cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental health: flow cytometric methods to assess our water world.

Publisher Summary One visual impression of environmental scientists is the field biologist with hip boots and a silk butterfly or plankton net. Although such an impression stirs the nostalgic memories of roots in natural history, it is not an accurate representation of the present situation. Nowadays laser-based flow cytometers/sorters are taken on shipboard and used round-the-clock on research expeditions. Their performance under such rigorous conditions has helped to demonstrate their durability, and thus it is proposed that flow cytometers be placed in spacecraft to study the gravity-free cytology of plant and animal cells. Such experiments are akin to oceanographic remote-sensing devices that have been developed over the past decade. These sensors transmit information to ground terminals about water transparency/color, water temperature, wave height, and salinity. Statisticians are processing multiparametric analyses of the satellite remote-sensing imagery of ocean color, as flow cytometry (FCM) data sets on individual phytoplankton. The spatial scale of signal detection of these 0.5–100 μm diameter cells spans from submicron detection by flow cytometers to thousands of kilometers by satellites.
Limiting Hepatitis C Virus Progression in Liver Transplant Recipients Using Sirolimus-Based Immunosuppression

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes progressive liver fibrosis in liver transplant recipients and is the principal cause of long-term allograft failure. The antifibrotic effects of sirolimus are seen in animal models but have not been described in liver transplant recipients. We reviewed 1274 liver recipients from 2002 to 2010 and identified a cohort of HCV recipients exposed to sirolimus as primary immunosuppression (SRL Cohort) and an HCV Control Group of recipients who had never received sirolimus. Yearly protocol biopsies were done recording fibrosis stage (METAVIR score) with biopsy compliance of >80% at both year one and two. In an intent-to-treat analysis, the SRL Cohort had significantly less advanced fibrosis (stage ≥2) compared to the HCV Control Group at year one (15.3% vs. 36.2%, p < 0.0001) and year two (30.1% vs. 50.5%, p = 0.001). Because sirolimus is sometimes discontinued for side effects, the SRL Cohort was subgroup stratified for sirolimus duration, showing progressively less fibrosis with longer sirolimus duration. Multivariate analysis demonstrated sirolimus as an independent predictor of minimal fibrosis at year one, and year two. This is the first study among liver transplant recipients with recurrent HCV to describe the positive impact of sirolimus in respect of reduced fibrosis extent and rate of progression.
PrivacyInformer : an automated privacy description generator for the MIT App Inventor

With advancements in mobile communication technology, mobile privacy is rapidly emerging as a field of concern for mobile developers, industry leaders and the public. Privacy issues in the mobile applications market could compromise the well-being of smartphone consumers, yet developers continue to struggle with producing appropriate privacy documents. As a part of my research work, I have developed a technical solution named PrivacyInformer, as an add-on to the MIT App Inventor. During my presentation I will show how PrivacyInformer can automatically produce privacy descriptions in both human-readable and machine-readable format, by simply analyzing the source code of the App Inventor project. This serves as an enabling mechanism for better visual representation of privacy-related information and smart matching of users' privacy preferences with mobile applications.
The Heart of the Matter in Matters of the Heart: Power and Intimacy in Analytic and Couples Relationships

This article is based on the supposition that power and intimacy play a critical role in the development and potential for ongoing growth in both personal and clinical relationships. While defining the distinguishing characteristics of power and intimacy in each context, this article also proposes that in any two-person relationship, analytic or otherwise, the power of intimacy at its best is achieved when there exists a relative balance—acceptable to both participants—in the inevitable dialectic between intimacy and power, a dialectic that cannot remain static and, therefore, requires mutual awareness and tending from moment to moment. Drawing from vignettes extending over 30 years of marriage and clinical practice, this article illustrates ways in which intimacy may flourish or falter in the face of unexamined transferences, primarily looking at how urgencies related to power may set this dialectic off course and thereby threaten to disrupt either the analytic or personal relationship. Este articulo se ...
Hyperfine frequencies of 87 Rb and 133 Cs atoms in Xe gas

The microwave resonant frequencies of ground-state ${}^{87}$Rb and ${}^{133}$Cs atoms in Xe buffer gas are shown to have a relatively large nonlinear dependence on the Xe pressure, presumably because of RbXe or CsXe van der Waals molecules. The nonlinear shifts for Xe are opposite in sign to the previously measured shifts for Ar and Kr, even though all three gases have negative linear shifts. The Xe data show striking discrepancies with the previous theory for nonlinear shifts. Most of this discrepancy is eliminated by accounting for the spin-rotation interaction, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathbf{N}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathbf{S}$, in addition to the hyperfine-shift interaction, $\ensuremath{\delta}\phantom{\rule{-0.16em}{0ex}}A\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathbf{I}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathbf{S}$, in the molecules. To the limit of our experimental accuracy, the shifts of ${}^{87}$Rb and ${}^{133}$Cs in He, Ne, and N${}_{2}$ were linear with pressure.
Axiomatization of the AGM theory of belief revision in a temporal logic

It is natural to think of belief revision as the interaction of belief and information over time. Thus branching-time temporal logic seems a natural setting for a theory of belief revision. We propose two extensions of a modal logic that, besides the ""next-time"" temporal operator, contains a belief operator and an information operator. The first logic is shown to provide an axiomatization of the first six postulates of the AGM theory of belief revision, while the second, stronger, logic provides an axiomatization of the full set of AGM postulates.
The c1 repressor of bacteriophage P1. I. Isolation of the c1 protein and determination of the P1 DNA region to which it binds.

Abstract A bacteriophage P1-specific DNA binding protein has been partially purified from P1-infected Escherichia coli and identified as the P1 c 1 repressor. This protein is absent from non-suppressing cells infected with a P1 c 1 amber mutant. The binding activity of the protein isolated from cells infected with a c 1 ts mutant is thermolabile in vitro , so the repressor protein is the product of the c 1 gene. Studies on P1 DNA fragments generated by restriction endonuclease digestion indicate that the c 1 repressor binds preferentially in vitro at a site or sites located close to the c 1 gene itself.
Large earthquake processes in the northern Vanuatu subduction zone

The northern Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides) subduction zone (11°S to 14°S) has experienced large shallow thrust earthquakes with Mw > 7 in 1966 (MS 7.9, 7.3), 1980 (Mw 7.5, 7.7), 1997 (Mw 7.7), 2009 (Mw 7.7, 7.8, 7.4), and 2013 (Mw 8.0). We analyze seismic data from the latter four earthquake sequences to quantify the rupture processes of these large earthquakes. The 7 October 2009 earthquakes occurred in close spatial proximity over about 1 h in the same region as the July 1980 doublet. Both sequences activated widespread seismicity along the northern Vanuatu subduction zone. The focal mechanisms indicate interplate thrusting, but there are differences in waveforms that establish that the events are not exact repeats. With an epicenter near the 1980 and 2009 events, the 1997 earthquake appears to have been a shallow intraslab rupture below the megathrust, with strong southward directivity favoring a steeply dipping plane. Some triggered interplate thrusting events occurred as part of this sequence. The 1966 doublet ruptured north of the 1980 and 2009 events and also produced widespread aftershock activity. The 2013 earthquake rupture propagated southward from the northern corner of the trench with shallow slip that generated a substantial tsunami. The repeated occurrence of large earthquake doublets along the northern Vanuatu subduction zone is remarkable considering the doublets likely involved overlapping, yet different combinations of asperities. The frequent occurrence of large doublet events and rapid aftershock expansion in this region indicate the presence of small, irregularly spaced asperities along the plate interface.
The reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide "oxidase" of Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes.

Abstract An NADH dehydrogenase possessing a specific activity 3–5 times that of membrane-bound enzyme was obtained by extraction of Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes with 9.0 % ethanol at 43 °C. This dehydrogenase contained only trace amounts of iron (suggesting an uncoupled respiration), a flavin ratio of 1 : 2 FAD to FMN, and 30–40 % lipid. Its resistance to sedimentation is probably due to the high flotation density of the lipids. It efficiently utilized ferricyanide, menadione and dichlorophenol indophenol as electron acceptors, but not O 2 , ubiquinone Q 10 or cytochrome c . Lineweaver-Burk plots of the dehydrogenase were altered to linear functions upon extraction with 9.0 % ethanol. A secondary site of ferricyanide reduction could not be explained by the presence of cytochromes, which these membranes lack. In comparison to other respiratory chain-linked NADH dehydrogenases in cytochrome-containing respiratory chains, this dehydrogenase was characterized by similar K m ' s with ferricyanide, dichlorophenol indophenol, menadione as electron acceptors, but considerably smaller V' s with ferricyanide, dichlorophenol indophenol, menadione as electron acceptors, and smaller specific activities. It was not stimulated or reactivated by the addition of FAD, FMN, Mg 2+ , cysteine or membrane lipids, and was less sensitive to respiratory inhibitors than unextracted enzyme. The ineffectiveness of ADP stimulation on O 2 uptake, the insensitivity to oligomycin and the very low iron content of A. laidlawii membranes were considered in relation to conservation of energy by these cells. Some kinetic properties of the dehydrogenation, the uniquely high glycolipid content and apparently uncoupled respiration at Site I were noteworthy characteristics of this NADH dehydrogenase from the truncated respiratory chain of A. laidlawii .
AN 8-CM ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT THRUSTER FOR AUXILIARY PROPULSION

Thruster size, beam current level, and specific impulse trade-offs are considered for mercury electron bombardment ion thrusters to be used for north-south station keeping of geosynchronous spacecraft. An 8-cm diameter thruster operating at 2750 seconds specific impulse at thrust levels of 4.4 mN (1 m1b) to 8.9 mN (2 m6b) with a design life of 20,000 hours and 10,000 cycles is being developed. The thruster will have a dished two-grid system capable of thrust vectoring of + or - 10 degrees in two orthogonal directions. A preliminary thruster has been fabricated and tested; thruster performance characteristics have been determined at 4.45, 6.68, and 8.90 millinewtons.
Shoplifting in Middle America: Patterns and Motivational Correlates

Five patterns of shoplifting were identified in a clinical study of 300 shoplifters conducted in a court setting. 67.6 per cent reported weekly shoplifting. Overall, 56 per cent were males. Among adults, 56.5 per cent were women. Character defects (personality disorders), not mental illnesses, were the pre dominant form of pathology according to guidelines in DSM-III. Financial benefit was the primary motivation in 67.7 per cent of the cases. Economic disadvantage appeared to be a contri buting factor in 72 per cent of the adult chronic shoplifters. Mental illnesses were distributed about equally between genders. However, nearly twice as many women were experiencing psycho social stressors. The recommended treatment intervention is short-term crisis counseling followed by education which encour ages the offender to admit that shoplifting is a crime and to consider the realistic consequences of additional shoplifting.
Human knowledge and the infinite progress of reasoning

The purpose of this paper is to explain how infinitism—the view that reasons are endless and non-repeating—solves the epistemic regress problem and to defend that solution against some objections. The first step is to explain what the epistemic regress problem is and, equally important, what it is not. Second, I will discuss the foundationalist and coherentist responses to the regress problem and offer some reasons for thinking that neither response can solve the problem, no matter how they are tweaked. Then, I want to present the infinitist solution to the problem and defend it against some of the well known objections to it.
Ghosts of Sing Sing, or the Metaphysics of Secularism

Advancing a particular version of secularism, antebellum practices such as phrenology and spiritualism encouraged the conflation of moral agency with the directives of national security. In an attempt to situate such practices in relation to secular assumptions about politics in the mid-nineteenth century, this essay charts the deployment of occult ideas at Sing Sing State Penitentiary. Before their embrace of spiritualism in the early 1850s, both John Edmonds, the President of the Prison Association of New York, and Eliza Farnham, an advocate of phrenology, modified Sing Sing's evangelical approach to phrenology. Rather than continue to localize individual sin as the hinge of religious conversion, their methods focused increasingly on the cultivation of that which was both within and beyond the criminal body—the dormant potentiality of citizenship. To attend to the ascendancy of metaphysics at Sing Sing, I argue, is to begin to unpack the power and scope of what may be called, with all its disturbing ironies, a religion born of secular modernity.
The pIC plasmid and phage vectors with versatile cloning sites for recombinant selection by insertional inactivation

The versatility of insertional inactivation of beta-galactosidase activity for subcloning and sequencing has been enhanced by combining a chemically synthesized oligonucleotide which specifies nine 6-bp-cutter restriction sites including BglII, XhoI, NruI, ClaI, SacI and EcoRV in various configurations with existing polylinkers to create a set of highly versatile cloning sites. These improved polylinkers have been inserted into plasmids (the pICs) for routine cloning of double-stranded DNA, and into chimeric phage/plasmids (the pICEMs) for biological production of single stranded DNA. The most versatile polylinker specifies 17 restriction sites in the beta-galactosidase alpha-complementing gene fragment. One of the new polylinkers was inserted into M13 DNA to produce a vector (M13mIC7) with nine cloning sites.
RNA and protein synthesis in puffs of isolated salivary gland chromosomes of Chironomus

1. Die Fahigkeit isolierter Speicheldrusen-Chromosomen von Chironomus tentans zu autonomer RNS- und Protein-Synthese wurde autoradiographisch untersucht. 2. 3H-markiertes Cytidin-triphosphat (3H-CTP) wird vorwiegend in die RNS der puffs, im speziellen der Balbianiringe, eingebaut. Zu dieser RNS-Synthese in den puffs bedarf es nichts anderes als der 4 Ribonukleosid-triphosphate, gelost in einem einfachen Salz-bzw. Zuckermedium. Puffs scheinen demnach festgebundene RNS-Polymerase zu enthalten (vgl. „Aggregat-Enzym“, S. B. Weiss, 1960). 3. Andauung mit Trypsin verandert das RNS-Synthese-Muster isolierter Chromosomen nicht. Daraus wird geschlossen, das Chromosomen-Regionen auserhalb der puffs weniger oder keine RNS-Polymerase besitzen. 4. 14C-markierte Aminosauren werden ebenfalls vor allem in den gepufften Chromosomen-Regionen inkorporiert. Es wird deshalb angenommen, das puffs, auser zur autonomen RNS-, auch zur autonomen Protein-Synthese fahig sind, woraus geschlossen wird, das puffs Ribosomen enthalten. 5. Isolierte Chromosomen wurden gemeinsam mit isolierten radioaktiv-markierten Zellbestandteilen inkubiert. Aus dem Kernsaft und den Nukleolen wandert markiertes Protein in die Chromosomen und in die puffs. Es wird vermutet, das der aus den Nukleolen stammende Teil des Proteins in den puffs dem Struktur-Protein von Ribosomen entspricht. 6. Auf Grund der Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Funktionsmodell eines puff aufgestellt.
Characteristics of Arctic Ocean ice determined from SMMR data for 1979 - Case studies in the seasonal sea ice zone

Sea ice data derived from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer are examined for sections of the Arctic Ocean during early summer 1979. The temporary appearance of spuriously high multiyear ice fractions in the seasonal ice zones of the Kara and Barents Seas is a result of surface melt phenomena and the relative responses of the different channels to these effects. These spurious signatures can provide early identification of melt onset and additional information on surface characteristics.
Biocolloidal properties of serum-induced agglutination of viable bovine spermatozoa

Abstract The objectives were to determine if measurable colloidal properties are involved in serum-induced head-to-head agglutination (HHAgg) of viable bovine spermatozoa. Zero to 8% (v/v) serum was added to diluted bull semen and the ζ-potential (ZP), percentage HHAgg, percentage motility (MOT), and percentage intact acrosomal membranes (IA) of spermatozoa were measured. ZP was determined by microelectrophoresis. HHAgg and IA were quantitated from live semen smears using differential interference contrast optics while MoT was estimated using a phase contrast microscope equipped with an incubation stage. With increasing serum levels, a significant (P
An autoradiographic study of unscheduled DNA synthesis in the germ cells of male mice treated with X-rays and methyl methanesulfonate.

Abstract Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in the germ cells of male mice after in vivo treatment with X-rays or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) was assayed by use of a quantitative autoradiographic procedure. MMS induced UDS in meiotic through type III elongating spermatid stages, whereas X-rays induced UDS in meiotic through round spermatid stages. No UDS was detected in the most mature spermatid stages present in the testis with either MMS or X-rays. Taking into account differences in DNA content of the various germ-cell stages studied, we concluded that X-rays induced a maximum UDS response in spermatocytes at diakinesis-metaphase I. The level of UDS induced by MMS was about the same in all the stages capable of repair. Chromosome damage and UDS were measured simultaneously in the same spermatocytes at diakinesis 90 min after X-irradiation or MMS treatment. The level of UDS in most of the X-irradiated cells parallel the extent of chromosome damaged induced. A statistical analysis of these results revealed a positive correlation. As expected, MMS induced no chromosome aberrations above control levels. Therefore no correlation was determined between UDS and chromosome damage in this case.
Myopotential denoising of ECG signals using wavelet thresholding methods

We present empirical comparisons of several wavelet-denoising methods applied to the problem of removing (denoising) myopotential noise from the observed noisy ECG signal. Namely, we compare the denoising accuracy and robustness of several wavelet thresholding methods (VISU, SURE and soft thresholding) and a new thresholding approach based on Vapink-Chervonenkis (VC) learning theory. Our findings indicate that the VC-based wavelet approach is superior to the standard thresholding methods in that it achieves: Higher denoising accuracy (in terms of both MSE measure and visual quality) and more robust and compact representation of the denoised signal (i.e., it uses fewer wavelets).
Characterization of bacterial photosynthetic reaction center crystals from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26 by X-ray diffraction.

Abstract An orthorhombic crystal form ( P 2 1 2 1 2 1 ) of the reaction center from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26 has been characterized. The crystals were grown from polyethylene glycol; the unit cell dimensions are a = 142.2 A , b = 139.6 A , and c = 78.7 A ; and they contain one reaction center in each crystallographic asymmetric unit. The crystals diffract to at least 3.0 A resolution, and are suitable for detailed structural studies.
Sexuality and the patient with dementia

Caretakers in a geropsychiatric medical unit offering care to patients with dementia diagnoses were surveyed regarding their views of the sexual conduct of their patients. The majority of them described difficulties in managing patients who displayed sexual behaviors. Sexually active and interested patients were both male and female. The majority of the sexual encounters observed by caretakers was not considered to be consensual. Exploitation and sexual assault of vulnerable individuals who lack any way of defending themselves was a concern expressed. Caretakers' views of patient characteristics that predict sexual behavior and effective strategies to discourage sexual approaches of vulnerable patients are discussed.
Explanation for the stomatal response of excised leaves to kinetin.

CYTOKININS stimulate the transpiration of excised leaves of various graminaceous genera1–3. The increases in transpiration caused by kinetin are associated with increases in the average stomatal aperture of treated leaves and decreases in their stomatal resistance1,4, but the mechanism underlying the stomatal response has not been explained. We have tried to rectify this situation.
Studies on the F-actin · tropomyosin · troponin complex III. Effects of troponin components and calcium ion on the binding affinity between tropomyosin and F-actin☆

Abstract We studied the effects of the troponin components TN-T, TN-I and TN-C, and of Ca2+ concentration on the dissociation temperature of the F-actin · tropomyosin complex. Troponin components and their complexes increased the dissociation temperature in the following sequence of effectiveness: TN-C(±Ca2+)
Ontogeny of angiotensin II vascular smooth muscle receptors in ovine fetal aorta and placental and uterine arteries

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine if differences in angiotensin II vascular smooth muscle receptor binding account for the attenuated fetal placental and systemic responses to infused angiotensin II relative to maternal responses and for the differences between umbilical and fetal systemic responses. STUDY DESIGN: Using plasma membranes prepared from the medial layer of fetal aorta, fetal placental artery, and maternal uterine artery obtained between 107 and 134 days of ovine gestation ( n = 17), we measured and compared angiotensin II receptor binding density (in femtomoles per milligram of protein) and affinity (in nanomoles per liter) in radioligand binding studies with iodine 125-angiotensin II. Maternal and fetal plasma angiotensin II were also compared. RESULTS: A single class of high-affinity receptor was identified in all arteries. Although the binding density was similar at 130 days for fetal aorta (388 ± 87 [SE] vs 262 ± 56), placental artery (319 ± 95 vs 235 ± 54), and uterine artery (46 ± 6 vs 50 ± 13), values for fetal arteries exceeded those for uterine arteries ( p ≤ 0.018) in spite of higher fetal plasma angiotensin II (74 ± 18 vs 30 ± 8 pg/ml, p r = 0.49, p = 0.045), was unchanged during late gestation. CONCLUSION: Differences between fetal and maternal responses and fetal placental and systemic responses to infused angiotensin II in sheep do not reflect alterations in total angiotensin II vascular smooth muscle receptor binding density or affinity.
Sex differences in hyperphagia and body weight gains following goldthioglucose-induced hypothalamic lesions in mice

Hypothalamic damage was induced in age-matched male and female albino mice by goldthioglucose injection, and their food consumption and body weight were compared over the following 60-day period. Sex differences in food consumption were also investigated as a function of palatability of food. Results show no significant sex differences in food consumption, although marked sex differences in body weight gain were noted. Female mice with hypothalamic damage gained more body weight than did male mice with hypothalamic damage. These results suggest that obesity induced by hypothalamic damage is probably due to the combined effects of neural and hormonal changes.
Collective rotations in particle index space

Abstract A canonical transformation expresses the kinetic energy of n particles of equal mass in terms of nine collective coordinates. Six coordinates are angles: a set of three Euler angles of ordinary rotations and a set of three Euler angles derivable from matrices that describe rotations in particle index space. The remaining three coordinates are the square roots of the instantaneous eigenvalues of the mass quadrupole tensor. The angular dependence of the kinetic energy is expressible in terms of angular-momentum-type operators. The square of the particle index rotation analog of the orbital angular momentum, and any component, are constants of the motion in the problem of n particles in an oscillator well perturbed by quadrupole forces. The new coordinates and quantum numbers are used in finding the collective eigen-functions in the problem of the planar motion of particles in an oscillator well perturbed by quadrupole two-body forces. The conserved quantum number of particle index rotations serves to define rotational bands. A first-order calculation yields the coefficient of an energy correction proportional to the square of the angular momentum.
Microstructure and nanomechanical properties of Al–Mg–B–Ti films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract Thin films were deposited from an ultra-hard, nanocomposite AlMgB 14 /TiB 2 target on Si (1 0 0) by nanosecond (ns) and femtosecond (fs) pulsed laser deposition (PLD) techniques. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the film structure; scanning electron microscopy was employed to characterize the film surface topography; and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was performed to examine the film compositions and chemical bonding states of constituents. The mechanical properties of thin films such as hardness and elastic modulus were determined by nanoindentation tests. Results showed that the as-deposited films were amorphous, possessing a complex oxide glass structure, and this structure was stable up to 1223 K. The preferential reaction of Al, Mg and B with O inhibits the formation of crystalline AlMgB 14 . The absence of BB bonds and nanocrystalline structure leads to nanohardness values for as-deposited films as low as approximately 10 GPa. The intrinsic hardness of the film could not be evaluated exactly because of surface roughness and substrate effects. It was found that the density of particulates in the films was drastically reduced by the use of a fs-pulsed laser source, suggesting that fs-PLD is a potential method for decreasing surface roughness.
THE ACTION OF TERRAMYCIN ON THE GROWTH OF STRAINS OF INFLUENZA, HERPES SIMPLEX, AND RABIES VIRUSES IN CHICK EMBRYOS AND MICE

‘The value of terramycin as an antibacterial agent has been shown in previous publi~ationsl-~ and in other reports presented in this monograph. It is the purpose of this paper to describe some experiences with terramycin salts and how they influenced the course of a few experimental virus infections. The bulk of our attention has been focused on the action of this drug in influenza virus infections. Mention will also be made, however, of some work done on two strains of herpes simplex virus and a strain of rabies virus. Malerial and Melhods. The sodium terramycin salt was highly soluble in phosphate saline buffer (pH 7.4). Consequently, this diluent was used in all chick embryo experiments. The final pH of the solutions used was between 8.3 and 8.6. The material inoculated subcutaneously in mice was dissolved in distilled water and had approximately the same pH. All solutions were made up fresh for each inoculation. The viruses used and their passage history are as follows: PR8 strain of type A influenzaFerrets 198, Mouse 285, Egg 64, for egg inoculation and F 198, M 846 for mouse inoculation; Lee strain of Type B influenza virus, M 137E141; Armstrong strain of herpes simplex virus, M 49E31, M5E6; HF strain of herpes simplex virus, M?M5; rabies virus, passed in mice with passage once a month in rabbits, number of passages not known. The volume of drug solution injected in all instances was 0.2 ml. and contained the desired dosage of terramycin. The interval between injection of terramycin and virus was varied and is discussed under results. Most injections of both virus and terramycin were made into the allantoic cavity of 10 to 12 day-old embryos. A few tests utilizing the yolk sac as the route of injection were done and resulted in more deaths than by the allantoic method. In all tests, simultaneous controls of drug alone and virus alone were also carried out. Furthermore, preliminary tests for the toxic effect of drug alone were carried out in groups of 8 to 20 eggs. Influenza virus was diluted 10-fold in nutrient broth, and herpes simplex in 10 per cent horse serum in saline. The volume of inoculum was 0.2 ml., and 4 to 6 eggs were used for each dilution of virus. The eggs were incubated for 40 hours a t 35°C. for influenza and 72 hours at 37°C. for herpes. The eggs were chilled for 2 hours at 4°C. in those instances where allantoic fluids were to be removed. Such fluids were tested by diluting 1 to 4 with Experimenls with Chick Embryos.
Age of onset of drug use and its association with DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between early onset drug use and the development of lifetime DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence using a representative sample of the U.S. population. Prevalences of lifetime drug abuse and dependence were estimated for each year of age of onset of drug use from ages 13 and younger to 21 and older for the overall sample of drug users by race and gender. Linear logistic analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between age of drug use onset and lifetime drug use disorders controlling for important covariates. The major finding of this study was that early onset drug use is a significant predictor of the subsequent development of drug abuse over the life course. Early onset drug use was also a significant predictor of the subsequent development of lifetime alcohol dependence among males, females, and nonblacks, but not among blacks. After adjusting for important model covariates, the likelihood of lifetime drug abuse and dependence among the total sample of lifetime drug users was reduced by 4% and 5% with each year drug use onset was delayed. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the importance of collecting national data on drug use, abuse and dependence and the need for further research and its integration with prevention efforts.
Silk as a Multifunctional Biomaterial Substrate for Reduced Glial Scarring around Brain-Penetrating Electrodes

The reliability of chronic, brain-penetrating electrodes must be improved for these -neural recording technologies to be viable in widespread clinical applications. One approach to improving electrode reliability is to reduce the foreign body response at the probe-tissue interface. In this work, silk fibroin is investigated as a candidate material for fabricating mechanically dynamic neural probes with enhanced biocompatibility compared to traditional electrode materials. Silk coatings are applied to flexible cortical electrodes to produce devices that transition from stiff to flexible upon hydration. Theoretical modeling and in vitro testing show that the silk coatings impart mechanical properties sufficient for the electrodes to penetrate brain tissue. Further, it is demonstrated that silk coatings may reduce some markers of gliosis in an in vitro model and that silk can encapsulate and release the gliosis-modifying enzyme chondroitinase ABC. This work establishes a basis for future in vivo studies of silk-based brain-penetrating electrodes, as well as the use of silk materials for other applications in the central nervous system where gliosis must be controlled.
Surface X-Ray Speckles: Coherent Surface Diffraction from Au(001)

We present coherent speckled x-ray diffraction patterns obtained from a monolayer of surface atoms. We measured both the specular anti-Bragg reflection and the off-specular hexagonal reconstruction peak for the Au(001) surface reconstruction. We observed fluctuations of the speckle patterns even when the integrated intensity appears static. By autocorrelating the speckle patterns, we were able to identify two qualitatively different surface dynamic behaviors of the hex reconstruction depending on the sample temperature.
Plasmodium falciparum: Generation of a cDNA Library Enriched in Sporozoite-Specific Transcripts by Directional Tag Subtractive Hybridization

We have adapted the "directional tag subtractive hybridization" technique as a means of investigating stage-specific gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum. This technique utilizes unidirectional cDNA libraries cloned into separate lambda vectors and involves hydroxyapatite chromatographic separation of target antisense cDNA and driver sense strand cRNA followed by PCR amplification of cDNA sequences specific to the target stage. This technique enabled efficient subtraction of asexual blood stage sequences from a P. falciparum sporozoite cDNA library and led to identification of novel sporozoite sequences. This technique can be applied to study gene expression in parasite stages that are difficult to obtain routinely.
Phase II trial of VP16-213 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Fifty-one patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were treated, during a phase II trial, with 4′ demethylepipodophyllotoxin-β-d-ethylidene glucoside (VP16-213). Forty-nine were evaluable for response, and of these two (4%) had partial responses lasting 5 and 6 months. Prior treatment with chemotherapy may have adversely affected response rate; none of the 24 previously treated patients had a major response. Myelosuppression was the dose limiting toxicity. Anorexia, nausea and vomiting, partial alopecia, and chills plus hypotension during drug infusion were the other toxic effects. We conclude that VP16-213 has only minimal activity as a single agent in NSCLC.
Bilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis with associated micrognathia--report of a case.

Abstract A case of bilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis with associated micrognathia in a 31-year-old female is described. This patient had undergone three previous operations for this condition.She was treated by the insertion of autogenous costochondral rib grafts with a silastic inlay unilaterally, osteotomy and augmentation genioplasty.
Amino acid composition of epididymal plasma of mouse, rat, rabbit and sheep

Abstract 1. 1. Free amino acid content in the epididymal plasma like fluid of mouse, rat, rabbit and sheep were analyzed by an automatic amino acid analyzer. 2. 2. Glutamic acid, glycine, serine, alanine and aspartic acid comprised the major portion of the amino acid pool of the epididymal secretion. 3. 3. The relative concentration of individual amino acids varies among species and among different segments of the epididymal duct of the same species.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Ablative Thermal Response and Thermostructural Design of Thermal Protection Systems

A finite element ablation and thermal response program is presented for simulation of three-dimensional transient thermostructural analysis. The three-dimensional governing differential equations and finite element formulation are summarized. A novel probabilistic design methodology for thermal protection systems is presented. The design methodology is an eight step process beginning with a parameter sensitivity study and is followed by a deterministic analysis whereby an optimum design can determined. The design process concludes with a Monte Carlo simulation where the probabilities of exceeding design specifications are estimated. The design methodology is demonstrated by applying the methodology to the carbon phenolic compression pads of the Crew Exploration Vehicle. The maximum allowed values of bondline temperature and tensile stress are used as the design specifications in this study.
Infant cry classification integrated ANC system for infant incubators

The high noise level inside the infant incubator results in numerous adverse health effects for premature newborns and the active noise control (ANC) systems are developed to reduce the noise. This paper proposes an infant cry classification integrated ANC system for infant incubators. The developed system can dramatically reduce the harmful noise level, and the integrated infant cry detector and analyzer can monitor the infants' physical conditions. The infant cry signals are picked up and detected by the same microphones used by the ANC system, the cry signal's features are extracted and then recognized. The simulation and experiment results show that the cry recognition of specific infants yielded promising results.
The role of transcriptional regulators in central control of appetite and body weight

Individuals who live in industrialized countries often eat a calorie-rich diet and perform little physical activity. These habits are thought to be critical contributors to the rapidly rising incidence of obesity, a condition that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. High-calorie intake alters metabolic-sensing pathways in central nervous system neurons, and these changes have pathogenic roles in the development of obesity. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge about the neuronal populations (the central melanocortin system in particular) and transcriptional regulators, including STAT3 and FOXO1, that are involved in the maintenance of normal body weight. We describe the interactions between these transcriptional factors and their target genes, which encode the main appetite-regulating neuropeptides (agouti-related peptide and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone). We discuss the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1-alpha and the supposed metabolic-sensor protein SIRT1, and their potential roles as targets for novel antiobesity medications.
224 Increased Prevalence of Obesity in Children with Functional Constipation with and Without Fecal Incontinence

Recently, it was shown in 90 children attending an obesity clinic that 23% had constipation and 15% fecal incontinence.
Have Polarized Neutrons been as Important as We Expected

My friend John Hayter, one of the pioneers of neutron spin echo, once told me: “If they'd taught you to read in Cambridge, you'd never have tried polarization analysis on IN12.” He had a point. Not about my prowess as a reader or the education offered by my alma mater, I hope, but certainly about the fact that I brashly ignored the values on the ordinate of Figure 1. This figure is taken from the seminal 1970 paper of Moon, Riste and Koehler [1] (MRK), in which they first demonstrated what we now like to call longitudinal polarization analysis. Hayter's point, made with his usual distain for people who do foolish things, was that MRK had used a powerful 85 MW reactor for their experiments and had only accumulated a few counts. John liked to say that MRK killed the polarized neutron field for a decade because people who paid attention to count rates realized that it would be foolish to try to use polarization analysis to examine inelastic scattering from “real” samples that did not scatter as strongly as M...
Cognitive Load and the Equality Heuristic: A Two-Stage Model of Resource Overconsumption in Small Groups.

Abstract Two studies were conducted to test a two-stage model of the psychological mechanisms underlying the overconsumption of scarce resources in small groups. The model proposes that members of groups sharing resources first anchor their consumption choices on an “equal-division” heuristic and then, given sufficient cognitive capacity, adjust their choices in a self-serving direction. The results from both studies support the model. The first study found that when faced with a common resource pool almost all group members expressed thoughts regarding equality; however, individuals with sufficient cognitive capacity requested more from the pool and expressed more task-relevant thoughts than individuals lacking the necessary cognitive resources. The second study provided additional support for the two-stage model by demonstrating that group members' cognitions occur in the order predicted by the model and by demonstrating that an individual difference, social value orientation, affects thought processes only when individuals are not experiencing high cognitive loads. Implications are discussed.
Autocorrelation Detection in Color Doppler Imaging: A Review

Autocorrelation is the most common method used to estimate velocity in color flow imaging. Measurement of reflector velocity is obtained by manipulating the echo-induced signals generated from consecutive transmitted pulses. The processing steps in autocorrelation, including quadrature detection, gating, fixed echo cancellation, and mean frequency calculation, are discussed. Aliasing, which arises from limited sampling rate of pulsed wave instruments, is described.
Containing conflict: A relational approach to the study of high-involvement work practices in the health-care setting

This study extends strategic human resource management research by focusing on the effects of high-involvement work practices (HIWPs) on relational outcomes with customers (patients). The authors provide evidence that relational dynamics among employees act as a mediating mechanism for the relationship between workplace practices and these outcomes. In particular, we propose that human resource management practices designed to increase employees' involvement at work reduce the level of organizational conflict among employees, which, in turn, affect employees' conflict with patients and their families. Using a two-wave longitudinal survey of 378 patient care providers at 20 nursing homes, the authors argue that the effect of HIWPs on conflict between nursing home staff and patients and their family members is mediated by task and relationship conflict among employees. The results provide strong support for the mediating role of organizational conflict among employees by documenting that the negative effect...
The Rational Choice of Share Leasing and Implications for Efficiency

A formal statement of the theory of contractual choice is developed to derive conditions under which share leasing is rationally chosen. The allocative efficiency of share and nonshare leasing arrangements is compared under these conditions. Contrary to previous analyses, share leasing is shown to result in a higher expected level of farm output than otherwise. Therefore, land reform measures which restrict share leasing cannot be justified on grounds of improving productivity nor, as it turns out, on grounds of improving the sharecropper's welfare.
The War Model in Criminal Justice No Substitute for Victory

The criminal justice system operates on a war model. War mentality pervades the entire criminal justice process, determining to an important extent how we treat criminal "enemies." The war model is characterized by identification of enemies and heroes, estimate of the enemy's strengths and weaknesses, development of strategy, development of military weapons and resources, utilization of dishonest language, and establishment of goals and objectives which are designed to produce "victory." We must eliminate the system's distasteful emphasis on force, physical courage, weapons, and the twin concepts of "enemies" and "heroes." Society can no longer afford to wage war either in the trenches or in the streets.
A novel and simple method of production and biophysical characterization of a mini-membrane protein, Ost4p: a subunit of yeast oligosaccharyl transferase.

Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an essential and highly conserved protein modification reaction. In eukaryotes, oligosaccharyl transferase (OT), a multi-subunit membrane-associated enzyme complex, catalyzes this reaction in newly synthesized proteins. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, OT consists of nine nonidentical membrane proteins. Ost4p, the smallest subunit, bridges the catalytic subunit Stt3p with Ost3p. Mutation of transmembrane residues 18–24 in Ost4p has negative effect on OT activity, disrupts the Stt3p–Ost4p–Ost3p complex, results in temperature-sensitive phenotype, and hypoglycosylation. Heterologous expression and purification of integral membrane proteins are the bottleneck in membrane protein research. The authors report the cloning, successful overexpression and purification of recombinant Ost4p with a novel but simple method producing milligram quantities of pure protein. GB1 protein was found to be the most suitable tag for the large scale production of Ost4p. The cleavage of Ost4p conveniently leaves GB1 protein in solution eliminating further purification. The precipitated pure Ost4p is reconstituted in appropriate membrane mimetic. The recombinant protein is highly helical as indicated by the far-UV CD spectrum. The well-dispersed heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectrum indicates that this minimembrane protein is well-folded. The successful production of pure recombinant Ost4p with a novel yet simple method may have important ramification for the production of other membrane proteins. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97:499–507, 2012.
THE LOCAL RATE AND THE PROGENITOR LIFETIMES OF SHORT-HARD GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: SYNTHESIS AND PREDICTIONS FOR THE LASER INTERFEROMETER GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE OBSERVATORY

The recent discovery of the first four afterglows of short-hard gamma-ray bursts (SHBs) suggests that they typically result from long-lived progenitor systems. The most popular progenitor model invokes the merger of either double neutron star (DNS) binaries or neutron star-black hole (NS-BH) systems. Such events are strong sources of gravitational waves (GWs) and might be detected by ground-based GW observatories. In this work we combine the census of SHB observations with refined theoretical analysis to perform a critical evaluation of the compact binary model. We then explore the implications for GW detection of these events. Beginning from the measured star formation rate through cosmic time, we consider what intrinsic luminosity and lifetime distributions can reproduce the known SHB redshifts and luminosities as well as the peak flux distribution of the large BATSE SHB sample. We find the following: (1) The typical progenitor lifetime is long. Assuming lognormal lifetime distribution, the typical lifetime is >4 (1) Gyr (2 σ [3 σ] c.l.). If the lifetime distribution is a power law with index η, then η > -0.5 (-1) (2 σ [3 σ] c.l.). This result is difficult to reconcile with the properties of the observed Galactic DNS population, suggesting that if SHBs do result from DNS mergers, then the observed Galactic binaries do not represent the cosmic one. (2) We find that the local rate of SHBs is larger than 10 Gpc^(-3) yr^(-1) and may be higher by several orders of magnitude, significantly above previous estimates. (3) Assuming that SHBs do result from compact binaries, our predictions for the LIGO and VIRGO event rates are encouraging: the chance for detection by current facilities is not negligible, while a coincident detection of GW and electromagnetic radiation from an SHB is guaranteed for next-generation observatories.