cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Composition properties in uniform spaces

In this paper we describe the algebraic operators derived from the inversionclosed and regular ring properties in terms of the metric-fine and measurable operators, respectively. In discussing the above relationships, the generalized and separable composition properties are also introduced. These concepts have roughly the same relationship to the sub-M-fine and locally sub-M-fine operators, respectively, as each of the above algebraic operators has to its respective uniform operator. This analogy is formalized by Theorems 2.3 and 2.4, which characterize the algebraic operators in terms of the least upper bound operation U, the real-valued operator c, and the respective uniform operators mentioned above. These results show (cf. 2.7) that the countable, separable, and generalized composition properties coincide for spaces generated by uniform real-valued functions and that the separable composition property is equivalent to the countable composition property and the real extension (RE) property for spaces with a basis of finite dimensional uniform covers. The analogy previously mentioned is further strengthened by Theorem 2.8, which shows that the sub-inversion-closed spaces are precisely the spaces closed under generalized composition. Finally, in Theorem 2.9 we show that the finite dimensional operator f is an isomorphism from the full subcategory of respectively, locally sub-M-fine spaces with a basis of point-finite uniform covers, sub-M-fine, or metric-fine spaces onto the full subcategory of spaces with a basis of finite dimensional uniform covers which are (i) closed under separable composition, generalized composition, or inversion, respectively, and (ii) are locally sub-M-fine in the following restricted sense: each cover two-dimensionally uniform on each member of some onedimensional Euclidean uniform cover is a uniform cover.
Local field effect on Raman line profile of polyatomic molecules

We show that the Raman line profile of polyatomic molecules changes significantly due to the local field effect as the density of the molecules increases.
Historical geography III: Climate matters

My third report covering recent research in historical geography focuses on climate, and particularly scholarship that explores how the meaning of climate and climate change varies in distinct cultural and temporal contexts. Viewing climate science, and more specifically interpretations of climate science, as a discourse amenable to cultural criticism suggests that notions of climate are and have always been a physical and social phenomenon. Reviewed research suggests that ideas of climate and climate change are intertwined with social mores, politics and institutions, philosophies of civilization and progress, and inseparable from the cultural expressions that give them meaning and, thus, are far too important to be left to climate scientists to narrate or interpret.
Haploid Genetic Screens in Human Cells Identify Host Factors Used by Pathogens

Loss-of-function genetic screens in model organisms have elucidated numerous biological processes, but the diploid genome of mammalian cells has precluded large-scale gene disruption. We used insertional mutagenesis to develop a screening method to generate null alleles in a human cell line haploid for all chromosomes except chromosome 8. Using this approach, we identified host factors essential for infection with influenza and genes encoding important elements of the biosynthetic pathway of diphthamide, which are required for the cytotoxic effects of diphtheria toxin and exotoxin A. We also identified genes needed for the action of cytolethal distending toxin, including a cell-surface protein that interacts with the toxin. This approach has both conceptual and practical parallels with genetic approaches in haploid yeast.
Model of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and its amelioration by calcium and thyroxine.

Abstract The exact mechanism of gentamicin-induced acute renal failure is presently unknown; various mechanisms have been proposed but there is no proposed commonality between them. In animals, dietary calcium loading and L-thyroxine administration have been shown to ameliorate toxicity, with again no common process. A mechanism of competitive displacement of calcium and other cations from anionic phospholipids at the plasma and organelle membrane level, resulting in a decrease in Na + K + ATPase, adenylate cyclase, mitochondrial function and ATP production, protein synthesis, solute reabsorption and overall cellular function is proposed. A further proposal is dietary calcium loading and thyroxine (which increases intracellular calcium) reverse gentamicin-induced acute renal failure by increasing the calcium and solute flux, thereby competitively inhibiting the primary lesion: anionic phospholipid binding.
Expression of receptors for estrogen and progesterone in malignant colonic mucosa as a prognostic factor for patient survival

Background and Objectives Estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) have been detected in both normal and malignant colonic mucosa, but the prognostic value of this observation is unknown. We aimed to define the prognostic significance of the presence of ER and PR in malignant cells from colorectal adenocarcinoma specimens. Methods An immunohistochemical assay for ER and PR was performed on paraffinized sections from 65 colorectal adenocarcinoma specimens. Survival curves were analyzed to define the prognostic implications of ER and PR. Results Twenty nine (45%) tumors tested receptor positive (32% for ER and 23% for PR). Tumors of advanced stage were more likely to express receptors than early stage tumors (56% vs. 32%; P = 0.01). Median survival of patients with neoplasms expressing PR was 30 months. For patients whose tumors did not express any receptors, median survival had not been reached at the time of follow-up (P = 0.04). Similarly, patients with tumors expressing both receptors had significantly reduced survival (median survival = 20 months; P = 0.003). Conclusions Expression of receptors for sex steroids correlates with advanced stage disease. Expression of PR by the tumor cells is associated with a shorter patient survival. The results suggest that sex steroids may play a role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. J. Surg. Oncol. 1999;72:225–229. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Xenobiotic effects in the ovary: temporary versus permanent infertility.

Introduction: Damage caused by xenobiotic compounds to the ovaries is a subject of concern because of their critical role in reproduction. Female mammals are born with a finite number of germ cells (oocytes) encased in primordial follicles. Xenobiotic-induced damage to primordial follicles can result in early ovarian failure (premature menopause). Alternatively, damage affecting larger growing follicles can prevent ovulation, thereby causing infertility during childbearing years. Areas covered: This review summarizes information from animal studies and human observations about xenobiotic compound classes known to target the ovary to potentially cause reversible infertility (amenorrhea) as well as early ovarian failure. Toxicological evidence supporting ovotoxicity mechanisms from some of these compounds is presented. The reader will gain an appreciation of how exposures to certain widespread environmental chemicals are of concern as regards impacting a woman's reproductive capabilities and life span. Expe...
Nanotechnology and dermatology: part II--risks of nanotechnology.

0738 doi:1 ...from time to time, a high wind would blow across the desert, whipping up the sand, which swirled and eddied, a thick yellow cloud. It rendered visibility as poor as a thick London fog. It penetrated everywhere. One breathed sand, one swallowed it, one's eyes and ears and nose were filled with it. One's hair was matted with sand. One's face and arms were yellow and sore from the tiny gritty particles which penetrated the pores of the skin.
Evolution in the sabre-tooth cat, Smilodon fatalis, in response to Pleistocene climate change.

The late Pleistocene was a time of environmental change, culminating in an extinction event. Few fossil localities record a temporal series of carnivore fossil populations from this interesting interval as well as Rancho La Brea (RLB). We analysed mandibles of Smilodon fatalis from RLB using 2-D geometric morphometrics to examine whether, and how, mandibular shape changes through time. Smilodon fatalis shows mandibular evolution with oscillations between a small, ancestral-type morph in pits 77 (≈37 Kybp) and 2051 (≈26 Kybp), a larger, more derived morph in pits 91 (≈28 Kybp) and 61-67 (≈13.6 Kybp), and an intermediate morph from pit 13 (≈17.7 Kybp). These oscillations end in pit 61-67, with greatest body size, and are estimated to have its widest gape and lowest bite force. Additionally, variation is lowest in pit 61-67, which was deposited concurrent with the Bolling–Allerod warming event, which may have important implications for the timing or conditions during the extinction event. Contra to a temporal Bergmann's rule, such rapid warming events appear to be correlated with larger, derived, morphologies whereas static, cooler, climates correlate with gracile, ancestral morphologies.
Agroforestry practices of non-industrial private forest landowners in Washington State

A mail survey was conducted to gain understanding of the agroforestry practices of non-industrial private forest landowners (NIPF) in Washington State, located in the north-western USA. Although NIPF owners control 1.5 million hectares of the state's commercial forestland base, their diversity of forestland uses, land management practices and objectives as land managers are not well understood. Past NIPF surveys and anecdotal information suggest agroforestry is a major use of NIPF lands. We defined agroforestry as a potentially sustainable land use practice combining the deliberate growing of woody perennials with agricultural crops and/or animals. Objectives of this study were to: The target population consisted of NIPF owners in 4 counties within each of the three regions. Response to the August 1990 mail survey was 63.5%, yielding 296 useable questionnaires. Fifty-seven percent of all respondents practice agroforestry. Forestland grazing is the most common agroforestry practice (39% of all respondents), followed by windbreaks (34%), harvest of special forest products (12%), livestock enrichment plantings for forage or shelter (7%), orchard grazing (5%), orchard intercropping (2%), and Christmas tree grazing (0.34%). The most frequent motives for owning land were passing land on to children (80%), keeping it natural and income from timber (both 72%). Respondents saw aesthetics (77%), increasing land unit income (74%), and water conservation (70%) as possible advantages of practicing agroforestry. High establishment costs (66%) and livestock damage to trees or crops (64%) were the most frequently selected potential disadvantages to practicing agroforestry. Lack of technical and educational support (67%) and lack of access to livestock/livestock facilities (58%) were disincentives to practicing agroforestry. Landowners are interested in learning more about agroforestry and how agroforestry techniques might be incorporated in their land management tool kit. A significant number of non-industrial private forest land owners in Washington believe that management of forestland, balancing conservation and production goals, can be furthered by suitable agroforestry practices.
Directional control of π-stacked building blocks for crystal engineering: the 1,8-naphthalimide synthon

Incorporating the 1,8-naphthalimide group into bis(pyrazolyl)methane ligands triggers the association of their rhenium(I) complexes into directionally ordered dimers in both solution and solid state, as demonstrated by ES+/MS, PGSE–NMR and X-ray diffraction studies.
Exploring attribution of responsibility for visitor safety in a US national park

Attracting millions of visitors each year, US national parks represent one context in which unintentional injuries are recurrent and fatal. Given unique environmental and infrastructural risks, as well as varied recreational opportunities and social contexts, who is perceived as responsible for preventing visitor injuries, and how might this relate to risk perception? Further, how does attribution of responsibility relate to support for preventative risk management? Limited research has considered these questions yet increasing promotion of parks to diverse audiences suggests a need to build public support for risk management. Using quantitative and qualitative survey data, this study found that most visitors perceived themselves as responsible for their own safety, and perceptions of the uncontrollability of risks were positively related to these attributions; however, attribution failed to predict support for preventative risk management. Significant predictors included perceptions of risk, participatio...
Change in the scenery: an ethnographic exploration of crack cocaine use in rural Ohio.

Abstract Though still largely perceived as an “inner city” drug, crack cocaine has become increasingly available in many areas of the United States. However, little research has been conducted on the phenomenon of crack cocaine use outside of urban areas. This paper draws on qualitative interviews with 50 recent and former crack-cocaine users to explore patterns of use and distribution in three counties in rural Ohio. The findings show that variable patterns of crack use previously documented among urban crack users are evident in rural areas as well, though these are modified by the context of the rural small town. It is postulated that local social networks are the primary means by which these patterns are both transmitted and translated. Implications of these exploratory findings and possible directions for future research are discussed.
Colored Petri Net model of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) together with its extension for presence and messaging is considered to be an enabler of converged communications. At the core, SIP is a signaling protocol used for establishing sessions in an IP network. SIP has been adopted by 3GPP for multimedia streaming services in cellular networks. This paper presents a formalized and executable Colored Petri Net model of SIP and its components. Since the broader impact of SIP is the realization of SIP-based services, these models can be used to design and analyze such services for desired behaviors prior to implementation.
A model system. Integration of services for cancer treatment.

The care of pediatric cancer patients continues to grow in complexity. Paradoxically, treatment regimens grow more intensive, while regulatory pressures mandate more outpatient care. The challenge is to integrate services around episodes of illness and encounters over periods of 1-3 years. The approach of the author's clinic has been to create seamless relationships that place the patient at the center of care and address the major boundaries patients face. The inpatient-outpatient boundary has been effectively breached by an inpatient case manager and the simultaneous temporary rotation of an inpatient nurse to the outpatient area for specialty training
Role of oblique convergence in the active deformation of the Himalayas and southern Tibet plateau

Noting similarities with subduction along curved oceanic trenches and using a simple block model, we show that radial vergence evident in earthquake slip vectors along the Himalayan deformation front, east-west extension on north-trending normal faults in the Himalayas and southern Tibet, and right-lateral strike slip on the Karakorum-Jiali fault zone can all result from basal shear caused by the Indian plate sliding obliquely beneath Tibet along a gently dipping, arcuate plate boundary. Within the framework of this mechanism, the normal faults in the Himalayas and southern Tibet are not proxies for the uplift history of Tibet. The distribution and style of the faults in the Himalayas and southern Tibet suggest that the basal drag from the underthrusting Indian lithosphere extends northward beneath most of southern Tibet.
Open systems and citizenship: Designing a departmental web site as an open system

Abstract Academic web sites are often “brochureware”: monologic sites that primarily provide information about an academic unit, with strongly limited feedback or contributions from those who are represented by the site. In such sites, divergent ideas and viewpoints are typically papered over, because the means of producing such pages tend to be concentrated in the hands of a small group of people. This article describes how we redesigned one such site as an open system in which control is distributed among departmental members. Our goal was to provide a productive civic forum for those citizens while still meeting the needs of the site’s visitors. We describe the conversational approach we used to redesign the site, apply it to a critique of the original web site, then describe the changes we implemented to remake the site as a civic forum. Finally, we describe the site’s early successes and failures and the lessons we learned.
Studies on interaction between poly(L‐lysine) and DNA of varied G + C contents

Interaction between polylysine and DNA's of varied G + C contents was studied using thermal denaturation and circular dichroism (CD). For each complex there is one melting band at a lower temperature tm, corresponding to the helix–coil transition of free base pairs, and another band at a higher temperature t′m, corresponding to the transition of polylysine-bound base pairs. For free base pairs, with natural DNA's and poly(dA-dT) a linear relation is observed between the tm and the G + C content of the particular DNA used. This is not true with poly(dG)·poly(dC), which has a tm about 20°C lower than the extrapolated value for DNA of 100% G + C. For polylysine-bound base pairs, a linear relation is also observed between the t′m and the G + C content of natural DNA's but neither poly(dA-dT) nor poly(dG)·poly(dC) complexes follow this relationship. The dependence of melting temperature on composition, expressed as dtm/dXG·C, where XG·C is the fraction of G·C pairs, is 60°C for free base pairs and only 21°C for polylysine-bound base pairs. This reduction in compositional dependence of Tm is similar to that observed for pure DNA in high ionic strength. Although the t′m of polylysine-poly(dA-dT) is 9°C lower than the extrapolated value for 0% G + C in EDTA buffer, it is independent of ionic strength in the medium and is equal to the tm0 extrapolated from the linear plot of tm against log Na+. There is also a noticeable similarity in the CD spectra of polylysine· and polyarginine·DNA complexes, except for complexes with poly(dA-dT). The calculated CD spectrum of polylysine-bound poly(dA-dT) is substantially different from that of polyarginine-bound poly(dA-dT).
The effects of radiation damaged heterochromatic chromosomes on male fertility in the mealy bug, planococcus citri (risso).

Male mealy bugs, Planococcus citri (Risso), were exposed to various dosed if gamma rays (15-90,000 rep), fertility of the surviiving sons (X/sub 1/) studied. There was a pronounced lethality of sons as well as daughters in culvivors in these high dosage cultures developed more slowly than individuals in control matings. No external phenotypic changes appeared in any of the X/sub 1/ males studied. Findings are summarized. The effects of high dosage paternal irradiation on the fertility of the sons are discussed in terms of the possible functions of the heterochromatic chromosomes of the lecanoid male. (C.H.)
Prenatal choline supplementation attenuates neuropathological response to status epilepticus in the adult rat hippocampus

Prenatal choline supplementation (SUP) protects adult rats against spatial memory deficits observed after excitotoxin-induced status epilepticus (SE). To examine the mechanism underlying this neuroprotection, we determined the effects of SUP on a variety of hippocampal markers known to change in response to SE and thought to underlie ensuing cognitive deficits. Adult offspring from rat dams that received either a control or SUP diet on embryonic days 12-17 were administered saline or kainic acid (i.p.) to induce SE and were euthanized 16 days later. SUP markedly attenuated seizure-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration, dentate cell proliferation, and hippocampal GFAP mRNA expression levels, prevented the loss of hippocampal GAD65 protein and mRNA expression, and altered growth factor expression patterns. SUP also enhanced pre-seizure hippocampal levels of BDNF, NGF, and IGF-1, which may confer a neuroprotective hippocampal microenvironment that dampens the neuropathological response to and/or helps facilitate recovery from SE to protect cognitive function.
Assessment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk and management of dyslipidemia in obese children

Abstract As the prevalence of childhood obesity increases there is potential for an increase in prevalence and an earlier onset of coronary artery disease. Comorbidities of obesity such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance syndrome, hypertension, sedentary lifestyle or associated lifestyle factors, like tobacco smoke exposure may result in premature onset of atherosclerosis. Obese children may have other diseases, which can also accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. As clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease does not manifest in obese children, assessment of non-invasive markers of vessel function and structure may be helpful in further stratifying risk and in monitoring effects of intervention. Broad social and cultural changes outside the scope of the health sector are probably most effective in curtailing the epidemic of obesity and thus minimizing its cardiovascular manifestations. Pediatric health care providers should be diligent in screening and providing counseling regarding potential cardiovascular risk factors. Lifestyle alterations resulting in optimal weight management are of foremost importance in preventing the cardiovascular effects of obesity. A select group of children may be at high risk of premature cardiovascular disease despite rigorous implementation of these measures. These children may benefit from pharmacological therapy of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance syndrome or hypertension. Statins have been proven to be effective in decreasing blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in children and appear safe in the short-term, but their effect in eventually altering the timeline of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease manifestations in adult life or its associated mortality and morbidity is unclear. The effect of risk factor modification on vascular functional and structural end points will continue to be a resource for evidence-based therapy in these children in the absence of hard clinical outcomes data. This article addresses an overview of assessment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in obese children, but is restricted to an overview of the management of one risk factor - dyslipidemia.
Linear Estimation of a Regression Relationship from Censored Data Part I—Simple Methods and Their Application

In many regression problems, data on the dependent variable are censored; that is, the values of some observations are known only to be above or else below some value. Such data often arise in accelerated life testing where life is the dependent variable and temperature or stress is the independent variable and some test units have not failed at the time of the analysis. In such situations, the standard techniques of least squares estimation for the parameters of a linear regression model cannot be used, since the values of the censored observations are not known. This is Part I of a two-part series on the theory and application of linear estimation methods for regression analysis using the ordered observations of censored data. The use of these methods is illustrated with analyses of censored data from an accelerated life test of motor insulation and of censored data from tandem specimens in a creep-rupture test on an alloy.
Relationships between the contingent negative variation (CNV) and reaction time

Abstract In a reaction time (RT) test, ten normal adults made lever presses to tones that were preceded by warning clicks. During the preparatory interval between click and tone, a slow negative potential shift (CNV) was recorded from the scalp. The CNV was partitioned into an artifactual component caused by eye movements and a “true” or tCNV, presumably arising from the brain. Over a long series of lever pressing trials, the trial-to-trial variability in tCNV was inversely correlated with the RT of the motor response in half the subjects. The largest tCNVs preceded responses executed with the fastest RTs. These relationships were complex, and the problem of defining the behavioral correlates of the tCNV was discussed.
Photoanodic behavior of vapor-liquid-solid–grown, lightly doped, crystalline Si microwire arrays

Arrays of n-Si microwires have to date exhibited low efficiencies when measured as photoanodes in contact with a 1-1′-dimethylferrocene (Me2Fc+/0)–CH3OH solution. Using high-purity Au or Cu catalysts, arrays of crystalline Si microwires were grown by a vapor-liquid-solid process without dopants, which produced wires with electronically active dopant concentrations of 1 × 1013 cm−3. When measured as photoanodes in contact with a Me2Fc+/0–CH3OH solution, the lightly doped Si microwire arrays exhibited greatly increased fill factors and efficiencies as compared to n-Si microwires grown previously with a lower purity Au catalyst. In particular, the Cu-catalyzed Si microwire array photoanodes exhibited open-circuit voltages of ∼0.44 V, carrier-collection efficiencies exceeding ∼0.75, and an energy-conversion efficiency of 1.4% under simulated air mass 1.5 G illumination. Lightly doped Cu-catalyzed Si microwire array photoanodes have thus demonstrated performance that is comparable to that of optimally doped p-type Si microwire array photocathodes in photoelectrochemical cells.
Dark matter and the observability of the electroweak transition

Abstract In a recent paper, Dimopoulos et al. argued that the standard calculation of the abundance of a dark matter particle would not be affected by the electroweak transition. They considered a model with a fermion whose mass arises entirely through its interaction with the Higgs boson. I consider somewhat more complicated, but much more realistic, models, in which the dark matter particle may also be a scalar, in which a more realistic range of couplings is chosen, and in which the possibility of bare mass terms is included. It is shown that for almost all of parameter space, the electroweak transition will have a negligible effect; a (barely) significant effect arises only if the particle is a scalar with a huge coupling and a bare mass term in excess of 1300 GeV.
The biochemical development of surface activity in mammalian lung. II. The biosynthesis of phospholipids in the lung of the developing rabbit fetus and newborn.

The Biochemical Development of Surface Activity in Mammalian Lung: II. The Biosynthesis of Phospholipids in the Lung of the Developing Rabbit Fetus and Newborn
Two-dimensional angular optical scattering patterns of microdroplets in the mid infrared with strong and weak absorption.

Two-dimensional angular optical scattering (TAOS) patterns of droplets composed of a mixture of H2O and D2O are detected in the mid infrared. First, a lens is used in the Abbe sine condition to collect a small solid angle of light, where the scattering pattern matches well numerical simulations based on Mie theory. Next, TAOS patterns from droplets spanning a large (approximately 27pi sr) solid angle are captured simultaneously at two wavelengths. The effects of absorption are evident in the patterns and are discernible without the need for curve matching by Mie theory.
Appraising the Efficacy of Civic Education at the Community College.

Educating for civic competence is an important societal mission of the community college. This chapter describes obstacles to and opportunities for the success of this mission.
The effects of the number of rubber bands placed at each endoscopic session upon variceal outcomes: a prospective, randomized study.

The Effects of the Number of Rubber Bands Placed at Each Endoscopic Session Upon Variceal Outcomes: A Prospective, Randomized Study
Glucagonoma and its angiographic diagnosis.

Four patients with metastatic glucagonoma are described. Angiography demonstrated a small avascular primary tumor of the tail of the pancreas in one patient and large hypervascular tumors of the pancreatic head in the other three. Liver metastases, were hypervascular in all four. Including our 4 with 21 cases from the literature, glucagonomas show a 92% incidence of increased tumor vascularity—thus increasing the likelihood of successful angiographic diagnosis. The awareness of clinically subtle or atypical glucagonomas and use of plasma glucagon determination are important factors leading to early diagnosis of these neoplasms. Since angiography can localize the tumor, assess its extent, and detect hepatic metastases, it is essential to the detailed evaluation of glucagonomas.
Experimental characterization of processing-performance relationships of resistance welded graphite/polyetheretherketone composite joints

A study to investigate fusion bonding (welding) of AS4 graphite/polyetheretherketone (PEEK) thermoplastic composites is presented. Processing studies are conducted for resistance welding preconsolidated AS4/PEEK laminates in both unidirectional and quasi-isotropic configurations using PEEK and polyetherimide (PEI) film at the joint interface. All bonding was done under a constant displacement process. The influence of processing time, initially applied consolidation pressure, and the rate of heat generation on weld performance is examined through lap shear and Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness testing. A rapid increase in strength with processing time that asymptotically approaches the compression molded baseline is measured. Weld times for quasi-isotropic lap shear coupons are significantly shorter than those with a unidirectional lay-up. Variation of the initially applied consolidation pressure is shown to have little influence on the lap shear strength of PEEK film welded lap joints. A discussion of the mechanisms allowing void formation during the welding process is given. Bond strength test results are correlated with ultrasonic C-scans of the weld regions.
Lipoprotein receptors and the genetic control of cholesterol metabolism in cultured human cells

Biochemical analysis of cultured fibroblasts obtained from human subjects with the autosomal dominant disorder familial hypercholesterolemia has led to the identification of a hitherto unrecognized cell-surface receptor for serum lipoproteins. This receptor plays a critical role in the physiologic regulation of cholesterol metabolism in human cells, and its absence leads to elevation of serum-cholesterol levels and severe atheroslerosis.
The Freshwater Mussel Fauna (Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the Knife River, Minnesota, Following a Rotenone Treatment

ABSTRACT Our objective was to determine if salmonid biomass across a large watershed in the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming was influenced by stream size, channel slope, or abundance of pool habitat. No relationships were observed with wetted width or channel slope; however, a significant relationship was found between biomass and the abundance of pool habitat. These results suggest that geomorphic stream features had little influence on salmonid biomass, but that instream habitat was important. This pattern may occur in other montane watersheds where streams originate primarily from groundwater sources in limestone formations.
Guanylate cyclase-C/cGMP: an emerging pathway in the regulation of visceral pain

Activation of guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) expressed predominantly on intestinal epithelial cells by guanylin, uroguanylin or the closely related GC-C agonist peptide, linaclotide, stimulates generation and release of cyclic guanosine-3’,5’-monophosphate (cGMP). Evidence that the visceral analgesic effects of linaclotide are mediated by a novel, GC-C-dependent peripheral sensory mechanism was first demonstrated in animal models of visceral pain. Subsequent studies with uroguanylin or linaclotide have confirmed the activation of a GC-C/cGMP pathway leading to increased submucosal cGMP mediated by cGMP efflux pumps, which modulates intestinal nociceptor function resulting in peripheral analgesia. These effects can be reproduced by the addition of exogenous cGMP and support a role for GC-C/cGMP signaling in the regulation of visceral sensation, a physiological function that has not previously been linked to the GC-C/cGMP pathway. Notably, targeting the GC-C/cGMP pathway for treatment of gastrointestinal pain and abdominal sensory symptoms has now been validated in the clinic. In 2012, linaclotide was approved in the United States and European Union for the treatment of adult patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.
Hydrothermal interaction of Columbia Plateau basalt from the Umtanum flow (Washington, U.S.A.) with its coexisting groundwater

Abstract A series of experiments have been performed in which tholeiitic basalt from the Umtanum flow of the Columbia River plateau was reacted with the synthetic equivalent of groundwater with which it is in contact at a pressure of 300 bar, temperatures of 100°, 200° and 300°C, and water/rock mass ratios of between 5 and 50. Reaction products formed included: silica, illite, scapolite, wairakite, heulandite, K-feldspar and smectite. The alteration mineral assemblage formed during the experiments are similar to those predicted for equilibrium with geothermal waters in a tholeiitic system. Solution pH decreased relative to that of the initial solution. The final calculated high-temperature pH-values were near 7.6 at 300°C, 7.5 at 200°C and 7.2 at 100°C. The pH decrease is much less than that of basalt-seawater experiments. The pH decrease may be due to incorporation of Na into secondary products. Solution composition was modified. Silica, Al, K and sulfide increased, whereas Na decreased. The oxidation state of the solution became reduced during the experiment, approaching the hematite-magnetite-pyrite invariant point at 300°C. The solution composition from the experiments compare favorably with the compositions of some Icelandic geothermal fluids.
Axotomy-Induced Changes in Ribosomal RNA Levels in Female Hamster Facial Motoneurons: Differential Effects of Gender and Androgen Exposure

Following facial nerve injury, female hamster facial motoneurons (HFMN) regenerate faster than their male counterparts. Testosterone propionate (TP) markedly accelerates the rate of facial nerve regeneration in males, but has a relatively reduced effect in females. In the present study, we utilized in situ hybridization in conjunction with ribosomal DNA probes to test the hypothesis that in females HFMN axotomy produces a less dramatic cell body response than in males and to examine gender differences in the effects of steroids on peripheral nerve regeneration at the molecular level. The results indicate that in females axotomy alone induced moderate increases in rRNA levels, beginning 2 days postoperatively. These changes were both slower in onset and lower in magnitude than those in the males. TP augmented the effects of axotomy on rRNA levels at the later postoperative times. There were no early, rapid effects of TP, like those observed in males. These molecular data substantiate our previous findings of inherent sex differences in neuronal regeneration and the ability of gonadal steroids to augment the reparative response of peripheral neurons to injury.
Identity and career choice in music

Several provocative hypotheses and questions were posed at the Third and Fourth International Conferences on Cultural Economics in 1984 and 1986. After examining the disparate relationship between artists' training and earnings, Wassail and Alper proposed that, "the public stereotype of the artist is of a person who is in many ways different from the 'rest of us'" (1984, p. 213). Gray suggested that "performing artists must be a pretty peculiar breed; their behavior does not seem to make much sense. Why would anyone seek employment in a profession that pays notoriously low average salaries and entails equally notorious unemployment and underemployment?..Clearly these people are behaving in an irrational manner. Or are they?" (1986, p. 231). Following the Fourth International Conference on Cultural Economics, Dick Netzer made the following comment in a letter to me, "...the simple models that we economists use to understand how the performing arts 'work' predict that almost no one would choose to be a muscian, but that once one had made that choice because of the supposed 'psychic income' from the career, one would never leave it".
Patterns of Alcohol and Marijuana Use at School.

The problem of adolescent substance use has been examined extensively. Beyond simple prevalence estimates, however, little research has been conducted on substance use in the school context. The present investigation was an in-depth study of students' attitudes and behaviors regarding alcohol and marijuana use during the school day. Based on a representative sample of 1123 high school students, this study assessed the frequency of alcohol and marijuana use at school among demographic subgroups, the accessibility of drugs in school, and students' perceived consequences of being caught using drugs in school. The results showed that male and Hispanic students had higher levels of drug use at school than female and white students, respectively; that school drug use increased with age, and that alcohol and marijuana were easily obtained and used on school grounds. A large percentage of students were not aware of the specific actions taken in their schools to punish drug use. The need for additional research on school-related drug use is emphasized.
Measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction with ionic 113mIn and a cardiac probe

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured with a cardiac probe (Nuclear Stethoscope, Bios Inc., Valhalla, New York) and 113mIn in 28 normal subjects and 86 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In 20 normal subjects 99mTC-RBCs were compared with 113mIn which binds to transferrin after IV injection. With 99mTc-RBCs, average LVEF was 57±7% (1 SD); with 113mIn, average LVEF was 55±8% (N.S.). Sequential measurements at different times over 60 min revealed good reproducibility.
String consistency for unified model building

Abstract We explore the use of real fermionization as a test case for understanding how specific features of phenomenological interest in the low-energy effective superpotential are realized in exact solutions to heterotic superstring theory. We present pedagogic examples of models which realize SO (10) as a level two current algebra on the world-sheet, and discuss in general how higher level current algebras can be realized in the tensor product of simple constituent conformal field theories. We describe formal developments necessary to compute couplings in models built using real fermionization. This allows us to isolate cases of spin structures where the standard prescription for real fermionization may break down.
Antimicrobial activity of extracts of Caribbean gorgonian corals

Extracts of 39 species of Caribbean gorgonians were tested for antimicrobial activity against 15 strains of marine bacteria. The bacteria consisted of three opportunistic pathogens, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Leucothrix mucor, and Aerococcus viridans, and 12 strains isolated from either healthy or decayed gorgonians. Overall, only 15% (79 out of 544) of the tests resulted in antibacterial activity with 33% (13 out of 39) of the gorgonians inhibiting only one bacterial strain and 23% (9 out of 39) showing no activity. The extracts of four Pseudopterogorgia species showed relatively high levels of activity, inhibiting 43 to 86% of the bacterial strains. The potency of the active Pseudopterogorgia species was variable, however, and three additional Pseudopterogorgia species were inactive against all bacterial strains. With the exception of one sensitive strain, Vibrio species were resistant to gorgonian metabolites. Our results indicate that organic extracts of most Caribbean gorgonians do not possess potent, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity inhibitory to the growth of opportunistic marine pathogens and bacteria associated with healthy and decayed gorgonian surfaces. These findings suggest that the inhibition of bacterial growth is not the primary ecological function of gorgonian secondary metabolites and that bacteria may not be important selective agents in the evolution of gorgonian secondary chemistry.
Datacenter Efficiency: What's Next?

Over the last 10+ years, large datacenters have benefited from computer technology and physical infrastructure advances that substantially improved their efficiency. However, there is still much room for improvement, as the datacenters' computational resources are often poorly utilized and technology advances are starting to falter. In this talk, I will discuss some interesting avenues for continued efficiency improvement driven by smarter software, including greater use of parallelism and predictive workload scheduling.
The technology explosion & training: how “old-fashioned” marketing helps keep training relevant

The design and implementation of academic computer training can be an overwhelming task. The goal is to convey information as efficiently as possible. But what information, to whom, and how? The technological explosion confronting training and consulting staffs creates special challenges. Many institutions face flat budgets, fixed staff sizes, and staff turnover. These factors thwart the ability to assimilate technological change and integrate these changes into user training. How can we (to coin the Tom Peters phrase) “thrive on chaos”1. Use a structured marketing approach to user training.What does a marketing approach entail? It is a way of thinking about computer training as a set of customized solutions to unmet needs within the university community. The approach works equally well as a long-range planning tool and as a short-term evaluation tool of existing training. The five steps are: Segment your user community into groups, or target markets, with common interests in computing tasks and learning styles.Identify needs or problems specific to each group then assess how well your training program addresses these areas.Design a “marketing mix”, or customized solution, for each group to fill the needs gap. What should the content be? Can you address pricing issues by charging fees or bartering? What are the preferred methods for distribution? How can you communicate with members of each group in a timely and meaningful way?Implement your training plan for selected groups.Solicit feedback and adjust your strategy.This paper first provides a blueprint for this process for strategic planners. Then, it also explores specific techniques for each of the five steps. A discussion of overall benefits and costs concludes the paper.
Stochastic optimal power flow in systems with wind power

This paper outlines recent work on development of an optimal power flow (OPF) model for use in systems with large amounts of uncertainty, specifically from wind generation. By incorporating the stochastic nature of wind into the OPF, and thus producing a Stochastic OPF (STOPF), the results seen are more robust to wind power output forecast inaccuracies, as well as uncertainties about load, generator and transmission outages. The STOPF problem solves for re-dispatch schedules after contingencies and other uncertain events represented in the model. Hence, it can be formulated to determine the system reserve requirements, validate the sufficiency of reserve procurement, and obtain fast redispatch strategies in real time system operations. Enhancements to an existing STOPF model are described; applications of the model to areas related to high wind power operations are then shown.
Fully depleted dual-gated thin-film SOI p-MOSFET with an isolated buried polysilicon backgate

A p-channel Dual-Gated Thin-Film Silicon-on-insulator (DG-TFSOI) MOSFET has been fabricated with an isolated buried polysilicon backgate and is in a SOI island. This structure allows individual operation of each backgate of each device, rather than the present common backgate (substrate) structure. The ability to use a individual buried gate to dynamically shift the threshold voltage of each individual top MOSFET may have significant implications for low power circuits and offers a way to boost drive currents for faster switching. By using Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth (ELO) the bottom thermal buried oxide can be specified to any thickness.
A Putative Transmembrane Leucine Zipper of Agrobacterium VirB10 Is Essential for T-Pilus Biogenesis but Not Type IV Secretion

The Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB/VirD4 type IV secretion system (T4SS) is composed of a translocation channel and an extracellular T-pilus. Bitopic VirB10 together with the VirB7 lipoprotein and VirB9 interact to form a cell-envelope-spanning structural scaffold termed the ‘core complex’ that is required for assembly of both structures. The related pKM101-encoded core complex is composed of 14 copies each of these VirB homologs, and the transmembrane (TM) α-helices of VirB10-like TraF form a 55 A diameter ring at the inner membrane (IM). Here, we report that the VirB10 TM helix possesses two types of putative dimerization motifs, a GxxxA (GA 4 ) motif and two leucine (Leu1, Leu2) zippers. Mutations in the Leu1 motif disrupted T-pilus biogenesis, but these or other mutations in the GA 4 or Leu2 motifs did not abolish substrate transfer. Substitution of the VirB10 TM domain with a nondimerizing poly-Leu/Ala TM sequence also blocked pilus production but not substrate transfer or formation of immunoprecipitable complexes with the core subunits VirB7 and VirB9 and the substrate receptor VirD4. The VirB10 TM helix formed weak homodimers in Escherichia coli as determined with the TOXCAT assay, whereas substitution of the VirB10 TM helix with the strongly dimerizing TM helix from glycophorin A blocked T-pilus biogenesis in A. tumefaciens . Our findings support a model in which VirB10’s TM helix contributes to assembly or activity of the translocation channel as a weakly self-interacting membrane anchor, but establishes a heteromeric TM-TM helix interaction via its Leu1 motif that is critical for T-pilus biogenesis.
Induction Support of New Teachers: A Functional Approach.

Odell completed a functional analysis of the needs of teachers by recording the forms of actual assistance given to first year and "new to system" teachers in a teacher induction program. Eighty-six first year and 79 new to system teachers were involved in the study. The two pri mary needs of both groups of teachers included (a) obtaining information about the school district and (b) obtain ing resources and materials pertinant to the curriculum to be taught. Of particu lar interest is Odell's fnding that experi enced teachers who are new to a school system do not have remarkably different needs from those of first year teachers.
Disability and the Transition to Adulthood

Data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 are used to estimate the effect of type of disability (in order of frequency, learning, other, emotional, hearing, visual, physical and speech impairment) on young people’s progress toward four adult transitions: finding full-time employment, establishing an independent residence, marrying and having children. I find that young people who have a visual, hearing, speech or “other” impairment are more likely than their nondisabled peers to find themselves among the respondents who did not complete any of the adult transitions examined in the analysis. Young people who have a learning disability are also more likely to be in a “just workers” group (i.e., respondents who are still living at home, for the most part, but working fulltime).