cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of dialyzable leukocyte extracts (DLEs) with transfer factor activity on leukocyte migration in vitro: III. Characterization of the antigen-independent migration inhibition factor in DLEs as a neutrophil immobilizing factor

Abstract In earlier evaluations of the agarose LMI assay as an in vitro test for studying the nature and mechanism of action of TF, we reported the existence of a component in human DLEs which caused noncytotoxic inhibition of the random migration of human PMNs. The LMI was not dependent on the stimulation of viable mononuclear leukocytes by antigen or mitogen to effect the release of mediators of cellular immunity such as LIF; rather, the LMI was promoted by the direct action of a preexisting component in DLEs on PMNs. We now present evidence that this "antigen-independent" LMI activity in DLEs is similar to a NIF shown previously by Goetzl and co-workers to be present in acid extracts of leukocytes and to be released by phagocytosing PMNs. The comparison is drawn from several parameters: (I) cellular origin, (2) molecular weight, (3) target cell, (4) susceptibility to inactivation by heating or by incubation with pronase, trypsin, or chymotrypsin, and (5) ability to cause noncytotoxic inhibition of random migration or chemotaxis of PMNs.
Modeling and control of an open accumulator Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system for wind turbines

Abstract This paper presents the modeling and control for a novel Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system for wind turbines. The system captures excess power prior to electricity generation so that electrical components can be downsized for demand instead of supply. Energy is stored in a high pressure dual chamber liquid-compressed air storage vessel. It takes advantage of the power density of hydraulics and the energy density of pneumatics in the “open accumulator” architecture. A liquid piston air compressor/expander is utilized to achieve near-isothermal compression/expansion for efficient operation. A cycle-average approach is used to model the dynamics of each component in the combined wind turbine and storage system. Standard torque control is used to capture the maximum power from wind through a hydraulic pump attached to the turbine rotor in the nacelle. To achieve both accumulator pressure regulation and generator power tracking, a nonlinear controller is designed based on an energy based Lyapunov function. The nonlinear controller is then modified to distribute the control effort between the hydraulic and pneumatic elements based on their bandwidth capabilities. As a result, liquid piston air compressor/expander will loosely maintain the accumulator pressure ratio, while the down-tower hydraulic pump/motor precisely tracks the desired generator power. This control scheme also allows the accumulator to function as a damper for the storage system by absorbing power disturbances from the hydraulic path generated by the wind gusts. A set of simulation case studies demonstrate the operation of the combined system when the nonlinear controller is utilized and illustrates how this system can be used for load leveling, downsizing electrical system and maximizing revenues.
Three-dimensional effects in multi-element high lift computations

In an effort to discover the causes for disagreement between previous two-dimensional (2-D) computations and nominally 2-D experiment for flow over the three-element McDonnell Douglas 30P-30N airfoil configuration at high lift, a combined experimental/CFD investigation is described. The experiment explores several different side-wall boundary layer control venting patterns, documents venting mass flow rates, and looks at corner surface flow patterns. The experimental angle of attack at maximum lift is found to be sensitive to the side-wall venting pattern: a particular pattern increases the angle of attack at maximum lift by at least 2 deg. A significant amount of spanwise pressure variation is present at angles of attack near maximum lift. A CFD study using three-dimensional (3-D) structured-grid computations, which includes the modeling of side-wall venting, is employed to investigate 3-D effects on the flow. Side-wall suction strength is found to affect the angle at which maximum lift is predicted. Maximum lift in the CFD is shown to be limited by the growth of an off-body corner flow vortex and consequent increase in spanwise pressure variation and decrease in circulation. The 3-D computations with and without wall venting predict similar trends to experiment at low angles of attack, but either stall too early or else overpredict lift levels near maximum lift by as much as 5%. Unstructured-grid computations demonstrate that mounting brackets lower the lift levels near maximum lift conditions.
Kinematics of a Hybrid Series-Parallel Manipulation System

In this paper we first derive the coordinate transformations associated with a three-degree-of-freedom in-parallel-actuated micro-manipulator. Then we combine these results with the transformations associated with an in-series three-axis wrist on which the in-parallel micro-manipulator is mounted. The results are the basic transformation equations between joint-space position variables and end-effector (or task space) position variables for a hybrid series/parallel six-degree-of-freedom manipulator system. This structural combination results in a manipulator which exhibits desirable fine and gross motion characteristics as both a stand-alone device or as a sub-system of a more complex system with redundant degrees of freedom. The forward and inverse position kinematics and rate and force decomposition for this hybrid six-degree-of-freedom linkage are presented.
NEW ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF 0-100 PER CENT AQUEOUS NITRIC ACID

The ratio of the stoicheiometric activity coefficient of anhydrous nitric acid to that of the acid infinitely dilute in water was determined to be 21·0 by combining new transpiration data on the partial pressures of nitric acid over its 2 to 16 M aqueous solutions with literature data on partial pressures and literature values of activity coefficients calculated from freezing-point measurements. From this ratio and the above-mentioned data a new table of values of the stoicheiometric activity coefficient at 25°C and for 0–100% HNO3 was derived. These values were used to calculate water activities of the solutions by means of the Gibbs-Duhem equation, and mean ionic and molecular activity coefficients by combining them with literature data on the degree of dissociation of the acid into ions. Activity coefficients of the molecular species, on the molar or molal scales, are described very well by the McKay equation up to 14 M acid. Other quantities deduced from the numerical analyses are the dissociation constant and the ratio of the activity coefficient of molecular nitric acid in the pure acid to its value when the acid is infinitely dilute in water. Values of 15·4 ± 2·1 and 18·8 ± 2·3 were obtained for the dissociation constant as ordinarily defined, with two different methods of analysing results.
The effects of prolonged handling, scopolamine, and physostigmine on the activity of isolated and socially reared rats

Sprague-Dawley albino rats were reared in one of three social environments: isolation, low density, or high density. Baseline activity, measured by photobeam crossings in a 15-min session, was assessed for 16 consecutive days. The response to 1 and 10 mg/kg of scopolamine and .05 and .1 mg/kg of physostigmine was then assessed. It was found that isolated animals were more active than socially reared animals, and that this isolation-induced increased activity was not eliminated with repeated handling and behavioral testing. The activity of the animals in a low-density of group was not significantly greater than that of animals raised in a high-density group. Scopolamine and physostigmine were both found to decrease activity, but there was not a differential effect of the drugs on animals raised in the three social environments. It was concluded that tactile stimulation does not alter the effects of isolation-rearing and that a baseline activity level can be established for the investigation of the physiological bases of the behavioral effects of isolation-rearing.
Effects of methylprednisolone on the response to group B streptococcal toxin in sheep.

ABSTRACT. The effects of pretreatment with methylprednisolone on the reaction to a toxin isolated from group β-hemolytic streptococci, type III, were studied in seven sheep instrumented for chronic measurements of pulmonary lymph flow and pulmonary artery and left atrial pressure. Each sheep was infused with toxin alone on one day and with methylprednisolone plus toxin on a different day in random order. The toxin alone caused a two-phase reaction. After the infusion of toxin, alone, in the initial phase, pulmonary artery pressure increased from 16 ± 1 to 45 ± 5 mm Hg and the rectal temperature rose from 39.5 ± 0.14 to 40.8 ± 0.18° C. During the second phase, the peripheral blood granulocyte count decreased to 10% of baseline values and the lung lymph protein clearance increased from 5.1 ± 1.1 to 11.2 ± 1.8 ml/h, suggesting increased pulmonary vascular permeability. Methylprednisolone pretreatment did not alter the initial phase of pulmonary hypertension or the febrile response but completely abolished the granulocytopenia and the increased pulmonary vascular permeability. These effects are unlikely to be related to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Prevention of the lung vascular injury by methylprednisolone may be related to inhibition of granulocyte accumulation in the lung.
Government borrowing and tax-adjusted real and nominal interest rates

The purpose of this paper is to test for the effect of Federal Government budget deficits on one-year tax-adjusted nominal and real interest rates in an IS-LM-AS model. The results suggest that the specification of the dependent variable is a crucial issue in the debate over the linkage between deficits and interest rates, The evidence shows a positive and significant effect of various measures of the Federal Government deficit and debt on the real tax-adjusted Treasury bill rate in both the levels and the first-differenced equations but not on the nominal tax-adjusted rate. The positive and significant deficit-debt coefficients are also confirmed when the first-differenced equation is estimated by instrumental variables and when the equation is estimated over various time periods. Thus, there is robust evidence of a positive linkage between federal government borrowing and the tax-adjusted real but not nominal interest rates.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Interfacial Behavior of Short-Chain Polystyrene Sulfonate Aqueous Solutions in Contact with Graphene Surfaces in the Presence of Multivalent Cations

We present a detailed analysis of the behavior of aqueous electrolyte-polyelectrolyte systems in contact with neutral and charged graphene substrates, based on an extensive molecular dynamics simulation effort. Our study involves aqueous systems comprising short-chains of lithium-polystyrene sulfonate with explicit atomistic description of water, the chain backbones, and their interactions with all species in solution as well as with the graphene surface. We place special emphasis on the behavior of the axial profiles of species concentrations, local electrostatic charge density, electric field and corresponding surface-charge screening to provide a full characterization of the inhomogeneous environment at the solid-liquid interface, i.e., the electric double layer and the effect of the added salts (BaCl2 and LaCl3 ) on its structure. To complete the analysis, we assess the tendency toward ion pairing along planes parallel to the graphene surface and estimate, according to the axial distribution profiles, the strength of the adsorption of the polyelectrolyte, counterions, and other species in solution, in order to interpret the degree of surface-charge screening and the occurrence of surface-charge reversal. We present evidence of a recently reported new phenomenon of overcharging, and discuss the central role of the explicit description of the solvent on this occurrence. Moreover,more » to interpret the conformational behavior of the polyelectrolyte backbones we determine the axial profiles of the perpendicular and parallel components of the corresponding radius of gyration and end-to-end distance.« less
Unexpected photoisomerization of a pincer-type amido ligand leads to facial coordination at Pt(IV).

The divalent complex (BQA)PtMe undergoes oxidative addition with MeI to afford the octahedral complex cis-(mer-BQA)PtMe_2I {(BQA)- = bis(8-quinolinyl)amide}. When this molecule is irradiated with visible light, it isomerizes to (fac-BQA)PtMe2I, where the BQA ligand adopts an unexpected facial coordination mode. The amide nitrogen in this molecule is sp^3 hybridized and can be easily quarternized with HBF_4, resulting in [H(fac-BQA)PtMe_2I][BF_4], with only minor perturbation to the coordination sphere.
The distribution of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase in the brain and retina of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)

Abstract With the use of tetrazolium salt the distribution of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, the final enzyme in the degradative pathway of GABA, was investigated in the brain and retina of the tiger salamander. In the brain it was found in discrete neural areas, including the neuropil of the acoustico-lateral area, the magnocellular area of the medulla, the neuropil of the cerebellum, the mesencephalic V nucleus, the third nerve nucleus, the epiphysis, the subcommissural organ, the fasciculus retroflexus, and the neuropil of the habenulla. In addition there was a diffuse distribution due to ependymal cells. In the retina the enzyme was seen in Mu¨ller cells, ellipsoid bodies and possibly Landolt club processes.
Family-focused oncology nursing research

Purpose/objectives To analyze five common assumptions about a family's adjustment to breast cancer and to suggest needed future directions for family-focused research. Data sources Published research in nursing, psychiatry, behavioral medicine, and psycho-oncology about families' functioning with breast cancer. Data synthesis Evidence from published research is that family members do not modify their coping behavior in response to illness-related pressures, do not appear to learn over time how to manage illness-related concerns, are not responsive to each other's thoughts and feelings about cancer, experience tension in the marriage from cancer, and neither understand nor assist children affected by a mother's breast cancer. Conclusions Current assumptions about how families function with breast cancer need to be replaced with a more informed, data-based view that guides the development of better programs and services for assisting families. Implications for nursing Future research and interventions need to address the impact of breast cancer on the primary relationships in a household, the impact of the illness on the family's core functions, and the family members' competencies to manage the illness.
Memory to Ink: Autobiography Project in Portugal

This paper outlines a project centered on the teaching of Autobiography and Personal Narrative at the University of Lisbon. The course was an effort to ignite personal/collective empowerment through writing in a country where such writing has long been repressed by a variety of cultural imperatives. Students read autobiographical articles and book excerpts by well-known English language writers, read practically-oriented theoretical pieces, and wrote stories of their own lives prompted by their readings and discussions as they experienced and gained authority through authorship. Their growing self-advocacy registered as the course progressed, evidenced by the detail and reflection, authenticity and complexity of their written work. This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing on 2 April 2013 and published on 20 March 2015.
The Biology and Chemistry of Brewing: An Interdisciplinary Course

For the past nine years, we have been offering an interdisciplinary course for science majors: The Biology and Chemistry of Brewing. This course is primarily laboratory- and inquiry-based; from a total of 24 h of student/instructor contact time, approximately 6 h are devoted to lecture, and the other 18 h are divided between laboratory exercises, research, and field trips. Here, we describe course development as well as a summary of the laboratory assignments, with complete details of laboratory exercises available in the supporting information. This course is appropriate for students who have one year of general chemistry and general biology.
In vitro performance characteristics of valved holding chamber and spacer devices with a fluticasone metered-dose inhaler.

Study Objective. To compare the in vitro aerosol deposition characteristics of several commercially available valved holding chamber (VHC) and spacer devices used with a fluticasone metered-dose inhaler (MDI). Design. In vitro aerosol deposition study. Setting. University-affiliated research center. Devices. Seven VHC devices: BreatheRite, E-Z Spacer, EasiVent, AeroChamber, InspirEase, OptiChamber, and Space Chamber. Six spacer devices: OptiHaler, Aerosol Cloud Enhancer (ACE), Gentle-Haler, MediSpacer, Ellipse, and a 6-inch tube (1-inch inside diameter). Intervention. The respirable dose (aerosol particles 1–5 μm) of fluticasone was determined by sampling 10 220-μg actuations from five runs with each spacer or VHC plus MDI combination, by using a well-established in vitro cascade impactor method. Measurements and Main Results. Fluticasone aerosol was washed from the impactor with methanol and quantified by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. Differences among outcomes were determined with analysis-of-variance testing. Among spacers, Ellipse had the highest respirable dose (104 μg, p 0.05), whereas respirable doses of OptiHaler (44.6 μg) and ACE (47.2 μg) were less than those of all other spacers (p 0.05), whereas BreatheRite (13.1 μg) and E-Z Spacer (27.3 μg) respirable doses were less than those of the other VHC devices (p<0.05). Conclusion. Spacers and VHC devices available in the United States do not demonstrate equivalent in vitro performance with the fluticasone MDI. The difference between highest and lowest respirable doses in each device category would likely lead to clinically relevant differences in the quantity of fluticasone delivered to a patient.
The Overlap Model: A Comparison of Strategies for Social Change*

THE PLANNED elimination of poverty, with the involvement of the poor both as beneficiaries of and participants in ameliorative intervention programs, became a societal mandate with the passing of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Though it would be difficult to find anyone who would overtly disagree with the altruistic goal of ending poverty, the choice of the means toward that goal-the selection of the appropriate techniques or models for intervention-has been a hotly debated issue. In a recent paper, Frank Riessman writes that social action programs which seek to organize the poor on their own behalf can be viewed as falling within one of two camps: those "within the system" (such as the Federally supported community action antipoverty programs under the Office of Economic Opportunity); and those "outside of the system" (such as the New Student Left and the quasi-revolutionary approach of Saul Alinsky). Riessman then presents a systematic comparison of two outside-the-system action programs on such variables as target groups, goals, methods, and philosophic roots.1 It is Riessman's conclusion that "social actionists functioning outside of the system and the various social planners functioning within the system have much to gain from mutual contact and exploration. From this union a much more rounded, meaningful strategy of change may emerge together with the necessary theoretic base."2
Microscopy basics and the study of actin–actin-binding protein interactions

Abstract Actin is a multifunctional eukaryotic protein with a globular monomer form that polymerizes into a thin, linear microfilament in cells. Through interactions with various actin-binding proteins (ABPs), actin plays an active role in many cellular processes, such as cell motility and structure. Microscopy techniques are powerful tools for determining the role and mechanism of actin–ABP interactions in these processes. In this article, we describe the basic concepts of fluorescent speckle microscopy, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and cryoelectron microscopy and review recent studies that utilize these techniques to visualize the binding of actin with ABPs.
Cardiac manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome

The antiphospholipid syndrome has been associated with multiple cardiac abnormalities. The earliest reports were of valvular disease, including verrucous endocarditis, as well as valvular thickening and insufficiency. Subsequently, antiphospholipid antibodies were implicated in coronary artery disease manifested by premature myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass graft occlusion. In addition, there have been rare reports of intracardiac thrombi and diffuse cardiomyopathy in association with antiphospholipid antibodies. In this review, we discuss the nature and prevalence of the cardiac manifestations of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome as well as some of the proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms. We also provide examples from our own experience. The expanding spectrum of cardiac disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies suggests an important role for these antibodies in certain types of cardiac pathology.
Management of infant brachial plexus injuries

Management of brachial plexus injuries is geared toward normalization of limb function, primarily through optimization of nerve regeneration and mechanical increase in elbow flexion and shoulder stabilization. Changes in the skeletal muscles and the osteous structures of the upper extremity are ongoing throughout the course of treatment, mandating continual assessment and aggressive rehabilitation. In patients who present too late for microsurgical intervention, irreversible changes take place in skeletal muscles, highlighting the importance of early referral. However, secondary procedures have been shown to be beneficial in older patients and in those whose primary procedures failed. Further advances in bionics and stem cell therapy may help replace the dynamic functional deficits of obstetric brachial plexus palsy.
Use of strontium-90 plesiotherapy for the treatment of a lingual plasmacytoma in a dog

A 12-year-old, 25 kg, intact male St Bernard crossbreed was presented for treatment of a 538 mm ulcerated tumour on the dorsal tongue. Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed a plasmacytoma. The dog staged negative for evidence of local metastatic or systemic disease. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis. Treatment with one 150 Gy dose of radiation delivered with strontium-90 plesiotherapy was performed. Side effects were not noted and there was no visible evidence of tumour remaining at 2 months and 1 year after therapy.
Temporal response and effects of excitatory amino acid antagonism on microtubule-associated protein 2 immunoreactivity following experimental brain injury in rats

Alterations in microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunoreactivity following lateral fluid-percussion (FP) brain injury were investigated in rats with survival times ranging between 10 min and 7 days. MAP2 immunoreactivity was profoundly diminished in the cortex and hippocampus ipsilateral to the site of injury by 10 min and remained diminished up to 7 days after injury. Nissl staining and silver impregnation histochemistry demonstrated a correlation between the loss of MAP2 and neuronal degeneration. The effect of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonism on MAP2 immunoreactivity was evaluated by administering kynurenate or buffer 15 min after FP injury. Administration of kynurenate significantly attenuated the loss of MAP2 observed in the cortex two weeks after injury when compared to buffer treated control animals (P < 0.02). We conclude that significant and prolonged cytoskeletal changes occur following lateral FP brain injury, and that these alterations can be attenuated by blocking excitatory amino acid receptors.
School psychologists' perceptions of primary care partnerships: Implications for building the collaborative bridge

There is a critical need to increase communication and collaboration across the educational and medical systems on behalf of students with paediatric health issues. The purpose of the current study was to investigate school psychologists' perceptions of their communication and collaboration practices with paediatric professionals (e.g. paediatricians). Three hundred and forty school psychologists completed a survey that assessed their communication and collaboration practices with paediatric professionals, professional development in paediatric health issues and use of e-Health technology on behalf of students with medical problems. School psychologists reported communicating with paediatric professionals a few times per year (60.6%), collaborating a few times per year (34%) and receiving between one and five hours of professional development on paediatric health issues per year (50.8%). Only a small number of school psychologists used e-Health. Of those respondents, all indicated that it was beneficial t...
Corticospinal Motor Neurons and Related Subcerebral Projection Neurons Undergo Early and Specific Neurodegeneration in hSOD1G93A Transgenic ALS Mice

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by predominant vulnerability and central degeneration of both corticospinal/corticobulbar motor neurons (CSMN; "upper motor neurons") in cerebral cortex, and spinal/bulbar motor neurons (SMN; "lower motor neurons") in spinal cord and brainstem. Increasing evidence indicates broader cerebral cortex pathology in cognitive, sensory, and association systems in select cases. It remains unclear whether widely accepted transgenic ALS models, in particular hSOD1(G93A) mice, undergo degeneration of CSMN and molecularly/developmentally closely related populations of nonmotor projection neurons [e.g., other subcerebral projection neurons (SCPN)], and whether potential CSMN/SCPN degeneration is specific and early. This relative lack of knowledge regarding upper motor neuron pathology in these ALS model mice has hindered both molecular-pathophysiologic understanding of ALS and their use toward potential CSMN therapeutic approaches. Here, using a combination of anatomic, cellular, transgenic labeling, and newly available neuronal subtype-specific molecular analyses, we identify that CSMN and related nonmotor SCPN specifically and progressively degenerate in hSOD1(G93A) mice. Degeneration starts quite early and presymptomatically, by postnatal day 30. Other neocortical layers, cortical interneurons, and other projection neuron populations, even within layer V, are not similarly affected. Nonneuronal pathology in neocortex (activated astroglia and microglia) is consistent with findings in human ALS cortex and in affected mouse and human spinal cord. These results indicate previously unknown neuron type-specific vulnerability of CSMN/sensory and association SCPN, and identify that characteristic dual CSMN and SMN degeneration is conserved in hSOD1(G93A) mice. These results provide a foundation for detailed investigation of CSMN/SCPN vulnerability and toward potential CSMN therapeutics in ALS.
Online education as a toll good: An examination of the South Carolina virtual school program

Education has long been considered merit good; however, inequitable distribution has made it more akin to a toll good. This was most recently demonstrated by Henry, Fortner, and Thompson (2010). Choice requirements designed to remedy the inequitable distribution of education, have largely been confined to brick and mortar schools. Subsequently, they face challenges comparable to traditional programs. With shrinking state budgets and an increasing achievement gap, online choice options are growing in popularity as means of satisfying choice requirements specified in No Child Left Behind. This paper considers whether online options facilitate education as a merit good, or if they extend education as a toll good.
Transport of Spermatozoa in the Reproductive Tract of Turkey Hens

Abstract RATE of sperm transport in the female reproductive tract has been reported for many mammalian species (Austin and Bishop, 1957; Parkes, 1960; and Bishop, 1961). The time interval between coitus or artificial insemination and the arrival of spermatozoa at the site of fertilization is surprisingly short: intervals of IS minutes or less have been recorded in the ewe (Mattner and Braden, 1963), cow (Van Demark and Moeller, 1951), and sow (First et al., 1968). In the hen, spermatozoa labelled with inorganic 32 P were recovered from the infundibulum within one hour after intravaginal insemination (Allen and Grigg, 1957). However, the same authors also reported that 32 P labelled spermatozoa deposited in the uterus reached the infundibulum in less than 15 minutes. No literature was found concerning the rapidity of sperm transport in the turkey hen. Consequently, this investigation was conducted to determine the distributions of living and dead spermatozoa in the reproductive…
Leaky buckets: sizing and admission control

In this paper we propose a new unified approach to address simultaneously the issues of traffic policing (using leaky buckets), admission control and network dimensioning. First we compute the effective bandwidth of the output of the leaky bucket. We find a surprising result that effective bandwidth of the output of a leaky bucket is independent of the token pool size. Furthermore, the output effective bandwidth exhibits discontinuous behavior as the token pool size approaches infinity. We use these results in an optimization model to find the "optimal" leaky bucket parameters. We explain how this optimization program can be used to do network dimensioning if the input traffic characteristics are known, or to do connection admission control if the network parameters are fixed.
Isolation by flow cytometry of a human ovarian tumor cell subpopulation exhibiting a high glutathione content phenotype and increased resistance to adriamycin.

Abstract We have used monochlorobimane as a quantitative marker by which cells of naturally high or low GSH contents were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The cell line chosen for this purpose, MLS, was a human ovarian tumor cell line established from a patient who had received extensive chemotherapy and showed evidence of ‘multidrug' resistance. Cells of a specified volume were sorted into subpopulations containing the 1% most dim (low GSH) and 1% most bright (high GSH) cells. With an increasing number of sortings, cell subpopulations emerged with progressively lower (dim) and higher (bright) GSH content as compared to the parent population. After 4 sortings, GSH contents were 10.6 ± 0.8, 5.1 ± 0.4, and 7.2 ± 0.7 X 10- −18 moles/μm 3 for MLS/bright, MLS/dim and MLS/parent respectively. The high and low GSH phenotypes were of limited stability reverting to the parent phenotype by the sixth week following the last FACS. Cells with high GSH content were more resistant to adriamycin than cells with low GSH content, for example, at 1 log cell kill MLS/bright was 1.6 fold more resistant than MLS/dim. An ADR resistant variant of the MLS line, designated MLS/SDRR2, established by twice treating MLS cells with 1 μg/ml ADR for 2 hr, also showed increased GSH content (1.3-fold) and ADR resistance as compared with the parent line. These results illustrate the possible importance of tumor cell GSH status in determining the response to chemotherapy of a heterogenous population of tumor cells with diverse GSH contents.
Universal Grammar and Lexis for Quick Ramp- Up of MT Systems

This paper introduces Boas, a semi-automatic knowledge elicitation system that guides a team of two people through the process of developing the static knowledge sources for a moderate-quality, broad-coverage MT system from any "low-density" language into English in about six months. The paper focuses on some issues in the elicitation of descriptive knowledge in Boas and also the issue of the principled reuse of pre-existing resources, such as a lexicon, an ontology, and an English generation module, among others, made possible by the fact that the client MT system is developed for a single target language.
Catalyst performance in resid containing recycle solvents

A number of problems were encountered in evaluating catalyst performance in full-range liquefaction recycle solvents containing sizable amounts of resid, unconverted coal and ash. In a liquefaction plant in which only distillate products are produced, resid is recycled to extinction. In such a configuration the feed to the plant will contain a distillate to coal ratio of less than one with the remaining portion of the solvent made up of residual material having reduced donor capacity. In recycle solvents obtained from the Wilsonville pilot plant, which were produced when running in the distillate-only mode, the presence of an insoluble fraction that was easily converted into THF insoluble material was found in the residual fraction of all the Wilsonville recycle solvents that have been tested in our laboratory. When using these recycle solvents for evaluating catalysts, conversion of this residual fraction leads to abnormally high coal conversions even under the mildest of conditions. The presence of catalysts that have accumulated in all of the recycle solvents masks the effect of added fresh catalysts on both dissolution of the coal and 565°C+ resid conversion. Results from this study have shown that catalyst testing in these solvents requires careful control of the components in the residual fraction. Results from liquefaction of Wyodak coal in recycle solvents containing up to 1060 mg freshly added Mo per kg maf coal indicates that coal conversion, pentane solubles and 565°C− distillate yields increase as Mo concentration increases. The activity of recycled Mo is much greater than freshly added Mo. Exceptional activity with nanometer-size iron oxide in the absence of any Mo was also observed.
Development and implementation of the guiding stars nutrition guidance program.

Abstract Purpose. To describe the collaborative process between a grocery retailer and a panel of nutrition experts used to develop a nutrition guidance system (Guiding Stars) that evaluates the nutrient profile of all edible products in the supermarket, and to report the results of the food and beverage ratings. Design. A collaboration between a private retailer and members of the scientific community that led to the development of a scoring algorithm used to evaluate the nutritional quality of foods and beverages. Setting/Subjects. Northeast supermarkets (n = 160). Measures. Food and beverage nutrition ratings and distribution of stars across different grocery categories. Analysis. Descriptive statistics for rating distributions were computed. T-tests were conducted to assess differences in mean nutrient values between foods with zero versus three stars or a dichotomized variable representing all foods with one to three stars. Results. All edible grocery items (n = 27,466) were evaluated, with 23.6%...
Higher order processes in random Raman lasing

Random Raman lasers offer a unique opportunity to study many exciting dynamics of light propagation in turbid media. One of the most notable features observed to exist in the recently discovered random Raman laser are the presence of higher order stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) processes. The higher order Stokes generation likely comes from photons that have the longest pathlengths, thus have the most gain. This makes these photons particularly likely to offer interesting insight into wave propagation effects such as coherent backscattering and optical Anderson localization. In this work, we use Monte Carlo simulations to investigate how these higher order processes occur and what properties they are expected to exhibit when considering only transport equation dynamics. This knowledge will allow us to look for deviations from this theory in future experiments to determine if wavelike properties play an active role in random Raman lasing.
Distance Dependence of Electron Transfer in DNA: The Role of the Reorganization Energy and Free Energy

A model of the distance dependence of photoinduced donor−acceptor electron transfer in DNA is presented that includes the distance dependence of the solvent reorganization energy and free energy in the heterogeneous DNA environment. DNA is modeled as a low dielectric region that represents the base stack and two regions with more moderate dielectric properties that represent the DNA backbone. The DNA is surrounded by a high dielectric medium, which represents water. Model calculations show the importance of including the reorganization energy and the free energy change and illustrate the differences between the inhomogeneous model and homogeneous single dielectric constant calculations using standard Marcus theory. Calculations are performed for comparison to published experimental work (Science 1997, 277, 673;1 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 3656 2). Fits to one set of data2 permit the previously reported distance dependence to be separated into an electronic contribution and solvent reorganization energy ...
Microbial assimilation of hydrocarbons. II. Fatty acids derived from 1-alkenes.

The utilization of 1-alkenes by Micrococcus cerificans was investigated with respect to characteristic fatty acid profiles resulting from growth at the expense of these substrates. Saturated fatty acids containing even numbers of carbon atoms were produced from 1-dodecene and 1-tetradecene. Unsaturated fatty acids related to the parent alkene were not detected. The fatty acid profile from 1-pentadecene utilization resulted in the identification of 14-pentadecenoic acid, indicating preferential methyl-group attack. Studies with 1-hexadecene and 1-octadecene indicated simultaneous methyl-group and double-bond attack. Ω-Unsaturated fatty acids related to carbon number of parent alkene and odd-carbon fatty acids one carbon less than the substrate molecule were identified. A mechanism involving double bond epoxidation and oxidative cleavage was supported by measuring the release of formaldehyde. It appears that a dichotomous mechanism is functional in the assimilation of higher carbon number alkenes.
GRSFE data available on PDS node

The Geosciences Node of the Planetary Data System (PDS) has released Archive Version 1.0 of the Geologic Remote Sensing Field Experiment (GRSFE) to the community. The archive occupies a set of nine CDROMs, written in the ISO 9660 Standard, that contains all of the data and documentation for the archive. GRSFE was co-sponsored by the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program and the NASA Geology Program. Approximately 50 scientists from eight universities and three NASA centers participated in the experiment. The experiment included an airborne and a field campaign in which data were acquired in 1989 for geologic targets in the Lunar Crater Volcanic Field, Nev., and the Mojave Desert, Calif.
Cyclic-cubes and wrap-around butterflies

Abstract Recently a new family of Cayley graphs of fixed even node degree called the Cyclic-cubes were proposed as interconnection networks by Fu and Chau (1998). We show that these networks are simply wrap-around k -ary butterflies.
A generalization of monotone operators: Usco maps

There has been much relatively recent work showing that Kenderov’s results about generic continuity of maximal monotone operators are special cases of theorems of a more topological nature. We will describe some of this, selecting the results most closely related to our primary interest in Banach spaces.
Microbiological Analysis in the Small Winery Laboratory

More often than not, the difference between ordinary and good, or great, wines can be measured by the winemaster’s knowledge and control of microorganisms in the cellars. A wine may be totally destroyed by ignoring the overwhelming potential of microbial action.
The uncertainty of sodium restriction in heart failure. We can do better than this

Clinical vignette: a young woman develops a dilated cardiomyopathy with severe impairment of left ventricular (LV) function and corresponding symptoms consistent with advanced heart failure (HF). She is treated effectively with evidence-based medical therapy and experiences recovery of LV systolic
VCAS: Viewing context aware power-efficient mobile video embedded memory

Mobile devices have become the most important way to deliver the videos. Experience and battery life are two major considerations for the mobile users. To be the first time, this paper relates these two together and presents a Viewing Context Aware SRAM (VCAS). The viewing contexts significantly influence the user experience and in the worse context, users have higher tolerance to the video noise. Based on this, we introduce hardware noise in high-tolerance viewing surroundings to achieve more power savings. To meet the low area constraint of mobile devices, we develop an efficient hardware scheme to implement VCAS which induces negligible area overhead. The experimental results based on 45-nm CMOS technology show that, as compared to the conventional SRAM design, VCAS can achieve 32.6% power savings without perceivable quality loss.
Thru-Wafer Interconnects for Double-Sided (TWIDS) fabrication of MEMS

This paper reports a new approach for fabrication of high-aspect ratio low resistance vertical interconnects, providing an electrical interface between the front-side and the backside of the Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) wafer. The method of Thru-Wafer Interconnects for Double-Sided (TWIDS) fabrication of MEMS is based on seedless copper electroplating, and allows for voids free features and high aspect ratio (copper diameter to wafer thickness ratio is 10∶1). We introduced the fabrication sequence, implemented and characterized prototypes of a MEMS toroidal ring gyroscope with thru-wafer interconnects, thus illustrating the process feasibility. Furthermore, the critical issue of mechanical stability in air-gap interconnect structures under 15,000 g shock was investigated using 3D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) models. Our simulations revealed that a partial filling the gaps with Parylene C allows for 1.55x improvement in mechanical stability without a significant increase in via parasitic capacitance values.
Search for T = 3 2 States in Li 5 , He 5 , and H 5

Three experiments to search for $T=\frac{3}{2}$ mass-5 analog states have been performed. Both triton energy spectra from the $^{7}\mathrm{Li}(p,t)^{5}\mathrm{Li}$ reaction and particle-particle coincidence data on the $^{7}\mathrm{Li}(p,t)^{5}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{7}\mathrm{Li}(p,^{3}\mathrm{He})^{5}\mathrm{He}$ reactions failed to reveal well-defined $^{5}\mathrm{Li}$ or $^{5}\mathrm{He}$ states having expected $T=\frac{3}{2}$ properties. Tentative evidence is found from these measurements for broad $T=\frac{1}{2}$ states at 22-, 25-, and 34-MeV excitation energy. $^{8}\mathrm{B}$ energy spectra from the $^{9}\mathrm{Be}(\ensuremath{\alpha},^{8}\mathrm{B})^{5}\mathrm{H}$ reaction also exhibited no peaks which might be associated with sharp states of $^{5}\mathrm{H}$. These results are qualitatively in agreement with several theoretical predictions that $^{5}\mathrm{H}$ is unbound to particle emission by at least several MeV.
Challenges in vaccine therapy in hematological malignancies and strategies to overcome them

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Hematological malignancies (HM) are a promising platform for immunotherapy when considering the marked durable remissions historically achieved through allogeneic stem cell transplantation in select patients. Both non-cell and cell-based vaccine models have been utilized to elicit T cell tumor-specific eradication of malignant cells with resultant striking immunologic effects, but only modest clinical outcomes. In the last decade, the field of oncology has garnered greater insight into the complex mechanisms underpinning immune dysregulation in HM.Areas covered: This review addresses the development of vaccine strategies for HM examining the challenges of effectively inducing tumor-specific immunity and overcoming the barriers created by the tumor microenvironment.Expert opinion: Through a better understanding of the tumor immunosuppressive milieu and immunobiology of HM, rational immunotherapeutic combination therapies can be designed incorporating the potency of vaccine therapy to ...
Acquiring Science and Social Studies Knowledge in Kindergarten through Fourth Grade: Conceptualization, Design, Implementation, and Efficacy Testing of Content-Area Literacy Instruction (CALI).

With national focus on reading and math achievement, science and social studies have received less instructional time. Yet, accumulating evidence suggests that content knowledge is an important predictor of proficient reading. Starting with a design study, we developed Content Area Literacy Instruction (CALI), as an individualized (or personalized) instructional program for kindergarteners through fourth graders to build science and social studies knowledge. We developed CALI to be implemented in general education classrooms, over multiple iterations (n=230 students), using principles of design-based implementation research. The aims were to develop CALI as a usable and feasible instructional program that would, potentially, improve science and social studies knowledge, and could be implemented during the literacy block without negatively affecting students' reading gains (i.e., no opportunity cost). We then evaluated the efficacy of CALI in a randomized controlled field trial with 418 students in kindergarten through fourth grade. Results reveal that CALI demonstrates promise as a useable and feasible instructional individualized general education program, and is efficacious in improving social studies (d=2.2) and science (d=2.1) knowledge, with some evidence of improving oral and reading comprehension skills (d=.125).
Photoinscription of Chain Anisotropy into Polymer Networks

Fixing chain orientation within polymeric materials can impart anisotropic mechanical, optical, and electrical properties. Although macroscopic anisotropy in amorphous or liquid crystalline phases has been achieved by cross-linking or by thermoreversible bond shuffling under strain, these methods lack spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we demonstrate a method to controllably write chain anisotropy into polymer networks containing both permanent and light-sensitive bonds. While held under mechanical stress or strain, light initiates a cascade of addition–fragmentation chain transfer reactions, causing photosensitive functional groups to reshuffle, thereby stabilizing the deformed network. Photoinscription of chain anisotropy allows for simplified processing on fully cross-linked networks with spatial and temporal control over chain orientation, thus enabling a spectrum of anisotropic polymeric materials. As an example, we demonstrate how built-in anisotropy of a semicrystalline network encourages cryst...