cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel, rapid, low-cost screen-printed (bio)sensors for the direct analysis of boar taint compounds androstenone and skatole in porcine adipose tissue: Comparison with a high-resolution gas chromatographic method.

Abstract This is the first report on the fabrication, characterisation and application of an electrochemical (bio)sensor system for the simultaneous measurement of skatole and androstenone. A biosensor for androstenone was fabricated using a Meldola's Blue modified SPCE (MB-SPCE) by depositing NADH and the enzyme 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase onto the MB-SPCE surface; samples of adipose tissue were analysed using the biosensors in conjunction with chronoamperometry. Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of skatole at a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE vs. Ag/AgCl). An oxidation peak was observed around +0.55 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and differential pulse voltammetry was applied for quantification of skatole in adipose tissue (in-situ). Quantitative analysis was achieved using calibration plots obtained from fortified meat samples. The concentrations obtained by the electrochemical and gas chromatographic (GC) methods demonstrated a good positive correlation. The (bio)sensor system completed both measurements within 60 s, as compared to several hours for GC, and at a considerably reduced cost and complexity. Consequently, the novel (bio)sensor system should have applications for analysis of carcasses on the abattoir processing line.
Framing Effects on Privacy Concerns about a Home Telepresence Robot.

Privacy-sensitive robotics is an emerging area of HRI research. Judgments about privacy would seem to be context-dependent, but none of the promising work on contextual "frames" has focused on privacy concerns. This work studies the impact of contextual "frames" on local users' privacy judgments in a home telepresence setting. Our methodology consists of using an online questionnaire to collect responses to animated videos of a telepresence robot after framing people with an introductory paragraph. The results of four studies indicate a large effect of manipulating the robot operator's identity between a stranger and a close confidante. It also appears that this framing effect persists throughout several videos. These findings serve to caution HRI researchers that a change in frame could cause their results to fail to replicate or generalize. We also recommend that robots be designed to encourage or discourage certain frames.
Experimental investigation of stresses in a ceramic-to-metal brazed joint

There is increasing use of joined ceramic and metallic material combinations exposed to a widening range of temperature. However, difficulties arise from the interaction of the different thermal expansion and ductility properties of component materials when a brazed joint is cooled from brazing to room temperature. Reliability demands on equipment employing ceramicto-metal bonds in structural and sealing applications justify the efforts made for a more complete understanding of the mechanics invelved. For this investigation, specimens were made by copper brazing the ID of a thin-wall metal ring to the OD of a ceramic disk. Residual stresses were induced as the bond metal solidified at the interface of the ring and disk. Electrical-resistance strain gages were fastened to the OD of the metal ring to determine change in stress as the braze material was removed. An apparatus and technique were developed for chemical removal of the braze material while protecting the specimen materials and instrumentation from corrosion. Stress-strain curves of the metals involved were obtained up to 1500°F. This data was used to predict the magnitude of the stresses. The calculated and measured stresses were in reasonable agreement.
Supramolecular chemistry under mechanochemical conditions: a small molecule template generated and integrated into a molecular-to-supramolecular and back-to-molecular cascade reaction.

We describe the integration of a small-molecule hydrogen-bond-donor template into a cascade reaction that is comprised of a combination of molecular and supramolecular events. The cascade is performed mechanochemically and in the presence of μL amounts of water. The small-molecule template is generated (molecular) using water-assisted vortex grinding and is then used to assemble an alkene (supramolecular) to undergo an intermolecular [2 + 2] photodimerization reaction (molecular). The chemical cascade results in a cyclobutane photoproduct that we show serves as a building block of a hydrogen-bonded network with a topology that conforms to T-silica. Remarkably, the molecular–supramolecular–molecular chemical cascade occurs stepwise and entirely regioselectively within the continuous mechanochemical conditions employed.
A Novel Mechanism Underlying Activity-Dependent Pruning in Postnatal Prefrontal Cortex.

Adolescence is a period of refinement of brain connectivity, particularly within frontal regions, that enables the transition to adult cognitive ability and emotional function. For this reason, adolescence has been thought of as a “critical period” of prefrontal cortex (PFC) development, similar
Development and evaluation of a new recombinant protein vaccine (YidR) against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection.

Abstract Vaccination is a promising approach to prevent Klebsiella infection; however, the high heterogeneity of strains is a limiting factor. The best antigenic target for an anti-Klebsiella vaccine should be expressed by all or most of strains. We previously found YidR protein to be highly conserved among K. pneumoniae strains independently of antigen serotype. Therefore, in the present study, we developed a recombinant YidR protein vaccine and evaluated its protective efficacy against lethal challenge with K. pneumoniae in a mouse model. The yidR gene was cloned in Escherichia coli for recombinant expression. The lethal dose (LD100) of K. pneumoniae was determined and lethal challenge was carried out after immunization with recombinant purified YidR. After immunization, the concentration of total serum IgG was significantly higher in YidR-immunized mice than in non-immunized mice, indicating strong induction of antibodies. Mice were challenged with LD100 of K. pneumoniae, and significantly lower murine sepsis and higher body weight were observed in YidR-immunized mice compared to unvaccinated controls. Moreover, ∼90% of YidR-immunized mice survived beyond 10 days of observation, whereas none of the control mice survived past 48 h. The protective effect of YidR recombinant protein vaccine was demonstrated and YidR may be a promising vaccine candidate to prevent klebsiellosis.
Effects of forward collision warning technology in different pre-crash scenarios

Abstract The forward collision warning (FCW) system is expected to reduce rear-end crashes; however, its effects on driving behavior and safety have not been thoroughly investigated, specifically the effect variations between different pre-crash scenarios. To identify these variations, this study conducted a driving simulator experiment and compared the FCW’s effects between three pre-crash scenarios: the freeway scenario, the arterial scenario and the intersection dilemma zone scenario. Thirty-nine participants were involved in the experiment. The results showed that the adaptation of driver behavior in impending rear-end collision events resulted from both the FCW and the scenario. The intersection dilemma zone scenario has indications of slowing down, which encouraged drivers to take a more aggressive response strategy under the FCW; the arterial scenario might be regarded as an “easy-to-handle” situation in which a significant portion of drivers adopted moderate level of response strategy under the FCW; both the intersection dilemma zone scenario and freeway scenario have burdened driving tasks, and this might deteriorate a driver’s ability to adapt to the FCW. In addition, different types of drivers experienced varied benefits from the FCW in each scenario. The FCW would be particularly recommended for non-experienced drivers in the freeway scenario and for female drivers in the arterial scenario; moreover, in the scenario of the intersection dilemma zone, the FCW would be particularly recommended for drivers who have a crash/citation before. The results also support specific FCW designs which are able to highlight the collision risk. This study demonstrated that it would be better to indicate the effects of the FCW under the restriction of specific scenario features and develop the FCW based on that.
Cannabinoid receptor interacting protein 1a interacts with myristoylated Gαi N terminus via a unique gapped β-barrel structure

Cannabinoid receptor interacting protein 1a (CRIP1a) modulates CB1 cannabinoid receptor G-protein coupling in part by altering the selectivity for Gαi subtype activation, but the molecular basis for this function of CRIP1a is not known. We report herein the first structure of CRIP1a at a resolution of 1.55 A. CRIP1a exhibits a 10-stranded and antiparallel β-barrel with an interior comprised of conserved hydrophobic residues and loops at the bottom and a short helical cap at the top to exclude solvent. The β-barrel has a gap between strands β8 and β10, which deviates from β-sandwich fatty acid–binding proteins that carry endocannabinoid compounds and the Rho-guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor predicted by computational threading algorithms. The structural homology search program DALI identified CRIP1a as homologous to a family of lipidated-protein carriers that includes phosphodiesterase 6 delta subunit and Unc119. Comparison with these proteins suggests that CRIP1a may carry two possible types of cargo: either (i) like phosphodiesterase 6 delta subunit, cargo with a farnesyl moiety that enters from the top of the β-barrel to occupy the hydrophobic interior or (ii) like Unc119, cargo with a palmitoyl or a myristoyl moiety that enters from the side where the missing β-strand creates an opening to the hydrophobic pocket. Fluorescence polarization analysis demonstrated CRIP1a binding of an N-terminally myristoylated 9-mer peptide mimicking the Gαi N terminus. However, CRIP1a could not bind the nonmyristolyated Gαi peptide or cargo of homologs. Thus, binding of CRIP1a to Gαi proteins represents a novel mechanism to regulate cell signaling initiated by the CB1 receptor.
From Pine Parthenons to Pocketbooks: Frank Kidder, MIT, and the Reinvention of American Timber ca. 1862–84

Resource conflicts in late nineteenth-century America transformed cultural and technical understandings of building materials as settlers and industrialists alike brought pressure to bear on the re...
Evidence and Strategies for Inclusion of Emotional Intelligence in Pharmacy Education.

Objective. This integrative review summarizes the literature addressing emotional intelligence among healthcare professionals and students in order to better define and incorporate it into the pharmacy curricula. Findings. Emotional intelligence is an essential attribute for relationship building, stress management, and self-regulation. It is imperative for pharmacy students to develop and improve their emotional intelligence in order to support the development of successful relationships with patients, pharmacy colleagues, and other healthcare providers. In addition, awareness of one’s own biases and emotions can help regulate behaviors so as to facilitate enhanced communications with others. There is increasing evidence that emotional intelligence can influence academic success, ability to provide compassionate and competent patient care, ability to lead and influence others, and manage stress, all of which are extremely important in pharmacy education. Educators can help learners develop emotional intelligence by designing activities that directly identify and target areas of weakness while leveraging areas of strength. Summary. This article discusses key background studies on emotional intelligence in the health professions literature and identifies specific methods and strategies to develop learners’ emotional intelligence within the curriculum.
Tradeoffs Between Effectiveness and Social Perception When Using Mixed Reality to Supplement Gesturally Limited Robots

Mixed reality visualizations provide a powerful new approach for enabling gestural capabilities for non-humanoid robots. This paper explores two different categories of mixed-reality deictic gestures for armless robots: a virtual arrow positioned over a target referent (a non-ego-sensitive allocentric gesture) and a virtual arrow positioned over the robot (an ego-sensitive allocentric gesture). We explore the trade-offs between these two types of gestures, with respect to both objective performance and subjective social perceptions. We conducted a 24-participant within-subjects experiment in which a HoloLens-wearing participant interacted with a robot that used these two types of gestures to refer to objects at two different distances. Our results demonstrate a clear trade-off between performance and social perception: non-ego-sensitive allocentric gestures led to quicker reaction time and higher accuracy, but ego-sensitive gesture led to higher perceived social presence, anthropomorphism, and likability. These results present a challenging design decision to creators of mixed reality robotic systems
Clinicopathologic features of metastasis in nonsentinel lymph nodes of breast carcinoma patients

BACKGROUND In breast carcinoma patients with a positive sentinel lymph node (SN), the value of complete axillary lymph node dissection has been questioned. Multiple published reports have attempted to identify clinicopathologic characteristics of the primary tumor and SN that are associated with an increased likelihood of positive nonsentinel lymph nodes (NSN). Because of differences in lymph node evaluation techniques and limited patient numbers in each study, the authors performed a meta-analysis to assess the regularity and relative strength of association between various characteristics and the risk of NSN metastasis. METHODS A MEDLINE search identified 15 candidate studies, 11 of which met the criteria for analysis. General elements of the studies, the pathologic characteristics evaluated, and the results for selected characteristics were compared. Original data were abstracted from each study and used to calculate odds ratios. The Mantel–Haenszel common odds ratios were calculated to determine the relative strength of the associations. RESULTS Despite methodologic differences, the correlation between positive NSNs and certain pathologic characteristics was found to be remarkably similar among studies. The 5 individual characteristics found to be associated with the highest likelihood of NSN metastasis are SN metastasis > 2 mm in size, extranodal extension in the SN, tumor size > 2 cm, > 1 positive SN, and lymphovascular invasion in the primary tumor. CONCLUSIONS There is general concordance among studies regarding the association between pathologic characteristics and NSN metastasis in breast carcinoma patients with a positive SN. The pooled analysis identified those factors with the strongest associations that should be evaluated routinely in SN specimens and included in prospective databases for the development of a predictive model. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Identifying power relationships in dialogues

Understanding power relationships is an important step towards building computers that can understand human social relationships. Power relationships can arise due to differences in the roles of the speakers, as between bosses and employees. Power can also affect the manner of communication between social equals, as between friends or acquaintances. There are numerous potential uses for an automatic system that can understand power relationships. These include: the analysis of the organizational structure of formal and ad-hoc groups, the profiling of influential individuals within a group, or identifying aggressive or power-inappropriate language in email or other Internet media. In this thesis, we explore the problem of engineering effective power identification systems. We show methods for constructing an effective ground truth corpus for analyzing power. We focus on three areas of modeling that help in improving the prediction of power relationships. 1) Utterance Level Language Cues—patterns of language use can help distinguish the speech of leaders or followers. We show a set of effective syntactic/semantic features that best capture these linguistic manifestations of power. 2) Dialog Level Interactions—the manner of interaction between speakers can inform us about the underlying power dynamics. We use Hidden Markov Models to organize and model the information from these interaction-based cues. 3) Social conventions—speaker behavior is influenced by their background knowledge, in particular, conventional rules of communication. We use a generative hierarchical Bayesian framework to model dialogs as mental processes; then we extend these models to include components that encode basic social conventions such as politeness. We apply our integrated system, PRISM, on the Nixon Watergate Transcripts, to demonstrate that our system can perform robustly on real world data. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
An analysis of quantified linear programs

Quantified Linear Programming is the problem of checking whether a polyhedron specified by a linear system of inequalities is nonempty, with respect to a specified quantifier string. Quantified Linear Programming subsumes traditional Linear Programming, since in traditional Linear Programming, all the program variables are existentially quantified (implicitly), whereas, in Quantified Linear Programming, a program variable may be existentially quantified or universally quantified over a continuous range. On account of the alternation of quantifiers in the specification of a Quantified Linear Program (QLP), this problem is non-trivial.
Nonlinear Vibrations of Fractionally Damped Systems

This paper deals with the harmonic oscillations of periodically excited nonlinear systems where hysteresis is simulated via fractional operator representations. Employing a diophantine version of the fractional operational powers, the energy constrained Lindstedt–Poincare perturbation procedure is utilized to establish the harmonic solution. The constrained perturbation procedure was employed since it allows for the handling of strong damping and exciting forces over the full span of the driving frequency range. Based on the approach taken, the long time behavior of the fractionally damped Duffing's equation is studied in detail. Of special interest is the determination of the influence of fractional order on the frequency amplitude response behavior.
A dynamic learning algorithm for online matching problems with concave returns

Abstract We consider an online matching problem with concave returns. This problem is a generalization of the traditional online matching problem and has vast applications in online advertising. In this work, we propose a dynamic learning algorithm that achieves near-optimal performance for this problem when the inputs arrive in a random order and satisfy certain conditions. The key idea of our algorithm is to learn the input data pattern dynamically: we solve a sequence of carefully chosen partial allocation problems and use their optimal solutions to assist with the future decisions. Our analysis belongs to the primal-dual paradigm; however, the absence of linearity of the objective function and the dynamic feature of the algorithm makes our analysis quite unique. We also show through numerical experiments that our algorithm performs well for test data.
Structure of the mouse gene encoding parathyroid hormone-related peptide.

Abstract The parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHRP) was initially isolated from tumors associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The human PTHRP gene is a complex transcriptional unit which uses multiple promoters and contains alternatively spliced 3′ exons that result in mRNAs encoding three different deduced products. We report here the structure of the mouse PTHRP gene. The mouse gene has a considerably simpler organization than its human counterpart. This organization included a single 3′ exon and an apparent single 3′ splicing pathway, leading to an mRNA encoding a 139-amino acid mature PTHRP. In addition, the mouse gene appears to be predominantly under the control of a short proximal promoter element. By RNase protection analysis, we identified PTHRP mRNA in specimens prepared from a variety of normal rodent tissues, including a number of tissues not prevously recognized as sites of PTHRP gene expression.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Is the Mediator of Late Preconditioning Against Myocardial Infarction in Conscious Rabbits

Background —Despite intense investigation, the effector of the infarct-limiting protection observed during the late phase of ischemic preconditioning (PC) remains unknown. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that late PC against myocardial infarction is mediated by the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Methods and Results —Conscious rabbits underwent a 30-minute coronary occlusion followed by 3 days of reperfusion. In group I (control group, n=10), infarct size (tetrazolium staining) averaged 56.8±5.3% of the risk region, which was decreased to 27.6±2.5% ( P <0.05) in rabbits preconditioned 24 hours earlier with a sequence of six 4-minute occlusion/4-minute reperfusion cycles (group II, n=10). When preconditioned rabbits were given the nonselective NOS inhibitor N ω-nitro-l-arginine (L-NA, 13 mg/kg IV [group III, n=8]) or the selective iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG, 150 mg/kg SC [group V, n=7]) before the 30-minute occlusion, the protective effect of late PC was completely abrogated; that is, infarct size (59.9±4.5% and 65.8±3.3%, respectively) was similar to that measured in the control group. Measurements of systolic wall thickening (sonomicrometry) demonstrated that L-NA and AG also abolished the improved recovery of myocardial function effected by late PC in group II. When rabbits were given L-NA or AG without prior PC (group IV [n=8] and group VI [n=6], respectively), infarct size did not differ from that observed in controls (53.8±4.3% and 59.8±4.3%, respectively), demonstrating that L-NA and AG do not increase the extent of cell death in nonpreconditioned myocardium. Conclusions —Taken together, these results indicate that in the conscious rabbit, the infarct-sparing effect of the late phase of ischemic PC is mediated by the activity of NOS and suggest that the specific isoform primarily responsible for this cardioprotective phenomenon is iNOS. Thus, NO appears to be a pivotal component of the pathophysiological cascade of late PC.
Lymphocyte alloantigens of the horse. II. Antibodies to ELA antigens produced during equine pregnancy.

Abstract Evidence is presented for a reproducible maternal immune response to histocompatibility antigens during equine pregnancy. Mares were stimulated as a result of pregnancy to produce cytotoxic antibodies to paternal lymphocyte alloantigens. The majority of these antibodies were directed against antigens of the equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) system, which is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the horse. In 16 experimental pregnancies produced using 12 mares and 4 stallions which had been typed for ELA antigens, there was correlation between ELA incompatibility between sire and dam and the appearance of antibody in the serum of the dam as a result of pregnancy. In ELA incompatible pregnancies, antibody was first detected very early in pregnancy, usually by day 60 in a 336-day gestation. The appearance of antibody following shortly the development of the endometrial cups, which can be seen macroscopically for the first time between days 38 and 40. The strength (titre) of the cytotoxic antibody response appeared to vary with the paternal ELA antigens expressed by the fetus. Circulating antibody to ‘third party’ alloantigens generated during prior pregnancies did not alter the kinetics of the appearance of antibody in a current pregnancy. Evidence for an anamnestic response was obtained in second pregnancies in which the histocompatibility difference between mare and fetus was the same as in the first pregnancy. However, this accelerated response did not occur before the time of formation of the endometrial cups. Serum samples from approximately 90% of parturient mares on horse farms in New York State contained antibody reactive with paternal lymphocyte alloantigens.
Improving Science Teaching for All Students

An inservice program designed to enhance the knowledge and skills of elementary school teachers with respect to science content, effective teaching strategies, and gender equity was implemented as a semester-long course. During the course, teachers explored new science content in chemistry and physics and then collaboratively developed lesson plans from it based on hands-on, discovery-centered learning, enmeshed in strategies that could maximize female student interest and participation in science. Teachers tried out their lessons between course sessions in their own classrooms and then collaboratively reflected on their progress and problems in subsequent sessions. Program results were positive for both teachers and students. Teachers reported significant increases in both their level of knowledge of and their confidence in teaching chemistry and physics concepts, as well as in their knowledge of strategies for addressing gender inequities. Project students' attitudes, particularly those of the girls, improved for some dimensions, remained stable for others, and declined for one; the girls also increased their level of active participation in science activities. Overall, the project seems to have had a positive impact on science teaching content and pedagogy, and on student (especially girls') interest and active participation in science.
Object-based change detection using correlation image analysis and image segmentation

This study introduces change detection based on object/neighbourhood correlation image analysis and image segmentation techniques. The correlation image analysis is based on the fact that pairs of brightness values from the same geographic area (e.g. an object) between bi-temporal image datasets tend to be highly correlated when little change occurres, and uncorrelated when change occurs. Five different change detection methods were investigated to determine how new contextual features could improve change classification results, and if an object-based approach could improve change classification when compared with per-pixel analysis. The five methods examined include (1) object-based change classification incorporating object correlation images (OCIs), (2) object-based change classification incorporating neighbourhood correlation images (NCIs), (3) object-based change classification without contextual features, (4) per-pixel change classification incorporating NCIs, and (5) traditional per-pixel change classification using only bi-temporal image data. Two different classification algorithms (i.e. a machine-learning decision tree and nearest-neighbour) were also investigated. Comparison between the OCI and the NCI variables was evaluated. Object-based change classifications incorporating the OCIs or the NCIs produced more accurate change detection classes (Kappa approximated 90%) than other change detection results (Kappa ranged from 80 to 85%).
Difficulty for the Weinberg model of CP nonconservation through Higgs-boson exchange

We evaluate the $\mathrm{CP}$-violation parameter $\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$ in the Weinberg model of $\mathrm{CP}$ nonconservation. When gluon-exchange effects are included, we find $\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}0.045$, which is in conflict with the experimental measurement $\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}=\ensuremath{-}0.003\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$.
New c.c.d. programmable transversal filter

A c.c.d. transversal-filter structure is described which is capable of processing signals at high data rates. The tap weights can be programmed as digital words. A 32-stage prototype device has been tested at clock rates up to 20 MHz; operation at even higher data rates appears feasible.
Single-nanoparticle study of switchable exciton-plasmon coupling

We report the single-nanoparticle study of switchable exciton-plasmon coupling. The wavelength-dependent peak shifts in localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of metal nanoparticle-spiropyran hybrids depend on the combined effects of material dispersion and sensitivity of LSPRs.
A Survey Of Entrance Skin Exposure Values For Two Radiographic Projections

A modification of the Nationwide Evaluation of X-Ray Trends (NEXT) survey procedure has been used to collect data on technique and exposure values for the A/P abdomen and A/P lumbosacral spine projection for a fixed patient size. Through the use of a sample set of patient radiographs and a phantom, technique factors and entrance skin exposure (ESE) are related to a radiograph of acceptable density. An analysis of 139 surveys demonstrates the wide range of techniques and exposures associated with each projection and suggests that ranges of typical techniques and exposure values can be defined.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Skin function for human CD1a-reactive T cells

Human CD4+ T cells that produce interleukin 22 are an essential component of skin defense and repair. New evidence shows that these T cells recognize CD1a-lipid complexes on Langerhans cells.
Cognitive development after the Fontan operation.

Background—Patients with a single ventricle have multiple risk factors for central nervous system injury, both before and after the Fontan procedure. Methods and Results—A geographically selected cohort was invited to undergo standardized testing, including age-appropriate measures of intelligence quotient (IQ) and achievement tests. Historical information was obtained by chart review and patient questionnaires. Of the 222 eligible patients, 133 (59.9%) participated. Median age at testing was 11.1 years (range, 3.7 to 41.0 years), 6.0 years (range, 1.6 to 19.6 years) after surgery. Mean full-scale IQ was 95.7±17.4 (P<0.006 versus normal); 10 patients (7.8%) had full-scale IQ scores <70 (P=0.001). After adjustment for socioeconomic status, lower IQ was associated with the use of circulatory arrest before the Fontan operation (P=0.002), the anatomic diagnoses of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (P<0.001) and “other complex” (P=0.05), and prior placement of a pulmonary artery band (P=0.04). Mean composite ach...
The split personality of NKT cells in malignancy, autoimmune and allergic disorders

NKT cells are a heterogeneous subset of specialized, self-reactive T cells, with innate and adaptive immune properties, which allow them to bridge innate and adaptive immunity and profoundly influence autoimmune and malignant disease outcomes. NKT cells mediate these activities through their ability to rapidly express pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that influence the type and magnitude of the immune response. Not only do NKT cells regulate the functions of other cell types, but experimental evidence has found NKT cell subsets can modulate the functions of other NKT subsets. Depending on underlying mechanisms, NKT cells can inhibit or exacerbate autoimmunity and malignancy, making them potential targets for disease intervention. NKT cells can respond to foreign and endogenous antigenic glycolipid signals that are expressed during pathogenic invasion or ongoing inflammation, respectively, allowing them to rapidly react to and influence a broad array of diseases. In this article we review the unique development and activation pathways of NKT cells and focus on how these attributes augment or exacerbate autoimmune disorders and malignancy. We also examine the growing evidence that NKT cells are involved in liver inflammatory conditions that can contribute to the development of malignancy.
X-ray damage and recovery in mammalian cells in culture.

Cells of hamster ovarian and lung tissues propagated in culture medium did not display heritable damage frora x irradiation. They repaired their accumulated damage before their iirst division after irradiation. Contexts in which the findings are of interest are discussed. (C.H.)
Comparison of methods for recovering poliomyelitis viruses from human sources.

SummaryOne hundred and four fecal and oropharyngeal specimens obtained directly from human sources were studied in 3 types of tissue cultures. The virus recovery rates among fecal samples were of the same order regardless of the type of tissue culture used. Under the conditions of the study, monkey kidney epithelial cell cultures were superior to HeLa or testicular cultures in the primary isolation of poliomyelitis virus from oropharyngeal specimens, A comparison of tests with fecal samples in monkeys and in tissue culture indicated that the latter was as good as, if not better than, monkeys in detecting poliomyelitis virus.
GRAVIMETRIC EVALUATION OF PAPER CHROMATOGRAMS. II. STUDIES ON OUABAIN, OTHER GLYCOSIDES, AND PREDNISONE.

Results are reported on the analyses of milligram quantities of some pure and crude steroid preparations. Samples are chromatographed on paper, and the entire sheet is rapidly eluted by a previously described technique. Components, in concentrations of 0.2 per cent or less, can theoretically be separated and detected. This technique may be found of equal benefit in the study of other compounds which can be separated by paper chromatography.
Interrelationship of erythrocyte blood group substances A,B, and H studied with immunofluorescence.

Summary. Adult O cells generally showed strong anti-H reactions; A cells showed an inverse relationship between A and H reactivity; B cells often lacked the expected inverse relationship, showing both weak and strong anti-H reactions. Newborn O cells usually reacted weakly with anti-H; A cells generally lacked a reciprocal relationship, and reacted weakly with both anti-A and anti-H; B cells reacted strongly with anti-B and weakly with anti-H. All this suggests a special property of B that produces strong reactions regardless of the number of antigenic molecules. Seemingly, the high reactivity of the B antigen accounts for the behavioral divergence between erythrocytes and soluble substances. The findings in groups A, 4B, and O support the Watleins and Morgan theory.
Preliminary studies on mercury solubility in the presence of iron oxide phases using static headspace analysis

Discharge of elemental mercury caused by certain industrial activities has been a leading cause of mercury contamination of natural aquatic systems. Although elemental mercury has a relatively low solubility in water, even such low concentrations may lead to unacceptable levels of contamination, depending on, among other factors, the potential of elemental mercury to oxidize and form ionic species, which generally have much higher solubility. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the solubility of mercury in the presence of amphoteric oxides of iron, an electron acceptor. Investigations were performed with and without chloride in solution, a rather ubiquitous component of mercury wastes. Mercury was analyzed using a relatively fast and inexpensive technique, the static headspace method, and the results were selectively compared with those obtained using a more laborious and expensive, but conventional, United States Environmental Protection Agency-approved atomic absorption method. Mercury solubility decreased in the presence of iron oxides, suggesting adsorption of mercury ions at the oxide-water interface. There was indirect evidence of oxidation of elemental mercury to ionic species in the presence of free iron in solution. Mercury solubility generally increased in the presence of chloride in solution because of the formation of weakly adsorbing mercury-chloro complexes. The precision and accuracy of the static headspace method of mercury analysis were acceptable for a field-screening tool.
Age-related differences in lower extremity power after support surface perturbations.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine a comprehensive measure relating to the ability to generate, absorb, and transfer mechanical energy introduced by a perturbation. It was hypothesized that this measure would reveal age-related differences leading to different balance recovery responses (i.e., feet-in-place and compensatory step). DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive study. SETTING: The Motor Control Laboratory at the University of Oregon. PARTICIPANTS: Eighteen younger (aged 18–35) and 21 older (aged 65–85) women received forward and backward support surface translations of varying amplitudes and velocities. MEASUREMENTS: Lower extremity peak positive joint power and peak negative muscle power were examined at the largest perturbation in which a feet-in-place response was used and the subsequent perturbation where a step occurred. Peak positive joint power depicts the maximum rate of passive transfer of energy into a segment and is indicative of the maximum destabilization of that segment. Peak negative muscle power is the maximum rate of energy absorption by muscle, which reduces the effect of the perturbation on the segment. RESULTS: After a backward perturbation, there was a significant main effect of age for muscle power and a significant main effect of response type for joint power. For the forward condition, there was a significant main effect of response type for muscle power only. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanical reason for the emergence of the compensatory step after support-surface perturbations is clear; the feet-in-place response is energetically more demanding than the compensatory step. The energy analysis suggests a mechanical basis as one reason for older adults' reliance on the compensatory step: older adult muscles absorb less energy. The results of this study also highlight the importance of the proximal knee and hip musculature versus the distal ankle musculature.
Serotonin and the renal blood supply: role of prostaglandins and the 5HT-2 receptor.

Serotonin and the renal blood supply: role of prostaglandins and the 5HT-2 receptor. Serotonin (5HT) has been reported to increase, to decrease, or not to change renal blood flow. We postulated that prostaglandin release in response to 5HT acted as a confusing variable, and tested the hypothesis by comparing infusions of serotonin and angiotensin into one renal artery of 14 anesthetized dogs before and after indomethacin administration. Renal blood flow (Q, by EM flowmeter) responses to 5HT were routinely biphasic, an initial sharp decrease followed by a gradual increase which stabilized well above baseline at three to six minutes. Indomethacin, 1 to 2 mg/kg, did not alter the acute Q decrement induced by 5HT but abolished the increase in Q at three to six minutes (P
Adverse events associated with chemotherapy for common cancers.

Neutropenia is a common and often dose-limiting toxicity associated with chemotherapy. One way to decrease the severity of this adverse event is to use colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) after chemotherapy. Colony-stimulating factors are relatively expensive agents, and most institutions limit their use. Unfortunately, it is difficult to predict which patients are likely to develop neutropenia. An improved ability to predict this situation might help institutions and clinicians determine which patients need CSFs as adjunctive therapy. The efficacy of CSFs and how they may affect patient outcomes are discussed. In addition, a primary literature review on the toxicity associated with chemotherapy regimens used for common cancers is summarized. Knowing the toxicity of individual regimens may help clinicians identify patients needing adjunctive therapy or less toxic regimens. Any action that helps reduce the occurrence, or severity, of neutropenia in patients receiving chemotherapy would be beneficial and enhance the patient's quality of life.
Energy Loss and Range of Fission Fragments in Solid Media

Energy losses and ranges in Mylar have been measured for some representative fission fragments; these data and existing stopping-power measurements for bromine and iodine ions in media from carbon to gold are shown to be consistent with a semiempirical theory which treats electronic stopping processes in terms of an effective charge ${{Z}_{1}}^{*}$ which depends on the velocity of the ion. The fractional effective charge $\frac{{{Z}_{1}}^{*}}{{Z}_{1}}$ is shown to be a universal function of the variable $\frac{v}{{v}_{0}{{Z}_{1}}^{\frac{2}{3}}}$, where ${v}_{0}$ is the Bohr velocity and ${Z}_{1}$ is the nuclear charge of the fragment. This semiempirical treatment, when combined with existing theoretical estimates for nuclear stopping powers, correctly predicts ranges of fission-fragment-like ions.
Stereospecificity and Catalytic Function of Histidine Residues in 4a-Hydroxy-tetrahydropterin Dehydratase/DCoH†

Three conserved histidines have been shown to be important for the enzymatic activity of 4a-hydroxy-tetrahydropterin dehydratase, a bifunctional enzyme which is involved in regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin and is also a cofactor (DCoH) for the transcription factor HNF-1alpha. The 4a isomer dependent kinetics of the mutants of rat/human enzyme, H61A, H62A, and H79A, and the effect of diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) have been investigated to elucidate the dehydratase mechanism. At pH 6.5 wild-type enzyme is inactivated by DEPC after derivatization of one histidine, shown to be H61 by comparison to H61A. H79 is also derivatized by DEPC at pH 7.0 and above, whereas H62 does not react at any pH. Dehydratase activity of H61A with 4a(R)-hydroxy-6(S)-methyl-tetrahydropterin was not detectable. In contrast, although Km for the enantiomeric 4a(S)-hydroxy-6(R)-methyl-tetrahydropterin was 65-fold higher than with wild-type, kcat was 86% of wild-type. H79A gave complementary results: activity with 4a(S)-hydroxy-6(R)-methyl-tetrahydropterin was undetectable, but 4a(R)-hydroxy-6(S)-methyl-tetrahydropterin had almost normal Km and 75% of wild-type kcat. Replacing H62 with alanine decreased kcat/Km 80- and 60-fold, and kcat to 24% and 89% of wild-type for the 4a(R),6(S)- and 4a(S),6(R)- isomers, respectively. Near neutral pH nonenzymatic dehydration catalyzed by solvated proton had a rate constant of 1.55 x 10(5) M-1 sec-1. A break in the rate versus pH curve at 5.95 was tentatively assigned to protonation of the carbinolamine guanidinium system. The free acid of acetic acid and the imidazolium ion showed general acid catalysis of 18.5 and 1.5 M-1 sec-1, respectively, in dehydrating the neutral carbinolamine. Compared to the later value, dehydratase effective molarity is 11 M. These results are consistent with a dehydratase mechanism in which H61 and H79 act as general acid catalysts for the stereospecific elimination of the 4a(R)- and 4a(S)-hydroxyl groups, respectively. The role of H62 is primarily binding substrate, with an additional component of base catalysis.
Errors of kinematic-wave and diffusion-wave approximations for steady-state overland flows

Abstract Steady-state flows occur in a variety of geophysical processes. Their mathematical treatment is usually based on either the dynamic-wave equations or their approximations—kinematic wave and diffusion wave. Errors of these approximations were derived for steady-state cases of overland flow under the zero depth-gradient at the downstream boundary condition. Although both the diffusion-wave and the kinematic-wave approximations were found to be in good agreement with the dynamic wave representation for a range of flow conditions, their error greatly depended on the parameter KF 0 2 where K is the kinematic-wave number and F 0 is the Froude number. In general, the diffusion-wave approximation was superior to the kinematic wave approximation.
A Molecular Dynamics and Computational Study of Ligand Docking and Electron Transfer in Ferritins

The mechanism of the reductive release of iron from the cavity of the iron storage protein, ferritin, has been difficult to confirm on the molecular level using experimental studies. In this paper, we use a variety of computational tools to study the binding of flavin redox agents to the protein surface, and the subsequent electron transfer (ET) through the protein coat. Flavin binding sites are identified that represent efficient routes to reduction of Fe(III) across the protein coat in human and bacterial ferritins. Using the pathways model and Dutton’s packing density model, we show that ET across the protein coat to nucleation sites is feasible. Different protein configurations for human heavy and light chain ferritin were obtained along classical molecular dynamics trajectories and used for flavin binding and ET studies. We find that protein configuration affects both the binding and ET rate constants significantly. We show that the maximum possible ET rate constants to the nucleation site GLU-61 in ...
Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in pediatric patients during and after cardiac surgery

OBJECTIVES. Given the demonstrated benefit of euglycemia in critically ill patients as well as the risk for hypoglycemia during insulin infusion in children, we sought to validate a subcutaneous sensor for real-time continuous glucose monitoring in pediatric patients during and after cardiac surgery. METHODS. Children up to 36 months of age who were undergoing cardiac bypass surgery were recruited. After anesthetic induction, a continuous glucose-monitoring system sensor (CGMS, Medtronic Minimed, Northridge, CA) was inserted subcutaneously. Sensors remained in place for up to 72 hours. Arterial blood glucose was measured intermittently in the central laboratory (Bayer Rapidlab 860, Tarrytown, NY). Sensor data, after prospective calibration with 6-hourly laboratory values using the proprietary Medtronic Minimed Guardian RT algorithm, were compared with all laboratory glucose values. Statistical analysis was performed to test whether sensor performance was affected by body temperature, inotrope dose, or body-wall edema. RESULTS. Twenty patients were enrolled in the study for a total of 40 study days and 246 paired sensor and laboratory glucose values. Consensus error grid analysis demonstrated that 72.0% of sensor value comparisons were within zone A (no effect on clinical action), and 27.6% of comparisons were within zone B (altered clinical action of little or no effect on outcome), with a mean absolute relative deviation of 17.6% for all comparisons. One comparison (0.4%) was in zone C (altered clinical action likely to affect outcome). No significant correlations were found between sensor performance and body temperature, inotrope dose, or body-wall edema. All patients tolerated the sensors well without bleeding or tissue reaction. CONCLUSIONS. Guardian RT real-time subcutaneous blood glucose measurement is safe and potentially useful for continuous glucose monitoring in critically ill children. Subcutaneous sensors performed well in the setting of hypothermia, inotrope use, and edema. These sensors facilitate identifying and following the effects of interventions to control blood glucose.
Random coefficient regression and the long-run phillips curve for the U.S.

Abstract This research suggests that a random coefficient regression model is well-suited for analyzing long-run versus short-run movements in wages and unemployment and is an improvement over some empirical techniques typically used.