cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predisposing, Enabling, and Need Factors Associated with the Choice of Pharmacy Type in the US: Findings from the 2015/2016 National Consumer Survey on the Medication Experience and Pharmacists' Roles.

Background: Knowing the type of pharmacy used by the patient is meaningful to the pharmacist. Previous studies have assessed different factors predicting the kind of pharmacy selection and reached inconsistent findings. Objectives: To identify patient and health-related factors associated with pharmacy type selection. Methods: The Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Service Use was used to organize the selection of patient characteristics and categorize them as predisposing, enabling, and need factors. The dependent variable was the type of pharmacy used. Logistic regression was used to predict the association between patient-related characteristics and the type of pharmacy used. Results: Older age respondents were less likely to use independent pharmacies (OR = 0.992) and more likely to use mail pharmacy services (OR = 1.026). Highly educated people showed higher use of chain and mail pharmacies (OR = 1.272, 1.185, respectively) and less tendency to use the independent, supermarket, and prescription-only pharmacy types. Men were less likely to use chain pharmacies (OR = 0.932) and more likely to use supermarket pharmacies than women. Patients who use Medication Therapy Management (MTM) services had higher odds of using independent and supermarket pharmacies (OR = 2.808, 1.689, respectively). Patients with a higher number of chronic diseases and experienced side effects of medications were more likely to use independent pharmacies (OR for number of disease = 1.097 and for side effects = 1.095). Conclusions: This study’s findings identify characteristics associated with selecting certain pharmacy settings and direct future research to include other predictors encompassing beliefs, attitudes, and other social factors.
Factors associated with burnout amongst medical students, residents, and attendings in Orthopaedics

Abstract Background Burnout is an important and timely topic in medicine as a whole and spine orthopaedics as a specialty. Prior studies analyzing burnout in orthopaedics generally assess for the prevalence of burnout, without using a targeted analysis on possible causes and/or the potential association with work hours. In addition, burnout has not been assessed along the spectrum of the orthopaedist's career. Methods An anonymous survey was given to 24 medical students on surgical rotations, 20 orthopaedic residents, and 20 orthopaedic surgeons between June 2019 and August 2019 at a single academic institution. The survey inquired about demographics, general attributes, work hours, and included the aMBI (abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory [aMBI]). Results Residents worked the most hours per week (p In terms of the aMBI scores, depersonalization was highest for residents (p=0.0020), and personal accomplishment was highest for attendings (p=0.0095). Taking all survey participants together, increased work hours correlated with greater depersonalization (p=0.015), greater sense of personal accomplishment (p=0.049), but was not correlated with emotional exhaustion. Higher job satisfaction correlated with lower emotional exhaustion and higher personal accomplishment. Conclusion With work hours correlating with depersonalization and personal accomplishment, continuing to focus on these factors seems important. With higher job satisfaction correlating with lower emotional exhaustion and higher personal accomplishment, burnout is a topic that will need to continue to be addressed for the well-being of our profession.
Sleep Health Characteristics among Adults Who Attempted Weight Loss in the Past Year: NHANES 2017-2018.

Background: The purpose of this study was to characterize sleep health in adults who attempted weight loss in the prior year. Methods: We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017–2018 exam cycle. We included 4837 US adults who did (n = 1919) or did not (n = 2918) attempt weight loss in the past year. Participants self-reported their sleep regularity, satisfaction, sleepiness, timing, and duration, which we defined as “good” based on the prior literature. We characterized sleep health by weight loss attempts status, current BMI and weight change among participants who attempted weight loss. Results: On average, participants reported good sleep health in 3.21 ± 1.14 out of the five sleep domains. A total of 13% of participants had good sleep health in all five domains. The prevalence of sleep regularity (52%) was lowest, and the prevalence of infrequent sleepiness was highest (72%), relative to other sleep domains. In models adjusting for BMI, sleep health was similar in participants who did and did not attempt weight loss. Among adults who attempted weight loss, good sleep health was inversely associated with current BMI and self-reported weight change. Discussion: This study’s findings highlight the importance of considering sleep health when engaging with adults attempting weight loss.
Hypertension in Diabetes: An Update of Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Disease

Epidemiological studies have documented that insulin resistance and diabetes not only constitute metabolic abnormalities but also predispose to hypertension, vascular stiffness, and associated cardiovascular disease. Meanwhile, excessive arterial stiffness and impaired vasorelaxation, in turn, contribute to worsening insulin resistance and the development of diabetes. Molecular mechanisms promoting hypertension in diabetes include inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system, mitochondria dysfunction, excessive oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation. This review highlights recent studies which have uncovered new underlying mechanisms for the increased propensity for the development of hypertension in association with diabetes. These include enhanced activation of epithelial sodium channels, alterations in extracellular vesicles and their microRNAs, abnormal gut microbiota, and increased renal sodium-glucose cotransporter activity, which collectively predispose to hypertension in association with diabetes. This review also covers socioeconomic factors and currently recommended blood pressure targets and related treatment strategies in diabetic patients with hypertension.
An inability to set independent attentional control settings by hemifield.

Recent evidence suggests that people can simultaneously activate attentional control setting for two distinct colors. However, it is unclear whether both attentional control settings must operate globally across the visual field or whether each can be constrained to a particular spatial location. Using two different paradigms, we investigated participants’ ability to apply independent color attentional control settings to distinct regions of space. In both experiments, participants were told to identify red letters in one hemifield and green letters in the opposite hemifield. Additionally, some trials used a “relevant distractor”—a letter that matched the opposite side’s target color. In Experiment 1, eight letters appeared (four per hemifield) simultaneously for a brief amount of time and then were masked. Relevant distractors increased the error rate and resulted in a greater number of distractor intrusions than irrelevant distractors. Similar results were observed in Experiment 2 in which red and green targets were presented in two rapid serial visual presentation streams. Relevant distractors were found to produce an attentional blink similar in magnitude to an actual target. The results of both experiments suggest that letters matching either attentional control setting were selected by attention and were processed as if they were targets, providing strong evidence that both attentional control settings were applied globally, rather than being constrained to a particular location.
Assessment of sex specific endocrine disrupting effects in the prenatal and pre-pubertal rodent brain.

Abstract Background Brain sex differences are found in nearly every region of the brain and fundamental to sexually dimorphic behaviors as well as disorders of the brain and behavior. These differences are organized during gestation and early adolescence and detectable prior to puberty. Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) interfere with hormone action and are thus prenatal exposure is hypothesized to disrupt the formation of sex differences, and contribute to the increased prevalence of pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders that present with a sex bias. Objective Available evidence for the ability of EDCs to impact the emergence of brain sex differences in the rodent brain was reviewed here, with a focus on effects detected at or before puberty. Methods The peer-reviewed literature was searched using PubMed, and all relevant papers published by January 31, 2015 were incorporated. Endpoints of interest included molecular cellular and neuroanatomical effects. Studies on behavioral endpoints were not included because numerous reviews of that literature are available. Results The hypothalamus was found to be particularly affected by estrogenic EDCs in a sex, time, and exposure dependent manner. The hippocampus also appears vulnerable to endocrine disruption by BPA and PCBs although there is little evidence from the pre-pubertal literature to make any conclusions about sex-specific effects. Gestational EDC exposure can alter fetal neurogenesis and gene expression throughout the brain including the cortex and cerebellum. The available literature primarily focuses on a few, well characterized EDCs, but little data is available for emerging contaminants. Conclusion The developmental EDC exposure literature demonstrates evidence of altered neurodevelopment as early as fetal life, with sex specific effects observed throughout the brain even before puberty.
Voronoi Diagrams for Moving Disks and Applications

In this paper we discuss the kinetic maintenance of the Euclidean Voronoi diagram and its dual, the Delaunay triangulation, for a set of moving disks. The most important aspect in our approach is that we can maintain the Voronoi diagram even in the case of intersecting disks. We achieve that by augmenting the Delaunay triangulation with some edges associated with the disks that do not contribute to the Voronoi diagram. Using the augmented Delaunay triangulation of the set of disks as the underlying structure, we discuss how to maintain, as the disks move, (1) the closest pair, (2) the connectivity of the set of disks and (3) in the case of non-intersecting disks, the near neighbors of a disk.
Society for Child and Family Policy and Practice

Division 37 of the American Psychological Association (APA), the Society for Child and Family Policy and Practice, was founded in 1978. The impetus for its formation was to draw together individuals interested in advocacy and social policy for children and families. The founding members were from the Section on Clinical Child Psychology, then Section 1 of the Division of Clinical Psychology, Division 12 of APA (Routh & Culbertson, 1996). Through revisions of the division name, essential components have remained: application of psychological knowledge through advocacy for the welfare of families, children, and youth. The division has been a leader within APA in child mental health efforts, opposition to violence, and child welfare. Historically, Division 37 was regarded as a public interest division, but it has also had a substantial interest in practice and education. Keywords: child policies; family policies; psychology organization
Traditional Botanical Knowledge of the Plain Mennonites: Time, change, and knowledge transitions

This study quantifies the culinary and medicinal botanical knowledge of the Old Order or Plain Mennonites in eastern Pennsylvania, a religious group which chooses to reject certain elements of modern technology. The study tests the hypothesis that time, geography, and degree of religious conservatism impact the retention of botanical knowledge. Historical cookbooks and medical texts were combined with data from modern interviews to identify useful plants from a number of locations and times, allowing trends in botanical knowledge to be identified. The dominant pattern presented by these data is one of overall cultural conservatism, and the literate nature of this culture is the best explanatory factor for this pattern.
A machine-checked proof of the odd order theorem

This paper reports on a six-year collaborative effort that culminated in a complete formalization of a proof of the Feit-Thompson Odd Order Theorem in the Coq proof assistant. The formalized proof is constructive, and relies on nothing but the axioms and rules of the foundational framework implemented by Coq. To support the formalization, we developed a comprehensive set of reusable libraries of formalized mathematics, including results in finite group theory, linear algebra, Galois theory, and the theories of the real and complex algebraic numbers.
It's All about Me: Narcissistic Chief Executive Officers and Their Effects on Company Strategy and Performance:

This study uses unobtrusive measures of the narcissism of chief executive officers (CEOs)—the prominence of the CEO's photograph in annual reports, the CEO's prominence in press releases, the CEO's...
Metrizamide CT Myelography in Cervical Myelopathy and Radiculopathy: Correlation with Conventional Myelography and Surgical Findings

Conventional myelography, metrizamide computed tomographic (CT) myelography, and surgical findings were correlated in 30 patients with cervical radiculopathy and/or myelopathy. In 60% of patients, metrizamide CT myelography provided significant additional information including better characterization of the abnormality, lateralization if the conventional myelogram was indeterminate, more definitive demonstration of cord atrophy, foraminal narrowing not appreciated on myelography, and demonstration of abnormalities distal to a myelographic block. In no case was a myelographic abnormality not detected on metrizamide CT myelography. In patients with cervical myelopathy, a cross-sectional diameter of the cord equaling less than 50% of the subarachnoid space is predictive of poor patient response to surgical intervention.
Genotype and Sex Drive in Intact and in Castrated Male Mice

Male mice of two inbred strains and one hybrid strain were observed for sexual behavior for 42 consecutive days. Half the males of each strain were then castrated, and daily testing was continued until the ejaculatory reflex was lost. Strain differences were found in ejaculatory frequency both before and after castration.
The absolute radiometric calibration of the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager using the reflectance-based approach and the Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS)

Landsat 8 was launched on 11 February 2013 as the newest platform in the Landsat program. It contains two Earthobserving instruments, one of which is the Operational Land Imager (OLI). OLI includes an onboard radiometric calibration system that is used to monitor changes in its responsivity throughout the mission lifetime, and it consists of Spectralon solar diffuser panels as well as tungsten lamp assemblies. External techniques are used to monitor both OLI and its calibration system, and they include lunar views, side slither maneuvers of the satellite, and ground-based vicarious calibration. This work presents the absolute radiometric calibration results for Landsat 8 OLI that were obtained using two ground-based measurement techniques. The first is the reflectance-based approach, where measurements of atmospheric and surface properties are made during a Landsat 8 overpass, and it requires personnel to be on site during the time of measurement. The second uses the Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS), which was developed by the Remote Sensing Group in the College of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona so that radiometric calibration data can be collected without the requirement of on-site personnel. It allows more data to be collected annually, which increases the temporal sampling of trending results.
Terms of engagement: Preparing pre-service teachers to form authentic partnerships with families and communities

Abstract Family engagement topics are less common in university teacher preparation curricula than subject content and pedagogical studies. This article describes some current conceptualisations about the positive impact that thoughtful community and family partnerships have for the growth and development of children, teachers, families and schools. Theoretical, historical and societal factors will be considered, as well as data from a questionnaire distributed to 66 teacher education graduate students just prior to taking courses in their degree sequence that focus on working with families. Even at Master's level, candidates expressed significant fears about working closely with families. Strategies are presented for better integration of family-centered learning experiences into the pre-service curriculum so that graduates can begin their work in schools with greater family and community theoretical understanding and practical competence.
Guide path design and location of load pick-up/drop-off points for an automated guided vehicle system

SUMMARY The guide path layout for an automated guided vehicle system (AGVS) is a critical component in the overall design of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) that utilizes AGVs for materials handling. Not only does it affect the total distance travelled by the vehicles but it also affects vehicle requirements and space utilization. In this study, the problem of selecting the guide path as well as the location of pick-up and drop-off points for outward and inward bound parts to departments is addressed. The problem is modelled and solved as a linear integer program with the objective of minimizing the total distance travelled.
FTIR measurements in an ICP etching plasma using CF/sub 4/

Summary form only given. Spectroscopic measurements using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) were made between 700 cm/sup -1/ and 4000 cm/sup -1/ in a magnetically confined inductively coupled plasma (MCICP) etching tool. The operating pressure range was 2-9 mTorr. The peak plasma density was of the order of 5/spl times/10/sup 11/ cm/sup -3/ (at 750 W), and extended over the inner 30 cm diameter of the 40 cm diameter vacuum system. The axial length of the source is 50 cm. The electron temperature is 2-3 eV. Two fluorocarbon gases have been studied so far. The breakup of the tetrafluoromethane (CF/sub 4/) parent gas was measured vs. power and pressure. The vibrational temperature of the parent gas was measured vs. Power between 500-1000 W and ranged between 315-350 K. The temperatures were slightly lower (10% lower at 1000 W) than previous results in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) etching tool. These results show that the rotational temperatures are close to the temperature of the vacuum walls. The MCICP has water cooled walls (/spl sim/25/spl deg/C). The ECR source chamber typically operates at 50-70/spl deg/C. Products of the CF/sub 4/ plasma discharge identified were SiF/sub 4/, CO, CO/sub 2/, and a fluorocarbon film that deposited on the windows. No substantial signal in the CF/sub 3/ absorption region was observed. The rotational temperature of CO was measured at 500 W and 1000 W (370 K and 383 K, respectively). Preliminary results were obtained using trifluoromethane (CHF/sub 3/) as the parent gas, where much more breakup of the parent gas was observed.
Managing pharmaceutical sales activities in an academic anesthesiology department

To contain costs, departments of anesthesiology must control the use of new, expensive drugs. Conflicts with pharmaceutical companies can arise when they promote drug sales. Pharmaceutical company sales represent anesthesiology department expenses. Anesthesiologists hold diverse opinions on this clash of interests, on the proper roles of pharmaceutical sales representatives in anesthesiology departments, and on the ethics of accepting industry gifts. Our department has managed pharmaceutical sales activities by encouraging discussion of the ethics and legal limits of industry gifts, by banning sales representatives from bringing food into the department, and by adopting The American Medical Association Guidelines on Gifts.
Liquid/vapour phase separation in 4He using electric fields☆

In space, a replacement must be found for gravity to physically control and, in certain instances, contain cryogenic liquids. A program has been started at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to study the use of electric field generated forces to establish the required orienting effects. Measurements which show that it is possible to apply strong enough electric fields to a liquid/vapor interface of He-4 to obtain an orienting force comparable to gravity are presented. Our measurements span the temperature range 1.7-4.2 K and demonstrate the applicability of Pashen's law for maximum attainable field before breakdown occurs. Some advantages of the electric field separator as opposed to passive surface tension devices are identified.
Bringing genome-wide association findings into clinical use

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been heralded as a major advance in biomedical discovery, having identified ~2,000 robust associations with complex diseases since 2005. Despite this success, they have met considerable scepticism regarding their clinical applicability; this scepticism arises from such aspects as the modest effect sizes of associated variants and their unclear functional consequences. There are, however, promising examples of GWAS findings that will or that may soon be translated into clinical care. These examples include variants identified through GWASs that provide strongly predictive or prognostic information or that have important pharmacological implications; these examples may illustrate promising approaches to wider clinical application.
Transition-Metal Nanocluster Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies Emphasizing Nanocluster Agglomeration: Demonstration of a Kinetic Method That Allows Monitoring of All Three Phases of Nanocluster Formation and Aging

A kinetic method following the development, and then the loss, of catalytic activity is used to monitor the nucleation, growth, and then pyridine or acetonitrile-induced agglomeration (also called aggregation, coagulation, or flocculation) of modern, catalytically active Ir(0) nanoclusters stabilized by P2W15Nb3O629- polyoxoanions and Bu4N+ cations in acetone. The agglomeration kinetics of the Ir(0) nanoclusters are shown to fit an often assumed, but rarely experimentally determined, bimolecular aggregation step, B + B → C, rate constant k3, where B is the active catalyst and C is the deactivated catalyst. When this agglomeration step is added to the previously determined slow, continuous nucleation A → B, rate constant k1, and then autocatalytic surface growth, A + B → 2B, rate constant k2, steps (A is the (1,5-COD)Ir(I)+ in the precatalyst), the full steps of nucleation, growth, and then agglomeration are followed and treated kinetically for the first time for a modern, prototype transition-metal nanocl...
From symplectic integrator to poincaré map: spline expansion of a map generator in Cartesian coordinates

Abstract Data from orbits of a symplectic integration can be interpolated so as to construct an approximation to the generating function of a Poincare map. The time required to compute an orbit of the symplectic map induced by the generator can be much less than the time to follow the same orbit by symplectic integration. The approximation has been constructed previously for full-turn maps of large particle accelerators, and a large saving in time (for instance a factor of 60) has been demonstrated. A shortcoming of our work to date arises from the use of canonical polar coordinates, which preclude map construction in small regions of phase space near coordinate singularities. Here, we show that Cartesian coordinates can be used, thus avoiding singularities. The generator is represented in a basis of tensor product B-splines. Under weak conditions, the spline expansion converges uniformly as the mesh is refined, approaching the generator of the Poincare map as defined by the symplectic integrator, in some parallelepiped of phase space centered at the origin.
Nanoscale dielectrophoretic spectroscopy of individual immobilized mammalian blood cells.

Dielectrophoretic force microscopy (DEPFM) and spectroscopy have been performed on individual intact surface-immobilized mammalian red blood cells. Dielectrophoretic force spectra were obtained in situ in ∼125 ms and could be acquired over a region comparable in dimension to the effective diameter of a scanning probe microscopy tip. Good agreement was observed between the measured dielectrophoretic spectra and predictions using a single-shell cell model. In addition to allowing for highly localized dielectric characterization, DEPFM provided a simple means for noncontact imaging of mammalian blood cells under aqueous conditions. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of using DEPFM to monitor localized changes in membrane capacitance in real time with high spatial resolution on immobilized cells, complementing previous studies of mobile whole cells and cell suspensions.
Paramilitarism and State-Terrorism in Mexico as a Case Study of Shrinking Functions of the Neoliberal State

Abstract Although the drug wars in Mexico have been headline news, state violence has historically played an important role in repressing the struggle of labor, peasants and popular movements. The drug war has resulted in an expansion of the army and federal police, which has caused more corruption, social instability and growing amounts of human rights violations. Consequently, the neo-liberal project of disenfranchisement and dislocation has accelerated with the violence.
The effects of visually primed pharmaceutical advertising disclosure on attitudes and perceived CSR practices

Purpose – This study seeks to examine how consumers perceive the visually primed disclosure in a pharmaceutical company's advertisement and form their attitudes toward the disclosure, perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and attitudes toward the pharmaceutical company.Design/methodology/approach – An online study with a convenient sampling consisting of college students is used to manipulate the visual communication of a pharmaceutical company's advertising disclosure for the purpose of examining the effects of visually primed advertising disclosure on attitude toward the disclosure, perceived CSR practices, and attitude toward the pharmaceutical company.Findings – The results reveal that a visually primed disclosure affects consumers' attitudes toward the disclosure positively. Visual priming also enhances consumers' perceived CSR practices and attitudes toward the company. This is evident as the impact of attitude toward the disclosure on attitude toward the company is mediated by p...
A trisilyl zincate containing bidentate [(Me3Si)2Si(CH2)2Si(SiMe3)2]2- ligands

The trisilyl dimeric zincate [K(18-crown-6)]2{[(Me3Si)2Si(CH2)2Si(SiMe3)2]2Zn2[μ-(Me3Si)2Si(CH2)2Si(SiMe3)2]} (1) is reported. In the structure of 1, each Zn center is bonded by one bridging disilyl ligand and one chelating disilyl ligand.
Occiputposterior vertex in labor, an underrecognized cause of dystocia

Objective: To study the incidence and clinical associations with occiputposterior (OP) positions of the fetal vertex in labor and the outcomes of such labors for mother and fetus. Methods: This is a prospective observational study. Inclusion criteria include term (37–42 weeks) singleton pregnancy, vertex presenting, and induced or spontaneous labor. Excluded were multiple gestations, preterm labor, elective cesarean births, and nonvertex presentations. Demographic and obstetric data were obtained from charts. Patients presenting in labor or for induction were assessed by abdominal and pelvic examination, noting position of the fetal vertex, with abdominal ultrasound to confirm vertex position. Standard labor management protocols were followed, interventions were as warranted by clinical situations, and there was no special intervention based on the position of the vertex. Results: One hundred sixty labors were studied. There were 81 OP positions, 65 occiputanterior (OA) positions, and 14 occiputtransverse (OT) positions. In nulliparous women, 67.9% (55/81) OPs occurred, and in multiparous women, 32% (26/81) OPs occurred. There was no relation with maternal height or neonatal birth weight. There were 40 cesarean births, 109 normal births, and 11 forceps or vacuum deliveries. Thirty-six of 81 OPs underwent cesarean births, compared with 4/65 OAs (P <0.001). Four of 40 (10%) cesarean births occurred in OAs, 36/40 (90%) occurred with OPs. Of these 36, 26 (72%) occurred in nullipara. Forty-six percent (38/81) OPs delivered normally, whereas 87% (57/65) delivered OAs. Forceps delivery or vacuum extraction was used in 8.6% (7/81) OPs compared with 6.1% (4/65) OAs. Augmentation was needed in 97.5% (79/81) OP labors, compared with 81.5% (53/65) OAs. No neonate had an Apgar score of less than 7 at 5 minutes. Conclusions: Vertex OP is a significant cause of labor dystocia in nulliparous women, necessitating cesarean delivery.
Effect of Step Size on Clinical and Adaptive 2IFC Procedures in Quiet and in a Noise Background

Audibility thresholds for a 1000-Hz sinusoid were measured with a standard clinical (CLIN) procedure and a two-interval, forced-choice (2IFC) adaptive procedure bracketing 79% correct. Both used 2-...
The Nature Conservancy's approach to prioritizing conservation action

Abstract Like many conservation organizations and federal and state agencies, The Nature Conservancy is in the process of large-scale planning and prioritization efforts. To improve the efficiency of these planning efforts, the Conservancy has developed a methodology for these efforts. The results of these planning efforts will be a conservation blueprint which identifies the conservation areas necessary for conserving biodiversity and a subset of those areas where the Conservancy will focus its immediate efforts over the next 10 years. The subset of all the conservation areas identified in the planning process help The Nature Conservancy determine where it will work. This subset of areas (referred to as action sites) is selected using a tool which ranks key criteria for each conservation area. These criteria include the current conservation status of each area, complementarity to other areas selected, the diversity and viability of targets at the area, the urgency and degree of threats to the targets, the feasibility or opportunity to abate the threats at the area and the leverage potential of working at a conservation area. Taken together, these criteria help planners to select the areas where they will focus their conservation efforts.
Political Institutions and Ethnic Chinese Identity in Indonesia

Under Suharto, Indonesian politics and institutions attempted to force ethnic Chinese to assimilate, while continuing to identify them as 'different' from indigenous Indonesian groups. Yet Suharto's downfall brought with it a myriad of political changes. New political parties quickly formed, some of which were ethnically based or were pointedly created to promote ethnic cooperation. New laws were enacted to allow Chinese to revert to Chinese family names, publish Chinese-language books and periodicals, and to put an end to coded identification cards that marked one as 'Chinese'. This paper looks specifically at how these legal and institutional changes have shaped Chinese ethnic identity. The focus here is on political changes within and outside government, while the essay also examines the new political bodies being established by Chinese groups, and what this may mean for the future of Chinese Indonesians.
Discrimination and Favoritism in the U.S. Labor Market: The Cost to a Wage Earner of Being Female and Black and the Benefit of Being Male and White

. The hypothesis that Black female wage earners face greater wage discrimination than their White female or Black male counterparts is supported by evidence derived from a version of a widely used method for decomposing wage differentials. This version allows one to measure both the “cost” of being a female or Black wage earner and the “benefit” of being a male or White wage earner. The approach yields a model which is validated by testing with Census Bureau samples (n1,2,3,4= 23,800). The empirical test indicates that when skills are fairly comparable, the Black female earns an average wage nearly 21 percent lower than the White male average, whereas the White female's average was 15.5 percent lower. It suggests that being female has a relatively greater impact on Black female wages than being Black.
Overriding right atrioventricular valve in association with mitral atresia.

Abstract Three cases of mitral atresia with overriding right atrioventricular valve, ventricular septal defect, and normally sized left ventricle are reported, two of them with transposition of the great vessels. Although the combination of anomalies is rare, the possibility that palliative and/or corrective surgery could be accomplished indicates that in suspected cases of mitral atresia, diagnostic efforts aimed at accurate delineation of the associated defects must be made.
Thoracic Surgery in the Patient with Sickle-Cell Hemoglobin

ypoxia may precipitate major symptoms in patients with sicklecell hemoglobin or “sickle trait.” This factor is especially H important to the patient having thoracotomy with resultant disturbances of oxygenation. This report is an analysis of the course of 20 patients who had 23 pulmonary operations in the face of sickle-cell hemoglobin compared to a group of 1,053 control Negro patients with normal hemoglobin who also had pulmonary operations.
A Survey and Empirical Study of Virtual Reference Service in Academic Libraries

Abstract Virtual Reference Services (VRS) have high user satisfaction. The main problem is its low usage. We surveyed 100 academic library web sites to understand how VRS are presented. We then conducted a usability study to further test an active VRS model regarding its effectiveness.
Effect of nonuniform velocity fields and retrograde flow on distillation tray efficiency

The effect of nonuniform velocity distributions and retrograde flow on Murphree tray efficiency has been studied. Both types of nonuniformities were shown to substantially reduce the efficiency of the tray. The results show that the presence of flow nonuniformity alone may result in significant deviations from the efficiency predicted by the AIChE model.
Analysis of resin injection molding in molds with preplaced fiber mats. I: Permeability and compressibility measurements

This work presents the characterization of fibrous reinforcement mats in resin injection molding. The fiber mat characterization involved determining the mat permeability and compressibility. Mold filling experiments were conducted using two or more different fiber types in the mat stack, which created transverse porosity, permeability, and compressibility variations. The effect of these variations was studied by taking flow pressure measurements and observing the progress of the flow front of a non-reactive fluid filling a clear acrylic mold that contained the reinforcement mat stack.
Perforin deficiency impairs a critical immunoregulatory loop involving murine CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells

Humans and mice with impaired perforin-dependent cytotoxic function may develop excessive T-cell activation and the fatal disorder hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) after infection. Though cytotoxic lymphocytes can kill antigen-presenting cells, the physiological mechanism of perforin-mediated immune regulation has never been demonstrated in a disease-relevant context. We used a murine model of HLH to examine how perforin controls immune activation, and we have defined a feedback loop that is critical for immune homeostasis. This endogenous feedback loop involves perforin-dependent elimination of rare, antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) by CD8+ T cells and has a dominant influence on the magnitude of T-cell activation after viral infection. Antigen presentation by a minor fraction of DCs persisted in T-cell– or perforin–deficient animals and continued to drive T-cell activation well beyond initial priming in the latter animals. Depletion of DCs or transfer of perforin-sufficient T cells dampened endogenous DC antigen presentation and T-cell activation, demonstrating a reciprocal relationship between perforin in CD8+ T cells and DC function. Thus, selective cytotoxic “pruning” of DC populations by CD8+ T cells limits T-cell activation and protects against the development of HLH and potentially other immunopathological conditions.
Antiviral agents alter ability of HSV-2 to disrupt gap junctional intercellular communication between mammalian cells in vitro.

Abstract In cultured mammalian cells (Vero), different antiviral agents change to differing degrees the ability of HSV2 to down-regulate gap junctions, each agent having a specific effect. Measured by intracellular electrodes, control cell populations showed 49–51% coupling, uninfected populations treated with acyclovir or SDS averaged 43–51% coupling while populations infected with HSV2 had coupling reduced to 8%. The antiviral agent acyclovir (1 μg/ml), which suppresses viral replication, failed to prevent this down regulation (final coupling ratio of 11%). A plant extract (250 μg/ml) from Pilostigma thonningii offered slightly more protection (final coupling ratio of 22%), while sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (50 μM) afforded nearly complete protection (final coupling ratio of 40%). With SDS there was an initial down regulation to only 16% coupling by 3 h post infection, followed by a recovery of intercellular communication to near control levels by 24 h. While SDS was originally believed to alter the viral coat and prevent entry into the cell, our data are in agreement with recent studies which indicate that SDS treated viruses can enter into host cells, but in a severely diminished condition. Our data also suggest that the gap junction antagonist is brought into the cells as part of the entering virus.
Otologic diagnoses in the elderly: current utilization and predicted workload increase.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To establish the current outpatient workload for otologic conditions in the elderly and to estimate its potential increase based on an anticipated aging population. Study Design: Cross-sectional analysis of a national database. Methods: All outpatient clinic visits for patients aged ≥65 years receiving one of six common otologic diagnoses from 2005 to 2007 in the United States were determined from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. The distribution of the visits for these diagnoses across 15 specialties was assessed. The number of visits was projected to the 2020 population based on changes in population demographics predicted by the US Census Bureau. Results: An estimated 4.48 ± 0.49 million clinic visits with an otologic issue as a coded diagnosis were conducted in 2005 to 2007 in patients aged ≥65 years. These consisted of 230,000 visits for benign positional paroxysmal vertigo, 263,000 visits for vestibular neuritis, 292,000 visits for Meniere's disease, 1.09 million visits for tinnitus, and 2.85 million visits for sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngology, internal medicine, family practice, and neurology managed the most visits, seeing 57.0%, 21.0%, 14.3%, and 2.2% of the cases, respectively. With expected changes in population demographics by 2020, annual clinic visits for an otologic diagnosis will increase from 1.49 ± 0.78 million to 2.14 million visits in the elderly, annualized, including 1.218 million visits to otolaryngology. Conclusions: These data quantify the current outpatient otology workload and predict a substantial increase for many specialties, including otolaryngology. Efforts to prepare for this increase including manpower planning and education appear imperative.
The mutability of charisma in leadership research

This article reveals the mutability of charisma by tracing changes in the conceptualization of charisma throughout the history of leadership research. Religious, societal, and organizational phases in the conceptualization of charisma are identified. The mutability of charisma has extended charismatic leadership theory from the domain of theology to multiple facets of the organizational sciences. Shifting conceptualizations of charisma that emphasize different elements have facilitated the study of leader traits, leader behaviors, situational contingencies, leader and organizational communications, and organizational cultures. These pluralistic conceptualizations of leadership and charisma have broadened our understanding of charismatic leadership. Yet, we must acknowledge that the breadth of knowledge we have gained has been at the expense of a more profound understanding of any one particular conceptualization of charisma.
Spectrum Degradation Effects in Ge(Li) Detectors

The mechanisms responsible for the degradation of the performance of Ge(Li) detectors (which include the effects of uniform trapping, non-uniform trap distribution, and locally weak collection fields) are considered, and simulated spectra have been computed. Experimental measurements have been made to identify these sources of degradation. The important results include a measurement of the effective capture cross sections of the most important traps and a determination of the main sources of non-uniform trap distribution and weak collection fields in Ge(Li) detectors.
Promiscuous tongues: erotics of translingualism and translation

The trope that translation is adulterous is pervasive, and it is a special form of the larger claim—expressed by figures as diverse as Plato, Whitman, and Freud—that reading and writing in general are erotic. Translingualism, the act of writing in more than one language or in a language other than one’s primary one, has also been conceived of in terms of sexual betrayal. Henry James characterized L1 as the mother and L2 as the wife, but others have regarded switching languages variously as disloyalty to the mother (tongue), adultery, or polygamy. Fidelity is a commonly used criterion for judging translations, and the familiar Italian adage “traduttore, traditore” carries both sexual and political implications. However, just as marriage is a social convention, the meaning of conjugal infidelity varies with the particular society in which it occurs. Therefore, the meaning of “an unfaithful translation” is not the same in Japan or Nigeria as it is in Brazil or Norway. Some cultures stone adulterers; others celebrate them.
Sensitivity of direct plating for detection of high levels of E. coli O157:H7 in bovine fecal samples.

To assess the sensitivity of direct plating of bovine fecal samples for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, calves (n = 28) were orally inoculated with 109 colony-forming units (cfu) per calf of a mixture of three strains of nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli O157:H7, and fecal samples were collected for analysis. One-gram samples from inoculated calves were mixed with 9 mL of Gram-negative broth with vancomycin, cefixime, and cefsoludin. From this suspension, serial dilutions were made (10−1 to 10−4) and spread plated in triplicate on Sorbitol MacConkey agar with nalidixic acid for enumeration of E. coli O157:H7 in fecal samples. Direct plating samples were streaked for isolation on Sorbitol MacConkey agar with cefixime, and tellurite (SMACct). After incubation overnight at 37°C, morphologically typical colonies from direct streak plates were plated onto blood agar and incubated overnight at 37°C; then an indole test was performed on each colony. Indole-positive colonies were confirmed by O157 agglutination and were then plated on SMAC agar with 20 μg/mL nalidixic acid (SMACnal) to confirm nalidixic acid resistance. Overall sensitivity of detection was 32.5% (110/338 samples). Sensitivity to detect fecal samples shedding at above 5 × 104 cfu/g was 83% (71/86 samples). Based on these data, direct plating of fecal samples might be an effective way to identify cattle that are likely to be shedding E. coli O157 at high levels.
A Domain-Theoretic Model Of Nominally-Typed Object-Oriented Programming

The majority of contemporary mainstream object-oriented (OO) software is written using nominally-typed OO programming languages. Extant domain-theoretic models of OOP developed to analyze OO type systems miss crucial features of these mainstream OO languages, such as nominality. This paper summarizes the construction of NOOP as a domain-theoretic model of OOP that includes nominal information found in nominally-typed mainstream OO software. Inclusion of nominal type information and asserting that type inheritance in statically-typed OO programming languages is an inherently nominal notion allow readily proving that inheritance and subtyping are completely identified in these languages. This conclusion is in full agreement with intuitions of OO developers using these languages, and contrary to the belief that ''inheritance is not subtyping'', which came from assuming non-nominal structural models of OO type systems. NOOP, thus, provides a firmer semantic foundation for analyzing and progressing nominally-typed mainstream OO programming languages.
Effect of interstitial and/or systemic delivery of tirapazamine on the radiosensitivity of human glioblastoma multiforme in nude mice.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and the efficacy of administering tirapazamine by a slow-releasing polymer disc that was implanted interstitially into a U251 (human glioblastoma multiforme) tumor grown in nude mice. Tumor-bearing animals, with a tumor nodule 0.8 cm3 in size, were distributed to groups receiving combinations of empty or drug-containing polymer implants in the tumor or contralateral leg, intraperitoneal (i.p.) drug, and/or irradiation. The drug (i.p.) alone (14 mg/kg x6) or in combination with tumor drug implant (2 mg) did not significantly increase the tumor volume doubling time compared to that of control animals. Given with 12 Gy of irradiation in twice a day 2-Gy fractions, combined i.p. drug and tumor drug implant significantly delayed tumor growth compared to irradiation alone, which was not achieved with either drug treatment alone added to irradiation. Toxicity, as manifested by transient weight loss, was primarily seen in animals receiving radiation and i.p. tirapazamine. These results indicated that a slow-releasing tirapazamine disc can be produced and the addition of an interstitially implanted tirapazamine disc further increased the effectiveness of i.p. tirapazamine.
Analysis of cylindrical ramp compression experiment with radiography based surface fitting method

The shockless compression of a cylindrical liner Z-pinch is explored as a method to obtain high pressure states while minimizing the entropy production in the target material. Experiments with beryllium liners on the Z-machine resulted in radiographic profiles at four different times in the liner's trajectory. From these results, we infer the longitudinally and azimuthally averaged material density, material pressure, and magnetic pressure along with their uncertainties. By combining these results with magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we obtain a pressure versus density response in solid beryllium up to 2.4Mbar. We conclude that the pressure versus density response for material samples in the 10Mbar range is achievable on the Z-machine with improved radiographic capability.