cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the family- and genus-series nomina in Gyrinidae Latreille, 1810 (Coleoptera, Adephaga).

All available genus- and family- group nomina for the Gyrinidae (Coleoptera: Adephaga) are listed along with original citation, original and current status, type nominal taxon with method of designation, and known synonymies and incorrect subsequent spellings. The nomina included follow the most current classification. Discussion is provided clarifying numerous nomenclatural problems with original spellings, correct authorship and type designation. Dineutini Ochs, 1926 syn. nov. is found to be a junior homonym of Dineutini Desmarest, 1851, and Enhydrini Regimbart, 1882 syn. nov. and its justified emendation Enhydrusini (Anonymous 2012) are here synonymized with Dineutini Desmarest, 1851.
Seasonal variation in accurate identification of Escherichia coli within a constructed wetland receiving tertiary-treated municipal effluent

As the reuse of municipal wastewater escalates worldwide as a means to extend increasingly limited water supplies, accurate monitoring of water quality parameters, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), increases in importance. Chromogenic media are often used for detection of E. coli in environmental samples, but the presence of unique levels of organic and inorganic compounds alters reclaimed water chemistry, potentially hindering E. coli detection using enzyme-based chromogenic technology. Over seven months, we monitored E. coli levels using m-Coli Blue 24® broth in a constructed wetland filled with tertiary-treated municipal effluent. No E. coli were isolated in the wetland source waters, but E. coli, total coliforms, and heterotrophic bacteria increased dramatically within the wetland on all sampling dates, most probably due to fecal inputs from resident wildlife populations. Confirmatory testing of isolates presumptive for E. coli revealed a 41% rate of false-positive identification using m-Coli Blue 24® broth over seven months. Seasonal differences were evident, as false-positive rates averaged 35% in summer, but rose sharply to 75% in the late fall and winter. Corrected E. coli levels were significantly correlated with electrical conductivity, indicating that water chemistry may be controlling bacterial survival within the wetland. This is the first study to report that accuracy of chromogenic media for microbial enumeration in reclaimed water may show strong seasonal differences, and highlights the importance of validation of microbiological results from chromogenic media for accurate analysis of reclaimed water quality.
Families of SU(2) representations for mapping cylinders of periodic monodromy

We examine the action of diffeomorphisms of an oriented surface with boundary on the space of conjugacy classes of SU (2) representations of the fundamental group and prove that in the case of a single periodic diffeomorphism the induced action always has fixed points. For the corresponding 3-dimensional mapping cylinders we obtain families of representations parametrized by their value on the longitude of the torus boundary.
MicroRNA Profiling of Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: Association of miR-17-92 Upregulation with Poor Outcome

Background Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare relentlessly progressive malignant tumor. The molecular events associated with ACC tumorigenesis are poorly understood. Variable microRNAs (miRNA) have been correlated with tumorigenesis of several solid tumors but not in ACC. To investigate the association of miRNAs with the development and/or progression of ACC, we performed a comparative analysis of primary ACC specimens and matched normal samples and a pooled salivary gland standard and correlated the results with clinicopathologic factors and validated selected miRNAs in a separate set of 30 tumors. Methods MiRNA array platform was used for the identification of target miRNAs and the data was subjected to informatics and statistical interrelations. The results were also collected with the MYB-NFIB fusion status and the clinicopathologic features. Results Differentially dysregulated miRNAs in ACC were characterized in comparison to normal expression. No significant differences in miRNA expression were found between the MYB-NFIB fusion positive and -negative ACCs. Of the highly dysregulated miRNA in ACC, overexpression of the miR-17 and miR-20a were significantly associated with poor outcome in the screening and validation sets. Conclusion Our study indicates that the upregulation of miR-17-92 may play a role in the biology of ACC and could be potentially targeted in future therapeutic studies.
Trait-based extinction catches the Red Queen napping during the Cambrian

The tenuous balance between speciation and extinction governs the rise and fall of diversity within clades, from which have emerged the sweeping changes in Earth’s standing biodiversity since life’s origin (1, 2). In a clade where speciation and extinction are equally likely, net diversity remains constant; when the rate of speciation exceeds extinction, diversity increases exponentially; and when the chance of extinction outweighs speciation, then diversity falls, resulting ultimately in the demise of the clade. Metazoan life diversified rapidly in the Cambrian and Ordovician periods (542–443 Mya), after which short-term extinction events and bursts of radiation overshadowed long-term increases in diversity (3, 4). This pattern suggests that rates of speciation exceeded extinction during the first phase of metazoan diversification, after which the balance shifted back and forth. A long-standing question is whether clades that have successfully diversified have done so by evolving new traits that confer an advantage allowing them to outperform or outcompete other groups, either by winning battles in evolutionary arms races or otherwise adapting faster than the Red Queen’s pace of constant extinction expected in resource-limited environments (5, 6). In PNAS, Wagner and Estabrook (7) ask whether diversification was associated with the evolution of new traits and, if so, did the probability of speciation go up in clades that have the new trait, did the group’s rate of trait evolution go up, did extinction go up in the clades that do not have the trait, or some combination of these. They analyzed 319 trait datasets from metazoan phyla with good fossil records—arthropods, brachiopods, molluscs, echinoderms, and chordates—sampled from the early radiation in the Cambrian to the present day. They found that diversification was linked to trait evolution in all post-Cambrian clades, but not in the earliest trilobites, and that it was linked to an increase in extinction among the clades that did not evolve new traits.
Pre-class Planning to Scaffold Students for Online Collaborative Learning Activities

In recent years, there is a growing interest in developing online collaborative learning environments. In a learner-centered online collaborative environment, students work together to construct knowledge and negotiate meanings through collaborative learning activities. Computer-mediated conference can not only greatly amplify human intellect online, but also enhance collaboration and facilitate active knowledge construction (Harasim, 1990). However, anecdotal experiences indicate that problems may arise in online learning environments without appropriate guidance and support for students. According to Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development (ZPD), scaffolding is an integral part of the meaning making process in a collaborative learning environment. Therefore, a case study was conducted on an undergraduate online seminar to explore whether and how the pre-seminar designing and planning process had scaffolded the student online activities and affected online moderation. Qualitative data were gathered and analyzed by comparing and relating the student online activities logs to the pre-seminar design and planning documents as well as the post-seminar evaluation documents, including the students’ reflective journals. The findings revealed that the pre-class designing and planning activities had served as means to scaffold students' cognitive and affective behaviors. In addition, the study also implied that pre-class preparation had also facilitated the online moderation process.
Expression and characterization of an epoxide hydrolase from Anopheles gambiae with high activity on epoxy fatty acids.

In insects, epoxide hydrolases (EHs) play critical roles in the metabolism of xenobiotic epoxides from the food resources and in the regulation of endogenous chemical mediators, such as juvenile hormones. Using the baculovirus expression system, we expressed and characterized an epoxide hydrolase from Anopheles gambiae (AgEH) that is distinct in evolutionary history from insect juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolases (JHEHs). We partially purified the enzyme by ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The experimentally determined molecular weight and pI were estimated to be 35 kD and 6.3 respectively, different than the theoretical ones. The AgEH had the greatest activity on long chain epoxy fatty acids such as 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (14,15-EET) and 9,10-epoxy-12Z-octadecenoic acids (9,10-EpOME or leukotoxin) among the substrates evaluated. Juvenile hormone III, a terpenoid insect growth regulator, was the next best substrate tested. The AgEH showed kinetics comparable to the mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolases, and the activity could be inhibited by AUDA [12-(3-adamantan1-yl-ureido) dodecanoic acid], a urea-based inhibitor designed to inhibit the mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolases. The rabbit serum generated against the soluble epoxide hydrolase of Mus musculus can both cross-react with natural and denatured forms of the AgEH, suggesting immunologically they are similar. The study suggests there are mammalian sEH homologs in insects, and epoxy fatty acids may be important chemical mediators in insects.
Use of Plain Radiography and Computed Tomography to Identify Fish Bone Foreign Bodies

Abstract Introduction: Fish bones are the most common aerodigestive foreign bodies in adults. Radiographic studies, often ordered for diagnosis, have questionable utility. Methods: With a laryngoscope, bones from 10 fish species were placed in a variety of positions in a human head and neck cadaver specimen. Plain films and CT scans were obtained and evaluated by blinded readers. Results: Plain radiography exhibited a sensitivity and specificity of 39% and 72%. Cooking did not grossly change radio-opacity. The species of fish affected visibility in soft tissue, without correlation to the characteristic optical density of each species. Bones placed orthogonal to the film in the vallecula were most readily identified. CT scanning correctly identified 9 of 10 bones. Conclusions: Plain radiography poorly visualizes fish bone foreign bodies in soft tissue; visibility varied with fish species, location, and orientation. CT is the test of choice to radiographically diagnose fish bone impactions. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;123:435-8.)
Analyzing linked systems of negotiations

This article presents a conceptual framework for analyzing the structure and dynamics of what the authors call linked systems of negotiations. Even such seemingly straightforward transactions as the purchase of a family car tend to involve linked negotiations. The framework highlights the importance of internegotiation processes in shaping Zones of Possible Agreement, and proposes a typology of linkage. By mapping out and “reengineering” linked systems, negotiators can enhance their ability to shape the structure within which their negotiations take place.
Semiclassical many-mode Floquet theory. IV. Coherent population trapping and SU(3) dynamical evolution of dissipative three-level systems in intense bichromatic fields

The many-mode Floquet theory (MMFT) recently developed by authors is extended to incorporate the irreversible damping mechanisms for the nonperturbative treatment of the dynamical evolution of dissipative three-level systems at two-photon or multiphoton coherent resonance trapping conditions induced by two strong linearly polarized monochromatic fields. It has been recently shown by several workers that under the rotating-wave approximation (RWA), population may be permanently trapped in the three-level system if the coherent monochromatic fields are exactly two-photon resonant with the initial and final states, decoupled from the intermediate decaying level. In practice, the inclusion of the non-RWA terms necessarily modifies the resonant trapping conditions and behavior. In this paper we extend the generalized Van Vleck (GVV) nearly degenerate perturbation theory to an analytical treatment of the non-Hermitian two-mode Floquet Hamiltonian. This reduces the infinite-dimensional time-independent non-Hermitian Floquet Hamiltonian to a 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3 effective Hamiltonian, from which essential properties of the coherent population-trapping behavior as well as the dynamical evolution of the dissipative SU(3) coherence vector S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(t) can be readily obtained and expressed in terms of only three complex quasienergy eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The MMFT-GVV studies show that the RWA two-photon resonant trapping condition is substantially modified by the effects of non-RWA terms, and that the system can be ``quasitrapped'' for only a finite amount of time characterized by a small imaginary energy (width) associated with a coherent superposition state of the initial and final levels. Furthermore, it is found that the initially eight-dimensional coherence vector S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(t) evolves predominantly to a one-dimensional scalar at the two-photon or multiphoton resonant quasitrapping conditions. Detailed results and pictorial representations of the population trapping and SU(3) dissipative dynamical evolution are presented.
Preceptor-Student Interactions in an Ambulatory Clerkship: Gender Differences in Student Evaluations of Teaching

Background: Attention has been devoted to the role of gender in student evaluations of effective teaching behaviors, but little information exists on student-preceptor interactions in the evaluation process. Purpose: A pilot study was implemented to determine if student-preceptor gender differences existed in students' evaluations of teaching during an ambulatory clerkship. Methods: Students completed an 18-item questionnaire that examined multiple aspects of their clinical experiences. Response data were analyzed using a 2 (student gender) × 2 (preceptor gender) analysis of variance. Results: Male preceptors received statistically significant higher mean ratings than female preceptors from female students for fostering problem solving (p <. 05), encouraging students' opinions (p <. 01), availability (p <. 001), and serving as a role model (p <. 05). Both female and male students assigned to male preceptors rated them as more enthusiastic (p <. 001) than female preceptors. Male preceptors received the hig...
Biodegradation of 3-Nitrotyrosine by Burkholderia sp. Strain JS165 and Variovorax paradoxus JS171

The cascade of reactive nitrogen species generated from nitric oxide causes modification of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in a wide range of organisms. 3-Nitrotyrosine is one of the most common products of the action of reactive nitrogen species on proteins. Although a great deal is known about the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine, the subsequent metabolism of this compound is a mystery. Variovorax paradoxus JS171 and Burkholderia sp. strain JS165 were isolated from soil slurries when 3-nitrotyrosine was provided as the sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. During growth on 3-nitrotyrosine stoichiometric amounts of nitrite were released along with approximately one-half of the theoretically available ammonia. The catabolic pathway involving oxidative denitration is distinct from the pathway for tyrosine metabolism. The facile isolation and the specific, regulated pathway for 3-nitrotyrosine degradation in natural ecosystems suggest that there is a significant flux of 3-nitrotyrosine in such environments.
Determination of N-Nitroso Compounds by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Postcolumn Reaction and a Thermal Energy Analyzer

Carcinogenic nonvolatile N-nitroso compounds have been difficult to determine in foods and other consumer products because of the incompatibility of aqueous high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mobile phases with the thermal energy analyzer (TEA), a sensitive and selective detector for N-nitroso compounds. A postcolumn technique has been developed that permits the use of aqueous mobile phases with an interfaced liquid chromatograph/TEA. This system was linear from 3.5 to 900 ng of N-nitrosoproline injected. Coefficients of variation of 3.0 and 5.1%, respectively, were obtained when N-nitrosoproline and Nnltrosotrimethylurea were repeatedly injected at the 80- to 90-rig level. Mixtures of volatile and nonvolatile N-nitroso compounds as well as N-nitrosodipeptides were separated and quantitated by HPLC/TEA with a water/acetonttrile gradient. nitroso compounds with the TEA, but these methods cannot be used to identify or quantitate specific N-nitroso compounds (26-28). A photolytic interface for HPLC/TEA determination of nonvolatile N-nitroso compounds was recently developed and may overcome some of these problems (29). Interest in nonvolatile N-nitroso compounds stems primarily from epidemiological studies that have implicated diets of certain people in China, Tunisia, Hong Kong, and Japan in the development of some human cancers (30-32). Suspected foods have been surveyed for volatile N-nitrosamines, but for the most part, only trace levels have been found. Difficulties encountered in the detection and quantitation of nonvolatile N-nitroso compounds have limited the data available for assessment of the total human exposure to N-nitroso compounds. Our goal was to construct a postcolumn reaction system that would successfully interface aqueous HPLC mobile phases with the TEA, thereby facilitating the determination of all N-nitroso compounds. The construction and evaluation of such a system is described in this paper.
Automated registration of hip and spine for longitudinal QCT studies: Integration with 3D densitometric and structural analysis

To eliminate user interaction in longitudinal quantitative computed tomography (QCT) measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) and geometry, we have developed and optimized an automated registration algorithm for QCT images of the hip and spine and integrated it with a previously developed 3D densitometric and structural analysis program. With registration, the follow-up images are automatically aligned with respect to the baseline scans, and the bone quantification of the aligned follow-up scan is initiated based on the bone morphometric features defined on the baseline scan. To validate the algorithm, we analyzed 20 pairs of repeat QCT images (10 hip pairs and 10 spine pairs) acquired on a modern multi-slice CT scanner, with repositioning between each scan pair to simulate repeat visits. Bone measurements obtained with automatic registration achieved comparable or improved precision errors compared to those obtained by careful manual analysis of the follow-up scans. The algorithm we have developed was based on the mutual information approach, with simplex optimization under a multi-resolution scheme. The average registration time was 2.3 min for a hip pair and 1.1 min for a vertebra pair using a standard desktop computer. Based on the reduced user interaction, high degree of precision, and short execution time, this is a promising technique for monitoring therapy in patients and clinical trials.
Relationships between dry matter intake and acid–base status of lactating dairy cows as manipulated by dietary cation–anion difference

Abstract Our objective was to examine potential relationships between dry matter intake (DMI) and acid–base status of lactating dairy cows as manipulated by dietary cation–anion difference [DCAD: defined as milliequivalents of Na + K − Cl per 100 g of feed dry matter (DM)]. A database was developed from 16 studies of DCAD effects on DMI and production of lactating dairy cows in which 21 experiments, including 88 dietary treatments (DCAD ranging from −19.1 to 72.7) and 337 cows, occurred. Observed DMI values were adjusted for study effects. Adjusted DMI increased quadratically with increasing DCAD (P
Reductive Annulation of Vinyl Sulfones: Bicyclo[4.3.0.]non‐1‐en‐4‐one

Reductive annulation of vinyl sulfones: Bicyclo[4.3.0.]non-1-en-4-one intermediate: 4-Oxo-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-cis-bicyclo[4.3.0]non-2-ene. product: Bicyclo[4.3.0]non-1-en-4-one. Keywords: cyclization, cycloaddition; reduction, miscellaneous; xylene
Real-time graphic display of time-sharing system operating characteristics

The Graphic Display Monitoring System (GDM) is an experimental monitoring facility for Multics, a general purpose time-sharing system implemented at Project MAC cooperatively with General Electric and the Bell Telephone Laboratories. GDM allows design, systems programming, and operating staff to graphically view the dynamically changing properties of the timesharing system. It was designed and implemented by the author to provide a medium for experimentation with the real-time observation of time-sharing system behavior. GDM has proven to be very useful both as a measuring instrument and a debugging tool and as such finds very general use.
Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor of labor pain

Psychosocial factors have been implicated in the pain experience during childbirth, which can have both short- and long-term consequences on the mother's health and her relationship with her infant. The present study evaluated important demographic, social, and psychological factors as predictors of multiple dimensions of labor pain among 35 mothers during childbirth. The results indicated that anxiety sensitivity (AS), as measured by the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, shared a significant relation with maximum pain during labor as well as sensory and affective components of pain as measured by the McGill Pain Questionnaire. AS predicted both maximum pain during labor and sensory aspects of pain above and beyond demographic and social factors as well as other theoretically important psychological factors (e.g., depression and state anxiety). These data replicate previous research that has demonstrated the significant impact of AS on pain responding in other areas (e.g., chronic pain) and extend knowledge in this literature to demonstrate the important role that AS serves among women and their experience of labor pain. Clinical implications are highlighted and discussed.
Tolerating Threat? The Independent Effects of Civil Conflict on Domestic Political Tolerance

Research on civil conflict focuses primarily on identifying underlying and proximate causes while leaving many questions of subsequent social consequences unanswered. Few studies have systematicall...
Temporal variation in species recruitment and dendroecology of an old-growth white oak forest in the Virginia Piedmont, USA

The composition and temporal variation in species recruitment were examined in relation to annual dendrochronological data to determine the historical development and successional history of an old-growth mixed-oak (Quercus) forest in northern Virginia, USA. A ridge site in the upland Piedmont, along the Potomac River, was used to survey the old-growth forest, which is dominated by Quercus alba L., Q. rubra L., Liriodendron tulipifera L., Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., and Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet. The present age structure indicates that the oldest Q. alba established between 1748 and 1790. All tree species other than Q. alba in the forest were <110 years of age, excluding a 166-year-old Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.. Quercus alba had fairly continuous recruitment between 1740 and 1925. Peak recruitment of Q. rubra and C. glabra occurred between 1900 and 1930. Since 1930, tree recruitment in the forest has been dominated by Fagus, Liriodendron, and Acer rubrum L.. Releases in radial growth, indicative of moderate- and small-scale disturbances occurred in most of the oldest trees during the last 200 years. The master tree-ring chronology exhibited a sharp decline from 1837 to 1844, associated with an extremely cold period in the region, followed by a general increase from 1850 to 1930; growth remained high from 1930 to 1998. The shift in dominance from white oak to red oak to mixed-mesophytic tree species after 1900 is consistent with successional variation in other oak forests in the mid-Atlantic region. # 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A Comparative Study of Cocaine-Treatment Completers and Dropouts

This study compared matched groups of completers and dropouts from residential treatment for cocaine abuse on a range of outcome measures, including cocaine and alcohol use, stress, coping, and social support characteristics. The most striking finding of this study was that treatment dropouts differed from treatment completers on only 2 of 14 dependent measures reflecting substance use, stress, coping, and social support characteristics during two 3-month follow-up periods. Both dropouts and completers demonstrated large decreases in cocaine and alcohol use from pretreatment to the first follow-up period. Completers and dropouts did not differ in level of substance use during either follow-up period.
A Call for an Assessment of the Welfare of Indian Children in South Dakota

In the midst of faltering economies and raging poverty, American Indians in South Dakota have the nation's lowest life expectancy, as well as some of the highest infant mortality and teen death rates. Furthermore, Indians are over-represented in significant numbers in every part of South Dakota's welfare programs and criminal justice systems. What appears to have been missing throughout all these years is some meaningful discussion among State policymakers and tribal leaders about the correlation between the pervasive negative experience of American Indians in South Dakota, a birth to grave continuum, and restrictive and unsupportive state governmental policies. Through a close examination of demographic information about American Indian populations in the nation, with a particular focus on Indian communities in South Dakota, and of three recently issued state reports concerning the gross disproportionate over-representation of Native Americans in South Dakota's juvenile justice, adult criminal justice, and the child welfare systems, this Article calls for a serious assessment of these critical issues in light of the State's faltering social welfare and criminal justice systems relative to American Indians and tribal communities.
The promises and challenges of solid-state sequencing.

Sequencing methods based on electron tunnelling could lead to breakthroughs in genomics, proteomics and glycomics, but the engineering challenges involved in delivering these devices are formidable.
Comparison of Three Magnetic Bead Surface Functionalities for RNA Extraction and Detection

Magnetic beads are convenient for extracting nucleic acid biomarkers from biological samples prior to molecular detection. These beads are available with a variety of surface functionalities designed to capture particular subsets of RNA. We hypothesized that bead surface functionality affects binding kinetics, processing simplicity, and compatibility with molecular detection strategies. In this report, three magnetic bead surface chemistries designed to bind nucleic acids, silica, oligo (dT), and a specific oligonucleotide sequence were evaluated. Commercially available silica-coated and oligo (dT) beads, as well as beads functionalized with oligonucleotides complementary to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) nucleocapsid gene, respectively recovered ∼75, ∼71, and ∼7% target RSV mRNA after a 1 min of incubation time in a surrogate patient sample spiked with the target. RSV-specific beads required much longer incubation times to recover amounts of the target comparable to the other beads (∼77% at 180 min). ...
Quantifying Reactivity for Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions with Hirshfeld Charge

An electrophilic aromatic substitution is a process where one atom or group on an aromatic ring is replaced by an incoming electrophile. The reactivity and regioselectivity of this category of reactions is significantly impacted by the group that is already attached to the aromatic ring. Groups promoting substitution at the ortho/para and meta position are called ortho/para and meta directing groups, respectively. Earlier, we have shown that regioselectivity of the electrophilic aromatic substitution is dictated by the nucleophilicity of the substituted aromatic ring, which is proportional to the Hirshfeld charge on the regioselective site. Ortho/para directing groups have the largest negative charge values at the ortho/para positions, whereas meta directing groups often have the largest negative charge value at the meta position. The electron donation or acceptance feature of a substitution group is irrelevant to the regioselectivity. In this contribution, we extend our previous study by quantifying the ...
Normal Developmental Globe Morphology on Fetal MR Imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Age-dependent structural changes of the globes occur during gestation. The posterolateral globe margins bulge outward, and the eyes are conical in early gestation. Later, the globes are ellipsoid. The purpose of this study was to establish normal developmental fetal globe morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The fetal MR imaging data base at an academic children9s hospital was queried for all brain MRIs performed during 8 years. Motion artifacts, brain/craniofacial/globe malformations, and chromosomal defects were exclusion criteria. Two board-certified neuroradiologists evaluated each examination for globe shape (elliptic/nonelliptic) and hyaloid visibility. Logistic regression was used to evaluate correlations among variables. Age-specific cut-points for globe shape and hyaloid visibility were chosen to optimize specificity. RESULTS: We identified 1243 examinations from 1177 patients. Six hundred eighty-two examinations met the inclusion criteria (17–39 weeks). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that age was highly predictive of globe shape (area under the curve = 0.99) and fetal vasculature visibility (area under the curve = 0.94). Nonelliptic globes were universal up to 22 weeks. Thereafter, globes gradually assumed an elliptic shape, present in nearly all patients 29 weeks and older (sensitivity, 81%; 95% CI, 76%–85%; specificity, 99%; 95% CI, 98%–100%). The hyaloid vasculature was visible in most patients up to 19 weeks and occasionally in those at 20–24 weeks, but never in those 25 weeks and older (sensitivity, 69%; 95% CI, 65%–72%; specificity, 100%; 95% CI, 95%–100%). CONCLUSIONS: Physiologic nonspheric globe shapes are normal up to 29 weeks9 gestation and should not be misinterpreted as pathologic. Thereafter, globes are generally elliptic. The timing of this process coincides with the resolution of the primary vitreous and may be related.
Cirrhotic Ascites: An Etiologic Approach to Management

When loss of ascites fluid is achieved by dietary salt restriction, a lasting physiologic readjustment occurs, with the kidneys regaining ability to excrete salt normally. In contrast, evacuation of fluid by paracentesis or pharmacologic diuresis alone is rapidly followed by reconstitution of the ascites and, especially in patients without edema, is likely to be accompanied by diminished plasma volume and electrolyte abnormalities.
Medical Management of Adolescent Females with Pubertal Disorders

Abstract Delayed puberty affects one to two percent of adolescent females. It is important that an accurate diagnosis be made as early as possible. Once a diagnosis is made, a number of therapeutic options are available. While most therapeutic regimens are part of daily medical practice, they must be adapted to the specific needs of this patient population. Appropriate selection of therapy, judicious referral and close follow-up ensure that patients with delayed puberty benefit optimally from therapeutic interventions. The overall prognosis is excellent.
Education of the advanced practice nurse in oncology.

Purpose/objectives To review the education of the advanced practice nurse (APN) with a focus on curriculum and issues related to the oncology specialization. Data sources The State-of-the-Knowledge Conference on Advanced Practice in Oncology Nursing, journal articles, monographs, and authors' personal experiences. Data synthesis APN education is a current issue in nursing, as well as in the specialty of oncology nursing. Current trends in the delivery of health care require reform of graduate education in nursing to better prepare APNs to shape and respond to the healthcare needs of the public along the entire cancer care continuum. Conclusions APN education remains a dynamic, ever-evolving enterprise. The Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) and the American Cancer Society (ACS) have taken a proactive stand on APN education by revising master's curriculum guidelines and supporting the conference. Implications for nursing practice APN education in oncology will be an ongoing area of exploration for both ONS and ACS, as well as for leaders in oncology nursing. Development of graduate, postgraduate, and continuing education programs at the APN level of expertise will support high-quality advanced practice in oncology nursing. The feedback mechanisms among practice, education, and research will provide educational programs that will make a difference in the care of patients with cancer.
A simple apparatus and procedure for preparing and electroplating radioactive iron.

A simple, easily constructed apparatus for electroplating radioactive iron has been described by which certain disadvantages of other forms of apparatus have been eliminated. Sixteen samples can be plated each day without difficulty. The technic employed for preparing the radioactive iron for electroplating has been given. The writers are indebted to Dr. P. F. Hahn and his staff who permitted one of them (M. L.) to spend several weeks in the Biochemical Laboratory at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and generously gave invaluable instruction and advice.
Upper Urinary Tract Deterioration in Patients Withmyelodysplasia and Detrusor Hypertonia: A Followup Study

We report on 6 patients with myelodysplasia who had undergone previously urodynamic evaluation that demonstrated detrusor hypertonia. At the time of the initial studies no patient had vesicoureteral reflux or significant upper urinary tract dilatation. Subsequently, upper urinary tract deterioration and/or vesicoureteral reflux developed in all patients and persisting detrusor hypertonia was demonstrated on followup urodynamic testing. Marked clinical and radiographic improvement followed treatment by intermittent catheterization with concomitant pharmacologic therapy. Our experience indicates that detrusor hypertonia can lead to ureteral complications in patients with previously radiographically normal upper urinary tracts. We believe that detrusor hypertonia should be treated with anticholinergic medication, frequently in conjunction with intermittent catheterization. The clinical presentation of upper tract deterioration after many years of normality, and occurring as late as the mid teenage years, demonstrates that these patients require prolonged and careful urologic and radiographic followup.
The role of potassium in fluid therapy.

For general practitioners, who handle more than 85 per cent of all pediatric care, POSTGRADUATE MEDICINE here presents authoritative, up-to-date summaries by specialists in pediatric problems.
Howe’s Correspondence and Characters

The purpose of this note is to explain how is Howe’s correspondence used to construct irreducible unitary representations of low Gel’fand–Kirillov dimension and to recall and motivate a conjecture concerning the distribution characters of the representations involved.
Assessment of Fosfomycin for Complicated or Multidrug-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections: Patient Characteristics and Outcomes.

Background: Bacterial resistance among uropathogens is on the rise and has led to a decreased effectiveness of oral therapies. Fosfomycin tromethamine (fosfomycin) is indicated for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and displays in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates; however, clinical data assessing fosfomycin for the treatment of complicated or MDR UTIs are limited. Methods: We conducted a retrospective evaluation of patients who received ≥1 dose of fosfomycin between January 2009 and September 2015 for treatment of a UTI. Patients were included if they had a positive urine culture and documented signs/symptoms of a UTI. Results: Fifty-seven patients were included; 44 (77.2%) had complicated UTIs, 36 (63.2%) had MDR UTIs, and a total of 23 (40.4%) patients had a UTI that was both complicated and MDR. The majority of patients were female (66.7%) and elderly (median age, 79 years). Overall, the most common pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli (n = 28), Enterococcus spp. (n = 22), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 8). Twenty-eight patients (49.1%) were clinically evaluable; the preponderance achieved clinical success (96.4%). Fifteen out of 20 (75%) patients with repeat urine cultures had a microbiological cure. Conclusions: This retrospective study adds to the limited literature exploring alternative therapies for complicated and MDR UTIs with results providing additional evidence that fosfomycin may be an effective oral option.
Children’s and Adults’ Predictions of Black, White, and Multiracial Friendship Patterns

ABSTRACTCross-race friendships can promote the development of positive racial attitudes, yet they are relatively uncommon and decline with age. In an effort to further our understanding of the extent to which children expect cross-race friendships to occur, we examined 4- to 6-year-olds’ (and adults’) use of race when predicting other children’s friendship patterns. In contrast to previous research, we included White (Studies 1 and 2), Black (Study 3), and Multiracial (Study 4) participants and examined how they predicted the friendship patterns of White, Black, and Multiracial targets. Distinct response patterns were found as a function of target race, participant age group, and participant race. Participants in all groups predicted that White children would have mostly White friends and Black children would have mostly Black friends. Moreover, most participant groups predicted that Multiracial children would have Black and White friends. However, White adults predicted that Multiracial children would ha...
Tuning the hydrogen evolution activity of β-Mo2C nanoparticles via control of their growth conditions

The use of water electrocatalysis for hydrogen production is a promising, sustainable and greenhouse-gas-free process to develop disruptive renewable energy technologies. Transition metal carbides, in particular β-phase Mo2C, are garnering increased attention as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts due to their favourable synthesis conditions, stability and high catalytic efficiency. We use a thermodynamic approach in conjunction with density functional theory and a kinetic model of exchange current density to systematically study the HER activity of β-Mo2C under different experimental conditions. We show that the (011) surface has the highest HER activity, which is rationalized by its lack of strong Mo-based hydrogen adsorption sites. Thus, the HER efficiency of β-Mo2C can be tuned using nanoparticles (NPs) that expose larger fractions of this termination. We give definite maps between NP morphologies and experimental synthesis conditions, and show that the control of the carbon chemical potential during synthesis can expose up to 90% of the (011) surface, while ambient H2 has little effect on the NP morphology. The “volcano” plot shows that under these optimum conditions, the NP exchange current density is ∼10−5 A cm−2, that is only slightly smaller than that of Pt (111).
Acute masseter dystonia in a pediatric patient receiving aripiprazole and methylphenidate following induction of general anesthesia.

Summary An 11-year-old male receiving aripiprazole, methylphenidate, and clonidine developed acute masseter dystonia inhibiting tracheal intubation after induction of general anesthesia with propofol and rocuronium. Following emergence, he had trismus and jaw discomfort. Psychiatry consultation suspected an acute dystonic reaction, so diphenhydramine was administered intravenously which resolved symptoms. We suspect chronic aripiprazole and methylphenidate usage combined with propofol administration in the short-term absence of methylphenidate made this patient susceptible to dystonic reactions.
Global fishery dynamics are poorly predicted by classical models

Fisheries dynamics can be thought of as the reciprocal relationship between an exploited population and the fishers and/or managers determining the exploitation patterns. Sustainable production of protein of these coupled human-natural systems requires an understanding of their dynamics. Here, we characterized the fishery dynamics for 173 fisheries from around the globe by applying general additive models to estimated fishing mortality and spawning biomass from the RAM Legacy Database. GAMs specified to mimic production models and more flexible GAMs were applied. We show observed dynamics do not always match assumptions made in management using “classical” fisheries models, and the suitability of these assumptions varies significantly according to large marine ecosystem, habitat, variability in recruitment, maximum weight of a species and minimum observed stock biomass. These results identify circumstances in which simple models may be useful for management. However, adding flexibility to classical models often did not substantially improve performance, which suggests in many cases considering only biomass and removals will not be sufficient to model fishery dynamics. Knowledge of the suitability of common assumptions in management should be used in selecting modelling frameworks, setting management targets, testing management strategies and developing tools to manage data-limited fisheries. Effectively balancing expectations of future protein production from capture fisheries and risk of undesirable outcomes (e.g., “fisheries collapse”) depends on understanding how well we can expect to predict future dynamics of a fishery using current management paradigms.
Psychological Theory, Assessment, and Interventions for Adult and Childhood Asthma

Although the symptoms that comprise asthma were described by many ancient writers, a precise definition of asthma has eluded scholars and scientists alike. As Sol Permut observed, “It’s like love—we all know what it is, but who would trust anybody else’s definition?” (cited in Gross, 1980, p. 203). Gross (1980) suggested that Permut undoubtedly made his remarks because the etiology or etiologies are obscure, the clinical picture is diverse, and the pathophysiological mechanisms are seemingly multiple, yet it borders or overlaps other conditions to the extent that it makes it necessary to decide “what is asthma and what is not,” if we wish to communicate what is being referred to. (p. 203)
Abstract LB-267: Metabolic alterations in tumors cause cachexia in pancreatic cancer

Cancer-associated cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome which leads to excessive loss of skeletal muscle and adipose deposits. Up to 80% of pancreatic cancer patients suffer from cachexia and nearly one third die due to complexities related to the syndrome. Treatment of cachexia will not only improve the standard of living of pancreatic cancer patients but would also improve the patient survival. In the clinic, the majority of cancer patients are diagnosed at the refractory phase of cachexia, which cannot be reversed by dietary interventions. Till late, cachexia has mainly been attributed to systemic inflammation caused by cytokines released from the host and the tumor. But anti-inflammatory therapies have not shown promising results in clinical trials. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify new targets to combat cancer cachexia. It has been previously shown that there are constant metabolic interactions between the host body and the tumor. Increase in tumor burden and its demand for nutrition forces the host body to reprogram its metabolism leading to the breakdown of host body proteins into amino acids, which gets taken up and converted into carbohydrates by the tumor. To study the role of metabolic pathways in tumor cells on cachectic factor secretion, we pre-treated pancreatic cancer cells with metabolic inhibitors 3-Bromopyruvic acid and bis-2-(5-phenylacetomido-1, 2, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl) ethyl sulfide (BPTES). The conditioned media from control and treated cells were then evaluated for myotube degeneration potential in C2C12-dfferentitaed myotubes by measuring myotube thickness, protein content and expression of muscle specific ubiquitin ligases. We observed that that pre-treated conditioned-media had reduced myotubes degenerating potential as compared to controls. Furthermore, we inhibition of glycolytic flux in tumor cells by treatment with ketone bodies also diminished myotubes degenerating potential. Tumor-bearing mice had decreased tumor growth and cachexia when fed on a ketogenic diet. In conclusion, metabolic reprograming of tumor cells plays an important role in inducing pancreatic cancer-induced cachexia and delineating the metabolic pathways is crucial to elucidate important therapeutic targets for cancer cachexia. Citation Format: Aneesha Dasgupta, Surendra K. Shukla, Venugopal Gunda, Nina V. Chaika, Pankaj K. Singh. Metabolic alterations in tumors cause cachexia in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-267. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-LB-267
Modeling the evolution of system technology performance when component and system technology performances interact: Commensalism and amensalism

Abstract The interaction between technologies critically determines technology evolution. Commensalism and amensalism are two common relationships between component and system technologies but have attracted scant research attention. In both the relationships, the component technology performance is unaffected by the system technology performance. However, as the component technology performance improves, the system technology performance is enhanced in commensalism but inhibited in amensalism. We model commensalism and amensalism and predict the evolution of system technology performance using Lotka-Volterra equations. In these two scenarios, we decouple the equations and derive the general analytic solution for system technology performance. We also deduce the corresponding solutions for cases where the component technology performance follows a logistic function or simple exponential growth. The solutions consider the impact on system technology performance of changes in component technology performance and enable us to predict the future performance evolution of system technology. We demonstrate the prediction accuracy of our model through an empirical study of the concrete skyscraper technology. We also interpret the parameters in Lotka-Volterra equations and explore strategies to boost system technology performance. The analytic solutions and parameter interpretations allow practitioners and policy makers to use our model as a strategic management tool for their future work.
Deaths of Despair: Why? What to Do?

The article responds to an issue article on the rising mortality and morbidity of some white subpopulations in the U.S. Topics include the findings of the article "Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century" by A. Case and A. Deaton in volume 112, issue 49 of the journal "Proceedings of the National Academic of Science U.S.A."; increases in mortality due to suicide, accidental poisoning, liver disease, and chronic diseases; and the impact of income inequality, falling social capital, and political aspects of the public health issues.