cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Body Norms and Fat Stigma in Global Perspective

While slim-body ideals have spread globally in the last several decades, we know comparatively little of any concurrent proliferation of fat-stigmatizing beliefs. Using cultural surveys and body mass estimates collected from 680 adults from urban areas in 10 countries and territories, we test for cultural variation in how people conceptualize and stigmatize excess weight and obesity. Using consensus analysis of belief statements about obese and fat bodies, we find evidence of a shared model of obesity that transcends populations and includes traditionally fat-positive societies. Elements include the recognition of obesity as a disease, the role of individual responsibility in weight gain and loss, and the social undesirability of fat but also the inappropriateness of open prejudice against fat. Focusing on statements about fat that are explicitly stigmatizing, we find most of these expressed in the middle-income and developing-country samples. Results suggest a profound global diffusion of negative ideas ...
Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Management of Canine Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis

Calcium oxalate uroliths are commonly called metabolic uroliths because they are sequelae of a variety of metabolic abnormalities that alter the composition of body fluids and urine. Factors incriminated in the etiopathogenesis of calcium oxalate urolithiasis include hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, and hyperuricosuria. the predominant type of calcium oxalate urolith encountered in dogs is the monoc hydrate form; however, the dihydrate form may also occur. Male dogs have been more frequently affected than female dogs. Medical therapy should be formulated with the goal of redueing urine concentration of calculogenic substances.
The differential effect of Ca-ATP and Mg-ATP on platelet actomyosin.

Abstract SDS-gel electrophoresis of the myosin peak produced by Mg-ATP splitting of platelet actomyosin on a 5–20% sucrose gradient revealed large amounts of actin or actin-like protein present. Substitution of Ca++ for Mg++ in the sucrose gradient released a lighter protein from the myosin peak. SDS-gel electrophoresis showed little actin or actin-like protein in the myosin peak and only actin or actin-like protein in the light peak. The differential effect of Ca-ATP and Mg - ATP on platelet actomyosin is not observed with skeletal muscle actomyosin. Futhermore the importance of calcium in platelet physiology suggests some important role for this Ca++-ATP sensitive actin or actin - like protein in platelet function.
Simulation of a Stably Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using One-Dimensional Turbulence

One-dimensional turbulence (ODT) is a single-column simulation in which vertical motions are represented by an unsteady advective process, rather than their customary representation by a diffusive process. No space or time averaging of mesh-resolved motions is invoked. Molecular-transport scales can be resolved in ODT simulations of laboratory-scale flows, but this resolution of these scales is prohibitively expensive in ODT simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), except possibly in small subregions of a non-uniform mesh.
Inelastic strain accumulation in cortical bone during rapid transient tensile loading.

An experimental study examined the tensile stress-strain behavior of cortical bone during rapid load cycles to high strain amplitudes. Machined bovine and human cortical bone samples were subjected to loading cycles at a nominal load/unload rate of +/- 420 MPa/s. Loads were reversed at pre selected strain levels such that load cycles were typically completed in 0.5-0.7 seconds. Axial strain behavior demonstrated considerable nonlinearity in the first load cycle, while transverse strain behavior was essentially linear. For the human bone 29.1 percent (S.D. = 4.7 percent), and for the bovine bone 35.1 percent (S.D. = 10.8 percent) of the maximum nonlinear strain accumulated after load reversal, where nonlinear strain was defined as the difference between total strain and strain corresponding to linear elastic behavior. Average residual axial strain on unloading was 35.4 percent (S.D. = 1.2 percent) for human bone and 35.1 percent (S.D. = 2.9 percent) of maximum nonlinear strain. Corresponding significant volumetric strains and residual volumetric strains were found. The results support the conclusions that the nonlinear stress-strain behavior observed during creep loading also occurs during transient loading at physiological rates. The volume increases suggest that damage accumulation, i.e., new internal surfaces and voids, plays a major role in this behavior. The residual volume increases and associated disruptions in the internal structure of bone provide a potential stimulus for a biological repair response.
The indirect assay for leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF)--standardization and the effect of pH.

Abstract In the indirect assay for leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF), lymphokine-rich supernatants were obtained by culture of stimulated lymphocytes and then tested for LIF activity in agarose plates using purified granulocytes as target cells. Studies on the standardization of the conditions under which LIF acts on the target cells are described, with emphasis on the use of ‘standard’ supernatants of known LIF activity and the influence of pH on the action of LIF and the sensitivity of the assay. The observation that LIF activity is reduced when the ambient pH falls below 7.2 is suggested as an explanation firstly for the ‘escape’ phenomenon seen particularly in capillary tube assays for LIF, and secondly for the reduced sensitivity of the capillary tube assay in comparison with the corresponding agarose plate assay.
Adolescents' perceptions of the efficacy of short-term, inpatient group therapy

Thirty-three adolescent psychiatric inpatients were assessed using a 60-item questionnaire based on Yalom's 1970 Q-sort of the hypothesized curative factors in group psychotherapy. Given the prevalence of short term inpatient psychiatric treatment, the current study focused on adolescents' reactions to group processes of short duration. The study population most valued the curative factors of universality, cohesiveness, catharsis, and existential responsibility. Consistent with the majority of previous research the adolescents' least-valued categories were family reenactment and identification. The current findings are compared to previous research and recommendations for emphasis in treatment are provided.
Broadband absorbance in a liquid-core optical ring resonator.

We have demonstrated the application of broadband absorption spectroscopy in a liquid-core optical ring resonator. An initial proof of concept of the broadband liquid-core optical ring resonator (BLCORR) was constructed using a thinned-wall, 250-μm-inner-diameter fused silica capillary, tapered multimode optical fibers for input and output coupling, and a light-emitting diode (LED) source. When compared with standard cuvette measurements, an apparent path length as high as 5 cm was observed for methylene blue (MB). MB is a cationic dye that exhibits strong surface interaction with bare silica. Bromothymol blue (BTB), on the other hand, has a similar absorbance spectrum but does not share this same surface activity. On comparing these two dyes, the apparent path length for MB was found to reach more than 50 times that of BTB, confirming the expectation that the sensing region being probed is largely within the evanescent field at the inner surface of the capillary. The BLCORR may also inherit, from attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy, the ability to analyze highly concentrated chromophores. Concentrations of BTB as high as 10−2 and 10−3 M were easily distinguished from each other at the λmax in the BLCORR, whereas this was not the case in a 4-mm cuvette cell. Our presented device employs commercially available materials and could incorporate well into microfluidic systems. These benefits, along with the demonstrated ability to take enhanced surface absorbance measurements in a capillary, give the BLCORR potential in a variety of applications.
Analysis of photopic and scotopic function in an incomplete achromat.

Spectral sensitivity and color vision tests were performed on a subject who was totally color blind at low photopic luminances, but exhibited hue discrimination at relatively high photopic levels. Chromaticity confusion loci showed that the residual color vision was abnormal; a tritan defect was superimposed on the generalized reduction of cone sensitivity. Although cone function was markedly depressed, a photopic spectral sensitivity curve was obtained for the light-adapted fovea. Dark-adapted foveal measurements, on the other hand, gave a scotopic function almost identical to that of the dark-adapted periphery. However, it was possible to demonstrate objectively that this subject shifts fixation to an eccentric position under scotopic conditions, i.e., the dark-adapted “foveal” results were, in fact, for a para-macular region. Irrespective of the degree of light adaptation, cone function was not detectable in the peripheral measurements.
The inhibition of DNA synthesis by calf-thymus polymerase by X-irradiation of the primer DNA☆

Studies were made to determine whether or not DNA damaged by x irradiation may be easily replicated by the DNA synthetic mechanism. It was found that the synthesis of new material is strongly inhibited by large doses of x rays, and that within the experimental error, there is no great difference in the amounts of incorporation of d-TMP and d-CMP at any dose level that was examined. The results emphasize that the system used for assaying the effects of irradiation may greatly modify the results obtained.
Calculation of the enthalpies of formation for transition metal complexes

It is found that the Los Alamos (LANL) effective core potential scheme outperforms the Stevens effective core potentials (CEP-31G) for the calculation of gas-phase enthalpies of formation. Inspection of the results indicates that a major source of error is due to the use of effective core potentials for light main group elements (i.e., Z < 10) in the standard CEP-31G implementation. Hence, it is recommended that in modeling the thermochemistry of transition metal complexes that all-electron basis sets be used for the light main group elements when the most accurate energetics are required.
Endoscopic computer repair.

While preparing to analyze a 24-hour pH study, our technologist noted that the analysis computer (Del Mar Avionics, Irvine, Calif.) was not "booting up." Examination of the equipment quickly determined that the door for the A disk drive was missing. A thorough search of the area was unsuccessful, as was a flashlight examination of the inside ofthe disk drive (Micropolis Model II 51f4·inch floppy drive). Although repair of the system by the manufacturer could be accomplished in 72 hours, it was probable that the data stored in the recorder would be lost by then. The loss of data would require a repeat study of the patient. The estimated cost of the repair was $1700.00. The snap-in attachment of the hinge on the disk drive suggested that the missing door might have been accidentally forced into the internal area of the drive. To investigate this possibility, a fiberoptic Olympus P2 endoscope (Olympus Corporation, Lake Success, N.Y.), which was no longer used clinically, was inserted through the opening left by the absent door. An assistant held the insertion tube while the endoscopist controlled deflection.
Acromegaly as a cause of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-dependent hypercalcemia: case reports and review of the literature

Growth hormone excess has been associated with hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis. Hypercalcemia in acromegaly is rare and usually due to coexistent primary hyperparathyroidism. To report two cases of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25 (OH)2 D)-dependent hypercalcemia in cromegaly. A 50 year-old female with 2 years history of hypercalcemia presented with features of acromegaly. Serum calcium (Ca) was 10.9 mg/dl (8.6–10.2), parathyroid hormone (PTH) 20 pg/ml (10–65), PTH-related peptide undetectable, and 1,25 (OH)2 D 119 pg/ml (15–75). Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) was 911 ng/ml (49–292) and growth hormone (GH) 14.5 ng/ml (0.03–10). MRI showed a 1.7 cm pituitary tumor. Transsphenoidal adenectomy (TSA) resulted in normalization of IGF1, GH, Ca, and 1,25 (OH)2 D (50 pg/ml) and complete tumor resection. A 52-year-old female was diagnosed with visual field deficits on routine exam. MRI showed a 3 cm invasive pituitary macroadenoma. IGF1 was 416 ng/ml (87–238) and GH 75.8 (0–6.0) ng/ml. Incidentally, she was found with high Ca of 10.8 mg/dl (8.9–10.3) associated with PTH 19 pg/ml and 1,25 (OH)2 D66 pg/ml. Postoperatively, IGF1 and GH remained abnormal (440 and 12.8 ng/ml, respectively), while MRI showed parasellar tumor residue. Ca remained high (10.1–11.1 mg/dl), along with elevated 1,25 (OH)2 D level (81.3 pg/ml). In both cases, other causes of hypercalcemia were ruled out. We present 2 cases of 1,25 (OH)2 D-dependent hypercalcemia associated with growth hormone excess. Complete resection of tumor produced biochemical remission of acromegaly and normalization of calcium and 1,25 (OH)2 D levels, while incomplete resection was associated with persistent 1,25 (OH)2 D-dependent hypercalcemia. Acromegaly should be considered a cause of 1,25 (OH)2 D-dependent hypercalcemia.
Dielectric photonic crystal as medium with negative electric permittivity and magnetic permeability

Abstract We show that the two-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) made from a non-magnetic dielectric is a left-handed material in the sense defined by Veselago. Namely, it has negative values for both the electric permittivity ϵ and the magnetic permeability μ in some frequency range. This follows from a recently proven general theorem. The negative values of ϵ and μ are found by a numerical simulation. Using values |ϵ| and |μ| for the medium surrounding the PC slab we simulate the Veselago lens, a unique optical device predicted by Veselago. An approximate analytical theory is proposed to calculate the values of ϵ and μ from the PC band structure. It gives the results that are close to those obtained by the numerical simulation. The theory explains how a non-zero magnetization arises in a non-magnetic PC.
Kinetics of the reaction between hydrogen selenide ion and oxygen

Abstract Hydrogen selenide ion (HSe − ) reacts with oxygen in the following manner: HSe − + 1/2O 2 → Se o + OH − . Interest in the kinetics of this reaction comes from the fact that selenide is an important product in the metabolism of the essential trace element selenium. Using polarography to monitor both selenide and oxygen, we have found the reaction exhibits complex kinetics, including autoaccelerating behavior and the generation of reactive intermediates capable of inducing reactions in other substances present. Probable intermediate species include superoxide, peroxide and polyselenides. The reaction is slow with respect to diffusion controlled reactions, but fast with respect to the time required to prepare solutions for biological study. Selenide concentrations greater than 10 −6 M decay to give solutions of predominantly colloidal elemental selenium less than 3 minutes after exposure to atmospheric levels of oxygen.
North America during the Lower Cretaceous: new palaeomagnetic constraints from intrusions in New England

SUMMARY Six Late Aptian and Albian intrusions in Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont, dated between 113 and 100 Ma, were sampled for palaeomagnetic analysis. The majority of samples unblock between 550 "C and 580 "C, and Curie temperatures fall in a discrete interval between 556 "C and 580 "C. This indicates that the dominant remanence carrier is a TRM and is carried by titanomagnetite, which crystallized from the magma or was produced by deuteric oxidation alteration during post-magmatic cooling. Titanomagnetite occurs as discrete Cl-C3 grains, as exsolution lamellae in the silicates, and as fine reaction rims on the silicates. The palaeomagnetic results are combined with additional data from four Barremian and Early Aptian intrusions in southern Maine to produce nine reliable virtual geomagnetic poles. These possess a higher latitude than most published poles for the Lower Cretaceous. Ar4O/Ar3, ages on biotite and hornblende from these intrusions demonstrate three intrusive pulses at approximately 120 Ma, 111 Ma and 100 Ma, constraining the ages of the calculated VGPs. The corresponding palaeopoles are 72.3 ON, 198.2 "E, A,, = 3.3 "; 74.5 ON, 195.2 "E, A,, = 3.8"; and 76.6 ON, 167.5 "E, A,, = 5.3". Based on new palaeomagnetic data reported here, significant changes to the North American Mesozoic APW path are necessary. These changes constrain the palaeoposition of the North American plate in the Lower Cretaceous.
Wangensteen's transformation of the treatment of intestinal obstruction from empiric craft to scientific discipline

Abstract Dr. Owen Wangensteen, who is considered by many to be the greatest surgical educator of the 20th century, is recognized for his revolutionary studies of intestinal obstruction. He defined the criteria for the early diagnosis of intestinal obstruction with the aid of a stethoscope and X-ray examination. Moreover, he discovered that suction through a nasal catheter extended to the stomach could relieve the distention by gas as effectively as enterostomy. In his innovative studies, Dr. Wangensteen reduced the mortality from intestinal obstruction from more than 60% to 5%.
Inescapable shock interferes with the acquisition of a low-activity response in an appetitive context

This study investigates the effects of exposure to inescapable shock on the acquisition of a low-activity appetitive response using a trial procedure. Inescapable shock was found to interfere with the acquisition of a nose-poke response to obtain food as compared with animals exposed to either escapable shock or no shock. In addition, general activity levels were measured separately during the trial and the intertrial interval during the appetitive test. Inescapably shocked animals were less active during the trial component than were either the escapably shocked or the nonshocked animals. However, no differential levels of activity were observed during the intertriai interval component of the appetitive test. The relevance of these findings for both the learned helplessness and the learned inactivity hypotheses is discussed.
Development of a vision-based inspection system on a micro-computer

Abstract The role of inspection in achieving enhanced quality and productivity is of paramount importance. There is a trend towards more reliable methods of inspection—like, machine vision, automated inspection, computer-aided inspection, etc. But, for these newer inspection systems to be attractive, these need to be cost-effective. The present paper is based on a project which was concerned with the design and development of an automated micro-based system integrating machine vision with a robot to carry out inspection tasks. To simulate a real-world industrial process, the inspection of common washers has been carried out using the system. Depending on the outcome of the inspection process, the robot arm gets activated to pick a washer and transfer it in a good/bad bin, or place it on an assembly workstation. The manipulator next returns to its standby position and remains there until a new target is presented. The special features of the inspection are: (i) micro-computer based, (ii) low-cost, being under $7500, (iii) flexible and reprogrammable, and (iv) likely to remain effective at the shop floor.
Montgomery multiplication over rings

Abstract Montgomery multiplication of two elements a and b of a finite field F q is defined as abr - 1 where r is a fixed field element in F q × . In this paper we define Montgomery multiplication of elements a ( x ) and b ( x ) in a polynomial ring modulo the ideal generated by a reducible polynomial f ( x ) . We then show that Montgomery multiplication over a field represented by a polynomial ring modulo an irreducible pentanomial can be performed more efficiently in terms of time delay by embedding the field in a quotient of a polynomial ring modulo a reducible trinomial. The trinomial has a degree that is slightly higher than that of the pentanomial, thereby increasing the number of gates in the multiplier by a small amount.
Localized chaos in one-dimensional hydrogen.

We calculate the response of hydrogen to the presence of both a strong dc electric field (necessary to isolate a nearly one-dimensional motion) and a strong radiation field of higher frequency than the binding energy of the system, a regime that has not previously been examined by theory or experiment. We determine the classical ionization threshold, the quantum-delocalization threshold, and the threshold of {ital n} mixing due to chaotic effects. The analysis indicates that the dc field can have a dramatic effect on the quantum localization of classically chaotic diffusion, changing the delocalization threshold by more than an order of magnitude. Moreover, this system provides a large spectral region in which quantum-mechanical localization inhibits classical chaotic diffusion. This theory is well suited to experimental testing.
The solar oscillations investigation — Michelson Doppler imager for SOHO

The Solar Oscillations Investigation-Michelson Doppler Imager (SOI-MDI) for the SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) mission is intended to investigate the solar interior using helioseismology techniques. The SOI program consists of a coordinated set of observations intended to address a set of science objectives, an MDI instrument, and a facility that will provide data reduction and analysis capability. The MDI instrument will take filtergrams to measure LOS velocity, line and continuum intensity, and LOS magnetic fields with both 4 and 1.2 arcsec resolution, The SOI study is designed to take advantage of the anticipated SOHO telemetry by organizining the observations into four programs: structure (at all times), dynamics (two months per year), campaign (eight hours per day, 10 months per year), and magnetic field (a few minutes per day).
Improving counterflow detection in dense crowds with scene features

Detecting counterflow motion in videos of highly dense crowds.Reducing false alarms by identifying scene features with a three-way classifier.Achieving more robust tracking with a Scene Feature Heat Map.Reducing false alarms with joint processing in a multi-camera network.Extensive long-term experiment with camera networks at an airport. This paper addresses the problem of detecting counterflow motion in videos of highly dense crowds. We focus on improving the detection performance by identifying scene features - that is, features on motionless background surfaces. We propose a three-way classifier to differentiate counterflow from normal flow, simultaneously identifying scene features based on statistics of low-level feature point tracks. By monitoring scene features, we can reduce the likelihood that moving features' point tracks mix with scene feature point tracks, as well as detect and discard frames with periodic jitter. We also construct a Scene Feature Heat Map, which reflects the space-varying probability that object trajectories might mix with scene features. When an object trajectory nears a high-probability region of this map, we switch to a more time-consuming and robust joint Lucas-Kanade tracking algorithm to improve performance. We evaluate the algorithms with extensive experiments on several datasets, including almost three weeks of data from an airport surveillance camera network. The experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed algorithms and their significant improvements for counterflow detection.
Mismatch Negativity in the Assessment of Central Auditory Function.

The mismatch negativity (MMN) is an auditory evoked potential that is undergoing research both on its basic characteristics and its potential clinical applications. Current work indicates that the ...
Medical student interest in academic medical careers: a multi-institutional study.

Little is known about how medical students view academic medicine. This multi-institutional study explored student perceptions of this career path. During 2009–2010, third- and fourth-year students at three United States medical schools completed a 30-item online survey. In total, 239 students completed the questionnaire (37 % response rate). Significant predictors of students’ desires for academic medical careers included interest in teaching (γ = 0.74), research (γ = 0.53), interprofessional practice (γ = 0.34), administration (γ = 0.27), and community service opportunities (γ = 0.16). A positive correlation existed between accumulated debt and interest in academic medicine (γ = 0.20). Student descriptions of the least and most appealing aspects of academic medicine were classified into five categories: professional, research, personal, teaching and mentoring, and patients/patient care. Students are more likely to be interested in a career in academic medicine if they have participated in research or were influenced by a mentor. Factors that may also influence a medical student’s decision to pursue a career in academic medicine include age and debt accumulated prior to medical school. Professional aspects of academic medicine (cutting edge environment, resources) and the opportunity to teach were the most appealing aspects.
The Problem of Other Cultures and Other Periods in Action Explanations

This essay develops a general account of one type of explanation found in history in particular: that an individual action is conceived as an exemplification of a rather complex schema of practical inference, under the provision that the facts which instantiate the various terms of the schema have an intelligible connection to one another. The essay then raises the question whether historians, anthropologists, and their contemporaneous audience can have an internal understanding of the actions of others, where those others come from radically different cultures or times from the historians or anthropologists. An account is offered that, arguably, can resolve this problem and do justice to both the claim of internal understanding and the presumed cultural differentness between the agents studied and the historians and anthropologists who do the study.
Sodium current modulation by a tubulin/GTP coupled process in rat neonatal cardiac myocytes

Microtubule disassembly by colchicine increases spontaneous beating of neonatal cardiac myocytes by an unknown mechanism. Here, we measure drug effects on spontaneous calcium transients and whole cell ionic currents to define the route between microtubule depolymerization and the increase in the rate of contraction. Colchicine treatment disassembles microtubules resulting in free tubulin dimers, thereby increasing the spontaneous beating frequency and changing both the rates of rise and decay of calcium transients. In addition, colchicine treatment produces an increase of the sodium current (INa) while ICa is not modified. The colchicine-enhanced INa was blocked by the addition of 10 μm TTX. In addition, the colchicine-induced increase of INa was prevented when GTP was omitted from the patch pipette. Vinblastine also depolymerizes microtubules but re-aggregates tubulin into paracrystalline structures. Free tubulin dimers are not increased with vinblastine treatment. We found no modification in calcium transients or INa in the presence of vinblastine. Action potential durations measured at 50 % and 90 % repolarization were shorter, and the dV/dt was larger, in colchicine-treated cells compared to untreated cells. The resting membrane potential and overshoot of the action potentials were comparable in both kinds of cells. Our data suggest that release of free tubulin dimers may activate G proteins, which in turn modulate the sodium channel. An increase in whole cell INa changes the spontaneous firing rate and this may be the underlying cause of the increase in the frequency of contraction in neonatal cardiac myocytes. We suggest a new role for dimeric tubulin in regulating membrane excitability.
Sex Differences in Technical Communication: A Perspective from Social Role Theory

This article interprets technical communication research about sex differences according to social role theory, which argues that sex differences are enculturated through experiences associated with social positions in the family and the workplace. It reevaluates technical communication research about sex differences in communicative and collaborative styles in the classroom and the workplace and about the effects of the double bind that women experience in the workplace. The article concludes with a recommendation that theoretical frameworks explaining sex differences remain flexible and able to account for social change.
The Effect of Task Analysis on Sequential Patterns of Music Instruction

Three groups of undergraduate elementary/early-childhood education majors participated in a study designed to help examine the effect of task analysis on use of complete sequential patterns and sequential pattern components in teaching music. A complete sequential pattern was defined as one continuing academic presentation or academic-related question, the resulting student response, and general or specific feedback. Three different teaching strategies were used for the three groups, and each group taught six times. One group wrote a task analysis before all teaching experiences; a second group was instructed to write two task analyses as an exercise, unrelated to actual teaching; a third group had no task-analysis instruction. Posttest videotapes of 60 subjects were analyzed for time spent in each component as well as in complete sequences. Results indicated the task-analysis group had a significantly greater number of complete sequences. The task-analysis group also had significantly more time in studen...
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners as 2,3,7,8-TCDD antagonists: Teratogenicity studies

Abstract Administration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (20 μg/kg) to female C57BL/6 mice gave >60% cleft palate in the litters. Previous studies have shown that cotreatment of the pregnant mice with 2,3,7,8-TCDD (20 μg/kg) and Aroclor 1254 (750 μmol/kg) resulted in complete protection of the animals from cleft palate. In contrast, a lower dose of Aroclor 1254 (250 μmol/kg) was a less effective 2,3,7,8-TCDD antagonist. Several PCB congeners, including 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, which exhibit some Ah receptor binding activity were investigated as 2,3,7,8-TCDD antagonists in the in vivo teratogenicity assay system. Both PCB congeners significantly protected the mice from 2,3,7,8-TCDD-mediated cleft palate. The significance of these results and their mechanistic implications will be discussed.
Theory and the Politics in World Politics

Many of the competing intellectual traditions and research programs in world politics share a core set of metatheoretical assumptions about the process of strategic interaction in politics. Their differences are anchored in different empirical assumptions about the types of issues, actors, political arenas, and strategic situations that characterize world politics, not in different metatheoretical assumptions about how the process of politics works. Systematically identifying these shared assumptions will help eliminate many false problematics that have entangled the field, create a positive heuristic for research that can link international and domestic politics, and move political scientists toward more general theories of world politics. Building research programs around widely shared metatheoretical principles about how politics works will, moreover, increase the ease with which scholars can communicate their insights to nonacademic audiences. The frequently bitter theoretical debates that divide political science mask widespread, if largely unrecognized, agreement about a series of fundamental dynamics that shape the process of strategic interaction in politics. These political dynamics are, in effect, a set of "first principles" about how the process of politics works. Converting these implicit principles about strategic interaction into an explicit, systematically articulated set of metatheoretical assumptions will eliminate many false problematics that entangle existing debates about politics, liberating scholars to study patterns that transcend different political arenas, issues, actors, and historical periods.
Adrenal weight in prairie deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis).

Adrenal weights were obtained for 662 Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis and 281 wild Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii . The relationship of adrenal weight to body weight was explored using a number of parameters for size of the animals. The best linear fit for adrenal weight for both species was on body weight ,73, although this was only slightly better than for body weight 67. From these relationships it appears that adrenal weight is directly related to surface area and by inference to total metabolism and oxygen consumption. However, adrenal weights of P. m. bairdii are absolutely and relatively much less than those of P. leucopus and the rate of increase in adrenal weight with increasing body weight is much greater in leucopus . It is inferred that these differences reflect basic physiological and probably behavioral differences between these two species. There was no evidence of an increase in adrenal weight in females at maturity, thus raising questions concerning corticoid binding in these animals. Similarly, there was no suggestion of a rise (or fall) in the adrenal weight at maturity in males. Finally, it was suggested that in many instances adrenal weight provides a rapid and certain means for differentiating between P. leucopus and P. m. bairdii .
Predictors of severe and febrile neutropenia during primary chemotherapy for ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective To identify factors that increase the risk of neutropenic events in women with advanced ovarian carcinoma receiving initial chemotherapy. Methods Multi-center retrospective study of women with FIGO stage III–IV epithelial ovarian cancer treated postoperatively with multi-agent intravenous chemotherapy from 1995 to 2008. Outcomes were severe (SN; absolute neutrophil count [ANC] 3 ) and febrile neutropenia (FN; ANC 3 and temperature>38.1°C). Cumulative risk of neutropenic events was estimated by Kaplan Meier method. Multivariate analysis was by Cox proportional hazard regression. Results Three hundred twenty-six patients met inclusion criteria. There were 251 SN events among 140 (43%) patients and 24 FN events among 22 (7%) patients. Univariate predictors of SN were body surface area 2 (p=0.03), body mass index (BMI) 2 (p 85% of standard (p=0.02). Women over age 60 were more likely to develop FN (p=0.05). Multivariate predictors of SN were treatment on research protocols (hazard ratio [HR] 1.93; p 85% (HR 1.69; p=0.05); predictors of FN were age>60 (HR 2.84; p=0.05) and non-carboplatin containing regimens (HR 4.06; p Conclusion While SN is fairly common, FN occurs infrequently in women with EOC undergoing taxane and platin-based chemotherapy and primary prophylactic growth factor support is not indicated. However, women older than 60years of age receiving non-carboplatin containing regimens are at higher risk for FN and warrant closer surveillance.
A satellite mortality study to support space systems lifetime prediction

Estimating the operational lifetime of satellites and spacecraft is a complex process. Operational lifetime can differ from mission design lifetime for a variety of reasons. Unexpected mortality can occur due to human errors in design and fabrication, to human errors in launch and operations, to random anomalies of hardware and software or even satellite function degradation or technology change, leading to unrealized economic or mission return. This study focuses on data collection of public information using, for the first time, a large, publically available dataset, and preliminary analysis of satellite lifetimes, both operational lifetime and design lifetime. The objective of this study is the illustration of the relationship of design life to actual lifetime for some representative classes of satellites and spacecraft. First, a Weibull and Exponential lifetime analysis comparison is performed on the ratio of mission operating lifetime to design life, accounting for terminated and ongoing missions. Next a Kaplan-Meier survivor function, standard practice for clinical trials analysis, is estimated from operating lifetime. Bootstrap resampling is used to provide uncertainty estimates of selected survival probabilities. This study highlights the need for more detailed databases and engineering reliability models of satellite lifetime that include satellite systems and subsystems, operations procedures and environmental characteristics to support the design of complex, multi-generation, long-lived space systems in Earth orbit.
Dose-response relationships between energy availability and bone turnover in young exercising women.

To help refine nutritional guidelines for military servicewomen, we assessed bone turnover after manipulating the energy availability of 29 young women. Bone formation was impaired by less severe restrictions than that which increased bone resorption. Military servicewomen and others may need to improve their nutrition to avoid these effects. Introduction: We determined the dose-response relationship between energy availability (defined as dietary energy intake minus exercise energy expenditure) and selected markers of bone turnover in 29 regularly menstruating, habitually sedentary, young women of normal body composition. Materials and Methods: For 5 days in the early follicular phase of two menstrual cycles separated by at least 2 months, subjects expended 15 kcal/kgLBM/day in supervised exercise at 70% of aerobic capacity and consumed controlled amounts of a clinical dietary product in balanced (45 kcal/kgLBM/day) and one of three restricted (either 10, 20, or 30 kcal/kgLBM/day) energy availability treatments in random order. Blood was sampled at 10-minute intervals, and urine was collected for 24 h. Samples were assayed for plasma osteocalcin (OC), serum type I procollagen carboxy-terminal propeptide (PICP), and urinary N-telopeptide (NTX). Results: NTX concentrations (p < 0.01) and indices of bone resorption/formation uncoupling (ZNTX-OC and ZNTX-PICP; both p < 10−4) were increased by the 10 kcal/kgLBM/day treatment. OC and PICP concentrations were suppressed by all restricted energy availability treatments (all p < 0.05). PICP declined linearly (p < 10−6) with energy availability, whereas most of the suppression of OC occurred abruptly between 20 and 30 kcal/kgLBM/day (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These dose-response relationships closely resembled those of particular reproductive and metabolic hormones found in the same experiment and reported previously: similar relationships were observed for NTX and estradiol; for PICP and insulin; and for OC, triiodothyronine (T3), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. The uncoupling of bone resorption and formation by severely restricted energy availability, if left to continue, may lead to irreversible reductions in BMD, and the suppression of bone formation by less severe restrictions may prevent young women from achieving their genetic potential for peak bone mass. More prolonged experiments are needed to determine the dose-response relationships between chronic restrictions of energy availability and bone turnover.
DETERMINATION OF THE SCATTERING AMPLITUDES FROM POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS.

A necessity condition is proved for the set of polarization measurements which have to be performed for a full determination of the scattering amplitudes at fixed angles. The special cases of resonance scattering, Regge poles, and potential scattering are discussed.
Effect of catabolic hormone infusion on organ amino acid uptake.

Abstract Elevated plasma levels of the so-called catabolic hormones (glucocorticoid, epinephrine, glucagon) have been observed in severely injured patients, and infusion of these hormones to normal subjects has reportedly simulated several metabolic aberrations characteristic of severe trauma and sepsis. We recently reported that amino acid uptake was reduced in soleus muscle, heart, and diaphragm, and increased in the liver, of septic rats. The purpose of the present study was to investigate organ amino acid uptake in nonseptic rats infused with catabolic hormones. Central venous catheters were placed in male Sprague-Dawley rats (100–150 g) and after 24 hr hormones (glucagon 5 μg/kg/hr, epinephrine 6 μg/kg/hr, corticosterone 4.2 mg/kg/hr) or vehicle (saline, ascorbic acid 1 mg/ml, albumin 3 mg/ml) was infused for 72 hr. Animals were housed in metabolic cages and allowed food and water ad lib. One hour prior to sacrifice, α-[3H]aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) (2.5 μCi), a nonmetabolized amino acid analog mainly transported by system-A, was injected intravenously. Animals were killed and organs were removed, weighed, and dissolved in tissue solubilizer for measurement of radioactivity. AIB uptake was significantly elevated in all organs of catabolic hormone-infused animals studied. The results suggest that catabolic hormones may be involved in the pathogenesis of increased amino acid uptake in the liver during sepsis. Inhibited amino acid uptake in skeletal muscle during sepsis, however, is probably not primarily mediated by catabolic hormones.
A semiempirical theoretical study of the molecular interaction of cocaine with the biological substrate glycine

Semiempirical SCFMO computations of the MNDO and AM1 varieties have been employed to model possible interaction processes for cocaine with the biological substrate glycine. It was found for the gas-phase species that the most likely interactions occurred as nucleophilic attack of the nitrogen lone pair of glycine on the two carbonyl groups of cocaine. These reactions led to intermediates which further decomposed exothermically to amide and alcohol species. The activation enthalpies for the gas-phase reactions were predicted to be high (39–46 kcal/mol), but it is believed that such processes could possibly occur by reaction pathways with considerably lower activation energies in the liquid state in the presence of mucus containing olfactory binding protein in vertebrate olfactory reception.
Measurements of the Optical Anisotropy of Trapped Molecules in Oriented Polymer Films by Waveguide Raman Spectroscopy (WRS)

The orientation of small molecules trapped in a polymer matrix has been studied by Raman spectroscopy using integrated optical techniques. Results indicate that the orientation of the trapped molecules occurs during mechanical processing of the polymer film and may contribute artifacts to the observed birefringence since solvent molecules are often trapped and oriented during preparation. When the guest molecule was naphthalene, the disappearance of crystal field splitting in the Raman spectrum suggested that an interruption of the intermolecular forces had occurred upon embedding the molecule in a polystyrene matrix. The ability to orient isolated naphthalene molecules indicates that this technique is ideal for studying oriented molecules in a polymer film in the absence of crystal field interactions.
Bound variables and other anaphors

When a noun phrase or a pronoun occurs in a sentence, i t is frequently appropriate to ask what ent i ty i t refers to, but i t is well known that not all uses of noun phrases and pronouns are referential in this simple sense. In computational approaches to language processing, I believe the main thrust in this area has been toward understanding those referential uses of NP's and pronouns which require the use of both linguist ic and non-linguistic inferences to determine the most plausible referent for the expression. My emphasis in this paper wi l l be somewhat di f ferent. I believe that recent work by l inguists, logicians, and philosophers is leading to convergence on the view that there are two fundamenta l ly dist inct uses of pronouns which have to be treated quite separately: ( i ) a use that corresponds to the logician's use of bound variables, and ( i i ) a use which I wi l l cal l , for want of"a better name, a pragmatic use. I t can be argued that bound variable pronouns are restricted to occurrences in syntactic construction with their antecedents, and are fu l l y interpreted at the level of semantics, while pragmatic pronouns need not have l inguist ic antecedents at a l l , and require pragmatics as well as semantics for their interpretation.
Treatment of Ocular Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by variable weakness and fatigability. Often, MG presents with only ocular symptoms such as ptosis and diplopia. Treatment of ocular MG is aimed at relieving the symptoms of ptosis and diplopia, as well as preventing the development of generalized MG symptoms. Immune suppression with steroids is often the main therapy. Steroid doses must be increased slowly because of a risk of precipitating myasthenic crisis. After achieving the highest target dose, steroids are then slowly tapered down to the lowest effective dose. Often, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as pyridostigmine and neostigmine are also employed to help control symptoms. When steroids are contraindicated, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can be tried as the primary therapy. Steroid-sparing agents such as azathioprine and mycophenolate may also have a role in treating ocular MG. Other treatments for MG include plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, and other immunosuppressive agents, but these are rarely required for ocular MG. Patients should also be evaluated for thymoma. Thymoma should be resected surgically. Ocular MG without thymoma is not usually treated with thymectomy. Topical agents may be useful as additional therapy for mild or moderate ptosis. Nonpharmacologic treatments include occlusive devices, prisms, eyelid supports, contact lenses, and (in long-standing, stable cases) strabismus surgery or eyelid elevation surgery.
Formation of oxazine dye by photochemical reaction of N-acyl oxazine derivatives

The synthesis and photochemical reaction mechanism of N-benzoyl oxazine derivatives have been investigated. The synthesized materials were found to be photosensitive and capable of generating oxazine dye upon light irradiation. The initial reactions were found to include homolytic bond cleavage between the oxazine nitrogen and benzoyl carbon atoms proceeding through the excited singlet state and the formation of oxazine and benzoyl radicals. Subsequent reaction steps include direct electron transfer between two oxazine radicals or disproportionation of the oxazine dimer species formed through the recombination of two oxazine radicals. These reactions lead to the formation of the oxazine dye cation and anion pair.