cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Mosaic disorders of FGF23 excess: Fibrous dysplasia/McCune–Albright syndrome and cutaneous skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome

Fibrous dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome (FD/MAS), arising from gain-of-function mutations in Gαs, and cutaneous skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome (CSHS), arising from gain-of-function mutations in the Ras/MAPK pathway, are strikingly complex, mosaic diseases with overlapping phenotypes. Both disorders are defined by mosaic skin and bone involvement, and both are complicated by increased FGF23 production. These similarities have frequently led to mis-diagnoses, primarily in patients with CSHS who are often assumed to have FD/MAS. The intriguing similarities in skeletal involvement in these genetically distinct disorders have led to novel insights into FGF23 physiology, making an understanding of FD/MAS and CSHS relevant to both clinicians and researchers interested in bone and endocrine disorders. This review will give an overview of FD/MAS and CSHS, focusing on the roles of mosaicism and FGF23 in the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of these disorders.
Racism and Health in the United States: A Policy Statement From the American College of Physicians

Racial minorities in the United States have reported experiencing widespread racism throughout all aspects of life, from housing to education to employment. Existing research has examined the role of racism, discrimination, and violence in one's interaction with the health care system and their association with poorer mental and physical health. Systemic racism that underlies the fabric of society often manifests itself in prominent institutions, such as law enforcement agencies, regardless of individual intent. Overt and covert racist laws and policies, personal implicit biases, and other factors result in Black individuals and other people of color being the subject of law enforcement violence and criminal justice system interactions at disproportionately high rates. The demonstrated association between discriminatory law enforcement practices and violence and personal and community health necessitates treating these issues as public health issues worthy of a public policy intervention. Addressing some of the sources of institutional racism and harm through transparency and accountability measures is the first of many steps required to begin correcting historical racial injustices.
Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Student Performance in Parallel Programming using a New Measurement Technique

There are many paradigms available to address the unique and complex problems introduced with parallel programming. These complexities have implications for computer science education as ubiquitous multi-core computers drive the need for programmers to understand parallelism. One major obstacle to student learning of parallel programming is that there is very little human factors evidence comparing the different techniques to one another, so there is no clear direction on which techniques should be taught and how. We performed a randomized controlled trial using 88 university-level computer science student participants performing three identical tasks to examine the question of whether or not there are measurable differences in programming performance between two paradigms for concurrent programming: threads compared to process-oriented programming based on Communicating Sequential Processes. We measured both time on task and programming accuracy using an automated token accuracy map (TAM) technique. Our results showed trade-offs between the paradigms using both metrics and the TAMs provided further insight about specific areas of difficulty in comprehension.
Application of biochemical genetics in quality improvement and plant nutrition

The results of chemicals analyses for carbohydrates in kernels of 30 genotypic combinations at several stages of development were presented. These data indicated that specific genes were involved at various points in carbohydrate synthesis and each was discussed. Certain gene combinations were indicated to be useful in sweet corn quality improvement and in the development of lines for particular industrial purposes. Problems associated with specific gene combinations were discussed.
A Novel Framework for Integration of Abstracted Inspection Data and Structural Health Monitoring for Damage Prognosis of Miter Gates

Abstract Operational condition assessments, using a discrete rating system, are frequently used by field engineers to assess inland navigation assets and components. Challenges such as the occasional inability to perform inspections (such as the case with locks watered in an operational state) and protocol requirements requiring ratings even when they aren't inspected lead to highly abstracted inspection data, which are also very prone to human error and misinterpretations due to inspections protocol. On the other hand, some navigational locks are equipped with structural health monitoring (SHM) systems to continuously perform assessments from data obtained in situ. This paper aims to develop a novel hybrid damage prognosis framework for miter gate component of navigational locks, by mitigating effects of human errors on the condition assessment and integrating the highly abstracted inspection data with the SHM. It overcomes two main challenges, namely (1) there is no physical or empirical model available to model the loss-of-contact degradation in the gate, and (2) the mismatches between the inspection data and the SHM system due to data abstraction. A practical case of monitoring loss-of-contact quoin block demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed framework.
Origin of Disorder Tolerance in Piezoelectric Materials and Design of Novel Polar Systems

Current high-performing piezoelectric materials are heavily dominated by the perovskite structure family. They typically rely on soft optical phonon modes stabilized by disorder near a morphotropic phase boundary and a unique resilience of the polar response to that disorder. To identify new structural families with similar resilience, we here develop a first-principles sensitivity analysis approach to determine the effect of disorder on the piezoelectric response for any structure. Vibrational properties are found to control degradation in the piezoelectric effect with disorder. In well-known piezoelectric systems, e.g. perovskites and tungsten bronze structures, multiple stable optical phonon modes are found to contribute to the piezoelectric response, providing a fingerprint for disorder tolerance. Hence, a multiple-phonon mode criteria is used to evaluate candidate materials suggested by the Materials Project and to screen the database for novel, disorder- tolerant piezoelectrics prototype systems. Eight promising prototype structures are altered through chemical substitution, generating novel systems with large piezoelectric response, and structural families which may be explored to replace PZT, beyond perovskites. Tetragonally structured TaP is identified as a particularly promising new candidate exhibiting a maximum piezoelectric component of 9.90 C/m2.
Direction of slip detection for a biomimetic tactile sensor

A biomimetic tactile sensor (BTS) is developed from strips of electrically conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) mixed in a polymer matrix that is embedded within a flexible polyurethane shell. The mechanical compliance of the BTS is similar to the human fingertip. Experiments are performed which show that the BTS can be used to detect slip and the direction that slip occurs by examining the relative timing among force signals from adjacent strips of CNTs and the frequency content of the force signals. The BTS can also detect forces applied at distinct points on the surface of the BTS.
Walking with Jason by John F. Hunt

John Hunt lost his 24-year-old son, Jason, in a rock-climbing accident in 2001, and this book is his quest to understand and learn more about his son's role as a wilderness educator at the Wilderne...
Two-Phase Flow Models and their Limitations

An accurate prediction of transient two-phase flow is essential to safety analyses of nuclear reactors under accident conditions. The fluid flow and heat transfer encountered are often extremely complex due to the reactor geometry and occurrence of transient two-phase flow. Recently considerable progresses in understanding and predicting these phenomena have been made by a combination of rigorous model development, advanced computational techniques, and a number of small and large scale supporting experiments. In view of their essential importance, the foundation of various two-phase flow models and their limitations are discussed in this paper.
Parametric frugal sensing of Moving Average power spectra

Wideband spectrum sensing is one of the core components of cognitive radio. A novel frugal sensing scheme was recently proposed by Mehanna et al, aiming to crowdsource spectrum sensing operations to a network of sensors transmitting randomly filtered power measurement bits to a fusion center (FC). The ambient power spectrum is then estimated at the FC using a non-parametric approach. Here, it is assumed that the primary signal admits a Moving Average (MA) parametrization, and the frugal sensing problem is revisited from a parametric spectral estimation point of view. We show that the problem of estimating admissible MA parameters (and thus the MA power spectrum) from single bit quantized data can be formulated as a non-convex Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Program (QCQP). This is NP-Hard in general, but semidefinite-relaxation (SDR) can be employed to obtain approximate solutions. Simulations reveal the superior performance of the SDR technique over the globally optimal solution obtained from the non-parametric formulation, when the MA assumption is valid.
Response of hypersensitive mice to the footpad injection of living homologous or heterologous mycobacteria: preliminary report.

Abstract Mice sensitized by the injection of viable mycobacteria into one of the hind footpads responded to a second injection of mycobacteria (3 to 4 weeks later), introduced into the contralateral foot, with a degree of footpad swelling that was both accelerated and exaggerated beyond that observed after the first inoculation. The degree of specificity of this reaction (i.e., response to homologous versus heterologous mycobacteria) was comparable to that previously reported for dermal reactions of hypersensitive guinea pigs to tuberculin or tuberculin-like antigens from mycobacteria. In preliminary studies it was impossible to achieve this state of specific sensitization by vaccinating mice subcutaneously with water-in-oil emulsions of heat-killed mycobacteria; reasons for the failure are discussed. It is suggested that this tool could prove useful in both taxonomic and immunological investigations. Advantages and disadvantages of the mouse footpad test in relation to the dermal skin test in guinea pigs are discussed.
Charge trapping in aggressively scaled metal gate/high-k stacks

A comparative analysis of charge trapping in advanced metal gate/high-k stacks with EOT below 1 nm (corresponding to CETs, or T/sub inv/, in the 1.2-1.5 nm range) has been carried out. We investigate the effects of: (i) gate electrode material (namely, various metals vs. fully silicided gates (FUSI) vs. conventional poly-Si gates); (ii) high-k dielectric material (HfO/sub 2/, HfO/sub 2/:N, HfSiO, HfSiON, ZrO/sub 2/, Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/); (iii) high-k deposition technique (MOCVD vs. ALD); (iv) bottom interface; and (v) annealing effects, both postdeposition (PDA) and in a forming gas (FGA). Significant improvement of charge trapping in all Me-gate stacks has been consistently demonstrated. Based on this systematic analysis, we come to a conclusion that interaction(s) between the high-k layer and poly-Si plays a major role in charge trapping degradation.
STUDIES ON THERMOPHILIC SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA III. : Adenosine Triphosphate-sulfurylase of Clostridium nigrificans and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans.

Akagi, J. M. (University of Kansas, Lawrence) and L. Leon Campbell. Studies on thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria. III. Adenosine triphosphate-sulfurylase of Clostridium nigrificans and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. J. Bacteriol. 84:1194–1201. 1962.—Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sulfurylase, which catalyzes the formation of adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS) from ATP and SO4=, has been purified from crude extracts of Clostridium nigrificans and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and triethylaminoethyl column chromatography. The enzyme from both sources operates over a broad pH range from 6.0 to 9.5. Below pH 6.0, activity decreases sharply, with no detectable activity at pH 5.0. Of the nucleotides tested (ATP and the triphosphates of deoxyadenosine, uridine, inosine, and guanosine), only ATP was acted upon by the enzyme from either source. The enzyme requires Mg++ for activity. Incubation of the enzyme from both organisms with ATP and S35O4= in the presence of helium resulted in the formation of an S35-labeled nucleotide whose electrophoretic mobility was identical to that of chemically prepared APS. When incubated with ATP and the group VI anions (CrO4, MoO4, WO4), the enzyme from both organisms formed an unstable intermediate, resulting in the accumulation of pyrophosphate. Thermal stability studies revealed that the ATP-sulfurylase of C. nigrificans was stable at higher temperatures than the enzyme obtained from D. desulfuricans. Exposure of the enzyme from C. nigrificans to 65 C for 2 hr gave virtually no decrease in activity. In contrast, the enzyme from D. desulfuricans was completely inactivated after 30 min at 55 C, after 3 min at 60 C, or after 1 min at 65 C.
Exploring the association between a cholecystokinin promoter polymorphism (rs1799923) and posttraumatic stress disorder in combat veterans.

Abstract Background Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that has been implicated in understanding the acquisition and extinction of fear. Research on CCK in anxiety has primarily focused on understanding panic attacks and panic disorder. Emerging data suggests that CCK may also hold promise in understanding the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method The present study examined whether a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the CCK gene (C > T; rs1799923) was associated with an increased prevalence of PTSD as well as with severity of PTSD symptoms among a sample of 457 combat veterans. Results Results demonstrated that participants with either the heterozygous or homozygous T allele had an increased prevalence of PTSD relative to participants with the CC genotype (OR = 2.17; 95% CI [1.37–3.43]). Limitations The relatively small sample size precluded examination of racial/ethnic differences. Findings were also limited by the absence of a systematic assessment of comorbid anxiety psychopathology. Conclusions These data offer preliminary evidence supporting an association between the rs1799923 polymorphism in the CCK gene and PTSD. Additional research is needed to better understand the nature of this relationship.
Seismic Activity in the Permian Basin Area of West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico, 1975–79

A seismic network of 12 self-contained, radio-telemetered seismograph systems was operated in the Kermit, Texas area for a period of 46 months. The main object of this study was to improve our understanding of the seismicity of this region where the first events were observed in 1964 and the first feit event occurred in 1966. Over 1300 events were located during this study, and the hypocenters displayed complex relationships with known geologie structures and oll field activity. Swarm activity was prominent, particularly in the southwest portion of the network. Most of the large events occurred near Kermit, Texas in the vicinity of the Keystone oil field and surprisingly few smaller events occurred in this area. The greatest concentrations of events (none feit), showed a strong spatial correlation with the War-Wink gas field.
Robust nonlinear control of a continuous crystallizer

Abstract This paper proposes a nonlinear multivariable robust output feedback controller for a continuous crystallizer with fines trap which is modeled by a highly uncertain population balance model. Initially, the method of moments is applied to the population balance model to reduce it to a small set of differential equations, which is subsequently employed for controller synthesis by using a combination of geometric control methods with Lyapunov techniques. The performance and robustness of the proposed controller are successfully tested through simulations and are shown to be superior to the ones of a nonlinear controller which does not account for uncertainty.
Antenna-coupled transition-edge hot-electron microbolometers

We are developing a new type of detector for observational cosmology and astrophysical research. Incoming radiation from the sky is coupled to a superconducting microstrip transmission line that terminates in a thin film absorber. At sub-Kelvin temperature, the thermal isolation between the electrons and the lattice makes it possible for the electrons in the small absorber (100's of cubic micro-meter) and superconducting bilayer (Transition Edge Sensor) to heat up by the radiation absorbed by the electrons of the normal absorbing layer. We call this detector a Transition-edge Hot-electron Micro-bolometer (THM). THMs can be fabricated by photo lithography, so it is relatively easy to make matched detectors for a large focal plane array telescope. We report on the thermal properties of Mo/Au THMs with Bi/Au absorbers.
Ethical issues in children with cardiomyopathy: Making sense of ethical challenges in the clinical setting

Abstract Although there has been substantial progress in the treatment of cardiomyopathy in children, the field is still evolving and many of the important aspects of cardiomyopathy care remain uncertain. As a result of this uncertainty, parents and health care professionals are often faced with difficult decisions that raise serious ethical concerns. We identify and discuss some of these challenges within the framework of ethics and medical decision making. We address several common issues: (1) Who makes decisions in the case of children and adolescents with cardiomyopathy, and how are these made? (2) How should the effect of a treatment be weighed against consideration of the impact of the treatment on the child's quality of life? (3) How should the limitations of treatment effectiveness and the impact on scarce resources be addressed in children with cardiomyopathy, and (4) What is the role of a pediatric bioethics committee in facilitating decision-making related to cardiomyopathy in children? The patient's health care team must be able to identify and address the ethical considerations that arise in the setting of a child with a disease that has a high risk of progressing towards transplant and possibly an early death. Physicians and other health care professionals who care for children with pediatric cardiomyopathy often face questions related to deciding who should be involved with medical decision making, balancing acute physiologic benefits with considerations of the patient's quality of life and understanding how the concept of futility applies in an otherwise aggressive treatment setting. To aid clinicians with these challenges, we discuss the role of an ethics consultation in the management process of a child with cardiomyopathy.
Characterization of uniformly and atom-specifically 13C-labeled heparin and heparan sulfate polysaccharide precursors using 13C NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry

The biological actions of heparin and heparan sulfate, two structurally related glycosaminoglycans, depend on the organization of the complex heparanome. Due to the structural complexity of the heparanome, the sequence of variably sulfonated uronic acid and glucosamine residues is usually characterized by the analysis of smaller oligosaccharide and disaccharide fragments. Even characterization of smaller heparin and heparan sulfate oligosaccharide or disaccharide fragments using simple 1D (1)H NMR spectroscopy is often complicated by the extensive signal overlap. (13)C NMR signals, on the other hand, overlap less and therefore, (13)C NMR spectroscopy can greatly facilitate the structural elucidation of the complex heparanome and provide finer insights into the structural basis for biological functions. This is the first report of the preparation of anomeric carbon-specific (13)C-labeled heparin and heparan sulfate precursors from the Escherichia coli K5 strain. Uniformly (13)C- and (15)N-labeled precursors were also produced and characterized by (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Mass spectrometric analysis of enzymatically fragmented disaccharides revealed that anomeric carbon-specific labeling efforts resulted in a minor loss/scrambling of (13)C in the precursor backbone, whereas uniform labeling efforts resulted in greater than 95% (13)C isotope enrichment in the precursor backbone. These labeled precursors provided high-resolution NMR signals with great sensitivity and set the stage for studying the heparanome-proteome interactions.
Early diencephalon development in Alligator.

Diencephalon development was investigated in a reptilian embryo, Alligator mississipiensis , beginning at a single compartment stage and continuing until internal subdivisions were p
The Skin Test in an Epidemiologic Study of Tularemia in Montana Trappers

tularensis. Skin test surveys (Hopla, 1960; Philip et al, 1962) provided additional evidence suggesting frequent infection of Alaskan natives with F. tularensis. However, clinical tularemia has seldom been recognized in these areas, and a major attempt to identify natural foci of infection in central Alaska was unsuccessful (Hopla, 1960; Downs, 1960). Since an extensive reservoir of tularemia has yet to be identified, the possibility of infection by an unknown, but antigenically related, agent cannot be completely disregarded. The present study was undertaken in Montana where clinical tularemia has
Gender differences in 24-hour urinary diaries of asymptomatic North American adults.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Two previously published studies from our center have described the urinary habits of asymptomatic men (284) and women (300) as revealed by 24-hour urinary diaries. Those gender specific studies found that urinary diary variables are affected by age and race. By comparing the data from those studies we determined the effect of gender on voiding habits. Materials and Methods: In this secondary analysis we matched each female urinary diary to that of a male of similar age and race. Diary variables were compared using paired sign tests with results considered significant at the 5% level. Results: A total of 141 matched pairs were studied. The population age ranged from 18 to 68 years and was racially diverse (56% black, 31% white, 7% Hispanic and 6% Asian). Men had higher total fluid intake and mean voided volume than women (p Conclusions: This analysis suggests that there are significant gender effects on 24-hour diary variables, with females tending to void more often and at lower mean volumes. The results of our study may be useful in the design of research studies or for patient counseling.
Anomalously large reactivity of single graphene layers and edges toward electron transfer chemistries.

The reactivity of graphene and its various multilayers toward electron transfer chemistries with 4-nitrobenzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate is probed by Raman spectroscopy after reaction on-chip. Single graphene sheets are found to be almost 10 times more reactive than bi- or multilayers of graphene according to the relative disorder (D) peak in the Raman spectrum examined before and after chemical reaction in water. A model whereby electron puddles that shift the Dirac point locally to values below the Fermi level is consistent with the reactivity difference. Because the chemistry at the graphene edge is important for controlling its electronic properties, particularly in ribbon form, we have developed a spectroscopic test to examine the relative reactivity of graphene edges versus the bulk. We show, for the first time, that the reactivity of edges is at least two times higher than the reactivity of the bulk single graphene sheet, as supported by electron transfer theory. These differences in electron tr...
Relationship between duration of cyprid attachment and drag forces associated with detachment of Balanus amphitrite cyprids

Relationships between the duration of antennular attachment of cyprids ofBalanus amphitrite and forces associated with detachment were assessed in a small flume. For six of twelve sets of measurements obtained on separate dates between 27 January and 2 June 1989, drag forces associated with detachment were significantly and positively correlated with duration of attachment within the range 100 to 103 s. In general, the instantaneous drag force exerted on cyprids at detachment was more strongly correlated with duration of attachment than was either the maximum or mean force exerted prior to detachment. Our indirect method of estimating drag forces from shear velocities measured ≤0.5 cm from cyprids (i.e., ≤10 body lengths) probably underestimated the true association between detachment force and attachment time since the spatial coherence of shear velocities characterizing turbulent flows in the flume was not strong at these scales. The relationship between attachment time and drag force at detachment suggests that spatial and temporal variability in fluid forces in situ may contribute to stochastic variations in intensities of settlement ofB. amphitrite. Stresses sustained by the antennular adhesive of cyprids ofB. amphitrite were calculated to standardize forces to the area of antennular contact and permit comparisons with similar measurements made onSemibalanus balanoides by other investigators. Stresses sustained by the adhesive ofB. amphitrite were an order of magnitude lower than those reported for the adhesive of the larger cyprids ofS. balanoides. This difference may reflect differences in the stress sustainable by the adhesive secreted onto antennular pads when loaded purely in tension (measured previously) rather than in a combination of shear and tension (calculated here). Alternatively, there may be interspecific differences in the adhesive used for reversible attachment or in behavioral responses of exploring cyprids to strong flow.
X-ray-induced single-strand breaks and joining of broken strands in superinfecting lambda DNA in Escherichia coli lysogenic for lambda.

Abstract Covalently bonded circular λ phage DNA in superinfected lysogens of Escherichia coli is converted to notched circular DNA by X-irradiation at 0°. The kinetics of conversion are first order with an 1 e dose of 22 krads in the presence of O2 and 62 krads in the presence of N2. Greater than 50% of the notched circular DNA produced by irradiation of the superinfected cells reverts to covalently bonded circular DNA within the first 5 minutes upon incubation at 37°. The conversion of notched circular DNA to covalently bonded DNA occurs normally in various radiation-sensitive mutants of E. coli, including those deficient in recombination.
Propagation of First-Order Electromagnetic Discontinuities in an Isotropic Medium

The propagation of a first-order electromagnetic discontinuity is discussed. Expressions are obtained for the possible velocities of propagation as functions of the field strengths ahead of the surface of discontinuity. Expressions are also obtained for the growth in the magnitude of the discontinuity as the wave progresses.
Post-coronagraph wavefront sensor for Gemini Planet Imager

The calibration wavefront system for the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) will measure the complex wavefront at the apodized pupil and provide slow phase errors to the AO system to mitigate against image plane speckles that would cause a loss in contrast. This talk describes both the low-order and high-order sensors in the calibration wavefront sensor and how the information is combined to form the wavefront estimate before the coronagraph. We will show laboratory results from our calibration testbed that demonstrate the subsystem performance at levels commensurate with those required on the final instrument.
Boundary Layer Control in Pipes through Strong Injection

In coal gasification, oxidation and sulfidization cause serious pipe corrosion. This paper attempts to determine the feasibility of reducing such corrosion by injecting steam at pipe entry to modify the boundary-layer gas composition along pipe walls. The injection will form a thin layer on the inner wall, preventing, for a time, contact with the corrosive gases. (Turbulence will eventually force diffusion through the protective layer.) The gas products are assumed to be hydrogen sulfide and steam. The Method of Integral Relations is used to obtain the numerical solutions to the governing equations. With several different injectant lengths and velocities, the concentration of H2S along the pipe wall is calculated and is found low enough to prevent corrosion. Bei der Kohlevergasung erzeugen Oxidation und Sulfidbildung in Rohren schwerwiegende Korrosion. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, festzustellen, ob eine Verminderung derartiger Korrosion moglich ist, wenn Dampf am Rohranfang eingespritzt wird mit dem Ziel, die Gaszusammensetzung in der Grenzschicht entlang der Rohrwande zu verandern. Die Dampfzufuhrung bildet eine dunne Schicht an der Innenwand, die fur eine gewisse Zeit vor einem Kontakt mit dem korrosionserzeugenden Gas schutzt. (Turbulenz wird unter Umstanden die Diffusion durch die schutzende Schicht beschleunigen.) Als Gasprodukte werden Schwefelwasserstoff und Wasserdampf angenommen. Um numerische Losungen fur die bestimmenden Gleichungen zu erhalten, wird die Methode der Integralrelationen verwendet. Die Konzentration von H2S entlang der Rohrwand wird fur mehrere verschiedene Einspritzlangen und -geschwindigkeiten berechnet und fur diese fur niedrig genug befunden, um vor Korrosion zu schutzen.
The Fiscal Costs of a Basic Human Needs Strategy

Disappointed with the development performance of most Third-World countries during the past two decades, many scholars and public officials have looked for a more effective strategy. They are concerned not merely with the extent of giowth, but where it has occurred, with evidence that relatively little of the benefits of increased productivity has 'trickled down' to the poorer half of the populations of these lands. Capital-intensive methods have raised expectations in both the urban and the rural areas without generating adequate employment opportunities or distributing the benefits of growth equitably. As a consequence, the many poor remain as desperately disadvantaged as they ever were, making a re-evaluation of development priorities, within as well as outside of Africa, of the utmost importance at this juncture. The search for more effective development has led a number of observers to espouse the advantages of a basic human needs (B.H.N.) approach. 'The purpose of development', contend Paul Streeten and Shahid Burki, 'is to raise the sustainable level of living of the masses. of poor people as rapidly as is feasible and to provide all human beings with the opportunity to develop their full potential.' This implies, they maintain, the following requirements: '(a) meeting the basic human needs of the poorest people in the world, and (b) establishing a national and international framework for sustained and self-reliant development'.' Although certainly not a new strategy as such, emphasised in this way it has the advantage of offering an organisational focus for development,2 because assistance will,, it is hoped, be more effective if it concentrates the attention of administrators. upon the critical issues of overcoming poverty, disease, and malnutrition. In this context, aid could be channelled in such a way as to assist the poor to improve both their productive capacities and their purchasing power. The poor would improve their situation by producing B.H.N.-related goods, and thereby linking the supply of such items to their demand,. Not surprisingly, the B.H.N.-approach has encountered a variety of criticisms. It is charged with being paternalistic, with involving a form of intervention in the recipient country's policy-making process, with antigrowth implications, with avoiding basic structural changes in the world economy, with disproportionate benefits for middle-class entrepreneurs and officials, and with doing too little to involve the poor in the decision-making process. Our intention in this short article, however, is to deal specifically with another point which has received too little attention in the literature:
Hyperglycemia is associated with relatively lower lean body mass in older adults

Background/Objectives Older adults with known diabetes are vulnerable to accelerated loss of lean body mass. However, the relationship of hyperglycemia per se with lean body mass is not fully understood. We sought to examine the independent relationship of hyperglycemia with relative lean body mass in older persons without a reported history of diabetes.
Photochromic glasses: Properties and applications

Photochromic materials are those which react reversibly to light. Photochromism is therefore distinguished from the familiar photographic processes, which, because of the chemical development of the image, are essentially irreversible. Many organic materials, and a few inorganic ones, show this phenomenon. Their general properties are described, with particular emphasis on those of a system of photochromic glasses. The behaviour of these glasses results from reaction of light with silver halide crystals deliberately formed in the glass during its manufacture. The mechanism of the photolytic reactions is postulated, and compared with the theory of the photographic process for silver halides. Reversibility of photochromism in these glasses is explained by prevention of diffusion of the products of photolysis from the original crystal site within the glass structure, and their subsequent recombination when the activating light is removed. These glasses show large ranges in all their photochromic properties resulting from ranges in composition, and in size and number of the included crystals. The behaviour of typical glasses, in both sunlight and under artificial sources, is reported in this paper, and some applications for these glasses are suggested.
FDG PET/CT evaluation of pathologically proven pulmonary lesions in an area of high endemic granulomatous disease

Purpose The goal of this study is to assess how reliable the threshold maximum standardized uptake value (maxSUV) of 2.5 on positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) is for evaluation of solitary pulmonary lesions in an area of endemic granulomatous disease and to consider other imaging findings that may increase the accuracy of PET/CT.
On the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Coupling between Land Use and Road Networks: Does Political History Matter?

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of political history on the dynamics of the interrelationship between land use and road networks within cities. Political history, in this study, is defined as the combination of the regional-level government programs and political events that affect the pattern of urbanization in a region. The study focused on urbanization in the cities of Pordenone and Gorizia, both situated in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of northeastern Italy, over the period 1950–2000. Being located adjacent to an international boundary, the city of Gorizia has a long history of political instability dating back to the beginning of the 20th century. It is assumed that this political instability has led to the application of differential socioeconomic policies which have affected the process of urbanization in the city. The aim of the study was to capture this effect by investigating the structural changes over the period of fifty years in both land use and the road network. In order to understand the extent of the effect Pordenone was used for comparison, since it has experienced a relatively peaceful past and regular growth. MOLAND (monitoring land-use/cover dynamics) data for land use and the road network were used for the study. Graph theory measures were used for a comparative analysis of the structural properties of road networks in both cities and their development over time. In order to understand the spatial relationship between change in land use and the road network, a nonparametric test of the spatial correspondence of areal distribution was used and tested at multiple spatial scales. The results suggest that political history does affect the land-use and road-network changes individually, but it did not affect the type of spatial relationship that exists between the two for those particular cities. This research makes a unique attempt to analyze the impact of policy on land-use and road-network change by using spatial data and methods of analysis which can help to understand their overall dynamics and that can be used as an alternative to data-intensive and time-intensive simulation models.
Phonetic encoding of infrequent articulatory phonetic transitions

Background: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the phonetic encoding of novel articulatory speech gestures (i.e., nonwords). Understanding these mechanisms is critical to gain a comprehensive realisation of normal speech production as well as insight into the nature of pathologic speech. Aims: The following research questions were addressed: (1) Is there a significant difference in the response latency among low, moderate, and high interphonemic transitional frequencies in nonwords? (2) Is there a significant difference in the response latency among low and high lexical frequencies in real words? (3) Is there a significant difference in total durations among low, moderate, and high interphonemic transitional frequencies in nonwords? Methods & Procedures: A total of 19 females between the ages of 50 and 79 repeated nonwords that were constructed in three interphonemic transitional frequency categories (low, moderate, high) and elicited in an immediat...
Luminescence sensing of temperatures in thermal barrier coatings

Abstract One approach to measuring temperature in oxide coatings is to incorporate, within the crystal structure of the coating material itself, ions (“chromophores”) with temperature-dependent luminescence properties. The attraction of this “crystal chemistry” approach is that the other properties of the coating material, with appropriate choice of chromophore, are unaffected by solid solution doping. The method of luminescence sensing of temperature in both EB-PVD and plasma-sprayed coatings is described as well as the identification of the chromophores for the highest temperature measurements, the optimum doping concentrations and the excitation conditions. In addition, practical aspects in making precise temperature measurements will be presented.
A long term vision for long-range ship-free deep ocean operations: Persistent presence through coordination of Autonomous Surface Vehicles and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

We outline a vision for persistent and/or long-range seafloor exploration and monitoring utilizing autonomous surface vessels (ASVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to conduct coordinated autonomous surveys. Three types of surveys are envisioned: a) Autonomous tending of deep-diving AUVs: deployed from a research vessel, the ASV would act as a force-multiplier, watching over the AUV to provide operators and scientists with real-time data and re-tasking capabilities, while freeing the ship to conduct other over-the-side operations; b) Ridge-segment-scale (100 km) autonomous hydrothermal exploration: combined with conventional gliders or long-endurance AUVs, an ASV could tend a fleet of underwater assets equipped with low-power chemical sensors for mapping hydrothermal plumes and locating seafloor hydrothermal venting. Operators would control the system via satellite, such that a support ship would be needed only for initial deployment and final recovery 1–2 months later; and c) Basin-scale (10,000 km) autonomous surveys: a purpose-built autonomous surface vessel (mother-ship) with abilities up to and including autonomous deployment, recovery, and re-charge of subsea robots could explore or monitor the ocean and seafloor on the oceanic basin scale at a fraction of the cost of a global-class research vessel. In this paper we outline our long term conceptual vision, discuss some preliminary enabling technology developments that we have already achieved and set out a roadmap for progress anticipated over the next 2–3 years. We present an overview of the system architecture for autonomous tending along with some preliminary field work.
Using our resources to improve publications

“We do it that way because we've ALWAYS done it that way…”Due to the rapid advances in computer technology, many of us in Academic Computing are finding ourselves in the position of looking for ways to use this technology to improve those publications that we produce for general distribution. There are new concepts, new software packages and hardware that can now be utilized. One can't help but feel the excitement in our new-found ability to design, format, and produce a professional looking publication without depending on a professional printer. Through the use of a word processing package, a desktop publisher and a laser printer, a whole new world has opened up to us.Academic Computing publications at Ball State University include a quarterly newsletter and mini-course schedule. For the last several years, there has basically been one person in charge of these publications. Publishing the newsletter consisted of writing articles, collecting articles from other staff members, editing all articles, getting them formatted and printed by the secretary, cutting and pasting into newsletter form, and finally, sending the finished copy to the on-campus print shop. The mini-course schedule was produced in this same manner. We restructured our publication method to increase staff involvement and also, we made what seemed like almost a quantum leap to desktop publishing, computer graphics and staff production, making most of these changes between issues.Our original goals were to minimize cutting and pasting, to involve more staff and to produce a professional set of publications which would be more readable and helpful to the individual user. In so doing, we had to learn a lot of new things very quickly: new software, new hardware and—just as important—new ideas. One outcome was the many favorable comments we received from the academic community on the revised format of our mini-course schedule.We feel that our presentation is to show that it is possible to make a dramatic change in production methods, given the right attitudes of acceptance, and willingness to utilize new resources: computer, personal, and personnel. We had to overcome more than just technical changes—the greater challenge was in forming these concepts and new ideas.
Monoclonal antibodies to red cell cytoskeletal proteins

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies to human red cell cytoskeletal proteins were produced following immunization of mice with Triton shells produced from intact red cells. Two lines producing antibodies binding to spectrin and actin, respectively, were subcloned and further characterized. Clones producing the anti-spectrin antibody were stable. The antibody was monoclonal and specific for spectrin band 2. The anti-actin clones were unstable.
Compensatory follicular hypertrophy during the ovarian cycle of the house gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus

The house gecko ( Hemidactylus frenatus ) exhibits an ovarian cycle that can be divided into early follicular, vitellogenic, and luteal phases. Serial sections through the right ovary of animals in the three phases allowed us to quantify follicular size, condition, and number, as well as germinal bed activity. There are six to eight healthy, growing follicles in each ovary, arranged in a stepwise size hierarchy. This number does not vary among the three phases, even though one follicle becomes atretic and one ovulates during each cycle. Therefore, compensatory follicular hypertrophy occurs, leading to replacement of lost follicles and maintenance of the follicular size hierarchy.
Regulating Identities: The Silences of Critical Caretaking

AbstractThis essay provides a critical response to Atalia Omer’s JAAR article in which she claims that Russell McCutcheon’s work stacks up a false dichotomy between critics and caretakers. Using a context of peace and conflict studies, Omer suggests that critical caretaking would give conversations in religious studies a “real world” relevance and would allow scholars to recuperate the voices of marginalized groups. In response to her call for recuperating silences, this essay looks at what silences are present within Omer’s essay itself and argues that notions like peace and conflict, as well as the margins themselves, are always identified and regulated, despite scholarly presentations of them as self-evident and naturally existing.
Structures of bovine glutamate dehydrogenase complexes elucidate the mechanism of purine regulation.

Abstract Glutamate dehydrogenase is found in all organisms and catalyses the oxidative deamination of l -glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate. However, only animal GDH utilizes both NAD(H) or NADP(H) with comparable efficacy and exhibits a complex pattern of allosteric inhibition by a wide variety of small molecules. The major allosteric inhibitors are GTP and NADH and the two main allosteric activators are ADP and NAD + . The structures presented here have refined and modified the previous structural model of allosteric regulation inferred from the original boGDH·NADH·GLU·GTP complex. The boGDH·NAD + ·α-KG complex structure clearly demonstrates that the second coenzyme-binding site lies directly under the “pivot helix” of the NAD + binding domain. In this complex, phosphates are observed to occupy the inhibitory GTP site and may be responsible for the previously observed structural stabilization by polyanions. The boGDH·NADPH·GLU·GTP complex shows the location of the additional phosphate on the active site coenzyme molecule and the GTP molecule bound to the GTP inhibitory site. As expected, since NADPH does not bind well to the second coenzyme site, no evidence of a bound molecule is observed at the second coenzyme site under the pivot helix. Therefore, these results suggest that the inhibitory GTP site is as previously identified. However, ADP, NAD + , and NADH all bind under the pivot helix, but a second GTP molecule does not. Kinetic analysis of a hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia mutant strongly suggests that ATP can inhibit the reaction by binding to the GTP site. Finally, the fact that NADH, NAD + , and ADP all bind to the same site requires a re-analysis of the previous models for NADH inhibition.
A multiband reconfigurable CPW-fed slot antenna

A coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed slot antenna loaded with electronically-controlled sub-wavelength slots is introduced. This reconfigurable antenna operates at several distinct bands with appreciable bandwidth and reasonable gain. Since the antenna is tuned electronically to operate at one band at a time, it does not suffer from noise and interference issue as much as multiband and wideband antennas.
K - 12 instruction and digital access to archival materials

Providing K-12 schools with digital access to archival materials can strengthen both student learning and archival practice, although it cannot replace direct physical access to records. This article compares a variety of electronic and non-electronic projects to promote teaching with primary source materials. The article also examines some of the different historiographical and pedagogical approaches used in archival Web sites geared for K-12 instruction, focusing on differences between the educational sites sponsored by the Library of Congress and the National Archives and Records Administration.