cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of the renal response to atrial natriuretic peptide by sodium intake in preweaned rats.

The neonate conserves sodium avidly, and sodium intake is normally limited to that present in maternal milk. To evaluate the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in this adaptation, preweaned rat pups were artificially reared and fed a formula with either normal sodium (25 mEq/L) or high sodium (145 mEq/L) for 7-8 d. To determine whether increased dietary sodium decreases ANP clearance receptor activity, animals were anesthetized, and the plasma ANP concentration (ANPp), urine flow (V), urinary sodium (UNaV), and cGMP excretion (UcGMPV) were measured before and after infusion of ANF(4-23), an ANP clearance receptor inhibitor (C-ANF), at 50 μg/kg/min. Infusion of C-ANF increased ANPp 10-fold in both normal and high sodium groups, but V, UNaV, and UcGMPV increased only in animals receiving the high sodium diet (p < 0.05). Incubation of isolated glomeruli with 0.1 μM ANP increased extracellular cGMP more in high sodium than normal sodium groups (p < 0.05). We conclude that ANP clearance receptors in the neonate are highly activated regardless of sodium intake. Increased dietary sodium increases the renal diuretic and natriuretic response to circulating ANP through enhanced generation of cGMP.
Program Graphs and Execution Behavior

This paper describes a technique for predicting the execution behavior of a source program or a software design specification. As a by-product of syntactic analysis, a program graph is constructed which can subsequently be treated as the graph of a finite automaton. The expression for execution behavior is the regular expression of the graph. Several simplification techniques for these expressions are discussed and exemplified. In particular, the substitution of known values for program segments followed by constant folding cannot be done indiscriminately; the allowable situations are characterized. Applications include the prediction of execution time for a program or a software design, other forms of language analysis, and program restructuring.
Endothelial cell shrinkage increases permeability through a Ca2+-dependent pathway in single frog mesenteric microvessels.

1We tested whether calcium (Ca2+)-dependent mechanisms were essential for our previous observation that a change in the endothelial cell (EC)-extracellular matrix (ECM) attachment caused an increase in microvessel hydraulic permeability (Lp) after exposure to hypertonic solutions in single perfused mesenteric microvessels in pithed frogs (Rana pipiens). 2In microvessels where integrin-dependent EC-ECM attachments were disrupted by pretreatment with the peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Thr-Pro (GRGDTP; 0·3 mmol l−1), we measured microvessel Lp after exposure to hypertonic solutions under experimental conditions that reduced Ca2+ influx into endothelial cells. 3High K+ solutions (59·7 and 100 mmol l−1 K+) were used to depolarize the endothelial membrane and therefore to reduce the electrochemical driving force for Ca2+ influx through conductive Ca2+ channels. These solutions abolished the increase in Lp caused by hypertonic solutions in the microvessels pretreated with GRGDTP. 4We previously suggested that the removal of albumin from the perfusate may reduce EC-ECM attachment because hypertonic solutions increased the Lp of microvessels above that due to removal of albumin alone. This additional increase in Lp was attenuated by the 59·7 mmol l−1 K+ solution and was completely abolished by the 100 mmol l−1 K+ solution. 5Bumetanide, an inhibitor of the Na+-K+-2Cl− co-transporter and one of the mechanisms of regulatory volume increase after exposure to hypertonic solutions in endothelial cells, did not change the response of microvessels to high K+ solutions. 6Our findings indicate that Ca2+ entry into endothelial cells via passive conductance channels is necessary to increase microvessel Lp after exposure to hypertonic solutions in microvessels where EC-ECM attachments are disrupted.
Drosophila models for cancer research

Drosophila is a model system for cancer research. Investigation with fruit flies has facilitated a number of important recent discoveries in the field: the hippo signaling pathway, which coordinates cell proliferation and death to achieve normal tissue size; 'social' behaviors of cells, including cell competition and apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation, that help ensure normal tissue size; and a growing understanding of how oncogenes and tumor suppressors cooperate to achieve tumor growth and metastasis in situ. In the future, Drosophila models can be extended beyond basic research in the search for human therapeutics.
Direct measurement of the Rayleigh scattering cross section in iron using selective excitation double Mössbauer techniques

Recent developments in selective excitation double M\"ossbauer (SEDM) procedures and analysis have made this technique available for studying several kinds of physical problems. In this work we report the direct measurement of the Rayleigh scattering cross section in iron metal. The method consists of selectively exciting an absorption transition in $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ in iron metal which, owing to the magnetic dipole selection rules, results in two emission transitions of different energies. Since Rayleigh scattering is elastic, its only contribution is at the energy of the emission transition which corresponds to the absorption transition. By measuring the SEDM line shape of the two emission lines and comparing with SEDM theory, the Rayleigh differential scattering cross section can be determined. These experiments have been done using both enriched and natural $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ iron scatterers.
A mechanism of divalent ion-induced phosphatidylserine membrane fusion.

Abstract A mechanism for the divalent cation-induced membrane fusion of phosphatidylserine membranes is proposed. Fusion was followed by the Tb/DPA (dipicolinic acid) assay, monitoring the fluorescent intensity for mixing of the internal aqueous contents of unilamellar lipid vesicles, and the threshold concentrations required for various divalent cations to induce membrane fusion were determined from the fluorescence spectrum of the lipid vesicle suspension with respect to various concentrations of divalent ions. Also, the surface tension of monolayers made of the same lipids as used in the fusion experiments was measured with respect to the variation of divalent cation concentrations. The surface tension increase in the monolayer, induced by changing divalent ion concentrations from zero to a concentration which corresponded to its threshold concentration to induce vesicle membrane fusion, was the same (approx. 8 dyn/cm) for all divalent ions used. From these experimental data and the theory concerning ion binding to the membrane, it is deduced that the main cause of divalent cation-induced membrane fusion of phosphatidylserine membranes is the degree of increased hydrophobicity (surface tension increase) of the membrane surface, which results from the binding of cations to acidic phospholipid membrane surfaces. Some discussion on the molecular mechanism of phospholipid membrane fusion is given.
A study of the ability to decode grammatically novel sentences

An experiment was designed to test the notion that English speaker-hearers can successfully decode sentences which are grammatically novel to them. Self-embedded relative clause sentences were presented to S s in spoken and written form with essentially unlimited time for decoding. The factors of semantic constraints and feedback of correct reponse were varied. Results indicated that only about half of the S s could decode the structures without the aid of semantic constraints or feedback. The only condition under which the structures were effectively learned was when feedback was coupled with an absence of semantic constraints.
Group size and ectoparasitism affect daily survival probability in a colonial bird

Little is known in general about how group size or ectoparasitism affect survival in colonial animals. We estimated daily within-season survival probabilities for nesting adult and recently fledged juvenile cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) at 239 colonies from 1983 to 2003 in southwestern Nebraska, USA. Some colonies had been fumigated to remove ectoparasites. We conducted mark-recapture at each colony site to estimate daily survival. There were no systematic differences between males and females in daily survival. Adults and juveniles occupying parasite-free colonies had, on average, 4.4% and 62.2% greater daily survival, respectively, than their counterparts in naturally infested colonies. Daily survival of all birds increased with colony size for both parasite-free colonies and those under natural conditions, although the effect was stronger for adults at fumigated sites and for juveniles. Average daily survival probability for adults tended to increase during warmer and drier summers. Although daily survival varied at some sites over the course of the nesting cycle, there were no strongly consistent within-year temporal effects on survival. Even small differences in daily survival probability can translate into large effects on mean lifespan. The deleterious effects of ectoparasites on daily survival within the season represent a previously unknown cost of ectoparasitism. The increase in within-season survival with colony size reflects the net effects of many costs and benefits associated with colony size. Ectoparasitism is probably the most important cost that tends to partly balance the positive effects of large colonies. The greater survival of cliff swallows in the larger colonies is a previously unknown advantage of colonial nesting.
“Just Something Gone, But Nothing Missing”: Booker T. Washington, Nannie Helen Burroughs, and the Social Significance of Black Teachers Theorizing Across Two Centuries

Black teachers, past and present, have seldom been presented as educational theorists whose practices are rooted in systematic and imaginative viewpoints developed over a lifetime of work. With ver...
Factors affecting the high temperature strength of polcyrystalline solids

Abstract Quantitative analyses of the high temperature strength data (> 0.5 T m ) on pure polycrystalline metals indicate that the following factors will promote the high-temperature creep resistance: 1. (a) crystal structure—the best structure is the diamond-type structure, followed by the close-packed f.c.c. or h.c.p. structures and, lastly, the b.c.c. structure 2. (b) high melting temperature 3. (c) high elastic modulus 4. (d) high valence state 5. (e) fine stable grain size. Comparison of current theories of high-temperature deformation with experimental data reveal that Weertman's theory of creep based on dislocation climb best describes the experimental data for creep of pure metals at high stresses, and the Nabarro-Herring theory based on atomic diffusion appears applicable at low stresses. The role of stable discontinuous precipitates on high temperature creep is not clearly understood, and their role on the creep strength of SAP is probably only of secondary importance.
Buckling of Composite Flanges in Partially Disbonded Adhesive Joints

This paper contributes newly developed closed-form buckling solutions for generic one-edge-free problems common to partially disbonded composite structures. These solutions are shown to be accurate by comparison with experimentally measured buckling loads which are also reported in this paper. The buckling of partially disbonded regions in adhesive joints is a safety concern due to the potential for ensuing buckling-driven disbond growth. In order to design structures to be tolerant to these flaws, closed-form expressions that predict buckling load have been developed based on a one-edge-free buckling model. Comparison of the closed-form predictions with the finite element results verifies the accuracy of the solutions. Validation of these analyses was achieved by comparison with the experimentally determined buckling loads. These were measured to fall within a range of predicted values, as defined by the choice of boundary condition opposite the disbonded flange-free-edge: either clamped or simply-supported. Assumption of either boundary condition provides upper- and lower-bound predictions of buckling in partially disbonded joint flange configurations.
First-principles simulations of liquid silica : Structural and dynamical behavior at high pressure

We have carried out first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of silica liquid over a wide range of pressure (from $0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\sim}150\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$) and temperature $(3000--6000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$ within density functional theory and the pseudopotential approximation. Our results show that the liquid structure is highly sensitive to compression: the average Si-O coordination number increases from 4 at zero pressure initially slowly on compression and then more rapidly after 30% compression, reaching 6.5 at $150\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. At low compression, nearly all Si-O coordination environments are fourfold and relatively undistorted, whereas at high compression several coordination types (five-, six-, and sevenfold) coexist and the polyhedra are significantly distorted. The heat capacity and Gr\"uneisen parameter show little variation with compression within the low-pressure regime and vary rapidly with compression in the high-pressure regime. Results are successfully fitted to the Mie-Gr\"uneisen equation of state and show no evidence of spinodal instability or a temperature of maximum density. The behavior of the self-diffusion coefficient is consistent with a crossover from strong to fragile liquid behavior with increasing temperature and increasing pressure. Both Si and O self-diffusion coefficients vary anomalously at $4000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$---they initially increase with pressure and then decrease upon further compression. This anomalous behavior is absent at higher temperatures.
NIH Roadmap/Common Fund at 10 years

A fundamental challenge facing all institutions of science, including the National Institutes of Health (NIH), is whether their structures and disciplines, inherited from the past, continue to reflect the reality of current science and the needs of future science. Without an explicit process of adaptation to changes that often transcend established scientific structures and disciplines, the risk of missing emerging opportunities grows. This is why, 10 years ago, NIH launched an approach to the support of science that transcended all Institutes and Centers, known as the “NIH Roadmap” ( 1 ). The NIH Director and the Director of each of the NIH Institutes engaged in a broad priority-setting exercise, informed by extramural and intramural NIH scientists, public representatives, and leaders from other government agencies and the private sector. We asked three questions: What are today's most pressing scientific challenges? What are the roadblocks to progress and what must be done to overcome them? Which efforts are beyond the mandate of one or a few institutes, but are the responsibility of NIH as a whole? Each of the initial Roadmap programs that emerged was designed to achieve defined goals or transition to other sources of support within 10 years. As we have reached the 10th anniversary of these programs, a look back is in order.
Low Temperature Resistant Material Study of Fitting in Power Transmission Line

Establishing large coal fired power, hydropower and wind power bases in the energy resources centre and large capacity long distance power energy transmission are main way to solve resource contradiction according to distribution characteristic of energy resource in our country. Power transmission line shall avoid influence of high altitude and low temperature etc environments in long distance power transmission, such as western area, the steel material of the fitting in the line with low temperature requirement shall have good low temperature resistant brittle, therefore the fittings in the power line are requested to have good low temperature resistant comprehensive performance. In combination with application environment of the power fittings and characteristics of metal material, carry out analysis on possibility of application of the low temperature resistant material in the fittings in the power line from performance requirements, fitting materials, geometrical features of the fittings, test characteristics of the fitting etc.
Decrease in Fruit Moisture Content Heralds and Might Launch the Onset of Ripening Processes

: It is known that fruit ripening is a genetically programmed event but it is not entirely clear what metabolic cue(s) stimulate the onset of ripening, ethylene action notwithstanding. Here, we examined the conjecture that fruit ripening might be evoked by an autonomously induced decrease in tissue water status. We found decline in water content occurring at the onset of ripening in climacteric and nonclimacteric fruit, suggesting that this phenomenon might be universal. This decline in water content persisted throughout the ripening process in some fruit, whereas in others it reversed during the progression of the ripening process. Applied ethylene also induced a decrease in water content in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers. In ethylene-mutant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit (antisense to1-aminocyclopropane carboxylate synthase), cold-induced decline in water content stimulated onset of ripening processes apparently independently of ethylene action, suggesting cause-and-effect relationship between decreasing water content and onset of ripening. The decline in tissue water content, occurring naturally or induced by ethylene, was strongly correlated with a decrease in hydration (swelling) efficacy of cell wall preparations suggesting that hydration dynamics of cell walls might account for changes in tissue moisture content. Extent of cell wall swelling was, in turn, related to the degree of oxidative cross-linking of wall-bound phenolic acids, suggesting that oxidant-induced wall restructuring might mediate cell wall and, thus, fruit tissue hydration status. We propose that oxidant-induced cell wall remodeling and consequent wall dehydration might evoke stress signaling for the onset of ripening processes. Practical Application: This study suggests that decline in fruit water content is an early event in fruit ripening. This information may be used to gauge fruit maturity for appropriate harvest date and for processing. Control of fruit hydration state might be used to regulate the onset of fruit ripening.
The Stability of Vocational Differentiation, Integration, and Conflict: A Replication and Extension

Kelly's (1955) repertory grid has been applied in vocational counseling and research for over 30 years, enjoying a number of adaptations that have had a documented impact on the structural measures it yields. This study reports, for the first time, the reliabilities associated with three structural scores derived from various forms of the vocational reptest. In general, across the three factors studied (i.e., type of construct used, favorability of occupations considered, and sex of the test taker), 1-week test-retest reliabilities were moderately high for measures of vocational differentiation (r = .73), integration (r = .75), and conflict (r = .85). Nonetheless, the range of reliabilities for various forms of the reptest indicated considerable variability, alerting the counselor and researcher to the likelihood that different forms of the vocational reptest may yield differentially stable measures.
On the Fate of the Ph.D. Dissertation: A Comparative Examination of the Physical and Social Sciences

As any recent Ph.D. recipient can attest, the writing of a doctoral dissertation is at times a process fraught with uncertainty and anxiety over the "meaning" of one's work and its implications for the growth of knowledge in one's discipline. The dissertation usually marks the first opportunity for a graduate student to exercise a great deal of in dependence and autonomy on a research project of one's own choosing; and the successful defense of the completed dissertation represents the final phase in a socialization process designed to inititate the newcomer into the sacred "holies" of academic folkways and mores. From its inception in 1861, when Yale became the first American university to grant the Ph.D. degree (Wolfle and Kidd, 1971), the doc toral degree was viewed as a "research degree" and the writing of a dissertation was justified in terms of making an "original contribution" to the scholar's own discipline. A casual glance through several recent graduate school catalogues1 indicates that the official rhetoric con cerning the dissertation continues to stress the notion of an "original contribution." While the official position of the graduate school emphasizes the dissertation as an "original contribution" to the field, the informal culture of the graduate departments has begun to view the dissertation in the more limited terms of an exercise in research skills. As Berelson's (1960:175) empirical study of faculty and graduate student attitudes toward the dissertation indicated: "Over the long-run, faculty sentiment is probably moving toward 'training instrument' and away from 'con tribution' as the raison d'etre of the dissertation."
Comparative Evaluation of Land Cover Data Sources for Erosion Prediction

: A fundamental problem in protecting surface drinking water supplies is the identification of sites highly susceptible to soil erosion and other forms of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. The New York City Department of Environmental Protection is trying to identify erodible sites as part of a program aimed at avoiding costly filtration. New York City's 2,000 square mile watershed system is well suited for analysis with geographic information systems (GIS); an increasingly important tool to determine the spatial distribution of sensitive NPS pollution areas. This study used a GIS to compare three land cover sources for input into the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE), a model estimating soil loss from rangeland and forests, for a tributary watershed within New York City's water supply system. Sources included both conventional data (aerial photography) and Landsat data (MSS and TM images). Although land cover classifications varied significantly across these sources, location-specific and aggregate watershed predictions of the MUSLE were very similar. We conclude that using Landsat TM imagery with a hybrid classification algorithm provides a rapid, objective means of developing large area land cover databases for use in the MUSLE, thus presenting an attractive alternative to photo interpretation.
Serotonin involvement in pituitary-adrenal function

Experiments clarifying the effects of serotonin (5-HT) in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system are surveyed. Lesion experiments which seek to determine functional maps of serotonergic input to areas involved in regulation are reported. Investigations of the effects of 5-HT levels on the plasma ACTH response to stress and the diurnal variation in basal plasma corticosterone are summarized, and the question of whether serotonergic transmission is involved in the regulation of all aspects of pituitary-adrenal function is considered with attention to the stimulatory and inhibitory action of 5-HT.
Efficacy of Acamprosate for Alcohol Dependence in a Family Medicine Setting in the United States: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Background Acamprosate has been found to enhance rates of complete abstinence and to increase percent days abstinent (PDA) from alcohol relative to placebo treatment. As most U.S. clinical trials of acamprosate have been conducted in alcohol and other drug specialty clinics, there is a need to examine the efficacy of acamprosate in generalist settings. This study tested the efficacy of acamprosate versus placebo on the primary study outcome of PDA in the treatment of alcohol-dependent patients in a family medicine setting. Secondary study outcomes included percent heavy drinking days (%HDD) and gamma glutamyltransferase level (normal or high). Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design of acamprosate was conducted in 2 family medicine settings (North Carolina and Wisconsin). One hundred volunteers were recruited primarily by advertisement, and participants were assigned to 666 mg (2 pills) oral acamprosate 3 times daily (1,998 mg/d) or matching placebo over a 12-week period. All participants concomitantly received 5 sessions of a brief behavioral intervention from a family/primary care physician. Results No significant treatment effect of acamprosate was found on PDA or the secondary outcomes. Significant treatment goal by time interaction effects was found on PDA and %HDD. Participants who had an initial goal of abstinence versus a reduction in alcohol use improved on average over time in PDA and had less %HDD from baseline to the end of treatment. Conclusions This clinical trial did not find evidence of efficacy for acamprosate compared to placebo among alcohol-dependent individuals recruited primarily by advertisement as studied in a primary care setting. Drinking outcomes significantly improved regardless of medication condition. A goal of abstinence was significantly associated with improved drinking outcomes, suggesting that alcohol-dependent patients with such a goal may do particularly well with counseling in a family medicine setting.
Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry method to identify potential biomarkers of perinatal asphyxia in a non-human primate model

Abstract Perinatal asphyxia is a leading cause of brain injury in infants, occurring in 2–4 per 1000 live births. The clinical response to asphyxia is variable and difficult to predict with current diagnostic tests. Reliable biomarkers are needed to help predict the timing and severity of asphyxia, as well as response to treatment. Two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS) was used herein, in conjunction with chemometric data analysis approaches for metabolomic analysis in order to identify significant metabolites affected by birth asphyxia. Blood was drawn before and after 15 or 18 min of cord occlusion in a Macaca nemestrina model of perinatal asphyxia. Postnatal samples were drawn at 5 min of age ( n = 20 subjects). Metabolomic profiles of asphyxiated animals were compared to four controls delivered at comparable gestational age. Fifty metabolites with the greatest change pre- to post-asphyxia were identified and quantified. The metabolic profile of post-asphyxia samples showed marked variability compared to the pre-asphyxia samples. Fifteen of the 50 metabolites showed significant elevation in response to asphyxia, ten of which remained significant upon comparison to the control animals. This metabolomic analysis confirmed lactate and creatinine as markers of asphyxia and discovered new metabolites including succinic acid and malate (intermediates in the Krebs cycle) and arachidonic acid (a brain fatty acid and inflammatory marker) as potential biomarkers. GC × GC–TOFMS coupled with chemometric data analysis are useful tools to identify acute biomarkers of brain injury. Further study is needed to correlate these metabolites with severity of disease, and response to treatment.
Thermal annealing synthesis of titanium-dioxide nanowire–nanoparticle hetero-structures

Abstract Crystalline TiO2 nanowire–nanoparticle hetero-structures were successfully synthesized from titanium foils by using a simple thermal annealing method with the aid of CuCl2 at the atmospheric pressure. Nanowires were grown from Ti foils by simply annealing Ti foils at 850 °C. Then, TiCl4 was delivered to TiO2 nanowires so as to precipitate TiO2 nanoparticles on nanowire surfaces. At 750 °C reaction temperature, nanoparticles of tens of nanometers in diameter were well distributed on pre-grown nanowire forests. Nanoparticles were likely to be precipitated by TiCl4 decomposition or oxidation and that require high temperatures above ∼650 °C. Electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and UV–vis spectroscopy analyses show they have the rutile polycrystalline structure with a slightly enlarged bandgap compared to that of bulk TiO2. The influence of key synthesis parameters including reaction temperature, reaction time, and quantity of supplied materials on the incorporating nanoparticles was also systematically studied. The optimum reaction condition in the present paper was identified to be 750 °C annealing with repetitive 20 min reactions. A higher reaction temperature yielded larger diameter particles, and higher loading of Ti produced dense particles without changing the particle size. Finally, this method could be utilized for synthesizing other metal oxide nanowires–nanoparticle hetero-structures.
Hadron Calorimeter with Proportional Tubes and Pad Readout

A sampling gas hadron calorimeter with tower readout geometry has been constructed for E687 at Fermilab. This photoproduction experiment will run in the new wide band photon beam capable of producing photons of energy up to 500 GeV/c. The calorimeter consists of 28 120"×82"×1.75" Fe plates interspersed with planes of extruded aluminum proportional tubes. The readout is achieved with capacitively induced signals on pads with a cylindrical geometry. The electronics is constructed from surface mount devices mounted at the detector and includes a preamplifier, pole zero filter, amplifier, and cable driver. The system has a dynamic range spanning the region from minimum ionizing particles (mip) up to a few hundred mip's. The calibration will be monitored using muons and electronic test signals. The gas gain will be monitored by recording the pulse height of an Fe55 source with a cylindrical proportional tube. Results on the details of construction, pad readout, and electronics are presented.
Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Patriarch Black Masculine Identity Formation Within the Context of Romantic Relationships

The purpose of this study was to examine how Black men and women understand masculine performances in romantic relationships and to do so using Steve Harvey’s book Act Like A Lady, Think Like A Man...
Circularity of the Replicating Form of a Single-Stranded DNA Virus

Electron micrographs of purified replicating form DNA of the bacteriophage oX-174 show that it has ring structure. The circular property may explain both the abnormally high sedimentation coefficient and the great resistance of this DNA to irreversible heat denaturation. Intactness of the circle is required for the control of strand selection during transcription into complementary copies of RNA.
Analysis of microDopplers from human gait using reassigned joint time-frequency transform

The Doppler spectrogram of a moving human is characterised by microDoppler returns due to the dynamic movements of the different body parts. The reassigned joint time-frequency transform is applied to study these distinct microDoppler features. Reassigned spectrograms generated from a simulation model and measured data are presented and analysed.
Using WarpPLS in E-Collaboration Studies: What if I Have Only One Group and One Condition?

What if a researcher obtains empirical data by asking questions to gauge the effect of an e-collaboration technology on task performance, but does not obtain data on the extent to which the e-collaboration technology is used? This characterizes what is referred to here as a scenario with one group and one condition, where the researcher is essentially left with only one column of data to be analyzed. When this happens, often researchers do not know how to analyze the data, or analyze the data making incorrect assumptions and using unsuitable techniques. Some of WarpPLS's features make it particularly useful in this type of scenario, such as its support for small samples and the use of data that does not meet parametric assumptions. The main goal of this paper is to help e-collaboration researchers use WarpPLS to analyze data in this type of scenario, where only one group and one condition are available. Two other scenarios are also discussed-a typical scenario, and a scenario with one group and two before-after technology introduction conditions. While the focus here is on e-collaboration, the recommendations apply to many other fields.
Maternal entrainment in the circadian activity rhythm of laboratory mouse (C57BL/6J)

Maternal entrainment of circadian activity rhythm was studied in the laboratory mouse (C57BL/6J). Pregnant mice gave birth in constant dim light and the mother raised the pups until Postnatal Day 18 (weaning). The wheel running activity of these pups was individually monitored from Day 18. It was found that the phases of pups' activity on the day of weaning were similar to the phases of their mother's rhythm (p < 0.001), indicating that maternal entrainment occurs in the C57BL/6J pups. When the mother mouse was cyclically presented to the pups for 12 h of a day, thereby creating presence-absence (PA) cycles of 12:12 h, it was found that the pups' activity rhythm entrained to the imposed cycles. The onset of activity of the pups coincided with the beginning of the mother's 12-h absence period. It is proposed that the social contact between the mother and the pups is taken by the pups as subjective day (rest time) and absence of the mother as subjective night (activity time). This maternal (nonphotic) entrainment, however, does not continue beyond Postnatal Days 23-26, despite ongoing PA cycles. These results indicate that the PA cycles of the mother are a transient zeitgeber, and are effective in entraining the rhythm of pups only for about 4 weeks after birth.
Hybrid Han-Carlson adder

This paper explores a variation of the Han-Carlson adder for large word sizes and compares the performance of the new design with the traditional design. This work introduces a second type of design with two Brent-Kung stages each at the beginning and at the end and with Kogge-Stone stages in the middle, henceforth referred to as the “Hybrid Han-Carlson design.” With the new design, the Hybrid Han-Carlson adder, the delay increases slightly, but the complexity, silicon area and power are reduced significantly.
Water Movement and Solute Transport through Saprolite

Many soils are underlain by saprolite. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for preferential movement of pollutants through one soil and two saprolites in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. At one site (Site 1), two 100 by 100 by 100 cm intact blocks were isolated in situ in the Bt horizon and underlying saprolite, and a solution containing KBr, NH 4 NO 3 , a blue dye, and a red dye was applied to the top of each block. At a second location (Site 2), a 120 by 120 by 100 cm intact block of saprolite was similarly prepared. Acid red dye powder (5 g) was placed in four small holes (3 cm deep) bored into the surface of the block, and the block was leached with a solution containing only KBr and NH 4 NO 3 . After drainage, each block was dissected layer by layer (5 or 10 cm thick), and the middle 80 by 80 by 100 cm volume was divided into 768 samples and analyzed for K + , Br - , NH 4 + , and NO 3 - , as well as dye content. The visible patterns of the dyes, and extracted solute concentrations, at Site 1 indicated that preferential movement was more pronounced in the Bt horizon than in the saprolite. At Site 2, the red dye and solutes moved vertically with little lateral deviation. Our results suggest that vertical water movement in the two saprolites occurs mainly through matrix pores with little preferential movement via the visible features inherited from respective parent rocks.
Applying Risk-Benefit Analysis to Select an Appropriate Streambank Stabilization Measure

AbstractStream stabilization designers are often faced with the challenge of selecting effective bank stabilization measures. The potential benefits of stream stabilization measures can be economic, environmental, or social. Depending on the level of the potential benefit, a designer may be willing to take higher risks in implementing a given measure. A risk-benefit analysis is presented here that involves a qualitative analysis of risk and benefit (using failure modes and effects analysis) and risk and benefit quantification in terms of cost. The initial result of the method is the establishment of risk priority numbers (RPNs) and benefit priority numbers (BPNs), which provide a relative qualitative measure of the potential risk and benefit and can be used to prioritize and rank measures. The results of the qualitative analysis are then used to estimate risk and benefit quantitatively in terms of cost. These quantitative values are then compared for several stabilization alternatives to provide justifica...
Islamist Feminism: Constructing Gender Identities in Postcolonial Muslim Societies

This article analyzes the emergence of female Islamist leaders in the Middle East and North Africa, and the glaring contradictions between their feminist views and their roles as political activists for the Islamic State. The two Islamist leaders who form the primary focus of this analysis are Zaynab al-Ghazali (d. 2005) of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood and Nadia Yassine of Morocco's Justice and Charity Society. Our analysis reveals the existence of “Islamist feminism,” distinguished from broader secular-oriented Islamic feminism, as a logical, albeit unique, extension, and expression of Muslim anti-colonial discourse rooted in the intellectual currents of twentieth century independence movements that still resonate today.
A parametric model for barred equilibrium beach profiles

Abstract Environment predictions for locations for which bathymetric data is missing, poor or outdated requires the use of some sort of representative bathymetric form, usually one that is concave up but monotonic. We propose and test a parametric form that superimposes realistic sand bars (Ruessink et al., 2003b) on a background profile that mixes a concave up nearshore with a planar far field behavior. Implementation at any new site involves estimation of five parameters, three that can be found from approximate information from climatology or old offshore charts, one that can be estimated by almost any remote sensing modality and one, h sea that is less well understood but mostly affects deeper bathymetry that has little impact on the resulting surf zone hydrodynamics. Tests against several hundred surveys at three diverse locations show that bathymetry is better estimated by the new barred form than with a previous monotonic profiles in about 80% of cases. The remaining cases are usually associated with the parametric prediction of bars that look realistic but are out of phase. The presence of parametric bars has an even greater impact on predicted hydrodynamics since wave breaking is concentrated at sand bar locations. Modeled cross-shore transects of alongshore current and wave height over the measured survey profile are well represented by modeled transects over the barred parametric form but not for results over a Dean profile. The peak alongshore current strength and location are particularly sensitive to the presence of a sand bar.
A randomized trial of computer kiosk-expedited management of cystitis in the emergency department.

Objectives: The objective was to assess the efficiency and safety of an interactive computer kiosk module for the management of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) in emergency departments (EDs). Methods: This was a prospective unblinded randomized trial. Women age 18 to 64 years seeking care for suspected UTI in three urban EDs were referred to a computer kiosk after triage. The kiosk evaluated women for uncomplicated UTI (based on patient report of at least one irritable voiding symptom within 7 days and absence of complicating features), and eligible patients were randomized to expedited management or usual ED care. Expedited management consisted of a brief clinician encounter to confirm computer kiosk responses and selection of one of four standard antibiotic regimens. Study outcomes included urine culture results, duration of ED visit, time to illness resolution, return visits, and satisfaction with care. Results: Seventeen percent ( n= 103) of 624 participants with suspected UTI fulfilled uncomplicated criteria and were randomized. Sixty-nine percent of these women had a positive urine culture. Compared with the control group, the computer-expedited management group had lower median visit duration (89 minutes, interquartile range [IQR] = 65 to 150 minutes vs. 146 minutes, IQR = 105 to 216 minutes) for a decrease of 57 minutes (95% confidence interval [CI] = 27 to 87, p = 0.004). They had similar time to illness resolution, number of return visits, and satisfaction with care. Conclusions: An interactive computer kiosk accurately, efficiently, and safely expedited the management of women with uncomplicated UTI in a busy, urban ED. Expanding the use of this technology to other conditions could help to improve ED patient flow. Academic Emergency Medicine 2011; 18:1053–1059 a 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Genome-wide comparative analysis of the IQD gene families in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa.

Calcium signaling plays a prominent role in plants for coordinating a wide range of developmental processes and responses to environmental cues. Stimulus-specific generation of intracellular calcium transients, decoding of calcium signatures, and transformation of the signal into cellular responses are integral modules of the transduction process. Several hundred proteins with functions in calcium signaling circuits have been identified, and the number of downstream targets of calcium sensors is expected to increase. We previously identified a novel, calmodulin-binding nuclear protein, IQD1, which stimulates glucosinolate accumulation and plant defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we present a comparative genome-wide analysis of a new class of putative calmodulin target proteins in Arabidopsis and rice. We identified and analyzed 33 and 29 IQD1-like genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, respectively. The encoded IQD proteins contain a plant-specific domain of 67 conserved amino acid residues, referred to as the IQ67 domain, which is characterized by a unique and repetitive arrangement of three different calmodulin recruitment motifs, known as the IQ, 1-5-10, and 1-8-14 motifs. We demonstrated calmodulin binding for IQD20, the smallest IQD protein in Arabidopsis, which consists of a C-terminal IQ67 domain and a short N-terminal extension. A striking feature of IQD proteins is the high isoelectric point (~10.3) and frequency of serine residues (~11%). We compared the Arabidopsis and rice IQD gene families in terms of gene structure, chromosome location, predicted protein properties and motifs, phylogenetic relationships, and evolutionary history. The existence of an IQD-like gene in bryophytes suggests that IQD proteins are an ancient family of calmodulin-binding proteins and arose during the early evolution of land plants. Comparative phylogenetic analyses indicate that the major IQD gene lineages originated before the monocot-eudicot divergence. The extant IQD loci in Arabidopsis primarily resulted from segmental duplication and reflect preferential retention of paralogous genes, which is characteristic for proteins with regulatory functions. Interaction of IQD1 and IQD20 with calmodulin and the presence of predicted calmodulin binding sites in all IQD family members suggest that IQD proteins are a new class of calmodulin targets. The basic isoelectric point of IQD proteins and their frequently predicted nuclear localization suggest that IQD proteins link calcium signaling pathways to the regulation of gene expression. Our comparative genomics analysis of IQD genes and encoded proteins in two model plant species provides the first step towards the functional dissection of this emerging family of putative calmodulin targets.
Object reconstruction from adaptive compressive measurements in feature-specific imaging

Static feature-specific imaging (SFSI), where the measurement basis remains fixed/static during the data measurement process, has been shown to be superior to conventional imaging for reconstruction tasks. Here, we describe an adaptive approach that utilizes past measurements to inform the choice of measurement basis for future measurements in an FSI system, with the goal of maximizing the reconstruction fidelity while employing the fewest measurements. An algorithm to implement this adaptive approach is developed for FSI systems, and the resulting systems are referred to as adaptive FSI (AFSI) systems. A simulation study is used to analyze the performance of the AFSI system for two choices of measurement basis: principal component (PC) and Hadamard. Here, the root mean squared error (RMSE) metric is employed to quantify the reconstruction fidelity. We observe that an AFSI system achieves as much as 30% lower RMSE compared to an SFSI system. The performance improvement of the AFSI systems is verified using an experimental setup employed using a digital micromirror device (DMD) array.
Effect of Zinc and Other Chemical Agents on Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replication

Chemical agents reported to inhibit the growth of various ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid viruses were tested against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell culture. These included Zn 2+ , aurintricarboxylic acid, polyribocytidylic acid, polyriboinosinic acid, phosphonoacetic acid, and the viral contact inactivator N -methyl isatin β-thiosemicarbazone alone and with CuSO 4 . The most effective agent, Zn 2+ , inhibited foot-and-mouth disease virus production in primary calf kidney cells by 1 log unit at 0.05 mM Zn 2+ and completely at 0.50 mM. Zinc was inhibitory even when added late in infection and was nontoxic to uninfected cells as measured by protein and nucleic acid syntheses. Polyacrylamide gel patterns of [ 35 S]methionine-labeled, virus-specific proteins showed increasing amounts of higher-molecular-weight material, in accord with reports that Zn 2+ inhibits post-translational cleavages of other picornavirus precursor polypeptides.
Number, and Placement of Control System Actuators Considering Possible Failures

One of the first questions facing the designer of the control system for a large space structure is how many components?actuators and sensors?to specify and where to locate them on the structure. This paper presents a methodology which is intended to assist the designer in this process with respect to actuators. A measure of controllability is defined which is a quantitative indication of how well the system can be controlled with a given set of actuators. Then the effect of component unreliability is introduced by computing the average expected Degree of Controllability over the operating lifetime of the system accounting for the likelihood of various combinations of component failures. The problem of component location is resolved by optimizing this performance measure over the admissible set of actuator locations. The variation of this optimized performance measure with number of actuators is helpful in deciding how many components to use.
Effective Heuristics for Capacitated Production Planning with Multiperiod Production and Demand with Forecast Band Refinement

In this paper we extend forecast band evolution and capacitated production modelling to the multiperiod demand case. In this model, forecasts of discrete demand for any period are modelled as bands and defined by lower and upper bounds on demand, such that future forecasts lie within the current band. We develop heuristics that utilize knowledge of demand forecast evolution to make production decisions in capacitated production planning environments. In our computational study we explore the efficiency of our heuristics, and also explore the impact of seasonality on demand and availability of information updates.