cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alliances in Anarchic International Systems

Alliances play a central role in international relations theory. However, aside from applications of traditional cooperative game theory that ignore the issue of enforcement in anarchic systems, or interpretations of the repeated Prisoners' Dilemma in the attempt to understand the source of cooperation in such systems, we have little theory on which to base predictions about alliance formation. This essay, then, builds on an n-country, non-cooperative, game-theoretic model of conflict in anarchic systems in order to furnish a theoretical basis for such predictions. Defining an alliance as a collection of countries that jointly abide by "collective security strategies" with respect to each other but not with respect to members outside of the alliance, we establish the necessary and sufficient conditions for an alliance system to be stable. In addition, we show that not all winning or minimal winning coalitions can form alliances, that alliances among smaller states can be stable, that bipolar alliance structures do not exhaust the set of stable structures, and that only specific countries can play the role of balancer.
The Theory of Flexible Exchange Rate Regimes and Macroeconomic Policy

This paper develops three perspectives on the determination of exchange rates and their interaction with macroeconomic equilibrium and aggregate policies. A long- run view characterizes exchange rate determination in terms of monetary and real factors where the real aspects include an explicit consideration of relative price structures. A short-run or “liquidity” view of the exchange rate emphasizes the role of asset market equilibrium and expectations. A policy view, finally, analyses the effectiveness of aggregate policies and points out that in the short-run nominal disturbances will tend to be transmitted internationally. The paper concludes with an analysis of dual exchange rate systems as a stabilizing policy in the presence of speculative disturbances.
Simultaneous, multilayer plasma etching and deposition of fluorocarbon layers on silicon

Summary form only given. Plasma etching and deposition of the fluorocarbon layer on a silicon substrate are modeled by the simultaneous etching and deposition of a stack of fluorocarbon monolayers. The model covers three regimes: reactive sputtering, fluorocarbon suppression, fluorocarbon deposition. The innovative contribution is the simultaneous etching of the buried monolayers in contrast to models where the etching occurs only on the top exposed fluorocarbon monolayer. In addition explicit etch and deposition rates are given in terms of the ion energy. Langmuir kinetics apply in each of the monolayers to a depth where the energy of the bombarding ions exceeds or equals the threshold energy for breaking carbon-fluorine bonds. The ion energy controls many of the terms in the etch rate and deposition rate expressions. The fluorine etchant diffuses through the fluorocarbon layer to the silicon substrate where etching or deposition occurs depending on the ion energy. The deposition and etching of the fluorocarbon layer are ion assisted; the etching of the silicon is thermal and is assumed self-similar to the etching of the fluorocarbon layer based on experiments. Etch and deposition curves model CF/sup +/ ion beam deposition and etch on silicon and CHF/sub 3/ and C/sub 2/F/sub 6/ plasma etch and deposition on fluorocarbon covered silicon substrates.
Quantifying the information leakage in timing side channels in deterministic work-conserving schedulers

When multiple job processes are served by a single scheduler, the queueing delays of one process are often affected by the others, resulting in a timing side channel that leaks the arrival pattern of one process to the others. In this work, we study such a timing side channel between a regular user and a malicious attacker. Utilizing Shannon's mutual information as a measure of information leakage between the user and attacker, we analyze privacy-preserving behaviors of common work-conserving schedulers. We find that the attacker can always learn perfectly the user's arrival process in a longest-queue-first (LQF) scheduler. When the user's job arrival rate is very low (near zero), first-come - first-serve (FCFS) and round-robin schedulers both completely reveal the user's arrival pattern. The near-complete information leakage in the low-rate traffic region is proven to be reduced by half in a work-conserving version of TDMA (WC-TDMA) scheduler, which turns out to be privacy-optimal in the class of deterministic working-conserving (det-WC) schedulers, according to a universal lower bound on information leakage we derive for all det-WC schedulers.
Nonlinear response of boron/aluminum angleplied laminates under cyclic tensile loading: Contributing mechanisms and their effects

The nonlinear response of boron/aluminum angleplied laminates subjected to cyclic loads was investigated. A procedure is outlined and criteria are proposed which can be used to assess the nonlinear response. The procedureconsists of testing strategically selected laminate configurations and analyzing the results using composite mechanics. Results from the investigation show that the contributions to nonlinear behavior are due to: premature random fiber breaks where the ply orientation angle (POA) is small relative to the load direction, ply relative rotation (PRR) at intermediate values of the POA, and nonlinear aluminum matrix behavior at large values of the orientation angle. Premature fiber breaks result in progressively more complaint material; large PRR result in progressively stiffer material; and, pronounced matrix nonlinear behavior results in no significant change in the modulus of the initial portion of the stress-strain curve.
The role of superconductivity in the Space Program: An assessment of present capabilities and future potential

Technical subject areas discussed include: (1) high field magnets; (2) magnetometers; (3) digital electronics; (4) high frequency detectors; (5) instruments related to gravitational studies; and (6) ultra high Q cavities. Applications of superconductivity which are of potential interest to NASA were identified.
A Theory of Demand Shocks

This paper presents a model of business cycles driven by shocks to consumer expectations regarding aggregate productivity. Agents are hit by heterogeneous productivity shocks, they observe their own productivity and a noisy public signal regarding aggregate productivity. The public signal gives rise to ''noise shocks, " which have the features of aggregate demand shocks: they increase output, employment, and inflation in the short run and have no effects in the long run. Numerical examples suggest that the model can generate sizable equilibrium (DSGE) models of the business cycle include a large number of shocks (to technol ogy, monetary policy, preferences, etc.), but typically do not include expectational shocks as independent drivers of short-run fluctuations.1 This paper explores the idea of expectation-driven cycles, looking at a model where technology determines equilibrium output in the long run and consumers receive noisy signals about technology in the short run. The presence of noisy signals produces expectational errors. This paper studies the role of these expectational errors in gener ating volatility at business cycle frequencies. The model is based on two ingredients. First, consumers take time to recognize permanent changes in aggregate fundamentals. Although they may have good information on the current state of the individual firm or sector where they operate, they have only limited information regarding the long-run determinants of aggregate activity. Second, consumers have access to public information that is relevant to estimate long-run productivity. This includes news about technological innovations, publicly released macroeconomic and sectoral statistics, financial market prices, and public statements by policy makers. However, these signals provide only a noisy forecast of the long-run effects of technological innovations. This opens the door to "noise shocks," which induce consumers to temporarily overestimate or underestimate the productive capacity of the economy.
Electron in a transverse harmonic potential

Non-perturbative solutions to the quantum-field theory is a topic of current and broad interest, especially for the heavy ion and laser physics communities, since they investigate particle production in the presence of strong external fields. We have sol ved a non-perturbative QED + external field problem of an electron in a strong transverse c onfining potential using Hamiltonian light-front quantum field theory in a basis function represe ntation. The invariant mass spectra and the anomalous magnetic moment of the lowest state for this two-scale system are also evaluated. With this method the perturbative QED results are also repro duced with a good accuracy. We also discuss the extension of the method to other problems as well.
Beyond bulk entrainment and detrainment rates: A new framework for diagnosing mixing in cumulus convection

[1] A new framework for diagnosing mixing in cumulus convection is proposed, where the vertical evolution of the cloud mass flux distribution as a function of given parcel properties is viewed as a mapping process. Matrices that characterize this mapping process are constructed using a Lagrangian particle dispersion model embedded in a Large Eddy Simulation. Extending previous use of LES-diagnosed bulk entrainment and detrainment rates to test bulk plume models, the construction of these mapping matrices from LES provides a reference, against which multiple-parcel models can be compared. The framework is further applied to diagnose the response of shallow cumuli to a small temperature perturbation.
Dopant-mediated structural and magnetic properties of TbMnO3

Structural and magnetic properties of the doped terbium manganites (Tb,A)MnO3 (A = Gd, Dy, and Ho) have been investigated using first-principles calculations and further confirmed by subsequent experimental studies. Both computational and experimental studies suggest that compared to the parent material, namely, TbMnO3 (with a magnetic moment of 9.7 μB for Tb3+) Dy- and Ho-ion substituted TbMnO3 results in an increase in the magnetic susceptibility at low fields ( ≤10.6μB for Dy3+ and Ho3+). The observed spiral-spin AFM order in TbMnO3 is stable with respect to the dopant substitutions, which modify the Mn-O-Mn bond angles and lead to stronger the ferromagnetic component of the magnetic moment. Given the fact that magnetic ordering in TbMnO3 causes the ferroelectricity, this is an important step in the field of the magnetically driven ferroelectricity in the class of magnetoelectric multiferroics, which traditionally have low magnetic moments due to the predominantly antiferromagnetic order. In addition, ...
The Nonparametric Metadata Dependent Relational Model

We introduce the nonparametric metadata dependent relational (NMDR) model, a Bayesian nonparametric stochastic block model for network data. The NMDR allows the entities associated with each node to have mixed membership in an unbounded collection of latent communities. Learned regression models allow these memberships to depend on, and be predicted from, arbitrary node metadata. We develop efficient MCMC algorithms for learning NMDR models from partially observed node relationships. Retrospective MCMC methods allow our sampler to work directly with the infinite stick-breaking representation of the NMDR, avoiding the need for finite truncations. Our results demonstrate recovery of useful latent communities from real-world social and ecological networks, and the usefulness of metadata in link prediction tasks.
Equipartitions and a Distribution for Numbers: A Statistical Model for Benford's Law

A statistical model for the fragmentation of a conserved quantity is analyzed, using the principle of maximum entropy and the theory of partitions. Upper and lower bounds for the restricted partitioning problem are derived and applied to the distribution of fragments. The resulting power law directly leads to Benford's law for the first digits of the parts.
The descent set polynomial revisited

We continue to explore cyclotomic factors in the descent set polynomial Q n ( t ) , which was introduced by Chebikin, Ehrenborg, Pylyavskyy and Readdy. We obtain large classes of factors of the form ? 2 s or ? 4 s where s is an odd integer, with many of these being of the form ? 2 p where p is a prime. We also show that if ? 2 is a factor of Q 2 n ( t ) then it is a double factor. Finally, we give conditions for an odd prime power q = p r for which ? 2 p is a double factor of Q 2 q ( t ) and of Q q + 1 ( t ) .
An H Theorem for Boltzmann’s Equation for the Yard-Sale Model of Asset Exchange

In recent work (Boghosian, Phys Rev E 89:042804–042825, 2014; Boghosian, Int J Mod Phys 25:1441008–1441015, 2014), Boltzmann and Fokker–Planck equations were derived for the “Yard-Sale Model” of asset exchange. For the version of the model without redistribution, it was conjectured, based on numerical evidence, that the time-asymptotic state of the model was oligarchy—complete concentration of wealth by a single individual. In this work, we prove that conjecture by demonstrating that the Gini coefficient, a measure of inequality commonly used by economists, is an H function of both the Boltzmann and Fokker–Planck equations for the model.
Designing and Interpreting Limiting Dilution Assays: General Principles and Applications to the Latent Reservoir for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1

Limiting dilution assays are widely used in infectious disease research. These assays are crucial for current human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 cure research in particular. In this study, we offer new tools to help investigators design and analyze dilution assays based on their specific research needs. Limiting dilution assays are commonly used to measure the extent of infection, and in the context of HIV they represent an essential tool for studying latency and potential curative strategies. Yet standard assay designs may not discern whether an intervention reduces an already miniscule latent infection. This review addresses challenges arising in this setting and in the general use of dilution assays. We illustrate the major statistical method for estimating frequency of infectious units from assay results, and we offer an online tool for computing this estimate. We recommend a procedure for customizing assay design to achieve desired sensitivity and precision goals, subject to experimental constraints. We consider experiments in which no viral outgrowth is observed and explain how using alternatives to viral outgrowth may make measurement of HIV latency more efficient. Finally, we discuss how biological complications, such as probabilistic growth of small infections, alter interpretations of experimental results.
Turbulence Spectra from Doppler‐shifted Spectral Lines

Turbulence is a key element of the dynamics of astrophysical fluids, including those of interstellar medium, clusters of galaxies and circumstellar regions. Turbulent motions induce Doppler shifts of observable emission and absorption lines. In the review we discuss new techniques that relate the spectra of underlying velocity turbulence and spectra of Doppler-shifted lines. In particular, the Velocity-Channel Analysis (VCA) makes use of the channel maps, while the Velocity Coordinate Spectrum (VCS) utilizes the fluctuations measured along the velocity axis of the Position-Position Velocity (PPV) data cubes. Both techniques have solid foundations based on analytical calculations as well as on numerical testings. Among the two the VCS, which has been developed quite recently, has two advantages. First of all, it is applicable to turbulent volumes that are not spatially resolved. Second, it can be used with absorption lines that do not provide good spatial sampling of different lags over the image of turbulent object. In fact, numerical testing shows that measurements of Doppler shifted absorption lines over a few directions is sufficient for a reliable recovering of the underlying spectrum of the turbulence. Our comparison of the VCA and the VCS with a more traditional technique of Velocity Centroids, shows thatmore » the former two techniques recover reliably the spectra of supersonic turbulence, while the Velocity Centroids may have advantages for studying subsonic turbulence. In parallel with theoretical and numerical work on the VCA and the VCS, the techniques have been applied to spectroscopic observations. We discuss results on astrophysical turbulence obtained with the VCA and the VCS.« less
Ownership: A case study in the representation of legal concepts

This article is an exercise in computational jurisprudence. It seems clear thatthe field of AI and Law should draw upon the insights of legal philosophers,whenever possible. But can the computational perspective offer anything inreturn? I will explore this question by focusing on the concept of OWNERSHIP,which has been debated in the jurisprudential literature for centuries. Althoughthe intellectual currents here flow mostly in one direction --- from legal philosophy to AI --- I will show that there are also some insights to be gained from a computational analysis of the OWNERSHIP relation. In particular, the article suggests a computational explanation for the emergence of abstract property rights, divorced from concrete material objects.
Chi‐Square Decomposition

When analyzing a contingency table, the most frequently used procedure is to test the association between variables using a chi-square test of independence. If the variables are not independent, no further testing is typically done. However, the chi-square can be decomposed, or partitioned, into components to test hypotheses concerning the nature of the differences among categories of the variables. One can determine which categories of one variable are (and are not) the same in their relation to the other variable. Keywords: chi-square; decomposition; contingency table; categorical data; partition; nonstandard model
Dynamics of the Innermost Accretion Flows Around Compact Objects: Magnetosphere-Disc Interface, Global Oscillations and Instabilities

We study global non-axisymmetric oscillation modes and instabilities in magnetospheredisc systems, as expected in neutron star X-ray binaries and possibly also in accreting black hole systems. Our two-dimensional magnetosphere-disc model consists of a Keplerian disc in contact with an uniformly rotating magnetosphere with low plasma density. Two types of global overstable modes exist in such systems, the interface modes and the disc inertial-acoustic modes. We examine various physical effects and parameters that influence the properties of these oscillation modes, particularly their growth rates, including the magnetosphere field configuration, the velocity and density contrasts across the magnetosphere-disc interface, the rotation profile (with Newtonian or General Relativistic potential), the sound speed and magnetic field of the disc. The interface modes are driven unstable by Rayleigh-Taylor and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities, but can be stabilized by the toroidal field (through magnetic tension) and disc differential rotation (through finite vorticity). General relativity increases their growth rates by modifying the disc vorticity outside the magnetosphere boundary. The interface modes may also be affected by wave absorption associated with corotation resonance in the disc. In the presence of a magnetosphere, the inertial-acoustic modes are effectively trapped at the innermost region of the relativistic disc just outside the interface. They are driven unstable by wave absorption at the corotation resonance, but can be stabilized by modest disc magnetic fields. The overstable oscillation modes studied in this paper have characteristic properties that make them possible candidates for the quasi-periodic oscillations observed in X-ray binaries.
Fractional charge and spin errors in self-consistent Green’s function theory

We examine fractional charge and spin errors in self-consistent Green’s function theory within a second-order approximation (GF2). For GF2, it is known that the summation of diagrams resulting from the self-consistent solution of the Dyson equation removes the divergences pathological to second-order Moller-Plesset (MP2) theory for strong correlations. In the language often used in density functional theory contexts, this means GF2 has a greatly reduced fractional spin error relative to MP2. The natural question then is what effect, if any, does the Dyson summation have on the fractional charge error in GF2? To this end, we generalize our previous implementation of GF2 to open-shell systems and analyze its fractional spin and charge errors. We find that like MP2, GF2 possesses only a very small fractional charge error, and consequently minimal many electron self-interaction error. This shows that GF2 improves on the critical failings of MP2, but without altering the positive features that make it desirable. Furthermore, we find that GF2 has both less fractional charge and fractional spin errors than typical hybrid density functionals as well as random phase approximation with exchange.
The Conceptual Helper: An Intelligent Tutoring System for Teaching Fundamental Physics Concepts

This paper describes an intelligent tutoring system designed to help students solve physics problems of a qualitative nature. The tutor uses a unique cognitive based approach to teaching physics, which presents innovations in three areas. 1) The teaching strategy, which focuses on teaching links among the concepts of the domain that are essential for conceptual understanding yet are seldom learned by the students. 2) The manner in which the knowledge is taught, which is based on a combination of effective human tutoring techniques, successful pedagogical methods, and less cognitively demanding approaches. 3) The way in which misconceptions are handled. The tutor was implemented using the model-tracing paradigm and uses probabilistic assessment to guide the remediation. Some preliminary results of the evaluation of the system are also presented.
Power law distributions in information science: Making the case for logarithmic binning

We suggest partial logarithmic binning as the method of choice for uncovering the nature of many distributions encountered in information science (IS). Logarithmic binning retrieves information and trends “not visible” in noisy power law tails. We also argue that obtaining the exponent from logarithmically binned data using a simple least square method is in some cases warranted in addition to methods such as the maximum likelihood. We also show why often-used cumulative distributions can make it difficult to distinguish noise from genuine features and to obtain an accurate power law exponent of the underlying distribution. The treatment is nontechnical, aimed at IS researchers with little or no background in mathematics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How much backtracking does it take to color random graphs? rigorous results on heavy tails

For many backtracking search algorithms, the running time has been found experimentally to have a heavy-tailed distribution, in which it is often much greater than its median. We analyze two natural variants of the Davis-Putnam-Logemann-Loveland (DPLL) algorithm for Graph 3-Coloring on sparse random graphs of average degree c. Let Pc(b) be the probability that DPLL backtracks b times. First, we calculate analytically the probability Pc(0) that these algorithms find a 3-coloring with no backtracking at all, and show that it goes to zero faster than any analytic function as c → c* = 3.847... Then we show that even in the "easy" regime 1 0 - including just above the degree c=1 where the giant component first appears - the expected number of backtrackings is exponentially large with positive probability. To our knowledge this is the first rigorous proof that the running time of a natural backtracking algorithm has a heavy tail for graph coloring.
The effect of slice thickness on target and organs at risk volumes, dosimetric coverage and radiobiological impact in IMRT planning.

Dose–volume histogram (DVH) has become an important tool for evaluation of radiation outcome as reflected from many clinical protocols. While dosimetric accuracy in treatment planning system (TPS) is well quantified, the variability in volume estimation is uncertain due to reconstruction algorithm that is investigated in this study. In addition, the impact of dose distribution and tumor control probability (TCP) were also investigated with CT slice thickness for IMRT planning. A water phantom containing various objects with accurately known volume ranging from 1 to 100 cm3 was scanned with 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 mm slice thickness. The CT data sets were sent to Eclipse TPS for contour delineation and volume estimation. The data were compared with known volume for the estimation of error in the volume of each structure. IMRT Plans were generated on phantom containing four objects with different slice thickness (1–5 mm) to calculate TCP. ICRU-83-recommended dose points such as D 2%, D 50%, D 98%, as well as homogeneity and conformity index were also calculated. The variability of volumes with CT slice thickness was significant especially for small volume structures. A maximum error of 92 % was noticed for 1 cm3 volume of object with 10 mm slice thickness, whereas it was ~19 % for 1 mm slice thickness. For 2 and 3 cm3 objects, the maximum error of 99 % was noticed with 10 mm slice thickness and ~60 % with 5 mm. The differences are smaller for larger volumes with a cutoff at about 20 cm3. The calculated volume of the objects is a function of reconstruction algorithm and slice thickness. The PTV mean dose and TCP decreased with increasing slice thickness. Maximum variation of ~5 % was noticed in mean dose and ~2 % in TCP with change in slice thickness from 1 to 5 mm. The relative decrease in target volume receiving 95 % of the prescribed dose is ~5 % with change in slice thickness from 1 to 5 mm. The homogeneity index increases up to 163 % and conformity index decreases by 4 % between 1 and 5 mm slice thickness, producing highly inhomogeneous and least conformal treatment plan. Estimation of a volume is dependent on CT slice thickness and the contouring algorithm in a TPS. During commissioning of TPS and for all clinical protocols, evaluation of volume should be included to provide the limit of accuracy in DVH from TPS, especially for small objects. A smaller slice thickness provides superior dosimetry with improved TCP. Thus, the smallest possible slice thickness should be used for IMRT planning, especially when smaller structures are present.
Asset Ownership Along Gender Lines: Evidence from Thailand

This paper investigates gender differences in asset ownership. Specifically, the present case study explores whether a gender-specific composition in asset ownership between heads of households and spouses can be detected among low-income, urban households in Bangkok, Thailand. To examine this issue empirically we use a sample of 134 couples from a 2002 survey. Data collected were at the level of the individual respondent on accumulated physical and financial assets and both husband and wife were interviewed separately. The findings suggest that asset composition varies by gender, indicating that further investigation is warranted on this topic. Tobit and Probit tests are used to examine the factors that may affect this gendered pattern.
Corruption, composition of capital flows, and currency crises

Crony capitalism and international creditors' self-fulfilling expectations are often suggested as rival explanations for currency crises. A possible link between the two has not been explored. The author shows one channel through which crony capitalism can increase the chance of a currency/financial crisis by altering the composition of capital inflows. Using data on bilateral foreign direct investment and bilateral bank loans, the author finds clear evidence that in corrupt countries the composition of capital inflows is relatively light in foreign direct investment. Earlier studies indicated that a country with a capital inflow structure is more likely to run into a currency crisis down the road (partly through international creditors' self-fulfilling expectations). Therefore, crony capitalism, through its effect on the composition of a country's capital inflows, makes the country more vulnerable to currency crises brought about by self-fulfilling expectations. Corruption may also weaken domestic financial supervision, with a subsequent deterioration in the quality in banks' and firms' balance sheets.
Using Bayesian Aldrich-McKelvey Scaling to Study Citizens' Ideological Preferences and Perceptions

Aldrich-McKelvey scaling is a powerful method that corrects for differential-item functioning (DIF) in estimating the positions of political stimuli (e.g., parties and candidates) and survey respondents along a latent policy dimension from issue scale data. DIF arises when respondents interpret issue scales (e.g., the standard liberal-conservative scale) differently and distort their placements of the stimuli and themselves. We develop a Bayesian implementation of the classical maximum likelihood Aldrich-McKelvey scaling method that overcomes some important shortcomings in the classical procedure. We then apply this method to study citizens' ideological preferences and perceptions using data from the 2004–2012 American National Election Studies and the 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Study. Our findings indicate that DIF biases self-placements on the liberal-conservative scale in a way that understates the extent of polarization in the contemporary American electorate and that citizens have remarkably accurate perceptions of the ideological positions of senators and Senate candidates
Does Auditor Industry Specialization Improve Audit Quality

This study examines whether auditor industry specialization, measured using the auditor's within-industry market share, improves audit quality and results in a fee premium. After matching clients of specialist and nonspecialist auditors on a number of dimensions, as well as only on industry and size, there is no evidence of differences in commonly used audit-quality proxies between these two groups of auditors. Moreover, there is no consistent evidence of a specialist fee premium. The matched sample results are confirmed by including client fixed effects in the main models, examining a sample of clients that switched auditors, and using an alternative proxy that aims to capture the auditor's industry knowledge. The combined evidence in this study suggests that the auditor's within-industry market share is not a reliable indicator of audit quality. Nevertheless, these findings do not imply that industry knowledge is not important for auditors, but that the methodology used in extant archival studies to examine this issue does not fully parse out the effects of auditor industry specialization from client characteristics.
The Impact of DSM-5 A-Criteria Changes on Parent Ratings of ADHD in Adolescents:

Objective: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) A-criteria for ADHD were expanded to include new descriptors referencing adolescent and adult symptom manifestations. This study examines the effect of these changes on symptom endorsement in a sample of adolescents with ADHD (N = 259; age range = 10.72-16.70). Method: Parent ratings were collected and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR) and DSM-5 endorsement of ADHD symptoms were compared. Results: Under the DSM-5, there were significant increases in reported inattention, but not hyperactivity/impulsivity (H/I) symptoms, with specific elevations for certain symptoms. The average adolescent met criteria for less than one additional symptom under the DSM-5, but the correlation between ADHD symptoms and impairment was attenuated when using the DSM-5 items. Impulsivity items appeared to represent adolescent deficits better than hyperactivity items. Results were not moderated by ...
Comments on D branes and the renormalization group

We review the de Boer-Verlinde-Verlinde formalism for the renormalization group in the context of Dp-brane vacua for p < 5. We comment on various aspects of the dictionary between bulk and boundary and relate the discussion to the Randall-Sundrum scenario. We find that the gravitational coupling for the Randall-Sundrum gravity on the Dp-brane worldvolume is dressed by the c-function of the Yang-Mills theory. We compute the beta function and find the expected uneventful flow prescribed by the classical dimension of the Yang-Mills operator.
Generation and reaction of alkene radical cations under nonoxidizing conditions: synthesis of the pyrrolizidine nucleus.

Stable β-phosphatoxy nitroalkanes, readily assembled by the Henry reaction and subsequent phosphorylation, serve as good precursors to alkene radical cations on treatment with triphenyltin or tributyl hydride and AIBN in benzene at reflux. When the β-phosphatoxy nitroalkane is suitably functionalized with nucleophilic groups, substitutions can be achieved with the formation of heterocyclic rings. When the nucleophile is an allylamine, tandem processes occur giving pyrrolizidines.
GRAVITY, PARTICLE PHYSICS AND THEIR UNIFICATION

Our present world picture is based on two theories: the Standard Model of particle physics and general relativity, the theory of gravity. These two theories have scored astonishing successes. It is therefore quite striking when one learns that this picture of the laws of physics is inconsistent. The inconsistency comes from taking a part of theory, the Standard Model, as a quantum theory and the other, gravity, as a classical theory. At first sight, it seems that all we need to do is to quantize general relativity. But if one performs an expansion in terms of Feynman diagrams, the technique used in the Standard Model, then one finds infinities that cannot be absorbed in a renormalization of the Newton constant (and the cosmological constant). In fact, as one goes to higher and higher orders in perturbation theory, one would have to include more and more counterterms. In other words, the theory is not renormalizable. So, the principle that is so crucial for constructing the Standard Model fails. It is now more surprising that an inconsistent theory could agree so well with experiment! The reason for this is that quantum gravity effects are usually very small, due to the weakness of gravity relative to other forces. Because the effects of gravity are proportional to the mass, or the energy of the particle, they grow at high energies. At energies of the order of E ∼ 1019 GeV, gravity would have a strength comparable with that of the other Standard Model interactions.1 We should also remember that physics, as we understand it now, cannot explain the most important “experiment” that ever happened: the Big Bang. It is quite interesting that the Big-Bang theory links high-energy physics and cosmology and in order to understand what happened in the beginning, it seems that we need to understand quantum gravity. There are also esthetic reasons for wanting a theory beyond the Standard Model. We would like to explain the origin of
Film-cooling effectiveness downstream of a single row of holes with variable density ratio

Film-cooling effectiveness was studied using a row of inclined holes that injected cryogenically cooled air across a flat, adiabatic test plate. The density ratio of the coolant to mainstream varied from 1.2 to 2.0. Surface temperatures were measured using a unique surface thermocouple arrangement free of conduction errors. Temperatures were obtained along the jet centerline and across a number of lateral locations. By independently varying density ratio and blowing rate, scaling of adiabatic effectiveness with mass flux ratio, velocity ratio, and momentum ratio was determined. Depending on the momentum flux ratio, the jet either remains attached to the surface, detaches and then reattaches, or is fully detached. For attached jets, the centerline effectiveness scaled with the mass flux ratio. However, for detached-reattached jets, a consistent scaling was not found although the general distribution of the centerline effectiveness scaled with momentum flux ratio. Laterally averaged effectiveness was found to be dependent on density ratio and momentum flux ratio. Decreases in density ratio and increases in momentum flux ratio were found to reduce the spreading of the film cooling jet significantly and thereby reduce laterally averaged effectiveness.
Comments on Hastings’ Additivity Counterexamples

Hastings [12] recently provided a proof of the existence of channels which violate the additivity conjecture for minimal output entropy. In this paper we present an expanded version of Hastings’ proof. In addition to a careful elucidation of the details of the proof, we also present bounds for the minimal dimensions needed to obtain a counterexample.
A PAIR OF DIFFERENCE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF EULER-CAUCHY TYPE

We study two classes of linear difference differential equations analogous to Euler-Cauchy ordinary differential equations, but in which mul- tiple arguments are shifted forward or backward by fixed amounts. Special cases of these equations have arisen in diverse branches of number theory and combinatorics. They are also of use in linear control theory. Here, we study these equations in a general setting. Building on previous work going back to de Bruijn, we show how adjoint equations arise naturally in the problem of uniqueness of solutions. Exploiting the adjoint relationship in a new way leads to a significant strengthening of previous uniqueness results. Specifically, we prove here (Theorem 11) that the general Euler-Cauchy difference differential equation with advanced arguments has a unique solution (up to a multiplica- tive constant) in the class of functions bounded by an exponential function on the positive real line. For the closely related class of equations with re- tarded arguments, we focus on a corresponding class of solutions, locating and classifying the points of discontinuity. We also provide an explicit asymptotic expansion at infinity.
Au/Ag-Catalyzed Intramolecular Ring-Opening of Vinylidene-cyclopropanes (VDCPs): An Easy Access to Functional Tetrahydropyrans

An intramolecular ring-opening of vinylidenecyclopropanes (VDCPs) tethered with alcohol chains has been established. A series of transition metal catalysts and their combinations have been screened under mild conditions, and a cocatalyst system consisting of [(Ph3PAu)(3)O]BF4 (4 mol %) and AgOTf (4 mol %) was found to catalyze the reaction to completion within 10-30 min in 1,4-dioxane at 60 degrees C to give allene-functionalized tetrahydropyrans.
PM3(tm) Analysis of Transition-Metal Complexes

Transition-metal complexes with prototypical ligands were studied using the PM3(tm) semiempirical method. The calculated complexes in this paper include 35 halides, 7 aqua complexes, 7 tris(ethylenediamine) complexes, 27 multiply bonded complexes, and 19 organometallics. PM3(tm)-predicted geometries were compared with the experimental data from 1200 crystal structures. For multiply bonded complexes, a comparison was also made between PM3(tm) and higher level calculations employing effective core potentials and MP2 wave functions. In general, PM3(tm) was quite successful in predicting the geometries of transition-metal complexes, especially those incorporating metals from the left-hand side of the transition series.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer

The purpose of this study was to compare the survival of women with clinical, radiologic, and histologic findings compatible with advanced ovarian cancer who were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy to that of a group of women with FIGO stage IIIC (suboptimal debulking) and stage IV epithelial ovarian cancers treated with the same chemotherapy. Eleven women with physical, radiologic, and histologic findings compatible with advanced ovarian cancer (median age, 73 years) treated with neoadjuvant carboplatin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy were compared to 18 women (median age, 60 years) who had stage III and suboptimal surgical cytoreduction (> 2 cm residual tumor, 13 patients) or stage IV (5 patients) ovarian cancer followed by the same chemotherapy. The progression-free survival for the 11 women receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 9.1 months which was not statistically different from the 8.5 months progression-free survival for the 18 women with suboptimally debulked stage IIIC or stage IV disease (P = 0.98). The overall survival was not significantly different (P = 0.26). Neoadjuvant-treated patients tended to tolerate chemotherapy better as none required dose reduction for bone marrow suppression, while 6 of 18 conventionally treated patient required dose reductions. In conclusion, neoadjuvant chemotherapy appears to be an effective means of palliating women with clinical, radiological, and histologic findings compatible with advanced ovarian cancer. A prospective study is necessary in which women with findings compatible with advanced ovarian cancer that is not likely to be effectively cytoreduced surgically are randomized to either undergo cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy or receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
X-33 Experimental Aeroheating at Mach 6 Using Phosphor Thermography

The goal of the NASA Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) technology program is to mature and demonstrate essential, cost effective technologies for next generation launch systems. The X-33 flight vehicle presently being developed by Lockheed Martin is an experimental Single Stage to Orbit (SSTO) demonstrator that seeks to validate critical technologies and insure applicability to a full scale RLV. As with the design of any hypersonic vehicle, the aeroheating environment is an important issue and one of the key technologies being demonstrated on X-33 is an advanced metallic Thermal Protection System (TPS). As part of the development of this TPS system, the X-33 aeroheating environment is being defined through conceptual analysis, ground based testing, and computational fluid dynamics. This report provides an overview of the hypersonic aeroheating wind tunnel program conducted at the NASA Langley Research Center in support of the ground based testing activities. Global surface heat transfer images, surface streamline patterns, and shock shapes were measured on 0.013 scale (10-in.) ceramic models of the proposed X-33 configuration in Mach 6 air. The test parametrics include angles of attack from -5 to 40 degs, unit Reynolds numbers from 1x106 to 8x106/ft, and body flap deflections of 0, 10, and 20 deg. Experimental and computational results indicate the presence of shock/shock interactions that produced localized heating on the deflected flaps and boundary layer transition on the canted fins. Comparisons of the experimental data to laminar and turbulent predictions were performed. Laminar windward heating data from the wind tunnel was extrapolated to flight surface temperatures and generally compared to within 50 deg F of flight prediction along the centerline. When coupled with the phosphor technique, this rapid extrapolation method would serve as an invaluable TPS design tool.
A laboratory investigation of the effect of multiple axle and truck configurations on HMA mixture rutting

ABSTRACT Few studies have investigated pavement damage resulting from different axle and truck configurations, and they were generally limited to single and tandem axles. The unconfined compression cyclic load test with loading cycles that simulate different axle and truck configurations was used to examine their relative effect on permanent deformation of an asphalt mixture. The laboratory investigation indicates that the rutting damage due to different axle configurations is approximately proportional to the number of axles. However, the effect of rest period between axles groups within a truck configuration is significant. Calculating truck rutting damage by simply summing the vertical permanent deformation corresponding to its constituent axle groups results in erroneous predictions. The application of Miner's rule results in improved truck rutting damage predictions for a wider range of truck configurations, although it does not account for the effect of rest periods within a truck configuration. Fin...
The infectious origins of stillbirth

Abstract Objective Our objective was to determine the relationship between various types of perinatal infections and stillbirths. Study design By use of various textbooks on perinatal infections, multiple MEDLINE searches, and the reference list of all appropriate manuscripts, the appropriate English language literature was reviewed to define the relationship between various perinatal infections and stillbirths. Results Infection may cause stillbirth by a number of mechanisms, including direct infection, placental damage, and severe maternal illness. A large variety of organisms have been associated with stillbirth, including many bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. In developed countries, between 10% and 25% of stillbirths may be caused by an infection, whereas in developing countries, which often have much higher stillbirth rates, the contribution of infection is much greater. Ascending bacterial infection, both before and after membrane rupture, with organisms such as Escherichia coli , group B streptococci, and Ureaplasma urealyticum is usually the most common infectious cause of stillbirth. However, in areas where syphilis is very prevalent, up to half of all stillbirths may be caused by this infection alone. Malaria may be an important cause of stillbirth in women infected for the first time in pregnancy. The two most important viral causes of stillbirth are parvovirus and Coxsackie virus, although a number of other viral infections appear to be causal. Toxoplasma gondii , leptospirosis, Listeria monocytogenes , and the organisms that cause leptospirosis, Q fever, and Lyme disease have all been implicated as etiologic for stillbirth. Conclusion Because infection-related stillbirth is relatively rare in developed countries, and those that do occur are caused by a wide variety of organisms, reducing this etiologic component of stillbirth much further will be difficult. However, in certain developing countries, the stillbirth rate is so high and the infection-related component so great that achieving a substantial reduction in stillbirth should be possible simply by reducing maternal infections.
Solar probe orbit design.

Orbit selection studies, which reflect consideration of scientific objectives and launch vehicle capabilities, have been conducted for a solar probe spacecraft. For ecliptic orbits, it principally is desired to obtain minimum perihelion while positioning the spacecraft, subsequent to sun passage, so as to provide extended periods for microwave transmission through the dense regions of the corona as an experimental means of determining electron densities. To achieve an understanding of the spatial distribution of the various phenomena, orbits highly inclined to the solar equatorial plane also are of concern, as are certain ancillary missions of potential utility. Related factors such as launch window and error effects are discussed.
Helicopter Offshore Operations

The sale of lease sites off the U.S. coast and in Alaska, for oil and gas exploration and production, has resulted in a need for helicopter operations in offshore areas in instrument weather conditions. Such operations require an air traffic control system and a navigation capability that will extend to 300 miles from shore, and provide guidance down to 200 feet above sea level. Accuracy and reliability must be at least equal to that available with VOR–DME. The overall offshore situation is described and FAA and industry efforts to meet the helicopter offshore, navigation requirements are explained.