cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential impacts of land use/cover and climate changes on ecologically relevant flows

Abstract This study explored the sensitivity of ecologically relevant flows to individual and combined impacts of climate and land use/cover (LULC) change as well as to their synergistic impacts (combined effect minus sum of individual effects) in a rapidly urbanizing watershed in Alabama, USA. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was first calibrated (1988–1993) and validated (2008–2013) at daily time scale for streamflow. Then, bias-corrected and downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate data from 2035 to 2060 with eleven climate models under two different representative concentration pathways (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5) were fed into SWAT to quantify the effects of future climate. Watershed LULC change was represented in SWAT via a future projected dataset developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Past, present, and future potential streamflow responses to LULC and climate changes were analyzed for various ecologically relevant flow parameters. A total of 38 key flow parameters known to have significant impacts on aquatic flora and fauna were examined including high, low, and median flows, as well as flashiness. Increased summer temperature and decreased fall precipitation are expected in the study region accompanied by rapid urbanization. Climate change is expected to increase maximum monthly streamflows, especially in June-September potentially altering habitat availability for aquatic organisms. When climate change was combined with LULC change, more frequent drought and flood events are expected, which may negatively affect many fish species. Significant shifts in the timing of annual extreme streamflow conditions were also predicted in the future, which may adversely impact the life cycle of various aquatic species.
Emerging Noninvasive Biomarkers, and Medical Management Strategies for Alcoholic Hepatitis: Present Understanding and Scope

Alcohol use disorder is associated with a wide array of hepatic pathologies ranging from steatosis to alcoholic-related cirrhosis (AC), alcoholic hepatitis (AH), or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Biomarkers are categorized into two main categories: biomarkers associated with alcohol consumption and biomarkers of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). No ideal biomarker has been identified to quantify the degree of hepatocyte death or severity of AH, even though numerous biomarkers have been associated with AH. This review provides information of some of the novel and latest biomarkers that are being investigated and have shown a substantial association with the degree and severity of liver injury and inflammation. Importantly, they can be measured noninvasively. In this manuscript, we consolidate the present understanding and prospects of these biomarkers; and their application in assessing the severity and progression of the alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We also review current and upcoming management options for AH.
Mathematization in the Sciences

The superb pictures of Jupiter and Saturn transmitted back to earth by Pioneer 11 impress me as a marvelous technological achievement. Even more impressive is that this was accomplished without several prior attempts. It is certainly the case that subsystems were tested, and that engineers benefited from their experiences with related systems. Nevertheless, the success of this effort in the absence of the usual testing and refinement is remarkable. Contrast this success with the notorious inaccuracy of economic forecasts—despite the best efforts of knowledgeable people and great (dollar) incentives for accurate predictions. We accept success, especially technological success, in the physical sciences and engineering as a matter of course. We are not surprised—disappointed, perhaps, but not surprised—by the lack of success in areas more closely related to the life and social sciences. It is common to say that we understand (or that someone understands) the science and engineering of space probes, but we do not have comparable understanding of the economy or of many biological or social systems. What is frequently meant is that there are good mathematical models for the physical sciences, but that the models used in the life and social sciences are not nearly as effective. Let us examine this idea in somewhat more detail.
Postural Control Dysfunction and Balance Rehabilitation in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are at an increased risk for falls and fall-related injuries. It is unclear whether current balance rehabilitation techniques largely developed in cognitively intact populations would be successful in older adults with MCI. This mapping review examined the available balance rehabilitation research conducted in older adults with MCI. Databases Medline, Cinahl, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO were systematically searched from inception to August 2020. Twenty-one studies with 16 original randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1201 older adults with MCI (>age 60) met the inclusion criteria, of which 17 studies showed significant treatment effects on balance functions. However, only six studies demonstrated adequate quality (at least single-blind, no significant dropouts, and intervention and control groups are equivalent at baseline) and evidence (medium or large effect size on at least one balance outcome) in improving balance in this population, and none of them are double- or triple-blind. Therefore, more high-quality RCTs are needed to inform future balance rehabilitation program development for older adults with MCI. Moreover, few studies examined the incidence of falls after the intervention, which limits clinical utility. Future RCTs should prospectively monitor falls or changes in risk of falls after the intervention.
Diagnostic Yield of Neck CT Angiography in Young Adults With Anterior Circulation Ischemic Stroke: A Community Based Study.

Background and Purpose:Few community-based studies investigating young adult strokes exist. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic yield of head and neck CTA in evaluation of anterio...
Deconstruction of woody biomass via protic and aprotic ionic liquid pretreatment for ethanol production

Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as important solvents for conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to fuels and chemicals due to their ability to enable efficient biomass deconstruction and fractionation. Woody biomass derived from forest and agricultural residues has the potential to be used for production of biofuels and its removal from forests can help mitigate disastrous wildfires in fire-prone states like California. This study evaluated woody biomass types (pine, almond, walnut, and fir) from California as potential biofuel feedstocks. The feedstocks were pretreated with the ILs cholinium lysinate ([Ch][Lys]) and ethanolamine acetate ([EOA][OAc]), followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulosic sugars to produce ethanol. Under optimal conditions, [EOA][OAc] pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis generated glucose and xylose yields in the range of 24-82 and 14-80%, respectively, while glucose and xylose yields for the [Ch][Lys] ranged between 28-83 and 23-80%, respectively. Maximum fermentable sugar was released from almond wood, and the lowest amount was from pine and fir. Blends of feedstocks were also explored, and a blend with a mass ratio of 2/2/1 (almond/walnut/pine) resulted in maximum glucose and xylose (>90%) yields using [Ch][Lys]. Fermentation of this hydrolysate using a C5-utilizing strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in a maximum ethanol concentration of 17.9 g/L for mixture biomass hydrolysate, corresponding to 60.8% fermentation efficiency. This study represents the first demonstration of the use of these ILs for pretreatment of woody biomass blends that resulted in a high overall conversion efficiency for ethanol production.
Comparison of UAV and fixed-wing aerial application for alfalfa insect pest control: evaluating efficacy, residues, and spray quality.

Background Integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) as a new method of pesticide application into existing commercial crop protection systems requires extensive research and comparison to conventional, proven application technology. Pest control expressed as efficacy against target pests, and spray quality expressed as coverage and chemical residue are three key criteria. We investigated and compared these quantitative parameters between a multi-rotor UAV and conventional piloted airplanes in two commercial alfalfa production systems. Results Effective and equivalent control of leaf-feeding insect pests was achieved by both methods of aerial application when delivering chlorantraniliprole at the same labeled use rate in different spray volumes (46.8 and 93.5 L/ha) on commercially grown alfalfa in California. Residue levels and spray coverage were also comparable and consistent between the UAV and airplane applications across three sampling techniques, specifically residue levels on alfalfa, insecticide recovery from filter paper, and spray coverage on water sensitive cards. Differences in droplet size and deposit characteristics were more variable for the UAV than airplanes based on analysis of deposition images. Conclusion The results of this study provide confidence supporting the use of small-scale multi-rotor UAVs for pesticide application on agricultural crops. According to the parameters tested, UAV application quality and crop protection performance were comparable to that of the conventional fixed wing airplane application. However, the droplet spectrum and the short-term fate of droplets from unmanned aerial spray system require further optimization for effective and efficient crop protection with minimal risk to the environment.
Perspective on the role of particle size measurements in gas hydrate agglomeration predictions

Abstract Particle agglomeration plays a major role in the mechanism of gas hydrate accumulation and pipeline plugging. Gas hydrates are solid inclusion compounds composed of natural gas trapped in a three-dimensional water lattice that can form in petroleum flow lines and impede fluid transfer. Agglomeration mechanics are complex yet essential to creating reliable and accurate rheological models for optimizing fluid flow operations, of which the state-of-the-art includes the contact-induced and shear-induced agglomeration models. Particle size distribution measurements of water droplets in an oil-continuous phase reacting to form gas hydrate agglomerates over time can be performed using in situ focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and particle video microscope (PVM) probes, or other similar tools. Particle sizing and interfacial interaction measurements form the basis of gas hydrate hydrodynamic multiphase flow models, which incorporate particle agglomeration/viscosity models and the capillary bridge theory-based cohesion model. In situ particle sizing probes can also serve as a supplementary process indicator of gas hydrate formation onset. It is essential to perform in situ particle-scale experiments to develop and validate an accurate gas hydrate agglomeration model, which is integral to state-of-the-art hydrate flow assurance modeling and risk assessment.
Automatic Atomicity Verification for Clients of Concurrent Data Structures

Mainstream programming languages offer libraries of concurrent data structures. Each method call on a concurrent data structure appears to take effect atomically. However, clients of such data structures often require stronger guarantees. For instance, a histogram class that is implemented using a concurrent map may require a method to atomically increment a histogram bar, but its implementation requires multiple calls to the map and hence is not atomic by default. Indeed, prior work has shown that atomicity errors in clients of concurrent data structures occur frequently in production code. We present an automatic and modular verification technique for clients of concurrent data structures. We define a novel sufficient condition for atomicity of clients called condensability. We present a tool called Snowflake that generates proof obligations for condensability of Java client methods and discharges them using an off-the-shelf SMT solver. We applied Snowflake to an existing suite of client methods from several open-source applications. It successfully verified 76.9% of the atomic methods without any change and verified the rest of them with small code refactoring and/or annotations.
The association of blood lactate concentration with outcome in dogs with idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: 173 cases (2003-2006)

Objective – To determine the association of blood lactate with outcome and response to transfusion therapy in dogs with idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). Design – Retrospective study. Setting – Urban veterinary small animal emergency hospital. Animals – One hundred and seventy-three client-owned dogs with IMHA. Interventions – None. Measurements and Main Results – Serial blood lactate concentration, therapeutic interventions, and outcome were recorded. Nonsurvivors were defined as those that died or were euthanized. One hundred and thirty-three dogs (77%) survived, 35 (20%) were euthanized, and 5 (3%) died. One hundred forty-five dogs (84%; 145/173) had a lactate concentration above the laboratory reference interval [0.46–2.31 mmol/L] on presentation. Blood lactate at presentation was higher in the nonsurvivors (median 4.8 mmol/L; 0.5–13.6) compared with survivors (median 2.9 mmol/L; 0.3–13.2) (P<0.01). All dogs presenting with hyperlactatemia that normalized (<2.0 mmol/L) within 6 hours of admission survived, whereas, 71% of dogs that had a persistent hyperlactatemia at 6 hours survived (P=0.034). Lactate was positively correlated with age, BUN, and alkaline phosphatase, and inversely correlated with PCV. Receiver operating curve analysis for lactate concentration at admission as a test for outcome had an area under the curve of 0.69 with an optimal lactate cutoff concentration of 4.4 mmol/L correctly predicting outcome 73% of the time (sensitivity 60%, specificity 77%). Conclusions – Lactate concentration at presentation was significantly higher in nonsurvivors than survivors. Lactate was significantly correlated with previously reported outcome variables but lactate concentration at admission, as a predictor for outcome was less than optimal. However, serial lactate concentration measurements may be more predictive as patients with persistent hyperlactatemia 6 hours after admission were less likely to survive. Prospective studies evaluating serial lactate concentration while controlling for other variables may provide further insight into lactate measurement as a prognostic indicator in animals with IMHA.
A model for developing high‐reliability teams

riley w., davis s.e., miller k.k. & mccullough m. (2010) Journal of Nursing Management18, 556–563 A model for developing high-reliability teams Aim To develop a model for high reliability in health care quality and patient safety. Background A high-reliability health organization (HRO) has measurable near perfect performance in quality and safety. High reliability is necessary in health care where the consequences of error are high and the frequency is low. Key issues Despite a decade of intense focus on quality and safety since a series of reports from the Institute of Medicine (IOM), health care is not a completely safe industry and quality is not what it should be to ensure high reliability for patients. Conclusions A model for high reliability is presented that includes the individual skills necessary to assure high-reliability teams on a patient care unit. High-reliability teams (HRT) form an essential core of a HRO. These teams and their organizations value a culture of safety every day with every patient encounter. Implications for nursing management Nurse managers can lead in creating a HRO by first developing HRTs on their patient care unit.
The Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis: 1-year mortality rates

The Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score is a previously derived, validated, and published clinical decision rule for predicting 28-day inhospital mortality. It is based on the following scoring system: underlying disease with expected fatality 5% (two points), age > 65 years (two points), lower respiratory infection (two points), nursing home resident (two points), anion gap, and altered mental status (two points). The points are added and a risk group assigned.
Acebutolol for premature ventricular contractions: short- and long-term effects.

The safety and efficacy of oral acebutolol therapy for the suppression of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) were assessed in two clinical trials pooled for analysis. Thirty-two patients suffering from organic heart disease, who had experienced an average of ≥10 PVCs/h (range 14 to 996 three times a day) on Holter monitoring during a 24-hour baseline study period, were given acebutolol (100 mg three times a day to 400 mg four times a day) over 4 weeks. Three patients were withdrawn from the study for administrative reasons, and four patients were excluded from the efficacy analysis. Of the 25 remaining patients (24 men, 1 woman; mean age 56 years, range 37 to 69), 18 (72%) experienced some reduction in PVCs from the second through the fourth week of therapy. Eleven patients (44%) experienced clinically significant reductions (≥ 75%) in PVCs. The onset of the antiarrhythmic effect of acebutolol was within 7 days of administration. Transient mild to moderate side effects were noted in eight patients. Significant correlations (p < 0.001) were observed between the mean daily dose of acebutolol and (1) mean blood levels, (2) reduction in PVCs, and (3) reduction in resting heart rate. The average daily dose of acebutolol ranged from 304 to 1060 mg. In nine patients receiving acebutolol in a 12-month open-label extension, both efficacy and safety were maintained. This study confirms that oral acebutolol therapy in both safe and efficacious for suppressing PVCs in patients with organic heart disease.
New water soluble phosphonate and polycarboxylate complexants for enhanced f element separations

While lipophilic extractant molecules and ion exchange polymeric materials are clearly essential to efficient separation of metal ions by solvent extraction or ion exchange, the most difficult separations often could not be accomplished without the use of water soluble complexants. This report focuses on recent developments in the design, synthesis and characterization of phosphonic acid and polycarboxylic acid ligands for enhanced f element separations. Emphasis is on the basic solution chemistry and crystal structures of complexes of the f elements with selected amino-derivatives of methanediphosphonic acid and with tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid. The former series of compounds exhibit high affinity for lanthanides and actinides in acidic solutions. The latter ligand exhibits an unusual (and very useful) “anti-selectivity” for uranyl ion in a solvent extraction process, which permits efficient separation of uranyl from more radioactive components of nuclear wastes. Most of the observed effects can be explained through examination of the structure of the ligand, and comparison of the spectroscopic and thermodynamic parameters for complexation of various metal ions.
Automated Test Generation and Verified Software

Testing remains the principal means of verification in commercial practice and in many certification regimes. Formal methods of verification will coexist with testing and should be developed in ways that improve, supplement, and exploit the value of testing. I describe automated test generation, which uses technology from formal methods to mechanize the construction of test cases, and discuss some of the research challenges in this area.
Equilibration, Compression and Flow at the Bevalac

This paper presents data acquired in the past two years by the Streamer Chamber group and the Plastic Ball group. The paper presents evidence that at Bevalac energies, head-on nuclear collisions result in stopping; it presents evidence for collective flow of the interacting nuclei; it presents evidence that a substantial part of the energy is tied up in compressional energy at the high density phase of the collision; finally, it presents recent data concerning aspects of the collisions such as interaction volume, particle ratios and temperatures. At the meeting at Bielefeld two years ago, it was not possible to make definitive statements about most of these subjects: the progress in the intervening period has been remarkable. 17 references, 14 figures, 1 table.
Epidermal growth factor inhibits Ca(2+)-dependent Cl- transport in T84 human colonic epithelial cells

This study examined whether epidermal growth factor (EGF) inhibits Ca(2+)-dependent Cl- secretion by T84 cells. Basolateral EGF inhibited Cl- secretion induced by carbachol or thapsigargin, without...
Effect of triceps function on the brachioradialis transfer in quadriplegia

Fifteen patients with traumatic quadriplegia who had transfer of the brachioradialis to the flexor pollicis longus were evaluated to determine the influence of triceps function on pinch strength. Pinch was measured with the elbow free and with the elbow locked at 90° in an orthosis that served as an external means of blocking elbow flexion in those patients with impaired triceps strength. Those patients having two foot-pounds or less elbow extension torque had an average pinch of 1.20 kg without elbow immobilization. With the elbow immobilized, pinch strength increased 153%, averaging 3.04 pounds. Those patients having more than two foot-pounds elbow extension torque had an average pinch of 4.08 pounds with the elbow free and pinch strength was not improved by immobilization in the orthosis. The absence of triceps function significantly decreases the effectiveness of the brachioradialis when used to motor a tendon transfer. Surgical procedures, such as posterior deltoid to triceps transfer, which provide active elbow extension can be expected to significantly increase the pinch strength supplied through the brachioradialis transfer in patients without voluntary elbow extension.
Strategy and the Decision to Dissent on the U.S. Courts of Appeals

Though there has been a substantial amount of research on the strategic behavior of legal actors, the literature is rife with conflicting findings. We contribute to this debate by examining whether U.S. court of appeals judges dissent for the purpose of inviting en banc and/or Supreme Court review. We consider key challenges associated with the empirical modeling of strategic behavior related to the selection of an appropriate unit of analysis for study and the consequences of introducing multicollinearity into statistical models. We explore these issues by examining the dissenting behavior of court of appeals judges from 1970–2002. Our findings indicate that court of appeals judges strategically dissent, and that this behavior is seldom captured by traditional quantitative analyses of judicial behavior. Though our focus is on court of appeals judges, we are confident our conclusions inform studies of strategic behavior in a variety of contexts.
A Finite Difference Heat Transfer Analysis of a Percutaneous Transluminal Microwave Angioplasty System

Finite difference time domain (FDTD) techniques have been developed to calculate the specific absorption rates (SAR) in hyperthermia models. The University of Utah Hyperthermia Research Group has extended these numerical techniques for developing a percutaneous transluminal microwave angioplasty applicator, calculating the SARs produced by a high energy electromagnetic field to remove atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels. The objective of this research was to derive a method for calculating the bioheat transfer in biological tissue surrounding a microwave angioplasty applicator. A hypothetical model was developed and observations are discussed based on the numerical results of this study. A limited analysis on the thermal effects of microwave pulsing was also completed. Preliminary numerical calculations yielded reasonable results. Experimental laboratory tests are required to validate the accuracy of the numerical results found in this study. Further development of this thermal analysis method may greatly assist in future studies of new applicator configurations to ensure safe atherosclerotic plaque removal and to predict the resulting thermal environments.
Precipitates and Lüders Elongation in Ferritic Stainless Steels Stabilized with Ti and V

The influence of finish rolling temperature on the precipitates and Luders elongation in ultra purified ferritic stainless steels stabilized with Ti and V has been investigated, in which the hot rolled bands were produced by conventional rolling process and the finish rolling at relatively low temperatures. It was shown that finish rolling at relatively low temperatures promoted the formation of a large number of fine MC precipitates, which were denser in dispersion and finer in size than those formed in conventional rolling process by strain-induced precipitation, and consequently scavenging of interstitial atoms in solid solution, indicating that the finish rolling at relatively low temperatures can be the effective way to significantly reduced Luders elongation for the final sheets. These results have been confirmed by the internal friction measurements.
Why did Yiddish change

SUMMARYFour instances of change in 19th-century Yiddish-in-print are considered: (1) the change from a separate type-face to the standard Hebrew type also used for bibles and prayer-books; (2) the abandonment of archaic written forms, following conventions that had been standardized in Central Europe in earlier centuries, in favor of forms more closely approximating Eastern European spoken Yiddish; (3) the sharp curtailment of new High Germanisms and other foreignisms, and (4) the development of a standard or literary spoken variety influenced by standard written Yiddish. In all four instances internal rather than external foci of change are posited. Via fostering and controlling the 'print function', elites of small language communities can also change their languages in accord with how they would like to and when they would like to, rather than merely being exposed either 'winds of change' or to influences from surrounding languages and cultures.RESUMEDans cet article trois facteurs de changement du yiddish imprime du XIXe et XXe siecle sont presentes et discutes: (1) l'adoption du type d'impression qu'on avait utilise jusqu'a ce temps pour les bibles et les livres de prieres; (2) l'abandon des formes archaiques de la langue ecrite (qui ont ete standardisees en Europe Central pendant les siecles precendents) en faveur de formes plus proches du yiddish parle en Europe de l'Est a l'epoque, et (3) la reduction drastique de l'influence lexicale de l'allemand moderne et d'autres langues etrangeres. L'auteur affirme que dans ces trois facteurs de changement il y avaient des raisons internes plutot que externes a la base des modifications. Il maintient que, en alimentant et controlant la fonction de la presse d'imprimerie, il est possible pour des elites peu nombreuses d'une communaute linguistique d'introduire des changement de la facon voulue et a un moment choisi par elles au lieu d'avoir une evolution langagiere inconsciente et sans planification.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer Aufsatz zieht drei Gesichtspunkte der Veranderung der jiddi-schen Schriftsprache im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert in Betracht: (1) Der Wechsel von einer besonderen Schreibtype zur hebraischen Drucktype, die bis dahin allein fiir Bibeln und Gebetsbiicher verwendet worden war; (2) die Aufgabe alter Schreibweisen, die in friiheren Jahrhunderten entwik-kelt worden waren, zugunsten von einem Stil, der sich dem in Osteuropa gesprochenen Jiddisch nahert, und (3) die drastische Reduzierung neuer hochdeutscher Ausdriicke und anderer Fremdworter. In alien drei Fallen werden interne Griinde anstelle von externen Momenten fiir den Sprachwan-del angenommen. Durch Nahrung und Kontrolle des Druckwesens ist es mog-lich gewesen, das selbst kleine Sprachgemeinschaften in der Lage sind, Sprachgebrauch zu andern, und zwar mithilfe einer Elite, die die Initiative ergreift und Sprachwandel nicht einfach unbewusten und nichtge-planten Veranderungen iiberlast.
Overlapping gene expression profiles of cell migration and tumor invasion in human bladder cancer identify metallothionein 1E and nicotinamide N-methyltransferase as novel regulators of cell migration

Cell migration is essential to cancer invasion and metastasis and is spatially and temporally integrated through transcriptionally dependent and independent mechanisms. As cell migration is studied in vitro, it is important to identify genes that both drive cell migration and are biologically relevant in promoting invasion and metastasis in patients with cancer. Here, gene expression profiling and a high-throughput cell migration system answers this question in human bladder cancer. In vitro migration rates of 40 microarray-profiled human bladder cancer cell lines were measured by radial migration assay. Genes whose expression was either directly or inversely associated with cell migration rate were identified and subsequently evaluated for their association with cancer stage in 61 patients. This analysis identified genes known to be associated with cell invasion such as versican, and novel ones, including metallothionein 1E (MT1E) and nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), whose expression correlated positively with cancer cell migration and tumor stage. Using loss of function analysis, we show that MT1E and NNMT are necessary for cancer cell migration. These studies provide a general approach to identify the clinically relevant genes in cancer cell migration and mechanistically implicate two novel genes in this process in human bladder cancer.
The PTEN and INK4A/ARF tumor suppressors maintain myelolymphoid homeostasis and cooperate to constrain histiocytic sarcoma development in humans

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a rare malignant proliferation of histiocytes of uncertain molecular pathogenesis. Here, genetic analysis of coincident loss of Pten and Ink4a/Arf tumor suppressors in the mouse revealed a neoplastic phenotype dominated by a premalignant expansion of biphenotypic myelolymphoid cells followed by the development of HS. Pten protein loss occurred only in the histiocytic portion of tumors, suggesting a stepwise genetic inactivation in the generation of HS. Similarly, human HS showed genetic or epigenetic inactivation of PTEN, p16(INK4A), and p14(ARF), supporting the relevance of this genetically engineered mouse model of HS. These genetic and translational observations establish a cooperative role of Pten and Ink4a/Arf in the development of HS and provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of human HS.
Self-Aligned Cu-Si Core-Shell Nanowire Array as a High-Performance Anode for Li-Ion Batteries

Abstract Silicon nanowires (NWs) have been reported as a promising anode that demonstrated high capacity without pulverization during cycling, however, they present some technical issues that remain to be solved. The high aspect ratio of the NWs and their small contact areas with the current collector cause high electrical resistance, which results in inefficient electron transport. The nano-size interface between a NW and the substrate experiences high shear stress during lithiation, causing the wire to separate from the current collector. In addition, most reported methods for producing silicon NWs involve high-temperature processing and require catalysts that later become contaminants. This study developed a new self-aligned Cu–Si core–shell NW array using a low-temperature, catalyst-free process to address the issues described. The silicon shell is amorphous as synthesized and accommodates Li-ions without phase transformation. The copper core functions as a built-in current collector to provide very short (nm) electron transport pathways as well as backbone to improve mechanical strength. Initial electrochemical evaluation has demonstrated good capacity retention and high Coulombic efficiency for this new anode material in a half-cell configuration. No wire fracture or core–shell separation was observed after cycling. However, electrolyte decomposition products largely covered the top surface of the NW array, restricting electrolyte access and causing capacity reduction at high charging rates.
Transmission of cotton seed and boll rotting bacteria by the southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula L.).

Aims: To determine the ability of the southern green stink bug (SGSB) (Nezara viridula L.) to transmit Pantoea agglomerans into cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) bolls. Methods and Results: An SGSB laboratory colony was kept on fresh green beans. A P. agglomerans variant resistant to rifampicin (Rif) (strain Sc 1-R) was used as the opportunistic cotton pathogen. Adult insects were individually provided green beans that were sterilized and then soaked in either sterile water or in a suspension of strain Sc 1-R. Insects were individually caged with an unopened greenhouse-grown cotton boll. After 2 days, live SGSB were collected, surfaced sterilized, ground, serially diluted, and then plated on nonselective media and media amended with Rif. Exterior and interior evidence of feeding on bolls was recorded 2 weeks after exposure to insects. Seed and lint tissue were harvested, ground, serially diluted, and then plated on media with and without Rif. Bacteria were recovered on nonselective media from all insects, and from seed and lint with signs of insect feeding at concentrations ranging from 102 to 109 CFU g−1 tissue. The Sc 1-R strain was isolated only from insects exposed to the marked strain and from seed and lint of respective bolls showing signs of insect feeding. Evidence of insect feeding on the exterior wall of the carpel was not always apparent (47%), whereas feeding was always observed (100%) on the interior wall in association with bacterial infections of seed and lint. Conclusions: Nezara viridula readily ingested the opportunistic P. agglomerans strain Sc 1-R and transmitted it into unopened cotton bolls. Infections by the transmitted Sc 1-R strain caused rotting of the entire locule that masked internal carpel wounds incurred by insect feeding. Bacteria were recovered from penetration points by insects not exposed to the pathogen, but locule damage was limited to the area surrounding the feeding site (c. 3 mm). Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study that demonstrates the ability of SGSB to acquire and transmit plant pathogenic bacteria into cotton bolls.
CREATING AFFECTIVE READERS IN A CLINICAL SETTING

Teachers who work with students labeled as disabled readers often find the formidable task of teaching them to read blocked by the students’ low self‐esteem and negative attitudes about reading. This article describes strategies implemented in the Remedial Reading Research Clinic at the University of Illinois at Chicago to help poor readers improve both their self‐esteem and their reading abilities. The focus is on principles and instructional strategies that can be easily translated to the school setting.
Fermion soliton stars and black holes.

Explicit solutions of fermion soliton stars and fermion black holes are given. The former has no horizon and the latter does. The soliton stars are cold, stable, and coherent states of very large mass M\ensuremath{\sim}(${l}_{P}$m${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$m, with ${l}_{P}$ the Planck length, m the mass of the relevant Higgs-type scalar field, and \ensuremath{\Elzxh}=c=1. .AE
Granular and superconducting-glass properties of the high-temperature superconductors

Abstract The microstructure of bulk samples of the copper-oxide high-temperature superconductors commonly is describable in terms of anisotropic grains of stoichiometric material separated by layers of nonstoichiometric interface material. The granularity strongly influences the electromagnetic properties, especially the transport critical-current density and the magnetization. In this paper, a simple theoretical model for the granularity is introduced and then used to discuss a number of electrodynamic properties (hysteretic magnetization versus magnetic field, zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization versus temperature, ac susceptibility, and flux creep with logarithmic time dependence). Special attention is drawn to the importance of distinguishing between intragranular and intergranular effects.
Lysozyme levels in the nasal secretions of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and recurrent sinusitis.

Background The association of perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) with recurrent sinusitis (RS) is well recognized. Anatomic abnormalities at the osteomeatal complex or ciliary dysfunction may play a significant role in some patients. However, for most patients with allergy, the determinants of RS are unknown. Objective To determine whether altered concentrations of antimicrobial peptides and proteins, such as lysozyme, lactoferrin, human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2), and human neutrophil peptides 1 to 3 (HNP-1 to 3), contribute to the development of RS in patients with PAR. Methods Nasal secretions were collected by vacuum aspiration from 15 individuals with PAR+RS, 16 with PAR alone, and 16 controls. Lysozyme and lactoferrin levels were determined in nasal secretions by using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and HBD-2 and HNP-1 to 3 levels were determined in nasal secretions by using semiquantitative Western blot analysis. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) levels were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a marker of nasal eosinophilia in all 3 groups. Results Levels of EDN were elevated significantly in patients with PAR+RS compared with controls. Lysozyme levels were decreased significantly in patients with PAR+RS compared with PAR alone or controls. Mean lysozyme levels were significantly lower in patients with EDN levels greater than 1,000 ng/mL vs those with levels of 1,000 ng/mL or less in the PAR+RS group. There were no statistically significant differences in lactoferrin, HBD-2, and HNP-1 to 3 levels among the 3 groups. Conclusions The presence of eosinophils and their products and reduced lysozyme concentrations may be critical factors that predispose the airways of patients with PAR to RS.
A Right to Survive: Subsistence Marketing in a Lowland Philippine Town

This comprehensive report describes and analyzes the business activities of a market in a Philippine town of 15,000 people. Since as much as 90% of most Philippine families' earnings are used to purchase food, these data provide a picture of the important economic processes of the town. Dr. Szanton's study contains important implications for programs to encourage economic development and to improve nutrition and health in so-called third world nations. As is the case in all developing countries, three-quarters of the people in this town live in poverty, despite educational levels and natural resources that would support a higher standard of living. Such deprivation springs in large part from social institutions, particularly subsistence production and marketing patterns, which limit many individuals to producing no more than will satisfy their immediate needs. Dr. Szanton's insights into the social and economic operations of the marketing process suggest programs of action which may cope more effectively with the impediments to progress that lie in present production and marketing patterns.
Re-Reading Rousseau in the Post-Cold War World

While the study of world politics before and during the Cold War was dominated by the competing paradigms of `idealism' and `realism', the post-Cold War world requires different approaches. This essay suggests that Jean-Jacques Rousseau's writings on war and peace may serve as a vantage-point for a paradigm which goes beyond the two orthodox perspectives. It argues that Rousseau is not the unambiguous representative for the `realist' approach that he is so routinely assumed to be. Rousseau developed a unique analysis which accentuates historical change, dialectical paradox and the tendency for interdependence to foster inequality and conflict. This analysis of interstate relations provides a useful starting-point for understanding both the global transformations which are now occurring before our eyes and the many challenges that lie ahead. First, this essay reconstructs from the many scattered pieces which Rousseau wrote about history and world politics a clear and consistent international relations theo...
Network Accessed Scholarly Serials

Commercial publishers, scholarly societies, platform providers, and libraries are collaborating on experiments to provide scholarly serials and articles on the internet and other networks. Some of the models for collaboration include the preprint database and the digital library. Other commercial publishers of scholarly serials are quickly moving to provide electronic versions of material previously only issued in print and to develop new products entirely in electronic form.
An American Carl Schmitt: Lee Harris on the Nature and Purpose of Enemies

Book reviewed: Civilization and Its Enemies: The Next Stage of History, Lee Harris, Free Press 2004 (0-7432-5749-9), pp. 232, Hb $26
Selective Release of Enzymes from Bacteria

A group of hydrolytic enzymes, including phosphatases and nucleases, is selectively released from E. coli and certain other Gram-negative bacteria by a process designated as osmotic shock. This procedure involves exposure of the cells to ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) in 0.5 molar sucrose followed by a sudden osmotic transition to cold, dilute MgCl(2). Osmotic shock also results in an alteration of the permeability barrier of the bacterial cell and a depletion of the pool of acid-soluble nucleotides, but there is no loss of viability. On being restored to growth medium, the shocked cells recover after a lag period. Formation of spheroplasts by treatment with EDTA and lysozyme leads to selective release of the same group of enzymes. We believe that the selectively released enzymes are confined in a region between the bacterial cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane. Histochemical studies indicate such a localization. Further, the enzyme activities are measurable with intact cells, even when the substrate is a nucleotide, to which whole cells are impermeable. Another piece of evidence concerns a mutant E. coli with a defective cell wall. In contrast to normal bacteria, this organism loses one of these enzymes into the medium in the course of growth. After osmotic shock, the bacteria show reduced uptake of sulfate,betagalactosides, galactose, and certain amino acids. Furthermore, the shock treatment causes the release of nondialyzable factors able to bind sulfate, galactose, and the same amino acids. A possible interpretation of these observations is the following: the binding proteins occupy sites near the bacterial surface, and they may be components of active transport systems responsible for the concentrative uptake of these nutrients.
The Health Assurance Coaching Model for Chronic Renal Disease Management

This article presents a coach-player approach to the care of patients with chronic renal disease (CRD) that evokes patients’ motivation toward self-maintaining behaviors and informed, competent, and confident selfcare. In operation, it is superior to our conventional directive and prescriptive styles of patient caregiving because self-evidently it assures each patient’s continuous access to consistent high-quality care at lower cost because of predictably reduced use of health care resources. Grounded on evidence-based disease management and generically applicable to virtually all chronic medical disease, health assurance coaching should specifically focus on reducing both the morbidity risks among pre– end stage CRD patients and, as a consequence, cause a significant reduction in the current, unacceptable rates of morbidity and mortality of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. It is generally agreed that our dialyzed ESRD patients’ current rates of morbidity and mortality, and therefore their health care costs, are too high. The principal, alleged causes, including late referral to a nephrologist of already uremic patients, late initiation of dialysis, underdialysis, and undernutrition, are being addressed, respectively, by educational countermeasures in the literature; increasing amounts of dialysis; and use of biocompatible membranes, erythropoietin, intradialytic alimentation, and dietetic coun
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NVOC-DOPE, A CAGED PHOTOACTIVATABLE DERIVATIVE OF DIOLEOYLPHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE

A caged, photocleavable derivative of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) called NVOC-DOPE was prepared by reaction of DOPE with 6-nitroveratryloxycarbonyl chloride. In contrast to egg phosphatidylethanolamine (EPE), NVOC-DOPE or its 1:1 mixture with EPE forms liposomes at both pH 7.4 and 5.0. Photolysis (lambda > 300 nm) of aqueous liposomal dispersions of NVOC-DOPE at pH 9.0, 7.4, or 5.0 results in complete conversion to DOPE and subsequent release of entrapped calcein dye. The temporal and spatial control associated with the photorelease technique suggests that NVOC-DOPE can be used to study a range of important dynamic membrane processes such as membrane fusion and the action of membrane-associated enzymes.
Unimolecular Reaction Rate Constants of NO2 Just above D0

Photoinitiated unimolecular decomposition on a barrierless potential energy surface (PES) has been studied for the reaction NO2 → O(3P2) + NO(X2Π1/2, v = 0) for excess energies up to approximately 17 cm-1 above the dissociation threshold (i.e., D0 for nonrotating molecules) by using expansion-cooled samples and the time-resolved pump−probe technique. To examine the threshold region with enough energy resolution to discern abrupt changes in the rate constant, should they occur, a pump−probe cross-correlation temporal width of ∼25 ps and a pump line width ≤2 cm-1 has been used. These are the first direct observations of the reaction rate constants in this energy regime. The rate constant was found to increase by an order of magnitude, varying from ∼2 × 1010 s-1 to ≥1011 s-1, the latter being a rough lower bound imposed by the experimental arrangement. The rate constant does not display the energy dependence predicted by using phase space theory, at least in detail. Rather, it appears to reflect the highly c...
Resistible effects of Coulomb interaction on nucleus-vapor phase coexistence

We explore the effects of Coulomb interaction upon the nuclear liquid vapor phase transition. Because large nuclei (A>30) are metastable objects, phases, phase coexistence, and phase transitions cannot be defined with any generality and the analogy to liquid vapor is ill posed for these heavy systems. However, it is possible to account for the Coulomb interaction in the decay rates and obtain the coexistence phase diagram for the corresponding uncharged system.