cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing Functions on Quadratic Surfaces into Multipoles

Any homogeneous polynomial P(x, y, z) of degree d, being restricted to a unit sphere S2, admits essentially a unique representation of the form $$ \lambda + \sum_{k = 1}^d {\left[\prod_{j = 1}^k L_{kj}\right]} $$ where Lkj’s are linear forms in x, y, and z and λ is a real number. The coefficients of these linear forms, viewed as 3D vectors, are called multipole vectors of P. In this paper, we consider similar multipole representations of polynomial and analytic functions on other quadratic surfaces Q(x, y, z) = c, real and complex. Over the complex numbers, the above representation is not unique, although the ambiguity is essentially finite. We investigate the combinatorics that depicts this ambiguity. We link these results with some classical theorems of harmonic analysis, theorems that describe decompositions of functions into sums of spherical harmonics. We extend these classical theorems (which rely on our understanding of the Laplace operator \(\Delta_{S^2}\)) to more general differential operators ΔQ that are constructed with the help of the quadratic form Q(x, y, z). Then we introduce modular spaces of multipoles. We study their intricate geometry and topology using methods of algebraic geometry and singularity theory. The multipole spaces are ramified over vector or projective spaces, and the compliments to the ramification sets give rise to a rich family of K(π, 1)-spaces, where π runs over a variety of modified braid groups.
Depressive symptoms associated with scleroderma.

Objective. To examine the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). Method. Fifty-four outpatients with scleroderma were administered the Beck Depression Inventory, the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory, the Health Assessment Questionnaire, and the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale. In addition, patients underwent a comprehensive clinical assessment, and pulmonary function tests were obtained. Results. Nearly half of the patients had mild depressive symptoms, and an additional 17% had symptoms in the moderate-to-severe range. Younger patients, those with digital ulceration, and those with more self-rated functional impairment had more depressive symptoms, but there were few other relationships between depressive symptoms and either demographic or physician-rated medical variables. In contrast, there were highly significant relationships between depression and aspects of personality, psychosocial adjustment to illness, and social support. Conclusion. Depressive symptoms in patients with SSc are more strongly related to personality, self-rated disability, and adequacy of emotional support than to objective medical indices of illness severity. Depression in scleroderma is a debilitating comorbid condition that should be recognized and treated in its own right.
Does the federal reserve affect asset prices

Abstract The Federal Reserve is probably one of the institutions most closely monitored by investors. This indicates that investors believe the actions of the Fed have implications for asset prices. To this date, the trading activities of the Fed in the financial markets have not been examined to see how the Fed influences asset prices. Using daily data on open market operations (OMOs) and asset prices, this study fills this void. One finding of the paper is that OMOs Granger-cause both short- and long-term interest rates. Furthermore, the sign of the relationship confirms the existence of the liquidity effect. Given that its trades represent a small portion of the market volume, how the Fed influences bond prices is a puzzle. The only reasonable explanation is that the Fed's trades have high information content. Judging by the impulse response paths, the reaction of interest rates to open market operations is fast. Additionally, it appears that monetary policy has a lasting impact on interest rates.
Cohomological dimension of Markov compacta

Abstract We rephrase Gromov's definition of Markov compacta, introduce a subclass of Markov compacta defined by one building block and study cohomological dimensions of these compacta. We show that for a Markov compactum X, dim Z ( p ) X = dim Q X for all but finitely many primes p where Z ( p ) is the localization of Z at p. We construct Markov compacta of arbitrarily large dimension having dim Q X = 1 as well as Markov compacta of arbitrary large rational dimension with dim Z p X = 1 for a given p.
On equivalences of derived and singular categories

Let X and Y be two smooth Deligne-Mumford stacks and consider a pair of functions f: X → \( \mathbb{A}^1 \), g:Y → \( \mathbb{A}^1 \). Assuming that there exists a complex of sheaves on X × \( \mathbb{A}^1 \)Y which induces an equivalence of Db(X) and Db(Y), we show that there is also an equivalence of the singular derived categories of the fibers f−1(0) and g−1(0). We apply this statement in the setting of McKay correspondence, and generalize a theorem of Orlov on the derived category of a Calabi-Yau hypersurface in a weighted projective space, to products of Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces in simplicial toric varieties with nef anticanonical class.
Nonperturbative analysis of the two-level atom: Applications to multiphoton excitation

Excitation of an atomic system subjected to a slowly varying external electromagnetic field is studied using a two-level model. Time evolution of the system is found using an approach which is nonperturbative in the field strength. There is no constraint to small values of the applied field, that is, the field (in appropriate energy units) need not be small compared to the difference in energies of the two levels. Rather, we use the fact that the situation of interest to us is where the frequency of the exciting field is small compared to the frequency associated with the level difference. Transition probabilities and resonance conditions are found which circumscribe both the large- and small-field limits. In the weak-field limit the previous results of high-order perturbation theory are readily recovered. For a monochromatic field the characteristic features of resonance excitation at high harmonic number of the applied field are (a) extremely narrow resonance widths and (b) shifts in resonance positions which are strong functions of field intensity. Because of this sensitivity, we are able to demonstrate that when slow temporal evolution of the field amplitude is taken into account (e.g., due to finite pulse duration) the appropriate mean excitation rate is that due to the uncorrelated contribution of many resonances. The results of this analysis are used to estimate excitation rates in a specific atomic system, ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{12+}$, which are then compared to multiphoton-ionization rates. Our calculations suggest that the ionization rate exceeds the excitation rate by several orders of magnitude.
Existence of Singularity Bifurcation in an Euler-Equations Model of the United States Economy: Grandmont was Right

Abstract: Grandmont (1985) found that the parameter space of the most classical dynamic general-equilibrium macroeconomic models are stratified into an infinite number of subsets supporting an infinite number of different kinds of dynamics, from monotonic stability at one extreme to chaos at the other extreme, and with all forms of multiperiodic dynamics between. But Grandmont provided his result with a model in which all policies are Ricardian equivalent, no frictions exist, employment is always full, competition is perfect, and all solutions are Pareto optimal. Hence he was not able to reach conclusions about the policy relevance of his dramatic discovery. As a result, Barnett and He (1999, 2001, 2002) investigated a Keynesian structural model, and found results supporting Grandmont’s conclusions within the parameter space of the Bergstrom-Wymer continuous-time dynamic macroeconometric model of the UK economy. That prototypical Keynesian model was produced from a system of second order differential equations. The model contains frictions through adjustment lags, displays reasonable dynamics fitting the UK economy’s data, and is clearly policy relevant. In addition, results by Barnett and Duzhak (2008,2009) demonstrate the existence of Hopf and flip (period doubling) bifurcation within the parameter space of recent New Keynesian models. Lucas-critique criticism of Keynesian structural models has motivated development of Euler equations models having policy-invariant deep parameters, which are invariant to policy rule changes. Hence, we continue the investigation of policy-relevant bifurcation by searching the parameter space of the best known of the Euler equations general-equilibrium macroeconometric models: the path-breaking Leeper and Sims (1994) model. We find the existence of singularity bifurcation boundaries within the parameter space. Although never before found in an economic model, singularity bifurcation may be a common property of Euler equations models, which often do not have closed form solutions. Our results further confirm Grandmont’s views. Beginning with Grandmont’s findings with a classical model, we continue to follow the path from the Bergstrom-Wymer policy-relevant Keynesian model, to New Keynesian models, and now to Euler equations macroeconomic models having deep parameters.
The Gromov norm and foliations

We define a norm on the homology of a foliated manifold, which refines and majorizes the usual Gromov norm on homology. This norm depends in an upper semi-continuous way on the underlying foliation, in the geometric topology. We show that this norm is non-trivial — i.e. it distinguishes certain taut foliations of a given hyperbolic 3-manifold.¶Using a homotopy-theoretic refinement, we show that a taut foliation whose leaf space branches in at most one direction cannot be the geometric limit of a sequence of isotopies of a fixed taut foliation whose leaf space branches in both directions. Our technology also lets us produce examples of taut foliations which cannot be made transverse to certain geodesic triangulations of hyperbolic 3-manifolds, even after passing to a finite cover.¶Finally, our norm can be extended to actions of fundamental groups of manifolds on order trees, where it has similar upper semi-continuity properties.
Joint models of attitudes and behavior in evaluation of the San diego I-15 congestion pricing project

Understanding attitudes held by the public about the acceptability, fairness, and effectiveness of congestion pricing systems is crucial to the planning and evaluation of such systems. In this study, joint models of attitude and behavior are developed to explain how both mode choice and attitudes regarding the San Diego I-15 Congestion Pricing Project differ across the population. Results show that some personal and situational explanations of opinions and perceptions are attributable to mode choices, but other explanations are independent of behavior. With respect to linkages between attitudes and behavior, none of the models tested found any significant effects of attitude on choice; all causal links were from behavior to attitudes.
Transit Detectability of Ring Systems around Extrasolar Giant Planets

We investigate whether rings around extrasolar planets could be detected from those planets' transit light curves. To this end, we develop a basic theoretical framework for calculating and interpreting the light curves of ringed planet transits on the basis of the existing framework used for stellar occultations, a technique that has been effective for discovering and probing ring systems in the solar system. We find that the detectability of large Saturn-like ring systems is largest during ingress and egress and that a reasonable photometric precision of ~(1-3) × 10-4 with 15 minute time resolution should be sufficient to discover such ring systems. For some ring particle sizes, diffraction around individual particles leads to a detectable level of forward-scattering that can be used to measure modal ring particle diameters. An initial census of large ring systems can be carried out using high-precision follow-up observations of detected transits and by the upcoming NASA Kepler mission. The distribution of ring systems as a function of stellar age and as a function of planetary semimajor axis will provide empirical evidence to help constrain how rings form and how long rings last.
A characterization of subspaces and quotients of reflexive banach spaces with unconditional bases

We prove that the dual or any quotient of a separable reflexive Banach space with the unconditional tree property (UTP) has the UTP. This is used to prove that a separable reflexive Banach space with the UTP embeds into a reflexive Banach space with an unconditional basis. This solves several longstanding open problems. In particular, it yields that a quotient of a reflexive Banach space with an unconditional finite-dimensional decomposition (UFDD) embeds into a reflexive Banach space with an unconditional basis
THE ASYMPTOTIC STRUCTURE OF SPACE-TIME

Astronomical observations strongly suggest that our universe is now accelerating and contains a substantial admixture of dark vacuum energy. Using numerical simulations to study this newly consolidated cosmological model (with a constant density of dark energy), we show that astronomical structures freeze out in the near future and that the density profiles of dark matter halos approach the same general form. Every dark matter halo grows asymptotically isolated and thereby becomes the center of its own island universe. Each of these isolated regions of space-time approaches a universal geometry and we calculate the corresponding form of the space-time metric.
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Impair Alveolar Macrophages through PD-1 Receptor Ligation during Pneumocystis Pneumonia

ABSTRACT Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were recently found to accumulate in the lungs during Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP). Adoptive transfer of these cells caused lung damage in recipient mice, suggesting that MDSC accumulation is a mechanism of pathogenesis in PcP. In this study, the phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages (AMs) was found to decrease by 40% when they were incubated with MDSCs from Pneumocystis-infected mice compared to those incubated with Gr-1+ cells from the bone marrow of uninfected mice. The expression of the PU.1 gene in AMs incubated with MDSCs also was decreased. This PU.1 downregulation was due mainly to decreased histone 3 acetylation and increased DNA methylation caused by MDSCs. MDSCs were found to express high levels of PD-L1, and alveolar macrophages (AMs) were found to express high levels of PD-1 during PcP. Furthermore, PD-1 expression in AMs from uninfected mice was increased by 18-fold when they were incubated with MDSCs compared to those incubated with Gr-1+ cells from the bone marrow of uninfected mice. The adverse effects of MDSCs on AMs were diminished when the MDSCs were pretreated with anti-PD-L1 antibody, suggesting that MDSCs disable AMs through PD-1/PD-L1 ligation during PcP.
Equilibrium price dispersion under demand uncertainty: the roles of costly capacity and market structure

When capacity is costly and prices are set in advance, firms facing uncertain demand will sell output at multiple prices and limit the quantity available at each price. I show that the optimal price strategy of a monopolist and the unique pure-strategy Nash equilibria of oligopolists both exhibit intrafirm price dispersion. Moreover, as the market becomes more competitive, prices become more dispersed, a pattern documented in the airline industry. While generating similar predictions, the model differs from the revenue management literature because it disregards market segmentation and fare restrictions that screen customers.
Update on the Halo-independent Comparison of Direct Dark Matter Detection Data☆

Abstract We briefly review the halo-independent formalism, that allows to compare data from different direct dark matter de- tection experiments without making assumptions on the properties of the dark matter halo. We apply this method to spin-independent WIMP-nuclei interactions, for both isospin-conserving and isospin-violating couplings, updating the existing analyses with the addition of the SuperCDMS bound. We point out that this method can be applied to any type of WIMP interaction.
A Novel and Highly Stereoselective Intramolecular Formal [3+3] Cycloaddition Reaction of Vinylogous Amides Tethered with α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes: A Formal Total Synthesis of (+)-Gephyrotoxin.

Complex piperidinyl heterocycles (for example, 2) were accessed by using a novel intramolecular formal [3+3] cycloaddition reaction of vinylogous amides tethered with enals (for example, 1). This method has been applied to a formal total synthesis of (+)-gephyrotoxin (3).
Designing Internal Controls: The Interaction between Efficiency Wages and Monitoring*

. I examine how an internal auditor, called the firm, designs a control system for a strategic employee who conditions his thefts on the amount and types of controls. Society sets minimum testing amounts and fines for detected theft, whereas the firm determines the employee's wages and the amount of monitoring above the minimum. The results fall into three separate cases. When society's minimum testing standards and fines are sufficiently high, the employee never steals in any period. In this case, the firm performs the minimum amount of testing and pays the lowest feasible wage. In the remaining two cases, the testing standard and fines are too low to prevent theft by themselves. In these two cases the firm's control system determines whether there will be theft in the first period. I show that if the firm chooses to prevent all first-period theft, then it uses only one type of control. She offers a wage premium and monitors the minimum amount. The wage premium substitutes for a tine large enough to prevent all theft. If the firm designs controls that do not prevent all theft, then the firm also uses only one control. In contrast to the no-theft case, the firm pays the lowest feasible wage and monitors above the minimum. This choice reflects the increasing returns to scale of monitoring in preventing theft.
The Dark Matter Radial Profile in the Core of the Relaxed Cluster A2589

We present an analysis of a Chandra ACIS observation of the galaxy cluster A2589 to constrain the radial distribution of the total gravitating matter and the dark matter in the core of the cluster. A2589 is especially well suited for this analysis, because the hot gas in its core region (r 0.1rvir) is undisturbed by interactions with a central radio source. From the largest radius probed (r = 0.07rvir) down to r ≈ 0.02rvir, dark matter dominates the gravitating mass. Over this region, the radial profiles of the gravitating and dark matter are fitted well by the Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) and Hernquist profiles predicted by cold dark matter (CDM). The density profiles are also described well by power laws, ρ ∝ r-α, where α = 1.37 ± 0.14 for the gravitating matter and α = 1.35 ± 0.21 for the dark matter. These values are consistent with profiles of CDM halos but are significantly larger than the α ≈ 0.5 found in low surface brightness galaxies and expected from self-interacting dark matter models.
Concepts, instruments, and model systems that enabled the rapid evolution of surface science

Abstract Over the past forty years, surface science has evolved to become both an atomic scale and a molecular scale science. Gerhard Ertl’s group has made major contributions in the field of molecular scale surface science, focusing on vacuum studies of adsorption chemistry on single crystal surfaces. In this review, we outline three important aspects which have led to recent advances in surface chemistry: the development of new concepts, in situ instruments for molecular scale surface studies at buried interfaces (solid–gas and solid–liquid), and new model nanoparticle surface systems, in addition to single crystals. Combined molecular beam surface scattering and low energy electron diffraction (LEED)- surface structure studies on metal single crystal surfaces revealed concepts, including adsorbate-induced surface restructuring and the unique activity of defects, atomic steps, and kinks on metal surfaces. We have combined high pressure catalytic reaction studies with ultra high vacuum (UHV) surface characterization techniques using a UHV chamber equipped with a high pressure reaction cell. New instruments, such as high pressure sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) which permit molecular-level surface studies have been developed. Tools that access broad ranges of pressures can be used for both the in situ characterization of solid–gas and solid–liquid buried interfaces and the study of catalytic reaction intermediates. The model systems for the study of molecular surface chemistry have evolved from single crystals to nanoparticles in the 1–10 nm size range, which are currently the preferred media in catalytic reaction studies.
Sensor fusion using K-nearest neighbor concepts

Sensor fusion using K—nearest neighbor conceptsDavid R. ScottNorthern Arizona University, Department of Electrical EngineeringBox 15600, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011Gerald N. Flachs and Patrick T. GaughanNew Mexico State University, Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringBox 3—0, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003ABSTRACTA new K—nearest neighbor (KNN) statistic is introduced to fuse information frommultiple sensors/features into a single dimensional decision space for electronicvision systems. Theorems establish the relationship of the KNN statistic to otherprobability density function distance measures such as the Kolmogorov—Smirnov Distanceand the Tie Statistic. A new KNN search algorithm is presented along with factors forselecting K. Applications include cueing and texture recognition.
A PV-streamer's role in a succession of heavy rain-producing MCSs over the Central United States

Abstract A PV-streamer at 250 hPa, moving over the west central United States 25 June-5 July 1999 was visible on GOES-8 water vapor imagery as a narrow, elongated dark band. It sparked a series of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) on successive days, producing heavy precipitation from Nebraska eastward and southeastward toward the coast along the Gulf of Mexico. The MCSs began as the PV-streamer moved off the central Rocky Mountains onto the Great Plains where it interacted with a surface front and a low-level jet. Each convective system interrupted the PV-streamer, and low- and mid-level vorticity accumulated along the front. One of the more spectacular MCSs that occurred 28 June 1999 is examined in detail.
A practical method for oxazole synthesis by cycloisomerization of propargyl amides.

2,5-Disubstituted and 2,4,5-trisubstituted oxazol-5-yl carbonyl compounds were prepared in good yields by a mild SiO2-mediated cycloisomerization of propargyl amides.
Solving Nomenclature Problems in Cardiology

MUCH OF our medical nomenclature originates from physicians and physiologists whose talents were more in brilliant research than in communication. Some terms are based on inaccurate and outdated observations. We often have choices between several terms, and the ideal terminology may emerge from a set of rules for logical and clear thinking. When there is a choice between terms, we should probably choose the one with the following characteristics: The term should be the one with the least ambiguity and should require the least possible explanation of what one really means; therefore, it would be the easiest to remember. It should be the one with the shortest possible name and should be the easiest to spell. If the term is commonly reduced to the initials of each word, the letters should not be similar to other abbreviations in cardiology. If a patient overhears the term or
Anderson transition and thermal effects on electron states in amorphous silicon

I discuss the properties of electron states in amorphous Si based on large scale calculations with realistic several thousand atom models. A relatively simple model for the localized to extended (Anderson) transition is reviewed. Then, the effect of thermal disorder on localized electron states is considered. It is found that under readily accessible conditions, localized (midgap or band tail) states and their conjugate energies may fluctuate. The possible importance of non-adiabatic atomic dynamics to doped or photo-excited systems is briefly discussed.
Discretion Within Constraint: Homophily and Structure in a Formal Organization

Homophily in social relations results from both individual preferences and selective opportunities for interaction, but how these two mechanisms interact in large, contemporary organizations is not well understood. We argue that organizational structures and geography delimit opportunities for interaction such that actors have a greater level of discretion to choose their interaction partners within business units, job functions, offices, and quasi-formal structures. This leads us to expect to find a higher proportion of homophilous interactions within these organizational structures than across their boundaries. We test our theory in an analysis of the rate of dyadic communication in an email data set comprising thousands of employees in a large information technology firm. These findings have implications for research on homophily, gender relations in organizations, and formal and informal organizational structure.
The role of closure in defining the "objects" of object-based attention.

Many recent studies have concluded that the underlying units of visual attention are often discrete objects whose boundaries constrain the allocation of attention. However, relatively few studies have explored the particular stimulus cues that determine what counts as an “object” of attention. We explore this issue in the context of the two-rectangles stimuli previously used by many investigators. We first show, using both spatial-cuing and divided-attention paradigms, that same-object advantages occur even when the ends of the two rectangles are not drawn. This is consistent with previous reports that have emphasized the importance of individual contours in guiding attention, and our study shows that such effects can occur in displays that also contain grouping cues. In our divided-attention experiment, however, this contour-driven same-object advantage was significantly weaker than that obtained with the standard stimulus, with the added cue of closure—demonstrating that contour-based processes are not the whole story. These results confirm and extend the observation that same-object advantages can be observed even without full-fledged objects. At the same time, however, these studies show that boundary closure—one of the most important cues to objecthood per se—can directly influence attention. We conclude that object-based attention is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon; object-based effects can be independently strengthened or weakened by multiple cues to objecthood.
Using Innate Visual Biases to Guide Face Learning in Natural Scenes: A Computational Investigation.

Newborn infants appear to possess an innate bias that guides preferential orienting to and tracking of human faces. There is, however, no clear agreement as to the underlying mechanism supporting such a preference. In particular, two competing theories (known as the 'structural' and 'sensory' hypotheses) conjecture fundamentally different biasing mechanisms to explain this behavior. The structural hypothesis suggests that a crude '3-dot' representation of face-specific geometry is responsible for the exhibited preference. By contrast, the sensory hypothesis suggests that face preference is the product of several generic visual preferences for qualities like dark/light vertical asymmetry, horizontal symmetry, and high contrast. To complement existing empirical results, the current study describes a computational investigation of how well both proposals actually support face detection in cluttered natural scenes. The results demonstrate that both models are capable of locating faces effectively, but that the model suggested by the 'sensory hypothesis' is more selective than the model suggested by the 'structural hypothesis'.
Quality assurance of texture web materials using cellular neural networks

The paper present a parallel implementation of an image processing algorithm for the on-line, non-destructive quality assurance of the non-woven, fibrous web materials. The task of the algorithm is to compute the material microstructure descriptors. The premise underlying this work is that the microstructure determines the performance of the material and characterization of the microstructure may be used to predict material performance. The algorithm for estimating material performance is derived for the use on the cellular neural network universal machine, fast parallel analog architecture which lends itself to real-time processing.
Periodic signatures for the detection of cosmic axions.

In a Sikivie-type cosmic-axion detector, both the width and position of the microwave signal due to axion-photon conversion depend upon the motions of the earth. Due to the orbital and rotational motions of the earth they will be modulated with periods of 1 sidereal day and 1 sidereal year, with amplitudes of about 0.1 percent and 5 percent respectively. Because of the intrinsically-high energy resolution of Sikivie-type detectors such periodic variations should be detectable. Such modulations would not only aid in confirming the detection of cosmic axions, but, if found, would also provide important information about the distribution of axions in the halo.
GAMMA-RAY BURST PREDICTIONS FOR THE FERMI GAMMA RAY SPACE TELESCOPE

Results of a phenomenological model to estimate the gamma-ray burst (GRB) detection rate by the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope are reported. This estimate is based on the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) 4B GRB fluence distribution, the mean ratio of fluences measured at 100 MeV-5 GeV with Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) and at 20 keV-2 MeV with BATSE, and the mean EGRET GRB spectrum for the five EGRET spark-chamber GRBs. For a 10% fluence ratio and a number spectral index α1 = –2 at 100 MeV- 5 GeV energies, we estimate a rate of ≈20 and 4 GRBs yr–1 in the Fermi Large Area Telescope field of view (FOV) with at least five photons with energy E>100 MeV and E>1 GeV, respectively. We also estimate ≈1.5 GRBs yr–1 in the Fermi FOV where at least one photon with energy E>10 GeV is detected. For these parameters, we estimate ≈1-2 GRBs yr–1 detected with the Fermi telescope with more than 100 γ-rays with E 100 MeV. Comparison predictions for α1 = –2.2, different fluence ratios, and the AGILE γ-ray satellite are made. Searches for different classes of GRBs using a diagram plotting 100 MeV-10 GeV fluence versus 20 keV- 20 MeV fluence is considered as a way to search for separate classes of GRBs and, specifically, spectral differences between the short-hard and long-duration GRB classes, and for hard components in GRBs.
Diffusion in Lorentz lattice gas cellular automata: The honeycomb and quasi-lattices compared with the square and triangular lattices

We study numerically the nature of the diffusion process on a honeycomb and a quasi-lattice, where a point particle, moving along the bonds of the lattice, scatters from randomly placed scatterers on the lattice sites according to strictly deterministic rules. For the honeycomb lattice fully occupied by fixed rotators two (symmetric) isolated critical points appear to be present, with the same hyperscaling relation as for the square and the triangular lattices. No such points appear to exist for the quasi-lattice. A comprehensive comparison is made with the behavior on the previously studied square and triangular lattices. A great variety of diffusive behavior is found, ranging from propagation, superdiffusion, normal, quasi-normal, and anomalous, to absence of diffusion. The influence of the scattering rules as well as of the lattice structure on the diffusive behavior of a point particle moving on the all lattices studied so far is summarized.
Charged Current Single Pion Cross Section Measurement at MiniBooNE

We present MiniBooNE's preliminary ν μ CC1 π + cross section measurement, calculated using the ratio of CC1 π + to CCQE events. We find the inclusive CC1 π + measurement to be below the nuance [D. Casper, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 112 , 161 (2002), hep-ph/0208030 ] and NEUGEN [H. Gallagher, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 112 (2002) 188] expectations.
Improved Helicopter Aeromechanical Stability Analysis Using Segmented Constrained Layer Damping and Hybrid Optimization

Aeromechanical stability plays a critical role in helicopter design and lead-lag damping is crucial to this design. In this paper, the use of segmented constrained damping layer (SCL) treatment and composite tailoring is investigated for improved rotor aeromechanical stability using formal optimization technique. The principal load-carrying member in the rotor blade is represented by a composite box beam, of arbitrary thickness, with surface bonded SCLs. A comprehensive theory is used to model the smart box beam. A ground resonance analysis model and an air resonance analysis model are implemented in the rotor blade built around the composite box beam with SCLs. The Pitt-Peters dynamic inflow model is used in air resonance analysis under hover condition. A hybrid optimization technique is used to investigate the optimum design of the composite box beam with surface bonded SCLs for improved damping characteristics. Parameters such as stacking sequence of the composite laminates and placement of SCLs are us...
Electrical relaxation in rare earth doped cubic lead fluoride

Abstract Audio frequency complex impedance measurements are performed over the temperature range 5.5-380 K on lead fluoride doped with ten rare earths and lanthanum at various concentrations. It is found that the complexity of the relaxation spectrum increases as the size of the trivalent ion decreases. Specifically, for the largest rare earths, only one relaxation is found. That relaxation is different from the cases in the alkaline earth fluorides where only one relaxation is observed in that the reorientation enthalpy depends strongly upon ion size. Double-doped samples are studied to determine whether the relaxation is due to a simple site or a cluster. For the smallest rare earths, however, at least nine relaxations are found. The concentration studies indicate multiple relaxations for certain sites. Both simple sites and clusters are observed for small rare earths.
Simple one-pot synthesis of a 2'-tritium labeled C-deoxynucleoside.

Abstract The deoxygenation and 2′-labeling of a C-ribonucleoside by reductive elimination with tri- n -butyltin hydride[ 3 H] in a one-pot reaction is described. The approach is a safe, simple, efficient, and general method for 2′-labeling of nucleosides.
Observation of Low Energy Raman Modes in Twisted Bilayer Graphene

Two new Raman modes below 100 cm −1 are observed in twisted bilayer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. The two modes are observed in a small range of twisting angle at which the intensity of the G Raman peak is strongly enhanced, indicating that these low energy modes and the G Raman mode share the same resonance enhancement mechanism, as a function of twisting angle. The ∼94 cm −1 mode (measured with a 532 nm laser excitation) is assigned to the fundamental layer breathing vibration (ZOmode) mediated by the twisted bilayer graphene lattice, which lacks long-range translational symmetry. The dependence of this mode's frequency and line width on the rotational angle can be explained by the double resonance Raman process that is different from the previously identified Raman processes activated by twisted bilayer graphene superlattice. The dependence also reveals the strong impact of electronic-band overlaps of the two graphene layers. Another new mode at ∼52 cm −1 , not observed previously in the bilayer graphene system, is tentatively attributed to a torsion mode in which the bottom and top graphene layers rotate out-of-phase in the plane.
Acetaminophen and other risk factors for excessive warfarin anticoagulation

Context Warfarin is highly effective in preventing thromboembolism, but increases the risk of hemorrhage, particularly at an international normalized ratio (INR) greater than 4.0. Identifying causes of excessive anticoagulation in clinical practice could help target patients at risk for elevated INRs. Objective To determine causes of INRs greater than 6.0 in a clinical practice setting. Design Case-control study. Setting Outpatient anticoagulant therapy unit. Patients Outpatients followed up prospectively from April 1995 to March 1996 who had been taking warfarin for more than 1 month, had a target INR of 2.0 to 3.0, and were able to be interviewed within 24 hours of their reported INR. Case patients had INRs greater than 6.0; controls were randomly selected from patients having INRs between 1.7 and 3.3. Main outcome measures Factors associated with INRs greater than 6.0, including medication use, recent diet, illness, alcohol consumption, and actual warfarin use. Results A total of 93 cases and 196 controls were interviewed; they did not differ in age, indication for warfarin, length of therapy, warfarin dose, number of prescription medications, or previous INR or long-term INR variability. Acetaminophen ingestion was independently associated in a dose-dependent manner with having an INR greater than 6.0 (P for trend Conclusions These data suggest that acetaminophen is an underrecognized cause of overanticoagulation in the outpatient setting. Several other clinically important risk factors were identified. Increased monitoring of INR values when such risk factors are present or modification of the risk factors themselves should reduce the frequency of dangerously high levels of anticoagulation.
The nonlinear vibration analysis of a clamped-clamped beam by a reduced multibody method

The nonlinear response characteristics for a dynamic system with a geometric nonlinearity is examined using a multibody dynamics method. The planar system is an initially straight clamped-clamped beam subject to high frequency excitation in the vicinity of its third natural mode. The model includes a pre-applied static axial load, linear bending stiffness and a cubic in-plane stretching force. Constrained flexibility is applied to a multibody method that lumps the beam into N elements for three substructures subjected to the nonlinear partial differential equation of motion and N-1 linear modal constraints. This procedure is verified by d'Alembert's principle and leads to a discrete form of Galerkin's method. A finite difference scheme models the elastic forces. The beam is tuned by the axial force to obtain fourth order internal resonance that demonstrates bimodal and trimodal responses in agreement with low and moderate excitation test results. The continuous Galerkin method is shown to generate results conflicting with the test and multibody method. A new checking function based on Gauss' principle of least constraint is applied to the beam to minimize modal constraint error.
ON THE DETECTABILITY OF STAR-PLANET INTERACTION

Magnetic (or tidal) interactions between hot Jupiters and their host stars can potentially enhance chromospheric and coronal activity. An ideal test bed for investigating this effect is provided by the extreme WASP-18 system, which features a massive (~10 times Jupiter) close-in (1 day period) transiting planet orbiting a young F6 star. Optical and X-ray observations of WASP-18 were conducted in 2011 November. The high-resolution echelle spectrograph Magellan Inamori Kyocera Echelle was used on the 6.5 m Magellan Clay Telescope to obtain 13 spectra spanning planetary orbital phases of 0.7-1.4, while the X-ray Telescope on Swift provided contemporaneous monitoring with a stacked exposure of ~50 ks. The cores of the Ca II H and K lines do not show significant variability over multiple orbits spanning ~8 days, in contrast to the expectation of phase-dependent chromospheric activity enhancements for efficient star-planet interaction. The star is also X-ray faint, with log L X < 27.6, indicating that coronal activity is likewise low. The lack of detectable star-planet interaction in this extreme system requires that any such effect here must be transient, if indeed present. We demonstrate that searches for Ca II H and K variability can potentially mistake a stellar hotspot, if observed over a short segment of the rotation period, for planet-induced activity. Taken together, these results suggest that the utility of star-planet interaction as a robust method of estimating exoplanet magnetic field strengths may be limited.
The effect of boron on the state and dispersion of Co/Al2O3 catalysts

Abstract The influence of boron on the chemical state and dispersion of Co Al 2 O 3 catalysts has been investigated by bulk and surface spectroscopic techniques. Three series of Co Al 2 O 3 catalysts were studied: one containing a constant Co loading of 3 wt% and boron loadings of 0.3 to 3 wt%, and two series containing 0.7 to 10 wt% Co and constant boron loadings of either 0 or 3 wt%. In the absence of boron, Co dispersion decreased with increasing Co loading above 1.5 wt% Co. The presence of boron had little effect on Co dispersion at low Co loadings, while catalysts with Co loadings in excess of 1.5 wt% exhibited an increase in Co dispersion compared to boron-free catalysts. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and gravimetric analysis were used to quantify the Co species present on the catalysts as a function of both Co and boron loading. In the absence of boron, Co exists as tetrahedral and octahedral Co2+ at low Co loadings, while Co3O4 is the primary phase at higher Co loadings. In the presence of boron, Co3O4 formation is suppressed for catalysts with Co loadings less than 8 wt% in favor of octahedral Co2+ and minor amounts of Co borate. The formation of Co3O4 occurs at Co loadings greater than 6 wt% for boron-containing catalysts. A mechanism is described to account for the effect of boron on the dispersion and chemical state of Co.
Surface Geometry of Circular Cut Spiral Bevel Gears

An analysis of the surface geometry of spiral bevel gears formed by a circular cutter is presented. The emphasis is upon determining the tooth surface principal radii of curvature of crown (flat) gears. Specific results are presented for involute, straight, and hyperbolic cutter profiles. It is shown that the geometry of circular cut spiral bevel gears is somewhat simpler than a theoretical logarithmic spiral bevel gear.
Ion-optics calculations of the LLNL AMS system for biochemical 14C measurements

A dedicated AMS system for biochemical 14C measurements is being built at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. The system is centered around a National Electrostatics Corporation Model 3SDH-1 1-MV Pelletron accelerator and is designed to accept two ion sources. The LLNL 64-sample Cs-sputter ion source with its zoom lens beam line is attached to one port of the electrostatic switching element. To insure efficient coupling of the source to the acceptance of the accelerator, ion-optics calculations of the low-energy injection beam line have been conducted; the results of which were used to determine the layout of the ion-optical components of the beam line. Beam tests of the low-energy injection line show that beam behavior was accurately predicted by the calculations.
Rejoinder: Struggles with survey weighting and regression modeling

Encountering this sort of statement in the documentation of opinion poll data we were analyzing in political science: “A weight is assigned to each sample record, and MUST be used for all tabulations.” (This particular version was in the codebook for the 1988 CBS News/New York Times Poll; as you can see, this is a problem that has been bugging me for a long time.) Computing weighted averages is fine, but weighted regression is a little more tricky—I do not really know what a weighted logistic regression likelihood, for example, is supposed to represent. Constructing the weighting for the New York City Social Indicators Survey (SIS). It quickly became clear that we had to make many arbitrary choices about inclusion and smoothing of weighting variables, and we could not find any good general guidelines. We wanted to estimate state-level public opinion from national polls. If our surveys were simple random samples, this would be basic Bayes hierarchical modeling (with 50 groups, possibly linked using state-level predictors). Actually, though, the surveys suffer differential nonresponse (lower response by men, younger people, ethnic minorities, etc.) as signaled to the user (such as myself) via a vector of weights.
p-Adic interpolation of square roots of central L-values of modular forms

We construct a meromorphic function on part of the eigencurve that interpolates a square root of a ratio of quadratic twists of the central modular \(L\)-value.
The Relation between IPO Underpricing and Litigation Risk Revisited: Changes between 1990 and 2002

This paper reexamines the litigation risk hypothesis of initial public offering (IPO) underpricing in different legal and economic environments. When litigation risk is reduced in the three-year period after the enactment of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, firms' litigation risk plays a less significant role in IPO underpricing strategy. Furthermore, underpricing deters more traditional IPO lawsuits compared to that effect in the pre-1995 period. In the period after that, however, there is another structural change in which firms again use underpricing as insurance against IPO lawsuits. This underpricing may actually have led to greater litigation relating to IPO allocation irregularities.
Dilatonic effects on a falling test mass in scalar-tensor theory

Effects of a 4d dilaton field on a falling test mass are examined from the Einstein frame perspective of scalar-tensor theory. Results are obtained for the centripetal acceleration of particles in circular orbits, and the radial acceleration for particles with pure radial motion. These results are applied to the specific case of nonrelativistic motion in the weak field approximation of Brans–Dicke theory, employing the exact Xanthopoulos–Zannias solutions. For a given parameter range, the results obtained from Brans–Dicke theory are qualitatively dramatically different from those of general relativity. Comments are made concerning a comparison with the general relativistic results in the limit of an infinite Brans–Dicke parameter.