cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The course of the remnant kidney model in mice.

The course of the remnant kidney model in mice. The remnant kidney model was produced in mice by unilateral nephrectomy and partial infarction of the remaining kidney. Control mice underwent laparotomy only. The mice were studied for up to 44 weeks. No quantitative differences were noted in systolic arterial pressure, proteinuria, or histopathology between control mice and those with a remnant kidney. Glomerular enlargement occurred in the remnant kidney.
Toward Evidence-Based Medical Statistics. 2: The Bayes Factor

The second article on evidence-based statistics explores the inductive Bayesian approach to measuring evidence and combining information and addresses the epistemologic uncertainties that affect al...
Medication literacy in Spanish and English: psychometric evaluation of a new assessment tool.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the psychometric properties of a newly developed Medication Literacy Assessment in Spanish and English (MedLitR x SE). Design Descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study. Setting El Paso, TX, from December 2006 to June 2009. Participants 181 English- or Spanish speaking adults. Intervention Survey administered in two phases. Main outcome measures Descriptive statistics, internal consistency, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and fit indices, and criterion-related validity. Results The 20-item MedLitR x SE tool showed adequate internal consistency and reliability, and CFA revealed overall good model fit. In phase 2, the shorter 14-item MedLitR x SE showed good total test reliability and correlated well with the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults. Item response theory analyses showed no language bias and a one-dimensional (i.e., one factor) model of medication literacy. Conclusion The initial and latest shorter version of the MedLitR x SE tool demonstrated good psychometric properties. This tool may provide a new option to assess "medication literacy" in English and Spanish.
Microstructure and kinetics of a functionally graded NiTi–TiCx composite produced by combustion synthesis

Abstract Production of a NiTi–TiC x functionally graded material (FGM) composite is possible through use of a combustion synthesis (CS) reaction employing the propagating mode (SHS). The NiTi–TiC x FGM combines the well-known and understood superelastic and shape memory capabilities of NiTi with the high hardness, wear and corrosion resistance of TiC x . The material layers were observed as functionally graded both in composition and porosity with distinct interfaces, while still maintaining good material interaction and bonding. XRD of the FGM composite revealed the presence of TiC x with equi-atomic NiTi and minor NiTi 2 and NiTi 3 phases. The TiC x particle size decreased with increasing NiTi content. Microindentation performed across the length of the FGM revealed a decrease in hardness as the NiTi content increased.
A New Approach to Explore the Impact of Freeze-Thaw Cycling on Protein Structure: Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HX-MS)

The impact of freeze-thaw (F/T) on structure integrity of protein therapeutics is poorly understood, partially due to lack of methods to detect protein structural perturbations during F/T processing in the frozen state. A new approach of hydrogen/deuterium exchange was developed to separate and distinguish the specific impact of single freezing and F/T cycling on protein structure, using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as model system. In the freezing process, a fraction of LDH molecules that was inversely dependent on protein concentration was observed to partially denature its structure. Local structural perturbations were localized by peptide level HX analysis to the surface residues in segments 91–132, 170–237 and 288–331. In contrast, F/T cycling led to irreversible LDH aggregation with global structural unfolding. Residual solvent-protected structure was only detected in the aggregates for three segments, 13–31, 109–117 and 133–143, that were coincident with the consensus aggregation hotspots predicted by four different algorithms. Results indicate freezing preferentially disturbs local structure at the surface residues, consistent with ice-solution interface-mediated denaturation mechanism. F/T-induced aggregation begins as partial denaturation during freezing, but is accompanied by more comprehensive structural rearrangement during F/T cycling.
MicroRNA-target binding structures mimic microRNA duplex structures in humans.

Traditionally, researchers match a microRNA guide strand to mRNA sequences using sequence comparisons to predict its potential target genes. However, many of the predictions can be false positives due to limitations in sequence comparison alone. In this work, we consider the association of two related RNA structures that share a common guide strand: the microRNA duplex and the microRNA-target binding structure. We have analyzed thousands of such structure pairs and found many of them share high structural similarity. Therefore, we conclude that when predicting microRNA target genes, considering just the microRNA guide strand matches to gene sequences may not be sufficient — The microRNA duplex structure formed by the guide strand and its companion passenger strand must also be considered. We have developed software to translate RNA binding structure into encoded representations, and we have also created novel automatic comparison methods utilizing such encoded representations to determine RNA structure similarity. Our software and methods can be utilized in the other RNA secondary structure comparisons as well.
Metric for Disassembly and Reuse Decisions: Formulation and Validation

Design for disassembly and reuse focuses on developing methods to minimize difficulty in disassembly for maintenance or reuse. These methods can gain substantially if the relationship between component attributes (material mix, ease of disassembly etc.) and their likelihood of reuse or disposal is understood. For products already in the marketplace, a feedback approach that evaluates willingness of manufacturers or customers (decision makers) to reuse a component can reveal how attributes of a component affect reuse decisions. This paper introduces some metrics and combines them with ones proposed in literature into a measure that captures the overall value of a decision made by the decision makers. The premise is that the decision makers would choose a decision that has the maximum value. Four decisions are considered regarding a component’s fate after recovery ranging from direct reuse to disposal. A method on the lines of discrete choice theory is utilized that uses maximum likelihood estimates to determine the parameters that define the value function. The maximum likelihood method can take inputs from actual decisions made by the decision makers to assess the value function. This function can be used to determine the likelihood that the component takes a certain path (one of the four decisions), taking as input its attributes, which can facilitate long range planning and also help determine ways reuse decisions can be influenced.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The Reactivity Ratios of Acrylonitrile Copolymerization

Abstract The reactivity ratios of acrylonitrile copolymerization published from 1971to 1982 are tabulated.
Mapping of ionospheric outflows into the magnetosphere for varying IMF conditions

Abstract The presence of different ion species and components provides important insight into the processes that determine the entry, transport and acceleration of plasma within the magnetosphere. Multi-fluid simulations that include both ionospheric H + and O + and solar wind H + are used to evaluate the ionospheric outflows in response to a range of solar wind conditions. O + is particularly important as its provides a definitive means for determining the influence of ionospheric ions in the magnetosphere. While O + is gravitationally bound to the earth during quiet periods, enhancements in the cross-polar cap potential during southward IMF can produce centrifugal acceleration of the O + to produce enhanced outflows. However the same strong convective electric field causes much of this O + to be confined to the inner magnetosphere. During subsequent northward turning of the IMF, this ionospheric-rich plasma is ejected down the length of the deep tail. The derived O + density for this combination of alternate southward and northward IMF produces concentrations similar to those observed by Geotail.
Measuring the effectiveness of collaboration technology

Collaboration technologies are seeing widespread adoption and implementation at all levels of organizations. However, managers and information technology professionals often have difficulty identifying the appropriate technology for their project teams. Another difficulty related to collaboration technology is demonstrating a measurable increase in performance to justify costs. Thus, there is a genuine interest in our community to find theories and methods that guide the appropriate selection and application of collaboration technology. In the second year of the minitrack and we have four papers that examine the effectiveness of a range of collaborative technologies including videoconferencing, group support systems, and virtual communities. Each paper addresses certain aspects of collaboration technology effectiveness and offers theoretical insight to researchers as well as practical implications for practitioners working in the field. The first paper, entitled "Does fit matter? the impact of fit on collaboration technology effectiveness over time", by Robert M. Fuller, and Alan R. Dennis examines the issue of task-technology fit from multiple theoretical perspectives. The authors present the results of a longitudinal experiment that compares performance measures of poor-fit and fit teams over multiple uses. The second paper, entitled "Measuring the acceptance of collaboration technology for knowledge development and exchange in virtual communities", by Malte Geib, Christian Braun, and Lutz Kolbe examines the utilization rates of two virtual communities designed to support learning and knowledge exchange. The authors identify which types of functions are more likely to be adopted by users. The third paper, entitled "Contrasting time mode and sensory modality in the performance of computer mediated groups using asynchronous videoconferencing," by Kristine L. Nowak, James Watt, and Joseph B. Walther examines the effectiveness of asynchronous video conferencing. The authors compare the performance of face-to-face interacting teams to teams supported with asynchronous video conferencing. The fourth paper, entitled "Creative approaches to measuring creativity: comparing the effectiveness of four divergence thinkLets", by Eric L. Santanen, Robert O. Briggs, and Gert-Jan de Vreede presents four techniques for enhancing the creativity of brainstorming groups. The authors present the results of an experiment that sets out to identify effective processes for increasing the effectiveness of teams working on creativity tasks.
Transient cells of the developing mammalian telencephalon are peptide-immunoreactive neurons

In the development of the mammalian telencephalon, the genesis of neurons destined for the various layers of the cerebral cortex is preceded by the generation of a population of cells that comes to reside in the subplate and marginal zones1 (see ref. 2 for nomenclature). In the cat, these cells are present in large numbers during development, when their location is correlated with the arrival and accumulation of ingrowing axonal systems3–6 and with synapses7–12. However, as the brain matures, the cells disappear and the white matter and layer 1 of the adult emerge1,13,14. Their disappearance occurs in concert with the invasion of the cortical plate by the axonal systems and with the elimination of the synapses from the subplate1,4,7,9,12. Here we report that the subplate cells have properties typical of mature neurons. They have the ultra-structural appearance of neurons and receive synaptic contacts. They also have long projections and are immunoreactive for MAP2 (microtubule associated protein 2). Further, subpopulations are immunoreactive for one of several neuropeptides. These observations suggest that during the fetal and early postnatal development of the mammalian telencephalon the subplate cells function as neurons in synaptic circuitry that disappears by adulthood.
Severe Stenosis of the Left Main Coronary Artery With Endarterectomy and Graft: 33-Year Follow-up

In 1964, a patient with symptomatic, severe left main coronary artery stenosis underwent operative treatment. Endarterectomy and pericardial patch grafting were performed successfully. The original operation is described, and the 33-year follow-up is provided.
Present-biased preferences, self-awareness and shirking

Abstract We model a mechanism design problem in which the principal owns a project that requires work effort by an agent, but agents may have time-inconsistent, present-biased preferences and lack complete self-awareness of these preferences. The self-control problem and naivete of an agent may lead him to agree to a contract but later shirk or slack-off, even though doing so is observable. When the principal cannot severely punish shirking and agents are completely naive, the second-best solution entails allowing a present-biased agent to slack-off in order to avoid a greater loss due to shirking. With greater self-awareness among present-biased agents, the principal may do better by screening some from accepting the contract. Furthermore, when shirking can be severely punished, this does not lead to contracts that eliminate effects of the self control problem. Instead the principal may exploit present-biased agents by offering a contract that allows them to slack-off (which agents fail to foresee they will choose to do) but at the expense of foregoing much compensation.
Experiences with matrix multiplication using Ada tasks

This paper relates our experiences in learning Ada using Ada/Ed and presents a problem in its various stages of development and solution. The major focus of our efforts centered on the use of Ada tasking facilities and the conversion of the final solution into a generic package. Multiplication of square matrices was selected as the basis for our study, since the calculation of inner products (row X column) provided an excellent opportunity for using tasks.
Acoustic-to-seismic coupling and physical measurements

ABSTRACT At first glace, the surface of the earth appears as a relatively uniform solid surface. Seismic velocities for the earth reportedin the literature are in the range of 1500 rn/s (five times the speed of sound in air) and stated densities for the surface are near3 g/m3 (1O times the density of air). The big difference between the impedance of air and the surface of the earth suggeststhat airborne sound impinging on the surface should be efficiently reflected. During the early 1970s, personnel fromWaterways Experiment Station found that geophones planted below the surface of the earth responded well to sound fromaircraft. Measurements of ground motion with geophones and the signal from microphones buried in the soil as a function ofsoil type, depth, and frequency were conducted over a period of several years. The result of the experiments was recognition of how the porosity of soils affects the acoustic impedance of the surface and the acoustic to seismic coupling. The application of Biot theory to air filled soil pores allowed us to understand acoustic to seismic coupling in detail and enabledus to use acoustic measurements to determine soil properties. Determination of soil properties such as flow resistance,porosity and tortuosity, from acoustic measurements compare well to those determined from more conventional, non-acousticmethods. One interesting result of the measurements and theory was a confirmation of the local reaction description typicallyused for the impedance of soils.
Monte Carlo simulation of supercooled liquids using a self-consistent local temperature

We combine Creutz energy conservation with Kawasaki spin exchange to simulate the microcanonical dynamics of a system of interacting particles. Relaxation occurs via Glauber spin-flip activation using a self-consistent temperature. Heterogeneity in the dynamics comes from finite-size constraints on the spin exchange that yield a distribution of correlated regions. The simulation produces a high-frequency response that can be identified with the boson peak, and a lower-frequency peak that contains non-Debye relaxation and non-Arrhenius activation, similar to the primary response of supercooled liquids.
Nature of aggregates formed during storage of freeze‐dried ribonuclease A

Ribonuclease A (RNase) has been shown to lose enzymatic activity and to form aggregates when stored in the freeze-dried form at elevated temperature. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the freeze-dried RNase that had lost its enzymatic activity during storage had formed aggregates that were not dissociable using both an anionic detergent and a reducing agent. Isoelectric focusing patterns of freeze-dried RNase before and after storage were quite different. The RNase that had been stored and had aggregated had become more of an acidic protein, while the RNase that was assayed immediately after freeze drying had the same pattern as non-freeze-dried RNase. This evidence indicated that the aggregates were covalently bonded together as a result of some chemical process that occurred during storage of the freeze-dried cake. Amino acid analysis of aggregates formed from RNase freeze dried in pH 10.0 phosphate buffer solutions indicated that the amino acid lysine was instrumental in the formation of the covalent bonds. Asparagine/aspartic acid and glutamine/glutamic acid may have also participated in the bonding of the aggregates.
Predicting behavioral problems in craniopharyngioma survivors after conformal radiation therapy

Background Although radiation therapy is a primary treatment for craniopharyngioma, it can exacerbate existing problems related to the tumor and pre-irradiation management. Survival is often marked by neurologic deficits, panhypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, cognitive deficiencies, and behavioral and social problems. Procedure The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used to evaluate behavioral and social problems during the first 5 years of follow-up in 27 patients with craniopharyngioma treated with conformal radiation therapy. Results All group averages for the CBCL scales were within the age-typical range at pre-irradiation baseline. Extent of surgical resection was implicated in baseline differences for the internalizing, externalizing, behavior problem and social scores. Significant longitudinal changes were found in internalizing, externalizing, behavior problem and school scores that correlated with tumor and treatment-related factors. Conclusions The most common variables implicated in post-irradiation behavioral and social problems were CSF shunting, presence of an Ommaya reservoir, diabetes insipidus, and low pre-irradiation growth hormone levels. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:860–864. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Regulation of Epithelial Na+ Channel Activity by Conserved Serine/Threonine Switches within Sorting Signals

The PY and YXXϕ motifs are canonical sorting signals involved in trafficking. Nedd4-2 and the μ2-subunit of the AP-2 complex target these motifs to facilitate internalization. Epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) subunits contain both motifs in their cytosolic COOH termini where they overlap ((S/T)PPPXYX(S/T)ϕ). Just preceding the PY and embedded within the YXXϕ motifs are conserved serine/threonine. We test here whether these conserved Ser/Thr modulate ENaC activity by influencing the function of the internalization domains. We find that co-expression of dominant-negative dynamin (K44A) with ENaC increases channel activity. Conversely, co-expression of Nedd4-2 and epsin with ENaC decrease activity. Alanine substitution of the conserved Thr628 preceding the PY motif in γ-mENaC had no effect on basal activity. Channels with this mutation, however, responded to K44A and epsin but not Nedd4-2. Similarly, mutation of the proline repeat in the PY motif of γ-mENaC disrupted only Nedd4-2 regulation having no effect on regulation by K44A and epsin. Alanine substitution of the conserved Thr within the YXXϕ motif of γ-mENaC (T635A) increased basal activity. Channels containing this mutation responded to Nedd4-2 but not K44A and epsin. Channels containing the T635(D/E) substitution in γ-mENaC did not have increased basal activity and responded to Nedd4-2 but not K44A. The double mutant T628A,T635A did not respond to Nedd4-2 or K44A. Mutation of Thr628 and Thr635 also disrupted ENaC precipitation with the μ2-subunit of the AP-2 complex. Moreover, the YXXϕ motif, independent of the PY motif, was sufficient to target degradation with T635A disrupting this effect. These results demonstrate that the overlapping PY and YXXϕ motifs in ENaC are, in some instances, capable of independent function and that the Ser/Thr just preceding and within these domains impact this function.
Quality Dimensions of Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Timeliness, Access, and Availability

For patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is superior to fibrinolytic therapy if primary PCI is performed (1) in a timely manner with a door-to-balloon time <90 minutes; (2) by experienced operators and PCI hospitals; (3) and for patients who have high clinical risk, high bleeding risk, or delays in presentation from symptom onset.1 Current guidelines and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services public reporting have focused on the timeliness of primary PCI, particularly door-to-balloon time as a process measure of quality.2 Given the better outcomes achievable with primary PCI, there is growing interest in regionalizing STEMI care to improve access to primary PCI.3,4 However, ≈25% of US hospitals have PCI capability,4 and observational registries demonstrate that <10% of patients who are transferred for primary PCI achieve a first door-to-balloon time <90 minutes.5 The American Heart Association “Mission: Lifeline” initiative is seeking to improve timely access to primary PCI for patients who present to non-PCI hospitals by engaging patients and communities, emergency medical services, hospital systems, emergency department physicians, cardiologists, health agencies, policy makers, and payers. Article see p 2455 Although timeliness of and access to primary PCI are quality dimensions that have been the focus of measurement and quality improvement, much less is known about its “availability” at PCI-capable hospitals. Whereas “capability” refers to having the capital and human resources to perform PCI, availability refers to when those resources are on hand: some, most, or all of the time. Because more than one third of PCI-capable hospitals in the United States reported using fibrinolytic therapy,6 it is important to understand what factors contribute to choice of reperfusion therapy and how to improve the availability of PCI around the clock. In the present issue of Circulation , Fazel …
Pharmacological responses of the microvascularate of transplanted cardiac tissue

Abstract Neonatal cardiac tissue wa transplanted onto the cheek pouch membrane of hamsters. After vascularization, the response of the coronary microvasculature to various vasoactive drugs was tested. Of those drugs tested, adenosine caused the greatest dilatation while angiotensin II was the most potent vasoconstrictor.
Rescuing psychoanalysis from Freud: the common project of Stekel, Jung and Ferenczi.

Abstract This article offers an extended discussion of Wilhelm Stekel's ‘On the History of the Analytic Movement’ (1926), published in English translation for the first time in Psychoanalysis and History 7(1) in 2005. It begins with a critique of the presentation of Stekel's text by Jaap Bos,who takes a purely rhetorical approach that seeks to exclude a psychological analysis of the author's motives. Bos's characterization of Stekel is likewise contested as unduly negative in crucial respects. The second section argues that it remains the task of the historian to search for truth. Attacks on the credibility of Jung by Harold Blum and Kurt Eissler are shown to reflect a bias that causes them to neglect the empirical evidence corroborating Jung's testimony concerning key events in his relationship to Freud. The third section lays out the numerous ways in which Stekel, Jung and Ferenczi independently arrived at remarkably similar judgements concerning Freud's character, and how his human failings exerted a h...
The Land that England lost : Argentina and Britain, a special relationship

Argentines, Anglo-Argentines and others, Alistair Hennessy Argentina, part of an informal empire?, H.S. Ferns British capital in Argentine history - structures, rhetoric and change, Charles A. Jones end of empire - the decline of the Anglo-Argentine connection 1918-51, Callum A. MacDonald the denigration of peronism, Roger Gravil neither Welsh nor Argentinian - the Welsh in Patagonia, Glyn Williams Argentina and the Falklands (Malvinas) - the Irish connection, Dermot Keogh peasants or planters? - British pioneers on Argentina's tropical frontier, Oliver Marshall the influence of British culture in Argentina, John King Charles Darwin and W.H. Hudson, Jason Wilson British travel writing and Argentina, John Walker Borges and England, Evelyn Fishburn "Hullo Tango" - the English Tango craze and its aftermath, Simon Collier the British press and the Perons, Gwyn Howells the unnoticed era, Eduardo Crawley Argentina and Britain - the Antarctic dimension, Peter J. Beck Falkland futures, Walter Little.
Cutaneous and electrically evoked glutamate signaling in the adult rat somatosensory system.

Abstract Glutamate neurotransmission plays critical roles in normal central nervous system (CNS) function, neurodegenerative diseases, and neurotrauma. We determined whether glutamate signaling could be evoked within the anesthetized normal adult rat CNS with clinically relevant peripheral stimulation and recorded (at >1 Hz) with glutamate-sensitive, ceramic microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Basal glutamate levels and both forelimb cutaneous and electrical stimulation-evoked glutamate release were measured within the cuneate nucleus, a relay of the mammalian dorsal columns somatosensory system. The MEAs with triangular, sharp-point tips were more effective at tissue penetration than the flat, blunt tips. Basal glutamate levels of 2.1 ± 4.4 μM (mean ± SD, n = 10 animals) were detected from 150 μm to 1200 μm below the brainstem dorsal surface. Cutaneous evoked glutamate signals showed an amplitude of 1.1 ± 1.1 μM and a duration of 7.3 ± 6.5 s (26 signals, n = 6). Electrically evoked signals, like cutaneous ones, were both rapid and slowly rising. Electrically evoked signals, especially those evoked by stimulation trains, were more reproducible and had an amplitude of 1.2 ± 1.4 μM, duration of 19.4 ± 17.3 s, and latency from stimulus onset of 21.3 ± 21.5 s (25 signals, n = 4). In contrast to cutaneous stimulation, glutamate signals evoked by electrical stimulation had longer durations and were recorded primarily in the middle and ventral cuneate nuclei. Importantly, both cutaneous and electrical stimulation of the contralateral forelimb and hindlimbs did not evoke glutamate signaling. With the use of MEAs, these results show, for the first time, somatosensory-pathway specific changes in glutamate levels during peripheral cutaneous and electrical stimulation.
Mutations of α Spectrin andlabialBlock Cuprophilic Cell Differentiation and Acid Secretion in the Middle Midgut ofDrosophilaLarvae

Abstract Mutations inDrosophilaα spectrin cause larval lethality and defects in cell shape and adhesion (J. Leeet al.,1993,J. Cell Biol.123, 1797–1809). Here we examined the effects of two lethal α spectrin alleles (α-specrg41and α-specrg35) on development and function of the larval midgut. Homozygous null α-specrg41-mutant larvae exhibited a striking defect in middle midgut acidification. In contrast, many homozygous α-specrg35mutants were capable of acidification, indicating partial function of the truncated α-specrg35product. Acidification was also blocked by a mutation in thelabialgene, which is required for differentiation of cuprophilic cells in the midgut, suggesting that these cells secrete acid. We found that two isoforms of spectrin (αβ and αβH) are segregated within the basolateral and apical domains of cuprophilic cells, respectively. The most conspicuous defect in cuprophilic cells fromlabialand α spectrin mutants was in morphogenesis of the invaginated apical domain, although basolateral defects may also contribute to the acidification phenotype. Acid secretion in vertebrate systems is thought to involve the polarized activities of apical proton pumps and basolateral anion exchangers, both of which interact with spectrin. We propose that the α-specrg41mutation inDrosophilainterferes with the polarized activities of homologous molecules that drive acid secretion in cuprophilic cells.
Generation of ultrasonic waves from a layered photoacoustic source

ACOUSTIC pulses are used extensively for imaging, materials characterization and non-destructive testing. Here we describe a method for producing trains of square-wave photoacoustic pulses. Our device comprises an alternating series of light-absorbing and transparent fluid layers. When this layered structure is irradiated with an amplitude-modulated laser, constructive and destructive interference of the resulting photoacoustic waves generates pressure waves at specific resonance frequencies, the bandwidths of which are determined by the number of layers and their acoustic impedances. When operated at the resonance condition, a device consisting of a large number of layers produces ultrasonic waves that are highly directional in space. A structure excited by a single short pulse from a Nd:YAG laser generates a train of acoustic square waves, the pulsewidth of each being determined by the transit of sound across the absorbing layer.
Model for nuclear matter in terms of clusters of quarks

Abstract A system of nonrelativistic fermions (quarks) carrying color, moving in one dimension, interacts through delta-function potentials. Properties of the ground state as a function of density can be found exactly, using a Bethe ansatz method, and approximately, using a variational method. The model shows interesting limiting behavior: at low density the ground state consists of a Fermi gas of clusters of quarks (nucleons); at high density, a Fermi gas of quarks.
Screen layout design: Research into the overall appearance of the screen☆

Abstract Research into the visual effects of screen designs has been slow in developing. The paper examines the current state of that research and suggests some avenues for future efforts. The basic theme is that changes in screen designs are small, though significant factors in the design of lessons. As small factors, it is unrealistic to expect major learning gains, instead researchers should look for small changes in learner behaviors or processes.
On the importance of satellite lines to the helium-like Kα complex and the G ratio for calcium, iron and nickel

New, more detailed calculations of the emission spectra of the He-like Kα complex of calcium, iron and nickel have been carried out using data from both distorted-wave and R-matrix calculations. The value of the GD ratio (an extended definition of the G ratio that accounts for the effect of resolved and unresolved satellite lines) is significantly enhanced at temperatures below the temperature of He-like maximum abundance. Furthermore, it is shown that satellite lines are important contributors to the GD ratio such that GD/G > 1 at temperatures well above the temperature of maximum abundance. These new calculations demonstrate, with an improved treatment of the KLn (n ≥ 3) satellite lines, that Kα satellite lines need to be included in models of He-like spectra even at relatively high temperatures. The excellent agreement between spectra and line ratios calculated from R-matrix and distorted-wave data also confirms the validity of models based on distorted-wave data for highly charged systems, provided the effect of resonances is taken into account as independent processes.
Si DX centers in GaAs at large hydrostatic pressures

A number of experimental and theoretical studies indicate that DX centers in GaAs, its alloys and other III–V semiconductors have negative U properties. Using far infrared localized vibrational mode (LVM) spectroscopy of Si donors in GaAs under large hydrostatic pressure in a diamond anvil cell we have discovered an LVM of the Si DX center. From the ratio of the LVM absorption lines of SiGa and SiDX and the compensation in our GaAs samples, we show unambiguously that two electrons are trapped when the ionized shallow Si donors transform into negatively charged DX centers, in full agreement with the negative U model.
Temperature and density dependence of the nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift in xenon gas

Abstract The temperature density dependence of the nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift in xenon gas is calculated using the theoretical expression for the chemical shift of a pair of interacting atoms and an expansion of the pair distribution function in powers of the density. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained at moderate densities. The theory also enables the experimental results to be extrapolated to low densities.
The high potency of ME-5343 to aphids is due to a unique mechanism of action

Abstract ME-5343 (afidopyropen) is a new and promising insecticide with an unknown mechanism of action that is effective against sucking insects. ME-5343 was highly toxic to pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), being more toxic than six other widely used insecticides. In contrast, ME-5343 was practically non-toxic to eight other species of insects we tested. ME-5343 was not toxic to German cockroaches (topical application) or American cockroaches (injection), suggesting that lack of toxicity in these species is not due to lack of cuticular penetration. House flies are insensitive to ME-5343 by topical, residual and feeding exposure. Addition of synergists did not change this result, suggesting that insensitivity to ME-5343 in house flies is not due to rapid detoxification nor is it dependent on the method of bioassay used. ME-5343 did not cause firefly lanterns to glow, nor did it prevent the octopamine stimulated lantern glow. Extracellular recordings of action potentials from a tonically active motor nerve of crayfish in situ showed no effects of ME-5343 at concentrations up to 10−5 M. These results suggest that the target site of ME-5343 is not the voltage gated sodium channel, voltage gated potassium channel, GABA gated chloride channel, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, acetylcholinesterase, octopamine receptor or glutamate receptor. ME-5343 injected into crayfish caused flextion of the legs and tail, similar to the symptoms induced by 5-HT (serotonin). We evaluated the effect of ME-5343 on 5-HT2-like receptors with intracellular recordings of excitatory post-synaptic potentials from the peripheral neuromuscular junction of the crayfish and found no effect of ME-5343. Thus, ME-5343 was neither an agonist nor antagonist of 5-HT2 receptors, did not affect neurotransmitter release and did not affect glutamate receptors. We conclude that ME-5343 is highly toxic to aphids and that this is due to a unique, and currently undefined mechanism of action.
Correction to the heat-balance equation and its influence on velocity selection in dendritic growth.

We propose a curvature correction to the heat-balance equation at the solid-melt interface that should be included in any realistic model of dendritic growth. Numerical evidences are presented to show that this term allows for steady-state solutions in the absence of anisotropy in the two-dimensional nonlocal symmetric model of solidification. It is shown that these solutions can be conjectured analytically in the large undercooling limit. Steady-state solutions are also obtained when anisotropy is added.
Synthesis of the QRSTU domain of maitotoxin and its 85-epi- and 86-epi-diastereoisomers.

A devised synthetic strategy toward the QRSTU ring system 4 of the marine-derived biotoxin maitotoxin (1) delivered, in addition to 4, its diastereoisomers 85-epi-QRSTU and 86-epi-QRSTU ring systems 5 and 6. The convergent route to these maitotoxin fragments involved coupling of UT and Q building blocks 9 (obtained from 2-deoxy-d-ribose) and 10 (obtained from d-ribose) followed by ring-closing metathesis to afford enol ether 8, whose elaboration to the targeted QRSTU ring system 4 required its conversion to hydroxy ketone 7. The latter compound (7) was transformed to the final product through a hydroxy dithioketal cyclization, followed by oxidation/methylation of the resulting O,S-mixed ketal to install the last of the five methyl groups contained within the target molecule (4). 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of synthesized fragments 4, 5, and 6 and comparisons with maitotoxin provided strong support for the originally assigned structure of the QRSTU domain of the natural product.
Peripheral Retinopathy and Maculopathy in High-dose Tamoxifen Therapy

Purpose To describe the clinical, angiographic, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) features of high-dose tamoxifen retinopathy in three male patients. Design Observational case series. Methods A review of history, clinical examination, and findings on fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) was conducted. Results Three male patients receiving high-dose tamoxifen therapy sought treatment for vision loss and a crystalline maculopathy. Crystalline deposits were noted in the peripheral retina of two patients. All the patients showed macular leakage by FA, but cystoid macular edema (CME) on OCT was detected in two patients. Inner retinal hyperreflective deposits were identified by OCT in all the patients. Conclusions High-dose tamoxifen therapy may result in peripheral crystalline retinopathy in addition to perifoveal opacities. Angiographic evidence of macular edema may not unanimously correlate with presence of CME on OCT in these cases.
Brain mechanisms underlying the effects of amphetamine on feeding and nonfeeding behaviors: Dissociation and overlap

Evidence is presented to support the view that there is one major distinction in the brain processes underlying the effects of amphetamine. In reference to nonfeeding behaviors, brain processes underlying the drug’s action appear to involve the facilitation of aminergic processes which directly influence behavior or which inhibit cholinergic processes. In contrast, the processes underlying the drug’s action on feeding behavior appear to involve a final adrenergic blocking action in the lateral hypothalamus. Although the primary processes underlying the effects of amphetamine on feeding and nonfeeding behavior are basically different, evidence suggests that there is considerable overlap in the complete central systems (primary and modulatory) involved in such mediations. Finally, suggestions for further research are presented which are consistent with these distinctions in central mechanisms.
The Effect of Self Nucleation Layers on the Mocvd Growth of Gallium Nitride on Sapphire

Self nucleation layers, nominally 50 nm in thickness, have been predeposited at temperatures in the range 600–1100°C and shown to markedly and uniformly improve the surface morphology of epitaxial layers of GaN on highly oriented (0001) sapphire substrates. However, the epitaxial relationship between the GaN film and the sapphire substrate and the electrical and optical properties of these films depend strongly on the temperature at which the nucleation layer is deposited. For example, growth on a nucleation layer deposited at 1100°C yields a film little changed In carrier concentration or mobility and exhibiting the epitaxial relationship [(O0 0 1)GaN// (O001)sapphire and (1010)GaN //(1120)sapphire] characteristic of films grown directly onto (0001) sapphire. In contrasT, film growth onto a nucleation layer deposited at 600°C results in a typically oriented but semi-insulating layer. Of particular interest, an intermediate growth temperature (850°C) yields GaN films that are unconventionally twinned and semiinsulating. The twinning is distinguished by GaN sublattices that are rotated ±10.9° with respect to the sapphire lattice, such that (3030)GaN //(4150)sapphire. While all films in this regime are twinned and highly resistive, examples of scattering from twins with unequal volumes and non-ideal rotation angle have been occasionally encountered. The results clearly demonstrate that the orientation of the nucleation layer governs the orientation and properties of the final film.
13 Archaeological Positivism and Cultural Plurality: Working with Conflicting Views of Mesoamerican Legacies

The complicated cultural history of the modern nation of Mexico has created a lengthy list of people who have vested interests in the protection, promotion, and presentation of the pre-Hispanic past. In this paper, I wrestle with my own attempts to understand the complexities of these competing narratives by examining who the stakeholders are in this situation and why they consider themselves to be stakeholders. Ultimately I attempt to address how we can approach conflicts between stakeholders when their interpretations of the pre-Hispanic past do not agree. These problems unfortunately are not simple and do not have simple solutions, but they do form an important part of understanding the contemporary legacies of ancient Mesoamerica.
FPGA programming for the masses

When looking at how hardware influences computing performance, we have GPPs (general-purpose processors) on one end of the spectrum and ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits) on the other...
Crayfish: A newly recognized vehicle for vibrio infections

We conducted a 1-year case-control study of sporadic vibrio infections to identify risk factors related to consumption of seafood products in two coastal areas of Louisiana and Texas. Twenty-six persons with sporadic vibrio infections and 77 matched controls were enrolled. Multivariate analysis revealed that crayfish (P < 0.025) and raw oysters (P < 0.009) were independently associated with illness. Species-specific analysis revealed an association between consumption of cooked crayfish and Vibrio parahemolyticus infection (OR 9.24, P < 0.05). No crayfish consumption was reported by persons with V. vulnificus infection. Although crayfish had been suspected as a vehicle for foodborne disease, this is the first time to our knowledge that consumption of cooked crayfish has been demonstrated to be associated with vibrio infection.
A Conserved Minimal Adjustment Scheme for Stabilization of Hydrographic Profiles

Abstract Ocean (T, S) data analysis/assimilation, conducted in the three-dimensional physical space, is a generalized average of purely observed data (data analysis) or of modeled/observed data (data assimilation). Because of the high nonlinearity of the equation of the state of the seawater and nonuniform vertical distribution of the observational profile data, false static instability may be generated. A new analytical conserved adjustment scheme has been developed on the base of conservation of heat, salt, and static stability for the whole water column with predetermined (T, S) adjustment ratios. A set of well-posed combined linear and nonlinear algebraic equations has been established and is solved using Newton’s method. This new scheme can be used for ocean hydrographic data analysis and data assimilation.
Roughness of microarchitectural design topologies and its implications for optimization

Recent advances in statistical inference and machine learning close the divide between simulation and classical optimization, thereby enabling more rigorous and robust microarchitectural studies. To most effectively utilize these now computationally tractable techniques, we characterize design topology roughness and leverage this characterization to guide our usage of analysis and optimization methods. In particular, we compute roughness metrics that require high-order derivatives and multi-dimensional integrals of design metrics, such as performance and power. These roughness metrics exhibit noteworthy correlations (1) against regression model error, (2) against non-linearities and non-monotonicities of contour maps, and (3) against the effectiveness of optimization heuristics such as gradient ascent. Thus, this work quantifies the implications of design topology roughness for commonly used methods and practices in microarchitectural analysis.
Structure and Function of Hindquarter Presentations in Yellow Baboons (Papio cynocephalus)

This paper summarizes analyses of the structure and function of 775 presentation sequences obtained during 603 h of observation on two groups of Amboseli baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Hindquarter presentations among Amboseli baboons could in most cases be unambiguously assigned to one of six categories - Submissive, Sexual, Mixed Sexual-Submissive, Affiliative, Abbreviated and Grooming - based on accompanying behavior elements, posture, context and response. Nearly half of all presentations were categorized as Submissive and in these sequences the presenter was generally subordinate to the recipient. Nearly one-third of all presentations were categorized as Sexual or Mixed Sexual-Submissive and the presenter in these sequences was a sexually-cycling adult female proportionately more often than expected from the number of such females in the study groups. Additionally, pregnant females directed proportionately more Submissive presentations than expected both toward adult males and toward other adult females, and lactating females received proportionately more Affiliative presentations than expected from other adult females. The response of adult males to Sexual presentations by adult females was influenced most strongly by the reproductive history of those females (nulliparous vs. multiparous), but was also influenced by both male and female rank. These findings suggest that over the course of primate evolution the primary function of hindquarter presentation has been modified from that of copulation solicitation to that of preemption of aggression. Additionally, for individuals between whom rank relarjons are both highly discrepant and clear-cut (e.g., adult male/adult female; adult male/subadult male, etc.), hindquarter presentation appears to play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of social bonds.
Links between Communication Patterns in Mother‐Child, Father‐Child, and Child‐Peer Interactions and Children's Social Status

Black, Betty, and Logan, Arliss. Links between Communication Patterns in Mother-Child, Father-Child, and Child-Peer Interactions and Children's Social Status. Child Development, 1995, 66, 255–271. In this study, we examined communication in the family and peer systems in relation to children's sociometric status. Codes measured turn-taking skills and utterance types for 43 children (ages 24–60 months) with mothers, fathers, and peers. Communication differences in the family and peer systems were strongest for popular versus rejected status children and their parents, but differences were also found for controversial and neglected status children and their parents. Rejected status children demonstrated turn-taking styles that included irrelevant turns, interruptions, simultaneous talking, and noncontingent responding. Parents of rejected children used higher proportions of requests than parents of popular children but failed to allow their children time to respond to the requests. Popular status children were more likely to alternate turns, provide explanations to peers, and participate in episodes of cohesive discourse. Interaction patterns were examined for potential mechanisms of transfer between family and peer systems.