cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
50 Years Ago in CORR: The Management of Idiopathic Scoliosis John H. Moe MD CORR 1957;9:169–184

The treatment of spinal deformities was described in antiquity. According to Bick [3], “Deformities of the spinal column were intensively studied, and although several cardinal errors were made, based on certain discrepancies in the anatomic knowledge of that time, it was in this field that Hippocratic orthopedics attained its highest genius.” Numerous devices, from traction beds (Venel, 1788 [3]) to braces (Levacher, 1764 [3]) were described between those times and modern. A wide variety of braces were available by the 1930s [4], many of which included features of more contemporary braces. Studying specimens from the Guy’s Hospital Museum, Lane [12] recognized the occurrence of spontaneous fusion in deformed spines. A few decades later, Hibbs described a technique of surgical fusion in tuberculosis in 1911 [9] and began using the technique for scoliosis in 1914 [10] using local bone for graft. In his followup study published in 1924 Hibbs noted all surviving patients maintained the correction of the deformity. Albee independently described surgical fusion of the spine in 1911, using strut grafts from the tibia [1, 2]. Campbell suggested both these techniques were problematic: that of Albee because the straight tibial strut graft did not fit the curved spines and that of Hibbs because the laminae and articular facets on the concave side of major deformities were difficult to expose [4]. Rather, Campbell used multiple thin flexible grafts from the tibia. Harrington, in 1962, reported the next major advance: the use of metal implants to temporarily maintain correction while the fusion was healing [8]. In the subsequent decades many authors described various types of fusion supplemented by instrumentation [5, 7, 16–18].
Palladio’s Villa Emo: The Golden Proportion Hypothesis Rebutted

In a most thoughtful and persuasive paper Rachel Fletcher comes close to convincing that Palladio may well have made use of the ‘golden section’, or extreme and mean ratio, in the design of the Villa Emo at Fanzolo. What is surprising is that a visually gratifying result is so very wrong when tested by the numbers. Lionel March provides an arithmetic analysis of the dimensions provided by Palladio in the Quattro libri to reach new conclusions about Palladio’s design process. (Thomas Gray, )
Navigating steroid hormone receptors through the nuclear compartment.

Steroid hormone receptors exert much of their effects on cellular physiology through regulating the rate of transcription from unique target genes. Much has been learned about the actions of steroid hormone receptors at regulated promoters through model in vitro studies, but it has always been a challenge to extrapolate these mechanistic insights to molecular events that occur in live cells. However, novel insights have recently been gained regarding the nature of receptor encounters with the transcriptional machinery from elegant experimental approaches that used advances gained in biochemical, molecular biological, cell biological, and biophysical disciplines. Although these is no doubt that steroid hormone receptors represent some of the most mobile proteins within the nucleus, they still maintain their ability to orchestrate a highly ordered recruitment of cofactors and coregulators at specific sites and remain accessible to alternative processing pathways that limit their action. As highlighted in th...
Double Arrays, Triple Arrays and Balanced Grids with v=r+c -1

In Theorem 6.1 of McSorley et al. [3] it was shown that, when v=r+c?1, every triple array TA(v,k,?rr,?cc,k:r× c) is a balanced grid BG(v,k,k:r × c). Here we prove the converse of this Theorem. Our final result is: Let v=r+c?1. Then every triple array is a TA(v,k,c?k,r?k,k:r× c) and every balanced grid is a BG(v,k,k:r× c), and they are equivalent.
Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes

Abstract Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating the liquefaction potential of saturated cohesionless soils during earthquakes are re-examined and revised relations for use in practice are recommended. The stress reduction factor ( r d ), earthquake magnitude scaling factor for cyclic stress ratios (MSF), overburden correction factor for cyclic stress ratios ( K σ ), and the overburden normalization factor for penetration resistances ( C N ) are discussed and recently modified relations are presented. These modified relations are used in re-evaluations of the SPT and CPT case history databases. Based on these re-evaluations, revised SPT- and CPT-based liquefaction correlations are recommended for use in practice. In addition, shear wave velocity based procedures are briefly discussed.
NOVOS OLHARES PARA AS PEDAGOGIAS DE GÊNERO NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL

Este artigo analisa as pedagogias de genero presentes no cotidiano das escolas de educacao infantil durante as brincadeiras. Nessa assertiva, lancamos nossos olhares objetivando observar a normalizacao dos corpos, o poder disciplinador e os discursos docentes vigentes a partir dos aportes teoricos advindos dos Estudos Culturais e de Genero. Compondo a metodologia, realizamos um Grupo Focal com doze professoras de educacao infantil da rede municipal de ensino em uma cidade da Serra Gaucha/RS. A analise de conteudo dos dados mostrou que as docentes apresentam dificuldades em saber lidar e falar sobre situacoes que envolvem sexualidade e identidades de genero nas brincadeiras infantis. Concluimos que as praticas pedagogicas e as reflexoes das docentes estao arroladas em padroes heteronormativos, e percebemos que suas condutas sao fruto de uma cultura, de discursos sexistas que sao reproduzidos no dia a dia, sem questionamentos. As docentes referem que sentem a necessidade de estarem mais preparadas para lidar com situacoes do cotidiano escolar infantil que envolvem as questoes de genero, por isso apontamos a formacao de professores como essencial neste processo.
Calcium phosphate‐based composite nanoparticles in bioimaging and therapeutic delivery applications

Bioimaging and therapeutic delivery applications are areas of biomedicine where nanoparticles have had significant impact, but the use of a nanomaterial in these applications can be limited by its physicochemical properties. Calcium phosphate-based composite nanoparticles are nontoxic and biodegradable, and are therefore considered attractive candidates for bioimaging and therapeutic drug delivery applications. Also, the pH-dependent solubility profiles of calcium phosphate materials make this class of nanoparticles especially useful for in vitro and in vivo delivery of dyes, oligonucleotides, and drugs. In this article, we discuss how calcium phosphate-based composite nanoparticles fulfill some of the requirements typically made for nanoparticles in biomedical applications. We also highlight recent studies in bioimaging and therapeutic delivery applications focusing on how these studies have addressed some of the challenges associated with using these nanoparticles in bioimaging and delivery of therapeutics.
Climate-change effect on Lake Tanganyika? (reply)

O'Reilly et al. reply - Eschenbach 1 questions the validity of our climate record and our proposed link between climate and lake ecosystem change. Here we address the three main issues: our meteorological data, the timing of limnological changes, and the warming of Lake Tanganyika.
THE RESPONSE OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE MODEL TO VARIATIONS IN BOUNDARY LAYER PARAMETERS, INITIAL CONDITIONS, LATERAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS, AND DOMAIN SIZE

Abstract Tropical cyclone model experiments are summarized in which the drag coefficient and the analogous exchange coefficients for sensible and latent heat are varied. During the early portions of the immature stage, the response of the model storm follows linear theory and growth is more rapid with larger drag coefficients. However, the ultimate intensity reached by model storms varies inversely with the drag coefficient. The experiments indicate that air-sea exchanges of latent heat are crucial for the development and maintenance of the model storm. The air-sea exchange of sensible heat appears to be far less important. Experiments conducted with open lateral boundary conditions revealed that the structure and intensity of the mature stage of the model cyclone is relatively insensitive to the initial perturbation and to the size of the computational domain. The time required to reach the mature stage is, however, quite sensitive to these influences. Comparisons between experiments with open and mechan...
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS : XI. SPECIES DIFFERENCES AMONG BLOOD GROUP A SUBSTANCES.

The reactions of hog, human, and horse blood group A substances with antibodies produced on injection of these substances into individuals of blood groups B and O have been studied by hemagglutination inhibition and by quantitative precipitin technics. Species differences in reactivity with antisera exist among these blood group A substances. Hog and human A substances are very closely related chemically as evidenced by their extensive cross-reaction while horse A substance crossreacts much less with antisera to both hog and human A substances. Analysis for hexosamine of specific precipitates of hog and human A substances and antibody to human A substance formed as a consequence of heterospecific pregnancy has shown that essentially all of the glucosamine of the blood group substance is precipitated.
Metastatic spinal cord compression: the hidden danger.

Background A 47-year-old male underwent resection of a left-shoulder melanoma in 1997. In November 2004 he was found to have multiple brain lesions and adrenal, lung, and bone metastases, and in January 2005 underwent resection of his symptomatic right parietal lobe lesion and subsequent whole-brain radiation. In February 2005 he experienced headaches and word-finding difficulty and was found to have four progressive brain lesions on MRI. These were resistant to conventional radiotherapy and were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. The patient later developed an obstruction of the jejunum and underwent resection of multiple abdominal masses. In April 2005, the patient commenced temozolomide and underwent radiation therapy to the left arm for pain thought to be caused by an increase in size of his melanoma metastasis. In August 2005 the patient reported persistent and worsening arm pain, despite a further course of radiotherapy in June 2005. Investigations Physical examination including a thorough neurological examination, radiography, X-ray, CT scan, and MRI. Diagnosis Metastatic melanoma to the cervical spine (C7 vertebra) with spinal cord compression. Management Involved field radiotherapy, temozolomide, opioids, gabapentin, corticosteroids, and Cyberknife® therapy.
TET Family Proteins and Their Role in Stem Cell Differentiation and Transformation

One of the main regulators of gene expression during embryogenesis and stem cell differentiation is DNA methylation. The recent identification of hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) as a novel epigenetic mark sparked an intense effort to characterize its specialized enzymatic machinery and to understand the biological significance of 5hmC. The recent discovery of recurrent deletions and somatic mutations in the TET gene family, which includes proteins that can hydroxylate methylcytosine (5mC), in a large fraction of myeloid malignancies further suggested a key role for dynamic DNA methylation changes in the regulation of stem cell differentiation and transformation.
Tokamak Physics Experiment poloidal field design

The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) will have a poloidal field system capable of full inductive operation for approximately a 20-s flattop and, with superconducting toroidal and poloidal field coils and non-inductive current drive, it will be capable of true steady-state operation. The poloidal field design is based on the ideal MHD equilibrium model as implemented in the TEQ code developed at LLNL. The PF coils are arranged in an up-down symmetric configuration, external to the TF coils. The TPX diverted plasma will have an aspect ratio of 4.5 and is highly shaped with a nominal elongation of 2 and triangularity of approximately 0.8 as measured at the separatrix. The tokamak design is based on a high-current (q/sub /spl Psi//=3) plasma scenario and a low current scenario. Each scenario has an operational flexibility requirement which is defined as a region of plasma pressure and inductivity (/spl beta//sub N/-l/sub i/) space, where the plasma shape is constrained to keep the divertor configuration operational. Single-null plasma configurations are feasible, even with the same divertor hardware, by operating the PF coils asymmetrically. Recently applied optimization techniques have improved the capability of the PF system without additional cost.
SIMS measurements of intrashell δ13C in the cultured planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa

In this study, we present experimental results from the planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa, cultured in the laboratory. We demonstrate that the d 13 C of shell calcite precipitated in 13 C-labeled seawater for 24 h can be resolved and accurately measured using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). Specimens maintained at 20 C were transferred from ambient seawater (d 13 CDIC = +1.3&) into seawater with d 13 CDIC = +51.5& and enriched [Ba 2+ ] for 24 h. Specimens were then transferred into ambient seawater with elevated [ 87 Sr] for 6–9 h of calcification, followed by a transfer back into unlabeled ambient seawater until gametogenesis. This technique produced O. universa shells with calcite layers of distinct geochemical signatures. We quantify the spatial positions of trace element labels in the shells using laser ablation ICP-MS depth profiling. Using fragments from the same shells, we quantify intrashell d 13 Ccalcite using SIMS with a 6 or 8 lm spot (2 SD range ±0.5& to 1.7&). Measured d 13 Ccalcite values in O. universa shell layers precipitated in ambient seawater are within 2& of predicted d 13 Ccalcite values. In 13 C-labeled bands of calcite, 6 lm SIMS spot measurements are within 2& of predicted d 13 Ccalcite values, whereas 8 lm SIMS spots yield intermediate, mixed values. The spatial agreement between trace element and carbon isotope data suggests that 13 C and cation tracers are synchronously incorporated into shell calcite. These results demonstrate the ability of SIMS d 13 C measurements to resolve � 10 lm features in foraminifer shell calcite using a 6 lm spot, and highlight the
An adaptive protocol for efficient and secure multicasting in IEEE 802.11 based wireless LANs

Multicast refers to the technique of sending data to a group of receivers. The use of multicast paradigm in wireless LANs brings significant advantages like savings in channel bandwidth and energy. Considerable research has been done with regard to issues like reliability, but they have not taken into consideration the operation in an insecure environment. We present schemes for secure multicast in wireless LANs, based on the notion of location based access control, wherein only a user present in specific locations can access the services provided. Location based access control is a significant requirement in the pervasive computing environments. These schemes make use of the broadcast nature of the medium for sending encrypted data to a group and for key management. Those schemes which are adaptive to the dynamics of the multicast group perform better than static schemes. Three schemes are presented in this paper. The three schemes vary according to whether the base station shares the same session key with all the members of its cell (SSK) or different session key for each one of the members (SSK), or a combination of the two schemes for efficient key management (Hybrid). The comparative performance of the three schemes based on the results of simulations are presented.
Absolute DNA determinations by flow microfluorometry.

SYNOPSIS The DNA content of Euglena gracilis and murine leukemic cell line L-1210 were varied by growth under abnormal conditions. DNA measurements by colorimetry and by flow microfluorometry were compared and absolute calibration of the flow device was established.
Genetic Construction of Lactose-Utilizing Xanthomonas campestris

Abstract Xanthomonas campestris, the producer of xanthan gum, possesses a β-galactosidase of very low specific activity. Plasmid pGC9114 (RP1::Tn951), generated by the transposition of the lactose transposon Tn951 to RP1, was conjugally transferred into XN1, a nalidixic acid-resistant derivative of X. campestris NRRL B-1459S-4L. Transfer occurred on membrane filters and in broth. The β-galactosidase gene of Tn951 was expressed in X. campestris. The specific activity of β-galactosidase in transconjugants was over 200-fold higher than that in XN1, and transconjugants grew as well in lactose-based media as in glucose-based media. The lactose-utilizing transconjugants could potentially be used to produce xanthan gum from cheese whey.
Layout and language: integrating spatial and linguistic knowledge for layout understanding tasks

Complex documents stored in a flat or partially marked up file format require layout sensitive preprocessing before any natural language processing can be carried out on their textual content. Contemporary technology for the discovery of basic textual units is based on either spatial or other content insensitive methods. However, there are many cases where knowledge of both the language and layout is required in order to establish the boundaries of the basic textual blocks. This paper describes a number of these cases and proposes the application of a general method combining knowledge about language with knowledge about the spatial arrangement of text. We claim that the comprehensive understanding of layout can only be achieved through the exploitation of layout knowledge and language knowledge in an inter-dependent manner.
Computer modeling of surfaces with arbitrary shapes

A detailed description is given of a local mathematical procedure for constructing a geometrically C/sup 1/ surface by interpolating a grid of cubic Bezier curves that meet in a quite general fashion (for example, they need not meet rectangularly). The constructed surface is a composite mosaic of independently parameterized tensor-product Bezier patches of different degrees (maximum of 6*6). Adjacent patches can be made either C/sup 1/ or C/sup 0/ continuous, as desired. The overall surface can have almost any shape that arises in practice, including the closed surfaces used in solid modeling. Because of its locality, the procedure can be applied at different times in different locations of a surface-to-be; for example, it can be used to combine preexisting smaller surfaces. >
Mirrors in motion: Epipolar geometry and motion estimation

In this paper we consider the images taken from pairs ofparabolic catadioptric cameras separated by discrete motions.Despite the nonlinearity of the projection model, theepipolar geometry arising from such a system, like the perspectivecase, can be encoded in a bilinear form, the catadioptricfundamental matrix. We show that all such matriceshave equal Lorentzian singular values, and they definea nine-dimensional manifold in the space of 4 × 4 matrices.Furthermore, this manifold can be identified with a quotientof two Lie groups. We present a method to estimate a matrixin this space, so as to obtain an estimate of the motion.We show that the estimation procedures are robust to modestdeviations from the ideal assumptions.
Quality of protection through control-message scheduling in optical mesh networks

This paper considers the problem of providing quality of protection (QoP) classes in DWDM networks that use mesh-based path restoration schemes with capacity sharing. We focus on the signaling process required for reconfiguring the nodes along the pre-planned restoration paths, and propose a novel approach for meeting the QoP requirements by coordinating the set-up procedures for the backup paths through scheduling. We present a mixed integer-linear program (MILP) formulation for maximizing the number of connections that meet their QoP-class-specific restoration time deadlines. We also present a priority-based online scheduling method that uses simple connection and/or class-specific information and can be easily implemented with minor modifications to the currently proposed signaling protocols. We apply this method to signaling protocols that require cross-connect configurations at different nodes to be done in sequence as in the current GMPLS specification, as well as signaling protocols that allow cross-connect configurations to be done in parallel. It is shown that in both cases, significant performance improvements are achievable through scheduling in terms of the QoP grades that can be supported with both the MILP solutions and the heuristic. The improvement in restorability through our heuristics can be quite high (e.g., increase from a network restorability performance of 40% to a network restorability of 88%).
Use of General-purpose Negation Detection to Augment Concept Indexing of Medical Documents: A Quantitative Study Using the UMLS

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that most instances of negated concepts in dictated medical documents can be detected by a strategy that relies on tools developed for the parsing of formal (computer) languages—specifically, a lexical scanner (“lexer”) that uses regular expressions to generate a finite state machine, and a parser that relies on a restricted subset of context-free grammars, known as LALR(1) grammars. Methods: A diverse training set of 40 medical documents from a variety of specialties was manually inspected and used to develop a program (Negfinder) that contained rules to recognize a large set of negated patterns occurring in the text. Negfinder's lexer and parser were developed using tools normally used to generate programming language compilers. The input to Negfinder consisted of medical narrative that was preprocessed to recognize UMLS concepts: the text of a recognized concept had been replaced with a coded representation that included its UMLS concept ID. The program generated an index with one entry per instance of a concept in the document, where the presence or absence of negation of that concept was recorded. This information was used to mark up the text of each document by color-coding it to make it easier to inspect. The parser was then evaluated in two ways: 1) a test set of 60 documents (30 discharge summaries, 30 surgical notes) marked-up by Negfinder was inspected visually to quantify false-positive and false-negative results; and 2) a different test set of 10 documents was independently examined for negatives by a human observer and by Negfinder, and the results were compared. Results: In the first evaluation using marked-up documents, 8,358 instances of UMLS concepts were detected in the 60 documents, of which 544 were negations detected by the program and verified by human observation (true-positive results, or TPs). Thirteen instances were wrongly flagged as negated (false-positive results, or FPs), and the program missed 27 instances of negation (false-negative results, or FNs), yielding a sensitivity of 95.3 percent and a specificity of 97.7 percent. In the second evaluation using independent negation detection, 1,869 concepts were detected in 10 documents, with 135 TPs, 12 FPs, and 6 FNs, yielding a sensitivity of 95.7 percent and a specificity of 91.8 percent. One of the words “no,” “denies/denied,” “not,” or “without” was present in 92.5 percent of all negations. Conclusions: Negation of most concepts in medical narrative can be reliably detected by a simple strategy. The reliability of detection depends on several factors, the most important being the accuracy of concept matching.
Identification of Woodworking on Stone Tools through Residue and Use-Wear Analyses: Experimental Results

Microscopic analysis of stone tools has traditionally relied upon the analysis of wear patterns to provide clues for tool function. However, actual residues of the material on which a tool was used may also survive to provide identification of the use-material. A series of replication experiments were conducted to observe the patterns and types of residues produced in processing wood with stone tools. Fragments of wood preserving diagnostic features of microscopic anatomy were observed and allowed identification of the residue to species in some cases. Distribution patterns of residues, together with use-wear patterns, allow the identification of the use-action. The methods described here will aid in recognition of woodworking tools in the archaeological record, thereby expanding the types of ecological and cultural data available which have been traditionally overlooked.
Developable Bézier patches: properties and design

Geometric design of quadratic and cubic developable Bezier patches from two boundary curves is studied in this paper. The conditions for developability are derived geometrically from the de Casteljau algorithm and expressed as a set of equations that must be fulfilled by the Bezier control points. This set of equations allows us to infer important properties of developable Bezier patches that provide useful parameters and simplify the solution process for the patch design. With one boundary curve freely specified, five more degrees of freedom are available for a second boundary curve of the same degree. Various methods are introduced that fully utilize these five degrees of freedom for the design of general quadratic and cubic developable Bezier patches in 3D space. A more restricted generalized conical model or cylindrical model provides simple solutions for higher-order developable patches.
Photosynthate partitioning in diploid and autotetraploid barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Net rates of carbon assimilation per unit leaf area by fully expanded, vegetative leaves of diploid (2x) and autotetraploid (4x) barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cultivars OAC-21 and Brant) were not significantly different (90% level) when measured under controlled environment conditions with air levels of CO2 and either 2 or 20% O2. Leaf thickness increased with ploidy so that net photosynthetic rates measured on single leaves were lower for 4x than 2x barley varieties when compared on a dry or fresh weight basis. Rates of 14CO2 fixation by isolated mesophyll protoplasts prepared from seedlings were also lower for 4x than 2x varieties [about 108 and 125 μmol (mg ChI)−1 h−1, respectively]. Carbohydrate accumulation in leaves of 5-weekold plants averaged 28% (2x) and 47% (4x) of the total photosynthetic weight gain during the first 9 h of the light period. Estimated photoassimilate export from leaves was 15% (OAC-21) and 38% (Brant) lower for 4x compared to 2x isolines. The sucrose and oligofructan content of 4x compared to 2x leaves increased as a result of decreased photosynthate transport. Total tiller dry weight of plants raised in a glasshouse was greater for 4x than 2x barley varieties at ear emergence, but tiller height decreased with increasing ploidy. The nonstructural carbohydrate content of the inflorescence, leaves and lower stem organs was significantly (P≤ 0.01) higher in 4x than in 2x lines at this sampling. During the first 15 days of grain development total tiller dry weight increased by 46% (2x) compared to 8% (4x) when the results of both varieties were averaged together. The dry weight gain of the ear during this period was about 60 to 80% lower for 4x compared to 2x isolines. The nonstructural carbohydrate content of the inflorescence was also about 24% (Brant) and 51% (OAC-21) lower for 4x as compared to 2x plants 15 days post ear emergence. The above results suggested that photosynthate partitioning in autotetraploid barley was sink-limited.
Optimizing parallel simulation of multicore systems using domain-specific knowledge

This paper presents two optimization techniques for the basic Null-message algorithm in the context of parallel simulation of multicore computer architectures. Unlike the general, application-independent optimization methods, these are application-specific optimizations that make use of system properties of the simulation application. We demonstrate in two aspects that the domain-specific knowledge offers great potential for optimization. First, it allows us to send Null-messages much less eagerly, thus greatly reducing the amount of Null-messages. Second, the internal state of the simulation application allows us to make conservative forecast of future outgoing events. This leads to the creation of an enhanced synchronization algorithm called Forecast Null-message algorithm, which, by combining the forecast from both sides of a link, can greatly improve the simulation look-ahead. Compared with the basic Null-message algorithm, our optimizations greatly reduce the number of Null-messages and increase simulation performance significantly as a result. On a subset of the PARSEC benchmarks, a maximum speedup of about 6 is achieved with 17 LPs.
You’re Not Big—You’re Just Tall, That’s All!

The title of this editorial comes from a blues song written by Jimmy Reed, titled “Big Boss Man,” the refrain being “Big boss man… you ain’t so big—you’re just tall, that’s all.” I’m 6’3” (190 cm) tall, so I was happy to read the recent New England Journal of Medicine article
'Snipers in the Minaret - What Is the Rule?' The Law of War and the Protection of Cultural Property: A Complex Equation

Determining the law of war obligations applicable to United States forces engaged in combat operations associated with the Global War on Terror is a complex process. This process involves not only interpretation of the meaning of specific law of war provisions, but also a complex analysis of how treaty law, customary international law, and national policy converge to define what provisions of the law apply to a given operation. A classic example of the complexity of this equation involves application of the law of war provisions related to the protection of cultural property to sniper operations in Iraq. Using this example, this article will analyze how these various considerations influence the determination of the nature and extent of applicability of various law of war provisions, to include the important distinction between legally mandated versus policy based compliance.
Polarization-resolved spectroscopy imaging of grain boundaries and optical excitations in crystalline organic thin films

Exploration of optical properties of organic crystalline semiconductors thin films is challenging due to submicron grain sizes and the presence of numerous structural defects, disorder and grain boundaries. Here we report on the results of combined linear dichroism (LD)/ polarization-resolved photoluminescence (PL) scanning microscopy experiments that simultaneously probe the excitonic radiative recombination and the molecular ordering in solution-processed metal-free phthalocyanine crystalline thin films with macroscopic grain sizes. LD/PL images reveal the relative orientation of the singlet exciton transition dipoles at the grain boundaries and the presence of a localized electronic state that acts like a barrier for exciton diffusion across the grain boundary. We also show how this energy barrier can be entirely eliminated through the optimization of deposition parameters that results in films with large grain sizes and small-angle boundaries. These studies open an avenue for exploring the influence of long-range order on exciton diffusion and carrier transport.
Some Critical Interpretations and Misinterpretations of Lunar Features

This somewhat lengthy chapter is a series of “vignettes” concerning certain concepts or features of solar system science. A “vignette” for our purposes is defined as “a short literary composition characterized by compactness, subtlety, and delicacy”.
Experimental Evaluation of Contact Secondary Nucleation Mechanisms

Contact secondary nucleation has vital importance in industrial crystallizers for reactions and purification, and it recently has been linked to contributing to biological homochirality emerged at an abiotic evolutionary stage. Despite years of studies, the mechanism of contact secondary nucleation has not been resolved whether contact secondary nuclei originate from parent crystals via microattrition or from semiordered solute clusters at the interface of parent crystals. This study takes advantage of the unique thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the glycine system that is capable of differentiating the origin of contact secondary nuclei based on the polymorph of secondary nuclei obtained. It is demonstrated using two different experimental designs that contact secondary nuclei could originate both from the semiordered solute molecules at the interface layer of existing crystals and from parent crystals themselves via the mechanism of microattrition depending on the magnitude of the contact force. W...
Self-Assembled Hierarchical Structure of Fullerene Building Blocks; Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and C60

We report a self-assembled hierarchical nanostructure produced by mixing two carbon nanobuilding blocks—fullerene nanospheres (C60) and (10,10) armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes— at ambient temperature and pressure. It was found that upon mixing the fullerene building blocks, they self-assemble into films with smectic liquid crystal-like periodicity. The films wrap around to form nanospheres (50 to 150 nm in diameter) with central cavities resembling pitted nanofruits that are connected by a network of stems. Raman spectroscopy showed 10 cm–1 softening in the frequency of the G+ mode of the assembled nanotubes indicating significant alteration in the assembly’s electronic structure. The current findings point out a new rich subject to explore which could promote engineered nanostructured assemblies leading to many advances in materials science and biological and environmental fields.
Global myocardial ischemia and reperfusion impair endothelium-dependent relaxations to aggregating platelets in the canine coronary artery: A possible cause of vasospasm after cardiopulmonary bypass

Experiments were designed to determine whether endothelial cell injury contributes to increased coronary vascular tone after global cardiac ischemia and reperfusion. Canine hearts were exposed to global ischemia for 45 minutes and were reperfused for 60 minutes. Rings (5 to 6 mm long) of the left anterior descending coronary artery from reperfused hearts and from normal (control) hearts were suspended for isometric force measurement in organ chambers containing physiologic salt solution (37° C, and 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide). After contraction with prostaglandin F2α, reperfused coronary arteries had significant impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxations to aggregating platelets (52% ±12% relaxation versus 102% ± 11% for control segments; p horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;103:1147-54)
Cytotoxicity of dihydroartemisinin toward Molt-4 cells attenuated by N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone and deferoxamine.

Derivatives of artemisinin, a compound extracted from the wormwood Artemisia annua L, have potent anticancer properties. The anticancer mechanisms of artemisinin derivatives have not been fully-elucidated. We hypothesize that the cytotoxicity of these compounds is due to the free radicals formed by interaction of their endoperoxide moiety with intracellular iron in cancer cells. The effects of N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN), a spin-trap free radical scavenger, and deferoxamine (DX), an iron chelating agent, on the in vitro cytotoxicity of dihyroartemisinin (DHA) toward Molt-4 human T-lymphoblastoid leukemia cells were investigated in the present study. Dihydroartemisinin effectively killed Molt-4 cells in vitro. Its cytotoxicity was significantly attenuated by PBN and DX. Based on the data of our present and previous studies, we conclude that one anticancer mechanism of dihydroartemisinin is the formation of toxic-free radicals via an iron-mediated process. Artemisinin, a compound isolated from the wormwood Artemisia annua L, is a sesquiterpene lactone peroxide. Artemisinin analogs have been used as anti-malarials, with few side-effects. They have also been shown to have potent anticancer properties (1). The anticancer mechanisms of artemisinin are still being investigated. We have hypothesized that one anticancer mechanism of artemisinin is due to the generation of toxic-free radicals via the interaction between its endoperoxide moiety and intracellular iron (2, 3). A high amount of iron is required for DNA synthesis during mitosis in rapidly-dividing cancer cells. Cancer cells have a high concentration of cell surface transferrin receptors that enable a higher iron uptake compared to normal cells (4, 5). The high free iron content in cancer cells makes artemisinin selectively toxic to them in comparison with normal cells. N-Tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) is a spin-trap compound that effectively sequesters free radicals both in vivo and in vitro (6, 7). Deferoxamine (DX), an iron- chelating agent, has been shown to inhibit DHA-induced apoptosis in HL-60 leukemia cells (8). Dihydroartemsinin (DHA) has been shown to have significant toxic effects toward cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo (9, 10). In the present study, PBN or DX was added to Molt-4 human lymphoblastoid cells incubated with DHA to inactivate the free radicals generated and to prevent the formation of free radicals, respectively, in order to test our hypothesis.
Production and inventory control in complex production systems using approximate dynamic programming.

PRODUCTION AND INVENTORY CONTROL IN COMPLEX PRODUCTION SYSTEMS USING APPROXIMATE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING
Applications of Megaelectron-Volt Ion Beams in Materials Analysis

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry dates back to the classical Rutherford experiment done in the early 1900s. Naturally, at that time no one considered the Rutherford experiment as the beginning of a new analytical technique. It took many years and advances in a number of fields for it to become a widely used analytical tool.
Bacterial Pathogens versus Autophagy: Implications for Therapeutic Interventions

Research in recent years has focused significantly on the role of selective macroautophagy in targeting intracellular pathogens for lysosomal degradation, a process termed xenophagy. In this review we evaluate the proposed roles for xenophagy in controlling bacterial infection, highlighting the concept that successful pathogens have evolved ways to subvert or exploit this defense, minimizing the actual effectiveness of xenophagy in innate immunity. Instead, studies in animal models have revealed that autophagy-associated proteins often function outside of xenophagy to influence bacterial pathogenesis. In light of current efforts to manipulate autophagy and the development of host-directed therapies to fight bacterial infections, we also discuss the implications stemming from the complicated relationship that exists between autophagy and bacterial pathogens.
Missing the target: including perspectives of women with overweight and obesity to inform stigma-reduction strategies

SummaryObjective Pervasive weight stigma and discrimination have led to ongoing calls for efforts to reduce this bias. Despite increasing research on stigma-reduction strategies, perspectives of individuals who have experienced weight stigma have rarely been included to inform this research. The present study conducted a systematic examination of women with high body weight to assess their perspectives about a broad range of strategies to reduce weight-based stigma. Methods Women with overweight or obesity (N = 461) completed an online survey in which they evaluated the importance, feasibility and potential impact of 35 stigma-reduction strategies in diverse settings. Participants (91.5% who reported experiencing weight stigma) also completed self-report measures assessing experienced and internalized weight stigma. Results Most participants assigned high importance to all stigma-reduction strategies, with school-based and healthcare approaches accruing the highest ratings. Adding weight stigma to existing anti-harassment workplace training was rated as the most impactful and feasible strategy. The family environment was viewed as an important intervention target, regardless of participants' experienced or internalized stigma. Conclusion These findings underscore the importance of including people with stigmatized identities in stigma-reduction research; their insights provide a necessary and valuable contribution that can inform ways to reduce weight-based inequities and prioritize such efforts.
An et al. Reply

Our Letter reported high-resolution transmission electron microscopy on commercial quality boron showing that ∼2=3 of the grains exhibit smooth microstructure, leading to an x-ray diffraction pattern of well-known beta boron [1]. The other 1=3 grains exhibit a uniform zigzag pattern that extends across the entire grain and exhibits a very regular twinlike symmetry on every other lattice plane. This second phase gives diffraction patterns that are different from beta.
Roles of Graphene Oxide in Hydrothermal Carbonization and Microwave Irradiation of Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles To Produce Supercapacitor Electrodes

In this paper, we developed a facile, energy-efficient process for producing highly graphitized activated carbon (AC) using wet distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as the feedstock. The three-step process included hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), KOH activation, and a short burst of direct microwave irradiation. We found that the presence of a small amount of graphene oxide (GO) in DDGS could significantly change the morphology of the produced carbon (from spherical particles to flakes) and increase the degree of carbonization and graphitization of the biomass. The AC produced with and without GO was made into supercapacitor electrodes, and their electrochemical properties were compared. This study proves that GO-assisted HTC and direct microwave irradiation is an effective method for biomass carbonization, and the AC produced using this method is a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.
Memcomputing (Memristor + Computing) in Intrinsic SiO x -Based Resistive Switching Memory: Arithmetic Operations for Logic Applications

In this paper, implication (IMP) operations are demonstrated in a circuit with two SiOx-based memristors and a CMOS transistor. Specifically, a circuit with two one-diode and one-resistor (1D1R) memory elements and a transistor are designed to perform the IMP operations. A circuit consisting of a $4 \times 4$ crossbar 1D1R memristor array together with selection transistors is proposed and used to realize the functionality of a one-bit, full adder in 43 steps. Compared with CMOS logic circuits, the advantages and disadvantages of memristor-enabled logic circuits are discussed. This result suggests that the memristor-enabled logic circuit is most suitable for low-power and high-density applications, as well as a simple and robust approach to realize programmable memcomputing chips compatible with large-scale CMOS manufacturing technology.
Medical Management of Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis

Carotid artery atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for both stroke and cardiovascular disease. Appropriate management of asymptomatic patients with carotid artery stenosis (CAS) remains unclear. Although several randomized clinical trials support revascularization in asymptomatic patients with severe CAS to reduce stroke risk, the participants in these trials did not receive optimal medical therapy (OMT) by today's standards. For many individuals, medical therapy may provide excellent risk reduction without the periprocedural risk of endarterectomy or stenting. In this review, we discuss the risk factors for CAS and stroke and examine the data for each component of OMT in these patients.
Order Maintenance Policing

Public spaces are shared spaces, and the people who share them oft en disagree about how they can legitimately be used. Th eir complaints range from the petty gripes of thin-skinned people unhappy with the hustle and bustle of urban life to the desperate pleas of the seriously aggrieved—complaints about raucous protestors in the city square trying to eff ect political change, complaints about hookers and drug pushers selling their vices on the sidewalks, complaints about teenagers trying to impress their friends in the park, complaints about street musicians collecting tips, complaints about gang members trying to assert control over turf, complaints about families drinking beer on the beach, complaints about misogynists harassing women from their front steps, complaints about immigrants roasting cuy in city parks, complaints about hawkers selling bootlegged videos on the sidewalk, complaints about skateboarders practicing kickfl ips on the soft ball bleachers, complaints about mentally ill people yelling at friends and strangers in city plazas, complaints about business owners dumping trash in the gutter, complaints about homeless men sleeping on bus stop benches, and complaints about college students milling around on the sidewalk clutching plastic cups while Lady Gaga blasts from the fraternity speakers an hour before kickoff . Some of the targets of these complaints are exercising socially-sanctioned rights that legally cannot be infringed, while others are exercising important personal freedoms worth protecting as far as possible. At the same time, all of them make use of the public realm—the sidewalks, parks, airwaves, beaches, plazas, and bus stops that the members of our dense and interdependent society share— in ways that other people using those spaces consider excessive and impolitic, crowding out (they say) their legitimate claims to use those spaces themselves. Order maintenance involves attempts to resolve these confl icts over the use of that shared environment; it is the police role in defi ning and regulating the fair use of public spaces. Th at is a revisionary defi nition. It has to be, for our current understanding of order maintenance is in shambles. Th e contemporary use of the term “order maintenance” apparently began with James Q. Wilson, who defi ned it alternatively as the regulation of OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRSTPROOFS, Thu Jun 21 2007, NEWGEN
Surveillance and Outcomes of Nonresected Presumed Branch-Duct Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms: A Meta-analysis.

ObjectivesGuidelines regarding the surveillance of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are controversial because of uncertain risk of malignancy, agnosticism regarding the use of endoscopic ultrasound, and their recommendation to stop surveillance after 5 years. We present a systematic