cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A scalable 3D lithium metal anode

Abstract A scalable 3D electrode to serve as a lithium metal host is developed to enable stable lithium metal cycling. The electrode is simply fabricated by coating a slurry of well mixed LiNO3, carbon black, and PVDF on the Cu foil. The pores in the electrode serve as lithium metal hosts while the LiNO3 particles act both as a structural skeleton and an electrolyte additive. Micron-level dense Li chunks are deposited into the 3D electrode at a current density of 2 mA cm−2. Moreover, high coulombic efficiencies of 98.4% and 97.1% are achieved in carbonate-based electrolytes at current densities of 0.25 mA cm−2 and 2 mA cm−2, respectively. The 3D electrode is tested in an anode free cell with LiFePO4, which exhibits a good capacity retention of 49.1% after 100 cycles and correspond to an average efficiency of 99.3% per cycle. This work provides a facile and scalable method to fabricate multi-functional 3D electrodes for dendrite-free and high coulombic efficiency Li metal anodes.
Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System Support Followed by Liver Transplantation for Multiorgan Failure From Heatstroke.

Abstract Background Exertional heatstroke is an extremely rare cause of fulminant hepatic failure. Maximal supportive care has failed to provide adequate survival in earlier studies. This is particularly true in cases accompanied by multiorgan failure. Methods and Materials Our prospectively collected transplant database was retrospectively reviewed to identify patients undergoing liver transplantation for heatstroke between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2016. We report 3 consecutive cases of male patients with fulminant hepatic failure from exertional heatstroke. Results All patients developed multiorgan failure and required intubation, vasopressor support, and renal replacement therapy. All patients were listed urgently for liver transplantation and were supported with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system while awaiting transplantation. All patients underwent liver transplantation alone and are alive and well, with recovered renal function, normal liver allograft function, and no chronic sequelae of their multiorgan failure at more than one year. Conclusion Extreme heatstroke leading to whole-body organ dysfunction and fulminant liver failure is a complex entity that may benefit from therapy using the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System while waiting for liver transplantation as a component of a multidisciplinary, multiorgan system approach.
Predicting thermal sensitivity of three Amazon fishes exposed to climate change scenarios

Abstract Increased temperature and CO2 levels are predicts for the next decades. Tropical species are expected to be especially vulnerable to these alterations once many of them appear to have a narrower thermal tolerance range compared to subtropical and temperate species; and live closer to their thermal limits. Herein, we experimentally investigated the effects of climate change scenario on metabolic and oxidative stress in three ornamental fishes of Amazon forest streams. Apistogramma agassizii, Pyrhullina brevis and Hyphessobrychon melazonatus were exposed to current and extreme climate scenarios (4.5 °C and 900 ppm CO2 above current levels) and had respiratory profile, antioxidant enzymes and neurotransmitter responses evaluated. The integrated biomarkers response index (IBR) was calculated to examine specie’s acclimation abilities. After 30 days of exposure, we observed distinct physiological mechanisms to cope with climate change. Overall, Amazonian fish species are susceptible to climate change since they showed increase in metabolic rate and oxidative stress. Yet, sedentary ones A. agassizii and P. brevis, appeared to be less impacted by climate change than H. melazonatus, once they presented high survival rates, thermal tolerance and low IBR values. In contrast, H. melazonatus, an athletic species, low survival rates, lipid peroxidation, lower thermal tolerance and high IBR. This study provides evidence that future climate changes will affect energy supply and promote species-specific damages in metabolic pathways, with consequent physiological impairments, which may have detrimental effects at population and ecosystem levels.
Investigative Ethnography: A Spatial Approach to Economies of Violence*

Based on research in Colombia, this article argues that violent economic situations in specific spaces can be productively studied through a hybrid style of research that combines techniques of inv...
18F-Fluciclovine Parameters on Targeted Prostate Biopsy Associated with True Positivity in Recurrent Prostate Cancer

We evaluated 18F-fluciclovine uptake parameters that correlate with true positivity for local recurrence in non-prostatectomy-treated patients. Methods: Twenty-one patients (prostate-specific antigen level, 7.4 ± 6.8 ng/mL) with biochemical recurrence after nonprostatectomy local therapy (radiotherapy and cryotherapy) underwent dual-time-point 18F-fluciclovine (364.1 ± 37.7 MBq) PET/CT from pelvis to diaphragm. Prostatic uptake over background was delineated and coregistered to a prostate-biopsy-planning ultrasound. Transrectal biopsies of 18F-fluciclovine-defined targets were completed using a 3-dimensional visualization and navigation platform. Histologic analyses of lesions were completed. Lesion characteristics including SUVmax, target-to-background ratio (TBR), uptake pattern, and subjective reader's suspicion level were compared between true-positive (malignant) and false-positive (benign) lesions. Univariate analysis was used to determine the association between PET and histologic findings. Receiver-operating-characteristic curves were plotted to determine discriminatory cutoffs for TBR. Statistical significance was set at a P value of less than 0.05. Results: Fifty lesions were identified in 21 patients on PET. Seventeen of 50 (34.0%) targeted lesions in 10 of 21 patients were positive for malignancy. True-positive lesions had a significantly higher SUVmax (6.62 ± 1.70 vs. 4.92 ± 1.27), marrow TBR (2.57 ± 0.81 vs. 1.69 ± 0.51), and blood-pool TBR (4.10 ± 1.17 vs. 2.99 ± 1.01) than false-positive lesions at the early time point (P < 0.01) and remained significant at the delayed time point, except for blood-pool TBR. Focal uptake (odds ratio, 12.07; 95% confidence interval, 2.98-48.80; P < 0.01) and subjective highest suspicion level (odds ratio, 10.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-99.69; P = 0.03) correlated with true positivity. Using the receiver-operating-characteristic curve, optimal cutoffs for marrow TBR were 1.9 (area under the curve, 0.82) and 1.8 (area under the curve, 0.85) at early and delayed imaging, respectively. With these cutoffs, 15 of 17 malignant lesions were identified at both time points; however, fewer false-positive lesions were detected at the delayed time point (5/33) than at the early time point (11/33). Conclusion: True positivity of 18F-fluciclovine-targeted prostate biopsy in non-prostatectomy-treated patients correlates with focal uptake, TBR (blood pool and marrow), and subjective highest suspicion level. A marrow TBR of 1.9 at the early time point and 1.8 at the delayed time point had optimal discriminating capabilities. Despite the relatively low intraprostate positive predictive value (34.0%) with 18F-fluciclovine, application of these parameters to interpretative criteria may improve true positivity in the treated prostate.
Design of a Variable-Flux Permanent Magnet Machine using Alnico 9 and Comparison with a Baseline Interior Permanent Magnet Machine

This paper provides details of the design and analysis of a variable-flux (VF) permanent magnet machine using Alnico 9 magnets for electrified vehicle applications. Temperature-dependent demagnetization and repeating demagnetization of Alnico 9 magnets are experimentally tested. Torque density of the VF machine is optimized using finite element (FE) method. The mechanical capability of the VF machine is verified with Multiphysics Simulations. It is found that, in some operating areas, the designed VF machine has a slightly better efficiency and power factor compared with a baseline interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine. The torque-speed capability and the power density of the VF machine still cannot compete with those of the baseline IPM machine. This work addresses the challenges of designing a high torque density VF machine with rare-earth-free magnets and explore the potential of applying VF machine in electrical vehicle applications.1
Exploiting Lithography Limits for Hardware Security Applications

Hardware security primitives such as physical obfuscated keys (POKs) allow tamper-resistant storage of random keys based on manufacturing or physical variability. The output bits of existing POK designs need to be first corrected due to measurement noise using error correction methods and then de-correlated by privacy amplification processes. These additional requirements increase the hardware overhead and reduce the efficiency of the system. In this work, we propose an intrinsically reliable POK design capable of generating random bits by exploiting the limits of the lithographic process for a given technology. Our design does not require any error correction and requires only XOR circuits for privacy amplification which reduces the hardware overhead of the whole system.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) formerly known as pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma is currently regarded by the World Health Organization as a clonal neoplastic proliferation of histiocytes. However, adult variants may represent reactive processes, usually associated with cigarette smoking. Most patients with LCH are either current or former smokers. Radiographically, LCH shows a predilection for the mid to upper lung zones, presenting on high-resolution CT of the chest as nodular lesions, with or without cystic change. Rarely, regional lymph nodes may be affected by the diseases process. The histopathological hallmark of the disease are star-shaped fibrotic lesions containing Langerhans histiocytes. These cells are cells with abundant pale cytoplasm and a distinctively folded or grooved nuclei. Typically, these cells will stain positively with CD1a and the S-100 protein.
Local Antibiotic Treatment for Open Fracture

Local antibiotics can be useful in the treatment of open fractures, including those with bone loss. In conjunction with thorough debridement and systemic antibiotics, local antibiotics can decrease bacterial contamination in the wound bed. Antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers can elute antibiotics to the local soft tissues over a more prolonged period of time and help induce an environment suitable for subsequent bone grafting.
Gastrointestinal Sequelae 3 and 6 Months After Hospitalization for Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are highly prevalent in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ranging from 17.6 % to 53 %.1-4 The proposed mechanism for GI symptoms involves SARS-CoV-2 virus binding to the host cell's angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor, commonly found in GI tract epithelial cells.5.
Coordinating the commons: diversity & dynamics in open collaborations

The success of Wikipedia demonstrates that open collaboration can be an effective model for organizing geographically-distributed volunteers to perform complex, sustained work at a massive scale. However, Wikipedia's history also demonstrates some of the challenges that large, long-term open collaborations face: the core community of Wikipedia editors--the volunteers who contribute most of the encyclopedia's content and ensure that articles are correct and consistent--has been gradually shrinking since 2007, in part because Wikipedia's social climate has become increasingly inhospitable for newcomers, female editors, and editors from other underrepresented demographics. Previous research studies of change over time within other work contexts, such as corporations, suggests that incremental processes such as bureaucratic formalization can make organizations more rule-bound and less adaptable--in effect, less open--as they grow and age. There has been little research on how open collaborations like Wikipedia change over time, and on the impact of those changes on the social dynamics of the collaborating community and the way community members prioritize and perform work. Learning from Wikipedia's successes and failures can help researchers and designers understand how to support open collaborations in other domains--such as Free/Libre Open Source Software, Citizen Science, and Citizen Journalism. In this dissertation, I examine the role of openness, and the potential antecedents and consequences of formalization, within Wikipedia through an analysis of three distinct but interrelated social structures: community-created rules within the Wikipedia policy environment, coordination work and group dynamics within self-organized open teams called WikiProjects, and the socialization mechanisms that Wikipedia editors use to teach new community members how to participate. To inquire further, I have designed a new editor peer support space, the Wikipedia Teahouse, based on the findings from my empirical studies. The Teahouse is a volunteer-driven project that provides a welcoming and engaging environment in which new editors can learn how to be productive members of the Wikipedia community, with the goal of increasing the number and diversity of newcomers who go on to make substantial contributions to Wikipedia.
Degeneracy Loci and Grassmannians

Let σ: E → F be a homomorphism of vector bundles of ranks e and f on a variety X, and let k min (e,f). The degeneracy locus $$ {D_k}\left(\sigma \right) = \left\{{x \in X\left| {rank} \right.\left({\sigma \left(x \right)} \right) \leqq k} \right\} $$ has codimension at most (e - k) (f - k) in X, if it is not empty. We construct a class $$ {\mathbb{D}_k}\left(\sigma \right) \in {A_m}\left({{D_k}\left(\sigma \right)} \right) $$ m = dim (X) - (e - k) (f - k), whose image in A m (X) is given by the Thom-Porteous formula: $$ {\mathbb{D}_k}\left(\sigma \right) = \Delta _{f - k}^{\left({e - k} \right)}\left({c\left({F - K} \right)} \right) \cap \left[X \right] $$ Here Δ q (p) (c) denotes the determinant of the p by p matrix \( {\left({{c_{q + j - i}}} \right)_{1 \leqq i,j \leqq p}} \) If dim (D k (σ) = m, and X is non-singular, or, more generally, if a suitable depth condition is satisfied, then \( {\mathbb{D}_k}\left(\sigma \right) \) is the m-cycle determined by the natural scheme structure on \( {\mathbb{D}_k}\left(\sigma \right) \)In general the formation of \( {\mathbb{D}_k}\left(\sigma \right) \)commutes with other intersection operations. These properties determine \( {\mathbb{D}_k}\left(\sigma \right) \)in case dim \( \left({{D_k}\left(\sigma \right)} \right) > m \).
Distributed System Design

From the Publisher: This reference outlines the main motivations for building a distributed system, including inherently distributed applications, performance / cost, resource sharing, flexibility and extendibility, availability and fault tolerance, and scalability. Presenting basic concepts, problems, and possible solutions, Distributed System Design serves graduate students in distributed system design as well as computer professionals analyzing and designing distributed / open / parallel systems.
Putative calcium-binding domains of the Caenorhabditis elegans BK channel are dispensable for intoxication and ethanol activation

Alcohol modulates the highly conserved, voltage- and calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel, which contributes to alcohol-mediated behaviors in species from worms to humans. Previous studies have shown that the calcium-sensitive domains, RCK1 and the Ca(2+) bowl, are required for ethanol activation of the mammalian BK channel in vitro. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, ethanol activates the BK channel in vivo, and deletion of the worm BK channel, SLO-1, confers strong resistance to intoxication. To determine if the conserved RCK1 and calcium bowl domains were also critical for intoxication and basal BK channel-dependent behaviors in C. elegans, we generated transgenic worms that express mutated SLO-1 channels predicted to have the RCK1, Ca(2+) bowl or both domains rendered insensitive to calcium. As expected, mutating these domains inhibited basal function of SLO-1 in vivo as neck and body curvature of these mutants mimicked that of the BK null mutant. Unexpectedly, however, mutating these domains singly or together in SLO-1 had no effect on intoxication in C. elegans. Consistent with these behavioral results, we found that ethanol activated the SLO-1 channel in vitro with or without these domains. By contrast, in agreement with previous in vitro findings, C. elegans harboring a human BK channel with mutated calcium-sensing domains displayed resistance to intoxication. Thus, for the worm SLO-1 channel, the putative calcium-sensitive domains are critical for basal in vivo function but unnecessary for in vivo ethanol action.
Continuous learning: a competitive advantage for the tourism industry.

As rapid increases in technology continue to transform the tourism industry, a number of organizations have strategically implemented self-service processes to serve their customers and employees. This study focuses on the impact of self-directed learning within tourism organizations and to identify opportunities where self-directed learning may help to enhance service delivery. With self-service technology providing new opportunities and challenges throughout the tourism industry, an examination of the relationships that may exist will help to ensure that organizations within the tourism industry have the human resource capacity to engage in self-directed activities. Measuring the self-directed learning readiness of employees may strengthen the ability of a tourism organization to adapt to change, bridge learning gaps, and provide an understanding of variables that promote self-directed learning capabilities and those that act as a barrier to self-directed learning. As human resource departments look for advantages in all segments of their organizations, self-directed learning processes should be considered to promote continuous learning opportunities for employees in the tourism industry.
The Single Source Two Terminal Network with Network Coding

We consider a communication network with a single source that has a set of messages and two terminals where each terminal is interested in an arbitrary subset of messages at the source. A tight capacity region for this problem is demonstrated. We show by a simple graph-theoretic procedure that any such problem can be solved by performing network coding on the subset of messages that are requested by both the terminals and that routing is sufficient for transferring the remaining messages.
10 Shifting Territorialities under the Inka Empire: The Case of the Rapayán Valley in the Central Andean Highlands

I examine the changing patterns of territoriality generated by the Inkas upon their conquest of a middle-range society of the Rapayan Valley in the Upper Maranon drainage of the northern central Andes of Peru. The territorial-hegemonic model as well as Robert Sack's conception of territoriality—considered a strategy of social control through space—are used to discuss architectural and settlement pattern changes characterizing the transition between the Late Intermediate Period (C.E. 1000–1450) and the Late Horizon (Inka; C.E. 1450–1532). I argue that before the Inka conquest, territoriality was achieved through ceremonies honoring the Rapayan Valley's founding ancestors held at the location of highly visible above-ground mortuary monuments distributed across the Rapayan landscape. Upon their conquest of the Rapayan Valley, the Inkas attempted to redefine local territorial practices and categories through various means and used simultaneously direct and indirect strategies of governance. [territoriality, Inka, Andes, Rapayan, Upper Maranon]
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the lower genital tract: Correlation of mother's recall of diethylstilbestrol history with obstetrical records

The written obstetric records of maternal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) were used as a criterion standard and compared with the DES exposure history recalled by mothers of women with vaginal, cervical, or indeterminable vaginal/exocervical clear cell adenocarcinoma. Among cervical cases, the sensitivity of maternal recall was 50% (N = 2), and its specificity was 100%. Among vaginal and vaginal/exocervical cases, this sensitivity was 72%; specificity was 60%; and the majority of these mothers who said they did not take DES were DES positive by written records. Thus investigators should avoid using maternal recall alone to measure DES exposure. Among subjects for whom written maternal obstetric records were available, 88% of vaginal cases and 46% of cervical cases were DES positive. the authors conclude that few cases of vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma should occur in young women as the cohort of women exposed in utero to DES continues to age, whereas cases of cervical origin may continue to occur.
An abstract averaging theorem

For each t ⩾ 0, let A(t) generate a contraction semigroup on a Banach space L. Suppose the solution of ut = ϵA(t)u is given by an evolution operator Vϵ(t, s). Conditions are given under which Vϵ((t+s)ϵ, sϵ) converges strongly as ϵ → 0 to a semigroup T(t) generated by the closure of Af ≡ limT→∞(1T) ∝0TA(t)f dt. This result is applied to the following situation: Let B generate a contraction group S(t) and the closure of ϵA + B generate a contraction semigroup Sϵ(t). Conditions are given under which S(−tϵ) Sϵ(tϵ) converges strongly to a semigroup generated by the closure of Af ≡ limT→∞(1T) ∝ S(−t) AS(t)f dt. This work was motivated by and generalizes a result of Pinsky and Ellis for the linearized Boltzmann Equation.
Systemic and spinal administration of the mu opioid, remifentanil, produces antinociception in amphibians.

Remifentanil is a relatively new opioid analgesic related to the fentanyl family of mu opioid receptor agonists and is used clinically for its unique property of having an ultra-short duration of action. However, there is little preclinical data on the analgesic (antinociceptive) effects of remifentanil and none obtained in non-mammalian animal models. The antinociceptive effects of remifentanil were assessed by using the acetic acid test in amphibians. Systemic and spinal administration of remifentanil was made by subcutaneous and intraspinal injections in the Northern grass frog, Rana pipiens. After administration, remifentanil produced dose-dependent and long-lasting antinociceptive effects which persisted for five hours after systemic administration but gave a shorter duration of action after spinal delivery. The antinociceptive effects of remifentanil were significantly blocked by pretreatment with systemic naltrexone. Systemic and spinal administration of remifentanil produced log dose–response curves which yielded ED50 values of 7.1 nmol/g and 3.2 nmol/animal respectively. The relative antinociceptive potency of remifentanil compared to other opioids administered to amphibians is similar to that found in mammalian models.
Warfarin with fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, or azole antifungals: interactions and the risk of hospitalization for gastrointestinal bleeding.

Objective To determine whether a potential pharmacokinetic interaction between warfarin and orally administered anti-infectives increases the risk of hospitalization for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in warfarin users.
Laparoscopic treatment of liver cysts

Symptomatic simple liver cysts should be treated. In this report we describe the results of a straightforward, well-tolerated laparoscopic operation for this condition. Between 1990 and 1996 we performed 19 laparoscopic liver cyst excisions. The exposed portion of the cyst wall was excised and a piece of omentum was secured into the remaining cyst cavity to prevent recurrence. The average age of the patients was 65 years (range 30 to 81 years). Eight patients (42%) had single simple cysts, nine patients (47%) had multiple simple cysts, and two patients (11%) had polycystic liver disease. Fifty-three percent of the patients had previous abdominal operations, 47% had undergone previous needle aspirations, and one had previously undergone unsuccessful laparoscopic cyst decompression elsewhere. The indications for surgery included abdominal pain, mass, early satiety, malaise, bloating, and shortness of breath. Two patients underwent concurrent cholecystectomies, and one patient underwent concurrent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Follow-up, which averaged 32 months (range 3 to 68 months), is complete in all patients. There was one treatment failure among the patients with simple cysts. Both patients with polycystic liver disease have had recurrent symptoms. The laparoscopic approach to simple liver cysts is relatively straightforward, and if certain technical principles are adhered to, the success rate is very high.
Residue cluster additivity of thermodynamic stability in the hydrophobic core of mesophile vs. hyperthermophile rubredoxins

The branched sidechain residues 24 and 33 in the hydrophobic core of rubredoxin differ between the Clostridium pasteurianum (Cp) and Pyrococcus furiosus (Pf) sequences. Their X-ray structures indicate that these two sidechains are in van der Waals contact with each other, while neither appears to significantly interact with the other nonconserved residues. The simultaneous interchange of residues 24 and 33 between the Cp and Pf rubredoxin sequences yield a complementary pair of hybrid proteins for which the sum of their thermodynamic stabilities equals that of the parental rubredoxins. The 1.2 kcal/mol change arising from this two residues interchange accounts for 21% of the differential thermodynamic stability between the mesophile and hyperthermophile proteins. The additional interchange of the sole nonconserved aromatic residue in the hydrophobic core yields a 0.78 kcal/mol deviation from thermodynamic additivity.
Heterogeneity of the two tryptophanyl residues in the lac repressor of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The wild-type lac repressor of Escherichia coli is a tetrameric protein which contains two tryptophanyl residues per subunit at positions 190 and 209. Solute perturbation studies of the tryptophan fluorescence of the repressor were performed using a polar but uncharged quencher, acrylamide, to prevent possible bias caused by ionic quenchers. The results indicate that the two tryptophan residues have different accessibilities to the quencher. In addition, contrary to a previous report, the accessibility of these tryptophan residues is not altered by isopropyl-β- d -thiogalactoside (IPTG) binding to the repressor. Similar studies with mutant lac repressor containing only a single tryptophan either at positions 190 or 209 suggest that tryptophan 209 is located in a region which is perturbed by inducer binding. That the two tryptophanyl residues have heterogeneous environments was further confirmed by nanosecond fluorescence spectroscopy which showed the wild-type lac repressor exhibiting two excited-state lifetimes, τ 1 = 5.3 ns and τ 2 = 10 ns. In the presence of 10 −3 m IPTG, only a single lifetime of 6 ns was observed for the wild-type repressor suggesting that the inducer perturbs the tryptophan residue with the longer lifetime but not the one with the shorter lifetime. This is in accord with the observation that the mutant repressor containing only tryptophan 190 (the Tyr-209 repressor) has a single lifetime of 4.5 ns which is not altered by IPTG binding. The surprising finding that the mutant repressor which contains only tryptophan 209 (the Tyr-190 repressor) shows two excited-state lifetimes has been interpreted to indicate that the repressor either does not exhibit fourfold symmetry in its subunit arrangement or is present in two different conformational states.
Estimating the time-varying NAIRU for Germany and policy implications

This article extends Ball and Mankiw (2002) and applies the Hodrick–Prescott filter (1997) to estimate the time-varying NAIRU for Germany. The slope estimate of the Phillips curve is insignificant when the widely used lagged inflation rate π t −1 is selected as a proxy for the expected inflation rate. The average inflation rate in past 4 years is a better proxy for the expected inflation rate. Estimated NAIRUs with λ = 1000 show a steady rising trend. The estimated NAIRU of 9.84% with λ = 1000 in 2005 is slightly higher than the actual unemployment rate of 9.70% in 2005, suggesting that monetary easing or large deficit spending may cause the inflation rate to accelerate.
The Reflection of Shock Waves from a Blunt Wedge

The pseudostationary field resulting from the head-on reflection of a shock wave at a corner of angle ($\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}$), where $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is small, has been investigated with the shock tube and interferometer. The wave configuration and the pressure along the wall are compared with the theory developed by Lighthill. The results are in qualitative agreement and indicate that the theory is correct for vanishingly small $\ensuremath{\delta}$. The density field is also given.
Factors affecting the yield of oxidants from the reaction of nanoparticulate zero-valent iron and oxygen.

The corrosion of zero-valent iron (Fe0(s)) by oxygen (O2) can lead to the oxidation of organic compounds. To gain insight into the reaction mechanism and to assess the nature of the oxidant, the oxidation of methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, and benzoic acid by the reaction of nanoparticulate zero-valent iron (nZVI) or ferrous iron (Fe[II]) with O2 in the absence of ligands was studied. At pH values below 5, Fe0(s) nanoparticles were oxidized by O2 within 30 min with a stoichiometry of approximately two Fe0(s) oxidized per O2 consumed. The yield of methanol and ethanol oxidation products increased from 1% at acidic pH to 6% at pH 7, relative to nZVI added. Product yields from 2-propanol and benzoic acid were highest under acidic conditions, with little oxidation observed at neutral pH. At pH values below 5, product formation was attributable to hydroxyl radical (OH·) production through the Fenton reaction, involving hydrogen peroxide and Fe(II) produced during nZVI oxidation. At higher pH values, the oxidati...
Fire in Orbit: Equipping the Commercial Spaceflight Industry for Fighting Fire in Micro-Gravity

For several years, Orbital Technologies (ORBITEC) has had keen interest in the development of a portable fire suppression system intended for use in commercial spaceflight applications. With the aid of recent developments in fine water mist (FWM) atomization technologies, and partnerships with the University of Wisconsin – Platteville, work is commencing to develop a portable fire extinguisher (PFE). The extinguisher will be capable of operation in both gravity and microgravity environments regardless of orientation, and eliminate the use of toxic carbon dioxide as a fluid suppressant. The extinguisher will take advantage of the unique physics of microgravity to better suppress fires compared to previously used equipment. The following report outlines baseline research into the historical precedence of spacecraft fires, and common modes of fire ignition in microgravity. From this information we investigate design considerations necessary for the construction of a prototype PFE, as well as the market value of such a device.
Cost Efficacy of Duplex Surveillance and Prophylactic Angioplasty of Arteriovenous ePTFE Grafts

Poor patency of arteriovenous ePTFE grafts remains a major clinical problem. Prophylactic balloon angioplasty of stenoses has been claimed to prolong graft patency and has been widely introduced into practice. In this manuscript we report the cost incurred in application of such a program involving graft surveillance and prophylactic angioplasty of ePTFE graft stenoses >50% diameter. All patients in a single dialysis unit with ePTFE bridge grafts were subject to a surveillance duplex ultrasound and those with a perigraft stenosis of >50% then underwent angiography. Those patients confirmed to have a stenosis >50% within the graft, were randomized to prophylactic percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) versus no intervention (observation). Patients were followed every 3 months with ultrasound and those in the treatment group with recurrent stenosis (>50%) were subject to repeat PTA. The outcome was thrombosis. Relevant charges were considered to be: initial duplex screening of the entire ePTFE dialysis group; professional and technical fees for angiography and angioplasty; follow-up duplex scanning; repeat angioplasty; and costs of lytic therapy for an intraprocedure lysis. In the treatment and observation group the 6-month patencies were 69% ± 7% and 70% ± 7%, respectively. Twelve-month patencies for the treatment and observation groups were 51% ± 6% and 47% ± 4%. There was no significant difference between these two groups (p = 0.97), with an 80% confidence limit for detection of a difference >20%. Cost for duplex screening of all patients in the dialysis unit with ePTFE grafts was $40,440 (@ $337 each × 120 patients). Total charges for initial angiography was $178. Angioplasty charges were $143,040. Cost of the follow-up duplex ultrasound scanning in the treated group was $32,352. Charges for repeat angiograms in those with recurrent stenoses were $83,682 (professional fee $1733 + $229; technical fee + $820; equipment charges × 32 × 0.94). One patient required urokinase therapy for an occlusion following PTA. The overall charge for treating the 32 patients in the treatment arm of this study was $440,834, there was net improvement in patency. A policy of generic graft surveillance and prophylactic is expensive and does not lead to improved patency. Until an effective intervention is defined by prospective randomized trial, surveillance duplex scanning cannot be justified.
Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and decabromodiphenyl oxide/Sb2O3 in improving the flame retardancy of polystyrene

Brominated flame retardant polystyrene composites were prepared by melt blending polystyrene, decabromodiphenyl oxide, antimony oxide, multi-wall carbon nanotubes and montmorillonite clay. Synergy between carbon nanotubes and clay and the brominated fire retardant was studied by thermogravimetric analysis, microscale combustion calorimetry and cone calorimetry. Nanotubes are more efficient than clay in improving the flame retardancy of the materials and promoting carbonization in the polystyrene matrix. Comparison of the results from the microscale combustion calorimeter and the cone calorimeter indicate that the rate of change of the peak heat release rate reduction in the microscale combustion calorimeter was slower than that in the cone. Both heat release capacity and reduction in the peak heat release rate in the microscale combustion calorimeter are important for screening the flame retardant materials; they show good correlations with the cone parameters, peak heat release rate and total heat released.
T-cell-depleted maternal bone marrow transplantation for siblings with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency.

Prenatal diagnosis of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency in a malefetus made possible elective neonatal bone marrow transplantation before onset of symptoms. Bone marrow transplantation was performed by using T-cell-depleted maternal marrow that had been cryopreserved 2 years earlier, at the time that his older affected brother underwent transplantation. The second patient had less morbidity and more rapid reconstitution of his immune function.
Social media adoption at the American grass roots: Web 2.0 or 1.5?

Abstract In this paper, we examine data from a 2011 survey of grassroots (or local) governments in the United States with respect to their adoption of social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, blogs, and Flickr) especially to ascertain the drivers of local government social media adoption and whether the drivers are similar to or different from the drivers of e-government adoption. We also address whether the adoption of social media portends a move by local governments from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0. The findings of this research show that the principal drivers of local government adoption of e-information and services are highly consistent with those of previous research: size of government, type and form of government, region of the country, education, years of e-government experience, and the existence of a separate IT department are all related to adoption. The drivers of adoption of e-transactions are consistent, but somewhat less so, with prior research. And, the drivers of adoption of social media are closer to those of e-information and services than of e-transactions. Based on evidence from the survey (local governments use social media mainly for one-way communication) and prior studies of IT and government and e-government, we conclude that social media today do not appear to be moving local governments in the direction of Web 2.0, but perhaps in the direction of Web 1.5.
Thermal convection in a vertical circular cylinder

A theoretical investigation is made of the onset of buoyancy-driven convection in a circular cylinder. Amplitude equations are derived for the weakly nonlinear evolution of critical disturbances at moderate values of the radius-to-height ratio. It is shown that the initial form of the convective motion a t Rayleigh numbers slightly above critical is not axisymmetric. Particular attention is paid to the neighbourhoods of points where two disturbances are simultaneously critical according to linear theory; the nonlinear evolution in such neighbourhoods is studied in detail.
Gene transfer to coronary artery bypass conduits.

Abstract Background . Gene therapy is a rational approach to prevention of stenosis in saphenous vein grafts used as conduits for coronary artery bypass grafting. To explore this possibility we developed methods for adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to canine saphenous veins. Methods . During a single procedure, autogenous canine saphenous vein segments were transduced ex vivo and used as coronary artery bypass grafts. The proximal end of each vein was ligated, adenovirus containing the Escherichia coli β-galactosidase gene (Ad.CMVLacZ) was delivered at titers of 2.5 × 10 9 or 5 × 10 9 plaque-forming units (pfu)/mL to the lumen through a distal heparin lock, and the segment was immersed in the viral solution for 1 hour at 37°C. Control segments were exposed to diluent alone in an identical manner. Aortocoronary anastomoses were made using cardiopulmonary bypass. Transgene expression was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively after 3 days. Results . β-Galactosidase levels showed a dose-dependent increase: 0.00 ± 0.00 ng/mg total protein for controls; 5.60 ± 2.27 ng/mg total protein for a viral titer of 2.5 × 10 9 pfu/mL and 11.97 ± 6.14 ng/mg for 5 × 10 9 pfu/mL. The two dosage groups differed significantly from each other ( p = 0.035) and from controls ( p = 0.003). X-gal staining demonstrated mostly endothelial and scattered adventitial transgene expression. Conclusions . Transgene expression after ex vivo gene transfer into saphenous vein grafts in a canine coronary artery bypass model indicates that this method may be useful for delivery of therapeutic genes to prevent or retard vein graft arteriosclerosis.
Integrated Models of River Basin Planning, Development, and Management

ABSTRACT River basins are inherently complex systems comprising many interdependent components. Development activities undertaken without full consideration of the regional, social, environmental, and economic implications can and have had adverse repercussions. Management practices that respond to a single water use, a single population segment, or a single sector have caused inadvertent disruption to other uses, populations, and sectors. This review promotes a systems approach for developing and managing river basins. By including all critical components into a river basin plan, development and management objectives will be better met. To this end, we review integrated economic river basin models covering a wide range of issues, including water quantity and quality, environmental considerations, and conflicts at the sectoral, regional, and international levels. This synopsis characterizes the essential components of economic river basin modeling, provides guidelines for model specifications, and illustr...
Knee pain and swelling: An atypical presentation of metastatic colon cancer to the patella

Knee pain is a common reason for a patient to seek medical evaluation. Of the many causes of knee pain, malignancy is one of the least common. When malignancy is the etiology of the pain, it is usually due to a primary tumor of the osseous structures or soft tissues of the knee joint. Metastatic disease involving the knee joint is uncommon, with few cases reported in the literature. Of these reported cases, metastatic colon cancer is exceedingly rare. However, in a patient with new onset knee pain and the proper clinical history, metastatic disease should be considered as a potential explanation of symptoms. We report a case of knee pain and swelling due to metastatic colon cancer to the patella.
The Intensive Drying of Liquids

THE well-known work of Prof. H. B. Baker on the properties of liquids and solids which have stood for long periods of time in closed vessels with phosphorus pentoxide is of the greatest importance to chemists. Since the publication of Prof. Baker's 1922 paper, in which he reported a remarkable change in some of the physical properties of ten liquids which had been dried for from eight and one-half to twenty-eight years with phosphorus pentoxide, the problem of the influence of traces of water on pure chemical substances has been of controversial interest. Several authors have described experiments which are interpreted as confirming Prof. Baker's work (Smits, J. Chem. Soc., 125, 1068; 1924: Mali, Z. anorg. Chem., 149, 150; 1925: J. W. Smith, J. Chem. Soc., 867; 1928), while I have not been able to check this work (Lenher and Daniels, Proc. Nat. Acad., 14, 606; 1928) with benzene and carbon tetrachloride which had been dried for from four to four and one-half years (1923–1928). The difficulties of repeating Prof. Baker's experiments are very great, because experiments carried out in a drying time less than that taken by him, which do not effect a change in the dried liquids, can always be met with the practically unanswerable criticism that intensive drying had not been obtained.
HyperSource: bridging the gap between source and code-related web sites

Programmers frequently use the Web while writing code: they search for libraries, code examples, tutorials, and documentation. This link between code and visited Web pages remains implicit today. Connecting source code and browsing histories might help programmers maintain con-text, reduce the cost of Web page re-retrieval, and enhance understanding when code is shared. This note introduces HyperSource, an IDE augmentation that associates browsing histories with source code edits. HyperSource comprises a browser extension that logs visited pages; an IDE that tracks user activity and maps pages to code edits; a source document model that tracks visited pages at a character level; and a user interface that enables interaction with these histories. We discuss relevance heuristics and privacy issues inherent in this approach. Informal log analyses and user feedback suggest that our annotation model is promising for code editing and might also apply to other document authoring tasks after refinement.
An efficient formulation of hexahedral elements with high accuracy for bending and incompressibility

Abstract The Hu-Washizu variational principle is used to formulate hexahedral elements so that these elements exhibit high coarse-mesh accuracy for problems involving bending of compressible or incompressible materials. An orthogonalization procedure is used on the displacement-gradient, strain, and stress fields so that the resulting element stiffness does not require any matrix inversions. Results are given for several problems which demonstrate excellent performance for coarse and refined meshes.
Cell wall assembly by Pneumocystis carinii. Evidence for a unique gsc-1 subunit mediating beta -1,3-glucan deposition.

Pneumocystis carinii remains a persistent cause of severe pneumonia in immune compromised patients. Recent studies indicate that P. carinii is a fungal species possessing a glucan-rich cyst wall. Pneumocandin antagonists of β-1,3-glucan synthesis rapidly suppress infection in animal models ofP. carinii pneumonia. We, therefore, sought to define the molecular mechanisms of β-glucan cell wall assembly by P. carinii. Membrane extracts derived from freshly purified P. carinii incorporate uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose into insoluble carbohydrate, in a manner that was completely inhibited by the pneumocandin L733–560, an antagonist of Gsc-1-type β-glucan synthetases. Using degenerative polymerase chain reaction and library screening, the P. carinii Gsc-1 catalytic subunit of β-1,3-glucan synthetase was cloned and characterized. P. carinii gsc1 exhibited homology to phylogenetically related fungal β-1,3-glucan synthetases, encoding a predicted 214-kDa integral membrane protein with 12 transmembrane domain structure. Immunoprecipitation of P. carinii extracts, with a synthetic peptide anti-Gsc-1 antibody, specifically yielded a protein of 219.4 kDa, which was also capable of incorporating 5′-diphosphoglucose into insoluble glucan carbohydrate. As opposed to other fungi, the expression of gsc-1 mRNA is uniquely regulated over P. carinii's life cycle, having minimal expression in trophic forms, but substantial expression in the thick-walled cystic form of the organism. These results indicate thatP. carinii contains a unique catalytic subunit of β-1,3-glucan synthetase utilized in cyst wall formation. Because synthesis of β-1,3-glucan is absent in mammalian cells, inhibition of the P. carinii Gsc-1 represents an attractive molecular target for therapeutic exploitation.
When the oil supply runs out.

The article “The looming oil crisis could arrive uncomfortably soon” (R. A. Kerr, News of the Week, 20 Apr., p. [351][1]) is far too equivocal in its discussion of such a vital topic, noting first that the most likely scenario is a resource-constrained peak by 2020, then that political factors
The role of the low temperature buffer layer and layer thickness in the optimization of OMVPE growth of GaN on sapphire

In agreement with previous work,12 a thin, low temperature GaN buffer layer, that is used to initiate OMVPE growth of GaN growth on sapphire, is shown to play a critical role in determining the surface morphology of the main GaN epilayer. X-ray analysis shows that the mosaicity of the main GaN epilayer continues to improve even after several μm of epitaxy. This continuing improvement in crystal perfection correlates with an improvement in Hall mobility for thicker samples. So far, we have obtained a maximum mobility of 600 cm2/V-s in a 6 μm GaN epilayer. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis of the buffer layer and x-ray analysis of the main epilayer lead us to conclude that the both of these effects reflect the degree of coherence in the main GaN epitaxial layer. These results are consistent with the growth model presented by Hiramatsu et al., however, our AFM data indicates that for GaN buffer layers partial coherence can be achieved during the low temperature growth stage.