cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ineffectiveness and safety concerns of using aspirin and other NSAIDs in preventing dementia.

### Context According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 5 million adults were diagnosed with dementia in 2014; projected to rise to approximately 14 million by 2060.1 This is a significant health problem, as dementia prevalence is increasing. Therefore, practitioners need to understand how it can be prevented and treated effectively. To date, no available medication exists to prevent or delay the onset of dementia. It has been reported that the pathogenesis of dementia was associated with inflammation; therefore, medications with anti‐inflammatory properties such as aspirin and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could be beneficial for dementia prevention.2 In the systematic review, the researchers reported using ALOIS, a specialised …
The functional vascular anatomy of the swine for research.

ObjectivesSwine (Sus Scrofa) are utilized broadly in research settings, given similarities to human vessel size and function; however, there are some important differences for clinicians to underst...
Integrating Advanced Practice Providers in an Academic Department of Neurology

Abstract Background Integrating advanced practice providers (APPs) into neurological practice can improve access, promote patient education, and reduce healthcare costs. APPs receive limited formal education in neurology, so on-the-job training is essential. We set out to identify common challenges and best practices for onboarding, training, and integrating APPs into neurological practice. Methods We conducted a survey and focus group with eight APPs currently practicing within an academic neurology department as part of a clinical quality improvement initiative. We explored their roles in multidisciplinary teams, challenges faced during onboarding and training, and strategies for success. Qualitative thematic analysis was performed. Results Neurology APPs serve diverse roles including caring for hospitalized and ambulatory patients, performing procedures, assisting trainees, and performing research. Participants reported limited formal neurological education prior to their job and a need for educational sessions and resources tailored to APPs. Neuroanatomy, neuroimaging, and generating a neurologic differential diagnosis were key knowledge gaps identified. We identified seven informal strategies for on-the-job training, seven challenges to on-the-job training, and factors promoting or threatening job satisfaction. Graded responsibility and clinical mentorship were essential for successful onboarding. APPs desired peer-to-peer mentorship and structured educational opportunities. Conclusions Common challenges and success strategies identified can inform the design of a formal curriculum for onboarding neurology APPs. Our findings suggest an optimal APP training process involves graded responsibility and support for self-directed learning, employs peer mentors, and targets education of the multidisciplinary team including physicians and patients. Our results may inform other institutions recruiting, hiring, and training APPs.
Towards Effective Robot-Teleoperation in Therapy for Children with Autism

Socially assistive robots (SARs) receive a lot of research attention due to their positive impact in a variety of contexts. Importantly, studies have shown that children with autism are much more receptive to SARs in therapy while resulting in similar learning outcomes. Given the sensitive nature of therapy and the current state of autonomous robots, in practice robots are teleoperated by a therapist controlling their motion and dialogue. There is an opportunity to produce more effective teleoperation interfaces of SARs in the context of therapy for children with autism. In this paper, I outline research for improving teleoperation interfaces of SARs through (1) analyzing current teleoperation usage, (2) interviewing therapists about their needs, and (3) implementing and evaluating varied designs for teleoperation interfaces.
Seismic refraction measurements in the Atlantic Ocean Basin (Part one)

A reversed seismic refraction measurement was made 120 miles northwest of Bermuda (400 miles east of Cape Hatteras) in 2,800 fathoms of water. A velocity of 24,800 feet per second (7.58 km/sec.) for the second layer was identified with the ultrabasic layer of earthquake seismology. Assuming a velocity of 5,600 feet per second (1.70 km/sec.), clearly indicated by earlier measurements, a thickness of 4,500 feet was obtained for the sedimentary layer. The granitic and intermediate layers were absent.
Role of Hydrogen in the Energy Sector

The vast depletion of fossil fuels, the increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, and the related environmental hazards represent a growing concern for the mankind. Therefore, over the past few decades, significant efforts have been made to establish hydrogen economy. Hydrogen is a high-efficiency energy carrier, which can lead to zero or near-zero emissions at the point of use. Moreover, it has been technically shown that hydrogen can be used for transportation, heating, and power generation, and could replace current fuels in all the present applications. Besides the challenge of storing hydrogen, development of clean hydrogen production methods is considered as a prime hindrance to establish the hydrogen economy. Here, the focus is to provide a brief overview of all the processes based on both renewable and non-renewable energy sources that have been proposed to produce clean hydrogen.
Seeing more is knowing more: V3D enables real-time 3D visualization and quantitative analysis of large-scale biological image data sets

Everyone understands seeing more is knowing more. However, for large-scale 3D microscopic image analysis, it has not been an easy task to efficiently visualize, manipulate and understand high-dimensional data in 3D, 4D or 5D spaces. We developed a new 3D+ image visualization and analysis platform, V3D, to meet this need. The V3D system provides 3D visualization of gigabyte-sized microscopy image stacks in real time on current laptops and desktops. V3D streamlines the online analysis, measurement and proofreading of complicated image patterns by combining ergonomic functions for selecting a location in an image directly in 3D space and for displaying biological measurements, such as from fluorescent probes, using the overlaid surface objects. V3D runs on all major computer platforms and can be enhanced by software plug-ins to address specific biological problems. To demonstrate this extensibility, we built a V3Dbased application, V3D-Neuron, to reconstruct complex 3D neuronal structures from high-resolution brain images. V3D-Neuron can precisely digitize the morphology of a single neuron in a fruitfly brain in minutes, with about a 17-fold improvement in reliability and tenfold savings in time compared with other neuron reconstruction tools. Using V3D-Neuron, we demonstrate the feasibility of building a high-resolution 3D digital atlas of neurite tracts in the fruitfly brain. V3D can be easily extended using a simple-to-use and comprehensive plugin interface.
Larry Stempel, Showtime: A History of the Broadway Musical Theater and Stacy Wolf, Changed for Good: A Feminist History of the Broadway Musical

Showtime: A History of the Broadway Musical Theater and Changed for Good: A Feminist History of the Broadway Musical can both be used effectively in a variety of music history courses, either as primary texts for classes on the musical theater itself or for assigned readings in other courses. Showtime provides a large-scale systematic view of the genre, while Changed for Good focuses on how female characters are depicted in musicals from the 1950s to the early 2000s.
Derivation of fail-aware membership service specifications

We derive the specification of a primary partition and a partitionable fail-aware node membership service in a top-down fashion. The derived specifications are fail-aware in the sense that each client of a membership server can learn if the server currently provides its standard semantics or an exception semantics because too many failures have occurred. We first propose the specification of an ideal membership service and then transform this ideal specification step by step to derive the two fail-aware specifications that are implementable in timed asynchronous systems. In each step we address an implementation problem or a change in the system/failure model.
CIGARETTE SMOKING AND SERUM SEX HORMONES IN MEN

The relation between cigarette smoking and serum sex hormone concentrations was examined in two samples of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) population. One sample consisted of 121 men at the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania MRFIT center who were followed longitudinally for four years. The other sample was drawn from the entire MRFIT cohort and consisted of 163 MRFIT participants who subsequently developed coronary heart disease and 163 matched controls. The results indicated a positive correlation between cigarette smoking and serum total androstenedione concentration. The association was independent of age, relative weight, alcohol drinking, blood pressure, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Serum total and free testosterone concentrations were positively correlated with cigarette smoking among the longitudinal sample and the controls, but not for the baseline sera from the coronary heart disease cases. This positive correlation was also independent of age, relative weight, alcohol drinking, blood pressure, and HDL cholesterol. There was no association between either serum estradiol or estrone concentrations and cigarette smoking in this population. These observations may have important implications for epidemiologic studies of diseases with significant smoking relations.
Application of the nonparametric c 1 statistical test to radar cross section signature comparisons

The nonparametric rank order c 1 test is proposed and evaluated as a method for obtaining a quantitative, numerical measure of the degree of similarity existing between two radar cross section signatures as a function of aspect angle.
Saturable entry of leukemia inhibitory factor from blood to the central nervous system.

Abstract Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a neurotrophic cytokine now under clinical investigation for its effects on the CNS. We studied its passage across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) from blood to brain and spinal cord. Although a large amount of LIF was reversibly associated with the cerebral vasculature, intact LIF did reach brain parenchyma. Multiple-time regression analysis showed ready access of LIF to the CNS at a rate much faster than that of the vascular marker albumin. Excess LIF inhibited the entry of 125I-LIF after administration i.v. or by in-situ perfusion in blood-free buffer. Efflux of LIF from brain to blood was slower than reabsorption by CSF bulk flow, indicating that LIF tended to be retained in the brain. Although ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and LIF bind to the same receptor complex, CNTF did not cross-inhibit the entry of LIF into the CNS. A monoclonal antibody to LIF, however, abolished the entry of LIF. Our results show that peripherally administered LIF readily enters the brain and spinal cord by a saturable transport system across the BBB that may have biological implications.
Making transparency real? Accounting and popular participation in corruption control

Abstract Accounting, broadly defined, has been the focus of high hopes and expectations for centuries. Classic works of art from The Netherlands, for example, depict the settling of accounts as not only a personal but a civic virtue—as a critical factor in the nation's development and prosperity. In that light it is not surprising that today's anti-corruption groups often see accounting and accountants as obvious parts of the reform repertoire, and as more or less inevitably helping produce better government. But the early successes of accounting had as much to do with the interests and interactions of a small class of elites as with any inherent redemptive qualities of the techniques themselves. A similar logic applies to the contemporary anti-corruption uses of accounting: because the techniques themselves can serve and conceal all manner of interests and agendas, their effectiveness in controlling corruption will depend upon support from active and sustainable reform constituencies. Skilled and rigorous accounting techniques can become a powerful anti-corruption force, but active support from elites and citizens alike must demand that they be dedicated to that agenda.
The Contribution of Mesoscale Motions to the Mass and Heat Fluxes of an Intense Tropical Convective System

Abstract The existence of extensive precipitating anvil clouds in intense tropical convection suggests that vertical air motions associated with the anvil clouds play a significant role in the mass and heat budgets of these systems. This paper uses three different sets of assumptions about the water budget of an idealized mesoscale convective system to test the sensitivity of diagnostic calculations of vertical transports of mass and heat to the inclusion or exclusion of anvil clouds and their associated mesoscale vertical air motions. The properties of the mesoscale updraft and downdraft are evaluated using observations and the results of modeling studies. When a mesoscale updraft and downdraft are included in the diagnostic calculations, the profiles of vertical transports of mass and moist static energy are both qualitatively and quantitatively different from the results when mesoscale vertical air motions are excluded. Inclusion of mesoscale vertical motions in the diagnostic calculations leads to sma...
Novel Low Reflective Index Fluoropolymers based Top Anti-reflective Coatings (TARC) for 193-nm Lithography

Implant lithography, which has up to now utilized 365-nm (i-line) and 248-nm (KrF) light sources, must now turn to 193-nm (ArF) sources. In implant lithography, an anti-reflective material is often used to coat the resist-film. The top anti-reflective coating (abbreviated to TARC) is most often used to reduce CD swing. TARC materials must have low refractive index and water solubility. The TARC materials for used 193-nm use must have very low reflective index and alternatives to perfluorooctylsulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) must be found. We synthesized some novel fluorinated amorphous polymers as 193-nm TARC candidates. Their fundamental properties were characterized, such as transparency and reflective index at 193-nm (wavelength) along with their solubility in water and a standard alkaline developer. High transparency, i.e., k value less than 0.01, and very low reflective index, i.e., lower than n=1.4 at 193-nm wavelength are confirmed. Their dissolution behaviors are studied using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) method. In surprise finding, we find that several of the polymers examined, those that have high fluorine content, dissolved in water. Test results show that the proposed polymers can be applied as top anti reflective coatings.
On the interaction between a turbulent open channel flow and an axial-flow turbine

A laboratory experiment was performed to study the dynamically rich interaction of a turbulent open channel flow with a bed-mounted axial-flow hydrokinetic turbine. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter and a torque transducer were used to simultaneously measure at high temporal resolution the three velocity components of the flow at various locations upstream of the turbine and in the wake region and turbine power, respectively. Results show that for sufficiently low frequencies the instantaneous power generated by the turbine is modulated by the turbulent structure of the approach flow. The critical frequency above which the response of the turbine is decoupled from the turbulent flow structure is shown to vary linearly with the angular frequency of the rotor. The measurements elucidate the structure of the turbulent turbine wake, which is shown to persist for at least fifteen rotor diameters downstream of the rotor, and a new approach is proposed to quantify the wake recovery, based on the growth of the largest scale motions in the flow. Spectral analysis is employed to demonstrate the dominant effect of the tip vortices in the energy distribution in the near-wake region and uncover meandering motions.
Adeno-associated Virus of a Single-polarity DNA Genome Is Capable of Transduction In Vivo

The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a promising vector for gene therapy. Further improvement of the virus for clinical application depends on better understanding of the molecular structure and fate of the vector genome. AAV vectors with wild-type inverted terminal repeats package either the plus- or the minus-strand DNA genomes with equal frequency. By creating a series of deletions within the, we have developed a genetic approach that can generate an AAV vector that packages its single-stranded DNA genome predominantly in a single polarity (99.4%). This novel reagent efficiently transduced muscle, brain and liver in whole animals. The transduction efficiencies were similar to those of the control mixed-polarity vectors. Our results showed that reannealing of plus- and minus-strand DNA was not required for AAV-mediated transduction in vivo, supporting the hypothesis that second-strand DNA synthesis is a primary pathway in converting the single-stranded AAV genome into double-stranded forms. The availability of the single-polarity AAV vector would aid further studies on the mechanism of AAV transduction as well as the application of AAV vector for gene replacement therapy.
Ultrasonic tissue characterization of the upper trapezius muscle in patients with myofascial pain syndrome

Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) are palpable, tender nodules in skeletal muscle that produce symptomatic referred pain when palpated. MTrPs are characteristic findings in myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). The role of MTrPs in the pathophysiology of MPS is unknown. Objective characterization and quantitative measurement of the properties of MTrPs can improve their localization and diagnosis, as well as lead to clinical outcome measures. MTrPs associated with soft tissue neck pain are often found in the upper trapezius muscle. We have previously demonstrated that MTrPs can be visualized using ultrasound imaging. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether texture-based image analysis can differentiate structural heterogeneity of symptomatic MTrPs and normal muscle.
Near-zone scattering by plates, cylinders, and cones

The near-zone monostatic scattered fields of flat plate, circular cylinder, and finite right circular cone targets are considered in this communication. The near-zone scattered fields were measured using a Scientific-Atlanta precision EM field probe, and the near-zone fields were computed using the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). Good agreement between measurements and predictions resulted. These results indicate that the geometrical theory of diffraction is an accurate descriptor of near-zone scattering.
Prediction of surface charge on oxides in salt solutions: Revisions for 1:1 (M+L−) electrolytes

Quantitative characterization of the development of proton surface charge on the surfaces of minerals is necessary for a fundamental understanding of reactions between minerals and aqueous electrolyte solutions. Despite many experimental studies of charge development, few attempts have been made to integrate the results of such studies with a theoretical framework that permits prediction. The present study builds on a theoretical framework to analyze a total of 55 sets of proton surface charge data referring to wide ranges of ionic strengths, and types of electrolyte and oxide. The resulting parameters were interpreted with the aid of crystal chemical, electrostatic, and thermodynamic theory, which enable a number of generalizations. Prediction of values of the pHZPC and ΔpKnθ reduces the number of triple-layer parameters to be estimated. New standard states for the equilibrium constants for electrolyte adsorption (KM+θ and KL−θ) permit direct comparison of samples with a range of surface areas or site densities. Predicted cation binding on high dielectric constant solids (e.g., rutile) shows KM+θ, increasing in the sequence Cs+, Rb+, K+, Na+, Li+. In contrast, on low dielectric constant solids (e.g., amorphous silica), the predicted sequence is Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+. The opposite sequences are attributable to the large solvation energy contribution opposing adsorption on low-dielectric constant solids. Cation and anion binding constants are in general different, which enables direct prediction of the point-of-zero-salt effect (pHPZSE) relative to the pristine point-of-zero charge. The inner and outer capacitances in the triple-layer model (C1 and C2) are predictable parameters consistent with physically reasonable distances and interfacial dielectric constants for water. In summary, all the parameters in the triple-layer model can be estimated with the revised equations of this study, which enables prediction of proton surface charge for any oxide in 1:1 electrolyte solutions independent of experiments. Such predictions can serve as a complement to the experimental study of new oxide/electrolyte systems, or more complex systems, where additional mechanisms of charge development are likely.
The levels of analysis problems and the study of foreign international, and global affairs: A review critique, and another final solution

Discussions about the “levels of analysis problem” have proliferated the field for almost two decades. In 1961, J. David Singer began the discussion in a now classic article. In response to Singer, analysts like Robert Isaak have attacked the Singer interpretation while many others have carelessly or obliviously skirted the issues surrounding the levels of analysis problem. Much of the confusion can be traced to a failure to view the importance of analytical levels in the aggregate analytical process and a failure to differentiate between causal and effectual levels of analysis. Causal levels of analysis are those whose variables or factors are antecedent to a particular behavior; effectual levels are those on which the behavior or phenomena in question actually occur, that is, on which the effect or result of the causal variables manifests itself. With reference to the aggregate analytical process, whenever scholars engage in inquiry they necessarily employ at least one causal and one effectual level of ...
Patterns, Models, and Predictions: Robert MacArthur’s Approach to Ecology

Robert MacArthur’s mathematical ecology is often regarded as ahistorical and has been criticized by historically oriented ecologists and philosophers for ignoring the importance of history. I clarify and defend his approach, especially his use of simple mathematical models to explain patterns in data and to generate predictions that stimulate empirical research. First I argue that it is misleading to call his approach ahistorical because it is not against historical explanation. Next I distinguish three kinds of criticism of his approach and argue that his approach is compatible with the first two of them. Finally, I argue that the third kind of criticism, advanced by Kim Sterelny and Paul Griffiths, is largely irrelevant to MacArthur’s approach.
Comparison of the Tendon Damage Caused by Four Different Anchor Systems Used in Transtendon Rotator Cuff Repair

Objectives. The objective of this study was to compare the damage to the rotator cuff tendons caused by four different anchor systems. Methods. 20 cadaveric human shoulder joints were used for transtendon insertion of four anchor systems. The Healix Peek, Fastin RC, Bio-Corkscrew Suture, and Healix Transtend anchors were inserted through the tendons using standard transtendon procedures. The areas of tendon damage were measured. Results. The areas of tendon damage (mean ± standard deviation, n=7) were 29.1 ± 4.3 mm2 for the Healix Peek anchor, 20.4 ± 2.3 mm2 for the Fastin RC anchor, 23.4 ± 1.2 mm2 for the Bio-Corkscrew Suture anchor, 13.7 ± 3.2 mm2 for the Healix Transtend anchor inserted directly, and 9.1 ± 2.1 mm2 for the Healix Transtend anchor inserted through the Percannula system (P<0.001 or P<0.001, compared to other anchors). Conclusions. In a cadaver transtendon rotator cuff repair model, smaller anchors caused less damage to the tendon tissues. The Healix Transtend implant system caused the least damage to the tendon tissues. Our findings suggest that smaller anchors should be considered when performing transtendon procedures to repair partial rotator cuff tears.
Carrier-added and no-carrier-added syntheses of [18F] spiroperidol and [18F] haloperidol

Syntheses of [18F]haloperidol and [18F]spiroperidol in both no-carrier-added and carrier-added forms have been accomplished. The no-carrier-added [18F]butyrophenone neuroleptics were prepared in low (less than 2%) yield by acid decomposition of aryl piperidine triazenes. Carrier-added 18F-neuroleptics were prepared in better (5-17%) yields by 18F-for-19F nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The preparation of all synthetic precursors, and procedures for radiolabeling are fully described.
Impacts of eustasy and hydro-isostasy on the evolution and landforms of Pacific atolls

Abstract Consideration of eustatic and hydro-isostatic effects on late Quaternary sea levels in the tropical Pacific Ocean indicates that the configuration of modern atolls with emergent annular reef flats is a transient morphology not developed until post-mid-Holocene time. Annular atoll reefs, perched atop carbonate platforms which cap buried volcanic edifices, are underlain by 8–28 m of Holocene limestone disconformably overlying a substratum of last-interglacial or older limestone. Comparable thicknesses (9–23 m) of Holocene sediment are present beneath atoll lagoons that are uniformly
Demonstration of a picosecond optical-phase conjugation-based residue-arithmetic computation.

The use of the optical phase-conjugation (OPC) process for optical residue computation is proposed. By using an OPC-based parallel switching array, various optical position-coded residue-mapping units for carry-free addition, subtraction, and multiplication operations are described. Experimental results obtained with a picosecond mode-locked Nd3+:YAG laser are presented to support the proposal.
Future young patient demand for primary and revision joint replacement: national projections from 2010 to 2030.

Previous projections of total joint replacement (TJR) volume have not quantified demand for TJR surgery in young patients (< 65 years old). We developed projections for demand of TJR for the young patient population in the United States. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to identify primary and revision TJRs between 1993 and 2006, as a function of age, gender, race, and census region. Surgery prevalence was modeled using Poisson regression, allowing for different rates for each population subgroup over time. If the historical growth trajectory of joint replacement surgeries continues, demand for primary THA and TKA among patients less than 65 years old was projected to exceed 50% of THA and TKA patients of all ages by 2011 and 2016, respectively. Patients less than 65 years old were projected to exceed 50% of the revision TKA patient population by 2011. This study underscores the major contribution that young patients may play in the future demand for primary and revision TJR surgery.
Field Release and Evaluation of Archytas marmoratus (Diptera: Tachinidae) Against Larvae of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Whorl Stage Corn

Laboratory-reared adults of the tachinid parasitoid, Archytas marmoratus Townsend, were released and evaluated against larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie) in whorl stage corn during 1986–1988. Resulting rates of parasitism by A. marmoratus on H. zea larvae occurring at 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 per row-m were 58.3, 44.2, and 52.8%, respectively, when about 340 females/ha were released, and 45.9, 38.2, and 32.1%, respectively, when about 170 females/ha were released. In both studies, no significant differences ( P > 0.05) in rates of parasitism were found between host densities. The number of H. zea larvae parasitized by A. marmoratus increased linearly over the range of host densities studied. This suggests that per capita mortality is density-independent and, therefore, should not increase or decrease as host density is varied within the range of early season populations. A. marmoratus females appeared to disperse predominately into the prevailing wind. Rates of A. marmoratus parasitism were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on fourth and fifth instars than on third instars. Approximately 370 and 860 female A. marmoratus /ha would be needed to yield 50 and 80% parasitism of fourth and fifth instars of H. zea , respectively, in 9–14-leaf stage dent corn. Data suggest that A. marmoratus females are highly efficient in finding larvae of H. zea in whorl stage corn, and that rates of parasitism observed in the relatively small release areas are likely far lower than could be expected from sustained releases throughout large corn ecosystems wherein the effects of predominately unilateral movement from release areas would be minimized. With the development of economical methods of mass propagation, A. marmoratus likely could play a major role in the safe, efficient, and selective management of the early season populations of H. zea in whorl stage corn.
Image reconstruction for the NMR echo-planar technique, and for a proposed adaptation to allow continuous data acquisition

Abstract In its two-dimensional form the technique of echo-planar imaging achieves spatial selectivity by means of one static and one switched field gradient. Details of image reconstruction have previously been given only for the case of square-wave switching. A rigorous theoretical analysis of the technique is presented, as a result of which a general reconstruction algorithm, applicable to any form of periodic gradient modulation, is derived. Prior to processing by means of an FFT, the sampled signal is multiplied by a set of precalculated weighting coefficients. Sampling requirements and image resolution are analyzed for the special cases of squarewave and cosinusoidal modulation. It is shown that the algorithm may also be applied when the echo-planar technique is adapted to operate in a steady-state free precession mode.
Cosmic-ray ionization and electroscope-constants as a function of pressure

1. The residual ionization in an electroscope at infinite depth in water, that is, its zero reading, is found to be an inverse function of the pressure. Thus, in a particular electroscope the zero at 1 atmosphere was 5.13 ions cc/sec., while at 30.1 it had fallen to 1.2 ions cc/sec. 2. Also, when in this electroscope the pressure was changed from 1 atmosphere to 30.1 atmospheres the observed ionization current rose but 13.80 fold, which multiplying factor was found the same for gamma rays and for cosmic rays. 3. Both of these pressure effects are shown to be due to lack-of-saturation in high pressure electroscopes, as first explained in Nature of October 3, 1931, by Bowen and the author. 4. From the multiplying factor found in (2) in the measured ionization at Pasadena in this 30 atmosphere high-pressure electroscope, the number of cosmic-ray ions at 1 atmosphere (24°C 74 cm pressure) in this electroscope at Pasadena is found to be fairly accurately 2.63 ions cc/sec. 5. The sea level value of the ionization in this electroscope is 2.48 ions cc/sec.
Electron chemistry and collagen structure.

Electron microscopic observations of deposits of various salts on collagen have demonstrated strong control of their features—size, location, and crystallinity—by the protein. Certain salts acting as catalysts seem to result in removal of selective portions of collagen aggregates by the electron beam of the microscope. These observations suggest that a more involved model of collagen structure than the current one is required. They also suggest further exploration of electron-induced in situ chemical reactions as a tool for ultrastructure research.
Measurements of the local ion temperature gradient in the PLT tokamak and its use in the analysis of the ion energy balance

Local ion temperature gradients were measured at two radial positions in the PLT tokamak by counting the escaping d(d,p)t protons on orbits at closely spaced intervals. A single surface barrier detector was used to make each gradient measurement, eliminating relative calibration uncertainties. The ion thermal diffusivities inferred through ion energy balance with the measured temperature gradients are within a factor of two of the Chang-Hinton neoclassical values for the 3He minority ICRH plasmas.
Analysis of a Sampling Technique Applied to Biological Images

This correspondence examines the classification potential of two techniques based on spiral sampling of binary images of zooplankton. Image pixels are rearranged into a one-dimensional sequence by selecting samples in a spiral manner starting from the edge of the image and proceeding toward the center. The properties of this sample sequence are examined by Fourier transform and correlation techniques, using images from six major zooplankton categories of varying orientation and size. The ability of features extracted from spiral sequences to classify zooplankton samples, and their classification accuracy are investigated.
Genetic algorithm for true negative index in plasmonic metamaterials

We investigate negative index of refraction in plasmonic metamaterials with an emphasis on distinguishing and isolating contributions to negative refraction from spatial dispersion, as a function of metamaterial dimensions on the scale of the wavelength. We explain the design approach using genetic algorithm and provide sample applications including negative refraction.
Synthesis and crystal structure of Mg2PtO4 and Zn2PtO4

Mg2PtO4 and Zn2PtO4 can be synthesized at 850 to 900°C and oxygen pressures of 150 to 200 atm. Both oxides are inverse spinels with unit cell constants of ao = 8.521A and ao = 8.549A for Mg2PtO4 and Zn2PtO4 respectively.
Inferences on process noise in a linear model

Abstract The linear model y = G β + r + ϵ is considered, in which ϵ represents measurement noise, and r represents “process” noise. The two noise terms are assumed to be independent of one another, zero mean, with c o v ( r ) = u 2 C 0 , c o v ( ϵ ) = M . Here, it is assumed that β , u 2 are unknown, but that the matrices C 0 , M are known. Interest here focuses on inferences for the parameter u 2 . This may be viewed as a slight generalization of the weighted least squares model y = X β + ϵ with E ( ϵ ) = 0 , c o v ( ϵ ) = σ 2 W − 1 where W is a known positive definite weighting matrix, and β , σ 2 are unknown. This model finds applications in estimating delays through the ionosphere experienced by signals sent by navigation satellites.
Reducing ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rat island groin flaps by dexamethasone and BW755C

Despite the known effectiveness of anti-inflammatory therapy in reducing reperfusion injury, no studies to date involve the use of anti-inflammatory therapy in reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury in fasciocutaneous flaps. Dexamethasone (a phospholipase A 2 inhibitor) and specific cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors (indomethacin and BW755C) were administered to rats with ischemic island groin (fasciocutaneous) flaps. Significant improvement in ischemic flap survival was found with dexamethasone and BW755C. The mode of action of dexamethasone was not specifically investigated in our study ; however, it may suppress neutrophil function and reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury in its shared ability with BW755C to reduce the formation of leukotrienes. Dexamethasone could be applied in the clinical setting to reduce ischemic flap loss by attenuating the systemic inflammatory response to reperfused ischemic-damaged tissue.
Pay Me Now or Pay Me Later: Analyzing the Relationship Between Bonus and Promotion Incentives

Building on agency and power theories, this study addresses the relationship between bonuses and promotions. The author tests whether these incentives are traded off, reflecting a balance between i...
Diagnostic guidelines for IgG4-related disease with a focus on histopathological criteria

Abstract IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an under recognized, protean, multiorgan fibro-inflammatory condition of unknown aetiology that is defined by its unique histopathological features, that are fairly similar regardless of the affected organ. Patients with IgG4-RD also share certain clinical features: a tendency for formation of mass lesion(s), frequent elevations in their serum IgG4 concentration, as well as an excellent response to glucocorticoid treatment. The 3 key histologic features of IgG4-RD are: 1) dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, 2) fibrosis, arranged at least focally in a storiform pattern, and 3) obliterative phlebitis. The diagnosis of IgG4-RD requires both these characteristic histologic features as well as elevated numbers of IgG4 positive plasma cells. Neither elevations in serum IgG4 concentrations nor increased tissue IgG4-plasma cells are in themselves sufficient for the diagnosis, and histopathology remains the key to the accurate diagnosis of IgG4-RD.
Deoxyribose nucleic acid in a haploid-diploid species (Steatococcus tuberculatus Morrison).

The chromosomal content of nuclei of four tissues in males and females ofSteatococcus tuberculatus, a haploid-diploid species, was determined at each instar by means of cytophotometric measurement of the Feulgen nucleal reaction. Volumes of nuclei were calculated, and, wherever possible, chromosome counts were made. The results are summarized on pages 248–249. 1. It has been shown that hypodermal cells of the male have the haploid number of chromosomes, and that, as determined by DNA measurements, these chromosomes have the same valence as chromosomes in the female hypodermis. Neither a change in valence, nor in the number of chromosomes is essential to the viability of this tissue. 2. In the fat body, wax glands and Malpighian tubules the original 1∶2 ratio in chromosome content between male and female nuclei is replaced by ratios of 1∶1, 2∶1, and 1∶4 respectively. A sex-differential polyploidization, sensu latu, varying from tissue to tissue is thus demonstrated. 3. A definite correlation between secretory activity of the wax glands and the DNA content of the nuclei of wax gland cells has been demonstrated, but a causal relationship between the two has not been proven. 4. Nuclear volume has been shown to have no direct relation to DNA content even in polysomatic tissue. Changes in nuclear volume, correlated with age and feeding habits, and independent of DNA content, have been demonstrated in certain tissues of the male.
Wavelength modulation spectroscopy of water vapor and line center stabilization at 1.462 μm for lidar applications

Wavelength modulation spectroscopy was employed to investigate water vapor absorption lines in the 1.462 micrometer wavelength region using an external-cavity diode laser. These measurements were necessary in the development of a lidar (light detection and ranging) instrument for differential absorption measurement of the concentration and movement of water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere. Differential absorption measurements require that the laser frequency remain stable throughout the duration of the measurement. To ensure this stability, the laser output wavelength is monitored and a feedback control loop set up to minimize laser line drift. Three lines were investigated in the 1.462 micrometer region. The first-harmonic spectroscopic signal of the strongest of these lines was used as an error signal for the stabilization feedback loop. The derivative-like nature of harmonic signals provides a zero crossing for odd harmonics which can be used to determine the polarity of the requisite feedback voltage and compensate the laser wavelength accordingly. The feedback control loop utilized the virtual instrument capabilities of Labview and locking to within plus or minus 5.2 MHz was achieved using this method.
An improved assay for cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase activity using phospholipid liposome solubilized substrate

A persistent problem in measurement of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (7α-OHase) activity by isotope incorporation has been solubilization of cholesterol substrate. Solubilization with Tween 20, for example, resulted in a 75% reduction in 7α-OHase activity after a 60 min incubation of substrate with microsomes. Incorporation of cholesterol substrate into small, unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) prevented this effect, resulting in a 50% increase in activity over the same 60 min incubation at optimal concentrations. Using cholesterol in liposomes as substrate, standard assay conditions were determined to be: preparation of liposomes with 180 μM cholesterol substrate and 0.5 mg phospholipid/assay; incubation of these liposomes with 0.5 mg microsomal protein at 37 C for 60 min; addition of a NADPH generating system to start the reaction, and incubation at 37 C for 30 min before stopping the reaction and determining the amount of 7α-hydroxycholesterol formed. In addition to preventing the detergent-related inhibition of the enzyme, liposome-solubilized substrate also reduced the variation among replicates from a coefficient of 45% with Tween 20 to 4.2% with phospholipid. This method provides a sensitive and reliable alternative to methods which require more sophisticated equipment and allows total control of substrate concentration in a form readily accessible to the enzyme.
The Relationship between Vertical, Diapycnal, and Isopycnal Velocity and Mixing in the Ocean General Circulation

Abstract On ocean general circulation scales, vertical velocity w is extremely small, O(10−5) smaller than the horizontal velocity in scale. Nevertheless, it is of great importance to advective–diffusive and vorticity balances. In order to better understand the relationship between the cross-isopycnal (diapycnal) velocity, the mixing, and w, in a nonideal ocean in which some mixing and density sources are present, the velocity vector is decomposed into isopycnal and diapycnal components. Applying this decomposition to the exact continuity (mass conservation) equation, it is shown that while the diapycnal divergence is in principle the first correction to the isopycnal divergence for general circulation scales, the observational uncertainties in the isopycnal velocity are large enough that the diapycnal divergence cannot in practice be determined. Using these results, the horizontally averaged near-vertical (diapycnal) velocity computed by Wunsch et al. in a model of the South Pacific (28–43°S) is reconsid...
Recent progress toward epigenetic therapies: the example of mixed lineage leukemia

The importance of epigenetic gene regulatory mechanisms in normal and cancer development is increasingly evident. Genome-wide analyses have revealed the mutation, deletion, and dysregulated expression of chromatin-modifying enzymes in a number of cancers, including hematologic malignancies. Genome-wide studies of DNA methylation and histone modifications are beginning to reveal the landscape of cancer-specific chromatin patterns. In parallel, recent genetic loss-of-function studies in murine models are demonstrating functional involvement of chromatin-modifying enzymes in malignant cell proliferation and self-renewal. Paradoxically, the same chromatin modifiers can, depending on cancer type, be either hyperactive or inactivated. Increasingly, cross talk between epigenetic pathways is being identified. Leukemias carrying MLL rearrangements are quintessential cancers driven by dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms in which fusion proteins containing N-terminal sequences of MLL require few or perhaps no additional mutations to cause human leukemia. Here, we review how recent progress in the field of epigenetics opens potential mechanism-based therapeutic avenues.
Comparative effect of phenaglycodol, meprobamate, and a placebo on the irritable colon; a double-blind study.

1. In a double-blind study, groups of 45 patients with irritable colon were given 300 mg. phenaglycodol, 400 mg. meprobamate, and a placebo. The patients were chosen at random.
The national forum on nonindustrial private forest lands

A National Forum for Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners was convened by Secretary John B. Crowell, Jr. of the U.S. Department of Agriculture in St. Louis, Missouri from 31 October to 3 November 1983. Using the Interactive Management approach, an Agenda was designed, whereby the Forum would be conducted with the specific intent to achieve consensus on a wide variety of issues, and to ensure ample opportunity for the Participants to make their views heard. In view of the fact that there were 160 Participants, of whom about 20 were designated as Active Participants, the achievements of this Forum, reported in this paper, were remarkable. The Active Participants were engaged directly in the identification, structuring, and resolution of public policy issues confronting the Forestry Community, while the Supportive Participants were able to observe the facilitated discourse by means of TV monitors dispersed throughout the conference room. Numerous caucuses were held, whereby Supportive Participants gave their views to the Active Participants. One of the most positive and productive outcomes of the Forum was the engagement, for the first time, of the various segments of the Forestry Community in collecting ideas on problems and opportunities, developing options for realizing those opportunities, and deciding who should act on those opportunities.
A radioimmunoassay for Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) thymidine kinase

A sensitive RIA for HSV-1 thymidine kinase (TK) has been developed. This assay is based on competition for the binding site of a rabbit antibody against purified HSV-1 TK, between a purified /sup 3/H-labeled HSV-1 TK and a sample containing an unknown amount of viral TK. The assay is capable of detecting 8 ng or more of the HSV enzyme. Purified HSV-1 TK denatured to <1% of its original kinase activity is as effective in binding to the antibody as is native HSV-1 TK. Viral TK is detectable at ranges of 150-460 ng/mg protein of cell extract from infected cells or cells transformed by HSV or HSV genetic material. HSV-2 TK appears highly cross-reactive, VZV TK is slightly less so, and the vaccinia TK shows little or no cross-reactivity. This RIA may serve as a tool for monitoring the expression of the HSV TK during an active herpes virus infection, a latent ganglionic infection, or in neoplastic cells which may have arisen by viral transformation.
Interactions between SiC fibers and a titanium alloy during infrared liquid infiltration

The rapid interaction between SiC fibers (SCS-0) and a liquid titanium alloy has been investigated using an infrared processing technique. Experimental results revealed that disso-lution of the fibers in the alloy occurred within seconds without forming a continuous layer of reaction products at the interface. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that SiC is unstable in the presence of liquid titanium and dissociates into Si and C in the metal. With increasing carbon concentration, TiC will form when the carbon solubility limit in Ti is exceeded. The Ti-rich corner of the Ti-Si-C phase diagram with supercooled liquid Ti at 1300 °C was used to illustrate the tendency of TiC formation in this system. The fiber-matrix interface comprised two distinct morphologies: uniform dissolution fronts and scalloped dissolution fronts. The uniformly dis-solved domains are believed to be caused by an isothermal dissolution mechanism controlled by a zeroth-order chemical reaction, whereas the scalloped interfaces are believed to be caused by an accelerated dissolution mechanism resulting from localized heating. A model employing heat balance and reaction kinetics indicates that the conditions for accelerated dissolution are satisfied by the observed dissolution rates in the scalloped domains.