cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parent-Reported Child Reactions to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center Attacks (New York USA) in Relation to Parent Post-Disaster Psychopathology Three Years After the Event

IntroductionParents are a primary support for children following disasters, even though they face numerous challenges in addressing the physical and social consequences of an event. Parents who are directly exposed to a disaster and those who develop psychiatric disorders post-event are likely to be especially challenged and may be limited in their ability to support their children. This Brief Report describes a pilot study of survivors of the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center (New York USA) attacks who reported their own psychosocial consequences and the reactions of their children three years post-event.HypothesesThe primary hypothesis of the study was that children’s September 11th reactions would be associated with their parents’ psychiatric status. Secondary hypotheses were that the children’s disaster reactions would be associated with direct exposure to the disaster in children and/or their parents, parent-child separation due to the disaster, and disaster-related school absence.MethodsApproximately three years after the 2001 World Trade Center attacks, 116 parents recruited from disaster-affected or disaster-related organizations were assessed using structured diagnostic interviews and queried about their children’s (188 youths, aged three to 17 years at the time of the attacks) posttraumatic stress symptoms and behavioral changes.ResultsAlmost one-half of the parents had a post-disaster psychiatric disorder, including major depression in 27% and disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 11%. More than three-fourths of the children had at least one disaster-related posttraumatic stress symptom, and more than one-half experienced at least one post-disaster behavior change. A minority of the children were reported to have increased school behavior problems or a decline in their grades. Key correlates of children’s disaster-related posttraumatic stress symptoms and post-disaster behavior changes were parent-child separation due to the disaster and parental post-disaster psychiatric disorders.ConclusionBecause parents provide primary caretaking and support for children post-disaster, addressing the needs of parents is critical to their ability to assist their children. Reducing parents’ symptoms should increase their emotional availability and enhance their ability to address the needs of their children. Given the challenges in providing disaster interventions directly to children, especially when resources are limited, addressing parent psychopathology and distress (even in the absence of focusing on children’s symptoms) may benefit children.PfefferbaumB, SimicZ, NorthCS. Parent-Reported Child Reactions to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center Attacks (New York USA) in Relation to Parent Post-Disaster Psychopathology Three Years After the Event. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(5):558–564.
Stories for Management Success: The Power of Talk in Organizations

We tend to assume that we may divide our activities into talk and action. In so doing we tend to suggest that talk is subordinate to action. Taking issue with these presumptions, Stories for Management Success: The Power of Talk in Organizations argues that talk is central to what managers do. Indeed it argues that, for managers, ‘walking the walk’ necessarily implies ‘talking the talk such that storytelling is now central to managerial work’. Noting that managerial talk is increasingly located within an account of storytelling the book offers a critical review of the academic debates associated with telling tales at work and uses this critical reflection to shape and guide those who would realise the power of talk. Thus, the book concludes with six key questions designed to prompt both introspection and action on storytelling in an organized context. With reflections on the relevant management research, the author provides a scholar's digest to aid management thinking and practice. This book offers an examination of the processes of organizational storytelling and has been designed to allow practitioners of management to recognise and in so doing to unleash the power of talk in organizations.
Ultrafast strong-field photoelectron emission due to two-color laser fields

Electron emission from solids driven by two-color lasers provides great flexibility for the control of electron dynamics in ultrashort spatiotemporal scales due to the interference effect. Here, we construct an analytical model for the highly nonlinear photoelectron emission from a metal surface illuminated by two-color laser fields, by solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation. The exact solution is valid for arbitrary harmonic orders, laser intensities, phase difference between two lasers, and metal work function and Fermi level. We find two-color lasers can strongly modulate both the electron energy spectra and the emission current up to 99%. Using the same input parameters, our theoretical prediction for the photoemission current modulation depth (93.9%) is almost identical to the experimental result (94%) in [M. F\"orster et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 217601 (2016)].
Is there a role for testosterone replacement therapy in reducing biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy

5085Background: Historically, the use of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has not been recommended in men with a history of prostate cancer (PC). However, low testosterone levels are signific...
Plasmon related electrical effects in strongly modulated metasurfaces

Photogeneration of significant electrical voltages observed in plasmonic metasurfaces is promising for applications in plasmon-based electronics and plasmonic sensors with compact electrical detection. In order to better understand the role of the surface geometry, we study photoinduced electrical effects in profile-modulated plasmonic surfaces. Photoinduced voltages in strongly modulated plasmonic surfaces demonstrate highly asymmetric angular dependence with polarity switching at the plasmon resonance conditions. The effects are attributed to coupling between localized and propagating plasmons and discussed in the frame of the electromagnetic momentum loss approach.
“She Would Not Go Anyhow”: Freedwomen in Post–Civil War Fairfax County (1865–1872)

Courtney Ebersohl analyzes the intersection of gender and labor in the lives of freedwomen in Reconstruction-era Fairfax County, Virginia.
From savanna to suburb: Effects of 160 years of landscape change on carbon storage in Silicon Valley, California

Author(s): Beller, EE; Kelly, M; Larsen, LG | Abstract: Landscape changes such as urbanization can dramatically affect the provision of ecosystem services such as carbon storage. However, while cities have been shown to store substantial amounts of carbon in soils and vegetation, we have little information from long-term studies about how contemporary carbon storage in urban areas compares to carbon storage in the natural ecosystems that characterized these landscapes prior to urbanization. We used historical archival sources and land-cover data to quantify and map historical tree carbon storage in the now-urban Santa Clara Valley, California, USA prior to substantial Euro-American modification (ca. 1850) and to analyze change in the amount and distribution of carbon storage over the past ca. 160 years. We estimate that total tree carbon storage in the study area was ~784,000 to 2.2 million Mg (13.6–38.1 Mg C/ha) when the region was characterized by oak savanna and woodland habitats, compared to ~895,000 Mg C (15.5 Mg C/ha) today. This represents a non-significant gain of 14% to a significant loss of 60% depending on scenario. We also demonstrate changes in the spatial distribution of carbon on the landscape, as losses in carbon storage in areas of former oak woodland were partially offset by gains in carbon storage in historical habitat types that historically had few or no trees. This challenges the hypothesis that aboveground carbon storage increases with urbanization in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems due to irrigation and tree planting. Our study demonstrates the utility of using pre-1900s historical sources to reconstruct changes in ecosystem services such as carbon storage over century time scales.
Learning Stochastic Dynamical Systems via Bridge Sampling

We develop algorithms to automate discovery of stochastic dynamical system models from noisy, vector-valued time series. By discovery, we mean learning both a nonlinear drift vector field and a diagonal diffusion matrix for an Ito stochastic differential equation in \(\mathbb {R}^d\). We parameterize the vector field using tensor products of Hermite polynomials, enabling the model to capture highly nonlinear and/or coupled dynamics. We solve the resulting estimation problem using expectation maximization (EM). This involves two steps. We augment the data via diffusion bridge sampling, with the goal of producing time series observed at a higher frequency than the original data. With this augmented data, the resulting expected log likelihood maximization problem reduces to a least squares problem. We provide an open-source implementation of this algorithm. Through experiments on systems with dimensions one through eight, we show that this EM approach enables accurate estimation for multiple time series with possibly irregular observation times. We study how the EM method performs as a function of the amount of data augmentation, as well as the volume and noisiness of the data.
Patient Satisfaction and Opioid Use With a Postoperative Opioid Protocol After Common Hand Procedures

Purpose Given the state of the opioid crisis and national pressure to minimize prescriptions, pain management after common hand procedures can pose a challenge for patients and providers. Despite the volume of recent literature on prescribing protocols and over-the-counter (OTC) medications, patient satisfaction has not been adequately assessed. The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate patient satisfaction with pain management using an opioid prescribing protocol after common hand procedures, and (2) to evaluate medication use in the postoperative period using this opioid prescribing protocol. Methods A prospective survey was administered to 100 consecutive patients undergoing common soft tissue hand procedures at a Level I academic institution over a 5-month period. The medical record was reviewed for demographics and the number or dosage of opioid pills prescribed. The survey was conducted at 2 time points within 2 weeks after the procedure and assessed the number of opioid pills taken, use of OTC medications, visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, and satisfaction with pain management and surgery. Results Mean number of opioid pills consumed at 2 weeks after the procedure was 1.5; 19 patients consumed all of their prescribed opioid pills. Acetaminophen was the most commonly used OTC medication and 84 patients reported using OTC medication in the postoperative period. The average VAS score at the end of the study period was 1.7. Nearly all patients were satisfied with the pain management and surgery; no patients received a second opioid prescription. Conclusions We found that patients consumed far fewer opioid pills than were prescribed to them. We also found that patients who took more opioid pills had higher VAS pain scores, with lower satisfaction in both categories. The cohort demonstrated effective control of pain with high satisfaction, indicating that an opioid protocol is a successful and patient-accepted tool for managing postoperative pain. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Impacted urethral stone presenting as urinary retention in a child.

A seven-year-old boy was referred to our Accident and Emergency department with a history of urinary retention secondary to urinary tract infection and an inability to pass a urethral catheter. He had been treated a month before for suspected pyelonephritis by the referring hospital. Attempts at urethral catheterisation failed, and he was taken to theatre for cystourethroscopy and catheter placement. At this time, an impacted urethral stone was discovered. Because it could not be dislodged, a suprapubic catheter was placed, and the child was brought back at a later date for definitive management. Investigations revealed a pure calcium oxalate stone that was secondary in origin. There has been no recurrence during a follow-up period of 6 months. This illustrates that while rare, urethral stones do occur in children and should be considered in children presenting with urinary retention, haematuria and/or abdominal pain.
Tofacitinib alters STAT3 signaling and leads to endometriosis lesion regression.

Endometriosis is a widespread gynecologic condition affecting up to 15% of women of reproductive age. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT3) pathway is upregulated in endometriosis and is a therapeutic target. Here we sought to determine the effect of Tofacitinib, a JAK inhibitor in widespread clinical use, on JAK/STAT signaling in endometriosis and lesion growth. Endometriosis was surgically induced in C57BL/6 mice using homologous uterine horn transplantation. Lesions were allowed to form over 4 weeks followed by Tofacitinib (10 mg/kg) or vehicle administered by oral gavage over 4 weeks. Tofacitinib treatment in vivo led to endometriosis lesion regression and reduced adhesion burden compared to vehicle treatment. In vitro studies on Ishikawa cells showed that Tofacitinib reduced hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA levels at 12 and 24 h. Western blot analysis showed that Tofacitinib effectively reduced STAT3 phosphorylation in Ishikawa cells and human primary stromal and epithelial cells from eutopic endometrium of patients with and without endometriosis. This study suggests that the inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling using Tofacitinib may be a viable method for the treatment of endometriosis.
Explaining inter-lab variance in C. elegans N2 lifespan: Making a case for standardized reporting to enhance reproducibility.

Abstract The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful model organism for studying cell development, apoptosis, neuronal circuits, and aging. The isolate N2 is recognized by the C. elegans community as the reference wild-type strain. Interestingly, the lifespan of presumably isogenic C. elegans N2 worms—even when grown under comparable conditions—varies significantly amongst distinct laboratories. This hinders the inter-laboratory comparability of C. elegans lifespan data and raises questions regarding data interpretation and reproducibility. Here, we hypothesized slight alterations in experimental design and worm handling could explain the observed discrepancies. To test this hypothesis, we collected and assessed data from over 1000 published C. elegans N2 lifespan assays as well as corresponding methodological meta-data. We find that mean N2 lifespans range from approximately 7 days to upwards of 35 days, despite laboratories disclosing seemingly comparable experimental conditions. We further demonstrate that, in addition to temperature, the use of the chemical sterilizer 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR) may change N2 lifespan. Additionally, we observed differences in average N2 lifespan from experiments originating from distinct geographic locations, indicating a potential effect of location-specific factors on experimental outcomes. Taken as a whole, our work indicates the sum of many small, rather than a few critical, differences in experimental conditions may account for the observed variance in N2 lifespan. We also find that the absence of standardized experimental methods and the insufficient disclosure of experiment details in the peer-reviewed literature limits the inter-lab comparability of published results. We thus propose the establishment of a succinct reporting standard for C. elegans lifespan experiments to increase the reliability and reproducibility, and thus scientific value, of these studies.
Ay mamá Inés, de Jorge Guzmán: entre la crónica y el testimonio

La excelente novela de Guzman se autodefine como cronica testimonial, sin embargo los generos cronica y testimonio, pese a su similar contingencia historica, tienen un signo retorico opuesto. La cronica con notorias excepciones -es eulogica y tiene propositos fundacionales. El testimonio es, por el contrario, denunciatorio y subversivo. Ay mama Ines, encuentra existencia en un campo de fuerzas originado por la tension entre un anverso cronicado y su reverso testimonial, y donde el primero termina desplazando al segundo. La consecuencia mas importante del predominio de la cronica es el relato de Pedro de Valdivia como un heroe epico y tragico de grandes proporciones, mientras que su lado historico, ideologico y social retrocede a un segundo lugar. Guzman's excellent novel defines itself as a "testimonial chronicle", although genders such as "testimony" and "chronicle" are opposite rhetorical sings, despite similar historical contingencies. The chronicle, save excepcional cases, is eulogical and fulfills foundational purposes. Testimonial, on the contrary is denunciatory and subversive. "Ay Mama Ines" finds its literary existence from a tug-of-war between a chronicled anverse and a testimonial reverse, where the former ends by displacing the letter. The Most important consequence of the predomiance of the chronicle element is in the history of Pedro de Valdivia as an epic and tragic hero of great proportions whereas his historical, ideological and social sides are relegated to a second place.
Expression of postsynaptic Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels at C-bouton synapses in mammalian lumbar α-motoneurons

Key points • Spinal cord α-motoneurons display strong membrane immunoreactivity (IR) against small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (SK) isoform SK2, and a specific subpopulation of motoneurons also express SK3-IR. • Rat α-motoneurons expressing SK3-IR are significantly smaller, have significantly longer after-hyperpolarization half-decay time, significantly larger after-hyperpolarization amplitude and significantly slower axon conduction velocity than α-motoneurons that lack SK3-IR. • Motoneuron pools innervating slow-twitch muscles have a higher percentage of SK3-IR α-motoneurons than those innervating fast-twitch muscles. • Expression of SK3 may contribute to variability in after-hyperpolarization duration and amplitude across different types of rat α-motoneurons and may be a molecular factor differentiating between slow- and fast-type motoneurons. • In the soma and proximal dendrites of α-motoneurons, large clusters of SK2 and SK3 channel subunits appose cholinergic C-boutons and colocalize with muscarinic type 2 receptors and Kv2.1 channels, which suggests a novel cellular mechanism for state-dependent regulation of neuronal excitability. Abstract Small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels mediate medium after-hyperpolarization (AHP) conductances in neurons throughout the central nervous system. However, the expression profile and subcellular localization of different SK channel isoforms in lumbar spinal α-motoneurons (α-MNs) is unknown. Using immunohistochemical labelling of rat, mouse and cat spinal cord, we reveal a differential and overlapping expression of SK2 and SK3 isoforms across specific types of α-MNs. In rodents, SK2 is expressed in all α-MNs, whereas SK3 is expressed preferentially in small-diameter α-MNs; in cats, SK3 is expressed in all α-MNs. Function-specific expression of SK3 was explored using post hoc immunostaining of electrophysiologically characterized rat α-MNs in vivo. These studies revealed strong relationships between SK3 expression and medium AHP properties. Motoneurons with SK3-immunoreactivity exhibit significantly longer AHP half-decay times (24.67 vs. 11.02 ms) and greater AHP amplitudes (3.27 vs. 1.56 mV) than MNs lacking SK3-immunoreactivity. We conclude that the differential expression of SK isoforms in rat and mouse spinal cord may contribute to the range of medium AHP durations across specific MN functional types and may be a molecular factor distinguishing between slow- and fast-type α-MNs in rodents. Furthermore, our results show that SK2- and SK3-immunoreactivity is enriched in distinct postsynaptic domains that contain Kv2.1 channel clusters associated with cholinergic C-boutons on the soma and proximal dendrites of α-MNs. We suggest that this remarkably specific subcellular membrane localization of SK channels is likely to represent the basis for a cholinergic mechanism for effective regulation of channel function and cell excitability.
Hormones and Hierarchies

Research on human endocrine function and social status has persisted separately for several decades. But recent work in the field of social endocrinology points to a fundamental role for hormones in human status hierarchies. In this chapter, we review evidence of the reciprocal relationship between hormones and hierarchical status, focusing on human endocrine systems that influence and respond to social behavior in pursuit of status. We introduce basic anatomy and physiology pertinent to understanding each hormone’s role in human status, relying on animal research as needed to inform our discussion. We selectively review research on testosterone and its relationship to dominant behavior as well as the relationship between cortisol, stress, and status. We then turn to recent evidence on the interaction between testosterone and cortisol in status hierarchies. Estradiol and oxytocin are examined next in relation to female and intergroup status hierarchies, respectively. We conclude with future directions for research on the interplay between hormones and hierarchies.
Random media parameter estimation using the frequency covariance function of radar backscatter

A technique to extract parameters of a distributed target using the frequency covariance function of the backscattered field is proposed. It is shown how applying a Fourier transform to the covariance function separates distinct scattering mechanisms in the transform space, allowing for the direct determination of certain target parameters such as vertical scatterer distribution. Sample results based on theoretical scattering models are presented.
Pricing and provisioning of quality-differentiated services

Summary form only given. Although flat-rate pricing is the predominant form in which Internet access is sold, that form of pricing is unviable. Flat-rate pricing encourages waste and requires 20 percent of users who account for 80 percent of the traffic to be subsidized by other users and other forms of revenue. Furthermore, flat-rate pricing makes it difficult to offer quality-differentiated services. This study is based on the demand for quality-differentiated Internet access as revealed in an ongoing market trial called INDEX (Internet Demand Experiment). Data from the experiment will be used to argue that usage-based pricing brings large benefits to users and service providers. Also, there are many plausible ways in which quality-differentiated access can be converted into a commodity or service plan and offered for sale. Service providers must take into account the fact that the commodity form affects demand or consumer willingness to pay.
Displacement-length scaling relationship for faults: data synthesis and discussion

Abstract It is observed that the amount of displacement (d) on a fault is proportional to the mapped trace length L. The exact form of the fault scaling relationship, i.e. d = f(L), is still a subject of some disagreement. A number of workers have interpreted data from individual data sets as indicating a linear relationship between d and L. However, these individual data sets have large scatter and a limited range of scale, so their interpretations are not fully conclusive. Other workers have interpreted combinations of different data sets, taken together, and concluded that the d vs L scaling relationship is non-linear. Fault growth models, however, indicate that the scaling relationship should depend on rock properties so correlations using combined data sets may be questionable. This paper presents a synthesis of published data sets on the displacements and lengths of faults. A summary of each data set is given, including: the geologic setting; the mode of faulting (normal/thrust/strike-slip); and the measurement methods used to obtain the displacement and length data. Sources of scatter in the data due to geologic effects and measurement procedures are reviewed. Our preferred interpretation is that the d-L relationship is linear with a possible cross-over phenomenon between small and large faults, but the unambiguous resolution of this question will require some significant improvements in the existing database.
Review of: The Religious Dimensions of Advertising, by Tricia Sheffield

New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 208 pages. $65.00 hardcover. Although advertising has existed since the beginning of recorded communication, the language of advertising, as we know it, only dev...
The Bearing Strength and Fracture Behavior of Bolted Connections in Two Aluminum Alloys

In this paper, the bearing capacity, taken as a combination of strength, elongation, and failure by fracture characteristics of bolt holes in two aluminum alloys, 5052-H32 and 6061-T6, that were deformed in uniaxial tension is presented and discussed. The specific role played by bolt hole confinement on the bearing capacity of each aluminum alloy is highlighted. An increase in the bearing ratio caused plastic deformation around the holes to gradually increase. For both the chosen aluminum alloys the average bearing ratio at the time of failure of the test sample was found to vary with end distance. The experimentally determined strength was observably larger than the calculated bearing strength obtained using guaranteed minimum mechanical properties and recommended mathematical relationships. The nature of final fracture of each aluminum alloy is carefully examined and the intrinsic features present on the fracture surface are rationalized in concurrence with macroscopic mechanical response.
Rapid gain and loss of evolutionary resistance to the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides in the copepod Acartia tonsa

Evolutionary resistance of the copepod Acartia tonsa to the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides was investigated to establish whether zooplankton can rapidly adapt to harmful algal blooms (HABs). Copepod resistance was evaluated by egg production rates when feeding on C. polykrikoides relative to the nontoxic flagellate Rhodomonas lens. An experiment with six geographically separate A. tonsa populations demonstrated that the copepods collected during C. polykrikoides blooms within eastern Long Island bays were significantly more resistant to C. polykrikoides than their conspecifics in nearby nonbloom regions. An artificial selection experiment with a naive A. tonsa population demonstrated that copepod resistance significantly increased when individuals were chronically exposed to C. polykrikoides (three times greater than the control after four generations). Following a two-generation relaxation of selection, however, the elevated resistance in A. tonsa was completely lost. Such rapid gain and loss of resistance suggests that copepod adaptation to C. polykrikoides in the bays of eastern Long Island may mainly result from the selection of resistant genotypes by an ongoing bloom event rather than prior HABs, which could shape trophic interactions between zooplankton and harmful algae.
Extrapolation from Individual-Level Responses to Population Growth Rate Using Population Modeling

ABSTRACT Ecological risk assessments of chemicals are often based on simple measurements of toxicity in individuals. However, the protection goals are often set at the population and community levels. Population models may be a useful tool to extrapolate from individual-level measurements to population-level endpoints. In the present study, the population growth rate (λ) was calculated for three sets of full life-cycle data (Tetranychus urticae exposed to agrimek, and Daphnia pulex exposed to spinosad and diazinon). The results were compared to λ from population models, where survival and/or reproduction were adjusted according to 4 d of data from the same life-cycle data. This was done to determine whether truncated demographic data can give results similar to that obtained with full life-cycle data. The resulting correlations were strong when both effects on survival and reproduction were included in the model (p < .001, 0.93 < R2 < 1.00). There were also strong correlations in several cases when only e...
Effects of suppressing thoughts about body weight: a comparison of dieters and nondieters

Objective: Experimental suppression of a neutral target thought often results in a subsequent rebound in the frequency of the thought. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that suppression of weigh t-related thoughts contributes to body weight preoccupations characteristic of dieters. Method: Subjects included 19 female dieters and 21 female nondieters. Following a randomized design, subjects were asked either to suppress (experimental condition) or express (control condition) the thought of weighing themselves. Results: Nondieters demonstrated a significant rebound in frequency of the target thought following suppression (p <.05). Dieters expressed weight-related thoughts more frequently than nondieters, but did not show a rebound following target thought suppression. Discussion: Thought suppression may foster development of weight-related preoccupations whereas the role suppression plays in the maintenance of dieters' weight-related preoccupations remains unclear.
Development of hypertension in rats treated with aldosterone acetate.

Abstract Chronic (10 week) administration of graded doses of d-aldosterone acetate (10, 20, or 40 μg/day) to unilaterally nephrectomized, saline-treated rats increased both their systolic blood pressure and heart weight above the level observed for controls. Thus, doses of aldosterone within the physiological range (2–25 μg/100 g body weight per day) can induce hypertension in “sensitized” rats. Administration of the same doses for the same length of time to intact rats in a second experiment induced smaller rises in blood pressure and no significant cardiac hypertrophy. A sigmoid relationship was observed between the ratio of thyroid weight to body weight and arbitrary ranges of systolic blood pressure for all rats to which aldosterone was administered chronically. Thyroid weight ratio first increased significantly when systolic blood pressure rose to levels of 160–169 mm Hg. The maximal increase in thyroid weight was 25–30% above that of untreated controls. The sigmoid relationship suggests that an unidentified, primary factor elevates blood pressure to the threshold range without thyroid mediation but when the threshold range of blood pressure is exceeded, thyroid weight increases and may mediate further elevation of blood pressure. Hence, the thyroid gland may play a secondary role in the development of aldosterone-induced hypertension. Administration of 1.1 μg d-aldosterone acetate/100 g body weight per day had no effect on the elevated blood pressure of rats whose kidneys were bilaterally encapsulated with latex envelopes. However, administration of 3.0 μg d-aldosterone acetate/100 g body weight per day to rats whose kidneys were recently bilaterally encapsulated with latex envelopes accelerated the rate of elevation of systolic blood pressure. Thus, small doses of aldosterone can accelerate the development of renal hypertension in rats.
Acquired immunodeficiency (AIDS) in pregnancy.

I f bleeding from an abruptio placentae can find an adequate egress from either a retroplacental or marginal location, then an ultrasound examination will not reveal any abnormalities. A positive sonogram may appear as a mixed echogenic or sonolucent pattern. This finding, however, was present in only four of eight cases of pathologic abruptio placentae reported by Jaffe and co-workers2 Although lacking in sensitivity, identification of a retroplacental hematoma is a specific ultrasound sign of abruptio placentae. Only occasionally will the blood from a retroplacental hemorrhage gain access to the amniotic cavity. Jaffe and associates’ mentioned one case of abruptio placentae with bloody amniotic fluid in which the site of communication between the hematoma and the amniotic sac was seen ultrasonically. McGahan and co-workers3 reported two cases of retroplacental hemorrhage with concomitant intra-amniotic bleeding. In both of the latter cases, the abruptio placentae was associated with significant hemorrhage, whereas in the present case the degree of bleeding was relatively modest. In a patient with a suspected but clinically unproved retroplacental hemorrhage, ultrasound should be performed to evaluate not only the placental site but also the intrauterine environment. The presence of an intra-amniotic clot will confirm the diagnosis and, hence, help the obstetrician in selecting appropriate management.
Mn(II) partitioning between calcium and magnesium sites in studies of dolomite origin

Abstract In an Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) study of over 30 dolomites, representing a variety of probable sedimentary origins, we observed a Mg-site to Ca-site ratio in the Mn distribution that suggests two groups of dolomite. In one group the dolomites have a Mn distribution ratio near 5.0 and an excess of Ca; in the other group the dolomites are near-stoichiometric but have a Mn distribution ratio that varies from near 5 to near 70. We suggest that these two groups reflect different origins for the dolomites. The wide variation in the manganese distribution ratio for the near-stoichiometric dolomites supplies a parameter against which other variables can be plotted in studies of dolomite origin.
The quantitative effect of microextractor cell geometry on the analytical supercritical fluid extraction efficiencies of environmentally important compounds

The quantitative effect of microextractor cell geometries on supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) efficiencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and methoxychlor from octadecyl-bonded sorbents has been evaluated and compared to similar effects seen upon increasing the supercritical fluid density. For the PAHs studied, correlations between the fused ring number and the relative increase in recoveries have been established. SFE recoveries can be increased by greater than a factor of two by decreasing the diameter to length ratio from 1∶20 to 1∶1. The relative recovery increase upon decreasing the diameter to length ratio of the extraction vessel is dependent on the analyte extractability, increasing in proportion to the fused ring number for the PAHs. Recoveries increased linearly as a function of supercritical fluid density for the PAHs studied. The change in the relative recovery upon increasing the supercritical carbon dioxide density again was dependent on the analyte type, decreasing linearly with fused ring number. Although fluid density generally had the greatest effect on achievable SFE recoveries, the cell geometry had effects of a similar order of magnitude, highly dependent on the initial extractability of the analyte.
Remark on Baryon Conservation

The Higgs mechanism can serve to implement baryon conservation via an extension of the local weak-electromagnetic gauge group by a local factor U(1) without conflict with the E\"otv\"os experiments.
Acoustic correlates of the front/back vowel distinction: a comparison of transition onset versus "steady state".

This study investigated whether F2 and F3 transition onsets could encode the vowel place feature as well as F2 and F3 ‘‘steady‐state’’ measures [Syrdal and Gopal, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79, 1086–1100 (1986)]. Multiple comparisons were made using (a) scatterplots in multidimensional space, (b) critical band differences, and (c) linear discriminant functional analyses. Four adult male speakers produced /b/(v)/t/, /d/(v)/t/, and /g/(v)/t/ tokens with medial vowel contexts /i, i, q, ey, ae, a, v, c, o, u/. Each token was repeated in a random order five times, yielding a total of 150 tokens per subject. Formant measurements were taken at four loci: F2 onset, F2 vowel, F3 onset, and F3 vowel. Onset points coincided with the first glottal pulse following the release burst and steady‐state measures were taken approximately 60–70 ms post‐onset. Graphic analyses revealed two distinct, minimally overlapping subsets grouped by front versus back. This dichotomous grouping was also seen in two‐dimensional displays using on...
Sustained-Release Delivery Systems, II: In Vitro Dissolution of 4,4′-Sulfonylbisbenzamine (Dapsone)—N-Dodecanoyl-4,4′-sulfonylbisbenzamine Comelts

An approach under investigation in our laboratory is the development of slowly dissolving particles containing an active drug, mixed or coated with a less soluble derivative or derivatives, that may hydrolyze back to the active drug following solution. Such particles have potential for sustained release by a number of routes of administration, including intramuscular injection. In the present work, the in vitro dissolution of particles of 4,4′-sulfonylbisbenzamine (dapsone) (1) and various comelts of 4,4′-sulfonylbisbenzamine (dapsone) (1) and N-dodecanoyl-4,4′-sulfonylbisbenzamine (the monolauryl derivative of dapsone) (3) was studied using a continuous flow-through cell under laminar flow conditions. Dissolution of particles of dapsone showed a biphasic pattern when plotted according to the Hixson—Crowell cube root equation. Dissolution rates of dapsone (1) from the comelts were found to correlate with the physical state of 1 in the solid binary dispersion. Comelts of 1:3 with a content higher than 36.5% w/w 1 (the eutectic mixture) had initial rates of dissolution which appeared to be dependent on the porosity of the particles. However, once this initial phase passed, the total amount dissolved increased as the amount of noneutectic 1-rich solid solution in the comelt increased. This suggests that 1 in the eutectic mixture has a slower dissolution rate than when present in the noneutectic, or excess 1-rich solid solution form. The comelts with a content of dapsone at or below the eutectic mixture dissolved more slowly and their dissolution rates were less dependent on concentration of 1. The mechanism of release of 1 from 1:3 comelts appeared to be matrix diffusion-controlled.
Anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines in amygdala-lesioned rats

The role of the amygdala in the anxiolytic action of benzodiazepines was examined. Performance on a water-licking conflict paradigm was tested in rats with localized damage to the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACE) or with general damage to the entire amygdaloid complex. The effects of the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide (2.5–20.0 mg/kg) on conflict behavior in these animals was also examined. Electrolytic lesions of either ACE or of the entire amygdaloid complex resulted in a pronounced increase of punished responding, an effect that persisted for at least 12 sessions postoperatively. After shock levels were adjusted in the lesioned groups to match their baseline punished behavior to that of the controls, various doses of chlordiazepoxide were administered. Not only did the lesioned animals show an increase in punished behavior in response to the drug, they were more sensitive than controls to the lower drug doses. A complete model of anxiolytic action may have to include both mechanisms that block anxiogenic regions and those that activate anxiolytic regions.
Local and spatially coordinated movements in Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae during chemotaxis

Abstract We have studied chemotaxis by individual Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae using strong, local gradients of the chemoattractant cyclic AMP. Gradients were provided by diffusion of cyclic AMP from a microneedle, which could be positioned at various points around the cell. Responses to changes in the gradient indicate how the cell is structurally organized for chemotactic movement. There is a polarity in the responsiveness of the surface to stimulation by cyclic AMP along the length of the amoeba. Furthermore, two aspects of chemotactic movement can be distinguished. The first response to cyclic AMP is a locally generated extension of a hyaline pseudopod from the region of the surface nearest the stimulus. The second response, the flow of cytoplasm in the direction of the stimulus, is coordinated and separate from the first response. The coordination appears to depend on the nucleus or on the microtubule-organizing center.
Ultrasound-guided percutaneous long head of the biceps tenotomy: a novel technique with case report.

Lesions of the long head of the biceps (LHB) tendon linked with rotator cuff tears can be responsible for considerable shoulder pain and dysfunction [10]. The two most commonly performed procedures for biceps pathology by orthopedic surgeons today are arthroscopic biceps tenotomy and tenodesis. Although the optimal surgical procedure is controversial, there is considerable agreement that operative treatment provides significant pain relief, with no major functional impairment [4]. While ultrasound-guided percutaneous tenotomy of the LHB tendon has been reported in cadavers [7], to our knowledge, no one has successfully reported the procedure in a patient. In the ever-changing health care environment, a less invasive procedure that can be performed without the risks and costs of anesthesia and surgery could be of great benefit. This is particularly important for patients who are not ideal surgical candidates due to comorbid conditions (i.e., cardiac disease, pulmonary insufficiency).
Stimulation of vitellogenin production by methoprene in prepupae and pupae of manduca sexta

Denaturing electrophoresis of hemolymph from prepupae of M. sexta showed trace amounts of polypeptides with mobilities corresponding to those of vitellogenin (Vg) apoproteins from adult females. Absence of the polypeptides in allatectomized insects suggested regulation by juvenile hormone (JH). Daily administration of 10 μg of the JH analog methoprene from day 4 of the fifth stage to day 0 of the pupal stage caused accumulation of these polypeptides. They were identified as apovitellogenins (apoVgs) immunochemically with Vg antiserum. Stimulation of Vg in response to methoprene varied with age. In all cases, day 0 female pupae were highly responsive. Vg synthesis was not stimulated when pupae were injected with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) in addition to methoprene. Methoprene-stimulated Vg synthesis was also abolished by inhibitors of mRNA or protein synthesis (α-amanitin, actinomycin, cycloheximide). This result indicated that methoprene-stimulated Vg accumulation requires gene expression. A Vg cDNA (2.1 kb) obtained by immunoscreening of the λgt 11 library, when used as a radiolabelled probe, hybridized with a 5.1 kb mRNA from total RNA of female fat body. It also hybridized with fat body RNA of normal prepupae and methoprene treated day 0 pupae but not with that of early fifth instars or solvent control pupae. The results indicate that the trace amounts of Vg found in prepupal stages are due to a weak expression of the Vg gene, which is stimulated by JH and repressed by 20-HE. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High-speed GC and GC/MS with a series-coupled column ensemble using stop-flow operation.

A pneumatically actuated valve is used to connect the junction point of a series-coupled column ensemble to a ballast chamber containing carrier gas at the ensemble inlet pressure in order to periodically stop the carrier gas flow in the first column. When the valve is opened, mixture components, which have migrated across the column junction, are accelerated toward a time-of-flight mass spectrometer that is used as an ensemble detector. Mixture components, which are still in the first column, are frozen in position. This allows for the insertion of time windows into the ensemble chromatogram that can aid in the separation of some overlapping component peaks. The capillary column ensemble (0.18-mm i.d. × 0.18-μm film thickness) consists of a 7.0-m length of polar, (trifluoropropyl)methyl polysiloxane column followed by a 7.0-m length of nonpolar dimethyl polysiloxane column. A flame ionization detector located at the column junction point is used to monitor a portion of the effluent from the first column ...
The challenges of success: maintaining access to high-quality percutaneous coronary intervention in the face of declining procedural volumes.

Over the past several decades, major changes in lifestyle, preventive care, and clinical management have contributed to an impressive reduction in coronary artery disease prevalence, incident acute myocardial infarction, and deaths due to coronary heart disease.1–3 As a result, the use of cardiovascular services in the United States has decreased dramatically in recent years. For patients with coronary artery disease, advances in medical management have allowed more and more patients to avoid elective catheterization procedures, whereas the results of recent studies (eg, Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation [COURAGE],4 Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation [FAME],5 and Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery [SYNTAX]6) have led to the more judicious use of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. The combined effect of these trends has been a marked reduction in overall PCI volumes,7 from a peak of nearly 1 million in the United States in 2006 to ≈600 000 in recent years.8 At the same time as overall PCI volumes have been decreasing, the number of PCI centers has been increasing as data have emerged indicating that the absence of on-site cardiac surgery does not adversely impact patient outcomes after either emergent or elective PCI.9,10 Together, declining PCI volumes and the increasing number of PCI centers has led to a decrease in the volume of PCI procedures at both the center and operator level.11 Articles see p 1383 and p 1392 Common sense dictates that any skill requires adequate experience to ensure optimal results. This holds true for airline pilots, hairdressers, and physicians alike. What differs among the professions is what qualifies as adequate experience. In his book Outliers , Malcolm Gladwell describes the “10 000 hour …
THE RESPONSE TO CO2 IN INFANTS AT RISK FOR SIDS

Higher incidence of abnormal ventilatory response was found in two of three groups of infants tested with a computerized CO2 waveform analyzer that measures breath by breath responses. Forty nine infants (BW 1980±1010g, GA 33±5wks) with risk factors (prolonged apnea, BPD), 11 near miss (BW 3090±760g, GA 39±2wks), and 6 siblings of SIDS (BW 3310±1090g, GA 39±4wks) comprised the three groups. Age at evaluation was 44±10wks postconceptual age for risk infants, 54±14 wks for the near miss group, and 49±18 wks for siblings.