cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MEETING LONG-TERM CARE NEEDS

A patient arrives in your office whose health you instinctively know is about to decline. Your clinical experience suggests that the patient’s chronic diseases are increasing both in number and severity, and that the patient is on the verge of acquiring new disabilities. In addition to discussing possible medical treatments, your patient and the family want to discuss options for long-term care services and what they are likely to cost. This article summarizes basic information and references more detailed sources about longterm care. LONG-TERM CARE DEFINED
US Physicians’ Opinions about Distinctions between Withdrawing and Withholding Life-Sustaining Treatment

Decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment (LST) precede the majority of ICU deaths. Although professional guidelines generally treat the two as ethically equivalent, evidence suggests withdrawing LST is often more psychologically difficult than withholding it. The aim of the experiment was to investigate whether physicians are more supportive of withholding LST than withdrawing it and to assess how physicians' opinions are shaped by their religious characteristics, specialty, and experience caring for dying patients. In 2010, a survey was mailed to 2016 practicing US physicians. Physicians were asked whether physicians should always comply with a competent patient's request to withdraw LST, whether withdrawing LST is more psychologically difficult than withholding it, and whether withdrawing LST is typically more ethically problematic than withholding it. Of 1880 eligible physicians, 1156 responded to the survey (62%); 93% agreed that physicians should always comply with a competent patient's request to withdraw LST. More than half of the physicians reported that they find withdrawing LST more psychologically difficult than withholding it (61%), and that withdrawing LST is typically more ethically problematic (59%). Physician religiosity was associated with finding withdrawal more ethically problematic, but not with finding it more psychologically difficult. Physicians working in an end-of-life specialty and physicians with more experience caring for dying patients were less likely to endorse either a psychological or an ethical distinction between withdrawing and withholding LST. Most US physicians find withdrawing LST not only more psychologically difficult, but also more ethically problematic than withholding such treatment. Physicians' opinions are to some extent shaped by their religious characteristics, specialty, and levels of experience caring for dying patients.
The Fragmentation of the Internet

The Internet is fragmented, but how and why? Being informed about what might be occluded and understanding the reasons and motivations behind it help members of society determine when they need transparency.
POU2AF1 Functions in the Human Airway Epithelium To Regulate Expression of Host Defense Genes

In the process of seeking novel lung host defense regulators by analyzing genome-wide RNA sequence data from normal human airway epithelium, we detected expression of POU domain class 2-associating factor 1 (POU2AF1), a known transcription cofactor previously thought to be expressed only in lymphocytes. Lymphocyte contamination of human airway epithelial samples obtained by bronchoscopy and brushing was excluded by immunohistochemistry staining, the observation of upregulation of POU2AF1 in purified airway basal stem/progenitor cells undergoing differentiation, and analysis of differentiating single basal cell clones. Lentivirus-mediated upregulation of POU2AF1 in airway basal cells induced upregulation of host defense genes, including MX1, IFIT3, IFITM, and known POU2AF1 downstream genes HLA-DRA, ID2, ID3, IL6, and BCL6. Interestingly, expression of these genes paralleled changes of POU2AF1 expression during airway epithelium differentiation in vitro, suggesting POU2AF1 helps to maintain a host defense tone even in pathogen-free condition. Cigarette smoke, a known risk factor for airway infection, suppressed POU2AF1 expression both in vivo in humans and in vitro in human airway epithelial cultures, accompanied by deregulation of POU2AF1 downstream genes. Finally, enhancing POU2AF1 expression in human airway epithelium attenuated the suppression of host defense genes by smoking. Together, these findings suggest a novel function of POU2AF1 as a potential regulator of host defense genes in the human airway epithelium.
What Drives the Redox Properties of Model Green Fluorescence Protein Chromophores

We report the first experimental determination of the oxidation potentials Eox0 (relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, SHE) of model green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophores. Para-, meta, and ortho-hydroxy (4-hydroxybenzylidene-2,3-dimethylimidazolinone, HBDI) and methoxy (MeOBDI) derivatives were studied. Eox0 of the three isomers in acetonitrile are −1.31, −1.52, and −1.39 V, respectively. Electronic structure calculations reproduce the observed differences between the isomers and reveal that Eox0 follows the ionization energies (IEs), that is, p-MeOBDI has the lowest IE (6.96 eV in the gas phase) due to resonance stabilization of its cation, whereas the resonance is detuned in m-MeOBDI, resulting in more-negative Eox0. The observed meta and ortho effects in Eox0 are similar to the trends in pKa. The effect of increased solvent polarity on absolute Eox0 (and especially on para-meta-ortho differences) was found to be small. The redox properties of GFP chromophores are driven by their structure...
Observations on the Life History of the Pinyon Needle Scale Matsucoccus acalyptus (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Margarodidae)

The pinyon needle scale infests pinyon, single-leaf pinyon, and foxtail pines in the southwestern United States. Apterous females emerge in April, are mated by winged males, oviposit, and the resulting scales feed on the needles. Males pupate on the ground in the fall or the following March.
Optimal Flight Paths in Wireless Sensor Networks: Modeling, Simulation, and Flight Test

Modeling, simulation, and flight test of unmanned aircraft optimal flight paths for data collection in wireless sensor networks are presented. The continuous time optimal control problem solves for the optimal trajectory that minimizes the combined time and control effort needed to collect the required data. In this modified traveling salesman problem with neighborhoods, the control policy enables the airborne vehicle to change altitude, heading and velocity to best communicate with each ground sensor via an on-board omni-directional antenna. The optimal trajectory is solved for by direct collocation methods also known as a pseudospectral method. The optimal path is simulated in software and hardware-in-the-loop environments. Initial, proof of concept flight tests results are presented. In flight test, the optimal flight path is shown to save over 30% of flight time and distance flown when compared to a traditional waypoint to waypoint flight.
Morphologic Risk Factors in Predicting Symptomatic Structural Failure of Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repairs: Tear Size, Location, and Atrophy Matter

Purpose To evaluate whether morphologic characteristics of rotator cuff tear have prognostic value in determining symptomatic structural failure of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair independent of age or gender. Methods Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair cases performed by five fellowship-trained surgeons at our institution from 2006 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Data extraction included demographics, comorbidities, repair technique, clinical examination, and radiographic findings. Failure in symptomatic patients was defined as structural defect on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging or pseudoparalysis on examination. Failures were age and gender matched with successful repairs in a 1:2 ratio. Results A total of 30 failures and 60 controls were identified. Supraspinatus atrophy ( P = .03) and tear size (18.3 mm failures v 13.9 mm controls; P = .02) were significant risk factors for failure, as was the presence of an infraspinatus tear greater than 10 mm (62% v 17%, P P = .06) and simple suture configuration ( P = .17) were more common but similar between groups. Diabetes mellitus and active tobacco use were not significantly associated with increased failure risk but psychiatric medication use was more frequent in the failure group. Conclusions This study confirms previous suspicions that tear size and fatty infiltration are associated with failure of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair but independent of age or gender in symptomatic patients. There is also a quantitative cutoff on magnetic resonance imaging for the size of infraspinatus involvement that can be used clinically as a predicting factor. Although reported in the literature, smoking and diabetes were not associated with failure. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective case control.
Hetastarch pretreatment in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section

Objective The efficacy of hetastarch(made in China)pretreatment for prevention of complications(hypotension,et al) in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for cesarean section was evaluated.Methods 100 patients undergone cesarean section were randomly divided into group A and group B,50 cases in each group.Group A received 500ml hetastarch sodium chloride infusion and and group B received 500ml compound sodium chloride infusion before anaesthesia.During surgery,the parturients' symptoms and signs,the complication of nausea and vomiting,and the use of ephedrine were recorded.Results After combined spinal-epidural injection,both SBP and DBP decreased in the two groups,but group A decreased slightly,there was no significant difference compared to baseline values(P0.05).Group B decreased significantly compared to baselines(P0.05 or P0.01).In group A,the incidences of hypotension,nausea and vomiting and the use of ephedrine were lower than those in group B(P0.05 or P0.01).HR in both groups A and B changed slightly(P0.05).Conclusion Hetastarch sodium chloride pretreatment before combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia can effectively decrease the incidence of complications,such as hypotension,et al for cesarean section,and improve the safety of parturients and fetus during cesarean section.
Survey on current status of important human parasitic diseases in Guangxi,China

Objective To understand current status and the risk factors of important human parasitic diseases in Guangxi.Methods According to the sampling method of national survey on important parasitic diseases in human population,the investigation samples were random selected.Parasites eggs in stool were examined by Kato-Katz.Cellulose tape technique was used to test Enterobius vermicularis.Questionnaire was used to investigate the Taenia.ELISA was used for serological test.Results The overall prevalence of soil-transmitted nematodes and Clonorchis sinensis was 44.23%,among them,the infection rate of hookworm,Ascaris,Trichuris,E.vermicularis and C.sinensis were 18.52%,23.25%,11.37%,19.85% and 3.71%,respectively.The overall prevalence in the east and the south region of Guangxi were higher(59.72%,47.98%) than that in other locations;the infection rate in student(45.69%),Miao minority people(76.77%) were slightly higher than that in other groups.The group younger than 15 years old,Ascaris infection rate was higher than that in other groups.The infection rate of Hookworm increased with the increment of age.The case of Trichuriasis mainly distributed at children(5-15 years old).The case of Taeniasis contributed mainly in minority area in the north and the center of Guangxi.And Rongshui County was the heaviest endemic area in Guangxi with 8.46% of infection rate.Conclusion Comparing with 12 years ago,soil-transmitted nematode infection rate reduced significantly,but still be placed in high level.The east and the south region was the heavy endemic area in Guangxi.Food-born parasites infection presents up-trend.
Investigation on contamination status of meat food with Listeria monocytogenes in Hangzhou

Objective:To know the sanitary status of meat products in Hangzhou market.Methods:Listeria monocytogenes investigation of 70 meat products,50 raw and 20 cooked meats,sampled from two supermarkets and three farmers′ markets in Hangzhou,May and November 2007 were detected based on GB/T4789.30-2003.Results:A total of 19 products were detected and the positive rate was 27.14%(19/70).Conclusion:Meet food,especially chilled(frozen) meat in supermarkets,contaminated seriously by Listeria monocytogenes.Other kinds of meats are comparatively safe.So the sanitary management on chilled(frozen) meat should be enhanced.
Formulating the American Geophysical Union's Scientific Integrity and Professional Ethics Policy: Challenges and lessons learned

Creating an ethics policy for a large, diverse geosciences organization is a challenge, especially in the midst of the current contentious dialogue in the media related to such issues as climate change, sustaining natural resources, and responding to natural hazards. In 2011, the American Geophysical Union (AGU) took on this challenge, creating an Ethics Task Force to update their ethics policies to better support their new Strategic Plan and respond to the changing scientific research environment. Dialogue with AGU members and others during the course of creating the new policy unveiled some of the following issues to be addressed. Scientific results and individual scientists are coming under intense political and public scrutiny, with the efficacy of the science being questioned. In some cases, scientists are asked to take sides and/or provide opinions on issues beyond their research, impacting their objectivity. Pressure related to competition for funding and the need to publish high quality and quantities of papers has led to recent high-profile plagiarism, data fabrication, and conflict of interest cases. The complexities of a continuously advancing digital environment for conducting, reviewing, and publishing science has raised concerns over the ease of plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, inappropriate peer review, and the need for better accessibility of data and methods. Finally, students and scientists need consistent education and encouragement on the importance of ethics and integrity in scientific research. The new AGU Scientific Integrity and Ethics Policy tries to address these issues and provides an inspirational code of conduct to encourage a responsible, positive, open, honest scientific research environment.
Dual time scales in simulated annealing of a two-dimensional Ising spin glass

We apply a generalized Kibble-Zurek out-of-equilibrium scaling ansatz to simulated annealing when approaching the spin-glass transition at temperature T=0 of the two-dimensional Ising model with random J=±1 couplings. Analyzing the spin-glass order parameter and the excess energy as functions of the system size and the annealing velocity in Monte Carlo simulations with Metropolis dynamics, we find scaling where the energy relaxes slower than the spin-glass order parameter, i.e., there are two different dynamic exponents. The values of the exponents relating the relaxation time scales to the system length, τ∼L^{z}, are z=8.28±0.03 for the relaxation of the order parameter and z=10.31±0.04 for the energy relaxation. We argue that the behavior with dual time scales arises as a consequence of the entropy-driven ordering mechanism within droplet theory. We point out that the dynamic exponents found here for T→0 simulated annealing are different from the temperature-dependent equilibrium dynamic exponent z_{eq}(T), for which previous studies have found a divergent behavior: z_{eq}(T→0)→∞. Thus, our study shows that, within Metropolis dynamics, it is easier to relax the system to one of its degenerate ground states than to migrate at low temperatures between regions of the configuration space surrounding different ground states. In a more general context of optimization, our study provides an example of robust dense-region solutions for which the excess energy (the conventional cost function) may not be the best measure of success.
Cutaneous and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

The evolution of systemic lupus erythematosus as a disease entity began with simple dermatologic observations. Early attempts in the classification of skin disease used the term “lupus,” which is Latin for wolf, in reference to ulcers which advanced and “consumed” surrounding tissue. It is likely that these ulcers included cutaneous neoplastic disease (enlarging, destructive basal cell carcinoma), infectious diseases such as cutaneous tuberculosis, and early cases of discoid lupus. Robert Willan made the first meaningful attempt in the classification of the ulcers of “lupus” in Practical Synopsis of Cutaneous Disease according to the arrangement of Dr. Willan in 1813. It is likely that cutaneous tuberculosis (particularly lupus vulgaris) and discoid lupus erythematosus were again intertwined and described as one entity in his text.
Decentralised, dynamic network path selection in high performance computing

In this paper, we investigate the problem of providing highly available, decentralized, dynamic path selection in high performance computing networking. We look at a use case for dynamic path selection that better utilizes bandwidth available in the network. The network architecture we propose is a partial mesh grid whereby each host is directly connected to four forwarding devices. We propose an approach that decouples artificial network information and state from the devices making forwarding decisions. This method constructs a path one hop at a time while at each hop, selecting the next link based on the status of the link. The goal of this approach is to create a network topology in which new transmissions are routed around congestion. It also allows us to build a network with low-cost, lower bandwidth links instead of a few high cost, high bandwidth links. The goal of this work is to take the ideas of a controller based SDN solution and examine the merits of distributing that functionary to the actual nodes in the network.
Accidental Dural Puncture and Subsequent Intrathecal Catheter Placement for Labor Analgesia leads to Cranial Nerve VI Palsy

Accidental dural puncture during epidural placement for labor analgesia is a relatively common complication occurring in roughly of all epidurals There are many possible sequelae of accidental dural puncture ranging from benign to serious We present a case in which an accidental dural puncture during labor epidural placement led to headache and prolonged unilateral abducens nerve palsy We discuss our management of these complications and encourage close follow up from anesthesia providers of patients who experience accidental dural puncture to ensure no significant complications remain untreated
Root Coverage Procedures for Multiple Recession Defects

The demand for root coverage in multiple gingival recession defects has increased in recent years. Compared to isolated recession, multiple gingival recession defects are much more challenging due to various limiting factors and require more sophisticated surgical techniques. This review aims to address recent progress in the management of multiple recession defects. The subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) procedure, while effective, is limited due to tissue availability and patient preference to avoid a donor harvest site. Different surgical techniques and biological materials have been studied in an attempt to find ideal alternatives. Based on the studies reviewed, the SCTG procedure still remains the gold standard in terms of percent root coverage. Acellular dermal matrix allograft in conjunction with different flap designs has shown comparable, satisfactory results up to 1 year postoperatively. Other materials such as porcine collagen matrix and enamel matrix derivative also show some promise. Well-designed studies with long-term outcomes are still needed.
Statin use and other factors associated with mortality after major lower extremity amputation.

Abstract Objective Above-knee amputations (AKAs) and below-knee amputations (BKAs) are associated with high postoperative mortality rates. In this study, we examined factors associated with 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year mortality in patients who underwent a major lower extremity amputation. Methods We queried a prospectively collected institutional database for all patients who underwent AKA or BKA with primary or secondary closure, during a 5-year period, between November 2009 and November 2014. Predictors of 30- and 90-day mortality were determined by multivariable logistic regression, and risk indexes for 1-year mortality were determined with Cox proportional hazards model. Results We identified 811 patients who underwent AKA (n = 325) or BKA (n = 486). The 30-day mortality was 8.4% (AKA, 13.5%; BKA, 4.9%; P P 70 years (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.02-1.88), gangrene (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.07-1.94), ESRD on HD (HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.42-2.70), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.52-4.25), Caucasian race (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.18-2.22), history of open lower extremity revascularization (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51-1.00) and undergoing bilateral amputations (HR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.06-4.15). In the year after amputation, medium-intensity statin (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47-0.87) and high-intensity statin (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33-0.95) conferred a mortality benefit. Low-intensity statins did not confer protection from mortality. At 1 year after amputation, only 44.7% of patients were receiving appropriate statin therapy. Conclusions AKA and BKA have historically been associated with high mortality rates. Medium-intensity and high-intensity statin therapies were associated with a mortality benefit at 1 year. We have identified initiation of statin therapy in this high-risk population as a gap in patient care.
"Simpler, Familiar, and In It Together:How Physicians and Their Staff Pursue Medical Home Change"

The patient-centered medical home (PCMH) model of care is a central focus of U.S. health system reform. However, less is known about how workers within primary care organizations are implementing i...
Ambient quantum optomechanics

Among our most basic experiences of the physical world is that every material object has a location, and that given sufficient illumination, this location can be determined by our sense of sight. In our everyday experience, this determination may seem purely passive, but in fact, the light that conveys information about an object's location must also perturb it. This perturbation can be thought of as arising from two sources: the radiation pressure exerted by light on any object it reflects from, and the quantum fluctuations inherent to any beam of light. On page 1265 of this issue, Purdy et al. ( 1 ) demonstrate the first measurement of this inherently quantum effect in an object at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
Parent Choice in a Pediatric Obesity Prevention Intervention.

Background There is value in having parents choose which behaviors to address in obesity interventions, but it is unknown whether they choose behaviors that will effectively impact healthy growth. This study assessed whether child behaviors or parent intention to change behaviors were associated with behaviors parents chose to discuss. Methods Parent intention to change specific behaviors and time spent discussing behaviors was coded during intervention sessions. Results Child activity, screen-time, energy intake, breakfast, and family meals were associated with time spent discussing these behaviors. Fewer associations were seen between parent intention and time spent discussing these behaviors. Conclusions Results suggest that in interventions allow choice, parents may choose to discuss the weight-related behaviors their children need to address.
“But the science we do here matters”: Youth-authored cases of consequential learning

In this paper, we use the concept of consequential learning to frame our exploration of what makes learning and doing science matter for youth from nondominant communities, as well as the barriers these youth must confront in working toward consequential ends. Data are derived from multimodal cases authored by four females from nondominant communities that present an account of “science that matters” from their work during their middle school years. We argue that consequential learning in science for these girls involves engaging science with a commitment to their community. This form of engagement required the girls to develop bridging practices that allowed them to transform existing relationships among science and community for themselves and others despite normative barriers experienced in science. Our study expands upon current understandings of consequential learning through highlighting the vital role of sociohistorically constructed understandings of community in determining when, how, and why science learning and doing matters for youth. This view opens up new ways to understand how youth can and do contribute to the changing contexts in which science takes place, and toward the ways in which youth contributions alter what gets counted as learning, as being expert, and as meaningful participation.
Uncovering Indicators of Commercial Sexual Exploitation

It is estimated that annually 100,000 to 300,000 youth are at risk for sex trafficking; a commercial sex act induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or any such act where the person induced to perform such an act is younger than 18 years of age. Increasingly, such transactions are occurring online via Internet-based sites that serve the commercial sex industry. Commercial sex transactions involving trafficking are illegal; thus, Internet discussions between those involved must be veiled. Even so, transactions around sex trafficking do occur. Within these transactions are innuendos that provide one avenue for detecting potential activity. The purpose of this study is to identify linguistic indicators of potential commercial sexual exploitation within the online comments of men posted on an Internet site. Six hundred sixty-six posts from five Midwest cities and 363 unique members were analyzed via content analysis. Three main indicators were found: the presence of youth or desire for youthfulness, presence of pimps, and awareness of vulnerability. These findings begin a much-needed dialogue on uncovering online risks of commercial sexual exploitation and support the need for further research on Internet indicators of sex trafficking.
The worth of giants: The consumptive and non‐consumptive use value of the giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas)

Although the economic value of wildlife historically has been attributed to its consumptive use, the global growth of ecotourism has expanded wildlife valuation to include non‐consumptive uses. In California, the critically endangered giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas) is paradoxically both a flagship species in the recreational dive industry and regularly sold in California's commercial fisheries when incidentally caught. The differences in the economic value of S. gigas to these two key stakeholders – commercial fishers and recreational scuba divers – were explored. The average annual landing value of S. gigas was US$12 600, this value was determined using California commercial fishery landing receipt data. In contrast the estimated average value of S. gigas to recreational divers was US$2.3 million per year. The non‐consumptive use value was calculated by approximating the annual number of recreational charter boat divers and determining divers' willingness‐to‐pay for a S. gigas sighting. Stated landings volumes of S. gigas appear to represent a minimum annual extraction of 2% to 19% of the S. gigas population. Using self‐reported fishery catch location data, S. gigas bycatch hotspots were identified and used to inform suggestions for strategic spatial and temporal closures. Overall, these results highlight the value of giant sea bass beyond fisheries and underscore the importance of incorporating non‐consumptive values when developing harvest policies and marine management plans.
Outcomes of Heart and Heart-Kidney Transplantation from Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Positive Donors into HCV Negative Recipients

Purpose Ongoing opioid epidemic has led to an increase in hepatitis C virus (HCV)+ organs. Given excellent cure rates with direct acting antivirals (DAAs), there is interest in using such organs for transplant. Methods We implemented a protocol to transplant HCV+ organs into HCV-recipients. This included patient/ provider education, 2-stage informed consent process, detailed donor/ recipient testing, and DAA therapy in the recipient. Inclusion criteria: All adult patients listed for heart transplant (HT). Exclusion criteria: Pre-existing human immunodeficiency virus or active hepatitis B viremia in the recipient/ donor. Results We transplanted 20 patients from HCV+ donors; 18 were viremic donors and 2 were non-viremic. Recipients included 17 HT alone and 3 combined heart-kidney transplants. There was no HCV transmission from non-viremic donors; all 18 recipients of viremic donors developed acute HCV infection. Among viremic donors, median age was 33.5 years, 89% were male, and 83% were PHS increased risk. Following HCV genotypes were noted: 1a (n=9), 1b (n=2), 2/2b (n=3), 3 (n=4) and 4 (n=1, concomitant 2b). Antiviral resistance testing was negative/indeterminate in all cases. Viremia was detected at day 3 in 69% (cut off >15 copies/ml) and week 1 in 87%. No recipient developed acute liver failure. Induction immunosuppression used: none (7/18, 39%), thymoglobulin (6/18, 33%), basiliximab (4/18, 22%), or both (1/18, 6%). Maintenance immunosuppression consisted of steroids, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil as per center protocol. DAAs for 12-week course (one patient awaiting treatment): glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (13/17, 76%), sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (2/17, 12%), and elbasvir/grazoprevir (2/17, 12%). All patients on DAAs cleared viremia, sustained virological response rate at 12 weeks (SVR12) was 90% based on 10 evaluable patients (others need further follow-up; one died of un-related causes before SVR12 could be assessed). One patient developed cardiac allograft vasculopathy (from a non-viremic donor; none from viremic donors). Conclusion We report successful single-center experience utilizing HCV+ organs for heart/ heart-kidney transplantation into HCV-negative recipients. There is utility in using such organs in order to expand the current donor pool. Further long-term follow-up is needed.
A Brief Comparison of Physical Education and Sport within the Czechoslovak and Polish YMCA in the Interwar Years

This paper looks at the history of physical education and sports in the Czechoslovak and Polish YMCA. As far as physical education and sports are concerned, the two national associations not only developed in a similar way but cooperated in some areas of their activity as well. The two associations were established and began to work together in the 1920s, exchanging printed matter or arranging friendly matches. In the course of time, both of these national associations began to build their own premises equipped with modern sports facilities and their members participated in matches on a regular basis. The origin of the YMCA and the source of money flowing into Czechoslovakia and Poland led to restrictions being placed on both of these national associations as the outbreak of the Second World War drew near. They were later dissolved and were not fully reestablished until the 1990s.
Commentary on the Chapter by Gabriele Kaiser, Maren Hoffstall and Anna B. Orschulik, “Gender Role Stereotypes in the Perception of Mathematics—Results of an Empirical Study with Secondary Students in Germany”

Evidence reported by Kaiser, Hoffstall and Orschulik suggests that German girls and boys hold stereotypical attitudes regarding gender and mathematics, and that these biases strengthen during adolescence. These results raise important questions about the sources of students’ beliefs, including their view of girls as succeeding in mathematics through diligence and boys as succeeding through ingenuity. Addressing these disparities must involve grappling with differences in boys’ and girls’ classroom behaviors, their self-perceptions in relation to mathematics versus other subjects, and societal beliefs about the nature of mathematics, itself.
Ongoing professional practice evaluation: An infrastructure for accountability.

239Background: As a national network of five hospitals treating patients fighting complex cancers, continuous monitoring of clinical staff competence is a priority. Recognizing an opportunity for a...
Microelectrode Recording-Based Targeting for Parkinson’s Disease Surgery

Deep brain stimulation surgery is a highly effective treatment for motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, but its efficacy and safety depend on precise positioning of the stimulator in subcortical structures. Microelectrode recording (MER) allows for localization of subthalamic nucleus (STN), globus pallidus interna (GPi), and surrounding structures to within fractions of a millimeter. Moreover, MER can be used to identify parts of these nuclei that represent parts of the body that are affected by PD. There are some drawbacks, including the need for multiple passes through the brain, as well as the need for specialized training and personnel, but MER remains the most common method for localization of DBS electrodes. In this chapter, we review the basics of the mapping of STN and GPi and describe some common pitfalls in recording. We also describe how to alter trajectories if recordings are suboptimal. We end by describing some future directions, including imaging-based targeting and automated detection of subcortical structures.
The Association Between the Classification of Early-onset Scoliosis and Smith Complications After Initiation of Growth-friendly Spine Surgery: A Preliminary Study.

Background Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is a complex, heterogeneous condition involving multiple etiologies, genetic associations, and treatment plans. In 2014, Williams and colleagues proposed a classification system of EOS (C-EOS) that categorizes patients by etiology, Cobb angle, and kyphosis. Shortly after, Smith and colleagues validated a classification system to report complications of growth-friendly spine instrumentation. Severity refers to the level of care and urgency required to treat the complication, and can be classified as device-related or disease-related complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate if C-EOS can be used as a reliable predictor of Smith complications to better risk stratify these young, surgical patients. Methods This study queried retrospective data from a large multicenter registry with regard to growth-friendly spine instrumentation in the EOS population. One-hundred sixteen patients were included in final data analysis to investigate the outcomes of their growth-friendly procedures according to the Smith complication classification system. Results There were 245 Smith complications distributed among 116 patients included in this study (2.1 complications per patient). The majority of the complications were device related requiring at least one unplanned trip to the operating room (Smith Device Complication IIA or IIB; 111 complications). There were no complications that caused abandonment of growth-friendly instrumentation (Smith Complication III) and no mortalities (Smith Complication IV). The most severely affected EOS group was the hyperkyphotic syndromic group with a major curve angle >50 degrees (S3+), with 3.4 complications per patient. The least affect EOS group was the hyperkyphotic congenital group with a major curve angle between 20 and 50 degrees, with 0.3 complications per patient. Conclusions The C-EOS simplifies a complex pathology and the Smith complication classification scheme creates a language to discuss treatment of known complications of growth-friendly spine surgery. Although there is an association between more advanced C-EOS and Smith complications, there does not appear to be a correlation that can satisfy a risk stratification at this time. Level of evidence Level II.
Relationships of Water Activity and Moisture Content to the Thermal Inactivation Kinetics of Salmonella in Low-Moisture Foods.

HIGHLIGHTS Water affects thermal inactivation kinetics of Salmonella in low-moisture foods. Water activity and moisture content are both feasible predictors of heat resistance. Sorption state of food materials may affect Salmonella heat resistance.
Emission and dispersal of antibiotic resistance genes through bioaerosols generated during the treatment of municipal sewage

Wastewater treatment plants act as socio-ecological couplers through the concentration, treatment, and subsequent environmental release of sewage collected from surrounding communities and are often considered hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). While studies have identified the release of ARB/ARGs in treated liquid sewage, little is known about potential dispersal through wastewater bioaerosol emissions. The aim of this study was to better define the contribution of WWTP bioaerosols to potential environmental distribution of ARB/ARGs. Bioaerosols were collected immediately upwind and downwind from the aeration tanks of a municipal wastewater treatment plant and liquid sludge samples were obtained from the aeration tanks. From the bioaerosol and liquid samples, qPCR assays identified 44 ARGs that confer resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. Comparison of the ARG profiles across samples showed that the downwind bioaerosol profile was 68% similar to the profile found in liquid sludge samples. Community 16S rRNA gene sequencing also showed that downwind bioaerosols had similar taxonomic profiles as those generated from liquid sludge while the upwind profiles showed a distinct difference. Preliminary ARG dispersion modeling estimated an ARG emission rate of ~10,620 genes per hour from the liquid sludge and indicated that the bioaerosols have the potential to be carried kilometers away from the WWTP source based on wind speed. The overall results from this study suggest that bioaerosols generated during WWTP processes can aid in the emission and dispersal of bacteria and ARGs, resulting in a possible route of human exposure and deposition into surrounding environments.
RSV, Antibodies and the Developing World.

Respiratory syncytial virus remains a major cause of infantile respiratory illness globally. Infants in the developing world experience the highest burden of mortality and morbidity. Risk factors associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection and progression to severe disease include househol
ACOUSMATIC LISTENING AND A CRITICAL AWARENESS OF PLACE

The akousmatikoi (ἀκουσματικοί) were the probationary pupils of the philosopher Pythagoras. Akousmatikoi were required to sit in silence while Pythagoras delivered his lecture from behind a screen ...
Have Cells Harboring the HIV Reservoir Been Immunoedited

Immunoediting is an important concept in oncology, delineating the mechanisms through which tumors are selected for resistance to immune-mediated elimination. The recent emergence of immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors, as pillars of cancer therapy has intensified interest in immunoediting as a constraint limiting the efficacy of these approaches. Immunoediting manifests at a number of levels for different cancers, for example through the establishment of immunosuppressive microenvironments within solid tumors. Of particular interest to the current review, selection also occurs at the cellular level; and recent studies have revealed novel mechanisms by which tumor cells acquire intrinsic resistance to immune recognition and elimination. While the selection of escape mutations in viral epitopes by HIV-specific T cells, which is a hallmark of chronic HIV infection, can be considered a form of immunoediting, few studies have considered the possibility that HIV-infected cells themselves may parallel tumors in having differential intrinsic susceptibilities to immune-mediated elimination. Such selection, on the level of an infected cell, may not play a significant role in untreated HIV, where infection is propagated by high levels of cell-free virus produced by cells that quickly succumb to viral cytopathicity. However, it may play an unappreciated role in individuals treated with effective antiretroviral therapy where viral replication is abrogated. In this context, an "HIV reservoir" persists, comprising long-lived infected cells which undergo extensive and dynamic clonal expansion. The ability of these cells to persist in infected individuals has generally been attributed to viral latency, thought to render them invisible to immune recognition, and/or to their compartmentalization in anatomical sites that are poorly accessible to immune effectors. Recent data from ex vivo studies have led us to propose that reservoir-harboring cells may additionally have been selected for intrinsic resistance to CD8+ T cells, limiting their elimination even in the context of antigen expression. Here, we draw on knowledge from tumor immunoediting to discuss potential mechanisms by which clones of HIV reservoir-harboring cells may resist elimination by CD8+ T cells. The establishment of such parallels may provide a premise for testing therapeutics designed to sensitize tumor cells to immune-mediated elimination as novel approaches aimed at curing HIV infection.
A case of right ductus and left innominate artery from the pulmonary trunk

Right-sided aortic arch is a rare anatomic variation of aortic arch anomaly, which may coexist with or without other cardiac defects. We report an extremely rare case of right-sided aortic arch wit...
Quick Fix: Using Interteaching to Increase Student Engagement in Online Courses

Enrollment in distance education continues to increase (Babson Survey Research Group 2018). Faculty often encourage online student engagement through discussion board interaction. These discussion ...
Takayasu Arteritis: Spectrum of disease

Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a vasculitis of the aorta and its major branches and up to 30% of patients present in childhood. Because of the heterogenic vascular involvement, clinical presentation is highly variable and symptoms can be non-specific. Timely diagnosis is challenging which leads to high morbidity and mortality secondary to vascular damage. Case 1 19-year-old female presented to the ED complaining of worsening bilateral calf and shoulder pain with exertion for 5-6 months, intermittent dyspnea, dizziness and hand numbness and tingling. On physical exam, patient had absent bilateral radial and left dorsalis pedis pulses and a …
Observation of biexciton emission from single semiconductor nanoplatelets

Quasi-two-dimensional semiconductor nanoplatelets (NPLs) are intriguing systems for studying the influence of Auger recombination processes on the multiexciton emission efficiencies in the weak in-plane confinement regime. We investigate CdSe/CdS core/shell NPLs using cryogenic temperature single particle spectroscopy and observe bright biexciton emission at high excitation powers. The average binding energy of the biexcitons is determined to be 16.5 meV. The observed switching between the biexciton and trion states indicates charging-decharging dynamics of the NPLs mediated by the Auger ionization process. These findings are highly relevant for harvesting efficient biexciton emission for energy, lighting, and quantum applications.
Deep Learning-Based Cancer Region Segmentation from H&E Slides for HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Tumor region automated segmentation from the digitized hematoxylin and eosin stained histology image is a fundamental step for efficient tumor quantification and biomarker interrogation. In this study, we presented an automated deep learning-based tumor segmentation model for automated tumor extent delineation in whole slide tissue images of p16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (n = 248). The employed ResNet model was trained using images with coarse annotations (i.e., polygon-style bounding box annotations). The model was trained using n = 194 images and validated using n = 49 images. Another cohort of five whole slide images was used as independent test purpose. The experimental result demonstrated that satisfactory segmentation results could be achieved, an accuracy of about 90% in both of the validation and test cohorts, even when using non-exhaustive tumor annotations for training the model. Such an accurate and efficient tumor detection model could be used for early detection of disease and the prediction of aggressiveness in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, which could improve the patients’ survival to manage their therapeutic strategies appropriately.
Acceptability of Research and Health Care Visits During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-sectional Survey Study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a widespread impact on attendance in biomedical research and health care visits. Objective: This study aimed to identify when and how American adults might feel comfortable about resuming in-person research and health care visits. Methods: Cross-sectional questionnaire data were collected from 135 adults (age: median 48 years; women: n=113, 83.7%; White participants: n=92, 68.2%) who were engaged in health-related research. Results: More than half of the respondents (65/122, 53.3%) felt that the COVID-19 pandemic positively affected their desire to participate in research. Although 73.6% (95/129) of respondents also indicated a willingness to attend in-person health care visits while Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines are implemented, 85.8% (109/127) indicated a willingness to attend in-person, outdoor visits, and 92.2% (118/128) reported a willingness to attend drive-through visits (with CDC guidelines implemented during both visit types). Videoconferencing was the most preferred format for intervention visits; however, adults over the age of 65 years preferred this format less than younger adults (P=.001). Conclusions: Researchers and clinicians should continue to provide opportunities for continuing the conduction of remote-based interventions while enforcing CDC guidelines during in-person visits.