cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binary Outer Product Expansion of Convolutional Kernels

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have found great success in many artificial intelligence applications. At the heart of a CNN is the operation of convolution between multi-channel data and learned kernels. It is usually implemented as a floating-point large matrix multiplication, a major bottleneck of computational speed and memory usage. In this paper, we propose a binary outer product expansion (BOPE) method to represent a kernel matrix or tensor as a weighted sum of the outer products between binary vectors of values +1 or −1. This allows for network compression and simplified computation at the same time. Our theoretical analysis shows such a decomposition converges to the original matrix given a sufficient number of binary vectors. We present computational methods to estimate outer product weights using either optimized or random binary base vectors. Significant data compression can be achieved for a highly redundant matrix, since weights and binary vectors require less storage than array elements. In addition, most floating-point multiplication in matrix convolution can be replaced by addition and binary XOR, lessening computation and memory requirements. We propose a compact convolutional layer in which highly redundant convolutional kernels are projected onto binary vectors, and represented as a weighted sum of outer products. It is shown that the number of weights in AlexNet, VGG−19 and ResNet-50 can be reduced 3.45, 6.87 and 2.95 times respectively with less than a 1% loss in the top-1 and top-5 classification accuracy on ImageNet, and MobileNetV2 can be reduced 2.31 times with a 2% loss. Compared to the standard CNN, this compact convolutional network has fewer trainable weights, is better regularized, and is easier to train from fewer training samples. Therefore, it is particularly suited for devices with limited computation, memory, and battery power.
The Initial Use of the Home Medication Experience Questionnaire (HOME-Q) in Community-Based Pharmacy:

The Home Medication Experience Questionnaire (HOME-Q) was developed to systematically gather information on the medication experience of patients. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess th...
Deconstructing cell size control into physiological modules in Escherichia coli

Cell size homeostasis is a basic aspect of coordinated biosynthesis during steady-state growth, yet it was unknown how physiological control and the cell cycle are linked. We show that the cellular resources required to start growth and one round of replication is constant. This "unit cell" size remains invariant under extensive perturbations to replication rate, transcription, translation, ribosome content, lipid and cell wall synthesis, surface-to-volume ratio of the cell, cell shape, and cell division. Instead, the unit cell is exclusively determined by the process of replication initiation. We demonstrate that cell size control in Escherichia coli is completely characterized by three functionally distinct modules - the unit cell, growth and the cell cycle. This leads to the general growth law that cell size is the sum of all unit cells. The general growth law explains how growth and the cell cycle are coordinated and quantitatively predicts cell size for any steady-state growth condition.
The seasonal profile of proliferation and apoptosis in the prostate gland of the wild ground squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus)

Abstract The seasonal cycle of growth and regression in the prostate gland of wild ground squirrel provide a unique research model to understand the morphological changes of prostate glands. Our previous studies showed that the local production of dihydrotestosterone could affect the morphology and function of the prostate gland in either an autocrine or paracrine manner. In the present study, we attempted to gain more insight into this process by investigating the expression of key factors implicated in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the cell cycle, including mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), cyclin-D2, p21, p27 and retinoblastoma 1 (pRB). Morphological and histological observations confirmed that the prostate increased significantly in both size and weight during the breeding season. Positive immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was mainly localized to the prostate epithelial cells during the breeding season, which is significantly higher in the prostate gland during the breeding season (2470 ± 81/mm2) than that in the nonbreeding season (324 ± 54/mm2). However, there was no significant difference in the prostate gland when compared between the breeding and nonbreeding seasons, with regards to TUNEL staining. Moreover, cell cycle regulators were mainly localized to the epithelial cells, including mTOR, cyclin-D2, p21, p27 and pRB. the immunostaining of mTOR and cyclin D2 were stronger during the breeding season, whereas the immunostaining of p27 and pRB were stronger during the nonbreeding season. The mRNA expression levels of mTOR, cyclin D2, and PCNA, were higher during the breeding season while those of p27 and p21 were higher during the nonbreeding season. Collectively, this study profiled the distinct expression pattern of key cell cycle regulators throughout the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Collectively, these factors may play important roles in regulating the seasonal growth and regression of the prostatic epithelium in the wild ground squirrel.
Toward a Thinking-Oriented Training in Mathematics for Elementary School Teachers

The need to improve mathematical training for elementary school teachers has long been recognized. Efforts to make the needed improvement over the years have brought some changes from time to time; yet providing elementary teachers with solid mathematical training remains a big challenge. In this chapter, we first conduct a review of relevant research about the difficulties elementary teachers may have in mathematics and existing approaches to provide mathematical training to them. Building upon existing research, we propose a thinking-oriented training in mathematics for elementary teachers based on problem-solving and problem posing, which can and should be integrated with their knowledge learning, and that emphasizes sensemaking and making sense, as well as skill and ability development. They should also have opportunities to learn how to develop instructional practices that build upon students’ knowledge and mathematical thinking and utilize contextualized problem-solving.
Whole-body adaptation to novel dynamics does not transfer between effectors

How does the brain coordinate concurrent adaptation of arm movements and standing posture? From previous studies, the postural control system can use information about previously adapted arm moveme...
Titanium Cervical Cage Subsidence: Postoperative Computed Tomography Analysis Defining Incidence and Associated Risk Factors.

Study DesignRetrospective cohort studyObjectiveSubstantial variability in both the measurement and classification of subsidence limits the strength of conclusions that can be drawn from previous st...
A Waste Heat Recovery System for Light Duty Diesel Engines

In order to achieve proposed fuel economy requirements, engines must make better use of the available fuel energy. Regardless of how efficient the engine is, there will still be a significant fraction of the fuel energy that is rejected in the exhaust and coolant streams. One viable technology for recovering this waste heat is an Organic Rankine Cycle. This cycle heats a working fluid using these heat streams and expands the fluid through a turbine to produce shaft power. The present work was the development of such a system applied to a light duty diesel engine. This lab demonstration was designed to maximize the peak brake thermal efficiency of the engine, and the combined system achieved an efficiency of 44.4%. The design of the system is discussed, as are the experimental performance results. The system potential at typical operating conditions was evaluated to determine the practicality of installing such a system in a vehicle.
Supporting dynamic space-sharing on clusters of non-dedicated workstations

Clusters of workstations are increasingly being viewed as a cost effective alternative to parallel supercomputers. However, resource management and scheduling on workstations clusters is complicated by the fact that the number of idle workstations available for executing parallel applications is constantly fluctuating. We present a case for scheduling parallel applications on non dedicated workstation clusters using dynamic space sharing, a policy under which the number of processors allocated to an application can be changed during its execution. We describe an approach that uses application level checkpointing and data repartitioning for supporting dynamic space sharing and for handling the dynamic reconfiguration triggered when failure or owner activity is detected on a workstation being used by a parallel application. The performance advantages of dynamic space sharing are quantified through a simulation study, and experimental results are presented for the overhead of dynamic reconfiguration of a grid oriented data parallel application using our approach.
Infant Rabbit Model for Diarrheal Diseases

Vibrio cholerae is the agent of cholera, a potentially lethal diarrheal disease that remains a significant threat to populations in developing nations. The infant rabbit model of cholera is the only non-surgical small animal model system that closely mimics human cholera. Following orogastric inoculation, V. cholerae colonizes the intestines of infant rabbits, and the animals develop severe cholera-like diarrhea. In this unit, we provide a detailed description of the preparation of the V. cholerae inoculum, the inoculation process and the collection and processing of tissue samples. This infection model is useful for studies of V. cholerae factors and mechanisms that promote its intestinal colonization and enterotoxicity, as well as the host response to infection. The infant rabbit model of cholera enables investigations that will further our understanding of the pathophysiology of cholera and provides a platform for testing new therapeutics.
Livestock Production and the Rural Poor in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa States, India

This paper analyzes the political economy of the livestock sector in two Indian states, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. The aim is to identify politically feasible interventions that could have broad positive effects on poor rural livestock producers in these states. To that end, the paper assesses the relationship between land, livestock, and poverty, describes the organization of the sector, and analyzes the political and bureaucratic interests shaping livestock policy. The study used the key informant method supplemented with official documents, newspaper sources and recently published research on the livestock sector. Interviews helped reveal policymakers' concerns, whereas field trips allowed the researcher to talk to a farmers and learn their perspectives from the bottom. Newspapers contained many lively stories of how well-intentioned policies went awry at the implementation stage, while published research analyzed various political, institutional and technical aspects of policymaking in the sector. Livestock policy options are constrained by the broader political context. Because livestock producers are not an organized political lobby, policy in this area is shaped by broad policy trends and the agendas of more organized groups. Historically, livestock sector policy has focused on large ruminants and the state has sought to deliver necessary supportive services. Hindu nationalist groups have encouraged emphasis on vegetarian-friendly livestock policies - promote dairy rather than meat - and placed constraints on cow slaughter. Statist beliefs led the state to view provision of animal health and breeding services as a state responsibility and facilitated direct intervention in the cooperative sector. Based on this analysis, the paper discusses several options for strategic intervention in the livestock sector. The interventions with the greatest potential are the following. One, actors can seek to improve producers' capacity to articulate and advocate their interests. Two, actors can seek to increase access to shared resources such as forests and pastures. Three, actors can encourage pro-poor implementation of animal health service reforms. Four, actors can advocate further liberalization of the dairy sector. Five, actors can support small ruminant production by improving feed and fodder and conducting research on commodity chains and breeding.
Punishment and Loss of Moral Standing

1 Earlier versions of this essay were discussed at the UCLA Law & Philosophy Discussion Group in the spring of 1986, the Pacific meetings of the American Philosophical Association, San Francisco, March 1987, the Research Triangle Ethics Circle, September 1988, and the University of California, Riverside, January 1990. I am grateful to those present for comments and criticisms, as well as to Jacob Adler, Richard Arneson, Dorit Bar-On, David Copp, Michael Corrado, Jean Hampton, Thomas E. Hill, Jr., Gregory Kavka, Richard Mohr, Stephen Munzer, Reed Richter, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Keith Simmons, and the editors of this journal. And I am especially indebted to Jean Hampton, as well as to Warren Quinn, for interesting me in the subject of punishment.
Persistence of cognate antigen dictates effector T cell localization, phenotype, and function during pulmonary tuberculosis (MUC5P.860)

How Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) evades eradication from the lung despite an apparently robust Th1 response remains poorly understood. We addressed this question using MHCII tetramers to monitor Mtb-specific CD4 T cells in the mouse model. We found that the location, phenotype, and functional capacity of T cells specific for distinct Mtb epitopes differ, and depend upon the expression profile of the specific Mtb antigen recognized. Terminally differentiated Th1 cells (defined by their high expression of the transcription factor T-bet, the inhibitory receptor KLRG1, and an enhanced ability to produce IFN-γ) specific for Mtb ESAT-6, an antigen expressed throughout infection, were surprisingly found to reside in the lung-associated vasculature rather than the lung parenchyma. Those ESAT-6-specific effector T cells within the parenchyma had a reduced capacity to proliferate and produce IFN-γ. In contrast, T cells specific for Mtb Ag85B, an antigen with limited expression during chronic infection, were found to reside primarily within the lung parenchyma and to proliferate and produce IFN-γ robustly. Our results refute the long-held belief that Mtb persists despite an abundance of functional Mtb-specific Th1 cells within the lung, and suggest that only T cells that recognize Mtb antigens with limited expression during chronic infection retain their functional capacity. These findings have obvious implications for vaccine and immunotherapeutic approaches for tuberculosis.
Requiem for Section 1983

Section 1983 no longer serves as a remedial statute for the people most in need of its protection. Those who have suffered a violation of their civil rights at the hands of state authorities, but who cannot afford a lawyer because they have only modest damages or seek only equitable remedies, are foreclosed from relief because lawyers shun their cases. Today civil rights plaintiffs are treated the same as ordinary tort plaintiffs by the private bar: without high damages, civil rights plaintiffs are denied access to the courts because no one will represent them. Congress understood that civil rights laws are only as good as their enforcement. When Congress passed the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976, it wanted to ensure that meritorious claims would be heard and that all illegal conduct would be deterred. The enforcement mechanism that Congress chose-fee-shifting-guaranteed access to the courts even when damages were modest or the form of relief was equitable. So-called "private attorneys general" would accept all meritorious claims, knowing that if they won they would be paid by the liable Copyright © 2008 by Paul D. Reingold. * Clinical Professor of Law and Director, Michigan Clinical Law Program, University of Michigan Law School. HeinOnline -3 Duke J. Const. L. & Pub. Pol'y 1 2008 2 DUKE JOURNAL OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW & PUBLIC POLICY [VOL. 3:1 defendants at reasonable market rates pursuant to the fee-shifting provisions of the law. In 1986, however, in Evans v. Jeff D., the U.S. Supreme Court allowed defendants to condition settlement of civil rights cases on the waiver or reduction of plaintiffs' attorney's fees. Two decades later, it is evident that Evans destroyed the enforcement mechanism of the Civil Rights Act. Today civil rights plaintiffs who have only modest damages or who seek equitable relief are without a remedy. Although fee waivers (and their effects) were the subject of much debate after Evans was decided, in recent years the issue has dropped off the radar screen. It is time for Congress to amend the Fees Act in order to resurrect section 1983 as the robust remedial law Congress meant it to be.
Partition-weighted Monte Carlo estimation

Although various efficient and sophisticated Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling methods have been developed during the last decade, the sample mean is still a dominant in computing Bayesian posterior quantities. The sample mean is simple, but may not be efficient. The weighted sample mean is a natural generalization of the sample mean. In this paper, a new weighted sample mean is proposed by partitioning the support of posterior distribution, so that the same weight is assigned to observations that belong to the same subset in the partition. A novel application of this new weighted sample mean in computing ratios of normalizing constants and necessary theory are provided. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the methodology.
DObjects: Enabling Distributed Data Services for Metacomputing Platforms

Many applications rely heavily on large amounts of data in the distributed storages collected over time or produced by large scale scientific experiments or simulations. The key constraints for building a distributed data query infrastructure for such applications are: scalability, consistency, heterogeneity and network and resource dynamics. We designed and developed DObjects, a general-purpose query and data operations infrastructure that can be integrated with metacomputing middleware. This paper describes the architecture of our data services and shows how those services were integrated with the metacomputing framework offering users an open platform for building distributed applications that require access to data integrated from multiple distributed data sources.
Sensitivity to the applied boundary conditions of the solar eigenfrequency spectrum with periods near five minutes

The existence of an anomalous component in the outer solar boundary conditions may cause large deviations from the standard eigenfrequency spectrum. Relaxation of the standard boundary conditions introduces alterations in the eigenfrequencies; for a given mode defined by spherical harmonic of order l and radial number n, a range of frequencies is possible, with the eigenfrequency nonlinearly dependent on the complex ratio between the standard and anomalous solution components. The observed ridges of power in the diagnostic diagram (l abscissa and ω ordinate) lie below the theoretical ridges, i.e., curves defined by constant n and standard boundary conditions. Using a linear nonadiabatic nonradial model for solar oscillations, anomalous boundary conditions were found to extend the standard theoretical ridges upward by roughly 1/3 ridge separation and downward by 1/3 ridge separation, encompassing the location of the observed ridges. The growth rate of a given mode is extremely dependent on the ratio of the anomalous and standard solutions present in the mode. If linear theory is adequate, simultaneous l-ω plots of intensity and velocity may be used to infer the ratio between standard and anomalous solution components.
Should Charity Air Medical Organizations Require Commercial Certification of Their Pilots

OBJECTIVE: Fixed wing medical transportation crashes operating under 14 CFR Part 91 show higher fatal outcomes than nonmedical Part 91 flights. Advanced certification may translate into increased safety, yet we know of no charity air medical transportation requiring such certification. Herein, in a retrospective study, we determined whether commercial certification is associated with a reduced fatality rate compared with the less stringent private pilot certificate and accident causes. METHODS: The National Transportation Safety Board accident database was queried for fatal accidents in single-engine aircraft occurring between 2002 and 2012. Poisson and proportion tests were used in statistical analyses. RESULTS: For the period spanning 2002-2012, commercial pilots showed a lower fatality rate. Under visual meteorologic conditions, aerodynamic stall was a frequent cause for fatal accidents affecting both airman cohorts equally. For operations in instrument meteorologic conditions, fatal accidents were most commonly attributed to instrument approach deficiency and spatial disorientation. At night, failure to maintain obstacle/terrain clearance was the most prevalent cause of fatal crashes. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that charity air medical transportation organizations should encourage their pilots to acquire commercial certification. Furthermore, our study indicates areas in which general aviation training/currency should be directed to reduce fatal accidents. Language: en
Oxide-Dispersion-Strengthened Nickel Produced by Non-Reactive Milling

It is shown that oxide dispersion strengthened alloys can be produced by a postulated nonreactive milling mechanism whereby the dispersoid is trapped at the interface between welding metal powder particles. This interparticle welding is possible because, without a suitable and sufficiently vigorous chemical reaction between the metal powder particles and the milling fluid, no protective, weld-preventing reaction coating is formed on these particles. Using water as the nonreactive milling fluid, Ni - 1.8-vol % thoria and Ni - 1.8-vol % yttria alloys with 1093 C tensile strengths ranging from 122.3 to 141.5 MN/sq m (17,900 to 20,500 psi) were produced by nonreactive milling.
Study of local cerebral hemodynamics by frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy and correlation with simultaneously acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging

The aim of our study was to explore the possibility of detecting hemodynamic changes in the brain using the phase of the intensity modulated optical signal. To obtain optical signals with the highest possible signal-to-noise ratio, we performed a series of simultaneous NIRS-fMRI measurements, with subsequent correlation of the time courses of both measurements. The cognitive paradigm used arithmetic calculations, with optical signals acquired with sensors placed on the forehead. Measurements were done on seven healthy subjects. In five subjects we demonstrated correlation between the hemodynamic signals obtained using NIRS and BOLD fMRI. In four subjects correlation was found for the hemodynamic signal obtained using the phase of the intensity modulated signal.
Causality Between Investment and Saving Rates: Inferences for the International Mobility of Capital Among OECD Countries

This paper explores the capital mobility issue by inspecting the causal relationship between domestic saving and investment rates in 24 OECD countries. Closed economy macroeconomic models illustrate the need for national saving to equal investment in equilibrium. Thus, the existence of any form of causal relationship between these two series implies that markets are not perfectly open, hence, capital flows are impeded. Therefore, the paper employs two standard techniques for causality testing, the Haugh test and variance decomposition, to determine the causal structure. The results are mixed but quite interesting in light of other recent works in this area. [215]
Diagonal Coherent-State Representation of Quantum Operators

We derive a simple expression for the diagonal coherent-state representation of quantum operators, and discuss some of its applications.
Insulin sensitizers and heart failure: an engine flooded with fuel.

Since the FDA approved rosiglitazone in May 1999, there have been concerns about adverse lipid effects, edema and increased cardiovascular risk.[1] Nissen and Wolski’s 2007 meta-analysis of 42 clinical trials drew special attention to increased death and disability from cardiovascular complications in patients treated with rosiglitazone; thus many questions have been raised regarding the safety of this drug.[2] In 2007, the FDA revealed similar results in a separate meta-analysis showing a statistically significant increase in cardiovascular risk with the use of rosiglitazone.[3] The manufacturers of rosiglitazone therefore felt compelled to release an interim analysis of the RECORD Trial in 2007, with final results published in 2009. The RECORD Trial supports that the addition of rosiglitazone to glucose-lowering therapy in people with type 2 diabetes does indeed increase the risk of heart failure. However, the data were inconclusive about any possible effect on myocardial infarction, and it suggested no increased risk of overall cardiovascular morbidity or mortality in those treated with rosiglitazone compared with standard glucose-lowering drugs.[4] The RECORD Trial was criticized as being underpowered and flawed by the publication of unblinded, preliminary data.[5] In June 2009, the FDA therefore mandated an adequately powered cardiovascular outcomes study for rosiglitazone known as the TIDE Trial. In July 2010, the FDA’s Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee joint meeting with the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee convened. At this meeting, Dr. Nissen (Cardiovascular Medicine Chairman of the Cleveland Clinic) presented an updated meta-analysis which again demonstrated an increased risk of AMI associated with rosiglitazone.[6] In addition, Dr. Graham (Associate Director of the FDA’s Office of Drug Safety) presented the results of the retrospective cohort study discussed here, also suggesting adverse cardiovascular events associated with the use of rosiglitazone. A representative from the manufacturers of rosiglitazone was also present at the joint meeting to defend its product utilizing results from the RECORD Trial. One week following the advisory committee meeting, the FDA announced that the TIDE Trial has been placed on partial clinical hold, with no new patients eligible for enrollment until further notice. In addition, the FDA has instructed the manufacturers of rosiglitazone to update their investigators, institutional review boards and ethics committees involved in the TIDE Trial regarding any new safety information, along with information concerning the deliberations and votes of the FDA joint advisory committee meeting. The FDA is currently still evaluating all available information on rosiglitazone’s safety, in conjunction with discussions of the recent advisory committee meeting, and will update the public on the outcome of its review and its implications for both the TIDE Trial and rosiglitazone.
Methodological Concerns with Economic Evaluations of Meningococcal Vaccines

The evolution of meningococcal vaccines illustrates nicely the incremental technological process that is common to much medical innovation and particularly appropriate to economic analysis. However, the economic evaluation of vaccines is complicated by several features unique to vaccines, including the possibility of indirect (herd immunity) benefits and the shear breadth of vaccination strategies available to decision makers. As with the vaccines themselves, the modelling approaches applied to the economic evaluation of meningococcal vaccines have evolved to become increasingly complex. Despite such innovation, concerns remain about the quality of economic studies of meningococcal vaccines. This article reviews evaluations of meningococcal vaccine strategies in developed countries and provides recommendations for future work in this area. Four potentially problematic areas in the existing literature are identified - indirect costs, herd immunity, quality of life and comparison programmes - and approaches to these issues are discussed. Recommendations for reporting a 'minimum analysis profile' case are also made. Although comparisons across studies are difficult at best, recent work shows that incorporating the indirect benefits and costs of vaccination substantially improves cost effectiveness.
Phylogeny of immunoglobulin structure and function; characterization of the cysteine-containing peptide involved in the pentamerization of shark IgM*

Nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) immunoglobulins were studied in an attempt to further define the relationship between the naturally occurring monomeric 7S and the pentameric 19S forms of extracellular IgM. A peptide containing the cysteine involved in the formation of intersubunit disulfide bonds linking 7S monomers into pentamers was isolated from the H chain of the 19S molecule and characterized. A similar peptide was also isolated from the H chain of the naturally occurring 7S molecule. These observations serve to substantiate previous claims that the two shark proteins belong to the same immunoglobulin class.
Genesis of the Southern Oscillation within the atmosphere: Illustration with global general circulation models

In this study the authors compare simulations of climate in two general circulation models: a coupled GCM in which the atmosphere and ocean interact dynamically and a slab GCM in which the ocean is represented by a static layer. W.L. Gates and G.L. Potter carried out multi-year simulations of global climate with these two models at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. These simulations have no imposed conditions on the nature of the interannual variability. The authors present results showing that the slab model generates the signal of the Southern Oscillation in atmospheric pressure during the northern spring season but the signal is not propagated to other seasons. The coupled model manifests the Southern Oscillation in other seasons and in several climatic variables in which it is found in nature.
The Effects of Different Isomers of Methionine on Growth of Chicks Fed Amino Acid Diets

Abstract BOTH d - and l -methionine are effectively utilized by rats (Wretlind and Rose, 1950), by humans (Rose et al., 1950, 1955), and by dogs (Stekol, 1935). Research carried out on chicks has brought about varying results. Grau and Almquist (1943) were among the earliest to demonstrate full utilization of both d -and l -isomers of methionine in chicks. Fell et al. (1959) used a semipurified diet in studies of the utilization of d - and l -amino acids. He showed that both isomers of methionine were effective in promoting growth. The d - forms of essential amino acids appear to be capable of serving as the major source of nitrogen for the chick’s manufacture of non-essential amino acids (Featherston et al., 1962). Full utilization of d -methionine was observed in adult roosters when all three forms were fed in nitrogen balance studies (Leveille et al., 1960). PROCEDURE Because most of the work on amino acids with chicks…
The treatment of pinworm infection (Enterobius vermicularis) with egressin.

Summary 1. Egressin therapy for pinworm infection is approximately 40 per cent effective when given for two days; children's dose 1 Gm. t.i.d., and adult's dose 2 Gm. t.i.d. 2. Alcohol, smoking, and fatty foods are contraindicated during treatment with Egressin.
Feature based registration of fluorescent LSCM imagery using region centroids

We present a novel semi-automated registration technique for 3D volume reconstruction from fluorescent laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) imagery. The developed registration procedure consists of (1) highlighting segmented regions as salient feature candidates, (2) defining two region correspondences by a user, (3) computing a pair of region centroids, as control points for registration, and (4) transforming images according to estimated transformation parameters determined by solving a set of linear equations with input control points. The presented semi-automated method is designed based on our observations that (a) an accurate point selection is much harder for a human than an accurate region (segment) selection, (b) a centroid selection of any region is less accurate by a human than by a computer, and (c) registration based on structural shape of a region rather than on intensity-defined point is more robust to noise and to morphological deformation of features across stacks. We applied the method to image mosaicking and image alignment registration steps and evaluated its performance with 20 human subjects on LSCM images with stained blood vessels. Our experimental evaluation showed significant benefits of automation for 3D volume reconstruction in terms of achieved accuracy, consistency of results and performance time. In addition, the results indicate that the differences between registration accuracy obtained by experts and by novices disappear with an advanced automation while the absolute registration accuracy increases.
Teams and Tasks A Temporal Framework for the Effects of Interpersonal Interventions on Team Performance

Researchers have studied interpersonal interventions as a means of increasing the performance of work teams. However, for short-term teams working on contrived tasks of short duration—a combination common in research studies—interpersonal interventions do not seem to affect team performance as much as task interventions. Yet, for short-term teams working on real tasks of longer duration and for ongoing teams, the effects of interpersonal interventions on team performance are more positive. This article presents a temporal framework of teams and tasks that predicts the expectation of benefit, which in turn mediates the effectiveness of interpersonal interventions on team performance.
Adaptive Piezoelectric Vibration Control With Synchronized Switching

An autonomous vibration controller that adapts to variations in a system’s mass, stiffness, and excitation, and maximizes dissipation through synchronized switching, is described. In the model and laboratory measurements, a cantilever beam is driven through base excitation and two piezoelectric elements are attached to the beam for vibration control purposes. The distributed-parameter model for the beam-element system is discretized by using Galerkin’s method, and time histories of the system’s response describe the controller’s attenuation characteristics. The system is piecewise linear, and a state-to-state modal analysis method is developed to simulate the coupled dynamics of the beam and piezoelectric circuit by mapping the generalized coordinates between the sets of modes for the open-switch and closed-switch configurations. In synchronized switching control, the elements are periodically switched to an external resonant shunt, and the instants of optimal switching are identified through a filtered velocity signal. The controller adaptively aligns the center frequency of a bandpass filter to the beam’s fundamental frequency through a fuzzy logic algorithm in order to maximize attenuation even with minimal a priori knowledge of the excitation or the system’s mass and stiffness parameters. In implementation, the controller is compact owing to its low inductance and computational requirement. The adaptive controller attenuates vibration over a range of excitation frequencies, is robust to variations in system parameters, and can outperform traditional synchronized switching.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
G-protein linked glutamate receptors

Abstract At least seven different G-protein linked ('metabotropic') glutamate receptors have been identified in the nervous system. Expression of these receptors in vitro suggests that they can influence a variety of second messenger systems, including adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C. The receptors fall into three separate subgroups based on sequence homologies, pharmacological specificity and functional effects. The receptors show a variable distribution in the brain and are found in both neurons and glial cells. Activation of the receptors produces a variety of effects including the regulation of K and Ca conductances as well as long-term changes in the efficacy of excitatory synaptic transmission. G-protein linked glutamate receptors probably represent an extremely widely distributed system for the regulation of synaptic function.
An eco-dialogical study of second language learners' World of Warcraft (WoW) gameplay

Abstract This exploratory research proceeds from the perspective that language is ecological and dialogical. We examined variables derived from eco-dialogical coding of an episode of World of Warcraft play involving three English learners. According to the Eco-dialogical model ( Zheng, 2012 ), second language (L2) learners need to learn to take skilled linguistic action ( Cowley, 2013 ), a process of realizing the values of physical, sociocultural and dialogical affordances in the environment. We employed Multinomial Logistic Regression to determine which of our variables were predictors for three types of values realizing; namely, wayfinding orienting to sociocultural norms and synergized values realizing of both wayfinding and orientation to sociocultural norms. The model we developed suggested that when communicative projects collectively entailed players’ a) verbalizing with synchronized avatar action, b) attending to game rules and c) coordinating in anticipation of good future prospects, players were more likely to realize both values realizing types synergistically. In other words, players' skilled linguistic action of prospective coordination, combined with multimodal languaging and constrained by WoW game rules, together, were more likely to lead to dual values realizing. This finding suggests that dual values realizing evokes connections between real-time first-order physical movements and multimodal languaging with situation transcending practices (Linell, 2009) which are second-order rules, and other sociocultural and linguistic norms. Coupling this finding with our Eco-dialogical unit of analysis, communicative projects, we suggest that these language learners developed co-agency. We conclude that our model should be tested in future studies that seek to illuminate the contribution of a new Eco-dialogical understanding of L2 learning and the potential for learners to have high quality languaging experiences in multiplayer 3D game environments and other social semiotically rich contexts.
Searching the Clinical Fitness Landscape

Widespread unexplained variations in clinical practices and patient outcomes suggest major opportunities for improving the quality and safety of medical care. However, there is little consensus regarding how to best identify and disseminate healthcare improvements and a dearth of theory to guide the debate. Many consider multicenter randomized controlled trials to be the gold standard of evidence-based medicine, although results are often inconclusive or may not be generally applicable due to differences in the contexts within which care is provided. Increasingly, others advocate the use “quality improvement collaboratives”, in which multi-institutional teams share information to identify potentially better practices that are subsequently evaluated in the local contexts of specific institutions, but there is concern that such collaborative learning approaches lack the statistical rigor of randomized trials. Using an agent-based model, we show how and why a collaborative learning approach almost invariably leads to greater improvements in expected patient outcomes than more traditional approaches in searching simulated clinical fitness landscapes. This is due to a combination of greater statistical power and more context-dependent evaluation of treatments, especially in complex terrains where some combinations of practices may interact in affecting outcomes. The results of our simulations are consistent with observed limitations of randomized controlled trials and provide important insights into probable reasons for effectiveness of quality improvement collaboratives in the complex socio-technical environments of healthcare institutions. Our approach illustrates how modeling the evolution of medical practice as search on a clinical fitness landscape can aid in identifying and understanding strategies for improving the quality and safety of medical care.
Civilization and syphilization: a doctor and his disease in colonial Morocco.

In colonial North Africa a mutilating disease resembling syphilis was a focal point for French medical debate about the world history of syphilis, the physiological effects of climate and race, and the science of microbiology. From 1916 to 1919, the French venereologist Georges Lacapere established a pilot scheme in Fez, Morocco, for diagnosis and treatment of "native" syphilis. In 1923 he published his research findings and coined the disease concept "Arab syphilis" to describe a form of syphilis found in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, which he characterized in behavioral terms. Lacapere's work was not simply derivative of earlier discourses, nor was it a straightforward outcome of his clinical experience in Morocco. The careers of Lacapere and Arab syphilis problematize the analytical use of race to understand colonial biomedicine in the Maghreb.
Learning Problem-Solving Skills in Algebra

In this article we describe aspects of our intelligent tutor for basic algebra. A main goal of the project is to develop a computer tutoring system whose skills and knowledge approximate those of a high-quality human tutor. We are particularly interested in exploring novel learning opportunities that can be made available to students for the first time by exploiting the reactive capabilities of such intelligent tutors. In this context, we focus here on the role of an algebra expert system embedded in the tutor. We discuss how it can be used to help students learn several nontraditional types of skill and knowledge in the context of algebra, including goal-directed reasoning skills, and debugging techniques.
Bioactivity of a Pentapeptide Isolated from Corn Gluten Hydrolysate on Lolium perenne L.

Corn gluten hydrolysate (CGH) has been observed to inhibit root formation of germinating grass seeds and has the potential for use as a natural herbicide. Five dipeptides have been isolated from the aqueous solution of CGH and proved to have greater root-inhibiting activity than the crude extract of CGH. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify other biologically active compounds from CGH with herbicidal properties. A perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) Petri dish bioassay was used to test for the bioactivity. A pentapeptide, Leu-Ser-Pro-Ala-Gln, was isolated from CGH by using Sephadex G-15 gel filtration and two-step C18 reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography procedures. The compound suppressed growth of both the root and the shoot of germinating perennial ryegrass. It required 0.5 mg/mL of the pentapeptide to inhibit 50% of root length in the perennial ryegrass bioassay, and this compound is more active than any of the five dipeptides isolated previously from CGH.
Annual cycle of zooplankton abundance, biomass and production on the northern Gulf of Alaska shelf, October 1997 through October 2000

Zooplankton abundance from March through October on the northern Gulf of Alaska shelf in 1998, 1999 and 2000 was dominated by calanoid copepods; the biomass was dominated by calanoids and cnidarians. Although we sampled during the 1997–1998 El Nino, marked interannual differences in the major copepod taxa were not observed. Zooplankton abundance and species composition were influenced primarily by mean water-column salinity, secondarily by the mean temperature above the thermocline. An annual biomass peak, averaging about 0.5 g wet weight m−3, occurred in May and consisted primarily of the oceanic copepod species Neocalanus cristatus, Neocalanus plumchrus and Neocalanus flemingeri. A second biomass peak, 0.5 g wet weight m−3, was observed in August and consisted mainly of the cnidarian Aequorea spp. Copepod production, estimated from daily growth rates using temperature–body size regressions, peaked in May at about 35 mg C m−2 day−1. Initial calculations suggest an annual copepod production on the order of 6 g C m−2 year−1, probably less than 10% of the annual primary production. The apparent resilience of the zooplankton assemblage on the northern Gulf of Alaska shelf to the 1997–1998 ENSO may have been because of its large geographic separation from the faunal boundary between zooplankton communities in the California Current and North Pacific subarctic gyre.
Two-Dimensional Computer Graphics Applied To Muscle Physiology

Some of the basic knowledge and skills of photo-optical engineering can often be applied in a broad manner to generalized problems where such applicability might be only casually suspected. The authors have been concerned with such problems in muscle physiology. Representative examples are:© (1971) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Settlement of Homicide Disputes in Sakya (Tibet)

THIS paper will introduce a study,' now in progress, concerned with the settlement of disputes arising out of homicide in Sakya. More general information about Sakya as such may be found elsewhere (Ekvall and Downs 1963; Tucci 1940; Carrassco 1959; Das 1902; Kawaguchi 1909; Desideri 1937), but for now, in order to appreciate the scope of this diminutive jurisdiction, it is sufficient to bear in mind that Sakya, until 1959, was a quasi-independent (Rohn 1963) Tibetan principality about 400 miles west and slightly south of Llasa and just northeast of Mount Everest with about 2100 square miles of territory and about 17,000 people, mostly sedentary farmers, although there were about 10 per cent who were nomads and about 500 buddhist monks included. Thus, Sakya affords an opportunity for a case study of the dispute settlement process in an isolated, relatively unknown, traditionally organized, oriental jurisdiction.2 Significantly, Sakya was literate. It has been said that to ask the lawyer to look beyond his legal technicalities is like expecting the tiger to abolish the jungle. Unhappily this is true in a sense, for surely the legal jungle of our complex industrial society is here to stay, and legal professionalism is surely as sound as the consequent division of labor. Still we all want to see what we can of the whole of sociality, and for such expansive yearnings, small, isolated societies such as Sakya offer more comprehensible models which can be observed in entirety. Modernly, murder and other homicidal offenses are regarded as such horrendous and obvious crimes against the society and the state that it is easy to forget the earlier social and legal questing that went into the building of our social attitudes and legal concepts regarding homicidal crimes. In its raw beginnings, homicide was often the result of a private dispute: someone
Low resolution microwave spectrum and conformers on N-tert-butyl formamide

Spectre microonde de N-t-butylformamide. Constantes de rotation, et intensites relatives des bandes. Parametres structuraux. Moment dipolaire
Digital aids for an aging society

As a result of 20th-century advances in medicine and standard of living there is a dramatic increase in the number of older people in the U.S. and most developed countries of world. Currently, people aged 65 years and older represent approximately 13% of the population and this number is expected to increase to 22% by 2030. Moreover, the fastest-growing subgroup within the older cohort is the "oldest old" (85 years and older) [4].