cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemispheric differences for visual search: Serial vs parallel processing revisited

Abstract Subjects were tachistoscopically presented with arrays of two, three or four stimuli to the right or left hemisphere and judged whether all of the items were the same or whether one was physically different from the rest. Separate groups of right-handed subjects viewed letters of featurally similar symbols as stimulus items. Faster and more accurate responding was obtained for left hemisphere presentations for both same and different response judgments. Response time was independent of array size, with same judgments made faster than different judgments for both visual field conditions. Extensive practice shortened reaction time and decreased error rate, but did not change the pattern of hemispheric or judgment effects. Virtually identical results were observed for both stimulus conditions. These findings suggest that the left hemisphere can process information in parallel when the task situation requires featural analysis of stimulus materials.
Phonon Coupling in Edge Emission and Photoconductivity of CdSe, CdS, and Cd ( Se x S 1 − x )

In mixtures of $\mathrm{Cd}({\mathrm{Se}}_{x}{\mathrm{S}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x})$ two longitudinal optical (LO) phonons (and their additive combinations) couple to the edge-emission centers and to the conduction electrons. The phonon frequencies as a function of the CdSe/CdS ratio---which are observed in the edge emission spectra---agree well with the eigenfrequencies calculated for a linear chain of Cd-Se-Cd-S-Cd-...atoms. The spectral response of the photoconductivity of pure CdS and CdSe shows oscillations at the high-energy side of the absorption edge. The energy separation between successive photocurrent maxima or minima corresponds approximately to the LO phonon energy of each crystal lattice. The minima are explained by a shortened electron lifetime at the respective energies, because electrons having such energies may easily drop to a recombination center (exciton or impurity near band edge) by the emission of one or several LO phonons. It is shown that in mixed crystals the two LO phonons (and their combinations) shorten the lifetime of the conduction electrons. Thus, when excitation occurs via the conduction band, the recombination center will be populated faster in mixed crystals than in pure crystals. Hurwitz's observation, namely, that the lasing threshold in Cd (SeS) mixtures is lower than that of either CdSe or CdS, might therefore be accounted for.
Modeling Response of Biological Signal Pathways Using a Hybrid Boolean Framework

Mathematical models in systems biology are often constructed by either Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) modeling or logical (Boolean) modeling. We develop a Hybrid Boolean Model (ODE+Boolean) for biological signal pathways with postulated epigenomic feedback. The basic idea in this model is to combine continuous dynamical systems (an ODE model for already well-known parts of the network) with a discrete transition system (Boolean, for postulated but largely unknown components). We use the existing or well-known ODE model to “trigger” signal pathways represented by a Boolean model. This framework is easier to validate than a complete ODE model for large and complex signal pathways, for example to find unknown pathways to match the response to experimental data. The advantage of using a Boolean model for the unknown parts of the network is that relatively few parameters are needed. Thus, the framework avoids over-fitting, covers a broad range of pathways and easily represents various experimental conditions. The overall goal of the hybrid model is to predict the behavior of biological signal pathways, thus helping to understand unknown parts of the pathway between experimental results and qualitative/quantitative results. Extensions are discussed, and numerical examples in biological systems and one engineering example are provided.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Homonuclear dipolar decoupling under fast MAS: resolution patterns and simple optimization strategy

A simple method is shown for optimization of (1)H homonuclear dipolar decoupling at MAS rates exceeding 10 kHz. By monitoring the intensity of a spin-echo under the decoupling conditions, it is possible to optimize the amplitude of the RF magnetic field, the cycle time of the decoupling sequence and the resonance offset within minutes. As a result, the decoupling efficiency can be quickly and reliably fine-tuned without using a reference sample. The utility of this method has been confirmed by studying the resolution patterns for the supercycled PMLG scheme, which were found to be in excellent agreement with earlier theoretical predictions and verified in high-resolution 2D (1)H-(1)H experiments.
Intracerebroventricular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks the enhancement of fear conditioning and interference with escape produced by inescapable shock

Brain interleukin-1 (IL-1) plays a key role in mediating the neural, endocrine, and behavioral consequences of injury and infection. Recent evidence indicates that brain IL-1 may also be important in producing endocrine and neurochemical responses to stressors. The present experiment sought to determine whether intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) would block behavioral effects of a stressor. I.c.v. application of hrIL-1ra before inescapable shock blocked the subsequent interference with escape learning and enhancement of fear conditioning normally produced by this treatment.
A directory to data on libraries and librarianship

Purpose – Electronically stored data on libraries, librarians, library users, and the information industry that supports library collections can assist librarians in projecting trends for the future directions of the profession. The purpose of this paper is to direct librarians to a selected list of providers of this data and their publications, particularly those sources that aggregate data in systematic, accessible formats.Design/methodology/approach – Web sites of the organizations that collect data on libraries were examined for data reports generated either from research projects or from periodic reports.Findings – There is a wealth of free data from ongoing research available on the web. In addition, there are proprietary data sets that librarians who need that specialized data should consider acquiring.Research limitations/implications – LIS professionals require access to current and retrospective data to shape future research and inform decision making.Originality/value – The article fills the ne...
Primacy and recency in nonword repetition

An increasing body of evidence suggests that nonword repetition is related to immediate serial memory (e.g., Baddeley, Gathercole, & Papagno, 1998; Gathercole & Baddeley, 1993). One possible account of this relationship is that a nonword is processed like a list when it is first encountered. If this is the case, it should be possible to detect serial position effects in repetition of single nonwords. Three experiments tested this prediction. Experiment 1 examined whether there would be syllable serial position primacy and recency effects in repetition of polysyllabic nonwords, and obtained both primacy and recency effects. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that these effects were not due to the controlled duration of the nonwords or the requirements of concurrent articulation or the procedure by which nonwords were created.
Rotation Sensing with an Atom Interferometer

We have measured the phase shift induced by rotation of an atom interferometer at rates of $\ensuremath{-}2$ to $+2$ earth rates and obtained $1%$ agreement with the predicted Sagnac phase shift for atomic matter waves. The rotational rms noise of our interferometer was $42$ milliearth rates for $1$ sec of integration time, within $9%$ of shot noise. The high sensitivity and agreement of predicted and measured behavior suggest useful future scientific applications of atom interferometers as inertial sensors.
Clinical features that predict potentially reversible progressive intellectual deterioration.

The records of 110 patients with progressive intellectual deterioration were reviewed, to identify any clinical features that might predict the presence of an underlying disease potentially reversible with specific medical, surgical, or psychiatric therapy. The 16 patients in whom the intellectual deterioration was caused by such underlying disorders showed a shorter duration of symptoms and less cortical atrophy on a computed tomographic scan than did patients with idiopathic dementia. The average for the patients with a treatable cause of progressive intellectual deterioration was not significantly different from the average age for patients with idiopathic dementia.
Amido-bridged Cu2N2 diamond cores that minimize structural reorganization and facilitate reversible redox behavior between a Cu1Cu1 and a class III delocalized Cu1.5Cu1.5 species.

A novel Cu_(2)N_(2) diamond core structure supported by an [SNS]^(-) ligand (1) ([SNS]^(-) = bis(2-tert-butylsulfanylphenyl)amido) has been prepared. This dicopper system exhibits a fully reversible one-electron redox process between a reduced Cu1Cu1 complex, {[SNS][Cu]}_(2) (2), and a class III delocalized Cu^(1.5)Cu^(1.5) state, [{[SNS][Cu]}_(2_][B(3,5-(CF_(3))_(2)C_(6)H_(3))_(4)] (3). Structural snapshots of both redox forms have been obtained to reveal remarkably little overall structural reorganization. The Cu···Cu bond distance nonetheless undergoes an appreciable compression (0.13 A) upon oxidation, providing a Cu···Cu distance of 2.4724(4) A in the mixed-valence state that is virtually identical to the Cu···Cu distance observed in the reduced form of the Cu_(A) site of thiolate-bridged cytochrome c oxidase. Despite the low structural reorganization evident between 2 and 3, the [SNS]^(-) ligand is quite flexible. For example, square-planar geometries can prevail for divalent copper ions supported by [SNS]^(-) as evident from the crystal structure of [SNS]CuCl (4). Physical characterization for the mixed valence complex 3 includes electrochemical, magnetic (SQUID), EPR, and optical data. The complex has also been examined by density functional methods. An attempt was made to measure the rate of electron self-exchange ks between the Cu^(1)Cu^(1) and the Cu^(1.5)Cu^(1.5) complexes 2 and 3 by NMR line-broadening analysis in dichloromethane solution. While the system is certainly in the fast-exchange regime, the exchange process is too fast to be accurately measured by this technique. The value for ks can be bracketed with a conservative lower boundary of ≥107 M^(-1) s^(-1), a value that appears to be larger than other low molecular weight copper model complexes for which similar data is available. The unusually large magnitude of ks likely reflects the minimal structural reorganization that accompanies Cu^(1)Cu^(1) ↔ Cu^(1.5)Cu^(1.5) interchange.
Mixture analysis using factor analysis I: Calibration and quantitation

One of the major application areas of factor analysis, multivariate calibration and quantitation, is covered in this review. The algorithms, methodologies and applications covered include principal component regression, target transformation factor analysis, singular value decomposition and rank annihilation factor analysis. Many important areas of research having relevance to multivariate calibration and quantitation problems are also covered in this review, including background correction, measurement error, rank determination, cross-validation, figures of merit, detection of invalid samples, experimental design, sample selection, statistical inference and wavelength selection.
Analog filtering of large solvent signals for improved dynamic range in high-resolution NMR.

Abstract The large solvent signal from samples in H2O solvent still challenges the dynamic range capability of any spectrometer. The solvent signal can be largely removed with a pair of simple resistor–capacitor (RC) high-pass filters when the solvent frequency is set at center band (zero frequency) using quadrature detection, withRC∼ 0.5 ms. However, an ∼0.5-ms transient remains at initial time, which we reduce fourfold for a short time only, just before the A/D converter, by means of a variable-gain amplifier, and later restore with software. This modification can result in a nearly fourfold increase in dynamic range. When we converted to a frequency-shifted mode (A. G. Redfield and S. D. Kunz, 1994,J. Magn. Reson. A108, 234–237) we replaced theRChigh-pass filter with a quadrature feedback notch filter tuned to the solvent frequency (5.06 kHz). This filter is an example of a class of two-input/two-output filters which maintain the spectral integrity (image-free character) of quadrature signals. Digital filters of the same type are also considered briefly. We discuss the implications of these ideas for spectrometer input design, including schemes for elimination of radiation damping, and effects of probe bandwidth on extreme oversampling.
Mixtures of SF6 CO2 as working fluids for geothermal power plants

Abstract In this paper, supercritical/transcritical thermodynamic cycles using mixtures of SF6–CO2 as working fluids were investigated for geothermal power plants. The system of equations that described the thermodynamic cycle was solved using a Newton–Raphson method. This approach allows a high computational efficiency even when thermophysical properties of the working fluid depend strongly on the temperature and pressure. The thermophysical properties of the mixtures were obtained from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) REFPROP software and constituent cubic equations. The local heat transfer coefficients in the heat exchangers were calculated based on the local properties of the working fluid, geothermal brine, and cooling water. The heat exchanger areas required were calculated. Numerical simulation results presented for different cycle configurations were used to assess the effects of the SF6 fraction in CO2, brine temperature, and recuperator size on the cycle thermal efficiency, and size of heat exchangers for the evaporator and condenser. For working fluids with SF6, concentrations of 15 and 20 mol% were found to yield the highest Brayton and Rankine cycle efficiencies, respectively.
Degradable Nitric Oxide-Releasing Biomaterials via Post-Polymerization Functionalization of Cross-Linked Polyesters

The synthesis of diverse nitric oxide (NO)-releasing network polyesters is described. The melt phase condensation of polyols with a calculated excess of diacid followed by thermal curing generates cross-linked polyesters containing acid end groups. Varying the composition and curing temperatures of the polyesters resulted in materials with tunable thermal and degradation properties. Glass transition temperatures for the synthesized materials range from -25.5 to 3.2 °C, while complete degradation of these polyesters occurs within a minimum of nine weeks under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C). Post-polymerization coupling of aminothiols to terminal carboxylic acids generate thiol-containing polyesters, with thermal and degradation characteristics similar to those of the parent polyesters. After nitrosation, these materials are capable of releasing up to 0.81 μmol NO cm(-2) for up to 6 d. The utility of the polyesters as antibacterial biomaterials was indicated by an 80% reduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion compared to unmodified controls.
Interactive image guided surgery (IIGS)

INTERACTIVE IMAGE GUIDED SURGERY (IIGS)Albert H. Capanna, M.D., FICS, FICPS1111 Shadow LaneLas Vegas, Nevada, 89102Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery and PediatricsThe University of Nevada School of MedicineChief, Department of Neurosurgery University Medical CenterUniversity Medical Center, Sunrise Hospital Medical CenterValley Hospital Medical Center, Desert Springs HospitalLas Vegas, Nevada
Toward a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States

Reflexions sur les relations entre l'Etat et la presse ou la presse d'Etat aux Etats-Unis, a partir de l'exemple du « New York Times » sur la politique au Nicaragua
Adaptive framework for robust high-resolution image reconstruction in multiplexed computational imaging architectures

In multiplexed computational imaging schemes, high-resolution images are reconstructed by fusing the information in multiple low-resolution images detected by a two-dimensional array of low-resolution image sensors. The reconstruction procedure assumes a mathematical model for the imaging process that could have generated the low-resolution observations from an unknown high-resolution image. In practical settings, the parameters of the mathematical imaging model are known only approximately and are typically estimated before the reconstruction procedure takes place. Violations to the assumed model, such as inaccurate knowledge of the field of view of the imagers, erroneous estimation of the model parameters, and/or accidental scene or environmental changes can be detrimental to the reconstruction quality, even if they are small in number. We present an adaptive algorithm for robust reconstruction of high-resolution images in multiplexed computational imaging architectures. Using robust M-estimators and incorporating a similarity measure, the proposed scheme adopts an adaptive estimation strategy that effectively deals with violations to the assumed imaging model. Comparisons with nonadaptive reconstruction techniques demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm in terms of reconstruction quality and robustness.
Susceptibility of Selected Potato Varieties to Zebra Chip Potato Disease

Zebra chip (ZC), an emerging and serious disease of potato has caused millions of dollars in losses to the potato industry in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and New Zealand. The disease has recently been associated with a previously undescribed species of liberibacter tentatively named “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” transmitted to potato by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc). At present, applications of insecticides targeted against the potato psyllid are the only means to manage ZC. Given the low psyllid density and short inoculation access period required to induce the disease, insecticides may not act fast enough to prevent transmission of liberibacter to potato by the psyllid and development of ZC. Identification and development of ZC-resistant or tolerant varieties may offer the most efficient and sustainable way to manage this potato disease. Susceptibility of selected potato varieties to ZC was evaluated under controlled field cage conditions in 2009 and 2010 in WA by inoculating potato plants with “Ca. L. solanacearum” using infective potato psyllids and monitoring them for ZC symptom development. All potato varieties evaluated in both years of the study were determined to be very susceptible to the disease, with almost 100% of the inoculated plants developing severe ZC foliar and tuber symptoms. Potato yield in all tested varieties was significantly affected by ZC, with yield losses ranging from 49.9% to 87. 2%. Information from this research suggests that there is an urgent need to develop new potato varieties that are resistant or tolerant to this damaging potato disease.
Advances in growth plate modulation for lower extremity malalignment (knock knees and bow legs).

Purpose of reviewLower extremity angular deformities are among the most common nontraumatic conditions in children being referred to pediatric orthopedists. Understanding of this abnormality is essential for pediatricians and primary caregivers. There is a development in the surgical management of t
Preparation of gradient-index (GRIN) polymer fibers for imaging applications

A closed extrusion process combined with a core-shell separation die design is developed in this study for preparing gradient index (GRIN) polymer fibers with a quadratic distribution of the refractive index. The material system used in this investigation is methyl methacrylate (MMA, n = 1.49) and benzyl methacrylate (BzMA, n = 1.568). The refractive index differences between the center and the periphery (Δn) of the prepared polymer fibers increase from 0.0115 to 0.020 when BzMA in the reactant mixtures increases from 17 to 28%. This finding would suggest that increasing the high refractive index monomer in the reactant mixture increased Δn. The Δn values decrease from 0.018 to 0.0135 when the diffusion zone temperature increases from 70 to 90°C. The diffusion rates of the monomers increase with the temperature, thereby causing BzMA and MMA to distribute more uniformly at a higher temperature than at a lower one. This uniform distribution leads to the decrease of Δn with an increasing temperature. The prepared GRIN polymer fibers have potential applications as imaging lenses for scanners, fax machines, and copiers. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Operation-specific locking in balanced structures

Abstract Balanced structures, variations of B -trees, have been used as an access aid for both primary and secondary indexing for quite some time. This paper presents a deadlock-free locking mechanism for B -trees in which different processes make use of different lock types in order to reach the leaf nodes. The compatibility relations among locks on a node do not exclusively depend on their type, but also on the node status and the number and kind of processes acting currently on the node. As a result, a number of insertion or deletion processes can operate concurrently on a node. The paper presents an appropriate recovery strategy in case of failure and discusses the protocol modifications that are required so it can be used in other similar structures such as B + -trees, compressed B -trees, and R -trees for spatial searching.
Investigation of Science Faculty with Education Specialties within the Largest University System in the United States

Efforts to improve science education include university science departments hiring Science Faculty with Education Specialties (SFES), scientists who take on specialized roles in science education within their discipline. Although these positions have existed for decades and may be growing more common, few reports have investigated the SFES approach to improving science education. We present comprehensive data on the SFES in the California State University (CSU) system, the largest university system in the United States. We found that CSU SFES were engaged in three key arenas including K–12 science education, undergraduate science education, and discipline-based science education research. As such, CSU SFES appeared to be well-positioned to have an impact on science education from within science departments. However, there appeared to be a lack of clarity and agreement about the purpose of these SFES positions. In addition, formal training in science education among CSU SFES was limited. Although over 75% of CSU SFES were fulfilled by their teaching, scholarship, and service, our results revealed that almost 40% of CSU SFES were seriously considering leaving their positions. Our data suggest that science departments would likely benefit from explicit discussions about the role of SFES and strategies for supporting their professional activities.
The use of isohemagglutinating reagents to assure continued genetic purity of parent lines.

The main danger from possible genetic contamination of parent lines is the relatively rapid spread of the foreign germ plasm once an admixture has occurred. The spread of the contaminating germ pla...
Improved prediction of drug interactions using in vivo Ki

Drug-drug interactions are a leading cause of death in the U.S. CYP3A metabolism is the predominant pathway for drug metabolism. Itraconazole (ITZ) alters CYP3A activity resulting in clinically significant drug interactions. To date, in vitro studies have not been successful in predicting the magnitude of CYP3A drug interactions in humans. We validated the venous equilibrium model using a physiologically stable, chronically catheterized rat, measuring MDZ disposition from multiple, simultaneous aortic and hepatic vein blood samples after duodenal administration. MDZ clearance and hepatic availability were scaled to humans, and predicted published human MDZ pharmacokinetic parameters. MDZ disposition in vivo was characterized in rats after a single and multiple doses of ITZ. MDZ and ITZ concentrations were quantified by LC-MS. In vivo estimates from rat model for KM of MDZ were 5.7 ± 0.6 ug/ml (n=8) and 1.1 ± 0.2 ug/ml (n=10) in the presence and absence of 0.71 uM ITZ. The extent of inhibition (AUCI/AUC) reported in humans of MDZ clearance by ITZ was 3.2-fold after a single dose (ITZ CpSS, AVG= 0.17 uM) and 7-fold after 6 daily doses of 200 mg (ITZ CpSS AVG = 0.71 uM). Based upon the effects of ITZ on MDZ pharmacokinetics in rats, the extent of MDZ inhibition was 2.4- and 7-fold, respectively. The estimate for the ITZ inhibition constant in rats (Ki) accurately predicted the extent of inhibition of MDZ elimination in humans from previously published studies. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P81–P81; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.308
A new approach to the geometry of TOA location

Positioning a transmitter via measured times of arrival (TOAs), or range measurements, is a familiar technique that has received much attention in the literature. In the traditional geometric interpretation, TOAs generate circles whose intersections provide the estimate of the transmitter. In this paper a new geometrical interpretation is presented in which straight lines of position (LOPs), rather than the circular LOPs, are used to determine the position of the transmitter. The straight LOPs come from a simple observation regarding the geometry of the system and are not obtained from linearization. Two methods using the straight LOPs are given and their performance is analyzed and compared to methods which employ linearization.
Methodologies for Developing Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Substrates for Detection of Chemical and Biological Molecules

This paper describes methodologies for developing efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates such as annealing thin gold films for developing gold nanoislands, fabrication of nanopillars arrays and roughened films by employing focused ion beam (FIB) milling of gold films, as well as overcoating deep-UV-fabricated silicon nanowires with a layer of gold film. Excitation of surface plasmons in these gold nanostructures leads to substantial enhancement in the Raman scattering signal obtained from molecules lying in the vicinity of the nanostructure surface. In this paper, we perform comparative studies of SERS signals from molecules such as p-mercaptobenzoic acid and cresyl fast violet attached to or adsorbed on various gold SERS substrates. It was observed that gold-coated silicon nanowire substrates and annealed gold island substrates provided considerably higher SERS signals as compared to those from the FIB patterned substrates and planar gold films. The SERS substrates developed by the different processes were employed for detection of biological molecules such as dipicolinic acid, an excellent marker for spores of bacteria such as Anthrax.
High-resolution infrared thermography for capturing wildland fire behaviour: RxCADRE 2012

Wildland fire radiant energy emission is one of the only measurements of combustion that can be made at wide spatial extents and high temporal and spatial resolutions. Furthermore, spatially and temporally explicit measurements are critical for making inferences about fire effects and useful for examining patterns of fire spread. In this study we describe our methods for capturing and analysing spatially and temporally explicit long-wave infrared (LWIR) imagery from the RxCADRE (Prescribed Fire Combustion and Atmospheric Dynamics Research Experiment) project and examine the usefulness of these data in investigating fire behaviour and effects. We compare LWIR imagery captured at fine and moderate spatial and temporal resolutions (from 1 cm2 to 1 m2; and from 0.12 to 1 Hz) using both nadir and oblique measurements. We analyse fine-scale spatial heterogeneity of fire radiant power and energy released in several experimental burns. There was concurrence between the measurements, although the oblique view estimates of fire radiative power were consistently higher than the nadir view estimates. The nadir measurements illustrate the significance of fuel characteristics, particularly type and connectivity, in driving spatial variability at fine scales. The nadir and oblique measurements illustrate the usefulness of the data for describing the location and movement of the fire front at discrete moments in time at these fine and moderate resolutions. Spatially and temporally resolved data from these techniques show promise to effectively link the combustion environment with post-fire processes, remote sensing at larger scales and wildland fire modelling efforts.
XIAP: Cell death regulation meets copper homeostasis

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), traditionally known as an anti-apoptotic protein, has recently been shown to be involved in copper homeostasis. XIAP promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of COMMD1, a protein that promotes the efflux of copper from the cell. Through its effects on COMMD1, XIAP can regulate copper export from the cell and potentially represents an additional intracellular sensor for copper levels. XIAP binds copper directly and undergoes a substantial conformational change in the copper-bound state. This in turn destabilizes XIAP, resulting in lowered steady-state levels of the protein. Furthermore, copper-bound XIAP is unable to inhibit caspases and cells that express this form of the protein exhibit increased rates of cell death in response to apoptotic stimuli. These events take place in the setting of excess intracellular copper accumulation as seen in copper toxicosis disorders such as Wilson's disease and establish a new relationship between copper levels and the regulation of cell death via XIAP. These findings raise important questions about the role of XIAP in the development of copper toxicosis disorders and may point to XIAP as a potential therapeutic target in these disease states.
Bringing the compass-gait bipedal walker to three dimensions

The planar compass-gait biped has been extensively studied in the dynamic walking community, motivated by the gravity-based pendular efficiencies of human walking. These results can be extended to three dimensions using controlled geometric reduction for open-chain robots, by which stable 3-D walking gaits are built from known sagittal-plane limit cycles. We apply this method to the standard and with-torso compass-gait (hipless) bipeds, showing straight-ahead walking gaits (i.e., stable 1-step periodic limit cycles) as well as h-step turning in full circles (i.e., stable h-periodic limit cycles). These constant-curvature maneuvers are composed of stable 1-periodic turning gaits modulo heading change, demonstrating two types of gaits for directional dynamic walking in three dimensions.
PrEP: A case study.

Purpose The purpose of this case study is to present information and raise awareness about the provision of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to those individuals who are at risk for HIV infection. Data sources PubMed, CINAHL, government websites, press releases, and the author's clinical experiences. Conclusions PrEP is the latest tool available for HIV prevention that has been approved by the FDA. It involves taking the HIV medication TDF/FTC on a daily basis. Documented side effects are minimal but renal monitoring is recommended because of possible kidney damage. PrEP may provide as much as 90% protection against HIV infection, but this is dependent upon patient compliance. Implications for practice Nurse practitioners are in an ideal position to be the gatekeepers for information and access to PrEP. However, this requires that they engage in thorough risk assessments with their patients. This includes both a comprehensive sexual history and drug use history. The case study demonstrates the importance of intervention in and recognition of high-risk stigmatized populations such as transgender individuals and that prompt action may prevent future HIV infections.
Characterizing osteochondrosis in the dog: potential roles for matrix metalloproteinases and mechanical load in pathogenesis and disease progression.

Summary Objective To address possible roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and mechanical stress in the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis (OC). Methods Naturally-occurring canine OC lesions ( n =50) were immunohistochemically analyzed for MMP-1, -3, and -13, and normal canine articular cartilage explants ( n =6) cultured under 0-, 2-, or 4-MPa compressive loads (0.1Hz, 20min every 8h up to 12 days) were compared to OC samples ( n =4) biochemically and molecularly. Results MMP-1 and -3 immunoreactivities were readily detected in both OC samples and control tissues obtained from age-matched dogs ( n =11) whereas MMP-13 was only detectable in OC samples. MMP-13 gene expression as determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was elevated in OC samples and cartilage explants cultured without mechanical stimuli (0MPa groups) compared to normal cartilage (day 0 controls). Glycosaminoglycan content (per weight) in cartilage explants cultured under no load was significantly ( P Conclusions These findings imply that impaired biochemical characteristics in OC-affected cartilage may be attributable to decreased extracellular matrix production that may stem from disruption of normal weight bearing forces.
Characteristics of central and minimum-bias events in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions

We report the analysis of multiplicity distributions of charged particles produced in central and minimum-bias interactions of 32S ions at 200 GeV/n and 16O ions at 200 and 60 GeV/n with nuclei of emulsion. The minimum-bias events exhibit scaling in normalized multiplicity distribution, while the central events do not. The pseudorapidity distributions in minimum-bias events show limiting fragmentation in the target region. We have also analysed the forward-backward multiplicity correlations using the concept of “mutual information”
Robust Subspace Learning and Detection in Laplacian Noise and Interference

We address the problem of maximum likelihood subspace learning and detection in the presence of Laplacian noise and interference whose subspace may be known or unknown. For subspace learning, the Laplacian problem reduces to a maxmin convex mathematical program with polyhedral cost. The minimization involves projection of the measurements onto a subspace orthogonal to the signal and interference spaces and has linear constraints, while the maximization produces the subspace and has polyhedral constraints. The Laplacian noise model for subspace detection and estimation, motivated by applications in functional magnetic resonance imaging and applicable in other areas, yields maximum likelihood detectors and learned subspaces with unique structure due to the presence of corners in the polyhedrally convex optimization. For instance, the optimal learned subspace can consist of vectors whose elements take values of +1 or -1 only. Emergence of such a quantization attests to the robustness property of Laplacian learning, meaning that the solution is insensitive to perturbation in the data set. The resulting detectors are similarly robust to false alarms and have computationally attractive properties.
Stimulant Abuse: Pharmacology, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Treatment, Attempts at Pharmacotherapy

The high prevalence of stimulant abuse and its harmful consequences make the screening, diagnosis, and referral for treatment of persons with stimulant abuse a top concern for primary care providers. Having a working knowledge of use patterns, clinical symptomatology, end-organ effects, and advances in treatment of stimulant abuse is essential. Although cocaine and amphetamine have different use patterns, duration of action, and so forth, the consequences of use are remarkably similar. Primary care is at the forefront of screening, brief risk reduction interventions, and diagnosis of medical sequelae, with referral to addiction specialist treatment when necessary.
New Compounds: Fluorene Derivatives as Potential Carcinogens

A series of eight new N -substituted fluorenamides have been synthesized for evaluation of carcinogenic activity.
Folate-conjugated liposomes preferentially target macrophages associated with ovarian carcinoma

The folate receptor (FR) is overexpressed on many epithelial cancers and has been exploited for targeted delivery of folate-linked liposomes to cancer cells in vitro. The present studies investigate the distribution of folate-targeted liposomes in a FR(+) mouse model of ovarian cancer. According to flow cytometric analysis, folate-conjugation of liposomes significantly enhanced their uptake into ovarian cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages within tumor ascites fluid. Compared to ovarian cancer cells, macrophages acquired tenfold more liposomes, and approximately 50% of this uptake was FR-dependent. These results demonstrate that, in addition to their cancer cell-targeting properties, folate-liposomes may be useful for targeting drugs to tumor-associated macrophages in vivo.
The influence of public education upon the future of the south “in the arts”

At a recent luncheon given to Cecil B. DeMille in honor of his twenty-five years of outstanding service to the moving picture industry, Will Hays, the toastmaster, testified to the cinema's present period of infancy and commented upon its great future opportunity. Then he added, "But opportunity entails responsibility." I have accepted this opportunity of sharing some thoughts with you upon the influence of the arts in public education on the future of the South. For a number of reasons, however, let me assure you that I am weighted by a sense of great responsibility. First, arts in the plural spelling assumes that my remarks are to "box the compass," as it were, and cover sound, time, and visual arts; or the arts of music, the drama, poetry, the dance, and such concrete forms as painting, architecture, sculpture, and other manufacture.
Floristic similarity, diversity and endemism as indicators of refugia characteristics and needs in the West

The floras of mountain ranges, and their similarity, beta diversity and endemism, are indicative of processes of community assembly; they are also the initial conditions for coming disassembly and reassembly in response to climate change. As such, these characteristics can inform thinking on refugia. The published floras or approximations for 42 mountain ranges in the three major mountain systems (Sierra-Cascades, Rocky Mountains and Great Basin ranges) across the western USA and southwestern Canada were analysed. The similarity is higher among the ranges of the Rockies while equally low among the ranges of the Sierra-Cascades and Great Basin. Mantel correlations of similarity with geographic distance are also higher for the Rocky Mountains. Endemism is relatively high, but is highest in the Sierra-Cascades (due to the Sierra Nevada as the single largest range) and lowest in the Great Basin, where assemblages are allochthonous. These differences indicate that the geologic substrates of the Cascade volcano...
No effect of aging on skeletal muscle insulin-like growth factor mRNAs

This study examined the hypothesis that during aging insulin-like growth factor (IGF) mRNAs are reduced in skeletal muscle. IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) mRNAs were measured with a ribonuclease protection assay in the gastrocnemius of specific pathogen-free Fischer-344 rats. We hypothesized that IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP-5 mRNA concentration (normalized to 18S RNA) in the gastrocnemius muscle of growing animals (3 mo) would be downregulated in a coordinated manner with muscle size during aging-associated atrophy. As indicated by muscle wet weight and total protein content, the gastrocnemius muscle was growing in the 3-mo group (P < 0.01 smaller compared with 12 mo), fully developed at 12 mo, and was atrophied at 24 mo of age (P < 0.05 compared with 12 mo). IGF-I mRNA concentration in the gastrocnemius of 12- and 24-mo-old rats was 39-49% less than in 3-mo-old rats (P < 0.05). Contrary to our hypothesis, there was not a significant skeletal muscle IGF-I mRNA difference between middle age (12 mo) and senescence (24 mo). Thus IGF-I mRNA changed during maturation (3-12 mo) but not during aging (12-24 mo). Skeletal muscle IGF-II mRNA concentration was not different among 3-, 12-, and 24-mo-old animals. Furthermore, animal age did not have an effect on IGFBP-5 mRNA concentration. We conclude that the aging-associated atrophy of skeletal muscle is not caused by altered pretranslational regulation of IGF-I, IGF-II, or IGFBP-5 in skeletal muscle.
Splint for infant with myelomeningocele.

The ability of the child with myelomeningocele to stand or walk is often compromised by hip flexion contractures. If this problem is to be avoided, preventive measures must be undertaken early, ideally in the neonatal period. The normal neonate lies in the fetal position with the lower extremities flexed. The constant force of gravity gradually pulls them into extension. The infant with myelomeningocele often has insufficient adductor control to prevent the lower extremities from falling into complete abduction when they are flexed. This abduction in the flexed position may be so extreme the legs lie flat on the bed in what is often termed a “frog leg position.” When the legs are in this position, gravity cannot pull them into extension. In addition, if the lesion is below L1 and above S2, there will be no hip extensor motion to counteract the hip flexor muscles.…
Legal Considerations of Psychiatric Nursing Practice

There are major legal issues that affect psychiatric nursing and guidelines for practicing in a legal and responsible manner. Advances in understanding of psychiatric conditions and developments in how nurses care for psychiatric patients result in changes in regulations, case law, and policies that govern nursing practice. Professional development, keeping abreast of current research and literature regarding clinical practice and trends, and involvement in professional organizations are some of the ways that psychiatric nurses can meet the challenges of their profession.
Core/Shell Microgels Decouple the pH and Temperature Responsivities of Microgel Films

We investigate the impact of pH on the swelling properties of thermoresponsive microgel layer-by-layer films. Microgels were synthesized from N-isopropylacrylamide and/or N-isopropylmethacrylamide. At pH 3, films composed of traditional (core) microgels, where acrylic acid has been copolymerized throughout the microgel network, have sharp temperature responsivities as observed by increases in the intensity of scattered light. This is contrasted by results at pH 7.4, where responsivity is diminished, likely as a result of deprotonated carboxylic acid groups, which changes the osmotic pressure within the component microgels. To probe this phenomenon further, core/shell microgels were synthesized such that the acidic comonomer was isolated to the shell and the core was purely temperature-responsive. Films assembled from such core/shell microgels exhibited pH-independent temperature responsivities. Temperature controlled in-liquid atomic force microscopy was used to directly measure the thickness of microgel ...
Epitaxial Growth of TiN Films on (100) Silicon Substrates by Laser Physical Vapor Deposition

We have synthesized epitaxial TiN films having low resistivity on (100) silicon substrates using pulsed laser deposition method. The TiN films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Rutherford back-scattering, four-point-probe ac resistivity, high resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques and epitaxial relationship was found to be TiN // Si. TiN films showed 10–20% channeling yield. In the plane, four unit cells of TiN match with three unit cells of silicon with less than 4.0% misfit. This domain matching epitaxy provides a new mechanism of epitaxial growth in systems with large lattice misfits. Room-temperature resistivity of these films was found to be about 15 μΩ-cm. Implications of low-resistivity epitaxial TiN in silicon device fabrication are discussed.
Anr vs. Passive Communications Headsets: Investigation of Speech Intelligibility, Pilot Workload, and Flight Performance in an Aircraft Simulator

Cockpits of propeller-driven aircraft are often environments of high amplitude, low frequency-dominant engine noise. This noise can interfere with radio communications. Previous authors have examined the effect of active noise reduction (ANR) headsets on speech intelligibility in noise in the absence of the attentional demand from simultaneously-performed complex tasks such as flying an airplane. This experiment investigated the combined effects of various headsets (passive and ANR) on speech intelligibility, mental workload and flight performance in an aircraft simulator. Instrument-rated pilots were tasked with completing four 3.5-hour cross-country flight simulations, one for each of 4 headsets. Results indicated that ANR headsets (as a group) generally improved speech intelligibility and decreased mental workload over a passive headset; however, flight performance results showed a more complex relationship. One conclusion is that a well-designed ANR headset has measurable benefits as a tool to potenti...
Ultra Low Power Bioelectronics: Low-power current-mode circuits

We aren't making the best products just because some customer suggested them to us, or even assured us of big orders, but because we have a passion to bring some art, in which we have a large personal investment, to the pinnacle of perfection. Barrie Gilbert In this chapter, we shall discuss circuits that use current inputs and current outputs to create static and dynamic linear and nonlinear systems. Current-mode circuits can operate at low power-supply voltages and over a wide range of currents with exponential subthreshold or bipolar transistors. For reasons that will become clear at the end of the chapter, current-mode signal processing implemented with exponential devices is also often termed log-domain signal processing. We shall begin by discussing static translinear circuits, which were invented by Barrie Gilbert in the bipolar-circuit domain and that are easily generalized to the subthreshold-MOS domain. Then, we shall discuss circuits for constructing linear current-mode dynamical systems analogous to G m − C filters in the voltage domain, which were invented and developed by Seevinck, Tsividis, Frey, Toumazou, Andreou, Vittoz, Minch and others. We shall present gain-control techniques for achieving a nearly constant signal-to-noise ratio over a wide dynamic range of inputs, developed by Tsividis for use in linear current-mode input-output systems. Such adaptive techniques separate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and dynamic-range variables enabling low-power operation over a wide dynamic range of inputs.