cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON GALL BLADDER FUNCTION : VIII. THE FATE OF BILE PIGMENT AND CHOLESTEROL IN HEPATIC BILE SUBJECTED TO GALL BLADDER ACTIVITY.

The data obtained from the experiments on dogs reported in this paper lead us to conclude that bile pigment is not absorbed from the gall bladder bile. The mean loss of pigment is so small when compared with the amount of water lost that it is negligible. Our cholesterol data do not support the concept that this substance is secreted into the gall bladder bile of the dog under normal conditions. In the majority of experiments there was a loss of cholesterol. Indeed we have failed to find any evidence of definite secretion or absorption save in the case of the infected gall bladder. We are led to conclude, as did Rous and McMaster (15) with regard to bile pigment, that normally there is no absorption of cholesterol.
Hifocon: object and dimensional coherence and correlation in multidimensional visualization

In any multidimensional visualization, some information has to be compromised when projecting multidimensional data to two- or three-dimensional space. We introduce the concepts of dimensional and object coherence and correlation to analyze and classify multidimensional visualization techniques. These concepts are used as principles for our design of Hifocon, a new multidimensional data visualization system.
SGARFACE: a novel detector for microsecond gamma ray bursts

The Short GAmma Ray Front Air Cherenkov Experiment (SGARFACE) is operated at the Whipple Observatory utilizing the Whipple 10 m -ray telescope. SGARFACE is sensitive to -ray bursts of more than 100 MeV with durations from 100 ns to 35µs and provides a fluence sensitivity as low as 0.8 rays per m 2 above 200 MeV (0.05 rays per m 2 above 2 GeV) and allows to record the burst time structure.
Is there a future for auto-allo HSCT in multiple myeloma?

From the time of the fi rst haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) for myeloma treatment, controversy about the timing and type of transplant has loomed large. Autologous HSCT is accepted as one legitimate therapy among many, but it is not curative. Fully myeloablative allogeneic HSCT has a reported longterm disease-free survival rate of 22% but an upfront mortality as high as 40%, 1,2 making it an unappealing option in patients with standard-risk multiple myeloma. Without allogeneic HSCT, 80% of standard-risk patients can survive 5 years with modern therapies including autologous HSCT. 3 A planned allogeneic HSCT with a reduced intensity conditioning regimen about 60 days after a previous autologous transplant (auto-allo) seemed to be a solution with treatment-related mortality as low as 8–15%, until data for long-term follow-up and large numbers of patients were published. 2 In The Lancet Oncology, Amrita Krishnan and colleagues report the fi fth and largest published study of two rounds of autologous HSCT versus an auto-allo approach. 4 Compared with two rounds of autologous HSCT, the auto-allo strategy did not improve progression free survival (PFS) or overall survival (despite patients in the auto-allo group having a higher complete response rate) and had more than double the treatment-related mortality. Moreover, more than half of patients in the auto-allo group had chronic graft-versus-host disease. Additionally, there was no apparent overall survival or PFS benefi t with the autoallo approach in a subgroup of high-risk patients, and thalidomide maintenance as prescribed for half of the control population was intolerable and not associated with improved overall survival. How do Krishnan and colleagues’ data 4 compare with other studies addressing the auto-allo question? Overall, fi ve trials (with 1574 patients) showed a lack of overall survival advantage with the auto-allo approach, and two (with 520 patients) suggested benefi t. 2 The
Managers' Views of How to Hire: Building Bridges Between Science and Practice

It has been suggested that the state of practice in employee selection differs markedly from the state of research. We explored this issue in interviews with 166 line managers, who were asked to describe their own successes and failures in hiring, as well as what hiring issues they would like to learn more about. Managers attributed their hiring successes primarily to luck and intuition, but also acknowledged the value of using a more systematic and rigorous approach to hiring. Managers' comments imply a lack of awareness of research, rather than a lack of interest in topics being researched. The scientist–practitioner gap thus seems to relate more to the usage of research than to the focus of research questions.
Crystallization of truncated human apolipoprotein A-I in a novel conformation

The crystallization of recombinant human apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein, in a new crystal form is described. The fragment crystallized, residues 44–243 of native apo A-I [apo Δ(1–­43)A-I], is very similar to intact native apo A-I in its ability to bind lipid, to be incorporated into high-density lipoproteins and to activate lecithin–cholesterol acyl transferase. Apo Δ(1–43)A-I crystallizes, in the presence of β-d-octylglucopyranoside, in space group I222 or I212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 37.11, b = 123.62, c = 164.65 A and a diffraction limit of 3.2 A. These form II crystals grow under conditions of significantly lower ionic strength than the original form I crystals (space group P212121, a = 97.47, b = 113.87, c = 196.19 A, diffraction limit 3.0 A). Packing arguments show that the unusual open conformation of apo Δ(1–43)A-I found in the form I crystals cannot be packed into the smaller oddly proportioned form II unit cell. Monomeric apo Δ(1–43)A-I, as either a four-helix bundle (∼75 × 30 × 30 A) or an extended helical rod (∼150 × 20 × 20 A), can be packed into the form II unit cell. It is concluded, therefore, that apo Δ(1–43)A-I may have crystallized in one of these distinct conformations in the form II crystals.
Activation of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and its association with other proteins by stromal cell–derived factor-1α is associated with cell migration in a T-lymphocyte line

Abstract Objective Chemokines play a central role in lymphocyte trafficking and homing. The actin cytoskeleton is involved in cell morphological changes and motility. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) protein (WASP) has been implicated in regulation of cytoskeleton rearrangement. To evaluate mechanisms that might be involved in migration of T cells, we examined effects of stromal cell–derived factor (SDF)-1α on WASP and associated proteins. Materials and Methods Jurkat T cells were stimulated by SDF-1α and analyzed for chemotaxis and also by Western blot analysis for signal transduction. Results Jurkat T cells displayed chemotaxis to SDF-1α, which was inhibited by pretreatment of cells with either pertussis toxin, a Gαi protein inhibitor, wortmannin or Ly294002, phophatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors, or herbimycin, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. WASP was tyrosine phosphorylated in response to SDF-1α stimulation in Jurkat T cells. Crk associated substrate (Cas), Nck, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were also phosphorylated after SDF-1α stimulation. Moreover, activated Nck interacted with Cas and WASP as determined by co-immunoprecipitation, and FAK also bound to Cas. Conclusions These data suggest that WASP, Cas, Nck, and FAK may play a role in SDF-1α–induced migration of the T-cell line, Jurkat.
Coresidence and Geographic Proximity of Mothers and Adult Children in Stepfamilies

Children who live with or near a parent provide more care and receive more help from parents than geographically distant children. Stepfamily ties may be weaker than ties between biological kin, but little is known about the geographic proximity of step- versus biological kin. The authors used data from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 13,239 mothers and 45,675 biological and stepchildren) to show that stepchildren and stepmothers are less likely to live together, less likely to live nearby, and less likely to move closer than biological children and mothers. When mothers have only stepchildren, they are less likely to have a coresident child or a child nearby than mothers with both step- and biological children. Coresidence and geographic proximity are lower in stepfamilies formed after divorce than after widowhood. The findings are consistent with a legacy of conflict and strain and the likely competing needs of biological and stepmothers.
Caspase-12 Ablation Preserves Muscle Function in the mdx Mouse

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating muscle wasting disease caused by mutations in dystrophin. Several downstream consequences of dystrophin deficiency are triggers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, including loss of calcium homeostasis, hypoxia and oxidative stress. During ER stress, misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER lumen and the unfolded protein response (UPR) is triggered, leading to adaptation or apoptosis. We hypothesized that ER stress is heightened in dystrophic muscles and contributes to the pathology of DMD. We observed increases in the ER stress markers BiP and cleaved caspase-4 in DMD patient biopsies, compared with controls, and an increase in multiple UPR pathways in muscles of the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse. We then crossed mdx mice with mice null for caspase-12, the murine equivalent of human caspase-4, which are resistant to ER stress. We found that deleting caspase-12 preserved mdx muscle function, resulting in a 75% recovery of both specific force generation and resistance to eccentric contractions. The compensatory hypertrophy normally found in mdx muscles was normalized in the absence of caspase-12; this was found to be due to decreased fibre sizes, and not to a fibre type shift or a decrease in fibrosis. Fibre central nucleation was not significantly altered in the absence of caspase-12, but muscle fibre degeneration found in the mdx mouse was reduced almost to wild-type levels. In conclusion, we have identified heightened ER stress and abnormal UPR signalling as novel contributors to the dystrophic phenotype. Caspase-4 is therefore a potential therapeutic target for DMD.
Chemical Evolution as a Tool for Molecular Discovery

AbstractIn modern academic and industrial laboratories, evolutionary strategies are used routinely to identify biopolymers with novel activities. Large libraries of nucleic acids (∼1015) or peptides and proteins (∼1013) can be subjected to multiple rounds of selective pressure, amplification, and diversification, yielding individual sequences with desirable properties. Although the evolutionary approach is a powerful search tool, the chemical nature of biopolymers is not suited for all purposes. Application of evolutionary strategies to libraries of arbitrary chemical composition would overcome this problem, and radically change traditional small-molecule discovery. The chemical make-up of in vitro evolution libraries has necessarily been limited, because library synthesis relies on enzymes. A great deal of current research focuses on expanding the chemical repertoire of in vitro evolution by (a) broadening enzyme substrate specificities to include unnatural building blocks, or (b) developing methods to t...
Deconvoluting heme biosynthesis to target blood-stage malaria parasites

Heme metabolism is central to blood-stage infection by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Parasites retain a heme biosynthesis pathway but do not require its activity during infection of heme-rich erythrocytes, where they can scavenge host heme to meet metabolic needs. Nevertheless, heme biosynthesis in parasite-infected erythrocytes can be potently stimulated by exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), resulting in accumulation of the phototoxic intermediate protoporphyrin IX (PPIX). Here we use photodynamic imaging, mass spectrometry, parasite gene disruption, and chemical probes to reveal that vestigial host enzymes in the cytoplasm of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes contribute to ALA-stimulated heme biosynthesis and that ALA uptake depends on parasite-established permeability pathways. We show that PPIX accumulation in infected erythrocytes can be harnessed for antimalarial chemotherapy using luminol-based chemiluminescence and combinatorial stimulation by low-dose artemisinin to photoactivate PPIX to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen. This photodynamic strategy has the advantage of exploiting host enzymes refractory to resistance-conferring mutations.
Fault gouge dating in the Southern Appalachians, USA

Illite age analysis (IAA), the method of comparing radiometric ages of successive size fractions with varying percentages of detrital illite, has been successfully applied to several rock types, including fault gouge, shales and argillaceous limestones. IAA results are presented for fi ve fault rocks, including four clay gouges and one cataclasite, from the exhumed Southern Appalachian foreland fold-thrust belt (eastern United States). Determining detrital versus authigenic illite is now an established procedure, utilizing X-ray analysis to quantify illite polytypes. Less established, however, is how to interpret 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages as a function of diagenetic grade. Both a total gas age, incorporating the recoiled argon fraction after irradiation, and a retention age (omitting the recoiled fraction) are obtained for a sample. We relate their respective use to diagenetic grade and, specifi cally, the crystallite thickness of illite. When measured crystallite sizes are equal to or smaller than that calculated from Ar recoil we use total gas ages (here ~5 nm), while for crystallites greater than ~10 nm we use retention ages. The four clay gouge ages are all the same within error and much younger than that of the cataclasite. We conclude that a major period of frontal Appalachian fault activity occurred during the early Permian (Cisuralian, 276–280 Ma) and that these foreland faults were active simultaneously as part of an internally deforming, regional thrust wedge.
Social stress alters the severity and onset of the chronic phase of Theiler's virus infection

Social stress alters the acute phase of Theiler's virus infection (TMEV), a model of multiple sclerosis. Stress applied prior to infection had deleterious disease outcomes, while stress applied concurrent with infection was protective. The current study examined multiple behavioral (motor impairment, open field activity) and immunological measures (IL-6, antibodies to virus and myelin proteins) in both the acute and chronic phases of TMEV. It was found that stress applied prior to infection exacerbated disease outcomes, while concurrent application was protective in both disease phases.
Causes and effects of consumer bankruptcies: a cross‐cultural comparison

Data for this study were collected during 1988 through surveys conducted in Canada, Japan, Scotland and the United States. The overall objectives of the study were to determine differences in factors influencing decisions to file bankruptcy, expectations from bankruptcy and impact of bankruptcy filing on debtor's life in each country. It was found that over 50% of debtors in all countries except the United States (46%) identified ‘too much borrowing’ as a reason for having to file for bankruptcy. Most of the debtors in each country agreed that bankruptcy provided a ‘fresh start’. In addition, U.S. and Canadian debtors also indicated that filing for bankruptcy had a positive influence on their health status, family relations and the employment status. The impact of bankruptcy for Japanese debtors was rather harsh, resulting in family problems, health problems, suicides and running away from home. To help reduce the growth in bankruptcy and halt repeat bankruptcies, a multi-level effort focusing on lending practices, borrowing practices and bankruptcy procedures is needed.
Assessing vulnerability of proposed designs for interdependent infrastructure systems

Recent events have heightened our awareness of the vulnerability of civil infrastructure systems. Most of the research on this topic has focused on individual systems, while more recent efforts have recognized the interconnectedness of systems. Infrastructure systems have become so highly interconnected that a failure in one system can propagate through many systems and affect large geographic areas. The focus of this research is on reducing vulnerability by adding redundancy while taking into account the interdependencies of infrastructure systems. The paper first presents background and definitions related to interdependent infrastructure systems. An algorithm is then presented that identifies vulnerabilities in the current and proposed designs due to interdependencies with other infrastructure systems. An illustrative case, the reliance of telecommunications on power, is used to demonstrate the practicality of the proposed procedure. The paper concludes with a discussion of further research, both theoretical and operational.
Development and connectivity of olfactory pathways in the brain of the lobster Homarus americanus.

The main output pathways from the olfactory lobes (primary olfactory centers) and accessory lobes (higher-order integrative areas) of decapod crustaceans terminate within both of the main neuropil regions of the lateral protocerebrum: the medulla terminalis and the hemiellipsoid body. The present study examines the morphogenesis of the lateral protocerebral neuropils of the lobster, Homarus americanus, and the development of their neuronal connections with the paired olfactory and accessory lobes. The medulla terminalis was found to emerge during the initial stages of embryogenesis and to be the target neuropil of the output pathway from the olfactory lobe. In contrast, the hemiellipsoid body is first apparent during mid-embryonic development and is innervated by the output pathway from the accessory lobe. The dye injections used to elucidate these pathways also resulted in the labeling of a previously undescribed pathway linking the olfactory lobe and the ventral nerve cord. To increase our understanding of the morphology of the olfactory pathways in H. americanus we also examined the connectivity of the lateral protocerebral neuropils of embryonic lobsters. These studies identified several interneuronal populations that may be involved in the higher-order processing of olfactory inputs. In addition, we examined the neuroanatomy of ascending pathways from the antenna II and lateral antenna I neuropils (neuropils involved in the processing of chemosensory and tactile inputs). These studies showed that the ascending pathways from these neuropils innervate the same regions of the medulla terminalis and that these regions are different from those innervated by the olfactory lobe output pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:23‐ 43, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: crustacean; decapod; deutocerebrum; olfaction; projection neuron
Study of the propagation and amplification of seismic waves in Caracas Valley with reference to the 29 July 1967 earthquake: SH waves

The antiplane response of a 2-D model of the valley of Caracas, Venezuela — a NS cross section through the Palos Grandes district — to seismic excitations such as those due to antiplane line (point) sources and incident plane SH waves is investigated. It is found that the steeply sloped northern edge of the valley is a more efficient generator and reflector of surface waves than the midly sloped southern edge. Also the spectral amplification and time response characteristics of this asymmetric wedge-shaped valley are a function of the direction of incidence of the excitation waves (e.g., incidence from the north versus incidence from the south versus vertical incidence). The same 2-D model of the valley is used to simulate also the antiplane response of the valley to synthetic strong motions equivalent — in amplitude, frequency content, and duration — to those that most likely were generated by the 29 July 1967 Caracas earthquake. This event has been found to consist of four subevents, of which the second subevent — located at a distance of 25 km from the valley — caused the damage in Caracas. The source spectrum of each of the subevents used in the generation of the synthetic time histories was assumed to be a simple ω-square model. The locations, relative times of occurrence, seismic moments, and mechanisms of the subevents were available from an inversion study of teleseismic data. It is found that peak acceleration was fairly uniform across the valley, varying from 0.15 to 0.21 g . On the contrary, peak velocities and peak rotational (torsional) strains varied considerably (factor of 2 to 3) across the valley, with the maximum values being 25 cm / sec for velocity and 1.5 × 10−4 for rotational strain. For sites in Palos Grandes, spectral accelerations Sa reached values as high as 0.4 g for periods in the range 0.4 ≦ T ≦ 1.4 sec and damping ratio 5%. Our estimates of the intensity of motion on rock and on the sediments are higher by a factor of 3 compared with estimates proposed by previous investigators, who assumed that all the seismic energy was released from a point located at a distance of 55 km from Caracas. Various pieces of evidence (e.g., seismoscope response recorded on rock) are presented that suggest that the intensity of motion was at least as high as estimated in this paper.
A computer-assisted approach to planning multidimensional distraction osteogenesis.

The introduction of CT and MRI into the clinical environment has dramatically improved the diagnosis of and treatment planning for craniofacial anomalies. These imaging technologies in combination with sophisticated image processing software and powerful graphics hardware have enabled surgeons to model patient anatomy and plan procedures with unprecedented speed and accuracy. The digital reconstruction of two-dimensional (2D) CT slices into a 3D CT model (Fig. 1), for instance, has become a particularly valuable technique in assessing craniomaxillofacial anomalies. The 3D CT image relates the positions of several distant anatomic features (eg, the orbita, zygoma, maxilla, and mandible), which allows surgeons to more readily appreciate a patient’s skeletal deformity as a three-dimensional whole (sagittal, coronal, and horizontal planes) rather than as a series of two-dimensional CT slices. This three-dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment planning is important because most congenital and acquired facial deformities involve one or more planes and may be asymmetric. There are currently two distinct approaches to three-dimensional craniofacial treatment planning. In the first approach, an operation is performed on customized 3D acrylic models of the skull that are produced using CT data and stereolithography. Although this technique allows surgeons to use familiar surgical tools to simulate a procedure, the process is time consuming and expensive. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis of the planned movements or comparison of different plans is not possible. To address these limitations, software has been developed by Everett et al for interactive surgical simulation of craniomaxillofacial reconstructive procedures using 3D CT data. In this article we describe the use of a CT-based 3D treatment planning software package to analyze craniomaxillofacial deformities. The software allows the surgeon to determine the parameters of movement of the proposed correction and to prescribe the radius of curvature and the placement of a specific semiburied curvilinear distraction device to accomplish the proposed correction and to evaluate the outcome.
Application of Saluja-Karpovsky compactors to test responses with many unknowns

This paper addresses the problem of compacting test responses in the presence of unknowns at the input of the compactor by exploiting the capabilities of well-known error detection and correction codes. The technique, called i-Compact, uses Saluja-Karpovsky Space Compactors, but permits detection and location of errors in the presence of unknown logic (X) values with help from the ATE. The advantages of i-Compact are: 1. Small number of output pins front the compactors for a required error detection capability; 2. Small tester memory for storing expected responses; 3. Flexibility of choosing several different combinations of number of X values and number of bit errors for error detection without altering the hardware compactor; 4. Same hardware capable of identifying the line that produced an error in presence of unknowns; 5. Use of non-proprietary codes found in the literature of 1950s; and 6. Independent of the circuit and the test generator.
Imaging kinase–AKAP79–phosphatase scaffold complexes at the plasma membrane in living cells using FRET microscopy

Scaffold, anchoring, and adaptor proteins coordinate the assembly and localization of signaling complexes providing efficiency and specificity in signal transduction. The PKA, PKC, and protein phosphatase-2B/calcineurin (CaN) scaffold protein A–kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) 79 is localized to excitatory neuronal synapses where it is recruited to glutamate receptors by interactions with membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) scaffold proteins. Anchored PKA and CaN in these complexes could have important functions in regulating glutamate receptors in synaptic plasticity. However, direct evidence for the assembly of complexes containing PKA, CaN, AKAP79, and MAGUKs in intact cells has not been available. In this report, we use immunofluorescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy to demonstrate membrane cytoskeleton–localized assembly of this complex. Using FRET, we directly observed binding of CaN catalytic A subunit (CaNA) and PKA-RII subunits to membrane-targeted AKAP79. We also detected FRET between CaNA and PKA-RII bound simultaneously to AKAP79 within 50 A of each other, thus providing the first direct evidence of a ternary kinase–scaffold–phosphatase complex in living cells. This finding of AKAP-mediated PKA and CaN colocalization on a nanometer scale gives new appreciation to the level of compartmentalized signal transduction possible within scaffolds. Finally, we demonstrated AKAP79-regulated membrane localization of the MAGUK synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97), suggesting that AKAP79 functions to organize even larger signaling complexes.
Molecular systematics of the african electric fishes (Mormyroidea: teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs

We present a new molecular phylogeny for 41 species of African mormyroid electric fishes derived from the 12S, 16S and cytochrome b genes and the nuclear RAG2 gene. From this, we reconstruct the evolution of the complex electric organs of these fishes. Phylogenetic results are generally concordant with earlier preliminary molecular studies of a smaller group of species and with the osteology-based classification of Taverne, which divides the group into the Gymnarchidae and the Mormyridae, with the latter including the subfamilies Petrocephalinae (Petrocephalus) and Mormyrinae (all remaining taxa). However, we find that several genera previously recognized by Taverne are non-monophyletic. Within the Mormyrinae, the genus Myomyrus is the sister group to all the remaining taxa. Other well-supported clades within this group are recovered. A reconstruction of electrocyte evolution on the basis of our best-supported topology suggests that electrocytes with penetrating stalks evolved once early in the history of the mormyrids followed by multiple paedomorphic reversals to electrocytes with non-penetrating stalks.
CHOP Contributes to, But Is Not the Only Mediator of, IAPP Induced β-Cell Apoptosis

The islet in type 2 diabetes is characterized by β-cell loss, increased β-cell apoptosis, and islet amyloid derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). When protein misfolding protective mechanisms are overcome, human IAPP (h-IAPP) forms membrane permeant toxic oligomers that induce β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. In humans with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and mice transgenic for h-IAPP, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been inferred from nuclear translocation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), an established mediator of ER stress. To establish whether h-IAPP toxicity is mediated by ER stress, we evaluated diabetes onset and β-cell mass in h-IAPP transgenic (h-TG) mice with and without deletion of CHOP in comparison with wild-type controls. Diabetes was delayed in h-TG CHOP(-/-) mice, with relatively preserved β-cell mass and decreased β-cell apoptosis. Deletion of CHOP attenuates dysfunction of the autophagy/lysosomal pathway in β-cells of h-TG mice, uncovering a role for CHOP in mediating h-IAPP-induced dysfunction of autophagy. As deletion of CHOP delayed but did not prevent h-IAPP-induced β-cell loss and diabetes, we examined CHOP-independent stress pathways. JNK, a target of the IRE-1pTRAF2 complex, and the Bcl-2 family proapoptotic mediator BIM, a target of ATF4, were comparably activated by h-IAPP expression in the presence and absence of CHOP. Therefore, although these studies affirm that CHOP is a mediator of h-IAPP-induced ER stress, it is not the only one. Therefore, suppression of CHOP alone is unlikely to be a durable therapeutic strategy to protect against h-IAPP toxicity because multiple stress pathways are activated.
Nursing and ICP: Studies of two Clinical Problems

Ordinary bedside activities, such as passive turning or touching have been reported to induce transient and sustained changes in ICP in patients with intracranial hypertension. These clinical and laboratory studies were designed to determine the circumstances under which ICP changes in response to touching and turning were beneficial or harmful.
Community Is a Body: Sex, Marriage, and Metaphor in 1 Corinthians 6:12–7:7 and Ephesians 5:21–33

First Corinthians 6:12–7:7 and Eph 5:21–33 present opposing views about the values and dangers of sex and marriage. In 1 Corinthians, sex with outsiders precludes one from unity with the spiritual body of Christ, and marriage is a means to avoid illicit sexuality and to keep from “burning.” In Ephesians, marriage is characterized by hierarchy, yet the husband–wife relationship is analogous to that of Christ and the church. These texts reach their different conclusions even though they share cultural and rhetorical resources: scriptural recitation of Gen 2:24 and the metaphor of the community as a body. This article analyzes the body metaphors in each text, using cognition-based theories of conceptual metaphor and paying attention to how the Genesis recitations function in the metaphor. The analysis demonstrates how marriage and sexuality are topics that the authors use to discuss yet another idea—the spiritual or mysterious union of the community with Christ. This topic, along with the visual potential of the body metaphor, infuses arguments about sexuality and gender with importance beyond issues of family life and reproduction.
The Incidence and Effect of Egg Cannibalism in First-Instar Coleomegilla maculata lengi (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

In field-collected egg masses more than 21% of the eggs were destroyed by first-instar larvae from the same egg mass. Since 39.8% of these were estimated to be nonviable, the effective reduction in number of larvae owing to egg cannibalism by undispersed first-instar larvae was 12.7%. Cannibalistic behavior has been stated to have survival value, since this food supply lengthens the life and increases the chance of finding prey by otherwise nonfed larvae. Laboratory experiments showed that cannibalism lengthens the life span, but results also in larvae which disperse from the egg mass later and are less active than noncannibalistic larvae, so their chances of finding prey are reduced. Cannibalism might still be an advantage under low-prey-density situations were it not for the known fact that this species can maintain itself and mature on substances other than prey. Therefore, this behavior may not be advantageous to the role of larvae as natural control agents.
Ca2+ loading and adrenergic stimulation reveal male/female differences in susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion injury

To compare ischemia-reperfusion injury in males versus females under hypercontractile conditions, perfused hearts from 129J mice pretreated with 3 mmol/l Ca2+ or 10−8 mol/l isoproterenol ± 10−6 mol...
Two Dimensional Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum

The pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS) has a high early and late mortality. It is accepted that the dismal outlook in PA/IVS may be related to the associated right ventricular hypoplasia and the presence of sinusoidal-coronary artery communications.1, 2 To clarify the value of 2DE in evaluating RV morphology, we report the echocardiographic features in 21 patients with PA/IVS, correlated with angiographic results.
Patterns of Jade Consumption and Disposal at Cerros, Northern Belize

Jade artifacts have been recovered from a wide variety of contexts throughout the Maya Lowlands. Intact artifacts are usually recovered from tombs, burials, and dedicatory offerings. For the most part, the intact jade artifacts from Cerros, a Late Preclassic Maya center in northern Belize, fall within this range. However, the majority of Cerros jades are broken and were recovered from contexts that deviate from the normal Late Preclassic Maya pattern of jade consumption and disposal. In three locations at Cerros, quantities of jade were broken and scattered about. Such activity occurred during the abandonment of masonry and perishable structures and is interpreted here as being a form of termination ritual.
Mutational Analysis of p53 in Human Tumors

Mutations of the p53 gene are the most common genetic changes in human malignancies ; therefore their detection is of practical importance. In contrast to wild-type p53 in resting normal cells, mutant p53 proteins are easily detectable by immunocytochemical methods due to their abnormally extended half-life. Several methods of immunocytochemistry can be used to analyze the presence and localization of p53 protein in cells or tissues. The most important is immunocytochemical p53 staining of sections from paraffin embedded tissues. This method is used as a relatively reliable surrogate marker for p53 mutations and has the advantage of being easy, fast, and suitable for mass screening of large archival tissue banks. Frozen sections can also be used to detect and localize the p53 proteins. p53 can also be detected in tissue culture cells. p53 can be detected in situ through a secondary antibody coupled to a fluorescent dye or an enzymatic activity that reacts with certain chromogens.
Strategic Interaction: Persuasion and Accommodation in Opinion Writing

Drawing from internal memoranda available in Justice Harry Blackmun’s papers in the Library of Congress, this chapter reconstructs the behind-the-scenes decision making in two prisoners’ rights cases. In Estelle v. Gamble (1976), memoranda show how Justice Marshall accommodated various suggestions from other justices about the wording of his majority opinion. Marshall compromised his reasoning in order to retain the support of other justices. In Houchins v. KQED (1978), the reasoning articulated in Justice Stevens’s initial draft of the majority opinion led Justice Potter Stewart to change his vote. Stewart’s shift created a different majority coalition and thereby turned Stevens’s opinion into a dissent. These cases illustrate the role of strategic interactions within the Supreme Court.
Outcomes Following Radical Cystectomy for Plasmacytoid Urothelial Carcinoma: Defining the Need for Improved Local Cancer Control

Objective To evaluate oncological outcomes after radical cystectomy (RC) in patients with plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma (UC) and to compare survival to that in patients with pure UC of the bladder. Materials and Methods We identified 46 patients with plasmacytoid UC and 972 with pure UC who were treated with RC between 1980 and 2009. All pathologic specimens were re-reviewed by a single GU pathologist. Patients were matched 1:2 by age, gender, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, pathologic tumor stage, and nodal status to patients with pure UC. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log rank test. Results Patients with plasmacytoid UC were more likely to have extravesical disease (≥pT3) (83% vs 43%, P P P = .04), cancer-specific survival (36% vs 57% at 5 years, RR 1.7, P = .01), and local recurrence-free survival (63% vs 81% at 5 years, RR 2, P = .01). When patients with plasmacytoid UC were matched to those with pure UC, there were no significant differences in 5-year overall, cancer-specific, and local or distant recurrence-free survival. Conclusion Plasmacytoid UC is associated with a high rate of locally advanced disease and positive margins at RC, as well as increased local recurrence rates. Further research is necessary to delineate adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment strategies to improve local cancer control of this rare subtype of UC.
Distribution System Restructuring: Distribution LMP via Unbalanced ACOPF

The emerging distribution system with a proliferation of distributed energy resources and flexible demand assets is expected to experience a restructuring process, just as what has been happening in the transmission system. This paper introduces the distribution locational marginal price (DLMP) as an effectively economic signal to quantify marginal cost for supplying next incremental loads at different phases of individual nodes. DLMP is calculated by solving the unbalanced ac optimal power flow (ACOPF) problem of distribution systems, with the objective of minimizing system operation cost. Indeed, in order to derive effective DLMPs, global optimal solution to the non-convex unbalanced ACOPF problem with a zero duality gap needs to be obtained. This paper solves the unbalanced ACOPF problem via the moment relaxation-based semidefinite programming (SDP) model. System sparsity is explored to accelerate the computational performance. In addition, a hierarchical approach is proposed to recover a good enough feasible solution to the original ACOPF, when the sparse moment relaxation-based SDP model is inexact. Numerical case studies on a modified IEEE 34-bus system evaluate the effectiveness and validity of the proposed approach. DLMP-based revenue adequacy of the distribution system is also analyzed.
Integral Equation Method for linear Water Waves

The Boundary Integral Equation Method (BIEM) is applied to transient water wave problems. Only two-dimensional linearized waves are considered. As is general practice, free-surface boundary conditions are applied at the equilibrium surface rather than the actual free surface; thus the problems become fixed-boundary problems rather the free-surface problems. For the cases in which fluid domain is unbounded in the horizontal direction, a radition condition is formulated such that waves pass through the computational boundaries without reflection. The stability limits and frequency distortion of the numerical method are examined and given. Numerical results are compared with analytical solutions or experimental data in three examples. Excellent agreement is observed.
Impact of aggregated EVs charging station on the optimal scheduling of battery storage system in islanded microgrid

In islanded microgrid scheme, optimal scheduling of energy storage system (ESS), and effective coordination between local resources are crucial and challenging optimization tasks. Demand management tools such as flexible load management have a significant influence on the optimal scheduling of ESS in islanded microgrid applications. This paper presents an optimization model to investigate the impact of aggregated electric vehicles (EVs) charging stations as a flexible load on the optimal scheduling of energy storage for islanded microgrid applications. Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) is used to formulate the proposed optimization model and solved using CPLEX tool. Numerical simulations demonstrated the effectiveness of the conducted study.
IDENTIFICATION AND PRIVATE NOTIFICATION OF PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION OUTCOME OUTLIERS IN CALIFORNIA

Public Reporting of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Outcomes could lead to risk aversion for high risk patients in need of intervention. Although PCI hospitals receive annual Office of Statewide Health Planning Department (OSHPD) data and many receive NCDR® CathPCI Registry® reports,
Stable lotus leaf-inspired hierarchical, fluorinated polypropylene surfaces for reduced bacterial adhesion

Abstract Polypropylene (PP) is used in a wide variety of medical components, but is susceptible to bacteria surface colonization and biofilm formation, which lead to infections and inflammations. In this study, we report on the micro-/nanostructuring and surface functionalization of PP substrates through various oxygen and fluorine reactive ion etching (RIE) treatments and their effects on wettability and bacteria adhesion. We found that oxygen treatment creates a hydrophilic surface that reduces bacteria adhesion by 68.7% compared to the control, but additional nanostructuring reduces the surface's anti-biofouling properties due to increased microscale roughness and air pockets that reduce the effectiveness of the liquid barrier. We demonstrate that a fluorine etch chemistry may be utilized to create lotus leaf-inspired, low surface energy, hierarchical microstructure/nanofibrils in PP. Due to the low surface energy and hierarchical morphology, the surface exhibits lotus-leaf wetting (high contact angle ~155° and low contact angle hysteresis
A fast multi-level multi-grid method for the Laplace equation

Publisher Summary This chapter develops a fast, accurate, and efficient multilevel iterative method to solve general boundary value problems arising in computational mechanics. It concentrates on problems of two-dimensional steady potential flow and presents a fast direct boundary element method. This novel method extends the work on multilevel multiintegration (MLMI) in several important ways to address problems with arbitrary geometry and mixed boundary conditions. Researchers use biconjugate gradient methods and implement the MLMI approach for fast matrix and matrix transpose multiplication for every iteration loop. A multigrid algorithm is introduced to find that the number of iterations for the bi-conjugate gradient methods is independent of the boundary-element mesh discretization for problems of steady-state heat diffusion discussed in this chapter. The method can be extended in a straightforward manner to the solution of many problems in science and engineering that result in very large sets of matrix equations when the associated integral equations are discretized.
Structural aspects of adherens junctions and desmosomes.

The cadherin-containing intercellular junctions, adherens junctions and desmosomes share an overall logical organization in which the extracellular regions of the cadherins on opposing cells interact, while their cytoplasmic domains are linked to the cytoskeleton through protein assemblies. In adherens junctions, β-catenin binds to the cytoplasmic domain of cadherins and to α-catenin, which links the cadherin/β-catenin complex to the actin cytoskeleton. In desmosomes, the β-catenin homolog plakoglobin binds to desmosomal cadherins. The desmosomal cadherin/plakoglobin complex is linked to the intermediate filament system by the protein desmoplakin. In the past decade, components of these systems have been purified to homogeneity and studied biochemically and structurally, providing the beginnings of a mechanistic description of junction architecture and dynamics.
The Role of Posterior Callosotomy in Patients with Suboptimal Response to Anterior Callosotomy

The current practice of sectioning the anterior one-half to two-thirds of the corpus callosum in selected patients with intractable seizure disorders has been predicated on the findings that partial section alone is often effective in controlling certain seizure types and that anterior section is better tolerated than complete callosotomy. In those patients in whom an unsatisfactory seizure response to anterior section has been obtained, completion of the section may then be performed. The benefit of such second stage surgery, in terms of seizure frequency reduction by seizure type, is the subject of this study.
The Origin of Atomic Spectra

Although detailed knowledge of atomic spectra is not required to use spectra for analytical purposes, it is most helpful for the analyst to have a basic understanding of the origin and the properties of spectra. The development of analytical methods using spectra as a basis for acquiring analytical data requires some understanding of such things as spectral line intensities, linewidths, temperature and pressure effects on spectral intensities, and characteristics of spectral lines suitable for spectroscopic analysis. Factors such as spectral line reversal, spectral line overlap, absorption of spectral energy, excited-state lifetimes, metastable states, degenerate states, and resonance line characteristics all are important to the analytical spectroscopist.
Comment on ``Investigations on HONO formation from photolysis of adsorbed HNO3 on quartz glass surfaces'' by S. Laufs and J. Kleffmann, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, 18, 9616

Laufs and Kleffmann observed that HNO3 surface photolysis rates resemble that of HNO3 in the gas phase after depositing HNO3 in air at ∼50% relative humidity onto quartz glass surfaces. They questioned the dry HNO3 coverage (1.1 × 1014 molecules per cm2 after depositing ∼15 mTorr HNO3 on silica at 0% humidity) used to derive our previously published HNO3 near-UV surface absorption cross sections. We directly determined the HNO3 coverage on a quartz surface using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). A similar HNO3 monolayer coverage obtained by QCM confirms that our estimated HNO3 coverage is reasonable. We also obtained an NO2 quantum yield from the 308 nm HNO3 photolysis on fused silica. In this Comment, we provide an explanation of the variance in HNO3 surface photolysis rates by clarifying the effects arising from important differences in the HNO3 coverage on quartz/silica in the presence of humidity versus those in the absence of humidity.
Africa and the Digital Savior Complex

This article examines the phenomenon of ‘digital humanitarianism’ that originates in and is practiced by the international community, and has found particular impetus through the ways in which it h...
Ibrutinib for the Treatment of Bing-Neel Syndrome, a Complication of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Patient Case Report

Bing-Neel syndrome is a rare complication of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, characterized by infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells to the central nervous system. Multiple treatment modalities exi...
Mutual assured destruction in information, influence and cyber warfare: Comparing, contrasting and combining relevant scenarios

Abstract Mutual assured destruction is a key deterrent against the use of the most powerful weapons. The threat of it successfully prevented the deployment of a nuclear weapon during and since the United States versus Soviet Union Cold War. It has also prevented the escalation to total warfare scenarios (where countries fully deploy their arsenals and capabilities against each other). Cyber weapons are poised to potentially create more havoc, death and destruction than a single nuclear weapon would and there has been significant contemporary use of information and influence warfare. Given the foregoing, this paper investigates whether mutual assured destruction scenarios may exist which are (or could be) responsible for keeping the use of these warfare methods in check. Further, the paper considers whether the three types of warfare might be effective in holding the others in check.
Effect of Aggregate Gradation on Performance of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures

AbstractThis paper investigates the process of selecting the aggregate gradation according to the Superpave mix design specifications and evaluates the volumetric properties and mechanical performa...