cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chlorpromazine as a discriminative stimulus in rats: Generalization to typical and atypical antipsychotics

The discriminative stimulus properties of the typical antipsychotic chlorpromazine were examined in a two-lever drug discrimination procedure for food reward. Six of nine rats readily acquired the discrimination between 1.0 mg/kg chlorpromazine (i.p.) and vehicle in a mean of 29.7 training sessions. The chlorpromazine generalization curve was dose-dependent and yielded an ED 50 of 0.305 mg/kg (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.201-0.463 mg/kg). The chlorpromazine cue generalized to the atypical antipsychotics clozapine (ED 50 for the clozapine curve was 0.258 mg/kg [95% Cl = 0.047-1.420 mg/kg]) and olanzapine (ED 50 for the olanzapine curve was 0.199 mg/kg [95% Cl = 0.076-0.522 mg/kg]) and to the typical antipsychotic thioridazine (ED 50 for the thioridazine curve was 3.103 mg/kg [95% Cl = 1.993-4.832 mg/kg]). Haloperidol (a typical antipsychotic) and raclopride (an atypical antipsychotic) did not substitute for chlorpromazine. It is clear from the present results that the discriminative stimulus properties of chlorpromazine share similarities both with the atypical antipsychotics clozapine and olanzapine and with the typical antipsychotic thioridazine. The extent to which the discriminative stimulus properties of antipsychotic drugs reflect or are predictive of their therapeutic effects in schizophrenic patients remains unclear.
Simulating failure times when the event of interest is unobservable with emphasis on animal carcinogenicity studies

This paper discusses and summarizes the methods which can be used to simulate failure times when an intermediate event of interest is unobservable. Data from animal carcinogenicity experiments are typically of this form. The simulation of time-to-event data where cause of failure is known and the case where cause of failure is unknown are discussed. The methods proposed for simulating failure times use identifiable hazard functions and allow for random sampling of functioning experimental units at fixed times. Some useful design and programming tools are also given.
Glycan Reader: Automated Sugar Identification and Simulation Preparation for Carbohydrates and Glycoproteins

Understanding how glycosylation affects protein structure, dynamics, and function is an emerging and challenging problem in biology. As a first step toward glycan modeling in the context of structural glycobiology, we have developed Glycan Reader and integrated it into the CHARMM-GUI, http://www.charmm-gui.org/input/glycan. Glycan Reader greatly simplifies the reading of PDB structure files containing glycans through (i) detection of carbohydrate molecules, (ii) automatic annotation of carbohydrates based on their three-dimensional structures, (iii) recognition of glycosidic linkages between carbohydrates as well as N-/O-glycosidic linkages to proteins, and (iv) generation of inputs for the biomolecular simulation program CHARMM with the proper glycosidic linkage setup. In addition, Glycan Reader is linked to other functional modules in CHARMM-GUI, allowing users to easily generate carbohydrate or glycoprotein molecular simulation systems in solution or membrane environments and visualize the electrostatic potential on glycoprotein surfaces. These tools are useful for studying the impact of glycosylation on protein structure and dynamics.
Specific binding of zinc transferrin to human lymphocytes.

Summary Radioiodinated zinc transferrin has been found to interact with human lymphocytes in a manner characterized by rapid binding, saturability, reversibility, and specificity. Each lymphocyte can bind a maximum of approximately 61,000 molecules of zinc transferrin with an association constant of 4 × 10 7 M −1 . Binding is strongly inhibited by cyanide and fluoride and only moderately inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents.
Spreading behavior of water based graphite lubricants on hot die surfaces

In hot forging, water-based-graphite lubricants are sprayed on the die surface to provide a thin adherent graphite film for the desired metal flow. The film formation depends on the spread of the lubricant droplets and their dry-off. With dryoff-times being very small, the spreading is essentially isothermal. Therefore, the fundamentals of spreading droplets are investigated through droplet mechanics and the similarity principles. Relations are derived between the spray parameters and the non-dimensional spread coefficient using single droplet experiments. These relations together with measured rheological properties are used to predict spread ratio for the various lubricant dilution ratios using validated numerical models.
287 PORCINE ADIPOSE-DERIVED STEM CELLS IN CO-CULTURE FUSE ACTIVELY WITH MOUSE MYOTUBES AND EXPRESS MYOGENIC MARKERS

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been shown to be useful in regenerative medicine with their capability to give rise to various different cell types, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, muscle cells, and neurons. Among MSC, bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSC) are considered the primary source. Recently, many studies have shown the regenerative capabilities of adipose-derived stem cells (ASC). The ASC, with their greater abundance and ease of harvest, provide clear advantages over BMSC. We have previously demonstrated the myogenic differentiation of porcine ASC when co-cultured with differentiating C2C12 myoblasts in a myogenic differentiation-promoting medium. In this study, we sought to examine the myogenic potential of porcine ASC when co-cultured with fully differentiated murine myotubes. For the present study, we used porcine ASC isolated from the back fat of a transgenic gree fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing pig at passage 3. The ASC were added to mouse C2C12 myotube cultures that had been induced towards myogenesis for 72 h. As controls, we co-cultured, in the same conditions, GFP-expressing endothelial cells (ENDO) from the aorta of the same pig. Additionally, we cultured ASC, ENDO, and C2C12 cells alone in myogenic-differentiation medium. Cultures were harvested at 12, 24, and 48 h after addition of porcine cells to myotube cultures for measurement of mouse- or porcine-specific myogenic markers by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. We were able to observe fusion of ASC GFP-expressing cells with pre-formed mouse myotubes by detection of myotubes expressing GFP. Additionally, immunofluorescent staining of co-cultures with an antibody specific for porcine nuclear Lamin A demonstrated the presence of ASC nuclei incorporated into myotubes. We observed large increases in gene expression of porcine-specific myogenin (MYOG; >900-fold) and desmin (DES; 8-fold). Unexpectedly, ENDO in co-culture with myotubes also had increased expression of DES (4-fold) and MYOG (400-fold), possibly indicating their de-differentiation and adaptation to a myogenic phenotype. In addition, expression of mouse-specific DES and MYOG were boosted in C2C12 myotubes when co-cultured for 48 h compared with C2C12 alone, suggesting enhanced myogenesis or prolonged survival of myotubes in co-culture. Cultures of ASC and ENDO alone did not display increased expression of myogenic markers. These results provide support for the use of ASC for muscle regeneration strategies, as in the case of damaged muscles and muscular dystrophy. In addition, compared with our previous observations, where ASC were co-cultured with undifferentiated C2C12, the ASC co-cultured with myotubes appeared to have an enhanced fusion and expression of myogenic markers. Finally, the capacity of ENDO to fuse and actively expressed muscle-specific genes deserves further investigation.
In vivo catabolism of α1-proteinase inhibitor-trypsin, antithrombin III-thrombin and α2-macroglobulin-methylamine

The clearances of 125I-labeled alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor-trypsin, antithrombin III-thrombin and alpha 2-macroglobulin-methylamine (CH3NH2) were compared in our previously described mouse model. alpha 1-Proteinase inhibitor-trypsin cleared with a t 1/2 of 20 min, antithrombin III-thrombin of 7 min and 125I-labeled alpha 2-macroglobulin-methylamine of 2 min. Competition studies were performed to determine whether one or several pathways clear these three ligands. The clearance of 125I-labeled alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor-trypsin and 125I-labeled antithrombin III-thrombin was blocked by large molar excesses of either ligand, but not by alpha 2-macroglobulin-methylamine. The clearance of 125I-labeled alpha 2-macroglobulin-methylamine can be blocked by a large molar excesses of unlabeled alpha 2-macroglobulin-methylamine but not by alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor-trypsin. These studies demonstrate that the clearance of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor-trypsin complexes is independent of alpha 2-macroglobulin-methylamine and utilizes the same pathway which is involved in the clearance of antithrombin III-thrombin complexes.
Role of CD30 Targeting in Malignant Lymphoma

CD30 is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of malignant lymphomas. CD30 is a member of the TNF cell receptor superfamily and is highly expressed in a variety of lymphoma subsets, including Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Initial studies evaluated the safety and efficacy of several monoclonal antibodies targeting CD30, with limited success. More recently, the anti-CD30 drug-conjugate brentuximab vedotin produced high response rates with an excellent safety profile. These results lead to the approval of brentuximab vedotin for the treatment of patients with relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Current studies are focusing on incorporating brentuximab vedotin in front-line regimens and expanding its potential clinical utility in other CD30-expressing malignancies.
Load/unload measurements using laser doppler vibrometry and acoustic emission

Abstract The dynamics of the load/unload process are studied using a so-called ‘periscope approach’ which allows us to follow the slider motion during load/unload (L/UL) with the beam of a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). LDV signals and acoustic emission signals are obtained for three different slider airbearing designs and for load/unload conditions with different vertical velocities and spindle speeds. The load process is investigated statistically using the acoustic emission signal in order to determine the effect of vertical load speed and spindle speed on the probability of contacts between slider and disk. The results indicate that small vertical load speeds decrease the number of head/disk contacts, and that slider designs with a cavity centered close to the trailing edge enable a smooth unloading process.
Isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantifying urinary metabolites of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides

This paper describes a method for measuring cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acids (cis-DCCA and trans-DCCA), cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (DBCA), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3PBA), and 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4F3PBA) in human urine. These compounds are considered to be reliable biomarkers of exposure for many pyrethroid insecticides used in the United States. In this method, stable isotopically labeled analogues of trans-DCCA and 3PBA were spiked into urine as internal standards. After solid-phase extraction, the extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using turbo ion-spray atmospheric pressure ionization. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 μg/L. Within-day relative standard deviations ranged from 1.8 to 13% and between-day relative standard deviations ranged from 0.5 to 18%. Absolute analyte recoveries ranged from 72 to 93%. Chromatographic retention times were less than 8 min. This method was used to measure urinary concentrations of these metabolites in persons with no known exposure to pyrethroids and some with suspected residential exposure. Metabolites of synthetic pyrethroids were detected in 74% of the samples analyzed. cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, DBCA, 4F3PBA, and 3PBA were detected in 36, 50, 3, 9, and 64% of the samples analyzed, respectively.
Maintenance of Sympathetic Activity Following Spinal Cord Transection in Neonatal Swine. |[dagger]| 251

Sympathetic (SYMP) activity is not abolished by high spinal transection. It is possible that sensory inputs transmitted through dorsal root ganglia can retain activity via intraspinal reflex circuits. In Saffan anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated (100% Oxygen) piglets, recordings were obtained from phrenic and lumbar SYMP nerves before and after spinal cord transection (SCT). Intact animals displayed modulation of SYMP activity by both baroreceptor and central respiratoryrelated inputs. Following SCT, modulation of SYMP activity related to lung inflation emerged. SYMP activity was maximum during inflation and at a minimum during deflation. The relationship of SYMP to lung inflation was quantified by autopower and coherence spectra. Prominent peaks (ca. 1 Hz), were highly correlated in coherence spectra (>0.1). These results suggest pulmonary afferent modulation of SYMP discharge may account for the observed vasomotor changes occurring in SCT mammals. Cfos gene expression was used to monitor functional responses of spinal cord neurons to spinal injury. After 2.53 hrs, animals were prepared for immunocytochemistry. After SCT, larger numbers of intensely labeled nuclei were concentrated in C3C5 (laminae V, VIII and X) and thoracic gray (laminae I, V, VIII, X, including intermediolateral cell column). Neurons expressing Fos after SCT occupy laminae that harbor SYMP in response to spinal cord injury. It appears that the activity present in efferent preganlionic discharge in developing animals is less dependent on supraspinal mechanisms, possibly because funtional synaptic contacts with brain stem SYMP neurons are not yet fully expressed. (Supported by NIH grants HL20864, HD28931 [P.M.G., A.L.S.] and HL18974, NS28200[D.A.R.]).
Age-related changes in proton T1 values of normal human brain

To determine whether there were age-related changes In the brain tissue of 55 healthy adult volunteers (29 men, 26 women; 18-72 years old) without known brain abnormalities, a standard inversion-recovery technique was optimized for precise and accurate T1 measurement within the constraints of a 15-minute examination. Measurements of water proton T1 were obtained in eight brain regions. T1 increased with age in the genu (P < 0.001) (analysis of variance), frontal white matter (P < 0.05), occipital white matter (P < 0.05), putamen (P < 0.001), and thalamus (P << 0.001). A significant decrease in T1 with age was found in cortical gray matter (P < 0.05). Thus, age-related changes in T1 are present in a healthy population, even if extremes of age are excluded, suggesting that T1 values generally increase with age. However, increases in T1 were also observed in the genu, putamen, and thalamus of a substantial fraction of volunteers less than 35 years old. Aging healthy persons can show subtle, nonsymp- tomatic brain changes, suggesting that brain aging is associated with occult processes that can begin at a relatively early age.
Determination of surface states distribution in a-Si:H using MOS tunnel Junctions

The measurement of the tunneling conductance and the ac conductance of a tunnelable MOS capacitor enables the determination of surface states distributions in semiconductors. Carrying out the measurement on hydrogenated amorphous silicon a-Si:H has revealed a non-uniform states distribution with a peak at about 0.45 eV below the conduction band edge. If the detected states are considered bulk states they appear to have a density of 1018 − 5×l018 cm−3 eV−1 at this peak. The agreement between the above results and states distributions obtained on a-Si:H alloys from other methods, and on materials prepared in various deposition systems, indicates that this peak is a universal property of these alloys. The latter conclusion is shown to be applicable for the determination of the doping efficiency in the alloys.
Management Education: An Interdisciplinary Problem Solving Approach

The Management Problem Laboratory is an interdisciplinary program for the development of managerial problem solving skills. Students investigate current problems of organizations through interactio...
Oxidant-induced Changes in Mitochondria and Calcium Dynamics in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease

Considerable data support the hypothesis that mitochondrial abnormalities link gene defects and/or environmental insults to the neurodegenerative process. The interaction of oxidants with calcium and the mitochondrial enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are central to that relationship. Abnormalities that were discovered in brains or fibroblasts from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been modeled in vitro and in vivo to assess their pathophysiological importance and to determine how they might be reversed. The conclusions are consistent with the hypothesis that the AD-related abnormalities result from oxidative stress. The selection of compounds for reversal is complex because the actions of the relevant compounds vary under different conditions, such as cell redox states and acute versus chronic changes. However, the models that have been developed are useful for testing the effectiveness of the potential medications. The results suggest that the reversal of mitochondrial deficits and a reduction in oxidative stress will reduce clinical and pathological changes and benefit patients.
Catalyst deactivation during deep oxidation of chlorohydrocarbons

A commercial chromia-alumina catalyst was investigated for an extended period of time for the oxidation of two gas streams containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with compositions similar to those expected from groundwater air strippers. The first gas stream ( chlorinated stream ) contained 500 ppm of C1 to C2 chlorohydrocarbons, while the second stream (mixed stream) contained 450 ppm of C5 to C9 hydrocarbons plus 50 ppm of trichloroethylene. Catalyst deactivation was studied at constant conversion of the main reaction, achieved by increasing the temperature, when needed, to compensate for the loss of intrinsic catalyst activity. The catalytic activity and selectivity were found to be a function of the type of feed stream and the reactor configuration. Although the catalyst used for the oxidation of the chlorinated stream did not require any temperature increase when used fore 153 days-on-stream in a fixed bed reactor, the results suggest progressive loss in catalyst activity down the catalyst bed. A fluid bed reactor was found to be more effective than a fixed bed reactor in maintaining the catalyst activity for the oxidation of the chlorinated stream. The physical attrition of catalyst particles in the fluid bed reactor accompanied with the loss of chromium, via oxychloride formation, appears to be beneficial in maintaining the catalyst activity by constantly exposing the fresh catalyst surface. The catalyst used for mixed stream oxidation required a temperature increase of 33°C over 210 days-on-stream to maintain constant conversion. This decrease in catalytic activity was related to a decrease in BET surface area.
Gender Differences in Successful National Institutes of Health Funding in Ophthalmology

Objective To determine whether gender differences in individual National Institutes of Health (NIH) awards and in funding totals exist in ophthalmology, and to further characterize whether factors such as experience, academic rank, and terminal degree play a role. Design A retrospective review of awards granted to primary investigators (PIs) in ophthalmology departments from 2011 through the present was conducted. PIs were classified by gender, degree, experience, and academic position. The NIH funding database was used to gather award data. Setting Academic medical center. Results Men had higher mean NIH awards ($418,605) than their female colleagues ($353,170; p = 0.005) and had higher total funding per PI (p = 0.004). Men had statistically higher awards at the level of assistant professor than their female counterparts (p Conclusions Male PIs receiving grants since 2011 had higher awards than their female colleagues did, most markedly among PIs in the earlier portions of their career. Differences in gender representation among senior faculty and in positions of leadership in academic ophthalmology may be partially a result of disparities in research output, as scholarly productivity is an important component of the academic advancement process in ophthalmology.
Fluorescent immunosensors using planar waveguides

The goal of our research program is to develop competitive and sandwich fluoroimmunoassays with high sensitivity and fast response time, that do not require external reagents. Our approach to this problem is to employ an optical immunoassay based on total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF). Specifically, monoclonal antibodies are immobilized on a planar waveguide. Total internal reflection of light in the planar waveguide sets up an evanescent field which extends about 2000 angstroms from the interface. In the competitive immunoassay, a fluorescent label is coupled to a small synthetic antigen which is packaged with the antibody. In the absence of analyte, the fluorescently labeled antigen binds to the antibody and is excited by the evanescent field. Upon the addition of analyte, the fluorescently labeled antigen molecules are displaced by unlabeled antigen molecules and diffuse out of the evanescent field. In the sandwich assay, a primary or `capture' antibody is immobilized on the planar waveguide, and a secondary or `tracer' antibody (which is labeled with a fluorescent dye) is added to the bulk solution. In the absence of analyte, the tracer antibody remains in solution and very little fluorescence is observed. However, upon addition of analyte, a `molecular sandwich' is formed on the waveguide, composed of: (1) the capture antibody; (2) the analyte; and (3) the tracer antibody. Once this sandwich forms, the tracer antibody is within the evanescent field and fluoresces. Fluorescence emission is detected by a charged- coupled device (CCD). Using this approach, we have developed a prototype immunosensor for the detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This device meets our design goals and exhibits a sensitivity of 0.1 - 1 pmolar.
Basic tracking using nonlinear 3D monostatic and bistatic measurements

Monostatic and bistatic position and Doppler measurements used in radar and sonar systems are nonlinear transformations of a Cartesian state. These nonlinearities pose a challenge for many target tracking algorithms, causing the so-called contact lens problem, which describes the nonlinear appearance of the measurement probability density function in Cartesian coordinates. This tutorial considers methods for measurement filtering (tracking without considering data association) using a single-Gaussian approximation when monostatic and bistatic position and Doppler measurements are available. The connection between the cubature Kalman filter and numerous other filtering algorithms is shown, and the accuracy and consistency of different algorithms are compared through simulation. An effort is made to express the geometric relationships associated with multistatic tracking in a simple vectorial manner. This tutorial focuses on basic tracking, and the companion tutorials “Tracking Using 3D Monostatic and Bistatic Measurements in Refractive Environments” and “Basic Tracking Using Nonlinear Continuous-Time Dynamic Models” extend the results to more sophisticated physical models.
Unacceptable file operations in a relational data base

This paper is written within the context of a relational data base model as presented by E. F. Codd in [1]. It also serves as a companion paper to his paper [2].The central thesis is that a file operation should not produce unexpected 'side effects' in order to maintain a restriction (such as one-one, or many-one) on the file. Any file operation which would violate a restriction for some possible data is called 'violative'. It is determined which cases of the file operations WRITE, REWRITE and DELETE are violative. We argue that most violative file operations should be rejected. Instead, the equivalent operations should be carried out on projections in E. F. Codd's 'third normal form' in order to alleviate the necessity for spurious side effects. It is therefore convenient for the programmer to be able to refer directly to these projections by name and for the data management system to allow operations on them. This provides further justification to that in [2] for modelling the data base interface between programmer and data management system in terms of relations in 'third normal form'.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors profoundly decrease proliferation of human lymphoid cancer cell lines

Methylation of tumor suppressor genes is frequently observed in human cancers. These genes are silenced by histone deacetylase (HDAC) recruited by methylated DNA in their promoter regions. HDAC removes acetyl groups from histones and prevents the basic transcriptional machinary access to the target gene, leading to transcriptional repression. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) can restore the expression of the tumor suppressor and/or cell cycle regulatory genes in cancer cells and block the cellular proliferation of these cells. In this study, we investigated the in vitro antiproliferative activities of the HDACIs, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), and valproic acid against 14 human lymphoid cancer cell lines. All of these cell lines were sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of the HDACI. SAHA induced either G1 or G2-M arrest as well as apoptosis. SAHA downregulated cyclin D1 and D2, and upregulated p53, p21, and p27. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed a remarkable increase in the level of acetylated histones associated with the p21 promoter after SAHA treatment. In nude mice, SAHA significantly inhibited growth of a mantle cell lymphoma without major toxic side effects. In summary, HDACIs are promising therapeutic agents for human lymphoid cancers.
On the distribution of Weierstrass points on singular curves

Weierstrass points are defined for invertible sheaves on integral, projective Gorenstein curves. An example is given of a rational nodal curveX and an invertible sheaf ℒ of positive degree onX such that the set of all higher order Weierstrass points of ℒ is not dense inX.
Measurement of calcium carbonate deposition in molluscs by controlled etching of radioactively labeled shells

Rates of calcium carbonate removal from shell pieces of Argopecten irradians (Say) and Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) were dependent on the type of etching fluid used and not shell origin. Etching was uniform over the entire shell surface, but surface morphology differed with etching fluids. Peak radioactivity was in early eluant fractions of shells etched immediately after radioactive labeling, and in later fractions when individuals were placed in isotope-free seawater after labeling. The etching technique can measure growth during the labeling period and subsequently by estimating the amount of calcium in fractions prior to the radioactive peak. Geometry of shell layers influenced the pattern of radioactivity seen in fractions. Peak location varied inside and outside the pallial line of individual M. mercenaria. A significant portion of the inorganic carbon used in shell formation by M. mercenaria was derived from metabolic CO2.
Control and regulation of integrated mitochondrial function in metabolic and transport networks.

The pattern of flux and concentration control coefficients in an integrated mitochondrial energetics model is examined by applying a generalized matrix method of control analysis to calculate control coefficients, as well as response coefficients The computational model of Cortassa et al. encompasses oxidative phosphorylation, the TCA cycle, and Ca2+ dynamics. Control of ATP synthesis, TCA cycle, and ANT fluxes were found to be distributed among various mitochondrial processes. Control is shared by processes associated with ATP/ADP production and transport, as well as by Ca2+ dynamics. The calculation also analyzed the control of the concentrations of key regulatory ions and metabolites (Ca2+, NADH, ADP). The approach we have used demonstrates how properties of integrated systems may be understood through applications of computational modeling and control analysis.
Gender implications in job application tendencies among undergraduate sport management majors

This study assessed gender differences in entry-level sport management jobs application. Announcements for 27 jobs fitting five academic specialization areas within sport were presented in random order to subjects (N= 210) who read each one and indicated the positions for which they would apply upon graduation. Results of a multivariate analysis of variance indicated no significant differences in proportions of “yes” responses relative to application within major specialization. Conclusions were that females and males do not apply for jobs disproportionately within their specialized major fields of study, refuting the popular notion that women do not apply for managerial positions with sport.
Perturbation of cell cycle regulation triggers plant immune response via activation of disease resistance genes

The Arabidopsis gene OSD1 (Omission of the Second Division) and its homolog UVI4 (UV-B-Insensitive 4) are negative regulators of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a multisubunit ubiquitin E3 ligase that regulates the progression of cell cycles. Here we report the isolation of an activation tagging allele of OSD1 as an enhancer of a mutant of BON1 (BONZAI1), a negative regulator of plant immunity. Overexpression of OSD1 and UVI4 each leads to enhanced immunity to a bacterial pathogen, which is associated with increased expression of disease resistance (R) genes similar to the animal NOD1 receptor-like immune receptor genes. In addition, the reduction of function of one subunit of the APC complex APC10 exhibited a similar phenotype to that of overexpression of OSD1 or UVI4, indicating that altered APC function induces immune responses. Enhanced immune response induced by OSD1 overexpression is dependent on CYCB1;1, which is a degradation target of APC/C. It is also associated with up-regulation of R genes and is dependent on the R gene SNC1 (Suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1). Taken together, our findings reveal an unexpected link between cell cycle progression and plant immunity, suggesting that cell cycle misregulation could have an impact on expression of genes, including R genes, in plant immunity.
Intercalated Duct Lesion of the Parotid

Intercalated duct lesions of the salivary glands are rare tumors that were only recently described. However, their resemblance to other salivary gland tumors as well as their association with malignant neoplasms makes their detection, treatment, and follow-up paramount. We present the case of a 63-year-old woman diagnosed with an intercalated duct lesion of the parotid. Her case is illustrative of the difficulty and importance of an accurate pathologic diagnosis in the management of patients with these lesions.
A partition approach to Vizing's conjecture

In 1963, Vizing [Vichysl.Sistemy9 (1963), 30–43] conjectured that γ(G × H) ≥ γ(G)γ(H), where G × H denotes the cartesian product of graphs, and γ(G) is the domination number. In this paper we define the extraction number x(G) and we prove that P2(G) ≤ x(G), and γ(G × H) ≥ x(G)γ(H), where P2(G) is the 2-packing number of G. Though the equality x(G) = γ(G) is proven to hold in several classes of graphs, we construct an infinite family of graphs which do not satisfy this condition. Also, we show the following lower bound: γ(G × H) ≥ γ(G)P2(H) + P2(G)(γ(H) − P2(H)). © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lattice vibrational waves in cubic crystal plates

An investigation is given of the lowest symmetric (extensional) and the lowest antisymmetric (flexural) mode of waves in a cubic crystal plate bounded by two planes of symmetry. The investigation was carried out using the continuum theory of anisotropic elasticity, and also using a simple cubic lattice model. Particular attention was given to the change of the character of both the extensional and flexural mode, which takes place as the wave length is decreased from infinity down to values of the order of the plate thickness. Both modes tend to become surface modes whenever surface waves are possible along the direction of propagation. However, some essential differences were observed, regarding this transition from bulk modes to surface modes, between materials which propagateRayleigh surface waves and those which propagate generalizedRayleigh surface waves.
Individual and collective opportunities

We consider the bargaining problem in the context of a variable number of agents. When new agents enter the scene but the opportunities open to the enlarged group do not expand, some solutions paradoxically may recommend that some of the agents originally present gain. We propose a quantitative measure of the extent to which a solution allows this phenomenon to occur and we rank the major solutions on that basis. The Kalai-Smorodinsky solution performs better than all weakly pareto-optimal and anonymous solution, and in particular strictly better than the Nash solution. However, the two solutions are equivalent when it is the opportunities for gains offered to initial groups, instead of individuals, that are being compared.
The Role of Gender in Descriptive Representation

This article broadens consideration of the gender gap from voting differ ences to the larger question of affective preferences for descriptive represen tation (Pitkin 1967). The results, based on a 1993 survey of 416 individuals, suggest that women are far more likely than men to be "gender conscious" in their evaluation of a candidate or a preferred representative. Differences among the 224 women in the sample can be traced to at least four sources. Group interests and feminist attitudes are positive sources of women's preferences for descriptive representation. Conversely, conservative political views deter some women from supporting women in politics. The results also provide partial support for Carroll's (1987) psychological and economic autonomy thesis. Finally, the results suggest that in part the "gender gap" may be a generational gap most prevalent among "baby boomers."
Theory of narrow resonances in e+e− annihilation

Abstract The theory of the states Ψ/J, Ψ′, etc., in e + e − a X is given in the context of the differential dispersive aspects of the partial differential equations of renormalizable quantum field theory.
Advances in biologically inspired on/near sensor processing

As electro-optic sensors increase in size and frame rate, the data transfer and digital processing resource requirements also increase. In many missions, the spatial area of interest is but a small fraction of the available field of view. Choosing the right region of interest, however, is a challenge and still requires an enormous amount of downstream digital processing resources. In order to filter this ever-increasing amount of data, we look at how nature solves the problem. The Advanced Guidance Division of the Munitions Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory at Elgin AFB, Florida, has been pursuing research in the are of advanced sensor and image processing concepts based on biologically inspired sensory information processing. A summary of two 'neuromorphic' processing efforts will be presented along with a seeker system concept utilizing this innovative technology. The Neuroseek program is developing a 256 X 256 2-color dual band IRFPA coupled to an optimized silicon CMOS read-out and processing integrated circuit that provides simultaneous full-frame imaging in MWIR/LWIR wavebands along with built-in biologically inspired sensor image processing functions. Concepts and requirements for future such efforts will also be discussed.
Weakly ordered plane geometry

A plane geometry is introduced, which although ordered such that both every line is densely linearly ordered without first or last element and such that every line partitions the points of the plane not incident with it into two convex half-planes, does not need to satisfy the Pasch axiom. An alternate axiomatization of ordered planes is obtained by adding several axioms, including the inner form of the Pasch axiom. The missing link between the inner form of Pasch’s axiom and the full Pasch axiom is herewith determined.
The Implications of Scarcity for Governance in Africa

Despite the variety in African state forms, the observer is struck by a prevailing paradox- that is, the modern African state is overcentralized and consumes extensive resources, yet is "soft" and lacks the ability to carry out its ambitious programs. What explains this apparent paradox? Policy analysis, which assumes relatively strong and autonomous state institutions, must adapt to Third World conditions if it is to promote governability under conditions of scarcity and state incoherence. Hence a number of policy options are explored to increase the political resources the state can bring to bear-devolution of central authority, expanded private organizations, parastatals, and local governing bodies, and increased reliance on market mechanisms. To be sure, powerful political forces stand in the way of reducing state tasks; yet despite the risks involved, we see real opportunities for African states, each within its own unique context, to accomplish more while doing less.
The Strategic Effects of Vertical Market Structure: Common Agency and Divisionalization in the US Motion Picture Industry

I examine the release date scheduling of all motion pictures that went into wide release in the US in 1995 and 1996 to investigate the effects of vertical market structure on competition. The evidence suggests that complex vertical structures involving multiple upstream or downstream firms generally do not achieve efficient outcomes in movie scheduling. In addition, analysis of the data suggests that the production divisions of the major studios act as integrated parts of the studio, rather than as independent competing firms.
Insight into the Structural Basis of Pro- and Antiapoptotic p53 Modulation by ASPP Proteins

p53-dependent apoptosis is modulated by the ASPP family of proteins (apoptosis-stimulating proteins of p53; also called ankyrin repeat-, Src homology 3 domain-, and Pro-rich region-containing proteins). Its three known members, ASPP1, ASPP2, and iASPP, were previously found to interact with p53, influencing the apoptotic response of cells without affecting p53-induced cell cycle arrest. More specifically, the bona fide tumor suppressors, ASPP1 and ASPP2, bind to the core domain of p53 and stimulate transcription of apoptotic genes, whereas oncogenic iASPP also binds to the p53 core domain but inhibits p53-dependent apoptosis. Although the general interaction regions are known, details of the interfaces for each p53-ASPP complex have not been evaluated. We undertook a comprehensive biophysical characterization of ASPP-p53 complex formation and mapped the binding interfaces by NMR. We found that the interaction interface on p53 for the proapoptotic protein ASPP2 is distinct from that for the antiapoptotic iASPP. ASPP2 primarily binds to the core domain of p53, whereas iASPP predominantly interacts with a linker region adjacent to the core domain. Our detailed structural analyses of the ASPP-p53 interactions provide insight into the structural basis of the differential behavior of pro- and antiapoptotic ASPP family members.
Gender effects in diagnosing alcohol abuse and dependence

Using a national population sample of 43,809 adults, male and female responses were compared for 41 indicators of alcohol abuse and dependence. While men reported all indicators more often than did women, the male to female ratio of positive responses varied according to both the construct represented by the item and its underlying prevalence. Items that might be construed as signs of weakness - physical effects, psychological effects, and loss of control or powerlessness - had lower male/female ratios than other items. Excess male prevalence was greatest for the least prevalent indicators. The paper presents alternative interpretations of these findings and discusses their implications for diagnostic classification
A TG–DTA study of the sublimation of nicotinic acid

Abstract The Langmuir equation was used to construct vapor pressure curves for the sublimation phase of nicotinic acid. Three different approaches were used to calculate the pressure values. In the first, the ‘k’ term of the Langmuir equation was eliminated by comparing the sample with the reference compound, in the second, the actual values of the ‘k’ term were used and in the third approach, the ‘k’ term was kept constant. The vapor pressure curve constructed using the actual values of ‘k’ was in close agreement with the first. This indicates that the ‘k’ term of the Langmuir equation cannot be assumed to be constant and the systematic variation in the values of the ‘k’ term with temperature has to be taken into consideration.
Value Proposition Evolution and the Performance of Internal Corporate Ventures

The successful launch of internal corporate ventures (ICVs) is contingent upon the extent to which these initiatives are able to: (1) accurately anticipate the bases on which their product/service ...
Granulomatous interstitial nephritis secondary to histoplasmosis.

s h lthough acute interstitial nephritis is a relatively common cause of acute renal failre, granulomatous interstitial nephritis (GIN) is omparatively rare. In a recent study of a large eries of cases from 1 institution, the most comon causes included drug exposure and sarcoidsis, together accounting for almost 74% of ases. In general, granulomatous inflammation ften is associated with infectious agents, particuarly mycobacteria and fungal organisms. Depite this, GIN secondary to infection was reorted less frequently. We describe an unusual ase of acute renal failure associated with GIN.
Differential antiestrogen action in the immature rat uterus: a comparison of hydroxylated antiestrogens with high affinity for the estrogen receptor.

The non-steroidal antiestrogens LY117018 and monohydroxytamoxifen are partial agonists in the 3-day immature rat uterine weight test. Both compounds stimulated increases in uterine progesterone receptor concentration (as determined by DCC assay and SDG analysis) and luminal epithelial cell height. However, LY117018 was much less estrogenic than monohydroxytamoxifen. The study also showed that the antiestrogenic effects of LY117018 and monohydroxytamoxifen could be reversed in vivo by increasing doses of estradiol. The partial uterotrophic effect of monohydroxytamoxifen and full uterotrophic effects of estradiol were both inhibited by high doses of LY117018 at an approximate dosage ratio of 1:24, w/w. This result suggests a common mechanism for the action of estradiol and the hydroxylated antiestrogens. Since LY117018 reversed the binding of [3H]estradiol and estrogen-competable [3H]monohydroxytamoxifen binding in the rat uterus in vivo, the effects of nonsteroidal antiestrogens on gross uterine wet weight can be explained by competitive interaction with estradiol via the estrogen receptor mechanism. However, the weakly estrogenic antiestrogen LY117018 was unable to inhibit estrogen-stimulated rises in luminal epithelium cell height and progesterone receptor levels. These data suggest a differential interaction by LY117018 in the rat uterus so that only selected estrogen stimulated effects i.e.: uterine wet weight, are antagonized by this particular "antiestrogenic" dose of the drug.
The distribution of Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) with respect to the physiography of the northern Gulf of Mexico

The distribution of Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) was examined with respect to two physiographic variables, water depth and depth gradient (sea floor slope), in the northern Gulf of Mexico, using shipboard and aerial survey data collected from 1992 to 1994. Univariate x2 analyses demonstrated that Risso's dolphins are distributed non-uniformly with respect to both depth and depth gradient. A bivariate analysis of the shipboard data indicated that Risso's dolphins utilize the steep sections of the upper continental slope in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This narrow core habitat is in waters bounded by the 350-m and 975-m1 isobaths with depth gradients greater than 24 m per 1.1 km and consists of only 2% of the surface area of the entire Gulf of Mexico. Sighting rates inside this region were nearly 5 and 6 times the average for the shipboard and aerial surveys, respectively. Of the groups sighted outside this region, 40% (shipboard) and 73% (aerial) were encountered within 5 km of it. Since it is unlikely that the physiography alone can attract dolphins, oceanographic mechanisms that may concentrate prey along the steep upper continental slope are discussed. The implications of this distribution, including potential prey species, foraging strategies, and impacts of proposed mineral exploration and development, are also considered.
Avalanching in a One-Dimensional Diode

The role of avalanching in a low air pressure diode has been analyzed. The regime which was treated is characterized by an electron swarm having a temperature of less than a few electron volts.
Stability of Silk and Collagen Protein Materials in Space

Collagen and silk materials, in neat forms and as silica composites, were flown for 18 months on the International Space Station [Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE)-6] to assess the impact of space radiation on structure and function. As natural biomaterials, the impact of the space environment on films of these proteins was investigated to understand fundamental changes in structure and function related to the future utility in materials and medicine in space environments. About 15% of the film surfaces were etched by heavy ionizing particles such as atomic oxygen, the major component of the low-Earth orbit space environment. Unexpectedly, more than 80% of the silk and collagen materials were chemically crosslinked by space radiation. These findings are critical for designing next-generation biocompatible materials for contact with living systems in space environments, where the effects of heavy ionizing particles and other cosmic radiation need to be considered.
Nitric Oxide Chemistry and Cellular Signaling

Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to mediate a number of different physiological functions within every major organ system. This wide variety of functional roles is made all the more remarkable when one considers that NO is a simple diatomic molecule. However, despite the simplicity of the molecule, NO possesses a wide range of chemical reactivity and multiple potential reactive targets. It is the variability of NO reactivity, which leads to its capability to control such a vast range of biological functions. In essence the functionality of NO is controlled by its chemical reactivity. In order to understand this possibility further it is necessary to consider the biologically relevant reactions of nitric oxide.