cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extraction of metals by bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in 2-ethylhexanoic acid as monomerizing diluent from an aqueous chloride phase: Am(III), Eu(III), Tm(III) and Y(III)☆

Abstract The extraction of Am 3+ , Eu 3+ , Tm 3+ and Y 3+ from an aqueous chloride phase into a solution of bis 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid, (2-C 2 H 5 ·C 6 H 12 O) 2 PO(OH), HDEHP, in the monomerizing diluent 2-ethylhexanoic acid has been studied in terms of the concentration of hydrogen ion in the equilibrated aqueous phase and of HDEHP in the opposing equilibrated organic phase. The extraction stoichiometries, with the corresponding expression for K in terms of F (the formality of HDEHP in the organic phase), [H + ](the concentration of hydrogen ion in the aqueous phase), and K S , for a 1.00 F (NaCl + HCl) aqueous phase are where HY represents the monomer of HDEHP and the formulations of extracted species are non-committal with respect to structure. With HZ representing the monomer of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, suggested formulations of the extracted species in terms of homogeneousand heterogeneous dimers are: for Am 3+ , and Eu 3+ , M(HYZ) 3 ; and for Tm 3+ , Y 3+ , M(HY 2 ) 2 (HYZ). The K S values are: Am 3+ (5 × 10 −3 ), Eu 3+ (1 × 10 −2 ), (1 × 10 −2 ), Tm 3+ (7) and Y 3+ (2).
Optimization of a data link protocol for an underwater acoustic channel

Acoustic modems typically operate in half-duplex, which limits the choice of a data link control protocol to the Stop and Wait (S&W) type. Unfortunately, on channels with poor quality and long propagation delay-such as the majority of acoustic channels-S&W protocol has low throughput efficiency. The basic S&W can be improved by using a modification in which packets are transmitted in groups and acknowledged selectively. Throughput efficiency can now be maximized by selecting the optimal packet size, which is a function of range, rate, and error probability. Quantitative analysis for typical acoustic links shows that modified S&W protocols offer good performance, provided that packet size is chosen close to optimal. In addition, as the group size increases, sensitivity to packet size selection is reduced. To ensure best ARQ performance in mobile acoustic systems where link conditions vary with time, future generation of acoustic modems must focus on adaptive selection of protocol parameters.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prophylaxis

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Identify risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract disease in children. 2. Identify strategies for prevention of severe RSV disease among high-risk infants and children. 3. Know the recommendations for prophylaxis of RSV disease with palivizumab. RSV is the leading viral pathogen responsible for bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide. Preterm infants and children who have bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (otherwise known as chronic lung disease of prematurity) or congenital heart disease are at increased risk for severe RSV disease that requires hospitalization (Table 1). | | Hospitalization | PICU Admission | Death | |:-----------:| --------------- | -------------- | ----- | | Prematurity | 8% | 3% | 1% | | BPD (CLD) | 13% | 36% | 5% | | CHD | 10% | 4% | 0.6% | * PICU=pediatric intensive care unit, BPD=bronchopulmonary dysplasia, CLD=chronic lung disease of prematurity, CHD=congenital heart disease. Table 1. Clinical Outcomes of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Among Infants and Children Who Have High-risk Conditions Education of parents and other caregivers about methods to decrease the infant’s exposure to RSV and to factors that may contribute to the severity of the RSV infection must form the basis of any RSV prophylaxis program. Because RSV is transmitted by direct or close contact with contaminated secretions and the virus is known to persist for hours on environmental surfaces and for 30 minutes or longer on hands, emphasis on hand hygiene is crucial. High-risk infants and children should not be exposed to individuals who have respiratory infections, and if at all possible, they should not be in settings (eg, child care centers) where such exposures are likely. Exposure to tobacco smoke must be eliminated because it has been associated with more severe RSV disease. These measures have the added benefit of decreasing transmission of other respiratory pathogens. In addition, all high-risk children older than 6 months of age and their contacts must receive influenza vaccine. Passive immunoprophylaxis of high-risk children with RSV immune globulin intravenous (RSV-IGIV) and palivizumab has been …
Activation of Dendritic Cells by Liposomes Prepared from Phosphatidylinositol Mannosides from Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and Adjuvant Activity In Vivo

Liposome vesicles could be formed at 65°C from the chloroform-soluble, total polar lipids (TPL) extracted from Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) entrapped in TPL liposomes produced both anti-OVA antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were activated to secrete interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor upon exposure to antigen-free TPL liposomes. Three phosphoglycolipids and three phospholipids comprising 96% of TPL were identified as phosphatidylinositol dimannoside, palmitoyl-phosphatidylinositol dimannoside, dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylinositol dimannoside, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin. The activation of dendritic cells by liposomes prepared from each purified lipid component of TPL was evaluated in vitro. A basal activity of phosphatidylinositol liposomes to activate proinflammatory cytokine production appeared to be attributable to the tuberculosteric fatty acyl 19:0 chain characteristic of mycobacterial glycerolipids, as similar lipids lacking tuberculosteric chains showed little activity. Phosphatidylinositol dimannoside was identified as the primary lipid that activated dendritic cells to produce amounts of proinflammatory cytokines several times higher than the basal level, indicating the importance of mannose residues. Although the activity of phosphatidylinositol dimannoside was little influenced by palmitoylation of mannose at C-6, a further palmitoylation at inositol C-3 diminished the induction levels of IL-6 and IL-12. Further, OVA entrapped in palmitoyl-phosphatidylinositol dimannoside liposomes was delivered to dendritic cells for major histocompatibility complex class I presentation more effectively than TPL OVA-liposomes. BCG liposomes containing mannose lipids caused up-regulation of costimulatory molecules and CD40. Thus, the inclusion of pure phosphatidylinositol mannosides of BCG in lipid vesicle vaccines represents a simple and efficient option for targeting antigen delivery and providing immune stimulation.
The Calreticulin-Binding Sequence of Thrombospondin 1 Regulates Collagen Expression and Organization During Tissue Remodeling

Amino acids 17-35 of the thrombospondin1 (TSP1) N-terminal domain (NTD) bind cell surface calreticulin to signal focal adhesion disassembly, cell migration, and anoikis resistance in vitro. However, the in vivo relevance of this signaling pathway has not been previously determined. We engineered local in vivo expression of the TSP1 calreticulin-binding sequence to determine the role of TSP1 in tissue remodeling. Surgical sponges impregnated with a plasmid encoding the secreted calreticulin-binding sequence [NTD (1-35)-EGFP] or a control sequence [mod NTD (1-35)-EGFP] tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein were implanted subcutaneously in mice. Sponges expressing NTD (1-35)-EFGP formed a highly organized capsule despite no differences in cellular composition, suggesting stimulation of collagen deposition by the calreticulin-binding sequence of TSP1. TSP1, recombinant NTD, or a peptide of the TSP1 calreticulin-binding sequence (hep I) increased both collagen expression and matrix deposition by fibroblasts in vitro. TSP1 stimulation of collagen was inhibited by a peptide that blocks TSP1 binding to calreticulin, demonstrating the requirement for cell surface calreticulin. Collagen stimulation was independent of TGF-β activity and Smad phosphorylation but was blocked by an Akt inhibitor, suggesting that signaling through the Akt pathway is important for regulation of collagen through TSP1 binding to calreticulin. These studies identify a novel function for the NTD of TSP1 as a mediator of collagen expression and deposition during tissue remodeling.
New Insights Into Lightning Return-Stroke Models With Specified Longitudinal Current Distribution

We show that any lightning return-stroke model with specified longitudinal current distribution can be expressed, using the appropriate continuity equation, in terms of two current components, propagation current and corona current. For lumped-current-source (LCS)-type (transmission-line-type) models, the actual corona current is unipolar and directed radially out of the channel core, while for distributed-current-source (DCS)-type (traveling-current-source-type) models, it is also unipolar but directed into the channel core. The conversion between LCS and DCS return-stroke models alters the actual corona current (if any) of the model. A new formulation for LCS lightning return-stroke models is proposed using corona current and propagation current concepts. This formulation expresses the longitudinal current at height z' as the channel-base current minus the overall longitudinal current change from ground surface to z'. Dynamics of lightning-channel corona sheath surrounding the thin channel core are examined based on LCS and DCS models.
Did Skinner miss the point about teaching

The Darwinian metaphor, to which Skinner was an early contributor, has been a commonplace for several years. Skinner was sure that much can be learned from experiments with animals, and those strategies that work best for the training of animals can and should be applied to the education of humans. However, his claims about how best to teach people, especially intelligent people who are learning difficult things, have several problems. Operant behaviour is emitted (it is spontaneous, at least on first occurrence). Emitted behaviour selected by reinforcement can be compared to the Darwinian idea of selection and variation. Operant learning is seen as interplay between response emission (variation) and reinforcement (selection). In applying his ideas to teaching, Skinner emphasized selection almost exclusively. But the real puzzle posed by non‐rote learning, in both animals and humans, is not selection but the sources of variation that cause an action or an idea to appear for the first time. It is in this s...
Subtropical Low Cloud Response to a Warmer Climate in a Superparameterized Climate Model. Part I: Regime Sorting and Physical Mechanisms

[1] The subtropical low cloud response to a climate with SST uniformly warmed by 2 K is analyzed in the SP-CAM superparameterized climate model, in which each grid column is replaced by a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model (CRM). Intriguingly, SP-CAM shows substantial low cloud increases over the subtropical oceans in the warmer climate. The paper aims to understand the mechanism for these increases. The subtropical low cloud increase is analyzed by sorting grid-column months of the climate model into composite cloud regimes using percentile ranges of lower tropospheric stability (LTS). LTS is observed to be well correlated to subtropical low cloud amount and boundary layer vertical structure. The low cloud increase in SP-CAM is attributed to boundary-layer destabilization due to increased clear-sky radiative cooling in the warmer climate. This drives more shallow cumulus convection and a moister boundary layer, inducing cloud increases and further increasing the radiative cooling. The boundary layer depth does not change substantially, due to compensation between increased radiative cooling (which promotes more turbulent mixing and boundary-layer deepening) and slight strengthening of the boundary-layer top inversion (which inhibits turbulent entrainment and promotes a shallower boundary layer). The widespread changes in low clouds do not appear to be driven by changes in mean subsidence. In a companion paper we use column-mode CRM simulations based on LTS-composite profiles to further study the low cloud response mechanisms and to explore the sensitivity of low cloud response to grid resolution in SP-CAM.
Gleichungen fünften Grades

In Vorlesung 4 haben wir „ Wurzelausdrucke“ angegeben, mit denen Gleichungen dritten und vierten Grades gelost werden konnen. Diese Formeln drucken die Nullstellen von Polynomen dritten und vierten Grades (einschlieslich moglicherweise irreleventer Nullstellen) als Funktion der Koeffizienten dieser Polynome aus. Genauer gesagt, ergeben sich die Nullstellen aus den Koeffizienten durch die Rechenoperationen: Addition, Subtraktion, Multiplikation und Wurzelziehen mit beliebigen ganzzahligen Wurzelexponenten. Wir wollen in dieser Vorlesung beweisen, dass fur Polynome funften und hoheren Grades keine derartige Formel existieren kann.
The role of media literacy in shaping adolescents' understanding of and responses to sexual portrayals in mass media.

This study was a theory-based, pretest–posttest quasi-experiment conducted in the field (N = 922) to determine whether and how a media literacy curriculum addressing sexual portrayals in the media would influence adolescents' decision-making processes regarding sex. Results of the evaluation, based on the Message Interpretation Process Model, indicated that participants who received media literacy training better understood that media influence teens' decision making about sex and were more likely to report that sexual depictions in the media are inaccurate and glamorized. In addition, participants who received media literacy lessons were more likely than were control group participants to believe that other teens practice abstinence and reported a greater ability to resist peer pressure. An interaction effect existed between gender and condition on attitudes toward abstinence, suggesting that the lessons helped girls and boys in somewhat different ways. Overall, the results indicated that media literacy ...
Intrastrand foldamer crosslinking by reductive amination

A series of m-phenylene ethynylene (mPE) foldamers were crosslinked in their helical conformation using a reductive amination-based strategy. This was accomplished by placing aldehyde moieties in the backbone of the oligomer at specific residues, which allowed a diamine crosslinker to covalently link the helical loops together. Three different foldamers with crosslinks placed at different locations in the backbone were synthesized and characterized by mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, and gel permeation chromatography. The effect of the crosslinking on the stability of the folded state was evaluated through solvent denaturation studies. These studies show a reduction in the oligomer's ability to unfold of up to 30% relative to an unmodified mPE oligomer of the same length in solvents that promote unfolding. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 927–935, 2010
Ideology Formation: a Linear Structural Model of the Influences on Feminist Ideology*

Three models of ideology formation are presented as possible explanations for support of feminist attitudes. The simplest is a one-step model positing a direct connection between social structural variables and ideology. The second, using the race relations literature, adds social psychological transformation mechanisms, and the third adds peer support. The models were tested on a sample of women drawn from a small mid-western city. Step-wise regressions were computed with tests for the increment in R2. The second model held for married women; the full model only held for single women; but when peers are entered between the social structural and the social psychological groups, the full model holds both for single and married women.
Laparoscopic fixation of biologic mesh at the hiatus with fibrin or polyethylene glycol sealant in a porcine model

Background The objective of this study was to determine the acute and chronic fixation strengths achieved by fibrin or polyethylene glycol (PEG) sealants to secure biologic mesh at the esophageal hiatus in a porcine model.
Oral delivery of bioencapsulated exendin-4 expressed in chloroplasts lowers blood glucose level in mice and stimulates insulin secretion in beta-TC6 cells

Glucagon like peptide (GLP-1) increases insulin secretion but is rapidly degraded (half-life: 2 min in circulation). GLP-1 analog, Exenatide (Byetta) has a longer half life (3.3–4 hrs) with potent insulinotropic effects but requires cold storage, daily abdominal injections with short shelf life. Because diabetic patients take >60,000 injections in their life time, alternative delivery methods are highly desired. Exenatide is ideal for oral delivery because insulinotropism is glucose dependent, with reduced risk of hypoglycemia even at higher doses. Therefore, exendin-4 (EX4) was expressed as a cholera toxin B subunit (CTB)-fusion protein in tobacco chloroplasts to facilitate bioencapsulation within plant cells and transmucosal delivery in the gut via GM1 receptors present in the intestinal epithelium. The transgene integration was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Expression level of CTB-EX4 reached up to 14.3% of total leaf protein (TLP). Lyophilization of leaf material increased therapeutic protein concentration by 12–24 fold, extended their shelf life up to 15 months when stored at room temperature and eliminated microbes present in fresh leaves. The pentameric structure, disulfide bonds and functionality of CTB-EX4 were well preserved in lyophilized materials. Chloroplast derived CTB-EX4 showed increased insulin secretion similar to the commercial EX4 in beta-TC6, a mouse pancreatic cell line. Even when 5,000-fold excess dose of CTB-EX4 was orally delivered, it stimulated insulin secretion similar to the intraperitoneal injection of commercial EX4 but didn’t cause hypoglycemia in mice. Oral delivery of the bioencapsulated EX4 should eliminate injections, increase patient compliance/convenience and significantly lower their cost.
Hyperspectral Change Detection in the Presenceof Diurnal and Seasonal Variations

Hyperspectral change detection has been shown to be a promising approach for detecting subtle targets in complex backgrounds. Reported change-detection methods are typically based on linear predictors that assume a space-invariant affine transformation between image pairs. Unfortunately, several physical mechanisms can lead to a significant space variance in the spectral change associated with background clutter. This may include shadowing and other illumination variations, as well as seasonal impacts on the spectral nature of the vegetation. If not properly addressed, this can lead to poor change-detection performance. This paper explores the space-varying nature of such changes through empirical measurements and investigates spectrally segmented linear predictors to accommodate these effects. Several specific algorithms are developed and applied to change imagery captured under controlled conditions, and the impacts on clutter suppression and change detection are quantified and compared. The results indicate that such techniques can provide markedly improved performance when the environmental conditions associated with the image pairs are substantially different.
Multi-Partner Interactions in Corals in the Face of Climate Change

Recent research has explored the possibility that increased sea-surface temperatures and decreasing pH (ocean acidification) contribute to the ongoing decline of coral reef ecosystems. Within corals, a diverse microbiome exerts significant influence on biogeochemical and ecolog- ical processes, including food webs, organismal life cycles, and chemical and nutrient cycling. Microbes on coral reefs play a critical role in regulating larval recruitment, bacterial colonization, and pathogen abundance under ambient con- ditions, ultimately governing the overall resilience of coral reef systems. As a result, microbial processes may be in- volved in reef ecosystem-level responses to climate change. Developments of new molecular technologies, in addition to multidisciplinary collaborative research on coral reefs, have led to the rapid advancement in our understanding of bac- terially mediated reef responses to environmental change. Here we review new discoveries regarding (1) the onset of coral-bacterial associations; (2) the functional roles that bacteria play in healthy corals; and (3) how bacteria influ- ence coral reef response to environmental change, leading to a model describing how reef microbiota direct ecosystem- level response to a changing global climate.
Innovative Turning Points in the Path to Entrepreneurial Success

In a study of highly successful privately owned firms, a very large percentage of CEOs reported a specific strategic turning point in their companies' histories that was instrumental toward their success. This pa per proves this phenomenon and relates it to existing theories of organizational innovation and organizational life cycles.
Developmental Changes in Adolescence and Risks for Delinquency

Adolescence is a critical developmental period considering the quantity and intensity of related changes (e.g., biological and psychosocial), which may represent, in themselves, risks for present and future delinquency. It is indeed well established that the age–crime curve peaks during adolescence (e.g., Landsheer and van Dijkum 2005) and that the rate and severity of offences occurring during this period are strong predictors of later offences (e.g., Overbeek et al. 2001). Furthermore, the number of juvenile offences is extremely high in the USA, with 2.11 million juveniles arrested in 2008, a rate of about 2.4% of 10- to 17-year olds. Among these, 96,000 juveniles were arrested for violent crimes, including 1,280 murders (Sickmund 2010; Puzzanchera et al. 2010). Despite the frequency of juvenile delinquency, young offenders are rarely taken into consideration in the literature on normative adolescent development, and it would be consequently incorrect to assume that delinquency precludes youth from experiencing processes that are typical during this developmental period (e.g., Knight et al. 2009). Accordingly, the ways in which the justice system responds to juvenile offending should be informed by the lessons of developmental science (Steinberg 2009).
GCD Domains, Gauss’ Lemma, and Contents of Polynomials

The purpose of this article is to survey the work done on GCD domains and their generalizations. While the best known examples of GCD domains are UFD’s and Bezout domains, we concentrate on GCD domains that are not UFD’s or Bezout domains as there is already an extensive literature on UFD’s and Bezout domains including survey articles [44], [100] and books [98] and [53]. Among the generalizations of GCD domains surveyed are Schreier domains, Prufer υ-multiplication domains (PVMD’s) and general­ized GCD domains (G-GCD domains).
Evaluation of Probabilistic Sampling Designs for Estimating Abundance of Multiple Species of Migratory Fish Using Video Recordings at Fishways

AbstractFifteen years of video census data from a fishway at Winchester Dam on the North Umpqua River, Oregon, were used to evaluate sampling designs to estimate abundance of spring- and fall-run Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, summer- and winter-run steelhead O. mykiss, Coho Salmon O. kisutch, and Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus. Five probabilistic sampling designs were evaluated via simulation, with variation in the number of days and the number of hours within a day that were sampled over a 1-year period. For most species, stratified one-stage and two-stage cluster designs were more accurate at estimating abundance than simple random sampling designs. There was very little gain in accuracy beyond sampling 8 h per day for all species. The stratified two-stage cluster nonuniform probability design was more accurate than the stratified two-stage cluster uniform probability design at estimating the abundance of steelhead, spring Chinook Salmon, and Coho Salmon, whereas using uniform probab...
Mechanism of ion transport by avian salt gland primary cell cultures.

Confluent sheets formed from primary culture of avian salt gland secretory cells exhibit a short-circuit current (Isc) in response to cholinergic and beta-adrenergic stimulation [Lowy, R. J., D. C. Dawson, and S. A. Ernst. Am J. Physiol. 249 (Cell Physiol. 18): C41-C47, 1985]. To establish the ionic basis for the Isc, transmural fluxes of 22Na and 36Cl were measured. Under short-circuit conditions there was little net flux of either ion in the absence of agonists. Addition of carbachol elevated net serosal-to-mucosal Cl flux to 1.71 mu eq.h-1.cm-2, whereas a smaller increase to 0.85 mu eq.h-1.cm-2 occurred with isoproterenol. Neither agonist altered net Na flux. The stimulated Isc accounted for 70% of the net Cl flux induced by carbachol and nearly 100% of that induced by isoproterenol. Replacement of Cl by gluconate or Na by choline abolished (carbachol) or greatly reduced (isoproterenol) the Isc, which could be restored in a dose-dependent fashion by ion restitution. Active ion transport was preferentially inhibited by basal (vs. apical) addition of ouabain, furosemide, or barium. The results provide evidence that cholinergic and beta-adrenergic agonists elicit active transmural Cl secretion. They further suggest that transport is dependent on the Na+-K+-adenosine-triphosphatase, a Na-Cl cotransport process, and a basal K conductance, all features of a secondary active Cl secretory mechanism.
Expression of Protein Kinase C Isozymes in Human Basophils: Regulation by Physiological and Nonphysiological Stimuli

The expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes in human basophils and the regulation of PKC isozymes during basophil activation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) +/- ionomycin, f-met-leu-phe (FMLP), and anti-IgE antibody were examined. In human basophils (> 98% purity), PKCbetaI, betaII, delta, and were expressed, PKCalpha was difficult to detect, and PKCgamma and eta were undetectable. In unstimulated basophils, PKCbetaI and betaII were found primarily in the cytosol fraction (95% +/- 3% of total and 98% +/- 1%, respectively). Within 5 minutes of stimulation with PMA (100 ng/mL), both PKCbetaI and betaII were translocated to the membrane fraction (85% +/- 4% and 83% +/- 6%, respectively). In resting cells, 48% +/- 3% and 61% +/- 10% of PKCdelta and , respectively, existed in the membrane fraction. Within 1 minute of stimulation with PMA, 90% +/- 6% of PKC was found in the membrane fraction, however, no translocation of PKCdelta was apparent. Stimulation with FMLP caused modest translocation ( approximately 20%) of all PKC isozymes by 1 minute, whereas stimulation with anti-IgE antibody led to no detectable changes in PKC location throughout a 15-minute period of measurement. However, concentrations of PMA and ionomycin that alone caused no PKC translocation and little histamine release, together caused significant histamine release but no apparent PKC translocation. Studies with bis-indolylmaleimide analogs showed inhibition of PMA-induced, but not anti-IgE-induced, histamine release. These pharmacological studies suggest that PKC does not play a prodegranulatory role in human basophil IgE-mediated secretion.
PD-L1 (B7-H1) and PD-1 pathway blockade for cancer therapy: Mechanisms, response biomarkers, and combinations

PD-L1 and PD-1 (PD) pathway blockade is a highly promising therapy and has elicited durable antitumor responses and long-term remissions in a subset of patients with a broad spectrum of cancers. How to improve, widen, and predict the clinical response to anti-PD therapy is a central theme in the field of cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Oncologic, immunologic, genetic, and biological studies focused on the human cancer microenvironment have yielded substantial insight into this issue. Here, we focus on tumor microenvironment and evaluate several potential therapeutic response markers including the PD-L1 and PD-1 expression pattern, genetic mutations within cancer cells and neoantigens, cancer epigenetics and effector T cell landscape, and microbiota. We further clarify the mechanisms of action of these markers and their roles in shaping, being shaped, and/or predicting therapeutic responses. We also discuss a variety of combinations with PD pathway blockade and their scientific rationales for cancer treatment.
Martin Diamond's Doctrine of the American Regime

Several months ago, Alexander Solzhenitsyn ushered the graduating class of Harvard University into an ominous world: the world of frantic, debasing, self-interested Western materialism. In the scramble for self-aggrandizment, according to Solzhenitsyn, Western man has lost sight of the "high level of human possibilities," sacrificed his "noblest impulses," and insured the triumph of "moral mediocrity."' It would perhaps be of no comfort to Mr. Solzhenitsyn to learn that such a critique of American society is by no means new, and by no means a preserve of the religious right-we have only to recall Richard Hofstadter's characterization of the Madisonian
Postural stability assessment following concussion: one piece of the puzzle.

Abstract:Clinicians regularly assess concussion according to the symptoms that an athlete manifests at the time of injury, as well as during subsequent evaluations. The subjectivity involved with symptom assessment, however, often leaves the clinician without a clear picture of the athlete's true me
Effects of Enalapril Alone, and in Combination With Hydrochlorothiazide, on Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone, Renal Function, Salt and Water Excretion, and Body Fluid Composition

Abstract Enalapril is a new, oral, long-acting nonsulfhydral angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Thirty-nine patients with primary hypertension were entered into a randomized, double-blind protocol to assess the efficacy of enalapril (10 to 20 mg bid), hydrochlorothiazide (25 to 50 mg bid), or combined drug therapy. Enalapril, either alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide, effectively controlled blood pressure. Enalapril monotherapy was associated with an increase in plasma renin activity and a decrease in angiotensin II concentration; in patients with an initial inulin clearance ≤ 80 mL/min/1.73 m2, inulin and para-aminohippurate clearances were markedly improved, without producing adverse effects on salt and water excretion or body fluid composition. Combination therapy was associated with a marked increase in plasma renin activity; however, only those patients with an initial inulin clearance ≤ 80 mL/min/1. 73 m2 demonstrated suppression of angiotensin II concentration and marked improvement in inulin and para-aminohippurate clearances. These observations suggest that enalapril, either alone or in combination with a diuretic, has the potential to reverse renal function abnormalities encountered in the hypertensive state.
Case 2: A Difficult Airway in the Delivery Room

A late-preterm female infant is born at 36 weeks’ gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery to a 27-year-old, gravida 1, now para 1 mother whose pregnancy is complicated by polyhydramnios and preterm prolonged rupture of membranes. The infant has poor tone, no respiratory effort, a heart rate less than 100 beats per minute, and craniofacial abnormalities. The infant receives positive pressure ventilation and chest compressions with unsuccessful attempts at intubation by the pediatrician at 4 minutes of age. Heart rate is unresponsive to positive pressure ventilation. Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is placed at 7 minutes of age after several unsuccessful endotracheal intubation attempts by anesthesiologists. Heart rate improves after placement of the LMA to more than 100 beats per minute. Apgar scores are 1 at 1 minute, 1 at 5 minutes, 2 at 10 minutes, 5 at 15 minutes, 6 at 20 minutes, and 7 at 25 minutes. A peripheral intravenous cannula is inserted, and a 10-mL/kg dose of normal saline bolus is given. Blood culture is performed, and arrangements are made for transfer to a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). A capillary blood gas is performed before transport, which reveals the following: pH, 7.05; Pco2, 73 mm Hg; Po2, 58 mm Hg; bicarbonate, 20 mEq/L (20 mmol/L); and base deficit, −10 mEq/L (−10 mmol/L). The infant receives ventilatory support with an LMA in place until arrival of the transport team. Before transport, endotracheal intubation is attempted again by the transport team with a video laryngoscope and is unsuccessful, …
A Study of Antigens and Antibodies by the Monolayer Film Technique of Langmuir

SummaryFrom the above results it may be concluded that the monolayer film method provides a valuable means for the study of antigen-antibody systems as regards molecular dimensions, combining properties, and other aspects of their behavior.
Self-prescribing medication: regulating prescription drug sales on the Internet.

Ce commentaire analyse les problemes particuliers associes a la vente sur l'internet de medicaments sur ordonnance, et notamment aux ventes illegales presentant une menace pour la securite et la sante des consommateurs. Il analyse egalement les developpements actuels des pharmacies en ligne et les reponses du Food and Drug Administration pour reglementer ces questions. Il examine les lois d'etat et federales actuelles, en expliquant pourquoi ces lois ne sont pas appropriees pour traiter des problemes propres aux pharmacies de l'internet. Il propose pour finir une nouvelle solution, l'International Coalition on Online Pharmacies, qui permettra de conserver les avantages des pharmacies en ligne, tout en reduisant les risques lies a leur usage.
Spinal Glomus Arteriovenous Malformation Manifesting with a Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background Spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare lesions that may cause serious neurologic morbidity. With developments in endovascular technology and embolic materials, endovascular management of spinal AVMs has gained popularity. Case Description A 61-year-old woman presented with the worst headache of her life and an acute onset of nausea and vomiting and was shown to have a grade 2 subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on computed tomography scan. A 6-vessel cerebral angiogram was negative for any vascular abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography of the neck showed a flow-related enhancement compatible with a vascular abnormality at the level of C2. Cervical spinal angiography showed a cervical spinal cord glomus (type II) AVM at the level of C2 draining into perimedullary venous plexus. Transarterial Onyx embolization was performed and resulted in complete occlusion of the AVM. The patient made a complete neurologic recovery. Conclusions Spinal AVMs manifesting as intracranial SAH are uncommon. These lesions are frequently overlooked on cerebral angiography and account for a small proportion of angiogram-negative SAHs. A negative angiogram in the setting of SAH should prompt a comprehensive evaluation of the cervical segmental arterial supply to exclude a cervical spinal AVM. Endovascular embolization may be effective in treating spinal glomus AVMs with good clinical outcomes and with complete angiographic obliteration. Onyx embolic agent should be considered as the agent of choice to manage spinal glomus AVMs.
Compact hyper-spectrometer based on metasurfaces at visible wavelengths

We present an ultra-compact hyper-spectrometer using only planar metasurface lenses and a CMOS camera. Spectral resolutions as small as approximately 300 pm (detector-limited) and an overall working range exceeding 130nm at visible wavelengths are achieved.
Influence of breed, number of suckling lambs, and stage of lactation on ewe milk production and lamb growth under range conditions.

Milk production and lamb growth were characterized in 118 multiparous, 3- to 7-yr-old Rambouillet, Columbia, Polypay, and Suffolk ewes under spring sage range and high mountain meadow grazing from 28 to 98 d postpartum. Daily milk yield as measured by the lamb suckling weight differential technique did not differ (P greater than .05) among breeds, although milk production of Suffolk ewes tended to be higher than that of the other three breeds. Within the Rambouillet, Columbia, and Polypay breeds, total estimated yield of ewes with twins was 13 to 17% higher than that of ewes with singles, whereas in the Suffolk breed, suckling twins increased total milk yield 61% over that of ewes with singles. Twin lambs induced a larger differential in dam milk production in late lactation (70 to 98 d) than in earlier lactation (28 to 70 d). Number of lambs did not influence milk protein, Ca, or P content (P greater than .05). Fat levels in colostrum and 4-d milk were elevated 14 and 20%, respectively, in ewes suckling twins compared with ewes suckling singles. Under range conditions, Suffolk ewes suckling single or twin lambs lost more BW (12 and 21% of 4-d postpartum body weight, respectively) than Rambouillet (4 and 7%), Columbia (5 and 8%), or Polypay (8 and 8%) ewes. Correlation coefficients of milk production and lamb growth rate were positive and significant (P less than .05) up to 56 d of age. Growth rate was less closely associated with milk production for twin than for single lambs.
Triboelectric Nanogenerator Using Microdome-Patterned PDMS as a Wearable Respiratory Energy Harvester

The need to recharge and eventually replace batteries is increasingly significant for operating a variety of wearable electronic devices. Rapid advances in low power design have stimulated the requirements for portable and sustainable power sources, thus opening the possibility of using human biomechanical energy as a promising alternative power source. Respiration is a unique form of spontaneous and stable source of human biomechanical energy that is currently untapped, and has the potential to be converted to a sustainable power source for low power wearable electronic devices and integrated body sensor networks. However, effectively harvesting respiration energy characterized by low frequency and low force is currently a technological challenge, and cannot be well-achieved by classical energy harvesting methods. In this work, a triboelectric nanogenerator based on contact–separation mode is demonstrated as a small and light-weight wearable respiratory energy harvester (wREH). The wREH can also be utilized as a self-powered respiratory motion sensor capable of tracking rate and depth of respiration. A simple and cost-effective poly lactic-co-glycolic acid patterning technique is utilized to create microdome-patterned polydimethylsiloxane for increasing the effective contact area of the triboelectric surfaces, thus enhancing power output while achieving higher durability than existing nanosurface structures.
Predicting personal self-care in informal caregivers

Caregiver research often focuses on negative health outcomes, yet little is known about the self-care practices of caregivers. The present study investigates self-care practices among family caregivers and the relationships between personal self-care, perceived stress, and other health variables. Data were collected from informal caregivers through self-administered Internet and paper surveys that included the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36-item Health Survey, Perceived Stress Scale, and Self-Care Practices Scale. Personal self-care was most strongly associated with emotional well-being, pain, perceived stress, and general health. The relevance of study findings to strengthening family caregiver programs and future research is discussed.
Comparing In Situ and Multidimensional Relevance Judgments

To address concerns of TREC-style relevance judgments, we explore two improvements. The first one seeks to make relevance judgments contextual, collecting in situ feedback of users in an interactive search session and embracing usefulness as the primary judgment criterion. The second one collects multidimensional assessments to complement relevance or usefulness judgments, with four distinct alternative aspects examined in this paper - novelty, understandability, reliability, and effort. We evaluate different types of judgments by correlating them with six user experience measures collected from a lab user study. Results show that switching from TREC-style relevance criteria to usefulness is fruitful, but in situ judgments do not exhibit clear benefits over the judgments collected without context. In contrast, combining relevance or usefulness with the four alternative judgments consistently improves the correlation with user experience measures, suggesting future IR systems should adopt multi-aspect search result judgments in development and evaluation. We further examine implicit feedback techniques for predicting these judgments. We find that click dwell time, a popular indicator of search result quality, is able to predict some but not all dimensions of the judgments. We enrich the current implicit feedback methods using post-click user interaction in a search session and achieve better prediction for all six dimensions of judgments.
Enceladus plume density from Cassini spacecraft attitude control data

Abstract The plumes of Enceladus are of interest both as a geophysical phenomenon, and as an astrobiological opportunity for sampling internal material. Here we report measurements of the total mass density (gas plus dust, a combination not reported before except in the engineering literature) deduced from telemetry of Cassini's Attitude and Articulation Control System (AACS), as the spacecraft's thrusters or reaction wheels worked to maintain the desired attitude in the presence of drag torques during close flybys. The drag torque shows good agreement with the water vapor density measured by other instruments during the E5 encounter, but indicates a rather higher mass density on other passes (E3, E14), possibly indicating variations in gas composition and/or gas:dust ratio. The spacecraft appears to have intercepted about 0.2 g of material, on flyby E21 in October 2015 indicating a peak mass density of ∼5.5 × 10 −11 kg m −3 , the highest of all the flybys measured (E3, E5, E7, E9, E14, E21).
Depolarizing, inhibitory GABA type A receptor activity regulates GABAergic synapse plasticity via ERK and BDNF signaling.

Abstract γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) begins as the key excitatory neurotransmitter in newly forming circuits, with chloride efflux from GABA type A receptors (GABAARs) producing membrane depolarization, which promotes calcium entry, dendritic outgrowth and synaptogenesis. As development proceeds, GABAergic signaling switches to inhibitory hyperpolarizing neurotransmission. Despite the evidence of impaired GABAergic neurotransmission in neurodevelopmental disorders, little is understood on how agonist-dependent GABAAR activation controls the formation and plasticity of GABAergic synapses. We have identified a weakly depolarizing and inhibitory GABAAR response in cortical neurons that occurs during the transition period from GABAAR depolarizing excitation to hyperpolarizing inhibitory activity. We show here that treatment with the GABAAR agonist muscimol mediates structural changes that diminish GABAergic synapse strength through postsynaptic and presynaptic plasticity via intracellular Ca2+ stores, ERK and BDNF/TrkB signaling. Muscimol decreases synaptic localization of surface γ2 GABAARs and gephyrin postsynaptic scaffold while β2/3 non-γ2 GABAARs accumulate in the synapse. Concurrent with this structural plasticity, muscimol treatment decreases synaptic currents while enhancing the γ2 containing benzodiazepine sensitive GABAAR tonic current in an ERK dependent manner. We further demonstrate that GABAAR activation leads to a decrease in presynaptic GAD65 levels via BDNF/TrkB signaling. Together these data reveal a novel mechanism for agonist induced GABAergic synapse plasticity that can occur on the timescale of minutes, contributing to rapid modification of synaptic and circuit function.
Improved Processability and the Processing-Structure-Properties Relationship of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene via Supercritical Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide in Injection Molding.

The processability of injection molding ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) was improved by introducing supercritical nitrogen (scN2) or supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) into the polymer melt, which decreased its viscosity and injection pressure while reducing the risk of degradation. When using the special full-shot option of microcellular injection molding (MIM), it was found that the required injection pressure decreased by up to 30% and 35% when scCO2 and scN2 were used, respectively. The mechanical properties in terms of tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation-at-break of the supercritical fluid (SCF)-loaded samples were examined. The thermal and rheological properties of regular and SCF-loaded samples were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and parallel-plate rheometry, respectively. The results showed that the temperature dependence of UHMWPE was very low, suggesting that increasing the processing temperature is not a viable method for reducing injection pressure or improving processability. Moreover, the use of scN2 and scCO2 with UHMWPE and MIM retained the high molecular weight, and thus the mechanical properties, of the polymer, while regular injection molding led to signs of degradation.
Drainage flow of a viscous compressible fluid from a small capillary with a sealed end

Volumetric expansion driven drainage flow of a viscous compressible fluid from a small capillary with a sealed end is studied in the low Mach number limit using the linearized compressible Navier–Stokes equations with no-slip condition. Density relaxation, oscillation and decay as well as the velocity field are investigated in detail. It is shown that fluid drainage is controlled by the slow decay of the standing acoustic wave inside the capillary; and the acoustic wave retards the density diffusion by reducing the diffusion coefficient of the density envelope equation by one half. Remarkably the no-slip flow exhibits a slip-like mass flow rate. The period-averaged mass flow rate at the exit (drainage rate) is found proportional to the fluid’s kinematic viscosity via the density diffusion coefficient and the average drainage speed is independent of the capillary radius. These findings are valid for arbitrarily small capillaries as long as the continuum assumption holds and they are in stark contrast to the classical lubrication based theory. Generalization to a capillary with a sound absorbing end is achieved by a simple model. The reported results offer new insights to the nature of slow viscous compressible flows in very small capillaries.
Young children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors after mothers exit welfare: Comparisons with children of non-welfare mothers

Abstract Although not part of its stated aims, current welfare legislation is assumed to benefit children through increased parental employment and self-sufficiency. Research findings on the extent to which parental welfare participation improves child well-being are inconclusive. This study investigates the behavioral outcomes of young children whose mothers have received TANF using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 2169). Controlling for maternal demographic characteristics, current financial status, and health risks, we found that the difference between children's externalizing behaviors in families of former TANF recipients relative to children of mothers who had never been on welfare decreased the longer mothers had been off welfare. However, overall, externalizing behaviors were significantly higher among children of former TANF recipients relative to children whose mothers had never received welfare. The findings suggest that ensuring healthy development for children requires long-term supports to help mothers as they transition off welfare.