cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamically reconfigurable liquid-core liquid-cladding lens in a microfluidic channel

This paper describes the design and operation of a liquid-core liquid-cladding (L2) lens formed by the laminar flow of three streams of liquids in a microchannel whose width expands laterally in the region where the lens forms. Two streams of liquid with a lower refractive index (the cladding) sandwich a stream of liquid with a higher refractive index (the core). As the core stream enters the expansion chamber, it widens and becomes biconvex in shape, for some rates of flow. This biconvex fluidic element focuses light. Manipulating the relative rates of flow of the streams reconfigures the shape, and therefore the focal distance, of the L2 lens. This paper also describes a technique for beam tracing, and for characterization of a lens in an enclosed micro-scale optical system. The use of a cladding liquid with refractive index matched to that of the material used in the fabrication of the microfluidic system (here, poly(dimethylsiloxane)) improves the quality of the focused beam.
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE: CHARITY AND RIGHTS

There are many problems associated with access to health care in the United States. Some of these problems are conceptual and definitional. The empirical literature on access, for example, lacks agreement even regarding the nature of the problem. It is not settled whether inequity of access is to be measured by utilization rates, by “process” variables such as travel or waiting time, or by market considerations [1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 13, 15, 18]. Paul Starr has shown that the problem of inequity of access has large-scale historical and sociological features which imply that historically there are several different problems of access to health care.1 Despite these problems, discussion of health care access in recent years, especially in political contexts, has tended to be expressed in terms of the language of rights.
ULCC: a user-level facility for optimizing shared cache performance on multicores

Scientific applications face serious performance challenges on multicore processors, one of which is caused by access contention in last level shared caches from multiple running threads. The contention increases the number of long latency memory accesses, and consequently increases application execution times. Optimizing shared cache performance is critical to reduce significantly execution times of multi-threaded programs on multicores. However, there are two unique problems to be solved before implementing cache optimization techniques on multicores at the user level. First, available cache space for each running thread in a last level cache is difficult to predict due to access contention in the shared space, which makes cache conscious algorithms for single cores ineffective on multicores. Second, at the user level, programmers are not able to allocate cache space at will to running threads in the shared cache, thus data sets with strong locality may not be allocated with sufficient cache space, and cache pollution can easily happen. To address these two critical issues, we have designed ULCC (User Level Cache Control), a software runtime library that enables programmers to explicitly manage and optimize last level cache usage by allocating proper cache space for different data sets of different threads. We have implemented ULCC at the user level based on a page-coloring technique for last level cache usage management. By means of multiple case studies on an Intel multicore processor, we show that with ULCC, scientific applications can achieve significant performance improvements by fully exploiting the benefit of cache optimization algorithms and by partitioning the cache space accordingly to protect frequently reused data sets and to avoid cache pollution. Our experiments with various applications show that ULCC can significantly improve application performance by nearly 40%.
The amyloid precursor protein: beyond amyloid.

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) takes a central position in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis: APP processing generates the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, which are deposited as the amyloid plaques in brains of AD individuals; Point mutations and duplications of APP are causal for a subset of early onset of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Not surprisingly, the production and pathogenic effect of Aβ has been the central focus in AD field. Nevertheless, the biological properties of APP have also been the subject of intense investigation since its identification nearly 20 years ago as it demonstrates a number of interesting putative physiological roles. Several attractive models of APP function have been put forward recently based on in vitro biochemical studies. Genetic analyses of gain- and loss-of-function mutants in Drosophila and mouse have also revealed important insights into its biological activities in vivo. This article will review the current understanding of APP physiological functions.
Abnormal uterine bleeding, a new terminology is needed.

The current terminology describing abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is not universally agreed upon. A new AUB terminology must be uniform, unambiguous, and symptom focused. A prototype letters and numbers formula covering the entire spectrum of AUB is proposed that may contain sequences such as B1D2F1A2P1 (i.e., moderate—1 bleeding, lasting for 2 days—duration, with frequent monthly—1 presentation, causing significant—anemia and mild—1 pains). Universal acceptance of a similar standard and reproducible terminology will add semiquantitative information, enable accurate reporting, and facilitate clinical research.
Development of imaging techniques to study the pathogenesis of biosafety level 2/3 infectious agents.

Despite significant advances in microbiology and molecular biology over the last decades, several infectious diseases remain global concerns, resulting in the death of millions of people worldwide each year. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in 2012, there were 34 million people infected with HIV, 8.7 million new cases of tuberculosis, 500 million cases of hepatitis, and 50–100 million people infected with dengue. Several of these pathogens, despite high incidence, do not have reliable clinical detection methods. New or improved protocols have been generated to enhance detection and quantitation of several pathogens using high-end microscopy (light, confocal, and STORM microscopy) and imaging software. In the current manuscript, we discuss these approaches and the theories behind these methodologies. Thus, advances in imaging techniques will open new possibilities to discover therapeutic interventions to reduce or eliminate the devastating consequences of infectious diseases.
Recognizing Retro-Reflectors with an Obliquely-Oriented Multi-Point Sonar and Acoustic Flow:

This paper applies acoustic principles and a novel scanning method motivated by acoustic flow to recognize retro-reflectors directly from sonar echoes while performing drive-by scanning. Right-angle corners and cylinders form specular retro-reflectors that produce strong echoes whose features can be easily identified. A multi-point sonar produces a point process whose density encodes the echo amplitude and allows strong echoes to be isolated. In drive-by scanning an obliquely-oriented sonar beam passes over a retro-reflector which then exhibits a sequence of strong echoes having a pattern predicted by a forward model. Drive-by scans of a simple retro-reflector, a complex hallway environment and distant objects illustrate the method. An algorithm recognizes and localizes the retro-reflector by performing a two-dimensional search to find coordinates producing range readings matching the data in a weighted-least-squared error sense. A conventional Polaroid 6500 ranging module produced 5,000 sonar points in a...
Acute and second-meal effects of almond form in impaired glucose tolerant adults: a randomized crossover trial

Background: Nut consumption may reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The aim of the current study was to measure the acute and second-meal effects of morning almond consumption and determine the contribution of different nut fractions. Methods: Fourteen impaired glucose tolerant (IGT) adults participated in a randomized, 5-arm, crossover design study where whole almonds (WA), almond butter (AB), defatted almond flour (AF), almond oil (AO) or no almonds (vehicle - V) were incorporated into a 75 g available carbohydrate-matched breakfast meal. Postprandial concentrations of blood glucose, insulin, non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and appetitive sensations were assessed after treatment breakfasts and a standard lunch. Results: WA significantly attenuated second-meal and daylong blood glucose incremental area under the curve (AUCI) and provided the greatest daylong feeling of fullness. AB and AO decreased blood glucose AUCI in the morning period and daylong blood glucose AUCI was attenuated with AO. WA and AO elicited a greater secondmeal insulin response, particularly in the early postprandial phase, and concurrently suppressed the second-meal NEFA response. GLP-1 concentrations did not vary significantly between treatments. Conclusions: Inclusion of almonds in the breakfast meal decreased blood glucose concentrations and increased satiety both acutely and after a second-meal in adults with IGT. The lipid component of almonds is likely responsible for the immediate post-ingestive response, although it cannot explain the differential second-meal response to AB versus WA and AO.
Serial Sonography of Posthemorrhagic Ventricular Dilatation and Porencephaly after Intracranial Hemorrhage in the Preterm Neonate

Changes in ventricular size and brain parenchyma were documented in 40 preterm neonates with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), who were serially examined for 3 weeks or more. Sonography disclosed a close relation between the severity of the intracranial hemorrhage and the development of progressive ventricular dilatation. Eighty percent of preterm neonates with minor degrees of intracranial hemorrhage (localized subependymal hemorrhage or subependymal hemorrhage with small intraventricular hemorrhage [subependymal/intraventricular hemorrhage]) did not develop significant ventricular dilatation, whereas all of the neonates with intraventricular and/or intraparenchymal hemorrhage developed moderate or severe ventricular dilatation. Spontaneous resolution of moderate and/or severe ventricular dilatation occurred by the end of the third week in about one-third of neonates with intracranial hemorrhage. Progressive ventricular dilatation was documented in 10 of 15 neonates with major intraventricular and/or intraparenchymal hemorrhage. The therapeutic implications of the findings are discussed.
The Highest Attainable Standard: Advancing a Collective Human Right to Public Health

This Article advances a society-based collective right to public health that complements the individual human right to health. Viewing public health as a necessary precondition for fulfilling health rights in the modern age of globalization, a global public health framework may be realized through which states can join together under international human rights law to oppose global threats to the public’s, and each individual’s, health. Beginning with an acknowledgement of globalization’s challenges to disease prevention and health promotion, this Article attempts to frame the difficulties in addressing public health. After defining the scope of the individual human right to health, the authors argue that globalization has created new underlying determinants of health unaccounted for by this limited right. The authors find that inherent in an evolving human right to health is a collective right to public health, a right both recognized in jurisprudential discourse surrounding the right to health and justified as a collective right independent of, yet complementary to, the individual right to health. This Article concludes that a new framework is essential for health rights, one which explicitly acknowledges the public health interventions necessary to fulfill individual health needs. By laying out rights-based solutions to global health dilemmas, the authors advocate the use of international law in confronting disease, thereby allowing states to come together to solve collective harms under the mantle of a human right to public health.
Thermodynamic Destabilization of Magnesium Hydride Using Mg-Based Solid Solution Alloys

Thermodynamic destabilization of magnesium hydride is a difficult task that has challenged researchers of metal hydrides for decades. In this work, solid solution alloys of magnesium were exploited as a way to destabilize magnesium hydride thermodynamically. Various elements were alloyed with magnesium to form solid solutions, including: indium (In), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), and zinc (Zn). Thermodynamic properties of the reactions between the magnesium solid solution alloys and hydrogen were investigated. Equilibrium pressures were determined by pressure–composition–isothermal (PCI) measurements, showing that all the solid solution alloys that were investigated in this work have higher equilibrium hydrogen pressures than that of pure magnesium. Compared to magnesium hydride, the enthalpy (ΔH) of decomposition to form hydrogen and the magnesium alloy can be reduced from 78.60 kJ/(mol H2) to 69.04 kJ/(mol H2), and the temperature of 1 bar hydrogen pressure can be reduced to 262.33 °C, from 282.78 °C, fo...
Effect of para-aminobenzoic acid on fever and joint pains of acute rheumatic fever.

ConclusionsPara-aminobenzoic acid, in the small series of 9 cases of acute rheumatic fever presented, appeared to have a definite effect on the fever and joint pains.
Temperature Dependent Solvation and Partitioning of Coumarin 152 in Phospholipid Membranes.

Time resolved fluorescence emission was used to quantify coumarin 152 (C152) partitioning into a model lipid vesicle membrane. For these studies, the lipid vesicles were composed of the symmetric, saturated phosphocholine, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14:0 DMPC). C152 fluorescence lifetimes were measured as a function of sample temperature, and changes in the relative contributions of these lifetimes (corrected for quantum yield) to the overall emission decay data were attributed to changes in the distribution of C152 solutes between the aqueous buffer, the polar vesicle headgroup region, and the hydrophobic interior of the vesicle bilayer. When the bilayer was in its more rigid, gel state, C152 remained predominantly in the aqueous buffer. Upon melting to its liquid crystalline state, each bilayer showed evidence of accommodating more C152 into a polar region associated with the lipid headgroups. At no temperature did C152 show strong affinity for the bilayer’s hydrophobic interior. Above...
Resonance-mediated atomic ionization dynamics induced by ultraintense x-ray pulses

We describe the methodology of our recently developed Monte Carlo rate equation (MCRE) approach, which systematically incorporates bound-bound resonances to model multiphoton ionization dynamics induced by high-fluence, high-intensity x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses. These resonances are responsible for ionization far beyond that predicted by the sequential single photon absorption model and are central to a quantitative understanding of atomic ionization dynamics in XFEL pulses. We also present calculated multiphoton ionization dynamics for Kr and Xe atoms in XFEL pulses for a variety of conditions, to compare the effects of bandwidth, pulse duration, pulse fluence, and photon energy. This comprehensive computational investigation reveals areas in the photon energy--pulse fluence landscape where resonances are critically important. We also uncover a mechanism, preservation of inner-shell vacancies (PIVS), whereby radiation damage is enhanced at higher XFEL intensities and identify the sequence of core-outer--Rydberg, core-valence, and core-core resonances encountered during multiphoton x-ray ionization.
Behind a veil of secrecy: animal abuse, factory farms, and Ag-Gag legislation

AbstractFor years, animal rights organizations have sought to expose animal cruelty on America’s factory farms. With the meat and dairy industry inaccessible to the public, animal advocates rely on undercover investigators who gain access to farms by becoming employees. Working from the inside, these investigators become whistleblowers when they reveal animal cruelty unrelated to the already inhumane conditions of animal husbandry. An effective strategy that has exposed animal abuse as well as conditions threatening to public health, in recent years the agriculture industry has pressured legislatures to enact laws that criminalize photography at factory farms. Dubbed ‘Ag-Gag’ laws by critics, the emergence of legislation targeting animal rights advocates raises important questions relevant to animal welfare, animal rights activism, and freedom of speech. This paper exposes the failure of government institutions to protect animals on factory farms while simultaneously silencing what is currently the only a...
Commentary: Liver Resection for Bile Duct Injury

While the overall incidence is low, injury of the bile duct remains the most feared complication of what otherwise is a routine general surgery procedure. The overwhelming majority of patients can be managed without a major hepatectomy. Liver resection, however, may be appropriate for the small subset of patients who have a major disruption at the hepatic confluence or those patients who develop specific complications of bile duct injury such as lobar atrophy, necrosis, or bile duct strictures. These challenging patients with bile duct injuries should be referred to high-volume hepatobiliary centers for management in order to ensure the best chance at optimal outcomes.
Sexually Antagonistic Male Signals Manipulate Germline and Soma of C. elegans Hermaphrodites.

Summary Males and females pursue different reproductive strategies, which often bring them into conflict—many traits exist that benefit one sex at a cost to another [1]. Decreased female survival following mating dramatically demonstrates one aspect of this phenomenon [2–5]. Particularly intriguing is the evidence that secreted compounds can shorten lifespan of members of the opposite sex in Drosophila [6] and Caenorhabditid nematodes [7] even without copulation taking place. The purpose of such signals is not clear, however. While it is possible that they could limit subsequent mating with competitors or hasten post-reproductive demise, thus decreasing competition for resources, they are also likely to harm unmated individuals. Why would a system exist that reduces the vigor of potential mates prior to mating? Addressing this question could provide insights into mechanisms and evolution of sexual conflict and reveal sensory inputs that regulate aging. Here, we describe two distinct ways in which Caenorhabditis elegans males cause faster somatic aging of hermaphrodites but also manipulate different aspects of their reproductive physiology. The first, mediated by conserved ascaroside pheromones, delays the loss of germline progenitor cells. The second accelerates development, resulting in faster sexual maturation. These signals promote male reproductive strategy and the effects harmful to hermaphrodites appear to be collateral damage rather than the goal.
Increased Expression of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Receptor CD74 Is Associated with Inferior Outcome in Younger Patients (Pts) with Cytogenetically Normal Acute Myeloid Leukemia (CN-AML): a Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) Study.

Abstract Abstract 1616 Poster Board I-642 CD74 is a type II integral membrane protein receptor that binds its ligand MIF to induce phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2) and drive cellular proliferation via nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) activation. CD74 expression has been identified in human solid tumors, and its expression is associated with adverse prognosis in advanced pancreatic cancer. As CD74 is expressed and NF-kB constitutively activated in myeloblasts, we hypothesized that CD74 expression might also be associated with adverse outcome in AML. To investigate the prognostic impact of CD74 expression in the context of other predictive molecular markers in CN-AML, we assessed CD74 expression levels by Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus 2.0 microarray in 102 younger [ Figure 1 , Figure 2 ) are shown below. In conclusion, our study identifies elevated CD74 expression as associated with adverse prognosis in younger CN-AML pts. Since we previously reported that higher CD74 expression was favorably associated with achievement of CR in AML patients receiving chemotherapy plus bortezomib, an inhibitor of the proteasome and NF-kB (Attar et al., Clin Cancer Res, 2008;14:1446-54), it is possible that in future studies elevated CD74 levels can be used not only for prognostication, but also to stratify CN-AML pts to study of bortezomib-containing chemotherapy regimens. Download : Download high-res image (79KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1 . Disease free survival Download : Download high-res image (79KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 2 . Overall survival Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Disclosing industry ties in articles is not enough

Ghostwriting, as discussed by Matheson,1 isn’t the problem. It used to be, until industry realised that all it had to do was disclose the involvement of …
BOYS, EARLY RISK FACTORS FOR ALCOHOL PROBLEMS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF: AN INTERCONNECTED MATRIX

Alcohol-use disorders are a major public health issue worldwide. Although drinking and problematic alcohol use usually begins during adolescence, developmental origins of the disorder can be traced back to infancy and early childhood. Identification of early risk factors is essential to understanding developmental origins. Using data from the Michigan Longitudinal Study, an ongoing, prospective, high-risk family study, this article summarizes findings of family context and functioning of both children and parents. We draw attention to the development of the self, an understudied aspect of very young children being reared in alcoholic families that exacerbates exposure to high childhood adverse experiences. We also provide evidence demonstrating that young boys are embedded in a dynamic system of genes, epigenetic processes, brain organization, family dynamics, peers, community, and culture that strengthens risky developmental pathways if nothing is done to intervene during infancy and early childhood.
Modifying the Certified Public Accountant Application Process for Academic Misconduct

This article addresses the trend in academic misconduct in college courses and likelihood of its negative impacts on the CPA profession by future CPA Applicants. The article raises the question If a CPA Applicant committed academic misconduct in college coursework, is that Applicant as a CPA more likely to commit a violation of the CPA code of conduct? The article discusses the need of each jurisdiction to incorporate questions regarding academic misconduct in college courses into their respective jurisdiction’s CPA application process, how to verify the Applicant response without overburdening an already overburden CPA licensing board, and how to address questionable behavior prior to the Applicant being admitted as a CPA.
Turbulent Mixing in Systems with Simple Reactions

The additional complexities that chemically reacting species bring to turbulently mixed scalar fields may be of several kinds. If the reaction is strongly exothermic, the thermal field which is generated may distort the turbulence and modify the mixing process by introducing compressibility effects and buoyancy forces. This general problem has not been thoroughly investigated and in this paper we will not consider it further except to refer to a thesis1 which summarizes the literature, formulates the dynamical interactions and deduces some results in the final period of decay. We also neglect any significant role the reaction plays in altering the local mass density or the molecular transport coefficients of the flow. Here we will treat only dynamically passive reactive species.
Assessing the feasibility, acceptability, and potential effectiveness of a behavioral-automaticity focused lifestyle intervention for African Americans with metabolic syndrome: The Pick two to Stick to protocol.

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) significantly increases the risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Being physically active and eating a healthy diet can reduce MetS risk factors. Too frequently, however, studies report that the effects of interventions targeting those factors are not maintained once interventions are withdrawn. A potential solution to the problem is targeting behavioral automaticity (habit-development) to aid in initiation and maintenance of health-behavior changes. The Pick two to Stick To (P2S2), is an 8-week, theory-based hybrid (face-to-face/telecoaching) habit focused lifestyle intervention designed to increase healthful physical activity and dietary behavioral automaticity. The purpose of this article is to describe the rationale and protocol for evaluating the P2S2 program's feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness. Methods Using a prospective, non-comparative design, the P2S2 program will be implemented by trained occupational therapy ‘coaches’ to 40 African Americans aged 40 and above with MetS recruited from the emergency department. Semi-structured interviews with participants, bi-weekly research meetings with study staff, and observations of intervention delivery will provide data for a process evaluation. Estimates of effectiveness include weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, BMI, and behavioral automaticity measures that will be collected at baseline and week 20. Conclusion The P2S2 program could facilitate the development of healthful dietary and physical activity habits in an underserved population. Whether interventions aimed at changing habits can feasibly influence this automaticity, particularly for high-risk, low resource communities where other barriers exist, is not known. This pilot study, therefore, will fill an important gap, providing insight to inform subsequent trials.
The Supreme Court 2010 Term - Foreword: Neutral Principles, Motivated Cognition, and Some Problems for Constitutional Law

Why is the 'neutrality' of Supreme Court decisionmaking a matter of persistent political disagreement? What should be done to mitigate such conflict? Once the predominant focus of constitutional law scholarship, efforts to answer these questions are now widely viewed as evincing misunderstandings of what can be coherently demanded of theory and realistically expected of judges. This paper attributes the Court’s 'neutrality crisis' to a very different form of misunderstanding. The study of motivated reasoning (in particular cultural cognition) shows that individuals are predisposed to fit their perceptions of policy-relevant facts to their group commitments. In the course of public deliberations, these facts become suffused with antagonistic meanings that transform utilitarian policymaking into occasions for symbolic status competition. These same dynamics, the paper argues, make constitutional decisionmaking the focus of status competition among groups whose members are unconsciously motivated to fit perceptions of the Court’s decisions to their values. Theories of constitutional neutrality do not address the distinctive cognitive groundings of this form of illiberal conflict; indeed, they make it worse by promoting idioms of justification, in Court opinions and public discourse generally, that reinforce the predisposition of diverse groups to attribute culturally partisan aims to those who disagree with them. The divisive effects of motivated reasoning on policy deliberations can be offset by science communication techniques that avoid selectively threatening any group’s cultural worldview. Similarly, public confidence in the Supreme Court’s neutrality can be restored by the Court’s communication of meanings that uniformly affirm the values of culturally diverse citizens.
There is No Home Like Place

I am a young boy. I love going to visit my grandparents. I often find myself sitting in my grandpa’s forest green leather chair with its wooden claw armrests. Sitting in this chair, I close my eyes as I envision my grandpa doing the same. I sit in the chair naked with the fan blowing on me just as my grandfather did. There is no air conditioning, and the summer heat is unbearable. The fan cools me down.
Community Mapping as a Tool for Developing Culturally Relevant Pedagogy

Despite more than two decades of research supporting the use of culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP) to increase academic outcomes for culturally and linguistically diverse students, teacher educatio...
Lifetime physical inactivity is associated with increased risk for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A case-control study.

Abstract Background Although physical activity is a well-established risk factor for several cancer types, studies evaluating its association with lymphoma have yielded inconclusive results. In such cases where physical activity is not clearly associated with cancer risk in a dose-dependent manner, investigators have begun examining physical inactivity as an independent exposure of interest. Methods Associations of self-reported, lifetime physical inactivity with risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were evaluated in a hospital-based case control study using data from the Patient Epidemiology Data System at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center. Participants included 87 patients with HL and 236 patients with NHL as well as 348 and 952 cancer-free controls, respectively. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were fit to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) estimating the association between physical inactivity and lymphoma risk. Results We observed significant, positive associations between lifetime recreational physical inactivity and risk of both HL (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.15–3.15) and NHL (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.01–1.82). Conclusions The current analysis provides evidence for a positive association between physical inactivity and risk of both HL and NHL. These results add to a growing body of research suggesting that lifetime physical inactivity may be an important independent, modifiable behavioral risk factor for cancer.
Clinical and immunologic variables associated with outcomes following combination ipilimumab and nivolumab immunotherapy in melanoma.

55Background: Prior studies have shown routine laboratory parameters such as lymphocytes (lymphs) and eosinophils (eos) are associated with outcome in patients (pts) treated with ipilimumab (ipi) o...
Detecting when timeseries differ: Using the Bootstrapped Differences of Timeseries (BDOTS) to analyze Visual World Paradigm data (and more)

In the last decades, major advances in the language sciences have been built on real-time measures of language and cognitive processing, measures like mouse-tracking, event related potentials and eye-tracking in the visual world paradigm. These measures yield densely sampled timeseries that can be highly revealing of the dynamics of cognitive processing. However, despite these methodological advances, existing statistical approaches for timeseries analyses have often lagged behind. Here, we present a new statistical approach, the Bootstrapped Differences of Timeseries (BDOTS), that can estimate the precise timewindow at which two timeseries differ. BDOTS makes minimal assumptions about the error distribution, uses a custom family-wise error correction, and can flexibly be adapted to a variety of applications. This manuscript presents the theoretical basis of this approach, describes implementational issues (in the associated R package), and illustrates this technique with an analysis of an existing dataset. Pitfalls and hazards are also discussed, along with suggestions for reporting in the literature.
Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase of Nitrosomonas. Production of nitric oxide from hydroxylamine.

As shown previously, higly purified hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (hydroxylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.3.4) from Nitrosomonas catalyzes the aerobic oxidation of NH2OH to a mixture of NO2− and NO3− in the presence of phenazine methosulfate. The present work shows that N2O and NO are also products of the oxidation of NH2OH. A nitrite reductase, present in less purified samples of the hydroxylamine oxidoreductase is shown to catalyze the reduction of NO2− to a mixture of NO and N2O with leucopyocyanine as electron donor. The possible reduction, by purified hydroxylamine oxidoreductase, of NO2− or NO3− to form NO (with NH2OH-reduced enzyme or phenazine methosulfate as potential electron donors) was eliminated; 15NO was shown not to be produced in the presence of 15NO2− and 15NO3−. NO thus appears to be a product of NH2OH oxidation by purified hydroxylamine oxidoreductase and is thus a possible intermediate in the production of nitrite. Mn2+ in the concentration range 10−6–10−5 M progessively and completely inhibits the formation of nitrite and nitrate by purified hydroxylamine oxidoreductase while concomitantly stimulating the rate of dehydrogenation of hydroxylamine three-fold. The presence of Mn(II) results in decreased formation of NO and increased formation of N2O. The present results are consistent with a mechanism of NH2OH oxidation in which the oxidation of an intermediate compound of the oxidation state of (HNO) occurs by dehydrogenation rather than direct addition of O. The dehydrogenation step is inhibited in the presence of Mn(II).
Bioavailability of Carotenoids

Epidemiological evidence suggesting a negative correlation between carotenoid intake and cancer incidence drew considerable attention to these micronutrients as potential chemopreventive agents1,2,3. In addition, the beneficial effect of beta-carotene in treatment of photosensitive diseases stimulated its use in pharmacological doses for therapeutic purposes4,5. There is evidence from animal experiments that beta-carotene is capable of reducing cancer development6,7. Currently, a number of investigators are conducting prospective intervention studies using beta-carotene as a chemopreventive agent against a variety of human precancerous conditions in high-risk populations8.
Computer-Aided Selection of Chemicals for Biological Testing: Estimation of Biological Activity

The United States National Cancer Institute manages a program whose goal is the discovery and development of drugs to be used in the treatment of cancer. This Program, which began in 1955, has examined approximately 500,000 materials for anticancer activity and it continues to screen much smaller numbers of compounds per year. The large database that has been built as a result of this work was used between 1980 and 1985 as the basis of an experiment in which the potential biological activity of a chemical structure was estimated before the compound was acquired and tested. The accuracy of such estimates and the impact upon the overall program is described.
Intestinal and Colonic Motility

The chapter begins with a review of gastric emptying into the intestine and the intestine’s role in regulating gastric emptying. It then discusses the intrinsic innervation of the small intestine, consisting of the interstitial cells of Cajal, the myenteric plexus, and the submucosal plexus. How these components regulate local responses, including secretion and activity of longitudinal and circular muscle, is discussed. The extrinsic innervation through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is described. The pattern of motility including segmentation, peristalsis, migrating motor complex or migrating myoelectric complex, and reverse peristalsis is mentioned. Neuronal control of peristalsis is discussed. Motility of the large intestine is then discussed, beginning with its patterns. The various motility reflexes in the gut are then described, including receptive relaxation, gastric accommodation, enterogastric inhibitory reflex; gastrocolic reflex; ileal brake; gastroileal reflex; the various reflexes between ileum and transverse colon; and rectoanal inhibitory reflex. The chapter ends with a description of the neural control of vomiting.
Research in the exercise sciences: Where do we go from here?

The goal of this article is to provide a perspective on how research involving the acute and chronic effects of exercise (referred to as “exercise sciences”) on the structure and function of organs...
Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis with Mobility Disability

ABSTRACTIntroductionMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated, neurological disease that results in physiological deconditioning with increasing disability. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise has induced significant improvements in physiological conditioning in healthy and clinical
Cultural Background and Religious Beliefs

In this chapter, we review ways in which cultural background and religious beliefs impact parenting beliefs and practices. Our review focuses on the four major ethnic/racial groups in the US (Non-Hispanic White, Latino American, African American, Asian American) and the majority religion in the US, and its various denominations (Christianity). We discuss how parents’ ideas and ideals about optimal child development, often shaped by cultural self-construal or religious/theological beliefs, influence the ways they choose to raise or discipline their children. We review differences between Western and non-Western cultures in the domain of affect socialization, a relative emphasis on self-enhancement versus self-improvement, and the use of parental control strategies. We discuss different types of indigenous parenting as well as the role of ethnic socialization and acculturation. We then review the role of sanctification of parenting, Christian conservatism, Buddhism as well as religiosity in parenting. Finally, we identify strengths, limitations, and gaps in the literature, and highlight areas for future directions. In particular, we argue for the need to further understand the interplay of cultural and religious factors on parenting, especially in light of the changing demographics of American families. Implications for practice are also discussed.
Taking Turns: Stories from HIV/AIDS Care Unit 371. By M. K. Czerwiec

Eight pages into M. K. Czerwiec’s graphic novel Taking Turns: Stories from HIV/AIDS Care Unit 371, a patient casually asks the protagonist, who is also the author, “You know where I want to die?” C...
Quantification of Antibody-dependent Enhancement of the Zika Virus in Primary Human Cells.

The recent emergence of the flavivirus Zika and neurological complications, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome and microcephaly in infants, has brought serious public safety concerns. Among the risk factors, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) poses the most significant threat, as the recent re-emergence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily in areas where the population has been exposed and is in a state of pre-immunity to other closely related flaviviruses, especially dengue virus (DENV). Here, we describe a protocol for quantifying the effect of human serum antibodies against DENV on ZIKV infection in primary human cells or cell lines.
Prostatitis, Epididymitis, and Orchitis

Acute scrotal pain has a broad differential diagnosis, including infections of the testes and associated anatomical structures. Epididymitis is a common cause of acute scrotal pain typically caused by sexually transmitted bacterial pathogens. Clinical signs and symptoms that support the diagnosis include pain, swelling, and induration of the epididymis. There may be associated dysuria. When epididymitis is suspected, diagnostic testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia infection should be performed and empiric antibiotic treatment initiated while awaiting the results. Orchitis, or inflammation of one or both testicles, is uncommon in the absence of epididymitis and urethritis since the infections, when caused by bacterial pathogens, occur as pathogens migrate, in retrograde fashion, from the urethra to the scrotal structures. Orchitis can also develop secondary to an acute viral infection. In these circumstances, the testes (usually both) are infected during a period of viremia. The testicular inflammation occurs in the absence of epididymitis since the testes are infected via the hematogenous route rather than by retrograde migration of the pathogen through the genitourinary tract. Mumps virus remains the most common cause of acute viral orchitis, although several other viruses are also known to cause acute testicular pain and swelling. The clinical presentation of acute bacterial prostatitis includes dysuria, urinary frequency, and genital or lower back pain. Fever and chills are also common. When acute prostatitis and epididymitis are seen together, gonorrhea and chlamydia are the likely culprits. When the infection is localized to the prostate, other bacterial agents need to also be considered. Acute bacterial prostatitis is more common among males who have sex with males and as a complication of a recent urinary tract infection or urologic procedure.
The influence of multiple life stressors during Teacher Training on Burnout and Career Optimism in the first year of teaching

Abstract Relations among preservice teachers' (N = 133) life stress during teacher training (Time 1), burnout during the beginning of their first year teaching (Time 2), and career optimism at the end of the same year (Time 3) were examined. Path models revealed no direct effect of stress from daily hassles on participants’ later career optimism, but did reveal a direct negative effect of stress from lack of social support on career optimism. Indirect effects were also detected; both life stress predictors were related to increased emotional exhaustion, which was related to decreased career optimism at the end of the first year.
War in the Falklands: Case Studies in British Special Operations

This article explores the aspects of British special operations as conducted during the Falklands War in 1982 within the context of Spulak’s theory of special operations. Specifically, it provides ...
MoCo-CXR: MoCo Pretraining Improves Representation and Transferability of Chest X-ray Models

Contrastive learning is a form of self-supervision that can leverage unlabeled data to produce pretrained models. While contrastive learning has demonstrated promising results on natural image classification tasks, its application to medical imaging tasks like chest X-ray interpretation has been limited. In this work, we propose MoCo-CXR, which is an adaptation of the contrastive learning method Momentum Contrast (MoCo), to produce models with better representations and initializations for the detection of pathologies in chest X-rays. In detecting pleural effusion, we find that linear models trained on MoCo-CXR-pretrained representations outperform those without MoCo-CXR-pretrained representations, indicating that MoCo-CXR-pretrained representations are of higher-quality. End-to-end fine-tuning experiments reveal that a model initialized via MoCo-CXR-pretraining outperforms its non-MoCo-CXR-pretrained counterpart. We find that MoCo-CXR-pretraining provides the most benefit with limited labeled training data. Finally, we demonstrate similar results on a target Tuberculosis dataset unseen during pretraining, indicating that MoCo-CXR-pretraining endows models with representations and transferability that can be applied across chest X-ray datasets and tasks.
Pearls & Oy-sters: Anisocoria Greater in the Dark: It's Not Just All About Horner Pupil.

An initial step in the evaluation of anisocoria is assessing the pupillary light reflex. If a pupil is not responsive to light, then the near pupillary reflex needs to be evaluated. Unilateral light-near pupil dissociation occurs due to a lesion of the ciliary ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic pathway, retina, or optic nerve.
Student Teachers as Lead University Instructors

As Computer Science undergraduate programs continue to increase in response to the still-unmet student demand, one growing trend is to engage current students as instructors of record, allowing for increases in course offerings and/or enrollments and giving these students extraordinary experiences in teaching. More and more programs are attempting to create sustainable and beneficial positions for student instructors as a way to handle current teaching needs as well as develop the next wave of teaching-track faculty. This BOF will enable a discussion of the why and how programs choose to engage students as instructors, including challenges, best practices, lessons learned, and tips for starting such a program. The discussion leaders can offer perspectives from differing approaches including student population (undergraduate vs. graduate), teaching context (summer vs. non-summer term, solo vs. shared teaching models), and support structures (administrative, mentorship, training) and will have former student teachers from their institutions participate in the small group discussions to reflect upon their experiences.
Can Informational Interventions Be Effective Policy Tools? An Initial Assessment of the Social Security Statement

To inform workers about potential future Social Security benefits, the Social Security Administration employs an informational intervention: mailing Social Security Statements. In this article, the author uses linear probability models and agency administrative data to analyze a behavioral effect of Statement receipt; specifically, its effect on the age at which workers claim their retirement benefits. Results for individuals who received one Statement mailing by age 62 are compared with those for individuals who received multiple mailings, and with those who received none, during the 1975–2007 study period. Workers who received multiple Statements were found to be significantly more likely to claim retirement benefits at later ages than were other workers, and Statement receipt was positively associated with employment at ages 62–70. The author also compares the relative effects of an educational outreach (in the form of Statement mailings) and a direct policy change (involving the full retirement age) on claiming behavior and finds that the magnitudes of the two effects are similar.
The Concentrated Geography of Eviction

Preventing eviction is a tractable, efficient way to reduce homelessness. Doing so requires understanding the precise geography of eviction. Drawing on more than 660,000 eviction records across sev...
Simple shear origin of the cross-faults ruptured in the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence

Observations in tectonically active areas increasingly reveal sets of high-angle conjugate faults (‘cross-faults’) that apparently contradict theories of faulting based on experimental data. Possible explanations include a low in situ coefficient of friction, dominant control of ductile shear zones in the lower crust, and tectonic rotation. Discrimination between these mechanisms has been hindered by uncertainties in the state of stress, deformation history and fault geometry at seismogenic depths. Here we use a combination of seismic, geodetic and geologic data to demonstrate that ubiquitous cross-faults in the Ridgecrest (California) area, including those ruptured in the sequence of strong earthquakes in 2019, result from rotation from an initially optimal orientation consistent with experimental data. The inferred rotation pattern can be explained by the geodetically measured velocity field. Our model suggests that the observed asymmetric rotation of faults in the Eastern California Shear Zone can result from simple shear. The same mechanism can be responsible for high-angle conjugate faults observed in other tectonic settings. Asymmetric rotation of faults in the Eastern California Shear Zone may result from simple shear, according to an analysis of deformation in the area of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence in combination with regional geological data.