cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasensitive Ebola Virus Antigen Sensing via 3D Nanoantenna Arrays

Sensitive detection of pathogens is crucial for early disease diagnosis and quarantine, which is of tremendous need in controlling severe and fatal illness epidemics such as of Ebola virus (EBOV) disease. Serology assays can detect EBOV-specific antigens and antibodies cost-effectively without sophisticated equipment; however, they are less sensitive than reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests. Herein, a 3D plasmonic nanoantenna assay sensor is developed as an on-chip immunoassay platform for ultrasensitive detection of Ebola virus (EBOV) antigens. The EBOV sensor exhibits substantial fluorescence intensity enhancement in immunoassays compared to flat gold substrate. The nanoantenna-based biosensor successfully detects EBOV soluble glycoprotein (sGP) in human plasma down to 220 fg mL-1 , a significant 240 000-fold sensitivity improvement compared to the 53 ng mL-1 EBOV antigen detection limit of the existing rapid EBOV immunoassay. In a mock clinical trial, the sensor detects sGP-spiked human plasma samples at two times the limit of detection with 95.8% sensitivity. The results combined highlight the nanosensor's extraordinary capability of detecting EBOV antigen at ultralow concentration compared to existing immunoassay methods. It is a promising next-generation bioassay platform for early-stage disease diagnosis and pathogen detection for both public health and national security applications.
Binding and Information Transfer in Conformationally Restricted Peptides

Many peptide hormones and neurotransmitters (both hereafter referred to as hormones) are short, linear, and highly flexible molecules with conformational properties that are dependent on environment. Such properties might be imagined to be valuable for the purposes for which Nature uses them, namely, as molecular switches and chemical messengers for intercellular communication and control of cellular function. In particular, conformational flexibility could be functionally important in several ways. For example, the different conformational states might be related to a number of biological properties of these peptides including: 1) the ability to recognize and interact with several different cellular receptors; 2) the ability to “adjust” to evolutionary changes of receptors and of the peptide itself; and 3) the possibility of recognition by different enzymes leading to rapid biodegradation and turnover, etc.
Ethnic Party Candidate Performance in Local Elections: Evidence from Romania and Slovakia

This article assesses the effects of candidate gender, incumbency, and local ethnic composition on the electoral performance of ethnic party candidates in mayoral elections in Romania and Slovakia....
Laparoscopic Management of Pediatric Abdominal Trauma: A National Trauma Data Bank Experience

Abstract Purpose: To characterize injury patterns and institutional trends associated with the utilization of laparoscopy in the management of pediatric abdominal trauma. Methods: The National Trau...
CAPE WIND: Offshore Renewable Energy Conflict

Water, environment and energy conflicts are particularly complex—easy to distort and difficult to resolve. The Cape Wind conflict, which began in 2001 over plans to develop the first offshore wind farm in the United States (US), has been complicated by the incompatible interests and power dynamics of multiple parties, scientific uncertainty, and the requirements of national, state and local government jurisdictions. This paper analyses the first phase of the protracted negotiations. It draws lessons from the author’s book project on the Cape Wind conflict (upcoming 2015). The research objective is to develop user-friendly techniques and tools for mapping not only the power dynamics of environmental negotiations over time but also the “turning point” influences of high power stakeholders and external factors, such as environmental catastrophes, political outcomes and technical innovations.
The complete blood count to diagnose septic shock

The complete blood count has a longstanding role in the diagnosis of septic shock. Despite its limitations, this is a pragmatic tool because patients will generally have a blood count measured upon presentation to the hospital. Therefore, it is sensible to extract as much information from these values as possible. Although the white blood cell count continues to attract the most attention, it is the least useful. Emerging evidence suggests that emphasis should be shifted to the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and perhaps the fraction of immune granulocytes.
Carbonatites as a record of the carbon isotope composition of large igneous province outgassing

Abstract Large igneous province (LIP) eruptions have been linked in some cases to major perturbations of Earth's carbon cycle. However, few observations directly constrain the isotopic composition of carbon released by LIP magmas because carbon isotopes fractionate during degassing, which hampers understanding of the relative roles of mantle versus crustal carbon reservoirs. Carbonatite magmatism associated with LIPs provides a unique window into the isotopic systematics of LIP carbon because the majority of carbon in carbonatites crystalizes rather than degassing. Although the volume of such carbonatites is small, they offer one of the few available constraints on the mantle carbon originally hosted in other more voluminous magma types. Here, we present new δ 13 C data for the Guli carbonatites in the Siberian Traps. In addition, we compile ∼260 published measurements of δ 13 C from carbonatites related to the Deccan Traps and the Parana-Etendeka. We find no evidence for magmas with carbon isotope ratios lighter than depleted mantle values of δ 13 C = − 6 ± 2 ‰ from any of these LIPs, though some carbonatites range to heavier δ 13 C . We attribute relatively heavy δ 13 C in some carbonatites to either slightly 13C-enriched domains in the mantle lithosphere or carbon isotope fractionation in deep, carbon-saturated LIP magma reservoirs. The absence of a light δ 13 C component in LIP magmas supports the view that lithospheric carbon reservoirs must be tapped during cases of LIP magmatism linked with sharp negative carbon isotope excursions and mass extinctions.
IL-4 receptor targeting as an effective immunotherapy against triple-negative breast cancer

ABSTRACT In many solid tumors including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) upregulation has been shown to promote cancer cell proliferation, apoptotic resistance, metastatic potential and a Th2 response in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Immunosuppressive cells in the TME including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) also express the IL4-R. We hypothesized that selective depletion of IL4-R bearing cells in TNBC may have dual cytotoxic and immunotherapeutic benefit. To selectively target IL-4R+ cells, we genetically constructed, expressed and purified DABIL-4, a fusion protein toxin consisting of the catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin fused to murine IL-4. We found that DABIL-4 has potent and specific cytotoxic activity against TNBC cells in vitro. In murine TNBC models, DABIL-4 significantly reduced tumor growth, splenomegaly and lung metastases, and this was associated with reductions in MDSC, TAM and regulatory T-cells (Tregs) populations with a concomitant increase in the proportion of IFNγ+ CD8 T-cells. The anti-tumor activity of DABIL-4 was absent in IL-4R KO mice directly implicating IL-4R directed killing as the mechanism of anti-tumor activity. Moreover, NanoString analysis of DABIL-4 treated TNBC tumors revealed marked decline in mRNA transcripts that promote tumorigenesis and metastasis. Our findings demonstrate that DABIL-4 is a potent targeted antitumor agent which depletes both IL-4R bearing tumor cells as well as immunosuppressive cell populations in the TME. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In solid tumors like breast cancer, Interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) expression in the tumor microenvironment aids tumor growth and metastasis. IL-4R expression upon host immune cells further dampens antitumor immunity. In this study, we have genetically constructed a fusion protein toxin, DABIL-4, composed of the catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin and murine IL-4. DABIL-4 showed specific cytotoxicity against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells in vitro. DABIL-4 also markedly inhibited TNBC tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. The primary activity of DABIL-4 was found to be depletion of IL-4R+ immune cells in combination with direct elimination of tumor cells. In conclusion, DABIL-4 targeting of both tumor and immunosuppressive host cells is a versatile and effective treatment strategy for TNBC.
Bataille’s anti-fascism

This article draws from the reading protocols developed by Jose Esteban Munoz to advance a political reading of Georges Bataille. It argues for a consistent and coherent anti-fascism across Bataille’s work, from the early “political” writings to the mature turn toward mysticism. Focusing in particular on his writings from the 1930s, this article clarifies some of the key concepts in Bataille’s critical theory of fascism: expenditure, heterology, base materialism, and democratic anguish.
Sarcasm Detection: A Comparative Study.

Sarcasm detection is the task of identifying irony containing utterances in sentiment-bearing text. However, the figurative and creative nature of sarcasm poses a great challenge for affective computing systems performing sentiment analysis. This article compiles and reviews the salient work in the literature of automatic sarcasm detection. Thus far, three main paradigm shifts have occurred in the way researchers have approached this task: 1) semi-supervised pattern extraction to identify implicit sentiment, 2) use of hashtag-based supervision, and 3) incorporation of context beyond target text. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the datasets, approaches, trends, and issues in sarcasm and irony detection.
Modeling Water Waves with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

Abstract : Long-term goals: Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a meshless numerical method that is being developed for the study of nearshore waves and other Navy needs. The Lagrangian nature of SPH allows the modeling of wave breaking, surf zones, ship waves, and wave-structure interaction, where the free surface becomes convoluted or splash occurs. Including these phenomena in a numerical model that is robust enough for Navy use: GPUSPH. Objectives: To improve the ability of the meshfree Lagrangian numerical method Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) to be a useful hydrodynamics model for breaking waves and the nearshore zone, particularly for case where spray and splash are important. To utilize the massively parallel graphics processing units on computers to develop the GPU-accelerated model GPUSPH to solve a number of problems relevant to the U.S. Navy. The science objective is to be able to accurately model the complex flows associated with breaking water waves, including instantaneous motions as well as (time-averaged) wave-induced flows, such as undertow, longshore currents, and rip currents.
Like chameleons. Civil servants and corruption in Malawi

"The making of rules and social and symbolic order is a human industry matched only by the manipulation, circumvention, remaking, replacing, and unmaking of rules in which people seem almost equally engaged." Sally Falk Moore "To effectively combat corruption in Malawi to attain a corruption‑free environment for good governance and development for the benefit for ail the people of Malawi" Mission statement of the Anti‑Corruption Bureau. "In the civil service you have to know how to manoeuvre...
The effect of early‐life stress on memory systems supporting instrumental behavior

People experiencing early-life stress (ELS) exhibit increased incidence of behaviors that lead to addiction and obesity as adults. Many of these behaviors may be viewed as resulting from an overreliance on habits as opposed to goal-directed instrumental behavior. This increased habitization may result from alterations in the interactions between dorsolateral striatum-dependent and hippocampus-dependent learning systems. As an initial examination of this idea, we investigated the effect of ELS on instrumental learning and extinction. In Experiment 1, we examined the effect of ELS in two groups of people, one trained on a continuous reinforcement schedule and one trained on a partial reinforcement schedule. We found that people who experienced ELS had a diminished effect of the partial reinforcement schedule on extinction. In Experiment 2, we again manipulated reinforcement schedule and also challenged declarative memory by requiring subjects to perform a concurrent task. We found that the declarative challenge did not affect extinction responding in the non-ELS group. In a moderate-ELS group, we observed a diminished sensitivity to the reinforcement schedule during extinction only under divided attention. In the high-ELS group, we observed a reduced sensitivity to reinforcement schedule even in the absence of the declarative memory challenge, consistent with Experiment 1. Our results suggest that ELS reduces the tendency to use declarative, hippocampus-dependent memory in instrumental tasks in favor of habits. ELS may affect hippocampal development, thus altering the interaction between memory systems and potentially contributing to poor health outcomes.
The Role of Fas Ligand and TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) in the Ocular Immune Response

The host response to pathogenic insults involves complex inflammatory responses and cellular immune reactions. While these are central to host defense and vital to clearing dangerous invaders, they
When the Foreign is not Exotic: Ceramics at Colorado’s WWII Japanese Internment Camp

During World War II, the United States government interned approximately 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans in relocation camps. Archaeological survey at Amache, Colorado, reveals that in this time and place where Japanese identity was under siege, Japanese ceramics were very common. Their presence is all the more notable given the limitations on personal goods internees were allowed to bring to camp, financial strain, and the severing of trade relations with Japan. This chapter presents recent research about the camp as a way to examine a situation where imported goods were perhaps the least “foreign” element of a people’s way of life.
Space Station synergetic RAM-logistics analysis

NASA's Space Station maintenance planning and analysis (MP&A)study is a step in the overall Space Station program to define optimum approaches for on-orbit maintenance planning and logistics support. The approach used in the MP&A study and the analysis process used are presented. Emphasis is on maintenance activities and processes that can be accomplished on orbit within the known design and support constraints of the Space Station. From these analyses, recommendations for maintainability/maintenance requirements are established. The ultimate goal of the study is to reduce on-orbit maintenance requirements to a practical and safe minimum, thereby conserving crew time for productive endeavours. The reliability, availability, and maintainability and operations performance evaluation modes used were assembled and developed as part of the MP&A study and are described. A representative space station system design is presented to illustrate the analysis process. >
All Financial Advice for the Middle Class is Not Equal

Professional financial advice has been shown to improve the financial well being and stability of US households. However, less than 2% of middle-class households use the services of a financial advisor compared to 60% of affluent households. Many contend that this difference is a result of the middle class’s belief that financial advice is only beneficial to the wealthy. This study is one of the first to empirically test this sentiment, and it finds that middle-class households who are comprehensively managed are more than three times as likely to be well prepared for retirement, more than twice as likely to use their employee benefits appropriately, and nearly twice as likely to have an adequate emergency fund compared to households who do not purchase financial advice. These findings demonstrate that, although goals may differ between middle-class and affluent households, financial advisors have a positive influence on household financial behaviours regardless of economic class. Results from this study suggest that financial advice, particularly comprehensive financial planning services, should be promoted to US middle-class households and that financial planners should be encouraged to serve the middle-class market.
Bayesian Smoothing with Gaussian Processes Using Fourier Basis Functions in the spectralGP Package

The spectral representation of stationary Gaussian processes via the Fourier basis provides a computationally efficient specification of spatial surfaces and nonparametric regression functions for use in various statistical models. I describe the representation in detail and introduce the spectralGP package in R for computations. Because of the large number of basis coefficients, some form of shrinkage is necessary; I focus on a natural Bayesian approach via a particular parameterized prior structure that approximates stationary Gaussian processes on a regular grid. I review several models from the literature for data that do not lie on a grid, suggest a simple model modification, and provide example code demonstrating MCMC sampling using the spectralGP package. I describe reasons that mixing can be slow in certain situations and provide some suggestions for MCMC techniques to improve mixing, also with example code, and some general recommendations grounded in experience.
The role of volume dependence in the resistivity of a liquid metal

Abstract The experimental evidence suggesting that the Born approximation result for the temperature dependence of the resistivity of a liquid metal is inadequate is examined and compared with a calculation which reproduces the correct behaviour.
Activated Ras Signals Developmental Progression of Recombinase-activating Gene (RAG)-deficient Pro-B Lymphocytes

To elucidate the intracellular pathways that mediate early B cell development, we directed expression of activated Ras to the B cell lineage in the context of the recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG1)-deficient background (referred to as Ras–RAG). Similar to the effects of an immunoglobulin (Ig) μ heavy chain (HC) transgene, activated Ras caused progression of RAG1–deficient progenitor (pro)-B cells to cells that shared many characteristics with precursor (pre)-B cells, including downregulation of surface CD43 expression plus expression of λ5, RAG2, and germline κ locus transcripts. However, these Ras–RAG pre-B cells also upregulated surface markers characteristic of more mature B cell stages and populated peripheral lymphoid tissues, with an overall phenotype reminiscent of B lineage cells generated in a RAG- deficient background as a result of expression of an Ig μ HC together with a Bcl-2 transgene. Taken together, these findings suggest that activated Ras signaling in pro-B cells induces developmental progression by activating both differentiation and survival signals.
ISOLATION OF A TUMOR FACTOR RESPONSIBLE FOR ANGIOGENESIS

Human and animal solid tumors elaborate a factor which is mitogenic to capillary endothelial cells. This factor has been called tumor-angiogenesis factor. The important components of TAF are RNA and protein. It is suggested that blockade of this factor (inhibition of angiogenesis) might arrest solid tumors at a tiny diameter of a few millimeters.
Evidence of essential disulfide bonds in angiotensin II binding sites of rabbit hepatic membranes. Inactivation by dithiothreitol.

Abstract Radiolabelled angiotensin II binds to a single class of high-affinity binding sites on purified rabbit hepatic membranes. The binding is specific, reversible and saturable. Displacement studies using angiotensin and various analogs of angiotensin II disclosed a structure-activity profile similar to that found in physiologically relevant angiotensin II receptor sites. Treatment of membranes with the reducing agent, dithiothreitol, cause a significant decrease in the affinity of angiotensin II binding sites for the native ligand. This effect is mimicked by a 15-fold higher concentration of the monosulfhydryl derivative, 2-mercaptoethanol. Kinetic studies also indicated that dithiothreitol increases the rate of dissociation of bound ligand from the membrane without significantly affecting the association rate. In contrast, treatment of membranes with the metal chelators, ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) and ethyleneglycol bis( β -aminoethyl ether)- N , N ′-tetracetic acid (EGTA), does not affect the binding of radiolabeled angiotensin II. Furthermore, dithiothreitol inhibited the binding of angiotensin II to a solubilized partially purified preparation of angiotensin II-binding protein from the same tissue and also increased the dissociation of bound angiotensin II. This indicates that the effect of the sulfhydryl reagents on the membrane binding sites is the result of a direct alteration of the binding sites rather than a gross modification of the structure of the membrane.
Retrospective evidence favoring use of anticoagulants for myocardial infarctions.

Abstract During a state-wide retrospective survey of myocardial infarction discharges from Maryland hospitals from July, 1966, through June, 1967, the relation of in-hospital case fatality rates to use of anticoagulants was examined in 1,156 patients. In patients who did not receive anticoagulants, the rate was 2.5 times that of those who did (p < 0.0001). A large difference in case fatality rates between the anticoagulant and no-anticoagulant groups persisted when the data were analyzed by demographic and medical-care variables. When patients were classified according to clinical characteristics relating to prognosis, including arrhythmia, congestive heart failure and shock, the difference between the groups was also demonstrated. Although such a retrospective study cannot demonstrate conclusively the value of anticoagulant therapy, the data are sufficiently suggestive of a beneficial effect to warrant reopening the anticoagulant question. (N Engl J Med 292:1362–1366, 1975)
RESPONSE OF ADULT HEROIN ADDICTS TO A TOTAL THERAPEUTIC PROGRAM.

A voluntary program for the treatment of heroin addicts at a municipal, general hospital is described. This program has been in operation for more than two years, and emphasis is on the aftercare program, which includes vocational counseling, psychotherapy and a social club as part of a social rehabilitation. The experiences during the first year of operation are analyzed and implications for modification of treatment given.
Dynamic health policies for controlling the spread of emerging infections: influenza as an example.

The recent appearance and spread of novel infectious pathogens provide motivation for using models as tools to guide public health decision-making. Here we describe a modeling approach for developing dynamic health policies that allow for adaptive decision-making as new data become available during an epidemic. In contrast to static health policies which have generally been selected by comparing the performance of a limited number of pre-determined sequences of interventions within simulation or mathematical models, dynamic health policies produce “real-time” recommendations for the choice of the best current intervention based on the observable state of the epidemic. Using cumulative real-time data for disease spread coupled with current information about resource availability, these policies provide recommendations for interventions that optimally utilize available resources to preserve the overall health of the population. We illustrate the design and implementation of a dynamic health policy for the control of a novel strain of influenza, where we assume that two types of intervention may be available during the epidemic: (1) vaccines and antiviral drugs, and (2) transmission reducing measures, such as social distancing or mask use, that may be turned “on” or “off” repeatedly during the course of epidemic. In this example, the optimal dynamic health policy maximizes the overall population's health during the epidemic by specifying at any point of time, based on observable conditions, (1) the number of individuals to vaccinate if vaccines are available, and (2) whether the transmission-reducing intervention should be either employed or removed.
Studies of onion root respiration. IV. Kinetics of the respiratory overshoot.

Abstract The respiratory overshoot and regular respiration of mitotically active and mature onion root segments have been measured at temperatures ranging from 15 to 43°C. The regular respiration is zero order, the overshoot respiration, of the first order. The rebound reaction seems to be composed of two different reactions, as indicated by the fact that two separate values are obtained for the specific reaction rate constants characterized by different temperature coefficients and by the fact that there is a marked overpayment of the anaerobically incurred oxygen debt. Maxima appear in the total amount of oxygen necessary for the removal of accumulated metabolites in the post-anaerobic reaction. These maxima seem to be a function both of the temperature of the respiring system and of the length of the anaerobic period.
Risk factors for and management of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis

Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), especially when assessed by neuropsychological tests that emphasize mental processing speed, episodic memory, and some aspects of executive function. In this Review, we question why some MS patients develop severe impairment in cognitive abilities, while cognitive ability remains intact in others. We find that the heterogeneity in neuropsychological presentation among patients with MS reflects the influence of many factors, including genetics, sex, intelligence, disease course, comorbid neuropsychiatric illness, and health behaviors. Neuropsychological deficits are also robustly correlated with brain MRI metrics. Male patients with early evidence of cerebral gray matter atrophy are most prone to impairment, whereas high premorbid intelligence improves the neuropsychological prognosis. Routine evaluation of cognition is useful for helping patients to navigate problems related to activities of daily living and work disability and, if reliable methods are employed, cognitive decline can be detected and included among the many clinical signs of disease progression or treatment failure. Pharmacological treatments for neuropsychological impairment are on the horizon, although presently no firm medical indications exist for the condition.
Halley maps for a trigonometric and rational function

Among the methods available for the characterization of complicated mathematical and physical phenomena, computers with graphics are emerging as an important tool. In this article, I present computational and graphical results on Halley's method for one-parameter functions of the form ζ(ζα − 1) = 0 and sin(ζ) = 0 in order to gain insight as to where the method can be relied upon and where it behaves strangely. The resulting plots reveal a visually striking and intricate class of patterns indicating behavior ranging from stable attractive and repulsive points to chaos. Iterative approximation methods such a Halley's method occur frequently in science and engineering.
Criteria for nonsurgical management of subperiosteal abscess of the orbit: analysis of outcomes 1988-1998.

Abstract Purpose On the basis of bacteriologic studies, we have recommended expectant observation with intravenous antibiotics for subperiosteal abscess (SPA) of the orbit in patients less than 9 years of age, given the absence of eight other specific surgical criteria. We attempted to test these recommendations with a prospective study. Study design Prospective noncomparative case series. Participants Forty patients younger than 9 years of age treated for orbital SPAs at the Childrens Hospital of Wisconsin from 1988 to 1998. Methods Specific management criteria were applied to a cohort of 37 orbital SPA patients. Three other orbital SPA patients under the age of 9, either ineligible for medical therapy or treated outside our guidelines, were also studied. Clinical data for all patients were reviewed and analyzed. Main outcome measures Clinical resolution of the abscess, as evidenced by normal visual acuity, pupillary examination, motility, and globe position on the affected side. Results Eight patients met criteria for surgical treatment and underwent prompt drainage. Of the 29 patients for whom initial nonsurgical management was recommended, 27 (93.1%) SPAs cleared with expectant observation on intravenous antibiotics, and 2 patients defaulted to surgical intervention. All cases had successful clinical outcomes. Conclusions In patients less than 9 years of age, orbital SPAs are likely to resolve without surgery, provided certain surgical criteria are absent.
Dopant incorporation in epitaxial germanium grown on Ge(100) substrates by MBE

Abstract We have conducted the first studies of dopant incorporation (gallium, boron, and antimony) in MBE germanium grown on Ge(100) substrates. Excellent germanium films have been grown on Ge substrates with little demarcation of the substrate-epi interface. A first order kinetic incorporation model has been used to describe the behavior of gallium in germanium. Gallium doping of germanium takes place through an adlayer at the growth front and between growth temperatures of 450 and 550°C successful p-doping of germanium by gallium can be accomplished. Boron is an excellent p-dopant in germanium with good activation at high concentrations and sharp transition profiles. The incorporation of antimony in germanium at growth temperatures ≥ 450°C is poor and needs further investigation.
Hyperdibasicaminoaciduria, hyperammonemia, and growth retardation: Treatment with arginine, lysine, and citrulline.

A 9-year-old girl with hereditary dibasicaminoaciduria has been studied for three years. Initially, clinical features were: growth failure; anorexia and aversion to protein, spontaneous daily protein intake averaging only 10 gm; fasting and postprandial venous hyperammonemia; subnormal plasma concentrations of lysine, arginine, ornithine, and citrulline, with generalized hypermonobasic-aminoacidemia; abnormally high renal clearances of lysine, arginine, and ornithine; and intestinal malabsorption of lysine and arginine. Intestinal absorption of citrulline, a precursor of arginine and ornithine, was normal. The patient was observed during four sequential 6-month periods as follows: no treatment (Period I); dietary supplement of arginine and lysine (Period II); dietary supplement of citrulline and lysine (Period III); no treatment (Period IV). During Periods II and III growth rate increased 3- to 4-fold, spontaneous protein intake increased 2- to 3-fold, and abnormalities in blood NH 3 and the plasma aminogram were partially corrected. In most respects the citrulline plus lysine supplement was more beneficial than that of arginine plus lysine.
Choices of therapy for exercise‐induced asthma in children

Cough and wheezing interferes with sport and other forms of physical activity in half of asthmatic children. Airway obstruction can be induced by a standard exercise test in over 70% of children with asthma. A beta-adrenergic agonist or cromone taken by inhalation beforehand will usually inhibit bronchoconstriction provoked by a free running exercise test. The duration of protective effect with salbutamol, terbutaline and cromones is less than 4 h. The long acting beta-adrenergic agonists formoterol and salmeterol give protection against exercise-induced airway obstruction for up to 12 h, which implies that treatment given in the morning will offer protection from the effects of physical activity throughout the day. However, the duration of protective effect after a morning dose declines if these compounds are given regularly. Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LRAs) also provide good protection against exercise-induced asthma. Regular administration of LRAs is not associated with tolerance and loss of protective effect. The oral route makes for unobtrusive administration and this may help adherence to prescribed regimens.
A Critique of the New Statement on Labeling

In this paper, the 2005 revision of ALA's position document on labeling and rating systems is closely examined and assessed, not only in comparison with the previous version of the document, but also in terms of its adequacy as a statement of library principles and as a practical guide for library practice. It is found to be ambiguous in meaning, questionable as a statement of what librarians believe, and useless as a practical guide.
The use of linked lists in the simulation of controller-structure interaction

An algorithm for the computer simulation of large space structures under active control is considered. Linked lists are used in a matrix data structure to implement the trapezoidal rule on system differential equations. The use of the trapezoidal rule ensures that the numerical stability is equivalent to the system stability, which is essential for this type of simulation. The sparsity of the system matrices is exploited by the linked lists, and the algorithm efficiently steps through the lists in an orderly fashion. Results of simulations on a NASA large space structure experiment are reported.
Phosphatase activities and osmium reduction in cell organelles of Micrasterias americana.

Organelles in resting and growing cells ofMicrasterias americana were examined using electron microscopy after cytochemical procedures for four kinds of phosphatases, acid phosphatase (ACPase), alkaline phosphatase (ALPase), thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase), and inosine diphosphatase (IDPase), and osmium tetroxide reduction. Special attention was paid to activities in the Golgi apparatus.
Lunar Evolution: How Well Do We Know it Now?

The currently known astronomical, chemical, and magnetic data are not uniquely indicative of an extensively and globally molten moon. It is argued that an accretional layering occurred in the moon, but at temperatures below solidus. The excess mass in the near side of the moon compatible with a 2-km displacement in the center of mass relative to the center of figure and the moment of inertia data is considered to be due to Fe-FeS liquid formation and inhomogeneous segregation. These Fe-FeS bodies, termed 'fescons,' are shown to be capable of accounting for the presently available magnetization data, by acting as small regenerative dynamos with a time-stability less than that of the terrestrial equivalent. The chemical characteristics of the highly differentiated materials, are considered to be due to small-scale localized melting caused by collisional events, from sources in which accessory phases play a significant role. Mare basalts are considered to be melts in the overlying material produced at a later time by K-40 radioactivity in the fescons. Some consequences of the present hypothesis are suggested. It is concluded that these and other characteristics of the lunar materials are reconcilable with a 'cold' moon, such as discussed by Urey over the past two decades.
Determination of ribonucleosides, deoxyribonucleosides, and purine and pyrimidine bases in adult rabbit cerebrospinal fluid and plasma

Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside levels were measured in adult rabbit cisternal CSF and plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The concentrations of bases, nucleosides, and nucleoside phosphates were similar in plasma and CSF except for the adenosine phosphates and uracil which were higher in the plasma. In plasma and CSF, adenosine levels were low (0.12 microM) and guanosine, deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, and deoxyinosine were not detectable (less than 0.1 microM); inosine and xanthine concentrations were 1-2 microM and hypoxanthine concentrations were approximately 5 microM; uridine (approximately 8 microM), cytidine (2-3 microM), and thymidine, deoxyuridine, and deoxycytidine (0.5-1.4 microM) were easily detectable. In both plasma and CSF, guanine, and thymine were undetectable (less than 0.1 microM), adenine and cytosine were less than 0.2 microM, but uracil was present (greater than 1 microM). Adenosine, inosine, and guanosine phosphates were also detectable at low concentrations in CSF and plasma. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that purine deoxyribonucleosides are synthesized in situ in the adult rabbit brain. In contrast, pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides and ribonucleosides, and purine and pyrimidine bases are available in the CSF for use by the brain.
Direct laser patterned deposition

The ability to write a material pattern directly on a substrate without involving lithography is of considerable technological importance. Research efforts have been targeted towards the development of metal microstrips [1-13] and more recently of microconnections made of high-temperature superconductors [14-16]. Two major approaches have been taken, both employing an intense laser beam as the modus operandi. In the first method organometallic/inorganic precursors are dissociated by laser-induced chemical reactions along the narrow scanning path of the focused laser output [1-6, 8-11, 14]. In the second technique, laser-induced forward transfer [7, 12, 13, 15, 16], the illuminated parts of a thin film are selectively separated from its transparent substrate and transferred on to an adjacent substrate by a single laser shot. The present method of patterning (direct laser patterned deposition) does not require chemistry, a specialized environment or a prefabricated thin film. A substrate transparent at the wavelength of the laser light in use is essential to the method. The laser is focused through the substrate on to a polished bulk target in contact with the substrate. Material is ablated off the target by the laser and is deposited on the side of the substrate facing the target. Patterning is achieved by moving the substrate-target combination which is mounted on an x y stage under computer control in a predesigned fashion. The laser beam can also be scanned across the stationary substrate-target assembly by employing a computer-controlled mirror, an alternative which we have demonstrated. Independently, Cook [17] proposed a similar technique in a patent. As seen in Fig. 1, the laser light is directed via a 45 ° mirror through an adjustable focusing lens towards substrate-target combination. The laser light is transmitted through the transparent substrate and ablates material off the target. The substrate and target are either in direct contact or are separated by a spacer about 200/xm thick. The ablated material deposits on to the side of the substrate facing the target. The target is a polished disc of the material to be patterned on the substrate; the target needs no special preparation and can be re-used repeatedly. In order to generate patterns the substrate-target combination is moved on an x y stage under computer control. We employed the fundamental (1064 nm) as well as the frequency-doubled (532 nm) mode of an Nd:YAG laser operated at 30 Hz. For most applications we used the Q-switched mode which is characterized by a pulse width of about 10 ns. For heat-
Genotypic Diversity and Mixed Infection in Newborn Disease and Hearing Loss in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

Background Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is a common congenital infection and a leading non-genetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). CMV exhibits extensive genetic variability and infection with multiple CMV strains (mixed infection) was shown to be common in cCMV. The role of mixed infections in disease and outcome remains to be defined.
Sulfur-regulated control of the met-2 + gene of Neurospora crassa encoding cystathionine β-lyase

Cystathionine β-lyase performs an essential role in the transsulfuration pathway by its primary reaction of forming homocysteine from cystathionine. Understanding how the Neurospora crassa met-2 + gene, which encodes cystathionine β-lyase, is regulated is important in determining the basis of the cellular control of transsulfuration. The aim of this study was to determine the nature of a potential regulatory connection of met-2 + to the Neurospora sulfur regulatory network. The cystathionine β-lyase (met-2 + ) gene was cloned by the identification of a cosmid genomic clone capable of transforming a met- 2 mutant to methionine prototrophy and subsequently characterized. The gene contains a single intron and encodes a protein of 457 amino acids with conserved residues predicted to be important for catalysis and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate co-factor binding. The expression of met-2 + in wild-type N. crassa increased 3.1-fold under sulfur-limiting growth conditions as compared to the transcript levels seen under high sulfur growth conditions (i.e., repressing conditions). In a Δcys-3 strain, met-2 + transcript levels were substantially reduced under either low- or high-sulfur growth conditions. In addition, the presence of CYS3 activator binding sites on the met-2 + promoter was demonstrated by gel mobility shift assays. In this report, we demonstrate the sulfur-regulated expression of the met-2+ gene and confirm its connection to the N. crassa sulfur regulatory circuit by the reduced expression observed in a Δcys-3 mutant and the in vitro detection of CYS3 binding sites in the met-2 + promoter. The data further adds to our understanding of the regulatory dynamics of transsulfuration.
The Behavioral Impact of Impasse Resolution Procedures

Impasse resolution procedures, often utilized m the settlement of public sector disputes, have been found to have an impact on the collective bargaining process. This paper analyzes the impact of these procedures on both current and future negotiations by reviewing the evidence that details the influence on strike deterrence and contract acceptability, as well as the chilling, narcotic and half-life effects. Findings indicate that when strike avoidance is a major priority for a government, impasse procedures culminating in arbitration can effectively deter strikes without senously affect ing the collective bargaining process.
Experiences related to expert supervisors' views of ideal therapeutic practice

Abstract Aims: This study examines the relationship between expert supervisors' professional experiences and their views about the importance of different psychotherapy techniques. Method: Thirty psychodynamic-interpersonal (PI) supervisors and 13 cognitive-behavioural (CB) supervisors (N=43) were instructed to rate 20 therapeutic techniques according to how characteristic each technique is of an ideally-conducted session within their theoretical orientation. The measure used for this assessment was the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale. Results: Findings demonstrated that supervisors' beliefs about ideal therapeutic techniques are related to their number of years in post-graduate clinical practice, training, and supervising trainees, as well as to the number of publications they have authored. Further, experience within a given orientation tends to lead to a greater endorsement of techniques within that orientation, although this finding is more uniform for CB supervisors than PI supervisors. Final...
Practitioner-Based Nutrition Advice for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Varies

Abstract Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a vaguely identified disorder characterized by various persistent symptoms, including fatigue, sore throat, mild fever, muscle pain and weakness, depression, and lack of mental clarity. Nutritional aspects related to CFS have received little attention despite the fact that the syndrome is associated with a number of characteristics which may increase nutritional risk. A questionnaire was mailed to health care practitioners: 200 medical doctors (MDs), 200 doctors of osteopathic medicine (DOs), and 200 doctors of chiropractic (DCs) to determine whether nutrition was among recommendations given to CFS patients and whether these practitioners perceived these recommendations as beneficial. Response rate was 33% of subjects receiving the survey instrument: 72 MDs (39%), 55 DOs (30%), and 58 DCs (31%). Fifty-seven percent of 139 respondents (38% of MDs, 58% of DOs, and 69% of DCs) replied that they used nutrition therapies when treating CFS patients. Nutrition advice varied widely. Recommendations included low sugar, low caffeine, low fat, yeast-free, hypoallergenic, and low sodium diets and supplements of multivitamin/mineral, single vitamin, herbal remedy, single mineral, and homeopathy. Use of yeast-free diets varied by practice group, with DCs most likely and MDs least likely to report it (p
The Derivation of Temperature Gradient and Electron Density Maps from EUV Spectroheliograms

We discuss spatial variations in electron density at the base of the corona and in the temperature gradient in the chromospheric-coronal transition layer as determined from analysis of maps constructed from Mgx and OVI spectroheliograms. Both the mapping techniques and results of analyzing EUV spectra from OSO 6 observations are presented. Comparisons of these maps with photospheric magnetograms and spectroheliograms made in chromospheric EUV lines and continua indicate that the electron density and temperature gradient in the transition layer tend to be enhanced in areas where the photospheric magnetic field and chromospheric EUV emission are enhanced. Relationships among the coronal electron density, transition-layer temperature gradient, chromospheric emission, and photospheric magnetic field strength are derived.
An Acceleration Method for Dogleg Methods in Simple Singular Regions

The behavior of dogleg methods in singular regions that have a one-dimensional null space is studied. A two-tier approach of identifying singular regions and accelerating convergence to a singular point is proposed. It is shown that singular regions are easily identified using a ratio of the two-norm of the Newton step to the two-norm of the Cauchy step since Newton steps tend to infinity and Cauchy steps tend to zero as a singular point is approached. Convergence acceleration is accomplished by bracketing the singular point using a projection of the gradient of the two-norm of the process model functions onto the normalized Newton direction in conjunction with bisection, thus preserving the global convergence properties of the dogleg method. Numerical examples for a continuous-stirred tank reactor and vapor-liquid equilibrium flash are used to illustrate the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed approach. Several geometric illustrations are presented.