cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Petrology of the Kinnikinic Quartzite (Middle Ordovician), East-Central Idaho

ABSTRACT The Kinnikinic Quartzite (Middle Ordovician) forms distinctive white cliffs in much of east-central Idaho. It is a fine- to medium-grained, silica-cemented, supermature quartz arenite. Structureless beds and thin to medium parallel bedding with parallel laminae predominate. Locally abundant, however, are omikron-type cross-laminae, probably subaqueous dunes, formed by predominantly southwestward-flowing paleocurrents. Small-scale ripples and shallow scours are rare. Rare Skolithos tubes. concentrated at local horizons, dominate the sparse trace-fossil assemblage. Anomalously high amounts of undulatory quartz indicate widespread in situ tectonic straining of quartz grains following deposition. Deposition on a shallow, open-marine shelf, swept by moderate to high-energy currents, is indicated by physical and biological sedimentary structures, grain-size trends, lithologic uniformity through considerable lateral extent, and overall paleogeographic setting. In the type area, near Clayton, Idaho, interbeds of shale in generally very fine-grained quartz arenite indicate lower energy conditions westward. This area probably marks the transition from the outer shelf to the continental slope. Differential subsidence during deposition resulted in large lateral differences in thickness of this shallow-water unit. From a maximum preserved thickness of more than 1,500 feet at Mahogany Hills, at Hawley Mountain, and in the central Lemhi Range, the Kinnikinic thins southward to 326 feet near Arco, Idaho, and westward to 266 feet near Ketchum, Idaho. In the northeast, depositional onlap and subsequent pro-Devonian erosion also contributed to this variability in thickness.
Global boron cycle in the Anthropocene

This paper presents a revised and updated synthesis of the biogeochemical cycle of boron at the Earth's surface, where the largest fluxes are associated with the injection of sea-salt aerosols to the atmosphere (1.44 Tg B/yr), production and combustion of fossil fuels (1.2 Tg B/yr), atmospheric deposition (3.48 Tg B/yr), the mining of B ores (1.1 Tg B/yr), and the transport of dissolved and suspended matter in rivers (0.80 Tg B/yr). The new estimates show that anthropogenic mobilization of B from the continental crust exceeds the naturally occurring processes, resulting in substantial fluxes to the ocean and the hydrosphere. The anthropogenic component contributes 81% of the flux in rivers. The mean residence time for B in seawater supports the use of δ11B in marine carbonates as an index of changes in the pH of seawater over time periods of > 1 Ma.
Thermal and Rheological Behavior of Polymer Grafted Nanoparticles

Composite materials consisting of nanoparticles dispersed in a polymer matrix have potential applications in a wide range of fields. Grafting polymer chains to nanoparticles is a key strategy for controlling the distribution of those nanoparticles throughout the matrix material. The particle distribution is controlled by the relative length of the matrix chains (P) to the graft chains (N) and the density of the graft chains (σ) for particles of a given radius (R). Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and bulk rheological measurements, we examine the interactions between the graft and matrix chains as a function of the three key parameters: σ, P, and N. The results of these measurements are compared to ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) measurements [Macromolecules 2012, 45, 4007−4011], which were used to determine the phase behavior of the particles. DSC results indicate that the matrix chains must be completely expelled from the graft layer for the autophobic transition to occur. Similar ...
Locating Errors Through Networked Surveillance: A Multimethod Approach to Peer Assessment, Hazard Identification, and Prioritization of Patient Safety Efforts in Cardiac Surgery.

ObjectivesThe objectives were to develop a scientifically sound and feasible peer-to-peer assessment model that allows health-care organizations to evaluate patient safety in cardiovascular operating rooms and to establish safety priorities for improvement.MethodsThe locating errors through networke
Research on scour protection around pile foundation with controlling ring

Horseshoe vortex plays an important role in the problem of local scour around the foundation of a pile.A controlling ring is attached to the lower part of a circular pile to weaken the horseshoe vortex so as to reduce the local scour around the pile.The effects of the controlling ring are investigated through laboratory experiments.Uniform flow is used in experiments and the controlling ring′s vertical positions are varied to adjust its distance from the sea bed.The experimental data show that the controlling ring can weaken the horseshoe vortex,and reduce the seabed material removal up to 40%.This scour protection measure is simple and practicable,and is adaptable to uncertain flow direction,and can provide valid reference for scour protection of pile foundation.
Intussusception secondary to metastasis from a low-grade retroperitoneal liposarcoma

Liposarcomas are the most prevalent soft tissue sarcomas in adults. Low-grade liposarcomas are the most frequent and least aggressive and are noted as having a low risk of metastasis. We present a case of low-grade myxoid liposarcoma that metastasized to the small bowel resulting in intussusception. This case involves a 44-year-old woman with a recurrent retroperitoneal liposarcoma. Approximately 30 months after initial diagnosis, the patient was found to have a solitary metastasis to the small bowel that presented as a jejunal intussusception. Interestingly, there was no indication of a round cell component in either the metastasis or recurrent tumor, although the original tumor did contain a small round cell component. This is the first report in the English literature of liposarcoma metastasizing to the small bowel. We suggest that atypical presentations of liposarcoma metastases should always be considered in the management of patients with a history of liposarcoma.
The use of anti-factor Xa monitoring in a selection of patients receiving enoxaparin at a large academic medical center

Therapeutic enoxaparin is commonly used over heparin because of its favorable pharmacokinetic profile and ease of administration. Monitoring of the anticoagulant response, if necessary, is done with anti-factor Xa levels. Currently, it is suggested that monitoring may be beneficial in patients who are overweight and those with renal dysfunction. This study aimed to characterize the use of enoxaparin at a large-academic medical center in patients >150 kg, 150 kg arm and n = 66 for renal dysfunction arm. Less than 30 % of patients in each arm had low molecular weight heparin anti-factor Xa levels drawn. Of these only half were drawn as peak levels (4 h post dose). Overall rates of anti-factor Xa monitoring was low. It was found that obese patients achieved therapeutic anticoagulation with lower than recommended doses; underweight patients were often subtherapeutic on the recommended doses; and patients with renal dysfunction tended to have therapeutic to subtherapeutic anti-factor Xa levels. Ultimately, this evaluation showed that enoxaparin has unpredictable pharmacokinetics in these three high-risk patient populations and anti-factor Xa monitoring may be necessary to ensure therapeutic levels and appropriate dosing.
The struggle for the Spanish soul: Republic, civil war, and dictatorship

After Primo's dictatorship ended in January 1930, the king asked General Damaso Berenguer to form a new government, based on the constitution of 1876, in an attempt to reestablish the constitutional monarchy. Berenguer had served as the military high commissioner at the time of the disastrous battle of Anual in 1921. His appointment to head the government signaled the king's continuing support for the army, but it can hardly have inspired confidence in the country as a whole. In a play on words that is typical of Spanish political humor, Berenguer's government was dubbed the “dictablanda” or “soft dictatorship,” as opposed to the hard dictatorship ( dictadura/dicta-dura ) under Primo. Berenguer lasted just over a year in office, during which the republican opposition organized support. In the Pact of San Sebastian in August 1930, republican leaders joined with Catalan nationalists and the Socialist Party (PSOE) to plan a provisional government after the ouster of the monarchy. Military leaders sympathetic to the republican cause staged an uprising in Jaca (Aragon) in December 1930. After forces loyal to King Alfonso put down the rising, the king ordered its leaders executed, creating martyrs – military martyrs – for the republican opposition. The king dismissed General Berenguer in February 1931 and replaced him with Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar, no doubt hoping that the navy leadership would prove more steadfast than the army had been. Aznar called elections for municipal officials on April 12, 1931 – the first elections under the 1876 constitution since 1923. In Spain's largest cities, republican candidates won a majority of the votes, although their victory was not a landslide. Nonetheless, the king knew all too well what the vote portended. Joyous republicans took to the streets to celebrate the victory, and their leaders proclaimed Spain a republic on April 14, announcing a provisional government under the leadership of Niceto Alcala Zamora. When army leaders made clear that they would no longer support King Alfonso, on the night of April 14 he simply left Spain without abdicating, as his grandmother Isabel II had done in 1868. Queen Victoria Eugenia also went into exile – separately from her husband. Their marriage had become increasingly strained over the years, not least because of the king's numerous extramarital affairs.
High-resolution aliasing-free optical beam steering

Many applications, including laser (LIDAR) mapping, free-space optical communications, and spatially resolved optical sensors, demand compact, robust solutions to steering an optical beam. Fine target addressability (high steering resolution) in these systems requires simultaneously achieving a wide steering angle and a small beam divergence, but this is difficult due to the fundamental trade-offs between resolution and steering range. So far, to our knowledge, chip-based two-axis optical phased arrays have achieved a resolution of no more than 23 resolvable spots in the phased-array axis. Here we report, using non-uniform emitter spacing on a large-scale emitter array, a dramatically higher-performance two-axis steerable optical phased array fabricated in a 300 mm CMOS facility with over 500 resolvable spots and 80° steering in the phased-array axis (measurement limited) and a record small divergence in both axes (0.14°). Including the demonstrated steering range in the other (wavelength-controlled) axis, this amounts to two-dimensional beam steering to more than 60,000 resolvable points.
From “Healthy Eating” to a Holistic Approach to Current Food Environments

The consumption of the industrial diet—characterized by highly processed, low-nutrient foods and the reduced intake of produce in its natural state, such as fruits and vegetables—is generating a la...
Summer Fescue Toxicity in Dairy Steers Fed Tall Fescue Seed

Seeds of the tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb .) cultivars Kentucky 31 and an experimental ryegrass X tall fescue hybrid derivative strain (G1-307), and orchard grass (OG) seed were fed in a carrier diet to calves in controlled environmental rooms (31 to 32 C). Both tall fescue varieties produced symptoms of summer toxicosis in dairy steers. Total feed intake (P less than .01) and water intake (P less than .01) of calves were reduced by the tall fescue seed diets when compared with orchard grass. Steers fed G1-307 and Kentucky 31 tall fescue lost (NS) 17.5 and 7.8 kg of body weight, respectively, while those consuming orchard grass gained (P less than .01) 6.2 kg during the experiment. Rectal temperatures were lower (P less than .05) in the calves fed OG (39.4 C) when compared with those fed G1-307 (40.6 C) and Kentucky 31 (40.8 C) tall fescue seed, respectively. In a second trial Kentucky 31 seed was fed in a carrier diet to Holstein steers at graded levels of 0, 350, 700 and 1,050 g seed/d. Consumption of 700 and 1,050 g seed/d adversely affected performance of steers. Total feed intake was lower and water intake was reduced (P less than .05), with rectal temperatures being elevated (P less than .01) in these two groups when compared with 0- or 350-g treatments. No significant differences were detected in body weight changes in this trial. Respiration rates were not significantly affected in either trial. Results of these trials with the young bovine indicate that a toxic substance(s) is present in tall fescue seed.
Abnormal fear circuitry in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study.

We examined whether non-traumatized subjects with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have dysfunctional activation in brain structures mediating fear extinction, possibly explaining the statistical association between ADHD and other disorders characterized by aberrant fear processing such as PTSD. Medication naive, non-traumatized young adult subjects with (N=27) and without (N=20) ADHD underwent a 2-day fear conditioning and extinction protocol in a 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. Skin conductance response (SCR) was recorded as a measure of conditioned response. Compared to healthy controls, ADHD subjects had significantly greater insular cortex activation during early extinction, lesser dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during late extinction, lesser ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) activation during late extinction learning and extinction recall, and greater hippocampal activation during extinction recall. Hippocampal and vmPFC deficits were similar to those documented in PTSD subjects compared to traumatized controls without PTSD. Non-traumatized, medication naive adults with ADHD had abnormalities in fear circuits during extinction learning and extinction recall, and some findings were consistent with those previously documented in subjects with PTSD compared to traumatized controls without PTSD. These findings could explain the significant association between ADHD and PTSD as well as impaired emotion regulation in ADHD.
Super-resolution DOA estimation using a coprime sensor array with the min processor

This paper proposes a super-resolution direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimator using coprime sensor arrays (CSAs) with the min processor. The min processor resolves the CSA subarrays' spatial aliasing while achieving lower sidelobes than the product processor and maintaining a positive semi-definite spatial power spectral density (PSD) estimation. The spatial correlation function implied by the CSAmin PSD populates a Hermitian Toeplitz augmented covariance matrix, which MUSIC processes to estimate the source DOAs. The proposed algorithm outperforms previously proposed coprime MUSIC DOA estimation from spatial smoothing of pairwise sensor correlation estimates in scenarios with few snapshots and a wide dynamic range of source powers.
3D PRINTED PATIENT-SPECIFIC MULTI-MATERIAL MODELING OF MITRAL VALVE APPARATUS

Background: We have reported that the approximate mechanical properties of mitral leaflet tissue can be replicated using multi-material 3D printing. We sought to create multi-material patient-specific replicas of the entire mitral valve (MV) apparatus. Methods: CT images (systolic and diastolic) of
Therapeutic Delivery of Butyrylcholinesterase by Brain-Wide Viral Gene Transfer to Mice

Recent research shows that butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is not simply a liver enzyme that detoxifies bioactive esters in food and medications. In fact, in pursuing other goals, we recently found that it has an equally important role in regulating the peptide hormone ghrelin and its impact on hunger, obesity, and emotions. Here, we present and examine means of manipulating brain BChE levels by viral gene transfer, either regionally or globally, to modulate ghrelin signaling for long-term therapeutic purposes and to set the stage for exploring the neurophysiological impact of such an intervention.
An application of the nodal expansion method to the determination of the radial temperature distribution in a nuclear fuel rod

Abstract Within nuclear reactor simulation codes, the temperature distribution inside the fuel rod is computed with a mono-dimensional cylindrical heat conduction model. The main discretization methods applied to reduce the differential equation into an algebraic system are the finite difference or the finite volume method. These methods require a fine mesh to obtain accurate fuel temperature distributions. We explore here the applicability of the Nodal Expansion Method (NEM) limited to the second order. The results on some steady state examples show a good performance of the method. The development of the solver has been carried out with the Computer Algebra System Mathematica associated to the package MathCompile , which enables to follow the various development steps from the specification of the method to the FORTRAN programming and numerical verification.
Implications Involving Autoimmune Mechanisms to the PCP Receptor in Schizophrenia

Substantial evidence indicates that autoimmune mechanisms may either accompany or even precipitate some forms of psychoses. Such findings include: 1. Up to 50% of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients demonstrate some kind of neuropsychiatric disease; the most commom symptom (psychotic alteration in behavior or thinking) is not due to any known pre-existing psychiatric illness.1 2. The deposition of immune complexes in the choroid plexus is common in such cases and often has been shown to culminate ultimately in both DNA-anti-DNA antibody complexes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)2 and lymphocytic perivascular cuffing of small blood vessels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus.1 Interestingly, although CNS involvement usually develops late in the course of SLE, it often occurs early and can appear as a sporadic disturbance of mental function.3 Thus, evidence exists supporting the concept of altered blood-brain barrier permeability accompanying immune complex disease.1,4 In fact, Rudin has suggested that every SLE patient would develop psychosis if other lethal complications were avoided.5 3. Anti-brain antibodies are commonly detected in SLE and schizophrenia. Bluestein6 reported that 78% of SLE sera contain IgM antineuronal antibody and 17% had IgG antineuronal antibody. Antibrain antibodies have been detected in the sera and sometimes the CSF of 48% of schizophrenics by Pandey and co-workers.7 Others have found 17%, 25%, 21%, 29%, 86%, and 63%8–14 depending on the sensitivity of the test utilized for antibody detection. One of the most interesting studies came from Luria and Domashneva15 in which sera (1:32 dilution) of schizophrenics demonstrated a 100% positive immunofluorescence toward mouse thymocytes in contrast to no reactivity from healthy donors. This finding was later confirmed and extended by Goldstein et al.16
Development of NbTi Superconductor for the SSC by Sumitomo Electric Industries

NbTi superconductor to be used for the Inner coil of Collider Dipole Magnet has been developing by Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.(SEI). We adopt the 12 inch composite billet with production unit weight of above 300 kg. This large billet is well designed to improve yield of extrusion, and assembled by using an unique single stacking technique under severe cleanliness control.
Process of Women Empowerment in Madagascar

This paper argues that the process of womens empowerment is path dependent through the interplay of two factors. Historical legacy is the first factor. It underscores the influence of Malagasy cultural and political traditions on womens empowerment. Formal institutional design is the second factor. It has improved womens presence in the public arena and has provided them the opportunity to be active in the political, social, and economic sectors. As a consequence, in Madagascar, womens empowerment has evolved from political activism, to social activism, to advocacy.
Compaction of a Eutric Cambisol under heavy wheel traffic in Switzerland:: Field data and a critical state soil mechanics model approach

Abstract Subsoil compaction has become a problem of world-wide concern, especially under highly mechanised agricultural practices. Severe structural degradation impedes plant growth. Therefore, compaction must be limited to layers which can be structurally reclaimed with reasonable effort by tillage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a single pass with a sugar beet harvester on the soil properties of an unploughed Eutric Cambisol. In autumn 1998 and 1999 field measurements and laboratory testing were carried out in Frauenfeld, Switzerland. The wheel loads were 107 kN in 1998 and 108 kN in 1999. Changes of bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity and pre-consolidation pressure show that compaction effects were restricted to the topsoil (0–0.25 m depth). Below 0.25 m depth no changes were measured. The compaction beneath the tyre was modelled with a two phase finite element model in the framework of critical state soil mechanics. The model predicts the degree and depth of compaction of an Eutric Cambisol caused by a single pass in Switzerland. Modelled data and field results agree quite well.
Self-Management of HIV and Diabetes in African American Women: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Literature

Purpose The purpose of this systematic review of qualitative literature was (1) to identify self-management strategies, (2) to identify women's barriers to self-management, and (3) to compare self-management strategies of diabetes and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). African American women living with HIV are at high risk for developing diabetes because of genetics, lifestyle, and HIV treatment. Self-management of each of these conditions is critical to decrease morbidity and mortality. Conclusions A literature search resulted in 15 articles: 10 on the topic of HIV and 5 on diabetes. Self-management strategies included spirituality, family and social support, and indulgent self-care. Barriers included depression, stigma, and the role of caregiver. The themes identified for HIV and diabetes self-care barriers and facilitators were exceptionally similar. Themes of spirituality, family support, and indulgent self-care were part of both HIV and diabetes self-care. Women with HIV were less concerned with their independence than women with diabetes, and focused on disclosure of their HIV status and development of a support system.
Handheld battery-operated sample preparation device for qPCR nucleic acid detections using simple contactless pouring

Sample preparation is an essential process that precedes nucleic acid detections which use quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). However, sample preparation is a labor-intensive process and requires skilled labor, thus limiting the public's access in low-resource settings to many high-quality nucleic acid-based detection mechanisms. In this paper, we present a simple, handheld, battery-operated sample preparation device to minimize user's involvement. The device uses a simple pouring method to process the DNA sample without pipetting or using disposable pipette tips. The developed device has a size of 12 × 8 × 8 cm3 and mass of only 364 g. The device is compared to gold standard methods, including magnetic bead-based and silica filter-based DNA extractions. For a short segment DNA target of 68 bp, the presented device captured 8.67× more DNA compared to that of the manual magnetic bead-based method. Because of automation, the measured capture efficiency is more consistent and has a smaller deviation between multiple repetitions than the manual method. To present a comprehensive, portable, battery-operated diagnostic system, the sample preparation device is tested in conjunction with a 3D-manufactured qPCR device. The test using three diluted target DNA samples, each spiked in whole blood (1×, 0.1×, and 0.01×), revealed a quantitative detection with ideal cycle threshold separations between the measurements. The combination of two devices will aid in resource-limited settings to promptly and accurately diagnose infections of patients.
Abstract A73: Role of microsatellite stability and mismatch DNA repair mechanism in the response to 5-fluorouacil treatment in African American colon cancer cell lines

Despite progress in closing the gap, health disparities still persist among African American (AA) colon cancer patients both in incidence and death rates as well as worse prognosis after treatment with 5-fluorouacil (5-FU) when compared to Caucasian American (CA) patients. In addition, AA colon cancer patients have higher incidence of mutations on the mismatch DNA-repair mechanism (MMR) than CA patients, and previous studies have shown a correlation between mutations in MMR and microsatellite instability (MSI) to resistance to 5-FU. Therefore, we aim to examine if differential MSI and MMR play a role in the efficacy of 5-FU treatment in AAs. Methods: We examined the microsatellite status and MMR mutations found in the tumors from AA colon cancer patients at our institution from 2010 to 2017 and utilized the AA tumor-derived colon cancer cell line SB-521, generated in Dr. Williams9s laboratory, and the CA colon cancer cell line HT-29 for in vitro studies. In order to assess the response to 5-FU, we used the protein levels of the ribonucleotide reductase catalytic subunit M1 (RRM1) protein as a marker for drug resistance, the cleavage of caspase-3 for apoptosis initiation, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylation as indicator of cellular stress, and histone 3 protein levels as reference of gene methylation changes. Results: Our retrospective data (N=83 patients) demonstrated that up to 20% of our colon cancer patients have MSI and up to 30% showed MMR mutations. As hypothesized, the protein levels of the chosen targets in the two cell lines exhibited differences after treatment with 5-FU. The AA cell line SB-521 appears to be more sensitive to the chemotherapeutic in terms of apoptosis, stress response, and drug resistance when compared to HT-29 cells. Conclusions: Altogether, our results illustrate the range of MSI, MMR, and protein patterns in AA tumors and cell line. The cell line SB-521 is a potential model to study 5-FU treatment for patients with MSI and MMR mutations as it has high MSI, does not express MLH1, has reduced MSH2, and overexpresses MSH6 (MMR proteins). Previous data suggest that lack of a functional MMR mechanism may play a role in the response to this chemotherapeutic. Further studies are needed to elucidate the differences in chemotherapy treatment responses between AAs and CAs and their role in colon cancer health disparities. Citation Format: Jenny E. Paredes, Ping Ji, Maria Munoz-Sagastibelza, Malhaar Agrawal, Jennie Williams, Laura Martello-Rooney. Role of microsatellite stability and mismatch DNA repair mechanism in the response to 5-fluorouacil treatment in African American colon cancer cell lines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr A73.
Negotiation and Justification: An Intervention Model

Special educators have been criticized for focusing strong intervention procedures such as isolation or punishment on children who have been labeled deviant or defective. Suggested improvements in procedures are discussed and related to a revision of a typical model for educational intervention. The revised model requires more attention to inter interpersonal factors and the negotiation and justification of intervention procedures and objectives.
Virtual Reality Therapy for Acute/Procedural Pain

Acute and procedural pain remain difficult for providers to treat. Like other complementary and alternative therapies, immersive virtual reality (VR) therapy has shown promising results. Although VR therapy for acute pain has been investigated since the 2000s, it is still in its infancy. Only recently have falling prices and increased accessibility made this technology available outside of academic institutions. This chapter explores the development, evidence, necessary requirements, and future directions of VR therapy, while addressing challenges faced when attempting to use VR therapy for acute and procedural pain.
Reanalysis of the US Geological Survey Benchmark Glaciers: Long-Term Insight into Climate Forcing of Glacier Mass Balance

Mountain glaciers integrate climate processes to provide an unmatched signal of regional climate forcing. However, extracting the climate signal via intercomparison of regional glacier mass-balance records can be problematic when methods for extrapolating and calibrating direct glaciological measurements are mixed or inconsistent. To address this problem, we reanalyzed and compared long-term mass-balance records from the US Geological Survey Benchmark Glaciers. These five glaciers span maritime and continental climate regimes of the western United States and Alaska. Each glacier exhibits cumulative mass loss since the mid-20th century, with average rates ranging from −0.58 to −0.30 m w.e. a−1. We produced a set of solutions using different extrapolation and calibration methods to inform uncertainty estimates, which range from 0.22 to 0.44 m w.e. a−1. Mass losses are primarily driven by increasing summer warming. Continentality exerts a stronger control on mass loss than latitude. Similar to elevation, topographic shading, snow redistribution and glacier surface features often exert important mass-balance controls. The reanalysis underscores the value of geodetic calibration to resolve mass-balance magnitude, as well as the irreplaceable value of direct measurements in contributing to the process-based understanding of glacier mass balance.
Demultiplexing of Magnetic Nanowires with Overlapping Signatures for Tagged Biological Species

The drive to comprehend nanomedicine and biology with a reliable technique for multiplexed detection of biological entities, such as biocompatible membranes, regenerative tissues, and cells, demand...
Differences in development in monozygotic twins

Abstract Twin research has detected genetic influence underlying virtually all measured behavioral traits, including general intelligence, personality, criminality, creativity, and religiosity. In addition, most studies have shown that monozygotic (MZ) twins generally display greater within-pair cooperation and social closeness than dizygotic (DZ) twins. Based on various studies of twins reared apart and together, differences in selected behavioral and psychological aspects of MZ twins are presented.
The emergence, importance of #DisabilityTooWhite hashtag

In this essay, I look at #DisabilityTooWhite (Thompson, 2016) as an activist call to center the messy intersectionality politics in the disability community, specifically in terms of disability and Whiteness. I center my theoretical commitments within the realm of DisCrit (Disability/Critical Race Theory) to critique the interplay of race (ism) and ability (ableism). I further utilize thematic textual analysis to study the content that has been posted by Twitter users under the #DisabilityTooWhite hashtag. I use an inductive approach to my analyses by drawing themes from my research that fall in line with DisCrit's central commitments as a means to deepen the conversations about disability, Whiteness, and social media.
Operative Duration and Short-Term Postoperative Complications after Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Prolonged operative duration is an independent risk factor for postoperative complications in many orthopedic procedures ranging from shoulder arthroscopy to total hip and knee arthroplasties. It has not been well studied in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of operative duration on complications after UKA. Methods Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry, we identified all primary unilateral UKAs from 2005 to 18. Patients were divided into three cohorts based on the operative duration: 120 minutes. Baseline patient and operative demographics (age, gender, etc.) and thirty-day complications were compared using bivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the independent effect of operative duration on postoperative outcomes after adjusting for differences in baseline characteristics. Results We identified 11,806 patients who underwent primary UKA from 2005 to 18. There was no difference in the “any complication” rate between cohorts. However, operative duration >120 minutes was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of reoperation (odds ratio [OR] 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-3.57, P = .015), non–home discharge (OR: 2.14, CI: 1.65-2.77, P Conclusion Increased operative duration greater than 2 hours in primary UKA is associated with an increased risk of non–home discharge, surgical site infection, reoperation, and blood transfusion.
Applying a rule-based object-based image analysis approach for nearshore bar identification and characterization

Nearshore bars are important coastal features that influence beach–dune dynamics and protect the coast from high-energy wave events. Historically, in situ methods were used to study beach–dune dynamics and nearshore bars. Video monitoring systems, such as Argus, have been the favored remote sensing approach for studying nearshore bars dynamics and evolution. These systems are costly to install and maintain, and a limited number of stations are available. Our study introduces a lower cost alternative to study these coastal features. A rule-based classification object-based image analysis approach is introduced to identify nearshore bars (and their characteristics, such as bar length, width, count, and distance from the wet/dry line) from very-high-resolution (VHR) multispectral imagery. Nearshore bars were successfully identified and characterized as single and multiple bar systems. Our study demonstrates that VHR satellite remote sensing is a viable alternative with comparative results to video monitoring systems. Their capability of acquiring high-resolution imagery in large spatial extent is superior in continuous observation and characterization of nearshore bars. The proposed approach provides information at a more relevant spatiotemporal scale at which these systems evolve, which is helpful to coastal scientists and managers.
High-temperature magnetostructural transition in van der Waals-layered α − MoCl 3

Diverse magnetic behaviors and weak van der Waals bonding make layered transition metal halides an active area of low-dimensional materials research, leading, for example, to the development ferromagnetic monolayers and heterostructures based on chromium trihalides. This paper shows that the $4d$ analogue MoCl${}_{3}$ has dramatically different magnetic behavior. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal evidence of strong antiferomagnetic interactions within the honeycomb net at high temperature, with an estimated in-plane exchange energy of 250 K. Upon cooling, the magnetism is quenched at a magnetostructural transition driven by strong dimerization involving the extended $d$-orbitals of Mo.
Smoking-induced craving relief relates to increased DLPFC-striatal coupling in nicotine-dependent women.

Abstract Background Craving is a major contributor to drug-seeking and relapse. Although the ventral striatum (VS) is a primary neural correlate of craving, strategies aimed at manipulating VS function have not resulted in efficacious treatments. This incongruity may be because the VS does not influence craving in isolation. Instead, craving is likely mediated by communication between the VS and other neural substrates. Thus, we examined how striatal functional connectivity (FC) with key nodes of networks involved in addiction affects relief of craving, which is an important step in identifying viable treatment targets. Methods Twenty-four nicotine-dependent non-abstinent women completed two resting-state (rs) fMRI scans, one before and one following smoking a cigarette in the scanner, and provided craving ratings before and after smoking the cigarette. A seed-based approach was used to examine rsFC between the VS, putamen and germane craving-related brain regions; the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), the posterior cingulate cortex, and the anterior ventral insula. Results Smoking a cigarette was associated with a decrease in craving. Relief of craving correlated with increases in right dlPFC- bilateral VS (r = 0.57, p = 0.003, corrected) as did increased right dlPFC-left putamen coupling (r = 0.62, p = 0.001, corrected). Conclusions Smoking-induced relief of craving is associated with enhanced rsFC between the dlPFC, a region that plays a pivotal role in decision making, and the striatum, the neural structure underlying motivated behavior. These findings are highly consistent with a burgeoning literature implicating dlPFC-striatal interactions as a neurobiological substrate of craving.
Determination of sorbitol dehydrogenase in microsamples of human serum.

Abstract The enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) is an emerging biomarker of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). This paper introduces determination of SDH in microliter samples of human serum at commercial glucose test strips. The determination relies on the oxidation of NADH cofactor, which is used by SDH reacting with its substrates. The strips could detect NADH down to 5.0 μM (5 pmol), which was two orders of magnitude better than the prior relevant limit of detection. The concentration of cofactors (NADH, NAD+) and substrates (fructose, sorbitol) for SDH determination at a strip was optimized via internally-calibrated amperometric assays at a chitosan/nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube electrode. Such an electrode provided reliable assay data for over 3 months with no need for its reactivation. The assays yielded kinetic parameters Km and kcat and demonstrated higher apparent affinity of SDH for NADH and fructose than NAD+ and sorbitol. The glucose strips detected SDH down to 98 pM (98 amol) in buffers and 200 pM (200 amol) in human serum after 20-min incubation with an optimized (c ≥ 10Km) mixture of cofactor + substrate. The charge ΔQ flowing through a strip was linear (R2, 0.994) up to 6.0 nM SDH, which covered enzyme's clinical range. The ΔQ was selective for SDH, independent of sample matrix, and free of interferences from indigenous glucose. The use of glucose strip as an electrolytic microcell to detect picomoles of NADH and attomoles of SDH is a step toward a point-of-care monitoring of DILI.
Redox condition in molten salts and solute behavior: A first-principles molecular dynamics study

Abstract Molten salts technology is of significant interest for nuclear, solar, and other energy systems. In this work, first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) was used to model the solute behavior in eutectic LiCl–KCl and FLiBe (Li2BeF4) melts at 773 K and 973 K, respectively. The thermo-kinetic properties for solute systems such as the redox potential, solute diffusion coefficients and structural information surrounding the solute were predicted from FPMD modeling and the calculated properties are generally in agreement with the experiments. In particular, we formulate an approach to model redox energetics vs. chlorine (or fluorine) potential from first-principles approaches. This study develops approaches for, and demonstrates the capabilities of, FPMD to model solute properties in molten salts.
Thyroid Hormone Receptor Interactions with DNA

The molecular biology of thyroid hormone action has been studied by examining the binding of purified (ca 300-fold) rat liver thyroid hormone receptors to various DNAs, and the responsiveness to triiodothyronine (T3) of native and mutated rat growth hormone (rGH), and human GH (hGH) and placental lactogen (hCS) DNA fragments linked to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) or other reporter gene sequences transfected into cultured rat pituitary tumor (GC) cells. The receptors bind specifically to four different sequences within the rGH 5’-flanking DNA from −237/+1 centered at ca. −180, −160, −60 and −20 with respect to the transcriptional start site. Each of these sites appears to contribute to positive T3 responsiveness of the rGH promoter and the various sites can interact synergistically to generate the response. Although the hCS 5’-flanking DNA is positively T3 responsive, the highly homologous (>90%) hGH gene is regulated negatively by T3; this negative responsiveness involves hGH DNA elements located downstream from the transcriptional start site as well as 5’-flanking DNA elements that interact in an as yet undefined manner. Specific receptor binding to a number of other T3 responsive genes was also found. Alignment of the receptor binding sequences suggests an overall structure spanning ca. 20 bp that includes a conserved region on the 3’-end that is comprised of GGGT AC and a less conserved region on the 5’-end that contains AAGA as the more frequently occurring nucleotides. T3 was not found to affect receptor binding to specific sequences. However, evidence for receptor-induced bending of DNA was obtained which also correlated with T3 responsiveness. These results suggest an emerging pattern for DNA recognition by thyroid hormone receptors and emphasize the role of multiple DNA sequences in generating T3 responsiveness.
Computer Networking for Systems Programmers

Basic Data Communications and Networking Concepts. Systems Design and Programming with Open Systems. Development Issues for the Bottom Two Layers. Development Issues at the Network Layer. The Transport Layer. Higher Layer Protocols in End Systems. Interconnection, Interoperability, and Migration Strategies. Developing Network Systems. Network Management. Trends in Data Communications and Networking. Bibliography. Index.
A network analysis of official Twitter accounts during the West Virginia water crisis

Online networks using Web 2.0 technologies have proven useful for communication among all parties involved in managing crises. These networks rapidly disseminate information allowing for coordination among organizations responding to the needs of those whose safety and wellbeing are threatened by the crisis and its aftermath. This study provides a network analysis of official Twitter accounts activated during the Charleston, West Virginia, water contamination crisis in 2014. The city's water supply was rendered unfit for drinking or bathing after 7500 gallons of a toxic chemical leaked into the Elk River. The network created by the 41 Twitter accounts associated with the West Virginia water contamination lacked density, contained several isolates, exchanged information quickly (geodesic distance diameter), and contained both national and local accounts. The lack of density indicates limited exchange of information, particularly between national and federal accounts. The rapid dissemination of the information that was shared and the fact that some accounts did bridge the local and national gap, however, show the positive potential for such networks in responding to crises. We analyzed a Twitter network of 41 accounts related to the W.V. water crisis.We examined the network in the context of rapid dissemination of info in a crisis.The networks density is lower than ideal from a crisis communication perspective.There are 2 factions: national level organizations and W.V. organizations.
Development of Spectral Pattern‐Matching Approaches to Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry for Bacterial Identification

The concept of rapid microorganism identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) dates back to the mid-1990’s. Prior to 1998, researchers relied on visual inspection in an effort to demonstrate feasibility of MALDI-MS for bacterial identification (Holland, Wilkes et al. 1996), (Krishnamurthy and Ross 1996), (Claydon, Davey et al. 1996). In general, researchers in these early studies visually compared the biomarker intensity profiles between different organisms and between replicates of the same organism to show that MALDI signatures are unique and reproducible. Manual tabulation and comparison of potential biomarker mass values observed for different organisms was used by numerous researchers to qualitatively characterize microorganisms using MALDI-MS spectra (e.g. (Lynn, Chung et al. 1999), (Winkler, Uher et al. 1999), (Ryzhov, Hathout et al. 2000), (Nilsson 1999)).
Exposure to Dehydroepiandrosterone in utero Affects T-Cell Function in Males Only

Maternal stress can affect the growth, behavior and immune function of the offspring. Some of these effects are thought to be mediated by maternal glucocorticoids secreted in response to stress. The purpose of the present study was to establish whether dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a weak androgen that is also secreted in response to stress, contributes to the sequelae of prenatal stress in the offspring. Therefore, pregnant rats were treated with different doses of DHEA in the drinking water from day 8 of gestation until parturition, when DHEA treatment was discontinued. Body weights of prepubertal male and female offspring of DHEA-treated dams were significantly and dose responsively lower than those of controls. In contrast, thymic weights were significantly higher in the DHEA offspring. Prenatal DHEA treatment reduced the splenic lymphocyte proliferative response to the T cell mitogen concanavalin A in prepubertal males only, while decreasing the mRNA levels of interleukin-2 receptor alpha and gamma subunits. The anterior pituitary expression of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA was increased in prepubertal males only. These data suggest that decreased body weight seen after prenatal stress can be mediated by either DHEA or glucocorticoids. The persistent increase in thymus weight is a new finding that may be very specific to prenatal DHEA treatment. In conclusion, the decreased T cell function and increased POMC expression found in this study indicate that prenatal-stress-induced immune suppression and altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity can be, at least in part, DHEA mediated.
The Nature of Memory Traces

Memory trace was originally a philosophical term used to explain the phenomenon of remembering. Once debated by Plato, Aristotle, and Zeno of Citium, the notion seems more recently to have become the exclusive province of cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists. Nonetheless, this modern appropriation should not deter philosophers from thinking carefully about the nature of memory traces. On the contrary, scientific research on the nature of memory traces can rekindle philosopher's interest on this notion. With that general aim in mind, the present paper has three specific goals. First, it attempts to chart the most relevant philosophical views on the nature of memory traces from both a thematic and historical perspective. Second, it reviews critical findings in the psychology and the neuroscience of memory traces. Finally, it explains how such results lend support to or discredit specific philosophical positions on the nature of memory traces. This paper also touches upon the issues raised by recent empirical research that theories of memory traces need to accommodate in order to succeed.