cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Range contraction enables harvesting to extinction

Economic incentives to harvest a species usually diminish as its abundance declines, because harvest costs increase. This prevents harvesting to extinction. A known exception can occur if consumer demand causes a declining species' harvest price to rise faster than costs. This threat may affect rare and valuable species, such as large land mammals, sturgeons, and bluefin tunas. We analyze a similar but underappreciated threat, which arises when the geographic area (range) occupied by a species contracts as its abundance declines. Range contractions maintain the local densities of declining populations, which facilitates harvesting to extinction by preventing abundance declines from causing harvest costs to rise. Factors causing such range contractions include schooling, herding, or flocking behaviors-which, ironically, can be predator-avoidance adaptations; patchy environments; habitat loss; and climate change. We use a simple model to identify combinations of range contractions and price increases capable of causing extinction from profitable overharvesting, and we compare these to an empirical review. We find that some aquatic species that school or forage in patchy environments experience sufficiently severe range contractions as they decline to allow profitable harvesting to extinction even with little or no price increase; and some high-value declining aquatic species experience severe price increases. For terrestrial species, the data needed to evaluate our theory are scarce, but available evidence suggests that extinction-enabling range contractions may be common among declining mammals and birds. Thus, factors causing range contraction as abundance declines may pose unexpectedly large extinction risks to harvested species.
SOME NOTES ON SQC

Publisher Summary The national development of any modern management technology including Statistical Quality Control (SQC) requires at least two major stages: (1) the acceptance of the concept that the technology can become appropriately applicable to the needs of the nation; and (2) the establishment of an organization to implement the idea. Such authorization was given by the Government of India and implemented through the personnel of the Indian Statistical Institute. The national development of SQC requires an approach on different fronts simultaneously such as management awareness must be developed, successful industrial programmes must be made available as exhibits, professional leaders must be developed, and a multitude of SQC practitioners given effective training and experience through a sequence of steps. It is an established fact that the practice of SQC in India has continued to improve and expand into new industries and more plants. These different fronts have been developed primarily through a unique group of young Indian SQC professionals assigned to SQC Units in eight major industrial centers of India. They have been developed gradually over the last 10 years and provide vital services in the scientific and industrial build-up of a mature, effective SQC structure in India.
Demographic characteristics of teenage boys with horizontal striae distensae of the lower back.

Background This study examines the clinical characteristics and demographics of teenage boys with horizontal striae distensae of the lower back in an outpatient setting. Methods Retrospective medical chart reviews and telephone survey studies were completed on an outpatient cohort of 12 boys 11 to 17 years of age with a clinical diagnosis of transverse striae distensae of the lower back at a single-center, university-based, pediatric dermatology practice. We evaluated the clinical features of the striae, participant demographic characteristics, and past medical history. A review of the literature concerning risk factors was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. Results Of the 14 patients we contacted, 12 agreed to participate. The average age of onset for the striae was 14.3 years. All boys were above the 50th percentile in height at the time of onset. Eight (66.7%) reported a significant growth spurt before the appearance of the stretch marks. Most were asymptomatic. None of the boys had a history of unmonitored exogenous steroid use or prior infection with Bartonella henselae or Borrelia burgdorferi. Only one (8.3%) had a chronic medical condition. Eleven (91.7%) had at least one first-degree relative with striae distensae. Conclusion Our results indicate that horizontal striae distensae of the lower back in adolescent boys is associated with a rapid growth spurt, tall stature, and family history of striae distensae. There is no association between this type of striae distensae and any chronic medical condition, bacterial infection, or exogenous steroid use. Thus a careful review of systems and counseling without further medical testing is reasonable management.
Colonoscopy outreach increased CRC screening more than FIT outreach; both were better than usual care.

Source Citation Singal AG, Gupta S, Skinner CS, et al. Effect of colonoscopy outreach vs fecal immunochemical test outreach on colorectal cancer screening completion: a randomized clinical trial. J...
Feature detection and security evaluation of mobile phone based on decision tree

Mobile phone unauthorized employment has been the most important reason of mobile security threat, but there is little method to protect mobile from stranger using. To solve this problem, we propose a mobile feature detection method based on decision tree, which can judge whether the user is legal by analyzing the user's feature and comparing with legal user's feature. It can prevent illegal user to make use of mobile and avoid theft happening. Experiments prove that the technique we propose in this article can successfully determine the users of mobile and avoid mobile unauthorized employment.
A Pecan-Rich Diet Improves Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Evidence from observational and intervention studies has shown a high intake of tree nuts is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), mortality from type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and all-cause mortality. However, there is limited data regarding their effects on indicators of cardiometabolic risk other than hypercholesterolemia, and little is known about the demonstrable health benefits of pecans (Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch). We conducted a randomized, controlled feeding trial to compare the effects of a pecan-rich diet with an isocaloric control diet similar in total fat and fiber content, but absent nuts, on biomarkers related to CVD and T2DM risk in healthy middle-aged and older adults who are overweight or obese with central adiposity. After 4 weeks on a pecan-rich diet, changes in serum insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta cell function (HOMA-β) were significantly greater than after the control diet (p < 0.05). Pecan consumption also lowered the risk of cardiometabolic disease as indicated by a composite score reflecting changes in clinically relevant markers. Thus, compared to the control diet, the pecan intervention had a concurrent and clinically significant effect on several relevant markers of cardiometabolic risk.
Structural Equation Modeling to Explore Patient to Staff Ratios as an Explanatory Factor for Variation in Dialysis Facility Outcomes

Objective Patient to staff ratios vary based on facility characteristics, and therefore have been proposed as an explanatory factor for the variation in dialysis facility outcomes. This analysis tested that hypothesis. Design and Methods Observational study using Dialysis Facility Report data. Reported staff numbers from the Annual Facility Survey were converted to full time equivalents (FTE). Subsequently, ratios were created for patients per FTE registered dietitian (RD), social worker, nurse, and patient care technician. Bivariate associations and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to explore relationships between these ratios and patient outcomes: standardized mortality ratio and standardized hospitalization rate, when also considering the impact of non-modifiable facility characteristics (region, chain, profit status). Our focus was on RD staffing; therefore we also included serum phosphorus and normalized protein catabolic ratio in the model, and also conducted a sub-analysis of the 198 facilities that exceeded the KDOQI maximum of 150 patients:FTE RD. Subjects Dialysis centers in the US with at least 30 adult patients and no pediatric patients. 4035 facilities had complete data for the proposed variables. Main Outcome Measure Standardized mortality ratio and standardized hospitalization rate were the primary outcomes. Results The mean and standard deviation for patients per FTE staff were 90.0 ± 34.0, 88.7 ± 32.8, 17.1 ± 20.5 and 11.9 ± 7.0 for RDs, social workers, nurses, and technicians, respectively. Facility characteristics impacted staffing in bivariate analyses and SEM. The only significant paths from staffing ratio to outcomes were for patient:FTE social worker to SMR (standardized beta=−0.09, 95% CI −0.13, −0.04) and Patients:FTE RD to SHR Days (standardized beta=0.04, 95% CI 0.001, 0.09). In the sub-analysis, there were no significant paths from staffing to outcomes. Conclusions This study did not provide evidence that patient per staff ratios explain variation in dialysis facility outcomes. While there are some important bivariate relationships, these disappear in more complex models. Future research should investigate the impacts of staffing ratios on individual patients, to overcome the possible ecological fallacy.
A Parallel Approach to 7-(Hetero)arylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-ones

A modular, two-pot assembly of 7-arylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidones from aryl/heteroaryl halides and aminopyrazoles in library format was developed. Sonogashira coupling of aryl bromides with triethyl orthopropiolate, followed by in situ orthoester hydrolysis, provides access to β-aryl ynoates, which undergo regioselective cyclocondensation with aminopyrazoles. The ability to vary the C7 vector of 7-arylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidones in two steps using readily available (hetero)aryl halides significantly enhances synthetic access to this challenging vector.
Assessment of end-of-treatment transition needs for pediatric cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients and their families.

Background/objectives The transition off active treatment is a time of significant stress for pediatric cancer patients and families. Providing information and support at this time is among the new psychosocial standards of care in pediatric oncology. This study sought to explore patient and family needs and concerns at the end of their active cancer treatment. Design/methods Forty-nine caregiver-child dyads completed semi-structured interviews and surveys 1-2 months before ending treatment, and again 3-7 months after treatment concluded. Results Patients and caregivers reported a moderate level of understanding of follow-up care needs, late effects, and perceived preparation. Altogether, child, adolescent, and young adult cancer patients and parents identified similar priorities for information needed during the transition off active treatment. The most essential pieces of information desired by patients and families across time points included reviews of late effects, schedules for follow-up care, health and physical restrictions, communication with the patient's primary care provider, and provision of a treatment summary. At Time 2, patients and families reported a greater retrospective desire for emotional health resources. Most patients and caregivers wanted information from a variety of sources, but the desired timing to receive this information varied and was dependent on disease group. Conclusions There are many essential components to end-of-treatment care that are not consistently provided to pediatric cancer patients and families. Formalized programs offering education and support should be provided by multidisciplinary teams prior to the end of active treatment.
Motor patterns and kinematics during backward walking in the pacific giant salamander: evidence for novel motor output.

Ashley-Ross, Miriam A. and George V. Lauder. Motor patterns and kinematics during backward walking in the Pacific Giant Salamander: evidence for novel motor output. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3047–3060, ...
Faults and Unconformities

This chapter characterizes the geometrical properties of faults, fault displacements, and unconformities. It begins with a discussion of how to recognize a fault on a geologic map, seismic line, electric log, caliper log, dip traverse or dipmeter, and from the rock type. This chapter gives the techniques for determining fault displacement, slip, separation, throw and heave. Throw and heave are the components shown on structure contour maps. The effect of stratigraphie growth across faults on the throw and heave calculation is given and growth is quantified with the expansion index. Unconformities are treated here because, by truncating map units at the map scale, they share characteristics with faults and need to be distinguished from faults.
Cybersecurity, the Public/Private 'Partnership,' and Public Goods

In cyberspace public and private actors often do not coordinate well together. The challenge for the Federal government is how to integrate its efforts with those of the private sector. To date the results have been less than stellar, at least in part because of private sector resistance to the concept. This paper explores the nature of public/private cooperation in cyberspace. It begins by examining two of the foundational issues relating to that cooperation – the efficacy and economics of cybersecurity. It then addresses the existing legal and policy architecture that is thought to govern public/private cooperation through information sharing. The paper turns to some observations regarding the government’s role in providing for a “common defense,” and then concludes with some thoughts on the government’s ability to regulate the cyber domain to control for externalities.
Review of Coca Yes; Cocaine No: How Bolivia’s Coca Growers Reinvented Democracy

Coca Yes; Cocaine No: How Bolivia’s Coca Growers Reinvented Democracy, by Thomas Grisaffi, Duke University Press, 2018
Prolactin and luteinizing hormone secretion after bromocryptine (CB-154) treatment in lactating sows and ovariectomized gilts.

The effects of bromocryptine (CB-154) on prolactin (PRL) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion were studied in lactating sows and ovariectomized (OVX) gilts. In Exp]. 1, the litters of four sows were standardized to four pigs each at 20 to 30 d of lactation and a cannula was placed nonsurgically into the jugular vein of each sow. Twenty-four hours later (0800 h) blood samples were taken and two sows each were injected subcutaneously with 120 mg CB-154 or vehicle. Blood samples were then taken every 30 min for the next 23.5 h. An additional six sows whose litters were standardized to six pigs each at 28 to 30 d of lactation comprised EXp. 2. In Exp. 3, five puberal gilts were OVX. Forty-eight hours after OVX a cannula was placed into the jugular vein. The day after cannulation blood samples were drawn every 30 min from 0800 to 2400 h. Immediately after the sampling at 1200 h, two gilts were injected subcutaneously with 120 mg CB-154 and three were injected subcutaneously with vehicle. Exp. 4 was a repetition of Exp. 3 except that six gilts were OVX 10 d before the experiment and three each were treated with CB-154 of vehicle. Serum PRL concentrations were consistently depressed after CB-154 treatment in both the lactating sows (Exp. 1, from 35 to 5 ng/ml, and Exp. 2, from 45 to 7 ng/ml) and the OVX gilts (Exp. 3, from 20 to 13 ng/ml, and ?Exp. 4, from 9 to 2 ng/ml), but changes in serum LH concentrations after CB-154 treatment were not consistent among the four experimental groups. Therefore, we conclude that CB-154 depressed PRL secretion in the lactating sows and OVX gilts. In addition, CB-154 depressed LH secretion in the lactating sows, but the data are inconclusive as to whether or not BC-154 influenced LH secretion in the OVX gilts.
Detection of Microbiota in Post Radiation Sinusitis

Objectives:A shift in the microbiota of chronic rhinosinusitis has been described after radiotherapy to the sinonasal cavity and skull base. There is a paucity of literature characterizing the bact...
Quantifying secondary transport at single-molecule resolution

Secondary active transporters, which are vital for a multitude of physiological processes, use the energy of electrochemical ion gradients to power substrate transport across cell membranes1,2. Efforts to investigate their mechanisms of action have been hampered by their slow transport rates and the inherent limitations of ensemble methods. Here we quantify the activity of individual MhsT transporters, which are representative of the neurotransmitter:sodium symporter family of secondary transporters3, by imaging the transport of individual substrate molecules across lipid bilayers at both single- and multi-turnover resolution. We show that MhsT is active only when physiologically oriented and that the rate-limiting step of the transport cycle varies with the nature of the transported substrate. These findings are consistent with an extracellular allosteric substrate-binding site that modulates the rate-limiting aspects of the transport mechanism4,5, including the rate at which the transporter returns to an outward-facing state after the transported substrate is released.
Alterations of asphaltenes chemical structure due to carbon dioxide injection

Abstract Asphaltenes precipitation during carbon dioxide injection to enhance recovery has been considered as one of the major challenges in the tertiary production phase. The effects of CO2 injection on asphaltenes chemical structure and stability in the matrix has not been fully understood yet. The present study aims to characterize asphaltenes structural alterations in the presence of CO2 at high temperature and pressure and then elaborates the mechanism in which these changes affect asphaltenes stability in the matrix. The chemical structure of four precipitated asphaltenes in the presence and absence of CO2 were characterized and compared. These results were coupled with the results of the stability assessment to determine the effects of structural alteration on asphaltenes stability in crude oil. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy results demonstrated the formation of amide functional group upon CO2 injection to the model oil. The precursor of such an observation is characterized to be the reaction of CO2 with amine functional group of the asphaltenes sample. Such a reaction led to the decrease of asphaltenes stability in the model oil sample. The results of the present study suggest that asphaltenes can be destabilized in the oil matrix through both chemical reactions and physical interactions. The presence of chemical functional groups that can react with CO2 in the reservoir conditions is the primary trigger to initiate asphaltenes destabilization. These findings can be used to further research asphaltenes disturbing mechanisms at the molecular level and scale them up to understand asphaltenes physical behaviors during CO2 injection.
On the Effects of Constitutive Properties and Roughness of a Hard Inclusion in Soft Tissue on B-mode Images:

We perform finite element modeling of pulse-echo ultrasound of a hard inclusion in a soft tissue to gain a better understanding of B-mode image brightness characteristics. We simulate a pressure wave emitted by an ultrasound transducer through the inclusion-tissue medium by prescribing suitable boundary conditions, and collect the scattered wave response to simulate the behavior of the transducer array used for pulse-echo ultrasound. We form B-mode images from simulated channel data using standard delay and sum beamforming. We establish the accuracy of the finite element model by comparing the point spread function with that obtained from Field II ultrasound simulation program. We also demonstrate qualitative validation by comparing the brightness characteristics of rough and smooth surfaced circular inclusions with experimental images of a cylindrical metal tool immersed in a water tank. We next conduct simulation studies to evaluate changes in B-mode image brightness intensity and contrast related to different constitutive properties, namely, compressibility of the inclusion, impedance contrast between the host and inclusion, and surface roughness of the inclusion. We find that the intensity observed behind a hard inclusion in the axial direction is strongly affected by the compressibility and roughness of the inclusion. Also, the perceived width of the stone based on the intensity is greater for rougher stones. Our study indicates that imaging of compressible inclusions may benefit from targeted B-mode image forming algorithms. Our modeling framework can potentially be useful in differentiating hard inclusions from surrounding parenchyma, and for classifying kidney stones or gallstones.
Do Reproductive Attitudes and Knowledge Explain Race-Ethnic-Nativity Differences in Unintended Fertility?

One oft-suggested explanation for higher unintended fertility among racialized minorities is that they have less accurate reproductive knowledge and hold different attitudes about having children under various circumstances relative to non-Hispanic Whites. However, testing this explanation is challenging because it is unclear how to identify and measure relevant elements of attitudes and knowledge. In this paper, we make two key contributions to address this challenge. First, we test whether different indicators of reproductive attitudes and knowledge explain race-ethnic-nativity differences in unintended fertility, using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We compare models using individual items and models using latent factors derived in prior research. Although both individual items and factors measuring attitudes and knowledge vary by race-ethnicity-nativity, few indicators significantly predict unintended fertility in the expected direction, and race-ethnic-nativity differences remain statistically significant after controlling for these indicators. Second, we assess whether the previously-developed factor structure fits equally well across different race-ethnic-nativity groups, Using factor analytic techniques, we show that reproductive attitudinal and knowledge factors do not hold equally well across race-ethnicity-nativity, suggesting that attitudinal and knowledge measures may tap into different underlying concepts across sub-populations and thus have limited utility for explaining group differences.
Pre-bypass levosimendan in ventricular dysfunction-effect on right ventricle.

BackgroundLevosimendan is an effective calcium sensitizer with complementary mechanisms of action: calcium sensitization and opening of adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels, both on ...
Protein-based functional nanocomposites

Protein materials are promising candidates as the building blocks for functional and high-performance bionanocomposites, owing to their unique and well-developed nanoscale structure, rich chemical functionality, excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Rational integration of protein materials with synthetic organic and inorganic nanomaterials through tailored interfacial interactions leads to synergistic enhancement in the properties compared to the individual components. In this article, we discuss the recent progress in protein-based nanocomposites, which aim to harness the unique structure and properties of proteins and synthetic nanomaterials for realizing advanced materials with greatly enhanced properties. Specifically, we highlight bionanocomposites based on two β-sheet rich proteins, silk fibroin and amyloid fibril, as representative examples as well as a few other protein materials such as keratin, elastin, and collagens. We describe the biotic–abiotic interfaces, processing methods, physical properties, and potential applications of these protein nanocomposites. Considering the additional value of renewability, abundancy, and ambient processability, such bionanocomposites are promising candidates for advanced and emerging applications, such as environmental remediation, biomedicine, biosensors, and photonics.
Hedgehog signaling regulates imaginal cell differentiation in a basally branching holometabolous insect

The evolution of imaginal cells, or stem cell-like cells, contributed to the spectacular diversification of holometabolous insects, which undergo complete metamorphosis. The proliferation and differentiation of these imaginal cells is under the control of juvenile hormone (JH), but which patterning genes respond to JH is currently unknown. Here, the role of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in the development of imaginal cells was investigated. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the components of the Hh signaling pathway showed that Hh is required for the proliferation of polymorphic and imaginal cells in Tribolium castaneum. Hh was also necessary for the regeneration of larval appendages. In contrast, knockdown of Hh signaling antagonists, patched and costal 2 led to the overgrowth and precocious maturation of structures derived from imaginal cells and the occasional appearance of ectopic appendages from the head epidermis. In addition, JH suppressed the expression of hh both in vivo and in vitro. Our findings suggest that imaginal cells are created and maintained by modulating Hh signaling. Thus, Hh signaling may have played a critical role during the evolution of complete metamorphosis.
The effects of distance on pointing comprehension in shelter dogs

The Object Choice Task is a methodology that has been increasingly popular for several decades and many strong claims have been made regarding the differential results between species. However, many studies use differing methodologies and individuals with systematically different backgrounds, which makes any comparisons suspect. One of the methodological differences that has been shown to result in differing responses is distance, both between the objects, and between the object and the gesture. Here, we systematically test these differences with a sample of shelter dogs and note the potential mechanisms underlying the results. Dogs were more successful if the objects were further apart (Distal Object) or the point was very close to the object (Proximal Cue). Success in both of these conditions can be most parsimoniously explained by mechanistic strategies, i.e. strategies that do not rely on mental representation or communicative mechanisms. We also note the results of some pilot data suggesting a non-communicative mechanism (body alignment through touch) by which shelter dogs and other animals may successfully respond when the objects and gestures are distant. We argue that the only point type that likely relies on communicative mechanisms is when the objects are close together, but the point is distant the condition in which dogs are least successful. Future research should take into consideration that individual dogs may use different strategies, or may switch between strategies, and note that all point-following is not necessarily indicative of communicative comprehension.
Extracellular vesicles mediate the intercellular exchange of nanoparticles

Abstract In order to exert their therapeutic effects, nanoparticles (NPs) often need to travel into the tissues composed of multilayered cells. Accumulative evidence has revealed the central role of transcellular transport route (entry into one cell, exocytosis, and re-entry into another) in this process. While NP endocytosis and subcellular transport have been intensively characterized, the exocytosis and re-entry steps are poorly understood, which becomes a barrier to improve NP delivery into complex tissues. Here, we termed the exocytosis and re-entry steps together as intercellular exchange. We developed a novel collagen-based 3D cellular assay to specifically monitor and quantify the intercellular exchange events of NPs and distinguish the contributions of several potential mechanisms. Our results showed that NPs can be exocytosed freely or enclosed inside extracellular vesicles (EVs) for re-entry, while direct cell-cell contact is hardly involved. EVs account for a significant fraction of NP intercellular exchange, and its importance in NP delivery was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, while freely released NPs engage with the same cellular receptors for re-entry, EV-enclosed ones bypass this dependence. These studies provide an easy and precise system to investigate the intercellular exchange stage of NP delivery, and shed the first light in the importance of EVs in NP transport between cells and across complex tissues.
An Analysis of Maternal, Social and Household Factors Associated with Childhood Anemia

Anemia is highly prevalent in all strata of populations in India, with established evidence of intergenerational anemia. The state of Madhya Pradesh was selected to study childhood anemia as the population is mostly rural, with many tribal districts, and has the highest infant mortality rate in India. This study aims to understand the maternal, social and household factors that affect anemia among children aged 6 months to 5 years by analyzing the the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted in 2015-2016. Children aged 6-59 months with estimated hemoglobin levels were included in this study. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to understand associations between childhood anemia and various socioeconomic factors. Two models to understand the presence of anemia and the levels of anemia were computed. Higher likelihood of having severe childhood anemia was observed among children of younger mothers (15- to 19-year-old mothers (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 4.06, less educated (uneducated mothers aOR 2.25, 95% CI 1.13, 4.48) and belonged to a scheduled tribe (aOR 1.88, 95% CI 1.07, 3.29). Strong associations between anemia in mothers and their children suggest intergenerational anemia which has long-term effects. Malnourished children (severe stunting aOR 3.19, 95% CI 2.36, 4.31) and children born with very low birth weight (aOR 4.28, 95% CI 2.67, 6.87) were more likely to have anemia. These findings strongly suggest more proactive interventions including prenatal healthcare for women and monitoring of the nutrition children at the community level to combat childhood anemia. Evaluations of existing programs should be conducted to understand the gaps in reducing anemia and malnutrition in children.
Dizziness Diagnostic Pathways: Factors Impacting Setting, Provider, and Diagnosis at Presentation:

ObjectiveEnsuring that patients with dizziness present to the most appropriate level of care and provider are key goals of quality and cost improvement efforts. Using a symptom-defined cohort of ad...
Student Nurses' Experiences of Critical Events in the Clinical Setting: A Grounded Theory.

Abstract Background Nursing students often experience critical events in the clinical setting and clinical instructors may not be prepared to adequately support them. These students often feel alone and abandoned, increasing their risk of psychological distress. Purpose A grounded theory study was conducted to explore pre-licensure nursing students' experiences of critical events in the clinical setting. Specific attention was paid to understanding how they are prepared for and supported before, during, and after critical events, and their experiences of psychological distress and psychological recovery. Method Strauss and Corbin's Grounded Theory methodology was used for this study. Results Fourteen undergraduate student nurses from universities in the western United States were interviewed. Ten concepts were identified, and a theory of Student Nurses' Experiences of Critical Events in the Clinical Setting emerged. Conclusion Findings indicate that student nurses need active instructor and/or staff support during critical events, and pre-briefing whenever possible. Debriefing positively affected students' post-event stress response and lack of debrief was associated with post-event psychological distress. Support for students exposed to critical events during clinical experiences should continue in the days, weeks, and months following the event; clinical instructors need to be prepared to provide this support. All faculty members should monitor students for signs of psychological distress and better support students' mental health and emotional wellbeing.
In Memorium: Dr. Karen Swan

The community that makes up the Online Learning journal lost a colleague, leader, and dear friend recently. Dr. Karen Swan, a founding member of the Online Learning Consortium and the James J. Stukel Distinguished Professor of Educational Leadership at the University of Illinois Springfield passed away on September 5, 2021. Karen was a central figure on the editorial board of this journal and we will miss her wisdom, kindness, and spirit.
The subperitoneal space and peritoneal cavity: basic concepts

The subperitoneal space and peritoneal cavity are two mutually exclusive spaces that are separated by the peritoneum. Each is a single continuous space with interconnected regions. Disease can spread either within the subperitoneal space or within the peritoneal cavity to distant sites in the abdomen and pelvis via these interconnecting pathways. Disease can also cross the peritoneum to spread from the subperitoneal space to the peritoneal cavity or vice versa.
Function of quinones in photosynthesis.

Publisher Summary The quinones that are commonly found localized in chloroplasts are of three major types: the plastoquinones, tocopherylquinones, and vitamin K. In each of these groups, there is more than one type present. Plastoquinone A has a side chain with nine monounsaturated isopentenyl (isoprenoid) units. Plastoquinone B has the same long side chain apparently with an extra double bond in the second isoprenoid unit from the ring. Plastoquinone C and D have the same long side chain as plastoquinone A with a hydroxyl group in the second isoprenoid unit from the ring. Some indication has been obtained by extraction or spectrophotometric studies that α-tocopherylquinone, vitamin K, and possibly other plastoquinones may have a role in photosynthesis, but these studies are still at an early stage. Although the presence of plastoquinone A is essential for photophosphorylation, there is no evidence that a quinoid derivative is involved as an initial activated molecule or in phosphate transfer. The presence of chromanol forms of plastoquinone A and α-tocopherylquinone in chloroplasts may indicate some function for quinones other than as a proton carrier; but at present, there is no evidence for special chromanol functions.
Eocene-Oligocene Boundary Reference Sections in the Pacific

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Eocene–Oligocene boundary reference sections in the Pacific. In over 15 years of deep-sea drilling the Eocene–Oligocene boundary was recovered in relatively few deep sea drilling project (DSDP) sites in the Pacific Ocean located primarily in the equatorial region and the Southwest Pacific. The differences in species ranges clearly indicate the necessity for separate high and low latitude reference sections and a means of calibrating them independent of microfossils that is possible for the Eocene–Oligocene boundary by using the oxygen isotope record. Thus, based on core recovery fossil preservation, biostratigraphic, and stable isotope studies sites 292 and 592 represent the best candidates for the Eocene–Oligocene reference sections to date for the equatorial and Southwest Pacific.
Market justice, religious orientation, and entrepreneurial attitudes: An empirical study

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the proposition that religious orientation has a measurable affect on individuals' definitions of market justice and attitudes toward self‐employment.Design/methodology/approach – The paper distinguishes between religious orientation and spirituality and defines religious orientation to be either intrinsic or extrinsic. It then examines the modern concept of market justice and hypothesizes that individuals with intrinsic religiosity will have negative opinions of the justice of market exchange while those with extrinsic religiosity will have positive opinions. It is expected that individuals that own their own business or have positive views of self‐employment will have positive opinions of the justice of market exchange. Finally, the paper hypothesizes that intrinsic religiosity will lead to higher levels of entrepreneurial behavior once opinion about market justice has been controlled for. The survey instrument was administered to 141 undergraduate business...
Fine Art Examination and Conservation

Science and connoisseurship come together in the examination and conservation of fine art. Chemical and physical analysis methods are used to examine art objects for a variety of purposes including the establishment of authenticity, schloarly investigation of the works, and evaluation of their state of preservation. Methods for analyzing the works are described and conservation scientists’ efforts in the field of preservation are discussed. Knowledge of the materials used for the creation of a work of art is invaluable for understanding how it was made, and how best to preserve it. Choosing appropriate treatments for a work of art requires knowledge of its chemical components and their deterioration mechanisms as well as how the artist applied them. Current research on the stablity of materials that have been used by artists and artists’ techniques is summarized. Examples of the application of scientific analysis of the investigation of artists’ working methods and the original appearance of works are given. Keywords: ink; optical testing; chemical analysis; dating; painting; metal objects; ceramics; stone; textiles; paper; organic materials; conservation; preservation; ethics; deterioration; light; temperature; pollutants; safety; authenticity; preventive conservation; instrumental analysis; nondestructive analysis
Exploring the Performance-Property-Structure Solution Space in Friction Stir Welding

In this paper we show how we explore the performance-property-structure solution space for friction stir welding (FSW). There are several factors that influence weldability in FSW, such as processing conditions and processing parameters like tool shape and size, axial force, and rotational speed. The heat generation due to friction is a major factor in producing distortion problems and energy consumption during the FSW process. Therefore, we focus on improving the strength and efficiency of the process by tailoring tool shape and size in the structure, property and performance space.
Aging Augments IL‐17 T‐Cell Alloimmune Responses

As increasing numbers of elderly patients require solid organ transplantation, the need to better understand how aging modifies alloimmune responses increases. Here, we examined whether aged mice exhibit augmented, donor-specific memory responses prior to transplantation. We found that elevated donor-specific IL-17, but not IFN-γ, responses were observed in aged mice compared to young mice prior to transplantation. Further characterization of the heightened IL-17 alloimmune response with aging demonstrated that memory CD4+ T cells were required. Reduced IL-2 alloimmune responses with age contributed to the elevated IL-17 phenotype in vitro, and treatment with an anti-IL-17 antibody delayed the onset of acute allograft rejection. In conclusion, aging leads to augmented, donor-specific IL-17 immune responses that are important for the timing of acute allograft rejection in aged recipients. IL-17 targeting therapies may be useful for averting transplant rejection responses in older transplant recipients.
The Why Axis: Hidden Motives and the Undiscovered Economics of Everyday Life

Two leading behavioural economists explore how incentives can be used to change the ways people act. Based on groundbreaking original research, The Why Axis is a colourful examination of why people do what they do - and how effective incentives can spur people to change their behaviour and achieve more. Uri Gneezy and John List are a little like the anthropologists who spend months in the field studying people in their native environments. But rather than acting as impartial observers, these two intrepid economists have set out to study the ways people act in order to try to solve major problems in society, such as the gap between rich and poor students and the violence plaguing inner city schools; the real reasons people discriminate; and the continuing pay disparity between men and women. Their field experiments in the factories, communities, and shops where real people live, work, and play show how incentives can change outcomes. Their results will change the way you think about and take action on both small and large problems, and force us as a society to stop making assumptions and to rely instead upon the evidence of what really works.
The Religious Context of Welfare Attitudes

This article examines the influence of three dimensions of religion—belonging (faith tradition membership), behaving (frequency of service attendance), and context (one's relationship to aggregate population characteristics)—on attitudes toward multiple forms of state-provided social protection, or welfare attitudes. To do so, this article uses data from 17 countries surveyed in the 2006 “Role of Government” wave of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). Results from mixed effects regression show that contextual effects are highly predictive of welfare attitudes. Nations that are more religiously heterogeneous are less supportive of state protection, while nations that are more homogeneous, particularly Catholic nations, are more supportive. Results hold net of fractionalization, political institutional measures, and economic characteristics. At the individual level, all three dimensions of religiosity are predictive of welfare attitudes. These patterns suggest that in rich Western democracies, religion continues to play an important role in structuring the moral economies.
Fairness Regulation: An Idea Whose Time Has Gone

Regulation that promotes constitutional values represents a particularly honorable governmental intention. Affirmative facilitation of equal protection goals has been employed, for instance, to remedy some of the consequences of past discrimination. Impairments of the right to vote have been dismantled, and fifteenth amendment concerns advanced, pursuant to the Voting Rights Act. On its face, "fairness" regulation of the broadcast media may seem a similarly fetching methodology for promoting constitutional interests. The fairness doctrine evolved as a mechanism for promoting the fundamental first amendment goal of content diversity in what has become the dominant mass medium. Given a modern media industry that is heavily concentrated and affords limited opportunities for individual participation in the trade of ideas, fairness regulation has worked to retain some of the imagery if not substance of a soapbox society.
Neuromodulation of Neuropathic Pain Syndrome Induced by Elapidae (Cobra) Envenomation

Objectives. This study aims to demonstrate the utility of spinal cord stimulation in a neuropathic pain syndrome and overall decline in health and functional independence following elapid envenomation in a morbidly obese, insulin-dependent diabetic. Materials and Methods. A two-lead, 16-electrode constant-current, independently controlled system is placed in the mid-cervical spine. Results. Noted were a improvement in overall health status with better glycemic control and return to work status in response to adequate pain control. Conclusions. The case serves as a model for other orphan pain cases with a seemingly esoteric etiology and adds to the existing body of literature that spinal cord stimulation and neuromodulation, in general, has a wide-ranging applicability peripheral neuropathic pain syndromes.
Solution of the Schrödinger Equation for Four Specific Problems

At first we solve the Schrodinger equation for a simple but, nevertheless, very important case. We consider electrons which propagate freely, i.e., in a potential-free space in the positive x-direction. In other words, it is assumed that no “wall,” i.e., no potential barrier (V), restricts the propagation of the electron wave.
Replacement of aspartic residues 85, 96, 115, or 212 affects the quantum yield and kinetics of proton release and uptake by bacteriorhodopsin

Abstract Recently, a number of aspartic acid mutants of bacteriorhodopsin have been shown to be defective in steady-state proton transport. Here we report time-resolved measurements of light-induced proton release and uptake for these mutants. Proton transfers between the protein and the aqueous phase were directly monitored by measuring changes in the bulk conductivity of a micellar solution of bacteriorhodopsin. For the Asp-96----Asn mutant, proton uptake was slowed by greater than 1 order of magnitude with no observable effect on the release step. For Asp-85----Asn, H+ uptake occurred with normal kinetics, but the yield was significantly lower compared with either the Asp-96----Asn mutant or wild type, especially at pH 6. Substitution of glutamate for Asp-85 or Asp-96 had smaller but detectable effects on the kinetics and quantum yield of proton movements. Both asparagine and glutamate substitutions of aspartates at positions 115 and 212 lowered the proton quantum yields. Of these, only the Asp-115----Asn mutant showed an effect on the proton release step, and only the Asp-212----Glu mutation decreased the proton uptake rate. These experiments imply an obligatory role for Asp-96 in H+ uptake in the normal operation of the bacteriorhodopsin proton pump. The results also indicate that the amino acid substitutions affect the kinetics of either H+ release or H+ uptake, but not both. This implies that the two steps occur independently of each other after initiation of the photocycle.
Workflows for parameter studies of multi-cell modeling

Running simulations for multi-cell tissue models can involve numerous parameters and consume considerable computing resources. This paper presents an overview and use case of two open source projects - CompuCell3D, a multi-cell modeling framework, and VisTrails, a workflow system for parameter exploration and data management.
Perturbed-angular-correlation spectroscopy: evidence for probe-dopant interactions in Ca-doped barium titanate

Abstract To investigate dopant- and defect-probe interactions, we have performed perturbed-angular-correlation (PAC) spectroscopy on Ca-doped barium titanate ceramics. Polycrystalline samples of barium titanate were prepared using the resin-intermediate process, and the samples were doped with Ca according to the formula (Ba1−xCax)(Ti1−yCay)O3−y, where 0≤x≤0.05 and 0≤y≤0.05 . All of the samples were doped with approximately 0.1 at.% Hf, which was substituted into the Ti sites and carried the 181 Hf → 181 Ta PAC probe radioactivity. Measurements were performed over a temperature range from laboratory temperature to approximately 1100 K. In the ferroelectric phases, at Ca concentrations of several percent, the doping produces an increase in the Ti-site electric-field-gradient (efg) asymmetry and in the extent of spectral linebroadening. At higher Ca concentrations, the linebroadening increases further and the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition is not discernable. The changes in efg symmetry and spectral linebroadening, which are essentially temperature invariant, could be attributed to preferential substitution of the Ca dopant into Ba coordination spheres that are near the probe sites. In the paraelectric phase, doping at 2 at.% produces a weak perturbation that is several times stronger than the corresponding weak perturbation that non-doped samples show over the same temperature range. This result strongly suggests that O vacancies do not cause these weak perturbations.