cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHEMOTHERAPY IN ADVANCED BREAST CANCER

The traditional role of chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer has been for the palliation of patients with disseminated disease who have failed hormonal manipulation or who have rapidly advancing disease for which hormonal manipulation would not be applicable. Much of the available chemotherapy literature describes results in patients who were treated only after primary or secondary hormone treatments had failed; thus their disease was far advanced, often with poor performance abilities, they were heavily pretreated and with a large tumor burden. Despite this, a wide range of chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to be active3” and have served as the building blocks for the development of successful combination approaches. The active single agents available for women with breast cancer are outlined in Table I. 5Fluorouracil has been the most extensively studied drug and probably has been the most commonly used nonhormonal drug for breast cancer study. Among the alkylating agent group of drugs, all of which have similar activity rates, cyclophosphamide is the most commonly used agent: it has been the alkylating agent used in almost all combinations. Adriamycin is perhaps the most active of all the single agents as its response rate in previously untreated patients has exceeded 40% in some series. Methotrexate and the Vinca alkaloids have been used less commonly as single agents by the practicing oncologists; however, their clear cut activity has led to their inclusion in combination studies. The common denominator in the development of almost all successful combination chemotherapy regimens, such as those for leukemia, lymphoma, and testicular tumors, has been the availability of drugs active as single agents, with independent mechanisms of action and without completely overlapping toxicity patterns. This potential has existed for breast cancer for a long period of time. Greenspan’.’ probably was the first investigator to demonstrate that this potential could be successfully exploited. Cooper6 in his 1969
A set of ligation-independent expression vectors for co-expression of proteins in Escherichia coli.

A set of ligation-independent expression vectors system has been developed for co-expression of proteins in Escherichia coli. These vectors contain a strong T7 promoter, different drug resistant genes, and an origin of DNA replication from a different incompatibility group, allowing combinations of these plasmids to be stably maintained together. In addition, these plasmids also contain the lacI gene, a transcriptional terminator, and a 3′ polyhistidine (6× His) affinity tag (H6) for easy purification of target proteins. All of these vectors contain an identical transportable cassette flanked by suitable restriction enzyme cleavage sites for easy cloning and shuttling among different vectors. This cassette incorporates a ligation-independent cloning (LIC) site for LIC manipulations, an optimal ribosome binding site for efficient protein translation, and a 6× His affinity tag for protein purification Therefore, any E. coli expression vector of choice can be easily converted to LIC type expression vectors by shuttling the cassette using the restriction enzyme cleavage sites at the ends. We have demonstrated the expression capabilities of these vectors by co-expressing three bacterial (dsbA, dsbG, and Trx) and also two other mammalian proteins (KChIP1 and Kv4.3). We further show that co-expressed KChIP1/Kv4.3 forms soluble protein complexes that can be purified for further studies.
Core-stem solutions of n-person essential games

Abstract A new wide class of internally stable solutions to essential n -person games in characteristic function form, ‘core-stem’ solutions, is herein derived based on the notion of ‘core of a coalition’ and a finite sequence of meta-games (a ‘stem of games’) with a ‘stem-level’ solution for each meta-level. Core-stem solutions exist for every game, can diner according to different stems selected or different stem-level solutions selected. An example with an implausible core and plausible core-stem solution (two different stems) is presented.
The influence of sulfur substitution on the atomic displacement in Bi2Ti2O7

To clarify the role of A{sub 2}O' and B{sub 2}O{sub 6} networks on cation displacement observed in Bi{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O'O{sub 6}, we used density functional theory calculations to examine the effect of sulfur substitution on the O' and O sites on lone pair formation and resulting atomic displacement observed in Bi{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O'O{sub 6}. Cation displacement in bismuth titanate is suppressed only when S is substituted on the O' site. Analysis of the electronic structure shows that S substitution on the O' site suppresses the formation of the asymmetric p-type lone pair by modifying the Bi-anion hybridization. Lone pair formation is favored in Bi{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O'S{sub 6} and the atomic displacement is larger than that observed in Bi{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O'O{sub 6.} This enhanced displacement is due to weaker Bi-S versus Bi-O interactions leading to significantly stronger hybridization between the Bi and O' states in Bi{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O'S{sub 6}. We also induced lone pair formation in a metallic bismuth pyrochlore oxide (Bi{sub 2}Ru{sub 2}O'O{sub 6}) by modifying the Bi-O interactions through S substitution on the B{sub 2}O{sub 6} network, indicating atomic displacement on the A{sub 2}O' network may be achieved by modifying the B{sub 2}O{sub 6} network. - Graphical abstract: Themore » electron localization function for Bi{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 6}O' and Bi{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 6}S' respectively show that sulfur substitution on the O' site will suppress lone pair formation.« less
Protein turnover in photoreceptor cells of isolated Limulus lateral eyes.

— A system was devised for the study of protein turnover in isolated lateral eyes of Limulus. In eyes incubated in a medium containing L-[3H]leucine, radioactivity of the fraction soluble in trichloroacetic acid increased steadily during 8 h. Amino-acid incorporation into proteins was investigated by scintillation counting of trichloroacetic-acid precipitates and by radioautography. At least 89% of the incorporation was inhibited by puromycin and 86% by emetine, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis. Label accumulated preferentially in the rhabdomes, which contain the visual pigment. Radioautography indicated that labeled protein, probably synthesized in the cytoplasm, was distributed in the microvilli of the photoreceptor cells in a diffuse pattern. In contrast to in vivo results, the photoreceptor cells in isolated eyes were labeled to a greater extent in light than in the dark. These different kinetics of labeling were both explained by the hypothesis that light increased the rate of degradation of proteins (particularly opsin) in the visual cells.
The Allen telescope array: Commensal and efficient SETI

Abstract The Allen telescope array (ATA) currently under construction affords the possibility of a dedicated and highly efficient SETI program that may be done commensally with other radio astronomy programs. This symbiosis is important in order to maintain and sustain the long-term effort that may be required in order to achieve success as a positive or null result. The technology that is being exploited is the construction of many small elements that allow large fields-of-view at high sensitivity, the use of ultra-wideband front-ends, and the use of flexible digital “intermediate frequency (IF)” systems. The project is under construction in phases, with the first 32 antennas expected to be functional in the fall of 2004, the next 173 dishes operational early 2006, with plans for 350 antennas total within this decade.
Comparison of the binding of chicken α-macroglobulin and ovomacroglobulin to the mammalian α2-macroglobulin receptor

Chicken α-macroglobulin (αM) and ovomacroglobulin were purified by Ni+2 chelate chromatography. These proteins had similar subunit structure as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Chicken αM bound 1.0 mol and ovomacroglobulin bound 0.8 mol 125I-trypsin per mol inhibitor, respectively. Ovomacroglobulin cleared rapidly from the circulation of mice, and the clearance was inhibited by asialoorosomucoid, but native chicken αM cleared slowly (t12 > 1 h). After reaction with trypsin, this α-macroglobulin cleared rapidly (t12 = 3 min), and this clearance was inhibited by a 1000-fold molar excess of human α2M-methylamine. Ovomacroglobulin-trypsin did not inhibit the binding of 0.2 nm125I-labeled human α2M-methylamine to mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro, but chicken αM reacted with trypsin inhibited the binding by 50% at 1.9 nm. A kI of 1.1 nm was calculated for the binding of chicken αM-trypsin to the mammalian α-macroglobulin receptor. This affinity is comparable to that obtained with human and bovine α2M.
Comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of fluid flow and heat transfer in a microscopic evaporating meniscus in a miniature heat exchanger

Abstract The complex physicochemical phenomena occurring in the contact line region of an evaporating meniscus are described using a unique combination of high-resolution experimental data and three complementary models. The following were used: (1) high-resolution experimental liquid profile data (thickness, slope, curvature and curvature gradient) to obtain the pressure gradient in the evaporating pentane meniscus in a vertical constrained vapor bubble (VCVB); (2) macroscopic outside surface temperature profile data; (3) a finite element model to obtain the two-dimensional heat conduction profile in the solid substrate wall (macro-model) and the solid–liquid interfacial temperature profile in the evaporating meniscus region; (4) a continuum fluid-dynamics model (micro-model) to obtain the liquid–vapor interfacial temperature, mass flow rate, Marangoni stresses, and evaporative heat flux profiles along the length of the evaporating meniscus; and (5) the Kelvin–Clapeyron model to obtain the vapor temperature profile (liquid–vapor interfacial temperature jump) in the evaporating meniscus region. The retarded dispersion constant and high-resolution thickness, slope, curvature and curvature gradient profiles were obtained from the experimental reflectivity profiles. There was a substantial increase in the measured curvature in the transition region, where the evaporation rate and flux are a maximum. To obtain numerical closure between the three complementary models, the continuum fluid dynamics model (micro-model) required slip at the solid–liquid interface to support the observed high mass flow rates in the evaporating pentane meniscus. Mass flow rates due to Marangoni stresses, capillary pressure and disjoining pressure are compared. Depending on the liquid thickness, Marangoni stresses can either enhance or hinder fluid flow towards the contact line for the evaporating pure pentane meniscus. Due to the high heat removal rate by the evaporating pentane meniscus in the transition region, dips in the vapor, liquid–vapor and solid–liquid interface temperature were obtained. The results demonstrate and describe the sensitivity and complexity of the phase change process in micro-regions.
Energy minimization and molecular dynamics studies of Asn-102 elastase.

Four isomeric forms of the Asn-102 PPE (D 102 N mutant according to the emerging protocol, [Knowles, Science, 236 (1987) 1252–1258]) have been investigated using energy minimization (EM) and molecular dynamics (MD) techniques. MD simulation data for 175 ps are reported for each form (in total 700 ps for about 2500 atoms). The His-57 Ne-protonated forms are calculated to be more stable than the Nδ-protonated ones. The active site region of the most stable form is very similar to that found in the D102N rat trypsin enzyme [Craik et al., Science, 237 (1987) 909–913]. Conformations of the active sites and their hydrogen bond patterns are presented for each of these forms and are compared with the structure of the native enzyme active site. The pH dependent activity of the D102N derivative is discussed.
Substitution of liquor sales across states

This study estimates revenue changes in Idaho state liquor sales from a change in Washington state’s policy. On 1 June 2012, the state of Washington passed a ballot initiative to change existing liquor law. The net effect of the change resulted in increased liquor prices in Washington. This increase in price is hypothesized to raise demand for liquor in bordering counties in Idaho. We estimate that sales increased 10% in Idaho counties that border Washington. This represents $4.86 million dollars in increased sales, which translates into 42 new jobs for the state of Idaho. We find that a change in liquor laws in one state that result in higher prices to consumers has a statistically significant and measurable effect on liquor sales in a bordering state.
Alloparenting in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus): correlations with misdirected care and other observations

Alloparental care is rarely observed in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) where maternal care is extended to a single pup for up to 1 year or more. However, we observed 28 allonursing events and one case of adoption at a small breeding rookery in the western Gulf of Alaska between the years 2001 and 2005. Multiparous and primiparous females were observed nursing nonfilial individuals with equal frequency, but primiparous females spent significantly more time nursing nonfilial individuals. Multiparous females allowed allonursing only while sleeping and unaware while most primiparous females were aware that they were allonursing. These results are consistent with the misdirected-care hypothesis suggesting that primiparous (presumably younger) females nurse nonfilial pups due to inexperience, whereas multiparous (presumably older) females are victims of milk stealing during times of inattentiveness. Nonfilial pups were aggressively tossed most often during the pupping season and only by multiparous females, while allonursing events occurred more frequently after the pupping season. Starveling pups were not cared for by any female, but two were attended by a single bull during separate autumn seasons.
Introducing graduate and undergraduate students to research and professional ethics at Columbia University

We have developed a several-hour long seminar that introduces students to the responsible conduct of research and ethics of professionalism. A broad spectrum of key issues in ethics is presented using recent reports of real ethical lapses and humorous examples from the public culture, followed by group discussions drawn from an extensive series of mini case scenarios developed by the author that are continually updated.
Covalent Attachment of TAT Peptides and Thiolated Alkyl Molecules on GaAs Surfaces

Four TAT peptide fragments were used to functionalize GaAs surfaces by adsorption from solution. In addition, two well-studied alkylthiols, mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA) and 1-octadecanethiol (ODT) were utilized as references to understand the structure of the TAT peptide monolayer on GaAs. The different sequences of TAT peptides were employed in recognition experiments where a synthetic RNA sequence was tested to verify the specific interaction with the TAT peptide. The modified GaAs surfaces were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS). AFM studies were used to compare the surface roughness before and after functionalization. XPS allowed us to characterize the chemical composition of the GaAs surface and conclude that the monolayers composed of different sequences of peptides have similar surface chemistries. Finally, FT-IRRAS experiments enabled us to deduce that the TAT peptid...
A design of a controller as a component of a robotic manufacturing system

Abstract This paper specifies the functional design of a robot or machine tool controller suitable for inclusion in robotic manufacturing systems. The principle interest is the unmanned manufacturing cells which are being developed as major components of new manufacturing facilities. The functional specifications are motivated by recent experiences with the creation of a prototype cell for an open die forging process. There are two key technical design requirements. The first relates to the robot or machine tool being controlled. The controller must direct the machine actions, and, for unmanned operation, the controller must receive and process sensor information for process modification and for fault tolerance. The second relates to communication with the central cell computer (the host). The operation of an unmanned system requires a robot communication channel between the host and the controller; the controller must also respond to a variety of instructions transmitted from the host. Additional controller design requirements are imposed by economics. The proposed controller can be used today, and can develop in an evolutionary manner to meet the needs of future manufacturing systems. The evolutionary development is made possible by modular design, organized in a hierarchical manner.
Bypassing the patient: comparison of biocompatible models for the future of vascular tissue engineering.

The objective of vascular tissue engineering is to develop tissue-engineered, biocompatible, small-diameter vessels suitable to withstand in vivo systolic pressures as well as be immunologically co...
Primary pharmaceutical manufacturing scheduling problem

This article addresses an integrated lot-sizing and scheduling problem that arises in the primary manufacturing phase of a pharmaceutical supply chain. Multiple pharmaceutical ingredients and their intermediate products are to be scheduled on parallel and capacitated bays for production in batches. Sequence-dependent setup times and costs are incurred when cleaning a bay during changeovers between different product families. The problem also contains a high multiplicity asymmetric traveling salesman-type of substructure because of sequence-dependent setups and special restrictions. Mixed-integer programming formulations are proposed for this problem and several valid inequalities are developed to tighten the model. A column generation method along with a decomposition scheme and an advanced-start solution are designed to efficiently derive good solutions to this highly complex problem. A computational investigation is performed, based on instances that closely follow a real-life application, and it demons...
Superior Hypogastric Block During Microlaparoscopic Pain Mapping

Pelvic pain mapping during laparoscopy performed under conscious sedation can provide useful information about visceral and somatic sources of chronic pelvic pain. Diagnostic superior hypogastric plexus block can be performed under direct laparoscopic visualization and the pelvis then remapped to determine if painful areas are supplied by hypogastric plexuses. Results of mapping may allow more informed selection of patients for presacral neurectomy.
Using expectations of relational actions to predict number of intimate relationships: Don Juan and Romeo unmasked

Previous research has revealed that individuals have expectations for the behaviors that characterize a developing relationship. The current analysis examined the relationship between the contents of one's expectancies for what happens in an escalating romance and the number of previous relationships in which the person has involved. Logistic regression models compared individuals never having been in a relationship with individuals reporting 1–2 and 3–5 previous relationships. Results indicate that the number and nature of relational actions vary as a function of previous relationship experience. Results are discussed in reference to the existence of higher‐order memory structures associated with relational histories.
Facilitating Interaction Between Universities And Industry: Mechanisms For Personnel And Technology Transfer

While a variety of technology transfer mechanisms are generally available to any scientists or engineer, creative solutions to the problem of {open_quotes}getting information out{close_quotes} are constantly appearing. The authors of this poster are active in the technology transfer process, because of their participation in DOE-funded cooperative projects involving universities and industry.
Flexible modeling for stock-recruitment relationships using Bayesian nonparametric mixtures

The stock and recruitment relationship is fundamental to the management of fishery natural resources. However, inferring stock-recruitment relationships is a challenging problem because of the limited available data, the collection of plausible models, and the biological characteristics that should be reflected in the model. Motivated by limitations of traditional parametric stock-recruitment models, we propose a Bayesian nonparametric approach based on a mixture model for the joint distribution of log-reproductive success and stock biomass. Flexible mixture modeling for this bivariate distribution yields rich inference for the stock-recruitment relationship through the implied conditional distribution of log-reproductive success given stock biomass. The method is illustrated with cod data from six regions of the North Atlantic, including comparison with simpler Bayesian parametric and semiparametric models.
Glands, muscles and genitalia. Morphological and phylogenetic implications of histological characters in the male genitalia of Fritillary butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Argynnini)

The histology and internal morphology of the male valve in a broad sample of Fritillary butterflies are examined. A large internal ridge to which the extensor of the valve muscle fastens is probably an autapomorphy for the tribe Argynnini. A large glandular pocket is found in the valves of all examined Heliconiinae, but is missing in other examined Nymphalidae. The pocket shows considerable variation between the higher taxa. In the higher Fritillaries (subtribe Argynnina) the pocket probably has an effective closing mechanism allowing the male to store a considerable amount of glandular secretion. It has earlier been suggested that the secreta from the pocket glands are transferred to the female during copulation, where they probably have an antiaphrodisiac effect, preventing other males from mating a once mated female. All examined male Fritillaries also have glands in the anellus, the terminal membrane between the valves. In Boloria these glands are extremely well developed and abundant, a condition that is probably an autapomorphy for that genus. The obtained characters are tested against a known phylogeny of the tribe Argynnini.
Cruise Lane Highway Charging of Electric Vehicles

The possibility of charging electric vehicles(EV) while they are cruising on highways is explored. Such a technology would break through the ‘range anxiety’ barrier to mass adoption of EVs. Developments in emerging energy technologies for automotive radar and other applications, have made possible the implementation of wireless millimeter wave beamed power. The rapid advances in the ability to accurately beam and receive power in the 70 to 225 GHz frequency range using solid state components suggests that it will become possible in the near future to beam sufficient power to perform such charging applications. Unlike short-range wireless inductive charging, beamed cruise charging is aimed to work on vehicles traveling as fast as 100 kph on straight segments of the highway, similar to cruise toll lanes used today. Subsequent versions may use aerostats or towers to beam power, enabling power delivery on curved roads in mountainous regions. The paper will survey related prior work and set out preliminary sizing and business case calculations, followed in the final paper by trade studies to perform a first level optimization. We also discuss the architectural requirements, charging rates and perform a sustainability.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Characterization of heat transport dynamics in laser-produced plasmas using collective Thomson scattering: Simulation and proposed experiment

We propose an experiment in which the collective Thomson scattering lineshape obtained from ion acoustic waves is used to infer the spatial structure of local heat transport parameters and collisionality in a laser-produced plasma. The peak-height asymmetry in the ion acoustic wave spectrum will be used in conjunction with a recently developed model describing the effects of collisional and Landau damping contributions on the low-frequency electron density fluctuation spectrum to extract the relative electron drift velocity. This drift arises from temperature gradients in the plasma. The local heat flux, which is proportional to the drift, can then be estimated, and the electron thermal conductivity will be inferred from the relationship between the calculated heat flux and the experimentally determined temperature gradient. Damping of the entropy wave component at zero mode frequency is shown to be an estimate of the ion thermal conductivity, and its visibility is a direct measure of the ion-ion mean free path. We also propose to measure thermal transport parameters under dynamic conditions in which the plasma is heated impulsively by a laser beam on a fast (∼50 ps) time scale. This technique will enable us to study heat transport in the presence of the large temperature gradients that are generated by this local heating mechanism. Deviations of the inferred local thermal conductivity from its Spitzer-Harm value can be used to study the transition to a nonlocal heat transport regime. We have constructed a simple numerical model of this proposed experiment and present the results of a simulation.
Intimate partner violence: Persistence of myths and implications for intervention.

Abstract Since the issue of intimate partner violence first penetrated the realm of academia and policy some 30 years ago, the public has responded with the creation of hundreds of treatment centers, policy groups, advocacy groups, and public health campaigns [Pleck, J.H. (1987). The contemporary man.In, M. Scher, M. Stevens, G. Good, & G. Eichenfield, (Eds). Handbook of counseling & psychotherapy with men. (pp. 16-27). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications]. Almost all such programs are based on the first set of theories that lifted the problem of IPV into the public realm; these center on the role of patriarchal social norms in the etiology and maintenance of partner violence [Dobash, & Dobash, (1979). Violence against wives: The case against the patriarchy. New York: Free Press.; Walker, L. (1989). Psychology and violence against women. American Psychologist , 44(4) , 695-702]. Yet, new data accumulating from numerous rigorously designed studies challenge existing theories, and are largely overlooked or discounted. This article reviews evidence that accumulating data countering the traditional theories is not penetrating the field in several critical arenas: 1) A developmental approach to partner violence is omitted from the field's mainstream lexicon; 2) The intersection of partner violence with other forms of family and non-family violence is underrepresented; 3) Partner violence prevention programs have limited effects, because they do not integrate accumulating data on relevant risk factors (mental health, poverty, etc.), focusing instead on universal prevention and gender-based interventions. The article overviews a program of research using longitudinal research methods to test prevailing theories and assumptions about partner violence. We draw from this evidence to recommend new directions for IPV research, and urge dissemination of the most recent, and often controversial, basic research findings to practitioners and academics.
The production and perception of laryngealized vowels in Coatzospan Mixtec

Abstract This paper examines the production and perception of contrastively laryngealized vowels in Coatzospan Mixtec (CM), an Otomanguean language of southern Mexico. A production study focuses on four dimensions of the phonetics of contrastively laryngealized vowels for eight speakers: f0 excursions, amplitude drop, amplitude differences between the first and second harmonics, and overall vowel duration. The production study reveals that the implementation of laryngealized vowels is highly variable within and across speakers, and that these vowels cannot be characterized as creaky voiced, but rather must be viewed as produced along a continuum on which creaky voicing constitutes only the most extreme of one of the ends. Strikingly, it is shown that many tokens are realized with highly subtle cues, involving only minimal drops along the f0 and amplitude dimensions. Three perception experiments conducted in a field setting using synthetic speech examined the contributions of f0 drops and amplitude in cueing the percept of laryngealized vowels. These studies agree with the production data in that they reveal speakers to be highly tuned to small changes along the f0 and amplitude dimensions in the experimental stimuli. Taken together, the production and perception data (1) add to our knowledge of the phonetics of an underdescribed and endangered language; (2) add to our knowledge of how phonation types such as laryngealization on vowels can be implemented cross-linguistically; and (3) provide a more finely grained notion of the array of acoustic cues that implement the categorical, contrastive phonological property of vowel laryngealization.
The logic of the sciences and the humanities

The author discusses the application of logic to the diverse scientific methods of the several natural and social sciences and to the humanities.
Both phasic sensory stimulation and tonic pharmacological activation increase Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat locus coeruleus.

Neuronal activation increases levels of Fos protein, the product of the early immediate gene c-fos. Since most studies used stimuli that evoke sustained elevations in activity; the present study examined Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). Halothane-anesthetized rats were given either footshock to elicit phasic activation of LC neurons or yohimbine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce a tonic increase in firing. Both treatments markedly increased Fos-LI in a subpopulation of LC neurons. These results demonstrate that c-fos induction does not require high tonic levels of neuronal activity and that Fos-LI may underestimate the proportion of LC neurons neurophysiologically activated by a given stimulus and suggest that factors beyond neuronal activity per se contributes to c-fos expression.
Calculations of High-Spin Fission for A=200

Two recent studies of high-spin fission from compound nuclei near $^{200}\mathrm{Pb}$, formed in three different entrance channels ($^{6}\mathrm{Li}$+$^{197}\mathrm{Au}$, $^{19}\mathrm{F}$+$^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$, and $^{30}\mathrm{Si}$+$^{170}\mathrm{Er}$), have led to differing conclusions concerning the need to modify rotating liquid-drop model fission barrier heights to reproduce observed decay properties. In order to investigate possible origins of the differences, we have performed consistent statistical model calculations for all three systems. We obtain satisfactory agreement with the measured fission cross sections for the three systems with a level density treatment incorporating collective enhancements which fade with increasing temperature, and input structure parameters fixed to predictions of the rotating liquid-drop model and the noninteracting Fermi-gas model. We thus find no evidence for any significant inadequacy of the rotating-liquid-drop-noninteracting-Fermi-gas structure predictions for high excitation and $A\ensuremath{\simeq}200$.
Relationship of Psychiatric Morbidity and Psychosocial Factors in Organ Transplant Candidates

The purpose of this study was to explicate the statistical relationship between psychiatric diagnosis and psychosocial adjustment and health status in organ transplant candidates. Interview and psychometric data were obtained from 311 heart, kidney, lung, and liver transplant candidates. Over 60% of the cases met criteria for DSM-III-R Axis I diagnoses, nearly 32% for Axis II disorders. Axis II disorders were significantly associated with medical compliance problems, whereas Axis I disorders were predominantly associated with poorer psychosocial adjustment and health status. Nearly one-quarter of the patients had comorbid Axis I and Axis II disorders, and evidenced poorest premorbid coping and degree of marital harmony, defining a subgroup at special risk for problematic outcome. The incidence of psychiatric disorders and their association with lack of psychosocial resources and poor physical health supports the use of systematic, multidisciplinary assessment of transplant candidates.
Hits, leads and drugs against malaria through diversity-oriented synthesis

Malaria is a devastating infectious disease and approximately half the world's population is at risk. Since vaccination is not yet available, small-molecule-based medicines are currently the best option for the treatment of patients suffering from malaria and combating the spread of infection. Development of resistance against existing drugs has created a need for new types of small molecules to be screened against Plasmodium falciparum, the etiological agent of malaria. The advent of diversity-oriented synthesis has enabled access to novel chemical structures. Evaluation of diversity-oriented synthesis compounds in phenotypic assays for growth inhibition of P. falciparum has resulted in novel hits, leads and even investigational drugs against malaria.
Operative procedures and the tooth

Abstract 1. The exposed pulp can be satisfactorily protected from irritating filling materials with the immediate application of a calcium hydroxide paste or nonirritating metallic filling material. 2. Since it is difficult to detect minute pulp exposures with the naked eye the deep cavity should not have applied to it irritating chemicals. 3. Wherever possible, a calcium hydroxide paste should be used in deep cavities between dentin and irritating filling materials. 4. There was no apparent difference in the effect upon the tooth between cavity preparation with the steel bur and the airbrasive techniques.
Cloud physics studies with 8 mm wavelength radar

Abstract Results from recent cloud experiments with an 8 mm wavelength Doppler radar demonstrate that millimeter wavelength radar can provide important new information about nonprecipitating and lightly precipitating clouds. Millimeter wave radar can be used to document small-scale spatial structure of cirrus and marine stratus clouds. Its data can be used to estimate profiles of ice content, particle size and concentration in cirrus clouds and profiles of liquid water content and turbulence in marine stratus clouds. New results with mm wave radar suggest that plate-like crystals may be distinguishable from aggregates with polarization techniques. Quantitative information about cirrus cloud ice crystal fallspeeds, and therefore ice mass flux, can also be produced with newly developed techniques that exploit the sensitivity and velocity precision of such radars. The good sensitivity to cloud particles, the immunity from ground clutter contamination, and the good spatial resolution of millimeter wavelength radar make it an excellent instrument for documenting quantitative microphysical and dynamical properties of non-precipitating and lightly precipitating clouds.
FLUCTUATIONS IN OUR PRIVATE CLAIM‐DEBT STRUCTURE AND MONETARY POLICY

THIS STUDY of the destabilizing role of private balance sheets compares the following time series (monthly in most cases) from I927 to I 947: ( i ) the volumes outstanding of demand deposits, currency outside the Treasury and the Federal Reserve Banks, time deposits, cashsurrender value of life insurance policies, postal savings, federal securities held by the non-financial public, farm debt, non-farm mortgage debt, long-term corporate debt to insurance companies and commercial banks, consumer debt, bank loans and discounts; (2) the ratio of a representative group of liquid assets to a representative collection of private debts; (3) the level of private expenditures; (4) income velocity of circulation; and (5) the volume of private investment. Observations include the following: (i) The turning points, and fluctuations in the rate of change, of the balance-sheet ratio usually preceded similar changes in the volume of private expenditures. (2) Turning points in both dollar and deflated volume of demand deposits consistently preceded both upturns and downturns in the level of private spending by two to fifteen months (except for the December, I945, downturn in the deflated value of demand deposits which had not been succeeded by a fall in the volume of expenditures). (3) Fluctuations often occurred first in bank investments, next in bank loans and discounts, and then in consumer and other debts. (4) Fluctuations in bank investments frequently led changes in the volume of private investment. (5) Fluctuations in the volume of short-term debts to the banks accompanied greater changes in the level of spending than did comparable fluctuations in the volume of bank investments. (6) The changing volume of claims not matched by private debts (e.g., government redeemables) appeared to have negligible effect on cash-balance requirements and velocity compared to the changing volume of claims possessing "fair-weather" liquidity matched by private debts with variable illiquidity. (7) Changing volume and illiquidity of short-term debts accompanied greater changes in the level of spending than did changing volume, real burden, or illiquidity of longterm debts. (8) Fluctuations in the volume and liquidity of near-
Precipitation of Cu in Ge

The kinetics of precipitation of Cu from supersaturated solid solution in Ge have been studied as a function of temperature and dislocation density in the samples. The results can be expressed as an exponential decay with time of the unprecipitated fraction of Cu. We find that for a given dislocation density the time constant for the precipitation has a different temperature-dependence at high temperatures from its temperature-dependence at lower temperatures, and that the temperature of the break in the curve is a function of dislocation density. It is proposed that the high-temperature precipitation is limited by the diffusion of Cu to dislocations by the dissociative mechanism described by Frank and Turnbull. At lower temperatures the rate-limiting step is believed to be the actual process of dissociation of a substitutional Cu into a vacancy and an interstitial Cu atom. The measurements permit an estimate of the vacancy concentration in Ge at \ensuremath{\sim}715\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.
Does Strengthening Self-Defense Law Deter Crime or Escalate Violence?: Evidence from Expansions to Castle Doctrine

From 2000 to 2010, more than 20 states passed so-called "Castle Doctrine" or "stand your ground" laws. These laws expand the legal justification for the use of lethal force in self-defense, thereby lowering the expected cost of using lethal force and increasing the expected cost of committing violent crime. This paper exploits the within-state variation in self-defense law to examine their effect on homicides and violent crime. Results indicate the laws do not deter burglary, robbery, or aggravated assault. In contrast, they lead to a statistically significant 8 percent net increase in the number of reported murders and nonnegligent manslaughters.
An information retrieval system for the analysis of systematic defects in VLSI

This work presents a novel information retrieval (IR) tool, designed to help VLSI defect and yield engineers identify potentially defective layout regions. Given a query defect pattern discovered in a manufacturing process, this tool can be used to return similar layout regions in one or more designs ranked by similarity to the query pattern. Defect engineers can then examine these regions in hardware for presence of defects to analyze the cause of the failure. Detailed design considerations, such as feature extraction and clustered search, as well as some real-world search results, are presented and discussed.
The p and the Peas: An Intuitive Modeling Approach to Hypothesis Testing

We propose a novel approach to introducing hypothesis testing into the biology curriculum. Instead of telling students the hypothesis and what kind of data to collect followed by a rigid recipe of testing the hypothesis with a given test statistic, we ask students to develop a hypothesis and a mathematical model that describes the null hypothesis. Simulation of the model under the null hypothesis allows students to compare their experimental data to what they would expect under the null hypothesis, thus leading to a much more intuitive understanding of hypothesis testing. This approach has been tested both in the classroom and in faculty workshops, and we provide some suggestions for implementations based on our experiences.
A Combined Level Set/Mesh Warping Algorithm for Tracking Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid Evolution in Hydrocephalic Patients

Hydrocephalus is a neurological disease which occurs when normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation is impeded within the cranial cavity. As a result, the brain ventricles enlarge, and the tissue compresses, causing physical and mental problems. Treatment has been mainly through CSF flow diversion by surgically implanting a CSF shunt in the brain ventricles or by performing an endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). However, the patient response to either treatment continues to be poor. Therefore, there is an urgent need to design better therapy protocols for hydrocephalus. An important step in this direction is the development of predictive computational models of the mechanics of hydrocephalic brains. In this paper, we propose a combined level set/mesh warping algorithm to track the evolution of the ventricles in the hydrocephalic brain. Our combined level set/mesh warping method is successfully used to track the evolution of the brain ventricles in two hydrocephalic patients.
Adalimumab for early rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis affects 1% of the population and can result in joint destruction, reduced quality of life and function, loss of work productivity and, in severe cases, early mortality. Recent advances with optimal therapeutic strategies, including early initiation of treatment, tight control of the disease activity aiming for remission of the disease and the advent of biological therapies, have led to improved outcomes for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It is generally agreed that the best outcomes for patients with rheumatoid arthritis occur when treatment is started early. Adalimumab is a new fully humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks the adverse effects of excess TNF-α. New studies using this agent early in the course of rheumatoid arthritis indicate superior rates of remission for patients with this disease.
Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vectors

Helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) vectors have several characteristics making them attractive for human gene therapy. These vectors are completely devoid of viral coding sequences and are able to mediate high efficiency transduction in vivo to direct high level transgene expression with negligible chronic toxicity. However, clinical translation is complicated by the dose-dependent acute toxic response following systemic vector injection. With a better understanding of vector-mediated toxicity and improved delivery methods, |HDAds may emerge as an important vector for gene therapy of human diseases.
Re: Expending our physical activity (measurement) budget wisely.

[Extract] To the editor: Colbert and Schoeller (2) highlight an interesting point of view concerning the potential shift in physical activity (PA) monitoring. While the use of objective measures is highly encouraged, one must still recognize the limitations of such devices (3, 4) and importantly that we don't currently possess or utilize the perfect PA assessment tool. As indicated by Colbert and Schoeller (2), many studies have reported various correlations between questionnaire responses and objective monitors indicating similarities in PA assessment though the specific attributes of PA being assessed may be quite diverse. Very recently, the uniqueness of questionnaire assessment was reported in a large population study with self-reported PA suggested to identify PA aspects not concurrently assessed by accelerometers (1). Therefore, the notion that objective PA tools are more valid or accurate than nonobjective tools such as questionnaires should be considered with caution as these tools may in fact assess different aspects of PA. While the cost and size of objective monitors has been dramatically reduced recently, the use of such monitors still remains challenging for assessment of different activity modes and intensities, and for all populations, despite all good intentions. Hence, the use of simple, less intrusive tools like questionnaires will always be of relevance until the elusive, flawless PA assessment tool(s) has/have been developed. Of most importance are the identification of current PA assessment tool limitations and the development of BETTER PA assessment methodologies that exhibit high validity and applicability to a range of populations for a greater understanding of the interplay between PA and health.
What Goes Down Must Come Up: Role of the Posteromedial Cortices in Encoding and Retrieval

The hypothesis that the neural network supporting successful episodic memory retrieval overlaps with the regions involved in episodic encoding has garnered much interest; however, the role of the posteromedial regions remains to be fully elucidated. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies during successful encoding typically demonstrate deactivation of posteromedial cortices, whereas successful retrieval of previously encoded information has been associated with activation of these regions. Here, we performed an event-related fMRI experiment during an associative face–name encoding and retrieval task to investigate the topography and functional relationship of the brain regions involved in successful memory processes. A conjunction analysis of novel encoding and subsequent successful retrieval of names revealed an anatomical overlap in bilateral posteromedial cortices. In this region, a significant negative correlation was found: Greater deactivation during encoding was related to greater activation during successful retrieval. In contrast, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex demonstrated positive activation during both encoding and retrieval. Our results provide further evidence that posteromedial regions constitute critical nodes in the large-scale cortical network subserving episodic memory. These results are discussed in relation to the default mode hypothesis, the involvement of posteromedial cortices in successful memory formation and retention, as well as potential implications for aging and neurodegenerative disease.
Prognostic factors for life expectancy in nonagenarians with nonmelanoma skin cancer: Implications for selecting surgical candidates

Abstract Background: Controversy exists over surgical intervention for nonmelanoma skin cancer in the very elderly. Objective: We sought to define variables that are prognostic for survival in the elderly after surgery for skin cancer. Methods: We reviewed 99 charts of nonagenarians who had Mohs micrographic surgery for nonmelanoma skin cancer and recorded data on comorbid conditions and date of death. Comorbid conditions were quantified by the Charlson index. Results: Patients with Charlson scores of zero (no comorbidities) had a statistically significant longer survival than patients with Charlson scores of ≥3 (multiple comorbidities). Women survived longer than men at both 1 and 5 years. No patient died within 30 days of operation. Conclusion: Charlson scores of ≥3 in nonagenarians predict shorter survival. Although this parameter may predict shorter survival when skin cancer surgery is considered in a cohort of elderly patients, it remains difficult to predict accurately the survival of individual patients with scores ≥3. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:419-22.)