cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate Crisis at City Hall: How Japanese communities mobilize to eliminate emissions

Abstract Why do some communities develop better environmental governance outcomes than others? Past research tends to focus on national governments, explaining how states with better environmental governance outcomes tend to have more resources, such as stronger government capacity, or fewer obstacles, like fewer ties to major polluting industries. This study tests whether the social capital and community-building policies of local governments improve their environmental governance outcomes. This mixed-methods study looks at the case of all 1741 Japanese municipalities from 2005 to 2017, modeling greenhouse gas emissions across 4 different sectors of the economy, paired with three case studies of high performing municipalities. This study finds that cities with stronger bonding and bridging social capital bolster the institutional capacity of cities, improving the effectiveness of their emissions reduction programs. By leveraging citizens’ social ties, cities can accelerate the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions while improving civic engagement locally.
Factors affecting lead dust in construction workers' homes in the Greater Boston Area.

Abstract Lead is a known reproductive, developmental, and neurological toxicant. Workers with a high likelihood of being exposed to lead at work may inadvertently transport lead home from work, known as “take-home exposure.” This is concerning for many workers for whom a workplace intervention is not feasible because their worksites and employers often change, rendering centralized strategies insufficient. This study aimed to better understand the connection between lead in the home of workers living with children and work in construction (n = 23), while other occupations were used as a comparison group (janitorial n = 5, autobody n = 2). Thirty workers living in disadvantaged communities in the Greater Boston area were recruited in 2018–2019 through collaboration with non-profits and worker unions with expertise working with low-income or immigrant workers. Construction workers that performed renovations, bridge constructions, welding, metal work, and demolitions were prioritized during recruitment. During a visit to their residences, a worker questionnaire was administered, and observations and a dust vacuumed sample of the home were collected. Factors predicting lead in home dust were explored by a bivariate analysis and a multivariable regression model. We found lead in homes’ dust in the range of 20–8,310 ppm. Homes of construction workers generally had higher and more variable lead dust concentrations (mean 775, max 8,300 ppm) than autobody and janitor worker homes combined (mean 296, max 579 ppm). Five of the construction workers’ home lead dust concentrations exceeded US guidelines for yard soil in children's play areas of 400 ppm, and were similar to other studies of homes near lead smelters, superfund sites, or in the Boston area in the early 1990s, pointing to disparities relating to work. Results from the multivariable regression model suggest that lead dust in homes of workers was associated with sociodemographic-, home-, and work-related factors, and pointed to overlapping vulnerabilities; however, a larger sample size is needed to verify findings. Results provide evidence that work-related factors are important to consider when assessing home exposures, and that take-home exposures for workers in lead high-risk jobs such as construction may be an important source of exposure in the home prime for public health intervention at work, home, and community levels.
Extracellular ATP and Adenosine in Cancer Pathogenesis and Treatment

ATP hydrolysis and downstream signaling pathways in the extracellular space have a major impact upon tumor progression and metastasis. The complexity and interdependence of various cell types in the extracellular space have been increasingly appreciated in recent years. With increased awareness of the importance of this signaling pathway in the pathogenic development and progression of malignancies, there has been attention to therapeutic strategies targeting extracellular adenosine metabolism and signaling. This review summarizes the molecular and physiologic roles of extracellular ATP and adenosine in normal and disease states, and potential therapeutic applications.
Accelerating Reinforcement Learning using EEG-based implicit human feedback

Abstract Providing Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents with human feedback can dramatically improve various aspects of learning. However, previous methods require human observer to give inputs explicitly (e.g., press buttons, voice interface), burdening the human in the loop of RL agent’s learning process. Further, providing explicit human advise (feedback) continuously is not always possible or too restrictive, e.g., autonomous driving, disabled rehabilitation, etc. In this work, we investigate capturing human’s intrinsic reactions as implicit (and natural) feedback through EEG in the form of error-related potentials (ErrP), providing a natural and direct way for humans to improve the RL agent learning. As such, the human intelligence can be integrated via implicit feedback with RL algorithms to accelerate the learning of RL agent. We develop three reasonably complex 2D discrete navigational games to experimentally evaluate the overall performance of the proposed work. And the motivation of using ErrPs as feedbacks is also verified by subjective experiments. Major contributions of our work are as follows, (i) we propose and experimentally validate the zero-shot learning of ErrPs, where the ErrPs can be learned for one game, and transferred to other unseen games, (ii) we propose a novel RL framework for integrating implicit human feedbacks via ErrPs with RL agent, improving the label efficiency and robustness to human mistakes, and (iii) compared to prior works, we scale the application of ErrPs to reasonably complex environments, and demonstrate the significance of our approach for accelerated learning through real user experiments.
The demographic and disability characteristics of individuals who regularly attend an urban adaptive fitness center: An observational study.

INTRODUCTION While it is well known that regular physical activity provides significant physical and psychosocial health benefits, people with disabilities have disproportionately lower rates of exercise compared to the able-bodied population. Reduced levels of physical activity can put this population at an increased risk of chronic health conditions, highlighting the importance of ensuring that our communities have accessible adaptive fitness opportunities. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the demographic and disability characteristics in individuals who regularly attend a specialized urban adaptive fitness center, to provide foundational understanding about the population that uses such resources. DESIGN Cross-sectional study SETTING: Specialized urban adaptive fitness center PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-three (n = 63) participants who regularly attend an urban Adaptive Sports and Fitness Center INTERVENTION: Not applicable MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: World Health Organization (WHO) Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0, evaluating disability in six domains: cognition, mobility, self-care, getting along, life activities, and participation. Results were converted into scores ranging from 0 (no disability) to 100 (total disability) and compared to WHO published norms for the general population and a demographics intake form. RESULTS Participants with mean age of 52.9 ±14.3 years were grouped into three diagnostic categories: spinal cord injury (30.2%), traumatic brain injury/stroke (36.5%), and other neurologic disease/chronic medical disease (33.3%). A total of 45.9% live alone, 96.8% exercise at least twice/week, and 43.5% participate in adaptive sports. Participants travel 8.0 miles on average for attendance. WHODAS disability summary score was 26.48 (86th percentile). CONCLUSIONS Although adaptive fitness center participants had a higher level of disability than 80% to 90% of the general population, regular participation was realistic and feasible. Further understanding of the barriers in those who do not engage in such facilities is needed.
Social Justice in These Times

Part I: The Philosophy, Theory & Praxis of Social Justice. Introduction, James O'Donnell, Rudolfo Chavez Chavez and Marc Pruyn. The Role of Participatory Democracy in the Critical Praxis of Social Justice, Myriam Torres. Those Who Dare, Teach: Living a Pedagogy for Social Justice, Roberto Bahruth. Part II: Instantiating Social Justice: Engaging within Cultural, Pedagogical & Political Contexts. Schooling for a Democratic Society: Critical Pedagogy in the Democratic Classroom, Jim O'Donnell. Confronting Difference: Progressive Politics and Sites of Resistance, Deborah McGriff, Margaret Zamudio, Catherine Connolly and Francisco Rios. Critical Performative Pedagogy: A Feasible Praxis for Teacher Education, Ruth Harman and Kristen French. Social Justice: A Forgotten Issue in the Education of Teachers in Mexico, Luis Huerta-Charles. Teaching for Social Justice: Reflections of a Cultural Worker, YiShan Lea. Part III: Empire & Social Justice: Neo-Liberalism, Bush & ""No Child Left Behind."" No Child Left Behind: The Rise of Educational Markets and the Decline of Social Justice, David Hursh. Communal Truth and the Literacy Landscape: Echoings of Perspectives, Positions and Practices, Kyle Shanton. Social Justice in Times of McCarthyism Renaissance: Surveillance, Ethics, and Neo-Liberalism, Cesar Augusto Rossatto. Protest and Activism: Standing-up for Peace and Civil Liberties in New Mexico Under Homeland Security and The U.S.A. Patriot Acts, David Boje. Neo-Liberal Citizenship, The New Imperialism and Federal Education Policy: A Critical Analysis, Peter McLaren and Nathalia Jaramillo.
Child Discipline and the Pursuit of Self: An Historical Interpretation

Publisher Summary This chapter relates changes in ideals and techniques of socialization to changes in the dominant conceptions of self and self-fulfillment. These in turn are connected to transformations in the structure and function of the family within a broader context of social, economic, and political changes. The main concern here is with the changes in the ways people attempt to direct the development of their children, with special consideration given to issues of discipline and control. It is the transformation of the function of the family in the context of modernization—that is, industrialization and urbanization—which gives shape to the discussion. It is relevant to speak of industrialization and urbanization as providing the context within which the meaning and purposes of family life are transformed.
Histologic evaluation of induced apical closure of a human pulpless tooth. Report of a case.

Abstract A histologic evaluation was made of a successfully treated previously traumatized maxillary central incisor which was pulpless and had a wide-open apex. The apex of the tooth was found to be covered with cellular and acellular cementum which had also formed over the apical foramen.
An Evolutionary Perspective on Developmental Plasticity

In this essay, we advance the argument that variations in developmental plasticity should be treated as an individual-difference construct in research on environmental influences on human development. As guided by the diathesis-stress framework, past research has focused mainly on the development of dysfunction and negative outcomes in “vulnerable” individuals and the absence of such effects in “resilient” ones in response to adverse developmental experiences and environmental exposures. An evolutionary perspective challenges this traditional and prevailing framework for understanding person-X-environment interaction, leading to the view that there are individual differences in developmental plasticity, with those individuals most susceptible to the negative effects of adverse experiences also most likely to benefit from positive ones. Evidence consistent with this view is summarized and directions for future research are outlined. Keywords: G×E; diathesis-stress; differential susceptibility; phenotypic plasticity; developmental plasticity; risk; resilience; dysregulation
Sedimentation of molecular solutions in the ultracentrifuge. II: Sedimentation velocity

Abstract Observed sedimentation velocities in solutions of unknown microstructure can be misleading. Sedimentation-velocity behavior is governed by the interplay of three factors: buoyant density, molecular weight or particle mass, and solution nonideality. As a result, nonideal molecular solutions near a plait point can sediment with fronts as sharp as those of ideal solutions of massive colloidal particles. In addition, because phenomenological transport coefficients increase without bound near a consolute point, or plait point, sedimentation velocities can be as high in near-critical molecular solutions as in colloidal mixtures. Sedimentation profiles computed for model nonideal, molecular solutions are reported here; these profiles resemble those of colloids, and micelle sizes computed in the usual way from these profiles appear deceptively reasonable. Hence caution is needed when inferring from sedimentation profiles the nature of microstructures present in solution.
Improving Quality in Noninvasive Testing by Certification and Accreditation

Over the last half century, noninvasive vascular testing has evolved from a research laboratory curiosity to a well-established clinical component in the management of patients with vascular disease. As with any new field, the search for high-quality work is a critical challenge. An important early step was developing appropriate education for the physicians and the technical staff who would ultimately be examining patients. But providing educational opportunities was only the first step in ensuring a quality operation. It was necessary to define prerequisite knowledge and experience, together with a determination of entry-level knowledge. This step was achieved in 1983 by establishing a certifying examination for vascular technologists. The second quality initiative was to define benchmarks for establishing and running of an examining facility. Relevant issues included quality of equipment, ongoing supervision, examination protocols, standardized diagnostic criteria, reporting standards, and validation studies. In 1991, a formal laboratory accreditation was established to provide a structured approach to this side of improved quality. Over the years, the combination of individual certification and laboratory accreditation has led in the effort to improve the quality of noninvasive testing.
Virtual private network call processing in the intelligent network

The author explains the main features of the virtual private network (VPN) and proposes and defines a new integrated service control point call processing design model for the intelligent network. The model allows multiple application services to be executed simultaneously and provides real-time behavior. The features and capabilities of this model of call processing are addressed, and it is applied to the VPN application services. >
Biological effects of activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by mitogenic oxidizing agents: I. Alloantigen-independent activation of alloimmune memory cells

Abstract Mechanisms of activation of alloimmune memory cells by immunologically nonspecific signals were investigated utilizing the mitogenic oxidizing agents, neuraminidase and galactose oxidase (NAGO) and sodium periodate (IO 4 − ). Direct activation of primary long-term human mixed-lymphocyte culture (MLC) cells (memory cells) with either NAGO or IO 4 − resulted in increased specific secondary cytolytic activity. Kinetics of the proliferative and cytotoxic responses resulting from such treatment of memory cells paralleled those resulting from treatment of memory cells with irradiated cells that were the stimulators in the primary MLC. Indirect activation of memory cells by NAGO or IO 4 − -treated and irradiated syngeneic cells also resulted in increased specific secondary cytolytic activity. In contrast, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) activated by the mitogenic oxidizing agents did not develop cytolytic activity toward syngeneic or multiple allogeneic target cells, despite extensive proliferative responses. Cytotoxicity generated by either direct or indirect activation of memory cells by IO 4 − was prevented by treatment of the oxidized cells with the reducing agent, sodium borohydride. Incubation of memory cells in supernatants from 24-hr cultures of PBM activated with either NAGO or IO 4 − resulted in proliferation and in an increase in cytolytic activity in memory cells, but not in PBM. These findings indicate that alloimmune memory cells can be activated by immunologically nonspecific lymphocyte-derived signals that do not depend on alloantigen or lectin.
EFFECT OF MITOCHONDRIAL STABILIZERS ON THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF THE PARTICULATE FRACTION ISOLATED FROM MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

Abstract Youmans, Anne S. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.), and Guy P. Youmans. Effect of mitochondrial stabilizers on the immunogenicity of the particulate fraction isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol. 87:1346–1354. 1964.—A number of substances which have been used to stabilize mammalian mitochondrial preparations were tested to determine whether they would similarly affect the immunogenicity of a particulate fraction prepared from ruptured viable attenuated mycobacterial cells. The use of 0.44 m sucrose and the presence of 3 × 10−2m MgCl2 during the preparatory processes markedly increased the immunogenicity of the particulate fraction. The increase was so great that immunogenic preparations were then consistently obtained which, in adequate dosage, were more immunogenic in CF-1 male mice than were viable attenuated mycobacterial cells. On the other hand, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), citrate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone when present during the preparatory processes reduced the immunogenicity. The addition of MgCl2, ethylene-diaminetetraacetate, or ATP to the particulate fraction after it had been prepared did not increase its immunogenicity. When the particles were prepared in the 0.44 m sucrose buffer alone, incorporated in Freund's adjuvant, and injected intraperitoneally, immunogenicity was increased. However, this increase was not significantly greater than that obtained when the particles were prepared in the sucrose buffer containing MgCl2. The immune state engendered in mice by the intraperitoneal injection of the particulate fraction persisted for at least 12 weeks.
Some Statistics of Nebular Chemical Compositions

Data from a survey of 51 planetary nebulae (PN) observed with the image tube scanner on Shane Telescope at Lick Observatory are combined with those for a comparable number of objects previously reported. For nearly all of the PN included in the later program, it was possible to obtain adequately accurate plasma diagnostics and line intensities to derive ionic concentrations for He, N, O, Ne, S, Cl, and Ar. To get ionization correction factors we calculated theoretical nebular models to fit the excitation level and the intensities of individual important lines. Final model parameters include the stellar radius, emergent flux, Fv(*), from Husfeld et al. (1984, Astron. Astrophys., 134, 139), nebular size, the optical depth at the hydrogenic Lyman limit, and chemical abundances. Many PN do not appear to be optically very thick in the Lyman continuum.
Fluoxetine-induced decrements in sexual responses of female rats and hamsters are reversed by 3α,5α-THP.

ABSTRACT Introduction Sexual dysfunction, as a result of selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment among women, is relatively common and is a factor in medication compliance. The mechanisms that underlie these side-effects of SSRIs are not well-understood. SSRIs can alter activity of catabolic enzymes that are involved in progesterone's conversion to 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP). 3α,5α-THP plays a key role in female reproductive physiology and behavior. Aims This study aimed to determine whether 3α,5α-THP, in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) may be a potential mechanism for fluoxetine's reduction in sexual responding of female rodents. We hypothesized that if fluoxetine induces decrements in sexual responding in part through actions of 3α,5α-THP, then fluoxetine will inhibit sexual receptivity concomitant with reducing 3α,5α-THP levels, effects which can be reversed by 3α,5α-THP administration. Methods Experiment 1 investigated effects of acute systemic fluoxetine [20 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP)] and/or 3α,5α-THP [500 µg, subcutaneous (SC)] administration on sexual responding of ovariectomized, hormone-primed rats. Experiment 2 examined effects of 3α,5α-THP administration to the midbrain VTA (100 ng) on fluoxetine-induced decrements in lordosis of ovariectomized, hormone-primed rats and hamsters. Main Outcome Measures Sexual responding was determined in rats and hamsters. For rats, the percentage of times that the lordosis response occurred following mounting by a sexually-vigorous male (lordosis quotients) was utilized. For hamsters, lateral displacement, the pelvic movement that females will make to facilitate intromissions by a male hamster, was utilized. Results Fluoxetine significantly reduced lordosis, and this was reversed SC 3α,5α-THP. Intra-VTA 3α,5α-THP attenuated fluoxetine's detrimental effects on lordosis quotients and lateral displacement of rats and hamsters, respectively. Conclusions Thus, fluoxetine's effects to disrupt female sexual responses may involve its effects on progestogens in the midbrain VTA. Frye CA, and Rhodes ME. Fluoxetine-induced decrements in sexual responses of female rats and hamsters are reversed by 3α,5α-THP.
Transcending the Barriers: Zhang Ruoming and André Gide

The revolutionary process in China during the twentieth century has been a multihued conflagration. It has included large and small players with varying impacts. Much too often those who make contributions during pivotal movements are lost to history by the time the motion has ended. This paper is about a small player, Zhang Ruoming (1901-1958), who made an important contribution to the feminist and overall student movement during the May 4 Movement in Tianjin, and who joined the Chinese Communist Party in France during the early twenties, only to resign from the party in 1924. Zhang went on to become one of the first Chinese women to obtain a doctorate in France. She wrote a thesis at the University of Lyon on the famous French writer AndrC Gide (1869-1951) and sent him the thesis.
Modest opioid withdrawal suppression efficacy of oral tramadol in humans.

Rationale Tramadol is in an unscheduled atypical analgesic with low rates of diversion and abuse and mixed pharmacologic actions, including modest opioid agonist activity.
Composite-to-metal tubular lap joints: strength and fatigue resistance

The axial strength and fatigue resistance of thick-walled, adhesively bonded E-glass composite-to-aluminum tubular lap joints have been measured for tensile and compressive loadings. The joint specimen bonds a 63 mm OD aluminium tube within each end of a 300 mm long, 6 mm thick E-glass/epoxy tube. Untapered, 12.5 mm thick aluminium adherends were used in all but four of the joint specimens. The aluminum adherends in the remaining four specimens were tapered to a thickness of 1 mm at the inner bond end (the bond end where the aluminum adherend terminates). For all loadings, joint failure initiates at the inner bond end as a crack grows in the adhesive adjacent to the interface. Test results for a tension-tension fatigue loading indicate that fatigue can severely degrade joint performance. Interestingly, measured tensile strength and fatigue resistance for joints with untapered adherends is substantially greater than compressive strength and fatigue resistance. The joint specimen has been analyzed in two different ways: one approach models the adhesive as an uncracked, elastic-perfectly plastic material, while the other approach uses a linear elastic fracture mechanics methodology. Results for the uncracked, elastic-plastic adhesive model indicate that observed bond failure occurs in the region of highest calculated stresses, extensive bond yielding occurs at load levels well below that required to fail the joint, and a tensile peel stress is generated by a compressive joint loading when the aluminum adherends are untapered. This latter result is consistent with the observed joint tensile-compressive strength differential. Results of the linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis of a joint with untapered aluminum adherends are also consistent with the observed differential strength effect since a mode I crack loading is predicted for a compressive joint loading. Calculations and a limited number of tests suggest that it may be possible to selectively control the differential strength effect by tapering the aluminum adherends. The effect of adherend material and thickness on fracture mechanics parameters is also investigated. The paper concludes by examining the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics to the joints tested.
Periodic Materials and Printed Structures for Miniature Antennas

Engineered materials, such as new composites, electromagnetic bandgap, and periodic structures have attracted considerable interest in recent years due to their remarkable and unique electromagnetic properties. Among this class of media are the magnetic photonic and degenerate bandgap crystals. These periodic media have the concurrent characteristics of wave slow-down and impedance matching at their dielectric interface. The first allows for miniaturization, and the latter is equivalent to radiation efficiency. Overall these properties are a consequence of the anisotropic nature of the periodic media, allowing for internal phase shifting that leads to ray collimation for best aperture utilization. To a degree, they emulate zero index materials, and thus (planar) layers of the material serve the same purpose as a reflector dish. This important property of the MPA and DBE structures are discussed at the meeting. The main focus of this work is two-fold: 1. The realization (in terms of material availability and fabrication) of the proposed periodic media, and their theoretical and measured performance for antenna applications. Specifically, we will pursue feed arrangements, impedance matching and metallizations/printings for maximum aperture efficiency. 2. Introduction of a concept that allows for emulation of the anisotropic properties of MPA/DBE media using a novel coupled line printed approach. This concept allows for the realization of the wave slow-down and impedance matching within a printed microwave structure, leading to new design methodologies for microwave components, including couplers, filters and printed antenna devices.
Can colposcopy replace conization

The reintroduction of colposcopy and the introduction of outpatient therapy have significantly altered the management of the woman with an abnormal Pap smear. Routine conization is no longer considered mandatory, particularly for the lower grades of CIN. We estimate that over 10,000 gynecologists in North America have received instruction in colposcopy. Virtually every teaching hospital and medical center has colposcopy available. It is a valuable evaluative tool, particularly with the increasing risk of CIN in young women and the fact that more women are delaying childbearing until the third and fourth decades of life. The technique does, however, require a rigorous period of training, significant experience, and strict adherence to an established evaluation protocol. In the hands of the neophyte, the consequences of in-appropriate evaluation of the woman with an abnormal Pap smear can be tragic.
Buddhist Fundamentalism and Minority Identities in Sri Lanka

Buddhist Fundamentalism and Minority Identities in Sri Lanka. Tessa J. Bartholomeusz and Chandra R. De Silva. eds. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. vii. 212 pp., bibliography, contributors, index.
Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Measurements of Carbon Monoxide and Temperature in a Time-varying, Methane/ Air, Non-premixed Flame

A time-varying, axi-symmetric, methane/air, nonpremixed flame is created by imposing a sinusoidal modulation to the fuel flow rate, which creates flames that “pinch off” and then detach from the burner. Carbon monoxide concentrations and temperatures are measured using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) and are compared with those observed in a nonperturbed flame. The measurements indicate that at most phases of the oscillation, the time-varying flame is both broader and taller than the steady flame. Just before the flame detaches, high levels of CO are observed at the flame tip in regions of the flame that have high soot loading. In the detached flames, relatively high levels of CO remain and the time-averaged emission index for CO is larger in the oscillating flame.
Plasmonic multi-mode interference couplers.

Plasmonic multi-mode interference (MMI) couplers have been investigated both numerically and experimentally at the telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 μm. In this study, the couplers are implemented using thin Au stripes that support long-range surface plasmons. We first detail the operation principle of these devices with numerical simulations and show that useful effects can be obtained despite the high material losses inherent to metallic structures. A series of MMI couplers is subsequently fabricated and experimentally characterized, showing a quantitative agreement with our numerical predictions. We conclude by discussing some of the possible applications for these structures.
SPAN: A software power analyzer for multicore computer systems

Abstract Understanding the power dissipation behavior of an application/workload is the key to writing power-efficient software and designing energy-efficient computer systems. Power modeling based on performance monitoring counters (PMCs) is an effective approach to analyze and quantify power dissipation behaviors on a real computer system. One of the potential benefits is that software developers are able to optimize the power behavior of an application by adjusting its source code implementations. However, it is challenging to relate power dissipation to the execution of specific segments of source code directly. In addition, existing power models need to be further investigated by reconsidering multicore architecture processors with on-chip shared resources. Therefore, we need to adjust PMC-based power models from the developers’ perspective, and reevaluate them on multicore computer systems. In this paper, followed by a detailed classification of previous efforts on power profiling, we propose a two-level power model that estimates per-core power dissipation on chip multiprocessor (CMP) on-the-fly by using only one PMC and frequency information from CPUs. The model attempts to satisfy the basic requirements from developer point of view: simplicity and applicability. Based on this model, we design and implement SPAN, a software power analyzer, to identify power behavior associated with source code. Given an application, SPAN is able to determine its power dissipation rate at the function-block level. We evaluate both the power model and SPAN on two general purpose multicore computer systems. The experimental results based on SPEC2008Cjvm benchmark suite show the average error rate of 5.40% across one core to six core validation. We also verify SPAN using the FT benchmark from NAS parallel benchmark suite and a synthetic workload. The overall estimated error of SPAN is under 3.00%.
Lung function in 3-5-year-old children with cystic fibrosis.

It is well established that the lung disease of CF can occur early in life and may progress through the preschool years when accurate lung function assessment has been challenging to perform. We hypothesized that respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) and spirometry could be effectively performed in 3–6-year-old children and could be used to assess both longitudinal changes in lung function and the acute changes that occur during exacerbation of pulmonary disease. Both RIP and spirometry were equally feasible; however, the success rate for spirometry gradually increased with age to become higher than that for RIP in the 6-year-old subjects. Forty-four subjects were studied longitudinally and demonstrated significant increases in FVC, FEV1, and FEV0.5, but not in FEF25–75 or RIP variables. There were significant differences in FVC, FEV1, and phase angle (a measure of thoracoabdominal asynchrony) during exacerbations of lung disease. Although both RIP and spirometry were able to show differences in lung function in subjects with acute clinical worsening, spirometry was more robust in demonstrating change in lung function longitudinally and in children who had an exacerbation of lung disease. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2008; 43:1214–1223. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Psychosocial Modifiers of Psychopathology for Domestically Violent and Nonviolent Men

Personality characteristics of 99 domestically violent and 71 nonviolent men were studied, using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and controlling for premorbid history. Men with poor premorbid backgrounds from 3 groups (ns = 66, 12, and 23) showed more elevations on the Millon inventory than men with good premorbid backgrounds (ns = 33, 20, and 48). However, over-all, batterers showed more Millon elevations than nonviolent men. These findings point to the need to control psychosocial variables when studying personality characteristics of batterers.
Depth recovery through active control of focal length

In this work, we have proposed the use of flow not induced by motion but by active manipulation of the lens focal length. The sequence of images thus obtained are to a great extent equivalent to those generated by camera translation with several distinct advantages: (1) the platform undergoes no perturbation while capturing the image sequences, (2) focus of expansion (FOE) is theoretically constrained to be at the center of the image or close proximity for camera imperfection, and (3) the flow is radial and as a result the correspondence problem, so difficult elsewhere, reduces to a 1-D search problem.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
RENEWAL AND REFORMATION IN THE MIDTWENTIETH CENTURY: BEDIZZAMAN SAID NURSI AND RELIGION IN THE 1950s

Apres avoir presente un resume des realisations de B. Said Nursi jusqu'en 1950, l'A. centre cet article sur un aspect de ses ecrits, la Flashes Collection, qui exprime comment «le Troisieme Said», comme il s'est lui-meme nomme a partir de 1950, a apporte une importante contribution a la vie sociale et politique de son pays. Sont abordes notamment les themes de la modernite, de la science, de la raison, de la moderation et du juste milieu.
Sulfide assessment in bioreactors with gas replacement

Abstract Many biological processes have utilized the addition of sulfide constituents, such as sodium sulfide or cysteine-sulfide, to affect the redox potential, remove residual oxygen, and/or provide a source of sulfur for metabolism. However, the effects of sulfide constituents and associated sulfide concentrations on growth and product formation of cellular systems have shown considerable variance. In this work, models were developed that explained sulfide loss in bottle studies (batch reactors) and continuously gas-purged reactors. Since sulfide in liquid can be converted to volatile hydrogen sulfide (H2S), mass transfer plays a key role for sulfide loss in continuous reactors, whereas equilibrium is critical for sulfide loss in batch reactors. Models of sulfide can be used to understand the fate of sulfide during an experiment and to design experiments to maintain constant sulfide levels for providing greater clarity when interpreting experimental results. Cellular experiments for ethanol/acetic acid formation from syngas were carried out to demonstrate the maintenance of constant sulfide levels of 0–1.9 mM throughout the experiment. Results showed that cell growth was slightly affected by the sulfide concentration, ethanol production was favored at higher sulfide concentrations, and acetic acid production was favored at lower sulfide concentrations.
High-efficiency magnetic particle focusing using dielectrophoresis and magnetophoresis in a microfluidic device

We describe a novel technique that utilizes simultaneous implementation of dielectrophoresis (DEP) and magnetophoresis (MAP) to focus magnetic particles into streams for optical analysis of biological samples. This technique does not require sheath flow and utilizes a novel interdigitated electrode array chip that yields multiple streams of flowing magnetic particles in single-file columns. The MAP force placed particles in close proximity to the microelectrodes where they were subjected to a strong DEP force that generated the particle focusing effect. Particle focusing efficiency was improved using this combination DEP–MAP technique compared to DEP alone: particle stream widths were reduced ~47% and stream width variability was reduced 80% for focused streams of 8.5 µm diameter magnetic particles. 3 µm diameter magnetic particles were strongly focused with DEP–MAP (~4 µm wide streams with sub-µm variability in stream width) while DEP alone provided minimal focusing. Additional components of a prototype detection system were also demonstrated including an integrated magnetic pelleting component, a hand-held MHz frequency signal generator and a bench-top near-confocal microscope for optical analysis of flowing particles. Preliminary testing of a sandwich assay performed on the surface of magnetic particles showed 50 ppb detection levels of a surrogate biotoxin (ovalbumin) in a raw milk sample.
Isozyme variability in species of the genus Drosophila. III. Qualitative comparison of the esterases of D. aldrichi and D. mulleri

Two closely related species, Drosophila aldrichi and D. mulleri, are compared on the basis of their esterase isozyme patterns after starch gel electrophoresis. Comparable esterases between the two species are identified by substrate specificity, inhibition, and enhancement of esterase activity by various agents. The extensive electrophoretic variability of most of the esterases in nature is described and data relating to the inheritance of the various enzyme forms are presented.
Hypothalamic/pituitary-axis of the spontaneous dwarf rat: autofeedback regulation of growth hormone (GH) includes suppression of GH releasing-hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid.

In this study, the spontaneous dwarf rat (SDR) has been used to examine GHRH production and action in the selective absence of endogenous GH. This dwarf model is unique in that GH is not produced because of a point mutation in the GH gene. However, other pituitary hormones are not obviously compromised. Examination of the hypothalamic pituitary-axis of SDRs revealed that GHRH messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were increased, whereas somatostatin (SS) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA levels were decreased, compared with age- and sex-matched normal controls, as determined by Northern blot analysis (n = 5 animals/group; P < 0.05). The elevated levels of GHRH mRNA in the SDR hypothalamus were accompanied by a 56% increase in pituitary GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) mRNA, as determined by RT-PCR (P < 0.05). To investigate whether the up-regulation of GHRH-R mRNA resulted in an increase in GHRH-R function, SDR and control pituitary cell cultures were challenged with GHRH (0.001–10 nm; 15 min), and intracellular cAMP concentrati...
Accessing ICT Enabled Content in Low-Income Countries: Think Big, Start Small, and Scale Up

While the digital revolution has transformed the way many of us work and live, more than half the world's population lives in rural areas that have been shut-out of the digital transformation. Low-income countries have yet to realize the benefits from the digital revolution; therefore, a need exists for innovative and alternative models to overcome the lack of access to knowledge and learning. This paper examines the challenges faced by low-income countries in accessing ICT enabled content and proposes a Big-Small model where low-income countries can harness the ICT revolution. This paper concludes with a discussion on sustainability and future research directions.
ENERGY FLUCTUATIONS IN LIQUID HELIUM AND ITS FLOW PROPERTIES

>The relation between the elementary theory of excitations in helium, based on a cell medel and the theory of Feynman, are discussed, ard it is concluded that these theories can be correlated. In the tbeories of Feynman and Landau, however, the erergy levels are closely associated with specific values of the momentum, while in the author's view they may not be so closely connected. If this latter view is correet, a re-examination of the mechanism of superfluid flow with respect to normal flow is rcquired. This problem is considered. After a preliminary dissussion of some of the properties of rotons with respect to superfluids, it is shown that energy fluctuations are capable of preducing local temperature gradients which are much greater than any which are likely to be superimpoand in experiments on second sound. There will thus be localized flow phenomena which will play an important role in determining the properties of rotons. Some of the factors involved are discussed. (A.C.)
The Morphology of the Bufonid Head.

Summary. A study of the cranial anatomy of the entire head of Bufo melanostictus, Bufo parietalis, and Nectophryne misera, and the anterior region of the head of Bufo hololius and Bufo beddomii, reveals the following interesting facts:— 1 The anterior extension of the gl. nasalis medialis through the fenestra nasobasalis into the anterior region of the cranium, to occupy a position in between the gl. intermaxillaris, is noticed in B. melanostictus. The gl. nasalis medians do not penetrate through the fenestra naso-basalis in B. parietalis, B. hololius, B. beddomii, and N. misera. 2 The septomaxillary sends a limb into the plica in the region of the anterior nares in the Bufonid examples studied; the limb of the bone appears in the plica posterior to the anterior narial opening in N. misera. 3 The eminentia olfactoria is elevated in all the species of Bufo studied; the eminentia is not elevated in N. misera. 4 The sphenethmoid is bony in B. melanostictus, B. beddomii, and N. misera; in B. hololius it is cartilaginous, and in B. parietalis the bony sphenethmoid possesses cartilaginous areas. 5 The palatine is present in all the species of Bufo examined, while in N. misera it is absent. 6 The processus basalis is small in all the forms examined. It is merely a lateral extension of the oticus cartilage, and posterior to the oticus connection of the crista; the basal process also unites with the otic capsule to form a “pseudobasal” connection. 7 The frontoparietals have united mesially in N. misera; in the examined species of Bufo and in N. misera the fronto-parietals unite with the prootic bone. Posteriorly the prootic is indistinguishable from the exoccipital. 8 Of the plectral apparatus a large pars externa, a bony pars media, and a large pars interna are seen. A pars ascendens plectri—a commissural cartilage between pars externa and crista parotica—is noticed in all. 9 The operculum is sickle-shaped and depends from the otic capsule. 10 In N. misera the quadrate cartilage is feebly invaded by the quadrato- maxillary. 11 The complete absence of the “bursa angularis oris” of Fuchs (1931) (the “Mundwinkeldruse” of de Villiers) is noteworthy.
Enhanced capture rate for haze defects in production wafer inspection

Photomask degradation via haze defect formation is an increasing troublesome yield problem in the semiconductor fab. Wafer inspection is often utilized to detect haze defects due to the fact that it can be a bi-product of process control wafer inspection; furthermore, the detection of the haze on the wafer is effectively enhanced due to the multitude of distinct fields being scanned. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel application for enhancing the wafer inspection tool's sensitivity to haze defects even further. In particular, we present results of bright field wafer inspection using the on several photo layers suffering from haze defects. One way in which the enhanced sensitivity can be achieved in inspection tools is by using a double scan of the wafer: one regular scan with the normal recipe and another high sensitivity scan from which only the repeater defects are extracted (the non-repeater defects consist largely of noise which is difficult to filter). Our solution essentially combines the double scan into a single high sensitivity scan whose processing is carried out along two parallel routes (see Fig. 1). Along one route, potential defects follow the standard recipe thresholds to produce a defect map at the nominal sensitivity. Along the alternate route, potential defects are used to extract only field repeater defects which are identified using an optimal repeater algorithm that eliminates "false repeaters". At the end of the scan, the two defect maps are merged into one with optical scan images available for all the merged defects. It is important to note, that there is no throughput hit; in addition, the repeater sensitivity is increased relative to a double scan, due to a novel runtime algorithm implementation whose memory requirements are minimized, thus enabling to search a much larger number of potential defects for repeaters. We evaluated the new application on photo wafers which consisted of both random and haze defects. The evaluation procedure involved scanning with three different recipe types: Standard Inspection: Nominal recipe with a low false alarm rate was used to scan the wafer and repeaters were extracted from the final defect map. Haze Monitoring Application: Recipe sensitivity was enhanced and run on a single field column from which on repeating defects were extracted. Enhanced Repeater Extractor: Defect processing included the two parallel routes: a nominal recipe for the random defects and the new high sensitive repeater extractor algorithm. The results showed that the new application (recipe #3) had the highest capture rate on haze defects and detected new repeater defects not found in the first two recipes. In addition, the recipe was much simpler to setup since repeaters are filtered separately from random defects. We expect that in the future, with the advent of mask-less lithography and EUV lithography, the monitoring of field and die repeating defects on the wafer will become a necessity for process control in the semiconductor fab.
Freedom and gross in-migration: an empirical study of the post-great recession experience

Determinants of migration, including policy variables such as tax rates, have been extensively studied by regional scientists over the past several decades. The development of the Economic Freedom of North America Index has allowed researchers to test the relationship between migration patterns and economic freedom, with recent studies finding that net in-migration is positively related to economic freedom. Using a new cross-section measure of economic and personal freedom at the state level, we investigate the relationship between gross in-migration and economic freedom on the one hand and then between gross in-migration and total freedom on the other hand. This empirical study of domestic U.S. migration during the post-Great Recession period finds clear evidence that migrants prefer to move to those states affording higher levels of economic freedom and higher levels of total freedom.