cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of AM1 and PM3 semiempirical to ab initio methods in the study of Diels-Alder reactions of butadiene and cyclopentadiene with cyanoethylenes

Abstract Assuming a concerted synchronous mechanism with one transition state of the Diels-Alder reactions, the structures of the transition states and the activation energies for the reactions of butadiene and cyclopentadiene with cyanoethylenes were calculated by AM1 and PM3 semiempirical methods. The structural parameters were compared with those obtained by high level Gaussian calculations, whereas the activation energies were compared both with the ab initio calculations and those obtained experimentally. The structural properties calculated with PM3 methods are in general in better agreement with the ab initio calculations. The low level ab initio calculations are in many cases worse than the semiempirical methods. All predicted activation energies with both semiempirical methods are up to 300% higher than the experimental values. The predicted reactivity is also opposite to the experimental data. Only the very high level Gaussian calculations are in good correlation with experimental results. The predicted selectivity of the reaction is also opposite to the experimental facts. Two explanations are offered for this discrepancy: AM1 and PM3 methods cannot handle the calculation of the concerted Diels-Alder transition states and are not recommended to be used for that purpose, or this Diels-Alder reaction is not concerted but is stepwise.
Clinical Myocarditis Masquerading as Acute Coronary Syndrome

We report a series of children with clinical myocarditis presenting with chest pain and elevated cardiac troponin I mimicking coronary syndrome. Our series illustrates the complementary role the magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic angiography can play in the evaluation of these patients. Elevated cardiac troponin I levels were found to be related to the extent of myocardial involvement, but did not necessarily indicate poor prognosis in children with myocarditis.
Possible SU(3) Classification of E Meson

We point out that the 1420-MeV $E$ meson cannot be a pure SU(3) singlet. We discuss the possibility, suggested earlier, that the $E$ is a tenth member of the pseudoscalar-meson multiplet of the pion. The ($K{\overline{K}}^{*}+\overline{K}{K}^{*}$) decay partial width, calculated from an extension of Odorico's bootstrap condition for pseudoscalar mesons, is consistent with experiment.
Mathematical model and computer representation for nonlinear response systems.

The beta-distribution is proposed as a suitably flexible cumulative distribution function for the representation of data and the facilitation of analysis for a wide variety of non-linear response systems showing adaptation, or approaching saturation. A particu'arly difficult response system involving behavioral phase-shifting following reversal in timing of photoperiod (Zeitgeber) is used as primary test subject. The model for this system becomes Ix12(α, β) = [∫0xuα − 1(l2 − u)β − 1 du]12α + β − 1B(α β), where 0 ≦ X ≦ 12. Computational variables and limitations are discussed and appropriate computer subprograms are noted.
Background noise classification using random forest tree classifier for cochlear implant applications

This paper presents improvements made to the previously developed noise classification path of the environment-adaptive cochlear implant speech processing pipeline. These improvements consist of the utilization of subband noise features together with a random forest tree classifier. Three commonly encountered noise environments of babble, street, and machinery are considered. The results using actual noise signals indicate that this classification method provides 10% improvement in the overall classification rate compared to the previously developed classification while maintaining the real-time implementation aspect of the entire speech processing pipeline.
Reversed pyroxene phase equilibria in CaO-MgO-SiO2 from 925° to 1,175° C at one atmosphere pressure

Experiments using V2O5 as a high-temperature solvent have produced compositional reversals defining the miscibility gap between enstatite and diopside on the join Mg2Si2O6-CaMgSi2O6 between 925° and 1,175° C at atmospheric pressure. These experiments locate an equilibrium near 1,000° C among diopside, protoenstatite, and orthoenstatite; they verify the stable coexistence of diopside and protoenstatite above 1,000° C and disprove the hypothesis that orthoenstatite has a stability field which is continuous from temperatures below 1,000° C to the solidus. The phase relations suggest that the orthorhombic low-Ca pyroxene on the solidus in this system (formerly identified as orthoenstatite) is a phase distinct from the orthoenstatite stable with diopside at low subsolidus temperatures. Data locating the orthoenstatite-diopside miscibility gap validate the use at low pressures of symmetric orthopyroxene and asymmetric clinopyroxene solution models in this system.
Racial and Disability Identity: Implications for the Career Counseling of African Americans With Disabilities

Racial and disability identities are separate issues, yet they both contribute to the multiple social identities that influence career counseling outcomes for persons of color with disabilities. Few studies have examined the effects of racial and disability identity on the career outcomes of members of this group. This article discusses racial and disability identity as assets for career counseling of people of color with disabilities, whose career counseling outcomes are also mediated by the prevailing racial and disabilities disparities in career participation. Possibilities for further research on identities as resources for career counseling are also discussed.
Addressing human bottlenecks in big data

We live in an era when compute is cheap, data is plentiful, and system software is being given away for free. Today, the critical bottlenecks in data-driven organizations are human bottlenecks, measured in the costs of software developers, IT professionals, and data analysts. How can computer science remain relevant in this context? The Big Data ecosystem presents two archetypal settings for answering this question: NoSQL distributed databases, and analytics on Hadoop. In the case of NoSQL, developers are being asked to build parallel programs for global-scale systems that cannot even guarantee the consistency of a single register of memory. How can this possibly be made to work? I'll talk about what we have seen in the wild in user deployments, and what we've learned from developers and their design patterns. Then I'll present theoretical results — the CALM Theorem — that shed light on what's possible here, and what requires more expensive tools for coordination on top of the typical NoSQL offerings. Finally, I will highlight some new approaches to writing and testing software — exemplified by the Bloom language — that can help developers of distributed software avoid expensive coordination when possible, and have the coordination logic synthesized for them automatically when necessary. In the Hadoop context, the key bottlenecks lie with data analysts and data engineers, who are routinely asked to work with data that cannot possibly be loaded into tools for statistical analytics or visualization. Instead, they have to engage in time-consuming data “wrangling” — to try and figure out what's in their data, whip it into a rectangular shape for analysis, and figure out how to clean and integrate it for use. I'll discuss what we heard talking with data analysts in both academic interviews and commercial engagements. Then I'll talk about how techniques from human-computer interaction, machine learning, and database systems can be brought together to address this human bottleneck, as exemplified by our work on various systems including the Data Wrangler project and Trifacta's platform for data transformation.
William James and Symbolic Interactionism

Abstract James has been ignored by many interactionists. Yet, he is a primary source of conceptualizations in symbolic interactionism (SI). The social and ideological context of James's ideas as well as James's chief contributions to SI are presented, beginning with his association with functional psychology. An argument is made that contemporary interactionists have a rich source of ideas in James. Dewey and Mead, James's immediate successors, were able to expand upon James, fully developing the idea of socialization as the basis of human behavior. They also applied James's pragmatic ideas to social reform.
Ultrastructural study of the testicular interstitial cells and the prostate involution in rats bearing a transplantable prolactin and growth hormone-producing tumor

The sequential ultrastructural changes of the Leydig cells and the ventral prostatic epithelium were studied in rats bearing a transplantable prolactine and growth hormone-producing tumor. Concomitant measurements of tumor growth and serum hormone levels were also performed. At an early stage of tumor development, simultaneous with significantly elevated serum levels of prolactin and growth hormone and decreased level of testosterone, the Leydig cells exhibited a marked regression, with an almost complete disappearance of the smooth ER. The epithelium of the ventral prostate showed gradual involutionary changes. A general reduction of the RER, Golgi apparatus, and cytoplasmic mass occurred concurrently with an increase in the size and amount of secondary lysosomes and the appearance of giant autophagic vacuoles. Extrusion of cell organelles and cytoplasm portions and the elimination of whole cells into the alveolus lumen were also observed. In rats bearing the largest tumor, the prostate appeared severely regressed. The cells were flattened, the protein-synthetizing system was completely involuted, and the secretion granules were totally absent. Residual bodies occupied the largest part of such cells. Changes in the distribution and intensity of acid phosphatase activity were correlated with epithelium involution.
Subwavelength transmission grating retarders for use at 10.6 μm

Designs are given for gallium-arsenide subwavelength grating retarders operating at 10.6 μm. A design procedure is detailed that takes into account the reflections at all surfaces and that uses numerical optimization to improve the transmittance of the retarders to nearly 100%. It is shown that the homogeneous uniaxial layer model for subwavelength gratings can be used to provide starting points for the Nelder-Mead simplex optimization, obviating the need for stochastic optimization techniques such as simulated annealing. An analysis of the designs with respect to wavelength, angle of incidence, and fabrication tolerances indicates that such grating retarders will perform favorably compared with commercial alternatives.
Antioxidants in Exercise Nutrition

Physical exercise may be associated with a 10- to 20-fold increase in whole body oxygen uptake. Oxygen flux in the active peripheral skeletal muscle fibres may increase by as much as 100- to 200-fold during exercise. Studies during the past 2 decades suggest that during strenuous exercise, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is elevated to a level that overwhelms tissue antioxidant defence systems. The result is oxidative stress. The magnitude of the stress depends on the ability of the tissues to detoxify ROS, that is, antioxidant defences. Antioxidants produced by the body act in concert with their exogenous, mainly dietary, counterparts to provide protection against the ravages of reactive oxygen as well as nitrogen species. Antioxidant supplementation is likely to provide beneficial effects against exercise-induced oxidative tissue damage. While universal recommendations specifying types and dosages of antioxidants are difficult to make, it would be prudent for competitive athletes routinely engaged in strenuous exercise to seek an estimate of individual requirement. A new dimension in oxidant biology has recently unfolded. Although excessive oxidants may cause damage to tissues, lower levels of oxidants in biological cells may act as messenger molecules enabling the function of numerous physiological processes. It is plausible that some exercise-induced beneficial effects are actually oxidant-mediated. Such developments call for an even more careful analysis of the overall significance of types and amounts of antioxidants in diet. While these complexities pose significant challenges, experts agree that if used prudently, oxidants and antioxidants may serve as potent therapeutic tools. Efforts to determine individual needs of athletes and a balanced diet rich in antioxidant supplements are highly recommended.
Three dimensional radiative heat transfer model for the evaluation of the anisotropic effective conductivity of fibrous materials

Abstract The effective radiative conductivity of fibrous material is an important part of the evaluation of the thermal performance of fibrous insulators. To better evaluate this material property, a three-dimensional direct simulation model which calculates the effective radiative conductivity of fibrous material is proposed. The simplified model assumes that the fibers are in a cylindrical shape and does not require identically-sized fibers or a symmetric configuration. Using a geometry with properties resembling those of a fibrous insulator, a numerical calculation of the geometric configuration factor is carried out. The results show the dependency of thermal conductivity on temperature as well as the orientation of the fibers. The calculated conductivity values are also used in the continuum heat equation, and the results are compared to the ones obtained using the direct simulation approach, showing a good agreement.
A hot-wire/film probe method for the measurement of turbulent stresses and heat fluxes in nonisothermal highly three-dimensional flows

Abstract Hot-wire and film measurements in nonisothermal flows are difficult because of the temperature contamination of the velocity signal. This paper reports on a technique that separates the velocity and temperature signals in three-dimensional flows involving heat transfer. The technique is presented for the general case of a three-dimensional flow with small or moderate temperature fluctuations. The validity of the technique was partially tested in the two-dimensional region of a jet in cross flow and also by analyzing a modified version of the response equations in the core region of a fully developed pipe flow.
Soft Vacuum, Pulsed Electron Beam Processing of Polyimides

We report on the successful patterning of polyamic acid over wide areas using 28 kV pulsed electron beams produced in 30 mTorr air. The pattern degradation during the 350°C, 1/2 hr, imidizing thermal cure is prevented by pulsed, flood electron beam hardening of the developed polyamic acid patterns using the same soft vacuum, pulsed electron beam apparatus. It is also shown that a CW, low voltage, 1 to 3 kV electron beam sustained oxygen discharge can be used to completely strip the hardened, imidized material which is difficult to remove by wet methods. We also present, dose versus thickness remaining characteristics as a function of electron source to substrate distance and some examples of polyimide patterning.
Democratization and electoral turnovers in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond

This study criticizes approaches equating opposition electoral victories with democratization in competitive authoritarian regimes. Not only are these approaches theoretically problematic, but there are also important empirical reasons to distinguish between electoral turnovers and democratization. The study goes on to explain why some African turnovers have been successful in bringing about democratization while others have not. This study promotes an approach in which opposition victories may be used as an independent variable that, under certain circumstances, could promote democratization. Using evidence from the cases of Senegal, Ghana, and Kenya, it is argued that electoral uncertainty caused by a low level of party institutionalization has been an important obstacle to democratization by alternation in the African context.
The Effects of CenteringPregnancy Group Prenatal Care on Gestational Age, Birth Weight, and Fetal Demise

We examined the effects of CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care versus individually delivered prenatal care on gestational age, birth weight, and fetal demise. We conducted a retrospective chart review and used propensity score matching to form a sample of 6,155 women receiving prenatal care delivered in a group or individual format at five sites in Tennessee. Compared to the matched group of women receiving prenatal care in an individual format, women in CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care had longer weeks of gestation (b = .35, 95 % CI [.29, .41]), higher birth weight in grams (b = 28.6, 95 % CI [4.8, 52.3]), lower odds of very low birth weight (OR = .21, 95 % CI [.06, .70]), and lower odds of fetal demise (OR = .12, 95 % CI [.02, .92]). Results indicated no evidence of differences in the odds of preterm birth or low birth weight for participants in group versus individual prenatal care. CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care had statistically and clinically significant beneficial effects on very low birth weight and fetal demise outcomes relative to traditional individually delivered prenatal care. Group prenatal care had statistically significant beneficial effects on gestational age and birth weight, although the effects were relatively small in clinical magnitude.
Regulatory Policy and Markets for Energy Storage in North America

The last five years have been one of the most exciting times for the energy storage industry. We have seen significant advancements in the regulatory process to make accommodations for valuing and monetizing energy storage for what it provides to the grid. The most impactful regulatory decision for the energy storage industry has come from California, where the California Public Utilities Commission issued a decision that mandates procurement requirements of 1.325 GW for energy storage to three investor-owned utilities in four stages in 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020. Furthermore, at the federal level, the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC's) Order 755 requires transmission operators to develop pay-for-performance tariffs for ancillary services. This has had a direct impact on the market design of U.S. competitive wholesale markets and the monetization of fast-responding grid assets. While this order is technology neutral, it clearly plays into the fast-responding capability of energy storage technologies. Today, PJM, CAISO, MISO, NYISO, and NE–ISO have implemented Order 755 and offer new tariff-for-regulation services based on pay-for-performance principles. Furthermore, FERC Order 784, which was issued in July 2013, requires transmission providers to consider speed and accuracy in determining the requirements for ancillary services. In November 2013, FERC issued Order 972, which revises the small generator interconnection agreement that declares energy storage as a power source. This order puts energy storage on par with existing generators. This paper will discuss the implementation of FERC's pay-for-performance regulation order at all independent service operators (ISOs) in the United States under FERC regulatory authority (this excludes ERCOT). Also discussed will be the market impacts and overall impacts on the NERC regulation performance indexes. The paper ends with a discussion on the California, New York, and Ontario, Canada, procurement mandates and the opportunity that it may present to the energy storage industry.
Universal classes of hash functions

Abstract This paper gives an input independent average linear time algorithm for storage and retrieval on keys. The algorithm makes a random choice of hash function from a suitable class of hash functions. Given any sequence of inputs the expected time (averaging over all functions in the class) to store and retrieve elements is linear in the length of the sequence. The number of references to the data base required by the algorithm for any input is extremely close to the theoretical minimum for any possible hash function with randomly distributed inputs. We present three suitable classes of hash functions which also can be evaluated rapidly. The ability to analyze the cost of storage and retrieval without worrying about the distribution of the input allows as corollaries improvements on the bounds of several algorithms.
Split Genes and RNA Splicing

A number of genes in higher organisms and in their viruses appear to be split. That is, they have "nonsense" stretches of DNA interspersed within the sense DNA. The cell produces a full RNA transcript of this DNA, nonsense and all, and then appears to splice out the nonsense sequences before sending the RNA to the cytoplasm. In this article what is known about these intervening sequences and about the processing of the RNA is outlined. Also discussed is their possible use and how they might have arisen in evolution.
Locally recurrent and metastatic apocrine-gland carcinoma in an elderly man

This article describes the case of a 78-year-old man who was presented with a rapidly growing mass in the left axilla but no other symptoms. Excisional biopsy of the mass revealed a primary adenocarcinoma with apocrine features. The patient underwent dissection of the left axillary lymph node and received radiation therapy. Fifteen months later, a biopsy revealed metastatic apocrine carcinoma. The authors discuss the differential diagnosis and treatment options for patients with apocrine carcinoma, a rare subtype of sweat-gland carcinoma. Background A 78-year-old man with a history of untreated hypertension and dementia presented with a rapidly growing, painful mass in the left axilla. He was a nonsmoker and did not consume alcohol. There was no family history of malignancy. The patient had not experienced any constitutional symptoms, such as fever, weight loss, night sweats, or loss of appetite. Investigations Physical examination, blood tests, excisional biopsy, studies of tumor morphology and immunohistochemistry, CT of the chest and abdomen, and PET scan. Diagnosis Carcinoma of the axillary apocrine gland. Management Surgical excision, and radiation therapy.
Induced Velopharyngeal Fatigue Effects in Speakers With Repaired Palatal Clefts

Abstract Objective: To address whether speakers with cleft palate exhibit velopharyngeal mechanism fatigue and are more susceptible to muscle fatigue than are speakers without cleft palate. Methods: Six adults with repaired palatal clefts and mild-moderate hypernasality served as subjects. Velopharyngeal closure force and levator veli palatini muscle activity were recorded. Subjects were asked to repeat /si/ 100 times while an external load consisting of air pressure (0, 5, 15, 25, 35 cm H2O) was applied via a mask to the nasal side of the velopharyngeal mechanism. Fatigue was defined as a reduction in velopharyngeal closure force across the series of /si/ productions, as evidenced by a negatively sloped regression line fit to the closure force data. Results: Absolute levels of velopharyngeal closure force were much lower than those observed previously in speakers without palatal clefts. All subjects showed evidence of fatigue. Furthermore, all subjects demonstrated exhaustion, where they were unable to c...
Graphic evidence for non-Abelian flux tubes

From Monte Carlo calculations of plaquette--Wilson-loop correlations for three-dimensional SU(2) lattice gauge theory, we give unambiguous graphic demonstrations of the formation of non-Abelian chromoelectric flux tubes with constant energy density in the region between a pair of static qq-bar sources.
Feshbach-Villars perturbation theory for pionic atom problems

Perturbation theory for the Klein-Gordon equation is developed through third order using the Feshbach-Villars formalism. The use of such a rearrangement of the original equation is necessitated by the incorporation of a vector interaction in a second-order wave equation. The effect of nuclear finite size on the energy levels ofS-states is developed through order (Z α)6 as an illustration. Finally, the differences between results for the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are discussed, as well as the physical origins of these differences.
Household use of public libraries and large bookstores

This article examines competition between large, inexpensive bookstores and public libraries. Using the National Household Education Survey and logit and multinomial logit estimation procedures, the study finds that large bookstores reduce the probability of household library use for some, but not all, uses of the library. Children's programming is found to be mostly immune to competition whereas job-related and informational uses of the library are reduced. The measure of crowding out is largely from diminished library use by middle-income households. Because this group traditionally uses the library most frequently, the impact of these bookstores could potentially alter the funding and services libraries traditionally offer, changing their redistributional capabilities.
A novel testosterone 6β-hydroxylase activity assay for the study of CYP3A-mediated metabolism, inhibition, and induction in vitro

Abstract Introduction: In order to examine CYP3A-mediated metabolism in vitro, a unique analytical assay was developed to detect the formation of 6β-hydroxytestosterone (6β-OHT). This assay has been determined to be useful for the study of both inhibition- and induction-related drug–drug interactions in vitro and involves simple incubation and sample handling procedures. Methods: A primary and three backup sets of analytical conditions were developed to detect interference between a test compound and either 6β-OHT or the internal standard. Results: The primary set of conditions was validated with a three-batch validation, and the remaining sets of conditions were validated with one-batch validations, all in human liver microsomes. The primary assay was also validated with a single batch for CYP3A induction studies in primary human hepatocytes. Enzyme kinetic parameters of 6β-OHT formation (Km, Vmax) were determined to be reproducible in human liver microsomes. Discussion: Utility of the assay in inhibition studies and induction studies, respectively, was confirmed with the test compounds ketoconazole and rifampicin. In addition, superiority to existing methods was demonstrated in three areas: ease of sample preparation, short run times, and low detection limits.
Reciprocity relations and energy theorems for elastic scattering by an obstacle in a half-space bounded by a penetrable interface

Reciprocity relations, energy theorems and scattering cross-sections are derived for a lossless spherical elastic object in a half-space bounded by a penetrable interface. The non-embedding half-space is considered as an obstacle. Specialized results are given for the forward direction of scattering.
Agricultural land reform in Moldova

Abstract During transition, Moldova has pursued a policy of small-scale land privatisiation and a sucession of decollectivisation initiatives. Small-scale land reform has been important for bolstering the real incomes of rural households but living standards have continued to fall. While initial political resistance to decollectivisation has been overcome, serious challenges remain for co-ordinating agricultural production, procurement and marketing from a newly fragmented structure of land ownership. The delay in issuing formal land titles has inhibited the development of land market. The former large-scale collective and state farms provided several key social services in rural areas and the delivery of these services in the post-collectivised era also represents a serious challenge.
THE LINKAGE OF CATALYSIS AND REGULATION IN ENZYME ACTION. FLUOROPYRUVATE AS A PROBE OF REGULATION IN PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLASES

Pyruvate decarboxylase, a thiamin-diphosphate (ThDP) dependent enzyme from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SCPDC), catalyzes the conversion of fluoropyruvate to carbon dioxide, fluoride ion and...
Treatment of alcohol and other drug dependence

Addiction (e.g., alcohol or drugs) is a chronic disease. Specific behavioral and pharmacological treatments have proven efficacy. Addressing addiction includes intervention for risky and problem use. Clinicians who are not addiction specialists can play important roles in addressing addiction.
Is there competition between breast-feeding and maternal employment?

Theory suggests that the decision to return to employment after childbirth and the decision to breast-feed may be jointly determined. We estimate models of simultaneous equations for two different aspects of the relationship between maternal employment and breast-feeding using 1993-1994 data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Infant Feeding Practices Study. We first explore the simultaneous duration of breast-feeding and work leave following childbirth. We find that the duration of leave from work significantly affects the duration of breast-feeding, but the effect of breast-feeding on work leave is insignificant. We also estimate models of the daily hours of work and breast-feedings at infant ages 3 months and 6 months postpartum. At both times, the intensity of work effort significantly affects the intensity of breast-feeding, but the reverse is generally not found. Competition clearly exists between work and breast-feeding for many women in our sample.
The influence of forgiveness and apology on cardiovascular reactivity and recovery in response to mental stress

To investigate the relation between forgiveness and apology as they relate to cardiovascular reactivity and recovery, 29 men and 50 women were exposed to an interpersonal transgression (i.e., verbal harassment) while performing a serial subtraction task. Participants were categorized into high and low forgiveness groups based on scores on the forgiving personality scale. Following the task, approximately half of the participants received an apology from the experimenter for his/her comments during the task. Although no group differences in cardiovascular reactivity were observed during the serial subtraction task, persons high in forgiveness displayed more rapid diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure recovery than persons low in forgiveness. In response to the apology, participants displayed greater high frequency heart rate variability recovery compared to those who did not receive an apology. A significant apology x sex interaction was observed for diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure. Women who received an apology exhibited faster recovery from the transgression than women who did not receive an apology. In contrast, men who received an apology exhibited delayed recovery from the transgression compared to men who did not receive an apology. These results indicate that there are potentially healthful benefits to forgiveness and apology, but the relation is influenced by situation and by sex.
Fixation strength comparison of onlay and inset patellar implants

Patellar implant fixation continues to be one of the most troublesome areas in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It has been reported that patellofemoral complications in TKA are responsible for almost half of all re-operations. The literature review revealed the rate of primary all-polyethylene patellar implant loosening ranging 1%-4.2% [Berend ME, Ritter MA, Keating EM, Faris PM, Crites BM. The failure of all-polyethylene patellar components in total knee replacement. Clin Orthop 2001;388:105-11, Chew JT, Stewart NJ, Hanssen AD, Luo ZP, Rand JA, An KN. Differences in patellar tracking and knee kinematics among three different total knee designs. Clin Orthop 1997;345:87-98, Barrack RL, Wolfe MW, Waldman DA, et al. Patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty: a five to seven year follow-up of prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Proceedings of Sixty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2000. p. 547]. The loosening rates for metal-backed or following patellar component revisions were considerably higher [Chew JT, Stewart NJ, Hanssen AD, Luo ZP, Rand JA, An KN. Differences in patellar tracking and knee kinematics among three different total knee designs. Clin Orthop 1997;345:87-98, Jordan LR, Sorrells RB, Jordan LC, Olivo JL. The long-term results of a metal-backed mobile bearing patella. Clin Orthop 2005;436:111-8, Berger RA, Lyon, JH, Jacobs JJ, Barden RM, Berkson EM, Sheinkop MB, et al. Problems with cementless total knee arthroplasty at 11 years followup. Clin Orthop 2001;392:196-207, Ritter MA, Pierce MJ, Zhou H, Meding JB, Faris PM, Keating EM. Patellar complications (total knee arthroplasty). Effect of lateral release and thickness. Clin Orthop 1999;367:149-57] Onlay and inset patellar components with variable fixation surface geometry are currently available for clinical use. The purpose of this study was to quantify the shear disassociation strength for both onlay and inset patellar fixation techniques. The variation in host material was minimized by the use of synthetic patellae, which has been previously validated in implant fixation studies. The testing revealed that inset patellar fixation resistance to shear disassociation was 25% higher than onlay patellae (p=0.0002).
Pharmacokinetics of heparin VII: Effect of pregnancy on the relationship between concentration and anticoagulant action of heparin in rats

Abstract □ The effect of pregnancy on the anticoagulant action of heparin was determined by comparing the slope of the relationship between the natural logarithm of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and heparin concentration (the heparin slope) in the plasma of pregnant and nonpregnant female inbred Lewis rats. Also determined were the prothrombin time, hematocrit, and the activities of coagulation factors II, VII, VIII, X, XI, and XII. The heparin slope was significantly decreased in pregnant rats at the 20th day of gestation but not in rats at the 10th day of gestation, indicative of a decreased anticoagulant action of heparin in late pregnancy. The hematocrit and prothrombin time were decreased, and the baseline APTT (i.e., the APTT without added heparin) as well as the activities of factors II, VII, and X were increased in pregnant rats at the 20th day of gestation. Both pregnant and nonpregnant animals showed a significant negative correlation between prothrombin time and factor II activity and a significant positive correlation between the activities of factors II and X. The effects of pregnancy in rats on heparin slope, prothrombin time, hematocrit, and factors VII, VIII, X, and XII are qualitatively the same as those in pregnant women in the third trimester. The increases in factor II activity and baseline APTT found in the rats were not observed in humans. Pregnant rats, like pregnant women, are relatively resistant to the anticoagulant action of heparin.
Inquiry Communities in Special Education Teacher Education

Many teacher education programs, both in special and general education, remain strongly influenced by a technological orientation. However, alternative models, derived from interpretive programs of research that focus on understanding the complexity of teachers' actions and interactions with students and contexts, have begun to make their way into special education. In fact, it could be argued that special education teacher education is at a crossroads, where alternative models are more likely to proliferate. In this paper, we address the implications for and challenges of teacher education in special education if it were focused less on a technological orientation stressing the development of knowledge-for-practice, and more on Cochran-Smith and Lytle's (1999) conception of “knowledge-of-practice.”
Encoding Flexibility Revisited: Evidence for Enhanced Encoding of Stereotype-Inconsistent Information Under Cognitive Load

of consistent information. Implications of these results for the role of efficiency and the interaction of motivation and ability in social cognition are discussed.
Induction of UDP-Glucose:Salicylic Acid Glucosyltransferase Activity in Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Inoculated Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Leaves.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a putative signal that activates plant resistance to pathogens. SA levels increase systemically following the hypersensitive response produced by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) inoculation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi-nc) leaves. The SA increase in the inoculated leaf coincided with the appearance of a [beta]-glucosidase-hydrolyzable SA conjugate identified as [beta]-O-D-glucosylsalicylic acid (GSA). SA and GSA accumulation in the TMV-inoculated leaf paralleled the increase in the activity of a UDP-glucose:salicylic acid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.35) ([beta]-GTase) capable of converting SA to GSA. Healthy tissues had constitutive [beta]-GTase activity of 0.076 milliunits g-1 fresh weight. This activity started to increase 48 h after TMV inoculation, reaching its maximum (6.7-fold induction over the basal levels) 72 h after TMV inoculation. No significant GSA or elevated [beta]-Gtase activity could be detected in the healthy leaf immediately above the TMV-inoculated leaf. The effect of TMV inoculation on the [beta]-GTase and GSA accumulation could be duplicated by infiltrating tobacco leaf discs with SA at the levels naturally produced in TMV-inoculated leaves (2.7–27.0 [mu]g g-1 fresh weight). Pretreatment of leaf discs with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide inhibited the induction of [beta]-GTase by SA and prevented the formation of GSA. Of 12 analogs of SA tested, only 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid induced [beta]-GTase activity.
RACE IGNORE‐ANCE, COLORTALK, AND WHITE COMPLICITY: WHITE IS…WHITE ISN’T1

In this review essay, Barbara Applebaum uses white complicity as a framework for discussing three books: Mica Pollock’s Colormute: Race Talk Dilemmas in an American School, Debra Van Ausdale and Joe R. Feagin’s The First R: How Children Learn Race and Racist, and Virginia Lea and Judy Helfand’s Identifying Race and Transforming Whiteness in the Classroom. She explains the notion of white complicity and discusses some of the deep philosophical questions involving moral responsibility and agency that arise when one acknowledges white complicity. In particular, she examines the question of whether complicity is best described as grounded in individual intention or as an outcome of collective action, as well as whether “complicity” as a word displaces the strong sense of harm implied by the term “racist.” Finally, Applebaum explores how some of these philosophical questions crisscross through the discussions highlighted in the three books.
Everything you never wanted to know about special education . . . and were afraid to ask (I.D.E.A.).

Abstract Social workers who work with families and children are often unaware of the legal protections afforded to educational experiences for children, particularly to children with disabilities. Yet, all social workers, regardless of their practice setting, should be aware of the important educational rights to which children with disabilities and their families are entitled, as codified in the original legislation, P.L. 94–142, and its subsequent revisions. This legislation is currently entitled the “Individuals with Disabilities Education Act,” or the “I.D.E.A.” Provisions included in the I.D.E.A. are covered with which all states that receive federal educational funding are mandated to comply. Reviewed are the 13 “disabling conditions” that allow for students to qualify to receive special educational services, as long as one of the conditions is adversely impacting their educational success. It concludes with recommendations for social work advocacy regarding this legislation.
The SRC Family Tyrosine Kinase HCK and the ETS Family Transcription Factors SPIB and EHF Regulate Transcytosis across a Human Follicle-associated Epithelium Model

A critical step in the induction of adaptive mucosal immunity is antigen transcytosis, in which luminal antigens are transported to organized lymphoid tissues across the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of Peyer's patches. However, virtually nothing is known about intracellular signaling proteins and transcription factors that regulate apical-to-basolateral transcytosis. The FAE can transcytose a variety of luminal contents, including inert particles, in the absence of specific opsonins. Furthermore, it expresses receptors for secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), the main antibody in mucosal secretions, and uses them to efficiently transcytose SIgA-opsonized particles present in the lumen. Using a human FAE model, we show that the tyrosine kinase HCK regulates apical-to-basolateral transcytosis of non-opsonized and SIgA-opsonized particles. We also show that, in cultured intestinal epithelial cells, ectopic expression of the transcription factor SPIB or EHF is sufficient to activate HCK-dependent apical-to-basolateral transcytosis of these particles. Our results provide the first molecular insights into the intracellular regulation of antigen sampling at mucosal surfaces.
Evaluating genome-scale approaches to eukaryotic DNA replication

Mechanisms regulating where and when eukaryotic DNA replication initiates remain a mystery. Recently, genome-scale methods have been brought to bear on this problem. The identification of replication origins and their associated proteins in yeasts is a well-integrated investigative tool, but corresponding data sets from multicellular organisms are scarce. By contrast, standardized protocols for evaluating replication timing have generated informative data sets for most eukaryotic systems. Here, I summarize the genome-scale methods that are most frequently used to analyse replication in eukaryotes, the kinds of questions each method can address and the technical hurdles that must be overcome to gain a complete understanding of the nature of eukaryotic replication origins.
CHILDREN'S DISTURBED REACTIONS TO THE DEATH OF A SIBLING.

Children's disturbed reactions to the death of a sibling are reported. A wide range of enduring symptoms and distortions of character structure stemming from sibling death reactions are reviewed and determinants of the nature of sibling death reactions are noted.
Challenges in identifying genetic variation affecting susceptibility to type 2 diabetes: examples from studies of the calpain-10 gene

Type 2 diabetes is a classic example of a complex disorder. It is strongly familial, but clearly arises as a consequence of the actions and interactions of many genetic and non-genetic factors. Type 2 diabetes is a common disorder, affecting 16 million Americans. It has a major impact on public health expenditures with more than 1 in 10 health care dollars spent on treating diabetes and its complications. Although a variety of therapies can be useful in treatment of type 2 diabetes, we remain sufficiently ignorant of the genetic risk factors to believe that identifying them will lead to better understanding of the primary physiology of the disorder, as well as to more specific and effective therapies. Moreover, identification of genetic risk factors may improve our ability to characterize more specific non-genetic risk factors for this disease that could be the targets for cost-effective prevention strategies. This manuscript reviews the challenges we face in moving from the linkage mapping of susceptibility genes for type 2 diabetes toward the identification of the genetic variation that actually affects risk to this disorder. I illustrate many of the challenges in designing, conducting and interpreting these studies by reviewing recent research conducted on the calpain-10 gene, implicated in positional cloning studies as a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes.
Competition induces allelopathy but suppresses growth and anti-herbivore defence in a chemically rich seaweed

Many seaweeds and terrestrial plants induce chemical defences in response to herbivory, but whether they induce chemical defences against competitors (allelopathy) remains poorly understood. We evaluated whether two tropical seaweeds induce allelopathy in response to competition with a reef-building coral. We also assessed the effects of competition on seaweed growth and seaweed chemical defence against herbivores. Following 8 days of competition with the coral Porites cylindrica, the chemically rich seaweed Galaxaura filamentosa induced increased allelochemicals and became nearly twice as damaging to the coral. However, it also experienced significantly reduced growth and increased palatability to herbivores (because of reduced chemical defences). Under the same conditions, the seaweed Sargassum polycystum did not induce allelopathy and did not experience a change in growth or palatability. This is the first demonstration of induced allelopathy in a seaweed, or of competitors reducing seaweed chemical defences against herbivores. Our results suggest that the chemical ecology of coral–seaweed–herbivore interactions can be complex and nuanced, highlighting the need to incorporate greater ecological complexity into the study of chemical defence.
Characterizing lobular carcinoma of the male breast using the SEER database

Abstract Background Lobular carcinoma of the male breast is rare. We sought to investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of men and women with lobular breast cancer, using a population-based database. Methods We reviewed the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database 1988–2008 and identified patients with a lobular breast cancer diagnosis (invasive lobular carcinoma [ILC] and lobular carcinoma in situ [LCIS]) using the “International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition” codes. Bivariate analyses compared the male and female patients on demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment modalities. Multivariate logistic regression analysis determined the risk-adjusted likelihood of receiving treatment. Survival analysis was done and hazard ratios were obtained using Cox proportional models. Results Overall, 133,339 patients were identified, including 133,168 women (99.9%) and 171 men (0.1%). Most had ILC (82.08%). The median age was 66 ± 20 y for the men and 61 ± 21 y for the women. The men with ILC were more likely to have poorly differentiated tumors (26.45% versus 15.61%; P versus 4.18%; P = 0.005) than were the women. The cancer-specific 5-year survival rates for ILC were 82.9% for the men and 91.9% for the women. Adjusted survival was better for patients with ILC receiving surgery plus radiotherapy than patients receiving neither (hazard ratio 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.49–0.56). Women with ILC had a 55% increased odds of receiving surgery plus radiotherapy compared with men (odds ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.08–2.22). Conclusions ILC presents at a higher grade and stage in men. The difference in disease characteristics and survival rates suggests that the treatment of men with lobular breast cancer should be adjusted to improve their outcomes.
Oscillation of second-order forced functional dynamic equations with oscillatory potentials

Oscillation criteria are established for a second-order forced dynamic equation on time scales containing both delay and advance arguments. Moreover, the potentials are allowed to change sign. Several nontrivial examples from difference equations are provided to illustrate the easy application of the results. The theory can be applied to second-order dynamic equations regardless of the choice of delta or nabla derivatives.
Homopolymerization of hydronopyl vinyl ether and 2‐hydronopoxyethyl vinyl ether

The effectiveness of several free radical, cationic, and coordination initiators for the polymerization of hydronopyl vinyl ether and 2-hydronopoxyethyl vinyl ether has been examined. The most effective initiator found for polymerization of hydronopyl vinyl ether is a coordination catalyst prepared from triisobutylaluminum and titanium tetrachloride. Generally, cationic initiators are less effective and free radical initiators much less effective with this monomer. Of the initiators investigated for polymerization of 2-hydronopoxyethyl vinyl ether, only one, boron fluoride etherate, proved to be effective. This initiator yielded a rubbery polymer of high molecular weight.