cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of pancreatic duct ligation and induced acute pancreatitis on serum alkaline phosphatase in dogs.

Summary Ligation of the pancreatic ducts may result in either a slight and transitory elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase or a more significant and prolonged elevation of this enzyme. The initial elevation in enzyme concentration is manifest on the first postoperative day. This phase of the elevation, we believe, can be pancreatic in origin. In some animals a second rise occurs later and this rise may be related to fatty changes in the liver. Another mechanism that may be involved in the production of the elevated serum phosphatase is the pericholangitis that we observed in acute pancreatitis in some of our animals. This pericholangitis in turn may be the mechanism responsible for the obstructive type of jaundice that is seen in some patients with acute pancreatitis and due entirely to an intrahepatic obstruction.
Reflexões sobre (codi)nomes e etnicidade em São Paulo

A nocao de que 1,2 milhoes de brasileiros sao"Japoneses" tem implicacoes importantes para os conceitos de nacao, etnicidade, e diaspora. A maioria dos nikkeis veem o Brasil como a sua nacao, porem muitos brasileiros nao-nikkeis presumen que o Japao e o"lar" dos nikkeis. Este artigo sugere que os militantes nikkeis se ressentiram das representacoes diasporicas construidas pela sociedade majoritaria e rejeitaram a ideia de que eles eram simplesmente"japoneses". Essas mesmas pessoas, porem, viam a si proprios como diferentes dos brasileiros normativos, e seus estereotipos de"Brasil" e dos"brasileiros" como "outros" era frequentemente tao prevalecente quanto o estereotipo dos nao-nikkeis em relacao a "Japao" e"japoneses".
Fast File Access for Fast Agents

Mobile agents are a powerful tool for coordinating general purpose distributed computing, where the main goal is high performance. In this paper we demonstrate how the inherent mobility of agents may be exploited to achieve fast file access, which is necessary for most general-purpose applications. We present a file system for mobile agents based exclusively on local disks of the participating workstations. The mobility of agents allows us to make all file operations local, which significantly reduces access time. We also demonstrate how code files and special system files can be handled efficiently in a localdisk-based environment.
Subtraction of Newtonian noise using optimized sensor arrays

Fluctuations in the local Newtonian gravitational field present a limit to high precision measurements, including searches for gravitational waves using laser interferometers. In this work, we present a model of this perturbing gravitational field and evaluate schemes to mitigate the effect by estimating and subtracting it from the interferometer data stream. Information about the Newtonian noise is obtained from simulated seismic data. The method is tested on causal as well as acausal implementations of noise subtraction. In both cases it is demonstrated that broadband mitigation factors close to 10 can be achieved removing Newtonian noise as a dominant noise contribution. The resulting improvement in the detector sensitivity will substantially enhance the detection rate of gravitational radiation from cosmological sources.
653 A RABBIT MODEL FOR THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION-ASSOCIATED CHOLESTASIS

653 A RABBIT MODEL FOR THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION-ASSOCIATED CHOLESTASIS
A Comparison of Perceptions of Breast Cancer Patients with Those of Other Female Patients

Ninety-nine undergraduates read one of three descriptions of a seriously ill woman and were asked to imagine that the patient was a family friend. The descriptions were identical except for the nature of the patient's illness breast cancer, lung cancer, or heart attack. The students then completed a questionnaire regarding their perceptions of and reactions to the patient. A MANOVA revealed significant differences among the diagnostic grou s (F[24,170 = 8.51, < .001), and univariate analyses indicate that the students' responses to 8 of the 12 questions were different. Newman-Keuls comparisons revealed that in several instances, scores for lung and breast cancer patients were equivalent and more negative than the scores for heart attack patients. The students' responses to other questions concerning the breast cancer patient were more negative than those about the other two patients. The implications of the results for the care and treatment of breast cancer patients are discussed.
Human endothelial cells synthesize and release ADAMTS-13

Summary. Hepatic stellate cells have been considered to be a primary source for human plasma ADAMTS-13, the von Willebrand factor (VWF)-cleaving metalloprotease. In this study, ADAMTS-13 antigen was detected by immunofluorescence in both venous (HUVECs) and arterial endothelial cells (HUAECs) using both polyclonal antibodies made against peptides found in various domains of human ADAMTS-13, as well as by a monoclonal antibody against the ADAMTS-13 metalloprotease domain. ADAMTS-13 antigen had an intra-cellular distribution in endothelial cells distinct from the Weibel–Palade body location of VWF, and was released from the cells during 48 h in culture. The mRNA for ADAMTS13 was detected in HUVECs and HUAECs using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), indicating that the enzyme is synthesized in these cells. The ADAMTS-13 protein was immunoprecipitated from HUVECs and had an approximate Mr of 170 kDa, similar to the molecular mass of recombinant ADAMTS-13. The ADAMTS-13 in HUVEC and HUAEC lysates had enzymatic activity using both static and flow assays. We conclude that ADAMTS-13 is synthesized in human endothelial cells, and released constitutively. The vast number of endothelial cells in the body may be an important source of ADAMTS-13.
Procarcinogenic and anticarcinogenic effects of β-carotene

A large body of observational epidemiologic studies has consistently demonstrated that individuals who eat more fruits and vegetables, which are rich in carotenoids, and people who have higher serum β-carotene levels have a lower risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer. In contrast to these observations, two human intervention studies that used high-dose β-carotene supplements reported an increased risk for lung cancer among smokers. Recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have shed light on the present conundrum regarding the potential chemopreventive activity of β-carotene; that is, β-carotene itself may act as an anticarcinogen, but its oxidized products may facilitate carcinogenesis. These studies support the hypothesis that the carcinogenic response to high-dose β-carotene supplementation reported in the human intervention trials is related to the instability of the β-carotene molecule in the free radical–rich environment in the lungs of cigarette smokers. This is especially possible because smoke also causes decreased tissue levels of other antioxidants, such as ascorbate and α-tocopherol, which normally have a stabilizing effect on the unoxidized form of β-carotene. Nutritional intervention using a combination of antioxidants (β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and vitamin C) as anticarcinogenic agents could be an appropriate way to rationally and realistically reduce cancer risk.
A kinetic study of the reaction of atomic hydrogen with iodobenzene

Abstract The rate constant for the reaction of H atoms with phenyl iodide has been measured using the laser flash-photolysis technique with detection of H by resonance fluorescence. The data over 295–907 K are summarized by the expression k = 1.45 × 10 −18 T 2.50 exp(74/ T ) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 with a 95% confidence limit for k of ±8%. Ab initio analysis suggests the dominant products are phenyl and hydrogen iodide.
A priori estimates and uniqueness for some mean field equations

Abstract We consider the classical solutions of - Δ v = α e v - β in Ω , where Ω is a bounded open set in R 2 . This equation is related to geometry and several fields of physics and has significant applications in the theory of plasma. We derive some uniqueness results and a priori estimate by using the classical isoperimetric inequality and the blow up analysis.
Democratic Rights: The Substance of Self-Government . By Corey Brettschneider. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. 192p. $29.95.

In his book, Corey Brettschneider defends a “substantive” conception of democracy—a “value theory of democracy”—against purely procedural accounts of democracy. Whereas “proceduralists” seek to define democracy strictly through reference to the (majoritarian) means by which decisions are rendered, Brettschneider fears that this leaves democracy rootless, at risk of producing undemocratic outcomes. His effort at solving the problem of “democratic autophagy”—the argument that democracy will consume itself through its own procedures, as I term it in Democracy and Legal Change—is twofold. First, he specifies the values that democratic rights should reflect and preserve. Second, he argues that even nonmajoritarian institutions, such as judicial review, act in a democratic fashion insofar as they help us to ensure that our laws actually do cohere with these values. The former effort is remarkably successful. In my view, however, the latter claim is less persuasive, partially because of the difficulty inherent in translating abstract substantive commitments into law.
Land consolidation as land reform, in India.

Abstract Land consolidation, as a process that requires the preservation of each farmer's wealth in land when fragmented plots are exchanged, is usually not considered land reform. The land consolidation program in Uttar Pradesh, India, from the evidence of observation and the testimony of farmers and officials, as well as before-and-after landholding data, increases the number of “independent” farmers by increasing the economic viability of farms per unit area and helping to loosen the control of some farmers over others. If the “liberation” of farmers from economic and other dependency is what forms the core of the justification of land reform in India, then land consolidation at the very least serves the purposes of land reform.
THE USE OF PROTOCOL ANALYSIS IN ACCOUNTING

: The primary objective of accounting is to provide information that helps decision makers make better decisions. Yet knowledge about how accountants and other professionals make decisions is limited. This article examines verbal protocol analysis, a methodology that uses detailed process information to model decision making behavior. There are many protocol analysis techniques, with different ways to collect data and different ways to analyze it. The selection of a particular technique depends on the specific research objectives. The article concludes with an illustration of a detailed protocol analysis study and a discussion of its results.
Functionality of Milk Fat In Foam Formation and Stability

Abstract The objectives of this study were to investigate the functional properties of different fats emulsified in food foams. Quantitative descriptions of the formation and subsequent stability of food foams containing a dispersed lipid phase were generated to examine the effects of fat phase plasticity on foam dynamics. Formation and stability of foamed oil in water emulsions of vegetable oil, milk fat, or milk fat fractions separated by crystallization were characterized. Foams were generated in a sparging apparatus utilizing magnetic resonance imaging as a measurement probe. Whole anhydrous milk fat was fractionated by melt crystallization. Milk fat fractions derived from crystallization separation possessed distinct functional characteristics that were due primarily to the presence of long-chain saturated triglycerides in the hard fraction. The increased plasticity of the hard fraction affected the formation of foams and their subsequent stability. The stratification of foam density from top to bottom, determined by magnetic resonance imaging, varied inversely with increasing lipid hardness. Composition and physical state of the dispersed lipid particles contribute to foam formation and stability.
Comparison of Different Methods of Expressing Results of The Aminopyrine Breath Test

Different methods of expressing the results of the aminopyrine CO2 breath test (ABT) were compared to determine the method that would be most sensitive for evaluating liver function. The patient population included health controls (n = 22); patients with mild (4), moderate (9), and severe (7) alcoholic liver disease; and patients with chronic persistent hepatitis (7), chronic active hepatitis (18), chronic active hepatitis with bridging (18), and chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis (17). The ABT was performed with 2 micro Ci [14C]aminopyrine or 2 mg per kg [13C]aminopyrine, and the results were expressed as the instantaneous labeled CO2 excretion rates at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the dose, the maximum excretion rate, and the 120-min cumulative excretion. The 30-min parameter had the highest sensitivity toward moderate alcoholic hepatitis, severe alcoholic hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis with bridging, and chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis (96%); however, when the ABT was repeated in six normal controls with 225 ml of orange juice, the 30-min rate was significantly reduced (7.8 +/- 1.3 vs. 5.6 +/- 1.2% dose per hr), and the rate of false-positive test results was increased (0 of 6 vs. 2 of 6) indicating that gastric delay influenced the 30-min parameter. The 60-min excretion rate, maximum rate, and 120-min cumulative excretion were the next most sensitive expressions of the ABT, and were not altered by the small gastric load. Of these three expressions, the 60-min parameter was the most convenient because it required fewer samples and a shorter test period.
Detailed modeling of source/drain parasitics and their impact on MOSFETs scaling

The resistance components and key device/process parameters contributing of source/drain (S/D) parasitic resistance are investigated through advanced modeling for 50 nm gate-length MOSFET design and scaling. The silicide-diffusion contact resistance component is expected to be a major component in highly scaled nanometer MOS transistors. The key factors impact on MOSFET scaling are quantitatively examined based on 53 nm gate-length technology and the strategies for S/D engineering surmounting the scaling barriers associated with S/D parasitics are discussed.
Colour order systems: An introductory review

The principles on which colour order systems are based are reviewed briefly. The major examples of colour order systems based on colour appearance are listed, and their scales are compared and contrasted.
Measurement of a Total Atomic-Radiator-Perturber Scattering Cross Section

From work on the $2S\ensuremath{-}2{P}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ transition of atomic $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$, perturbed by noble gases, and use of the photon-echo technique, the first measurement of a "total" atomic-radiator-perturber scattering cross section is reported. The phase-changing, inelastic, and velocity-changing aspects of collisions contribute to this cross section, which is significantly larger than the corresponding pressure-broadening cross section. Typical velocity changes are found to be roughly one percent of the mean thermal speed.
The sky isn't falling!

Cretaceous–Tertiary Mass Extinctions: Biotic and Environmental Changes. Edited by Norman MacLeod andGerta Keller. Norton: 1996. Pp. 575. $55, £40. Dinosaur Extinction and the End of an Era: What the Fossils Say. By J. David Archibald. Columbia University Press: 1996. Pp. 237. $57, £40 (hbk); $29, £20 (pbk). The Great Dinosaur Extinction Controversy. By Charles Officer andJake Page. Addison-Wesley: 1996. Pp. 209. $25
The evolution of electronic structure in few-layer graphene revealed by optical spectroscopy

The massless Dirac spectrum of electrons in single-layer graphene has been thoroughly studied both theoretically and experimentally. Although a subject of considerable theoretical interest, experimental investigations of the richer electronic structure of few-layer graphene (FLG) have been limited. Here we examine FLG graphene crystals with Bernal stacking of layer thicknesses N = 1,2,3,...8 prepared using the mechanical exfoliation technique. For each layer thickness N, infrared conductivity measurements over the spectral range of 0.2-1.0 eV have been performed and reveal a distinctive band structure, with different conductivity peaks present below 0.5 eV and a relatively flat spectrum at higher photon energies. The principal transitions exhibit a systematic energy-scaling behavior with N. These observations are explained within a unified zone-folding scheme that generates the electronic states for all FLG materials from that of the bulk 3D graphite crystal through imposition of appropriate boundary conditions. Using the Kubo formula, we find that the complete infrared conductivity spectra for the different FLG crystals can be reproduced reasonably well within the framework a tight-binding model.
Squeezing and photon antibunching from a two-photon dicke model

Abstract We use a perturbation technique to study squeezing and photon antibunching obtained from a two-photon Dicke model.
Relating Management Practices and Nutrient Export in Agricultural Watersheds of the United States

Relations between riverine export (load) of total nitrogen (N) and total phosphorus (P) from 133 large agricultural watersheds in the United States and factors affecting nutrient transport were evaluated using empirical regression models. After controlling for anthropogenic inputs and other landscape factors affecting nutrient transport-such as runoff, precipitation, slope, number of reservoirs, irrigated area, and area with subsurface tile drains-the relations between export and the area in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) (N) and conservation tillage (P) were positive. Additional interaction terms indicated that the relations between export and the area in conservation tillage (N) and the CRP (P) progressed from being clearly positive when soil erodibility was low or moderate, to being close to zero when soil erodibility was higher, to possibly being slightly negative only at the 90th to 95th percentile of soil erodibility values. Possible explanations for the increase in nutrient export with increased area in management practices include greater transport of soluble nutrients from areas in conservation tillage; lagged response of stream quality to implementation of management practices because of nitrogen transport in groundwater, time for vegetative cover to mature, and/or prior accumulation of P in soils; or limitations in the management practice and stream monitoring data sets. If lags are occurring, current nutrient export from agricultural watersheds may still be reflecting the influence of agricultural land-use practices that were in place before the implementation of these management practices.
Imagination, Cognition, and Persona

The essay has three parts, with the first two introductory to the third. The first part explores the ideas of several modem philosophers about imagery and imagination and their relationship to language and communication. The second part reviews contemporary theories of mental imagery and verbal processes as derived from empirical studies in cognitive psychology. The final section synthesizes the ideas of the philosophers and psychologists and relates them to the rhetorical concept of persona, with examples. The examples I will use in the final section will deal with imagery in composing exposition, specifically argument and persuasion. The processes of imagery and imagination involved in depicting character and action or composing vivid description, while interesting in their own right, are more obvious. Donald Murray cites numerous poets and fiction writers who testify that imagery is not only the motivation but the vehicle of their composing ("Write" 59-60). To show that imagination is basic to all composing, I will avoid the narrative and poetic and steer into realms where demonstration is more subtle.
Thermosolvatochromism of nitrospiropyran and merocyanine free and bound to cyclodextrin.

The thermosolvatochromism of nitrospiropyran free and bound to cyclodextrin was studied in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)–water binary solvent systems. Spiropyran was interconverted to merocyanine by heating the sample to 55 °C. The merocyanine (MC) was converted back to spiropyran (SP) either by cooling the sample to room temperature or irradiating the sample with a visible light emitting diode. Steady state absorption spectra of SP and MC samples in the free state and bound to cyclodextrin were obtained in several DMSO–water binary solutions. Emission spectra of MC both free and cyclodextrin-bound were also acquired. Blue-shifted absorption and emission spectra of the studied molecules with increasing solvent polarity suggest that the dipole moments of free and bound merocyanines are higher in the ground state compared to the excited state. Merocyanine dipole moments in the ground and excited states were determined using thermosolvatochromism measurements and the Lippert–Mataga, Bakhshiev, and Kawski–Chamma–V...
Social Loss Aversion and Optimal Contest Design

When managers are designing a contest to motivate effort by salespeople, service employees, franchisees, or product development teams, a key question is, What should the optimal proportion of winne...
A predictive thermodynamic model of oxide and halide glass phase equilibria

Abstract Basic information on the processing and performance of silicate, borate, and halide glass systems is relatively sparse, owing to the adverse experimental conditions of high temperature, chemical reactivity and complex multiphase interactions. A thermodynamic model is described for the prediction of phase equilibria and vapor pressures for a wide variety of glass systems. Systems tested to date include mixtures of Li 2 O, Na 2 O, K 2 O, CaO, MgO, Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 and SiO 2 , in addition to molten salts. The model is based on the formation of actual or hypothetical chemical complexes in the liquid and solid phases. As such, it is similar, though not identical, to the associate liquid model used successfully for alloys. The model and its thermodynamic data base have been validated by comparison with experimental activity data for well-characterized solid and liquid glass systems.
Glycosylation of human LDL and its metabolism in human skin fibroblasts

Abstract Incubation of [ 14 C]-labeled glucose with human LDL resulted in incorporation of radioactivity into trichloroacetic acid precipitable protein that increased with time of incubation and was proportional to the concentration of glucose. Incubation of 5 mM [ 14 C]-glucose and 4.5 mg/ml of LDL for 120 hours at 37°C resulted in 1.2 moles of radiolabeled glucose incorporated per mole of apolipoprotein B (250,000 daltons). Immunoprecipitation of [ 14 C]-glucose labeled LDL with anti-human apolipoprotein B by Ouchterlony double diffusion followed by autoradiography resulted in a band of radioactivity that coincided with the apolipoprotein B immunoprecipitate. It is concluded that glucose non-enzymatically reacts with primary amino groups of apolipoprotein B of LDL resulting in a glycosylated -LDL. Incubation of human LDL with 200 mM glucose for 48 hours resulted in a glycosylated-LDL derivative containing 13.7 moles of glucose per mole of apolipoprotein B. The 125 I-glycosylated LDL was bound, internalized and degraded by normal human fibroblasts at a rate slower than observed with 125 I-LDL.
A Ring-Disk Study of the Competition between Anodic Oxygen-Transfer and Dioxygen-Evolution Reactions.

Voltammetric data obtained at a rotated ring−disk electrode for oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to dimethyl sulfone support the conclusion that anodic O-transfer and O2(aq)-evolution reactions are in competition for a common reaction precursor. That species is concluded to be the adsorbed OH radical generated by anodic discharge of H2O. Because of this competition, an increase in the flux of the reactant in the O-transfer reaction causes a decrease in the rate of O2(aq) evolution. Therefore, difference voltammetry and hydrodynamically modulated voltammetry cannot be considered reliable for accurate deconvolution of the total electrode current resulting from these concomitant processes. A simple mathematical model is developed to describe the total current resulting from these simultaneous processes, and results of preliminary tests of this model are in good agreement with experimental data for DMSO oxidation.
The magnitude-frequency distribution of earthquakes recorded with deep seismometers at Cajon Pass, southern California

Abstract The cumulative b -value (the slope of the Gutenberg-Richter relationship between earthquake occurrence rate and magnitude) is commonly found to be constant (∼1). Network catalogues, however, reveal a decrease at small magnitudes ( b -value is not just an artifact of catalogue incompleteness, but that small earthquakes are really not as numerous as a constant b -value extrapolated from larger events would predict. In the Cajon Pass area, southern California, the b -value of seismicity recorded by the local network (SCSN) appears to decrease below about M L 1.6. In order to investigate whether this decrease is real or simply represents the network detection threshold, we use seismicity recorded by the deep (1.5 and 2.5 km) seismometers deployed in the Cajon Pass Scientific Drillhole between April 1992 and October 1994. The maximum amplitudes recorded downhole are compared to SCSN magnitudes for events recorded by the network, to determine the relationship between amplitude and M L as a function of hypocentral distance from the borehole. Magnitudes are then calculated for 1300 earthquakes which occurred within 40 km of the borehole. Magnitude-frequency curves are calculated for those events within 18 km of the borehole, and a constant b -value is observed to M L 0.5.
Explaining the reasoning-fact gap.

The Education Forum by L. Bao et al. (“Learning and scientific reasoning,” 30 January, p. [586][1]) raises the question, why doesn't knowledge of scientific facts (in physics specifically) seem to correlate with skill in reasoning? I suspect that one factor is that American curricula generally emphasize a broad range of technical and nontechnical subjects, only one year of which is devoted to physics. Reasoning skills learned from these other subjects likely compensate for the dearth of physics, relative to that in Chinese schools. A second factor is probably the way in which science is taught. Science education in the United States is not focused on national college entrance exams (neither the SAT nor the ACT test factual science knowledge). Requirements and exams vary from state to state, but guidelines from the National Academy of Sciences emphasize reasoning over facts ([1][2]). Overall, educators have greater leeway to focus on reasoning and other less testable skills. Teaching American students more scientific knowledge is a laudable goal, but we should be careful about what gets sacrificed in the process. It is worth considering how much value most people will derive from advanced specific knowledge (Gauss's Law, for example) compared to broader background in a variety of subjects. Science education in the United States is woefully inadequate in many respects ([2][3]), and the number of failing schools is embarrassing. We must correct these failures but also remember what we've done right. The broad education characteristic of both K-12 and higher education in the United States has done an excellent job fostering creativity and innovation, measured by publications, patents, and growth in the science and technology work force ([2][3], [3][4]). We should work to improve scientific education by building on that success. 1. 1.[↵][5] 1. National Research Council , National Science Education Standards (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1996). 2. 2.[↵][6] 1. National Science Board , Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 (National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, 2008) (chs. 3, 5, 7. 3. 3.[↵][7] 1. World Intellectual Property Organization , World Patent Report—A Statistical Review (2008) [www.wipo.int/freepublications/en/patents/931/wipo\_pub\_931_2008.pdf][8]. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1167740 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2. in text" [7]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3. in text" [8]: http://www.wipo.int/freepublications/en/patents/931/wipo_pub_931_2008.pdf
Neonatal Complications Following in Utero Exposure to Intravenous Ritodrine

Intravenous administration of ritodrine for tocolysis has been associated with maternal cardiovascular and metabolic changes. Studies with other tocolytic agents, such as isoxsuprine, have shown an increased neonatal morbidity among infants born soon after failure of such therapy. We examined the potential side effects of maternal intravenous ritodrine therapy in 58 neonates born within 12 h following discontinuation of maternal medication. ‘Low dextrostix’ was significantly greater in the ritodrine exposed neonates (p<0.05) than in the controls. It occurred within a mean 1.0±0.5 h following birth. The mean 1 min and 5 min Apgar scores, neonatal pH, bicarbonate levels, hypotension and neonatal mortality were comparable in the ritodrine-exposed and control groups of neonates. The occurrence of any of the neonatal morbidity variables, including ‘low dextrostix’ was not related either to the total dose of ritodrine used or to the interval between drug discontinuation and delivery. Administration of ritodrine...
Origin of the Transient Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Signals in DNA Photolyase

DNA photolyase repairs pyrimidine dimer lesions in DNA through light-induced electron donation to the dimer. During isolation of the enzyme, the flavin cofactor necessary for catalytic activity becomes one-electron-oxidized to a semiquinone radical. In the absence of external reducing agents, the flavin can be cycled through the semiquinone radical to the fully reduced state with light-induced electron transfer from a nearby tryptophan residue. This cycle provides a convenient means of studying the process of electron transfer within the protein by using transient EPR. By studying the excitation wavelength dependence of the time-resolved EPR signals we observe, we show that the spin-polarized EPR signal reported earlier from this laboratory as being initiated by semiquinone photochemistry actually originates from the fully oxidized form of the flavin cofactor. Exciting the semiquinone form of the flavin produces two transient EPR signals: a fast signal that is limited by the time response of the instrume...
Poverty and Work Effort among Urban Latino Men

This research examines the extent of poverty among working men in urban labor markets and analyzes differences in the risk of working poverty among Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and non-Latino White men. Using data from the 1990 Public Use Microdata Sample, the research documents sizable ethnic differences in rates of working poverty and ascertains the extent to which those differences are explained by labor market attachment, human capital, employment position, and labor market context. Labor force attachment clearly reduces the risk of poverty for men, but levels of attachment do not explain ethnic differences in poverty among workers.
Right-sided heart failure in aortic stenosis

Abstract Cardiac catheterization findings in a 39 year old woman indicated a moderate degree of aortic stenosis, without pulmonary hypertension. Over the ensuing 18 months, the findings of right ventricular failure became conspicuous, and the electrocardiogram revealed right ventricular hypertrophy. Repeat cardiac catheterization demonstrated severe pulmonary hypertension. The patient died shortly after this procedure, and at autopsy only calcific aortic stenosis was found, without evidence of pulmonary vascular disease.
Physical Properties and Structure of Silicate Glasses: I, Additive Relations in Alkali Binary Glasses

Correlations between certain physical properties, P, and all eighteen compositional ratios between the five ionic parameters of the system were studied with a computer for the five alkali silicates. Linear relations were found between P and the alkali/silica, alkali/oxygen, and silica/alkali ratios for certain regions of the glass field when the P's are expressed in proper molar terms. Specific volume and heat of formation data indicate three linear regions with two sharp break points between. The log electrical resistivity and the volatilization loss show two such regions and only the second break point. The break points, while structural in origin, must therefore occur for different reasons. The break points are the same for all P's and coincide with the eutectics. The constants of the linear relations are the partial molar quantities associated with P. Break points are not found in the molar refractivity data, so that no change in ligancy for these systems is indicated.
THE MALADIES OF MILL-PRODUCED METAL IN MODERN ART

AbstractThe fragile surfaces of uncoated, polished, modern metal sculptures have not been properly considered by conservators. Besides fingerprints, corrosion and tarnishing, an additional array of unusual and disfiguring mark appears on the surfaces of sculptures made of copper alloys, stainless steel, galvanized steel, aluminum and other non-ferrous metal alloys. Although this phenomenon has often been linked to packing materials in contact with the sculptures, this paper argues that the origin of these disfiguring patterns should also be looked for in the industrial processing of the metals, and more specifically in the lubricants, Oils, waxes and silicones applied during production. The author hypothesizes that an extremely thin, unevenly applied coat of various compounds exists on these mill-produced and fabricated surfaces. This coating, initially invisible, is a major cause of the disfiguring patterns which, with time, render many Minimalist and contemporary sculptures unexhibitable. The purpose of...
Relative Sensitivity of Three Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates to Ten Contaminants

The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans and Lumbriculus variegatus as representative species for the assessment of sediment toxicity. Ten chemicals were tested at the U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth, always using H. azteca and C. tentans and, occasionally, L. variegatus. The exposures were water-only, flow-through tests with measured chemical concentrations, which were conducted for 10 days in Lake Superior water. Chemicals tested included five metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cadmium) and five pesticides (chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT). The amphipod was quite sensitive to the metals, while the midge often was exceptionally sensitive to the pesticides. No one of the three species was most (or least) sensitive to the toxicants. Toxicity of the contaminants to the three species was compared to the genus mean acute and chronic data found in U.S. EPA Water Quality Criteria (WQC) documents, as well as information from the AQUIRE database. The results of these comparisons indicated that the three species reasonably represent the range of sensitivities of other aquatic test species, and occasionally are among the most sensitive species when compared to others in the WQC database.
Female hurricanes are not deadlier than male hurricanes.

Jung et al. (1) assert that hurricanes that made landfall in the United States killed more people when they had female names rather than male names. The article has stirred much controversy. Criticisms range from the inclusion of hurricanes from the era before they were given male names (2), over the selective interpretation and the overstatement of their results from the archival study in favor of their hypothesis (3), to the external validity of their six behavioral experiments for at-risk populations in at-risk situations (4).
MULTIPLE EMULSIONS STABILIZED BY COLLOIDAL MICROGRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE

ABSTRACT Multiple emulsions stabilized by colloidal microcrystalline cellulose (CMCC, Avicel RC591) at the w/o and o/w interfaces, and by the addition of Span 80 or Span 85 at the w/o interface, were studied by means of brightfield microscopy, freeze-etch electron microscopy, droplet size distribution analysis and rheologic measurements. Stable multiple emulsions were prepared by incorporation of sodium chloride in the innermost aqueous phase, thereby creating an osmotic gradient preventing loss of the inner aqueous phase to the external aqueous phase. Freeze-etch electron microscopy of the multiple emulsions indicated the presence of a network of microcrystalline cellulose at the outer o/w interface. It may be assumed that the surfactant directly stabilized the w/o interface by adsorption at the interface, as well as indirectly by facilitating wetting of the microcrystalline cellulose by the oil. From rheologic measurements, the existence of a three-dimensional network in the external aqueous phase was i...
Leaf Litterbag Sampling for Larval Plethodontid Salamander Populations in Georgia

Survey techniques for larval salamanders vary in their effectiveness and efficiencies. In this study, the leaf litterbag sampling technique was employed to gather data on larval salamander populations in perennial streams of southern Georgia. Salamanders were collected monthly for 12 months to analyze capture counts and population size-class structure. Simultaneous dipnet sweep data were used to examine potential count data biases of the leaf litterbag sampling technique. In both leaf litterbag and dipnet sweep surveys, adult and larval Southern Two-lined Salamanders (Eurycea cirrigera) and larval Southern Red Salamanders (Pseudotriton ruber) were sampled. In leaf litterbags, larval E. cirrigera were captured most frequently, followed by adult E. cirrigera and larval P. ruber, respectively. However, the efficiency of collecting adult E. cirrigera and larval P. ruber could not be determined because of small sample sizes. Larval E. cirrigera counts detected from leaf litterbags were frequently lower than those associated with dipnet sweeps, suggesting that the former may underestimate larval salamander counts. Leaf litterbags successfully detected all E. cirrigera size-classes (i.e., first-year, second-year, and adult), further indicating that larvae in Georgia spend 2 years in the aquatic phase. Leaf litterbags are an effective method of sampling larval salamanders when used to assess species assemblage and age-class distribution.
Effects of gas adsorption isotherm and liquid contact angle on capillary force for sphere-on-flat and cone-on-flat geometries

Abstract This paper explains the origin of the vapor pressure dependence of the asperity capillary force in vapor environments. A molecular adsorbate layer is readily formed on solid surface in ambient conditions unless the surface energy of the solid is low enough and unfavorable for vapor adsorption. Then, the capillary meniscus formed around the solid asperity contact should be in equilibrium with the adsorbate layer, not with the bare solid surface. A theoretical model incorporating the vapor adsorption isotherm into the solution of the Young–Laplace equation is developed. Two contact geometries – sphere-on-flat and cone-on-flat – are modeled. The calculation results show that the experimentally-observed strong vapor pressure dependence can be explained only when the adsorption isotherm of the vapor on the solid surface is taken into account. The large relative partial pressure dependence mainly comes from the change in the meniscus size due to the presence of the adsorbate layer.
A transformed human epithelial cell line that retains tight junctions post crisis

The successful establishment of a postcrisis SV-40 T antigen transformed epithelial cell line, 1HAEo-, which retains tight junctions and vectorial ion transport, is described. Immunocytochemical analysis of 1HAEo- cells shows a defined pattern of cytokeratin staining and a characteristic pericellular localization of the adhesion molecule cellCAM 120/80, indicating the presence of junctional complexes. The presence of both tight junctions and desmosomes has been confirmed by electron microscopy. Cell monolayers have good transepithelial resistance measured in Ussing chambers. Cells increase chloride ion transport in response to addition of agents that raise either intracellular cAMP or calcium, measured either by36Cl− efflux or whole-cell patch clamp. An increase in short-circuit current, in response to these agents, can be measured in Ussing chambers. The presence of a depolarization-induced outwardly rectifying 45 pS chloride channel has been demonstrated in single cell detached membrane patches. In addition, the cells have been found to express mucin mRNA. These cells therefore demonstrate that it is possible to select transformed cell clones with particular morphologic characteristics, i.e. the presence of tight junctions and cell polarity, which also retain useful epithelial cell-specific functions, including vectorial ion transport. They also provide a major resource for the study of the structure and function of human epithelia.
PS58 Changes in and Factors Affecting Failure to Rescue Mortality After Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: 1995-2011

1.3; 1.1-1.6; P 1⁄4 .01) and diabetes (odds ratio, 1.2; 1.11.5; P < .05). Admission urgency and surgery class (aortic, peripheral vascular, carotid or endovascular) did not predict AKI. AKI patients had higher mortality (inpatient: 20% vs 1%, 1-year: 34% vs 14%; P < .01 both). Among AKI patients, mortality was increased even for mild renal dysfunction (1-year mortality: risk 33% vs injury/failure 36%; P 1⁄4 .79). With AKI, lengths of stay were longer (SICU: 8 6 8 vs 4 6 2 days; hospital: 20 6 15 vs 11 6 8 days; P < .001) and discharge Cr was higher (1.47 6 1.15 vs 0.92 6 0.49 mg/dL; P < .001). Conclusions: AKI is common among vascular surgery patients requiring SICU admission, regardless of admission status or surgery class. All severities of renal dysfunction are associated with significantly worse outcomes. Further study with identification of early, modifiable risk factors, particularly in elective surgery patients, may prevent AKI and improve outcomes.
Ethics and Technology 'in the Making': An Essay on the Challenge of Nanoethics

After reviewing portions of the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act that call for examination of societal and ethical issues, this essay seeks to understand how nanoethics can play a role in nanotechnology development. What can and should nanoethics aim to achieve? The focus of the essay is on the challenges of examining ethical issues with regard to a technology that is still emerging, still ‘in the making.’ The literature of science and technology studies (STS) is used to understand the nanotechnology endeavor in a way that makes room for influence by nanoethics. The analysis emphasizes: the contingency of technology and the many actors involved in its development; a conception of technology as sociotechnical systems; and, the values infused (in a variety of ways) in technology. Nanoethicists can be among the many actors who shape the meaning and materiality of an emerging technology. Nevertheless, there are dangers that nanoethicists should try to avoid. The possibility of being co-opted from working along side nanotechnology engineers and scientists is one danger that is inseparable from trying to influence. Related but somewhat different is the danger of not asking about the worthiness of the nanotechnology enterprise as a social investment in the future.
Reduction of benzo[a]pyrene with acid-activated magnesium metal in ethanol: A possible application for environmental remediation

Abstract Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a well-known threat to the environment. Substances such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils and sediments can have severe and long-term effects on human and environmental health. There is an urgent need for the development of safe technologies for their effective degradation. Here we present a new technique using ball-milled magnesium powder and ethanol solvent as a convenient electron transfer/proton source for the partial reduction of PAHs under ambient conditions. The rates of degradation were determined while evaluating the influences of acetic acid and type of ball-milled magnesium added to the reaction mixture. The results of these triplicate studies indicate that with the use of acetic acid as an activator and ball-milled magnesium carbon (Mg/C), this reducing system (Mg–EtOH) is able to achieve a 94% conversion of 250 μg/mL of toxic benzo[a]pyrene into a mixture of less toxic and partially hydrogenated polycyclic compounds within 24 h. This methodology can be used as a combined process involving ethanol washing followed by reduction reaction and it can also be considered as an easy handling and efficient alternative process to the catalytic hydrogenation of PAHs.
Role of thermal spikes in energetic displacement cascades.

The role of thermal spikes in energetic displacement cascades has been investigated by molecular-dynamics computer simulation. For cascade energies of 3 and 5 keV in Cu, which are the highest energies (in reduced units) yet treated by fully dynamical simulations, it is found that local melting occurs and persists for several picoseconds. The implications of this behavior for atomic mixing, Frenkel-pair production, and point-defect clustering are discussed.
Estimates for the Cauchy function of linear singular differential equations and some applications

For higher-order linear singular equations, we find sharp estimates for the Cauchy function and its partial derivatives. We use these estimates to study the properties of solutions of singular differential inequalities and obtain optimal sufficient conditions for the unique solvability of the linear singular Cauchy problem.
Possibility-Based Design Optimization Method for Design Problems With Both Statistical and Fuzzy Input Data

The reliability based design optimization (RBDO) method is prevailing in stochastic structural design optimization by assuming the amount of input data is sufficient enough to create accurate input statistical distribution. If the sufficient input data cannot be generated due to limitations in technical and/or facility resources, the possibility-based design optimization (PBDO) method can be used to obtain reliable designs by utilizing membership functions for epistemic uncertainties. For RBDO, the performance measure approach (PMA) is well established and accepted by many investigators. It is found that the same PMA is a very much desirable approach also for the PBDO problems. In many industry design problems, we have to deal with uncertainties with sufficient data and uncertainties with insufficient data simultaneously. For these design problems, it is not desirable to use RBDO since it could lead to an unreliable optimum design. This paper proposes to use PBDO for design optimization for such problems. In order to treat uncertainties as fuzzy variables, several methods for membership function generation are proposed. As less detailed information is available for the input data, the membership function that provides more conservative optimum design should be selected. For uncertainties with sufficient data, the membership function that yields the least conservative optimum design is proposed by using the possibility-probability consistency theory and the least conservative condition. The proposed approach for design problems with mixed type input uncertainties is applied to some example problems to demonstrate feasibility of the approach. It is shown that the proposed approach provides conservative optimum design.