cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ferments and the AIDS virus: interspecies counter-conduct in the history of AIDS.

In the first three decades after AIDS started infecting people in the USA and Canada, before, during and after the emergence of anti-retroviral therapies, numerous “alternative and holistic treatments” for AIDS were debated, tested, circulated, written about and taught. This paper, taking a narrow focus, examines documents that reveal how some people with AIDS developed a logic of care predicated on intimate interactions with microscopic lifeforms—the AIDS virus and the bacteria involved in fermentation, in particular. Focusing on the writings of Jon Greenberg and Sandor Katz, two former members of ACT UP/NY, I show that the men did not just dissent from management by biomedical authority but found new authority about how to care for themselves as people with AIDS from their interactions with non-human microscopic life. The practices and writings of both men demonstrate that Foucault’s theory of counter-conduct exists in the history of AIDS as an interspecies process in which microscopic existents lead humans. From Katz and Greenberg, I argue there is an interspecies dimension to counter-conduct that exists as a frame for understanding people who find in non-human life a guide towards unconventional forms of care, revised forms of human behaviour and philosophies for persisting with illness.
Scottish Landed-Estate Purchases, Empire, and Union, 1700–1900

This essay shows how the study of country houses can simultaneously reveal the impact of empire in the metropolis, where they served as both economic and cultural embodiments of empire in the British and Irish landscape, and the widespread geographical distribution of that impact, as houses constructed from imperial profits and reflecting imperial influences can be found from Cornwall to the Scottish Highlands and from East Anglia to the west of Ireland. That impact was greater and that geographical presence more concentrated, however, in Scotland. By viewing Scottish country houses in comparison with their English, Welsh and Irish counterparts, we can begin to comprehend just how much greater Scotland’s level of imperial participation was than any other part of the British Isles.
Autoimmune hematologic complications of umbilical cord blood transplantation

Abstract While umbilical cord blood is increasingly utilized as a stem cell source, immune complications associated with the procedure have been recognized. These complications result from significant immune system dysregulation and defective reconstitution following transplant causing an imbalance between T-cell subsets, aberrant B cells, and abnormal antibody production. This may occur up to 12 months after transplant coinciding with thymic regeneration in adults. The aim of our review is to describe the incidence, pathophysiology, clinical features, and prognosis of autoimmune cytopenias following umbilical cord blood transplant. Furthermore, we review the treatment strategies reported in the existing literature, describe the authors’ experience with the complication, and highlight novel treatment options being studied. The knowledge of the occurrence and timing of autoimmune complications of umbilical cord blood transplantation is essential for detection and treatment of the disease. Emerging therapeutic options include interleukin-2 (IL-2), which is also being studied for the treatment of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease. IL-2 has favorable effects on growth, differentiation, and function of regulatory T cells. Monoclonal antibody treatments, such as daratumumab, are also on the forefront and more experience with them will guide further treatment strategies.
The Designation and Development of Automatic Power Control System with Energy Storage Resources

The automatic power control (APC) system is a real-time control system regarded as the expansion and upgrade system of the automatic generation control (AGC) system. APC controls all controllable resources whether they are generators or not, and follows the same regulation disciplines in AGC (such as control performance strategy standards, CPS). Thus, system gains more regulation capacity and cost less than built generators, leading a safer and more economical system operation mode. This paper introduces the framework of APC system, as well as its data flow. The control model modeling method and control strategy design method considering the regulation characteristics of various resources are explained in detail in this article. Especially, the strategies to control energy-store resources and their control models are described. The APC system is applied to control a province-class simulation power system. At last power system fault cases are simulated, and the results show the performances of APC system.
Color vision disturbances secondary to oral tranexamic acid

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic commonly used to reduce blood loss due to surgical procedures, heavy menstruation, trauma, bleeding disorders, among other uses. Possible adverse reactions associated with TXA include abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, cerebral thrombosis, dizziness, retinal artery occlusion, chromatopsia, and more. We present a case of acute color vision disturbance developed soon after initiation of oral TXA for epistaxis prophylaxis in the setting of factor VII deficiency. To our knowledge we report the only case of color vision disturbance in a pediatric patient and the only case after receiving oral TXA. Soon after discontinuing oral TXA the patient's altered perception of color vision resolved. The patient was subsequently discharged home with a prescription for an alternative antifibrinolytic (aminocaproic acid) and follow-up with neuro-ophthalmology.
Abstract LB201: Understanding genetic variation in cancer using nanopore targeted sequencing

Structural variations (SV), a hallmark of genomic instability in cancer can either activate oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes. SVs tend to be recurrent and have been associated with several cancer types. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is mostly blind to large SVs, lacking sensitivity with false positive rates up to 89% in SV detection. Long-read, single-molecule sequencing platforms can address larger variations as they typically generate read lengths of tens of thousands of bases and have helped identify thousands of genomic features pertinent to cancer that were previously missed by short-read sequencing. However, the throughput and coverage offered by whole genome long read sequencing makes it infeasible to conduct large-scale genomic studies.Targeted sequencing significantly improves accuracy and coverage by offering the depth necessary to detect rare alleles in a heterogenous population of cells. Using the nanopore Cas9-targeted sequencing (nCATS), a PCR-free enrichment system from Oxford Nanopore Technologies, we targeted 10 prominent cancer genes in MCF 10A and SK-BR-3 breast cell lines. However, we observed that the number of reads generated for targets longer than 30kb were not sufficient to accurately call SVs. To further enhance this approach, we developed an Affinity-based Cas-9-Mediated Enrichment (ACME) step, that uses HisTag DynabeadsTM to pulldown non-target reads. With ACME we achieved ~ 75-fold enrichment of the BRCA2 region and 35-65x coverage of this ~90 kb target on our panel. We observed an increase in enrichment and coverage of other genes on the panel as well, with enrichment as high as 5000-fold for some genes. While ACME is a biochemical approach, recently, adaptive sequencing or “Read Until”, a computational approach that ‘rejects9 non-target reads has been used by a couple of groups for target enrichment. Using UNCALLED, a variation of Read Until, we observed an ~10x coverage of our targets. Recognizing the potential and limitations of both, biochemical and computational approaches, our efforts now are directed towards a combined approach where we expect to achieve a minimum enrichment of 200-fold across all targets. With a 200-fold enrichment of a 3.5Mb target, we should get between 200x - 400x coverage of the target, which should be high enough to detect SVs in as low as 10% of the cells in the sample. This would support large scale SV analysis to help define the landscape of such variants in the population and identify regions of therapeutic or diagnostic interest. Citation Format: Shruti V. Iyer, Melissa Kramer, Sara Goodwin, W. Richard McCombie. Understanding genetic variation in cancer using nanopore targeted sequencing [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB201.
IGF-1 Differentially Modulates Glutamate-Induced Toxicity and Stress in Cells of the Neurogliovascular Unit

ABSTRACT The age-related reduction in circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is associated with increased risk of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases in advanced age. Numerous reports highlight behavioral and physiological deficits in blood-brain barrier function and neurovascular communication when IGF-1 levels are low. Administration of exogenous IGF-1 reduces the extent of tissue damage and sensorimotor deficits in animal models of ischemic stroke, highlighting the critical role of IGF-1 as a regulator of neurovascular health. The beneficial effects of IGF-1 in the nervous system are often attributed to direct actions on neurons; however, glial cells and the cerebrovasculature are also modulated by IGF-1, and systemic reductions in circulating IGF-1 likely influence the viability and function of the entire neuro-glio-vascular unit. We recently observed that reduced IGF-1 led to impaired glutamate handling in astrocytes. Considering glutamate excitotoxicity is one of the main drivers of neurodegeneration following ischemic stroke, the age-related loss of IGF-1 may also compromise neural function indirectly by altering the function of supporting glia and vasculature. In this study, we assess and compare the effects of IGF-1 signaling on glutamate-induced toxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-produced oxidative stress in primary neuron, astrocyte, and brain microvascular endothelial cell cultures. Our findings verify that neurons are highly susceptible to excitotoxicity, in comparison to astrocytes or endothelial cells, and that a prolonged reduction in IGFR activation increases the extent of toxicity. Moreover, prolonged IGFR inhibition increased the susceptibility of astrocytes to glutamate-induced toxicity and lessened their ability to protect neurons from excitotoxicity. Thus, IGF-1 promotes neuronal survival by acting directly on neurons and indirectly on astrocytes. Despite increased resistance to excitotoxic death, both astrocytes and cerebrovascular endothelial cells exhibit acute increases in glutamate-induced ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction when IGFR is inhibited at the time of glutamate stimulation. Together these data highlight that each cell type within the neuro-glio-vascular unit differentially responds to stress when IGF-1 signaling was impaired. Therefore, the reductions in circulating IGF-1 observed in advanced age are likely detrimental to the health and function of the entire neuro-glio-vascular unit.
Comparison of an accelerometer and piezoelectric contact sensor for examining the mechanomyographic signal from the vastus medialis during isometric muscle actions

Background and objective: The purpose of this study was to compare an accelerometer (ACC) and a piezoelectric contact sensor (PEC) for the measurement of mechanomyographic (MMG) signals during submaximal to maximal isometric muscle actions of the vastus medialis. Materials and methods: Following the determination of maximal isometric strength (MVC), eight subjects (20.4 ± 1.3 years) performed isometricmuscle actions at 10 to 90% isometric MVC in random order. AnACC and PEC were used to simultaneously record the MMG signal. Results: For the composite data, there were linear increases in normalized MMG amplitude for both the ACC (r 2 = 0.930) and PEC (r 2 = 0.875), with no difference in slope coefficients ( p> 0.05). Similarly, there were linear increases in MMG mean power frequency (MPF) for the ACC (r 2 = 0.957) and PEC (r 2 = 0.982), with no difference in slope coefficients ( p> 0.05). Analysis of individual subject data revealed there were no significant differences in slope coefficients between sensors for MMG amplitude or MPF for any subject with the exception of a significant difference ( p 0.05) mean differences between the ACC and PEC for normalized MMG amplitude or MPF. Conclusion: These results indicated that the ACC and PEC provide comparable information regarding MMG amplitude and MPF vs. isometric torque relationships of the vastus medialis.
The Syntax of Argument Structure: Hybrid verbal adjuncts

Introduction The primary purpose of this chapter is to further illustrate the explanatory power of diathesis theory by applying it to the analysis of hybrid verbal categories , which I define as an [X-x] x , which is a productively derived composite head, where X is a lexical stem and - x is an affixal head, and X and - x belong to different categories , i.e., have different sets of categorial features (cf. Grimshaw 2005: 2). [X-x] x is created by the composition of the diatheses of X and -x . For example, English [V-n] n gerundive nominals combine the properties of verbs and nouns. In contrast, the LF and SF of the adjective are homogeneous categories : both the lexical stem A in [A-a] a and the adjectival suffixes it composes with (- a SF or - a LF ) have the same categorial features. It will be demonstrated below that the diathesis's 2×4 structure accounts for the unique set of morphosyntactic properties that characterize hybrid categories cross-linguistically. Russian has two fully productive hybrid verbal categories, both of which are adjunct s-predicates : Deverbal adverbials : [X-x] x = [V-g] g (see §2.16). The hybrid adverbial suffix - g has inherent adverbial features and it deletes V 's external N 1 , creating an s-predicate hybrid category (see (8)/(9)). Participles are deverbal adjectives , i.e., [X-x] x = [V-af] af , where - af- is the participle-forming suffix, which has adjectival features. Russian has three types of participle, each of which has radically different morphosyntactic properties: -en- participles (see §2.15) and -sc- participles are treated below; -em- participles, which combine the essential properties of the other two, are treated in §3.2.5. Each suffix has several exponents.
On the Choice of Subspace for Iterative Methods for Linear Discrete Ill-Posed Problems

with a large matrix A of ill-determined rank. Thus, A has many “tiny” singular values of different orders of magnitude. In particular, A is severely ill-conditioned. Some of the singular values of A may be vanishing. We allow m ≥ n or m < n. The right-hand side vector b is not required to be in the range of A. Linear systems of equations of the form (1) with a matrix of ill-determined rank are obtained when discretizing linear ill-posed problems, such as Fredholm integral equations of the first kind with a smooth kernel. They also arise in image restoration. Following Hansen (1998), we refer to linear systems of equations with a matrix of ill-determined rank as linear discrete ill-posed problems. In many linear discrete ill-posed problems that arise in the applied sciences and engineering, the right-hand side vector b is contaminated by measurement and discretization errors, i.e.,
Design and implementation of planar inductors for low voltage GaN-based power converters

The design and implementation of planar inductors in low voltage GaN-based applications is investigated, and design techniques conducive to inexpensive, simple implementations are utilized. The advantages and limitations of planar technology, as it relates to filter inductors, are presented. Design considerations such as core material, core geometry, number of turns, gap size, fringing fields, and winding construction are addressed, and several planar inductors are evaluated in a 12-to-1 V GaN-based synchronous buck converter. Experimental results are used to determine the feasibility and advantages of replacing commercially packaged components with planar inductors. The primary focus is to reduce inductor core loss, winding loss, size, and raise saturation current by employing well-designed planar inductors to modern, wide-bandgap power converters.
High Pressure Pool Boiling on a Hydrophobic Surface

The purpose of this research is to investigate heat transfer enhancement on a Teflon© coated hydrophobic surface compared to a plain copper surface at increased pressures with deionized water. Previous research has shown that hydrophobic surfaces promote bubble nucleation and increase heat transfer coefficient. However, heat transfer enhancement on hydrophobic surfaces at high pressures is not widely studied. To carry out the experiments, we designed and fabricated a special experimental facility that will withstand the high pressures (up to 20 bar/ 290 psi) and high temperatures (270 °C /518 °F). A copper surface is coated with Telfon© AF solution using dip coating. Boiling tests are done on a plain copper surface and the Teflon© coated hydrophobic surface at elevated pressures. Test results show that both high pressure and hydrophobic coating will enhance the boiling performance. Bubble nucleation on the hydrophobic surface starts at lower heat fluxes. The effect of pressure on the Teflon© coated surface is smaller compared to the plain copper surface. Approximately 40% of increase of heat transfer coefficient is observed for the Teflon© coated copper surface at 15 psig.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Moral, Legal, and Functional Dimensions of Inclusive Service Delivery in Catholic Schools.

Catholic school educators are morally compelled by Catholic social teaching to foster inclusive service delivery for students who have traditionally been marginalized in schools, including students in poverty, students of color, English language learners, and students with special needs. This article applies this moral context to analyze the legal obligations of Catholic schools under Section 504 to serve students with special needs. It argues that as Catholic schools follow Catholic social teaching by developing inclusive service delivery to meet students’ special needs, their legal obligations grow. The article concludes by describing the learning consultant model, a system of service delivery that balances these moral and legal duties.
The Challenge of Originalism: Simple-Minded Originalism

In this essay I defend the unfashionable, maligned, and ridiculed view that interpretation of the Constitution is a search for its authorially-intended meaning, and that constitutional interpretation is no different in this respect from the interpretation of shopping lists, toy assembly instructions, and ordinary conversations.
Global Budgets and Technology-Intensive Medical Services

Abstract Background In 2009–2010, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts entered into global payment contracts (the Alternative Quality Contract, AQC) with 11 provider organizations. We evaluated the impact of the AQC on spending and utilization of several categories of medical technologies, including one considered high value (colonoscopies) and three that include services that may be overused in some situations (cardiovascular, imaging, and orthopedic services). Methods Approximately 420,000 unique enrollees in 2009 and 180,000 in 2010 were linked to primary care physicians whose organizations joined the AQC. Using three years of pre-intervention data and a large control group, we analyzed changes in utilization and spending associated with the AQC with a propensity-weighted difference-in-differences approach adjusting for enrollee demographics, health status, secular trends, and cost-sharing. Results In the 2009 AQC cohort, total volume of colonoscopies increased 5.2 percent ( p =0.04) in the first two years of the contract relative to control. The contract was associated with varied changes in volume for cardiovascular and imaging services, but total spending on cardiovascular services in the first two years decreased by 7.4% ( p =0.02) while total spending on imaging services decreased by 6.1% ( p Conclusions As one example of a large-scale global payment initiative, the AQC was associated with higher use of colonoscopies. Among several categories of services whose value may be controversial, the contract generally shifted volume to lower-priced facilities or services.
DIFFERENTIAL ACCUMULATION OF I131 FROM LOCAL FALLOUT IN PEOPLE AND MILK

Abstract Marked differences in accumulation of I131 in milk and people were recorded during July and August, 1962, along fallout trajectories with origins at the Nevada Test Site. Iodine131 was measured in milk from thirty-nine dairy farms situated in geographically and ecologically different areas of Utah, and in twenty-four persons residing on these farms. Total I131 intake during this incident, assuming consumption of one l. milk/day, ranged from 0 to 800,000 pc. Total body and thyroid burdens of people from farms paralled levels in milk produced on their farms. Accumulation in milk was correlated with feeding practices; highest accumulation was found in milk and people from farms where cattle were fed freshly-cut green alfalfa or were grazing on wet meadows. Little I131 appeared in the milk of cattle fed uncontaminated feed which had been stored prior to the arrival of fallout. Highest I131 levels occurred on farms at high altitudes.
Concepts, properties, and applications of linear systems to describe distribution, identify input, and control endogenous substances and drugs in biological systems.

The response at time t (R(t)) of a (causal linear time invariant) system to an input A(t) is represented by: R(t) = ∫ 0 t A (τ)K(t-τ)dτ where K(t) is called the unit impulse response function of the system, and the integration on the right side of the equation (above) is called the convolution (from the latin cum volvere: to intertwine) of A(t) and K(t). The system described by this equation is at zero (initial conditions) when t = 0. Although it does not even begin to describe the incredible variety of possible responses of biological systems to inputs, this representation has large applicability in biology. One of the most frequently used applications is known as deconvolution: to deintertwine R(t) given a known K(t) (or A(t)) and observations of R(t), to obtain A(t) (or K(t)). In this paper attention is focused on a greater variety of aspects associated with the use of linear systems to describe biological systems. In particular I define causal linear time-invariant systems and their properties and review the most important classes of methods to solve the deconvolution problem, address. The problem of model selection, the problem of obtaining statistics and in particular confidence bands for the estimated A(t) (and K(t)), and the problem of deconvolution in a population context is also addressed, and so is the application of linear system analysis to determine fraction of input absorbed (bioavailability). A general model to do so in a multiinput-site linear system is presented. Finally the application of linear system analysis to control a biological system, and in particular to target a desired response level, is described, and a general method to do so is presented. Applications to simulated, endocrinology, and pharmacokinetics data are reported.
Enzymes of glucose metabolism in palmar fascia and Dupuytren's contracture.

Several enzymes participating in glucose metabolism and some of the acid hydrolases were assayed in palmar fascia and Dupuytren's contracture with fluorometric microanalytical methods. The enzyme activities of glucose metabolism were lower in normal palmar fascia than in dermis. The fascia of Dupuytren s contracture exhibited a general increase in the enzyme activities of glucose catabolism. Little alteration was found in alanine aminotransferase and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity in the lesion. Lysosomal hydrolytic enzyme activities were increased five to ten times in Dupuytren's tissue. The dermis overlying Dupuytren s contracture exhibited an increase in the enzyme activities of glucose catabolism, but to a lessser degree than did the fascia of the lesion. The epidermis of involved palmar skin displayed normal enzyme activities.
Evidence of bias in predictive validity on the Kaufman assessment battery for children in samples of Anglo and Mexican American children

Possible bias in the differential predictive validity of the Kaufman Assessment Battery (K-ABC) was investigated with 76 Anglo and 90 Mexican American fifth- and sixth-grade boys and girls. All children were English-speaking and from similar socioeconomic backgrounds. The criterion variable was the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills (CTBS; Language, Reading, Mathematics, and Total Scores). Several statistical techniques were used to investigate test bias (examination of predictive validity coefficients; two methods of examining homogeneity of slopes of the regression lines). The results showed considerable evidence of bias in differential predictive validity, indicating that the global cognitive score of the K-ABC (the Mental Processing Composite) was less effective in predicting CTBS scores for the Mexican American group than for the Anglo group.
Study of electrodeposition of bismuth telluride by voltammetric methods and in-situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance method

Abstract The authors examine Bi 2 Te 3 deposition and stripping mechanisms by means of cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). Accumulated charges and related mass changes for Bi 2 Te 3 deposition on working electrodes are measured in-situ. Linear scanning voltammetry and EQCM results are then used to propose a two-stage deposition process. During the initial stage, a thin layer of Bi-rich Bi 2 Te 3 forms on the surface of the Au electrode, followed by a bulk deposition of Te-rich Bi 2 Te 3 . The composition variation is minor. During anodic linear stripping of a thin deposit, Bi 2 Te 3 oxidation with a single peak was observed. Two oxidation peaks were detected during anodic stripping of a thick deposit-one corresponding to Bi 2 Te 3 oxidation and the other to a combination of Bi 2 Te 3 and Te oxidation. The Bi 2 Te 3 deposit was synthesized via pulsed plating in order to study the effects of pulse parameters on deposit composition. Results indicate that Bi 2 Te 3 film composition is affected by changes in pulse potential from potential pulse plating or by changes in current pulse plating relaxation time.
Interview: Access to richer data promises to usher in a new era of insight into patient heterogeneity

Marc L Berger, MD is Vice President of Real World Data and Analytics at Pfizer, Inc. During his career, he has held a variety of leadership positions at OptumInsight, Eli Lilly and Company, and Merck and Co., Inc. His professional activities have included serving on the Medicare Evidence Development and Coverage Advisory Committee, the board of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), and the steering committee for the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) Centers for Research and Education on Therapeutics. He also co-chaired the ISPOR Taskforce on Prospective Observational Studies for Comparative Effectiveness Research and currently chairs the Comparative Effectiveness Research Collaborative Initiative Taskforce for the Interpreting Prospective Observational Studies for Health Care Decisions. Dr Berger has written or cowritten more than 100 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and other publications on a range of topics including health services researc...
Cognitive and motivational contributors to aptitude: a study of spoken and signed language interpreting students

This article reports the findings of a causal-comparative study with spoken language (primarily conference) and signed language (primarily public service) interpreting students carried out at four institutions in the European Union in 2008. The study was built on two previous investigations of essential characteristics, as reported by interpreting students and their professors, to measure these characteristics with standardized performance and motivation tests. It grouped participants as “entry-level” or “advanced” depending upon their prior experience in simultaneous interpreting coursework. The study documented cognitive and motivational scores of spoken language (SP) and signed language (SL) interpreting students at both levels, using a computerized neuropsychological screening test and an achievement motivation instrument. Significant differences between the SP and SL students were found in the areas of visual memory, concentration, and internality (belief that success is due to internal causes), and between the advanced and entry-level students in the areas of concentration and the eagerness to learn new concepts in the absence of external rewards.
On circle generation algorithms

Criteria for comparing circle generation algorithms are presented, and an algorithm optimal with regard to these criteria is described.
Mass effect of injected dose in small rodent imaging by SPECT and PET.

Abstract This paper discusses the effect of mass (chemical quantity) of injected dose on positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Commonly, PET or SPECT imaging study uses a "no-carrier added" dose, which contains a small amount of radioactive imaging agent (in picogram to microgram). For small animal (rodent) imaging studies, specifically targeting binding sites or biological processes, the mass (chemical quantity) in the dose may significantly modify the binding, pharmacokinetics and, ultimately, the imaging outcome. Due to differences in size and other physiological factors between humans and rodents, there is a dramatic divergence of mass effect between small animal and human imaging study. In small animal imaging studies, the mass, or effective dose (ED 50 ), a dose required for 50% of receptor or binding site occupancy, is usually not directly related to binding potential ( B max / K d ) (measured by in vitro binding assay). It is likely that dynamic interplays between specific and nonspecific binding in blood circulation, transient lung retention, kidney excretion, liver–gallbladder flow, soft tissue retention as well as metabolism could each play a significant role in determining the concentration of the tracer in the target regions. When using small animal imaging for studying drug occupancy (either by a pretreatment, coinjection or chasing dose), the mass effects on imaging outcome are important factors for consideration.
Intraluminal calcification and occlusion of the abdominal aorta above the renal arteries.

In a 38-year-old man, severe hypertension was caused by a calcified thrombotic occlusion of the abdominal aorta above the renal arteries. Dense calcification in the abdominal aorta was demonstrated on plain radiographs and computed tomography. The location of the occlusion was confirmed by angiography. The possible causes included aortitis, trauma, rubella syndrome, and atherosclerosis.
FACILITATION OF SUCCESSIVE DISCRIMINATION LEARNING BY STRYCHNINE SULPHATE.

Two strains of rats, Tyron maze brights and Tryon maze dulls, were run on a visual successive discrimination problem under three conditions: injected intraperitoneally with 1.0 mg/kg strychnine sulphate (E); injected with physiological saline (C); non-injected (N). For both strains the E group learned the problem significantly faster than did the C and N groups, which did not differ from one another. An evaluation was made of the extent and nature of side-effects and it was concluded that the enhanced learning of the strychnine animals could not be explained on the basis of such side-effects. A serious question was resolved, also, concerning the proper control group to use in a study of this type which is seeking to discover the mechanism of a drug's action in relation to complex behavioral processes.
On Efimov's effect: A new pathology of three-particle systems

Abstract We prove rigorously that the number of bound states of a three-body system grows according to the formula N ∼ 1/ π ln (| a |/ R ) when the ratio of scattering lengths, α, to the range, R , of two-body forces is large, in agreement with Efimov's recent claim. We discuss the meaning of this effect in terms of the behavior of the Faddeev equations describing the three-particle system, and clarify several points of Efimov's paper.
Energy bands and Bloch states in 1D laser cooling and their effects on the velocity distribution.

We describe calculations that predict and analyze distinctive features in the velocity distribution in 1D laser cooling for light shift potential well depths only a few times the recoil energy. These features can be interpreted in terms of populations of energy bands or even Bloch states in the periodic potential. They occur with a ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}^{+}$ standing wave, with and without a small B field, and for lin\ensuremath{\perp}lin laser cooling. We have observed these features experimentally in a beam of metastable helium atoms cooled on the ${2}^{3}$${\mathit{S}}_{1}$\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}${2}^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{2}$ transition, with velocity resolution \ensuremath{\sim}0.3 recoil.
Regulation of adiposity and obesity risk by dietary calcium: Mechanisms and implications

Dietary calcium plays a pivotal role in the regulation of energy metabolism; high calcium diets attenuate adipocyte lipid accretion and weight gain during periods of overconsumption of an energy-dense diet and increase lipolysis and preserve thermogenesis during caloric restriction, thereby markedly accelerating weight loss. Intracellular Ca2+ has a key role in regulating adipocyte lipid metabolism and triglyceride storage, with increased intracellular Ca2+ resulting in stimulation of lipogenic gene expression and lipogenesis, suppression of lipolysis, and increased lipid filling and adiposity. Moreover, we have recently demonstrated that the increased calcitriol released in response to low calcium diets stimulates Ca2+ influx in human adipocytes and thereby promotes adiposity. Accordingly, suppressing calcitriol levels by increasing dietary calcium is an attractive target for the prevention and management of obesity. In support of this concept, transgenic mice expressing the agouti gene specifically in a...
Synthesis and Pharmacological Screening of Chloro-3-(2-propynyloxy)-2-propanols and [(2-Propynyloxy )methyl] oxiranes

Abstract Some researchers have found that an ethynyl group is essential for optimal anticancer activity of carbamate esters. In addition, it has been observed that bisepoxides arc generally more potent anticancer agents than monoepoxides. These observations led to the syntheses and screening of the title compounds, ethynyl derivatives of oxiranes and their synthetic precursors, since the presence of both an ethynyl group and an oxirane group in a molecule may lead to significant anticancer activity. One compound. 2- [(2-butynyloxy)mcthyl]oxirane, showed confirmed, but weak, activity in the P-388 lest system employed.
The value of an American preparation of secretin in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease

The new Secretin Wyeth is a valuable preparation for the diagnosis in pancreatic disease. It is as potent as the preparations which have been used formerly for the same purpose. It has not the same effect on the bile pigment curve as the Swedish secretin and cannot be employed as a test of gall bladder function.
Investigation of transphosphorylation between chemotaxis proteins and the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system

Abstract Transphosphorylation between the chemotaxis proteins and phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) from Escherichia coli was investigated by incubating the CheA, CheW and CheY proteins of the chemotaxis cascade, and Enzyme I, HPr and Enzyme IImtl of the PTS with [γ-32P]ATP or [32P]phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence and absence of cell extract. In the absence of cell extract, ATP phosphorylated CheA, but in the presence of cell extract, Enzyme I was also phosphorylated. Phosphoenolpyruvate phosphorylated only PTS components. The transphosphorylation of Enzyme I by ATP did not require chemotaxis proteins, and likely occurred through acetate kinase. Regardless of phosphorylation state, the HPr protein did not inhibit the rate of ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the CheA or the CheY protein. It is concluded that chemotaxis to PTS substrates is not mediated by transphosphorylation between the PTS and chemotaxis systems.
Levels of plasma ceruloplasmin protein are markedly lower following dietary copper deficiency in rodents.

Abstract Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a multicopper oxidase and the most abundant copper binding protein in vertebrate plasma. Loss of function mutations in humans or experimental deletion in mice result in iron overload consistent with a putative ferroxidase function. Prior work suggested plasma may contain multiple ferroxidases. Studies were conducted in Holtzman rats (Rattus norvegicus), albino mice (Mus musculus), Cp−/− mice, and adult humans (Homo sapiens) to investigate the copper–iron interaction. Dietary copper-deficient (CuD) rats and mice were produced using a modified AIN-76A diet. Results confirmed that o-dianisidine is a better substrate than paraphenylene diamine (PPD) for assessing diamine oxidase activity of Cp. Plasma from CuD rat dams and pups, and CuD and Cp−/− mice contained no detectable Cp diamine oxidase activity. Importantly, no ferroxidase activity was detectable for CuD rats, mice, or Cp−/− mice compared to robust activity for copper-adequate (CuA) rodent controls using western membrane assay. Immunoblot protocols detected major reductions (60–90%) in Cp protein in plasma of CuD rodents but no alteration in liver mRNA levels by qRT-PCR. Data are consistent with apo-Cp being less stable than holo-Cp. Further research is needed to explain normal plasma iron in CuD mice. Reduction in Cp is a sensitive biomarker for copper deficiency.
Evaluating multiplexed quantitative phosphopeptide analysis on a hybrid quadrupole mass filter/linear ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometer

As a driver for many biological processes, phosphorylation remains an area of intense research interest. Advances in multiplexed quantitation utilizing isobaric tags (e.g., TMT and iTRAQ) have the potential to create a new paradigm in quantitative proteomics. New instrumentation and software are propelling these multiplexed workflows forward, which results in more accurate, sensitive, and reproducible quantitation across tens of thousands of phosphopeptides. This study assesses the performance of multiplexed quantitative phosphoproteomics on the Orbitrap Fusion mass spectrometer. Utilizing a two-phosphoproteome model of precursor ion interference, we assessed the accuracy of phosphopeptide quantitation across a variety of experimental approaches. These methods included the use of synchronous precursor selection (SPS) to enhance TMT reporter ion intensity and accuracy. We found that (i) ratio distortion remained a problem for phosphopeptide analysis in multiplexed quantitative workflows, (ii) ratio distort...
Metabolism of [1-14C]γ-hydroxybutyric acid by rat brain after intraventricular injection

Abstract Brain tissue was shown to be capable of metabolizing [1- 14 C]γ-hydroxyhutyric acid (GHB) to succinic acid and amino acids interconvertible with Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates after intra-ventricular injections in vivo into rats under chloral hydrate anesthesia. The extent of GHB metabolism was confirmed by three different methods of analysis and indicated that oxidation to succinic acid is the principal if not the only metabolic pathway for GHB metabolism in the brain. Analysis of radioactive amino acid products after administration of both [1- 14 C]GHB and 14 C-labeled succinic acid indicated a similar profile of amino acid formation. Simultaneous injection of malonate with either GHB or succinic acid produced an effective inhibition of succinate metabolism and a buildup of labeled succinate in the GHB experiments. However, simultaneous injection of pyrazolc with GHB had no effect on the metabolism of GHB. The production of γ-aminobutyric acid from GHB was shown to result primarily after GHB was metabolized to succinic acid and not by a transamination of succinic semialdehyde.
EFFECT OF A SINGLE INJECTION OF DIETHYL-STILBESTROL ON THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN THE GOLDEN HAMSTER

THE pituitary gland of the hamster shows marked hyperplasia and adenoma formation following chronic treatment with estrogens (Vasquez-Lopez, 1944; Koneff, Simpson and Evans, 1946). More recently, Mathews, Kirkman and Bacon (1947) reported that, with diethylstilbestrol, malignant renal tumors appear also, in practically all male, but not female, hamsters adequately treated. Females tend to show kidney damage similar to that found in glomerulo-nephritis. Since similar renal damage, occurring as part of the adaptation syndrome, is known to be secondary to adrenal cortical stimulation, it is considered possible that stilbestrol may stimulate the pituitary gland to release adrenocotrophin (ACTH) which in turn may stimulate the adrenal cortex to discharge certain steroids which may participate in these kidney changes. In order to determine whether ACTH is released, a single injection of diethylstilbestrol was given to both male and female hamsters and their adrenals analyzed according to various chemical and hi...
Estimation of corn response to water and applied nitrogen 1

Abstract The objective of this work was to use the logistic equation to relate grain and total plant yield of corn [Zea mays (L.)] to water and applied N. Data from field Studies in Florida and Georgia were used in the analysis. Nonlinear correlation coefficients R > 0.98 were obtained. Variation among hybrids, between plant components (grain and total plant), and among years (rainfall) was accounted for in the linear model parameter A, with constant exponential parameters b and c. The linear model parameter A exhibited linear dependence on seasonal rainfall for corn in Georgia. Data from a third study in Florida showed linear dependence of A upon seasonal rainfall plus irrigation for total amounts up to 70 cm. This model provides a convenient tool for relating corn yields to applied N and available water, with the response function separating into the product of a term depending upon water and another depending upon applied N. The equation is mathematically well‐behaved and is easy to use on a pocket cal...
Morphology of crazes in glassy polycarbonate

Abstract The craze morphology of amorphous polycarbonate in bulk samples and thin films has been examined using electron microscopy techniques. Results indicate polycarbonate crazes induced by heat or solvent have a “lamellar” texture oriented nearly perpendicular to the tensile stress direction. However, the craze texture of polycarbonate blended with antiplasticizer is observed to be fibrillar, similar to polystyrene, whereas the craze texture of polycarbonate blended with plasticizers is observed to contain crystallites. Transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrate that craze initiation does not occur by void formation or cavitation but rather by a local thinning or yielding at the craze tip. The initial stage of craze development appears similar for crazes in both polystyrene and polycarbonate.
Multiple primary soft tissue sarcomas.

BACKGROUND The synchronous or metachronous development of multiple primary soft tissue sarcomas (STS) of different histopathology has been reported only in isolated case reports. METHODS The records of patients who developed multiple primary STS and who were treated at a tertiary cancer center between 1982 and 2003 were reviewed. RESULTS Nine patients with multiple primary STS were identified, representing 0.2% of all patients who were treated for STS. The median age of patients at the time of initial presentation with sarcoma was 60 years (range, 51–81 years). Most patients in this series (n = 7) had metachronous development of a second primary STS. The incidence of second primary sarcomas in patients who were diagnosed previously with STS (4.0 per 10,000 population per year) was significantly greater than the incidence of primary STS in the general population (3.2 per 100,000 population per year; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Although it is an uncommon occurrence, patients who have a history of STS are at an increased risk for the development of a second primary STS. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society
Child Care Subsidy Use and Child Care Quality in Low-Wealth, Rural Communities

Child care subsidy programs serve to reduce the number of families for whom child care is a barrier to work. Child care is essential to economic self-sufficiency, and it can also support child development, particularly for low-income children. However, most research has an urban focus so little is known about rural settings where formal programs are limited and of lower quality. In this paper we examine the subsidy use of rural families, the care arrangements they make, and the quality of care received. We utilized data collected between 2004 and 2007 from the Family Life Project, a representative, longitudinal study of non-metro families in low-wealth counties (n = 1,292), oversampled for low-income and African-American families. Families who used subsidies were more likely to select center-based care, typically of higher quality. Further, these families were also more likely to receive higher quality care, regardless of the type chosen, even after accounting for a host of family and community factors. Findings suggest that subsidy programs have successfully moved low-income children into higher quality care beneficial for development. These findings point to the need to maintain subsidy programs and encourage eligible families to take advantage of such resources.
Self-other decision making and loss aversion

In eight studies, we tested the prediction that making choices for others involves less loss aversion than making choices for the self. We found that loss aversion is significantly lessened among people choosing for others in scenarios describing riskless choice (Study 1), gambling (Studies 2 and 3), and social aspects of life, such as likeably and status (Studies 4a–e). Moreover, we found this pattern in relatively realistic conditions where people are rewarded for making desirable (i.e., profitable) choices for others (Study 2), when the other for whom a choice is made is physically present (Study 3), and when real money is at stake (Studies 2 and 3). Finally, we found loss aversion is moderated when factors associated with self–other differences in decision making are taken into account, such as decision makers’ construal level (Study 4a), regulatory focus (Study 4b), degree of information seeking (Study 4c), omission bias (Study 4d), and power (Study 4e).
Neutrality, social justice and the obligations of archival education and educators in the twenty-first century

Codes of ethics around the globe exhort archivists to neutrality so that they and their repositories will be trusted by records creators, the general public, and posterity to be impartial in their actions. However, archival neutrality is increasingly viewed as a controversial stance for a profession that is situated in the midst of the politics of memory. Archival educators have been prominent among those calling for the profession to address more directly the cultural and ethical dimensions of the role played by archives and records in society. This paper contemplates how archival neutrality and social justice concerns can surface within the context of archival education. Drawing upon experiences of the Department of Information Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), it suggests pedagogical approaches for raising and addressing ethics and diversity issues within a social justice framework, and for encouraging students, as future practitioners and scholars, to engage critically, reflexively, and meaningfully with these issues in ways that support the public trust in archives and the archival profession.