cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A direct-sampling receiver for synthetic thinned array radiometry

As analog-to-digital converter technology improves, direct RF sampling is emerging as a suitable architecture for radiometer systems. A digital front-end replaces the mixer stage found in a conventional receiver. The digital signal chain is immune to gain fluctuations and spurious noise sources which arise in analog systems. Direct-sampling is also a forerunner in the evolution of an integrated digital receiver for Synthetic Thinned Array Radiometry (STAR). The authors are developing a digital L-band direct-sampling radiometer to verify /spl Delta/T sensitivity predicted by statistical models. Less than 0.1 K sensitivity is possible at 1.4 GHz by using a 2-bit quantization scheme. Signal coherence is maintained due to the low phase noise characteristics of the A/D converter, making this technique ideal for aperture synthesis.
SIRT1 is a redox-sensitive deacetylase that is post-translationally modified by oxidants and carbonyl stress

Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) deacetylase levels are decreased in chronic inflammatory conditions and aging where oxidative stress occurs. We determined the mechanism of SIRT1 redox post-translational modifications leading to its degradation. Human lung epithelial cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide (150-250 microM), aldehyde-acrolein (10-30 microM), and cigarette smoke extract (CSE; 0.1-1.5%) in the presence of intracellular glutathione-modulating agents at 1-24 h, and oxidative post-translational modifications were assayed in cells, as well as in lungs of mice lacking and overexpressing glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx1), and wild-type (WT) mice in response to cigarette smoke (CS). CSE and aldehydes dose and time dependently decreased SIRT1 protein levels, with EC(50) of 1% for CSE and 30 microM for acrolein at 6 h, and >80% inhibition at 24 h with CSE, which was regulated by modulation of intracellular thiol status of the cells. CS decreased the lung levels of SIRT1 in WT mice, which was enhanced by deficiency of Glrx1 and prevented by overexpression of Glrx1. Oxidants, aldehydes, and CS induced carbonyl modifications on SIRT1 on cysteine residues concomitant with decreased SIRT1 activity. Proteomics studies revealed alkylation of cysteine residue on SIRT1. Our data suggest that oxidants/aldehydes covalently modify SIRT1, decreasing enzymatic activity and marking the protein for proteasomal degradation, which has implications in inflammatory conditions.
The Broken Past: Fractals in Archaeology

Many archaeological patterns are fractal. Fractal analysis, therefore, has much to contribute to archaeology. This article offers an introduction to fractal analysis for archaeologists. We explain what fractals are, describe the essential methods of fractal analysis, and present archaeological examples. Some examples have been published previously, while others are presented here for the first time. We also explain the connection between fractal geometry and nonlinear dynamical systems. Fractals are the geometry of complex nonlinear systems. Therefore, fractal analysis is an indispensable method in our efforts to understand nonlinearities in past cultural dynamics.
(Re)Affirming Race: “Reality,” Negotiation, and the “Trial of the Century”

This article combines insights from the social construction of reality tradition and recent works on audience ethnography to explore the ritualistic process by which racial boundaries are continual...
Pulmonary hypertension is associated with worse early and late outcomes after aortic valve replacement: Implications for transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Objectives Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PHT) in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR) for severe aortic stenosis (AS), characterize risk for PHT, assess changes in PHT, and analyze its effect on outcomes. Methods From January 1996 to July 2010, a total of 4372 patients with severe AS underwent primary AVR. Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), a surrogate for PHT, was estimated echocardiographically in 2385, the study group. Preoperative RVSP was less than 35 mm Hg (low pressure) in 611, 35 to 50 mm Hg (moderate PHT) in 1199, and greater than 50 mm Hg (high PHT) in 575. From active follow-up, 10,218 patient-years were available for survival analysis and 3716 echocardiograms after AVR for assessing RVSP. Results Median preoperative RVSP was 41 mm Hg (range, 10-104 mm Hg). Older, more symptomatic female patients with more comorbidities and tricuspid or mitral regurgitation had higher RVSP. Hospital mortality was higher in those with higher RVSP (0.9% low presssure, 1.9% moderate PHT, 3.1% high PHT, P = .03), as was risk of renal ( P P P = .01), and prolonged hospitalization ( P P Conclusions Most patients undergoing primary AVR have at least moderate PHT that is not relieved by AVR; its severity is associated with mortality, serious complications, and worse late survival. PHT severity should be included in risk assessment before aortic valve intervention. These outcomes suggest that earlier intervention for AS warrants further study.
Computer Generated Checklist Significantly Improves Differential Diagnosis in Neurologic Disease Over Simple Recall (P1.319)

Objective: To assess the potential of a diagnostic checklist by comparing physician recall to a computer generated differential diagnostic program, NeurologicDx. Background: Checklists have been demonstrated effective in procedural aspects of medicine, yet implementation has not been fully embraced and diagnostic capability not systematically studied. Methods: A group of 13 practicing neurologists were handed a sheet of paper which contained the single instruction “List as many neurologic diseases associated with each term below”. There were three terms, one at the top of each of three columns with 10 blank lines drawn below. Participants were asked to indicate their time in practice as either PGY4 for third year residents or decades in practice for attending physicians. The terms, “jaundice”, “night sweats”, and “oval pupil” were used without a time limit for completion. Each of the answers provided by participants would be validated by Google search. Results: Nine surveys were completed and returned within 3 to 5 minutes after distribution. Of the participants, as self-described, 2 were PGY4, 2 first decade, 3 second, 2 third and 2 fourth. The data preparation used the computer generated list plus all of the unique values collectively from the group. For jaundice there were 36 unique terms, NeurologicDx provided 23 (64%) and the individual simple recall mean was 3.5 (10%), NeurologicDx scored 59% and 72% better than individual simple recall on the remaining terms. Conclusion: Computer generated checklists can be used to expand the information available at point of care to remind physicians of significant items to add to their differential diagnosis. The overall suggestion is that computer generated checklists will significantly improve diagnostic capability, shorten time for appropriate care and reduce error. Study Supported by: N/A no support Disclosure: Dr. Finelli has nothing to disclose. Dr. McCabe has nothing to disclose.
Dynamics of Transitional Endoplasmic Reticulum Sites in Vertebrate Cells

A typical vertebrate cell contains several hundred sites of transitional ER (tER). Presumably, tER sites generate elements of the ER–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), and ERGIC elements then generate Golgi cisternae. Therefore, characterizing the mechanisms that influence tER distribution may shed light on the dynamic behavior of the Golgi. We explored the properties of tER sites using Sec13 as a marker protein. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed that tER sites are long-lived ER subdomains. tER sites proliferate during interphase but lose Sec13 during mitosis. Unlike ERGIC elements, tER sites move very little. Nevertheless, when microtubules are depolymerized with nocodazole, tER sites redistribute rapidly to form clusters next to Golgi structures. Hence, tER sites have the unusual property of being immobile, yet dynamic. These findings can be explained by a model in which new tER sites are created by retrograde membrane traffic from the Golgi. We propose that the tER–Golgi system is organized by mutual feedback between these two compartments.
Impact of β-myosin heavy chain isoform expression on cross-bridge cycling kinetics

Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms α and β have intrinsically different ATP hydrolysis activities (ATPase) and therefore cross-bridge cycling rates in solution. There is considerable evidence of alt...
Attention Bias in Nicotine Withdrawal and Under Stress

Drug motivation models postulate that attention biasing toward smoking related cues is a cognitive mechanism supporting continued or renewed drug use and predict that drug use history, deprivation, and distress should modulate the extent of this bias. The present study used the modified Stroop paradigm to extend past research regarding attention biasing toward smoking, unpleasant, pleasant, and neutral words among adult nonsmokers and daily smokers. Both nonsmokers and smokers showed differential attention toward unpleasant and pleasant cues, particularly pleasant cues, but did not show a unique bias toward smoking-related stimuli. Results suggested that, among smokers, nicotine deprivation and exogenous stress (threat of electric shock) have a non-additive effect on attention toward pleasant cues, but no effect on attention to smoking cues specifically. Similarly, instructing smokers that they would have an opportunity to smoke did not significantly increase the bias of nicotine-deprived smokers’ attention toward smoking-related cues, relative to arousing unpleasant and pleasant cues. Overall, results suggest that smokers’ attention may be biased toward both smoking-related and other salient cues when deprived of nicotine and anticipating an opportunity to smoke.
Why can't we all just get along? A comment on Turner's plea to social scientists and bioethicists.

Okay, Professor Turner is not Rodney King. He is not responding to bioethicists and social scientists running amuck, setting automobiles aflame, and pelting each other with rocks and broken bottles. He does not come right out and ask, “Why can’t we all just get along?” But in its academic way, Turner’s essay is an effort to negotiate a truce in the inter-disciplinary squabbles that plague bioethics, a plea to move bioethics beyond the “misleading” and “unhelpful” “demarcation of disciplinary goals” that lead to “dichotomous thinking” and “polemical accusations”. We who work in bioethics need to hear this, we need to be reminded that social scientists can be (and are) moralistic, and bioethicists can be (and are) sociologic. As Turner rightly points out, social scientists are constantly making moral judgments – from their choice of research topic to the publication of their results – and any bioethicist worth his or her salt recognizes the need to consider the social settings in which moral questions arise. I have no quarrel with the fact that social scientists and bioethicists poach – consciously or unconsciously – on each others’ turf. I am less convinced, however, that the way ahead for bioethics is to take down the fences that bound our disciplines. Turner believes that calling attention to the overlap between social science and bioethics will result in “fewer broad indictments of bioethics and more fruitful exchanges between scholars in bioethics and the social sciences.” Maybe so, but is this a desired outcome? While I no longer favor broad indictments of bioethics (I once did, but have mellowed with age) I am persuaded that the interdiscipline of bioethics will be more productive if social science and bioethics do not get along. Like all interdisciplines, bioethics faces the danger of “undisciplined” work: when bioethics cherry-picks the insights of other disciplines, the distinctive intellectual histories of those disciplines get lost or ignored, creating a bland academic stew. My view – that the disciplines of bioethics should remain distinct and perhaps even adversarial – reflects the opinions of those who helped establish the field of bioethics. Fifteen years ago, early in my study of bioethics, I interviewed those who were among the first to be identified as bioethicists, asking them what they thought of the creation of Ph. D. programs in bioethics. Nearly all were opposed to the idea, asserting that the strength of bioethics was to be found in the several disciplinary viewpoints that comprised the field. These “bioethics pioneers” worried
Family and Genetic Association Studies of Bipolar Disorder in Children

The risk of bipolar disorder (BPD) (15-42%) in first-degree relatives of children with BPD are consistently larger than the 8.7% estimate of recurrence risk of BPD in first-degree relatives of adult BPD cases. There have been no family linkage studies of pediatric BPD, but secondary analyses of adult linkage samples suggest that early-onset BPD both increases the strength of associations in linkage studies. Positive associations with pediatric BPD and the BDNF gene (Vall66), the GAD1 gene (4s2241165), and the dopamine transporter gene (rs41084) have been reported but none of these associations have been replicated in independent samples. The number of informative families examined so far is quite small and studies were vastly underpowered to detect small effects. An adequately powered sample will likely require collaborative ascertainment of cases and families from multiple sites using valid and accepted measures of pediatric BPD.
Mechanisms of Cell Death Induced by the Mitochondrial Toxin 3-Nitropropionic Acid: Acute Excitotoxic Necrosis and Delayed Apoptosis

Impaired energy metabolism may play an important role in neuronal cell death after brain ischemia and in late-onset neurodegenerative diseases. Both excitotoxic necrosis and apoptosis have been implicated in cell death induced by metabolic impairment. However, the factors that determine whether cells undergo apoptosis or necrosis are not known. In the present study, metabolic impairment was induced by 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), a suicide inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. Treatment of cultured rat hippocampal neurons with 3-NP resulted in two types of cell death with distinct morphological, pharmacological, and biochemical features. A rapid necrotic cell death, characterized by cell swelling and nuclear shrinkage, could be completely prevented by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (10 microM) and dose-dependently potentiated by low micromolar levels of extracellular glutamate. A slowly evolving apoptotic death, characterized by nuclear fragmentation, was not attenuated by MK-801 but was prevented by cycloheximide (1 microg/ml). The combination of MK-801 and cycloheximide resulted in an almost complete protection against 3-NP-induced cell death. DNA fragmentation, detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-X 3' nick end-labeling technique, was a late event in apoptosis and also occurred after necrotic cell death. ATP depletion was an early event in the 3-NP-induced neuronal degeneration, and the decline in ATP was exacerbated by glutamate. We conclude that 3-NP triggers two separate cell death pathways: an excitotoxic necrosis as a result of NMDA receptor activation and a delayed apoptosis that is NMDA receptor-independent. Mildly elevated levels of extracellular glutamate shift the cell death mechanism from apoptosis to necrosis.
Stress-Strain Experiments on Individual Collagen Fibrils

Collagen, a molecule consisting of three braided protein helices, is the primary building block of many biological tissues including bone, tendon, cartilage, and skin. Staggered arrays of collagen molecules form fibrils, which arrange into higher-ordered structures such as fibers and fascicles. Because collagen plays a crucial role in determining the mechanical properties of these tissues, significant theoretical research is directed toward developing models of the stiffness, strength, and toughness of collagen molecules and fibrils. Experimental data to guide the development of these models, however, are sparse and limited to small strain response. Using a microelectromechanical systems platform to test partially hydrated collagen fibrils under uniaxial tension, we obtained quantitative, reproducible mechanical measurements of the stress-strain curve of type I collagen fibrils, with diameters ranging from 150–470 nm. The fibrils showed a small strain (ɛ < 0.09) modulus of 0.86 ± 0.45 GPa. Fibrils tested to strains as high as 100% demonstrated strain softening (σyield = 0.22 ± 0.14 GPa; ɛyield = 0.21 ± 0.13) and strain hardening, time-dependent recoverable residual strain, dehydration-induced embrittlement, and susceptibility to cyclic fatigue. The results suggest that the stress-strain behavior of collagen fibrils is dictated by global characteristic dimensions as well as internal structure.
A Coreless Approaches for ON/OFF Marx Type Modulators

Summary form only given. SLAC was first to report using ON/OFF switches in Marx type modulator [1]. The development of Marx type modulator was bounded with the NLC need [2]. The high energy physics runs based on the ILC concept where longer modulator pulse width is required. The SLAC idea of coreless modulators was useful for other applications and accelerator technologies. The discussed conception is presented as a continuation of the earlier published articles. Several types of the Marx ON/OFF type modulators are under consideration. This article describes the new coreless approach, based on the solid state ON/OFF Marx's topology. Further integration of the ON/OFF Marx type modulator and its power supply is proposed. Two topologies are under consideration. The first scheme is an integration of DC/DC converters with ON/OFF Marx. The second topology is based on the usage of AC network directly with ON/OFF Marx scheme. An AC high voltage network feeds individual Marx's cells through the inductive and diode assemblies.
Oncologic Applications of Dual-Energy CT in the Abdomen

Dual-energy computed tomographic (DECT) technology offers enhanced capabilities that may benefit oncologic imaging in the abdomen. By using two different energies, dual-energy CT allows material decomposition on the basis of energy-dependent attenuation profiles of specific materials. Although image acquisition with dual-energy CT is similar to that with single-energy CT, comprehensive postprocessing is able to generate not only images that are similar to single-energy CT (SECT) images, but a variety of other images, such as virtual unenhanced (VUE), virtual monochromatic (VMC), and material-specific iodine images. An increase in the conspicuity of iodine on low-energy VMC images and material-specific iodine images may aid detection and characterization of tumors. Use of VMC images of a desired energy level (40-140 keV) improves lesion-to-background contrast and the quality of vascular imaging for preoperative planning. Material-specific iodine images enable differentiation of hypoattenuating tumors from hypo- or hyperattenuating cysts and facilitate detection of isoattenuating tumors, such as pancreatic masses and peritoneal disease, thereby defining tumor targets for imaging-guided therapy. Moreover, quantitative iodine mapping may serve as a surrogate biomarker for monitoring effects of the treatment. Dual-energy CT is an innovative imaging technique that enhances the capabilities of CT in evaluating oncology patients.
Hyperinsulinemia and Enlarged Adipocytes in Patients with Endogenous Hyperlipoproteinemia without Obesity or Diabetes Mellitus

Studies of adipocyte metabolism were performed in twelve male subjects with normal plasma lipids and eleven male patients with Type IV or Type V hyperlipoproteinemia. Patients with obesity or diabetes mellitus were excluded from the study. Although all patients had normal glucose tolerance tests, the blood glucose levels during these tests were higher in the hyperlipoproteinemic patients than in the normal control subjects and the plasma insulin responses were even more strikingly elevated in the hyperlipemic group. Adipocytes isolated from hypertriglyceridemic subjects were larger than those obtained from normal individuals and exhibited increased activities of both Type I and Type II hexokinase and increased rates of glucose oxidation and lipogenesis from glucose. Cell size, hexokinase isoenzyme activities and rates of lipogenesis from glucose were all strongly correlated with each other, but none of these measurements were correlated with glucose oxidation. It is not known how the adipocyte abnormalities are related to the lipid transport disorder.
THE YEAST HEME-RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATOR HAP1 IS A PREEXISTING DIMER IN THE ABSENCE OF HEME

In the absence of heme, Hap1 is associated with molecular chaperones such as Hsp90 and Ydj1 and forms a higher order complex termed HMC. Heme disrupts this complex and permits Hap1 to bind to DNA with high affinity, thereby activating transcription. Heme regulation of Hap1 activity is analogous to the regulation of steroid receptors by steroids, which involves molecular chaperones. Steroid receptors often exist as monomers when associated with molecular chaperones in the absence of ligand but as dimers when activated by steroids. Furthermore, previous studies indicate that dimerization might be important for heme activation of Hap1. We therefore determined whether Hap1 is a monomer or oligomer in the absence of heme. By coeluting two Hap1 size variants and by comparing DNA binding properties of the HMC and Hap1 dimer, we show that Hap1 is a preexisting dimer in the HMC. Further, increasing overexpression of Hap1 caused progressive increases in Hap1 DNA binding and transcriptional activities. Our data suggest that in the absence of heme, Hap1 exists as a dimer, and the two subunits act cooperatively in DNA binding. Hap1 repression is caused, at least in part, by inhibition of the DNA binding activity of the preexisting dimer.
Can EEG asymmetry patterns predict future development of anxiety and depression?: A preliminary study

Previous research has shown that those reporting symptoms of depression and anxiety tend to exhibit greater relative right frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. Thus, Davidson [Davidson, R.J., 1995. Cerebral asymmetry, emotion, and affective style. In: Davidson, R.J., Hugdahl, K. (Eds.), Brain Asymmetry. MIT, Cambridge, pp. 361-387] has suggested that greater relative right anterior activity may act as a vulnerability marker for the development of depression and anxiety disorders. This study therefore examined whether anterior and posterior EEG asymmetry patterns predicted anxiety and depressive symptoms one year later. At time 1, participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and had baseline EEG activity recorded. Participants then completed the BDI and STAI one year later. Those with relatively greater EEG activity in the right anterior region reported greater trait anxiety one year later. These preliminary results suggest that relative right frontal EEG activity may predict future development of anxiety symptoms.
Non-parametric methods for the analysis of neurobiological time-series data

Recent technological advances have led to a large increase in the volume and quality of recordings from the brain. For example, while traditional electrophysiological recordings relied on painstaking observations of single neurons, it is now increasingly possible to record from tens or even a hundred neurons simultaneously. Similarly, electro and magnetoencephalographic recordings are routinely performed with upto three hundred sensors. This increase in data has also led to the need for bringing advanced time series analysis tools to bear on the problems of interpreting this data. In this paper, we illustrate the use of contemporary non-parametric smoothing and spectral estimation techniques in the analysis of data acquired in electrophysiological experiments. In particular, we discuss how local likelihood based methods have been used to model firing rates and how spectra and coherences can be used to assess degrees of association within and between spike trains and local field potentials.
Learning Research and Community Decision Making

This case presents a situation in which a reformist superintendent attempts to achieve a systemwide, yet simple change in the school time schedule to incorporate well-established neurocognitive sle...
Jealousy and the `Third' Person in the Love Triangle

This questionnaire study compared aspects of jealousy for 282 young adult respondents who had been in one of three different types of relationship: those in a traditional dating relationship, those who had a relationship with someone who was simultaneously dating someone else and those who had a relationship with someone who was married. In comparison with traditional dating relationships, respondents from both types of collateral relationships reported less upset if their partner were to engage in jealousy-evoking behavior with the other person. Furthermore, these respondents characterized their relationships as less involved (for example, less love, commitment, need fulfillment), in comparison with those in traditional dating relationships. There was only limited evidence that the collateral relationships were exploitative or one-sided and this evidence was most prevalent in collateral relationships with a dating partner.
Efficacy of various five-day estrous synchronization protocols in sheep

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ewe estrus synchronization protocols including combinations of controlled internal drug releasing ( CIDR ) inserts for 5 d, GnRH, and PG on concentrations of progesterone ( P4 ) and reproductive performance of ewes during different breeding seasons. Experiment 1 was conducted during the transition season (August–October) and Experiment 2 was conducted during the anestrous season (April–May). In both experiments ewes received 1 of 4 treatments: (1) untreated ( CON ); (2) CIDR (0.3 g P4) insert ( CT ); (3) CIDR and PG at CIDR removal ( CTP ); or (4) GnRH at CIDR insertion and PG at CIDR removal ( CTG ). Rams equipped with marking harnesses were introduced at CIDR removal (d 0) and ewes were observed for breeding marks twice daily at 0800 h and 1700 h. In Experiment 1, days to estrus was greater ( P ≤ 0.01) in CON (9.5 ± 1.10 d) and CTP (6.5 ± 1.04 d) compared with CT (3.6 ± 1.03 d). No differences ( P = 0.27) were detected in pregnancy rate within the first 17 d of the breeding season for CON, CT, CTP, and CTG treatments (37 ± 7.8%, 62 ± 7.5%, 56 ± 8.1%, and 46 ± 7.7%, respectively). Similarly, no differences ( P ≥ 0.28) were detected among treatments for lambing rate and prolificacy. Contrasts for all CIDR treatments compared to controls determined that CIDR treated ewes had less days to estrus and lambing ( P ≤ 0.05) than control ewes. In Experiment 2, days to estrus was greater ( P ≤ 0.02) in CON (6.5 ± 1.05 d) and CTP (5.9 ± 0.88 d) compared with CTG (3.0 ± 0.88 d). No differences were detected ( P ≥ 0.23) among treatments for overall percentage of ewes exhibiting estrus. No differences ( P = 0.79) in pregnancy rate within the first 17 d of the breeding season were detected among treatments (42 ± 12.4%, 37 ± 11.3%, 35 ± 11.1%, and 50 ± 10.9% for CON, CT, CTP, and CTG, respectively). No differences ( P ≥ 0.44) were observed among treatments in overall lambing rate and prolificacy. In conclusion, inserting a CIDR for 5 d prior to ram introduction regardless of the use of PG or GnRH, reduced the interval to estrus compared with untreated ewes but did not impact overall pregnancy rates, lambing rates, or prolificacy.
Genetic correlates of longevity and selected age-related phenotypes: a genome-wide association study in the Framingham Study

Family studies and heritability estimates provide evidence for a genetic contribution to variation in the human life span. We conducted a genome wide association study (Affymetrix 100K SNP GeneChip) for longevity-related traits in a community-based sample. We report on 5 longevity and aging traits in up to 1345 Framingham Study participants from 330 families. Multivariable-adjusted residuals were computed using appropriate models (Cox proportional hazards, logistic, or linear regression) and the residuals from these models were used to test for association with qualifying SNPs (70, 987 autosomal SNPs with genotypic call rate ≥80%, minor allele frequency ≥10%, Hardy-Weinberg test p ≥ 0.001). In family-based association test (FBAT) models, 8 SNPs in two regions approximately 500 kb apart on chromosome 1 (physical positions 73,091,610 and 73, 527,652) were associated with age at death (p-value < 10-5). The two sets of SNPs were in high linkage disequilibrium (minimum r2 = 0.58). The top 30 SNPs for generalized estimating equation (GEE) tests of association with age at death included rs10507486 (p = 0.0001) and rs4943794 (p = 0.0002), SNPs intronic to FOXO1A, a gene implicated in lifespan extension in animal models. FBAT models identified 7 SNPs and GEE models identified 9 SNPs associated with both age at death and morbidity-free survival at age 65 including rs2374983 near PON1. In the analysis of selected candidate genes, SNP associations (FBAT or GEE p-value < 0.01) were identified for age at death in or near the following genes: FOXO1A, GAPDH, KL, LEPR, PON1, PSEN1, SOD2, and WRN. Top ranked SNP associations in the GEE model for age at natural menopause included rs6910534 (p = 0.00003) near FOXO3a and rs3751591 (p = 0.00006) in CYP19A1. Results of all longevity phenotype-genotype associations for all autosomal SNPs are web posted at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?id=phs000007 . Longevity and aging traits are associated with SNPs on the Affymetrix 100K GeneChip. None of the associations achieved genome-wide significance. These data generate hypotheses and serve as a resource for replication as more genes and biologic pathways are proposed as contributing to longevity and healthy aging.
Conservation Genetics of Delphinium Newtonianum Dw. Moore (Moore's Delphinium) [Ranunculaceae], A Rare Endemic of The Interior Highlands

Abstract Delphinium newtonianum (Ranunculaceae) is a rare endemic of the Interior Highlands. Using a single-copy nuclear gene, genetic diversity was determined for eight populations. Genetic diversity in D. newtonianum is high (37 haplotypes were identified from 80 individuals) and haplotype diversity was 0.885 + 0.016. Analysis of genetic structure indicates that populations within the Ozark region do not show significant genetic differentiation due to a high level of gene flow. However, Ouachita populations have undergone genetic drift and the loss of genetic diversity relative to Ozark populations. In addition, all Ouachita populations are significantly differentiated from all other populations. A neighbor-joining tree based on p-distance identifies Ouachita populations as a monophyletic group most likely established from a single Ozark population. Ozark and Ouachita populations should be treated as two genetically distinct metapopulations and considered to be evolutionary significant units.
Legal Guidelines for Cooperation between the European Union and American State Governments

Although we are used to thinking of international cooperation as nation-to-nation, cooperation between the European Union and individual American states is becoming increasingly important in areas such as consumer safety and environmental regulation. This paper surveys the potential legal pitfalls - primarily the dormant commerce clause and preemption on the U.S. side, and the limitations of EU enforcement on the European side. It suggests some approaches to designing cooperative agreement to minimize legal risks.
Variation in Location of the Mandibular Foramen/Inferior Alveolar Nerve Complex Given Anatomic Landmarks Using Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Scans

Abstract Introduction The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injection is 1 of the most commonly administered and useful injections in the field of dentistry. Practitioners use intraoral anatomic landmarks, which vary greatly among patients. The objective of this study was to assist practitioners by identifying a range of normal variability within certain landmarks used in delivering IAN anesthesia. Methods A total of 203 randomly selected retrospective cone-beam computed tomographic scans were obtained from the Midwestern University Dental Institute cone-beam computed tomographic database. InVivoDental5.0 volumetric imaging software (Anatomage, San Jose, CA) was used to measure 2 important parameters used in locating the mandibular foramen (MF)/IAN complex: (1) the angle from the contralateral premolar contact area to the MF and (2) the distance above the mandibular occlusal plane to the center of the MF. The variation of these measurements was compared with established reference values and statistically analyzed using a 1-sample t test. Results The angle from the contralateral premolar contact area to the MF for the right and left sides was 42.99° and 42.57°, respectively. The angulations varied significantly from the reference value of 45° ( P P Conclusions Orienting the syringe barrel at an angulation slightly less than 45° and significantly higher than 6 mm above the mandibular occlusal plane can aid in successfully administering anesthesia to the MF/IAN complex.
Nanostructured Metal Oxide Sorbents for the Collection and Recovery of Uranium from Seawater

The ability to collect uranium from seawater offers the potential for a long-term green fuel supply for nuclear energy. However, extraction of uranium, and other trace minerals, is challenging because of the high ionic strength and low mineral concentrations in seawater. Herein we evaluate the use of nanostructured metal oxide sorbents for the collection and recovery of uranium from seawater. Chemical affinity, chemical adsorption capacity, and uptake kinetics of sorbent materials were evaluated. Materials with higher surface area clearly produced better sorbent performance. Uptake kinetics showed that the materials could rapidly equilibrate in a few hours with effective solution contact. Manganese, iron oxide, and especially Mn–Fe nanostructured composites provided the best performance for uranium collection from seawater. The preferred materials were demonstrated to extract uranium from natural seawater with up to 3 mg U/g-sorbent in 4 h of contact time. Inexpensive nontoxic carbonate solutions were dem...
Receptor Transduction Pathways Mediating Hormone Action

Abstract This chapter describes basic principles of receptor action including definitions of agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists, including basic pharmacology of receptor binding, activation and inhibition. All classes of receptors relevant to endocrinology are described, organized by receptor class, and sometimes subclass. Each class/subclass has a general description of receptor structure, expression, subcellular localization, binding, activation, downstream signaling, and deactivation. For a given class of receptors, nonendocrine receptors and ligands of the same class may be described where relevant. For example, in the description of G protein–coupled receptors the variety of ligands is described, both endocrine and nonendocrine including light, odorants and pheromones, small molecules, and proteins. Germline mutations of each receptor (whether activating or inactivating) are described along with the resulting endocrine disorder and its phenotype. In some cases germline mutations causing syndromes that do not have an endocrine phenotype are listed but not fully described. Genotype phenotype correlations are discussed where relevant. Treatment of each disorder may be briefly described but is not the focus of this chapter.
Air Flow and Liquid Water Concentration Simulations of the 2012 NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel

Three-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations using the Menter-SST turbulence model were performed on the new 2012 configuration of the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel (IRT). The IRT was simulated from the exit of the heat exchanger to the test section. A two-dimensional simulation was first performed on a crosssection of the heat exchanger to provide initial conditions for three-dimensional flow predictions through the turning vanes, spray bars, tunnel contraction and test section. The simulations showed a general increase in turbulence intensity within the test section as compared to previous IRT configurations (in 2000 and 2009) which can be attributed to wake effects from both the heat exchanger and spray bars. In addition, the heat exchanger produced variations in the yaw flow angles after the turning vanes which are consistent with experiments while the corner geometry resulted in higher flow turbulence gradients for the inner wall regions. Using these simulated time-averaged flowfields, droplet trajectories were predicted using Lagrangian calculations with an unsteady Discrete Random Walk (DRW) model to mimic turbulent fluctuations. A transfer map was developed by mapping the water droplet locations at the test section by tracking peak concentration contours associated with both nozzle rows and nozzle columns. In addition, the liquid water concentration (LWC) distribution at the test section was predicted using the 2012 calibrated nozzle locations. The simulated transfer map and LWC distribution were both qualitatively similar to experiments but demonstrate that the RANS model may not be capturing unsteadiness associated with the spray bar wakes and the jets. An appendix was provided with data on a hybrid RANS/LES simulation of a section of the IRT which captured the unsteady behavior of the airflow. The hybrid model predicts significantly higher turbulence in the spray bar wake than the RANS model which would explain the disparities between with the droplet trajectory calculations and experiments.
Needle-Stick Safety for Phlebotomists

The literature on sharps and phlebotomy is sometimes obscured with reports of advances in safety devices for nonphlebotomy purposes. This article describes several phlebotomy safety devices and techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of devices currently available highlight the fact that no one device can eliminate all needle sticks. Some devices solve one safety issue, only to create technical problems. Most devices do not fulfill the full range of needs of the phlebotomist who must deal with children and older patients and others with difficult veins. Creative and flexible solutions to sharps issues are necessary as is the availability of a variety of devices.
The Manifestation of Politics in Architectural Practice

There is an underlying theoretical structure between the spheres of politics and architectural practice. The contingent relationships between them are ideology, function, process, and design. In ea...
A proposal for case-by-case principle in reproductive and developmental toxicity studies

This paper focuses on how to conduct nonclinical studies on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of drugs based on case-by-case principle.We discussed various issues and suggested that: ① The research strategy should be designed based on the research purposes.② The experimental methods should be decided according to the type of a drug.③ A positive control group is important in specific research institutions.④ The characteristics of the tested drug should be considered when deciding experimental animals.⑤ The administration route to the experimental animals should be practicable.⑥ Tests specific to the tested drug should be included.⑦ The drug toxicity on reproduction and development should be conducted together with toxicokinetics and others in due time.⑧ Conclusion should be made only based on the comprehensive analysis of the experimental data.Investigators should not only comply with the guidelines for reproductive and developmental toxicity testing for drugs,but also should fully understand the properties of the tested drug case by case.Careful observation and comprehensive analysis of the experimental data are essential to reach a proper conclusion.
Radical additions of acyclic and cyclic ethers to alkenes via an allyl transfer reaction involving phthalimido-N-oxyl radical

Abstract Direct functionalization of rudimentary and cheap starting materials to yield complex value added products is of great interest to synthetic chemists. Particularly, direct functionalization of cheap commodity molecules that have been traditionally considered inert to known reactions are of widespread interest. We have previously demonstrated the functionalization of benzylic C–H bonds via an allyl transfer reaction using various allyl-phthalimido- N -oxyl substrates. In this work, we demonstrate the extension of our mild, metal-free, and neutral allyl transfer methodology to the direct functionalization of ethers. The C–H bond in α position to the ether oxygen in various acyclic and cyclic ethers was functionalized in high yields demonstrating wide substrate scope for this transformation. Furthermore, selective mono-functionalization of symmetrical cyclic ethers and regioselective functionalization of unsymmetrical ethers was achieved, thus demonstrating further utility of this reaction. Finally, kinetic chain length measurements were performed, which provided valuable insights into the initial rates and efficiency of the chain process involving the phthalimido- N -oxyl (PINO ) radical.
Comparison of Four Different Colonic Preps in 3595 Patients at a University Center: A Real Life Experience

Aim :Several bowel preps are currently used for colonoscopy but only limited data are available comparing the different products. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed all colonoscopies performed at Georgetown U. Hospital from May 2013 to May 2014. A 9-point modified Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) was utilized (best score = 9) by experienced endoscopists. Colonoscopies without a BBPS score were excluded. Results : Four preps and their percentage usage were 4-L PEG solutions (Golytely® or Colyte®) (50%), PEG with bisacodyl tablets (Miralax®) (17%), PEG with ascorbic acid (Moviprep®) (8%), sodium picosulfate (Prepopik®) (25%), with the following overall BBPS scores respectively: 7.45, 7.45, 7.40, 7.55. Statistical superiority of split-doseto day-prior dose was seen for Golytely®/Colyte®, Miralax®, and Moviprep® with a trend seen for Prepopik®. Comparison of each prep by split and prior day dosing showed a significantly higher score only for Golytely®/Colyte® and Prepopik® vs Moviprep® given prior day dosing. A higher BBPS score was seen for women vs men overall for both split-dose and day-prior dosepreps (with the exception of Moviprep® in PD preps). Higher scores were seen for a.m. procedures but were not significant. All preps had lower scores in the right colon, regardless of being split-dose or day-prior dose. Conclusions : This real world experience in nearly 3600 patients confirms that split dosing is superior to day-prior dosing. We found women had higher BBPS scores than men but no differences were seen between morning and afternoon procedures. All preps were relatively comparable, however differences in price may be an important decision-maker.
Rapid assessment survey of fouling and introduced seaweeds from southern Maine to Rhode Island

Abstract Rapid assessment surveys (RASs) of fouling and introduced seaweeds were conducted during late July, 2010 and early August, 2013 at multiple marina/harbor sites ranging from southern Maine to Rhode Island. Twenty sites were evaluated during 2010, and 19 in 2013 including 13 of the 2010 sites resurveyed. Based upon a composite of 19 study sites, 99 benthic algal taxa were recorded, including 24 Chlorophyceae, 23 Phaeophyceae, 45 Rhodophyceae, four macroscopic colonial diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), one Xanthophyceae, and two Cyanophyceae or Cyanobacteria. Twenty-seven species (27.3%) were limited to a single site, whereas only three taxa occurred at > 70% of the sites, including Ulva lactuca, Ceramium virgatum, and “Neosiphonia japonica.” Twelve introduced seaweeds were recorded, including one green, two brown, and nine red algae; their probable origins were the Australasia area, Europe, and the northwest and northeast Pacific. “Neosiphonia japonica,” which has recently been delineated within the NW ...
Long-Term Efficacy of Computerized Cognitive Training Among Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective To investigate the long-term efficacy of computerized cognitive training in improving cognitive outcomes among childhood cancer survivors. Methods Sixty-eight survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or brain tumor (BT) were randomly assigned to computerized cognitive intervention (23 ALL/11 BT, age = 12.21 ± 2.47) or a waitlist control group (24 ALL/10 BT, age = 11.82 ± 2.42). Cognitive assessments were completed pre-, immediately post-, and 6 months postintervention. Results A prior report showed training led to immediate improvement in working memory, attention and processing speed. In the current study, piecewise linear mixed effects modeling revealed that working memory and processing speed were unchanged from immediate to 6 months postintervention (intervention β = -.04 to .01, p = .26 to .95; control β = -.06 to .01, p = .23-.97), but group differences on an attention measure did not persist. Conclusion Cognitive benefits are maintained 6 months following computerized cognitive training, adding to potential clinical utility of this intervention approach.
The Association Between Hospital Length of Stay and 90-Day Readmission Risk Within a Total Joint Arthroplasty Bundled Payment Initiative.

Abstract Background To curb the unsustainable rise in health care expenses, health care payers are developing programs to incentivize hospitals and physicians to improve the value of care delivered to patients. Payers are utilizing various metrics, such as length of stay (LOS) and unplanned readmissions, to track progression of quality metrics. Relevant to orthopedic surgeons, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced in 2015 the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement Payment Model—a program aimed at improving the quality of health care delivered to patients by shifting more of the financial risk of patient care onto providers. Methods We analyzed the medical records of 1329 consecutive lower extremity total joint patients enrolled in Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Bundled Program for Care Improvement treated over a 21-month period. The goal of this study was to ascertain if hospital LOS is associated with unplanned readmissions within 90 days of admission for a total hip or knee arthroplasty. Results After controlling for multiple demographic variables including sex, age, comorbidities and discharge location, we found that hospital LOS greater than 4 days is a significant risk factor for unplanned readmission within 90 days (odd ratio = 1.928, P = .010). Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and discharge to a location other than home are also independent risk factors for 90-day readmission. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that increased LOS is a significant risk factor for readmission within 90 days of admission for a hip or knee arthroplasty in the Medicare population.
Histologic Mimics of Malignant Melanoma

Although spongiotic (eczematous), psoriatic and cutaneous skin infections are among the most common in dermatology consultations, melanocytic lesions - including the different types of nevi and melanomas - are among those that cause a great deal of concern and stress to patients and their clinicians. A diagnosis of benign melanocytic nevus carries a very good prognosis. However, a diagnosis of melanoma might indicate more aggressive treatment, lifelong surveillance and a worse prognosis. Differentiating between these conditions is not always a straightforward process for clinicians and pathologists. Therefore, knowledge of melanoma mimickers is very important for clinicians in general, and dermatologists and pathologists in particular. In this review, we called attention to some of the more frequent benign but unusual melanocytic lesions that are of diagnostic concern for clinicians evaluating these cutaneous proliferations.