cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MSTor: A program for calculating partition functions, free energies, enthalpies, entropies, and heat capacities of complex molecules including torsional anharmonicity

Article history: We present a Fortran program package, MSTor, which calculates partition functions and thermodynamic functions of complex molecules involving multiple torsional motions by the recently proposed MS-T method. This method interpolates between the local harmonic approximation in the low-temperature limit, and the limit of free internal rotation of all torsions at high temperature. The program can also carry out calculations in the multiple-structure local harmonic approximation. The program package also includes six utility codes that can be used as stand-alone programs to calculate reduced moment of inertia matrices by the method of Kilpatrick and Pitzer, to generate conformational structures, to calculate, either analytically or by Monte Carlo sampling, volumes for torsional subdomains defined by Voronoi tessellation of the conformational subspace, to generate template input files, and to calculate one-dimensional torsional partition functions using the torsional eigenvalue summation method.
A straightforward technique for removal of the substernal bar after the Nuss operation

Pectus excavatum is the most common chest wall deformity seen in the pediatric population. There have been a number of reports describing the operative correction of pectus excavatum, but scant literature is available describing removal of the substernal bar. This report describes a straightforward technique for removal of the substernal bar after the Nuss operation. This technique has been used in more than 110 patients without complications.
Laparoscopic biliary surgery: will we ever learn?

The Guideline for laparoscopic biliary surgery appearing in this issue of Surgical Endoscopy is comprehensive and accurate. It reflects the extensive experience of the authors and a realistic view of practice patterns in the USA. There can be no doubt that laparoscopic cholecystectomy, in all but the most difficult cases or where neoplasia is suspected or exists, has become the standard of care for disease of the gallbladder. Carefully practiced, it provides excellent relief of symptoms with minimal morbidity and is a great advance over the former open approach. The impact of laparoscopic surgery upon the management of common bile duct stones is not at all so clear. Indeed, it may be argued that the issue has become confused.
Injury to potato leaves exposed to subzero temperatures in the absence of freezing

Electrolyte leakage was measured in "hardened" and "nonhardened" leaves of three potato species, Solanum tuberosum L., S. acaule Bitt. and S. commersonii Dun., and one interspecific cross, "Alaska Frostless" (S. acaule x S. tuberosum) when exposed to various subzero temperatures. The leaves were undercooled (no ice present) from 0°C to -12.5°C for 45 min and to-4°C for up to 10 d. Regardless of the degree of undercooling no injury was observed in any of the potatoes, "hardened" or "nonhardened", for up to 12 h. After 5 d, however, electrolyte leakage was observed in "hardened" S. tuberosum, S. acaule and S. commersonii, and in "nonhardened" "Alaska Frostless". After 10 d exposure all potatoes, "hardened" and "nonhardened", showed a significant amount of electrolyte leakage as compared to their controls kept at 0°C for 10 d.
A compact and general-purpose neural chip with electrically programmable synapses

A neural chip with 64 neurons and 4096 DRAM-like programmable synapses has been designed and fabricated in 29 mm/sup 2/ area using the 2- mu m scalable CMOS process from MOSIS Service. With 0.2-s refresh cycle, 8-b accuracy in synapses can be achieved for image processing. A system simulation result of image restoration using the programmable synapse chip architecture is also presented. An industrial-level 500-neuron chip with the fully connected synapse array can be implemented in 1- mu m CMOS technologies. >
Primary angiitis of the central nervous system at conventional angiography.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively determine the sensitivity and specificity of cerebral angiography for the diagnosis of primary angiitis of the central nervous system (CNS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained, and informed consent was not required. Thirty-eight patients (13 men, 25 women; mean age, 55 years) had undergone cerebral angiography followed by cortical and leptomeningeal biopsy for possible primary angiitis of the CNS during an 8-year period. Angiography reports were reviewed by investigators blinded to the results of biopsy. Angiographic findings were categorized as typical for vasculitis, normal, or other. Sensitivity and specificity of cerebral angiography for the diagnosis of primary angiitis of the CNS were calculated. RESULTS: Fourteen patients had typical angiographic findings of vasculitis. None had primary angiitis of the CNS at brain biopsy (60% specificity). Specific pathologic diagnoses other than primary angiitis of the CNS were made in six patients....
Detection of Cancer with Serum miRNAs on an Oligonucleotide Microarray

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding RNA species that play critical roles throughout cellular development and regulation. miRNA expression patterns taken from various tissue types often point to the cellular lineage of an individual tissue type, thereby being a more invariant hallmark of tissue type. Recent work has shown that these miRNA expression patterns can be used to classify tumor cells, and that this classification can be more accurate than the classification achieved by using messenger RNA gene expression patterns. One aspect of miRNA biogenesis that makes them particularly attractive as a biomarker is the fact that they are maintained in a protected state in serum and plasma, thus allowing the detection of miRNA expression patterns directly from serum. This study is focused on the evaluation of miRNA expression patterns in human serum for five types of human cancer, prostate, colon, ovarian, breast and lung, using a pan-human microRNA, high density microarray. This microarray platform enables the simultaneous analysis of all human microRNAs by either fluorescent or electrochemical signals, and can be easily redesigned to include newly identified miRNAs. We show that sufficient miRNAs are present in one milliliter of serum to detect miRNA expression patterns, without the need for amplification techniques. In addition, we are able to use these expression patterns to correctly discriminate between normal and cancer patient samples.
The Psychometric Properties of the Difficult Behavior Self-Efficacy Scale.

The study was designed to estimate the psychometric properties of Hastings and Brown's (2002a) Difficult Behavior Self-efficacy Scale. Participants were two samples of physical educators teaching in Korea (n=229) and the United States (U.S.; n=139). An initial translation of the questionnaire to Korean and pilot study were conducted along with the larger study using a confirmatory factor analysis procedure. Internal consistency estimates (weighed Omega) for the five-item scale were 0.88 both the Korean and U.S. samples. The average variances extracted for the one factor were 0.59 for the total data set and 0.57 each for the Korean and U.S. samples. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a five-item, unidimensional model for self-efficacy for the total sample: Goodness of Fit Index (GFI)=0.97, Nonnormed Fit Index (NNFI)=0.95, Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=0.98, and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR)=0.03. Only the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA=0.12) fell below criterion levels of acceptable fit, with similar fit indices occurring in separate analyses of the Korean and U.S. samples. Invariance testing across the two samples supported metric invariance (similarity of factor loadings) but not scalar invariance (U.S. means higher on all five items). The factor structure for the self-efficacy scale provides an initial estimate of validity and internal consistency for use with different teacher groups.
Asymmetric positioning of nucleosomes and directional establishment of transcriptionally silent chromatin by Saccharomyces cerevisiae silencers.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, silencers flanking the HML and HMR loci consist of various combinations of binding sites for Abf1p, Rap1p, and the origin recognition complex (ORC) that serve to recruit the Sir silencing complex, thereby initiating the establishment of transcriptionally silent chromatin. There have been seemingly conflicting reports concerning whether silencers function in an orientation-dependent or -independent manner, and what determines the directionality of a silencer has not been explored. We demonstrate that chromatin plays a key role in determining the potency and directionality of silencers. We show that nucleosomes are asymmetrically distributed around the HML-I or HMR-E silencer so that a nucleosome is positioned close to the Abf1p side but not the ORC side of the silencer. This coincides with preferential association of Sir proteins and transcriptional silencing on the Abf1p side of the silencer. Elimination of the asymmetry in nucleosome positioning at a silencer leads to comparable silencing on both sides. Asymmetric nucleosome positioning in the immediate vicinity of a silencer is independent of its orientation and genomic context, indicating that it is the inherent property of the silencer. Moreover, it is also independent of the Sir complex and thus precedes the formation of silent chromatin. Finally, we demonstrate that asymmetric positioning of nucleosomes and directional silencing by a silencer depend on ORC and Abf1p. We conclude that the HML-I and HMR-E silencers promote asymmetric positioning of nucleosomes, leading to unequal potentials of transcriptional silencing on their sides and, hence, directional silencing. The establishment of condensed and transcriptionally silent heterochromatin in the eukaryotic genome is achieved via an initiation process that recruits silencing/repressor complexes to specific nucleation sequences, followed by their propagation along the chromatin. A silencing complex usually contains a histone-modifying enzyme(s) responsible for yielding heterochromatin-specific “histone codes” and structural proteins that recognize these codes and bind the modified histones with high affinity (13). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transcriptional silencing of the HML and HMR loci as well as regions near the telomeres is mediated by a silent chromatin that
High-temperature ultrasonic characterization of Ag-clad superconductor tapes

An ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation technique was developed to monitor liquid-phase evolution during heat treatment of high-T/sub c/ superconductors. The liquid phase is essential for microstructural and phase development of superconductors and is important in fabricating conductors with high critical current density, J/sub c/. Tapes were fabricated by a powder-in-tube process and then placed in a controlled-atmosphere furnace. During heat treatment, a magnetostrictive transducer launches a 140-kHz wave into the sample, and the relative change in acoustic velocity is then measured. A significant decrease in velocity was seen at the incongruent melting temperatures of Bi-based superconductors. In addition, Ag-clad tapes with Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and NaCl cores were used to validate the measurement technique. Advantages of this approach over other thermal analysis methods include in-situ analysis of final tape form, monitoring of isothermal liquid evolution, control of volatile species such as Tl and Pb. >
Metoprolol does not attenuate atherosclerosis in lipid-fed rabbits exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.

BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) increases the development of atherosclerosis in lipid-fed rabbits. Clinical studies have suggested a protective effect of beta-blockers in smokers. Accordingly, we evaluated the effects of metoprolol in this animal model to see whether this beta-blocker would block the atherogenic effects of ETS. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-two New Zealand White male rabbits on a 0.3% cholesterol diet were randomly divided into four groups: ETS-metoprolol (ETS-M), ETS-control (ETS-C), and non-ETS with metoprolol (NETS-M) and without metoprolol (NETS-C). The two metoprolol-treated groups received metoprolol at a dose of 0.4 mg.kg-1.h-1 administered subcutaneously by an osmotic pump. Rabbits in the ETS groups were exposed to sidestream smoke from four Marlboro cigarettes per 15 minutes, 6 hours a day, for 10 weeks. Average air carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine, and total particulates (TP) in the exposure chambers were 67.2 +/- 3.1 (SEM) ppm, 1133.7 +/- 78.4 micrograms/m3, and 37.7 +/- 3.0 mg/m3, respectively. Plasma nicotine was significantly higher in ETS-exposed rabbits than in nonexposed rabbits (7.1 +/- 1.9 versus 0.5 +/- 0.1 ng/mL, P < .01). Blood carbon monoxide hemoglobin (COHb) in the ETS-M group was significantly higher than that in the NETS-M group (4.0 +/- 0.2% versus 1.3 +/- 0.1%, P < .0001). The lipid lesions in the aorta and pulmonary artery were 57.2 +/- 7.6% and 33.1 +/- 6.4% (ETS-M), 62.8 +/- 8.4% and 58.4 +/- 6.1% (ETS-C), 38.7 +/- 9.4% and 24.8 +/- 7.7% (NETS-M), and 49.8 +/- 8.7% and 32.7 +/- 7.1% (NETS-C). There were significant differences in lipid deposits of the arteries between the controls and the ETS-exposed rabbits (37 +/- 1% versus 53 +/- 1%, P = .004) and between the controls and metoprolol-treated rabbits (51 +/- 1% versus 38 +/- 1%, P = .027). The benefit of metoprolol was independent of ETS exposure (ETS x metoprolol interaction, P = .595). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to ETS significantly accelerated and metoprolol decreased the development of atherosclerosis in lipid-fed rabbits, but there was no interaction between the effects of ETS exposure and metoprolol. Metoprolol did not protect against the effects of ETS on atherosclerosis, suggesting that the beta-adrenergic system is not the mechanism of ETS-induced atherosclerosis.
Supplemental Joint Brainstorming: Navigating Past the Perils of Traditional Bargaining

Though decision makers in many domains use bargaining as their primary approach to negotiation, it has limited efficacy in multi-issue, nonquantifiable transactions. Nevertheless, many negotiators use back-and-forth bargaining rather than other approaches. The author explicates reasons for this choice and describes “supplemental joint brainstorming,” an innovative strategy to supplement the institutionally-entrenched bargaining approach to negotiation with interest-based negotiation.
Length‐Dependence of Lymphatic Phasic Contractile Activity Under Isometric and Isobaric Conditions

Objective: Experiments were designed to determine if the effect of preload on the spontaneous contractile activity of rat mesenteric lymphatics would be different under isometric and isobaric conditions. Methods: Isobaric protocols on cannulated, pressurized rat mesenteric lymphatics (∼120 μm, ID) measured the effects of lumenal pressure on contraction amplitude, frequency, and rate of diameter change (dD/dt). Analogous protocols were conducted using a wire myograph to determine the effects of passive force (preload) on the characteristics of spontaneous, isometric force transients. Servo-control systems allowed responses to ramp or step increases in preload/pressure to be tested. Results: Under isobaric conditions, contraction amplitude was maximal at the lowest pressure tested (1 cm H2O), and progressively declined with pressure elevation to 10 cm H2O. Changes in dD/dt followed a similar pattern. In contrast, contraction frequency progressively increased with pressure. Under isometric conditions, the amplitude of spontaneous force transients was maximal at preloads of 0.3‐0.4 mN, with dF/dt following a similar pattern; the average peak amplitude was ∼15% of the maximal active contractile force developed during agonist stimulation. The frequency of the transients increased with preload from 0.05 to 0.3 mN, and remained constant at higher preloads. The amplitudefrequency product, an estimate of lymphatic pumping ability, reached a maximum value at 0.4 mN in isometric vessels and at 6 cm H2O in isobaric vessels. Conclusions: Isometric and isobaric methods yielded qualitatively similar indices of spontaneous contractile activity. However, the ranges of amplitude and frequency changes were much greater under isobaric conditions (3- to 5-fold) than under isometric conditions (50‐80%). Microcirculation (2007) 14, 613‐625. doi:10.1080/10739680701436160
A microelectronic structure for basic heat transfer studies

A test structure for making basic heat transfer measurements with materials and fluids of interest in electronic packaging has been fabricated using monolithic integrated circuit processes. By using a silicon wafer as a thermal test section, the heater element can be placed in close thermal contact with the fluid of interest. The cooled surface may then be coated with thin films of carious materials important to multichip electronic packaging, including silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, various metals, and diamond. The structure will be particularly useful in characterizing heat transfer for both liquid immersion and jet impingement modes of cooling. The thermal test section is being used to characterize a number of potential electronic coolants including F-12, F-22, R-134A, and FC-72. >
Role of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the design of dosage schedules for 12-h cefotaxime alone and in combination with other antibiotics.

Abstract Pharmacodynamic principles have provided important tools to evaluate and compare antimicrobial agents, and well as to guide dosing. For β-lactams, time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) has surfaced as the most important factor. However, the area under the inhibitory serum concentration time-curve (AUIC) may be superior when appropriate dosing intervals are selected. Although the target time over the MIC is unclear in humans even when concentrations remain continuously above the MIC, a higher AUIC predicts better clinical outcome up to a maximum. This article provides a pharmacodynamic assessment of 1- and 2-g doses of cefotaxime every 12 h. AUIC 24 values and published MIC values for common pathogens (grouped into four groups based on MIC 90 ) were used to predict organisms suitable for treatment with every-12-h regimens. Cefotaxime was inadequate for group 4 organisms including: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acienetobacter sp., and Enterococcus sp. Organisms such as Enterobacter cloacae , Serratia marcescens , Staphylococcus aureus , and B. fragilis may be suboptimally treated with cefotaxime every 12 h. Cefotaxime in doses of 1–2 g every 12 h should be useful in patients with normal renal function infected with organisms having MICs 24 values > 125 and ensure adequate time above the MIC. In patients with impaired renal function, because of a longer half-life and higher area under the curve, pathogens with MIC values in the 0.5–2 μg/ml range may be treated with cefotaxime every 12 h while maintaining AUICs >125. Data are also presented for cefotaxime 2 g every 8 h alone and in combination with ofloxacin. Measured serum inhibitory titers show strengths and weakness of cefotaxime and ofloxacin monotherapies, and show that the combination often provided greater inhibitory activity than monotherapy with either agent.
Nuclear maturation of canine oocytes cultured in protein-free media.

The objective of this study was to determine the ability of canine oocytes to complete nuclear maturation in a protein-free medium. Oocytes obtained from ovaries of bitches aged 6 months to 2 years were cultured either in TCM199 or CMRL1066 medium without protein supplementation in 5% or 20% O(2). Sixteen of 121 (13%) oocytes cultured in TCM199 reached metaphase II, but only 1 of 135 oocytes cultured in CMRL1066 did so (P < 0.05). Oxygen concentration did not affect nuclear maturation. An additional 103 oocytes were cultured in TCM199 for 48 hr, inseminated with chilled ejaculated spermatozoa, fixed in 1:3 acetic acid-ethanol and then stained with aceto-orcein; 34% of these oocytes were penetrated by spermatozoa. To determine developmental competence of oocytes cultured in a protein-free medium, 85 oocytes were cultured in TCM 199 for 48 hr, inseminated and then cultured; 7 early stage embryos were produced. The effects of growth hormone, beta-mercaptoethanol (betaME), luteinizing hormone (LH) and energy substrates, alone or in combination, on nuclear maturation of oocytes cultured in a protein-free medium were also determined. Growth hormone enhanced cumulus expansion, but did not improve nuclear maturation. beta-mercaptoethanol had no effect on nuclear maturation. However, percentages of MII oocytes significantly decreased when the oocytes were cultured for 48 hr in the medium containing LH or a high concentration of glucose (P < 0.05). In conclusion, canine oocytes are able to complete nuclear maturation in a protein-free medium. The specific type of medium and other supplements significantly influence the meiotic maturation of canine oocytes.
Connected Vehicle Systems: Evaluation of Display Location and Application Type on Driving Performance

As part of the Human Factors for Connected Vehicles program, the U.S. Department of Transportation has initiated activities to advance connectivity between vehicles (vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure). Connected vehicle system (CVS) driver interfaces have been proposed for a variety of vehicle-integrated and carry-in technologies. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the presentation of connected vehicle applications on three interfaces: integrated (e.g., in the center console), fixed to the windshield (e.g., an off-the-shelf navigation device), and mobile (e.g., cell phone). The display devices were used to present a range of safety-related and nonsafety-related CVS applications. The resulting driving performance was evaluated and analyzed. Results for the imminent safety application indicated that 67% of drivers complied with a red-light warning when they used the mobile device and that 92% of drivers complied with a red-light warning when they used either the fixed or ...
Overexpression of cyclin B1 in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and its clinical implication.

Cyclin B1 is a key molecule for G2-M-phase transition during the cell cycle and is overexpressed in various tumor types. However, the expression status of cyclin B1 in lung cancer and its clinical significance remain unknown. We used immunohistochemistry studies to examine the expression of cyclin B1 in 77 non-small cell lung cancer specimens from patients with histological stage I disease. All of the patients underwent curative surgical treatment. The median length of follow-up care is 8.2 years. High-level cyclin B1 expression (a cyclin B1 labeling index ≥ 15%) was observed in 17 of the 77 (22%) tumors. Patients whose tumors expressed a high level of cyclin B1 had a significantly shorter survival time than patients whose tumors expressed a low level of cyclin B1 ( P = 0.02, log-rank test). Interestingly, overexpression of cyclin B1 was more frequently observed in tumors with squamous cell histology than in tumors with other histological cell types ( P = 0.01, Fisher’s exact test). A subgroup analysis revealed that cyclin B1 overexpression seems to be an adverse prognostic factor only in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung ( P = 0.02, log-rank test). Our data indicate that cyclin B1 may be dysregulated in non-small cell lung cancer, particularly in the SCC subtype, and that a high level of cyclin B1 expression may be a prognostic marker for patients with early-stage SCC of the lung.
Bayesian adaptive estimation of threshold versus contrast external noise functions: the quick TvC method.

External noise paradigms, measuring contrast threshold as a function of external noise contrast (the "TvC" function), provide a valuable tool for studying perceptual mechanisms. However, measuring TvC functions at the multiple performance criteria needed to constrain observer models has previously involved demanding data collection (often>2000 trials). To ease this task, we developed a novel Bayesian adaptive procedure, the "quick TvC" or "qTvC" method, to rapidly estimate multiple TvC functions, by adapting a strategy originally developed to estimate psychometric threshold and slope [Cobo-Lewis, A. B. (1996). An adaptive method for estimating multiple parameters of a psychometric function. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 40, 353-354; Kontsevich, L. L., and Tyler, C. W. (1999). Bayesian adaptive estimation of psychometric slope and threshold. Vision Research, 39(16), 2729-2737]. Exploiting the regularities observed in empirical TvC functions, the qTvC method estimates three parameters: the optimal threshold c(0), the critical noise level N(c), and the common slope, eta, of log-parallel psychometric functions across external noise conditions. Before each trial, the qTvC uses a one-step-ahead search to select the stimulus (jointly defined by signal and noise contrast) that minimizes the expected entropy of the three-dimensional posterior probability distribution, p(N(c),c(0),eta). The method's accuracy and precision, for estimating TvC functions at three performance criteria (65%, 79%, and 92% correct), were evaluated using Monte-Carlo simulations and a psychophysical task. Simulations showed that less than 300 trials were needed to estimate TvC functions at three widely separated criteria with good accuracy (bias .95) between TvC estimates obtained with the qTvC and the method of constant stimuli, although the qTvC used only 12% of the data collection (240 vs 1920 trials). The qTvC may hold considerable practical value for applying the external noise method to study mechanisms of observer state changes and special populations. We suggest that the same adaptive strategy can be applied to directly estimate other classical functions, such as the contrast sensitivity function, elliptical equi-discrimination contours, and sensory memory decay functions.
The polarographic determination of acriflavine.

The polarographic behavior of acriflavine has been investigated. Acriflavine behaves polarographically as a single compound, and polarographic curves are suitable for analytical determinations. The effect of pH and concentrations of acriflavine on the curve is presented as well as results obtained from the use of the method for the quantitative determination of acriflavine in powder, tablet, and ointment forms. These results indicate that acriflavine can be determined successfully by the polarographic method.
Accuracy of heart rate–adjusted ST segments in populations with and without posttest referral bias

Abstract We compared the accuracy of the ST segment/heart rate (STHR) index and slope to standard criteria (≥1 mm horizontal/downsloping ST-segment depression at J + 60 msec) in 1358 patients (152 underwent angiography). All exercise tests used the Cornell protocol and computer measurements of maximum ST-segment depression at J + 60 msec. Test accuracy was determined for the entire group with a probability-based method. Thresholds with equal specificity to standard criteria were determined. By using only patients who underwent angiography, neither STHR index nor slope was more accurate than standard criteria (maximum sensitivity: standard criteria, 42%; STHR index, 51%; STHR slope, 40%). However, by using the entire group, both STHR index and slope were more accurate than standard criteria, but only STHR index achieved statistical significance (maximum sensitivity: standard criteria, 31%; STHR index, 60%; STHR slope, 47%). We conclude that heart rate–adjusted ST-segment criteria are more accurate than standard ST-segment criteria. A lack of demonstration of improved accuracy of STHR index and slope only occurs in patients affected by posttest referral bias. (Am Heart J 1997;134:647-55.)
“Shredding” the Love A Feminist Political Economy Critique of Gendered Lifestyle Branding

This manuscript takes the controversy over Burton’s “Love” snowboard, which featured Playboy Playmates, as a case study for understanding contemporary practices of gendered lifestyle branding in alternative sport. I employ a feminist political economic critique of the Love as a form of gendered branding that constructs the Burton brand as a “platform for action,” inviting male riders to construct “authentic” and countercultural identities and female riders to construct “empowered” postfeminist identities. Drawing on scholarship on the sexual objectification of women in alternative sports media, I argue protests against the board focused only on the board’s representations and failed to account for new branding strategies that relegitimate how “sex sells” at the present conjuncture and missed opportunities to build coalitions against sexism within the snowboarding industry.
Advances in translational bioinformatics: computational approaches for the hunting of disease genes

Over a 100 years ago, William Bateson provided, through his observations of the transmission of alkaptonuria in first cousin offspring, evidence of the application of Mendelian genetics to certain human traits and diseases. His work was corroborated by Archibald Garrod (Archibald AE. The incidence of alkaptonuria: a study in chemical individuality. Lancert 1902;ii:1616-20) and William Farabee (Farabee WC. Inheritance of digital malformations in man. In: Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University, 1905; 65-78), who recorded the familial tendencies of inheritance of malformations of human hands and feet. These were the pioneers of the hunt for disease genes that would continue through the century and result in the discovery of hundreds of genes that can be associated with different diseases. Despite many ground-breaking discoveries during the last century, we are far from having a complete understanding of the intricate network of molecular processes involved in diseases, and we are still searching for the cures for most complex diseases. In the last few years, new genome sequencing and other high-throughput experimental techniques have generated vast amounts of molecular and clinical data that contain crucial information with the potential of leading to the next major biomedical discoveries. The need to mine, visualize and integrate these data has motivated the development of several informatics approaches that can broadly be grouped in the research area of 'translational bioinformatics'. This review highlights the latest advances in the field of translational bioinformatics, focusing on the advances of computational techniques to search for and classify disease genes.
The origin of a new fin skeleton through tinkering.

Adipose fins are positioned between the dorsal and caudal fins of many teleost fishes and primitively lack skeleton. In at least four lineages, adipose fins have evolved lepidotrichia (bony fin ray...
Innovations in Global Health and the Global Governance System

The growing role of civil society in global health governance reflects profound and well known changes in the overall system of global governance. In many respects, however, health governance is actually leading those changes. This paper uses the lens of Liberal international relations theory to explore innovations in global health governance that are not only interesting and significant in their own right, but are also of broader importance for global governance. These include (1) the role of civil society organizations (CSOs) as 'proponents' or advocates of policy and the advocacy partnerships formed by CSOs and public organizations; (2) the changing nature of inter-state regimes, such as the WHO/international health regime, due to the growing participation of domestic, non-state actors; (3) the strategies of organizations like the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria to engage with and empower domestic CSOs in dealings with their own governments; and (4) the emerging role of CSOs, private sector firms and other non-state actors as 'protagonists' or direct participants in international governance, independently or in collaboration with states and international organizations. The paper uses the Governance Triangle to map and analyze the forms and patterns of private and private-public governance arrangements.
The Attention Training Technique: A Review of a Neurobehavioral Therapy for Emotional Disorders ☆

Abstract Wells’s (1990) attention training technique (ATT) is a neurobehavioral therapy for emotional disorders that purportedly can improve upon existing treatment efforts for these disorders. Yet, ATT remains underutilized in the treatment of emotional disorders. One tenable reason for the underutilization of ATT is that researchers and clinicians alike may generally be unfamiliar with ATT and studies supporting its use. We sought to: (a) outline the setup and potential barriers to implementing ATT, (b) describe the distinctiveness of ATT from related interventions, (c) update readers on studies that have examined ATT since an earlier review, (d) discuss limitations surrounding extant ATT studies that preclude us from fully understanding the therapeutic benefits of ATT and describe how future studies can address these limitations, and (e) extend prior discussions of potential mechanisms of change underlying ATT. Our review of empirical evidence for ATT suggests that ATT could be considered a possibly efficacious treatment for emotional disorders, with a great need existing for future efficacy studies that evaluate ATT as a standalone intervention. We offer recommendations for future research interested in shedding further light onto the therapeutic benefits of ATT.
On circuit complexity classes and iterated matrix multiplication

In this thesis, we study small, yet important, circuit complexity classes within NC^1, such as ACC^0 and TC^0. We also investigate the power of a closelyrelated problem called Iterated Matrix Multiplication and its implications in low levels of algebraic complexity theory. More concretely, (1) We show that extremely modest-sounding lower bounds for certain problems can lead to non-trivial derandomization results. (a) If the word problem over S_5 requires constant-depth threshold circuits of size n^{1+epsilon} for some epsilon >0, then any language accepted by uniform polynomial-size probabilistic threshold circuits can be solved in subexponential time (and more strongly, can be accepted by a uniform family of deterministic constant-depth threshold circuits of subexponential size.) (b) If there are no constant-depth arithmetic circuits of size n^{1+\epsilon} for the problem of multiplying a sequenceof n 3-by-3 matrices, then for every constant d, black-box identity testing for depth-d arithmetic circuits with bounded individual degree can be performed in subexponential time (and even by a uniform family of deterministic constant-depth AC circuits of subexponential size). (2) ACC_m circuits are circuits consisting of unbounded fan-in AND, OR and MOD_m gates and unary NOT gates, where m is a fixed integer. We show that there exists a language in non-deterministic exponential time which can not be computed by any non-uniform family of ACC_m circuits of quasi-polynomial size and o(loglog n) depth, where $m$ is an arbitrarily chosen constant. (3) We show that there are families of polynomials having small depth-two arithmetic circuits that cannot be expressed by algebraic branching programs of width two. This clarifies the complexity of the problem of computing the product of a sequence of two-by-two matrices, which arises in several settings.
Temporal Modulation of a GPCR Pathway Elucidates Band-Pass Processing for the Downstream Signaling and Transcription Factor Activation

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are major pharmaceutical targets. Quantitative understanding of GPCR signaling pathway architecture has been limited by the temporal observability space available in the dose-response studies. We use a microfluidic platform that delivers temporally modulated step and pulsatile ligands to single HEK293 cells with simultaneous real-time assessment of downstream calcium signal and calcium-regulated transcription factor activation. We pair these experiments with computational modeling to delineate the mechanism of frequency and amplitude modulation by GPCRs. We find that the pulsatile ligand input, when timed appropriately, leads to better recovery of the calcium signal as well as greater downstream transcription factor activation as compared to step changes in the ligand concentration. Further, we also show that receptor kinetics and the dynamics of downstream signaling combine to form a band-pass regime of frequencies for which the signaling is significantly enhanced. Computational modeling suggests that the band-pass nature of signaling pathways may be a generic theme wherein an upstream module acts as a low-pass filter to distinguish signal from noise, and the downstream module acts a high pass filter to amplify signals received. We further delineate the low pass filter characteristics of the GPCR in single cells and show that cell-to-cell variability may lead to distinguishable downstream responses that may not be obvious by looking at the population scale response. These findings may facilitate the design of therapeutic interventions and the development of enhanced in vitro cell culture protocols.
Voice Assessment of Student Work: Recent Studies and Emerging Technologies

Although relatively little attention has been given to the voice assessment of student work, at least when compared with more traditional forms of text-based review, the attention it has received strongly points to a promising form of review that has been hampered by the limits of an emerging technology. A fresh review of voice assessment in light of recent technological developments strongly suggests that this form of review is now ready for broad adoption. Favorable student reception of voice assessment and its potential for raising instructor awareness around the review process itself argue further for considering it afresh.
Temperature and age as factors in inducing insemination of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).

Many species of mosquitoes are unsuited to life in a laboratory because they fail to copulate in cages. This situation may be largely eliminated by the technique in current use for manually inducing insemination as outlined. The pre-mating age of the males and the temperature at which they are held affect the ability of males to transfer sperm. Mating males 14 days old with females at any age between 3 and 14 days resulted in a high order of insemination of a wild strain of Aedes vexans (Meigen). Pre-mating engorgement of females and a humidity of the air of 85+% RH enhanced the degree of insemination.
CT characteristics of Morel-Lavallée lesions: an under-recognized but significant finding in acute trauma imaging

To highlight the significance and imaging characteristics of Morel-Lavallee (ML) lesions, which have been well characterized on MRI, but are potentially under-recognized on CT. Twenty-eight Morel-Lavallee lesions were identified in 18 patients and were all clinically or surgically confirmed. Lesions were grouped into acute ( 30 days) at the time of CT imaging. Charts were reviewed to gather patient characteristics, injury patterns, radiologist interpretation, treatment, and outcomes. Sixteen male and 2 female patients with a mean age of 50 years (range 19–80) at the date of their initial evaluation were identified. All patients had significant trauma that accounted for 28 ML lesions, all of which were in a characteristic subcutaneous location overlying the muscular fascial plane. Lesions on CT went through an evolution from hyperdense, poorly or moderately marginated without a pseudocapsule to being hypodense, with internal fat globules or septations and well marginated with a complete enhancing pseudocapsule. Only 1 (4 %) of the ML lesions was suggested and 7 (25 %) lesions were not commented on at all by the interpreting radiologist. Morel-Lavallee lesions are post-traumatic closed, internal, soft-tissue, degloving lesions that are potentially underrecognized on CT. Most acute ML lesions are nonspecific, resembling simple hematomas or contusions. ML lesions evolve as they age with subacute and chronic lesions demonstrating the known features described on MR imaging that should allow for an accurate imaging diagnosis.
Survey of current status of HIV infection in pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Hainan Province

【Objective】 To analyze the current status of HIV infection in pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Hainan Province.【Methods】 Questionaire survey and detection of HIV of newly registered pulmonary tuberculosis cases in 5 counties/cities were made.The results of survey and detection were analyzed.【Results】 From September 2008 to February 2009,there 1 136 pulmonary tuberculosis cases were registered in the 5 counties/cities and all the patients were surveyed with questionaire.Totally 1 128 cases were tested for HIV antibody(accounted for 99.3%) and 5 of them were positive for HIV in first screening test and second test with a positive rate of 0.4%.【Conclusion】 The HIV infection rate among pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Hainan Province is at a moderate level.The collaborative mechanism between tuberculosis institutions and HIV/AIDS organizations were set up for strengthening the control of double infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV.
Evaluation of an Education Intervention in Hispanic Women at Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Experts estimate that 1–14% of pregnant women in the United States will develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (1). Women with a history of GDM have a 60–70% chance of developing the metabolic disorder with a subsequent pregnancy (2). Among women with GDM, it is well established that risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as fetal macrosomia are associated with less than optimal blood glucose control during pregnancy (2). Health care providers must promote access to medical/obstetrical care, proper treatment, and optimal GDM diabetes self-management education (DSME). GDM occurs more frequently in women of certain ethnic groups (e.g., Hispanic/Latino American), who are also at higher risk for recurrent GDM (3). In fact, GDM is increasing among U.S. women with various racial/ethnic backgrounds, including Hispanic women (4,5). Our aim was to develop, implement, and evaluate a culturally sensitive education intervention for Hispanic women at risk for GDM within our existing CenteringPregnancy (CP) model at a University of Kentucky prenatal clinic. The CP model provides prenatal care encompassing three components: health assessment, education, and support services (6). The program is composed of 10 prenatal care sessions offered in a small-group setting once monthly for 4 months and then twice monthly for the remainder of the pregnancy. Women who participate in CP group prenatal care have been reported to have improved birth outcomes compared to women who receive traditional prenatal care (7,8). Efforts to Maximize Perinatal Outcomes in Women at Risk (EMPOWR) is an ongoing research study that utilizes the evidence-based CP model. Before 20 weeks’ gestation, specialized CP care is offered for Medicaid or Medicaid-eligible patients. Evidence-based interventions throughout prenatal care for patients within the diabetes/obesity arm of the EMPOWR protocol include, but are not limited to: 1 ) baseline intensive review of nutrition in pregnancy, with emphasis …
Garlic I: More Than Just Bad Breath

This case discusses a pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and garlic resulting in abdominal distress. Ritonavir is a cytochrome P450 3A4 and/or P-glycoprotein substrate and garlic is a 3A4 and/or P-glycoprotein inhibitor.
Investigation of the Coupled Effects of Molecular Weight and Charge-Transfer Interactions on the Optical and Photochemical Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter.

We studied the formation of photochemically produced reactive intermediates (RI) from dissolved organic matter (DOM). Specifically, we focused on the effects of variable molecular weight and chemical reduction on the optical properties of DOM (absorbance and fluorescence) and the formation of singlet oxygen (1O2), DOM triplet excited states (3DOM*), and the hydroxyl radical (•OH). The data are largely evaluated in terms of a charge-transfer (CT) model, but deficiencies in the model to explain the data are pointed out when evident. A total of two sets of samples were studied that were subjected to different treatments; the first set included secondary-treated wastewaters and a wastewater-impacted stream, and the second was a DOM isolate. Treatments included size fractionation and chemical reduction using sodium borohydride. Taken as a whole, the results demonstrate that decreasing molecular weight and borohydride reduction work in opposition regarding quantum efficiencies for 1O2 and 3DOM* production but i...
The Gender of Settler Realism: Fiona Kidman’s The Captive Wife

Fiona Kidman’s historical novel The Captive Wife (2005) is, like The Secret River, an exploration of colonial settlement and frontier violence, this time in 1830s New Zealand. It is equally committed to the realist imperative — but in this case the imperative is expressed through a narrative that foregrounds more explicitly the limitations of historical knowledge, and the mediated nature of representation. The text is structured by metaphors that represent colonialism through a binary pattern of freedom and captivity, masculinity and femininity, and while it draws attention to the paradox of settler subjectivity also seen in The Secret River, it does so through a more multidimensional allegorical frame. These similarities and differences make The Captive Wife an ideal text to compare to Grenville’s novel. The juxtaposition allows their shared base in the aesthetics of allegorical realism to be examined, while highlighting the variations wrought by the shift from Australian to New Zealand history, and from a male to a female protagonist. Despite her long career, which began with the feminist Bildungsroman, A Breed of Women in 1979, Kidman’s work has been subject to little extended criticism. Notwithstanding apparent similarities in the extent to which New Zealand and Australian history is contested, she has never provoked a comparable level of public debate. Indeed, this chapter is virtually the first time The Captive Wife has been analysed in this way.
Chronic unilateral vestibular loss

Chronic unilateral vestibular loss is a condition defined by the presence of reduced function of the peripheral vestibular system on one side, which has generally persisted for 3 or more months. The deficit is demonstrated by a reduction of the vestibular-ocular reflex either at the bedside or on laboratory testing. Though some patients with chronic vestibular loss have disabling symptoms, others are asymptomatic. Causes include a viral/postviral disorder, Meniere's disease, structural lesions, ischemia, and trauma. Any other systemic or genetic disorder would be expected to involve both sides at some point.
Management of the subscapularis tendon during total shoulder arthroplasty

Use of total shoulder arthroplasty has significantly increased during the past decade. For anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty, controversy exists regarding the best technique for detachment and repair of the subscapularis tendon. Options include tendon tenotomy, peel, lesser tuberosity osteotomy, and even subscapularis-sparing techniques. Inadequate healing of the subscapularis tendon can lead to postoperative pain, weakness, and instability. This review discusses the subscapularis pathoanatomy, different techniques for releasing and repairing the tendon, and reports biomechanical and clinical outcomes for each technique after total shoulder arthroplasty.
Exploring the role of content knowledge in responsive teaching

Physics teacher preparation should support teachers in developing content knowledge alongside and integrated with responsive instructional practices.