cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A phase I and pharmacokinetics study of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in patients with solid tumors

Preclinical studies of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) against solid tumors in the human tumor cloning assay and evidence that 2-CdA is active against slow-growing or resting tumor cells have stimulated interest in the clinical activity of this agent against solid tumors. This study sought to estimate the maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicity, and plasma and urine pharmacokinetics accompanying the intravenous administration of 2-CdA by 120-h continuous infusion in patients with solid tumors. Treated patients were also assessed for other toxicities of therapy and for antitumor response. A total of 23 patients received 35 courses of treatment given at doses of 3.5, 5.3, 6.5 and 8.1 mg/m2 per day by continuous intravenous infusion for 5 days and repeated every 28 days. Blood and urine specimens were collected before, during, and after drug infusion. The dose-limiting toxicity at 8.1 mg/m2 per day manifested as granulocytopenia in 2 of 5 patients (3 of 7 courses of treatment) and as thrombocytopenia in 3 of 5 patients (3 of 7 courses of treatment). At the dose levels of 6.5 and 8.1 mg/m2 per day, recovery from thrombocytopenia was often delayed. Severe lymphocytopenia (< 1,000/microliters) was observed at all dose levels of 2-CdA. Dose-related anemia and leukopenia were observed and were infrequently severe. Non-hematological toxicities were confined to mild-to-moderate nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and anorexia. Fever of 37 degrees-40 degrees C was induced during drug infusion in 19 patients. No antitumor response was observed. Average plasma concentrations at steady-state (Cpss) ranged from 3 ng/ml at the initial dose level to 13 ng/ml at the dose level of 8.1 mg/m2 per day. Both the Cpss and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were proportional to the dose. A relationship was observed between the percentage of change in absolute neutrophil count and the AUC. Renal excretion accounted for only 18% of the elimination of 2-CdA over the 5-day infusion period. The maximum tolerated dose for 2-CdA given by 5-day continuous infusion was 8.1 mg/m2 per day in this study. The recommended dose on this schedule for phase II studies is 6.5 mg/m2 per day. Granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia were dose-limiting. No antitumor activity was observed during this study. On the basis of the plasma concentrations of 2-CdA observed, it is unlikely that this schedule of drug administration will permit achievement of the concentrations consistent with antitumor activity observed in preclinical studies.
Morphologic patterns of stream channels on the active Yishi Fault, southern Shandong Province, Eastern China: Implications for repeated great earthquakes in the Holocene

Abstract Stream channels, totaling 427, on the active Yishu fault were systematically measured in the field. Three categories of deflected stream channels were identified. These were the R, L and U groups, which correspond to channels that are right-laterally deflected, left-laterally deflected, and those from which fault displacement cannot be determined, respectively. Of the measured channels, 48.7% are group U, 37.7% group R, and 13.6% group L. Each group has four different patterns that are strongly affected by local conditions such as channel density, width of crush zone, slope angle, and stream incision and sedimentation. By introducing a parameter, the deflection angle, which is defined as the angle between the fault slip direction (on the downstream block) and the downstream flow direction, at least three paleoslip events preceding the 1668 M = 8.5 earthquake at Zuoshan were identified and their occurrence times estimated. They were all within Holocene time, but the recurrence intervals seem to have become longer over the past 10,000 years. The recurrence intervals appeared to be doubled, from 2000 years to about 4000 years over the same period. Each faulting event was associated with 4–9 m right-lateral displacement on the fault. If the typical maximum displacement associated with each event is 8 m, then the slip rate has decreased from 4 mm/yr to about 2 mm/yr. However, considering the possibility that the maximum displacement during each event may not be located at the same place, then the recurrence interval on the whole rupture section could be underestimated because, in that case, the recurrence interval would not be a simple inverse relationship of the average slip rate.
Measurement of gender equity: a clarification.

I applaud McCauley et al. for highlighting the important role of gender equity in perpetration of dating violence among US high school athletes.(1) Gender-equitable attitudes are influential in a range of sexual-health outcomes beyond violence, including the negotiation of safer sex and sexually transmitted infections.(2) This is a clearly significant target for intervention. However, I feel clarification is needed regarding the measurement of gender equity. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print January 16, 2014: e1. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301779). Language: en
AN ADAPTIVE APPROACH TO TIME‐SERIES FORECASTING

This paper extends the applicability of the Carbone-Longini adaptive estimation procedure (AEP) to time-series forecasting. Comparisons with adaptive filtering, the Box-Jenkins methodology, and multiple regression analysis as it applies to time-series analysis are provided. Specific time-series data examined by Box and Jenkins and Box and Tiao constitute the basis for these comparisons. The analysis of the results indicate the robustness and performance superiority of the simple distributive-lag forecast model coupled with the concept of adaptively “tracking” rather than “fitting” historical data.
Quality of life and pain relief during treatment with calcitriol and docetaxel in symptomatic metastatic androgen‐independent prostate carcinoma

BACKGROUND The current study evaluated the analgesic activity and impact on quality of life (QOL) of a new chemotherapy regimen of calcitriol and docetaxel in men with androgen-independent prostate carcinoma. METHODS Analgesic response was defined as a 2-point reduction on the Present Pain Intensity (PPI) scale (or compete relief if baseline PPI was 1) without an increase in analgesic use or a 50% decrease in analgesic medication use without an increase in pain, maintained for ≥ 4 weeks. Pain, pain medication consumption, and QOL (measured by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30) were evaluated every 4 weeks. RESULTS Treatment resulted in an analgesic response in 14 of 29 evaluable patients (48%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 30–67%). The median time to symptomatic progression in the 14 patients who met criteria for analgesic response was 41 weeks (95% CI, 26–56 weeks). Worsening in physical and role functioning, fatigue, appetite, and global health status and improvement in constipation were detected using the QLQ-C30 QOL questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS Significant analgesic activity was demonstrated, although worsening in several QOL domains was observed in a patient population with relatively low pain intensity (median PPI, 2). Cancer 2004;100:758–63. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Antioxidant status and biomarkers of oxidative stress in cats with diabetes mellitus

Increasing evidence implicates oxidative damage in the progression and pathologic complications of human diabetics. This study assessed antioxidant status and oxidative stress in cats with diabetes mellitus (DM). Antioxidant status was measured in diabetic (n = 10) and control (n = 10) cats by HPLC of vitamin E isomers, reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and calculation of the GSH:GSSG ratio. Biomarkers of protein, lipid and DNA peroxidation (fructosamine, isoprostanes and Comet assay, respectively), and neutrophil function evaluated oxidative stress. Correlation between glycemic control and antioxidant status/ oxidative stress was also investigated. A diabetic index was generated using clinical signs, body condition score, insulin dose, fructosamine, fasted blood glucose and urinary glucose and ketones. Alpha tocopherol was increased (DM = 0.11 μg/mL, controls = 0.06 μg/mL; p = 0.0012) and gamma tocopherol was decreased (DM = 0.03 μg/mL, controls = 0.05 μg/mL; p = 0.0065) in diabetic vs. control cats. There was no difference in the GSH:GSH ratio between groups. Predictably, fructosamine was greater in diabetic vs. control cats (DM = 447 μmol/L, controls = 204 μmol/L; p < 0.0001). Antioxidant status/oxidative stress was not associated with glycaemic control in diabetic cats. Despite strong association of DM with oxidative stress in humans, this simple relationship is not found in diabetic cats. They have both increased and decreased parameters of systemic oxidative stress compared with control cats. This may be due to higher levels of antioxidants in feline therapeutic diets, the relatively short duration of disease in cats compared with humans, or other factors.
Cytogenetic and pathologic aspects of Ewing's sarcoma and neuroectodermal tumors

Diagnostic classification of poorly differentiated, round cell, primitive neuroectodermal neoplasms, including Ewing's sarcoma, peripheral neuroepithelioma, Askin's tumor, and esthesioneuroblastoma, is challenging to the surgical pathologist using conventional histopathologic approaches because of very similar and overlapping morphologic and cytologic features. Furthermore, distinguishing these neoplasms from neuroblastoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, small cell osteogenic sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can be difficult. This paper describes and reviews the cytogenetic and molecular genetic changes in these tumors and demonstrates how the ability to detect these changes has enabled a greater understanding of the histogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and prognosis of these neoplasms.
A healthy campus--forecasting from the 1990 health objectives for the nation.

(1987). A Healthy Campus—Forecasting from the 1990 Health Objectives for the Nation. Journal of American College Health: Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 158-170.
Microtubule plus-end binding protein EB1 is necessary for muscle cell differentiation, elongation and fusion

During muscle differentiation, microtubule stability, nucleation and orientation all undergo profound changes, which are simultaneous with and possibly necessary for the elongation and fusion of muscle cells. We do not yet understand these events, but they present similarities with the polarized migration of fibroblasts, in which EB1 is necessary for microtubule stabilization. However, it was recently reported that EB3, not EB1, is involved in muscle cell elongation and fusion, and that neither of these two proteins influences microtubule stabilization. To re-examine the role of EB1, we have generated C2 cell lines permanently expressing EB1-targeted shRNAs. In these lines, EB1 is specifically knocked down by more than 90% before any differentiation-related changes can take place. We find that differentiation (assessed by myogenin expression), elongation and fusion are prevented. In addition, two early events that normally precede differentiation - microtubule stabilization and the accumulation of cadherin and β-catenin on the plasma membrane - are inhibited. Re-expression of EB1 as EB1-GFP restores all aspects of normal differentiation, whereas overexpression of EB3-GFP restores elongation but not fusion. We conclude that EB1 is necessary for the early stages of muscle differentiation.
Pathologic anatomy of the cirrhotic liver with portal hypertension

Comparative clinicopathological observations indicate that nodular regeneration in the cirrhotic liver is almost always associated with portal hypertension when the extrahepatic portion of the portal vein is patent, and seldom exists in more than minimal degree when portal hypertension is not well established.
Preconcetration and voltammetric behavior of chromium(VI) at Pt electrodes modified with poly(4-vinylpyridine)

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of Cr(VI) incorporated into a polymer film is complicated by the irreversibility of the Cr(VI)/Cr(III) couple and the tendency for Cr(III) to form a passivating layer on surfaces. The former problem requires that in cyclic experiments the Cr(VI) concentration in the polymer must be sustained by diffusion from the solution phase; hence, the polymer film must be thinner than in investigations of reversible couples. Such films of poly(4-vinylpyridine) can be prepared by adsorption onto a Pt substrate. After protonation of the film, Cr(VI) was incorporated by an ion-exchange mechanism. Passivation was prevented by performing the cyclic voltammetric experiments in an electrolyte of 0.15 M NaF buffered at pH 3.5. Apparently, labile Cr(III)-fluoride complexes were formed that allowed ejection of almost all of Cr(III) from the film during positive-going potential excursions and at the positive limit of the interrupted cyclic experiments. At high Cr(VI) concentrations, steady state cyclic voltammograms were bulk diffusion-controlled over the range 10 to 1000 mV s −1 , whereas at low concentrations (10 −6 M ) the cathodic peaks had the characteristic of the reduction of a surface layer. That the described system permitted the study of an irreversible system at an ionomer-coated electrode is important to the development of methodology in electroanalytical chemistry since it may permit an analog of stripping voltammetry to be performed on irreversible couples.
Migration of lymphocytes through the endothelium of venules in experimental allergic neuritis.

Bei der experimentellen allergischen Neuritis verlassen die Lymphozyten das zirkulierende Blut der Venolen der peripheren Nerven, indem sie eher durch die als zwischen den Endothelzellen austreten. Der Durchtritt durch das Zytoplasma der Endothelzellen ist ein Beispiel von Emperipolesis.
Switching performance improvement of IGBT modules using an active gate driver

This paper addresses the issues of switching behavior of a high power insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) that works in hard switching conditions. First, the voltage and current switching waveforms of IGBT modules are described for an IGBT phase-leg module with an inductive load, and the associated switching losses, reverse recovery current of free-wheeling diodes, voltage overshoot, and EMI noise are analyzed. Based on the analysis, an actively controlled gate drive circuit is proposed, which provides optimization of the fast driving for low switching losses and short switching time, and slow driving for low noise and switching stress. Compared to a conventional gate drive strategy, the proposed active gate driver (AGD) has the capability of reducing the switching losses, delay time, and Miller plateau duration effectively during both turn-on and turn-off transient. Experimental results verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed gate driving method.
Substrate specificity and affinity of a protein modulated by bound water molecules

Water molecules influence molecular interactions in all biological systems, yet it is extremely difficult to understand their effects in precise atomic detail. Here we present evidence, based on highly refined atomic structures of the complexes of the L-arabinose-binding protein with L-arabinose, D-fucose and D-galactose, that bound water molecules, coupled with localized conformational changes, can govern substrate specificity and affinity. The atoms common to the three sugars are identically positioned in the binding site and the same nine strong hydrogen bonds are formed in all three complexes. Two hydrogen-bonded water molecules in the site contribute further to tight binding of L-arabinose but create an unfavourable interaction with the methyl group of D-fucose. Equally tight binding of D-galactose is attained by the replacement of one of the hydrogen-bonded water molecules by its--CH2OH group, coordinated with localized structural changes which include a shift and redirection of the hydrogen-bonding interactions of the other water molecule. These observations illustrate how ordered water molecules can contribute directly to the properties of proteins by influencing their interaction with ligands.
Differentiation of chick embryo myoblasts is transiently sensitive to functional denervation

Abstract Clonal analysis of myoblast differentiation has been used to assess effects of denervation on developing skeletal muscle: chick embryo legs denervated by spinal cord cautery yield reduced proportions of clonable myoblasts (P. H. Bonner, 1978, Develop. Biol. , 66, 207–219) . The present work examines the effects on clonable myoblasts of functional denervation by d -tubocurarine. Curare treatment during the third or fourth days of embryonic development had no effect on clonable myoblasts later in development, treatment during the fifth or sixth days resulted in reduced proportions of clonable myoblasts, and treatment during the eighth or ninth days again had no effect. Clonal analysis of treated and control embryo leg muscle cells was performed between Days 10 and 18. Embryos were also permanently denervated by spinal cord cautery late in the sixth day. These embryos showed no effect of denervation on clonable myoblast proportion. It is concluded that the differentiation of skeletal muscle myoblasts is affected by interference with normal nerve-muscle relationships only during a “window” of sensitivity and that this “window” extends approximately from Hamburger and Hamilton stage 27 to stage 30.
Experimental Indications of Plasma Instabilities Induced by Laser Heating

The detection of \ensuremath{\sim} 100-keV x radiation and of directly back-scattered light is described for neodymium-glass-laser light pulses focused on a polyethylene target. These observations can be explained in terms of the nonlinear excitation of plasma waves by the laser light.
Brain-sparing total meningeal radiation for a patient with widespread progressive meningiomas using helical intensity modulated radiation

Multiple meningioma is a rare but difficult clinical entity. We describe the case of a patient with widespread progressive meningiomas who could not safely have surgery or radiosurgery. We have previously treated these patients with whole brain radiation, despite the risks of neuropsychological side effects. In this case, we treated with a novel use of helical intensity modulated radiation therapy: brain-sparing total meningeal radiation. The brain-sparing technique allowed us to treat the patient's meninges with higher doses than would have been possible with whole brain radiation and with the goal of achieving long-term disease control.
Total hip arthroplasty in an adult with proximal femoral focal deficiency

A 40-year-old woman with isolated unilateral proximal femoral focal deficiency presented with 2 years of gradually increasing left hip pain that interfered with her activities of daily living. A total hip arthroplasty was performed through a posterior approach. At 12 months, she had minimal discomfort about the hip, a markedly increased level of activity, and improved gait, and she required no ambulatory aids. This procedure is cautiously recommended for use in selected patients with proximal femoral focal deficiency.
Reply to "Volume conservation versus boson-number conservation"

We show that second order conservation of the time-averaged volume in a two-fluid modification of the liquid drop model gives rise to a constraint analogous to boson-number conservation in the interacting-boson model.
Classification and review of FMS scheduling procedures

Abstract In this paper, existing flexible manufacturing system (FMS) scheduling procedures are classified and reviewed. First, a classification scheme is provided that is based on key factors such as the FMS type, the mode of system operation, the nature of the demands placed on the system, the scheduling environment, and the responsiveness of the system to disturbances. The choice of appropriate scheduling criteria is discussed. Differences between conventional job shops and FMSs, and the eiVects of these differences on potential scheduling procedures are provided. The classification, comparisons, and FMS scheduling reviews aim to be useful to vendors, users, and researchers. We point out specific areas which appear to have been overlooked. Future research directions are also indicated.
Nitrofurazone: Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding in Swiss Mice☆

Abstract Nitrofurazone (NTFZ), a nitrofuran antibiotic, was evaluated for reproductive toxicity in Swiss CD-1 mice using the Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding protocol. Male and female mice were cohabited for 15 weeks and exposed to NTFZ in feed at concentrations of 0, 100, 375, and 750 ppm (14–102 mg/kg/day). F0750-ppm breeding pairs had significantly reduced fertility after 7 days of exposure to NTFZ (17% fertile compared to 98% for control pairs) and were infertile after the second litter. F0mid-dose pairs had progressively decreasing fertility (47% by the fifth litter), reduced litter size, and reduced proportion of pups born alive. Crossover breeding of control and high-dose F0animals confirmed infertility in high-dose males and reduced litter size and pup weight in high-dose females when compared to the control × control group. At necropsy, there were no effects on body weight, but F0males had reduced testis weight at the high dose and reduced epididymal sperm concentration and abnormal sperm morphology at all doses of NTFZ. Increased liver as well as kidney and adrenal weights (combined) were observed at 375 and 750 ppm; hepatic hypertrophy was noted microscopically at 750 ppm. F0females had reduced body weight, hepatic hypertrophy, and altered estrous cycles at 750 ppm and reduced ovarian weight at all doses. In the second generation, F1mice at 375 ppm had reduced postnatal survival and body weight and produced smaller F2litters compared to control mice. At necropsy, F1males had reduced testes weight and epididymal sperm concentration, abnormal sperm morphology, hepatic hypertrophy at 375 ppm, and borderline nephropathy at 100 and 375 ppm. F1females had decreased body, liver, and ovarian weight at 375 ppm and altered estrous cycles at 100 and 375 ppm. Thus, NTFZ at ≥100 ppm (≥14 mg/kg/day) caused adverse reproductive effects in F0male and female and F1female mice in the presence of relatively mild systemic toxicity..
Radiocarbon analysis of neutral sugars in high-molecular-weight dissolved organic carbon: Implications for organic carbon cycling

We used compound-specific natural-abundance radiocarbon analyses of neutral sugars to study carbon cycling of high-molecular-weight (HMW) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at two sites in the North Pacific Ocean. Sugars released from HMW DOC by acid hydrolysis were purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography and analyzed for radiocarbon content via accelerator mass spectrometry. The seven most abundant sugars recovered from HMW DOC have similar radiocarbon values, supporting the hypothesis that these sugars are incorporated into a common family of polysaccharides. Neutral sugar D 14 C values from surface waters collected in 1999 and 2001 are 89 6 13‰ and 57 6 6‰, respectively; these values are much more enriched in radiocarbon than those found in previous studies that used operationally defined carbohydrate fractions. Radiocarbon values for HMW DOC neutral sugars are the same as, or only slightly depleted relative to, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), which is consistent with rapid cycling and a short (,3-yr) residence time. In addition, the D 14 C value of neutral sugars at 600 m is 20‰ enriched relative to DIC D 14 C, suggesting that a fraction of dissolved neutral sugars at this depth are introduced by dissolution from large, rapidly sinking particles.
Understanding barriers and facilitators of fruit and vegetable consumption among a diverse multi-ethnic population in the USA

A diet high in fruits and vegetables (FV these findings should be considered. Hispanic participants, mostly immigrants, cited inhibiting factors encountered in their adopted US environment. There is a need to improve the availability and access to fresh F&V commonly available in the home countries of Hispanic immigrants.
Energetic Coupling Along an Allosteric Communication Channel Drives the Binding of Jun-Fos Heterodimeric Transcription Factor to DNA

Although allostery plays a central role in driving protein–DNA interactions, the physical basis of such cooperative behavior remains poorly understood. In the present study, using isothermal titration calorimetry in conjunction with site-directed mutagenesis, we provide evidence that an intricate network of energetically-coupled residues within the basic regions of the Jun-Fos heterodimeric transcription factor accounts for its allosteric binding to DNA. Remarkably, energetic coupling is prevalent in residues that are both close in space, as well as residues distant in space, implicating the role of both short- and long-range cooperative interactions in driving the assembly of this key protein–DNA interaction. Unexpectedly, many of the energetically-coupled residues involved in orchestrating such a cooperative network of interactions are poorly conserved across other members of the basic zipper family, emphasizing the importance of basic residues in dictating the specificity of basic zipper–DNA interactions. Collectively, our thermodynamic analysis maps an allosteric communication channel driving a key protein–DNA interaction central to cellular functions in health and disease.
Development of the PROMIS® Negative Psychosocial Expectancies of Smoking Item Banks

Introduction Negative psychosocial expectancies of smoking include aspects of social disapproval and disappointment in oneself. This paper describes analyses conducted to develop and evaluate item banks for assessing psychosocial expectancies among daily and nondaily smokers. Methods Using data from a sample of daily (N = 4,201) and nondaily (N =1,183) smokers, we conducted a series of item factor analyses, item response theory analyses, and differential item functioning analyses (according to gender, age, and race/ethnicity) to arrive at a unidimensional set of psychosocial expectancies items for daily and nondaily smokers. We also evaluated performance of short forms (SFs) and computer adaptive tests (CATs) to efficiently assess psychosocial expectancies. Results A total of 21 items were included in the Psychosocial Expectancies item banks: 14 items are common across daily and nondaily smokers, 6 are unique to daily, and 1 is unique to nondaily. For both daily and nondaily smokers, the Psychosocial Expectancies item banks are strongly unidimensional, highly reliable (reliability = 0.95 and 0.93, respectively), and perform similarly across gender, age, and race/ethnicity groups. A SF common to daily and nondaily smokers consists of 6 items (reliability = 0.85). Results from simulated CATs showed that, on average, fewer than 8 items are needed to assess psychosocial expectancies with adequate precision when using the item banks. Conclusions Psychosocial expectancies of smoking can be assessed on the basis of these item banks via the SF, by using CAT, or through a tailored set of items selected for a specific research purpose.
Direct antithrombin agents ameliorate disseminated intravascular coagulation in suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia thrombosis syndrome.

This is a case series of 5 patients who were treated with the direct antithrombin agents (lepirudin or argatroban) for known or suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia thrombosis syndrome (HITTs). Coincidentally all had evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The DIC parameters improved with treatment and each patient was successfully discharged from the hospital. These observations provide evidence that the direct antithrombin inhibitors, lepirudin and argatroban, can improve DIC. Moreover the presence of DIC in a patient with suspected HITTs should not mitigate against the use of these agents.
Prevention of coronary artery disease should start in the young.

To the Editor: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Autopsy studies of war casualties in Korea1 and Vietnam2 showed that subclinical atherosclerosis is evident in late adolescence and early adulthood. The recent report from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry study,3 one of the largest and longest …
A dynamic model for low‐pressure, hollow‐fiber ultrafiltration

Developpement et essai d'une solution numerique des equations qui tiennent compte de la variation axiale de la pression hydraulique et de la pression osmotique
Infantile Disorders and Childhood Schizophrenia

The identification and differential diagnosis of severe developmental disorders in infancy and childhood pose a variety of problems for mental health professionals and researchers and have lead to controversy in the professional literature. There have been frequent attempts to generate organizational schemes to account for these behaviors, variously known as infantile autism, childhood schizophrenia, infantile psychosis, late-onset psychosis, and so forth. The most recent of these diagnostic systems is contained in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (1980). Because the DSM-III is the most widespread diagnostic system in current use in the United States, I will use its categories here (see Table 1).
A second and more complete rostrum of Xiphiorhynchus aegyptiacus Weiler, 1929, (Perciformes: Xiphioidei: Xiphiidae: Xiphiorhynchinae), from the Birket Qarun Formation, Upper Eocene, Egypt

HARRY L. FIERSTINE*'1 and PHILIP D. GINGERICH2; biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407-0401 U.S.A. and Research Associate, Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California 90007 U.S.A., hfiersti@calpoly.edu; 2Geological Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079 U.S.A., gingeric@umich.edu
Protein design at the interface of the pre-biotic and biotic worlds

Abstract “Proteogenesis” (the origin of proteins) is a likely key event in the unsolved problem of biogenesis (the origin of life). The raw material for the very first proteins comprised the available amino acids produced and accumulated upon the early earth via abiotic chemical and physical processes. A broad consensus is emerging that this pre-biotic set likely comprised Ala, Asp, Glu, Gly, Ile, Leu, Pro, Ser, Thr, and Val. A key question in proteogenesis is whether such abiotically-produced amino acids comprise a “foldable” set. Current knowledge of protein folding identifies properties of complexity, secondary structure propensity, hydrophobic–hydrophilic patterning, core-packing potential, among others, as necessary elements of foldability. None of these requirements excludes the pre-biotic set of amino acids from being a foldable set. Moreover, nucleophile and metal ion/mineral binding capabilities also appear present in the pre-biotic set. Properties of the pre-biotic set, however, likely restrict foldability to the acidophilic/halophilic environment.
Behavioral and Neural Analysis of Extinction

The neural mechanisms by which fear is inhibited are poorly understood at the present time. Behaviorally, a conditioned fear response may be reduced in intensity through a number of means. Among the simplest of these is extinction, a form of learning characterized by a decrease in the amplitude and frequency of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus that elicits it is repeatedly nonreinforced. Because clinical interventions for patients suffering from fear dysregulation seek to inhibit abnormal, presumably learned fear responses, an understanding of fear extinction is likely to inform and increase the efficacy of these forms of treatment. This review considers the behavioral, cellular, and molecular literatures on extinction and presents the most recent advances in our understanding while identifying issues that require considerable further research.
Implementation of a Very Low Calorie Diet in Patients Undergoing Urologic Surgery: Room for Improvement?

Introduction Several urologic surgeries, such as adrenalectomy, radical nephrectomy, thrombectomy, and partial nephrectomy—whether open, laparoscopic, or robotic—often require liver retraction and mobilization to achieve adequate exposure of critical structures. However, performing these procedures in morbidly obese patients (defined as having a body mass index of > 30 kg/m) is technically challenging and represents an increasing problem given alarming increasing rates in the US population. Aside from the comorbidities that increase perioperative risks in this patient population, additional technical difficulties are often encountered when performing intraabdominal urologic procedures. In particular, hepatomegaly, a common condition in obese patients, often limits the intraabdominal space available for performing right-sided procedures, and even the use of robotic technology does not necessarily overcome this technical challenge. Furthermore, traction of a fatty liver may increase the risk for liver trauma or bleeding. We present a thorough discussion of the implementation of a very low calorie diet (VLCD) to decrease hepatomegaly before anticipated urologic surgery.
Pfiesteria piscicida and Ulcerative Mycosis of Atlantic Menhaden—Current Status of Understanding

Abstract Ulcerative lesions in estuarine finfish are associated with a variety of parasitic, bacterial, and fungal infectious agents as well as water quality and other abiotic stress factors. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus are a severely affected species typically exhibiting solitary, perianal, focal, deep, granulomatous lesions containing oomycete hyphae. Intense recent emphasis in the scientific literature and in the popular press has been placed on Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates and their toxins as the causative agents for ulcerative finfish lesions in east coast estuaries of the United States. Dramatic descriptive terms for Pfiesteria, including “phantom,” “ambush-predator” and “the cell from hell,” capable of affecting humans, have appeared in scientific journals and the news media. However, there is no scientific evidence to date that supports a single, causal relationship between the presence of toxic Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates and fish kills or the associated ulcerative lesions. This ...
Arene dioxides of substituted pyrenes: synthesis and X-ray structural studies

The arene dioxides of five 1-substituted pyrenes have been synthesized using dimethyldioxirane. The diasteroisomeric distribution of the dioxides has been determined. X-ray crystallographic structures of the dioxides have also been obtained. These structures show that for the cis dioxides the molecular structures show a departure from planarity, the extent of which is dependent on the substituent.
Aortic arch obstruction after the Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left-heart syndrome is it inevitable? Is it preventable?

William I. Norwood, working at the Boston Children's Hospital, developed and refined a surgical procedure that permitted babies born with hypoplastic left-heart syndrome (HLHS) to survive and enjoy life ([1][1]). The high mortality rates reported during the 1980s have gradually declined as various
Abstract C05: Analysis of oxidative modified proteins in serous subtype of ovarian carcinoma

Serous subtype of ovarian cancer accounts for approximately 60% to 80% of ovarian cancer cases and is by far the most aggressive histology. Fewer than 25% of the serous ovarian cancer cases are detected at an early stage (stages I and II), a statistic which reflects grimly on the low survival rates, especially among African-American women. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of many of known and suspected risk factors associated with ovarian cancer. Oxidative stress, which results from an imbalance between ROS and antioxidant capacities, can cause a wide range of direct or indirect DNA damage. There are extensive DNA repair systems that can correct DNA damage caused by ROS before cell replication and mutation fixation. Given that serous cancer subtype is considered to have originated from the fallopian epithelium mucosa that was exposed to immense physiological changes, driven by cyclically altering hormone levels as a result of ovulation. The influence of ovulation is a cause of increased oxidative stress. In this study, we applied spectrophotometric DNPH assay, two dimension gel electrophoresis (2-D SDS-PAGE), and Oxidized protein western blot analysis to identify and evaluate the level of oxidative modified protein, using derivatisation of protein carbonyl group with 2,4-dinitrophenylhyrdozine(DNPH) assay in the obtained 155 snap-freeze primary serous epithelial ovarian tissues including, normal, normal surrounding, cystoadenoma, borderline and carcinoma with age range of 65±12, (55% Caucasian 45% Africa American). Our results showed that the index of carbonyl protein /total protein increased by onset and progression of the serous ovarian malignancy. The elevation of oxidized protein among African American was 40 % higher than Caucasian in advanced stages of disease. SDS-PAGE profiles and western blot analysis of oxidized proteins showed a distinct protein pattern among cancerous and non-cancerous tissues. Our study suggests that level of oxidative stress, may involve the selective modification of some enzymes and structural proteins and play a role in etiological differences that may exist between stages of benign and invasive epithelial ovarian tumors. This study was funded in part as a result of the grants from NIH-CHDRD CA150317 and NCI CA150039. Citation Format: Sharifeh Mehrabi, Shakeria Cohen, Edward E. Partridge, Felix O. Aikhionbare. Analysis of oxidative modified proteins in serous subtype of ovarian carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C05. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-C05
HIGH-SPIN STATES IN $sup 24$Mg.

Angular correlation measurements involving the reaction $^{16}\mathrm{O}(^{12}\mathrm{C},\ensuremath{\alpha})^{24}\mathrm{Mg}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\alpha}+^{20}\mathrm{Ne}^{*}$, leaving $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ in its first excited state, have been used to study several highly excited states in $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$. The method was tested using the known ${8}^{+}$ state at 14.14 MeV. The results indicate that the triplet of states at 16.30, 16.55, and 16.84 MeV all have high spin (probably 8, 9, or 10). In the analysis it was assumed that the decay proceeds by the lowest allowed $L$ value.
A Study of the Morphological Changes in Tiger Chert Resulting from Heat Treatment

ABSTRACTThe few experiments that have been conducted on heat-treated stone have focused primarily on changes within the crystalline structure of the stone. The experiment described here focuses on the knapability of heated stone. The experiment was conducted on tiger chert gathered near the Pine Spring site (48SW101), cut into uniform slabs, heated and knapped using a mechanical apparatus. Uniform slab size and a mechanical knapper were used to control for knapping variables. The results of the experiment suggest that even modest heat treatment improves tiger chert's knapping properties by nearly fifty percent.
Making the Synthetic Epic: Septimus Piesse, the Manufacturing of Mercutio Frangipani, and Olfactory Renaissance in Victorian England

In late-nineteenth-century London, George Wilhelm Septimus Piesse drove perfume markets to find new wealth through a previously repressed English sense of smell. Piesse created a romantic fictional...
Abstract PL04-02: Insights on cancer risk from normal breast tissue gene expression

Breast cancers evolve through interactions with the surrounding non-malignant tissue, with the non-malignant tissue providing a selective pressure during carcinogenesis. By conducting observational studies of non-malignant tissue, it is possible to identify pathways and phenotypes that contribute to cancer etiology and progression. Our gene expression profiling studies have demonstrated that cancer adjacent normal breast tissue is highly variable, with at least two distinct molecular subtypes. These subtypes are associated with histologic differences and distinct risk factor profiles, notably mammographic density. Given that mammographic density is the strongest, yet most poorly understood breast cancer risk factor, molecular studies to better understand this phenotype are important. We have also conducted studies of risk factor-associated gene expression in reduction mammoplasty tissue. Supervised analysis of gene expression in normal tissue is identifying novel biological phenotypes associated with established risk factors. For example, we have shown that aging is associated with specific gene expression changes in normal breast. Interestingly, the age-related pathways in non-diseased tissue are also dysregulated in the breast cancers that are more common in young women, providing a biological link between the aging process and tumor aggressiveness. Likewise, obesity causes alterations to the stromal milieu in normal breast tissue, with implications for the progression of basal-like breast cancers. Our results demonstrate that to study the evolution and outcome of breast cancers, it is important to consider the normal tissue microenvironment from which these cancers evolve. Citation Format: Melissa A. Troester. Insights on cancer risk from normal breast tissue gene expression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL04-02.
Hybrid Modeling Method of Comprehensive Energy Consumption for Oil and Gas Production Process

In order to accurately predict the energy consumption in the oil and gas production process,the primary energy consumption indicator was determined through the analysis of the oil and gas production process. A hybrid modeling method was proposed,in which the mechanism model was combined with LS-SVM to predict the comprehensive energy consumption of oil and gas production process. Based on the analysis of the whole production process and the relationship between sub-processes,the mechanistic model of the energy consumption was established,and then LS-SVM was applied to compensate the error which could not be described using the mechanism model. The simulation results showed that the energy consumption of oil and gas production process could be accurately predicted with the proposed method,and the performance was better than those of mechanistic model and the model established by LS-SVM. It could be also concluded that the hybrid model has better stability and reliability. When the model was applied to the actual production process in some oil recovery operation area,satisfactory results could be received.
Dopamine D1 signaling organizes network dynamics underlying working memory.

Local prefrontal dopamine signaling supports working memory by tuning pyramidal neurons to task-relevant stimuli. Enabled by simultaneous positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI), we determined whether neuromodulatory effects of dopamine scale to the level of cortical networks and coordinate their interplay during working memory. Among network territories, mean cortical D1 receptor densities differed substantially but were strongly interrelated, suggesting cross-network regulation. Indeed, mean cortical D1 density predicted working memory–emergent decoupling of the frontoparietal and default networks, which respectively manage task-related and internal stimuli. In contrast, striatal D1 predicted opposing effects within these two networks but no between-network effects. These findings specifically link cortical dopamine signaling to network crosstalk that redirects cognitive resources to working memory, echoing neuromodulatory effects of D1 signaling on the level of cortical microcircuits.
Immunoglobulins inhibit adherence and internalization of Streptococcus pyogenes to human pharyngeal cells.

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) is the most frequent bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis and can initiate the post-infection sequelae of rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis. The adherence and colonization of the pharyngeal mucosa by the infecting organism is one of the first steps of the infectious process. Subsequent intra-cellular invasion of attached bacteria is probably important in pathogenesis and can lead to invasion of deeper tissue and blood1. In the present study, we investigated the role of either human secretory IgA (sIgA) from saliva or rabbit serum hyperimmunized against the recombinant M6 protein in the inhibition of adherence and internalization of Streptococcus pyogenes to cultured human pharyngeal cells.
Fighting Back: Offensive Speech and Cultural Conflict

After briefly reviewing the legal landscape in the area of offensive speech, the author will argue that the courts are quite correct in providing a high degree of protection for offensive speech in spite of the often significant competing interests. Instead of seeking legal regulation, those who take issue with the existence, manner or content of offensive speech should challenge it through counter speech or should seek to curb it through private pressure.The author will conclude by considering some of the issues that are presented by a strategy of attacking offensive speech with counter speech and social pressure rather than regulation.
Standard Model Physics at TeV2000

tev_2000 describes the collider physics program at the Fermilab Teva- tron for the next decade.
The Changing Requirements of Airtightness in the US for Commercial Buildings - The Airtightness of Mid and High-Rise Non-Residential Buildings

AbstractConcern over the airtightness of commercial buildings in North America goes back to the mid nineteen sixties, and with increasing concern in the mid-seventies, primarily due to the energy crisis, but also due to building performance, comfort and durability issues. The Model Canadian National Building Code was the first to adopt airtightness requirements for air barriers in 1985 and quantify it in 1995. In 2001 Massachusetts became the first state in the US to adopt a quantified airtightness requirement for air barrier materials and criteria for their design and construction in commercial and high-rise residential buildings. Many Standards and guides followed suit with airtightness requirements, including ASHRAE 90.1 2010 and IECC 2012, making airtightness mandatory in all commercial buildings built to those Standards and Codes. The US Army Corps of Engineers instituted airtightness testing requirements for all its new and renovated buildings in 2009. It requires that a whole building air leakage t...
Targeting Coagulation Mediators in Head and Neck Cancer

This chapter examines the role of the coagulation system in cancer. While the role of a prothrombotic state was linked to cancer development many years ago, effective targeting of mediators of coagulation is not yet an element of cancer therapy. In the last decade, multiple novel anticoagulants have been approved for use in the prevention or treatment of thrombotic conditions. The presence of a larger armamentarium of medications with fewer bleeding side effects makes them suitable adjuncts in the multimodal treatment of cancer.