cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Down syndrome and leukemia—it's in the cards

Chromosome 21 is the smallest human chromosome containing an estimated 329 genes, yet numeric and structural abnormalities of chromosome 21 are 2 of the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in childhood leukemias. The unique association of Down syndrome (DS) and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (
Sublethal effects of cupric ion activity on the phototaxis of three calanoid copepods

Using wavelengths near maximal photosensitivity, phototactic responses of two estuarine calanoid copepods (Acartia tonsa, Acartia hudsonica) and one nearshore, neritic copepod (Temora longicornis) were measured after 24 h exposures to sublethal concentrations of free cupric ions. A nitrilotriacetate-trace metal ion buffer system was used to control the free cupric ion activity (pCu = negative log of the free cupric ion activity), which determines organismic response. All three species exhibited positive phototaxis at pCu ≈ 13.0 reported for unpolluted surface sea waters and estuarine waters. As cupric ion activity increased, percent positive phototactic response decreased, indicating a strong sublethal effect of free cupric ions on photobehavior. Changes in photobehavior occurred at cupric ion activities that have been reported for many estuaries and coastal waters near urban and industrialized areas. Temora longicornis was much less phototactically sensitive than the two estuarine species. It also exhibited phototactic sign switching as pCu changed.
Phenotypic Plasticity in Life-History Traits: Demographic Effects and Evolutionary Consequences

Although much life-history theory assumes otherwise, most life-history traits exhibit phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental factors during development. Plasticity has long been recognized as a potentially important factor in evolution, is known to be under genetic control, and may or may not be adaptive. The notion of adaptive plasticity contrasts with the idea that developmental homeostasis is a major evolutionary goal. The conflict was resolved in principle by Ashby's cybernetic analysis of homeostasis, which showed how plasticity in “response variables” might act to screen “essential variables” from the impact of environmental disturbance. To apply this analysis to life-history plasticity, it must be incorporated into a demographic model. An approach is presented here using life cycle graphs and matrix projection models. Plasticity in response to temporal variation leads to time-varying matrix models: plasticity in response to spatial variation leads to models structured by criteria other than age. The adaptive value of such plasticity can be assessed by calculating its effects on a suitable measure of fitness: long-term growth rate for time-invariant models, expected growth rate discounted by variance for time-varying models. Three examples are analyzed here: plasticity in the rate of development from one instar to the next in a stage-classified model, plasticity in multiplicative yield components, and plasticity in dormancy as a response to environmental cues. Development rate plasticity is adaptive if reproductive value increases from the instar in question to the next, maladaptive otherwise. Plasticity in yield components reduces fitness variance, and hence is adaptive, if the responses of successive developmental steps ( e.g. , flowers/stem, seeds/flower) are negatively correlated. Plasticity in dormancy is adaptive if it responds to the same factor(s) influencing mortality, but with opposite sign. A number of important problems, including trade-offs between genetic and phenotypic adaptation and the distinction between continuous and discontinous plasticity remain to be solved.
\mathbb {C}-Valued Functions Induced by Graphs

In this paper, we establish certain analytic objects, $$\mathbb {C}$$ -valued functions, containing combinatorial properties of given graphs. We call them graph (order-)zeta-functions. We study fundamental properties of such functions, and investigate algebras of the functions. Analytically, the convergence of them is considered. And we show that the construction of a system of graph zeta-functions is an invariance on finite connected graphs (up to shadowed graphs). Motivated by graph zeta-functions, we establish graph $${\mathbf {Z}}$$ -functions, and the construction of them is an invariance on “locally finite” (finite or infinite) connected graphs (up to shadowed graphs).
Ethics and Australian International Business which way to Asia

In an era of domestic and economic reform wherein deregulation/privatisation becomes a priority, short shift has too often been given to evaluative analyses of business activities. Evaluative monitoring and oversight are especially needful in highly competitive international business environments, where the temptations are very strong to adjudge individual effectiveness by the sole criterion of the bottom line. But what additional or alternative criteria should be administered, and by whom, is less clear. That any but the most vague Judeo-Christian or secular ethical standards are applicable (e.g. notions of fairness) is widely contested. The debate is significantly only widened when doing business across national borders involving peoples from different cultures and languages. This section is devoted to explicating the normative role of international codes of conduct for guiding the decision making of managers involved in multinational operations, and clarifying what ethical frameworks are available to the international manager for taking decisions which require selecting actions inconsistent with either home or host country demands.
Excitation of C3πu State of N2 in a Radio-frequency Glow Discharge

Radio-frequency plasmas are now widely used for material processing in the semiconductor industry. Like many technical developments, the empirical process development has preceded a thorough understanding of the physical or chemical processes occurring in these systems. Optical spectroscopy provides an excellent probe of the processes occurring in these glow discharge systems.
Template fabricated plasmonic nanoholes on analyte-sensitive substrates for vapor sensing

Template-stripping is used to produce plasmonic nanoholes on chemically-patterned substrates for real-time, multiplex vapor sensing. The open-hole geometry allows simultaneous response from both sides of the chip during exposure to <10 ppm ethanol in nitrogen.
Some distribution-free statistics and their application to the selection problem

The definition of the randomized rank-sum statistics introduced by Bell and Doksum [2] is extended to the case ofk populations, and properties of the statistics are developed which generalize some of the results of Bell and Doksum [2]. Both the randomized rank-sum and the nonrandomized rank-sum (heretofore called ‘scores’) statistics are employed in Gupta’s [9] subset approach to thek population selection problem. A useful small-sample property of the randomized rank-sum procedure is demonstrated. The asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE) of the procedures based on the two types of rank-sum statistics is shown to be equal to unity, and the ARE of either relative to the procedure based on sample means is shown to be the same as that of the ‘scores’ procedure relative to the means procedure in thek-sample testing problem. The three procedures are shown to have the same asymptotic performance characteristic when sample size ratios equal the asymptotic relative efficiencies. It is further shown that an ‘indifference zone’ procedure based on the randomized rank-sum statistics and the ‘indifference zone’ ‘scores’ procedure are asymptotically equally efficient.
Redox regulation and its emerging roles in stem cells and stem-like cancer cells.

Abstract The existence of cancer stem cells has impelled the pursuit to understanding and characterizing this subset of cells, which are thought to be responsible for tumor recurrence and to contribute to therapy resistance. Recent studies suggest that cancer stem cells seem to possess properties similar to those of normal stem cells, revealing a possible therapeutic strategy/target. For this to be feasible, it is imperative to understand the relation between cancer cells, cancer stem cells, and normal stem cells. Cancer cells have been found to be in a state of redox imbalance, an alteration in the homeostasis between oxidants and antioxidants, resulting in increased oxidants within the cell. Studies have shown redox balance plays an important role in the maintenance of stem cell self-renewal and in differentiation. Very little is known about the redox status in cancer stem cells. In this review, we focus on the sites of oxidant generation and the regulation of redox status in cancer cells and stem cells...
Strategies to Screen for Stage B as a Heart Failure Prevention Intervention

Heart failure (HF) prevention is an indisputably laudable goal, albeit with undefined global public health impact in an increasingly elderly population with competing cardiovascular and noncardiovascular risks for morbidity and mortality. The understanding of cardiac and noncardiac structural and functional abnormalities that predispose to the diverse clinical HF syndrome is rapidly advancing, and novel approaches for prevention and treatment are needed. Successful approaches mandate not only identification of discrete therapeutic targets but also research into the developing sciences of health care delivery and behavioral modification. Targeting Stage B HF represents one such potential strategy.
Design methodology for a modular service-driven network processor architecture

We present a design methodology for a modular network processor architecture that leads to a balanced, servicedefined mix between programmable processor cores, configurable hardware assists, and specialized coprocessors. Whereas the processor cores address the flexibility and extendibility needs of the networking market, the hardware components offload the processors, or even allow them to be bypassed for certain network processor-typical tasks to optimize chip area, performance, and power efficiency. We describe the rationale behind the selected functional partitioning in hardware and software components and discuss the challenges of designing the hardware components, and of organizing and integrating the programmable cores. We quantify our approach with a performance evaluation of the overall system.
Columbia River sediment in Quinault Canyon, Washington — Evidence from artificial radionuclides

Sediments collected from beneath 1500–2000 m of water in Quinault Canyon, off the coast of the State of Washington, contain 60Co and 152Eu which indicate that they are derived from the Columbia River. The presence of these radionuclides confirms that sediment from the Columbia River is transported to and deposited in Quinault Canyon on a time scale of a few years or less. Fallout-derived 137Cs is also present in Quinault Canyon sediments. 137Cs can probably be used at other locations to distinguish canyons where deposition of river- or shelf-derived sediments is active from dormant canyons.
Las minas del Rey Fernando: plata, oro, y la barbarie española en la retórica independentista hispanoamericana

La poesia y el periodismo fueron los medios principales en que se batio la querella dialectica por la autonomia e independencia cultural y politica de Latinoamerica a comienzos del siglo XIX. Este articulo delinea la centralidad del debate intelectual en torno a la naturaleza americana y en particular a las riquezas minerales y la denuncia criolla de la dependencia espanola de la plata y el oro americanos en algunas muestras destacadas del extenso corpus literario independentista. En los poemas analizados de Andres Bello, Jose Joaquin Olmedo, y Bartolome Hidalgo, el texto literario se convierte en un espacio ideal para dilucidar por un lado las mecanicas relaciones coloniales de explotacion y expropiacion mineral y por otro para imaginar el futuro postcolonial y el papel (o su ausencia) de la industria minera en ese nuevo escenario.
A non-singular boundary integral formula for determining the T-stress for cracks of arbitrary geometry

A simple, yet accurate 2-D boundary integral equation (BIE) for determining the T-stress for cracks of arbitrarily geometry is introduced in this paper. The formulation is based upon the asymptotic expansion for the stress field in the vicinity of a crack tip. It can be conveniently implemented in the post-processing stage of a boundary element fracture analysis. As demonstrated in this work, the proposed BIE is non-singular, and thus it can directly be collocated at the crack tip under consideration. The technique requires a similar computational effort as that used in calculating the stress components at an interior point of a domain. Consequently, this new approach is very computationally effective and accurate for evaluating the elastic T-stress. Five test examples, involving straight, kink and curved cracks, are studied to validate the proposed technique and to assess its accuracy.
Situating Hazard Vulnerability: People’s Negotiations with Wildfire Environments in the U.S. Southwest

This article is based on a multimethod study designed to clarify influences on wildfire hazard vulnerability in Arizona’s White Mountains, USA. Findings reveal that multiple factors operating across scales generate socially unequal wildfire risks. At the household scale, conflicting environmental values, reliance on fire insurance and firefighting institutions, a lack of place dependency, and social vulnerability (e.g., a lack of financial, physical, and/or legal capacity to reduce risks) were found to be important influences on wildfire risk. At the regional-scale, the shift from a resource extraction to environmental amenity-based economy has transformed ecological communities, produced unequal social distributions of risks and resources, and shaped people’s social and environmental interactions in everyday life. While working-class locals are more socially vulnerable than amenity migrants to wildfire hazards, they have also been more active in attempting to reduce risks in the aftermath of the disastrous 2002 Rodeo-Chediski fire. Social tensions between locals and amenity migrants temporarily dissolved immediately following the disaster, only to be exacerbated by the heightened perception of risk and the differential commitment to hazard mitigation displayed by these groups over a 2-year study period. Findings suggest that to enhance wildfire safety, environmental managers should acknowledge the environmental benefits associated with hazardous landscapes, the incentives created by risk management programs, and the specific constraints to action for relevant social groups in changing human-environmental context.
Market access and competition in product lines

Abstract We analyze competition in product lines by multi-product oligopolists that have preferential access to a local market but can supply a rival's market by incurring distance costs. We show that the width and degree of overlap in the product lines is greater in large markets and when the products are more differentiated. Distance costs affect not only the firms' product lines but also firms' choices of the products that are to be supplied to the distant market. Product lines are broader and more overlapped when distance costs are low and when they are high; while product lines are narrower, with less overlap, when distance costs are moderate. Consumers generally gain and firms lose from a reduction in distance costs. However, consumers may lose and firms gain from reduced distance costs if these lead to firms adopting narrower product lines.
Changing Communication and Roles: Innovations in Oregon's Fishing Families, Communities, and Management

Abstract Fisheries throughout the United States are undergoing dramatic change. Oregon Sea Grant's Adapting to Change project documented how fishing families, communities, and the commercial fishing industry are adjusting to these changes. Using interviews, focus groups, surveys, and educational outreach programs with members of the trawl and troll fleets, we examined how changes in communication and roles among fishing families, communities, and fisheries management may combine to produce desirable innovations at these three levels. With women's increasing involvement in fisheries management and the emergence of industry-wide support networks, decisions are being made in different ways among fishing families and communities, as well as at the management level. Our research found that changing the lines of communication alone, however, does not guarantee that innovation will occur. The article concludes with highlights of positive changes brought on by flexible roles and increased communication, while not...
Mechanism of SN2 disulfide bond cleavage by phosphorus nucleophiles. Implications for biochemical disulfide reducing agents.

The B3LYP variant of DFT has been used to study the mechanism of S−S bond scission in dimethyl disulfide by a phosphorus nucleophile, trimethylphospine (TMP). The reaction is highly endothermic in the gas phase and requires significant external stabilization of the charged products. DFT calculations (B3LYP) were performed with explicit (water molecules added) and implicit solvent corrections (COSMO model). The transition structures for this SN2 displacement reaction in a number of model systems have been located and fully characterized. The reaction barriers calculated with different approaches for different systems are quite close (around 11 kcal/mol). Remarkably, the calculations suggest that the reaction is almost barrierless with respect to the preorganized reaction complex and that most of the activation energy is required to rearrange the disulfide and TMP to its most effective orientation for the SMe group transfer way. Different reactivities of different phosphorus nucleophiles were suggested to b...
Physiological factors influencing the toxicity of carbamate insecticides to insects.

The toxicity of 6 carbamate insecticides, alone and synergized with several methylenedioxyphenyl synergists, has been evaluated against the housefly, Musca domestica L., the honey bee, Apis mellijera L.; and the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). The topical LD50 values of the carbamates were markedly affected by the age and sex of the house fly and cockroach, but the differences were almost completely abolished by synergism with piperonyl butoxide, sesamex, and methylene-dioxynaphthalene. The variations in the toxicity of the carbamates to the house fly and German cockroach were well correlated with the titre of soluble phenolases in the various life stages, sexes, and in adults of different ages. However, the honey bee is extremely susceptible to these carbamate insecticides, and little synergism occurs with the methylenedioxyphenyl compounds. In the honey bee only a very low titre of phenolase could be demonstrated.
Early Eocene rodents (Mammalia) from the Eureka Sound Group of Ellesmere Island, Canada

Rodents are a minor element in the Early Eocene terrestrial fauna from the Eureka Sound Group of Ellesmere Island. Nevertheless, at least five taxa can be recognized, all members of the family Ischyromyidae. Two are paramyines, of which one is described as Paramys hunti, sp. nov. Three of the rodents are microparamyines, Microparamys bayi, sp. nov., and two species of the new genus Strathcona, S. minor, sp. nov., and S. major, sp. nov. The paramyines are Holarctic in distribution in the Early Eocene, but the microparamyines are known only from North America and Europe. The Arctic Microparamyinae provide the first clearly documented case for an early Cenozoic mammalian taxon having a North American origin and later dispersal into Europe across a North Atlantic terrestrial biogeographic province.
Temporal Logarithmic Oscillations in Self-Similar Multilayer Aggregation: Shlesinger−Hughes Renormalization with Application to the Tunnel-Assisted Wet Oxidation of Silicon

A renormalization group approach to self-similar multilayer aggregation processes is suggested on the basis of the following assumptions. 1. The aggregate is generated by a layer-by-layer process, ...
First Report of Iris yellow spot virus in Spiny Sowthistle (Sonchus asper) in the United States

Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) is a member of the genus Tospovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. Its known host range is very limited, and the currently known hosts include onion, leek, lisianthus, an...
Hydroformylation in supercritical carbon dioxide: Catalysis and benign solvents

Abstract The hydroformylation reaction is an increasingly important chemical synthesis route, as it is one of the few reactions through which a single carbon atom can be added onto a long chain species. The combination of a high volume of hydroformylation products produced commercially, the growing importance of chiral synthesis in pharmaceutical applications, and an increasing awareness of energy use and environmental constraints has led to extensive evaluations of hydroformylation reactions in benign reaction solvents, and in particular, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Since the catalysts used are most often homogeneous in nature, dissolved into the solvent or reactant/product mixture, the use of scCO2 not only improves the environmental profile of hydroformylation processes but also improves the ability to recover the often expensive rhodium-based catalysts. The current review describes recent developments in the design of catalysts for hydroformylation in scCO2, in the use of these catalysts for hydroformylation of alpha-olefins to form linear aldehydes and for asymmetric hydroformylation of styrene, and the effect of the supercritical fluid solvent on these reactions.
SU(mn⊇SU(m)×SU(n) isoscalar factors and S(f1+f2)⊇S( f1)×S( f2) isoscalar factors

A simple relation is found between the isoscalar factor (ISF) of the unitary group and those of the permutation group, i.e. the SU(mn)⊆SU(m)×SU(n)ISF is equal to the S( f1+f2)⊆S( f1)×S( f2) ISF. Since the values of S( f1+f2)⊆S( f1)×S( f2)ISF are independent of m and n, one arrives at an important conclusion that the values of SU(mn)⊆SU(m)×SU(n) ISF are also independent of m and n. Therefore they can be calculated for all m and n by a single stroke instead of one m and one n at a time. An eigenfunction metho for evaluating the SU(mn)⊆SU(m)×SU(n)ISF is given which can be easily translated into a computer program.
Combating Stigma in the Printed News: Contributions of Direct Quotations and Journalistic Story Type to Reader Perceptions of a Controversial Gay Man:

This study investigates how presenting the same factual content with varying narrators, as required by harder-versus softer-news formats, influences the way readers perceive the gay male subject of an actual news story. Because previous social-psychological findings have suggested that people typically respond to others first as members of distinct groups and then later as individuals if and only if they have sufficient motivation for doing so, the expectation was that presenting the same factual content with varying narrators—effected through the quantity of direct quotations included from the news subject—would provide such motivation. The findings of this study support this contention.
Generalized symmetric polynomials and an approximate de Finetti representation

For probability measures on product spaces which are symmetric under permutations of coordinates, we study the rate of approximation by mixtures of product measures.
Conflicts between Heritabiliy Estimates of Mature Equivalent and Herdmate-Deviation Milk and Fat

Abstract Intraherd heritability (h 2 ) of milk or fat yield, estimated from a cross-classified random model including nerds and sires, is typically higher for mature equivalent yield than for mature equivalent yield deviated from herdmate average. Dairy Herd Improvement lactation records of 7,997 progeny of 576 Holstein sires in artificial insemination were used to investigate this problem. Cows were 26 to 28 months of age and calved in November and December 1964. Estimates of h 2 for mature equivalent milk, fat, and fat per cent were .66, .62, and .71; those for deviations milk, fat, and fat per cent were .31, .28, and .50. Adjusting records with regional age factors to a 27-month base rather than to maturity gave lower estimates of heritability for milk and fat (.52 and .46). Biases in h 2 for milk and fat yields arose because of correlations between herd effects and because of partial confounding between sires and herds. Discrepancies in h 2 between mature equivalent and deviation yields were eliminated by stratifying records into six levels of average herdmate milk (average h 2 for milk: mature equivalent, .41; 27-month, .42; and deviation, .40). Heritabilities for deviation milk increased with herdmate yields (low to high) : h 2 = .27, .35, .36, .44, .47, and .48.
History of Electrochemical and Energy Storage Technology Development at NASA Glenn Research Center

AbstractThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration Glenn Research Center (GRC) has a rich heritage of developing electrochemical technologies and energy storage systems for aerospace. Primary and rechargeable batteries, fuel cells, flywheels, and regenerative fuel cells are among the GRC’s portfolio of energy storage devices and primary power systems. These technologies have been developed for missions and applications such as low Earth orbit and geosynchronous Earth orbit satellites, space shuttle, astronaut spacesuit, International Space Station, landers and rovers, and lunar and planetary habitats. The desire for lower mass, lower volume, higher efficiency, and more reliable power systems has most often been the driving force behind the development of these technologies. Often, as with fuel cells for the early Gemini and Apollo missions, development of the technology has been mission enabling. Although many of these technologies were initially developed for applications in space, the existence o...
Nicotine binding sites and their localization in the central nervous system

Abstract The resolution of racemic nicotine to provide optically pure (+)-nicotine and the synthesis of radiolabeled nicotine with high specific activity have facilitated the study of nicotine binding in brain. The actions of the stereoisomers of nicotine on the central nervous system are qualitatively similar in most tests but (−)-nicotine is more potent than the unnatural (+)-isomer by 10-fold or greater. Binding of radiolabeled nicotine to brain has both saturable and nonsaturable components. Only saturable binding is affected by incubation conditions such as time, temperature, pH and ion concentration. Excess concentrations of the stereoisomers are equally effective in displacing (−)-[3H]-nicotine from brain homogenates. Nevertheless, a direct comparison of (+)-[3H]-nicotine and (−)-[3H]-nicotine binding shows that the latter has a KD three times lower than the former. (−)-[3H]-Nicotine is bound to the greatest degree in hypothalamus and hippocampus, areas that also exhibited the most stereoselectivity for nicotine. However, differences in the binding affinities of the two isomers were far less than the pharmacological stereospecificity observed.
The Toxicity of Melanin Precursors

The quinone intermediates resulting from tyrosinase-mediated oxidation of tyrosine were evaluated as sulfhydryl reagent inhibitors of purified calf thymus DNA polymerase α in order to determine which of these might be cytotoxic. Dopachrome and an oxidation product of 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalafline were relatively ineffective as inhibitors of DNA polymerase α. On the other hand, a dopaquinone analogue, 4-(2-N-acetylaminoethyl)-1,2-benzoquinone, synthesized from N-acetyl dopamine, was demonstrated to have marked affinity for this sulfhydryl enzyme. This property was shared by 1,2-benzoquinone. These studies point to dopaquinone as a significant toxic metabolite in melanin biosynthesis.
Structure-function relationships of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from poliovirus (3Dpol): A surface of the primary oligomerization domain functions in capsid precursor processing and VPg uridylylation

The primary oligomerization domain of poliovirus polymerase, 3Dpol, is stabilized by the interaction of the back of the thumb subdomain of one molecule with the back of the palm subdomain of a second molecule, thus permitting the head-to-tail assembly of 3Dpol monomers into long fibers. The interaction of Arg-455 and Arg-456 of the thumb with Asp-339, Ser-341, and Asp-349 of the palm is key to the stability of this interface. We show that mutations predicted to completely disrupt this interface do not produce equivalent growth phenotypes. Virus encoding a polymerase with changes of both residues of the thumb to alanine is not viable; however, virus encoding a polymerase with changes of all three residues of the palm to alanine is viable. Biochemical analysis of 3Dpol derivatives containing the thumb or palm substitutions revealed that these derivatives are both incapable of forming long fibers, suggesting that polymerase fibers are not essential for virus viability. The RNA binding activity, polymerase activity, and thermal stability of these derivatives were equivalent to that of the wild-type enzyme. The two significant differences observed for the thumb mutant were a modest reduction in the ability of the altered 3CD proteinase to process the VP0/VP3 capsid precursor and a substantial reduction in the ability of the altered 3Dpol to catalyze oriI-templated uridylylation of VPg. The defect to uridylylation was a result of the inability of 3CD to stimulate this reaction. Because 3C alone can substitute for 3CD in this reaction, we conclude that the lethal replication phenotype associated with the thumb mutant is caused, in part, by the disruption of an interaction between the back of the thumb of 3Dpol and some undefined domain of 3C. We speculate that this interaction may also be critical for assembly of other complexes required for poliovirus genome replication.
The standard enthalpy of formation of uranium dioxide by fluorine bomb calorimetry

Abstract The standard energies of combustion in fluorine of two samples of uranium dioxide of compositions UO 2.000 and UO 2.023 have been determined in a bomb calorimeter. The standard enthalpies of formation ΔH f o (UO 2.000 , c) = − (1085.1 ± 2.5) kJ mol −1 and ΔH f o (UO 2.023 , c) = − (1090.2 ± 2.8) kJ mol −1 were derived. These values were compared with literature data and the recommended CODATA standard enthalpy of formation ΔH f o (UO 2 , c).
Fusion of the Four Skills: A Technique for Facilitating Communicative Exchange.

specific language problems. Typical theme topics include character descriptions, resumes, and personal reactions to particular reading assignments or taped material. Themes are marked according to predetermined grading conventions. The teacher does not make corrections, but indicates where the student needs to correct mistakes. After corrections have been made, the teacher reevaluates the theme. Both evaluations have equal weight in the course grade. This serves as an incentive to the student to be serious and careful about his corrections. Where the student is not
Small-Scale Topography of 433 Eros from Laser Altimetry and Imaging

Abstract The NEAR laser rangefinder (NLR) obtained more than 16 million range returns from asteroid 433 Eros. We present the first results from analyses of topographic profiles interpreted with the aid of simultaneous, boresighted images obtained by the NEAR multispectral imager (MSI). The location of the NLR boresight relative to that of MSI is determined by detailed correlations of ranging data and simultaneous images, including cases where the laser boresight slewed off and on the limb of the asteroid and cases where the laser illuminated a boulder close to the time of an image. In the data presented, the precision of the range measurements is about 1 m, with the minimum spot diameter under 5 m, and successive spots are contiguous or overlapping. Elevation on the irregular object Eros is given with respect to the gravitational and centrifugal potential. Landslides in craters are characterized. Possible crater benches are identified. Examples of infilled craters are presented. These observations suggest a depth of unconsolidated regolith, which is subject to sliding, of typically a few tens of meters. An example of structurally controlled cratering is presented. Examples of tectonic features are described. Surface roughness on Eros is approximately self-affine from scales of a few meters to hundreds of meters. A comparison of fractal statistics shows that Eros is extremely rough on observed scales, when compared to terrestrial a'a lava on submeter scales and undisturbed lunar regolith on subcentimeter scales.
Seeing Hitler's Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich. By Kristin Semmens. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. Pp. xiv+263. $74.95. ISBN 1-4039-3914-4.

Between the two world wars, Germany was on the move. The slowdown of the Great Depression notwithstanding, more and more Germans took vacations and enjoyed weekend adventures, and when they traveled, they did so to destinations farther and farther away from home. Along the way, they filled up trains, hotels, and youth hostels. And it was very much Germany that Germans wanted to explore, following as they did quite explicit itineraries of the idealized nation. “Seeing Germany,” as Kristin Semmens puts it, was a way of possessing and occupying Germany. This was quite deliberately the case for the hundreds of thousands of visitors who took special trains to Stahlhelm marches, Reichsbanner demonstrations, and, later in the 1930s, the Nuremberg party rallies, for which more than 700 special trains were pressed into service in 1938. “Seeing Germany” was also at the heart of the new tourist practices the Nazis created: the camp experiences of the Hitler Youth and the rural outposts of the Reich Labor Service. Patriotism required an overnight stay.
European Integration in Identity Narratives in Estonia: A Quest for Security

The article situates the Estonian discourse of national identity in the country's pursuits of EU and NATO membership. It first outlines the assumptions, concepts, and rhetorical devices through which the notion of national identity is constructed in discussions of international integration, and then highlights the policy ramifications of the identity discourse. The article concentrates on the three closely linked concepts - civilizational conflict, national territorial sovereignty, and security - that together constitute a core of identity debates in Estonia. While national identity in Estonia has hitherto been examined in the context of ethnic relations between the Estonian and the non-Estonian populations, this article analyzes identity debates, including issues of ethnicity, in the context of the country's pursuits of international integration. As identity is a central concept in Estonia's foreign, security, citizenship, and minority rights policies, the article exposes the claims that underpin these policies. The Estonian identity discourse contains strong arguments in favor of EU membership, yet several of its fundamental premises discursively construct this membership as harmful to Estonia. Both pro- and contra-EU arguments pivot particularly on claims about geopolitical and cultural threats. On the one hand, international integration is constructed as a security measure against the Russian threat. On the other hand, insofar as supranational institutions pressure Estonia to naturalize its Russian-speaking residents, who are construed as representatives of the Russian threat, international integration is also depicted as dangerous to Estonian identity. Estonian identity narratives thereby contradict governmental rhetoric of ethnic and European integration.
Present status of the intrinsic viscosity determination

Abstract To summarize, the points which appear to us of importance in making rapid, accurate determinations of [η] and at the same time obtaining as much accessory information as possible are as follows: 1. (1) Filtration of all solutions (including solvent) and exclusion of dust from all apparatus to as great an extent as possible; 2. (2) Use of a viscometer with a large enough capillary to reduce difficulties due to residual dust, together with a high-viscosity solvent to give higher flow times; 3. (3) For rapid work, dilution by volume in the viscometer; for most accurate work, dilution by weight using a solvent of low volatility to reduce concentration errors; 4. (4) Application of the kinetic energy correction whenever it equals or exceeds stop watch error; 5. (5) Use of flow times rather than actual viscositites for calculation of ηsp/c; 6. (6) Optionally, use of artificial concentrations based on assumption that stock solution is 1%, followed by correction of intrinsic viscosity to basis of true concentration; 7. (7) Extrapolation of ηsp/c to infinite dilution by means of the Martin equation, whereby both [η] and the slope constant are obtained.
Molding of fine surface features into bulk metallic glass

Molding of fine surface features into a bulk metallic glass (BMG) from the molten state was investigated. It was studied down to which a feature size in a mold could be reproduced in the BMG. A new casting apparatus was designed and built to carry out the experiments. The BMG used was Vitreloy 1™, Zr41.24Ti13.75Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5, and it was observed to replicate mold features down to several nanometers. This has been verified with SEM photographs of both the mold surfaces and the BMG parts. Processing variables, including the injection temperature of the molten BMG and the atmosphere, in which it is molded, appear to have a great effect on the ability to reproduce the fine features on the mold surface.
Satellite telemetry reveals physical processes driving billfish behavior

Pop-up satellite archival transmitting (PSAT) tags are capable of storing high-resolution behavioral and environmental information for extended periods of time (approximately 1 year), rendering them especially valuable for studying highly mobile species. In this review, we synthesize published PSAT data to understand the biophysical drivers that influence movements of billfishes (families Xiphiidae and Istiophoridae). To date, over 1,080 PSATs have been deployed on billfishes, with individuals demonstrating both trans-equatorial and trans-basin movements. Using this dataset, we identify four main physical variables that drive billfish behavior: temperature, light, oxygen, and complex water mixing (e.g. fronts and eddies). Of the seven species that have been studied with PSAT technology, all exhibited a strong thermal preference for water >22°C, though vertically migrating swordfish additionally occupied waters <10°C while at depth. Ambient light levels influence vertical movements, especially those associated with foraging, as billfish possess large eyes and thermoregulatory abilities that facilitate feeding behaviors below warm surface layers. Mounting evidence suggests that some billfishes actively avoid regions with low dissolved oxygen (<3.5 mL L−1). Human-induced climate change is expected to increase the horizontal and vertical extent of hypoxic water and may further compress habitat and concentrate fishing pressure on pelagic fishes. Finally, complex submeso- and mesoscale processes provide critical habitat for spawning, larval feeding, and retention, but our understanding of these and other behavioral aspects of billfish biology remains limited. Future research efforts should leverage technical advancements while integrating existing and future tag data with chemical and physical oceanographic datasets to gain a better understanding of the relevant biophysical interactions for billfishes, thereby enhancing management capabilities for this ecologically and economically important group of fishes.
Sexual arousal as a function of physiological and cognitive variables in a sexual offender population

Physiological and cognitive variables may compromise the physiological assessment of sexual arousal, particularly in forensic settings. Thus, the effects of physiological and cognitive variables as potential moderators need investigation with respect to physiological measures of sexual arousal. Penile erection, demographic, and psychometric data were analyzed among 169 inpatient adult male sexual offenders. The hypotheses that (i) sexual arousability would be inversely related to age and (ii) subjects who were able to cognitively inhibit their sexual arousal would exhibit lower levels of pedophilic arousal than subjects who were unable to inhibit arousal were supported. Subject age did not interact with inhibition ability. Age and the presence of inhibitory ability appear to be arousability variables in that these variables mediate both deviant and nondeviant arousal.
A Revised ANS Standard for Decay Heat from Fission Products

Heating from the decay of radioactive nuclides in shutdown reactors plays an important role in the safety evaluation of nuclear power plants. Although there are many other important uses for this i...
Retinal abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease.

RESULTS. Patients with AD showed a significant narrowing of the venous blood column diameter (131.7 10.8 m) compared with control subjects (148.3 12.7 m, P 0.01), and a significantly reduced venous blood flow rate (9.7 3.1 L/min) compared with the control subjects (15.9 3.7 L/ min, P 0.002). A significant thinning of the RNFL was found in the superior quadrant in patients with AD (92.2 21.6 m) compared with control subjects (113.6 10.7 m, P 0.02). There were no significant differences in the inferior, temporal, or nasal RNFL thicknesses between the groups. CONCLUSIONS. Retinal abnormalities in early AD include a specific pattern of RNFL loss, narrow veins, and decreased retinal blood flow in these veins. The results show that AD produces quantifiable abnormalities in the retina. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:2285–2289) DOI:10.1167/iovs.06-1029
Effect of foot rotation on knee kinetics and hamstring activation in older adults with and without signs of knee osteoarthritis.

Abstract Background To determine the effects of changing the natural foot progression angle during gait (internal and external foot rotation) on the knee’s adduction moment, lateral–medial shear force, and the ratio of medial–lateral hamstring muscle activation in those with signs of knee osteoarthritis and a matched healthy control group. Methods Twelve subjects with signs of knee osteoarthritis and 12 matched healthy control subjects were evaluated. A 3D gait analysis system calculated forces and moments at the knee while the subjects walked in three conditions: (1) normal foot position, (2) external foot rotation, (3) internal foot rotation. Medial and lateral hamstring EMG data was also collected simultaneously and used to calculate the medial–lateral hamstring activation ratio during the stance phase of the gait cycle. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to compare foot rotation conditions within each group; while between group comparisons were performed in the normal rotation condition only using t -tests. Findings Those with knee osteoarthritis (OA) had an increased late stance knee adduction moment and a decreased medial–lateral hamstring activation ratio as compared to the healthy control group. Also, external foot rotation decreased the late stance knee adduction moment, lateral–medial shear force, and hamstring activation ratio. However, internal foot rotation did not increase these measures. Interpretation Changes in foot position during gait have the ability to alter both the external loading of the knee joint and hamstring muscle activation patterns during gait. This may have implication in helping to unload the knee’s articular cartilage.
Lysine 63-linked polyubiquitination of the dopamine transporter requires WW3 and WW4 domains of Nedd4-2 and UBE2D ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes.

RNA interference screen previously revealed that a HECT-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase, neuronal precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4-2 (Nedd4-2), is necessary for ubiquitination and endocytosis of the dopamine transporter (DAT) induced by the activation of protein kinase C (PKC). To further confirm the role of Nedd4-2 in DAT ubiquitination and endocytosis, we demonstrated that the depletion of Nedd4-2 by two different small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes suppressed PKC-dependent ubiquitination and endocytosis of DAT in human and porcine cells, whereas knock-down of a highly homologous E3 ligase, Nedd4-1, had no effect on DAT. The abolished DAT ubiquitination in Nedd4-2-depleted cells was rescued by expression of recombinant Nedd4-2. Moreover, overexpression of Nedd4-2 resulted in increased PKC-dependent ubiquitination of DAT. Mutational inactivation of the HECT domain of Nedd4-2 inhibited DAT ubiquitination and endocytosis. Structure-function analysis of Nedd4-2-mediated DAT ubiquitination revealed that the intact WW4 domain and to a lesser extent WW3 domain are necessary for PKC-dependent DAT ubiquitination. Moreover, a fragment of the Nedd4-2 molecule containing WW3, WW4, and HECT domains was sufficient for fully potentiating PKC-dependent ubiquitination of DAT. Analysis of DAT ubiquitination using polyubiquitin chain-specific antibodies showed that DAT is mainly conjugated with Lys63-linked ubiquitin chains. siRNA analysis demonstrated that this polyubiquitination is mediated by Nedd4-2 cooperation with UBE2D and UBE2L3 E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. The model is proposed whereby each ubiquitinated DAT molecule is modified by a single four-ubiquitin Lys63-linked chain that can be conjugated to various lysine residues of DAT.
Is starch flavor unitary? Evidence from studies of cooked starch.

Abstract Although starch is the world's most abundant nutritive carbohydrate, its sensory properties are not as well understood as those of sugars. Previous researchers have assumed that all starches have the same flavor. The present experiments examined flavor differences among starches. Untrained rats were offered a choice of suspensions containing raw versus cooked starch. For some starches (potato and rice), rats strongly preferred cooked over uncooked starch. For other starches (regular corn, corn amylopectin, and wheat), rats showed little or no preference for cooked over uncooked starch. In order to determine whether the greater preference for cooked starch reflects a difference in flavor intensity, rats were conditioned to avoid potato or corn amylopectin starches by pairing ingestion of these substances with lithium chloride injections. Rats trained to avoid raw starch also avoided cooked starch, indicating that cooked and raw starch have similar flavors. However, when these trained rats were offered a choice between cooked and raw starch, they avoided the raw starch; this result is inconsistent with the assumption that cooking enhances the intensity of starch flavor. Similar results were obtained with corn amylopectin and potato starch, even though these starches differ greatly with regard to the effects of cooking on preference in untrained rats. However, rats trained to avoid potato starch avoided this starch to a greater degree than did rats trained to avoid corn amylopectin; conversely, rats trained to avoid corn amylopectin avoided this starch to a greater degree than did rats trained to avoid potato starch. Therefore, the flavor of starch is complex; there are specific flavor notes related to species and cooking. Nevertheless, the various types of starches share at least one flavor note in common.
Collector offset voltage of heterojunction bipolar transistors grown by molecular beam epitaxy

The collector-emitter offset voltages of InAlAs/InGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors grown by molecular-beam epitaxy are discussed. Both the difference between emitter and collector areas and electrical asymmetry between emitter and collector junctions in these mesa-isolated transistors account for the offset voltages observed. Devices exhibited offset voltages in the range of 50-300 mV, depending on the structures and device sizes. Several electrical and geometrical factors affecting the offset voltage are discussed in detail. >