cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a Mobile-Robot Following Controller Using Behavioral Cues

This paper describes work towards a mobile-robot following controller which has the ability to incorporate a leader's behavioral cues into its controller formulation. The paper presents the mathematical formulation of the controller, and presents robot experimental studies used to investigate the controller. The controller continuously estimates the future predicted position of the leader (robot or human) as he/she/it moves, and then directs the follower robot to this position. A Kalman filter is employed for estimation that uses vision-based measurements of leader position, a dynamics model of the leader, and a behavioral-cue model of the leader. Singer's model is used to propagate the leader's state. A behavioral-cue model serves to create pseudo-measurements to further help the Kalman filter estimate the leader's future position. The controller is implemented on an ER Scorpion robot. Experiments are conducted using several different controllers. Results demonstrate that compared to other controllers, the proposed controller can more consistently follow the leader around sharp corners where line-of-sight is lost, as can happen often in indoor environments. However, in cases of more gradual movement where line-of-sight is not lost, a simpler vision-only controller has advantages.
Measuring leadership in multisector health care alliances

Whereas many aspects of community health alliances have received attention by researchers and practitioners, leadership has consistently been highlighted as essential to their success. However, much of the writing on alliance leadership remains anecdotal and prescriptive, leaving the fundamental nature and assessment of alliance leadership unexamined. Using qualitative and survey data collected from two large studies of community health alliances, we describe aspects of leadership in alliances, construct a survey-based scale to assess leadership in community health care alliances, and provide initial psychometric assessment and validation of this new measure. Results of the reliability and validity assessments suggest considerable support for the survey-based measure. Although further psychometric testing is needed, the leadership measure holds the potential for researchers to go beyond anecdotal evidence by providing a more objective and comparable basis for assessing the contribution of leadership in health care alliances.
Problem-based learning in public health instruction: a pilot study of an online simulation as a problem-based learning approach.

UNLABELLED Although increasingly used as a modality in medical education, Problem-Based Learning (PBL) remains somewhat overlooked in the training of public health students (Pham & Blumberg, 2000). This project involved a pilot test of a web-based community simulation as a PBL platform in an undergraduate health behavior course. PURPOSE To develop and pilot test a web-based computer simulation as an implementation of problem-based learning in an undergraduate public health behavior course. METHOD Using a web-based simulation platform, a virtual community was designed in which the effects of a mock infectious disease outbreak could be studied and various interventions could be tested. Upon completion of the semester course, 14 undergraduate public health education students completed a survey and participated in a focus group to determine issues related to the simulation. Research focused on whether the simulation was perceived as motivating and which aspects were found to be confusing, ineffective or unrealistic. FINDINGS Results of the study suggested that a PBL experience based on a community simulation may be effective in providing a motivating and interesting PBL tool for instructing undergraduate public health students. A majority of students agreed that the experience was more motivating and interesting than a more traditional assignment. Design recommendations include an emphasis on incorporating a rich multimedia background, realistic communication and project management tools and the capability for students to submit formatted documents. Further study of attitudinal differences and attainment of learning objectives is recommended between students participating in the simulation experience and those engaging in a traditional assignment.
On the incentives associated with sovereign debt

Abstract This paper revisits the question of whether a sovereign's desire for future access to international credit markets, which it retains by paying its international debts, constitutes by itself enough of an incentive to make it a reliable customer for commercial lenders. The answer is no, as it is in the earlier analysis of Bulow and Rogoff, but the result here is in certaincases stronger: a defaulter here is excluded from participating in credit markets as both a debtor and a creditor, whereas in the previous analysis a key assumption was that defaulters could return as creditors.
A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating Dietary Counselling With or Without Enteral Supplementation on Nutritional and Functional Outcome Parameters In Malnourished Hiv-infected Outpatients.

Abstract In HIV-infected individuals, malnutrition and wasting are common complications, which may be associated with diminished functional and cognitive capacity. Although nutritional therapy has been advised in such patients, few data are available concerning the effects of this intervention. We performed a 6-week randomized clinical trial which compared dietary counselling alone (control) versus dietary counselling plus enteral supplement (Lipisorb) in 118 male HIV-infected outpatients. The inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 18 yr; CD4+ cell count 3 ; and 10% body weight in the previous 6 months. Each patient was instructed to consume a diet which contained 960 calories greater than estimated total energy expenditure. Nutritional outcomes were: skinfold measurements, fat free mass and total body water (Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis). Functional outcomes were: grip strength (Jamar dynamometer), cognitive function (Buschke Selective Reminding test) and Quality of Life (instrument designed for this study). Ninety-nine (99) men completed the study. No differences in skinfold measurements or Quality of Life parameters were observed between the treatment groups. Compared with the control group, the Lipisorb group experienced significantly fewer decreases in total body water (p =.04). Fat free mass (p =0.07) and grip strength (p = 0.07) were increased in the Lipisorb group, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. Significant improvements in short-term memory (p = 0.03) and long-term memory storage and retrieval (p = 0.05) were observed in the Lipisorb group. In malnourished HIV-infected outpatients, dietary counselling with enteral supplementation is associated with improved cognitive function. In addition, the effects of this intervention on nutritional parameters and muscle function are promising.
The Ghost of Wittgenstein: Forms of Life, Scientific Method, and Cultural Critique

In developing an "internal" sociology of science, the sociology of scientific knowledge drew on Wittgenstein's later philosophy to reinterpret traditional epistemological topics in sociological terms. By construing scientific reasoning as rule following within a collective, sociologists David Bloor and Harry Collins effectively blocked outside criticism of a scientific field, whether scientific, philosophical, or political. Ethnomethodologist Michael Lynch developed an alternative, Wittgensteinian reading that similarly blocked philosophical or political critique, while also disallowing analytical appeals to historical or institutional contexts. I criticize these Wittgensteinian sociologies and argue for the historical and contemporary significance of methodological criticisms of scientific practice that conjoin epistemological and political categories. I consider two such cases briefly: the Baconian criticism of Scholastic science in the early Royal Society and the criticism of AIDS drug testing protocols by activists.
Shear wave properties of marine sediments derived from cepstral analysis of background noise

Cepstral analysis of background noise recorded on a horizontal borehole seismometer in the northwest Pacific reveals strong cepstral peaks corresponding to shear wave reverberation in the marine sediments. Shear reverberation intervals in the marine sediments derived from the cepstral analysis are within 10% of results obtained from a detailed analysis of seismic refraction profiling at the site. The close correspondence between the cepstral analysis and seismic profile analysis results are indicative that cepstral analysis is a useful tool in measuring and constraining marine sediment properties.
Energetic electron precipitation in the auroral zone and its influence on atomic oxygen in the mesosphere

Abstract Calculations have been carried out to evaluate the production rate of atomic oxygen in the mesosphere during auroral electron precipitation events involving electrons with energies in the hundreds of keV. Using current estimates of the electron flux and spectra, it is concluded that ‘relativistic electron precipitation’ events serve to increase the oxygen concentration at 70 km in the pre-dawn hours but not to the extent that its magnitude becomes comparable with those during daylight hours.
ISWI Remodelers Slide Nucleosomes with Coordinated Multi-Base-Pair Entry Steps and Single-Base-Pair Exit Steps

ISWI-family enzymes remodel chromatin by sliding nucleosomes along DNA, but the nucleosome translocation mechanism remains unclear. Here we use single-molecule FRET to probe nucleosome translocation by ISWI-family remodelers. Distinct ISWI-family members translocate nucleosomes with a similar stepping pattern maintained by the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. Nucleosome remodeling begins with a 7 bp step of DNA translocation followed by 3 bp subsequent steps toward the exit side of nucleosomes. These multi-bp, compound steps are comprised of 1 bp substeps. DNA movement on the entry side of the nucleosome occurs only after 7 bp of exit-side translocation, and each entry-side step draws in a 3 bp equivalent of DNA that allows three additional base pairs to be moved to the exit side. Our results suggest a remodeling mechanism with well-defined coordination at different nucleosomal sites featuring DNA translocation toward the exit side in 1 bp steps preceding multi-bp steps of DNA movement on the entry side.
Simulating requirements gathering

One of the difficulties in teaching a project-based Software Engineering course for undergraduates is giving students experience with requirements gathering before they begin the course project. This paper describes a simulation of Joint Application Design (JAD), a technique used in industry to gather requirements from users. The simulation is a role-playing exercise in which students play the parts of both developers and customers involved in specifying a new software product. Each participant is given a script of behaviors to act out for his or her role and a set of specific requirements for the product. The participants must work out conflicts and ambiguities built into the simulation to produce a consistent product specification.
Behavioral Research Contributions and Needs in Cancer Prevention and Control: Dietary Change

This paper summarizes key behavioral research contributions to the promotion of healthful diets and identifies the outstanding behavioral research needs that could lead to positive dietary changes in the United States. Nutrition plays an important role in the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer. Dietary guidelines for health promotion and cancer prevention recommend diets that are lower in fat and higher in fiber, fruits, and vegetables. Behavioral research on dietary change has become more rigorous and sophisticated in the past decade, with noteworthy contributions in four areas: behavioral research within clinical trials, self-help or minimal contact intervention strategies, school nutrition programs and services, and advances in the development of measures. Work in progress includes large-scale randomized intervention trials, with the majority of funding for studies to increase fruit and vegetable consumption. There are many needs for further research. Six priority areas for behavioral research are identified and discussed: (1) determinants of dietary behavior and change processes; (2) policy, environmental, and organizational interventions; (3) studies of dietary change and exercise and interventions with persons at high risk for diet-related cancers; (4) methodological research; (5) research on diffusion and dissemination; and (6) systematic behavioral research on dietary change in clinical trials. A concerted research effort in the area of dietary change has great potential benefits for cancer prevention and control and for public health in general.
How advanced is the strategy paradigm? The role of particularism and universalism in shaping research outcomes

As the field of strategy reaches its 25th anniversary, we examine how far the field has progressed during that time. Both management and strategy research have been characterized as being in an early stage of development. We draw on Kuhn's (1996) paradigm development model, which posits a connection between a field's stage of maturity and research processes and outcomes, to assess the maturity of the strategy field. We conduct two studies. The first is a cross-discipline comparison of productivity norms for university faculty. The second study examines longitudinal research outcomes for a sample of 945 strategy faculty. Our results indicate that strategy has the attributes of both an early stage and mature field: while overall research norms are low relative to other fields, they are driven far more by merit-based than non-merit factors. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short-time relaxation at polymeric interfaces

The interdiffusion of long polymer chains at the interface of two melts has been studied as a function of time by neutron reflection. The time range studied spanned from the time characteristic of the motion of the single segment (Rouse time, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{e}}$) up to the time at which the center of mass of the whole molecule has moved a radius of gyration (reptation time). At least for tg${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{e}}$, the diffusion rate slows down with time until the bulk diffusion rate is reached, in agreement with the current theories for the motion of a polymeric chain in a melt.
Enhancement of activities by sulfation on Fe-exchanged TiO2-pillared clay for selective catalytic reduction of NO by ammonia

Abstract Fe-exchanged TiO2-pillared clay (Fe-TiO2-PILC) has been previously found to be more active than vanadia-based catalysts for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH3. The present work shows that its SCR activity is further improved (by ca. 50%) after sulfation by SO2+O2 at 450°C in the absence of water. Although, H2O decreased the SCR activity slightly, the activities on the sulfated catalysts were still 53–57% more active than the fresh catalyst. The enhancement is attributed to an increase in surface acidity due to sulfation. In situ FTIR spectra and gas product analyses show that both NH4+ ions and coordinated NH3 are highly active in reacting with NO+O2 to produce N2+H2O at high temperatures (>200°C), but they are not amenable for oxidation by O2. Gaseous NH3 contributes to the oxidation of NH3 to NO+N2 by O2, a competitive reaction for SCR. Sulfation of Fe-TiO2-PILC increases ammonia adsorption due to the increase in surface acidity and, thus, decreases its gaseous concentration. Therefore, on the sulfated catalysts, NH3 oxidation to NO+N2 is inhibited and the SCR activity is enhanced. However, sulfation also decreases the activity of NO oxidation to NO2 by O2, which is an important step for NO reduction on Fe-TiO2-PILC. Hence, the highest SCR activity is obtained on the catalyst with an optimal amount of sulfur (e.g. 0.7 wt.%).
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Calcium-Activated Apyrase from Cryptosporidium Parasites and Its Potential Role in Pathogenesis

Herein, we report the biochemical and functional characterization of a novel Ca(2+)-activated nucleoside diphosphatase (apyrase), CApy, of the intracellular gut pathogen Cryptosporidium. The purified recombinant CApy protein displayed activity, substrate specificity and calcium dependency strikingly similar to the previously described human apyrase, SCAN-1 (soluble calcium-activated nucleotidase 1). CApy was found to be expressed in both Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and sporozoites, and displayed a polar localization in the latter, suggesting a possible co-localization with the apical complex of the parasite. In vitro binding experiments revealed that CApy interacts with the host cell in a dose-dependent fashion, implying the presence of an interacting partner on the surface of the host cell. Antibodies directed against CApy block Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite invasion of HCT-8 cells, suggesting that CApy may play an active role during the early stages of parasite invasion. Sequence analyses revealed that the capy gene shares a high degree of homology with apyrases identified in other organisms, including parasites, insects and humans. Phylogenetic analysis argues that the capy gene is most likely an ancestral feature that has been lost from most apicomplexan genomes except Cryptosporidium, Neospora and Toxoplasma.
The Karl Fischer titration of water in vegetable drugs.

The moisture content of digitalis and other crude drugs was determined by a titrimetric procedure employing Karl Fischer reagent. Residual titration was found to be necessary, the excess of the reagent being titrated with a methanol solution of water. A polarized platinum electrode system served to indicate the end point of the titration. The results obtained compared favorably with the standard ovendrying and toluene-distillation methods. Considerable time is saved by this method of determining moisture in vegetable drugs.
The times they are a changin for our depository libraries

Abstract In the United States the tradition of the federal government distributing the information that supports the public's knowledge of what our elected representatives are about, is a core activity for our democracy. Conducted as it has been through the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) depository program, this dissemination of essential information has been an historical success without peer. Most GPO depositories are academic and public libraries that serve constituencies of every congressional district in the country. However, like other forms of information, that produced by the U.S. government is subject to the paradigm shift to electronic forms. The appearance of “tiger files” in the mid-1980s probably made it clear that this trend was irreversible and fundamental. Indeed, it is likely that depository libraries will see a faster and more complete shift to networked electronic information by the GPO and federal agencies, together the world's largest publisher, than for any other sector of the information industry. The most important reason is because the vexing problems of intellectual property rights are largely absent. But there are many other problems to be solved if the transition is to be successful, and Prue Adler's column effectively delineates them—CBL, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
The role of crack arrest in the evaluation of PWR pressure vessel integrity during PTS transients

Abstract The PWR pressurized thermal-shock (PTS) issue, which is concerned with the integrity of the reactor pressure vessel during postulated overcooling transients, is under intensive investigation by the USNRC. The USNRC-sponsored Integrated Pressurized Thermal-Shock (IPTS) and the Heavy-Section Steel Technology (HSST) Programs are dedicated to a better understanding and a timely resolution of the problem. The HSST program is investigating flaw behavior in large cylinders and is also obtaining fracture-mechanics-related material properties, while the IPTS program is primarily concerned with an estimation of the overall frequency of vessel failure and identification of dominant transients and design and operating features contributing thereto for specific nuclear plants. One important component of the IPTS study is a probabilistic fracture-mechanics analysis of the reactor vessel, and a point of particular interest therein is the role of crack arrest in mitigating the consequences of the postulated PTS transients. The HSST program has provided crack-arrest data from small specimens and large thermal-and pressure-loaded cylinders that tend to establish the validity of the crack-arrest concept for application to the PTS problem. Unfortunately, recent results of the IPTS studies indicate that the inclusion of crack arrest in the probabilistic fracture-mechanics model does not substantially influence the calculated frequency of vessel failure. However, there are still significant questions regarding flaw behavior at upper-shelf temperatures, and the HSST program is continuing to pursue this area of uncertainty.
The effect of grain size on fracture toughness

Abstract The problem of dislocations emitted from a semi-infinite crack in mode II or III loading and blocked by a penetrable barrier (grain boundary), or many such equally spaced barriers, is studied. Analytical solutions for the continuous distribution of dislocations between the crack tip and a barrier is obtained. The case of multiple barriers is studied by computer simulation. The results are used to understand the effect of grain size on fracture toughness. For the same applied stress intensity factor, the toughness is found to increase with increasing grain size. By using a power-law relation, the exponent varies between 0 and 1.5 depending on the ratio of the lattice friction for dislocation motion to the grain-boundary strength. Together with the Petch relation for the dependence of grain size on fracture stress, a relation is suggested between the grain size and the critical stress intensity factor for crack propagation.
Annealing of radiation damage in allanite and gadolinite

Samples of allanite and gadolinite with a range of alpha-recoil damage 0.1 to 3.0 dpa, were annealed in Ar and analysed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), infrared (IR) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Samples that were fully metamict, and also amorphous regions of partially metamict samples, annealed according to the Ostwald step rule. After annealing, X-ray crystalline material still showed significantly damaged regions under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Hydrothermal annealing of fully metamict gadolinite at 710° C and PH2O=2.3 kbar resulted in direct recrystallization. Direct recrystallization, by heterogeneous nucleation, occurred also in samples with significant amount of relict crystalline material. Of two exotherms observed on DTA curves for fully metamict gadolinite only one, at 840° C, resulted from recrystallization. The second exotherm at 895° C was related to the transformation of a transitional, high-temperature γ-phase into gadolinite. The activation energy of recrystallization of partially metamict gadolinite is 0.58 eV. The same annealing path for fully metamict gadolinite and for the amorphous component of partially metamict allanite is consistent with the model of an aperiodic random network structure of metamict minerals.
THE EFFECTS OF THE INSIDER TRADING SANCTIONS ACT OF 1984: THE CASE OF SEASONED EQUITY OFFERINGS

Previous empirical research indicates that corporate insiders tend to increase (decrease) their shareholdings before events that increase (decrease) firm value. More recent evidence suggests, however, that passage of the Insider Trading Sanctions Act of 1984 (ITSA) may have deterred this behavior. Our results indicate that before passage of the ITSA, insiders exploited their access to nonpublic information by selling shares before the announcement of equity issues. However, after passage of the ITSA insiders no longer displayed this behavior. We conclude the ITSA has a deterrent effect, which is more heavily concentrated on insiders at the highest level of the firm who are most visible to regulators and other market participants.
Geographic mobility of scientists: sex differences and family constraints.

Women scientists are much more likely than men scientists to be in two-career marriages. This study examines the argument that the higher prevalence of two-career marriages among women scientists presents a significant impediment to their geographic mobility. Three hypotheses are developed and tested. First. scientists in two-career families are less likely to migrate than scientists in one-career families. Second, the effect of two-career marriages on the probability of migration differs with gender; women are affected more negatively. Third, the effect of children on the probability of migration differs with gender; women are affected more negatively. The empirical work uses a data set of doctoral scientists extracted from the 5% Public Use Microdata Sample from the 1990 census. The first two hypotheses are not confirmed by the empirical results. but we find evidence supporting the third. Family constraints on women scientists’ careers generally appear to be weak. but become acute when they have children.
Giving Emotions Their Due

It is a widespread view that affective and emotional responses to many works of literature are often components of an appreciation of literature that is richer than it would be without them. In this paper, I raise three points designed to show that Lamarque does not give emotional and other aflective responses their due. First, I propose that he does not sufficiently distinguish emotion and imagination from concerns about knowledge and truth. Second, he does not sufficiently distinguish appreciation, and the role of emotions within it, from criticism. And third, there is a conflation of accounts of the value of individual works with accounts of the value of having literature as an institution around.
COINAGE METAL-CATALYZED HYDROBORATION OF IMINES

Abstract The preparation of several new coinage metal complexes containing bulky, chelating bis(phosphine) ligands is described. The molecular structures of [AuCl(μ-DiPPE)]n (4), [Cu(μ-Cl)(DHP)]2 (6a), and [Au(DHP)(PEt3)]Cl (8) have been determined (DiPPE = 1,2-bis(diisopropylphosphino)ethane, DHP = deerhead phosphine, o-phenylenebis(diisopropylphosphine). These new complexes are selective catalysts for the hydroboration of imines and thiazolinesus ing catecholborane. The molecular structure of (11) is also reported.
Potential Synergies and Challenges in Refining Cellulosic Biomass to Fuels, Chemicals, and Power

Lignocellulosic biomass such as agricultural and forestry residues and dedicated crops provides a low-cost and uniquely sustainable resource for production of many organic fuels and chemicals that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance energy security, improve the economy, dispose of problematic solid wastes, and improve air quality. A technoeconomic analysis of biologically processing lignocellulosics to ethanol is adapted to project the cost of making sugar intermediates for producing a range of such products, and sugar costs are predicted to drop with plant size as a result of economies of scale that outweigh increased biomass transport costs for facilities processing less than about 10,000 dry tons per day. Criteria are then reviewed for identifying promising chemicals in addition to fuel ethanol to make from these low cost cellulosic sugars. It is found that the large market for ethanol makes it possible to achieve economies of scale that reduce sugar costs, and coproducing chemicals promises greater profit margins or lower production costs for a given return on investment. Additionally, power can be sold at low prices without a significant impact on the selling price of sugars. However, manufacture of multiple products introduces additional technical, marketing, risk, scale-up, and other challenges that must be considered in refining of lignocellulosics.
The hypogastric nerve innervates a population of penile neurons in the pelvic plexus

Retrograde dye staining, enkephalin immunocytochemistry and nerve lesion paradigms were used to determine if penile neurons in the pelvic plexus are innervated by fibers in the hypogastric nerve. In the intact major pelvic ganglion of the rat, some 80% of penile neurons are enclosed by an enkephalin-positive fiber plexus. Following surgical interruption of the pelvic nerve, 20% of penile neurons were still surrounded by an enkephalin plexus. After interruption of the pelvic nerve and the hypogastric nerve, the enkephalin plexus in the ganglion was virtually absent, including the plexus around penile neurons. Therefore, possible intrinsic sources of the enkephalin fibers such as enkephalin-positive principal neurons and small intensely fluorescent cells, do not account for the delicate enkephalin fiber system in the pelvic ganglion. It is concluded that the pelvic nerve is the major source of preganglionic innervation to penile neurons in the major pelvic ganglion. However, it is significant that the hypogastric nerve is preganglionic to about 20% of penile neurons. The pathway through the hypogastric nerve may represent an alternate vasodilator system to penile erectile tissue.
Abstract 5757: A new functional classification of lung and breast cancers based on siRNA mediated knockdown of 48 NRs and 72 CoRegulators

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Introduction: Nuclear receptors (NRs) and their co-regulators (CoRegs) are master regulators of key transcriptional processes important in cancer pathogenesis and could provide molecular biomarkers for prognosis and personalizing new cancer targeted therapy. Aims and Methods: Our goal is to functionally classify a panel of 54 lung cancer, 20 breast cancer, and several immortalized human lung and breast epithelial cell strains based on their growth and survival response to siRNA mediated knockdown of 48 NRs and 72 CoRegs. Following knockdown of individual NR/CoRegs, changes in growth patterns are quantified and statistical methods are used to identify disease subgroups of similar responders. These subgroups are then integrated with our legacy datasets for clinical demographics, cancer cell oncogenotype and genome wide molecular characterization, and responses to standard and targeted chemotherapy. Results and Conclusions: A diverse, representative panel consisting of lung cancer, breast cancer, and normal epithelial cell lines was tested by siRNA transfection. After optimization to determine transfection conditions, all cell lines were screened using a focused siRNA library targeting all 48 NRs and 72 CoRegs (each gene is targeted by pools of 4 different siRNAs, Qiagen). Screening experiments were performed in triplicate, in 96 well plates, in a five-day MTS assay and assays were repeated 3 times. Correlation between replicates for the same cell line is >0.84 and knockdowns were validated by qRT-PCR. We found: 1) NR/CoReg-specific knockdown could have no effect, increase, or decrease tumor cell viability in a cell line dependent manner. 2) Overall ∼70% of the NRs or CoRegs reduced cell viability in at least one tumor line when their expression was knocked down (examples included NURR1, PRMT1, RXRalpha, BRCA1). 3) NR/CoReg-specific tumor cell toxicity was validated independently by siRNA knockdown combined with a liquid colony formation assay. 4) Knockdown of several NR/CoRegs selectively killed tumor but not normal epithelial cells. 5) Tumor cell lines could be stratified into functionally unique categories based on their changes in growth following NR/CoReg-specific knockdowns. We conclude that siRNA mediated knockdown of a large number of NRs and their CoRegs identifies genes that show tumor cell selective toxicity, and that tumor lines vary in their siRNA response phenotypes. These data strengthen the concept for NR/CoReg targeted therapy of lung and breast cancer and also the need to “personalize” such therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5757. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5757
Analyzing Electrostatic Determinants of Affinity and Promiscuity in the HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase System Using Charge Optimization

Electrostatic charge optimization (Lee and Tidor, J. Chem. Phys. 1997) was used to study the binding site of wild type and mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) complexed with the non-nucleoside inhibitors nevirapine and rilpivirine (TMC-278). Our ultimate goal is to analyze and to further understand the electrostatic determinants of tight binding and broad molecular recognition toward this rapidly-mutating target. For each inhibitor-RT mutant pair, we computed the drug's optimal charge distribution - the hypothetical charge distribution that would bind to the target variant more tightly than any other isosteric drug. By comparing these optimal charge distributions with each drug's actual charge distribution, we are able to identify potential sites of electrostatic noncomplementarity that may be altered to increase binding affinity. Additionally, by comparing the electrostatic optima for a given drug toward multiple RT variants, we can gain insight into the sensitivity of the electrostatic determinants of binding to the variability in RT as a result of certain drug resistance mutations.
The Development of a Global Perspective During Participation in Semester at Sea: a comparative global education program

This article reports on the results of a study seeking to answer: (1) How do students studying abroad change views with respect to different dimensions of a global perspective? (2) How do various elements of the comparative global education program, Semester at Sea, impact the development of a global perspective? Data were collected using limited participation observation (23 participants), interviews and student journals at the beginning and end of a Semester at Sea voyage. Domain, taxonomic and theme analysis were used to identify patterns of change in five dimensions of students’ global perspectives. The findings of this study offer some possible conceptual refinements concerning dimensions of a global perspective, and generally reinforce the conclusions of prior research on how tourist and study abroad programs contribute to or detract from the development of a global perspective.
Effects of recombinant plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 on fibrinolysis in vitro and in vivo.

A biologically active recombinant PAI-1 (rPAI-1) was evaluated for its effects on clot lysis in vitro and in vivo. At concentrations of 0.5 to 10 μg/ml, the rPAI-1 significantly prolonged the time to lysis of rabbit euglobulin clots both in the presence and absence of exogenous tissue plasminogen activator. To examine the effects of PAI in vivo, we infused rPAI-1 into conscious rabbits after i.v. injection of homogenized fibrin clots, and assessed fibrinolysis by measuring the appearance of d-dimer fibrin degradation products (FDP). Plasma fibrinolytic activity, PAI activity and antigen were also measured in plasma samples taken during and after infusion of rPAI-1. In control rabbits, endogenous fibrinolytic activity resulted in a significant and continual generation of FDP, reaching 32.6 ± 13.6 ng/ml 90 minutes after fibrin injection. Infusion of 1,2, or 5 μg/kg/min rPAI-1 led to dose dependent increases in PAI activity and antigen, while FDP levels at 90 minutes were only 8.8 ± 2.9, 5.7 ± 2.4, and 0.3 ± 0.3 ng/ml, respectively. Complete inhibition of fibrinolysis was observed with 10 μg/kg/min rPAI-1. These studies directly demonstrate that increases in PAI-1 impair the fibrinolytic system, and support indirect observations of an association between elevated levels of this protein and thromboembolic diseases.
Anxiety and depression among Greek men with primary erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation

Erectile dysfunction (ED) and premature ejaculation (PE) are the two most prevalent sexual disorders among males associated with significant distress and impairment in quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among patients with primary ED and PE. A sample of 57 men (ED = 31; PE = 26) were compared to 25 male outpatients with anxiety disorder (AD) and 25 healthy controls. Principal assessment measures included the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Greater levels of STAI state anxiety were reported among the ED, PE, and AD groups as compared to healthy controls. In contrast ED and AD groups scored higher than controls on the STAI trait anxiety and BDI, but PE scores were not different from healthy controls in both measures. The study findings suggest that both primary ED and PE are conditions associated with significant state anxiety; however, PE appears to be less associated with trait anxiety and depression compared to ED, a finding that corroborates the recent acknowledgement of PE as a more biologically based condition. Limitations and potential clinical implications are also discussed.
Ante mortem amyloid imaging and β-amyloid pathology in a case with dementia with Lewy bodies

The association between ante mortem [11C]-Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) retention and β-amyloid (Aβ) load, Lewy body (LB) and neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) densities were investigated in a pathologically confirmed case of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). A 76 year old man presenting with a clinical diagnosis of DLB had undergone PiB-positron emission tomography (PET), 18F FDG-PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 18 months before death. The pathologic diagnosis was DLB neocortical-type with low-likelihood of Alzheimer's disease by NIA-Reagan criteria. Sections from regions of interest (ROI) on post-mortem examination were studied. A significant correlation was found between cortical Aβ density and PiB retention in the 17 corresponding ROIs (r = 0.899; p < 0.0001). Bielschowsky silver stain revealed mostly sparse neocortical neuritic plaques, whereas diffuse plaques were frequent. There was no correlation between LB density and PiB retention (r = 0.13; p = 0.66); nor between NFT density and PiB retention (r = −0.36; p = 0.17). The ROI-based analysis of imaging and histopathological data confirms that PiB uptake on PET is a specific marker for Aβ density, but cannot differentiate neuritic from diffuse amyloid plaques in this case with DLB.
Transgenic mice with a hypomorphic NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase gene: effects on development, reproduction, and microsomal cytochrome P450.

A mouse model with a hypomorphic NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase ( Cpr ) gene (designated Cprlow allele) was generated and characterized in this study. The Cpr gene in these mice was disrupted by the insertion of a neo gene in intron 15, which led to 74 to 95% decreases in CPR expression in all tissues examined, including olfactory mucosa, adrenal gland, brain, testis, ovary, lung, kidney, liver, and heart. In the liver, a pattern of pericentral distribution of CPR protein was preserved in the Cprlow/low mice, despite an overall reduction in CPR expression. Genotype distribution in F2 pups indicated limited embryonic lethality associated with the Cprlow allele, a finding that confirms the role of CPR-dependent enzymes in development. Adult male homozygotes had decreased body weight and decreased heart, lung, and kidney weights, whereas homozygous Cprlow females, which had increased serum testosterone and progesterone and decreased copulatory activities, were infertile. Furthermore, adult Cprlow/low mice had decreased plasma cholesterol, and some mice developed mild centrilobular hepatic lipidosis. In addition, despite apparently compensatory increases in total microsomal cytochrome P450 content in the liver and kidney, the decreases in CPR expression were accompanied by reductions in systemic clearance of pentobarbital, as well as in hepatic microsomal metabolism of acetaminophen and testosterone. These phenotypes illustrate the potential impact of a globally decreased CPR activity in human adults, and this novel knock-in mouse model provides a unique opportunity for further explorations of the in vivo roles of CPR and CPR-dependent enzymes.
The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms

The use of the fast Fourier transform in power spectrum analysis is described. Principal advantages of this method are a reduction in the number of computations and in required core storage, and convenient application in nonstationarity tests. The method involves sectioning the record and averaging modified periodograms of the sections.
A New Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Boundary Dataset for the Community Atmosphere Model

A new surface boundary forcing dataset for uncoupled simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model is described. It is a merged product based on the monthly mean Hadley Centre sea ice and SST dataset version 1 (HadISST1) and version 2 of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weekly optimum interpolation (OI) SST analysis. These two source datasets were also used to supply ocean surface information to the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40). The merged product provides monthly mean sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration data from 1870 to the present: it is updated monthly, and it is freely available for community use. The merging procedure was designed to take full advantage of the higher-resolution SST information inherent in the NOAA OI.v2 analysis.
Caudal blockade in children

Caudal epidural anesthesia is used as pain control for many subumbilical surgical procedures. The epidural space is accessed through the caudal space with ease. Once entered into the space, drug can be injected or other levels can be accessed using multiple techniques. Besides passing a catheter, one can inject drug to provide a block for a specific amount of time. Certain drugs have been used to increase the duration and intensity of the regional block such as epinephrine, clonidine and other newer used medications.
Student perceptions of a community engagement experience: Exploration of reflections on social responsibility and professional formation

Physical therapy educators are challenged to emphasize the importance of social responsibility as a vital curricular element of professional development. Through reflection, students are able to identify core values, beliefs, and attitudes as part of the professional development process. The purpose of this study was to explore student perceptions and values of a community engagement experience based upon frequency of participation. This qualitative research report investigated student perceptions of the community experience following participation. Data collection tools included an open-ended questionnaire and focus group interviews. Comparisons were made across data for participants who engaged in the activity one time versus multiple times. Data analysis revealed participation in the community engagement experience had a positive impact on most participants. One time only participants demonstrated increased self-awareness, contemplating change, and capacity to serve while more than one time participant...
Optical frequency conversion by a rotating molecular wave plate.

We demonstrate efficient four-wave mixing in low-pressure molecular deuterium without the need for phase matching. We use two laser fields with opposite circular polarizations to produce a strong excitation of a rovibrational transition at a frequency of 3167 cm 21 . The coherent molecular motion, in turn, modulates a third laser field (also circularly polarized) and results in highly efficient single-sideband conversion. © 2001 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 190.2620, 190.5650, 270.1670, 300.6270. Four-wave mixing in atomic and molecular gases has served, for more than 30 years, as an eff icient tool for producing coherent radiation at desired wavelengths. 1 An important development in this area was the invention of nonlinear optics at maximal coherence, 2,3 which allowed 100% frequency conversion without the need for phase matching, under conditions in which the nonlinear susceptibility is of the order of the linear susceptibility. This technique relied on all-resonant laser-pulse propagation in an atomic medium (L scheme) and utilized electromagnetically induced transparency. 4
The Relationship between Prior Knowledge and Interactive Overviews during Hypermedia-Aided Learning:

Advance organizers have been used successfully to augment the learning outcome for students engaged in traditional text-based learning [1] and those engaged in hypermedia-assisted learning [2]. Prior research has shown that this effect may occur because the organizer provides cues to prior knowledge which is then used as an elaborative tool for the new information [3]. Novices are uniquely challenged, however, in that they have little or no prior knowledge to aid in the learning process. The present study used interactive overviews (IOs), a type of advance organizer, to explore the effect of the interaction between organizer structure and prior knowledge on novices' ability to meet particular learning goals. Subjects were recruited who displayed some knowledge of animal family resemblances but very little about interspecies relationships within ecosystems on pretests. They were then asked to learn about a world of fictitious animals with the aid of a hypermedia program which provided an IO arranged either...
Proteogenomic analysis reveals unanticipated adaptations of colorectal tumor cells to deficiencies in DNA mismatch repair

A growing body of genomic data on human cancers poses the critical question of how genomic variations translate to cancer phenotypes. We used standardized shotgun proteomics and targeted protein quantitation platforms to analyze a panel of 10 colon cancer cell lines differing by mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. In addition, we performed transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to enable detection of protein sequence variants from the proteomic data. Biologic replicate cultures yielded highly consistent proteomic inventories with a cumulative total of 6,513 protein groups with a protein false discovery rate of 3.17% across all cell lines. Networks of coexpressed proteins with differential expression based on MMR status revealed impact on protein folding, turnover and transport, on cellular metabolism and on DNA and RNA synthesis and repair. Analysis of variant amino acid sequences suggested higher stability of proteins affected by naturally occurring germline polymorphisms than of proteins affected by somatic protein sequence changes. The data provide evidence for multisystem adaptation to MMR deficiency with a stress response that targets misfolded proteins for degradation through the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome pathway. Enrichment analysis suggested epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in RKO cells, as evidenced by increased mobility and invasion properties compared with SW480. The observed proteomic profiles demonstrate previously unknown consequences of altered DNA repair and provide an expanded basis for mechanistic interpretation of MMR phenotypes.