cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
System code evaluation of near-term accident tolerant claddings during boiling water reactor short-term and long-term station blackout accidents

Abstract Near-term Accident Tolerant Fuel (ATF) claddings, such as iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) and chromium (Cr)-coating, are being extensively studied as candidates to replace the current zircaloy claddings. They present excellent oxidation resistance in high-temperature steam environment that has the potential to greatly reduce the hydrogen production and increase coping time in Beyond Design Basis Accident (BDBA) scenarios. In this work, since we are investigating unmitigated BDBA conditions, coping time is treated as the delay in the time to cladding melting. Three Station Blackout (SBO) scenarios for a representative U.S. operating Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) based on Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station are analysed using system thermal-hydraulics code TRACE. They are (1) short-term SBO without Reactor Core Isolation Cooling (RCIC) blackstart, (2) short-term SBO with RCIC blackstart and (3) long-term SBO. These scenarios are defined to be very similar to the accidents studied in the State-of-the-Art Reactor Consequence Analysis (SOARCA) project. TRACE code is also modified to reflect the oxidation kinetics of FeCrAl and Cr-coating. TRACE simulations only estimated marginal increase of the coping times (1–22 min) with both near-term ATF claddings. However, the hydrogen productions from FeCrAl and Cr-coating are one to two orders of magnitude less that those from Zircaloy cladding at the time of clad melting. Furthermore, the time to generate significant amount of hydrogen gas (0.5 kg) are delayed by 5–32 min. Finally, at the time of complete cladding oxidation, the hydrogen generated by Cr-coated cladding is similar to Zircaloy, while those generated by FeCrAl claddings are reduced by 37%–48% due to its thinner cladding thickness.
788-P: Effects of Sucralose Ingestion vs. Sucralose Taste on Metabolic Responses to a Glucose Load in Subjects with Normal Weight and Obesity

Objective: Consumption of low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) is associated with abnormalities of glucose metabolism. Here we evaluate the effects of sucralose ingestion, versus sucralose taste (i.e., sham feeding), on metabolic responses to a labeled oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in subjects with normal weight and obesity. Research Design and Methods: Ten normal-weight (BMI: 23±1 kg/m2) and 11 subjects with obesity (BMI: 38±6 kg/m2), all non-habitual users of LCS, underwent 3 dual-tracer OGTTs preceded by consuming 48 mg of sucralose, water, or sham feeding sucralose in randomized order. Indices of β-cell function and insulin sensitivity (SI) were estimated by using oral minimal models of glucose, insulin and C-peptide kinetics. Results: Compared to water, sucralose ingestion (but not sham feeding) increased the glucose incremental area under the curve by 30±10% in both groups. In contrast, sucralose had different effects on plasma insulin concentrations in these groups (P Conclusions: Acute sucralose ingestion differentially affects glucose metabolism in subjects with normal weight versus obesity. In addition, our findings underscore a physiological role for sweetness in glucose homeostasis, which supports the notion that sweetness should be used in moderation. Disclosure M. Pepino: None. A.D. Nichol: None. K. Rother: None. C. Salame: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (P30DK020579, P60DK020579, P30DK056341); National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Microfabricated ionic liquid column for separations in dry air.

Micro gas chromatography (µGC) is a technique developed for rapid, in situ analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for environmental protection, industrial monitoring, and toxicology. While reduced µGC size and power requirements allow for increased portability, the low moisture and oxygen resilience of current microcolumn technology result in increased peak broadening and tailing for humid samples, which necessitates the use of bulky helium or nitrogen carrier gas cartridges. Developing a microcolumn to address these deficiencies is desirable to improve µGC field performance and further reduce µGC system size. This paper reports the development and characterization of a microfabricated phosphonium ionic liquid (µIL) column and demonstrates separation of both polar and nonpolar compounds using this column via analyses of alcohols, chloroalkanes, aromatics, aldehydes, fatty acid methyl esters, and alkanes. The µIL column achieved operation at temperatures up to 345 °C for fatty acid methyl ester and alkane separation. Notably, all separations in this study used dry air as the carrier gas, showing that analysis of a diverse range of compounds was possible in the presence of oxygen. After exposure to dry air for 48 h at temperatures up to 220 °C, the µIL column's peak capacity was only degraded by 8.92%, which validated its long-term robustness against oxygen. The column's separation performance was not degraded by high moisture concentrations or long-term moisture exposure, also manifesting its robustness to moisture. The high temperature, moisture, and oxygen resilience of the µIL column enable more rapid separations in varying field environments without requiring additional µGC accessories (e.g., humidity filters and carrier gas cartridges). The µIL column is therefore expected to be useful for integration into future µGC devices.
Recent Trends in the Performance of Tungsten-Halogen and HID Low-Beam Headlamps in the U.S.

AbstractWe present photometric data for a sample of high-intensity discharge (HID) low-beam headlamps for model year 2004 vehicles in the U.S. and for the corresponding tungsten-halogen low-beam headlamps manufactured for use on the same vehicles. We also analyze the technological and photometric trends for low-beam headlighting in the U.S. from 1997 to 2004. There are two main findings. First, from 1997 to 2004 there was a general photometric improvement of both tungsten-halogen and HID low beams. Second, the photometric performance of the current HID low beams is superior to that of the current tungsten-halogen low beams.
Distributed leadership for personalized learning

Personalized learning refers to a collection of practices designed to place student interests and needs at the heart of schooling. Schools that implement personalized learning need leaders that sup...
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES BASED ON VALUES OF REVELATION

The purpose of this research is to try to explore and describe the goals of education in Islam inductively by looking at the arguments of naqli that already exist in the al-Qur'an and al-Hadith, as well as integrating them in the context of the needs of society in general in education, so that the goal is expected. education in Islam can be applied to contemporary discourse and reality. The research design used is literature research with a revelatory approach to a number of verses from the Al-Qur'an about educational purposes, and interpretive books as primary data sources and journals and scientific writings as secondary data. The commentaries studied were Tafsir Al-Qur'an Al-'Adzim (Tafsir Ibn Katsir), Tafsir Al-Maraghi, and others. The commandment to make preparations, to provide everything including with the right determination and enthusiasm. The purpose of education is as guidance so that humans do not perish with the hardships they experience. Al-Qur'an is an information for every human being, guidance, explanation, teaching and warning for people who have faith. The command to manifest respect and affection for fellow human beings shows that a servant must always prostrate and repent to Allah SWT, and remind humans to always please others. Keywords: Educational Objectives; Revelation Values. Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah berusaha menggali dan mendeskripsikan tujuan pendidikan dalam Islam secara induktif dengan melihat dalil-dalil naqli yang sudah ada dalam al-Qur’an maupun al-Hadits, juga memadukannya dalam konteks kebutuhan dari masyarakat secara umum dalam pendidikan, sehingga diharapkan tujuan pendidikan dalam Islam dapat diaplikasikan pada wacana dan realita kekinian. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan dengan pendekatan kewahyuan terhadap sejumlah ayat Al-Qur’an tentang tujuan pendidikan, d an kitab-kitab tafsir sebagai sumber data primer dan jurnal serta tulisan ilmiah sebagai data sekunder. Kitab tafsir yang dikaji adalah Tafsir Al-Qur’an Al-‘Adzim (Tafsir Ibnu Katsir), Tafsir Al-Maraghi , dan lainnya. P erintah untuk melakukan persiapan, menyediakan segala sesuatunya termasuk dengan tekad dan semangat yang benar. Tujuan pendidikan adalah sebagai bimbingan agar manusia tidak binasa dengan kesusahan yang dialaminya. Al-Qur’an adalah penerangan bagi setiap manusia, petunjuk, penjelasan, pengajaran dan peringatan bagi orang-orang yang bertaqwa. Perintah untuk mewujudkan rasa hormat dan rasa kasih sayang sesama manusia, menunjukkan bahwa seorang hamba haruslah selalu sujud dan taubat kepada Allah Swt, serta mengingatkan kepada manusia untuk selalu menyenangkan orang lain. Kata Kunci: Tujuan Pendidikan; Nilai-nilai Kewahyuan.
Liposomal Bupivacaine Infiltration After Median Sternotomy in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery.

Objective The present study retrospectively ascertained whether liposomal bupivacaine (LB) injected subcutaneously after median sternotomy incisions in pediatric cardiac surgery patients is as efficacious as the ON-Q PainBuster pump (ON-Q) (Avonas Medical, Alpharetta, GA). Design Retrospective cohort comparison. Setting Pediatric hospital. Participants Cardiac surgery patients who were treated with LB for elective cardiac surgery. Interventions Patients received 4 mg/kg of LB admixed with 0.25% bupivacaine and 0.9% normal saline. These patients were compared with an age- and procedure-matched control group of similar size treated with the ON-Q pump (continuous infusion 0.25% bupivacaine via subcutaneous catheter). Total analgesics used and route, other analgesics or sedatives, and pain scores (first 24 hours and cumulative) were tracked for 96 hours after surgery. Measurements and Main Results A total of 222 patients were equally divided between the two groups. Overall, the median (interquartile range) age was 6.5 (3.8-12.7) years. Unadjusted analysis suggested that patients in the LB group were administered a significantly higher dose of intravenous acetaminophen (77.4 v 60.0 mg/kg; p Conclusions LB is at least as effective as the ON-Q is for providing analgesia after median sternotomy incision in children.
Understanding metal 3D printing processing through modeling and experimentation

In this talk I will review recent developments in understanding and controlling light-matter interaction and material response associated with laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing. As part of the critical assessment of the physics of the process, validated hydrodynamic finite element model simulations have proven to be extremely valuable and can be used to inform rapid solidification microstructural models. I will also discuss new approaches to process optimization that have emerged from our modeling efforts which can improve material properties and part performance. Prepared by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
Eyes Toward the Future

The book concludes by recapping the primary contributions of this work in the context of research on career and technical education and employability skills. These contributions are reinforced by profiles of two students details how they learned employability skills and how they plan to apply those skills toward their future educational and employment pathways. The chapter ends with a discussion of strengths and limitations of the book, recommendations for future research, and an brief outline of next steps including research on balancing college prep and career readiness.
Evaluation of packing single and multiple atoms and molecules in the porous organic cage CC3-R.

The absorption of multiple atoms and molecules, including Kr, Xe, CH4, CO2, C2H2, H2O, and SF6, within CC3-R, a Porous Organic Cage (POC), was calculated and analyzed. The CC3-R molecule has one central cavity and four window sites. Most adsorbents were modeled with either one unit in the central cavity, four units in the window sites, or with five units in both sites. For Xe, the most favorable site was the central one. The CO2 molecule binds about 3 kcal mol−1 in free energy more strongly than CH4 in the central cavity of CC3-R at 300 K which may be enough to allow useful discrimination. Four C2H2 units and four CO2 units are calculated to bind similarly inside CC3-R (ΔH(298 K) = −8.6 and −7.7 kcal mol−1 per unit, respectively). Since H2O is smaller, more waters can easily fit inside. For twelve water molecules, the binding enthalpy per water is ΔH(298 K) = −16.4 kcal mol−1. For comparison, the binding enthalpy of (H2O)12 at the same level of theory (B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)-D3BJ//M06-2X/6-31G(d)) is predicted to be −12.3 kcal mol−1 per water. Finally, the dimerization of CC3-R and the association of CC3-R with CC3-S was studied as well as 3 to 9 iodine atoms enclosed in CC3-R.
Introduction to ‘Pluto, Charon, and the Kuiper Belt Objects’: Pluto on the Eve of the New Horizons Encounter

The July 2015 fly-through of the Pluto-Charon system by NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft promises to revolutionize our understanding of icy dwarf (or small) planets and the broader trans-Neptunian population. Pluto and its five known moons have borne witness to cataclysmic events early in Solar System history, including a possible wholesale reorganization of the Solar System. Pluto itself is an active world, with ongoing surface-atmospheric exchange of various volatile ices, outflow of the bulk atmosphere, and interaction with the solar wind. Pluto plausibly contains a rock core and internal ocean, and suffered a ‘giant impact’ that gave rise to its satellite system.
Parameterization of Turbulence Statistics for Model Inputs

The principal inputs to the above stochastic Lagrangian models of turbulent diffusion [variations of the Langevin equation model (LEM) or the random displacement model (RDM)1 are 1) the variance of the turbulent velocity fluctuations (e.g., σ w 2 ) and 2) either the local decorrelation timescale τ L or the rate of dissipation of the turbulence kinetic energy e. The inputs σ w 2 and τ L or e are sufficient for diffusion in one dimension, the vertical. In more complex cases (e.g., the convective boundary layer or two- or three-dimensional dispersion), the skewness 〈w3〉/σ w 3 and kurtosis 〈w4〉/σ w 4 of the vertical velocity fluctuations, the horizontal velocity variances σ u 2 and σ v 2 , and the shear stresses (e.g., τ uw ) may be required. These inputs are generally assumed to be 1) strong functions of the vertical coordinate and the atmospheric stability, and 2) relatively weak functions of time and the horizontal coordinates, consistent with our simplifications of the LEM for two and three dimensions in chapter 9.
Reading population codes: a neural implementation of ideal observers

Many sensory and motor variables are encoded in the nervous system by the activities of large populations of neurons with bell-shaped tuning curves. Extracting information from these population codes is difficult because of the noise inherent in neuronal responses. In most cases of interest, maximum likelihood (ML) is the best read-out method and would be used by an ideal observer. Using simulations and analysis, we show that a close approximation to ML can be implemented in a biologically plausible model of cortical circuitry. Our results apply to a wide range of nonlinear activation functions, suggesting that cortical areas may, in general, function as ideal observers of activity in preceding areas.
Association of cyclin D and estrogen receptor α36 with hepatocellular adenomas of female mice under chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress

Background and Aims Hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) are benign tumors that can lead to medical complications. Chronic inflammation and mutations in β-catenin, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α, or glycoprotein 130 are potential causes for human HCA. However, additional causes may exist due to heterogeneity of HCA. We investigated whether HCA are caused by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Methods Mice with a liver-specific deletion of the major chaperone BiP (LGKO) were used. Liver tumor occurrence was examined in LGKO with or without feeding of a high-fat diet (HFD) and characterized with immunohistochemistry with molecular markers of proliferation/malignancy. Molecular changes were analyzed with immunoblotting. Results Spontaneous monoclonal liver tumors were observed in 34% of LGKO females with constitutive hepatic ER stress. Lack of portal tracks or central veins, dilated sinusoidal spaces, hemorrhagic areas, active proliferation, and lipid deposits were observed in the liver tumors. HFD feeding induced multiclonal liver tumors in 83% of the LGKO females versus 0 in wild-type females. Hepatocytes reactive to antiglypican 3 antibodies were detected in the HFD-induced, but not spontaneous, tumors. In the liver tumors, inhibition of cyclin D and increase of the 36 kD estrogen receptor variant (estrogen receptor α36), active transcription activator 4/6, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 were detected, whereas no change of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α, β-catenin, p-53, androgen receptor α, or estrogen receptor α was detected. HFD activated Janus kinase and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3. Conclusions Our evidence supports a novel link of HCA with ER stress and altered expression of cyclin D and estrogen receptor α36. Additional stress such as HFD may promote malignant transformation of HCA through the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway.
Two Outcomes for Two Old (Super-)Problems

I briefly review the outcomes of two very different old questions -- where global SUSY improves on ordinary QFT -- when they are in turn posed in the local, SUGRA, context. The first concerns the unexpectedly powerful role of the "Dirac square root" graded algebra relation $E=Q^2$, originally found in D=4 SUSY by Gol'fand and Likhtman, in proving positive energy theorems both in SUGRA and in ordinary gravity theories, where $E$ and $Q$ have very different -- gauge generator -- definitions. The second seeks SUGRA counterparts of the boson/fermion loop ultraviolet cancellations in SUSY models. Here the result is negative: local supersymmetry cannot overcome the infinities associated with the dimensional gravitational $\kappa^2$ even, as recently shown, in maximal D=11 SUGRA.
Technology Roadmapping for Commercializing Strategic Innovations

In the increasingly globalized world economies, a variety of drivers define the market and regulatory contexts for commercializing the strategic innovations that provide significant competitive advantage in the near-term and long-term future. In this study we examine how technological roadmapping integrates these strategic contextual factors with the organizational capabilities and resources of the firm to commercialize strategic innovations. This is done by first examining four roadmapping case-studies: (1) at Motorola, (2) at Sandia National laboratories, (3) the National and International Roadmaps for Semiconductors, and (3) nanotechnologies. A five stage process is proposed for commercializing strategic innovations. Finally, managerial implications and potential future research are discussed.
Rapid Liquid-Chromatographic Separation of Steroids on Columns Heavily Loaded with Stationary Phase

Properties of heavily loaded columns are illustrated, especially as applied to steroid separation. By "heavily loaded" we mean that the column contains an amount of stationary phase such that the pores of the solid support are essentially filled. The solid support can be loaded with as much as 35-50% by weight of stationary liquid phase, depending on the pore volume and the activity of the solid support. Using heptane/dioxane/formamide, we studied several heavily loaded columns with different liquid loadings and solid support particles of various diameters. Porasil C (10-25 µm particle size) gave markedly improved speed and efficiency characteristics over Porasil A (44-53 µm). A separation efficiency as great as 2.5 effective plates per second was achieved with support material having the smaller particle diameter. Qualitative reasons for this good efficiency are discussed. Column efficiency was independent of quantity (from 1 µg to 1 mg) of injected steroid sample. Finally, applicability of heavily loaded columns to separation of steroids is illustrated. With stepwise pressure programming, 10 steroids can be separated in 35 min.
Coagulation of Escherichia Coli by neutral salts

Abstract An experimental procedure for the systematic study of microbial aggregation was developed and the coagulation of Escherichia coli by neutral salts was investigated. Changes in turbidity as estimated by absorbance measurements during settling were used as the criterion for coagulation. The effects of several parameters on the procedure and results are discussed. It was found that E. coli are coagulated by hydrogen ions and polyvalent cations at concentrations considerably lower than that of simple univalent cations. The effectiveness of divalent cations was related to their ionic radii. In general, the organisms followed the Schulze-Hardy rule for coagulation being similar in this respect to hydrophobic colloids.
Hypothalamic control of heart function as manifested in an electrocardiographic study.

AbstractAn analysis of the electrocardiographic records taken from unanesthetized cats undergoing electrical stimulation of various placements in the hypothalamus revealed profund changes in the activity of the heart muscle. These changes are manifested by marked alterations of the individual wave components of the EKG as well as of the rhythmic sequence of the beats.Grateful acknowledgment is made of The invaluable Technical advice of Professors A. W. Bellamy and Marcel Verzeano (Department of Biophysics. UCLA) and laboratory assistance of Mr. Rilchie Almond.
The Mini-CLEAN experiment

Because liquid neon is easily purified, has no intrinsic radioactivity, and scintillates brightly in response to ionizing radiation, it is a promising material for the detection of rare low-energy events. The Mini-CLEAN experiment will contain an active mass of approximately 100 kg of liquid neon viewed by 32 photomultiplier tubes and will serve as a prototype for the 10–100 ton CLEAN detector. Mini-CLEAN will be used to test the practicality of liquid neon as a scintillation material for neutrino detection. Additionally, the liquid neon can be replaced with liquid argon to provide improved sensitivity to dark matter in the form of weakly interacting massive particles. The ability to exchange the two cryogens, with different sensitivities to dark matter and fast neutrons, will allow the two event types to be accurately characterized. Radioactive backgrounds from gamma rays and 39Ar beta-decay will be rejected through pulse-shape discrimination.
Acute Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: Exploring the Cutting Edge in Understanding, Therapy, and Research

Pediatric head injury affects 400,000 children each year. Most recent reviews in the pediatric literature regarding head injury care have focused on the need for a computed tomography (CT) scan. Over the past 10 years there has been an explosion in knowledge about secondary mechanisms after an injury—concerning much more than just cerebral edema. At the biochemical level, these injury mechanisms include excitotoxicity, programmed cell death, inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress, and cerebral microvascular control. Each of these mechanisms may be unfamiliar, so a brief overview is provided. The interactions are very complex, and to enhance understanding, a conceptual model is presented. Four interventions are reviewed for potential use in emergency departments and emergency medical service settings. Research needs related to the head-injured child in the emergency department and emergency medical service setting are highlighted.
Rapid Development of Cirrhosis Secondary to Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Common Bile Duct

A 68-year-old male underwent cholecystectomy with a normal operative wedge liver biopsy. Five months later he presented with secondary biliary cirrhosis and signs of portal hypertension and hepatocellular failure. At autopsy, a squamous cell carcinoma of the bile duct was found. This case represents an unusually rapid development of cirrhosis secondary to extrahepatic biliary obstruction with documentation of normal liver histology five months prior to his last admission.
Numerical modeling of open channel flows with moving fronts using a variable boundary formulation

Modeling flows in open channels with explicit family of schemes is constrained by the choice of time step, which is limited by the Courant Friedrichs Lewy stability condition. For simulations over large spatial domains or long time durations, this limitation reflects in increased computational time. To address this limitation, in this work the affect of using varying boundary locations at both the upstream and downstream ends in the numerical code is investigated. The location of the two boundaries in this approach is an evolving function with time and not fixed as in the standard implementations. Such a formulation will aid in solving the flow equations over reduced number of nodes at every time, thus accelerating the solution to the desired state. The performance of this approach for modeling transient and stationary waves for mixed flow conditions is investigated. The results indicate that this approach can significantly accelerate the solution with out affecting its accuracy.
Propylthiouracil treatment reduces long-term potentiation in area CA1 of neonatal rat hippocampus☆

Rat pups were made hypothyroid by exposure to propylthiouracil in drinking water beginning at 1 week of age, and the degree of long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal area CA1 determined from brain slices of animals ranging in age from 2 to 6 weeks. Serum T3 levels were less than 20% of that of age matched controls after 3 weeks of treatment, and remained at that level. Relative to the age-matched controls, LTP was reduced significantly after 2 weeks of treatment. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that LTP magnitude is a reflection of cognitive function, which is known to be depressed in hypothyroid conditions in both animals and man.
Megafauna associated with bathyal seamounts in the central North Pacific Ocean

Abstract Sixteen fish species and 31 invertebrate species were identified on Horizon Guyot and five other bathyal seamounts in the central North Pacific Ocean from trawl and baited-trap collections augmented with video camera recordings. The seamount fauna shows zoogeographic affinities with fauna of the Indo-West Pacific as does the marine shore fauna of central Pacific Islands.
The Development and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Preservice Teachers' Self-Efficacy in Regard to The Teaching of Science as Inquiry

The purpose of this study was to develop, validate, and establish the reliability of an instrument that measures preservice teachers' self-efficacy in regard to the teaching of science as inquiry. The instrument, Teaching Science as Inquiry (TSI), is based upon the work of Bandura (1977, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1989, 1995, 1997), Riggs (1988), and Enochs and Riggs (1990). Self-efficacy in regard to the teaching of science as inquiry was measured through the use of a 69-item Likert-type scale instrument designed by the author of the study. Based on the standardized development processes used and the associated evidence, the TSI appears to be a content and construct valid instrument with high internal reliability for use with preservice elementary teachers to assess self-efficacy beliefs in regard to the teaching of science as inquiry.
A green chemical approach to the synthesis of tellurium nanowires.

Starch, an economical and safe carbohydrate, has been found to be not only an effective reducing agent but also a new morphology-directing agent for the synthesis of tellurium nanowires using commercial H2TeO4 precursor. The obtained tellurium nanowires are of single-crystal in nature, with an average diameter of ∼25 nm and length up to 10 μm. A possible synthetic mechanism involves the chain-shaped bioorganic molecule acting as a template for the one-dimensional growth of inorganic tellurium. The effects of different chain-shaped structures and concentrations of biomolecules on the nanowire morphology have been investigated and different one-dimensional structures, including thick rods, short nanowires, bunched nanowires, and assembled spikelet structures, have been fabricated. These experimental results have been found to be useful in substantiating the proposed synthetic mechanism.
An Argument Against Augmenting the Lagrangean for Nonholonomic Systems

Although it is known that correct dynamical equations of motion for a nonholonomic system cannot be obtained from a Lagrangean that has been augmented with a sum of the nonholonomic constraint equations weighted with multipliers, previous publications suggest otherwise. An example has been proposed in support of augmentation and purportedly demonstrates that an accepted method fails to produce correct equations of motion whereas augmentation leads to correct equations; this paper shows that in fact the opposite is true. The correct equations, previously discounted on the basis of a flawed application of the Newton-Euler method, are verified by using Kane's method and a new approach to determining the directions of constraint forces. A correct application of the Newton-Euler method reproduces valid equations.
Differential gain and damping factor in strained InGaAs/GaAs quantum well lasers

ABSTRACT The differential gain, modulation response, and damping rate of strained-layer Ino•3Ga(J•7Asmultiple quantum well (MQW) short cavity graded-index separate confmement heterostrucutre (GRINSCH) and SCH lasers fabricated by chemically-assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) are analyzed. Calculated differential gains vary from 0.7 to. 1 .6 x 1015 cm2, with only relatively longlasers of 400 p.m demonstrating very high differential gain. For the GRINSCH lasers, a CW 3-dBbandwidth of 22 GHz has been measured that is limited primarily by heating and a low frequencyrolloff. The latter is improved dramatically using an SCH design resulting in an improvement ofthe 3-dB bandwidth to 28 GHz. Cather transport theory (also known as well-barrier hole burning) is shown to model the damping behavior of quantum well lasers from low to moderate photon densities. 1. INTRODUCTION Both theoretical calculations and experimental data have shown that the increased differentialgain in strained-layer InxGai.xAs quantum well (QW) lasers makes them faster than GaAs QWlasers1'2. A five quantum well structure containing 50 A InO.3GaO7As layers with GaAs barriershas demonstrated an extremely high differential gain of 2. 1 x 1O5 cm2 in a 200 tm cavity length
The societal integration of individuals with epilepsy: Perspectives for the 21st century

Abstract Epilepsy is a common neurologic disorder seen throughout the world. Advances in therapy have made it possible for persons with epilepsy (PWEs) to have improved seizure control and a better quality of life. However, it is not entirely clear whether this has resulted in their successful integration into society. This review examines the societal integration of PWEs, identifying both the progress made and the challenges that continue to hamper further advances. In general, PWEs are more integrated in western-oriented cultures. However, there continue to be ongoing difficulties due to poor education and intellectual functioning, poor social and family support, the undertreatment of coexisting psychiatric conditions, transportation and mobility limitations, and problems obtaining employment. This review also discusses the effects of low socioeconomic status on integration and the persisting prejudices that affect certain racial groups. Most importantly, this review underscores the fact that societal stigma towards PWEs is still very much alive. At the beginning of the 21st century, PWEs still encounter difficulties in their quest for full societal integration. Along with medical advances being made to improve seizure control, much still has to be done to bring about the reforms necessary to help PWEs live more meaningful and productive lives.
Euro housing recovery: Why did it falter?

Last year, the United States was suffering in the wake of the housing bubble. But in Europe, the housing market looked brighter. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries seemed to be recovering far more quickly. But that did not last. Over the past year, the European housing market abruptly declined. What went wrong? Why did the European housing recovery collapse?. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immunopathology of Renal Extracellular Membranes in Diabetes Mellitus: Specificity of Tubular Basement-membrane Immunofluorescence

This study documents the presence of marked immunofluorescence for IgG and albumin in renal extracellular membranes, especially tubular basement membranes (TBM), of patients with severe diabetic nephropathy. A comprehensive immunofluorescent analysis was carried out on kidney tissue from 83 patients—Group I: 24 living normal renal allograft donors and two infants less than one week of age. Group II: 24 patients with severe nephropathy who had juvenile onset of diabetes 16 to 30 years previously and who ranged in age from 20 to 47 years. Group III: 33 patients with severe kidney disease of varied etiologies with an age range of five to 63 years. The sections were assayed for a variety of proteins (immunoglobulins, complement components, and tissue antigens). Kidney sections of all patients with severe diabetic nephropathy were readily distinguished from kidneys of other patients and normals by the intense linear staining of the extracellular membranes, especially the tubular basement membrane, for IgG and albumin. Dual-labeled studies using FITC anti-basement-membrane (BM) and tetramethyl rhodamine (TMR) antialbumin demonstrated localization of the albumin predominantly to the outer but also the inner TBM while the BM antisera reacted more intensely with the inner membrane. There is no evidence that an immunologic process is responsible for these Findings. These immunofluorescent findings are specific for severe diabetic nephropathy and may reflect structural changes in the renal extracellular membranes that permit entrapment of serum proteins, possibly due to changes in permeability.
Irregular wavefunction behavior in diamagnetic Rydberg hydrogen atoms: a dynamical SO (4, 2) group study

Abstract We extend the dymanical SO (4, 2) group to the study of the wavefunction behavior of diamagnetic Rydberg hydrogen atoms. The dynamical group allows a complete algebraization of the problem. When coupled with the use of the mini-max theorem, the procedure leads to an efficient algorithm for obtaining accurate eigenvalues and eigenvectors of arbitary highly excited states. Comparison of the classical and quantal behavior in both the regular and irregular regions is presented.
A Sociological Perspective on Social Issues

Arguably, social life in these last few years of the twentieth century has reached a new level of complexity. Our population continues to grow, with worrisome consequences for the environment. A larger percentage of the world population is attaining higher levels of education. Advances in medical science have pro duced a longer life expectancy and raised ethical questions unimaginable even at mid-century. Long entrenched political systems are breaking down and being replaced by nationalistic and religiously organized governing bodies. The tech nological revolution changes life on a daily basis with a long-term effect that cannot, as yet, be anticipated. What is our response, as sociologists, to these social changes? What tools are at our disposal to help us understand and interact with contemporary society? While the study of social issues is at the heart of sociology, sociologists seldom reflect self-consciously on how we interact with these problems and issues. Consequently, it may be useful to consider what should be, and can be, a sociologist's stance toward current events. In an informative new book entitled^ Tour of the Calculus, Berlinski (1995) comments on the beauty and elegant parsimony of the calculus and the world it describes. The calculus emerged from a belief that symbolism could reveal the "essence" of the world. The ability of mathematical equations to describe mo tion and direction seemed to provide the requisite tool to this understanding of the world. While no one loves calculus any less today than they did in Leibniz' time, it seems evident that this view is no longer popular. Berlinski argues "No one believes any longer that physics or anything like physics is apt to provide contemplative human beings with a theoretical arch sustaining enough to pro vide a coherent system of thought and feeling." Thus, before the sociologist even begins to reflect on contemporary society,
Bioengineering Studies of Periodic External Compression as Prophylaxis Against Deep Vein Thrombosis—Part I: Numerical Studies

This paper presents the results of a numerical study of the technique of periodic external compression for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis. In the model the veins of the lower leg are portrayed as a continuous system rather than as discrete elements as in previous models. Consequently, we are able to explore the detailed effects of different modes of compression including (i) uniform compression, the simultaneous application of uniform pressure over the entire lower leg, (ii) graded compression, the application of nonuniform pressure, maximum at the ankle and minimum at the knee, and (iii) wavelike compression, a wave of compression proceeding from the ankle toward the knee. These numerical results indicate that the effectiveness of uniform compression is severely compromised by the formation of a flow-limiting throat at the proximal end of the compression cuff that reduces both the rate at which blood is discharged from the lower leg and the total blood volume removed. Both of these detrimental effects can be avoided by the use of either wavelike of graded compression. Both alternated methods are shown to produce more uniform augmentation of volume flow rate, flow velocity and shear stress, throughout the entire lower leg. In the companion paper, Part II [18] (see following article), these same compression modes are tested using a simple hydraulic model consisting of a single latex tube inside a foam cylinder as a highly simplified representation of a human leg.
Coordinating electrical activity of the heart: ankyrin polypeptides in human cardiac disease.

Introduction: Over the past ten years, ankyrin polypeptides have emerged as players in cardiac excitation–contraction coupling. Once thought to solely play a structural role, loss-of-function variants of genes encoding ankyrin polypeptides have highlighted how this protein mediates subcellular localization of various electrical components of the excitation–contraction coupling machinery. Evidence has revealed how disruption of this localization is the primary cause of various cardiomyopathies, ranging from long-QT syndrome 4, to sinus node disease, to more common forms of arrhythmias. Areas covered: The roles of ankyrin polypeptides in excitation–contraction coupling in the heart and the development of ankyrin-specific cardiomyopathies. How ankyrin polypeptides may be involved in structural and electrical remodeling of the heart, post-myocardial infarct. How ankyrin interactions with membrane-bound ion channels may regulate these channels' response to stimuli. New data, which offers the potential for uniq...
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: spectrum of CT findings with multiplanar reconstructions and 3-D imaging

This article reviews the causes, clinical presentation, and CT diagnosis of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome. In conjunction with an appropriate clinical history, several CT findings can suggest the diagnosis of SMA syndrome. These findings include narrowing of the aortomesenteric angle and distance, distension of the stomach and duodenum, and dilatation of the left renal vein with left-sided venous collaterals.
A review of sonographic estimate of fetal weight: Vagaries of accuracy

Purpose. To determine the factors that might influence the accuracy of sonographic estimated fetal weight.Study design. A PubMed search (Jan 1975 to Jan 2003) of articles published in the English language was carried out and the inclusion criterion was that estimates were within 10% of birth weight. A Chi-square test for trend was used and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated.Results. Over 28 years, 175 articles were identified but only 54 (31%) met the inclusion criterion. Overall 62% (8895/14 384) of the predictions were within 10% of the actual weight. The accuracy was significantly different in articles where 7 days were allowed to lapse between examination and delivery (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.93, 2.45); where examinations were done by registered diagnostic medical sonographers (RDMS; 65%) versus physicians (59%) or residents (57%; p 1000 vs. <1000 cohorts (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.51, 1...
A 0.1-μm MHEMT millimeter-wave IC technology designed for manufacturability

Abstract We describe and discuss our approach to improved manufacturability of millimeter-wave InP-type HEMT IC technology. The main ingredients are the use of (1) GaAs (rather than InP) as substrate, with a buffer that grades the lattice constant to that of the high-mobility Ga 0.47 In 0.53 As channel; (2) low-resistance non-alloyed ohmic contacts with good reliability and reproducibility; (3) an e-beam process that produces 0.1-μm T-gate fingers with one exposure and (4) two-step selective etching of the gate trough for good uniformity. The process is compatible with standard GaAs FET IC front and back end unit processes, including backside vias. The yield, uniformity and performance of devices and circuits made on this metamorphic (MHEMT) material are consistently as good as those we get using InP substrates. The reliability of our devices, whether made on GaAs or InP substrates, is limited by impact ionization in the channel, which has also been linked to R d -degradation and burnout. At low-noise drain bias ( V d =1 V), where the impact ionization is small, we have demonstrated reliability, i.e. extrapolated MTTF at 125°C channel temperature is >10 6 h. This is as good as FETs made on InP substrates.
Effect of aluminum hydroxide on plasma fluoride and fluoride excretion during a high fluoride intake in man

Abstract A study was carried out in man to investigate the effect of small doses of aluminum hydroxide (30 ml three times daily, containing a total of 1.8 g aluminum) on plasma fluoride levels. In control studies, a 15 mg dose of fluoride as sodium fluoride was given by mouth three times daily and plasma fluoride levels were determined 1, 2, and 4 hr after each dose. In the experimental studies an oral dose of aluminum hydroxide was given together with each dose of sodium fluoride. Plasma fluoride levels were determined at the same time intervals as in control studies. Urinary fluoride was determined on 24-hr urine collections in both study phases. Following each dose of fluoride a distinct rise and subsequent gradual fall of plasma fluoride with time was noted. Administration of aluminum hydroxide markedly decreased plasma fluoride levels at all time intervals, the average decrease being 41%. Urinary fluoride also decreased significantly, by 51%. This study has shown that relatively small doses of aluminum hydroxide significantly decrease both plasma and urinary fluoride levels.
Complete complement deficiency in a large cohort of familial systemic lupus erythematosus

Genetic complete deficiency of the early complement components such as C1, C2 and C4 commonly results in a monogenetic form of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, previous studies have examined groups of complete complement deficient subjects for SLE, while a familial SLE cohort has not been studied for deficiencies of complement. Thus, we undertook the present study to determine the frequency of hereditary complete complement deficiencies among families with two or more SLE patients. All SLE patients from 544 such families had CH50 determined. Medical records were examined for past CH50 values. There were 66 individuals in whom all available CH50 values were zero. All but four of these had a SLE-affected relative with a non-zero CH50; thus, these families did not have monogenetic complement deficient related SLE. The four remaining SLE-affected subjects were in fact two sets of siblings in which three of the four SLE patients had onset of disease at <18 years of age. Both patients in one of these families had been determined to have C4 deficiency, while the other family had no clinical diagnosis of complement deficiency. In this second family, one of the SLE patients had had normal C4 and C3 values, indicating that either C1q or C2 deficiency was possible. Thus, only 2 of 544 SLE families had definite or possible complement deficiency; however, 1 of 7 families in which all SLE patients had pediatric onset and 2 of 85 families with at least 1 pediatric-onset SLE patent had complete complement deficiency. SLE is found commonly among families with hereditary complement deficiency but the reverse is not true. Complete complement deficiency is rare among families with two or more SLE patients, but is concentrated among families with onset of SLE prior to age 18.
Obstacle detection during walking by patients with tunnel vision

Analysis Window Tall Obstacle Only CoV Speed x PVFL Subgroup Interaction F(1,6) = 5.80, p = .06 Group Experimental Condition % of Total Distance from Obstacle at Detection Obstacle Height x Group Interaction F(2,8) = 107.92, p ≤ .01 • The High Risk group had the most difficulty detecting the short obstacles • Correlation results indicated that a failure to detect the obstacle by the High Risk group resulted in longer trial times compared to the other two groups
Periodic association mining in a geospatial decision support system

This paper presents an approach for mining partial periodic association rules in temporal databases. This approach allows the discovery of periodic episodes such that the events in an episode are not limited to a fixed order. Moreover, this approach treats the antecedent and consequent of a rule separately and allows time lag between them. Thus, rules discovered are useful in many applications for prediction.
Glorious days and nights: A jazz memoir

by Herb Snitzer Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2011, 144 pages, 85 illustrations ISBN: 978-1-6047-3844-5 (hardcover) Price $35.00 Reviewed by Judith R. Halasz, State University of Ne...
Hybrid-stress eight-node elements for thin and thick multilayer laminated plates

Hybrid-stress eight-node isoparametric multilayer plate elements are developed for the analysis of thin to thick fibre-reinforced composite plates. Transverse shear deformation effects are incorporated by allowing a linear through-thickness displacement variation for in-plane displacements in each layer, with displacement continuity enforced along interlayer surfaces. An alternative, kinematically constrained through-thickness displacement distribution is also studied, characterized by laminate reference plane displacements and non-normal rotations. All stress components are included and are interpolated independently within each layer; interlayer surface traction continuity and laminate upper/lower surface traction-free conditions are satisfied exactly. Alternative forms of in-plane stress distributions are examined and the best is shown to be based on a rationale used previously for single layer hybrid-stress plate elements to avoid locking in the thin plate limit. Selected example problems are used to demonstrate the convergence and effects of plate thickness for each of the elements, and limited stress results serve to verify the expected optimal sampling points.