cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Was Your Trip Experience While You Were Obsessed with Social Media? The Influence of Compulsive Social Media Usage on Trip Experience

The growth of the Internet and mobile devices technologies has been deeply woven into people’s lives. Although these developments have made people’s lives more convenient, high dependence on these advancements has brought about serious problems such as addiction to Internet or social media. Many scholars in a variety of research realms have been investigating the dark sides of the technological progress, but there is a lack of studies about these issues in the hospitality and tourism. Therefore, this study attempted to examine the influence of compulsive social media usage on trip experience, memory, and satisfaction. The results show that high usage of social media in daily life causes higher frequencies of compulsive behaviours on social media during the trip. Consequently, the compulsive behaviours hinder tourists from appreciating or experiencing their trip, and as a result, the trip experiences, memories, and satisfaction become lower.
TRENDS AND OUTCOMES OF PERMANENT PACEMAKER IMPLANTATION AFTER MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT: A 10 YEAR U.S. ANALYSIS

Background: Conduction abnormalities requiring permanent pacemaker implantation (PPMI) are common after valve replacement surgeries. There is a wide discrepancy in the reported incidence of permanent pacemaker implantation following mitral valve replacement (MVR). We sought to assess the national
How we compute N matters to estimates of mixing in stratified flows

We know that most commonly used models for turbulent mixing in the ocean rely on a background stratification against which turbulence must work to stir the fluid. While this background stratification is typically well defined in idealized numerical models, it is more difficult to capture in observations. Here, a potential discrepancy in ocean mixing estimates due to the chosen calculation of the background stratification is explored using direct numerical simulation data of breaking internal waves on slopes. There are two different methods for computing the buoyancy frequency$N$$, one based on a three-dimensionally sorted density field (often used in numerical models) and the other based on locally sorted vertical density profiles (often used in the field), are used to quantify the effect of$$N$$on turbulence quantities. It is shown that how$$N$$is calculated changes not only the flux Richardson number$$R_{f}$$, which is often used to parameterize turbulent mixing, but also the turbulence activity number or the Gibson number$$Gi$$, leading to potential errors in estimates of the mixing efficiency using$$Gi$-based parameterizations.
Physical understanding of the tropical cyclone wind-pressure relationship

The relationship between the two common measures of tropical cyclone intensity, the central pressure deficit and the peak near-surface wind speed, is a long-standing problem in tropical meteorology that has been approximated empirically yet lacks physical understanding. Here we provide theoretical grounding for this relationship. We first demonstrate that the central pressure deficit is highly predictable from the low-level wind field via gradient wind balance. We then show that this relationship reduces to a dependence on two velocity scales: the maximum azimuthal-mean azimuthal wind speed and half the product of the Coriolis parameter and outer storm size. This simple theory is found to hold across a hierarchy of models spanning reduced-complexity and Earth-like global simulations and observations. Thus, the central pressure deficit is an intensity measure that combines maximum wind speed, storm size, and background rotation rate. This work has significant implications for both fundamental understanding and risk analysis, including why the central pressure better explains historical economic damages than does maximum wind speed.
Efficient Post-Quantum Undeniable Signature on 64-Bit ARM

We present a full-fledged, highly-optimized, constant-time software for post-quantum supersingular isogeny-based undeniable signature (SIUS) on the ARMv8 platforms providing 83- and 110-bit quantum security levels. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first empirical implementation of isogeny-based quantum-resistant undeniable signature presented to date. The proposed software is developed on the top of our optimized hand-written ARMv8 assembly arithmetic library and benchmarked on a variety of platforms. The entire protocol runs less than a second on Huawei Nexus smart phone, providing 83-bit quantum security level. Moreover, our signature and public key sizes are 25% smaller than the original SIUS scheme. We remark that the SIUS protocol, similar to other isogeny-based schemes, suffers from the excessive number of operations, affecting its overall performance. Nonetheless, its significantly smaller key and signature sizes make it a promising candidate for post-quantum cryptography.
Sphingolipid Metabolism of a Sea Anemone Is Altered by the Presence of Dinoflagellate Symbionts

AbstractIn host-microbe interactions, signaling lipids function in interpartner communication during both the establishment and maintenance of associations. Previous evidence suggests that sphingolipids play a role in the mutualistic cnidarian-Symbiodinium symbiosis. Exogenously applied sphingolipids have been shown to alter this partnership, though endogenous host regulation of sphingolipids by the sphingosine rheostat under different symbiotic conditions has not been characterized. The rheostat regulates levels of pro-survival sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and pro-apoptotic sphingosine (Sph) through catalytic activities of sphingosine kinase (SPHK) and S1P phosphatase (SGPP). The role of the rheostat in recognition and establishment of cnidarian-Symbiodinium symbiosis was investigated in the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida by measuring gene expression, protein levels, and sphingolipid metabolites in symbiotic, aposymbiotic, and newly recolonized anemones. Comparison of two host populations showed that symb...
The evolution of individuality revisited.

Evolutionary theory is formulated in terms of individuals that carry heritable information and are subject to selective pressures. However, individuality itself is a trait that had to evolve - an individual is not an indivisible entity, but a result of evolutionary processes that necessarily begin at the lower level of hierarchical organisation. Traditional approaches to biological individuality focus on cooperation and relatedness within a group, division of labour, policing mechanisms and strong selection at the higher level. Nevertheless, despite considerable theoretical progress in these areas, a full dynamical first-principles account of how new types of individuals arise is missing. To the extent that individuality is an emergent trait, the problem can be approached by recognising the importance of individuating mechanisms that are present from the very beginning of the transition, when only lower-level selection is acting. Here we review some of the most influential theoretical work on the role of individuating mechanisms in these transitions, and demonstrate how a lower-level, bottom-up evolutionary framework can be used to understand biological complexity involved in the origin of cellular life, early eukaryotic evolution, sexual life cycles and multicellular development. Some of these mechanisms inevitably stem from environmental constraints, population structure and ancestral life cycles. Others are unique to specific transitions - features of the natural history and biochemistry that are co-opted into conflict mediation. Identifying mechanisms of individuation that provide a coarse-grained description of the system's evolutionary dynamics is an important step towards understanding how biological complexity and hierarchical organisation evolves. In this way, individuality can be reconceptualised as an approximate model that with varying degrees of precision applies to a wide range of biological systems.
Minimally invasive versus open distal pancreatectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma (DIPLOMA)-a difficult question to answer.

Since the introduction of laparoscopy as an adjunct to abdominal surgery in the 1980’s, surgeons have sought to compare the clinical outcomes of minimally invasive procedures with their parent operations.
Pharmacoproteomics Profile in Response to Acamprosate Treatment of an Alcoholism Animal Model

Acamprosate is an FDA-approved medication for the treatment of alcoholism that is unfortunately only effective in certain patients. Although acamprosate is known to stabilize the hyper-glutamatergic state in alcoholism, pharmacological mechanisms of action in brain tissue remains unknown. To investigate the mechanism of acamprosate efficacy, the authors employ a pharmacoproteomics approach using an animal model of alcoholism, type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) null mice. The results demonstrate that acamprosate treatment significantly decreased both ethanol drinking and preference in ENT1 null mice compared to that of wild-type mice. Then, to elucidate acamprosate efficacy mechanism in ENT1 null mice, the authors utilize label-free quantification proteomics comparing both genotype and acamprosate treatment effects in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). A total of 1040 protein expression changes are identified in the NAc among 3634 total proteins detected. The proteomics and Western blot result demonstrate that acamprosate treatment decreased EAAT expression implicating stabilization of the hyper-glutamatergic condition in ENT1 null mice. Pathway analysis suggests that acamprosate treatment in ENT1 null mice seems to rescue glutamate toxicity through restoring of RTN4 and NF-κB medicated neuroimmune signaling compared to wild-type mice. Overall, pharmacoproteomics approaches suggest that neuroimmune restoration is a potential efficacy mechanism in the acamprosate treatment of certain sub-populations of alcohol dependent subjects.
Weight Change over the Course of Binge Eating Disorder Treatment: Relationship to Binge Episodes and Psychological Factors

Objective Treatment for binge eating disorder (BED), a condition associated with both excess adiposity and psychological distress, has not typically produced significant weight loss despite reducing binge eating. Characterizing factors that promote or inhibit weight loss in individuals with co-occurring BED and obesity may help explain overall nonsignificant weight changes during treatment. Methods In this study, 189 adults with BED participated in a randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of 5 months of cognitive behavioral therapy. Assessments included measured height and weight at baseline, midtreatment, end of treatment (EOT), and 6-month follow-up, the Eating Disorder Examination interview, and questionnaires. Results During treatment, there was a mean weight gain of 1.3 ± 12.0 lb. Twenty-two percent of the sample lost ≥ 5 lb, and 25% of the sample gained ≥ 8 lb. Results showed that baseline objective binge eating episodes predicted weight over treatment. Changes in weight were significantly positively related to concurrent changes in shape concern, weight concern, and disinhibition, but not binge eating episodes. Changes in objective binge eating episodes from baseline to EOT were associated with changes in weight from EOT to follow-up. Conclusions Further investigation of eating behavior during BED treatment to understand the energy balance contributions to weight change or stability is warranted.
Informal language planning for elementary school language development: The case of Arizona

Language planning is an activity that takes place in formal/national situations, but it also occurs in a variety of unintended ways and on smaller scales (e.g. Russo and Baldauf 1986). This paper documents the informal language planning which has occurred as part of the process of developing and implementing Arizona’s Elementary Foreign Language Mandate. It is a case study which demonstrates the problems and effects of informal language planning in public education systems such as Arizona’s. The study focuses on the initial specifications of the mandate and the efforts of individual school districts to comply in a timely manner. The difficulties encountered by one school district as it considers ways to implement the mandate are examined in detail. The data for this study was gathered from official documents, personal interviews, videotapes, newspaper articles, public meetings and independent research related to language policy in the state of Arizona. The study suggests that a greater awareness of language planning skills at this level could lead to the development of more effective language programs.
Equine-Assisted Therapy: An Overview

Equine-assisted therapy (EAT), an umbrella term for various forms of therapy such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy and psychotherapy where a horse is part of the treatment team, is an emerging field internationally. The Federation for Horses in Education and Therapy International has members in 49 countries (Federation of Horses in Education and Therapy International (HETI 2012)), and the number of educational programs offering training in this field is growing. In order for equine-assisted therapy to be established as a valid form of treatment and accepted as different from recreational activities involving horses, more research and information is needed. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of equine-assisted therapy including the history of the field and of the human-horse relationship, the current state of research, considerations for a general theoretical framework, and a review of equine-assisted therapy as physical therapy and as psychotherapy.
Non-Adiabaticity and Pairing in the Finite Systems

This paper is concerned with pair correlation in finite Fermi systems; this phenomenon is different from macroscopic superconductivity. We will focus on the π-electron systems of large aromatic molecules, including fullerenes, and on small metallic clusters. The polyatomic aromatic molecules contain a finite number of delocalized π-electrons. For example, the hexabenzcoronene molecule (fig. 1a) has 42 π-electrons, the ovalene has 40 π-electrons. The pairing in molecular systems has been discussed by the author et al. in [1–3]. As for metallic clusters, they represent a bridge between isolated atoms and bulk metals, and the number of delocalized electrons varies as a function of its size [4–6].
Soziales Konsumbewusstsein: Skalenentwicklung und -validierung

Das soziale Konsumbewusstsein wird bisher hauptsachlich mit Aspekten des umweltschutzenden Konsums verbunden und spezifische soziale Konsumthemen wurden oft nur recht unsystematisch aufgegriffen. Zur wissenschaftlichen Analyse mussen allerdings beide Bereiche prazisiert und voneinander abgegrenzt werden, da es einen Unterschied macht, ob jemand ein Produkt bevorzugt, weil es vergleichsweise die Umwelt weniger belastet als andere (Green Products) oder weil es unter Beachtung humaner Arbeitsbedingungen und sozialer Gerechtigkeit hergestellt wurde (Social Products). Wir haben deshalb ein sehr spezifisches, auf den fairen Konsum fokussiertes Konzept sozialen Konsumbewusstseins entwickelt, das insbesondere auf die Berucksichtigung fairer Arbeitsbedingungen (Fair Labor Conditions) bei der Produktherstellung durch Konsumenten bei Kaufentscheidungen abstellt. Unser Konzept spezifiziert zwei eigenstandige Komponenten: Eine Komponente, die die Uberzeugungen eines Konsumenten erfasst, dass ein bestimmtes Produkt fair hergestellt und gehandelt wird (Belief-Komponente), und eine zweite Komponente, welche die personliche Bedeutung fair hergestellter und gehandelter Produkte fur den Konsumenten reprasentiert (Importance-Komponente). Zur Operationalisierung verwenden wir sechs Kriterien humaner Arbeitsbedingungen sowie fairer Geschaftspraktiken. Wir haben diese Skala anhand eines Datensatzes einer strikten Validitatsprufung unterzogen. Insbesondere werden die Reliabilitat und Konstruktvaliditat gepruft. Die Ergebnisse belegen eindrucksvoll die Validitat der Skala zum sozialen Konsumbewusstsein.
THE USE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION IN GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: THE IMPACT OF JOHN R. COMMONS AND EARLY INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMISTS

This paper examines the socio-political process by which an ensemble of such calculative practices and techniques as accounting came to be developed, adopted, and justified within turn-of-the-century public administration. We are particularly concerned with examining the influence of John R. Commons and other early institutional economists during this Progressive era. Using primary and secondary archival materials, our purpose is to make three main contributions to the literature. First, the paper explores Commons' contribution to the debates over “value” which seems to be somewhat unique in that he explicitly recognized that there exists no unproblematic, intrinsic measure of value, but rather that it must be socially constituted as “reasonable” with reference to common law. To illustrate this point, this paper explores Commons' role in the historical development and implementation of rate of return regulation for utilities. Second, the paper describes the contradictory role accounting played during this...
The Relationship of Pulse Pressure and Bone Mineral Density in Adult USA Population: Analysis of the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey.

Background/Purpose: Accumulating evidence indicates a relationship between Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and osteoporosis. Hypertension, a known risk factor for CVD is also associated with low Bone Mineral Density (BMD). We hypothesize that Pulse Pressure (PP); a CVD risk factor is associated with BMD. Methods: Data from two consecutive cycles of National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2009-2010 and 2011-2012. Point estimates of demographic variables were calculated using descriptive methods. Study participants were divided into 4 groups based on quartile distribution of PP. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between BMD and PP. Results: A total of 8,179 NHANES participants were included in the study (Tables 1-3). The cohort’s mean age (± SE) was 53.3 years 0.19, mean BMI (± SE) 29.6 kg/m2 ± 0.07. PP was significantly higher with increased age, among Blacks (57.4 ± 0.52) and Hispanics (57.5 ± 0.19) compared to whites (53.9 ± 0.29), and for men (57.2 ± 0.16) when compared to women (54.1 ± 0.17), p<0.05. After adjusting for age, sex, race, menopause, body mass index, family history of osteoporosis, PP was associated with femoral neck BMD, β=-0.0005, p<0.05 but was not significantly associated with lumbar spine BMD, β=-0.0002, p=0.07. Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis that wide PP is associated with low BMD. This negative association was demonstrated at the femoral neck where bone loss and osteoporotic fractures occur at a more advanced stage, further supporting the relationship between atherosclerosis and osteoporosis risk. These findings have the potential for identifying high osteoporotic risk patients among those with wide pulse pressure, providing further indications for bone mineral density testing among these elderly frail patients. Further research is needed to investigate the mechanisms behind the relationship between PP and BMD.
Efficacy of Motivational Interviewing to Enhance Advance Directive Completion in Latinos With Chronic Illness: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background:End-of-life (EOL) care for Latinos with chronic illness is a critically important problem. Latinos with chronic illness suffer worse health outcomes and poorer quality of care due to var...
Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral 1,3‐Diaminopropanols: Bisoxazolidine‐Catalyzed C—C Bond Formation with α‐Keto Amides.

The enantioselective addition of nitromethane (II) to α-keto amides (I) affords alcohols (III) whose conversion to chiral 1,3-diaminopropanols (V) is demonstrated.
An ILP-based Optimization Method for Radiation Hardened Register and ECC Mixed Architectures

Nowadays, the transient error problem becomes one of the serious barriers to improve the high-performance application specific integrated circuit. This paper tackles the problem especially on the storage device (i.e., registers) since the transient error on registers can be quickly propagated to the entire system. To overcome the problem, Error Correcting Code (ECC) system has been recently studied in the high-level design stage. This paper improves this design by replacing some registers with radiation hardened registers to minimize the total cost of datapath. It proposes an integer linear programming-based method to simultaneously optimize ECC scheduling, register assignment, and register selection. Case studies on a benchmark circuit show the effectiveness of the approach.
POSTMYOCARDIAL INFARCTION SYNDROME: INPATIENT CONTEMPORARY FEATURES OF A FORGOTTEN CONDITION IN THE POST PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION ERA

Postmyocardial Infarction Syndrome (PMIS), or Dressler's syndrome, refers to a heterogeneous group of autoimmune-mediated conditions of pericardial, epicardial and myocardial inflammation following myocardial infarction. Generally considered to be rare in the reperfusion era, the features and risk
16 – Evidence Unconstitutionally Obtained

Publisher Summary Although the traditional common law doctrine is that evidence is admissible if relevant even though obtained illegally, much evidence is not admissible if a federal or state constitutional provision has been violated. Exclusionary rules have developed over time and have been made applicable both to federal and state courts on a piecemeal basis. Under the present rules, most evidence obtained by search and seizure in violation of the Constitution is inadmissible in both federal and state courts. The cases must be examined thoroughly to determine what is considered an illegal search and under what circumstances the exclusionary rules apply. As a means of ensuring that confessions will be obtained freely and voluntarily, courts have established rules that prohibit the admissibility of confessions obtained in violation of established standards. Although evidence continues to be challenged with arguments that the admission of physical facts or scientific evidence results in a violation of the Fifth Amendment self incrimination privilege, this protection has been interpreted to apply only to evidence of a testimonial or a communicative nature. Evidence that is of a testimonial or communicative nature is inadmissible unless this protection is waived.
Continuity and Mathematical Ontology in Aristotle

In this paper I argue that Aristotle's understanding of mathematical continuity constrains the mathematical ontology he can consistently hold. On my reading, Aristotle can only be a mathematical abstractionist of a certain sort. To show this, I first present an analysis of Aristotle's notion of continuity by bringing together texts from his Metaphysica and Physica, to show that continuity is, for Aristotle, a certain kind of per se unity, and that upon this rests his distinction between continuity and contiguity. Next I argue briefly that Aristotle intends for his discussion of continuity to apply to pure mathematical objects such as lines and figures, as well as to extended bodies. I show that this leads him to a difficulty, for it does not at first appear that the distinction between continuity and contiguity can be preserved for abstract mathematicals. Finally, I present a solution according to which Aristotle's understanding of continuity can only be saved if he holds a certain kind of mathematical ontology.
Caring for older patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and considering their needs: a qualitative study.

Older patients with advanced chronic kidney disease often do not understand treatment options for renal replacement therapy, conservative kidney management, and advance care planning. It is unclear whether both clinicians and patients have similar perspectives on these treatments and end-of-life care. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore clinician and patient/caregiver perceptions of treatments for end-stage renal disease and advance care planning. This was a qualitative interview study of nephrologists (n = 8), primary care physicians (n = 8), patients (n = 10, ≥ 65 years and estimated glomerular filtration rate < 20), and their caregivers (n = 5). Interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was reached. Transcripts were transcribed using TranscribeMe. Using Nvivo 12, we identified key themes via narrative analysis. We identified three key areas in which nephrologists’, primary care physicians’, and patients’ expectations and/or experiences did not align: 1) dialysis discussions; 2) dialysis decision-making; and 3) processes of advance care planning. Nephrologist felt most comfortable specifically managing renal disease whereas primary care physicians felt their primary role was to advocate for patients and lead advance care planning discussions. Patients and caregivers had many concerns about the impact of dialysis on their lives and did not fully understand advance care planning. Clinicians’ perspectives were aligned with each other but not with patient/caregivers. Our findings highlight the differences in experiences and expectations between clinicians, patients, and their caregivers regarding treatment decisions and advance care planning. Despite clinician agreement on their responsibilities, patients and caregivers were unclear about several aspects of their care. Further research is needed to test feasible models of patient-centered education and communication to ensure that all stakeholders are informed and feel engaged.
Corporate Governance as Risk Regulation in China: A Comparative View of Risk Oversight, Risk Management, and Accountability

Risk management and oversight have long been recognized as core corporate governance issues and have gained renewed attention in the wake of the financial crisis. Recent corporate governance reforms in China follow these global trends. This article is the first to examine the intersections between corporate governance and risk regulation in China from a comparative perspective. It surveys corporate governance tools that have been adopted by Chinese regulators and firms to motivate effective risk oversight and risk management across the corporate enterprise, focusing on China's regulation of internal controls and risk management systems. These internal mechanisms are particularly important given the widely recognized limits of external monitoring and enforcement mechanisms in China. This article observes that recent guidelines on enterprise risk management (ERM) and internal controls reflect international corporate governance standards and that China adopts a broad perspective on risk oversight that extends to both financial and non-financial risks. China's adoption of international models offers a new opportunity to reexamine longstanding debates on the potential for global corporate governance convergence. This article argues that China has adopted a regulatory approach to internal risk oversight and management that is consistent with its historical law reform trajectory, the reality of China's state-dominated equity markets, and the continued influence of the state on firm management. Its conclusions support the literature on the path dependency of corporate governance systems and prior comparative studies of corporate governance in China that find convergence of form but divergence of function.
Disrupting Dysconsciousness: Confronting Anti-Blackness in Educational Leadership Preparation Programs:

This article examines liberatory pedagogical practices utilized in graduate level courses offered within an educational leadership preparation program (ELPP). The research explores how these tools ...
The Internal Capital Markets of Global Dealer Banks

This study uncovers the existence of a trillion-dollar internal capital market that played a central role in the financing of dealer banks during the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. Hand-collecting a novel set of dealer microdata at the subsidiary level, I present the first set of facts on the evolution of interaffiliate loans between U.S. primary dealers and their (primarily foreign) siblings. First, the aggregate size of these dealer internal capital markets quadrupled from $335 billion in 2001 to $1.2 trillion by 2007. Second, 25 percent of total repurchase agreements and 61 percent of total securities lending reported on U.S. primary dealer balance sheets were sourced internally from sibling dealers by year-end 2007. Third, internal securities lending collapsed by 55 percent during the 2008 crisis. These facts suggest that incorporating internal capital market dynamics may be fruitful for future research on dealer behavior and market liquidity.
Collecting Modernist Works on Paper at Columbia, Cornell, and the New York Public Library: Past and Present

The author discusses his past (1998) and more recent (2015) work on documenting the holdings of the historic collections of East Slavic Modernist imprints at the New York Public Library and Columbi...
Organizing Governance to Broaden Consensus: Beyond Majority Rule

The contractarian case for constrained parliamentary democracy is not based on its “majoritarian” nature, but rather on the conclusion that such governments are more likely to advance the broad interests of those who live within the polity than are many other constitutional arrangements. From a contractarian perspective, the advantage of majority governance over minority governments is simply that the public policies selected will advance a broader range of interests. Similarly, constrained forms of democracy are superior to their unconstrained counterparts, because they more faithfully advance a broader range of interests. Chapter 9 demonstrated that a variety of institutional features can better align the interests of a parliamentary government with those of a majority of the electorate. Such institutional refinements may be expected to improve parliamentary outcomes.
A gradient-based shape optimization scheme using an interface-enriched generalized FEM

Abstract A gradient-based shape optimization scheme using an Interface-enriched Generalized Finite Element Method (IGFEM) is presented wherein the design geometry is projected onto a fixed mesh and the IGFEM is used for analysis. This approach eliminates the mesh distortion present in conventional Lagrangian shape optimization methods, as well as the need for remeshing. An analytical sensitivity analysis using both the adjoint or direct approaches is presented to compute derivatives of the objective and constraint functions. Due to the fixed nature of the mesh, the so-called design velocity field only needs to be computed on the structure boundary/interface. A comparison between IGFEM- and conventional FEM-based shape optimization schemes is presented, showing an improved precision for the IGFEM approach. Finally, we solve various numerical examples to demonstrate the capability of the method including the computational design of particulate and microvascular composites.
Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2008 Pages: 288 Publisher: Indiana University Press ISBN: 978-0-253-34988-0 (hard cover). Prices: $65.00 USD(hard cover).
A dynamic dither /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ ADC with 103 dB DR for audio applications

A sigma-delta Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) using dynamic dither to achieve a tone-free Dynamic Range (DR) of 103 dB in an audio bandwidth is presented. The design was implemented using a 3rd order 2-1 cascade architecture with an oversampling ratio of 128. The ADC modulator consumes 22 mW from a 3.0 V power supply and was fabricated in 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS (analog portion) and 0.3 /spl mu/m CMOS (digital portion) using Multi-Chip-Module (MCM) technology.
Chemical vapor infiltration of carbon fiber bundles

Chemical vapor infiltration in carbon fiber bundles is studied under isothermal conditions over the temperature range 1000--1090 C at a nominal pressure of 300 Torr. Pyrolytic decomposition of methane is used in the infiltration experiments with carbon weight gain data obtained continuously from thermogravimetric analysis. The sensitivity of the infiltration dynamics to initial yarn porosity and to spatial variations in fiber positioning are explored. Results indicate that small changes in initial porosity can have significant impact on the weight gain above the solid phase percolation threshold.
Theory and Evidence: The Development of Scientific Reasoning

In Theory and Evidence Barbara Koslowski brings into sharp focus the ways in which the standard literature both distorts and underestimates the reasoning abilities of ordinary people. She provides the basis for a new research program on a more complete characterization of scientific reasoning, problem solving, and causality. Long acknowledged for her empirical work in the field of cognitive development, Koslowski boldy criticizes many of the currently classic studies and musters a compelling set of arguments, backed by an exhaustive set of experiments carried out during the last decade. Theory and Evidence describes research that looks at the beliefs that people hold about the type of evidence that counts in scientific reasoning and also examines how those beliefs change with age. The primary focus is on the strategies that underlie actual scientific practice: two general sorts of research are reported, one on hypothesis testing and the other on how people deal with evidence that disconfirms a given explanation-the process of hypothesis revision. Koslowski argues that when scientific reasoning is operationally defined so that correct performance consists of focusing on covariation and ignoring considerations of theory or mechanisms, then subjects are often treated as engaging in flawed reasoning when in fact their reasoning is scientifically legitimate. Neither relying on covariation alone nor relying on theory alone constitutes a formula for success. A Bradford Book. Learning, Development, and Conceptual Change series
Activation of Mechanosensitive Ion Channels by Forces Transmitted Through Integrins and the Cytoskeleton

Publisher Summary Mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels play a central role in the process of cellular mechanotransduction by which living cells convert mechanical signals into chemical and electrical responses. Current views on the mechanism of MS channel gating focus entirely on local modulation by plasma membrane tension or by ‘‘gating springs'’ within the underlying submembranous cytoskeleton (CSK). Cells within many solid tissues experience mechanical stresses that are transmitted over extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds to specific transmembrane integrin receptors. The tensegrity model suggests that certain MS channels might be activated by external forces that are transmitted across integrins and associated cytoskeletal molecules with in focal adhesions or the deeper CSK, rather than through direct lipid bilayer distortion alone. The chapter describes this potential mechanism for integrin‐dependent activation of MS channels and discusses potential molecular mediators of this response. The chapter also reviews recent advances in this area.
Observation of anomalous low J-value Stokes and anti-Stokes lines in stimulated rotational Raman scattering over long air paths

We report here our recent observations of low J-value Stokes and anti-Stokes lines from stimulated rotational Raman scattering (SRRS) in long air paths with a large Fresnel number beam at a pump wavelength of 1053 nm. The spectral and temporal dynamics of SRRS is important to our understanding of SRRS as applied to the propagation of large-aperture beams in laser systems for fusion research and in defense applications.1,2 An example of this is the proposed implementation of broad bandwidth and spatial incoherence for target irradiation experiments in the field of laser-plasma interactions.
Abstraction, indirection, and Sevareid's Law: Towards benign computing

Computing is one of the primary means by which we solve problems in society today. In this short paper we examine the implications of the primary techniques used in computer systems work — abstraction and indirection — and of Sevareid’s Law, an epigram that suggests that our problem-solving instinct may be leading us astray. We explore the context of this dilemma and discuss instances in which this has arisen in the recent past. We then consider a few design options and changes to the normal mode of computer science practice that might enable us to sidestep the implications of Sevareid’s Law.
Endorsing Safe Infant Sleep

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) safe sleep recommendations are considered best practice and are effective in preventing sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Yet studies have found that nurses’ practice in newborn nurseries and neonatal intensive care units is often inconsistent with safe sleep recommendations. Such inconsistencies cause confusion and hinder SIDS prevention efforts. In 2011, the AAP added significant content to its 2005 safe sleep recommendations and neonatal nurses are now being asked to endorse the recommendations from birth. This article reviews the recommendations, examines barriers and controversies and offers suggestions for how an organization might initiate change and move toward a unified endorsement of safe sleep strategies.
Randomized trial of ‘intelligent’ autotitrating ventilation versus standard pressure support non‐invasive ventilation: Impact on adherence and physiological outcomes

Background and objective Effective non-invasive ventilation (NIV) therapy is dependent on optimal ventilator settings to maximize clinical benefit and patient tolerance. Intelligent volume-assured pressure support (iVAPS) is a hybrid mode of servoventilation, providing constant automatic adjustment of pressure support (PS) to achieve a target ventilation determined by the patient's requirements. In a randomized crossover trial, we tested the hypothesis that iVAPS, with automated selection of ventilator settings, was non-inferior to standard PS ventilation, with settings determined by an experienced health-care professional, for controlling nocturnal hypoventilation in patients naive to NIV. Methods Eighteen patients referred to a ventilator clinic with chronic obstructive or restrictive lung disease and newly diagnosed nocturnal hypoventilation (10 male, median (interquartile range): age 54(41–61) years, mean daytime PaO2 9.25(8.59–10.31) kPa, -PaCO2 6.38(5.93–6.65) kPa were randomized to iVAPS and standard PS. Polysomnography with transcutaneous CO2 monitoring was performed at baseline and 1 month after each treatment period. Nightly hours of therapy were recorded by the ventilator. Results iVAPS delivered a lower median PS compared with standard PS (8.3(5.6–10.4) vs 10.0(9.0–11.4) cmH2O; P = 0.001) for the same ventilatory outcome (mean overnight: SpO2 96(95–98) vs 96(93–97)%; P = 0.13 and PtcCO2 6.5(5.8–6.8) vs 6.2(5.8–6.9); P = 0.54). There was no difference in outcome between ventilator modes for spirometry, respiratory muscle strength, sleep quality, arousals or O2 desaturation index. Adherence was greater with iVAPS (5:40(4:42–6:49) vs 4:20(2:27–6:17) hh:mm/night; P = 0.004). Conclusions iVAPS servoventilation with automation of ventilation settings is as effective as PS ventilation initiated by a skilled health-care professional in controlling nocturnal hypoventilation and produced better overnight adherence in patients naive to NIV.
Cloaking of dielectric and metallic elliptical cylinders with a nanostructured graphene metasurface

In this paper, we present a graphene-based mantle cloak structure for both dielectric and conducting elliptical cylinders. The mantle cloak design is realized by means of a patterned metasurface formed by periodic sub-wavelength graphene nanopatches. Although the scattering behavior of an ellipse is dependent on the angle of incidence, it is shown that the cloak design is robust for any incident angle. The scattering behavior of the cloaked objects is analyzed by expressing the incident and scattered fields in terms of radial and angular Mathieu functions.
Experimental Study of Tangential Micro Deflection of Interface of Machined Surfaces

This paper studies the characteristics of micro tangential deflection of the interface of mating machined surfaces subjected to normal and tangential forces. Experimental results show that contact interface subjected to a tangential force experiences elastic deformation, plastic deformation and micro slip before macro-breakaway occurs. The linearity of tangential stiffness is only valid in the stage of elastic deformation. The nonlinear tangential stiffness of the interface should be considered in the stages of elastic and plastic deformation before micro-breakaway occurs.
The Limits of Religious Ascription: Baptized Tatars and the Revision of “Apostasy,” 1840s–1905

Signifying the repudiation of Orthodox Christianity in favor of another faith, the concept of "apostasy" (otpadenie or otstupnichestvo) constituted a powerful rhetorical, legal, and administrative tool for the Orthodox church and the imperial Russian state in policing the edges of the empire's Orthodox community and consolidating an otherwise weakly integrated Russian polity. Yet despite its firm foundation in church and civil law, the precise contours of "apostasy" became increasingly unstable as the nineteenth century progressed. By tracing the transformation of this concept through the experience of one particular group of religious defectors-baptized Tatars-this essay elucidates a process whereby the religious self-definitions of imperial subjects came gradually to supplement and condition a more traditional emphasis on law and bureaucratic ascription in the matter of establishing confessional affiliation. Faced with baptized Tatars' tenacious striving for official status as Muslims, imperial authorities increasingly felt compelled to recognize a social reality that defied official prescription and to acknowledge that religious conviction represented a component of confessional identity. Yet many officials simultaneously retained older perspectives that privileged Orthodoxy and construed religious status as a matter of communal affiliation rather than individual belief. I conclude that the tensions and contradictions characteristic of this incomplete transition remained inscribed in new laws promulgated in 1905, which ostensibly introduced a more liberal approach to
The Control of Mammalian Cell Proliferation by Growth Factors, Basement Lamina, and Lipoproteins

The effect of growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor on the production of a basement lamina by cultured endothelial cells has been investigated. The ability of these cells to grow and differentiate properly correlated with their ability to produce a basement lamina. The effect of such a substrate on the growth, differentiation, and aging of cells in vitro, as well as its use for the long-term culture of either normal diploid cells or tumor cells, is reviewed.
Erosive Effects of High-Pressure Combustion Gases on Steel Alloys

This study presents an experimental investigation of the thermal and chemical erosion characteristics of steel alloys under the short exposure (2-4 msec) of high pressure and high temperature propellant gases. The erosion in short duration tests is shown to be controlled by the chemical interaction of the propellant gases with the surface of the test specimens. The erosion experienced by the steel alloys increases with decreasing thermal conductivity and specific heat. The established linear dependence of mass eroded on number of firings suggests that any physical and chemical alterations undergone by the eroded surface do not influence future erosion tests. Finally, the effects of geometry of the orifice and sulphur addition in the propellant on the erosion of steel alloys were investigated.
Mechanical Strain-Stimulated Remodeling of Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessel Constructs

Progress in tissue-engineering research has renewed optimism about the possibility of constructing a physiologically functional blood vessel substitute in the laboratory. To this end, we have explo...
Pulmonary embolism in a patient taking clozapine.

A 45 year old man with schizophrenia began experiencing auditory hallucinations at the age of 25. These were well controlled for several years by a monthly intramuscular injection of haloperidol decanoate. One year after he switched to oral haloperidol, the intensity of the hallucinations increased and included a voice commanding him to end his life. Concerns for his safety led to a brief admission to psychiatric hospital. When he had to return to hospital within a month, the inpatient psychiatrist inferred a loss of response to haloperidol and encouraged the patient to switch to clozapine. Six months later he was brought to an emergency department in an acute confusional state after a clozapine overdose. The drug was discontinued and his mental status improved rapidly, but investigation of acute dyspnoea showed bilateral pulmonary emboli. The patient was not overweight and had no history of recent surgery, trauma to the legs, or malignancy, but he was a heavy smoker. Laboratory tests for hypercoagulable states had negative results. He was treated with intravenous heparin and then oral warfarin and was transferred to a psychiatric unit for resumption of treatment with clozapine. I (VHS) received a call from a physician in training who had admitted the patient to the psychiatric unit. She wondered about a possible association between clozapine and thromboembolism. I consulted with a colleague (TWL) who, like me, had not heard of this risk. The patient was expected to be in hospital for two more weeks, which gave us some time to consider alternative drugs. The most pressing area of uncertainty was determining whether clozapine had anything to do with this patient’s pulmonary emboli and if so, whether alternative drugs posed less of a risk.1 We formulated a structured question: in a patient with schizophrenia who does not have any risk …
Screening for generalized anxiety disorder in geriatric primary care patients.

Objective To compare two brief screening measures as tools for detecting generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among older primary care patients. Methods Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to compare the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) against GAD diagnoses obtained from a structured diagnostic interview. Results The HADS Anxiety subscale was the only measure that distinguished individuals with and without GAD. A cutpoint greater than or equal to 8 on the HADS Anxiety subscale resulted in a sensitivity of 0.967 and a specificity of 0.667 for detecting GAD. Conclusions The HADS Anxiety subscale appears to show some advantages over the BSI-18 Anxiety subscale as a brief, self-report measure of anxiety symptoms among older medical patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of Hydrolysis of Esters in Solution by Formation of Complexes I

Abstract A new approach to possible preservation of drugs undergoing hydrolytic degradation is presented. It is shown that the rate of hydrolysis of benzocaine in aqueous solution can be substantially inhibited by addition of caffeine which has previously been shown to complex with this drug. Presence of two and one‐half per cent of caffeine in the system resulted in reduction of the hydrolytic rate to less than one‐fifth of that in absence of the xanthine. Mathematical analysis of the results obtained indicates that the complexed form of the drug does not undergo, surprisingly, any perceptible cleavage at the ester linkage.