cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PREMATURE TERMINATION: A CLINICAL STUDY

Ten patients who terminated prematurely from 10 different therapy groups were interviewed using a semistructured interview protocol. Half the subjects were patients in private therapy groups; the other half were patients in clinic therapy groups. Among the issues inquired about were subjects' initial attitudes about group treatment; the nature of the preparation process; subjects' experience of the group therapist, other group members, and the group process; their reasons for leaving their groups; and the nature of the termination process. The findings reported focus on patients' perceptions of therapists' motives; the importance of establishing appropriate treatment goals; the handling of negative feelings about the group and/or the group therapist; the issue of narcissistic injury; the experience of the balance between giving and receiving; the difficulties caused by unresolved conflicts within groups; and the problems posed by inadequate preparation for the group experience. Guidelines for practices aimed at minimizing premature terminations are offered.
Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Abuse, and Cigarette Smoking Risk in Adolescents

This study sought to examine the impact of being a victim of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual abuse (SA) on tobacco smoking behaviors in high school students. Using a national sample of 16,410 adolescents (52 % male), results indicated that exposure to either IPV or SA served as a risk factor for several risky smoking behaviors, such as smoking cigarettes daily, initiating smoking prior to age 13, and smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day. Additionally, adolescents who endorsed both IPV and SA were at an even greater risk of endorsing these risky smoking behaviors. Findings suggest that future intervention and prevention efforts that target IPV and SA in adolescents may help decrease the incidence of smoking behaviors in adolescents.
One Step Towards Bridging the Materials Gap: Surface Studies of TiO2 Anatase

Abstract We present a short overview of surface studies on the main low-index surfaces of anatase, the technologically most interesting crystallographic form of titanium dioxide. Results are compared to the extensively investigated surfaces of TiO2 rutile. The anatase (1 0 1) surface is stable in a (1×1) configuration. It exhibits twofold coordinated (bridging) oxygen atoms and fivefold coordinated Ti atoms with a density comparable to the one found on rutile (1 1 0). Step edges are terminated by fourfold coordinated Ti sites. In contrast to rutile (1 1 0), anatase (1 0 1) does not show a strong tendency for losing twofold coordinated oxygen atoms upon annealing in ultrahigh vacuum. The apparent lack of point defects is also reflected in the adsorption/desorption behavior of water and methanol. The anatase (1 0 0) surface has the second-lowest surface energy and tends to from a (1×2) reconstruction. A model with (1 0 1)-oriented microfacets agrees with the observed features in atomically-resolved STM images. The (0 0 1) surface forms a (1×4) reconstruction that is well explained by an ‘ad-molecule’ model predicted from density functional theory calculations. A (1×3) reconstruction was observed for the anatase (1 0 3) surface.
Differential agonist modulation of the cloned opioid receptors reveals distinct cellular mechanisms of receptor regulation

Abstract Tolerance is a limitation to the clinical use of opioids. A cellular basis of tolerance may involve receptor downregulation/desensitization after exposure to agonists. We have investigated the effects of agonist pretreatments of cells expressing the cloned rat mu, and mouse delta and kappa receptors on both subsequent radioligand binding and coupling to adenylyl cyclase. Agonist pretreatment of cells expressing kappa and delta receptors diminished subsequent labelling of thoroughly washed membranes with agonist. Antagonist binding to the delta receptor was also diminished, but antagonist binding to the kappa receptor was unaffected. Neither agonist nor antagonist binding to the mu receptor was affected by agonist pretreatment. The loss of agonist binding to the delta and kappa receptors was paralleled by a loss of the ability of agonists to inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation. The mu receptor, in contrast, did not functionally desensitize. Desensitization of the kappa, but not delta, receptor could be blocked by cotransfection of the receptors with a dominant negative mutant of β-adrenergic receptor kinase. The mechanisms underlying the development of tolerance to opioid agents are likely multiple and divergent for the different receptor types.
A Synthesis Of Two Social Psychologies

Sociological social psychology (symbolic interactionism) and psychological social psychology (cognitive social psychology) both are rooted in German phenomenology, yet the two have proceeded in different directions. Sociological social psychology is largely an abstract and qualitative enterprise, while psychological social psychology is largely an empirical and quantitative body of work. The reluctance of either social psychology to span the full range of the abstract-concrete continuum seems to be based on some epistemological difficulties that are no longer considered problems by many philosophers of science. Employing a model developed by Robinson (1968), the present paper shows how the apparent gaps between the abstract and concrete levels may be bridged by a system of propositional statements at the middle-range level. The unity of the two social psychologies is thus made apparent. As a consequence of this bridging, the symbolic interactionists are provided with a large number of empirical studies that lend credence to their basic assumptions, and the psychologically oriented social psychologists receive a rich theoretical structure to organize and enhance their low-level theories and the findings that have come from tests of these theories.
Magnetic resonance imaging for planning aortic endograft procedures

Patients with aortic aneurysms and renal insufficiency are at an increased risk when conventional imaging modalities (contrast enhancing computed tomography and arteriography) are used for aortic endograft design. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a nonionizing, noninvasive alternative to standard measurement techniques. Reliable diameter and length measurements can be obtained with MRI at a computer workstation without the use of iodinated radiologic contrast agents. The authors describe their experience with the use of magnetic resonance angiography as the sole imaging modality for aortic endograft design. Although not without limitations, MRI can be an effective measurement tool, particularly in patients who are at high risk of complications related to conventional imaging.
Effect of a Large Managed Care Program on Emergency Department Use: Results From the CHAMPUS Reform Initiative Evaluation

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the effect of the CHAMPUS Reform Initiative (CRI) on emergency department use and charges, and to ascertain whether any reductions were concentrated among repeat users of the ED, those with less serious ED diagnoses, or those with selected chronic medical conditions. Methods: Participants were approximately 1.2 million beneficiaries of the Civilian Health and Medical Program of Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS) residing within either 11 military hospital catchment areas in California and Hawaii ("demonstration areas") or 11 matched control areas in other parts of the United States. Under CRI, participants were offered a choice of the standard CHAMPUS indemnity plan, a Preferred Provider Organization– type plan, or a network-model Health Maintenance Organization plan. Beneficiaries were encouraged to use alternatives to the ED for nonemergency conditions. Visits to civilian EDs during two 12-month periods, before and after institution of CRI, were compared. Results: Under CRI, the number of CHAMPUS ED visits decreased by approximately 40% relative to the control, and allowed charges fell by almost 50%. Relative reductions in ED use under CRI were seen among both frequent and infrequent users of the ED. ED case-mix severity increased modestly relative to control (+3.5% versus +.9%). ED use among patients with diabetes, hypertension, and asthma fell sharply in the demonstration areas (by 14% to 41%) but rose in control areas (by 4% to 9%). Conclusion: In one of the largest managed care demonstrations ever conducted, a nonintrusive use management program and improved access to outpatient care appeared to reduce ED use, allowed charges, and costs to the government. Reductions in ED use were concentrated to some extent among repeat users and patients with less severe illnesses and were effected without capitation of provider groups or strict gatekeeping requirements. [Kravitz RL, Zwanziger J, Hosek S, Polich S, Sloss E, McCaffrey D: Effect of a large managed care program on emergency department use: Results from the CHAMPUS reform initiative evaluation. Ann Emerg Med June 1998;31:741-748.]
Does Foreign Aid Cause the Adoption of Harmful Economic Policies

Abstract This paper presents a model that admits the possibility and tests the theory that foreign aid can induce a government to choose long-term harmful economic policies. The results of this evaluation show very little significant evidence suggesting this link between foreign aid and distortionary economic policies.
Short-term effects of tartar emetic on re-sighting rates of migratory songbirds in the non-breeding season

Forced regurgitation by oral administration of tartar emetic has been used frequently to examine avian diets because it does not require killing birds directly, but indirect (delayed) mortality by this technique is not well studied. We examined the effects of tartar emetic on re-sighting rates of insectivorous migratory songbirds in Jamaica during the non-breeding season. The re-sighting rate of Black-throated Blue Warblers (Dendroica caeru- lescens) experimentally treated with tartar emetic was significantly lower than for control birds. The re-sighting rates of American Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla), Black-and-white Warblers (Mniotilta varia), and Prairie Warblers (Den- droica discolor) treated with tartar emetic were also lower than those of birds that were banded and released without treatment. Pre-release mortality rates were low ( ,3%), but two treated Black-throated Blue Warblers were found dead up to 22 h after release. Our results suggest application of tartar emetic is an effective but invasive method for collecting diet samples from birds. Researchers should consider alternatives, and future administration of tartar emetic should be conducted conservatively and with acknowledgment of its occasionally lethal results. SINOPSIS. Efecto a corto alcance de emeticos de tartaro en la tasa de reavistamiento durante la temporada no reproductiva de aves canoras migratorias La utilizacion de emeticos tartaricos para forzar el vomitar, ha sido utilizado con mucha frecuencia para examinar la dieta de aves. Estas sustancias son utilizadas porque no requieren el matar el pajaro, pero la mortalidad causada indirectamente por esta tecnica no ha sido estudiada. Estudiamos el efecto de estas sustancias en la tasa de reavis- tamiento, durante la e no reproductiva, de aves canoras que pasan el invierno en Jamaica. La tasa de reavis- tamiento de Dendroica caerulescens fue significativamente menor que la del grupo control. La tasa de reavistamiento de Setophaga ruticilla, Mniotilta varia, Dendroica discolor, tratado con el emetico resultotambien mas baja que aquellas aves que fueron capturaras, anilladas y luego liberadas. La tasa de mortalidad pre-liberacion resultobaja ( ,3%), pero dos aves (D. caerulescens) fueron encontradas muertas 22 horas mas tarde de haber sido liberada. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la aplicacion de emeticos de tartaro es un me invasivo pero efectivo para coleccionar muestras de la dieta de aves. Los investigadores deben buscar otros metodos como alternativa. La administracion futura de estos emeticos debe llevarse acabo conservadoramente con el conocimientos de que oca- sionalmente van a resultar letales.
A multiwire microelectrode for single unit recording in deep brain structures.

Abstract A method is described by which a single shaft multiwire microelectrode can be fabricated efficiently. The resulting electrode can be attached to a commercial microdrive and used for single neuronal unit recording from one or more tracks in deep brain structures of anesthetized or awake animals. The electrode consists of a 30 gauge stainless steel cannula through which multiple strands of 13 μm insulated tungsten microwires are threaded. At the electrode tip the wires protude 3–4 mm from the cannula and are cut individually at suitable offsets. The tip is stabilized and fixed to the cannula with cyanoacrylate. At the base of the electrode the wires are threaded through flexible plastic tubing that provides strain relief and are glued to individual pins of a miniature connector that plugs into a field effect transistor (FET) voltage follower. Good single unit recordings have been obtained routinely from the basal ganglia of awake, behaving monkeys with this electrode.
A survey of emergency department communicable disease reporting practices

A group of physicians, nurses, and administrators at all 11 hospitals in the District of Columbia were interviewed to elucidate each hospital emergency department's (ED) system for patient and public health notification of the diagnosis of legally reportable communicable diseases. The hospitals' reporting systems were divided into two groups. Three hospitals (27%) had reporting systems that were centered in the emergency department (EDS). Eight hospitals (73%) had disease reporting systems that depended primarily on extradepartmental personnel (HBS) for disease reporting. The EDS outperformed the HBS in several key areas of system performance. Greater attention needs to be paid by ED directors to assuring that their hospital's system is as accurate as possible and fulfills their jurisdiction's legal requirements for communicable disease reporting.
Thermal Vacuum/Balance Test Results of Swift BAT with Loop Heat Pipe Thermal System

The Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) Detector Array is thermally well coupled to eight constant conductance heat pipes (CCHPs) embedded in the Detector Array Plate PAP), and two loop heat pipes (LHPs) transport heat from the CCHPs to a radiator. The CCHPs have ammonia as the working fluid and the LHPs have propylene as the working fluid. Precision heater controllers, which have adjustable set points in flight, are used to control the LHP compensation chamber and Detector Array xA1 ASIC temperatures. The radiator has AZ-Tek's AZW-LA-II low solar absorptance white paint as the thermal coating, and is located on the anti-sun side of the spacecraft. A thermal balance (T/B) test on the BAT was successfully completed. It validated that the thermal design satisfies the temperature requirements of the BAT in the flight thermal environments. Instrument level and observatory level thermal vacuum (TN) cycling tests of the BAT Detector Array by using the LHP thermal system were successfully completed. This paper presents the results of the T/B test and T N cycling tests.
CONSIDERING EXCHANGE RATE MOVEMENTS IN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS

ABSTRACT One of the major risks encountered in economic evaluation of foreign direct investment is the changes in future exchange rates that may affect the accuracy of the estimated economic worm of the investment. The objective of this article is to present a model for reducing the uncertainty associated with changes in foreign exchange rates when conducting economic evaluations of foreign direct investments. The model uses the Purchasing Power Parity Theorem and weighted averages for creating a procedural approach in which future changes in exchange rates are considered and included in the calculation of an overall profitability measure.
Tyrosine hydroxylase- and/or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase-containing cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).

Abstract Catecholamines, including dopamine (DA), affect the activity of cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, the principal circadian clock in mammals. This study examined the distribution of dopaminergic cells in the SCN of the male Syrian hamster, using both single- and double-label immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in DA synthesis and for aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), the second enzyme needed to produce DA. Some neurons immunopositive for TH (TH+) were found in the SCN, but most of the TH+ cells of the region were located just outside the borders of the nucleus, as defined by pyronin Y staining. In the SCN, 91% of these cells were also immunopositive for AADC and thus, likely to be dopaminergic. Cells positive for AADC, many of which were not TH+, were found throughout the SCN, with the highest concentration seen in the ventral aspects of the nucleus. Cells containing AADC, but lacking TH may synthesize products other than DA, such as trace amines. These anatomical observations suggest that local neurons that produce DA and perhaps trace amines, may play a role in SCN function and in the neural control of circadian rhythms.
Discover common properties of human observers' visual search and mathematical observers' scanning PART II: emperical studies using human and model observers

In a companion paper, we proposed the well-delineated-object conjecture to describe a rational observer’s behavior in a search task. We discovered two intrinsic properties to describe the performance of rational search observers: rationality in classification and location uncertainty. We proposed to use the location-known-exactly (LKE) ROC curve and the effective number of well-delineated objects or effective set size (M*) to quantify these two properties. The purpose of this paper is to develop an experimental framework to test the conjecture that was put forward in the companion paper. In particular, for each observer, we designed experiments to measure LKE ROC curve and M*, which were then used to predict the same observer’s performance in other search tasks. The predictions were then compared to the experimentally measured observer performance. Our results indicate that modeling the search performance using the LKE ROC curve and M* leads to successful predictions in most cases.
Association Between Antihypertensive Medication Use and Non-cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Men

Background Antihypertensive drugs are prescribed commonly in older adults for their beneficial cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects, but few studies have assessed antihypertensive drugs’ adverse effects on non-cardiovascular outcomes in routine clinical practice.
Measuring similarity between dynamic ensembles of biomolecules.

An approach for quantifying the similarity between dynamic ensembles of biomolecular structures is described and applied to RNA ensembles studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations.
The design and implementation of Genesis

Although code optimizations are necessary to parallelize code, few guidelines exist for determining when and where to apply optimizations to produce the most efficient code. The order of applying optimizations can also have an impact on the efficiency of the final target code. However, determining the appropriate optimizations is difficult due to the complex interactions among the optimizations, scheduler and architecture. To aid in selecting appropriate optimizations, an optimizer generator (Genesis) is presented that produces an optimizer from specifications of optimizations. This paper describes the design and implementation of Genesis and demonstrates how such a generator could be used by optimizer designers. Some experiences with the generator are also described.
Optical third-harmonic investigations of gallium nitride nucleation layers on sapphire

The magnitude of the χ xxxx (3) element of the third-order optical susceptibility was measured in a series of wurtzite phase GaN nucleation layers (∼450A) deposited on (00.1) sapphire at 540°C and annealed to various temperatures up to 1050°C. The nonlinear optical response exhibited a significant increase in films that were annealed to temperatures in the range of 1015 to 1050°C. In addition, the correlation between the magnitude of χ xxxx (3) with both the maximum value of the linear absorbance gradient and the residual homogeneous strain in the overlayer suggests that variations in the crystalline content of the film and the bonding distance between the Ga and N atoms are primary factors in determining the third-order nonlinearity in GaN.
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura: What does the ‘Rash” Look Like in the Gastrointestinal Mucosa?

Two patients are reported with Henoch-Schonlein purpura, one with the typical presenting sign of purpuric skin lesions, the other whose diagnosis was made on the basis of endoscopic examination in the absence of an initial cutaneous eruption.
High efficiency, multiple layer ZnO acoustic transducers at millimeter‐wave frequencies

We have fabricated multiple layer ZnO acoustic transducers for highly efficient sound wave generation at millimeter‐wave frequencies. The transducers consist of half‐wave‐thick layers of ZnO with alternating crystal structure. The two‐way untuned conversion loss values were 27 dB near 29 GHz and 50 dB at 96 GHz measured at liquid nitrogen temperatures.
Synthesis of the 123I- and 125I-labeled cholinergic nerve marker (-)-5-iodobenzovesamicol

Abstract The highly toxic curaremimetic and cholinergic neuron marker (−)-5-iodobenzovesamicol (IBVM) has been labeled with iodine-125 and iodine-123. [ 125 I]IBVM, suitable for animal distribution and ex vivo autoradiographic studies, was synthesized by solid-state exchange; isolated yields were 65–89% with specific activities in the range of 130–200 Ci/mmol. The synthesis of no-carrier-added (−)-5-[ 125 I]IBVM from the corresponding chiral (−)-5-(tri- n -butyltin) derivative using Na 125 I was evaluated using the oxidants H 2 O 2 , peracetic acid and chloramine-T. Both peracetic acid and chloramine-T gave good yields (70–95%). However, when Na 123 I was utilized, acceptable yields of [ 123 I]IBVM were obtained only with chloramine-T. Use of the latter oxidant did produce 5-chlorobenzovesamicol which was eliminated during HPLC purification. After optimization of the reaction parameters, [ 123 I]IBVM in batch sizes of 10–27 mCi, is routinely obtained with a specific activity of 30–70,000 Ci/mmol, radiochemical purity (>97%) and chiral purity (>98%). Isolated radiochemical yields have averaged 71% ( N = 40). Distribution analyses of [ 125 I]IBVM and [ 123 I]IBVM in mice 4 h following intravenous administration show essentially equivalent concentrations of the two tracers in the four brain regions sampled. The exceptionally high specific activity of [ 123 I]IBVM has made possible the evaluation of this radiotracer in humans.
Prenatal diagnosis of urinary tract malformation

Malformation of the urinary tract (UT) is among the most common of all congenital malformations. Prior to the common usage of prenatal ultrasound, these anomalies were undetected until pediatric complications prompted investigation. When diagnosed and treated in early infancy, children with urinary tract malformations have a much better prognosis than when diagnosis is delayed beyond 1–2 years. Since the first report of the prenatal diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease by Garrett et al. in 1970, most forms of congenital urinary tract malformation have been diagnosed antenatally with the use of sonography. A review of the normal and abnormal development of the urinary system, some genetic aspects of UT malformations, and an overiew of the major UT anomalies and their prenatal diagnosis is presented.
Cross-linking with ultraviolet-a and riboflavin reduces corneal permeability.

Purpose. To investigate the effect of cross-linking treatment on corneal permeability in a live animal model.
A hypusine-eIF5A-PEAK1 switch regulates the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer.

Deregulation of protein synthesis is a hallmark of cancer cell proliferation, survival, and metastatic progression. eIF5A1, and its highly related isoform eIF5A2, are translation initiation factors that have been implicated in a range of human malignancies, but how they control cancer development and disease progression is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated how eIF5A proteins regulate pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) pathogenesis. eIF5A proteins are the only known proteins regulated by a distinct posttranslational modification termed hypusination, which is catalyzed by two enzymes, deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). The highly selective nature of the hypusine modification and its amenability to pharmacological inhibition make eIF5A proteins attractive therapeutic targets. We found that the expression and hypusination of eIF5A proteins are upregulated in human PDAC tissues and in premalignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) tissues isolated from Pdx-1-Cre: LSL-KRASG12D mice. Knockdown of eIF5A proteins in PDAC cells inhibited their growth in vitro and orthotopic tumor growth in vivo, whereas amplification of eIF5A proteins increased PDAC cell growth and tumor formation in mice. Small molecule inhibitors of DHPS and DOHH both suppressed eIF5A hypusination, preventing PDAC cell growth. Interestingly, we found that eIF5A proteins regulate PDAC cell growth by modulating the expression of PEAK1, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase essential for PDAC cell growth and therapy resistance. Our findings suggest that eIF5A proteins utilize PEAK1 as a downstream effector to drive PDAC pathogenesis, and that pharmacological inhibition of the eIF5A-hypusine-PEAK1 axis may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to combat this deadly disease.
Materials for the teaching of interpretation

(1952). Materials for the teaching of interpretation. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 211-218.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the 2009 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium

The six papers in this special issue were originally presented at the 2009 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium. The papers reflect a continuing trend towards higher performance and better techniques in RFIC design practices.
Testimonios del Fracaso: Las Crónicas de la Guerra de Cochinchina

El articulo analiza dos cronicas de la campana militar que Espana llevo a cabo conjuntamente con Francia y que termino con la ocupacion de parte del territorio que despues se conoceria como la Indochina francesa. A la luz de las teorias sobre la cronica expuestas por Walter Mignolo se comprueba como los textos analizados pertenecen enteramente a este subgenero narrativo tan caracteristico de la literatura en espanol de los siglos XVI y XVII, si bien la tecnica utilizada en este caso evidencia una evolucion del genero constituyendo un testimonio del fracaso de las ambiciones coloniales de la Espana del siglo XIX, asi como una dura critica al gobierno y a la politica imperialista de las potencias occidentales en Extremo Oriente.
A Principled Approach to HPC Event Monitoring

As high-performance computing (HPC) systems become larger and more complex, fault tolerance becomes a greater concern. At the same time, the data volume collected to help in understanding and mitigating hardware and software faults and failures also becomes prohibitively large. We argue that the HPC community must adopt more systematic approaches to system event logging as opposed to the current, ad hoc, strategies based on practitioner intuition and experience. Specifically, we show that event correlation and prediction can increase our understanding of fault behavior and can become critical components of effective fault tolerance strategies. While event correlation and prediction have been used in HPC contexts, we offer new insights about their potential capabilities. Using event logs from the computer failure data repository (cfdr) (1) we use cross and partial correlations to observe conditional correlations in HPC event data; (2) we use information theory to understand the fundamental predictive power of HPC failure data; (3) we study neural networks for failure prediction; and (4) finally, we use principal component analysis to understand to what extent dimensionality reduction can apply to HPC event data. This work results in the following insights that can inform HPC event monitoring: ad hoc correlations or ones based on direct correlations can be deficient or even misleading; highly accurate failure prediction may only require small windows of failure event history; and principal component analysis can significantly reduce HPC event data without loss of relevant information.
Financial analysis of a clinical trial comparing simple estrus detection with estrus detection after prostaglandin-based appointment breeding in a commercial dairy herd in California, USA

Abstract An economic analysis of the outcomes from a clinical trial on dairy cow reproduction was performed. The trial compared two prospective cohorts from a California dairy herd of 670 cows: (1) a cohort of 56 cows initially treated with prostaglandin-F2α and appointment inseminated at 72 and 96 h post-treatment, followed in 7 days by estrus detection based breeding (PT); (2) a cohort of 53 cows that was managed strictly for estrus detection based breeding (HD). There were no significant differences between the cohorts for days in milk at conception, services per conception, or time to events. The economic analysis consisted of three parts: (1) a partial budget analysis of the two breeding strategies; (2) a deterministic decision analysis of the two practices; (3) a stochastic evaluation of the strategies. Both the deterministic and stochastic analyses used time value of money calculattions PT insemination cost the farm approximately $32 compared with an HD cost of approximately $17. However, the costs of getting the average animal pregnant were approximately respectively. Expected monetary values were $588 and $707 for PT and HD strategies, respectively. The stochastic decision analysis evaluated risks and return over 1000 simulations. It suggested that in 73% of cases an HD strategy will produce expected monetary values $170 more than the PT strategy, in 10% of cases the two will be within 4% in yield, and in 17% the PT strategy will yield $95 more than an HD program. Sensitivity analysis suggested that conception rates to estrus detection based breedings are not likely to alter the decision. However, conception rates to the appointment breeding program in conjunction with the elapsed time postpartum when the decision to breed is implemented and estrus detection rates can cause the PT strategy to be optimal. Situations where this might occur are discussed.
Two concepts of equilibrium, the equation of unified knowledge and two concepts of stability

The economic science is again in a crisis and a new solution prolegomena to any future study in economics, finance and other social sciences has just been published by the International Institute of Social Economics in care of the MCB University Press in England. The roots of the major financial and economic problems of our time lie in an open conflict between theory and practice. In the 1930s and before the conflict was between classical theory and given realities. In the 1990s the conflict appears between the now prevailing modern, Keynesian theory and the actual realities. In addition during the twentieth century a great argument developed between the two schools of thought, argument which is not yet settled. In one sentence, the prolegomena tried and was successful to solve the conflict between theory and practice and the big doctrinal dispute of the twentieth century. It was a struggle of research and observation over half a century between 1947 and 1997.
An Integrative Review of Patient Medication Compliance from 1990-1998

Abstract Purpose (1)The purpose of the integrated review was to summarize studies about medication compliance and identify their implications for research and practice. Thirty research studies exploring patient medication compliance were reviewed. Study variables related to patients included characteristics that affect compliance, common medication errors, and strategies used by patients to remember to take their medications. Other studies evaluated methods for measuring compliance and interventions for improving compliance. Conclusions (2)There has not been a “gold standard” identified for measuring compliance, therefore it is difficult to compare results due to differences in operational definitions. Dosage frequency, patient's confidence in their provider, belief in the efficacy of a drug along with acceptance of illness have been shown to have a positive effect on compliance. Implications (3)Nurses and other health care providers can promote medication compliance by developing a collaborative relationship with the patient. Education and reminders are especially important at the beginning of treatment. Further research is needed to assess the efficacy of nursing interventions to promote compliance.
Blood pressure measurement by community dentists

The benefit and implications of blood pressure (BP) measurement in dental patients are a standard curricular component of most physical evaluation courses in dental schools. However, previous research has indicated that preventive procedures such as oral cancer examinations frequently are not completed or documented. A survey of practicing dentists was conducted in a Midwest metropolitan area to determine the frequency of BP measurement and conditions under which this vital sign is likely to be measured. Two hundred four responses were obtained from a telephone survey which included questions characterizing BP measurement on the basis of patient age and medical diagnosis. The results of the survey indicated that 57.4% of respondents do not check the BP of new patients over the age of 65, while 74% do not check the BP of new patients under 30 years of age. Fourteen percent admitted never measuring BP. The results varied by graduation years and by dentist's completion of AEGD or GPR programs. The results suggest great variation in the recording of BP and the criteria which are applied to those decisions. Further study should investigate factors contributing to low compliance with screening procedures such as the clinical measurement of BP and other health-promotion measures.
Degradation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control substrates requires transport between the ER and Golgi.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control (ERQC) components retain and degrade misfolded proteins, and our results have found that the degradation of the soluble ERQC substrates CPY* and PrA* but not membrane spanning ERQC substrates requires transport between the ER and Golgi. Stabilization of these misfolded soluble proteins was seen in cells lacking Erv29p, a probable Golgi localized protein that cycles through the ER by means of a di-lysine ER retrieval motif (KKKIY). Cells lacking Erv29p also displayed severely retarded ER exit kinetics for a subset of correctly folded proteins. We suggest that Erv29p is likely involved in cargo loading of a subset of proteins, including soluble misfolded proteins, into vesicles for ER exit. The stabilization of soluble ERQC substrates in both erv29Δcells and sec mutants blocked in either ER exit (sec12) or vesicle delivery to the Golgi (sec18) suggests that ER-Golgi transport is required for ERQC and reveals a new aspect of the degradative mechanism.
Effects of topical clindamycin on intestinal microflora in patients with acne

Thirty-two patients with acne completed a randomized, double-blind study using topical 1% clindamycin phosphate or its vehicle applied twice daily for 8 weeks for a study of its effects on the intestinal microflora. Two clindamycin patients and one vehicle patient had Clostridium difficile in stools prior to therapy. Of the remaining twenty-nine patients, four of nineteen patients who used clindamycin and none of ten patients who used vehicle had C. difficile detected during treatment; the difference was not statistically significant. There was no diarrhea in the clindamycin group, even though clostridial cytotoxin was found transiently in two patients. Self-limited diarrhea occurred in one vehicle-treated patient, whose stool culture was negative but whose stool specimen showed a positive reaction for C. difficile cytotoxin. With the use of a bioassay, clindamycin was not detected in urine or stool of any patient. No significant changes in Bacteroides fragilis counts in stools were observed in either group.
Chemotherapeutic evaluation of Celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in a rat mammary tumor model.

Epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the relative risk of human cancer, including breast cancer. Recently, research studies in our laboratories have shown that the selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) blocker, Celecoxib, given daily in the diet, significantly inhibited the induction of rat mammary tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA). These studies were extended to evaluate Celecoxib for its effectiveness as an antineoplastic agent in this rat mammary tumor model. We examined the growth inhibitory effects of Celecoxib, given daily in the diet, on the volume and the number of established mammary tumors, vis-a-vis the cancer load (CL). Tumors continued to grow actively in control rats fed chow diet only. In contrast, the Celecoxib-supplemented diet (1500 mg /kg diet) significantly decreased the size of the mammary tumors in rats over the 6 week treatment period, resulting in an average reduction in tumor volume of approximately 32%, relative to the baseline volume (p<0.04). At the end of the 6 week treatment period, average tumor volume was 1.45 cm 3 and 0.13 cm 3 in the control and Celecoxib treated rats respectively. Tumor regression occurred in 90% of the rats. In addition, new tumors continued to emerge in the control group, in contrast to their significantly decreasing numbers in the Celecoxib treated group over the same time period (p<0.05). These results indicate that Celecoxib has significant antineoplastic activity, in addition to its anticarcinogenic effects.
Catalytic oxidation by a carboxylate-bridged non-heme diiron complex.

The synthesis of a sterically hindered di(mu-carboxylato)diiron(II) complex bearing terminal N,N',N"-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (Me(3)TACN) ligands and its reaction with dioxygen to afford a (mu-oxo)di(mu-carboxylato)diiron(III) complex are described. Both compounds initiate catalytic oxo transfer with O(2) as the terminal oxidant, converting phosphines to phosphine oxides, dimethyl sulfide to dimethyl sulfoxide, and dibenzylamine to benzaldehyde. Triphenylphosphine is oxidized to triphenylphosphine oxide with a turnover number of >2000 mol.P/mol.cat.
Purification of potato virus X without aggregation.

Abstract Purification of potato virus X (PVX) by differential ultracentrifugation yielded preparations of aggregated entwined masses of flexuous rods. Nonaggregated particles were obtained by rate zonal density-gradient centrifugation. Pigments and microsomal material were removed by preferential adsorption to activated charcoal (Merck N. F. 18351) without a reduction in PVX infectivity. The virus occurred in the gradient column in a visible zone sufficiently pure for electron microscopy. Dissociation or aggregation of flexuous rods 513 mμ in length was very slight. Infectivity tests were conducted with plants of Cassia occidentalis L. Differences in concentration of 20% or more between two PVX inocula were consistently detected, and occasionally 10% differences were detected.
Raman Spectroscopy of Single PDT Treated Cells

Raman spectra were obtained from single mouse tumor cells before and after treatment with photodynamic therapy. We are presently investigating pure chemicals to illuminate differences observed in the spectra of treated and untreated cells.
Mutant α-Synuclein Overexpression Mediates Early Proinflammatory Activity

Microglia provide immune surveillance for the brain through both the removal of cellular debris and protection against infection by microorganisms and “foreign” molecules. Upon activation, microglia display an altered morphology and increased expression of proinflammatory molecules. Increased numbers of activated microglia have been identified in a number of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). What remains to be determined is whether activated microglia result from ongoing cell death or are involved in disease initiation and progression. To address this question we utilized a transgenic mouse model that expresses a mutated form of a key protein involved in Parkinson’s disease, α-synuclein. Herein, we report an increase in activated microglia and proinflammatory molecules in 1-month-old transgenic mice well before cell death occurs in this model. Frank microglial activation is resolved by 6 months of age while a subset of proinflammatory molecules remain elevated for 12 months. Both tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression and α-synuclein protein are decreased in the striatum of older animals evidence of dystrophic neuritic projections. To determine whether mutated α-synuclein could directly activate microglia primary microglia-enriched cell cultures were treated with exogenous mutated α-synuclein. The data reveal an increase in activated microglia and proinflammatory molecules due to direct interaction with mutated α-synuclein. Together, these data demonstrate that mutated α-synuclein mediates a proinflammatory response in microglia and this activity may participate in PD pathogenesis.
Binge Eating Disorder and Night Eating Syndrome in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

Objective To determine the prevalence of binge eating disorder (BED) and night eating syndrome (NES) among applicants to the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) study.
Diffusion coefficients of cadmium tagged sodium alkyl sulfate micelles—polarographic, electromotive force, and monolayer studies

Abstract By tagging micelles with a cation which is reducible at a dropping mercury electrode a new method for measuring diffusion coefficients has been developed. This method was applied to the determination of the diffusion coefficients of sodium decyl, dodecyl, and tetradecyl sulfate micelles, using Cd++ as a label, giving values of 1.46 × 10−6, 0.76 × 10−6, 0.48 × 10−6cm2/sec, respectively, for these substances. The interactions between the cadmium and the micelle were investigated by doing a monolayer study of the interaction of Cd++ on a spread long-chain sodium sulfate (C20SO4Na). It was found that the Cd++ ions were probably concentrated in the surface region. The activity of a constant amount of Cd++ ions in a varying amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate was studied by measuring the emf of the following cell: Cd electrode//electrolyte//AgCl/Ago. The Cd++ ion concentration left in solution in the presence of micelles is so small that the assumption that all the Cd++ ions are on the surface of the micelle is justified. It is concluded that the polarographic determination of diffusion coefficients of long-chain alkyl sulfate micelles by tagging them with Cd++ ions is valid.
Computational complexity, speedable and levelable sets

One of the most interesting aspects of the theory of computational complexity is the speed-up phenomenon such as the theorem of Blum [6, p. 326] which asserts the existence of a 0, 1-valued total recursive function with arbitrarily large speed-up. Blum and Marques [10] extended the speed-up definitions from total to partial recursive functions, or equivalently, to recursively enumerable (r.e.) sets, and introduced speedable and levelable sets. They classified the effectively speedable sets as the subcreative sets but remarked that “the characterizations we provided for speedable and levelable sets do not seem to bear a close relationship to any already well-studied class of recursively enumerable sets.” The purpose of this paper is to give an “information theoretic” characterization of speedable and levelable sets in terms of index sets resembling the jump operator. From these characterizations we derive numerous consequences about the degrees and structure of speedable and levelable sets.
Evaluation of a regional oxygen saturation catheter for monitoring SjvO2 in head injured patients.

Objectives. Monitoring jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjvO2) has been useful for the early identification and treatment of cerebral ischemia in patients with severe head injury. However, the catheters that have been used for this purpose have not performed optimally. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a new regional oxygen saturation catheter for monitoring SjvO2.Methods. Eighteen regional oxygen saturation catheters, 4-Fr in diameter (Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Edward Critical Care), were used in this study. Each catheter was inserted percutaneously into the dominant jugular vein and the catheter's tip position in the jugular bulb was verified by radiograph. The catheter was calibratedin vitro prior to insertion using the optic calibrator provided by the manufacturer. The catheter was recalibrated every 8 to 12 hours by comparing the oxygen saturation value from the catheter with that measured by a cooximeter in a blood sample drawn through the catheter.Results.In vitro calibration using the optic calibrator was not always successful. Five catheters could not be calibrated. The remaining 13 catheters could all be calibrated, but only 9 provided a value that was within 4% of the oxygen saturation derived from the blond sample. After the firstin vivo calibration, the correlation between the catheter and the blond sample values was improved. A total of 196 comparisons were made. The median, 25th, and 75th quartile differences between the catheter and the blond sample measurement of SjvO2 were 0.00, −1.15, and 1.25%, respectively. Using longitudinal data regression, the overall slope of the regression between the catheter and blood values was 0.997 (p = 0.001).Conclusions. The new regional oxygen saturation catheter provided reliable measurement of SjvO2 83% of the time when the signal quality index was ≤3, and may be useful for continuous monitoring of SjvO2.
Facilitating Hospital to School Transitions: Practices of Hospital-Based Therapists

ABSTRACT Mental health services are delivered to children in many settings, including inpatient psychiatric facilities. In 1997, over 280,000 children and adolescents were admitted to inpatient psychiatric settings for services related to emotional or behavioral disorders. Building a bridge between hospital and school professionals is necessary to maintain treatment improvements. This study examined the typical transition practices of inpatient therapists who are involved in the transition process. Overall, most transition practices are performed prior to a child's discharge, involve parents/caregivers, and relate to the child's diagnosis, academic behaviors, and interpersonal relationships. Practical implications and ideas for future research in this area are presented.