cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symposium overview: Chemical senses and longevity.

Dietary restriction is one manipulation that delays aging in every species in which it has been applied, including man. The mechanisms are not yet known. This symposium was designed to bring to ISOT 2008 leading scientists in the field of molecular mechanisms of aging/longevity to stimulate interest in novel research that may bridge the burgeoning interface between chemical senses and longevity. Speakers presented provocative research into the mechanisms underlying longevity that suggest that life span is regulated by both gene modification and environmental cues and that chemosensory perception of food-related environmental cues can modulate lifespan.
Method of Continuous Variation: Characterization of Alkali Metal Enolates Using 1H and 19F NMR Spectroscopies

The method of continuous variation in conjunction with 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopies was used to characterize lithium and sodium enolates solvated by N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethyldiamine (TMEDA) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). A strategy developed using lithium enolates was then applied to the more challenging sodium enolates. A number of sodium enolates solvated by TMEDA or THF afford exclusively tetramers. Evidence suggests that TMEDA chelates sodium on cubic tetramers.
LOWER AVERAGE SYSTOLIC PRESSURE (<140 MM HG) IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED OUTCOMES IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WITH ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AGED 60 OR GREATER: FINDINGS IN SUPPORT OF THE JNC-8 RECOMMENDATIONS

JNC-8 recommends a target systolic pressure (SBP) <150 vs <140 in hypertensive patients aged 60 and older, but recent findings in hypertensive patients with coronary disease (CAD) found that average SBP <140 was associated with improved outcomes compared with SBP between 140 and 149 and SBP ≥150.
Composition, Seasonal Abundance, and Parasitism of Liriomyza (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Species on Lettuce in Arizona

Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and L. sativae Blanchard were the leafminer species found in commercial and experimental plantings of lettuce in the Yuma Valley, AZ. L. trifolii was the dominant species observed in commercial lettuce fields in fall surveys, although populations did not reach damaging levels. In experimental plots, L. sativae was the principal species observed. The sharp contrast in Liriomyza species composition between lettuce grown in commercial and experimental plots was likely a reflection of pesticide-use patterns in commercial lettuce fields. Seasonal abundance and parasitism of leafminers in experimental plantings of lettuce from 1990 to 1992 varied with temperature and planting date. Adults, active larvae, and mines with dead or parasitized larvae were most abundant during the fall growing season. Edible leaves and heads were not mined at harvest. Populations in winter and spring plantings occurred at relatively low densities, likely in response to cooler temperatures and parasitism. The parasitoid complex associated with Liriomyza in fall lettuce primarily consisted of Opius spp. and Chrysocharis parksi Crawford, whereas Diglyphus spp. occurred at lower densities. Natural suppression of leafminer populations by parasitoids and other mortality factors appeared to be important for maintaining Liriomyza populations below damaging levels.
Effect of A.T.10 (Dihydrotachysterol) on Various Types of Experimental Rickets in Rats

SummaryThe effect of A.T.10 on prevention of rickets in rats differs according to the ricketogenic diet fed. Rickets caused by high-calcium-low-phosphorus diets was not prevented by a non-toxic amount of A.T.10 which protected rats fed low-calcium-high-phosphorus diets.
GENETIC FINGERPRINT-INFERRED POPULATION SUBDIVISION AND SPATIAL GENETIC TESTS FOR ISOLATION BY DISTANCE AND ADAPTATION IN THE COASTAL PLANT LIMONIUM CAROLINIANUM.

This paper examines two wild populations of Limonium carolinianum for population genetic subdivision and spatial patterns of genetic variation in an attempt to simultaneously test for both the action of local adaptation to tidal gradients and isolation by distance (IBD). A VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) genetic "fingerprinting" marker was used to infer relatedness among mapped plants in two populations. Band sharing within and between populations estimated F'ST , an approximate measure of FST . Regression models were used to analyze the relationship between band sharing and spatial separation in tidal elevation and horizontal distance, as well as the relationship of fecundity differences with band sharing and spatial distance. Populations differed in band size frequency distributions and mean number of bands per profile and, therefore, likely differed in effective population size. F'ST was estimated at 0.0678 and was significantly greater than F'ST among randomly constructed subpopulations. Band sharing decreased 0.13% per meter in one population but showed no significant relation to distance in the other. In the population with significant IBD band sharing increased with increasingly different tidal elevation, contrary to an adaptive hypothesis, possibly due to directional gene flow or drift. Deme sizes were approximately 25 meters and greater than 100 meters, spanning larger areas than the entire environmental gradient. Fecundity differences were not associated with spatial parameters or band sharing. Unequal potential maternal fecundity measured as variance in number of seeds per maternal family was a significant source of genetic sampling variance. The VNTR marker employed is capable of detecting adaptation as identity by descent in ecological time and is an appropriate method for estimating the net evolutionary fate of polygenic traits. The results show that the net balance between selection along an environmental gradient and the effects of IBD and unequal maternal fecundity favor genetic differentiation by random processes in populations of Limonium.
Bose-Einstein condensates in 85 Rb gases at higher densities

The Bose-Einstein condensation in trapped gases of {sup 85}Rb at densities beyond the dilute regime can now be realized taking advantage of Feshbach resonances. The gas density may be characterized by the parameter na{sup 3}, where n=N/V is the number density and a is the scattering length which is tuned using Feshbach resonance. We explore the properties of interacting trapped bosons in the density range 5x10{sup -3}{<=}na{sup 3}{<=}5x10{sup -2} using Monte Carlo methods to compare with experiments. We find that there is a significant depletion of the condensate at T=0 K, for example, 25% at na{sup 3}=10{sup -2}. The condensate is not concentrated at the center of the trap but is spread out over four or five trap lengths. The condensate density distributions and the total density distributions within the trap are very similar and the condensate fraction is 100% at the edges of the trap.
The Fate of the Iatrogenic Retroperitoneal Stone

AbstractUreteral perforation with resultant retroperitoneal stone expulsion is a recognized complication of ureteroscopy. In a 5-year retrospective review of 400 cases we identified a 1.3% incidence of iatrogenic retroperitoneal stone dislodgment. Average followup was 21 months. Four cases were managed with observation and 1 required surgical correction of a ureteropelvic junction stricture. We discuss the management of this problem, which begins with thorough radiographic documentation in the perioperative period. Aggressive ureteroscopic manipulation and attempted stone retrieval are not warranted, and a ureteral stent should be placed. Radiographic followup and clinical observation confirm the low morbidity associated with retroperitoneal urinary stones. Patient understanding of the extraureteral stone location is essential to avoid misdiagnosis and mismanagement by uninformed physicians in the future.
A note on divergences

In many areas of neural computation, like learning, optimization, estimation, and inference, suitable divergences play a key role. In this note, we study the conjecture presented by Amari 2009 and find a counterexample to show that the conjecture does not hold generally. Moreover, we investigate two classes of -divergence Zhang, 2004, weighted f-divergence and weighted -divergence, and prove that if a divergence is a weighted f-divergence, as well as a Bregman divergence, then it is a weighted -divergence. This result reduces in form to the main theorem established by Amari 2009 when .
Angelman Syndrome and Epilepsy

Characteristic epileptic seizures and EEG abnormalities are reported in three siblings with Angelman syndrome from the Kansai University Otokoyoma Hospital, Kyoto; and the Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan.
Preventing transmission distance relays maloperation under unintended bulk DG tripping using SVM-based approach

Abstract With high penetration of distributed generation (DG) into distribution systems, an unintended bulk DG tripping as a consequence of severe disturbances such as 3-phase faults in the transmission system is a concern since it can further cause unintended operation of transmission distance relays. To address this matter, this paper presents a novel protection scheme based on support vector machine (SVM) approach. The proposed scheme detects bulk DG tripping following a fault in the power transmission system, and then makes sure there is no follow on distance relay maloperation. It is also able to detect a fault if it happens during the blocking period and hence unblock the relay operation correspondingly. Wide-area (WA) measurements obtained from phasor measurement units (PMUs) are used, in addition to local measurements, to improve the scheme selectivity. The New-England 39 bus system is used to test the proposed scheme. Simulation results are discussed and illustrated.
Improved Performance of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assays via Swarm Priming

This work describes an enhancement to the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction which results in improved performance. Enhancement is achieved by adding a new set of primers to conventional LAMP reactions. These primers are termed "swarm primers" based on their relatively high concentration and their ability to create new amplicons despite the theoretical lack of single-stranded annealing sites. The primers target a region upstream of the FIP/BIP primer recognition sequences on opposite strands, substantially overlapping F1/B1 sites. Thus, despite the addition of a new primer set to an already complex assay, no significant increase in assay complexity is incurred. Swarm priming is presented for three DNA templates: Lambda phage, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 rbcL gene, and human HFE. The results of adding swarm primers to conventional LAMP reactions include increased amplification speed, increased indicator contrast, and increased reaction products. For at least one template, minor improvements in assay repeatability are also shown. In addition, swarm priming is shown to be effective at increasing the reaction speed for RNA amplification via RT-LAMP. Collectively, these results suggest that the addition of swarm primers will likely benefit most if not all existing LAMP assays based on state-of-the-art, six-primer reactions.
Contribution of guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2 to NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mouse podocytes during hyperhomocysteinemia

NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been demonstrated to mediate the activation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes in podocytes in response to elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcys). However, it remains unknown how NLRP3 inflammasome activation is triggered by NOX. The present study tested whether the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2 mediates Rac1-mediated NOX activation in response to elevated Hcys leading to NLRP3 inflammasome activation in podocytes and consequent glomerular injury. In a mouse model of hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys), we found that mice with hHcys (on the FF diet) or oncoVav2 (a constitutively active form of Vav2) transfection in the kidney exhibited increased colocalization of NLRP3 with apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) or caspase-1 and elevated IL-1β levels in glomeruli, indicating the formation and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. This glomerular NLRP3 inflammasome activation was accompanied by podocyte dysfunction and glomerular injury, even sclerosis. Local transfection of Vav2 shRNA plasmids significantly attenuated hHcys-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, podocyte injury, and glomerular sclerosis. In cultured podocytes, Hcys treatment and oncoVav2 transfection were also found to increase NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation, which were all inhibited by Vav2 shRNA. Furthermore, Vav2 shRNA prevented Hcys-induced podocyte damage as shown by restoring Hcys-impaired VEGF secretion and podocin production. This inhibitory action of Vav2 shRNA on Hcys-induced podocyte injury was associated with reduction of Rac1 activity and ROS production. These results suggest that elevated Hcys levels activate Vav2 and thereby increase NOX activity leading to ROS production, which triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation, podocyte dysfunction and glomerular injury.
Adenyl cyclase in Dictyosteliumdiscoideum: A possible control element of the chemotactic system

Abstract In this report we describe the identification and preliminary characterization of an adenyl cyclase in cell free extracts of D. discoideum . The specific activity of this enzyme was found to remain constant throughout growth and fruiting body construction, and the enzyme does not appear to turn over at an appreciable rate at any time. Its peculiar reaction kinetics as observed in crude extracts offer one possible explanation of the pulsating feature of the chemotactic attraction (1). In addition, a c-AMP stimulated disappearance of ATP has been noted. At least part of the latter can be ascribed to the action of a phosphokinase.
Zirconacyclopentadiene-Annulated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Syntheses of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and graphene nanostructures demand methods that are capable of selectively and efficiently fusing large numbers of aromatic rings, yet such methods remain scarce. Herein, we report a new approach that is based on the quantitative intramolecular reductive cyclization of an oligo(diyne) with a low-valent zirconocene reagent, which gives a PAH with one or more annulated zirconacyclopentadienes (ZrPAHs). The efficiency of this process is demonstrated by a high-yielding fivefold intramolecular coupling to form a helical ZrPAH with 16 fused rings (from a precursor with no fused rings). Several other PAH topologies are also reported. Protodemetalation of the ZrPAHs allowed full characterization (including by X-ray crystallography) of PAHs containing one or more appended dienes with the ortho-quinodimethane (o-QDM) structure, which are usually too reactive for isolation and are potentially valuable for the fusion of additional rings by Diels–Alder reactions.
A cephalometric study of the clinical rest position of the mandible: Part III: Clinical factors related to variability of the clinical rest position following the removal of occlusal contacts

Abstract 1. Each of the 42 patients reported in Part I was studied in regard to over thirty clinical factors. 2. In order to simplify the presentation of the complex data, discussion in this report was limited to six groups of factors: tooth-bone factors, tongue factors, lip factors, health-age factors, neuromuscular factors, and factors suggesting previous closure. 3. Interesting trends were shown for each group of factors, but no single factor or group of factors was exactly correlated with the degree of variability of the clinical rest position in all patients. 4. Closure following the removal of occlusal contacts may or may not occur, depending on the relative values of and complex interplay between certain favorable and unfavorable factors. These values are not easily quantitated, nor are they applicable to a mathematical formula.
Globalization, agriculture and food in the Caribbean: climate change, gender and geography

Globalization, Agriculture and Food in the Caribbean compiles several case studies offering the latest research on Caribbean agriculture and how it is being affected by climate change, which is of ...
Selective photothermal inactivation of cells labeled with near-infrared croconaine dye.

Photothermal inactivation of cells caused by laser heating of a near-infrared croconaine dye is more effective when the dye is located inside the cell. The cell inactivation is spatially confined – laser irradiation of a mixed population of two different cell lines produces selective inactivation of the cells labeled with croconaine dye and does not harm adjacent unlabeled cells.
Civilian Autonomy around the World

“The people are very unified so the Taliban failed. We are dead set against the army, too.” – Elder, Buner, Pakistan, 2008 (Parlez and Shah 2008b) “Early on in this war, I met with the main religious leaders in the community: the bishop and the mother superior of the main convent. We decided that even if the mountains around us were exploding with fighting, we would not go to war…. We decided adamantly that Maloula would not be destroyed…. The situation here will not deteriorate; it's the opposite. People support each other.” – Sunni imam, Maloula, Syria, 2012 (Di Giovanni 2012) Civilian efforts for autonomy reach far beyond Colombia. In this chapter, I explore four additional out-of-sample cases of civilian autonomy from around the globe. Although these additional cases from Colombia, the Philippines, Afghanistan, and Syria were not systematically selected for comparison, they exhibit geographical diversity, involve conflicts of diverse types and origins, and have ample documentation of civilian strategies and armed actor responses. They highlight unique aspects of civilian autonomy, including showcasing the diversity and prevalence of strategies and how they function in sectarian conflicts, Muslim-majority countries, and with the presence of international forces. They are also “tough” cases for autonomy given the intensities of the conflicts. Their displays of civilian autonomy contrast strikingly with conventional interpretations that emphasize the victimization of civilians in these conflicts. The inclusion of these additional cases and countries shows that the main argument of this book is not culturally bounded. In fact, it shows that local civilian organization frequently supersedes cultural differences as an explanation for violence. Put differently, cohesion and organization explain differences in outcomes of violence within particular cultural groups. The cases also further showcase the diversity of innovation by civilians in war as well as the limits of their efforts when circumstances turn dire. I first assess the civilian autonomy theory I developed in Colombia based on additional firsthand field research in Colombia on “tough,” out-of-sample community cases in the highly contested demilitarized zone of the Macarena region. I then also explore the protective autonomy strategies that communities have pursued in both Muslim and Christian areas of the Philippines. Using interviews with community advocates and archival research, I conduct a quantitative analysis of the strategies implemented by communities that declared themselves “Zones of Peace.”
When We Speak of Intentions

“The road to hell is paved with good intentions.” Surely people all find this a valid aphorism despite any skepticism regarding hell as a distinct geographical location. Even if one assumed that Hades were to be found at some particular place, this reference to a road and its paving would be recognized as purely metaphorical, and one would not confuse intentions with bricks or cobblestones. Nevertheless, most discussions of intention, as well as intentional statements themselves, are subtly susceptible to the kinds of distortion that can occur through metaphor. Behavior analysts have traditionally steered clear of that problem by eschewing intentional language. If intentions are mentioned at all, it typically is to reject them as “mental fictions.” But important and interesting relations are at issue when people speak of intentions, and it may be enlightening to closely examine those ways of speaking and writing. Most pervasively, intentional language induces us to look within the actor for sources of action even though the identification of intentions is usually based upon external consequences of the relevant actions. It can be shown, however, that more subtle features in common patterns of speaking and writing can also obscure the events that intentional prose is actually about.
Conduct Disorders and Substance Use Problems in Rural School Settings

Conduct and substance use problems are significant concerns for school-based mental health providers, teachers, and school administrators, given their disruptive nature and associations with poor educational outcomes. These problems can be compounded in rural areas, where youth and their families often face significant barriers to accessing effective mental health treatment. The current chapter reviews the literature on the prevalence, correlates, and risk factors for adolescent conduct and substance use problems. Evidence-based treatments are reviewed and discussed in terms of their applicability to rural school settings. Barriers to treatment specific to rural areas as well as the potential benefits and barriers to delivery of treatments for conduct problems in school settings are discussed. Conclusions include the identification of specific evidence-based treatments that are likely to be implemented effectively in rural school settings and suggestions for future research and program development.
A quantile adaptive search for black-box simulation optimization on continuous domains with practical implementations

Due to the use of complex models in simulation, black-box optimization methods have been useful in the field of simulation optimization. Since black-box functions lack exogenous information about the structure of the function, optimization methods often employ random search to focus sampling inside a domain. This poster describes an optimization framework, Quantile Adaptive Search (QAS), for focusing sampling inside a nested set of quantile level sets on a continuous domain. The poster describes theoretical results regarding the complexity of QAS. In addition, methods for implementing the framework using Probabilistic Branch and Bound and Hit-and-Run are discussed.
Imaging of Nonprostate Cancers Using PSMA-Targeted Radiotracers: Rationale, Current State of the Field, and a Call to Arms

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly overexpressed on prostate cancer epithelial cells and for which there is a growing body of literature examining the role of small-molecule and antibody radiotracers targeted against this protein for prostate cancer detection and therapy. Despite its name, PSMA is also expressed, to varying degrees, in the neovasculature of a wide variety of nonprostate cancers; indeed, the pathology literature is replete with promising immunohistochemistry findings. Several groups have begun to correlate those pathology-level results with in vivo imaging and therapy in nonprostate cancers using the same PSMA-targeted agents that have been so successful in prostate cancer. The potential to leverage radiotracers targeted to PSMA beyond prostate cancer is a promising approach for many cancers, and PSMA-targeted agents may be able to supplement or fill gaps left by other agents. However, to date, most of the reported findings with PSMA-targeted radiotracers in nonprostate malignancies have been in case reports and small case series, and the field must adopt a more thorough approach to the design and execution of larger prospective trials to realize the potential of these promising agents outside prostate cancer.
A fully-coupled generalized model for multi-directional wind loads on tall buildings: A development of the quasi-steady theory

Abstract This study examines in detail the quasi-steady aerodynamic theory, which is widely applied in wind engineering for the evaluation of wind loads. The authors propose an alternative approach and a novel generalized aerodynamic formulation for the wind-induced dynamic response of a bluff body. The proposed formulation is applied to the dynamic analysis of tall buildings, considering multi-directional wind loads, aerodynamic damping and aerodynamic stiffness effects, and inter-modal structural coupling. Dimensionless Fourier transformation is used in the formulation to provide a general “unified formula” and new insights on the modeling and estimation of wind loads. One numerical example is presented to verify the validity of the formula; numerical simulations are compared against literature data (wind tunnel test results) for a benchmark building structure.
Valuable Secondary Metabolites from Fungi

Fungi are amazing producers of natural products, including secondary metabolites. These compounds are crucial to the health and well-being of people throughout the world. They also provide agriculture and livestock with many essential products. Production of secondary metabolites is improved by mutagenesis and recombinant DNA technologies allowing commercial production of these valuable compounds. This chapter centers on these fungal beneficial products, the discovery of which goes back 85 years to the time that penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.
Eosinophil in Skin Disorders

Eosinophils have received increasing attention from dermatologists over the years as the association of eosinophilia with several skin diseases has become more generally realized. Described as early as 1879, eosinophils have since proved to be associated with allergic, parasitic, and neoplastic disorders. Dermatologists were among the first physicians to recognize the importance of this association; patients with cutaneous disease occasionally show highly increased numbers of eosinophils, either in inflammatory infiltrates or in the circulation or both.
Phylogenetic Implications of Pollen Morphology and Ultrastructure in The Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae)

The subfamily Barnadesioideae of the Asteraceae consists of nine genera and approximately 90 species. Both molecular and morphological phylogenies indicate that this subfamily is sister to the rest of the family. We have used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study pollen of 41 species from all genera of the Barnadesioideae. Three general pollen types are described in the subfamily: Barnadesia-type (Barnadesia, Huarpea), Chuquiraga-type (Chuquiraga, Doniophyton, Duseniella, Fulcaldea) and Dasyphyllum-type (Dasyphyllum and Schlechtendalia). A fourth type, Amaldoa-type, consisting solely of Arnaldoa, is intermediate between the Chuquiraga- and Dasyphyllum-types. These types parallel and confirm findings from previous studies. Psilolophate grains are found only in the Barnadesia-type. Pollen with a cavity (cavea) between pollen wall units in each of the three interapertural regions is present in Barnadesia (Barnadesia-type), Dasyphyllum (Dasyphyllum-type) and Arnaldoa (Arnaldoa-type). The Chuquiraga-type does not have cavate pollen. Intercolpar concavities occur only in the Dasyphyllum- and Arnaldoa-types. In the latter, intercolpar regions are accompanied by pairs of indentations flanking the colpi. The presence of intercolpar concavities in Dasyphyllum and Schlechtendalia, often cited as a synapomorphy for the Barnadesioideae and Calyceraceae, has apparently evolved independently within the sub-family. Chuquiraga pollen exhibits the least derived palynological features in the subfamily. Palynological characters, when placed in the context of current phylogenies for the Barnadesioideae, suggest additional phylogenetic analyses are needed to re-evaluate intergeneric relationships within the subfamily.
Museum Specimens Reveal Life History Characteristics in Plethodon montanus

Amphibian life history strategies can vary across broad geographic patterns, which have been explained, at least in part, by how development, growth, maintenance, and reproduction respond to temperature. However, there is a dearth of information regarding life history traits and their variation among populations for many amphibian species, which prevents assessment of these broad patterns among species. Therefore, we used museum specimens to assess the variation in reproductive condition of Plethodon montanus across its range and used skeletochronology at five populations along an elevational gradient to determine the elevational variation in age, growth rate, and asymptotic size. We found that body size and temperature seasonality best explained the variation in the presence of eggs and a mental gland, whereas body size alone best explained the presence of enlarged pigmented testes. We also found that longevity in P. montanus is at least 12 years with higher elevations having a higher proportion of older individuals compared to lower elevations and that size was a better explanation of reproductive condition than age across the elevation. Our results further demonstrate the importance of body size for amphibian life history traits and the utility of museum specimens to estimate these traits. Variation in reproductive condition across the range of P. montanus is likely the result of variation in growing season length. Lastly, we found evidence suggesting asymptotic size and growth rates may have changed over the last half century, which would ultimately affect fertility and other life history traits and warrants future studies.
Control of baroclinic instability by submesoscale topography

This study explores the control of mesoscale variability by topographic features with lateral scales that are less than the scale of the eddies generated by baroclinic instability. These dynamics are described using a combination of numerical simulations and an asymptotic multiscale model. The multiscale method makes it possible to express the system dynamics by a closed set of equations written entirely in terms of mesoscale variables, thereby providing a physical basis for the development of submesoscale parameterization schemes. The submesoscale topography is shown to influence such fundamental properties of mesoscale variability as the meridional eddy-induced transport and eddy kinetic energy. It is argued that the adverse influence of submesoscale topography on baroclinic instability is ultimately caused by the homogenization tendency of potential vorticity in the bottom density layer. The multiscale model formally assumes a substantial separation between the scales of interacting flow components. However, the comparison of asymptotic solutions with their submesoscale-resolving numerical counterparts indicates that the multiscale method is remarkably accurate even when scale separation is virtually non-existent.
Socioeconomic Inequality in Decoding Instructions and Demonstrating Knowledge

Cultural capital may contribute to socioeconomic achievement gaps by shaping how students engage with authority in schools. However, social class shapes academic skills and know-how in other ways. Through classroom observations and interviews with first graders, their parents, and teachers, I find that higher-SES students decode teachers’ inexplicit academic instructions and demonstrate academic knowledge more ably, confidently, and frequently than lower-SES students. Lower-SES students demonstrate procedural knowledge (i.e. knowledge of classroom rules) as much as academic knowledge to gain attention and praise from teachers. These patterns are primarily connected to higher-SES parents teaching their children the academic problem solving script teachers expect and reward, whereas lower-SES parents emphasizing rule following as the path to academic achievement. Teachers also give less explicit instruction for academic tasks compared to classroom procedure. Results from this study highlight additional forms of cultural capital and additional ways that social class reproduces these inequalities.
Third harmonic generation and multiphoton ionization in carbon monoxide

Third harmonic generation (THG) in atomic vapor is a well-known source of VUV light.1 Because the third-order susceptibility is low, the pump light intensity must be high, and often competing effects such as multiphoton ionization (MPI) and dielectric breakdown occur. Additionally, for molecules dissociation may also occur. Thus molecules have only rarely been studied for this purpose.2 Carbon monoxide (CO), however, is an attractive candidate for THG due to its high dissociation energy, 11.11 eV, and Ionization potential, 14.01 eV. For the v′ = 0, 1, and 2 members of the A1∏-X1∑ progression, a 3-photon resonance is present below the dissociation energy, and 6 pump photons are required to reach the ionization potential.
The difference of risk rate of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in twins

Objective To study the difference of risk rate of neonotal respiratory distress syndrome(RDS)in twim and explore the cause.Methods We reviewed 328 cases of twins Logistic regression,Chi-square test,t-test and rank correlations test.Results The mainly risk factors of neonatal RDS were age of gestation(OR=1.367,P=0.040).birth weight(OR=1.416,P:0.013) and apagar score(OR=5.054,P=O)when using Logistic regression.We found that there were differences in morbidity of RDS in twim(γ2=10.370,P=0.001).The birth weight,apgar score and respiration was related to RDS.Using t-test we found that there were differences in apgar score and respiration in case group(t=3.766,P=0;t=3.528,P=0.001).Conclusion There were differences in rgk rate of RDS in twins.the second twin has higher risk rate of RDS,because the risk of asphyxia for the second twin was increased. Key words: Diseases in Twins; Infant,Newborn; Logistic Models; Respiratory Distress Syndrome,Newborn
Feasibility of Anesthesiologist-Performed Preoperative Echocardiography for the Prediction of Postinduction Hypotension: A Prospective Observational Study.

Purpose. To determine if left ventricular or inferior vena cava (IVC) measurements are easier to obtain on point-of-care ultrasound by anesthesiologists in preoperative patients, and to assess the relationship between preoperative cardiac dimensions and hypotension with the induction of general anesthesia. Methods. This prospective observational study was conducted at a large academic medical center. Sixty-three patients undergoing noncardiac surgeries under general anesthesia were enrolled. Ultrasound examinations were performed by anesthesiologists in the preoperative area. To ensure that hypotension represented both a relative and absolute decrease in blood pressure, both a mean arterial pressure (MAP) 30% from preoperative value defined this outcome. Results. Left ventricular measurements were more likely to be acquired than IVC measurements (97% vs. 79%). Subjects without adequate images to assess IVC collapsibility tended to have a higher body mass index (33.6 ± 5.5 vs. 28.5 ± 4.5, ). While high left ventricular end-diastolic diameter values were associated with a decreased odds of MAP ) or a MAP decrease of >30% from baseline alone (OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.07–0.83, ), the primary endpoint of both relative and absolute hypotension was not associated with preoperative left ventricular dimensions. Conclusions. Preoperative cardiac ultrasound may be a more reliable way for anesthesiologists to assess patients’ volume status compared to ultrasound of the IVC, particularly for patients with a higher body mass index.
Abstract P888: Is There a Racial/Ethnic Disparity Among Stroke Patients With Covid-19?

Background and Purpose: Cerebrovascular prevalence is high in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, racial disparities have not been systematically explored in this population...
Pandemic Pivots: The Impact of a Global Health Crisis on the Dissertation in Practice

Five scholarly practitioners in an educational leadership for social justice doctoral program share their intentional, community-minded pivots during a global pandemic that disrupted their Dissertations in Practice (DiP). Embodying their Ed.D. program’s CPED framework (Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate, 2019), the authors, at varying stages in the dissertation process, sought inventive solutions to COVID-19-related challenges that included the development of a new topic and research questions, adjusting study settings and participant pools, and embracing new methodologies to account for virtual-only approaches. Although uncertain how the global health crises would impact their DiP, by fostering a shared sense of community, the authors became critical friends, supporting each other in their personal, professional, and academic lives. Each narrative highlights the potential of oppositional praxis of threading identities of practice, reflection, and research–to respond creatively to the needs of their diverse research communities with compassion, vision, and agility.
Smart Home Research Themes: An Analysis and Taxonomy

Abstract The smart home (SH) concept is built around systems and devices to increase the comfort, energy efficiency, privacy, and safety of its inhabitants and their data. These technologically advanced homes are multifaceted, complex systems that deserve to be studied to improve upon those concepts. Nevertheless, there is a lack of consensus upon the existing research avenues around SH concept. To remedy this deficiency, this work follows a systematic literature review process to identify and critically analyze the existing SH research. The findings from the review are then used to construct a SH research taxonomy that can be utilized to assist future researchers in positioning and expanding the SH research areas.
Notch signaling in reproduction

The Notch signaling pathway is conserved among mammalian species and controls proliferation, differentiation, and cell death in many organs throughout the body including the reproductive tract. Notch signaling plays critical roles in the development and function of both the male and female reproductive systems. Specifically, within the female reproductive tract, Notch signaling is hormone regulated and mediates key reproductive events important for ovarian and uterine function. In this review, we highlight the tissues that express Notch receptors, ligands, and downstream effectors and distinguish how these molecules regulate reproductive function in male and female mice, non-human primates, and humans. Finally, we describe some of the aberrations in Notch signaling in female reproductive pathologies and identify opportunities for future investigation.
In the dark: The micro-organizational framework to sustain film as art in the museum of modern art

Abstract In 1935, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) incorporated film into a museum collection for the first time. During MoMA screenings in the 1930s, the film department drew a symbolic line between cinema as art and as entertainment, a continuing effort until today. Based on ethnographic research, in this paper I examine four practices that sustain film as art at the museum: 1) the establishment of rules of conduct and uses of design and technology, 2) membership, 3) surveillance, and 4) tacit curatorship. At MoMA, institutional actors and audiences alike engage in practices to experience the moving image as art. The centrality of institutions in processes of artistic legitimation have been thoroughly studied, but what happens inside art organizations has received less attention. I contend that a micro-sociological framework of artistic legitimation reveals novel aspects of how a milieu of practices and actors—including zealous audiences’ active role—sustain film as art in organizations such as MoMA.
Crystal structure of designed PX domain from cytokine-independent survival kinase and implications on evolution-based protein engineering.

The Phox homology domain (PX domain) is a phosphoinositide-binding structural domain that is critical in mediating protein and cell membrane association and has been found in more than 100 eukaryotic proteins. The abundance of PX domains in nature offers an opportunity to redesign the protein using EvoDesign, a computational approach to design new sequences based on structure profiles of multiple evolutionarily related proteins. In this study, we report the X-ray crystallographic structure of a designed PX domain from the cytokine-independent survival kinase (CISK), which has been implicated as functioning in parallel with PKB/Akt in cell survival and insulin responses. Detailed data analysis of the designed CISK-PX protein demonstrates positive impacts of knowledge-based secondary structure and solvation predictions and structure-based sequence profiles on the efficiency of the evolutionary-based protein design method. The structure of the designed CISK-PX domain is close to the wild-type (1.54 A in Cα RMSD), which was accurately predicted by I-TASSER based fragment assembly simulations (1.32 A in Cα RMSD). This study represents the first successfully designed conditional peripheral membrane protein fold and has important implications in the examination and experimental validation of the evolution-based protein design approaches.
The prediction of pathologic fracture in patients with metastatic cancer

PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES RESULTING FROM NEOPLASMS WITHIN THE FEMUR ARE DISASTROUS TO ALL PARTIES INVOLVED AND IN MANY CASES COULD BE AVOIDED GIVEN EARLY DETECTION AND PREDICTIVE VALIDITY WITH RESPECT TO THE EXTENT OF THE LESION. IN PARTICULAR, PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES OCCUR IN THE SUB- AND INTERTROCHANTERIC REGIONS OF THE FEMUR AS THESE ARE REGIONS OF UNIQUE STRESS CONCENTRATIONS AND FREQUENT SITES OF METASTASES.APPLICATION OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELING HAS PROVIDED GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF LOAD TRANSMISSION AND SHEAR PROPERTIES THROUGHOUT THE FEMUR (REFERENCES 5 AND 17). OONISHI AND HASEGAWA (1982) USED A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS TO INVESTIGATE DIFFERENT STRESS PROPERTIES OF CORTICAL AND CANCELLOUS BONE REGIONS OF THE FEMUR, INTUITIVELY, BECAUSE THE FEMUR IS ASYMMETRICAL AND CURVED IN EACH PLANAR AXIS ONE WOULD EXPECT A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL TO BE MORE GENERALIZABLE TO A REAL-WORLD SITUATION.CROWNINSHIELD (1980) DEVELOPED A USEFUL 3-D MODEL TO RESOLVE GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS INCURRED WITH TOTAL HIP RECONSTRUCTION. WITH THIS MODEL, AS ANY FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS, A GREATER NUMBER OF NODAL POINTS AND ELEMENTS YIELDS A MORE ACCURATE RESOLUTION OF LOAD STRESS/DISPLACEMENTS.THE PRESENT STUDY UTILIZED THESE AND OTHER FACTORS IN SIMULATING A FEMUR PRESENTING METASTATIC LESIONS OF THE SUB- AND INTERTROCHANTERIC REGIONS. REMOVAL OF ELEMENTS IN THESE AREAS ALONG WITH THEIR INHERENT STIFFNESS/SUPPORT PROPERTIES TO THE MODEL THUS SIMULATED THE EFFECT OF NON-SUPPORTIVE TUMOR WITHIN OTHERWISE HEALTHY BONE.
Closed and Open Systems: Organizational

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 11, pp. 7237–7241, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd., with an updated Bibliography section supplied by the Editors.
Azo Dye-Induced Alterations in Vitamin B-6 Metabolism and in Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate-Binding Proteins in Rat Liver

The effects of the hepatocarcinogen, 3'-methyl-4-dimethylamino-azobenzene, on vitamin B-6 metabolism in rat liver were studied. The following parameters were measured: pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) concentrations in plasma, brain, liver and azo dye-induced hepatomas, as well as the activities of pyridoxine (PN) kinase, pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP) oxidase, PNP phosphatase and PLP-dependent ornithine decarboxylase. Hepatomas more closely resembled fetal than normal adult rat liver with respect to their ability to convert vitamer forms such as PN to coenzymatically active PLP. Microtiter plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent analyses revealed that the absence of PNP oxidase activity in a dissectable hepatoma was attributable to the absence of enzyme protein. In addition, monoclonal antibodies to vitamin B-6 were used in a Western immunoblot technique to examine the effects of azo dye ingestion on the pattern of PLP-binding proteins in cytosolic extracts of liver and hepatomas. Nitrocellulose blots of electrophoretically resolved cytosolic extracts probed for PLP-binding proteins showed increasing complexity with development; hepatomas bore a striking resemblance to fetal liver. The data indicate that hepatomas lose the properties of terminally differentiated hepatic tissue and take on the properties of fetal hepatic tissue characterized by lower concentrations of PLP, selective use of the coenzyme, and a lowered-to-absent capability to convert precursor vitamer forms to PLP. Therefore, with respect to vitamin B-6 metabolism and use, it appears likely that azo dye-induced hepatocarcinogenesis involves proliferation of a stem cell type(s) having the phenotypic characteristics of fetal hepatic tissue.
Characteristics and performance of a novel photonic oscillator

In the photonic oscillator the oscillation of the intensity of the photons detected with a photodetector provides the reference signal, much in the same fashion that the oscillatory current across a load resistor comprises the signal of the electronic oscillators. Despite this close similarity, significantly different features of the photonic oscillator provide for much improved noise and stability performance, as compared with the electronic oscillator. In this paper we describe the physical basis of the photonic oscillator, and present preliminary experimental and analytical results for a number of such oscillators developed at JPL. The paper will conclude with a discussion of the applications of the photonic oscillators, and an assessment for its potential stability performance.
SU-E-T-04: 3D Dose Based Patient Compensator QA Procedure for Proton Radiotherapy

Purpose: In proton double-scattering radiotherapy, compensators are the essential patient specific devices to contour the distal dose distribution to the tumor target. Traditional compensator QA is limited to checking the drilled surface profiles against the plan. In our work, a compensator QA process was established that assess the entire compensator including its internal structure for patient 3D dose verification. Methods: The fabricated patient compensators were CT scanned. Through mathematical image processing and geometric transformations, the CT images of the proton compensator were combined with the patient simulation CT images into a new series of CT images, in which the imaged compensator is placed at the planned location along the corresponding beam line. The new CT images were input into the Eclipse treatment planning system. The original plan was calculated to the combined CT image series without the plan compensator. The newly computed patient 3D dose from the combined patientcompensator images was verified against the original plan dose. Test plans include the compensators with defects intentionally created inside the fabricated compensators. Results: The calculated 3D dose with the combined compensator and patient CT images reflects the impact of the fabricated compensator to the patient. For the test cases in which no defects were created, the dose distributions were in agreement between our method and the corresponding original plans. For the compensator with the defects, the purposely changed material and a purposely created internal defect were successfully detected while not possible with just the traditional compensator profiles detection methods. Conclusion: We present here a 3D dose verification process to qualify the fabricated proton double-scattering compensator. Such compensator detection process assesses the patient 3D impact of the fabricated compensator surface profile as well as the compensator internal material and structure changes. This research receives funding support from CURA Medical Technologies.