cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of transthyretin (TTR) amyloid cardiomyopathy with an antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor of TTR synthesis

Background While transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis is usually characterized by peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, a majority of patients also have evidence of restrictive cardiomyopathy. In addition, amyloid cardiomyopathy may occur in the elderly without the presence of a mutant form of TTR. Both the hereditary and wild-type TTR amyloidosis are characterized by progressive restrictive cardiomyopathy. The disease usually progresses over a five to ten year period from time of diagnosis to demise from congestive heart failure. At present there are ongoing pharmaceutical studies to suppress the synthesis of TTR by the liver using antisense oligonucleotides or siRNA. Both types of agents have been shown to be effective in lowering blood levels of TTR but efficacy measured by inhibition of progression of disease has not yet been established. The present study is an investigator sponsored Phase-2 study to determine the safety and tolerability of an ISIS generation 2.0 antisense oligonucleotide in patients with moderate to advanced TTR cardiomyopathy.
The Restless Anthropologist: Crossing Borders to New Fieldsites

When, and why, do we hear the call of a new field site? What questions, what theoretical models, what emotional relations do we bring from our immersion in a former field site when we pick up stakes and embark on research in a new place? Does the art of fieldwork look different in midlife from how it looked in early research? After conducting long-term field research in a place—and developing deep relations with members of a community—(how) do we maintain a connection to that place in a new modality, sans regular “return visits”? When aging bodies do not permit new visits to far-flung locales, how do we maintain our identities as fieldworking anthropologists? The authors of the four essays plus afterword that follow broach these and related questions as they explore the decision paths that led them from North Dakota to North Sumatra (in the case of Edward Bruner), or from the Pacific island of Vanatinai to the Pacific coastline of California (in the case of Maria Lepowsky). Such decision paths do not follow the straightforward, predictable outlines of a simple scientific script. Accordingly, the essays that follow offer stories of a discipline that is above all—though perhaps oxymoronically—a human science. They are stories of moving from conducting research in the home field to the outfield, as Linda Seligmann phrases it; stories of the role that our own moves across the human life cycle plays in our fieldwork careers, as Edward Bruner explores with the wisdom that only six-plus decades of a fieldworking life can provide; stories of the unexpected twists and turns down which the fieldworking road takes us in the all-too-human quest to find a centered sense of well-being amid our often-restless spirits, as Paul Stoller reminds us. The four essays plus afterword in this special section began as talks presented in a session at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association in 2012. But their history takes us back to 2007, when the five scholars of these essays delivered a different set of talks delivered at an earlier Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. Those original talks developed into full-blown essays that joined several other, newly commissioned essays that, together, saw the light of day as an edited collection, The bs_bs_banner
The independency of stellar mass-loss rates on stellar X-ray luminosity and activity level based on solar X-ray flux and solar wind observations

Stellar mass-loss rates are an important input ingredient for stellar evolution models since they determine stellar evolution parameters such as stellar spin-down and increase in stellar luminosity through the lifetime of a star. Due to the lack of direct observations of stellar winds from Sun-like stars stellar X-ray luminosity and stellar level of activity are commonly used as a proxy for estimating stellar mass-loss rates. However, such an intuitive activity -mass-loss rate relation is not well defined. In this paper, I study the mass-loss rate of the Sun as a function of its activity level. I compare in situ solar wind measurements with the solar activity level represented by the solar X-ray flux. I find no clear dependency of the solar mass flux on solar X-ray flux. Instead, the solar mass-loss rate is scattered around an average value of 2 x 10 -14 M ⊙ yr -1 . This independency of the mass-loss rate on level of activity can be explained by the fact that the activity level is governed by the large modulations in the solar close magnetic flux, while the mass-loss rate is governed by the rather constant open magnetic flux. I derive a simple expression for stellar mass-loss rates as a function of the stellar ambient weak magnetic field, the stellar radius, the stellar escape velocity and the average height of the Alfven surface. This expression predicts stellar mass-loss rates of 10 -15 to 10 -12 M ⊙ yr -1 for Sun-like stars.
One-Carbon Homologation of Primary Alcohols and the Reductive Homologation of Aldehydes Involving a Jocic-Type Reaction

(Trichloromethyl)carbinols, which are formed in one operation from either alcohols or aldehydes, can be converted into primary alcohols in a Jocic-type reaction involving LiBH4. The net result is a convenient two-step, one-carbon homologation of primary alcohols or a reductive one-carbon homologation of aldehydes featuring a broad substrate scope. The method is step-economical, and it nicely complements established one-carbon homologation strategies.
Income inequality and economic freedom in the U.S. states

This paper examines the impact of economic freedom on income inequality using cross-sectional data for U.S. states. While previous research has explored this relationship internationally, the results have been conflicting. In addition, while it seems obvious that the large institutional differences across countries will impact income inequality, it isn’t so obvious that the smaller variation in policies among U.S. states can have a measurable impact. Can improvements in income inequality be used as a justification for marginal pro-market policy reforms at the state level, or is this argument applicable only to national-level institutional reforms?
Improving Immunization Rates of Underserved Children: A Historical Study of 10 Health Departments

Background Despite high immunization rates, hundreds of thousands of poor and underserved children continue to lack their necessary immunizations and are at risk of acquiring a vaccine-preventable disease. Local Health Departments (LHDs) and public health clinicians figure prominently in efforts to address this problem. Methods This exploratory research compared ten (10) North Carolina LHDs with respect to immunization delivery factors. The study sample was identified based on urban designation as well as county demographic and socio-economic indicators that identified predicted “pockets” of underimmunization. Survey instruments were used to identify specific LHD immunization delivery factors. Results It was found that hours of operation, appointment policies, use and type of tracking systems, and wait times influence a health department’s ability to immunize underserved children. This exploratory research is of particular importance, because it suggests that the implementation of specific policy interventions may reduce the morbidity and mortality related to vaccine-preventable diseases in poor and underserved children. This research also highlights the significance of the nurses’ role in the policy making process in this important area of community health assurance. Conclusion To improve childhood immunization rates, policy-makers should encourage adequate and appropriate funding for LHDs to adopt service delivery factors that are associated with higher-performing local health departments. LHDs should study the population they serve to further refine service delivery factors to meet the population’s needs.
Dipole moments of black holes and string states

As a further test of the conjectured equivalence of string states and extremal black holes, we compute the dipole moments of black holes with arbitrary spin and superspin in D = 4, N = 4 supergravity coupled to 22 vector multiplets and compare them with the dipole moments of states in the heterotic string on T6 or the Type IIA string on K3 × T2. Starting from a purely bosonic black hole with Kerr angular momentum L, the superpartners are generated by acting with fermion zero-modes, thus filling out the complete supermultiplet. L is then identified with the superspin. On the heterotic side, elementary states belong only to short or long multiplets, but Type IIA elementary states can belong to intermediate multiplets as well. We find that the black hole gyromagnetic ratios are in perfect agreement with the string states not only for the BPS states belonging to short multiplets but also for those belonging to intermediate multiplets. In fact, these intermediate multiplets provide a stronger test of the black-hole/string-state equivalence because the gyromagnetic ratios are not determined by supersymmetry alone, in contrast to those of the short multiplets. We even find agreement between the non-supersymmetric (but still extremal) black holes and non-BPS string states belonging to long supermultiplets. In addition to magnetic dipole moments we also find electric dipole moments even for purely electrically charged black holes. The electric dipole moments of the corresponding string states have not yet been calculated directly but are consistent with heterotic/Type IIA duality.
A Coke, a Smile … and a Tax Bill? A Look at the Tax Treatment of Exclusive Provider Agreements in Higher Education

The purpose of this article is to critically analyze the tax treatment of amounts that colleges and universities receive under exclusive provider agreements (also known as “pouring rights contracts”). Under these agreements, beverage companies pay millions of dollars to institutions of higher education for the right to be the exclusive provider of beverages at campus points of sale. There is no bright‐line rule indicating whether revenue from such agreements is subject to the unrelated business income tax. Colleges and universities must therefore dissect the revenue they receive from these contracts and apply the general rules of the unrelated business income tax to separate the taxable amounts from the nontaxable amounts. The article reviews this process and then looks at whether there is any policy justification for taxing revenue from exclusive provider agreements. Based on a review of the policy underlying the unrelated business income tax, the article concludes that exempting exclusive provider agree...
Synthetic Multivalent Ligands as Probes of Signal Transduction

Cell-surface receptors acquire information from the extracellular environment and coordinate intracellular responses. Many receptors do not operate as individual entities, but rather as part of dimeric or oligomeric complexes. Coupling the functions of multiple receptors may endow signaling pathways with the sensitivity and malleability required to govern cellular responses. Moreover, multireceptor signaling complexes may provide a means of spatially segregating otherwise degenerate signaling cascades. Understanding the mechanisms, extent, and consequences of receptor co-localization and interreceptor communication is critical; chemical synthesis can provide compounds to address the role of receptor assembly in signal transduction. Multivalent ligands can be generated that possess a variety of sizes, shapes, valencies, orientations, and densities of binding elements. This Review focuses on the use of synthetic multivalent ligands to characterize receptor function.
Stereoselective cyclization of stilbene derived carbocations

Cyclodimerization of 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylstilbene under acidic conditions affords the rotationally restricted 1,3-bis-(2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. Nucleophilic addition of this stilbene to 1,4-benzoquinone and maleic anhydride, respectively, followed by an intramolecular cyclization yields dihydrobenzofuran derivatives and a trisubstituted butanolide, respectively. These stereoselective cyclizations involving stilbene derived carbocations apparently biomimic the cyclization of naturally occurring stilbenes during oxidative oligomerization.
Vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of atoms and molecules

Abstract For a complete study of the photoionization of atoms and molecules it is essential to make use of the technique of Photoelectron Spectroscopy and the continuum characteristics of synchrotron radiation. A brief review is given of the application of the above techniques in measuring partial photoionization cross sections and the angular distribution assymetry parameter β. Selected results are given, which are compared to theoretical values.
Shear deformation plate continua of large double layered space structures

A simple method is presented to model large rigid-jointed lattice structures as continuous elastic media with couple stresses using energy equivalence. In the analysis, the transition from the discrete system to the continuous media is achieved by expanding the displacements and the rotations of the nodal points in a Taylor series about a suitable chosen origin. The strain energy of the continuous media with couple stresses is then specialized to obtain shear deformation plate continua. Equivalent continua for single layered grids, double layered grids, and three-dimensional lattices are then obtained.
Program behavior in a paging environment

This paper is the result of a study conducted on the M44/44X system, an experimental time-shared paging system designed and implemented at IBM Research in Yorktown, New York. The system was in operation serving up to sixteen users simultaneously from early 1966 until May 1968. Conceived as a research project to implement the virtual machine concept, the system has provided a good deal of information relating to the feasibility of that concept. The aim of this study is to investigate the concept more thoroughly from a user's viewpoint and to try to answer some important questions related to program behavior in a paging environment. As an experimental system, the M44/44X provided an excellent vehicle for the purposes of this study, and the study itself forms some basis for an evaluation of the system.
Where to snuff the puff? Relative effectiveness of U.S. smoking control policies

Abstract This research examines the relative effectiveness of various smoking control initiatives in lowering U.S. smoking prevalence. The main contribution lies in considering alternate state-level restrictions on retailers as well as smokers. Greater restrictions on smokers lower smoking prevalence, while those directed at retailers are largely ineffective. Upon disaggregation, territorial restrictions banning smoking in restaurants are found to be effective, whereas those in workplaces and in bars do not appreciably lower smoking prevalence. We also find some gender differences in the effectiveness of smoking restrictions. These findings are generally robust to alternate model specifications.
An Entry to a Chiral Dihydropyrazole Scaffold: Enantioselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Nitrile Imines

We have developed a versatile strategy to access dihydropyrazoles in highly enantioenriched form. Dipolar cycloaddition of electron-deficient acceptors and in situ-generated nitrile imines proceeds with high regio- and enantioselectivity using 10 mol % chiral Lewis acid catalyst. A variety of dihydropyrazoles that incorporate functionality for further manipulation have been prepared.
The growth of patenting and licensing by U.S. universities: an assessment of the effects of the Bayh–Dole act of 1980

Abstract Growth during the 1980s and 1990s in patenting and licensing by American universities is frequently asserted to be a direct consequence of the Bayh–Dole Act of 1980. However, there has been little empirical analysis of the effects of this legislation. This paper uses previously unexploited data to consider the effects of Bayh–Dole at three leading universities: the University of California, Stanford University, and Columbia University. Two of these universities (California and Stanford) were active in patenting and licensing before Bayh–Dole, and one (Columbia) became active only after its passage. The evidence suggests that Bayh–Dole was only one of several important factors behind the rise of university patenting and licensing activity. Bayh–Dole also appears to have had little effect on the content of academic research at these universities. A comparison of these three universities reveals remarkable similarities in their patent and licensing portfolios 10 years after the passage of the Bayh–Dole Act. The concluding section raises several questions about the effects of Bayh–Dole and related policy shifts that are not addressed by this analysis but that deserve attention in future research.
A comparison of two actively compensated active-RC filters

A number of authors have proposed the use of additional operational amplifiers (op amps) for compensating the detrimental effects of the frequency-dependent gains of the op amps already used in the circuit. This technique is known as active compensation. Among all such actively compensated circuits, two such circuits have been derived from the single amplifier biquad (SAB) of Deliyannis-Friend. These two circuits possess very low passive and active sensitivities. The purpose of this work is to compare their performances not only with respect to the active sensitivities but also from the point of requiring matched op amps and their stability. >
Minimum detectable limit of lithium in the upper atmosphere.

Lithium emission rate limits in upper atmosphere, discussing high altitude thermonuclear explosions effects /1958-1963/
α-amino carbanions. A second generation formamidine for facile deprotonation leading to α-quaternary substitution

Abstract Formamidines derived from o-methoxymethylaniline (MMA) allow proton removal of tertiary protons in 1-substituted-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines.
Some Issues Concerning the Control of Human Behavior

(1990). Some Issues Concerning the Control of Human Behavior. TACD Journal: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-102.
Cosmic degeneracy with dark energy equation of state

Abstract We discuss a degeneracy between the geometry of the universe and the dark energy equation of state wX which exists in the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background. In particular, for the case with wX
On the Analysis of Bright Spectrum Lines

(1904). LIX. On the analysis of bright spectrum lines. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 7, No. 41, pp. 485-503.
Oscillations During Thermonuclear X-ray Bursts

High amplitude, nearly coherent X-ray brightness oscillations during thermonuclear X-ray bursts were discovered with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) in early 1996. Spectral and timing evidence strongly supports the conclusion that these oscillations are caused by rotational modulation of the burst emission and that they reveal the spin frequency of neutron stars in low mass X-ray binaries, a long sought goal of X-ray astronomy. Studies carried out over the past year have led to the discovery of burst oscillations in four new sources, bringing to ten the number with confirmed burst oscillations. I review the status of our knowledge of these oscillations and indicate how they can be used to probe the physics of neutron stars. For a few burst oscillation sources it has been proposed that the strongest and most ubiquitous frequency is actually the first overtone of the spin frequency and hence that two nearly antipodal hot spots are present on the neutron star. This inference has important implications for both the physics of thermonuclear burning as well as the mass - radius relation for neutron stars, so its confirmation is crucial. I discuss recent attempts to confirm this hypothesis for 4U 1636-53, the source for which a signal at the putative fundamental (290Hz) has, been claimed.
GFI1 Is Repressed by p53 and Inhibits DNA Damage- Induced Apoptosis

GFI1 is a transcriptional repressor that plays a critical role in hematopoiesis and has also been implicated in lymphomagenesis. It is still poorly understood how GFI1 expression is regulated in the hematopoietic system. We show here that GFI1 transcription was repressed by the tumor suppressor p53 in hematopoietic cells. Knockdown of p53 resulted in increased GFI1 expression and abolished DNA damage-induced GFI1 downregulation. In contrast, GFI1 expression was reduced and its downregulation in response to DNA damage was rescued upon restoration of p53 function in p53-deficient cells. In luciferase reporter assays, wild type p53, but not a DNA binding-defective p53 mutant, repressed the GFI1 promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrated that p53 bound to the proximal region of the GFI1 promoter. Detailed mapping of the GFI1 promoter indicated that GFI1 core promoter region spanning from −33 to +6 bp is sufficient for p53-mediated repression. This core promoter region contains a putative p53 repressive response element, mutation of which abolished p53 binding to and repression of GFI1 promoter. Significantly, apoptosis induced by DNA damage was inhibited upon Gfi1 overexpression, but augmented following GFI1 knockdown. Our data establish for the first time that GFI1 is repressed by p53 and add to our understanding of the roles of GFI1 in normal hematopoiesis and lymphomagenesis.
Magnetic field fluctuations during substorms

Abstract Before a magnetospheric substorm and during its early phases the magnetic field magnitude in the geomagnetic tail increases and field lines in the night-time hemisphere assume a more tail-like configuration. Before the substorm onset a minimum amount of magnetic flux is observed to cross the neutral sheet which means that the neutral sheet currents attain their most earthward locations and their greatest current densities. This field configuration apparently results from an increased transport of magnetic flux to the tail caused by a southward interplanetary magnetic field. The field begins relaxing toward a more dipolar configuration at the time of a substorm onset with the recovery probably occurring first between 6 and 10 R E and later at greater distances. This recovery must be associated with magnetospheric convection which restores magnetic flux to the dayside hemisphere. Field aligned currents appear to be required to connect magnetospheric currents to the auroral electrojets but such current systems imply that a net current flows in a limited range of longitudes. Space measurements supporting the existence of such current systems are very limited. Much more evidence exists for the occurrence of double current sheets which do not involve net current at a given longitude.
Spontaneous formation of current‐driven double layers in density depletions and its relevance to solitary Alfven waves

[1] We demonstrate that when magnetic field-aligned currents encounter density cavities, double layers (DLs) spontaneously form. The parallel electric field in the double layer (DL) accelerates electrons and ions to maintain the current continuity. However, such double layers are found to be transitory; their growth is initially accompanied by further deepening of a part of the cavity and the decay with subsequent refilling. The bursty acceleration of electrons and ions by the double layer provides a mechanism for the conversion of the electromagnetic energy associated with the currents into kinetic energy of the plasma. Thus the spontaneous double layer formation in plasma density cavities could be an effective dissipation mechanism for Alfven waves which carry substantial currents when they acquire sufficiently short wavelengths perpendicular to the magnetic field.
Liquidity Biases and the Pricing of Cross-sectional Idiosyncratic Volatility

We examine the cross-sectional relation between idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns and propose that the joint effect of the percentage of zero returns, that affects the loading on the systematic risk factors, and the bid-ask spread, that inflates the variance of the returns, biases the estimate of idiosyncratic volatility and the resulting pricing ability of idiosyncratic volatility. We model the microstructure influence on returns and derive a closed-form solution for the bias in the estimated idiosyncratic volatility. Motivated by this theory, our empirical results show that controlling for the liquidity costs on the estimation of idiosyncratic volatility diminishes to insignificance the ability of idiosyncratic volatility estimates to predict future returns. We confirm our findings by examining external shocks to liquidity, due to reductions in the stated quotes after 1997 and the decimalization of quotes in 2001, and find a significant reduction in the pricing ability of idiosyncratic volatility. Finally, minimizing liquidity’s influence on the estimated idiosyncratic volatility, by orthogonalizing the percentage of zero return and spread effects on the estimated idiosyncratic volatility, demonstrates that the resulting idiosyncratic volatility estimate has little pricing ability.
Cyclization Reactions through DDQ-Mediated Vinyl Oxazolidinone Oxidation

Vinyl oxazolidinones react with DDQ to form α,β-unsaturated acyliminium ions in a new method for forming electrophiles under oxidative conditions. Appended nucleophiles undergo 1,4-addition reactions with these intermediates to form cyclic vinyl oxazolidinones with good levels of diastereocontrol, highlighting a new approach to utilizing oxidative carbon−hydrogen bond functionalization to increase molecular complexity.
Global suspended sediment and water discharge dynamics between 1960 and 2010: Continental trends and intra-basin sensitivity

Establishing a quantitative description of global riverine fluxes is one of the main goals of contemporary hydrology and geomorphology. Here we study changes in global riverine water discharge and suspended sediment flux over a 50-year period, 1960–2010, applying a new version of the WBMsed (WBMsed v.2.0) global hydrological water balance model. A new floodplain component is introduced to better represent water and sediment dynamics during periods of overbank discharge. Validated against data from 16 globally distributed stations, WBMsed v.2.0 simulation results show considerable improvement over the original model. Normalized departure from an annual mean is used to quantify spatial and temporal dynamics in both water discharge and sediment flux. Considerable intra-basin variability in both water and sediment discharge is observed for the first time in different regions of the world. Continental-scale analysis shows considerable variability in water and sediment discharge fluctuations both in time and between continents. A correlation analysis between predicted continental suspended sediment and water discharge shows strong correspondence in Australia and Africa (R2 of 0.93 and 0.87 respectively), moderate correlation in North and South America (R2 of 0.64 and 0.73 respectively) and weak correlation in Asia and Europe (R2 of 0.35 and 0.24 respectively). We propose that yearly changes in intra-basin precipitation dynamics explain most of these differences in continental water discharge and suspended sediment correlation. The mechanism proposed and demonstrated here (for the Ganges, Danube and Amazon Rivers) is that regions with high relief and soft lithology will amplify the effect of higher than average precipitation by producing an increase in sediment yield that greatly exceeds increase in water discharge.
Application of Robust and Adaptive Pole Placement

The previous investigation showed the usefulness of a two-degree-of-freedom configuration. Such a controller can also be designed using pole placement. An adaptive controller based on this concept is developed and applied to the problem with good results. Particular features, such as selection of model structure, design parameters and excitation, are also discussed.
Alternative Formulations for Transient Dynamic Response Optimization

Three alternative formulations for transient dynamic response optimization of mechanical systems are presented, analyzed, and evaluated. The basic idea of these formulations is to treat various state variables as independent variables in the optimization process (in addition to the real design variables), that is, generalized displacements, velocities, and accelerations. Because all functions of the optimization problem become explicit in terms of the variables in these formulations, their gradients can be calculated easily as compared to the conventional approach where special design sensitivity analysis methods need to be used. Also, the equations of motion are not integrated explicitly; they are imposed as equality constraints. For the alternative formulations, the optimization problem is quite large in terms of the numbers of variables and constraints. However, the problem functions are quite sparse, which is exploited in the optimization process. Advantages and disadvantages of the formulations are discussed. Several cases of two example problems are solved to study the performance of the formulations. Based on the extensive numerical experiments, it is concluded that the proposed formulations work well for the example problems and have potential for further development for practical applications.
Activation of the somatosensory cortex during Aβ-fiber mediated hyperalgesia: a MSI study

Objective: To investigate the neural activation in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) that is induced by capsaicin-evoked secondary Aβ-fiber-mediated hyperalgesia with magnetic source imaging (MSI) in healthy humans. Background: Dynamic mechanical hyperalgesia, i.e. pain to innocuous light touching, is a symptom of painful neuropathies. Animal experiments suggest that alterations in central pain processing occur so that tactile stimuli conveyed in Aβ low threshold mechanoreceptive afferents become capable of activating central pain signalling neurons. A similar state of central sensitization can be experimentally produced with capsaicin. Methods: In six individuals the somatosensory evoked magnetic fields (SEFs) induced by non-painful electrical stimulation of Aβ-afferents at the forearm skin were recorded. Capsaicin was injected adjacent to the stimulation site to induce secondary dynamic Aβ-hyperalgesia. Thereafter, the SEFs induced by the identical electrical stimulus applied within the secondary hyperalgesic skin were analyzed. The electrical stimulus was subsequently perceived as painful without changing the stimulus intensity and location. Latencies, anatomical source location and amplitudes of SEFs during both conditions were compared. Results: Non-painful electrical stimulation of Aβ-afferents induced SEFs in SI at latencies between 20 and 150 ms. Stimulation of Aβ-afferents within the capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesic skin induced SEFs at identical latencies and locations as compared with the stimulation of Aβ-afferents within normal skin. The amplitudes, i.e., the magnetic dipole strengths of the SEFs were higher during Aβ-hyperalgesia. Conclusions: Acute application of capsaicin produces an increase in the excitability of central neurons, e.g., in SI. This might be due to sensitization of central neurons so that normally innocuous stimuli activate pain signalling neurons or cortical neurons might increase their receptive fields.
A pregeijerene isomer from Juniperus erectopatens foliage.

Abstract A hydrocarbon that is widespread in Juniperus foliage was isolated from Juniperus erectopatens (Cheng and L. K. Fu) R. P. Adams and identified as (E,E,E)- 1,7-dimethylcyclodeca-1,4,7-triene (pregeijerene B). Geometry of the disubstituted double bond was determined by IR and NMR spectroscopy, while that of the trisubstituted double bonds was proven by comparison of the products of selective hydrogenation of the title compound and of pregeijerene. Common biosynthesis of pregeijerene B and a germacrane sesquiterpenoid, 8α-acetoxyhedycaryol, is inferred from their co-occurrence in foliage of 24 Juniperus species.
A Study of H2 Emission in Three Bipolar Proto-Planetary Nebulae: IRAS 16594–4656, Hen 3-401, and Rob 22* **

We have carried out a spatial-kinematical study of three proto-planetary nebulae, IRAS 16594-4656, Hen 3-401, and Rob 22. High-resolution H2 images were obtained with NICMOS on the HST and high-resolution spectra were obtained with the Phoenix spectrograph on Gemini-South. IRAS 16594-4656 shows a "peanut-shaped" bipolar structure with H2 emission from the walls and from two pairs of more distant, point-symmetric faint blobs. The velocity structure shows the polar axis to be in the plane of the sky, contrary to the impression given by the more complex visual image and the visibility of the central star, with an ellipsoidal velocity structure. Hen 3-401 shows the H2 emission coming from the walls of the very elongated, open-ended lobes seen in visible light, along with a possible small disk around the star. The bipolar lobes appear to be tilted 10-15 deg with respect to the plane of the sky and their kinematics display a Hubble-like flow. In Rob 22, the H2 appears in the form of an "S" shape, approximately tracing out the similar pattern seen in the visible. H2 is especially seen at the ends of the lobes and at two opposite regions close to the unseen central star. The axis of the lobes is nearly in the plane of the sky. Expansion ages of the lobes are calculated to be approximately 1600 yr (IRAS 16594-4656), 1100 yr (Hen 3-401), and 640 yr (Rob 22), based upon approximate distances.
Highly active polymer-supported (salen)Al catalysts for the enantioselective addition of cyanide to α,β-unsaturated imides

In this contribution, we describe polymer-supported (R,R)-(salen)AlCl complexes that were immobilized on poly(norbornene)s and display excellent activities and enantioselectivies as catalysts for the 1,4-conjugate addition of cyanide to α,β-unsaturated imides. These supported catalysts could be recycled up to 5 times without compromising catalyst activities or selectivities. Furthermore, the catalyst loadings could be reduced from 10–15 mol%, the common catalyst loadings for non-supported (salen)Al catalysts, to 5 mol%, a decrease of metal content by 50–66%, without lowering product yields or enantioselectivities. Kinetic studies indicated that the polymer-supported catalysts are significantly more active than their corresponding unsupported analogues, which makes this catalyst system key to a successful implementation of this catalytic transformation into the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
Clustering at 74 MHz

In order to construct accurate point sources simulations at the frequencies relevant to 21-cm experiments, the angular correlation of radio sources must be taken into account. Using the 74 MHz VLA Low-Frequency Sky Survey, we measured the angular two-point correlation function, w(θ). We obtain the first measurement of clustering at the low frequencies relevant to 21-cm tomography. We find that a single power law with shape w(θ) =Aθ−γ fits well the data. For a 10° galactic cut, with all data at declinations δ < −10° also discarded, and a flux limit of S= 770 mJy, we obtain a slope of γ= (−1.21 ± 0.35). This value of γ is consistent with that measured from other radio catalogues at the metre wavelengths. The amplitude of clustering has a length of 2–6, and it is independent of the flux-density threshold.
Dusty plasma correlation function experiment

Abstract Dust particles immersed within a plasma environment, such as those in protostellar clouds, planetary rings or cometary environments, will acquire an electric charge. If the ratio of the inter-particle potential energy to the average kinetic energy is high enough the particles will form either a “liquid” structure with short-range ordering or a crystalline structure with long range ordering. Many experiments have been conducted over the past several years on such colloidal plasmas to discover the nature of the crystals formed, but more work is needed to fully understand these complex colloidal systems. Most previous experiments have employed monodisperse spheres to form Coulomb crystals. However, in nature (as well as in most plasma processing environments) the distribution of particle sizes is more randomized and disperse. This paper reports experiments which were carried out in a GEC radio frequency reference cell modified for use as a dusty plasma system, using varying sizes of particles to determine the manner in which the correlation function depends upon the overall dust grain size distribution. (The correlation function determines the overall crystalline structure of the lattice.) Two-dimensional plasma crystals were formed of assorted glass spheres with specific size distributions in an argon plasma. Using various optical techniques, the pair correlation function was determined and compared to those calculated numerically.
Thermal Resistance Measurements of Well-Insulated and Superinsulated Residential Walls Using a Calibrated Hot Box:

Thermal resistance measurements of two highly insulated residential walls are made using a calibrated hot box operated under winter and summer climatic condi tions. The well-insulated wall consists of two insulated wood-frame sections with staggered framing, having a nominal thermal resistance of R-27 F·ft2·h/Btu (4.8 K· m2/W). The superinsulated wall is identical in construction, except for additional in sulation placed between the two wood-frame sections increasing the wall thermal re sistance to a nominal value of R-39 F·ft2·h/Btu (6.9 K·m2/W).The measured thermal resistance for both walls is examined as a function of mean wall temperature and compared with predictions using the ASHRAE parallel-path method, the ASHRAE isothermal-plane method, and a finite-difference model with temperature-dependent thermal conductivities. Good agreement between measured and predicted values is obtained using both ASHRAE methods and the finite- difference model. At mean wall temperatures above 40°F (4.4°C), the ASHRAE p...
Incentives and management styles

In a principal-agent framework, we explain different managing styles. In our model, there are two vertical tasks — an upstream task for improving the project's potential environment, and a downstream task for implementing the project. The downstream task must be done by the worker, but the upstream task can be done by either the manager or the worker. An effort for the upstream task is a hidden action of the party in charge of the task. The realized project environment is the manager's private information. We show that, when the upstream task is easy, the manager may assign the task to herself, even if her opportunity cost is larger than the worker's (a bias in favor of micro-management). When the upstream task is hard, by contrast, the manager may assign the task to the worker, even if her opportunity cost is smaller than the worker's (a bias in favor of macro-management). We also discuss distortions in the project output schedules in each case to show that the central trade-off is efficiency in task allocation versus efficiency in project output.
Structural diversity by mixing chalcogen atoms in the chalcophosphate system K/In/P/Q (Q = S, Se).

The new thiophosphate salt K{sub 4}In{sub 2}(PS{sub 4}){sub 2}(P{sub 2}S{sub 6}) (1), the selenophosphate salts K{sub 5}In{sub 3}({mu}{sub 3}-Se)(P{sub 2}Se{sub 6}){sub 3} (2), K{sub 4}In{sub 4}({mu}-Se){sub 2}(P{sub 2}Se{sub 6}){sub 3} (3), and the mixed seleno-/thiophosphate salt K{sub 4}In{sub 4}({mu}-Se)(P{sub 2}S{sub 2.36}Se{sub 3.64}){sub 3} (4) are described. For the first time, a structurally different outcome of a chalcophosphate reaction was observed when sulfur and selenium are mixed, for example, by the use of K{sub 2}S/P{sub 2}Se{sub 5}/S/In instead of K{sub 2}Se/P{sub 2}Se{sub 5}/Se/In or K{sub 2}S/P{sub 2}S{sub 5}/S/In. In compounds 1-4 indium atoms exist in a variety coordination environments. While in 1, indium is octahedrally coordinated, in 2-4 tetrahedral, trigonal-bipyramidal, and octahedral coordination environments are found for indium atoms. This remarkable structural diversity possibly is a reason, why particularly indium chalcophosphate flux reactions often produce a large variety of compounds at intermediate temperatures. In the mixed seleno-/thiophosphate salt K{sub 4}In{sub 4}({mu}-Se)(P{sub 2}S{sub 2.36}Se{sub 3.64}){sub 3} (4) most of the chalcogen sites around the tetrahedrally coordinated P atoms show mixed S/Se occupancy. There is, however, a preference for Se binding to In ions and S binding to potassium ions.
Fluorescence intensity and anisotropy decays of the DNA stain Hoechst 33342 resulting from one-photon and two-photon excitation

We examined the steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectral properties of the DNA stain Hoechst 33342 for one-photon (OPE) and two-photon (TPE) excitation. Hoechst 33342 was found to display a large cross section for two-photon excitation within the fundamental wavelength range of pyridine 2 and rhodamine 6G dye lasers, 690 to 770 and 560 to 630 nm, respectively. The time-resolved measurements show that intensity decays are similar for OPE- and TPE. The anisotropy decay measurements of Hoechst 33342 in ethanol revealed the same correlation times for TPE as observed for OPE. However, the zero-time anisotropies recovered from anisotropy decay measurements are 1.4-fold higher for TPE than for OPE. The anisotropy spectra of Hoechst 33342 were examined in glycerol at -20°C, revealing limiting values close to the theoretical limits for OPE (0.4) and TPE (0.57). The steady-state anisotropy for OPE decreases in the shorter-wavelength region (R6G dye laser, 280-315 nm), but the two-photon anisotropy for 560 to 630-nm excitation remains as high as in the long-wavelength region (690-770 nm). This result suggests that one-photon absorption is due to two electronic, but only one transition contributes to the two-photon absorption over the wavelength range from 580 to 770 nm. Our demonstration of these favorable two-photon properties for Hoechst 33342, and the high photostability of the dye reported by other laboratories, suggests that this dye will be valuable for time-resolved studies of DNA with TPE and for two-photon fluorescence microscopy.
Two interacting particles in a disordered chain IV: Scaling of level curvatures

The curvatures of two-particle energy levels with respect to the enclosed magnetic flux in mesoscopic disordered rings are investigated numerically. We find that the typical value of the curvatures is increased by interactions in the localised regime and decreased in the metallic regime. This confirms a prediction by Akkermans and Pichard (Eur. Phys. J. B 1, 223 (1998)). The interaction-induced changes of the typical curvatures at different energies and disorder strengths exhibit one-parameter scaling with a conductance-like single parameter. This suggests that interactions could influence the conductance of mesoscopic systems similarly.
Stability of Asymmetric Equilibrium Flight States

C dynamic stability of asymmetric trim states of a large, multiengine jet transport which are dictated by engine failure at low speed is considered. Eigenvalue (root) loci obtained from coupled equations of motion for a range of sideslip angles are presented. These loci indicate that as long as the equilibrium sideslip angle is kept small in magnitude there is little difference in the stability characteristics for symmetric and asymmetric thrust conditions. However, when a large magnitude sideslip angle is present in the equilibrium state the coupling effects due to sideslip result in appreciable differences in the coupled motion counterparts of phugoid, spiral, and Dutch roll modes. In particular, under a condition of left outboard engine out and large positive sideslip, the "phugoid" mode becomes unstable. The "spiral" mode, under the same engine-out condition, is unstable for both positive and negative sideslip angles.
HIDDEN ASSUMPTIONS IN THE AVERAGE STRUCTURE METHOD

ABSTRACT Common to all average structure methods are three steps: (l) Measurements are made; (2) Structural parameters are calculated; (3) A structure is drawn which exhibits parameters close to the calculated ones. Each step has a certain amount of uncertainty associated with it. as does the interpretation of the result. One particular method involving elemental analysis, number-average-molecular-weight determination and 1H- and 13C-nmr, is examined in detail. It is shown that certain of the assumptions commonly made are arbitrary and almost certainly misleading; furthermore, little has appeared in the literature to indicate that complex mixtures exhibit the chemical behaviors that their average structures would predict. Several developments are discussed which could vastly improve the average structure method. These include: (a) Application of new (and particularly multidimensional) nmr techniques; (b) A better understanding of the molecular weight distributions of heavy fractions; (c) Application of co...
POLARIZED FAR-INFRARED AND SUBMILLIMETER EMISSION FROM INTERSTELLAR DUST

Polarized far-infrared (FIR) and submillimeter emission is calculated for models of nonspherical dust grains that are constrained to reproduce the observed wavelength-dependent extinction and polarization of starlight. For emission from regions where the magnetic field is perpendicular to the line of sight, the FIR emission is expected to have substantial linear polarization at wavelengths {lambda} {approx}> 100 {mu}m, but the degree of linear polarization, and its variation with wavelength, is model dependent. Models in which the starlight polarization is produced by both amorphous silicate and graphite grains have linear polarizations between 6% and 10% at {lambda}>100 {mu}m, but for some models in which only silicate grains are spheroidal, the linear polarization increases from about 3% at 100 {mu}m to about 15% at 1 mm. We briefly discuss the implications of these results for the removal of the polarized dust emission from maps of the cosmic microwave background, as well as the possibility of discriminating among interstellar dust models based on observations of FIR and submillimeter linear polarization.
Spontaneous Rectus Sheath Hematomas: When to Restart Anticoagulation?

Background The aim of the present study was to obtain data regarding the timing of anticoagulation resumption in patients with spontaneous rectus sheath hematomas (RSH).
Chemistry of the microbial metabolite A88696F, a new 2-(α-hydroxyalkyl) tetronic acid

Abstract Some unusual chemistry of the gastric ATP-ase inhibitor A88696F ( 3 ), a naturally-occurring 2-(α-hydroxyalkyl) tetronic acid, is described. It undergoes triethylamine-mediated reduction of the hydroxyl group to afford A88696C ( 1 ), presumably via the olefin ( 4 ). This olefin was prepared from 3 in high yield under mild acidic conditions, and was stereoselectively rehydrated back to alcohol 3 , and epoxidized to A88696D ( 2 ).
Gender- and frame-specific audience effects in dictator games

We study dictator allocations using a 2×2 experimental design that varies the level of anonymity and the choice set, allowing observation of audience effects in both give and take frames. Changes in the distribution of responses across treatment cells allow us to distinguish among alternative motives as elaborated in recent theory. We observe significant audience effects that vary by both frame and gender. The pattern of responses suggests that heterogeneous concerns for reputation and self-signaling across gender give rise to the contextual effects associated with the give and take frames that have previously been observed in the literature.