cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatal recurrent Curvularia brain abscess.

1. Vichinsky EP, and Lubin BH: Sickle cell anemia and related hemoglobinopathies, Pediatr Clin North Am 27:429, 1980. 2. Hook EW, Campbell CG, Weens HS, and Cooper GR: Sahnonella osleomyelitis in patients with sickle cell anemia, N Engl J Med 257:403, 1957. 3. Hughes JG, and Carroll DS: Salmonella osteomyelitis complicating sickle cell disease, Pediatrics 19:184, t957. 4. Diggs LW: Bone and joint lesions in sickle cell disease, Clin Orthop 52:119, 1967. 5. Barrett-Connor E: Bacterial infection and sickle cell anemia: An analysis of 250 infections in 166 patients and a review of the literature, Medicine 50:97, 1971. 6. Engh CA, Hughes JL, Abrams RC, and Bowerman JW: Osteomyelitis in the patient with sickle cell disease: Diagnosis and management, J Bone Joint Surg 53-A:1, 1971. 7. Dich VQ, Nelson JD, and Haltalin KC: Osteomyelltis in infants and children: A review of 163 cases, Am J Dis Child 129:1273, 1975. 8. Seeler RA, and Jacobs NM: Pyogenic infections in chiidren with sickle hemoglobinopathy, J PEDIA'i'R 90:161, 1977 (letter). 9. Sennara H, and Gorry F: Orthopedic aspects of sickle cell anemia and allied hemoglobinopathies, Clin Orthop 130:154, 1978. 10. Adeyokunnu AA, and Hendrickse RG: Salmonella osteomyelitis in childhood: A report of 63 cases seen in Nigerian children of whom 57 had sickle cell anaemia, Arch Dis Child 55:175, 1980.
Textural and Rheological Properties of Processed Cheese

Abstract Cheddar cheeses made from ultra filtered (UF) as well as vacuum condensed milks (CM) containing two protein levels (4.5 and 6.0%) were used to manufacture processed cheeses. These processed cheeses were evaluated for instrumental textural profile analysis (TPA), stress relaxation characteristics using Sintech universal testing machine, and visco elastic characteristics (Elastic modulus-G′ and viscous modulus-G′′) using a Haake Viscometer. A small amplitude oscillatory shear test was employed to assess the visco elastic characteristics. Peleg model and six elements Maxwell model were used to assess stress relaxation characteristics of the cheese. Results indicated that the instrumental TPA hardness of UF2 cheeses made from high protein UF milk was highest (149 N) as compared to cheeses made from low protein UF milk (125 N), high and low protein vacuum condensed milks (103 and 62 N, respectively), and control (53 N). The values of elastic and viscous moduli of cheeses made utilizing high protein UF...
Three-Stream Flamelet Model for Industrial Applications

Efficient turbulent combustion models are typically designed for the numerical simulation of two-stream problems, namely, the combustion of fuel in air. There are applications, however, where large amounts of a diluent such as water steam or recirculated exhaust gas is supplied to the combustor independent of fuel and air supplies. In such cases, classical approaches become quite time-consuming. In the present paper, a new three-stream flamelet model is presented, which is essentially an extension of the two-stream flamelet model for diffusion flames. Key points of the approach are the introduction of a second mixture fraction variable and the efficient establishment of the flamelet library. After presentation of the theory, the applicability of the new model is demonstrated by comparison with experimental results for the lift-off height of jet diffusion flames.
Further Studies on Bovine Muscle Tenderness as Influenced by Carcass Position, Sarcomere Length, and Fiber Diameter

SUMMARY Interrelationships of fiber diameter, sarcomere length, and tenderness were studied in 12 bovine muscles of horizontally placed and vertically suspended carcass sides. In comparison with the horizontally placed sides, the vertically suspended sides had greater sarcomere lengths in the psoas major, latissimus dorsi, and rectus femoris muscles. Conversely, vertical suspension permitted the longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, adductor, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus muscles to shorten in sarcomere length. In general the differences in sareomere lengths of muscles (between sides) were associated (r=–.82 P <.01) with differences in fiber diameter. Differences in fiber diameter (between sides) were highly related to differences in shear force (r= .73, P <.01, as were differences in sarcomere length (T = -.80, P <.01). When museles shortened, there were corresponding decreases in sarcomere length, increases in fiber diameter, and decreases in tenderness.
The effect of acute and chronic administration of desmethylimipramine on responses to stress in rats.

Abstract 1. Rats were given single or repeated injection of desmethyllmipramine (DMI) and subjected to a single session of restraint or footshock stress. 2. The degree of anorexia and plasma corticosterone elevation in response to the stress was measured. 3. Repeated but not single injection of DMI was found to reduce the anorectic response to restraint and footshock but not to affect the corticosterone response to restraint. 4. It is concluded that repeated DMI treatment has differential effects on responses to acute stress.
Neuroendocrine mechanisms mediating awakening of the human gonadotropic axis in puberty

The hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator presides over the pulsatile and feedback-regulated activities of the pituitary-gonadal axis. Awakening of synchronous activity of the GnRH neuronal ensemble in the earliest stages of puberty heralds the onset of full activation of the reproductive axis in girls and boys. Progression from prepuberty to adulthood in boys is directed by marked (30-fold) amplitude enhancement of pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, as assessed by an ultrasensitive immunofluorometric assay and deconvolution analysis. There is a much less apparent rise in LH secretory burst frequency (approximately 1.3-fold increase). Consequently, human puberty is an amplitudedriven neuroendocrine maturational process. However, less is known about pulsatile follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release in puberty. Multiple pathophysiologies that result in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can converge on a final common mechanism of attenuated hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator output and hence reduced LH (and FSH) secretion. Disturbances may take the form of reduced GnRH pulse frequency and/or attenuated GnRH secretory burst mass. When the pathophysiology of hypogonadism originates exclusively in a failed GnRH pulse generator, then either treatment of the primary disease process where possible (e.g., by refeeding in starvation, improved metabolic control in diabetes mellitus, dopamine agonist treatment in hyperprolactinemia, etc.) and/or treatment with pulsatile GnRH (e.g., in Kallmann's syndrome, isolated hypothalamic lesions, etc.) can provide relevant therapeutic options in children and adults.
RANS Simulation Versus Experiments of Flow Induced Motion of Circular Cylinder With Passive Turbulence Control at 35,000 < RE < 130,000

Two-dimensional (2D) Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations (URANS) equations with the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model are used to simulate the flow and body kinematics of the transverse motion of spring-mounted circular cylinder. The flow is in the high-lift TrSL3 regime of a Reynolds number in the range 35,000 < Re < 130,000. Passive turbulence control (PTC) in the form of selectively distributed surface roughness is used to alter the cylinder flow induced motion (FIM). Simulation is performed using a solver based on the open source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool OpenFOAM, which solves continuum mechanics problems with a finite-volume discretization method. Roughness parameters of PTC are chosen based on tests conducted in the Marine Renewable Energy Lab (MRELab) of the University of Michigan. The numerical tool is first tested on smooth cylinder in vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and results are compared with available experimental measurements and URANS simulations. For the cylinder with PTC cases, the sandpaper grit on the cylinder wall is modeled as a rough-wall boundary condition. Two sets of cases with different system parameters (spring, damping) are simulated and the results are compared with experimental data measured in the MRELab. The amplitude ratio curve shows clearly three different branches, including the VIV initial and upper branches, and a galloping branch. The numerical branches are similar to those observed experimentally. Frequency ratio, vortex patterns, transitional behavior, and lift are also predicted well for PTC cylinders at such high Reynolds numbers.
Using internal jugular pulsations as a manometer for right atrial pressure measurements.

External jugulars are not reliable as an indication of right atrial pressure because of their passage through two right angles and also because they are often not visible. The top level of internal ju
Experimental study of 19Ne decay and its significance to the study of neutral weak currents

Abstract An upper limit of 0.003% for the beta decay of 19 Ne to the 1.55 MeV level in 19 F has been determined. Its significance for a recently suggested experiment to study neutral weak currents is discussed.
Endothelial abnormalities in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a biomarker for vascular sequelae?

Objective To evaluate whether counts of circulating colony forming unit-endothelial cells (CFU-ECs), cells co-expressing CD34, CD133, and CD31 (CD34+CD133+CD31+), and CD34+CD45- cells are altered in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and if the changes in counts correlate with endothelial dysfunction. Study design Adolescents with diabetes (ages 18 to 22 years) and race- and sex-matched control subjects were studied. We assessed circulating CFU-ECs, using colony assays, and CD34+CD133+CD31+ and CD34+CD45- cells, using poly-chromatic flow cytometry. CFU-ECs and CD34+CD133+CD31+ are hematopoietic-derived progenitors that inversely correlate with cardiovascular risk in adults. CD34+CD45- cells are enriched for endothelial cells with robust vasculogenic potential. Vascular reactivity was tested by laser Doppler iontophoresis. Results Subjects with diabetes had lower CD34+CD133+CD31+ cells, a trend toward reduced CFU-ECs, and increased CD34+CD45- cells compared with control subjects. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was impaired in subjects with diabetes, which correlated with reductions in circulating CD34+CD133+CD31+ cells. Conclusions Long-term sequelae of type 1 diabetes include vasculopathies. Endothelial progenitor cells promote vascular health by facilitating endothelial integrity and function. Lower CD34+CD133+CD31+ cells may be a harbinger of future macrovascular disease risk. Higher circulating CD34+CD45- cells may reflect ongoing endothelial damage. These cells are potential biomarkers to guide therapeutic interventions to enhance endothelial function and to prevent progression to overt vascular disease.
A new method for the preparation of the superconducting Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8 compound

Abstract Superconducting Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8 with a Tc of 110 K was prepared by using the single-phase CaBa2CuO4 compound as the Ca and Ba source in the starting powder. Compared with the conventional method which uses CaO and BaCuO2 as the Ca and Ba sources, this new method enables a lower calcining temperature and/or a shorter calcining time for the formation of the 110 K superconducting compound. Since CaBa2CuO4 remains stable after being ground in methanol and hexane, this material is suitable for wet-processing prior to calcination.
Classical and wave chaos in asymmetric resonant cavities

Abstract Deformed cylindrical and spherical dielectric optical resonators are analyzed from the perspective of non-linear dynamics and quantum chaos theory. In the short-wavelength limit such resonators behave like billiard systems with non-zero escape probability due to refraction. A ray model is introduced to predict the resonance lifetimes and emission patterns from such a cavity. A universal wavelength-independent broadening is predicted and found for large deformations of the cavity, however there are significant wave-chaotic corrections as well. Highly directional emission is predicted from chaotic “whispering gallery” modes for index of refraction less than two. The detailed nature of the emission pattern can be understood from the nature of the phase space flow in the billiard, and a dramatic variation of this pattern with index of refraction is found due to an effect called “dynamical eclipsing”. Semiconductor resonators of this type also show highly directional emission and high output power but from different modes associated with periodic orbits. A semiclassical approach to these modes is briefly reviewed. These asymmetric resonant cavities (ARCs) show promise as components in future integrated optical devices.
Temporal analysis of goblet cells and mucin gene expression in murine models of allergic asthma.

In murine models of allergic asthma, mice repeatedly exposed to allergens or interleukin (IL)13 have numerous goblet cells in their airway epithelium, in contrast to healthy naive mice. This study evaluated whether a single airway exposure of ovalbumin or IL13 would produce goblet cell metaplasia. Following ovalbumin challenge, airway goblet cells were present by 1 day, increased further by day 2 and day 3, and decreased by day 8. Following IL13 exposure, some goblet cells were detected at 6 hours and increased by 18 and 48 hours. Goblet transition cells, which are morphologically but not histologically similar to goblet cells, were observed at 6 and 18 hours following IL13 exposure and day 1 following ovalbumin challenge. Increased Muc5ac and Muc2 mRNA expression occurred following ovalbumin or IL13, but not saline, exposure. Mucin transcripts were localized to goblet cells in the surface airway epithelium. Muc5ac protein was expressed in some goblet transition and goblet cells. Overall, these data demonstrated that a single airway exposure to ovalbumin or IL13 is sufficient to generate goblet cell metaplasia and thus increase mucin gene expression in two strains of mice.
Postnatal development of cholesterol ester hydrolase activity in the rat adrenal.

In certain circumstances the activity of cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH) activity is believed to be rate-limiting for corticosterone production by the adrenal. The principal aim of the current study was to determine whether the activity of CEH displays a developmental increase in the infant rat which could, in part, account for the marked increase in serum corticosterone which begins at the end of the second postnatal week. The data show that the specific activity of CEH (units/mg cytosolic protein) during development is actually a mirror image of the pattern seen for serum corticosterone, i.e. CEH activities are high when serum corticosterone concentrations are low and then fall when serum corticosterone is rising. Even when total activities of CEH in the adrenal were calculated, there was no increase in parallel with the initial rise of serum corticosterone. At each age studied, stressed pups displayed significant increases of serum corticosterone; however, their CEH activities were no different from those in the non-stressed littermates. It is concluded that the activity of CEH is not the rate-determining factor for the developmental surge of basal concentrations of serum corticosterone nor for stress-induced elevation of corticosterone during the developmental period. A second aim of the current study was to address the more general question of whether steroidogenesis in the developing adrenal is limited by substrate supply. Measurement of the cholesterol content of adrenal mitochondria showed no ontogenic increase, suggesting that substrate supply, from any source, is not rate-limiting for steroidogenesis at these ages.
One-sided maximal functions and Hp

Abstract Let N be the nontangential maximal function of a function u harmonic in the Euclidean half-space Rn × (0, ∞) and let N− be the nontangential maximal function of its negative part. If u(0, y) = o(y−n) as y → ∞, then ∥N∥p ⩽ cp ∥N−∥p, 0
A Combustion Control and Diagnostics Sensor for Gas Turbines

The implementation of sophisticated combustion control schemes in modern gas turbines is motivated by the desire to maximize thermodynamic efficiency while meeting NOx emission restrictions. To achieve target NOx levels, modern turbine combustors must operate with a finely controlled fuel-air ratio near the fuel-lean flame extinction limit, where the combustor is most susceptible to instabilities. In turbine configurations with multiple combustors arranged around the annulus, differences in flow splits caused by manufacturing variations or engine wear can compromise engine performance. Optimal combustion control is also complicated by changes in environmental conditions, fuel-quality, or fuel-type. As a consequence, engines must be commissioned in the field with adequate stability margin such that manufacturing tolerances, normally expected component wear, fuel-quality, and environmental conditions will not cause unstable combustion. A lack of robust combustion in-situ monitoring has limited the ability of modern turbines to achieve stable ultra-low emission performance over the entire load range. This paper describes a combustion control and diagnostics sensor (CCADS) that can potentially revolutionize the manner in which modern gas turbines are controlled. This robust sensor uses the electrical properties of the flame to detect key events and monitor critical operating parameters within the combustor. The CCADS is integrated into the fuel nozzle such that low cost and long life are achieved. Tests conducted at turbine conditions in laboratory combustors instrumented with CCADS have demonstrated the following potential capabilities: 1) detection of incipient flashback and autoignition 2) detection of incipient lean blowout 3) detection of dynamic pressure oscillations 4) and a qualitative measure of equivalence ratio within the combustor. Many of these capabilities have been reported in other publications with data from an atmospheric combustion rig. This paper will summarize each of the capabilities with recent data at turbine conditions. The expectation is that CCADS will provide the key in-situ monitoring for diagnostics and control of modern gas turbines, allowing them to achieve stable ultra-low emissions performance.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Plasmodium lophurae: membrane proteins of erythrocyte-free plasmodia and malaria-infected red cells.

SYNOPSIS. Plasma membranes of normal duckling erythrocytes were prepared by blender homogenization and nitrogen decompression. Surface membrane vesicles of red cells infected with the avian malaria Plasmodium lophurae were produced by nitrogen decompression. Membranes of erythrocyte-free malaria parasites were removed from cytoplasmic constituents by Dounce homogenization. These membranes were collected by centrifugation in a sucrose step gradient and purified on a linear sucrose gradient. Red cell membranes had a buoyant density of 1.159 g/cm3, whereas plasmodial membranes banded at 2 densities: 1.110 g/cm3 and 1.158 g/cm3. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the isolated red cell membranes revealed 7 major protein bands with molecular weights (MW) ranging from 230,000 to 22,000, and 3 glycoprotein bands with MW of 160,000, 88,000 and 37,000. Parasite membranes also had 7 major bands with MW ranging from 100,000 to 22,000. No glycoproteins were identifiable in these membranes. The proteins of the surface membranes from infected red cells had MW similar to those from normal red cells; however, there was some evidence of a reduction in the amount of the high MW polypeptides. The red cell membrane contained 79 nmoles sialic acid/mg membrane protein, whereas plasmodial membranes had 8 nmoles sialic acid/mg membrane protein. The sialic acid content of the surface membranes of infected red cells was significantly smaller than that of normal cells. Lactoperoxidase-glucose oxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact normal and malaria-infected erythrocytes labeled 7 surface components. Although no observable differences in iodinatable proteins were seen in these preparations, there was a striking reduction in the iodinatability of erythrocytic membranes obtained from P. lophurae-infected cells. Erythrocyte-free plasmodia bound very little radioactive iodine; the small amount of radioactivity was distributed among 3 major bands with MW of 42,000, 32,000 and 28,000. It is suggested that the alterations of the surface of the P. lophurae-infected erythrocyte do not occur by a wholesale insertion of plasmodial membrane proteins into the red cell plasma membrane, but rather that there are parasite-mediated modifications of existing membrane polypeptides.
Movements of Na+ and K+ in slices of herring-gull salt gland.

Abstract 1. 1. Fresh slices of salt gland from the herring gull contained approx. 290 mmoles 3+ and 350 mmoles Na+ per kg dry weight. 2. 2. During incubation at 1° for up to 4 h there was a loss of some 75 mmoles K+ per kg dry weight and an equivalent gain of Na+; the slices did not swell significantly. The loss of K+ was not increased by incubation at 1° in a K+-free medium. 3. 3. The rate of 24Na+ efflux from the slices and the ability of the slices to maintain their Na+ and K+ contents during incubation at 25°, were both dependent upon aerobic conditions and the presence of K+ (5 mM) in teh medium, and were inhibited by ouabain (0.05 mM). 4. 4. Methacholine (0.33 mM) induced a temporary stimulation of 24Na+ efflux. This stimulation was smaller in the presence than in the absence of K+ in the medium, but the sum of the effects of K+ adn of methacholine in the presence of K+ was greater than the effect of methacholine alone in the K+-free medium. 5. 5. Methacholine had no significant effect on the Na+ and K+ contents of the slices, but did cause a decrease in the specific radioactivity of the Na+ of the slices at 25°. 6. 6. The results suggest that methacholine and K+ both act on salt-gland cells by increasing the permeability to Na+ and that, in addition, K+ stimulates a mechanism for coupled movements of Na+ adn K+
Resource depletion does not influence prospective memory in college students

Abstract This paper reports an experiment designed to investigate the potential influence of prior acts of self-control on subsequent prospective memory performance. College undergraduates ( n = 146) performed either a cognitively depleting initial task (e.g., mostly incongruent Stroop task) or a less resource-consuming version of that task (e.g., all congruent Stroop task). Subsequently, participants completed a prospective memory task that required attentionally demanding monitoring processes. The results demonstrated that prior acts of self-control do not impair the ability to execute a future intention in college-aged adults. We conceptually replicated these results in three additional depletion and prospective memory experiments. This research extends a growing number of studies demonstrating the boundary conditions of the resource depletion effect in cognitive tasks.
An Evaluation of the Efficacy of Methods Used in Screening for Lower-Limb Arterial Disease in Diabetes

Lower-limb peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is a common cause of hospital admission among patients with diabetes. The authors conducted a study of 130 limbs in 68 patients with and without diabetes mellitus to evaluate the accuracy of methods used to screen for PAOD and peripheral neuropathy, including foot pulses and the ankle-brachial or toebrachial pressure index, and Doppler waveform analysis. They determined that the screening tools of foot pulses, toebrachial pressure index and qualitative waveform analysis were highly sensitive screening methods in patients as long as peripheral neuropathy was not present. Qualitative waveform analysis and the toe-brachial index were more effective in high-risk limbs with detectable peripheral neuropathy.
The international assignment of stabilization policies under fixed and flexible exchange rates

Abstract This paper investigates the ability of policymakers to achieve stabilization targets in the face of spillover effects from abroad. In the context of a two-country Keynesian model, each country's stabilization policy turns out to have a comparative advantage over domestic economic activity under fixed exchange rates and sterilization. By assigning policy domestically, both employment targets can be eventually achieved despite trade linkage spillovers. The same conclusion is reached for the case of floating exchange rates despite spillover effects associated with capital mobility. Finally, it is discovered that coordination under fixed exchange rates may benefit one country and injure the other.
Association of whole blood aggregation response with immunogold-labeled glycoproteins in adult and neonatal platelets.

Abstract A growing body of recent data has provided specifics about the hemostatic system in infants, emphasizing differences from adults. Although platelet structure in newborns and adults appears to be quite similar, precise information about platelets in the first week of life indicates functional hyporeactiveness. This study was designed with a twofold purpose: one was to determine if aggregation results corresponded to immunogold-labeled activation markers; the second was to use immunogold labeling to determine if infant platelets circulate in an activated state. The results showed significant differences in ristocetin ( P =.03) and collagen ( P =.003) impedance, and whole blood aggregation lag times in infants when compared to adults. Treatment of neonatal platelets with collagen yielded decreased ATP release compared with adults. Immunogold labeling of specific activation markers CD62 (P-selectin) and CD63 (GP53) revealed that neonatal platelets were not circulating in an activated state. Significant ( P =.04) anti-CD41 (GPIIb) immunogold labeling differences were observed after thrombin stimulation, with adults binding more particles. These data suggest that hyporeactivity of neonatal platelets is not due to a circulating preactivated state, but instead may be a consequence of impaired intracellular signaling that affects both aggregation and membrane activation labeling. Whether this signaling is secondary to an intrinsic neonatal alteration or a maternal (in utero) environmental effect is yet to be determined.
Passive Sampling Screening Method Using Thin-Layer Chromatography Plates

An in situ solid-phase extraction method, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) passive sampling, was investigated as a screening method for determining the presence of organic compounds in water using laboratory experiments and field applications. The TLC passive sampler developed in this research enables the spatial and temporal distributions of organic compounds to be determined qualitatively with little expense. The materials for the sampler developed here cost $1.60 each. By first identifying the areas where a pollutant is present using the TLC passive sampling screening method, total analytical costs for monitoring programs may be reduced by eliminating unnecessary conventional analyses for locations where the pollutant is not present. Two organophosphorus pesticides, diazinon and chlorpyrifos, were used as a model for the development and as a potential application of the TLC passive sampling method. Passive sampler adsorption kinetics, enrichment factors, and extraction efficiencies were determined from ...
Evaluation of the Velcom-100 pulse Doppler cardiac output computer.

The use of Doppler ultrasound as a means of obtaining cardiac output (CO) measurements quickly, easily, and noninvasively has been made possible by recent technologic developments. We evaluated a new pulse Doppler ultrasonic unit (Velcom-100, Waters Instruments, Inc) in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit at the University of Michigan Medical Center. Accuracy of this device was determined by comparison of CO results obtained from the Velcom-100 (CO v ) against those of conventional thermal dilution cardiac output (CO T ) measurements. Twenty-six postoperative patients were used for this study, ranging in age from 20 to 82 years old. Initial studies prior to in vivo standardization demonstrated a significantly lower result (p=0.039) for the Velcom-100 with a mean difference of 0.86 L/min (CO T - CO v ). This comparison was significantly improved in subsequent studies following in vico standardization (CO T CO V =0.02 L/min, p=0.646). Linear regression analysis showed a significant, positive correlation between the two results (r=0.82, p
Legal impediments to utilizing groundwater as a municipal water supply source in karst terrain in the United States

Many jurisdictions presently utilize, or are now considering the utilization of, high-volume wells as a municipal water supply source. Withdrawal of groundwater in karst regions implicates rights to use groundwater and possible interference with other rights of nearby landowners. Drought conditions and increased population contribute to an increased incidence of legal disputes over the use of groundwater as a municipal water supply source in karst regions. High-volume pumping of groundwater may cause land subsidence, including sinkholes, drying of springs and/or streams and loss in value of nearby land. This paper examines the legal causes of action available to landowners adversely affected by high-volume groundwater pumping: groundwater rights, "loss of lateral and subjacent support", nuisance, and "takings". The author concludes that the law fails to include environmental and geoscience considerations. State legislatures should consider legislative changes to unify legal and scientific principles.
Scaling concepts in cellular and subcellular dynamics.

After developing a map for certain states typical of hemopoietic stem cells (SCs), we identify a number of parameters (e.g. fractal dimensions, oscillatory behavior in a multistable landscape, etc.) that scale down to subcellular structures such as interphase genome, chromatids, chromatin entanglements and DNA segmental motions. A curious aspect is the continuous reappearance of recursive processes even at very small biologic scales. These iterations are relevant not only for the normal behavior of (hemopoietic) cells but also for amplifying hidden genomic singularities above some critical threshold. When that happens, there are sudden quali-quantitative and often clonal changes in the cell behavior. As illustrated by specific leukemic cases, many paradoxes of malignant growth seem best explained by the peculiar sensitivity to initial condition of (hemopoietic) cells. Interpreted as chaotic oscillators, these cells display a spectrum of disorders that, in spite of appearing as random, are in fact triggered by amplification of subtle preconditions with statistico-deterministic outcomes, that are predictable within certain time limits.
Management of rhinitis and asthma in pregnancy.

Objectives To objectively critique recent available data on the proper management of allergy and asthma during pregnancy, with an emphasis on understanding the risk and benefit of medications used during pregnancy for these disorders. Data Sources Data for this article were obtained from a MEDLINE search of literature from 1975 until the present published in English. Study Selection It was the expert opinion of the author to select and synthesize recently published articles and reviews on this broad subject. Results Asthma is estimated to affect up to 4% of pregnancies, whereas rhinitis complicates up to 20%. The cornerstones of management are environmental avoidance procedures, pharmacologic treatment, and allergen immunotherapy. Pharmaceutical treatment for allergic rhinitis should start with the first-generation antihistamines, chlorpheniramine and tripelennamine. In pregnant women, who cannot tolerate first-generation antihistamines, use of a second-generation agent, either loratadine or cetirizine, should be considered. Though data are lacking, intranasal corticosteroids appear to be safe during pregnancy. For pregnant women with persistent asthma, the use of inhaled cromolyn should be the first-line therapy, followed by inhaled budesonide if symptoms worsen. Other agents such as salmeterol, leukotriene modifiers, and newer inhaled corticosteroids may be considered in women who exhibited a good response to these agents before pregnancy. Immunotherapy is the only disease-modifying treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma. It can be continued during pregnancy. Conclusions Understanding the important differences in treatment for the pregnant patient is vital for all physicians caring for these patients. Proper medical management needs to take into consideration possible adverse effects of different agents used in asthma and rhinitis.
Some observations on the geometry of megakaryocyte mitotic figures: Buckyballs in the bone marrow.

To the editor: In a typical cell, the centrosome replicates at G1-S and then the daughter migrates to the opposite side of the nucleus to help form a biphasic spindle as the cell prepares for division. The position of the centrosomes is critical for ensuring symmetry and segregation of the
The analysis of nuclear evaporation spectra

The angular momentum dependence of the level density has not been properly taken into account in the analysis of nuclear evaporation spectra. This work investigates the question of whether or not this neglect is responsible for the reported variation of level density parameters with changes in the energy of the bombarding particle. It apparently is not. However, it is shown that the improper treatment of the angular momentum dependence of the level density and the use of high energy approximations to the level density in the analysis of evaporation spectra give erroneous values of the level density parameter a. An analysis taking these factors into account gives a value of a ∽ 112A for the case considered, in agreement with the value predicted from the Fermi gas model of the nucleus. Several approximate formulae are discussed to indicate the nature of evaporation spectra when certain assumptions are valid.
An empirical study of programmer learning during incremental software development

The paper presents a case study that investigates programmer learning during incremental program development. Dialog based protocol and protocol analysis are used to explore the learning from the point of view of self-directed learning theory. The replicated case study confirmed that the Bloom's levels of cognitive domain and the cognitive activities of absorption, denial, reorganization, and expulsion characterize the programmer learning and give insight into the differences between experts and intermediate level programmers.
The many colors of photonic bandgap fibers: theory, materials, processing, characterization and applications

Summary form only given. A fabrication method is introduced which enables the combination of two solid materials having dissimilar indices of refraction in a single fiber structure. This method involves the selection of optically distinct yet thermally compatible materials, a novel preform fabrication technique and fiber draw, and has led to the fabrication of the first optical transmission fiber that has lower losses than the materials that it is made of. The characterization effort of these novel structures is presented in light of the extensive theory design and modeling work that has been conducted at MIT and others. In particular the focus of this work is on direct reflection measurements of cylindrical bandgap fibers that corroborate the magnitude and position of the bandgaps as well as more recent results pertaining to fibers for high-power laser transmission. Other applications are also discussed.
Role of NADH/NADPH Oxidase–Derived H2O2 in Angiotensin II–Induced Vascular Hypertrophy

Recent evidence suggests that oxidative mechanisms may be involved in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypertrophy. We previously showed that angiotensin II (Ang II) increases superoxide production by activating an NADH/NADPH oxidase, which contributes to hypertrophy. In this study, we determined whether Ang II stimulation of this oxidase results in H2O2 production by studying the effects of Ang II on intracellular H2O2 generation, intracellular superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and hypertrophy. Ang II (100 nmol/L) significantly increased intracellular H2O2 levels at 4 hours. Neither superoxide dismutase activity nor catalase activity was affected by Ang II; the SOD present in VSMCs is sufficient to metabolize Ang II-stimulated superoxide to H2O2, which accumulates more rapidly than it is degraded by catalase. This increase in H2O2 was inhibited by extracellular catalase, diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of the NADH/NADPH oxidase, and the AT1 receptor blocker losartan. In VSMCs stably transfected with antisense p22phox, a critical component of the NADH/NADPH oxidase in which oxidase activity was markedly reduced, Ang II-induced production of H2O2 was almost completely inhibited, confirming that the source of Ang II-induced H2O2 was the NADH/NADPH oxidase. Using a novel cell line that stably overexpresses catalase, we showed that this increased H2O2 is a critical step in VSMC hypertrophy, a hallmark of many vascular diseases. Inhibition of intracellular superoxide dismutase by diethylthiocarbamate (1 mmol/L) also resulted in attenuation of Ang II-induced hypertrophy (62+/-2% inhibition). These data indicate that AT1 receptor-mediated production of superoxide generated by the NADH/NADPH oxidase is followed by an increase in intracellular H2O2, suggesting a specific role for these oxygen species and scavenging systems in modifying the intracellular redox state in vascular growth.
Organization of public events in long-term memory

A model of "historical memory" is proposed. This model identifies three primary levels of organization (the news event, the public narrative, the historical period) and allows public events to be associated with personal information. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate this model: a verbal protocol study, a response time study, and a free-association study. In accordance with the model, these studies demonstrated that (a) associations between same-narrative events tend to be stronger than other interevent associations, (b) political events are more likely to be related to accessible historical periods than are nonpolitical events, and (c) public events are often stored with accessible personal information. These studies also indicated that (d) political events are more likely than nonpolitical events to be embedded in public narratives and (e) nonpolitical events are more likely than political events to be associated with personal information.
The κB transcriptional enhancer motif and signal sequences of V(D)J recombination are targets for the zinc finger protein HIVEP3/KRC: a site selection amplification binding study

The ZAS family is composed of proteins that regulate transcription via specific gene regulatory elements. The amino-DNA binding domain (ZAS-N) and the carboxyl-DNA binding domain (ZAS-C) of a representative family member, named κB DNA binding and recognition component (KRC), were expressed as fusion proteins and their target DNA sequences were elucidated by site selection amplification binding assays, followed by cloning and DNA sequencing. The fusion proteins-selected DNA sequences were analyzed by the MEME and MAST computer programs to obtain consensus motifs and DNA elements bound by the ZAS domains. Both fusion proteins selected sequences that were similar to the κB motif or the canonical elements of the V(D)J recombination signal sequences (RSS) from a pool of degenerate oligonucleotides. Specifically, the ZAS-N domain selected sequences similar to the canonical RSS nonamer, while ZAS-C domain selected sequences similar to the canonical RSS heptamer. In addition, both KRC fusion proteins selected oligonucleoties with sequences identical to heptamer and nonamer sequences within endogenous RSS. The RSS are cis-acting DNA motifs which are essential for V(D)J recombination of antigen receptor genes. Due to its specific binding affinity for RSS and κB-like transcription enhancer motifs, we hypothesize that KRC may be involved in the regulation of V(D)J recombination.
Magnetic sensing as a position reference system for ground vehicle control

In advanced vehicle control and safety systems, position measurement is an important link for the identification of vehicle locations, such as lateral position relative to a lane or a desired trajectory. This paper focuses on magnetic sensing systems that are used for ground vehicle control and guidance. The magnetic fields from sample magnets are first measured to determine the characteristics of their patterns as the basis for detection and position identification. The effects of external objects, such as rebar or scraped metals on roadways, are then assessed with a random selection of potential objects. Tests are also conducted in a variety of infrastructure locations to observe the probable impacts from the earth fields on the recognition of magnet field patterns. Also presented in the paper is a discussion of sensing algorithms applicable to the sensing of magnets and their use for vehicle guidance. Exemplary measurements are shown to illustrate sensing approaches that have been considered or developed in real-time applications. Implications from different sensing algorithms regarding sensitivity to measurement variations are also reviewed. A list of design objectives and constraints for components of a magnetic sensing system is outlined as the basis for its optimization. With successful demonstrations in several applications and different operating environments, position measurements using magnetic markers have proven to be an appropriate candidate for ground vehicle guidance and control. For system-wide deployment of similar technologies, the subject deserves further investigations into broader issues such as system durability and total costs in conjunction with continual improvements in accuracy and reliability of sensing capabilities.
Length-selective retention of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, by midwater trawls

Williams, K., Punt, A. E., Wilson, C. D., and Horne, J. K. 2011. Length-selective retention of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, by midwater trawls. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 119–129.Midwater trawls are commonly used during acoustic surveys of fish abundance to determine species and length compositions of acoustically sampled fish aggregations. As trawls are selective samplers, catches can be unrepresentative of sampled populations and lead to biased abundance estimates. Length-dependent retention of walleye pollock was estimated using small recapture nets, so-called pocket nets, attached to the outside of the trawl. Experimental haul sets comprising eight hauls each were conducted in the Gulf of Alaska in 2007 and 2008 and in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) in 2007. Pocket-net catches were then modelled by fitting parameters for selectivity and escapement location along the trawl. Within- and between-haul variability was jointly estimated using hierarchical Bayesian methods. There was significant undersampling of juvenile (<25 cm) pollock, with the length-at-50%-retention (L 50 ) estimated between 13.5 and 26.1 cm among haul sets. In the EBS set, L 50 values were correlated with light level, escapement being greater at night. Trawl selectivity may be a significant source of error in acoustic-survey estimates of the abundance of pollock.
Use of design patterns in analogy-based design

Design patterns specify generic relations among abstract design elements. We hypothesize that design patterns are productive units of analogical transfer in design. We describe a normative theory of analogy-based design called model-based analogy (or MBA) that transfers design patterns from source cases to target problems. In particular, for the domain of physical devices, we identify a class of design patterns, called generic teleological mechanisms (or GTMs), that specify generic functional relations in, and abstract causal structure of, a class of devices. While GTMs provide a partial content account of analogical transfer, MBA provides a process account of acquisition, access, and use of GTMs. In particular, MBA shows how structure-behavior-function (SBF) models of specific designs enable the acquisition of GTMs, which are represented as behavior-function (BF) models, and how goals of adapting familiar designs to meet new design requirements result in the access, transfer, and use of previously learned GTMs. We describe how the IDeAL system instantiates and evaluates the MBA theory.
The discovery of nature's pathway to vitamin B12. A 25 year odyssey

Abstract The chronology of the discoveries along the pathway of vitamin B12 biosynthesis is reviewed from a personal perspective, including discussion of the most recent, exciting results and a prognosis for the future of natural product biosynthesis.
Effects of Si : P supply ratio, supply variability, and selective grazing in the plankton: An experiment with a natural algal and protistan assemblage.

Semicontinuous cultures were used to examine the effects of Si and P supply on a natural algal community. Three Si : P supply ratios were used, with different patterns of supply variability imposed by various schedules of Si and P pulses delivered 1, 4, or 10 d apart. All cultures with a given Si : P supply ratio received the same time-averaged supply of Si and P. The Si : P supply ratio had a strong effect on the species composition of the algae. Chlorophytes were most abundant at the low Si: P supply ratio (20: l), diatoms were most abundant at the intermediate Si: P supply ratio (80 : I), and the siliceous chrysophyte Mallomonas sp. was most abundant at the high Si : P supply ratio (160 : 1). Diatom species showed differentiation in their ability to compete for Si and P. On average, algal cells became smaller as the Si : P supply ratio decreased. Higher algal species richness was associated with increased variability in P supply. Competitive ability of some algae was increased by variability in P supply, but that of others was decreased. A flagellated Protist grazed selectively on two Nitzschia spp., and thereby altered their competitive dynamics. The biovolume of this Protist, and that of other heterotrophic flagellates, decreased with increasing variability in P supply. Despite selective grazing and nutrient supply variability, patterns in the algal communities were generally consistent with cxpcctations based on resource competition theory and previous expcriencc with algal competition in cultures.
Building on Past Successes Designing, Evaluating, and Providing Effective Treatments for Persons for Whom Typical Instruction Is Not Effective

This article provides an overview of my experiences in special education as a teacher and subsequently as an intervention researcher providing background on where we were in providing instruction to individuals with disabilities 40 years ago (prior to legal protections and supports) compared with the present. This article acknowledges the progress that has been made in providing opportunities for students with disabilities to participate in the educational system including greater access to the general education classroom for increasing numbers of students with disabilities. However, stakeholders including special educators have inadequately targeted academic and behavioral improvements as their goals for individuals with disabilities. This is largely because the research base for students with disabilities with intensive academic and behavior needs is underdeveloped. Several recommendations are provided including increased funding for research on individuals with persistent learning and behavior problems that addresses how to acquire a more complete knowledge base about effective intensive interventions for these students.