cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organizational Impacts of Cyber Security Provisions: A Sociotechnical Framework

In this paper, we outline a conceptual framework for linking cyber security provisions to business processes. The framework is presented for use in analyzing the cost and performance impacts of cyber security implementation on business processes in government agencies and other organizations. We argue that such an analysis should be based on a sociotechnical approach to understanding information security in the organizational context. The results of such analysis can be useful in government cyber security planning and investment decisions
Effect of strain rate on cement mortar under compression, studied by electrical resistivity measurement

The electrical resistivity of cement mortar increased monotonically during compression. An increase in strain rate caused the resistivity at any strain level to decrease, in addition to causing the resistivity at failure to decrease. This means that the microstructural change that occurred continuously during loading decreased with increasing strain rate.
Knowledge Reuse through Categorical Breakdown Analysis: A Method for Collaborative Systems Evaluation

Designing CSCW systems that support the widely varying needs of targeted users is difficult. There is no silver bullet technology that enables users to effectively collaborate with one another in different contexts. We propose a method of collaborative systems evaluation that enables novice evaluators to make insightful observations about the systems they evaluate at a level comparable to experts in certain situations. These observations come in the form of a categorical breakdown analysis of a laboratory study. The quantity and type of breakdowns can then be connected to recommended CSCW tools and features developed and described in the related literature. We conducted a study to explore the results generated when the method was applied by both experts and novices in the field of CSCW. We observed that experts found the method to be usable, and that novices capitalized on the knowledge embodied in the breakdown categories to make categorizations similar to those of experts.
Estimation of the finite center of rotation in planar movements

The finite center of rotation (FCR) is often used to assess joint function. It was the purpose of this study to compare the accuracy of the procedure of Crisco et al. [4] for estimating the FCR with a procedure which uses least-squares principles. The procedures were evaluated using noisy data rotated about a known FCR. Both procedures demonstrated increasing accuracy of FCR estimation with increasing rotation angle. As the centroid of a pair of markers was moved further from the FCR, accuracy of its location decreased. Noise levels had a strong influence on FCR estimation accuracy, with the least-squares procedure being better able to cope with noise. Increasing the number of landmarks increased FCR estimation accuracy. The accuracy of the procedure of Crisco et al. [4] increased when multiple estimates of the FCR were averaged. On all of the evaluations performed, the least-squares procedure gave small improvements in the accuracy of estimating the FCR, but was not able to circumvent the inaccuracies which arise when landmarks are not appropriately positioned, numerous, or if the rotation angle is small.
Analysis of potato chips using FTIR photoacoustic spectroscopy

The suitability of Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) for analysing potato chips was investigated. The functional groups, vibration modes and intensities corresponding to frequencies related to moisture, fat and protein in PA spectra were labelled. Oxidation experiments were carried out by heating home-made chips in a convection oven at 80 °C. Changes in chemical groups related to fat and oil were observed visually and statistically. Spectral data were analysed using PCA correlation and a linear discriminant analysis technique with squared Mahalanobis distance metric to estimate the extent of oxidation. Results showed that deterioration indeed could be monitored by photoacoustic spectroscopy. Depth profile analysis of the samples showed that a spectral difference in the fat, moisture and protein bands at different layers exists. Results demonstrated that FTIR-PAS with its depth-profiling capability could be used for qualitative analysis. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
The Fable of the Codes: The Efficiency of the Common Law, Legal Origins & Codification Movements

The superior efficiency of the common law has long been a staple of the law and economics literature. Generalizing from this claim, the legal origins literature uses cross-country empirical research to attempt to demonstrate this superiority by examining economic growth rates and the presence of common law legal systems. We argue that this literature fails to adequately characterize the relevant legal variables and that its reliance on broad-brush labels like “common law” and “civil law” is inappropriate. In this Article, we first examine the efficiency literature’s claims about the common law and find that it fails to accurately account for important distinctions across common law legal systems and under-specifies key terms. We next turn to the lengthy debate over replacing the common law with a civil code that raged across the nineteenth century United States, drawing from the arguments of the participants the key factors that promote efficient outcomes. We conclude that a focus on legal systems’ ability to cheaply identify efficient rules, restrain rent-seeking in the formulation and application of rules, adapt rules to changed conditions, reveal the law to those affected by it, and enable contracting around inefficient rules would be more appropriate than the current emphasis on labels. Further, more attention to transition costs would make efforts at reform more credible.
Thyroid Hormone Receptor Gene Knockouts

The thyroid hormone receptor genes, TRalpha and TRbeta, differ in developmental expression and tissue distribution. TRbeta knockout mice have goiter, elevated thyroid hormone and TSH levels, and a functional auditory defect. In contrast, mice with TRalpha 1/alpha2 inactivation have thyroid hypoplasia, low serum thyroid hormone levels, growth arrest and delayed small intestine maturation. Mice with selective TRalpha1 inactivation have apparent normal growth and development, but have bradycardia and reduced body temperature. The dramatic differences between these mice with TRbeta and TRalpha gene inactivations indicate the differential function of these genes. The influence of these gene inactivations on thyroid-stimulating hormone regulation is central to the resulting phenotypes.
Subgrid-Scale Dissipation in the Atmospheric Surface Layer: Effects of Stability and Filter Dimension

Field measurements are undertaken with the specific purpose of addressing open issues in subgrid-scale (SGS) modeling of turbulence for large eddy simulation. Wind velocity and temperature signals are obtained using a horizontal linear array of six three-dimensional sonic anemometers placed at a height of 2.15 m in the surface layer over a grass field. From these data, the SGS heat flux and a two-dimensional surrogate of the SGS dissipation of temperature variance (x) are computed by means of two-dimensional horizontal filtering and by invoking Taylor’s hypothesis. Conditional averaging is used to isolate the effects of large-scale structures (sweeps and ejections) of the flow on the SGS dissipation under different stability conditions. During flow events associated with strong increments of vertical velocity (possibly associated with the onset of ejection events), negative values of x, indicative of transfer of temperature variance from the small scales to the resolved field (backscatter), have an important relative contribution regardless of atmospheric stability. Strong drops in the vertical velocity (possibly associated with the onset of sweeps) are accompanied by large positive values of the SGS dissipation. The two-dimensional SGS dissipation is compared with a one-dimensional surrogate based on a single sensor used in earlier work. The one- and two-dimensional results show qualitatively the same trends. Quantitative differences underscore the advantages of a two-dimensional approach based on the sensor array used in this work.
The Experience of Male Nursing Students.

Purpose To explore the experience of male nursing students in a baccalaureate nursing program. Methods This study used a qualitative approach with content analysis. Written narratives in response to open-ended questions were analyzed. Lincoln and Guba's guidelines were followed. Setting and Population This study took two academic years to complete, at a baccalaureate nursing program in the northeast United States. It consisted of 23 male undergraduate nursing students who had completed three clinical nursing courses. Findings Five themes emerged from the data analysis: staying focused, opinions matter, I want to be “a nurse,” relationships, and looking ahead. Conclusions The male nursing students in this study were serious about entering the nursing profession. They wanted to be known as “nurses,” not “male nurses.” Additional findings from this study can provide educators and clinicians with a deeper understanding of the experiences of male nursing students and what they need to be successful.
Does High School Employment Develop Marketable Skills

While decades of academic research have consistently demonstrated a positive relationship between high school employment and adult earnings, the literature is empirically silent in regards to why this association exists. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) to examine the hypothesis that high school employment develops “marketable skills” in the form of occupation-specific human capital. By analyzing wage variation attributable to the commonality of skill portfolios across respondents’ high school and adult (age 20 and 23) occupations, this study fails to find consistent evidence that the types of skills utilized in high school employment are correlated with adult earnings. Within the framework of the human capital model, this would suggest that the positive, post-school economic gains of in-school work are largely attributable to increases in general human capital (e.g., workplace socialization, character building).
Making Wise Decisions about Transferring Fish among Lakes within the Great Lakes Basin

The management of Great Lakes fisheries is guided by Fish Community Objectives defined for each lake by the lake committees under A Joint Strategic Plan for Management of Great Lakes Fisheries. The lake committees meet twice per year in a Council of Lake Committees (council) to discuss issues of basin-wide concern to the Great Lakes. To achieve these objectives and satisfy stakeholder expectations for healthy fish communities and fisheries, fishery managers use a variety of tools. These include direct measures such as harvest restrictions, sea lamprey control, stocking, and habitat protection and improvement, as well as indirect measures such as advocacy for better ballast water exchange programs and for effective policies to govern water withdrawals. Among the direct measures are tactics, such as stocking, that can involve the transfer of fish from one part of the Great Lakes basin to another. The purpose of this essay is to examine issues surrounding the transfer of fish among lakes within the Great Lakes basin and to suggest a general process for decision-making to manage this practice wisely. The decision to transfer fish is associated with uncertain benefits and risks. Fish transfers are considered or implemented for at least three different reasons: (1) to support restoration of depleted or extirpated native species, such as lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush); (2) to support economic opportunities for use of Great Lakes fisheries, through stocking of non-native salmonines; and (3)
Diophantine Approximation Problem Arising from VLSI Design

We want to focus attention on several related problems concerning deviation from the uniform distribution, arising in diophantine approximations, that are important for computer applications. These problems arise from the need to digitalize real-world data. In many such discretization problems diophantine approximation issues arise, especially when continuous data are described by quasiperiodic processes.
The Virtue Epistemology of Maria Montessori

This paper shows how Maria Montessori's thought can enrich contemporary virtue epistemology. After a short overview of her ‘interested empiricist’ epistemological framework, I discuss four representative intellectual virtues: sensory acuity, physical dexterity, intellectual love, and intellectual humility. Throughout, I show how Montessori bridges the divide between reliabilist and responsibilist approaches to the virtues and how her particular treatments of virtues offer distinctive and compelling alternatives to contemporary accounts. For instance, she emphasizes how sensory acuity is a virtue for which one can be responsible, highlights the embodied nature of cognition through a focus on physical dexterity, interprets intellectual love as a way of loving the world rather than as a love that takes knowledge as its object, and presents an alternative account of intellectual humility to contemporary emphases on the interpersonal dimensions of this virtue.
Ultrasonic evidence for luteinization of unruptured preovulatory follicles

Luteinization of an unruptured ovarian follicle has been reported as a cause of infertility and has heretofore been diagnosed only by direct visualization of the ovarian surface. Four patients who demonstrated defects in ovulation requiring therapy to induce ovulation and who were not achieving desired conception despite apparently adequate treatment were studied with serial pelvic ultrasonic examinations for 17 cycles. Luteinization, characterized by the loss of a clear demarcation of the follicular cyst wall and the presence of intrafollicular echoes, was suspected in each of these cycles by the absence of ultrasonic signs of ovulation—that is, a rapid decrease in follicular size and the appearance of free fluid in the cul-de-sac. Histologic confirmation of a persistent luteinized cyst is presented.
Investigating “The Coolest School in America”: how technology is used in a learner-centered school

Reigeluth et al. (Educ Technol 48(6):32–39, 2008) proposed major and secondary functions for educational technology systems for the learner-centered paradigm of education. However, the functions proposed should be formatively evaluated and revised using a variety of cases to develop a better understanding of how technology can support student learning in the new paradigm. Using the Minnesota New Country School as a case, this study aimed to improve the selection and description of functions that educational technology should serve in the information age. Multiple mixed methods were used to collect and analyze data from the advisors (a role similar to teachers) and students. The findings identified the functions of the school’s major educational technology system (Project Foundry) and revealed how the key stakeholders, including the advisors and students, used it and what suggestions they had for its improvement.
Effects of non-severe acute kidney injury on clinical outcomes in critically ill patients

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious medical condition estimated to affect more than ten million people around the world annually [1]. AKI results in a 1.7- to 6.9-fold increased risk of hospital mortality, and risk-adjusted rates of AKI and mortality appear similar across the world [2]. Patients who develop AKI also have worse kidney function at hospital discharge and thus far more risk for chronic kidney disease [2]. However, these risks are most clearly apparent for patients with very severe AKI, such as those who receive renal replacement therapy (RRT). Milder forms of AKI are less clearly associated with adverse outcomes and thus it is unclear whether mild AKI is in the causal pathway for morbidity and mortality. For example, in a large international study of patients cared for in the intensive care unit (ICU), stage 2 or 3 AKIs were strongly associated with mortality even after risk adjustment, whereas for patients incurring only stage 1 AKI the association was attenuated and no longer significant (odds ratio 1.68, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.89–3.17; P = 0.11) [2]. For purposes of this review, we define “non-severe AKI” as AKI that is not managed by RRT. We acknowledge that this is an imperfect definition because the decision to commence RRT is often a difficult one and there exists considerable heterogeneity across centers and among physicians, even experts. Thus, the same patient could be counted as non-severe if cared for by one clinician but severe if cared for by another. Although differences exist at the individual patient-provider level, rates of RRT for critically ill patients with AKI in general, though increasing, are relatively consistent around the world [2, 3]. For example, a decade ago, Uchino and colleagues found that in 23 countries on four continents 4.2 % of patients admitted to the ICU received RRT for AKI and this rate was not different between world regions (95 % CI 4.0–4.4 %) [3]. Similarly, Hoste and colleagues recently found that in 33 countries on five continents 13.5 % of all patients admitted to the ICU (excluding patients with end-stage renal disease) received RRT for AKI; again, the range was rather narrow (95 % CI 12.0–15.1 %) [2]. Approximately 25 % of critically ill patients with AKI receive RRT; this article is about the remaining 75 %.
A Monte Carlo simulation tool for evaluating space launch and re-entry operations

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the MITRE Corporation (MITRE), among other entities, are working together to integrate space launch and re-entry operations into the National Airspace System (NAS). As part of the effort, MITRE is building a flexible, fast-time Monte Carlo modeling and simulation capability that offers operational measures of safety. Once validated, the FAA can use it to assess different separation concepts and associated standards, and support the FAA's Safety Management System process. The developed capability will help the FAA determine what separation concepts and associated standards ensure safety for each space launch and re-entry operation and will provide insight into the required surveillance performance, air traffic control response times, and traffic limits to enable new separation concepts. MITRE built the capability using our models for aircraft flight trajectories, aircraft-to-aircraft conflict prediction and detection, and surveillance performance. To tailor these models for use in examining space launch and re-entry operations, MITRE also developed a space vehicle trajectory model and debris model (based on Stanford University's work—Range Safety Assessment Tool) for use in the simulation of the scenarios. This paper focuses on describing the modeling capabilities, algorithms, and some preliminary simulation results.
Alma Mater Par Excellence

In the years before the Great Depression, normal art school alumni no longer constituted a majority among the field’s leaders in the USA. Their network of administrative professionals, however, extended into international art education. As mentioned in Chap. 7, Henry Turner Bailey was a delegate to the 1898 Congress on Public Art in Brussels; discussions on technical instruction during this congress contributed to formation of the Friendly Society of Drawing Teachers, Paris, which organized the first international congress to promote art education and develop closer relationships between art and industry in 1900. Alumnus Charles M. Carter attended this congress. Fred H. Daniels was an official delegate to the 1904 congress in Berne, where James Hall’s exhibition of artwork from the Springfield, Massachusetts, schools received praise. Invited to chair the US delegation for London in 1908, Hall chose fellow alumni Carter of Denver and William Woodward of New Orleans as his executive committee.
SNR comparisons of absorption and fluorescence modes of edge-subtraction imaging

In this work, we calculate and compare the sensitivity achievable by synchrotron-based absorption subtraction imaging and fluorescence subtraction imaging. In biomedical synchrotron imaging, it is often desirable to be able to quantify the concentration of specific elements, including endogenous trace metals, such as zinc or copper, and exogenous metals used as contrast agents, such as iodine or gold. There are two principal ways of achieving elementally specific imaging using x-rays: through absorption-based methods or through fluorescence-based methods. When assuming the spatial resolution of the two approaches can be matched we find that, all else being held equal, the absorption edge imaging has advantages for elements that are present in high concentrations and the fluorescence imaging for elements that are present in low concentrations. These results confirm the findings of Zhang et al. but provide quantitative tools for predicting the regime where each method holds an advantage for a given elemental concentration and background.
Purpureocillium lilacinum tattoo-related skin infection in a kidney transplant recipient.

Purpureocillium lilacinum is an emerging pathogenic mold among immunocompromised hosts that causes cutaneous infections related to skin breakdown. We present the first reported case of P. lilacinum tattoo-related skin infection, to our knowledge. A kidney transplant recipient recently treated for acute cellular rejection presented with skin papules overlying a tattoo. Diagnosis was confirmed on culture, histology, and 18S ribosomal RNA polymerase chain reaction. The morphological features on culture characteristic of P. lilacinum included violet colonies on malt extract agar, long tapering brush-like phialides, and elliptical conidia attached in chains. P. lilacinum has intrinsic resistance to many antifungal agents including amphotericin B, but voriconazole and posaconazole have good in vitro activity. The patient was treated with voriconazole with subsequent resolution of the papules after 3 months of therapy.
Gradient recovery for elliptic interface problem: III. Nitsche's method

Abstract This is the third paper on the study of gradient recovery for elliptic interface problems. In our previous works Guo and Yang (2017) [23] , we developed gradient recovery methods for elliptic interface problems based on body-fitted meshes and immersed finite element methods. Despite the efficiency and accuracy that these methods bring to recover the gradient, there are still some cases in unfitted meshes where skinny triangles appear in the generated local body-fitted triangulations that destroy the accuracy of recovered gradient near the interface. In this paper, we propose a gradient recovery technique based on Nitsche's method for elliptic interface problems, which avoids the loss of accuracy of gradient near the interface caused by skinny triangles. We analyze the supercloseness between the gradient of the numerical solution by the Nitsche's method and the gradient of the interpolation of the exact solution, which leads to the superconvergence of the proposed gradient recovery method. We also present several numerical examples to validate the theoretical results.
Designing Accountable and Effective Economic Development Tax Incentives: A Study of Corporate Tax Credits in Kansas

One of the most common economic development strategies in state government is the use of tax breaks to stimulate business investment. Every year, states forgo millions of dollars in tax revenues in...
Relative roles of surface temperature and climate forcing patterns in the inconstancy of radiative feedbacks

Radiative feedbacks robustly vary over time in transient warming simulations. Published studies offer two explanations: (i) evolving patterns of ocean heat uptake (OHU) or radiative forcing give rise to OHU or forcing ‘efficacies’, and (ii) evolving patterns of surface temperature change. This study seeks to determine whether these explanations are indeed distinct. Using an idealized framework of an aquaplanet atmosphere-only model, we show radiative feedbacks depend on the pattern of climate forcing. Yet, the same feedbacks arise when the temperature pattern induced by that climate forcing is prescribed in the absence of any forcing. These findings suggest the perspective that feedbacks are influenced by ‘efficacies’ of forcing and OHU is equivalent to the perspective that feedbacks are dependent on the temperature patterns induced by those forcings. These findings suggest that prescribed surface temperature simulations are valuable for studying the temporal evolution of radiative feedbacks.
Sexual Dials (Not Switches) Theory: An Evolutionary Perspective on Sex and Gender Complexity

Symposium Essay: Sexual Dials (Not Switches) Theory: An Evolutionary Perspective on Sex and Gender Complexity
Laparoscopic esophageal myotomy versus pneumatic dilation in the treatment of idiopathic achalasia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND Achalasia is a primary esophageal motility disorder of unknown etiology associated with abnormalities in peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. The disease is incurable; however, definitive treatment procedures like pneumatic dilation (PD)/balloon dilation and laparoscopic esophageal myotomy (LEM) are performed to relieve dysphagia and related symptoms. Currently, there is paucity of data comparing the outcomes of these procedures. The aim of this meta-analysis is to compare the short- and long-term success rates of PD and LEM. METHODS A thorough systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, clinicaltrials.gov, and Cochrane library was conducted for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the outcomes of PD versus LEM in the treatment of achalasia. The Mantel-Haenszel method and random effect model were used to analyze the data. RCTs with outcome data at 3-month, 1-year, and 5-year intervals were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 437,378 and 254 patients at 3-month, 1-year, and 5-year intervals were analyzed for outcome data. At 3 months and 1 year, PD was not as effective as LEM (odds ratio [OR]: 0.50; confidence interval [CI] 0.31-0.82; P = 0.009 and OR: 0.47; CI 0.22-0.99; P = 0.21) but at 5 years, one procedure was non-inferior to the other (OR: 0.62; 0.33-1.19; P = 0.34). CONCLUSION PD was as effective as LEM in relieving symptoms of achalasia in the long-term.
Psychiatric Comorbidities Modify the Association Between Childhood ADHD and Risk for Suicidality: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of psychiatric comorbidities on the association between childhood ADHD and suicidality among adults. Method: Subjects were recruite...
Obesity and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A growing problem

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) is increasing in prevalence due to the aging of the United States population as well as the current obesity epidemic. While obesity is very common in patients with HFpEF, obesity may represent a specific phenotype of HFpEF characterized by unique hemodynamics and structural abnormalities. Obesity induces a systemic inflammatory response that may contribute to myocardial fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction. The most obese patients continue to be excluded from HFpEF clinical trials, and thus ongoing research is needed to determine the role of pharmacologic and interventional approaches in this growing population.
Integrated Optimization Strategies for Dynamic Process Operations

Process systems engineering faces increasing demands and opportunities for better process modeling and optimization strategies, particularly in the area of dynamic operations. Modern optimization strategies for dynamic optimization trace their inception to the groundbreaking work Pontryagin and his coworkers, starting 60 years ago. Since then the application of large-scale non-linear programming strategies has extended their discoveries to deal with challenging real-world process optimization problems. This study discusses the evolution of dynamic optimization strategies and how they have impacted the optimal design and operation of chemical processes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of dynamic optimization on three case studies for real-world reactive processes. In the first case, we consider the optimal design of runaway reactors, where simulation models may lead to unbounded profiles for many choices of design and operating conditions. As a result, optimization based on repeated simulations typically fails, and a simultaneous, equationbased approach must be applied. Next we consider optimal operating policies for grade transitions in polymer processes. Modeled as an optimal control problem, we demonstrate how product specifications lead to multistage formulations that greatly improve process performance and reduce waste. Third, we consider an optimization strategy for the integration of scheduling and dynamic process operation for general continuous/batch processes. The method introduces a discrete time formulation for simultaneous optimization of scheduling and operating decisions. For all of these cases we provide a summary of directions and challenges for future integration of these tasks and extensions in optimization formulations and strategies.
Hydroxylation of 9-hydroxystearate by a soluble cytochrome P-450-dependent fatty acid hydroxylase from Bacillusmegaterium

Abstract A soluble cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system from Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14581, previously shown to catalyze the monohydroxylation of longchain unsubstituted fatty acids, has now been found to convert 9-D-hydroxystearate to a mixture of ω-1, ω-2, ω-3 and ω-4 dihydroxystearate isomers. 9-D-Hydroxystearate has a significantly higher affinity than stearate for the enzyme and is a strong competitive inhibitor of palmitate hydroxylation. These results suggest that the enzyme surface has a non-hydrophobic, sterically-permissive binding region between the methyl-group and carboxyl-group binding sites that interacts with polar substituents near the middle of the substrate chain.
Innate Immune Signaling and Negative Regulators in Cancer

Innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors, and AIM2-like receptors (ALRs), function as pathogen pattern recognition molecules that sensor and initiate innate and adaptive immune responses against microbes and cancer cells. Recognition of pathogen-derived ligands by PRRs expressed on many types of cells, including dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells, triggers the NF-κB, type 1 interferon and inflammasome activation pathways, leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines that are essential in inflammation and inflammation-linked cancer. Both positive and negative regulators are critical in the maintenance of innate immune homeostasis. In this review, I focus on the current understanding of PRRs, signaling pathways and their regulation through negative regulators. Their relevance to cancer will be discussed as well.
Defining Roasted Peanut Flavor Quality. Part 2. Correlation of GC Volatiles and Sensory Flavor Attributes

SUMMARY Two lots of florunner peanuts were prepared to varying degrees ranging from raw to very dark roasted (Hunter L values ranging from 60 to 40). Peanut flavor was evaluated using a descriptive flavor analysis panel. First, volatile compounds were monitored using dynamic headspace technique with a packed gas chromatographic column. Volatiles were purged at 60° and trapped on a room temperature column. Combined flame ionization and flame photometric detectors were used to monitor peaks. Second, peanut volatiles were monitored by direct gas chromatography with a 127°C sample injection port. Several peaks related (R ≥ |0.84|) with dark roasted and the woody/hulls/skins flavor. No peaks monitored linearly related with the roasted peanutty flavor.
Can freestanding Xene monolayers behave as excitonic insulators

Abstract We predict that a phase transition in freestanding monolayer Xenes from the semiconducting phase to the excitonic insulating (EI) phase can be induced by reducing an external electric field below some critical value which is unique to each material. The splitting of the conduction and valence bands due to spin–orbit coupling at non-zero electric fields leads to the formation of A and B excitons in the larger or smaller band gap, with correspondingly larger or smaller binding energies. Our calculations show the coexistence of the semiconducting phase of A excitons with the EI phase of B excitons for a particular range of electric field. The dielectric environment precludes the existence of the EI phase in supported or encapsulated monolayer Xenes.
Optimizing accuracy of sampling protocols to measure nutrient content of solid manure.

Abstract Precise applications of manure to cropland can help optimize productivity and minimize environmental nutrient losses. Applying manure precisely is a challenge because the nutrient content of manures is inherently variable and the accuracy of sampling protocols are unknown. This study aimed to quantify the accuracy of sampling protocols for static solid manure piles considering both the number and depth of grab samples entering a composite sample. Over 35 grab samples were collected from each of ten static piles of dairy manure in California’s Central Valley. Grab samples were individually analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash, total nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous concentrations. Resampling simulations quantified the precision and bias of sampling protocols varying in both grab sample number and depth. Results showed that number of grab samples required for measurements to meet an accuracy standard of ±10% of the true value varied significantly by pile makeup. Over 25 grab samples were often required for multi-source manure piles, where an average of six grab samples were required from single source piles. The DM concentration of manure piles decreased at depths greater than 0.4 m, and sampling simulations showed that measurements were biased unless 70–80% of grab samples were collected from the pile interior. Both the number and location of grab samples necessary to create a representative composite require resource investments by farmers, and should be considered to manage nutrient applications cropland.
Prediction of live and carcass characteristics of market hogs by use of a single longitudinal ultrasonic scan

Live animal and carcass data were collected from market barrows and gilts (n = 119) to determine the accuracy and precision of using a single longitudinal scan, parallel to midline, in estimating body and carcass composition. Data from test pigs (n = 96) were used to develop prediction equations. Best results were obtained in predicting weight of boneless cuts (ham, loin, and shoulder), weight of lean cuts (bone-in ham, loin, and shoulder), and weight of fat-standardized carcass lean. Less accuracy was obtained in predicting ratios of all estimates on a live basis. Independent variables analyzed for the live models were live weight, sex, and ultrasonic fat depth and muscle depth at the 10th rib. Independent variables for the carcass models were the same as on the live animal; the estimators for boneless cuts (ham, loin, and shoulder) were most precise. Equations were tested against an independent set of experimental pigs (n = 23). Equations for predicting weight of boneless cuts, weight of ham and loin, and percentage of fat-standardized lean using both live and carcass measurements were most accurate, with R2 values between .78 and .87 and RSD values between 1.30 and 1.92 kg. The results of this study reinforce the potential of assessing carcass composition and value by using a single longitudinal B-mode scan on both live pigs and carcass; live weight, sex of pig, and fat depth at the 10th rib were the greatest contributors to variation.
Inducing two-dimensional crystallization of membrane proteins by dialysis for electron crystallography

Electron crystallography is an electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) method that is particularly suitable for structure-function studies of small membrane proteins, which are crystallized in two-dimensional (2D) arrays for subsequent cryo-EM data collection and image processing. This approach allows for structural analysis of membrane proteins in a close-to-native, phospholipid bilayer environment. The process of growing 2D crystals from purified membrane proteins by dialysis detergent removal is described in this chapter. A short section covers screening for and identifying 2D crystals by transmission electron microscopy, and in the last section, optimization of the purification to obtain crystals of higher quality is discussed.
Summary: circulating tryptophan, brain tryptophan, and psychiatric disease.

This symposium has addressed four important questions related to circulating tryptophan and the brain. These are: (1) What controls the uptake of circulating tryptophan into the brain? (2) What compounds can be measured in human blood that provide reliable indices of brain tryptophan uptake and utilization? (3) Might the metabolism of tryptophan, or its uptake into or utilization by the brain, be altered in psychiatric diseases? and, (4) Are tryptophan supplements useful in the treatment of depression and other psychiatric disorders—either by themselves or as adjuncts to drug therapy? Our views concerning these questions are summarized below. We hope that they also represent consensus opinions.
The LACE+ Index as a Predictor of 30 Day Patient Outcomes in a Urologic Surgery Population: A Coarsened Exact Match Study

Abstract Objectives To examine the potential of LACE+ scores, in patients undergoing urologic surgery, to predict short-term undesirable outcomes. Methods Coarsened exact matching was used to assess the predictive value of the LACE+ index amongst all urologic surgery cases over a two-year period (2016-2018) at one health system (n=9824). Study subjects were matched on characteristics not assessed by LACE+, including duration of surgery and race, among others. For comparison of outcomes, matched populations were compared by LACE+ quartile with Q4 as the referent group: Q4 vs Q1, Q4 vs Q2, Q4 vs Q3. Results 722 patients were matched for Q1 to Q4; 1120 patients were matched for Q2 to Q4; 2550 patients were matched for Q3 to Q4. Escalating LACE+ score significantly predicted increased readmission (2.86% vs 4.91% for Q2 vs Q4; p = 0.012) and ER visits at 30 days postop (5.69% vs 11.37% for Q1 vs Q4, 4.11% vs 11.45% for Q2 vs Q4, 8.29% vs 13.32% for Q3 vs Q4; p Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the LACE+ index is suitable as a prediction model for important patient outcomes in a urologic surgery population including unanticipated readmission and ER evaluation.
Implementing a regulatory budget: Estimating the mandated private expenditure of the Clean Air Act and Safe Drinking Water Act amendments

A regulatory budget is one of the most promising proposals designed to constrain the costs of regulation. Like a conventional ¢scal budget that restricts total spending, a regulatory budget would provide an upper limit on the total costs a regulatory agency can impose on society. As long as the agency operates within its regulatory budget, it would be allowed to issue new rules and enforce its regulations. When the social costs of an agency's activities reach or exceed the cost ceiling, however, the agency would be required to modify new or existing rules ^ or even eliminate existing ineiective regulations ^ to meet the budget constraint. Improved political oversight and e¤ciency are the most important advantages oiered by a regulatory budget. Regulatory agencies would be forced to consider the bene¢ts and costs of their programs on society at large. At present, agencies are constrained by ¢scal budgets only. Regulators have few incentives to examine alternative means of accomplishing regulatory mandates and no incentives to take into consideration the added burden compliance places on businesses and individuals. The result is that regulators often do not improve but rather decrease the e¤ciency of markets, especially when they pursue a single objective. A regulatory budget would force regulatory agencies to accomplish the following:
Ki-67 proliferation index in neuroendocrine tumors: Can augmented reality microscopy with image analysis improve scoring?

Background The Ki-67 index is important for grading neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in cytology. However, different counting methods exist. Recently, augmented reality microscopy (ARM) has enabled real-time image analysis using glass slides. The objective of the current study was to compare different traditional Ki-67 scoring methods in cell block material with newer methods such as ARM. Methods Ki-67 immunostained slides from 50 NETs of varying grades were retrieved (39 from the pancreas and 11 metastases). Methods with which to quantify the Ki-67 index in up to 3 hot spots included: 1) "eyeball" estimation (EE); 2) printed image manual counting (PIMC); 3) ARM with live image analysis; and 4) image analysis using whole-slide images (WSI) (field of view [FOV] and the entire slide). Results The Ki-67 index obtained using the different methods varied. The pairwise kappa results varied from no agreement for image analysis using digital image analysis WSI (FOV) and histology to near-perfect agreement for ARM and PIMC. Using surgical pathology as the gold standard, the EE method was found to have the highest concordance rate (84.2%), followed by WSI analysis of the entire slide (73.7%) and then both the ARM and PIMC methods (63.2% for both). The PIMC method was the most time-consuming whereas image analysis using WSI (FOV) was the fastest method followed by ARM. Conclusions The Ki-67 index for NETs in cell block material varied by the method used for scoring, which may affect grade. PIMC was the most time-consuming method, and EE had the highest concordance rate. Although real-time automated counting using image analysis demonstrated inaccuracies, ARM streamlined and hastened the task of Ki-67 quantification in NETs.
Predicting Odontogenic Sinusitis in Unilateral Sinus Disease: A Prospective, Multivariate Analysis.

BackgroundOdontogenic sinusitis (ODS) is a common cause of unilateral sinus disease (USD), but can be challenging to diagnose due to nonspecific clinical presentations, potentially subtle to absent...
Black holes and membranes in AdS7

Abstract We investigate maximal gauged supergravity in seven dimensions and some of its solitonic solutions. By focusing on a truncation of the gauged SO(5) R-symmetry group to its U(1)2 Cartan subgroup, we construct general two charge black holes that are asymptotically anti-de Sitter. We demonstrate that 1- and 2-charge black holes preserve 1 2 and 1 4 of the supersymmetries respectively. Additionally, we examine the odd-dimensional self-duality equation governing the three-form potential transforming as the 5 of SO(5), and provide some insight on the construction of membrane solutions in anti-de Sitter backgrounds.
Are Expectations for Businesses That ‘Do Good’ Too High? Trade-Offs between Social and Environmental Impact

There has been increasing pressure in recent years for firms to pursue social and environmental impact alongside profits. In this paper, the question is raised of whether or not expectations of fir...
Flood variability in the common era: a synthesis of sedimentary records from Europe and North America

Heavy precipitation events increased over the last century in response to higher atmospheric temperature and associated increases in water vapor content, but little evidence shows that increased he...
Shooting Felons: Law, Practice, Official Culture, and Perceptions of Morality1

Until a change in the law in 1967 felons might be shot in order to prevent escape from lawful custody; their death counted as justifiable homicide. Shooting escaping felons came to be particularly associated with Dartmoor Prison, where outside working parties were accompanied by armed guards until the 1950s. But many years before this, administrative action had been directed towards ensuring that fatal shootings should not occur; the last such incident took place in the nineteenth century. This article traces the history of the relationship between formal law and administrative practice.
A 6-31 GHz Tunable Reflection-Mode N-Path Filter

A 6-31 GHz reflection-mode N-path filter is implemented in 45 nm SOI technology. The filter is comprised of an on-chip hybrid coupler with through and coupled ports terminated with four-phase passive mixers. Each mixer provides a high impedance in-band and a 50-ohm impedance out-of-band, enabling reflection-mode bandpass filtering of the signal, with the center frequency set by the local-oscillator frequency. To increase selectivity, an active baseband load with adjustable bandwidth can be enabled to increase the roll-off to 12 dB/octave. The baseband loads between the two N-path mixers are shared to reduce size and power with the added benefit of creating a non-reciprocal filter response. Measurements show the filter can be tuned across 6–31 GHz with insertion loss 10 dB, noise figure exceeding insertion loss by 1 dB at 6 GHz and 10 dB at 31 GHz, and in-band IIP3 of 1.4-6.3 dBm.
Mass Transfer at the Ocean–Atmosphere Interface: The Role of Wave Breaking, Droplets, and Bubbles

Breaking waves modulate the transfer of energy, momentum, and mass between the ocean and atmosphere, controlling processes critical to the climate system, from gas exchange of carbon dioxide and ox...
TH‐AB‐210‐02: PET Imaging: Basic Principles and Recent Advances

This education session will cover the basic physics and operation principles of gamma cameras and PET scanners. In addition, quality control tests to assure good image quality are described. The first talk will discuss the components of gamma cameras, image formation principles, and performance characteristics, such as spatial resolution, sensitivity, and energy resolution. Features that affect these performance characteristics will be discussed. Physicists are increasingly expected to perform annual performance tests on gamma cameras, not only as good practice, but to satisfy requirements of accrediting bodies or for insurance reimbursement. The Joint Commission has recently introduced changes in standards for accredited entities providing diagnostic imaging services, including nuclear medicine. Basic performance tests suitable for annual physics testing will be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1.Be able to describe basic principles of gamma camera operation. 2.Learn about performance characteristics and features affecting image quality. 3.Be able to list some basic performance tests for gamma cameras, how to perform the tests and evaluate acceptable performance. The second talk will focus on PET imaging. An overview of the principles of PET imaging will be provided, including positron decay physics, and the transition from 2D to 3D imaging. More recent advances in hardware and software will be discussed, such as time-of-flight imaging, and improvements in reconstruction algorithms that provide for options such as depth-of-interaction corrections. Quantitative applications of PET will be discussed, as well as the requirements for doing accurate quantitation. Relevant performance tests will also be described. Learning Objectives: 1.Be able to describe basic physics principles of PET and operation of PET scanners. 2.Learn about recent advances in PET scanner hardware technology. 3.Be able to describe advances in reconstruction techniques and improvements 4.Be able to list relevant performance tests. Turkington: Research support from GE for PET work, and has served as a consultant for Data Spectrum Corp.