cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Inclusion of Conservatives in Science: Acknowledging Liberal and Conservative Social Cognition to Improve Public Science Attitudes

The chapter suggests that individual social cognitive processes have an impact on the interplay between political ideology, higher education, and science. In the roles of citizens, voters, politicians, students, professors, and scientists, these ideological differences can lead to distrust between groups. The utility of a conservative ideology for science in the United States is discussed. The historical influence of Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan on modern conservatism is described as well as more recent components of the conservative coalition and the political polarization of the United States. Individual psychological differences between liberals and conservatives are identified. The chapter describes the unbalanced proportions of political ideology within higher education and the sciences. Implications of these proportions are discussed for science.
Versatile Applications of the CRISPR/Cas Toolkit in Plant Pathology and Disease Management

New tools and advanced technologies have played key roles in facilitating basic research in plant pathology and practical approaches for disease management and crop health. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas...
Combined Antagonism of Vasopressin Receptor Subtypes with Conivaptan Attenuates Cerebral Edema Following Ischemic Stroke (P5.202)

Objective: To study the potential role of Conivaptan on cerebral edema, infarct volume, neurological deficit and survival Background: Although vasopressin has a significant detrimental role in stroke-related cerebral edema, the effect of mixed vasopressin antagonism in stroke has not been well studied. We studied the effects of conivaptan on the course of cerebral edema, severity of neurological deficit, infarct volume, aquaporin-4 (AQP4) protein levels and survival after experimental stroke. Design/Methods: Animals were randomized to receive either conivaptan or vehicle after reperfusion of experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion. The severity of neurological deficit, edema, and infarct volume assessments were performed by an investigator blinded to group assignment. All assessments were performed at either 12h or 24h and Western blot was subsequently used to investigate AQP4 levels. Results: At 12h, conivaptan-treated mice (n=16) had 6.64±6.50% ipsilateral hemispheric enlargement compared to 16.55±7.05% in control mice (n=16, p=0.0003). Similarly, at 24h, conivaptan-treated mice (n=12) had 6.81±4.63% ipsilateral hemispheric enlargement in comparison to 13.93±5.43% in control mice (n=12, p = 0.0023). At 24h, the conivaptan-treated mice had lower neurological deficits in comparison to control (p=0.04). There was no significant effect of conivaptan on infarct size or AQP4 levels in comparison to vehicle, naive and sham group. Conclusions: The present study highlights the role of mixed vasopressin receptor antagonism in reducing cerebral edema secondary to brain ischemia. The proposed mechanism of action of these ligands on brain edema needs further investigation. However, this data suggests the possibility of developing vasopressin antagonism as a new adjuvant in treatment of stroke-related brain edema. Disclosure: Dr. Ansari has nothing to disclose. Dr. Krishnan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bavarsad Shahripour has nothing to disclose. Dr. Moein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kerro has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pandhi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Waters has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hedna has nothing to disclose.
Money Protects White but Not African American Men against Discrimination: Comparison of African American and White Men in the Same Geographic Areas

To compare African American (AA) and non-Hispanic White men living in same residential areas for the associations between educational attainment and household income with perceived discrimination (PD). The National Survey of American Life (NSAL), a nationally representative study, included 1643 men who were either African American (n = 1271) or non-Hispanic White (n = 372). We compared the associations between the two race groups using linear regression. In the total sample, high household income was significantly associated with lower levels of PD. There were interactions between race and household income, suggesting that the association between household income and PD significantly differs for African American and non-Hispanic White men. For non-Hispanic White men, household income was inversely associated with PD. For African American men, however, household income was not related to PD. While higher income offers greater protection for non-Hispanic White men against PD, African American men perceive higher levels of discrimination compared to White males, regardless of income levels. Understanding the role this similar but unequal experience plays in the physical and mental health of African American men is worth exploring. Additionally, developing an enhanced understanding of the drivers for high-income African American men’s cognitive appraisal of discrimination may be useful in anticipating and addressing the health impacts of that discrimination. Equally important to discerning how social determinants work in high-income African American men’s physical and mental health may be investigating the impact of the mental health and wellbeing of deferment based on perceived discrimination of dreams and aspirations associated with achieving high levels of education and income attainment of Black men.
De novo ATP1A2 variants in two Chinese children with alternating hemiplegia of childhood upgraded the gene-disease relationship and variant classification: a case report.

ATP1A2 gene mutation has been indicated to cause alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC); however, limited evidence supports this relationship so far. We reported two Chinese patients with de novo ATP1A2 variants (c.970G>A and c.889G>A). Both patients presented with episodes of alternating hemiplegia, seizures and mild developmental delay. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed abnormal signals in both patients. The new genetic evidence we reported here strengthened the gene–disease relationship, and the gene curation level between ATP1A2 and AHC became “Moderate” following the ClinGen Standard Operation Procedure. Consequently, the two variants can be reclassified as likely pathogenic.
Impact of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Cosmetic Procedures on Consumers.

BACKGROUND Direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising is a prominent type of health care communication. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the impact of DTC advertisements on consumer opinion. METHODS A total of 203 participants were recruited from dermatology clinics at an urban academic center. Participants viewed 2 cosmetically oriented DTC advertisements, and prequestionnaires and postquestionnaires were administered to assess consumer opinion. RESULTS Postquestionnaire data highlight a 18.8% and 24.6% increase in participants reporting using commercials as an information source (p < .001) and seeking out additional medical knowledge (p < .001), respectively. After watching the advertisements, there was a 14.4% increase in participants who believed advertisements facilitate better discussions between patients and physicians (p < .001) and a 33% increase in patients reporting they would discuss the procedures with their doctors (p < .001). Of the participants, 60% believed the advertisements did not provide enough information about the possible risks of the product and 39.4% believed a physician was not required to perform cosmetic procedures. CONCLUSION Direct-to-consumer advertisements instill meaningful information to patients and promote patient-physician communication. They also seem to exaggerate the benefits while making the procedures seem simple and without risks, suggesting trained medical professionals are not needed for administration.
Self-regulatory processes in early childhood as predictors of Hispanic children's BMI z-scores during the elementary school years: Differences by acculturation and gender

Over the last decade, longitudinal research has shown that children's general, top-down self-regulation during early childhood is negatively associated with children's weight status in elementary school. The samples in these previous studies have been primarily White, and no study to date has examined this issue in a sample of Hispanic children from low-income families-a population at high risk for childhood obesity. The present study followed 130 Hispanic children over a time period of three to just under five years, examining the degree to which multiple measures of general, top-down self-regulation, along with a measure of appetite regulation (eating in the absence of hunger), predicted children's BMI z-scores in the early elementary school years. Results showed that children's ability to delay gratification in the preschool years was negatively associated with later BMI z-scores and that children's eating in the absence of hunger was positively associated. In separate models by gender, these relationships were significant only for girls. Moreover, analyses run separately for children of mothers low or high on acculturation showed that the relationship between delay of gratification and later BMI z-scores was significant only for children whose mothers were low on acculturation. Possible socialization and environmental factors contributing to these findings are considered.
Lateral Dispersal and Foraging Behavior of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Absence and Presence of Mobile and Non-Mobile Hosts.

Entomopathogenic nematodes have been classified into cruisers (active searchers) and ambushers (sit and wait foragers). However, little is known about their dispersal and foraging behavior at population level in soil. We studied lateral dispersal of the ambush foraging Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL strain) and cruise foraging Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (GPS11 strain) from infected host cadavers in microcosms (0.05 m2) containing Wooster silt-loam soil (Oxyaquic fragiudalf) and vegetation in the presence or absence of non-mobile and mobile hosts. Results showed that the presence of a non-mobile host (Galleria mellonella larva in a wire mesh cage) enhanced H. bacteriophora dispersal for up to 24 hr compared with no-host treatment, but had no impact on S. carpocapsae dispersal. In contrast, presence of a mobile host (G. mellonella larvae) increased dispersal of S. carpocapsae compared with no host treatment, but had no effect on H. bacteriophora dispersal. Also H. bacteriophora was better at infecting non-mobile than mobile hosts released into the microcosms and S. carpocapsae was better at infecting mobile than non-mobile hosts, thus affirming the established cruiser-ambusher theory. However, results also revealed that a large proportion of infective juveniles (IJs) of both species stayed near (≤ 3.8 cm) the source cadaver (88-96% S. carpocapsae; 67–79% H. bacteriophora), and the proportion of IJs reaching the farthest distance (11.4 cm) was significantly higher for S. carpocapsae (1.4%) than H. bacteriophora (0.4%) in the presence of mobile hosts. S. carpocapsae also had higher average population displacement than H. bacteriophora in the presence of both the non-mobile (5.07 vs. 3.6 cm/day) and mobile (8.06 vs. 5.3 cm/day) hosts. We conclude that the two species differ in their dispersal and foraging behavior at the population level and this behavior is affected by both the presence and absence of hosts and by their mobility.
Rules of Engagement: Law, Strategy and Leadership

This collection of scholarly works from both academia and uniformed service personnel provides PME institutions, the operating forces, and civilian academics a resource of thought-provoking material on the challenging ethical and legal considerations facing Marine leaders and encourage discussion of these issues in an open forum. The project stems directly from the Commandant of the Marine Corps' most recent planning guidance, directing the forces to focus on "better educat[ing] and train[ing] our Marines to succeed in distributed operations and increasingly complex environments." This article will examine and refocus the debate about ROE to analyze the critical intersection of law, strategy and leadership that Rules of engagement (“ROE”) represent in during armed conflict. ROE are a key leadership tool. At the same time, leadership plays a critical role in communicating the direct relationship between the overall mission, the law of armed conflict, and the tactical needs on the ground. The top brass and senior commanders see the value of the ROE in their every day operations and relationships with local military and government officials, but many officers and enlisted soldiers complain about what they view as unreasonable restrictions on their ability to use force. When strategic counterinsurgency goals of minimizing civilian casualties are mistaken for legal rules that do not allow for civilian deaths in wartime, the differences between law and policy, between legal parameters governing the use of force and the targeting of persons and tactical considerations driven by strategic policy are being differentiated appropriately.
Fusion based spectrum decision framework for cognitive radio users

Cognitive radio technology is the outcome of dynamic spectrum access which allows the unlicensed users to occupy the vacant spectrum of licensed users for their communication. Spectrum decision is a fundamental requirement in the successful implementation of cognitive radios which enables the unlicensed users to occupy the best channel out of available channel slots. This paper presents a novel spectrum decision scheme which remains an unexplored area in cognitive radio research. The proposed decision making scheme is based on the fusion of three key channel parameters i.e. channel idle time, channel occupancy status and channel performance, thereby facilitating the secondary user to occupy the targeted channel without impairing the licensed user's communication while maintaining its own QoS requirements. Decision structural function is used as an evaluation measure to check the robustness of the proposed scheme. We have also evaluated our method using receiver operating characteristic curve which signifies that our proposed method yields promising results.
Hypercube algorithms for turbulence simulation

A spectral method for the simulation of two- and three-dimensional, unsteady, viscous, incompressible fluid flow is developed for a distributed-memory, MIMD hypercube. Periodic domains are decomposed in one direction, and an FFT algorithm is derived for distributed vectors. An analytic formula for the parallel performance of the spectral method is presented. The method is implemented on a 128-processor NCUBE computer, and the experimental performance is reported.
Hildegart in the 1930s: Her Politics and Her Image

This paper examines the written and visual presence of the political activist ‘Hildegart’ in the Spanish press from 1929 to 1933. In particular, it analyses her intellectual contributions and the construction of her image within the context of the contradictions in the women’s movement in Spain in the frst third of the twentieth century.
In Praise of Not Knowing the Names of Birds

I cannot name the one with the scimitar beak and the mohawk who spends all day drilling holes in tree trunks. I cannot name the enormous one with the white stocking cap on his head, hounded by glory and flags, poor devil. I cannot name the thumblet with wings that whirr like the new kind of dentist’s drill — “Rupert” or “Rufus” come to mind when I watch her at the scarlet feeder but I cannot be sure: the flash of her arrival too swift for color, is what matters in the long run. I cannot name the one who hoots the one who dives from treetops the one who stands on chopstick legs waiting for sushi. I cannot even name the caged one who calls himself “pretty” and mocks the world with his nasal chant nor the big white one on the beach who stabs the rotten flesh of his dead brother. Then there are those with the red vests or speckled chests: I cannot name them either (or perhaps I simply will not). Unnamed, brownish ones doze on telephone poles hunched and grumpy as old men while the black-jacketed strut in the road rolling like sailors and holding up traffic. I cannot name the tiny chirper who follows me along the creek moving so fast that I see nothing of bird, nothing of shape or weight or color or sex, nothing to look up in a book if I had a book or wanted a book. I cannot even hazard a guess: She might be the spirit of my dead horse. She might be nobody.
Recovered Professionals Exploring Eating Disorder Recovery: A Qualitative Investigation of Meaning

While an emerging subset of literature has revealed that therapists with eating disorder histories often seek out positions in the field of eating disorders, there has been minimal investigation regarding what these clinicians have learned as a result of their eating disorder struggle. In this study we examine how recovery is viewed among professionals in the clinical treatment field of eating disorders with a personal history of an eating disorder. We used a phenomenological design and conducted interviews with 13 women participants representing all geographical areas of the United States. Qualitative analysis of interviews resulted in six themes regarding the essential characteristics of the recovery process (it is nonlinear, it is comprehensive, it involves changing attitudes toward the self, it requires de-identification with the illness, developing a sense of purpose, and acquiring meaningful relationships). These themes broaden the conceptualization of recovery beyond the minimal criteria of abstinence from behavioral symptomatology, weight restoration, and cessation of obsessional thinking, and suggest that long-term recovery requires more comprehensive changes, involving identity, meaning, and purpose in life.
Marking theory and kinship analysis Cross-cultural and historical applications

The concept of marking was discovered in phonology by Trubetzkoy and generalized to morphology and grammar by Jakobson. In a fundamental application to anthropology, Greenberg integrated a generali...
Study of High-Lift Configurations Using k-? Transition/Turbulence Model

The flow over the multi-element McDonnell Douglas configuration is computed using the κ-ζ transition/turbulence model. The model is capable of calculating transition onset as part of the solution at a cost comparable to Navier-Stokes solvers that employ two-equation models. The model is first incorporated into CFL3D and then used to calculate flows for two angles of attack, 8 and 19 deg, at a freestream Mach number of 0.2 and a Reynolds number of 9 x 10 6 . In general, good agreement is indicated for predicting transition onset and velocity profiles over sections of the main airfoil and flap. Most of the differences between computation and experiment are in the prediction of the extent and penetration of the slat wake at the 19-deg angle-of-attack case. Even for this case relative differences were less than 5%
Analysis of organics in highly radioactive nuclear wastes

Analytical methods are being developed at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) for the organic analysis of nuclear wastes. In this study our laboratory analyzed the organic content of two highly radioactive wastes, a neutralized cladding removal waste (NCRW) and a volume reduction, double-shell slurry (DSS) waste. In-house methods were developed and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods were modified for isolating and analyzing volatile, semivolatile and hydrophilic organics in the hot cell and radiation hood. The procedures worked well, particularly for the NCRW, in which 94.9% of the waste's total organic carbon (TOC) has been characterized. In contrast, only 1.2% of the DSS waste's TOC has been identified to date. Quite a variety of volatile, semivolatile and hydrophilic organics, e.g., chelating agents, were identified in the wastes, occasionally at relatively high mM, or mg/g, concentrations. Most of the compounds are either source-term organics associated with nuclear operations or their degradation products, indicating that organic diagenesis in nuclear wastes can be quite vigorous and extensive.
The relationship between self‐esteem and aggressive communication predispositions

Self‐esteem is a pervasive component of the self‐concept. This study explored the relationship between self‐esteem and the aggressive communication predispositions of argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness and two dimensions of self‐esteem: personal power and competence. Personal power emerged as the strongest predictor of argumentativeness. Significant negative relationships were observed between verbal aggressiveness and three dimensions of self‐esteem: defensive self‐enhancement, moral self‐approval and lovability. Defensive self‐enhancement emerged as the strongest predictor of verbal aggression. Implications of these findings to training in argument are discussed.
An unusual effect of N-octylamine on the cytochrome b5 spectrum of insect and mammalian microsomes

Abstract The addition of n -octylamine to microsomes prepared from the midgut of tobacco hornworm ( Manduca sexta ) larvae causes an unusual spectral interaction. The initial optical difference spectrum appears to be the sum of reduced cytochrome b 5 and a type II difference spectrum of cytochrome P-450. This initial spectrum is unstable and diminishes in size, with a concurrent shift in peak (424 to 428 nm) and trough (409 and 392 to approx. 400 nm) positions, to yield a stable spectrum identical to the type II spectrum of cytochrome P-450. Thus, in addition to its interaction with cytochrome P-450, n -octylamine causes a reduction of cytochrome b 5 which subsequently becomes reoxidized. The casual factor for this unusual spectral interaction occurs in the cytoplasm and appears to be protein-bound. It was also present in similar preparations from the tobacco budworm ( Heliothis virescens ) but not in those from rat or mouse liver or abdomens from insecticide-resistant or susceptible houseflies ( Musca domestica ). Microsomes from rat and mouse liver, but not those from housefly abdomens, exhibit similar unusual spectral interactions with n -octylamine when supplemented with the soluble factor from the hornworm.
Quality control systems in cardiac aging

Cardiac aging is an intrinsic process that results in impaired cardiac function, along with cellular and molecular changes. These degenerative changes are intimately associated with quality control mechanisms. This review provides a general overview of the clinical and cellular changes which manifest in cardiac aging, and the quality control mechanisms involved in maintaining homeostasis and retarding aging. These mechanisms include autophagy, ubiquitin-mediated turnover, apoptosis, mitochondrial quality control and cardiac matrix homeostasis. Finally, we discuss aging interventions that have been observed to impact cardiac health outcomes. These include caloric restriction, rapamycin, resveratrol, GDF11, mitochondrial antioxidants and cardiolipin-targeted therapeutics. A greater understanding of the quality control mechanisms that promote cardiac homeostasis will help to understand the benefits of these interventions, and hopefully lead to further improved therapeutic modalities.
Modular geometry of superconformal field theory

Abstract Two-dimensional superconformal field theory is discussed as geometry on universal supermoduli space, generalizing the conformal case. The compactification divisor of supermoduli space consists of super-Riemann surfaces with spin and super nodes, which are expressed algebraically. The local behavior of the super partition function on universal supermoduli space is described.
The crystal structure and lattice parameters of curium-248 oxychloride, 248CmOCl

Abstract The oxychloride of curium has been prepared on the microgram scale with long-lived curium-248 ( t 1 2 = 3·5 × 10 5 yr ) and found to exhibit the PbClF-type, tetragonal structure. Room temperature, average lattice parameters were determined to be a 0 = 3·985 ± 0·003 A and c 0 = 6·752 ± 0·008 A , where the error limits represent the 95 per cent confidence level calculated using the standard statistical method for the average of seven independent determinations.
Addressing alcohol use among primary care patients: differences between family medicine and internal medicine residents.

Objectives: To determine whether rates of addressing alcohol use differed between family medicine and internal medicine residents, and to determine whether attitudes, confidence, and perceptions affected these relationships. Setting: Two university outpatient clinics, one staffed by family medicine and the other by primary care and categorical internal medicine residents. Design: Cross-sectional study of consecutive patients who had been followed by second- and third-year residents for at least one year. Measurements: Alcohol abuse was determined using the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), with a score a 5 considered positive. Rates of addressing alcohol use in the preceding year were determined by patient report and chart review. Attitudes were assessed using the Substance Abuse Attitude Survey (SAAS). Results: 334 patients of 49 residents completed the MAST. Rates of alcoholism among the patient groups were: family medicine, 8.3%; primary care, 29.1%; and categorical medicine, 18.0% (p<0.001). Screening behavior varied by type of residency: 47% of the family medicine, 71% of the primary care, and 65% of the categorical residents’ patients reported being asked about alcohol use in the preceding year (p<0.001); chart documentation was present for 15% of the family medicine, 38% of the primary care, and 24% of the categorical residents’ patients (p<0.001). Perceived prevalence of alcohol abuse, confidence in intervening, and several scales on the SAAS were related to residency type and to addressing alcohol use, but controlling for these variables did not affect the association between residency type and either patient report or chart documentation of screening. Conclusion: Rates of addressing alcohol use differed for internal medicine and family medicine residents, but were not due to differences in resident perceptions and attitudes.
EXPERIMENTAL SULFUR ISOTOPE STUDIES OF THE PYRITE TO PYRRHOTITE CONVERSION IN A HYDROGEN ATMOSPHERE

Sulfur isotope effects associated with the conversion of pyrite to pyrrhotite in a dry hydrogen atmosphere were measured at temperatures from 500° to 600°C. H 2 S was the primary fluid species produced, although at temperatures of 500° and 525°C native sulfur in amounts up to 30 percent of the total liberated sulfur condensed in the collection system. At temperatures of 550°, 575°, and 600°C, more than 90 percent of the liberated sulfur was in the form of H 2 S. At all temperatures pyrrhotite was the only residual iron sulfide. Native sulfur was characterized by a δ 34 S value of –0.1 per mil relative to the starting pyrite, whereas H 2 S varied from –0.2 to +0.1 per mil (most values were within analytical error of 0‰). The produced pyrrhotite ranged from 0.3 per mil at 500° and 525°C, to 0.2 per mil at all higher temperatures. Pyrrhotite-H 2 S fractionation factors are near equilibrium values for these temperatures and suggest that potential kinetic isotope effects are suppressed at low f O2 conditions where H 2 S is the principal fluid species. Both experimental and empirical studies suggest that very little sulfur isotope fractionation accompanies the conversion of pyrite to pyrrhotite in carbon-rich metapelites. For this reason the isotopic composition of pyrrhotite in graphitic metapelites may serve as a reliable indicator of the isotopic composition of sulfur that was available for assimilation by magmas or hydrothermal fluids, and that may have been involved in later ore genesis.
A mixed‐method analysis of African‐American women's attendance at an HIV prevention intervention

Grounded in a model of service utilization, this study conceptualizes attendance of African-American women at an HIV prevention intervention as associated with influences across three ecological domains—individual, service (program), and social network. First, the texts of responses to semistructured, open-ended elicitation interviews were analyzed. Survey items that conceptually matched the influences on attendance were then selected for subsequent analyses. In order to assess the contributions of groups of variables in separate domains, three blocks of independent variables were entered in a hierarchical regression. The hierarchical regression revealed that individual domain variables (age, level of education, and perception of racism) accounted for 18% of variance in attendance. After controlling for these variables, program domain variables (use of counseling and staff friendliness) accounted for an additional 7% of variance. The social network domain (influence of friends) did not account for any additional variance. It appears that several factors in different ecological domains may influence attendance at HIV prevention interventions. The modifiable factors found here can be used by researchers and practitioners to improve the attendance of racial and ethnic minority populations, those at most risk for HIV exposure, at prevention interventions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of physical activity: an international perspective.

(2000). Assessment of Physical Activity: An International Perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 71, No. sup2, pp. 114-120.
Prevalence of juvenile periodontitis in a circumpubertal population

Abstract A cross-sectional radiographic screening was performed on bite-wing pairs (BW) from 1872 10–12 year old schoolchildren in the Greater Worcester, Massachusetts area to assess the prevalence of juvenile periodontitis (JP). The 3-stage screening process entailed: (1) visual identification of possible cases based upon a visual assessment of BW for interproximal crestal bone levels ≥ 2 mm from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) on ≥ 1 permanent first molar; (2) identification of probable cases based upon BW from possible cases measured with a transparent ruler calibrated in millimeters; (3) finally, clinical confirmation of JP in consenting probable cases. A total of 1038 subjects were eligible to be included in the study (≥3 mesial sites readable). Of the 1038 eligible subjects, 117 possible and 103 probable cases were identified in stage 1 and stage 2, respectively. A total of 99 probable cases could be contacted and 43 were examined clinically. Two cases of JP were confirmed clinically in stage 3, yielding a prevalence rate of 4.6/1000. Specifically, this report defines a rate of JP in 10–12 year-old schoolchildren for the first time. In addition, these results indicate that BW can be used to identify children with JP from large data sets. However, further studies including complete clinical and radiographic examinations are necessary to determine whether this method is adequate for large epidemiologic studies.
I trust it, but I don't know why: effects of implicit attitudes toward automation on trust in an automated system.

OBJECTIVE: This study is the first to examine the influence of implicit attitudes toward automation on users' trust in automation. BACKGROUND: Past empirical work has examined explicit (conscious) influences on user level of trust in automation but has not yet measured implicit influences. We examine concurrent effects of explicit propensity to trust machines and implicit attitudes toward automation on trust in an automated system. We examine differential impacts of each under varying automation performance conditions (clearly good, ambiguous, clearly poor). METHOD: Participants completed both a self-report measure of propensity to trust and an Implicit Association Test measuring implicit attitude toward automation, then performed an X-ray screening task. Automation performance was manipulated within-subjects by varying the number and obviousness of errors. RESULTS: Explicit propensity to trust and implicit attitude toward automation did not significantly correlate. When the automation's performance was ambiguous, implicit attitude significantly affected automation trust, and its relationship with propensity to trust was additive: Increments in either were related to increases in trust. When errors were obvious, a significant interaction between the implicit and explicit measures was found, with those high in both having higher trust. CONCLUSION: Implicit attitudes have important implications for automation trust. APPLICATION: Users may not be able to accurately report why they experience a given level of trust. To understand why users trust or fail to trust automation, measurements of implicit and explicit predictors may be necessary. Furthermore, implicit attitude toward automation might be used as a lever to effectively calibrate trust. Language: en
Utilization of Sensory Information in Intellectual Disabilities

This investigation evaluated the use of sensory information in maintaining stability in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Individuals with mild intellectual disabilities (MID; n = 8), Down syndrome (DS; N = 8), and without intellectual disabilities (WID; n = 8) were evaluated with computerized posturography using the Sensory Organization Test (SOT). Outcomes included an equilibrium composite score, equilibrium scores on six sensory conditions, and sensory ratios for visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems. Participants were tested with their eyes open or closed while the visual surround, force plate, or combination of both moved to measure influence of sensory information on stability. Based on the data analysis, individuals WID utilize sensory information to a greater extent than did individuals with MID or DS, indicating that sensory information for maintaining stability is deficient among these individuals. To amend this problem and facilitate learning in individuals with intellectual disabilities, practitioners should utilize techniques that maximize variable practice activities using sensory information in different contexts.
The IT thesis project: a slow beginning

In 2009 a repository was created to hold the body of masters theses and dissertations for IT degrees across the country. Before this, there was no central location where researchers could easily access these documents. Analysis of this repository has helped propose a research agenda for the IT discipline. The themes of IT research themselves were not surprising, but gathering the research to populate the repository did yield some surprising results. Much of the work done by IT graduate students simply is not readily accessible to the rest of the world. This makes it appear as though there are less IT graduate students than we thought, and the repository is currently only populated with just over 100 theses and dissertations.The presentation of the repository at SIGITE 2009 yielded good community support. There have been enhancements and upgrades for the repository in the last year, but we have as yet seen little community participation in the actual submission of IT research.
Commentary: Gastroenterology and hepatology: an evolving marriage, not an imminent divorce.

Commentary: Gastroenterology and Hepatology: An Evolving Marriage, Not an Imminent Divorce
Combining radiation and therapeutic cancer vaccines: a synergistic approach

SUMMARY The role of radiotherapy for prevention of recurrence of breast cancer is well established. Preclinical data indicate that the combination of therapeutic cancer vaccines and radiotherapy may be synergistic. Radiation can induce immunogenic cell death, or, at sublethal doses, immunogenic modulation in tumor cells, making them more amenable to T-cell-mediated death. Radiation also stimulates microenvironment effects that attract immune cells and improve their functional capacity. The capacity of radiation to induce the abscopal effect appears to be immune mediated and may be related to the other effects described. This phenomenon may indicate the capacity of radiation to induce antigen spreading, causing broader and deeper immune activation than a vaccine alone. This review discusses preclinical and clinical findings of radiation-induced immune modulation, preclinical evidence of synergy with vaccine therapy, and the rationale for clinical trials combining these treatment modalities in breast cancer.
Hemolysate activates P21RAS in rabbit basilar artery.

Abstract Cerebral vasospasm is the major factor of mortality and morbidity in the patients who have an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Erythrocyte lysate (hemolysate), oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb), and bloody cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are the causative agents for vasospasm. However, the signal transduction pathways for the action of these spasmogens are not clear. In this study, we examined the possible effect of these spasmogens on the p21Ras protein, an important factor in the signal cascade, in rabbit basilar artery. Hemolysate enhanced p21Ras precipitation over a 7-day period. The initial increase of p21Ras precipitation occurred after the tissues were incubated for 2 days with hemolysate. The peak effect of hemolysate, which was markedly increased compared with control (P
Mirk/dyrk1B Kinase in Ovarian Cancer

Mirk/dyrk1B kinase is expressed in about 75% of resected human ovarian cancers and in most ovarian cancer cell lines with amplification in the OVCAR3 line. Mirk (minibrain-related kinase) is a member of the Minibrain/dyrk family of related serine/threonine kinases. Mirk maintains cells in a quiescent state by stabilizing the CDK inhibitor p27 and by inducing the breakdown of cyclin D isoforms. Mirk also stabilizes the DREAM complex, which maintains G0 quiescence by sequestering transcription factors needed to enter cycle. By entering a quiescent state, tumor cells can resist the nutrient deficiencies, hypoxic and acidic conditions within the tumor mass. Mirk maintains the viability of quiescent ovarian cancer cells by reducing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. CDKN2A-negative ovarian cancer cells treated with a Mirk kinase inhibitor escaped G0/G1 quiescence, entered cycle with high ROS levels and underwent apoptosis. The ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine reduced the extent of cancer cell loss. In contrast, the Mirk kinase inhibitor slightly reduced the fraction of G0 quiescent diploid epithelial cells and fibroblasts, and the majority of the cells pushed into cycle accumulated in G2 + M. Apoptotic sub-G0/G1 cells were not detected. Thus, normal cells were spared because of their expression of CDK inhibitors that blocked unregulated cycling and Mirk kinase inhibitor-treated normal diploid cells were about as viable as untreated controls.
Quantizing Braids and Other Mathematical Structures: The General Quantization Procedure

Extending the methods from our previous work on quantum knots and quantum graphs, we describe a general procedure for quantizing a large class of mathematical structures which includes, for example, knots, graphs, groups, algebraic varieties, categories, topological spaces, geometric spaces, and more. This procedure is different from that normally found in quantum topology. We then demonstrate the power of this method by using it to quantize braids. This general method produces a blueprint of a quantum system which is physically implementable in the same sense that Shor's quantum factoring algorithm is physically implementable. Mathematical invariants become objects that are physically observable.
Three-dimensional numerical simulation of a horizontal rotating fluidized bed

Abstract Three-dimensional numerical simulations of a horizontal rotating fluidized bed (RFB) containing glass bead particles ( d s = 82 μm, ρ s = 2450 kg/m 3 ) and washed alumina ( d s = 89 μm, ρ s = 1550 kg/m 3 ) were performed. FLUENT 6.1 software was used to carry out our simulation. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data of Qian and Pfeffer et al. [G.H. Qian, I. Bagyi, I.W. Burdick, R. Pfeffer, H. Shaw, Gas–Solid Fluidization in a Centrifugal Field.” AIChE J. 47 (5) (2001) 1022–1034]. The rotating speed of the RFB was set at 325 rpm (34 rad/s), which is equivalent to a centrifugal acceleration of 7 g. The flow behavior of the solid particles was analyzed; the bed thickness and the calculated pressure drop were compared with the experimental results. Our calculated pressure drop agreed very well with the experimental results.
Pollen-ovule ratios: a conservative indicator of breeding systems in flowering plants

The evolutionary shift from xenogamy (outcrossing) to autogamy (selfing) has been mediated through decreased flower size and alterations in floral morphology (Ornduff, 1969) which reduce the energetic cost per flower (Cruden, unpubl.) and facilitate self-pollination, respectively. Recently, a number of workers have shown that the flowers of self-incompatible and other xenogamous taxa produce more pollen grains than closely related self-compatible and/or autogamous taxa (Arroyo, 1973; Baker, 1967; Cruden, 1973; Gibbs et al., 1975; Lloyd, 1965; Vries, 1974). In contrast to other floral characteristics the number of ovules per ovary in the taxa studied did not decrease. In these taxa the evolutionary shift from xenogamy to autogamy has been accompanied by a decrease in the ratio of pollen grains to ovules (PIO). It is generally accepted that differences in breeding systems tend to be correlated with successional stages. Colonizers of disturbed habitats and plants of early successional stages tend to be self-compatible and/or autogamous (Baker, 1955, 1959, 1965; Stebbins, 1958) whereas plants of later successional stages, including tropical forest trees, tend to be xenogamous (Baker, 1959; Bawa, 1974; Bawa and Opler, 1975; Stebbins, 1950, 1958). Since, as I will show, PIO's are an integral part of a plant's breeding system, they also should be correlated with habitat or successional stage. My overall objective is to show that PIO's reflect the likelihood of sufficient pollen grains reaching each stigma to result in maximum seed set. The more efficient the transfer of pollen, the lower the PIO should be. It follows logically that cleistogamous flowers should have the lowest PIO's, and that autogamous flowers will have lower PIO's than xenogamous flowers, i.e., that PIO's are correlated with breeding systems. My data show that this is the case and suggest that PI O's are integrated with other facets of a plant's breeding system. Second, I show that there is a strong correlation between the breeding system, hence PIO's, and successional stage. In addition, I briefly circumscribe what constitutes a sufficient number of pollen grains to assure maximum seed set and discuss evidence that supports the notion that some plants tend to minimize pollen production. Finally, I discuss deviations from the general pattern to show that PIO's are a better predictor of a plant's breeding system than other morphological characteristics.
Determinants of Faculty Voting Behavior in Union Representation Elections: A Multivariate Model

A model of faculty unionism that integrates a diverse set of factors representing various perspectives on voting behavior in unionization drives was developed. This model was then tested using data obtained from faculty in three institutions of higher education simultaneously undergoing collective bargaining elections. The study results suggest that work context, socio-political beliefs, general attitudes toward unions, perceptions of union instrumentality at one’s own workplace, and pay are strong determinants of faculty voting behavior. Union instrumentality perception was the single largest determinant of the vote. The model had strong predictive power.
Restricted Interdependence: The Adaptive Pattern of Papago Indian Society.

Interpreters of developmental change among tribal societies frequently portray the agents of Western institutions as imposing innovations upon a passive, recipient culture. This study of programs of developmental change among the Papago Indians places emphasis upon the systematic nature of the Indian response which is presented as an adaptive strategy well suited to the rigors of the Sonoran Desert.The Indians are described as employing a centrifugal strategy of reliance upon resources imported from friendly communities external to the Papago homeland. Because of minimal reliance upon other Papago villages or upon the tribal administration developed under the Indian Reorganization Act, this strategy may be designated as restricted interdependence.Efforts at developmental change initiated by the government among the Papago tribe have concentrated upon a centripetal strategy emphasizing reliance upon resources of the Papago Indian Reservation. A feature of this strategy has been the effort to maximize, rath...
Novelty of contextual cues in taste aversion learning

The purpose of this experiment was to test the theory of Lubow, Rifkin, and Alek (1976) concerning the effects of stimulus preexposure on later learning. This hypothesis predicts that conditioning will occur faster when either the stimulus or the testing environment is novel relative to the other than when the stimulus and the environment are equally novel or equally familiar. The theory was tested in a taste aversion conditioning paradigm in which groups of rats were presented with either the familiar (preexposed) solution or the novel nonpreexposed solution, in either the familiar or the novel environment. Conditioning was affected by the novelty of both the stimulus and the environment, with novel stimuli enhancing learning and novel environments retarding it. However, no interaction between stimulus and environmental novelty was evident, and thus Lubow’s hypothesis was not confirmed.
Abstract A61: Hexim-1 protein expression levels modulate TGFβ activity in prostate cancer

Hexim-1 is a highly conserved protein from human to mouse, and a well-established inhibitor of RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription elongation and cell proliferation. Others and we have proposed and provided evidence that changes in the expression and activity in Hexim-1 significantly influence the progression of cancer. Here we show that changes in expression levels of Hexim-1 modulate TGFβ1 signaling by inducing posttranslational modifications in the SMADs proteins (small mother against decapentaplegic) at the polylinker region of the Smad1 and Smad3 proteins. Cdk9 serine activity not only targets specific serine residues in the carboxyl terminus of RNA polymerase II during transcriptional elongation but also serine residues in the polylinker region of Smad3. Hexim-1 directly inhibits Cdk9 activity, and therefore, transcription elongation and TGFβ1/Smad3 activity. Our results indicate that prostate cancer accompanies significant changes in Hexim-1 expression as well as sub cellular redistribution. Similar observations were obtained in the TRAMP mouse model of prostate cancer. In order to understand the role of Hexim-1 during prostate cancer progression, we generated a TRAMP mouse model heterozygous for Hexim-1. Our studies in the TRAMP mouse model revealed that lowered levels in Hexim-1 protein expression triggered a more aggressive form of prostate cancer. TGFβ1/Smad3 plays a significant role during proliferation, cell migration, as well as in epithelial mesenchymal transition, which is critical during metastasis. To test the role of Hexim-1 as a modulator of TGF/Smad3 in vitro, we use the epithelial mouse prostate cancer cell line TRAMP-C2 and derived the TRAMP-C2 heterozygous for Hexim-1 (HT). We observed increased serine 208 phosphorylation of Smad3 as well as enhanced transcriptional activity of TGF β/Smad3 target genes involved in EMT such as SM22alpha and alpha smooth muscle actin in the HT-TRAMP-C2 cell line. These findings suggest that Hexim-1 is a critical regulator of prostate cancer progression. Citation Format: Manya Dhar-Mascareno, Eduardo Mascareno, Fang Liu. Hexim-1 protein expression levels modulate TGFβ activity in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr A61.