cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anti-protozoal activity of Thymol and a Thymol ester against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture.

Abstract Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that infects intestinal epithelial cells causing malabsorption and severe diarrhea. The monoterpene thymol has been reported to have antifungal and antibacterial properties but less is known about the antiparasitic effect of this compound. Terpenes are sometimes unsuitable for therapeutic and food applications because of their instability. Esterification of terpenes eliminates this disadvantage. The present study evaluates the effects of thymol (Th) and a thymol ester, thymol octanoate (TO), against C. parvum infectivity in vitro. The cytotoxicity IC50 value for TO after 24 h of treatment was 309.6 μg/mL, significantly higher than that of Th (122.5 μg/mL) in a human adenocarcinoma cell line (HCT-8). In the same way, following 48 h of treatment, the cytotoxicity IC50 value for TO was significantly higher (139 μg/mL) than that of Th (75.5 μg/mL). These results indicate that esterification significantly reduces Th cytotoxicity. Dose-dependent effects were observed for TO and Th when both parasite invasion and parasite growth assays were evaluated. When evaluated for their activity against C. parvum growth cultured in vitro in HCT-8 cells, the anti-cryptosporidial IC50 values were 35.5 and 7.5 μg/mL, for TO and Th, respectively. Together, these findings indicate that esterified thymol has anti-cryptosporidial effect comparable with its parental compound thymol, but with improved safety margins in mammalian cells and better physicochemical properties that could make it more suitable for diverse applications as an antiparasitic agent.
Impacts of Electronic Government Legislation and Initiatives on Community Health and Electronic Health Literacy

The electronic information the US government provides to the public on health issues may impact how the public protects itself from large scale diseases, illnesses and chronic conditions that are both self-inflicted as well as environment-based. This paper primarily focused on analyzing past research and survey data on linking electronic health literacy to electronic government legislation and perceptions of quality, confidence, and security of information in government. The study first applies a logistic regression on 2007 HINTS survey data analyzing the level of trust in government that impacts interest and access to e-health data. The paper then describes how the US has made efforts in improving e-health literacy through various pieces of e-government and e-health (as well as non e-health) legislation. Finally, focus was on state and federal e-health initiatives: mobile health programs or resources, health information exchanges, and state and privately funded health information technology centers, RHIOs. This shows how perceptions of government and government action may impact health literacy and access to e-health information in the community going forward.
Anti-GD2 antibody dinutuximab inhibits triple-negative breast tumor growth by targeting GD2+ breast cancer stem-like cells.

Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype with no effective standard therapy. Breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs) in primary TNBCs are reported to be responsible for metastatic spread of the disease and resistance to chemotherapy, but no available therapeutic tools target BCSCs. We previously reported that the ganglioside GD2 is highly expressed on BCSCs and that inhibition of its expression hampers TNBC growth. We therefore hypothesized that the anti-GD2 antibody dinutuximab (ch14.18) targets GD2+ BCSCs and inhibits TNBC growth. Method To test our hypothesis, we first determined GD2 expression via immunohistochemistry in frozen primary tumor samples from patients with TNBC (n=89). Then, we examined the effects of dinutuximab on TNBC cell adhesion, migration, and mammosphere formation in vitro and on tumor growth in vivo using TNBC cell-line and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Results We found that GD2 was expressed in around 60% of primary TNBC tumors at variable levels and was associated with worse overall survival of patients with TNBC (p=0.002). GD2 was found to be expressed in tumors and stroma, but normal ducts and lobules in adjacent tissues have shown low or no GD2 staining, indicating that GD2 is potentially a novel biomarker for tumor and its microenvironment. Treatment with dinutuximab significantly decreased adhesion and migration of MDA-MB-231 and SUM159 TNBC cells. Moreover, dinutuximab treatment inhibited mTOR signaling, which has been shown to be regulated by GD2 in BCSCs. Dinutuximab also reduced tumor growth in nude mice bearing TNBC cell-line xenografts. Finally, dinutuximab in combination with activated natural killer cells inhibited tumor growth in a TNBC PDX model and improved overall survival of tumor-bearing mice. Conclusions Dinutuximab successfully eliminated GD2+ cells and reduced tumor growth in both in vivo models. Our data provide proof-of-concept for the criticality of GD2 in BCSCs and demonstrate the potential of dinutuximab as a novel therapeutic approach for TNBC.
Health Care Utilization and Medicaid Spending in Children with Type 1 Diabetes in the Alabama Medicaid Program

There are limited data on health service use and cost in low-income children with type 1 diabetes. This study examined the pattern of use and cost of health care services among low-income children ...
Fast-iterative automatic reconstruction method for quantitative phaseimage with reduced phase perturbations in off-axis digital holographicmicroscopy

This works presents a reconstruction algorithm to recover the complex object information for an off-axis digital holographic microscope (DHM) operating in the telecentric regimen. We introduce an automatic and fast method to minimize a cost function that finds the best numerical conjugated reference beam to compensate the filtered object information, eliminating any undesired phase perturbation due to the tilt between the reference and object waves. The novelties of the proposed approach, to the best of our knowledge, are a precise estimation of the interference angle between the object and reference waves, reconstructed phase images without phase perturbations, and reduced processing time. The method has been validated using a manufactured phase target and biological samples.
Lifeworlds: Essays in Existential Anthropology

Michael Jackson's "Lifeworlds" is a masterful collection of essays, the culmination of a career aimed at understanding the relationship between anthropology and philosophy. Seeking the truths that are found in the interstices between examiner and examined, world and word, and body and mind, and taking inspiration from James, Dewey, Arendt, Husserl, Sartre, Camus, and, especially, Merleau-Ponty, Jackson creates in these chapters a distinctive anthropological pursuit of existential inquiry. More important, he buttresses this philosophical approach with committed empirical research. Traveling from the Kuranko in Sierra Leone to the Maori in New Zealand to the Warlpiri in Australia, Jackson argues that anthropological subjects continually negotiate - imaginatively, practically, and politically - their relations with the forces surrounding them and the resources they find in themselves or in solidarity with significant others. At the same time that they mirror facets of the larger world, they also help shape it. Stitching the themes, people, and locales of these essays into a sustained argument for a philosophical anthropology that focuses on the places between, Jackson offers a pragmatic understanding of how people act to make their lives more viable, to grasp the elusive, to counteract external powers, and to turn abstract possibilities into embodied truths.
Homeless in California

Anyone who lives in a metropolitan area is very likely to encounter homelessness every day, it constitutes a part of city life often considered normal. But have you ever wondered what drives people into homelessness? What could be the cause or reason for someone to live on the streets rather than in a home? Quigley et al. (2001) claim that in all previous work the effect of pivotal “monetary” factors had been downplayed, namely those of housing prices and income inequality. Thus, the article tests the alternate hypothesis that variations in homelessness arise from changed circumstances in the housing market and in the income distribution rather than from changes in society.
Susceptibility of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC 7860) to In Situ Extracorporeal Shock Wave Neoplasmotripsy

In vivo susceptibility of renal cell carcinoma (RCC 7860) to shock waves was examined in a series of experiments in an athymic rat model. Tumors were treated with 800 and 1,600 shock waves at 15 kV generated by the Dornier XL1 experimental lithotripter. Treated tumors demonstrated severe hemorrhage, infarct, necrosis, cellular infiltration, and a delay in tumor growth.
The storied nature of agriculture and evaluation: A conversation

This paper is a report on aconversation held between the authors andcentered on their shared interest inalternative methods of inquiry and evaluationin agriculture. The conversation was initiatedat the W. K. Kellogg Foundation and has evolvedthrough a series of long distanceconversations. Though not a verbatim transcriptof our conversations, this paper represents acomposite of both the face-to-face conversationand our stream of dialogue over the past year.Central to our discussion is an exploration ofthe parallels between the paradigm shift thatoccurred in evaluation in the early 1980s andthe current agricultural paradigm shift beingpromoted by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation. Inthe course of this conversational paper, wesuggest not only that evaluators andresearchers should cultivate their capacity tohear and tell stories, but also thatagricultural programs and their long-termimpacts could benefit from different kinds ofevaluation efforts. From this perspective, theevaluation or research report is no longer anattempt to mirror reality, but rather it is anevocative story that asks the reader to engagethe storyline morally, emotionally,aesthetically, and intellectually, as well asfrom a social impact perspective. It is ourhope that this paper will serve as what Lather(1993) has called an ``incitement to discourse''in the disciplinary fields of agriculture andevaluation.
Modularized design consideration of a general-purpose, high-speed phase-leg PEBB based on SiC MOSFETs

This paper presents the modularized design and analysis of a phase-leg module based on the Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB) concept, which aims at generalizing the phase-leg as a subsystem for various converter topologies through smart control schemes. The recently commercialized 1200 V SiC MOSFETs and SiC Schottky diodes from Cree are used as the main switches of the phase-leg, in order to explore the potentials of the pure SiC systems in achieving higher switching frequency and power density for 600 to 800 V, medium-power converters. To build the phase-leg module, the new SiC MOSFET has been fully characterized beyond the datasheet temperature range. The device switching speed has also been pushed as fast as possible through optimized gate driver and circuit layout designs, so as to achieve the high-frequency operation capability of the SiC PEBBs.
Immunofluorescent Reagents: Preparation and Analysis

Immunofluorescent staining techniques for detecting cell surface antigens have evolved over the past forty-five years (Coons et al., 1941) to the point where it is now possible to detect up to five cell surface antigens simultaneously (Horan et al., 1986). To a great degree, this precision has been dependent upon advances in three areas. First, instruments such as flow cytometers were created that could analyze cellular immunofluorescence with much greater speed and precision than analysis utilizing fluorescence microscopes. Second, the introduction of monoclonal antibodies as probes to detect cellular antigens provided remarkable specificity and uniformity. Finally, chemical modifications of fluorochrome molecules facilitated simple conjugation and purification procedures as well as produced fluorochromes which exhibited distinct spectral emission characteristics.
A Weaker Sufficient Condition For The Unimodality Of Error Surfaces Associated With Exactly Matching Adaptive IIR Filters

In adaptive IIR filtering, the gradient search techniques such as LMS, SER, etc., minimize the mean square output error (MSOE). The uniqueness of the minimum MSOE estimate for exactly matching adaptive filters is a necessary condition for possible global convergence of these algorithms. This uniqueness is guaranteed if Soderstrom's condition, n/sub b/-n/sub c/+1/spl ges/0, is met when the input is white. Here, we introduce a weaker sufficient condition for uninmodality of MSOE surfaces associated with exactly matching adaptive IIR filter. This is accomplished by manipulation of certain cross-correlation matrix of low order systems, and by generalization of the result to higher order systems, The result is then applied to some existing examples in the literature.
The influence of hold time and fatigue cycle wave shape on the-low cycle fatigue of 60/40 solder

Previous experiments have shown that fatigue life is reduced when the cycling frequency is reduced. These tests utilized symmetric ramp loading with equal loading and unloading rates. While this sort of cycling is useful in identifying the influence of cycling frequency, it does not reproduce the type of loading actual solder joints experience. Duty cycles generally consist of a relatively rapid change in temperature, then a relatively long hold at a more or less constant temperature, followed by a relatively rapid temperature change back to the starting point and another hold time. To investigate this sort of cycling, isothermal experiments were performed with varying hold times, and failure was induced by the application of mechanical strains, at a constant temperature, rather than thermal strains. It was found that the frequency dependence of the fatigue life, induced by varying the hold time, was similar to that observed when the frequency was varied by changing the ramp loading and unloading rates. The frequency effect is actually somewhat less for the hold time tests than for the ramp loading tests. This difference is due to the load relaxation which takes place during the hold times. This relaxation is described and relaxation rate curves are provided. >
Statistical learning modulates the direction of the first head movement in a large-scale search task

Foraging and search tasks in everyday activities are often performed in large, open spaces, necessitating head and body movements. Such activities are rarely studied in the laboratory, leaving important questions unanswered regarding the role of attention in large-scale tasks. Here we examined the guidance of visual attention by statistical learning in a large-scale, outdoor environment. We used the orientation of the first head movement as a proxy for spatial attention and examined its correspondence with reaction time (RT). Participants wore a lightweight camera on a baseball cap while searching for a coin on the concrete floor of a 64-m2 outdoor space. We coded the direction of the first head movement at the start of a trial. The results showed that the first head movement was highly sensitive to the location probability of the coin and demonstrated more rapid adjustment to changes in environmental statistics than RTs did. Because the first head movement occurred ten times faster than the search RT, these results show that visual statistical learning affected attentional orienting early in large-scale tasks.
Spread Throughout the Plant: Systemic Transport of Viruses

Viral long distant transport is an essential step for systemic infection. Because the process involves different types of highly differentiated vascular-associated cells, the virus systemic movement is regulated differentially at each tissue interface. In this chapter, we review current knowledge about viral systemic transport process in non-Arabidopsis hosts. We especially focus on viral and host factors participating in viral systemic transport. We also briefly overview the effect of RNA silencing, the host innate immunity, on viral systemic movement.
U.S. Government Electronic Data Sources for Global Marketing Decisions: An Evaluation and Classroom Application.

Abstract The amount of information available to business people interested in global marketing opportunities is overwhelming. The United States government publishes a vast amount of information, a great deal of which is available electronically on the Internet and CD-ROMs. This paper evaluates the usefulness of four of the government's most important electronic sources of global marketing information. It will serve to guide students as future marketers and faculty members as to what is the most appropriate and likely source according to their specific information needs. The paper also describes a workshop using these sources which can be incorporated into a marketing course.
Small-Molecule Inhibitors of IL-2/IL-2R: Lessons Learned and Applied

The IL-2:IL-2R protein–protein interaction is of central importance to both healthy and diseased immune responses, and is one of the earliest examples of successful small-molecule inhibitor discovery against this target class. Drug-like inhibitors of IL-2 have been identified through a combination of fragment discovery, structure-based design, and medicinal chemistry; this discovery approach illustrates the importance of using a diverse range of complementary screening methods and analytical tools to achieve a comprehensive understanding of molecular recognition. The IL-2 story also provides insight into the dynamic nature of protein–protein interaction surfaces, their potential druggability, and the physical and chemical properties of effective small-molecule ligands. These lessons, from IL-2 and similar discovery programs, underscore an increasing awareness of the principles governing the development of drugs for protein–protein interactions.
The Challenges of Using Service Learning in Construction Management Curricula

The use of experiential learning as a pedagogical mechanism to facilitate the learning of skills taught in the classroom has become common in college curricula. Service learning and community engagement models are frequently used to combine academic skills with “real-world” experience to foster understanding, and to largely broaden the perspective of the learner. Service-learning and community engagement are both commonly used in construction management (CM) curricula to allow the CM learner to develop a greater understanding of construction materials, processes, and management techniques presented in CM coursework. CM educators, in an effort to formalize the experiential learning process into course curricula, inaccurately describe the experiential learning project as service-learning rather than community engagement because there is confusion about the parameters differentiating these two experiential models. In fact, many CM courses that include experiential learning are in fact practicing community engagement and not service-learning. It is the parameters that set these two forms of experiential learning apart that make the practice of using service-learning in CM curricula a challenge.
The Economics of Total Trans-ocean Supply Chain Management

Developments in transport, communications, and information technology now permit dramatic improvements in intercontinental transport time, cost, and quality of service. At the same time, shippers and consignees require reduction or elimination of inventories at all steps of the supply chain to improve their ability to effectively respond to changing economic and market conditions. A major challenge is the reduction of uncertainty and risks in total trans-ocean supply chains to permit more effective control of time, cost, and quality of service. Emphasis must, therefore, be placed on reducing deviations in time and cost of the different links in the chain. The use of conditional stochastic simulation to model, design, and control complex trans-ocean supply chains is described and advocated. It is shown that reducing link uncertainties can achieve large improvements in trans-ocean supply chain costs and profitability, and increase the market in an increasingly globalized world.
Terrorism, Information Technology, and Vulnerability

The Geographical Dimensions of Terrorism. Susan L. Cutter, Douglas B. Richardson, and Thomas J. Wilbanks, eds. London and New York: Routledge, 2003. xxi and 274 pp., maps, diags., notes, biblio., a...
Regulation of avian calbindin-D28K gene expression in primary chick kidney cells: importance of posttranscriptional mechanisms and calcium ion concentration.

Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (calbindin-D28K), is regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3], and several other factors in a tissue-specific manner, but the controlling mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this study we examined the relative contributions of transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in the 1,25-(OH)2D3 control of calbindin-D28K mRNA expression in primary chick kidney cells and investigated the effect of extracellular Ca2+ on calbindin-D28K gene expression in the presence and absence of hormone. 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment (10(-8) M) of cells grown in serum-free medium resulted in a marked 20- to 30-fold increase in calbindin-D28K mRNA peaking at 12-18 h, which then rapidly declined to basal levels by 24 h. The abrupt decline in mRNA appeared to be associated with a reduction in size of the calbindin-D28K transcripts. Nuclear run-off assays showed only a slight (1.5-fold) increase in calbindin-D28K gene transcription 2 h after 1,25-(OH)2D3, whereas parall...
Preceramic Projectile-Point Typology in Belize

Sufficient numbers of preceramic projectile points have now been found in Belize to define two morphologically distinct projectile-point types, Lowe and Sawmill. A provisional type —Allspice—is proposed but lacks both the necessary numbers and adequate context for acceptance as a diagnostic type. A single Clovis point is so far the only diagnostic of the Paleoindian period. This study also suggests that the projectile-point typology, the foundation for much of the Belize Archaic Archaeological Reconnaissance chronology, is so badly flawed that the resulting chronology has little merit. Recent discoveries of major preceramic sites with associated radiocarbon dates and their possible association with early raised-field agriculture indicate that studies of preceramic Belize are entering an exciting new era. This typology should provide a useful tool for future studies and is the beginning of a meaningful chronology.
The Shchastny File: Trotsky and the Case of the Hero of the Baltic Fleet

One of the most sensational and illuminating yet little known judicial episodes in early Soviet history is the case of Aleksei Mikhailovich Shchastny, so-called admiral of the Baltic Fleet, who was arrested by Lev Trotsky and summarily tried, convicted, and executed in June 1918 for conspiring to overthrow Soviet power. The Shchastny file, a recently declassified top-secret Cheka criminal case file in the Archive of the Russian Federal Security Service for St. Petersburg and the St. Petersburg region, documents this episode in vivid detail.' While making it possible to reconstruct the dynamics of the Shchastny case, the file, some 362 pages long, also sheds light on broader issues such as Trotsky's political and military leadership; complexities in the outlook, employment, and situation of military specialists; the Soviet-German relationship in the aftermath of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; the centralizing of state power in Moscow and resulting tensions between Moscow and Petrograd; early politicization of the Soviet judicial system; and political instability in the Petrograd region in the spring and early summer of 1918. Captain First Rank Shchastny was commander of the Russian Baltic Fleet. Named to that position temporarily on 20 March 1918, after the arrest of Admiral A. V. Razvozov, who had refused to recognize the authority of the Soviet government, Shchastny was confirmed in the post by the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) on 5 April.2 It bears noting that Trotsky, then commissar for war and the navy, supported the appointment and that Shchastny accepted it reluctantly. As he later explained, "I felt a moral obligation to try to save the fleet, which I had served for twenty years, survived Port Arthur with, and worked to rebuild."3 Born in Zhitomir in 1881, the son of a general in the Imperial army, Shchastny graduated with honors from the Kiev Military Academy and the prestigious Naval Academy in St. Petersburg. The February 1917 revolution found him in Helsingfors (Helsinki), where
Expression of GATA-1 in a Non-Hematopoietic Cell Line Induces β-Globin Locus Control Region Chromatin Structure Remodeling and an Erythroid Pattern of Gene Expression

GATA-1 is a hematopoietic transcription factor expressed in erythroid, megakaryocytic, mast cell and eosinophil lineages. It is required for normal erythroid differentiation, the expression of erythroid-specific genes and for the establishment of an active chromatin structure throughout the beta-globin gene locus. GATA-1 is also necessary for the formation and function of the locus control region DNase I hypersensitive site (HS) core elements. To determine whether GATA-1 was sufficient to direct formation of the locus control region (LCR) and an erythroid pattern of gene expression, we expressed GATA-1 in the non-hematopoietic HeLa cell line that does not express other hematopoietic transcription factors but does express GATA-2, GATA-3, and GATA-6. We found that production of the GATA-1 protein resulted in the formation of LCR DNase I HSs 1-4 in their normal locations, and that histones became hyperacetylated within these regulatory elements. Transcription of several erythroid-specific genes was activated in HeLa cells expressing GATA-1, including those coding for alpha-globin, beta-globin, the erythropoietin receptor, the erythroid krupple-like factor and p45 NF-E2. Despite increased expression of these genes at the mRNA level, their protein products were not detected. These results imply that GATA-1 is sufficient to direct chromatin structure reorganization within the beta-globin LCR and an erythroid pattern of gene expression in the absence of other hematopoietic transcription factors.
Academic Enrichment in High-Functioning Homework Afterschool Programs

Abstract As part of afterschool programs with homework assistance, students are provided with a location and time to complete their homework, as well as instructional assistance. This mixed-method study investigated the program content and delivery processes of seven high-functioning homework programs. Results of this study revealed that in addition to providing students with ample time and resources to complete their homework, these programs also focused on teaching students particular study skills that were perceived as essential across content areas. Furthermore, all the homework programs under study employed such motivational strategies as positive and nurturing environments, and mentoring and reward systems, to encourage students to complete their homework. Finally, communication with school teachers was perceived as a critical element toward homework program success.
The Control of Lateral Root Development in Cultured Pea Seedlings. III. Spacing Intervals

The spacing of lateral root primordia in the primary root of Pisum sativum (cv. Alaska) seedlings is influenced by both predetermined lateral root initiation sites in the embryonic radicle and by factors present during seedling growth. When pea seeds were germinated in the presence of the mitotic inhibitor, colchicine, the triarch radicle produced three ranks of primordiomorphs indicating sites of embryonic lateral root primordia. The number of primordiomorphs was not the same along the three xylem strands in the radicle. Normally germinated seedling roots (5 days old) also showed a different number of lateral root primordia associated with the three strands. In both cases, the strand with the greatest number of primordia (or primordiomorphs) was associated with a cotyledonary trace. This indicated a possible role for the cotyledons in setting the pattern of lateral root distribution during radicle development. The spacing of lateral root primordia could be altered by the application of growth regulators. Seedling root tips (2 mm) were removed (− rt) and replaced with indoleacetic acid (+IAA), and in some instances seedlings were also treated with the auxin transport inhibitor, 3,3a-dihydro-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-8H-pyrazolo[5, 1-α]isoindol-8-one (+DPX). In the growth regulator treatments, primary root elongation was inhibited, a greater number of lateral root primordia were initiated compared to controls, and the spacing intervals between primordia were greatly reduced. The — rt, +IAA, +DPX-treatment resulted in the closest possible spacing intervals (av. 0.4 − 0.6 mm), but resulted in fused or fasciated laterals. The — rt, + IAA-treatment produced the shortest spacing intervals which resulted in “normal” lateral roots (0.8 − 1.1 mm).
Threshold residual ion concentration on photomask surface to prevent haze defects

Haze generation has been serious issue on wafer lithography process, as illumination wavelength become shorter with 248nm and 193nm. Several published papers have been reported that ammonium and sulfate residual ion on mask surface is major source of haze generation. These ions are come from conventional photomask cleaning process. PKL have been studied new cleaning process to minimize haze generation and found cleaning process condition. Also, PKL found that residual ammonium ion is major source of haze generation than residual sulfate ion. New cleaning process improved residual ammonium ion concentration to less than 45 ppb from 900 ppb with conventional RCA cleaning. And illumination doses generating haze have been tested on five residual ammonium ion, 1500 ppb, 900 ppb, 160 ppb, 70 ppb, 45 ppb, respectively. In house designed Haze Acceleration Test Bench (HATB) was used to expose masks. Haze were not generated until from 25 kJ to 100 kJ, on 160 ppb to 45 ppb of ammonium ion concentration, respectively. And the residual of sulfate ion and its haze generation dose did not correspond. Residual ammonium ions need to be controlled tightly than sulfate ion. PKL concentrated on minimizing ammonium residual with new cleaning process and found the optimized cleaning process for preventing 100kJ of cumulative energy on ArF embedded attenuated PSM (EAPSM).
Earth systems engineering management: human behavior, technology and sustainability☆

Abstract This paper describes a framework for collaboration on environmental thinking and management, including three types of multi-disciplinary trading zones and three types of shared expertise. Getting agreement among multiple stakeholders requires the exercise of moral imagination, which involves: • Perceiving one's own mental model of a system, both as it exists (descriptive) and as one would like it to be (normative). • Comparing different mental models across expertises and stakeholder interests. • Generating and evaluating alternatives that would facilitate a transition from descriptive to normative scenarios. This framework is applied to genetically-modified organisms and to the development of an environmentally-intelligent textile. The article concludes with a discussion of Earth Systems Engineering Management (ESEM), which represents a novel, interdisciplinary approach to working with complex, integrated human/natural systems. Increasingly, such systems involve close coupling among environmental, social and technological elements. Such systems are not entirely predictable. ESEM calls for: • Systems thinking that sees the interaction between parts of system and avoids problems like optimizing one part of a system at the expense of the whole. • The use of reversible technologies that can be reconfigured based on results from: • Close monitoring of systems interactions—including dialogue with multiple experts and stakeholders. To succeed, ESEM will have to offer more than a framework for thinking about complex human/natural systems—it will have to adapt or evolve a set of tools that facilitate collaborative monitoring and management.
GPR30 is necessary for estradiol-induced desensitization of 5-HT1A receptor signaling in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus

Estrogen therapy used in combination with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment improves SSRI efficacy for the treatment of mood disorders. Desensitization of serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptors, which takes one to two weeks to develop in animals, is necessary for SSRI therapeutic efficacy. Estradiol modifies 5-HT1A receptor signaling and induces a partial desensitization in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the rat within two days, but the mechanisms underlying this effect are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify the estrogen receptor necessary for estradiol-induced 5-HT1A receptor desensitization. We previously showed that estrogen receptor β is not necessary for 5-HT1A receptor desensitization and that selective activation of estrogen receptor GPR30 mimics the effects of estradiol in rat PVN. Here, we used a recombinant adenovirus containing GPR30 siRNAs to decrease GPR30 expression in the PVN. Reduction of GPR30 prevented estradiol-induced desensitization of 5-HT1A receptor as measured by hormonal responses to the selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist, (+)8-OH-DPAT. To determine the possible mechanisms underlying these effects, we investigated protein and mRNA levels of 5-HT1A receptor signaling components including 5-HT1A receptor, Gαz, and RGSz1. We found that two days of estradiol increased protein and mRNA expression of RGSz1, and decreased 5-HT1A receptor protein but increased 5-HT1A mRNA; GPR30 knockdown prevented the estradiol-induced changes in 5-HT1A receptor protein in the PVN. Taken together, these data demonstrate that GPR30 is necessary for estradiol-induced changes in the 5-HT1A receptor signaling pathway and desensitization of 5-HT1A receptor signaling.
Patterns of Failure for Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Perineal and Perianal Region

Purpose To analyze prognostic factors and patterns of failure for rhabdomyosarcoma of the perineal and perianal region (PRMS), with an emphasis on radiation therapy for locoregional control. Methods and Materials Detailed records of all 14 patients treated for PRMS at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1998 and 2012 were reviewed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS), and a competing-risks analysis was used to assess the cumulative incidence of local, regional, and distant failures. Results Median age was 15.8 years (range, 1.1-31.9 years). High-risk features were identified: 9 of 14 patients (64%) had group 3 disease and 3 of 14 (21%) had group 4; 11 of 14 tumors (78%) were alveolar; 12 of 14 tumors (86%) were ≥5 cm; and 9 of 14 patients (64%) had involved lymph nodes (N1). Of those aged ≥10 years at diagnosis, 9 of 10 (90%) had alveolar histology, all had tumors ≥5 cm, and 8 of 10 (80%) presented with N1 disease. The rates of local, regional, and distant failure at 5 years were 17%, 31%, and 52%, respectively. Although 3 of the 4 patients with regional failure received nodal irradiation, only one of the nodal failures occurred in the radiation therapy field. The 5-year EFS was 33%, and OS was 39%. Age ≥10 years was associated with poor outcomes: EFS was 13% in patients aged ≥10 years, compared with 75% in those aged P =.04); the OS was 13% in patients aged ≥10 years, compared with 100% in those aged P =.04). Conclusions Patients with PRMS, especially those aged ≥10 years, present with poor prognostic features and continue to have poor outcomes. Given the high incidence of regional node recurrence, we recommend prophylactic ilioinguinal lymph node irradiation for all patients aged ≥10 years. For children aged
FEVER IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST

The immunocompromised patient is at risk for developing a wide variety of life-threatening infectious disease. Predicated on the underlying immune system defect, many diverse microbes, including those handled routinely by the immunocompetent host, can become pathogens. Fever is often the sole finding, and the incidence of serious disease in this group of patients is high. Data on emergency department (ED) utilization rates by immunocompromised patients are not well documented. One study found that 5% of ED patients had a cancer history. Of those, 43% had an oncology-related visit and, of those with an oncology-related visit, 17% presented with fever. 53 Another study of heart and lung transplant patients identified fever as the most common reason for an ED visit (37%). 52 HIV disease and increasing success in transplant medicine, cancer therapy, and rheumatologic therapy have contributed to the increased prevalence of immunocompromise in the general population. Emergency medicine physicians should develop a systematic approach for patients with compromised immune systems who present with fever, including historical and physical findings pertinent to these patients, with attention to details that are atypical or specific to the immunocompromised state; a diagnostic work-up applicable to most patients with immune system dysfunction; a knowledge of common clinical scenarios of immunosuppression, focusing on unique presentations; and treatment strategies, including disposition options.
Nuclear shadowing in neutrino–nucleus deeply inelastic scattering

Abstract In the framework of the collinear factorized pQCD approach we calculate the small-xB process-dependent nuclear modification to the structure functions measured in neutrino–nucleus deeply inelastic scattering. We include both heavy quark mass corrections (M2/Q2) and resummed nuclear-enhanced dynamical power corrections in the quantity (ξ2/Q2)(A1/3−1) with ξ2 evaluated to leading order in αs. Our formalism predicts a measurable difference in the shadowing pattern of the structure functions F2A(xB,Q2) and F3A(xB,Q2) and a significant low- and moderate-Q2 modification of the QCD sum rules. We also comment on the relevance of our results to the NuTeV extraction of sin2θW.
A mechanism of acquired resistance against an entomopathogenic nematode by Agrotis ipsilon feeding on perennial ryegrass harboring a fungal endophyte.

Abstract Perennial ryegrass forms a symbiotic relationship with the fungus Neotyphodium lolii, which provides many benefits including resistance to herbivory through the production of alkaloids. The impact of endophytic grass on the third trophic level has received little attention. The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, is less susceptible to the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, when it consumes the endophytic grass. We examined the potential mechanisms of the resistance exhibited by A. ipsilon against S. carpocapsae. Although A. ipsilon larvae fed on endophytic grass had similar numbers of nematodes attached and that successfully developed into adults, they had significantly lower mortality than larvae fed on endophyte-free grass when exposed to nematodes for 1.5 h. We examined the effects of N. lolii produced ergot alkaloids, ergotamine tartrate, ergonovine maleate, ergocryptine, and erogcristine on nematode viability and infectivity. Ergonovine malate increased and ergocristine decreased the rates of nematode infectivity, whereas other treatments had no significant effect. We also investigated the effects of ergocristine on Xenorhabdus nematophila, the symbiotic bacterium of S. carpocapsae. Bacterial growth and pathogenicity were significantly reduced when the bacterium was grown in nutrient broth containing 200 μg/ml concentration of ergocristine. We conclude that herbivores capable of developing on endophytic grasses may acquire some level of resistance against S. carpocapsae due to the toxic effects of ergocristine on the bacterium, X. nematophila. Our results underscore the ability of N. lolii to affect trophic interactions through the production of alkaloids.
Effects of gonadal hormones on urinary behavior in dogs.

Abstract The effects of testicular and ovarian hormones on urinary frequency and posture were studied in 8 groups of dogs. Three of the 4 female groups had been exposed to androgenic stimulation in utero, neonatally, or both in utero and in infancy. The fourth group of females consisted of ovariectomized controls. Males were intact or castrated as adults, as juveniles, or as neonates. Frequency of urination was increased in all groups by estrogen and by testosterone. Urinary posture was unaffected in males by castration in the adult or juvenile stages. Neonatal castration of males resulted in periodic regression from the adult male posture to the immature male posture. Control and prenatally androgenized females urinated in the feminine position. Females treated with large amounts of testosterone in infancy showed a limited degree of masculinization of urinary posture. Females exposed to testosterone before and immediately after birth urinated as females about 50% of the time and as adult males for approximately half of their urinations. Exogenous estrogen or androgen administered in adulthood had no effect on posture assumed for urination.
The second pluri-genus of smoothable Gorenstein surface singularities

For complete intersection isolated surface singularities, Okuma gave a formula for the second plurigenus relating geometry genus, Milnor number and Tjurina number. We generalize Okuma’s theorem to Gorenstein smoothable surface singularities.
Inactivation of Electrophorus electricus acetylcholinesterase by benzenemethane sulfonylfluoride

Abstract Benzenemethane Sulfonylfluoride (329-98-6) is an irreversible inactivator of many esterases including mammalian acetylcholinesterases. However, previous reports indicated that acetylcholinesterase from the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus (EC 3.1.1.7) failed to react with benzenemethane sulfonylfluoride at measurable rates. We report here that eel acetylcholinesterase reacts with this inactivator at a low rate. Hydrolysis of the sulfonylating agent is so much faster than enzyme inactivation that, under most conditions, there will be only slight inactivation. Like the reaction of other active site acylating agents with this enzyme, inactivation can be accelerated in the presence of certain organic cations. We introduce a rate equation for enzyme sulfonylation which incorporates both the hydrolysis of the inactivator and the complication that fluoride resulting from hydrolysis of the inactivator is a potent competitive inhibitor of this enzyme. This rate equation accurately describes the time course of enzyme inactivation.
Cherenkov and Scintillation Light Measurements with Scintillating Glass, SCG1C

We have been able to observe and measure both the direct Cherenkov (C) and the Scintillation (S) light components from scintillating glass, distinctly separated in time. This has important implications for hadron calorimetry, electron/hadron separation and low energy particle identification.
Structure–function relationships for corn bran arabinoxylans

Fiber incorporation in foods has, to date, been approached largely in an empirical manner, with emphasis on modifying process conditions and formulation and fiber characteristics to obtain an acceptable product. There is a lack of fundamental studies relating fiber functionality during processing with its structural characteristics. In this study, we have investigated the rheological properties; such as solution shear viscosity and extensional viscosity, and some structural features of four corn bran arabinoxylan preparations. The solution shear viscosity of the fibers was influenced by the molecular weight and size of the molecules. The extensional viscosity of doughs containing the fibers was affected by the degree of branching, and differences in extensional viscosity have been explained on the basis of differences in branching as observed using multi-angle laser light scattering. Clear relationships between solution viscosity and molecular weight, and extensional viscosity and degree of branching were established for the fibers. Fundamental studies such as this one will aid in building a strong science-based approach to fiber incorporation in food by improving understanding of how structure of fiber molecules affects their functionality in food systems and how the structure can be modified to improve functionality.
Qualitative fuzzy sets: Context based reasoning system in GrC

The category theory based model (8th GrC Model) has been proposed as the “final” GrC Model. This paper is to discuss its specialization into the category of qualitative fuzzy sets. Here are the main points: 1) Let Col be the collection of real world fuzzy sets on U, where U is a crisp set. 2) Let V be the type I fuzzy sets of col. Namely, V, denoted by MF(U), is the set of all membership functions on U. 3) The map: Q; Col → 2V defines a binary neighborhood system on V. Each Q(p), p → Col is a qualitative fuzzy set/ It is the mathematical model of the so-called elastic membership function. 4) The collection Q = {Q(p) | p ? Col}, by abuse of notation, is the universe of qualitative fuzzy sets. 5) The “union” and “intersection” of qualitative fuzzy sets are provided by the Boolean Algebraic Structure of Q. 6) Each membership function in Q(p) represents a state/context of p.
Clinical consequences of ST-segment changes caused by body position mimicking transient myocardial ischemia: Hazards of ST-segment monitoring?

A case is described in which an acute ST-segment change, presumably due to a change in body position, is erroneously interpreted as an acute ischemic event. Positional ST-segment changes during continuous, multi-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring are particularly challenging to distinguish from transient myocardial ischemia because 1) positional ECG templates are often not feasible to record at the beginning of monitoring in unstable patients; 2) positional ECG templates, if recorded, are often not readily accessible to clinicians for later comparison; 3) body position cannot be correlated with ST events because patients are out of the direct view of nurses during the event or clinicians review ST trends at a later time; 4) ST monitors typically do not store ECGs frequently enough to be able to observe on the ST trend the gradual ("ramp-like") onset of ST changes that is characteristic of transient ischemia; and 5) absence of chest pain with a ST event does not help clinicians identify false alarms because it is well understood that the majority of ischemic events are clinically silent.
How trematodes cause limb deformities in amphibians.

We used trematode cyst infestation to induce limb deformities in two species of frogs of the genus Rana and compared them to deformities induced by surgical limb bud rotations. The specific deformities produced by both treatments closely resemble those of wild-caught deformed amphibians and are consistent with a known developmental response to disruption of the spatial organization of cells in developing limb buds. Histological analysis showed that trematode cysts cause massive disruption and abnormal cellular growth involving the limb buds of infected individuals. Our results indicate that trematode cyst infestation causes deformities in frogs by perturbation of the positional relationships of cells in developing limb buds. The crippling effects of cyst-infection on frogs may reflect complex co-evolutionary interactions among trematodes, frogs, and other hosts in the trematode's life cycle.
The SINister side of retrovirus vectors

Comment on Modlich et al, page [2545][1] In this issue of Blood , Modlich and colleagues report using a novel culture assay to demonstrate a self-inactivating (SIN) retrovirus vector design that can significantly reduce, but not eliminate, vector-mediated transformation of primary mouse bone marrow