cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing the computational cost of local search in the hybrid evolutionary algorithm with application to electronic imaging

This article focuses on the efficiency problems associated with the use of local search in the hybrid evolutionary algorithm. A two-phase cyclic local search is proposed that alternates the random search and the downhill simplex method (DSM), and helps prevent the algorithm from converging to a sub-optimal solution in multidimensional optimization. The algorithm utilizes a novel micro-model of image local response, in order to reduce the number of fitness evaluations during the local DSM search, with the application to the global optimization problem arising in electronic imaging. The problem is stated as the search for the feasible transformation parameters that minimize the difference between two images. Image local response is defined as the variation of the fitness function that occurs because of a small variation of the parameters, and is computed over a small pixel area. The computed response coefficients specify a contraction transformation applied to the vector of the regular DSM coefficients that...
Perfluorocarbon Distribution to Liver, Lung and Spleen of Emulsions of Perfluorotributylamine (FTBA) in Pigs and Rats and Perfluorooctyl Bromide (Pfob) in Rats and Dogs by 19F NMR Spectroscopy

Perfluorocarbon emulsion (FCE) particles are reported to be taken up by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and ultimately eliminated by the lung. This distribution provides an opportunity to measure oxygen partial pressure in vivo with fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI). Since the MR image signal-to-noise ratio is directly proportional to the fluorine concentration in the tissue, a greater concentration of perfluorocarbon (PFC) in the tissue will result in a greater confidence in the oxygen image and reduce measurement time. It was postulated that the biodistribution of PFC administered in emulsion form may depend on species RES or FCE composition. The distribution of an emulsion (Oxypherol-E.T.) containing perfluorotributylamine (FTBA) 5 days after administration to pigs (11 g FTBA/kg body weight i.p.) and rats (19 g FTBA/kg i.p.) and an emulsion (Oxygent) containing perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) 7 days after administration to dogs (11 g PFOB/kg i.v.) and 5 days after administrations to rats (19 g PFOB/kg i.p.) was analyzed by F-19 NMR spectroscopy of tissue samples. PFC concentrations in spleen are 2 to 3 times those in liver. This pattern appears to be independent of PFC emulsion or species. In contrast, lung PFC content was less than that in the liver and showed a dependence upon both species and PFC emulsion.
Logarithmic charge amplifier for scintillation detectors

Abstract A logarithmic system is described in which a new fast logarithmic converter is employed. An accurate logarithmic response over five decades has been achieved with this system. Operating conditions of the photomultiplier are optimized so as to achieve a large dynamic range with linear response. The fast logarithmic converter is a current-to-voltage converter based on the exponential dependence of the collector current on the base-emitter voltage of the bipolar transistor. High speed is achieved by a circuit configuration which employs a transconductance amplifier instead of a conventional operational amplifier. The signal charge is measured indirectly by measuring the current discharged from the capacitance of the anode of the photomultiplier into the logarithmic current amplifier. The rise time is standardized for the whole dynamic range to about 0.3 μsec by using an R-C-R-T-network between the anode of the photomultiplier and the input of the logarithmic amplifier. The recovery time is determined by this network, and it is 2.4 μsec per decade. The charge range of the amplifier is from 10 −14 to 3 × 10 −9 C. The equivalent noise of the amplifier is less than 10 −15 C.
Breast cancer imaging: A perspective for the next decade

Breast imaging is largely indicated for detection, diagnosis, and clinical management of breast cancer and for evaluation of the integrity of breast implants. In this work, a prospective view of techniques for breast cancer detection and diagnosis is provided based on an assessment of current trends. The potential role of emerging techniques that are under various stages of research and development is also addressed. It appears that the primary imaging tool for breast cancer screening in the next decade will be high-resolution, high-contrast, anatomical x-ray imaging with or without depth information. MRI and ultrasonography will have an increasingly important adjunctive role for imaging high-risk patients and women with dense breasts. Pilot studies with dedicated breast CT have demonstrated high-resolution three-dimensional imaging capabilities, but several technological barriers must be overcome before clinical adoption. Radionuclide based imaging techniques and x-ray imaging with intravenously injected contrast offer substantial potential as a diagnostic tools and for evaluation of suspicious lesions. Developing optical and electromagnetic imaging techniques hold significant potential for physiologic information and they are likely to be of most value when integrated with or adjunctively used with techniques that provide anatomic information. Experimental studies with breast specimens suggest that phase-sensitive x-ray imaging techniques can provide edge enhancement and contrast improvement but more research is needed to evaluate their potential role in clinical breast imaging. From the technological perspective, in addition to improvements within each modality, there is likely to be a trend towards multi-modality systems that combine anatomic with physiologic information. We are also likely to transition from a standardized screening, where all women undergo the same imaging exam (mammography), to selection of a screening modality or modalities based an individual-risk or other classification.
The Role of Language & Discourse in the Investigation of Privilege: Using Participatory Action Research to Discuss Theory, Develop Methodology, & Interrupt Power

Rooted in feminist philosophy, critical race theory, and participatory action research (PAR), I partnered with four faculty and four students at an elite, private, college preparatory day school for boys in order to examine bullying. In this article I closely examine the role of language and discourse when conducting counter hegemonic research with people who are predominantly privileged and within institutions designed to reproduce those privileges. I briefly describe the co-construction of our theory and instrument to illustrate that our close attention to language in regards to bullying both helped us understand our work and changed how we went about conducting the study. I describe how our strategic use of language to broadly define bullying helped us capture interesting data and interrupt power. And finally, I discuss our political use of language to others and suggest that while it paved a safer space for us to conduct our work it also may have restricted our work from having the power to resist co-optation and promote sustainable, systemic change.
Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NF3

Abstract TheJ= 1–0 rotational transition of14NF3has been measured at high resolution in a pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The transition is split into three major components due to the nuclear quadrupole coupling constant of the14N nucleus; these in turn are further split into hyperfine components due to the fluorine spin–molecular rotation interaction. The improved values of the rotational and nitrogen quadrupole constants areA = B= 10681.0819(15) MHz and χcc(N) = −7.093(8) MHz. The newly measured spin–rotation and spin–spin constants areCF= 21.8 ± 1.6 kHz,CN= 2.4 ± 1.6 kHz, andDcc(F) = 17 ± 10 kHz.
Density-functional calculation of methane adsorption on graphite (0001)

Methane adsorbed on graphite was studied using density-functional theory. The structure was fully optimized with strict energy and force convergence criteria. The methane converged to the preferred adsorption sites giving the vibrational frequencies, the energy of adsorption, charge distributions, and the electronic density of states. Under the two coverages studied ($\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ and $2\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2\sqrt{3}$) and a differing number of graphite layers (1--6), the methane molecules favored atop sites on the graphite surface with the hydrogen tripod down. We found the methane carbon $3.21\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$ above the graphite carbon and the adsorption energy to be $118\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ for the lower coverage. The independent harmonic oscillator vibrational frequency perpendicular to the surface for the $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ molecule was computed to be $87\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-1}$. The graphite surface contracted 5.0% and 4.1% for the first and second layers, respectively, from the spacing relative to their bulk values. To benchmark our frequency calculations, we also used second-order Moller-Plesset theory and the local spin density approximation (LSDA) in GAUSSIAN 03 for the molecule. All of our LDA results are in good agreement with corresponding experiments, while under the generalized gradient approximation approximation we get only qualitatively results.
When does a leaky compartment model appear to have no leaks

Abstract A finite set of first-order, linear, autonomous ordinary differential equations which conserves the total amount of some substance flowing in a system will exactly describe the distribution of that substance among observable states which leak (or suffer mortality) if and only if the rates of leakage into or out of all the states are identical.
The effect of objective self-awareness on predecisional exposure to information

Joint predictions of choice certainty theory and objective self-awareness theory were tested in an experiment that used female undergraduates as Ss. Ss were presented with either an easy or difficult decision, then their desire for information relevant to the decision was measured prior to the choice point. A second variable was self-awareness: while filling out the dependent measure Ss were exposed either to the sound of their own voices or to the sound of another's voice. It was found that the desire for relevant information was a positive function of choice difficulty and of degree of self-awareness, and the two variables operated additively.
Vibrational spectroscopy of beryllium aluminosilicates: Heat capacity calculations from band assignments

Far-infrared, mid-IR, and Raman powder spectra were measured on six phases (bromellite, chrysoberyl, phenakite, bertrandite, beryl, and euclase) in the system BeO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. A single-crystal absorption spectrum of IR fundamentals in beryl is also presented, which more closely resembles the powder absorption spectrum than it does absorption spectra calculated from single-crystal reflection data. Assignments of the SiO4 and BeO4 internal vibrations are made in accordance with each mineral's symmetry and composition and by comparison to structural analogs. Heat capacities C v calculated for these partial band assignments agree with C v derived from experimental C p for all six phases, provided that Kieffer's (1979c) model is slightly modified to correctly enumerate both Si-O and Be-O stretching modes in the high frequency region (>750 cm−1). Si-O stretching bands were found to out-number Be-O stretching modes in the high-energy region of the vibrational spectra with two exceptions: (1) For those phases containing oxygen ions not coordinated to silicon, vibrations occurring at v>1,080 cm−1 that are attributable to Be-O (H) stretching must be treated separately in the model in order to calculate C v accurately. (2) Minerals consisting entirely of interlocking Si and Be tetrahedra (i.e., phases without Al or OH) can be modeled by one optic continuum representing all optical modes. These results, along with the occurrence of very low energy lattice vibrations for Be-silicates within Al, suggests that although Be-O bonds are generally weaker than neighboring Si-O bonds, Be mimics the network-forming characteristic of Si to a limited extent.
Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in Life-Threatening Pediatric Asthma: Description of an Acute Asphyxial Subgroup

OBJECTIVE Acute asphyxial asthma (AAA) is well described in adult patients and is characterized by a sudden onset that may rapidly progress to a near-arrest state. Despite the initial severity of AAA, mechanical ventilation often restores gas exchange promptly, resulting in shorter durations of ventilation. We believe that AAA can occur in children and can lead to respiratory failure that requires mechanical ventilation. Furthermore, children with rapid-onset respiratory failure that requires intubation in the emergency department (ED) are more likely to have AAA and a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation than those intubated in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). METHODS An 11-year retrospective chart review (1991-2002) was conducted of all children who were aged 2 through 18 years and had the primary diagnosis of status asthmaticus and required mechanical ventilation. RESULTS During the study period, 33 (11.4%) of 290 PICU admissions for status asthmaticus required mechanical ventilation. Thirteen children presented with rapid respiratory failure en route, on arrival, or within 30 minutes of arrival to the ED versus 20 children who progressed to respiratory failure later in their ED course or in the PICU. Mean duration of mechanical ventilation was significantly shorter in the children who presented with rapid respiratory failure versus those with progressive respiratory failure (29 +/- 43 hours vs 88 +/- 72 hours). Children with rapid respiratory failure had greater improvements in ventilation and oxygenation than those with progressive respiratory failure as measured by pre- and postintubation changes in arterial carbon dioxide pressure, arterial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio, and alveolar-arterial gradient. According to site of intubation, 23 children required intubation in the ED, whereas 10 were intubated later in the PICU. Mean duration of mechanical ventilation was significantly shorter in the ED group versus the PICU group (42 +/- 63 hours vs 118 +/- 46 hours). There were significantly greater improvements in ventilation and oxygenation in the ED group versus the PICU group as measured by pre- and postintubation changes in arterial carbon dioxide pressure and arterial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio. CONCLUSIONS AAA occurs in children and shares characteristics seen in adult counterparts. Need for early intubation is a marker for AAA and may not represent a failure to maximize preintubation therapies. AAA represents a distinct form of life-threatening asthma and requires additional study in children.
Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation Effect on Minority-Carrier Recombination Lifetime in Silicon Wafers with Oxide and Nitride Films

A new method based upon photoconductance measurement of the minority-carrier recombination lifetime is developed to investigate defects both in dielectric films and on the interface. In this method, surface recombination process in silicon substrate is used as a probe to detect the interface traps generated by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation as well as the defects in a film whose electronic state can be excited by UV irradiation. A variety of films, including native, chemical vapor deposited (CVD) and thermal oxide as well as CVD nitride, have been studied. In CVD nitride, for example, evidence is provided that K-centers, the main charge trapping defects, have a negative correlation energy (negative-U).
Polyarthritis following a streptococcal infection, a doctor's dilemma in treatment: a case report

Introduction Acute Rheumatic Fever and Post Streptococcal Reactive Arthritis in adults can present in a similar manner.
SUPER MARIO VS. THE BEATLES

In these Search Strategies, searchers from different countries and professions are given a question to answer, a budget of £50 and a time in which to produce their report. We hope that these blow‐by‐blow accounts, together with the hints and tips picked up along the way, will help all the readers of Online & CDROM Review to develop their own search strategies.
A survey of dietetics professionals' knowledge of and attitudes toward cholesterol management.

Abstract Dietetics professionals in Wisconsin (n = 687) were surveyed to assess their knowledge, attitudes, practices, experience, and educational interests regarding cholesterol management. The survey, conducted to guide the development of cholesterol education programming in the state, found that most dietetics professionals are familiar with and support the guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Ninety-three percent of dietetics professionals responding to the survey believe that reducing serum cholesterol levels will reduce the risk of heart disease; the same percentage of respondents were familiar with NCEP guidelines for detecting and treating blood cholesterol levels and knew which cholesterol levels should be treated. Seventy-three percent were familiar with the American Heart Association step 1 diet, and 69% were familiar with the step 2 diet. On average, survey respondents defined a cholesterol level of 6.12 mmol/L as "high risk"; this value is almost identical to the NCEP definition. Respondents were optimistic about patients' ability to reduce their blood cholesterol levels through dietary modifications. Dietetics professionals are interested in education on cholesterol management, although individual educational interests vary depending on the respondent's area of practice.
Ranked Set Sampling: Its Relevance and Impact on Statistical Inference

Ranked set sampling (RSS) is an approach to data collection and analysis that continues to stimulate substantial methodological research. It has spawned a number of related methodologies that are active research arenas as well, and it is finally beginning to find its way into significant applications beyond its initial agricultural-based birth in the seminal paper by McIntyre (1952). In this paper, we provide an introduction to the basic concepts underlying ranked set sampling, in general, with specific illustrations from the one- and two-sample settings. Emphasis is on the breadth of the ranked set sampling approach, with targeted discussion of the many options available to the researcher within the RSS paradigm. The paper also provides a thorough bibliography of the current state of the field and introduces the reader to some of the most promising new methodological extensions of the RSS approach to statistical data analysis.
Bridging the Gap Between Neurotherapy and Psychotherapy

ABSTRACT Carmen's (2004) frontal lobe, infrared, neurofeedback procedure uses films which ‘play’ when emissions exceed a threshold and ‘pause’ when they go below, to decrease boredom and increase motivation to persist at the task of raising and sustaining emissions. Observations are reported on two well-practiced migraine subjects whose emissions plummeted and did not recover during a session when the film they were watching touched on interpersonal issues about which they were in conflict. Implications of these observations for the relationship between neurotherapy nd psychotherapy are presented and discussed.
Personal Health Records: Selected Webliography

Personal health records (PHRs) allow individuals to conveniently access information about their medical histories, medications, allergies, and procedures. These records are offered in a number of formats by a variety of vendors. PHRs may be maintained solely by individuals or by entities such as health care providers and insurance companies. With the advent of “meaningful use criteria,” PHRs are becoming more common and are more likely to be tethered to providers’ electronic health records. This column will offer selected examples of different types of PHRs, as well as list a few web sites that provide general information about personal health records.
Palatability of Ground Beef Home Frozen and Stored in Selected Wraps1

A survey of household practices in wrapping, freezing, and storing ground beef was used as the basis for planning a laboratory study of the effects of packaging materials on palatability and weight loss of ground beef patties frozen and stored at -18°C. (0°F.) and at −9°C. (15°F.). Quality was monitored at 0-, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 6-, and 12-week intervals. Palatability of ground beef was affected less by storage temperature when packaged in aluminum foil than when wrapped in freezer paper, polyvinylchloride-1 film, or wax paper. Storage at −18°C. (0°F.) was more effective than -9°C. (15°F.) in protecting flavor and aroma. Palatability of ground beef declined significantly between 6 and 12 weeks when stored at the high temperature. Wax paper permitted significantly more loss in weight in ground beef patties during freezer storage than did any of the other selected packaging materials.
An algorithm for shift scheduling which considers circadian principles

The principles of circadian rhythms in human beings have been applied to devise a methodology for scheduling shift work in a hospital unit which is operating under several important constraints. Considered here are time off between shifts, number of consecutive work days, number of distinct shifts in any two calendar weeks, number of shifts per week and special staffing for informational and training meetings. It is shown how the method of Czeisler et al. (1982) can be adapted for the more constrained work environment. A set of evaluation scales for circadian theory violations is devised and applied to an example from Togus VA Hospital. Results include the actual schedules together with evaluations on three different aspects of circadian theory: length of cycle on a single shift, rotation involving night shifts and rotation not involving night shifts. Improvements of each of these evaluations with respect to previously published results are obtained.
Assessing the Accuracy of High-Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography of Primate Trabecular Bone by Comparisons With Histological Sections

Different lines of evidence suggest that trabecular bone architecture contains a functional signal related to an organism's locomotor behavior. An understanding of the interspecific and intraspecific variation in extant nonhuman primate trabecular structure is needed to evaluate its usefulness as a tool to reconstruct the locomotor habits of extinct primates. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) is a new imaging approach with a resolution in the tens of microns that allows nondestructive access to the internal structure of bony elements. Previous studies indicate that such resolution is necessary to accurately quantify structural parameters of trabecular bone. The primary goal of this study was to test the accuracy of HRXCT by comparing stereological measurements from HRXCT images and histological thin sections of cancellous bone taken from the proximal femur and humerus of baboons. To this end, 11 bone samples were scanned on an HRXCT scanner and then thin-sectioned to reveal the scanned plane. HRXCT images were thresholded using a modified half-maximum height protocol. The stereological measurements included bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), bone surface to volume ratio (BS/BV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp). The measurement errors on the HRXCT images were 10.90% for BV/TV, 6.06% for Tb.N, 14.19% for BS/BV, 14.33% for Tb.Th, and 7.09% for Tb.Sp, but none of these measurements were significantly different from the histological standards (alpha = 0.05). A second goal of this study was to examine the influence of thresholding, a necessary step in any morphometric study using computed tomography, on the accuracy of the quantitative morphometry. Threshold values derived from a modified half-maximum height protocol showed that parameters derived from the region of interest (area in which stereological measurements were later taken) produced better reconstructions of the actual bone structure than threshold values derived from more inclusive areas of bone. We conclude that HRXCT can accurately reconstruct the complex architecture of trabecular bone, and that thresholding is a nontrivial step in trabecular bone studies, with even slight changes in the protocol greatly affecting the morphometric data. HRXCT represents a valuable analytical tool that should be of interest to a great many researchers in physical anthropology because it allows nondestructive access to internal morphology, thereby preserving valuable and limited skeletal collections.
Treatment of Overlapping Divergences in the Photon Self-Energy Function

An analysis is made of the generalization of Ward's identity to the problem of renorrnalizing the photon self-energy function in quantum electrodynamics. It is shown that it is nontrivial to select a path of differentiation in a consistent way through the different self-energy graphs, but that a suitable set of simple rules can be given which completely resolves the overlapping divergence difficulty in the photon self-energy function.
Comparison of cardiac versus vascular reactors and ethnic groups in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine responses to stress.

This study examined differences in plasma epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NOREPI) responses to stressors in 67 healthy African-American and Caucasian American men and women of the ages 18 to 49. Subjects were divided into three groups: (a) those who showed high blood pressure (BP) responses to stress associated with consistently high cardiac output (CO) increases with no substantial increases in total peripheral resistance (TPR), labeled cardiac reactors; (b) those with equally high BP increases associated with consistently higher TPR increases and lesser CO increases, labeled vascular reactors; (c) those who showed mixed hemodynamic responses or were low BP reactors. Ethnic and gender group differences in EPI and NOREPI responses were also examined. Cardiac reactors, vascular reactors and mixed + low reactors did not differ in EPI or NOREPI levels at baseline. During stressors, cardiac reactors showed greater increases in plasma EPI than vascular reactors or others during math, reaction time, and passive and active speech tasks; they also showed a weak trend toward greater NOREPI increases during these challenges as well. No differences were seen during the cold pressor; this stressor evoked the least change in EPI of all tasks, whereas the active speech elicited the greatest increases in both EPI and NOREPI of all tasks. Vascular reactors did not differ from mixed + low reactors in EPI or NOREPI reactivity, and men and women did not differ in EPI or NOREPI reactivity to any task. In contrast. Black subjects showed greater increases in NOREPI levels across all stressors compared to White subjects. These findings have implications for investigations of the role of sympathetic nervous system activity in the pathogenesis of hypertension in both African-American and Caucasian American populations.
Role of the pelvic nerve vs. the abdominal sympathetic nerves in the reproductive function of the female rat.

The anatomy of the pelvic nerve (nervus erigens, pelvic parasympathetic nerve) is described for the rat. This nerve carries the afferents responsible for the induction of pseudopregnancy since the animals did not respond to mechanical cervical stimuli or to mating stimuli after bilateral pelvic neurectomy. However, the fertile eggs produced by such mating implanted normally, and developed to term fetuses when these neurectomized animals were made pseudopregnant by administration of a single injection of reserpine (1 mg/kg) on Day 1. These neurectomized animals were unable to deliver their litters spontaneously. Massive deciduoma formation could be elicited in pseudopregnant pelvic-neurectomized animals. The prolongation of pseudopregnancy, known to accompany this growth, did not occur, however. This suggests that the deciduoma-bearing uterus extends the pseudopregnancy by a neurogenic stimulus rather than by a hormonal one. Extensive abdominal sympathectomy was compatible with all phases of pregnancy, fro...
GABAergic neurons are spared after intrahippocampal kainate in the rat

The present study used Nissl stains and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity (GAD-IR) to quantify the acute and chronic toxicity of kainic acid (KA) on focal and remote hippocampal principal neurons (i.e., pyramidal and granule cells) and on putative inhibitory neurons (GAD-IR or GABAergic) following intrahippocampal KA administration. Concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.25 or 1.5 micrograms KA/0.2 microliters were injected unilaterally into the posterior hippocampus of rats (n = 32), with survival periods of 1, 3, 5, 14, 21, 30 and 60 days. The age-matched control animals (n = 10) received an intrahippocampal injection of 0.2 microliter saline (sham control, n = 4) or no injection (normal, n = 6). The ipsilateral (KA+) cell counts demonstrated a selective vulnerability of CA3 and CA4 pyramidal neurons which was maximal at 14 days and unchanged to 60 days. However, in the same region, putative inhibitory (GAD-IR) neurons were resistant to the neurotoxic effects of KA. Contralateral (KA-) pyramidal cell and GAD-IR neuron densities were equivalent to controls. The present data demonstrate a selective resistance to KA by GABA neurons compared to the vulnerability of pyramidal neurons. Because GABA neurons are relatively spared in the KA focus, loss of GABAergic inhibitory neurons is probably not a mechanism for the seizure sensitivity in the KA model.
Recent upgrades to an animated database courseware (ADbC)

This poster will present recent enhancements to the Animated Database Courseware (ADbC), formerly called KDC, to help students understand the fundamentals of database concepts and technologies. The software has gone through a major re-structure of the menu system with the redesign of many modules, and the addition of additional modules as well as the planning for modules based on advanced concepts. As it is difficult to communicate breadth and depth of concepts in a single database course, these animations are intended to support more in-depth student learning. The animations were developed to complement (not substitute for) introductory database textbook or DBMS products. The software is independent of any book or software and is designed to be fairly intuitive with a very low learning curve for faculty. Furthermore, the software is available at no cost at and has been made freely available at http://adbc.kennesaw.edu. The work is the result of an NSF funded project (#0717707).
Theme Issue on Asia Knowledge: Inside and Outside the Ivory Tower

This essay shares some narratives and motivations that led to this special set of JAEAR articles on how knowledge about Asia is generated, constructed and received. What are the benefits, as well as the challenges, of sharing academic research with a broad range of audiences and readerships? When academics move beyond the scholarly text to produce museum exhibits, documentary films, blogs, interviews with journalists, and other forms of media, the results can be highly rewarding but also, at times, at frustrating. The problems we experienced when sharing academic knowledge rarely related to the use of scholarly jargon or esoteric topics, but rather with audience ideologies, stereotypes, and expectations. Our stance as scholars is not necessarily appreciated outside the academy, and can occasionally antagonize the public. In some instances non-specialists misuse or misunderstand our research. This essay, and the articles that follow, ask us to reflect on the production of academic work and its reception in a variety of domains.
The Importance of Culture in Cognitive and Behavioral Practice

The contributions of this special series highlight the importance of culture in cognitive-behavioral therapies. People who grow up in different cultures not only think about different things, but also seem to think differently. In other words, culture seems to shape and determine a person’s way of perceiving and reasoning. Therefore, cognitive-behavioral therapies need to be adapted to the client's cultural background and beliefs. This maximizes the likelihood that treatment strategies that have been found to be effective in one culture are also effective in another culture.
An efficient motion control algorithm for robots with wrist singularities

An efficient algorithm is developed for the motion control of manipulators in the neighborhood of wrist singularity. The method, based on a scheduling scheme, guarantees a robot's location accuracy, maintains a desired Cartesian motion speed, and does not involve the complex computations of a robot's Jacobian and its inverse. In case studies, three algorithms, namely the maximum joint rates, the iterative method, and the proposed scheduling method, are compared. The scheduling scheme generally gives more satisfactory results in terms of location and orientation accuracies. It is believed that the combination of simple computation, acceptable orientation error, and the ability of maintaining desired speed should make the proposed method very attractive in practical application. >
The Community-Junior College and Its Economic Value: A 3-Year Study.

As local governments tighten their budgets, community‐junior colleges are often caught in the squeeze. Economic impact studies are often appropriate to help explain the monetary benefits of a local community‐junior college. Temple Junior College evaluated its impact on the local Temple, Texas, economy over a 3‐year period. The results have been used as a meaningful public relations tool that has allowed the administration to explain the value of the college in quantitative terms.
Movement of simazine in runoff water and weed control from citrus orchard as affected by reduced rate of herbicide application.

Abstract Simazine (6-chloro- N , N ′ -diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and diuron ( N ′ -(3,4-dichlorophenyl)- N , N -dimethylurea) are applied as pre-emergence herbicides to control weeds in over 45,000 hectare of citrus in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Growers usually apply 2.0 kg active ingredient (ai) ha −1 simazine and 2.0 kg ai ha −1 diuron together in the fall and winter seasons. Surface water and groundwater contamination, ecological, and health damage have led to increased regulatory attention and a search for changes in current weed management practices. Reduced application rate of simazine on runoff losses generated by simulated rainfall was studied in experiment 1. Treatments included a control without herbicide application and application of herbicides at 0.5, 1.0, 1.25 and 2.0 kg ai ha −1 . Three generated runoff events were produced using simulated rainfall with 540 l water. For each simulated rainfall event, the simazine concentration in runoff water was greatest at the first volumetric sampling interval, decreasing gradually in subsequent samples. Simazine concentration in runoff water for the three runoff events was undetectable for the control treatment. For the first simulated rainfall event, simazine concentrations in runoff water averaged 0.55, 1.07, 1.27, and 2.12 mg l −1 for treatments receiving 0.5, 1.0, 1.25 and 2.0 kg ai ha −1 herbicide application, respectively; simazine concentration in runoff water from the second event one week later averaged 0.16, 0.27, 0.36, and 0.58 kg ai ha −1 and two weeks later the concentration was reduced to 0.05, 0.10, 0.14 and 0.22 mg l −1 , respectively. Total simazine mass recovered in runoff water from the three simulated rainfall events was estimated approximately 13.8, 26.3, 32.3 and 53.8 g ha −1 for the treatments receiving herbicide application at 0.5, 1.0, 1.25 and 2.0 kg ai ha −1 , respectively. Field evaluation of weed density showed that pre-emergence herbicides applied at reduced rates (1.0 and 1.25 kg ai ha −1 ) were as effective as the standard rate (2.0 kg ai ha −1 ) for weed control in experiment 2.
Psychiatry of intellectual and developmental disability in the US: time for a new beginning

Abstract Although psychiatry in the United States owes its origins to the treatment of persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) and developmental disabilities (DD), over the past 50 years, clinical services, education of professionals and research in psychiatry of ID have consistently lagged behind other fields in psychiatry. The historical and contemporary reasons for this development are discussed with recommendations for establishment of a fully credentialed subspecialty of Psychiatry of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in the United States.
LONG-HAIRS, HARD HATS, HARD HEADS, AND FUZZY THINKING

(1970). LONG-HAIRS, HARD HATS, HARD HEADS, AND FUZZY THINKING. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 63-68.
Transcervical artificial insemination in the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

The research was undertaken to develop a successful nonsurgical procedure for artificially inseminating ferrets. A fiberoptic endoscope used in conjunction with a specially designed speculum and catheter permitted cervical catheterization and intrauterine insemination. Sperm were collected from the cauda epididymides of 10 discarded breeder males; the number of sperm in diluted samples used for insemination ranged from 4.4–13.6 × 106/100 μl with progressive motility of sperm ranging from 40 to 60%. Sperm collected from each male were diluted with an egg-yolk extender (TEST) and used to inseminate 8–12 females, with deposition of sperm intravaginally or transcervically into the uterine body 0 or 24 hr after an ovulatory injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The vaginal inseminations were used as a control, and no pregnancies resulted after insemination of 26 females. Intrauterine inseminations resulted in 4/24 (17%) of the ferrets pregnant when hCG administration was coincident with insemination, and 19/24 (79%) of the ferrets were pregnant when inseminations were done 24 hr after hCG administration. All inseminated females were euthanized on day 20 after insemination to count fetuses. The mean number of fetuses was 3.1 (range, 1–8). The number (millions) of motile sperm inseminated (X) had a significant effect on the percentage of fetuses (Y). Regression analysis indicated a linear relationship between the two variables, with an R2 value of 0.99 and a line of best fit described by the equation Y = 0.029 + 0.034 X. This paper is the first report of transcervical artificial insemination in the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo). The method can serve as a model for application to ferrets and other mammals, particularly endangered species. Zoo Biol 17:393–404, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Making a Point with Wnt Signals

The Wnt family of secreted proteins is critical for cell fate specification during embryonic development and in adult stem cell niches. Wnts control diverse processes including body plan determination and tissue patterning, and aberrant Wnt signaling can lead to developmental abnormalities and disease, including cancer ( 1 – 3 ). It has long been suspected that Wnts act in a concentration-dependent manner. However, difficulty in purifying active recombinant Wnt proteins and the reduced activity displayed by Wnts expressed with epitope tags have hampered investigations into the role of localized Wnt signals. On page 1445 in this issue, Habib et al. ( 4 ) describe a technical advancement that allows cells to be exposed to a point source of Wnt. Such restricted Wnt activity induces polarization of embryonic stem (ES) cells and triggers asymmetric cell division, producing daughter cells with two distinct cell fates.
Reciprocity and the concept of the brewster wavenumber

Reflection of planewaves at the planar interface of two biisotropic media has been examined in order to obtain the Brewster wavenumber. This examination shows that the Brewster wavenumber is, at least, not necessarily affected by the reciprocity or the non-reciprocity of the media on either side of the planarinterface.
A Distributed Utility With A Closed-Loop Price Signal For FACTS Devices

Challenges in operating the power system and electricity markets arise from the ongoing industry restructuring and deregulation efforts as well as from opportunities presented by new technologies. In response to an increased presence of distributed energy resources (DER) throughout the system, the power system will required new technologies and operating strategies to maintain system reliability and allow the distributed resources to participate fully in competitive markets. This presentation discusses the use of the proposed closed loop price signal for FACTS devices and DER that will aid in allowing the transmission and distribution system to actively support the integration of distributed resources into the short term competitive electricity markets. Simulation results demonstrate the participation of these devices in electricity markets
Effect of Molasses, Corn Meal, or a Combination of Molasses plus Corn Meal on Ruminal Fermentation of Orchardgrass Pasture During Continuous Culture Fermentation

Although molasses is being used by dairy farmers, particularly certified organic dairies, as a lower cost energy alternative to corn, little research currently exists evaluating the effects of molasses as the sole supplement on the ruminal fermentation of grazing dairy cows. This study evaluated the effects of pasture supplementation with molasses, corn meal, or a combination of molasses and corn meal, on ruminal nutrient digestibility and bacterial N synthesis in continuous culture fermenters. Experimental treatments were 1) orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) pasture only (control; 70 g DM/d); 2) molasses plus orchardgrass pasture (MOL; 3.5 g DM/d of molasses plus 66.5 g DM/d of pasture); 3) corn meal plus orchardgrass pasture (CM; 4.9 g DM/d of corn meal plus 65.1 g DM/d of pasture); and 4) molasses plus corn meal plus orchardgrass pasture (MOL + CM; 3.5 g DM/d of molasses plus 4.9 g DM/d of corn meal plus 61.6 g DM/d of pasture). Treatment did not affect (P > 0.05) apparent DM, OM, and NDF digestibility values; true DM and OM digestibility values; molar proportions of VFA; or acetate-to-propionate ratio. Mean ruminal pH tended (P = 0.071) to be greater for MOL. Maximum ruminal pH was greatest (P 0.05). At low levels of inclusion, molasses showed results similar to corn meal in improving ruminal fermentation and N utilization, with both supplements showing only minimal improvement compared with a pasture-only diet.
SEXTANT: EXPLORING UNEXPLORED CONTEXTS FOR SEMANTIC EXTRACTION FROM SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS

For a very long time, it has been considered that the only way of automatically extracting similar groups of words from a text collection for which no semantic information exists is to use document co-occurrence data. But, with robust syntactic parsers that are becoming more frequently available, syntactically recognizable phenomena about word usage can be confidently noted in large collections of texts. We present here a new system called SEXTANT which uses these parsers and the finer-grained contexts they produce to judge word similarity.
Thyroid gland after total laryngectomy: CT appearance.

PURPOSE: To determine the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of the normal thyroid gland after total laryngectomy, because the high attenuation (or heterogeneous attenuation) of thyroid parenchyma was misinterpreted as tumor on several CT studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search of computerized clinical files compiled from January 1996 through August 1997 yielded data on 24 patients who had undergone laryngectomy and subsequent CT of the neck. From these 24 patients, CT findings were available in 21. Because one patient had undergone total thyroidectomy and was excluded from the study, a retrospective review was performed in the remaining 20 patients. RESULTS: In 14 patients, unilateral thyroid tissue was present; in the other six there was bilateral thyroid tissue not connected by an isthmus. Thus, there were 26 remaining thyroid lobes, of which six were round and 20 were oval or lobular. Nineteen lobes showed homogeneously high attenuation (including one scanned without use of contrast material), six ...
Structural features of transcription factor IIIA bound to a nucleosome in solution.

Assembly of a DNA fragment containing a Xenopus borealis somatic-type 5S RNA gene into a nucleosome greatly restricts binding of the 5S gene-specific transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) to the 5S internal promoter. However, TFIIIA binds with high affinity to 5S nucleosomes lacking the N-terminal tail domains of the core histones or to nucleosomes in which these domains are hyperacetylated. The degree to which tail acetylation or removal improves TFIIIA binding cannot be simply explained by a commensurate change in the general accessibility of nucleosomal DNA. In order to investigate the molecular basis of how TFIIIA binds to the nucleosome and to ascertain if binding involves all nine zinc fingers and/or displacement of histone-DNA interactions, we examined the TFIIIA-nucleosome complex by hydroxyl radical footprinting and site-directed protein-DNA cross-linking. Our data reveal that the first six fingers of TFIIIA bind and displace approximately 20 bp of histone-DNA interactions at the periphery of the nucleosome, while binding of fingers 7 to 9 appears to overlap with histone-DNA interactions. Molecular modeling based on these results and the crystal structures of a nucleosome core and a TFIIIA-DNA cocomplex yields a precise picture of the ternary complex and a potentially important intermediate in the transition from naive chromatin structure to productive polymerase III transcription complex.
Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science

This article compares two theories of human rationality that have found application in political science: procedural, bounded rationality from contemporary cognitive psychology, and global, substantive rationality from economics. Using examples drawn from the recent literature of political science, it examines the relative roles played by the rationality principle and by auxiliary assumptions (e.g., assumptions about the content of actors' goals) in explaining human behavior in political contexts, and concludes that the model predictions rest primarily on the auxiliary assumptions rather than deriving from the rationality principle.The analysis implies that the principle of rationality, unless accompanied by extensive empirical research to identify the correct auxiliary assumptions, has little power to make valid predictions about political phenomena.
Discourse on the History of Archaeology

This space is usually reserved for an outstanding short article on some facet of research in the history of archaeology. However, with this first issue, we list the names and addresses of Associate Editors so that correspondence relating to the history of archaeology may be sent directly to Associate Editors representing various geographic regions.