cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of blue crab and bivalve δ15N tissue enrichment in two North Carolina estuaries

Stable isotope analyses (delta(15)N) were used to examine invertebrate tissue enrichment in two North Carolina estuaries with differing amounts of nutrient loading. Bivalves collected from a nutrient sensitive estuary yielded a significant difference in mean nitrogen isotopic composition of tissue (10.4 per thousand+/-0.82; N=66) compared to bivalves collected from a less nutrient sensitive estuary (6.4 per thousand+/-0.63; N=45). Similarly, blue crabs from nutrient sensitive sites had a nitrogen isotopic composition of 11.4 per thousand (+/-1.3, N=77), which was significantly different (P<0.001) than the tissue of less nutrient sensitive blue crabs (9.6 per thousand+/-0.6; N=77). The results showed that an inverse relationship exists between invertebrate tissue enrichment and indicators of water quality across estuarine sites. This study suggests that a relationship may exist between nutrient sources and subsequent energy transfer to estuarine consumers in two North Carolina estuaries.
Bcl-2 Prevents CD95 (Fas/APO-1)-induced Degradation of Lamin B and Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase and Restores the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

In the study presented here, we investigated the possible interactions between CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and Bcl-2 by studying the effects of Bcl-2 on the modulation of cellular pathways activated by CD95 using HeLa cells as a model system. We report that stable expression of Bcl-2 in HeLa cells is associated with multiple phenotypic changes. Treatment of HeLa cells with anti-CD95 monoclonal antibody (mAb) resulted in preferential degradation of lamin B compared with lamins A and C. Significant lamin B degradation was detected as early as 1 h after anti-CD95 mAb treatment. In contrast, lamins A and C as well as actin remained unchanged until 4 h after treatment with anti-CD95 mAb, a time point that correlated with the period of DNA fragmentation. These results indicate that selective degradation of lamin B is an early cellular event in response to activation of the CD95 pathway and that it precedes DNA fragmentation. Overexpression of Bcl-2 resulted in prevention of lamin B degradation and DNA fragmentation into oligonucleosome fragments in response to the apoptotic signal by anti-CD95 mAb. In addition, in Bcl-2-overexpressing cells that were protected against apoptosis, anti-CD95 mAb-induced cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase was completely blocked. Overexpression of Bcl-2 also resulted in restoration of the CD95-mediated signaling pathway involving activation of the transcription factor NF-κB (p50/RelA). These findings suggest that Bcl-2 prevents apoptosis in part by preventing the degradation of major nuclear polypeptides such as lamin B and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. In addition, our results demonstrate that CD95-mediated signaling involves activation of NF-κB (p50/RelA).
Texture replacement in real images

Texture replacement in real images has many applications, such as interior design, digital movie making and computer graphics. The goal is to replace some specified texture patterns in an image while preserving lighting effects, shadows and occlusions. To achieve convincing replacement results we have to detect texture patterns and estimate the lighting map from a given image. Near regular planar texture patterns are considered in this paper. Given a sample texture patch, a standard tile is computed. Candidate texture regions are determined by mutual information between the standard tile and each image patch. Regions with high mutual information scores are used to estimate the admissible lighting distributions, which is represented by cached statistics. Spatial lighting change constraints are represented by a Markov random field model. Maximum a posteriori estimation of the texture segmentation and lighting map is solved in a stochastic annealing fashion, namely, the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Visually satisfactory result is achieved using this statistical sampling model.
Inactivation of enteroviruses, rotaviruses and bacteriophages by peracetic acid in a municipal sewage effluent

The virucidal efficacy of peracetic acid (PAA) was evaluated against poliovirus 1, echovirus 1, coxsackievirus B5, human rotavirus, simian rotavirus SA11 and bacteriophage f2 in a municipal sewage effluent. The results indicated relatively high concentrations of acid were required to achieve significant inactivation. Human rotavirus, which was the most resistant, required 140 ppm to achieve 99.99% inactivation. On the other hand, simian rotavirus SA11, which was the most sensitive, required only 20 ppm to achieve the same degree of inactivation. The three enteroviruses reacted similarly and the bacteriophage was slightly less resistant than the enteroviruses, especially at high concentrations of peracetic acid. The effluent did not exert a demand for peracetic acid. Temperature, organic matter and suspended solids had negligible effects on the virucidal efficacy of peracetic acid.
Application of neural networks to inverse problems in electromagnetics

The paper presents a neural network approach for solving inverse problems in electromagnetics. In general, the measurements of the scattered electromagnetic fields can be related to the properties of the scatterer through integral equations. The energy minimization property of Hopfield neural networks is exploited to solve these integral equations. Results of implementing the method on an application problem involving reconstruction of material properties of multilayered media are presented. >
Copyright Perspectives from Thailand.

Foreign students often have different conceptions of copyright than do American students. This article summarizes Thailand's Copyright Act B.E. 2537 (1994). Also included are guidelines for fair use from a Thai university, as well as a literature review discussing copyright issues in Taiwan and Japan.
Applying the Theory of Motivated Information Management to adult children’s discussions of caregiving with aging parents

Adult children are perhaps the most important source of eldercare for aging parents. Unfortunately, they rarely discuss potential eldercare arrangements with their parents prior to adopting a caregiving role, which may make adapting to the parent’s transition to dependency all the more challenging. The Theory of Motivated Information Management (TMIM) is a social-psychological framework that has had success predicting information-seeking decisions about health issues. As such, it served as the theoretical basis for examining adult children’s pursuit of information from their elderly parents about caregiving preferences. In addition, this study serves as the first empirical test of a revised version of the TMIM, with an expanded treatment of the role played by emotion. The results of an over-time study attest to the utility of the revised TMIM predictions in this context, and offer insight into the factors that predict adult children’s decision to discuss caregiving with their parents.
Ribonuclear inclusions in skeletal muscle in myotonic dystrophy types 1 and 2

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2) are caused by genomic expansions of CTG or CCTG repeats. When transcribed, these mutations give rise to repeat expansion RNAs that form nuclear inclusions and compromise the function of myonuclei. Here, we have used in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence to compare DM1 and DM2 and search for proteins that associate with the RNA nuclear (ribonuclear) inclusions. Although muscle disease is generally more severe in DM1, the ribonuclear inclusions were 8- to 13-fold more intense in DM2, implying greater amounts of repeat expansion RNA. Expression of repeat expansion RNA in myoblasts has been implicated in the pathogenesis of congenital DM1. However, we found that repeat expansion RNA is also expressed in myoblasts in DM2, a disorder that has not been associated with a congenital phenotype. Of 10 putative CUG binding proteins tested for colocalization with mutant RNA, only proteins in the muscleblind family were recruited into ribonuclear inclusions. Previous studies have shown activation of the protein kinase, PKR, by expanded CUG repeats in vitro. However, breeding experiments utilizing PKR knockout mice indicate that this kinase is not required for disease pathogenesis in a transgenic mouse model of DM1. We conclude that ribonuclear inclusions are a key feature of the muscle pathology in DM and that sequestration of muscleblind proteins may have a direct role in the disease process.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes of Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter After Heart Transplantation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL) after heart transplantation (HT) has been associated with increased mortality. Diverse incidence rates have been reported to date, with no clear classification according to the time of onset of such arrhythmias. We determined the incidence of AF/AFL using the time of onset after HT and analyzed the associated risk factors and outcomes. We performed a retrospective study of 228 HT recipients (March 1996 to July 2007), including donor and recipient demographics, gender mismatch, ischemia time, surgical anastomosis, time of onset of AF/AFL, acute cellular rejection, left ventricular systolic function, and all-cause mortality. The mean age of the donors (81% men) was 30 ± 12 years and of the recipients (78% men) was 53 ± 11 years. AF/AFL occurred in 45 patients (20%): 24 (11%) in the first 30 days, 10 (4%) within the 31 days to 1 year, and 11 (5%) after 1 year. When the patients with AF/AFL were compared to those with sinus rhythm, the significant difference was the older mean age of the donors (p = 0.001) and the recipients (p = 0.02). The all-cause mortality rate was 43% for those with AF/AFL compared to 23% for those with sinus rhythm (hazard ratio 2.45; 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 4.8), mostly driven by the greater mortality in the later-onset AF/AFL group (>30 days after HT). In conclusion, AF and AFL have an incidence of 20% after HT and are associated with increased overall mortality compared to that in patients in sinus rhythm. AF/AFL is more common within the first 30 days of HT, with an overall incidence of 20%. Older donor and recipient age is a risk factor associated with AF/AFL.
Trans-substitution of the proximal hydrogen bond in myoglobin: II. Energetics, functional consequences, and implications for hemoglobin allostery.

The trans-substituted histidine to glycine mutant of sperm whale myoglobin (H93G Mb) is used to study energetics of proximal hydrogen bonding, proximal ligand-heme interactions, and coupling to distal ligand binding. Comparison of mono- and dimethylimidazole structural isomers shows that the hydrogen bond between the proximal ligand and the neighboring Ser92 hydroxyl (position F7) is stabilizing. The range of hydrogen bond stabilities measured here for different distal ligand complexes ranges from -0.7 kcal/mol (monomethylimidazole isomers to MbCO) to -4.1 kcal/mol (dimethylimidazole isomers to MbCN). This range of hydrogen bond stabilities, which is similar to that seen in protein mutagenesis unfolding studies, demonstrates the high sensitivity of the hydrogen bond to modest structural perturbations. The degree to which the 2-methyl group destabilizes proximal ligand binding is found to depend inversely on the total electronic spin. For monomethylimidazole proximal ligands, distal ligand binding weakens the proximal hydrogen bond compared to deoxyMb. Surprisingly, this trend is largely reversed for the dimethylimidazole proximal ligands. These results demonstrate strong coupling between the proximal protein matrix and distal ligand binding. These results provide an explanation for the strong avoidance of hydrogen bonding residues at position F7 in hemoglobin sequences. Proteins 2000;39:291–308. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The correlation of CO and IR emission from galaxies; what does it tell us?

Almost all galaxy properties correlate with each other to some degree; in this bounty of agreement, how are we to extract essentials? Fortunately, there is a framework in which to interpret CO correlations. Empirical studies have indicated that the fundamental galaxy properties are scale and form (Whitmore 1984), and theoretical work has implied that this follows from the physics of galaxy formation (see Lin and Pringle 1987, and references therein). It is known that the CO luminosity of galaxies is a function of both their scale (Young and Scoville 1982) and their form (Verter 1987). But the interpretation of any individual correlation is shrouded by uncertainties in the conversion from observables to source population properties.
Modeling practical performance limits of photoelectrochemical water splitting based on the current state of materials research.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a means to store solar energy in the form of hydrogen. Knowledge of practical limits for this process can help researchers assess their technology and guide future directions. We develop a model to quantify loss mechanisms in PEC water splitting based on the current state of materials research and calculate maximum solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiencies along with associated optimal absorber band gaps. Various absorber configurations are modeled considering the major loss mechanisms in PEC devices. Quantitative sensitivity analyses for each loss mechanism and each absorber configuration show a profound impact of both on the resulting STH efficiencies, which can reach upwards of 25 % for the highest performance materials in a dual stacked configuration. Higher efficiencies could be reached as improved materials are developed. The results of the modeling also identify and quantify approaches that can improve system performance when working with imperfect materials.
A Call to Integrate Religious Communities Into Practice The Case of Sikhs

Sikhs, an ethnic and religious minority group in the United States, have seen a significant shift in their social location since 9/11. They have experienced harassment and violence beyond race and ethnicity to the visible markers of the religion (e.g., turbans). In this article, we address how counseling psychology is uniquely positioned to work with Sikhs given these circumstances. We provide an overview of Sikh Americans, including specific experiences that may affect treatment such as race-based traumatic injury, identification as a part of a visible religious minority group, and the impact of historic community-level trauma. We discuss recommendations for practitioners working with Sikhs, recognizing how community-level interventions play an integral role and how institutions may serve as valuable allies and resources for practitioners to help better meet the Sikhs’ psychological needs in a culturally competent manner.
Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data

An algorithm based on the physics of radiative transfer in vegetation canopies for the retrieval of vegetation green leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) from surface reflectances was developed and implemented for operational processing prior to the launch of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the TERRA platform in December of 1999. The performance of the algorithm has been extensively tested in prototyping activities prior to operational production. Considerable attention was paid to characterizing the quality of the product and this information is available to the users as quality assessment (QA) accompanying the product. The MODIS LAI/FPAR product has been operationally produced from day one of science data processing from MODIS and is available free of charge to the users from the Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. Current and planned validation activities are aimed at evaluating the product at several field sites representative of the six structural biomes. Example results illustrating the physics and performance of the algorithm are presented together with initial QA and validation results. Potential users of the product are advised of the provisional nature of the product in view of changes to calibration, geolocation, cloud screening, atmospheric correction and ongoing validation activities. D 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
Commentary on the AHRQ Report on Research on Meditation Practices in Health

Abstract The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) report is a major reference point for establishing where the research on meditation stands and where it should go from here. This commentary argues that double blinding, a major component of the report's evaluation criteria, is not an appropriate control for placebo in meditation research. A viable alternative is to make the treatment and control groups equivalent on nonspecific therapeutic attention factors and expectation. High quality meditation research must also use qualified instructors, have high compliance levels, insure proficient practice, use state-of-the-art measurement methodology, and make sure control subjects are not inadvertently practicing the same or another form of meditation. None of these determinants of research quality was assessed by the AHRQ report. It is noteworthy that whereas randomized controlled trials have their place in demonstrating clinical efficacy, few if any of the major ideas in the basic or behavioral sc...
PED: Proof-Guided Error Diagnosis by Triangulation of Program Error Causes

Error diagnosis, which is the process of identifying the root causes of bugs in software, is a time-consuming process. In general, it is hard to automate error diagnosis due to the unavailability of a full ldquogoldenrdquo specification of the system behavior in realistic software development. We propose a repair-based proof-guided error diagnosis (PED) framework, that provides a first-line attack to find the root causes of the errors in programs by pin-pointing the possible error-sites (buggy statements), and suggesting possible repair fixes. Our framework does not need a complete system specification. Instead, it automatically ldquominesrdquo partial specifications of the intended program behavior from the proofs obtained by static program analysis for standard safety checkers. It uses these partial specifications along with the multiple error traces provided by a model checker to narrow down the possible error sites. It also exploits inherent correlations among the program statements. To capture common programming mistakes, it directs the search to those statements that could be buggy due to simple copy-paste operations or syntactic mistakes such as using les instead of <. To further improve debugging, it prioritizes the repair solutions. We implemented and integrated the PED tool as a plug-in module to a software verification framework. We show the efficacy of such a framework on public benchmarks.
Prediction of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in healthy pre-pubertal children

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) with body composition and anthropometry in children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data analysis. SUBJECTS: 113 healty Caucasian and African-American, pre-pubertal children aged 4 ‐ 10 y. MEASUREMENTS: IAAT and SAAT by single slice computed tomography at the level of the umbilicus; total fat and trunk fat by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA); anthropometric evaluation by skinfolds and circumferences. RESULTS: IAAT was most strongly correlated with abdominal skinfold (ra 0.88) and trunk fat by DEXA (ra 0.87), and SAAT with trunk fat by DEXA (ra 0.96), total fat by DEXA (ra 0.93) and waist circumference (ra 0.93). In stepwise regression, IAAT was best predicted by trunk fat from DEXA, total fat from DEXA, and abdominal skinfold (R 2 a 0.85); SAAT was best predicted by trunk fat from DEXA, body weight, waist circumference and abdominal skinfold (R 2 a 0.96). In the absence of DEXA data, IAAT was best predicted by abdominal skinfold, ethnicity and subscapular skinfold (R 2 a 0.82) and SAAT was best predicted by waist circumference subscapular skinfold, height and abdominal skinfold (R 2 a 0.92). The prediction equations with and without DEXA were successfully cross-validated in an independent sample of 12 additional measures of IAAT and SAAT. CONCLUSION: These data provide useful information that can help in the interpretation of anthropometric data with regard to body fat distribution. IAAT and SAAT can be accurately estimated in Caucasian and African-American prepubertal children from anthropometry with and without the availability of DEXA data.
Identifying demand sources that minimize risk for a selective newsvendor

Consider a firm that offers a product during a single selling season. The firm has the flexibility of choosing which demand sources to serve, but these decisions must be made prior to knowing the actual demand that will materialize in each market. Moreover, we assume the firm operates on a tight budget and cannot afford to record several successive financial losses spanning consecutive periods. In this case, it is likely that their objective is not only to maximize expected profit, but to minimize the variance from that goal. We provide insights into the tradeoff between expected profit, expected revenue, and demand uncertainty. Finally, we present a solution approach, via simulation, to determine the best set of markets to pursue and the associated order quantity when the firm's objective is to minimize the probability of receiving a profit below a critical threshold value.
Functional expression and cellular distribution of diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter (DTDST) gene mutations in HEK cells

Defects in sulfate transport in chondrocytes lead to undersulfation of the cartilage extracellular matrix proteoglycans. Mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter (DTDST) gene have been linked to four chondrodysplasias of varying severity. To characterize disease-causing mutations of DTDST, we expressed DTDST-mediated sulfate transport in mammalian HEK-293 cells and determined that the wild-type protein is glycosylated and localized to the cell plasma membrane. Four mutations, A715V, C653S, Q454P and R279W, stimulated sulfate transport at rates only 39-62% of wild-type DTDST. These four mutations were expressed on the plasma membrane of the cell, but the amount of expressed protein was reduced when compared with wild-type DTDST. The Q454P mutant is unique in that it is not properly glycosylated in HEK cells. There was no difference in sulfate transport activity between cells transfected with either the DeltaV340 or the G678V mutations and control HEK cells. Furthermore, the G678V mutation is not expressed along the plasma membrane, but is trapped within the cytoplasm. When comparing the sulfate transport capacity of each DTDST mutation with the chondrodysplasia in which it has been identified, we find that individuals with severe achondrogenesis 1B phenotype have null mutations on both DTDST alleles. Heterozygotes for both a null mutation and a partial-function mutation result in either atelosteogenesis type 2 or DTD, whereas the milder, recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia phenotype is homozygous for partial-function mutations. In contrast to previous studies in Xenopus laevis oocytes, we find a strong correlation between the severity of the phenotype and the level of residual transport function in mammalian cells.
The Impact of Vaccine Concerns on Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Influenza Vaccine Uptake Among Health Care Workers.

Objectives. We explored whether collective concerns about the safety, effectiveness, and necessity of influenza vaccines mediate racial/ethnic disparities in vaccine uptake among health care workers (HCWs).Methods. We used a self-administered Web-based survey to assess race/ethnicity (exposure), concerns about influenza vaccination (mediator; categorized through latent class analysis), and influenza vaccine uptake (outcome) for the 2012 to 2013 influenza season among HCWs at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. We used mediation analysis to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the total, direct, and indirect effects of race/ethnicity on influenza vaccine uptake.Results. Non-Hispanic Blacks had lower influenza vaccine uptake than non-Hispanic Whites (total effect: PR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.75, 0.99), largely mediated by high concern about influenza vaccines (natural indirect effect: PR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.84, 0.94; controlled direct effect: PR = 0.98; 9...
Reconfiguring Community Networks: The Case of PrairieKNOW

The advent of the Web has renewed interest in the use of information and communication technologies to support not only virtual communities but also traditional communities. This paper observes that the majority of successful applications to date tend to use technologies to substitute for and/or enlarge existing community interactions and transactions. We argue that this trend, unfortunately, deepens the digital divide between those who have social and knowledge capital and those who don't. In order to improve the conditions of low-income residents, there is a need to deploy tools that help to reconfigure rather than simply substitute or enlarge existing community interactions. This paper describes the methodology of asset mapping and the development and deployment of a tool called PrairieKNOW (Prairie Knowledge Networks On the Web) in Champaign-Urbana, Illinois' Prairienet community network. While Champaign-Urbana was ranked by Newsweek magazine as one of the ten most wired cities in the world, it also has a substantial low-income population that has traditionally been under-represented in their use of Prairienet.
Consumption Smoothing Responses to Natural Disasters: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment in Nicaragua

Rural households in developing countries are faced with a variety of risks to both income processes and consumption streams. The literature examining household risk management and coping strategies primarily focuses upon the ability of households to respond to idiosyncratic income shocks in the absence of formal financial markets and credit institutions, but little attention has been paid to the role of the informal mechanisms under systemic shocks that are covariate within their co-insurance groups. In this paper, I exploit a quasi-natural experiment, specifically median rainfall by region from Hurricane Mitch in Nicaragua, to examine the effect of a systemic shock on a household’s ability to smooth consumption when formal and informal mechanisms fail. Results indicate that households are unable to smooth idiosyncratic shocks, as evidenced by decreased expenditure on food items, and that the systemic shock has a much larger effect, especially upon health and education expenditures. Under catastrophic shocks and covariate risk, households rely increasingly upon migration and remittances as ex-post coping mechanisms, but there is little conclusive evidence regarding the effect upon informal social networks.
The utility of Thin Slice ratings for predicting language growth in children with autism spectrum disorder

Literature on “Thin Slice” ratings indicates that a number of personality characteristics and behaviors can be accurately predicted by ratings of very short segments (<5 min) of behavior. This study examined the utility of Thin Slice ratings of young children with autism spectrum disorder for predicting developmental skills and language gains over time. A total of 22 preschool-aged children with autism spectrum disorder participated in a battery of developmental assessments and a video-taped therapist–child interaction at Time 1. They then participated in follow-up testing of language skills and a second therapist–child interaction 6 months later (Time 2). Groups of approximately 25 naive undergraduate students provided impression ratings (“Thin Slice ratings”) about each child’s skills and behaviors during 2-min segments taken from the therapist–child interaction videos at each time point. Thin Slice ratings at Time 1 were highly correlated with child scores on several developmental assessments at Time 1...
Psychological Dimensions of Conflict

In Part I we argued that conflict attitudes could best be regarded as a set of psychological processes and conditions that accompany involvement in a conflict, particularly an intense one, where levels of personal involvement are high, and participants experience a marked degree of personal tension brought about by the existence and actions of a threatening adversary. Many writers on conflicts at various social levels have referred to ‘negative feelings’ or to ‘emotional antagonisms’ between members of the conflicting parties. Mutual fear and hostility are marked characteristics of parties in conflict, while such relationships also intensify the tendency for the same external ‘reality’ to be perceived quite differently by involved groups. An inter-related cluster of emotions, attitudes, prejudices and perceptual distortions accompany most forms of conflict, and lead to its continuation and exacerbation.
Results of R&D on a new construction technique for W/ScFi Calorimeters

We report on results of an R&D program to develop new, simple and cost effective techniques to build compact sampling calorimeters utilizing tungsten powder and scintillating fibers. Such calorimeter detectors are under consideration for experiments at the planned Electron Ion Collider and the future upgrade of the STAR experiment at RHIC (BNL). In the first year of this R&D project we built two prototypes of very compact electromagnetic calorimeters and tested them at FNAL test beam T1018 in January 2012. Details of the construction technique, results of the test run and future plan will be presented.
The Effect of a Purified Guar Degrading Enzyme on Chick Growth

Guar gum, a galactomannan, is growth depressing when fed to chicks. As part of the continuing studies on the mode of action of this and other gums in the intestine, a mannanase has been isolated which degrades guar gum. A commercial hemicellulase was separated into several protein fractions by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Only one of these proteins effectively reduced the viscosity of a guar gum solution. Activity towards pectin, rye water extract, and barley water extract was not present in the fraction which degraded guar gum but was found in other fractions at lower concentrations. Graded levels of this purified guar-degrading enzyme were incorporated into chick diets having 2% guar gum. This purified enzyme was effective at levels as low as .6 mg protein/kg diet in preventing growth depression caused by the guar gum and thus permitting growth equivalent to controls. Purity of this mannanase was confirmed by chromatography on QAE-Sephadex at pH 6.0 and by slab-gel electrophoresis at pH 8.4.
Combinatorics of Embeddings

In order to prove, the Map Color Theorem we only have to determine the genus and the non-orientable genus of the complete graph K n , according to Theorems 4.9 and 4.10. That means we just have to prove Eqs. (4.13) and (4.19). Denote the right hand side of (4.13) by p and that of (4.19) by q. Then we have to exhibit an embedding of K n into S p and into N q . The following table shows the values of p and q respectively for small values of n.
Sun Tzu's Methods of Directing Troops and Modern Business Administration Strategy

As a master of strategy,Sun Tzu elaborates comparatively systematical managing thinking in Military Science of Sun Tzu,which is of great referential significance for modern business administration.His ideas,such as "Which ruler is wise and more able?""Which commander is more talented?""In which army are regulations and instructions better carried out?""Which army has the bettertrained officers and men?" and " Which army administers rewards and punishments in a more enlightened and correct way?" and so on,embody compound art of directing troops.It will be great help to promote the management affairs to apply methods of directing troops to modern bushiness administration and attach much attention to macro management strategy,the quality of managers,administration of rules,training of different ranks and rewarding system and so on.
Prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis and treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. I. Untreated patients.

AbstractSerum prostate specific antigen levels were determined (Yang polyclonal radioimmunoassay) in 230 men with untreated adenocarcinoma of the prostate after careful clinical staging. Prostate specific antigen was directly proportional to advancing clinical stage, statistically failing to distinguish only between consecutive stages B2 and B3, and between stages C and Dl. Serum prostatic acid phosphatase by radioimmunoassay was unable to distinguish men with stages C plus Dl from B2 plus B3 disease but it could distinguish stages C plus Dl from A2 plus B1 (p equals 0.015). Serum prostate specific antigen was directly proportional to increasing Gleason score. In 59 untreated patients multiple prostate specific antigen values were obtained during a mean followup of 10 months. Of the patients 81 per cent showed a steady increase with time, including 91 per cent of men with clinical stage B2 or greater disease. The rate of increase accelerated with time, and correlated with advancing tumor stage and increas...
Filipinos in the U.S.: Historical, Social, and Educational Experiences

As the second largest Asian American group, Filipinos have had a long history in the United States, with unique historical, social, and educational experiences. The purpose of this article is to better understand current Filipino American communities and educational experiences by examining the historical context of their immigration. Based on an adapted model of incorporation and literature review, the article examines government policies, societal reception, co-ethnic communities, as well as other barriers and opportunities both before and after the Immigration Act of 1965. These additional barriers and opportunities, such as education, occupation, class status, language ability, settlement patterns and time of arrival influenced their acculturation into mainstream society. Their distinct immigration history is also complicated due to centuries of colonization by Spain and later the U.S. Pre-1965 immigrants in the U.S. had a harder time in general; post-1965 immigrants had better government and societal reception overall, but they still encountered difficulty throughout their immigration history. Pre-1965 Filipino communities were stronger often serving their economic, cultural and social needs, but have become more dispersed over time as Filipinos have become less reliant on their co-ethnic networks. Their English-speaking ability, educational backgrounds, and professional skills have helped them to navigate mainstream America. Despite their overall success, there is research showing mixed educational achievement levels across later generations. The Filipino community is steadily growing and more research and support are needed to understand why educational levels vary across Filipino American students. Historical contexts can provide a comprehensive lens to understand current educational issues.
”They Regard Their Passing As Wakan”: Interpreting Western Sioux Explanations For The Bison's Decline

This essay considers Lakota and Nakota thought about the decline of the bison and their possible return through the Ghost Dance. The author emphasizes the difficulties in interpreting Native thought, while arguing that Indians had multiple views that changed over time and were not always incommensurable with western understandings.
Financial Inclusion in Latin America: Facts and Obstacles

This paper shows that, in spite of recent progress in the usage of alternative financial services by adult populations, Latin America’s financial inclusion gaps relative to either high-income countries or the region’s comparators (countries with a similar degree of development) have not reduced generally and, in some cases, have even increased during the period 2011-2014. An econometric investigation of potential country-level obstacles explaining these gaps finds that institutional weaknesses play the most salient role through direct and indirect effects. Lack of enforcement of the rule of law directly reduces depositors’ incentives to entrust their funds to formal financial institutions. Indirectly, low institutional quality reinforces the adverse effects of insufficient bank competition on financial inclusion.
GIS for Urban Energy Analysis

There has been a relative lack of attention in geographic information system (GIS) applications for urban energy analysis. This article provides a holistic overview of existing studies, potential GIS-integrated tools and models that deal with urban energy analysis. A wide range of GIS applications for renewable energy and energy consumption modeling that are associated with urban energy systems are covered. Three important categories of models/tools for urban energy analysis are identified and analyzed, including (1) renewable energy potential analysis tools; (2) urban building energy consumption/microclimate tools and models; and (3) energy consumption/emission assessment tools and models. This article suggests that GIS and GIS-integrated models/tools have great potential to better inform urban energy planning and policy-making.
Practical applications for integrated optics in communications systems

This paper outlines implementation options for integrated optical components within current and future communications systems, with an emphasis on Lithium Niobate optical modulators and other transmission components.
An interactive introduction to WEBGL and three.JS

We will use WebGL 1.0. WebGL 2.0 is now being supported by most browsers but requires a better GPU so may not run on older computers or on most cell phones and tablets. See http://webglstats.com/. We will note some of the new features supported by WebGL 2.0 at the end of the course. three.js is starting to support WebGL 2.0.
Rhizomatic Writings on the Wall: Graffiti and Street Art in Cochabamba, Bolivia, as Nomadic Visual Politics

Politicized graffiti and street art are omnipresent in the Andean city of Cochabamba, Bolivia, invading stratified urban spaces and overwriting official speech and symbols. This article aims to build on scholarship that understands graffiti and street art as a potent creative form of recovering space, building counterpublics, and challenging structures of exclusion and oppression. A Deleuzean rhizomatic approach is used to investigate the visual politics of graffiti and street art as they travel nomadically through Cochabamba, breaching exclusionary public gridded space and legacies of colonialism. Analyzing photographs taken in Cochabamba during 2012 as a case study, this article argues that graffiti acts subversively to write through, between, and over dominant images and narratives in the city.
Exclusion of students with conjunctivitis from school: policies of state departments of health.

Purpose To use current state department of health regulations regarding exclusion of students with conjunctivitis from school as a starting point in developing uniform recommendations for schools. Methods State departments of health were asked to state their policy regarding when a child with conjunctivitis may return to school. This information was collated and examined for trends. The results were compared with current literature on infectious conjunctivitis. Results Of the 43 states that responded, 7 allow children with conjunctivitis to remain in school, 8 allow their return once antibiotic treatment is initiated, 12 allow their return 24 hours after antibiotics are initiated, 13 exclude them until the disease is noncommunicable, and 16 require the approval of a physician for return to school. Seventeen states gave multiple recommendations, which were often contradictory. Conclusions Although no current consensus exists among state health officials regarding students with conjunctivitis, the literature supports excluding children with conjunctivitis from school until they are asymptomatic. When patients are treated with fourth-generation fluoroquinolones, the length of exclusion may be as little as 24 hours in cases of bacterial conjunctivitis, and longer in cases of viral conjunctivitis. Following these guidelines may prevent epidemics of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis.
Nonlinear Evolution and Breakdown of Azimuthally Compact Crossflow Vortex Pattern over a Yawed Cone

Hypersonic boundary-layer flows over a circular cone at moderate angle of incidence can support strong crossflow instability in between the windward and leeward rays on the plane of symmetry. Due to the more efficient excitation of stationary crossflow vortices by surface roughness, a possible path to transition in such flows corresponds to rapid amplification of the high-frequency secondary instabilities of finite amplitude stationary crossflow vortices. In the present paper, the previous analyses of crossflow instability over a 7- degree half-angle, yawed circular cone in a Mach 6 free stream have been extended to the nonlinear evolution of azimuthally localized crossflow vortex packets and the amplification characteristics and nonlinear breakdown of high-frequency secondary instabilities associated with those packets. A comparison between plane marching PSE and direct Navier-Stokes simulations (DNS) reveals favorable agreement in regard to mode shapes, most amplified disturbance frequencies, and N-factor evolution. In contrast, the quasi-parallel predictions are found to result in severe underprediction of the N-factors. The direct numerical simulations also indicate that the breakdown of secondary instabilities in a 3D hypersonic boundary layer shares certain common features with the previous computations of crossflow transition over subsonic swept wings.
Does Consumer Innovativeness Matter? An Examination of Multi-Dimensional Consumer Innovativeness Motivation on Intention to Adopt 3D Printed Fashion Products

The purpose of this study was to examine a multi-dimensional model of consumer innovativeness in the context of 3D fashion products. In particular, this study explore multi-dimensional consumer innovativeness in relation to a hierarchical model of adoption of innovation (innate-domain specific-intention). A total of 328 useable complete responses were collected and analyzed with Mplus for the structural model and SPSS 23.0 for descriptive statistics. The results of this study confirm the effects of motivational innovativeness as a predisposition to have a positive attitude towards adoption of 3D printed fashion products.
Adhesion-GPCRs in the CNS

There are a total of 33 members of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in humans and 30 members in mice and rats. More than half of these receptors are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), indicating their possible roles in the development and function of the CNS. Indeed, it has been shown that adhesion-GPCRs are involved in the regulation of neurulation, cortical development and neurite growth. Among the few adhesion-GPCRs being studied, GPR56 is so far the only member associated with a human brain malformation called bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP). The histopathology of BFPP is a cobblestone-like brain malformation characterized by neuronal overmigration through a breached pial basement membrane (BM). Further studies in the Gpr56 knockout mouse model revealed that GPR56 is expressed in radial glial cells and regulates the integrity of the pial BM by binding a putative ligand in the extracellular matrix of the developing brain.
Mathematical Modeling of the Interplay of Autophagy and Apoptosis

In this chapter, we have proposed a theoretical framework for analysis of dynamics of interplay of autophagy and apoptosis in mammalian cells including cancer cells. Because quantitative experimental data on time course of interplay of autophagy and apoptosis is very limited, we have used the observations of interaction of autophagy and apoptosis in different mammalian cell types to design our primary hypothesis. Using ordinary differential equations (ODEs), we have analyzed network dynamics of molecular signaling pathways controlling cell fate at crosstalk of autophagy and apoptosis. We have used time course of autophagy level and cell fates described by Periyasamy-Thandavan et al. [32] to collectively fit the parameters of the ODE system. The mathematical model presented in this chapter can be extended and by estimating more accurate parameter sets from quantitative experimental data, it can be an integrative in silico model of cell fate decision mediated by interplay of autophagy and apoptosis.
DeepSim: deep learning code functional similarity

Measuring code similarity is fundamental for many software engineering tasks, e.g., code search, refactoring and reuse. However, most existing techniques focus on code syntactical similarity only, while measuring code functional similarity remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that encodes code control flow and data flow into a semantic matrix in which each element is a high dimensional sparse binary feature vector, and we design a new deep learning model that measures code functional similarity based on this representation. By concatenating hidden representations learned from a code pair, this new model transforms the problem of detecting functionally similar code to binary classification, which can effectively learn patterns between functionally similar code with very different syntactics. We have implemented our approach, DeepSim, for Java programs and evaluated its recall, precision and time performance on two large datasets of functionally similar code. The experimental results show that DeepSim significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art techniques, such as DECKARD, RtvNN, CDLH, and two baseline deep neural networks models.
Real-Time Intelligent Air Quality Evaluation on a Resource-Constrained Embedded Platform

Indoor air quality has a major impact on health and comfort of building occupants. Poor air quality may reduce productivity in offices and impair students learning in classes. In order to provide localized air pollution data and tailor it for individual, wearable air quality sensor is a promising solution. Furthermore, crowd sensing has emerged as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) solution, which is economical, scalable and easy to deploy and re-deploy as it uses the power of crowd data collection. The goal of our proposed system is to monitor indoor air quality through a crowd sensing system that will use a set of sensors to measure air quality, monitor the concentration of pollutants continuously, and make recommendations in real time for improved air quality. In this paper artificial network is developed to perform real-time indoor air quality control. Utilizing created neural network embedded into a smart controller comfort level of air quality parameters such as temperature, CO_2 air concentration and humidity could be estimated after every measurement and used for adapting air conditioning systems to adjust air quality. Neural network data preparation and training process are discussed along with deployment of trained network on a smart controller.
A Radial Multi-Mode Filtering Power Divider for Antenna Array Applications

A symmetric radial filtering power divider is presented herein. The power divider is implemented in a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and is designed using filter theory to obtain equal 6-way power division with a filtering function to each port. The filter/power divider operates at a center frequency of 11.53 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 37.2%, insertion loss of 8.44 dB to each port, and worst-case isolation of 9 dB between ports.
Long-Term Implications of a Positive Posttreatment Biopsy in Patients Treated with External Beam Radiotherapy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer.

Purpose:We determined the prognostic importance of a positive posttreatment biopsy after prostate radiotherapy.Materials and Methods:A total of 382 patients underwent a posttreatment biopsy after e...