cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Emotional Awareness of At-Risk Youth Through Game Play

Adolescents often struggle with emotional turmoil. For at-risk youth in a residential treatment center, the ability to identify, process, and respond to complex feelings effectively is often impaired. We modified the commercial game Jenga (Scott, 1983) for use with at-risk youth to facilitate the identification, personalization, and awareness of emotions. Specific instructions for the adaption of this game are provided, as are examples for practical use. This modification of the game is designed to meet diverse client needs inclusive of multicultural considerations. The game is easily incorporated into a variety of theoretical counseling orientations.
Benefits from diversification and currency hedging of international equity investments: different countries' viewpoints

Abstract The benefits from international portfolio diversification have been widely researched but mostly from a U.S. investor's viewpoint. This paper investigates diversification benefits and currency hedging benefits for the U.S. investor and for investors from six other countries. The results support international diversification for risk reduction purposes but not as a way to increase returns. Hedging provides further risk reduction. However, it represents only about one-half the risk reduction that is provided by forming international portfolios. Ignoring transactions costs, the effect of currency hedging on investors' rates of return was to move their return closer to the average return that is obtained worldwide.
Capture of a Single Molecule in a Nanocavity

We describe a heptameric protein pore that has been engineered to accommodate two different cyclodextrin adapters simultaneously within the lumen of a transmembrane β barrel. The volume between the adapters is a cavity of ∼4400 cubic angstroms. Analysis of single-channel recordings reveals that individual charged organic molecules can be pulled into the cavity by an electrical potential. Once trapped, an organic molecule shuttles back and forth between the adapters for hundreds of milliseconds. Such self-assembling nanostructures are of interest for the fabrication of multianalyte sensors and could provide a means to control chemical reactions.
Changes in the PQRST intervals and heart rate variability associated with rewarming in two newborns undergoing hypothermia therapy.

Background: Little is known about the effects of hypothermia therapy and subsequent rewarming on the PQRST intervals and heart rate variability (HRV) in term newborns with hypoxic-i
Will the real scientists please stand up? dead ends and live issues in the explanation of scientific knowledge

Abstract Reflection on the method of science has become increasingly thinner since Kant. If there's any upshot of that part of modern philosophy, it's that the scientists didn't have a secret. There isn't something there that's either effable or ineffable. To understand how they do what they do is pretty much like understanding how any other bunch of skilled craftsmen do what they do. Kuhn's reduction of philosophy of science to sociology of science doesn't point to an ineffable secret of success; it leaves us without the notion of the secret of success. Relativism is the view that every belief on a certain topic, or perhaps, about any topic, is as good as every other. No one holds this view. Except for the occasional co-operative freshman, one cannot find anybody who says that two incompatible opinions on an important topic are equally good. The philosophers who get called ‘relativists’ are those who say that the grounds for choosing between such opinions are less algorithmic than had been thought. Richard Rorty1,2
Inverted repeats surround the ribitol–arabitol genes of E. coli C

Only 10–20% of natural Escherichia coli strains can catabolize the pentitol sugars ribitol and D-arabitol1. This variability extends to common laboratory strains: E. coli C strains, but neither K12 nor B strains, can catabolize these sugars. In E. coli C, the genes responsible for these catabolic pathways are chromosomal and consist of two very closely linked, independent operons2. Genetic1 and hybridization studies (C.D.L. and A.M.R., unpublished data) indicate that the genes are completely absent in K12. These observations led us to consider whether these genes had been acquired by horizontal, rather than vertical, genetic transmission, perhaps as an inserted transposable element. Here we report that the ribitol-arabitol genes of E. coli C are surrounded by 1.4 kilobase (kb) inverted repeats of imperfect homology. These genes may constitute an example of a vestigial transposable element recently acquired by the bacterial chromosome.
Effects of exercise rehabilitation on endothelial reactivity in older patients with peripheral arterial disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Endothelial function, which is a measure of vascular health, is impaired in patients with PAD. We examined the effects of 6 months of aerobic exercise rehabilitation on brachial artery endothelial function, assessed using high-frequency ultrasonography, and calf blood flow in 19 older PAD patients (age 69 +/- 1 years, mean +/- SEM) with intermittent claudication (ankle to brachial artery index of 0.73 +/- 0.04). After exercise, the time to onset of claudication pain increased by 94%, from 271 +/- 49 to 525 +/- 80 seconds (p <0.01), and the time to maximal claudication pain increased by 43%, from 623 +/- 77 to 889 +/- 75 seconds (p <0.05). Exercise rehabilitation increased the flow-mediated brachial arterial diameter by 61%, from 0.18 +/- 0.03 to 0.29 +/- 0.04 mm (p <0.005), as well as the relative change in brachial arterial diameter from the resting state by 60%, from 4.81 +/- 0.82% to 7.97 +/- 1.03% (p <0.005). Maximal calf blood flow (14.2 +/- 1.0 vs 19.2 +/- 2.0 ml/100 ml/min; p = 0.04), and postocclusive reactive hyperemic blood flow (9.8 +/- 0.8 vs 11.3 +/- 0.7 ml/100 ml/min; p = 0.1) increased 35% and 15%, respectively. In conclusion, exercise rehabilitation improved ambulatory function, endothelial-dependent dilation, and calf blood flow in older PAD patients with intermittent claudication.
Variable-arrival-time reaching with the brain-machine interface: Performance comparison on empirically-derived movements

Patients with paralysis will one day rely on clinically-available brain-machine interfaces (BMI) to facilitate activities of daily living. As such, the ability to generate dexterous reaching movements remains a prime target of BMI algorithms research. The Bayesian approach to BMI algorithms requires a statistical model to describe reaching movements. To date, available models have either required fixed targets or fixed arrival times, neither of which can be assumed under natural operating conditions. Recently, we described a generative reach model, GPFD-RSE, that simultaneously breaks both restrictions. This method combines the reach state equation (RSE) with General Purpose Filter Design (GPFD). In the following paper, we further compare GPFD-RSE against standard methods in simulated open-loop decoding using empirically-derived movements, as an adjunct to the idealized movements tested previously. Our results indicate that GPFD-RSE continues to outperform standard methods when reconstructing more realistic arm movements in simulation.
vSnoop: Improving TCP Throughput in Virtualized Environments via Acknowledgement Offload

Virtual machine (VM) consolidation has become a common practice in clouds, Grids, and datacenters. While this practice leads to higher CPU utilization, we observe its negative impact on the TCP throughput of the consolidated VMs: As more VMs share the same core/CPU, the CPU scheduling latency for each VM increases significantly. Such increase leads to slower progress of TCP transmissions to the VMs. To address this problem, we propose an approach called vSnoop, where the driver domain of a host acknowledges TCP packets on behalf of the guest VMs ­ whenever it is safe to do so. Our evaluation of a Xen-based prototype indicates that vSnoop constantly achieves TCP throughput improvement for VMs (of orders of magnitude in some scenarios). We further show that the higher TCP throughput leads to improvement in application- level performance, via experiments with a two-tier online auction application and two suites of MPI benchmarks.
On nondimensional correlation between roughness length and wind-friction velocity

Physical bases for nondimensional parameters,z0/(u2*/g) andz0/(u*/σ), characterizing wind-wave interaction are discussed; data selected to support the latter are critically reviewed. Both parameters are herewith unified, with the former describing the primary growth of roughness length with wind and the latter the secondary effects due to waves.
Forced comparisons and Youden Squares as a basis of improving job ranking in job evaluation

The use of forced comparisons in job evaluation is examined analytically to demonstrate how such characteristics as non-linearity of ranking, inconsistency of individual judges ranking and non-commonality of judgements of committees can be used to advantage in establishing job values. The use of full factorial and Youden Square plans as the basis of evaluation is also examined. The mathematical equations for both approaches are developed and illustrated by a numerical example. Paired comparisons have been used extensively in the United Kingdom as the basis of job evaluation schemes. However, the statistical reasoning behind these schemes is not known by the users and proponents of the approach. The use of forced comparisons, rather than paired comparisons, offers advantages in job evaluation. In addition, the use of Youden Squares offers economy in analysis.
Sex-Role Attitudes of Australian and United States Women's Rights Activists

Summa7y.-This study compared views of sex roles of Australian and United States women's rights demonstrators. Responses to the items of the questionnaire indicated that the 134 Australians were somewhat more consemative than the 392 United States marchers. In these samples teenagers were more concerned about child care, and married or widowed people were more conservative about marriage. As in previous studies, even the more liberal male who attended women's rights demonstrations were less liberal than the women. Although demonstrators' views of sex roles have been previously studied (Joesting & Joesting, 1972a, 1972b, 1973, 1974, 1976), this is the first known study comparing views of sex roles of Australian and United States women's rights demonstrators. In previous research, the women were more liberal in
Towards rational synthesis of polar solids. Synthesis and X-ray structures of cadmium(II) meta-pyridinecarboxylate coordination polymers

Two cadmium(II) coordination polymers, Cd2L14(μ-H2O) 1 and Cd2L24(μ-H2O) 2 [L1 = (E)-4-(2-thiazolyl)ethenylbenzoate, L2 = (E)-4-(3-pyridyl)ethenylbenzoate] based on meta-pyridinecarboxylate bridging ligands, were synthesized by the reactions of cadmium perchlorate and the corresponding benzonitrile precursor ligands under hydro(solvo)thermal conditions. Although both compounds 1 and 2 are constructed from the Cd2Ln4(μ-H2O) building block, X-ray single crystal structure determinations show that 1 adopts a 2-D polymeric network structure while 2 exhibits a 3-D framework structure as a result of the slightly different configurations of the bridging pyridinecarboxylate ligands. Owing to the presence of the bridging water molecules, both 1 and 2 crystallize in centrosymmetric space groups.
Coverage of chromosome 6 by chromosome microdissection: generation of 14 subregion-specific probes

Human chromosome 6 has been subdivided by chromosome microdissection into 14 unique regions. Following microdissection, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of dissected DNA was performed using a universal primer to generate subregion-specific probes that provided complete coverage of chromosome 6. All 16 microdissections have been regionally assigned along chromosome 6 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using biotin-labeled dissected DNA hybridized to G-banded normal metaphase chromosomes. These probes can be used as region-specific paints to generate unique “bar codes” and for analysis of chromosome alterations involving chromosome 6 that are unidentifiable by conventional banding analysis.
Effect of electron configuration on the passive properties of CuNi alloys

Passive properties of CuNi alloys begin at a critical composition of <60–65 at- % Cu (35–40 at- % Ni) coinciding with an unfilled d-band of electronic energy levels as measured by magnetic saturation moment or electronic specific heat. Non-transition metal additions, eg Zn, Al, Ga, Ge, shift the critical composition to lower Cu contents; transition metal additions, on the other hand, eg Co, Fe, shift it to higher Cu contents. The shifts of critical composition are interpreted quantitatively on the assumption that non-transition metal components donate their valency electrons to the unfilled d-band of Ni and of any other alloyed transition metal component. Reasons are presented to show that the number of d-electron vacancies per atom of Ni, Co or Fe is plausibly a function of its concentration in the alloy. The over-all results lead to the conclusion that (1) a definite relation exists between passivity and the electronic configuration of CuNi alloys (2) the passive film consists mostly of oxygen is less than monolayer to multilayer amounts; it has an adsorbed structure favoured by an unfilled d-band in the alloy. The primary function of the adsorbed film is to increase overvoltage for anodic dissolution of the underlying metal (increased anodic polarization). Metal ions and protons may enter in non-stoichiometric proportions, thereby stabilizing the film. When a stoichiometric oxide eventually nucleates from the non-stoichiometric film, the former is not the passive film nor is it the primary source of corrosion resistance.
Hepatocarcinogens induce decrease in mRNA transcripts of receptors for insulin and epidermal growth factor in the rat liver.

Abstract Gene expression of the receptors for insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) was studied in the livers of rats after a single injection of a hepatocarcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) 100 mg/kg or after feeding the animals N-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) 0.02% w/w. DEN induced a time-dependent decrease in mRNA transcription of the receptors for insulin (10.3 and 8.5 Kb) and EGF (10.0, 5.8 and 2.8 Kb), evident already after 4 hours, reaching a nadir of 10–20% of the initial level between 16 and 24 hours and returning to normal by 10 days. In rats fed AAF, transcription of both receptor genes decreased to less than 20% of the control values after 2 days. In the livers of rats treated with DEN, that developed hepatocellular carcinomas one year later, expression of both receptors was also very low. DNA showed no changes. The results suggest that the hepatocarcinogens or their metabolites decrease RNA transcription or destabilize the steady state RNA level of both receptors in the early phase of toxic effect and that some tumor-derived products may be involved in the same phenomenon in the later stage of tumor development.
Potential for Coal-to-Liquids Conversion in the United States—Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis

The United States has the world’s largest coal reserves and Montana the highest potential for mega-mine development. Consequently, a large-scale effort to convert coal to liquids (CTL) has been proposed to create a major source of domestic transportation fuels from coal, and some prominent Montanans want to be at the center of that effort. We calculate that the energy efficiency of the best existing Fischer–Tropsch (FT) process applied to average coal in Montana is less than 1/2 of the corresponding efficiency of an average crude oil refining process. The resulting CO2 emissions are 20 times (2000%) higher for CTL than for conventional petroleum products. One barrel of the FT fuel requires roughly 800 kg of coal and 800 kg of water. The minimum energy cost of subsurface CO2 sequestration would be at least 40% of the FT fuel energy, essentially halving energy efficiency of the process. We argue therefore that CTL conversion is not the most valuable use for the coal, nor will it ever be, as long as it is economical to use natural gas for electric power generation. This finding results from the low efficiency inherent in FT synthesis, and is independent of the monumental FT plant construction costs, mine construction costs, acute lack of water, and the associated environmental impacts for Montana.
eIF2α kinases regulate development through the BzpR transcription factor in Dictyostelium discoideum.

BACKGROUND A major mechanism of translational regulation in response to a variety of stresses is mediated by phosphorylation of eIF2α to reduce delivery of initiator tRNAs to scanning ribosomes. For some mRNAs, often encoding a bZIP transcription factor, eIF2α phosphorylation leads to enhanced translation due to delayed reinitiation at upstream open reading frames. Dictyostelium cells possess at least three eIF2α kinases that regulate various portions of the starvation-induced developmental program. Cells possessing an eIF2α that cannot be phosphorylated (BS167) show abnormalities in growth and development. We sought to identify a bZIP protein in Dictyostelium whose production is controlled by the eIF2α regulatory system. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Cells disrupted in the bzpR gene had similar developmental defects as BS167 cells, including small entities, stalk defects, and reduced spore viability. β-galactosidase production was used to examine translation from mRNA containing the bzpR 5' UTR. While protein production was readily apparent and regulated temporally and spatially in wild type cells, essentially no β-galactosidase was produced in developing BS167 cells even though the lacZ mRNA levels were the same as those in wild type cells. Also, no protein production was observed in strains lacking IfkA or IfkB eIF2α kinases. GFP fusions, with appropriate internal controls, were used to directly demonstrate that the bzpR 5' UTR, possessing 7 uORFs, suppressed translation by 12 fold. Suppression occurred even when all but one uORF was deleted, and translational suppression was removed when the ATG of the single uORF was mutated. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that BzpR regulates aspects of the development program in Dictyostelium, serving as a downstream effector of eIF2α phosphorylation. Its production is temporally and spatially regulated by eIF2α phosphorylation by IfkA and IfkB and through the use of uORFs within the bzpR 5' UTR.
Hands-on learning in biomedical signal processing

For 20 years, the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST) has offered a graduate-level course on Biomedical Signal and Image Processing (HST582J). This course takes a practical, hands-on approach to learning about signal processing and physiological signals through the application of digital signal processing methods to biomedical problems. It is by all accounts a successful course, with steadily increasing enrollment and high student satisfaction. In recent years, we have instituted a number of changes in the course, motivated by our awareness of new pedagogical strategies and assessment techniques. The purpose of this article is to use HST582J as a case study, demonstrating how incremental changes can improve an already successful course and ensure that hands-on exercises are not only fun and interesting but also achieve the desired learning objectives.
Role of insulin in the growth of fetal rat tissues.

The effect of insulin on the growth of fetal rat tissues was investigated using a transplant system. Paws from 15-day-old fetal rats were transplanted under the kidney capsule of 1-month-old syngeneic hosts, where they grew and differentiated normally. After 11 days of incubation, growth of transplants in hosts made diabetic by streptozotocin injection was reduced by 37% compared to growth in nondiabetic controls, but tissue differentiation and bone formation were normal in the absence of insulin. Injections of insulin (2 U, twice daily) into diabetic hosts restored paw growth to normal. Growth of transplants in hypophysectomized (HX) and in HX-diabetic hosts was reduced to the same degree (i.e. by 65%). Thus, the growth decrements produced by host hypophysectomy and diabetes are not additive. In contrast to the results with insulin-deficient hosts, the transplants failed to differentiate normally in the HX hosts. Injections of exogenous insulin (3 U, twice daily) to produce transient hyperinsulinemia fai...
Chinchilla middle ear epithelial mucin gene expression in response to inflammatory cytokines

Objectives: To review the importance of mucin on a molecular level in the understanding of the pathophysiology of otitis media and to present new data demonstrating differential up-regulation of specific mucin genes during inflammation of middle ear epithelium. Design: Primary chinchilla middle ear epithelial cultures (CMEECs) were established and exposed to tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin 1β. Expression of chincilla mucin genes 1, 2, 4, and SAC was analyzed by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction after this exposure and compared with that of controls. Mucin secretion was also characterized by means of exclusion chromatography and liquid scintillation. Results: The CMEECs exposed to interleukin 1(3 and tumor necrosis factor a demonstrated significant up-regulation of mucin gene 2 (P=.005 and P=.007, respeclively) and trends suggestive of up-regulation of mucin gene 5AC compared with the controls. These CMEECs also demonstrated significant increases in secretion of mucin compared with controls. Mucin genes 1 and 4 did not demonstrate up-regulation. Conclusions: In CMEECs, the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β cause a differential up-regulation and expression of mucin genes. Elucidating the effect of specific cytokines on the regulation of mucin secretion in the middle ear is vital to understanding the pathophysiology of otitis media. A greater understanding of these mechanisms and variations between individuals and pathogens has the potential to significantly alter the approach and management of otitis media in children and lead to novel therapeutic interventions.
Cardiovascular effects of azadirachta indica extract

A crude extract of the leaves of Azadirachta indica was studied for its effects on the cardiovascular system of anesthetized guinea pigs and rabbits. These effects include profound hypotension and a minimal negative chronotropic effect, which increased at higher doses. In one rabbit, 200 mg of extract/kg decreased the heart rate from 280 to 150 beats/min. The extract also exhibited a weak antiarrhythmic activity in rabbits against ouabain-induced dysrhythmia.
Fixation of Mitchell's osteotomy with bioabsorbable pins for treatment of hallux valgus deformity.

We hypothesised that the use of bioabsorbable pins in Mitchell’s osteotomy would improve the outcome of patients treated for hallux valgus deformity. A total of 68 patients underwent Mitchell’s osteotomy to correct hallux valgus deformity: 33 patients (group A) underwent Mitchell’s osteotomy augmented with bioabsorbable pins and 35 patients were treated with the classic operative procedure (group B). Hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hallux metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal scale and the visual analogue score (VAS) for pain were measured preoperatively and postoperatively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups as far as the improvement of the IMA, HVA and AOFAS scale were concerned. Patients of group A had significantly less postoperative pain and returned to their previous activities earlier than patients of group B. The use of the pins did not improve the final outcome of the osteotomy. However, it allowed for faster rehabilitation due to less postoperative pain.
Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in biosolids

Each year, large quantities of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are used worldwide. Once conveyed to wastewater treatment plants, PPCPs can remain unchanged or undergo partial or complete transformation during wastewater treatment processes before discharge into the environment via effluent and biosolids for land application. Biosolids can be a major sink for some PPCPs. Previous investigations have indicated that land application of biosolids may be a potential important route through which PPCPs enter the environment. However, no information is available on exactly how closely the concentrations of PPCPs in the environmental media are related to the land application of PPCP-containing biosolids. This paper reviews currently available information on the occurrence of PPCPs in biosolids, methods of analysis, the potential fate of PPCPs in biosolids-applied soils, and composting as a potential means for removal of PPCPs from biosolids.
Donor peripheral blood stem cell infusions in recipients of living- related liver allografts

Background. In this pilot study, donor peripheral blood stem cell (DPBSC) infusions were performed in three recipients of living-related liver transplants (LRLT). Methods. DPBSCs were obtained by leukapheresis after mobilization with granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (Filgrastim). Donor leukapheresis was performed on the 5th postoperative day, and half of the DPBSCs were infused into the recipient on the day of collection. The second half of the pheresed product was cryopreserved for delayed administration. Results. Results from preliminary studies of chimerism in LRLT recipients, at 20 weeks posttransplant, suggested that the levels of donor cells detected in LRLT recipients treated with DPBSC infusions may be higher than those observed for recipients of cadaver donor liver allografts and vertebral body marrow infusions. Conclusions. The results of this pilot study indicate that administration of mobilized DPBSC to recipients of LRLT is a feasible procedure for both donor and recipient.
The operator-binding domain of λ repressor: structure and DNA recognition

The structure of the operator-binding domain of the λ repressor has been determined at 3.2 A resolution. This domain contains an extended N-terminal arm and five α-helices. Model-building studies of the repressor–operator complex suggest that α-helices, especially the N-terminal parts of these helices, may provide a useful surface for protein–DNA interactions.
CD8+ lymphocytes suppress HIV production by autologous CD4+ cells without eliminating the infected cells from culture

Studies of separated peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets have indicated that the CD8+ lymphocyte is the primary cell type responsible for suppressing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by infected CD4+ cells. The effect of this antiviral activity is dose-dependent and does not involve killing of the infected cell. These observations indicate that this response is distinct from the anti-HIV cytotoxic mechanisms also described for human CD8+ cells.
An Eight-year Retrospective Study in “Flipped” Pharmacokinetics Courses

Objective. To assess the impact on student performance of increased active learning strategies in a foundational pharmacokinetics course and a clinical pharmacokinetics course over an 8-year period. Design. A foundational pharmacokinetics course with a lecture-with-active-learning (LAL) format was redesigned to a recitation-format (REC) using smaller groups of students (ie, the class divided into thirds) and eventually to a team-based learning (TBL) format. The lecture-based clinical pharmacokinetics course was redesigned to a case-based learning (CBL) format to encourage preclass preparation with class time used for application; this course format underwent minor redesigns over an 8-year period. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed on examination scores in the clinical course based on foundational course format changes. End-of-semester student evaluations of the course were used as a secondary measure of impact. Assessment. The highest grades in the clinical course were associated with the TBL format within the foundational course compared to LAL format (effect size 0.78). The REC format in the foundational course compared to LAL was associated with higher performance in the clinical course (effect size 0.50). Examination performance in the clinical course had a small increase when the foundational course was transitioned from the REC format to the TBL format (effect size 0.27). There was a trend within the foundational course that overall student ratings of the course decreased with enhanced self-directed learning; there was no change in overall ratings of the clinical course. Conclusion. Increasing the amount of active learning within the foundational pharmacokinetics course increases performance in the clinical course but this increase in performance may be associated with decreases in student evaluations of the foundational course.
Maintenance of biological rhythms during hibernation in Eastern woodchucks (Marmota monax)

We undertook a study to determine presence of circadian rhythms during woodchuck hibernation using continuously monitored body temperatures. Males had shorter torpor and longer euthermic periods than females. Circular statistics revealed a significant mean vector for males entering into torpor (10:21 h), but not for females. No significant mean vector was found for male or female arousal from torpor. A contingency test was applied to the torpor bout durations. All 7 males tested had significant τ’s between 24 and 26 h, while 6 of the 13 females tested had significant τ’s with a range of 22–27 h. These results implicate a free-running circadian clock during torpor bouts. Overall, the data support the existence of biological rhythms during hibernation in woodchucks, especially for males during arousals. Since entries into torpor appear to be synchronized for males, arousal periods may be used to resynchronize their circadian system. The persistence of biological rhythms during hibernation may help to insure successful mating in the spring after emergence.
The Dilemma of the Young Instructor

Author's Summary— Does a four-year college career prepare a language instructor to embark upon his profession fully equipped to handle the language and conduct his classes with skill and imagination? The author presents the young instructor's viewpoint and suggests a few workable remedies.
Feature extraction algorithms

Abstract This paper describes methods for extracting pattern-synthesizing features. A set of patterns is expressed as a Boolean matrix, allowing the problem of feature extraction to be viewed as one of factoring this matrix. Feature extraction methods based on matrix factorization and pattern intersection are presented. Attribute inclusion is defined to be the implication of the presence of one attribute by that of another, and an algorithm for obtaining features correlated by inclusion is discussed.
Surface Lattice Dynamics of Silver. II. Low-Energy Electron Thermal Diffuse Scattering

Intensity measurements of the diffracted current in the low-energy electron diffraction from the (111) surface of silver show broad wings associated with the Bragg peaks. These wings have been identified as the thermal diffuse scattering. The observed intensity has been compared with model calculations for kinematic scattering of nonpenetrating radiation, using a Debye spectrum of vibrational modes. After the effects of the scattering factor and a temperature-independent background are accounted for, the data agree with the predictions of the model in the following ways: (i) Throughout nearly the entire Brillouin zone the intensity was inversely proportional to the distance to the nearest reciprocal-lattice rod. (ii) The ratio of the diffuse intensity to the peak intensity was proportional to temperature. (iii) The same ratio was proportional to the square of the length of the scattering vector. (iv) The ratio of the integrated intensities in the thermal diffuse scattering and in the peak was approximately equal to the exponent in the Debye-Waller factor. Refinements of the model to include qualitatively the penetration of the incident electrons and the free-surface elastic boundary conditions yield additional features that are only suggested in the data. However, to within the uncertainties in this analysis and the experiments, the results for the close-packed surface of silver can be understood in terms of an elastic continuum, and are consistent with the Debye-Waller factor for low-energy electrons.
Comparison of prime focus and dual reflector antennas for wideband radio telescopes

This paper compares the RF performance of a dual-shaped Gregorian reflector system to a classic prime focus symmetric reflector system intended for use in a wideband radio telescope. A number of wideband feeds are considered, including octave band corrugated horns, quad-ridged flared horns, log-periodic dipole antenna feeds, and quasi self-complementary structures. The efficiency, noise temperature and effective area over system temperature (Ae/Tsys) are evaluated. In all cases, the dual-shaped Gregorian system performs significantly better than the prime focus symmetric system.
“Maximal-munch” tokenization in linear time

The lexical-analysis (or scanning) phase of a compiler attempts to partition an input string into a sequence of tokens. The convention in most languages is that the input is scanned left to right, and each token identified is a “maximal munch” of the remaining input—the longest prefix of the remaining input that is a token of the language. Although most of the standard compiler textbooks present a way to perform maximal-munch tokenization, the algorithm they describe is one that, for certain sets of token definitions, can cause the scanner to exhibit quadratic behavior in the worst case. In the article, we show that maximal-munch tokenization can always be performed in time linear in the size of the input.
Performance of wavelet transform based adaptive filters

The use of the wavelet transform in transform domain adaptive filtering (WTAF) is analyzed for performance as measured by learning curves. It is shown that the minimum mean squared error improves significantly with the use of the self-orthogonalizing wavelet transform least mean square (WLMS). An exponentially weighted convergence factor is proposed to introduce scale-based variation to the weight update equation. Simulations for learning curves are obtained by using a conventional smooth signal with sinusoidal components as well as a nonsmooth signal recorded in an electrically noisy environment. The latter signal consists of periodic as well as randomly occurring signals from multiple sources. >
Calcium‐induced change in form of demembranated sea urchin sperm flagella immobilized by vanadate

Increased Ca2+ concentration causes a reversible increase in asymmetry of the flagellar bending waves of “potentially symmetric” demembranated sea urchin spermatozoa. When these flagella are immobilized with 5 μM vanadate, increased Ca2+ concentration causes a reversible increase in the total bend angle between the tip and the base of the immobilized flagella. These effects of Ca2+, and the movement which can be activated by CaATP2−, can be inhibited by vanadate, but in both cases, high concentrations of vanadate, of the order of 100 μM, are required. These observations suggest that ATP, possibly in the form of CaATP2−, is required for the Ca2+-induced change in shape of the flagella, but other observations suggest that the magnitudes of asymmetry and total bend angle are more closely related to Ca2+ concentration than to CaATP2− concentration.
An Ecological Approach to the Study of Highly-Reliable Organizations

Field studies of highly-reliable organizations performing safety-critical tasks in real time demonstrate the importance of understanding both operator and task performance as contingent and emergent properties of interactive and overlapping interactions within and between the operators and their mechanical and organizational “environment.” Since the interface is an integral and constitutive element in the construction of the operator's cognitive field, analysts and designers alike need to remain sensitive to the extent to which changes in interface design or specification can have long-term and indirect effects on system performance and safety.
Potentials and Currents Induced on Satellites by Prompt Photon Irradiation

Fully self-consistent and Thevenin-equivalent treatments of a l-d space charge limited diode connected to external circuitry have revealed that induced circuit currents resulting from the two different approaches are, in many respects, in good agreement with one another. Trial calculations were performed for frequently-encountered circuit component values and a wide range of fluences (from linear to very severely space charge limited regimes). Although additional exploratory work remains to be done, these results provide strong evidence for extensive applicability of the Thevenin-equivalent technique to coupling particle/ field solutions of SGEMP problems external to a satellite to circuitry within that satellite. Results from a fully dynamic 2-d code are also presented as an illustration of the use of the Thevenin technique in analyses of real systems.
The gas separation effects of annealing polyimide–organosilicate hybrid membranes

Abstract Polyimide–organosilicate hybrid membranes were subjected to annealing to enhance gas separation performance. These membranes consisted of organosilicate domains covalently bonded to a 6FDA–6FpDA–DABA polyimide using partially hydrolyzed tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) or phenyltrimethoxysilane (PTMOS). The transport properties of the hybrid membranes were evaluated using pure gases (He, O 2 , N 2 , CH 4 , CO 2 ) at 35 °C and a feed pressure of 4 atm. The permeability for most of the membranes increased 200–500% after the annealing process while the permselectivity dropped anywhere from 0 to 50%. The exceptions were the 6FDA–6FpDA–DABA-25 22.5% TMOS and MTMOS hybrid membranes, both of which exhibited increases in the CO 2 permeability and CO 2 –CH 4 permselectivity. The transport data was compared to Robeson’s 1991 “upper bound” and exceeded the boundary in some cases. The increase in permeation was attributed to changes in the free volume distribution and enhanced local segmental mobility of the chain ends resulting from the removal of sol–gel condensation and polymer degradation byproducts.
Radiosensitization of lung cancer by nutlin, an inhibitor of murine double minute 2

p53 plays a critical role in cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Certain malignancies carry wild-type p53, which is frequently down-regulated by murine double minute 2 (MDM2) overexpression. Availability of a small-molecule inhibitor against MDM2, nutlin, has made it feasible to evaluate the anti-MDM2-based therapeutic strategies. The rationale for the current study is that functional p53 has been linked with improved responses to radiation treatment. Hence, this study evaluates the use of nutlin, a small-molecule inhibitor that blocks the interaction of p53 and MDM2, in sensitizing cancer cells to radiation. Expression of MDM2, p53, and p21 in both p53 wild-type and p53-defective lung cancer cell lines was examined. Clonogenic and 7-amino-actinomycin D studies were used to determine possible mechanisms of cell death. The combined effect of MDM2 inhibition and radiation on cell cycle was also studied. We found that radiosensitization by nutlin occurs in lung cancer cells with wild-type p53. There were increased apoptosis and cell cycle arrest following administration of nutlin and radiation. Furthermore, the combination of nutlin and radiation decreased the ability of endothelial cells to form vasculature, as shown by Matrigel assays. Our data suggest that nutlin is an effective radiosensitizer of p53 wild-type cells. The radiosensitizing effect seems to be at least partially due to induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In addition, nutlin may be an effective radiosensitizer of tumor vasculature.
Plasma and urine amino acid changes in rats treated with hypoglycin

Hypoglycin A is a toxin which causes Jamaican vomiting sickness. In rats treated with this compound, we observed significant increases in a number of amino acids in the plasma and the urine, and detected several unidentified amino compounds in the urine. These changes suggest that hypoglycin, in addition to its known inhibitory effect on acyl-CoA dehydrogenases interferes with some steps in nitrogen metabolism as well. The amino acid abnormalities seen in hypoglycin-treated rats are compared with those seen in Reye's syndrome.
Density of states above the Fermi level in copper

We report new measurements of the bremsstrahlung isochromat of copper which corroborate the results of Turtle and Liefeld. Overall agreement between the experimental and calculated density-of-states curves is very good. A suggestion on how to improve agreement between the curves is made.
Two Types of Drug Use

(1968). Two Types of Drug Use. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 301-318.
Persistent activation of platelet membrane phospholipase C by proteolytic action of trypsin and thrombin

Trypsin causes rapid activation of intact platelets that mimics many actions of thrombin, including the stimulation of phospholipase C (PLC). We have examined the effects of thrombin and trypsin on PLC in a platelet membrane preparation using exogenous [3H]-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) as substrate. Trypsin induced PIP2 breakdown, which was maximal at 20 micrograms/ml, but was reduced at higher concentrations. alpha- and gamma-Thrombins also stimulated PLC-induced hydrolysis of PIP2 in membranes. This effect was inhibited by leupeptin. Exogenous [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PIP) was hydrolyzed in response to both thrombin and trypsin in the same ratio as PIP2. Activation of membrane-bound PLC persisted after removal of thrombin and trypsin. The hydrolysis of [3H]phosphatidylinositol was not activated by alpha-thrombin and trypsin. We examined the question of whether calpain was involved in the observed PLC activation by thrombin and trypsin. Although dibucaine activated a Ca2(+)-dependent protease as judged by the hydrolysis of actin-binding protein and by the activation of phosphoprotein phosphatases, it failed to stimulate the generation of phosphatidic acid in 32P-prelabeled platelets. Moreover, when PLC was assayed in the membranes, the addition of Ca2(+)-activated neutral proteinases did not increase the rate of hydrolysis of either PIP or PIP2. Our results show that proteases such as trypsin and thrombin are able to stimulate membrane-bound PLC, but this activation does not seem to be related to calpain.
Conformational states of N-acylalanine dithio esters: correlation of resonance Raman spectra with structures.

The conformational states of N-acylalanine dithio esters, involving rotational isomers about the RC(=O)NH-CH(CH/sub 3/) and NHCH(CH/sub 3/)-C(=S) bonds, are defined and compared to those of N-acylglycine dithio esters. The structure of N-(p-nitrobenzoyl)-DL-alanine ethyl dithio ester has been determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis; it is a B-type conformer with the amide N atom cis to the thiol sulfur. Raman and resonance Raman (RR) measurements on this compound and for the B conformers of solid N-benzoyl-DL-alanine ethyl dithio ester and N-(..beta..-phenylpropionyl)-DL-alanine ethyl dithio ester and its NHCH(CD/sub 3/)C(=S) and NHCH(CH/sub 3/)/sup 13/C(=S) analogues are used to set up a library of RR data for alanine-based dithio esters in a B-conformer state. RR data for this solid material in its isotopically unsubstituted and CH(C-D/sub 3/)C(=S) and CH(CH/sub 3/)/sup 13/C(=S) forms provide information on the RR signatures of alanine dithio esters in A-like conformations. RR spectra are compared for the solid compounds, for N-(p-nitrobenzoyl)-DL-alanine, N-(..beta..-phenylpropionyl)-DL-alanine, and (methyloxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalanyl-DL-alanine ethyl dithio ester, and for several /sup 13/C=S- and CD/sub 3/-substituted analogues in CCl/sub 4/ or aqueous solutions. The RR data demonstrate that the alanine-based dithio esters take up A, B, and C/sub 5/ conformations in solution. The RR spectra of these conformers are clearly distinguishable frommore » those for the same conformers of N-acylglycine dithio esters. However, the crystallographic and spectroscopic results show that the results show that the conformational properties of N-acylglycine and N-acylalanine dithio esters are very similar.« less
Diffraction of an H-polarized electromagnetic wave by a circular cylinder with an infinite axial slot

A comparison of three methods of solution for the problem of scattering and diffraction of a transverse electric (TE) polarized plane wave by an infinite circular cylinder having an infinite axial slot is presented. In one method of solution, the aperture field integral equation (AFIE) method, the fields in and around the cylinder are found from the aperture E -field and the Green's functions for the interior and exterior of a cylinder. In the other two methods, the fields are determined from the surface current, which is obtained by solution of the H -field integral equation (HFIE) or the E -field integral equation (EFIE). The field in the aperture of the cylinder is found from the three methods, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method of solution are discussed. In addition, it is also shown that for shell thickness less than 1/20 of a wavelength, the aperture fields do not differ signifcantly from those of an infinitely thin shell cylinder.