cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Federal Subsidies and Broadband Competition

Debate over U.S. broadband policy has largely shifted away from mere availability, toward the degree of competition among service providers, and effects on price and quality, in distinct regional markets. By far the largest sustained effort to increase broadband provision in the United States has been the so-called "e-Rate" schools and library subsidy system, funded by the telephone rate payer through the Universal Service Fund, and administered by a private industry consortium. In December 2014, the FCC issued an e-Rate modernization order that increased the annual funding limit for the e-Rate program by 63%, to $3.9 billion annually, and shifting if further from supporting legacy telecommunications systems, and toward provision of high speed broadband within schools, including in particular an emphasis on support for internal wireless internet infrastructure within schools. One rationale for expansion of the e-Rate subsidy program voiced by advocates has been that it would also create spillover benefits for neighborhoods served by recipient schools, by enabling scale economies in the provision of broadband services to neighborhoods by new providers. This paper undertakes a rigorous empirical evaluation of this argument using a rich panel data set assembled from multiple sources. Using these data to control for a variety of economic, social, and demographic factors that might shift demand, as well as local factors that might shift the costs of network and service provision, I examine whether the pre-2014 e-Rate program had an identifiable and statistically significant impact on the evolution of broadband competition at the individual U.S. zip code level over the period 2005-2008. The impact of a much smaller but much more focused program also funded by the Universal Service Fund, the rural health center program, can also be evaluated, and provides a useful counterpoint in assessing the impact of these subsidy programs on the competition issue. One statistical problem faced in undertaking this evaluation is that FCC statistics on broadband provision by geographical locale censor reported data on the number of competitors when small numbers of providers are present. If observations with censored outcome variables are simply dropped, it is well understood that estimates of effects in a regression model will be biased. Using simulations, I test a multiple imputation method I have devised that exploits aggregate state level information on the distribution of the censored provider outcomes, and find that it performs well in removing censoring bias. Employing these methods with an econometric model, I conclude that the small but highly focused USF rural health center funding has had a statistically and economically significant impact on numbers of local broadband service providers, while the e-Rate program generally did not in most areas. However, in the very poorest or most rural areas, there is some evidence that the e-Rate program had a small, but statistically significant impact in stimulating greater competition in broadband service provision.
The Development and Validation of STEM Major Embeddedness and University Embeddedness Scales

Ensuring the adequacy of the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce is a priority in the United States. STEM persistence in college is essential to building career pathw...
A STUDY ON GOLD AS A SAFER INVESTMENT ALTERNATIVE AMONG SMALL AND MEDIUM INVESTORS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KOZHIKODE DISTRICT

Among the various precious metals “Gold” is the most popular as an investment. Why it is so? The answer is it is a mainstream asset as it is not only an effective diversifier but also gives a competitive return when compared to major financial assets. The present study analyses ‘Gold as a safer investment alternative’ by examining its risk and return in terms of other investment alternatives like stock and bond. The risk and return analysis of an asset class is better studied with its volatility measurement. The present study uses daily prices of gold, stock Nifty 5o, and India Government Bond. To measure the volatility of time series, Generalized autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity GARCH(1,1) process is used the results shows that risk in terms of volatility of gold prices is 0.970124( 1) risk. This study also analyses various demographical factors that influence on the decision to invest in gold and as well as in selecting a particular kind of gold investment. The chi-square test was applied and the results showed that all the variables under study except education qualification (‘p’ value 0.8308) dictated investors decision in selecting gold as an investment opportunity.
The importance of the margin of resection and radiotherapy in retroperitoneal liposarcoma.

Abstract Background Prior studies evaluating the impact of adjuvant or neoadjuvant radiotherapy on clinical outcomes in retroperitoneal liposarcoma have been underpowered. Methods We queried the National Cancer Database for patients undergoing resection of retroperitoneal liposarcoma from 2004 to 2016. Cox proportional hazards modeling stratified by tumor size was used to identify factors associated with overall survival. Results 4018 patients met inclusion criteria. 251 had small ( 10 cm) tumors. Positive surgical margins were correlated with risk of death across all tumor size categories ( 10 cm HR 1.30, CI [1.12, 1.51]). Adjuvant radiotherapy was associated with improved survival for patients with large tumors only (HR 0.75, CI [0.64, 0.89]). Conclusions In retroperitoneal liposarcoma, adjuvant radiation is associated with improved survival only for patients with tumors larger than 10 cm. Radiation should be used sparingly in patients with smaller tumors. Summary The use of radiotherapy in the management of retroperitoneal sarcoma remains controversial. We isolated retroperitoneal liposarcomas only and identified a survival benefit from radiotherapy treatment only in tumors larger than 10 cm and only in the adjuvant setting.
Flow and centrality fluctuations from ATLAS

Abstract Results of multi-particle cumulants for harmonic flow coefficients νn are obtained in s NN = 5.02 TeV Pb+Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The cumulant ratios νn{4}/νn{2} for n = 2, 3 and 4 and ν2{6}/ν2{4} show centrality-dependent behavior compatible with eccentricity fluctuations. However, significant dependences on transverse momentum are observed, suggesting that flow fluctuations may also arise from final-state interactions. The flow cumulants are also found to depend on the resolution of the quantity used to define event centrality: poorer centrality resolution tends to increase the value of ν2{2} and changes the sign of ν2{4} and ν3{4} in ultra-central collisions. These results shed light on the contributions of flow fluctuations from the initial state and the final state, as well as on the influences of centrality fluctuations.
Utilization of the Sharing Antimicrobial Reports for Pediatric Stewardship (SHARPS) Collaborative electronic mailing list (listserv) by healthcare professionals

Optimizing pediatric antimicrobial stewardship is challenging. In this retrospective study, we evaluated 515 original e-mails to 482 members of the Sharing Antimicrobial Reports for Pediatric Stewardship (SHARPS) Collaborative electronic mailing list (idlistserv@kids.wustl.edu). The plurality of threads discussed clinical practice guidelines, and pharmacists were most likely to initiate and respond. Representation was geographically diverse within and outside the United States.
What Do We Mean by “Reform?”: On the Seductiveness of Reform in Teaching and Teacher Education and It's Mischievous Influences

Drawing on literary critic Kenneth Burke's concept of "terministic screens," the author explores some of the history and a few of the troubling implications for the work of teachers and teacher educators that flow from the idea of reform. Concluding that "reform is a bad idea", the author argues for an alternative conception of educational improvement, one that is more life-affirming and hopeful. Seeking to weaken the conceptual and ethical hold of reform on policy-makers and educators, the author argues with John Goodlad that educational improvement first and foremost must be understood as a learning problem, an issue of educational renewal.
Multi-Product Newsvendor Problem with Customer-Driven Demand Substitution: A Stochastic Integer Program Perspective

This paper studies a multi-product newsvendor problem with customer-driven demand substitution, where each product, once run out of stock, can be proportionally substituted by the others. This problem has been widely studied in the literature, however, due to nonconvexity and intractability, only limited analytical properties have been reported and no efficient approaches have been proposed. This paper first completely characterizes the optimal order policy when the demand is known and reformulates this nonconvex problem as a binary quadratic program. When the demand is random, we formulate the problem as a two-stage stochastic integer program, derive several necessary optimality conditions, prove the submodularity of the profit function, and also develop polynomial-time approximation algorithms and show their performance guarantees. We further propose a tight upper bound via nonanticipativity dual, which is proven to be very close to the optimal value and can yield a good-quality feasible solution under a mild condition. Our numerical investigation demonstrates effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. Moreover, several useful findings and managerial insights are revealed from a series of sensitivity analyses.
Advancing the Measurement of Executive Functioning in Pediatric Chronic Pain

Youth with chronic pain often report executive functioning difficulties, many of which have been linked to poor treatment adherence and health-related quality of life in adults with chronic pain, as well as in other pediatric chronic health populations. Despite the extensive implications for functional impairment, executive functioning remains understudied in pediatric chronic pain. Measurement approaches have lacked clear theoretical guidance, resulting in only some domains of executive functioning being investigated. To date, the methods used to measure executive functioning have been inconsistent, ranging from self-report measures of everyday executive functioning in home and school contexts to standardized neuropsychological tests. We argue for enhanced measure validation efforts and increased clarity in the approaches chosen to measure executive functioning in pediatric chronic pain to better guide research efforts in this area, thus yielding clearer clinical implications.
Long-Term Air Pollution Exposures and Major Depression in Older U.S. Adults: The Health and Retirement Study

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Major depression is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide, especially during later life. Since heritability is modest (40-50%), there is interest in understanding risk from env...
Flipping the Classroom in a Large Chemistry Class-research University Environment

Abstract A study was done to ascertain the effectiveness of ‘flipping the classroom’ for very large, freshman chemistry classes at a large research university. The term ‘flipping the classroom’ refers to having recorded lectures available to students on-line and using class time for the instructor to work out extra examples and facilitate more interaction in problem solving. The study involved two very large classes (415 and 320 students) of second semester general chemistry. One class served as the control class and was taught in the traditional lecture format normally utilized within the department while the other class accessed all lectures on-line with class time devoted to instructor led problem solving and examples. Results show that the percentage of high final grades (‘A’ and ‘B’) increased in the test group compared to the control group but average performing students (final grade of ‘C’) decreased in the test group with little to no effect on the lower performing students. This indicates that the average performing students were aided by this teaching method compared to the traditional teaching format.A survey was administered to both classes at the end of the semester to determine their perception of instruction. A high percentage of students in the test class found the on-line instruction valuable and watched at least some recorded lectures more than once. The control class did not express a high evaluation of the on-line instruction even though they had the same slide modules available to them but without the audio lecture.
The Twilight of Comity

This article analyzes one of the most contentious issues over the past fifty years in international economic law - the extent to which a nation may apply its law on an extraterritorial basis and the limits, if any, posed by the doctrine of international comity. This article examines the reasons why the doctrine of international comity once represented the primary battleground for conflict over the extent of permissible extraterritoriality in U.S. antitrust law, but no longer represents the forefront of current thought on this important issue. The article argues that the retrenchment of U.S. enforcement policy in foreign commerce antitrust cases, the diminution of comity in private antitrust cases, the failure of U.S. courts to apply comity during its heyday in a coherent and principled manner, the spread of anti-cartel norms and extraterritoriality to other antitrust jurisdictions, the rise of more practical concerns in foreign commerce antitrust cases, and the emergence of new issues relating to competition law in transition economies and in international organizations all contributed to the demise of comity as a controversial issue. This article concludes that the proponents of a broad role for international comity achieved a partial, but important, victory that laid the groundwork for the future agenda of international competition law.
Evaluation of the Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter for the Enumeration of Moulds and Yeasts in Naturally-Contaminated Foods

Over 240 food samples from six food groups (tree nuts, grains and grain products, dried fruits, fresh produce, fruit juice, and dairy products) were tested for levels of fungal contamination using the NEO-GRID hydrophobic grid membrane filter (HGMF) and the FDA official (BAM) method. Results showed that HGMF performed very well for all tested commodities giving yeast and mould (YM) counts similar to those of the BAM (reference) method. Statistical analysis of the data (t-test) revealed no significant differences between the two methods for all foods tested. Regression analysis showed that there was a good fit linear relationship between the two methods for most of the commodities examined. Some difficulties were encountered during counting of the colonies on HGMF since the size of the grid is very small and the number of possible colonies per plate can reach 1600.
How to detect fluctuating stripes in the high-temperature superconductors

This article discusses fluctuating order in a quantum disordered phase proximate to a quantum critical point, with particular emphasis on fluctuating stripe order. Optimal strategies are derived for extracting information concerning such local order from experiments, with emphasis on neutron scattering and scanning tunneling microscopy. These ideas are tested by application to two model systems---an exactly solvable one-dimensional (1D) electron gas with an impurity, and a weakly interacting 2D electron gas. Experiments on the cuprate high-temperature superconductors which can be analyzed using these strategies are extensively reviewed. The authors adduce evidence that stripe correlations are widespread in the cuprates. They compare and contrast the advantages of two limiting perspectives on the high-temperature superconductor: weak coupling, in which correlation effects are treated as a perturbation on an underlying metallic (although renormalized) Fermi-liquid state, and strong coupling, in which the magnetism is associated with well-defined localized spins, and stripes are viewed as a form of micro phase separation. The authors present quantitative indicators that the latter view better accounts for the observed stripe phenomena in the cuprates.
Erythropoietin Does Not Increase the Frequency of Thromboembolic Events or Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis C Patients Treated With Combination Antiviral Therapy

Erythropoietin Does Not Increase the Frequency of Thromboembolic Events or Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis C Patients Treated With Combination Antiviral Therapy
The membrane systems of the mitochondrion. V. The membrane of beef heart mitochondria.

Abstract A method is described, involving digestion of mitochondria with phospholipase, which leads to a clean separation of the two mitochondrial membrane systems. An inner membrane fraction, R 2 , can be prepared which is essentially free from the activities known to be associated with the outer membrane, but is enriched in components of the inner membrane and in some of its main activities (electron transfer, and ATPases stimulated by divalent cations). Electron microscopy shows that the R 2 fraction is an essentially complete, unruptured inner membrane. Ca ++ ions translocated into the mitochondrion are completely recovered in the R 2 fraction; this has been taken as support for the premise that the R 2 particle is a morphologically intact inner membrane. The fact that sequences which depend upon energy transformations (oxidative phosphorylation and energized translocation) are partially lost in the inner membrane fraction, R 2 , suggests that, although morphologically intact, the functionality of the inner membrane has been somewhat damaged by the digestive procedure.
Examining project history narratives: an analytic approach

Scientific interest in human beings’ ability and propensity to construe reality through narrative constructions has increased since the 1970s. Although narrative processes have been addressed in the organizational literature, little research attention has yet been given to the role and function of narratives in organizational efforts to develop, implement, and apply information technology. An analytic approach drawn from Mishler (1986b) for the analysis of project history narratives found in research interviews is described. Three project history narratives collected during a field study of systems development are analyzed using this approach. Differences in sensemaking and interpretation revealed in the analysis of each informant’s story and comparison of the analysis of multiple stories are discussed. Insights that narrative analysis may provide into the social cognitive worlds of participants in IS development and its applications in IS research are then considered.
Ann Lauterbach: An Advance

WHATEVER ELSE Ann Lauterbach's poetry may be, it is not "emotion recollected in tranquility": the title of her latest collection, Before Recollec tion (Princeton University Press, 1987), hints, in its way, at Words worth's famous definition. In the Wordsworthian poem, the moment of writing, of "tranquility," is privileged: the poet is presumed to stand mo mentarily outside the tumult of experience, to be able freely to cast back his intelligence over a given course of events and to interpret their mean ing. The poem is a kind of coda to the experience which generates it. It is a poetry which betrays, formally, a faith in the power of "recollection" and the vehicle of this faith is the narrative of which the poem is constructed. Lauterbach takes aim explicitly at the primacy of this mode. Using such poets as Ashbery as a model, her poetry does not attempt so much to look back on, interpret and codify experience as it does to give a picture of what, in the mind, experience is like as it happens, in the present moment, "before recollection." When the speaker of one of her poems returns to a place from which she has been severed by time, it is not merely to remi nisce, to attempt through the usual sort of musing narrative to recapture the past, but rather to reflect on the inadequacy of reminiscence, as in "Bridgehampton 1950, 1980," in the book's first section, "Naming the House":
Split Special Lagrangian Geometry

One purpose of this article is to draw attention to the seminal work of J. Mealy in 1989 on calibrations in semi-riemannian geometry where split SLAG geometry was first introduced. The natural setting is provided by doing geometry with the complex numbers C replaced by the double numbers D, where i with – = -1 is replaced by \( \tau \)with \( \tau^{2} = 1 \). A rather surprising amount of complex geometry carries over, almost untouched, and this has been the subject of many papers. We briefly review this material and, in particular, we discuss Hermitian D-manifolds with trivial canonical bundle, which provide the background space for the geometry of split SLAG submanifolds. A removable singularities result is proved for split SLAG subvarieties. It implies, in particular, that there exist no split SLAG cones, smooth outside the origin, other than planes. This is in sharp contrast to the complex case. Parallel to the complex case, space-like Lagrangian submanifolds are stationary if and only if they are Ѳ-split SLAG for some constant phase angle Ѳ, and infinitesimal deformations of split SLAG submanifolds are characterized by harmonic 1-forms on the submanifold. We also briefly review the recent work of Kim, McCann and Warren who have shown that split Special Lagrangian geometry is directly related to the Monge-Kantorovich mass transport problem.
STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity

The innate immune system is critical for the early detection of invading pathogens and for initiating cellular host defence countermeasures, which include the production of type I interferon (IFN). However, little is known about how the innate immune system is galvanized to respond to DNA-based microbes. Here we show that STING (stimulator of interferon genes) is critical for the induction of IFN by non-CpG intracellular DNA species produced by various DNA pathogens after infection. Murine embryonic fibroblasts, as well as antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (exposed to intracellular B-form DNA, the DNA virus herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) or bacteria Listeria monocytogenes), were found to require STING to initiate effective IFN production. Accordingly, Sting-knockout mice were susceptible to lethal infection after exposure to HSV-1. The importance of STING in facilitating DNA-mediated innate immune responses was further evident because cytotoxic T-cell responses induced by plasmid DNA vaccination were reduced in Sting-deficient animals. In the presence of intracellular DNA, STING relocalized with TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) from the endoplasmic reticulum to perinuclear vesicles containing the exocyst component Sec5 (also known as EXOC2). Collectively, our studies indicate that STING is essential for host defence against DNA pathogens such as HSV-1 and facilitates the adjuvant activity of DNA-based vaccines.
The Bornean Lithocarpus Bl. section Synaedrys (Lindl.) Barnett (Fagaceae): its circumscription and description of a new species.

The Bornean species of Lithocarpus Bl. section Synaedrys (Lindl.) Barnett (Fagaceae) are discussed in terms of their unifying characteristics, and keys to the species are provided. A novel morphological feature present in the genus, where the seed in the mature fruit is enclosed by a lignified and thickened receptacle, is illustrated. A new species, L. palungensis Cannon & Manos, is described. It can be distinguished from L. pulcher (King) Markgr. by its submontane distribution, prominent reflexed cupular spines, present at all stages, and broadly oblong leaves with scattered open fasciculate trichomes on the abaxial surface. Foliar trichome types present within the section are also described. Distinctiveness of fruit wall and receptacle shape, as described by two-dimensional elliptic Fourier transformation, is demonstrated by principal components analysis.
Obstructive jaundice caused by hepatocellular carcinoma. Report of three cases.

A cholestatic syndrome secondary to extrahepatic biliary obstruction as the presenting manifestation of hepatocellular caroinoma is aescribed in three cases. The mechanism is related to the invasion of intrahepatic bile ducts by the carcinoma. The consequent mechanical obstruction is due to either a continuous distally growing tumor cast of the biliary tree, distal migration of a necrotic tumor fragment, or hemobilia. In the cirrhotic patient with a predisposition for the deyelopment of liver cancer, the physician should be aware of the presentation with obstructive jaundice as a mechanical complication of hepatocellular carcinoma
Information handling challenges in complex systems

The terrorist strikes of 9/11 were un expected by many, but not by all. Organization theorists interested in understanding organizational crises and failures, and in how systems can remain reliable...
Management of multiple burn casualties in a high volume ED without a verified burn unit

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of triage, treatment, and transfer interventions on multiple burn casualties managed in a high volume ED that does not have a verified in-hospital burn unit. The charts of 11 male patients injured in a 1999 foundry explosion and brought to Baystate Medical Center (BMC), a level I trauma center, were reviewed. All patients sustained deep partial and full thickness burns. The injury severity score (ISS) ranged from 9 to 75. Five patients had total body surface area (TBSA) burns of 10% to 50% and 6 patients had TBSA burns of 70% to 95%. Transfer times from the scene to BMC ranged from less than 5 minutes to 22 minutes. All 11 were initially triaged, resuscitated, and evaluated at BMC. Of the 9 patients transferred to verified burn units, 8 were intubated, 6 of 6 had negative abdominal ultrasounds, 4 had undergone escharatomies, and 1 had undergone bronchoscopy before transfer. Nine critically injured burn patients with ISS of 9 to 75 were transferred from BMC to verified burn units. For 8 of these patients, the average time from triage, evaluation, and treatment to transfer was 2 hours. The ninth patient was initially admitted overnight then promptly transferred after re-evaluation of his hand burns indicated a need for more specialized care. Two of 9 transferred patients, both with ISS of 75 died. Although 7 other patients had prolonged and complex courses, none of their subsequent complications were referable to missed injuries from this transferring facility. The resources and expertise of a high volume ED without an in-hospital burn unit can be effectively used in the initial resuscitation and treatment of multiple burn casualties. Coordinated responses among emergency medicine, trauma, anesthesia, and nursing personnel are instrumental to the rapid triage, resuscitation, and treatment of critically injured burn patients. Future disaster planning should incorporate a clearly demarcated, ED command center led by an easily identifiable “captain of the ship,” as well as more accurate patient identification systems and improved communications with family members. (Am J Emerg Med 2001;19:469-473. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company)
Geological CO2 storage: Incorporation of pore-pressure/stress coupling and thermal effects to determine maximum sustainable pressure limit

Abstract Ensuring geomechanical integrity is a critical factor in the successful operation of geological CO 2 storage. Injecting pressurized cold CO 2 into a reservoir will trigger two geomechanically coupled phenomena, hydro- and thermomechanical coupling, which should be taken into account when determining the maximum sustainable pressure limit. In this regard, we briefly introduce poroelastic and thermally induced stresses as cold fluid is injected into a geologic formation. We then propose new equations that incorporate pore-pressure/stress coupling and thermal stress effects to calculate for various stress regimes—including normal-, reverse-, and strike-slip faulting—the maximum pressure limit before reactivation of preexisting fractures. The suggested equations are tested for a case study in the literature in which the maximum pressure limit was estimated based on complex numerical simulations. Lastly, sensitivity analysis based on these suggested equations sheds light on how sensitive the maximum pressure limit is to several input parameters, including saturated rock density, Biot's coefficient, Poisson's ratio, initial total horizontal-to- vertical stress ratio, temperature drop, and Young's modulus.
Noninvasive blood pressure measurement in the upper and lower limbs of anaesthetized children

A group of 50 children, aged 5 months to 15 years, and who were undergoing routine surgery under general anaesthesia, were studied to investigate the difference in noninvasive blood pressure readings obtained from inflatable cuffs placed on the upper arm and the lower leg. In contrast to adult data, it was found that the blood pressure measured from the leg in children aged 8 years and under, was significantly lower than that measured from the arm. The leg cuff measurements could not, however, be reliably used to predict arm blood pressure.
American women's open door to Chinese women: Which way does it open?

Abstract American missionaries have played a variety of diplomatic and political roles in support of Western imperialism in China. They have promoted and benefitted from Western economic incursions and military protection throughout the Chinese hinterland. Women, who represented almost two-thirds of all American missionaries during the heyday of U.S. influence, 1900–1949, have received only perfunctory attention by missionary studies. This article discusses the methodological obstacles to gender analysis of the American missionary movement in China. It then attempts to overcome such obstacles through a case study of Anna Seward Pruitt. Anna's extensive private correspondence and published articles reveal how her domestic sphere in China was conceived as a strategic component in Protestant evangelism and American imperialism. Through Anna Pruitt's experience, and a unique chronicle of a traditional Chinese woman's response to missionary women, recorded by Anna's daughter, Ida Pruitt, the women's foreign missionary movement's assumptions about Chinese women are critiqued. The weaknesses of Anna's domestic imperialism are uncovered. Her frustrations and losses are seen to give emotional force to her support for Western military intervention in China. Directions for future gender analyses in missionary studies are suggested.
Transit-Oriented Development in the Sun Belt

Although existing transit-oriented development manuals are chided for lack of empirical foundation and what is known from the empirical literature about the relationship between land use-urban design and transit ridership is reviewed. More is needed to be known about this relationship. What was done in the first of two studies of transit ridership in Dade County is reported and what was learned of relevance to transitoriented development is summarized. Bus mode share by place of residence proved primarily dependent on automobile ownership and secondarily on jobs-housing balance and bus service frequency. Automobile ownership, in turn, proved dependent on household income, overall density, and transit access to downtown. Thus, three types of variables—sociodemographic, land use, and transit service—were found to affect bus use through a web of interrelationships. Likewise, bus mode share by place of work proved dependent on the cost of parking, transit access to downtown, and overall density, again through...
The human body as microbial observatory.

The human body is grossly contaminated with microbes and, for the most part, this is beneficial. Consequently, the finding of microbial and viral transcripts within human EST databases should not come as a big surprise. However, the extent of human-associated microbial diversity and the possible role of infectious agents in common human diseases remains relatively unknown. An increasingly detailed understanding of the human genome will allow us to distinguish between endogenous human transcripts and those expressed by microbial residents.
Experimental measles: I. Pathogenesis in the normal and the immunized host

An animal model to study measles pathogenesis and the correlates of protective immunity was established using rhesus monkeys. A measles isolate, obtained during an epidemic of measles in the primate colony at the University of California, Davis, was passaged through rhesus monkeys and amplified in rhesus mononuclear cells to create a pathogenic virus stock. Sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein and hemagglutinin genes of this isolate revealed strong homology with the Chicago 89 strain of measles virus. Conjunctival/intranasal inoculation of juvenile rhesus monkeys with this virus resulted in skin rash, pneumonia, and systemic infection with dissemination to other mucosal sites and to the lymphoid tissues. Inflammation and necrosis occurred in the lungs and lymphoid tissues and many cell types were infected with measles virus on Day 7 postinoculation (p.i.). The most commonly infected cell type was the B lymphocyte in lymphoid follicles. Measles antigen was found in follicular dendritic cells on Day 14 p.i. In contrast to naive monkeys infected with measles virus, animals vaccinated with the attenuated Moraten strain did not develop clinical or pathologic signs of measles after challenge. However, moderate to marked hyperplasia occurred in the lymph nodes and spleen of a vaccinated animal on Day 7 after pathogenic virus challenge, suggesting that an effective measles vaccine limits but does not prevent infection with wild-type measles virus.
Studies on norepinephrine-containing afferents to Purkinje cells of rat cerebellum. I. Localization of the fibers and their synapses

After freeze-drying and exposure to formaldehyde vapors, catecholamine-containing axons are found in the Purkinje cell and molecular layers of the cerebella of normal rats. The fluorescent fibers are absent after acute reserpine treatment or chronic treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine; the latter treatment occasionally leaves a few dystrophic fluorescent axons in the deeper folia of the cerebellum. A similar distribution of reactive fibers was seen by light microscopic autoradiography after intracisternal injection of [3H]norepinephrine. With electron microscopy after the same treatment, autoradiographic grains were localized largely to fine unmyelinated axons and to small axons making synaptic contact both with the surface of major Purkinje dendrites and with small dendritic spines. Particularly intense labeling was found over a few large preterminal axons containing large granular vesicles. After intracisternal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, which completely removes all detectable cerebellar norepinephrine, degenerating nerve terminals were again found to contact larger dendritic trunks and spines. The dystrophic structures also contained large numbers of large granular vesicles. Small granular vesicles were also found in terminals making axo-dendritic synapses in the molecular layer when the tissue was fixed after intracisternal injection of 5-hydroxydopamine. These combined studies indicate that certain cerebellar nerve terminals will take up [3H]norepinephrine and both 5- and 6-hydroxydopamine. Each of the cytochemical methods indicates that the endogenous norepinephrine is contained within axons which synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites and dendritic spines.
Plume Formation and Resonant Bifurcations in Porous Media Convection

The classical boundary layer scaling laws proposd by Howard for Rayleigh-Benard convection at high Rayleigh number extend to the analogous case of convection in saturated porous media. We computationally study two-dimensional porous media convection near the onset of this scaling behavior. The main result of the paper is the observation of instabilities that lead to deviations from the scaling relations. At Rayleigh numbers below the scaling regime, boundary layer fluctuations born at a Hopf bifurcation strengthen and eventually develop into thermal plumes. The appearance of plumes corresponds to the onset of the boundary layer scaling behavior of the oscillation frequency and mean Nusselt number, in agreement with the classical theory. As the Rayleigh number increases further, the flow undergoes instabilities that lead to "bubbles" in parameter space of quasiperiodic flow, and eventually to weakly chaotic flow. The instabilities disturb the plume formation process, effectively leading to a phase modulation of the process and to deviations from the scaling laws. We argue that these instabilities correspond to parametric resonances between the time scale for plume formation and the characteristic convective time scale of the flow.
Regulation of acetylcholinesterase in chick muscle cultures after treatment with diisopropylphosphorofluoridate: Ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis

Abstract Previous studies have established that short treatments with diisopropylphosphorofluoridate of chick embryo muscle cultures irreversibly inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and that the enzyme's levels in the cells rapidly recover due to synthesis of new protein. In addition, it has been shown that acetylcholine, acetyl-β-methylcholine and choline increase the acetylcholinesterase content of the cultures. In the experiments presented here, actinomycin D and cycloheximide were used to study the relationships between the synthesis of ribonucleic acid and of protein, the recovery of acetylcholinesterase levels after diisopropylphosphorofluoridate treatment and the increase of acetylcholinesterase levels evoked by choline and its esters. Both recovery of acetylcholinesterase and the increase in its activity with acetyl-β-methylcholine occurred in the absence of ribonucleic acid synthesis but required protein synthesis. The results suggest that transcription of desoxyribonucleic acid and a change in the degradation rate of acetylcholinesterase are not involved. An additional finding was that the level of newly synthesized acetylcholinesterase activity continued to increase for a short period of time after synthesis of protein had ceased, as if some previously synthesized protein was being transformed into active enzyme.
Comparing the Performance, Workload, and Usability of a Gamepad and Joystick in a Complex Task:

Complex human system interface systems such as unmanned vehicles utilize controls that range from standard joystick and keyboard interfaces to Xbox controllers. However, few research studies have b...
The Well-Being of U.S. Farm Workers: Employee Benefits, Public Assistance, and Long-Term Effects

Nonstandard work relationships between workers and employers have developed in the United States and many other industrialized countries, resulting in a movement away from traditional long-term relationships. Increasingly common nonstandard work relationships include temporary, leased, and outsourced self-employment (Dorman 1998). For many, these jobs represent a form of "precarious employment" (Dorman 2000) which can result in low economic returns to workers and high individual and social costs, such as poor health and the costs of providing public services. Not only do jobs at the bottom of the employment ladder lack employee benefits but the work-related costs not borne by the employer are shifted to the employee or potentially to the public. Hired farmworkers in the United States have a long history of "precarious" nonstandard employment. Farmworker jobs have shortand long-term positive and negative attributes that can influence worker well-being. The short-run perspective accounts for the farmworker's immediate well-being-a balance of the positive economic attributes of work, the nonmonetary conditions of
Thrombin, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease: An Epidemiologic Perspective

The exploration of coagulation led to identifying inflammation as a major factor in arterial disease throughout life. "Integrative molecular physiology" reflects our emerging understanding of how coagulation and inflammation integrate with one another, in both normal physiology and in pathophysiology. Our own responses to environmental challenge provide much of the damage that cumulatively results in chronic cardiovascular disease. Only by intervening in exquisitely precise ways can we hope to effectively and safely modify the course of lifelong chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
Fluidic biosensors with integrated surface bound hydrogel sensing elements

Optical sensors are a common tool to measure the dissolved oxygen concentration in environmental, industrial and medical areas. Much effort has been put on developing and using novel optical dyes and materials used as the immobilization matrixes. A poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-rich hydrogel was used as a fluorophore matrix. For optical sensor applications, this hydrogel was chemically anchored on negative-tone photopolymer SU-8 surface through a free radical reaction in which 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (HCPK) served as the surface bound photoinitiator. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were detected based on the fluorescent intensity at emission wavelength of a fluorophore, dichlorotris (1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) hydrate 98%, toward dissolved oxygen molecules. The normal characteristics of optical dissolved sensor were measured and recorded. All the results indicate the potential use of patternable polymerized PEGDA membranes, which is chemically anchored to SU-8 surface, as an ideal candidate matrix based on polymeric channel structures
Analysis of Lifestyle Choices: Neighborhood Type, Travel Patterns, and Activity Participation:

Activity-based travel modeling has begun to make significant progress toward a more behavioral framework for simulating household travel behavior. A significant challenge remains in the need to address the interaction of daily activity and travel patterns with longer-term household choices of vehicle ownership, residential location, and employment location. The choices often depend on one another and jointly define the lifestyle of the household. These choices are likely to evolve over the course of the life cycle as households are formed; as children are born, raised, and ultimately depart to form their own households; and as retirement and old age change patterns of residence, work, and travel. A framework is developed for analyzing household choices relating to three dimensions of lifestyle: travel patterns (including vehicle ownership), activity participation, and residential location (neighborhood type). With cluster analysis on data from the Puget Sound Transportation Panel, nine classifications of ...
Globalization and Local Governance: Implications from Wal-Mart's Expansion

This article focuses on one set of examples where globalization and relocalization have proven strong and determined political, economic, and cultural forces. By examining Wal-Mart's efforts to site a new store in Colchester, Connecticut, we paint a local political mosaic where globalization (in the form of Wal-Mart and its corporate culture) met head on with the forces working to preserve the local. At its broadest level, this case highlights some of the ways in which globalization necessitates changes in governance structures and processes—local and beyond—as communities attempt to navigate the impacts of globalization. The concluding section discusses a number of policy lessons and implications that can be drawn from this case.
Medicine: Collateral damage repaired

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by immunological attacks across a wide front in the brain and spinal cord. In mice, the damage can be partly repaired by neural precursor cells, delivered into the blood or spinal fluid.
Strand-Invasion of Extended, Mixed-Sequence B-DNA by γPNAs

In this communication, we show that peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) with lengths of 15-20 nucleotides, when preorganized into a right-handed helix, can invade mixed-sequence double-helical B-form DNA (B-DNA). Strand invasion occurs in a highly sequence-specific manner through direct Watson-Crick base pairing. Unlike the previously developed double-duplex invasion strategy, which requires simultaneous binding of two strands of pseudocomplementary PNAs to DNA, only a single strand of gammaPNA is required for invasion in this case, and no nucleobase substitution is needed.
Reasoning About Games

A mixture of propositional dynamic logic and epistemic logic that we call PDL + E is used to give a formalization of Artemov's knowledge based reasoning approach to game theory, (KBR), [4, 5]. Epistemic states of players are represented explicitly and reasoned about formally. We give a detailed analysis of the Centipede game using both proof theoretic and semantic machinery. This helps make the case that PDL + E can be a useful basis for the logical investigation of game theory.
Arginine 222 in the Pre-transmembrane Domain 1 of 5-HT3A Receptors Links Agonist Binding to Channel Gating

Abstract Ligand-gated ion channels are integral membrane proteins that mediate fast synaptic transmission. Molecular biological techniques have been extensively used for determining the structure-function relationships of ligand-gated ion channels. However, the transduction mechanisms that link agonist binding to channel gating remain poorly understood. Arginine 222 (Arg-222), located at the distal end of the extracellular N-terminal domain immediately preceding the first transmembrane domain (TM1), is conserved in all 5-HT3A receptors and α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that have been cloned. To elucidate the possible role of Arg-222 in the function of 5-HT3A receptors, we mutated the arginine residue to alanine (Ala) and expressed both the wild-type and the mutant receptor in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Functional studies of expressed wild-type and mutant receptors revealed that the R222A mutation increased the apparent potency of the full agonist, serotonin (5-HT), and the partial agonist, 2-Me-5-HT, 5- and 12-fold, respectively. In addition, the mutation increased the efficacy of 2-Me-5-HT and converted it from a partial agonist to a full agonist. Furthermore, this mutation also converted the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist/very weak partial agonist, apomorphine, to a potent agonist. Kinetic analysis revealed that the R222A mutation increased the rate of receptor activation and desensitization but did not affect rate of deactivation. The results suggest that the pre-TM1 amino acid residue Arg-222 may be involved in the transduction mechanism linking agonist binding to channel gating in 5-HT3A receptors.