cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coordinating Control Devices and Smart Inverter Functionalities in the Presence of Variable Weather Conditions

Nowadays, distribution planning and operations engineers are gradually considering the use of smart inverters to plan and operate the network in a seamless approach. Smart inverters have the capability of maintaining the distribution system integrity if it is optimally configured with the existing distribution system control device(s). This paper describes the results of combining traditional distribution system Integrated Volt-Var Control (IVVC) with varying smart inverter control functionalities to regulate feeder voltages, reduce line regulator tap operations; while optimizing system losses. The aim of this project was to check the operational impacts of several distribution system control devices with high penetration of connected residential roof -top PVs with smart inverters.
Towards Cloud Security Improvement with Encryption Intensity Selection

The emergence of cloud computing has enabled users to store and manage data at a low cost and high availability, which made outsourcing data become appealing to its customers. Since the inception of cloud computing, efforts have been dedicated to improve the security and performance of cloudbased backup services. However, there is yet to be implemented a complete scheme that provides security, utility, and performance. Existing schemes focus on one aspect of the backup service; security of data, functionality of the scheme (e.g. searching data for a keyword), or performance. In this paper, we introduce a cloud backup system aiming to balance all three aspects of the service. The scheme utilizes encryption intensity selection, which allows users to select the encryption intensity of their files, secure deduplication, and querying on encrypted data. The performance of our cloud backup system is measured over an OpenStack cloud installed on CloudLab resources. Results demonstrate that our scheme can improve backup service security and performance while providing more functionality of the encrypted data.
Estimating the Transfer-income Derivative When Transfer Amount is Left-censored

This paper tests whether intergenerational transfers are given out of altruism or part of an exchange. We uniquely draw a distinction between the transfer motives in a semiparametric, two-part model. Compared to models employed by extant studies, this approach makes less parametric assumption, preserves identification when an exclusive restriction is difficult to find, and accounts for heteroscedasticity explicitly. Using the Health and Retirement Study dataset, this more flexible approach documents a positive relationship between children's income and the transfer amount, which supports the exchange motive and overturns results from traditional parametric models. We also show that the significant differences between the two approaches are largely due to neglected heteroscedasticity rather than incorrect distributional assumptions.
Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Materials for Hydrazine Oxidation

The key in designing efficient direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs), which can offer some solutions to society's grand challenges associated with sustainability and energy future, currently lies in the development of cost-effective electrocatalysts. Among the many types of fuel cells, direct hydrazine fuel cells (DHFCs) are of particular interest, especially due to their high theoretical cell voltages and clean emission. However, DHFCs currently use noble-metal-based electrocatalysts, and the scarcity and high cost of noble metals are hindering these fuel cells from finding large-scale practical applications. In order to replace noble-metal-based electrocatalysts with sustainable ones and help DHFCs become widely usable, great efforts are being made to develop stable heteroatom (e.g., B, N, O, P and S)-doped carbon electrocatalysts, the activities of which are comparable to, or better than, those of noble metals. Here, the recent research progress and the advancements made on the development of heteroatom-doped carbon materials, their general properties, their electrocatalytic activities toward the HzOR, and their dopant- and structure-related electrocatalytic properties for the HzOR are summarized. Perspectives on the different directions that the research endeavors in this field need to take in the future and the challenges associated with DHFCs are included.
Using The List of Minimum Requirements to Analyze Students’ Errors In Their English Compositions

This research was conducted to analyze the errors made by the students in their English compositions. The researchers used the list of Minimum Requirements which was developed by Fountain to analyze the students’ writing errors. Based on the data analysis, it was found that the students made 60 errors altogether in their English compositions entitled About Me. There are nine kinds of error made by the students. The students made 19 errors in punctuation (31.7%), 11 errors in preposition (18.3%), seven errors in concord/agreement (11.7%), seven errors in finite verbs (11.7%), six errors in articles (10%), four errors in spelling (6.7%), two errors in tenses (3.3%), two errors in verb groups (3.3%) and two errors in word choice (3.3%). It is advisable that the list of Minimum Requirements is used as a guideline to help the learners minimize their errors in writing.
Metabolic Reprogramming in Breast Cancer and Its Therapeutic Implications.

Current standard-of-care (SOC) therapy for breast cancer includes targeted therapies such as endocrine therapy for estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) positive; anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-enriched; and general chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. These therapies frequently fail due to acquired or inherent resistance. Altered metabolism has been recognized as one of the major mechanisms underlying therapeutic resistance. There are several cues that dictate metabolic reprogramming that also account for the tumors’ metabolic plasticity. For metabolic therapy to be efficacious there is a need to understand the metabolic underpinnings of the different subtypes of breast cancer as well as the role the SOC treatments play in targeting the metabolic phenotype. Understanding the mechanism will allow us to identify potential therapeutic vulnerabilities. There are some very interesting questions being tackled by researchers today as they pertain to altered metabolism in breast cancer. What are the metabolic differences between the different subtypes of breast cancer? Do cancer cells have a metabolic pathway preference based on the site and stage of metastasis? How do the cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic cues dictate the metabolic phenotype? How do the nucleus and mitochondria coordinately regulate metabolism? How does sensitivity or resistance to SOC affect metabolic reprogramming and vice-versa? This review addresses these issues along with the latest updates in the field of breast cancer metabolism.
Sartre and No Child Left Behind: an existential psychoanalytic anthropology of urban schooling

In the wake of an election season fraught with tension about the state of affairs in America, and in light of executive orders that are predicated upon racial and religious discrimination, Darian M...
Trunk muscle activity among older and obese individuals during one-handed carrying

Abstract Manual material handling (MMH) is associated with the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). One-handed carrying is a particularly challenging form of MMH. Age and obesity have been increasing among the general and working populations in the United States and worldwide. While older and obese workers are more susceptible to MSDs in comparison to younger, healthy workers, the effects of one-handed carrying on trunk muscle activity among these populations have not been comprehensively studied. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of age and obesity on trunk muscle activity of six trunk muscle pairs during one-handed carrying of different loads. The results suggest that older and obese individuals do not exhibit considerably larger muscle activity than young and non-obese individuals while carrying a load of approximately 10 kg in one hand for relatively short distances. Accordingly, 10 kg appears to be an acceptable load to be occasionally carried in one hand by older and/or obese individuals from a muscle activity perspective.
Association Between Postextubation Dysphagia and Long‐Term Mortality Among Critically Ill Older Adults

Background Dysphagia following extubation is common in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Diagnosing postextubation dysphagia allows identification of patients who are at highest risk for aspiration and its associated adverse outcomes. Older adults are at an increased risk of postextubation dysphagia and its complications due to multiple comorbidities, a higher baseline risk of dysphagia, and increased risk of pneumonia. Objectives We aimed to investigate the association between postextubation dysphagia and 1-year mortality in older patients. Secondary outcomes included ICU and hospital lengths of stay, ICU readmission, and place of discharge. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study from January 1 to December 31, 2013. ICU patients, aged 65 years and older, who were successfully extubated and underwent a formal swallow evaluation by a speech and language pathologist (SLP) were included. Dysphagia was graded using a seven-point scale, and those with at least mild-moderate dysphagia were labeled as having clinically significant dysphagia. Results Of 1075 patients who were screened, 359 were survivors, aged 65 years and older; and of these survivors, 111 had a swallow evaluation performed by an SLP after liberation from mechanical ventilation. Mean age was 73.8 years (SD = 7.0 years), and 41.4% had clinically significant dysphagia. In a multivariable regression model, there was no significant association between dysphagia and 1-year mortality. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference in ICU or hospital length of stay, ICU readmission, or place of discharge of those with clinically significant dysphagia compared to those without. Conclusions Among mechanically ventilated ICU patients, aged 65 years and older, who underwent a swallow evaluation following extubation, dysphagia was not associated with mortality, ICU and hospital lengths of stay, ICU readmission, and place of discharge. Given conflicting evidence in the literature, larger prospective studies are needed to clarify whether postextubation dysphagia is associated with worse outcomes in older patients admitted to the ICU. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1895-1901, 2019.
Electrical Insulation Tape Winding and Inspection System

An electrical insulation web winding and optical inspection system has been developed to provide semiautomatic material handling and machine vision inspection of composite electromagnet coil insula...
In reply: Is it time to initiate venothromobolism prophylaxis for acute and ambulatory outpatients with lower limb immobilisation?

Dear Editor in Chief, We read with great interest Horner and colleagues’ recent practice review regarding thromboprophylaxis for isolated lower extremity injury.1 The insight gained from this article, in addition to other recent large reviews, will improve the shared decision-making discussions we have with patients about prevention and risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) with immobilisation. We have two comments regarding the generalisability and implementation of the study data. Although immobilisation of the lower limb following injury is also a common management strategy from the emergency department (ED) in the USA, we have observed that there is little consideration of VTE prophylaxis compared with Europe. In the USA, there is minimal consensus and lack of distinct guidelines …
Constrained Optimization and Duality

In many machine learning settings, such as nonnegative regression and box regression, the optimization variables are constrained. Therefore, one needs to find an optimal solution only over the region of the optimization space that satisfies these constraints. This region is referred to as the feasible region in optimization parlance. The straightforward use of a gradient-descent procedure does not work, because an unconstrained step might move the optimization variables outside the feasible region of the optimization problem.
False beliefs can bootstrap cooperative communities through social norms

Building cooperative communities is a crucial problem for human societies. Much research suggests that cooperation is facilitated by knowing who the cooperators and defectors are, and being able to respond accordingly. As such, anonymous games are thought to hinder cooperation. Here, we show that this conclusion is altered dramatically in the presence of conditional cooperation norms and heterogeneous beliefs about others’ behaviours. Specifically, we show that inaccurate beliefs about other players’ behaviours can foster and stabilise cooperation via social norms. To show this, we combine a community's population dynamics with the behavioural dynamics of their members. In our model, individuals can join a community based on beliefs generated by public signals regarding the level of cooperation within, and decide to cooperate or not depending on these beliefs. These signals may overstate how much cooperation there really is. We show that even if individuals eventually learn the true level of cooperation, the initially false beliefs can trigger a dynamic that sustains high levels of cooperation. We also characterise how the rates of joining, leaving and learning in the community affect the cooperation level and community size simultaneously. Our results illustrate how false beliefs and social norms can help build cooperative communities.
Concentrated or Fragmented? The U.S. Market for Online Higher Education.

As the financial challenges facing the U.S higher education industry mount, colleges and universities seek new activities that can improve their financial situation. Online education programs are often viewed as a promising option due to growing student interest and the substantial net revenue generated by early entrants that leveraged economies of scale and scope. The number of schools that can experience similar outcomes will depend upon whether the online market is primarily concentrated, with a small number of higher education institutions enrolling most students, rather than fragmented, with large numbers of institutions enrolling meaningful amounts of online students. We examine this topic by providing the first detailed study of market concentration in online education. We first introduce a theory from economics, Sutton’s model of endogenous fixed costs, to the higher education literature to highlight key dynamics that shape concentration levels. Using institution-level enrollment data for the population of Title IV postsecondary institutions, we then empirically examine concentration levels in online education. We find that relative to in-person education, national online enrollment patterns are heavily concentrated. The online market has a distinctive structure, consisting of a small number of large national providers and a large number of small local providers. Online enrollment patterns became less concentrated between Fall 2012 and Fall 2018 due to major enrollment declines of large for-profit providers. Concentration levels, however, plateaued by the end of the period due to rapid enrollment growth at large national nonprofit providers.
Ontogenetic and spawning migration of Pacific halibut: a review

Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) supports one of the most valuable groundfish fisheries in the North Pacific Ocean and the north American component has been managed by the International Pacific Halibut Commission since 1923. From its establishment, IPHC’s work has been focused on data collection and research programs to better understand stock dynamics, extent, and behavior across its range. In this review we summarize the 100 years of migration research available for Pacific halibut, with a focus on tagging experiments. A visual representation of all tags deployed and recovered is included, and all of the information available from different research (e.g. genetic analyses, oceanographic models, catch trends, IBM) has been unified into a conceptual model of Pacific halibut movement from southern California through the Bering Sea. From spawning grounds in the Gulf of Alaska, eggs and larvae are transported westward, some crossing Aleutian Island passes into the Bering Sea. Once settled, there is compensatory migration as some juveniles move back into the Gulf of Alaska. In the Gulf of Alaska, juveniles and adults exhibit net migration eastward and southward along the continental shelf of the US and Canadian coasts. Adults undertake seasonal migrations from feeding grounds to spawning grounds. While little information is available for the western side of the Pacific halibut range, research suggests a constant exchange across the Bering Sea between the eastern and western grounds. The hypothesis of multiple migratory behaviors is suggested. This review will serve as a guide for current modeling efforts and future research planning.
A Libertarian Case for the Moral Limits of Markets

Libertarians support free markets. But most actually existing markets are not entirely free. What, then, should libertarians think markets as they exist in the real world? This paper argues that the correct libertarian position is not an unequivocally "pro-market" one. Not all markets are such as to be deserving of libertarian moral support. And, more surprisingly, not all policy changes in the direction of freer markets are ones of which libertarians ought to approve. Like most political theories, libertarianism's strength is its compelling vision of an ideally just society. But, again like most political theories, libertarianism faces a serious weakness in providing theoretical and practical guidance about how to think and act in a world that falls well short of that ideal. What libertarians need now, I argue, is a non-ideal theory of markets.
Crossing the Line

As debates about immigration intensify in the United States, David Spener’s Clandestine Crossings, a study of unauthorized migration across the United States–Mexico border, has particular relevance. This compelling, historically situated analysis of coyotes, “anyone hired by autonomous migrants to help them cross the border clandestinely” (p. xiii), and coyotaje, or the services provided by coyotes, speaks to unfolding discussions about immigration policy, the politics of “illegality,” and the nation’s ambivalent relationship, now and in the past, with people crossing its southern border. A central contradiction that Spener explores throughout the book is how, despite or even because of attempts to bring the border “under control” (p. 47), so-called clandestine crossings continue and diversify. Spener demonstrates that an increase in coyotes working at the border and new forms of coyotefacilitated crossings directly relate to U.S. actions (p. 81), making the book an important read as the country contemplates immigration reform. The study begins with a theoretical and historical frame (introduction and chap. 1), as Spener outlines a system of “global apartheid” (p. 11) through which policing is legitimized on the basis of “nationality and illegality” (p. 25). While much anti-immigrant rhetoric focuses on unauthorized entry as a criminal act, Spener inverts this perspective, enabling readers to consider clandestine crossings as a way to view a system of injustice. He describes the harrowing experiences migrants endure to go north (chap. 2), discussing both historical (chap. 3) and contemporary (chap. 4) coyotaje. His aim is to “demystify and desensationalize how clandestine border-crossing actually takes place” (p. 122), bringing a “moral, human rights dimension” (p. 25) to migration-policy analysis. Spener provides a fascinating—and unsettling—look at the U.S. government’s simultaneous recruitment and expulsion
Ouabain-resistant OR6 cells express the murine alpha 1-subunit of the Na,K-ATPase with a T797-I797 substitution.

Introduction of the murine "ouabain resistance gene" (Levenson, R., Racaniello, V., Albritton, L., and Housman, D. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 1489-1493) into African Green monkey CV1 cells reportedly resulted in one cell line, OR6 cells, which was found to be resistant to > 1 mM ouabain (English, L., Epstein, J., Cantley, L., Housman, D., and Levenson, R. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 1114-1119). The present analysis of the genomic sequence of the alpha 1-subunit of the Na,K-ATPase from OR6 cells reveals copies of the gene for the murine and human alpha 1-subunit of the Na,K-ATPase and not the monkey gene, indicating that the cells have been misidentified. The sequence of the murine alpha 1-subunit from OR6 cells reveals a single point mutation encoding a T797-I797 amino acid substitution at the H6 membrane border. Transfection of CV1 cells with a murine alpha 1 cDNA containing this point mutation resulted in cells with an IC50 for ouabain of approximately 5 mM. These data show that the super ouabain-resistant phenotype of OR6 cells is due to expression of a mutant form of the murine alpha 1-subunit of the sodium pump (rather than the ouabain resistance gene) and further support the recent data suggesting involvement of the H5-H6 domain in ouabain inhibition of the sodium pump.
Erythema, bullae, and vesicles on the hands of a dental student.

A 24-year-old female dental student with no known medical history reported a 3- to 4-day history of painful blisters on the dorsal surface of both hands (Figure). She reported that the blisters began 1 to 2 days after she was boating at a local lake. While on the boat, she reported that she was preparing mojitos, a traditional Cuban cocktail that contains freshly squeezed limes, rum, sugar, mint, and carbonated water. Figure Painful blisters (vesicles and bullae) on the dorsal surface of the hand. What is the diagnosis? DIAGNOSIS: Phytophotodermatitis.
The two-lobe structure of the distant (at least 200 earth radii) magnetotail

Data from a 5 mos ISEE-3 passage through the magnetotail at distances beyond 60 earth radii (ER) are examined statistically to determine the tail structure out to 238 ER, the extent of the lobe and plasmasheet deviations from normal positions. The data include field and electron plots and plasma temperatures and densities. The maximum thickness of the plasmasheet was found to be similar to near-earth conditions, i.e., 9-15 ER, and was accompanied by an N-S dimension of 53-59 ER. No filamentary structures were derived, and the two-lobe structure was preserved. Possible causes of the asymmetry between the N-S and E-W scales are discussed.
B-lymphocytes and autoantibody profiles in HIV disease.

The normal function of the human immune system and subsequent immunologic protection of the host for external antigenic challenge (e.g., infection) is dependent on the intricate localized interactions of T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) causes widespread damage to the host immune system, resulting in defective antigen presentation by follicular dendritic cells, loss of T-cell regulation of B-cell function in the presence of chronic antigenic stimulation, destruction of the normal architecture of lymphatic tissue, and disruption of normal cellular networks (1–3). This article focuses on the in vitro and in vivo effects of HIV-1-infection on B-cells.
A Tabular Method of Propeller Blade Stress Analysis

A tabular, trial-and-error method of evaluating the steadybending stresses in a rotating propeller blade is developed and examples of its application are given. The bending moment at a shank section of the blade is estimated and, by tabular integration, the corresponding radial bending moment distribution is calculated. Additional trials with appropriately revised shank section bending moment estimates are made until the correct distribution is found, having the physically required moment value of zero a t the blade tip. Tilted blades and blades whose section centers of gravity do not in general fall on the blade axis are shown to be readily analyzed. Because the final analysis can be quickly checked on a calculating machine and because the method is easily learned, versatile, and fast, its general adoption by the propeller industry is advocated.
Z and E rotamers of N-formyl-1-bromo-4-hydroxy-3-methoxymorphinan-6-one and their interconversion as studied by 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations

N-Formyl-1-bromo-4-hydroxy-3-methoxymorphinan-6-one (compound 2), an important intermediate in the NIH Opiate Total Synthesis, presumably exists as a mixture of two rotamers (Z and E) in both CHCl(3) and DMSO at room temperature due to the hindered rotation of its N-C18 bond in the amide moiety. By comparing the experimental (1)H and (13)C chemical shifts of a single rotamer and the mixture of compound 2 in CDCl(3) with the calculated chemical shifts of the geometry optimized Z and E rotamers utilizing density functional theory, the crystalline rotamer of compound 2 was characterized as having the E configuration. The energy barrier between the two rotamers was also determined with the temperature dependence of (1)H and (13)C NMR coalescence experiments, and then compared with that from the reaction path for the interconversion of the two rotamers calculated at the level of B3LYP/6-31G*. Detailed geometry of the ground state and the transition states of both rotamers are given and discussed.
Preferential solvation of CH3F by ortho-H2 in cryogenic solid hydrogen

Abstract Infrared spectroscopic studies of solid hydrogen crystals enriched with the parahydrogen (pH2) nuclear spin state and doped with part per million concentrations of methyl fluoride (CH3F) show that CH3F preferentially clusters with residual orthohydrogen (oH2) present in the crystal. At low oH2 concentrations ( 2%) where larger clusters (n>12) are observed, the outer oH2 molecules in the clusters can be reversibly condensed or boiled off the cluster over the same temperature range. The measured shift in the cluster distribution indicates the outer oH2 molecules in large CH3F(oH2)n clusters are bound by energies comparable to kT≈3 cm−1 at 4.4 K. The kinetics of the growth or break up of the clusters is limited by the quantum diffusion rate of oH2 in the solid. The ortho–para nuclear spin conversion of hydrogen molecules in the first solvation shell of CH3F is observed with a rate constant ten times larger than the self-conversion rate constant in solid hydrogen.
Rapid screening of lipid metabolism in monolayer cell cultures

Monolayer cell cultures grown on coverslips in the presence of radioactive lipid precursors were embedded in silica gel layers for extraction and resolution of the labelled products directly by thin-layer chromatography. The method permits rapid screening of lipid metabolism in tissue cultures with a small number of cells.
Paracoccidioidomycosis: an update.

This review summarizes knowledge on various aspects of paracoccidioidomycosis. Mycelial propagules, chlamydospores, and arthroconidia exhibit thermal dimorphism; arthroconidia are infectious in animals and, by electron microscopy, appear well provided for survival. The mycelial-to-yeast-phase transformation requires a strict control of glucan synthesis probably mediated by membrane enzymes. Hormonal influences on the transformation of the fungus (mycelium or conidium to yeast phase) have been demonstrated. Estrogen-binding proteins have been detected in the fungal cytosol, and during the transformation novel proteins are produced as a result of estradiol incorporation. Clinical forms have been better defined on the basis of better experimental models. Emphasis has been placed on the lungs as the portal of entry and on the existence of silent pulmonary infections. A specific Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen, the 43-kDa glycoprotein (Gp43), has been identified, characterized, and cloned. This has led to improved reproducibility and specificity of serologic tests. The depression of cell-mediated immune responses has been associated with severe disease in humans and in the experimental host. T-cell subsets in patients9 tissues were characterized by means of monoclonal antibodies, and a reduced CD4/CD8 ratio was demonstrated. This has been related to alterations in lymphokine and tumor necrosis factor production, production of antigen-antibody complexes, etc. Amphotericin B has provided effective therapy. Azole derivatives have also improved prognosis and facilitated therapy. Itraconazole is presently the drug of choice, yet incapacitating sequelae (mainly pulmonary fibrosis) still constitute major problems. Images
Regio‐ and stereochemistry of Michael addition of methanol to Thiele's ester

Acid-promoted esterification of Thiele's acid with methanol was found to afford three products. In addition to the expected major product (i.e. the corresponding dimethyl ester, 2a), two minor products are obtained, one of which, 3, results from subsequent Michael addition of methanol to the norbornene CC double bond in 2a. Analysis of its one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra indicates that this minor product possesses structure 3a in which the (C-5)—OCH3 and (C-6)—CO2CH3 bonds are exo and endo, respectively. This conclusion is reinforced by the results of thermodynamics calculations and associated chemical shift calculations. In addition, theoretical analysis of competing transition states for Michael addition of methanol to 2a suggests that exo approach of methanol towards the (C-5)(C-6) double bond in the substrate is preferred kinetically over the corresponding endo reaction pathway. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identity of a Rust on Ephedra

The aecial stage of a rust on Ephedra has been called a Peridermium . Clues as to its telial stage have been lacking. It is here described as resembling more a form of Roestelia , and the reasons for its possible relation to Gymnosporangium multiporum Kern are presented: the two sets of hosts have similar distributions: the two rust stages have the same geographic range; they have been found in close proximity in the field.
Engaging Young Children in Thinking Routines

(2010). Engaging Young Children in Thinking Routines. Childhood Education: Vol. 86, No. 3, pp. 132-137.
Indirect nonlinear robust control of robot manipulators

In this paper, a new robust control strategy to accomplish the precise control of robot manipulators under load uncertainty is proposed using a nonlinear optimal control formulation and solution. This approach is based on the underlying relation between the robust stability and performance optimality. A class of robust control problems can be transformed to an equivalent optimal control problem by incorporating the uncertainty bounds into the cost functional. The e-D optimal control method is utilized to find an approximate closed-form feedback solution to the resultant nonlinear optimal control problem via a perturbation process. Numerical simulations show that the proposed robust controller is able to control the robot manipulator precisely under large load variations.
Reconsidering the increase in father-only families

Previously reported estimates of rapid growth rates among father-only families did not account for cohabitation. An explicit treatment of cohabitation removes about half of the presumed growth. Nevertheless, we find that the number of father-only families grew at more than double the rate of mother-only families during the 1980s. Decomposition analyses show that the largest factor associated with the increase is that fathers now head a greater proportion of all formerly married single-parent families with children. Although the share of single-parent families headed by fathers is larger in 1990 than in 1980 even after controlling for cohabitation, it is smaller than in 1970.
Causal reasoning with mental models

This paper outlines the model-based theory of causal reasoning. It postulates that the core meanings of causal assertions are deterministic and refer to temporally-ordered sets of possibilities: A causes B to occur means that given A, B occurs, whereas A enables B to occur means that given A, it is possible for B to occur. The paper shows how mental models represent such assertions, and how these models underlie deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning yielding explanations. It reviews evidence both to corroborate the theory and to account for phenomena sometimes taken to be incompatible with it. Finally, it reviews neuroscience evidence indicating that mental models for causal inference are implemented within lateral prefrontal cortex.
Cerebral spinal fluid contamination of the measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient of water in acute stroke

The measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water in brains of stroke patients is used in models developed to help distinguish reversible from irreversible ischemic injury. The ADC by conventional methods may be overestimated by the presence of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in sulci and perivascular spaces. In this study the hypothesis that DWI with CSF suppression (FLAIR-DWI) would result in different ADC values than those obtained with the conventional DWI technique was investigated. Thirty-one patients with stroke onset of less than 6 hr and an acute lesion on conventional DWI were studied. Both conventional isotropic DWI and FLAIR-DWI were performed using a single-shot echo-planar technique. In all 31 patients, CSF-suppressed ADC was lower than conventional ADC. The mean (SD) of the 31 patients' lesion ADC was 0.64 (0.08) x 10(-3) mm(2) s(-1) with FLAIR-DWI and 0.72 (0.09) x 10(-3) mm(2) s(-1) with conventional DWI (P < 0.001). The overestimation of ADC in conventional DWI corresponded to the percentage of the voxel that contained CSF. Suppression of CSF leads to lesion ADC values that are more homogeneous and more than 15% lower than those obtained with conventional DWI techniques. This suggests that FLAIR-DWI ADC measurements are more accurate than conventional ADC maps.
'Coronae' of rotating interstellar clouds

This letter considers differential rotation of cool interstellar clouds in the presence of internal magnetic fields, and shows that because of the relative ineffectiveness of field dissipation within the clouds, magnetized gas experiences buoyant forces. The resulting field loops emerge from the cloud and dissipate their energy by field reconnection. The consequent heating is sufficient to produce relatively hot (T approximately 10,000 K) 'coronae' about the clouds.
Trends in heavy-metal solid state ionic conductors: A comparison of Cu+, Ag+, In+, and Tl+ transport

Abstract The mobility of Cu + , Ag + , In + , and Tl + in halide compounds has been investigated to develop an understanding of the factors which are important in fast ion conduction. Many of the compounds in the comparison are of the type MM′X 4 , where M is one of the monopositive ions listed above, M ′ is Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , or Hg 2+ , and X is Br − or I − . These compounds are characterized by transitions at elevated temperatures to disordered phases in which the M ion is highly mobile. Trends in the transition temperatures, conductivities, and activation energies for ion transport demonstrate that In + and Tl + are less mobile than Cu + and Ag + . The crystal structure of the low-temperature phase of Tl 2 ZnI 4 has been determined at −160°C. The material crystallizes with two formula units in space group C 2 2 - P 2 1 of the monoclinic system in a cell of dimensions a = 7.661 (9) A, b = 7.971 (8) A, c = 10.074 (13) A, β = 118.39 (4)°. The Zn 2+ ions are tetrahedrally coordinated by I − ions. The Tl + ions are found to reside in seven-coordinate sites approximating C 2 v capped trigonal prisms. There is no clear-cut migration path for the Tl + ions, but some plausible conduction mechanisms are discussed. The origin of the mobility difference between d 10 ions (e.g., Cu + and Ag + ) and d 10 s 2 ions (e.g., In + and Tl + ) is attributed to the symmetry of the polarized ion. Compounds synthesized for the first time in the present work are In 2 ZnBr 4 and Tl 2 ZnBr 4 . Materials which were discovered to be fast ion conductors are Ag 2 ZnI 4 , Ag 2 CdBr 4 , and Tl 2 ZnBr 4 .
Natural killer cells in mice and man and their possible biological significance

Despite active and extensive research on human and murine NK cells in the last few years a number of basic questions remain to be answered. These include the nature of the antigen(s) on target cells to which NK cells react, the nature of the receptors on NK cells allowing the recognition, the mechanism of NK cell cytotoxicity, the exact relationship between NK cell activities in vivo and in vitro, genetic control of NK cells, involvement of NK cells in the field of bone marrow transplantation, and finally their involvement in immunosurveillance of malignancies. Although the etiology and biologic significance of NK cells remain obscure, there is suggestive evidence that these cells may be in volved in resistance to and immunosurveillance of malignancies, since there is experimental evidence for a correlation between in vivo and in vitro NK cell activities. The fact that athymic mice do not have a higher incidence of malignancies than conventional mice and express delayed appearance and higher resistance to virally and chemically induced tumors (Stutman, 1975) is consistent with a protective role of the NK cell effector mechanism. In addition, their spontaneous occurrence without any necessity for priming and their ability to recognize and kill malignant cells makes NK cells almost perfect candidates for the part of immunosurveillors. The similarity between bone marrow effector cells and NK cells also seems unlikely to be fortuitous. In summary, this interesting cell requires further attention.
The Automatic Evaluation Effect: Unconditional Automatic Attitude Activation with a Pronunciation Task

Abstract Previous demonstrations of automatic attitude activation have used the same critical test of the presence of automaticity (Bargh, Chaiken, Govender, & Pratto, 1992; Chaiken & Bargh, 1993; Fazio, Sanbonmatsu, Powell, & Kardes, 1986). In this task, subjects first classify as quickly as they can each of a series of adjectives as to whether each adjective is good or bad in meaning. Subsequently, on each priming trial, a word corresponding to an attitude object briefly precedes the adjective target. Whether this attitude objectprimeautomatically activates its corresponding evaluation in memory is indicated by whether the presence of that prime word on a trial facilitates or interferes with the conscious and intended evaluation of the adjective target. Although there is some disagreement as to the generality of the automaticity effect (Chaiken & Bargh, 1993; Fazio, 1993), all relevant experiments have obtained it for at least some of the subject's attitudes. The present experiments investigated the role that the adjective evaluation task itself may play in producing the automaticity effect. If the effect is truly unconditional, requiring only the mere presence of the attitude object in the environment, it should not depend on the subject consciously thinking in terms of evaluation. Three experiments designed to remove all such evaluative features from the basic paradigm revealed that the automaticity effect does not depend on such strategic evaluative processing. In fact, consistent with theaffect primacyhypothesis (Murphy & Zajonc, 1993), removing conscious processing aspects from the paradigm serves to increase, rather than decrease, the generality of the automatic evaluation effect.
Free-Radical-Induced Oxidative and Reductive Degradation of Sulfa Drugs in Water: Absolute Kinetics and Efficiencies of Hydroxyl Radical and Hydrated Electron Reactions

radical oxidation were determined as (8.3 ( 0.8) 10 9 , (7.9 ( 0.4) 10 9 , (8.5 ( 0.3) 10 9 , and (7.8 ( 0.3) 10 9 M -1 s -1 , respectively, with corresponding degradation efficiencies of 36% ( 6%, 46% ( 8%, 53% ( 8%, and 35% ( 5%. The reduction of these four compounds by their reaction with the hydrated electron occurred with rate constants of (2.4 ( 0.1) 10 10 , (2.0 ( 0.1) 10 10 , (1.0 ( 0.03) 10 10 , and (2.0 ( 0.1) 10 10 M -1 s -1 , respectively, with efficiencies of 0.5% ( 4%, 61% ( 9%, 71% ( 10%, and 19% ( 5%. We propose that hydroxyl radical adds predominantly to the sulfanilic acid ring of the different sulfa drugs based on similar hydroxyl radical rate constants and transient absorption spectra. In contrast, the variation in the rate constants for hydrated electrons with the sulfa drugs suggests the reaction occurs at different reaction sites, likely the different heterocyclic rings. The results of this study provide fundamental mechanistic parameters, hydroxyl radical and hydrated electron rate constants, and degradation efficiencies that are critical for the evaluation and implementation of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs).
Characterization of the temporal response profile of carbon black-polymer composite detectors to volatile organic vapors

The relative differential resistance responses of carbon black−poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (PEVA) composite vapor detectors were evaluated in response to short rise time (<2 ms for a 17 ms pulse length) square pulses of acetone, n-hexane, methanol, 2-propanol, or toluene, in a background of synthetic air. The use of ultrathin films, along with a rapid vapor delivery system, facilitated measurement of the rapid time response available from this exemplary carbon black−polymer composite chemiresistive film for the detection of common organic vapors. Detectors formed from very thin (<200 nm) PEVA−carbon black composites produced steady-state responses within 17 ms upon exposure to methanol and produced steady-state responses within 90 ms upon exposure to toluene, acetone, and n-hexane. In accord with Fickian diffusion, the response times of the relative differential resistance of PEVA−carbon black detectors to analyte exposures were proportional to the square of the film thickness, l, in the range 510 ≤ l ≤ 5700 nm. Additionally, the relative differential resistance versus time profiles of PEVA−carbon black detectors were well fit by a simple finite difference model based on Fickian analyte diffusion, using a single analyte diffusion coefficient, for a variety of different film thicknesses and analyte concentrations.
Total Syntheses of (±)-Platencin and (−)-Platencin

The secondary metabolites platensimycin and platencin, isolated from the bacterial strain Streptomyces platensis, represent a novel class of natural products exhibiting unique and potent antibacterial activity. Platencin, though structurally similar to platensimycin, has been found to operate through a slightly different mechanism of action involving the dual inhibition of lipid elongation enzymes FabF and FabH. Both natural products exhibit strong, broad-spectrum, gram-positive antibacterial activity to key antibiotic resistant strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Described herein are our synthetic efforts toward platencin, culminating in both racemic and asymmetric preparation of the natural product. The syntheses demonstrate the power of the cobalt-catalyzed asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction and the one-pot reductive rearrangement of [3.2.1] bicyclic ketones to [2.2.2] bicyclic olefins.
Heparinase I from Flavobacterium heparinum MAPPING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HEPARIN BINDING DOMAIN

In this study we have identified the primary heparin binding site of heparinase I (EC 4.2.2.7). Chemical and proteolytic digests of heparinase I were used in direct binding and competition assays, to map the regions of heparinase I that interact specifically with heparin. We find the heparin binding site contains two Cardin-Weintraub heparin binding consensus sequences and a calcium co-ordination consensus motif. We show that heparin binding to heparinase I is independent of calcium (Kd of 60 nM) and that calcium is able to activate heparinase I catalytically. We find that sulfhydryl selective labeling of cysteine 135 of heparinase I protects the lysines of the heparin binding sequence from proteolytic cleavage, suggesting the close proximity of the heparin binding site to the active site. Site-directed mutagenesis of H203A (contained in the heparin binding site) inactivated heparinase I; however, a H203D mutant retained marginal activity, indicating a role for this residue in catalysis. The above results taken together suggest that histidine 203 (hence the heparin binding site) is immediately adjacent to the scissile bond. We propose that the heparin binding site and active site are in close proximity to each other and that the calcium coordination motif, contained in the heparin binding site, may bridge heparin to heparinase I through calcium in a ternary complex during catalysis.
Exploiting Effectors of Rac GTPase

Targeting a specific arm of signaling pathways is of great interest. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology , Bosco et al. exploit the interactive interface between Rac GTPase and its effector p67 phox to specifically inhibit reactive oxygen species production without perturbing other Rac-mediated cellular processes.
Static Cyclic Response of Partially Grouted Masonry Shear Walls

AbstractThis research investigated the shear behavior of five full-scale partially grouted masonry shear walls (PG-MWs). The walls were built using concrete masonry units, with horizontal reinforcement ratios ranging from 0.085 to 0.169%. The specimens had horizontal spacing between vertical grouted cells ranging from 610 (24 in.) to 1,219 mm (48 in.). All the specimens were tested under constant gravity load and incrementally increasing in-plane loading cycles. This research showed that there appears to be a maximum horizontal reinforcement ratio after which no additional shear capacity is achieved. As indicated by the experimental results, the maximum value appears to be approximately 0.1% for specimens with horizontal spacing between vertical grouted cells of 1,219 mm (48 in.). Increasing the horizontal reinforcement beyond this level did not increase the shear strength of the test specimens. In addition, the current provisions of the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC), the New Zealand code for m...
A Monte Carlo evaluation of JAN: A technique for capturing and clustering raters' policies

Abstract The efficiency of the JAN (Judgment ANalysis) technique for grouping raters' strategies according to the similarity of their regression equations was tested under a variety of experimental conditions using a Monte Carlo method. Two groups of hypothetical raters were simulated, where the n raters in each group all had the same basic strategy (equation) and differed only as a function of a specified random error term in the basic equation. The variables manipulated were: the predictor variance-covariance matrix, the number of stimulus dimensions, the number of stimuli evaluated, the rater predictability, and the degree of strategy similarity between the two groups. Results showed that as cue redundancy increased, it became correspondingly more difficult for JAN to discriminate “properly” the members of one theortical basic strategy group from those of the other group. The difficulty was somewhat compounded when the data were based on fewer than 200 observations, only five predictors, and two highly similar basic policy groups whose members were rather inconsistent in their profile evaluations.