje fibres showed decreases in maximum diastolic potential, activation voltage, and automaticity as pH was decreased from 7.3 to 6.1. Triggered activity due to early afterdepolarisations developed in 70% of adult Purkinje fibres at pH 6.1. Neonatal Purkinje fibres showed decreased automaticity as pH decreased and, in contrast to adults, quiescence occurred at pH 6.1 At Po2 <2.9 kPa automaticity decreased significantly in adult Purkinje fibres, whereas neonatal fibres were unaffected. The effect of raising [K+]o was comparable at both ages. Conclusions: The response to acidosis and to hypoxia differs significantly between neonatal and adult Purkinje fibres and may explain some developmental differences in the expression of cardiac arrhythmias. Cardiovascular Research 1994; 28 :125-128