cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embedded authorization form also reduces respondent burden.

In the article ‘‘Randomized trial showed that an ‘embedded’ survey strategy optimized authorization rates compared with two ‘after survey’ strategies in veterans with PTSD,’’ Murdoch et al. [1] present a well-designed experiment that adds to the understanding of an important question: how to best gain Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) authorization while minimizing bias and respondent burden in a mail survey. With mounting evidence that inclusion of an HIPAA authorization form (HAF) can reduce response rates up to 15 percentage points [2] combined with the overall decline in survey response rates over time even without HAF, this is of central concern for researchers working with data protected under HIPAA. Furthermore, these questions are of particular importance in light of the growing field of research that takes advantage of the complimentary strengths of selfreported survey data and administrative medical records. Using the Murdoch et al. study as context, I present future considerations and potential research questions for those working within the constraints of HIPAA. These considerations are all with respect to the interrelated issues of survey bias and respondent burden, both topics that the authors aptly raise in their article. A central appeal of survey research has been the ability of the respondent to remain anonymous and/or maintain the perception of anonymity. By definition, data linkages strip away part of this perceived protection to the respondent. Considering both the respondents who participate in this type of research and those who do not will become increasingly important, as more researchers rely on data linkage. 1. Authorization and unnecessary burden
The role of activation-induced deaminase in antibody diversification and genomic instability

More than a decade ago, activation-induced deaminase (AID) was identified as the initiator for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). Since then, tremendous progress has been achieved toward elucidating how AID functions. AID targets the highly repetitive switch regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus to induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which can be rejoined, leading to switch of constant regions of antibody. When targeting to variable region exons of IgH and IgL loci, AID predominantly induces point mutations, termed SHM, resulting in increased affinity of antibody for antigen. While SHM and CSR enhance antibody diversity, AID-initiated DSBs and mutations may predispose B cells to carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the mechanisms that provide the specificity of AID targeting to Ig loci and the role of AID in genomic instability.
Temperature-dependent millimeter-wave scalable large-signal model for 90nm CMOS

In this paper, the development of a temperature-dependent large signal model, with scalable device sizes at millimeter-wave frequencies, for 90 nm CMOS has been described. The method of incorporating parasitics and internal model parameters as polynomial functions of temperature and device size has been demonstrated and validated for the first time. Extensive model validation was performed by implementing the model in a three-stage 60 GHz power amplifier design and observing excellent agreement with measured performances.
Atmospheric Circulation from Fission-Product Radioactivity in Surface Air.

The β-activity of fission products in surface air are analyzed in a diagram, with latitude and time as coordinates. Spring-season maxima and spread of new debris are readily discerned. Debris from 1961 Soviet testing, traveling by way of the upper troposphere or the stratosphere, arrived at 16° to 35°S more than a month before debris transported through the troposphere. A maximum lateral-diffusion coefficient of about 4 x 105 m2 sec-1 is implied for the tropical troposphere, and a much larger value in middle and high latitudes. Debris in the troposphere from United States testing at 2°N spread mostly into the southern hemisphere.
The degradation of ribonucleic acids injected into xenopus laevis oocytes

Abstract Different radioactive RNAs were injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes, and their degradation followed with time. Deproteinized ribosomal RNAs and synthetic polynucleotides, with the exception of polyadenylic acid, were degraded rapidly with apparent first order kinetics and half-lives ranging from 1–6 hr. Transfer RNA, poly(A), and ribosomal RNA injected as whole ribosomal particles were quite stable during the period studied (20 hr). Messenger RNAs from Dictyostelium discoideum and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, which have poly(A) sequences at their 3′ terminus, presented biphasic degradation kinetics. Approximately 60% of these RNAs was degraded in the first 6 hr, whereas the remaining 30–40% was stable for at least 22 hr. Analysis of the stable material by sucrose gradients showed that it had the same sedimentation pattern as the original material, except that it contained, in addition, free poly(A) sequences sedimenting somewhat smaller than 4S. Puromycin treatment of the cells injected with Dictyostelium mRNAs reduced the percentage of stable RNA to 10%, approximately the poly(A) content of these RNAs. Similar treatment with emetine, which also inhibited cellular protein synthesis, did not affect the stable mRNA fraction.
Design and synthesis of Hsp90 Inhibitors: exploring the SAR of Sansalvamide A derivatives

Utilizing the structure-activity relationship we have developed during the synthesis of the first two generations and mechanism of action studies that point to the interaction of these molecules with the key oncogenic protein Hsp90, we report here the design of 32 new Sansalvamide A derivatives and their synthesis. Our new structures, designed from previously reported potent compounds, were tested for cytotoxicity on the HCT116 colon cancer cell line, and their binding to the biological target was analyzed using computational studies involving blind docking of derivatives using Autodock. Further, we show new evidence that our molecules bind directly to Hsp90 and modulate Hsp90's binding with client proteins. Finally, we demonstrate that we have integrated good ADME properties into a new derivative.
Role of routine percutaneous hip aspirations prior to prosthesis revision.

We undertook a retrospective review of 78 percutaneous hip aspirations performed as a prerequisite to prosthetic revision or replacement. Although the majority of the patients were already scheduled for revision or replacement, many aspirations were requested as part of the “routine” algorithm in the evaluation of a painful hip. Cultures from the aspirated fluid were compared with those obtained intraoperatively (where possible) and to the clinical suspicion of infection. Many of the selected patients had clinical and/or radiographic indications of pain. Our results yielded no evidence of infection (0%) when there was no clinical suspicion of infection (60 patients). Clinical suspicion for infection was high in 7 patients; aspirates demonstrated infection in 5 of them. One aspiration was false negative for infection, but subsequent intraoperative cultures were positive. When the clinical suspicion was intermediate or equivocal (11 patients), results were negative in 9 and positive in 2, both at aspiration and intraoperatively. We contend that routine percutaneous hip aspirations do not need to be performed when a prosthetic revision or replacement is contemplated if the clinical suspicion for infection is low. Hip aspiration and arthrography should not be eliminated, however, when the clinical suspicion is equivocal or high or when there is no apparent cause for a painful prosthesis.
Omega-3 fatty acids and perinatal depression: a review of the literature and recommendations for future research.

Introduction: Perinatal depression refers to major depression in the context of pregnancy and postpartum. In consideration of its prevalence and consequences, the treatment and prevention of perinatal depression should be important public health priorities. Omega-3 fatty acids are attractive for consideration in perinatal women, due to known health benefits for the mother and baby. Antidepressant medications may pose risks in utero and in breastfeeding. Methods: MEDLINE and manual searches were conducted. Results: Epidemiological and preclinical data support a role of omega-3 fatty acids in perinatal depression. Two studies failed to support a role of omega-3 fatty acids for postpartum depression prophylaxis, although one included a small sample, and the other utilized a low dosage. Two pilot studies suggest good tolerability and potential efficacy in the acute treatment of perinatal depression. Conclusions: Further research studies are warranted to determine the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of perinatal depression.
Drought alters the expression of mating system traits in two species of Clarkia

Variation in mating system traits can have important consequences for plant populations by affecting reproductive assurance, the expression of inbreeding depression, and the colonization of and persistence in new or altered habitats. Environmental stressors, such as drought, have been hypothesized to induce higher rates of self-fertilization, yet this hypothesis has rarely been tested. Here we measure the response of two sister species of self-compatible annual herbs from contrasting habitats, Clarkia breweri and C. concinna, to an experimentally imposed greenhouse drought treatment. We find that the species differ in their baseline per-flower autogamy rates and the degree of spatial and temporal separation of male and female function within their flowers. Both species show a reduction in temporal separation of anthesis and stigma receptivity with the drought treatment. However, the species from the more mesic habitat, C. concinna, increases its low autogamy rate under drought conditions, whereas the species from the more xeric habitat, C. breweri, decreases its high autogamy rate under drought conditions. Neither species showed a response to drought in flower size or anther-stigma distance. Our results demonstrate that the induction of selfing under environmental stress cannot be assumed and that, in this case, the developmental timing of flower maturation is more plastic than floral morphology.
Phase transitions of interacting elastic defects.

We have investigated a model of randomly placed defects with internal degrees of freedom which interact via elastic strain fields. Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling indicate that two spin-glass phase transitions occur: one for the diagonal components of the defect stress tensor and the other for the off-diagonal components. The quenched ground state of the off-diagonal components exhibits antiferroelastic correlations while the diagonal components do not. We predict the fourth-order elastic susceptibilities associated with the defects diverge at the transition temperatures.
Chinese Naval Planning and Maritime Interests in the South China Sea: Implications for U.S. and Regional Security Policies

A new, complex, multipolar security order is developing in the Asia Pacific region. The collapse of East-West competition for global pre eminence has unleashed powerful forces for strategic change in East and Southeast Asia. Three factors are especially instrumental in alter ing the layered set of bilateral security relations established by Wash ington in the postwar period: First, deep and widespread regional concern over a potentially precipitous American withdrawal from Asia; second, regional uncertainty over emerging major regional power ri valries and intentions; and third, the corrosive effects of durably per sistent economic friction between the United States and virtually all the significant economic actors in the region, including China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and some of the states in the Association of South east Asian Nations (ASEAN), especially Malaysia and Thailand.1 One of the most notable post-Cold War security development in the Asia-Pacific region is a visible reconfiguration of the regional se curity balance as Asian powers seek to enter what they see as a win dow of opportunity arising from a shrinking superpower presence in the Asian-Pacific region. The remainder of the 1990s holds the pros pect of significant intra-Asian naval rivalry as aspiring regional hegemons—China, Japan, and India—jostle for leadership roles.2 The outcome of this competition is far from certain as each contender pos sesses unique strengths and weaknesses, features which the United States must effectively address as it charts its course for reviving flag ging national capabilities and national fortunes. Nor is it yet completely clear whether either China or Japan might best serve the security in terests of the region or best suits the overall interests of the United States in the Asian-Pacific.
The responses of neonates to noise, in relation to the personalities of their parents.

SUMMARY The responses of 21 neonates to a sudden noise were measured electromyographically. The time from the stimulus to the return of the babies' muscle tension to the resting level showed a significant positive correlation with their parents' extraversion, as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory. This finding suggests a constitutional basis for extra-version which can be detected at a very early age. RESUME Reponses des nouveaux-nes au bruit et personnalite des parents La reponse au bruit soudain a ete mesuree par electromyographic chez 21 nouveaux-nes. Le temps de retour au niveau de repos de la tension musculaire apres le stimulus a montre une correlation positive significative avec le score d'extraversion des parents mesure par l'inventaire de personnalite d'Eysenck. Ces faits sont en faveur d'une base constitutionnelle de l'extraversion pouvant etre detectee a un âge tres precoce. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Gerauschreaktionen Neugeborener in Beziehung zur Personlichkeit Hirer Eltern Bei 21 Neugeborenen wurden die Reaktionen auf plotzlich auftretende Gerausche elektromyographisch gemessen. Die Zeit vom Stimulus bis zum Ausgangswert der Muskelspannung beim Baby zeigte eine signifikante positive Korrelation zum Extroversions-score der Eltern, der anhand des Eysenck Personality Inventory festgelegt worden war. Dieser Befund spricht fur eine konstitutionelle Anlage der Extroversion, die in einem sehr fruhen Alter festgestellt werden kann. RESUMEN Las respuestas de los recien nacidos al ruido, en relacion con las personalidades de sus padres Se midieron electromiograficamente las respuestas de 21 recien nacidos a ruidos subitos. El tiempo entre el estimulo y el retorno de la tension muscular de los ninos al nivel de reposo mostro una correlacion positiva significativa con el puntaje de extraversion de sus padres medida por el test de personalidad de Eysenck. Estos hallazgos sugieren una base costitucional para la extraversion que puede ser detectada a una edad muy precoz.
The influence of the potential on electron energy bands in alkali halide crystals

Abstract The electronic band structure of NaCl is investigated using six different types of potentials in order to explain the difference in the results obtained for NaCl by Kunz from that obtained by Clark and Kliewer. It is found that the “muffin-tin” treatment of the potential produces significant changes in the conduction band structure.
Trainees' impressions of psychotherapy and psychotherapists.

128 advanced graduate students in clinical and school psychology programs were administered incomplete sentences to determine their impressions of psychotherapy and psychotherapists. The main conce...
Flow calorimetry and densitometry at high temperatures

Abstract A review of the development of high temperature flow calorimetry is given. Some measurements of apparent molar heat capacity and volume of aqueous 1-1 electrolytes indicate that as the temperature is increased to 650 K the relative individuality of the different salts decreases. The model of a hard sphere ion in a compressible dielectric solvent predicts this behavior.
Deviant Geographies: Black Spaces of Cultural Expression in Early 20th-Century Rio de Janeiro

This article extends the notion of black territories in early 20th-century Rio de Janeiro by discussing the production of more enduring physical sites alongside forms of territoriality that were sometimes created in the moment and were often more short-lived. I argue that we should consider these more ephemeral, but often repeated and ritualized spatial practices as small conquests that extended the notion and the extent of black territorializing at a time when the Republican government (1889–1930) sought to violently eradicate a black presence from the city center. Following Katherine McKittrick’s lead, I also wish to highlight how black geographies can operate alongside and across traditional geographies that are white, patriarchal, and Eurocentric. I do this by reading some moments in Rio de Janeiro’s cultural history, drawn from accounts in contemporary chronicles and newspaper reports, which offer a glimpse into how Afro-descendants’ interventions into space can destabilize geographies of domination.
A Comparative Study of the Nanocrystalline Material Produced by Sliding Wear and Inert Gas Condensation

A High Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) study of grain boundaries in nanocrystalline copper produced by sliding wear and by inert gas condensation is described. The results in both cases are essentially the same and similar to those in conventional polycrystals. Contrary to reports in the literature, these results do not indicate the presence of a fundamentally different structure in nanocrystalline materials. Measurements of the mechanical properties (such as yield strength, elastic modulus and strain rate sensitivity) of these materials using nanoindentation are also presented. These are found to be in good agreement with values expected from a polycrystalline material with a very fine grain size.
Budd-Chiari syndrome: spectrum of appearances of acute, subacute, and chronic disease with magnetic resonance imaging.

The purpose of this study was to describe our collective experience in the magnetic resonance (MR) investigation of patients with proven acute, subacute, and chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome and to demonstrate the spectrum of appearances on T1- and T2-weighted as well as dynamic post-gadolinium spoiled gradient-echo imaging. All patients with proven Budd-Chiari syndrome who underwent MR examinations between June, 1992 and October, 1998 were included in the study. Fourteen patients were included in the study: four with acute, three with subacute, three with chronic, and four with acute superimposed on either subacute (two) or chronic (two) Budd-Chiari syndrome. MR imaging features were retrospectively evaluated to determine: a) liver morphology, b) pattern of signal intensity (SI) on T1-weighted images, c) pattern of SI on T2 weighted images, d) dynamic enhancement characteristics, e) presence or absence of visible venous thrombosis, and f) presence or absence of venous macroscopic collaterals. The MR findings were correlated with surgical, histopathological, and laboratory data to determine imaging characteristics related to the chronicity of the disease process. Hepatic venous thrombosis or absence of hepatic venous flow was demonstrated in all patients in the study. In the four patients with acute Budd-Chiari syndrome, the liver periphery was moderately low signal on T1 and moderately high signal on T2-weighted images relative to the central liver; both early and late gadolinium—enhanced images revealed diminished peripheral enhancement. In the three patients with subacute Budd-Chiari syndrome, the liver periphery was moderately low signal on T1, and moderately high signal on T2-weighted images, while early and late gadolinium-enhanced images revealed heterogenously increased enhancement within the liver periphery. In the three patients with chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome, the SI differences between peripheral and central liver were minimal on T1- and T2-weighted images, and enhancement differences were also minimal. Extensive bridging intrahepatic and capsular venous collaterals were visualized in chronic cases. In the four patients with acute Budd-Chiari syndrome superimposed on more chronic disease, a combination of gadolinium enhancement patterns was observed on MR images. Enhancement patterns between central and peripheral liver were different for acute, subacute, and chronic Budd-Chiari syndromes, suggesting differentiation between these phases of the disease process. Application of this pattern approach permitted recognition of acute changes superimposed on more chronic disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;11:44–50. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Local Paley?Wiener theorems for functions analytic on unit spheres

The purpose of this paper is to provide new and simplified statements of local Paley?Wiener theorems on the (n ? 1)-dimensional unit sphere realized as a subset of n = 2, 3 Euclidean space. More precisely, given a function , whose restriction to an n ? 1 sphere is analytic, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions determining whether f is the Fourier transform of a compactly supported, bounded function . The essence of this investigation is that, because of the local nature of the problem, the mapping f ? F is not in general invertible and so the problem cannot be studied via a Fourier integral. Our proofs are new.
Activation of μ-opioid receptor modulates GABAA receptor-mediated currents in isolated spinal dorsal horn neurons

Whole-cell voltage-clamp technique was used to examine the effects of a mu-opioid receptor agonist DAGO (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Me-Phe-Gly-ol-enkephalin) on GABA-induced currents in acutely isolated spinal dorsal horn (DH) neurons from laminae I-IV of young rats. We found that a bicuculline-sensitive GABA-induced current was potentiated by DAGO (0.5-500 nM), in a dose-dependent manner, in approximately 62% of the tested cells. The elevated GABA responses outlasted the period of DAGO application, and either recovered within 10 min after the removal of the peptide or persisted for up to 50 min. The potentiating effect of DAGO was reduced or prevented by naloxone and the mu-opioid receptor-selective antagonist beta-funaltrexamine. A similar enhancing effect on the membrane currents activated by administration of muscimol, a GABAA receptor-specific agonist, was produced by DAGO. In addition, a transient depression of GABA responses was observed in approximately 25% of the cells tested. These results indicate that the mu-opioid agonist DAGO modulates the sensitivity of postsynaptic GABAA receptors in a large proportion of spinal neurons from laminae I-IV, with the major effect being facilitation. The DAGO action could contribute to the regulation of the strength of primary afferent neurotransmission, including nociception.
Cultural practices affecting yield and nutrient content of dry bean.

Southeastern Oklahoma is a new region being evaluated for dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production. Cultural methods to improve yield of dry bean need to be developed for this area. Tests using the Fleetwood', an erect bush, white-seeded navy bean used by the industry, were performed on a Bernow fine loamy, siliceous, thermic Glossic Paleudalf soil at Lane in southeastern Oklahoma in 1989, 1990, and 1991. Total yield was determined and marketable seed yield estimated as a function of planting date (June or July) in 1989 or (May-July) in 1990 ; plant density (approx. 27200-62500 plants/acre) in 1989 and 1990, or (approx. 62500 or 127000 plants/acre) in 1991 ; fertilizer rate (additional 50N-0P-25K vs. 200N-200P-200K Ib/care) in 1990 and degradable black spray-on mulch in 1990 and 1991 (...)
Independent Expression of Synaptic and Morphological Plasticity Associated with Long-Term Depression

Physiological and morphological alterations occur with long-term synaptic modifications, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), but whether these two processes are independent or interactive is unclear. It is also unknown whether or how morphological modifications, like spine remodeling, may contribute to physiological modifications, such as trafficking of glutamate receptors which underlies, at least partially, the expression of LTP and LTD. In this study, we monitored spine size and synaptic responses simultaneously using combined two photon time-lapse imaging with patch-clamp recording in acute hippocampal slices. We show that spine shrinkage and LTD can occur independently of each other. We further show that changes in spine size are unrelated to trafficking of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) under various conditions: constitutive trafficking of AMPARs, insulin-induced internalization of AMPARs, or lateral movement of AMPARs to extrasynaptic sites. Induction of LTD of NMDA receptor-mediated responses (NMDAR-LTD) is associated with spine shrinkage. Nonetheless, NMDAR-LTD and spine shrinkage diverge in the downstream signaling events, and can occur independently of each other. Thus, spine shrinkage is not caused by or required for trafficking of glutamate receptors. In a broader sense, there is a clear dissociation between physiological and morphological expression of LTD. However, inhibition of actin depolymerization blocked the expression of LTD, suggesting that morphologically silent actin remodeling may be involved in the physiological expression of LTD and different subpopulations of actin filaments undergo changes during LTD.
Differential Characterization and Classification of Tissue Specific Glycosaminoglycans by Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Statistical Methods

The biological functions of glycoconjugate glycans arise in the context of structural heterogeneity resulting from non-template driven biosynthetic reactions. Such heterogeneity is particularly apparent for the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) classes, of which heparan sulfate (HS) is of particular interest for its properties in binding to many classes of growth factors and growth factor receptors. The structures of HS chains vary according to spatial and temporal factors in biological systems as a mechanism where by the functions of the relatively limited number of associated proteoglycan core proteins is elaborated. Thus, there is a strong driver for the development of methods to discover functionally relevant structures in HS preparations for different sources. In the present work, a set of targeted tandem mass spectra were acquired in automated mode on HS oligosaccharides deriving from two different tissue sources. Statistical methods were used to determine the precursor and product ions, the abundances of which differentiate between the tissue sources. The results demonstrate considerable potential for using this approach to constrain the number of positional glycoform isomers present in different biological preparations toward the end of discovery of functionally relevant structures.
Polystyrene Layers Grafted to Macromolecular Anchoring Layer

Dense and homogeneous grafted polymer layers were anchored from the melt onto a silicon wafer modified with a macromolecular anchoring layer rich in epoxy functional groups. A monolayer of poly(gly...
Interplay of dipolar and random strain effects in the cooperative Jahn-Teller system TmAsO4

Abstract Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of the cooperative Jahn-Teller system TmAsO4 doped with Gd show that above ∼ 140 K dynamic random strains caused by the strong interaction of the first excited electronic doublet of Tm3+ with phonons are the major mechanisms for the line broadenings. At lower temperatures, because of the weaker interactions of the ground electronic doublet with the phonons, the induced dipolar mechanism for the line broadenings becomes important.
Comparison of the complete genomic sequence of the border disease virus, BD31, to other pestiviruses.

Abstract The genus Pestivirus is composed of hog cholera virus (HCV) [also known as classical swine fever virus (CSFV)], bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and border disease virus (BDV). Complete sequences have been published for HCV (or CSFV) and the two genotypes of BVDV (BVDV1 and BVDV2). In this study the complete sequence of the border disease virus (BDV), BD31, was determined. BD31 was isolated from a lamb with hairy shaker syndrome and is the BDV type virus offered by ATCC (ATCC VR-996). The genome was 12268 nucleotides long and had a single large open reading frame (ORF) beginning at nucleotide 357 and ending at nucleotide 12045. The sequence identity of the predicted amino acid sequence of BD31 and other published pestivirus sequences varied from 71% to 78%. Phylogenetic analysis of available complete genomic sequences segregated pestiviruses into two branches. One branch contained BD31 and HCV (or CSFV) isolates while the other branch contained BVDV1 and BVDV2 isolates. Pestiviruses from the same branch were similar in the length of the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTR). When complete genomic sequences were compared among BD31, HCV (or CSFV), BVDV1 and BVDV2, the highest sequence identity was observed in the 5′ UTR. Within the ORF, the highest sequence identity was observed in the genomic region coding for the nonstructural viral polypeptide p80.
Rate-ratio asymptotic analysis of inhibition of nonpremixed methane-air flames by CF3Br

Abstract Rate-ratio asymptotic analysis is performed using a reduced four-step chemical-kinetic mechanism to elucidate the influence of CF 3 Br on the structure of nonpremixed methane-air flames. The inhibitor CF 3 Br is added to the oxidizer stream of the nonpremixed flame. The primary focus of the analysis is to obtain the critical conditions of extinction. The asymptotic flame structure is constructed using the results of numerical calculations performed using a detailed chemical-kinetic mechanism made up of elementary reactions. The strain rate and the scalar dissipation rate represent the characteristic residence times in the reaction zone. For very small values of the strain rate and the scalar dissipation rate, the fuel CH 4 and the inhibitor CF 3 Br are presumed to be consumed in different regions of the flame. The nondimensional distance between these regions is of the order of unity. At conditions close to extinction these regions merge and this merged reaction zone is analyzed. In the merged reaction zone chemical reactions are presumed to take place in three layers which are called the fuel-consumption layer, the oxidation layer and the CF 3 Br-consumption layer. The fuel is consumed in the fuel-consumption layer and the inhibitor in the CF 3 Br-consumption layer. The elementary reaction H + Br 2 → HBr + Br plays a central role in the inhibition of the chemical reactions taking place in the flame. This reaction increases the rates by which radicals recombine in the oxidation layer. The results of the asymptotic analysis show that at fixed values of the scalar dissipation rate. with increasing concentrations of CF 3 Br in the oxidizer stream the maximum temperature in the reaction zone increases, and the amount of oxygen leaking through the reaction zone increases. Also the scalar dissipation rates at extinction decrease with increasing concentrations of CF 3 Br in the oxidizer stream. The qualitative aspects of the changes in the values of the scalar dissipation rate at extinction with increasing concentrations of CF 3 Br agree well with numerical results obtained using a detailed chemical-kinetic mechanism and with experimental data.
Influence of an anticholinergic psychotomimetic agent on behaviour in cats controlled by an auditory stimulus

Abstract An anticholinergic psychotomimetic agent was examined for its behavioural effects on cats trained to press a lever, the location of which corresponded to one of two sound sources. The cats were trained to lick a protruding sponge in dim light which then caused the main light to turn on, and an auditory signal to be emitted from either side of a panel in the chamber. Any lever response terminated the trial. A food reward was given only if the cat pressed a lever on the same side as the sound signal. A new trial cycle began when the cat licked the sponge. A computer programme controlled the experiment, stored the experimental data, and permitted an analysis of various psychophysical parameters, such as ability to localize an auditory cue. threshold of sound intensity, rate of trial onset, and lateral tendency. Doses of 10–20 μg/kg, N-methyl 4-piperidylcyclobutylphenyl glycolate (CBG) reduced the number of responses, and tended to lower the relative time spent in the light period. However, at lower doses CBG produced a marked increase in some cats in total number of trials. Higher doses of scopolamine also reduced total trials, but less consistently. An increase of the number of responses was not observed. A number of animals exhibited a lateral preference for either the right or left lever. CBG, but not scopolamine, markedly shifted this lateral tendency in some cats. The results are discussed in relation to the central effects of the glycolate esters in man.
Simultaneous determination of zopiclone and its two major metabolites (N-oxide and N-desmethyl) in human biological fluids by column liquid chromatography after solid-phase extraction

Abstract A reverse phase liquid chromatographic procedure with fluorescence detection for the simultaneous determination of zopiclone and its main metabolites, N-desmethylzopiclone and zopiclone-N-oxide, in serum, blood and urine is described. An aliquot (0.5–1 mL) of the sample after the addition of 0.25 mL of 250 ng/mL solution of harmane in 0.2 M NaH2PO4 as the internal standard is passed through a 1-mL BondElut C18 silica extraction column. The column is selectively washed with water and acetonitrile to remove polar, neutral and acidic compounds. The desired compounds are eluted with a 0.25 mL aliquot of a mixture of methanol + 35% perchloric acid (100:1 v/v). A 10–25 μL aliquot of the eluate is injected onto a 150 × 4.6 mm I.D. column packed with 5-μm C18 silica particles which is eluted at ambient temperature with a mobile phase of acetonitrile - 0.1% tetramethylammonium perchlorate (17:83 v/v) adjusted to pH 3.8 with 10% perchloric acid at a flow rate of 1.8 mL/min. The peaks are detected with a fl...
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Disability

(1997). Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Disability. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 5-7.
Lesbians and the Internalization of Societal Standards of Weight and Appearance

ABSTRACT Findings from a study of body image, weight concern, and disordered eating in lesbians are presented. While lesbians were more critical of traditional social norms regarding the rights and roles of women in general than heterosexual controls, this difference disappeared in regard to norms concerning women's weight and appearance. Dieting was frequent, almost half of the participants were dissatisfied with their weight, and self-esteem was strongly influenced by body esteem. A large number of lesbians said that physical attractiveness was important in a partner. However, lesbians' conception of physical attractiveness had a more functional quality, related to physical condition, and less concern for conventional aspects related to “looks” than heterosexual women. Involvement in lesbian, but not feminist, activities was found to be a protective factor against low body esteem. These findings are discussed in terms of understanding lesbians' relationships to beauty norms, variations across subgroups,...
Stocking Fingerling Largemouth Bass to Alter Genetic Composition: Efficacy and Efficiency of Three Stocking Rates

Abstract The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) has stocked Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus to alter the genetic composition of largemouth bass populations since 1972. Because most stocked fingerling largemouth bass remain within 1 km of their stocking site, TPWD's current stocking procedures and standard stocking rates of 10–41 fingerlings/surface ha typically yield 10,000–100,000 fish/stocked site (i.e., 2 km of shoreline). The efficacy and efficiency of these stocking rates are unknown. We determined the percent contribution of stocked fingerling (28–66-mm) Florida largemouth bass to the age-0 cohort in Toledo Bend Reservoir, Texas, when the fish were stocked at three rates (1,000, 10,000, and 100,000 fish/site) as well as the associated production and stocking costs. Three weeks after stocking, stocked fish increased the proportion of largemouth bass that were homozygous for alleles characteristic of Florida largemouth bass at all treatments (P < 0.013). Thus, stocking...
ROLE OF THE REGISTRY OF TUMORS IN LOWER ANIMALS IN THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS IN AQUATIC ANIMALS

The registry is mainly involved in specimen storage, diagnostics, information retrieval, and other service activities. In addition, however, the registry participates in surveys, identifies unique lesions or tumorous populations, and takes a supportive or dominant role in pertinent research projects. It is hoped that these efforts will benefit the fight against cancer by contributing further to the discovery of new carcinogens, indicators of environmental carcinogens, animal models for cancer studies, efficacious methods for screening carcinogens, and of reservoirs of carcinogens in food sources and by helping to provide an overall understanding of the neoplastic process.
Five New Multicomponent Planetary Systems

We report Doppler measurements for six nearby G- and K-type main-sequence stars that show multiple low-mass companions, at least one of which has planetary mass. One system has three planets, the fourth triple-planet system known around a normal star, and another has an extremely low minimum mass of 18 M_⊕. HD 128311 (K0 V) has two planets (one previously known) with minimum masses (M sin i) of 2.18M_J and 3.21M_J and orbital periods of 1.26 and 2.54 yr, suggesting a possible 2 : 1 resonance. For HD 108874 (G5 V), the velocities reveal two planets (one previously known) having minimum masses and periods of (M sin i_b = 1.36M_J, P_b = 1.08 yr) and (M sin i_c = 1.02M_J, P_c = 4.4 yr). HD 50499 (G1 V) has a planet with P = 6.8 yr and M sin i = 1.7M_J, and the velocity residuals exhibit a trend of -4.8 m s^(-1) yr^(-1), indicating a more distant companion with P > 10 yr and minimum mass of 2M_J. HD 37124 (G4 IV-V) has three planets, one having M sin i = 0.61M_J and P = 154.5 days, as previously known. We find two plausible triple-planet models that fit the data, both having a second planet near P = 840 days, with the more likely model having its third planet in a 6 yr orbit and the other one in a 29 day orbit. For HD 190360, we confirm the planet having P = 7.9 yr and M sin i = 1.5M_J as found by the Geneva team, but we find a distinctly noncircular orbit with e = 0.36 ± 0.03, rendering this not an analog of Jupiter as had been reported. Our velocities also reveal a second planet with P = 17.1 days and M sin i = 18.1 M_⊕. HD 217107 (G8 IV) has a previously known "hot Jupiter" with M sin i = 1.4M_J and P = 7.13 days, and we confirm its high eccentricity, e = 0.13. The velocity residuals reveal an outer companion in an eccentric orbit, having minimum mass of M sin i > 2M_J, eccentricity e ~ 0.5, and a period P > 8 yr, implying a semimajor axis α > 4 AU and providing an opportunity for direct detection. We have obtained high-precision photometry of five of the six planetary host stars with three of the automated telescopes at Fairborn Observatory. We can rule out significant brightness variations in phase with the radial velocities in most cases, thus supporting planetary reflex motion as the cause of the velocity variations. Transits are ruled out to very shallow limits for HD 217107 and are also shown to be unlikely for the prospective inner planets of the HD 37124 and HD 108874 systems. HD 128311 is photometrically variable with an amplitude of 0.03 mag and a period of 11.53 days, which is much shorter than the orbital periods of its two planetary companions. This rotation period explains the origin of periodic velocity residuals to the two-planet model of this star. All of the planetary systems here would be further constrained with astrometry by the Space Interferometry Mission.
Synergistic and antagonistic roles of the Sonic hedgehog N- and C-terminal lipids

The Shh protein contains both N-terminal and C-terminal lipids. The functional redundancy of these lipid moieties is presently unclear. Here, we compare the relative roles of the N- and C-terminal lipids in early rat striatal neuronal differentiation, membrane association and multimerization, and ventralizing activity in the zebrafish forebrain. We show that these lipid act synergistically in cell tethering and the formation of a large (L) multimer (669 kDa). However, the C-terminal lipid antagonizes the rat striatal neuronal differentiation-inducing activity of the N-terminal lipid. In addition, multimerization is required but not sufficient for the differentiation-inducing activity. Based on the presence of different N- and C-lipid-containing Shh proteins in the rat embryo, and on their different activities, we propose that both N- and C-terminal lipids are required for the formation of multimers involved in long-range signaling, and that the C-terminal lipid may function in long-range signaling by reducing Shh activity until it reaches its long-range target. Comparative analysis of the ventralizing activities of different N- and C-terminal lipid-containing Shh proteins in the zebrafish forebrain shows that the presence of at least one lipid is required for signaling activity, suggesting that lipid modification of Shh is a conserved requirement for signaling in the forebrain of rodents and zebrafish.
91 Maintenance of genetic diversity in heterosigma akashiwo by temporal variability in its environment

Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada ex Y. Hara et Chihara (Chromophyta: Raphidophyceae) is a coastal HAB forming species that is not known to undergo sexual reproduction. Ribosomal ITS sequences for 36 strains of Heterosigma have been determined and found to be identical except for two strains that had one single nucleotide polymorphism each. Despite the apparent absence of meiosis and the ostensible homogeneity of genotypes (at least at the ITS locus), different strains of Heterosigma display a very wide range of phenotypes. This inconsistency suggests that greater genetic diversity exists in Heterosigma than is evident through sequence analysis of the ITS region. Data will be presented summarizing efforts to develop better genetic markers for examining intrapopulational diversity. Results of experiments examining the effects of nutrient concentration in batch culture on growth response have demonstrated that sufficient haplotype variability exists in established culture strains to allow Darwinian selection, even when these strains are “clonal”. We propose that batch culture imposes a sequence of different selection pressures on a rapidly dividing population of cells, and this environmental variation promotes the maintenance of genetic diversity. Extrapolating the batch culture scenario to the much more highly dynamic marine coastal environment, it becomes apparent that the observed phenotypic variation between Heterosigma strains is largely a function of a diverse haplotype distribution, maintained, in a large part, by patchy resource availability on both temporal and spatial scales.
INTRAOPERATIVE BETA PROBE : A DEVICE FOR DETECTING TISSUE LABELED WITH POSITRON OR ELECTRON EMITTING ISOTOPES DURING SURGERY

An intraoperative beta probe was designed, built, and tested for detection of radio-labeled malignant tissues that has the advantage of being selectively sensitive to beta while insensitive to gamma radiation. Since beta radiation (electrons or positrons) has a short range in tissue, this probe is ideal for detecting tracers in tumors at the surface of the surgical field. This probe contains a plastic scintillation detector sensitive to beta rays and to a lesser degree some background gamma rays. A second detector counts spurious gamma rays and allows for their subtraction from the activity measured by the first detector. Sensitivity of the dual probe for I-131 and F-18 was measured to be 108 counts/s/kBq (4000 counts/s/microCi). The dual-detector probe faithfully measured the 10:1 "tumor" to background ratio of radioactivity concentrations in a simulated environment of a tumor in the presence of intense background 511 keV photons. In another phantom experiment, simulating abdominal tumor deposits with various realistic I-131 radioactive concentrations, the probe was able to accurately identify tumors of approximately 50 mg with a tumor/normal radioactivity concentration of 3/1 in 10 s.
A Simple DNA Extraction Method for PCR‐based Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii in Geraniums

A simple method for PCR-based plant clinical diagnosis of bacterial blight of geraniums caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii is described. The method entails maceration of infected tissues in water or 10mM Tris- HCI, pH 8.0 buffer, followed by treatment of the macerate with a commercially-available extraction matrix (GeneReleaserTM) in which nucleic acid is released by brief microwave heating. Nucleic acid prepared in this manner served directly as template for PCR amplification with primers targeting a sequence in the genome of the bacterium. Using this protocol, it was possible to quickly identify X. campestris pv. pelargonii in infected geraniums, whereas amplification products were not obtained with nucleic acid preparations from noninfected plants, or from plants infected with the bacterial pathogens, Corynebacterium fascians or Pseudomonas cichorii.
Patterns in the lives of ETA members

Abstract Based on 48 fairly detailed personal case histories, and more limited data on 447 other individuals, this article describes significant patterns in the lives of members of the Basque insurgent organization Euzkadi ta Askatasuna (ETA). The article discusses the age and sex of ETA members, the socioeconomic background of the members and their families, and their ethnic and linguistic characteristics. The article also describes life in ETA, the radicalization of Basque youth, how new members are recruited into the organization, how they live and what they do as members, how ETA members relate to family, friends and loved ones, and how they terminate their relationship to the organization. The study finds ETA members to be not the alienated and pathologically distressed individuals who join other insurgent organizations, but rather they are psychologically healthy persons for the most part, strongly supported by their families and their ethnic community.
An Algorithm for Computing Fekete Points in the Triangle

On the line and its tensor products, Fekete points are known to be the Gauss--Lobatto quadrature points. But unlike high-order quadrature, Fekete points generalize to non-tensor-product domains such as the triangle. Thus Fekete points might serve as an alternative to the Gauss--Lobatto points for certain applications. In this work we present a new algorithm to compute Fekete points and give results up to degree 19 for the triangle. For degree d > 10 these points have the smallest Lebesgue constant currently known. The computations validate a conjecture of Bos [ J. Approx. Theory, 64 (1991), pp. 271--280] that Fekete points along the boundary of the triangle are the one-dimensional Gauss--Lobatto points.
Optimal design of piezoactuators for active noise and vibration control

A generalized approach for the optimization of piezoactuator/substructure coupling is studied. The effective bending moment induced by twin, rectangularly shaped piezoactuators surface-bonded to the upper and lower surfaces of a thin, flat plate is estimated from a static analysis of the composite structure.
Early axial spondyloarthritis.

Purpose of review To summarize recent advances in the classification of preradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (SpA).