cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physician beliefs and attitudes toward collaboration with community pharmacists

Abstract Background Collaboration between pharmacists and physicians in ambulatory care clinics has been shown to improve patient outcomes. Although collaborative working relationships (CWRs) between community pharmacists and physicians have been studied, the beliefs and attitudes of physicians toward collaborating with pharmacists in this setting have yet to be described. The Theory of Reasoned Action provides a model for studying collaborative behavior. Beliefs were defined in terms of the value and expected outcomes associated with collaborating with community pharmacists. Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the beliefs, attitudes, and intentions of office-based physicians toward collaborating with community pharmacists to help patients manage their medications. Methods A cross-sectional study of Michigan office-based physicians was conducted. A total of 1109 internists, pulmonologists, endocrinologists, and cardiologists were surveyed. CWR measures, beliefs, attitudes, and intentions to collaborate were measured using a mailed survey. Regression analysis identified beliefs relevant to intentions to collaborate. Results There were 332 usable surveys returned (30% response rate). Overall, physicians’ beliefs and attitudes toward collaborating with community pharmacists were moderately strong. Physicians’ beliefs that collaborating with a community pharmacist would result in improved medication adherence was the strongest predictor of attitude toward collaboration. The belief that collaboration with a pharmacist would result in improved prescribing was another significant predictor. The results also found attitude toward collaboration significantly predicted intention to collaborate. Conclusions Physicians’ beliefs and attitudes play an important role in their intentions to collaborate with community pharmacists. The findings suggest a strategy that involves collaboration to improve medication adherence may be most effective.
A conformational basis for the selective action of ara-adenine.

Abstract The glycosidic “high anti” conformation is postulated to be the conformation required by the enzymes adenosine kinase and inosine phosphorylase. Purine analogs that are stable in this conformation are either effective substrates or inhibitors of these enzymes. Ara-adenine is shown to be highly unstable in the high anti conformation. The inactivity of ara-adenine as a substrate for both adenosine kinase and inosine phosphorylase is attributed to its inability to assume the high anti conformation specified by these enzymes. That adenosine itself has a local minima in the high anti conformation, as does inosine and guanosine, is required by its ability to inhibit the synthesis of uridylic acid. The minimal cytotoxic properties of ara-adenine is a consequence of its failure, in normal cells, to be converted to the toxic nucleotide form. The ability of ara-adenine to selectively inhibit DNA viruses means that in DNA virus infected cells the conversion of ara-adenine to ara-AMP is facilitated through a mechanism that does not require a substrate high anti conformation. It is apparent that selective antiviral and anticancer nucleoside analogs may be constructed if their conversion to the toxic nucleotide form is prohibited in normal tissues but allowed in cancer cells or virus infected cells. The basis for the selective effects of ara-adenine is that normal cells require a substrate conformation in which ara-adenine is unstable but that certain neoplastic and viral mechanisms for the conversion of ara-adenine to ara-AMP exist which are able to utilize ara-adenine in its stable syn or anti conformations.
Mitigating environmental and density risk in global sourcing

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to provide a conceptual foundation to enhance the body of knowledge related to supplier selection in light of global supply chain disruptions and risk.Design/methodology/approach – The proposed tool is based on a multi‐criteria optimization framework, which will enable the user to gain a better understanding of how the consideration of each of these risk measures will affect the recommended solution/supply base. The model serves as a complement to existing supplier selection models by incorporating regional risks associated with potential suppliers' locations and density risks based on great circle distance measures.Findings – The paper demonstrated the proposed model by using the great circle distance measure to calculate the density risk and two secondary data sources to capture environmental risk. One measure captures a variety of environmental issues such as political, legal, security, fiscal, labor, and regulatory issues. The other measure captures the historical...
Malolactic fermentation in Chardonnay: growth and sensory effects of commercial strains of Leuconostoc oenos

Samples of fermenting Chardonnay juice were inoculated with five commercial cultures of Leuconostoc oenos to promote malolactic fermentation. Controls were not inoculated with malolactic starter cultures; one was held under the same conditions as the juice inoculated with malolactic starter cultures and the other was held under conditions in which malolactic fermentation was inhibited. Bacterial growth and chemical composition of the wines were monitored for eight weeks after the wines were inoculated with the yeast starter culture. The five strains of L. oenos differed in growth kinetics and rates of malic acid degradation. Significant differences were detected among the finished wines subjected to sensory evaluation.
A Predictive Equation for the Tracer Diffusion of Various Solutes in Gases, Supercritical Fluids, and Liquids

A predictive equation for the infinitely dilute diffusion coefficients of various solutes in gaseous and liquid phases is proposed. The expressions proposed previously for the tracer diffusion in binary hard sphere fluids are examined critically and a new expression, based on the molecular dynamics simulations of Alder et al. (1974), obtained. The obtained expression is extended first to a Lennard−Jones fluid and then, by introducing a coupling factor, to a real fluid. The molecular diameter and energy parameters used in the equation are calculated with generalized correlations and simple combining rules. The coupling factor is correlated with the acentric factor. The derived equation is tested against a large number of experimental data: 1443 points for 120 systems, including the diffusions of various solutes in gases, supercritical fluids, and liquids. Excellent predictions were obtained: the total absolute average deviation is only 8.42%. For most systems, the predicted errors are comparable to the e...
Localized necking in thin sheets

Abstract B y using a simplified constitutive model of a pointed vertex on subsequent yield loci, namely, such that the equations of deformation-theory of rigid-plastic solids apply for fully-active stress increments, the onset of localized necking under biaxial stretching has been predicted. The predictions agree reasonably well with reported experimental observations. Since localized necking under biaxial stretching of a uniform and homogeneous sheet is impossible when flow theories of plasticity with smooth yield-loci are used, this result supports the hypothesis of vertex-formation on the yield locus under continued plastic flow. The implications of this conclusion with respect to the study of the inception of ductile fracture in solids, viewed as a material instability, may be far-reaching. Still, explanations based on a smooth yield-locus but small initial inhomogeneities cannot be ruled out, and both initial imperfections and yield-vertex effects may contribute in general to localization instabilities.
The Light-Induced “Worm” in Undergraduate Physical Chemistry

We suggest a one-term course project based on a light-induced “worm” that can improve students’ understanding of several major principles, such as the material-balance equation, light absorption, and line broadening in laser spectroscopy. A description of the effect of the light-induced worm is presented along with the results for a trial run of the project and plans for future enhancements.
Determination of high-energy x-ray spectra by photoactivation

The determination of high-energy x-ray spectra has required scintillation spectrometers with massive shielding, neutron time-of-flight spectrometers, or the tedious counting of electron tracks in nuclear emulsions. A new approach has been developed which takes advantage of the energy dependence of photoactivation cross sections. Radioactivity is produced in a small packet of C, Cu, Co, Y, Zr, and Au foils by approximately 5000 rad (tissue). Since the amount of radioactivity produced in each foil is given by the integral of the product of photonuclear cross section and differential photon fluence, a numerical method for unfolding the spectrum is required, and the orthonormal expansion has been employed for this purpose. The photoactivation method has been used to determine the x-ray spectra produced by 30-MeV electrons incident upon thin and thick tungsten targets, and filtered by equivalent amounts of lead and aluminum. These spectra have been compared to calculated thin-target spectra as well as to those determined by a neutron time-of-flight spectrometer. The central-axis and off-axis x-ray spectra produced by a 33-MeV betatron have also been determined.
Quantitative electroencephalography in late-onset schizophrenia.

Background and Objectives: A variety of electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities may occur in schizophrenics who had a typical onset of the disorder in early adulthood. The purpose of this study was to investigate EEG findings in patients with late-onset schizophrenia (onset of illness between ages 40 and 60). Methods: Ten patients (one male, nine female, average age 52.8 years old) with late-onset schizophrenia underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and recording of quantitative EEG. Results: MRI results for seven of the subjects were within normal limits and the other three showed nonspecific changes. Quantitative analysis of EEG variables revealed that for eight of the subjects, absolute power and relative power for the four EEG frequency bands, overall mean frequency, mean frequency for each of the EEG frequency bands, and interhemispheric coherence values did not vary significantly from a normative database of age-matched normal subjects. Conclusions: Results obtained to some degree replicate the single previous EEG study of late-onset schizophrenia. These findings suggest that the neurophysiological etiology and mechanism of late-onset schizophrenia may differ from that of schizophrenia with a typical age of onset, and that brain abnormalities are not an inevitable accompaniment to late onset of schizophrenia.
Early amelioration of neurologic deficit by lidoflazine after fifteen minutes of cardiopulmonary arrest in dogs.

A prospective, controlled, blind study was done to test the effect of a calcium entry blocker on the neurologic integrity of dogs after cardiopulmonary arrest. Ten male mongrel dogs were anesthetized, prepared with sterile technique, and instrumented for pulmonary arterial (PA) and systematic arterial pressure monitoring. A left thoracotomy and pericardotomy were performed. Cardiac arrest was produced by injecting KCl (1 mEq/kg) through the PA line, and the respirator was stopped. Full arrest was maintained for 15 minutes. Thereafter, the dogs were resuscitated with ventilation, internal massage, fluids, bicarbonate, epinephrine, and internal defibrillation. All dogs were resuscitated within 6 to 10 minutes. Five control dogs received saline placebo, and five dogs were treated with lidoflazine (1 mg/kg) IV drip immediately post resuscitation. All dogs were scored neurologically every two hours by a deficit grading scale. All treated dogs had spontaneous ventilation, reactive pupils and corneals, voluntary movements, and responses to tactile stimulation at 12 hours post resuscitation. Four of five control dogs had maximum deficit scores without improvement. The difference in neurologic scores between the treated and control groups became increasingly divergent with time, and was statistically significant (P
Management information systems for agribusiness firms: Managerial problems and research opportunities

Management information systems (MIS) provide information to support management activities. Key research issues related to MIS in agribusiness firms are identified in this article. Four themes in MIS research are first reviewed: the relationship between organizational design and MIS design, decision support, database design and data resource management, and MIS planning and management. MIS problems faced by small and large agribusiness firms and by information providers are then described. Finally, research opportunities in three broad areas—information systems analysis and design for small firms, design and development of MIS components, and markets for information products and services—are discussed.
Partial state observers for linear systems with unknown inputs

We consider the problem of constructing partial state observers for discrete-time linear systems with unknown inputs. Specifically, for any given system, we develop a design procedure that characterizes the set of all linear functionals of the system state that can be reconstructed through a linear observer with a given delay. By treating the delay as a design parameter, we allow greater flexibility in estimating state functionals, and are able to obtain a procedure that directly produces the corresponding observer parameters. Our technique is also applicable to continuous-time systems by replacing delayed outputs with differentiated outputs.
On the Effect of Diurnal Tidal Currents in Determining the Thickness of the Turbulent Ekman Bottom Boundary Layer

Abstract Whether diurnal tidal currents at midlatitudes (25–45°) can have an appreciable effect in determining the thickness of the turbulent bottom Ekman layer is considered. Simple arguments together with predictions of a numerical model suggest that the thickness of the layer is determined by the clockwise polarized component of the diurnal tide at such latitudes if its amplitude is comparable to the mean current.
Extraction and Demulsification of Oil From Wheat Germ, Barley Germ, and Rice Bran Using an Aqueous Enzymatic Method

An aqueous enzymatic method was developed to extract oil from wheat germ. Wheat germ pretreatment, effect of various industrial enzymes, pH, wheat germ to water ratio, reaction time and effect of various methods of demulsification, were investigated. Pretreatment at 180 °C in a conventional oven for 4 min reduced the moisture 12.8–2.2 % and significantly increased the oil yield. Adding a combination of protease (Fermgen) and cellulase (Spezyme CP) resulted in a 72 % yield of emulsified oil from wheat germ (both commercial and laboratory milled wheat germ). Using the same oil extraction conditions optimized for wheat germ, yields of 51 and 39 % emulsified oil were obtained from barley germ (laboratory milled), and rice bran, respectively. Three physical demulsification methods (heating, freeze-thawing, and pH adjustment) and enzymatic methods (Protex 6L, Protex 7L, Alcalase, Fermgen, Lysomax and G-zyme 999) were compared. After demulsification with Protex 6L, free oil yields of 63.8 and 59.5 % were obtained with commercial wheat germ and with laboratory milled wheat germ, respectively. Using the same demulsification conditions optimized for wheat germ, yields of 45.7 % emulsified oil and 35 % free oil were obtained for barley germ and rice bran, respectively.
Pericardial effusion post-SCT in pediatric recipients with signs and/or symptoms of cardiac disease

The objective of this study was to assess the incidence, risk factors, outcome and impact on OS of pericardial effusion (PEF) in a cohort of 156 pediatric SCT recipients. The mean age was 8.15±6.25 years. In all, 74% of the patients had malignant disease and 35% of the patients received autologous stem cell grafts. Twenty-three subjects developed effusion at 2.75±3.54 months after SCT. The overall probability of developing a PEF after SCT was 16.9%. In the multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with time to PEF, increased age, allogeneic risk status and conditioning type, were all significant factors. In a multivariate analysis of time to death, PEF, CMV status and risk status were all independent risk factors. PEF, however, had the highest HR of 3.334. Of the 23 patients with PEF, 19 died (82.6%); however, none died as a direct result of pericardial tamponade. In summary, our results suggest that PEF is a significant risk factor for post transplant mortality. These results suggest a need for more frequent evaluation and monitoring for development of PEF. Studies are needed to determine the etiology of, and new therapeutic strategies for, PEF in the post-SCT population.
What They Didn't Tell Me About Counseling in Graduate School

This article is concerned with the search for the way to approach clients in a counseling session. The result of this search is a healthy respect for the confusion of the counselor and the client, and the interrelationship of the two.
Minerva Ornaments at Troy v. Net-Sinkers

NOT having seen the numbers of NATURE regularly during the autumn, I did not observe Mr. Sayce's reply to my letter on the above subject until lately. I may perhaps trespass on your space with a few lines ia reference to it.
Hybrid lithography: The marriage between optical and e-beam lithography. A method to study process integration and device performance for advanced device nodes

Moore's law continues to prescribe ever smaller device dimensions with each new device node. While the new device nodes are scheduled at even pace, the innovation required to obtain commensurate device performance is greater with every device node. This increased complexity in the process, while maintaining the momentum of Moore's law, is increasing the pressure on the development teams to increase the learning rate on new processes and their interactions. There have been many publications on mix-and-match lithography to enable early learning. In this technique, one whole device level (often the gate definition) is replaced by a different technology (often e-beam), while all the other levels continue to be patterned using traditional optical lithography. Hybrid lithography, by contrast, is the use of different lithography technologies on a single resist level which enables the marriage of both technology's best properties. In this work, we present hybrid e-beam direct write and optical lithography, enabling high throughput (optical), high-resolution (EBDW), excellent overlay (EBDW) and fast prototyping (EBDW). We will show how IBM has used hybrid lithography to enable early learning on back end of the line (BEOL) processes and on extremely scaled SRAM cells ([email protected]^2) [D.M. Fried, et al., IEDM Proceedings (2004) 261-264].
Quaternary and active faulting observed on the 1985 Academia Sinica - Royal Society Geotraverse of Tibet

Active and recent faulting along the main north—south road in Tibet is dominated by normal faulting occurring on northerly-trending planes and by strike-slip faulting, both of which reflect an east-west extension of the plateau. Normal faulting is prevalent in the southern half of the plateau, but we saw no evidence for any major graben in the northern half. Strike-slip faulting on roughly easterly-trending structures is m ore prevalent in the northern half, but conjugate faulting, with right-lateral slip on northwesterly-trending planes and left-lateral slip on northeasterly-trending planes, is common in the southern half. In two areas, we also observed components of thrust faulting, apparently in association with young strikeslip faulting. Our most important results are bounds on the rates of slip on the two main strands of the Kunlun strike-slip fault system, which trends east-w est through the Kunlun range. Ground moraine containing boulders of pyroxenite is separated by 30 km from the nearest outcrop of such rock, implying that amount of displacement in the last 1.5 to 3 M a. Therefore the average rate of slip during the Quaternary period has been between 10 and 20 mm/a , with a likely value of 13 mm/a . Abundant fresh tension cracks and mole tracks imply continued slip on the main strand, the Xidatan -Tuosuohu-Maqu fault, and the likely occurrence of a major earthquake in the last few hundred years. Consistent offsets of gullies and dry stream channels of about 10 m may reflect slip of that amount during such an earthquake, and possible multiple offsets at one site suggest that slip may occur by large displacements of 10 m during infrequent great earthquakes. Along the other strand, the Kunlun Pass fault, offsets of roughly 50 to 150 m of, apparently, post-glacial valleys and of one glacier and its terminal moraine suggest a Holocene rate of slip between 5 and 20 mm/a , and most likely about 10 mm/a , on this fault. These rapid rates of displacement imply that Tibet is being extruded rapidly eastward, at a rate com parable to the rate at which India is penetrating into Eurasia, and therefore that, at present, a substantial fraction of this penetration is being absorbed by the eastward extrusion of Tibet.
Methoprene dust for flea (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) suppression on ground squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae).

Burrows of the Mexican Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus mexicanus parvidens , on Brooks AFB, Texas, USA, were dusted with methoprene at the rate of 0.05 g active ingredient per burrow. Early spring posthibernation and fall prehibernation dustings were evaluated for their efficacy in reducing populations of Oropsylla fotus , the only flea species found on the ground squirrels. The early spring treatment was found ineffective, while the fall application significantly reduced flea populations the following spring. This flea was found to be a coolweather species, with its most significant reproductive period in the cool winter months in south Texas. Adult fleas completely disappeared from squirrels from mid-June until late fall. Additionally, male ground squirrels were more heavily infested with fleas than were females.
Non-contingent electric footshock facilitates the acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats

The experiments described below were designed to investigate whether contingent versus non-contingent electric footshock would affect the acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. During the first component of a multiple schedule, triads of rats were trained to respond under a discrete-trial, fixed-ratio 10 schedule of food reinforcement. Random footshock presentation (0.6 mA) for the first and second rats from each triad was yoked to food lever responding by the rats in the first group only, while the third group of rats was never shocked. When stable baselines of food-reinforced responding were obtained, all three rats from each triad were allowed to self-administer increasing doses of cocaine (0.031–0.5 mg/kg per infusion) during the second component. Rats from the second group, receiving noncontingent footshock presentation, self-administered cocaine (0.125 mg/kg per infusion) at higher rates and at one-half the dose which maintained responding in rats from the other two treatment groups. Plasma corticosterone, measured before the acquisition of cocaine self-administration, was highly correlated with drug intake at this concentration for all three groups of rats. These data demonstrate that non-contingent experimental stress facilitates the acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats.
Comparison of surface electric field and impedance matrix elements of layered media between electric field spatial green's function and mixed potential

Recently an approach based on half-space extraction technique was used to efficiently evaluate the electric field spatial Green's function on a surface. This Letter compares the results of this method with the mixed-potential formulation in spatial domain. Both surface electric fields and impedance matrix elements for layered media are compared for source and observation-point distances ranging from 0.1 free-space wavelengths to 10 free-space wavelengths. The results show two orders of magnitude improvement on the speed of convergence for Sommerfeld integration domain and better numerical stability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 307–313, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10445
Recreational Mathematics for Teachers.

(1977). Recreational Mathematics for Teachers. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 84, No. 1, pp. 56-56.
Computer-enhanced primary care practitioner advice for high-risk college drinkers in a student primary health-care setting

Heavy drinking among college students remains a significant public health concern. Studies of a brief intervention for high-risk college drinkers developed by Alan Marlatt and colleagues have produced promising results. This current study sought to extend this earlier work by developing a streamlined version for use at a student health center. Undergraduate students seeking services at a student health center were asked to complete the Multi-Media Assessment of Student Health (MMASH), an interactive computer program developed for purposes of this study. Students meeting high-risk criteria for heavy or hazardous drinking were invited to participate in the research program. Forty-one students volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned by MMASH to either the brief intervention experimental condition or a treatment-as-usual control condition. Immediately following completion of MMASH, experimental participants and their primary care practitioner received and reviewed a personalized graphic feedback from an attached printer that summarized their drinking habits, risks, and encouraged moderate drinking. Moderate to large treatment effect sizes favoring the brief intervention were observed on self-report measures of binge drinking episodes and alcohol problems at the 30-day follow-up. Statistically significant gains were observed among those participants receiving the most exposure to the intervention in comparison to those who received less exposure.
A Glance Back in Time: Proposals for the Future of Nursing

As individuals, we have history, the present, and the future. Each of us is the embodiment of these experiences. In order to understand nursing today and its future paths, our history needs explaration. In an effort to provide the reader a perspective on where we were, how far we have traveled, or, in some instances, how little has changed, we reprint this article from Nursing Forum, 1962, 1(4), 73–84.
A test for proportional covariance matrices

In this paper we consider the inference problem regarding the proportionality of the covariance matrices from k different groups. For the test of proportionality, we obtain a Wald statistic under general conditions. A version of this statistic, which is appropriate when sampling from elliptical distributions, has a fairly simple form. Some empirical results are given.
Theoretical investigation of particle deposition in biofilm systems

Abstract Experience has shown that the performance of biofilm reactors is strongly influenced by the size distribution of the constituents being biologically oxidized. Processes of diffusion, interception, and sedimentation that affect the transport of solid particles are presented and applied to biofilm systems. Biofilm systems with media of small diameter or long hydraulic residence time (fixed-bed, soil treatment, and fluidized-bed) can be effective for removing submicron particles through diffusion and interception. In systems with horizontal biofilm surface area, large particles (> 10–50 μ m) can be removed by sedimentation. The slow mass transfer of particulate BOD can cause biodegradation rates to be much slower than for soluble species. An understanding of particle behavior will facilitate development of better models of biofilm systems. Areas that merit further research are indicated.
Myocardial protection by nitrite: evidence that this reperfusion therapeutic will not be lost in translation.

The circulating anion nitrite (NO 2 − ), previously thought to be an inert product of nitric oxide (NO) oxidation, has now been identified as an important storage reservoir of bioavailable NO in the blood and tissues. Reduction of NO 2 − to NO over the physiologic pH and oxygen gradient by deoxyhemoglobin, myoglobin, xanthine oxidoreductase, and by nonenzymatic acidic disproportionation has been demonstrated to confer cytoprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the heart, liver, brain, and kidney. Here, we review the mechanisms that have been established to regulate hypoxic NO 2 − reduction to NO, analyze the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting NO 2 − -mediated cytoprotection after ischemia-reperfusion injury, and examine the therapeutic potential of NO 2 − for cardiovascular disease. Evidence is accumulating that suggests NO 2 − has surmounted many of the direct challenges to reperfusion therapeutics summarized by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group in "Myocardial protection at a crossroads: the need for translation into clinical therapy." In this context, we discuss important considerations in designing human clinical trials to test the efficacy of NO 2 − in the setting of ischemia-reperfusion injury, with particular attention to the study of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
Germanium as negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract Germanium thin film electrodes show a reversible Na-ion reaction at potentials around 0.15/0.6 V. The reaction is accompanied with a reversible capacity close to 350 mAh g − 1 , which matches the value expected for the formation of NaGe. The electrode capacity retention is stable over 15 cycles but subsequently declines. However, using fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) electrolyte additive positively improves capacity retention and promotes the formation of a thinner SEI. Mechanical degradation due to repeated expansion/shrinkage coupled with SEI formation are the main sources of capacity decline. Preliminary XRD results do not reveal the formation of crystalline phases at full (dis)charge. The excellent charge rate up to 340 C highlights the high potential of nanosized germanium as Na-ion anode.
Functional and structural analyses of mouse genomic regions screened by the morphological specific-locus test

Genetic analyses of certain classes of mutations recovered in the mouse specific-locus test (SLT) have characterized arrays of deletions, overlapping at the marked loci. Complementation maps, generated for several of the regions, have identified a number of functional units surrounding each marked locus and have ordered the mutations into complementation groups. Molecular entry to all but one of the marked regions has been achieved by (1) identifying proviral integrations in, or close to, the specific loci (d, se, a, c); (2) mapping random anonymous clones from appropriately enriched libraries to the longest deleted segments, then submapping to more limited segments on the basis of complementation and deletion-breakpoint maps (c, p); (3) similarly mapping known clones thought to be located in pertinent chromosomal regions (p, c, d); and (4) cloning specific genes that reside in regions corresponding to the deletions (b, c, p). The molecular analyses have confirmed that genetically-inferred deletions are structural deletions of DNA. The emerging physical maps are concordant with the complementation maps, and in several cases have discriminated among members of a complementation group with respect to breakpoint positions. Deletion-breakpoint-fusion fragments have prove to be highly useful for making large chromosomal jumps to facilitate physical mapping. The recent advances toward correlating physical and functional maps of specific regions of the mouse genome owe much to the existence of arrays of mutations involving loci marked in the SLT. In turn, the characterizations of these regions have made it possible to demonstrate qualitative differences among mutations resulting from different treatments. This new capability for qualitative analysis, which will increase as the molecular studies proceed, further enhances the value of the SLT, which has been extensively used for quantitative studies in germ-cell mutagenesis.
Functional changes in the activity of brain regions underlying emotion processing in the elderly

Aging is associated with a decline in both cognitive and motor abilities that reflects deterioration of underlying brain circuitry. While age-related alterations have also been described in brain regions underlying emotional behavior (e.g., the amygdala), the functional consequence of such changes is less clear. To this end, we used blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore age-related changes in brain regions underlying emotion processing. Twelve young (age 60 years) were studied with BOLD fMRI during a paradigm that involved perceptual processing of fearful and threatening stimuli. Consistent with previous reports, direct group comparisons revealed relatively increased BOLD fMRI responses in prefrontal cortical regions, including Broca's area, and relatively decreased responses in the amygdala and posterior fusiform gyri in elderly subjects. Importantly, additional analyses using an elderly-specific brain template for spatial normalization of the elderly BOLD fMRI data confirmed these divergent regional response patterns. While there was no difference between groups in accuracy on the task, elderly subjects were significantly slower (delayed reaction times) in performing the task. Our current data suggest that elderly subjects engage a more distributed neocortical network during the perceptual processing of emotional facial expressions. In light of recent converging data from two other studies, our observed effects may reflect age-related compensatory responses and/or alternative strategies in processing emotions, as the elderly appear to engage cognitive/linguistic systems in the context of reduced sensory and/or limbic responses.
Fracture of adhesive joints

This paper presents some of the important results obtained from a series of studies on cohesive fracture in adhesively bonded joints. Due to the complex nature of the adhesive joint fracture, an accurate and efficient numerical method particularly suitable for the present problem has been developed, based on a hybrid-stress finite element formulation. Fracture characteristics in adhesively bonded joints are described in terms of local crack-tip deformation and stress fields in the polymeric adhesive layer. Effects of material properties, joint geometry, and bond-line thickness on the crack behavior are studied for classical lap-shear and currently used double-cantilever-beam joints. Of particular interest are the crack-tip stress intensities in the adhesive layer; their values are obtained for several cases of practical importance.
Electrical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) blended with carbon nanotubes

The composites of PVDF-HFP with various low concentrations (0–0.08 wt%) of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were prepared via solution casting and melt pressing, and were investigated for their enhanced dielectric and piezoelectric properties. It is found that the piezoelectric response increases by a factor of 1.5–3 over the pristine material for a 0.02 wt. % SWNT concentration in the polymer and decreases for higher concentrations. The principal reason for this optimal concentration is the solubility limit of SWNTs, as they are well dispersed up to 0.02 wt.% but become clustered for higher concentrations. Infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction were used to reveal the interaction between the nanotube and polymeric phases. This analysis indicates that SWNTs content causes an increase in the piezoelectric β phase and a corresponding rise of the remanent polarization.
Managerialism and medical charity: How employing and pre-paying doctors affects the provision of free care in the United States

AbstractSince the mid-nineteenth century, the American Medical Association’s code of ethics has mandated that physicians provide charity care. However managerialism has threatened the likelihood of physicians’ providing charity care. Specifically, physicians who recently became employees, or whose revenue became predominantly pre-paid, also became less likely to provide free care. Moreover, physicians with an increased proportion of revenue from Medicaid, or in counties with high Medicaid managed care penetration, were less likely to provide charity, perhaps due in part to a reduced ability to cost-shift. Despite upcoming health reform, managerial strategies that employ or pre-pay physicians are likely to leave many millions of uninsured without access to charity care from physicians.
Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy Rosai-Dorfman disease: a unique case presentation

Rosai and Dorfman first described sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) in 1969 with an article detailing 4 cases in which they differentiated this disease entity from the grouping of diseases categorized as histiocytosis X, where it was previously classified. Also known as Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD), it is clinically characterized as massive, painless, bilateral, symmetric cervical lymphadenopathy, with fever and leukocytosis. An 11-year-old African American boy was referred to our clinic for extraction of a severely decayed tooth #30 and evaluation of a large right-sided neck mass. Initially, the patient had been seen by his general dentist who had diagnosed the mass as an odontogenic abscess. After 2 courses of different antibiotics, no changes in the mass were noted. Subsequently, the patient was sent to the emergency department where CT revealed multiple right-sided neck masses with the largest measuring 4 × 2 cm. The patient underwent an incisional biopsy by otolaryngology and a diagnosis of necrotic lymph tissue was made. Upon our examination, the carious tooth #30 was felt to be an incidental finding and fine-needle aspiration cytology of the largest mass was performed in 2 places. This also provided a diagnosis of necrotic lymph tissue. In concert with the patient and his mother, the decision was made to excise the mass because of psychosocial concerns. A massive right-sided lymph node attached to the submandibular gland was found and excised without complication. Histologic examination with S-100 stain confirmed a diagnosis of RDD. The patient healed well following surgery and has experienced no further lymphadenopathy. This case presentation and review of the literature is unique, as the patient presented with unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy only. Open biopsy and 2 fine-needle aspirations all returned as necrotic lymph tissue. Obtaining the correct diagnosis was additionally hampered by coincidental dental pathology on the affected side and final diagnosis was made only by excisional biopsy, which is not necessarily indicated in cases of RDD.
Novel application of percutaneous cryotherapy for the treatment of recurrent oral bleeding from a noninvoluting congenital hemangioma involving the right buccal space and maxillary tuberosity.

Cryotherapy is the application of varying extremes of cold temperatures to destroy abnormal tissue. The intent of this article is to describe a novel technique using percutaneous cryotherapy for treating a noninvoluting congenital craniofacial hemangioma (NICH). An 18-year-old woman with type 1 von Willebrand’s disease, as well as a qualitative platelet aggregation disorder, presented with multiple recurrent episodes of oral bleeding from a NICH involving the right buccal space and maxillary tuberosity. The patient was initially treated with a combination of endovascular particulate embolization, percutaneous sclerotherapy, tissue cauterization, and laser therapy between the ages of 4 and 8 years of age. At 18 years of age, the patient presented with recurrent episodes of oral bleeding related to the NICH. Endovascular embolization was performed using particulate and a liquid embolic agent with limited success. Due to the refractory nature of this bleeding, the patient underwent successful lesion ablation using percutaneous cryotherapy. At 9-month follow-up, the patient is asymptomatic with no episodes of recurrent bleeding.
Molecular-dynamics simulation of phenylalanine transfer RNA. II. Amplitudes, anisotropies, and anharmonicities of atomic motions.

The atomic motions from a molecular-dynamics simulation of yeast tRNAPhe are analyzed and compared with those observed in protein simulations. In general, the tRNA motions are of larger amplitude, they are more anisotropic, and they arise from potentials of mean force that are more anharmonic than in the protein case. In both cases, the amplitudes are largest for atoms on the surface of the molecules. On the other hand, the most anisotropic and anharmonic atomic motions are generally found in the interior of the tRNA, while they are found on the surface of the protein. These differences are discussed in terms of the differences in structure between nucleic acids and proteins.
Knowledge Transfer and Team Performance in Distributed Organizations

The strategic significance of knowledge transfer to leverage team performance in geographically distributed organizations has been extensively studied. However, there is a dearth of scholarship about the interlacing dependencies between knowledge transfer, virtual collaboration, e-collaboration technologies and virtual team performance. This study explores the impact of virtual collaboration and e-collaboration technologies, mediated by knowledge transfer, on team performance in virtual environments. The authors report on the findings of multiple regressions and path analysis carried out on data collected from 219 key informants. The study found that virtual collaboration, e-collaboration technologies, and knowledge transfer differentially affect team performance. The authors propose a holistic framework which aligns virtual collaborative systems with business goals to advance the design and conceptualization of knowledge-based virtual teams.
Measurement of the Size Distribution and CCN Supersaturation Spectrum of Submicron Aerosols over the Ocean

Abstract Data on the submicron aerosol size distribution, the supersaturation spectrum, and the relationship between dry size and critical supersaturation taken during a cruise of the USNS Hayes from Norfolk, Virginia, to Piraeus, Greece, are presented. Measured values of the critical supersaturation required to nucleate natural aerosols of known size are given and used to convert the size distribution to the supersaturation spectrum. The supersaturation spectrum derived in this manner shows good agreement with the supersaturation spectrum measured directly. The observed decrease in particles smaller than 0.06 µm in an air mass which moved 100 mi out to sea could be explained by coagulation and mixing with marine air. The absence of particles below about 0.02 µm on most occasions in marine air was consistent with the finding that the number of CCN active at 0.8% was nearly equal to the total CN count.
Generalized displacements and the accuracy of classical plate theory

Abstract This paper investigates, by means of statically/kinematically admissible constructions and the hypersphere theorem, the validity of classical (Kirchhoff) plate theory as an approximation to linear elasticity theory. Two levels of accuracy are shown to lead to two entirely different interpretations of admissible generalized displacements of classical plate theory. At lower accuracy, a wealth of admissible interpretations is disclosed, leading to extreme flexibility in the modeling of geometric boundary conditions. At higher accuracy, that flexibility is lost and only novel generalized displacements, describing lateral deflection and rotations of the faces of the plate, are demonstrated to be admissible. To this end, a refined Kirchhoff hypothesis is formulated which avoids all of the notorious inconsistencies of the standard Kirchhoff hypothesis. At both levels of accuracy, the effect of large transverse-shear deformability is exposed, to encompass anisotropic and composite plates.
Revised: Comparative Religious Traditions

Debates about "religious studies vs. theology" may be irresolvable because they are symptoms of a crisis of a different order: the academy's still-colonialist relation to our civilization(s)' folk-or-wisdom traditions, "religious" traditions in particular. Scholars of religious studies or theology practice a kind of "colonialism writ-small" when they remove their subject matter from its lived, societal contexts and re-situate it in conceptual worlds of their own devising. If endless debates follow, they concern these worlds we have constructed rather than the religions and theologies that we study.
Assessing the Emergence of Grammar in Toddlers at Risk for Specific Language Impairment

The purpose of this article is to identify areas of grammatical development that can be incorporated into risk-factor assessment models for toddlers between the ages of 2 and 3. A simple framework is presented for conceptualizing three early grammatical accomplishments: the acquisition of an initial verb lexicon, production of early sentence types, and the onset of tense marking. Strategies for using parent-report instruments and structure-specific language sampling to assess these areas in a time-efficient manner are provided.
Structure and Function of Argonaute Proteins

Argonaute (Ago) family proteins are multidomain proteins expressed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In eukaryotes, Ago proteins are most well known for their roles in RNA silencing. In prokaryotes, the functions of Ago proteins are unknown, but based on their similarity to eukaryotic Ago proteins, they could be involved in nucleic acid-directed regulatory pathways related to RNA silencing. Recent structural and biochemical studies have shed new light on the function of this family of proteins. These studies reveal how these proteins recognize and cleave RNA and suggest a function for prokaryotic family members.
Chlorine precursor route to poly(2-phenoxy p-phenylene vinylene): synthesis and characterization

Abstract A new PPV derivative, poly(2-phenoxy p -phenylene vinylene)(PO-PPV), has been synthesized via the chlorine precursor route (CPR). PO-PPV and its chlorine precursor polymer were fully characterized by thermal (TGA and DSC), mechanical and spectroscopic (UV–vis, PL and IR) methods. The results indicate that the precursor polmer and the yellow-green light-emitting PO-PPV have excellent stability and mechanical properties. The easily processible precursor is stable at room temperature and therefore has a better shelf-life than PPV synthesized via the sulfonium precursor route. Thermal conversion provides high quality films, relatively free of oxidative defects.
Cooperative systems of differential equations with concave nonlinearities

On considere le systeme dynamique discret engendre par une application monotone, concave T:R + n →R + n . On etudie, ensuite, des systemes d'equations differentielles cooperatifs periodiques x'=F(t,x) a non-linearites concaves
A Modular Approach to Ferroelectric Polymers with Chemically Tunable Curie Temperatures and Dielectric Constants

We present a modular approach toward poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based ferroelectric fluoropolymers with high dielectric constants. This strategy is based on a two-step reaction, including the copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride and chlorotrifluoroethylene and a subsequent hydrogenation reaction. The chemical structures and compositions of the resulting polymers can be precisely controlled, leading to tunable Curie temperatures and dielectric constants and a systematical study of structure-property correlations.