cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of restriction fragments containing origins of replication from complex genomes.

The identification and isolation of origins of replication from mammalian genomes has been a demanding task owing to the great complexity of these genomes. However, two methods have been refined in recent years each of which allows significant enrichment of recently-activated origins of replication from asynchronous cell cultures. One of these involves the selective entrapment of bubble-containing fragments in gelling agarose and their subsequent recovery and isolation by molecular cloning. Libraries prepared by this method from Chinese hamster and human cells have been shown to be extremely pure, and provide a renewable resource of origins that can be used as probes on microarrays or sequenced by high-throughput techniques to localize them within the genomic source. The bubble-trapping method is described here for asynchronous mammalian cells that grow with reasonable doubling times and from which nuclear matrices can be reliably prepared. The method for nuclear matrix preparation and enrichment of replication intermediates is described in an accompanying chapter entitled, “Purifying replication intermediates from mammalian cells by enrichment on the nuclear matrix and BND-cellulose chromatography” (Mesner, Dijkwel, and Hamlin, Chapter __).
Sympathetic control of the forearm blood flow in man during brief isometric contractions.

Experiments were performed to assess the possible neurally mediated constriction in active skeletal muscle during isometric hand-grip contractions. Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography on 5 volunteers who exerted a series of repeated contractions of 4 s duration every 12 s at 60% of their maximum strength of fatigue. The blood flows increased initially, but then remained constant at 20–24 ml·min−1·100 ml−1 throughout the exercise even though mean arterial blood pressure reached 21–23 kPa (160–170 mm Hg). When the same exercise was performed after arterial infusion of phentolamine, forearm blood flow increased steadily to near maximal levels of 38.7±1.4 ml·min−1·100 ml−1.
Pie-slice tympanoplasty for transcanal removal of small congenital cholesteatoma.

Abstract Objective To describe a novel approach for removal of selected congenital cholesteatomas. Methods Description of technique and retrospective review of charts for patients undergoing procedure from January 1 to June 1, 2011. Two patients with congenital cholesteatomas localized to the middle ear necessitating transcanal surgical removal were identified. Using a transcanal approach, the “pie-slice” tympanic membrane flap was developed by incising the tympanic membrane anterior to the malleus, from the lateral process to the umbo. A second incision was then made anteriorly along an axis extending from the umbo to the 3-o’clock position for the right ear (9-o’clock in the left ear). The flap was elevated allowing for visualization and access to the lesion anterior to the malleus. The cholesteatoma was removed. Otoendoscopes were used to visualize the middle ear and ensure complete removal. The tympanic membrane was repaired with a tragal perichondrium graft placed medial to the edges of the elevated pie-slice flap. The flap was then replaced laterally. Results Tympanic membranes are well healed in both patients after one year of follow-up with no evidence of disease and good hearing results. Conclusion Pie-slice tympanoplasty is a simple and effective technique for removing selected localized congenital cholesteatomas and represents a novel approach to treating these entities that minimizes operative time and patient morbidity.
Multiloop modular invariance of d=10 type II superstring theory

Abstract Using the picture-changing prescription for supermoduli and the bosonization formula for the superconformal ghost determinant, it is shown explicitly that the higher loop amplitudes of the type II superstrung theory in ten-dimensional flat background are modular invariant.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF BORRELIA BURGDORFERI IN WHITE-TAILED DEER

Four white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were experimentally inoculated with Borrelia burgdorferi to determine serologic response by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting. Deer had antibodies by ELISA by 2 to 3 wk post inoculation (PI) and remained positive for 10 wk. Deer demonstrated immunoblotting reactivity between 10 and 14 days PI and consistently showed antibody response to nine B. burgdorferi antigens. Attempts were made to recover the spirochete from blood and tissues; B. burgdorferi was isolated from an ear punch biopsy from one of the inoculated deer.
Understanding recent increases in chronic disease treatment rates: more disease or more detection?

The proportion of the population treated for major medical conditions, including diabetes, cancer and mental illness, increased rapidly during the 1990s. We document the magnitude of these increases and use a model of prevalence to identify three potential causes: increased clinical incidence of disease, longer survival times among persons with chronic illnesses and increased detection. We present a series of analyses to evaluate the contribution of each factor. We find that increases in obesity explain a large proportion of the increase in treatment rates for conditions closely linked to obesity (e.g. diabetes). We provide some evidence that increases in treated prevalence unexplained by changes in the underlying clinical incidence of disease are driven by increased detection and treatment of patients with ‘subclinical’ illness.
Resolution of spectra of mixtures, applied to gaseous formic acids

Abstract By appropriate manipulation of FTIR spectra of binary mixtures of monomeric and dimeric formic acids, resolved spectra of the rapidly interconverting species can be recorded. Infrared spectra of the individual compounds were obtained over the range 3700-500 cm−1, from records of equilibrium mixtures of HCOOH/(HCOOH)2, and of DCOOH/(DCOOH)2.
Losses from Weather Extremes in the United States

Historical data on weather extremes and their effects on the nation's economy since the 1940s were assessed to develop annual measures of nationwide losses and to assess their temporal behavior. Trends were upward for certain key hazards during 1950–1997 including losses associated with winter storms, floods, and crops and for the incidence of heavy rains. Trends were downward for energy costs and for losses from hurricanes, thunderstorms, and windstorms. Nine loss measures were used to calculate the nation's annual loss values for 1950–1997, and their order, based on magnitude, are energy costs, followed by losses from hurricanes, floods, severe thunderstorms, excessive moisture and temperature on crops, tornadoes, winter storms, hail, and windstorms. These variables will also be available in future years to allow continuing assessments. The 48-year average annual loss value was $17.47 billion (1997 dollars) with a 1-year maximum of $54.4 billion in 1972 and a minimum of $2.4 billion in 1963. The 48-year...
A mathematical model for λdv plasmid replication: Analysis of wild-type plasmid

A mathematical model for lambda dv plasmid replication in a growing single cell of Escherichia coli has been formulated and solved numerically. Quantitative description of the molecular control mechanism for initiation of lambda dv replication presumes regulatory functions of repressor and initiator proteins and transcriptional activation of the origin region. Random selection of a single plasmid for activation and replication is assumed, as is regular plasmid segregation to daughter cells. The model is capable of simulating the periodic changes in each regulatory element and the plasmid copy number during the cell cycle. The calculated average copy number, repressor concentration, and timing of plasmid replication agree well with experimental data. The simulated lambda dv plasmid replication rate is controlled primarily by transcription frequency. Initiation of plasmid replication is not related to variations in the levels of repressor or initiator proteins during the cell cycle. Simulation studies of perturbations in plasmid and repressor segregation indicate that replication regulation of the lambda dv plasmid compensates to readjust copy number to normal values in a few generations. Implications of these studies relative to the molecular mechanisms of replication control are discussed.
Adrenalectomy fails to alter radial maze performance of rats at retention intervals of 24 hours or less

Evidence suggests that the behavioral actions of adrenalectomy and glucocorticoid replacement therapy result from changes in the binding of corticosterone to specific receptors in the hippocampus. Efficient foraging for bait on the radial maze has been demonstrated to require a functionally intact hippocampal system. The present experiment examined the effect of adrenalectomy on the ability of rats to locate unexplored arms in the radial maze after various retention intervals midway through completion of the maze. Rats were very proficient at locating the unexplored arms after retention intervals of 3 hours or less; significantly more trials were required to locate all of the previously unvisited arms at retention intervals of 8 and 24 hours. However, adrenalectomy failed to alter maze performance at any retention interval tested. It was concluded that the neural substrates involved in the performance of this spatial/working memory task are not dependent upon the neuromodulatory effects of physiological levels of adrenal corticosteroids. The results are discussed in terms of behavior/contingency conflicts and innate versus learned responses as factors which may be important for revealing behavioral actions of adrenalectomy or corticosteroid therapy.
Future Research on Psychotherapy Practice in Usual Care

The Author(s) 2009. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com How might we go about assessing and, where needed, improving the quality of psychotherapy practice delivered in usual care? Given the numbers of mental health specialists practicing in the U.S. (recently estimated at onehalf million), the diversity of professional training and licensure that establish credentials to practice therapy, a broad range of practice settings, and variations in the types of individuals treated, the task of answering this question seems daunting (Institute of Medicine 2006a). This special issue includes a range of studies that have made first steps toward tackling this challenging task. Not surprisingly, given the groundbreaking nature of this research, these papers overwhelmingly raise more questions than they answer. A large part of the value of these studies is lessons learned that inform next steps to assess and improve the quality of psychotherapy in usual care.
The high-riding superior aortic recess of the pericardium: MRI visualization in a child

We report a 4-year-old child with a high-riding superior aortic recess of the pericardium, initially misdiagnosed as a possible vascular malformation. The anatomy of the pericardial recesses is reviewed.
Performance of the conjugate gradient method on VICTOR

Abstract We describe an implementation of the conjugate gradient method on VICTOR, a 256-node message-passing MIMI) parallel computer based on the T800 transputer, developed at IBM, Yorktown Heights. A detailed performance analysis is also presented for this algorithm on a simple but representative application (Poisson's equation in a square region discretized using bilinear finite elements).
Fenestration during Fontan palliation: now the exception instead of the rule

Objective Fenestration during Fontan palliation has traditionally been used to decrease surgical morbidity and mortality, particularly in high-risk cases. Potential limitations include oxygen desaturation, risk of paradoxic embolism, and need for late intervention. Our practice has evolved away from routine fenestration with increased extracardiac conduit use. We reviewed our experience with Fontan palliation and retrospectively assessed outcomes with decreased fenestration. Methods Between January 2002 and April 2008, 226 patients underwent primary Fontan palliation. Outcomes were assessed by hospital stay, chest drain duration, short- and long-term survivals, and late interventions. Results Anatomic subtypes were single left ventricle (n = 88, 38.9%), single right ventricle (n = 78, 34.5%), common ventricle (n = 19, 8.4%), and heterotaxy syndrome (n = 41, 18.1%). Lateral tunnel connection was created in 69 patients (30.5%); extracardiac connection was created in 157 (69.5%). Mean age and weight at surgery were 4.3 ± 3.8 years and 17.2 ± 9 kg, respectively. In 2002, 14 of 16 patients (87.5%) had fenestrated Fontan circulations, versus 2 of 32 (6.3%) in 2008. Mean hospital stay was 10.8 ± 8.8 days. Survival to discharge or 30 days was 98.7%. There were 2 (0.9%) late deaths during mean follow-up of 2.0 ± 1.7 years. Outcomes were equivalent between fenestrated and nonfenestrated procedures across anatomic subtypes. Conclusions Highly selective use of Fontan fenestration is achievable while maintaining excellent outcomes without increased surgical morbidity or mortality, irrespective of anatomic subtype. Risks of hypoxia, systemic embolism, and late instrumentation can be avoided in most cases.
Participatory Research for Rape Survivor Groups: A Model for Practice

This article proposes a model for rape survivor groups that encompasses the participatory research model in the context of feminist ideology and strategies. The use of a participatory research model for rape survivor groups can be expected both to heal and to produce evidence of the recovery process. In this model, groups design a protocol for writing and disseminating their personal stories of overcoming the trauma of rape. The conceptualization is illustrated by excerpts of experience-based, aggregated group processes that provide guidance for conducting participatory research for rape survivors.
Interrelationships in the electronic and structural characteristics of strained InAs quantum well structures

Indium-arsenide (InAs)-based devices are promising for next generation electronic and optoelectronic applications. Improving these devices requires greater control of the InAs quantum well properties, which in part, are related to the strain induced from the substrate material, buffer layer thickness, barrier composition, doping, and the heterointerface. This report focuses on the latter and includes X-ray diffraction and Hall results from a statistical experimental design (SED), which focused on the growth sequence at the heterointerface and growth throughout the channel, and illuminates correlations between structural variations and the electronic properties in strained InAs quantum well structures produced by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). This data suggest that as more antimony from the sublayer is incorporated in the InAs layer, a product of anion exchange between antimony surface atoms and ensuing arsenic flux atoms, the strain states vary along with InAs channel mobility.
Microstructural Origins of Saccharin-Induced Stress Reduction in Electrodeposited Ni

In this work, we provide direct evidence of the fundamental mechanism through which saccharin, a standard industrial Ni electroplating additive, reduces stress in electrodeposited Ni. This was accomplished using real-time in situ stress measurements taken during through-mask electrodeposition of Ni films from a bath where the saccharin concentration was varied. This technique facilitated the direct measure of the effect of saccharin on the stress created at the Ni island boundaries. We demonstrated that increased saccharin concentration in a Ni-sulfamate-based bath resulted in a systematic reduction in the tensile grain-boundary coalescence stress. Based on this and ex situ S concentration measurements of the Ni films, we propose that the reduction in tensile stress was the result of a reduction in the grain-boundary energy due to S incorporation at the island boundaries. © 2009 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/1.3142363] All rights reserved.
V(D)J recombination: how to tame a transposase

Since the discovery that the recombination-activating gene (RAG) proteins were capable of transposition in vitro, investigators have been trying to uncover instances of transposition in vivo and understand how this transposase has been harnessed to do useful work while being inhibited from causing deleterious chromosome rearrangements. How to preserve the capacity of the recombinase to promote a certain class of rearrangements while curtailing its ability to catalyze others is an interesting problem. In this review, we examine the progress that has been made toward understanding the regulatory mechanisms that prohibit transposition in order to formulate a model that takes into account the diverse observations that have been made over the last 15 years. First, we touch on the striking mechanistic similarities between transposition and V(D)J recombination and review evidence suggesting that the RAG proteins may be members of the retroviral integrase superfamily. We then dispense with an old theory that certain standard products of V(D)J recombination called signal joints protect against deleterious transposition events. Finally, we discuss the evidence that target capture could serve a regulatory role and close with an analysis of hairpins as preferred targets for RAG-mediated transposition. These novel strategies for harnessing the RAG transposase not only shed light on V(D)J recombination but also may provide insight into the regulation of other transposases.
Atmospheric methane: Formation and fluxes from the biosphere and the geosphere

The reported doubling of atmospheric methane over the past century and its impact on global climate change prompted this symposium, which was hosted by the Division of Geochemistry of the American Chemical Society during its meeting in Denver, Colo. (April 5–10, 1987). The goal was to establish an interdisciplinary forum for current research related to aspects of the chemistry of methane in Earth's atmosphere; the identification of its sources; its microbiological mechanisms of formation and oxidation; and measurements of its outward flux from various sources.
Hypotheses Testing as a Fuzzy Set Estimation Problem

For many scientific experiments computing a p-value is the standard method for reporting the outcome. It is a simple way of summarizing the information in the data. One theoretical justification for p-values is the Neyman-Pearson theory of hypotheses testing. However, the decision making focus of this theory does not correspond well with the desire, in most scientific experiments, for a simple and easily interpretable summary of the data. Fuzzy set theory with its notion of a membership function gives a non-probabilistic way to talk about uncertainty. Here, we argue that for some situations, where a p-value is computed, it may make more sense to formulate the question as one of estimating a membership function of the subset of special parameter points which are of particular interest for the experiment. Choosing the appropriate membership function can be more difficult than specifying the null and alternative hypotheses but the resulting payoff is greater. This is because a membership function can better ...
The low‐income housing tax credit as an aid to housing finance: How well has it worked?

Abstract The Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit program has been operating for over 10 years and has helped finance thousands of developments with units set aside for low‐ or moderate‐income households. However, the program has been criticized for requiring additional layers of subsidy to leverage investment and for providing benefits to developers in excess of the amount necessary to induce them to invest. An analysis of a sample of developments from Missouri finds that the tax credits are syndicated, with virtually all of the syndication proceeds (about 33 percent of the financing) used to pay for development costs. Conventional lending provides another 44 percent of the financing. Unfortunately, because these sources do not cover all of the costs, developers enter into a complex, costly process of layering additional subsidies, one on top of another, to fully finance the development.
Relationship between alcohol preference and biogenic aldehyde metabolizing enzymes in rats

Abstract Rats were presented water and alcohol solutions [up to 30 per cent (v/v)] in a free choice screening test. High drinkers ingested the equivalent of ca . 6 g/kg day of pure ethanol, at any concentration offered. Low drinkers consumed only ca . 2/kg. day, but stopped drinking alcohol solutions at concentrations higher than 7.5%. Males and females exhibited similar drinking habits. As measured by incubations of tissue slices and analysis of the components formed, high as well as low drinkers metabolize serotonin and dopamine at the same rate and produce identical metabolites. However, some small differences in the metabolism of these biogenic amines exist between males and females. The isozyme patterns of both aldehyde reductase (ALRed) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) from the brain of high and low drinkers are identical. The levels of activity and isozymes of liver ALRed are the same, as are those of liver ALDH from the matrix of mitochondria which is responsible for the oxidation of acetaldehyde. Though the level of liver ALDH from the cytosol fraction is unaltered, the isozyme pattern is very different. Low drinkers always have three isozymes at pi 5.9, 6.0 and 6.2, while high drinkers have only one isozyme in this range, either at pi 5.9 or 6.2. Both animals have many more isozymes of the enzyme.
Use of Life Tables To Assess Host Plant Resistance in Alfalfa to Therioaphis trifolii f. muculata (Homoptera: Aphididae): Hypothesis for Maintenance of Resistance

The specific mechanisms of host plant resistance in alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., to the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolli f. maculata (Buckton), remain unknown despite three decades of research. Difficulties with Painter's commonly used concept of host plant resistance were avoided when the Salt/Doutt paradigm of host selection by a parasite was used instead. Mechanisms of host plant resistance proposed in the literature were reviewed with respect to this alternative concept. Published results on the effects of host plant resistance are not comparable across different studies because of arbitrary measurements used. This problem is avoided with the use of laboratory age-specific life tables. In this study, four alfalfa cultivars were tested for host plant resistance to the spotted alfalfa aphid at three temperatures, and the statistical tools needed for the analysis are presented. The intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r m) was used as the measure of aphid performance on each cultivar. At the same temperature, r m values of the spotted alfalfa aphid on susceptible plants were significantly higher than on resistant cultivars. A developmental threshold of 7.9°C was estimated from the data, and the optimal temperature for growth and reproduction of this aphid was ≈21°C. Life tables of two successive generations of the spotted alfalfa aphid on a resistant cultivar indicated that aphids do not transmit the capacity to overcome resistance in a simple Mendelian fashion. A mechanism involving the random transmission of internal symbionts required by this aphid to overcome alfalfa resistance is hypothesized.
Normal serum thyroxine values in patients with acute psychiatric illness

The medical records of 278 consecutive patients with acute psychiatric illness admitted to a closed psychiatric unit after admission from the emergency room were reviewed. Serum thyroxine levels had been determined within 72 hours of admission in 106 patients (38 percent); in 74 of these patients (70 percent), the determination had been made within 24 hours. Ten patients (9 percent) were hypothyroxinemic, but further thyroid testing revealed that they were functionally euthyroid. Only one patient had hyperthyroxinemia, which was considered secondary to her postpartum state. The prevalence of hypothyroxinemia in the population studied is consistent with that in previous reports. However, the striking absence of hyperthyroxinemia in these patients is contrary to findings in several recent reports. Further prospective studies should clarify this issue.
Simultaneous repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation does not speed fine movement in PD

To the Editor: I read with interest the paper of Ghabra et al.1 Using the Grooved Pegboard Test, the authors reevaluated the effect of simultaneous subthreshold 5-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the primary motor hand area (M1) on fine hand movement in PD. In contrast to a previous study,2 Ghabra et al.1 found no improvement of motor performance during simultaneous 5-Hz rTMS over the contralateral M1 applied at an intensity just below active motor threshold. The data of Ghabra et al.1 confirm our previous study, which demonstrated no beneficial effects of simultaneous subthreshold 5-Hz rTMS on handwriting in unmedicated PD patients.3 Ghabra et al.1 investigated the immediate effects of subthreshold rTMS on concurrent fine manual movements to define the potential therapeutic role of rTMS in PD. However, the authors provide …
CRYPTOSPORIDIAL INFECTIONS IN CAPTIVE WILD ANIMALS

Neonatal diarrhea was an important cause of morbidity and mortality in a hand-rearing facility for exotic ruminants at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. Studies undertaken to determine the causes of the problem revealed that oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were demonstrable in auramine O stained fecal smears from 52 of 183 (28.4%) animals examined. Cryptosporidia infection was identified in 21 of 40 species of exotic ruminants with diarrhea. In addition, Cryptosporidia were associated with gastroenteric disease in two primates and two reptiles. It was observed also that auramine O stained coccidial oocysts of the genus Eimeria, which were present in five of 183 (2.7%) of the specimens examined.
Determination of tamoxifen and metabolites in serum by capillary electrophoresis using a nonaqueous buffer system

Tamoxifen (TAM), an antiestrogen, is widely used to treat hormone-dependent breast cancer in post-menopausal women. TAM may be used as a chemopreventive agent in women of child-bearing age; however, few data exist describing potential TAM-induced fetal toxicity. In support of the National Toxicology Program's characterization of reproductive and developmental effects of TAM, this work describes an analytical technique utilizing capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the detection of circulating levels of TAM, N-desmethyltamoxifen (DMT), and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-HT) in maternal rodent serum. Greater than 90% of 3H-labeled TAM was extractable from serum using 98:2 hexane–isoamyl alcohol. Optimum separation of TAM, DMT, and 4-HT was obtained on a 57 cm×50 μm capillary using a nonaqueous buffer system of 1:1 methanol–acetonitrile containing 50 mM ammonium acetate and 1% acetic acid. 4-Dimethylaminopyridine was used as internal standard. Temperature and voltage were optimized at 40°C and 15 kV, respectively. The limit of detection of TAM by UV detection at 214 nm was approximately 800 amol. TAM and DMT were confirmed in serum of female rats 4 h following a single oral dose of 120 mg/kg. Transplacental exposure of TAM to fetal tissue will be evaluated using this technique.
Dispatching and Allocating Servers to Stochastically Failing Networks

The problem considered is that of allocating and dispatching servers to networks whose nodes and/or arcs fail stochastically. A mathematical programming formulation is developed which allocates servers to nodal demands so that expected loss is minimized. From this a zero-one programming problem is formulated to insure whole server allocation and to allow for decreasing service time and cost functions in the number of servers dispatched to a demand. Comparative computer experience with two zero-one codes is reported. Server transfers between subparts of networks, use of the model for prepositioning servers throughout the network and other extensions are discussed in the final section.
An estimate of radiative emission from an isothermal xenon plasma at temperatures up to 50,000°K

Abstract An estimate of the radiative emission from an isothermal slab of an equilibrium xenon plasma has been carried out for a range of temperatures from 10,000 to 50,000°K, pressures of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 atmospheres, and slab thickness ranging from 0.1 to 10 cm. Xe I–Xe V have been included and both line and continuum radiation processes have been taken into account. The results obtained indicate that the emission is dominated by line radiation with the vacuum ultraviolet lines being strongly self-absorbed. Fluxes are calculated to be as high as 1 MW/cm 2 at 50,000°K. These results are used to assess the importance of radiative cooling behind incident shock waves in xenon. Comparisons with similar calculations for hydrogen plasmas are made.
Automatic interpretation of infrared aerial color photographs of citrus orchards having infestations of insect pests and diseases

This paper describes a system designed to analyze aerial color infrared photographs of citrus orchards. The input to the system is a 35-mm transparency of the infrared aerial photograph mounted in a three-color film digitizer which is controlled by an XDS 930 computer. An algorithm locates the outline of each individual tree in the photograph and then cluster analysis is applied. For the trees of a transparency, the center of gravity (CG) of the set of trees is determined and then the distance of each individual tree from CG is computed by using an empirical distance function which we have derived. Sorting, performed on the basis of the computed distances, clusters the trees. The cluster identifying algorithm separates out the individual clusters which are then grouped together into a smaller number of classes by applying the same algorithm. Fifteen transparencies having mealybugs, brown soft scale, gummosis, and root rot infestations were analyzed and experimental results show very satisfactory classification of the infestations.
Modeling diurnal canopy temperature dynamics using one-time-of-day measurements and a reference temperature curve

climate-dependent threshold time, then an irrigation event of a fixed depth is scheduled (Fig. 1). Evett et al. The application of the temperature–time threshold (TTT) method (1996, 2000) demonstrated in drip-irrigated plots that of irrigation scheduling to self-propelled irrigations systems requires a method of estimating the diurnal canopy temperature dynamics automatic irrigation using the TTT method was more using only a one-time-of-day measurement. Other research efforts responsive to plant stress and showed the potential to such as the crop water stress index (CWSI) and field canopy tempera- outyield manual irrigation scheduling based on a 100% ture mapping using moving irrigation systems could also be served replenishment of crop water use as determined by neuby the use of this method. This was accomplished using a stationary tron probe soil water content measurements. It is desirreference measurement to capture the canopy temperature dynamics. able to apply the TTT method to moving irrigation sysTwo different methods were developed for estimating a temperature tems such as center pivots or linear-move systems. curve for a remote location from a one-time-of-day measurement at However, infrared thermometers (IRTs) mounted on that location. The first method (scaled method) uses the ratio between moving irrigation systems provide only one-time-of-day thereferencetemperatureandtheremotelocationtemperature,refermeasurements. This necessitates a method of estimating enced to the predawn temperature, to scale the reference curve to yield the predicted curve. In the second method (Gaussian difference the diurnal canopy temperature dynamics using only a method), a three-parameter Gaussian equation was empirically fitted one-time-of–day canopy temperature measurement. to the temperature differences between the reference and the mea- Other canopy temperature–based crop stress indicasured remote canopy temperature curves. To test these two methods, tors such as the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI; Jackcanopy temperature data, sensed using stationary infrared thermome- son, 1982) are sensitive to the time of day that the meaters, from three different crops {corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossyp- surements are taken (U.S. Water Conserv. Lab., 2004). ium hirsutum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]} were ana- There is also an increased interest in quantifying spalyzed.Forafewhoursafterdawnandbeforesunset,thescaledmethod tially varying crop response to soil-, water-, disease-, or was generally more accurate while during the middle of the day, the pest-induced stresses using IRTs mounted on moving Gaussian difference method was more accurate. The average absolute
Is the market price of risk infinite

Abstract In a Bayesian model, a rational-expectations Euler equation involves a learning wedge that disconnects the consumer's IMRS from the rational-expectations pricing kernel. The wedge is extremely volatile and explains the high volatility of the rational-expectations pricing kernel.
Investigation of Separation and the Associated Heat-Transfer and Pressure Distribution on Cone-Cylinder-Flare Configurations

The separated region across the cylinder-flare junction of a conecylinder-flare configuration and its effect on the overall heat-transfer and pressure distributions were investigated at a Mach number of 4.98. Results are presented for pure laminar and transitional separation and for both laminar and turbulent attached flow on a 15 deg half-angle cone-cylinder model with conical flare afterbodies of 10 deg, 17 deg, 24 deg, and. 56 deg half-angles. The free-stream unit Reynolds number ranged from l.6x10(sup 6)to 5.5x(sup 6) ft(sup -1)and the wall temperature from T(sub w/T(sub aw) = 0.18 to 1.0. The extent of a pure laminar separation and a transitional separation was found to decrease with wall cooling, decreasing flare angle, and increasing unit Reynolds number. The heat transfer at reattachment and downstream was dependent on the type of separation - pure laminar or transitional. Low heat-transfer rates were found downstream of a pure laminar separation. For transitional separation, the heat transfer downstream of reattachment was at the high values associated with a thin turbulent boundary layer, with peak heating in the vicinity of reattachment.
A Highly Active, Isospecific Cobalt Catalyst for Propylene Oxide Polymerization

A highly active cobalt complex ((salph)CoOAc; salph = N,N‘-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidine-1,2-benzenediamine)) was discovered for the isospecific polymerization of rac-propylene oxide.
Macrophage and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthesis: Cell-type selective inhibition by NG-aminoarginine, NG-nitroarginine and NG-methylarginine

Abstract Many cell types are known to synthesize nitric oxide (NO.) from Larginine. There appear to be at least two forms of NO. synthase: an inducible, tetrahydrobiopterin- and flavin-dependent activity exemplified by the macrophage enzyme and a constitutive, Ca++-dependent activity exemplified by the endothelial cell enzyme. L-NG-methylarginine inhibits NO. synthesis by both cell types. We now report that L-NG-aminoarginine and L-NG-nitroarginine are about 100-fold more potent than NG-methylarginine in blocking endothelial cell NO. synthesis. In contrast, NG-aminoarginine and NG-methylarginine are about equipotent with macrophages whereas NG-nitroarginine is much less potent. Since macrophage and endothelial cell NO. synthesis are differentially sensitive to the inhibitors, the panel of inhibitors can be used in complex biological systems to determine if macrophage-like or endothelial-like cells are the predominant source of NO.. Indeed, all three inhibitors elicit a strong pressor response in the anesthetized guinea pig, a result consistent with the view that endothelial cells continually produce vasodilatory NO..
Proteoglycan changes during restoration of transparency in corneal scars

Abstract Corneal scars generated in rabbits by penetrating wounds are initially opaque but become transparent within a year. Previous studies have shown that the corneal stroma consists of proteoglycans and collagen fibrils spaced at regular intervals and that the interfibrillar spaces, the presumed location of proteoglycans, are abnormally large in opaque scars. In the present study, the size and glycosaminoglycan composition of the corneal stromal proteoglycans were determined in corneal scars during the restoration of transparency. The results showed that initially opaque scars which contained the large interfibrillar spaces also contined unusually large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans with glycosaminoglycan side chains of normal size. These opaque scars also lacked the keratan sulfate proteoglycan but did contain hyaluronic acid. In the 1-yearold scars there was a restoration of normal interfibrillar spacing, and a return to corneal stromal proteoglycans of normal size and composition. These correlations suggest that the corneal stromal proteoglycans may play a fundamental role in regulating corneal collagen fibril spacing.
The Use of a Trabecular Metal Acetabular Component and Trabecular Metal Augment for Severe Acetabular Defects

Stable acetabular fixation cannot be reliably achieved with the use of a hemispherical porous coated component alone in patients with a Paprosky type IIIa defect. The purpose of the present study was to determine the short-term results of a tantalum porous coated hemispherical acetabular component supported with a modular tantalum augment in Paprosky type IIIa defects. A total of 28 patients (28 hips) were treated for a type IIIa acetabular defect between 2001 and 2003 with the use of a trabecular metal acetabular component supported with a modular, superiorly placed trabecular metal augment. At an average of 3.1 years follow-up, 1 patient required rerevision for recurrent instability. The remaining hips remain radiographically stable. Clinically, the patients' modified Postel Merle d'Aubigne score improved from 6.8 preoperatively to 10.6 postoperatively. The use of a trabecular metal acetabular component with a superiorly placed trabecular metal augment demonstrates encouraging short-term results for Paprosky type IIIa acetabular defects.
Effect of cannabidiol on cytochrome P-450 and hexobarbital sleep time.

Abstract The influences of acute and subacute cannabidiol (CBD) treatment and of subsequent drug withdrawal were investigated on hexobarbital-induced sleep time, on hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentration, on the in vitro formation of carbon monoxide (CO) associated with CBD metabolism, and on the kinetics of aminopyrine N-demethylase metabolism. In acutely treated mice, CBD prolonged sleep time, decreased cytochrome P-450 concentration, decreased the endogenous formation of CO, and increased an apparent Km for aminopyrine N-demethylase activity. In subacutely treated animals, tolerance developed to the effect on sleep time but not to that on cytochrome P-450 concentration nor on the endogenous formation of CO in vitro nor on the Km for the N-demethylase activity. Upon withdrawal from subacute treatment, tolerance to the sleep-time effect was still evident on day 14, but, by day 28, the sensitivity to CBD had returned to normal. In contrast, the cytochrome P-450 concentration returned to normal on day 14 of withdrawal, as did the Km for the N-demethylase activity and the ability of CBD to induce CO synthesis in vitro. The comparative results lead us to conclude that the CBD effect on sleep time does not correlate with either the total amount of cytochrome P-450 or with the CBD depressant effect on the cytochrome.
Choroid plexus: target for polypeptides and site of their synthesis.

Choroid plexus (CP) is an important target organ for polypeptides. The fenestrated phenotype of choroidal endothelium facilitates the penetration of blood-borne polypeptides across the capillary walls. Thus, both circulating and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-borne polypeptides can reach their receptors on choroidal epithelium. Several polypeptides have been demonstrated to regulate CSF formation by controlling blood flow to choroid plexus and/or the activity of ion transport in choroidal epithelium. However, many ligand-receptor interactions occurring in the CP are not involved in the regulation of fluid secretion. Increasing evidence suggests that the choroidal epithelium plays an important role in hormonal signaling via a receptor-mediated transport into the brain (e.g., leptin) and helps to clear certain CSF-borne polypeptides (e.g., soluble amyloid β-protein). Thus, impaired choroidal transport or insufficient clearance of polypeptides may contribute to pathogenesis of systemic or central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as obesity or Alzheimer's disease. CP epithelium is not only a target but is also a source of neuropeptides, growth factors, and cytokines in the CNS. These polypeptides following their release into the CSF may exert distal, endocrine-like effects on target cells in the brain due to bulk flow of this fluid. Distinct temporal patterns of choroidal expression of several polypeptides are observed during brain development and in various CNS disorders, including traumatic brain injury and ischemia. Therefore, it is proposed that the CP plays an integral role not only in normal brain functioning, but also in the recovery from the injury. This review attempts to critically analyze the available data to support the above hypothesis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 52:65–82, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Accuracy of Digital Image-Based Finite Element Models

Digital image-based finite element meshing is an alternative approach to time-consuming conventional meshing techniques for generating realistic three-dimensional (3D) models of complex structures. Although not limited to biological applications, digital image-based modeling has been used to generate structure-specific (i.e., non-generic) models of whole bones and trabecular bone microstructures. However, questions remain regarding the solution accuracy provided by the digital meshing approach, particularly at model or material boundaries. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of digital and conventional smooth boundary models based on theoretical solutions for a two-dimensional (2D) compression plate and a 3D circular cantilever beam. For both the plate and beam analyses, the predicted solution at digital model boundaries was characterized by local oscillations, which produced potentially high errors within individual boundary elements. Significantly, however, the digital model boundary solution oscillated approximately about the theoretical solution. A marked improvement in solution accuracy was therefore achieved by considering average results within a region composed of several elements. Absolute errors for Von Mises stress averaged over the beam cross section, for example, converged to less than 4 percent, and the predicted free-end displacement of the cantilever beam was within 1 percent of the theoretical solution. Analyses at several beam orientations and mesh resolutions suggested a minimum discretization of three to four digital finite elements through the beam cross section to avoid high numerical stiffening errors under bending.
Sub-Doppler nonlinear spectroscopy as a probe of photodissociation dynamics

The nonlinear optical technique of degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) is shown to be an effective tool for the interrogation of nascent product molecules generated during a photodissociation event. By combining an absorption-based, beam-like response with the sensitivity afforded by full resonant enhancement, this scheme provides an attractive alterative to the ubiquitous laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) methodology. DFWM spectroscopy has been used to probe the unrelaxed hydroxyl (OH) radicals formed upon 266 nm photolysis of hydrogen peroxide (HOOH), with a sub-Doppler experimental configuration enabling extraction of both scalar and vector properties. In particular, the rovibrational population distribution of the ground electronic state fragments, as well as the spatial alignment of their rotational angular momenta, have been measured. These results are compared with those obtained in previous LIF studies, thereby demonstrating the utility of four-wave mixing techniques for the quantum state-specific characterization of nascent reaction products.
Indicated Preterm Birth for Fetal Anomalies

Between 2% and 3% of pregnancies are complicated by fetal anomalies. For most anomalies, there is no advantage to late preterm or early-term delivery. The risks of maternal or fetal complication are specific for each anomaly. Very few anomalies pose potential maternal risk. Some anomalies carry ongoing risks to the fetus, such as an increased risk of fetal death, hemorrhage, or organ damage. In a limited number of select cases, the advantages of late preterm or early-term birth may include avoiding an ongoing risk of fetal death related to the anomaly, allowing delivery in a controlled setting with availability of subspecialists and allowing direct care for the neonate with organ injury. The optimal gestational age for delivery cannot be determined for all pregnancies complicated by fetal anomalies. For most pregnancies complicated by anomalies, there is no change to obstetrical management regarding timing of delivery. For those that may benefit from late preterm or early-term delivery, variability exists such that each management plan should be individualized.
Antisense transcripts of the expanded C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat form nuclear RNA foci and undergo repeat-associated non-ATG translation in c9FTD/ALS

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are devastating neurodegenerative disorders with clinical, genetic, and neuropathological overlap. A hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat expansion in a non-coding region of C9ORF72 is the major genetic cause of both diseases. The mechanisms by which this repeat expansion causes “c9FTD/ALS” are not definitively known, but RNA-mediated toxicity is a likely culprit. RNA transcripts of the expanded GGGGCC repeat form nuclear foci in c9FTD/ALS, and also undergo repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation resulting in the production of three aggregation-prone proteins. The goal of this study was to examine whether antisense transcripts resulting from bidirectional transcription of the expanded repeat behave in a similar manner. We show that ectopic expression of (CCCCGG)66 in cultured cells results in foci formation. Using novel polyclonal antibodies for the detection of possible (CCCCGG)exp RAN proteins [poly(PR), poly(GP) and poly(PA)], we validated that (CCCCGG)66 is also subject to RAN translation in transfected cells. Of importance, foci composed of antisense transcripts are observed in the frontal cortex, spinal cord and cerebellum of c9FTD/ALS cases, and neuronal inclusions of poly(PR), poly(GP) and poly(PA) are present in various brain tissues in c9FTD/ALS, but not in other neurodegenerative diseases, including CAG repeat disorders. Of note, RNA foci and poly(GP) inclusions infrequently co-occur in the same cell, suggesting these events represent two distinct ways in which the C9ORF72 repeat expansion may evoke neurotoxic effects. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of c9FTD/ALS, and have significant implications for therapeutic strategies.