cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of subclinical nodal involvement in clinical stages I and II non-small cell lung cancer: Implications in the inoperable and three- dimensional dose-escalation settings

Abstract Purpose: When mediastinal lymph nodes are clinically uninvolved in the setting of inoperable non-small cell lung cancer, whether conventional radiation techniques or three-dimensional dose-escalation techniques are used, the benefit of elective nodal irradiation is unclear. Inclusion of the clinically negative mediastinum in the radiation portals increases the risk of lung toxicity and limits the ability to escalate dose. This analysis represents an attempt to use clinical characteristics to estimate the risk of subclinical nodal involvement, which may help determine which patients are most likely to benefit from elective nodal irradiation. Methods: From 1987 to 1990, 346 patients undergoing complete resection of non-small cell lung cancer underwent a preoperative computed tomographic scan revealing no clinical evidence of N2/N3 involvement. Multivariate regression and regression tree analyses attempted to define which patients were at highest risk for subclinical mediastinal involvement (N2) and which patients were at highest risk for subclinical N1 and/or N2 involvement (N1/N2). Immunohistochemical data suggest that the conventional histopathologic techniques used during this study somewhat underestimate the true degree of lymph node involvement; therefore, a third end point was also evaluated: N1 involvement and/or N2 involvement and/or local-regional recurrence (N1/N2/LRR). Results: Regression analyses revealed that the following factors were independently associated with a high risk of more advanced disease: positive preoperative bronchoscopy (N2, p = 0.02; N1/N2, p p p Conclusion: In inoperable non-small cell lung cancer, the patients for whom mediastinal radiation therapy may most likely be indicated are those with a positive preoperative bronchoscopy, especially with large (> 3 cm) primary tumors.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ANOMALOUS POLLEN DEVELOPMENT IN EMBRYOGENIC ANTHER CULTURES OF HYOSCYAMUS NIGER

The formation of anomalous, binucleate pollen grains and their subsequent embryogenic development, induced by anther culture in Hyossyamus niger, were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In culture, uninucleate pollen grains occasionally divided symmetrically giving rise to two apparently identical nuclei sharing a common cytoplasm. These nuclei divided once or twice unaccompanied by cell wall formation. After the daughter nuclei organized into cells, their subsequent division products contributed to embryoid formation. In conjunction with previous studies of pollen embryogenesis in H. niger, it appears that in contrast to the principle mode of embryogenesis (i.e., first asymmetric division forms typical two-celled pollen grain and the generative cell acts as the embryogenic precursor), anomalous pollen show no carry-over of gametophytic influences following embryogenic induction. This suggests that specific pathways of embryogenesis are correlated with the rate at which gametophytic gene activity is repressed following induction. THE CULTURE of anthers of Hyoscyamus niger at the uninucleate stage of development (Stage III, Raghavan, 1978) on a simple mineral salt medium has been shown to evoke continued divisions in a small proportion ( < 1 %) of the enclosed pollen grains (Raghavan,1975). These multicellular pollen grains continue to develop through stages similar to zygotic embryogenesis to give rise to embryo-like structures (embryoids) and plantlets with the haploid number of chromosomes (Raghavan, 1976, 1978). Cytological observations of pollen grains from anthers at diffierent times after culture have shown that embryogenic divisions occurred in the generative cell to form a proembryoid as early as 36 hr followingthe first haploid mitosis (Raghavan,1978). Here the vegetative cell does not divide or does so only rarely to form a suspensor-like structure subtending the embryoid. In a second, less frequent pathway of embryoid formation, the uninucleate pollen grain divides symmetrically in culture to form two apparently identical nuclei sharing a common vytoplasm. These nuclei may divide once or twice unaccompanied by wall formation; after the daughter nuclei organize into cells, their subsequent division products contribute to embryoid formation. Detailed qualitative and quantitative fine structural analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of embryogenic induction
The Race between Cooperation and Catastrophe: Reducing the Global Nuclear Threat

Nuclear terrorism is the greatest national security threat facing the United States. This is a point on which few disagree, yet the effort to reduce the global nuclear threat falls short in terms of speed, resources, and level of effort. This article presents four hypothetical nuclear crises to illustrate this point and suggests a series of steps that, if taken, could help prevent each crisis. We are in a race between cooperation and catastrophe, and the global threat is outpacing our response. We must act now.
E-Cadherin Status in Breast Cancer Correlates With Histologic Type but Does Not Correlate With Established Prognostic Parameters

Our objective was to assess the loss of E-cadherin (EC) as a diagnostic marker or a predictor of prognosis. We stained 276 breast carcinomas with monoclonal antibodies to EC (invasive lobular carcinomas [ILC] and variants, 59; invasive ductal carcinoma and ductal special types [IDC], 204; tubulolobular carcinoma [TLC], 4; and invasive carcinoma [IC], uncertain whether lobular or ductal type, 9). The results were as follows: EC+IDCs, 99.5%; EC-ILCs, 90%; EC+ILCs, 10%; EC+pleomorphic ILCs, 20%; EC-ICs, 44%. All 4 TLCs showed positive tubules while cords were negative. Statistically a correlation of EC loss with a positive diagnosis of ILC was found but there was no correlation with any prognostic tumor variables. A negative EC stain confirms the diagnosis of ILC (specificity, 97.7%; negative predictive value, 96.8%; sensitivity, 88.1%; positive predictive value, 91.2%). EC is helpful in classifying cases with indeterminate histologic features. EC loss is uncommon in nonlobular carcinomas with no correlation to currently established prognostic variables.
Design considerations for miniature optical correlation systems that use pixelated input and filter transducers

ABSTRACT Miniature optical correlators offer many advantages to the image processing and patternrecognition community, including portability, modularity, and possible field deployability. Indeed,computercontrolled miniature correlators that use pixelated input and filter transducers such as magneto-optic spatial light modulators (MOSLMs) or liquid crystal displays (LCDs) can be designed and built as powerful plug-in modules for larger hybrid recognition systems, or they can stand aloneas powerful, special-purpose portable correlators for specific image processing and recognitionapplications.This paper presents a few important design considerations such as filter design, minimizationof the overall correlator length, and the effect of aberrations on system performance. Two workingprototype miniature binary phase-only filter (BPOF) correlators that use MOSLMs at the input andfilter planes are described -- a 5-lens minimum-length system (28 cm) and a 3-lens system that is longer (52 cm), easier to align, and superior in performance. Both correlators use off-the-shelf
The subject matter fallacy

The subject matter fallacy is the fallacy of supposing that the content of a statement or a belief consists in the conditions the truth of the statement or belief puts on its subject matter: the objects the statement or belief is about. Consider my belief that Hillary Clinton is a resident of New York. The subject matter of this belief are the things and conditions (properties, relations) it is about: Hillary Clinton, the state of New York, and the relation of being a resident of. For the belief to be true, these objects have to meet certain conditions; the first two must bear the third to one another; that is, Hillary Clinton must be a resident of New York. It is quite natural, then, to take the proposition that Hillary Clinton is a resident of New York to be to be the content of the belief. But in fact it is only one of a number of contents of the belief; it is the content given the facts about reference; it is what else the world has to be like, once we take those facts as fixed. We need to appreciate that these contents, the subject matter or referential contents, are only one of a range of contents that are systematically related: the contents of a statement or belief given various facts. Of particular importance in the case of recognition are what I call reflexive contents, in which not all of the facts about the subject matter of a statement or belief are given. I call these reflexive, because conditions are put on the statement or belief itself. In this paper I argue that if we commit the subject matter fallacy, we cannot provide suitable contents for statement of identity and beliefs about identity, including the very common sort of belief that one acquires when one recognizes another person, place or thing. I provide a case of recognition for contemplation in Section 2, introduce reflexive contents in Section 3. In Sections 4 and 5 I try to explain the importance of reflexive contents, and their relation with subject matter contents. I discuss what I call “the subject matter fallacy”, which misleads us in such cases, in Section 6.
Meniere's Disease: Etiologic Considerations

This article explores the evidence for a common vascular pathophysiology for idiopathic Meniere's disease and migraine. After retrospectively reviewing 85 cases of Meniere's disease, it is concluded that (1) migraine occurs more often in patients with Meniere's disease than in the general population, (2) the classic symptoms of Meniere's disease can be part of a migraine attack, (3) symptoms of Meniere's disease may be associated with a migraine attack without headache (migraine equivalent), (4) treatment for the migraine with methysergide maleate or prednisone may also improve the symptoms of Meniere's disease, and (5) prospective studies with adequate follow-up are needed to further investigate this association.
Developmental coxa vara associated with spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (DCV/SMD): "SMD-corner fracture type" (DCV/SMD-CF) demonstrated in most reported cases.

Background. This paper reports three children with short stature: developmental coxa vara unilateral in the first case and bilateral in the other two; somewhat squared and “ovoid” vertebral bodies in the first patient, and normal to slightly tall vertebral bodies in the third; metaphyseal changes in some long tubular bones including bone fragments similar to the corner fractures seen in child abuse in all three patients.¶Materials and methods. The first and second patients were sisters; their mother, also quite short, had surgical procedures in early life for bilateral “coxa vara”; their brother, also of short stature, had bilateral coxa valga with otherwise normal femoral heads and necks, and mild metaphyseal changes associated with two minute “corner fractures” in the proximal metaphysis of the left tibia.¶Results. A review of reported cases of developmental coxa vara associated with spondylometaphyseal dysplasia revealed that simulated corner fractures were present in most instances.
Symmetry groups related to the construction of perfect one factorizations of K 2n

Abstract We classify the elements of order two contained in the symmetry groups of perfect one factorizations of K 2 n . Using these results, we show that if one assumes the symmetry group of a perfect one factorization contains a noncentral element of order two with at least one fixed point, then the one factorization must be one of the known perfect one factorizations on K p + 1 or K 2 p , where p is prime. Moreover, the assumption of the existence of such a symmetry element gives rise to an explicit construction of these one factorizations. A number of other results are also shown. The only perfect one factorizations with doubly transitive symmetry groups are the known perfect one factorizations on K p + 1 . The symmetry group of a perfect one factorization generated by the even starter construction is the starter group if it is not the known K p + 1 one factorization. The order of the symmetry group of a perfect one factorization of K 2 n generated by the starter construction must be odd and divide (2 n −1)( n −1) if n is not prime and the perfect one factorization is not the known K p + 1 one factorization.
New Geomagnetic Limit on the Mass of the Photon

On the basis of recent precise data on the earth's magnetic field, a new upper bound on the mass of the photon is obtained using a method that was originally proposed by Schr\"odinger. The limit is 1.15 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$\ensuremath{\equiv}2.3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ eV\ensuremath{\equiv}4.0 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}48}$ g, which is four orders of magnitude better than the best laboratory measurement, that of Plimpton and Lawton.
Participating in sport and music activities in adolescence: the role of activity participation and motivational beliefs during elementary school.

This investigation examined the precursors of adolescents’ participation in sport and music activities in the United States by testing a developmental model across 7 years. Data were drawn from youth questionnaires in the Childhood and Beyond Study (92% European American; N = 594). Findings suggest that patterns of participation across a 3-year period in elementary school predict adolescents’ participation through their motivational beliefs. Specifically, children who participated in an activity, children who participated consistently across multiple years, and children who were highly active had higher adolescent motivational beliefs 4 years later than their peers. These motivational beliefs, in turn, positively predicted adolescents’ participation 1 year later. Cross-domain analyses suggest that children typically maintain their orientation toward sports and music (e.g., high music-low sport orientation, not oriented toward either domain) as they age. These findings highlight the consistency in children’s leisure pursuits and interests from childhood through adolescence.
Inconsistencies in emergency instructions on common household product labels.

Human exposures to non-pharmaceutical products often results in serious injury and death annually in the United States. Studies performed more than 25 years ago described inadequate first aid advice on the majority of household products. The current study evaluates contemporary non-pharmaceutical products with respect to location, uniformity and type of their first aid and emergency contact instructions. A random, convenience sample of commercial product label information was obtained from local retail stores over an 8 month period. Twelve common non-pharmaceutical product categories, with large numbers of annual human exposures, were identified from National Poison Data Systems data. A minimum of 10 unique products for each category utilized. The following information identified: product name and manufacturer, location on container, presence and type of route-specific treatment, medical assistance referral information. A total of 259 product labels were examined. First aid/contact information was located on container: rear 162 (63 %), side 28 (11 %), front 3 (1 %), bottom 2 (0.77 %), behind label 14 (5 %), missing entirely 50 (19 %). Fifty-five products (21 %) lacked any first aid instructions. Suggested contacts for accidental poisoning: none listed 75 (29 %), physician 144 (56 %), poison control centers 102 (39 %), manufacturer 44 (17 %), “Call 911” 10 (4 %). Suggested contacts for unintentional exposure and content of first aid instructions on household products were inconsistent, frequently incomplete and at times absent. Instruction locations similarly lacked uniformity. Household product labels need to provide concise, accurate first aid and emergency contact instructions in easy-to-understand language in a universal format on product labels.
A die design model for thin section extrusions

In an extrusion plant, the die design procedure is very often a trial-and-error process which requires a number of extrusion trials before reaching a satisfactory design. If the die is not corrected or tuned appropriately, the product may be twisted and warped. In this work, a model is proposed which should guide the preliminary design of extrusion dies. The model is focused on the distortions of the extruded product due to exit velocity variations. The die design model is limited to the extrusion of thin sections through solid dies. Since the die opening is assumed to be long and slender, asymptotic approximations have been used in the analysis. Some die design examples are discussed.
A New Linear Model for Stability Prediction

AbstractBased upon Okusa's observation (Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1975) that the slopes of a linear plot of logo log fraction of active substance degraded vs log time for first order decay kinetics and a linear plot of log of drug remaining vs log time for a zero order decay kinetics are both unity, an algorithm has been developed to resolve both the energy of activation (E) and the rate constant (Ko or Lo) at the desired shelf-life temperature (To) by analysis of the y-intercepts of parallel slopes at more than one elevated temperature (T).Preliminary estimates of both E and either Ko or Lo are then substituted into a series of mathematical expressions based upon well known Arrhenius relationship:k = A ·exp -E/1.987) (1/T-l/To) where A = Ko or LoUsing converging and interative techniques to treat elevated temperature data, the resulting mean loss rate (eithri Ko or Lo at the designated shelf-life temperature plus a residual error term thus obtained, is used to distinguish statistically between zero and first or...
Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) ameliorates experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, primarily via induction of apoptosis in T cells involving activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor.

Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene), a polyphenolic compound found in plant products, including red grapes, exhibits anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Using an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), we investigated the use of resveratrol for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. We observed that resveratrol treatment decreased the clinical symptoms and inflammatory responses in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)-induced mice. Furthermore, we observed significant apoptosis in inflammatory cells in spinal cord of EAE-induced mice treated with resveratrol compared with the control mice. Resveratrol administration also led to significant down-regulation of certain cytokines and chemokines in EAE-induced mice including tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-9, IL-12, IL-17, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and Eotaxin. In vitro studies on the mechanism of action revealed that resveratrol triggered high levels of apoptosis in activated T cells and to a lesser extent in unactivated T cells. Moreover, resveratrol-induced apoptosis was mediated through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and estrogen receptor (ER) and correlated with up-regulation of AhR, Fas, and FasL expression. In addition, resveratrol-induced apoptosis in primary T cells correlated with cleavage of caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and release of cytochrome c. Data from the present study demonstrate, for the first time, the ability of resveratrol to trigger apoptosis in activated T cells and its potential use in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including, MS.
Manipulating plant resources to enhance beneficial arthropods in agricultural landscapes

Annual crop fields typically are simple habitats dominated by a few plant species where pesticides play a major role in managing weed and insect infestations. Recently, there has been significant interest in the potential to reduce reliance on pesticides by manipulating plant species and communities to benefit natural enemies of insects and weeds. Such efforts aim to enhance natural enemy impact by providing appropriate food, shelter, and hosts, and efforts typically are accomplished by manipulation of plant species, populations, or communities. Habitat management is generally viewed as an important factor in maintaining stable insect and natural enemy populations in agricultural systems and may have a similar function in increasing weed seed predation. Crop and noncrop habitats provide resources to natural enemies either directly through floral nectar and pollen, indirectly by increased host or prey availability, or through emergent properties of the habitat such as by moderating the microclimate. These critical resources for natural enemies can be provided in agricultural ecosystems at several scales: within fields, at field margins, or as a component of the larger landscape. Because individual natural enemy species may require quite specific resources at different times and spatial scales, not all attempts to manipulate habitat diversity are equally effective. We review the role of plant resources, including weeds, in supporting natural enemy communities and provide case studies of how varying plant diversity at different spatial scales can influence the effectiveness of biological control in agricultural landscapes.
Synthesis and Alkylation of Vinylsulfinic Acids via Fluoride Cleavage of β-Trimethylsilylethyl Vinyl Sulfones

Abstract A new method for the synthesis of vinylsulfinic acids from aldehydes is described. The homologated vinyl (tri-methylsilylethyl)sulfones were synthesized from the corresponding aldehydes by means of the phosphonium salt derived from the chloromethylsulfide of β-trimethylsilylethanethiol. The Wittig products could be cleaved with tetrabutylammonium fluoride followed by sulfur alkylation to produce new vinyl sulfones.
A vegetable oil derived chemodosimeter for the selective detection of Hg2+ in aqueous media: a potential green laboratory method

An in situ-generated byproduct from the naturally occurring autoxidation of vegetable oil has been utilized to develop a thione-containing chemodosimeter for the selective detection of aqueous mercuric ions (Hg2+) at nanomolar concentrations through a one-pot synthesis/detection technique.
The Orbit, Mass, and Albedo of Transneptunian Binary (66652) 1999 RZ253.

Abstract We have observed (66652) 1999 RZ253 with the Hubble Space Telescope at seven separate epochs and have fit an orbit to the observed relative positions of this binary. Two orbital solutions have been identified that differ primarily in the inclination of the orbit plane. The best fit corresponds to an orbital period, P = 46.263 ± 0.006 0.074 days, semimajor axis a = 4660 ± 170 km and orbital eccentricity e = 0.460 ± 0.013 corresponding to a system mass m = 3.7 ± 0.4 × 10 18 kg . For a density of ρ = 1000 kg m −3 the albedo at 477 nm is p 477 = 0.12 ± 0.01 , significantly higher than has been commonly assumed for objects in the Kuiper belt. Multicolor, multiepoch photometry shows this pair to have colors typical for the Kuiper belt with a spectral gradient of 0.35 per 100 nm in the range between 475 and 775 nm. Photometric variations at the four epochs we observed were as large as 12 ± 3 % but the sampling is insufficient to confirm the existence of a lightcurve.
Treatment of toxic multinodular goiter (hummer's disease): Surgery or radioiodine?

The records of patients treated at the Mayo Clinic for toxic multinodular goiter during 1950–1954, 1960–1964, and 1970–1974 were reviewed to compare results of surgical and131I therapy, to define trends in treatment policy and outcome, and to attempt to elucidate factors associated with posttreatment hypothyroidism. The series involved 446 patients who underwent thyroidectomy as initial treatment and 89 who initially received131I. The time to success was significantly shorter (p=0.001) in surgically treated patients than in patients initially receiving131I. Compared with patients treated medically, patients treated initially with surgery were much less likely to require a second treatment (0% versus 24%) during the first year after initial treatment. The probability of postthyroidectomy hypothyroidism increased from approximately 12% in the 1950s to more than 70% in the 1970s at 2 years after surgery. Neither more aggressive surgery nor use of more sensitive tests to diagnose hypothyroidism accounted for the increased probability in recent years.
Regulation of protein synthesis in HeLa cells: Translation at elevated temperatures☆

Abstract When HeLa cells are incubated at 42 °C, the rate of amino acid incorporation decreases, and extensive polyribosome disaggregation occurs. An early function in translation is shown to be rate limiting at the elevated temperature and is the cause of polyribosome disaggregation. Further incubation at 42 °C results in a partial recovery in the number of functioning ribosomes and the rate of amino acid incorporation. This recovery is shown to be dependent upon RNA synthesis but not protein synthesis. A response of cells to a prolonged incubation at 42 °C appears to be the production of a species of RNA which promotes the association of ribosomes with messenger RNA. This factor may be produced in response to reduced protein synthesis. Inhibition of protein synthesis at normal temperature with actidione results in an effect similar to that caused by prolonged incubation at 42 °C. An RNA factor is produced which appears to promote the association of ribosomes with messenger RNA. The kinetics of production and decay of the factor induced by actidione pretreatment indicate an approximate half-life of one hour.
The treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy in an incidence cohort

Purpose To determine the frequencies of medical and surgical treatments in an incidence cohort of 120 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Methods We reviewed the community medical records and administered a follow-up questionnaire. Results Of the 120 patients, 89 (74.2%) required either no therapy or only supportive measures. Six patients (5.0%) were treated with systemic corticosteroids. One patient had orbital radiotherapy. Twenty-four patients (20.0%) underwent one or more surgical procedures. The cumulative probabilities of undergoing ophthalmic surgery of any type were 5.0% by one year after the diagnosis of ophthalmopathy, 9.3% after two years, 15.9% after five years, and 21.8% after ten years. The need for surgery was significantly related to age (P Conclusion In 24 (20%) patients, one or more surgical procedures were used to treat Graves' ophthalmopathy. The probability of surgical intervention was significantly related to patient age (older than 50 years), but it was not related to gender or smoking.
Tape Assembled Components a Packaging Option

Integrated circuit chips bonded to flexible tape first found widespread volume application in semiconductor operations for the manufacture of 14/16 pin dual-in-line plastic packages. Components on tape are now being adopted by manufacturers of equipment and systems to achieve greater component density and improve throughput for assembly of electronic modules. Novel packaging techniques are appearing as both semiconductor manufacturers and end users better understand this technology.
Isolation and analysis of a genomic clone encoding sucrose synthetase in maize: Evidence for two introns in Sh

The shrunken locus of maize which codes for the major endosperm sucrose synthetase has been an object of extensive genetic investigations. To extend these studies, a genomic maize library was probed with a cDNA clone of endosperm sucrose synthetase. The first clone characterized contains DNA sequences found also in wild type maize but missing in a shrunken genetic deletion. This observation and the similarity in the restriction map of this clone to that observed when total maize DNA is probed with sucrose synthetase cDNA showed that this clone contains the shrunken locus. Comparison of the restriction map of this clone to that of the cDNA suggested the presence of two introns. DNA sequencing verified their presence and showed that their two junction sequences partially resemble the consensus junction sequences. Observations of others have shown that this region of the gene, here shown to be one of the two introns, is altered by association with the transposable element Dissociation.
Identification of Patients with Congestive Heart Failure using a Binary Classifier: A Case Study.

This paper addresses a very specific problem that happens to be common in health science research. We present a machine learning based method for identifying patients diagnosed with congestive heart failure and other related conditions by automatically classifying clinical notes. This method relies on a Perceptron neural network classifier trained on comparable amounts of positive and negative samples of clinical notes previously categorized by human experts. The documents are represented as feature vectors where features are a mix of single words and concept mappings to MeSH and HICDA ontologies. The method is designed and implemented to support a particular epidemiological study but has broader implications for clinical research. In this paper, we describe the method and present experimental classification results based on classification accuracy and positive predictive value.
Spatiotemporal Regularity and Interevent Contingencies as Information for Infants' Visual Expectations.

This study examined infants' use of picture-location contingencies and spatiotemporal regularity in forming visual expectations. Ninety-six 3-month-olds watched an event sequence in which pictures appeared at 3 locations, either in regular left-center-right alternation or in a random center-side pattern. For half of the infants, the content of the central picture was predictive of the location of the upcoming peripheral event. Analyses of anticipations and interpicture fixation shifts revealed that both spatiotemporal regularity and consistent interevent contingencies fostered increased anticipation of peripheral pictures. The type of spatiotemporal sequence that infants observed also differentially biased their responses to test trials that followed the picture sequence: Infants who experienced regular alternation sequences continued the side-to-side pattern during the 2-choice test trials, whereas infants who experienced irregular sequences looked back to the location of the previous picture. Stable interevent contingencies, in contrast, did not bias infants' responses toward the contingent side during the choice test trials.
Ultrastructure of the zoospores and vegetative cells of Tetraedron and Chlorotetraedron (Chlorophyceae)

The flagellar apparatus of the zoospores of Tetraedron bitridens Beck-Mannagetta and Chlorotetraedron polymorphum MacEntee, Bold et Archibald includes directly opposed basal bodies, a distal fiber that is elaborated into a ribbed structure to which the continuous striated microtubule-associated component (SMAC) is connected, and partial caps over the proximal end of each basal body. The angle between basal bodies ranges from approximately 25° to 150°. Basal bodies at wider angles are interconnected via their cores. A septum is present in the B-tubule of one basal body triplet in C. polymorphum. Both organisms have four microtubular rootlets arranged in a cruciate pattern. The two X-membered rootlets in a single cell have dissimilar numbers of microtubules. In C. polymorphum there are 5 and 6 microtubules in a 4/1 and 5/1 arrangement. 3/1 and 4/1 rootlets are present in T. bitridens. Zoospores of T. bitridens have a fuzzy coat whereas those of C. polymorphum are naked. Pyrenoids in both species are covered by a continuous starch sheath. Vegetative, interphase cells of C. polymorphum have two centrioles connected by a fiber that are located in depressions in the nuclear envelope. We propose that these two genera may be closely related to Neochloris, and that the coenobial genera Hydrodictyon, Pediastrum and Sorastrum are derived from a Tetraedron-like alga.
A Framework for Inter-referential Awareness in Collaborative Environments

For collaborative environments to be successful, a fundamental requirement is that they provide support for inter-referential awareness ? or the ability for one participant to refer to a set of objects, and for that reference to be understood by others. Participants in co-located collaboration benefit from the availability of non-verbal communication, including gestures, eye gaze and body movements. However, when geographically separated, they can experience difficulty in communicating - as computer-mediated cues are often compromised. Given the heterogeneity of media and myriad of interaction techniques that exist in groupware, supporting inter-referential awareness can be difficult. We present a unified and systematic way of encapsulating the numerous factors related to this form of awareness through the creation of process-driven ontology. Our framework provides a formal method for describing inter-referential awareness, and serves as approach that interface designers can use to better comprehend the relevant factors involved. This research stems from our previous investigations in inter-referential awareness in collaborative augmented reality environments.
Occurrence and transport of total mercury and methyl mercury in the Sacramento River Basin, California

Abstract Mercury poses a water-quality problem for California's Sacramento River, a large river with a mean annual discharge of over 650 m 3 /s. This river discharges into the San Francisco Bay, and numerous fish species of the bay and river contain mercury levels high enough to affect human health if consumed. Two possible sources of mercury are the mercury mines in the Coast Ranges and the gold mines in the Sierra Nevada. Mercury was once mined in the Coast Ranges, west of the Sacramento River, and used to process gold in the Sierra Nevada, east of the river. The mineralogy of the Coast Ranges mercury deposits is mainly cinnabar (HgS), but elemental mercury was used to process gold in the Sierra Nevada. Residual mercury from mineral processing in the Sierra Nevada is mainly in elemental form or in association with oxide particles or organic matter and is biologically available. Recent bed-sediment sampling, at sites below large reservoirs, showed elevated levels of total mercury (median concentration 0.28 μg/g) in every large river (the Feather, Yuba, Bear, and American rivers) draining the Sierra Nevada gold region. Monthly sampling for mercury in unfiltered water shows relatively low concentrations during the nonrainy season in samples collected throughout the Sacramento River Basin, but significantly higher concentrations following storm-water runoff. Measured concentrations, following storm-water runoff, frequently exceeded the state of California standards for the protection of aquatic life. Results from the first year of a 2-year program of sampling for methyl mercury in unfiltered water showed similar median concentrations (0.1 ng/l) at all sampling locations, but with apparent high seasonal concentrations measured during autumn and winter. Methyl mercury concentrations were not significantly higher in rice field runoff water, even though rice production involves the creation of seasonal wetlands: higher rates of methylation are known to occur in stagnant wetland environments that have high dissolved carbon.
150nm SOI embedded SRAMs with very low SER

A split word line design technique that improves the soft error rate (SER) of high performance 150nm SOI embedded SRAMs is presented along with SER results.
The role of water ventilation and sediment ingestion on the uptake of hexachlorobenzene by gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum)

The objective of this study was to determine whether sediment ingestion or water ventilation was the primary route for uptake of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the detritivorous fish, gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum). Twenty nonligated and 30 esophagus-ligated fish were exposed to sediments spiked with 1 μg/g HCB for 29 d. The nonligated fish roiled the water as they fed, forcing the ligated fish to ventilate turbid water. Fish were collected 7, 14, 22, and 29 d after initiation of the experiment. Detectable levels of HCB were found in all ligated and nonligated fish, although the concentration of HCB in the ligated fish only ranged from 14 to 33% of that found in the nonligated fish. Thus, ingestion of contaminated sediments is a significant source of HCB for gizzard shad.
Mutational landscape of the essential autophagy gene BECN1 in human cancers.

![Figure][1] Evidence suggests that the catabolic process of macroautophagy (autophagy hereafter) can either suppress or promote cancer. The essential autophagy gene ATG6/BECN1 encoding the Beclin1 protein has been implicated as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers. The proximity of BECN1 to the known breast and ovarian tumor suppressor breast cancer 1, early onset, BRCA1 , on chromosome 17q21, has made this determination equivocal. Here, the mutational status of BECN1 was assessed in human tumor sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and other databases. Large deletions encompassing both BRCA1 and BECN1 , and deletions of only BRCA1 but not BECN1 , were found in breast and ovarian cancers, consistent with BRCA1 loss being a primary driver mutation in these cancers. Furthermore, there was no evidence for BECN1 mutation or loss in any other cancer, casting doubt on whether BECN1 is a tumor suppressor in most human cancers. Implications: Contrary to previous reports, BECN1 is not significantly mutated in human cancer and not a tumor-suppressor gene, as originally thought. Visual Overview: . Mol Cancer Res; 12(4); 485–90. ©2014 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 477][2] [1]: pending:yes [2]: /lookup/volpage/12/477?iss=4
A Critique of Nondirectivity in the Person-Centered Approach

This article discusses the concept of nondirectivity in person-centered theory. It argues that, since personal and theoretical biases are unavoidable, it is impossible for a therapist to be consist...
SORPTION OF VINYLCHLORIDE BY SELECTED FOOD CONSTITUENTS

The problem of migration from a packaging material into packaged food is treated in the literature using extraction studies from polymeric materials into simulating solvents such as heptane, oil, water, 3% acetic acid, 50% ethanol, etc. (Figge, 1972). Such studies provide a good measure for predicting possible migration into foods, but do not serve as a direct measure for the relative affinity of foods or their components for the migrant (e.g. vinylchloride monomer, VCM). The approach taken in this study was to establish directly the relative affinities of the basic food constituents for vinyl-chloride. Sorption measurements of VCM by four basic food constituents, (water, corn oil, casein and sucrose) were conducted. In addition, sorption studies were carried out with oil in water emulsions. For water, oil, oil/water emulsions and casein, it was found that the partition coefficient values (defined as the equilibrium concentration of VCM sorbed over the equilibrium concentration of VCM in headspace) were fairly constant within the sorbate (VCM) concentrations studied. At 24°C, the partition coefficient values for oil, casein and water were 23.7 × 103, 11.7 × l03 and 2.1 × 103, respectively. Sucrose did not sorb detectable amounts of VCM under the experimental conditions employed. The sorption of VCM by an oil-in-water emulsion, representing a multi-component system, follows the same relationship to initial headspace concentration and temperature as do water and oil. The total amount of VCM sorbed by the emulsion, however, is not the exact arithematical sum of potential contributions of its individual components. Sorption studies showed that the chemical nature of the sorbent (i.e. food constituent), starting sorbate (i.e. VCM) concentrations and temperature are important factors affecting the extent of vinylchloride sorption.
A review of the evidence supporting the use of lithium augmentation therapy for the reduction of suicidal behavior in patients with unipolar depression: Revisiting an overlooked benefit of an older medication

Major depressive disorder is a serious, recurrent condition with significant impact on a person's quality of life and functioning, which carries a significant risk of premature death due to suicide. There is evidence that supports the effectiveness of lithium as an augmentation strategy for treatment-resistant depression, as well as for reducing suicidality in this population. This review introduces several theories regarding the proposed mechanism behind lithium's anti-suicidal effects and summarizes a selection of the pertinent literature supporting lithium's beneficial effects on suicidality.
Evaluation of regional limb perfusion with erythromycin using the saphenous, cephalic, or palmar digital veins in standing horses.

Previous studies have shown that regional limb perfusion (RLP) using the palmar digital (PD) vein delivers therapeutic concentration of amikacin to the distal limb. Our hypothesis was that using the cephalic and saphenous veins for RLP will enable delivery of therapeutic concentrations of amikacin to the distal limb. Nineteen healthy horses participated in the study. The cephalic, saphenous, or PD vein was used to perfuse the limb with amikacin. Two grams of amikacin was used for RLP using the saphenous and the cephalic veins, and one gram was used in the PD vein. Synovial samples were collected from the metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joint, and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. Maximum concentration (Cmax) of amikacin in the MCP/MTP joint using the cephalic and the saphenous vein was 277 and 363 mg/L, respectively. The amikacin concentrations achieved in the synovial fluid of the MCP/MTP joint in the current study were between 69 and 91 times the minimally inhibitory concentration of common susceptible bacterial pathogens causing orthopedic infections in horses. To conclude, this study shows that use of the proximal veins for RLP to treat distal limb infections is a viable alternative to using the palmar or plantar digital vein.
Flame Spreading in Granular Propellant: Comparison of Theory to Experiments

HYDRODYNAMIC aspects of the gun environment have been central to the theme of interior ballistics theory for over a century. Decoupled from a nontrivial description of propellant ignition and flamespread, the problem has been amenable to numerical solution for more than a decade. More recently, however, the occurrence of several catastrophic gun ammunition malfunctions has been linked to ignition-indu ced two-phase flow dynamics. A number of approaches have been pursued intensely to provide a solution to the combined twophase flow, ignition and flamespread interior ballistics problem. A detailed review of four such modeling efforts has been provided by Kuo. 1 Work reported herein relates to efforts aimed at reconciling experimental data with numerical predictions obtained using a computer code developed by Gough.2 Manipulation of poorly known input parameters or statements of constitutive physics was performed both to identify those parameters that most affect the calculated results and to draw useful inferences about the physical processes themselves. Considerable success has been demonstrated in attempts to simulate the performance of a Navy 5-in./54-caliber case gun; however, similar agreement with data obtained in an Army 155-mm howitzer was unattainable without substantial modifications to available input data. An attempt has been made to provide a physically motivated explanation for this difference in the level of agreement for the two configurations. Contents The Gough model, also known as the NOVA code, is a twophase flow treatment of the gun interior ballistic cycle, formulated under an assumption of quasi-one-dim ensional flow. Gas and particles are treated as interpenetrat ing media, with conservation equations derived using formal averaging techniques. Constitutive laws include a covolume equation of state for the gas and an incompressibl e solid phase. Compaction of an aggregate of particles is allowed, with intergranular stress represented as a function of propellant bed porosity. Interphase drag and heat transfer are represented by reference to empirical correlations for fixed and fluidized beds. Functioning of the igniter is included by providing as input an experimentall y determined mass injection rate as a function of position and time. Grain temperature follows from the convective heat-transfer correlation and unsteady heat conduction in the solid, with ignition based on a surface temperature criterion. Propellant combustion is then assumed
Regional Variation and Economic Drivers: An Application of the Hill and Brennan Methodology

The methodology developed by Hill and Brennan (2000) to analyze economic drivers in the Cleveland-Akron metropolitan area offers a powerful tool to researchers who seek to develop an objective, data-driven assessment of one or more regions. This article presents results of a replication of the Hill and Brennan methodology for seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) of New York State. Cross-MSA analyses are used to provide technical insights into the methodology that may be less obvious from a single-MSA analysis. These cross-MSA analyses are also used to demonstrate how the results can speak to key regional economic policy issues, including the role and importance of manufacturing, the extent to which a region is “high-tech,” and an overall assessment of regional economic specialization and performance.
Thwarting inside jamming attacks on wireless broadcast communications

We address the problem of jamming-resistant broadcast communications under an internal threat model. We propose a time-delayed broadcast scheme (TDBS), which implements the broadcast operation as a series of unicast transmissions, distributed in frequency and time. TDBS does not rely on commonly shared secrets, or the existence of jamming-immune control channels for coordinating broadcasts. Instead, each node follows a unique pseudo-noise (PN) frequency hopping sequence. Contrary to conventional PN sequences designed for multi-access systems, our sequences exhibit high correlation to enable broadcast. Moreover, their design limits the information leakage due to the exposure of a subset of sequences by compromised nodes. We map the problem of constructing such PN sequences to the 1-factorization problem for complete graphs. Our evaluation results show that TDBS can maintain broadcast communications in the presence of inside jammers.