cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary Air Fan Stability Analysis of 300 MW Unit

Combined with the reality of certain power plant,the reasons of large disturbance,boiler easy to flame out are analyzed resulted from one primary air fan trip.Corresponding technical retrofitting scheme is proposed,which can be used as reference for performing RB function of primary air fan and dealing with accidents for similar units.
Therapeutic Hyperoxia Diminishes Myocardial Stunning

We used a model of isolated coronary perfusion to answer the question: Does high PO2 during low flow myocardial ischemia diminish postischemic myocardial contractile dysfunction? In 12 anesthetized, open chest swine, the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was cannulated and perfused via an extracorporeal circuit. Normoxic arterial blood was pumped through a pediatric membrane oxygenator, which was used to control arterial PO2 in the perfusion bed. Myocardial stunning was created by reducing LAD coronary artery flow to 40% of control values for 30 minutes. After 5 minutes of ischemia, swine were randomized to either continued coronary normoxia or to coronary hyperoxia. In the hyperoxic group, oxygen was substituted for nitrogen in the oxygenator, thus increasing coronary PO2 to 382 ± 32 mmHg. After 30 minutes of ischemia, all swine were reperfused with normoxic blood. Results: There were no significant baseline differences between the two groups with regard to baseline hemodynamics, myocardial blood flow, or oxygen delivery parameters. Preischemic systolic shortening was comparable in the normoxic and hyperoxic groups: 23.6 ± 6.8% and 24.9 ± 3.9%, respectively. Increasing coronary arterial PO2 to 382 mmHg during ischemia led to a significant decrease in myocardial stunning in the hyperoxic group. Post-ischemic systolic shortening in the hyperoxic treatment group, measured at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes of reperfusion, was 14.8% ± 6.3% (p < 0.05), 13.4% ± 6.4% (p < 0.05), 13.8% ± 6.7% (p < 0.05), and 14.3% ± 5.8% (p < 0.05) compared to comparable measurements in the normoxic control group of 9.0% ± 5.4%, 7.8% ± 5.0%, 7.8% ± 5.2%, and 7.2% ± 5.1%. We conclude that high PO2, when used as a treatment during transient myocardial ischemia, can diminish postischemic myocardial stunning substantially.
Neoadjuvant Therapy As a Platform for Drug Development: Current Controversies and Regulatory Perspectives.

This commentary addresses our perspectives from a regulatory standpoint, as well as some controversies related to the use of neoadjuvant therapy as a platform for drug development.
Lead Exposure in Day Care Centers

The risk of lead poisoning among 155 of 234 eligible children (mean age, 4.8 years) enrolled in university affiliated day care centers with elevated environmental lead sources was determined at the Department of Pediatrics and University Hygienic Laboratory, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Forecasting scintillation activity and equatorial spread F

When transionospheric radio waves propagate through an irregular ionosphere with plasma depletions or “bubbles,” they are subject to sporadic enhancement and fading, which is referred to as scintillation. Communication and navigation systems may be subject to these detrimental effects if the scintillation is strong enough. It is critical to have knowledge of the current ionospheric conditions so that system operators can distinguish between the natural radio environment and system-induced failures. In this paper we briefly describe the Forecasting Ionospheric Real-time Scintillation Tool UHF scintillation forecasting technique, which utilizes the observed characteristic parameter h′F from a ground-based, ionospheric sounder near the magnetic equator. The prereversal enhancement in vertical E × B drift velocity after sunset is the prime driver for creating plasma depletions and bubbles. In addition, there exists a “threshold” in the h′F value at 1930 LT, h′Fthr, such that, on any given evening, if h′F is significantly above h′Fthr, then scintillation activity is likely to occur, and if it is below h′Fthr, scintillation activity is unlikely to occur. We use this technique to explain the lack of scintillation activity prior to the Halloween storm in October 2003 in the Peruvian longitude sector. In addition, we have carried out a study which forecasts the occurrence or nonoccurrence of equatorial spread F (ESF), on a night-to-night basis, in five longitude sectors. The overall forecasting success is greater than 80% for each of the five longitude sectors.
Anatomic modeling using 3D printing: quality assurance and optimization

The purpose of this study is to provide a framework for the development of a quality assurance (QA) program for use in medical 3D printing applications. An interdisciplinary QA team was built with expertise from all aspects of 3D printing. A systematic QA approach was established to assess the accuracy and precision of each step during the 3D printing process, including: image data acquisition, segmentation and processing, and 3D printing and cleaning. Validation of printed models was performed by qualitative inspection and quantitative measurement. The latter was achieved by scanning the printed model with a high resolution CT scanner to obtain images of the printed model, which were registered to the original patient images and the distance between them was calculated on a point-by-point basis. A phantom-based QA process, with two QA phantoms, was also developed. The phantoms went through the same 3D printing process as that of the patient models to generate printed QA models. Physical measurement, fit tests, and image based measurements were performed to compare the printed 3D model to the original QA phantom, with its known size and shape, providing an end-to-end assessment of errors involved in the complete 3D printing process. Measured differences between the printed model and the original QA phantom ranged from -0.32 mm to 0.13 mm for the line pair pattern. For a radial-ulna patient model, the mean distance between the original data set and the scanned printed model was -0.12 mm (ranging from -0.57 to 0.34 mm), with a standard deviation of 0.17 mm. A comprehensive QA process from image acquisition to completed model has been developed. Such a program is essential to ensure the required accuracy of 3D printed models for medical applications.
Abstract 74: Heme Oxygenase-PPARα Induction of FGF21 in Hepatocytes Recruits pAMPK/pAKT and Attenuates Insulin Resistance in Obese Mice

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor that is known to regulate glucose and lipid homeostasis and increases expression of the hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which is secreted to blood, increases phosphorylation of AMPK and AKT in adipocytes and has been purported to stimulate adiponectin synthesis. The heme oxygenase (HO) system is functionally important for reducing ROS and inflammation whose induction has been shown to increase serum adiponectin levels and affect lowering of blood glucose and fatty acids. This study was designed to examine the hypothesis that a HO-1-PPARα crosstalk could elevate hepatic FGF21 thus leading to enhanced adiponectin secretion and abatement of metabolic imbalance. Preliminary experiments were conducted in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Hep G2) cultured in the absence or presence of the HO-1 inducer, cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP, 2μmoles/l). A 2.0 fold induction of HO-1 in Hep G2 cells by CoPP (p
PROFILE: Broadly based genomic testing for all patients at a major cancer center.

1531 Background: Genotyping plays an increasingly important role in the management of cancer patients. However, the landscape of genomic abnormalities is unknown for many cancers and the influence ...
Prognose kardiovaskulärer Morbidität mit Hilfe der ambulanten Blutdruckaufzeichnung

Basierend sowohl auf statistischen Untersuchungen als auch auf Umfragen in der Bevolkerung (14, 23) ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Blutdruck und kardiovaskularen Morbiditat schon Scit vielen Jahren bekannt. Dieser Zusammenhang basiert auf einer relativ kleinen Anzahl von Messungen des Blutdrucks in der Praxis oder in der Klinik. Ebenfalls ist bekannt, das der Blutdruck bei einzelnen Personen erheblich variiert, sowohl hinsichtlich Messungen, die unter ahnlichen Umstanden zu verschiedenen Gelegenheiten durchgefuhrt wurden (2, 3) als auch bei Messungen, die unter verschiedenen auseren Umstanden durchgefuhrt wurden. So sind z.B. zu Hause haufiger Variationen festzustellen als in der Klinik (4). Man geht allgemein davon aus, das die durch die Hypertonie verursachten Schaden mit dem uber einen bestimmten Zeitraum gemessenen durchschnittlichen Blutdruckniveau zusammenhangen. Die Gipfel des Blutdrucks und die Form der arteriellen Druckkurve konnten jedoch ebenfalls mit beteiligt Scin (21). Jungste Ergebnisse der Framingham-Studie weisen darauf hin, das der durchschnittliche Druck uber einen Zeitraum von 30 Jahren in einer engeren Korrelation zu der linksventrikularen Hypertrophie, gemessen mittels Echokardiographie, steht (15). Dies ist zur Zeit die zuverlassigste Methode zur Messung von Endorganschaden.
Parallel Spectral Element Methods For The Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations

We present a parallel spectral element method for solution of the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in general three-dimensional geometries. The approach combines high-order spatial discretizations with iterative solution techniques in a way which exploits with high efficiency currently available medium-grained distributed-memory parallel computers. Emphasis is placed on the development of algorithm constructs which allow for solution of physically relevant problems; we specifically address the problem of parallel solution in domains of general topology. The success of the procedure is demonstrated by several examples of moderate Reynolds number Navier-Stokes calculations on the Intel vector hypercube.
A Coupled-Channel Formalism for Breakup Reactions

Coupled-channel methods have been employed to calculate reaction probabilities for a number of breakup reactions, despite the fact that all the methods assume forms of wave functions which do not have the asymptotic behavior necessary to describe such reactions directly. This contribution provides a general conceptual framework for these methods, shows how to extend them to include asymptotic behavior appropriate to breakup reactions, calls attention to a possible reason for their practical success, and points out unresolved problems.
Vastus and Patellar Protection with Range of motion Pad – Advanced Personal Protective Equipment for the Lower Body:

The standard knee pad is considered the most ineffective personal protective equipment in the American football player’s uniform. This study quantitatively and qualitatively assesses personal prote...
Wireless Linear Variable Differential Transformer Design and Structural Performance Analysis

In this paper, design and performance analysis of wireless deflection sensors with an automated test-bed is reported. A test bed is designed and built to accurately move an armature of a displacement sensor through the operational range in a repeatable fashion. Testing is conducted on an RDP D2/200a linear variable displacement transformer (LVDT) to compare operational performance in both wired and wireless configurations. Test results are presented and conclusions are drawn regarding the possibility of switching existing wired hardware with equivalent wireless powered units. Prototypes of the wireless displacement sensor are constructed and tested in WiSe-Net lab at the University of Maine and at NASA MSFC to compare the performance with existing wired displacement sensor system. Lower cost and similar performance demonstrates the suitability of using this new technology while maintaining reliability and accuracy.
Triple-negative breast cancer cell line sensitivity to englerin A identifies a new, targetable subtype.

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) represent a heterogeneous group of tumors. The lack of targeted therapies combined with the inherently aggressive nature of TNBCs results in a higher relapse rate and poorer overall survival. We evaluated the heterogeneity of TNBC cell lines for TRPC channel expression and sensitivity to cation-disrupting drugs. The TRPC1/4/5 agonist englerin A was used to identify a group of TNBC cell lines sensitive to TRPC1/4/5 activation and intracellular cation disruption. Quantitative RT-PCR, the sulforhodamine B assay, pharmacological inhibition, and siRNA-mediated knockdown approaches were employed. Epifluorescence imaging was performed to measure intracellular Ca2+ and Na+ levels. Mitochondrial membrane potential changes were monitored by confocal imaging. BT-549 and Hs578T cells express high levels of TRPC4 and TRPC1/4, respectively, and are exquisitely, 2000- and 430-fold, more sensitive to englerin A than other TNBC cell lines. While englerin A caused a slow Na+ and nominal Ca2+ accumulation in Hs578T cells, it elicited rapid increases in cytosolic Ca2+ levels that triggered mitochondrial depolarization in BT-549 cells. Interestingly, BT-549 and Hs578T cells were also more sensitive to digoxin as compared to other TNBC cell lines. Collectively, these data reveal TRPC1/4 channels as potential biomarkers of TNBC cell lines with dysfunctional mechanisms of cation homeostasis and therefore sensitivity to cardiac glycosides. The sensitivity of BT-549 and Hs578T cells to englerin A and digoxin suggests a subset of TNBCs are highly susceptible to cation disruption and encourages investigation of TRPC1 and TRPC4 as potential new biomarkers of sensitivity to cardiac glycosides.
Where do they learn violence? The roles of three forms of violent socialization in childhood

Abstract Early violent socialization in family and community contexts has consistently been found to affect individuals' attitudes toward interpersonal violence in adulthood. The specific sources and processes underlying children’s acquisition of attitudes toward violence, however, are poorly specified and unelaborated. The current study examined how three types of early violent socialization differently influenced college students’ (N = 3841) acceptance of interpersonal violence and how these influences differed according to gender. Findings from multiple linear regression analyses indicated that advised violence, witnessed violence, and victimized violence each contributed to college students’ acceptance of violence as a valid problem-solving strategy. However, each form of violence differently affected students’ acceptance of violence. Receiving verbal advice to be violent from family and community members had stronger associations with students’ acceptance of interpersonal violence than did witnessing or experiencing violence during childhood. These relationships were not significantly different between male and female students. Whereas existing studies on violent socialization have largely focused on the effects of witnessing and experiencing violence during childhood, our findings also highlight the significant impact of that receiving pro-violence messages from family and community members has on young college students’ acceptance of interpersonal violence. This connection suggests that educational programs targeting parents and community elders should focus on encouraging anti-violence attitudes and coaching children in nonviolent conflict-resolution skills. Our results might help inform college violence prevention practitioners in developing programs for college students to help change their pro-violence attitudes.
A keeper of many crypts: a behaviour-manipulating parasite attacks a taxonomically diverse array of oak gall wasp species.

Parasites of animals and plants can encounter trade-offs between their specificity to any single host and their fitness on alternative hosts. For parasites that manipulate their host's behaviour, t...
From Dodge to eBay: The Elusive Corporate Purpose

This article examines the history of the law of corporate purpose. I argue that the seemingly conflicting visions of corporate social responsibility and shareholder wealth maximization, which characterize contemporary debates about the subject, are grounded in two different paradigms for corporate law — a socio-political paradigm and an economic-financial one. Advocates of the socio-political paradigm have historically focused on the power that corporations could exercise in society, while those embracing the economic-financial paradigm expressed concerns about the power that the control group could exercise over the corporation’s shareholders. Over the course of the twentieth century, scholars have debated the merits of each of these paradigms and the concerns associated with them, while judges drew upon the academic and, more importantly, the managerial sentiments and concerns of the era to attach a purpose to corporate law’s doctrine, that is, the ultra vires doctrine in the early twentieth century, the enabling business judgment rule by mid-century, and the laws applicable to evaluating managerial responses to hostile takeovers at the century’s end. Ultimately, the cases seemingly addressing corporate purpose did not endorse wealth maximization or social responsibility as objectives. Rather, they empowered corporate managers to set corporate goals without interference from shareholders or the courts.
Development of transferable coarse-grained models of amino acids

We have developed transferable coarse-grained (CG) models of the twenty standard amino acids, which can be used to perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of peptide amphiphiles (PAs) in the presence of explicit solvent. A 2 : 1 to 4 : 1 mapping scheme – in which a CG bead is comprised of two to four heavy atoms, respectively, and associated hydrogens – has been employed. Non-bonded parameters were optimized using the artificial neural network assisted particle swarm optimization (ANN-assisted PSO) method to reproduce experimental properties (density, surface tension, and heat of vaporization) of analogues of the side chains, termini, and backbone functional groups of the amino acids. The density (error <3.04%) and surface tension (error <7.38%) predicted by CG models were in good agreement with those of experimental properties. The peptide backbone is modeled with two charge neutral beads while amino acid side chains are modeled with one to three beads. Each terminus (N-terminus and C-terminus) is modeled as one charge neutral bead. Bonded parameters for the CG models were obtained from bond, angle, and dihedral distributions from AA MD simulations of dipeptides and/or tripeptides, which showed a reasonable agreement. Moreover, densities of these dipeptides and tripeptides calculated from AA MD simulations and CG models were in excellent agreement.
Influence of a biaxially corrugated core geometry on flexural stiffness of wood-strand composite sandwich panels

Abstract The objective of this study is to gain an understanding of the influence of a biaxially corrugated core geometry on flexure stiffness of wood-strand composite sandwich panel for building construction applications where member deflections often govern the design. To this aim, a parametric study was conducted using a finite element (FE) model to understand the sensitivity of the bending stiffness of a wood strand composite core to all variations in its geometry. A unit cell (UC) in the core was defined to simplify the determination of all parameters capable of altering the core geometry. Although eight parameters were chosen for this parametric study, the interaction between these parameters in changing the geometry required simulation of 13 cases to fully understand the influence of these eight core parameters on the bending stiffness. The comparison between the bending stiffness normalized by the width of the test specimens not only indicated the effect of these parameters on the bending stiffness but also revealed the effectiveness of each parameter. Based on these results, the geometry of the core was redesigned to increase the flexural stiffness. The bending stiffness of the new and redesigned core was 43 % and 126 % stiffer than the initial core in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively. After manufacturing a new mold based on these result and fabrication of a wood strand core, the experimental results exceeded our expectation. The experimental results revealed that the bending stiffness of the new core is 59 % and 203 % higher than initial one in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively.
Abstract 1218: Pimavanserin induces autophagy mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer and suppresses pancreatic tumor growth

Pancreatic cancer patients have limited treatment options in spite of several advanced treatment strategies. Pancreatic tumors exhibit high basal autophagy compared to other cancers. Several studies including from our lab reported that enhanced autophagy can lead to apoptosis in cancer cells. In this study, we have demonstrated that pimavanserin (PVT) suppresses pancreatic tumor growth by inducing autophagy-mediated apoptosis. Our results indicated that PVT induced apoptosis and reduced the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells with IC50 ranging between 3-9µM after 24, 48 and 72 hours of treatment. In addition, PVT inhibited the colony formation of pancreatic cancer cells. Treatment of pancreatic cancer cells with increasing concentrations of PVT resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in autophagy as evaluated by acridine orange assay by flow cytometry. PVT induced the expression of autophagy markers ULK1, FIP200, Atg101, Beclin-1, LC3B and p62 in a concentration-dependent manner in several pancreatic cancer cells. Apoptotic effects of PVT in pancreatic cancer cells was validated by increase in cleavage of caspase3 and PARP. Oral administration of PVT suppressed BxPC3 tumor xenografts by 50% in athymic nude mice. In another in vivo experiment, PVT treatment inhibited the growth of orthotopicaly implanted PANC1 tumors by 75%. Autophagy and apoptosis was confirmed in the tumors of PVT treated mice by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Chronic administration of PVT did not exhibit any general signs of toxicity or behavioral side effects in mice. Moreover, long-term administration of PVT did not alter the clinical chemistry parameters like ALT, AST, total serum protein, calcium and albumin. Collectively, our results indicate that PVT mediated pancreatic tumor growth suppression was associated with induction of autophagy and apoptosis. Since PVT is already available in the clinic with an established safety profile, our results will accelerate its clinical development for pancreatic cancer therapy. Citation Format: Sharavan Ramachandran, Sanjay K. Srivastava. Pimavanserin induces autophagy mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer and suppresses pancreatic tumor growth [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1218.
A novel self-healing model using precoding & big-data based approach for 5G networks

Abstract The study of self organized networks is considered a key element in developing the new generation of cellular networks. Mobile service providers are adopting new technologies such as small cells and precoding to deploy their networks according to 5G standards. As these type of technologies gain more importance and popularity, network self organization become a more essential function in operating the network resources. Self organized networks have been classified into three main categorizes: self optimization, self configuration, and self healing. The first two categories showed further development and research interest when compared to self-healing. Due to the high density nature of small cells, using massive antennas in the network, and their susceptibility to failures for various reasons, the demand for a clear self-healing process and architecture is deemed urgent. In this paper the current self-healing process in addition to the fault tolerance aspects for the future 5G are studied and a new process model for organizing the self-healing process is proposed. The new process model is meant to map the different functionalities needed to perform a successful self healing process. The model with the proposed descriptive network architecture aims to identify the different functions within the self-healing process model. In order to test the operation ability of the model, a new big data aspect is added to the network architecture to aid in analyzing the huge amount of data needed to efficiently perform the self-healing process. Results show that the proposed precoding technique in conjunction with the machine learning algorithm based on a decision tree model that uses empirical data collected from the network can identify the status of cells (healthy, congested or failing) and suitable self-healing procedures can be triggered to recover the cell accordingly.
Determination of agricultural infrastructural suitability in aspirational districts: A case study of Bundelkhand

Agricultural infrastructure has the potential to transform subsistence farming into commercial and dynamic farming system. Adequate markets, roads, irrigation, extension services, credit facilities, storage etc. facilitate lowering of farming costs and increase in farm income. The study, carried out during 2017–20 at ICAR-NIAP, presents methodology for measuring adequacy status of rural infrastructure and its categorisation into five classes using a case study of Bundelkhand region.The results show that there is ample scope for agricultural productivity enhancement in Bundelkhand by focussing on agricultural markets, credit institutions, roads, agricultural extension and storage infrastructure.The proposed methodology can be replicated for other regions, states and districts.
Deficit Frame Dangers

Civil rights advocates have long viewed litigation as an essential, if insufficient, catalyst of social change. In part, it is. But in critical respects that remain underexplored in legal scholarship, civil rights litigation can hinder short- and long-term projects of racial justice. Specifically, certain civil rights doctrines reward plaintiffs for emphasizing community deficits—or what I term a “deficit frame.” Legal doctrine, in other words, invites legal narratives that track, activate, and reinforce pernicious racial stereotypes. This dynamic, even in the context of well-intended litigation, risks entrenching conditions that drive racial inequality—including the conditions that litigation is often intended to address. To concretize the theory, this Article explores how deficit frames can influence the behavior of four key constituencies who impact—and often undermine—the pursuit of educational equality.
Cord Blood Transplantation for Pediatric Hematologic Malignancies: Indications, Mechanisms, and Outcomes

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a life-saving modality for many hematologic malignancies. Due to the permissiveness of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatches, umbilical cord blood (UCB) has increased the chances that an appropriate donor can be found and has become an accepted stem cell source for pediatric patients in need of alternative donor transplantation. In this chapter, we will discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages that UCB confers compared to other stem cell sources, as it relates to acute leukemia therapy in children. The unique aspects of UCB will be addressed including the impact of cell dose and HLA matching on transplant outcomes, single versus double UCB transplants, transplant timing and the emerging data on minimal residual disease, graft versus leukemia effects, immune reconstitution, and future directions.
Object-oriented compiler construction

This comprehensive volume describes the design and implementation of interpreters and compilers, with specific emphasis on the construction of a Pascal compiler. Author Jim Holmes uses object-oriented analysis and design methods to elucidate the specific compiler components and then gives actual C++ implementation details of these definitions.
Risk factors associated with lymphedema after lymph node dissection in melanoma patients

Abstract Background Secondary lymphedema is a frequent complication after lymphadenectomy in melanoma patients, although few studies in melanoma adequately characterize risk factors for lymphedema, and of these, sample size is limited. This study aims to identify risk factors associated with the lymphedema after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND) in a more robust cohort of melanoma patients. Methods We identified 269 ALND or ILND melanoma patients treated between 2008 and 2014. Demographic, clinical, and postoperative data were collected by review of the electronic medical record. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to determine independent predictors of lymphedema. Results Fifty-six (20.8%) of the patients developed lymphedema after lymph node dissection with a median staging group of 3. ILND (odds ratio [OR] = 4.506, P P = .020, 95% CI: 1.237 to 11.975) were significant predictors of lymphedema in multivariate analysis. Obese body mass index approached significance (OR = 1.802, P = .069, 95% CI: .955 to 3.399). Conclusions PVD and ILND were the 2 factors associated with the highest risk of lymphedema in melanoma surgery with PVD increasing risk 2-fold in ILND patients and 3-fold in ALND patients. These findings may improve surgeon-patient communication of care goals and surgical risk assessment.
Primal-Dual Methods

This chapter discusses methods that work simultaneously with primal and dual variables, in essence seeking to satisfy the first-order necessary conditions for optimality. The methods employ many of the concepts used in earlier chapters, including those related to active set methods, various first and second order methods, penalty methods, and barrier methods. Indeed, a study of this chapter is in a sense a review and extension of what has been presented earlier.
Error correction without additional redundancy by novel optical receiver with diverse detection

This paper proposed an error correction technique that employs CS-RZ line-coding in the transmitter and a novel receiver characterized by diverse detection of dual-mode signal, error-detection by "consensus" logic, and bit-by-bit threshold selection. Experimental results showed total gain of 9 dB with the use of the standard 7% FEC code.
Automatic Detection of Words Associations in Texts Based on Joint Distribution of Words Occurrences

In this article, we propose a novel approach for measuring word association based on the joint occurrences distribution in a text. Our approach relies on computing a sum of distances between neighboring occurrences of a given word pair and comparing it with a vector of randomly generated occurrences. The idea behind this assumption is that if the distribution of co-occurrences is close to random or if they tend to appear together less frequently than by chance, such words are not semantically related. We devise a distance function S that evaluates the words association rate. Using S, we build a concept tree, which provides a visual and comprehensive representation of keywords association in a text. In order to illustrate the effectiveness of our algorithm, we apply it to three different texts, showing the consistency and significance of the obtained results with respect to the semantics of documents. Finally, we compare the results obtained by applying our proposed algorithm with the ones achieved by both human experts and the co-occurrence correlation method. We show that our method is consistent with the experts' evaluation and outperforms with respect to the co-occurrence correlation method.
Moving on with allergy: transition in allergy services

Context Food Allergy is common in the paediatric population and increasingly persists into adulthood. Allergies have a significant impact on quality of life and adolescents are over represented in significant and fatal reactions. Associated asthma increases the risk of a fatal reaction. Provision of allergy services within adult medicine can be limited and there is often no clear structure for transitioning patients from paediatric to adult practice leaving a high risk population with inadequate provision.
Crystallographic characterization and structural analysis of the first organic functionalization product of the endohedral fullerene Sc3N@C80

The structure of Sc3N@C80−C10H12O2, a Diels−Alder cycloadduct of Sc3N@C80, has been determined. The crystallographic data shows that cycloaddition occurs at a C−C bond of 6:5 ring junction, and that the fullerene C1−C2 bond is elongated and pulled out from the fullerene. The Sc3N unit is well-ordered within the C80 cage and positioned away from the site of addition. The proximity of the Sc atoms to the cage carbon atoms causes those carbon atoms to protrude slightly from the surface of the fullerene cage.
Some Limnological Features of a Shallow Saline Meromictic Lake

Seasonal variations of some physical, chemical, and biological features were studied from December 1954 to October 1956 in Hot Lake, a shallow saline body of water occupying a former epsom salt excavation in north central Washington. The lake is meromictic and during the period of study had an average salt gradient of approximately 100 g/liter at the surface to 400 g/liter at the bottom, the major salt being magnesium sulfate. The mixolimnion was thin enough that the monimolimnion was heated directly by the sun, with the result that temperatures in excess of 50°C were recorded in the monimolimnion during summer. Much of this heat was retained during the winter. The calculated value of heat gain in the monimolimnion agreed reasonably well with the observed value. The flora consisted mainly of Chara, a bottom mat of blue-green algae, and a dense population of green sulfur bacteria in the upper part of the monimolimnion. Artemia salina was the dominant zooplankter, and some features of its life history as affected by the unusual thermal properties of the lake are described.
RELATIVE AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF THREE BARK BEETLE PREDATORS (COLEOPTERA: TROGOSITIDAE, CLERIDAE) ACROSS AN ELEVATION GRADIENT IN PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS OF NORTH CENTRAL ARIZONA

We examined abundance and flight periodicity of 3 predators of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), Enoclerus sphegeus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), and E. lecontei (Wolcott) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), across an elevational gradient of ponderosa pine (Pinus pon- derosa Lawson) forests in north central Arizona. Predator populations were estimated at 10 sites in each of 3 elevation bands (low: 1600-1736 m; mid: 2058-2230 m; high: 2505-2651 m) for 3 years (2004-2006) using pheromone-baited fun- nel traps targeting 3 primary bark beetle species. We also investigated how predator abundance and flight seasonality related to those of 5 bark beetle species: Ips pini (Say), I. lecontei Swaine, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, D. bre- vicomis LeConte, and D. adjunctus Blandford. Temnochila chlorodia was most abundant in the low- and mid-elevation bands, whereas E. sphegeus was most abundant in the high-elevation band. Enoclerus lecontei showed no consistent elevational trend in abundance. Within each elevation band, changes in annual abundance of pooled predator species tracked shifts in abundance of pooled bark beetle species. In general, predator flight initiation coincided with or closely followed bark beetle flight initiation in the spring, but predator flight terminated before flight activity ended for most bark beetle species in the fall. In addition, the ratio of prey to predators was lowest in the summer and highest in the fall. This suggests that all bark beetle species examined may be provided temporal escape from their predators in the fall. For all 3 predator species, the pheromone-baited trap targeting D. brevicomis was less attractive than the pheromone-baited traps targeting I. pini and I. lecontei.
Audiologic and nonaudiologic correlates of hearing handicap in black elderly.

The purpose of this study was to explore the contributions of audiologic and nonaudiologic factors, including medical, social, economic, and psychological, towards understanding hearing handicap in...
Stress-Driven Reconstruction of an Oxide Surface: The Anatase TiO 2 ( 001 ) − ( 1 × 4 ) Surface

The recently discovered ( $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4$) reconstruction of the stoichiometric anatase ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}(001)$ surface is studied via first principles density functional calculations. We propose a new structural model for this reconstruction, which is energetically much more favorable than all the other available models, including the unreconstructed ( $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$) surface. In this model, rows of ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{3}$ species periodically replace rows of surface bridging oxygens of the ( $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$) surface, thus leading to a relief of the large surface tensile stress present on that surface. The corresponding empty-state charge density distribution correctly describes the experimental scanning tunneling microscopy images.
Polymorphous crystallization and diffraction of threonine deaminase from Escherichia coli.

The biosynthetic threonine deaminase from Escherichia coli, an allosteric tetramer with key regulatory functions, has been crystallized in several crystal forms. Two distinct forms, both belonging to either space group P3121 or P3221, with different sized asymmetric units that both contain a tetramer, grow under identical conditions. Diffraction data sets to 2.8 A resolution (native) and 2.9 A resolution (isomorphous uranyl derivative) have been collected from a third crystal form in space group I222.
Optical-pumping determination of the nuclear magnetic moments of the radioisotopes mercury-193, -193m, -195m, and -197m

The technique of optical pumping has been used to determine the nuclear magnetic dipole moment of spin-$\frac{3}{2}$, $4\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{h}^{193}\mathrm{Hg}$, and the spin-$\frac{13}{2}$ isomers, $10\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{h}^{193m}\mathrm{Hg}$, $40\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{h}^{195m}\mathrm{Hg}$, and $24\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{h}^{197m}\mathrm{Hg}$. Nuclear magnetic resonance was observed following orientation of the $6{s}^{2}^{1}S_{0}$ ground state. The results are $|^{193}\ensuremath{\mu}|=0.61763(18){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$, $|^{193m}\ensuremath{\mu}|=1.0416(3){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$, $|^{195m}\ensuremath{\mu}|=1.0280(2){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$, and $|^{197m}\ensuremath{\mu}|=1.0112(3){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$, all without diamagnetic correction. Differential hfs anomalies, $\ensuremath{\Delta}$, have been calculated with respect to stable $^{199}\mathrm{Hg}$ with the use of the previously determined values of the magnetic dipole hfs interaction constants for the $6s6p^{3}P_{1}$ level. We obtain $^{193}\ensuremath{\Delta}^{199}=0.0054(27)$, $^{193m}\ensuremath{\Delta}^{199}=0.0108(3)$, $^{195m}\ensuremath{\Delta}^{199}=0.0106(2)$, and $^{197m}\ensuremath{\Delta}^{199}=0.0105(6)$.
Graph synopses, sketches, and streams: a survey

Massive graphs arise in any application where there is data about both basic entities and the relationships between these entities, e.g., web-pages and hyperlinks; neurons and synapses; papers and citations; IP addresses and network flows; people and their friendships. Graphs have also become the de facto standard for representing many types of highly structured data. However, the sheer size of many of these graphs renders classical algorithms inapplicable when it comes to analyzing such graphs. In addition, these existing algorithms are typically ill-suited to processing distributed or stream data.Various platforms have been developed for processing large data sets. At the same time, there is the need to develop new algorithmic ideas and paradigms. In the case of graph processing, a lot of recent work has focused on understanding the important algorithmic issues. An central aspect of this is the question of how to construct and leverage small-space synopses in graph processing. The goal of this tutorial is to survey recent work on this question and highlight interesting directions for future research.
Biomechanical Assessment of the Bridging Vein Rupture of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury Using the Finite Element Human Head Model

The incidence of the blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) among American troops in battle environments is dramatically high in recent years. Shock wave, a production of detonation, is a brief and acute overpressure wave that travels supersonically with a magnitude which can be several times higher than atmospheric pressure. Primary bTBI means that human exposure to shock wave itself without any other impact of solid objects can still result in the impairment of cerebral tissues. The mechanism of this type of brain injury is different from that of the conventional TBI, and has not been fully understood. So far, it is believed that the shock wave transmitted through skull and into cerebral tissues may induce specific injury patterns. This study is trying to develop a methodology to numerically investigate the mechanism of the blast-induced subdural hematoma (bSDH), which is caused by bridging vein rupture. The effort of this study can be divided to three major parts: first, a finite element (FE) model of human head is developed from the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a real human head to contain skull, CSF and brain. Numerically simulated shock waves transmits through the human head model whose mechanical responses are recorded; second, in order to obtain the mechanical properties of human bridging vein, an standard inflation test of blood vessels is conducted on a real human bridging vein sample gained from autopsy. Material parameters are found by fitting the experimental data to an anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model for blood vessel (Gerhard A. Holzapfel 2000); third, The bridging vein rupture in bTBI is evaluated by the finite element analysis of a separate human bridging vein model under the external loadings in terms of the internal pressure and relative skull-brain motion which are extracted from the mechanical response of the subarachnoid space of the head in the blast-head simulation of the first part.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Hemodynamic and non-bronchial effects of ipratropium bromide

Older anticholinergic agents such as stramonium and atropine have significant non-pulmonary effects. The non-pulmonary effects of a new quaternary anticholinergic, ipratropium bromide, have been studied both in the United States and abroad; these effects include inhibition of salivation, interference with micturition, and ocular effects such as pupil size, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure. Hemodynamic effects such as heart rate, blood pressure, and blood gas changes have also been studied. These evaluations have been performed in animals and in healthy and sick human subjects, following administration of ipratropium parenterally and by inhalation in a variety of dosage ranges. Ipratropium, a muscarinic inhibitor, would be expected to have effects similar to those of atropine. The most conspicuous result of these studies has been the low incidence of significant changes, even at high dose levels, when ipratropium bromide is administered by inhalation.
Mixing in ladles by vertical injection of gas and gas-particle jets—A water model study

Simulation effectuee en vue d'optimiser le temps de melange d'une addition dans une poche de metal liquide avant la coulee. Etude sur un modele a eau en vue de determiner l'effet de changements des parametres d'injection sur le temps necessaire pour le melange
Issue and Strategy Agenda-Setting in the 2000 Presidential Primaries

This article builds on the previous research that focused more specifically on the candidate-media dynamic within the agenda-setting process and extends the research in the direction of strategy framing. Using VBPro, a computer program for content analysis, 1,479 candidate press releases and 756 network news stories were content-analyzed using key words in context frames. Results show significant positive correlation between candidate and media issue agendas, which were particularly strong for the Republican candidates. Appeals to audience frames were highly correlated between Republican candidates and the media. Autocorrelations used to measure the direction of influence suggest that the relationship between candidates and media is reciprocal. However, the process frames were significantly correlated only for McCain and the networks, which may offer support for the appearance that McCain and the media had a “love-affair” during the 2000 presidential primary.
Seroprevalence of brucellosis in mithuns (Bos frontalis) in India

Studies conducted on the seroprevalence of brucellosis in 98 mithuns maintained at the National Research Centre on Mithun, Nagaland, India revealed that the number of animals found positive for brucellosis in avidin-biotin enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay, standard tube-agglutination test and Rose-Bengal plate test were 34, 20 and 11%, respectively. Highest prevalence of brucellosis was observed in the Mizoram mithun strain. The relative sensitivity and specificity of the standard tube-agglutination test were 61 and 100%, respectively; the corresponding values of the Rose-Bengal plate test were 33 and 100%, respectively.
Microbubble-mediated ultrasound therapy: a review of its potential in cancer treatment

The inherently toxic nature of chemotherapy drugs is essential for them to kill cancer cells but is also the source of the detrimental side effects experienced by patients. One strategy to reduce these side effects is to limit the healthy tissue exposure by encapsulating the drugs in a vehicle that demonstrates a very low leak rate in circulation while simultaneously having the potential for rapid release once inside the tumor. Designing a vehicle with these two opposing properties is the major challenge in the field of drug delivery. A triggering event is required to change the vehicle from its stable circulating state to its unstable release state. A unique mechanical actuation type trigger is possible by harnessing the size changes that occur when microbubbles interact with ultrasound. These mechanical actuations can burst liposomes and cell membranes alike allowing for rapid drug release and facilitating delivery into nearby cells. The tight focusing ability of the ultrasound to just a few cubic millimeters allows for precise control over the tissue location where the microbubbles destabilize the vehicles. This allows the ultrasound to highlight the tumor tissue and cause rapid drug release from any carrier present. Different vehicle designs have been demonstrated from carrying drug on just the surface of the microbubble itself to encapsulating the microbubble along with the drug within a liposome. In the future, nanoparticles may extend the circulation half-life of these ultrasound triggerable drug-delivery vehicles by acting as nucleation sites of ultrasound-induced mechanical actuation. In addition to the drug delivery capability, the microbubble size changes can also be used to create imaging contrast agents that could allow the internal chemical environment of a tumor to be studied to help improve the diagnosis and detection of cancer. The ability to attain truly tumor-specific release from circulating drug-delivery vehicles is an exciting future prospect to reduce chemotherapy side effects while increasing drug effectiveness.
Construction of hyperdeterminants

Constructions of several multidimensional determinants for matrices in dimensions n = 2m are described. With one exception, the constructions are facilitated by isomorphisms with rings of commutative hypercomplex numbers. Properties shared by the Cayley hyperdeterminant, such as the multiplicative property |AB| = |A||B|, are established and the degrees and homogeneity of the determinants are discussed. These considerations emphasize the close relationship between order 2 multidimensional matrices in dimension m and hypercomplex systems in dimension n = 2m.