cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Criminal behavior in general equilibrium: Who benefits from crime?

Abstract Analyses of the social costs and benefits of crime generally focus attention on the perpetrator and victim, with secondary incidence limited to public and private enforcement costs, and possible efficiency losses from punishment. Professors Jorge Martinez-Vazquez and Bruce Seaman extend the notion from the tax evasion literature that variations in the frequency of illegal behavior across sectors of the economy necessitates a full intersectoral approach to the determination of the long run general equilibrium incidence of crime. An algebraic model of three product markets is used to derive the total social costs per dollar of crime under four different market structures in the “crime prone” industry, and similar differences in the related substitute and complementary goods markets. The differing social impacts suggest that industry market and cost structures are potentially relevant factors in devising optimal law enforcement strategies.
Nutrition of plant cells and organs in vitro

Assessment of the nutritional requirements of cultured plant cells and organs can be simplified by considering separately the inorganic salts, the organic constituents, and the natural complexes of undefined composition.
Rapid Intensification of a Sheared Tropical Storm

Abstract A weak tropical storm (Gabrielle in 2001) experienced a 22-hPa pressure fall in less than 3 h in the presence of 13 m s−1 ambient vertical wind shear. A convective cell developed downshear left of the center and moved cyclonically and inward to the 17-km radius during the period of rapid intensification. This cell had one of the most intense 85-GHz scattering signatures ever observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The cell developed at the downwind end of a band in the storm core. Maximum vorticity in the cell exceeded 2.5 × 10−2 s−1. The cell structure broadly resembled that of a vortical hot tower rather than a supercell. At the time of minimum central pressure, the storm consisted of a strong vortex adjacent to the cell with a radius of maximum winds of about 10 km that exhibited almost no tilt in the vertical. This was surrounded by a broader vortex that tilted approximately left of the ambient shear vector, in a similar direction as the broad precipitation shield. This st...
Evidence for a novel blood RNA diagnostic for pediatric appendicitis: the riboleukogram.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that gene expression analysis of circulating white blood cells and/or plasma cytokines could be used to improve diagnostic accuracy in children being evaluated for appendicitis. METHODS We recruited 28 children being evaluated for abdominal pain from a tertiary pediatric emergency department. Twenty patients were used as a training cohort and 8 patients as a validation cohort. After consent was obtained, blood was processed for plasma cytokine analysis and RNA gene expression. Alvarado and pediatric appendicitis scores were obtained. Principal components analysis was used to explore global differences in gene expression. The random forest method was used to classify patients into those with and without appendicitis in the prospective cohort. Comparisons were made evaluating clinical scoring systems, cytokine analysis, and gene expression analysis to accurately predict appendicitis. RESULTS The random forest method accurately predicted appendicitis in 4 of 5 patients in the prospective cohort. Cytokine analysis was not as accurate as gene expression analysis; however, it did accurately rule out all 3 patients in the prospective cohort. Pediatric appendicitis scores and Alvarado scores were not useful for predicting appendicitis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide proof of technical feasibility and support the diagnostic potential of plasma cytokines to rule out and riboleukograms to rule in the diagnosis of appendicitis.
The Tobacco Industry and the Data Quality Act

Regarding Donald Kennedy's Editorial on the Data Quality Act (“Turning the tables with Mary Jane,” 4 May, p. [661][1]), it is important to emphasize that the Data Quality Act is an industry-led initiative that gives private industry access to raw data from federally funded research. The Data Quality Act does not give independent researchers access to industry data to examine the completeness or accuracy of industry-generated research. The Editorial did not mention the leadership role that the Philip Morris Company played in the genesis of the Data Quality Act, as documented by Baba et al. ([1][2]). In the mid-1990s, after failing to obtain raw data from federally funded researchers by asking for it or suing them, Philip Morris worked to change regulations governing the release of such data. They drafted model data access legislation in 1996 ([1][2]). In 1997, they met with the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness to seek support for their proposed legislation from the business coalitions that were already fighting the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's outdoor air regulations ([1][2]). Part of Philip Morris's strategy was to form a coalition of industry supporters including the American Petroleum Institute, the National Rifle Association, and the Electric Power Research Institute. The Data Access Act was passed in 1998, followed by the Data Quality Act in 2000. Philip Morris then hired lobbyist Jim Tozzi to draft model guidelines for the agencies and meet with major companies to teach them how to use the new regulation to their benefit ([1][2]). The effects that the tobacco industry has on government regulatory process are still underestimated. 1. 1.[↵][3] 1. A. Baba, 2. D. M. Cook, 3. T. O. McGarity, 4. L. A. Bero , Am. J. Public Health 95((suppl. 1)), S20 (2005). [OpenUrl][4][CrossRef][5][PubMed][6][Web of Science][7] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1143936 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAmerican%2BJournal%2Bof%2BPublic%2BHealth%26rft.stitle%253DAJPH%26rft.issn%253D0090-0036%26rft.aulast%253DBaba%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%26rft.volume%253D95%26rft.issue%253DS1%26rft.spage%253DS20%26rft.epage%253DS27%26rft.atitle%253DLegislating%2B%2522Sound%2BScience%2522%253A%2BThe%2BRole%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTobacco%2BIndustry%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.2105%252FAJPH.2004.050963%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16030333%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.2105/AJPH.2004.050963&link_type=DOI [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=16030333&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F317%2F5840%2F898.1.atom [7]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000230898200006&link_type=ISI
The effect of whey protein hydrolyzates on the lactic acid fermentation

The batch fermentation of whey permeate to lactic acid was improved markedly by the addition of enzymehydrolyzed whey protein. Acid concentrations greater than 90 g/l were achieved at a productivity of 4.3 g/l per h and a 98% substrate use. Cell mass concentration reached 6 g/l. The acid productivity achieved is somewhat higher than that typical for fermentation of whole whey. The process economics, based on in-house hydrolyzate preparation, look promising. Presented in this paper are the experimental results showing the effects of hydrolyzate concentration on acid and cell mass production.
When Is Patient Education Unethical

Although patient education is central to the ethical practice of nursing, it can be practiced in an ethically contested or unethical way. It is sometimes used to: forward a societal goal the individual might not have chosen; assume that patients should learn to accommodate unjust treatment; exclude the views of all except the dominant health care provider group; limit the knowledge a patient can receive; make invalid or unreliable judgments about what a patient can learn; or require a patient to change his or her identity to meet a medical ideal. Both health promotion education and manipulating patient beliefs in situations of uncertainty are ethically contested. Nussbaum's capabilities approach is used here as a moral framework through which to view the goals and practice of patient education. This provides better guidance than the current conception of patient education as an instrument to carry out the directives of medical practice.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: New Insights

See related article, pages 1363–1370 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is one of the most severe congenital heart defects, accounting for 20% to 25% of mortality in infants born with congenital heart disease. In the United States, ≈2000 infants are born each year with HLHS.1 To date, there is a paucity of studies that define the underlying genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms of HLHS.2–4 Most cases of HLHS are thought to arise secondarily because of decreased flow into the developing embryonic left ventricle, although in some cases, abnormal left ventricular growth could be the primary defect. There is strong evidence for a genetic etiology for HLHS, although very little is understood about the genetic mechanisms underlying HLHS. Nineteen percent of first degree relatives of infants with HLHS have a congenital heart defect.5 In addition, there are several chromosomal disorders that are associated with HLHS. For example, 10% of all infants born with a terminal 11q deletion (Jacobsen syndrome) have HLHS.6 Mutations in at least one gene, the cardiac transcription factor NKX2.5, have been identified in patients with HLHS.7,8 Similar to many of the most severe congenital heart defects, treatment strategies for HLHS have evolved and are still changing. The two current surgical strategies include the three-stage Norwood/Fontan procedure, or, alternatively, cardiac transplantation. The Norwood procedure, which is performed optimally in the neonatal period to avoid the development of pulmonary vascular disease, entails reconstructing the aortic arch, transecting the pulmonary artery, anastamosing the pulmonary artery root to the reconstructed aorta, and placing a systemic to pulmonary artery shunt (either from aorta or more recently, from the right ventricle). Although there has been significant progress in outcomes, neither surgical approach is curative and long-term outcomes are uncertain. Consequently, there has been an ongoing effort to develop …
A mesh re-zoning technique for finite element simulations of metal forming processes

Based on some fundamental properties of finite element approximations, a mesh re-zoning scheme is proposed for finite element simulations of metal forming problems. It is demonstrated that this technique is indispensable in analyzing many difficult forming processes, especially when there exist corners or very irregular shapes on the boundaries. The algorithm is tested by a backward extrusion process and direct extrusion through a square die.
FPGA-based spectral envelope preprocessor for power monitoring and control

Smart Grid and Smart Meter initiatives seek to enable energy providers and consumers to intelligently manage their energy needs through real-time monitoring, analysis, and control. We have developed an inexpensive FPGA implementation of a spectral envelope preprocessor. This FPGA permits cost-effective and richly detailed power consumption monitoring for individual loads or collections of loads. It permits a flexible trade-off between data transmission, storage, and computation requirements in a power monitoring or control system. The information from the FPGA can be used to coordinate the operation of power electronic controls.
DYNAMICS OF TWIN BOUNDARIES AND HIGH Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS

The formation of coherent arrays of twins in a tetragonal to orthorhombic transition and its effects on electronic properties are studied. The twin boundary oscillations (“dyadons”) have an anisotropic dispersion with frequencies typically ≲1010sec−1 for wavevectors perpendicular to the boundaries. This results in a ~T2 contribution to the specific heat for T≳ 1°K and a linear temperature dependence of the resistivity. The unusual anisotropy yields vertex corrections which diverge at high temperatures and can enhance Tc.
The Aversion to the Sequential Resolution of Uncertainty

This paper sets forth and offers an explanation for preferences for the form of the timing of resolution of uncertainty; namely for uncertainty to be resolved all at one time rather than sequentially. The explanation is based on a weakening of the independence axiom, in particular on the notion of disappointment aversion developed in Gul's (1991) axiomatic model of preferences. Implications of this aversion are discussed for issues in finance, intertemporal decision making under uncertainty, high stakes risky situations and consumer self-regulation. The analysis encourages a formulation of preferences over all attributes of interest to the decision maker, including psychological satisfaction.
Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Treatment of Laryngeal Cancers

Laryngeal cancer is the second most common respiratory cancer after lung cancer. Most laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas result from prolonged exposure to carcinogens that stimulate mucosal hyperplasia and lead ultimately to carcinoma. The treatment of laryngeal cancer has evolved through several phases, initially with surgical resection, and evolving to multimodality nonsurgical approaches. Several novel nonsurgical approaches have emerged over the past decade. In this chapter, we will be discussing in depth the sequencing of nonsurgical therapies for advanced disease, the role of systemic therapy in general, and the development and approval of novel anticancer agents such as epidermal growth factor receptor and their use in combination with radiation or chemotherapy. In addition, we will touch on novel truly investigational approaches for highly selected patients and cover aspects related to staging and diagnosis, radiation and surgical techniques, as well as supportive care issues.
Ethnic Minority Psychological Associations Connections to Counseling Psychology

This article provides the introduction, background and rationale for the Major Contribution focused on five national ethnic minority psychological associations: the Asian American Psychological Association, The Association of Black Psychologists, the National Latina/o Psychological Association, the Society of Indian Psychologists, and the Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues (Division 45 of the American Psychological Association). The first five articles focus on each of the five major ethnic minority psychological associations and their relationship to the specialty of counseling psychology in general and, more specifically, to the largest professional organization of counseling psychologists, the Society of Counseling Psychology, Division 17 of the American Psychological Association. In the final article, we summarize general trends and make recommendations. In this introductory article, we (a) describe our rationale for the Major Contribution, (b) provide a brief history of cou...
Probing mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of nanoscale materials using MEMS devices

While the current trend in nanoscale materials characterization is to investigate single domain (mechanical, electrical, thermal) properties, this study explore if the extremely small size also `couples' these domains. However, even single domain studies are challenging at the nanoscale and the literature suggests the need for new multi-domain characterization techniques. In this paper, we present experimental design for performing nanoscale multi-physics characterizations. Demonstrative results on the role of mechanical strain on the thermal and electrical conductivity of metals, semiconductors and insulators are also presented.
Ghosting Authenticity: Characterization in Corporate Speechwriting:

One of the most distinctive stylistic virtues of speechwriting is characterization, the art of capturing a client’s voice in a believable and engaging manner. This article examines characterization in the context of corporate communication, interweaving an interview with veteran executive speechwriter Alan Perlman with accounts from the ancient rhetorical tradition. As the analysis shows, Perlman’s approach to characterization confirms long-standing rhetorical wisdom yet incorporates insights that reflect the contemporary corporate context in which he has worked. The analysis also calls attention to enduring tensions in characterization—tensions between imitation and representation, effectiveness and ethics, and dramatic character and trustworthy ethos.
The Japanese Market for Imported Fruit Juices

The objectives were to analyze the competitiveness of countries exporting fruit juices into Japan and simulate the effect of the negative Japanese population growth rate on fruit juice demand. The relative price version of the Rotterdam demand model was estimated for orange, grapefruit, other citrus, apple, pineapple and grape juices. Results indicate that most exporters can’t increase market share through price reductions. Product promotion and product differentiation is a more plausible option. The growth of fruit juice demand in Japan is expected to decrease over the period 2006 through 2020 for 11 of the 18 fruit juice/country combinations because of negative population growth rate.
Asynchronous Laser Transponders for Precise Interplanetary Ranging and Time Transfer

The feasibility of a two-way asynchronous (i.e. independently firing) interplanetary laser transponder pair, capable of decimeter ranging and subnanosecond time transfer from Earth to a spacecraft anywhere within the inner Solar System, is discussed. In the Introduction, we briefly discuss the current state-of-the-art in Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) which use single-ended range measurements to a passive optical reflector, and the limitations of this approach in ranging beyond the Moon to the planets. In Section 2 of this paper, we describe two types of transponders (echo and asynchronous), introduce the transponder link equation and the concept of "balanced" transponders, describe how range and time can be transferred between terminals, and preview the potential advantages of photon counting asynchronous transponders for interplanetary applications. In Section 3, we discuss and provide mathematical models for the various sources of noise in an interplanetary transponder link including planetary albedo, solar or lunar illumination of the local atmosphere, and laser backscatter off the local atmosphere. In Section 4, we introduce the key engineering elements of an interplanetary laser transponder and develop an operational scenario for the acquisition and tracking of the opposite terminal. In Section 5, we use the theoretical models of th~ previous sections to perform an Earth-Mars link analysis over a full synodic period of 780 days under the simplifying assumption of coaxial, coplanar, circular orbits. We demonstrate that, using slightly modified versions of existing space and ground based laser systems, an Earth-Mars transponder link is not only feasible but quite robust. We also demonstrate through analysis the advantages and feasibility of compact, low output power (<300 mW photon-counting transponders using NASA's developmental SLR2000 satellite laser ranging system as the Earth terminal. Section 6 provides a summary of the results and some concluding remarks regarding future applications.
The biochemistry and biology of extracellular plant lipid‐transfer proteins (LTPs)

Plant lipid-transfer proteins (LTPs) are abundant, small, lipid binding proteins that are capable of exchanging lipids between membranes in vitro. Despite their name, a role in intracellular lipid transport is considered unlikely, based on their extracellular localization. A number of other biological roles, including antimicrobial defense, signaling, and cell wall loosening, have been proposed, but conclusive evidence is generally lacking, and these functions are not well correlated with in vitro activity or structure. A survey of sequenced plant genomes suggests that the two biochemically characterized families of LTPs are phylogenetically restricted to seed plants and are present as substantial gene families. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of LTP biochemistry, as well as the evidence supporting the proposed in vivo roles of these proteins within the emerging post-genomic framework.
Quantifying and correcting for the winner's curse in genetic association studies.

Genetic association studies are a powerful tool to detect genetic variants that predispose to human disease. Once an associated variant is identified, investigators are also interested in estimating the effect of the identified variant on disease risk. Estimates of the genetic effect based on new association findings tend to be upwardly biased due to a phenomenon known as the ‘‘winner’s curse.’’ Overestimation of genetic effect size in initial studies may cause follow-up studies to be underpowered and so to fail. In this paper, we quantify the impact of the winner’s curse on the allele frequency difference and odds ratio estimators for one- and two-stage case-control association studies. We then propose an ascertainmentcorrected maximum likelihood method to reduce the bias of these estimators. We show that overestimation of the genetic effect by the uncorrected estimator decreases as the power of the association study increases and that the ascertainmentcorrected method reduces absolute bias and mean square error unless power to detect association is high. Genet. Epidemiol. 33:453–462, 2009. r 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Subjects of Speculation: Emergent Life Sciences and Market Logics in the United States and India

This article traces systems of exchange concerning the life sciences and capital and how they configure subjectivity in the United States and India. This is done through case studies concerning the emergence of personalized medicine in the two locales. In the U.S. case, I argue for the configuration of the subjects of personalized medicine as sovereign consumers; in the Indian case, I argue for their configuration as experimental subjects. I situate these arguments in the context of epistemologies of genomics and the consolidation of systems of speculative capitalism.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF THE MEMBRANE ATTACK MECHANISM OF COMPLEMENT

The molecular arrangement of the membrane attack mechanism of complement was explored. The molar ratios of the components within the C5-9 assembly on the target cell surface were determined using human complement proteins in highly purified and radiolabeled form. With the aid of monospecific complement antisera it was possible to probe the spatial relationships between the components of the assembly. C5 and C6, in the presence of C7, were bound to EAC1-3 in equimolar quantities irrespective of the amounts and the relative proportions of C5, C6, and C7 offered. The amount of C8 bound to EAC1-7 increased with input and at saturation of all C8 binding sites the molar ratio of bound C8/bound C5 approached 1.0. Uptake of C9 by EAC1-8 increased with input and at saturation of all C9 binding sites the molar ratio of bound C9/bound C8 became 6.0. However, calculations suggest that the binding of three C9 molecules to one C8 molecule is sufficient to achieve a full hemolytic effect. Evidence was obtained indicating that binding and hemolytic function of C9 depends upon cooperative interaction of multiple C9 molecules. Binding of C8 to EAC1-7 and the generation of hemolytic C8 sites were inhibited by antibody to either C5, C6, or C7. Uptake of C9 by EAC1-8 and the generation of hemolytic C9 sites were strongly inhibited by anti-C8 and to a lesser degree by anti-C5. Binding of C9 (but not hemolysis) was also reduced by antibody to C6 or C7. The data are consistent with the concept that the fully assembled membrane attack mechanism of complement consists of a decamolecular complex: a trimolecular arrangement composed of C5, C6, and C7 forms the binding site for one C8 molecule which in turn furnishes binding sites for six C9 molecules, saturation of three sites apparently being sufficient for expression of full cytolytic activity of the complex. This work made it possible to design a simple molecular model.
J. S. Mill's Doctrine of Freedom of Expression

Mill's free speech doctrine is distinct from, yet compatible with, his central principle of ‘purely self-regarding’ liberty. Using the crucial analogy with trade, I claim that he defends a broad laissez-faire policy for expression, even though expression is ‘social’ or other-regarding conduct and thus legitimately subject to social regulation. An expedient laissez-faire policy admits of exceptions because speakers can sometimes cause such severe damage to others that coercive interference with the speech is justified. In those relatively few contexts where interference is called for, however, the central principle of self-regarding liberty sets absolute limits to the scope of society's regulatory authority. Regulation can never amount to an outright ban of any type of expression that can be consumed by the individual without direct and immediate harm to others. Nevertheless, and perhaps surprisingly, the central liberty principle admits censorship of certain extraordinary types of expression which necessarily harm others.
RF photonics signal processing in subcarrier multiplexed optical-label switching communication systems

This paper provides theoretical and experimental studies of radio-frequency (RF) photonics processing techniques applicable in subcarrier-multiplexed optical-label switching (OLS) communications systems. The paper provides an overview of various label-coding technologies and introduces subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) as an attractive technology for OLS networks. All-optical-label extraction using optical filters, such as fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), provides an effective means to demodulate the SCM labels without inducing RF fading effects caused by fiber dispersion. Furthermore, the role of fiber nonlinearities in the RF fading effects are theoretically and experimentally verified. The all-optical label extraction and rewriting processes constitute optical-label swapping, wherein 2R data regeneration can take place. Scalable and cascadable OLS systems are feasible by applying viable RF photonics technologies in all-optical-label processing.
An ab initio study of the guanidinium fragments in tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin

SCF Hartree–Fock calculations are used to predict properties of the guanidinium fragment present in tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin, toxins known to block the sodium channels of the nerve cell membrane. The results, in terms of net atomic charges and geometries, are compared to similar calculation results obtained for the Na+–H2O complex.
Late outcome of mitral valve surgery for patients with coronary artery disease

Abstract Background We plan to determine whether the cause of mitral valve regurgitation, ischemic or degenerative, affects survival after combined mitral valve repair or replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery and to assess the influence of residual mitral regurgitation on late outcome. Methods A retrospective study was made of 302 patients having mitral valve repair or replacement and CABG from January 1987 through December 1996. Risk factors for death, for development of New York Heart Association class III or IV congestive heart failure (CHF), and recurrent mitral valve regurgitation were identified by proportional hazards analysis. Results The cause of mitral regurgitation was ischemic in 137 patients (45%) and degenerative in 165 patients (55%). Valve replacement was performed in 51 patients (17%) and valve repair in 251 patients (83%). Median follow-up was 64 months. Ten-year actuarial survival rates were 33% (95% confidence interval: 22% to 47%) in the ischemic group and 52% (95% confidence interval: 42% to 64%) in the degenerative group. Univariate predictors of death, were entered into a multivariate model. Older age, ejection fraction of 35% or less, three-vessel coronary artery disease, replacement of the mitral valve, and residual mitral regurgitation at dismissal were independent risk factors for death. The cause of mitral valve regurgitation (ischemic or degenerative) was not an independent predictor of long-term survival, class III or IV CHF, or recurrent regurgitation. Conclusions Survival after mitral valve surgery and CABG is determined by the extent of coronary disease and ventricular dysfunction and by the success of the valve procedure; etiology of mitral valve regurgitation has relatively little impact on late outcome.
Intercellular Protein Movement: Deciphering the Language of Development

Development in multicellular organisms requires the coordinated production of a large number of specialized cell types through sophisticated signaling mechanisms. Non-cell-autonomous signals are one of the key mechanisms by which organisms coordinate development. In plants, intercellular movement of transcription factors and other mobile signals, such as hormones and peptides, is essential for normal development. Through a combination of different approaches, a large number of non-cell-autonomous signals that control plant development have been identified. We review some of the transcriptional regulators that traffic between cells, as well as how changes in symplasmic continuity affect and are affected by development. We also review current models for how mobile signals move via plasmodesmata and how movement is inhibited. Finally, we consider challenges in and new tools for studying protein movement.
Growth and Corresponding Elevation of Tomato Juice pH by Bacillus coagulans

B. coagulans was inoculated into sterile, tubed tomato juice and growth and pH were observed for 21 days. Juice samples initially at pH 4.5 supported good growth; pH was elevated to 5.0 after 6 days incubation at 35°C. Other tomato juice samples (initial pH 5.0 or 5.5) also supported good growth of these flat-sour bacteria and with corresponding increases in pH. The results indicate that flat-sour spoilage of tomatoes and similar foods may cause decreased acidity, thus possibly allowing outgrowth of Clostridium spores in these water bath-processed foods.
People, Places, and Things: How Female Ex-Prisoners Negotiate Their Neighborhood Context:

While many prisoners share the public and policy makers’ concerns about returning to their former neighborhood when they are released from prison, recently released ex-prisoners often do not have the resources to move to a new neighborhood. Using multiple in-depth interviews with female ex-prisoners in Chicago, the author addresses how these women frame their often disadvantaged and racially segregated neighborhood contexts so that they are consistent with their desire to desist from offending. While some women believed they should avoid old neighborhoods, many reframed their neighborhood context as a neutral or positive force, both for them and the community. Three common frames emerged in the data, all of which emphasize the women’s self-efficacy and agency: drugs are unavoidable and so neighborhood is irrelevant, there is comfort in familiarity, and their pasts can be used to help and inspire others in their community. In addition, the author addresses the ways in which these frames are influenced by t...
From toilet insecurity to toilet security: creating safe sanitation for women and girls

For women and girls in low-income areas, the consequences of inadequate sanitation include fear of harassment, experiences of violence, and psychosocial stress. When safe, usable toilets are not available, women and girls face three types of toilet insecurity: (1) the material reality for many women and girls that they do not have access to a toilet; (2) the risk of venturing out for open defecation if there is no toilet; and (3) having access to a public toilet, but one that is unusable (e.g., filthy) or unsafe (e.g., insufficient lighting), so that women and girls accept the risk of going for open defecation. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Children with chronic wet or productive cough - treatment and investigations: a systematic review.

Background Systematic reviews were conducted to examine two related key questions (KQs) in children with chronic (> 4 weeks' duration) wet or productive cough not related to bronchiectasis: KQ1—How effective are antibiotics in improving the resolution of cough? If so, what antibiotic should be used and for how long? KQ2—When should they be referred for further investigations? Methods The systematic reviews were undertaken based on the protocol established by selected members of the CHEST expert cough panel. Two authors screened searches and selected and extracted data. The study included systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort (prospective and retrospective) studies, and cross-sectional studies published in English. Results Data were presented in Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flowcharts, and the summaries were tabulated. Fifteen studies were included in KQ1 (three systematic reviews, three RCTs, five prospective studies, and four retrospective studies) and 17 in KQ2 (one RCT, 11 prospective studies, and five retrospective studies). Combining data from the RCTs (KQ1), the number needed to treat for benefit was 3 (95% CI, 2.0-4.3) in achieving cough resolution. In general, findings from prospective and retrospective studies were consistent, but there were minor variations. Conclusions There is high-quality evidence that in children aged ≤ 14 years with chronic (> 4 weeks' duration) wet or productive cough, the use of appropriate antibiotics improves cough resolution. There is also high-quality evidence that when specific cough pointers (eg, digital clubbing) are present in children with wet cough, further investigations (eg, flexible bronchoscopy, chest CT scans, immunity tests) should be conducted. When the wet cough does not improve by 4 weeks of antibiotic treatment, there is moderate-quality evidence that children should be referred to a major center for further investigations to determine whether an underlying lung or other disease is present.
Generalized Nonlinear Fluctuation-Dissipation Relation for the One-Component Plasma

We present a novel procedure leading to compact and tractable cubic $$(p=3)$$ and quartic $$(p=4)$$ scalar fluctuation-dissipation relations for the classical one-component plasma subjected to a weak external Coulombic perturbation; there is no external magnetic field. The ultimate goal here is to establish a generalized nonlinear fluctuation-dissipation relation in which a single $$(p+1)$$ -point dynamical structure function is expressed as a linear combination of pth-order external density response functions. When cast in this form, such an architecture, by definition, is invariant with respect to rotation on the ( $$p+1$$ )-sided polygon formed by the wave vector-frequency arguments of the dynamical structure function. The application of this rotation symmetry to suppress unphysical isolated singularities is a basic ingredient of the derivation.
Comparison of cultures of human lymphocytes obtained following NH4Cl induced red blood cell lysis and Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation.

Lymphocyte thymidine uptake in leucocytes prepared by NH4Cl induced RBC lysis was compared with that of lymphocytes obtained following Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation using polynomial regression dose response curves which adjusted for inherent subject variability. Eleven male subjects were studied. Heparinized blood was either layered in Ficoll-Hypaque or treated with 0.87% NH4Cl to induce RBC lysis. Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) dose response curves were determined for each subject using triplicate 5 day cultures. For each subject, at each Pha concentration ranging from 12.5 to 167micrograms/ml, triplicate mean cpm of Ficoll-Hypaque treated lymphocytes and NH4Cl treated lymphocytes were compared by the 2 tailed Student's T test. Responses of cultures of NH4Cl treated lymphocytes were significantly different (less than 0.05) from the responses of cultures of Ficoll-Hypaque treated lymphocytes for at least 2 PHA doses in 8 of the 11 subjects. The quadratic dose response curves were also significantly different (p less than 0.05) for 9 of the 11 subjects. A repeated measures quadratic regression was used to determine the best fit dose response curves for each of the experimental conditions. For Ficoll-Hypaque treated lymphocytes, mean cmp=44,977+1400.4 (PHA concentration)-5.90 (PHA concentration)2+ subject effect; s.e.=22,256; for NH4Cl treated lymphocytes, mean cpm=58,039+1022.8(Pha concentration)-5.32 (PHA concentration)2+ subject effect; s.e.=37,966. The p values from the F tests for significance of these quadratic regressions are different, F=1.91, d.f.=30,30; p less than 0.001. The lack of significance of the NH4Cl treated lymphocytes' does response quadratic regression and its larger s.e. indicates that the NH4Cl treated lymphocyte culture dose response curve is less predictable than that of Ficoll-Hypaque treated lymphocytes.
Method for Solving the Sine-Gordon Equation in Laboratory Coordinates†

By solving the direct and inverse scattering problems for a rather ‘unconventional’ eigenvalue problem, we can solve the initial value problem for the sine-Gordon equation entirely in laboratory coordinates. This allows us to extend and accurately define the class of initial value problems which can be solved by ‘inverse scattering transforms.’ Simple examples are given to illustrate both the direct and the inverse scattering methods.
Approaches to Managerial Control In Interpenetrating Systems: The Case of Government-Industry Relations

This paper discusses interorganizational linking mechanisms forming part of the micro-structure of government-industry contracting efforts. It analyzes models of buyer-seller relations under the un...
Temporal monitoring of operating room light allows for gated fluorescence imaging sequenced to the ambient fluctuations

A method of using temporal analysis of background room lights to drive the timing of image acquisition and enable real time fluorescence imaging in a brightly lit operating room with significant periodic variation in brightness has been developed.
Life History of Phymata Pennsylvanica Americana Melin (Phymatidae, Hemiptera)

In 1927, Readio summarized the then known bionomics of North American Phymatidae, or ambush bugs, and presented original biological notes on Phymata “erosa fasciata” from Kansas. He figured the stages and instars, and a mass of the eggs. Evans (1931), in his preliminary revision of this family as it occurs in North America, concluded the name erosa fasciata applies to a South American species, a point of view with which Mr. H. G. Barber, hemipterist of the United States National Museum, expressed agreement in recent correspondence. The name pennsylvanica americana should be used for this common species of the Eastern United States, according to both these authorities.
Spiders in dermatology

Spider bites represent an unusual and potentially over-represented clinical diagnosis. Despite a common fear of spiders, known as arachnophobia, current knowledge suggests that only a small number of families within the order Araneae are medically relevant. Moreover, most cutaneous spider reactions, including both evenomations and physical trauma, produce mild, local symptoms which may be managed with supportive care alone. The differential diagnosis for spider bites may be broad, especially if the offending arachnid is not seen or found. We describe a series of spiders relevant to the dermatologist in the United States.
Expression and identify of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PZase-GST fusion protein

Objective To construct and identify a glutathione S-transferase(GST)-tag prokaryotic expression plasmid for the pncA gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and to express the fusion proteins efficiently in Escherichia coli BL21. Methods The pncA gene was amplified by PCR and was cloned into pGEX4T-1 expression vector. The recombinant vector that conformed by sequencing was induced to express recombinant proteins. The prokaryotic expression proteins was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot.Results The length of PCR products pncA was about 600bp, which was consistent with that expected. The E.coli BL21 strains conformed with recombinant vector highly expressed PZase fusion protein with IPTG induction. Conclusion The recombinant expression vector pGEX4T-1-pncA is constructed., and PZase fusion protein is efficiently expressed after induction. The expression of recombinant pyrazinamidase protein lays a basis for further study PZA-resistance of M.tuberculosis.
The role of epigenetics in kidney malignancies.

Introduction Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) are collectively the third most common type of genitourinary neoplasms, surpassed only by prostate and bladder cancer. Cure rates for renal cell carcinoma are related to tumor grade and stage; therefore, diagnostic methods for early detection and new therapeutic modalities are of paramount importance. Epigenetics can be defined as inherited modifications in gene expression that are not encoded in the DNA sequence itself. Epigenetics may play an important role in the pursuit of early diagnosis, accurate prognostication and identification of new therapeutic targets.
Therapy of silent ischemia

Treatment of silent ischemia is still controversial, because of the lack of studies showing improvement of prognosis with therapy. However, silent ischemia is an independent predictor of poor prognosis. Therefore significant ischemia has to be investigated to determine the therapeutic strategies as for patients with angina pectoris. The medical therapy has been reported successful with nitrates, beta-blockers and calcium canal blockers. The same applies for surgical therapy and PTCA. The target has to be to reduce myocardial ischemia and to ameliorate the prognosis.
A Validator and Converter for the Synthetic Biology Open Language

This paper presents a new validation and conversion utility for the Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL). This utility can be accessed directly in software using the libSBOLj library, through a web interface, or using a web service via RESTful API calls. The validator checks all required and best practice rules set forth in the SBOL specification document, and it reports back to the user the location within the document of any errors found. The converter is capable of translating from/to SBOL 1, GenBank, and FASTA formats to/from SBOL 2. The SBOL Validator/Converter utility is released freely and open source under the Apache 2.0 license. The online version of the validator/converter utility can be found here: http://www.async.ece.utah.edu/sbol-validator/. The source code for the validator/converter can be found here: http://github.com/SynBioDex/SBOL-Validator/.
Accurate alkynyl radical structures from density functional calculations without Hartree-Fock exchange.

Density functional approximations (DFAs) often suffer from self-repulsion and delocalization errors which are reduced by exact (Hartree-Fock-like) exchange admixture. Oyeyemi and co-workers recently showed that several DFAs with little exact exchange incorrectly predict bent alkynyl radical geometries, giving errors in ab initio composite methods using density functional theory geometries [V. B. Oyeyemi et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3, 289 (2012)]. We show that the simple Hartree-Fock-Slater and Xα DFAs, which have substantial delocalization error, predict linear alkynyl radical geometries without incorporating exact exchange. Our Rung 3.5 DFAs, and rescaled generalized gradient approximations, can give either linear σ, bent σ–π, or nearly linear π radicals, all without incorporating exact exchange. This highlights the complexity of delocalization error, the utility of accurate empirical DFA geometries for ab initio composite methods, and the insights to be gained from Rung 3.5 DFAs.
Improved experimental resolution of the Vishniac overstability in scaled late-stage supernova remnants

Abstract Radiative shocks and blast waves are important in many astrophysical contexts, such as supernova remnant formation, cosmic ray production, and gamma ray bursts. Structure formation on radiative blast wave fronts in late-stage supernova remnants is expected to play a role in star formation via seeding of the Jeans instability. The origin of these structures is believed to be an instability described theoretically by Vishniac [1], which has been subject to continued numerical and experimental study. We report here on a series of experiments designed to examine the effect of magnetic fields on the Vishniac overstability. Preliminary results suggest that a strong transverse magnetic field appears to shift the overstability to longer wavelengths, which may have implications for gravitational star formation models. We present unmagnetized results from an experiment in progress which decomposes the spatial structure of the blast wave for quantitative analysis of magnetic and radiative effects.
Certifying a file system using crash hoare logic: correctness in the presence of crashes

FSCQ is the first file system with a machine-checkable proof that its implementation meets a specification, even in the presence of fail-stop crashes. FSCQ provably avoids bugs that have plagued previous file systems, such as performing disk writes without sufficient barriers or forgetting to zero out directory blocks. If a crash happens at an inopportune time, these bugs can lead to data loss. FSCQ's theorems prove that, under any sequence of crashes followed by reboots, FSCQ will recover its state correctly without losing data.To state FSCQ's theorems, this paper introduces the Crash Hoare logic (CHL), which extends traditional Hoare logic with a crash condition, a recovery procedure, and logical address spaces for specifying disk states at different abstraction levels. CHL also reduces the proof effort for developers through proof automation. Using CHL, we developed, specified, and proved the correctness of the FSCQ file system. Although FSCQ's design is relatively simple, experiments with FSCQ as a user-level file system show that it is sufficient to run Unix applications with usable performance. FSCQ's specifications and proofs required significantly more work than the implementation, but the work was manageable even for a small team of a few researchers.
Effects of growth factors on proliferation and differentiation in human lens epithelial cells in early subculture.

Purpose. A successful method to subculture human lens epithelial (HLE) cells that retain their intrinsic characteristics is of great importance. This study examines the effects of four different growth factors on proliferation and differentiation in HLE cells in early subcultures. Methods. Specimens of HLE cells were obtained from infants. First- or second-passage cells were cultured in the presence of 10 -2 to 10 2 ng/ml acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF, bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), or insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Cell proliferation was determined from cell number, and fiber differentiation was assessed from the time of appearance, the number of lentoids formed, and the expression of γ-crystallin. Results. Cell proliferation was increased by EGF, bFGF, and IGF-I at concentrations greater than 10 -1 ng/ml ; the most effective concentration was 10 ng/ml. The effect of aFGF on proliferation appeared only at a concentration of 10 2 ng/ml. EGF, bFGF, or IGF-I at 10 ng/ml affected the time of appearance and the number of lentoids formed within 5 to 7 days. In contrast, lentoids were observed after 42 days without the addition of growth factors. Lentoid formation was accompanied by the expression of γ-crystallin. Conclusions. EGF, aFGF, bFGF, and IGF-I stimulated cell proliferation and fiber differentiation in early subcultures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :2304-2312.