cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-resolution VUV absorption spectrum of N2, c′4 1Σu+ ← X 1Σg+ bands

Abstract Absorption spectra of the c′ 4 1 Σ u + ← X 1 Σ g + Rydberg bands of N2 in the 885 to 995 A region are photographed at high resolution by a 6.65-m vacuum spectrograph. Rotational analyses of the c′4(v) ← X(0) and c′4(v) ← X(1) bands with v = 1–4 are given, together with a preliminary discussion of the homogeneous perturbations c′ 4 1 Σ u + × b′ 1 Σ u + . Some abnormal frequency shifts and distributions of rotational line intensities previously observed in emission bands having c′4 upper levels are attributed to the effects of perturbations rather than predissociations.
Mathematische Theorie des Verhaltens endlicher Automaten

Der Begriff des endlichen Automaten entstand als mathematische Abstraktion der deter-ministischen-diskreten-sequentiellen Systeme, wie es z. B. die modernen Rechenanlagen sind. Das Charakteristische am Funktionieren solcher Systeme liegt in der Ruckkoppelung oder Selbst-Steuerung. Die Theorie der reinen Schaltungen (Boolesche Algebra) genugt nicht zur Erfassung dieses Phanomens und mus erweitert werden zur Theorie der endlichen Automaten (KleenescIic Algebra), die geradezu als Theorie der Schaltung durch Ruckkoppelung bezeichnet werden kann. Es ist zu hoffen, das eine streng mathematische Entwicklung von Begriffen und Satzen uber endliche Automaten auch dem Praktiker einen Einblick in das Verhallen und die Moglichkeiten digitaler Systeme gewahrt, der sich dem nur empirischen Probieren auf dem Gebiete der Konstruktion und des Gebrauches von Schaltwerken komplementar zur Seite stellt. Allerdings ist es fraglich, ob die schon vorliegende Theorie im mehr naiven direkten Sinn praktisch anwendbar sei. Andererseits aber werden leistungsfahigere und vor allem neuartige Systeme schon in nachster Zukunft nur entstehen konnen auf Grund tiefgreifender Einsichten von allgemeiner Natur, wie sie nur bei der konsequenten Entwicklung mathematischer Theorien entstehen. Es ware daher wunschenswert, das sich ein weiter Kreis mathematisch denkender Forscher der verschiedensten Richtungen mit endlichen Automaten, Turing-Maschinen und ahnlichen Strukturen beschaftigte, und das in Zukunft diese Dinge nicht nur einigen Logikern und vielen Dilettanten uberlassen blieben.
Plastics and inflammation: an in vivo experimental study.

A significant variation occurred in the inflammatory response to polyethylene and polyurethane when embedded subcutaneously in experimental animals. This variation apparently is related to the composition of the plastic and adsorption of proteins. The attraction of polymorphonuclear leucocytes by plastics apparently is related to the electrostatic and/or electrokinetic imbalance that occurs at or near the site of implantation. Polyurethane and polyethylene were selected for this study since preliminary observations had shown a variation in inflammatory response when they were embedded subcutaneously in the mouse. From this study it is evident that: (1) variations occurred in the inflammatory reaction in the subcutaneous tissue of mice and rabbits following the embedding of polyethylene and polyurethane; (2) polymorphonuclear leucocytes began to emigrate within hours after these two plastics were implanted, reaching their maximum number within 24 to 48 hr; (3) polymorphonuclear leucocytes usually were absent after the 6th experimental day in mice with polyurethane, but were present for 232 days in mice with polyethylene; (4) polymorphonuclear leucocytes were present in the rabbit for only a few days following subcutaneous implantation of polyethylene and polyurethane; and (5) leucocytes around the implanted polyurethane in the rabbit began to degenerate within 48 hr. The mechanism for this degeneration is not known.
Influence of SV40 Genome on the Replication of an Adenovirus-SV40 “Hybrid” Population

Abstract Feldman, L. A. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.), J. L. Melnick, and F. Rapp. Influence of SV40 genome on the replication of an adenovirus-SV40 “hybrid” population. J. Bacteriol. 90:778–782. 1965.—Replication of a type 7 adenovirus-SV40 hybrid population in primary African green monkey kidney cells was accompanied by the formation of SV40 tumor antigen, adenovirus antigens, and cytopathic changes characteristic of adenovirus infection. Prior infection of the cultures with SV40 stimulated replication of nonintegrated adenovirus 7 but did not enhance the replication of the hybrid virus. These results suggest that the population of the adenovirus-SV40 hybrid studied contains many particles carrying SV40 information. Replication of SV40 virus was not enhanced by co-infection with nonintegrated adenovirus 7 or with the adenovirus-SV40 hybrid. Cytosine arabinoside strongly inhibited replication of the adenovirus-SV40 hybrid population in African green monkey kidney cells. Enhanced replication of nonintegrated adenovirus 7 by SV40 was blocked by cytosine arabinoside; this block could be reversed by 2-deoxycytidine or deoxycytidine triphosphate.
Vasopressin and its analogues for the treatment of refractory hypotension in neonates

Hypotension or low blood pressure occurs frequently in newborn infants after infection or surgery or in very preterm infants. Sometimes, the hypotension does not respond to fluids or other drug such as catecholamines or steroids. In those unresponsive infants, vasopressin may be useful in improving blood pressure and overall survival. The authors searched the literature for studies that used vasopressin or its analogue terlipressin in the newborn in the first 28 days of life for unresponsive hypotension. They found no ongoing or completed studies. Currently there is no evidence to recommend the use of vasopressin or terlipressin, but they recommend that studies be carried out in the future to study the effectiveness and safety in unresponsive hypotension in newborn infants.
Emergency contraception pills (ECPs): current trends in United States college health centers.

Abstract Background Access to emergency contraception pills (ECPs) could drastically reduce the high rates of unintended pregnancies in college women. Methods In spring 2001, a survey was distributed to 139 US college health centers to assess availability of ECPs. Those that prescribed ECPs provided additional information about health center distribution policies and procedures, provider practice patterns, advertising and staff attitudes. Those that did not offer ECPs were asked to state reasons for not providing this service and whether FDA approval of dedicated emergency contraception products might promote availability. Results The majority of campuses (66.9%) prescribe ECPs; however, many barriers exist to access. Campuses not prescribing ECPs cited moral conviction (56.5%) as a main reason for not providing this service. Staff and administration attitudes appear to play a major role in whether campuses make ECPs available to their students. Interpretation Despite recent advances leading to increased availability of ECPs among college health centers, a number of campuses still do not prescribe ECPs.
OPTICAL MODEL FOR DIFFRACTION DISSOCIATION.

The "Deck effect" is generalized to include multiple scattering, which should be important in diffractive dissociation on nuclear targets. A simple and intuitively appealing optical (eikonal) representation is given. On the basis of this representation, it is conjectured that form-factor effects should be included as a function of the distance off the energy shell in old-fashioned perturbation theory, at "infinite" momentum, rather than as a function of the distance off the mass shell, as in the usual double-Regge models. Ways to test this conjecture are discussed, and a procedure is given for including absorptive effects in 2 \ensuremath{\rightarrow} 3 processes.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of γ-glutamyl polypeptide and its derivatives

Abstract 1. 1. γ-Glutamyl polypeptide and its polymers have been found to be degraded by red cell and tissue extracts with the production of free glutamic acid and probably small peptide chains. 2. 2. The rate of degradation of the conjugate is slower than that of the peptide.
Apathy and death in early Jamestown.

Death was ever-present for early colonists in America. Mortality rates for Jamestown in its early years were catastrophic. At the end of its first year, 1607-1608, thirty-eight of the original 108 settlers were alive. The winter of 1609 was the notorious starving time in Virginia, when the population dropped from 500 to sixty in six months.' During the period 1619 to 1622, when the Virginia Company poured colonists into Virginia at a massive rate, the mortality rate was once again high. The company sent 3,570 people to America during these three years, making a total population, with the 700 already there, of 4,270. Three thousand colonists died during these three years. At least 6,000 people went to Virginia between 1607 and 1624. In 1625, there were 1,200 people there.2 Virtually every letter from Virginia during this period speaks of the helplessness the colonists felt before the phenomenon of widespread deaths. The high mortality rate was caused by a combination of psychological and physical factors. Observers in America repeatedly spoke of the unexplainable lethargy and apathy of those affected. Clearly, malnutrition was directly or indirectly the leading cause of death. The fact that the colonists were virtually all suffering from malnutrition also offers a way of explaining the colonists' conviction that people were dying of apathy or, as they put it, of idleness and laziness. The nutritional deficiency diseases to which the colonists were prey are characterized in their early stages by symptoms that appear to the layman to be purely psychological, such as anorexia (loss of appetite) and indifference. Since they also cause aching in the limbs, the sufferer may insist on staying in his bed. Therefore, when the colonists speak of people dying of laziness and
Adding structure to unstructured peer-to-peer networks: the use of small-world graphs

The ''small-world'' graph structure is pervasive and is observed to arise ''without-design'' or ''naturally'' in many practical systems such as the World Wide Web. In contrast to natural systems, overlay networks provide an opportunity to design structure. We seek the advantages of designing overlay topologies with small-world properties to support file sharing in peer-to-peer networks. We focus on two metrics of performance: (a) search protocol performance, a local gain perceived directly by peer-to-peer network users and (b) network utilization, a global property that is of interest to network service providers. We propose a class of overlay topologies and show, by simulation, that a particular topology instance of this class where every node has many close neighbors and few random neighbors (i.e., a small-world graph) exhibits very good properties. In this overlay topology, the chances of locating files are high, and the nodes where these files are found are, on average, close to the query source. This improvement in search protocol performance is achieved while decreasing the traffic load on the links in the underlying network. We propose a simple greedy algorithm to construct such overlay topologies where each node operates independently and in a decentralized manner to select its neighbors.
Sparse Recovery by Means of Nonnegative Least Squares

This letter demonstrates that sparse recovery can be achieved by an L1-minimization ersatz easily implemented using a conventional nonnegative least squares algorithm. A connection with orthogonal matching pursuit is also highlighted. The preliminary results call for more investigations on the potential of the method and on its relations to classical sparse recovery algorithms.
On Deserving Profits

After an admirably clear account of the distinction between ‘desert’ and ‘entitlement,’ N. Scott Arnold’s paper ‘Why Profits Are Deserved’ goes on to argue that, in general, entrepreneurs in a market system deserve to get and keep for their own use the ‘pure’ profits that accrue to them as the result of their market activities.1 Such a judgment of desert is not the end of the matter, for it is both subject to a number of reasonable qualifications and capable of being overriden, for example, by moral judgments about the nature of the product or activity, or about other market or nonmarket consequences. But it does provide a prima facie case on behalf of the entrepreneurs.
Factitious Hymenoptera allergic emergency: A report of a new variant of Munchausen's syndrome☆

We report of the case of a young woman with three hospitalizations and six emergency room visits for treatment of bronchospasm and angioedema first thought to be the result of Hymenoptera venom allergic reactions. Because several features of her illness were not consistent with the usual course of Hymenoptera anaphylaxis and because of a known history of anaphylactic-type reactions following aspirin ingestion, a presumptive diagnosis of factitious anaphylaxis was considered, the medical staff was alerted to evaluate this possibility, and the diagnosis was established. Serologic testing supported the diagnosis. This variant of Munchausen's syndrome is a third type described as an allergic emergency. The others are peanut anaphylaxis and self-induced laryngeal stridor.
Liquid Crystal Window To Control The Solar Energy

Liquid crystal window has been considered as an optical shutter to control the solar energy. Investigation of various types of liquid crystal cells show that the phase change guest host (PCGH) type would be better to fabricate large size LC-cell. PCGH-cell with black dye has anormalous transmission dip near the threshold voltage for incoherent light in the range of 400 to 500nm. The anomalous dip is shown to come from scattering of incident light by the voltage induced inhomogeneities created during the phase transformation. 6μm thick 12.5cm x 12.5 cm LC-window has been fabricated using PCGH-LC mixture. The transmittance of the window could be controlled to an accuracy of less than 1% using IBM-PC computer.
REACTION OF C602+ WITH BCL3 : OBSERVATION OF FULLERENE CAGE SHRINKAGE

Abstract The reaction of BCl3 with C602+ was studied in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. A series of products of the type C2n+, with 2n = 58 − 38, is observed. Aside from the C2 loss products, the only other major product formed is the C60Cl+ adduct. The experimental data are consistent with a reaction mechanism which has a first step involving charge transfer from the doubly charged fullerene cation to the BCl3. BF3, whose ionization potential (IP) is too high for such a charge transfer mechanism, produced no such reaction products. The charge transfer step is followed by the loss of from one to 11 C2 units from the C60 cage. A brief discussion of possible C2 loss mechanisms is presented.
Combined inertial and gravitational deposition of microparticles in small model airways of a human respiratory system

Abstract Focusing on relatively small airways in terms of the medium-size bronchial generations G6–G9, the interplay of impaction and sedimentation on micron particle transport and deposition has been simulated. A commercial finite-volume code, enhanced with user-supplied programs, has been employed. Although impaction is still a dominant deposition mechanism for microparticle in medium-size airways under normal breathing conditions (say, Q in = 15 – 30 L / min ), sedimentation may play a role as well. In turn, that can influence the local particle deposition patterns, efficiencies and fractions for a realistic range of Stokes numbers ( 0.001 ⩽ St ⩽ 0.33 ) . However, deposition due to sedimentation is significantly amplified during slow inhalation; for example, the gravitational deposition may become dominant in the ninth bifurcation (i.e., generations G8–G9) for relatively large microparticles (say, d p > 5 μ m ) at Q in = 3.75 L / min . The occurrence of sedimentation changes the location of the deposition “hot spots” and reduces the order of the maximum deposition enhancement factor. The use of analytical formulas based on inclined tube models for predicting gravitational deposition in local bronchial airway segments as well as the combination of deposition by sedimentation and impaction has to be carefully examined. As shown, more prudent is the use of curve-fitted correlations generated from experimentally validated computer simulation results as a function of Stokes number and sedimentation parameter.
Right-left asymmetry of cell proliferation predominates in mouse embryos undergoing clockwise axial rotation.

BACKGROUND Differential growth is fundamental to most mechanisms proposed for axial rotation in amniotes. Other mechanisms such as changes in cell shape are not consistently suggested by ultrastructure. Lateral asymmetries in cell proliferation exist in mouse and chick embryos undergoing normal, anticlockwise axial rotation, but there has been no investigation of inverse clockwise rotation that could test the correlation. METHODS We used the BALB/cHu-iv/iv, situs inversus mouse to test the apparent correlation of lateral asymmetries with morphogenesis that we saw in cell division patterns of normally rotating mice. Proliferation indices were collected from tritium autoradiograms. RESULTS Asymmetry of cell proliferation in inverse axial rotation is a mirror image of the pattern seen for normal axial rotation: right predominates over left. This asymmetry is statistically significant and correlates with morphology. Patterns of proliferation in constraining extraembryonic membranes, particularly visceral yolk sac, suggest that rotation could be pushed by uneven lateral growth as body and gut tubes form, for they are attached to these membranes. CONCLUSIONS Data from iv/iv mice provide additional evidence that differential growth, constrained by contiguous extraembryonic membranes, may drive closure of body and gut walls and contribute to axial rotation. Asymmetries of cell proliferation are likely consequences of genetic cascades, and will need to be incorporated with in situ information on gene activity.
Georg Heym und Ferdinand Hodler Typologische Anmerkungen zur Frühgeschichte des Expressionismus

Die hochgradig bildhafte Lyrik Georg Heyms fordert den Vergleich mit der bildenden Kunst heraus. Schon ein Zeitgenosse Heyms vermutet eine kunstlerische Verwandtschaft zwischen dem jungen Dichter und dem damaligen Groβmeister des europaischen Jugendstils - Ferdinand Hodler. Das laβt sich aus heutiger Sicht bestatigen. Neben mannigfachen motivischen, thematischen und stilistischen Korrespondenzen liegen die bedeutsamsten Ubereinstimmungen im Strukturprinzip des Parallelismus und im unmittelbaren Ausdruck durch Abstraktion. Uber die personliche stilpsy-chologische Bedeutung der gemeinsamen Seh- und Gestaltungsweise hinaus macht der Vergleich ihres Werkes das engere Zusammenrucken der Kunste um die Jahnhundertwende sichtbar und erhellt zugleich die stilbildende Wirkung, die Heym und Hodler auf den expressionistichen Duktus in Wort und Bild ausubten. Beide waren Ubergangsfiguren. Auf der gemeinsamen Basis eines phanomenologischen Wirklichkeitsverhaltnisses entwickelten sie unabhangig von einander gleichgerichtete Ausdrucksformen, die eine Brucke von der alten, im Impressionismus und Symbolismus gipfelnden Kunst und dem grundsatzlich neuen Stil des 20. Jahrhunderts schlagen.
Variability of Plasma HDL Subclass Concentrations in Men and Women Over Time

Plasma HDL subclasses were examined by gradient gel electrophoresis in repeated samples to assess variability over time. Absorbance of the protein stain was used as an index of mass concentrations at 0.01-nm intervals within five HDL subclasses: HDL3c (7.2 to 7.8 nm), HDL3b (7.8 to 8.2 nm), HDL3a (8.2 to 8.8 nm), HDL2a (8.8 to 9.7 nm), and HDL2b (9.7 to 12 nm). Three separate longitudinal studies of men showed that repeated samples of HDL over time were correlated most strongly within HDL2b, somewhat less within HDL2a, and more weakly within HDL3a, HDL3b, and HDL3c. As in men, repeated samples in women from two studies were significantly correlated within the HDL2b, HDL2a, and HDL3b intervals. Plasma HDL2b levels were significantly more stable in men than in women. Although the variability of HDL subclass measurements includes both methodological and physiological sources, differences in laboratory measurement error do not appear to explain the differences in correlations among subclasses. Specifically, analysis of 288 replications from frozen aliquots suggested that laboratory error had the least effect on correlations involving HDL3 subclasses and only slightly greater effect on correlations involving HDL2 subclasses. Our results suggest that for plasma sampled over time, the stability of HDL subclass levels increases with particle size. Prior reports of subclass-specific correlations between HDL and other variables (eg, diet, exercise, and other lipids) are unlikely to be artifacts of laboratory precision but could arise from subclass differences in variability that are physiological.
The effect of distal arterial anatomy on the success of popliteal aneurysm repair

Abstract The success of bypass grafting for popliteal aneurysms may be compromised by the natural history of these lesions. During a 9-year period 35 patients had repair of 48 popliteal aneurysms. Elective repair was performed in 26 limbs and the remaining 22 limbs required urgent or emergent treatment after aneurysm thrombosis (16) or embolic digital ischemia (six). Retrospective review of preoperative and intraoperative arteriograms and CT or ultrasound scans was done to define the relationship of distal runoff anatomy to initial symptoms and long-term grafting success during a mean follow-up of 48 months. Only five of 48 limbs (10%) had three continuous tibial vessels and a patent pedal arch. Twenty-six limbs (55%) had one or no named calf vessels and 11 limbs had incomplete pedal arches. When thrombosis or symptomatic embolism occurred, the anatomy was significantly worse; 15 of 22 such limbs (68%) had one or no patent tibial vessels and seven had incomplete pedal arches. Nineteen of 28 aneurysms examined by CT or ultrasound scanning showed intraluminal thrombus. Eight of 13 patent aneurysms with intraluminal thrombus had one or no patent tibial vessels. The 5-year graft patency rate was 74% for the entire study group. Bypass for repair of asymptomatic aneurysms had a patency rate of 91% at 5 years vs 54% for symptomatic patients ( p ASC S URG 1988;7:653-60.)
Effect of fluoxetine and metergoline on amphetamine-induced rise in plasma corticosterone.

Abstract The effect of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, and the serotonin antagonist, metergoline, on the rise in plasma corticosterone induced by amphetamine was studied in the conscious, unrestrained rat. Fluoxetine (2.5 mg/kg) did not affect plasma corticosterone. However, this dose of fluoxetine when administered two hours prior to amphetamine (0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg) significantly potentiated the amphetamine-induced rise in plasma corticosterone. Fluoxetine had no effect on the response induced by the highest dose of amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) utilized in the study. In contrast, metergoline produced a dose-dependent increase in plasma corticosterone over the range 0.1 – 5.0 mg/kg. This response reached maximum 30 minutes after drug administration and had a duration of approximately 120 minutes. Pretreatment of animals with metergoline (5.0 mg/kg) three hours before the administration of amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) resulted in a significant decrease in the corticosterone rise induced by amphetamine. Lower doses of metergoline were ineffective in reducing the amphetamine-induced response. These observations support the hypothesis that the amphetamine-induced rise in plasma corticosterone is due, in part, to stimulation of serotonergic neurons.
Organometallic VPE growth of AlxGa1−xAs

The " hybrid" organometallic VPE process for the growth of AlxGal-xAs has been explored. Six growth parameters have been considered; substrate orientation, substrate temperature during growth, total flow rate and ratios of Al, HC1 and As to the total group III flow rate. The effects of these six growth parameters on the growth process (growth rate, composition and surface morphology) and the materials properties (carrier concentration, photoluminescence intensity and spectrum) have been systematically studied. A technique has been developed for the growth of heterostructures by changing only the H2 diluent flow rate. This results in high quality heterostructures with x changing from 0.05 to 0.30 in > 100 a.
Endotracheal bretylium tosylate in a canine model

This study was conducted to determine whether bretylium tosylate (BT) is effectively and safely absorbed through the endotracheal route in the canine model. Eleven adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital, were orally intubated, and had continuous blood pressure and electrocardiographic monitoring. Four dogs received 5 mg/kg BT, three dogs received 10 mg/kg BT, two dogs received 20 mg/kg BT, and two control dogs were given volumes of normal saline equal to those given the 5- and 10-mg/kg groups. Each dog received the same dose of BT both endotracheally and intravenously, but in a random order and on different dates. Following each drug administration arterial blood was drawn at various intervals over two hours and sent for immediate gas analysis; serum samples were frozen for future determination of BT levels. Regardless of the amounts delivered, the peak levels of BT in the arterial blood following administration by the endotracheal route were consistently low (4.13 μg/mL to 14.00 μg/mL) when compared to those levels following intravenously administered BT (120 μg/mL to 268 μg/mL) (all P
A testing ground for fundamental physics: Gravity Probe B and other fundamental physics experiments in space

Abstract This presentation gives results from the Gravity Probe B Relativity Mission and some of the lessons learned on orbit. Space enables new fundamental physics experiments in General Relativity and other fields in 8 distinct ways. I shall illustrate the richness of opportunity by reviewing a number of existing and future missions with comments on the complications as well as the simplifications brought about by Space and the vital benefits of strong collaboration between physicists and engineers.
Time integration using wavelets

In this work, we describe how wavelets may be used for the temporal discretization of ODEs and PDEs. A major problem associated with the use of wavelets in time is that initial conditions are difficult to impose. A second problem is that a wavelet-based time integration scheme should be stable. We address both of these problems. Firstly, we describe a general method of imposing initial conditions, which follows on from some of our recent work on initial and boundary value problems. Secondly, we use wavelets of the Daubechies family as a starting point for the development of stable time integration schemes. By combining these two ideas we are able to develop schemes with a high order of accuracy. More specifically, the global error is O(hp-1), where p is the number of vanishing moments of the original wavelet. Furthermore, these time integration schemes are characterized by large regions of absolute stability, comparable to increasingly high order BDF methods. In particular, Daubechies D4 and D6 wavelets give rise to A-stable time-stepping schemes. In the present work we deal with single scale formulations. We note, however, that the standard multiresolution analysis for orthogonal wavelets on L2(R) applies here. This opens up interesting possibilities for treating BVPs and IVPs at multiple scales.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An integrated lack of memory characterization of the exponential distribution

In this note a charactrization of the exponential distribution is discussed based on yet another extension of the lack of memory property. The result was motivated by a functional equation appearing in Ahsannulah [1], [3]
Periglacial processes six years on

Geocryology: A Survey of Periglacial Processes and Environments. By A. L. Washburn. Pp.416 (Edward Arnold: London/Halsted Press: New York, 1979.) £27.50, $64.95.
Large deviations and stochastic flows of diffeomorphisms

Previous results in the theory of large deviations for additive functionals of a diffusion process on a compact manifold M are extended and then applied to the analysis of the Lyapunov exponents of a stochastic flow of diffeomorphisms of M. An approximation argument relates these results to the behavior near the diagonal Δ in M2 of the associated two point motion. Finally it is shown, under appropriate non-degeneracy conditions, that the two-point motion is ergodic on M2-Δ if the top Lyapunov exponent is positive.
The effects of milling on diameters and lengths of fibrous glass and chrysotile asbestos fibers

By means of light and electron microscopy techniques, it was determined that ball milling reduces fibrous glass fiber lengths, but does not affect their diameters. Ball milling reduces both diameters and lengths of chrysotile asbestos in the size range that can be evaluated by phase contrast microscopy.
Mapping sociological concepts

A geographical map is a picture of a portion of the earth’s surface that depicts relationships among important points. Similarly, a concept map is a picture of a part of a discipline’s body of work that depicts relationships among important theories and concepts. Concept maps are an economical form of communicating information at a glance, and an effective tool in teaching conceptual ideas to students. Concept maps, as the name implies, involve conceptual skill, which highlights relationships; the links among the concepts are as important as the concepts themselves.
Surface wettability of human hair. III. Role of surfactants in the surface deposition of cationic polymers

The effects of low molecular weight surfactants of different ionic characteristics on the deposition of a quaternized cellulosic polymer onto the surface of hair from solution have been studied. The uniformity of deposition and the substantivity of the deposited material has been assessed from measurements of the surface wettability of treated hair fibers with water. The results show that anionic surfactants at low-to-moderate concentrations bind with the cationic polymer so that the substantive layer deposited on the fiber surface tends to be hydrophobic due to orientation of lipid chains away from the surface. At high concentration, additional anionic surfactant molecules interact with the cationic polymer molecule by hydrophobic bonding, reducing the polymer–surfactant complex to an anionic polyelectrolyte which has little substantivity to the fiber surface. Cationic surfactants, on the other hand, do not interact with the polymer because of charge repulsion but compete with the polymer for negatively charged sorption sites on the surface, greatly reducing surface coverage by the polymer. The interaction of amphoteric surfactants with the polymer depends on the pH of the solution. Studies on experimental shampoos containing anionic and amphoteric surfactants confirmed these observations, and indicated, in addition, that dilution of the shampoo in the presence of hair plays a significant role in the deposition of the polymer on the hair surface.
Studies of amino acids for inhibition of aldol condensation and dissolution of polymeric product of aldehyde in alkaline media

Compounds with acidic and basic functional groups (aspartic acid, arginine, and cystine) are evaluated for inhibition of aldol condensation and dissolution of product in alkaline media. Inhibition efficiency of amino acids were studied at varied mole ratios of acetaldehyde to antipolymerant (2, 5, and 10), reaction temperature, and caustic concentration as a function of time (0.25, 1.0, 2.0 and 24.0 h) using UV spectrophotometry. Results obtained have been compared with efficiency of known amine derivatives. Arginine showed better efficiency when compared with aspartic acid and cysteine. Furthermore, data indicate that presence of carboxylic group in addition to amine group facilitates inhibition as well as dissolution of aldol polymer in alkaline media, while compounds with amine group acts as inhibitor for aldol condensation only.
Novel Load Frequency Control approach based on Virtual Area Error in a microgrid including PV and battery

In this paper, the frequency of a microgrid, that contains a PV generation and a battery energy storage, is controlled. The paper presents a new approach for Load Frequency Control (LFC) in a microgrid considering the low voltage microgrid as an artificial multi-area network and providing a new strategy which can significantly improve the frequency regulation of the microgrid. A Virtual Area Control Error (VACE) is introduced which utilizes a virtual tie-line and includes the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery to take into consideration the realistic characteristics of the device. The system is simulated using PSCAD. The results show a good improvement in frequency regulation.
Using stereocartography for predicting efficacy of stereoinduction by chiral catalysts.

A computational method called stereocartography is used to examine regions around chiral catalysts that are most stereoinducing during Diels-Alder reactions. Geometries and atomic charges of catalysts are first generated quantum mechanically. The transition state of the reaction being catalyzed is then computed quantum mechanically and those enantiomeric transition states are used as probes to determine where around the catalyst stereoinduction is optimal. A description of how to treat catalysts with multiple conformations is given. In this article seven catalysts containing a variety of ligand motifs and metals were evaluated. The hypothesis that the region of maximum stereoinduction must be spatially coincident with the site of chemistry for a catalyst to be efficient is upheld.
Predicting Cosolvency. 1. Solubility Ratio and Solute log Kow

The solubility ratio of organic chemicals in an organic solvent and in water, σ, has been found to correlate with the logarithm of the octanol−water partition coefficient (log Kow) of the solutes; i.e., log σ = N + M log Kow. A total of 607 sets of thousands of solubility data were extracted from literature sources. From this database, values of N and M are obtained for 15 completely water-miscible cosolvents which are often used in pharmaceutical and environmental activities. A linear free energy relationship between σ and log Kow is theoretically derived. The deviation of the slope M from the theoretical value of unity seems to originate mainly from the differences in activity coefficients of solute in water-saturated octanol and in pure cosolvent. The effect of dissolved octanol in water in defining Kow may also influence the slope of σ ∼ log Kow regression.
Gas sorption and permeation in poly(ethyl methacrylate)

Abstract Gas sorption isotherms for N2, Ar, CH4, and CO2 have been measured at various temperatures for poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) below its Tg. For the three low solubility gases, N2, Ar and CH4, the sorption isotherms are concave as predicted for glassy polymers but the amount of sorption in PEMA is much lower than that in high Tg polymers. For the higher solubility gas CO2, however, the amount of sorption is the same as that in high Tg polymers. The CO2 isotherms changed from concave at low pressures to a straight line at high pressures, which can be extrapolated to the origin of the coordinates, indicating the PEMA is plasticized by CO2 from the glassy to the rubbery state. The sorption parameters for CO2 are derived from a modified dual mode sorption equation which considers the plasticizing effect. New findings about these parameters and the derived enthalpy change on sorption are reported. Gas permeability coefficients for PEMA to He, H2, O2, Ar, N2, and CH4 measured at 35°C are observed to be independent of pressure. On the other hand, the CO2 permeability coefficients increase with pressure. Appropriate models are used to describe this transport behavior. Evidence from gas sorption and DSC thermograms show that PEMA can sub-Tg anneal under CO2 plasticization. However, when the Tg is depressed by plasticization below the observation temperature, the annealing effect is erased. This leads to complex behavior as described.
The physicochemistry of some dune ponds on the Outer Banks, North Carolina

A survey of the chemical composition of five coastal dune ponds on the Outer Banks, North Carolina, showed the ponds to be more similar to underlying groundwater than to dilute seawater or average river water. With a mean total ionic content of 3.14 mmol l−1 the ponds were decidedly fresh. Variations in chemistry between the ponds resulted from physiographic association with leached or unleached dunes, and from different soil types in the pond basins. Near isothermal conditions were found in all but one pond. Oxygen levels were reduced at depth in every pond (10 to 25% saturation). Comparative data show the influences on major ion chemistry in these ponds to be substantially different from those of some other coastal dune waters.
Reconstruction of a century of airborne asbestos concentrations.

Airborne asbestos concentrations have been reconstructed for the entire 20th century for the first time through a combination of paleolimnological methods, particle-separation techniques, and analytical transmission electron microscopy. Pb concentrations and respirable aerosol mass concentrations in air and sediments yielded collection efficiencies of ∼3000 m3 of air per gram of lake sediment. Airborne concentrations of chrysotile, the most common type of asbestos, reconstructed from control lake sediments echoed chrysotile's usage during the 20th century, with the highest concentrations mid-century (∼0.1 fibers/cm3) and then decreasing in the last quarter century. Reconstructed airborne concentrations of anthophyllite asbestos, a byproduct of local talc mining and milling, increased from <0.004 to 0.022 fibers/cm3 from 1846 to 1967. These anthophyllite concentrations during the ∼100-year period of talc mining correlated well (r2 = 0.80, p < 0.01) with annual production of local talc and were much higher ...
Combustion Noise Investigation With Multi-Cylinder RCCI

Advanced combustion techniques have shown promise for achieving high thermal efficiency with simultaneous reductions in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Many advanced combustion studies have used some form of noise-related metric to constrain engine operation, whether it be cylinder pressure rise rate, combustion noise, or ringing intensity. As the development of advanced combustion techniques progresses towards production-viable concepts, combustion noise is anticipated to be of the upmost concern for consumer acceptability. This study compares the noise metrics of cylinder pressure rise rate with combustion noise as measured by an AVL combustion noise meter over a wide range of engine operation conditions with reactivity controlled compression ignition on a light-duty multi-cylinder diesel engine modified to allow for direct injection of diesel fuel and port fuel injection of gasoline. Key parameters affecting noise metrics are engine load, speed, and the amount of boost. The trade-offs between high efficiency, low NOX emissions, and combustion noise were also explored. Additionally, the combustion noise algorithm integrated into the Drivven combustion analysis toolkit is compared to cylinder pressure rise rate and combustion noise as measured with a combustion noise meter. It is shown that the combustion noise of the multi-cylinder reactivity controlled compression ignition map can approach 100 dB while keeping the maximum pressure rise under 100 kPa/CAD.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Primary Socialization Theory: The Role Played by Personal Traits in the Etiology of Drug Use and Deviance. II

Primary socialization theory proposes that drug use and deviant behaviors emerge from interactions with the primary socialization sources--the family, the school, and peer clusters. The theory further postulates that the individual's personal characteristics and personality traits do not directly relate to drug use and deviance, but, in nearly all cases, influence those outcomes only when they affect the interactions between the individual and the primary socialization sources. Interpretation of research results from the point of view of primary socialization theory suggests the following: 1) Characteristics such as depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem are related to drug use and deviance only when they have strong effects on the primary socialization process, i.e., among younger children; 2) Traits such as anger, aggression, and sensation seeking are related to drug use and deviance because these traits are more likely to influence the primary socialization process at all ages; 3) The psychopathologies that are least likely to interfere with bonding with prosocial socialization sources, the anxieties and most of the affective disorders, are less likely to have comorbidity drug dependence; and 4) Psychopathologies such as oppositional disorder, conduct disorder, attention deficit disorder, and antisocial personality are more likely to interfere with primary socialization, and the literature shows that these syndromes are also most likely to have a dual diagnosis with drug dependency.
Neurite Degeneration Elicited by Apolipoprotein E Peptides

Abstract Apolipoprotein E (apoE) has been localized to the neurofibrillary tangles and β-amyloid-containing plaques found in the cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (14, 28), suggesting that apoE may play a role in this disorder. Recently, synthetic peptides containing a sequence within apoE (amino acids 141-155) were found to be cytotoxic to T lymphocytes in culture. In the present study, tandem presentation of the apoE sequence E141-155, as well as longer monomeric peptides that include this domain, was found to cause extensive and specific degeneration of neurites from embryonic chick sympathetic ganglia in vitro. These results, together with the observation of strong βA4/apoE binding in vitro and the disproportionate occurrence of the ϵ4 allele in both familial and sporadic AD patients, suggest that peptide sequences associated with apoE may contribute directly to neurodegenerative processes.
Au Decorated Zinc Oxide Nanowires for CO Sensing

We present the room temperature detection of carbon monoxide using Au decorated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires. Zinc oxide nanowires were grown via the vapor liquid solid method whereas the gold nanoparticles were prepared by the solution growth method. The surface of the ZnO nanowires was decorated by Au nanoparticles. Gas sensing properties of such nanowires were studied at room temperature for various concentrations of CO (100 to 1000 ppm) in synthetic air. Enhancement in gas sensing response by Au decoration on ZnO nanowires was observed. Au nanoparticles act as a catalyst in chemical sensitization and improve the reaction and response time. The improvement in gas sensing behavior is attributed to the change in conductivity of the metal decorated ZnO nanowires on CO exposure due to the transfer of electrons resulting from gas oxidation at the ZnO nanowire surface.
Early timing and new combinations to increase the efficacy of neonicotinoid–entomopathogenic nematode (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) combinations against white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

BACKGROUND: An investigation was carried out to determine whether new neonicotinoid–nematode combinations and earlier applications against younger larval stages could increase the efficacy of synergistic neonicotinoid–entomopathogenic nematode combinations against white grubs. RESULTS: In the laboratory, combinations of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and clothianidin and the nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and H. zealandica Poinar against third instars were compared. In Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse) and Popillia japonica Newman, H. bacteriophora–imidacloprid combinations showed the most consistent synergism but did not cause significantly higher mortality than H. zealandica–imidacloprid combinations. In Cyclocephala borealis Arrow, there was no clear trend as to which combinations caused the most consistent synergism, but H. zealandica–imidacloprid combinations tended to cause the highest mortalities. In the laboratory, imidacloprid–H. bacteriophora combinations provided more consistent synergism against third-instar than against second-instar A. orientalis, but mortality was higher in second instars. In field experiments, imidacloprid–H. bacteriophora combinations against A. orientalis and P. japonica provided more consistent synergism when applied in mid-September but more consistent control when applied in late August. CONCLUSIONS: Imidacloprid is a better synergist for entomopathogenic nematodes than clothianidin. Imidacloprid–nematode combinations are more effective against second instars than against third instars, allowing rate reductions of both agents to make this approach more competitive with full-rate applications of neonicotinoid alone. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Trajectories for Human Missions to Mars, Part 1: Impulsive Transfers

Earth-Mars trajectories with low energy requirements that also limit the (transfer) time a crew spends in interplanetary space are essential to the design of cost-effective, minimal-risk missions. We compute optimal A V trajectories with constraints on the transfer time of flight for launch years 2009 through 2022. We further explore the consequences of specifying different time of flight limits (from 120 to 270 days) for human missions to Mars. In addition to conjunction class trajectories, we calculate free-return, Mars-Earth semicycler, Earth-Mars semicycler, and cycler trajectories. The trades between powered and aeroassisted planetary capture for each trajectory type are also examined. We find that as the number of flybys increase (i.e., free returns have one flyby, semicyclers may have from two to four flybys, and cyclers have an unlimited number of flybys), the V ∞ increase, but the mission mass decreases because less maneuvers are performed by the crew transfer vehicle. The energy requirements of the trajectories decrease with increasing flight times, and the optimal A V is reduced by up to 50% when the flight time limit is increased from the NASA-recommended 180 days, to 270 days. Our results are compiled into sets of plots that describe the optimal, constrained time of flight trajectories for use in Mars mission studies.
Variable Band Gap Poly(arylene ethynylene) Conjugated Polyelectrolytes

A series of poly(arylene ethynylene) (PAE) conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) have been prepared using palladium-mediated (Sonogashira) coupling chemistry. The series consists of five pairs of polymers that share the same poly(arylene ethynylene) backbone. One member of each pair contains anionic sulfonate (R−SO3-) side groups, whereas the other member contains cationic bis-alkylammonium (R-N+−R-N+−R) side groups. The repeat unit structure of the poly(arylene ethynylene) backbone consists of a bis(alkoxy)phenylene-1,4-ethynylene unit alternating with a second arylene ethynylene moiety, and five different arylenes were used, Ar = 1,4-phenyl, 2,5-pyridyl (Py), 2,5-thienyl (Th), 2,5-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl (EDOT), and 1,4-benzo[2,1,3]thiodiazole (BDT). The different arylene units induce variation in the HOMO−LUMO band gap across the series of polymers, resulting in a series of materials that display absorption maxima at wavelengths ranging from 400 to 550 nm and fluorescence maxima ranging from 440 to 600...