cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The problem of selecting an approach based on prior success

This article is the twenty-sixth of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. The problem posed for research asks one to find criteria for choosing from among previously answered questions a question that dictates the approach to take for attacking the problem of current interest. Especially because the better automated reasoning programs often offer a wide range of choices for representation, inference rule, and strategy, a solution to the proposed problem would materially reduce the difficulty of using these powerful aids for research.
Regional differences in the histochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase in the midgut of tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta)

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity was assayed by a histochemical method in mounted cryostat sections of larval midgut of Manduca sexta (Insecta: Sphingidae). In anterior and middle midgut most CA activity was associated with apical microvilli of goblet cells; with occasional patchy staining of the columnar cell brush border in anterior midgut. In contrast, in the posterior midgut, the apical microvilli of goblet cells showed no CA activity, but intense staining was associated with the brush border of columnar cells. Staining of mitochondria and nuclei was seen in all midgut regions. In addition, midguts from late fifth instar larvae showed intense staining of spherites (mineral concretions). Acetazolamide (10−5M) completely inhibited staining at all sites except nuclei and spherites. Thiocyanate (100 mM) completely inhibited staining at all sites except anterior and middle goblet cell microvilli, which remained partially reactive. These results suggest that the anteriormiddle and posterior regions play different roles in generating and managing the alkalinization of midgut contents characteristic of lepidopteran midgut. The different sensitivities of CA activity in anterior-middle and posterior midgut to thiocyanate raises the possibility that more than one form of the enzyme may be involved.
Evaluation of beta‐apo‐8'‐garotenal as an egg yolk pigmenter

Synopsis Beta‐apo‐8'‐carotenal has been shown to be an effective egg yolk pigmenter when fed singly or in combination with dehydrated alfalfa and yellow corn. More effective pigmentation appeared to have been obtained with the lower levels of the β‐apo‐8'‐carotenal supplemented to diets containing dehydrated alfalfa and yellow corn. The compound can be used alone in a pigment‐free diet to obtain satisfactory egg yolk pigmentation.
Structural principles of intramembrane proteases

Intramembrane proteases are present in most organisms, and are used by cells to send signal across membranes, to activate growth factors, and to accomplish many other tasks that are beyond the capability of their soluble cousins. These enzymes specialize in cleaving peptide bonds that are normally embedded in cell membranes. They contain multiple membrane-spanning segments, and their catalytic residues are often found within these hydrophobic domains. In the past year, a number of important papers have been published that began to address the structural features of these membrane proteins by X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and biochemical methods, including the first report of an intramembrane protease crystal structure, that of Escherichia coli GlpG. Taken together, these studies started to reveal patterns of how intramembrane proteases are constructed, how waters are supplied to the membrane-embedded active site, and how membrane protein substrates interact with them.
Pieri resolutions for classical groups

Abstract We generalize the constructions of Eisenbud, Floystad, and Weyman for equivariant minimal free resolutions over the general linear group, and we construct equivariant resolutions over the orthogonal and symplectic groups. We also conjecture and provide some partial results for the existence of an equivariant analogue of Boij–Soderberg decompositions for Betti tables, which were proven to exist in the non-equivariant setting by Eisenbud and Schreyer. Many examples are given.
Return to Work After Stroke: A Nursing State of the Science

There is a lack of research related to return to work (RTW) after acute ischemic stroke. Historically considered a disease of the elderly, acute ischemic stroke studies have not routinely used RTW as an outcome. Major stroke trials have not routinely collected these data as an end point. However, the mean age for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has declined to 69 years of age, whereas the incidence in patients aged <55 years has increased to 19%.1–3 Changes in retirement age have also affected RTW as a consideration in patients with stroke. Failure to RTW after recovery from AIS has been associated with negative health outcomes such as increased cardiac disease, depression, and higher rates of mortality and social consequences such as isolation and poor coping ability.4 RTW has not been extensively studied in the AIS population. However, with an aging, yet active population and an increased awareness of AIS in younger patients, the relevance of RTW is becoming increasingly important. According to current research, ≤50% of stroke survivors are likely to RTW if they can walk, their cognition is relatively intact, they were previously used, are younger than the mean age, and have a white-collar position.5–9 The physical, psychological, social, financial, and economic consequences associated with loss of productivity for patients with AIS and their caregivers are reported to cost billions of dollars each year.10 With an increasing prevalence of survivors, the ability to RTW has gained significant importance as an area for further research. The purpose of this review was to provide …
Sarcocystis neurona infection in gamma interferon gene knockout (KO) mice: Comparative infectivity of sporocysts in two strains of KO mice, effect of trypsin digestion on merozoite viability, and infectivity of bradyzoites to KO mice and cell culture

The protozoan Sarcocystis neurona is the primary cause of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM). EPM or EPM-like illness has been reported in horses, sea otters, and several other mammals. The gamma interferon gene knockout (KO) mouse is often used as a model to study biology and discovery of new therapies against S. neurona because it is difficult to induce clinical EPM in other hosts, including horses. In the present study, infectivity of three life cycle stages (merozoites, bradyzoites, sporozoites) to KO mice and cell culture was studied. Two strains of KO mice (C57-black, and BALB/c-derived, referred here as black or white) were inoculated orally graded doses of S. neurona sporocysts; 12 sporocysts were infective to both strains of mice and all infected mice died or became ill within 70 days post-inoculation. Although there was no difference in infectivity of sporocysts to the two strains of KO mice, the disease was more severe in black mice. S. neurona bradyzoites were not infectious to KO mice and cell culture. S. neurona merozoites survived 120 min incubation in 0.25% trypsin, indicating that trypsin digestion can be used to recover S. neurona from tissues of acutely infected animals.
Bargaining, Domestic Politics, and International Context in the Management of War: A Review Essay

This review essay examines a number of areas in the study of war management. First, current work on war bargaining combines previous models of prewar bargaining with intra-war bargaining. These models attempt to depict both the elements of intra-war bargaining and its possible outcome within a dynamic setting in which battles as well as diplomacy provide combatants with information about the possible military outcome of the war. Second, studies of the domestic politics of war management focused primarily on the interrelations between war progress, casualties, and public opinion. As such these studies are strongly biased towards democratic politics of war management. We know very little about the domestic process of war management in non-democratic states. Nor is there much systematic empirical work on civil-military relations during wartime. Third, war expansion models have expanded our knowledge on the factors that increase the probability of third party intervention, as well as on the domestic and inter...
Mono-vs. di-fluorous-tagged glucosamines for iterative oligosaccharide synthesis

Abstract Fluorous-tagged protecting groups are attractive tools for elongating carbohydrate chains in oligosaccharide synthesis. To eliminate the accumulation of failed sequences during automated oligosaccharide synthesis conditions, an additional C 8 F 17 ester derived protecting group was attached to the glycosyl donor to better retain the desired doubly tagged glycosylation product on fluorous solid-phase extraction (FSPE) cartridges. Initial studies show that the double-fluorous-tagging strategy offers a robust enough separation using a commercial FSPE cartridge using simple gravity filtration to separate the desired product from the singly fluorous-tagged starting materials and their decomposition products. In addition, removal of the fluorous acetate and its by-products after sodium methoxide treatment and neutralization required only dissolution of the desired sugar in toluene and subsequent removal of the toluene layer from the denser fluorous by-products.
Teaching Tacting of Private Events Based on Public Accompaniments: Effects of Contingencies, Audience Control, and Stimulus Complexity

Our current understanding of the role of private events in the science of behavior is based largely on Skinner’s natural science interpretation of private events. Skinner described public accompaniments as one source of control for a verbal community to differentially reinforce verbal behavior regarding private events. In this study, we developed an experimental analogue to study variables influencing tacting of private events. The participant had exclusive access to one set of stimuli (the private stimuli), and the experimenter attempted to teach tacts for private stimuli based on their correspondence with public stimuli accessible to both the experimenter and participant. Results of experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that reports of private stimuli were a function of degree of public-private correspondence, reinforcement contingency, and audience control. In some cases, we encountered reports controlled exclusively by public stimuli. Results of experiment 3 showed that public control was less likely when public stimuli were more complex and the experimenter had a unique behavioral history with respect to those stimuli that was not shared by the learner. The orderly patterns of data obtained suggest that analogue arrangements might be a useful, and even necessary, starting point for experimental investigations of how private events may enter into the analysis of behavior.
Quantum fusion of domain walls with fluxes

We study how fluxes on the domain wall world volume modify quantum fusion of two distant parallel domain walls into a composite wall. The elementary wall fluxes can be separated into parallel and antiparallel components. The parallel component affects neither the binding energy nor the process of quantum merger. The antiparallel fluxes, instead, increase the binding energy and, against naive expectations, suppress quantum fusion. In the small-flux limit we explicitly find the bounce solution and the fusion rate as a function of the flux. We argue that at large (antiparallel) fluxes there exists a critical value of the flux (versus the difference in the wall tensions), which switches off quantum fusion altogether. This phenomenon of flux-related wall stabilization is rather peculiar: it is unrelated to any conserved quantity. Our consideration of the flux-related wall stabilization is based on substantiated arguments that fall short of complete proof.
High temperature stabilization of lithium–sulfur cells with carbon nanotube current collector

Abstract Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) chemistry has been considered for an alternative future generation of rechargeable lithium batteries because of its higher theoretical capacity, safer operation and lower material cost. Here, we report on the impact of temperature on Li–S cell performance. The Li–S coin-cells were prepared by using S infiltrated vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (S-CNT) as cathodes and lithium metal foils as anodes. The cells were operated at 25, 50, 70 and 90 °C. Higher temperature operation resulted in higher specific capacity, better rate capability and more stable performance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies reveal the major impact of temperature on the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on Li foil. Thicker SEI with higher content of inorganic phase formed at elevated temperatures greatly reduced both the dendrite formation and the capacity fading resulted from the irreversible losses of S. At 70 °C specific capacities up to ∼700 mAh g −1 were achieved at an ultra-high current density of 3.3 A g −1 . At 90 °C and the same current density Li–S cells showed an average capacity of ∼400 mAh g −1 and stable performance for over 150 cycles.
Oxygen adsorption on molybdenum studied by low-energy secondary-ion mass spectrometry and electron-induced desorption

The adsorption of oxygen on molybdenum in the monolayer region was studied using a combination of secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) at low primary energies and electron impact desorption. By examining the ion yields during adsorption and desorption at various temperatures, it was possible to identify two strongly bound states with activation energies for desorption of 120 and 107 kcal/mole. At room temperature, these $\ensuremath{\beta}$ states are populated first and afterwards there are at least two $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ states which are simultaneously filled. The desorption energies for the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ states were estimated to be about 37 kcal/mole. One $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ state gives rise to electron-induced desorption of ${\mathrm{O}}_{e}^{+}$, the other does not. After only partial filling of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ states, a transformation of the state giving ${\mathrm{O}}_{e}^{+}$ could be observed at quite low temperatures (g 550\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). The rate of transformation was greater, the lower the degree of occupation of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ states. The ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ states have quite different influences on the SIMS ion yields. The formation of the oxide produces characteristic changes in ion yields. Secondary-ion energies were also measured. The value of low-energy SIMS in characterizing different states of adsorption is demonstrated.
Evaluation of analytical methods for determining pesticides in baby food

Abstract Three extraction methods and two detection techniques for determining pesticides in baby food were evaluated. The extraction techniques examined were supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), enhanced solvent extraction (ESE), and solid phase extraction (SPE). The detection techniques used were enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Different SFE and ESE conditions were considered, and the resulting extracts were analyzed by either ELISA or GC/MS. The use of C18 SPE cartridges to extract pesticides from baby food was also evaluated. Using SFE–ELISA, recoveries of most spiked pesticides were less than 50% in both non-fat and fatty baby food. Using SFE–GC/MS, recoveries of target pesticides were greater than 80% in dried baby food, but 10–60% of the spiked pesticides were lost during the freeze-drying process. Off-line coupling of SPE–GC/MS provided a quantitative measure (>80%) of the pesticides in non-fat baby food (fruits and vegetables). Direct ELISA applied to diluted non-fat food also gave a quantitative measure of the target pesticides. The ESE–ELISA method provided a quantitative determination of atrazine in both non-fat and fatty baby food.
Beryllium Surface Levels in a Military Ammunition Plant

This study evaluated the presence of beryllium surface contamination in a U.S. conventional munitions plant as an indicator of possible past beryllium airborne and skin exposure and used these measurements to classify job categories by potential level of exposure. Surface samples were collected from production and nonproduction areas of the plant and at regional industrial reference sites with no known history of beryllium use. Surface samples of premoistened wiping material were analyzed for beryllium mass content using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and results expressed as micrograms of beryllium per 100 square centimeters (μ g/100 cm 2 ). Beryllium was detected in 87% of samples collected at the munitions plant and in 72% of the samples collected at regional reference sites. Two munitions plant samples from areas near sanders and grinders were above 3.0 μ g/100 cm 2 (U.S. Department of Energy surface contamination limit). The highest surface level found at the refere...
Adaptive Clustering for Coreference Resolution with Deterministic Rules and Web-Based Language Models

We present a novel adaptive clustering model for coreference resolution in which the expert rules of a state of the art deterministic system are used as features over pairs of clusters. A significant advantage of the new approach is that the expert rules can be easily augmented with new semantic features. We demonstrate this advantage by incorporating semantic compatibility features for neutral pronouns computed from web n-gram statistics. Experimental results show that the combination of the new features with the expert rules in the adaptive clustering approach results in an overall performance improvement, and over 5% improvement in F1 measure for the target pronouns when evaluated on the ACE 2004 newswire corpus.
An Electronic Model for Transport in Fuel Cell Systems

Existing descriptions for the current-voltage characteristics of a fuel cell are based on classical thermodynamics, which treat the cell as a simple reversible chemical reaction ( A + B ↔ C + D). The cell voltage is given through the Nernst equation in terms of the concentrations of the reacting species. However, cell current can only be expressed phenomenologically through voltage losses due to charge and mass transport, which are termed “polarizations.” The main component of the cell current (the operating region) is controlled by the diffusion gradients at the two porous electrodes (anode and cathode) and is expressed through Fick’s law.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Micrometeorite impact annealing of ice in the outer Solar System

Abstract The spectra of water ice on the surfaces of icy satellites and Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) indicate that the surface ice on these bodies is in a crystalline state. This conflicts with theoretical models, which predict that radiation (galactic cosmic rays and solar ultraviolet) should damage the crystalline structure of ice on geologically short timescales. Temperatures are too low in the outer Solar System for the ice to anneal, and reflectance spectra of these bodies should match those of amorphous solid water (ASW). We assess whether the kinetic energy deposited as heat by micrometeorite impacts on outer Solar System bodies is sufficient to anneal their surface ice down to a near-infrared optical depth ( 350 μ m ) . We calculate the kinetic energy flux from interplanetary micrometeorite impacts, including gravitational focusing. We also calculate the thermal diffusion of impact heat in various surfaces and the rate of annealing of ice. We conclude that the rate of annealing from micrometeorite impacts is sufficient to explain the crystallinity of ice on nearly all the surfaces of the saturnian, uranian and neptunian satellites. We discuss how the model can be used in conjunction with spectra of KBOs to probe dust fluxes in the Kuiper Belt.
Late Proterozoic-Cambrian metamorphic basement of the Alexander terrane on Long and Dall Islands, southeast Alaska

Geologic and U-Pb (zircon) geochronologic studies demonstrate that Long Island and southern and central Dall Island are underlain in large part by upper Proterozoic-Lower Cambrian metamorphic rocks of the Wales Group. The group comprises a lower assemblage of predominantly metadacite, metamorphosed to amphibolite and greenschist facies, and an upper assemblage of lower-grade basaltic metavolcanic rocks,thick marble layers, and interlayered calcareous metadacite, marble, metapelite, and metagraywacke. Rocks of both assemblages are intruded by metagranodiorite-diorite-gabbro suites, one of which (Kaigani orthogneiss) yields a concordant U-Pb (zircon) age of 554 ± 4 m.y. (Early Cambrian). Rocks of the upper Wales assemblage were thrust over Ordovician(?)-Silurian strata of the Descon Formation, possibly during the Middle Silurian-earliest Devonian Klakas orogeny. A younger normal(?) fault juxtaposes rocks of the upper Wales Group, and locally the Descon Formation and Heceta Limestone, over higher-grade rocks of the lower Wales Group. This poorly known structure may have been active during a Late Permian(?)-Triassic rifting event recorded along the northeastern margin of the terrane. The youngest major unit in the area is the Stripe Mountain granodiorite, which yields a concordant U-Pb (zircon) age of 114 ± 2 m.y.
Adaptation to Sperm Competition in Humans

With the recognition, afforded by recent evo- lutionary science, that female infidelity was a recurrent feature of modern humans' evolutionary history has come the development of a unique area in the study of human mating:spermcompetition.Aformofmale-malepostcopul- atory competition, sperm competition occurs when the sperm of two or more males concurrently occupy the re- productivetractofafemaleandcompetetofertilizeherova. Malesmustcompeteformates,butiftwoormoremaleshave copulated with a femalewithina sufficiently short periodof time, sperm will compete for fertilizations. Psychological, behavioral, physiological, and anatomical evidence indi- cates that men have evolved solutions to combat the adap- tive problem of sperm competition, but research has only just begun to uncover these adaptations. KEYWORDS—sperm competition; anti-cuckoldry; sexual conflict; female infidelity; evolutionary psychology
Actively cooled airframe structures for high-speed flight

An assessment of forced convectively cooled aircraft structures is presented based on recent and on-going studies. Particular emphasis is given to contractual efforts in which large panels of three different concepts are being designed and fabricated for cyclic thermal-structural tests at the Langley Research Center. Results of ambient temperature fatigue tests of small specimens of these concepts are reviewed. Aspects of conceptual and detail designs, material selection, fabrication, reliability, and heat-load/hydrogen fuel heat-sink matching are discussed. Results to date indicate that active cooling significantly impacts the structural design process, and, despite the use of conventional aluminum materials, advanced complex fabrication processes are required.
Anaphora in natural language processing and information retrieval

Abstract Anaphora is the discourse-level linguistic phenomenon of abbreviated subsequent reference, pronouns being the most commonly used anaphors. In that anaphora plays an essential role in human processors' production and understanding of texts, its appropriate recognition and resolution is essential to information retrieval systems that manipulate natural language texts. The approaches to anaphora undertaken in theoretical linguistics and NLP are surveyed and the results of research on anaphora as it impacts on information processes are presented with specific attention to the detailed studies conducted at Syracuse University. These studies have provided essential baseline data on the extent to which anaphora occur, their likelihood of referring to concepts integral to the toplc, their effect on a variety of term-weighting schemes, and their impact on retrieval results. Although the most effective means of processing anaphora may not have yet been determined, it is suggested that improved retrieval systems will need to represent the full meaning of natural language documents, including anaphoric references as well as all other discourse linguistic phenomena.
Brain atrophy by computerized tomography: does brain matter matter?

Brain computerized axial tomography scans were performed in 18 consecutive liver cirrhosis patients with chronic persistent encephalopathy (8 alcoholic and 10 nonalcoholic) in order to evaluate the incidence of brain atrophy in this pathological condition. Fifteen patients of similar age with liver cirrhosis of Child's class B but with acute episodic hepatic encephalopathy were studied in parallel. Brain atrophy was detected in 87.5% of alcoholic and in 50% of nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis patients with chronic persistent encephalopathy, whereas the patients with acute episodic encephalopathy were normal. The high frequency of brain atrophy in alcoholic patients with chronic encephalopathy can be attributed at least in part to the toxic effect of alcohol. The presence of brain atrophy in nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis patients with chronic persistent encephalopathy seems to indicate that the chronic exposure to toxins which are involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy leads to neuronal alterations which develop mainly in the cortex and which can be demonstrated by in vivo imaging only in a long-lasting state of coma. Moreover, alcohol and toxins causing hepatic encephalopathy seem to potentiate each other in inducing brain atrophy.
A pareto-optimal approach to design of distribution system protection

This paper presents a multi-objective optimization model for planning optimum number and location of disconnects, in the electric distribution system. One objective is to minimize the total cost of the protective device investment, another is to maximize the reliability of the distribution system after installing protective devices. This multi-objective problem is solved by Non-Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) method. This paper presents an approach using binary-coded NGSA-II and a formulation of the distribution reliability metrics that renders their computation amenable to the optimization algorithm. The method is demonstrated on a synthetic distribution system derived from the Roy Billinton Test System.
Innovative Technologies for Rehabilitation and Health Promotion: What Is the Evidence?

As new technologies enter the market or the research development track, physical therapists increasingly are in positions to either guide or lead the development team, working with engineers to adapt and modify existing technologies or develop new technologies to enhance rehabilitation, prevent decline, monitor change, or maintain healthy living. Remarkable breakthroughs have occurred in rehabilitation robotics,1–3 the brain-computer interface,4–6 virtual reality (VR)–based therapies,7–10 wearable sensors and monitors,11–13 and all forms of interactive media applications for rehabilitation and health behavior. There still are significant gaps in knowledge about how to best to use these technologies to reduce disability broadly, but we know that many of these technological developments provide the opportunity for new strategies and interventions to enhance quality of life for people with disabilities and chronic conditions that affect function and mobility: The physical therapy profession can be central to ensuring the development and optimal use of new technologies to reduce disability and enhance healthy living. In preparing for PTJ 's special series on innovative technologies for rehabilitation and health promotion, we were particularly interested in receiving contributions about current technologies that have the potential to accelerate progress in physical therapy and rehabilitation strategies, techniques, and interventions. We …
A Self-Administered Questionnaire for the Assessment of Severity of Symptoms and Functional Status in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

We developed a self-administered questionnaire for the assessment of severity of symptoms and functional status in patients who have carpal tunnel syndrome. The reproducibility, internal consistency, validity, and responsiveness to clinical change of scales for the measurement of severity of symptoms and functional status were evaluated in a clinical study. The scales were highly reproducible (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0.91 and 0.93 for severity of symptoms and functional status, respectively) and internally consistent (Cronbach alpha, 0.89 and 0.91 for severity of symptoms and functional status, respectively). Both scales had positive, but modest or weak, correlations with two-point discrimination and Semmes-Weinstein monofilament testing (Spearman coefficient, r = 0.12 to 0.42). In thirty-eight patients who were operated on in 1990 and were evaluated a median of fourteen months postoperatively, the mean symptom-severity score improved from 3.4 points preoperatively to 1.9 points at the latest follow-up examination, while the mean functional-status score improved from 3 to 2 points (5 points is the worst score and 1 point is the best score for each scale). Similar improvement was noted in twenty-six patients who were evaluated before and three months after the operation. We concluded that the scales for the measurement of severity of symptoms and functional status are reproducible, internally consistent, and responsive to clinical change, and that they measure dimensions of outcomes not captured by traditional measurements of impairment of the median nerve. These scales should enhance standardization of measurement of outcomes in studies of treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome.
African American Men’s Perceptions of Body Figure Attractiveness An Acculturation Study

This study examined African American men’s perceptions of body figure attractiveness based on their acculturation levels. Seventy-five African American men between the ages of 18 and 35 attending a traditionally White university in the Southeast region of the United States volunteered for this study. Results from a one-wayANOVArevealed that African American men perceived women with smaller body figures as more attractive than women with larger body figures. However, as it relates to the ideal body figure to date, African American men chose the moderate (medium) body figure. Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences between African American men’s perceptions of body figure attractiveness and their acculturation levels. Explanations and implications of these results are discussed.
Source and Cyclic Release Pattern of (Z)-7-Dodecenyl Acetate, the Pre-ovulatory Pheromone of the Female Asian Elephant

Female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) release a pre-ovulatory urinary pheromone, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12:Ac), to signal males of their readiness to mate. Z7–12:Ac is quantitatively elevated during the follicular stage of estrus, reaching maximum concentrations just prior to ovulation, as demonstrated by two complementary headspace techniques: (i) evacuated canister capture followed by cryogenic trapping; (ii) solid phase microextraction (SPME), used prior to gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS).These patterns were coincident with observed male behaviors and were consistent with biochemical and binding properties of the active ligand, including optimal binding pH.To release maximum amounts of Z7–12:Ac for quantitation, serum and urine samples from three mature female Asian elephants in their luteal and follicular stages of several estrous cycles were subjected to heat and pH changes and were then treated with protease prior to SPME–GC/MS analyses.When the post-luteal serum progesterone concentrations declined to baseline levels, Z7–12:Ac became detectable in the female urine.Throughout the follicular stage pheromone concentrations increased linearly with no apparent relationship to the two serum luteinizing hormone peaks.Pre-ovulatory urine also contained related compounds, including (Z)-7–12-dodecenol.The relative amount of this alcohol increased relative to acetate during long-term storage, with a proportional reduction in bioactivity. Z7–12:Ac was not detected in mucus samples from the urogenital tract.A potential precursor of Z7–12:Ac was identified in liver homogenates from female elephants in the follicular stage.
Quantitative analysis of group decision making for complex engineered systems

Understanding group decision-making processes is crucial for design or operation of a complex system. Unfortunately, there are few experimental tools that might contribute to the development of a theory of group decision-making by committees of technical experts. This research aims to fills this gap by providing tools based on computational linguistics algorithms that can analyze transcripts of multi-stakeholder decision-making entities. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration medical device approval committee panel meetings are used as a data source. Preliminary results show that unsupervised linguistic analyses can be used to produce a formal network representation of stakeholder interactions.
A 2.4GHz sub-1 dB CMOS low noise amplifier with on-chip interstage inductor and parallel intrinsic capacitor

This paper presents the design of low noise amplifier with on-chip inductors integrated in a TSMC 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process for 2.4 GHz wireless applications. An additional capacitance in parallel with the gate capacitance of the amplifying transistor is used to optimize the noise performance with low power dissipation. An interstage inductor between the common source stage and the common gate stage is used to increase power gain. It requires only a 1.2 V supply. At 2.4 GHz and P/sub DC/ = 2.4 mW, this LNA features: noise figure = 0.76 dB with input return loss = -22.4 dB and power gain = 12.9 dB. This LNA presents the best-simulated noise figure and power dissipation performance reported for 2.4 GHz CMOS LNA.
Microstructure and Li‐Ion Conductivity of Hot‐Pressed Cubic Li7La3Zr2O12

The effect of hot-pressing temperature on the microstructure and Li-ion transport of Al-doped, cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) was investigated. At fixed pressure (62 MPa), the relative density was 86%, 97%, and 99% when hot-pressing at 900°C, 1000°C, and 1100°C, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the percent grain-boundary resistance decreased with increasing hot-pressing temperature. Hot pressing at 1100°C resulted in a total conductivity of 0.37 mS/cm at room temperature where the grain boundaries contributed to 8% of the total resistance; one of the lowest grain-boundary resistances reported. We believe hot pressing is an appealing technique to minimize grain-boundary resistance and enable correlations between LLZO composition and bulk ionic conductivity.
Control: an emergent biological property

This paper contains the speculation that associative memory neural circuitry evolved from control neural circuitry. As yet, no one been able to train a jellyfish to any associations. The jellyfish however, can attack prey, feed, swim, reproduce and perform all other functions necessary for life. Since we know that slightly more advanced creatures can form associations, a reasonable speculation would be that the neural circuitry involved in forming associative memories evolved from the neural circuitry involved in control tasks. In this paper this speculation is further explored and its consequences discussed. Our explorations have given further credence to this speculation. We have been experimenting with simple biologically plausible artificial neural networks, or ANNs, which consist of two input neurons and one output neuron and are called three-neuron controllers (TNC). The biological plausibility of our ANNs arises from the fact that the activity level of the receiving neuron is determined by integrating over time the transmissions of the two input neurons. The transmission rate of the two input neurons is determined by their activity levels, which we have assumed constant over each integration. The integrating of the two inputs achieves a form of control which resembles that obtained by a fuzzy logic controller.
Expression of the fibroblast growth factor-5 gene in the mouse embryo

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are structurally related mitogens that can regulate the differentiation of a wide variety of cells. As a step towards elucidating the developmental roles played by one of these factors, we have used in situ hybridization methods to examine expression of the murine F gf-5 gene during embryogenesis. F gf-5 RNA was detected at seven distinct sites in the developing mouse embryo: (1) postimplantation epiblast (embryonic day 5 1/4-7 1/2), (2) lateral splanchnic mesoderm (E9 1/2-10 1/2), (3) lateral somatic mesoderm (E10 1/2-12 1/2), (4) myotomes (E10 1/2-12 1/2), (5) mastication muscle (E11 1/2-14 1/2), (6) limb mesenchyme (E12 1/2-14 1/2), and (7) acoustic ganglion (E12 1/2-14 1/2). At several of these sites, expression is spatially restricted within the tissues. We offer several hypotheses regarding the roles of FGF-5 in murine development.
A battlegroup divided: The palestinian fedayeen

(1987). A battlegroup divided: The palestinian fedayeen. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 10, Inside Terrorist Organizations, pp. 90-108.
Study of the DNA damage checkpoint using Xenopus egg extracts.

On a daily basis, cells are subjected to a variety of endogenous and environmental insults. To combat these insults, cells have evolved DNA damage checkpoint signaling as a surveillance mechanism to sense DNA damage and direct cellular responses to DNA damage. There are several groups of proteins called sensors, transducers and effectors involved in DNA damage checkpoint signaling (Figure 1). In this complex signaling pathway, ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) is one of the major kinases that can respond to DNA damage and replication stress. Activated ATR can phosphorylate its downstream substrates such as Chk1 (Checkpoint kinase 1). Consequently, phosphorylated and activated Chk1 leads to many downstream effects in the DNA damage checkpoint including cell cycle arrest, transcription activation, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis or senescence (Figure 1). When DNA is damaged, failing to activate the DNA damage checkpoint results in unrepaired damage and, subsequently, genomic instability. The study of the DNA damage checkpoint will elucidate how cells maintain genomic integrity and provide a better understanding of how human diseases, such as cancer, develop. Xenopus laevis egg extracts are emerging as a powerful cell-free extract model system in DNA damage checkpoint research. Low-speed extract (LSE) was initially described by the Masui group1. The addition of demembranated sperm chromatin to LSE results in nuclei formation where DNA is replicated in a semiconservative fashion once per cell cycle. The ATR/Chk1-mediated checkpoint signaling pathway is triggered by DNA damage or replication stress 2. Two methods are currently used to induce the DNA damage checkpoint: DNA damaging approaches and DNA damage-mimicking structures 3. DNA damage can be induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, γ-irradiation, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), mitomycin C (MMC), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO), or aphidicolin3, 4. MMS is an alkylating agent that inhibits DNA replication and activates the ATR/Chk1-mediated DNA damage checkpoint 4-7. UV irradiation also triggers the ATR/Chk1-dependent DNA damage checkpoint 8. The DNA damage-mimicking structure AT70 is an annealed complex of two oligonucleotides poly-(dA)70 and poly-(dT)70. The AT70 system was developed in Bill Dunphy's laboratory and is widely used to induce ATR/Chk1 checkpoint signaling 9-12. Here, we describe protocols (1) to prepare cell-free egg extracts (LSE), (2) to treat Xenopus sperm chromatin with two different DNA damaging approaches (MMS and UV), (3) to prepare the DNA damage-mimicking structure AT70, and (4) to trigger the ATR/Chk1-mediated DNA damage checkpoint in LSE with damaged sperm chromatin or a DNA damage-mimicking structure.
Treatment Services: Triangulation of Methods When There Is No Gold Standard

Information about treatment services can be ascertained in several ways. We examine the level of agreement among data on substance user treatment services collected via multiple methods and respondents in the nationally representative Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS, 1996–1999), and potential reasons for discrepancies. Data were obtained separately from facility director reports, treatment record abstracts, and client interviews. Concordance was generally acceptable across methods and respondents. Although any of these methods should be adequate, additional information is gleaned from multiple sources.
LabintheWild: Conducting Large-Scale Online Experiments With Uncompensated Samples

Web-based experimentation with uncompensated and unsupervised samples has the potential to support the replication, verification, extension and generation of new results with larger and more diverse sample populations than previously seen. We introduce the experimental online platform LabintheWild, which provides participants with personalized feedback in exchange for participation in behavioral studies. In comparison to conventional in-lab studies, LabintheWild enables the recruitment of participants at larger scale and from more diverse demographic and geographic backgrounds. We analyze Google Analytics data, participants' comments, and tweets to discuss how participants hear about the platform, and why they might choose to participate. Analyzing three example experiments, we additionally show that these experiments replicate previous in-lab study results with comparable data quality.
Differences in the Interaction of Heparin with Arginine and Lysine and the Importance of these Basic Amino Acids in the Binding of Heparin to Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor

Although the interaction of proteins with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparin are of great importance, the general structural requirements for protein- or peptide-GAG interaction have not been well characterized. Electrostatic interactions between sulfate and carboxylate groups on the GAG and basic residues in the protein or peptide dominate the interaction, but the thermodynamics of these electrostatic interactions have not been studied. Arginine residues occur frequently in the known heparin binding sites of proteins. Arginine is also more common than lysine in randomly synthesized 7-mer peptides that bind to immobilized heparin and heparan sulfate. We have used heparin affinity chromatography, equilibrium dialysis, and isothermal titration calorimetry techniques to further investigate these interactions. A 7-mer of arginine eluted from a heparin-affinity column at 0.82 M NaCl, whereas the analogous 7-mer of lysine eluted at 0.64 M. Similarly, the putative heparin binding site peptide (amino acid residues 110-130) from acidic fibroblast growth factor, which contained four lysine and two arginine residues, eluted at 0.50 M, whereas the analogous peptide with six lysine residues eluted at 0.41 M and one with six arginine residues eluted at 0.54 M. At 25 degrees C in 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.4, carboxy and amino termini blocked arginine (blocked arginine) bound to heparin twice as tightly as blocked lysine as measured by equilibrium dialysis Similarly, at 30 degrees C in 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.4, and in water, blocked arginine bound 2.5 times more tightly to anions in heparin than blocked lysine. Using titration calorimetry, the enthalpy of blocked arginine and lysine binding to heparin was 1.14 +/- 0.24 and 0.45 +/- 0.35 kJ/mol, respectively, under identical conditions. Our observations show that blocked arginine- and arginine-containing peptides bound more tightly to GAGs than the analogous lysine species and suggest that the difference was due to the intrinsic properties of the arginine and lysine side chains. The greater affinity of the guanidino cation for sulfate in GAGs is probably due to stronger hydrogen bonding and a more exothermic electrostatic interaction. This can be rationalized by soft acid, soft base concepts.
Hybrid pulse position modulation/ultrashort light pulse code-division multiple-access systems .I. Fundamental analysis

We propose a hybrid pulse position modulation/ultrashort light pulse code-division multiple-access (PPM/ULP-CDMA) system for ultrafast optical communications. The proposed system employs spectral CDMA encoding/decoding and PPM with very short pulse separation. The statistical properties of the encoded ULP are investigated with a general pulse model, and the performance of the proposed PPM/ULP-CDMA system is investigated. It is shown that we can improve upon the performance of other ULP-CDMA systems, such as those using on-off keying, by employing PPM. It is also shown that we can improve the performance of the proposed system by increasing the effective number of chips, by increasing the number of PPM symbols, and by reducing the ULP duration. The performance analysis shows that the aggregate throughput of the proposed PPM/ULP-CDMA system could be over 1 Tb/s.
Waring's Problem for the Ring of Polynomials

Abstract We investigate the question of which polynomials are not representable as the sum of “few” powers of polynomials. In particular for Waring's problem over the ring of polynomials we show that there exist polynomials which are not the sum of fewer than n 1 2 n th powers of polynomials.
Does More And Better Information Enhance Student Performance On Marketing Projects

There is some controversy over the amount of guidance students need to complete course projects. One school of thought argues that students should have maximum information at their disposal, resulting in a better learning process and thus a better project. The other school of thought suggests that by giving the students too much guidance, the professor is stifling their creativity and original thought. This research examines both scenarios. The results indicate that minimum information provided by the professor encourages students to learn more. However, should the professor decide to provide the students with additional information, such information should be developed by the professor.
Processing aggregate relational queries with hard time constraints

We consider those database environments in which queries have strict timing constraints, and develop a time-constrained query evaluation methodology. For aggregate relational algebra queries, we describe a time constrained query evaluation algorithm. The algorithm, which is implemented in our prototype DBMS, iteratively samples from input relations, and evaluates the associated estimators developed in our previous work, until a stopping criterion (e.g., a time quota or a desired error range) is satisfied.To determine sample sizes at each stage of the iteration (so that the time quota will not be overspent) we need to have (a) accurate sample selectivity estimations of the RA operators in the query, (b) precise time cost formulas, and (c) good time-control strategies. To estimate the sample selectivities of RA operators, we use a runtime sample selectivity estimation and improvement approach which is flexible. For query time estimations, we use time-cost formulas which are adaptive and precise. To use the time quota efficiently, we propose statistical and heuristic time-control strategies to control the risk of overspending the time quota. Preliminary evaluation of the implemented prototype is also presented.
Students’ perceptions of effective and ineffective communication by college teachers

This study used Q‐methodology to solicit students’ descriptions of specific teachers they perceived as effective and ineffective in small and large classes. Results revealed (a) that students perceived different types of effective and ineffective teachers rather than one type and (b) that there were few differences between teachers of small and large classes. Overall, the findings suggest that the combination of behaviors, including the presence of various positive behaviors and the absence of other negative behaviors, appears more important in determining teacher effectiveness than any individual behaviors.