cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipids Significantly Reduced by Diets Containing Barley in Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Men

Objective: To determine whether barley, as the soluble fiber source, would beneficially change cardiovascular risk factors. Soluble fiber from oats has been recognized as beneficial in decreasing blood cholesterol levels. Although barley contains high amounts of soluble fiber, it is not consumed as extensively as oats.Methods: Eighteen moderately hypercholesterolemic men (28–62 y) consumed a controlled equilibration diet (Step 1, 30% fat, 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, < 300 mg cholesterol) for 2 weeks followed by the diet with about 20% of energy replaced with brown rice/whole wheat, ½ barley & ½ brown rice/whole wheat or barley (< 0.4 g, 3 g and 6 g added soluble fiber/2800 kcal, respectively) for 5 weeks in a Latin square design. Fasting blood was drawn twice weekly. Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triacylglycerols were measured enzymatically and lipid fractions were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Results: Compared with prestudy concentrations, total cholesterol (14%, 17%, ...
T cell subset heterogeneity in a series of patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome

The diagnostic value of the identification of T cell subsets in skin biopsies from a series of eight patients (clinical stages I—IV) with cutaneous T cell lymphoma (6 with mycosis fungoides and 2 with Sezary syndrome) was determined with an indirect immunoperoxidase technic using commercially available monoclonal anti-T lymphocyte antibodies. Each patient had a mixture of helper and suppressor T cells within both the dermis and the epidermis, although helper T cells predominated approximately 2: 1 over suppressor cells in all except two patients. This pattern is not appreciably different from that reported in benign inflammatory dermatoses. One patient with Sezary syndrome who had had an unusually protracted course was found to have a greater number of suppressor cells than helper cells within the epidermis. We conclude that the in situ identification of T cell subsets adds little, if any, diagnostic sensitivity to standard histopathologic methods in cutaneous T cell lymphoma.
The Passions of Meteorite Seekers

Cokinos weaves together an account of meteorites, a history of meteorite hunters, and his own travels in the footsteps of collectors and researchers.
Group mating among Norway rats II. The social dynamics of copulation: Competition, cooperation, and mate choice

The social interactions within groups of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) had a strong impact on the individual pattern of copulation which, in turn, affects sperm precedence and the probability of implantation in this species. Males alternated uninterrupted ejaculatory series, augmenting each others' copulatory investment. Females took turns mating after receiving an intromission, collectively potentiating the males' copulatory behaviour; increasing the number of oestrous females increased the number of intromissions and ejaculations achieved by each male but did not affect the amount of copulation experienced by each female. These turn-taking patterns within each sex provided the opportunity to change partners and permitted the emergence of different sex-typical patterns of copulation. Furthermore, the dominant male contributed more intromissions and tended to give each female more ejaculations than the subordinates did. Dominant males were also more likely to inhibit the subordinates' sperm transport. Females competed among themselves for the opportunity to mate with a male as he approached ejaculation and were likely to protect more of the dominant male's sperm transport than the subordinate male's.
Myoelectric activity of the diverted antroduodenum in the dog (41499).

AbstractElectrodes were chronically implanted on the gastric antrum and the orad duodenum of four dogs. After implantation, fasted and fed state myoelectric activity was monitored. After control testing, the stomach was bisected at the orad antral margin and the antrum was closed. Bowel continuity was restored with gastrojejunostomy. Extrinsic nerves of the antroduodenal segment were maintained. After surgery, fasted and fed state myoelectric activity were reassessed. Surgical diversion of the antroduodenum was previously shown to result in chronic hypergastrinemia of a postprandial magnitude. It also resulted in separation of the antrum from its myoelectric pacemaker in the orad corpus, and a chronic absence of digesta from the diverted segment. In the present experiments both the antrum and duodenum exhibited unchanged migrating myoelectric complex periods. In addition, the duodenal BER frequency was unchanged. In contrast, the antral BER frequency was reduced by half. The percentage of antral and duode...
Predicting outcomes of trials of labor in women attempting vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: A comparison of multivariate methods with neural networks

Abstract Objective: Our aim was to assess the utility and effectiveness of a neural network for predicting the likelihood of success of a trial of labor, relative to standard multivariate predictive models. Study Design: We identified 100 failed trials of labor and 300 successful trials of labor in women with a prior cesarean delivery performed at our institution. Information was collected on >70 potential predictors of labor outcomes from the medical records, including demographic, historical, and past obstetric information, as well as information from the index pregnancy. Bivariate analyses comparing women in whom a trial of labor failed with those whose trial succeeded were performed. These initial analyses were used to select variables for inclusion into our muitivariate predictive model. From the same data we trained and tested a neural network, using a back-propagation algorithm. The test characteristics of the multivariate predictive model and the neural network were compared. Results: From the bivariate analysis a history of substance abuse (adjusted odds ratio, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-0.80), a successful prior vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (adjusted odds ratio, 0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.31), cervical dilatation at admission (adjusted odds ratio, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.88), and the need for labor augmentation (adjusted odds ratio, 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-4.06) were ultimately discovered to be important in predicting the likelihood of the success or failure of a trial of labor. With these variables in the predictive model the sensitivity of the derived rule for predicting failure was 77%, the specificity was 65%, and the overall accuracy was 69%. We also built a network using the 4 variables that were included in the final multivariate model. We were unable to achieve the same degree of sensitivity and specificity that we observed with the regression-based predictive model (sensitivity and specificity, 59% and 44%). Conclusion: In this study a standard multivariate model was better able to predict outcome in women ttempting a trial of labor. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:409-13.)
"ExScal: A Perspective on Large Scale Wireless Sensor Networks"

Recents experiments have evaluated the ability of heterogeneous, hierarchical wireless sensor networks to scale to large node numbers and coverage areas. An exemplar is Project ExScal, where we designed and deployed a network of 1000+ sensor nodes and 200+ 802.11b backbone nodes for a 1.3km by 300m remote, open area. In this talk, we overview key issues in the scaling of wireless sensor network operations and applications, based on lessons derived from ExScal and other related experiments. We discuss at some length the impact of the network characteristics on a number of data management problems related to convergecast, broadcast, and in-network data flows. Finally, we identify challenges for future work in this area.
Ku-band radiation in the UNM backward-wave oscillator experiment

1407_28Experimental and theoretical studies of high power microwave generation from a short pulse backward-wave oscillator (BWO) experiment are reported. The electron beam has an energy of about 600 keV with currents in the 2 kA range. Microwave radiation at a frequency above 12.6 GHz is observed to be generated. Measurements thus far are consistent with the TM01 mode that is predicted to be excited with the electron beam and slow wave structure parameters.
Hydrogen and Nickel Metabolism inHelicobacterSpecies

Anaerobic microorganisms (such as clostridia) present in the large intestine of animals generate molecular hydrogen (H(2)) by fermentation using "H(2)-evolving" hydrogenases. The gas can also be detected in other tissues in mice, including the stomach, liver, spleen, or small intestine. It is established that this available H(2) can in turn be used as a source of energy by some pathogenic bacteria, including Helicobacter species like H. pylori and H. hepaticus. Both species possess one hydrogenase, which has been studied for H(2) oxidation characteristics and for its role in conferring animal colonization. On the basis of available annotated gene sequences, other Helicobacter species also appear to have one well-conserved respiratory, membrane-bound, nickel-iron-containing [NiFe] hydrogenase. Although H. pylori has been well-studied, many other (poorly studied) Helicobacter species likely represent a spectrum of emerging pathogens. The important role of hydrogenases in Helicobacter species is discussed, and the hydrogenases, their maturation/accessory factors, their regulation, as well as nickel transport and metabolism among the different species are compared.
Pseudophakic negative dysphotopsia: Surgical management and new theory of etiology.

Purpose To evaluate the benefit of various surgical methods to address pseudophakic negative dysphotopsia. Setting Private practice, Los Angeles, California, USA. Design Interventional case series. Methods The following 4 surgical methods were used to treat negative dysphotopsia: secondary piggyback intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, reverse optic capture, in-the-bag IOL exchange, and iris suture fixation. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) was used to analyze posterior chamber anatomy. The primary outcome was partial or complete resolution of the negative dysphotopsia symptoms 3 months postoperatively. Results Twelve eyes of 11 patients with negative dysphotopsia had surgical treatment. All 10 patients who had piggyback IOL implantation or reverse optic capture had partial or complete resolution of symptoms by 3 months. No patient who had in-the-bag IOL exchange (n = 3) or iris suture fixation of the capsular bag–IOL complex (n = 1) improved despite alteration of IOL material or edge design in the case of IOL exchange or UBM confirmation of posterior chamber collapse in the case of iris suture fixation of the capsular bag–IOL complex. Conclusions Consistent with a new hypothesis, resolution of negative dysphotopsia symptoms depended on IOL coverage of the anterior capsule edge rather than on collapse of the posterior chamber alone. Furthermore, negative dysphotopsia was not attributed to a particular IOL material or edge design. Financial Disclosure Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Additional disclosures are found in the footnotes.
Cratering on Mars with almost no atmosphere or volatiles: Pangboche crater

Pangboche crater (17.2°N, 226.7°E; 10.4 km dia.) lies close to the summit of Olympus Mons volcano, Mars, at an elevation of ~20.9 km above the datum. Given a scale height of 11.1 km for the atmosphere, this relatively large fresh crater most likely formed at an atmospheric pressure <1 mbar in essentially volatile-free young lava flows. Detailed analysis of Pangboche crater from High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and Context Camera (CTX) images reveals that volatile-related features (e.g., fluidized ejecta layers and pitted floor material) are absent. In contrast, abundant impact melt occurs on the floor, inner walls, and rim of the crater, and there is an extensive field of secondary craters that extend up to approximately 45 km from the rim crest. All of these attributes argue that it was the absence of volatiles in the target rocks at the time of crater formation, rather than the thin atmosphere, which had a controlling influence on crater morphology. Digital elevation data derived from the CTX images reveal that Pangboche crater has a depth of about 954 m (depth/diameter = approximately 0.092) and that uplifted target rocks comprise about 58% of the relief of the 180 m-high north rim. As the target material comprised a sequence of layered lava flows, Pangboche crater may well represent the best crater on Mars for direct comparison with craters formed on the Moon (permitting variations in gravitational effects to be investigated) or on Mercury (allowing the role of the atmosphere to be studied).
Flow-through polarographic respirometry for aquatic animals

A polarographic method of measuring oxygen consumption of aquatic animals, which is based upon expanding the input signal to a potentiometric recorder, has been described. This gives a magnified visual tracing that can be measured with the polar planimeter and related proportionately to the oxygen concentration to accurately measure the metabolism of aquatic animals with wet body weights of 5 mg or more. Changes in oxygen utilization of 0.04 per cent concentration of oxygen are readily visible, and results are reproducible.
Myometrial LH/hCG receptors during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs

Receptors for luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin (LH/hCG) have been identified in porcine, rabbit, rat, and human myometrium. To determine the estrous cycle and pregnancy related changes in the receptor capacity and affinity, radioreceptor assays were performed with membrane homogenates of porcine uterine tissues. Cycling gilts were divided into four experimental groups: I (n=6), day 1–2; II (n=5), day 6–7; III (n=5), day 11–12; and IV (n=6), day 18–20 of the estrous cycle. Pregnant pigs were divided into three experimental groups: I (n=5), day 35–40; II (n=5), day 65–70; and III (n=4), day 95–105 of pregnancy. The concentrations [femtomoles/mg protein (fmol/mg protein)] and affinities of unoccupied LH/hCG binding sites were characterized in all samples of myometrium. Receptor concentrations were highest (P 0.05) throughout the estrous cycle [I, (5.1±1.5)×109; II, (3.0±0.8)×109; III, (3.2±0.9)×109; IV, 5.5±0.7×109 lm−1]. Plasma hormone concentrations of progesterone, estrogen and LH were typical of values noted at these times. During pregnancy, receptor concentrations were greatest (P<0.05) in group II (85.4±18.5 fmol/mg protein). In groups I and III receptor numbers were 10.8±2.3 and 26.7±6.6 fmol/mg protein, respectively. The Ka in group I was 10 times greater (P<0.05) than Ka in groups II and III, (I, 3.1±0.9×1010 lm−1; II, 3.4±0.3×109 lm−1; III, 3.3±1.1×109 lm−1). Plasma hormone concentrations typically found during pregnancy were noted. The function of these LH/hCG binding sites remains unknown; however, changes in receptor capacity during the estrous cycle and pregnancy support a role for modulation of the receptor by hormonal factors.
Inactivation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase by Fe++ and a cytosolic protein

Summary Rat liver microsomal HMGCoA reductase was inhibited by Fe ++ and this effect was enhanced by a cytosolic protein.
Does the interval between papanicolaou tests influence the quality of cytology

BACKGROUND It is commonly believed that the sensitivity of Papanicolaou (Pap) tests decreases with a short interval between cytology samplings. To the authors' knowledge, there is only limited evidence to support this belief. METHODS For 5055 women in the Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS)–Low Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LSIL) Triage Study (ALTS), the Pap interval was defined as the number of days between the referral Pap smear demonstrating ASCUS or LSIL (“first cytology”) and the enrollment liquid-based (“repeat”) cytology. The authors investigated the influence of the interval between Pap smears on repeat cytology by examining percentages of abnormal findings, cellularity, and test sensitivity among women diagnosed with histologic grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN3) during the 2-year course of the ALTS. In addition, because human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA adjunct testing is now performed, the authors evaluated HPV viral load, which was assayed using residual liquid cytology specimens, in women with CIN3. RESULTS The Pap interval ranged from 8–30 days in 763 women, 31–60 days in 2317 women, 61–90 days in 1090 women, 91–120 days in 491 women, and 121–184 days in 394 women (mean of 61.3 days; standard deviation of 34 days). Repeat cytologic interpretations of unsatisfactory findings, ASCUS, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) did not appear to vary among the Pap interval groups. However, low-grade cytologic regression occurred with an increasing Pap interval; negative cytology increased from 28.3% (8–30 days) to 41.6% (121–184 days) (P < 0.0001) whereas LSIL cytology decreased (P trend = 0.002). The approximate cellularity of the samples was slightly better in the interval group of 8–30 days (P trend = 0.04). Among women with CIN3, the repeat test sensitivity at a threshold of ASCUS or greater and the HPV DNA viral load was not found to vary by Pap interval (P trend = 0.80 and P trend = 0.36, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The authors concluded that a short Pap interval (range, 15–120 days) does not significantly affect the quality of liquid-based repeat cytology, nor the viral load tested from a residual liquid-based specimen. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2005. Published 2005 by the American Cancer Society.
Fast‐pulsed amperometric detection at electrodes: A study of oxide formation and dissolution at platinum in 0.1 M NaOH

Results of a potential-step chronocoulometric study of oxide formation at a Pt-rotated minidisk electrode (0.00785 cm2) indicate that the anodic charge (qa) grows ca. as a linear function of the log time (t) for t = ca. 2–30 ms. Furthermore, the slope of the linear qa – log (t/ms) plot is proportional to the applied overpotential for oxide formation. The anodic peak current observed during linear potential-scan voltammetric experiments is nearly a linear function of scan rate (ϕ) for small ϕ (1000 1000 mV s−1. The peak potential for oxide formation shifts in a positive direction for increasing values of ϕ, suggesting that this process is kinetically slow relative to large ϕ values. Reverse potential-step chronocoulometric measurements demonstrate that the background current in so-called “reverse-pulsed amperometric detection (RPAD)” can be decreased by inhibiting the conversion of the hydrous oxide (PtOH) to the inert oxide (PtO). Data also indicate that the rate of cathodic dissolution of surface oxide is dependent on applied potential for t 1000 ms.
Infrared divergence of quantum electrodynamics at finite temperature

It is proved that the necessary and sufficient condition for cancellation of the infrared divergence at finite temperature is that it cancel in vacuo. The specified $c$-number current problem provides a theoretical laboratory to study the effects of stimulation and is solved exactly at finite temperature. The methods of finite-temperature field theory are used to extract the infrared divergence of quantum electrodynamics at finite temperature to all orders in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. The potential divergence is promoted by stimulation from logarithmic to an inverse power in ${k}_{min}$. As a by-product, the Ward identities and renormalization constants of finite-temperature field theory are obtained. Approximate expressions for the radiative corrections at finite temperature are given.
6-Hydroxydopamine pretreatment effects on α- and β-adrenergic receptor adaptation to clorgyline

The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions on brain adrenergic receptor adaptation to 21 days of treatment with the selective monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) inhibitor clorgyline were studied in rats. 6-OHDA pretreatment effectively blocked the decrease in α1-, α2- and β-adrenergic receptor densities observed in response to clorgyline treatment. In saline-treated rats, 6-OHDA reduced norepinephrine (NE) to 8% of control levels, modestly reduced dopamine (DA) to 67% of controls, but did not affect serotonin (5HT) levels in the cortex, Clorgyline administration to shams increased NE and 5HT to 239% and 160% of their respective control levels, but did not effect DA levels. 6-OHDA lesions attenuated clorgyline's effect on cortical NE levels but not 5HT. The results suggest that β-adrenergic receptor adaptation to MAOI's as with tricyclic antidepressants is a response to an increase in catecholamine receptor occupancy, and that a similar molecular mechanism is responsible for the observed clorgyline induced changes in α-adrenergic receptors.
Brittle Fracture of Cutting Tools

Summary The brittle fracture of refractory cutting tools is one of the important reasons such tools must be periodically replaced. This paper reviews some of the more important findings of a study of cutting tool fracture that has taken place over the past several years at Arizona State University under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. The study has ranged from a consideration of appropriate fracture criteria to actual cutting performance tests involving fracture.
Optical coherence tomography: its clinical use for the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management of macular conditions.

Background Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, noncontact transpupillary imaging technology that can image retinal structures in vivo with a resolution of up to 10 microns. Anatomic layers within the retina can be differentiated and retinal thickness measured. The objective is to demonstrate clinical viability and useful interpretation of macular images derived from a commercially available OCT instrument. Methods A Stratus OCT™ (Zeiss-Humphrey, Dublin, California) imaging system was used to evaluate several pathological presentations of the macula in selected patients. Conditions illustrated in this case series were macular holes, epiretinal membranes, macular edema, idiopathic central serous choroidopathy, detachments of pigment epithelium and sensory retina, choroidal neovascular membranes, and retinal vascular occlusions. Conclusions Acquired OCT images achieved structural information regarding anatomical characteristics of the conditions scanned. A cross-sectional resolution of 10 microns was accomplished, which is 10 times greater than current ultrasound. OCT provides important information that may be critical in the diagnosis and management of some ocular conditions. Its high-resolution scans may contribute to the better understanding of disease pathogenesis, as well as assistance in or confirmation of a diagnosis. This imaging technology provides important information beyond what can be seen on clinical examination, and offers a useful adjunct to other diagnostic imaging tools such as fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography.
Politicians’ motives in the rent seeking society

Outlines the theory of public choice (i.e. the equilibrium of a formal political model based on functions: not politicians) and identifies some reasons why US politicians may actually vote for rent seeking (“pork barrel”) projects. Suggests that they include the need for election, campaign contributions and financial or non‐financial (ideological) personal gain; and considers the implications for political reforms such as term limits, rules on campaign finance etc. Discusses how the motives of individual politicians can be discovered and some additional applications of this idea.
Tests for normality versus lognormality

In applied statistics two of the most widely used distributions for continuous random variables are the normal and the lognormal. In this paper we consider the problem of selecting one of these two distributions. Each distribution is allowed to have unknown location and scale parameters and the lognormal has an unknown shape parameter in addition. Upper bounds are developed for the power of any test which is invariant with respect to location and scale transformations, and the modified ratio of maximized likelihoods (MRML) test is shown to have powers very near Co these upper bounds.
Arteriovenous Graft Configuration in Hemodialysis: Does it Matter?:

PurposeThe current guidelines for arteriovenous graft (AVG) configuration in hemodialysis state the following sequence: forearm loop, upper arm straight or curved and upper arm looped. These recomm...
Economic effects of the outmigration of obstetric services in a rural county.

: Obstetrical health care resources have been declining in rural areas since 1980, resulting in reduced prenatal care that can result in higher medical costs. Loss of health care services is known to have negative economic consequences for rural communities. This article illustrates how hospitals and other providers of medical services can be used as vehicles for local economic development. Provision of medical services is an important component of the economic base of all communities and especially of small rural communities with hospitals. When a community loses medical services to another community, it loses both direct and indirect economic benefits. The research presented here analyzes the economic effects of outmigration of obstetric services from a rural “perimeter” community in Wyoming. The combined direct and indirect economic losses are shown to be significant. Annual revenue losses to the local hospital were estimated as high as 12 percent. It is important to make explicit the economic losses that result from reductions in health care. Such research, combined with knowledge of negative health and social factors can provide community leaders with additional motivation to find solutions to declining health care in rural areas.
Gravitational scattering of quantum fields and spacetime geometry

Abstract We compute the lowest order quantum correction to the elastic scattering cross section for a massive spin-0 particle interacting with an external gravitational field. The result shows that quantum effects induce a breakdown of the geometrical picture afforded by the classical principle of equivalence.
Combustion and pyrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate). I. The role of flame retardants on products of pyrolysis

The products of pyrolysis of untreated and flame-retarded poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) have been studied at two temperatures using a flash pyrolysis/gas chromatography technique. The pyrolysis products were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and reaction mechanism for their formation are proposed. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of these products reveals that the phosphorus-only flame retardants have no effect on the solid-phase pyrolysis of PET. The two bromine-containing flame retardants, however, while capable of influencing the pyrolysis, were not capable of producing large changes in the major products. Their main role in the pyrolysis appears to alter slightly the balance of several competing secondary pyrolysis reactions.
A critique of distributional analysis in the spatial model

Abstract Distributional analysis is widely used to study social choice in Euclidean models ( Tullock, 1967a , Tullock, 1967b , Arrow, 1969 , Davis et al., 1972 , Grandmont, 1978 , McKelvey et al., 1980 , Demange, 1982 , Caplin and Nalebuff, 1988 , e.g). This method assumes a continuum of voters distributed according to a probability measure. Since infinite populations do not exist, the goal of distributional analysis is to give an insight into the behavior of large finite populations. However, the properties of finite populations do not necessarily converge to the properties of infinite populations. Thus the method of distributional analysis is flawed. In some cases ( Arrow, 1969 ) it will predict that a point is in the core with probability 1, while the true probability converges to 0. In other cases it can be combined with probabilistic analysis to make accurate predictions about the asymptotic behavior of large populations, as in Caplin and Nalebuff (1988) . Uniform convergence of empirical measures ( Pollard, 1984 ) is employed here to yield a simpler, more general proof of α -majority convergence, a short proof of yolk shrinkage, and suggests a rule of thumb to determine the accuracy of distribution-based predictions. The results also help clarify the mathematical underpinnings of statistical analysis of empirical voting data.
Membrane characteristics of adult rat liver parenchymal cells in primary monolayer culture.

Parenchymal cells, isolated from normal adult rat liver (3×107 cells/g liver) by collagenase perfusion and maintained in nondividing monolayer culture, were employed to investigate cell surface properties of hepatocytes. Membrane transport systems for asialoorosomucoid (A-OM) and methotrexate (MTX) were lost rapidly in culture, whereas induction of tyrosine aminotransferase and transport of α-aminoisobutyrate actually increased during the first 3 days. Alterations in the membrane transport systems for A-OM and MTX reflected more generalized modifications of cell surface components induced during primary culture. Thus, the binding of concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) to cultured hepatocytes increased approximately 2-fold between 24 and 96 hr, and the incorporation of radioactive mannose and glucosamine into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble proteins increased 13-fold and 4-fold, respectively.
The effect of cyclophosphamide on mouse oocyte in vitro fertilization and cleavage: Recovery

To investigate the mechanism of cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced ovarian failure, we previously reported that CTX metabolites added in vitro inhibit mouse oocyte fertilization and embryo development. In this study, we injected CTX (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally in female mice at 0, 1, 4, 14, 18, and 24 h before sacrifice. Mice were superovulated with PMSG and hCG. Oocytes were recovered, washed, and fertilized with sperm obtained from nontreated proven breeders, and incubated for 3 days in 5% CO2 in air. CTX reduced oocyte fertilization and early cleavage rates. To examine the recovery process, CTX was injected at 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days before sacrifice. The most pronounced adverse effects on oocyte number and function were observed 1 and 3 days after exposure to CTX. Evidence of partial recovery was observed one week after CTX treatment. The data demonstrate that exposure of oocytes to CTX metabolites in vivo adversely effects oocyte function. This process, however, appears to be partially reversible. The oocytes may be involved in the mechanism of CTX-induced ovarian failure.
Accelerated Depreciation Allowances as a Stimulus to Investment

I. General discussion, normal and accelerated depreciation allowances, 192; influence on investment, 194; factors affecting influence of accelerated depreciation, 201; revenue effects, 203; comparison with reduction of tax rates, 204; accelerated depreciation as an alternative to other tax concessions in under-developed countries, 207; comparison with reduction of interest rates, 209. — II. Comparison of accelerated-depreciation methods, 211; use of the methods, 212; annual charges and their present value, 213; appraisal, 218. — III. Conclusion, 219.
Isolation and screening of brittlestar-associated bacteria for antibacterial activity.

Many microbes associated with marine organisms have antimicrobial activity. We report the isolation of bacteria associated with Amphipholis gracillima that have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against a number of common bacterial strains. Fifty-eight isolates of bacilli obtained from A. gracillima arm homogenates, from excised wound tissue, or from swabs of arm stumps exhibited 20–100% inhibition of one or more of 16 test bacteria at 35% salinity. Forty-one of the isolates were capable of 20–100% inhibition of one or more of 19 subject bacteria at 10% salinity at 37°C. Three isolates, BE37, BE52, and BE53, exhibited the greatest range of antibacterial activity at both 10% and 35% salinity. Our results suggest that some of the bacteria associated with A. gracillima may provide the animal with chemical defenses against adverse bacterial infection. The water-soluble inhibitory chemicals produced by the bacteria could potentially function as antimicrobial compounds against human pathogenic bacteria.
Regional cerebral blood flow in marijuana smokers.

Des mesures du debit sanguin regional ont ete effectuees au moyen de la technique d'inhalation au Xenon chez dix-sept fumeurs chroniques de marijuana et chez seize sujets controle. Aucune difference significative n'a ete notee entre les deux groupes
Phase transition of multifractals

Abstract The nature of phase transition of the Logistic Map is studied. Using the Ising model as an analogy, we identify the set variables with the thermodynamic variables and calculate the specific heat of this set. The calculated specific heat varies logarithmically with the lattice size, in agreement with the lattice calculation results of Ferdinand and Fisher. The finite height and width of the specific heat of the set is shown to be a consequence of the finite latticespacing.
Relationship of CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic anti-HIV response to CD4+ T cell number in untreated asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals

During chronic HIV infection, asymptomatic individuals demonstrate a strong CD8+ cell noncytotoxic antiviral response (CNAR). With the onset of symptoms or reduction in CD4+ cell counts, CNAR decreases. Presently, it is recommended that infected individuals receive antiretroviral therapy if CD4+ cell counts fall below 350 cells/μL. To determine whether CNAR lends support to this recommendation for initiation of antiretroviral treatment, we examined CNAR in 20 healthy, untreated, HIV-infected men exhibiting a range of CD4+ cell numbers. Our results indicate that the asymptomatic untreated HIV-infected individuals with less than 300 CD4+ cells/μL had a significantly lower CNAR than those with higher CD4+ cell counts. These data on CNAR in untreated, healthy, HIV-infected individuals support the current recommendation for when to initiate antiretroviral therapy.
Investigating consumer embarrassment in service interactions

Abstract This study examines consumer embarrassment in a restaurant context. Embarrassment is a negative emotion that may have detrimental effects on customer behaviors. Consequently, it is necessary for service providers to understand the antecedents of consumer embarrassment and how to avoid such incidents. Adopting a role theory perspective, we identify three potential drivers of embarrassment: vague service scripts, customer mishaps, and the presence of fellow customers. We also examine the influence of three social factors on embarrassment: internal vs. external flagging of a mishap, group size of fellow customers, and familiarity among fellow customers. When flagging is internal, group size and familiarity of fellow customers jointly influence embarrassment. However, when flagging is external, group size and familiarity fail to influence embarrassment. Further, embarrassed consumers are less likely to engage in negative word-of-mouth activities if they realize their mishap by external flagging. We discuss managerial implications, along with study limitations and directions for future research.
Computerized and networked government information column

Abstract The USA Patriot Act has raised concerns about its implications for Americans' rights and freedoms and has been widely criticized by civil rights and privacy groups. This column focuses on the enhanced surveillance authorities under the new law.
ESTIMATING POPULATION TREND AND PROCESS VARIATION FOR PVA IN THE PRESENCE OF SAMPLING ERROR

Time series of population abundance estimates often are the only data available for evaluating the prospects for persistence of a species of concern. With such data, it is possible to perform a population viability analysis (PVA) with diffusion approximation methods using estimates of the mean population trend and the variance of the trend, the so-called process variation. Sampling error in the data, however, may bias estimators of process variation derived by simple methods. We develop a restricted maximum likelihood (REML)-based method for estimating trend, process variation, and sampling error from a single time series based on a discrete-time model of density-independent growth coupled with a model of the sampling process. Transformation of the data yields a conventional linear mixed model, in which the variance components are functions of the process variation and sampling error. Simulation results show essentially unbiased estimators of trend, process variation, and sampling error over a range of process variation/sampling error combinations. Example data analyses are provided for the Whooping Crane (Grus americana), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus), and Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata). This REML-based method is useful for PVA methods that depend on accurate estimation of process variation from time-series data.
Effect of catecholamines on activity of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase in neonatal piglet brain during posthypoxic reoxygenation.

The present study examined the possible role of dopamine on the response of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the striatum of newborn piglets to 1 h of bilateral carotid ligation with hemorrhage and 2 h of recovery. Newborn piglets, 2–4 days of age and with and without prior treatment with α-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT), an inhibitor of catecholamines synthesis, were used for the study. The oxygen pressure in the microvasculature of the cortex (PcO2) was measured by oxygen dependent quenching of the phosphorescence. In sham-operated animals the PcO2 was 50±3 torr. Following ligation and hemorrhage the PcO2 decreased to 8±0.5 torr. After release of ligation and reperfusion PcO2 increased to 45±4 torr, a value not significantly different from controls, in approximately 30 min. There were no significant differences in PcO2 between AMT treated and untreated animals. In sham-operated animals striatal Na+,K+-ATPase was 29.1±3 μmol/mg protein per h and decreased by 25% after 2 h of recovery. Depleting the brain of catecholamines prior to ligation and hemorrhage abolished this decrease. It is postulated that the decrease in the level of dopamine in the brain prior to ligation and hemorrhage can be at least partly responsible for the observed decrease in activity of Na+, K+-ATPase in the striatum of newborn piglets.
Frequency-noise cancellation in semiconductor lasers by nonlinear heterodyne detection

The bit-error-rate (BER) performance of conventional noncoherent, heterodyne frequency-shift-keyed (FSK) optical communications systems can be surpassed by the use of a differential FSK modulation format and nonlinear postdetection processing at the receiver. A BER floor exists for conventional frequency-shift keying because of the frequency noise of the transmitter and local oscillator. The use of differential frequency-shift keying with nonlinear postdetection processing suppresses this BER floor for the semiconductor laser system considered here.
Mitogenic polypeptides control ion flux in responsive cells

Polypeptide growth factors (mitogens) which stimulate proliferation of fibroblasts and epithelial cells also rapidly activate transmembrane ion transport systems. The mitogen-induced Na+ influx is due to the activation of a Na+/H+ antiport. Recent methodological developments allow, for the first time, precise measurements of the factors that control activation of the Na+/H+ antiport by these agents, and provide the tools needed to assess the physiological significance of this exchange mechanism.
The anatomical precursor of colorectal carcinoma.

The very common hyperplastic polyp is not a neoplasm and is unrelated to either adenoma or carcinoma. Adenomas, which are only one-tenth as common, may occur grossly as adenomatous polyps or papillary adenomas. Be they large or small, pedunculated, sessile, or flat, they are true neoplasms—non-invasive and thought of as benign. Depending on size, and probably related to a sessile mode of growth, in adenomas one may readily observe intramucosal carcinoma and/or „early” invasive cancer. On the other hand, although microscopic examination has been performed on many thousands of minute mucosal lesions (e.g. 5 mm or less), „early” cancer, defined as intramucosal carcinoma with or without microinvasion, does not seem to occur unassociated with adenoma. Since colorectal carcinoma is so common, one should easily find many examples of „early” cancer as defined above if the majority of ordinary adenocarcinomas arose directly from normal crypts of Lieberkuhn. (Of course the unusual anaplastic undifferentiated colonic cancers or carcinomas arising in ulcerative colitis remain in an area of unknown morphogenesis). The apparent non-existence of small foci of intramucosal carcinoma, with or without micro-invasion, in normal mucosa, and their frequency in adenomas, are two fundamental pathologic facts. They seem to disprove the proposition that cancer cells ordinarily arise de novo from the normal cells of the crypt of Lieberkuhn without the interposition of a stage in the neoplastic process that we recognize as adenoma.
IT Security [Guest editors' introduction]

How can IT professionals adapt to ever-changing security challenges quickly and without draining their organizations' resources? Articles in this issue highlight emerging trends and suggest ways to approach and address cybersecurity challenges.
ATS-6 Television Camera Reflector Monitor

A black and white television camera was used to observe the 9-m-diameter reflector after deployment to assure proper configuration. It also observes the reflector periodically to assure that no anomalies go undetected. It has been sending excellent pictures which verify that the reflector deployed properly and remains in good shape.
Suggested experimental procedure for determining the satisfaction function of animals.

Some general experimental procedures are suggested to test a previously developed theory of motivation interactions which gives a quantitative description of factors in motivation. The experiments are devised with a view of varying simultaneously the “positive” and “negative” terms of a postulated satisfaction function which is supposed to depend on the subject's “effort” and “remuneration.” If the output of effort on the part of the subject reaches a steady state for a given set of conditions, this output is taken to be the optimum output under those conditions. In other words, it is supposed that the satisfaction function is “maximized.” From the equations describing the derivatives of the satisfaction function with respect to different variables, the “biological constants” of the individual can be computed and his behavior predicted under a variety of other conditions. In particular, on the basis of previous papers, it should be possible to predict the behavior of two “cooperating” and “sharing” individuals.
NMR-STUDY OF XENON DYNAMICS AND ENERGETICS IN NA-A ZEOLITE

Abstract For xenon atoms adsorbed in Na—A zeolite, electronic interactions cause shifts in NMR frequencies, resulting in a spectrum with discrete peaks from xenon atoms in cages with different xenon occupancies. Using two-dimensional exchange NMR, it is possible to determine the microscopic rates of intercage motion and to relate them to the adsorption and activation energies of the xenon atoms. The dependence of the adsorption energies on xenon cage occupancy reflects the importance of the intracage interactions and is directly related to the cage occupancy distribution. Variable temperature measurements yield an activation energy of about 60 kJ/mol for the transfer of a xenon from one cage to another.
Interactions of tocopherol with proteins and amino acids.

Abstract Interactions between tocopherol and bovine serum albumin and β-lactoglobulin have been studied over a wide range of pH values. The binding affinity for tocopherol is attributed to the over-all electrostatic charge of these proteins. Tocopherol appears to be bound to negatively charged centers. Data for free amino acid interactions with tocopherol support this conclusion. A mechanism of binding is proposed.
Bandwidth broadening induced by ionic interactions in polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals

Cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) are selectively reflective materials that can exhibit a number of dynamic optical responses. We recently reported on electrically-induced, seven-fold increase in bandwidth in polymer stabilized CLCs (PSCLCs) subjected to DC electric fields. Here, the underlying mechanism of the electrically-controllable bandwidth broadening in PSCLCs is isolated by employing a variety of electro-optic experiments. We conclude that the mechanism is ionic charge trapping by the polymer network which subjects the material system to pitch expansion near the positive electrode and pitch compression near the negative electrode resulting in approximately linear pitch variation throughout the cell thickness.
Optimal Routing Based on Super Topology in Optical Parallel Interconnect

Traditionally the routing in optical parallel interconnect is based on an embedded virtual topology. However, one important fact that has been neglected in the past is that the wavelength assignment to transceivers actually creates additional (logical) links not present in the virtual topology. Such a side-effect can be utilized to significantly reduce the number of hops between a pair of processors. This observation leads to the concept of super topology. This paper considers the hypercube as the embedded virtual topology. The ideas contained here are easily applicable to optical parallel interconnects employing other virtual topologies as well. We present a general framework for embedding a regular topology, the structure of the super topology, the optimal routing algorithm, the distance between any pair of processors and the diameter in the super topology.
Gordon Tullock: Creative maverick of public choice

Economics traditionally has been defined by both its methods and its subject matter. Tullock has been a creative maverick in developing and applying new models of interaction outside the traditional areas of market exchange. By using the tools of economic analysis in an exploratory and venturesome manner, he has openend new areas of inquiry. The debate about Tullock's contributions is important because it expands our understanding of the development of public choice and demonstrates Tullock's role in opening new areas of economic research.
Partial amino acid sequences of the heavy chains of human HLA histocompatibility antigens

Abstract HLA antigens are composed of two polypeptide chains, the heavy chain carrying the alloantigenic determinants and the light chain identified as β 2 -microglobulin. By the use of microsequencing techniques, the amino terminal sequences of two HLA heavy chain preparations carrying different HLA allospecificities (A2 and B7, 14) have been determined through position 22. With the exception of one position, the two are identical through 22 residues. There is also a considerable degree of homology with mouse H-2 antigens. These data support the hypothesis that the HLA-A and B gene products have evolved by gene duplication from a common ancestral gene and that these gene products have great homology in the primary structure.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Effects And The Admittance Diagram

The resonances associated with the coupling of light into a surface plasmon propagating along a metal surface are exceedingly sharp and narrow as a function of incidence angle. The fields associated with the wave directly at the metal surface are high, and so the plasmon propagation is strongly affected by even slight changes in the surface conditions; this causes changes in the resonances. These changes can then be used as indicators of altering surface conditions. The growth of tarnish layers, the stability of coatings, and the degree of surface contamination are some of the effects that have been studied in this way .1,2