cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charge Transfer in Molecular Complexes with 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ): A Density Functional Theory Study

Molecular doping is a charge-transfer process intended to improve the electrical properties of organic semiconductors and the efficiency of organic electronic devices, by incorporation of a complex-forming, strong molecular electron acceptor or donor. Using density functional theory methods with dispersion corrections, we seek to monitor charge transfer and estimate its amount via calculations of experimental observables. With 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) as a p-dopant (electron acceptor) and an array of π-conjugated molecules as hole-transport materials (donors), the amount of charge transfer is seen to be a non-monotonic function of the offset defined by the donor ionization potential (IP) and the acceptor electron affinity (EA), IP – |EA|. Interestingly, a well-defined, linear relationship between the amount of charge transfer and IP – |EA| is obtained when the IP and EA values are adjusted to reflect intramolecular geometric changes in the final form of the complex. T...
When Do You Report Cash Payments Over $10,000?

The IRS recently reminded businesses in U.S. territories that they are subject to the rules requiring the reporting of cash payments over $10,000 on Form 8300 (IR-2015-81). Yet, this reminder leaves those who do business in the United States and its territories no clearer about how the law applies to them and what legal obligations they might have to the U.S. government. This article attempts to clarify the rather complex U.S. laws requiring people to file Forms 8300 by offering a brief recount of the key provisions.
Surgery in the Aged

Aged patients often tolerate major operative procedures well if their limited reserve is not exceeded but are often unable to tolerate the prolonged stress and strain of a complicated recovery. Postoperative complications beget other complications. There is no room for error in the care of the geriatric surgical patient.
Effect of captopril or combined with losartan on early remodeling of infarct zone of rats after acute myocardial infarction

AIM:To evaluate the effect of losartan or combined with captopril on collagen accumulation and expansion of infarct zone in rats with acute myocardial infarction(AMI),and the related mechanism.METHODS:Within 24 h after anterior descending coronary artery ligation,male Wistar rats were treated with placebo,captopril(2 g/L)+losartan[20 mg/(kg·d)],or captopril.14 d later,the hearts were arrested by intravenous KCl injection(100 g/L).The left ventricular(LV)was infused with phosphate-buffered formalin and fixed.LV volume was measured directly,and sections of LV were made.HE staining and image analysis system were used to measure infarct size and expansion index.Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the area density of type I collagen and the proportion of myofibroblasts in the infarct zone.The levels of type Ⅰ,Ⅲ collagens were measured by RT-PCR in the infarct zone.RESULTS:Both captopril and the combination of captopril and losartan decreased expansion index,but the effect of combination therapy tended to be inferior [(1.12±0.14 vs 1.25±0.13),P0.05].Compared with the model group,the area density of type I collagen in the infarct zone was decreased in the combined treatment group[(11.8±2.6)% vs(14.4±2.6)%],but not in the captopril treated group.In the infarct zone,the proportion of myofibroblasts was lower in combined treatment group than in captopril treated group [(59.2±5.1)% vs(70.8±8.5)%,P0.05],and the gene expression of collagen a1(Ⅰ/Ⅲ)was decreased in combined treatment group than in captopril treated group [(0.720±0.210 vs 0.996±0.162)and(0.488±0.113 vs 0.660±0.098),respectively,P0.05].CONCLUSION:Adding losartan to effective captopril during the early period of AMI decreases collagen accumulation in infarct zone and attenuates its benefit on the expansion of infarct zone.
Video Telementoring to Accelerate Learning of New Surgical Techniques.

What Is the Innovation? Video telementoring is a technique of telemedicine in which an experienced physician remotely observes and guides a lessexperienced caregiver in a particular procedure or treatment. It is a form of preceptoring, which is to be distinguished from proctoring, in which the role of the proctor is to evaluate (eg, for a credentialing committee), not to teach. Telementoring is emerging as a vital augmentation of surgical education with roots dating back to the 1950s. In 1959, the University of Nebraska implemented a telemedicine program to support continuing medical education in remote areas of the state. Soon thereafter, the National Aviation and Space Administration began a program to provide health care to Indian reservations in rural Arizona, a step toward developing the remote physiologic monitoring needed for space. Other programs followed, including those at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and Dartmouth Medical College in Hanover, New Hampshire, where telemedicine was used to improve emergency services to airport passengers and provide continuing medical education to rural communities, respectively. However, these early attempts were not economically viable at the time, and all were eventually closed down.1 Telementoring truly emerged as a viable surgical teaching mechanism in the 1990s, largely in parallel with the development of advanced laparoscopic techniques. Recent advances in technology, along with their more widespread availability, ease of access, and decreased costs, have dramatically increased the potential applications of telementoring in surgery.
A Balancing Act Part I: Technical Support and the Online Instructor

Technical issues can create a barrier to fully accessing and engaging in online classrooms. The need to support learners in overcoming these barriers may be addressed through a team approach or by individual instructors/trainers taking on the technical support role. While this role may not always be clearly defined or formally delegated, assuming the role of technical support in an online classroom has both benefits and drawbacks. Perceived benefits from an instructor/trainer's point-of-view include accommodating learner preferences, acquisition of new technological skills, and development of personalized responses for learners while perceived drawbacks can be seen as increased time requirements, acquisition of needless technical skills, and additional workload.
Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in children: technique and clinical applications

Whole-body MR imaging is being increasingly used in children to evaluate the extent of various oncologic and non-oncologic entities. The lack of exposure to ionizing radiation, excellent soft-tissue contrast (even without the use of contrast agents), and functional imaging capabilities make it especially suitable for screening and surveillance in the pediatric population. Technical developments such as moving table platforms, multi-channel/multi-element surface coils, and parallel imaging allow imaging of the entire body with multiple sequences in a reasonable 30- to 40-min time frame, which has facilitated its acceptance in routine clinical practice. The initial investigations in whole-body MR imaging were primarily focused on oncologic applications such as tumor screening and staging. The exquisite sensitivity of fluid-sensitive MR sequences to many different types of pathology has led to new applications of whole-body MR imaging in evaluation of multifocal rheumatologic conditions. Availability of blood pool contrast agents has allowed whole-body MR angiographic imaging of vascular malformations, vasculitides and vasculopathies. Whole-body MRI is being applied for delineating the extent and distribution of systemic and multifocal diseases, establishing diagnoses, assessing treatment response, and surveillance imaging. This article reviews the technique and clinical applications of whole-body MR imaging in children.
Pangloss on Pollution

On being interviewed, Dr Pangloss asserted that optimality is uniquely determined irrespective of legal or distributional considerations; moreover, that pollution above a theoretical optimum could be justified economically in so far as the heavy transactions costs of correcting the existing suboptimal position are real costs and exceed the optimality gains.
Experimentally Demonstrating Quantum Data Locking with a Quantum Enigma Machine

We present an experimental demonstration of quantum data locking as a quantum enigma machine that encrypts 6 bits per photon with less than 6 bits per photon of encryption key while remaining information-theoretically secure.
A Production Approach to Environmental Acceptance Testing of Space Vehicle Subsystems

Rockwell International's Multi-Environment Test System (METS) is an environmental simulation facility for thermal cycle and thermal vacuum testing of space vehicle subsystems. The use of a central cryopump and eight radially mounted, independently controlled, test chambers provide test efficiencies not possible in single chamber test systems. Thermal cycle and thermal vacuum testing can be performed in each chamber and thereby further increase the efficiency of the test system.This article describes the Multi-Environment Test System and its configuration and control system and summarizes its use to support black-box environmental test programs.
Endoscopic Surgery: A New Teaching Method

AbstractA new method of teaching endoscopic surgery with a canine model is described. Its main advantage over the few existing methods is that it best reproduces the events of the human transurethral resection.
The Impact of Hair on African American Women’s Collective Identity Formation:

The Black Pride and Power Movements of the 1960s and 1970s changed the aesthetic of the larger African American community, promoting self-affirmation and reclaiming African pride. As individuals en...
Forging Military Identity in Culturally Pluralistic Societies: Quasi Ethnicity ed. by Daniel G. Zirker (review)

Zirker, Daniel G., ed. Forging Military Identity in Culturally Pluralistic Societies: Quasi Ethnicity . Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015.
Abstract 17942: Functional Consequences of a Tissue-Engineered Myocardial Patch for Cardiac Repair in a Rat Infarct Model

This study evaluates the capacity of an aligned, fibrin-based, stretch-conditioned cardiac patch to ameliorate left ventricular (LV) remodeling in the acute phase post-infarction. Cardiac patches w...
Heartfelt sepsis: microvascular injury due to genomic storm

Sepsis is one of the ten leading causes of death in developed and developing countries. In the United States, sepsis mortality approaches that of acute myocardial infarction and exceeds deaths from stroke. Neonates and the elderly are the most vulner­able patients, with these groups suffering from the highest sepsis mortality. In both groups, many survivors respectively display serious developmental disabilities and cognitive decline. The National Institute of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Panel redefined sepsis as a “severe endothelial dysfunction syndrome in response to intravascular and extravascular infections causing reversible or irreversible injury to the microcirculation responsible for multiple organ failure.” Microvas­cular endothelial injury in sepsis due to microbial inflammation encompasses small blood vessels (< 100 μm in diameter). While the lungs remain the principal organ of interest due to sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome, “septic heart” or “septic cardiomyopathy” accelerates sepsis’ transition to potentially lethal septic shock. This review analyses both new advances in understanding the septic mechanism and possible resolutions of sepsis. The concept of a “genomic storm,” caused by microbes triggering florid production of inflammatory mediators, is based on septic reprogramming of the human genome. This genomic storm leads to microvascular endothelial injury, persistent hypotension, and organ failure. While very early control of sepsis-causing bacterial, fungal and viral infections remains crucial for the treatment of sepsis, supportive measures are likewise necessary to maintain blood pressure, respiration, and kidney function. New evidence indicates that preadmission b-blockers may reduce sepsis-associated mortality. The fundamental role of nuclear signalling in the progres­sion and resolution of sepsis was established with a new class of cell-penetrating nuclear transport modifiers (NTMs). NTMs target the translocation of proinflammatory and metabolic transcription factors to the cell’s nucleus while also enhancing bacterial clearance in experimental polymicrobial sepsis models. The result is a 700-fold reduction in the bacterial burden of the lungs and improvement of sepsis-associated thrombocytopaenia and blood markers of endothelial injury. When added to anti-microbial therapy, NTM has increased survival from 30% to 55%, when compared to antimicrobial therapy alone. Yet, the prevention of sepsis remains the most rational and beneficial path. Anti-pneumococcal vaccination has reduced the incidence of pneumonia and sepsis caused by increasingly antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in all age groups. Similarly, the incidence of meningococcal sepsis known as “purpura fulminans” has been reduced by a recently approved vaccine thereby preventing hearing loss, neurologic damage, and limb amputations in young survivors of septic outbreaks. We urgently need further preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures as the tide of sepsis rises in the United States and around the world.
Traumatic Retropharyngeal Hematoma in a Patient Taking Clopidogrel

The development of a retropharyngeal hematoma may lead to acute airway compromise requiring emergent airway stabilization. We describe the development of a retropharyngeal hematoma in an elderly woman who sustained a fall from standing approximately 10 hours prior to symptom onset who was taking the antiplatelet agents clopidogrel and aspirin. This delayed onset of rapid airway compromise secondary to a retropharyngeal hematoma following a fall in a patient taking clopidogrel is an unusual and potentially life threatening event.
Enforcement Process Tracing: Forbearance and Dilution in Urban Colombia and Turkey

Cities are complex regulatory environments. Attempts to regulate urban behavior create opportunities for politicians to manipulate enforcement to win votes and reward supporters. While some politicians choose not to enforce regulations, or forbearance, others undercut their intent, or dilution. Empirical research on enforcement has lagged behind due to the identification challenges in distinguishing weak state capacity from political manipulations. We develop a structured approach to process tracing that follows enforcement decisions sequentially across bureaucracies and specifies statistical distributions as counterfactuals to identify the causes of limited enforcement. We illustrate these strategies through original data on enforcement against squatters in urban Colombia and the provision of building permits in urban Turkey. Enforcement process tracing helps to document a form of distributive politics that is common to cities in the developing world.
Survival of blood transfusion recipients identified by a look-back investigation.

BACKGROUND Survival of blood transfusion recipients is a critical consideration in assessing the outcomes of transfusion. Data from the USA on the short- and long-term survival of recipients are limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood product recipients were identified through a look-back study of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Survival data were obtained from searches of the National Death Index or the Social Security Death Master File. Short- and long-term survival of recipients was analysed through descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and stratified Cox proportional hazard modelling. RESULTS This study includes data from 575 blood product recipients. One half of the recipients died within the first year of transfusion and the median time to death was 1.1 years. Survival rates at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years after transfusion were 32%, 22%, 15%, 12%, and 9%, respectively. Survival rates varied with age at transfusion and type of component received, but not by gender. Survival after transfusion varied by year of transfusion, with recipients transfused in 1980-1989 having longer post-transfusion survival than those transfused in 2000-2010 (p=0.049). In multivariate models, the type of component transfused, but not the year of transfusion, was a significant predictor of survival among recipients; this effect varied by age. DISCUSSION We provide an estimate of survival time from a geographically diverse sample of blood product recipients in the USA. Predictors of post-transfusion survival are numerous and complex, and may include year of transfusion and type of component transfused.
Discrete time-stretch LiDAR (Conference Presentation)

Photonic time-stretch has established world’s fastest real-time spectrometers and cameras with applications in biological cell screening, tomography, microfluidics, velocimetry and vibrometry. In time-stretch imaging, the target’s spatial information is encoded in the spectrum of the broadband laser pulses, which is stretched in time and then detected by a single-pixel detector and digitized by a real-time ADC, and processed by a CPU or a dedicated FPGA or GPU. In time-of-flight LiDAR measurement, the maximum detectable distance scales with the temporal duration of the chirped illumination source. The bearing angle is proportional to the bandwidth of the source. In order to have a large detection angle and depth, a large chirp-bandwidth product is required. Various methods have been proposed to generate a chirped output to realize time-stretch, including single mode fibers, dispersion compensating fibers, chirped Bragg grating, and chromo-modal dispersion (CMD). But none of those methods provide the chirped source with a large time-bandwidth product. Moreover, the chirp profile and the operating wavelength can be changed with minimum freedom in those methods. In this study, we demonstrate the discrete time-stretch method that can generate the giant time-bandwidth product with arbitrary nonlinear chirp at operating wavelength from the visible to the infrared. A chirped pulse train with chirp time-bandwidth product at the order of 106 is easily feasible, rendering time-of-flight imaging of long-ranging distance and large bearing angle possible. We show its application in spectral-temporal LIDAR with the foveated vision at MHz refresh rate.
Evaluating new hearing aid technologies in laboratory simulations of listening scenarios

It can be important for clinical researchers to be able to evaluate the performance of sensory aids using both objective and subjective methods. New technology (such as self-fit hearing aids) can be evaluated in a laboratory setting in calibrated listening scenarios that reflect daily listening situations. In the Center for Applied and Translational Sensory Science (CATSS) multisensory laboratory, we have developed simulations of challenging conversational scenarios so that users of sensory aids can make judgments of sensory aid performance in realistic but controlled conditions. Listeners with hearing loss make ratings of intelligibility, sound quality, and preference in scenarios such as small group conversations and entertainment listening. At the same time, measures of hearing-aid gain and speech intelligibility are obtained. These ratings are compared to outcome measures such as the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ; Gatehouse and Noble, 2004) and Social Participation restrictions questionnaire (SPaRQ; Heffernan et al., 2018) to determine relationships between intelligibility, preference, benefit, and hearing aid gain. Results will help refine methods for evaluating the performance of emerging technologies for hearing loss. [Work supported by NIDCD R01 DC 13267.]It can be important for clinical researchers to be able to evaluate the performance of sensory aids using both objective and subjective methods. New technology (such as self-fit hearing aids) can be evaluated in a laboratory setting in calibrated listening scenarios that reflect daily listening situations. In the Center for Applied and Translational Sensory Science (CATSS) multisensory laboratory, we have developed simulations of challenging conversational scenarios so that users of sensory aids can make judgments of sensory aid performance in realistic but controlled conditions. Listeners with hearing loss make ratings of intelligibility, sound quality, and preference in scenarios such as small group conversations and entertainment listening. At the same time, measures of hearing-aid gain and speech intelligibility are obtained. These ratings are compared to outcome measures such as the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ; Gatehouse and Noble, 2004) and Social Participation restrictions ...
Rotifer responses to increased acidity: long-term patterns during the experimental manipulation of Little Rock Lake

Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin, U.S.A. has been the site of a whole-ecosystem experiment since 1983. It was divided into a treatment basin that was acidified in three, two-year stages and a reference basin. The rotifer community in the treatment basin exhibited a variety of responses to the manipulation. Many species decreased in abundance under reduced pH conditions but other rotifers increased at the same time such that there were ultimately increases with acidification in total rotifer biomass, and quite conspicuously, in the proportion that rotifers comprised of total zooplankton biomass. Ten rotifer species decreased at some stage during the acidification (e.g., Kellicottia longispina, Asplanchna priodonta and Keratella cochlearis) while four species increased dramatically (e.g., Synchaeta sp. and Keratella taurocephala ). Similarity indices and total rotifer biomass differences measured between the two basins exhibited very different temporal patterns of response to acidification. Similarity decreased regularly beginning with the earliest stages of acid additions while biomass was nearly the same between the basins until the late stages of the experiment. Comparisons with other nearby lakes indicate, however, that acid conditions are not the only factors generating among-lake differences in rotifer community characteristics. Changes observed with acidification in Little Rock Lake were such that its total rotifer biomass grew more similar to that in a nearby acidic-bog lake and different from that in a near-neutral-pH lake. At the same time, abundance patterns for individual rotifer species in Little Rock Lake were not particularly similar to those in the other lakes. It appears that, although they are important, acid conditions alone can not account for all observed rotifer community differences among lakes. Higher proportions of rotifer biomass and high populations of K. taurocephala do seem to be common features of many low pH habitats.
Adverse Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes Among Marshallese Women Living in the United States

Objective Despite heterogeneity among Pacific Islanders, most studies aggregate them regardless of origin. Thus, limited information is available about perinatal outcomes among various subgroups of Pacific Islanders in the United States, including immigrants from the Republic of the Marshall Islands. We sought to evaluate perinatal outcomes among Marshallese women. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of women with at least one singleton live birth between 1997 and 2013 in two Arkansas counties using birth certificate data from the Arkansas Department of Health. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated from modified Poisson regression models. Results Of the 91,662 singleton births in both counties during the study period, 2488 were to Marshallese women. In adjusted analyses, Marshallese women had higher prevalence of “other medical risk factors” (PR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.30, 1.65) than NH White women. Marshallese women had higher rates of precipitous labor and fetal distress during labor compared to NH White women (PR = 2.65; 95% CI 2.22, 3.17 and 1.89; 95% CI 1.62, 2.21, respectively). Marshallese were also more likely to have tocolysis (PR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.16, 1.76), forceps (PR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.16, 2.43) or vacuum (PR = 1.89; 95% CI 1.60, 2.22) used in delivery and cesarean section (PR = 1.13; 95% CI 1.01, 1.27). Marshallese infants had higher rates of anemia (PR = 3.10; 95% CI 2.01, 4.77), birth injury (PR = 2.13; 95% CI 1.50, 3.03), assisted ventilation < 30 min (PR = 2.11; 95% CI 1.64, 2.71), preterm birth (PR = 1.67; 95% CI 1.50, 1.83), and small-for-gestational age (PR = 1.25; 95% CI 1.12, 1.39) than NH White infants. Conclusions Marshallese women and infants had higher rates of adverse perinatal outcomes compared to their NH White counterparts. Additional studies are needed to determine if perinatal outcomes among the Marshallese differed from other Pacific Islander subgroups.
Composition and Association of Organic Matter with Calcium Carbonate and the Origin of Calcification

Calcium carbonate is uniquely and characteristically associated with aspartic acid-rich (asp-rich) organic matter as an internal organic matrix and as an adsorbed phase. In addition to its adsorptive preference for carbonate surfaces, asp-rich organic matter also binds calcium ions in aqueous solution. Conversely, non-carbonate sediments are characterized by organic matter that is depleted in aspartic acid. Quartz preferentially adsorbs an asp-poor organic component. These properties indicate that asp-rich organic matter plays a significant role in controlling the nucleation and crystal growth of calcium carbonate in biological and abiological systems.
Multi-Tuned Cable Traps for Multinuclear MRI and MRS

Objective: The method of pole-insertion for multi-tuning cable traps was studied for multinuclear MRI and MRS applications. Methods: Relative efficiency of the different cable trap modes was studied as component values were varied and at four different magnetic field strengths. In all cases, efficiencies were compared to equivalent single-tuned designs. Results: The multi-tuned traps were able to block shield currents at multiple frequencies with only slightly degraded efficiencies as compared to their single-tuned counterparts. As in double-tuned coil design, the cable trap effectiveness at each frequency was found to be highly dependent on the trap inductor value with larger trap inductances leading to worse efficiency at the lower frequency but better efficiency at the higher frequency. This relationship held at all field strengths examined. Conclusion: This work presents design guidelines for the double-tuning method that are useful when designing RF coils for multinuclear studies. The design takes up less space than using two single-tuned cable traps mounted in series as is commonly done. Triple-tuned and “floating” designs were also demonstrated as proofs-of-concept for a single field strength and showed great promise to prove similarly useful in future studies. Significance: For many applications such as when using high-density array coils, finding a space-efficient solution to eliminate common-mode currents could be of significant benefit. This multi-tuned approach provides space efficiency at a small cost in trapping efficiency.
Evaluation and Management of Knee Dislocation in the Emergency Department

Abstract Background Knee dislocations are a potentially limb-threatening injury, and it is essential that emergency medicine clinicians are aware of them. Objective This article provides a review of the diagnosis and management of knee dislocation for the emergency provider. Discussion Knee dislocations are uncommon injuries with the potential for significant morbidity. A thorough history and examination are important, because 50% of dislocations may have reduced before arrival to the emergency department. Knee dislocations should be quickly reduced in the emergency department setting. The presence of equal pulses does not exclude vascular injury, and all patients should undergo serial vascular examinations and evaluation with ankle-brachial indices. Those with abnormal ankle-brachial indices should receive computed tomographic angiography. Radiographs are important to identify any fractures, while magnetic resonance imaging may be deferred until after admission. Conclusion Knee dislocation is a potentially dangerous medical condition requiring rapid diagnosis and management. It is essential for emergency clinicians to know how to diagnose and treat this disorder.
Four-dimensional map of direct effective connectivity from posterior visual areas

Abstract Lower- and higher-order visual cortices in the posterior brain, ranging from the medial- and lateral-occipital to fusiform regions, are suggested to support visual object recognition, whereas the frontal eye field (FEF) plays a role in saccadic eye movements which optimize visual processing. Previous studies using electrophysiology and functional MRI techniques have reported that tasks requiring visual object recognition elicited cortical activation sequentially in the aforementioned posterior visual regions and FEFs. The present study aims to provide unique evidence of direct effective connectivity outgoing from the posterior visual regions by measuring the early component (10–50 ​ms) of cortico-cortical spectral responses (CCSRs) elicited by weak single-pulse direct cortical electrical stimulation. We studied 22 patients who underwent extraoperative intracranial EEG recording for clinical localization of seizure foci and functionally-important brain regions. We used animations to visualize the spatiotemporal dynamics of gamma band CCSRs elicited by stimulation of three different posterior visual regions. We quantified the strength of CCSR-defined effective connectivity between the lower- and higher-order posterior visual regions as well as from the posterior visual regions to the FEFs. We found that effective connectivity within the posterior visual regions was larger in the feedforward (i.e., lower-to higher-order) direction compared to the opposite direction. Specifically, connectivity from the medial-occipital region was largest to the lateral-occipital region, whereas that from the lateral-occipital region was largest to the fusiform region. Among the posterior visual regions, connectivity to the FEF was largest from the lateral-occipital region and the mean peak latency of CCSR propagation from the lateral-occipital region to FEF was 26 ​ms. Our invasive study of the human brain using a stimulation-based intervention supports the model that the posterior visual regions have direct cortico-cortical connectivity pathways in which neural activity is transferred preferentially from the lower-to higher-order areas. The human brain has direct cortico-cortical connectivity allowing a rapid transfer of neural activity from the lateral-occipital region to the FEF.
Chapter 6 – Family Forensics

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the legal rights of families and the implications of neglectful and abusive care on children. The doctrines of paternalism and parens patriae are two legal principles demonstrating the power that the state possesses and exercises in the lives of persons suffering from psychiatric illness. The crisis of family trauma and the perpetuation of violence affect several families nationwide. Increasingly, children are not only witnessing, but also experiencing, varying degrees of violence in their homes, and communities. This exposure to violence changes the way children view the world and may change the value they place on life itself. It can certainly affect their ability to learn, to establish, and sustain relationships with others, and to cope with life's stressors. Children who grow up in unstructured, chaotic, and abusive homes are at an increased risk of engaging in violent or antisocial behavior. Thus, it is imperative that policymakers endorse services for children and families, which interface with police, schools, courts, community programs, and health care settings. Solutions must encompass preventing trauma, early intervention, and swift, and clear repercussions for chronic or violent behavior. It is crucial to reach children who experience such trauma long before they arrive at an age where they act out their experiences in a violent manner.
Linear Programming and Community Detection

The problem of community detection with two equal-sized communities is closely related to the minimum graph bisection problem over certain random graph models. In the stochastic block model distribution over networks with community structure, a well-known semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation of the minimum bisection problem recovers the underlying communities whenever possible. Motivated by their superior scalability, we study the theoretical performance of linear programming (LP) relaxations of the minimum bisection problem for the same random models. We show that unlike the SDP relaxation that undergoes a phase transition in the logarithmic average-degree regime, the LP relaxation exhibits a transition from recovery to non-recovery in the linear average-degree regime. We show that in the logarithmic average-degree regime, the LP relaxation fails in recovering the planted bisection with high probability.
Calibration and artifact correction in an angular-domain fluorescence optical projection tomography system

Fluorescence optical projection tomography with angular restriction is a promising technique for mesoscopic imaging of low scattering biological samples. As such, an angular domain system is being developed to address the problem of undetected micrometastases in lymph node biopsy tissues. Previous studies demonstrated its utility for lymph node applications and rigorously characterized imaging performance of the system. Through this evaluation, image artifacts were revealed in the reconstructions that limit achievable contrast and resolution. The objective of this work was to investigate the cause of those artifacts and potential remedies. Results demonstrated that an incorrect axis of rotation and detector response were the significant contributors of image artifacts, but post-acquisition calibration could account for the errors.
Frequency modulated combs as extended nondispersive waves

In certain lasers, frequency combs can form whose output is frequency-modulated (FM) linearly in time. While this result has been replicated numerically, the core physics have remained elusive. By deriving a mean-field theory for lasers analogous to the Lugiato-Lefever equation, we efficiently describe the dynamics of light in nonlinear laser cavities. This equation can be solved analytically with some weak assumptions, simplifying to the nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a phase potential. The phase of its solution is piecewise quadratic in time|an FM comb. Our results apply to nearly any laser and explain the diverse experimental observations.
Differential regulation of survivin gene expression and cell death by sequence dependent DNA-binding drugs

1449 Expression of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin has been demonstrated to be associated with cancer cell viability. Thus, control of its expression in cancer cells is important for targeted cancer therapeutics. Here, we report that data from Northern, Western and luciferase reporter assays revealed that Hoechst 33342, a drug that binds A/T rich regions within the DNA minor groove, upregulated survivin expression in HeLa and HCT116 cells while Hedamycin, a drug that binds G/C rich regions within the major groove, downregulated its expression. Consistent with the opposite effects of these drugs on survivin expression, HeLa and HCT116 cells are resistant to Hoechst 33342 treatment but sensitive to treatment of Hedamycin. Using a series of oriented nest-deleted survivin promoter-luciferase constructs, we identified an A/T rich region (-1342 to –1050) that mediates the major effects of Hoechst 33342 on upregulation of survivin transcription, and the G/C rich core promoter region (-269 to -39) that mediates the effects of Hedamycin on downregulation of survivin promoter activity. Computer analysis of the functionally identified A/T rich region revealed two A/T rich DNA elements (-1176 to -1141 and -1096 to -1048) that potentially interact with several transcription activators. Gel shift (EMSA) assays using these two cis-acting DNA elements as probes indicated that protein binding was elevated using nuclear extracts isolated from Hoechst 33342 treated HeLa cells relative to untreated controls. In contrast, Hedamycin treatments decreased protein binding to two potential Hedamycin-interacting DNA elements located in the survivin core promoter region. Together, these data suggest that alteration of DNA sequence-specific protein binding by these drugs to DNA targets within the survivin promoter region may contribute to their opposite effects on survivin transcription. Utilization of sequence-dependent DNA-binding drugs as probes to investigate survivin transcription may lead to novel approaches to control survivin expression for treatment of cancer.
Application of the Optimized Summed Score Attributes Method for Sex Estimation

The optimized summed scored attributes (OSSA) method was first developed for cranial ancestry estimation (Hefner & Ousley 2014). Tallman and Go (2018) adapted this method for sex estimation with the five skull traits described by Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994) and Walker (2008). Using an Asian sample, Tallman and Go (2018) achieved moderate accuracy rates (83.7% calibration; 81.9% validation) but also high sex bias (29.1% calibration; 34.5% validation), possibly due to lower levels of sexual dimorphism in Asian populations. To further explore this novel approach to sex estimation, the OSSA method was applied to a U.S. Black/African ancestry and White/European ancestry calibration sample (N = 700). Accuracy rates were 77.4% in Black individuals and 77.2% in White individuals. Despite generally higher levels of sexual dimorphism in these groups, a high sex bias still occurred (15.4% Black individuals; –20.5% White individuals) using OSSA. The method was tested in a separate validation sample (N = 200) with accuracy of 78.0% in Black individuals (8.0% sex bias) and 70.0% in White individuals (–56.0% sex bias). When these same traits were tested with Walker’s (2008) logistic regression and in the MorphoPASSE Program (Klales 2018) using random forest modeling, accuracy rates varied ,with OSSA (77.3% correct), performing slightly better than Walker’s (2008) method (75.6% correct) but worse than MorphoPASSE (85.3% correct). The higher accuracy and lower sex bias in MorphoPASSE suggests that the Walker (2008) traits can be used to accurately estimate sex with statistical approaches more appropriate and robust than OSSA.
Satellite remote sensing to assess cyanobacterial bloom frequency across the United States at multiple spatial scales

Abstract Cyanobacterial blooms can have negative effects on human health and local ecosystems. Field monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms can be costly, but satellite remote sensing has shown utility for more efficient spatial and temporal monitoring across the United States. Here, satellite imagery was used to assess the annual frequency of surface cyanobacterial blooms, defined for each satellite pixel as the percentage of images for that pixel throughout the year exhibiting detectable cyanobacteria. Cyanobacterial frequency was assessed across 2,196 large lakes in 46 states across the continental United States (CONUS) using imagery from the European Space Agency’s Ocean and Land Colour Instrument for the years 2017 through 2019. In 2019, across all satellite pixels considered, annual bloom frequency had a median value of 4% and a maximum value of 100%, the latter indicating that for those satellite pixels, a cyanobacterial bloom was detected by the satellite sensor for every satellite image considered. In addition to annual pixel-scale cyanobacterial frequency, results were summarized at the lake- and state-scales by averaging annual pixel-scale results across each lake and state. For 2019, average annual lake-scale frequencies also had a maximum value of 100%, and Oregon and Ohio had the highest average annual state-scale frequencies at 65% and 52%. Pixel-scale frequency results can assist in identifying portions of a lake that are more prone to cyanobacterial blooms, while lake- and state-scale frequency results can assist in the prioritization of sampling resources and mitigation efforts. Satellite imagery is limited by the presence of snow and ice, as imagery collected in these conditions are quality flagged and discarded. Thus, annual bloom frequencies within nine climate regions were investigated to determine whether missing data biased results in climate regions more prone to snow and ice, given that their annual summaries would be weighted toward the summer months when cyanobacterial blooms tend to occur. Results were unbiased by the time period selected in most climate regions, but a large bias was observed for the Northwest Rockies and Plains climate region. Moderate biases were observed for the Ohio Valley and the Southeast climate regions. Finally, a clustering analysis was used to identify areas of high and low cyanobacterial frequency across CONUS based on average annual lake-scale cyanobacterial frequencies for 2019. Several clusters were identified that transcended state, watershed, and eco-regional boundaries. Combined with additional data, results from the clustering analysis may offer insight regarding large-scale drivers of cyanobacterial blooms.
Pathophysiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Aging Women

The following review is designed to explore the pathophysiology of sleep apnea in aging women. The review initially introduces four endotypes (i.e., a more collapsible airway, upper airway muscle responsiveness, arousal threshold, and loop gain) that may have a role in the initiation of obstructive sleep apnea. Thereafter, sex differences in the prevalence of sleep apnea are considered along with differences in the prevalence that exist between younger and older women. Following this discussion, we consider how each endotype might contribute to the increase in prevalence of sleep apnea in aging women. Lastly, we address how modifications in one form of respiratory plasticity, long-term facilitation, that might serve to mitigate apneic events in younger women may be modified in aging women with obstructive sleep apnea. Overall, the published literature indicates that the prevalence of sleep apnea is increased in aging women. This increase is linked primarily to a more collapsible airway and possibly to reduced responsiveness of upper airway muscle activity. In contrast, modifications in loop gain or the arousal threshold do not appear to have a role in the increased prevalence of sleep apnea in aging women. Moreover, we suggest that mitigation of long-term facilitation could contribute to the increased prevalence of sleep apnea in aging women.
ATRX regulates glial identity and the tumor microenvironment in IDH-mutant glioma.

Recent single-cell transcriptomic studies report that IDH-mutant gliomas share a common hierarchy of cellular phenotypes, independent of genetic subtype. However, the genetic differences between IDH-mutant glioma subtypes are prognostic, predictive of response to chemotherapy, and correlate with distinct tumor microenvironments. To reconcile these findings, we profile 22 human IDH-mutant gliomas using scATAC-seq and scRNA-seq. We determine the cell-type-specific differences in transcription factor expression and associated regulatory grammars between IDH-mutant glioma subtypes. We find that while IDH-mutant gliomas do share a common distribution of cell types, there are significant differences in the expression and targeting of transcription factors that regulate glial identity and cytokine elaboration. We knock out the chromatin remodeler ATRX, which suffers loss-of-function alterations in most IDH-mutant astrocytomas, in an IDH-mutant immunocompetent intracranial murine model. We find that both human ATRX-mutant gliomas and murine ATRX-knockout gliomas are more heavily infiltrated by immunosuppressive monocytic-lineage cells derived from circulation than ATRX-intact gliomas, in an IDH-mutant background. ATRX knockout in murine glioma recapitulates gene expression and open chromatin signatures that are specific to human ATRX-mutant astrocytomas, including drivers of astrocytic lineage and immune-cell chemotaxis. Through single-cell cleavage under targets and tagmentation assays and meta-analysis of public data, we show that ATRX loss leads to a global depletion in CCCTC-binding factor association with DNA, gene dysregulation along associated chromatin loops, and protection from therapy-induced senescence. These studies explain how IDH-mutant gliomas from different subtypes maintain distinct phenotypes and tumor microenvironments despite a common lineage hierarchy.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Damage and Degradation of Mechanical Properties in Composite Panels Subjected to Impact

Materials. The materials used in this research were T300/5208 unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite panels supplied by the Army Materials Technology Laboratory. The panels were in square form of 12 in. by 12. in. with nominal thicknesses of 0.042 in. (7-ply) and 0.144 in. (24-ply) respectively. All of the panels were subjected to c-scan examination for uniformity and integrity. The properties of the material are presented in Table 1. A schematic of the unidirectional composite is shown in Fig. 1.
From the lab to the prescription pad: genetics, CYP450 analysis, and medication response.

Topic Conventional child and adolescent psychopharmacology practices and its inherent risks are reviewed and the implications of pharmacogenomics and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) analysis are discussed. A case study is utilized to further depict the value of CYP450 analysis. Purpose An understanding of pharmacogenomics, specifically the CYP450 enzyme system and its involvement in the metabolism of psychotropic medications, can be utilized to improve child and adolescent psychopharmacology practices by prescribers. Sources An integrative literature review from nursing, psychiatry, medicine, and pharmacology. Conclusions The current trial and error process of choosing medications for child and adolescent psychiatric patients, and the growing trend of polypharmacy, results in poor outcomes and high risk of serious adverse drug reactions. The utilization of knowledge from the field of pharmacogenomics can improve prescribing practices in child and adolescent psychopharmacology management. Psychiatric nurse prescribers can improve treatment outcomes and reduce adverse drug reactions by incorporating information from the study of pharmacogenomics.
The Effects of Tritium Contamination in the Fed/Intor Reactor Hall

The purpose of this study was to determine the constraints imposed on the FED/INTOR fusion plants by tritium contamination in the reactor hall. Limitations imposed by gamma-radiation levels and the maintenance philosophy adopted were included. The cost (capital and operation) required to maintain 5, 50, and 500 ..mu..Ci/m/sup 3/ was evaluated. Three different maintenance strategies (unsuited worker, suited worker and robotics) were suited to determine if tritium contamination placed a constraint on reactor availability.