cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence of a role for the Q151L mutation and the viral background in development of multiple dideoxynucleoside-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

The majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients treated with zidovudine (AZT) plus zalcitabine (ddC) and didanosine (ddI) develop AZT resistance mediated by mutations such as T215Y and M41L. Only a small proportion of patients develop multiple dideoxynucleoside resistance (MDNR) mediated by the Q151M mutation. To gain insight into the factors responsible for the low frequency of selection of Q151M, we evaluated the replication capabilities of recombinant viruses carrying two possible intermediates (151L or 151K) of the Q151M mutation generated in different reverse transcriptase (RT) genetic backgrounds. The 151L and 151K mutations were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis in RTs from two patient-derived HIV-1 isolates that had either wild type (WT) Q or the Q151M (posttreatment isolate) mutation. For comparison, both mutations were also introduced in a laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strain (HIV-1HXB2). Analysis of replication capabilities showed that both 151L and 151K were lethal in RT genetic backgrounds of the WT isolate and in HIV-1HXB2. In contrast, 151L but not 151K allowed virus replication in RT backgrounds of the posttreatment isolate. Three mutations (V35I, S68G, and I178M) were present in the RT background of the posttreatment isolate but not in the WT isolate. Introduction of S68G in the RT of both the WT isolate and HIV-1HXB2 partially restored replication capacity of recombinants carrying the 151L mutation. The S68G mutation alone did not confer a significant replicative disadvantage in WT viruses. Like HIV-1151M, HIV-1151L RT was found to have six- to eightfold resistance to AZT-triphosphate (TP), ddA-TP, and ddC-TP, indicating an MDNR phenotype. However, HIV-1151L was found to be less fit than HIV-1151M, which may explain the preferential selection of HIV-1151M observed in vivo. The demonstrated ability of HIV-1151L/68G to replicate and the associated MDNR suggest that 151L is a potential intermediate of Q151M. The dependence of HIV-1151L on other mutations, such as S68G, for replication may explain the low frequency of the Q151M-mediated pathway of resistance.
The role of real and monetary shocks in explaining business cycle fluctuations

The essay brings empirical evidence to bear on the ability of real and monetary shocks to explain busines cycles. Using vector autoregressive techniques it is found that both real and monetary shoc...
Surgical intervention criteria for thoracic aortic aneurysms: a study of growth rates and complications.

Abstract Background . Evidence regarding the behavior of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is limited. This study reviews our ongoing efforts to understand the factors influencing aortic growth rates and the complications of rupture and dissection in order to define scientifically sound criteria for surgical intervention. Methods . Data from 370 patients with TAA treated at Yale University School of Medicine from January 1985 to June 1997 were analyzed. This computerized data base included 1063 imaging studies (magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and echocardiography). Results . The mean size of the thoracic aorta in these patients at initial presentation was 5.2 cm (range 3.5–10). The mean growth rate was 0.10 cm/year. Median size at the time of rupture or dissection was 5.9 cm for ascending and 7.2 cm for descending aneurysms. The incidence of dissection or rupture increased with aneurysm size. Multivariable regression analysis to isolate risk factors for acute dissection or rupture revealed that size ≥ 6.0 cm increased the probability of these devastating complications by 25.2% for ascending aneurysms ( p = 0.006 compared with aneurysms 4.0–4.9 cm). For descending aneurysms ≥ 7.0 cm, risk of dissection or rupture was increased by 37.3% ( p = 0.031). Conclusions . If the median size at time of dissection or rupture had been used as the indication for intervention, half the patients would have suffered a devastating complication before surgery. Accordingly, a criterion lower than the median is appropriate. We recommend 5.5 cm as an acceptable size for elective resection of ascending aortic aneurysms because this operation can be performed with relatively low mortality. For aneurysms of the descending aorta, where perioperative complications are greater and the median size at the time of complication is larger, we recommend intervention at 6.5 cm.
An approach to spatially distributed snow modelling of the Sacramento and San Joaquin basins, California.

This project developed an approach to spatially distribute snow modeling and monitoring procedures for estimating snowmelt inputs to the Sacramento and San Joaquin river basins, California, The Distributed Snow Process Model (DSPM) implements a temperature index algorithm, SSARR grid, for estimating total snow water equivalent (SWE) and liquid water arriving at the ground surface each hourly time step in each model cell with 2 km spatial resolution. DSPM used interpolated air temperature and precipitation measurements, as well as initial snow conditions derived from ground stations and satellite data. Air temperature interpolation incorporated hourly ambient lapse rates based on observed air temperatures and elevation in an inverse-distance-squared technique. Precipitation interpolation used an inverse-distance-squared method. We developed a linear function that specified the melt factor used by SSARR―grid in each cell depending on the accumulated temperature index In this test, DSPM relied on maps of SWE for initiation and validation. We estimated the spatial distribution of SWE by combining estimates of snow cover area (SCA) with interpolations of SWE based on snow sensor and course measurements. SCA retrieval algorithms used measurements from the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) to estimate snow extent as fractional cover per pixel. SWE interpolations for this project used an algorithm similar to the temperature interpolation The results showed that SWE maps predicted by DSPM over periods up to several days agree well with maps produced from AVHRR merged with ground measurements.
A hyphenated optical trap capillary electrophoresis laser induced native fluorescence system for single-cell chemical analysis.

Single-cell measurements allow a unique glimpse into cell-to-cell heterogeneity; even small changes in selected cells can have a profound impact on an organism's physiology. Here an integrated approach to single-cell chemical sampling and assay are described. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced native fluorescence (LINF) has the sensitivity to characterize natively fluorescent indoles and catechols within individual cells. While the separation and detection approaches are well established, the sampling and injection of individually selected cells requires new approaches. We describe an optimized system that interfaces a single-beam optical trap with CE and multichannel LINF detection. A cell is localized within the trap and then the capillary inlet is positioned near the cell using a computer-controlled micromanipulator. Hydrodynamic injection allows cell lysis to occur within the capillary inlet, followed by the CE separation and LINF detection. The use of multiple emission wavelengths allows improved analyte identification based on differences in analyte fluorescence emission profiles and migration time. The system enables injections of individual rat pinealocytes and quantification of their endogenous indoles, including serotonin, N-acetyl-serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, tryptophol and others. The amounts detected in individual cells incubated in 5-hydroxytryptophan ranged from 10−14 mol to 10−16 mol, an order of magnitude higher than observed in untreated pinealocytes.
Assessment of Liver Tumor Response to Therapy: Role of Quantitative Imaging

Quantitative imaging is the analysis of retrieved numeric data from images with the goal of reducing subjective assessment. It is an increasingly important radiologic tool to assess treatment response in oncology patients. Quantification of response to therapy depends on the tumor type and method of treatment. Anatomic imaging biomarkers that quantify liver tumor response to cytotoxic therapy are based on temporal change in the size of the tumors. Anatomic biomarkers have been incorporated into the World Health Organization criteria and the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) versions 1.0 and 1.1. However, the development of novel therapies with different mechanisms of action, such as antiangiogenesis or radioembolization, has required new methods for measuring response to therapy. This need has led to development of tumor- or therapy-specific guidelines such as the Modified CT Response Evaluation (Choi) Criteria for gastrointestinal stromal tumors, the European Association for Study of the Liver (EASL) criteria, and modified RECIST for hepatocellular carcinoma, among many others. The authors review the current quantification criteria used in the evaluation of treatment response in liver tumors, summarizing their indications, advantages, and disadvantages, and discuss future directions with newer methods that have the potential for assessment of treatment response. Knowledge of these quantitative methods is important to facilitate pivotal communication between oncologists and radiologists about cancer treatment, with benefit ultimately accruing to the patient.
Review on the significance of starch and protein to wheat kernel hardness

Wheat starch contains large lenticular (A-type) and small spherical (B-type) granules, with some intermediate (underdeveloped A-type), composed of two structurally different polysaccharides, amylose (20–30%) and amylopectin (70–80%), plus small amounts of lipids, nitrogen and phosphorus. Vitreous character is related to air spaces between granules, whereas hardness relates to protein-starch bond strength and protein matrix continuity between granules. Grain hardness is controlled genetically by one or more major genes, modified by one or more minor genes. Environmental factors also exert effects. Most hardness measurements are grouped into categories based on grinding, crushing, abrasion or indentation. Recent methods, viz microscopy, NIR, single kernel cutting, tensile strength and an acoustical technique, seem to have promise. Three basic mechanisms of grain hardness have been postulated: (a) chemically induced adhesion between the protein matrix and starch granule, (b) continuity of the protein matrix, and (c) net charge on the protein. Some recent studies have revealed small amounts of protein as an integral component of the starch granule. The surface granule proteins showed relatively low molecular weight polypeptide bands (5–30 kDa), whereas the integral starch granule proteins had higher molecular weights (59–149 k Da). The 59 kDa protein is postulated to be the enzyme that synthesises amylose. The 15 kDa polypeptide is related to kernel softness, because it is strong in soft wheats, weak or faint in hard wheats, and absent in durum wheats. Reconstituted tablets made from hard wheat starch showed higher tensile strength than those made from soft wheat. Tablets reconstituted from soft wheat starch free from 15 kDa protein exhibited increased tensile strength, suggesting that the 15 kDa protein acts as a ‘non-sticking’ agent between the starch granules and the protein matrix. Some lipids are associated with arnylose and the starch granule surface but their significance is not clear. Key words. Starch, kernel hardness measurement, hardness mechanism, starch granule proteins.
Addressing the Needs of Low-Income School-Age Children: A Teaching Model

With a disproportionate number of children living in poverty in the United States, counseling preparation programs have the responsibility to enhance social justice and multicultural competencies for counseling trainees. The authors delineate a teaching model for an advanced school counseling course to enhance counseling trainees’ commitment to social justice and leadership skills when working at low-income schools. Course assignments, videos, experiential activities, as well as students’ reported perceptions of their participation will be explored.
Analytical Applications Of Laser Powered Pyrolysis

The ability to rapidly heat samples using infrared laser radiation without the complicating effects of hot surfaces offers new opportunities for pyrolysis techniques in materials characterization and process control. By using pulsed radiation, timescales on the order of microseconds are achieved, restricting the chemistry primarily to initial reactions. The homogeneous nature of laser powered heating minimizes wall reactions and improves reproducibility by eliminating effects of surface contamination in the pyrolysis reactor. In Laser Powered Homogeneous Pyrolysis (LPHP), a pulsed CO 2 laser (10μm) is used to rapidly heat a gas mixture to be pyrolyzed. If the mixture does not absorb 10um radiation, a chemically inert sensitizer such as SF 6 or SiF 4 must be added to couple energy into the mixture. Temperatures up to 1200K can be reached, with reaction times ranging from lOpsec to lOmsec. Product analysis is by gas chromatography after a sufficient number of laser pulses to generate detectable amounts of products. Applications of LPHP to hydrocarbon mixture analysis will be presented, as well as potential applications to process control. The short reaction times in LPHP will be illustrated by methane and ethane pyrolysis, which also provide information on the details of the temperature profile during laser powered pyrolysis.
A theoretical model for the myogenic response based on the length-tension characteristics of vascular smooth muscle.

Objective: A theoretical model is developed to describe the myogenic response of resistance vessels to changes in intravascular pressure, based on a consideration of the active and passive length–tension characteristics of vascular smooth muscle (VSM). The dependence of model parameters on vessel diameter is examined.Methods: The vessel wall is represented mechanically as a nonlinear passive component in parallel with an active contractile component. The level of VSM tone is assumed to have a sigmoidal dependence on circumferential wall tension or stress. Model parameters are optimized for each of 18 independent experimental data sets previously obtained using pressure or wire myograph systems.Results: Close fits between model predictions and experimental data are found in each case. An alternative formulation in which VSM tone depends on circumferential wall stress is found also to be consistent with available data. Significant trends in model parameters as a function of diameter are found.Conclusions: T...
On Prior Distributions and Approximate Inference for Structured Variables

We present a general framework for constructing prior distributions with structured variables. The prior is defined as the information projection of a base distribution onto distributions supported on the constraint set of interest. In cases where this projection is intractable, we propose a family of parameterized approximations indexed by subsets of the domain. We further analyze the special case of sparse structure. While the optimal prior is intractable in general, we show that approximate inference using convex subsets is tractable, and is equivalent to maximizing a submodular function subject to cardinality constraints. As a result, inference using greedy forward selection provably achieves within a factor of (1-1/e) of the optimal objective value. Our work is motivated by the predictive modeling of high-dimensional functional neuroimaging data. For this task, we employ the Gaussian base distribution induced by local partial correlations and consider the design of priors to capture the domain knowledge of sparse support. Experimental results on simulated data and high dimensional neuroimaging data show the effectiveness of our approach in terms of support recovery and predictive accuracy.
The relation of PTSD symptoms to migraine and headache-related disability among substance dependent inpatients

Despite emerging evidence for the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and migraine, few studies have examined the relation of PTSD and migraine, particularly among clinical populations at-risk for both conditions (e.g., substance-dependent patients). This study examined the role of PTSD symptoms in migraine and headache-related disability within a sample of 153 substance-dependent inpatients (37.25% female, Mean age 36.46). PTSD symptoms predicted both migraine and headache-related disability above and beyond gender, depression and anxiety symptoms, the experience of a Criterion A traumatic event, and current alcohol use disorder. Findings highlight the strong association between migraine and PTSD symptoms in a unique population at risk for both conditions.
Antimitogenic effect of bitter taste receptor agonists on airway smooth muscle cells.

Airway remodeling is a hallmark feature of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinical studies and animal models have demonstrated increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass, and ASM ...
Goodyear Medalist Lecture: Rubber Research in the Service of Mankind

Abstract It all started at the EXXON Research and Engineering Co. during the 1960-ies where I became an apprentice/coworker of Robert M. Thomas (by the way, Thomas (Figure 1) was another Goodyear Medalist honored for the invention and early development of butyl rubber).1
Application of Program Evaluation and Review Technic (PERT) to laboratory research and development planning.

Software for the personal computer dramatically changes the ease with which managers of research and development can use network planning to guide projects to completion in the academic medical center setting. A case study of the use of the Critical Path Method (CPM) and Project Evaluation and Review Technic (PERT) in planning and implementing transcutaneous p CO2 monitoring by a department of laboratory medicine illustrates the utility and efficiency of these network planning technics. By means of iterative PERT analyses, the project was kept on track, despite an overly optimistic estimate of the completion date initially and intense demand by clinicians for use of the new monitoring technic in the management of premature infants with respiratory disease. Additionally, the iterative management approach improved project participants’ expertise in estimating and meeting deadlines. Network planning is fully adaptable to the IBM PC® or an equivalent microcomputer. This article summarizes several excellent project management software packages that have become available recently.
Magnetically Soft and Hard Polypropylene/Cobalt Nanocomposites: Role of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene

Polypropylene (PP) magnetic polymer nanocomposites (MPNCs) filled with different loadings of cobalt (Co) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized through a one-pot bottom-up method, i.e., thermal decomposition of soluble dicobalt octacarbonyl (Co2(CO)8) in the refluxing xylene solution. Maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP-g-MA) served as surfactant to stabilize the in-situ formed Co NPs and control the particle morphology and served as compatibilzier to promote the particle dispersion in the hosting PP matrix. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs revealed that the Co core NPs with a Co3O4 shell were well distributed with an average size of 12.6 nm for 5.0 wt % Co loading, while an interconnected network structure was formed when the particle loading reached 10.0 wt %. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that a thin Co3O4 layer was formed on the surface of Co NPs together with chemisorbed hydrolyzed PP-g-MA. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) anal...
Antiretroviral activity of emtricitabine, a potent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.

Potent triple combination regimens have greatly reduced the clinical progression, opportunistic infections and mortality associated with HIV infection [1,2]. The success of combination regimens and the need for long-term adherence to treatment have led to the search for more potent, and less toxic antiretroviral agents, more patient-friendly regimens and newer drug classes. Meanwhile, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) continue to be an essential component in almost all HIV regimens [3]. An optimal combination of NRTIs appears to be essential for the inhibition of viral replication and the ultimate success of a regimen. NRTIs vary greatly in potency, sideeffects, resistance profiles and dosing convenience [3]. Because the clinical utility of combination antiretroviral regimens is limited by the prevalence of undesirable side-effects, difficulty in adherence to complex dosing schedules and the emergence of viral resistance, the search for potent, safe and well-tolerated NRTIs with favourable dosing schedules remains critical.
Unfolding Kinetics of the Human Telomere i-Motif Under a 10 pN Force Imposed by the α-Hemolysin Nanopore Identify Transient Folded-State Lifetimes at Physiological pH

Cytosine (C)-rich DNA can adopt i-motif folds under acidic conditions, with the human telomere i-motif providing a well-studied example. The dimensions of this i-motif are appropriate for capture in the nanocavity of the α-hemolysin (α-HL) protein pore under an electrophoretic force. Interrogation of the current vs time (i–t) traces when the i-motif interacts with α-HL identified characteristic signals that were pH dependent. These features were evaluated from pH 5.0 to 7.2, a region surrounding the transition pH of the i-motif (6.1). When the i-motif without polynucleotide tails was studied at pH 5.0, the folded structure entered the nanocavity of α-HL from either the top or bottom face to yield characteristic current patterns. Addition of a 5′ 25-mer poly-2′-deoxyadensosine tail allowed capture of the i-motif from the unfolded terminus, and this was used to analyze the pH dependency of unfolding. At pH values below the transition point, only folded strands were observed, and when the pH was increased ab...
Microfinance participation and contraceptive decision-making: results from a national sample of women in Bangladesh.

Abstract Objectives Our objective was to assess whether microfinance participation affords greater contraceptive decision-making power to women. Study design Population based secondary data analysis. Methods In this cross-sectional study using nationally representative data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011 we conducted multinomial logistic regression to estimate the odds of contraceptive decision-making by respondents and their husbands based on microfinance participation. Microfinance participation was measured as a dichotomous variable and contraceptive decision-making was conceptualized based on who made decisions about contraceptive use: respondents only; their partners or husbands only; or both. Results The odds of decision-making by the respondent, with the reference case being joint decision-making, were higher for microfinance participants, but they were not significant. The odds of decision-making by the husband, with the reference case again being joint decision-making, were significantly lower among men who were partnered with women who participated in microfinance (RRR = 0.70, P Conclusion Microfinance participation by women allowed men to share decision-making power with their wives that resulted in higher odds of joint decision-making.
Studies on Tertiary and Recent Giant Limidae

A new species, Lima ( Acesta) bullisi, is described from 300 and 600 fathoms off Mobile Bay, Alabama. This represents the first reported occurrence of the subgenus Acesta in the western Atlantic and contiguous basins. A catalogue of the described Tertiary and Recent species of Acesta lists 13 known Recent species [L, (A.) butonensis Bartsch is considered to be a synonym of celebensis Bartsch}, and 31 species and varieties from the Tertiary deposits of North America, Asia, New Zealand, and Europe. A new subgenus, Plicacesta, is proposed for the plicately ribbed Lima smithi Sowerby of Japan, and three Asiatic Tertiary species are also referred to it.
Crip for a day: The unintended negative consequences of disability simulations.

Objective To investigate the impact of disability simulations on mood, self-ascribed disability stereotypes, attitudes about interacting with disabled individuals, and behavioral intentions for improving campus accessibility. Design Experiment 1 evaluated disability-awareness simulations by randomly assigning undergraduates (N = 60) with and without disabilities to stations simulating either dyslexia, hearing or mobility impairments. Experiment 2 extended the field study into the lab where undergraduates (N = 50) with and without disabilities each completed low vision, hearing impairment, and dyslexia simulations. Both studies incorporated pretest-posttest measures of mood, self-ascribed disability stereotypes, and attitudinal measures. Results In both experiments, disability simulations made participants feel more confused, embarrassed, helpless, and more vulnerable to becoming disabled themselves compared to baseline. Following the simulations, empathetic concern (warmth) toward disabled people increased in both studies, but attitudes about interacting did not improve. In Experiment 1, postsimulation anxiety, embarrassment, and helplessness were highest for those who used wheelchairs or simulated dyslexia. In Experiment 2, participants judged themselves less competent, expressed more pity, expressed more interaction discomfort, and were not more willing to interview disabled students for an accessibility project following the simulations compared to baseline. In addition, Experiment 2 found frustration, guilt, anxiety, and depression were most pronounced among those who interacted with disabled people less than once per month. Conclusions Simulating disabilities promotes distress and fails to improve attitudes toward disabled people, undermining efforts to improve integration even while participants report more empathetic concern and "understanding of what the disability experience is like." (PsycINFO Database Record
Unfolding of Singular System Pencils with Application to Regulation

Abstract The system pencil is a convenient way of representing a linear time invariant control system. It is particularly appropriate when system zeros are important — in regulator design, for example. This paper presents an unfolding of certain system pencils, possibly, but not necessarily, singular. That is, it demonstrates a minimal parameterization of the nominal pencil such that any nearby pencil, up to strict equivalence, corresponds to some value of the parameter vector. This unfolding has potential practical and theoretical applications to systems with parameter dependence.
Does One Good Turn Deserve Another? Evidence of Domain-Specific Licensing in Energy Behavior:

In this article we investigate licensing behavior across and within sustainability domains. In a survey study based on a random sample of residents of the state of Maine, USA (N = 668), we find tha...
Consumer Reactions to Socially Irresponsible Brand Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review

Although scholars have devoted considerable effort to researching socially irresponsible decisions made by brands, there is no comprehensive interdisciplinary review of the relevant literature to comprehend consumers' heterogeneous reactions towards alleged brands. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review to (1) identify the consumer response variables examined in the literature on socially irresponsible brand behavior, (2) classify antecedents to consumer responses examined in the literature into personal, brand, and market factors, (3) identify research gaps, and (4) provide future research recommendations.
Extraction of phenotypic traits from taxonomic descriptions for the tree of life using natural language processing.

Premise of the Study Phenotypic data sets are necessary to elucidate the genealogy of life, but assembling phenotypic data for taxa across the tree of life can be technically challenging and prohibitively time consuming. We describe a semi-automated protocol to facilitate and expedite the assembly of phenotypic character matrices of plants from formal taxonomic descriptions. This pipeline uses new natural language processing (NLP) techniques and a glossary of over 9000 botanical terms. Methods and Results Our protocol includes the Explorer of Taxon Concepts (ETC), an online application that assembles taxon-by-character matrices from taxonomic descriptions, and MatrixConverter, a Java application that enables users to evaluate and discretize the characters extracted by ETC. We demonstrate this protocol using descriptions from Araucariaceae. Conclusions The NLP pipeline unlocks the phenotypic data found in taxonomic descriptions and makes them usable for evolutionary analyses.
Examining Parental Medication Adherence as a Predictor of Child Medication Adherence in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders.

Background Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the recommended first-line pharmacotherapy for pediatric anxiety disorders but adherence remains difficult to predict. Objectives To estimate SSRI adherence in children with anxiety disorders and determine if prior parental medication adherence is predictive of child high SSRI adherence. Methods We identified children (3-17 y) initiating SSRI treatment after an anxiety disorder diagnosis in a commercial claims database (2005-2014). We evaluated parent SSRI, statin, and antihypertensive adherence [6-mo proportion days covered (PDC), high adherence=PDC≥0.80] in the year before child SSRI initiation. We estimated risk differences (RD) of child high SSRI adherence (6-mo PDC) stratified by parent adherence and multivariable risk ratios using modified Poisson regression. We estimated change in c-statistic and risk reclassification when adding parent-level covariates with child-level covariates to predict child adherence. Results In 70,979 children with an anxiety disorder (59%=female, 14=median age), the mean 6-month SSRI PDC was 0.72, with variation by anxiety disorder. Overall 64% of children had high adherence if their parent had high SSRI adherence versus 53% of children with parents with low SSRI adherence (RD, 12%; multivariable risk ratios, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.20). Findings were similar for parent statin (RD=10%) and antihypertensive adherence (RD=8%) and when stratified by child age and parent sex. There was minor improvement in risk reclassification and the c-statistic after adding parent adherence and parent-level covariates. Conclusions Parental medication adherence could help providers identify children at risk of nonadherence to inform the treatment decision, reduce unnecessary medication switches, and lead to broader effective interventions.
Effect of river confinement on depth and spatial extent of bed disturbance affecting salmon redds

Human impacts on rivers threaten the natural function of riverine ecosystems. This paper assesses how channel confinement affects the scour depth and spatial extent of bed disturbance and discusses...
Axiomatic Quantitative Probability

This chapter focuses on the concepts of events, probability, independence, and conditional probability. The Kolmogorov setup for probability consists of a probability space (Ω , F, P ) having as components a sample space, Ω; a σ-field F of selected subsets of Ω; and a probability measure or assignment, P . The sample space Ω has elements ω called the elementary events. The probability measure P is a set function from F to the interval, and it satisfies the following four axioms: (1) unit normalization, (2) non-negativity, (3) finite additivity, and (4) continuity. Kolmogorov proposed a definition of stochastic independence, relating the notion of axiomatic probability to informal or intuitive ideas of unrelated, unlinked, or independent events or experiments. He also proposed a definition of conditional probability, relating axiomatic probability to an informal idea of the effect of the knowledge of the outcome of an event on the uncertainties, or chances, of the outcomes of other events. The (Ω , F, P ) model and associated definitions are deemed by many to be virtually universally applicable in those situations where one has to deal with chance or uncertainty. The empirical meaningfulness of the probability scale is explicated through measurement theory.
Comments on “California Law and Its Economic Effects on Southern California”

Dr. Shapiro’s paper implies that the reasons why California law is ineffective in resolving water disputes are much more general than the specific points at issue. Proper incentives, he argues, are as essential as high-quality cost-benefit analyses to efficient public choice. But because bureaucratic incentives and Pareto efficiency are inconsistent, managers who have private stakes in outcomes cannot be trusted to make unbiased decisions.
Minimal polynomial degrees of nonrecursive sets

This is the second paper exploring a new link between recursion theory and computational complexity theory. From its inception part of the work in complexity theory has been guided by an analogy with recursion theory. However, here we explore a more concrete and direct connection. This connection stems from the notion of honest polynomial-time reducibi l i ty, ~ , defined in Homer [3]. ~ is a sl ight strengthening of the usual polynomial-time Turing reducibi l i ty. (Precise definitions and the main theorems from [3] are presented in the next section.) The particular problem studied is the existence of minimal sets for this reducibi l i ty. A set A is -minimal i f A ~ P and for any B, i f B ~ A then B~ P or A ~ B. In [3] two opposing results were proved. First i t was shown that no recursive set is of minimal ~ -degree. Second, that i f a set recursive in O" has minimal degree then P i NP. The method used to prove this theorem is recursion-theoretic in nature and is an adaption of the proof of the existence of minimal Turing degrees. The result gives a concrete connection between recursion theory and a fundamental problem of complexity theory. The results presented in this paper carry these methods and ideas further, There is clearly a gap between the f i r s t result, dealing with recursive sets and the second, dealing with sets recursive in 0". The intention here is to narrow that gap by looking at r.e. sets and nonrecursive sets with particular properties, but with respect to the same question of ~ -minimality. in section 3 we take another look at the second theorem mentioned above. A partial converse of this result is proved, l inking this problem to the existence of certain one-way functions. Sections 4 and 5 are devoted to trying to strengthen the f i r s t theorem mentioned above. Recursively enumerable sets are considered f i r s t . I t is shown that no recursively enumerable set which is P-immune can be ~ -minimal. (A set is P-immune i f i t contains no in f in i te polynomial time subset.) Arbitrary sets are next considered and i t is shown that i f a set and i ts complement are both P-immune then i t is not ~ -minimal. Topics for future work are discussed in the last section.
The Framing of Adoption: A Content Analysis of Print News Coverage 2014-2016

A qualitative content analysis method was applied to explore the frames associated with child adoption news coverage over a three-year period. The research questions examined the frame themes represented in print news stories about adoption and their prominence. An analysis of national print news publications found that child adoption coverage leaned toward regulatory and policy frames and frames about the child welfare industry. Absent from print news frames were themes that focused on the humanity of adoption, whether from the perspective of individuals and couples considering adoption or of children either waiting to be adopted or who were adopted successfully. The skew toward a small subset of themes on such a complex issue has implications for adopters and adoptees and the stigmas perpetuated across society.
Sowing the Seeds of Clonal Hematopoiesis.

Summary As humans age, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) occasionally acquire mutations in genes including DNMT3A that enable them to outcompete other HSCs and increase leukemia risk. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Tovy et al. (2020) report a previously uncharacterized mechanism by which DNMT3A loss confers increased fitness to HSCs by analyzing a rare experiment of nature.
Hockey stick incision: a modified technique for chest wall masculinization.

Background Chest wall masculinization is often performed for transgender men in order to address gender dysphoria. Peri-areolar and double-incision mastectomy with free nipple grafts, are the most common techniques employed in chest masculinization surgery, but are limited by their relative inconsistency and inefficiency in reconstructing a natural anterior contour that comprehensively resembles that of a cis-masculine chest. The purpose of this study is two-fold. The first is to describe the "hockey stick" approach, which expands on the widely performed double-incision mastectomy to the axilla, with an additional step of revising lateral chest wall folds of tissue excess. This technique is scalable to the degree of pre-operative excess tissue on the anterior and lateral chest wall. The second is to compare the "hockey stick" incision to existing reconstructive options, with respect to clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Methods Patients who received chest masculinization surgery at Yale-New Haven Hospital were included. A retrospective chart review, comprising demographic variables, procedural details, and post-operative events, was conducted. Selected modules from a validated survey instrument, the BODY-Q, were measured. Patients were classified by body mass index and incision, which included peri-areolar, inframammary fold, and "hockey stick" incision by date. Results Twenty-seven of 73 (37.0%) participants completed the full survey and were included in the analysis. The "hockey stick" incision had comparable patient satisfaction and post-operative outcomes, compared to peri-areolar and double-incision mastectomy with free nipple graft techniques. Greater BMI patients had a higher incidence of wound dehiscence, compared to other weight classifications. Conclusions The "hockey stick" incision is a readily performed, effective surgical technique for building a cis-masculine appearing chest in transgender men with efficient and predictable outcomes. While performed in patients with higher BMI, the "hockey stick" confers equivalent patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes to peri-areolar and double-incision mastectomy.
Identification of genes involved in medulloblastoma formation

4845 Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. About 350 new cases occur each year in the US with a peak incidence around 5 years of age. Cerebellar granule neuronal precursors (CGNPs) are thought to be the cells of origin of MBs. Proliferation of CGNPs is controlled by growth factors such as the mitogen Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Wnt, and Notch ligands, and mutations in these signaling pathways are found in a subset of MB patients. The cyclin D-dependent kinase inhibitory protein, p18Ink4c, is transiently expressed in mouse CGNPs as they exit the cell cycle. Co-inactivation of p53 and Ink4c in mice results in MB with up to 25% penetrance, whereas mice heterozygous for Ptc1 (encoding the receptor for Shh) and lacking either one or two Ink4c alleles develop MBs with 50% incidence. Importantly, CDKN2C/INK4C expression is extinguished in a significant subset of MB patients, implicating this cell cycle regulator in the genesis of MBs in humans. The protracted tumor onset in these mouse models (∼2-5 months) implies that loss of Ink4c together with p53 or Ptc1 is not sufficient to induce MB, and that additional mutations must occur for tumor formation. One goal has been to identify genes that collaborate with inactivation of Ink4c, p53, or Ptc1 in MB formation. By use of Affymatrix Gene Chip microarrays, we have identified a panel of ∼30 genes that are consistently overexpressed in tumor cells, as compared to their expression levels in postnatal day 5 (P5) cerebellum. We have now purified CGNPs from the developing postnatal cerebella of tumor-prone knock-out mice, infected these cells with retroviruses encoding candidate genes together with a green fluorescence protein (GFP), and reinjected the marked cells into the brains of recipient mice under a cranial window. This enables us to follow tumor growth by observing GFP-marked cells in living mice. Our preliminary results show that CGNPs from Ink4c,p53 doubly-deficient mice infected with genes that are overexpressed in MB, such as N-Myc, not only exhibit a proliferative advantage in culture but also induce MBs in the cerebra of recipient mice. These primary tumors are transplantable subcutaneously in immunocompromised mice. This approach will allow the characterization of genes important for MB formation, will define the genetic networks involved in the development of this disease, and will generate new preclinical mouse models for testing new modes of therapy.
Metastatic Cancer to Lung

Metastasis is the major cause of death in cancer patients. The lungs are the second most frequent site of metastatic disease for all histologies and the sole site of metastasis in 20% of autopsy cases.1 The presence of pulmonary metastasis implies systemic dissemination of disease and was once considered beyond the realm of surgical cure. It was widely accepted that surgery could provide nothing beyond palliation. We now recognize that metastases that are isolated to the lungs are not consistently associated with the same dismal survival as metastases to multiple sites.2 During the past 40 years, surgical resection has become a standard approach for the treatment of pulmonary metastasis in selected histologies. A multitude of series have documented the survival benefits of pulmonary metastasectomy in selected patients.
COMPARISON OF CURRENCY MOVEMENT BEFORE AND AFTER OCTOBER 2008

Abstract The globalization of financial markets has motivated an extensive literature that investigates issues of linkages, spillovers and contagion among financial instruments. Investment and hedging activities take place because certain fundamental relationships exist between and among currencies that persist despite the surrounding uncertainty. This paper uses the association analysis data mining technique to compare rules related to directional movements of eight major currencies before and after the financial crisis of October 2008. The currencies included in the search for rules are the Australian dollar, the Japanese yen, the euro, the Swiss franc, the British pound, the Canadian dollar, the Mexican peso, and the Brazilian real. Some of the rules that remained stable, during a seven-year period, on both sides of the 2008 financial crisis are examined and compared.
Radiation transport and shielding information, computer codes, and nuclear data for use in CTR neutronics research and development

The activities of the Radiation Shielding Information Center (RSIC) of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory are being utilized in support of fusion reactor technology. The major activities of RSIC include the operation of a computer-based information storage and retrieval system, the collection, packaging, and distribution of large computer codes, and the compilation and dissemination of processed and evaluated data libraries, with particular emphasis on neutron and gamma-ray cross-section data. The Center has acquired thirteen years of experience in serving fission reactor, weapons, and accelerator shielding research communities, and the extension of its technical base to fusion reactor research represents a logical progression. RSIC is currently working with fusion reactor researchers and contractors in computer code development to provide tested radiation transport and shielding codes and data library packages. Of significant interest to the CTR community are the 100 energy group neutron and 21 energy group gamma-ray coupled cross-section data package (DLC-37) for neutronics studies, a comprehensive 171 energy group neutron and 36 energy group gamma-ray coupled cross-section data base with retrieval programs, including resonance self-shielding, that are tailored to CTR application, and a data base for the generation of energy-dependent atomic displacement and gas production cross sections and heavy-particle-recoil spectra for estimating radiation damage to CTR structural components. Since 1964, the Center has been involved in the international exchange of information, encouraged and supported by both government and interagency agreements; and to achieve an equally viable and successful program in fusion research, the reciprocal exchange of CTR data and computing technology is encouraged and welcomed.
Honeywell's Automotive Door Latch Design is Ideal for Corporate Latch Strategy

In response to consumer demand, automakers are adding more safety, security, and convenience features to vehicle access control systems. Also, in a continuing effort to be more profitable, automakers are reducing costs byoutsourcing the design of systems/subsystems/components, reducing their supply base, and minimizing part numbers by sharing components across several platforms. In an attempt to improve efficiency and productivity, many OEM's have adopted a "corporate latch" strategy, implementing the same latch across several manufacturing platforms and marketing divisions. Honeywell's revolutionary door latch design efficiently and cost effectively addresses vehicle OEMs' current and future requirements for performance and functionality. Utilizing this modular latch design allows OEMs to maximize design re-use, minimize tooling and development costs, hasten time to market, reduce program risk by utilizing pre-proven/validated designs and allows for upgrades in functionality through transparent design modifications that appear seamless within the application. Honeywell's Universal Latch provides all levels of functionality within the same packaging envelope and is the perfect enabler for a "corporate latch" strategy. Features and functions offered by the latch include: Central Locking Super Locking Selective Locking Electric Child Safety Power Door Releasing (Unlatching) Power Door Closing (Cinching) Most impressive is the fact that Honeywell's latch provides all of these features and functions with one small motor! Currently. competitive latch designs require the utilization of as many as three distinct motors to offer the same capabilities. This paper will present characterization data for the Universal Latch and compare its performance to competitive latches currently on vehicles. Furthermore, a feature value analysis will be provided to illustrate the benefits and savings the Honeywell design can provide to the entire access control system. After considering all of the facts presented in the paper, the reader will easily conclude that Honeywell's automotive door latch is smaller, lighter, quieter, faster, safer, and more cost effective than any automotive door latching/locking system on the market today.