cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA AND EMBRYONIC MOUSE LUNG MORPHOGENESIS

The ontogeny of the embryonic and fetal lung involves complex interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal primordia which require a specific program of gene regulation and signal transduction. Past studies in our laboratory using congenic mouse strains indicate that one or more genes which map to the H-2 region of chromosome 17 regulate the rate of lung morphogenesis, defined in this context as differentiative heterochrony among strains. Since hormones and growth factors are the messengers of morphogenesis, it was logical to propose that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a well-characterized cytokine whose gene maps to the D-region of the H-2 complex, is a putative mediator of lung morphogenesis. We investigated this proposition using immunochemical methods and a serumless, chemically defined in vitro model system. Our results demonstrate that: (1) TNF-alpha has a specific spatiotemporal localization, in vivo and in vitro; (2) TNF-alpha receptor, in vivo and in vitro, is localized throughout the embryonic lung; (3) TNF-alpha supplementation in vitro of embryonic lung primordia has a marked dose-dependent, stimulatory effect on branching morphogenesis and surfactant-associated protein (SP-A) expression; (4) multiple immunoreactive proteins, including 17, 26, and 68 kDa species, are expressed during development in vivo, and a subset of these are expressed in vitro; and (5) both time- and glucocorticoid-dependent changes occur in the in vivo expression pattern of TNF-alpha immunoreactive proteins after 4 and 7 days in vitro, including the up-regulation of a novel 40 kDa protein. Given that glucocorticoids (CORT) regulate TNF-alpha expression and TNF-alpha's ability to stimulate pulmonary morphodifferentiation and histodifferentiation, we conclude that TNF-alpha is an autocrine/paracrine pulmonary cytokine, probably a component of the lung morphogenesis pathway regulated by CORT.
Hydroformylation of formaldehyde catalysed by rhodium complexes

Abstract The hydroformylation of formaldehyde to glycol aldehyde (OHCCH 2 OH) catalysed by rhodium complexes has been studied. The hydrogenation product, methanol, is also formed. The ratio of hydroformylation to hydrogenation is very dependent on the solvent. Hydroformylation is favoured only in N , N -disubstituted amides, with methanol formation predominating in other solvents. This is attributed to the electronic effect of coordinated amide. Complexes of the type RhCl(CO)l 2 , (L = PPh 3 , P( p -tol) 3 , P( m -tol) 3 (tol = tolyl) P( p -FC 6 H 4 ) 3. ) are most efficient as catalysts. Deuteration studies show that the mechanism is analogous to that of alkene hydroformylation. A detailed reaction mechanism is proposed.
Sex education in multicultural Norway

Scandinavia has long been admired by American liberals and sex education advocates who cite comparable rates of adolescent sexuality, yet lower rates of teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and abortion in Scandinavia. The United States has, however, two variables with which Scandinavia in general, and Norway in particular, has not historically had to contend (i.e. socioeconomic disadvantage and a multicultural society). In part due to these financially stable, homogeneous societies, the Scandinavian countries have established national sex education curricula with relatively little controversy. Recent immigrants to Scandinavia, however, particularly sexually conservative Muslims, throw new challenges into Scandinavia's health and sex education system. For this paper, I will focus on Norway, specifically Sogn Videregaende, the country's largest high school, and use participant observation and interview research conducted there during the summer of 2003 to discuss the multiculturalization of Nor...
Behavioural Therapy: Popular Misconceptions

Abstract The authors present a number of popular but erroneous views about the field of behavior therapy, drawn from contemporary literature in our field. By citing primary sources (such as the writings of B. F. Skinner), it is shown how these misconceptions are in error, and more accurate portrayals of the theory and practice of behavioral counseling are presented.
The Impact of False-Arousal Feedback on Interpersonal Attraction

Summary A Valins-type false-feedback procedure was utilized in presenting Ss with visual GSR feedback indicating either high-arousal or low-arousal responses to attitude statements of depicted others. A 2 (sex of S) by 2 (agreeing vs. disagreeing condition) by 2 (high-arousal feedback vs. low-arousal feedback) factorial design was employed with a total of 80 male and female undergraduates. The agreement by arousal feedback interaction was significant [F(1, 76) = 7.10, p > .01] with attraction increasing in the agreeing condition and decreasing in the disagreeing condition concomitant with feedback indicating high level of arousal. The findings were discussed as partially supportive of the reinforcement-affect model of interpersonal attraction.
Study on the ring-like vortical structure in MVG controlled supersonic ramp flow with different inflow conditions

Abstract In this paper, we studied the influence of different inflow conditions on the MVG controlled supersonic ramp flow. In front of the MVG, the inflow of three turbulent inflow profiles with different boundary layer thickness is generated. It is found that the generation of ring-like vortical structure is not dominated by the inflow conditions. However, the inflow conditions give significant influences to the ring-like vortex shapes, vorticity origins, momentum deficit zones, streamwise velocity profiles after MVG and vortex organizations. Further, it is seen that the interaction between ring-like vortices and shock waves at the ramp corner is also affected.
A note on control system model simplification

A computer-oriented procedure for the simplification of control systems models for an algebraic method of systems design is presented. The accuracy and simplicity of the algorithm are illustrated. The proposed procedure greatly enhances the practical usefulness of various algegraic design techniques.
Gastric trichobezoar as a manifestation of child abuse(1).

The human trichobezoar, or hairball of the gastrointestinal tract, is rare and unusual. It is thought to be a symptom of an underlying behavioral disorder. Surgical removal of a trichobezoar is straightforward, but the causative behavior must be addressed to prevent recurrence. We provide the first report of a patient with a trichobezoar as a manifestation of child abuse and advocate a multimodal treatment approach. (Curr Surg 58:202-204)
Comment on “AGU Statement: Investigation of Scientists and Officials in L’Aquila, Italy, Is Unfounded”

In regard to the recent statement by AGU defending our Italian colleagues' statement on earthquake predictions (Eos, 91(28), 248, 13 July 2010), it is my view that there is something more positive that AGU might do than just defend our colleagues. The fundamental problem is that we cannot, with any reasonable certainty, predict earthquakes. This problem applies to many other areas as well. It follows that any statements scientists make should be moderated by that simple fact.
Applying relationship management theory to the fundraising process for individual donors

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure the relationships non‐profit organisations develop with their annual giving and major gift donors and to compare the differences between the giving levels.Design/methodology/approach – A web‐based survey of individual donors (n=120) to a non‐profit healthcare organisation evaluated their relationships with the organisation using Hon and Grunig's four dimensions of organisation‐public relationships.Findings – To explore the dynamics of the fundraising process, donors were categorised into two different schema. First, donors were classified as either major gift donors or annual giving donors. With this classification, major gift donors were more likely to have stronger feelings of trust, satisfaction, commitment, and control mutuality with the organisation than annual gift donors did. The second classification divided the donors who have made multiple contributions to the organisation and those who had only made one donation at the time of the study. This st...
High-frequency electron magnetic resonance and magnetic studies of ferrihydrite nanoparticles and evidence of a phase transition

Abstract Temperature variations (300–4 K) of the electron magnetic resonance (EMR) spectra of ferrihydrite (FeOOH· n H 2 O) nanoparticles of size ≃5 nm are reported at the frequencies of ν = 190.62 and 285.93 GHz. The EMR line at 300 K, occurring near g ≃ 2 , broadens and shifts to lower fields with decreasing T for T > T s = 30 K . For T T s , the trend reverses in that the line narrows and shifts to higher fields. In magnetic studies, the coercivity H c is maximum at T s (approaching zero at the blocking temperature T B ≃ 65 K ) with the appearance of exchange bias H E for T T s . The magnetic viscosity is also maximum near T s , approaching zero above T B . These observations lead to the suggestion that T s represents a phase transition to a new magnetically ordered state, with spin-glass-like ordering of the uncompensated Fe 3+ spins.
Time synchronization algorithms for wireless monitoring system

Wireless health monitoring schemes are innovative techniques, which effectively remove the disadvantages associated with current wire-based sensing systems, i.e., high installation and upkeep costs. However, recorded data sets may have relative time-delays due to the blockage of sensors or inherent internal clock errors. In this paper, two algorithms are proposed for the synchronization of the recorded asynchronous data measured from sensing units of a wireless monitoring system. In the first algorithm, the input signal to a structure is measured. Time-delay between an output measurement and the input is identified based on the minimization of errors of the ARX (auto-regressive model with exogenous input) models for the input-output pair recordings. The second algorithm is applicable when a structure is subject to ambient excitation and only output measurements are available. ARMAV (auto-regressive moving average vector) models are constructed from two output signals and the time-delay between them is evaluated based on the minimization of errors of the ARMAV models. The proposed algorithms are verified by simulation data and recorded seismic response data from multi-story buildings.
GPU-Based Molecular Dynamics Formulation of Thermal Conductivity Predictions for Monolayer Graphene

Equilibrium molecular dynamics (EMD) simulations have been applied on a graphical processing unit (GPU)-based computing platform for predicting the thermal conductivity of monolayer graphene. The GPU implementation features calculations of force interactions and heat autocorrelation functions (HACF) using the optimized Tersoff potential. The error associated with GPU-based single-point precision calculations is approximately 1% compared to serial CPU-based double-precision calculations. The calculated thermal conductivity decreases with graphene domain size, while the speedup of the GPU-based computations increases with graphene domain size. These results show that the parallel efficiency of GPU-based calculations for a many-body potential with EMD is low due to the requirement of storing individual potential energy and HACF contributions. The predictions from this study are comparable to those from other studies.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Inhibition of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes by peptides from the α2 domain of HLA-A2

Inhibition of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes by peptides from the α2 domain of HLA–A2
Chemical approaches to the study of protein tyrosine kinases and their implications for mechanism and inhibitor design.

Abstract Protein tyrosine kinases are critical enzymes for signal transduction. Using C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) as a model system, we discuss progress in three main areas. First, we describe our efforts to measure the transition state of the reaction using peptide substrates containing fluorotyrosine analogs. It is shown that the Bronsted nucleophile coefficient for the reaction is near zero (similar to the nonenzymatic reaction) and the required nucleophile is the neutral phenol (rather than the more chemically reactive phenoxide anion). By studying the kinase reaction in the reverse direction, a Bronsted leaving group coefficient of −0.3 was measured, indicative of protonation of the departing phenol in the transition state. Taken together, these results strongly support a dissociative transition state mechanism for the kinase. These findings set constraints on the design of transition state analog inhibitors. Second, we describe efforts toward defining the specificity of Csk for peptide and protein substrates. The main findings are that local amino acids surrounding a phosphorylated tyrosine can influence recognition, but that long-range interactions probably are more important in a physiologic protein substrate. These findings underscore the complexities in how protein kinases select protein substrates. Third, we describe a new method in protein engineering that has been applied to the study of protein kinases. The method, expressed protein ligation, allows a general approach for ligating synthetic peptides to recombinant proteins. Using expressed protein ligation, obtaining site-specifically phosphorylated proteins and proteins with the incorporation of biophysical probes becomes relatively straightforward. We have used this method to generate a tail phosphorylated, conformationally altered Csk that showed an unexpected increase in kinase activity.
Use of a Thin-Section Archive and Enterprise 3D Software for Long-Term Storage of Thin-Slice CT Data Sets

Rapid advances are changing the technology and applications of multidetector computed tomography (CT) scanners. The major increase in data associated with this new technology, however, breaks most commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS) architectures by preventing them from delivering data in real time to radiologists and outside clinicians. We proposed a phased model for 3D workflow, installed a thin-slice archive and measured thin-slice data storage over a period of 5 months. A mean of 1,869 CT studies were stored per month, with an average of 643 images per study and a mean total volume of 588 GB/month. We also surveyed 48 radiologists to determine diagnostic use, impressions of thin-slice value, and requirements for retention times. The majority of radiologists thought thin slice was helpful for diagnosis and regularly used the application. Permanent storage of thin slice CT is likely to become best practice and a mission-critical pursuit for the health care enterprise.
The epiphyseal spur.

A small spur seen at the edge of an open epiphyseal line indicates the presence of an open epiphysis when this is not clear radiographically. In addition, the spur should not be mistaken for an avulsion fracture.
Mammals of the Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona

The following list is one of the results of a field study made during the summers of 1932 and 1933 in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona. This range runs in a general north-south direction for approximately 30 miles, while its maximum extension east and west is about 20 miles. Chiricahua Peak, the highest point, is 9,795 feet above sea level. The eastern base of the mountains, in the San Simon Valley, has an elevation of about 4,500 feet and the lowest place in the immediate region, the San Simon Cienega, is approximately 3,900 feet. On the western side, the Sulphur Springs Valley is at least 600 feet higher. The vegetation of the San Simon Valley is definitely that of the Lower Sonoran Zone or arid grassland belt. The upper limit of the zone, at 5,000 feet, practically coincides with the eastern base of the range, although it extends for a mile or two into the mountains on the floor of the wider canyons (Cave, Silver, and Whitetail creeks). The hot south slopes of some of the low foothills come within this zone. Mesquite, catclaw and creosote bush are the most prominent plants. Although somewhat more elevated, the Sulphur Springs Valley also belongs in the Lower Sonoran Zone. The west-facing exposure favors the accumulation of heat and this valley therefore has a relatively high average annual temperature. The Upper Sonoran Zone or encinal life belt is the most prominent life belt in the Chiricahuas and probably occupies more than 50 percent of the surface, at least on the eastern drainage. It is an area of steep-walled, often narrow, canyons which broaden and become shallow toward their sources. On the eastern slope, the altitudinal limits of the zone are from 5,000 feet to about 8,300 feet, while on the western side, where the drainage tends to turn in a somewhat northerly direction, the upper limit may be as low as 6,500 feet. The most abundant trees are oaks and junipers. Pinyon or nut pine (Pinus edulis), usually a characteristic species of the local forests of this type, is relatively scarce in the Chiricahuas. Above the Upper Sonoran Zone is the Transition, which is synonymous with the Yellow Pine Association of the montane forest life belt. It occupies the more level ground above the heads of the canyons, and extends nearly to the tops of the highest peaks except on the cold north slopes. Parks or grassy openings are common. The dominant tree species is ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum). On the north slopes of Fly and Chiricahua peaks, and on the elevation south of Round Park, are relatively small patches of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and large-toothed aspen (Populus tremuloides aurea). This 418
MRI of Rabbit Atherosclerosis in Response to Dietary Cholesterol Lowering

Direct imaging of the atherosclerotic plaque, rather than the angiographic lumen, may provide greater insight into the response of atherosclerosis to cholesterol-lowering therapy. Aortic plaque was studied in vivo by MRI in rabbits undergoing dietary cholesterol intervention. Thirty-one rabbits underwent aortic balloon injury and high-cholesterol diet for 4 months and then were assigned to low-cholesterol versus continued high-cholesterol diet for up to an additional 16 months. High-resolution (310 micrometer) fast spin-echo MRI of the abdominal aorta was performed at 4, 12, and 20 months and compared with histology. MRI demonstrated a significant reduction in % area stenosis in rabbits placed on low-cholesterol diet (44.6+/-2. 1% at 20 months versus 55.8+/-1.5% at 4 months, P=0.0002). In contrast, % area stenosis increased in rabbits maintained on high-cholesterol diet (69.8+/-3.8% at 20 months versus 55.8+/-1.5% at 4 months, P=0.001). Similarly, plaque thickness decreased significantly in the low-cholesterol group (0.60+/-0.05 mm at 20 months versus 0.85+/-0.06 mm at 4 months, P=0.006), with a trend toward increase in the high-cholesterol group (1.02+/-0.08 mm at 20 months versus 0.85+/-0.06 mm at 4 months, P=0.1). Thus, in rabbits undergoing dietary cholesterol lowering, MRI detected regression of aortic atherosclerotic plaque in vivo. Plaque progression was seen with maintenance of high-cholesterol diet. MRI is a promising noninvasive technology for directly imaging atherosclerosis and its response to therapeutic interventions.
Acoustic Dueling in Tarbush Grasshoppers: Settlement of Territorial Contests via Alternation of Reliable Signals

A field study of disputes over ownership of mating territories by male tarbush grasshoppers (Ligurotettix planum) revealed that most contests were settled ritualistically via the antiphonal exchange of acoustic signals. Males used a special aggressive signal, referred to as the “shuck” call, in these encounters. Individuals that never produced shuck calls invariably departed the contested sites, and a playback experiment showed that shuck calls elicited higher response levels from males than sexual advertisement calls. Approximately 1/5 of all territorial contests escalated to biting, grappling, or kicking. The outcomes of territorial contests that were settled via purely acoustic encounters could not be predicted by the size of the participants. Prior residency was a predictor of winning in some contests, but often the competing males did not possess clear intruder/resident roles. However, a signal parameter that was a combined measure of the rate of shuck calls and their mean length predicted the winner of most acoustic encounters. Contests that escalated, though, were generally distinguished by participants that displayed comparable measures of all signal parameters save call length. A tradeoff occurred between call rate and length in most individuals. This, as well as the finding that call length did predict winning in escalated contests, implies that these signal parameters may reflect an individual's strength or motivation. Contests in which the signal parameters of the males were similar tended to be prolonged and escalated. This relationship suggests that individuals assess the signals of their rivals and depart if they cannot match their call rate and length. That both call rate and length are assessed may enhance the reliability with which signals can be used to predict a rival's fighting ability in the event of escalation. Various simple mechanisms for signal assessment are proposed. A second playback experiment suggested that the insects heard less effectively while they called. Timing mechanisms that preclude the overlap of calls during contests occur, and they may have evolved because of the importance of precise assessment of the signals of rivals. Such mechanisms circumvent the potential impairment in perception noted above and also generate a conspicuous feature of L. planum contests — mutual alternation of signals.
A survey of the nature of glucose acylation reactions in plant extracts

Abstract A variety of plant species have been shown to catalyse anomeric acyl exchange from a number of 1- O -fatty-acyl-β-glucoses as donor substrates to [ 14 C]-glucose as an acceptor. The activity in wild tomato Lycopersicon pennellii has been analysed in detail by using analogs of glucose as acceptors and a number of 1- O -acyl-β-glucoses and 1- O -acyl-2-deoxyglucoses as acyl donors. Compared to 1- O -isobutyryl-β-glucose, the analogous 1- O -isobutyryl-β-2-deoxyglucose is an effective donor both to glucose (ca. 75%) and to 2-deoxyglucose (ca. 95%). On the contrary, compared to 1- O -isobutyryl-β-glucose, 1- O -isobutyryl-α-2-deoxyglucose is a poor donor both to glucose (ca. 4%) and to deoxyglucose (ca. 6%). The glucose analogs free at the anomeric center such as 3- O -methylglucose and 2-deoxyglucose are competent acyl acceptors from various 1- O -acyl-β-glucoses whereas 1- O -methylglucose is not. The primary initial product of acyl transfer from 1- O -isobutyryl-β-glucose to [ 14 C]-glucose is β-glucosidase-cleavable 1- O -acyl-[ 14 C]-β-glucose, whereas the isobutyryl-[ 14 C]-3- O -methylglucose generated from 1- O -isobutyryl-β-glucose and [ 14 C]-3- O -methylglucose is β-glucosidase-resistant. The transfer of the acyl group to 3- O -methylglucose occurs at the anomeric center; therefore the resistance to β-glucosidase reflects the strict specificity of β-glucosidase for glucose.
Syntheses of tricyclic pyrones and pyridinones and protection of Aβ-peptide induced MC65 neuronal cell death

The SbetaC gene is conditionally expressed a 99-residue carboxy terminal fragment, C99, of amyloid precursor protein in MC65 cells and causes cell death. Consequently, MC65 cell line was used to identify inhibitors of toxicity related to intracellular amyloid beta (Abeta) oligomers. Compounds that reduce the level of Abeta peptides, prevent Abeta aggregation, or eliminate existing Abeta aggregates may be used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, we found that a tricyclic pyrone (TP) molecule, compound 1, prevents MC65 cell death and inhibits Abeta aggregation. Hence various TPs containing heterocycle at C7 side chain and a nitrogen at position 2 or 5 were synthesized and their MC65 cell protective activities evaluated. TPs containing N3'-adenine moiety such as compounds 1 and 11 are most active with EC(50) values of 0.31 and 0.35 microM, respectively. EC(50) values of tricyclic N5-analog, pyranoisoquinolinone 13, and N2-analog, pyranopyridinone 20, are 2.49 and 1.25 microM, respectively, despite the lack of adenine moiety. Further investigation of tricyclic N2- and N5-analogs is warranted.
Evaluation of a 5T 2nd Generation High Temperature Superconducting Magnet with a 200-mm-diameter Room Temperature Bore

Abstract REBCO coated conductors are expected to show high performance in superconducting applications, because of their high mechanical strength and high current density in the magnetic field. However, more characteristics data of REBCO magnet with larger diameter are required in order to apply these conductors in practical superconducting applications. In this work, we have succeeded in developing a 5 T cryo-cooled high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnet, which was composed of 24 pancake coils with an inner diameter of 260 mm, using REBCO coated conductors. The stored energy of the magnet was 426 kJ. The total length of the REBCO coated conductors was approximately 7.2 km. These conductors were fabricated by Fujikura Ltd. using ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) methods. All pancake coils were confirmed the V-I characteristics without degradation in liquid nitrogen before fabricating the magnet. The magnet was cooled down to 24 K by a GM (Gifford-McMahon) cryocooler after the fabrication. The magnet could excite up to 5.0 T in 60 minutes, successfully. Furthermore, we confirmed that 1% current reversal of the coil current could stabilize the axial central magnetic field drift of this magnet.
The Status of Research on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and Hispanic Students in Postsecondary Education

In this chapter, studies evaluating the validity of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) for use in college admissions of Hispanic students will be reviewed. Other tests for admission to graduate or professional schools are not considered here because small sample sizes and other practical problems limit the number of studies on Hispanic versus white non-Hispanic group differences in validity. Before beginning, it is worthwhile to repeat the cautions in Linn’s (1982) preface to his review of group differences in test validity: The controversies over testing are neither created by, nor will they be resolved by, the results of investigations of test validity (Cronbach, 1975)....Justification of test use obviously depends upon much more than [how well an ability test predicts academic or professional performance]. Potential benefits and losses for the individual, the institution, and the society at large need to be considered, and the relative importance of the benefits and losses can be expected to vary greatly in the eyes of these various interests. Nonetheless, information about the degree of relationship to test scores to particular criterion measures and about the degree to which the observed relationship is generalizable across situations and from one situation to another is an important component in the evaluation of the use of tests. (335–336).
Application of Airborne LIDAR for Seacliff Volumetric Change and Beach-Sediment Budget Contributions

Abstract Coastal seacliff erosion in California threatens property and public safety, whereas coastal beach erosion threatens the coastal tourism economy. While coastal rivers, seacliffs, and gullies supply the majority of littoral material to California beaches, the relative contributions of these sources are coming into question. These beach-sediment sources must be accurately quantified to formulate proper solutions for coastal zone management. This study evaluated the seacliff and coastal gully beach-sediment contributions to the Oceanside Littoral Cell using airborne LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR). Seacliff and gully beach-sediment contributions were compared with coastal river beach-sediment contributions estimated in previous studies. This study took place over a relatively dry period from April 1998 to April 2004. The results indicate that seacliffs provided an estimated 67% of the beach-size sediment to the littoral cell, followed by gullies and rivers at 17% and 16%, respectively, over the ...
Water rights, allocation, and conflicts in the Tongue River Basin, Southeastern Montana

State and federal laws governing water resource allocation in Montana's Tongue River basin are discussed. This river basin is experiencing rapid growth due to development of extensive coal deposits; however, the coal development threatens to diminish both water quality and supply. Coal mining should be slowed down until the legal question of the area's water rights is settled. 2 graphs, 1 map, 19 references, 1 table.
Water-Soluble, Meso-Substituted Cationic Porphyrins - a Family of Compounds for Cellular Delivery of Oligonucleotides

The delivery of oligonucleotides to appropriate intracellular compartments is crucial to their development as tools in gene function studies and as therapeutics. Here, we report the characterization of meso-substituted cationic porphyrins as a large class of water-soluble reagents for oligonucleotide delivery. These porphyrins form non-covalent complexes with single-stranded oligonucleotides and deliver these molecules into the nuclei of cell lines in culture. The porphyrins protect oligonucleotides from nuclease degradation, and delivery is unaffected by the presence of serum. Delivery capacity is dependent on the charge ratio and concentration of the oligonucleotide and porphyrin used to form the complex, on the chemical substituents of the oligonucleotide and on the identity of the cationic porphyrin. This class of molecules provides a versatile set of water-soluble delivery reagents that could contribute to the development of oligonucleotide drugs.
The God Strategy: How Religion Became a Political Weapon in America, by David Domke and Kevin Coe and Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment, by Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Joseph N. Cappella

Shortly after winning the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama issued an invitation to one conservative icon and a rebuke to another. First, he invited Rick Warren, the pastor of Saddleback Chu...
Flight Test of a Head-Worn Display as an Equivalent-HUD for Terminal Operations

Research, development, test, and evaluation of flight deck interface technologies is being conducted by NASA to proactively identify, develop, and mature tools, methods, and technologies for improving overall aircraft safety of new and legacy vehicles operating in the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). Under NASA's Aviation Safety Program, one specific area of research is the use of small Head-Worn Displays (HWDs) as a potential equivalent display to a Head-up Display (HUD). Title 14 of the US CFR 91.175 describes a possible operational credit which can be obtained with airplane equipage of a HUD or an "equivalent"' display combined with Enhanced Vision (EV). A successful HWD implementation may provide the same safety and operational benefits as current HUD-equipped aircraft but for significantly more aircraft in which HUD installation is neither practical nor possible. A flight test was conducted to evaluate if the HWD, coupled with a head-tracker, can provide an equivalent display to a HUD. Approach and taxi testing was performed on-board NASA's experimental King Air aircraft in various visual conditions. Preliminary quantitative results indicate the HWD tested provided equivalent HUD performance, however operational issues were uncovered. The HWD showed significant potential as all of the pilots liked the increased situation awareness attributable to the HWD's unique capability of unlimited field-of-regard.
Promoting Sustainability in Frontline Home Care Aides: Understanding Factors Affecting Job Retention in the Home Care Workforce

With the growth of the older adult population increasing at an exponential rate, caring for this population has become increasingly difficult. As many choose to age in place (i.e., in the home environment), both the public and private sectors are being forced to respond. The emergence of home health care and the employment of home care aides is one of the ways that the industry has evolved to meet this crisis. However, retention of home care aides has proven problematic. This study explores factors affecting home care aide retention in agencies that employ home care aides. A sample of 116 home care aides employed by three agencies was surveyed to identify retention issues relative to the home care aide. A hypothetical model of home care aid job retention was tested with a hierarchical regression analysis, where 11 variables were entered in five steps, using a time-sequenced order. The results indicated that the hypothetical model was able to explain 41% of the variance in months employed as home care aides, with age, education, wages earned, and intrinsic satisfaction as the most significant contributors to the model. Being able to predict retention of home care aides allows employing agencies to realign themselves to retain workers and improve quality of care. However, it is important to realize that the same traits that predict retention among home care aides may also leave these workers vulnerable to exploitation.
Predictors of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection among Female Adolescents: A Longitudinal Analysis

Screening guidelines recommend testing all sexually active female adolescents for Chlamydia trachomatis during a pelvic examination at each clinic visit. Such criteria have been based on cross-sectional studies ; new evaluations should take into account multiple clinic visits and assess whether criteria are appropriate when a prior test is negative and risk factors are absent. Because repeated observations on an individual may be correlated, the authors used the generalized estimating equation method. Little information exists on subsequent risk of infection ; as control programs develop, approaches targeting high-risk populations for recurrent infections are needed. Using data on females aged 15-19 years who visited family planning clinics more than once from 1988 to 1992 (n = 26,921) in Region X (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington), the authors constructed a retrospective cohort. Teens with chlamydia at their first visit were at high risk for subsequent infection (odds ratio = 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.4-1.7). Among teens uninfected at the first visit and without risk factors at the second, prevalence at the second visit was 6%. When intervisit correlations using the generalized estimating equation method were taken into account, predictors of chlamydial infection were consistent with those in previous cross-sectional studies : cervicitis, friable cervix, and multiple, new, or symptomatic sex partner(s). These findings support screening sexually active female adolescents at each visit, even if prior tests results are available.
Live distance learning delivery of master of science courses in building construction management

Making advanced degrees accessible to working practitioners traditionally has been fraught with compromises. Internet-based meeting technology is beginning to eliminate many of the shortcomings of distance learning. The authors have designed and begun delivering a Master of Science degree with minimal residency requirements. Twenty-nine of thirty-three credit hours are delivered via the internet in real time with full audio, video and digital interaction between the instructor and the students. The remaining four credits are delivered in four three-day, on-campus seminars. The program is in its second semester with seventeen students virtually attending classes from across the country. This paper details the design of the curriculum which blends many of the benefits of the traditional classroom and the advantages of distance learning. Distant and resident students attend classes together on Tuesday and Thursday evenings. Lessons learned will be described from the perspective of the instructor. This paper will help any faculty member interested in establishing a graduate degree program that can be delivered at a distance. Advice is provided on how to efficiently develop and deliver an individual course using a live, interactive, internet-based meeting protocol. Procedures for effectively creating a community of distant and resident students are detailed.
Long term, transgene expression in Lilium longiflorum ‘Nellie White’ grown outdoors and in the greenhouse

Abstract Lilium longiflorum cv. Nellie White plants were transformed with either the bar-uidA fusion gene or the nptII and uidA genes and grown for two seasons in the greenhouse and outdoors in containers. All transgenes were under control of the CaMV 35S promoter. During the first year there was no difference in bar protein level between plants grown in the greenhouse and outdoors, but the second year two of the seven transgenic plant lines grown outdoors showed a significantly higher level of the bar protein than plants grown in the greenhouse. The relative level of bar protein expression between all seven transgenic plant lines remained the same for lilies grown in the greenhouse and outdoors during two growing seasons. One plant line contained the nptII gene, and nptII protein expression was comparable when plants were grown in the greenhouse or outdoors for two seasons. Four plant lines expressed GUS as determined by histochemical staining of their leaves. Three of these four plant lines showed dark blue staining along the cut edges of the leaf when plants were grown either in the greenhouse or outdoors for both seasons. The fourth plant line showed either dark blue staining along the cut edge of the leaf or small, light blue spots on parts of the leaf depending on the plant stained. Expression of the three genes was confirmed using semi-quantitative RT-PCR.
High-speed silicon electro-optical modulator that can be operated in carrier depletion or carrier injection mode

A high-speed silicon optical modulator has been demonstrated which can operate either in forward bias using carrier injection, or in reverse bias using carrier depletion. In forward bias, the device requires less than 10 mW of drive power, but has a low bandwidth of 100 MHz. In reverse bias, the device has a nearly flat response to 18 GHz, but requires 700 mW for large modulation depths.
Factors Affecting Health‐Care Allocation Decisions: A Case of Aversive Racism?

A distributive justice framework is used to examine how individuals make judgments about what is fair when making different types of health-care allocation decisions. The effects of 4 patient characteristics are assessed: (a) prognosis, (b) degree of responsibility for illness, (c) employment status, and (d) race. Results reveal that when the patient was defined as being more versus less responsible for his illness, respondents gave him a significantly lower priority score for obtaining health-care services, and they felt that he should be more responsible for paying for or soliciting funds to cover the costs of his health needs. Respondents also reacted with more negative emotion to the responsible patient and described him in more negative trait terms. Although patient's race produced no main effects, race did interact with employment status on several key variables. When the patient was described as being unemployed, the White patient compared to the Black patient was given a higher health-care priority score, he was resented less, and respondents were more willing to contribute money to pay for his health-care costs; but when the patient was described as being employed, the direction of differences between the races on these variables was reversed.
Optimal Scheduling of Fallible Inspections

This paper gives the exact optimal solution to the problem of designing inspection schedules with fallible and time-consuming test procedures. The optimality criterion is designed to achieve a balance between the cost of inspections and the cost of undetected failure. The solution is derived in continuous time, with arbitrary failure distribution, and is based on infinite-horizon dynamic programming with time-dependent utilities, and with an additional optimization with respect to initial conditions. Results include uniqueness and monotonicity properties of the optimal solution, as well as computational algorithms.
Epinephrine Yields Translocation of Lymphocytes to the Lung

Previous studies have demonstrated that acute stress leads to the appearance of T-lymphocytes in skin and bone marrow. In order to examine the effects of adrenergic stimulation on the traffic of immune lymphocytes to the lung, C57BL/6 mice were injected with epinephrine subcutaneously, and changes in lymphocyte representation in lung, hilar lymph node, spleen, and blood were examined at 30 min. Cytofluorimetric lymphocyte subset analysis showed that epinephrine increased "memory" CD4+ lymphocytes in enzymatic digests of lung but decreased their representation in spleen. NK1.1+ lymphocytes were concomitantly increased in lung and decreased in spleen. Next, lymphocytes in spleen or popliteal lymph nodes were labeled with the Hoechst lipophilic red dye PKH26 in vivo 48 h prior to epinephrine injection. PKH26+ lymphocytes were identified in lung tissue at 30 min postepinephrine but not in controls. Lymphocyte traffic was inhibited by propanolol. We conclude that epinephrine promotes rapid shifts in immune lymphocytes from lymphoid tissues into lung and blood. Directed traffic of immune lymphocytes may be a feature of the adaptive immune response to stress at mucosal barrier surfaces.
Childhood exposure to intimate partner violence between adults other than parents.

Objective: The available research on childhood exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) tends to focus on the effects of exposure to IPV involving parents. The current study explores the prevalence of exposure to IPV involving adults other than parents. Method: College-age men (N 483) retrospectively report on their childhood exposure to IPV involving parents and IPV involving other adults. Participants also report their own experiences with IPV as adults. Results: Approximately a quarter of participants report witnessing IPV in which parents are neither perpetrators nor victims. Participants commonly report witnessing IPV involving nonparent adults such as family friends, grandparents, uncles and aunts, adult siblings and their partners, and other relatives. In addition, childhood exposure to IPV between nonparents accounts for unique variance in later perpetration of IPV, over and above the effects of exposure to IPV involving parents. Conclusions: Findings suggest that childhood exposure to IPV involving nonparent adults is common. Results are preliminary, but suggest that IPV between nonparent adults may represent an understudied aspect of childhood exposure to IPV.
Cloning and characterization of ECE1, a gene expressed in association with cell elongation of the dimorphic pathogen Candida albicans

The gene ECE1 (extent of cell elongation 1) was isolated by differential hybridization screening of a Candida albicans cDNA library by using probes derived from populations of yeast cells or hyphae. Expression of this gene was not detected when C. albicans grew as a budding yeast cell but was observed within 30 min after cells had been induced to form hyphae. In all strains tested, regardless of the induction signal, ECE1 expression correlated with the extent of cell elongation. The genomic version of ECE1 was cloned and sequenced. The deduced 271-amino-acid polypeptide consisted of eight tandem repeats of a degenerate 34-amino-acid sequence which contained no discernible homology with other known sequences. An ECE1 null mutant displayed no morphological alterations, which demonstrated that ECE1 is not essential for cell elongation or hypha formation despite the strict morphological association of its expression.
Deep Trench capacitor drive of a 3.3 GHz unreleased Si MEMS resonator

This work presents unreleased RF bulk acoustic resonators using Deep Trench (DT) capacitors for both transduction and acoustic isolation. While the majority of Si MEMS resonators require a release step to freely suspend the resonant cavity, these unreleased resonators are formed entirely in solid media. This eliminates the need for complex release steps and costly packaging. The resonators use 1D periodic DT structures etched into a bulk Si substrate for both electrostatic transduction and to form Acoustic Bragg Reflectors (ABRs) for energy localization. In this paper, we introduce the concept of Deep Trenches as ABRs, and provide analysis, simulation, and experimental verification of their use for high-Q resonators. A 3.3 GHz unreleased Si resonator is demonstrated with Q of 2057 and motional impedance R X of 1.2 kΩ. This realization of high-Q unreleased resonators in a bulk Si process provides a high yield, low cost, no packaging solution for on-chip clocking, wireless communication, and electromechanical signal processing.
Advances in speech and audio compression

Speech and audio compression has advanced rapidly in recent years spurred on by cost-effective digital technology and diverse commercial applications. Recent activity in speech compression is dominated by research and development of a family of techniques commonly described as code-excited linear prediction (CELP) coding. These algorithms exploit models of speech production and auditory perception and offer a quality versus bit rate tradeoff that significantly exceeds most prior compression techniques for rates in the range of 4 to 16 kb/s. Techniques have also been emerging in recent years that offer enhanced quality in the neighborhood of 2.4 kb/s over traditional vocoder methods. Wideband audio compression is generally aimed at a quality that is nearly indistinguishable from consumer compact-disc audio. Subband and transform coding methods combined with sophisticated perceptual coding techniques dominate in this arena with nearly transparent quality achieved at bit rates in the neighborhood of 128 kb/s per channel. >
Non-repudiation in neighborhood area networks for smart grid

Lack of non-repudiation is a major barrier of building a trustworthy smart grid. In current power systems, bills are generated based on the amount of service consumed by residential or commercial users. However, meter readings may not be trustworthy due to malicious behavior (e.g., energy theft) or external attacks. The root cause is that power providers have no means to obtain the reading value other than receiving it from the users. To resolve this issue, we present a mutual inspection strategy, which enables nonrepudiation on meter readings for smart grid. The goal of our scheme is to discover problematic meters that report inaccurate reading values.