cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“PANENDOCRINECTOMY” AND THE SERUM PROTEINS IN THE DOG

IN THIS investigation we studied the effect of multiple extirpation of endocrine glands on the serum proteins. It is known that following adrenalectomy in the dog (Remington et al., 1941; Hartman et al., 1942), cat (Levin, Leathern and Crafts, 1942) and rat (Leathern, 1945) there is a decrease in serum albumin and an elevation of serum globulin concentration. The rise in globulin is not sufficient to maintain normal total protein levels. The hypophysectomized animal also exhibits lowered serum albumin values (Goldberg, 1938; Levin and Leathern, 1942; Smith and Levin, 1942). Results are not in complete accord as to whether total protein values are normal or slightly below normal after hypophysectomy. Diseases which effect the endocrine system tend to decrease serum concentrations of albumin and total protein. In Addison's disease serum albumin is low (McCullagh and Lewis, 1945)
Galvanic Anode Cathodic Polarization of Steel in Seawater: Part IV Conductor Arrays on Petroleum Production Platforms

The difficulty of designing and providing adequate cathodic protection (CP) for conductor arrays on offshore structures has been recognized historically. Limitations of the presently practiced CP design procedure for this specific application were reviewed, and advantages and shortcomings of the recently proposed slope parameter approach were evaluated. A procedure for calculating the resistance of a conductor array was introduced, and it was demonstrated how the slope parameter could be determined from this, along with the optimum anode design, including size, shape, and number. An experiment was performed where resistance of a miniaturized, simulated conductor array was measured in seawater. Results were compared with those from the analytical design method.
T-box genes and cardiac development

Background T-box genes play roles in vertebrate gastrulation and in later organogenesis. Their existence in all metazoans examined so far indicates that this is an evolutionarily ancient gene family. Drosophila melanogaster has eight T-box genes, whereas Caenorhabditis elegans has 22. Mammals appear to have at least 18 T-box genes, comprising five subfamilies. Methods A full range of cytological, developmental, molecular and genetic methodologies have recently been applied to the study of T-box genes. Results Over the last 5 years, mutations in TBX1 and TBX5 have been implicated in two human disorders with haplo-insufficient cardiovascular phenotypes, DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome and Holt-Oram (“heart-hand”) syndrome. Interestingly, the number of T-box gene family members discovered to have cardiac or pharyngeal arch expression domains during vertebrate embryonic development has steadily grown. In addition, various Tbx5 loss-of-function models in organisms as distant as the mouse and zebrafish do indeed phenocopy Holt-Oram syndrome. Finally, the intriguing discovery earlier this year that a T-box gene is expressed in a subset of cardioblasts in D. melanogaster suggests that members of this gene family may have fundamental, conserved roles in cardiovascular pattern formation. Conclusions These developments prompted us to review the current understanding of the contribution of T-box genes to cardiovascular morphogenesis. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 69:25–37, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fuzzy adaptive networks in machining process modelling: dimensional error prediction for turning operations

Due to the complexity of machine tool structure and the cutting process, the dynamics of machining processes are still not completely understood. This is especially true for high-speed machining processes. To model and control these complex processes, new approaches, which can represent complex phenomenon combined with learning ability, are needed. The combined neural-fuzzy approach appears ideally suited for this purpose. To illustrate the approach, the recently developed fuzzy adaptive networks are used to model dimensional error in turning operations. The fuzzy adaptive network has both the learning ability of a neural network and the linguistic representation of a complex, not well understood or vague phenomenon. An approximate model representing the influences of machining parameters on dimensional error is first established. This model is then improved by learning with the given training data. The improved models are verified by the use of test data, which are obtained by the use of actual experiments.
Deep Sylvian fissure chordoid meningioma: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: A case of chordoid meningioma originating in the right sylvian fissure is reported. Chordoid meningiomas are uncommon tumors. This is the first reported case of a chordoid meningioma without dural attachment arising in the sylvian fissure. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The patient presented with a generalized seizure. A heterogeneously enhancing right frontotemporal mass was identified on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. INTERVENTION: The patient underwent a failed stereotactic biopsy attempt elsewhere. The tumor was ultimately resected using standard microsurgical techniques. CONCLUSION: Meningiomas originate from arachnoid cap cells and can arise at locations remote from the pachymeninges. Although rare, meningiomas should be included on the differential diagnosis of sylvian fissure lesions.
Escalated Therapy for Refractory Urothelial Tumors: Methotrexate- Vinblastine-Doxorubicin- Cisplatin Plus Unglycosylated Recombinant Human Granulocyte-macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

Thirty-two assessable patients with metastatic urothelial tumors refractory to standard chemotherapy with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) were treated with escalated doses of MVAC plus unglycosylated recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF). Results of this phase I trial revealed that escalated MVAC (30 mg of methotrexate/m2, 4 mg of vinblastine/m2, 60 mg of doxorubicin/m2, and 100 mg of cisplatin/m2) can be tolerated by heavily pretreated patients. The side effects of rhGM-CSF are dose- and schedule-dependent. The maximum tolerated dose is 250 micrograms/m2 per day as a single dose administered subcutaneously (SC) for 10 consecutive days. This dose is well tolerated in outpatients, resulting in only modest fever and few side effects. The same dose delivered as a continuous infusion or a higher dose delivered either as a continuous infusion or SC caused significant side effects. For phase II trials, the starting dose of rhGM-CSF when combined with escalated MVAC is 120 micrograms/m2 per day SC for 10 consecutive days. forty percent of the treated patients responded, seven (23%) with complete remission and five (17%) with partial remission. This response rate is higher than anticipated from such a modest dosage escalation in chemotherapy-refractory patients.
MicroRNA profiling of adrenocortical tumors reveals miR-483 as a marker of malignancy

BACKGROUND: The authors are interested in identifying molecular markers that can aid in the diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). The aim of this study was to identify microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) that are differentially expressed in malignant adrenocortical tumors as compared with benign tumors and assess their potential as diagnostic predictors. METHODS: Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified using microarray profiling of adrenocortical tumors and validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: Microarray profiling in benign and primary malignant adrenocortical tumors revealed several significant differences between these histological groups. By using directed quantitative RT-PCR analysis on a subset of these differentially expressed miRNAs, the authors determined that miRs -100, -125b, and -195 were significantly down-regulated, whereas miR-483-5p was significantly up-regulated in malignant as compared with benign tumors. Furthermore, the current study shows that miR-483-5p expression can accurately categorize tumors as benign or malignant. CONCLUSIONS: The authors identified 4 miRNAs that are dysregulated in adrenocortical carcinoma. The high expression of one of these, miR-483-5p, appears to be a defining characteristic of adrenocortical malignancies, and can thus be used to accurately distinguish between benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Osteoma of the innominate bone with intraosseous and parosteal involvement

osteochondroma with attenuated cartilaginous cap, and melorheostosis. At operation there were no reactive changes in the soft tissues surrounding the mass. The mass was very smooth and lobulated. Incisional biopsies were obtained from the periphery of the mass and the junction of the pubic bone and the base of the mass. The mass was not excised. It is now 1 year since biopsy and the patient remains asymptomatic. The lesion has not changed on serial plain films. Microscopic evaluation demonstrated that the specimens were comprised of mature, dense, lamellar bone with well-developed haversian systems, characteristic of osteoma (Fig. 3). This dense lamellar bone extended into the cancellous bone portion of the pubic ramus bone (Fig. 4).
Optimized design and synthesis of a cell-permeable biarsenical cyanine probe for imaging tagged cytosolic bacterial proteins.

To optimize cellular delivery and specific labeling of tagged cytosolic proteins by biarsenical fluorescent probes built around a cyanine dye (Cy3) scaffold, we have systematically varied the polarity of the N-alkyl chain (i.e., 4–5 methylene groups appended by a sulfonate or methoxy ester moiety) and arsenic capping reagent (ethanedithiol versus benzenedithiol). Optimal live-cell labeling and visualization of tagged cytosolic proteins is reported using an ethanedithiol capping reagent with the uncharged methoxy ester functionalized N-alkyl chains. These measurements demonstrate the general utility of this new class of photostable and highly fluorescent biarsenical probes based on the cyanine dye scaffold for in vivo labeling of tagged cellular proteins for live cell imaging measurements of protein dynamics.
Behavior of phenol and aniline on selected sorbents and energy-related solid wastes

The sorption and desorption of phenol and aniline on selected soils and soil components and on some energy-related solid wastes were investigated. Isotherms were generally nonlinear and were described usually by the Freundlich equation. Most partition coefficients were low, and no significant correlation was shown with organic C content, pH, cation exchange capacity, or particle-size of the sorbent. It appears that sorption of small polar aromatic compounds, such as phenol and aniline, cannot be defined by a single sorbent characteristic, but is affected by both the organic and mineral components of the sorbents. Hysteresis was observed in most sorption-desorption experiments; a fraction of the sorbate was irreversibly held by the sorbent.
Submerged Gas Injection in Microgravity

The effects of buoyancy on the flow regimes of submerged gas injection were studied in this investigation. A capillary tube submerged in water was used for gas injection in microgravity and terrestrial conditions, and the resulting flow regimes and bubble sizes were documented. The effects of liquid co-flow and reduced surface tension were also analyzed. Under reduced gravity, three flow regimes were observed over the range of conditions tested. At low gas flow rates, the bubbles did not detach from the injector, forming an interconnected bubble cluster that adhered to the injector. Single bubbles started detaching and moving away from the injector when the Weber number reached a value around 3. At gas flow rates corresponding to a Weber number value of 10, the bubble coalescence regime was observed near the injector. It was found that the absence of buoyancy prevented the formation of the jetting regime. For all gas throughputs, the co-flowing liquid aided the detachment of the bubbles, resulting in the generation of more uniform bubbles than in quiescent liquids. The presence of co-flow resulted in a smaller bubble size accompanied by an increased frequency of bubble formation. Reduced surface tension produced a similar effect, resulting in smaller bubbles.© 2002 ASME
Frontend Event Selection with an MBD Using Q

A problem common to many complex experiments in Nuclear Physics is the need to provide for event selection at a level beyond that readily available in a fast hardware trigger. This may be desirable as a means of reducing the amount of unwanted data going to tape, or be needed to reduce system deadtime, so as not to miss an infrequent good event. The latter criterion is particularly important at low duty factor accelerators such as LAMPF, where instantaneous trigger rates may be quite high. The need for such an event selection mechanism has arisen in conjunction with the installation of a polarimeter in the focal plane of the High Resolution Spectrometer (HRS) at LAMPF. It has been met using a combination of buffered CAMAC electronics and an enhance1 ment to the LAMPF standard Q data acquisition system. The enhancement to Q allows the experimeter to specify at runtime, a set of simple tests to be performed on each event as it is processed by the MBD, and before it is passed to the PDP-11 for taping and further analysis. The experimenter may specify constraints, either gates or anti-gates, on individual data words or on the sums and differences of any number of data words. In addition he may specify that one of every N events is to be passed along without testing, so that a random sample of all events may be examined. Events are flagged as to whether they are a "tested event" or a "one-of-N" event.
Job satisfaction differences among three age groups of female human service workers

Abstract Data obtained from more than 900 “young”, “middle-aged” and “older” female human service workers located in disparate areas of the nation were analyzed to determine job satisfaction levels as assessed by two standardized indices. The data indicate members of one of these groups to be significantly more satisfied than other women and that factors such as income, educational attainment and occupational rank explain very marginal amounts of the variance in accounting for these differences.
An editorial update: what level of blood pressure control in chronic kidney disease?

Several recent studies have tried to characterize the effects of a lower-than-usual target blood pressure on progression of nondiabetic kidney disease. An observational study, the Modification of D...
A cortical neuropeptide with neuronal depressant and sleep-modulating properties

ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh) plays a key role in the transitions between the different phases of sleep1: Slow-wave sleep requires low ACh concentrations in the brain, whereas rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep is associated with high levels of ACh. Also, these phases of sleep are differentially sensitive to a number of endogenous neuropeptides and cytokines, including somatostatin, which has been shown to increase REM sleep without significantly affecting other phases2. Here we report the cloning and initial characterization of cortistatin, a neuropeptide that exhibits strong structural similarity to somatostatin, although it is the product of a different gene. Administration of cortistatin depresses neuronal electrical activity but, unlike somatostatin, induces low-frequency waves in the cerebral cortex and antagonizes the effects of acetylcholine on hippocampal and cortical measures of excitability. This suggests a mechanism for cortical synchronization related to sleep.
Evaluation of peritoneal fluid lactate as a marker of intestinal ischaemia in equine colic.

Summary Reasons for performing study: The most common cause of death as a direct result of colic is acute circulatory failure secondary to intestinal ischaemia. Early and accurate recognition of ischaemic bowel is essential to decrease complications and increase survival. Blood to peritoneal lactate values have been evaluated as a prognostic indicator, but lactate values characterised by type of lesion have not been reported. Hypothesis: Plasma and peritoneal lactate values are higher in horses with intestinal ischaemia secondary to a strangulating obstruction (ISSO). Methods: Venous blood and peritoneal fluid were collected sequentially from 20 clinically healthy horses and 189 horses admitted for colic during a one-year period. Blood gas, pH, electrolyte (K+, Na+, Ca++, Cl-), glucose and lactate values were determined for blood and peritoneal fluid samples; other values recorded for peritoneal fluid included gross appearance, total protein and nucleated cell count. Information regarding diagnosis, treatment and outcome was retrieved from the medical records. Results: Peritoneal and plasma levels of lactate were lower in control compared to clinical cases. Horses with ISSO had a higher peritoneal lactate value (8.45 mmol/l) than those with nonstrangulating obstruction (2.09 mmol/l). Factors with the strongest correlations with the presence of ISSO were changes in the gross appearance of the peritoneal fluid and values of peritoneal fluid chloride, pH and log10 lactate. Conclusions: Analysis of peritoneal fluid gross appearance, pH, lactate and chloride can be used for diagnosis of ISSO. Potential relevance: Peritoneal fluid lactate is a better predictor of ISSO than blood lactate and may aid in early detection of catastrophic peritoneal lesions such as intestinal strangulation and rupture.
State-of-the-Art Design of Roundabouts

In the United States roundabouts are becoming more popular. European improvements in design, operations, and traffic regulations have led to safer performance in roundabouts than in conventional intersections. Consequently, capacity and delay have also improved. More uniform practices have emerged, particularly the yield-at-entry traffic rule and vehicle path deflection through the roundabout. For the benefit of U.S. planners and designers, a synthesis and recommendations based on up-to-date international and domestic practices are provided. Those practical design issues are concisely discussed: justification; safety and accident prediction; capacity; delays; location; design considerations (design vehicle, design speed, sight distance, deflection, central island, circulating roadway, entries and exits, splitter islands, signing, and landscaping); bicycle considerations; pedestrian considerations.
Sorption of silica by clay minerals

Abstract Clay minerals were reacted with silica-spiked solutions of unbuffered distilled water; water buffered at pH 5.5, 8 and 10; alkali chloride solutions; natural and artificial sea water to assess the influence of pH, silica and cation activities. The data are plotted as silica produced by dissolution or sorption of silica by clay surface as a function of initial silica concentration at a given pH and solution composition. This allows the determination of the dissolved silica value at which the clay mineral surface neither dissolves nor sorbs silica. The values of the various activities in different solutions are used to infer the phase equilibria between solution, clay mineral and the surface phase produced either by dissolution or sorption. Most intensively investigated were sorption reactions of kaolinite in sea water and other ionic solutions to form silica-rich, cation-rich surface phases in cationic solutions and silica-rich phases in cation-free solutions. Inferred equilibrium constants imply that silicate reconstitution is doubtful as a mechanism for partial control of silica and cation composition of sea water but is reasonable in silica-rich interstitial waters.
A uniplanar three-axis gradient set for in vivo magnetic resonance microscopy

We present an optimized uniplanar magnetic resonance gradient design specifically tailored for MR imaging applications in developmental biology and histology. Uniplanar gradient designs sacrifice gradient uniformity for high gradient efficiency and slew rate, and are attractive for surface imaging applications where open access from one side of the sample is required. However, decreasing the size of the uniplanar gradient set presents several unique engineering challenges, particularly for heat dissipation and thermal insulation of the sample from gradient heating. We demonstrate a new three-axis, target-field optimized uniplanar gradient coil design that combines efficient cooling and insulation to significantly reduce sample heating at sample-gradient distances of less than 5 mm. The instrument is designed for microscopy in horizontal bore magnets. Empirical gradient current efficiencies in the prototype coils lie between 3.75 G/cm/A and 4.5 G/cm/A with current and heating-limited maximum gradient strengths between 235 G/cm and 450 G/cm at a 2% duty cycle. The uniplanar gradient prototype is demonstrated with non-linearity corrections for both high-resolution structural imaging of tissue slices and for long time-course imaging of live, developing amphibian embryos in a horizontal bore 7 T magnet.
Autographs from Peeling Fiber Reinforced Pressure Sensitive Adhesives: Correlation with Failure Mechanisms

Abstract In past studies, we have investigated the nature of the photon emission accompanying the peeling of pressure sensitive adhesive tapes. These studies included producing clear images of the emitted light created by direct attachment/detachment of the adhesive from photographic film (i.e., autographs). Here we present an extension of this work to very slow peeling rates (< 0.05 mm/s) in which we examine how the resulting autographs from fiber reinforced tape are influenced by the micro-mechanical behavior of this composite tape during high angle peeling.
Friction and wear of single crystals

Abstract Sliding tests were carried out on single crystals of F.C.C. and B.C.C. metals and on crystals of the NaCl-type structure by dragging a fine diamond stylus or a hard sapphire sphere across the surface. The forces of friction and the width of the track were measured and found to be dependent on orientation. For B.C.C., F.C.C., and NaCl-type crystals, the anisotropy on the cube face is the same despite their different slip systems. Quantitative expressions are presented for the forces of ploughing and adhesion, and their relevance with respect to the experimental findings is discussed. Some of the aspects of surface cracks in LiF leading to wear, and slip bands in copper are described.
Angiogenesis-dependent diseases.

There is accumulating evidence that leukemias and other hematologic diseases are angiogenesis-dependent. Therefore, angiogenesis inhibitors may be useful adjuncts to conventional therapies in the treatment of these diseases. When all conventional therapy has failed, an angiogenesis inhibitor may be successfully used alone, as has been demonstrated in the treatment of multiple myeloma by thalidomide. The experimental and clinical evidence that the efficacy of thalidomide against multiple myeloma is mediated in part by its antiangiogenic activity is presented here. In current clinical trials throughout the United States, angiogenesis inhibitors are being used against cancer in combination with conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Angiogenesis inhibitors are also being used in combination with each other. This practice may increase as different angiogenesis inhibitors become more widely available.
A 10-bit video BiCMOS track-and-hold amplifier

A 1.2- mu m VLSI BiCMOS technology has been used to implement a monolithic video track-and-hold amplifier that settles to an accuracy of 10 b in 15 ns. This level of performance is competitive with hybrid track-and-hold circuits and surpasses previously reported monolithic implementations by nearly two orders of magnitude. The amplifier's design is based on a closed-loop topology incorporating two BiCMOS folded-cascode gain stages, an NMOS sampling switch, and a BiCMOS switch driver with 1-ns transitions between +or-4 V. The circuit operates from +or-5-V power supplies and is capable of driving a 50- Omega load with +or-1-V swings. For a fully differential implementation, the power dissipation is 1.2 W. The amplifier can be integrated either as a stand-alone track-and-hold circuit or as the front end of an analog-to-digital conversion system for video and high-speed instrumentation applications. >
Application of connected iterative scan in biological neural network

The current study applied connected iterative scan (CIS), a graph-theoretical-based approach that was previously developed to detect clusters among social networks, in detecting the functional clusters among the biological neural network of human brain extracted from resting-state functional MRI data. Unlike traditional clustering or modularity methods, CIS allows for overlapping among the detected clusters. CIS was tested on a simulation dataset as well as a biological dataset. CIS was able to detect the overlaps designed in the simulation dataset; CIS was also able to detect the designed overlap in the simulation dataset, and it also detected the overlap between the two networks in the biological dataset, which provided new knowledge about the architecture of the biological neural network. In conclusion, CIS is shown to be useful for revealing the delicate structures among the functional clusters in the biological neural network.
Interactive multidimensional display of magnetic resonance imaging data.

Acquisition of multiparametric images in multiple planes often requires unacceptably long scanning times. The ability to display high quality planar cuts in arbitrary planes from single plane (eg, transaxial, coronal, or sagittal plane) images would alleviate the need to acquire images in multiple planes. The need to display data from three-dimensional volume acquisitions also poses a problem to the radiologist. We have developed an interactive multidimensional display tool for magnetic resonance data. The tool presents three orthogonal planes (such as transaxial, coronal, and sagittal) simultaneously and allows the user to interactively roam through the data set. The user can select any arbitrary oblique plane and obtain the corresponding reformations. Additionally the tool allows the correlated display of sets of differently acquired data. This tool offers an effective means for the display of isotropic data and reformatted planar data. The ability to interact directly with the data allows increased transference of information to the radiologist and referring physician.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: current diagnosis and treatment.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common problem, as it affects, to some degree, nearly 44% of the adult population in the United States. Furthermore, GERD profoundly affects quality of life, with some quality-of-life scores comparable to those of patients with significant congestive heart failure. Despite continued advances in medical therapy for GERD (ie, proton-pump inhibitors), renewed interest in anti-reflux surgery for the long-term management of GERD has been prompted by the following observations: (1) long-term (10-year) follow-up favors surgical over medical therapy; (2) long-term use of potent acid-suppressing agents can have negative side effects; (3) for younger patients, surgery has an advantage in cost versus medical therapy; and (4) minimally invasive options have renewed enthusiasm for fundoplication. The purpose of this article is to review the presenting symptomatology, pathophysiology, preoperative evaluation, and available surgical options for the management of GERD.
Estimating the Impacts and Uncertainty of Climate Change on a Municipal Water Supply System

The preponderance of evidence in the scientific community supports the premise that global climate is changing. The precise impacts of climate change on natural and man-made systems remain less certain. Municipal water supplies, particularly those that rely on summer snowmelt to augment storage capacity, may experience significant changes in their flow regimes in the future. This paper presents an evaluation of climate change impacts on a water resource system using a three-stage modeling approach: General circulation models (GCMs) to simulate global climate, basin scale hydrology models, and water resource system simulation models. This approach is applied to two river basins in the Puget Sound Region of the Pacific Northwest: The Cedar and South Fork Tolt Rivers, which are the principal sources of water for the Seattle metropolitan region. The greatest source of uncertainty associated with climate change impacts arises from the range of future scenarios produced by GCMs. This uncertainty is addressed by...
MicroRNA in HCV infection and liver cancer

In the more than two-decades since hepatitis C virus (HCV) was identified, there has been considerable improvement in our understanding of virus life cycle due largely to the development of in vitro culture systems for virus replication. Still challenges remain: HCV infection is a major risk factor for chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide; yet mechanistic details of HCV infection-associated hepatocarcinogenesis remain incompletely understood. A protective vaccine is not yet available, and current therapeutic options result in sustained virus clearance only in a subset of patients. Recent interest has focused on small non-protein coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), the dependence of virus replication on miRNAs, and miRNA-regulated genes in liver cancer. Functional analysis of the miRNA-targeted genes in liver cancer has advanced our understanding of the "oncomiRs" and their role in hepatocarcinogenesis. This review focuses on the dependence of HCV replication on miRNA and role of miRNA-targeted tumor suppressor genes as molecular markers of and possible targets for developing oncomiR-targeted therapy of chronic hepatitis and HCC. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs in viral gene regulation.
ChemEd X Data: Exposing Students to Open Scientific Data for Higher-Order Thinking and Self-Regulated Learning

ChemEd X Data is an open web tool that collects and curates physical and chemical data of hundreds of substances. This tool allows students to navigate, select, and graphically represent data such as boiling and melting points, enthalpies of combustion, and heat capacities for hundreds of molecules. By doing so, students can independently identify correlations between magnitudes, laws, and outliers. One of the merits of this tool is that it may help students recognize situations when conflicting influences play a role (e.g., molecular weight, shape, and dipole effect on boiling point). Identifying conflicting influences empowers students with analytical skills that leads them to higher-order thinking and self-regulated learning. ChemEd X Data has been implemented in an undergraduate general chemistry course, and it has successfully allowed students identify laws that were not previously known by them.
Investigating effects of communications modulation technique on targeting performance

One of the key challenges facing the global war on terrorism (GWOT) and urban operations is the increased need for rapid and diverse information from distributed sources. For users to get adequate information on target types and movements, they would need reliable data. In order to facilitate reliable computational intelligence, we seek to explore the communication modulation tradeoffs affecting information distribution and accumulation. In this analysis, we explore the modulation techniques of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), and statistical time-division multiple access (TDMA) as a function of the bit error rate and jitter that affect targeting performance. In the analysis, we simulate a Link 16 with a simple bandpass frequency shift keying (PSK) technique using different Signal-to-Noise ratios. The communications transfer delay and accuracy tradeoffs are assessed as to the effects incurred in targeting performance.
Diamond growth on the (110) surface

A methyl radical mechanism is described for the growth of diamond on its (110) surface. The growth of diamond in a hot filament reactor is modeled using a simple first order steady state approximation and calculated methyl radical concentrations are found to agree well with recent measurements. Steady state local equilibrium is assumed and used to estimate the mole fraction of reactive sites at the growth surface, giving a value of ~6 X 10 -4 at 1200 K and 50 Torr (0.066 atm) of 1% CH 4 in H 2 . A simple first order thermochemical model of hot filament assisted deposition is described and methyl radical concentration estimates found to be in reasonable agreement with recent experimental results. The rate of methyl radical addition onto diamond (110) is calculated using these estimates and, assuming incorporation is as fast or faster than addition, gives a growth rate of ~0.8 micrometer/hr, in good agreement with the experiment. It is proposed that the cubo- cotahedral habit and texture commonly seen in much CVD diamond is due to the being the preferred low index growth rate axis. The reported rotation of polycrystalline texture toward a axis, seen with changes in temperature and feed gas composition, is ascribed to variations in the relative rates of growth by this mechanism along [110] and [011]. Absolute reaction rate theory is sued to estimate a rate constant for methyl radical addition at sterically unhindered tertiary carbon sites. A 'loose' transition state model predicts a rate constant of 10 12 to 10 13 cm 3 mol -1 sec -1 . If a much 'tighter' transition state is assumed, the predicted value is reduced to 10 10 to 10 11 cm 3 mol -1 sec -1 . A 'loose' transition state model is preferred as this gives a result consistent with empirical rate constants for many radical recombinations and is consistent with a simple calculation based steady state approximation. It is argued that the highest rate of growth commonly occurs along as the (110) surface represents a relatively unhindered tertiary carbon surface to which, at most, only two methyl radicals need be added to propagate the diamond lattice.
Efficacy of primary and secondary video-assisted thoracic surgery in children.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is used commonly for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy, efficacy, and complications associated with primary and secondary VATS in children. Methods: Eighty-seven infants, children, and adolescents underwent 104 VATS procedures between March 1993 and April 1999. There were 47 boys and 40 girls with an age range of 6 months to 19 years. VATS was performed for excision of pulmonary nodule (n = 51), biopsy of infiltrate (n = 14), excision or biopsy mediastinal mass (n = 12), decortication of empyema (n = 16), pleurodesis and bleb excision for pneumothorax (n = 5), pleurolysis for P32 administration (n = 3), esophageal myotomy (n = 2), and thymectomy (n = 1). In 6 children a contralateral thoracic procedure was performed along with VATS (3 VATS, 3 thoracotomies). Secondary VATS was performed in 20 after prior thoracic procedures. Results: VATS was efficacious for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes in 93 cases. Overall, 11 (11%) VATS required conversion to open thoracotomy. Average length of thoracostomy tube drainage (CTD) was 2.2 days, and average length of stay (LOS) was 3.7 days. Complications included prolonged air leak (>7 days) in 3 (2 empyema, 1 nodule). Two children with malignancy and pulmonary infiltrates died within 30 days of progressive respiratory failure. There were no bleeding complications or deaths related to VATS. Conclusions: VATS is a safe and effective primary and secondary procedure in children resulting in a short length of CTD and LOS. Duration of CTD and LOS are prolonged if empyema is associated with a bronchopleural fistula, and VATS may not be of value in this setting. J Pediatr Surg 35:134-138. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
A New Approach to Power System Planning

The conventional method of power system planning relies on the minimization of system costs subject to meeting given levels of demand and reliability, as well as other constraints. An economic criterion for system optimization is presented here which subsumes the traditional approach by treating the reliability level as a variable to be optimized. The theoretical model which is developed compares the costs with the worth of reliability, and leads to an optimized power system plan in which net social benefits are maximized, or equivalently, the sum of the costs incurred by consumers due to power outages and the system costs is minimized. This approach is more relevant in the national economic context, whereas the traditional system planning technique emphasizes the financial viewpoint of aprivate utility company. Techniques of estimating outage costs and the results of a case study which validates the new methodology are also summarized.
Economy and Nature in the Fourteenth Century: Money, Market Exchange, and the Emergence of Scientific Thought

Introduction 1. The economic background: monetisation and monetary consciousness in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries 2. The Aristotelian model of money and economic exchange 3. The earliest Latin commentaries on the Aristotelian model of economic exchange: Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas 4. Models of economic equality and equalisation in the thirteenth century 5. Evolving models of money and market exchange in the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries 6. Linking the scholastic model of money as measure to proto-scientific innovations in fourteenth-century natural philosophy 7. Linking scholastic models of monetised exchange to innovations in fourteenth-century mathematics and natural philosophy.
Chlorophyll formation in flowers and fruits of Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae) species and hybrids following pollination

Thickening of perianth segments, loss of original nonchlorophyllous pigments, and chlorophyll production occur in Phalaenopsis species of section Zebrinae Pfitzer as postpollination phenomena. This also occurs in several hybrids of members of this section with Phalaenopsis species whose perianth wilts following pollination. The observed dilution of pigments in hybrids containing regreening and wilting genomes indicates involvement of dominant nuclear genes. Increases in chlorophyll levels are most pronounced within 40 d following pollination and increase moderately or level off after 80 d. Seed capsules and perianths of selfed species, which had not dehisced, turned yellowish 160 d after pollination and had reduced levels of chlorophyll a, but not chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll formation in floral segments following pollination is a rare phenomenon. Although uncommon in orchids, it has been observed in a few species of several genera. In Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana and a number of other species of this genus perianth segments do not wilt. They become fleshy, turn green, and lose nonchlorophyllous pigments that may be present in unpollinated flowers (Curtis, 1943; Duncan and Schubert, 1943). Perianth greening following pollination has also been reported for P. mannii (Duncan and Schubert, 1943) and P. mariae (Ringstrom, 1968), Brazilian Miltonia species (Hayes, 1968), and Menadenium labiosum (Arditti, 1979). The
Adoption Across Race, Culture and Class: An Introduction

AbstractThe adoption experience brings to those involved a number of challenges that require sensitive and careful handling, especially during the critical developmental stages when the issue of identity is of paramount importance for the adoptee. In this introduction we highlight some of these challenges and discuss the central issues covered by the contributions included in this special issue. What emerges from all these manuscripts is the importance of being aware of the different nuances to identity formation often faced by transracially adopted children and members of the adoptive families. It is our hope that the reader finds these discussions of interest and as an invitation to become involved in finding answers to the many issues affecting members of the triad, particularly in the case of transracial adoption.
Relation between the hormonal status of the female and direct and redirected aggression by male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Each of 16 feral-reared male rhesus monkeys was paired with an ovariectomized female (8 females) during daily 60-min behavior tests (16 pairs). Each male received 8 consecutive tests with an untreated female, 8 tests when the female received injections of estradiol, and finally 8 tests after estrogen was withdrawn (total, 384 tests). Of the 16 males, 11 threatened sufficiently often for numerical analysis (“aggressive” males). Two of these males showed no changes either in sexual activity or in agonistic behavior when the females were estrogenized. In the remaining 9 males, there was increased sexual activity when the females were estrogenized and this was associated with a significant decrease in direct aggression (P < 0.01) and an increase in redirected aggression (P < 0.05). The demonstration in the same males of an inverse relation between threats directed toward and away from the female supports the hypothesis that threats directed away from the sexual partner represent aggression aroused by the partner that is redirected onto the environment when sexual interest increases.
Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault: College Women's Risk Perception and Behavioral Choices

Objective: The authors investigated relationships among prior victimization, risk perceptions, and behavioral choices in responding to drug-facilitated sexual assault in a college party where alcohol is available. Participants and Methods: From fall 2003 to spring 2004, over 400 female undergraduates rated risk perception following an acquaintance rape vignette. Results: In general, participants tended to perceive the risk of having someone else pour their beer; however, they did not tend to perceive the risk of leaving one's beer unattended. Results also indicated that college students who felt ill at a party were not likely to suspect the presence of a date-rape drug and when sexual assault occurred, a significant minority of respondents blamed the victim. Victims of prior sexual assault were more likely to report that they would make risky choices, such as accepting a male acquaintance's offer to help them into their bedroom. Conclusions: Implications for the prevention of sexual assault are discussed.
Detection of Ca2+-transients elicited by flash photolysis of DM-nitrophen with a fast calcium indicator

A confocal spot detection optical setup was used to record fluorescence signals in response to calcium pulses, elicited by flash photolysis of DM-nitrophen, with the calcium indicators CaOrange-5N and Fluo-3. Our results yield the following conclusions: [Ca2+] changes are almost perfect spikes at pCa 9 and broader transients followed by a step at pCa 7. The [Ca2+] spikes were used to measure the dissociation rate constant of the Ca2+ dyes. Experiments at pCa 7 were used to verify the kinetic rate constants of the dyes and to obtain those of DM-nitrophen. The association rate constant of this compound was found to be more than one order of magnitude faster than that suggested previously. CaOrange-5N was able to track changes in [Ca2+] more accurately than Fluo-3. This latter dye introduced severe distortions which preclude a quantitative deconvolution of the fluorescence transients into changes in the free [Ca2+].
Nitric Oxide Reduction by Heme-Thiolate Enzymes (P450nor): A Reevaluation of the Mechanism

The details of the heme-thiolate nitric oxide reductase (P450nor) catalytic mechanism are still controversial. One theory, supported by computational results [D. L. Harris, Int. J. Quantum Chem.2002, 88, 183−200], assumes two sequential one-electron transfers from NAD(P)H to an initial [FeNO]6 complex. The [FeNO]8 species thus formed would react with NO, eventually liberating the unstable ONNO2− anion (most probably in its protonated form), which decomposes to N2O and water. However, more recent experimental results [A. Daiber et al., J. Inorg. Biochem. 2002, 88, 343−352] suggest the first committed step of the mechanism to be direct hydride transfer from NAD(P)H to [FeNO]6, presumably resulting in an iron-bound HNO unit, [Fe-(H)NO]8, that would be readily protonated to [Fe-(H)NOH]8. Subsequent NO addition would yield the unstable HO-N(H)-N=O, which would dissociate from the heme and decompose to H2O and N2O. Here, the DFT geometry optimization of all previously proposed reaction intermediates is reported. The first step of the mechanism is predicted to be hydride transfer to [FeNO]6, to produce [FeNOH]8 or [Fe-N(H)O]8. Subsequent addition of NO to [Fe-NOH]8 (but not to [Fe-N(H)O]8 or [Fe-N(H)OH]8) is predicted to lead to immediate liberation of HN2O2−, without any stable intermediates. Contrary to what would be predicted according to the “thiolate push effect” dogma, the thiolate ligand at the heme active site is shown to obstruct NO reduction, rather than facilitate it. It is in fact shown that replacement of the thiolate by a neutral nitrogen ligand (i.e., lysine, as found in the active site of cytochrome c nitrite reductase, an enzyme that can reduce NO) clearly favors, from a thermodynamic point of view, NO reduction at the heme site. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
The heart of darkness: the impact of perceived mistakes on physicians.

Objectives:To describe how physicians think and feel about their perceived mistakes, to examine how physicians’ prior beliefs and manners of coping with mistakes may influence their emotional responses, and to promote further discussion in the medical community about this sensitive issue. Design:Audiotaped, in-depth interviews with physicians in which each physician discussed a previous mistake and its impact on his or her lift. Transcripts of the interviews were analyzed qualitatively and the data organized into five topic areas: the nature of the mistake, the physician’s beliefs about the mistake, the emotions experienced in the aftermath of the mistake, the physician’s way of coping with the mistake, and changes in the physician’s practice as a result of the mistake. Participants and setting:Eleven general internists and medical subspecialists practicing at a community, university-affiliated hospital in Oregon. Results:Themes emerging from analysis of the interviews were the ubiquity of mistakes in clinical practice; the infrequency of self-disclosure about mistakes to colleagues, family, and friends; the lack of support among colleagues; the degree of emotional impact on the physician, so that some mistakes were remembered in great detail even after several years; and the influence of the physician’s professional locus of control on subsequent emotions. Conclusions:The perception of having made a mistake creates significant emotional distress for practicing physicians. The severity of this distress may be influenced by factors such as prior beliefs and perfectionism. The extent to which physicians share this distress with colleagues may be influenced by the degree of competitiveness engendered by medical training. Open discussion of mistakes should be more prominent in medical training and practice, and there should be continued research on this topic.