cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactivation of persistent papovavirus K infection in immunosuppressed mice.

Abstract Papovavirus K (K virus) is a murine papovavirus that produces a fatal interstitial pneumonia in newborn mice and a clinically inapparent infection in older animals. The present study was conducted to determine whether the virus produces latent infection in animals surviving acute infection and whether the infection can be reactivated by immunosuppression. Mice were inoculated by the oral route with 100 newborn mouse 50% lethal doses at 12 days of age and followed for 8 months by using immunofluorescence staining. Cells positive for K virus capsid antigen were found in lungs, livers, kidneys, intestines, and brains for 6 months, but not thereafter. Organ examined at 8 months were negative for virus by tissue culture assay, mouse inoculation, explantation, and cocultivation. Immunosuppression of the remaining animals with 8 weekly injections of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) resulted in the reappearance of viral antigen and infectious virus in multiple organs including brains. The highest titers of virus were present in kidneys. One animal sacrificed after 42 days of immunosuppression was found to have a small pulmonary adenoma or alveologenic carcinoma, but efforts to explant this tumor into tissue culture were unsuccessful. The present study demonstrates that K virus produces a latent infection that is reactivated by immunosuppression, and our results raise questions as to whether reactivated infection may occasionally be associated with the development of neoplasia.
Performance of the DIII-D 110 GHz ECH system during the first year of operations and testing

The first of four Varian 500 kW 110 GHz gyrotrons (VGT-8011) to be used in the new 2 MW 110 GHz electron cyclotron heating system being developed for the DIII-D tokamak was put into test at General Atomics within the last year. This gyrotron has been used to demonstrate the overall system efficiency and to validate the design of individual transmission line components. The first plasma heating observed with a 110 GHz was consistent with the power expected for the greater than 85% transmission efficiency of HE/sub 1.1/ power. A comparison of the General Atomics' TE/sub 15,2/ to HE/sub 1.1/ mode converter with the Vlasov-type mode converter designed by the University of Wisconsin showed similar conversion efficiencies. The overall ECH system performance during the first year of testing will also be discussed.
Group III – Nitride Semiconductors: Preeminent Materials for Modern Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications

Over the past two decades, group III-nitride semiconductors have become the focus of extremely intensive research due to their unique physical properties and their high potential for use in numerous electronic and optoelectronic devices. To date, almost all aspects of these materials have been explored, from understanding the fundamental physical properties to the development of fabrication technology of highly efficient devices for commercial use. In this article, some of the important physical properties and applications of III-nitride semiconducting materials have been presented. The Himalayan Physics Year 5, Vol. 5, Kartik 2071 (Nov 2014) Page: 22-26
Perceptions of compliance‐gaining situations: A dimensional analysis

A multidimensional scaling investigation indicated that two situational dimensions (Intimacy and Resistance/Unfriendly) were replicated across samples of persuasive situations randomly drawn from a population of situations. Four other dimensions (Personal Benefits, Consequences, Dominance and Rights) were identified. Cluster analysis confirmed the interpretation of the dimensional solutions. A six‐factor structure of situation perception was proposed and verified in a factor analytic study.
In-cylinder measurement for engine cold-start control

We examine the use of in-cylinder measurements for engine control, with emphasis on emissions control during cold start. First, the cold start emissions control problem is described. An overview of previous research in the area of in-cylinder measurements for control is presented, including sensors for pressure and other quantities. Next, analysis of cylinder pressure is described. Lastly, a cold-start engine test stand, and preliminary experimental tests of cylinder pressure measurement and real-time processing are presented.
De novo Membranous Nephropathy in Renal Allograft Associated With Antibody-Mediated Rejection and Review of the Literature

A 71-year-old woman with unknown renal failure etiology received living donor transplantation had normal graft function for many years. At 11 years from transplantation, she developed nephrotic syndrome. Allograft biopsy showed membranous nephropathy (MN) and C4d positivity in the peritubular capillaries, suggestive of antibody-mediated rejection. At the time of nephrosis onset, she had new donor-specific antibody positivity. The case is unusual in that the diagnosis of de novo MN is based on evidence that she had antibody-mediated rejection. De novo MN remains relatively uncommon; we have reviewed the literature on this diagnosis.
Quantitative electron microscopy in the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides. A simple analysis of lymphocytic nuclear convolutions.

• In the present study we compared the accuracy of three different ultrastructural methods used to confirm clinically proved cases of mycosis fungoides (MF) from skin biopsy specimens. Method 1 is a qualitative method and confirmed the diagnosis of MF in only 44% of the patients with MF. Method 2 involved image analysis of lymphocytic nuclei and confirmed the diagnosis of MF in only 67% of the patients with MF. The most sensitive ultrastructural method for confirming the diagnosis of MF was a simple scoring of the number of sharply angled nuclear invaginations in 100 lymphocytes (method 3). Control biopsy specimens had many more lymphocytes (19% to 55%) with no sharply angled nuclear invaginations compared with those from patients with MF (3% to 15%). The clinical diagnosis of MF was confirmed in 100% of our patients with MF using method 3. ( Arch Dermatol 1984;120:63-75)
Influence of Electromagnetic Stirring on the Solidification of a Binary Metal Alloy

Abstract Electromagnetic induction is considered as a means of altering convection during the solidification of a Pb-19wt% Sn alloy in a vertical annular mold. While thermal buoyancy forces are opposed by solutal buoyancy forces during solidification, they can be either augmented or opposed by Lorentz forces induced with an axisymmetric linear motor. Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of direction and strength of a traveling magnetic field on convection and macrosegregation during solidification. Conditions for which Lorentz and buoyancy forces are of the same order of magnitude are considered, and results are compared to those obtained from experiments without stirring. Temperature measurements reveal that electromagnetic stirring significantly enhances mixing in the melt, thereby reducing temperature gradients and the time period associated with recalescence. Stirring direction is found to affect the vertical temperature distribution and the location of initial solidification, as well...
More Trouble in Paradise: Urbanization and the Decline in Suburban Quality-of-Life Ratings

Many urban scholars have assumed that urbanization has had adverse effects on the quality of life of suburban residents, but there are few empirical tests of their hypotheses. The 1982 and 1991 Orange County, California, Annual Surveys indicate that perceived quality-of-life ratings have declined over the decade that this suburban region experienced urbanization. The hypothesis that city-level measures of urbanization, such as population size, density, heterogeneity, and growth rates, are related to lower quality-of-life ratings was only partially confirmed. Over time, high density and perceived rapid growth emerge as strong predictors of perceived quality of life.
Broadband applications: Categories, requirements, and future frameworks

Recent telecommunications policies, private sector development, and grant funding have focused on increasing broadband deployment to traditionally unserved and underserved areas, with an emphasis on adoption, meaning the utilization of the broadband infrastructure by end users. However, users are unlikely to adopt broadband until they realize the potential of broadband for their everyday lives. Therefore, it is critical to illustrate to potential commercial and residential subscribers the programs and applications that require broadband to function properly in order to encourage them to adopt high–speed broadband connections. This paper is intended to foster discussion among local officials and others of the ways in which broadband applications can support and encourage broadband adoption, thereby justifying deployment of ubiquitous broadband.
Interaction and Performance Correlates of Machiavellianism

WHEN SMALL groups set about solving whatever problem is set before them, those who do the most talking tend to have the most power in directing decisions (Strodtbeck, 1957). Persons who exhibit interpersonal leadership also display other styles of interaction, such as requesting information from others and making suggestions or giving directions for action (Carter et al., 1950; Kirscht et al., 1959). Other research shows that those who are successful at manipulating others, who wield most power in an interpersonal situation, tend to be more "Machiavellian" than their fellows. Scales to measure such a
Influence of Soil pH on Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Damage to Whorl-Stage Sorghum

Soil pH-induced stress conditions affected the amount of foliar damage to whorl-stage sorghum caused by larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) in Georgia, USA. Visual ratings of foliar damage demonstrated that sorghum plants grown on more acidic soils (pH below 5.4) incurred greater foliar losses than plants grown on soils with more optimal pH levels (pH above 6.0). Adverse soil pH retarded plant development and growth rate, which caused plants grown on the more acidic soils to remain in the seedling and whorl stages longer than plants grown on the less acidic soils, thereby extending the period in which S. frugiperda could attack the foliage
Stable nitrogen and carbon isotope (δ15N and δ13C) variability in shallow tropical Pacific soft coral and black coral taxa and implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions

Abstract Soft corals and black corals are useful proxy tools for paleoceanographic reconstructions. However, most work has focused on deep-water taxa and few studies have used these corals as proxy organisms in shallow water (
Some aspects of fatigue crack propagation

Fatigue crack propagation in thin aluminum plates under fluctuating tensile loads, concerning Forman model
A common operator control unit color scheme for mobile robots

The Intelligent Systems Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has participated in the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) Learning Applied to Ground Robots (LAGR) project for the past 2 1/2 years. In Phase 2 of the LAGR program, NIST was asked to provide a common operator control unit (OCU) color scheme for all LAGR teams to use. The color scheme simplifies the task of LAGR's evaluation team by providing a straightforward way to compare the performance of each of the teams using the different OCUs. During Phase 1, LAGR performers applied their own standards to the OCU color scheme and DARPA and other performers had a very difficult experience evaluating what the robot was computing based on stereo image, instrumented bumper, and inertial data.NIST developed the color scheme based on real-world conventions and on the desire to accommodate as much of the teams' existing color schemes as possible. For example, typically red lights mean stop and green lights mean go for automobiles. This scheme was adopted by coloring obstacles red and traversable ground green in the new common color scheme. Red, green, blue (RGB) colors were produced for a variety of necessary parameters including: unknown regions, lethals, bumper hits, road/path, planned and traversed paths, goal, and waypoints. Also, vehicle modes were expressed such as: Normal Control, Aggressive, Backing, Stopped, and Manual modes.The paper discusses the color scheme for ground robots developed for the LAGR Program.
Sleep in infant monkeys: Normal values and behavioral correlates☆☆☆

Abstract Measures of all night sleep physiology (EEG, EOG, EMG, heart rate (HR), body temperature (BT)) were recorded from 8 totally unrestrained infant M. nemestrina monkeys (mean age 26.1 weeks) for a total of 31 nights. Objective measurements of daytime behaviors were obtained in 7 of the infants. Mean sleep latency for the group was 35 min; individual sleep latency was related to maternal dominance. Mean total sleep time was 558 min, and mean sleep stage values for the group were drowsy, 16 min, Stage 2, 302 min, Stage 3–4, 150 min, and REM, 90 min. Mean interREM interval was 59.2 min. Infants exhibiting more locomotive behavior also had more Stage 3–4 sleep. Lower HR values were often found during deep slow wave sleep, but most nocturnal HR and BT variability did not appear closely associated with sleep patterns per se. Higher nocturnal body temperature and heart rate values were found in those infants engaging in greater amounts of play behavior and receiving more punishment from adults. Our findings are considered in terms of developing a biobehavioral developmental profile for the monkey infant.
Studies on the electroretinogram. II. Model of an a-wave regenerator mechanism

A model is proposed to relate the regeneration of the ERGa-wave after partial light adaptation to the level of the light adaptation. The model assumes that thea-wave amplitude is a function of some reactive substance associated with ana-wave generator. The maximuma-wave amplitude occurs when the eye is fully dark adapted, and thea-wave generator initiator concentration is at a maximum. Thea-wave generator initiator concentration can be decreased by interacting with a product of the rhodopsin-light energy reaction, and increased by removal of this inhibitor. The removal of the inhibitor depends upon the isomerization of the all-trans-retinene to the 11-cis form. An excess of inhibitory material overa-wave generator initiator would cause a delay in the appearance of thea-wave until the excess inhibitory material is removed. This delay is a linear function of the logarithm of the adapting energy. The agreement of this model with the experimental ERG data is very good.
Regional levels of indoor radon in Virginia and Maryland

The levels of Rn-222 in homes located in Fairfax County, Virginia, and Montgomery County, Maryland, are currently being measured during four consecutive three-month seasonal intervals using alpha-track detectors. Significant variations occur between parts of northern Virginia and southern Maryland because the area is part of three very different geologic provinces. Results from the winter period in these three provinces show that the indoor radon levels were about twice as high as anticipated. Approximately 45 percent of the homes had winter indoor radon levels above 4 pCi/l, the EPA’s recommended action level, and in the spring period, more than 30 percent of the homes still had indoor levels above 4 pCi/l. Indoor radon variations due to seasonal control were about as significant as geological control. Worst-case combinations developed over some rock units in the winter, producing areas in which about 70 percent of the homes exceeded 4 pCi/l.
Selenium modulates 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PAF) biosynthesis in bovine aortic endothelial cells.

Selenium (Se) deficiency has been reported to increase platelet-activating factor (PAF) production in human endothelial cells; however, the mechanism is unclear. This study demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulated Se-deficient bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) produced significantly more PAF than Se-supplemented cells. Moreover, the increase in the level of PAF was associated with enhanced activity of two anabolic enzymes in the remodeling pathway: phospholipase A2 and Lyso-PAF:acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase (Lyso-PAF-AcT). In contrast, the activity of the PAF catabolic enzyme, PAF-acetylhydrolase, was not affected by Se status. Interestingly, prostacyclin, a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation, inhibited the activity of Lyso-PAF-AcT and reduced the PAF production in TNF-α-stimulated BAEC. Therefore, we conclude that Se deficiency alters PAF production in TNF-α-stimulated BAEC by altering the activity of anabolic enzymes involved in the remodeling pathway...
Band Gap Variation of Size- and Shape-Controlled Colloidal CdSe Quantum Rods

We report the band gaps of rodlike CdSe quantum dots with diameter varying from 3.0 to 6.5 nm and length from 7.5 to 40 nm. A qualitative explanation for the dependence of band gap on width and length is presented.
Selective effects of serotonergic psychoactive agents on gastrointestinal functions in health.

This study evaluated the effects of serotonergic psychoactive agents on gastrointestinal functions in healthy human subjects. Participants received one of four regimens in a randomized, double-blin...
Xentry: Hypervisor-Level Soft Error Detection

Cloud data centers leverage virtualization to share commodity hardware resources, where virtual machines (VMs) achieve fault isolation by containing VM failures within the virtualization boundary. However, hypervisor failure induced by soft errors will most likely affect multiple, if not all, VMs on a single physical host. Existing fault detection techniques are not well equipped to handle such hypervisor failures. In this paper, we propose a new soft error detection framework, Xentry (a sentry on soft error for Xen), that focuses on limiting error propagation within and from the hypervisor. In particular, we have designed a VM transition detection technique to identify incorrect control flow before VM execution resumes, and a runtime detection technique to shorten detection latency. This framework requires no hardware modification and has been implemented in the Xen hypervisor. The experiment results show that Xentry incurs very small performance overhead and detects over 99% of the injected faults.
Cyclic voltammetry and quartz microbalance electrogravimetry of IgG and Anti-IgG reactions on silver

Abstract A quartz crystal resonator is used in conjunction with cyclic voltammetry to study the binding of human IgG (Immunoglobulin G) and anti-IgG at a silver electrode. Results for the individual species in phosphate buffers of pH 7 and 12.7 are presented and compared with mixtures of the two. Anti-IgG is adsorbed over the entire potential range studied (0.2 to −0.9 V) and appears to undergo structural rearrangements of reduction. The antibody is adsorbed more strongly at pH 7 than at 12.7 and forms an insoluble precipitate at the electrode upon oxidation of silver. The quartz microbalance is suitable for qualitative studies of adsorption of these large molecular structures at a metal/electrolyte interface but, at this time, lacks the quantitative capability because of visco-elastic effects and solvent entrapment in the adsorbate which affect the response of the microbalance.
Diencephalic projections from the pontine reticular formation: autoradiographic studies in the cat.

Summary Ascending projections to the diencephalon from the pontine reticular formation were studied in the cat by autoradiographic techniques. Projections from both rostral and caudal pontine regions ascend to the caudal diencephalon and divide into two components; a dorsal leaf terminates primarily in the thalamic intralaminar complex and a ventral leaf terminates in the subthalamic region. The relative densities of the two terminal regions vary with the injection site. Fibers originating in the caudal pons (nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis) terminate relatively heavily in the intralaminar nuclei of the dorsal thalamus, particularly the centre median, central lateral, central dorsal and paracentral nuclei, and also the dorsal medial nucleus. Relatively sparse termination occurs in the subthalamic region. In contrasts, fibers from the rostral pons (nucleus reticularis pontis oralis) terminate relatively heavily in the subthalamic region, including the zona incerta, the fields of Forel, the ventral part of the thalamic reticular complex, and the lateral hypothalamus. Relatively sparse termination occurs in the dorsal thalamus, but includes the centre median, parafascicular, central lateral, paracentral and dorsal medial nuclei. These data are discussed with regard to reticular control of forebrain activity and the role of the classic dorsal and ventral components of ascending reticular projections.
Atypical ductal hyperplasia at margin of breast biopsy--is re-excision indicated?

Background Atypical duct hyperplasia (ADH) observed during core needle biopsy is associated with a high rate of cancer upon excision. Controversy exists regarding the need to re-excise ADH involving a margin. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of residual pathology in patients that underwent re-excision for ADH involving the margin.
Effect of castration and androgens on the incorporation of [6-14C] orotic acid into the prostate and seminal vesicles of the mouse

Abstract The RNA of the mouse seminal vesicles and prostates is decreased after castration and restored by androgen. Within 10 minutes after the IP injection of 3 μ Ci of [6- 14 C] orotic acid, the specific radioactivity of the RNA of the seminal vesicles of the castrated mouse was 10 times and of the prostates 17 times that of the normal mouse. These differences were enhanced to 17 and 50 times, respectively, after two hours. Testosterone propionate at 2 days restored the specific radioactivity toward normal with a concomitant 2 to 3-fold increase in weight of the organs and a restoration of the concentration of RNA to normal. The decrease in specific radioactivity of the RNA was maintained after 7, 14 and 21 days of testosterone propionate or androstan-17β-ol, 3-one treatment. Extension of the time after orotic acid demonstrated a parallel increase in normal and castrated mice in the specific radio-activity in both organs to a maximum at 8 hours where it was maintained for 24 hours. The radioactivity of the acid soluble fraction, the pool, also increased to a maximum at 8 hours in the prostate and prior to 4 hours in the seminal vesicles. The radioactivity then rapidly decreased in a logarithmic fashion in both organs and in parallel for the two groups of mice to approximately 1/6th the maximum values at 24 hours. The unexpected greater incorporation into the RNA of the castrated mice was not due to a difference in turnover rate. It was probably due to a higher specific radioactivity of the RNA precursors in the acid soluble fraction as in the case of the kidney.
Does the Format of Pretraining Matter?: A Study on the Effects of Different Pretraining Approaches on Prior Knowledge Construction in an Online Learning Environment

The current study investigated an important issue pertinent to pretraining and prior knowledge construction. It examined whether different formats of pretraining, namely, concept map and two-phase, isolated-interactive elements learning would influence the way prior knowledge was constructed. In addition, it looked into the influence of spatial ability on pretraining and prior knowledge construction. Results showed that spatial ability did not play a significant role in learnersâ€™ prior knowledge construction. The findings suggest that effective learning is marked by a relevant existing prior knowledge (i.e., schema). The successful construction of the relevant prior knowledge, irrespective of the format, is what makes learning meaningful and effective.
Improving Radiology Report Quality by Rapidly Notifying Radiologist of Report Errors

Radiology report errors occur for many reasons including the use of pre-filled report templates, wrong-word substitution, nonsensical phrases, and missing words. Reports may also contain clinical errors that are not specific to the speech recognition including wrong laterality and gender-specific discrepancies. Our goal was to create a custom algorithm to detect potential gender and laterality mismatch errors and to notify the interpreting radiologists for rapid correction. A JavaScript algorithm was devised to flag gender and laterality mismatch errors by searching the text of the report for keywords and comparing them to parameters within the study’s HL7 metadata (i.e., procedure type, patient sex). The error detection algorithm was retrospectively applied to 82,353 reports 4 months prior to its development and then prospectively to 309,304 reports 15 months after implementation. Flagged reports were reviewed individually by two radiologists for a true gender or laterality error and to determine if the errors were ultimately corrected. There was significant improvement in the number of flagged reports (pre, 198/82,353 [0.24 %]; post, 628/309,304 [0.20 %]; P = 0.04) and reports containing confirmed gender or laterality errors (pre, 116/82,353 [0.014 %]; post, 285/309,304 [0.09 %]; P < 0.0001) after implementing our error notification system. The number of flagged reports containing an error that were ultimately corrected improved dramatically after implementing the notification system (pre, 17/116 [15 %]; post, 239/285 [84 %]; P < 0.0001). We developed a successful automated tool for detecting and notifying radiologists of potential gender and laterality errors, allowing for rapid report correction and reducing the overall rate of report errors.
Modeling of longitudinal motions of a hydroplane boat

A dynamic model is developed for vertical-plane motions of a hydroplane boat supported by aerodynamic, hydrodynamic, and propulsive forces. The model is based on unsteady nonlinear formulations of the extreme ground effect theory for the hydroplane platform and the added-mass strip theory for planing hulls. The steady-state attitudes, thrust-to-weight ratios, and static stability margins are calculated for a selected hydroplane configuration with several variable parameters. Simulations of unsteady regimes are also carried out, including responses to an initial disturbance, reactions to wind gusts, and motions in head and following regular waves. The developed model can be applied for aero-hydrodynamic design of hydroplanes with realistic geometries and other types of air-supported high-speed boats.
Negative reinforcement and choice in humans

Abstract Participants chose between reinforcement schedules differing in delay and/or duration of noise offset. In Experiment 1 it was found that (1) immediate reinforcement was preferred to delayed reinforcement when amounts (durations) of reinforcement were equal; (2) a relatively large reinforcer was preferred to a smaller one when both reinforcers were obtained immediately; and (3) preference for an immediate, small reinforcer versus a delayed, large reinforcer increased as the delay preceding the large reinforcer increased, a sign of “impulsivity”. In Experiment 2, the schedules differed in amount or delay and equal intervals were added either to the constant parameter or the varied parameter. A shift from virtually exclusive preference to indifference occurred in the latter case but not the former, a result supporting a model of self-control that assumes that the value of a schedule depends on the ratio of amount and delay, and that choice between schedules depends on the ratio of these values.
The Reactions of Hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene with Sodium Phenoxide

The reaction of N3P3F6 (2) with NaOPh led to the phenoxyfluorocyclotriphosphazenes N3P3(OPh)nF6-n (n = 1(3), 2(4), 3(5)). Structures were assigned using 31P decoupled 19F NMR spectroscopy. The reaction followed a non-geminal pathway with a 50.7:49.3 cis:trans ratio for 4 and a 28.6:71.4 cis:trans ratio for 5. Comparisons to the analogous reaction of N3P3Cl6 (1) were facilitated by DFT calculations on N3P3(OPh)X5 (X = F, Cl) which show that the NBO charges on the phenyl group are invariant with respect to the identity of the phosphazene. These observations have been correlated to mechanistic models for cyclophosphazene substitution reactions. Die Reaktionen von Hexafluorocyclotriphosphazen mit Natriumphenolat Die Reaktion von N3P3F6 (2) mit NaOPh fuhrt zu den Fluorocyclotriphosphazenphenolaten N3P3(OPh)nF6-n (n = 1(3), 2(4), 3(5)). Die Strukturen wurden nach 31P-entkoppelten 19F-NMR-Spektren zugeordnet. Die Reaktion folgt einem nicht-geminalen Reaktionsweg mit einem 50.7:49.3 cis:trans-Verhaltnis fur 4 und einem 28.6:71.4 cis:trans-Verhaltnis fur 5. Vergleiche zu der analogen Reaktion von N3P3Cl6 (1) wurden durch DFT-Rechnungen an N3P3(OPh)X5 (X = F, Cl) ermoglicht, die zeigten, dass die NBO-Ladungen an der Phenylgruppe unverandert sind in bezug auf die Art des Phosphazens. Diese Beobachtungen entsprechen mechanistischen Modellen fur Cyclophosphazen-Substitutionsreaktionen.
“In consequence of enemy action”: British medical students in North American medical schools, 1939–45

Between 1940 and 1945, the Rockefeller Foundation offered fellowships for British medical students to complete their medical training in North America.1 2 3 4 These fellowships arose from the damage caused by the extensive aerial bombardment of medical facilities across Britain and shortages of qualified teachers to train students. To the American committee at the Rockefeller Foundation that provided their fellowships, these medical students became another thread in the enlarging fabric of the “special relationship.” To the British committee charged with selecting them, these students represented a last line of defence, a contingent of students able to fight on should Britain be occupied.5 6 Between two worlds (Jack Vettriano’s On the Border , 1995) www.jackvettriano.com Documents from both sides of the Atlantic record the programme that emerged, although the story is chiefly captured by papers held in the Rockefeller Archives (but for a pithy discussion, see Hill7). An early memorandum by Robert Lambert (Rockefeller Foundation) and John Fulton (a Yale physiologist) from September 1940 offers a sense of the origins of the programme: “Fulton has in mind a limited group—not more than a hundred. Thinks US and Canadian medical schools would give free tuition. Yale might take 5, Harvard 10, Columbia 10, etc.”8 The Rockefeller Foundation subsequently allocated $5000 per student,9 while articles in medical journals justified the programme as a consequence of enemy action and the beginning of a new era of cooperation between British and American medical schools.10 In a letter to the BMJ Henry Dale observed that the interchange of medical personnel was the continuation of international collaborations begun by Anglo-American physiologists.11 By March 1941, a letter between the Rockefeller’s Alan Gregg and Edward Mellanby (secretary of the MRC) reveals that the programme was operational and hailed enthusiastically as a “practicable …
Uniform convergence of regularization methods for Fredholm equations of the first kind

Pour des equations de Fredholm de premiere espece a noyaux continus on etudie la convergence uniforme d'une classe generale de methodes de regularisation. Applications a la regularisation de Tikhonov et a la methode iterative de Landweber
Communication apprehension and speech preparation time

This study tested whether speech preparation time was linked to communication apprehension (CA). Data reported herein indicate that high CA speakers required more preparation time than low CA speakers. Those expecting to be evaluated used more preparation time than those not expecting to be evaluated. CA interacted with evaluation such that high CAs expecting to be evaluated took longer to prepare their speeches than those in the other conditions. The implications of these results are discussed in the conclusion of this paper.
Inclusion Theorems for Absolute Matrix Summability Methods

In this paper we establish a general inclusion theorem for a nonnegative lower triangular matrix to be absolutely stronger than a weighted mean matrix. Several inclusion theorems for Cesaro and weighted mean methods are then obtained as corollaries.
Characterization of a transgenic mouse line lacking photoreceptor development within the ventral retina

Abstract A unique transgenic mouse line was generated by incorporating a minigene that contained a cone-specific human cone transducin α-subunit (GNAT2) promoter, an attenuated diphtheria toxin A (DTA) gene, and an enhancer element from human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) gene. This transgenic mouse line is designated h-GNAT2pro-DTA. During postnatal retinal development, both transgenic and non-transgenic retinas showed similar morphology and thickness at P1. Between ages P8 and P30, all retinal layers became recognizable in non-transgenic and also in transgenic dorsal retinas. However, in the ventral retina of the transgenic mice the photoreceptor layers did not develop. This aberration occurred as a result of abnormal cellular development, rather than as a consequence of retinal degeneration. In adult transgenic animals, approximately 44% of the retina located dorsally appeared morphologically normal, whereas 32% of the retina located ventrally was completely lacking photoreceptor development. The 24% mid-retinal region exhibited transitional morphology containing malformed photoreceptors. At P360 or older, the thickness of retina layers was reduced in both dorsal and ventral regions. The abnormality observed in transgenic retinas involved mainly the photoreceptors; the other retinal cell types were all present in both dorsal and ventral retinas. Since the DTA gene was only expressed in cone cells, the absence of cone photoreceptors in the transgenic retina was to be expected. However, what was unexpected was the concomitant absence of rod photoreceptors in the ventral retina, suggesting that the presence of cones may be important for the development of rods. This new transgenic line can lead to better understanding of photoreceptor development, and may serve as a new animal model for studying photoreceptor-related retinal diseases.
Mechanism of Drug and Toxic Actions of Gossypol: Focus on Reactive Oxygen Species and Electron Transfer

Gossypol, a constituent of cottonseeds, displays various drug properties, including antifertility and anticancer. Toxicity is shown against the reproductive system, heart, liver, and membranes. The compound exhibits pro- and anti-oxidant behavior. Electron transfer (ET) functionalities, present in gossypol and its metabolites, comprise conjugated dicarbonyl, a quinone derivative, Shiff bases, and metal complexes. The parent possesses a reduction potential favorable for in vivo ET. Considerable evidence points to oxidative stress (OS), formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and DNA scission, characteristics of redox cycling by ET in biosystems. Mechanistic aspects are addressed with OS-ROS-ET as the guiding theme, in addition to other modes of action resulting in a multifaceted scenario.
Mutational spectrum and genotoxicity of the major lipid peroxidation product, trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, induced DNA adducts in nucleotide excision repair-proficient and -deficient human cells.

trans-4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a major product of lipid peroxidation, is able to interact with DNA to form 6-(1-hydroxyhexanyl)-8-hydroxy-1,N2-propano-2‘-deoxyguanosine (4-HNE−dG) adducts, but its genotoxicity and mutagenicity remain elusive. It has been reported that 4-HNE treatment in human cells induces a high frequency of G·C to T·A mutations at the third base of codon 249 (AGG*) of the p53 gene, a mutational hot spot in human cancers, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma. This G·C to T·A transversion at codon 249, however, has been thought to be caused by etheno−DNA adducts induced by the endogenous metabolite of 4-HNE, 2,3-epoxy-4-hydroxynonanal. We have recently found that 4-HNE preferentially forms 4-HNE−dG adducts at the GAGG*C/A sequence in the p53 gene including codon 249 (GAGG*C). Our finding supports the possibility that G·C to T·A mutations at codon 249 may be induced by 4-HNE−dG adducts. To investigate this possibility, we determined the mutational spectrum induced by 4-HNE−dG adduc...
Sarcolipin Regulation of SERCA is Distinct from Phospholamban

Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)ATPase (SERCA) pump activity is modulated by phospholamban (PLB) and sarcolipin (SLN) in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Our recent data suggest that SLN plays a role in muscle thermogenesis by promoting uncoupling of the SERCA pump (Bal, N. C., Maurya, S. K., Sopariwala, D. H., Sahoo, S. K., Gupta, S. C., Shaikh, S. A., Pant, M., Rowland, L. A., Bombardier, E., Goonasekera, S. A., Tupling, A. R., Molkentin, J. D., and Periasamy, M. (2012) Nat. Med. 18, 1575-1579), but the mechanistic details are unknown. To better define how binding of SLN not PLB to SERCA promotes uncoupling of SERCA, we compared SLN and SERCA1 interaction with that of PLB in detail. We used chemical cross-linking to study the dynamic protein-protein interaction. Our studies reveal that SLN differs significantly from PLB: 1) SLN primarily affects the Vmax of SERCA-mediated Ca(2+) uptake but not the pump affinity for Ca(2+); 2) SLN can bind to SERCA in the presence of high Ca(2+), but PLB can only interact to the ATP-bound Ca(2+)-free E2 state; and 3) unlike PLB, SLN interacts with SERCA throughout the kinetic cycle and promotes uncoupling of the SERCA pump. Using SERCA transmembrane mutants, we additionally show that PLB and SLN can bind to the same groove but interact with a different set of residues on SERCA. These data collectively suggest that SLN is functionally distinct from PLB; its ability to interact with SERCA in the presence of Ca2+ causes uncoupling of the SERCA pump and increased heat production.
Cyberknife stereotactic radiosurgical rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia: anatomic and morphological considerations.

OBJECTIVE: To search for correlations between specific anatomic, geometric, and morphological properties of the trigeminal nerve and the success of radiosurgical treatment and elimination of facial hypesthesia as a complication. METHODS: Forty-six patients with at least 6 months of follow-up after CyberKnife (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) rhizotomy were retrospectively reviewed. Patients treated after 2004 were entered into the study after congruity in treatment parameters was established. Anatomic variations regarding the length of each nerve segment and angle of trigeminal nerve takeoff from brainstem to Meckel's cave in the axial and sagittal planes were studied. Dose distribution to surrounding critical structures (brainstem and trigeminal ganglion) was measured. After spatial relationships of involved structures and dose distributions were recorded, their relationship to treatment success, failure, or complication (primarily facial numbness) was tabulated. RESULTS: Forty-five patients (97.2%) experienced pain relief immediately or within weeks. Thirty-four patients maintained excellent outcome. Some degree of facial numbness developed in 18 patients (39.1%) and was mild in 11 of them (Grade II on the Barrow Neurological Institute scale). Patients with a sagittal-angle trigeminal nerve takeoff from the brainstem in the range of 150 to 170 degrees measured from the horizontal plane had a more favorable outcome (P = 0.03) than patients with less obtuse relationships to the proximal nerve origin. Patients who received higher doses of radiation to the brainstem/dorsal root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve experienced a higher rate of posttreatment facial anesthesia. CONCLUSION: There may be important anatomic and geometric relationships between the treated trigeminal nerve and surrounding critical structures that warrant pretreatment target volume placement and dose distribution considerations.
An interdisciplinary senior design experience using biodiesel vehicles

An interdisciplinary team design experience has been conducted successfully for several years as part of the senior engineering laboratory effort at Western New England College. Recent modifications to the project include the adaptation of a biodiesel powered airplane engine to power a land-based vehicle. The project objectives are to introduce the students to the design process typically associated with new product development. The approach is to have student teams develop a biodiesel powered vehicle prototype which can transport payloads between two points up a sloped parking surface as quickly as possible. The effort requires the parallel development of a computerized performance prediction system, the vehicle itself, and electrical and computer systems to gather data to validate the performance prediction. The students enjoy the effort and learn a lot about real world product design and development problems including team dynamics. This paper describes the details of the design experience, discusses efforts that were found to be both successful and unsuccessful, and presents sample team prototype results.
On the partition and coloring of a graph by cliques

Abstract We first introduce the concept of the k -chromatic index of a graph, and then discuss some of its properties. A characterization of the clique partition number of the graph G ⋁ K c m for any simple graph G is given, together with some of its applications. Graphs with maximum valency 3 are also considered.
Cardiopulmonary effects of antimalarial drugs: Coronary vascular effects of pyridoquinolines

The prototype pyridoquinoline compound used in this investigation was azacrin (2-methoxy-7-chloro-10[4,diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino]-pyrido[3,2-b]-quinoline). In the anesthetized dog, azacrin, quinacrine and primaquine had a similar cardiopulmonary pattern of effects: no change in pulmonary resistance and compliance, cardiac depression and a decrease in coronary vascular resistance. The decrease in coronary vascular resistance was independent of myocardial depression because in the perfused ventricular segment that was fibrillating each of the 3 drugs still produced its vascular effect. All 3 drugs exerted an antiarrhythmic effect in mice and antagonized the cardiac effects of adenosine in rats. There was no pharmacologic action that was characteristic of the pyridoquinoline, 8-aminoquinoline or aminoacridine group. The second pyridoquinoline compound was WR 10,488 (2-N-butoxy-7,10-dichloropyrido[3,2-b]quinoline). It suppressed the parasitemia of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. WR 10,488 depressed the excitability of the isolated atrial muscle of the rat, prevented ventricular fibrillation in mice and reduced cardiac output in dogs. These signs of cardiac depression produced by WR 10,488 are not unique but are effects expected of aminoacridines, 8-aminoquinolines and pyridoquinolines.
Anabolic effects of catecholamines in diaphragm muscle from hypophysectomized rats.

In contrast to its traditional role as a catabolic agent, epinephrine added to diaphragm muscle from hypophysectomized (hypox) rats stimulated three different processes that reflect accumulation of substances in peripheral tissue: uptake of an amino acid, α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), uptake of a monosaccharide, 3-O-methyl-glucose, and the incorporation of leucine and tyrosine into protein. In buffer containing 1 mg/ml ascorbate to retard oxidation of catecholamines, the minimal effective concentrations were 10-7 M for AIB transport and 5 × 10-9 M for tyrosine incorporation. Norepinephrine was less potent, but it, too, stimulated AIB transport and tyrosine incorporation. One catabolic process, glycogenolysis, was also enhanced in hypox rat diaphragms, which initially responded between 10-8-10-7 M epinephrine. On the other hand, in diaphragms from intact rats, it was necessary to raise the concentration of epinephrine to 5 × 10-4 M to stimulate AIB transport, but tyrosine incorporation was never increased....
Frequency-dependent associative long-term potentiation at the hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 synapse

Abstract The mossy fiber-CA3 synapse displays an N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor-independent mu-opioid-receptor-dependent form of long-term potentiation (LTP) that is thought not to display cooperativity or associativity with coactive afferents. However, because mossy fiber LTP requires repetitive synaptic activity for its induction, we reevaluated cooperativity and associativity at this synapse by using trains of mossy fiber stimulation. Moderate-, but not low-, intensity trains induced mossy fiber LTP, indicating cooperativity. Low-intensity mossy fiber trains that were normally ineffective in inducing LTP could induce mossy fiber LTP when delivered in conjunction with trains delivered to commissural-CA3 afferents. Associative mossy fiber LTP also could be induced with single mossy fiber pulses when delivered with commissural trains in the presence of a mu-opioid-receptor agonist. Our findings suggest a frequency-dependent variation of Hebbian associative LTP induction that is regulated by the release of endogenous opioid peptides.
Cultured interstitial cells from human heart valves express both specific skeletal muscle and non-muscle markers

Cardiac valve interstitial cells are a phenotypically diverse and dynamic population, comprising myofibroblasts, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. To understand how these contribute to valve function and to optimize the choice of cells for seeding tissue-engineered valves, we are fingerprinting interstitial cells from all four human heart valves for useful phenotypic markers. We have begun by selecting markers indicated as of interest from previous work on myofibroblast-like cell lines. We show that interstitial cells express a variety of skeletal muscle contractile proteins and the skeletal muscle transcription factor myogenin, but not the related factors MyoD, myf-5 and MRF4, suggesting partial activation of the muscle programme in these cells. Expression of non-muscle isoforms of creatine kinase (CK-B) and AMP deaminase (AMPD2 and AMPD3) was found in contrast to muscle-restricted isoforms. Non-muscle isoforms of α- and β-tropomyosins were detected specifically in contrast to skeletal muscle-specific isoforms. Several members of the Frizzled (FZD) family of Wnt receptors were also detected. In addition, intact cusps of all four valves from pig were capable of contacting to non-receptor and receptor-mediated stimulation in vitro. We conclude that interstitial cells from human heart valves express various sarcomeric proteins, and suggest that these cells have contractile potential due to a unique pattern of expression of both muscle-specific and non-muscle isoforms of metabolic and structural proteins. This may be under the control of myogenin, activated through specific Wnt/FZD signaling. Identifying such molecular markers could prove useful for engineering allogenic non-valve cell sources for seeding the synthetic valve.
Optical sub-wavelength displacement sensors

Abstract We propose the use of techniques developed for sub-wavelength optical microscopy to monitor displacements of macroscopic objects at levels better than 10−15 m. Models of optomechanical transducers that are based on photon tunneling and near-zone field effects and the sensitivity of some realistic designs are discussed.
Growth properties of Fourier transforms via moduli of continuity

Abstract We obtain new inequalities for the Fourier transform, both on Euclidean space, and on non-compact, rank one symmetric spaces. In both cases these are expressed as a gauge on the size of the transform in terms of a suitable integral modulus of continuity of the function. In all settings, the results present a natural corollary: a quantitative form of the Riemann–Lebesgue lemma. A prototype is given in one-dimensional Fourier analysis.