cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3-D Multiscale Adaptive Eulerian-Lagrangian Method for Multiphase Flows with Phase Change

A multi-scale multiphase computational model including phase change has been developed to study the moving interfacial dynamics and thermal effect in various engineering and scientific applications, including spacecraft cryogenic propellant delivery processes. A 3-D adaptive Eulerian-Lagrangian method is implemented, utilizing the stationary (Eulerian) frame to resolve the flow field, and the marker-based triangulated moving (Lagrangian) surface meshes to treat the fluid interface and solid boundaries. Other than treating the unsteady, convection, pressure, viscous/diffusion, and buoyancy terms in the governing field equations, the energy and mass transfer across interface due to phase change is handled using probe-based profile computations. Numerous test cases are presented, including liquid fuel draining, sloshing, and surface flow stability related to the interfacial dynamics, and natural convection in a cavity and Stefan problem for energy transport and phase change dynamics.
Simple radiative neutrino mass matrix for solar and atmospheric oscillations.

A simple 3[times]3 neutrino Majorana mass matrix is proposed to accommodate both the solar and atmospheric neutrino deficits. This scenario can be realized naturally by a radiative mechanism for the generation of neutrino masses. It also goes together naturally with electroweak baryogenesis and cold dark matter in a specific model.
MESANGIAL PROLIFERATE GLOMERULONE PHRITIS PRESENTING AS NEPHROTIC SYNDROMS IN CHILDHOOD

Despite two controlled investigations of childhood nephrosis totalling 373 patients, there remains a paucity of detailed clinical and pathologic information of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis with the nephrotic syndrome in childhood. We had the opportunity to study 8 patients with the nephrotic syndrome, the mean age of onset was 7.2 years with a range of 3.5 to 12.2 years; there were 5 males and 3 females. All patients had renal biopsies which were studied by light, electron and immuno-fluorescent microscopy. The pathologic findings with hematoxylin-eosin showed predominant mesangial proliferation in all patients. Immunofluorescences revealed positive mesangial fluorescence to immunoglobulin (Ig) M in 8 patients, 6 of 8 had C3 complement and fibrin/fibrinogen, 4 of 8 had IgG. Electron microscopy showed electron dense deposits in the mesangium. Seven of the 8 patients were steroid sensitive and frequent relapsing nephrotics. One is steroid resistant for 1.5 years but renal function remained normal. It has been assumed that children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome with the onset before 5 years of age have idlopathic nephrotic syndrom: (I.N.S.), 2 of the present patients ware leas than 5 years at onset; therefore, this may no longer be an accurate assunption. Therefore previous studies of steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome with onset less than 5 years without renal biopsies may not fulfill the pathologic criteria of I.N.S.
Chemisorption on a model insulator

Abstract The adsorption both of a single atom and a monolayer of atoms on the (001) surface of a model two-band crystal with the CsCI structure is investigated using the Green's function formalism and the phase shift technique. The electronic structure of the surface is described within the Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) scheme and the Tight Binding (TB) approximation. Each adatom is represented by a single non-degenerate energy level. The adatoms are placed on the surface in both the on-site and the centered fourfold-site configuration. The change in the density of electronic states upon chemisorption is found, and comparison is made with similar results on a metal surface. It is shown that many, but not all, of the qualitative features in chemisorption on metallic surfaces can be transferred to the case of an insulating surface. In addition, it is shown that there are systematic variations in the density of states with adatom coverage which depend upon the absorption site.
UV LED operation lifetime and radiation hardness qualification for space flights

We report measurements of ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV LED) performance under conditions simulating operation in an orbiting satellite. UV LED light output maintained within less than 3% observational uncertainty, over more than 19,000 hours of operation in a nitrogen atmosphere, and over 8,000 hours operation at a pressure of less than 10-7 torr vacuum. In addition, irradiation with 63 MeV protons to a total fluence of 2×1012 protons/cm2 does not degrade the UV light output. Spectrally, the emissive center-wavelength and spectral shape are unchanged after proton irradiation within the precision of our measurement. These results qualify the UV LED operation lifetime and radiation hardness for space flights
Collective modes of spatially separated, two-component, two-dimensional plasma in solids

Longitudinal collective spectrum of a spatially separated, two-component, two-dimensional plasma is investigated using a generalized random-phase approximation. Such plasmas can be realized in semiconductor heterojunctions, superlattices, and inversion or accumulation layers. In general two modes are found to exist: the one with energy proportional to $\sqrt{q}$ at long wavelengths is the usual optical plasmon and the other with energy proportional to $q$ at long wavelengths is the acoustic plasmon. It is shown that the spatial separation between the two charge components makes it possible for the acoustic branch to move out of the electron-hole continua of both the components provided it exceeds a critical value. Consequently the acoustic-plasmon mode is totally undamped at long wavelength. The dynamic structure factor of the system is analyzed and the feasibility of observing an acoustic plasmon in GaAs-${\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ double quantum well is discussed.
Rebound tumour progression after the cessation of bevacizumab therapy in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma.

After withdrawal of bevacizumab in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma, we have observed a rapid tumour re-growth or “rebound” radiographic phenomenon with accelerated clinical decline. We retrospectively reviewed 11 patients treated at the Henry Ford Hermelin Brain Tumor Center with recurrent high-grade glioma who demonstrated a rebound progression pattern after the discontinuation of bevacizumab. The original tumour area-of-enhancement increased by a mean of 158%, when compared to the rebound magnetic resonance imaging. After rebound, no patients (0/8) showed a response to next-line treatments that did not include bevacizumab. The median survival of those re-treated with bevacizumab was 149 and 32 days for those who received other regimens. Abrupt discontinuation of bevacizumab after recurrence often leads to a dramatic rebound phenomenon and rapid clinical decline. Slow tapering of the bevacizumab dose after tumour progression may prevent this from occurring and improve responsiveness to next-line therapies.
Nuclear magnetic resonance study of the Schiff base in bacteriorhodopsin: counterion effects on the 15N shift anisotropy.

High-resolution, solid-state {sup 15}N NMR has been used to study the chemical shift anisotropies of the Schiff bases in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and in an extensive series of model compounds. Using slow-spinning techniques, the authors are able to obtain sufficient rotational sideband intensity to determine the full {sup 15}N chemical shift anisotropy for the Schiff base nitrogen in bR{sub 548} and bR{sub 568}. Comparisons are made between all-trans-bR{sub 568} and N-all-trans-retinylidene butylimine salts with halide, phenolate, and carboxylate counterions. It is argues that for the model compounds the variation in {sup 15}N chemical shift reflects the variation in (hydrogen) bond strength with the various counterions. The results suggest that carboxylates and tyrosinates may form hydrogen bonds of comparable strength in a hydrophobic environment. Thus, the hydrogen bonding strength of a counterion depends on factors that are not completely reflected in the solution pK{sub a} of its conujugate acid. For the model compounds, the two most downfield principal values of the {sup 15}N chemical shift tensor, {sigma}{sub 22} and {sigma}{sub 33}, vary dramatically with different counterions, whereas {sigma}{sub 11} remains essentially unaffected. In addition, there exists a linear correlation between {sigma}{sub 22} and {sigma}{sub 33}, which suggests that a single mechanism ismore » responsible for the variation in chemical shifts present in all three classes of model compounds. The data for bR{sub 568} follow this trend, but the isotropic shift is 11 ppm further upfield than any of the model compounds. This extreme value suggests an unusually weak hydrogen bond in the protein.« less
CoMoTo: the collaboration modeling toolkit

We are excited to introduce CoMoTo -- the Collaboration Modeling Toolkit -- a new, web-based application that expands and enhances well-known software similarity detection systems. CoMoTo is an end-to-end data management, analysis, and visualization system whose purpose is to assist instructors of courses requiring programming exercises to monitor and investigate the extent of student collaboration, both allowed and illicit. We describe CoMoTo's interface, which was designed to facilitate scrutiny of collaboration data projected along student, course, assignment, etc. attributes, and to allow for interactive visualization of pairwise similarity measures via a dynamic graph. We also elaborate on the details of CoMoTo's implementation. Finally, we briefly discuss two use cases that foreshadow CoMoTo's broad utility in student code analysis, not only for plagiarism detection, but also for investigating early student coding styles, and for evaluating software similarity detection systems, themselves.
Follicular development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation in cryopreserved human ovarian tissue after xenotransplantation.

Abstract Objective: To assess the competency of human frozen/thawed ovarian follicles matured in xenografts to form functioning corpora luteae after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration. Design: Prospective controlled animal study. Setting: University research laboratory. Patient(s): Three women (19, 28, and 36 years) who underwent oophorectomy. Animal(s): Nineteen female severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Intervention(s): Cryopreserved human ovarian tissues were grafted into the s.c. space of bilaterally oophorectomized SCID mice. All the animals were stimulated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) for 4 weeks starting from 16 weeks after transplantation. Twelve animals were injected with hCG at the end of gonadotropin stimulation. Main Outcome Measure(s): [1] The rate of grafts with growing follicles, with antral follicles, and/or with corpora luteae. [2] The histologic assessment of follicles and corpora luteae. [3] The serum progesterone and estradiol level in animals with corpus luteum in the grafts. Result(s): [1] The rate of grafts with growing follicles and with corpora luteae was 33% to 100%, and 28% to 50%, respectively. [2] Corpora luteae in xenografts were all morphologically normal. [3] The progesterone levels were all above 3.0 ng/mL. Conclusion(s): This study showed that the cryopreserved human ovarian follicles can be matured to a stage at which they can form functioning corpora luteae in the host animal.
Decreased post-heparin lipases in Graves's disease.

Abstract The plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) and post-heparin monoglyceridase activity (PHMA) were determined in patients with Graves's disease and treated toxic nodular goiter. Both enzymes were markedly reduced in patients with active Graves's disease. Fasting serum triglycerides were normal or slightly below normal despite low post-heparin lipases. In these patients, restudied after propranolol therapy or within six months of euthyroid control with 131l, propylthiouracil or methimazole, PHLA and PHMA remained below normal. A separate group of patients with treated Graves's disease, who were euthyroid for as long as six years, also had low post-heparin lipases. Enzyme activity did not correlate with the presence of the long acting thyroid stimulator. In contrast, patients with treated toxic nodular goiter had normal PHLA and PHMA. Control subjects made hypermetabolic with tri-iodothyronine or thyroxine had normal post-heparin enzyme activities. Persistently low PHLA and PHMA may be a marke...
Constructing Gender Stereotypes Through Social Roles in Prime-Time Television

Using a sample of 124 prime-time television programs airing on the 6 broadcast networks during the 2005–06 season, this study examined the social roles enacted by female and male characters. The findings confirm that female characters continue to inhabit interpersonal roles involved with romance, family, and friends. In contrast, male characters are more likely to enact work-related roles. Moreover, programs employing one or more women writers or creators are more likely to feature both female and male characters in interpersonal roles whereas programs employing all-male writers and creators are more likely to feature both female and male characters in work roles.
Parallel finite element computation of unsteady incompressible flows

A parallel semi-explicit iterative finite element computational procedure for modelling unsteady incompressible fluid flows is presented. During the procedure, element flux vectors are calculated in parallel and then assembled into global flux vectors. Equilibrium iterations which introduce some ‘local implicitness’ are performed at each time step. The number of equilibrium iterations is governed by an implicitness parameter. The present technique retains the advantages of purely explicit schemes, namely (i) the parallel speed-up is equal to the number of parallel processors if the small communication overhead associated with purely explicit schemes is ignored and (ii) the computation time as well as the core memory required is linearly proportional to the number of elements. The incompressibility condition is imposed by using the artificial compressibility technique. A pressure-averaging technique which allows the use of equal-order interpolations for both velocity and pressure, this simplifying the formulation, is employed. Using a standard Galerkin approximation, three benchmark steady and unsteady problems are solved to demonstrate the accuracy of the procedure. In all calculations the Reynolds number is less than 500. At these Reynolds numbers it was found that the physical dissipation is sufficient to stabilize the convective term with no need for additional upwind-type dissipation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X-ray diffraction analysis of step-graded InxGa1−xAs buffer layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract High resolution X-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping (RSM) is used to study the crystal quality of step-graded InxGa1−xAs buffer layers grown on GaAs (0 0 1) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using two growth methods. The lateral correlation length of the buffer layers are described by the FWHM of diffraction peaks along the lateral directions extracted from RSM, which are good indicators of the layer's crystalline quality. The quality improvement of InxGa1−xAs buffer layers grown at low temperature with in-situ annealing could be determined by XRD-RSM, which is also consistent with TEM results.
Withdrawal and matching strategies in reducing attack-instigated aggression.

This article reports a conceptual replication of earlier work by Dengerink and Bertilson. For a random sample of attack-instigated subjects, the use of a withdrawal strategy by an opponent is the most effective way to reduce the subject's aggression. Dengerink and Bertilson demonstrated this effect using the Taylor reaction-time procedures. The present report of similar findings used the interpersonal communications task. A matching strategy was tested in both studies but reduced aggression more slowly than the withdrawal strategy. Matching and yoked-control groups did not differ from each other during any block of testing in these two experiments. This suggests that the reduction in shock settings by subjects in the matching condition is not due to the opponent's shock settings being contingent upon the subject's shock settings. These findings are limited to randomly selected attack-instigated subjects since Pisano and Taylor reported highly aggressive subjects, who were not attacked, reduced their aggre...
The Efficacy of Bone Replacement Grafts in the Treatment of Periodontal Osseous Defects. A Systematic Review

Background: Bone replacement grafts (BRG) are widely used in the treatment of periodontal osseous defects; however, the clinical benefits of this therapeutic practice require further clarification through a systematic review of randomized controlled studies. Rationale: The purpose of this systematic review is to access the efficacy of bone replacement grafts in proving demonstrable clinical improvements in periodontal osseous defects compared to surgical debridement alone. Focused Question: What is the effect of bone replacement grafts compared to other interventions on clinical, radiographic, adverse, and patient-centered outcomes in patients with periodontal osseous defects? Search Protocol: The computerized bibliographical databases MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched from 1966 and 1974, respectively, to October 2002 for randomized controlled studies in which bone replacement grafts were compared to other surgical interventions in the treatment of periodontal osseous defects. The search strategy included ...
CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING MODEL VALIDITY FOR MANAGERIAL PURPOSES

Very little work has been done in developing a systematic and exhaustive set of criteria which can be used for assessing model validity from a managerial standpoint. Most of the other published work in this area focuses on an individual criterion, such as sensitivity analysis. This manuscript offers a set of criteria making that assessment. The following three basic kinds of validity are proposed: (1) technical validity; (2) operational validity; and (3) dynamic validity. Each has a number of subcriteria which are identified and discussed. Some of these criteria are quantifiable, and some are not. Each of the criterion identified is discussed in relatively broad terms, with brief examples. One of the purposes of this paper is to draw attention to an area worthy of further investigation. Perhaps further scrutiny will generate a truly systematic and exhaustive set of criteria. It is also hoped that further attention will lead to clarification of the criteria identified.
Modulation of impurity scattering rates by wavefunction engineering in quasi 2-D systems and its device applications

Abstract We investigate impurity - scattering - limited electronic transport in a quasi 2-d electronic system. For the calculation of the impurity scattering rates, we account for the self - consistent dependence of the electronic states on the precise configuration of the scattering centers. Based on this, we investigate the physical mechanism of mobility enhancement in delta-doped semiconductor structures.
Coumarins X: Spectral Studies on Some Linear Furanocoumarins

Observations on the IR, UV, and NMR spectral data of some substituted psoralen-type linear furanocoumarins are presented as an aid to their differentiation.
Characterization of real surfaces of vitreous silica by ellipsometry

Abstract It is shown that ellipsometry can be successfully used to characterize the contaminant surface film as well as the damaged surface layers on optically transparent materials. The results of ellipsometric measurements on vitreous silica specimens subjected to various surface treatments such as mechanical polishing, chemical etching and sputter-cleaning are presented and discussed.
Models of natural mutations including site heterogeneity

New computational models of natural site mutations are developed that ac- count for the different selective pressures act- ing on different locations in the protein. The number of adjustable parameters is greatly reduced by basing the models on the underly- ing physical-chemical properties of the amino acids. This allows us to use our method on small data sets built of specific protein types. We demonstrate that with this approach we can represent the evolutionary patterns in HIV envelope proteins far better than with more traditional methods. Proteins 32:289-295, 1998.
The Product and Process Focus within NASA Systems Engineering

Abstract This paper compares two fundamentally different systems engineering approaches found in two separate NASA systems engineering manuals. These manuals and their corresponding approaches exist as a collection of information that have been gathered, analyzed, and structured in order to help guide systems engineers and systems engineering in the development and management of complex launch systems. As a result, both manuals demonstrate in-depth insight into systems engineering as a discipline and its evolution through decades of practice, research, and collective thought. However, in order to fully understand the insight these manuals can provide, this paper presents a clear description, discussion, and distinction between the 1995 NASA manual with its focus on the product aspects within systems engineering and the 2007 NASA manual with its focus on the process aspects. By allowing this separation, this paper abstracts the characteristics, merits, and issues surrounding these two systems engineering approaches and leverages them to critically examine NASA's formal systems engineering culture.
Secretory function of lactating mouse mammary epithelial cells cultured on collagen gels.

Abstract Mammary epithelial cells dissociated from lactating mouse mammary glands form confluent monolayer cultures on collagen gel substrates. For these cultures, the substrate is more significant than the presence of lactogenic hormones in the maintenance of cell differentiation, as indicated by both morphological and biochemical criteria. Only cells cultured on floating collagen gels are able to maintain their lactose pool over several days in culture, although their ability to synthesize and secrete lactose becomes impaired. These cells are cuboidal in shape. In contrast, cells cultured on attached gels, which are constrained from changing shape and whose basolateral surfaces are inaccessible, lose their differentiation with time in culture. These flattened, dedifferentiated cells respond to the same hormonal environment by showing a mild proliferative response. Therefore, the response of cells to their hormonal milieu may be correlated with their shape: the squamous cells dedifferentiate and proliferate; the cuboidal cells maintain their differentiation and do not proliferate.
The Anglo-American Oil Agreement and the Wartime Search for Foreign Oil Policy*

Unprecedented rates of consumption by the American and Allied war machine during World War II, along with a reduction in world supplies as a result of enemy victories, first brought the United States face to face with the possibility of dependence upon others for our oil after the war. Government officials attempted to avoid that outcome through the Anglo-American Oil Agreement but only succeeded in provoking domestic producers. Meanwhile, British and American oil companies provided relief by private commercial arrangements in the then-new Middle Eastern fields. While Professor Stoff's story ends in the dark ages of naive American belief that such enterprises, when countenanced by our government, constituted freedom from dependence, it is indispensable to an understanding of what came later.
Growth of single-crystal metastable Ge1-xSnx alloys on Ge(100) and GaAs(100) substrates

Abstract Single-phase metastable Ge 1- x Sn x alloys with a diamond-cubic structure have been grown with Sn concentrations up to 15% (the maximum equilibrium solid solubility of Sn in Ge is ≈ 1%) by bias-sputter deposition. Films with x ⩽0.08 grown on Ge(100) and GaAs(100) substrates were single crystals while films deposited on amorphous glass were polycrystalline with a (220) preferred orientation. In both cases, obtaining single-phase crystalline alloys required the use of low-energy (⩽ 180 eV) ion bombardment of the growing film in order to provide collisional mixing of the near-surface region during deposition. The allowable range in growth temperature T s for obtaining single-phase alloys was a function of x and the ion acceleration potential V a . The maximum in T s varied from 150°C at x = 0.2 to 90°C at x = 0.15. A growth phase map plotted as a function of x , T s , and V a was determined. Raman spectra of Ge 1- x Sn x alloys exhibit a two-peak density of states behavior which can be explained by assuming that Sn substitution introduces disorder in the bonding direction and removes the degeneracy of the optical branches.
Hybrid power supplies: A capacitor-assisted battery

A hybrid electrochemical power supply is a concept that circumvents the need for designing any single power source to meet some extraordinary application requirement. A hybrid allows using components designed for near optimal operation without having to make unnecessary performance sacrifices. In many cases some additional synergistic effects appear. In this study, an electrochemical capacitor was employed as a power assist for a battery. An engine starting load was numerically modeled in the time domain and simulations were carried out. Actual measurements were then taken on the cranking of a diesel engine removed from a 5.0-tonne military truck and cranked in an environmental chamber. The cranking currents delivered by each power source were measured in the accessible current loops. This permitted the model parameters to be identified and, by doing that, studies using the analytical model demonstrated the merit of this hybrid application. The general system response of the battery/capacitor configuration was then modeled as a function of temperature. Doing this revealed electrical the interaction between the hybrid components. This study illustrates another case for advocating hybridized power systems.
Energy reduction in server cooling via real time thermal control

Currently, server fans often over-cool the CPUs, contributing to increased use of energy. A thermal model-based real-time fan controller was studied in this paper to reduce the energy consumption in server CPU fans. A reduced order model of the server CPU and its heatsink was developed using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), which provided 180 times faster simulation times, with reasonable accuracy. This was used in conjunction with a fan control strategy to achieve 27% savings in energy consumed for cooling.
Some Miscellaneous Alkaloids

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are based on diols called necines which are esterified at one or both hydroxyl groups with a number of different acids, mostly dicarboxylic acids known as necic acids. Some examples of necines and necic acids are shown in Fig. 12-1. Structural variation among the necines is slight. Only about a dozen are known, and they differ from one another mostly in stereochemistry or degree of hydrogenation. Most of the necic acids have 10 carbon atoms arranged as follows: The acids of Crotolaria spp. differ in having only 6 or 8 carbon atoms, and a few other exceptions are known [1].
Experimental Determination of the Artillery Shell Mass-Property/Trajectory-Drift Relationship

A series of artillery projectiles with mass-property variations were fired to determine the effect on the trajectory drift. The drift of a spinning projectile is primarily caused by the yaw of repose. Analytic expressions for the repose angle and the drift indicate a dependence on the projectile roll moment of inertia and the center of gravity location and an independence from the projectile pitch moment of inertia. This work provided an experimental verification of these mass-property/drift relationships. Also, a more accurate analytic expression for drift has been developed. This experiment was conducted to enhance the techniques of ballistically matching projectiles when the mass properties cannot be exactly matched. Ballistically matched projectiles under similar firing conditions will impact within specified small dispersion limits.
Instructions to “push as hard as you can” improve average chest compression depth in dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Background and objective Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with adequate chest compression depth appears to improve first shock success in cardiac arrest. We evaluate the effect of simplification of chest compression instructions on compression depth in dispatcher-assisted CPR protocol. Methods Data from two randomized, double-blinded, controlled trials with identical methodology were combined to obtain 332 records for this analysis. Subjects were randomized to either modified Medical Priority Dispatch System (MPDS) v11.2 protocol or a new simplified protocol. The main difference between the protocols was the instruction to “push as hard as you can” in the simplified protocol, compared to “push down firmly 2 in. (5 cm)” in MPDS. Data were recorded via a Laerdal® ResusciAnne® SkillReporter™ manikin. Primary outcome measures included: chest compression depth, proportion of compressions without error, with adequate depth and with total release. Results Instructions to “push as hard as you can”, compared to “push down firmly 2 in. (5 cm)”, resulted in improved chest compression depth (36.4 mm vs. 29.7 mm, p < 0.0001), and improved median proportion of chest compressions done to the correct depth (32% vs. <1%, p < 0.0001). No significant difference in median proportion of compressions with total release (100% for both) and average compression rate (99.7 min−1 vs. 97.5 min−1, p < 0.56) was found. Conclusions Modifying dispatcher-assisted CPR instructions by changing “push down firmly 2 in. (5 cm)” to “push as hard as you can” achieved improvement in chest compression depth at no cost to total release or average chest compression rate.
Kv2 channels oppose myogenic constriction of rat cerebral arteries.

By hyperpolarizing arterial smooth muscle, voltage-gated, Ca2+-independent K+ (Kv) channels decrease calcium influx and thus oppose constriction. However, the molecular nature of the Kv channels fu...
Public programmes to promote firms’ exports in developing countries: are there heterogeneous effects by size categories?

Several countries have implemented programmes to support their firms’ internationalization efforts. Their impacts are likely to be heterogeneous over firm size categories because these programmes are primarily intended and expected to benefit smaller companies. Whether this is or not the case is still an open question. In this article, we aim at filling this gap in the literature by providing evidence on the effects of trade promotion programmes on the export performance of firms within different size segments using a rich firm level dataset for Argentina over the period 2002 to 2006. We find that these effects are indeed larger for smaller firms.
SALINITY-INDUCED CHANGES IN BRANCHIAL Na + /K + - ATPase ACTIVITY AND TRANSEPITHELIAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE IN THE BRINE SHRIMP ARTEMIA SAUNA

Silver staining of the adult brine shrimp, Artemia salina , revealed that only the metepipodites of the phyllopodia were significantly permeable to chloride and/or silver ions. The metepipodites stained in a reticulated pattern, possibly indicating areas in the cuticle over cells specialized for chloride secretion. Crude homogenates of metepipodites had very high Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme specific activity (ESA) which increased in proportion to the salinity of the external medium and, thus, in proportion to the need for outward salt transport in these strongly hypoosmoregulating animals. Metepipodite ESA as a percentage of whole-body ESA increased from 7.6% in 50% sea water (SW) to 25.0% in 400%SW. Gut and maxillary gland also had high Na+/K+-ATPase ESAs, implicating these organs in osmoregulatory processes as well. The time courses of increases in phyllopodial and gut ESAs in brine shrimps transferred from 100% SW to 400 % SW are consistent with the induction of new Na+/K+-ATPase; 4–7 days was required for significant increases to occur. Haemolymph ion analyses and transepithelial potential differences, measured in brine shrimp acclimated in all the SW media, indicate that chloride is actively transported out of the brine shrimp while sodium is very close to electrochemical equilibrium across the body wall. Thus, the metepipodites of the brine shrimp appear to possess cells with many functional similarities to the teleost branchial chloride cells.
High- versus low-meat diets: effects on zinc absorption, iron status, and calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nitrogen, phosphorus, and zinc balance in postmenopausal women.

The effects of three diets-high meat (HM), low meat (LM), or low meat with mineral supplements (LS)-on zinc absorption, elemental balance, and related clinical indexes were investigated in a metabolic study of 14 women aged 51-70 y. The women ate each of the three diets for 7 wk in random order. Lean beef, chicken, ham, and tuna in the HM diet replaced foods with a low mineral content in the LM diet. The LS diet was similar to the HM diet in K, P. Fe, Mg, and Zn contents. Compared with the other diets, the HM diet increased zinc absorption and retention, and slightly increased urinary zinc. Nitrogen and calcium balances and urinary calcium were not different for the HM and LM diets. Iron balance was not different for the HM and LS diets with similar iron content, but the HM diet was unexpectedly associated with lower iron status (higher iron-binding capacity and lower ferritin than LM and LS diets). These results indicate that 0.8 g protein/kg body wt meets protein requirements in older women, and that high meat consumption increases zinc retention without compromising calcium status and may reduce indexes of iron status, in contrast with iron absorption results from studies with radiolabeled test meals. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62:621-32.
Utilization of formal health services for children aged 1-5 in Aceh after the 2004 tsunami: Which children did not receive the health care they needed? Implications for other natural disaster relief efforts.

Aceh, Indonesia, was the hardest-hit area in the December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, with more than 500,000 people displaced, 120,000 people dead, and total damages and losses estimated at $4.5 billion. The relief effort following the tsunami was also immense, with billions of dollars of aid pledged to this province alone. Since then, there have been several natural disasters, including Typhoon Haiyan, which have caused great loss of life and displacement and for which these results are applicable. This study aimed to determine and assess utilization patterns of health services for children under the age of five with diarrhea, cough and difficulty breathing, fever, or skin disease and to identify determinants of formal and non-formal healthcare usage. A household survey of 1439 households was administered to caretakers of children aged 1–5 years. A sample of clusters within Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar were selected and those caretakers within the cluster who fit the inclusion criteria wer...
Childhood Social Environment and Hodgkin's Lymphoma: New Findings from a Population-Based Case-Control Study

Background: Risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma in young adults has previously been associated with higher childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and other markers of delayed infection with common childhood pathogens, especially the Epstein-Barr virus. This study examines the current role of childhood social environment in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Methods: A population-based case-control study of 565 Hodgkin's lymphoma cases and 679 controls was conducted in the Boston, MA metropolitan area and the state of Connecticut to investigate the viral etiology of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Results: A novel association was detected between attendance of nursery school or day care and reduced risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma among individuals ages 15 to 54 years. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for having attended preschool for at least 1 year was 0.64 (0.45-0.92). Risk of young-adult Hodgkin's lymphoma was also associated with family history of hematopoietic cancer, Jewish ethnicity, and cigarette smoking. Other indicators of childhood SES were not associated with young-adult Hodgkin's lymphoma. Among older adults ages 55 to 79 years, Hodgkin's lymphoma was associated with lower childhood SES but not with preschool attendance. Conclusions: Early exposure to other children at nursery school and day care seems to decrease the risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma in young adults, most likely by facilitating childhood exposure to common infections and promoting maturation of cellular immunity. This finding supports the delayed infection model of Hodgkin's lymphoma etiology in young adults while introducing a new major determinant of age at infection. Hodgkin's lymphoma seems to have a separate pathogenesis among older adults.
Impact of anomalies other than congenital heart disease on the fetal cardiovascular system

Fetal echocardiography has provided us with a valuable opportunity; a clear window to observe the events of maturation and development in the human fetus. The well-rounded pediatric/fetal cardiologist caring for the unborn patient must ideally be aware of all forms of prenatal disease which can potentially affect the fetus, and not just be able to detect the presence of congenital heart disease. In this chapter, we review three such examples of disorders which can affect the fetal cardiovascular system: (1) volume loading anomalies, (2) intrathoracic masses, and (3) the twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Each of these disorders manifests very unique influences and affects the fetal cardiovascular system.
Glucocorticoids acutely increase cell surface Na+/H+ exchanger-3 (NHE3) by activation of NHE3 exocytosis

Glucocorticoids have important effects on renal function, including the modulation of renal acidification by the major proximal tubular Na+/H+ exchanger, NHE3. While the chronic effect of glucocorticoids is considered to be primarily at the transcriptional level, with increases in NHE3 mRNA and protein expression driving increased transport activity, the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids activate NHE3 in an acute setting have not been investigated. Previous studies have shown that a glucocorticoid-stimulated increase in NHE3 activity can occur before any detectable change in NHE3 mRNA. The present study examines the acute effects of glucocorticoids on NHE3 using opossum kidney (OKP) cells as a cell model. In OKP cells, total NHE3 protein abundance was not changed by 3 h of treatment with dexamethasone (10−6 M). However, the biotin-accessible fraction representing NHE3 at the apical membrane as well as Na+/H+ exchange activity measured fluorimetrically using the pH-sensitive dye BCECF-AM were significantly increased. These effects were not prevented by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. NHE3 insertion (biotinylatable NHE3 after sulfo-NHS-acetate blockade) was stimulated by dexamethasone incubation, with or without cycloheximide. The rate of NHE3 endocytic retrieval, assessed either by the avidin protection assay (early endocytosis) or by the sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (MesNa) cleavage assay (early and late endocytosis), was not affected by dexamethasone. These findings suggest that trafficking plays a key role in the acute stimulation of NHE3 by glucocorticoids, with exocytosis being the major contributor to the glucocorticoid-induced rapid increase in cell surface NHE3 protein abundance and Na+/H+ exchange activity.
PD-1, S-100 and CD1a expression in pseudolymphomatous folliculitis, primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MALT lymphoma) and cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia

Background Pseudolymphomatous folliculitis is a lymphoid proliferation that clinically and histopathologically mimics primary cutaneous extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). In this study, we assessed the diagnostic value of three immunohistochemical markers, programmed death-1 (PD-1), CD1a and S100. Methods We evaluated 25 cases of cutaneous lymphoid proliferations with established diagnoses, including 9 patients with pseudolymphomatous folliculitis, 11 with MALT lymphoma, and 5 with cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (CLH). The clinical, histopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics were reviewed and three major characteristics assessed: (a) proportion of T cells expressing PD-1, (b) pattern of expression of CD1a by dendritic cells and (c) pattern of expression of S100 by dendritic cells. Results We found pseudolymphomatous folliculitis to have a significant increase in PD-1+ T cells compared with MALT lymphoma (p < 0.0001). The pattern of CD1a staining is also informative: MALT lymphoma is significantly more likely to demonstrate a peripheral concentration of CD1a+ dendritic cells around lymphoid nodules than pseudolymphomatous folliculitis (p < 0.0003) or CLH (p < 0.05). Pseudolymphomatous folliculitis demonstrates an interstitial distribution of CD1a+ cells more often than MALT lymphoma (p < 0.04). S100 staining was not a helpful discriminator. Conclusions Histopathologic factors including PD-1 and CD1a staining patterns may allow for more certainty in distinguishing lymphoid hyperplasia, including pseudolymphomatous folliculitis, from MALT lymphoma.
Uptake of high-density lipoprotein by Y-organs of the crab Cancer antennarius: III. Evidence for adsorptive endocytosis and the absence of lysosomal processing

Ecdysteroid hormones in crustaceans are synthesized from cholesterol in the Y-organs. Circulating cholesterol is bound to high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Experiments were conducted to find the mode of cholesterol uptake by Y-organ cells. The working hypothesis is as follows: Cholesterol is taken up by endocytosis of the entire HDL-cholesterol complex. HDL was doubly labeled in the apolipoprotein and cholesterol components with 125I and 3H, respectively. The time courses of uptake of the two labels by Y-organ segments in vitro were parallel throughout 24 hr of incubation. Chloroquine, an inhibitor of lysosomal function, had no effect on the uptake and degradation of HDL. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, depressed HDL uptake. Transmission electron microscopy of Y-organ tissue showed features characteristic of adsorptive endocytosis, including coated pits in the plasma membranes and their invagination and vesiculation. Visualization of HDL with immunogold binding showed profiles consistent with endocytosis. Quantitation of the distribution of HDL-gold particles indicated that about 75% were associated with cellular formed elements, but not with lysosomes, and significantly more particles overall were present in cells from de-eyestalked crabs than those from intact crabs. These data demonstrate that (a) cholesterol-carrying HDL is taken into Y-organ cells by adsorptive endocytosis, (b) its uptake is dependent on de novo protein synthesis, (c) its intracellular processing is independent of lysosomal enzymes, and (d) its uptake is depressed by the molt-inhibiting hormone secreted by the eyestalks. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Public Health Burden of Sudden Cardiac Death in the United States

Background— Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a leading cause of death in the United States, but the relative public health burden is unknown. We estimated the burden of premature death from SCD and compared it with other diseases. Methods and Results— Analyses were based on the following data sources (using most recent sources that provided appropriately stratified data): (1) leading causes of death among men and women from 2009 US death certificate reporting; (2) individual cancer mortality rates from 2008 death certificate reporting from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Program of Cancer Registries; (3) county, state, and national population data for 2009 from the US Census Bureau; and (4) SCD rates from the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study (SUDS) population-based surveillance study of SCD between 2002 and 2004. Cases were identified from multiple sources in a prospectively designed surveillance program. Incidence, counts, and years of potential life lost for SCD and other major diseases were compared. The age-adjusted national incidence of SCD was 60 per 100 000 population (95% confidence interval, 54–66 per 100 000). The burden of premature death for men (2.04 million years of potential life lost; 95% uncertainty interval, 1.86–2.23 million) and women (1.29 million years of potential life lost; 95% uncertainty interval, 1.13–1.45 million) was greater for SCD than for all individual cancers and most other leading causes of death. Conclusions— The societal burden of SCD is high relative to other major causes of death. Accordingly, improved national surveillance with the goal of optimizing and monitoring SCD prevention and treatment should be a high priority.
Two-Channel Costas Loop Tracking Performance for UQPSK Signals with Arbitrary Data Formats

This paper generalizes and corrects previous results on the tracking performance of two-channel Costas-type carrier synchronization loops. In particular, the mean-square phase jitter performance of these loops is evaluated when the data formats on the two channels are arbitrary. Particular attention is given to the case where the loops contain active arm filters with or without hard limiters following them. For each case, it is demonstrated that selection of the channel gain ratio, as motivated by MAP estimation theory, does not guarantee optimum loop tracking performance. In fact, it is shown that, in some instances, a conventional single-channel Costas loop will outperform the two-channel version with the MAP choice of gain ratio. Instead, it is suggested that the gain ratio be chosen to directly minimize the mean-square phase tracking jitter which is equivalent to minimizing the loop's "squaring loss." When this is done, it is shown that, in some cases, one can obtain significant improvement in this performance measure. In all cases, however, the two-channel loop will now outperform the single-channel version.
Electromigration-induced integration limits on the future ULSI's and the beneficial effects of lower operation temperatures

In recent logic ULSI's, the problem of device integration density has tended to be dominated by interconnection-related issues rather than transistor-related ones. In seeking to establish an analytical model, this paper describes the limit on integration density caused by electromigration (EM) tolerance. In our model, all signal lines within a logic block are assumed to be local interconnections and to be the predominant factor in integration density. Also in our model, integration density is approximated to be inversely proportional to the average width of signal lines, which can be derived from their width distribution. The width distribution of EM-limited interconnections is connected to the gate width distribution of their corresponding driving transistors. The relation between the two distributions is derived by incorporating an expanded EM model that treats currents in signal lines as bi-directional periodic pulses. Scaling theory is also incorporated to investigate the future trend in integration density in terms of the MOSFET gate length. Calculated results predict that EM tolerance could become a significant restraining factor on the trend toward increasing integration density when MOSFET gate lengths are scaled down to the quarter-micron range. This constraint is found to disappear at moderately lower operation temperatures. >
Rudee Inlet Experiment

Rudee Inlet and the beaches to the north and south were selected as the site of the East Coast NSTS Total Trap experiment due to: (1) the assessment that the Rudee Inlet and the associated deposition basin represented a near-complete trap, (2) the longshore sediment transport was believed to be nearly unidirectional, (3) the reasonable size of the system, and (4) the favorable logistics of the area as provided by the cooperation of the Virginia Beach Erosion Committee.