cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A virtual reality oriented clinical experiment on post-stroke rehabilitation: performance and preference comparison among different stereoscopic displays

We have developed a novel VR task: the Dynamic Reaching Test, that measures human forearm movement in 3D space. In this task, three different stereoscopic displays: autostereoscopic (AS), shutter glasses (SG) and head mounted display (HMD), are used in tests in which subjects must catch a virtual ball thrown at them. Parameters such as percentage of successful catches, movement efficiency (subject path length compared to minimal path length), and reaction time are measured to evaluate differences in 3D perception among the three stereoscopic displays. The SG produces the highest percentage of successful catches, though the difference between the three displays is small, implying that users can perform the VR task with any of the displays. The SG and HMD produced the best movement efficiency, while the AS was slightly less efficient. Finally, the AS and HMD produced similar reaction times that were slightly higher (by 0.1 s) than the SG. We conclude that SG and HMD displays were the most effective, but only slightly better than the AS display.
Physiological mechanisms of vocal frequency control: The role of tension

Summary Control of fundamental frequency by the human voice may be accomplished using a variety of physiological mechanisms. Most of these mechanisms are myoelastic and include the length, mass, and longitudinal tension of the vocal folds. In this paper, a review of some of the data concerning the mechanisms for the creation of tension in the vocal folds is presented. The physiological mechanisms for the development of passive tension are reviewed and the potential contribution of passive tension in the control of fundamental frequency is discussed. Some of the mechanisms for the development of active muscle tension are described and the biomechanical characteristics of muscle are considered in the effort to explain the physiological control of fundamental frequency in the human voice
Neutrino Velocity: Results and prospects of experiments at beamlines other than CNGS

Abstract In response to the 2011 report of superluminal neutrinos made by the OPERA collaboration, both MINOS and T2K developed plans to upgrade their timing systems to be able to measure neutrino time-of-flight with increased accuracy. In addition, MINOS has undertaken an analysis of the data taken with their old timing system, substantially improving the accuracy of their 2007 measurement, and deriving a result fully consistent with neutrinos travelling at the speed of light.
Mammalian polyamine metabolism and function

Polyamines are ubiquitous small basic molecules that play multiple essential roles in mammalian physiology. Their cellular content is highly regulated and there is convincing evidence that altered metabolism is involvement in many disease states. Drugs altering polyamine levels may therefore have a variety of important targets. This review will summarize the current state of understanding of polyamine metabolism and function, the regulation of polyamine content, and heritable pathological conditions that may be derived from altered polyamine metabolism.
Integrated Optical Circuit For Performing Vector Subtraction

Work on the development of an integrated optical data preprocessor for multispectral data is reported. The device will be capable of comparing received analog signals in 16 channels with a large set of prerecorded data sets in real time and of classification of the received data on the basis of the comparison. The operating principles of the device are discussed and details of the prototype design are provided along with a discussion of the reasons for the design choices that were made.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Classical dynamical model with shape degrees of freedom for fusion of heavy nuclei

Abstract We introduce shape degrees of freedom describing fusion and deep inelastic scattering of heavy ions. Using a classical dynamical model with one-body dissipation we calculate fusion cross sections. We find reasonable agreement with data for light and heavy systems.
Interaction of cimetidine with the triazolobenzodiazepines alprazolam and triazolam

The influence of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam and triazolam, two triazolobenzodiazepines metabolized by hepatic microsomal oxidation, was evaluated in a series of healthy volunteers. Subjects ingested single 1.0 mg dose of alprazolam or 0.5 mg doses of triazolam on two occasions, with and without concurrent administration of cimetidine (300 mg) every 6h. For alprazolam, which has a low hepatic clearance and low extraction ratio, cimetidine significantly impaired total metabolic clearance (1.05 versus 1.66 ml/min/kg, P<0.005), resulting in significantly prolonged elimination half-life (16.6 versus 12.4h, P<0.005). For triazolam, which has higher hepatic clearance and an intermediate extraction ratio, total clearance was reduced by cimetidine (3.9 versus 5.9 ml/min/kg), causing a significant increase in total area under the plasma concentration curve (25 versus 38 ng/ml x h, P<0.02). However, elimination half-life of triazolam was not influenced by cimetidine (3.3 versus 3.2 h), indicating that the reduction in clearance was manifested as increased systemic availability. Thus, cimetidine impairs the clearance of both alprazolam and triazolam, but the consequences of the kinetic change are different because of the differing hepatic extraction profiles of the two drugs.
Application of laser ablation (imaging) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for mapping and quantifying Fe in transgenic and non-transgenic soybean leaves

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is used for determining Fe in leaves of transgenic (variety M 7211RR) and non-transgenic (variety MSOY 8200) soybean, grown for 21 days in a growth chamber at controlled temperature (27 ± 0.1 °C) and photoperiod (12 h). The same technique, but in the imaging mode, is also employed for acquiring the spatial distribution of Fe in leaves of both the varieties. For attaining both proposals, different parameters, such as RF power, carrier and auxiliary gas flow rates, dynamic reaction cell flow rate, RPq, laser intensity, spot diameter, frequency and scan speed, are optimized. The accuracy of the laser ablation method is assessed by comparing the results (from ratios between 56Fe and 13C, used as an internal standard) obtained from pellet samples (200 mg of the certified reference materials–NIST SRM 1515 and 1573a at a pressure of 7 psi), or prepared pellets from transgenic and non-transgenic soybean leaves, with those from digested samples. No differences at 95% confidence levels are found. Although Fe concentrations are similar in transgenic and non-transgenic leaves, their spatial distribution is significantly different. Fe is homogenously distributed in the whole transgenic soybean leaf, while this element is greatly concentrated in the main vein and nerves of the non-transgenic leaf. Taking into account all the variables that are controlled during the experiment, this result indicates that genetic modification might be responsible for altering the Fe distribution in the soybean leaves.
The Spectator Project: the eighteenth century mind in the twenty‐first century machine

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to show how The Spectator Project was developed as a digital environment for the study of The Tatler (1709‐1711), The Spectator (1711‐14), and the eighteenth‐century periodical in general.Design/methodology/approach – The project demonstrates the use of different file formats concluding that the DjVu file format is superior to other formats for the purposes of this project.Findings – The research finds that format, style, and even the content of The Tatler and The Spectator were closely imitated in some periodicals in Europe and the Americas.Practical implications – The Spectator Project allows users to compare periodicals from this era available on the same site. This environment presents page images and the corresponding text, which allows users not only to view the actual pages, but also to use search and concordance tools.Originality/value – Numerous scholarly web projects make their material simply and widely available but this project will also link relevant mat...
“I Survived”: The Content and Forms of Survival Narratives

Individuals impacted by violent crime are at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder and other comorbid conditions. Screening and early intervention are key to the detection and treatment of these consequences of victimization. A growing literature points to the diagnostic power of narratives; however, little is known about the narratives produced by survivors. This study assessed the content and forms of narratives told by survivors of violent crime. In our sample, narratives of growth and optimism, grief and loss, providence, self-reliance, and justice were common. These narratives also featured common lexical properties. The discussion articulates possible explanations for these findings.
The Curved Crystal X-Ray Spectrometer For The HEAO-B Satellite

The Focal Plane Crystal Spectrometer on HEAO-B is a moderate to high resolution, curved-crystal, Bragg spectrometer which operates behind a grazing incidence X-ray telescope. It is designed to allow detailed spectral studies of both point and extended celestial X-ray sources in the energy range 0.2-3.3 keV, with resolutions of 50 to 1000. The analyzing elements are six torroidal diffractors, and the detectors are position-sensitive, flow, proportional counters. HEAO-B is scheduled for launch in June, 1978.
Two-dimensional stimulated Brillouin scattering.

The evolution of the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) instability in time and two spatial dimensions is studied analytically. An exact solution of the linearized equations governing SBS in a finite homogeneous plasma shows that this two-dimensional instability usually saturates because of the convection of the ion-acoustic wave, regardless of whether the associated one-dimensional interaction is convectively or absolutely unstable. The steady-state intensity profile of the Stokes light wave is often highly two dimensional.
The impacts of trade liberalization on informal labor markets: A theoretical and empirical evaluation of the Brazilian case

Abstract Following trade liberalization, several developing countries experienced a sharp increase in the share of informal manufacturing employment. In this paper, I examine the impacts of trade liberalization on the labor markets of a small open economy, in an environment in which tariffs affect firms' payroll tax compliance decisions. I demonstrate that a reduction in domestic import tariffs reduces the average formal wage and show that the direction of the effect on the share of informal employment depends on the initial labor market conditions. A cut in trading partner import tariffs decreases the share of domestic informal employment and increases the average formal wage. I confirm the model's principal findings empirically, using data from the 1989–2001 Brazilian trade liberalization episode. I find the results robust to endogeneity and self-selection concerns, which are addressed, respectively, using instrumental variable and switching regression approaches.
Ethnic identity and identification with the majority group: Relations with national identity and self-esteem

Abstract Literatures on ethnic identity and acculturation have supported orthogonal conceptualization and separate measurements of ethnic identity and identification with the majority group or the larger society. The author further argues to conceptually differentiate identification with the majority group and identification with the larger society. A study with Asian American students ( n =91) and African American students ( n =115) in a large US Midwestern public university revealed no correlation between ethnic identity and identification with White Americans for Asian Americans and a small negative correlation at marginal significance for African Americans. These results support the orthogonal model. While identification with White Americans positively predicted national identity in regression analyses for both samples, ethnic identity also added a unique positive main effect, and additionally through an interaction effect suppressed the strength of identification with White Americans, for predicting national identity among American-born Asian Americans. Bicultural identity integrating ethnicity and nationality was suggested as the identity mechanism explaining this result. Thus, identification with the majority group and national identity were empirically shown to be different concepts, and ethnic identity can contribute to national identity. Suggestions for future research include regional comparative studies and deeper analysis of bicultural integration.
Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in soils treated with ammonium sulfate and Nutrasweet sludge

NutraSweet sludge, a by‐product of the manufacture of the artificial sweetener aspartame, contains about 40% of its nitrogen (N) in inorganic form and the rest mostly in the form of L‐phenylalanine...
Passage of molecules across the intercellular bridge between post-mitotic daughter cells

Living mitotic HeLa cells were microinjected with sodium fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled IgG, and Lucifer Yellow-CH to determine if the intracellular bridge and midbody forms a barrier to the migration of these molecules. All three fluorescent molecules were found to pass across the intercellular bridge. The post-mitotic cells maintained a molecular patency across the intercellular bridge that persisted for considerable lengths of time, extending into the next cell cycle.
Sex, Race, and Grade Differences in the Locus of Control Orientations of At-Risk Elementary Students.

Extensive educational efforts recently have been focused on the plight of the at-risk student. A multitude of variables contribute to a depressed likelihood of academic success; among these are poor academic preparation, lack of parental support, and several personality factors such as lowered self-concept, motivation, and confidence. One variable that has not been examined systematically in regard to the at-risk student is locus of control orientation. Two decades of research support the positive relationship of internal locus of control and achievement. To investigate this variable, 643 elementary school students were included in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 6 analysis of variance design. No main effects for sex or race were found. A significant main effect for conditions (at-risk vs. not-at-risk) was observed, with the at-risk students being more externally oriented. In addition, a significant effect for grade was noted, with the trend being for grade (age) to be positively related to internality. The importance of developing a program aimed at enhancing internal locus of control and its nature are discussed.
Elevated‐Temperature Mechanical Properties of Silicon Nitride/Boron Nitride Fibrous Monolithic Ceramics

A unique, all-ceramic material capable of nonbrittle fracture via crack deflection and delamination has been mechanically characterized from 25° through 1400°C. This material, fibrous monoliths, was comprised of unidirectionally aligned 250 mm diameter silicon nitride cells surrounded by 10 to 20 mm thick boron nitride cell boundaries. The average flexure strengths of fibrous monoliths were 510 and 290 MPa for specimens tested at room temperature and 1300°C, respectively. Crack deflection in the BN cell boundaries was observed at all temperatures. Characteristic flexural responses were observed at temperatures between 25° and 1400°C. Changes in the flexural response at different temperatures were attributed to changes in the physical properties of either the silicon nitride cells or boron nitride cell boundary.
Impact of age, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and cancer on prostate-specific antigen level.

BACKGROUND The distribution of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values for men with or without prostate carcinoma are confounded because of verification bias. Correcting for verification bias, the means and variances of PSA values were estimated in specific clinical scenarios. METHODS Existing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, adjusted for the presence of verification bias in a screening population, were used to estimate the mean and variance of PSA values for men with or without prostate carcinoma, stratified by age and the presence or absence of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Men with a suspicious digital rectal exam (nodular) were excluded from analysis. RESULTS Among men with cancer and the absence of benign prostatic hyperplasia, mean PSA values were 2.05 ng/mL and 2.66 ng/mL for younger (<60 yr) and older (≥60 yrs) men, respectively. These estimates were 2.56 ng/mL and 3.90 ng/mL in the presence of benign prostatic hyperplasia for younger and older men, respectively. For men without prostate carcinoma, these values were 0.78 ng/mL and 1.23 ng/mL for younger and older men, respectively, among those without benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 0.97 ng/mL and 1.75 ng/mL for younger and older men, respectively, among those with benign prostatic hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS Accurate estimates of the mean and variance of PSA values for men with or without cancer may provide PSA thresholds for biopsy that are specific for age and prostate size as assessed by digital rectal exam. Therefore, the current threshold of 4.0 ng/mL should not be applied indiscriminately. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
A comparative study of methods for establishing load handling capabilities.

There has been much effort in recent years to quantify manual handling capabilities. Four main techniques have been used to this end; biomechanical modelling; the measurement of intra-abdominal pressure; psychophysics; and metabolic/physiological criteria. The aim of this study was to compare quantitatively the data produced from the first three techniques. The comparisons were limited to bimanual, sagittal plane lifting, which of all manual handling activities has been studied the most comprehensively, except that pushing and pulling data were compared from the psychophysics and intra-abdominal pressure (‘force limits’) databases. It was found that the data from ‘force limits’ proposed weights for bimanual lifting in the sagittal plane are lower than those reported to be psychophysically acceptable except for lifting close to and around the shoulder. The closest agreement between the databases was for lifting from an origin above knuckle height. The ‘force limits’ data were found to propose weights of li...
THE RETARDING EFFECTS OF FLY ASH UPON THE HYDRATION OF CEMENT PASTES: THE FIRST 24 HOURS

Abstract Disagreement exists in the literature as to whether or not fly ash accelerates or retards the early hydration of fly-ash blended cements. As an outgrowth of this controversy the effects of two fly ashes, a Class C and a Class F, their leachates and leached fly ash residues upon the first 24 hours of cement hydration were studied. It was found that both fly ashes (“as received and to some degree, leached”) retarded a Type I cement hydration; however the fly-ash leachates did not. The retardation phenomenon is apparently related to the presence and condition of the fly ash surfaces.
Rat fetuses respond to chemical stimuli in gas phase.

Abstract Fetuses exhibit behavioral responses to intraoral infusions of chemical solutions presented in liquid phase, including an increase in overall activity and the production of a species-typical action pattern, facial wiping. A series of experiments were conducted in which chemical compounds with strong olfactory characteristics—citral and cyclohexanone—were presented in gas phase to rat fetuses on day 20 of gestation. Fetuses exhibited similar behavioral responses to stimuli presented in liquid and gas phases, suggesting a common basis for the processing of prenatal chemosensory information. Chemosensory stimuli in gas phase are sufficient to elicit both behavioral activation and a stereotypic action pattern of the rat fetus, patterns that anticipate postnatal olfactory-directed behavior. These results suggest that prenatal chemosensory experience, which normallay occurs in an aqueous medium, may be relevant to the development of postnatal behavior that is directed by airborne olfactory cues.
Rheasilvia provenance of the Kapoeta howardite inferred from ∼1 Ga 40Ar/39Ar feldspar ages

Abstract We report 40Ar/39Ar ages for several lithological components of the brecciated howardite Kapoeta and compare the ages with results for asteroid 4 Vesta as observed by the Dawn mission. Our Kapoeta sample has an unusual, millimeter wide glass vein that intruded into a complex breccia. The plateau ages of three lithic clasts of basaltic composition that were remote from the glass vein range from 4.2 to 4.5 Ga. Such ages are typical of eucritic material; the oldest reflects early magmatic crystallization ( ∼ 4.5 Ga ), the younger (4.2–4.5 Ga) reflect magmatism associated with protracted cooling. Samples of the glass vein itself, which include relict grains, give apparent ages between 3.1 and 3.9 Ga as do chips from the matrix. We consider both glass and bulk matrix ages as mixing ages; not marking the time of a single event, but dating regolith activity ( 3.1 – 4.1 Ga ). Eight feldspar grains close to the glass vein give markedly younger plateau ages averaging 1.4 Ga. The Ar release spectra for glass vein and breccia subsamples indicate a disturbance in the last 1.4 Ga. Taken together, these younger ages suggest a recent, major thermal event in the history of howardites that has been under-reported – perhaps the impact that formed the Rheasilvia basin on Vesta.
Effectiveness of occluded object representations at displaying ordinal depth information in augmented reality

An experiment was conducted to investigate the utility of a number of iconographic styles in relaying ordinal depth information at vista space distances of more than 1900m. The experiment consisted of two tasks: distance judgments with respect to discrete zones, and ordinal depth determination in the presence of icon overlap. The virtual object representations were chosen based on their effectiveness, as demonstrated in previous studies. The first task is an adaptation of a previous study investigating distance judgments of occluded objects at medium field distances. We found that only one of the icon styles fared better than guessing. The second is a novel task important to situation awareness and tested two specific cases: ordinal depth of icons with 50% and 100% overlap. We found that the case of full overlap made the task effectively impossible with all icon styles, whereas in the case of partial overlap, the Ground Plane had a clear advantage.
My Professor is a Partisan Hack: How Perceptions of a Professor's Political Views Affect Student Course Evaluations

In recent years, a number of prominent political commentators have raised concerns about the lack of ideological diversity on college campuses (Shapiro 2004 ; Black 2004 ; Kors and Silvergate 1999 ; Kimball 1998 ). Among other accusations, they claim that liberal college professors may actually penalize students for expressing conservative opinions by assigning them lower marks on exams and assignments (Horowitz 2003 ; Hebel 2004 ). Their concern is not without merit. Researchers have found that, when evaluating a colleague's research, college professors are more critical of work that contradicts their own views (Mahoney 1977 ). It is logical to assume that the same bias influences professors' evaluations of students' arguments. It is also reasonable to expect that students, charged with the important task of evaluating their professors, are vulnerable to their own ideological biases. We thank Markus Kemmelmeier and Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier for their helpful suggestions and valuable guidance. We also acknowledge the valuable support of research assistants Jessica Defenderfer, Cristina Ciocirlan, and Kathleen Winters. Finally, we would like to acknowledge a debt of gratitude to the dozens of political science faculty throughout the country who took the time to distribute our survey to their undergraduate students. This project would not have been possible without their generous assistance. This research was funded through a Faculty Research Grant from Elizabethtown College.
Detection value: A measure of verbal relatedness applied to free association

A systematic relationship was demonstrated between the position of a word in the free-association response hierarchy and a measure of verbal relatedness, detection-value ( DV ), defined as the extent to which one word serves as a clue in identifying another. In Exp. I, S s were presented with increasing numbers of free-association responses, which served as clues for identifying the evoking stimulus word. The relationship between position in the response hierarchy and DV was examined by varying the sequence in which these responses were presented. In a further examination of this relationship Exp. II treated single response words as clues to single stimulus words. The DV of a word is related to its position in the hierarchy, but frequent responses have less DV and infrequent responses have more DV than would be predicted. Frequency of usage of the word to be detected also influenced DV .
Visual pigments and spectral sensitivity of the diurnal gecko Gonatodes albogularis

The visual pigments and oil droplets in the retina of the diurnal gecko Gonatodes albogularis were examined microspectrophotometrically, and the spectral sensitivity under various adapting conditions was recorded using electrophysiological responses. Three classes of visual pigments were identified, with λmax at about 542, 475, and 362 nm. Spectral sensitivity functions revealed a broad range of sensitivity, with a peak at approximately 530–540 nm. The cornea and oil droplets were found to be transparent across a range from 350–700 nm, but the lens absorbed short wavelength light below 450 nm. Despite the filtering effect of the lens, a secondary peak in spectral sensitivity to ultraviolet wavelengths was found. These results suggest that G. albogularis does possess the visual mechanisms for discrimination of the color pattern of conspecifics based on either hue or brightness. These findings are discussed in terms of the variation in coloration and social behavior of Gonatodes.
Substellar Companion Masses from Minimal Radial Velocity or Astrometric Information: a Monte Carlo Approach

Slow drifts detected in the radial velocities of a number of nearby stars indicate the presence of companions in orbit around the primaries, even though a complete spectroscopic orbital solution is not possible because of the long periods. Some of these companions may have substellar masses and are thus of considerable interest for the study of the characteristics of extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. Similar indications can be obtained from the measurement of small astrometric accelerations of the primary star, either from the ground or more likely from future highly precise space astrometry missions.We show here that a single measurement of the angular separation of such companions, if they can be imaged directly, provides valuable statistical information on their mass when combined with the accelerations. We derive the probability distribution of the companion mass separately for the radial velocity case and for the astrometric case by Monte Carlo simulations, and illustrate the application of the technique with several examples. The information on the masses of such wide substellar companions is complementary to that from closer spectroscopic companions, and a full analysis of the mass distribution of these objects should include both to avoid possible biases.
Implications of Temporal Development of Localized Ultraviolet and Hard X-ray Emission for Large Solar Flares

Ultraviolet and hard X-ray (HXR) emissions in solar flares provide observational signatures of the interaction of flare-accelerated particles with the chromospheric plasma. Earlier studies have shown clear evidence of temporal and spatial relationships between UV and HXR emission, suggesting a common physical origin. However, more recent spatially resolved case studies suggest significant variations in the spatial distributions of the emission signatures, implying that the large-scale magnetic topology of the flaring region must play a crucial role in the spatial and temporal development of the localized UV and HXR emission. We present here an analysis of spatially resolved HXR emission and localized UV emission sources from 11 M and X class flares with observations from RHESSI and high-cadence 1600 ? observations from TRACE. Within each flare we address the overall temporal development of individual UV sources and relate them to associated impulsive bursts within the HXR flare profile. We find, for these large flares, that in the initial impulsive bursts of flare activity, the majority of the temporally correlated emission evolves in a series of localized co-spatial sources along the UV ribbons consistent with previous two-dimensional reconnection pictures. However, observations of impulses late in flares, show significant departures from the traditional co-spatial/co-temporal picture. The new results include extended UV ribbons with no corresponding HXR emission and marked spatial separations between temporally correlated sources of UV and HXR emission. In seven of the multi-burst events, we observe the development of independent sets of UV and HXR sources corresponding to the individual impulses seen in the temporal profile. The observed separations and the spatial development of co-temporal emission in multi-burst events emphasize the importance of a complex and time varying magnetic topology in shaping the observed emission distributions in both wavelengths. In four of the events, we observe late developing UV sources which show no relationship with the HXR emission. In these events, the emission sources show a strong relationship with lower energy, more spatially extended X-ray emission believed to be of thermal origin. This suggests that, in the later phase of these complex flares, emission from thermal processes comes to dominate non-thermal processes in the production of the UV emission.
Phonological Development in Lexically Precocious 2-Year-Olds.

To examine interactions between young children's vocabulary size and their phonological abilities, spontaneous language samples were collected from 24-month-olds with precocious lexicons, their age mates (24-month-olds with average-sized lexicons), and their vocabulary mates (30-month-olds with average-sized lexicons). Phonological ability was measured in a variety of ways, such as the number of different consonants that were targeted, the number of different consonants produced correctly, the percentage of consonants produced correctly, and the occurrence of phonological processes. The lexically precocious 24-month-olds were similar to their vocabulary mates on most measures of phonological ability, and both of these groups were generally superior to the 24-month-olds with smaller lexicons. These findings supported a hypothesized relationship between lexicon size and phonological performance, and demonstrated that 2-year-olds' phonological development is more closely related to size of the lexicon than chronological age.
Interaction Affecting Interjudge Reliability of Nonverbal Behavior

Strmmary.-As a follow-up of a previous finding, 12 college student judges were asked to record frequency of "ah" and pause nonverbal speech nonfluencies for four interviewees. Lending some support to the previous finding, no significant interaction effect was found for the more reliably scored disruption, "ah," in a 2 X 12 factorial analysis, but this was not the case for the less reliably scored disruption, pause.
Adolescent health care: Perceptions and needs of the practicing physician

Abstract Three hundred thirty-one Indiana physicians practicing general-family medicine (GP-FP), obstetrics-gynecology (OB-GYN), pediatrics (PED), internal medicine (IM), and psychiatry (PSYCH) were surveyed as to their perceptions about adolescent health and their perceived need for specific adolescent services and Continuing Medical Education (CME). Significant differences were noted in all specialty areas that were not accounted for by the sex or age of the physician. The majority of GP-FP and PED reported that adolescents (aged 11–19 years) made up at least 10% of their practice compared to fewer than 5% of IM practices. Fewer than 7% of the respondents had had no training about adolescent medicine; most (47.5%) had received some CME in adolescent medicine. Family planning was the service least likely to be: 1) provided by PED, IM, and PSYCH, ( p p p p
Suppression of nonstationary sinusoidal interference using transform domain median filtering

A novel technique for the suppression of sinusoidal interference by using transform domain median filtering is proposed. The most important advantage of this new technique is that estimation of the interference frequency is not needed. Other important advantages are also discussed. Residual errors are examined and compared with that of notch filtering. Experimental results with random binary sequences are presented.
Mechanical and electrical anisotropy in Mimosa pudica pulvini

Thigmonastic or seismonastic movements in Mimosa pudica, such as the response to touch, appear to be regulated by electrical, hydrodynamical and chemical signal transduction. The pulvinus of Mimosa pudica shows elastic properties, and we found that electrically or mechanically induced movements of the petiole were accompanied by a change of the pulvinus shape. As the petiole falls, the volume of the lower part of the pulvinus decreases and the volume of the upper part increases due to the redistribution of water between the upper and lower parts of the pulvinus. This hydroelastic process is reversible. During the relaxation of the petiole, the volume of the lower part of the pulvinus increases and the volume of the upper part decreases. Redistribution of ions between the upper and lower parts of a pulvinus causes fast transport of water through aquaporins and causes a fast change in the volume of the motor cells. Here, the biologically closed electrochemical circuits in electrically and mechanically anisotropic pulvini of Mimosa pudica are analyzed using the charged capacitor method for electrostimulation at different voltages. Changing the polarity of electrodes leads to a strong rectification effect in a pulvinus and to different kinetics of a capacitor discharge if the applied initial voltage is 0.5 V or higher. The electrical properties of Mimosa pudica's pulvini were investigated and the equivalent electrical circuit within the pulvinus was proposed to explain the experimental data. The detailed mechanism of seismonastic movements in Mimosa pudica is discussed.
Preparation for the Fundamentals of Engineering Examination at Virginia Tech

The first step most engineers take toward professional engineering licensure is taking the Fundamentals of Engineering examination administered by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying. The examination is typically taken by students near completion of an undergraduate engineering degree. By following up with engineering experience and the Professional Engineering examination, engineers can be licensed in any of the 50 states of the U.S. Professional licensure is both an aid and an incentive to professionalism in engineers. Licensure provides a publicly recognized credential for engineering competence and professional ethics. The licensing process, together with state requirements for maintaining licensure, ensures that professional engineers have the depth and breadth of knowledge required for engineering practice. Knowledge of licensing requirements helps young engineers set their own standards for engineering competence. Virginia Tech has, for many years, assisted its senior engineering students in preparing for the Fundamentals of Engineering examination. The program began in the 1970’s as an unofficial series of review lectures offered by engineering faculty. Later, it became a two credit hour course administered by the Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics with modules taught by faculty from many engineering disciplines as well as mathematics and chemistry. The course was taught every spring, using a set of notes and problems prepared by the instructors and available to students at reproduction cost. Lectures were scheduled in the evening to reduce interference with other courses. In spring 2011, the course was taught for the first time as an asynchronous online course developed by the instructors working in conjunction with Virginia Tech’s Institute for Distance and Distributed Learning. Updated lecture notes and problems were available for download, and lectures, recorded for the online course, were available for viewing as audio/video slide presentations using streaming video format. Since different faculty had different prior experience with computer-aided and online teaching, the different course modules used various online teaching techniques. The course website has been organized so that student response to the online materials may be monitored. Historically, Virginia Tech has had both high levels of undergraduate participation in the Fundamentals of Engineering examination and a high pass rate. Statistics on course registration, exam participation, and pass rate over the past decade are presented and compared with statistics for the new online course. In spite of a few technical and other issues, the online course appears to be a success. It is anticipated that feedback from this initial online offering will result in even better student acceptance and utilization of the online content, as well as examination performance, in the future.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Overexpression of Pax6 in mouse cornea directly alters corneal epithelial cells: changes in immune function, vascularization, and differentiation

PURPOSE. To assess whether Pax6 functions directly in the cornea, a corneal-preferred promoter was used to overexpress Pax6 specifically in the cornea. METHODS. Transgenic mice harboring a construct containing mouse Pax6 coding sequences fused downstream of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 3a1 (Aldh3a1) promoter were generated (Pax6 Tg). Pax6 expression was analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Eye sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Schiff reagent, and fluorescein, to assess morphologic changes, the presence of goblet cells, and barrier integrity, respectively. Gene expression changes in mildly affected Pax6 Tg corneas were compared to age-matched, wildtype (WT) corneas by microarray analysis and quantitative PCR. Promoter regulation of several differentially expressed genes was examined by monitoring luciferase activity of reporter constructs after cotransfection with Pax6 in COS7 cells. RESULTS. Corneal overexpression of Pax6 produces an abnormal cornea with altered epithelial cell morphology, neovascularization, immune cell invasion, and a compromised barrier; the lens appeared normal. Major changes in expression of genes involved in immune function, vascularization, and epithelial differentiation occurred in corneas from Pax6 Tg versus WT mice. The keratin (K) profile was dramatically altered in the Pax6 Tg corneas, as were several components of the Wnt signaling pathway. In severely affected Pax6 Tg corneas, K12 was reduced, and Pax6 was redistributed into the cytoplasm. Promoters from the chitinase 3-like 3, Wnt inhibitory factor 1, and fms-related tyrosine kinase 1/soluble VEGF receptor genes were upregulated five-, seven-, and threefold, respectively, by Pax6 in transfected COS7 cells.
Extension of second moment analysis to vector-valued and matrix-valued functions

Abstract In this paper vector and matrix transformations of random variables are considered. Techniques from matrix calculus and Kronecker algebra are employed to systematically develop generalized formulae for second moment analysis. The results derived are easily amenable to computational procedures.
Histopathological Analysis of the Middle Turbinate after Ethmoidectomy

A goal in ethmoid sinus surgery is to ventilate the sinuses by complete removal of all diseased tissue in the ostiomeatal complex. Many surgeons routinely preserve the middle turbinate because they...
Exciton binding energy in a quantum-well wire.

A model calculation is performed of the ground-state energy of an exciton confined to a quantum-well-wire system as a function of the well's width and depth, using a variational approach. The variational wave functions used in the calculation are taken as the product of the appropriate confining Bessel functions and a hydrogenic (exponential) function. For an infinite confining potential well, the binding energy diverges as the well width decreases, while for a finite confining potential well, the binding energy reaches some peak value and then decreases to its value in the bulk material surrounding the wire. It is also shown that the optical absorption coefficient for a quantum-well wire diverges with decreasing wire size when using an infinite-confining-well model. However, for the finite-well model the coefficient reaches a peak value with decreasing wire size, and then drops to its bulk material value.
Structure and Functional Studies of the CS Domain of the Essential H/ACA Ribonucleoparticle Assembly Protein SHQ1

H/ACA ribonucleoprotein particles are essential for ribosomal RNA and telomerase RNA processing and metabolism. Shq1p has been identified as an essential eukaryotic H/ACA small nucleolar (sno) ribonucleoparticle (snoRNP) biogenesis and assembly factor. Shq1p is postulated to be involved in the early biogenesis steps of H/ACA snoRNP complexes, and Shq1p depletion leads to a specific decrease in H/ACA small nucleolar RNA levels and to defects in ribosomal RNA processing. Shq1p contains two predicted domains as follows: an N-terminal CS (named after CHORD-containing proteins and SGT1) or HSP20-like domain, and a C-terminal region of high sequence homology called the Shq1 domain. Here we report the crystal structure and functional studies of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Shq1p CS domain. The structure consists of a compact anti-parallel β-sandwich fold that is composed of two β-sheets containing four and three β-strands, respectively, and a short α-helix. Deletion studies showed that the CS domain is required for the essential functions of Shq1p. Point mutations in residues Phe-6, Gln-10, and Lys-80 destabilize Shq1p in vivo and induce a temperature-sensitive phenotype with depletion of H/ACA small nucleolar RNAs and defects in rRNA processing. Although CS domains are frequently found in co-chaperones of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone, no interaction was detected between the Shq1p CS domain and yeast Hsp90 in vitro. These results show that the CS domain is essential for Shq1p function in H/ACA snoRNP biogenesis in vivo, possibly in an Hsp90-independent manner.
Stage number optimization for switched capacitor power converters in micro-scale energy harvesting

Micro-scale energy harvesting has become an increasingly viable and promising option for powering ultra-low power systems. A power converter is a key component in micro-scale energy harvesting systems. Various design parameters of the power converter, most notably the number of stages in a multi-stage power converter, play a crucial role in determining the amount of electrical power that can be extracted from a micro-scale energy transducer such as a miniature solar cell. Existing stage number optimization techniques for switched capacitor power converters, when used for energy harvesting systems, result in a substantial degradation in the amount of harvested electrical power. To address this problem, this paper proposes a new stage number optimization technique for switched capacitor power converters that maximizes the net harvested power in micro-scale energy harvesting systems. The proposed technique is based on a new figure-of-merit that is well suited for energy-harvesting systems. We have validated the proposed technique through circuit simulations using IBM 65nm technology. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed stage number optimization technique results in an increase of 60%–290% in net harvested power, compared to existing stage number optimization techniques.
LINGUISTICS: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION

LINGUISTICS: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION. P. H. Matthews. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Pp. xiii + 134. $9.95 paper.This volume belongs to Oxford's series of Very Short Introductions to topics, events, texts, philosophies, individuals, and places. Unlike many contemporary linguistic texts written for introductory college courses, its chapters do not proceed from one area of structural analysis to another and then conclude with a few chapters on topics such as language acquisition and writing systems. Instead, this book focuses on some of the more philosophical questions associated with the field, which, no doubt, hold greater interest for the public at large. The exploration of structures is left to supporting examples and a chapter on sounds near the end of the book.
Application of CO2-expanded solvents in heterogeneous catalysis: a case study

Abstract CO 2 -expanded liquid (CXL) solvents are known to provide optimum reaction and environmental benefits for certain homogeneously catalyzed oxidations. In this work, CXL solvent media are applied to heterogeneously catalyzed oxidations. The oxidation of cyclohexene is investigated as a model reaction. Conversion/selectivity measurements were made in a stirred batch reactor on a MCM-41 encapsulated iron porphyrin chloride complex ( p =1–127 bar, T =25–50 °C, t =4–12 h), using either dioxygen or iodosylbenzene as oxidant. Neat acetonitrile and CO 2 -expanded acetonitrile are used as reaction media. The pressures required for reaction studies in CO 2 -based media were determined by expansion studies as well as cloud point measurements. For the oxidation with dioxygen, conversion and product yields in CO 2 -expanded acetonitrile (∼30% CO 2 ) almost doubled compared to the neat organic solvent. In contrast, CO 2 -replacement of the organic solvent had a negligible effect on conversion and selectivity values when using iodosylbenzene as oxidant. Our results indicate that CXLs significantly reduce the use of conventional organic solvents as reaction media and also enhance catalyst stability against leaching. These advantages suggest that CXLs are promising media for developing green heterogeneous catalytic processes.
Knowledge-Supported Design Thinking about Systems in Organizations: An Application of Work System Theory

This paper explains a type of knowledge-supported design thinking related to systems in organizations. It shows how work system theory (WST) provides the basis for the work system method (WSM), various versions of which have been used by many hundreds of MBA and Executive MBA students. Design thinking occurs throughout WSM and is especially prominent at the point where WST/WSM users apply their analysis and develop recommendations for improving an existing work system or creating a new work system. Knowledge support for that design thinking has been provided through the knowledge built into WSM, and can be provided in a more complete form through extensions of WST/WSM that include a series of design spaces based on knowledge about work systems and also a work system metamodel that expands on ideas in the core of WST. In contrast to systems analysis and design methods for IT professionals, this approach to design thinking for systems in organizations is equally applicable regardless of whether IT plays an important role.