cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transforms in Statistics

It is not an overstatement to say that statistics is based on various transformations of data. Basic statistical summaries such as the sample mean, variance, z-scores, histograms, etc., are all transformed data. Some more advanced summaries, such as principal components, periodograms, empirical characteristic functions, etc., are also examples of transformed data. To give a just coverage of transforms utilized in statistics will take a size of a monograph. In this chapter we will focus only on several important transforms with the emphasis on novel multiscale transforms (wavelet transforms and its relatives).
The safety and efficacy of oral docosahexaenoic acid supplementation for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis – a pilot study

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 255–265 Summary Background Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterised by progressive inflammatory and fibrotic destruction of the biliary ducts. There are no effective medical therapies and presently high dose ursodeoxycholic acid is no longer recommended due to significant adverse events in a recent clinical trial. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) dysfunction is associated with PSC in both children and adults. Since CFTR dysfunction leads to altered fatty acid metabolism, specifically reduced docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), we hypothesised that DHA supplementation might be an effective therapy for patients with PSC. Aim To determine the safety and efficacy of oral DHA supplementation for the treatment of PSC. Methods We conducted a 12 month open-label pilot study to evaluate safety of oral DHA and its effects on serum alkaline phosphatase as a primary outcome measure in 23 patients with PSC. DHA was administered orally at 800 mg twice per day. Secondary outcomes included changes in other liver function tests and fibrosis biomarkers. Results A 1.7-fold increase in serum DHA levels was observed with supplementation. The mean alkaline phosphatase level (±S.E.) at baseline was 357.8 ± 37.1 IU compared to 297.1 ± 23.7 IU (P < 0.05) after 12 months of treatment. There were no changes in other liver function tests and fibrosis biomarkers. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions Oral DHA supplementation is associated with an increase in serum DHA levels and a significant decline in alkaline phosphatase levels in patients with PSC. These data support the need for a rigorous trial of DHA therapy in PSC.
Introduction: Transatlantic Governance in Historical and Theoretical Perspective

In this introduction to our book Transatlantic Governance in the Global Economy, we examine the record of transatlantic economic relations, at three levels: the intergovernmental level, where chiefs of government and other high level officials negotiate on behalf of the United States’ and European Union’s respective interests, as determined by internal domestic processes; the transgovernmental level, where lower-level domestic officials work with their transatlantic counterparts on specific issues to coordinate and harmonize domestic policies; and the transnational level, where private actors, including business representatives and other constituents, coordinate efforts to advance their respective goals. Each of these three levels corresponds to a specific body of theory in international relations, including neoliberal regime theory and two-level games, transgovernmental and network approaches, and transnational and global civil society approaches, respectively. We examine two primary sets of questions. First, we seek to explain the development of new and increasingly elaborate mechanisms for transatlantic governance, asking what is new about these mechanisms, and why these actors opted for intensive bilateral cooperation at this time. Put concisely, these three questions ask, “what’s new?” “why transatlantic?” and “why now?” Second, we ask about the nature of cooperation at each of the three levels identified above. Section I places the transatlantic economic relationship in historical and global context. Section II reviews the literature on each of the three theoretical perspectives and provides clear definitions of intergovernmentalism, transgovernmentalism, and transnationalism to guide the analysis. Section III introduces the nine substantive chapters of the volume, divided symmetrically so that three chapters address each level of analysis.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Diethyl (R)‐(−)‐(1‐Amino‐3‐Methylbutyl)Phosphonate

Asymmetric synthesis of diethyl (R)-(−)-(1-amino-3-methylbutyl)phosphonate intermediate: (R)-(−)-1-Amino-1-phenyl-2-methoxyethane (2) intermediate: Diethyl (R)-(−)-[1-((N-(R)-(1-phenyl-2-methoxyethyl)amino)-3-methylbutyl)]phosphonate (4) product: Diethyl (R)-(−)-(1-amino-3-methylbutyl)phosphonate (5) reactant: diethyl phosphite (29.3 g, 212.1 mmol) product: (S)-(+)-Phosphovaline diethyl ester product: (S)-(+)-phosphoalanine diethyl ester product: (S)-(+)-phosphoserine diethyl ester product: (R)-(−)-Phospholeucine product: (S)-(−)-Phosphomethionine product: (R)-(+)-Phosphomethionine product: (R)-(−)-Phosphoglutamic acid product: (R)-(−)-Phospho(phenylglycine) Keywords: addition, to CN; addition, to CO; addition, miscellaneous; alkylation, O-alkylation; cleavage, dealkylation; cleavage, reductive; deprotection, nitrogen; enamine or imine formation; etherification; phosphonation; stereoselective reactions, diastereoselective; stereoselective reactions, enantioselective
Effect of Dietary Fiber Components on Fecal Nitrogen Excretion and Protein Utilization in Growing Rats

The effects of purified fiber components and wheat bran on several indices of protein utilization were determined in growing rats. A control diet containing 10% casein was diluted with either cellulose (C), pectin (P), lignin (L), guar gum (G), or wheat bran (W) at fiber levels ranging from 3% to 20%. All fibers except C caused a decrease in net protein ratio (NPR) as compared to the control casein diet. This depression in NPR increased as the dietary fiber level increased. Apparent and true nitrogen digestibilities also decreased with all fibers at all levels. At the highest level of fiber (20%) the depression was greater for G and W and was least for C. NPR when divided by digestibility (analogous to biological value) decreased with P,L, W (all levels) and G (20% level) but not with C. When rats were fed fiber without protein, there was increased excretion of endogenous fecal nitrogen with all fibers at all levels. The results demonstrate that fiber(s) affected protein utilization as measured by NPR, digestibility and endogenous fecal nitrogen excretion and that the negative effect increased with the level of fiber consumed.
Mediation of Some Effects of Illumination on the Rat Estrous Cycle by the Sympathetic Nervous System

When mature rats are placed in continuous illumination, their “incidence of estrus” (percentage of daily vaginal smears showing proestrus, estrus or metestrus) is enhanced; darkness has the opposite effect. Removal of the eyes or of both superior cervical ganglia blocks this effect of light. These procedures also eliminate the light-induced hypertrophy of the ovaries and the uterus and prevent the associated decreases in pineal weight and melatonin-synthesizing ability. These findings demonstrate that the autonomic nervous system plays a role in the regulation of the rat estrous cycle, and suggest that this role may involve control of melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland. (Endocrinology 75: 266, 1964)
Supernovae and molecular clouds

IN a study of the CO distribution in the Galaxy, Bash and Peters1 concluded that there is an upper limit of 30 Myr to the age of stellar systems which contain CO. Younger systems, launched by the impulse of the density wave show abundant CO emission. Systems which have existed for longer than 30 Myr display no CO emission. Based on their initial observations, Bash and Peters predicted that there would be a correlation between the presence of CO emission and the turnoff in open clusters. Observations by Green confirm this prediction2 showing CO emission in at least 24 of 28 clusters with turnoff earlier than spectral type BO and no evidence of CO emission in 35 of 38 clusters with turnoff later than BO. We suggest that there is a critical mass Mcrit such that for M > Mcrit stars do not evolve to an explosive phase and hence the surrounding molecular cloud is substantially unaffected by the evolving stars. As the system ages, the most massive star with M < Mcrit finally evolves to an explosive endpoint and the resulting supernova dissipates the dense molecular cloud. From the cluster observations we identify Mcrit ∼ 15–20M⊙, the mass of a BO star (ref. 3 and E. Green, private communication), although there is some uncertainty in luminosity class.
An Exploratory Crossover Study of Learner Perceptions of Use of Audio in Multimedia-Based Tutorials

While multimedia-based training is prevalent in education, previous studies do not reach consensus on its application. This discrepancy might be due to the fact that multimedia programs implemented in various training programs are very diverse. A multimedia program might include graphics, animation, video, audio, and interactive exercises. This exploratory study is not a bold attempt to answer the question regarding all features of multimedia; rather, the focus has been narrowed down to the audio component of multimedia. It was found that even if audio neither hinders nor helps multimedia learning, a tutorial with audio can hold users' interest and help develop positive perceptions of the presented material, but it is suggested that instructional designers should consider placing rich media content in the later section of the learning sequence, especially when audio can only be used sporadically.
Foxo1 directly regulates the transcription of recombination-activating genes during B cell development

Regulated expression of the recombinase RAG-1 and RAG-2 proteins is necessary for generating the vast repertoire of antigen receptors essential for adaptive immunity. Here, a retroviral cDNA library screen showed that the stress-regulated protein GADD45a activated transcription of the genes encoding RAG-1 and RAG-2 in transformed pro-B cells by a pathway requiring the transcription factor Foxo1. Foxo1 directly activated transcription of the Rag1-Rag2 locus throughout early B cell development, and a decrease in Foxo1 protein diminished the induction of Rag1 and Rag2 transcription in a model of receptor editing. We also found that transcription of Rag1 and Rag2 was repressed at the pro-B cell and immature B cell stages by the kinase Akt through its 'antagonism' of Foxo1 function. Thus, Foxo1 is a key regulator of Rag1 and Rag2 transcription in primary B cells.
The use of enzyme histochemistry in detecting cutaneous toxicity of three topically applied jet fuel mdttures.

The purpose of this study was to assess cutaneous enzyme activity in response to topical exposure to jet fuel, using enzyme histochemistry to analyze alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), and nonspecific esterase (NSE) in the skin of pigs. Yorkshire pigs were exposed to Jet-A, JP-8, and JP-8(100) fuels for 5 h, 24 h, and 5 days under occluded Hill Top chambers (25 muL), nonoccluded conditions (25 muL), and occluded fabric conditions (335 muL). For ALP, the fabric Jet-A, JP-8, and JP-8(100) were significantly more intense (p < .05) than control sites in the stratum basale layer. ACP staining showed a general increase between 24 h and 5 days in most layers in the Hill Top chamber experiment, but no treatment effects. The sites of nonoccluded fabric involving JP-8 and JP-8(100) demonstrated significantly more staining (p < .05) of NSE than at control sites at 24 h in both the stratum spinosum and stratum basale layers. In addition, NSE staining at 5 days at the site where the fabric was dosed with JP-8 and JP-8(100) was significantly greater (p < .05) than in the occluded-fabric control site in the stratum granulosum layer. The increased distribution and significant difference in staining by these enzymes in jet fuel-treated skin across many layers (particularly ALP) strongly supports the conclusion that enzyme histochemistry can be used effectively as an early biomarker of cellular injury.
Relationship quality in long-term marriages: A comparison of high quality and low quality marriages

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship dynamics in long-term marriages. Proposive samples of marriage enrichment couples and marital and family therapy client couples married for 40 or more years are compared with regard to level of marital quality. Composite case studies are presented to illustrate differences in marital styles of the two groups. A typology is constructed which identifies relationship dynamics variables that differentiate high quality and low quality marriages.
Mutations in BALB mitochondrial DNA induce CCL20 up-regulation promoting tumorigenic phenotypes

mtDNA mutations are common in human cancers and are thought to contribute to the process of neoplasia. We examined the role of mtDNA mutations in skin cancer by generating fibroblast cybrids harboring a mutation in the gene encoding the mitochondrial tRNA for arginine. This somatic mutation (9821insA) was previously reported in UV-induced hyperkeratotic skin tumors in hairless mice and confers specific tumorigenic phenotypes to mutant cybrids. Microarray analysis revealed and RT-PCR along with Western blot analysis confirmed the up-regulation of CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 in mtBALB haplotype containing the mt-Tr 9821insA allele compared to wild type mtB6 haplotype. Based on reported role of CCL20 in cancer progression we examined whether the hyper-proliferation and enhanced motility of mtBALB haplotype would be associated with CCL20 levels. Treatment of both genotypes with recombinant CCL20 (rmCCL20) resulted in enhanced growth and motility of mtB6 cybrids. Furthermore, the acquired somatic alteration increased the in vivo tumor growth of mtBALB cybrids through the up-regulation of CCL20 since neutralizing antibody significantly decreased in vivo tumor growth of these cells; and tumors from anti-CCL20 treated mice injected with mtBALB cybrids showed significantly decreased CCL20 levels. When rmCCL20 or mtBALB cybrids were used as chemotactic stimuli, mtB6 cybrids showed increased motility while anti-CCL20 antibody decreased the migration and in vivo tumor growth of mtBALB cybrids. Moreover, the inhibitors of MAPK signaling and NF-κB activation inhibited CCL20 expression in mtBALB cybrids and decreased their migratory capabilities. Thus, acquired mtDNA mutations may promote tumorigenic phenotypes through up-regulation of chemokine CCL20.
Distensibility of the esophagogastric junction assessed with the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP™) in achalasia patients

Background The functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP), measures esophagogastric junction (EGJ) distensibility (cross-sectional area/luminal pressure) during volume-controlled distension. The aim of this study is to apply this tool to the assessment of the EGJ in untreated and treated achalasia patients and to compare EGJ distensibility with other diagnostic tools utilized in managing achalasia. Methods Findings from FLIP, high-resolution manometry (HRM), timed barium esophagram, and symptom assessment by Eckardt Score (ES) were compared in 54 achalasia patients (23 untreated, 31 treated). Twenty healthy volunteers underwent FLIP as a comparator group. The EGJ distensibility index (EGJ-DI) was defined at the ‘waist’ of the FLIP bag during volumetric distension, expressed in mm2 mmHg−1. The ES was used to gauge treatment outcome: good response < 3 or poor response ≥ 3. Key Results Of the 31 treated patients, 17 had good and 14 poor treatment response. The EGJ-DI was significantly different among groups, greatest in the control subjects and least in the untreated patients; patients with good treatment response had significantly greater EGJ-DI than untreated or patients with poor response. The correlations between EGJ-DI and ES and integrated relaxation pressure on HRM were significant. Conclusions & Inferences The FLIP provided a useful measure of EGJ distensibility in achalasia patients that correlated with symptom severity. The measurement of EGJ distensibility was complementary to existing tests suggesting a potentially important role in the clinical management of achalasia.
Superconducting vortex avalanches, voltage bursts, and vortex plastic flow: Effect of the microscopic pinning landscape on the macroscopic properties

Using large-scale simulations on parallel processors, we analyze in detail the dynamical behavior of superconducting vortices undergoing avalanches. In particular, we quantify the effect of the pinning landscape on the macroscopic properties of vortex avalanches and vortex plastic flow. These dynamical instabilities are triggered when the external magnetic field is increased slightly, and are thus driven by a flux gradient rather than by thermal effects. The flux profiles, composed of rigid flux lines that interact with 100 or more vortices, are maintained in the Bean critical state and do not decay away from it. By directly determining vortex positions during avalanches in the plastically moving lattice, we find that experimentally observable voltage bursts correspond to the pulsing movement of vortices along branched channels or winding chains in a manner reminiscent of lightning strikes. This kind of motion cannot be described by elastic theories. We relate the velocity field and cumulative patterns of vortex flow channels with statistical quantities, such as distributions of avalanche sizes. Samples with a high density of strong pinning sites produce very broad avalanche distributions. Easy-flow vortex channels appear in samples with a low pinning density, and typical avalanche sizes emerge in an otherwise broad distribution of sizes. We observe a crossover from interstitial motion in narrow channels to pin-to-pin motion in broad channels as pin density is increased.
Search for the production of the final states tau + tau -e+e-, tau + tau - micro+ micro-, and tau + tau - pi + pi - in e+e- collisions at sqrt s =29 GeV.

We have searched for the reaction e+e-, where f is either an electron, muon, or charged pion, at s =29 GeV using the Mark II detector at the SLAC PEP storage ring. One candidate event is found while 2.3 events are expected from known processes. We would expect to see 11 events if the cross section for e+e- at s=29 GeV were enhanced by the factor of 4.7 which the ALEPH Collaboration reports for s=91 GeV. We also look for e+e- and e+e-, and for e+e-, using a similar analysis procedure, and see the number of events predicted by the standard model. © 1992 The American Physical Society.
Homophily in the Digital World: A LiveJournal Case Study

Are two users more likely to be friends if they share common interests? Are two users more likely to share common interests if they're friends? The authors study the phenomenon of homophily in the digital world by answering these central questions. Unlike the physical world, the digital world doesn't impose any geographic or organizational constraints on friendships. So, although online friends might share common interests, a priori there's no reason to believe that two users with common interests are more likely to be friends. Using data from LiveJournal, the authors show that the answer to both questions is yes.
DISTRIBUTION OF JUVENILE DELINQUENT INTELLIGENCE TEST SCORES OVER A THIRTY-FOUR YEAR PERIOD (N=51,808).

Data collected at the Juvenile Court of Cuyahoga County show that a marked increase in the IQ scores of 51,808 juveniles tested during the past 34 years, has occurred. Whereas the mean IQ score from 1929 through 1934 was 80.0, the mean IQ from 1957 through 1962 was 92.1. A detailed analysis of the data revealed that there are apparently at least two reasons for this increase. The most marked increase in IQ scores appears to have been the consequence of changes in the tests employed and, in particular, the replacement of the 1916 Binet by more sensitive tests with higher ceilings. A second source of increase in IQ status appears to have occurred because of non-test related factors resulting in a slight, but genuine improvement in the intellectual calibre of the children tested. This pattern of fluctuating but gradual improvement is possibly due to social and other conditions increasingly favorable to intellectual growth and development.
Report on the Conditions of Public Service Broadcasting

In this article, the authors explore the relationship between the philosophical principles on which the institutions of public broadcasting rest and their contemporary conditions. The questions are, In what ways is public service broadcasting (PSB) changing in the contemporary audiovisual environment? How is the contradiction between commercial needs and the public service mission being articulated? Which paradigms are shaping the practices surrounding PSB institutions? To answer these questions, the authors analyzed the trends toward digitalization and funding in selected broadcasters: the British Broadcasting Corporation, Radiotelevisione Italiana, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. After discussing claims that PSB organizations have been enjoying a period of relative stability, the authors conclude that the broadcasters' resilience is mainly due to their readiness to embrace competition and commercialism; as a result, public broadcasters are losing their...
From GIS to neogeography: ontological implications and theories of truth

Neogeography has emerged as a descriptive and analytical tool for large numbers of people outside of academia, a process catalyzed by digital mapping technologies and the social networking practices of Web 2.0. This article examines the ontological and epistemological implications of this transition. It argues that neogeography has democratized GIS practices, facilitated the adoption of relational views of space and place, and broadened the ontological scope of GIS. Neogeography also poses epistemological challenges to the dominant theory of truth, in particular advancing a shift away from the correspondence model of truth toward consensus and performative interpretations. While recognizing the multiple unintended consequences of neogeographical practices, neogeography is held to be as a useful means for charting geographic space in light of intense postmodern time–space compression.
THE INCIDENCE OF NEPHROLITHIASIS IN PATIENTS WITH SPINAL NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS

AbstractPurpose: Bladder stones are common in patients with spinal neural tube defects but there are little data on the incidence of renal calculi in this population. We examined the incidence, nature and risk factors of nephrolithiasis in our clinic population of patients with neural tube defects.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts and radiological studies of 327 patients followed at our neural tube defects clinic with routine radiological imaging of the urinary tract. Additional confirmatory studies were performed when stones were noted.Results: Renal calculi were identified in 20 patients with neural tube defects (6.1%). The incidence of nephrolithiasis increased with age. Renal stones were noted in 19 patients (10.7%) 12 years old or older. Management of the stones in these patients resulted in overall 53% stone-free and 87% recurrence rates after intervention. Major risk factors for new and/or recurrent renal stone formation were bacteriuria in 95% of the cases, lower urinar...
Heating for industrial liquid coating applications

Twenty years ago, the coating of most objects was fairly straightforward, the materials were basic and easily applied, solids contents of 20-30% were common, and application tools were fairly limited. If you wanted the best finish, it was air spray; if you wanted fast application, it was airless; and in the high-tech world of the automotive industry, it was electrostatics. Materials were formulated for application ease and the control was left to the painters. Today, however, stability in coatings is history, and change is a common occurrence. Some materials can change characteristics container to container and we have to learn how to deal with it. Are the material suppliers to blame for this? Certainly not! Change is a factor of our environment. The change can be seen in our family, work life, and everyday activities. The change to our materials in the coating industry is primarily a result of the change in attitudes toward the environment and how we treat our world. The most profound effect on the coating of today has resulted from the enactment of the Clean Air Act of 1990. This accelerated the trend to get more material on faster by now emphasizing the reduction of polluting materials typically found in coating material-the solvents. These materials are called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the control of these VOCs is the intent of this new Act. The solids level on coatings now is considered unacceptable if under 50% and is typically approaching the 60% and 70% level. As the solvents decrease, the chemists are forced into changes in the chemistry of these high-solids coatings; mere removal of the solvent is not possible. The resultant here is the probable increase in viscosity of the material. This increase in viscosity can contribute to the increased energy that is required for atomization and can cause a reduction in overall transfer efficiency at the applicator. High-solids coatings offer new challenges to the user. Fluid control of both viscosity and pressure are critical to the application. This article looks at what can be done to stabilize these coatings before their application and how you can apply heat to affect these changes.
Stark effect of adsorbate vibrations

Abstract The theory of the vibrational Stark effect of adsorbates is discussed. In particular, the reported linear variation of CO vibrational frequency with potential difference across the Pt-electrolyte interface is shown to be consistent with a recent measurement of the Stark tuning rate of CO on Ni [110] in UHV and the differential capacitance of the Pt-electrolyte interface. We also demonstrate that the Stark tuning rate of CO on Ni [110] is itself in agreement with theoretical prediction. Our vibrational Hamiltonian applies to atomic adsorbates and molecules. It relates frequency shifts of the adsorbate to the local electric field at an adsorbate free surface.
Late gastric carcinoma developing after surgery for benign conditions. Endoscopic and histologic studies of the anastomosis and diagnostic problems.

Seven cases of late carcinoma developing in the stomach after surgery for benign conditions are presented. Gastroscopic biopsies demonstrated a higher incidence of atrophic gastritis in these patients than in a control group, and frequent polypoid formation at or near the anastomotic site. These changes were seen more often in patients with gastrojejunostomy than in patients with the Billroth I operation. Since the radiographic approach was unsatisfactory, the value of gastroscopy, and of cytology and biopsy under direct vision is emphasized to detect this complication in its early stage.
Nucleon-Nucleon Potential in Similar Configurations

Calculations have been made on pair nuclei in order to obtain an effective interaction for the same shell of each pair. For the pair nuclei ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}$ and ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{92}$ $s$ and $d$ shells are considered, and for the pair nuclei ${\mathrm{Be}}^{10}$ and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}$ the $p$ shell is considered. It is shown that it is impossible to derive a unique effective interaction for the $s$ and $d$ shells due to insufficient information on the low-lying levels of ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{92}$. However, a Gaussian potential with range ${r}_{0}=1.47$ F and a nuclear force strength ${v}_{0}=\ensuremath{-}51$ MeV gives information concerning the effective interaction for the pair nuclei ${\mathrm{Be}}^{10}$ and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}$.
Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein from rat kidney.

A calcium-binding protein has been partially purified from rat kidney. It is found in the cortex, but not in the medulla. It is Vitamin D-dependent, as it occurs in normal, but not in Vitamin D-deficient rats. The molecular weight is 28 000, more than twice that of the Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding proteins from rat intestinal mucosa. The apparent dissociation constant of the partially purified renal calcium-binding protein is approx. 10−5 M.
Aneurysm formation after the Norwood procedure: case report and review of the literature.

CLINICAL SUMMARY A 24-year-old woman who had undergone staged reconstruction consisting of a Norwood procedure with a 4-mm central shunt and ultimately a fenestrated Fontan circulation was seen at an outside hospital for 3 days of intense, persistent left shoulder and chest pain associated with emesis. After myocardial ischemia had been excluded, a transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated moderate ventricular dysfunction, aortic insufficiency, and aortic enlargement. This prompted a chest computed tomographic scan that revealed an 8.4 3 10.1-cm aneurysm of the neoaortic arch containing mural thrombus and partially compressing the left main stem bronchus (Figure 1, A-C). She never had obvious symptoms related to the aneurysm and had been able to carry a pregnancy to term 4 years before her diagnosis. Once the neoaortic aneurysm was identified, that patient was started on an esmolol hydrochloride (INN esmolol) infusion for blood pressure control and transferred to our institution, where she was taken to the operating room for urgent repair. After induction of anesthesia and establishment of arterial and venous access, the right femoral vessels were cannulated and cardiopulmonary bypass was commenced in anticipation of a difficult mediastinal dissection. Because the aneurysm wall was adherent to the posterior table of the sternum and could not be dissected
Effect of the injection medium upon the biological response to parathyroid hormone

Male Wistar rats weighing approximately 115–120 gm. were parathyroidectomized and maintained on a house diet. Four days later, after an initial blood sample was obtained, they received a known amount of parathormone A (purified hydrochloric acid gland extracts) or parathormone B (purified acetic acid extracts) either suspended or dissolved in one of several injection media. They were bled again three, six, nine, twelve, fifteen, eighteen, or twenty-four hours later. The concentration of calcium in the initial and final blood samples was determined, and the results plotted as increase in plasma calcium concentration versus time. It was found that 1) the duration of the biological response was dependent upon the injection medium, being longest when the hormone was given as a suspension in oil and shortest when given in isotonic saline; 2) the magnitude of the response, following the injection of PTH-B was dependent upon the injection medium, this effect being apparent as early as three hours after the test ...
Inflammatory cytokines interact to modulate extracellular matrix and astrocytic support of neurite outgrowth.

Following injury to the central nervous system, an astroglial scar forms that is thought to impede neuronal regeneration and recovery of function. It is our hypothesis that inflammatory cytokines act upon astrocytes to alter their biochemical and physical properties, which may in turn be responsible for failed neuronal regeneration. We have therefore examined the interactions of two cytokines with prominent actions following injury, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), in modulating the extracellular matrix and proliferation of astrocytes in culture. We also evaluated the effects of these cytokines on the ability of astrocytes to support the growth of neurites. IFN-gamma significantly inhibited the proliferation of rat cortical astrocytes both in serum-free and serum-containing media as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Furthermore, IFN-gamma also antagonized FGF2-induced proliferation. In parallel, IFN-gamma reduced the levels of the ECM molecules tenascin, laminin, and fibronectin as evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Similarly, IFN-gamma also antagonized FGF2-induced tenascin formation. While IFN-gamma-pretreated astrocyte monolayers did not differ from control in their ability to support neurite outgrowth of cortical neurons, it antagonized the enhancement of neurite outgrowth on FGF2-treated monolayers. We demonstrate that IFN-gamma did not alter signal transduction through the FGF2 receptor down to the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, suggesting that the interaction is at the level of transcriptional regulation or that an alternate pathway is involved. These results support the hypothesis that inflammatory cytokines interact to modulate several facets of the gliotic response and such interactions may be important in creating the biochemical and physical properties of the glial scar.
Effects of Selective Ultraviolet Irradiation of the Nuclei of Living Cells.

Continuous ultraviolet irradiation of the nucleus of a living cell produces nuclear damage. Although this damage resembles nuclear damage which occurs when the entire cell is irradiated, it is less severe due to the protection of the cytoplasm from the effects of irradiation. Continuous ultraviolet irradiation of the nucleus of a living cell produces cytoplasmic damage resembling that which occurs when the entire cell is irradiated, but is less pronounced.
Polymorphism in 1,3,5-triaroylbenzenes: structural characterization of concomitant polymorphs obtained from 1,3,5-tris(4-chlorobenzoyl)benzene

The crystal structures of two concomitant conformational polymorphs of 1,3,5-tris(4-chlorobenzoyl)benzene are described. Both polymorphs self-assemble into discrete network architectures mediated by weak C–H⋯O and C–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonding in one case and multiple CO⋯Cl and Cl⋯Cl interactions in the other. The thermochemical properties of these polymorphs were examined using differential scanning calorimetry.
Versatile α-pinene-based borane reagents for asymmetric syntheses

The discovery of hydroboration in 1956 made organoboranes readily available. Systematic study of the chemistry of organoboranes made clear their versatility for organic synthesis. An unexpected development was the discovery that the substitution reactions of organoboranes proceed predominantly with retention of configuration, in contrast to substitution in carbon derivatives. Consequently, the ready synthesis of R∗ B < by hydroboration of alkenes with mono- and diisopinocampheylboranes, IpcBH2 and Ipc2BH, provided a new general route to asymmetric synthesis. B-Ipc-9-BBN (Alpine-Borane®) and Ipc2BCl (DIP-Chloride™) made asymmetric reduction easy. Ipc2BAllyl and Ipc2BCrotyl made asymmetric allyl- and crotylboration readily available for asymmetric synthesis. The ring-opening reaction of meso-epoxides with Ipc2BI provided a convenient route for optically pure halohydrins. Ipc2BOTf has been utilized by Paterson for asymmetric enolboration reactions. Matteson developed asymmetric homologation reactions using pinanediol boronates. All of these developments justify the title: Versatile α-pinene-based borane reagents for asymmetric synthesis. Examination of the scope of this synthesis of pure enantiomers reveals that the achievement of the synthesis of 34 R ∗ B < systems in ≥ 99% ee makes possible the simple synthesis of over 100,000 essentially optically pure enantiomers.
Structural, magnetic, and optical properties of BiFeO 3 and Bi 2 FeMnO 6 epitaxial thin films: An experimental and first-principles study

${\text{BiFeO}}_{3}$ and ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{FeMnO}}_{6}$ films were epitaxially grown on ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ (001) substrates by pulsed-laser deposition, and their structural, magnetic, magneto-optical and optical properties were measured. In ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{FeMnO}}_{6}$, Fe is mainly present in the $3+$ valence state, while Mn shows multivalence states. ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{FeMnO}}_{6}$ exhibits low magnetization at room temperature and at 5 K indicating there is no significant $B$-site ordering. The ${\text{BiFeO}}_{3}$ film shows high optical transparency, while ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{FeMnO}}_{6}$ shows high absorption loss in the infrared. Density-functional theory modeling of ${\text{BiFeO}}_{3}$, ${\text{BiMnO}}_{3}$ and ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{FeMnO}}_{6}$ was carried out by applying the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and $\text{GGA}+U$ methods. The formation enthalpy of ordered ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{FeMnO}}_{6}$ is positive for several crystal symmetries and for ferromagnetic (FM) or antiferromagnetic (AFM) spin structures at 0 K temperature, indicating $B$-site ordering is not favored. The electronic structure calculations are consistent with the electronic and optical properties of these films.
Significant Gender Differences in Factors Related to the Detention of Youthful Offenders

An important priority of the U.S. juvenile justice system is to reduce the number of youthful offenders who are placed into secure detention placement. Though significant research examining these predictors exists, there is limited analysis of gender-specific predictors. Using existing juvenile court and mental health assessment case records of 433 youthful offenders from two Midwestern U.S. counties, this study sought to identify separately for males and females the legal (including number of delinquency adjudications, age at first delinquency adjudication, number of court offenses, and type of offense) and extralegal (including demographic, maltreatment, mental health, and school-related disabilities) factors that impact recidivism to detention placement. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the predictors of recidivism leading to repeat secure detention placement were indeed different for males and females, although there were some shared predictors. For both genders, the number of c...
Tolerance control in the machining of discrete components

Abstract Tolerance charting is a manual procedure for controlling tolerance stack up when the machining of a component involves interdependent tolerance chains. Such a heuristic, experience-based method of allocating tolerances to individual cuts of a process plan can be embodied in a computer based module. This paper presents a graph theoretic representation for a tolerance chart and a linear programming model for optimum allocation of tolerances among individual machining cuts.
Brefeldin A inhibits protein synthesis through the phosphorylation of the α‐subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor‐2

Brefeldin A is a fungal metabolite which disrupts protein traffic through the Golgi apparatus and thereby inhibits protein secretion. Recently, it has been shown that Brefeldin A also causes a marked decrease in the rate of protein synthesis in cells in culture [1992, FEBS Lett. 314, 371–374]. We show here that treatment of rat GH3 pituitary cells with Brefeldin A leads to an inhibition of protein synthesis at the level of peptide-chain initiation through a mechanism involving the phosphorylation of the α-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2α).
Relationship between optic disc cupping change and intraocular pressure control in adult glaucoma patients.

• Background: Until recently, there has been a paucity of quantitative evidence for intraocular pressure (IOP)-dependent optic disc cupping change in adult glaucoma patients. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between optic disc cupping change and IOP control. • Methods: The study involved 78 eyes of 78 randomly selected adult patients with early to moderate chronic open-angle glaucoma (COAG), treated on various therapeutic regimens, who had had two consecutive successful optic disc analyses with the Rodenstock Optic Nerve Head Analyzer 15.8 ± 14.8 weeks apart. • Results: The mean initial IOP of 27 eyes (34%) with cupping reversal did not differ from that of 17 eyes (22%) demonstrating progressive deterioration (29.2 ± 8.8 vs 26.2 ± 6.1 mmHg,P > 0.5), but the reversal group did have a significantly greater mean IOP decrease than the progression group (−10.8 ± 7.9 vs −1.0 ± 7.7 mmHg,P < 0.001) and significantly lower mean final IOP (18.3 ± 6.1 vs 25.2 ± 7.9 mmHg,P < 0.003). • Conclusion: A decrease of optic disc cupping is more likely with a greater IOP reduction and a lower final IOP, and an increase of cupping is more likely with less or no IOP reduction and a higher final IOP.
First-Trimester Surgical Abortion Technique

New data have emerged to support changes in first-trimester abortion practice in regard to antibiotic prophylaxis, cervical ripening, the use of manual vacuum aspiration, and pain management. This article addresses these new recommendations and reviews techniques in performing manual and electric vacuum uterine aspiration procedures before 14 weeks' gestation, including very early abortion (<7 weeks' gestation), technically difficult abortions, management of complications, and postabortal contraception. The information discussed also applies to miscarriage management.
Scanning electron microscopy reveals differences in surface morphology between basidiospores and conidia of Heterobasidion annosum

Basidiospores and conidia of Heterobasidion annosum (Fomes annosus) were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Light microscopy did not allow for accurate and reliable separation between the two spore types. Contrarily, SEM clearly demonstrated that conidia have relatively smooth surfaces whereas basidiospores are consistently ornamented with numerous echinulations. SEM also demonstrated a definite dissimilarity in the shape and location of the apicular structures on basidiospores and conidia. With these differences now apparent, attempts can be made to examine airborne inoculum of H. annosum for the presence, absence, and/or relative abundance of the two spore types. Additional Key Words: Ultrastructure; spore ornamentation.
HIF-1α and p53: the ODD couple?

Tumor hypoxia activates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and induces the accumulation of the tumor suppressor p53. HIF-1 signaling stimulates angiogenesis and mediates cellular adaptation to hypoxia, whereas p53 promotes hypoxia-induced apoptosis. A recent article provides in vitro biophysical evidence supporting a direct interaction between p53 and the oxygen-dependent degradation domain of the HIF-1α subunit. The article identifies potential structural parameters required for this interaction and suggests an alternative mechanism by which p53 might impact tumor response to therapy.
Genetic Basis of Variation in Carotid Artery Plaque in the San Antonio Family Heart Study

Background and Purpose— In contrast to the commonly used quantitative marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, namely intima-media thickness, we investigated the extent to which the presence or absence of carotid artery plaque (CAP) was under genetic control. Methods— The study population consisted of 750 individuals distributed across 29 randomly ascertained extended Mexican American pedigrees who participated in the second examination cycle of the San Antonio Family Heart Study. Extracranial focal CAP was identified by B-mode ultrasound bilaterally in the internal carotid artery or the carotid bulb. Using a variance decomposition approach implemented in the SOLAR computer program, we performed genetic analysis on the discrete trait CAP (ie, liability to disease) using a threshold model. Covariates considered in the analysis included age, sex, diabetes, current smoking status, lipid levels, and markers of hypertension and obesity. Results— Fifty-one of 461 women and fifty-seven of 289 men with a mean age o...
Osmotic effects of infusion of THAM.

Extract: Changes in plasma osmolality as well as in extracellular fluid (ECF) space following infusion of THAM or NaHCO3 to anesthetized, nephrectomized dogs have been used to compare the osmotic effects of the two agents. Groups of five to six dogs received (per kg body weight) 10 millimoles THAM (pH 7.3), 10 millimoles THAM (pH 8.5), 5 millimoles NaHCO3, 10 millimoles NaHCO3 or 5 millimoles NaCl, while a control group of five dogs received no infusion. Increases in plasma osmolality and 36Cl space (ECF) were greater following infusion of THAM (pH 7.3 or pH 8.5) than after infusion of either NaHCO3 or NaCl. Specifically, the osmotic effects of THAM, as judged from increases in osmolality of the body fluids and in 36Cl space, were much greater than those of a 5-millimole dose of NaHCO3, which produced an equivalent rise in plasma bicarbonate, and were even greater than those of an equimolar dose of NaHCO3 (10 millimoles/kg). Furthermore, the increase in concentration of plasma bicarbonate produced by this dose of NaHCO3 was much greater than that produced by THAM. Although theoretical considerations have predicted that the osmotic effects of THAM would be as great or greater than those of NaHCO3, this is the first experimental documentation. Speculation: The results reported herein provide further evidence for the view that THAM is not superior to NaHCO3 for treatment of clinical acid-base disturbances.
Installing Needle Disposal Boxes Closer to the Bedside Reduces Needle-Recapping Rates in Hospital Units

OBJECTIVE: To compare the proportion of recapped needles, an injury surrogate measure, in disposal boxes on two different types of hospital units, both before and after an intervention. DESIGN: Prospective nonrandomized intervention trial. SETTING: A major public teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Specific hospital units. We selected two types of hospital units for study: the first type of hospital unit (medical-surgical ward) had existing mounted in-bathroom needle disposal boxes, and the second type of hospital unit (intensive care unit) had unmounted needle disposal boxes in the room but not necessarily near the patient's bedside. INTERVENTION: The installation, in the medical-surgical wards only, of mounted needle disposal boxes on the wall near the patient's bed. The box location in the intensive care units remained the same. In both types of unit, a new mailbox-slot disposal box (SAGE) also was substituted for the previous round-top container. RESULTS: The baseline proportion of recapped needles in the first medical-surgical unit was 32.6% (+/- 3.8%) and in the second medical-surgical unit it was 27.4% (+/- 4.0%) in the bathroom needle disposal boxes, which was similar to the observed proportion (34.7 +/- 6.4%) in the intensive care unit boxes. Following the intervention, the proportion of recapped needles was significantly reduced in the disposal containers adjacent to the bedside in medical-surgical units, to 27% (a difference of 2.9 standard errors of the baseline distribution) in the first unit and 18.2% (a difference of 4.6 standard errors) in the second. In the intensive care unit, where boxes were not moved but new mailbox-types were simply substituted, no significant change was noted (36.6%, a difference of 0.59 standard errors). A statistically significant reduction was observed in the proportion of needles recapped in both wards combined following the intervention (30.2% to 26.2%, a difference of 2.9 standard errors). CONCLUSION: Environmental changes alone are an effective means of altering the risk to healthcare workers from sharp instruments. The use of needle-box counts provides a sensitive and stable instrument to measure injury surrogates and, indirectly, behavioral change in hospital workers.