cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The DrScheme project: an overview

DrScheme provides a graphical user interface for editing and interactively evaluating Scheme programs on all major graphical platforms (Windows 95/nt, MacOs, Unix/X). The environment is especially well-suited to beginning programmers because it supports a tower of Scheme subsets. Each level corresponds to a particular stage in a typical introductory Scheme course and implements a stringent set of syntactic checks. The environment also pinpoints run-time exceptions in a graphical manner and implements a mostly functional read-eval-print loop.Dr. Scheme's most advanced component is a powerful static debugger. It permits programmers to inspect programs for potential safety violations before running them. If the debugger discovers a potential problem, it explains the problem by drawing a value-flow graph over the program text. The value-flow graph shows how an inappropriate value may reach a program operation and trigger a run-time check.The development of Dr. Scheme in Scheme validated the strengths of Scheme, but also revealed several weaknesses. To overcome the latter, the underlying Scheme implementation was extended with a class-based object system, a language of program units, and a sophisticated GUI engine. All of these extensions are available to the programmer, who can thus interactively create fully portable, graphical applications.
Tuning before feedback: combining ranking discovery and blind feedback for robust retrieval

Both ranking functions and user queries are very important factors affecting a search engine's performance. Prior research has looked at how to improve ad-hoc retrieval performance for existing queries while tuning the ranking function, or modify and expand user queries using a fixed ranking scheme using blind feedback. However, almost no research has looked at how to combine ranking function tuning and blind feedback together to improve ad-hoc retrieval performance. In this paper, we look at the performance improvement for ad-hoc retrieval from a more integrated point of view by combining the merits of both techniques. In particular, we argue that the ranking function should be tuned first, using user-provided queries, before applying the blind feedback technique. The intuition is that highly-tuned ranking offers more high quality documents at the top of the hit list, thus offers a stronger baseline for blind feedback. We verify this integrated model in a large scale heterogeneous collection and the experimental results show that combining ranking function tuning and blind feedback can improve search performance by almost 30% over the baseline Okapi system.
Potential pitfalls in the conventional pharmacokinetic studies: effects of the initial mixing of drug in blood and the pulmonary first-pass elimination.

The classical concept of assuming that an i.v. dose instantaneously distributes into the central or plasma compartment is reviewed, as is the potential for pulmonary first-pass effect. Based on available literature, the concept is shown to lead to serious errors in estimating pharmacokinetic parameters, particularly for drugs with high clearance.
Pyroelectric anemometers: preparation and flow velocity measurements

Abstract A new class of pyroelectric anemometers is described based on a thin, narrow NiCr film heater and two symmetric electrodes simultaneously deposited on a thin z -cut LiTaO 3 wafer. A NiCr ground plane is used on the other face. An a.c. voltage drives the heater to produce a thermal current at 2× the voltage frequency. This thermal current produces an a.c. electrical current at each electrode. The differential signal is a measure of the average temperature difference between the two electrodes. In the absence of a fluid flow velocity, U (∞), the signal is zero. When the fluid does flow, the signal is proportional to U 1 2 (∞) as expected and is proportional to the drive power squared. Flows as low as 1 cm/min in N 2 have been measured.
Surgical considerations for treatment of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis.

Abstract Purpose We present our experience with surgical management of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, including preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations. Methods Retrospective review of the medical records and the histological slides and a Medline search of amiodarone and thyroid gland. Conclusions Amiodarone is a drug used to treat potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmia. One of the known side effects is thyroid dysfunction. In patients who cannot safely discontinue amiodarone or when medical therapy is ineffective in controlling thyrotoxicosis, thyroidectomy is the treatment of choice.
Contemporary Spain: Lessons for the Business Spanish Student

: This article illustrates how short contemporary literary texts dealing with social, historical, cultural, or political issues can be applied to the development of business language proficiency and cross-cultural awareness within an international business curriculum. Literature portrays a specific culture and is a rich source of information from which the learner extracts knowledge. This interdisciplinary approach to Business Spanish instruction offers the students the opportunity to master a language and a culture within an international business context.
Competitive strategy in remanufacturing and the impact of take-back laws

Abstract This paper examines the impact of take-back laws within a manufacturer/remanufacturer competitive framework. Take-back laws require that firms take responsibility for the collection/disposal costs of their products. We consider two alternative implementations of take-back laws that are distinguished by the degree of control that the manufacturer has on returns sold to the remanufacturer. In one implementation, known as collective WEEE take-back, the manufacturer has no control over returns sold to the remanufacturer. The other implementation, known as individual WEEE take-back, gives complete control to the manufacturer. We develop a general two-period model to investigate questions of interest to policy-makers in government and managers in industry. Our results suggest that, in some settings, enactment of collective WEEE take-back will result in higher manufacturer and remanufacturer profits while simultaneously spurring remanufacturing activity and reducing the tax burden on society. A negative effect is higher consumer prices in the market. In other settings, we find that collective WEEE take-back introduces a structural change to the industry—creating an environment where remanufacturing becomes profitable when it is not profitable without a take-back law. With respect to individual WEEE take-back, we find that the manufacturer often benefits from allowing the remanufacturer to enter the market, though from a government policy-maker perspective, there are clear risks of monopolistic behavior.
Zeatin-Like Cytokinins in Yeast: Detection by Immunological Methods

Summary Immunoaffinity chromatography, HPLC, ELISA and RIA have been employed to detect cytokinins in autoclaved yeast extract and yeast tRNA. Yeast extract contains, in addition to isopentenyladenine and isopentenyladenosine, small but significant amounts of trans -zeatin-zeatin and trans -zeatin riboside. Purified yeast tRNA contains predominantly isopentenyladenosine but also contains fraws-zeatin riboside and other cytokinin-like compounds. Because of the presence of cytokinins in yeast extract, this material should be used with caution in studies of cytokinin production by phytopathogenic bacteria.
The viscosities of unbleached alkaline pulps. IV. The effect of alkali

Abstract An equation has been developed to relate the viscosity of unbleached pulp to the residual alkali in the spent liquor, and the time-temperature profile of the cook (expressed as the G-factor). The equation is applicable to kraft, kraft-AQ and soda-AQ pulping and to a variety of wood species.
The Case Law on Student Teachers' Rights

Abstract The article provides a concise and up-to-date synthesis of the published case law where a student teacher was the plaintiff, or suing party, and the defendant was an institution of higher education and/or the cooperating local school district. There were 28 of these court decisions, and the outcomes favored the defendant institutions in 23 of them (82%). The remaining cases were mostly inconclusive or were limited victories for the student teacher, serving as less-than-robust precedents. The court cases fall under three broad categories: Admission and placement of student teachers, accounting for 6 of the cases (21%); conditions of student teaching, accounting for 4 of the court decisions (14%); and dismissal of student teachers, accounting for 18 of the court cases (64%). Across the three categories, constitutional claims amounted to the predominant avenue of litigation against school districts and those institutions of higher education that were public, whereas breach of contract was the primar...
Population size and suicide in U.S. cities: a static and dynamic exploration

The relationship between city population size and suicide rates rarely has been examined directly, though scholars often assume such a relationship exists based on studies of the association between suicide rates and urbanization (percent of the population living in cities) in various social contexts. In an effort to determine the basic association between suicide rates and city population size, we analyze data for four time points, 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990, using a random sample of U.S. cities with 10,000 or more population in 1960. In addition, we conduct a time series analysis of change in population size and change in suicide rates over a two decade period. Results indicate that an association between population and suicide is atypical, and even when observed is highly sensitive to methodological specifications. The results call into question the notion that larger city population size is conducive to suicide as well as the assumption that studies of suicide and urbanization can substitute for studies of suicide and city population size.
Neural networks as expert systems

Abstract This paper shows that the high level decision-making function of expert systems, that depend upon many levels of logic, can be implemented in a neural network without the engineering of a detailed knowledge structure. Further, the neural network can interpolate and extrapolate a discrete set of associated input and output vectors, so that the output decision space is continuous. A drawback to the use of neural networks for decision making is that their training is universally problematic. We simplify the process with a new random optimization algorithm that consists of a global stage and a local stage. Unlike other methods, we also optimize the exponential rise parameters α and β in the sigmoids at the middle and output layers, which increases the speed of learning and decreases the minimum sum squated error.
Female wage labor in rural Zimbabwe

Abstract Research on rural women in Africa, including Zimbabwe, has tended to emphasize women's role as farmers or food producers. Research conducted by the author suggests, however, that a significant portion of rural women, including many of the poorest, should not be considered as farmers at all, but as wage workers. While some women, often aided financially by men who worked away, were able to operate rural businesses and large farms, many women were confined to daily-paid temporary labor to meet their cash needs. It is suggested that rural women do not comprise a homogenous group with identical economic and political goals; nor do “female-headed” households. Female-only households, where there was no referent male working away, were notable for their poverty and lack of access to any means of agricultural production. Many women heading such households were casual workers, with all or the bulk of their income derived from wage labor.
Ethical issues in inpatient consultative dermatology

Ethical issues commonly arise in inpatient dermatology consultations. We describe the case of an inpatient suffering from a severe, undiagnosable skin condition that raises key principles of medical ethics. The four principles include autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. Ethical situations faced by inpatient dermatologists are similar to those experienced by medicine hospitalists, as compared with outpatient dermatologists, given the unique clinical setting in which inpatient dermatology is practiced. Other inpatient services, colleagues, and ethics committees are useful resources for inpatient dermatologists faced with difficult ethical situations.
NEUTROPENIA ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED TNF-α IN COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY(CID). • 54

PA was noted to have erythrodermatitis and alopecia soon after birth. These symptoms persisted and by age 2 months, lymphadenopathy, heptosplenomegaly, chronic neutropenia (0-100 cells/μl), and lymphopenia were present. Multiple hospitalizations due to infections ensued. Treatment with G-CSF(10-20 μg/kg/day) gave no definitive improvement in PMN counts (0-200 cells/μl), but precipitated thrombocytopenia. CID was diagnosed because of poor lymphocyte enumeration and proliferation studies, and absence of Ig production. Biopsy of skin, lymph node, and bone marrow (BM) revealed excessive numbers of histiocytes. On repeated studies, malignancy could not be detected and 4 separate chromosomal analyses were normal (nl). BM exhibited an apparent myeloid arrest. It was hypothesized that a serum inhibitory factor was suppressing PMN, and possibly lymphocyte, development. PA's serum enhanced patient and control lymphocyte proliferation to mitogens above that of nl serum. PA's serum inhibited both patient and control BM cell growth in soft agar progenitor assays, whereas patient colony formation was near-normal in the presence of nl serum. Serum TNF-α was 59 pg/ml (nl < 20 pg/ml) by ELISA assay. RT-PCR of RNA from BM mononuclear cells disclosed elevated levels of TNF-α mRNA. Normalizing the TNF-α levels with concurrently amplified β-actin by calculating ratios of densitometric readings gave 0.45±0.07 and 0.13±0.03 (p < 0.01) for PA and control samples, respectively. Comparisons with 20 other cytokines and growth factors revealed no differences between PA and controls. Previous studies have implicated that TNF-α is a potent inhibitor of myeloid development. We believe that this is the first report demonstrating that elevated TNF-α in the bone marrow is associated with severe neutropenia in a patient. The process leading to dysregulation of TNF-α production (from histiocytes?) could be responsible for both CID and neutropenia in PA, and perhaps plays a role in other conditions where neutropenia is a prominent feature.
Hippocampectomy disrupts auditory trace fear conditioning and contextual fear conditioning in the rat.

The hippocampus is believed to be an important structure for learning tasks that require temporal processing of information. The trace classical conditioning paradigm requires temporal processing because the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are temporally separated by an empty trace interval. The present study sought to determine whether the hippocampus was necessary for rats to perform a classical trace fear conditioning task in which each of 10 trials consisted of an auditory tone CS (15-s duration) followed by an empty 30-s trace interval and then a fear-producing floor-shock US (0.5-s duration). Several weeks prior to training, animals were anesthetized and given aspiration lesions of the neocortex (NEO; n = 6), hippocampus and overlying neocortex (HIPP; n = 7), or no lesions at all (control; n = 6). Approximately 24 h after trace conditioning, NEO and control animals showed a significant decrease in movement to a CS-alone presentation that was indicative of a conditioned fear response. Animals in the HIPP group did not show conditioned fear responses to the CS alone, nor did a pseudoconditioning group (n = 7) that was trained with unpaired CSs and USs. Furthermore, all groups except the HIPP group showed conditioned fear responses to the original context in which they received shock USs. One week later, HIPP, NEO, and control animals received delay fear-conditioning trials with no trace interval separating the CS and US. Six of seven HIPP animals could perform the delay version, but none could perform the trace version. This result suggests that the trace fear task is a reliable and useful model for examining the neural mechanisms of hippocampally dependent learning. Hippocampus 1998;8:638–646. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Introduction to the Investigation of the Present Situation and Development of Ethnic Minorities in China: A Reflection on Changes in the Last Ten Years in the Field of Anthropology in China

A delegation of five Chinese ethnologists and anthropologists from the Institute of Nationality Studies (INS), Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) presented their research at the SfAA Annual Meeting in San Francisco, March 2000. Their papers reported on the first phase of a nationwide investigation of selected ethnic minority areas that started in 1993 and ended in 1998. For display, they brought eight volumes from "A Series of Investigations on Present Situation and Development of Ethnic Minorities in China." At that time the ninth volume in this series was about to be published to complete the first phase of the investigation. The second phase began in 2000.
Conservative management of mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver

The natural history of mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver is poorly understood. This case demonstrates the course of a biopsy-proven mesenchymal hamartoma using sequential computed tomography (CT) examinations. These CT scans show initial expansion of the lesion with subsequent involution. The spontaneous resolution in this patient suggests the possibility of conservative management of asymptomatic mesenchymal hamartomas. The case is presented, and the literature on mesenchymal hamartoma is reviewed.
Quantum cellular automata without quiescent states

We show how to construct quantum cellular automata (QCA) based on the formalism introduced by Watrous but without that formalism's "quiescent states," by using shift-invariant Lebesgue measure on Cantor space. Although QCA's with quiescent states are strictly sufficient for computational purposes, removing quiescent states as a requirement allows global QCA states with infinite support that allows the state space of the QCA to be identified with the class of interpretations of logic-based formalism in a formal methods approach to proving the correctness correctness of QCAs with respect to formal specifications.
Medical experimentation, racial hygiene and black bodies. Afro‐German and African‐American experiences in the 1930s

(1999). Medical experimentation, racial hygiene and black bodies. Afro‐German and African‐American experiences in the 1930s. Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 63-80.
Warburg Revisited: Regulation of Mitochondrial Metabolism by Voltage Dependent Anion Channels in Cancer Cells.

The bioenergetics of cancer cells is characterized by a high rate of aerobic glycolysis and suppression of mitochondrial metabolism (Warburg phenomenon). Mitochondrial metabolism requires inward and outward flux of hydrophilic metabolites, including ATP, ADP and respiratory substrates, through voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) in the mitochondrial outer membrane. Although VDACs were once considered to be constitutively open, closure of the VDAC is emerging as an adjustable limiter (governator) of mitochondrial metabolism. Studies of VDACs reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers show that tubulin at nanomolar concentrations decreases VDAC conductance. In tumor cell lines, microtubule-destabilizing agents increase cytoplasmic free tubulin and decrease mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), whereas microtubule stabilization increases ΔΨm. Tubulin-dependent suppression of ΔΨm is further potentiated by protein kinase A activation and glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition. Knockdown of different VDAC isoforms, especially of the least abundant isoform, VDAC3, also decreases ΔΨm, cellular ATP, and NADH/NAD+, suggesting that VDAC1 and VDAC2 are most inhibited by free tubulin. The brake on mitochondrial metabolism imposed by the VDAC governator probably is released when spindles form and free tubulin decreases as cells enter mitosis, which better provides for the high ATP demands of chromosome separation and cytokinesis. In conclusion, tubulin-dependent closure of VDACs represents a new mechanism contributing to the suppression of mitochondrial metabolism in the Warburg phenomenon.
Peptide ligand-induced conformation and surface expression of the Ld class I MHC molecule

NEWLY synthesized major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum are thought to bind peptides of foreign and endogenous antigens1–4. Several lines of evidence indicate that β-2 microglobulin (β2m) and/or peptide ligand participate in the intracellular transport and surface expression of class I molecules, but the nature of their involvement is still unclear5,6. Here we present evidence that culturing non-mutant cells (fibroblast, thymoma or mastocytoma) with a peptide ligand specific for the Ld class I molecule of the mouse leads to a dramatic (fourfold) and specific induction of Ld surface expression. Surprisingly, this peptide ligand-induced expression of Ld does not result in an increased intracellular association of Ld with β 2m. These findings demonstrate that the previously reported decrease in surface expression of Ld results from its failure to be saturated with endogenous self-peptide ligands. This unique feature of Ld could also contribute to the fact that several virus-specific cytotoxic ? cell responses have been found to be Ld-restricted.
UTILIZATION OF A FISH PROTEIN ISOLATE IN WHIPPEP GELATIN DESSERTS

A fish protein isolate developed for its whippability was evaluated in a whipped gelatin dessert. The isolate was substituted for 30, 60 or 100% of egg albumin. No significant differences in the desserts were found for appearance, texture, tenderness, mouthfeel, and flavor. Increased specific gravity and rigidity, decreased index of volume and pH accompanied increased levels of the isolate. However, these differences are of relatively little importance in terms of an acceptable product. Panel members indicated a preference for the product with higher levels of the isolate which had a more intense fruit flavor. The isolate can be used as a substitute for egg albumin in production of foams.
The equality of the Siler cones K3 and K4, the general case

Abstract In this paper, it is shown that Siler cones K 3 and K 4 of positive semidefinite-preserving linear transformations are equal. In the process of showing this, a common characterization theorem is given.
The Influence of Interpretive Communities on Use of Content and Procedural Knowledge in a Writing Task

In this study, we analyzed how students from different interpretive communities shape their academic texts. Prospective educational researchers, prospective reading specialists, prospective teacher...
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectra of 4-substituted pyridine-pentacarbonylchromium complexes

Abstract The ultraviolet photoelectron spectra of Cr(CO) 5 (4-RPyr) have been measured, and the IP's observed below 12 eV are discussed. Bands found in the region 7-8 eV are assigned to ionization from the chromium d orbitals. The IP values are shown to increase with the increasing electron acceptor nature of the ring substituents. The remaining bands below 12 eV are assigned to the pyridine orbitals. The IP values of the uncomplexed pyridines are observed to increase upon complexation, and a comparison is made of the effects of complexation with the Cr(CO) 5 and BH 3 moieties.
Invariant manifolds in mechanics II: Zero-dimensional elastic bodies with directors

Application de la methode des varietes invariantes a un cas concret: etablissement a partir de l'elasticite tridimensionnelle d'une theorie des corps de dimension 0 avec trois directeurs
Optical studies of magnons, excitons, and polarons in CuO2-layer compounds

studies of magnons, excitons and polarons in Cu02-layer compoundsM. A. Kastner and R. J. BirgeneauCenter for Materials Science and Engineering and Department of PhysicsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA 02139ABSTRACTThe optical properties of undoped and lightly doped lamellar copper oxides are reviewed. In the undoped materials theabsorption below the charge-transfer gap is dominated by magnetic and crystal field excitations of the Cu02 layers. Thetemperature dependence of the charge-transfer absorption provides evidence that free charged excitations form largepolarons. However, the optical ionization energy of holes bound to acceptors is much larger than the thermal ionizationenergy, indicating that the bound polarons are small. The parameters extracted from optical measurements predict the Hallmobility of holes in lightly doped La2CuO4, with no adjustable parameters, confirming that the carriers are polarons.Keywords: High temperature superconductorsINTRODUCTIONThe optical properties of the doped lamellar copper oxides have been the subject of intense interest since the discovery ofhigh temperature superconductivity.3 All of the high Tc materials may be thought of as antiferromagnetic semiconductorsthat are superconducting when heavily doped, and most work has therefore naturally focused on such doped samples.However, we have learned a great deal about the elementary excitations of the Cu02 layer, the fundamental building block ofall high Tc materials, by studying undoped or lightly doped samples. In particular, we have concentrated on single layermaterials, without the complications associated with Cu chains and strong interlayer coupling characteristic of some of thematerials with the highest Tc's. For a number of such single-layer materials large single crystals can be grown, which allowpolarized optical measurements. In this paper we first review the optical properties of the undoped compounds and then turnto some aspects of lightly doped CuO2 layers.In Section 1, we present a discussion of infrared optical absorption in undoped crystals. Some of this absorption results fromthe creation of Frenkel excitons corresponding to crystal field excitations of the Cu2+ ions. However, recent theoretical andexperimental studies provide convincing evidence that part of the absorption corresponds to the creation of bimagnonscoupled to phonons. In Section 2, we review studies of the charge transfer excitations, which result in mobile charge carriers.The temperature dependence of the charge transfer absorption provides strong evidence that the charge carriers are large(Frohlich) polarons. Section 3 provides evidence that polaronic effects are even more pronounced for holes bound to
THE RELATIONSHIP OF BELOW-GROUND HYDROLOGY TO CANOPY COMPOSITION IN FIVE TIDAL FRESHWATER SWAMPS

The relationship between ground-water fluctuations and the canopy compositions of five tidal freshwater swamps were examined. Tide gauge data were compared with measured ground-water fluctuations to assess the role of tides in driving the hydrologic regimes of tidal swamps. Flooding in tidal swamps was found to be closely associated with high tides. As the tides dropped through the hummock zone (elevated area, about 15 cm high, to which the trees are restricted), drainage of the hollows (low areas between hummocks) occurred at the same rate as the falling tides. After the tides dropped below the elevation of the hollows, the lowering of the water table became much slower than that of the falling tides, presumably because peat in the root zone inhibited drainage. When the subsequent rising tides reached the elevation of the water table, the water table rose vertically with the tides. Flooding recurred in the hollows as the tides rose above the surface of the ground. The composition of the canopy was found to be related to the mean water-table depth (WTD) (i.e., the depth in relation to the hummock elevation at which the soil was flooded 50% of the time) and not to the duration, depth, or frequency of flooding. Tidal swamps dominated byFraxinus spp. andNyssa sylvatica varbiflora occurred in the wetter sites (mean WTD=17 cm), whereas swamps dominated byAcer rubrum andLiquidambar styracifiua occurred in less wet sites (mean WTD=21 to 30 cm). Tidal freshwater swamps are precariously positioned at the upper portion of the tidal range where they seem to keep pace with a rising sea level by accumulating biomass (logs and roots). Potential threats to the distribution and areal extent of tidal freshwater swamps include any abrupt changes in the rate of sea-level rise, periodic logging, or blockage of their upriver migration due to incompatible land use.
Studies on the coexistence of substance P with other putative transmitters in the nodose and petrosal ganglia.

Visceral afferent neurons of the nodose and petrosal ganglia are immunoreactive (ir) for many neurotransmitters [e.g., substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and dopamine (tyrosine hydroxylase-ir; TH)]. Coexistence of SP-ir with NKA-, CGRP-, or TH-ir was studied in individual neurons of the rat ganglia using fluorescence immunocytochemistry. SP- and NKA-ir were present in equal numbers of cells and were consistently colocalized. SP- and CGRP-ir were found to be similarly distributed in scattered cells, concentrated mostly in the rostral pole of the nodose ganglion and in the petrosal ganglion. SP-ir completely coexisted with CGRP-ir. However, there was at least twice the number of CGRP-ir neurons as SP-ir neurons, and thus CGRP-ir neurons that did not contain SP-ir were also present. In contrast, SP- and TH-ir had different distributions in both the nodose and the petrosal ganglia. SP-ir was located in the more rostral regions of both the nodose and petrosal ganglia, whereas TH-ir was detected throughout the entire nodose ganglion and only in the most caudal region of the petrosal ganglion. There was no coexistence of SP- and TH-ir. These data demonstrate the differential localization and coexistence of putative transmitters in visceral sensory neurons in the nodose and petrosal ganglia.
TH-E-BRC-11: Practical Methods for Improving Dose Non-Uniformity in Monte Carlo- Based IMRT Planning of Lung Tumors Treated with Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT)

Purpose: Current commercially available planning systems which utilize MC algorithm‐based final dose calculation in IMRT planning employ pencil‐beam algorithms in the optimization process. Consequently, dose coverage for SBRTlung plans can be quite non‐uniform, featuring cold‐ spots in the tumor periphery for “island” lesions within the lung, and, for other locations, hot‐spots within nearby normal organs (example: rib‐cage). This study evaluated practical approaches to reducing dose non‐uniformity within the target and surrounding normal organs in MC‐based IMRT planning. Methods: We evaluated two different IMRT‐based approaches. (A) Iterative planning where the MC calculation (with pencil‐beam‐based optimization) is initially performed. The resultant cold spot is then contoured and used as a simulatneous boost volume. The MC‐based dose is re‐computed and the prescription dose re‐normalized to 95% of the PTV. Ten SBRTlung cases with tumors seated near the lung‐wall/rib‐cage interface were planned. (B) Planning in which coplanar and non‐coplanar beam angles with limited path through lung tissue were selected. Both techniques were evaluated against the conventional coplanar‐beam approach: a single MC calculation and prescription dose normalization to 95% of the PTV. Results: Technique A: conformity index (CI) and PTV dose uniformity (U_PTV) improved in seven of ten plans. Average improvement (+/− standard error) was 10.8%+/−2.7%, and 22.4%+/−5.4%, respectively. Non‐significantly improved plans had PTVs near the skin, trachea and/or very small lung involvement. The maximum dose to 1cc volume (D1cc) of surrounding OARs decreased in nine often plans (average 10.6%+/−4.3%), with only the skin‐adjacent PTV plan showing no improvement. Technique B: we demonstrated an improvement of 11.2% and 2.6% in CI and U_PTV, respectively, and a D1cc reduction of 7.8% to surrounding OARs. Conclusions: The proposed practical approaches improve dose conformity in MC‐based IMRT planning of lungtumors treated with SBRT, improving target dose coverage and potentially reducing toxicities to surrounding normal organs. Supported in part by NIH/NCI Grant No. 106770.
Digital childhood: electronic media and technology use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers.

OBJECTIVES. The objectives of this study were to describe media access and use among US children aged 0 to 6, to assess how many young children fall within the American Academy of Pediatrics media-use guidelines, to identify demographic and family factors predicting American Academy of Pediatrics media-use guideline adherence, and to assess the relation of guideline adherence to reading and playing outdoors. METHODS. Data from a representative sample of parents of children aged 0 to 6 (N = 1051) in 2005 were used. Descriptive analyses, logistic regression, and multivariate analyses of covariance were used as appropriate. RESULTS. On a typical day, 75% of children watched television and 32% watched videos/DVDs, for approximately 1 hour and 20 minutes, on average. New media are also making inroads with young children: 27% of 5- to 6-year-olds used a computer (for 50 minutes on average) on a typical day. Many young children (one fifth of 0- to 2-year-olds and more than one third of 3- to 6-year-olds) also have a television in their bedroom. The most common reason given was that it frees up other televisions in the house so that other family members can watch their own shows (54%). The majority of children aged 3 to 6 fell within the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, but 70% of 0- to 2-year-olds did not. CONCLUSIONS. This study is the first to provide comprehensive information regarding the extent of media use among young children in the United States. These children are growing up in a media-saturated environment with almost universal access to television, and a striking number have a television in their bedroom. Media and technology are here to stay and are virtually guaranteed to play an ever-increasing role in daily life, even among the very young. Additional research on their developmental impact is crucial to public health.
Short-Term Seasonal Changes in Parasite Community Structure in Northern Leopard Froglets (Rana pipiens) Inhabiting Agricultural Wetlands

Parasite community structure can change seasonally with shifts in host habitat and in diet. However, anthropogenic activity may influence the natural changes in transmission dynamics of different parasite species. Effects of seasonal and agricultural activity on the parasite communities of newly metamorphosed northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) were investigated in July and September 2001 in 5 wetlands, 3 of which were exposed to pesticide runoff from surrounding agriculture. Nineteen parasite taxa were found. Component community richness was consistently high at the pristine reference wetland, whereas the communities at a managed reference wetland remained depauperate. Infracommunity richness increased throughout the season, but more so in frogs resident in agricultural wetlands. Digeneans using frogs as intermediate hosts dominated the communities, although many species were much lower in abundance in September, suggesting mortality of heavily infected frogs. Mean abundance of Haematoloechus spp. was positively related to that of odonate naiads in the frog diet, which appeared to reflect differential second intermediate host availability between reference and agricultural wetlands. Although virtually absent from wetlands in July just after frog metamorphosis, monoxenous nematodes were more prevalent and abundant at agricultural wetlands as the season progressed. Our results suggest that agricultural activity may further facilitate the transmission of monoxenous nematodes as frogs become more terrestrial.
Direct custom implant impression copings for the preservation of the pontic receptor site architecture

The direct custom implant impression coping technique is designed to record the periimplant gingiva and pontic receptor site after the tissues have been shaped with a provisional restoration. The technique prevents inaccurate recording of the gingival architecture by using a dual polymerizing composite resin placed into the sulcus and pontic receptor sites and adapted to the open tray implant impression copings. This technique may improve soft tissue accuracy between the clinical condition and the laboratory cast.
On nonlinear convection in mushy layers. Part 2. Mixed oscillatory and stationary modes of convection

This paper presents part 2 of a study of nonlinear convection in horizontal mushy layers during the solidification of binary alloys. Part 1 dealt with only the oscillatory modes of convection (Riahi, J. Fluid Mech. vol. 467, 2002, pp. 331–359). In the present paper we consider the particular range of parameters where the critical values of the scaled Rayleigh number $R$ for the onset of oscillatory and stationary convection are close to each other, and we develop and analyse a nonlinear theory in such a parameter regime which takes into account those mixed stationary and oscillatory modes of convection with common wavenumber vectors. Under a near-eutectic approximation and in the limit of large far-field temperature, we first determine a number of weakly nonlinear solutions, and then the stability of these solutions is investigated. The most interesting result is the preference for a mixed solution composed of standing and stationary hexagonal modes over a relatively wide range of the parameter values and for $R$ just above its lowest subcritical value where convection is possible. Such a preferred solution has properties mostly in agreement with the experimental results due to Tait et al. ( Nature , vol. 359, 1992, pp. 406–408) in the sense that the flow is downward at the cell centres, upward at the cell boundaries and there is some tendency for channel formation at the cell nodes.
Sociology: An Idea Whose Time Has Come:

This is a revised version of the 2004 PSA Presidential Address. It examines the vital need for sociology in today's world and the ways in which sociology already overtly and covertly makes a difference and suggests ways to enhance the impact of sociology in the years ahead.
Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France. By Kathleen Wellman. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013. Pp. xii, 433. $50.00.)

Queens, especially French ones, are big business these days. Filmmakers from Sofia Coppola to the Danish wunderkind Nikolaj Arcel have been drawn to the tragic tales of Marie Antoinette and Carolin...
Molecular absorption cryogenic cooler for liquid hydrogen propulsion systems

A light weight, long life molecular absorption cryogenic cooler (MACC) system is described which can use low temperature waste heat to provide cooling for liquid hydrogen propellant tanks for interplanetary spacecraft. Detailed tradeoff studies were made to evaluate the refrigeration system component interactions in order to minimize the mass of the spacecraft cooler system. Based on this analysis a refrigerator system mass of 31 kg is required to provide the .48 watts of cooling required by a 2.3 meter diameter liquid hydrogen tank.
Fluorescence in alkali-metal salts of some acyclic, resonance-stabilized carbanions

Abstract While fluorescence can be clearly observed in resonance-stabilized acyclic anions, its occurrence is insufficient for unambiguous assignment of either ion-pairing type or anion geometry. As in cyclic, aromatic anions, the requirement for contact ion-pairing is less severe in the excited state than in the ground state. The fluorescence lifetimes of acyclic anions are affected more by the associated cation than by the type of ion-pairing.
Tea Leaves and Productivity: Bergsonian Norms for Gauging the Soviet Future

Abram Bergson's attitudes toward the reliability of Soviet statistics and the feasibility of socialism took shape in two distinct phases. He convinced himself and the profession by 1953 that Soviet data were ‘usable’ and that socialism could conceivably outperform capitalism. However, he reversed field a decade later on the issue of merit concluding that while the USSR would survive, negative factor productivity growth made it inherently inferior. Both predictions proved problematic. Negative factor productivity growth was never confirmed by Goskomstat's figures. The numbers had to be adjusted for ‘hidden inflaion’ to get this result, but these ‘corrections’ compromised the claim that Soviet statistics were ‘reliable’. Likewise, the Soviet Union's demise casts a cloud over the ‘usability’ both of official and adjusted statistics. There is nothing in these series that explains Mikhail Gorbachev's and Boris Yeltsin's haste in scuttling Command Communism.
Weed aboveground and seedbank community responses to agricultural management systems

The development of integrated weed management programs requires a clear understanding of the factors and mechanisms conditioning weed community dynamics in agroecosystems. This study evaluated the effect of different agricultural management systems on the aboveground and seedbank weed communities in annual row crops at the Long Term Ecological Research project in agricultural ecology at the W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan, USA. Weed biomass and species composition were sampled for six years over two corn–soybean–wheat sequence cycles in four agricultural management systems: (1) conventional (high external chemical input, moldboard plowed); (2) no-till (high external chemical input, no tillage); (3) low-input (low external chemical input, moldboard plowed); and (4) organic (no external chemical input, moldboard plowed). A greenhouse germination study assessed variation in the abundance and composition of the weed seedbank across the studied systems in the first and sixth year of this study. Abov...
Seven American TODs: Good practices for urban design in Transit-Oriented Development projects

In the past few decades, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has emerged as a popular and iniuential planning concept in the United States. Physical design is an impor- tant aspect of making TOD projects work as it is a crucial means of coordinating relatively intensive land uses and multiple transportation modes. is paper analyzes seven American TOD projects in terms of urban design and concludes with a discussion of "good practices" for future TOD projects focusing on development processes, place-making, and facilities. is research supplements prior scholarship on TOD that has tended to focus on policy issues such as regulation and enancing.
IPTV: Now and next

This keynote address wants to establish the current status of IPTV and define how it will evolve with the new ubiquity of Internet video and Smartphones with web access. In particular, the discussion centers on how IPTV will move across device boundaries and include features now associated with over the top offerings and social networks.
Intraluteal Prostaglandin Biosynthesis and Signaling Are Selectively Directed Towards PGF2alpha During Luteolysis but Towards PGE2 During the Establishment of Pregnancy in Sheep

In ruminants, endometrial prostalgandin (PG) F(2alpha) causes functional luteolysis, whereas luteal synthesis of PGF(2alpha) is required for structural luteolysis. PGE(2) is considered to be a luteoprotective mediator. Molecular aspects of luteal PGF(2alpha) and PGE(2) biosynthesis and signaling during the estrous cycle and establishment of pregnancy are largely unknown. The objectives of the present study were 1) to determine the regulation of proteins involved in PGF(2alpha) and PGE(2) biosynthesis, catabolism, transport and signaling in the corpus luteum (CL); 2) to investigate the transport of interferon tau (IFNT), PGF(2alpha), and PGE(2) from the uterus to the ovary through the vascular utero-ovarian plexus (UOP); and 3) to compare the intraluteal production of PGF(2alpha) and PGE(2) on Days 12, 14, and 16 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy in sheep. Our results indicate that luteal PG biosynthesis is selectively directed towards PGF(2alpha) at the time of luteolysis and towards PGE(2) during the establishment of pregnancy. Moreover, the ability of the CL of early pregnancy to resist luteolysis is due to increased intraluteal biosynthesis of PGE(2) and PGE(2) receptor (PTGER) 2 (also known as EP2)- and PTGER4 (also known as EP4)-mediated signaling. We also found that IFNT protein is not transported through the UOP from the uterus to the ovary; in contrast, a large proportion of endometrial PGE(2) is transported from the uterus to the ovary through the UOP. These results indicate that endometrial PGE(2) stimulated by pregnancy is transported locally to the ovary, which increases luteal PGE(2) biosynthesis and hence activates luteal PTGER2 and PTGER4 signaling, thus protecting the CL during the establishment of pregnancy in sheep.
Affect, Meaning and Quality of Life

Research on quality of life in sociology is largely focused on a narrow range of dimensions including affect, happiness and satisfaction. It largely avoids a concern with the meanings that provide people with the purpose, significance, validity and coherence that are a basis of social relationships and social integration. Evidence is presented that people experience lowered affect in some challenging and stressful situations that simultaneously generate meanings that enhance the quality of their lives, and that experiences of high affect along with impoverished meanings produce low quality of life. This strongly suggests that meaning may be a more fundamental dimension of life quality than is affect. Meanings may also enhance the quality of life by motivating people's involvement in activities that promote social integration and the quality of social relationships. Sociologists should work to further develop the theoretical and empirical basis of quality of life so that it more fully includes dimensions that reflect the meanings that provide purpose and significance in people's lives.
DRPLA gene (Atrophin-1) sequence and mRNA expression in human brain

Dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA, Smith's disease) is one of five disorders currently known to result from expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat encoding glutamine. The reported full length cDNA sequence encodes a serine repeat and a region of alternating acidic and basic amino acids, as well as the glutamine repeat. We now report the nucleic acid and deduced amino acid sequences of the open reading frame of this gene, obtained from a series of independently isolated and sequenced cDNA clones. Eight nucleotide differences from the originally published sequence result in a change of 34 amino acids, most prominently in the region of alternating acidic and basic residues. Northern analysis and in situ hybridization indicate that atrophin-1 mRNA is expressed in multiple brain regions. The level of mRNA expression as determined by in situ hybridization in a DRPLA-diseased brain is indistinguishable from the level observed in a matched control brain. These results indicate that the correlation between atrophin-1 expression and regions of pathology in DRPLA is at best partial, and that the expanded allele does not cause a major loss of mRNA expression. The pathology of the disorder may therefore arise from the altered structure and function of the abnormal protein.