cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steady-State Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Bupropion Extended-Release in Youths

ABSTRACT Objective To examine in children and adolescents the 24-hour, steady-state clinical pharmacokinetics of an extended-release (XL) formulation of bupropion (Wellbutrin XL). Method Subjects were six male and four female patients (ages 11.5-16.2 years) prescribed bupropion XL in morning daily doses of either 150 mg ( n = 5) or 300 mg ( n = 5) for at least 14 days. During an overnight hospitalization, subjects had serial blood draws every 1.5 to 3 hours from an intravenous port to measure plasma levels of bupropion and its metabolites. Pharmacokinetic variables were determined by noncompartmental analysis for bupropion and exponential analyses for metabolites. Results Bupropion and metabolites demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics. Bupropion's mean maximum concentration (C max ) was lower ( p = .021) and its mean time to C max longer ( p = .057) in the current sample on bupropion XL relative to a previously studied sample of youths on bupropion sustained-release (Wellbutrin SR). Mean 24-hour area under the curve ratios of metabolites to bupropion ranged from 1.0 for erythrohydrobupropion to 16.4 for hydroxybupropion. Conclusions Once-daily dosing is justified in youths prescribed bupropion XL. The active metabolite hydroxybupropion probably has key pharmacodynamic effects, given its higher and more sustained levels relative to the other metabolites or to bupropion. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2006;45(12):1503-1509.
Limited detection of IgH gene rearrangements in plasma of patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma

Chemotherapy-based treatment of patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma can lead to durable remissions and potentially cure in a fraction of patients. Accurate assessment of residual disease is necessary to determine the duration and success of treatment that cannot be achieved by contrast-enhanced imaging due to limited sensitivity and specificity. A tumor-derived blood-based biomarker, if detectable and quantifiable, could serve as a more specific and reliable marker for these patients. The goal of this study was to assess whether lymphoma-specific IgH rearrangements can be detected in plasma of patients with PCNSL. PCNSL tissue was analyzed by capturing and sequencing the IgH genomic regions (IgCap) using next generation sequencing with the Illumina platform. Plasma of patients with detected IgH rearrangement was then analyzed for presence of the respective rearrangement using polymerase chain reaction. Tumor tissue and matched plasma of five treatment-naive patients with biopsy-proven PCNSL (mean age of 65.6 years; range 62–68 years) were analyzed. All patients had measurable contrast-enhancing disease on MRI at time of plasma collection. IgH rearrangements were identified in 4 of 5 analyzed PCNSL tissue samples. The respective rearrangement could be detected in the plasma of 1 patient (25 %) but not in the others. IgH rearrangements can be detected in tumor tissue of patients with PCNSL using IgCap, however, they are absent or only present in minimal quantities in plasma, even in treatment-native patients with bulky disease. Alternative strategies to develop circulating biomarkers for PCNSL patients need to be explored.
Effect of moderate haemodilution with Fluosol‐DA or normal saline on indocyanine green and (+)‐propranolol kinetics

Indocyanine green (ICG) and (+)-propranolol kinetics were determined in the rat following moderate (50%) blood exchange with either Fluosol-DA or 0.9% NaCl (saline). Rats received an intravenous ICG dose (5 mg kg-1) before an intravenous dose of (+)-propranolol (2.5 mg kg-1) 0.5, 24, 48 or 72 h after haemodilution and were compared with non-exchanged controls. Haemodilution with Fluosol-DA reduced the ICG elimination rate constant during the first 24 h while a significant reduction was seen 48 h after normal saline exchange. ICG clearances tended to be less than the control value, and were significantly reduced only at 24 h after Fluosol-DA exchange due to a reduced Varea. (+)-Propranolol half-life was significantly increased 48 and 72 h after saline exchange; (+)-propranolol clearance was also significantly reduced 72 h after Fluosol-DA exchange. ICG clearance may be reflecting a hypovolaemic change which occurs after haemodilution, which would reduce the hepatic blood flow. However, (+)-propranolol clearance was not altered, suggesting that the hepatic blood flow is not changed. It is possible that ICG clearance is changed due to alterations in its extraction ratio instead of hepatic blood flow changes.
Response to Comments on “Widespread RNA and DNA Sequence Differences in the Human Transcriptome”

Kleinman and Majewski, Pickrell et al., and Lin et al. suggest that mapping and sequencing errors and genetic variants led to false discovery of RNA-DNA sequence differences in our paper. We repeated our analysis using two different sequence alignment methods and carried out additional experiments including whole genome DNA sequencing. The results are consistent with our finding of widespread RNA-DNA sequence differences.
Inelastic excitation of normal parity levels in 208Pb by 135 MeV protons

Abstract New cross section data for the inelastic excitation of normal parity levels in 208Pb with spins ranging from J=2 to J =2 are reported. The data are examined in terms of the collective model including deformed spin-orbit coupling. The experimental differential cross sections exhibit a striking transition from central dominated shapes to spin-orbit dominated shapes at J=8.
Dietary B vitamin intakes and urinary total arsenic concentration in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) cohort, Bangladesh

Purpose The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the effects of dietary B vitamin intakes on creatinine-adjusted urinary total arsenic concentration among individuals participating in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) cohort in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Arsenic exposure is a major public health problem in Bangladesh, where nearly 77 million people have been chronically exposed to arsenic through the consumption of naturally contaminated groundwater. Dietary factors influencing the metabolism of ingested arsenic may potentially be important modifiers of the health effects of arsenic in this population.
The biology of Echinocardium cordatum

1. Monthly samples of Echinocardium cordatum were taken at Port Erin in 1932,1933 and 1934, and at intervals at Fairlie Sands in the Clyde.2. Growth is continuous throughout the year with the exception of February-March. In their first winter the young urchins attain a length of about 10 mm. at Millport and 15–20 mm. at Port Erin. In their second winter they are about 20 mm. at Millport, and 30–35 mm. at Port Erin.4. The year 1931 was cold and produced a very small brood of young urchins; 1932 and 1933 were warm years and produced very large broods.5. The young settle below low water and migrate into the interval zone after an interval of four to twelve months.6. The gonads of the young urchins mature in their second year. Spawning takes place in June–July–August.7. The nutritive bodies in the ovaries are shown to be derived from the disintegration of relict ova.
Seasonal variation in suicide and homicide: a question of consistency

Seasonal or monthly fluctuations in suicides and homicides were analysed using US mortality data for the years 1969-78 using periodic regression analysis. The results were generally consistent (year-to-year) over the 10-year period. The pattern for suicide was distinctly seasonal: it was above average all spring and below average all winter. For homicides the pattern was more monthly with July-September and December being above average times and January-June being below average. (EXCERPT)
Calcium transport during skeletogenesis in hermatypic corals

1. 1. Light-enhanced calcification in the hermatypic corals Acropora cervicornis and A. formosa results from the active transport of calcium ions. It shows saturation kinetics. 2. 2. Dark calcification, simulated by the addition of DCMU, results from enzyme mediated isotopic exchange. 3. 3. Strontium is a competitive inhibitor of both light-enhanced and dark calcification. The Ki is 1.3 mM. 4. 4. The data refutes the diffusional model for calcium movement in hermatypic corals.
A teaching program that generates simple arithmetic problems

This paper describes a digital computer program (COACH) written in Extended ALGOL that operates on the Burroughs B5500 Computer. The program automatically: (1) generates its own problems in simple arithmetic; (2) evaluates responses to questions by students; (3) provides hints when possible; and (4) uses teaching strategy options and the student's past history in order to decide the type of question to ask him next. The specific problem difficulty metrics, problem generation methods, and teaching strategies used in COACH are explained in detail. The program operates interactively and teletypes are used for on-line communication between the student and the computer.
Molecular thermodynamics of water in direct-buried power cables

The balance of this article examines what actually happens to water within a direct-buried cable throughout the day and year as the cable temperature, the soil temperature, the water content of the soil vary. Water, which is almost present at 100% relative humidity at the typical 1 meter burial depth of direct-buried power cables, moves very quickly through any polymeric layers
Modification of the Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Lung Function by Frailty Status Among Older Adults in the Cardiovascular Health Study

The susceptibility of older adults to the health effects of air pollution is well-recognized. Advanced age may act as a partial surrogate for conditions associated with aging. The authors investigated whether gerontologic frailty (a clinical health status metric) modified the association between ambient level of ozone or particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm and lung function in 3,382 older adults using 7 years of follow-up data (1990–1997) from the Cardiovascular Health Study and its Environmental Factors Ancillary Study. Monthly average pollution and annual frailty assessments were related to up to 3 repeated measurements of lung function using cumulative summaries of pollution and frailty histories that accounted for duration as well as concentration. Frailty history was found to modify long-term associations of pollutants with forced vital capacity. For example, the decrease in forced vital capacity associated with a 70-ppb/month greater cumulative sum of monthly average ozone exposure was 12.3 mL (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 14.2) for a woman who had spent the prior 7 years prefrail or frail as compared with 4.7 mL (95% confidence interval: 3.8, 5.6) for a similar woman who was robust during all 7 years (interaction P<0.001). aging; effect modifier, epidemiologic; environmental exposure; frail elderly; respiratory function tests
Role of endoscopy in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug clinical trials.

Endoscopy is a useful tool that can be used to determine the acute or chronic gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and to confirm outcomes in clinical trials. However, since evaluations of endoscopic injuries are to some extent subjective (e.g., the endoscopic distinction between an erosion and an ulcer), such injuries must be clearly and correctly defined before the data can be analyzed and considered meaningful. Definitions of injury, endpoints, and protocol design must be consistent with the intent of the study. This becomes evident in drawing distinctions between acute injury, which may resolve, and chronic injury that occurs over a longer period of time. The intent of the study itself should be clearly defined and based on realistic and realizable goals. Only when these criteria are met, and preferably standardized, can clinically relevant studies be performed and compared.
Effect of human beta-defensin-3 on head and neck cancer cell migration using micro-fabricated cell islands

Background To examine the effect of the natural antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin-3 (hBD-3), on the migration of a head and neck cancer cell line in vitro using microfabrication and soft-lithographic techniques.
Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and non-fatal intentional self-harm in Massachusetts Veterans

Background: The literature on the association between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and fatal and non-fatal intentional self-harm (ISH) among Veterans who receive care within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is limited in scope and contradictory. The current study examines the association between PTSD and non-fatal ISH in a gender-stratified sample of patients who received care at a Massachusetts VHA treatment facility between 2000 and 2008. Methods: VHA electronic medical record data were obtained for patients who received a PTSD diagnosis at a Massachusetts treatment facility (n = 16,004) and a gender/age matched comparison group (n = 52,502). Rate ratios for the association between PTSD and non-fatal ISH were computed adjusting for marital status, depression, alcohol or drug abuse or dependence, anxiety disorder diagnoses and prior ISH and clustering by hospital using Poisson regression. The interaction between PTSD and depression diagnoses in predicting non-fatal ISH was assessed as the departure from additive effects by calculating the interaction contrast (IC) while adjusting for identified confounders. Results: Over the eight year study period 146 (0.91%) of those with PTSD experienced non-fatal ISH, while 71 (0.14%) of those without PTSD experienced non-fatal ISH. Strong adjusted associations between PTSD and non-fatal ISH were found for both male (RR = 3.3, 95% CI = 2.3, 4.6) and female (RR = 16, 95% CI = 4.7, 55) VHA patients. Evidence of an interaction between PTSD and depression diagnoses in predicting non-fatal ISH was found as a departure from additive effects for both sexes, but this association was more marked among women than among men. Conclusions: Our results indicate that non-fatal ISH among women may be more strongly related to PTSD than prior work focusing on suicide has suggested and highlight the importance of gender-stratified examinations of these associations. Further, our results suggest that suicide prevention approaches in the VHA should integrate treatment for PTSD and depression.
EFFICIENCY AND LINEWIDTH IMPROVEMENTS IN A GRAZING INCIDENCE DYE LASER USING AN INTRACAVITY LENS AND SPHERICAL END MIRROR

A modified simple cavity design for the grazing incidence dye laser is presented. Diffraction losses are reduced by the addition of an intracavity lens and 100% reflecting spherical end mirror. The resulting concentric resonator design allows conversion efficiencies of 15% to be achieved. In addition, linewidth reductions of 25-40% over the conventional cavity are obtained, and the effects of the lens design with and without a spherical end mirror are discussed. Linewidth, efficiency, and relative power measurements for the conventional and modified dye laser cavities are compared.
Autophagy Mechanism, Regulation, Functions, and Disorders

Autophagy is a self-digesting mechanism responsible for removal of damaged organelles, malformed proteins during biosynthesis, and nonfunctional long-lived proteins by lysosome. Autophagy has been divided into three general types depending on the mechanism by which intracellular materials are delivered into lysosome for degradation that is, microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and macroautophagy. In microautophagy cytoplasm material is sequestered through direct invagination to the lysosomal membrane. Whereas in CMA proteins flagged with pentapeptide motif (KFERQ) were selectively degraded through direct translocation into lysosome. Macroautophagy involves the formation of subcellular double-membrane-bound structures called autophagosomes that contain degradable contents of cytoplasm materials and deliver them into lysosomes for breakdown by lysosomal enzymes. The molecular mechanism of autophagy involves several conserved Atg (autophagy-related) proteins. Systems produce modified complexes Atg8-PE and Atg5-Atg12-Atg16 as autophagy regulators. Autophagy is activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions. For example, food deprivation, hyperthermia, and hypoxia are mediated by factors like insulin/IGF-1, m-TOR signaling, FOXO transcription factors, and chaperones. The perturbance in autophagy may lead to several types of cancers, myopathies, and neuromuscular disorders. Several autophagy inducers and inhibitors like 3-methyladenine (3-MA), bafilomycin A1, LY294002 (LY), and Velcade have been used to treat disease is an intense field of study.
Intrinsically dynamic population models

Intrinsically dynamic models (IDMs) depict populations whose cumulative growth rate over a number of intervals equals the product of the long term growth rates (that is the dominant roots or dominant eigenvalues) associated with each of those intervals. Here the focus is on the birth trajectory produced by a sequence of population projection (Leslie) matrices. The elements of a Leslie matrix are represented as straightforward functions of the roots of the matrix, and new relationships are presented linking the roots of a matrix to its Net Reproduction Rate and stable mean age of childbearing. Incorporating mortality changes in the rates of reproduction yields an IDM when the subordinate roots are held constant over time. In IDMs, the birth trajectory generated by any specified sequence of Leslie matrices can be found analytically. In the Leslie model with 15 year age groups, the constant subordinate root assumption leads to reasonable changes in the age pattern of fertility, and equations (27) and (30) provide the population size and structure that result from changing levels of net reproduction. IDMs generalize the fixed rate stable population model. They can characterize any observed population, and can provide new insights into dynamic demographic behavior, including the momentum associated with gradual or irregular paths to zero growth.
Differential measures of cellular IFN-γ responses in swine following influenza vaccination

Live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines provide broader cross-protection than whole-inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines against influenza A virus (IAV) in swine. However, standard correlates of protection, such as serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers, do not accurately predict cross-protective efficacy provided by LAIV vaccines. While the contribution of T cells to IAV immunity is appreciated, data comparing methods to evaluate IFN-γ production by IAV-specific T cells is limited. To understand the differential immunogenicity between LAIV and WIV vaccines as it relates to induction of T cell responses, IFN-γ production by peripheral T cells following antigen restimulation was assessed postvaccination. ELISpot assays used to enumerate IAV-specific IFN-γ secreting cells (SC) in peripheral blood 42 days post-vaccination (dpv) indicated that WIV-vaccinated pigs had a greater number of IFN-γ SC compared to LAIV vaccinated pigs, regardless of recall IAV used.
The Renaissance Foundations of Anthropology

THE comparative point of view of anthropology rests on a recognition that there are physical and cultural differences among human populations which must be taken into account in any attempt to generalize about mankind. It is anthropology's recognition of the scientific importance of such differences which chiefly distinguishes it from other disciplines concerned with man and human behavior. The history of this idea is therefore a particularly important part of the history of anthropology.1 It is the thesis of this paper that the anthropological tradition of interest in differences among men had its beginnings in the Italian Renaissance of the 14th and 15th centuries and specifically in Renaissance archaeology. The first differences which were recognized as significant to a general understanding of mankind were the cultural and linguistic differences between Classical antiquity and what was then the present. It was only after the beginnings of an archaeological perspective had been established that the interest in differences was extended to contemporary contrasts. Renaissance studies of Classical antiquity not only stimulated a general interest in differences among men, they also provided models for describing such differences. When the problem of describing contemporary non-Western cultures arose, there were Renaissance studies of Roman customs and institutions to serve as precedents. Similarly, Renaissance grammars and dictionaries of Classical Latin and Greek became models for the description of spoken languages in all parts of the world, and the study of the ancient monuments of Italy and Greece became the basis for archaeological reporting elsewhere. The beginnings of physical anthropology were delayed, because the study of Classical antiquity in this case offered little precedent. In order to demonstrate the Renaissance origin of the comparative point of view of anthropology, it is necessary to show first that there was no continuous anthropological tradition of comparative studies stretching back through the Middle Ages to Classical antiquity, and second that the interest in differences of custom and language and in local antiquities, characteristic of some writers of the period of the voyages of discovery, was related to a fundamental change in men's attitude toward Classical antiquity which was the essence of the Italian Renaissance.
Coordinated Packet Transmission in Random Wireless Networks

This paper studies the value of allowing multiple transmitters to share all of the available bandwidth to concurrently transmit to a single receiver with multi-packet decoding capability. While such coordination can be bandwidth-efficient, it increases the density of interferers when many such multiple-access clusters exist in the network. On the other hand, orthogonal schemes such as FDMA may not be as bandwidth-efficient but operate at lower interferer densities due to orthogonalization. We take the first step towards understanding this trade-off. In particular, we analyze equidistant transmitters sending data using a coordination scheme based on the optimum strategy for a Gaussian multiple access channel. In terms of the throughputs seen in a typical cluster in a Poisson network, this form of coordination has little or no benefit when compared to FDMA. We also find that the increased interference due to multiple coordinated transmissions reduces the efficacy of successive decoding.
New category of ultra-thin notchless 6T SRAM cell layout topologies for sub-22nm

The extent to which the 6T SRAM bit cell can be perpetuated through continued scaling is of enormous technological and economic importance. Understanding the growing limitations in lithography, design and process technology, coupled with the mechanisms which drive systematic mismatch, provides direction in identifying more optimum solutions. We propose an alternative, ultra-thin (UT) SRAM cell layout topology as a means to address many of the challenging bit cell design constraints facing the most advanced CMOS process technologies today. Compared to the industry standard 6T topology, the newly proposed cell offers: 1) a lower bit line capacitance, 2) reduced M1 complexity and 3) notchless design for improved resistance to alignment induced device mismatch.
Effect of small random perturbations on power systems dynamics and its reliability evaluation

The effect of small random perturbations on dynamic system modeling and its application to the reliability evaluation of a multimachine power system are studied. Small perturbations in the operational characteristic of transmission lines and system loads are regarded as inputs to the system model, and a reliability measure that is based on the mean first passage time of the system from its stability region is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed reliability index in considering system dynamics and its sensitivity to the variation of different system parameters are studied. Several design criteria are examined to determine the effect of system configuration. Policies are introduced to determine the robustness of different planning alternatives in handling imminent outages. This technique does not set any restrictions as to how the buses are interconnected, and it can be implemented on a large-scale power system. >
Perioperative Management of Anticoagulants and Platelet Inhibitors for Cutaneous Surgery: A Survey of Current Practice

background. Perioperative management of therapy with anticoagulants or platelet inhibitors for patients having cutaneous surgery presents dilemmas for dermatologic surgeons. objective. To outline the current spectrum of practice for perioperative management. methods. Questionnaires were mailed to 504 dermatologic surgeons. Data included use of warfarin, aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) perioperatively and involvement of other physicians in making management decisions. results. Of the responding physicians, 83% routinely ask primary physicians or cardiologists for recommendations about perioperative management, 80% discontinue warfarin therapy perioperatively at least some of the time, 26% always discontinue aspirin therapy, 38% manage aspirin and NSAIDs in the same manner, and 53% withhold therapy with NSAIDs for less time than with aspirin. conclusion. Dermatologic surgeons use various perioperative management strategies. Despite no published evidence of increased hemorrhagic risk with anticoagulant or platelet inhibitor therapy during cutaneous surgery, many physicians discontinue therapy perioperatively.
Medicinal folklore evaluation I. Alleged androgenic and aphrodisiac action of pega palo (Rhynchosia pyramidalis)

Pega palo is a plant that has received recent and widespread publicity as an alleged aphrodisiac and androgenic agent. One literature report claims clinical efficacy for these effects; however, other investigators could not confirm these activities in laboratory animals. In the present investigation, using a variety of biological test procedures, neither androgenic activity nor an aphrodisiac effect could be demonstrated in laboratory animals.
Design of push-push oscillators for reducing 1/f noise upconversion

In this paper the design of push-push oscillators with symmetrical waveforms is proposed for low phase noise. The presence of the large second harmonic components may degrade the waveform symmetry of the oscillation waveforms in two sub-oscillators, thus leading to the significant 1/f noise upconversion. Therefore, to minimize 1/f noise upconversion in push-push oscillators, the phases of Fourier coefficients of all harmonics need to be equal. The experimental results show that a 15 dB phase noise improvement at 100 kHz offset frequency can be obtained by satisfying the waveform symmetry condition.
Multiphase OH oxidation kinetics of organic aerosol: The role of particle phase state and relative humidity

Organic aerosol can exhibit different phase states in response to changes in relative humidity (RH), thereby influencing heterogeneous reaction rates with trace gas species. OH radical uptake by laboratory-generated levoglucosan and methyl-nitrocatechol particles, serving as surrogates for biomass burning aerosol, is determined as a function of RH. Increasing RH lowers the viscosity of amorphous levoglucosan aerosol particles enabling enhanced OH uptake. Conversely, OH uptake by methyl-nitrocatechol aerosol particles is suppressed at higher RH as a result of competitive coadsorption of H2O that occupies reactive sites. This is shown to have substantial impacts on organic aerosol lifetimes with respect to OH oxidation. The results emphasize the importance of organic aerosol phase state to accurately describe the multiphase chemical kinetics and thus chemical aging process in atmospheric models to better represent the evolution of organic aerosol and its role in air quality and climate.
3‐Methyl‐1‐phenyl‐Phospholane 1‐Oxide

[34868-22-9] C11H15OP (MW 194.21) InChI = 1S/C11H15OP/c1-10-7-8-13(12,9-10)11-5-3-2-4-6-11/h2-6,10H,7-9H2,1H3 InChIKey = NMWVKRPDPIADRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (catalyst for Wittig reaction) Physical Data: clear viscous oil containing a mixture of isomers (2:1). 31P NMR (CDCl3) d (ppm) 62.2 for the major and 62.5 for the minor isomer.1 13C NMR (CDC13) δ (ppm) major: 20.9 (J = 13.7 Hz, Me), 30.6 (J = 65.9 Hz, C5), 33.5 (J = 8.3 Hz, C3), 33.9 (J = 5.7 Hz, C4), 37.3 (J = 67.6 Hz, C2), 133.8 (J = 89.1 Hz, C1); minor: 21.0 (J 9 Hz, Me), 29.5 (J = 65.9 Hz, C5), 32.7 (J = 5.6 Hz, C3), 34.6 (J = 9.1 Hz, C4), 37.8 (J 60 Hz, C2); common signals: 128.5 (J = 11.1 Hz, C2−.), 129.7 (J = 9.6 Hz, C2−); 131.6 (C4').1 MS, m/z (rel. int.) 194 (M+, 100), 193 (86), 179 (26), 125 (48), 77 (24); HRMS, ,C11H15OP requires 194.0861.1 Solubility: soluble in halogenated solvents such as CH2Cl2 and CHCl3. Preparative Method: the reagent can be easily prepared using McCormack's synthesis.2 The synthesis proceeds via a cheletropic reaction between the dichlorophenylphosphine and commercially available isoprene, followed by hydrolysis and reduction of the carbon–carbon double bond. Purification: it can be purified by fractional distillation. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: product is somewhat hygroscopic.
Surfaces of Normal and Transformed Cells

Considerable data implicate events at the cell surface as having a primary role in the growth, development, and communication of normal animal cells and in the multiplication of cancer cells. For example, surface changes are of particular relevance in determining whether neoplastic cells provoke a host immune response and whether they survive or succumb to that response. Surface characteristics are also at least partially involved in the ability of cancer cells both to establish a primary growth site and to metastasize to secondary sites. A variety of additional factors are involved in each case, but progress in distinguishing neoplastic from normal cell surfaces will surely help to understand and to combat the development and growth of neoplastic cells.
Case Study: A Comparative Analysis Of Financial And Quality Indicators Of Nursing Homes That Have Closed And Nursing Homes That Have Remained Open

Eight New York nursing homes, 4 open and 4 closed, were chosen at random for analysis. They were examined to determine if a relationship between age of assets, fiscal viability and quality of care existed. Three years of data for each nursing home was selected Several financial variables were used to construct a fiscal viability index; and a patient care index was created from selected measures that are used to measure specific aspects of institutional care. The premise was that the constructed indices will demonstrate a significant difference between closed nursing homes and homes remaining open. The analysis found that fiscal viability index could be a significant factor to differentiate the two groups of nursing homes, but the quality index showed no significant difference between the two groups.
Chemotherapy-Induced Oxidative Stress in Nontargeted Normal Tissues

Chemotherapy has played a critical role in increasing the number of cancer survivors. The success rate of chemotherapy is contributed, in part, by the development of novel agents and more aggressive treatment strategies. However, the effect that chemotherapeutic drugs have on normal tissue can create serious dose-limiting and quality-of-life issues. The majority of the known side effects of chemotherapy are related to proliferating tissues, which can be renewed and replaced. However, the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on tissues with limited renewal capability, such as cardiac and neuronal tissues, is of serious concern. The anticancer effect of the current FDA approved chemotherapeutic agents can be classified into multiple groups based on their predicted mechanisms of toxicity, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in normal tissue is implicated in a large number of these agents. However, how tissue pathology is induced by ROS-generating chemotherapeutic agents is unclear. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms by which these agents affect a selected target tissue are relatively unexplored. This review briefly discusses these unexplored areas focusing on cardiac and neuronal tissues. The goal is to provide the basis for future development of anticancer drugs with reduced normal tissue injury to improve the quality of life for the ever-increasing number of cancer survivors.
Search for compensated isocurvature perturbations with Planck power spectra

In the standard inflationary scenario, primordial perturbations are adiabatic. The amplitudes of most types of isocurvature perturbations are generally constrained by current data to be small. If, however, there is a baryon-density perturbation that is compensated by a dark-matter perturbation in such a way that the total matter density is unperturbed, then this compensated isocurvature perturbation (CIP) has no observable consequence in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at linear order in the CIP amplitude. Here, we search for the effects of CIPs on CMB power spectra to quadratic order in the CIP amplitude. An analysis of the Planck temperature data leads to an upper bound ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathrm{rms}}^{2}\ensuremath{\le}7.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, at the 68% confidence level, to the variance ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathrm{rms}}^{2}$ of the CIP amplitude. This is then strengthened to ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathrm{rms}}^{2}\ensuremath{\le}5.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ if Planck small-angle polarization data are included. A cosmic-variance-limited CMB experiment could improve the $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$ sensitivity to CIPs to ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathrm{rms}}^{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$. It is also found that adding CIPs to the standard $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{CDM}$ model can improve the fit of the observed smoothing of CMB acoustic peaks just as much as adding a nonstandard lensing amplitude.
The New Frontier? IVF's Challenges for State Courts and Legislatures

More and more couples with frozen embryos decide to end their relationships and cannot agree about whether or how their frozen embryos should be used. Courts in several states have used a variety of tests to decide such disputes, although until recently courts refused to award embryos to someone wishing to use them over the objections of the other progenitor. More recently, however, a few courts granted custody of frozen embryos to progenitors wishing to implant them, former partner’s objections notwithstanding, which may mean that courts and legislatures will have to address a variety of thorny issues that previously had seemed merely theoretical. This article discusses the possibly significant implications of some recent frozen embryo decisions.
Carmichaelite, a new hydroxyl-bearing titanate from Garnet Ridge, Arizona

Carmichaelite [MO2‐x(OH)x, where M includes Ti, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Al] is a new hydrous titanate from Garnet Ridge, an ultramafic diatreme on the Colorado Plateau in Arizona. It is named in honor of Ian S.E. Carmichael, Professor of Geology at the University of California, Berkeley, in recognition of his many contributions to petrology, especially his studies of Fe-Ti oxides in volcanic rocks. The new mineral occurs as platy, cinnamon-brown inclusions in mantle-derived pyrope crystals, which also contain inclusions of rutile, srilankite, ilmenite, minerals of the crichtonite group, spinel, and olivine. Carmichaelite is commonly in contact with rutile and occasionally with srilankite. The average composition is TiO2 = 62.16, Cr2O3 = 18.43, Al2O3 = 1.88, V2O3 = 0.87, Nb2O5 = 0.37, FeO = 7.61, MgO = 2.80, H2O (calc) = 5.76, total 99.89 wt%, giving an empirical formula close to Ti0.62Cr0.19Fe0.09Mg0.06Al0.03V0.01O1.5(OH)0.5. A cation (non-H) to (O+OH) ratio of 1:2 was confirmed by microprobe analysis of oxygen, and the presence of the hydroxyl component was supported by IR data. Carmichaelite is monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 7.706(1), b = 4.5583(6), c = 20.187(3) A, β = 92.334(2)°, V = 708.5(3) A 3 , and Z = 22. The calculated density is 4.13 g/cm 3 . The strongest diffraction lines [ d(I, h k l)] from a calculated powder pattern are 2.842 (100, ‐3.773 (94, 013), 2.664 (70, 213), 1.688 (54, ‐1.679 (44, 226), 1.661 (44, ‐and 1.648 (34, 1.1.11). The crystal structure, which has been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, consists of stacked chains of cation octahedra within layers of hexagonal closest-packed anions. The arrangement of cation octahedra within a single chain has the same basic structural unit of five edge-sharing octahedra found in olivine, the humite group, and leucophoenicite. Carmichaelite is inferred to have co-precipitated with its pyrope host and other titanates in the presence of a fluid or melt phase (i.e., mantle metasomatism) at temperatures of 650‐750 °C and pressures of 20‐25 kbar. It contains the highest OH content reported for titanates of mantle origin and offers a potential storage site for water and high field strength elements in the upper mantle. The new mineral is probably stabilized by high pressure and the high concentration of Cr. Certain features of the carmichaelite structure raise the possibility of a similar high-pressure phase in the Si-AlO-H system.
Democratic Committee Assignments in the House of Representatives: Strategic Aspects of a Social Choice Process*

This paper examines the committee assignment process for Democratic members of the House of Representatives. Unlike previous studies of committee assignments, this paper employs data on the requests for assignments submitted by members to the Committee on Committees. The theoretical perspective employed is one in which all the participants in the process are rational actors who have goals they want to achieve and who choose among alternative courses of action on the basis of which alternative is most likely to lead to the achievement of those goals. We argue that the allocation of committee assignments affects the goals of all the participants in the process, and thus we consider the choices of actors in the process in terms of their goals; specifically the goals of re-election, influence within the House, and good public policy. After first considering the process from the point of view of the member making requests, we show that the member's requests are related to the type of district he represents, and that the number of requests he makes is related to such considerations as whether he is a freshman, whether he faces competition from a member from his state, and whether there is a vacancy from his state on his most preferred committee. The process is also considered from the point of view of the members making the assignments. Decisions on assignments are found to be affected by seniority (where success in getting requested committees is inversely related to seniority), margin of election (where members from marginal districts are more successful), and region (where southerners are less successful than members from other regions).
Thrust vectoring of laser-ablated aluminum plasma using permanent magnets

Magnetic steering of the thrust vector for laser-ablated plasma was experimentally studied in vacuum using a uniform 1.0 Tesla magnetic field permanent magnet assembly whose field lines passed directly through the ablation surface. In this study, an aluminum plasma was formed by ablating a solid target surface with a single pulse of 20 mJ from a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser. A 1-MHz-frame-rate camera captured continuous sequential images of the ejected plasma plume. This work demonstrates that a 1.0 Tesla applied magnetic field collimates the plasma plume and deflects the plasma along the magnetic field lines. It was also determined that the plume collimation increases with multiple laser pulses in the same spot. These results indicate that thrust vectoring can be achieved using permanent magnets.
Evaluation of Tensile and Bearing Capacities of Cold-Formed Steel Connections Attached with Pneumatically Driven Pins

A experimental study was conducted to examine the shear and tensile strength of pneumatically driven pin connections used in cold-formed steel construction. This study included the key parameters that influence the connection strength: steel thickness (16-, 18- and 20-gauge steel), sheathing thickness (1/2 in. (152-mm) Unipan and 1/2 in. (152-mm) Dens-Glass Gold). The shear design values given in the AISI design specifications for screw connections are compared with those obtained from a series of lap shear tests and a good agreement is obtained. Initial analysis of the AISI design equation for tensile failure due to pull-over yielded poor results when compared to the withdrawal test values. Upon further analysis it was determined the connection failed in punch shear mode and the results compared well with the ACI punch shear analysis. The equations developed in this study can be used to predict the strength of pneumatically driven pin connections in cold-formed steel construction.
Themes at the intersections of theory and practice in online and blended education

AbstractThis is a reflexive account of my experiences teaching online and blended doctoral research methodology courses and seminars. Vacillating between skepticism and affirmation, my thoughts mirror the many issues that arise from my daily professional practice and from what I have discovered in my quest to better understand the nature and workings of online and blended education through scholarly discourse. The purpose of sharing my experiences and points of view is to test a set of my truths among the community of experts on the subject. I refer to these truths as evocative discourses – emergent themes at the intersection of theory and practice of online and blended teaching and learning.
Remote Sensing of Fine-Scale Vertical Structures in the Atmosphere with GPS Occultations

Recent advances of inversion techniques in processing GPS radio occultation (RO) measurements have resulted in more accurate atmospheric retrievals of temperature and water vapor. Furthermore, the new techniques can overcome the resolution limit imposed by Fresnel diffraction. Fine-scale atmospheric structures with vertical extent of less than 100 m are now formally resolvable. This allows GPS RO to capture very sharp tropopause heretofore only revealed by in-situ measurements such as radiosonde soundings. Moreover, GPS RO are well suited to probing planetary boundary layer tops as well as sub-km thin moisture layers that, based on analysis of aircraft measurements, appear to be ubiquitous in the troposphere. In this work, we present the theoretical estimate and observational evidence of the high vertical resolution achievable with GPS RO measurements from CHAMP and SAC-C. In addition, since GPS RO is a limb sounding measurement, we consider the interpretation and representation of the retrieved fine-scale vertical structures in the presence of horizontal inhomogeneity.
Guiding students to understand key concepts and develop process skills with POGIL: tutorial presentation

This tutorial will introduce participants to Process-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) in computer science. POGIL has been developed, and validated over the last 20 years, primarily in chemistry and other STEM areas. In POGIL, teams of 3-5 learners work on scripted inquiry activities and investigations designed to help them construct their own knowledge. Teams follow processes with specific roles, steps, and reports that encourage individual responsibility and meta-cognition. Studies have generally found that POGIL significantly improves student performance. More information is available at http://pogil.org and http://cspogil.org.
Creating and sustaining teaching and learning centers: US models of resources and support, lessons learned, and building a culture of teaching and learning excellence

This article represents an expanded discussion of a presentation on teaching and learning centers (TLCs) to an Italian national conference on the components of a research project entitled, Preparazione alla professionalita docente e innovazione didattica (PRODID). The article aims to highlight an overview of findings from the research and practice literature regarding TLCs across their history in the United States, including the common structures and roles of these centers. Finally, the author provides theoretical underpinnings from organizational learning and development that are recommended for practice in creating and sustaining effective TLCs including the importance of co-creating value for teaching and learning excellence, building an inclusive learning culture within institutions of higher education, and managing and sustaining organizational change. Suggestions for further research are also provided.
The thermally injured ear: a systematic approach to reconstruction.

The ear has a unique topography that makes its restoration after thermal injury an arduous task. Reconstructive efforts are assisted by dividing the ear into auricular zones that further highlight the segmental features that should be spared. Preserving these important landmarks allows the surgeon to refashion a facsimile of the preinjured ear. Early aggressive therapeutic intervention maintains the underlying structural support system of the ear, promoting an enhanced end result. A systematic approach to the preservation and reconstruction of the thermally injured ear is presented.
Elements of the Law

When Geof Stone, then Dean of the Law School, asked me ten years ago to teach a section of Elements of the Law, I was flattered and delighted -at least until a few days later when he asked me what I would try to do with the course. When I told him, his face seemed to fall slightly but he recovered quickly and said, "That's not what Cass does." It testifies to Geof's polished charm that I wasn't sure whether I was being gently rebuked for insubordination or lightly complimented for ingenuity. In any event, I was stimulated to investigate what might be called the original intent of the course, which has been a fixture of the firstyear curriculum since 1937 and has been taught by a (baker's) dozen faculty members since its inception.! I discovered that the description of the course in the Law School catalog has changed very little but that the content and nominal objective have changed, sometimes radically, with each new instructor. The changes were the product not only of professorial idiosyncrasy but also of continuously shifting focus in theories both of teaching and of precedent in American law. As with so many dramatic changes at the University of Chicago in the 1930s, Elements of the Law began with a conversation prompted by Robert Maynard Hutchins, who left the deanship of Yale Law School to become President of the University in 1929 at the age of 30. Hutchins inherited a distinguished research university whose initial momentum from its founding at the turn of the century was beginning to flag.2 Nonetheless, many members of the faculty were
“One size fits all, depending on the situation”: HIV counseling on disclosure to sexual partners

ABSTRACTThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that HIV care providers apply cultural competency when counseling clients about partner notification. In this study, we analyzed transcription data from HIV providers in Alabama (N = 27) and North Carolina (N = 20) using a constant-comparative method to determine whether providers tailored their messages to the demographics of their clientele. Most HIV providers (76.5%) stated that client demographics did not affect their counseling style, but instead emphasized “individual circumstances” or “one-size-fits-all” approaches to advising clients about partner notification. These results suggest that HIV providers do not approach disclosure counseling with cultural awareness.