cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of Optical Properties of Shading Devices

Abstract The optical properties of shading devices have an impact upon the daylighting and thermal performance of a building's perimeter spaces. This chapter presents an overview of past and current approaches in computing the optical properties of shading devices. Optical properties are determined by the different components of visible and solar transmittance, reflectance and absorptance. Emphasis is given to the three major types of shading used today: venetian blinds, roller shades/screens and draperies. Comparisons between experimental procedures and analytical and numerical modelling techniques are presented, and limitations in existing models and standards are discussed. The final section describes the latest generalized methods and models for characterizing complex fenestration/shading systems.
Formation and characterization of shellac-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose composite films

Abstract Shellac-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose composite films (Sh-HPMC-CFs) were produced and the effects of emulsifier and shellac concentration on the Sh-HPMC-CFs were investigated. Two emulsifiers, stearic acid (SA) and lauric acid (LA), with three ratios of shellac to emulsifier (100:1, 20:1, and 10:1) were tested to select the best ratio of shellac to emulsifier before testing the effect of shellac concentration. When compared to pure HPMC film, the WVP was decreased by 6 and 11% in the Sh-HPMC-CFs containing shellac to LA (ShLA) ratios of 100:1 and 20:1, respectively. However, all the ShSA-HPMC-CFs had higher WVP than the pure HPMC film. In relation to mechanical properties, the ShLA(20:1)-HPMC-CF had the lowest reduction in TS when compared to a pure HPMC film. Therefore, ShLA(20:1) was selected for further characterization. Surface morphology, cross sectional image, thermal stability, WVP, and mechanical properties of the Sh-HPMC-CFs were also measured at varying shellac concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%). The 0.1 and 0.5% Sh-HPMC-CFs had good distribution of shellac in the film structure while the 1.0 and 1.5% Sh-HPMC-CFs exhibited some agglomeration of shellac. The 0.1 and 0.5% Sh-HPMC-CFs had better moisture barrier than the pure HPMC film. All Sh-HPMC-CFs had better thermal stability than the pure HPMC film and its thermal stability increased as shellac concentration increased.
NMR structure determination of proteins and protein complexes larger than 20 kDa.

Abstract Recent advances in multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance methodology to obtain 1H, 15N and 13C resonance assignments, interproton distance and torsion angle restraints, and restraints that characterize long-range order, coupled with new methods of structure refinement and novel methods for reducing linewidths, have permitted three-dimensional solution structures of single chain proteins in excess of 250 residues and multimeric proteins in excess of 40 kDa to be solved. These developments may permit the determination by nuclear magnetic resonance of macromolecular structures up to molecular weights in the 50–60 kDa range, thereby bringing into reach numerous systems of considerable biological interest, including a large variety of protein-protein and protein—nucleic acid complexes.
Proper uniform algebras are flat

In this brief note, we see that if A is a proper uniform algebra on a compact Hausdorff space X, then A is flat.
Wind speed dependence of the overall thermal conductance of fur and feather insulation

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of wind on heat loss from animals is usually described by a relation of the form a + bu c . 2. 2. I used data from heated taxidermic mounts of 6 avian species and 4 mammal species to determine the exponent c for the functional relation between heat transfer and wind speed, u . 3. 3. For overall thermal conductance, 0.54 c 4. 4. For overall thermal resistance, 0.16 c 5. 5. Using an incorrect value of c makes the slope of the relation, b , dependent on the range of wind speeds used. 6. 6. There is considerable variation in c among mounts of different species.
Abstract P6-12-07: Phase II Trial of Vinorelbine and Sorafenib in Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC)

BACKGROUND Vinorelbine, a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid, at 20-25mg/m2 has a response rate of 15-30% for second line therapy of MBC. Sorafenib is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor against the tyrosine kinases for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Flt-3 and c-Kit receptors. In preclinical studies, sorafenib demonstrated anti-tumor activity by inducing complete tumor stasis in a variety of tumor types through the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. In the NCI H460 cell line for NSCLC tumor xenograft, synergy between vinorelbine and sorafenib were observed. We established the phase II recommended dose in MBC for the combination of vinorelbine (d1,18,15 on a 28 day cycle) with daily sorafenib at vinorelbine 20mg/m2 and sorafenib 200mg oral twice daily (reported at ASCO 2010). Phase II trial will complete in 6/2010. METHODS Eligibility include: MBC with adequate end-organ function and performance status 0-2 who have up to two lines of prior chemotherapy regimens. Patients were treated at the recommended phase II dose as above. Tumor response was evaluated every two cycles by RECIST criteria. N=39 (target accrual 41 by 6/10) patients enrolled at the above recommended dose from 6/09 to 6/10. Treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. RESULTS Sites of metastatic disease included liver, lung, bone, bone marrow and skin. A total of 22/39 patients were enrolled prior to 2/17/2010 and are therefore evaluable for 4-month progression free survival (PFS) evaluation at this time. Median age of these patients was 56 yrs (range 39-72). ECOG performance status is 0 in 8 and 1 in 14 participating patients. Prior number of chemo regimens for MBC was 0 (n=4), 1 (n=10), and 2 (n=8). There was 1 partial response (PR) with 2 prior, and 8 stable disease (SD) with PFS for more than 4 months with 6 with 1 prior and 2 with 2 prior regimens for MBC. A total clinical benefit rate (PR+ SD) of 9/22 (41 %). SD patients included 1 who progressed at 11 months (1 prior), and 3 still on therapy. The patient with SD for 11 months previously progressed in 2 months on abraxane. Toxicities resulted in treatment discontinuation in only 2 patients. Toxicities include: Grade 3 hand-foot reaction (n=3), Gr 4 ANC (n=3), Gr 3 fatigue (n==3), Gr 3 Diarrhea (n=2), Gr 3 hypertension (n=2), Gr 3 infection (n=3), 2 skin), Gr 3 elevated lipase (n= 1), Gr 3 hypophosphatemia (n=2), Gr 3 hyponatremia (n=2), Gr 3 Somnolence (n=1), Gr 4 PLT (n=1), Gr 3 back pain (n=1), and Gr 3 cough (n=1). CONCLUSIONS The addition of sorafenib to vinorelbine to date showed a promising 41% clinical benefit rate in this heavily pretreated MBC population with a tolerable toxicity profile. Follow-up is continuing, we will report on the entire cohort of 41 patients at SABCS. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-12-07.
It is alive

We need to familiarize ourselves with the facts of evolution, so that we can mount a spirited defense against creationism and the forces of ignorance.
A 585-bp deletion found in the spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) env gene is responsible for the defective intracellular transport of SFFV gp52.

Abstract The Friend spleen focus-forming virus (F-SFFV) codes for a transport defective, leukemogenic envelope glycoprotein designated as gp52. Gp52 closely resembles the envelope glycoproteins (gp70-pl 5E) encoded by the mink cell focus-forming viruses (MCFV). The major differences between SFFV and MCFV include a 585-bp deletion and a frame-shift mutation near the 3′ end of the SFFV env gene. We have constructed a mutant MCFV env gene, which contains a 585-bp deletion like that found in the SFFV env gene, and expressed this gene using recombinant vaccinia vectors or retroviral vectors. The mutant MCFV env gene expressed a truncated, transport defective glycoprotein (gp57). Only a small proportion of gp57 underwent further oligosaccharide processing. Intracellular gp57 remained predominantly monomeric and only a small proportion of gp57 (and its processed forms) formed disulfide-linked dimers and trimers which resembled those formed by SFFV gp52. Processed forms of gp57 were found on the cell surfaces and in culture fluids. The extracellular forms had a faster electrophoretic mobility than the intracellular-processed forms of gp57. These results indicate that the 585-bp deletion found in SFFV env gene is responsible for the folding, transport, and secretion of gp52. Retroviral vectors carrying the mutant MCFV env gene were nonpathogenic (or weakly pathogenic) in adult mice. The results indicate that the 585-bp deletion, although essential, is not the sole determinant of SFFV-induced disease in adult mice.
Cobalt substitution supports an inner-sphere electron transfer mechanism for oxygen reduction in pea seedling amine oxidase

Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) are a large family of proteins that use molecular oxygen to oxidize amines to aldehydes with the concomitant production of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. CAOs utilize two cofactors for this reaction: topaquinone (TPQ) and a Cu(II) ion. Two mechanisms for oxygen reduction have been proposed for these enzymes. In one mechanism (involving inner-sphere electron transfer to O2), Cu(II) is reduced by TPQ, forming Cu(I), to which O2 binds, forming a copper–superoxide complex. In an alternative mechanism (involving outer-sphere electron transfer to O2), O2 is directly reduced by TPQ, without reduction of Cu(II). Substitution of Cu(II) with Co(II) has been used to distinguish between the two mechanisms in several CAOs. Because it is unlikely that Co(II) could be reduced to Co(I) in this environment, an inner-sphere mechanism, as described above, is prevented. We adapted metal replacement methods used for other CAOs to the amine oxidase from pea seedlings (PSAO). Cobalt-substituted PSAO (CoPSAO) displayed nominal catalytic activity: k cat is 4.7% of the native k cat, and K M (O2) for CoPSAO is substantially (22-fold) higher. The greatly reduced turnover number for CoPSAO suggests that PSAO uses the inner-sphere mechanism, as has been predicted from 18O isotope effect studies (Mukherjee et al. in J Am Chem Soc 130:9459–9473, 2008), and is catalytically compromised when constrained to operate via outer-sphere electron transfer to O2. This study, together with previous work, provides strong evidence that CAOs use both proposed mechanisms, but each homolog may prefer one mechanism over the other.
Development of an active boring bar for increased chatter immunity

The development and initial evaluation of a prototype boring bar featuring active vibration control for increased chatter immunity is described. The significance of active damping both normal and tangential to the workpiece surface is evaluated, indicating the need for two axis control to ensure adequate performance over expected variations in tool mounting procedures. The prototype tool features a commercially available boring bar modified to accommodate four PZT stack actuators for two axis bending control. Measured closed-loop dynamics are combined with a computer model of the boring process to simulate increased metal removal rate and improved workpiece surface finish through application of feedback control.
DNA binding and protein interactions of the AHR/ARNT heterodimer that facilitate gene activation

Gene activation by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and its DNA binding partner, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) requires a number of sequential steps that occur following the binding of ligand and entry of the AHR into the nuclear compartment. This includes heterodimerization of the AHR and ARNT, formation of the appropriate amino acid/nucleotide contacts at the GCGTG recognition site and interactions between either the AHR or ARNT with proteins that facilitate changes in chromatin structure. The majority of these steps are likely modulated by changes in both phosphorylation and oxidation status of the AHR, ARNT and associated proteins. Studies of both the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors and the nuclear hormone receptor family can provide significant insights into how this unique signaling pathway activates its target genes.
Framing Separatism as Terrorism: Lessons from Kosovo

Framing separatism as terrorism presents numerous opportunities for governments facing ethno-nationalist challenges. Namely, such framing allows states to avoid addressing the ethno-nationalist roots of separatist conflicts. This article analyzes incentives and opportunities that terrorism presents for states involved in ethno-nationalist separatist conflicts. The article investigates how the framing dynamics proved to be successful in the cases of the Kurdish and Chechen separatist conflicts. The case of Kosovo is examined as illustrative of a different outcome: the international presence in the Kosovo conflict made it substantially different from the previous cases and served as an intervention in the Serbian framing dynamics.
A 67-year-old man with headaches, gait changes, and altered mental status.

A 67-year-old right-handed man was referred to a tertiary care center for headaches, changes in cognition, and gait imbalance. His symptoms began 3 months prior when he developed an unremitting, left-sided, parietal headache. The headache was unusual for him and was not associated with nausea, photophobia, or phonophobia. He had a history of prior headaches that began after minor head trauma in a skiing accident. However, those headaches were infrequent and invariably resolved after 1 day. Shortly after the onset of headache, he began experiencing intermittent scotomas and scintillations in the right visual field. The visual phenomenon would resolve after several minutes. Around the same time, he began having word-finding difficulties and deficits in his short-term memory. There were no clear deficits in long-term memory or changes in mood, behavior, or emotional stability. Within a few weeks, he began to feel unstable when walking. He had several falls due to what he described as a feeling of “being stuck to the floor” and then falling forward when he was finally able to move. His family noted a shuffling gait but no listing to either side. He had to start using a walker. Two months after the onset of symptoms, his visual phenomenon resolved without any intervention. However, he then developed stereotyped, olfactory hallucinations consisting of 20-second episodes of smelling a foul odor. His gait also continued to decline with increased bradykinesia and shuffling. The headaches were still persistent. He was seen at a local hospital 2 weeks after the onset of symptoms, where he underwent a lumbar puncture as part of his workup. Following the lumbar puncture, his gait temporarily improved. His past medical history was significant for diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. There was no significant family history. He had smoked 1 pack per day for 37 years, but quit 5 months prior to presentation. There were no systemic symptoms including fevers, night sweats, or rashes.
Stable isotope values of Costa Rican surface waters

Stable isotope data of surface waters from the humid tropics in general, and Costa Rica in particular, are scarce. To improve our understanding of the spatial distribution of stable isotopes in surface waters, we measured δ18O and δD in river and lake (n=63) and precipitation (n=3) samples from Costa Rica. We also present data from the IAEA/WMO isotopes in precipitation network as context for our study. Surface water isotope values do not strongly correlate with elevation, stream head elevation, stream length, distance from Caribbean Sea, or estimated mean annual precipitation for the country as a whole. However, the data show distinct regional trends. The δ18O and δD values downwind of mountain ranges are inversely related to the altitude of the ranges the air masses traverse. In the lee of the high Talamanca Range, δ18O values are ∼6–8‰ lower, while in the lee of the lower Tilaran Range δ18O values are 2–3‰ lower than upwind sites along the Caribbean Slope. An altitude effect of −1.4‰ δ18O/km is present on the Pacific slope of southern Costa Rica, equivalent to a temperature effect of −0.3‰/°C. The Nicoya and Osa Peninsulas have higher values than upwind sites, suggesting input of Pacific-sourced moisture, evaporative enrichment, or decreased condensation temperatures. Elevated and increasing d-excess values inland along the Nicaragua Trough suggest a recycled component may be an important contributor to the water budget. These data provide preliminary stable isotope information for Costa Rica, and will benefit paleoclimatic research in the region. More detailed studies would be beneficial to our understanding of the controls on stable isotope composition of tropical waters.
Business of Radiology: Financial Fundamentals for Radiologists

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to provide a primer on financial statements and to review several financial concepts that are at the foundation of the business of medicine. CONCLUSION. For radiologists to effectively contribute to the leadership and management of their practices, it is imperative that they understand the business aspects of radiology. Radiologists’ understanding and participation in practice management may also facilitate job satisfaction and assist the provision of optimal patient care.
Absorption measurements of H2O at high temperatures using a CO laser

Abstract Absorption of CO laser radiation ( v = 8→7, J = 14→15 transition at 1901.762 cm -1 ) by H 2 O has been studied in shock-heated H 2 / O 2 / Ar mixtures over the temperature range 1300–2300 K. This laser transition is nearly coincident with the v 2 -band 12 3,10 ←11 2,9 transition of H 2 O at 1901.760 cm -1 , thereby providing a convenient and sensitive absorption-based H 2 O diagnostic useful for studies of combustion. The collision-broadening parameter for this H 2 O line, due to broadening by Ar, was determined to be 2 γ ( cm -1 atm -1 ) = 0.027 ( T /1300) -0.9 in the temperature range 1300–2300 K. Calculations of the H 2 O absorption coefficient (at 1901.762 cm -1 ) based on this expression for 2γ are presented for the temperature range 300–2500 K and pressure range 0.3–1 atm.
Tritium Retention in Iron Meteorites

IN a recent communication, Tamers1 has suggested that tritium in iron may decay radioactively with a time short compared with its twelve-year half-life, perhaps with a half-life of several days or less. He bases this suggestion principally on some misinterpretations of tritium measurements in iron meteorites. It may be useful to summarize the experimental meteorite evidence, which, if examined in detail, cannot be used to support such a suggestion. I should like here to present some of this evidence and to indicate briefly and in preliminary form a simple, plausible and physically reasonable explanation for the tritium observations in the iron–nickel phases of meteorites. A discussion of the other physical reasons for not believing Tamers's suggestion seems completely superfluous.
Shape reconstruction and volume meshing for complex solids

The reconstruction of a solid surface from a series of cross-sections and the generation of a volume mesh that conforms with a prescribed surface are issues that arise in numerous applications. We describe an approach to both these problems that is based on the generation of a tetrahedral mesh which automatically captures a triangulation of the surface points. A simple algorithm for introducing a set of interior points permits a simple partition of the volume mesh into two disjoint sets of tetrahedra such that one set determines the interior of the solid while the second determines the exterior.
Occupational Versus Organizational Influences on Reference Group Identification The Case of Pharmacy

Two models of influence on reference-group identification were tested; the professional model that posits that occupational members retain an enduring stable identity established via their socialization experience was compared to the situational model, which emphasizes the resocializing pressures of the work situation. The pharmacy occupation provides a chance to compare occupational versus organizational effects on reference group identity because of the diversity in role orientations (business and professional) and work settings. Data from a population of pharmacists in a middle sized urban area strongly support the situational model. Reference group identity follows the power structure of the work setting as hospital pharmacists identified with physicians, while neighborhood pharmacists displayed a colleague-identity and chain store pharmacists rejected both occupational groups to identify with clients. Focusing on the power hierarchy of the work setting accounts for the diverse findings of both profes...
Evaluation of syngene DNA-DNA probe assays for the identification of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and the Mycobacterium avium complex

Two hundred mycobacterial cultures were used to evaluate two alkaline-phosphatase-labeled DNA probe (SNAP) kits developed by Syngene (San Diego, CA) for identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and M. avium complex. The M. tuberculosis complex SNAP probe, when compared with standard biochemical identification tests, gave results that were in agreement at 100% sensitivity and 98.7% specificity. Ninety-nine M. avium complex strains that were previously tested by the Gen-Probe M. avium complex probe assays and mycolic acid analysis were included to evaluate the M. avium complex SNAP assay which contained three probes, A (avium), I (intracellulare), and X. Eight strains identified as members of the M. avium complex by biochemical tests did not react with the three SNAP probes. These strains were also negative by the Gen-Probe assays. However, 23 strains identified as M. avium complex by biochemical tests and mycolic acid analysis and negative with the Gen-Probe assays gave positive results with the X probe and negative results with the A and I probes of the SNAP assay.
Oxygen-vacancy behavior in La 2 − x Sr x Cu O 4 − y by positron annihilation and oxygen diffusion

Oxygen-diffusion and positron-annihilation results for ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{4\ensuremath{-}y}$ compounds are reported. A qualitative explanation of the observed results is given on the basis of a model in which the oxygen-vacancy concentration in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{4\ensuremath{-}y}$ is determined by ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{2+}$ ion clustering on the La sublattice. This model also leads to a maximum in the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{3+}$ ion concentration as a function of the ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{2+}$ ion concentration.
Effect of a c-Met-specific, ATP-competitive small-molecule inhibitor SU11274 on human ovarian carcinoma cell growth, motility, and invasion

Increased expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met has been shown to correlate with enhanced cell proliferation, motility, and invasion. The objectives of this study were to characterize total and activated c-Met expression in both normal and malignant human ovarian epithelial cells and to determine the effects of inhibiting the activation of c-Met on ovarian epithelial cell growth, motility, and invasion. Total c-Met was overexpressed in 82 (68%) of 119 ovarian carcinomas, as shown by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses revealed that ovarian carcinoma cell lines had higher levels of c-Met messenger RNA, total protein, and activated protein expression compared to normal ovarian epithelial cell cultures. Using a specific adenosine triphosphate-competitive small-molecule inhibitor, SU11274, activated c-Met was decreased in normal and ovarian carcinoma cell lines. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays showed that cell growth inhibition directly correlated to the level of activated c-Met detected in each cell line (r =-0.87, P = 0.012). Using modified Boyden chamber assays, ovarian carcinoma cells treated with SU11274 demonstrated significantly decreased cell motility and invasion compared to untreated cells (P = 0.003 and P < 0.001, respectively). These data indicate that c-Met is overexpressed in the majority of malignant ovarian epithelial cells both in vivo and in vitro and that decreasing activated c-Met in vitro can significantly decrease ovarian carcinoma cell growth, motility, and invasion. Developing therapies that specifically inhibit the activation of c-Met may represent a novel therapeutic modality for patients with ovarian carcinomas expressing high levels of c-Met.
Progress Toward Life Modeling of Thermal Barrier Coatings for Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines

Progress toward developing life models for simulating the behavior of thermal barrier coatings in aircraffft gas turbine engines is discussed. A preliminary laboratory model is described as are current efforts to develop engine-capable models. Current understanding of failure mechanisms is also summarized.
Statistical Thermodynamics of Bulk and Surface Properties of Polymer Mixtures

Abstract A generalized version of the lattice fluid theory of solutions is considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions for phase stability in a binary mixture are defined by a spinodal inequality. From the general properties of the spinodal, the necessary conditions for polymer/polymer miscibility and bimodal behavior of the spinodal are defined. A general theory of interfacial tension in phase separated multi-component mixtures is formulated. The interfacial tension theory can be combined with lattice fluid theory to obtain a unified theory of bulk and interfacial properties.
Laser-pumped and laser-cooled atomic clocks for space applications

Highly stable atomic frequency standards are of increasing importance for a variety of space applications, ranging from communication to navigation and time transfer to tests of fundamental science. We present a discussion of the improvements possible with laser pumping of vapor cell clocks, including applying coherent population trapping (CPT) techniques. We also present our progress toward a cold atom clock based on magneto-optically trapped atoms for space applications.
The initiation of oscillatory ripple marks and the development of plane-bed at high shear stresses under waves

ABSTRACT Data on the development of oscillatory ripple marks under waves are utilized as a further check on the equations that have been proposed for the threshold of sediment motion. If the threshold curve is correct, the data on ripple occurrence should lie in a stress field above the curve for threshold. Analysis of the data shows this mainly to be true but suggests that the curve for the threshold should be lowered slightly to smaller stress values as a number of ripple occurrences would otherwise fall below the threshold curve. As the stress of the wave orbital motion increases, the ripple heights progressively decrease and ultimately disappear at a critical stress value. Data on this disappearance and plane-bed sheet sand transport development are examined and compared with the data on the high-stress presence of ripples. There is good agreement of the two data sets and also confirmation of the theoretical criterion of Bagnold for the disappearance of ripples.
A Gnotobiotic Pig Model for Determining Human Norovirus Inactivation by High-Pressure Processing

Human norovirus (NoV) is responsible for over 90% of outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and accounts for 60% of cases of foodborne illness in the United States. Currently, the infectivity of human NoVs is poorly understood due to the lack of a cell culture system. In this study, we determined the survival of a human NoV genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) strain in seeded oyster homogenates after high-pressure processing (HPP) using a novel receptor binding assay and a gnotobiotic pig model. Pressure conditions of 350 MPa at 0°C for 2 min led to a 3.7-log10 reduction in the number of viral RNA copies in oysters, as measured by the porcine gastric mucin-conjugated magnetic bead (PGM-MB) binding assay and real-time RT-PCR, whereas pressure conditions of 350 MPa at 35°C for 2 min achieved only a 1-log10 reduction in the number of RNA copies. Newborn gnotobiotic piglets orally fed oyster homogenate treated at 350 MPa and 0°C for 2 min did not have viral RNA shedding in feces, histologic lesions, or viral replication in the small intestine. In contrast, gnotobiotic piglets fed oysters treated at 350 MPa and 35°C for 2 min had high levels of viral shedding in feces and exhibited significant histologic lesions and viral replication in the small intestine. Collectively, these data demonstrate that (i) human NoV survival estimated by an in vitro PGM-MB virus binding assay is consistent with the infectivity determined by an in vivo gnotobiotic piglet model and (ii) HPP is capable of inactivating a human NoV GII.4 strain at commercially acceptable pressure levels.
Paraxial and source region behavior of a class of asymptotic and rigorous (MoM) solutions in the high-frequency planar limit

Mutual impedance between flush-mounted antennas on convex surfaces has been traditionally computed at high frequencies using the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) and other high-frequency asymptotic solutions. Motivated by a recent study, the limits of applicability of the existing asymptotic techniques to the calculation of input (or self-) impedance are investigated here. It is shown analytically that UTD and one other asymptotic formulation, in the close vicinity of a source on a perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) circular cylinder, for negligible local surface curvatures, are algebraically identical. For the canonical geometry of an axial magnetic current element on a PEC circular cylinder, it is shown that the additional paraxial correction term in the UTD formulation vanishes in the high-frequency planar limit. Numerical comparisons against rigorous method of moments (MoM) solutions show that the reduced-planar forms are remarkably accurate for source-to-observer separations, t, where 0.02/spl lambda//sub o//spl les/t/spl les/0.08/spl lambda//sub o/, and slightly off the axial direction.
Commissural Projections of the Superior Vestibular Nucleus in the Rat

Wheatgerm agglutinin horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injections confined to the superior vesicular nucleus (SVN) of six Fischer 344 rats labeled commissural vestibular neurons (CVN) in central and ventral portions of contralateral SVN and Group Y nucleus (Grp Y). When the injection included medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and Grp Y, labeling was similar with additional labeling in contralateral ventrolateral MVN. A dried pledget of WGA-HRP placed in a midline IV ventricle lesion (N = 4), bilaterally labeled SVN and Grp Y (MVN could not be assessed) CVN. While Grp Y CVN are significantly smaller (138.8 +/- 64.7 microns2) than the CVN in the SVN (177.9 +/- 73.9 microns2) or MVN (196.2 +/- 61.9 microns2), cellular eccentricity (shape) is similar in all three nuclei (0.80, 0.77, SVN, MVN, Grp Y).
Understanding the basic mechanisms underlying seizures in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and possible therapeutic targets: A review

Despite years of research, epilepsy remains a poorly understood disorder. In the past several years, work has been conducted on a variety of projects with the goal of better understanding the pathogenesis and progression of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), in particular, and how to exploit those properties to generate innovative therapies for treatment of refractory epilepsies. This review seeks to give an overview of common morphological and biochemical changes associated with epilepsy and proposed treatments to address those changes. Furthering the understanding of ictogenesis and epileptogenesis remains an important goal for scientists seeking to find more effective treatments for MTLE.
Modeling Participation in an Online Travel Community

This study contributes to the understanding of online travel communities by extending and empirically testing a conceptual framework of online travel community member needs. Specifically, the relationships between member needs and their level of participation in an online travel community are examined; in addition, the effects of duration of membership on the level of participation and the role of demographic differences in terms of member needs and participation are explored. The results show that social and hedonic needs have positive effects on level of participation while functional need has a negative effect. Membership status had an influence on level of participation and demographic characteristics were found to play important roles in terms of member needs and participation in online communities. Implications of these findings are discussed as they provide important guidelines for the development of online travel communities.
Identification and Characterization of Two Novel Proteins Affecting Fission Yeast γ-tubulin Complex Function

The γ-tubulin complex, via its ability to organize microtubules, is critical for accurate chromosome segregation and cytokinesis in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. To better understan...
Fast FDTD Simulation Using Laguerre Polynomials in MNA Framework

In this paper, a fast transient simulation scheme using Laguerre polynomials, called Laguerre-MNA, has been developed for FDTD and circuit simulation. Companion models for the Yee cells and circuit components have been derived, permitting the use of MNA analysis to perform FDTD/transient circuit simulation using the Laguerre method. Companion models help simplify the matrix setup and reduce the matrix dimension that needs to be solved without employing long cumbersome equations. FDTD simulation using Laguerre polynomials is unconditionally stable and has shown to be much faster than conventional FDTD scheme. Prior work on transient electromagnetic simulation using Laguerre polynomials has a drawback of being able to simulate only for a certain time-duration. A memory/time efficient solution has been proposed by which simulation can be done for all time.
Pediatric Preventive Cardiology Experience in the Tidewater, Virginia Area

The Division of Pediatric Cardiology began a preventive cardiology program in response to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Nutrition Committee recommendations on pediatric cholesterol screening. This program has consisted of both public and physician educational programs as well as the treatment of individual hyperlipidemic children. A survey of 67 local pediatricians has revealed that they have not followed the AAP directive for a "family history" approach to pediatric cholesterol screening, with most pediatricians screening all their patients for cholesterol abnormalities. Our dietary treatment program for hyperlipidemic children has given good short-term results, lowering mean total cholesterol concentrations by 10% (23 mg/dl) and mean low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) concentrations by 9.3% (16 mg/dl), as well as decreasing the total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) ratio by 10% (0.6). The additional use of cholestyramine in nine selected patients has effected eve...
Factors Affecting Circulating Growth Hormone Binding Protein in Chickens

Growth hormone binding protein (GHBP) may be an important factor in the regulation of growth and might provide an indirect, relatively noninvasive means of predicting the status of hepatic growth hormone receptor (GHR) activity. Several factors have been reported to influence growth hormone (GH), GHR, or GHBP. Therefore, these studies were conducted to test how age, sex, nutritional status, and glucocorticoids (cortisone acetate, CA) influence serum concentrations of chicken GHBP. Serum GHBP activity was highest (mean percentage specific binding (%SB) = 12.43 +/- .80) at hatch and decreased linearly (P .08). Short-term nutrient deprivation (24-h) of 4-wk-old broilers also had a significant effect on serum GHBP activity (P .30). Administration of cortisone (1, 5, and 10 mg/day), every 24 h for 7 days, had no effect, at any dose, on serum GHBP activity at 48 h and 1 wk after the last injection. These results indicate that serum GHBP activity is influenced by factors such as age and feed deprivation. It remains to be determined whether these changes in GHBP are associated with changes in GHR as reported for mammalian species.
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the critical care patient.

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is increasingly used as a diagnostic tool for patients in the critical care unit. The reasons for this increase include the ability to perform bedside examinations with TEE, the availability of diagnostic information within 15 minutes from the start of the study, improved imaging technology (multiplane imaging), and decreased probe size. Other imaging methods are of limited use in the intensive care unit. Although recent technologic advances, such as native tissue harmonics, have enhanced transthoracic echocardiographic images, surface imaging still provides inferior images, particularly in intubated patients. Studies have documented diagnostically inadequate images in two thirds of studies. 34 The acoustic windows used by transthoracic echocardiography depend on patient positioning and cooperation, which may be impossible in severely ill patients. CT and MR imaging cannot be performed at bedside, and critically ill patients may be too unstable for transportation to the radiology suite.
Analysis and synthesis procedures of discrete event systems in a temporal logic framework

A model, based on event structures, a set of temporal logic formulas, an initial state, and a labeling function, for the characterization of discrete event systems (DES) is proposed and used for the investigation of system properties such as verification and reachability. For the synthesis procedure, as applied to DES, a composition rule of 2 systems is developed, and a controller design procedure is introduced. An example of a computer file system is used to illustrate this approach. >
Characterizing Neurons in the Primary Auditory Cortex of the Awake Primate Using Reverse Correlation

While the understanding of the functional role of different classes of neurons in the awake primary visual cortex has been extensively studied since the time of Hubel and Wiesel (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962), our understanding of the feature selectivity and functional role of neurons in the primary auditory cortex is much farther from complete. Moving bars have long been recognized as an optimal stimulus for many visual cortical neurons, and this finding has recently been confirmed and extended in detail using reverse correlation methods (Jones and Palmer, 1987; Reid and Alonso, 1995; Reid et al., 1991; Ringach et al., 1997). In this study, we recorded from neurons in the primary auditory cortex of the awake primate, and used a novel reverse correlation technique to compute receptive fields (or preferred stimuli), encompassing both multiple frequency components and ongoing time. These spectrotemporal receptive fields make clear that neurons in the primary auditory cortex, as in the primary visual cortex, typically show considerable structure in their feature processing properties, often including multiple excitatory and inhibitory regions in their receptive fields. These neurons can be sensitive to stimulus edges in frequency composition or in time, and sensitive to stimulus transitions such as changes in frequency. These neurons also show strong responses and selectivity to continuous frequency modulated stimuli analogous to visual drifting gratings.
The Hadropithecus conundrum reconsidered, with implications for interpreting diet in fossil hominins

The fossil ‘monkey lemur’ Hadropithecus stenognathus has long excited palaeontologists because its skull bears an astonishing resemblance to those of robust australopiths, an enigmatic side branch of the human family tree. Multiple lines of evidence point to the likelihood that these australopiths ate at least some ‘hard’, stress-limited food items, but conflicting data from H. stenognathus pose a conundrum. While its hominin-like craniofacial architecture is suggestive of an ability to generate high bite forces, details of its tooth structure suggest that it was not well equipped to withstand the forces imposed by cracking hard objects. Here, we use three-dimensional digital reconstructions and finite-element analysis to test the hard-object processing hypothesis. We show that Archaeolemur sp. cf. A. edwardsi , a longer-faced close relative of H. stenognathus that lacked hominin convergences, was probably capable of breaking apart large, stress-limited food items, while Hadropithecus was better suited to processing small, displacement-limited (tougher but more compliant) foods. Our suggestion that H. stenognathus was not a hard-object feeder has bearing on the interpretation of hominin cranial architecture; the features shared by H. stenognathus and robust australopiths do not necessarily reflect adaptations for hard-object processing.
Necessary Conditions for Optimality

What conditions are necessary for optimal performance in our problems? In Chapter 10 we saw that if a control problem can be formulated on a fixed interval and its defining functions are suitably convex, then the methods of variational calculus can be adapted to suggest sufficient conditions for an optimal control. In particular, the minimum principle of §10.3 and §10.4 can guarantee optimality of a solution to the problem. In §11.1 we will discover that this principle is necessary for optimality whether or not convexity is present, even when the underlying interval is not fixed (Theorem 11.10). Then in §11.2, we examine the simple but important class of linear time-optimal problems for which the time interval itself is being minimized and the adjoint equation (a necessary condition) can be used to suggest sufficient conditions for optimality. Finally, in §11.3, we extend our control-theory approach to more general problems involving Lagrangian inequality constraints, and in Theorem 11.20 we obtain a Lagrangian multiplier rule of the Kuhn-Tucker type.
Videogames in the classroom: student discussion leader presentations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss an assignment using videogames to demonstrate theories from in-class readings. Game-like learning principles (Gee, 2007), collaborative learning in games (Echeverria et al., 2011) and gamification (Sheldon, 2012) are just a few examples of the discussion areas in videogames and education research. But as Rice (2014) finds, there are few available lesson-plans and examples of everyday classroom use of popular videogames. Design/methodology/approach – In response to this need, this paper discusses classroom use of free popular videogames as cultural artifact examples for course content discussions in a Videogames and Literacies Junior Writing Course offered within an English department. Findings – This paper describes the assignment and learning goals, specifically discussing the first iteration and subsequent changes made to aid students in their presentations and learning. Included in this paper are discussions of technology affordances within the classroo...
A nonlinear reduced-order modeling method for dynamic two-phase flow heat exchanger simulations

This article presents a nonlinear reduced-order modeling method for evaporators in vapor compression systems. This method utilizes linearized reduction techniques to replace the fast dynamic modes of a system with nonlinear functions calculated from the full-order equations of slow dynamic modes. This process creates a nonlinear reduced-order model that is capable of matching full-order nonlinear model results without suffering from linearization error and simulates over 20 times faster than the full-order model. Simulation results are presented for the application of this reduction method to both moving-boundary and finite-control-volume evaporator modeling paradigms. A wide array of case studies are performed for various model input perturbations to illustrate this method's performance advantages. Simulation time step results are presented that show the reduced-order nonlinear model's capability of numerical time steps two orders of magnitude larger than the full-order nonlinear model, resulting in dras...
Diversifying computing

The Computing Research Association (CRA) is an educational non-profit organization headquartered in Washington, DC. Its mission is to promote research and advanced education in computing. It members include computing research-oriented academic departments and government and industrial laboratories in the United States and Canada. Many of the major computing professional societies are affiliates of CRA and support CRA's activities. CRA supports programs to promote diversity in the computing research community through all four of its mission areas: community building, human resources, information gathering and dissemination, and public policy.
Annual Surveillance of Urban Traffic Growth

This paper describes a methodology for the preparation of operations plans for the annual surveillance of traffic growth during the “continuing” phase of the urban transportation planning process. The use of the traffic-counting program for the determination of vehicle-miles of travel by functional system and area is described, with detailed examples from the Columbia and Greenville, S.C., urban areas. Three principles of count-program planning are offered: there must first be an identification of those roadway links for which the laneage requirements are particularly sensitive to forecasted volumes, or at which traffic growth may be so unexpectedly rapid as to indicate an earlier stage of programming; second, count histories should be prepared for each facility, by link; finally, a reevaluation should be undertaken at 5-yr intervals to determine whether certain count stations should be changed in location or discontinued as hourly or seasonal counts.
Survey of Marketing Research Directors of Fortune 500 Firms

This survey which had almost a 73 percent response, reveals backgrounds, organizational reporting patterns, and promotional possibilities of marketing research directors of large industrial firms. ...
A Comparative Study of Resource Partitioning between Ochrotomys nuttalli and Peromyscus leucopus

Resource utilization was examined in captivity for two coexisting small mammal species, the golden mouse ( Ochrotomys nuttalli ) and the white-footed mouse ( Peromyscus leucopus ). Bioenergetics, thermoregulation, and food-selection behavior were studied in terms of behavioral and physiological responses to different experimental conditions. Food consumption was measured to assess ingestion, egestion, assimilation, and respiration in laboratory-maintained mice at 10°C and 20°C. Ingestion rates increased at the lower ambient temperature in both species. Assimilated energy and, consequently, respiration were higher in Peromyscus than in Ochrotomys at both ambient temperatures. Body temperature was monitored every 12 h during a 5-day period in mice maintained at 10° and 20°C; studies were conducted both with and without nesting material. Ochrotomys consistently exhibited lower mean body temperatures than Peromyscus . Body temperatures in both species were significantly higher at the lower ambient temperature (10°C). Both species appear able to use behavioral adjustment of insulation (e.g., nest construction) to retard heat loss. Feeding preferences were analyzed by presenting individuals of each species a diversity of natural foods. Dietary diversity (H′) and evenness (e) were higher in Ochrotomys , indicating more equal apportionment among food items. Electivity values (I) indicated a preference of both species for blackberry and cherry fruits and a lack of preference for sumac. Differences in size of cheek pouches may contribute to the behavioral differences observed between species. Physiological and behavioral strategies illustrate the importance of energy requirements in determining species interactions and community structure.