cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Estuarine Gradients Influencing Tidal Flat Benthic Algal Biomass and Community Structure in the Yaquina Estuary, OR, USA

Tidal flat is often the dominant habitat type in US Pacific Northwest (PNW) estuaries. This research examined environmental factors that explain the spatial patterns of microphytobenthos (MPB) biomass and community structure in a PNW estuary with complex nutrient dynamics. MPB biomass, individual species abundances, diatom community metrics, and diatom community structure were strongly correlated with distance from the estuary mouth, salinity, substrate composition, and pore water-soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). The microphytobenthos was dominated by diatoms and diatom diversity and species richness were negatively associated with salinity, substrate sand content, and pore water SRP. Diatom community structure varied with estuary position, with the epipsammic taxa Catenula adhaerens, Opephora spp. 1, and Planothidium delicatulum dominating the assemblage at sites near the estuary mouth and epipelic taxa, such as Nitzschia frustulum and Nitzschia palea, being more abundant at sites in the middle and upper estuary. Distance from the estuary mouth and salinity were the most important predictors of diatom assemblage structure, based on CCA analysis. MPB biomass was highest at sites in the lower estuary, characterized by higher salinities, SRP, and substrate sand composition. Pore water nitrogen and surrounding land use were not important predictors of MPB biomass or community structure. We attribute our findings to the nutrient dynamics of Yaquina estuary, which is high in nutrients due to both coastal upwelling and watershed-derived nitrate and exhibits an increasing gradient of phosphorus towards the estuary mouth.
Branding Japanese Food: From Meibutsu to Washoku

“The road to Hell is paved with good intentions” may seem a bit strong for a discussion of preserving food traditions, but it aptly summarizes Katarzyna J. Cwiertka and Yasuhara Miho’s feelings abo...
The long shadow of Punjab’s militant past and contested ‘normalcy’: The Legacy of Militancy in Punjab: Long Road to ‘Normalcy,’ by Inderjit Singh Jaijee and Dona Suri, New Delhi, Sage Publications, 2020, 211 pp., $20.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-9-3532-8713-9

What does it mean to say Punjab is a post-militant context? Given that in common usage the prefix ‘post’ conveys end of one phase and shift into a new temporality, this term evokes the idea that Pu...
E-126 Comparison of stent retriever thrombectomy using 3D patient specific models of intracranial circulation with actual middle cerebral artery occlusion thrombectomy cases

Background Stent retriever (SR) thrombectomy is commonly used for the treatment of emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Clot imaging parameters such as clot length, diameter, distance to the internal carotid artery (ICA) terminus and vessel angle where the SR is deployed may predict the likelihood of achieving first-pass effect (FPE). Most of the proposed factors that seem to affect recanalization success have been studied individually, and conflicting data derived from clinical versus in vitro studies using 3D printed models of intracranial circulation currently exist. Methods Using patient-specific 3D phantoms of the cervical and intracranial circulation, we simulated MCA M1 and M2 occlusions treated with SR thrombectomy using Solitaire (Medtronic) or Trevo (Styker). Our primary outcome was first-pass effect, defined as Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score of 2c-3 achieved after a single thrombectomy attempt. We also performed retrospective analysis of same clot imaging characteristics of consecutive cases of MCA occlusion and its association with FPE matching the 3D in vitro experiments. Analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Chi-square tests, and bivariate logistic regressions were the main statistical tests used in analysis. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. 95% confidence intervals (95CI) were generated. Results We compared 42 thrombectomy experiments performed using patient-specific 3D in vitro models with a retrospective cohort of 42 patients treated with SR thrombectomy. We found that in the in vitro cohort, higher MCA angulation was associated with a lower likelihood of FPE (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.967 95CI = 0.944-0.991, p = 0.008). Meanwhile in the in vivo cohort, higher MCA angulation was associated with a higher likelihood of FPE (OR = 1.039 95CI = 1.003-1.077, p = 0.033). Neither clot length nor location of clot (M1 vs M2) was associated with a difference in FPE rates in either cohort. Discussion Comparison of SR thrombectomy performed during actual MCA occlusion cases versus patient specific 3D replicas revealed MCA angulation as an independent predictor of procedure success or failure. However, the opposite direction of effect was observed between the two studied environments, indicating potential limitations of studying SR thrombectomy using 3D models of LVO. Disclosures M. Mokin: 1; C; NIH R21NS109575. E. Pressman: None. K. Sommer: None. C. Ionita: None.
Elimination Kinetics of Tilmicosin Following Intramammary Administration in Lactating Dairy Cattle

Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic approved for both the treatment and control of respiratory disease in beef cattle and dairy cattle under 20 months of age. The drug is not approved for use in lactating dairy cattle; however, tilmicosin is sometimes used in an extralabel manner by bovine practitioners for the intramammary treatment of mastitis. This practice results in detectible residues and has resulted in several instances of milk residue violation referred to the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD). The purpose of this study was to determine the elimination kinetics of tilmicosin in milk following an intramammary infusion so an appropriate proper milk withdrawal interval could be determined.
Paralympic protest: athlete activism, apartheid South Africa, and the international sport boycott in British para sport, 1979–1981

In October 1979, the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMGF) imposed a lifetime ban on Maggy Jones, a medal-winning British Paralympian. Her crime: distributing leaflets about the h...
“Hey there, Brian”: Voicing Mormon Cosmopolitanism in a College Apartment

In this paper, I discuss a humorous form of voicing called Brian Voice (BV) used by myself and my former roommates, all of whom are students at Brigham Young University and members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints. Bringing the tools and methods of linguistic anthropology together with the anthropology of morality (especially ordinary ethics), I demonstrate the ways in which my roommates and I use this voicing to simultaneously inhabit the two seemingly contradictory identities of, on the one hand, a reverent Mormon and, on the other, a modern cosmopolitan. BV facilitates this identity by enabling speakers to voice both irreverence and anti - cosmopolitanism without incurring the normal social consequences associated with those stances. I contend that BV accomplishes this mitigation of negative consequences through indexing ridiculousness and absurdity. By situating BV within its Mormon context, I demonstrate that in distancing speakers from both hyper - reverence and irreverence, BV entails a practical engagement with the ethics, principles, and ideals of both Mormon morality and cosmopolitan morality, thus allowing speakers to inhabit a simultaneously Mormon and cosmopolitan self.
SLC23 family of ascorbic acid transporters in GtoPdb v.2021.3

Predicted to be 12 TM segment proteins, members of this family transport the reduced form of ascorbic acid (while the oxidized form may be handled by members of the SLC2 family (GLUT1/SLC2A1, GLUT3/SLC2A3 and GLUT4/SLC2A4). phloretin is considered a non-selective inhibitor of these transporters, with an affinity in the micromolar range [1].
The rise and fall of oil generation in the USA: A study in institutional adaptability

Abstract After 1978, the US electric power industry more than halved oil generation of electricity. This reversed a rising trend that had accelerated with the liberalization of residual fuel oil import quotas in 1966. This paper uses detailed data on inter- utility sales filed with the US government and limited circulation statistical reports from electric utilities to appraise the changes. The changes reflect the capacity of a flexible, growing, integrated electric utility system to adapt to changing circumstances. Much of the reduction in oil use was effected by purchases of coal-generated electricity by oil-based companies on the east coast. Another major development was the introduction of new coal-fired plants to the west- south-central states. This allowed coal to take over from oil as the alternative to increasingly more expensive natural gas. In New York and California, however, gas became available to displace oil. A further more modest contribution was made by having plants that had shifted from coal to oil resume coal use.
A Cultural Trinity: Spirituality, Religion, and Gender in Clinical Practice

The authors present a framework for understanding the intersections of spirituality, religion, and gender in mental health and relationship problems, with special emphasis on gender equality. Clinicians are encouraged to distinguish religion and spirituality and to engage with clients at the spiritual level. Principles for practice that facilitate differentiation from cultural constructions that promote and reinforce gender inequality are proposed with case illustrations.
The “O” Class: Crafting Clinical Care with FoxO Transcription Factors

Forkhead Transcription Factors: Vital Elementsin Biology and Medicine provides a unique platform for the presentation of novel work and new insights into the vital role that forkhead transcription factors play in both cellular physiology as well as clinical medicine. Internationally recognized investigators provide their insights and perspectives for a number of forkhead genes and proteins that may have the greatest impact for the development of new strategies for a broad array of disorders that can involve aging, cancer, cardiac function, neurovascular integrity, fertility, stem cell differentiation, cellular metabolism, and immune system regulation. Yet, the work clearly sets a precedent for the necessity to understand the cellular and molecular function of forkhead proteins since this family of transcription factors can limit as well as foster disease progression depending upon the cellular environment.
Detection of murine typhus infection in fleas by using the polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA was used to detect the etiologic agent of murine typhus, Rickettsia typhi, in experimentally infected adult fleas. A primer pair derived from the 17-kilodalton antigen sequence of typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae was used to amplify a 434-base-pair (bp) fragment of the genome of the murine typhus rickettsiae. The amplified 17-kilodalton protein antigen-specific sequence was detected in ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels in individual fleas as early as 2 days after exposure to rickettsemic rats (two of six tested). The 434-bp sequence was not detected in uninfected control fleas. A dot hybridization assay used to detect the 434-bp fragment was also specific and about 100-fold more sensitive than the agarose gel PCR assay. Since the PCR assay employed a boiled extract of triturated fleas, both PCR and an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) could be performed on the same individual flea homogenate. The ELISA identified 12 infected fleas out of 29 randomly selected fleas, compared with 14 specimens which were positive by PCR. The PCR assay detected rickettsiae in samples in which no viable rickettsiae were detected by plaque assay. Like the ELISA, the PCR assay sensitivity was due in part to its suitability for detecting small numbers of both live and dead R. typhi in fleas.
Oxidative metabolism of 1-nitropyrene by rabbit liver microsomes and purified microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes.

Rabbit liver (male) microsomal metabolism of 10 µm [4,5,9,10-3H]-1-nitropyrene (1NP) was investigated. The total metabolism was not appreciably different with rates of 4.44 ± 0.45, 3.98 ± 0.19, 3.90 ± 0.16, and 3.75 ± 0.27 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for microsomes from phenobarbital, Aroclor-1254, ethanol-treated, and untreated rabbits. However, a more noticeable difference was found in the formation of specific metabolites. Phenobarbital treatment induced changes which favored 1-nitropyren-3-ol formation, and Aroclor-1254 and ethanol-induced changes which favored 1-nitropyren-6-ol and 1-nitropyren-8-ol formation. 1NP was incubated with untreated microsomes and α-naphthoflavone, an inhibitor of rabbit cytochrome P-450 form 6 at low concentrations (<1 µm), and an activator of form 3c at high concentrations. The presence of α-naphthoflavone changed the profile of metabolites while not affecting the total metabolism. Using purified isozymes of rabbit P-450, we found the constitutive form 3b metabolized 1NP at the highest rate with a catalytic activity of 26.8 nmol/min/nmol P-450. Forms 2 and 6 exhibited rates of 2 and 2.2 nmol/min/nmol P-450. Forms 3a, 3c, and 4 had rates about 50- to 300-fold lower than form 3b. High performance liquid chromatography was used to identify the metabolites when the incubations were carried out in the presence of purified rabbit epoxide hydrolase. With form 6, 54% of the metabolites were accounted for as 1-nitropyren-3-ol, while with form 3b, 73% of the metabolites were 1-nitropyren-6-ol and 1-nitropyren-8-ol. The K-region dihydrodiols were formed by forms 2 and 3b, but not by forms 3c or 6. These results demonstrate that 1NP is a preferential substrate for form 3b, and that a preponderance of the metabolism with untreated rabbit liver microsomes can be attributed to this isozyme.
Is there a Lower Propensity to Pay Dividends? A Decomposition of Dividend Payers

Fama and French (2001) argue that firms today have a lower propensity to pay dividends than in 1978. To our knowledge, no previous studies have econometrically measured the magnitude of this lower propensity to pay dividends. In this paper, we employ a unique decomposition technique to measure this lower propensity to pay dividends. After controlling for firm size, profitability, growth opportunities, age of firm since year of incorporation, we find that there is at most a 34 percent lower propensity to pay dividends. Thus, our results suggest that the lower propensity to pay dividends is not as significant as suggested in the literature. In addition, we also find that neither tax differentials nor dividend premium help explain the decline in the proportion of dividend payers.
Hyponatremia Is Associated With Increased Osteoporosis and Bone Fractures in a Large US Health System Population.

Context: The significance of studies suggesting an increased risk of bone fragility fractures with hyponatremia through mechanisms of induced bone loss and increased falls has not been demonstrated in large patient populations with different types of hyponatremia. Objective: This matched case-control study evaluated the effect of hyponatremia on osteoporosis and fragility fractures in a patient population of more than 2.9 million. Design, Setting, and Participants: Osteoporosis (n = 30 517) and fragility fracture (n = 46 256) cases from the MedStar Health database were matched on age, sex, race, and patient record length with controls without osteoporosis (n = 30 517) and without fragility fractures (n = 46 256), respectively. Cases without matched controls or serum sodium (Na+) data or with Na+ with a same-day blood glucose greater than 200 mg/dL were excluded. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence of diagnosis of osteoporosis and fragility fractures of the upper or lower extremity, pelvis, and vertebrae were...
Underwater sound transmission through arrays of disk cavities in a soft elastic medium

Scattering from a cavity in a soft elastic medium, such as silicone rubber, resembles scattering from an underwater bubble in that low-frequency monopole resonance is obtainable in both cases. Arrays of cavities can therefore be used to reduce underwater sound transmission using thin layers and low void fractions. This article examines the role of cavity shape by microfabricating arrays of disk-shaped air cavities into single and multiple layers of polydimethylsiloxane. Comparison is made with the case of equivalent volume cylinders which approximate spheres. Measurements of ultrasonic underwater sound transmission are compared with finite element modeling predictions. The disks provide a deeper transmission minimum at a lower frequency owing to the drum-type breathing resonance. The resonance of a single disk cavity in an unbounded medium is also calculated and compared with a derived estimate of the natural frequency of the drum mode. Variation of transmission is determined as a function of disk tilt angle, lattice constant, and layer thickness. A modeled transmission loss of 18 dB can be obtained at a wavelength about 20 times the three-layer thickness, and thinner results (wavelength/thickness ∼ 240) are possible for the same loss with a single layer depending on allowable hydrostatic pressure.
Discussion Addendum for: Palladium Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of (Z)‐1‐Heptenyldimethylsilanol with 4‐Iodoanisole: (Z)‐(1‐Heptenyl)‐4‐Methoxybenzene

(Z)-1-heptenyldimethylsilanol 4-iodoanisole (Z)-(1-heptenyl)-4-methoxybenzene (+)-brasilenyne 1,4-bissilyl-1,3-butadiene papulacandin D Keywords: organosilanols; palladium catalyzed cross-coupling; halides; triflates; isodomoic acids; Bronsted bases; fluoride-free alkenyl-aryl cross-coupling
Latest on-air testing of U.S. MIL-STD-188-110C Appendix D wideband HF data waveforms

The US MIL-STD-188-110B has been revised to MIL-STD- 188-110C and includes Appendix D defining a family of wideband HF data waveforms supporting bandwidths from 3 kHz to 24 kHz in increments of 3 kHz. This waveform family, designed by engineers at Harris Corporation and Rockwell Collins, extends the high performance serial tone modem technology of the original versions of the standard to wider bandwidths. The wider bandwidths can provide user bit rates up to 120 kbps and allow users the option of selecting the bandwidth and modulation so as to optimize modem performance. This paper provides an overview of the newly standardized wideband HF waveforms and reports on a series of recent on- air tests performed to evaluate the tradeoffs required to utilize the new waveform standard as the basis for a high performance adaptive HF system. Results are presented for recent on-air testing over several different HF links. These include a 160 km Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) link, which is representative of common tactical military HF communications scenarios, and a 1,700 km skywave link more representative of a strategic back haul link. Additionally the latest series of on air testing, reported in this paper, specifically addresses the robustness tradeoffs offered by the new suite of wideband waveforms.
5-HT3 receptors modulate spinal nociceptive reflexes

The selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist 2-methyl-serotonin (2-Me-5-HT) mimicked the antinociceptive activity of 5-HT when intrathecally administered to rats. Two hundred micrograms (i.t.) doses of these agonists produced similar increases in tail flick latency. However, equal doses of 2-Me-5-HT and 5-HT doubled and tripled, respectively, the mean response latency as measured by the hot plate test. The potent and selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists ICS 205-930 (3-tropanyl-indole-3-carboxylate) and MDL 72222 (3-tropanyl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate) antagonized the antinociceptive effects of both 5-HT and 2-Me-5-HT. However, there were differences in the efficacy of these antagonists. Thus, intrathecal pretreatment with ICS 205-930 (0.05 micrograms) or MDL 72222 (0.1 micrograms) blocked the antinociceptive effects of 5-HT (200 micrograms, i.t.) as measured by the tail flick test, however, higher doses (0.1 and 1.0 micrograms, respectively) were required in the hot plate test. Pretreatment with ICS 205-930 (0.1 microgram) or MDL 72222 (0.1 microgram) blocked the effects of 2-Me-5-HT (200 micrograms, i.t.) in both analgesiometric tests. It is concluded that 5-HT3 receptors are intimately involved in the modulation of spinal nociceptive responses.
The Synthesis of Fluoro-bromo Derivatives of Benzoic Acid to be Evaluated as Radiographic Opaques*

Seven new compounds: 3,5-dibromo-4-fluorobenzoic acid and its methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and isoropyl esters, 3,5-dibromo-4-fluorohippuric acid, and 3,5-dibromo-4-fluorobenzami∼e have been synthesized. Three new compounds which were intermediates have also been made. They are: 3,5-dibromo-4-toluenediazonium fluoborate, 3,5-dibromo-4-fluorotoluene and 3,5-dibromo-4-fluorobenzoyl chloride. The opaque properties of 3,5-dibromo-4-fluorobenzoic acid, 3,5-dibromo-4-fluorohippuric acid, and ethyl 3,5-dibromo-4-fluorobenzoate were equal or superior to those of tetraiodophenolphthalein when radiographed in equivalent amounts in single tests on mice and indicate that the compounds are worthy of further study.
Design of an industrial flexible robot controller using MATLAB

The main objective of this work is to investigate a causal inverse dynamics of a flexible single hub-arm system with a variable tip mass and to control the end point motion. The joint trajectory was assumed and the end point trajectory was obtained directly through the solution of the inverse dynamic problem. Although the flexible link is nonminimum phase in nature, the use of feedforward torque with end point acceleration feedback gives very good performance specially for variable tip mass. A robust controller was designed for tracking the desired trajectory based on classical control methodologies.
Scattering of 16-MeV protons from even tin isotopes

Abstract The (p, p′) cross sections to the first 2 + states in even tin isotopes were observed to decrease systematically with increasing A . Using a coupled-channel calculation with a vibrational model, this result is explained as due to the increase of the imaginary potential with increasing A .
Three-dimensional microfabrication using two-photon polymerization

Photopolymerization initiated by the simultaneous absorption of two photons is unique in its ability to produce complex three-dimensional (3D) structures from a single, thick photopolymer film. Strong 3D confinement of the polymerization process is not possible in other polymer microfabrication techniques such as LIGA, rapid prototyping, and conventional photoresist technology. Two-photon polymerization also permits the fabrication of 3D structures and the definition of lithographic features on non-planar surfaces. We have developed a wide array of chromophores which hold great promise for 3D microfabrication, as well as other applications, such as two-photon fluorescence imaging and 3D optical data storage. These materials are based on a donor- (pi) -donor, donor-acceptor-donor, or acceptor-donor-acceptor structural motif. The magnitude of the two-photon absorption cross-section, (delta) , and the position of the two-photon absorption maximum, (lambda) (2)max, can be controlled by varying the length of the conjugated bridge and by varying the strength of the donor/acceptor groups. In this way, chromophores have been developed which exhibit strong two- photon absorption in the range of 500 - 975 nm, in some cases as high as 4400 X 10-50 cm4 s/photon-molecule. In the case of donor-(pi) -donor structures, quantum-chemical calculations show that the large absorption cross-sections arise from the symmetric re-distribution of charge from the donor end-groups to the conjugated bridge, resulting in an electronic excited-state which is more delocalized than the ground state. For many of these molecules, two-photon excitation populates a state which is sufficiently reducing that a charge transfer reaction can occur with acrylate monomers. The efficiency of these processes can be described using Marcus theory. Under suitable conditions, such reactions can induce radical polymerization of acrylate resins. Polymerization rates have been measured, and we show that these two-photon chromophores display increased sensitivity and recording speed over conventional photoinitiators. Complex 3D structures can be fabricated in acrylate films doped with these chromophores using tightly focused near-infrared femtosecond laser pulses. A 3D periodic array of polymeric columns has been produced for use in photonic bandgap applications. Tapered waveguide structures for interconnecting disparate-sized optical components have been constructed. More traditional MEMS structures, such as cantilevers, have also been produced. Such structures may be useful for organic vapor sensors. The two-photon photopolymerization process can be extended to other material systems, such as metallic, ceramic, and composite materials, by templating the photopolymer structures.
Clenbuterol plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor regulates stem/progenitor cell mobilization and exerts beneficial effect by increasing neovascularization in rats with heart failure.

Background Treatment of beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists with myeloid cytokines, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been reported to enhance stem/progenitor cell mobilization and proliferation in ischemic myocardium. However, whether the combination therapy of G-CSF and clenbuterol (Clen) contributes to improved left ventricular (LV) function remains uncertain. We investigated whether this combination therapy induced bone marrow–derived stem/progenitor cell mobilization, neovascularization, and altered LV function after acute myocardial infarction (MI).
Stress functions for a Cosserat continuum

Abstract In this paper, a complete solution, in terms of stress functions analogous to the Papkovitch functions of classical elasticity, is obtained for the linear equations of an isotropic, elastic, Cosserat continuum. The special solutions for the concentrated force and couple are also given.
A kinematical model of liquid-drop solidification due to multiple surface-nucleation events

Abstract An analysis of the kinematics of liquid-drop solidification is developed using a nucleation/growth model consisting of multiple nucleation events, occurring simultaneously on the drop surface, followed by progression of solidification fronts from each of these nuclei into the drop interior. The rate at which the fronts move may vary with time, but at any given instant it is the same for every point on every front. On this basis, closed-form expressions are derived for the time-dependent average volume-fraction that has solidified both as a function of position within the drop and for the drop as a whole. Some specific examples are considered; among these are certain limiting cases, the results for which are shown to be consistent with studies reported by other investigators.
Antibody titres to core lipopolysaccharides in horses with gastrointestinal disorders which cause colic.

Summary Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) titres to core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were determined in 102 horses admitted to a university referral hospital during a 12-month period for evaluation of colic. Serum samples were collected again 10–14 days later from 84 of the horses. Titres to core LPS were quantitated by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), utilising the J-5 mutant of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 as the solid-phase antigen. All horses had natural antibodies to core LPS at the time of admission and the titre was not affected significantly by age, sex or type of gastrointestinal disorder. The geometric mean titres to core LPS increased significantly within 14 days of admission in those horses with large colon displacement (25), ileal impaction (13), small intestinal strangulating obstruction (11) and small colon obstruction (4). Twenty four (28.6 per cent) of the horses had at least a 4-fold rise in titre (seroconversion) to core LPS within 14 days of admission. The incidence of seroconversion to core LPS was significantly greater (P<0.05) in horses with disorders requiring surgical intervention (35.8 per cent) than in those with disorders (proximal enteritis, colitis, large colon impaction and unknown) which only required medical treatment (16.1 per cent). Seroconversion rate was not statistically different between groups of horses with diseases of the small intestine which required surgical or medical treatments. The results of this study indicate that gastrointestinal disorders that cause colic in horses result in IgG production to core LPS, and the latter is more prevalent in disorders requiring surgery.
Cytochemical properties of chicken blood cells resembling both thrombocytes and lymphocytes.

Summary Generally accepted criteria were used to identify typical nucleated thrombocytes and typical small lymphocytes in chicken-blood smears subjected to modified-Wright staining. Other cells, here referred to as “intermediate cells,” were difficult to classify because in some aspects they resembled thrombocytes while they also had features typical of small lymphocytes. The “intermediate cells” had small, round or oval nuclei with coarsely condensed chromatin, characteristic of both thrombocytes and small lymphocytes. In addition, “intermediate cells” had moderately abundant cytoplasmic volumes, typical of thrombocytes but blue cytoplasm lacking both granules and vacuoles, which is characteristic of small lymphocytes. It made little difference to the thrombocyte count whether these cells were classified as thrombocytes or small lymphocytes; however, this decision made a substantial difference to the lymphocyte count in some chicken-blood smears. Most “intermediate cells” (351 of 410 cells examined) were nonfluorescent after treatment with formaldehyde gas. Furthermore, most “intermediate cells” failed to acquire characteristic pigments when subjected to either Grimelius staining (179 of 204 cells examined) or periodic acid-Schiff staining (173 of 206 cells examined). Typical small lymphocytes reacted in the same way, failing to fluoresce after gaseous formaldehyde treatment(65 of 65 cells examined) and failing to react during Grimelius staining (41 of 44 cells examined) or periodic acid-Schiff staining (21 of 21 cells examined). In contrast, almost all typical thrombocytes became fluorescent in response to gaseous formaldehyde (709 of 718 cells examined) and gave positive reactions when subjected to Grimelius staining (381 of 382 cells examined) or periodic acid-Schiff staining (322 of 326 cells examined). These findings suggested that “intermediate cells” should be classified as lymphocytes in differential cell counts.
Polyethylene glycol inhibits intestinal neoplasia and induces epithelial apoptosis in Apc(min) mice.

Efficacy of a safe and clinically utilized polyethylene glycol formulation (PEG-3350) to suppress intestinal tumors was investigated in the Apc min mouse-model of experimental carcinogenesis. Furthermore, based on our previous finding on the induction of apoptosis in HT-29 cells by PEG, we evaluated its ability to stimulate epithelial cell apoptosis in both Apc min mouse as well as AOM-treated rat as a potential molecular mechanism of chemoprevention. Twenty-two Apc min mice were randomized equally to PEG or vehicle (control) supplementation. Tumors were scored and uninvolved intestinal mucosal apoptosis was assayed using a modified terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and by immunohistochemical detection of cleaved caspase-3. Supplementation of Apc min mice with 10% PEG 3350 (in drinking water) resulted in a 48% ( P P min mouse tumorigenesis. The correlation between pro-apoptotic actions and chemopreventive efficacy of PEG in these models strongly implicates induction of apoptosis as one of the impending mechanisms of chemoprevention.
On the prediction of yield surfaces by the crystal plasticity models for fcc polycrystals

Numerical averaging procedures utilizing the finite element technique have been proposed in the literature as an improvement over the Taylor averaging scheme for modelling the constitutive behavior of polycrystal aggregates with a known distribution of lattice orientations and a known single crystal constitutive behavior. In this paper, yield surfaces are predicted for fcc polycrystals with different textures (including random textures and rolling textures) by both the finite element technique and the fully constrained Taylor model. Using both techniques, we study the influence of texture, polycrystal averaging method, and the evolution of slip anisotropy (due to various latent-hardening assumptions) on stress-space contours at constant offset strain. Results show that slip anisotropy and latent hardening assumptions may be more significant than preferred crystallographic orientations (texture) in determining the anisotropic stress response.
Effects of Carbides on the Microstructural Evolution in Sub-micron Grain 9310 Steel During Isothermal Heat Treatment

Recent interest in bulk ultra-fine-grained microstructures has given rise for the necessity to quantify their behavior during heat treatment should any subsequent thermal processing of the material be necessary after forming. The present study showed that the microstructure of 9310 steel forgings containing varying fractions of sub-micron grains retained some degree of stability after 4 hours of heat treatment between the temperatures of 522 K and 866 K (249 °C and 593 °C, respectively). The behavior of the microstructure during heat treatment was largely influenced by both the carbide volume fraction and distribution, which affected the level of Zener Drag present. This in effect controlled the type of growth behavior exhibited by the ferrite grains and the ability to retain the fine-grained structure.
Fixed-Domain Asymptotics for Spatial Periodograms

Abstract The periodogram for a spatial process observed on a lattice is often used to estimate the spectral density. The bases for such estimators are two asymptotic properties that periodograms commonly possess: (1) the periodogram at a particular frequency is approximately unbiased for the spectral density, and (2) the correlation of the periodogram at distinct frequencies is approximately zero. For spatial data, it is often appropriate to use fixed-domain asymptotics in which the observations get increasingly dense in some fixed region as their number increases. Using fixed-domain asymptotics, this article shows that standard asymptotic results for periodograms do not apply and that using the periodogram of the raw data can yield highly misleading results. But by appropriately filtering the data before computing the periodogram, it is possible to obtain results similar to the standard asymptotic results for spatial periodograms.
Promise and pitfalls of extending Google's PageRank algorithm to citation networks.

The number of citations is the most commonly used metric for quantifying the importance of scientific publications. However, we all have anecdotal experiences that citations alone do not characterize the importance of a publication. Some of the shortcomings of using citations as a universal measure
New Determination of Australopithecine Height

AN estimation of the body height of two robust australopithecines (Sk 82 and Sk 97) is attempted here on the basis of a ratio between femoral head diameter and body height in modern Homo sapiens. Coon, using the fibula and tibia from the “Zinjanthropus” living floor at Olduvai, has estimated1 three different heights for this creature or creatures: 144.5 cm (4 feet 8 inches; 136 cm (4 feet 6 inches); and 152.4 cm (5 feet). Lovejoy and Heiple, using specimens from Sterk-fontein (STS 14, STS 34 and TM 1513), have reconstructed2 a height for the gracile australopithecines at 106.7 cm–109.2 cm (3 feet 6 inches–3 feet 7 inches). An estimation has never been made, however, for the height of an undisputed robust australopithecine.
Semiconductor nanowires for energy conversion

Semiconductor nanowires represent an important class of nanostructure building block for photovoltaics as well as direct solar-to-fuel application because of their high surface area, tunable bandgap and efficient charge transport and collection. In this talk, I will highlight several recent examples in this lab using semiconductor nanowires and their heterostructures for the purpose of solar energy harvesting. In addition, we have also discovered that the thermoconductivity of the silicon nanowires can be significantly reduced due to phonon scattering, pointing to a very promising approach to design better thermoelectrical materials. It is important to note that the engines that generate most of the world's power typically operate at only 30–40 per cent efficiency, releasing roughly 15 terawatts of heat to the environment. If this “wasted heat” could be recycled, the impact globally would be enormous. Our silicon nanowire thermoelectric technology could have a significant impact in alternative energy generation.
Crystallographic Texture in the Friction-Stir-Welded Metal Matrix Composite Al6061 with 10 Vol Pct Al2O3

Friction stir welding (FSW) is an important, relatively new joining technology particularly for aluminum alloys and metal matrix composites (MMCs). Metal matrix composites are light weight and have good stiffness and strength—perfect for aerospace and other modern industrial applications. However, MMCs are difficult to join by traditional fusion welding processes due to welding defects and poor joint strength. To better understand the joining process in friction-stir-welded MMCs, investigation of the crystallographic texture of the weld and of the interface between the metal matrix and reinforcing particles is needed. The crystallographic texture and particle-matrix interaction of FSW Al6061-10 vol pct alumina have been studied in this article. Using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), the texture gradient of the FSW MMC has been shown to have similar trends to that of an unreinforced Al alloy, but with significantly larger grain size in general. Fracture and redistribution of the reinforcing alumina particles in the weld nugget were also observed.
Distortions in multiple-pulse solid state NMR imaging: gradient decoupling, time-sequenced second averaging, and over-sampling

Three approaches to reducing image artifacts are described that are specific to multiple-pulse line-narrowing methods of NMR imaging. Gradient decoupling avoids excess line broadening from off-resonance gradient phase evolution by restricting the gradient to selected windows in which the gradient Hamilton an commutes with the toggling frame state, and where the averaged Hamiltonian between gradient pulses is either cyclic or anti-cyclic. This forces the residual averaged dipolar Hamiltonian to be independent of the gradient evolution. Time-sequenced second averaging addresses the on-resonance broadening, where residual error terms dominate the spin dynamics (a lack of second averaging), by adding a second coherent averaging that retains part of the modulation associated with off-resonance terms, and thus smoothes out the line-narrowing efficiency with spatial offset. Over-sampling is useful to increase both the resolution and sensitivity of an image, but it introduces a sampling modulation that produces sidebands. These are eliminated by a series of prepulses in a fashion reminiscent of CYCLOPS phase cycling.
Differentiation of HeLa cells with respect to blood group H antigen.

The appearance of blood group O(H) on HeLa cells reflects a sequence of events resulting in the formation of a specific fucosyltransferase enzyme which catalyses the transfer of the immunodeterminant sugar, L-fucose, to a pre-existing cellular macromolecule producing the H antigen. The stability of the H antigen on this continuously cultured cell line1 suggests its use as a marker to study cellular self-renewal and intermediate metabolism leading to blood group formation. Group H was selected as it is stable on the HeLa cell and the biochemical genetics of soluble group H are reasonably clear2. Although group H of HeLa cells is membrane associated and not soluble, it is assumed that cell bound H formation is similar to that of soluble H formation and that a fucose enriched glycolipid molecule on the surface of the HeLa cell adopts the serological behaviour of group H. Also, mixed agglutination of HeLa cells by anti-H ulex extract is inhibited by 10−3 M L-fucose; other sugars do not possess inhibitory activity.
Chemometric Resolution and Quantification of Four-Way Data Arising from Comprehensive 2D-LC-DAD Analysis of Human Urine.

Abstract Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) is quickly becoming an important technique for the analysis of complex samples, owing largely to the relatively high peak capacities attainable by this analytical technique. With the increase in the complexity of the sample comes a corresponding increase in the complexity of the collected data. Thus the need for chemometric methods capable of resolving and quantifying such data is ever more urgent in order to obtain the maximum information available from the data. To this end, we have developed a chemometric method that combines iterative key set factor analysis and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares analysis with a spectral selectivity constraint that is shown to be capable of resolving chromatographically rank deficient, non-multilinear data. (spectrally rank deficient compounds can only be quantified if the peaks having the same spectra are chromatographically resolved). Over 50 chromatographic peaks were found in a relatively small section of a LC × LC-diode array data set of replicate urine samples (a four-way data set) using the developed method. The relative concentrations for 34 of the 50 peaks were determined with % RSD values ranging from 0.09% to 16%.
Results of scatter reduction mechanism in CCD mosaic concept for digital mammography

The design of a proposed CCD mosaic concept for digital mammography uses a lead shied with through holes to reduce the patient exposure in regions of the mosaic where there are no CCDs. This shield also has an inherent advantage of reducing the amount of scattered x-rays. We examined the scatter-to-primary ratio dependency with aperture size above and below the breast and air gap distance between the CCD assembly and the bottom of the breast. These results are discussed in regards to the optimization of the CCD mosaic concept and theoretical calculations.
NMDA receptor activation by spermine requires glutamate but not glycine

Abstract Stimulation by spermine of [3H]MK-801 binding to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors was additive with the effect of glutamate and glycine, but was completely abolished by the glutamate antagonist 3-(carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonate (CPP, 10 μM) or the glycine antagonist 7-chlorokynurenate (10 μM). Blockade by 7-chlorokynurenate could be overcome in the presence of glutamate, whereas blockade by CPP was unaffected by glycine. Therefore, NMDA receptors can be activated by glutamate and spermine but not by glycine and spermine.
Measurement of peeling mode edge current profile dynamics.

Peeling modes, an instability mechanism underlying deleterious edge localized mode (ELM) activity in fusion-grade plasmas, are observed at the edge of limited plasmas in a low aspect ratio tokamak under conditions of high edge current density (${J}_{\mathrm{edge}}\ensuremath{\sim}0.1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MA}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$) and low magnetic field ($B\ensuremath{\sim}0.1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{T}$). They generate edge-localized, electromagnetic activity with low toroidal mode numbers $n\ensuremath{\le}3$ and amplitudes that scale strongly with measured ${J}_{\mathrm{edge}}/B$ instability drive, consistent with theory. ELM-like field-aligned, current-carrying filaments form from an initial current-hole ${J}_{\mathrm{edge}}$ perturbation that detach and propagate outward.
A Survey of Space Allocation Algorithms in Use in Architectural Design in the Past Twenty Years

The paper presents methods of space allocation applicable to architectural design. These techniques have been developed in the past twenty years and are presented in this paper in such a way that they mav also be applied to other disciplines. Four categories are presented that identify the variations in the dimensioning of the elements, either unit dimension or variable dimension, and the variation in the shape of the boundary, either a simple rectangle or a multi-faceted boundary.
Semantic judgments of compressed monosyllables: Evidence for phonetic symbolism

Both frequency and speed of utterance have been implicated in studies of phonetic symbolism. Therefore, these two variables were manipulated independently. Three monosyllables were recorded and distorted by either increasing or decreasing frequency, holding speed constant, and by increasing or decreasing speed, holding frequency constant. The subjects were 15 college students who rated the resulting 15 stimuli (3 monosyllables X fast speed-normal frequency, slow speed-normal frequency, normal speed-high frequency, normal speed-low frequency, and normal speed-normal frequency) using 15 bipolar adjective scales, chosen on the basis of previous semantic differential and phonetic symbolism research. Five separate factor analyses were applied to the data. It was found that the normal speed-low frequency, slow speed-normal frequency, and normal speed-normal frequency stimuli generated approximately the same factors, while the fast speed-normal frequency and normal speed-high frequency stimuli generated factors similar to each other but with some notable differences. Separate analyses of variance were applied to the bipolar adjectives using speed, frequency, and vowels as main effects. The 15 analyses showed that subjects did judge the monosyllables as different on the basis of both speed and frequency. The implications of this study for phonetic symbolism research are discussed.
Modular Steering and Braking System for Assistive Bicycling

There are a variety of commercially available cycling systems for users with physical disabilities. These include arm-driven recumbent bicycle and tricycle frames for individuals with limited leg function and tandem system for visually or mobility-impaired individuals. More complex adaptive cycling systems, such as the BerkelBike, have also been developed, which have integrated arm and leg driving mechanisms as well as on-board motor assistance and, in some cases, Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES). These units cost upwards of US$8,000 and are beyond the price range of many individuals and community centers. All current assistive cycling systems also require some degree of fine motor control, either in the torso or the arms, to control steering and braking mechanisms. That would make these systems inaccessible for individuals with severe motor control disabilities, such as Parkinsons or advanced MS.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Temporary coverage of anterior teeth.

Abstract A technique is presented for making a temporary anterior crown using a metal crown veneered with autopolymerizing (cold-curing) resin. The temporary restoration is strong and esthetically acceptable, and produces less gingival irritation than all-acrylic resin temporary crowns.