cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heightened cortisol responses to daily stress in working women at familial risk for breast cancer

Consistent with animal models and experimental studies with humans facing other 'background' stressors, women at familial risk for breast cancer have been reported to have stronger cortisol responses to laboratory stressors. To explore the relevance of these findings to daily life, we compared work-stress cortisol responses in women with >or=1 first-degree relative with breast cancer (FH+, n = 74) to women without this risk factor (FH-, n = 141). Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a group by time interaction (p <or= 0.05) with FH+ women having higher (p <or= 0.05) urinary cortisol levels than FH- during work, but not at home or during sleep. They also had a higher percentage increase between nadir cortisol levels and work levels. These results provide evidence that the heightened cortisol responses of FH+ women also apply to daily life stressors, and suggest the need for additional research to explore the possibility that accentuated hypothalamic-pituitary-axis responses to such stressors may increase health risk for these women.
Responses of the ticks Amblyomma hebraeum and A. variegatum to known or potential components of the aggregation-attachment pheromone. IV. Attachment stimulation of nymphs

Ten known or potential components of the aggregation-attachment pheromone (AAP) of the ticksAmblyomma hebraeum andA. variegatum, as well as a mixture of these components and extracts of prefed males of the two species, were tested as attachment stimulants for nymphs. Unfed nymphs were confined in linen bags on the ears of rabbits that had been treated with the test compounds, mixture or extracts; the numbers attached were recorded after 24 h. InA. hebraeum, attachment was induced by four compounds (2-methyl propanoic acid, methyl salicylate,o-nitrophenol and salicylaldehyde), the mixture and extracts from both species. InA. variegatum, attachment was induced by three compounds (methyl salicylate,o-nitrophenol and salicylaldehyde), the mixture and extracts from both species. Methyl salicylate ando-nitrophenol are primary components of the AAP of bothA. hebraeum andA. variegatum. 2-methyl propanoic acid is a species-specific attachment stimulant forA. hebraeum. Salicylaldehyde, a phenolic compound, is not a naturally occurring AAP component. Nymphs of both species respond to fewer attachment stimulants than the adults and, as shown by their respective host ranges, are less dependent on the AAP in the regulation of attachment than the adults.
Fast folding algorithm for detection of periodic pulse trains

A fast folding algorithm is described which greatly facilitates the correlation of digital data with impulse trains. This algorithm is useful for detecting weak, noisy pulse trains of unknown period and phase.
Monitoring surgical performance

doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.03.022 I f surgical performance—often measured by postoperative outcome of initial hospital stay—is monitored at all, the most common means is by risk-adjusted annual or semiannual audit. Observed occurrence of outcome measures (eg, in-hospital death and complications) as a proportion of cases performed is compared with expected performance using, for example, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons’ regression equations or EuroSCORE, which account for many aspects of case mix. Sometimes observed (O) and expected (E) proportions are subtracted, sometimes divided (O/E ratio); sometimes confidence limits of these comparisons are provided, and occasionally P values are given. Is this periodic, widespread, but rather coarse monitoring of surgical performance sufficient?
HLA-A2 as a target for cell-mediated lympholysis: evidence from immunoselected HLA-A2 negative mutant cell lines.

Abstract Cloned mutants of the human B lymphoblastoid cell line SB have been isolated using mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate followed by negative selection with an anti-HLA-A2 serum and complement. Absorption analysis with 125l Staphylococcus aureus protein A binding to antibody sensitized cells. HLA typing, and immune precipitation analysis showed the mutants to be serologically identical to the SB parent except for the loss of HLA-A2. When tested as target cells for cell-mediated lympholysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated in the mixed lymphocyte response, the SB and mutant cell lines demonstrated comparable susceptibility when the putative targets were HLA antigens other than HLA-A2. However, when compared for susceptibility to lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes considered to be HLA-A2 specific, the SB parent was effectively killed whereas little or no killing of the HLA-A2 mutants was observed. The results provide a new line of evidence that HLA antigens recognized by antibody can also be the true molecular targets for cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Transmission electron microscopy investigation of Ag diffusion mechanisms in β-SiC

Abstract β-Silicon carbide (β-SiC) acts as the main layer for metallic fission product retention in tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) fuel particles. It is critical to track these fission products in the β-SiC layer to provide a baseline understanding of safe fuel operation for next generation nuclear reactors. In this study, the microstructural evolution of the β-SiC layer is examined through the comparison of as-implanted and annealed samples up to 1600 °C using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Faceted voids were observed in annealed samples but not in the as-implanted samples, suggesting the possibility that a void mediated fission product transport mechanism due to the change in microstructure of the β-SiC layer at elevated temperatures plays a role in the diffusion of metallic species through the β-SiC cladding layer. It should be noted, however, that Ag implantation at room temperature is not an ideal method to study Ag diffusion in TRISO fuel particles. Ultimately, Ag implantation should be performed above the critical temperature for which amorphization will not occur to better correlate to conditions in a Generation IV reactor and to see if void formation occurs.
Critical synthesis on urban knowledge: Remembering and forgetting in the modern city

(1990). Critical synthesis on urban knowledge: Remembering and forgetting in the modern city. Social Epistemology: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 3-22.
Preservation potential of microorganism morphologies in tufas, sinters, and travertines through geologic time

Microscopically, modern tufas, sinters, and travertines (TSTs) may contain filaments, spirilla, clotted micrite (peloids and/or grumeleuse), tubules, coccoids, or spheres that suggest a biological component to their constitution. However, examination of progressively older TST deposits reveals that the preservation of primary depositional features, including biological morphologies, is commonly obscured by diagenetic overprinting that may mask or obliterate original features. In the study reported here, we examined modern and ancient spring deposits to determine which biological morphologies remain identifiable through geologic time. The focus is on the preservation potential of fossil microorganisms, independent of the mineralogy or formation temperature of the original TST. Biologically induced biomineralization likely fossilizes microorganisms in situ within TST deposits. Biofilms, composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances, bind calcium or silica ions, serve as nucleation sites, and change local microchemistries to favor precipitation of calcite, aragonite, or chert (less commonly, other minerals). The resultant precipitation entombs microbial material and may yield a fossilized remnant of the microbe’s former presence, albeit lacking details beyond general morphology. The preserved dimensions are almost always larger than those of the original microorganism. Recrystallization and the formation of cement, either calcite (or aragonite) or silica, are diagenetic processes that may occur early and rapidly, with resultant blurring of primary fabrics. Curiously, the commonly recognized spherule and coccoid forms from Holocene and Cenozoic deposits are rarely observable in Mesozoic and Paleozoic deposits, except as indistinct clots in thin section or as rounded mineralized forms. Filaments, however, retain much of their original dimensions, particularly their diameter, and if discovered stretching across a primary pore space may be considered one of the more reliable indicators of former microbial activity in ancient spring deposits.
Prisons, politics and organized crime: the case of Kyrgyzstan

Based on unique empirical data including interviews with inmates and criminals, the article discusses the informal governance system in the prison and its link with organized crime in Kyrgyzstan. It accomplishes two main tasks. First it looks at the inmate governance structure and demonstrates the change that reflects the general transformation in the thieves’ world and second, it shows how the political environment shapes internal prison dynamics and demonstrates the impact of regime transitions on penal institutions. It argues that political transitions disturb the existing power equilibrium between political elites and criminal leaders that leads to an attempt to curb the thieves’ influence in the prison that in turn leads to the prison riots.
The Composition of Intern Work While on Call

BACKGROUND The work of house staff is being increasingly scrutinized as duty hours continue to be restricted.
Squashed embedding of E-R schemas in hypercubes

We have been investigating an approach to parallel database processing based on treating Entity-Relationship (E-R) schema graphs as dataflow graphs. A prerequisite is to find appropriate embeddings of the schema graphs into a processor graph, in this case a hypercube. This paper studies a class of adjacency preserving embeddings that map a node in the schema graph into a subcube (relaxed squashed or RS embeddings) or into adjacent subcubes (relaxed extended squashed or RES embeddings) of a hypercube. The mapping algorithm is motivated by the technique used for state assignment in asynchronous sequential machines. In general, the dimension of the cube required for squashed embedding of a graph is called the weak cubical dimension or WCD of the graph. The RES embedding provides an RES-WCD of O(⌈log2n⌉) for a completely connected graph, Kn, and RS embedding provides an RS-WCD of O(⌈log2n⌉ + ⌈log2m⌉) for a completely connected bigraph, Km,n. Typical E-R graphs are incompletely connected bigraphs. An algorithm for embedding incomplete bigraphs is presented.
Role of Stromal Cells in Protecting Young and Aged B-Lineage Precursors from Dexamethasone-Induced Apoptosis.

INTRODUCTION. B-lymphopoeisis is a balance between expansion and cell death. Bone marrow stromal cells support B-lymphopoeisis through direct cell-cell contact and by the production of growth factors, most notably IL-7, IGF-1, and SCF (1). Exposure to dexamethasone either in vivo or in vitro will cause the death of B-cells in early stages of development by inducing apoptosis. B-cell precursors appear to be protected from dexamethasone-induced apoptosis when co-cultured with the stromal cell line BMS2 (2). IL-7 is a possible anti-apoptotic factor since an increase in percentages of apoptotic B-cell precursors is seen in mice deficient in IL-7 production (3). However, even in IL-7 knockout mice, significant numbers of precursors still survive. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that IL-7 is the stromal derived mediator that protects B-cell precursors from dexamethasoneinduced apoptosis and the protective effects of IL-7 may be augmented by the growth factors IGF-1 and SCF. Furthermore, while IL-7 has been shown to induce proliferation in primary cultures of B-lymphocytes from young animals, this effect is not seen in primary cultures of Blymphocytes from aged animals. It is possible that, in aged animals, IL-7 acts to protect Blymphocytes from apoptosis in a manner similar to that observed with cells in young animals.
Use of a Saline Breast Implant to Cover the Pelvic Floor

Pelvic exenteration is one of the most radical procedures in the repertoire of gynecologic oncology procedures. Postoperative complications include sepsis, hemorrhage, formation of adhesions resulting in bowel obstruction, and fistulas resulting from large denuded pelvic surfaces. To date there is no clear consensus as to the best way to cover the pelvis after the destructive phase of an exenteration. Herein, we present a different approach to pelvic coverage by placement of a 300 cc saline breast implant. Use of a saline-filled breast implant to fill the pelvis represents a possible approach to addressing the denuded pelvic space created during extensive gynecologic surgery.
Discovery of stress responsive DNA regulatory motifs in Arabidopsis.

The discovery of DNA regulatory motifs in the sequenced genomes using computational methods remains challenging. Here, we present MotifIndexer - a comprehensive strategy for de novo identification of DNA regulatory motifs at a genome level. Using word-counting methods, we indexed the existence of every 8-mer oligo composed of bases A, C, G, T, r, y, s, w, m, k, n or 12-mer oligo composed of A, C, G, T, n, in the promoters of all predicted genes of Arabidopsis thaliana genome and of selected stress-induced co-expressed genes. From this analysis, we identified number of over-represented motifs. Among these, major critical motifs were identified using a position filter. We used a model based on uniform distribution and the z-scores derived from this model to describe position bias. Interestingly, many motifs showed position bias towards the transcription start site. We extended this model to show biased distribution of motifs in the genomes of both A. thaliana and rice. We also used MotifIndexer to identify conserved motifs in co-expressed gene groups from two Arabidopsis species, A. thaliana and A. lyrata. This new comparative genomics method does not depend on alignments of homologous gene promoter sequences.
Calcium Uptake Activity of Canine Myocardial Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in the Presence of Anesthetic Agents

The anesthetics chloroform, halothane, ethyl ether, and sodium pentobarbital, which have negative inotropic properties, were examined for effects on the calcium pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the dog myocardium. Chloroform and sodium pentobarbital, at concentrations similar to those depressing cardiac contractility, inhibited calcium uptake. The concentration of halothane required to inhibit calcium uptake was ten times greater than that required to produce depression of contractility. Ether at concentrations eight times greater than those producing inhibition of contraction was completely without effect on calcium uptake. Chloroform and halothane depressed calcium uptake and calcium-stimulated ATPase activity in parallel, indicating that these agents do not uncouple transport from ATP hydrolysis. Sodium pentobarbital, in contrast, uncoupled transport from ATP hydrolysis.
A triazolam/amphetamine dose-effect interaction study: dissociation of effects on memory versus arousal.

In addition to producing robust memory impairment, benzodiazepines also induce marked sedation. Thus, it is possible that the observed amnestic effects are secondary to more global sedative effects and do not reflect a specific primary benzodiazepine effect on memory mechanisms. The objective was to use the nonspecific stimulant d-amphetamine to dissociate the sedative and memory-impairing effects of the benzodiazepine triazolam. Single oral doses of placebo, triazolam alone (0.25, 0.50 mg/70 kg), d-amphetamine sulfate alone (20, 30 mg/70 kg), and triazolam (0.25, 0.50 mg/70 kg) and d-amphetamine sulfate (20, 30 mg/70 kg) conjointly (at all dose combinations) were administered to 18 healthy adult participants across nine sessions in a double-blind, staggered-dosing, crossover design. In addition to standard data analyses, analyses were also conducted on z-score standardized data, enabling effects to be directly compared across measures. Relative to the sedative measures, the memory measures generally exhibited a pattern of less reversal of triazolam’s effects by d-amphetamine. The memory measures ranged in degree of reversal such that the most reversal was observed for reaction time on the n-back working memory task, and the least reversal was observed for accuracy on the Sternberg working memory task, with most measures showing an overall pattern of partial reversal. Benzodiazepines have specific effects on memory that are not merely a by-product of the drugs’ sedative effects, and the degree to which sedative effects contribute to the amnestic effects varies as a function of the particular memory process being assessed.
Site, type, and local mechanism of tibial shaft fracture in drivers in frontal automobile crashes.

The location, type, and local mechanism of tibial shaft fracture were determined for 66 drivers injured in frontal automobile crashes. The results from the analyses showed that the distal third is the most common fracture location (p < 0.05) and that bending is responsible for the majority of these fractures regardless of the fracture site. These findings indicate that the current injury criterion for predicting the occurrence of tibial shaft fracture in crash tests with anthropometric test devices is appropriate in terms of accounting for the primary mechanism of fracture but that increased protective effectiveness could be achieved by redefining the criterion for the distal third shaft section instead of the currently specified mid-shaft section of the tibia.
Perturbed reversible systems

Abstract For a class of nonlinear evolution equations describing reversible processes with several equilibrium solutions, we will demonstrate that the addition of time-dependent disturbances can significantly change the stability properties of the model. In particular, we will show that the introduction of bounded time-dependent forcing can cause singular changes in the basins of attraction for Abel's nonlinear ordinary differential equation.
Correlation of BAG-3 and Heat Shock Protein 70 with CD30 expression in T-cell Lymphomas

T-cell lymphomas are aggressive lymphomas with decreased prognosis and resistance to therapy. BAG-3 and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) function in chemotherapeutic resistance and cellular survival. Expression of BAG-3 has not been investigated in T cell lymphomas. We investigated fifty cases including benign, systemic and cutaneous T cell lymphomas. Benign T cells were negative for BAG-3 and HSP70 immunohistochemical staining. BAG-3 expression correlated with increased HSP70 expression in a subset of systemic T cell lymphoma cases co-expressing the CD30 antigen. Correlation between BAG-3, HSP70 and CD30 expression was not seen in cutaneous T cell lymphoma cases. However, these cases showed a significant increase in BAG-3 staining when compared to CD30 negative systemic T cell lymphoma cases. The differential protein expression profile of BAG-3 and HSP70 may indicate a specific role for these proteins and the ubiquitin-proteasome system/autophagy in T cell lymphomas which may help guide future targeted therapy.
A clarification of certain issues arising out of nonmonetary exchanges

Abstract Accounting for certain nonmonetary exchanges has long been marked by confusion and controversy. The wording of Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 29 (APBO 29) is especially ambiguous as to when an earnings process is culminated, and therefore as to when a transaction is recorded at market or book values. Succeeding academic and pedagogic literature has seized on the dissimilarity of the assets exchanged as being necessary and sufficient to recording at fair values. This route, unfortunately, fails to capture the economic substance of the transaction. This has been pointed out by Hobbs and Bainbridge (1982) and further clarified by the Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) (1986). The purpose of this paper is to bring the proper treatment of such transactions to the attention of accounting educators so that the pedagogic literature may be appropriately adjusted.
Niacin revisited: clinical observations on an important but underutilized drug.

Abstract study objective: To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of niacin therapy in dyslipidemic individuals. design: A retrospective analysis of patients' charts. setting: An outpatient referral-based clinic specializing in the treatment of lipid disorders. patients: All patients with dyslipidemia treated by niacin (n = 82) at the Atherosclerosis Detection and Prevention Clinic during 1987 to 1990, including a subgroup of 17 dyslipidemic heart transplant recipients. results: Niacin was well tolerated in 83% of the nontransplant group (n = 65) at an average dose of 2.5 ± 0.9 g/day. Similar beneficial lipoprotein effects were found in the transplant and nontransplant patients. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) response to niacin therapy was independent of the baseline HDL-C level. In the transplant group, 11 patients (65%) discontinued treatment, primarily because of hyperglycemia; this was especially prominent in those patients with pretreatment diabetes mellitus. Of the 15 patients using sustained-release niacin, eight cases of hepatitis were recorded, some during therapy with relatively low niacin doses. Several different sustained-release preparations were responsible for this phenomenon, suggesting that the cause was not a contaminant in the preparation. No cases of hepatitis were documented in the 67 patients using regular niacin. One case of hepatitis was recently observed in a patient who switched from one type of regular niacin to another, however, we have data to suggest that the substituted preparation was not an immediate-release niacin. A familial predisposition to hepatitis is suggested by the occurrence of this side effect in identical twin brothers and two sisters. A pharmacy survey disclosed that most pharmacists are unaware of the relationship of sustained-release niacin to hepatitis, have a negative impression of regular niacin, and do not stock this formulation. Finally, we found that in this small sample of patients, niacin used with lovastatin is a particularly effective drug combination and appears to have few side effects beyond those seen with niacin alone. conclusions: Our experience supports the fact that regular niacin is a useful lipid-modifying drug. When used appropriately, patients can usually tolerate adequate doses for prolonged periods and achieve meaningful results. However, this requires a certain amount of physician skill and patient motivation. The use of sustained-release preparations to overcome this problem can lead to harmful consequences and should only be done under strict medical supervision. In our opinion, the availability of sustained-release niacin as a nonprescription drug is unjustified and should be reexamined. Finally, we have observed that reduction of very-lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) with niacin alone leads to an elevation in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in many patients; this indicates to us that the mechanism whereby niacin lowers VLDL-C and total cholesterol is not solely the result of a decreased synthesis of VLDL-C.
The effectiveness of service recovery in a multi‐industry setting

In today’s hyper‐competitive business environment, repeat customers are vital for success. Service failures, however, have the potential to destroy customer loyalty. In this study, we wanted to examine how two situational factors, the service type and magnitude of failure, moderate customer responses to service failures. Results from our experimental study indicate that the cost to mollify customers might vary tremendously for different types of services and for different magnitudes of failure. Effective service recovery (e.g. apology combined with a tangible compensation) had a strong positive influence on recovery satisfaction and loyalty for hair styling services whereas the magnitude of the impact was less pronounced for restaurants and dry‐cleaning services. Consistent with previous research, subjects who perceived the failure to be highly serious had lower perceptions of fairness or justice associated with service recovery than their counterparts who considered the failure to be less severe. In sum, our findings support the notion of context‐specificity of service recovery.
Src Kinase regulates the Human Kinesin-5, Eg5, by Phosphorylating Tyrosines in the Eg5 Motor Domain

The human kinesin-5, Eg5, is required to establish and maintain the mitotic spindle. using in silico, in vitro and cell culture methods, we show that Src kinase phosphorylates specific tyrosine residues in Eg5. These residues are located near the nucleotide pocket and the functionally critical L5 loop. Phosphomimetic and non-phosphorylatable Eg5 mutant proteins have diminished ATPase activity and microtubule sliding relative to wild-type Eg5. We also report that phosphomimetic proteins have greatly reduced affinity for the Eg5 inhibitor S-trityl-L-cysteine. This finding suggests that Src phosphorylation of Eg5 may provide cells a non-mutagenesis-dependent strategy to evolve resistance to anti-mitotic Eg5 inhibitors. In this case, combination treatment targeting both SFKs and Eg5 may inhibit mitosis more effectively than anti-Eg5 treatment alone. Ultimately, Src phosphorylation of Eg5 represents a novel regulatory mechanism for a human kinesin, and links the chemical and physical processes that cause mitosis.
Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol sensitization of the rat brain to direct cholinergic stimulation.

In an attempt to define the nature of the involvement of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with central cholinergic neurotransmission, the effects of THC on direct cholinergic stimulation of the rat brain were investigated. THC, in doses of 3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), potentiated the effects of carbachol injection into the lateral septal nucleus, as manifested by enhancement of the drinking response elicited by the septal carbachol injection and by potentiation of the tendency of this carbachol injection to induce abnormal motor responses. Although atropine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) completely blocked the carbachol induced drinking, the atropine did not completely block the drinking response when THC was given with carbachol. The results indicate an apparent sensitization, by THC, of a limbic cholinergic system.
Karl Brandt: The Nazi Doctor; Medicine and Power in the Third Reich – By Ulf Schmidt

Many historians are wary of biography, but this author's study of Karl Brandt ought to challenge suspicions about this genre of history. This biography of the doctor who began his ascent in the hie...
Review: Exercise training in patients with heart failure is safe.

Source Citation Smart N, Marwick TH. Exercise training for patients with heart failure: a systematic review of factors that improve mortality and morbidity. Am J Med. 2004;116:693-706. 15121496
Local and distant skin flaps in the reconstruction of vulvar deformities

Abstract OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of skin flaps in vulvar reconstructive surgery. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review was performed on 207 consecutive flaps on 191 assessable women referred between 1992 and 1996. Outcome measures were wound closure, healing, restoration of coital function, and final result after any secondary revision. RESULTS: Primary closure without tension was possible in all but one instance, and 186 (89.9%) wounds healed by primary intention. Of 146 contractures, 95.8% were reparable by simple sliding flaps (YV advancement or "maple leaf"). Conversely, all the 99 tissue deficits required a pivoting design (random transposition, Martius, pudendal thigh, and gracilis or gluteus myocutaneous flaps). Primary success rates decreased sharply with worsening deformity, underlying disease, and complexity of flap design. There were 65 complications among 42 individuals, and 21 women required subsequent Z plasty or a second flap. Nonetheless, disease was cured and function restored in 178 (93.2%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Sliding or pivoting vulvar flaps are generally reliable. Complex flaps are more difficult, but there are seldom any simpler surgical options.(Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:1372-84)
In Situ kinetics measurements of surfactant adsorption on colloidal alumina using ESR spectroscopy

Abstract An electron spin resonance spectroscopy technique is employed to investigate in situ the kinetics of surfactant adsorption on colloidal particles. Using this technique, it was found that 40% of the adsorption of Aerosol OT at the alumina/cyclohexane interface takes place within 5 s after addition of the surfactant to the suspension.
Surface mechanics of biological tissues using low-frequency rayleigh waves detected by laser speckle

An acousto-optical method for the determination of the mechanical loss factor in biological tissues is presented. Measurements of the loss factor were made on a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) phantom, elastin derived from a bovine nuchal ligament, and porcine skin. The acousto-optical values of the loss factor were compared with those measured with a more conventional mechanical testing system. The values for the mechanical loss factor for PVC and nuchal elastin as calculated from the acousto-optical method agreed with those determined using the mechanical testing system. However, there was a significant difference between the two methods for the porcine skin. We hypothesize that the acousto- optical method measures only the stratum corneum of the skin while the mechanical method evaluates the bulk properties of the skin. The rigid, keratinous fibers of the stratum corneum are believed to be responsible for the lower loss factor measured with the acousto-optical method.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interview: The cultivation of wisdom: An interview with roger Walsh

(1994). Interview: The cultivation of wisdom: An interview with roger Walsh. The Humanistic Psychologist: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 275-295.
Seasonal and Diel Food Habits of Rainbow Trout Stocked as Juveniles in Lake Washington

Abstract I examined food habits of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Lake Washington, Washington, for relationships to the spatial and temporal distribution of their prey. Rainbow trout smaller than 250 mm (fork length) ate primarily Daphnia pulicaria during summer and autumn; larger fish were piscivorous throughout the year. Longfin smelt Spirinchus thaleichthys made up the largest fraction of fish prey in the diet of rainbow trout from the nearshore zone during autumn and winter, whereas prickly sculpin Cottus asper (in 1984) and yellow perch Perca flavescens (in 1985) were most important in spring and summer. Rainbow trout in the offshore zone (>15 m deep) ate mostly longfin smelt in spring and summer. Longfin smelt exhibited a 2-year cycle of abundance that appeared to influence the feeding habits of rainbow trout. During 1984, the adult longfin smelt population was large and provided the major prey of rainbow trout. When adult longfin smelt were less abundant during the 1985 winter, the fish fract...
Filter radioimmunoassay for antibodies to reovirus RNA in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Antibodies binding reovirus RNA (3H-reovirus RNA) were demonstrated in 35 of 50 sera (70%) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in 22 of 29 sera (76%) from New Zealand hybrid mice (NZB/NZW F1) using a cellulose ester filter radioimmunoassay. By contrast, they were present in only 19% of 69 patients with Sjogren's syndrome, 14% of 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 4% of 88 normal adult controls. This assay method will also measure antibodies to DNA and synthetic RNA and depends on entrapment of radioactive nucleic acid immune complexes on the filter. Serial studies in three patients treated with a stable dose of corticosteroids demonstrated similar binding and specificity over several years of disease.
Extended access/internal approaches for the management of facial trauma.

• The two most significant recent developments in the treatment of facial trauma are the introduction of plating systems, which provide rigid internal fixation and the development of surgical approaches that allow wide exposure of the entire facial skeleton while minimizing external incisions. These approaches (referred to as extended access/internal approaches) are hemicoronal and coronal flaps, the sublabial approach to the midface, the transconjunctival approach to the orbital floor and orbital rim, and the intraoral management of mandibular fractures. These approaches work well, and have become standard techniques for managing facial trauma; however, each one has definite technical points that need to be adhered to to assure their success. Additionally, there are situations where these approaches are not appropriate and, in fact, may even be detrimental. This article outlines our approach to facial trauma using these extended access/internal approaches and discusses the important technical factors of each approach. Our experience in treating 113 patients with 119 fractures and 161 approaches over the last 2 years is presented and the role extended access/internal approaches have played is reviewed. The indications, limitations, and possible complications associated with each approach are outlined. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:1105-1112)
Positron-labeled DOPA analogs to image dopamine terminals

Altered dopamine function has been implicated in disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and other motor disorders, schizophrenia, substance abuse, attention deficit disorder, and other neuropsychiatric diseases. A useful approach to the development of PET imaging agents for dopamine terminals is to target the enzymes involved in dopamine biosynthesis. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) converts dietary L-p-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), which is the first and rate-limiting step in dopamine synthesis. Thus, a TH-targeted imaging agent would be the ideal PET tracer of dopamine neuronal activity. However, efforts to develop TH-based tracers have so far been unsuccessful. The next enzyme in dopamine synthesis is aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD), which converts L-DOPA to dopamine. AAAD was the first target in the development of imaging agents for dopamine neurons. The first useful AAAD PET tracer was 6-[18F]Fluoro-L-DOPA (FDOPA). Later, a practicable synthesis of L-[β-11C]DOPA was developed. However, the adherence of these tracers to all the catabolic pathways of L-DOPA has been a disadvantage because of the contributions of labeled metabolites to PET images. Thus, alternative tracers with simpler metabolism such as fluoro-L-m-tyrosine (FMT) have been developed. PET studies in nonhuman primates have suggested that FMT is the PET imaging agent of choice for AAAD-containing neurons. Initial human studies show that this marker is useful in the assessment of AAAD-related neuropsychiatric disorders. This article discusses the origins and validation of dopamine PET tracers and delineates the similarities and differences between therapeutic drug development and radiopharmaceutical development as exemplified by studies on the dopamine system. Drug Dev. Res. 59:249–260, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Localized surface deformation of an Al-4% Cu alloy in fatigue

Abstract The evolution during fatigue of the local mechanical properties of individual surface grains in an Al-4% Cu alloy has been determined. The mechanical properties were deduced from strains measured in the grains during certain cyclic load sequences. Both strain softening and hardening of single grains were observed. Which happens at a particular time during fatigue depends on the local grain size and prior strain levels. For small grains, two stages of softening are separated by hardening. Large grains do not show the first stage of softening since they are soft at the outset, suffering initially large strains, which cause immediate hardening. The final softening of all grains involves a factor of four reduction of the local flow stress, slip band formation, and extrusions from which cracks ultimately initiate.
Year One Outcomes Assessment of a Masters Suturing and Knot-Tying Program for Surgical Interns

Purpose We implemented and evaluated the outcomes of a proficiency-based program to enhance basic suturing and knot-tying skills in surgical interns. Methods A suturing and knot-tying “masters program” was implemented for 9 surgical interns. Assessment consisted of timed and videotaped technical performance (TP) of 6 suturing (simple interrupted, subcuticular, and vertical mattress) and tying tasks (1-handed, 2-handed, and tie on pass) preinstruction (baseline) and at 4 months. Feedback and remediation were done after 4 months, and interns were retested until goals were met. TP was scored on a 1–5 scale (1 = novice, 3 = proficient, and 5 = expert). The results were compared with 6 end of PGY2 year residents and rotation evaluations, case numbers, and American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) scores. The data are mean ± standard deviation (SD); statistical analysis was by 1-way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Pearson correlation. Results The total combined task times improved significantly from initial (1289 ± 301 seconds) to final assessment (770 ± 139 seconds, p = 0.0003) and between 4-month assessment (1092 ± 253 seconds) and final assessment (p = 0.0237), but not baseline to 4-month assessment (p = 0.213). Final TP scores were improved significantly (baseline, 1.87 ± 0.81; 4–month assessment, 2.63 ± 0.75; and final assessment 3.51 ± 0.39 [p Conclusions Training, feedback, and remediation are necessary to reach proficiency in basic suturing and knot tying. This program provides an objective assessment of interns' skills not discernible by conventional measures.
Linguistic Contributions to the Advancement of Racial Justice Within and Beyond the African Diaspora

As a rule, linguistic diversity has little to do with racial diversity. However, studies in Africa, Europe, and North and South America have documented that standard and nonstandard dialects are often divided along socially and racially stratified lines. Results in this discussion grow from studies of linguistic profiling in France, South Africa, and the USA regarding the devaluation of Black Speech. Studies of housing discrimination against Blacks and Latinos in the USA, along with preliminary analyses of linguistic attitudes throughout the African diaspora, reveal that employment, education, housing, and access to other goods and services may be influenced by linguistic stereotypes. Here we explore various interdisciplinary controversies that are closely intertwined, with primary emphasis on the USA, where studies in linguistic profiling are most advanced. Experiments that build upon Lambert's classical matched guise technique explore various demographic characteristics that listeners attribute to someone based on the sound of his or her voice, such as during a telephone conversation. These experiments are linked directly with attempts to advance racial justice in education, law, health care and economic transactions, along with corresponding policy implications.
Kinetic methods for the study of the enzyme systems of β-oxidation

Abstract Kinetic methods for studying the reactions of the “general” fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase under three sets of substrate and enzyme concentration conditions have been developed. The reaction of butyryl-CoA and electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) can be studied either under steady-state conditions with enzyme at catalytic concentration or under single-turnover conditions with enzyme in excess. Under the latter conditions, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase acts both as a catalyst and an ultimate electron-transfer acceptor. The reductive half-reaction of butyryl-CoA and enzyme can also be studied in a separate kinetic experiment. Comparison of the pH dependences of the rate constants and isotope effects of the steady-state reaction of butyryl-CoA and ETF with the same parameters for the reductive half-reaction is consistent with a mechanism involving transfer of electrons from butyryl-CoA to ETF within a ternary complex. An alternative mechanism in which the reductive half-reaction takes place prior to the binding and reaction of ETF seems unlikely because the pH 8.5 isotope effect on the reductive half-reaction is much larger than that on the complete reaction in spite of the fact that the rates of the reactions are comparable. The pH dependence of the K m for substrate and K I for inhibitor is consistent with a mechanism for transfer of electrons within the ternary complex which involves protonation of the C group of substrates. The protonation labilizes the C-2 proton and base catalysis of the removal of the C-2 proton results in the production of the active enzyme-substrate species, namely the C-2 anion of substrate.
Application-specific methods for creating simulation masks

Lithography simulation is being used in a wide range of applications to help lithographers solve an equally wide range of problems. A necessary input to optical lithography simulation is the specification of the mask transmittance function, m(x,y), which forms the basis for the aerial image calculation. Various methods are used to specify m(x,y). The choice of method depends, in part, on the capabilities of the simulation software package and the available information. To maximize effectiveness, efficiency and accuracy, users should choose a method of specifying m(x,y) which considers the requirements of their application. In many cases, a simple expression for m(x,y) is all that is needed. In other cases, finer detail is desirable or even necessary. This paper reviews many techniques to generate m(x,y) for the PROLITH family of lithography simulators and presents current research for the defect printability application.
Unbiased optimal power flow for power systems with wind power generation

Wind power plants connected to power systems are often unable to utilise all available power due to transmission constraints. This problem is illustrated in an optimal power flow problem to schedule power from two different wind plants in a 6-bus system. A cost function is proposed to schedule wind power in an unbiased manner.
An analysis of social and economic factors associated with followup of patients with vesicoureteral reflux

AbstractPurpose: Nonsurgical treatment of vesicoureteral reflux requires antibiotic prophylaxis and long-term surveillance. We examined factors that affect followup compliance and influence quality of care in these children.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 288 boys and 742 girls with vesicoureteral reflux.Results: Of the children treated nonsurgically for vesicoureteral reflux 34 percent were lost to followup and the majority (80 percent) were not monitored beyond the 1-year followup appointment. Older maternal age (36 years or older) was significantly associated with improved followup compliance. Paternal age, primary physician type, medical insurance type, income, education level and environment (urban, suburban or rural) were not significant.Conclusions: Approximately a third of children treated nonsurgically for vesicoureteral reflux will be lost to followup. Only older maternal age predicts for good compliance. Preconceptions about compliance on the basis of other fac...
Motion at the ionization front in the Orion nebula - A kinematic study of the forbidden O I line

The kinematics of the ionization front in H II regions is investigated via a study of the collisionally excited forbidden O I emission at 630 nm. Slit spectra of 5/km s resolution are used to examine the velocities of forbidden O I across the inner few arcminutes of M42. The mean velocity is significantly more positive than for other ions, which confirms the argument that the ionization front is formed against the parent molecular cloud OMC 1. It is inferred that there is acceleration of material in the ionization front at the parent molecular cloud. A new model for M42 based largely on optical emission-line and radio absorption-line studies is presented. A detailed statistical analysis indicates agreement between the structure function and the Kolmogorov theory for turbulence.
Radiosurgery for angiographically occult vascular malformations

The use of radiosurgery for angiographically occult vascular malformations (AOVMs) is a controversial treatment option for those that are surgically inaccessible or located in eloquent brain. To determine the efficacy of this treatment, the authors reviewed the literature reporting hemorrhage rates, seizure control, and radiation-induced morbidity. They found overall hemorrhage rates of 2–6.4%, overall postradiosurgery hemorrhage rates of 1.6–8%, and stratified postradiosurgery hemorrhage rates of 7.3–22.4% in the period immediately to 2 years after treatment; these latter rates declined to 0.8–5.2% > 2 years after treatment. Of 291 patients presenting with seizure across 16 studies, 89 (31%) attained a seizure-free status and 102 (35%) had a reduction in seizure frequency after radiosurgery. Overall radiation-induced morbidity ranged from 2.5 to 59%, with higher complication rates in patients with brainstem lesion locations. Researchers applying mean radiation doses of 15–16.2 Gy to the tumor margin saw ...
Effect of Melatonin on the Anuran Thyroid Gland: Follicle Cell Proliferation, Morphometry, and Subsequent Thyroid Hormone Secretionin Vitroafter Melatonin Treatmentin Vivo

The thyroid gland controls the progress of metamorphosis, although other hormones influence metamorphic rate, including melatonin, which may coordinate metamorphosis with seasonal and light conditions. Melatonin directly antagonized the action of thyroxine (T4) in promoting regression of tadpole tail tipsin vitro,and this study sought to determine if it affects the thyroid axis of tadpoles as well. In an experiment sampling at 8-hr intervals for 24 hr, after melatonin treatment (15 μg/day for 12 days) of premetamorphicRana pipienstadpoles at approximately 1100 hr on 18L:6D, thyroid follicle cell height and lumen diameter were lowered by melatonin, but follicle cell proliferation was not significantly depressed. In a second experiment conducted under the same conditions, but sampling at 3-hr intervals for 24 hr, melatonin significantly lowered follicle cell labeling index and suppressed its ultradian (7.6 hr) rhythm, while shifting the peak of follicle lumen diameter to the dark instead of the light. Thus, melatonin tended to depress the thyroid of young tadpoles and suppress or shift its rhythms. Melatonin (10 μg/day for 5 days) injected into prometamorphicRana catesbeianatadpoles at 1930 hr on 18L:6D significantly altered subsequentin vitrothyroid function as determined by radioimmunoassay of media collected at intervals for 54 hr from cultured thyroids of injected control and melatonin groups, and a noninjected control group. Melatonin decreased T4secretion during the first 30 hr, but not during the last 24 hr of culture, suppressed 3,5,3‘-triiodothyronine (T3) secretion for 12 hr, and then raised T3output into the media above the control for the remainder of the culture period, increasing the T3:T4ratio. Injection alone increased both T3and T4secretion for the first 30 hr, but did not change the T3:T4ratio. The findings show that exogenous melatonin administeredin vivosignificantly modulated thyroid activity and morphometry directly and/or indirectly and comprise the first demonstration of an ef-fect of melatonin on the amphibian thyroid gland.
The Case for ‘Weaker’ Leadership

This article argues that the pendulum in the debate on leadership has now swung too far in the direction of the “tyranny of opinion” and that this has increased the chances of wrong decisions being taken. But if this is so, what are the practical means by which diversity and conflict can be channelled into the decision-making process. After discussing a wide range of research, the author describes his own preferred technique of formally using a devil’s advocate to test proposals for change – but without setting out alternative proposals.