cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution of multidrug efflux pumps to multiple antibiotic resistance in veterinary clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The contribution of efflux pumps to multidrug resistance in 12 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from various animal sources was assessed. Western immunoblot analyses demonstrated that all twelve isolates expressed significant levels of the MexAB–OprM efflux system whereas two isolates simultaneously expressed the MexEF–OprN or MexXY systems, respectively. One strain contained a single mutation in mexR, a regulator of mexAB–oprM expression, that did not adversely affect the MexR amino acid sequence, and three isolates contained the same, single base change in the mexA–mexR intergenic region. The MexXY-expressing strain contained two base substitutions in its mexZ regulatory gene which did not alter the MexR sequence.
Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery for recurrent diverticulitis: experience in consecutive cases and a review of the literature.

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery has recently gained enthusiasm for application in colorectal surgery. We present the safety and feasibility of using the da Vinci® robotic system for the surgical treatment of sigmoid diverticulitis. Between August 2008 and November 2009, robotic-assisted laparoscopic anterior rectosigmoid resection (RALS-AR) for diverticulitis was performed in 24 consecutive patients. Demographic data, intraoperative parameters, and postoperative outcomes were assessed. RALS-AR was performed in 14 male (58.3%) and 10 female (41.7%) patients with a diagnosis of recurrent diverticulitis. The mean patient age and BMI were 49.8 ± 9.3 years (range = 30–62 years) and 29.9 ± 6.3 kg/m2 (range = 15.9–46.9 kg/m2), respectively. Disease stratification identified 15 cases of uncomplicated (62.5%) and 9 cases of complicated (37.5%) disease. The procedures required 14.1 ± 6.7 min (range = 6–30 min) for robotic docking, 100.5 ± 31.0 min (range = 50–180 min) for surgeon console time, and 224.2 ± 47.1 min (range = 150–330 min) for the total operative time. Robotic docking and surgeon console time represented 51.9% of the total operative time. A primary colorectal anastomosis was fashioned with avoidance of colostomy in all patients. There were no significant intraoperative complications, and none of the procedures required conversion to open, hand-assisted, or conventional laparoscopic technique. The length of hospital stay was 3.4 ± 2.6 days (range = 2–14 days), and the postoperative complication rate was 12.5% (n = 3). There were no anastomotic leaks, secondary surgical interventions, or hospital readmissions. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic technique is a safe and feasible option for the surgical treatment of diverticulitis. The approach may be offered to patients with uncomplicated or complicated disease, and it results in a short hospital stay and low complication rate.
Determination of quinonoid dihydrobiopterin by liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a required cofactor for the hydroxylation of the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. Quinonoid dihydrobiopterin (q-BH2) is the natural product of the oxidation of BH4 in these enzymatic reactions. This report describes a method based on liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection for the determination of q-BH2 in synthetic and biological samples. This methodology is used to study the electrochemistry of q-BH2 formed by oxidation of BH4 and in the hydroxylation of phenylalanine by phenylalanine hydroxylase.
The Contributions of Appearance to Occupational Outcomes in Civilian and Military Settings1

Two archival studies examined the impact of people's appearance on the status and type of civilian and military jobs they hold. Study 1 found that, although appearance was not related to job status, taller men had higher incomes. Additionally, appearance was significantly related to the type of jobs people held. Attractive women and tall men held jobs requiring traits more consistent with the attractiveness halo, while babyfaced women and short men held jobs more consistent with the babyface stereotype. These effects remained after controlling for job-relevant personality and educational variables, suggesting an unjustified bias toward people with certain appearances. Study 2 found that heavier men had lower job status, as reflected in military rank attainment. However, this relationship was eliminated when controlling for intelligence and dependability. Also, babyfaced men achieved higher status through being marginally more likely to win a military award. This unexpected effect was attributed to the contrast between heroic actions and the babyface stereotype. Finally, appearance affected the type of military experience men had. Heavier men were more likely to be in situations involving gunfire or casualties. These studies make an important contribution by extending laboratory findings to the real world, exploring the effects of appearance on job type as well as status, and providing evidence that appearance effects are not solely due to covariation with bona fide job qualifications.
Energy-efficient data dissemination using beamforming in wireless sensor networks

Energy conservation is essential in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) because of limited energy in nodes' batteries. Collaborative beamforming uses multiple transmitters to form antenna arrays; the electromagnetic waves from these antenna arrays can create constructive interferences at the receiver and increase the transmission distance. Each transmitter can use lower power and save energy, since the energy consumption is spread over multiple transmitters. Each beamforming transmission requires multiple collaborative transmitters. Repetitively using the same transmitters will deplete their energy and create coverage holes in the sensing area. To prevent holes, energy should be balanced by using different transmitters. This article investigates the factors that can affect the energy consumption and network lifetime when using beamforming. We present an algorithm for selecting the transmitters in order to prolong the network lifetime. Compared with an existing beamforming transmitters scheduling algorithm, our algorithm doubles the network lifetime. When compared with direct transmission or multihop transmissions towards a receiver far away from the sensing area, our approach can increase the network's lifetime substantially.
Early motoneuron formation in the cervical spinal cord of the mouse: An electron microscopic, serial section analysis

Cells of the ventrolateral region of the cervical spinal cord were reconstructed from serial thin sections in order to provide direct evidence concerning the early stages of motoneuron differentiation. Analysis of 321 sections from the spinal cord of a mouse embryo on the tenth day of gestation (E10) was performed. At E10 the general appearance of the ventrolateral region is that of a pseudostratified columnar epithelium. It consists primarily of radially oriented ventricular cells, while the remaining cells are either rounded mitotic cells (located at the neurocoel) or cells differentiating into either accessory root or ventral root motoneurons. The following early stages of motoneuron differentiation have been distinguished: anaxonic primitive bipolar cells (stage 1); primitive bipolar cells with an axon (stage 2); unipolar cells (stage 3); and secondary bipolar cells (stage 4). The earliest morphological change in the differentiation of both types of motoneurons appears to be the withdrawal of the apical process from the neurocoel and the migration of the Golgi apparatus, centrioles and cilium along the apical process toward the nucleus (anaxonic primitive bipolar cell). The nucleus then appears to migrate peripherally and the basal process (which never completely withdraws) to transform into an axon (primitive bipolar cell with an axon). Subsequent stages have only been identified in accessory root motoneurons; it appears that ventral root motoneurons are not as advanced in their differentiation at E10. In the unipolar stage the apical process has completely withdrawn, and the nucleus appears paler and rounder than that of earlier cells. Finally, in the secondary bipolar stage the cell is oriented dorsoventrally with an axon directed dorsally and a dendrite ventrally from the opposite pole of the cell. During differentiation of accessory root motoneurons, the Golgi apparatus, centrioles and cilium are found first in the apical process, then at the base of the axon, and finally at the base of the dendrite. The translocation of these organelles occurs secondary to the initial formation of first the axonal and then the dendritic process.
Organometallic chemical vapor deposition of high Tc superconducting Bi‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O films

Films of the high Tc Bi‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O superconductor have been prepared by organometallic chemical vapor deposition using the volatile metalorganic precursors Cu(acetylacetonate)2 , Sr(dipivaloylmethanate)2 , and Ca(dipivaloylmethanate)2, and triphenylbismuth. Deposition is carried out at 2 Torr with argon as the carrier gas and oxygen and water vapor as reactants. Film growth rates of 2–3 μm/h are achieved. After annealing under oxygen, energy dispersive x‐ray analysis and x‐ray diffraction data reveal that such films on [100] single‐crystal MgO consist predominantly of the Bi2(Sr,Ca)3Cu2Ox, Tc=85 K, phase and have preferential orientation of the crystallite c axes perpendicular to the substrate surface. Four‐probe resistivity measurements reveal the onset of film superconductivity at ∼110 K and zero resistance by 75 K.
Pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin in patients with cystic fibrosis: A controlled prospective study

We compared the pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin at a dose of 120 mg/kg in 11 patients with cystic fibrosis to 11 control subjects matched for age and sex. The mean elimination half-life of ticarcillin in serum was 70.8 minutes in the control subjects and 53.1 minutes in the patients with cystic fibrosis. The total body clearance of ticarcillin was significantly higher in cystic fibrosis patients (65.6 ± 22.0 versus 46.2 ± 10.9 ml/min/m2 in control subjects; p = 0.017). The nonrenal clearance of ticarcillin was also significantly higher in patients with cystic fibrosis (24.8 ± 11.1 versus 13.3 ± 6.0 ml/min/m2 for the control group; p = 0.006). There was no significant difference in volume of distribution between the two groups. We concluded that the shorter elimination half-life and the higher total body clearance of ticarcillin in patients with cystic fibrosis are a result of an increase in both renal and nonrenal elimination. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1990) 47, 73–78; doi:10.1038/clpt.1990.11
A study of some multigrid ideas

In an effort to understand certain ideas and concepts associated with multigrid iterations, we give an in-depth study of a particular simple problem. We consider a standard finite-difference system associated with the two-point boundary-value problem -(pu')' + bu' + qu = 0, u(0) = u(1) = 0. The operators I^2^h"h, I^h"2"h are ''operator'' based interpolation and projection operators, while the smoothers are the damped Jacobi iterations with parameter a > 0. We determine the exact rates of convergence for the ''two-grid'' scheme and upper bounds (<1) for the multigrid schemes. Experimental results are discussed.
Steroid hormone receptors: long- and short-term integrators of the internal milieu and the external environment.

Many of the influences of estrogens and progestins on the brain and behavior are mediated by estrogen receptors and progestin receptors, acting as transcriptional regulators. The homologous and heterologous regulation of the concentrations of these receptors by cognate hormones is well established. However, although they were discovered and characterized based on their binding to cognate hormone and their role in transcriptional regulation, steroid hormone receptors have a more complex role and serve many more functions than originally suspected. First, besides being regulated by steroid hormones, the intracellular concentrations of brain steroid hormone receptors are regulated by neurotransmitters, a pathway by which stimuli from the environment, including from conspecific animals, can modulate the concentration of particular steroid hormone receptors in subsets of cells. Further, besides being activated by cognate steroid hormones, the receptors can be activated by a variety of neurotransmitters and phosphorylation pathways, providing a route through which environmental stimulation can activate steroid-receptor-dependent functions in specific cells. In addition, the transcription factor, estrogen receptor-α, produced from the estrogen receptor-α gene, can be modified to be targeted to membranes, where it can signal via kinase pathways. Finally, developmental experiences, such as particular stressors during the pubertal period, can permanently remodel the brain’s response to ovarian hormones, most likely by long-term changes in regulation of the receptors mediating those responses. In addition to their function in responding to cognate ligand, it is now more appropriate to think of steroid hormone receptors as integrators of a wide variety of signaling pathways.
A Further Examination of Anonymity, Contagion, and Deindividuation in Crowd and Collective Behavior

Abstract A recent wave of research promotes the idea that anonymity or deindividuation precipitates collective behavior. Specifically, anonymous individuals are more likely to participate in collective behavior events than people among friends and acquaintances. To reconsider this recent resurgence of a more contemporary contagion theory, we replicate and expand upon Aveni's (1977) study of crowd behavior. Our survey data of crowd and collective behavior participants show that anonymity actually hinders the emergence of collective behavior. Rather, collective behavior participants are more likely to be in small groups rather than isolated individuals. Our data do suggest that one form of anonymity (i.e., anonymity from formal agents of social control) can facilitate the emergence of collective behavior.
Synthesis of zinc ferrite under high-pressure shock loading

Abstract Mechanically blended stoichiometric mixtures of zinc oxide and ferric oxide powders have been subjected to high-pressure shock-wave loading and preserved for post-shock analysis. Partial conversion to a non-stoichtometric spinel structure zinc ferrite was found by X-ray diffraction. The ferrite is strongly magnetic as shown by static magnetization measurements.
Anxiety Sensitivity and Health Anxiety in a Nonclinical Sample: Specificity and Prospective Relations with Clinical Stress

The present study examines the association between anxiety sensitivity (AS) and symptoms of hypochondriasis (a pattern of intense health anxiety) in a nonclinical sample. Findings from study 1 (n = 498) revealed a significant association between AS and health anxiety even after controlling for symptoms of depression and negative affect. However, the association between AS and health anxiety was not moderated by stress levels. Subsequent analysis did reveal a specific association between AS for physical concerns and health anxiety when controlling for other AS dimensions. Contrary to predictions, AS did not significantly predict residual change in symptoms of health anxiety over a 12-week period (n = 195) in Study 2. However, exploratory analyses suggest that some AS dimensions (e.g., physical concerns) may be more predictive of some facets of health anxiety (e.g., body vigilance) than others (e.g., illness severity). Findings from this study are discussed in the context of future research on the role of AS in the development of hypochondriasis.
On the phase interval PrO1.50 to PrO1.71 in the praseodymium oxide-oxygen system

Phase relationships and phase transitions in the composition region PrO1.50PrO1.71 have been studied by X-ray diffraction analysis on quenched samples and in situ at high temperatures. An interpretation of the results are given in terms of a metastable set of phases including C-form Pr2O3 below 910°C and a stable set including A-form Pr2O3 above that temperature. Besides these two polymorphic sesquioxides and the oxygen-rich end member, Pr7O12, a widely nonstoichiometric phase and a phase of approximate composition PrO1.67 have been identified. Thermal expansion measurements have been made on C-form Pr2O3 and Pr7O12. Hysteresis is clearly indicated by the high-temperature X-ray studies. These results are contrasted with those of recently published high-temperature emf studies in this composition region.
Response of marine phytoplankton to nitrogen deficiency: Decreased nitrate uptake vs enhanced ammonium uptake

The uptake of nitrate and ammonium was measured separately in uni-algal, nitrogen-deficient cultures of four species of marine phytoplankton. Nitrogen-deficient phytoplankton took up ammonium at initial rates which greatly exceeded those measured for nitrogen-sufficient phytoplankton. However, nitrate uptake by nitrogendeficient cultures was generally much slower than either nitrate or ammonium uptake by nitrogen-sufficient cultures or ammonium uptake by nitrogen-deficient cultures. Considerable species differences were observed in the degree to which nitrogen deficiency increased ammonium uptake or decreased nitrate uptake. Loss of ability to take up nitrate, but enhanced ability to take up ammonium, as a result of nitrogen deficiency may be an adaptation to the different mechanisms by which nitrate and ammonium are supplied to the euphotic zone. In areas with an intermittent supply of nitrogen, changes in the ability of some species to take up nitrogen as a result of nitrogen starvation will influence species composition and complicate interpretations of measurements of nitrogen uptake.
Error Detection, Recovery, and Repair in the Translation of Inorganic Nomenclatures. 1. A Study of the Problem

The treatment of errors generated in the transmission of chemical information from humans to machines is examined. Every type of human-machine communication requires a translation subprocess to deal with the various possible representations of knowledge; the present study was designed to consider errors occurring in such a subsystem. Regardless of the model employed, translation of knowledge is performed over several successive stages; at each stage different types of errors may be detected. A method is proposed to classify these errors according to the stage at which they occur, thus facilitating the generalization of the process. An analysis of errors occurring during the translation of inorganic chemical names is also presented. The particular grammatical features of different nomenclatures would require a study of the errors appearing in the human-machine communication process in modern chemistry-oriented systems, a problem which has only been touched upon in the systems proposed to date. Attention he...
Biggest Isn't Always Best: The Effect of Breast Size on Perceptions of Women1

Research has demonstrated preferences for medium and large breasts and a tendency to associate positive attributes with larger breasts. Findings have been limited, however, by use of stimuli that do not depict women realistically or in a credible context. In the current study, a female actor's breast size was manipulated to create four videotapes (bra cup sizes A, B, C, and D) in which she delivered a speech. Participants viewed one of the four videotapes and rated the actor on social and professional characteristics. Males perceived the actor more favorably on both professional and social characteristics when she had a medium breast size, whereas females were generally not influenced by breast size. Findings are related to the popularity of methods to enhance breast size and the need for awareness of the potential impact of breast size on how women are perceived.
Adipokines in breast milk and preterm infants.

Abstract Studies have shown that the early life environment affects feeding behaviour, food intake and energy balance in later life, suggesting there is a link between foetal and infant growth and the risk of metabolic disorders in adulthood. Although there is an evident epidemiological association between low birth weight and adult-onset diseases, the incidence of metabolic diseases in adulthood among people who were born prematurely is still unknown. Considerable advances have been made during the last years in the scientific knowledge of the benefits of early nutrition, such as breastfeeding, on health and well-being later in life. Nutritional researchers have focussed their attention on the biological characteristics of human breast milk, which represents the main source of nutrients in the first months of life for breastfed infants. Recently, leptin and ghrelin have been detected in the breast milk of mothers of term and preterm infants. Adiponectin and resistin, present in term human milk, have not been investigated in the breast milk of mothers of preterm infants. These hormones are involved in the regulation of energy balance and may have a role in the regulation of growth and development in the neonatal period and infancy, as well as long-term effects on metabolic programming. Leptin, adiponectin and resistin have been found at lower levels in pre-term infants compared with term newborns, whereas there seems to be no difference in ghrelin levels. Future research is necessary to clarify the role of hormones present in breast milk for identifying potential short- and long-term effects of breastfeeding on the health of children born prematurely.
HIV-1 and T cell dynamics after interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients with a history of sustained viral suppression

Identifying the immunologic and virologic consequences of discontinuing antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients is of major importance in developing long-term treatment strategies for patients with HIV-1 infection. We designed a trial to characterize these parameters after interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients who had maintained prolonged viral suppression on antiretroviral drugs. Eighteen patients with CD4+ T cell counts ≥ 350 cells/μl and viral load below the limits of detection for ≥1 year while on HAART were enrolled prospectively in a trial in which HAART was discontinued. Twelve of these patients had received prior IL-2 therapy and had low frequencies of resting, latently infected CD4 cells. Viral load relapse to >50 copies/ml occurred in all 18 patients independent of prior IL-2 treatment, beginning most commonly during weeks 2–3 after cessation of HAART. The mean relapse rate constant was 0.45 (0.20 log10 copies) day−1, which was very similar to the mean viral clearance rate constant after drug resumption of 0.35 (0.15 log10 copies) day−1 (P = 0.28). One patient experienced a relapse delay to week 7. All patients except one experienced a relapse burden to >5,000 RNA copies/ml. Ex vivo labeling with BrdUrd showed that CD4 and CD8 cell turnover increased after withdrawal of HAART and correlated with viral load whereas lymphocyte turnover decreased after reinitiation of drug treatment. Virologic relapse occurs rapidly in patients who discontinue suppressive drug therapy, even in patients with a markedly diminished pool of resting, latently infected CD4+ T cells.
Comparison of the unified perturbation method with the two-scale expansion

The authors consider whether the unified perturbation method (UPM), which converges faster over a wider domain of surface roughness than other perturbations and intrinsically possesses characteristics similar to the two-scale expansion without requiring a free parameter, can be improved by applying the two-scale concept. To do so, they expand the unknown source current in a two-scale approximation. It is shown that the UPM performs best without two-scale expansions. The optimum spectral split of the various two-scale theories considered is presented. >
REFERENCE CONDITIONS FOR GIANT SEQUOIA FOREST RESTORATION: STRUCTURE, PROCESS, AND PRECISION

National Park Service policy directs that more natural conditions be restored to giant sequoia groves, which have been altered by a century of fire exclusion. Efforts to find a reasonable and practical definition of “natural” have helped drive scientists and land managers to use past grove conditions as reference conditions for restoration. Extensive research aimed at determining reference conditions has demonstrated that past fire regimes can be characterized with greater precision than past grove structures. Difficulty and imprecision in determining past grove structure has helped fuel a debate between “structural restorationists,” who believe that forest structure should be restored mechanically before fire is reintroduced, and “process restorationists,” who believe that simple reintroduction of fire is appropriate. I evaluate old and new studies from sequoia groves to show that some of the arguments of both groups have been flawed. Importantly, it appears that restoration of fire without a preceding mechanical restoration may restore the pre-Euro-American structure of sequoia groves, at least within the bounds of our imprecise knowledge of past grove structure. However, the same may not be true for all forest types that have experienced lengthy fire exclusion. Our ability to draw robust generalizations about fire's role in forest restoration will depend heavily on a thorough understanding of past and present interactions among climate, fire, and forest structure. Use of reference conditions will be central to developing this understanding.
THE EFFECT OF OXIDATION OF FILTRATES OF A CHICKEN SARCOMA (CHICKEN TUMOR I-ROUS).

1. The rapid autoinactivation at 37° of candle filtrates of the Rous Foul Sarcoma I is due in large part to oxidation. 2. Such oxidation may be prevented by a dilution of 1-2000 cysteine hydrochloride brought to pH 7.4 with NaOH. 3. The variability of infectiousness of candle filtrates is due in part at least to oxidative changes which take place during their preparation; and more active extracts may be obtained by preventing these by means of cysteine. 4. For elaborate experiments it is possible to preserve filtrates in the ice box with cysteine and vaseline until test inoculations have established their infectivity.
Honking at the intersection: A replication and extension.

THE WOMAN DRIVER STEROTYPE WAS ASSESSED BY VARYING THE SEX OF A DRIVER WHO BLOCKED TRAFFIC BY NOT RESPONDING WHEN THE TRAFFIC LIGHT SHIFTED FROM RED TO GREEN. CONDITIONS OF AN EARLIER STUDY BY DOOB AND GROSS (J. SOC. PSYCHOL., 1968, 76, 213-218) WERE REPLICATED IN REGARD TO STATUS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL CAR AND SEX OF FRUSTRATED DRIVER. RESULTS INDICATE THAT BOTH MALE AND FEMALE DRIVERS WERE MORE LIKELY TO HONK AT A WOMAN DRIVER THAN AT A MAN DRIVER UNDER THE SAME CONDITIONS OF IMPEDIMENT, SUGGESTING THAT THE STEROTYPE OF WOMEN DRIVERS IS COMMONLY HELD BY BOTH SEXES. /AUTHOR/
Mutations in a Partitioning Protein and Altered Chromatin Structure at the Partitioning Locus Prevent Cohesin Recruitment by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Plasmid and Cause Plasmid Missegregation

The 2μm circle is a highly persistent “selfish” DNA element resident in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nucleus whose stability approaches that of the chromosomes. The plasmid partitioning system, consisting of two plasmid-encoded proteins, Rep1p and Rep2p, and a cis-acting locus, STB, apparently feeds into the chromosome segregation pathway. The Rep proteins assist the recruitment of the yeast cohesin complex to STB during the S phase, presumably to apportion the replicated plasmid molecules equally to daughter cells. The DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions of the partitioning system, as well as the chromatin organization at STB, are important for cohesin recruitment. Rep1p variants that are incompetent in binding to Rep2p, STB, or both fail to assist the assembly of the cohesin complex at STB and are nonfunctional in plasmid maintenance. Preventing the cohesin-STB association without impeding Rep1p-Rep2p-STB interactions also causes plasmid missegregation. During the yeast cell cycle, the Rep1p and Rep2p proteins are expelled from STB during a short interval between the late G1 and early S phases. This dissociation and reassociation event ensures that cohesin loading at STB is replication dependent and is coordinated with chromosomal cohesin recruitment. In an rsc2Δ yeast strain lacking a specific chromatin remodeling complex and exhibiting a high degree of plasmid loss, neither Rep1p nor the cohesin complex can be recruited to STB. The phenotypes of the Rep1p mutations and of the rsc2Δ mutant are consistent with the role of cohesin in plasmid partitioning being analogous to that in chromosome partitioning.
Supporting Combined Human and Machine Planning: An Interface for Planning by Analogical Reasoning

Realistic and complex planning situations require a mixed-initiative planning framework in which human and automated planners interact to mutually construct a desired plan. Ideally, this joint cooperation has the potential of achieving better plans than either the human or the machine can create alone. Human planners often take a case-based approach to planning, relying on their past experience and planning by retrieving and adapting past planning cases. Planning by analogical reasoning in which generative and case-based planning are combined, as in Prodigy/Analogy, provides a suitable framework to study this mixed-initiative integration. However, having a human user engaged in this planning loop creates a variety of new research questions. The challenges we found creating a mixed-initiative planning system fall into three categories: planning paradigms differ in human and machine planning; visualization of the plan and planning process is a complex, but necessary task; and human users range across a spectrum of experience, both with respect to the planning domain and the underlying planning technology. This paper presents our approach to these three problems when designing an interface to incorporate a human into the process of planning by analogical reasoning with Prodigy/Analogy. The interface allows the user to follow both generative and case-based planning, it supports visualization of both plan and the planning rationale, and it addresses the variance in the experience of the user by allowing the user to control the presentation of information.
Transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A prospective study of feasibility and functional outcomes

Objectives/Hypothesis: To investigate the feasibility of transoral robotic surgery as a method of surgical treatment of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Study Design: Prospective case study. Methods: Forty-five patients with previously untreated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma underwent transoral robotic surgical removal of the tumor with or without neck dissection and with or without adjuvant therapy. Patients were observed and data were recorded on surgical time, blood loss, surgical complications, tracheostomy tube course, enteral feeding, and resumption of oral diet, speech outcomes, swallowing outcomes, and tumor recurrence. Results: All 45 patients underwent complete transoral robotic surgical excision with simultaneous unilateral or bilateral neck dissection. Margins were negative for tumor. Mean operating time for tumor removal was 71.3 minutes for the last 35 cases. There were 15 stage T1 tumors, 18 T2 tumors, 3 T3 tumors, and 9 T4a tumors. Twenty-six patients had base of tongue primary tumors and 19 had tonsillar fossa tumors. Fourteen patients had a tracheostomy tube placed at surgery, and all patients had their tracheostomy tube removed (mean duration of use, 7.0 days). Twenty-two patients (48.9%) had a nasogastric feeding tube placed, and all patients had their feeding tube removed (mean duration of use, 12.5 days). Eight patients had percutaneous gastrostomy (PEG) tubes placed, and all eight eventually had their PEG tubes removed (mean duration of use, 140.3 days). Average hospital stay was 3.8 days. There were no major complications and no procedure was aborted because of an inability to remove the tumor. Conclusions: Transoral robotic surgery is a safe and efficacious method of surgical treatment of oropharyngeal neoplasms. Advantages of the technique include adequate ability to visualize and manipulate with two hands lesions in the base of tongue. Patients were able to retain or rapidly regain oropharyngeal function in the majority of cases. Laryngoscope, 2009
Solubility of excess alumina in hydrous granitic melts in equilibrium with peraluminous minerals at 700–800 °C and 200 MPa, and applications of the aluminum saturation index

We have studied the controls on the Alumi- num Saturation Index (ASI = molec. Al2O3/((CaO)+ (Na2O)+(K2O))) and the concentration of normative corundum of granitic liquids saturated in alumina by equilibrating peraluminous minerals with initially meta- luminous haplogranitic minimum composition liquids at 700-800 � C and 200 MPa, at, and below H2O saturation. The ASI and normative corundum increase with increasing H2O concentration in the melt (� 0.04 to 0.10 moles excess Al2O3 per mole of H2O), temperature, and with addition of the non-haplogranitic components Fe, Mg, and B. The ASI parameter and concentration of normative corundum cannot be used to monitor aAl2O3 between different mineral assemblages and melt because other components that affect the solubility of alumina, including H2O, Fe, Mg, and B, do not appear in their formulations. ASI and normative corundum, however, provide petrogenetic information about magmas gener- ated by partial melting of strongly peraluminous proto- liths by virtue of their regular and predictable variation with melt composition (e.g., H2O concentration) and temperature. For the application of these data to natural rocks it is necessary to choose as an analogue system the ASI-solubility or normative corundum-solubility relations of the most chemically complex peraluminous mineral present in the rock. Comparison of ASI values of anatectic leucosomes and allochthonous leucogranites with experimentally predicted values suggests low H2O concentrations in melt during crustal partial melting. Rapid melt segregation before equilibration with restitic peraluminous phases is also suggested in some cases.
Thermal analyses of polymers. XIII. Crystalline character of the 70°c transition of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The abrupt changes in the linear expansion and dilatometric measurements of poly-(ethylene terephthalate) near 70°C indicate that the transition may be first order. DTA and DSC data show the normal heat capacity change at 70°C, while annealing for for 30 min. at 110°C induces further molecular order. Rapid quenching of PET after heating to 120°C yields an amorphous sample and measurement by depolarized light transmission as the sample is reheated shows rapid crystallization occurring near 80°C. With the occurrence of shrinkage near 68°C and apparent recrystallization at slow heating rates by depolarized light analyses, further support is added to the first-order character of this phase transition. Isothermal annealing for short times at temperatures between 50°C and 80°C produces further increases in molecular order. Cyclic and linear PET oligomers do not contribute to the occurrence of the 70°C transition.
Stability and Relapse of Dental Arch Alignment

For more than 35 years, research in the Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington has focused on a growing collection of over 600 sets of patient records to assess stability and failure ...
Radiative decay engineering in strongly anisotropic bilayers

We propose a metamaterial device that exhibits a broadband singularity in the photonic density of states and negative refraction. These resonant and non-resonant effects allow control over decay rates using a planar nanoscale structure.
Central Role for ENaC in Development of Hypertension

Na(+) reabsorption by the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) in cortical collecting duct provides the final renal adjustment to Na(+) balance, there being no further downstream Na(+) transport system. This fact coupled with the responsiveness of ENaC to aldosterone, which conveys stimulation inversely proportional to the state of Na(+) balance, places ENaC in a pivotal position to influence the risk for hypertension. Although several molecular variants of ENaC subunits have been identified, there has been no consistent demonstration of an association of any of the variants with hypertension. More compelling is the notion that ENaC activity does not fully adjust to an increase in Na(+) reabsorption occurring elsewhere in the nephron, there being overstimulation by inappropriately elevated aldosterone levels. Additional evidence that the maintenance of hypertension can be dependent on ENaC is derived from the observed responses to the treatment of hypertensive individuals with inhibitors of ENaC. Described is a clinical trial in which black hypertensive individuals who did not fully respond to more traditional therapy were given amiloride, spironolactone, a combination of the two drugs, or placebo. Treatment with either of the active inhibitors of ENaC resulted in a substantial improvement in BP. In conclusion, evidence to date is supportive of the concept that an increase in Na(+) transport by ENaC may be a common and requisite component of salt-dependent forms of hypertension.
Neuroscience and Theoretical Psychology: What's to Worry About?

This paper explores three connected claims about the interrelation of psychology and neuroscience that occur in discussions within theoretical psychology. The first and second claims are that neuroscience cannot offer a complete account of human psychology because it can show only correlations between neural events and cognitive or behavioral events. The third claim is that neuroscience ultimately is incomplete or irrelevant to psychological accounts since it is silent on crucial cultural and historical issues relevant to human knowledge and action. We argue that all of these claims are false, not because neuroscience can replace psychology, but because each discipline should be seen to complement and support the other.
Systematic Management: Design for Organizational Recoupling in American Manufacturing Firms

In developing techniques and guides for many of the regular or routine activities of managers, the Systematic Management movement of the late nineteenth century performed an important service for American business. The movement's response to breakdowns in the internal co-ordination of manufacturing firms was especially significant and forms the basis for Professor Litterer's analysis of the relevant literature.
Imaging inflammation in atherosclerosis another step forward

Atherosclerosis is an immuno-inflammatory disease of the arterial wall involving multiple intertwined biological processes. These processes include nonlaminar flow that creates a pro-inflammatory endothelial phenotype and helps localize atherosclerotic lesions preferentially to regions of disturbed
When Fear Knocks: The Myths and Realities of Law School

This article, written for prospective and new law students, addresses, in a humorous way, the myths, little lies, half-truths, and realities about law school. Examples of myths include The Imposter Syndrome, GPA is everything, and All law students are cutthroats. The article provides advice, guidance, and considerations for those contemplating, or just entering, law school.
The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies by Eric Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee

The Second Machine Age argues that current and emerging digital technologies are reshaping society for the greater benefit of all. The authors focus on three main points: technology will continue t...
Effects of cross-anisotropy and stress-dependency of pavement layers on pavement responses under dynamic truck loading

Previous studies by the authors have determined pavement responses under dynamic loading considering cross-anisotropy in one layer only, either the cross-anisotropic viscoelastic asphalt concrete (AC) layer or the cross-anisotropic stress-dependent base layer, but not both. This study evaluates pavement stress–strain responses considering cross-anisotropy in all layers, i.e. AC, base and subbase, using finite element modeling (FEM) technique. An instrumented pavement section on Interstate I-40 near Albuquerque, New Mexico was used in ABAQUS framework as model geometry. Field asphalt cores were collected and tested in the laboratory to determine the cross-anisotropy (n-values) defined by horizontal to vertical modulus ratio, and other viscoelastic parameters as inputs of the model incorporated through user defined material interface (UMAT) functionality in ABAQUS. Field base and subbase materials were also collected and tested in the laboratory to determine stress-dependent nonlinear elastic model parameters, as inputs of the model, again incorporated through UMAT. The model validation task was carried out using field-measured deflections and strain values under falling weight deflectometer (FWD) loads at the instrumented section. The validated model was then subjected to an actual truck loading for studying cross-anisotropic effects. It was observed that horizontal tensile strain at the bottom of the AC layer and vertical strains in all layers decreased with an increase in n-value of the asphalt layer, from n < 1 (anisotropy) to n = 1 (isotropy). This indicates that the increase in horizontal modulus caused the decrease in layer strains. It was also observed that if the base and subbase layers were considered stress-dependent instead of linear elastic unbound layers, the horizontal tensile strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer increased and vertical strains on top of the base and subbase also increased.
Toxicity of Methyl Bromide and Phosphine at Various Temperatures and Exposure Periods to the Metamorphic Stages of Lasioderma serricorne

Methyl bromide and phosphine were evaluated at various temperatures and exposure periods against the egg, larval. prepupal, pupal, and adult stages of the cigarette beetle. In general, as the temperature increased, the amount of methyl bromide or phosphine required for LD60 or LD95 decreased. As the temperature increased from 4.4–10.0°C, and from 10.0–15.6°C. effectiveness of methyl bromide increased, but there was little difference as the temperature increased from 15.6–21.1°C. At 4.4 and 10.0°C, the 5-, 4-, and 3-day-old cocoons, which were predominantly pupae or prepupae, were the most tolerant stage to methyl bromide. At 15.6 and 21.1°C, there was a reversal in which the one-day-old cocoons, which were 100% larvae, were the most tolerant stage to methyl bromide. At all temperatures tested (4.4, 10.0, 15.6, and 21.1°C) the 144-h exposure to phosphine was more effective than the 72 h for all stages. The eggs (0–24 h old) were more tolerant to phosphine than the other stages regardless of temperature or exposure period. There was little difference among larvae, stages within the cocoon, or adults in susceptibility to phosphine.
THE UPTAKE OF EXOGENOUS HORMONE A BY CERTAIN STRAINS OF ACHLYA

(1963). The Uptake of Exogenous Hormone a by Certain Strains of Achlya. Mycologia: Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 164-171.
Engineering Aspects of Complex Gas Turbine Combustion Mixers Part IV: Swirl cup

An overview is given on the use of several complex multi-swirler devices in gas turbine combustion and attendant technological advances in emissions, cooling, pattern factor, operability and overall temperature increase across the combustor. The emphasis of this paper is on the development and innovative applications of twin-concentric richand lean-direct injection mixers, their use in the dual-annular combustors, and finally making its extension to premixed mixers for the Dry Low Emissions, DLE twin and triple annular combustors.
Why Save Wilderness?--Fruits and Veggies!.

Why save wilderness? Environmental educators usually offer ecosystemic and aesthetic reasons, yet clearly this abstract approach has failed to resonate with the wider public. In this article I adopt a nutritional strategy based on a broad array of sources. Wild plant food, in terms of economics, ubiquity, and other measures, performs very well compared with supermarket competitors. This pragmatic method, I’ve found, offers a far more attractive and therefore popular grounding for appreciating wilderness than does highly theoretical argumentation.
A MapXtreme-Based Study for Developing WebGIS

Analyzes the principle of the MapXtreme which is a representative WebGIS software platform,and analyzes the problems happened in the process managing data with OracleSpatial and provides the methods of resolving it.Describes a WebGIS architecture based on MapXtreme,and describes the scalability based on this architecture.At last,an actual running example is given.
The Grady Mission

The arrival of the Grady mission and establishment of the Razmara government coincided, alas, with the outbreak of war in Korea, which diverted attention from Iran and the entire Middle East. At the outset its effect was not quite clear. Throughout the summer the military situation in Korea was so confused that the Americans may have wondered what they were getting into. The State Department had been considering expanded economic aid to countries in the Middle East and South Asia. Now the last slim chance for an increase in aid evaporated. In a meeting with Acheson on 28 August, President Truman said Congress would not accept such a programme, given requirements in East Asia.1
Deterioration of lyophilized pharmaceutical proteins.

The successful use of proteins in pharmaceutical and other commercial applications requires close examination of their relative fragility. Because of the resultant enhanced stability, proteins are often formulated in the solid state, even though dehydration tends to alter their structure. Even in the solid form, however, proteins may become inactivated due to various deleterious processes, e.g., aggregation. This review focuses on such mechanisms, with an emphasis on case studies conducted in our laboratory. Proteins which have both disulfide bonds and free thiols may aggregate via thiol-disulfide exchange, and this process may be facilitated by lyophilization-induced structural perturbations. For proteins possessing disulfides but not free thiols, aggregation also may occur when native disulfides are beta-eliminated, thus giving rise to thiol species which can catalyze disulfide scrambling. Other deleterious processes have also been uncovered, including a formaldehyde-mediated aggregation of formalinized vaccines. It is illustrated how knowledge of such deterioration pathways makes possible the rational development of stable solid protein formulations.
Case Report: The Detection of Malignant Melanoma by Bone Marrow Aspiration A Report of Two Cases

We have presented 2 cases of disseminated malignant melanoma with bone marrow metastases which are, so far as we have been able to find, the ninth and tenth cases reported in the literature. In Case 1 the cytoplasm of the tumor cells contained abundant dark pigment, whereas in Case 2 the pigment deposits were rare. A study of the morphology of the bone marrow smears reveals that the melanoma cell usually differs from other tumor cells by the presence of deposits of dark pigment in the cytoplasm. The amelanotic type would not be easily identifiable since it is without pigment. Caution is needed not to confuse the melanoma cell with the reticulo-endothelial cell. A study of other patients with malignant melanoma is now in progress.
A New Kind of Ownership

Once you accept that animals have ethically and socially relevant interests that humans have a duty to respect, the need for property reform becomes clear. Current law gives owners a free reign to disregard the interests of the animals under their control. Owners are even encouraged, in some cases, to manipulate animals in destructive ways, in order to increase the market value of the animals’ bodies. Rejecting the market for animals entirely would have a certain ethical purity to it, but could be a practical disaster for both animals and humans. Instead, some scholars have explored ways to make substantial changes to the way animals are viewed in the legal system, by redefining the legal relationship between owner and animal.