cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Approach in Torque Control of Hydraulic Wind Turbine Powertrains

Hydraulic wind turbine powertrains utilize a lightweight replacement for the traditional gearbox and generator compartment in the nacelle. This powertrain provides several benefits including the decoupling of the shaft speed controls at the turbine and the generator. Hence, maintaining the frequency of the generator and seeking maximum power point can be accomplished independently. The frequency control relies on the mechanical torque adjustment on the hydraulic motor that is coupled with the generator. This paper provides modeling of the hydraulic system to show its dependence on mechanical torque and a control technique to realize the mechanical torque adjustments utilizing the generator. A vector control technique is employed, and the generator electrical torque is controlled to adjust the frequency while the wind turbine dynamics influence the system operation. It is demonstrated that under any wind speed experienced at the turbine, the frequency of the generator is maintained.
Metal- and Polymer-Based Nanoparticles for Advanced Therapeutic and Diagnostic System Applications

Solutions for distinct clinical conditions that arise due to the application of nanotechnology, pertaining to refined diagnostics and therapeutics, are steadily revolutionizing the medical field. Presently, distinct modalities have emerged which advocate the manipulation of nanomaterials to produce medical devices. While several of these constructs are actively being used in the clinic, a greater number are being audited for clinical safety and efficacy, and many more are under various stages of development. Nanomaterials that are frequently investigated and that have been approved for clinical use include capsules, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, nanocages, nanoshells, biopolymer nanocarriers, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and various inorganic materials. Due to the vibrancy of the nanomedical field, novel solutions are continuously being developed and adapted to meet standard patient needs and to exceed the capabilities of antiquated hospital diagnostic and treatment systems. In this review, the integration of biomaterials and nanotechnology, to yield nanomaterial building blocks, is investigated, especially with pertinence to the fabrication of contemporary medical devices that can be used to treat or diagnose a broad range of bacterial infections. Although nanotechnology has been credited with advancing numerous clinical breakthroughs, substantial efforts must be directed toward extensive cytotoxicity, biodegradation, administration, distribution, and metabolic analyses, among other performance identifiers, prior to the adoption of nanoparticles and/or nanomaterials as dependable drug substitutes, carriers, implants, or sensor elements.
Relationships, Feedback, and Student Growth in the Design Studio: A Case Study

An essential component of the design studio is instructors giving, and students receiving, feedback through the process of critique. While critiques vary by studio, their importance and influence on the student experience is worthy of inquiry, particularly regarding how they can influence student development of attributes other than learning the content knowledge of a discipline. This phenomenological case study explores one undergraduate student’s views on being critiqued in a studio-style entrepreneurship course. Data was collected through interviews and observation and analyzed through an iterative coding process. Major themes from the interviews suggested that the student learned to value direct and specific feedback within trusting instructor-student relationships. Implications for instructors include the suggestion that they make intentional efforts to build trust with students as they develop skills and dispositions in preparation for the professional world.
Assessing the Age-Specific Phagocytic Ability of Adult Drosophila melanogaster Hemocytes using an In Vivo Phagocytosis Assay

Phagocytosis is an essential function of the innate immune response. This process is carried out by phagocytic hemocytes whose primary function is to recognize a wide range of particles and destroy microbial pathogens. As organisms age, this process begins to decline, yet little is known about the underlying mechanisms or the genetic basis of immunosenescence. Here, an injection based in vivo phagocytosis assay is used to assess age related changes in different aspects of phagocytosis, such as binding, engulfment, and degradation of internalized particles, by quantifying phagocytic events in hemocytes in adult Drosophila. Drosophila melanogaster has become an ideal model to investigate age related changes in innate immune function for many reasons. For one, many genetic components and functions of the innate immune response, including phagocytosis, are evolutionarily conserved between Drosophila and mammals. Because of that, results obtained from using this protocol are likely to be widely relevant to understanding the age related changes in immune function in a variety of organisms. Additionally, we note that this method provides quantitative estimates of hemocyte phagocytic ability, which could be useful for a variety of research topics, and need not be limited to studies of aging.
In-situ/operando X-ray absorption spectroscopic investigation of the electrode/electrolyte interface on the molecular scale

Abstract A method for performing X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in the soft X-ray region was developed to investigate the surface-sensitive electron signal of electrode/electrolyte interfaces in common multivalent based organic solvents under in situ/operando conditions. Our approach enables us to probe the molecular-scale structure of electrode interfaces by measuring total electron yield and is suitable for redox systems exhibiting low intrinsic electrochemical current. In-situ F K-edge XAS measurements in a 0.5 M Magnesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide)/2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (Mg(TFSI)2/2-MeTHF) electrolyte were carried out to determine the evolution of interfacial species during the electrochemical charging/discharging process. Time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT) simulation indicate that the F K-edge evolution is the result of interfacial chemical environment change driven by electrochemical potential. In addition, we performed the “operando XAS” which runs the CV and collects spectra simultaneously. By using this method, the non-equilibrium state of condensed matter interfaces and interfacial dynamical transient process can be revealed.
SigrityX: Fast and Accurate PI/SI Analysis

A model-based solution technology combining transmission-line, parallel-plate field, and circuit solvers has been providing fast and accurate solutions for planar circuit and package layout signal analysis for over two decades. In keeping the technology's edge over full 3D-EM simulation, continuous improvements to the model accuracy and solution efficiency using machine learning and multi-processor parallelization techniques have been made. Sample results are presented in this paper.
Mind–Body Issue

Neuropsychology and neuroscience, more broadly, is a relatively new area of study with no clinical neuropsychology textbooks available until the 1970s, with the notable exception of Alexander Romanovich Luria’s initial publication of his text in 1966. However, there were many relevant resources even within the earliest writings in science. Indeed, the Egyptians described brain lesions some 5000 years ago and even provided insight into head injuries with a case study of “contra coup” damage to the brain. The early Greeks, including Hippocrates (460–379 BC), Aristotle (384–322 BC), and Galen (130–200 AD) each contributed their own accounting of the functions of the brain, which allow for some insights into their philosophical views on the mind–body issue. Hippocrates was clearly ahead of his time when he localized movement to the contralateral brain in his study of “the sacred disease” we know as epilepsy. Aristotle, having touched a brain without producing “feelings,” related these functions to the heart. But Hippocrates stated that “from the brain and the brain alone arise our pleasures, joys, laughter and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains and grief.” In this prescient publication, he established a basis for scientific inquiry that continues with the strongest vigor through the present day, locating the vast territory for scientific exploration squarely inside of the skull.
Religion in Legal Thought and Practice

Part I. Introduction: 1. Some opening prompts 2. Religion and the life of a lawyer Part II. Moral Obligation and Religious Belief: 3. What is the relation between the moral dimension of obligation and religious belief? 4. Does religious belief necessarily have moral content? Does religious belief have any necessary moral content? 5. What are the bases of resistance to religiously grounded morality? 6. Concepts of God, scripture, and revelation: the meanings of 'divine inspiration' 7. Modes of religiously grounded moral discernment Part III. Religion and Some Contemporary Moral Controversies: 8. Economic justice 9. Bioethical questions 10. Abortion 11. Homosexual sex Part IV. The Interaction Between Religion and the Secular Law: 12. 'Render unto Caesar': religion and (dis)obedience to law 13. Religiously grounded morality and the reach of public law 14. Capital punishment 15. War Part V. Responding to Religious Diversity: 16. Holding the truth, lightly: religion, truth, and pluralism 17. Jewish Christian understanding: transcending the legacy of history Part VI. Religiously Grounded Moral Decision-Making in Professional Life: 18. Answering the call of faith in the practice of law.
Human host response to Giardia lamblia: II. Antibody-dependent killing in vitro

We examined whether peripheral blood monocytes, lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or eosinophils, obtained from individuals without known exposure to Giardia lamblia, exhibit antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) for this organism. Peripheral blood granulocytes but not lymphocytes from each individual were cytotoxic for G. lamblia in the presence of either human or rabbit anti-G. lamblia serum. At an effector to target ratio of 30:1, granulocyte cytotoxicity was 20% in the presence of human antiserum and 36% in the presence of rabbit antiserum. Granulocyte ADCC was concentration dependent with respect to antiserum and was not complement mediated. Most of the ADCC activity was mediated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and to a lesser extent by eosinophils. The predominant isotype of the antibodies sensitizing G. lamblia for granulocyte ADCC was IgG. We conclude that human peripheral blood granulocytes are cytotoxic for G. lamblia in the presence of IgG anti-G. lamblia antibodies. This activity, in addition to the previously observed spontaneous monocyte cytotoxicity, is likely to be an important mechanism for host defense against this parasite.
The Law of Population and the Austrian School: How Austrian Economists Interacted with Thomas Robert Malthus

There has been considerable debate within the social sciences about the consequences of rapid population growth. The law of population, as described by Thomas Robert Malthus, asserts that population growth is ultimately limited by the means of subsistence, and therefore preventive checks on population growth (e.g., voluntarily limiting the number of births) are necessary to avoid the grim prospect of inevitable human suffering when the means of subsistence cannot support the population. Economists, demographers, and other social scientists have produced volumes of exegesis on Malthus's work. This article assesses how representative economists of the Austrian School have interacted with Malthus's law of population.
The use of CuIn/sub 1-x/Ga/sub x/Se/sub 2/ layers to improve the performance of CuInSe/sub 2/ cells

The initial results of the modeling of CuIn/sub 1-x/Ga/sub x/Se/sub 2/ cells presently reported can provide considerable insight into the design of these cells. The use of 1 .64-eV bandgap CuIn/sub 1-x/Ga/sub x/Se/sub 2/, layers in the space-charge region to improve open-circuit voltage and at the rear of the base to act as a back-surface field region is discussed. It is shown that the open-circuit voltage can be improved with the use of these layers and that the short-circuit current and fill factor can be significantly influenced by the use of a widegap layer. >
Abstract MP22: Vitamin D and Subclinical Cerebrovascular Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Brain MRI Ancillary Study

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with incident clinical stroke. Less is known about the association of vitamin D levels, measured by 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], with subclinical cerebrovascular disease. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that lower levels of 25(OH)D would be associated both cross-sectionally and longitudinally with subclinical cerebrovascular disease, defined by white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and infarcts on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: We conducted cross-sectional (1993-1995) and longitudinal (1993-1995 to 2004-2006) analyses of 1,622 participants in the ARIC Brain Ancillary Study with measured 25(OH)D (1993-1995) and without a history of clinical stroke/TIA. These participants underwent a brain MRI in 1993-1995 and a subset underwent a second brain MRI in 2004-2006 (n=888). 25(OH)D measurement was repeated in a subset of blacks in 2004-2006 (n=404). 25(OH)D was analyzed in race-specific quartiles and continuously. Brain MRIs were scored for WMHs and infarcts. Adjusted race-stratified linear and logistic regression models were used. Results: Mean age of participants was 62 years, 60% were female, and 49% were black. Mean 25(OH)D was higher in whites than blacks (25.6 versus 17.3 ng/ml, p0.05). In prospective analyses, lower 25(OH)D levels were also not significantly associated with change in WMH volume or with incident infarcts (Table). In the subset of blacks with repeated measures of 25(OH)D, there was no association between change in 25(OH)D levels with incident infarcts on brain MRI over 10 years (OR [per 1 SD decrease in 25(OH)D]: 1.30, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.81). Conclusion: 25(OH)D was not significantly associated with WMHs, subclinical infarcts, or their progression on serial brain MRIs obtained approximately 10 years apart, suggesting that 25(OH)D levels are not associated with subclinical cerebrovascular disease.
T-2 Toxin as an Emetic Factor in Moldy Corn

Extracts of Fusarium poae (NRRL 3287) grown either on sterile corn at 8 C or in Richards solution at room temperature were shown to have emetic activity in pigeons at nonlethal concentration under conditions of oral and intravenous administration. The causative agent was found to be T-2 toxin (3-hydroxy-4,15-diacetoxy-8-[3-methylbutyryloxy]-12,13-epoxy-Δ9-trichothecene). Oral and intravenous mean toxic dose values for this compound were found to be 0.72 and 0.15 mg/kg, respectively, as compared with an oral mean lethal dose of 2.75 mg/kg. The fact that T-2 toxin causes emesis at nonlethal concentrations may explain, at least in part, the observance of vomiting as a symptom resulting from ingestion of cereal grains infected with toxic Fusarium species containing T-2 or a similar toxin.
An inhibitor of yeast cyclin-dependent protein kinase plays an important role in ensuring the genomic integrity of daughter cells

The gene encoding a 40-kDa protein, previously studied as a substrate and inhibitor of the yeast cyclin-dependent protein kinase, Cdc28, has been cloned. The DNA sequence reveals that p40 is a highly charged protein of 32,187 Da with no significant homology to other proteins. Overexpression of the gene encoding p40, SIC1, produces cells with an elongated but morphology similar to that of cells with depleted levels of the CLB gene products, suggesting that p40 acts as an inhibitor of Cdc28-Clb complexes in vivo. A SIC1 deletion is viable and has highly increased frequencies of broken and lost chromosomes. The deletion strain segregates out many dead cells that are primarily arrested at the G2 checkpoint in an asymmetric fashion. Only daughters and young mothers display the lethal defect, while experienced mothers appear to grow normally. These results suggest that negative regulation of Cdc28 protein kinase activity by p40 is important for faithful segregation of chromosomes to daughter cells.
Lectures on Gromov–Witten Invariants of Orbifolds

These are lecture notes of a C.I.M.E. course I gave at Cetraro, June 6-11 2005. The theory described is the version of Chen-Ruan's Gromov-Witten theory of orbifolds developed by Graber, Vistoli and me in the algebraic setting, but with introduction beginning in Kontsevich's formula on rational plane curves and through Gromov-Witten theory of algebraic manifolds. As this is not a joint paper, I finally get to give direct credit to Vistoli's beautiful ideas! In the appendix, I include, with permissions, two relevant letters Kontsevich wrote to Borisov in July 1996. People who study motivic integration might want to read and understand something they have found confounding.
Introducing the Ecological Explosion

Despite the social forces behind the introduction of invasive species as well as their immense environmental and economic impacts, scholars of animals and society and environmental sociology have so far largely ignored ecological invasions. This study is intended to address this lacuna through a cross-national empirical analysis of invasive species and economic development in 186 nations. We contextualize this study within appropriate historical, ecological, and social literature and integrate this analysis into the long-standing and important debate in environmental sociology between treadmill of production theory and ecological modernization theory. We develop a negative binomial regression model to examine the relationship between population, per capita gross domestic product, urban development, and the presence of invasive species taxa in nations. Our findings support treadmill of production theory, showing that economic development contributes to the establishment of invasive species.
Insulin Differentially Affects Xenobiotic-Enhanced, Cytochrome P-450 (CYP)2E1, CYP2B, CYP3A, and CYP4A Expression in Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes

Uncontrolled diabetes results in enhanced expression of cytochrome P-450 (CYP)2E1, CYP2B, CYP3A, and CYP4A. Because of the simultaneous and confounding metabolic and hormonal changes that occur in vivo as a consequence of diabetes, primary cultured rat hepatocytes provide an excellent model system for examination of the effects of insulin on P-450 expression and on xenobiotic-mediated P-450 expression. In the present study, we examined the effects of insulin on pyridine-, phenobarbital-, and ciprofibrate-mediated expression of CYP2E1, CYP2B, CYP3A, and CYP4A in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Pyridine addition to primary rat hepatocytes cultured in the presence of 1 nM insulin or in the absence of insulin resulted in a 3.5-fold and 3-fold enhancement in CYP2E1 protein expression, respectively, in the absence of any pyridine-mediated increase in mRNA expression. In contrast, hepatocytes cultured in the standard concentration of 1 microM insulin resulted in only a 2-fold increase in protein expression. Thus, the fold-induction of CYP2E1 protein in response to pyridine was 1.5- to 1.8-fold greater in either the absence of insulin or in the presence of 1 nM insulin, respectively, than that monitored in the presence of 1 microM insulin. To examine whether insulin effects on xenobiotic-mediated CYP2E1 expression were selective, insulin effects on xenobiotic-mediated expression of transcriptionally regulated CYP2B, CYP3A, and CYP4A were examined. Pyridine- or phenobarbital-mediated induction of CYP2B mRNA and protein expression in hepatocytes was suppressed by as much as 80% at lower insulin levels (0 and 1 nM), relative to the level monitored in the presence of 1 microM insulin. Omitting insulin from the medium resulted in a 50% decrease in CYP3A mRNA levels in response to phenobarbital treatment and a 30% decrease in CYP4A mRNA levels in response to ciprofibrate treatment, relative to the level obtained in response to these treatments in the presence of 1 microM insulin. The results of this study demonstrate that decreasing the insulin level in the primary hepatocyte culture medium enhanced xenobiotic-mediated CYP2E1 expression, whereas lower insulin levels suppressed xenobiotic-mediated CYP2B, CYP3A, and CYP4A expression in this cell culture system.
The Effect of a Bend and Other Discontinuities on a Two-Wire Transmission Line

The theoretical problem of a bend on a two-wire transmission line is analyzed by the vector-potential method. The equivalent circuit elements are obtained by comparing the variableline parameters near the bend with the conventional line parameters found on an infinite line. The effect of the nonrotational symmetry of the axial vector potential on the conductor surfaces is treated by an approximate method to obtain one of the equivalent series elements. Experimental values of the circuit elements for the bend were found to be in good agreement with the theoretical. Good agreement was also found between experimental and theoretical values for open-ended and bridged-end lines.
Development and Qualification of the Hypertronics Stackable Connector for RBSP mission

The Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) program office has taken the initiative of developing a solderable and stackable connector as a drop-in replacement of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) heritage AirBorn press-fit connector design, in response to NASA EEE-INST-002 Addendum (released in May 2008) prohibiting the usage of the compliant or ‘press fit’ terminations, as well as the flat bifurcated ‘tuning fork’ contact designs. JHU/APL subcontracted Hypertronics to design and manufacture the custom connector. The manufacturing process development and a comprehensive qualification testing were conducted at JHU/APL. 1 2
Ribonucleotide reductases: radical enzymes with suicidal tendencies

Abstract Ribonucletide reductases catalyze a key step in DNA biosynthesis, using a diverse array of unprecedented metallo-cofactors to generate a transient protein radical that initiates nucleotide reduction. The new understanding of the chemistry and biochemistry of the system has allowed rational design of inhibitors of this process, which function as antitumor and antiviral agents.
Depletion of intracellular polyamines relieves inward rectification of potassium channels

Two different approaches were used to examine the in vivo role of polyamines in causing inward rectification of potassium channels. In two-microelectrode voltage-clamp experiments, 24-hr incubation of Xenopus oocytes injected with 50 nl of difluoromethylornithine (5 mM) and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (1 mM) caused an approximate doubling of expressed Kir2.1 currents and relieved rectification by causing an approximately +10-mV shift of the voltage at which currents are half-maximally inhibited. Second, a putrescine auxotrophic, ornithine decarboxylase-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (O-CHO) cell line was stably transfected with the cDNA encoding Kir2.3. Withdrawal of putrescine from the medium led to rapid (1-day) loss of the instantaneous phase of Kir2.3 channel activation, consistent with a decline of intracellular putrescine levels. Four days after putrescine withdrawal, macroscopic conductance, assessed using an 86Rb+ flux assay, was approximately doubled, and this corresponded to a +30-mV shift of V1/2 of rectification. With increasing time after putrescine withdrawal, there was an increase in the slowest phase of current activation, corresponding to an increase in the spermine-to-spermidine ratio over time. These results provide direct evidence for a role of each polyamine in induction of rectification, and they further demonstrate that in vivo modulation of rectification is possible by manipulation of polyamine levels using genetic and pharmacological approaches.
A two-peak circadian system in body temperature and activity in the domestic cat, Felis catus L.

Abstract 1. 1.|The body temperature and activity of cats exhibit two-peak patterns during the 24 hr period. 2. 2.|The two peaks are retained when the temperature and activity are permitted to freerun. 3. 3.|A third prominent peak appears in the actograms in cats in the main colony, induced by the presence of humans.
A novel approach for evaluating acceptable intra-operative correction of lower limb alignment in femoral and tibial malunion using the deviation angle of the normal contralateral knee.

Abstract Background A simple and appropriate approach for evaluating an acceptable alignment of bone around the knee during operation has not yet been reported. Methods Thirty-five men and 35 women presenting with nonunion or malunion of the unilateral femoral shaft were included in the first study. Using the standing scanograph, the contralateral normal lower extremity was measured to determine the normal deviation angle (DA) of the medial malleolus when the medial aspect of the knee was placed in the midline of the body. In the second study, the normal DA from individual patients was used as a reference to evaluate knee alignment during operation in 40 other patients presenting with distal femoral or proximal tibial nonunion or malunion. The clinical and knee functional outcomes of these 40 patients were investigated. Results The average normal DA was 4.2° in men and 6.0° in women ( p p Conclusions Using a normal DA as a reference may be a feasible and effective technique for evaluating an acceptable alignment of bone around the knee during operation. Levels of evidence Level IV, Case series.
Insights into the mechanism of peptide cyclodehydrations achieved through the chemoenzymatic generation of amide derivatives.

Current strategies for generating peptides and proteins bearing amide carbonyl derivatives rely on solid-phase peptide synthesis for amide functionalization. Although such strategies have been successfully implemented, technical limitations restrict both the length and sequence of the synthetic fragments. Herein we report the repurposing of a thiazole/oxazole-modified microcin (TOMM) cyclodehydratase to site-specifically install amide backbone labels onto diverse peptide substrates, a method we refer to as azoline-mediated peptide backbone labeling (AMPL). This convenient chemoenzymatic strategy can generate both thioamides and amides with isotopically labeled oxygen atoms. Moreover, we demonstrate the first leader peptide-independent activity of a TOMM synthetase, circumventing the requirement that sequences of interest be fused to a leader peptide for modification. Through bioinformatics-guided site-directed mutagenesis, we also convert a strictly dehydrogenase-dependent TOMM azole synthetase into an az...
Changes in the vibrational modes of carbon nanotubes induced by electron‐beam irradiation: resonance Raman spectroscopy

Influence of electron-beam (e-beam) irradiation on multi-walled (MW) and single-walled (SW) carbon nanotube films grown by microwave chemical vapor deposition technique is investigated. These films were subjected to an e-beam energy of 50 keV from a scanning electron microscope for 2.5, 5.5, 8.0, and 15 h, and to 100 and 200 keV from a transmission electron microscope for a few minutes to ∼2 h continuously. Such conditions resemble an increased temperature and pressure regime enabling a degree of structural fluidity. To assess structural modifications, they were analyzed prior to and after irradiation using resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) in addition to in situ monitoring by electron microscopy. The experiments showed that with extended exposures, both types of nanotubes displayed various local structural instabilities including pinching, graphitization/amorphization, and formation of an intramolecular junction (IMJ) within the area of electron beam focus possibly through amorphous carbon aggregates. RRS revealed that irradiation generated defects in the lattice as quantified through (1) variation of the intensity of radial breathing mode (RBM), (2) intensity ratio of D to G band (ID/IG), and (3) positions of the D and G bands and their harmonics (D* and G*) and combination bands (D + G). The increase in the defect-induced D band intensity, quenching of RBM intensity, and only a slight increase in G band intensity are some of the implications. The MW nanotubes tend to reach a state of saturation for prolonged exposures, while the SW ones transform from a semiconducting to a quasi-metallic character. Softening of the q = 0 selection rule is suggested as a possible reason to explain these results. Furthermore, these studies provide a contrasting comparison between MW and SW nanotubes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact statistical mechanics of some classical 1D systems

The classical partition function QN is calculated in closed form for the following 1D N‐body ’’hard‐core’’ potentials, V=ΣNi=1 (gxi+b/‖xi−xi−1‖), i.e., a Coulomb nearest neighbor ’’chain’’ in a uniform field, and V= (1/2) ΣNi=0 ΣNj=0 exp (‖xi−xj‖), a ’’fluid’’ with exponential interactions. The QN for both systems is separated into a product of N, similar, tractable integrals each depending on a different value of the index i. All thermodynamic variables are obtained in closed form. In the limit, as N→∞, most of them do not linearly increase with the size of the system, i.e., they are not ’’extensive.’’ This is also discussed in terms of the ’’stability’’ and ’’temperedness’’ properties of the potentials. Nevertheless, both systems do have a heat capacity which is ’’extensive.’’
Inhalational Anesthesia: Basic Pharmacology, End Organ Effects, and Applications in the Treatment of Status Asthmaticus

The potent inhalational anesthetic agents are used on a daily basis to provide intraoperative anesthesia. Given their beneficial effects on airway tone and reactivity, they also have a role in the treatment of status asthmaticus that is refractory to standard therapy. Although generally not of clinical significance, these agents can affect various physiological functions. The potent inhalational anesthetic agents decrease mean arterial pressure and myocardial contractility. The decrease in mean arterial pressure reduces renal and hepatic blood flow. Secondary effects on end-organ function may result from the metabolism of these agents and the release of inorganic fluoride. The following article reviews the history of inhalational anesthesia, the physical structure of the inhalational anesthetic agents, their end-organ effects, reports of their use for the treatment of refractory status asthmaticus in the intensive care unit (ICU) patient, and special considerations for their administration in this setting including equipment for their delivery, scavenging, and monitoring.
Flouride in precipitation—II. Implications for the geochemical cycling of fluorine

Abstract Published literature on fluoride concentrations in precipitation would suggest that fluoride levels have been declining in recent years. This decrease is probably due to better sampling site location, exclusion of dry fallout from precipitation samples and better analytical techniques. Because of this trend representative background concentrations of fluoride in precipitation are lacking. Carpenter (1969) suggested that the high values reported at that time could not be explained solely by volcanic or anthropogenic activities or by the inclusion of soil dust. He proposed that the excess fluoride was obtained by preferential injection of fluoride at the air-sea interface as a cyclic salt. Aerosol studies (Wilkniss and Bressan, 1971, 1972) failed to confirm this enrichment. To test this cyclic salt theory and to obtain more representative fluoride levels, the fluoride and sodium concentrations of over 60 samples from a coastal and an inland site were determined. Data show that background fluoride levels in rain are usually between 2–20 ppb with a mean of 8.1 ppb. Fluoride concentrations show no correlation with sea salt availability (as measured by sodium concentration), which indicates that fluoride is not being enriched at the sea surface. Mass balance considerations indicate that the majority of fluorides in wet fallout are anthropogenic in nature and that they may be the result of a gaseous pollutant.
Designed protein mimics of the Ebola virus glycoprotein GP2 α-helical bundle: Stability and pH effects

Ebola virus (EboV) belongs to the Filoviridae family of viruses that causes severe and fatal hemhorragic fever. Infection by EboV involves fusion between the virus and host cell membranes mediated by the envelope glycoprotein GP2 of the virus. Similar to the envelope glycoproteins of other viruses, the central feature of the GP2 ectodomain postfusion structure is a six-helix bundle formed by the protein's N- and C-heptad repeat regions (NHR and CHR, respectively). Folding of this six-helix bundle provides the energetic driving force for membrane fusion; in other viruses, designed agents that disrupt formation of the six-helix bundle act as potent fusion inhibitors. To interrogate determinants of EboV GP2-mediated membrane fusion, we designed model proteins that consist of the NHR and CHR segments linked by short protein linkers. Circular dichroism and gel filtration studies indicate that these proteins adopt stable α-helical folds consistent with design. Thermal denaturation indicated that the GP2 six-helix bundle is highly stable at pH 5.3 (melting temperature, Tm, of 86.8 ± 2.0°C and van't Hoff enthalpy, ΔHvH, of −28.2 ± 1.0 kcal/mol) and comparable in stability to other viral membrane fusion six-helix bundles. We found that the stability of our designed α-helical bundle proteins was dependent on buffering conditions with increasing stability at lower pH. Small pH differences (5.3–6.1) had dramatic effects (ΔTm = 37°C) suggesting a mechanism for conformational control that is dependent on environmental pH. These results suggest a role for low pH in stabilizing six-helix bundle formation during the process of GP2-mediated viral membrane fusion.
Systematic design of multi-bit continuous-time delta-sigma modulators using two-step quantizer

A 500 MS/s, wideband 4th order continuous-time delta sigma modulator (CT-ΣΔM) using a two-step 5-bit quantizer, consisting of only 10 comparators, is proposed and presented using 0.18µm CMOS technology. A proposed modulator takes advantage of the high resolution two step quantization technique and an excess loop compensation of more than one cycle to achieve a low-power, high dynamic range with a wide conversion bandwidth. A robust systematic design method is used to determine the loop filter coefficients by considering the non-ideal opamps effects including the finite gain and the presence of multiple internal poles and zeros. The proposed CT-ΣΔM achieves a dynamic range of 75.83 dB, peak SNR of 75.1 dB with 25 MHz bandwidth (OSR = 10) while consuming only 27.5 mW from the 1.8 V supply. The relevant design trade offs have been investigated and presented with simulation results.
The speech behavior and language comprehension of autistic children.

Abstract This pilot study attempted objective description of certain aspects of autistic children's speech production, language comprehension, and relationship to the environment. For each of the three areas, it was determined that data could be quantified in tabular form to indicate trends in the behavior of these children. Comparison of results in the three areas revealed discrepancies in the data which are no doubt due to the crudeness of the preliminary rating scales. It is obvious that measurement and observational techniques will need considerable refinement before further data are obtained. However, the pilot study did produce sufficiently promising results to encourage detailed study of the language development and comprehension of autistic children combined with an analysis of other aspects of their behavior.
An investigation into the incidence and pathology of natural trypanosomiasis of bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and kudu (T. strepsiceros)

Haematological and biochemical data were obtained from44 bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and 10 kudu (T. strepsiceros) shot in the Matsikite area of Rhodesia which carries populations ofGlossina morsitans andG. pallidipes. Pathological material was obtained from12 bushbuck and four kudu. Examination of the material revealed aTrypanosoma congolense infection in a bushbuck and a mixedT. congolense/T. brucei infection in a kudu, neither showing any apparent pathological effect. All the kudu and bushbuck showed an intense haemosiderosis of the spleen.
Identification of an early cretaceous ophiolite in the Camarines Norte-Calaguas Islands basement complex, eastern Luzon, Philippines

Abstract New geological studies of the Camarines Norte-Calaguas Islands (CNCI) basement complex have resulted in the identification of a pre-Late Cretaceous ophiolite assemblage underlying much of the eastern part of the complex. Dominant ophiolite lithologies include: harzburgites, gabbros, diabasic and basaltic dikes, and pillow lavas. A stratigraphically complete igneous section is lacking due to extensive structural disruption of the ophiolite by westward directed thrusting and displacement along high angle faults. Despite this disruption, geochemical ([La/Yb]n ⩽ 1, La/Ta ≈ 15) and mineralogical data, as well as field relationships, support a cogenetic (N-MORB) origin for the basalt and gabbro units. A minimum crustal age of 100 Ma is inferred from recent 40 Ar 39 Ar analyses of amphibolites associated with the gabbros. Other lithologies occurring within the basement complex include: medium to high-grade garnet-hornblende-mica schists, low-grade metaigneous rocks, and dioritic and granodioritic intrusives. Geological and geochemical data on these units indicate that they are not genetically related to the ophiolite but have been in close spatial proximity since the Middle Miocene. Together these studies raise new questions concerning the nature of Philippine basement complexes and extent of fundamental, pre-Tertiary basement in the eastern Philippines.
Operation of PEM fuel cells at 120–150 °C to improve CO tolerance

Abstract Sulfonic acid modified perfluorocarbon polymer proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells operated at elevated temperatures (120–150 °C) can greatly alleviate CO poisoning on anode catalysts. However, fuel cells with these PEMs operated at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure typically experience low relative humidity (RH) and thus have increased membrane and electrode resistance. To operate PEM fuel cells at elevated temperature and high RH, work is needed to pressurize the anode and cathode reactant gases, thereby decreasing the efficiency of the PEM fuel cell system. A liquid-fed hydrocarbon-fuel processor can produce reformed gas at high pressure and high relative humidity without gas compression. If the anode is fed with this high-pressure, high-relative humidity stream, the water in the anode compartment will transport through the membrane and into the ambient pressure cathode structure, decreasing the cell resistance. This work studied the effect of anode pressurization on the cell resistance and performance using an ambient pressure cathode. The results show that high RH from anode pressurization at both 120 and 150 °C can decrease the membrane resistance and therefore increase the cell voltage. A cell running at 150 °C obtains a cell voltage of 0.43 V at 400 mA cm −2 even with 1% CO in H 2 . The results presented here provide a concept for the application of a coupled steam reformer and PEM fuel cell system that can operate at 150 °C with reformate and an atmospheric air cathode.
A Math Query Language with an Expanded Set of Wildcards

Math search is a new area of research with many enabling technologies but also many challenges. Some of the enabling technologies include XML, XPath, XQuery, and MathML. Some of the challenges involve enabling search systems to recognize mathematical symbols and structures. Several math search projects have made considerable progress in meeting those challenges. One of the remaining challenges is the creation and implementation of a math query language that enables the general users to express their information needs intuitively yet precisely. This paper will present such a language and detail its features. The new math query language offers an alternative way to describe mathematical expressions that is more consistent and less ambiguous than conventional mathematical notation. In addition, the language goes beyond the Boolean and proximity query syntax found in standard text search systems. It defines a powerful set of wildcards that are deemed important for math search. These wildcards provide for more precise structural search and multi-levels of abstractions. Three new sets of wildcards and their implementation details will also be discussed.
In situ fluorescence measurements in coastal waters

Blue fluorescence of seawater resulting from ultraviolet excitation has been used to study various aspects of the marine carbon cycle. The optical properties of dissolved organic matter affect ocean color and control the quantity and quality of sunlight that penetrates seawater. While most fluorescence measurements involve discrete sampling, this paper presents some instrumental developments that allow real-time in situ measurements with high temporal and spatial resolution in coastal waters. Fluorescence is used to study benthic fluxes of organic compounds, to estimate fluxes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) off continental margins, and to identify sources and sinks of DOM in coastal waters.
Effect of Acetazolamide on Renal Tubular Bicarbonate Reabsorption in Newborn Dogs

SummaryBicarbonate titration curves were determined in 15 neonatal dogs, 5 to 30 days of age, under conditions of isovolemia and with the administration of various doses of acetazolamide to inhibit renal carbonic anhydrase. Under each experimental condition used, no TM for bicarbonate reabsorption could be found. With no acetazolamide, essentially all of the bicarbonate filtered was reabsorbed even at filtered loads of 50 μeq/ml g.f.r. Acetazolamide at a dose of 5 mg/kg inhibited less renal bicarbonate reabsorption than at doses of 50, 100, and 500 mg/kg but there was no difference among the latter three doses. At the higher acetazolamide dose levels, 5.3 μeq of bicarbonate was inhibited per ml g.f.r., amounting to only 12–24% of the total bicarbonate reabsorption (depending upon plasma bicarbonate levels) indicating that the major portion of the renal bicarbonate reabsorption in the neonatal dog is independent of the effects of carbonic anhydrase.
An Evaluation of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Stress Related Symptoms in a Geriatric Population

Ten highly anxious women, between the ages of sixty-nine and eighty-four, participated in a five month study designed to test the hypothesis that progressive muscle relaxation would reduce psychosocial stress in a group of high risk senior citizens. The women, who had lost their husbands within the last five years, responded to an offer extended to nervous senior citizens to participate in a relaxation study. Five women were assigned to the treatment group and five to a control group. The treatment group received two weeks of baseline evaluation, ten weeks of one hour in vivo relaxation training, and ten weeks of home practice using taped instructions. The control group had an identical schedule except instead of progressive relaxation training they received a pseudorelaxation procedure and had no home practice. All participants were evaluated prior to training, at the end of training, and ten weeks after training. Participants were also measured on the following factors: 1) state and trait anxiety, 2) self-report muscle tension, 3) hours to fall asleep, 4) number of nocturnal awakenings, and 5) headaches. Results indicate significant differences on all five measures between the experimental and control group. With the exception of trait anxiety, the experimental group manifested significant improvements on the remaining five measures from baseline to end of training. For state anxiety, a significant improvement continued during the ten weeks of home practice following the end of training.
Exploring Two Reactions of Ketones with Ge[CH(SiMe3)2]2: CH and OH Insertion

Herein we report the CH insertion of a stable germylene, Ge[CH(SiMe3)2]2, into the α-CH bonds of the acetyl-containing ketones acetone, butanone, and cyclopropyl methyl ketone. This CH insertion reaction requires the presence of MgCl2, yet the reaction can be successfully carried out in hydrocarbon, aromatic, and ethereal solvents. In the absence of MgCl2, these acetyl-containing ketones do not undergo CH insertion but instead undergo an OH insertion to give a germyl vinyl ether. A number of other ketones, including the acetyl-containing pinacolone, have been observed to only undergo insertion into the OH bond even in the presence of MgCl2.
Nine-Channel Polychromator for Observation of Time-Dependent Spectral Line Profiles

The instrument (polychromator) described observes time-dependent spectral-line profiles by simultaneous measurement at nine different wavelengths of light intensity as a function of time. A cylindrical lens magnifies the dispersion of a Jarrell-Ash Model 82000 Ebert Monochromator and forms an image on a light-pipe holder. Light pipes transfer light from various sections of the image—i. e., different wavelengths—to photomultiplier tubes, and the responses are displayed on oscilloscopes. The instrument has been used to look at total wavelength spans of 15 A and 20 A.
Chromosome studies in 17 patients with the Sézary syndrome.

Chromosome studies were done on phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood from 17 patients with Sezary syndrome. A chromosomally abnormal clone was found in five patients: each patient had an abnormal chromosome 6 and four had an abnormal chromosome 1. Six patients without abnormal clones had more than 20% metaphases with random heteroploidy and sporadic structural anomalies. Only normal metaphases were seen in four patients, and no metaphases were found in two. Four of the five patients with an abnormal clone died, and their median survival from chromosome analysis was 6 months; only one of these patients died of lymphoma. The six patients with increased heteroploidy had long survivals and no apparent malignant process. Two of the four patients with normal metaphases died of malignant disease: one had lymphoma and the other squamous cell carcinoma. A third patient with normal chromosomes died of extensive visceral cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.