cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Optimal Well Controls Using the Augmented Lagrangian Function with Approximate Derivatives

Abstract When efficient adjoint code for computing the necessary gradients is available, the augmented Lagrangian algorithm provides an efficient and robust method for constrained optimization. Here, we develop an augmented Lagrangian algorithm for constrained optimization problems where adjoint code is not available, and the number of optimization variables is so large that the approximation of gradients with the finite-difference method is not computationally feasible. Our procedure applies a pre-conditioned steepest ascent algorithm to maximize an augmented Lagrangian function which directly incorporates all bound constraints as well as all inequality and equality constraints. The pre-conditioned gradient of the augmented Lagrangian is estimated directly using a simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) with Gaussian perturbations where the preconditioning matrix is a covariance matrix selected to impose a degree of temporal smoothness on the optimization variables, which, for the specific application considered here, are the well controls. Our implementation of this augmented Lagrangian method is applied to estimate the well controls which maximize the net present value (NPV) of production for the remaining life of a given oil reservoir.
ADAPTATIONS OF A SPECIES OF HERMIT CRAB (DECAPODA, PAGURIDEA) INHABITING SESSILE WORM TUBES

[Le Discorsopagurts .schmitti (Stevens) habite dans des tubes de Sabellaria rigides fixes. Les particules de nourriture se trouvant dans l'eau ambiante sont retenues par les quatre series de soies qui s'etendent sur toute la longueur de chaque flagelle antennaire; la filtration est ainsi assuree dans toutes les directions, quelle que soit l'orientation du tube. Les plus petites particules mesurent 30 μm. La nourriture est transportee des antennes a la bouche par les deuxieme et troisieme maxillipedes. Quand un tube est occupe par un Lepidonotus rquamatus Discorsopagurus rchmitti le chasse, mais le Paguride ne peut eliminer le constructeur original du tube., Le Discorsopagurts .schmitti (Stevens) habite dans des tubes de Sabellaria rigides fixes. Les particules de nourriture se trouvant dans l'eau ambiante sont retenues par les quatre series de soies qui s'etendent sur toute la longueur de chaque flagelle antennaire; la filtration est ainsi assuree dans toutes les directions, quelle que soit l'orientation du tube. Les plus petites particules mesurent 30 μm. La nourriture est transportee des antennes a la bouche par les deuxieme et troisieme maxillipedes. Quand un tube est occupe par un Lepidonotus rquamatus Discorsopagurus rchmitti le chasse, mais le Paguride ne peut eliminer le constructeur original du tube.]
Seasonal fluctuations and mobility of arsenic in groundwater resources, Anchorage, Alaska

Abstract There are approximately 12,000 private wells in the Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska, USA, that supply drinking water to thousands of homeowners. The results presented in this paper are from a study conducted to understand the speciation and seasonal fluctuations of As in the groundwater of Anchorage. A total of eight private drinking water wells were sampled from May to October, 2007, to determine inorganic species of As (III/V) and other physiochemical parameters of the groundwater. Arsenic concentrations above Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking water standard of 10 μg/L had been previously measured in all of these eight wells by the Municipality of Anchorage. Seven of the wells draw water from glaciofluvial aquifers and one well taps into the older bedrock aquifer on the mountain-side. In-situ measurements as well as groundwater samples were collected from each well and inorganic species of As (III/V) were separated in the field using anion exchange columns. Elemental analysis was conducted by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), major anions by ion chromatography (IC), and Fe (II) and total Fe were measured in the field with a portable spectrophotometer. The groundwater was neutral to basic ranging in pH from 7.6 to 8.8, dissolved O2 was generally 0.1–1.0 mg/L and specific conductance ranged from 300 to 1000 μS/cm. Most of the groundwater is classified as Ca–Mg–HCO3 and dissolved As concentrations ranged from below detection (∼0.5 μg/L) to 117 μg/L with arsenite as the dominant species. Filtered and unfiltered water samples had less than 1% difference in As concentrations suggesting that most As occurs in the dissolved form. Arsenic concentrations were positively correlated with water levels indicating that the highest As concentrations occur in the aquifer during recharge events. Positive relationships with dissolved Fe and supersaturation with respect to secondary Fe oxides indicates that the As is likely associated with the Fe oxides that are partially dissociated under the dominating reducing conditions of the aquifers. There is also evidence of a positive relationship between As and SO 4 2 - which indicates that some of the As may be associated with the oxidation of Fe-bearing sulfides such as pyrite or arsenopyrite, however, this is thought to be a less important process for this system compared to Fe reduction. Most of the groundwater samples indicate supersaturation with respect to carbonates such as calcite, dolomite and siderite and there is a positive relation between As and HCO 3 - indicating that carbonate buffering is an important process in the groundwater geochemistry of As. In some cases homeowners filter their tap water with household water treatment systems which have a range of As removal effectiveness from about 25–100%.
Accretion disk winds as the jet suppression mechanism in the microquasar GRS 1915+105

Stellar-mass black holes with relativistic jets, also known as microquasars, mimic the behaviour of quasars and active galactic nuclei. Because timescales around stellar-mass black holes are orders of magnitude smaller than those around more distant supermassive black holes, microquasars are ideal nearby 'laboratories' for studying the evolution of accretion disks and jet formation in black-hole systems. Whereas studies of black holes have revealed a complex array of accretion activity, the mechanisms that trigger and suppress jet formation remain a mystery. Here we report the presence of a broad emission line in the faint, hard states and narrow absorption lines in the bright, soft states of the microquasar GRS 1915+105. ('Hard' and 'soft' denote the character of the emitted X-rays.) Because the hard states exhibit prominent radio jets, we argue that the broad emission line arises when the jet illuminates the inner accretion disk. The jet is weak or absent during the soft states, and we show that the absorption lines originate when the powerful radiation field around the black hole drives a hot wind off the accretion disk. Our analysis shows that this wind carries enough mass away from the disk to halt the flow of matter into the radio jet.
Dietary intake and eating behavior after bariatric surgery: threats to weight loss maintenance and strategies for success

During the past decade, bariatric surgery has become an increasingly popular treatment option for the growing number of individuals with extreme obesity. For most individuals, the size and durability of the weight loss and improvements in co-morbidity and mortality have far surpassed those typically seen with behavioral modification and pharmacotherapy. A significant minority of patients, however, will experience suboptimal outcomes, including less than expected weight loss, premature weight regain, and frequent vomiting and/or gastric dumping. The reasons for these outcomes are not well understood, but likely involve both behavioral and physiologic processes. The present review highlights current knowledge on the changes in dietary intake and eating behavior that occur after bariatric surgery in terms of the potential threats these changes might pose to long-term postoperative success. The paper also identifies several strategies from the nonsurgical weight loss literature that might help optimize long-term weight maintenance after surgery.
HIGH-BEAM HEADLAMP USAGE ON UNLIGHTED RURAL ROADWAYS

Performed for the University of Michigan Industry Affiliation Program for Human Factors in Transportation Safety
Hyperspectral Systems Role in Understanding the Composition of Atmospheric Air Pollution

A wide variety of hyper-spectral (HS) sensors and collection platforms are in existence. This paper investigates hyper-spectral imaging systems (HIS) worldwide in order to address issues associated with the better both airborne and space based systems are included in the review. Examples of the sensors include ENVISAT, SCIAMACHY, TERRA, AQUA, MOPITT, MIPAS, AVIRIS, LIDAR, Landsat 7 and others. Applications include geo-environmental studies, aerosol release, materials identification, agricultural studies, atmospheric studies, and many others. Two case studies are presented that address the evaluation of African smog and its effect on the African ecosystem and the evaluation of aerosol pollution in the northeastern region of the United states with particular attention to particulate matter.
The correlation function for density perturbations in an expanding universe. III The three-point and predictions of the four-point and higher order correlation functions

Higher-order correlation functions for the large-scale distribution of galaxies in space are investigated. It is demonstrated that the three-point correlation function observed by Peebles and Groth (1975) is not consistent with a distribution of perturbations that at present are randomly distributed in space. The two-point correlation function is shown to be independent of how the perturbations are distributed spatially, and a model of clustered perturbations is developed which incorporates a nonuniform perturbation distribution and which explains the three-point correlation function. A model with hierarchical perturbations incorporating the same nonuniform distribution is also constructed; it is found that this model also explains the three-point correlation function, but predicts different results for the four-point and higher-order correlation functions than does the model with clustered perturbations. It is suggested that the model of hierarchical perturbations might be explained by the single assumption of having density fluctuations or discrete objects all of the same mass randomly placed at some initial epoch.
Combining Computerized Home-Based Treatments for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An Attention Modification Program and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common and disabling condition associated with significant personal and societal costs. Although efficacious treatments exist for GAD, the majority of these individuals fail to access our most effective treatments. In the current paper, we report the results of an open trial that examined the efficacy of a computer-delivered home-based treatment program for GAD. Twenty-one individuals seeking treatment for GAD received a self-administered program over 6 weeks that comprised two components: (1) an Attention Modification Program (AMP) designed to facilitate attentional disengagement from threat-relevant stimuli and (2) brief computer-delivered cognitive and behavioral treatment modules (CCBT). Fourteen of the 21 enrolled participants (67%) completed the treatment program. Intent-to-treat and completer analyses revealed that AMP+CCBT resulted in significant reductions in clinician- and self-rated symptoms of anxiety, worry, depression, and functional impairment. Moreover, treatment completers displayed significant reductions in attentional bias for threat from pre- to postassessment. Change in attentional bias for threat from pre- to postassessment was associated with change in worry symptoms. Finally, 79% of participants no longer met DSM-IV criteria for GAD at postassessment and 36% were classified as remitted (Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety ≤7; Rickels et al., 2006). These results suggest that computer-delivered AMP+CCBT may serve as an effective and easily accessible treatment option for individuals with GAD.
Synthesis and structural characterization of gallosilicates with the zeolite ANA-framework

Sodium-cesium gallosilicates with the ANA-framework have been synthesized and their structures determined in both hydrated and dehydrated states by neutron powder diffraction. No evidence for Ga ordering is seen, and the Rietveld refinements yield models for the Na, Cs, and H 2 O locations and framework bond lengths and angles similar to those described for the analogous aluminosilicate zeolites. The samples exhibit little gross change on dehydration, although there is a slight shift in the Na position.
Myf-5 Is Transiently Expressed in Nonmuscle Mesoderm and Exhibits Dynamic Regional Changes within the Presegmented Mesoderm and Somites I–IV

Abstract Myf-5 is one of four myogenic regulatory factors that play important roles in skeletal muscle development. This study provides detailed analysis of Myf-5 expression during early chick development using an in situ hybridization technique that has been optimized to detect low level Myf-5 transcripts. This facilitated detection of heretofore unrecognized dynamic changes in Myf-5 expression patterns. Myf-5 expression is first detected at stage 3 in the primitive streak and exhibits transient low-level expression in nonmyogenic mesoderm. Myf-5 is later expressed in the presegmented mesoderm (psm) in a reiterating pattern that is coordinated with somitogenesis and also colocalizes with the Notch ligand C-Delta-1. In somites (S) I–IV, Myf-5 expression exhibits dynamic regional changes, and in somites rostral to S IV, Myf-5 is expressed at higher levels in muscle precursors in the dorsomedial somite. Semiquantitative comparison of Myf-5 mRNA levels in the psm and in myotome-containing somites indicates about a 10-fold difference. The expression pattern of Myf-5 differs from that of MyoD, which we find is expressed only in the dorsomedial somite. These data reveal that Myf-5 is expressed at low levels several stages before muscle differentiation occurs and suggest that only a subset of cells that initially express Myf-5 will upregulate its expression and differentiate as muscle.
Integrated physical therapy intervention for a person with pectus excavatum and bilateral shoulder pain: a single-case study.

Abstract Canavan PK, Cahalin L. Integrated physical therapy intervention for a person with pectus excavatum and bilateral shoulder pain: a single-case study. Objective To examine the effects of an individualized physical therapy (PT) program for a subject with pectus excavatum and bilateral shoulder pain. Design Single-case study of a man diagnosed with moderate-to-severe pectus excavatum and constant bilateral shoulder pain. Exercise tolerance was measured through the Bruce protocol and home exercise log, pulmonary function, ventilatory muscle strength, echocardiography, chest wall and abdominal excursion, self-perception of pectus excavatum, and a variety of anthropometric and volumetric tests before and after PT. Setting University laboratory. Participant A 22-year-old man. Intervention A 3-month PT program including breathing exercises and therapeutic exercises. Main Outcome Measures Exercise tolerance, ventilatory muscle strength, chest wall and abdominal excursion, self-perception of the pectus excavatum, and other anthropometric and volumetric tests. Results The most striking anthropometric and volumetric test change was the pectus severity index (in H 2 O), which decreased from 50 to 20mL H 2 O (60% change). The subject reported no shoulder pain at rest and with recreational activity after 8 weeks of intervention. Conclusion An individualized PT program provided minimal-to-moderate improvements on many characteristics of pectus excavatum. Bilateral shoulder pain was eliminated. An individualized PT program integrating cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal interventions that is provided to other patients with pectus excavatum may provide similar results. However, PT provided to younger patients with the pectus excavatum may be of even greater benefit because of a less mature skeleton. Further investigation of the effects of PT intervention provided to younger and older persons with the pectus excavatum is needed.
On the exploitation of loop-level parallelism in embedded applications

Advances in the silicon technology have enabled increasing support for hardware parallelism in embedded processors. Vector units, multiple processors/cores, multithreading, special-purpose accelerators such as DSPs or cryptographic engines, or a combination of the above have appeared in a number of processors. They serve to address the increasing performance requirements of modern embedded applications. To what extent the available hardware parallelism can be exploited is directly dependent on the amount of parallelism inherent in the given application and the congruence between the granularity of hardware and application parallelism. This paper discusses how loop-level parallelism in embedded applications can be exploited in hardware and software. Specifically, it evaluates the efficacy of automatic loop parallelization and the performance potential of different types of parallelism, viz., true thread-level parallelism (TLP), speculative thread-level parallelism and vector parallelism, when executing loops. Additionally, it discusses the interaction between parallelization and vectorization. Applications from both the industry-standard EEMBC®,1 1.1, EEMBC 2.0 and the academic MiBench embedded benchmark suites are analyzed using the Intel®2 C compiler. The results show the performance that can be achieved today on real hardware and using a production compiler, provide upper bounds on the performance potential of the different types of thread-level parallelism, and point out a number of issues that need to be addressed to improve performance. The latter include parallelization of libraries such as libc and design of parallel algorithms to allow maximal exploitation of parallelism. The results also point to the need for developing new benchmark suites more suitable to parallel compilation and execution.1 Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.2 Intel is a trademark of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.
Niacin and niacinamide accumulation by rabbit brain slices and choroid plexus in vitro.

The transport into and release of14C-labeled niacin and niacinamide from rabbit brain slices and isolated choroid plexuses were studied. In vitro, both brain slices and choroid plexus concentrated 14C by specific, energy-dependent mechanisms when [14C]niacinamide was added to the incubation medium. The saturable accumulation velocities, which were linear for 30 min, depended, in part, on incorporation of the [14C]niacinamide into NAD. The XT and Ymax for 14C accumulation with [14C]niacinamide in the medium by brain slices and choroid plexus were 0.80 μM and 1.45 μmolkg−1 (30 min)−1, and 0.23 μM and 18.6 μmol kg−1 (30 min)−1 respectively. In vitro, the choroid plexus, unlike brain slices, vigorously concentrated 14C by a separate, specific energy-dependent process when 14C niacin was added to the incubation medium. The saturable accumulation velocity, which was linear for 30 min, depended completely on the metabolism of [14C]niacin. The KT and Ymax for14C accumulation by choroid plexus with [14C]niacin in the medium were 18.1 μM and 439 μmol kg−1 (30 min)−1 respectively. Whether preincubated in [14C]niacin or [14C]niacinamide, choroid plexus released predominantly [14C]niacinamide.
Identifying barriers to efficient recovery and sustainable end of life management of electronic waste

Electronic waste, or e-waste, is defined as discarded or obsolete electronic devices such as computers. E-waste presents a challenge to domestic and global waste infrastructure because of its large quantities, short product life, and decreasing product size [1]–[3]. These changes are due to constantly changing product characteristics and rapid technological innovation. E-waste is known to contain valuable materials such as gold and copper, which can generate revenue from recycling e-waste and recovering materials. State of the art recycling technologies available to recover materials from e-waste; however, these technologies require significant capital investment and are not widely used in emerging economies where large quantities of discarded products are predominately found [1], [5].
Maternal plasma hypertonicity is accentuated in the postterm rat

Abstract Objective In humans and rats, pregnancy-associated maternal plasma volume expansion and plasma hypotonicity may facilitate maternal-to-fetal water transfer. Although reduced amniotic fluid volume occurs commonly in postterm pregnancy, the mechanisms are unknown. We previously demonstrated a reversal of pregnancy-induced maternal plasma hypotonicity that occurs in the near term (20 days) pregnant rats. We sought to determine whether the relative maternal plasma hypertonicity continues in the postterm period. Study design Rat gestation (normal, 21 days) was prolonged with subcutaneous progesterone injection. Pregnant rats at gestation, 18 days, 21 days, and 24 days and nonpregnant rats were studied. Maternal and fetal hematocrit levels, plasma osmolality, electrolyte levels, and amniotic fluid volume were determined. In addition, maternal and fetal tissues were analyzed for water and electrolyte content. Results Compared with term (21days), postterm pregnant rats (24 days) had a significant increase in maternal and fetal plasma osmolality (293.7±1.4 mOsm/kg vs 302.8±3.7 mOsm/kg and 301.0±2.0 mOsm/kg vs 310.3±3.2 mOsm/kg, respectively; P P Conclusion These results indicate that the near-term reversal of maternal plasma hypotonicity that has been observed previously is further accentuated in the postterm pregnancy. This continued hypertonicity may induce a fetal-to-maternal water flow and contribute to postterm oligohydramnios and increased fetal morbidity and mortality rates.
On the Optimal Selection of k in the k-Anonymity Problem

When disseminating data involving human subjects, researchers have to weigh in the requirements of privacy of the individuals involved in the data. A model widely used for enhancing individual privacy is k-anonymity, where an individual data record is rendered similar to k - 1 other records in the data set by using generalization and/or suppression operations on the data attributes. The drawback of this model is that such transformations result in considerable loss of information that is proportional to the choice of k. Studies in this context have so far focused on minimizing the information loss for some given value of k. However, owing to the presence of outliers, a specified k value may or may not be obtainable. Further, an exhaustive analysis is required to determine a k value that fits the loss constraint specified by a data publisher. In this paper, we formulate a multi-objective optimization problem to illustrate that the decision on k can be much more informed than being a choice solely based on the privacy requirement. The optimization problem is intended to resolve the issue of data privacy when data suppression is not allowed in order to obtain a particular value of k. An evolutionary algorithm is employed here to provide this insight.
Lack of long-term monoamine depletions following repeated or continuous exposure to cocaine

Cocaine was administered to rats for prolonged periods either by repeated injections (10 mg/kg twice daily for 10 days and 12.5 mg/kg 8 times daily for 10 days) or by continuous intravenous infusion (100 mg/kg/day for 21 days). None of the regimens produced long-lasting depletions of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), or major metabolites in striatum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, or somatosensory cortex. These results suggest that prolonged exposure to cocaine does not produce neurotoxicity like that observed with d-amphetamine or d-methylamphetamine.
Preparation of pure and chemically substituted XBa2Cu4O8 via freeze-dried nitrates

Abstract Samples of single phase YBa 2 Cu 4 O 8 (124) and Y(Sr x Ba 1− x ) 2 Cu 4 O 8 ( x ⩽0.4) and primary phase Y 1− x C x Ba 2 Cu 4 O 8 (0.1⩽ x ⩽0.2) have been prepared below 800°C at 1 atm oxygen pressure and without the aid of catalysts via freeze-dried nitrate precursors. Samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and microwave absorption/ susceptibility techniques. Below 675°C, the stable phase assemblage was determined to be Y 2 O 3 +CuO+Ba 2 Cu 3 O 6− x . Pure and Sr-substituted 124 exhibited a transition temperature onset of 80 K while 10% Ca substitution increased T c to 85 K. Ca subsitutions greater than 10% were achieved, but they failed to increase T c above 85 K. Powders were produced with particle sizes as low as 0.3 μm which were ideally suited for sintering.
Housing and Heritage: Perceptions of “Culture” and its Influence among Policy-Makers and Housing Professionals in Southern and Central Appalachia

Abstract Mountainous “Appalachia” is an historically impoverished and isolated region of the USA that has in recent years experienced a wave of second home development in certain parts, resulting in a housing affordability dilemma for some towns. Some also suggest that the region is home to a distinctive “mountain culture”. In academic circles, however, the use of the very term “culture” has been criticized as unrealistically denoting something fixed and stable, and also for obscuring oppressive power relationships within a society. This study investigates whether housing professionals in the region subscribe to fixed or fluid notions of Appalachian culture and discusses the implications for housing policy and planning practice that may follow.
Metabolism of Radiolabeled Glucose by Mouse Oocytes and Oocyte-Cumulus Cell Complexes

This study was carried out to examine the metabolism of [1-14C]-, [6-14C]-, and [5-3H]glucose by oocyte-cumulus cell complexes (OCC) and denuded oocytes (DO) and to test the hypothesis that metabolism of glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway is associated with meiotic induction. OCC or DO were cultured in hanging drops suspended from the cap of a microfuge tube, with NaOH serving as a trap to collect released 3H2O or 14CO2. Preliminary experiments established that this culture system supports both spontaneous and ligand-induced meiotic maturation. An initial time course experiment (1.5-6 h) showed that hypoxanthine-treated OCC from eCG-primed animals metabolized glucose principally via glycolysis, with an increase to 2.7-fold in response to FSH. Though more [1-14C]glucose was oxidized than [6-14C]glucose, its metabolism was about two orders of magnitude less than that of [5-3H]glucose. Also, FSH significantly increased oxidation of [1-14C]glucose but not [6-14C]glucose, indicating a preferential activation of the pentose phosphate pathway. Pyrroline carboxylate, an activator of the pentose phosphate pathway, increased the activity of this pathway to over 2-fold but failed to affect glucose oxidation through the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Glycolytic metabolism was increased by 25%. The addition of pyruvate to pyruvate-free medium resulted in significant reduction in the metabolism of all three glucose analogues. In OCC retrieved from hCG-injected, primed mice and cultured under hormone-free conditions, metabolic responses were similar to those in FSH-treated complexes cultured in hypoxanthine. DO metabolized glucose, but at a much reduced rate when compared to OCC. Pyruvate reduced the consumption of all three glucose analogues by DO. Pyrroline carboxylate reduced [5-3H]glucose metabolism by DO but had little effect on [1-14C]- and [6-14C]glucose oxidation. These data demonstrate metabolism of glucose by both DO and OCC, but reveal that cumulus cells are more active than the oocyte in this regard. In addition, induction of maturation by FSH, hCG, or pyrroline carboxylate was accompanied by a significant increase in the oxidation of [1-14C]glucose but not [6-14C]glucose by OCC, supporting a proposed role for the pentose phosphate pathway in meiotic induction.
Providing Spark and Stability: The Role of Intermediary Organizations in Establishing School-Based Youth-Adult Partnerships

The term “youth-adult partnership” increasingly is being used to define a relationship in which both youth and adults have the potential to contribute to decision making processes, to learn from one another, and to promote change. Establishing a relationship with an intermediary organization can provide much needed stability and sustainability to youth-adult partnerships–especially in school settings. Rather than creating generalizable findings, this article focuses on hypothesis generation regarding the ways in which an intermediary organization can provide the needed training and support to school-based youth-adult partnerships. Using a combination of case-study and survey data, the study finds that youth-adult partnerships need help with: youth leadership skill development, team building, project development, and targeted training for adults. Technical assistance needs vary depending on whether groups need to create a spark that will build the idea of a youth-adult partnership or to create stability fo...
CFD Simulation of Propeller and Tunnel Thruster Performance

In the present study, the hydrodynamic performance of a typical North Sea dynamic positioning (DP) shuttle tanker consisting of two main propellers, two rudders, and two bow tunnel thrusters is investigated by solving Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for a viscous flow. The focus of the numerical simulation is on the performance of propellers/rudders and bow tunnel thrusters considering the hydrodynamic interactions between propellers/thrusters, hull and current. The numerical model includes hull, propeller, rudder, bow tunnel thruster and flow field.First, an analysis of a propeller performance in open water is carried out by calculating the coefficient of thrust, torque, and propeller efficiency. Then, rudders are included in the analysis for the assessment of propeller/rudder performance. The pressure distribution on rudders, rudder’s drag and lift coefficients for different angles of attack, and flow field around the rudder are obtained. The interaction effects between propeller, rudder, ship hull, as well as bow tunnel thruster and ship hull are analyzed by adding detailed ship hull geometry in the computational domain. The tunnel thruster efficiency reduction due to current and ventilation is also analyzed. The presence of current leads to significant changes in the flow velocity and distribution of pressure in the tunnel outflow area as well as significant deflection of the propeller jet emitting from the tunnel. A comparison between Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and model test results of flow features near the tunnel area with various current speeds is presented.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Overvaluation and undervaluation of women job applicants: How general are the vagaries of sex bias?

Using a realistic managerial task, 288 college students evaluated a man or woman who was applying for a male sex-typed job: stockbroker or football photographer. Applicants were either demonstrably skilled or unknown in ability. Contrary to expectations, skilled women were not overvalued when compared with similarly skilled men. Additionally, women with inadequate information about their ability were not undervalued compared with men. No differences attributable to applicant sex were obtained. Ability information significantly improved ratings of stockbroker applicants, but did not effect football photographer applicants. The generality of prior overvaluation findings obtained by Heilman, Martell, and Simon (1988) is reexamined.
Alkyl-substituted poly(2,5-benzophenone)s synthesized via Ni(0)-catalyzed coupling of aromatic dichlorides and their miscible blends

High molecular weight poly(2,5-benzophenone) derivatives were prepared by Ni(0)-catalyzed coupling of 4'-substituted 2,5-dichlorobenzophenones. Monomers were synthesized by the Friedel-Crafts reaction of 2,5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride and alkyl-substituted benzenes in the presence of aluminum chloride. The resulting polymers are soluble and show no evidence of crystallinity by DSC. Number average molecular weights are in the range of 9.2 × 10 3 -11.7 × 10 3 g/mol by multiple angle laser light scattering (MALLS). Molecular weights obtained by MALLS are only slightly lower (∼90%) than those obtained by GPC (polystyrene standards). These polymers exhibit high thermal stability with glass transition temperatures ranging from 173 to 225°C and weight loss occurring above 450°C in nitrogen and 430°C in air. Additionally, the polymers were blended and the resulting polymer films appear to be miscible by DSC results.
Preparation of Water-Soluble Polymers via the Mannich Reaction

Abstract The Mannich reaction, defined as the condensation of ammonia or a primary or secondary amine with formaldehyde and a compound containing at least one hydrogen atom of pronounced activity, was first shown to yield polymers from suitably selected reactants as early as 1946 [l]. Surprisingly, very few further attempts to utilize this interesting reaction in polymer formation have been reported in the literature.
Airborne lidar measurements of smoke plume distribution, vertical transmission, and particle size

Observations were made of a dense smoke plume downwind from a forest fire using the ALPHA-1 two-wavelength downward-looking airborne lidar system. Facsimile displays derived from lidar signatures depict plume dimensions, boundary layer height, and underlying terrain elevation. Surface returns are interpreted in terms of vertical transmission as function of cross-plume distance. Results show significantly greater plume attenuation at 0.53-μm wavelength than at 1.06-μm, indicating ~0.1-μm mean particle diameters or the presence of gaseous constituents that absorb the visible radiation. These results demonstrate the potential of multiple-wavelength airborne lidar for quantitative analysis of atmospheric particulate and gaseous constituents.
Sigmoidoscopic screening for colorectal neoplasia: A comparison of residents in obstetrics and gynecology to those in internal medicine in a military medical center

Abstract Objective: To determine the effectiveness of a flexible sigmoidoscopy training program integrated into an Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBG) residency program. Methods: All patients undergoing screening flexible sigmoidoscopies performed by either OBG or Internal Medicine (IM) residents between July 1997 and March 1998 were evaluated. All patients were asymptomatic, of average risk for colorectal cancer, and referred for screening flexible sigmoidoscopy by their primary care physician. The primary outcome measured was a comparison between IM and OBG residents in number of precancerous adenomas diagnosed and confirmed by biopsy. Secondary outcome measures included completeness of exam, and secondary diagnoses in each group. Results: There were 425 patients evaluated (210 by OBG residents, 215 by IM residents). The number of precancerous adenomas confirmed by biopsy were 43 (20.5%) by the OBG residents and 25 (11.6%) by the IM residents (p=0.01). There was a significant difference in frequency of adenomas identified in male patients by the OBG group compared to the male patients in the IM group, 35.3% vs. 14.6% respectively, p Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that a flexible sigmoidoscopy training program for residents in OBG is not only feasible but effective. Abnormality detection rates are similar to those in an IM teaching program.
The heat of fusion of polybutene‐1

Through x-ray diffraction, the changes in the unit-cell parameters of crystal forms I and II of polybutene-1 were followed from room temperature to the melting point. These data were combined with the results of other measurements to computer the heats and entropies of fusion by use of the Clapeyron equation.
Psychotherapy as an eductional process

Clients in psychotherapy with social workers, psychiatrists and psychologists learn things that they did not know previously. This learning modifies their view of reality and themselves. Clients learn that their problems are, to an extent universal, interpersonal—both “out from” themselves and “to” themselves from others, due to experiences in their past in their families, perhaps solvable by identifying with successful others, often due to unrealistic expectations about themselves, others and existence in general. Successful therapy is marked by culture-building interaction by the client and the therapist with the client's subjective understanding modified to enable greater autonomous action.
Axiomatizing collective judgment sets in a minimal logical language

We investigate under what conditions a given set of collective judgments can arise from a specific voting procedure. In order to answer this question, we introduce a language similar to modal logic for reasoning about judgment aggregation procedures. In this language, the formula $$\square \varphi$$ expresses that $$\varphi$$ is collectively accepted, or that $$\varphi$$ is a group judgment based on voting. Different judgment aggregation procedures may be underlying the group decision making. Here we investigate majority voting, where $$\square \varphi$$ holds if a majority of individuals accepts $$\varphi$$ , consensus voting, where $$\square \varphi$$ holds if all individuals accept $$\varphi$$ , and dictatorship. We provide complete axiomatizations for judgment sets arising from all three aggregation procedures.
A hike through post-EJB J2EE Web application architecture

Since the mid-nineties, server-based Web applications have emerged as a convenient way to provide functionality to a user audience without any specific software or system requirements except the need for a reasonably up-to-date Web browser. The tricky integration, installation, and configuration tasks are under the control of an expert on the server side. These advantages apply to both the general public and small research teams. Typical Web applications have browser-based user interfaces for one or more user roles and might keep some information in persistent storage, such as a relational database. Since the early days of common gateway interface (CGI) scripting, technologies for developing Web applications have evolved by leaps and bounds to address growing expectations with respect to reliability, maintainability, extensibility, performance, scalability, and other goals. In this article - the first in a planned series about Web application development - we take an exploratory hike through the architectural layers of a Web application built with state-of-the-art, widely used technologies. The paper focus on the upper layers that provide the application's user interface. By no means intended as a complete treatise on Web application development, this article is an overview meant to spark your interest and provide a starting Doint for further exploration.
An essential virulence protein of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, VirB4, requires an intact mononucleotide binding domain to function in transfer of T-DNA

The 11 gene products of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens virB operon, together with the VirD4 protein, are proposed to form a membrane complex which mediates the transfer of T-DNA to plant cells. This study examined one putative component of that complex, VirB4. A deletion of the virB4 gene on the Ti plasmid pTiA6NC was constructed by replacing the virB4 gene with the kanamycin resistance-conferring nptII gene. The virB4 gene was found to be necessary for virulence on plants and for the transfer of IncQ plasmids to recipient cells of A. tumefaciens. Genetic complementation of the deletion strain by the virB4 gene under control of the virB promoter confirmed that the deletion was nonpolar on downstream virB genes. Genetic complementation was also achieved with the virB4 gene placed under control of the lac promoter, even though synthesis of the VirB4 protein from this promoter is far below wild-type levels. Having shown a role for the VirB4 protein in DNA transfer, lysine-439, found within the conserved mononucleotide binding domain of VirB4, was changed to a glutamic acid, methionine, or arginine by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. virB4 genes bearing these mutations were unable to complement the virB4 deletion for either virulence or for IncQ transfer, showing that an intact mononucleotide binding site is necessary for the function of VirB4 in DNA transfer. The necessity of the VirB4 protein with an intact mononucleotide binding site for extracellular complementation of virE2 mutants was also shown. In merodiploid studies, lysine-439 mutations present in trans decreased IncQ plasmid transfer frequencies, suggesting that VirB4 functions within a complex to facilitate DNA transfer.
EFFECT OF MUSIC ON SPATIAL PERFORMANCE: A TEST OF GENERALITY

Previous attempts by various researchers to replicate the enhancement of spatial performance following 10 min. exposure to music have been inconsistent in their findings. In the present study 16 subjects showed reliable improvement on a paper-folding-and-cutting task after listening to Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D major, as employed by others. The enhanced performance was also noted for 16 other subjects after listening to a contemporary selection having similar musical characteristics. In both cases the control procedure included 10 min. of listening to a progressive relaxation tape.
S40-01 - Psychiatry during pregnancy

1. Psychotropic medications and use of other treatment modalities for major psychiatric disorders in pregnancy. Victoria Passov, M.D. 2. Chemical dependency issues in pregnancy and treatment modalities currently available. Catherine Friedman, M.D. 3. Developmental outcomes on children born to mothers with psychiatric illness: complications in children of mothers who received treatment for their psychiatric conditions during pregnancy, as well as developmental and psychological consequences in kids born to untreated mothers will be discussed. Leo Passov, M.D. 4. Psychology of reproductive loss and guidelines for helping families cope with the trauma of a miscarriage or stillbirth. We will discuss what makes reproductive loss unique and the physical and psychological sequelae that women experience after the loss of a pregnancy. Jennifer Alt, M.D.
Use of the isozyme technique to assess the quality of mass-reared sterile screwworm flies.

In 1975 and 1976, the distribution of genotypes among 2 polymorphic loci present in 3 populations of adults of the screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), was compared. The significant deviations in the distributions of genotypes at the α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GDH) locus between the pre- and post-release mass reared insect indicated that a proportion of the flies produced during 1975 did not perform or survive as expected, genotypic frequencies of the α-GDH alleles among the pre-release and native flies were strikingly different, and genotypic frequencies (especially that of heterozygotes) among post-release flies demonstrated a shift toward the frequencies present in the native population. After introduction of a new strain of flies genetically more similar to the native population in regard to allelic frequencies of α-GDH in 1976, no differences in the distributions of genotypes were detected among pre- and post-release insects. Frequencies of heterozygous α-GDH genotypes among native and post-release flies appeared to be correlated with average daily temperature; the greater the average temperature, the greater the frequency of the heterozygotes.
Vapour pressures and saturated-liquid volumes for heavy fossil fuel fractions from a perturbed hard-chain equation of state

Abstract A semitheoretical equation of state has been used to correlate residual thermodynamic properties of heavy hydrocarbons. The correlation requires three characteristic molecular parameters obtained from liquid density and vapour pressure data. These parameters are presented for 61 hydrocarbons with molecular weights up to 560 and are correlated with molecular weight and structural features. The correlation is extended to narrow-boiling fractions. Molecular parameters for such fractions are obtained from experimental characterization data (molecular weight, aromaticity, naphthenicity and number of methyl groups per molecule). Calculated vapour pressures and liquid densities are in reasonable agreement with new experimental results obtained from Belridge crude oil.
Integrating general education outcomes into a senior design capstone experience

The paper presents an innovative way of integrating general education outcomes into a capstone, senior design course sequence. The general education learning objectives defined by the California State University system and San Jose State University in particular are presented in the paper along with their counterparts from Student Outcomes of ABET Criterion 3. Specific assignments designed to address both are also discussed. Although the motivation for this integration was a State mandated unit reduction throughout the California State University system, the integration serves students well, as they can better see the relevance of their general education in their engineering work.
African Atrocity, American Humanity: Slavery and Its Transnational Afterlives

This essay argues that contemporary American conceptions of African atrocity are haunted by the specter of slavery, which structures the ways in which a relation between the United States and Africa is imagined. Francis Bok’s memoir, Escape from Slavery (2003), and Dave Eggers’s novel What Is the What (2006) reveal the stakes of this literary haunting, where the canonical Atlantic genre of the antebellum slave narrative is called into play to narrate contemporary Sudanese stories, thus refashioning the politics of race and diaspora for a neoliberal age. Reading for the formal and ideological exchanges between subject, author, and amanuensis, the essay shows how the discourse of modern slavery relies on sentimental humanism to generate a seemingly new way for Americans to imagine themselves as global citizens, constituting themselves as global via their humanitarian empathy for the African victim of atrocity.