cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language contact and convergence in computer-mediated communication

Abstract: With the rapid development of internet communication in Mainland China, there has emerged a new variety of Chinese online, which is generally referred to as China's internet language (Yu et al., 2001a, among others). In this paper, I examine samples of Chinese internet language, represented on the lexical, sentential, and discursive levels. I present evidence of the impact of English upon Mandarin Chinese. Based on the analysis, I contend that, with the ever increasing use of computer-mediated communication in Mainland China, the influence of English upon Chinese may become more robust, which may in turn have implications for change in the Chinese language. In this sense, internet communication serves as a mechanism to facilitate the evolution of the Chinese language in the digital age.
On lumping and splitting: a fetus with clinical findings of the oral-facial-digital syndrome type VI, the hydrolethalus syndrome, and the Pallister-Hall syndrome.

The three midline malformation complexes, the oral-facial-digital syndrome type VI (OFDS VI) or Varadi syndrome, the hydrolethalus syndrome (HS), and the Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS) have been described as distinct genetic entities. Here, we report a fetus with a combination of clinical findings of all 3 syndromes similar to the twin fetuses described in the accompanying paper (Hingorani et al., 1991). The phenotypic overlap in these fetuses with the OFDS VI, HS, and PHS raises the question as to whether or not they indeed represent separate genetic entities as previously assumed.
Synthesis and Characterization of Electron-Deficient and Highly Soluble (Bis)Indenofluorene Building Blocks for n-Type Semiconducting Polymers

New electron-deficient and soluble indenofluorene-based and bisindenofluorene-based ladder-type building blocks embedding carbonyl and dicyanovinylene functionalities were synthesized, and their optical and electrochemical properties were characterized. These derivatives exhibit optical band gaps of 1.83 to 2.44 eV and low LUMO energies of −3.24 to −4.30 eV, representing a promising new building block class for n-type polymeric electronic materials.
6-Aminonicotinamide (6-AN)-induced abnormalities of the developing ependyma and choroid plexus as seen with the scanning electron microscope.

Ventricular surfaces in control and experimental day 13–21 rat brains were viewed with a Cambridge scanning electron microscope, Model S4 (40–30,000 X). Surfaces of ependyma and choroid plexus in offspring of pregnant females receiving the teratogen 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) showed retarded differentiation and reduced growth of microvilli and cilia; some flattened cells showed ruptured plasmalemmae.
Phosphate regeneration from sediments of the Peru continental margin by dissolution of fish debris

Generally, oxidative regeneration of phosphate from anoxic sediments is by microbially mediated sulfate reduction processes. Stoichiometric modelling of such reactions takes into consideration varying proportions of ‘decomposable’ organically bound P to account for the ratios among nutrients in depth-concentration profiles of near-surface sediments. New results of interstitial water composition from sediments underlying the water masses influenced by coastal upwelling of the eastern boundary current system off Peru indicate that dissolution of phosphatic fish debris represents a mechanism for remineralization of phosphate comparable to or larger in magnitude than that by oxidative regeneration of organically bound P. Dissolved interstitial phosphate from fish debris is revealed by an excess amount of phosphate over that predicted from a simple stoichiometric oxidative regeneration model and by anomalously high dissolved interstitial fluoride concentrations. Phosphate flux estimates based on diffusion from the sediment suggest that this mechanism may generate up to 10% of the nutrient pool in the waters of the Peru undercurrent. Partitioning of P among the two sources reveals further that fish debris phosphate is about four times more important than organically bound P in nutrient generation from sediments of the Peru continental margin. Not only does this mechanism of regeneration affect the nutrient cycling but may also control widespread phosphorite formation in this area.
Caustics Produced by Waves Through the Earth's Core*

Caustics produced by SKP, PKS, PKP and other phases through the Earth's core are investigated. No impulses from diffracted waves with periods of two seconds or more have been found beyond five degrees from caustics. Short waves preceding the main PKIKP-phase at distances between 125° and 140° probably have their deepest point in or near a transition zone between the liquid outer and the probably solid inner core and it is unlikely that they are related to the caustic of PKP near 145° although their travel-time curves end near this caustic. The observed range of long-period waves diffracted beyond the caustics of several phases is smaller than the maximum range calculated by Jeffreys.
Cognition across castes: individual recognition in worker Polistes fuscatus wasps

In many signalling systems, intraspecific variation in recognition abilities is based on developmental stage, experience or caste. However, the occurrence of intraspecific variation in recognition has not been thoroughly examined in species with individual recognition. For example, previous work has shown that individual recognition is an important aspect of the social life of Polistes fuscatus (paper wasp) nest-founding queens, as individual recognition stabilizes dominance interactions and reduces aggression. To date, the potential for individual recognition among P. fuscatus workers has been largely ignored. Here, we explore whether there is intraspecific variation in individual recognition by testing P. fuscatus worker recognition abilities in a series of staged contests. The results indicate that P. fuscatus workers are capable of individual recognition: focal workers paired with previously encountered partners experienced significantly less aggression and more nonaggressive bodily contact than focal workers paired with unknown social partners. We propose two potential explanations for individual recognition among workers: (1) worker individual recognition may be favoured because it provides social benefits to workers, or (2) worker individual recognition may be a byproduct of selection for individual recognition in foundresses. Individual recognition is often considered a cognitively challenging form of recognition, so future studies that compare the sophistication of recognition across castes will be useful to assess whether there are more subtle differences in cognitive abilities or recognition behaviour between P. fuscatus nest-founding queens and workers.
Sympathy, disability, and the nurse: female power in Edith Wharton's The Fruit of the Tree.

The nursing profession’s emphasis on empathy as essential to nursing care may undermine nurses’ power as a collective and detract from perceptions of nurses’ analytical skills and expertise. The practice of empathy may also obscure and even compound patients’ suffering when it does not fully account for their subjectivity. This essay examines the relation of empathy to women’s agency and explores the role empathy plays in obscuring rather than empowering the suffering other, particularly people who are disabled, through a close reading of Edith Wharton’s 1907 novel, The Fruit of the Tree, and through discussions of empathy and sympathy from literary and disability studies.
Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Pediatric Myocardial Infarction

Children rarely present to emergency physicians during an acute myocardial infarction. However, this may occur in the setting of Kawasaki disease with thrombosed coronary aneurysms. We present the first case in which intravenous tissue plasminogen activator was used to successfully treat a 7-year-old child having an acute myocardial infarction caused by a thrombosed coronary aneurysm.
Mirror mediated object discrimination and self-directed behavior in a female gorilla

Mirror mediated object discrimination was investigated in a captive female, human-reared, western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) approximately 26 years of age. The gorilla was trained to find a stimulus that was only visible by use of the mirror. The gorilla could not reach the goal object except by observing it in the mirror and her hand movement was not visible through the mirror. Further, it was hypothesized that this mirror mediated object discrimination would enhance the probability of self-directed behavior.Gallup’s (1970) marking paradigm, excluding the use of general anesthesia, was utilized in assessing self-directed behavior. Mirror-gazing, face-directed, and mark-directed behavior with a mirror were compared before versus after discrimination mirror training. The results supported the hypotheses that gorillas are capable of mirror mediated object discrimination and that mirror training involving a discrimination task would facilitate self-directed behavior.
Clonal relationships among Clostridium perfringens of porcine origin as determined by multilocus sequence typing.

Clostridium perfringens is ubiquitous in the environment and the intestinal tracts of most mammals, but this organism also causes gas gangrene and enteritis in human and animal hosts. While expression of specific toxins correlates with specific disease in certain hosts, the other factors involved in commensalism and host pathogenesis have not been clearly identified. A multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme was developed for C. perfringens with the aim of grouping isolates with respect to disease presentation and/or host preference. Sequence data were obtained from one virulence and seven housekeeping genes for 132 C. perfringens isolates that comprised all five toxin types and were isolated from 10 host species. Eighty sequence types (STs) were identified, with the majority (75%) containing only one isolate. eBURST analysis identified three clonal complexes, which contained 59.1% of the isolates. Clonal complex (CC) 1 contained 31, predominantly type A isolates from diverse host species. Clonal complex 2 contained 75% of the bovine type E isolates examined in this study. Clonal complex 3 consisted predominantly of porcine type A and type C isolates. Interestingly, these porcine isolates (n = 32) all carried consensus cpb2 and cna genes, encoding beta2 toxin and CpCna, a collagen binding protein, respectively. This compares to carriage of both these genes by only 3.6% of porcine isolates not present in clonal complex 3 (n = 28). The data obtained indicates that MLST may be used to identify host species relationships with respect to these C. perfringens isolates.
Trends in Instrumentation for Environmental Radiation Measurements at los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

Recent instruments developed to fulfill radiation monitoring needs at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory are described. Laboratory instruments that measure tritium gas effluents alone, or in the presence of activated air from D-T fusion reactors are discussed. Fully portable systems for gamma, x-ray, and alpha analyses in the field are described. Also included are descriptions of survey instruments that measure low levels of transuranic contaminants and that measure pulsed-neutron dose rates.
Compact carbon clusters with tetrahedral bonding and icosahedral symmetry

Abstract We investigate the properties of a new class of compact carbon clusters with surface threefold coordination and bulk fourfold coordination. These clusters are the diamond analogs of fullerenes: they are characterized by icosahedral symmetry and almost perfectly tetrahedral bonding. A stable form of such structures could involve the saturation of surface dangling bonds by hydrogen. We use bond energies and electronic structure calculations to examine the relative stability of various sizes in both hydrogenated and pure form.
Ultrasonic energy backscattered from blood. An experimental determination of the variation of sound energy with hematocrit.

To determine how the ultrasonic energy scattered from flowing blood depends on the hematocrit, the rms amplitude of the audio Doppler signal from a range gated, pulsed Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter was measured for hematocrits ranging from 0.01 to 80%. For all investigated frequencies (5–27 MHz), the signal power, the square of the rms amplitude, was proportional to the hematocrit until 2%, reached a plateau at 10%, and was independent of the hematocrit over the rest of the investigated range. To determine how the scattered energy depends on the volume of the erythrocyte, we measured the variation of audio signal power with cell concentration for goat blood, and then without changing any of the instrument settings, repeated this measurement for dog blood. For cell concentrations ranging from 104 to 106 cells/mm3, the larger dog erythrocytes scattered 17 times more energy than the goat erythrocytes. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the energy scattered by a single erythrocyte is proportional to the square of the volume of the cell.
Analysis of microgram amounts of particulate material by simultaneous multiwavelength AES

A unique simultaneous emission spectrograph is utilized to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on trace quantities of solid particulates. The atomic emission spectroscopic system consists of a direct current plasma source and an echelle spectrograph with a charge injection device detector, enabling the system to simultaneously measure the wavelength range from 220 nm to 520 nm with 0.02 nm resolution at 300 nm. Monitoring all wavelengths simultaneously allows the qualitative and quantitative determination of most major and minor constituent in a trace quantity of sample with little prior knowledge about the sample. The ability to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on particulates is demonstrated by evaluating NBS certified coal fly ash, as well as a sample taken from the respirator air filter at an acute care unit in a hospital.
Temperature-Moment Concept for Evaluating Pavement Temperature Data

Pavement temperature profile data can be quite useful in the analysis of stresses in jointed concrete pavements produced by temperature gradients within the slabs. Many stress analysis procedures consider the temperature gradients to be linear, though the actual vertical temperature distributions can be quite nonlinear. Errors produced by not considering the actual temperature gradients can be considerable. This work introduces the temperature-moment concept for characterizing temperature gradients in pavements. The procedure for reducing a temperature distribution into a single temperature-moment value is given, and an equation is provided for converting the temperature-moment into the actual moment produced in a pavement by a temperature gradient. An equation is also provided for converting the temperature-moment into the equivalent linear gradient that produces the same moment in the pavement. An example comparison between temperature-moment and measured curvature in a pavement slab is presented to ill...
A Comparative Study of U.S. and Japanese Patent Systems

In an era of global competition, adequate protection of intellectual property in Triad regions of the world, particularly in Japan, has become increasingly important. This study focuses on the differences and similarities in patent practices between Japan and the United States. British and German patent practices are also examined to offer a balanced comparison. Findings indicate that the Japanese patent practices seem to discriminate against foreign applicants with longer pendency periods than for domestic applicants, while the U.S., German, and British patent practices appear to discriminate against foreign applicants with lower patent grant ratios than for domestic applicants.
The Measurement of Spinal Cord Tissue pH Using a Diffusible, Lipid‐Soluble, pH‐Sensitive Fluorescent Indicator

: Spinal cord tissue pH was measured in cats at normocapnia, hypocapnia, hypercapnia and death from anoxia using a pH-sensitive fluorescent indicator (umbelliferone) with both molecular and ionic fluorophors. A ratio analysis of the indicator's calibrated 450 nm fluorescent tissue clearance curves from 340 and 370 nm excitation permitted direct in vivo tissue pH determinations. Fifteen animals were divided into three equal groups according to different arterial carbon dioxide tensions (Pa co2):five animals at Pa co2 20, five animals Pa co2 40 and five animals Pa co2 60 torr. Spinal cord tissue pH varied linearly with arterial pH, but within narrower limits. These values (arterial versus cord pH) were: 7.46 versus 7.15; 7.21, 7.09; and 7.04, 7.00. At death from hypoxemia the arterial pH fell to 6.99 and spinal cord to 6.67. The clearance curves of umbelliferone in spinal cord varied according to Pa co2 and appeared to reflect spinal cord blood flow.
MCMC methods for tracking two closely spaced targets using monopulse radar channel signals

Four techniques to successfully track two closely spaced and unresolved targets using monopulse radar measurements have been discussed, the quality of such tracking being a determinant of successful detection of target spawn. The paper explores statistical estimation techniques based on the maximum likelihood criterion and Gibbs sampling, and addresses concerns about the accuracy of the measurements delivered thereby. In particular, the Gibbs approach can deliver joint measurements (and the associated covariances) from both targets, and it is therefore natural to consider a joint filter. The ideas are compared, and among the various strategies discussed, a particle filter that operates directly on the monopulse measurements seems to be the best.
Desktop publishing: annotated resource list

Magazines that have devoted entire issues or special sections in issues to desktop publishing:MacUser, (June 1986) - Special supplement, Desktop Publishing on the Mac, articles include: introductory article with glossary of terms; how to publish a newsletter; business publishing; LaserWriter fonts; review of PageMaker for Mac; current directory of Mac hardware and software; creating resumes.
Paramyotonia congenita: abnormal short exercise test, and improvement after mexiletine therapy.

The diagnosis of paramyotonia congenita (PC) can be aided by demonstrating a decrease in compound motor action potential amplitude after exercise and a decrement on repetitive stimulation, following cold exposure. We report a patient with PC who presented with complaints of cold-induced hand and jaw stiffening, in the absence of any episodes of weakness. Treatment with mexiletine led to resolution of the abnormalities exhibited during a short exercise test and repetitive stimulation following ice bath immersion. Molecular genetic analysis revealed a missense mutation (cytosine to thymidine) on chromosome 17 in the alpha-subunit of the skeletal muscle sodium channel gene that results in the replacement of threonine with methionine. This case demonstrates that, despite the absence of weakness, the short exercise test following cold exposure can be used to confirm the diagnosis of PC in patients without episodic weakness. Furthermore, improvement of the electrophysiologic abnormalities with mexiletine was documented, corresponding with clinical improvement. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Delayed development of composite action in steel girder bridges

Development of a bridge system where composite action is developed after the concrete has hardened would reduce the extent of cracking observed in bridge decks while elimination of shear studs would reduce the potential tripping hazard to workers. The objective of this research was to recommend a system which met one or both of these goals. To this end, a number of component level tests along with two prototype beam tests were performed. Details of the testing are described in the paper. Of the alternatives considered, two systems appear to offer the most promise for eventual implementation. The first system utilizes a plastic boot placed over the stud prior to casting of the concrete creating a void around the stud. After the concrete has cured the boot can be punctured or removed and the void filled with an epoxy grout. Upon curing the system will perform as though the studs had been directly cast into the concrete. The second recommended alternative utilizes a single plate welded along the length of th...
Analysis of area-congestion-based DDoS attacks in ad hoc networks

Increased instances of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks on the Internet have raised questions on whether and how ad hoc networks are vulnerable to such attacks. This paper studies the special properties of such attacks in ad hoc networks. We examine two types of area-congestion-based DDoS attacks - remote and local attacks - and present in-depth analysis on various factors and attack constraints that an attacker may use and face. We find that (1) there are two types of congestion - self congestion and cross congestion - that need to be carefully monitored; (2) the normal traffic itself causes significant packet loss in addition to the attack impacts in both remote and local attacks; (3) the number of flooding nodes has major impacts on remote attacks while, the load of normal traffic and the position of flooding nodes are critical to local attacks; and (4) given the same number of flooding nodes and attack loads, a remote DDoS attack can cause more damage to the network than a local DDoS attack.
Circadian rhythm of hepatic uridine phosphorylase activity and plasma concentration of uridine in mice.

Abstract The activity of hepatic uridine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.3) in male mice (24–29 g) maintained in standardized conditions of 12 hr light (0600–1800 hr) alternating with 12 hr darkness (1800-0600 hr), food and water ad lib ., exhibited a circadian rhythm (P
The nucleation of nickel whiskers

Abstract The nucleation step in the formation of nickel whiskers by hydrogen reduction of halide salts was examined. The finding of Gorsuch that whiskers were nucleated on an oxide were confirmed and it was demonstrated that the nucleation step for whisker formation was the hydrogen reduction of nickel oxide to metal.
IGF-I, TGF-β, and BMP-4 are expressed during distraction osteogenesis of the pig mandible

The mechanisms that regulate bone formation during distraction osteogenesis (DO) are not completely understood. Our hypothesis is that local cytokines that stimulate osteoblast activity are potential regulators of this process. The purpose of this study was to determine gene expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) in distracted wounds. A semiburied, rigid distraction device was placed across an osteotomy at the right mandibular angle in 9 Yucatan minipigs. Distraction was begun immediately at a rate of 1 mm/day. The animals were sacrificed after 4 and 7 days of distraction, and after 7 days of distraction plus 4 days of neutral fixation. Excised wound tissues were processed for histologic and gene expression analyses. Competitive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were developed and validated for porcine genes. Histologic analysis showed membranous ossification within the DO wound. Gene expression of IGF-I, TGF-beta and BMP-4 was detected during distraction and neutral fixation. These results show that gene expression analyses can be performed in a large animal model of mandibular DO. As the pig mandible closely resembles that of the human in morphology and physiology, this is an important step toward characterization of the early molecular events in the DO wound.
Weak protein-protein interactions are sufficient to drive assembly of hepatitis B virus capsids.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped DNA virus with a spherical capsid (or core). The capsid is constructed from 120 copies of the homodimeric capsid protein arranged with T = 4 icosahedral symmetry. We examined in vitro assembly of purified E. coli expressed HBV capsid protein. After equilibration, concentrations of capsid and dimer were evaluated by size exclusion chromatography. The extent of assembly increased as temperature and ionic strength increased. The concentration dependence of capsid assembly conformed to the equilibrium expression: Kcapsid = [capsid]/[dimer]120. Given the known geometry for HBV capsids and dimers, the per capsid assembly energy was partitioned into energy per subunit−subunit contact. We were able to make three major conclusions. (i) Weak interactions (from −2.9 kcal/mol at 21 °C in low salt to −4.4 kcal/mol at 37 °C in high salt) at each intersubunit contact result in a globally stable capsid; weak intersubunit interactions may be the basis for the phenomenon of capsid b...
Thio sugars by decomposition of carbohydrate dithiobis(thioformates)

Abstract When certain primary dithiobis(thioformates) are decomposed, yields of 6-thio sugars are moderate to good. Bis(methyl 2,3-di- O -methyl-α- D -glucopyranoside) 6,6′-[dithiobis(thioformate)], bis(methyl 2,3,4-tri- O -methyl-α- D -glucopyranoside) 6,6′-[dithiobis(thioformate)], and methyl 2,3-di- O -methyl-α- D -glucopyranoside 4,6-[di,thiobis(thioformate)] on treatment with pyridine gave corresponding dithiocarbonates in which thiolation at C-6 had occurred. Structures of the dithiocarbonates were deduced from spectral data, conversion into known compounds, and, with one, by independent synthesis. Dithiobis(thioformates) on secondary positions gave no thio sugar.
Organization of sensory inputs to the midbrain of the frog,Rana pipiens

1. Electrophysiological recordings indicate that visual, auditory and somatosensory (cutaneous) modalities are principally represented in distinct loci in the midbrain of the frog,Rana pipiens. Visual inputs dominate activity in tectum; auditory and cutaneous inputs dominate activity in the medial and lateral torus semicircularis respectively (Figs. 1, 2, 3). 2. The region of cutaneous sensitivity on one side of the brain contains a crude somatotopic representation of the contralateral body surface (Fig. 4). 3. Within this region activity can be driven by either mechanical or electrical stimulation of the appropriate area of the skin (Fig. 5). 4. Activity at some locations in torus could also be driven by vibratory stimuli. This activity was absent following section of the VIIIth nerve.
Model predictive control of multi-rate sampled-data systems: a state-space approach

A model predictive control (MPC) technique is developed for systems with measurements available at different sampling rates. The method uses general state-space system representations that incorporate secondary measurements as well as primary measurements. The optimal multi-rate (MR) filtering method is used to develop prediction equations for MPC. A simple suboptimal cascade filter is also proposed for dual-rate (DR) systems where the primary measurements are available at a 'slow’ rate and the secondary measurements are available at a 'fast’ rate. In addition to significant reduction in filter-gain computation requirements, the suboptimal filtering strategy offers superior primary-measurement-failure tolerance. The applicability of the proposed methods to realistic systems is demonstrated through an example application to a high-purity distillation column.
Fertilization of Radishes, Tomatoes, and Marigolds Using a Large-Volume Atmospheric Glow Discharge

A large-volume atmospheric glow discharge has been used to incorporate nitrogen species into aqueous solution that is subsequently used to fertilize radishes, marigolds, and tomatoes. Treatment with plasma activated water (PAW) was compared to a tap water control. Water application began immediately after seeding and continued for 4 weeks. At the conclusion of the experiment, PAW treated plants had shoot masses 1.7–2.2 times larger than controls. Subsequent research has focused on optimizing the amount of nitrogen in solution by varying discharge power, air flow, air–water interface, and water alkalinity. When the discharge hovers over a stationary water phase, nitrate concentrations increase with decreasing power and increasing air flow. When water droplets are injected directly into the plasma, nitrate concentrations increase with increasing power and decreasing air flow. These contrasting trends are believed to depend on the balance between hydroxyl and electron concentrations in the discharge. Adding NaHCO3 to water before plasma treatment affects both the amount of nitrogen present in solution as well as the ratio between oxidized and reduced species. Concentrated NaHCO3 solution had 2.9 times more total nitrogen, 59 times more nitrite, and 27 % less nitrate after plasma treatment than a solution with no NaHCO3. Two factors could contribute to the spike in nitrite and decrease in nitrate: reaction of nitric and nitrous oxides with bicarbonate to form nitrite, and a decrease in disproportionation of nitrate that occurs readily at acidic pH but negligibly under neutral conditions.
Asymmetry and projection constants of Banach spaces

We discuss various asymmetry constants of finite-dimensional Banach spaces in a more generalized frame than that of [2], and solve a problem raised in [7] by finding an increasing sequence of Banach spaces whose diagonal asymmetry constants tend to infinity. We investigate the question of whether the projection constant of everyn-dimensional Banach space is strictly less than\(\sqrt n \), and show that this is so whenn=2.
REACTIONS BETWEEN AMINO ACIDS AND ORGANIC ACIDS: REACTION OF TRYPTOPHAN AND PYRUVIC ACID

A reaction between pyruvic acid and tryptophan, which produced yellow products, was found in this investigation. The isolation and identification of the compounds produced by this interaction were carried out by paper chromatography, UV, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and organic synthetic procedures. Four compounds were isolated: three were identitied as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroharman-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, an isomer of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroharman-1,3-dicarboxylic acid and harman. The compound which was not fully identified, was a yellow polymer. The decrease in concentration of pyruvic acid and tryptophan due to this interaction was analyzed by an automatic organic acid analyzer and an automatic amino acid analyzer. It was found that the ratio of pyruvic acid to tryptophan used in this reaction was approximately 1.6:1. This reaction was found to proceed via a 1:1 molecular reaction between tryptophan and pyruvic acid to form 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroharman-1,3-dicarboxylic acid and its yellow isomer followed by the formation of a yellow polymer produced by the interaction of the yellow isomer of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroharman-1,3-dicarboxylic acid and pyruvic acid.
The General Theory of Location and Space-Economy

I. Introduction, 476. — II. Early contributions to general location theory: the evolutionary approach of Alfred Weber, 479. — III. Predohl and the substitution principle in location analysis, 482. — IV. The contribution of Hans Weigmann, 489. — V. The Losch model of a space-economy operating under conditions of monopolistic competition, 494. — VI. The inter relation of trade and location theories, 502. — VII. Conclusion, 505.
The Role of Student-Advisor Interactions in Apprenticing Undergraduate Researchers into a Scientific Community of Practice

Among science educators, current interest in undergraduate research (UR) is influenced both by the traditional role of the research apprenticeship in scientists’ preparation and by concerns about replacing the current scientific workforce. Recent research has begun to demonstrate the range of personal, professional, and intellectual benefits for STEM students from participating in UR, yet the processes by which student-advisor interactions contribute to these benefits are little understood. We employ situated learning theory (Lave and Wenger, Situated learning: legitimate peripheral participation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge in 1991) to examine the role of student-advisor interactions in apprenticing undergraduate researchers, particularly in terms of acculturating students to the norms, values, and professional practice of science. This qualitative study examines interviews with a diverse sample of 73 undergraduate research students from two research-extensive institutions. From these interviews, we articulate a continuum of practices that research mentors employed in three domains to support undergraduate scientists-in-training: professional socialization, intellectual support, and personal/emotional support. The needs of novice students differed from those of experienced students in each of these areas. Novice students needed clear expectations, guidelines, and orientation to their specific research project, while experienced students needed broader socialization in adopting the traits, habits, and temperament of scientific researchers. Underrepresented minority students, and to a lesser extent, women, gained confidence from their interactions with their research mentors and broadened their future career and educational possibilities. Undergraduate research at research-extensive universities exemplifies a cycle of scientific learning and practice where undergraduate researchers are mentored by graduate students and postdoctoral researchers, who are themselves apprentices to faculty members. As such, research mentors of undergraduate students should be aware of the dual scientific and educational aspects of their advising role and its significance in shaping students’ identities and career trajectories.
Factors Influencing the Stability of Radiation Defects in Semiconductors

Recent advances in the understanding of radiation damage in semiconductors are discussed and areas of difficulty are indicated. Most attention is focused upon (a) stability of close-pair defects resulting from low temperature irradiation with energetic (0.7 to 5 Mev) electrons, (b) the yield of permanent damage in germanium as a function of temperature, (c) damage of intermediate stability in germanium (anneals at 150°K) which is attributable to non-reorientable divacancies, (d) interstitials in electron bombarded germanium, and (e) low temperature damage in electron bombarded p-type germanium and its transformation by light and heating. The inadequacies of certain of the models are discussed particularly in the case of (e).
Favorable outcome in diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Life table analysis of 31 patients with biopsy proven diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis due to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus reveals a 77.7% five-year survival. Patients with similar lesions have, in the past, had an approximate 20% five-year survival. The improved survival is attributed to the combined use of prednisone and chlorambucil and a panel of frequently repeated laboratory tests that provides a guide to the activity of the systemic disease.
Growth and physiological response of water-stressed yellow-poplar seedlings exposed to chronic ozone fumigation and ethylenediurea

Abstract One-year-old containerized seedlings of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) were exposed to ethylenediurea (EDU), ozone (O3) fumigation (0, 0.07, and 0.15 ppm), and drought (one or two 1-week drying cycles) from late April until early June 1990, at the Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Delaware, Ohio, USA. Measurements of net photosynthesis (Pn), dark respiration (Rd), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration (Ts) were made on seedlings from each treatment on 15 May and 31 May. Treatment effects on seedling growth were determined by measuring height increase, shoot and root biomass, and leaf area. Water stress significantly reduced Pn, Gs, and Ts (by more than 70%), whereas EDU and O3 treatments had no appreciable effect on these parameters. There was no indication that ethylene evolution was influenced by any of the stress factors imposed in this study. There were no significant interactions between these stress factors and the physiological parameters measured. Growth measurements showed that height increase was reduced by 22% in water-stressed seedlings, whereas new shoot biomass, root biomass and leaf area declined by 10%, 20%, and 12%, respectively. New shoot biomass, root biomass, and leaf area were reduced by the EDU treatment. Root/shoot ratio was not significantly altered by the drought treatment employed. Overall, there were no significant effects of O3 fumigation on growth. The interaction of water stress and O3 fumigation at 0.07 ppm significantly reduced root biomass and the root/shoot ratio. The EDU and 0.15 ppm O3 together reduced height growth more than either factor alone.
Hepatocellular ultrastructure in white perch (Morone americana) with abnormal hepatic copper storage

An age-related, progressive condition of abnormal hepatic copper storage in white perch (Morone americana) has been identified. High concentrations of copper (by electron probe microanalysis and rubeinic acid positivity) were previously localized to pericanalicular dense bodies, tentatively identified as lysosomes ultrastructurally. The present study was to further define the hepatocellular ultrastructural pathology in white perch with heavy burdens of hepatic copper, and to verify the identity of lysosomes using the cytidine-5′-monophosphate technique for acid phosphatase activity. Ultrastructurally in ten fish with hepatic copper burdens of 1193–4880 μg/g wet wt, hepatocytes were characterized by marked proliferation of very electron-dense pericanalicular giant lysosomes which were tentatively acid phosphatase positive, increased autophagic vacuoles (AVs) and foci of cytoplasmic degradation (FCD), and moderate to severe fatty change with lipolysosomes. Mitochondrial and peroxisomal changes other than increased incorporation into AVs were minimal. Sequestration of copper into lysosomes, considered to be cytoprotective in mammalian models of hepatic copper storage, also occurs in white perch. However, increased FCD and AVs are indicative of increased cytoplasmic and organelle damage and turnover, and fatty change represents perturbation of metabolic processes. These changes in white perch with very high levels of copper may indicate decompensation by the lysosomal compartment, with subsequent subcellular copper cytotoxicity. Similarities to mammals in the hepatocellular response to high copper levels may prove the white perch to be a good model to study mechanisms of copper accumulation.
Full Configuration Interaction and Multiconfigurational Spin Density in Boron and Carbon Atoms

The reliability of spin polarization method results for atomic spin densities, obtained with several widely used Gaussian basis sets, is examined by comparison with the results of full configuration interaction (FCI) calculations. The spin densities obtained with these basis sets using the spin polarization model and some other methods disagree with the FCI treatment. Since the FCI wave function is exact for a given basis, it is not clear that the spin polarization model will be generally reliable. A large active space multiconfigurational (CASSCF) calculation is shown to be inadequate as an alternative to FCI treatment. The importance of accounting at least to some extent for excitations to all orbitals in the complete space of basis functions is illustrated by very slow convergence of CASSCF results with increasing size of active space. The FCI results reported here can be used as benchmarks to test various approaches to spin density calculation.
An Innovative Idea for Reducing the Musculoskeletal Disorders in Drywall Installation

Objective:The study was conducted to assess an intervention suggested by the workers to reduce the ergonomic exposures of the drywall installation task.Methods:At several focus group meetings the drywall installers were asked to brainstorm on innovative ideas that could reduce their ergonomic/musculoskeletal exposures during the drywall installation work. The workers discussed the idea of using a ‘deadman’ (long narrow piece of sheetrock) to help hold the panels on the ceiling while installing them. The researcher collected quantitative exposure data (PATH, 3DSSPP) at the baseline and intervention phases. The data at the two time periods were compared to find out any change in the exposure with use of the ‘deadman’.Results:Results showed that exposures (such as overhead arm and awkward trunk postures and heavy load handling) were reduced in the intervention phase while using an electrical lift and the ‘deadman’.Conclusion:The concept of the ‘deadman’, which was shown to help reduce musculoskeletal exposur...
Improving Reliability of a Residency Interview Process

Objective. To improve the reliability and discrimination of a pharmacy resident interview evaluation form, and thereby improve the reliability of the interview process.Methods. In phase 1 of the st...
Constraints on foraging success due to resource ecology limit colony productivity in social insects

The benefit of group living is a fundamental question in social evolution. For sociality to evolve, each individual must gain in terms of some fitness component by living in larger groups. However, in social insects, a decrease in per capita success in brood production has been observed in larger groups. While it has been proposed that this decrease could be outweighed by an increase in the predictability of success, a functional basis to this hypothesis has so far never been demonstrated. In this paper, using foraging economics as a functional proxy to colony productivity, we construct a model to explore how number of foragers in the colony interacts with the ecology of resources to influence per capita foraging success and its predictability. The results of the model show that there is no increase in per capita foraging success in larger colonies under most circumstances, though there is an increase in its predictability. We then test the model with empirical data on the foraging behavior of the primitively eusocial wasp, Ropalidia marginata. The consistency between the data and the model suggests that foraging economics could provide a robust functional basis in explaining the relationship between colony size and productivity.
Visual and tactile memory for 2-D patterns: Effects of changes in size and left-right orientation

Visual identification of 3-D objects depends on representations that are invariant across changes in size and left-right orientation. We examined whether this finding reflects the unique demands of processing 3-D objects, or whether it generalizes to 2-D patterns and to the tactile modality. Our findings suggest that object representation for identification is influenced greatly by the processing demands of stimulus materials (e.g., 2-D vs. 3-D objects) and stimulus modality (touch vs. vision). Identification of 2-D patterns in vision is adversely affected by left-right orientation changes, but not size changes. Identification of the same patterns in touch is adversely affected by both changes. Together, the results suggest that the unique processing demands of stimulus materials and modality shape the representation of objects in memory.
Survival is poorer in patients with secondary core-binding factor acute myelogenous leukemia compared with de novo core-binding factor leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Therapy related secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) was commonly associated with prior exposure to alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitor. The long-term outcome of such patients with secondary AML was found to be worse than that of patients with de novo AML. Earlier reports suggested similar outcomes for patients with de novo and secondary AML associated with core-binding factor (CBF) abnormalities. METHODS: A total of 188 patients with CBF AML were analyzed. The frequency of secondary CBF AML was 9%. RESULTS: Patients with secondary CBF AML were found to have significantly worse overall (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) compared with patients with de novo CBF AML. Secondary CBF AML status appeared to have only marginal significance in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Matched analysis (by age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, and additional cytogenetic abnormality) indicated worse OS and EFS in patients with secondary CBF AML. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Treatment of mandibular angle fractures with a malleable noncompression miniplate

Purpose: This study evaluated the results in patients treated for fractures of the mandibular angle with a single, thin, malleable miniplate designed for use in the midface. Patients and Methods: Forty-six patients with 51 fractures of the mandibular angle were treated by open reduction and internal fixation using one noncompression, thin, malleable miniplate and 1.3-mm self-threading screws placed through a transoral incision. No patient was placed into postsurgical maxillomandibular fixation. They were prospectively studied for complications. Results: Seven patients (15.2%) experienced complications. All were considered minor and did not require hospitalization. Three had asymptomatic fracture of the bone plate, but at the time of diagnosis the fracture had already healed and it required no treatment. Two patients had fracture of the bone plate with continued fracture mobility requiring maxillomandibular fixation. Three minor infections occurred requiring intraoral incision and drainage. Conclusions: The use of this small bone plate for fractures of the angle of the mandible provided adequate fixation in most cases but was associated with an unacceptable incidence of plate fracture. However, the results also indicate that the fixation requirements for angle fractures is less than previously thought.
Exacerbation of Cushing's Syndrome During Pregnancy: Report of a Case

A young woman is presented in whom a clinical and laboratory picture of classical Cushing's syndrome developed during pregnancy. Post-partum, all signs and symptoms of the disease disappeared, and baseline urinary steroid excretion generally became normal. Because of the persistence of abnormal diurnal plasma “cortisol” levels and the failure to suppress the urinary excretion of steroids with dexamethasone, surgery was performed. Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia was found on both light and electron microscopy.
Reduced platelet concentration does not harm PRP effectiveness for ACL repair in a porcine in vivo model.

Enhanced primary repair of the ACL using a collagen scaffold loaded with platelets has been shown to improve the functional healing of suture repair in animal models. In this study, our objectives were to determine if lowering the platelet concentration would reduce the structural properties of the repaired ACL and increase postoperative knee laxity. Eight Yucatan minipigs underwent bilateral suture repair. In one knee, the repair was augmented with a collagen scaffold saturated with platelet-rich plasma containing five times the systemic baseline of platelets (5X) while the contralateral knee had a collagen scaffold saturated with platelet-rich plasma containing three times the systemic baseline of platelets (3X). After thirteen weeks of healing, knee joint laxity and the structural properties of the ACL were measured. The 3X platelet concentration resulted in a 24.1% decrease in cellular density of the repair tissue (p<0.05), but did not significantly decrease the structural properties [3Xvs 5X: 314 vs 298 N (p=0.596) and 65 vs 64 N/mm (p=0.532) for the yield load and linear stiffness, respectively]. The 3x platelet concentration also did not significantly change the mean anteroposterior knee laxity at 30° and 90° of flexion [5X vs. 3X: 3.5 vs. 5.1 mm (p=0.140), and 6.1 vs. 6.3 mm (p=0.764)] but did result in a lower AP laxity at 60° [5X vs. 3X: 8.6 vs. 7.3 mm (p=0.012)]. The decrease in platelet concentration from 5X to 3X to enhance suture repair of the ACL did not significantly harm the mechanical outcomes in this animal model.