cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploration, navigation and cognitive mapping

We present a modified version of Schmajuk and Thieme's (1992) neural network model of spatial navigation. The new model differs from the original in several ways. First, whereas the early model assumed no a priori knowledge of the space to be explored, the present model assumes a repre sentation of the environment as a set of potentially connected locations. Second, whereas in the original model the decision as to what place to move to next is based on the comparison of the predictions of the goal when each of the alternative places is briefly entered; in the present paper this decision is based on the comparison of the activation of each of the alternative places when the goal is activated. Computer simulations show that the present network offers a novel descrip tion of latent learning in terms of the competition between exploration and exploitation.
A Sliding-Mode Antiswing Trajectory Control for Overhead Cranes With High-Speed Load Hoisting

Abstract This paper proposes a sliding-mode anti-swing control foroverhead cranes. The objective of this study is to realize ananti-swing trajectory control with high-speed load hoisting. Asliding-mode anti-swing trajectory control scheme is designedbased on the Lyapunov stability theorem, where a sliding sur-face, coupling the trolley motion with load swing, is adopted fora direct damping control of load swing. The proposed controlguarantees asymptotic stability while keeping all internal signalsbounded. In association with a new anti-swing motion planningscheme, the proposedcontrol realizes a typical anti-swing trajec-tory control in practice, allowing high-speed load-hoisting mo-tion and sufﬁcient damping of load swing. The proposed con-trol is simple for a real-time implementationwith high-frequencysampling. The effectiveness of the proposed control has beenconﬁrmed by experiments. 1 Introduction Over the past two decades, considerable research has beenperformed for the anti-swing control of overhead cranes [1-11].However, the manual control of an experienced crane opera-tor is still more effective than a computerized anti-swing con-trol. An experienced crane operator controls the crane alonga typical anti-swing trajectory that consists of an acceleratingzone, constant-velocity zone, and decelerating zone, frequentlywith high-speed load hoisting in the accelerating and decelerat-ing zones. This implies that the research in the anti-swing con-trol should address the following control criteria. First, the anti-swing control should be solved as a trajectory control. Second,high-speed load hoisting should be allowed in the acceleratingand decelerating zones. Finally, sufﬁcient damping should beguaranteed for rapid suppression of load swing.This paper proposes a new sliding-mode anti-swing controlfor overhead cranes. An anti-swing trajectory control scheme,allowing high-speed load-hoisting motion, is designed basedon sliding-mode control [12]; the proposed control guaranteesasymptotic stability while keeping all internal signals bounded.The proposed control provides a direct damping mechanism forthe load swing control. In association with a new anti-swingmotion-planning scheme [11], the proposed control realizes atypical anti-swing trajectory control in practice, enabling high-speed control of load hoisting and sufﬁcient damping of loadswing. Moreover, the proposed control is simple for a real-timeimplementation with easy gain tuning. The effectiveness of theproposed control is shown with control experiments.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Sec-tion 2, a dynamic model of an overhead crane is described. InSection 3, a model-based anti-swing trajectory control schemeis designed based on sliding-mode control. In Section 4, theproposed control is evaluated through experiments. Finally, inSection 5, the conclusions are drawn for this study.1 Copyright
On the relation between abilities, learning, and human performance.

Describes the author's research efforts to link basic and applied psychology concepts in each of the following areas: aptitude measurement, learning and training, and human task performance. Several studies are described in detail to illustrate a number of broad issues, particularly the possibility
Spontaneous Necrosis of the Skin Associated With Cryofibrinogenemia, Cryoglobulinemia, and Homocystinuria

Cryofibrinogenemia has been associated with a variety of skin manifestations including purpura, livedo reticularis, and ulceration. Our patient, who had undergone axillobifemoral bypass 5 years previously, presented following the spontaneous development of a necrotic wound involving the left groin scar. The location of the wound suggested the possibility of underlying graft infection, but indium-111 white blood cell scan and MRI failed to show any evidence of infection. The patient was initially treated with oral antibiotics and outpatient debridement with no improvement. A more aggressive approach with inpatient operative debridement and intravenous antibiotics produced moderate improvement. Three months later, the patient developed an identical necrotic wound in the right groin and subsequently a third lesion involving a scar distant from any of the patient's grafts. No evidence of active vasculitis was seen on microscopic examination of the excised tissues. Cryoglobulin and cryofibrinogen assays were positive, and urinary and plasma homocysteine levels were elevated. The patient was subsequently treated with stanozolol, a low-methionine diet, and outpatient intravenous antibiotics with rapid improvement of her wounds. In patients with spontaneous ulceration of the extremities, particularly when they do not respond appropriately to standard therapy, the possibility of cryoglobulinemia or cryofibrinogenemia should be considered.
Evolution of the Timber Industry Along an Aging Frontier: The Case of Paragominas (1990–1995)

Abstract The timber industry of the Brazilian Amazon is changing rapidly. From a slowly evolving base of extraction in the estuary areas, the industry has expanded along an extensive road network penetrating upland forests. This research examines changes in the economic profile of timber extraction and processing in an old frontier area, the county of Paragominas in the state of Para. As one of the earliest centers of upland logging in the Amazon, its experience after 25 years offers insights as the industry spreads to other regions in the Basin. This paper presents a theoretical model of industry evolution in frontier areas, and analyzes response to local shortages in raw material, rising international wood prices and increasingly stable property rights as the frontier matures.
Evaluation of the analgesic effects of oral and subcutaneous tramadol administration in red-eared slider turtles.

Objective—To determine the dose- and time-dependent changes in analgesia and respiration caused by tramadol administration in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta). Design—Crossover study. Animals—30 adult male and female red-eared slider turtles. Procedures—11 turtles received tramadol at various doses (1, 5, 10, or 25 mg/kg [0.45, 2.27, 4.54, or 11.36 mg/lb], PO; 10 or 25 mg/kg, SC) or a control treatment administered similarly. Degree of analgesia was assessed through measurement of hind limb thermal withdrawal latencies (TWDLs) at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after tramadol administration. Nineteen other freely swimming turtles received tramadol PO (5, 10, or 25 mg/kg), and ventilation (VE), breath frequency, tidal volume (VT), and expiratory breath duration were measured. Results—The highest tramadol doses (10 and 25 mg/kg, PO) yielded greater mean TWDLs 6 to 96 hours after administration than the control treatment did, whereas tramadol administered at 5 mg/kg, PO, yielded greater mea...
Changes in Soluble Carbohydrate Composition of Barley, Wheat, and Rye during Winter

Significant increases in the production of winter cereals could be realized with improved hardiness. The objective of this research was to determine if overwintering cereals modify water soluble carbohydrate composition in response to naturally occurring winter freeze stress. Fields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) were monitored throughout the winter between 1986 to 1990 for snow-pattern development, temperature, and snowfall. Plant crowns were analyzed for freeze injury (form and intensity) and water soluble carbohydrate composition (fructan, sucrose, glucose, and fructose). Growth chamber plants were frozen and analyzed to confirm the interpretation of field plant data []
Effects of static screening on correlation-induced superconductivity in M3C60.

A recurrent theme among several recently proposed mechanisms for superconductivity in ${\mathit{M}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ (M= alkali metal) suggests that electron pairs bind together because of a subtle intramolecular correlation effect. We have calculated the dependence of such a mechanism on the electron-electron interaction within the framework of perturbation theory. Using a static phenomenological model of screening, we determine the phase diagram for pair binding as a function of an on-site interaction U (in units of the intrafullerene hopping parameter t) and screening length. We find the binding energy to be very sensitive to the range of the interaction. When U=4t, the screening length must be at most one-half of a double-bond length, or approximately 0.7 \AA{} for pair binding to occur. This indicates that a reasonable incorporation of electron-electron correlation strongly suppresses the weak pair-binding effect found when such interactions are neglected.
RELATIONSHIP AMONG DIFFERENCES IN FANTASY PATTERN, IQ, AND SEX-ROLE ADOPTION

This study investigated (a) the age at which boys and girls begin to show differences in patterns of fantasy, (b) the relationship between differences in these patterns and factors such as intelligence, manifest aspects of sex role (in forms of teachers' ratings of masculinity for boys and femininity for girls), and presence or absence of the father at home. The results suggest that from the age of 8 or 9 yr. on, a difference emerges between patterns of fantasy of boys and girls. Such patterns, intelligence, and teachers' ratings of masculinity were not related, whereas patterns of fantasy and teachers' ratings of femininity were related. These findings are interpreted as supporting the value of distinguishing between and sorting out the factors which influence the private and the public aspects of sex role.
Mixed-Donor, α-Hydroxy Acid-Containing Chelates for Binding and Light-Triggered Release of Iron

A series of five new α-hydroxy acid-containing chelates inspired by photoactive marine siderophores, along with their Fe(III) complexes, have been synthesized and characterized. These chelates, designated X-Sal-AHA, each contributes a bidentate salicylidene moiety (X-Sal, X = 5-NO2, 3,5-diCl, H, 3,5-di-tert-butyl, or 3-OCH3 on the phenolate ring) and a bidentate α-hydroxy acid moiety (AHA). The X-ray crystal structure of Na[Fe3(3,5-diCl-Sal-AHA)3(μ3-OCH3)] shows an Fe(III) trimer with the triply deprotonated, trianionic ligands each spanning two Fe(III)’s that are bridged by the hydroxyl group of the ligand. Additionally, a μ3-methoxy anion caps the Fe(III)3 face. Electrospray ionization mass spectra demonstrate that this structure is representative of the Fe(III) complexes of all five derivatives in methanol solution, with the exception of the X = 3,5-di-t-Bu derivative having a μ3-OH bridge rather than a methoxy bridge. Stability constants determined from reduction potentials range from 1034 for the 5-N...
A GENERIC CONSPECTUS OF THE SUBTRIBE PERITYLINAE (ASTERACEAE‐HELENIEAE) AND REASSESSMENT OF ITS TRIBAL POSITION

A B S T R A C T The subtribe Peritylinae, long treated as an element of the polyphyletic, chaffless tribe Helenieae, is recognized as containing 7 or 8 genera (Perityle, Pericome, Correllia, Amauria, Eutetras, Oxypappus, Eatonella and possibly Hulsea). Using mainly morphological data and a phyletic perspective, we concluded that the Peritylinae is best treated as a subtribe within the Senecioneae, where it should be positioned with or near Crocidium and Bartlettia. Reasons
Desipramine modulation of σ and opioid peptide receptor expression in glial cells

Abstract Exposure of C 6 glial cell cultures to desipramine induced the appearance of opioid receptors and up-regulated σ receptors. Opioid binding was demonstrated with 3 H-etorphine and 3 H-dihydromorphine (DHM), but was not observed with the μ, δ and κ ligands 3 H-DAMGE, 3 H-DADLE or 3 H-(−)ethylketocyclazocine in the presence of specific blockers, respectively. Competition experiments with 3 H-DHM and either (−)naloxone or (+)naloxone indicated the presence of authentic opioid receptors. In similar studies with β-endorphin, its truncated form (1–27) or their N-acetyl derivatives, β-endorphin proved to have the highest affinity. Opioid receptors in glial cell aggregates were primarily κ, with few μ and δ sites. Desipramine increased B max values for κ but not μ and δ.
The Varieties of British Political Thought, 1500-1800

Editorial introduction Part I. Church, Court and Counsel: 1. The Henrician age John Guy 2. Elizabethan political thought Donald R. Kelley 3. Kingship, counsel and law in early Stuart Britain Linda Levy Peck Part II. Dissolution, Restoration and Revolution: 4. The Puritan Revolution: a historiographical essay William M. Lamont 5. Interregnum and Restoration J. G. A. Pocock and Gordon J. Schochet 6. The later Stuart age Howard Nenner Part III. Commerce, Empire and History: 7. Politics and politeness in the reigns of Anne and the early Hanoverians Nicholas Phillipson 8. Political thought in the English-speaking Atlantic: (i) The Imperial Crisis J. G. A. Pocock 9. (ii) Empire, revolution and an end of early modernity J. G. A. Pocock Part IV. Epilogue: 10. Why should history matter? Political theory and the history of discourse Gordon J. Schochet.
Viscosity and structural relaxation in Pd40Ni40P19Si1

Abstract Tensile creep measurements on melt-spun ribbons of Pd 40 Ni 40 P 19 Si 1 , one of the most crystallization-resistant metallic glasses, were performed over a wide temperature range. The equilibrium viscosity was reached by both increasing and decreasing viscosity relaxation and was well described by a Fulcher-Vogel relation. The viscosity relaxation kinetics could not be entirely described by flow defect models. The newtonian viscous behavior of the glass near T g was verified and a zero creep effect due to surface tension was observed.
Process machine implementation using distributed objects

Abstract Manufacturing environments are moving away from stable, high volume environments to more flexible and lean environments. Industries’ objectives included improvement of the manufacturing process and the creation of a next generation computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) system architecture that could exploit new manufacturing technologies. This paper documents the implementation of the machine control and factory management portions of the CIM framework using distributed objects technology and a common objects request broker architecture compliant object request broker.
Case Report: Postpartum Hypopituitarism with Preservation of the Pituitary-Ovarian Axis

ABSTRACT An 18-year-old woman developed postpartum hypopituitarism, presenting with personality and behavioral changes caused by severe hypoglycemia- In spite of well-documented deficiencies of thyroxine, cortisol, and growth hormone, she maintained normal ovarian function (reflected by normal menstrual cycles, normal estrogenization on examination, and normal FSH and estradiol levels). Classically, gonadal failure occurs very early in the course of pituitary failure, prior to loss of thyroid or adrenal function; preserved ovarian function is commonly used as clinical evidence of intact pituitary function. This patient emphasizes the importance of pursuing the possibility of pituitary disease in appropriate clinical settings, even in patients with intact ovarian function.
Structure of the XPC binding domain of hHR23A reveals hydrophobic patches for protein interaction

Rad23 proteins are involved both in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and in nucleotide excision repair (NER), but the relationship between these two pathways is not yet understood. The two human homologs of Rad23, hHR23A and B, are functionally redundant in NER and interact with xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) protein. The XPC–hHR23 complex is responsible for the specific recognition of damaged DNA, which is an early step in NER. The interaction of the XPC binding domain (XPCB) of hHR23A/B with XPC protein has been shown to be important for its optimal function in NER. We have determined the solution structure of XPCB of hHR23A. The domain consists of five amphipathic helices and reveals hydrophobic patches on the otherwise highly hydrophilic domain surface. The patches are predicted to be involved in interaction with XPC. The XPCB domain has limited sequence homology with any proteins outside of the Rad23 family except for sacsin, a protein involved in spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay, which contains a domain with 35% sequence identity.
LEE–YANG FORCE, GAUGE SYMMETRY AND "DARK ENERGY"

In 1955, Lee and Yang discussed a new massless gauge field based on the established conservation of baryon number. They predicted the existence of a repulsive force between baryonic matter, just as the conservation of electron–lepton number was later shown to imply the existence of a repulsive force between electrons. Although Eotvos experiments showed the force to be undetectably small at that time, such a force may be related to the dark-energy-induced acceleration of the expansion of the universe. If the gauge invariant Lagrangian involves a spacetime derivative of the field strength, the resultant potential has properties similar to that of the "dark energy" implied by the cosmological constant in the Einstein's equation.
Estimating maximum heart rate from age: is it a linear relationship?

Gellish and associates (3) are to be congratulated for their paper, "Longitudinal Modeling of the Relationship between Age and Maximal Heart Rate," published in this issue of Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise®. The authors provide impressive statistical evidence that the
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans treated with Mohs micrographic surgery: cure rates and surgical margins

BACKGROUND Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is an uncommon malignant tumor of the skin with a frequent tendency to recur after standard surgical excision. This study assesses the degree of subclinical tumor extension and evaluates the cure rate and tissue conservation abilities of Mohs micrographic surgery. METHODS Twenty-four patients with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans underwent Mohs micrographic surgery. Surgical margins and clinical outcome were evaluated and compared with the results of standard surgical treatment in the medical literature. RESULTS Twenty-six Mohs micrographic surgical procedures were performed on 24 patients. Eighty-five percent of the procedures were microscopically cleared with 2.5-cm margins, 69% with 2.0-cm margins, 50% with 1.5-cm margins, and 35% with 1.0-cm margins. Two tumors would have been inadequately excised if standards-cm margins had been used. The assessment of tissue conservation revealed a mean of 43.0 cm2 of tissue spared in a subset of seven tumors in functionally or cosmetically critical locations. Two tumors were recurrent following MMS and are detailed as case reports. CONCLUSION The variability of subclinical tumor extension in dermatofibrosarcoma profuberans is confirmed. The ability of Mohs micrographic surgery to minimize surgical margins, preserve cosmetically and functionally vital tissue, and yield high cure rates is confirmed.
CMOS gate height scaling

The work addresses benefits and performance impacts resulted from CMOS gate height reduction. The experiment shows that capacitance arising between the CMOS source/drain contact and the gate electrode decreases about linearly as the gate height scales down. The result also shows that stress liner techniques continue providing strong performance enhancement for CMOS as the gate height scales from 100 nm to 50 nm. For ring oscillators built with 45 nm node CMOS technology, the capacitance benefit associated with gate height reduction from 100 nm to 80 nm improves the circuit speed by ~3%.
Petite bodies of the “robust” australopithecines

The “robust” australopithecines are often depicted as having large and powerfully built bodies to match their massive masticatory apparatus, but until 1988 the sample of postcranial remains attributed with certainty to this group was very limited. Almost nothing was known about the body of the East African “robust” australopithecine because taxonomic attribution of the postcrania was so uncertain. The body of the South African “robust” australopithecine had to be reconstructed from about a dozen isolated fragments of postcrania. Now a partial skeleton is attributed with confidence to the East African “robust” group along with several isolated bones. The South African sample has more than tripled. Analyses of this vastly expanded sample reveal that a large portion of postcrania attributed to “robust” australopithecines from Swartkrans Member 1 (35%) are from extraordinarily small-bodied individuals similar in size to a modern Pygmy weighing as little as 28 kg. These small elements include parts from the forelimb, spine, and hindlimb. About 22% of these Swartkrans 1 “robust” australopithecines are about the same size as a modern human weighing about 43 kgs and about 43% are larger than this standard but less than or equal to a 54 kg modern human. Approximately the same pattern is true for the Swartkrans 2 hominids, but taxonomic attribution is less certain. All of the Member 3 specimens are similar in size to the 45 kg standard. The partial skeleton of the East African “robust” australopithecine (KNM-ER 1500) has hindlimb joints that would correspond to a modern human of 34 kgs although the actual weight may be 5 to 10 kgs greater judging from shaft robusticity and forelimb size. The largest postcranial element attributed with some certainty to the East African “robust” australopithecine group (the talus, KNM-ER 1464) is about the same overall size as a modern human of 54 kgs, although its tibial facet is slightly smaller. Although many previous studies have hinted at the possibility that “robust” australopithecines had relatively small bodies, the new fossils provide substantial evidence that these creatures ranged from quite small to only moderate in body size relative to modern humans. These were the petite-bodied vegetarian cousins of our ancestors. Sexual dimorphism in body size appears to be greater than that in modern humans, similar to that in Pan, and less than that in Gorilla or Pongo, although such comparisons are of limited value given the small samples, poorly known body proportions, time averaging, and many other problems.
Rocking strong earthquake accelerations

In this paper, the method presented by Lee and Trifunac (1985) for generating synthetic torsional accelerograms has been extended to the estimation of synthetic rocking accelerograms and of their response spectra. Results from our previous regression analyses for the characterization of strong shaking in terms of (1) earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance, or (2) Modified Mercalli Intensity at the site are utilized here again. The effects of geologic environment, in terms of site parameters or the representative depth of sediments, which influence amplification, and the dispersive properties of ground motion are also included. The synthetic rocking accelerogram is then constructed from the horizontal and vertical acceleration components.
The case for simultaneous deformation, metamorphism and plutonism: an example from Proterozoic rocks in central Arizona

Abstract The syntectonic 1.70 Ga Crazy Basin Monzogranite provides an example of the complex spatial and temporal interactions between metamorphism, deformation, and plutonism. Synchronous plutonism and deformation is indicated by syn-shortening dikes, sills, and veins; parallel magmatic and solid state fabrics; fabrics in xenoliths; and a foliation triple point. Synchronous plutonism and metamorphism is indicated by a systematic increase from 400 °C to 630 °C towards the pluton at a constant pressure of 300 MPa (3 kb). Temperatures are consistent with a conductive cooling model in which a 700 °C pluton was emplaced into country rocks undergoing greenschist facies regional metamorphism. Synchronous deformation and metamorphism is indicated by porphyroblast inclusion geometries that document the synmetamorphic development of the S2 cleavage. The pluton was emplaced adjacent to the Shylock shear zone during progressive shortening. Emplacement of granite as NE-trending sheets was facilitated by temporal partitioning of transpressional convergence into strike-slip and dip-slip components. At the scale of the pluton's aureole and on the relatively rapid time scale of 103–106 y, regional deformation and metamorphism were punctuated by thermal softening and increased diffusion rates. Data suggests that accretion of Proterozoic arcs in Arizona involved diachronous pluton-enhanced deformation and associated high temperature-low pressure regional metamorphism.
Spatial arrangement of rhodopsin in the disk membrane as studied by enzymatic labeling.

Abstract—Intact disks prepared from fresh bovine retinas were phosphorylated with γ-[32P]-ATP and highly purified rhodopsin kinase. After regeneration. the visual pigment was cxtracted and purified on ECTEOLA-cellulose. The purified pigment contained [32P]-radioactivity. When intact disks were frozen and thawed. the membrane was inverted and became capable of binding concanavalin A. The inversion process could be followed by measuring the entrapment by the disk of [3H]-inulin. the impermeable polysaccharide. When the inverted disks were incubated with UDP-[3H]-galactose and galactosyltransferase and rhodopsin was extracted and purified. [3H]-gahctose was incorporated into the pigment. From these results we conclude that rhodopsin is a transmembrane protein with its carbohydrate moiety on the internal (intradiscal) surface and its phosphorylation sites on the external (interdiscal) surface
The likelihood of GODs' existence: improving the SN 1987a constraint on the size of large compact dimensions

The existence of compact dimensions which are accessible only to gravity represents an intriguing possible solution to the hierarchy problem. At present the strongest constraint on the existence of such compact Gravity-Only Dimensions (GODs) comes from SN 1987a. Here we report on the first self-consistent simulations of the early, neutrino-emitting phase of a proto-neutron star which include energy losses due to the coupling of the Kaluza–Klein modes of the graviton which arise in a world with GODs. We compare the neutrino signals from these simulations to that from SN 1987a and use a rigorous probabilistic analysis to derive improved bounds for the radii of such GODs. We find that the possibility that there are two compact extra dimensions with radii larger than 0.66 μm is excluded at the 95% confidence level — as is the possibility that there are three compact extra dimensions larger than 0.8 nm.
Photooxidative reactions in chloroplast thylakoids. Evidence for a Fenton-type reaction promoted by superoxide or ascorbate.

A methyl viologen (MV)* mediated Mehler reaction was studied using Type C and D chloroplasts (thylakoids) from spinach. The extent of photooxidative reactions were measured as (a) rate of ethylene formation from methional oxidation indicating the production of oxygen radicals, and (b) rate of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation as a measure of lipid peroxidation. Without added ascorbate, 1 μM FerricEDTA increased ethylene formation by greater than 4-fold, but had no effect on MDA production. Ascorbate (1 mM) produced a tripling of ethylene while it reduced MDA formation in the presence of iron. Radical scavengers diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), formate, 1,4-diazabicyclo (2.2.2octane) (DABCO), inhibited ethylene formation. Using 0,4 M mannitol to scavenge hydroxyl radicals, the rates of ethylene formation were reduced 40 to 60% with or without 1 μM Fe(III) EDTA. The strong oxidant(s) not scavenged by mannitol are hypothesized to be either alkoxyl radicals from lipid peroxidation, or ‘site specific’ formation of hydroxyl radicals in a lipophillic environment not exposed to mannitol. Singlet oxygen does not appear to be a significant factor in this system. Catalase strongly inhibited both ethylene and MDA synthesis under all conditions; 1 mM ascorbate did not reverse this inhibition. However, the strong superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibition of ethylene and MDA formation was completely reversed by 1 mM ascorbate. This suggests that superoxide was functioning as an iron reducing agent and that in its absence, ascorbate was similarly promoting oxidations. Therefore, these oxidative processes were dependent on the presence of H2O2 and a reducing agent, suggesting the involvement of a Fenton-type reaction.
Elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Levels in Goldfish as an Indicator of Gill Dysfunction

Abstract We examined the effects of copper-induced gill proliferation and gentamicin-induced renal tubular injury on serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in goldfish Carassius auratus. Fish were given intraperitoneal injections of gentamicin or phospate-buffered saline and kept in either freshwater or copper-treated (100 μg/L) water. Those fish injected with gentamicin showed histologic signs of tubular necrosis. The copper-treated fish had extensive gill epithelial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Serum BUN levels were significantly higher in copper-exposed fish than in freshwater fish, regardless of gentamicin treatment. Serum creatinine levels were unchanged by any of the treatments. This indicates that excretion of nitrogenous wastes across gill membranes is an important part of endogenous toxin removal. However, creatinine serum levels are apparently unaffected by either gill damage or kidney failure. Elevated BUN levels in teleosts may serve as a clinical indication of respiratory and exc...
In vivo kinematics of the ACL during weight‐bearing knee flexion

No study has investigated the three-dimensional morphological changes of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) during functional activities in vivo. The purpose of this study was to analyze the elongation, rotation (twist), and orientation of the ACL during weight-bearing flexion in five human subjects using dual-orthogonal fluoroscopic images and MR image-based computer models. The ACL consistently decreased in length with flexion. At 90 degrees , the length decreased by 10% compared to its length at full extension. The ACL twisted internally by only 20 degrees at 30 degrees of flexion. The ACL was oriented more vertically (approximately 60 degrees ) and slightly laterally (approximately 10 degrees ) at low flexion angles. These data on in vivo ligament elongation demonstrate that the ACL plays a more important role in lower flexion angles than at higher flexion angles during weight-bearing flexion. These data also suggest that successful ACL reconstruction should not only restore the ligament's elongation behavior, but also its rotational and orientation characteristics, so that normal ACL biomechanics are restored.
Mimicry of antimicrobial host-defense peptides by random copolymers.

Efforts to generate antibacterial agents via mimicry of host-defense peptides have focused on discrete oligomers that can adopt a regular globally amphiphilic conformation in the presence of bacterial cell membranes and ultimately disrupt those membranes. Although considerable success has been achieved with this approach, application of the resulting molecules is hampered by the high cost associated with stepwise oligomer synthesis. We show that random poly-β-peptide copolymers, prepared by ring-opening polymerization of β-lactams, can be tuned to display good activity against a panel of four bacteria along with low lytic activity toward human red blood cells. These findings support a nonclassical design hypothesis for antibacterial agents.
Elstic energy changes accompanying gamma-prime rafting in nickel-base superalloys

Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion method is applied to the case of a single, inhomogeneous, ellipsoidal precipitate in an infinite matrix to study the morphological changes of the gamma-prime precipitates in nickel-base superalloys due to the influence of lattice constant misfit, elastic inhomogeneity and anisotropy, applied stress, and interfacial energy. The energy-minimizing inclusion shapes depend very sensitively on the degree of elastic inhomogeneity, on the sense and magnitude of the applied stress, and on the sense of the lattice constant misfit. The interfacial energy contribution can dominate that of elastic strain energy for small precipitate sizes, elastically compliant systems, nearly homogeneous alloys, and/or nearly isotropic materials. Calculations are carried out for two well-characterized nickel-base alloys: a Ni–13.5Al alloy (positive misfit, elastically hard inclusions) studied by Miyazaki et al. and CMSX-3 (negative misfit, elastically soft inclusions) studied by Pollock. The Eshelby energy calculations correctly predict the precipitate morphologies observed by Miyazaki et al. and by Pollock.
Percutaneous edge‐to‐edge mitral valve repair: 2‐year follow‐up in the first human case

We report the first-in-human mitral valve repair using percutaneous technology that creates a "surgical-like" edge-to-edge repair. A catheter-delivered clip was introduced transseptally from the femoral vein, advanced through the mitral orifice, retracted to grasp the leaflets, and detached to create a functional double-orifice valve. The patient had an uncomplicated post-procedural course. Echocardiography at 1- and 2-years post procedure showed mild mitral regurgitation and positive ventricular remodeling. The success of this case suggests that percutaneous mitral valve repair may be a feasible therapy for certain patients suffering from mitral regurgitation.
Temporal characteristics of top-down modulations during working memory maintenance: An event-related potential study of the n170 component

We investigated the top-down influence of working memory (WM) maintenance on feedforward perceptual processing within occipito-temporal face processing structures. During event-related potential (ERP) recordings, subjects performed a delayed-recognition task requiring WM maintenance of faces or houses. The face-sensitive N170 component elicited by delay-spanning task-irrelevant grayscale noise probes was examined. If early feedforward perceptual activity is biased by maintenance requirements, the N170 ERP component elicited by probes should have a greater N170 amplitude response during face relative to house WM trials. Consistent with this prediction, N170 elicited by probes presented at the beginning, middle, and end of the delay interval was greater in amplitude during face relative to house WM. Thus, these results suggest that WM maintenance demands may modulate early feedforward perceptual processing for the entirety of the delay duration. We argue based on these results that temporally early biasing of domain-specific perceptual processing may be a critical mechanism by which WM maintenance is achieved.
The growth of functions with derivatives in Lp(Rn)

We establish bounds on the growth of |u(x)| as |x| → ∞ for functions u all of whose derivatives of order k are in L p (R n ) and k > n/p.
Consuming the Earth: Eating Disorders and Ecopsychology

Eating disorders, which involve the misuse of vast quantities of food by millions of people, are described as a direct threat to the environment. Eating disorders are also suggested as a metaphor f...
Parasites and the evolution of extravagant male characters: Anolis lizards on Caribbean islands as a test of the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis.

Anolis lizards from Puerto Rico (five species from one site), Curacao and Aruba in the southern Caribbean (2 populations), and 22 populations from 14 islands in the eastern Caribbean were surveyed for blood parasites (two species of Plasmodium and haemogregarines). Literature records for gut helminths from nine of these populations were added to the data set. Dorsal body color and dewlap color of males were also observed and classified into objective classes with no subjective view of showiness. These data were used to test the among-species prediction of the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis which states that species harboring more harmful parasites over their evolutionary history will be more likely to evolve extravagant sexually dimorphic traits. Critics have noted important shortcomings in previous tests of the prediction; here we corrected for these errors. Parasite loads (prevalence and number of species) and dorsal and dewlap color varied substantially among the populations sampled. However, there was no association of parasite load with color either in a broad analysis or when correcting for phylogenetic relationships among the lizard species.
Health Care in America: Lost Opportunities Amid Plenty

Despite frequent breakthroughs in medicine, and in the face of an expenditure on health that is almost twice that of any other country in the world, there are significant problems with health care in the United States. Fundamental failings reflect the underuse, overuse, and misuse of resources, which result in inadequate care for important medical conditions. An apparent blind faith in the benefits of science and technology may help account for these startling inadequacies, as lavish funding of the biomedical research effort diverts attention from the fundamental matter of delivering care for common diseases. With a shift in research priorities, the United States could shape a health care system that is far more responsive to the needs of its people.
An empirical test of the sociocybernetic model.

A theoretical “sociocybernetic” systems analysis model was tested empirically. Two independent groups completed a questionnaire that described their reactions to four hypothetical interpersonal situations. Half of the persons in each group described their reactions to a friend and used Likert scales to rate the unfavorable/favorablencess of their (a) verbal responses and subsequent (b) emotional states. Additionally, they completed similar scale ratings that indicated the expected verbal responses and emotional states of their friend. Persons in the other half of each group completed the same interpersonal simulation exercise except that they were asked to describe an interaction with someone other than a friend. The data elements simulated by the computer were the verbal and emotional response ratings. In this simulation, one person's output becomes the other person's input and vice versa. Strife scores were defined operationally in terms of the unfavorable (negative) conditions generated in the mathematical simulations. In both groups the mean strife scores for friends were significantly lower than mean strife scores for the other two-person interactions.
Simple Models for Powerful Results

The gap between academic literature and a practitioner's desk is often forbidding. Complex, but elegant, methods applied to simple problems widen that gap. When the desk is in an office of a subunit of local government, both academicians and practitioners despair. This study, on the other hand, demonstrates a simple, replicable model with the virtues of conceptual soundness, simplicity, and practitioner confidence. This article reports the development and application of simple difference equation models to the caseload burden of an alcohol treatment program. These system models stimulated the recognition of policy alternatives not considered previously and provided a method for estimating the effects of these alternatives. The simple models produced powerful results with no more complexity than required by high school algebra.
Understanding the trophic role of the Antarctic ctenophore, Callianira antarctica, using lipid biomarkers

To better understand the trophic role of ctenophores in Antarctica during austral fall and winter, a major species of cydippid ctenophore, Callianira ant- arctica, was collected during April/May (fall) and August/September (winter) 2002 in the vicinity of Marguerite Bay. Lipid content, lipid classes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols and sterols were analyzed in animals, to- gether with lipid biomarkers in krill and copepod species representing potential ctenophore prey. Lipid content in ctenophores collected in winter was slightly higher than from animals in fall (4.8 and 3.5% of dry weight, respectively). Polar lipids were the dominant lipid class in ctenophores, accounting for over half of the lipid content, with significant amounts of free fatty alcohols (more than 10% of total lipid content) detected. Lipid- class composition, however, differed significantly be- tween seasons, with significant amounts of neutral lipid (wax esters and triacylglycerols) only detected in animals from fall. Although the dominant lipid classes in cte- nophores varied between fall and winter, individual lipids (i.e., fatty acids, alcohols and sterols) showed only minor changes between seasons. Specifically, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3)) found in high abundance in larval krill were also ele- vated in ctenophores collected in winter. Very high amounts of monounsaturated fatty alcohols, particu- larly 20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11), known to be important components of wax esters in calanoid copepods, were also observed. Multivariate analysis using the suite of lipids found indicated that copepods are an important diet item for ctenophores in the study area. Results further suggest that C. antarctica feed actively year- round, with larval krill providing a food resource during austral winter.
Accuracy of Radiographic Differentiation of Bacterial from Nonbacterial Pneumonia

The chest roentgenogram is an accepted tool for the diagnosis of pneumonia. Little information is available, however, addressing the ability of physicians to distinguish bacterial from nonbacterial pneumonias by examination of the chest roentgenogram. Five different observers evaluated 36 chest films from patients with pneumonia who had a laboratory proven etiologic diagnosis. The sensitivity of roentgenogram diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia ranged from 42-58 percent. When clinical and laboratory data were provided to the observers the sensitivity ranged from 42-92 percent.This study indicates that chest film examination is too insensitive to be useful for the selection of patients who have bacterial pneumonia from those whose pneumonia is non-bacterial.
Accurate gene expression-based biodosimetry using a minimal set of human gene transcripts.

Purpose Rapid and reliable methods for conducting biological dosimetry are a necessity in the event of a large-scale nuclear event. Conventional biodosimetry methods lack the speed, portability, ease of use, and low cost required for triaging numerous victims. Here we address this need by showing that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on a small number of gene transcripts can provide accurate and rapid dosimetry. The low cost and relative ease of PCR compared with existing dosimetry methods suggest that this approach may be useful in mass-casualty triage situations. Methods and Materials Human peripheral blood from 60 adult donors was acutely exposed to cobalt-60 gamma rays at doses of 0 (control) to 10 Gy. mRNA expression levels of 121 selected genes were obtained 0.5, 1, and 2 days after exposure by reverse-transcriptase real-time PCR. Optimal dosimetry at each time point was obtained by stepwise regression of dose received against individual gene transcript expression levels. Results Only 3 to 4 different gene transcripts, ASTN2, CDKN1A, GDF15, and ATM, are needed to explain ≥0.87 of the variance (R 2 ). Receiver-operator characteristics, a measure of sensitivity and specificity, of 0.98 for these statistical models were achieved at each time point. Conclusions The actual and predicted radiation doses agree very closely up to 6 Gy. Dosimetry at 8 and 10 Gy shows some effect of saturation, thereby slightly diminishing the ability to quantify higher exposures. Analyses of these gene transcripts may be advantageous for use in a field-portable device designed to assess exposures in mass casualty situations or in clinical radiation emergencies.
Becoming Tolerant? Short-Term Changes in Russian Political Culture

Though ordinary Russians have embraced many aspects of democratic culture, their learning to tolerate their political enemies has been the most difficult democratic lesson for many. In this article, I analyse change in political tolerance in Russia, using panel data I collected in 1996 and 1998 in a nationally representative sample of Russians. Two bodies of theory are considered to generate hypotheses about change: the conventional cross-sectional model of the aetiology of tolerance; and experiential theory, based on perceptions of the performance of both the economic and political systems. The dynamic character of the model is provided by perceptions of the performance of the economy, of the political system and of the seriousness of the crime problem in Russia. Many of my findings are unexpected. For instance, tolerance seems to beget tolerance, in the sense that, over time, those who are tolerant tend to perceive diminishing threats from their political enemies. Yet threat perceptions are sustained by perceptions of the political and economic conditions in contemporary Russia. Perceptions of the change in crime are especially important since they seem to exacerbate perceptions of political threat, thereby eroding both political tolerance and support for democratic institutions and process. Paradoxically, threat is also sustained by democratic values – those who support democratic institutions and processes are more likely to perceive threats from their political enemies, a finding peculiar to the unsettled Russian case. Thus, this analysis goes some distance towards discovering the causes of changes in both Russian tolerance and intolerance.
Nitric oxide inhibition strategies

Nitric oxide is involved in many physiologic processes. There are efforts, described elsewhere in this volume, to deliver nitric oxide to tissues as a therapy. Nitric oxide also contributes to pathophysiologic processes. Inhibiting nitric oxide or its production can thus also be of therapeutic benefit. This article addresses such inhibitory strategies.
Research Opportunities of a New Private Health Insurance Claims Data Set

In July 2012 FAIR Health, Inc. began allowing researchers to obtain data from the National Private Insurance Claims (NPIC) Database, the largest independent private claims collection in the United States. A great deal of work has been done examining how Medicare patients are treated, and how the quantity, cost, and quality of that treatment vary across markets. Less is known regarding how privately insured patients are treated, even though they represent the majority of patients in the U.S. And few studies combine data on Medicare (or Medicaid) and privately insured patients to compile a more complete picture of providers’ treatment decisions at the market level. The recent release of the NPIC helps address this imbalance by focusing on the privately insured market. For the past two years I have served as the Research Director of the Upstate Health Research Network (UHRN), a group of researchers from many universities that have developed recommendations for how FAIR Health can improve the accuracy and transparency of the products it offers to health insurers. In this article I describe the characteristics of the NPIC data and discuss the research opportunities it presents for health economists, health services researchers, and policy makers.
Havasupai Women's Songs: A Poetics of Subversion

(1992). Havasupai Women's Songs: A Poetics of Subversion. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 7, Native American Identities and Autobiography, pp. 196-218.