The role of self-efficacy in predicting perinatal women's ability to reduce smoking

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e34–e117 e117 (e.g., pathological gambling). One aspect of gambling is increased risk-taking behavior. The aim of this study was to determine the propensity of PPX to increase risk-taking in rats using a probability discounting task wherein intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) was used as the positive reinforcer. Methods: The dopaminergic toxin 6-OHDA (lesioned) or its vehicle (sham) was injected bilaterally into the dorsolateral striatum of anesthetized rats. At the same time, a stimulating electrode was implanted within the lateral hypothalamus. One week later, rats were trained in an ICSS-mediated discounting task wherein they selected between a small reinforcer presented immediately after lever pressing and a large reinforcer presented after varying probabilities. After stable behavior was observed (<20% variability for three consecutive sessions), an osmotic mini-pump was inserted subcutaneously, to deliver 0.3mg/kg/day PPX for 14 days. The discounting task was tested daily. Results: Lesioned and sham rats acquired the task equally and there was no difference between baseline discounting. Acute PPX (i.e., day 1 following mini-pump implant) had no effect on risktaking behavior in either group. In contrast, chronic treatmentwith 0.3mg/kg/day PPX increased risk-taking behavior in both groups. All rats returned to baseline levels ∼1 week after the PPX minipump was removed. Conclusions: These data reveal that a PPX dose which is subthreshold to altering behaviors when given acutely, was sufficient to increased risk-taking in a probability discounting task in both sham control and lesioned rats following chronic treatment. These findings also support the idea that behavioral addictions can be induced by PPX independent of PD neuropathology. Financial support: USPHSGs NS074014 and DA033121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.684 The role of self-efficacy in predicting perinatal women’s ability to reduce smoking Jeff Temple, Vi D. Le, Gary Hankins, Mahmoud S. Ahmed, Tatiana Nanovskaya Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, United States Aims: Smoking during pregnancy/postpartum has been associated with a host of negative outcomes for mother and child. An increased understanding of factors related to pregnant women’s decision and ability to quit smoking would inform the development of intervention programs. Thus, the purpose of the current exploratory study is to determine whether pregnant smokers who believe in their ability to quit/reduce smoking (high self-efficacy) are more successful than their counterparts low in self-efficacy. Methods: Data for the current exploratory study (n=28) consist of the first 3 visits of a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial examining the use of Bupropion as a smoking cessation aid during pregnancy. Visit 1 included enrollment and drug dispensation (active or placebo) and visit 2 was the “quit day.” At each visit, patients self-reported the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Smoking self-efficacy (SE) was assessed on the first visit with a 9-item scale adapted from a larger SE scale. Results: A summary score was calculated for each participant and high and low SE groups were created. The low SE group consisted of the bottom third percentile and the high SE group consisted of the remaining. A profile plot identified the trend of cigarette frequency over the three clinic visits for both the high and low SE groups. Essentially, women in both groups evidenced similar reductions in cigarettes per day by their third visit (from 12 cigarettes at baseline to 4). However, relative to those low in smoking SE, women high in smoking SE were able to reduce their smoking more quickly, as evidenced by steeper reductions in cigarettes smoked per day as reported at visit 2. Conclusions: While preliminary, findings indicate that motivational interviewing or other techniques aimed at increasing women’s self-efficacy in their ability to quit smokingmay expedite their decision and ability to quit smoking. Financial support: Supported by a NIDA grant RO1DA030998 to TN and GH. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.685 How well do we understand older female substance abusers in the U.S.? An analysis of TEDS-D 2006–2009 Mishka Terplan3,1, Nyaradzo Longinaker1, Margaret S. Chisolm2 1 Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States 2 Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States 3 Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States Aims: Historically, substance abuse (SA) has been considered a problem of young people, especially men. Hence less is known about the nature of SA in older women. The number of baby boomers in the US suggests that as this cohort ages, there will be an increased need for services specific to older women. Methods: Data were drawn from the Treatment Episode Data Set-Discharges (TEDS-D). Analysis compared women under 50 (n=1,878,067) to those 50 and over (N=182,246) via multivariable logistic regression. Characteristics included were race/ethnicity, education, source of income, living arrangements, primary substance, age at first use, days awaiting treatment, referral source, number of substances, treatment setting, and prior episodes. Results: In demographic comparisons, older women were more likely to be black (OR=2.57 [2.52, 2.66]), divorced/widowed (OR=1.39 [1.35,1.42]), high school graduates (OR=1.43 [1.39, 1.47]), homeless (OR=1.32 [1.25, 1.34]), receiving retirement or disability income (OR=3.40 [3.29, 3.51]), and to have started use of their primary drug as adults (OR 2.21 [2.17, 2.27]). Older women were also more likely to have prior treatment episodes and be enrolled for alcohol, which may explain many of the treatment characteristics observed. Specifically, older women were more likely than younger women to go into detoxification and have short wait times, and less likely to have criminal justice referrals (OR=0.87 [0.84, 0.88]). Conclusions: These findings suggest there are differences between older and youngerwomen in treatment. Thesemay be the result of cohort effects or evidence of changes in SA as women age. There is need to further investigate the factors driving these differences to better inform healthcare policies and treatment services for this population. Financial Support: None. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.686