cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional Distribution of Cholecystokinin-Like Immunoreactivity in the Human Brain*

The concentration of cholecystokinin octapep-tide (CCK-8) was measured by RIA in extracts of seven regions of seven human brains obtained at autopsies of accident, victims. The highest concentrations (picomoles per g tissue; mean ± SE) were found in the amydala (64.1 ± 14.8), frontal cortex (51.6 ± 17), hippocampus (49.8 ± 7.8), and hypothalamus (48.9 ± 10.5), and the lowest concentration was in the cerebellum (0.2 ± 0.03). The brain tissue extracts showed parallelism in RIA with synthetic CCK-8. In another RIA using a specific gastrin antibody, all brain regions contained less than 0.2 pmol gastrin⁄g tissue. On Sephadex G-50 chromatography, the CCK-like immunoreac-tivity from a pool of different human brain regions eluted as a single peak corresponding with CCK-8. On ion exchange chromatography using aminoethyl cellulose (AE-41), the CCK eluted i n a single peak that corresponded with the sulfated octapeptide. On high performance liquid chromatography of the peak from the Sephadex G-50 column, both the b...
Competition of Various β-Lactam Antibiotics for the Major Penicillin-Binding Proteins of Helicobacter pylori: Antibacterial Activity and Effects on Bacterial Morphology

The penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of helical (log-phase) Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43579 were identified by using biotinylated ampicillin. The major PBPs had apparent molecular masses of 47, 60, 63, and 66 kDa; an additional minor PBP of 95 to 100 kDa was also detected. The relative affinities of various beta-lactams for these PBPs were tested by competitive-binding assays. Only PBP63 appeared to be significantly bound to each of the competing antibiotics, whereas PBP66 strongly bound mezlocillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin, and ceftriaxone. Whereas most of the beta-lactams significantly bound two or more PBPs, aztreonam specifically targeted PBP63. The influence of sub-MICs of these beta-lactams on the morphologies of log-phase H. pylori was observed at both the phase-contrast and transmission electron microscopy levels. Each of the eight beta-lactams examined induced blebbing and sphere formation, whereas aztreonam was the only antibiotic studied which induced pronounced filamentation in H. pylori. Finally, studies comparing the PBPs of helical (log-phase) cultures with those of coccoid (7-, 14-, and 21-day-old) cultures of H. pylori revealed that the major PBPs at 60 and 63 kDa seen in the helical form were almost undetectable in the coccoid forms, whereas PBP66 remained the major PBP in the coccoid forms, although somewhat reduced in level compared to the helical form. PBP47 was present in both forms at approximately equal concentrations. These studies thus identified the major PBPs in both helical and coccoid forms of H. pylori and compared the relative affinities of seven different beta-lactams for the PBPs in the helical forms and their effects on bacterial morphology.
Diffuse unresolving pulmonary nodules in a patient with a history of cervical carcinoma

A 33-year-old woman with a history of cervical carcinoma status post total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral slapingo-oopherectomy in 2006 presented to the emergency department with acute-onset, sharp, pleuritic chest pain associated with shortness of breath and fever up to 39.9°C. Physical examination revealed a patient in severe respiratory distress with a rate of 54 breaths/min, heart rate of 154 bpm and blood pressure of 104/64 mm Hg. She was intubated emergently and placed on mechanical ventilation. Chest auscultation revealed decreased breath sounds and crackles bilaterally. A CT of the chest with intravenous contrast revealed innumerable nodules throughout both lung fields with scattered central necrosis (figure 1A). A blood clot obstructing the inferior vena cava (IVC) was visualised incidentally, and percutaneous extraction was performed. The patient went into septic shock rapidly and empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics were initiated. Blood, sputum and clot cultures grew Gram positive cocci …
Activity of Paricutin volcano from January 1 to June 30, 1950

The activity of Paricutin Volcano during the first half of 1950 is here described in much the same form that was used in the report for the second half of 1949 [Fries and Gutierrez,1950]. The diagrams showing eruptive characteristics (see Fig. 1–3) carry a new letter (P) for a noise type not formerly recognized or reported as such, but that is sufficiently distinct and frequent to warrant noting separately. This and the rest of the lettered noise types used are described in Table 1, so that the reader may refer to them conveniently without referring to earlier publications. The junior author, assisted by Jesus Saldana, made the daily observations that form the basis for the eruptive diagrams and for the summary of weather, rainfall, and ashfall given in Table 2. They also determined the monthly advance of the new lava, shown in Figure 5, and kept a brief written daily record of significant or out-of-the-ordinary events. All these data, together with personal observations of the senior author in the periods February 19–22, April 26–29, and July 6–9, were evaluated and compiled in preparing the present report. The photographs that appear in Figures 4 , 6 , and 7, the elevations of points on the cone given in Table 4, the calculations of lava volume, and comparisons with activity in former years were contributed also by the senior author.
Emotional Support Consistency and Teacher–Child Relationships Forecast Social Competence and Problem Behaviors in Prekindergarten and Kindergarten

Teachers' ratings of conflict and closeness as well as observed emotional support are known predictors of children's social functioning. Consistency in emotional support represents an emerging line of research. The goal of the present study is to understand whether the relation between the consistency of teachers' emotional support and children's behavior is mediated by teacher–child relationships. The role of gender is also considered. Using MPlus, the present study examines the indirect effect of emotional support consistency in prekindergarten on children's social competence and problem behaviors. Outcomes are extended to kindergarten to test the lasting association between the prekindergarten social environment and child behavior in the kindergarten year. Multigroup models examine gender differences. Research Findings: Observations of 694 prekindergarten classrooms revealed that teachers' emotional support consistency had an indirect effect on social competence and problem behavior through conflict in...
New observational evidence of global seismic effects of basin-forming impacts on the Moon from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter data

[1] New maps of kilometer-scale topographic roughness and concavity of the Moon reveal a very distinctive roughness signature of the proximal ejecta deposits of the Orientale basin (the Hevelius Formation). No other lunar impact basin, even the just-preceding Imbrium basin, is characterized by this type of signature although most have similar types of ejecta units and secondary crater structures. The preservation of this distinctive signature, and its lack in basins formed prior to Orientale, is interpreted to be the result of seismically induced smoothing caused by this latest major basin-forming event. Intense seismic waves accompanying the Orientale basin-forming event preceded the emplacement of its ejecta in time and operated to shake and smooth steep and rough topography associated with earlier basin deposits such as Imbrium. Orientale ejecta emplaced immediately following the passage of the seismic waves formed the distinctive roughness signature that has been preserved for almost 4 billion years.
Diet-Hormone Interrelationships in the Rat

Twenty-eight-day old male rats were fed, either ad lib itum or in restricted amounts, isoenergetic diets containing 2, 5, 10, 15, 25, or 50% lactalbumin and 5, 11.9, or 21.1% fat for 8 weeks. They were then killed and the plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), insulin, glucagon, corticosterone, norepinephrine (NE), and epi- nephrine (E) were measured. Dietary changes explained most of the variation in the plasma concentrations of T3, T4, insulin, and glucagon but less than 2JO%of the variation in the plasma concentrations of the adrenal hormones. Dietary protein level was directly related to plasma T4, insulin, and corticosterone and inversely related to plasma T3, glucagon, NE, and E. Dietary fat level had its most significant effect on the plasma glucagon con centration to which it was inversely related whereas the most noteworthy effect of a low energy intake was to reduce plasma E and thereby to increase the NE/E ratio. A refeeding study confirmed the effects of dietary protein level on plasma hormone concentrations and showed that the changes in plasma T3, T4, insulin, and glucagon were reversible. Equations to describe diet-hormone interrelationships in 12-week old male rats have been derived by multiple regression analyses of the data. J. Nutr. 108: 1767-1776, 1978.
Electrical and mechanical effects of acetylcholine and substance P in subregions of canine colon

Effects of acetylcholine (ACh) and substance P on the electrical and mechanical activities of the circular muscle layer of the canine proximal colon were studied. Because this muscle layer is bordered by two different pacemaker regions, responses from segments containing either a single pacemaker region or no pacemaker region were compared with responses of the complete muscle layer. Concentration-response relationships for ACh and substance P were similar between the various segments, suggesting that receptors for these agonists are expressed throughout the layer. The dominant contractile pattern induced by ACh and substance P in each segment was a 1- to 3-cycle/min rhythm. In a like manner, these agonists also elicited an electrical pattern in which a long-duration slow wave occurred one to three times per minute between short-duration slow waves. Low concentrations of nifedipine (0.01 microM) selectively antagonized the 1- to 3-cycle/min rhythm. In circular muscles with no pacemaker region, ACh (1 microM) caused depolarization, induced oscillations in membrane potential averaging 24 +/- 5 mV in amplitude and 2.9 +/- 0.9 cycles/min in frequency, and generated rhythmic contractions at the same frequency. This "interior" circular muscle was functionally innervated by cholinergic excitatory nerves. Exposure to ACh (1 microM) did not alter the conduction of slow waves through the thickness of the circular layer. In summary, the excitatory neurotransmitters, ACh and substance P, induce a dominant electrical and contractile rhythm throughout the circular muscle layer that is different from the spontaneous rhythms produced at either the myenteric or submucosal border.
Health information systems is our focus correct

Objectives: Summarize excellent current research in the field of Health Information Systems. Method: Synopsis of the articles selected for the IMIA Yearbook 2011. Results: Five papers from international peer reviewed journals have been selected for the section on health information systems. Conclusions: The selected articles illustrate that strategic, organizational and human aspects require specific attention in order to increase HIS adoption, and to demonstrate value in supporting the needs of clinicians and their patients.
Reputation and School Competition

Abstract Stratification is a distinctive feature of competitive education markets that can be explained by a preference for good peers. Learning externalities can lead students to care about the ability of their peers, resulting in across-school sorting by ability. This paper shows that a preference for good peers, and therefore stratification, can also emerge endogenously from reputational concerns that arise when graduates use their college of origin to signal their ability. Reputational concerns can also explain puzzling observed trends including the increase in student investment into admissions exam preparation, and the decline in study time at college. (JEL I21, I23, I26, J24)
Transplanting and Amplifying an Interviewer's Voice: One Response to Some Persistent Critiques of the Value of Oral History

This article considers theoretical difficulties connected to the editing and presentation of oral history interviews. It explains weaknesses, from the point of traditional legal scholarship, of traditional oral history editing formats, using the development of "With All Deliberate Speed, The Life of Philip Elman, an Oral History Memoir," as an example. It also reviews some recurrent challenges to the subjectivity and interpretive ambiguity of published oral histories and evaluates the advantages, under certain circumstances, which follow from adopting a transplanted and amplified interviewer's voice. It concludes that the TAIV approach offers potential for a better fit between the oral history form and professional expectations in fields where subjectivity and selectivity biases have been perceived as impediments to acceptance.
Robotic Assisted Bariatric Surgery

Intuitive Surgical, Inc., United States of America obtained Food and Drug Administration approval in 2000 and introduced the da VinciTM robot system in the United States providing an alternative platform for performing minimally invasive surgery. The system offers enhanced three-dimensional vision and wrist-like articulating instrumentation providing ergonomic and technical advantages to the surgeon. Soon after its introduction, we used the da VinciTM system, for complex abdominal operations including bariatric procedures. Its use has now been described for adjustable gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion with or without duodenal switch.
The Identification of Polychlorinated Terphenyls at Trace Levels in Human Adipose Tissue by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Pooled samples of human adipose extracts representative of the general population of the United States were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Theuse of gel permeation chromatography for cleanup was found to offer a significant improvement in detection caPability. In addition to previously documented organochlorine residues, numerous polychlorinated terphenyls and three additional components of technical chlordane were identified.
Heat Transfer Coefficients in Mimicked Fischer-Tropsch Slurry Bubble Columns

To provide more support for Fischer–Tropsch (FT) slurry bubble column reactor design, scale-up, and performance, the effects of operating conditions on the heat transfer coefficients were investigated in a mimicked FT cold flow system (compressed air:C9–C11:FT catalyst carrier). The studied operating conditions varied in superficial gas velocity (up to 0.3 m/s), pressure (up to 10 bar), and solids concentration (up to 25 vol %). The effects of these variables on heat transfer coefficients are discussed and analyzed. The increase in pressure tended to reduce the heat transfer coefficient, while the increase in solids loading enhanced the heat transfer coefficient, especially at high solids loading (25 vol %).
Use of a 13C Atom To Differentiate Two 15N-Labeled Nucleosides. Syntheses of [15NH2]-Adenosine, [1,NH2-15N2]- and [2-13C-1,NH2-15N2]-Guanosine, and [1,7,NH2-15N3]- and [2-13C-1,7,NH2-15N3]-2‘-Deoxyguanosine

We report the first examples of the specifically 15N and 13C multilabeled nucleosides: [1,NH2-15N2]-and [2-13C-1,NH2-15N2-]-guanosine; [1,7,NH2-15N3]- and [2-13C-1,7,NH2-15N3]-2‘-deoxyguanosine. In each set, the [13C] atom functions as a “tag” that allows the N1 and N2 15N atoms of two 15N-labeled guanines to be unambiguously differentiated in RNA and DNA fragments. The syntheses employ high-yield reactions in which protecting groups are not required and use relatively low cost sources of isotopes: [15N]-ammonium chloride and [15N]- or [13C,15N]-potassium cyanide.
Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. By Scott Ellsworth. Foreword by John Hope Franklin. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982. 159 pp. Hardbound, $19.95.

(1983). Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. The Oral History Review: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 165-166.
‘Critical Periods’ in Human Cognitive Development

Available evidence does not support the view that there are “critical periods” during which children must be exposed to a given learning opportunity or forever suffer some degree of intellectual de...
Migration Status and Political Knowledge Among Latino Immigrants

This paper invokes a membership-exclusion theoretical model of immigrant integration to investigate political incorporation. Specifically, we examine the extent to which unauthorized migration status is associated with general and particular political knowledge and with other kinds of structural incorporation. In the analyses, we use data from the initial wave of the 2012 Latino Immigrant National Election Study (LINES) targeting adult immigrants from Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America. Consistent with theoretical expectations, we find that unauthorized Latino immigrants have significantly lower levels of general political knowledge than green card holders, those with other government IDs, or naturalized citizens, and that the difference between the unauthorized and the legal groups holds up when controls are introduced for exposure (quantity and quality of time in the country) and various kinds of structural incorporation, although differences among the legal groups do not. Thus, forms of structural integration mediate the effects of exposure on acquisition of general political knowledge by legal immigrants, but they do not for unauthorized immigrants, providing evidence that membership exclusion severely restricts political incorporation. At the same time, unauthorized immigrants show more awareness about changes in the unemployment rate than legal immigrants do, a result consistent both with their main reason for migration (to work) and with their having recourse only to collective action as a form of political expression.
Effect of elevated BMI on radiation toxicity in early stage breast cancer patients.

1049Background: Weight gain is associated with an increased risk of cancer and unfavorable outcomes after a cancer diagnosis. Women with an elevated body mass index (BMI) at diagnosis have worse quality of life after completing radiation therapy (RT) for breast cancer as well as increased recurrence rates and cancer-related death. In this retrospective study we investigated the impact of a patient’s BMI on RT acute toxicities and on recurrence rates in patients treated for early stage breast cancer. Methods: Charts of 397 consecutive patients with early stage breast cancer undergoing breast conservation treatment between 2008 and 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into three groups, normal BMI, overweight (BMI 25-30 kg/m2) and obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2). Acute toxicities, including skin toxicity and fatigue, were scored using CTCAE version 4.0. Recurrence was assessed based on the patient’s last mammogram. The three patient groups were compared using ANOVA and a paired-test. Results: 42...
A high isolation dual signal probe technology

In this paper, we describe a new dual signal probe, and vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration standards providing high isolation between signals. Previously existing probes and standards may exhibit high coupling, making them unsuitable for use with conventional VNAs. The new design significantly reduces the signal-to-signal coupling of the probes and standards, enabling improved calibration and measurement to beyond 40 GHz.
Optimizing the decision to expel attackers from an information system

The conventional reaction after detecting an attacker in an information system is to expel the attacker immediately. However the attacker is likely to attempt to reenter the system, and if the attacker succeeds in reentering, it might take some time for the defender's intrusion detection system (IDS) to re-detect the attacker's presence. In this interaction, both the attacker and defender are learning about each other — their vulnerabilities, intentions, and methods. Moreover, during periods when the attacker has reentered the system undetected, he is likely learning faster than the defender. The more the attacker learns, the greater the chance that he succeeds in his objective — whether it be stealing information, inserting malware, or some other objective. Conversely, the greater the defender's knowledge, the more likely that the defender can prevent the attacker from succeeding. In this setting, we study the defender's optimal strategy for expelling or not expelling an intruder. We find that the policy of always expelling the attacker can be far from optimal. Furthermore, by formulating the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP), we find how the optimal decision depends on the state variables and model parameters that characterize the IDS's detection rate and the attacker's persistence.
On the accuracy of RANS simulations with DNS data.

Simulation results conducted for incompressible planar wall-bounded turbulent flows with the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with no modeling involved are presented. Instead, all terms but the molecular diffusion are represented by the data from direct numerical simulation (DNS). In simulations, the transport equations for velocity moments through the second order (and the fourth order where the data are available) are solved in a zero-pressure gradient boundary layer over a flat plate and in a fully developed channel flow in a wide range of Reynolds numbers using DNS data from Sillero et al., Lee and Moser, and Jeyapaul et al. The results obtained demonstrate that DNS data are the significant and dominant source of uncertainty in such simulations (hereafter, RANS-DNS simulations). Effects of the Reynolds number, flow geometry, and the velocity moment order as well as an uncertainty quantification technique used to collect the DNS data on the results of RANS-DNS simulations are analyzed. New criteria for uncertainty quantification in statistical data collected from DNS are proposed to guarantee the data accuracy sufficient for their use in RANS equations and for the turbulence model validation.
An Integrated Model of Human Beta-Adrenergic Signaling and Ventricular Electrophysiology Reveals Contributors to Positive Inotropy

Adrenergic regulation is well recognized as an important player in cardiac functions and contributes to pathology underlying arrhythmia and heart failure. Mathematical models of beta-adrenergic signaling have been developed and adrenergic effects on cardiac electrophysiology have been analyzed in animal cells. However, key contributors of these effects in human myocytes remain largely unknown. We have integrated detailed beta-adrenergic signaling cascade with human ventricular electrophysiology based on published models of these two systems. PKA targets in human ventricular electrophysiology: fast sodium channel, slow delayed rectifier potassium channel, sodium potassium ATPase, L-type calcium channel, ryanodine receptor, phospholamban and troponin-I, are simulated to incorporate both baseline and phosphorylation-modified behaviors. Responses to different concentrations of adrenergic agonist isoproteronol are also monitored and adjusted. The model was validated by ensuring these behaviors matched published voltage-clamp data before and after phosphorylation. Simulations to analyze sensitivity of each PKA target were performed with blocking the phosphorylation of a single target one at a time. These simulations showed that phosphorylation of L-type calcium channel and phospholamban were by far the largest contributors to the positive inotropic response observed at 1 Hz with beta-adrenergic stimulation. Further analysis of this integrated model would dissect contribution from parameters in the adrenergic signaling cascade to human ventricular electrophysiology. These results will greatly facilitate understanding of human adrenergic regulation on cardiac functions and diseases.
Nondiagonal neutral currents in inclusive neutrino interactions

We examine the effects of nondiagonal terms in the neutral current of an SU(2) x U(1) gauge six-quark model with slow rescaling. The model reproduces the experimental charged-current data with appropriate choice of heavy-quark masses. At least five quarks are required to explain the experimental neutral-current data. In our context, the predictions for various heavy-quark masses and quark mixings differ most for energies in the range 0--50 GeV. The various quantities are also calculated for proton and neutron targets.
Scaling of bony canals for encephalic vessels in euarchontans: Implications for the role of the vertebral artery and brain metabolism

Abstract Supplying the central nervous system with oxygen and glucose for metabolic activities is a critical function for all animals at physiologic, anatomical, and behavioral levels. A relatively proximate challenge to nourishing the brain is maintaining adequate blood flow. Euarchontans (primates, dermopterans and treeshrews) display a diversity of solutions to this challenge. Although the vertebral artery is a major encephalic vessel, previous research has questioned its importance for irrigating the cerebrum. This presents a puzzling scenario for certain strepsirrhine primates (non-cheirogaleid lemuriforms) that have reduced promontorial branches of the internal carotid artery and no apparent alternative encephalic vascular route except for the vertebral artery. Here, we present results of phylogenetic comparative analyses of data on the cross-sectional area of bony canals that transmit the vertebral artery (transverse foramina). These results show that, across primates (and within major primate subgroups), variation in the transverse foramina helps significantly to explain variation in forebrain mass even when variation in promontorial canal cross-sectional areas are also considered. Furthermore, non-cheirogaleid lemuriforms have larger transverse foramina for their endocranial volume than other euarchontans, suggesting that the vertebral arteries compensate for reduced promontorial artery size. We also find that, among internal carotid-reliant euarchontans, species that are more encephalized tend to have a promontorial canal that is larger relative to the transverse foramina. Tentatively, we consider the correlation between arterial canal diameters (as a proxy for blood flow) and brain metabolic demands. The results of this analysis imply that human investment in brain metabolism (∼27% of basal metabolic rate) may not be exceptional among euarchontans.
The Chemistry of Developers and the Development Processes

Photography was moved from the artisan into the consumer's hands by 20th century innovations in film and paper improvements. Important events were also imaged and preserved in color, for the first time during this century, with realistic sharpness and vibrancy. Most photographic media innovations, whether on film or paper, relied on the same key element for image creation - silver. As a result, the development and fixing processes developed in the 19th century were largely carried over into the 20th century and remained, for the most part, unaltered. This essay will highlight the general schemes that were applied to the specific formulations used during this important time period of photographic history.
Planet Detection: Transit Timing Variation

Planet detection from transit timing variations is a method for determining the existence and properties of a planet from the gravitational perturbations it induces on the orbit of another, transiting planet. In an unperturbed planetary system consisting of a star and a planet, the two bodies revolve around their center of mass in a▶Keplerian orbit. If in this system the planet transits the star, it will cross the disk of the star at same time during each transit. As a result, the time of the middle of the transit will be identical every time the planet completes one orbit. If because of some external perturbation (e.g., a second planet) the motion of the transiting planet deviates from purely Keplerian, the time of the mid-transit will be different from one orbit to another. This is known as transit timing variation (TTV). Figure 1 shows this schematically.
Histone acetylation maps in aged mice developmentally exposed to lead: epigenetic drift and Alzheimer-related genes.

Aim Early life exposure to lead (Pb) has been shown to increase late life biomarkers involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Here, we tested the hypothesis that latent over expression of AD-related genes may be regulated through histone activation pathways. Methods Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing was used to map the histone activation mark (H3K9Ac) to the mouse genome in developmentally Pb exposed mice on postnatal days 20, 270 and 700. Results Exposure to Pb resulted in a global downregulation of H3K9Ac across the lifespan; except in genes associated with the Alzheimer pathway. Discussion Early life exposure to Pb results in an epigenetic drift in H3K9Ac consistent with latent global gene repression. Alzheimer-related genes do not follow this trend.
Resistance to the phosphaturic effect of parathyroid hormone during phosphate conservation is due to enhanced phosphate reabsorption by the pars recta.

Studies of the renal adaptation to changes in the dietary intake of phosphate have provided important insights into the mechanisms of regulation of phosphate transport by the renal tubule. Trohler, Bonjour and Fleisch (1) and Steele and DeLuca (2) showed that phosphate deprivation resulted in marked increases in phosphate reabsorption which were independent of plasma phosphate and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Studies utilizing several different approaches support the concept that adaptive changes occur in the proximal tubule. Studies utilizing microperfusion, micropuncture, brush border membrane vesicles and isolated tubules all illustrate enhanced phosphate transport by proximal tubules in animals fed a low phosphate diet (3–6). Further, rats fed a low phosphate diet provide a model of resistance to the phosphaturic responses to hormones (7). In the case of PTH, where the expected increases in cAMP excretion and hypocalciuria occur, there is little or no increase in phosphate excretion.
Novel use of a 3-dimensional mapping system in cryoablation of right-sided and septal accessory pathways: playback ablation

Despite recent advances in the treatment of eliminating accessory pathways (APs), catheter-induced mechanical block (bump) of APs has been reported to result in a less favorable outcome with high primary failure and recurrence rates. The real bump site cannot always be precisely reapproached under fluoroscopy so physicians can perform ablation to a location different from where the mechanical block was encountered. In this paper, we describe this novel use of a 3-dimensional (3D) mapping system (playback ablation) with a case series. The EnSite Velocity system (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA), a 3D mapping system, has a unique function that records the positional information of catheters in a 3D geometric map and the local potential of catheters continuously. This function enables physicians to specify the bump site in a 3D geometric map and apply ablation to the bump site even if the catheter moves away from the bump site. This technique helped us eliminate APs in two patients with bump of APs, and they have been free of preexcitation and arrhythmias without the use of anti-arrhythmic drugs for more than 3 months. This technique may contribute to improving long-term success in patients with mechanical block of APs.
Soliton Microcomb Physics and Applications

Soliton generation in high-Q microcavities is reviewed including discussion of Stokes and counter-propagating solitons. Demonstrations of dual comb spectroscopy and optical LIDAR using soliton microcombs are presented along with work towards integrated clocks and synthesizers.
On the Structural Interpretation of Topological Indices

We review the problems encountered with the interpretation of topological indices and consider the partition of a selection of topological indices into bond contributions. For indices that are defined in terms of bond additive contributions, as is the case with the Wiener index and the molecular connectivity index, such a partition is straightforward. Partition of topological indices that are constructed from the row sums of matrices is based on the partition of the path contributions to the bonds forming paths. In this way, among others, the Balaban J index and the Harary index H have been partitioned. Partitioning of the Hosoya index Z and a modified Hosoya index Z* was based on the involvement of the individual bonds in the count of the k-disjoint edges of a graph. Finally, we consider partitioning of the higher-order connectivity indices and the linear combination of topological indices. It is thus shown how one can arrive at a systematic approach to the interpretation of a selection of molecular descriptors based on their partitioning into bond contributions.
Interactions of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Compounds with Cholinesterases

Publisher Summary Cholinesterases are enzymes that are serine hydrolases that preferentially hydrolyze choline esters. Vertebrates are known to have two cholinesterases, referred to as acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. These two cholinesterases have been differentiated historically on the basis of their substrate selectivity. AChE hydrolyzes acetylcholine (ACh) faster than butyrylcholine (BuCh) or propionylcholine, whereas BuChE metabolizes BuCh and propionylcholine faster than ACh. It is thought that this difference in substrate selectivity to arises from the differences in acyl pocket structure, which, in the case of BuChE, allows access of larger substrates to the active site. AChE is known to play a critical role in the termination of the action of ACh at synapses and neuromuscular junctions, whereas the exact function(s) of BuChE remains unclear. However, numerous potential roles for BuChE have been suggested, ranging from metabolism of lipoproteins to cell adhesion, and the etiology of certain neurodegenerative diseases. Many organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CM) compounds exert their acute toxicity through inhibition of AChE. These compounds include all of the OP and most of the CM pesticides, as well as certain chemical warfare agents. Additionally, a limited number of OP and CM drugs exert their therapeutic effects through inhibition of AChE. Inhibition of this critical enzyme leads to an accumulation of ACh at synapses and neuroeffector junctions, which in turn leads to a range of symptoms known as cholinergic crisis.
JAZ repressors of metabolic defense promote growth and reproductive fitness in Arabidopsis

Plant immune responses mediated by the hormone jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile) are metabolically costly and often linked to reduced growth. Although it is known that JA-Ile activates defense responses by triggering the degradation of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) transcriptional repressor proteins, expansion of the JAZ gene family in vascular plants has hampered efforts to understand how this hormone impacts growth and other physiological tasks over the course of ontogeny. Here, we combined mutations within the 13-member Arabidopsis JAZ gene family to investigate the effects of chronic JAZ deficiency on growth, defense, and reproductive output. A higher-order mutant (jaz decuple, jazD) defective in 10 JAZ genes (JAZ1–7, -9, -10, and -13) exhibited robust resistance to insect herbivores and fungal pathogens, which was accompanied by slow vegetative growth and poor reproductive performance. Metabolic phenotypes of jazD discerned from global transcript and protein profiling were indicative of elevated carbon partitioning to amino acid-, protein-, and endoplasmic reticulum body-based defenses controlled by the JA-Ile and ethylene branches of immunity. Resource allocation to a strong defense sink in jazD leaves was associated with increased respiration and hallmarks of carbon starvation but no overt changes in photosynthetic rate. Depletion of the remaining JAZ repressors in jazD further exaggerated growth stunting, nearly abolished seed production and, under extreme conditions, caused spreading necrotic lesions and tissue death. Our results demonstrate that JAZ proteins promote growth and reproductive success at least in part by preventing catastrophic metabolic effects of an unrestrained immune response.
Understanding American cultural policy: the multi-level governance of the arts and humanities

This article uses multi-level governance theory to investigate American cultural policy towards the arts and humanities. The National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act of 1965 articulates t...
Propensity Score Matching for Education Data: Worked Examples

Randomized controlled trials are not always feasible in educational research, so researchers must use alternative methods to study treatment effects. Propensity score matching is one such method fo...
Gut microbiota from high-risk men who have sex with men drive immune activation in gnotobiotic mice and in vitro HIV infection

Men who have sex with men (MSM) have differences in immune activation and gut microbiome composition compared with men who have sex with women (MSW), even in the absence of HIV infection. Gut microbiome differences associated with HIV itself when controlling for MSM, as assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing, are relatively subtle. Understanding whether gut microbiome composition impacts immune activation in HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM has important implications since immune activation has been associated with HIV acquisition risk and disease progression. To investigate the effects of MSM and HIV-associated gut microbiota on immune activation, we transplanted feces from HIV-negative MSW, HIV-negative MSM, and HIV-positive untreated MSM to gnotobiotic mice. Following transplant, 16S rRNA gene sequencing determined that the microbiomes of MSM and MSW maintained distinct compositions in mice and that specific microbial differences between MSM and MSW were replicated. Immunologically, HIV-negative MSM donors had higher frequencies of blood CD38+ HLADR+ and CD103+ T cells and their fecal recipients had higher frequencies of gut CD69+ and CD103+ T cells, compared with HIV-negative MSW donors and recipients, respectively. Significant microbiome differences were not detected between HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM in this small donor cohort, and immune differences between their recipients were trending but not statistically significant. A larger donor cohort may therefore be needed to detect immune-modulating microbes associated with HIV. To investigate whether our findings in mice could have implications for HIV replication, we infected primary human lamina propria cells stimulated with isolated fecal microbiota, and found that microbiota from MSM stimulated higher frequencies of HIV-infected cells than microbiota from MSW. Finally, we identified several microbes that correlated with immune readouts in both fecal recipients and donors, and with in vitro HIV infection, which suggests a role for gut microbiota in immune activation and potentially HIV acquisition in MSM.
Human neuroimaging-based connections between stress, cardiovascular disease and depression

Abstract Numerous human imaging studies have now examined the effects of stress, depression, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) on the brain. However, few have examined these effects collectively or prospectively to identify potential links between these conditions. This chapter examines the adaptive and maladaptive changes in the brain that occur in response to stress, including the responses that lead to onset of CVD and depression. In addition, neuroimaging studies of common treatments of CVD and depression are considered in the context of ameliorating deleterious changes to the brain. A common set of structural and functional cortical alterations have been observed following exposure to stress and to the onset of both CVD and depression. This includes: (1) hyperreactivity in emotion and threat monitoring/regulation systems coupled with decreased emotional regulation (including amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and connectivity between these regions); (2) overactive error monitoring, rumination, affective and self-monitoring response systems (including anterior and posterior cingulate and insula); (3) deficits in cognitive, memory, and attention-related regions (including hippocampus, frontal, parietal, and temporal regions); and (4) a sluggishness of limbic and reward regions (including basal ganglia, striatal regions, and nucleus accumbens). These altered cortical responses can exert direct effects, wherein brain regions influence endocrine function directly, leading to dysregulated hormone production and feedback systems, or exert indirect effects by increasing engagement in risk behaviors or declining adherence to healthy behaviors. Fortunately, the structural and functional changes occurring in the brain upon exposure to stress, which can lead to manifestations of depression and/or CVD, have been shown to be malleable, and evidence is mounting that they can be restored to healthier patterns.
Cell Phone Application to Monitor Pain and Quality of Life in Neurogenic Pain Patients

Management of postoperative pain is a challenge for healthcare providers in all surgical fields, especially in the context of the current opioid epidemic. We developed a cell phone application to monitor pain, medication use, and relevant quality of life domains (eg, mood, mobility, return to work, and sleep) in patients with neurogenic pain, including those with limb loss. A literature review was conducted to define application length and design parameters. The final application includes 12 questions for patients with limb loss and 8 for patients with neurogenic pain without limb loss. Pilot testing with 21 participants demonstrates acceptable time to complete the application (mean = 158 seconds, SD = 81 seconds) and usability, based on the mHealth App Usability Questionnaire. We aim for our application to serve as an outcome measure for evaluation of an evolving group of peripheral nerve procedures, including targeted muscle reinnervation. In addition, the application could be adapted for clinical use in patients undergoing these procedures for neurogenic pain and thus serve as a tool to monitor and manage pain medication use.
The Role of Frailty in Failure to Rescue After Cardiovascular Surgery

Background Failure to rescue (FTR) is gaining popularity as a quality metric. The relationship between patient frailty and FTR after cardiovascular surgery has not been fully explored. This study aimed to utilize a national database to examine the impact of patient frailty on FTR. Methods Of 5,199,534 patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery between 2000 and 2014, 75,851 (1.5%) were identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database as frail based on the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups frailty-defining diagnoses indicator. Propensity-score matching was used to adjust for patient- and hospital-level characteristics and comorbidities when comparing frail and nonfrail patients. Results Frail patients were on average older (68 ± 12 years vs 65 ± 12 years; P Conclusions Frailty contributes significantly to FTR after cardiovascular surgery. Frail patients can expect better outcomes with lower costs at cardiac surgical centers of excellence that can adequately manage postoperative outcomes. Preoperative assessment of frailty may better guide risk estimation and identification of patients who would benefit from appropriate prehabilitative interventions to optimize outcomes.
Is Blush on CT Scan in Patients With Pelvic Fracture Associated With Embolization Rates and Outcomes

IntroductionIn trauma patients with pelvic fractures, computed tomography (CT) scans are a critical tool to evaluate life-threatening hemorrhage. Contrast extravasation, or “blush”, on CT may be a ...
Moderate whole-body heating attenuates the exercise pressor reflex responses in older humans

Prior reports show that whole body heat stress attenuates the pressor response to exercise in young healthy subjects. The effects of moderate whole body heating (WBH; e.g., increase in internal temperature Tcore of ∼0.4°C-0.5°C) or limb heating on sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to exercise in older healthy humans remain unclear. We examined the muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) in 14 older (62 ± 2 yr) healthy subjects during fatiguing isometric handgrip exercise and postexercise circulatory occlusion (PECO). The protocol was performed under normothermic, moderate WBH, and local limb (i.e., forearm) heating conditions during three visits. During the mild WBH stage (increase in Tcore of <0.3°C), HR increased, whereas BP and MSNA decreased from baseline. Under the moderate WBH condition (increase in Tcore of ∼0.4°C), BP decreased, HR increased, and MSNA was unchanged from baseline. Compared with the normothermic trial, the absolute MAP during fatiguing exercise and PECO was lower during the WBH trial. Moreover, MSNA and MAP responses (i.e., changes) to fatiguing exercise were also less than those seen during the normothermic trial. Limb heating induced a similar increase in forearm muscle temperature to that seen in the WBH trial (∼0.7°C-1.5°C). Limb heating did not alter resting MAP, HR, or MSNA. The MSNA and hemodynamic responses to exercise in the limb heating trial were not different from those in the normothermic trial. These data suggest that moderate WBH attenuates MSNA and BP responses to exercise in older healthy humans.
Cutaneous metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma diagnosed via inpatient teledermatology.

The use of inpatient teledermatology has been shown to improve inpatient outcomes and has demonstrated high reliability for the triage of inpatient consultations.1 Furthermore, by increasing access to inpatient dermatologic care at rural and urban hospitals across Western Pennsylvania, our teledermatology (e-dermatology) service has encountered and consulted on rare dermatoses. One such entity is cutaneous metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma, accounting for 1% of skin metastases and typically presenting as pink and eroded papulonodules on the head and neck.2 Herein, we report a case of cutaneous metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma presenting as carcinoma erysipeloides with erythematous and edematous plaques. The accompanying consultation was performed via our e-dermatology service.
Stochastic model of oscillatory diffusion for colloidal particles in a fixed porous bed

Abstract Colloidal particles in the pore spaces within a packed bed move back and forth in response to an imposed oscillatory flow, such as that associated with an acoustic field. The diffusive motion of the particles results from intermittent hindering of the oscillatory motion, which we assume to result from particle filtration by the packed bed pore spaces. We consider an experimentally-validated stochastic model that entails a series of transitions between an oscillatory state, where the particle oscillates with the fluid flow, and a captured state, where the particle is held fixed in the bed. The paper examines sensitivity of this stochastic model to different parameters and compares the stochastic model predictions for diffusion coefficient with predictions of an analytical solution based on continuous-time random walk (CTRW) theory. The results are relevant to applications such as nanoparticle penetration into biofilms, drug capsule penetration into human tissue, and microplastic transport within saturated soil.