cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of jojoba seed

Data are presented on the composition of jojoba seed harvested from randomly selected individual plants (175 in 1973, 139 in 1974) of the native population at Aguanga, CA. Except for seed yield per plant, which was 2.7 times higher in 1974, wax, protein, and hull content of the seed, as well as fatty acid and alcohol composition of the wax, were not very different in the 2 years. A significant (P<0.01) positive correlation was found between seed wt and wax content of the seed. Highly significant (P<0.01) correlations were found in pairs of fatty acids and alcohols except where fatty acid 20∶1 was included. Comparison of data from 22 plants of known identity for the 2 years also showed no significant change in wax content and composition of the seed. By contrast, correlations for seed wt, protein, hull percent, and yield per plant for the same period were all nonsignificant.
Effects on sleep of phentolamine and epinephrine infused into the locus coeruleus of cats.

Abstract The sleep-wavefulness behavior of cats was studied after infusion of phentolamine (3 μg, bilateral) or epinephrine (60 μg, bilateral) into the locus coeruleus. The drugs exerted opposite effects: phentolamine increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and decreased light slow wave sleep; epinephrine decreased REM sleep, increased rapid eye wave sleep and augmented wakefulness. The REM-enhancing effect of phentolamine was due to more REM periods than in control experiments, with a shortening of the sleep cycle. Epinephrine, by contrast, resulted in fewer REM periods and a prolongation of the sleep cycle. The data support the hypothesis that pontine catecholamines inhibit REM sleep and facilitate wakefulness in cats, and implicate the rostral pons as an important site for the REM-increasing effect of systemically administered phentolamine.
Efficient estimation of semiparametric transformation models for counting processes

SUMMARY A class of semiparametric transformation models is proposed to characterise the effects of possibly time-varying covariates on the intensity functions of counting processes. The class includes the proportional intensity model and linear transformation models as special cases. Nonparametric maximum likelihood estimators are developed for the regression parameters and cumulative intensity functions of these models based on censored data. The estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. The limiting variances for the estimators of the regression parameters achieve the semi parametric efficient bounds and can be consistently estimated. The limiting variances for the estimators of smooth functionals of the cumulative intensity function can also be consistently estimated. Simulation studies reveal that the proposed inference procedures perform well in practical settings. Two medical studies are provided.
Total synthesis of α-yohimbine

Abstract A facile total synthesis of the indole alkaloid α-yohimbine (1) from the hydroisoquinoline derivative 5 has been completed.
Dissociative chemisorption on metal surfaces

Quantum dynamics studies of dissociative chemisorption of diatomic molecules on metal surfaces have revealed some interesting features that may have important potential applications. The probability for dissociative adsorption of a diatomic molecule on relatively smooth metal surfaces is highly dependent on rotational orientation of the diatomic molecule with the parallel (helicopter) mode being most favorable in overcoming the dissociation barrier. For dissociation of homonuclear diatoms under certain conditions, there is a selection rule which forbids the dissociation of the molecule at low collision energies. In the model simulation of dissociation probability with a time-dependent barrier, the dissociation probability is found to have a maximum as a function of the oscillating frequency of the barrier.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Approximate Labelling for Simplicial Algorithms and Two Classes of Special Subsets of the Sphere

Call a subset of Rn complete if the origin is in its convex hull. We are concerned with the construction of large finite sets of points on the unit sphere whose complete subsets are, in some sense, easy to describe. Our motivation comes from simplicial algorithms for approximating zeroes of functions. We construct two classes of such subsets of the sphere, both of which generalize a subset that corresponds to usual integer labelling.
Model of alternating and aggressive communication with the example of katydid chirping

Abstract Alternating and aggressive communication patterns are present in many species. A theory is developed that explains these two modes of communication. The theory covers both central neural control as well as phonic interaction between two partners. A concrete example, chirping in the katydid Pterophylla camellifolia (Fab.), is shown in detail. Upon receiving acoustical stimuli from the partner a male katydid generates a characteristic response function, with three parts, which regulates solo-overlapping chirps, partially delayed chirps and alternating chirps. Each partner is considered as an element in a closed feedback loop, and described through its response period versus stimulus period curves. It is shown that in alternating mode the communication loop converges towards a stable operating point, while in aggressive mode stability is never achieved. Based on the theory, computer models have been designed simulating both deterministic and random components of the communication signal. Computer simulated chirping sequences are in excellent agreement with field measured data.
Effects of sucrose and dried alum sludge on the growth of Rudbeckia and leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from potting media containing biosolids compost.

Sewage treatment biosolids are composted at 198 facilities in the United States (Goldstein 1998). Amending potting media, used in the commercial production of ornamental plants, with biosolids compost is considered a prime use (Bugbee 1996). Biosolids compost contains substantial amounts of the plant nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). If these nutrients leach from the potting media they can become a pollutant. Nitrate (N03-N) is the most common chemical contaminant in drinking water wells (USEPA 1990) and non-point sources of N may contribute to low oxygen levels in marine estuaries (Frink 1991). Phosphorus enrichment of freshwater ponds and lakes promotes the growth of nuisance algae (Frink and Norvell 1984). Strategies are needed to help prevent N and P in potting media containing biosolids from leaching to the environment.
Review of LiFePO4 Phase Transition Mechanisms and New Observations from X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

The high rate capability and reversibility of lithium iron phosphate battery cathodes is attributed to the highly reversible transition between its LiFePO4 and FePO4 phases. Conflicting models exist for the phase transition mechanism, such as the shrinking or expanding core models, surface reaction limited model, and the single-phase kinetic model. A literature review suggests that the subscribed theories depend upon the experimental methods and also the geometry and size of the LiFePO4 particles. We study the electronic structure and disorder during the two-phase transition of commercial oval-shaped LiFePO4 particles using in situ XAS (X-ray absorption spectroscopy) with the �μ XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure) difference technique along with traditional EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) to track the Debye-Waller (DW) factor. The �μ XANES magnitude, |�μ|, tracks changes in the electronic structure which does not follow a synchronous path with lithium content. The magnitude of the DW shows the degree of structural disorder reaches a maximum near the middle of the charge/discharge cycle. The combined |�μ| and EXAFS results suggests the LiFePO4/FePO4 transition occurs through a “collective mosaic” or an unrelaxed “sequential” single-phase kinetic model.
Managing Organisation Fit in Times of Tumult

The key to effective management in times of tumult is organisation fit — the integration or congruence of the organisation. Tumult increases the need to manage the two major areas of fit more closely — organisation domain and external environment. Fit must be considered with equal emphasis in the short, mid and long term. An on‐going, strategic assessment of organisational fit is needed. The nature of the change process and the change variables must be identified. There are six ways that management can intervene between change variables to enhance their fit and four organisation interfaces which are directed towards adaptation to the external environment. This multi‐level change typology identifies three methods of directly managing organisation fit — intrusion, interface and intervention. These methods are discussed and interventions and interfaces described.
Foraging Behavior and Feeding Preference of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Kentucky Alfalfa

Foraging behavior and feeding preference of the most abundant ground beetles in Kentucky alfalfa were determined under simulated field conditions in a laboratory terrarium. Evarthrus sodalis LeConte is a carnivorous carabid that foraged primarily on the soil surface. Harpalus pennsylvanicus De Geer is an omnivorous carabid that was never observed on the plants. Amara cupreolata Putzeys foraged on alfalfa foliage as well as the soil surface and was observed feeding on larvae of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal). The variety of foraging and feeding strategies employed by these ground beetles illustrates the importance of examining carabids at the species level, rather than making generalizations at the family level.
Neural representation of dynamic frequency is degraded in older adults

Abstract Older adults, even with clinically normal hearing sensitivity, often report difficulty understanding speech in the presence of background noise. Part of this difficulty may be related to age-related degradations in the neural representation of speech sounds, such as formant transitions. Frequency-following responses (FFRs), which are dependent on phase-locked neural activity, were elicited using sounds consisting of linear frequency sweeps, which may be viewed as simple models of formant transitions. Eighteen adults (ten younger, 22–24 years old, and nine older, 51–67 years old) were tested. FFRs were elicited by tonal sweeps in six conditions. Two directions of frequency change, rising or falling, were used for each of three rates of frequency change. Stimulus-to-response cross correlations revealed that older adults had significantly poorer representation of the tonal sweeps, and that FFRs became poorer for faster rates of change. An additional FFR signal-to-noise ratio analysis based on time windows revealed that across the FFR waveforms and rates of frequency change, older adults had smaller (poorer) signal-to-noise ratios. These results indicate that older adults, even with clinically-normal hearing sensitivity, have degraded phase-locked neural representations of dynamic frequency.
Nondestructive evaluation of pavements using spectral analysis of surface waves in the frequency wave-number domain

The potential of using Spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) for nondestructive testing of pavement and soil sites has been demonstrated in several publications. The usual SASW field testing and data analysis procedures and the assumption of a single propagation mode yield accurate results when there are no sharp changes in the stiffness of the site with depth. When this is not the case, however, difficulties arise in the interpretation of experimental data due to the participation of more than one mode in the wave field. In an earlier study, the multiple filter/crosscorrelation technique was suggested for analyzing multi-mode SASW signals. This technique, however, may not yield accurate results when propagation modes are closely spaced. A more general method using spectral analysis in the frequency wave-number domain is presented in this paper. Formulas are presented for determining a reasonably small number of surface measurements, and the accuracy of this method in resolving experimental dispersion curves is demonstrated for a pavement site.
Variations in the examination of the medial collateral ligament of the knee.

Five male patients with resolving moderately severe media collateral ligament injuries of the knee and five uninjured males were examined for knee ligament laxity by three examiners. The examiners were unaware of the identity of the subjects. The examiners had good intra-observer repeatibility, but there was poor agreement between examiners. There was no clinically identifiable difference in laxity between uninjured and previously injured knees in this series.
Use of a chlorophyll meter to evaluate the nitrogen status of dryland winter wheat

Abstract Chlorophyll meter leaf readings were compared to grain yield, leaf N concentration and soil NH4‐N plus NO3‐N levels from N rate studies for dryland winter wheat Soil N tests and wheat leaf N concentrations have been taken in the spring at the late tillering stage (Feekes 5) to document a crop N deficiency and to make fertilizer N recommendations. The chlorophyll meter offers another possible technique to estimate crop N status and determine the need for additional N fertilizer. Results with the chlorophyll meter indicate a positive association between chlorophyll meter readings and grain yield, leaf N concentration and soil NH4‐N plus NO3‐N. Additional tests are needed to evaluate other factors such as differences among locations, cultivars, soil moisture and profile N status.
Benthic and atmospheric contributions to the nutrient budgets of a soft‐water lake1

Steady state, in situ incubation, and empirical phosphorus models were used to quantify the fluxes of nutrient and rcdox active materials in Dunham Pond. Benthic flux contributions were about 16 and 45% of the annual silica and ammonia budgets. Labile dissolved orga ic nitrogen is used by the lake system while refractory dissolved organic nitrogen is b t? ing produced. The phosphorus retention estimate based on aerial water loading predicted spring phosphorus concentration and loading more accurately than that based on the phosphorus budget. Atmospheric contributions of phosphorus and dissolved nitrogen account for 25 and lo%-of the respective annual budgets.
Relative abrasiveness of natural and synthetic toothbrush bristles on cementum and dentin.

In a previous study by one of us (R .S .M .),1 the abrasive action of syn­ thetic toothbrush bristles on dentin was found to be determined by the type of abrasive used with the brush. Abrasion appeared to be negligible when dentifrice abrasive was absent. Different types of toothbrush bristles were not studied specifically. According to Phillips and Swartz,2 the thickness or wetness of bristles has no influence on the polishing action of abrasive on tooth enamel. Hence, it seemed unlikely that natural and synthetic bristles would differ in their abrasive action. This question could be answered by a direct com­ parison of the abrasive action of natural and synthetic bristles, both with and without the use of dentifrice abrasive.
Autoimmune Enteropathy: A Review and Update of Clinical Management

Autoimmune enteropathy (AIE) is a rare condition characterized by intractable diarrhea, histologic changes on small intestinal biopsy, and failed response to dietary manipulation that also may present with extraintestinal manifestations. In many patients, immunosuppressive therapies are necessary. Although AIE is more common in infants, adult involvement has also been documented. Much of what is known about AIE has been gathered from case reports and small case series; therefore, more research in this evolving field is needed. IPEX (immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome) and APECED (autoimmune phenomena, polyendocrinopathy, candidiasis, and ectodermal dystrophy) are systemic forms of AIE.
Bridging the energy-efficiency gap in a future of massive data

Summary form only given. In an era when massive data will enable unprecedented opportunities in business and science, computing faces significant challenges in the scaling of performance and energy consumption. The overarching problem is that of exponentially growing, massive global data, with 1,000X growth within the next 13 years. The World Economic Forum recently focused on the potential opportunities from exploiting this increasing flood of global data. Unfortunately, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) predicts transistor density doubling only every three years. Under these assumptions, technology scaling will provide no more than 25X improved computational efficiency in the same 13 years, leaving at least a 40X gap between computation growth and data growth. The actual gap is likely to be far worse, as transistor energy efficiency has begun to improve more slowly than density. Without significant improvements in energy efficiency, tomorrow's computing infrastructure will either require substantially more investment and energy or fail to realize the value of the world's data. In this talk, I will describe several research directions that strive to sustain the energy-efficiency improvements necessary to keep pace with data growth. These range in focus from device technology to system design, and from mobile to warehouse-scale systems. I will also discuss metrics that better capture emerging issues of green versus brown energy, managing manufacturing impact and IT lifecycles, and water and other resource usage.
Kainic-acid lesions of hippocampus produced iontophoretically: the problem of distant damage.

Abstract When pressure-injected intracerebrally, kainic acid destroys neurons in the immediate vicinity of the liberation site and also in certain nuclei distant to this site (termed “distant” damage). To determine if a more focal delivery method would ameliorate distant damage, small-tip pipets containing kainic acid (250 to 0.8 m m concentrations) were electrophysiologically guided into the septal pole of the hippocampus. Kainate was iontophoretically ejected into this region. Animals survived 2 days; histologic sections were analyzed for the presence and pattern of treatment-induced argyrophilia and pyknosis. When the concentration of kainate exceeded 15 m m , insertion of the pipet into the hippocampus led to electrographic seizure activity. Locally, hippocampal pyramidal cells in the septal pole were destroyed in a dose-dependent manner. At lower concentrations a pattern of local damage emerged which was related to the orientation of intrahippocampal mossy fibers. Even at the lowest effective dose for producing pyramidal cell death (5 m m ), distant damage was observed. The most frequently affected regions were the ventral subiculum, amygdala, hypothalamus, entorhinal cortex, specific neocortical areas, and certain olfactory structures. Despite the creation of a kainate “focus” in the hippocampal septal pole the pattern of distant damage partly reflected the connections of the ventral subiculum. The results support the hypothesis that intrinsic mechanisms contribute to the genesis of diaschisis-like brain damage after kainate treatment.
Reconstruction of a complex-valued object from the modulus of its Fourier transform using a support constraint

Previously it was shown that one can reconstruct an object from the modulus of its Fourier transform (solve the phase-retrieval problem) by using the iterative Fourier-transform algorithm if one has a nonnegativity constraint and a loose support constraint on the object. In this paper it is shown that it is possible to reconstruct a complex-valued object from the modulus of its Fourier transform if one has a sufficiently strong support constraint. Sufficiently strong support constraints include certain special shapes and separated supports. Reconstruction results are shown, including the effect of tapered edges on the object’s support.
Two-site monoclonal antibody quantitative ELISA for toxic shock syndrome toxin-1.

Abstract A two-site monoclonal antibody (MAB) quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that enables quantitation of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) down to 0.25 ng/ml and detection of TSST-1 to 0.06 ng/ml. Interference by Staphylococcus protein A was eliminated by incorporating normal rabbit serum into the test sample diluent. In the process of selecting an MAB pair for a two-site ‘sandwich’-type ELISA, the MABs were screened for inhibition or common epitope binding. Some MABs that reacted with antigen that was adsorbed to a polystyrene well would not bind to antigen that was presented in a more natural configuration, as in the case of antigen immobilized by trapping antibody. Conversely, MABs that reacted with antigen that was immobilized by another antibody did not all function as trapping antibodies when adsorbed directly to a polystyrene surface. ELISAs that used polyclonal antibodies in the capture mode and MAB conjugate as the second antibody were generally more sensitive than were those that used polycronal antibodies for both capture and indicator functions. MAB screening and selection schemes should be carefully designed to evaluate MABs in the mode in which they will be used in the final assay.
Bats Limit Insects in a Neotropical Agroforestry System

Exclosure experiments have demonstrated the effects of bird predation on arthropods. In a Mexican coffee plantation, we excluded foliage-gleaning bird and bat predators from coffee plants. Effects of bats and birds were additive. In the dry season, birds reduced arthropods in coffee plants by 30%; birds and bats together reduced arthropods by 46%. In the wet season, bats reduced arthropods by 84%, whereas birds reduced them by only 58%. We conclude that previous "bird" exclosure experiments may have systematically underestimated the effects of bats.
Intravenous acyclovir and renal dysfunction in children: a matched case control study.

Objectives A cluster of children receiving intravenous (IV) acyclovir for meningoencephalitis developed acute renal failure in April-May 2008, which prompted a retrospective case-control study to determine the rate of and risk factors for acute nephrotoxicity during IV acyclovir treatment in children. Study design The percentage decrease in glomerular filtration rate in children receiving IV acyclovir who had ≥1 creatinine measurement after acyclovir initiation from October 2006 to January 2009 was classified as renal risk, injury, or failure according to modified Pediatric Risk Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Renal Disease criteria. Univariate and multivariate matched analyses were conducted to identify risk factors contributing to nephrotoxicity. Results In the selected study group, renal dysfunction was seen in 131 of 373 (35%) treatment courses studied: 81 of 373 (22%) risk, 36 of 373 (9.7%) injury, and 14 of 373 (3.8%) failure. Most renal dysfunction occurred within 48 hours of the initiation of acyclovir. Renal function returned to the normal range but not to baseline in most cases during the follow-up period. Risk factors for renal dysfunction included acyclovir dose >15 mg/kg (OR 3.81, 95% CI 1.55-9.37) for risk; cumulative exposure greater than calculated cumulative exposure based on 500 mg/m 2 /dose (OR 6.00, 95% CI 1.95-18.46) for injury; and age >8 years (OR 21.5, 95% CI 2.2, >1000) and ceftriaxone coadministration (OR 19.3, 95% CI 1.8, >1000) for failure. Conclusions Nephrotoxicity associated with IV acyclovir is common and necessitates renal function monitoring. Risk factors include greater dose, older age, and concomitant ceftriaxone administration. Outside the neonatal period, renal dysfunction may be minimized by dosing IV acyclovir below thresholds associated with nephrotoxicity (ie, ≤500 mg/m 2 /dose or ≤15 mg/kg/dose), particularly in older patients.
Phosphorus administration in patients with profound hypophosphatemia

Abstract Phosphorus administration in patients with profound hypophosphatemia. The influence of severe hypophosphatemia (≤1.0 mg/dl) on vitamin D metabolism was prospectively determined in 11 patients before and after intravenous phosphorus administration. Evidence of liver dysfunction was present in ten patients. The mean (±se) plasma 25 hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D] was significantly decreased before phosphorus therapy when compared to control subjects (9.4 ± 1.3 vs. 17.8 ± 1.3 ng/ml, P 2 D] decreased from 34.6 ± 4.3 to 14.3 ± 2.9 pg/ml (P 2 D concentration. An inverse correlation was found between serum phosphorus and plasma 1,25(OH) 2 D (r = -0.62, P 2 D both before (r = 0.66, P 2 D levels with phosphorus therapy suggests a role of serum phosphate in the regulation of this sterol, and hypophosphatemia or phosphorus depletion may change the relationship of substrate [25(OH)D] to product [1,25(OH) 2 D]. Administration de phosphore chez des malades atteints d'hypophosphatemie profonde. L'influence d'une hypophosphatemie severe (≤1,0 mg/dl) sur le metabolisme de la vitamine D a ete determine prospectivement chez onze malades avant et apres administration intraveineuse de phosphore. L'existence d'un dysfonctionnement hepatique etait prouve chez dix malades. Le 25 hydroxycholecalciferol plasmatique moyen (±se) [25(OH)D] etait significativement diminue avant le traitement par le phosphore, par rapport aux sujets controles (9,4 ± 1,3 contre 17,8 ± 1,3 ng/ml, P 2 D] s'abaissait de 34,6 ± 4,3 a 14,3 ± 2,9 pg/ml (P 2 D plasmatique. Une correlation inverse a ete trouvee entre le phosphore serique et le 1,25(OH) 2 D plasmatique (r = -0,62, P 2 D plasmatiques avant (r = 0,66, P 2 D lors de la phosphotherapie suggere un role du phosphate serique dans la regulation de ce sterol, et l'hypophosphatemie ou la depletion phosphoree pourraient modifier la relation entre le substrat [25(OH)D] a le produit [1,25(OH) 2 D].
Is Propensity to Laugh Equivalent to Sense of Humor

But laughter is weakness, corruption, the foolishness of our flesh. It is the peasant's entertainment, the drunkard's license.…Brother JorgeThe Name of the Rose (Eco, 1983, p. 576)Several recent studies using the scales, Situational Humor Response Questionnaire, Coping Humor Scale, and Sense-of-Humor Questionnaire, suggest caution in viewing a measure of the behavioral response of laughter as an assessment of the sense of humor, a multidimensional construct.
A microwave biased GaAs submillimeter detection system

Abstract Microwave biasing techniques were employed to construct a sensitive, wide bandwidth GaAs submillimeter detection system. Optimum operating conditions and the performance characteristics were determined for three different microwave receiver systems. An NEP of 3.2 × 10−10W/Hz 1 2 and a responsivity of 3 × 103 V/W was achieved. The bandwidth limitation was found to be the microwave cavity bandwidth of 11 MHz. For comparison, a d.c. biased GaAs detection system was constructed and its performance characteristics evaluated.
Evaluation of a short-day adapted tetraploid potato population with horizontal resistance to Phytophthora infestans under long-day conditions in northern Maine

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, the cause of late blight, has rapidly overcome major (R) gene resistance in potatoes. A population of short-day adapted tetraploid potatoes with horizontal resistance to late blight was developed at the International Potato Center in Lima, Peru. True seed from this population was obtained from the NRSP-6 Project at Sturgeon Bay, WI for the purpose of evaluating its potential to contribute to the breeding effort for late blight resistance in the United States. In 1996, 552 single hills were planted on Chapman Farm, Presque Isle, ME; only 448 tuberized. In 1997, these clones were planted on Chapman Farm for increase; 129 were saved, 53 failed to tuberize, and 266 were discarded because they were sprouted at harvest. In 1998 and 1999, 69 clones were tested for their reaction to late blight in replicated plots on Aroostook Farm, Presque Isle, ME. Percent infected foliage was estimated three times toward the end of the season and used to compute area under the disease progress curve. Broad-sense heritability for horizontal resistance to late blight was estimated as 0.78 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.64 to 0.86. Using detached leaflet assays, these clones were inoculated with US-8 strains ofP. infestans, and the diameter of the lesion was measured 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 days after inoculation. The correlation between field resistance and the detached leaflet assay was very low (0.18<r<0.24). Some clones from this population are highly resistant to the US-8 strain of P.infestans and represent another source of breeding material for developing late blight resistant varieties in the future. However, very late maturity, short dormancy, poor tuberization and low fertility levels may limit the usefulness of this germplasm in northern USA latitudes.
Three pure planning scenarios and the consumption theory of land rent

Abstract Three common tools that have been used to alter urban spatial structure include: (1) radially constraining the city, (2) adjusting the cost of converting non-urban land to urban land utilization, and (3) constraining land rents and/or population density to take on values other than those which would occur in a normal market setting. Different direct and indirect effects result from the application of each of these tools. The consumption theory of land rent graphical analysis provides a format to explain how each of these pure planning scenarios works.
Impact of Changing Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease on its Diagnosis and Treatment

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has emerged as one of the most common diseases in modern civilization. This article reviews selected changes in epidemiology of GERD during the past decade and provides information on treatment options with a focus on the impact of GERD and potential role of laparoscopic antireflux surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus, obesity, liver cirrhosis, at the extremes of life age and in immunocompromised individuals such as liver and lung transplant recipients.
Oleate Induces a Myofibroblast-Like Phenotype in Mesangial Cells

Objective— High circulating free fatty acids, commonly associated with obesity and insulin resistance, impair structure and function of the microvasculature. However, the mechanisms by which fatty acids cause microvascular remodeling are unclear. Using the mesangial cell model of microvascular pericytes, we demonstrate that the monounsaturated free fatty acid oleate induces a myofibroblast phenotype, an important cell fate transition in fibrotic remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Materials and Results— Oleate induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in secretion of collagen I and fibronectin. Oleate also induced the myofibroblast phenotype markers α smooth muscle actin and ED-A fibronectin, and the magnitude of marker protein expression was similar to that for transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Oleate raised TGF-β secretion 2.2-fold, and processing of latent to bioactive TGF-β was also elevated. Oleate rapidly stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2, and a pharmacological MEK inhibitor blocked TGF-β secretion and conversion to the myofibroblast phenotype. A neutralizing TGF-β antibody and a TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitor blocked oleate-induced collagen I, α smooth muscle actin, and ED-A fibronectin, suggesting that oleate-stimulated TGF-β was necessary for inducing myofibroblasts. Conclusions— Collectively, these results demonstrate that oleate can induce a myofibroblast phenotype in mesangial cells, which suggests a mechanism whereby elevated free fatty acids might promote microvascular remodeling in vivo.
SHIFTING FROM EXTENSIVE TO INTENSIVE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS : A CASE STUDY IN THE SUDAN

Abstract The development of the mechanized vertisols of Sudan has been very successful in achieving rapid expansion of crop area. Unfortunately, there has been minimal use of purchased inputs. Hence, crop yields have been low and declining over time with increasing variability of output. Now the frontier is disappearing and past land and credit subsidies have been eliminated. With modeling, we show that in the absence of the area-expansion option, even risk-averse farmers shift to the more intensive technologies involving improved cultivars and fertilization. We explore several options involving further research or policy changes that would induce intensification even before the passing of the frontier.
Problems in the Education of Children with Learning Disabilities and Some Practical Solutions

∗ Paper presented at the International Federation of Learning Disabilities, August, 1976, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Characteristics of homologous and heterologous DNA-RNA hybrids from unfertilized and fertilized eggs of houseflies, Musca domestica☆

Abstract DNA and 14C-labelled RNA were isolated from fertilized and unfertilized eggs of houseflies (Musca domestica). The two forms of nucleic acid were obtained from newly oviposited eggs and from eggs which had been incubated for 6 hours at 37°C., corresponding to the late embryonic developmental period. RNA-denatured DNA hybrids were prepared by hybridization in solution and with the DNA immobilized on membrane filters. The degree of hybridization of homologous and heterologous forms was determined by assaying the 14C-labelled RNA incorporated into the RNA-DNA hybrids. When the hybrids were formed by homologous RNA-DNA the degrees of hybridization of the forms from newly oviposited eggs and from incubated eggs were similar. A small decrease of doubtful significance was noted when heterologous hybrids were prepared from the nucleic acids of newly oviposited fertilized and unfertilized eggs. However, when heterologous hybrids were prepared from newly oviposited unfertile eggs and incubated fertile eggs, the degree of hybridization was only about 75 per cent of that found with homologous hybrids. When the hybridization involved RNA or DNA from newly oviposited fertile eggs and DNA or RNA from incubated fertile eggs, the hybridization was about 85 per cent of that for homologous hybrids.
Examining Cortisol Rhythmicity and Responsivity to Stress in Children with Tourette Syndrome

Summary Background: Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterized by motor and vocal tics, which are often exacerbated by stress. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis, a major stress response system is thus of interest for understanding TS. Methods: Diurnal cortisol rhythms were estimated in medication-free children 7–13 years with TS (N ¼ 20) and healthy age-matched controls (N ¼ 16). Salivary samples were collected on 3 consecutive days from the home. HPA responsivity was assessed by examining cortisol in response to a mock and real MRI scan. Results: The results of diurnal rhythmicity revealed a trend showing marginally lower evening cortisol for the TS group. By contrast, the TS group had higher cortisol levels in response to the stressor. There were strong, negative correlations between evening cortisol and tic severity as well as diurnal cortisol and anxiety. Conclusions: The children with TS showed increased cortisol in response to the MRI environment, supporting a model of enhanced HPA responsivity. The lower evening cortisol may be the result of chronic daily stress. Alternatively, the negative associations between cortisol and reported anxiety and tics may reflect biologically based anxiolytic properties of tic expression. Taken together, the results clearly implicate involvement of the HPA axis in the neuropathology of TS.
Bayesian inference of trend and difference-stationarity

This paper proposes a general Bayesian framework for distinguishing between trend- and difference-stationarity. Usually, in model selection, we assume that all of the data were generated by one of the models under consideration. In studying time series, however, we may be concerned that the process is changing over time, so that the preferred model changes over time as well. To handle this possibility, we compute the posterior probabilities of the competing models for each observation. This way we can see if different segments of the series behave differently with respect to the competing models. The proposed method is a generalization of the usual odds ratio for model discrimination in Bayesian inference. In application, we employ the Gibbs sampler to overcome the computational difficulty. The procedure is illustrated by a real example.
Novel H5 Clade 2.3.4.4 Reassortant (H5N1) Virus from a Green-Winged Teal in Washington, USA

Eurasian (EA)-origin H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza viruses were first detected in North America during December 2014. Subsequent reassortment with North American (AM) low-pathogenic wild-bird-origin avian influenza has generated at least two reassortants, including an EA/AM H5N1 from an apparently healthy wild green-winged teal, suggesting continued ongoing reassortment.
Response to Heussler and Doerig: In vivo imaging enters parasitology

6 Hitziger, N. et al. (2005) Dissemination of Toxoplasma gondii toimmunoprivileged organs and role of Toll/interleukin-1 receptorsignalling for host resistance assessed by in vivo bioluminescenceimaging. Cell. Microbiol. 7, 837–8487 Saeij, J.P. et al. (2005) Bioluminescence imaging of Toxoplasma gondiiinfection in living mice reveals dramatic differences between strains.Infect. Immun. 73, 695–7028 Vanderberg, J.P. and Frevert, U. (2004) Intravital microscopydemonstrating antibody-mediated immobilisation of Plasmodiumberghei sporozoites injected into skin by mosquitoes. Int.J. Parasitol. 34, 991–9969 Frischknecht, F. et al. (2004) Imaging movement of malaria parasitesduring transmission by Anopheles mosquitoes. Cell. Microbiol. 6,687–69410 Amino, R. et al. (2005) In vivo imaging of malaria parasites – recentadvances and future directions. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8, 407–41411 Amino, R. et al. (2006) Quantitative imaging of Plasmodiumtransmission from mosquito to mammal. Nat. Med. 12, 220–22412 Frevert, U. (2004) Sneaking in through the back entrance: the biologyof malaria liver stages. Trends Parasitol. 20, 417–42413 Meis, J.F. et al. (1985) Fine structure of exoerythrocytic merozoiteformation ofPlasmodiumbergheiinratliver.J.Protozool.32,694–69914 Vlachou, D. et al. (2004) Real-time, in vivo analysis of malariaookinete locomotion and mosquito midgut invasion. Cell. Microbiol.6, 671–68515 Akaki, M. and Dvorak, J.A. (2005) A chemotactic response facilitatesmosquito salivary gland infection by malaria sporozoites. J. Exp. Biol.208, 3211–321816 Mempel, T.R. et al. (2004) In vivo imaging of leukocyte trafﬁcking inblood vessels and tissues. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 16, 406–41717 Nussenzweig, R.S. et al. (1967) Protective immunity produced by theinjection of x-irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. Nature216, 160–16218 Mueller, A.K. et al. (2005) Genetically modiﬁed Plasmodiumparasites as a protective experimental malaria vaccine. Nature433, 164–16719 Mueller, A.K. et al. (2005) Plasmodium liver stage developmentalarrest by depletion of a protein at the parasite–host interface. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102, 3022–302720 van Dijk, M.R. et al. (2005) Genetically attenuated, P36p-deﬁcientmalarial sporozoites induce protective immunity and apoptosis ofinfected liver cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102, 12194–1219921 Schnitzer, B. et al. (1972) Pitting function of the spleen in malaria:ultrastructural observations. Science 177, 175–17722 Cahalan, M.D. et al. (2003) Real-time imaging of lymphocytes in vivo.Curr. Opin. Immunol. 15, 372–37723 Roux, P. et al. (2004) Focusing light on infection in four dimensions.Cell. Microbiol. 6, 333–343
Regulation of the Uterine Response to Estrogen by Thyroid Hormone

After estradiol (E2) administration, early increases (within 4 h) in uterine wet weight and the synthesis of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate from 2-deoxyglucose are similar in ovariectomized rats and in ovariectomized rats made hypothyroid by feeding a low iodine diet containing prophylthiouracil. Most late uterine responses occurring 24 h after E2 treatment, however, are greatly diminished in the hypothyroid animals. The diminished responses include increases in uterine wet weight, dry weight, protein content, RNA content, and the incorporation of thymidine into uterine DNA. One response, the synthesis of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate from 2-deoxyglucose is not diminished in hypothyroid rats 24 h after E2 treatment. The diminished uterine response is not due to a shift in the dose-response curve for E2, but results from a decrease in the magnitude of the maximum uterine response. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with exogenous T3 restores the diminished uterine response in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. A dose of 0.5 microgram T3/100 g BW for 5 days restores the response completely, while 48-72 h of treatment with higher doses of T3 are required to restore the response. The effect of T3 is not mediated by the pituitary, since exogenous T3 restores diminished uterine responses in ovariectomized, hypophysectomized animals. These results suggest that thyroid hormones may have a direct effect on the uterus which regulates the responsiveness of the organ to E2.
In Vitro Cellular Aging in T-Lymphocyte Cultures: Analysis of DNA Content and Cell Size

Like other normal diploid mammalian cells, human T-lymphocytes display a limited in vitro lifespan. Long-term cultures of normal adult peripheral blood T cells, activated in vitro and passaged in the presence of interleukin-2 undergo 23 +/- 7 cumulative population doublings. Cell cycle analysis revealed that in senescent T cell cultures, restimulation with the original antigen resulted in 16-22% of the cells entering S phase, compared to 60% entering cycle in young cultures. In addition, within 1 week of restimulation, the senescent cultures do not increase in cell number, but 93% of the cells return to the G1/G0 DNA content, a proportion typically seen in quiescent (nonrestimulated) cultures. Coculture of early- and late-passage cells at two different ratios excluded a putative inhibitory factor produced by the old cells and similarly eliminated a possible stimulatory product in early cultures. Flow cytometry measure of forward angle light scatter revealed no difference in cell size between early- and late-passage cells, in contrast to the findings with senescent fibroblasts. Thus, while increasing cell size may contribute to the senescent phenotype of fibroblast cultures, it is not a factor in the senescence of human T-lymphocytes, and it is therefore doubtful that alterations in cell size are fundamental to in vitro cellular aging.
Multiple Lytic Bone Lesions in an 85-Year-Old Man

An 85-year-old, Russian-speaking man of Eastern European origin with a past medical history of Parkinson disease, hypothyroidism, and chronic anemia was evaluated for gradual increase in shortness of breath that worsened 2 days before admission. The patient did not complain of any chest pain, fever, cough, nausea, or vomiting. Physical examination showed an elderly man with shortness of breath during talking and at rest. His temperature was 36.18C; pulse, 100 beats per minute; respiratory rate, 30 to 40 breaths per minute; and blood pressure, 140/70 mm Hg. Examination of the cardiovascular system was unremarkable. Auscultation of the lungs revealed decreased breath sounds at the right base and bronchial breath sounds on the right side. No crackles, rhonchi, or wheezing were found. Physical examination of the patient’s abdomen showed splenomegaly, but no significant hepatomegaly. No lymphadenopathy was found. Examination of the nervous system showed no evidence of focal neurologic signs or evidence of any neuropathy. Examination of the neck showed deformities of the cervical spine, reportedly caused by fractures. The patient also complained of chronic bone pain for many years. Abnormal laboratory tests included serum sodium, 124 mEq/L; hemoglobin, 10.7 g/dL; hematocrit, 31.4%; and thyroid stimulating hormone, 3.2 mIU/mL. Both the white blood cell count and the platelet count were within normal limits. Total gamma globulins were slightly elevated (4.3
Flutter of a buckled plate exposed to a static pressure differential

Flutter of buckled plate exposed to static pressure differential and streamwise applied in- plane load, comparing experimental results with stability boundary calculations
Watershed development restrictions and land prices: Empirical evidence from southern Appalachia☆

article i nfo The State of North Carolina's Water Supply Watershed Protection Act of 1989 required local governments to adopt land use measures in watersheds to protect the water supply emanating from the watersheds. We examine vacant land prices in the Ivy River watershed of Buncombe County, NC, at the time such regulation took effect. Our results suggest that costs of watershed development restrictions are borne primarily by those vacant land owners in the watershed for whom the development restrictions make land subdivision infeasible. We find benefits accruing to land owners on the public water supply or who are adjacent to creeks. © 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Nuclear localization signal receptor importin alpha associates with the cytoskeleton.

Importin α is the nuclear localization signal (NLS) receptor that is involved in the nuclear import of proteins containing basic NLSs. Using importin α as a tool, we were interested in determining whether the cytoskeleton could function in the transport of NLS-containing proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Double-labeling immunofluorescence studies showed that most of the cytoplasmic importin α coaligned with microtubules and microfilaments in tobacco protoplasts. Treatment of tobacco protoplasts with microtubule- or microfilament-depolymerizing agents disrupted the strands of importin α in the cytoplasm, whereas a microtubule-stabilizing agent had no effect. Biochemical analysis showed that importin α associated with microtubules and microfilaments in vitro in an NLS-dependent manner. The interaction of importin α with the cytoskeleton could be an essential element of protein transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in vivo.
The Development of an Early Childhood Teacher Research Collaborative

Abstract This article investigates young children's understanding of and relationships to their communities and the natural world. Inspired by the pedagogy of Reggio Emilia (Edwards, Gandini, & Forman, 1998) and guided by the concept of documentation as a cycle of inquiry (Gandini & Goldhaber, 2001), a group of early childhood educators from across the state of Vermont met regularly to share and analyze observations, artifacts, photographs, and videotapes of children in their communities and the natural world. These discussions generated additional experiences that promoted the children's thinking and theories and resulted in participants reflecting on what they had learned about children in their communities and the natural world by creating an exhibit that would travel throughout Vermont. The article discusses a process teachers can engage in to study, deepen, and ultimately celebrate children's engagement in their communities and the natural world.