cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Care Need and Utilization: A Preliminary Comparison of Injection Drug Users, Other Illicit Drug Users, and Nonusers

This paper investigates the relationship between chronic drug use and the health care system. Data from 536 African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White men and women were analyzed to determine independent risk factors for three outcome variables: 1) Need for health care treatment, 2) Utilization of health care treatment, and 3) Failure to receive needed treatment. Nine independent demographic, health, and drug-use history variables were assessed in logistic regression models. Chronic drug users were more likely in the past year to need health care treatment, were as likely to receive some health care treatment, and were more likely not to receive needed treatment than were nonusers.
Hyperinsulinemia in myotonic dystrophy: identity of the maternal factor causing the neonatal myotonic dystrophy syndrome.

Abstract An environmental factor acting on the fetus is thought to cause a neonatal syndrome characterized by marked muscular hypotonia, lack of respiratory drive and feeding difficulties, in some infants born to mothers with myotonic dystrophy. Mortality is high, especially amongst those babies born prematurely, but muscle strength and tone improve rapidly in survivors. Nevertheless, most survivors have physical deformities and mental retardation and are thought to develop myotonic dystrophy later. We propose that alterations in maternal insulin secretion (usual in myotonic dystrophy subjects) alter fetal blood glucose and amino acid levels and retard growth and maturation of fetal skeletal muscle. This leads to severe muscular hypotonia in affected infants. Also, we suggest that infants who die during the perinatal period may not have inherited the defective autosomal dominant gene that causes myotonic dystrophy.
Redispersion of Iridium-Containing Catalysts: Chemistry and Kinetics

Direct application of the Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 regeneration procedure to Pt-Ir/γ-Al 2 O 3 reforming catalysts is ineffective because of the high susceptibility of iridium to oxidative agglomeration. However, when the catalyst chloride level is increased above a critical level before oxygen exposure, the presence of oxygen in the chlorine redispersion step is highly advantageous. It improves the redispersion effectiveness of using a low chlorine concentration, and complete iridium redispersion can be achieved within an hour. We report a detailed kinetic study on the effect of oxygen and chlorine partial pressures on iridium redispersion and a kinetic model successfully correlating the data.
Trait anxiety and children's cognitive behaviors in an evaluative situation.

The study was conducted to investigate the cognitive behaviors of high and low trait-anxious children under stress. Six categories of cognitive behavior were inferred from a Think Aloud procedure that took place while 30 4th-grade children anticipated taking an important arithmetic test. The children's trait anxiety scores from Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children were found to be related to the extent to which the children responded to the stressful situation with the cognitive behaviors of preoccupation, justification of positive attitude, and derogation of other. These results parallel those found with adults and suggest that there is a continuity from at least elementary school years to adulthood in some of the cognitive behaviors exhibited by high and low trait-anxious individuals under stress. Only a longitudinal study, however, can fully assess this notion. The Think Aloud procedure for assessing children's cognitive behaviors was found to have considerable utility.
Critical evaluation of methods for estimating stability boundary for transient stability analysis in power systems

The analysis of transient stability plays a vital role in providing secured operating configurations in power systems. In this paper, we present a critical evaluation of several methods for estimating the stability boundary of stable equilibrium points and for assessing transient stability. These methods include the time-domain approach, the controlling UEP method, the hyperplane method and a quadratic approximation approach. A technique for visualizing informative stability regions of stable equilibrium points in high-dimensional power systems is also proposed. The evaluation is illustrated by two study cases, the WSCC 9-bus system and the IEEE 145-bus system. It is numerically shown that the controlling UEP method is overall the most suitable method for transient stability assessment in power systems.
Intracellular cytokine staining for TGF-β

TGF-β is a well-described immunoregulatory molecule that is produced by most cell types. Many studies have been aimed at investigating the role played by TGF-β in different cell types and situations. Most methods of measuring TGF-β have previously relied on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or assays of its anti-proliferative effects on various cell lines. Both assays, though useful, cannot be used to effectively identify the cells that are producing TGF-β in a mixture of cells. It is especially important to know the source and dynamics of TGF-β secretion in cell culture studies since most cell types are known to be capable of producing TGF-β. We describe here a technique of qualitative and quantitative measurement of TGF-β production using flow cytometry. Previous work by others has led to the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to human and other mammalian TGF-β. We have developed an intracellular cytokine staining for human TGF-β using a monoclonal antibody, TB21.
The novel c.247_249delTTC (p.F83del) GJB2 mutation in a family with prelingual sensorineural deafness

Non-syndromic hearing loss is one of the most common hereditary determined diseases in human, and the disease is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Mutations in the GJB2 gene, encoding connexin 26 (Cx26), are a major cause of non-syndromic recessive hearing impairment in many countries and are largely dependent on ethnic groups. Due to the high frequency of the c.35delG GJB2 mutation in the Greek population, we have previously suggested that Greek patients with sensorineural, non-syndromic deafness should be tested for the c.35delG mutation and the coding region of the GJB2 gene should be sequenced in c.35delG heterozygotes. Here we present on the clinical and molecular genetic evaluation of a family suffering from prelingual, sensorineural, non-syndromic deafness. A novel c.247_249delTTC (p.F83del) GJB2 mutation was detected in compound heterozygosity with the c.35delG GJB2 mutation in the proband and was later confirmed in the father, while the mother was homozygous for the c.35delG GJB2 mutation. We conclude that compound heterozygosity of the novel c.247_249delTTC (p.F83del) and the c.35delG mutations in the GJB2 gene was the cause of deafness in the proband and his father.
Preparation of η1-1,3-dienyl, η1-1,2-dienyl and η3-cyclobutenone complexes via reactions of transition-metal carbonyl containing anions with allenic electrophiles

Abstract The preparation and reaction chemistry of 1,3- and 1,2-diene and related complexes derived from metal carbonyl containing anions and allenic electrophiles are addressed. The preparation of some CpFe(CO) 2 η 1 -diene complexes and their conversion into CpFe(CO) η 3 -diene complexes is presented followed by reactions of CpMo(CO) 3 − , CpW(CO) 3 − and CpMo(CO) 2 PR 3 − anions with allenic electrophiles which produce metal complexed cyclobutenones (via CO and alkene insertions from the initially formed product) and 1,2-diene complexes, respectively. Lastly, the reactions of PPh 3 (CO) 3 Co − anions with allenic electrophiles are outlined which result in several different coordination geometries depending on the reaction conditions used.
UV Doses Worldwide

UV radiation affects human health. Human exposure to UV radiation causes a few beneficial health effects like vitamin D3 formation but it causes many detrimental health effects: sunburn, ocular damage, photoaging, immune suppression, DNA damage and skin cancer. In countries with fair-skinned populations, skin cancer is the most diagnosed of all cancers. In the United States in 2002, there were over one million new skin cancer cases. That means one out of every 285 people got skin cancer. Skin cancer of fair-skinned individuals is increasing at an alarming rate (4-6% per year) around the world and has now reached so-called "pandemic" proportions. Thus, it is important to know what UV doses people around the world get throughout their lives. This review covers how the outdoor UV doses are weighted for different biological effects, the most commonly used measuring devices for terrestrial and personal UV doses, the natural and other effects on terrestrial and personal UV doses, the time people spend outside, their ambient exposures and the terrestrial and personal UV doses of adult outdoor and indoor workers as well as children and adolescents around the world. Overall, outdoor-working adults get about 10%, while indoor-working adults and children get about 3% (2-4%) of the total available annual UV (on a horizontal plane). People's UV doses increase with increasing altitude and decreasing latitude; most indoor-working adult Europeans get 10,000-20,000 J/m2 per year, Americans get 20,000-30,000 J/m2 per year and Australians are estimated to get 20,000-50,000 J/m2 per year (excluding vacation, which can increase the dose by 30% or more).
High-throughput analysis of hexosamine using a colorimetric method

A 96-well plate method was developed for analysis of total hexosamine content in biological samples. Four hexosamine monomer derivatives—glucosamine hydrochloride, glucosamine sulfate, galactosamine hydrochloride, and mannosamine hydrochloride—were examined for the linearity of their spectra in the concentration range specified in the assay. The hexosamine concentration analysis range was linear from 0.1 to 1 mM. The quantification of hexosamines from chitin and chitosan upon acid hydrolysis was also tested. Accurate quantification of glucosamine content in chitin and chitosan with different molecular sizes and degrees of acetylation was demonstrated using the new method.
Manufacturing Resistance: Rationalizing the Irrationality of Managerial Control on the Shop Floor in a US Medical Electronics Factory

Juravich (1985) asserts that the organization of US industrial manufacturing is irrational as well as appearing chaotic from the workers’ viewpoint because of management’s refusal to integrate the workers’ knowledge into the production process. Because of this, Juravich argues, if and when the workers’ knowledge is integrated into the production system, the workers no longer will experience “chaos on the shop floor.” Extending Devinatz’s (1993) analysis in response to Juravich, this article argues that workers use resistance as a logical strategy for rationalizing what they perceive to be the irrationality of the shop floor. Utilizing Kusterer’s (1978) work, I argue that the use of many, but not all, resistance strategies constitutes a type of “survival knowledge” acquired and used by workers in response to managerial control. I maintain that these strategies constitute a special type of workplace resistance which I refer to as “pure and simple resistance.”
Ultrastructural study of the resin infiltration zone in acid-treated human enamel.

Abstract A method was devised for clearly defining the infiltration zone of resin into partially-dissolved enamel at the ultrastructural level. Enamel spicules displaying prisms in cross-sectional and longitudinal aspects on adjacent sides were treated with 1 per cent TCA, given an outer coating with Au-Pd, and examined by scanning electron microscopy. After embedment, the normal enamel was totally removed to some depth, revealing the inner aspect of the resin infiltration. The normal enamel was replaced with resin after an inner coating of Au-Pd had been applied to the inner aspect of resin infiltration. Transmission electron microscopy of the area above the remaining spicule revealed that (1) resin infiltration, as clearly delineated by the inner and outer coatings, varied with the orientation of the enamel prisms; (2) resin infiltration closely followed the dissolution pattern of the acid in the enamel and, therefore, the furthest resin infiltration was at the arcuate prism peripheries; (3) enamel crystals were present in a solid zone of subsurface resin. The resin formed a tight interface with the crystals as it both surrounded the crystals and penetrated the dissolved crystal cores. This solid zone of subsurface resin gives prolonged protection to the normal enamel and might also enhance the bonding between resin coating and enamel.
A Neurologist's Approach to Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is among the most common malignancies of childhood. Despite greatly improved therapy for some pediatric tumors, the prognosis for children with metastatic neuroblastoma has not changed significantly in the past 10 years. With conventional chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, children with metastatic neuroblastoma have a 20% long-term survival rate. We have pursued novel chemotherapeutic approaches to neuroblastoma that target the neurotransmitter receptors on the surface of these cells. Specificity for these neural crest tumor cells is effected by (1) selective protection of normal neuronal elements from toxicity, or (2) selective potentiation of toxicity for neural tumor cells. In the first instance, the oxygen radical-generating neurotransmitter analogue 6-hydroxydopamine is used as a neural crest-specific toxin. Normal neural crest cells are protected from this toxicity by oxygen radical-scavenging analogues of the compound WR2721, which is specifically taken up by nonneoplastic ...
The Yeast HMG Protein HMO1 Alters Nucleosome Structure

High-mobility group (HMG) proteins are DNA binding proteins believed to play a significant role in reorganizing the conformation of chromatin, which facilitates transcription, replication and DNA repair. HMO1 is a dual box HMGB protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that generates strong bends in DNA. These bends disrupt chromatin, possibly opening binding sites for other factors. To study this architectural function, we have observed the conformation of nucleosomes deposited on a surface using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The AFM images are obtained by probing nucleosome arrays in liquid, revealing tightly compacted nucleosomes, which are characterized by small inter-core particle distances. Increasing concentrations of HMO1 decrease average core particle distances, which indicates that these proteins alter chromatin structure. Complementary experiments utilize Optical Tweezers (OT) to unfold arrays of nucleosome core particles, probing structural stability. OT data shows that forces of 10 - 20 pN are required to fully disrupt the core particles, and further experiments are expected to reveal the stability of the nucleosomes in the presence of HMO1.
Parents' and Teachers' Beliefs about Children's School Readiness in a High-Need Community.

Abstract This study compared the beliefs of preschool teachers, kindergarten teachers, and parents in one mostly Hispanic and Black high-need urban school district to learn their views of what children should know and be able to do at kindergarten entry. Beliefs regarding the importance of 12 school readiness “resources” were assessed with the CARES survey designed for this study. Parents held remarkably similar beliefs, regardless of ethnicity or education. Parents and teachers also agreed that children must be healthy and socially competent, and be able to comply with teacher authority, although parents rated this latter resource higher. However, parents rated all classroom-related readiness resources as more important than teachers did. They believed it was necessary for a child to be able to communicate in English and to have basic knowledge and skills, which was more important than a child’s approach to learning. Preschool teachers also believed that knowledge was more important than kindergarten teachers did. Directions for further research and implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Modeling wave-mud interaction on the central chenier-plain coast, western Louisiana Shelf, USA

Abstract The strong coupling between hydrodynamics and seafloors on shallow muddy shelves, and resulting bed reworking, have been extensively documented. On these shelves, spectral wave transformation is driven by a complex combination of forcing mechanisms that include nonlinear wave interactions and wave energy dissipation induced by fluid-mud at a range of frequencies. Wave-mud interaction is investigated herein by using a previously validated nonlinear spectral wave model and observations of waves and near-bed conditions on a mildly-sloping seafloor off the muddy central chenier-plain coast, western Louisiana Shelf, United States. Measurements were made along a cross-shelf transect spanning 1 km between 4 and 3 m water depths. The high-resolution observations of waves and near-bed conditions suggest presence of a fluid mud layer with thickness sometimes exceeding 10 cm under strong long wave action (1 meter wave height with 7 s peak period at 4 meter depth). Spectral wave transformation is modeled using the stochastic formulation of the nonlinear Mild Slope Equation, modified to account for wave-breaking and mud-induced dissipation. The model is used in an inverse manner in order to estimate the viscosity of the fluid mud layer, which is a key parameter controlling mud-induced wave dissipation but complicated to measure in the field during major wave events. Estimated kinematic viscosities vary between 10 −4 -10 −3 m 2 /s. Combining these results of the wave model simulations with in-depth analysis of near-bed conditions and boundary layer modeling allows for a detailed investigation of the interaction of nonlinear wave propagation and mud characteristics. The results indicate that mud-induced dissipation is most efficient when the wave-induced resuspensions of concentrations > 10 g/L settle due to relatively small bottom stresses to form a fluid mud layer that is not as thin and viscous as a consolidated seafloor in absence of wave action but also not as thick and soft as a near-bed high concentration layer that forms during strong wave action.
Nuclear import of the retinoid X receptor, the vitamin D receptor, and their mutual heterodimer.

The nuclear receptor retinoid X receptor (RXR) can regulate transcription through homotetramers, homodimers, and heterodimers with other nuclear receptors such as the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The mechanisms that underlie the nuclear import of RXR, VDR, and RXR-VDR heterodimers were investigated. We show that RXR and VDR translocate into the nucleus by distinct pathways. RXR strongly bound to importinβ and was predominantly nuclear in the absence of ligand. Importin binding and nuclear localization of RXR were modestly enhanced by its ligand, 9-cis-retinoic acid. On the other hand, VDR selectively associated with importinα. Importin association and correspondingly nuclear import of VDR were markedly augmented by 1,25(OH)2D3. RXR-VDR dimerization inhibited the ability of RXR to bind importinβ and to mobilize into the nucleus using its own nuclear localization signal. In contrast, VDR recruited RXR-VDR heterodimers to importinα and mediated nuclear import of the heterodimers in response to 1,25(OH)2D3. Hence nuclear import of RXR-VDR heterodimers is mediated preferentially by VDR and is controlled by the VDR ligand. The observations reveal a novel mechanism by which an RXR heterodimerization partner dominates the activity of the heterodimers.
Mechanism of fluid secretion common to aglomerular and glomerular kidneys

Mechanism of fluid secretion common to aglomerular and glomerular kidneys . Isolated renal proximal tubules of sea water fish net secrete fluid in vitro . The principal electrolytes in secreted fluid are Na, Cl, Mg and S. Transepithelial voltages may be lumen-negative or -positive by a few millivolts, and transepithelial resistances are low partly due to high paracellular Na and Cl permeabilities. Transepithelial electrochemical potentials indicate secretion of Mg into the tubule lumen by active transport. As Mg concentration in secreted fluid rises, Na concentration falls. Surprisingly, these observations of fluid secretion are made in glomerular and aglomerular proximal tubules, suggesting a fundamental mechanism common to both. Central to this commonality appears to be their behavior as open Donnan systems. Mg actively secreted into the tubule lumen from which it cannot diffuse back into the peritubular medium causes the transepithelial secretion of diffusible Na and Cl. Water follows by osmosis. Since there is flow out of the distal end of the tubule Donnan equilibrium is not attained. Instead, a dynamic Donnan system is maintained, driven by active transport of Mg. A mathematical model of tubular electrolyte and fluid secretion confirms the operation of this open, dynamic Donnan system in aglomerular and glomerular proximal tubules.
Plasma Minerals in Normal and Neutron Irradiated Burros

PREVIOUS investigations have reported the biochemical and haematological changes produced by exposure of the burro (Equus asinus asinus) to γ-irradiation1–9. Concentrations of plasma iron rise immediately after irradiation4–7, but concentrations of copper do not rise until death, and magnesium concentrations decrease8. When a small, unshielded and uncooled fast reactor became available10, we exposed fourteen burros to neutron irradiation of either the whole body or the torso only at various doses from 100 to 440 rads. The constitution of each dose was about 90 per cent fast neutrons and 10 per cent γ-rays. (Details of the radiation characteristics and dosimetry have already been described9.) The elements analysed in duplicate in dried plasma, using an optical emission spectrograph, are shown in Table 1; the data were processed in a computer using a Fortran system. Analyses for calcium, potassium, chlorine and sulphur were also made by the X-ray fluorescence method11,12.
Synthesis of Reduced Transition-Metal Oxides with Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride.

Addition of aqueous hydroxylamine hydrochloride in aqueous solutions of ammonium (MO4)n- salts at a fixed pH, maintained by adding HCl drops, has yielded amorphous, reduced oxides of intermediate valence such as VO2, Cr2O3, Fe3O4, MoO2, and (NH4)0.33WO3. The as-prepared products crystallize on heating to 300−500 °C.
Response to Comment on "Chromosomal Instability and Tumors Promoted by DNA Hypomethylation" and "Induction of Tumors in Mice by Genomic Hypomethylation"

We have recently shown that genome-wide DNA hypomethylation induces genomic instability and tumors in animals ([ 1 ][1], [ 2 ][2]). Based on these results, we cautioned that long-term treatment with a demethylating agent such as 5-aza-2′deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) may produce unwanted side effects
Mild Colorimetric Detection of Sialic Acid

As part of a broader program focusing on the detection of colorless biomolecules in the visible region, a simple and mild procedure for the visual detection of the most abundant sialic acid at room temperature and neutral pH is reported. The role of the interaction of the sialic acid amide with boron in a readily synthesized boronic acid-based receptor is an important feature of the signaling mechanism. Selectivity of reaction can be tuned by the judicious choice of solvents. This study embodies a departure from many of the author's earlier efforts in sugar solutions that are not heated, affording relatively more selective and milder detection.
Monitoring nonenzymatic glycation of human immunoglobulin G by methylglyoxal and glyoxal: A spectroscopic study.

The accumulation of di-carbonyl compounds, methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxal (G) has been observed in diabetic conditions. They are formed from non-oxidative mechanisms in anaerobic glycolysis and lipid peroxidation and act as advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) precursors. The objective of this study was to monitor and characterize the AGE formation of human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) by MG and G, utilizing UV-Fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) and MALDI-Mass Spectrometry. Human IgG was incubated over time with MG and G at different concentrations. Formation of AGE was monitored by UV and fluorescence spectroscopy. The effect of AGE formation on secondary structure of hIgG has been studied by CD. Comparison of AGE profile for MG and G was performed by MALDI-Mass Spectrometry. Both MG and G formed AGE with MG being almost twice as reactive as G. The combination of these techniques is a convenient method for evaluating and characterizing the AGE proteins.
Traveling Density Waves in Positive Columns

The continuity equations for positive ions and for electrons coupled to each other by the Coulomb force and the effect of ionizing collisions have a solution representing traveling density waves whose frequencies are widely different from the usual plasma oscillations.
A Palliative Care Futurist: What Will We Be Doing in Five Years? (422)

places high value on clinician presence, telehealth may be viewed as dehumanizing and impersonal. Nevertheless, telehealth methodologies do not necessarily conflict with palliative care principles. There are several characteristics of telehealth that may enhance palliative care delivery. Ongoing dialogue among palliative care leaders regarding the potential benefits and pitfalls of telehealth integration is needed to ensure the very essence of palliative care remains intact and patients’ safety and security needs are protected. This offering presents the expansion of the role of telehealth into the field of palliative care. The unique characteristics of telehealth and its potential to enhance the delivery of palliative care are discussed. Current telehealth interventions in the field and their outcomes are examined via an interdisciplinary panel (medicine, nursing, social work). Finally, the ethical and legal considerations related to the use of telehealth are highlighted.
INTRAMOLECULAR CATALYSIS OF AMIDE ISOMERIZATION : KINETIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE 5-NH- -NA HYDROGEN BOND IN PROLYL PEPTIDES

The presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond has been proposed to play a key role in the catalysis of amide isomerization by peptidylprolyl isomerases (PPIases), which are highly conserved and u...
Forecasting the ring current index Dst in real time

Abstract Three models for the evolution of the ring current index Dst are evaluated for real-time implementation. Each model provides the time evolution of Dst in terms of solar wind parameters. Real-time data resources employed by the models are Kyoto Quicklook Dst and ACE real-time solar wind parameters. The implementation described provides a forecast time of about 1h due to propagation of the solar wind from the ACE spacecraft to the Earth. The models are evaluated for simulated real-time data availability, and several error measures are provided. One-hour averages were used in keeping with the standard Dst index. By all measures used the model of O'Brien and McPherron (1999, Journal of Geophysical Research, in press) performs best.
Passive and active components of the internal moment developed about the ankle joint during human ambulation

The internal moment developed about a joint during a functional activity is the result of contraction of muscles and the visco-elastic properties of the joint and its surrounding soft tissues. In this study, the contribution of each one of these mechanisms to the total internal moment developed about the ankle joint during human level walking was assessed. The results indicate that during normal level walking the internal moment about the ankle is mainly due to contraction of muscles surrounding the joint. The contribution of the passive component was found to be negligible. These results, however, were found to be different for the pathological case tested. The results indicated that in a subject with a mild equinus ankle deformity, a substantial portion (21%) of the total internal moment was contributed by the passive resistance of the joint and its surrounding structures.
The difficulties in defining the religious affiliation of endowed primary schools: The Lancashire experience

Cette recherche se concentre sur les conditions de creation de certaines ecoles primaires du Lancashire, en etablissant un comparatif reposant sur la datation de leur apparition ainsi que la nature de leur affiliation religieuse et sur les details administratifs et financiers relatifs a leur fonctionnement...
DH82 cells: a macrophage cell line for the replication and study of equine infectious anemia virus

In vivo, tissue macrophages have been implicated as an important cell for the replication of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). Laboratory investigations of EIAV/macrophage interactions, however, have been hampered by the laborious blood monocyte isolation procedures. In addition, adherent equine macrophage cultures generally have poor long-term viability and are resistant to transfection. This report describes an adherent canine macrophage-like cell line, DH82, that supports the replication of EIAV. This cell line was easily transfectable and supported EIAV Tat transactivation of the LTR. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were carried out to determine which transcription factor binding sites within the LTR enhancer region were bound by DH82 nuclear extracts. It was found that five different motifs were occupied. The ets motifs that are bound by PU.1 in primary macrophage nuclear extracts specifically interacted with DH82 nuclear extracts. In addition, the PEA-2, Lvb and Oct motifs that are occupied by fibroblast nuclear extracts were also bound by DH82 nuclear extracts. Finally, the methylation-dependent binding protein (MDBP) site that is bound by all nuclear extracts investigated to date demonstrated specific interactions with DH82 nuclear extracts. The observation that both macrophage-specific and fibroblast-specific motifs were utilized by DH82 nuclear extracts suggested that both macrophage-adapted and fibroblast-adapted EIAV could replicate in DH82 cells. Indeed, infectivity studies demonstrated that strains of virus that exclusively replicate in macrophages can replicate in DH82 cells and fibroblast-adapted strains of virus can also replicate in these cells. Finally, these cells could be transfected readily with the EIAV molecular clone, pSPeiav19-2, and virus spread was detected within the culture. In conclusion, this study has identified a useful cell line that should facilitate the study of EIAV expression and replication.
Self-directed treatment with minimal therapist contact: preliminary findings for obsessive-compulsive disorder

The efficacy of a brief intervention for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was examined with nine clients. Treatment consisted of five meetings with the therapists, readings from When once is not enough (Steketee & White, 1990), and self-directed exposure with response prevention. The self-report version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale was the primary dependent measure. Participants who received treatment after a 6-week delay showed stability of severity of OCD over the waiting period. As a group, participants showed statistically significant improvement on the main outcome measures. One-third of the clients met criteria for clinically significant improvement indicating that some individuals suffering with OCD can be helped with a brief intervention.
Na+‐dependent, active nucleoside transport in S49 mouse lymphoma cells and loss in AE‐1 mutant deficient in facilitated nucleoside transport

S49 murine lymphoma cells were examined for expression of various nucleoside transport systems using a non-metabolized nucleoside, formycin B, as substrate. Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI)-sensitive, facilitated transport was the primary nucleoside transport system of the cells. The cells also expressed very low levels of NBTI-resistant, facilitated nucleoside transport as well as of Na(+)-dependent, concentrative formycin B transport. Concentrative transport was specific for uridine and purine nucleosides, just as the concentrative nucleoside transporters of other mouse and rat cells. A nucleoside transport mutant of S49 cells, AE-1, lacked both the NBTI-sensitive, facilitated and Na(+)-dependent, concentrative formycin B transport activity, but Na(+)-dependent, concentrative transport of alpha-aminoisobutyrate was not affected.
γ-Glutamyl Hydrolase: Kinetic Characterization of Isopeptide Hydrolysis Using Fluorogenic Substrates†

Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase, a cysteine peptidase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of poly-gamma-glutamate derivatives of folate cofactors and many antifolate drugs. We have used internally quenched fluorogenic derivatives of glutamyl-gamma-glutamate and (4,4-difluoro)glutamyl-gamma-glutamate to examine the effect of fluorine substitution adjacent to the scissile isopeptide bond. Using a newly developed continuous fluorescence assay, the hydrolysis of both substrates could be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Fluorine substitution resulted in a significant decrease in observed rates of hydrolysis under steady-state conditions due primarily to a approximately 15-fold increase in Km. Using stopped-flow techniques, hydrolysis of the non-fluorinated isopeptide was characterized by a burst phase followed by a steady-state rate, indicating that formation of the acyl enzyme is not rate-limiting for hydrolysis of this isopeptide. This conclusion was confirmed by analysis of the progress curves over a wide range of substrate concentration, which demonstrated that the acylation rate (k2) is approximately 10-fold higher than the deacylation rate (k3). The increased value of Km associated with the difluoro derivative limited the ability to obtain comparable pre-steady-state kinetics data at saturating concentration of substrate due to inner filter effects. However, even under nonsaturating conditions, a modest burst was observed for the difluoro derivative. These data indicate that either deacylation or rearrangement of the enzyme-product complex is rate-limiting in this isopeptide hydrolysis reaction.
Treatment of chronic dermatophyte infections. The use of ketoconazole in griseofulvin treatment failures.

Summary Twenty-eight patients with chronic dermatophytosis who had failed to respond to griseofulvin were treated with ketoconazole for periods of up to 18 months. Seventy-two per cent of patients with unresponsive infections on the trunk, proximal limb or groins responded to therapy without early relapse in under 6 months. By contrast 82%, of patients with sole or toe nail infections either failed to respond to therapy or relapsed within 6 months of stopping the drug. There was no evidence that the initial minimum inhibitory concentration of the organism influenced the outcome or that drug resistance developed during treatment.
General Method for the Selective Functionalization of Cyclopentadienyliron Tricarbadecaboranyl Complexes via Halogenation and Sonogashira Coupling Reactions

A general method for the selective functionalization of cyclopentadienyliron tricarbadecaboranyl complexes has been developed that employs selective halogenation of the tricarbadecaboranyl ligand followed by Sonogashira coupling reactions. The reaction of N-chloro (NCS) or N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) with 1-(η5-C5H5)-2-Ph-closo-1,2,3,4-FeC3B7H9 (2) resulted in selective halogenation at the B6-boron of the tricarbadecaboranyl ligand to form 1-(η5-C5H5)-2-Ph-6-X-closo-1,2,3,4-FeC3B7H8 (X = Cl (3), Br (4)), respectively. 4 was also formed selectively by the reaction of 2 with Br2. The AlCl3-catalyzed reaction of 2 with ICl gave an easily separated mixture of 1-(η5-C5H5)-2-Ph-6-I-closo-1,2,3,4-FeC3B7H8 (5), 1-(η5-C5H5)-2-Ph-11-I-closo-1,2,3,4-FeC3B7H8 (6), and 1-(η5-C5H5)-2-Ph-6-I-11-I-closo-1,2,3,4-FeC3B7H7 (7). Reaction of 5 with terminal acetylenes in the presence of (PPh3)2PdCl2/CuI in Et2NH solvent yielded a series of acetylene-functionalized metallatricarbadecaboranyl complexes, 1-(η5-C5H5)-2-Ph-6-(RC≡C)-c...
Electrodialysis for bleach effluent recycling in kraft pulp production: Simultaneous control of chloride and other non‐process elements

In the United States, more than 50 million tons of kraft pulp are produced per year. A strong effort by kraft pulp producers has been under way for several years to reduce water use. The in-process recycling of the acidic bleach effluent carrying metals, transition metals, calcium, and often large amounts of chloride is still a significant challenge. The simultaneous selective removal of chloride, and detrimental cations from the acidic bleach effluent of bleached kraft pulp mills by electrodialysis was investigated. The laboratory results with actual effluents show that very good removal levels can be achieved in an economical process. The chloride removal from acidic bleach effluent will aid significantly in keeping chloride levels acceptable in the recovery cycle. Aux Etats-Unis, plus de 50 millions de tonnes de pâte kraft sont produites chaque annee. Les producteurs de pâte font d'enormes efforts depuis plusieurs annees pour reduire l'utilisation d'eau. Le recyclage dans le procede de l'effluent de blanchiment acidique qui contient des metaux, des metaux de transition, du calcium et souvent de grandes quantites dechlorure, reste un defi important. On a etudie le retrait selectif simultane par electrodyalise du chlorure et des cations nocifs de l'effluent de blanchiment acidique d'usines de pâte kraft blanchie. Le retrait de chlorure de l'effluent de blanchiment acidique aidera considerablement a garder des niveaux de chlorure acceptables dans le cycles de recuperation.
Debonding in Overmolded Integrated Circuit Packages

Recently introduced overmolded pad array chip carrier (OMPAC) electronic packages sometimes suffer from debonding between the overmold material and the printed circuit board. In this study, bond strength is characterized by a combination of experimental and analytical methods. Test specimens representative for OMPAC structures were designed, manufactured, and tested to failure in tension and torsion. Finite element stress analysis of the specimens was performed in conjunction with a combined interfacial stress failure criterion to determine interfacial tensile and shear strengths from the measured failure loads.
Atypical echocardiographic and angiographic presentation of a postoperative pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle after repair of a true aneurysm

Subsequent to the repair of a true aneurysm from the posteromedial-basal aspect of the left ventricle, a 58 year old man developed a draining wound at the site of the sternotomy. Two-dimensional echocardiography revealed recurrence of the aneurysm at the site of the previous aneurysm repair. This aneurysm had a wide neck and looked similar in appearance to the previous true aneurysm. However, at surgery the patient was found to have a ventricular pseudoaneurysm with a car-diocutaneous fistula.
Mainstreaming Political Science Instruction: An Additive Approach

During the past three years on the editorial board of PS: Political Science & Politics, the last year as chair, I have had the opportunity to read many manuscripts and engage in numerous discussions about the character of our discipline, especially about the place of instruction/teaching in the academic life of political scientists. I have heard endless variations of the debate on the relative importance of teaching and research, wide-spread accusations that teaching has been ignored within our departments and discipline in our quest for scholarly status, complaints that the American Political Science Review lacks relevance for the vast majority of those who subscribe to it only because it comes with their APSA membership, and accusations that the annual meetings of the APSA and regional associations are closed, elitist gatherings of "producers" sharing arcane research findings with the minuscule like-minded audiences attending their panels. Frankly, I find most of the debates and accusations about the state of the professoriate stale and unproductive. The complaints, as well-founded as they may sound to many political scientists, often seem to be more motivated by some felt need to "bash" the political science "establishment" than by a desire to create a different intellectual environment. However, since joining the faculty of a newly established university-California State University San Marcos-I have been forced to rethink these issues in the larger context of a higher education institution defining itself. Interacting with a broad cross section of academics from many disciplines and institutions has underscored for me the widespread discontent and concern about recent trends in higher education, especially the narrowness of our conception of scholarship and the concomitant depreciation of the value of instruction in higher education.
Isolated longitudinal myelitis: a report of six cases.

Retrospective chart review. To report six patients with isolated longitudinal myelitis (LM). Outpatients at Multiple Sclerosis Center/Clinic Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Patients treated for LM in whom evidence for multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and systemic inflammatory disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was lacking. 2. Interventions: Clinical, laboratory and imaging data, treatment and outcomes were reviewed. 3. Main Outcome Measures: LM in the absence of optic neuritis, normal or nonspecific brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, the absence of NMO antibody. All presented with monophasic myelitis with variable loss of motor, sensory and bowel/bladder functions. MRIs of the brain were normal (five cases), and in the sixth showed a single T2 hyperintense lesion, which was interpreted as an ischemic lesion due to small-vessel disease. MRIs of the spinal cord of all patients showed swelling and T2 hyperintense lesions with patchy contrast enhancement that extended from the cervicomedullary junction to the conus medullaris. Two of these patients received rituximab with clinical benefit. Another patient received one dose of rituximab, developed an allergic reaction, received further treatments with azathioprine and also made a good recovery. In one patient, approval for rituximab was obtained several months after the inflammation had subsided, and she has shown only a minimal improvement. The two patients who did not receive rituximab made no significant recovery from their maximal neurological deficits. Isolated LM may be a new clinical syndrome, or a variant of NMO.
Nanogeoscience: From Origins to Cutting-Edge Applications

At first glance, nano and Earth seem about as far apart as one can imagine. Nanogeoscience seems to be a word connecting opposites. But to a growing number of Earth scientists, this term makes sense. Although relatively difficult to detect and study, natural nanomaterials are ubiquitous in nature. Their properties are often different (sometimes dramatically different) from those of the same material at a larger size. In many cases, larger equivalents do not even exist. By understanding natural nanomaterials, we can acquire another perspective from which to view Earth's chemical and physical properties. Important insights into local, regional, and even global phenomena await our understanding of processes that are relevant at the smallest scales of Earth science research.
A Tool For Interactive Exploration Of A Hierarchical Segmentation

Hierarchical segmentation is discussed as a form of region growing in which the sequence of merges is controlled by a 'best merge first' principle, and a record of the region merging sequence is often retained for later analysis. In the author's massively parallel implementation of hierarchical segmentation, which he calls iterative parallel region growing (IPRG), a set of directional edge maps are used to store the region merging sequence information. An iteractive tool is described that allows an analyst to fully explore a hierarchical segmentation, potentially producing an image segmentation that is a combination of segmentations produced at several different iterations of the IPRG algorithm. A potential method for automatically producing such segmentations is also discussed.
Compressive auto-indexing in femtosecond nanocrystallography

Ultrafast nanocrystallography has the potential to revolutionize biology by enabling structural elucidation of proteins for which it is possible to grow crystals with 10 or fewer unit cells on the side. The success of nanocrystallography depends on robust orientation-determination procedures that allow us to average diffraction data from multiple nanocrystals to produce a three-dimensional (3D) diffraction data volume with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Such a 3D diffraction volume can then be phased using standard crystallographic techniques. “Indexing” algorithms used in crystallography enable orientation determination of diffraction data from a single crystal when a relatively large number of reflections are recorded. Here we show that it is possible to obtain the exact lattice geometry from a smaller number of measurements than standard approaches using a basis pursuit solver.
Tissue Graft Rejection in Mice

The influence ofH-2 subregions on graft survival in a liver slice-tokidney bed grafting system has been investigated.H-2K-region andH-2IA-region donor-recipient differences, either individually or in concert, cause acute graft rejection.H-2D-region donor-recipient differences cause chronic immunological reaction as evaluated by histological criteria. Grafts across this barrier may ultimately be rejected or may survive indefinitely. Several possible explanations for the variation in survival are proposed. The remaining knownH-2 regions (IB, IC, S, andG) all appear to cause immunological reactivity in a recipient animal which differs from the liver tissue donor at any of these regions. However, only anIC-region difference may ultimately cause complete graft destruction following an extended chronic immunological course. Grafts across background histocompatibility barriers of several genetic types show rejection patterns equivalent to those seen acrossK andIA barriers. These patterns are unchanged, whether or not the donor and recipient are congenic forH-2 alleles. DifferentH-2 allelic donor-recipient differences do, however, show different times of survival, indicating variation in strength or number of donor antigens or differences in recipient immune response.
Magnetic and structural properties of FeCoB thin films

The magnetic and structural properties of FeCoB thin films as a function of boron content have been investigated for applications requiring soft, high moment materials. The films were either co-sputtered from separate FeCo-35 and B targets or from a (Fe/sub 65/Co/sub 35/)/sub 90/B/sub 10/ alloy target. A peak in the coercivity was observed for small amounts of boron. Measurements of coercivity with fields applied along the radial and circumferential directions of the Si wafer showed isotropic magnetic behavior. The coercivity and saturation induction decreased with increasing amounts of boron above 2 at.%. High angle X-ray diffraction showed a broadening of the [110] peak with increasing boron, indicative of either increased microstrains or smaller average grain size perpendicular to the film. The [110] peak, however, did not shift with added boron, suggesting that on average the boron does not expand the FeCo lattice. The drop in coercivity around 10 at.% B was identified with a transition to a primarily amorphous state. Since these alloys have a high positive magnetostriction, their magnetic properties are particularly sensitive to film stress/strain. Using sputtering gas pressure as a variable, differences in coercivity were also correlated with changes in film strain.