cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obtaining positions and widths of scattering resonances from a complex multiconfigurational self‐consistent field state using the M1 method

We present a complex multiconfigurational self-consistent field (CMCSCF)-based approach to investigate electron-atom scattering resonances. It is made possible by the use of second quantization algebra adapted for biorthogonal spin orbitals, which has been applied to develop a quadratically convergent CMCSCF method. To control the convergence to the correct CMCSCF stationary point, a modified step-length control algorithm is introduced. Convergence to a tolerance of 1.0 × 10−10 a.u. for the energy gradient is found to be typically within 10 iterations or less. A method involving the first block of the M matrix defined in the multiconfigurational spin tensor electron propagator method (MCSTEP) based on the CMCSCF reference state has been implemented to investigate 2P Be− shape resonances. The position and width of these resonances have been calculated for different complete active space choices. The wide distribution of the position and width of the resonance reported in the literature is explained by the existence of two distinct resonances which are close in energy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Oxidatively induced chemical changes and interactions of mixed myosin, β-lactoglobulin and soy 7S globulin†

The effects of oxidation on the chemical characteristics of myosin, β-lactoglobulin and soy 7S globulin were investigated in a free radical-generating system (FeCl 3 /H 2 O 2 /ascorbate). Oxidised myosin exhibited a marked increase (> 10-fold) in carbonyls, a small increase in amines and conversion of some free sulphhydryls to disulphide bonds. Oxidised β-lactoglobulin and 7S globulin also showed a major increase in the carbonyl content (five- and threefold respectively), but other chemical changes were relatively minor. In the oxidised myosin/β-lactoglobulin composites, some cross-linked aggregates were formed. Aggregation was also evidenced in the myosin/7S globulin composites exposed to the oxidising agents. The results indicated that oxidation enhanced interactions of the non-muscle proteins with myosin apparently through the modification of amino acid side chains. These physicochemical changes may influence the functionality of processed muscle foods.
The formative capacity of momentous events and leadership development

Purpose – The primary purpose of this paper is to explore how momentous events may contribute to leadership development. A second purpose is to show how the formative attributes of momentous events are linked to leader traits needed for effective leadership.Design/methodology/approach – The leadership tripod is used as the relational framework for exploring the formative capacity of momentous events. The formative capacity of momentous events, however, is realized through the personal memories of those events, that is, through autobiographical memory. Autobiographical memory, then, will provide an additional more rudimentary framework for exploring momentous events; within this framework, the momentous event will be dissected in order to identify its basic attributes, to explore how these attributes affect the leadership structure, and to show how changes to the leadership structure develop leaders.Findings – Attributes and formative mechanisms of momentous events were identified, as were leader traits ne...
Factor groups of the lower central series for special free products

groups of the lower central series of classes of nonfree groups and to find formulas for their ranks analogous to (1 .l). In this paper we continue the work of Dark [l], Struik [15, 161, and Waldinger [17, 181 by studying the lower central series of groups, G, that are free products of finitely generated Abelian groups. Our groups, G, are in general not residually nilpotent and are in a sense diametrically opposite to the residually nilpotent groups investigated in [14]. By the use of Philip Hall’s “collection process” [5, 71 and Marshall Hall’s “basic commutators” [4, 51, we obtain our first result:
Identification of WNK1 as a Substrate of Akt/Protein Kinase B and a Negative Regulator of Insulin-stimulated Mitogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells

Insulin signaling through protein kinase Akt/protein kinase B (PKB), a downstream element of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, regulates diverse cellular functions including metabolic pathways, apoptosis, mitogenesis, and membrane trafficking. To identify Akt/PKB substrates that mediate these effects, we used antibodies that recognize phosphopeptide sites containing the Akt/PKB substrate motif (RXRXX(p)S/T) to immunoprecipitate proteins from insulin-stimulated adipocytes. Tryptic peptides from a 250-kDa immunoprecipitated protein were identified as the protein kinase WNK1 (with no lysine) by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, consistent with a recent report that WNK1 is phosphorylated on Thr60 in response to insulin-like growth factor I. Insulin treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes stimulated WNK1 phosphorylation, as detected by immunoprecipitation with antibody against WNK1 followed by immunoblotting with the anti-phosphoAkt substrate antibody. WNK1 phosphorylation induced by insulin was unaffected by rapamycin, an inhibitor of p70 S6 kinase pathway but abolished by the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. RNA interference-directed depletion of Akt1/PKBα and Akt2/PKBβ attenuated insulin-stimulated WNK1 phosphorylation, but depletion of protein kinase Cλ did not. Whereas small interfering RNA-induced loss of WNK1 protein did not significantly affect insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, it significantly enhanced insulin-stimulated thymidine incorporation by about 2-fold. Furthermore, depletion of WNK1 promoted serum-stimulated cell proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, as evidenced by a 36% increase in cell number after 48 h in culture. These data suggest that WNK1 is a physiologically relevant target of insulin signaling through PI3K and Akt/PKB and functions as a negative regulator of insulin-stimulated mitogenesis.
Introduction — Secularization Theory: The Course of a Concept

This essay provides an introduction to the secularization debate as it presents itself at the end of the 1990s. After a conceptual survey from the mid-1960s to the present, we focus on the empirical and historical elements that undergird both the claims of secularization theory and those of its principal critics. Secularization theory is placed in relationship both to the Religion of Reason of the Enlightenment and developments in European religious historiography during the nineteenth century. The underlying conflict to be resolved with respect to secularization is whether the term can be used in a relatively value-neutral analytic way or whether it inherently carries unsubstantiated value presuppositions
Entomophthora lampyridarum, a fungal pathogen of the soldier beetle, Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus☆

Abstract In 1974 and 1979 in Clemson, South Carolina, adults of the common soldier beetle, Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus , were found to be infected by the fungal pathogen, Entomophthora lampyridarum . After infected beetles died they remained attached by their mandibles to foliage and flowers. The wings of infected beetles remained open, allowing conidiophores to develop on the upper surface of the abdomen. Primary conidia were elongate and measured 36.5 × 17.1 μm. Two types of secondary spores were formed: Type I spores were similar in form to primary conidia, but were somewhat smaller; Type II spores were formed at the apex of slender stalks and measured 37.7 × 15.3 μm. Resting spores were spherical, hyaline, and 22.3 μm in diameter.
Function of fundoplicated esophageal segment in above and below the diaphragm positions

Abstract The function of the distal esophageal segment, after incision, primary repair, and enforcement with a Belsey-type fundoplication, was studied in 32 opossums divided into four groups. In groups I-A and I-B, the fundoplicated esophageal segment was left above the diaphragm and in groups II-A and II-B, it was secured below the diaphragm. The pre- and postoperative esophageal sphincteric function was studied by manometry, acid reflux testing, and cineesophagography. The preoperative results were not significantly different from those of 2 months postoperative.
Temperature dependence of the Raman cross sections in BaTiO3 and SrTiO3

The experimental results of measurements of the temperature dependence of the Raman cross-sections of SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 in the temperature regions of 25–600 and 25–300°C respectively are presented. A controversial question about an anomalous temperature dependence of the cross-sections which would be related to a possible order-disorder transition in those materials is resolved. The intensity anomaly is shown to be related to a lowering of the effective absorption edge with increasing temperature which produces losses both at the laser and Raman frequencies.
Hepatitis A vaccine: immunogenicity following administration of a delayed immunization schedule in infants, children and adults.

Current immunization schedules for hepatitis A vaccine specify administration of a booster within 6-12 or 6-18 months of the primary dose. However, there may be circumstances that disrupt this schedule and the efficacy of administering a booster beyond the recommended time is a practical concern for healthcare providers. In this study, a booster was administered to 268 participants (137: 2 years of age were comparable to those seen in adults and children who receive hepatitis A vaccine per schedule.
High-Speed Cinematography of Muscle Contraction

Motion pictures of the "twitch" of an excised frog gastrocnemius muscle taken at rates of 6000 frames per second provide a means of very accurately timing the phases. The extreme "slow motion" reveals surface phenomena not observable by other techniques. Evidence of "active relaxation" is suggested by results of frame-by-frame analysis.
Modified technic for creation of an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis.

Summary To avoid the early occlusion of an arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis, the technic of fistula formation has been modified. This modification increases runoff by improving the size of the draining vein and minimizes vessel spasm and compression.
Chordal tethering: a unique cause of structural mitral regurgitation in dilated cardiomyopathy.

Mitral regurgitation in dilated cardiomyopathy is usually considered “functional,” and many such patients are treated medically. Surgery is often offered as a last resort in select patients who hav...
The nymph of Anisagrion Selys 1876, based on the discovery of A. inornatum (Selys, 1876) in Ecuador (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)

The final instar nymph of Anisagrion inornatum is described and illustrated based on five specimens (one reared) from southern Ecuador. It is the first to be discovered for the genus. The nymph of Anisagrion inornatum differs from its closest relative, Apanisagrion lais, by: (1) antenna shorter in relation to head length (ratio 1.35 in An. inornatum vs 1.55 in Ap. lais); (2) fewer palpal and premental setae (5 palpal and 4 or 5 premental setae in An. inornatum vs 6–8 palpal and 5–8 premental setae in Ap. lais); (3) venter of S3–S8 with medial dark stripe. The nymphs were found in a slow shallow seep overgrown with emergent wetland plants.
Observations on the hofmeister series in muscle

TheHofmeister's series was studied in nerve-muscle preparations ofRana esculenta which were stimulated by just maximal condenser discharges at a frequency of from 60 to 80 per minute. Isotonic Na-salt solutions were used in a ratio of 1.5∶3.5 Ringer's solution. After the muscles ceased to react they were transfered to Ringer's solution containing another Na-salt in the same ratio and thus the influence of different anions for maintaining and restoring irritability was determined. It was found that under these conditions theHofmeister series holds although the pH was the same (7.2) in all solutions. SON was the most effective, Citrate the least effective ion, according to the series: Citrate < SO4 < Cl ≦ Br < I ≪ SCN.
Effect of sudden solar wind dynamic pressure changes at subauroral latitudes: Time rate of change of magnetic field

The observations obtained during the IMS from the IGS magnetometer chain extending from Cambridge, England, to Tromso, Norway were used to study the time rate of change of the magnetic field at subauroral latitudes at the time of interplanetary shock passages. The time rate of change of the H component maximizes in the high latitude dayside sector. For these typical interplanetary shocks, the dayside value of time rate of change can be as high as - 3 nT/sec at Tromso and - 1 nT/sec at York. The time rate of change in the dayside roughly depends on the change of square root of solar wind dynamic pressure. The largest of these time rates of change are similar to but slightly smaller than those known to cause disruptive disturbances in power distribution and communication systems. Thus, the daytime effects of sudden impulses may be equal to or greater than the nighttime effects associated with substorms as measured by their impact on terrestrial systems. 24 refs., 3 figs.
The iatrogenic epidemic of prescription drug abuse: county-level determinants of opioid availability and abuse

Background: Opioid use and abuse in the United States continues to expand at an alarming rate. In this study, we examine the county-level determinants of the availability and abuse of prescription opioids to better understand the socio-ecological context, and in particular the role of the healthcare delivery system, on the prescription drug abuse epidemic. Methods: We use community-level information, data from Indiana’s prescription drug monitoring program in 2011, and geospatial regression methods to identify county-level correlates of the availability and abuse of prescription opioids among Indiana’s 92 counties. Results: The findings suggest that access to healthcare generally, and to dentists and pharmacists in particular, increases the availability of prescription opioids in communities, which, in turn, is associated with higher rates of opioid abuse. Conclusions: The results suggest that the structure of the local healthcare system is a major determinant of community-level access to opioids adding to a growing body of evidence that the problem of prescription opioid abuse is, at least in part, an “iatrogenic epidemic.”
Characterization of a 3‐dehydroquinase gene from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae with homology to the eukaryotic genes qa‐2 and QUTE

A gene was cloned from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strain 4074 by complementation of an aroD strain of Escherichia coli. The E. coli gene aroD codes for a 3-dehydroquinase enzyme of type I, active in the aromatic biosynthesis pathway. The A. pleuropneumoniae gene, termed aroQ, displays no base or amino acid sequence homology to aroD of E. coli. It is instead homologous to the QUTE and qa-2 genes, respectively of Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa. These genes code for 3-dehydroquinase enzymes of type II, involved in the catabolism of quinic acid. The 1.8 kb fragment, which includes aroQ, carries four overlapping or adjacent open reading frames: a dapD gene; aroQ; one without homology to sequences in GenBank; and one with homology to the C-terminal 40% of chIN of E. coli.
Early Puberty, Peer Victimization, and Internalizing Symptoms in Ethnic Minority Adolescents.

One thousand twenty-four African American and Latino sixth graders participated in a study examining the moderating role of pubertal development on the relation between peer victimization and adolescent self-worth, depressed mood, and physical symptoms using peer and self-reported victimization. It was hypothesized that early-maturing girls who were victimized would experience heightened internalized distress. Among boys, two competing hypotheses were tested: (a) the imbalance of power hypothesis predicted that late-maturing boys who were victimized would experience more psychological distress and (b) the social misfit hypothesis predicted that early-maturing victims would experience more distress. Results indicated that African American and Latino early-maturing boys and girls who were viewed as victims by their peers reported elevated depressed mood and physical symptoms and lower self-worth. The moderating role of early puberty was documented with reputational (peer report) measures of victimization ra...
Structural studies of vapor-phase aggregates via mercury porosimetry

The physical structure (i.e., primary particle size, cluster fractal dimension) of a series of vapor-phase aggregates (fumed silica, carbon black) has been studied using mercury porosimetry. By employing an isostatic pressing technique, intrusion at low pressure is shown to be the result of cluster compaction for a range of Cab-O-Sil fumed silica and two carbon black samples. Analysis of the intrusion/compaction curve indicates fractal behavior with a D value of 2.5–2.6. Primary particle sizes determined via porosimetry support the theory that the nitrogen surface areas of fumed silica samples differ as a result of both particle size and surface roughness variation. The ratio of the mercury porosimetry-derived primary particle size to that determined from nitrogen adsorption was found to correlate with the surface fractal dimension as determined from scattering for both carbon black and fumed silica.
Ultra-Sensitive colorimetric plasmonic sensing and microfluidics for biofluid diagnostics using nanohole array

Colorimetric techniques provide a useful approach for sensing application because of their low cost, use of inexpensive equipment, requirement of fewer signal transduction hardware, and, above all, their simple-to-understand results. Colorimetric sensor can be used for both qualitative analyte identification as well as quantitative analysis for many application areas such as clinical diagnosis, food quality control, and environmental monitoring. A gap exists between high-end, accurate, and expensive laboratory equipment and low-cost qualitative point-of-care testing tools. Here, we present a label-free plasmonic-based colorimetric sensor fabricated on a transparent plastic substrate consisting of about one billion nanocups in an array with a subwavelength opening and decorated with metal nanoparticles on the side walls, to bridge that gap. The fabrication techniques of the plasmonic sensor, integration to portable microfluidic devices for lab on chip applications, demonstration of highly sensitive refractive-index sensing, DNA hybridization detection, and protein-protein interaction will be reviewed. Further, we anticipate that the colorimetric sensor can be applied to point-of-care diagnostics by utilizing proper surface functionalization techniques, which seems to be one of the current limiting factors. Finally, the future outlook for the colorimetric plasmonic sensors is discussed.
Xerogel-nanocrystallite hybrids for optical sensing

We describe a photoluminescence-based, analyte-responsive sensor platform that is ~7 nm in diameter.
The use of neoprene as a scar management modality.

Abstract Purpose Scar formation is one of the most functionally and cosmetically debilitating results of thermal injuries. Burn team members continuously search for new, cost effective, ways to prevent and treat hypertrophic scar formation. This study is a retrospective review of one facility's use of neoprene based products as an adjunct to, or in place of, traditional scar management techniques. Methods Records of all patients treated with neoprene patches or neoprene splints from March 2008 through April 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Vancouver Scar Scores (VSS) were collected, photographs were reviewed and any documented problems reported by the patients were noted. Results Mean VSS scores were significantly lower at follow-up (5.3, SD 2.8) than at initial appointment (11.7, SD 1.4) with an estimated mean difference of 6.3 ( P = 0.0001). A 95% confidence interval for this mean difference is 3.9–8.7. Conclusions In the reviewed cases, the use of neoprene inserts or splints resulted in a statistically significant reduction in hypertrophic scars with no secondary complications.
Redirecting the assembly of hexagonal MCM-41 into cubic MCM-48 from sodium silicate without the use of an organic structure modifier

In contrast to earlier methods requiring the presence of organic modifiers for the preparation of cubic MCM-48 mesostructures from low cost sodium silicate, we show that this three dimensional framework structure can be readily assembled in the absence of co-surfactants simply by using the overall SiO2/OH− ratio as a means of controlling the surfactant packing parameter.
Physical correlates of perceived quality in lakeshore development

Abstract This research examined dimensions of perception and preference for shoreline scenes. A systematic random sample of 63 shoreline scenes was obtained and photographed. Sixty adults were asked to sort the photographs of shoreline scenes in terms of similarity. They were also asked to identify the constructs which they used to sort and to rank the scenes in terms of preference. Comparisons of preferences by age, income, marital status, and sex groups indicated few significant differences and high correlations between the groups. Multidimensional scaling and canonical correlation revealed that a four‐dimensional solution‐Obtrusiveness in land/water barriers. Upkeep, Diverse/man‐made and Land‐use compatibility‐adequately described the dimensions of perception. The results of stepwise regression analysis indicated that preference increased with decreases in diversity, industry, streets, and land/ water barriers and with increases in vegetation and upkeep.
Physostigmine enhances performance on an odor mixture discrimination test.

Acetylcholine is found within key sectors of the olfactory pathway, and is the neurotransmitter for many bulbopetal axons terminating in the glomerular and internal plexiform layers of the olfactory bulb. The present study determined whether systemically administered physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, alters the rat's ability to discern among odorant mixtures. Following appropriate training, the performance of eight rats was measured every third day on an odor mixture discrimination test with six levels of difficulty. On each test day (separated from one another by 3 days), a different drug treatment was administered [i.e., 0.00 (saline), 0.05, 0.10, or 0.20 mg/kg physostigmine]. The presentation order of the treatments was counterbalanced across subjects using 4 x 4 Latin squares. The mixture discrimination test consisted of discerning the odor of an airstream coming from the saturated head space of a 1% concentration of ethyl acetate from an airstream saturated with a 1% concentration of ethyl acetate and various concentrations of butanol (i.e., 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, or 0.005%). Physostigmine was found to enhance odor discrimination performance on the more difficult discrimination tasks in a dose-related manner, suggesting that cholinergic activation may sharpen the ability of rats to discern subtle differences among complex odor stimuli.
SAMSTAR: a semi-automated lexical method for generating star schemas from an entity-relationship diagram

The star schema is widely accepted as the de facto data model for data warehouse design. A popular approach for developing a star schema is to develop it from an entity-relationship diagram with some heuristics. Most of the existing approaches analyze the semantics of an ERD to generate a star schema. In this paper, we present the SAMSTAR method, which semi-automatically generates star schemas from an ERD by analyzing its semantics as well as structure. The novel features of SAMSTAR are (1) the use of the notion of Connection Topology Value (CTV) in identifying the candidates of facts and dimensions and (2) the use of Annotated Dimensional Design Patterns (A_DDP) as well as WordNet to extend the list of dimensions. We illustrate our method by applying it to the examples from existing literature. We prove that the outputs of our method are a superset of those of the existing methods. The SAMSTAR method simplifies the work of experienced designers and gives a smooth head-start to novices.
Feasibility of incorporating a social marketing nutrition module for child survival into education curricula in Ghana

The feasibility of infusing social marketing teaching modules for child survival into school curricula was investigated in Ghana. The topic of the social marketing teaching module was Preventing Protein‐Energy Malnutrition for Child Survival (PEMCOM). The module was developed around a nationally endorsed weaning food, “Weanimix”. PEMCOM interactive lectures were conducted with students at Specialist Teacher Training College, Winneba to test the module. The students had no prior training in social marketing. Even so, 83% indicated that the three two‐hour interactive training sessions provided sufficient foundation for them to utilize the social marketing technique in teaching. When asked about the appropriateness of the module for use in Junior Secondary Schools, 84% of students ranked the module as good or excellent. All students indicated that they would utilize the social marketing strategy in teaching and that if the approach were applied widely in Ghana, it would make an important contribution to the ...
Does the sulfur cathode require good mixing for a liquid electrolyte lithium/sulfur cell?

Abstract In order to demonstrate whether the sulfur cathode of a liquid electrolyte lithium/sulfur (Li/S) cell requires good mixing, we intentionally prepare the following three cathodes: (1) Cathode A made by spreading a sulfur/carbon disulfide solution onto a porous carbon electrode, (2) Cathode B made by laminating a porous carbon layer and a pure sulfur layer together, and (3) Cathode C made by soaking a carbon cloth into a sulfur/carbon disulfide solution and then evaporating the solvent. Without any milling treatments, the large yellow sulfur particles/crystals are visually visible in all three cathodes. Even using these cathodes without mixing of the sulfur and conducting carbon, the Li/S cells still exhibit initial discharge capacities of 1218, 1337, and 966 mAh g − 1 for Cathodes A, B, C, respectively, and maintain comparable capacity retentions as compared with the conventional Li/S cells. These results reveal that the initial mixing status of the cathode does not affect the cycling performance of Li/S cells. In this paper, we discuss our results from the viewpoint of the Li/S fundamental chemistry and suggest more effective approaches for the performance improvement.
Almost-Infinite-Momentum Frame and High-Energy Scattering Processes

A useful frame for studying high-energy scattering is introduced. It is a rotation of the usual space-time coordinate in the $\mathrm{zt}$ plane by the angle $\frac{1}{4}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ in the limit $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. The structure functions $W(\ensuremath{\kappa},\ensuremath{\nu})$ for scattering processes in the limits of infinite momenta are considered in this special frame. By linking the limiting process $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ with that of infinite momentum, it is shown that $W(\ensuremath{\kappa},\ensuremath{\nu})$ is scaled if $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ and $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\ne}0$ (not necessarily large). Moreover, the region of validity for the scaling law is established and is found to be consistent with experiments.
Unliganded Thyroid Hormone Receptor α Controls Developmental Timing in Xenopus tropicalis

Thyroid hormone (T3) affects adult metabolism and postembryonic development in vertebrates. T3 functions mainly via binding to its receptors (TRs) to regulate gene expression. There are 2 TR genes, TRα and TRβ, with TRα more ubiquitously expressed. During development, TRα expression appears earlier than T3 synthesis and secretion into the plasma. This and the ability of TRs to regulate gene expression both in the presence and absence of T3 have indicated a role for unliganded TR during vertebrate development. On the other hand, it has been difficult to study the role of unliganded TR during development in mammals because of the difficulty to manipulate the uterus-enclosed, late-stage embryos. Here we use amphibian development as a model to address this question. We have designed transcriptional activator–like effector nucleases (TALENs) to mutate the TRα gene in Xenopus tropicalis. We show that knockdown of TRα enhances tadpole growth in premetamorphic tadpoles, in part because of increased growth hormone gene expression. More importantly, the knockdown also accelerates animal development, with the knockdown animals initiating metamorphosis at a younger age and with a smaller body size. On the other hand, such tadpoles are resistant to exogenous T3 treatment and have delayed natural metamorphosis. Thus, our studies not only have directly demonstrated a critical role of endogenous TRα in mediating the metamorphic effect of T3 but also revealed novel functions of unliganded TRα during postembryonic development, that is, regulating both tadpole growth rate and the timing of metamorphosis.
Optimal control of drug delivery to brain tumors for a test of PDE driven models using the Galerkin finite element method

The Galerkin finite element method is used to examine the a simple polar test case of optimal drug delivery to brain tumors. The PDE driven mathematical model is a system of three coupled reaction diffusion equations involving the tumor cells, the normal tissue and the drugh concentration. An optimal control problem is formualted keeping in mind the primary goals of the treatment, i.e., minimizing the tumor cell density and reducing the side effects of drugs. A distributed parameter method based on application of variational calculus to a pseudo-Hamiltonian, is used to obtain a coupled system of forward state equations and backward co-state equations. The Galerkin form of the finite element method is used due to its greater facility in numerically representing complex structures such as those in the brain. Finally, a two-dimensional circular disk test case is considered and partitioned into a set of rectangular finite elements in polar coordinates with bilinear basis functions on each element, except that triangular elements are used to accommodate the singular origin. Results show significant reduction of the tumor density over time.
Cellular mediators of anti-Listeria immunity as an enlarged population of short lived, replicating T cells. Kinetics of their production.

An intravenous immunizing infection with the facultative, intracellular parasite, Listeria monocytogenes results in the production in the spleen of a population of immunologically-committed lymphocytes which can adoptively immunize normal recipients against a lethal challenge infection. These cellular mediators of immunity are first produced in the spleen between days 2 and 4 of infection and reach peak production on day 6. Their production then progressively decreases until about day 20 when their presence can no longer be detected. Increased production of cellular mediators is coincident with major increases in cell division, cellularity, and spleen weight. Decreased production of cellular mediators, on the other hand, is associated with decreases in cell division, cellularity, and spleen weight. Again, the level of delayed sensitivity to Listeria antigens expressed by the host at any one time is proportional to the number of cellular mediators in the spleen. Increased production of cellular mediators is also associated with major increases in the total numbers of replicating T cells and B cells in the spleen. That the cellular mediators of immunity are part of the replicating T cell population, rather than the B cell population, is evidenced by their susceptibility to anti-θ serum and by their resistance to anti-Ig serum. Furthermore, they can be completely eliminated from the spleen by a brief pulse of the antimitotic drug, vinblastine. This study allows the conclusion that the cellular mediators of anti-Listeria immunity belong to an expanded population of rapidly dividing, short-lived T cells. It is suggested that they have the same properties as the T cell effectors of allograft immunity.
Nitric oxide production regulates cGMP formation and calcium influx in pancreatic acinar cells

Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) rise is one of the early events in neurotransmitter or hormone-induced cascade of reactions in pancreatic acinar cells. The mechanism of agonist-stimulated guanylyl cyclase activation in these cells remains, however, unknown. In the present work, mechanisms of cGMP rise, as well as of Ca2+ influx, induced by carbachol were studied on acinar cells isolated from rat and guinea pig pancreas. In both types of acinar cells, blocking nitric oxide (NO) production by inhibitors of NO synthase, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) or NG-nitro-L-arginine, abolished carbachol-induced cGMP rise in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition was reversed by addition of excess L-arginine. L-NMMA also caused inhibition of the basal cGMP level, suggesting a role for NO in cGMP homeostasis in resting cells. Carbachol was found to increase [3H]arginine conversion to [3H]citrulline. This conversion was inhibited by L-NMMA. By contrast, inhibition of carbon monoxide production by Zn-protoporphyrin did not affect carbachol-stimulated cellular cGMP levels. There was no increase in cellular cGMP levels in response to exogenous arachidonic acid (AA). Blocking of lipoxygenase oxidation of AA by nordihydroguaiaretic acid did not produce any changes in carbachol-induced cGMP rise. Indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, increased basal cGMP level through L-NMMA-sensitive mechanism. Blockade of NO production inhibited carbachol-induced increase in 45Ca2+ uptake in both guinea pig and rat acinar cells. The concentration-response curves for inhibition by L-NMMA of 45Ca2+ uptake and cGMP formation were superimposable. L-NMMA also suppressed stimulation of Mn2+ quenching by carbachol in fura 2-loaded acini.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A representation theory for noetherian rings

The representation theory of artinian rings has long been studied, and seldom more intensely than in the past few years. However, with the exception of integral representations of finite groups, there is no representation theory for noetherian rings even when they are commutative. Our aim in this paper is to develop such a theory. We attempt to pattern it after the known representation theory of artinian rings. For this, we require a notion of indecomposability different from the usual one; and we say that a module is strongly indecomposable if it is noetherian, and no factor by a nontrivial direct sum of submodules has lower Krull dimension than the module. Thus strongly indecomposable modules are indecomposable and, by way of example, any uniform noetherian module is strongly indecomposable. Our first result states that some factor of a noetherian module by a direct sum of strongly indecomposable submodules has dimension less than the dimension of the module. This decomposition refines indecomposable noetherian modules, but we can say little about it without restricting the underlying ring. Thus we study, in Section 1, or-indecomposable that is, strongly indecomposable a-dimensional modules that have no nonzero submodule of dimension < cz. The resemblance of these to indecomposable modules of finite length is analogous to that of a-critical modules to simple ones (see [8]). Of course a-indecomposables have the disadvantage that, in general, not all of the strongly indecomposable submodules in the decomposition just described can be chosen to be ol-indecomposable for some 01. But each factor in the submodule sequence of a noetherian module (see Section 2) can be decomposed in terms of them; and the or-indecomposables appearing in such a decomposition have certain envelopes, typically proper submodules
Fixation offset facilitates saccades and manual reaching for single but not multiple target displays

Turning off a fixation point, typically for 200 ms, before the onset of a peripheral target substantially reduces saccadic reaction times. This facilitatory effect generated by an inserted temporal gap between fixation offset and the target appearance is called the “gap” effect [J Opt Soc Am 57:1030–1033, 1967]. We show that the gap reduces the initial latency of both saccades and manual pointing in single and multiple target displays. Yet, in multiple target displays, the gap increased the movement duration because eye or hand movements were frequently misdirected toward distractors so that the trajectory had to be corrected. Thus, in spite of the shortened latency, the total time for trial completion was not shortened in multiple target displays, whereas it was reduced in single target displays. This selective gap effect for a single target was not restricted to goal-directed motor tasks because perceptual discrimination tasks, where no motor response is required, also demonstrated the gap effect only for single target displays. Our results suggest that the gap may facilitate attentional disengagement, but it does not help target selection in motor and perceptual discrimination tasks, where the allocation of attention to the target is required.
Color Variation, Habitat Light, and Background Contrast in Anolis carolinensis along a Geographical Transect in Florida1

Abstract A hallmark trait of the lizard genus Anolis is the presence of remarkable interspecific variation in dewlap color patterns. Yet, considerable intraspecific variation also occurs in many Anolis species. In Florida different populations of the Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis) exhibit red, pink, magenta, and even greenish-gray dewlaps. To date, comparisons of color variation in this species have used subjective techniques based on human color perception. Instead, we used an objective method—reflectance spectrometry—to quantify A. carolinensis dewlap and body color variation along a transect from northeastern to southwestern Florida. Reflectance readings of local vegetation allowed us to calculate contrast of the lizards with their visual backgrounds. By incorporating local ambient light and A. carolinensis spectral sensitivity into additional calculations, we were able to estimate lizard-background contrast from the perspective of the lizards. Results revealed dewlap and dorsum spectra to differ si...
Kant's Conception of Analytic Judgment

In the Critique of Pure Reason Kant appears to characterize analytic judgments in four distinct ways: once in terms of "containment," a second time in terms of "identity," a third time in terms of the explicative-ampliative contrast, and a fourth time in terms of the notion of "cognizability in accordance with the principle of contradiction." The paper asks which, if any, of these characterizations - or apparent characterizations has the best claim to be Kant's fundamental conception of analyticity in the first Critique. It argues that it is the second. The paper argues, further, that Kant's distinction is intended to apply only to judgments of subject-predicate form, and that the fourth alleged characterization is not properly speaking a characterization at all. These theses are defended in the course of a more general investigation of the distinction's meaning and tenability. Few ideas from the Critique of Pure Reason1 have had a greater impact on the course of analytic philosophy than Kant's celebrated distinction between analytic and synthetic judgments. But despite the distinction's acknowledged importance, and despite a long-running debate over its coherence, many questions about the details of its original formulation remain unsettled. Is Kant attempting to frame a distinction that applies to judgments in general, or only to some privileged sub-class of them? Does he mean to be characterizing analyticity in broadly metaphysical terms - terms, that is, that appeal to a judgment's constituent structure, or does he mean to be appealing (also) to epistemic considerations - for, example, how a judgment could in principle be known? Is it even possible to extract a unified conception of analyticity from Kant's various remarks? The last question arises because in the first Critique alone Kant appears to characterize analytic judgments in no fewer than four distinct ways: once in terms of "containment" (A 6-7/B 11), a second time in terms of "identity" (A 7/B 1 1), a third time in terms of the expliIn translating passages from the first Critique I usually follow the translation of Paul Guyer and Allen Wood. See Kant (1998). In other cases, except where indicated, I have followed the translation in the relevant volume of The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. Passages from Kant's other works are cited by volume and page number of the Akademie Ausgabe (Kant, 1968), hereafter "Ak.," which also forms the basis for my own translations.
ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS: AN INTEGRATION OF THE MACRO AND MICRO APPROACHES

This article [1] suggests that the macro and micro approaches to organizational analysis represent different perspectives of the management of organizations. Differences and crossover points in the two approaches are discussed in terms of research focus, unit of analysis, and application. An integrative approach is presented in a framework which brings together key aspects of the macro and micro schools of thought. Data from a preliminary test are presented, and it is suggested that our understanding of organizations and their management may be enhanced when a holistic perspective is utilized.
Synthesis and receptor affinities of new 3‐quinuclidinyl α‐heteroaryl‐α‐aryl‐α‐hydroxyacetates

Five analogues of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate were prepared in which one phenyl ring was substituted by a heterocycle; a bromine was included on either the remaining phenyl or the heterocycle to provide information relating to the affinity of potential radiohalogenated derivatives. Their affinities for the muscarinic cholinergic receptor were determined. Replacing a phenyl ring with either the 2- or 3-furyl moiety or the 2- or 3-thienyl moiety did not significantly alter the affinity to the muscarinic receptor compared with 3-quinuclidinyl 4-bromobenzilate.
The emergence, growth and decline of political priority for newborn survival in Bolivia

Bolivia is expected to achieve United Nations Millennium Development Goal Four reducing under-five child mortality by two-thirds between 2021 and 2025. However progress on child mortality reduction masks a disproportionately slow decline in newborn deaths during the 2000s. Bolivias neonatal mortality problem emerged on the policy agenda in the mid-1990s and grew through 2004 in relationship to political commitments to international development goals and the support of a strong policy network. Network status declined later in the decade. This study draws upon a framework for analysing determinants of political priority for global health initiatives to understand the trajectory of newborn survival policy in Bolivia from the early 1990s. A process-tracing case study methodology is used informed by interviews with 26 individuals with close knowledge of newborn survival policy in the country and extensive document analysis. The case of newborn survival in Bolivia highlights the significance of political commitments to international development goals health policy network characteristics (cohesion composition status and key actor support) and political transitions and instability in shaping agenda status especially decline-an understudied phenomenon considering the transitory nature of policy priorities. The study suggests that the sustainability of issue attention therefore become a focal point for health policy networks and analyses. Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (c) The Author 2013; all rights reserved.
Gray whale and walrus feeding excavation on the Bering Shelf, Alaska

ABSTRACT Sidescan sonar has been used to delineate benthic feeding structures of the California gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) and Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) on the northeastern Bering Shelf. The gray whales (average mouth length, 2.0 m), when suction feeding on infaunal amphipods, create shallow pits in the sea floor, typically 2.5 m 1.5 m 10 cm deep, which are distinct and mappable on sidescan sonographs. Similarly, walrus, when foraging for shallow clams, create long, linear feeding furrows that average 47 0.4 0.1 m (length-width-depth). The distr bution of the whale pits over 22,000 km2 of the Bering Shelf closely matches 1) sightings of feeding whales identified by mud plumes; 2) the distribution of ampeliscid amphipods, the gray whale's main prey; and 3) the distribution of a transgressive inner-shelf fine sand that serves as a substrate for the amphipods. The walrus' furrows are recognized over 6,600 km2 of variable muddier or coarser-grained substrate with clam-rich benthic communities that surround the fine sand substrate of whale feeding areas. The whale feeding pits are commonly enlarged and oriented by seasonal storm-related scour. Nonenlarged pits (less than 5.3 m2 in area) form a discrete statistical population that we define as fresh. We estimate that a minimum of 5.6 percent (1,200 km2) of the feeding area of the northeastern Bering Shelf (22,000 km2) was covered by fresh pits made by whales during the 1980 feeding season. Assuming that the average pit depth is 10 cm, a minimum of 120 106 m3 (172 106 metric tons) of sediment, equivalent to about three times the yearly sediment load of the Yukon River, is excavated and injected into the water c lumn by as many as 16,000 gray whales feeding in northeastern Bering Sea each season. As a result of 1) sediment resuspension by whales, 2) average current speeds of 10.7 cm/s northward during the feeding season, and 3) enhanced post-feeding current scour because of bottom roughening, the following occur: the majority of the clay fraction (4.3 106 metric tons) of resuspended sediment is advected to the Chukchi Sea each year; sand gradually is transported northward and fills old feeding pits; modern mud does not accumulate in this region; and the whale-disturbed sand lacks physical sedimentary structures and matrix mud. Walrus feeding features are smaller, formed in higher-energy environments, and modified more rapidly than whale feeding pits. The amount of sediment reworking by walrus feeding may nearly equal that of whale feeding, but this cannot be quantified accurately.
Electromyographic activity of the jaw-closing muscles in patients with osseointegrated implant fixed partial dentures.

Abstract The control of postural and synergistic jaw reflexes involves interrelated sensory input from receptors in the jaw muscles, temporomandibular joint, periodontal ligament, and mucosa. This investigation was done to determine whether a decrease in intraoral sensory afferent discharge significantly altered the onset of the jaw-unloading reflex. The subject population consisted of three groups with 10 subjects in each group. Group 1 had maxillary and mandibular natural teeth and group 2 consisted of edentulous subjects with complete dentures. Group 3 consisted of edentulous subjects with maxillary complete dentures and mandibular complete implant-supported prostheses. The unloading reflex was initiated with a muscleunloading device and recorded with a storage oscilloscope. A one-way analysis of variance found no significant differences in the unloading-reflex latency for the masseter or temporal muscles among the three experimental groups ( p