cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peres criterion for separability through nonextensive entropy

A bipartite spin-1/2 system having the probabilities $(1+3x)/4$ of being in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entangled state $|{\ensuremath{\Psi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}〉\ensuremath{\equiv}(1/\sqrt{2})(|\ensuremath{\uparrow}{〉}_{A}|\ensuremath{\downarrow}{〉}_{B}\ensuremath{-}|\ensuremath{\downarrow}{〉}_{A}|\ensuremath{\uparrow}{〉}_{B})$ and $3(1\ensuremath{-}x)/4$ of being orthogonal is known to admit a local realistic description if and only if $xl1/3$ (Peres criterion). We consider here a more general case where the probabilities of being in the entangled states $|{\ensuremath{\Phi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}〉\ensuremath{\equiv}(1/\sqrt{2})(|\ensuremath{\uparrow}{〉}_{A}|\ensuremath{\uparrow}{〉}_{B}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}|\ensuremath{\downarrow}{〉}_{A}|\ensuremath{\downarrow}{〉}_{B})$ and $|{\ensuremath{\Psi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}〉\ensuremath{\equiv}(1/\sqrt{2})(|\ensuremath{\uparrow}{〉}_{A}|\ensuremath{\downarrow}{〉}_{B}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}|\ensuremath{\downarrow}{〉}_{A}|\ensuremath{\uparrow}{〉}_{B})$ (Bell basis) are given, respectively, by $(1\ensuremath{-}x)/4,$ $(1\ensuremath{-}y)/4,$ $(1\ensuremath{-}z)/4,$ and $(1+x+y+z)/4.$ Following Abe and Rajagopal, we use the nonextensive entropic form ${S}_{q}\ensuremath{\equiv}(1\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Tr}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{q})/(q\ensuremath{-}1)$$(q\ensuremath{\in}\mathcal{R}{;S}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Tr}\ensuremath{\rho}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\rho})$ which has enabled a current generalization of Boltzmann-Gibbs statistical mechanics, and determine the entire region in the $(x,y,z)$ space where the system is separable. For instance, in the vicinity of the EPR state, separability occurs if and only if $x+y+zl1,$ which recovers Peres' criterion when $x=y=z.$ In the vicinity of the other three states of the Bell basis, the situation is identical. These results illustrate the computational power of this nonextensive-quantum-information procedure. In addition to this, a critical-phenomenon-like scenario emerges which enrichens the discussion.
Closed Loop Electrical Control of Urinary Continence

Purpose: Individuals with spinal cord injury or neurological disorders may have neurogenic detrusor contractions at low volumes (bladder hyperreflexia), which cause incontinence and can lead to significant health problems. Bladder contractions can be suppressed by electrical stimulation of inhibitory pathways but continuous activation may lead to habituation of the inhibitory reflex and loss of continence. We determined whether conditional stimulation with electrical stimulation of inhibitory pathways applied only at the onset of nascent bladder contractions allows the bladder to fill to a greater volume before continence is lost compared with continuous stimulation.Materials and Methods: In 6 α-chloralose anesthetized cats cystometry was performed to compare the volume at which continence was lost under the conditions of no stimulation, continuous stimulation and conditional electrical stimulation of inhibitory pathways. PNT ENG was used to detect the onset of bladder contractions and it served as the in...
Role of Positron Emission Tomography in the Treatment of Occult Disease in Head-and-Neck Cancer: A Modeling Approach

Purpose To determine under what conditions positron emission tomography (PET) imaging will be useful in decisions regarding the use of radiotherapy for the treatment of clinically occult lymph node metastases in head-and-neck cancer. Methods and Materials A decision model of PET imaging and its downstream effects on radiotherapy outcomes was constructed using an influence diagram. This model included the sensitivity and specificity of PET, as well as the type and stage of the primary tumor. These parameters were varied to determine the optimal strategy for imaging and therapy for different clinical situations. Maximum expected utility was the metric by which different actions were ranked. Results For primary tumors with a low probability of lymph node metastases, the sensitivity of PET should be maximized, and 50 Gy should be delivered if PET is positive and 0 Gy if negative. As the probability for lymph node metastases increases, PET imaging becomes unnecessary in some situations, and the optimal dose to the lymph nodes increases. The model needed to include the causes of certain health states to predict current clinical practice. Conclusion The model demonstrated the ability to reproduce expected outcomes for a range of tumors and provided recommendations for different clinical situations. The differences between the optimal policies and current clinical practice are likely due to a disparity between stated clinical decision processes and actual decision making by clinicians.
The microclimates of a suburban Colorado (USA) landscape and implications for planning and design

The microclimates of a suburban Colorado residential landscape were studied to examine the effect of design decisions on temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity. On a hot day typical of summer, vegetated landscape elements were several degrees cooler throughout the day than non-vegetated surfaces. Across the development, dry, native grass landscapes were warmer than irrigated greenbelts and irrigated residential lawns. These data demonstrate the importance of evapotranspiration as a cooling agent in the dry, semi-arid Colorado environment. Extended meteorological measurements throughout the summer suggested housing density created microclimatic differences in the development. Heat generated by built landscape elements was readily vented from a porous neighborhood but not in a denser neighborhood. This study demonstrates that in the semi-arid Colorado environment, the choice of planting material, the design of irrigated greenbelts within a community, and the density of housing all have important consequences in creating thermally-pleasing environments.
Extending the capabilities of the EAD Cookbook

Smaller institutions considering implementation of Encoded Archival Description (EAD) face many challenges in designing an efficient workflow and choosing standards that will allow for future interoperability. In the past, many institutions have chosen not to implement EAD due to its perceived complexity. The EAD Cookbook, developed by Michael Fox at the Minnesota Historical Society, now greatly simplifies the creation of a best‐practices‐compliant system. However, to achieve the full benefits of the Cookbook, institutions must extend its capabilities. This article explores three areas for extension: markup macros, digitization, and workflow design. Examples and sample code are given for use with WordPerfect’s XML editor and with NoteTab Light, a freeware text editor that allows for significant workflow simplification via its built‐in scripting language. Even those with little prior programming knowledge can use these tools to extend the Cookbook.
Historical Fire Frequency on Contrasting Slope Facets Along the Mckenzie River, Western Oregon Cascades

ABSTRACT. Fire has been a critical influence on forest dynamics over much of western North America, and knowledge of historical fire regimes provides a valuable reference point for guiding ecosystem management. Spatial and temporal variations in historical (1550–1997) fire frequency were quantified for a 145-km2 area straddling the McKenzie River in the central western Cascades of Oregon. Fire-scar and tree-origin years estimated from cut stumps in 63 clear-cut sites were used to approximately date fires. The estimated natural fire rotation was 162 years for the presettlement period (1550–1849). Natural fire rotation varied considerably over the period of record, ranging from 40 years for the Euro-American settlement period (1850–1924) to 504 years for the recent (1925–1997) fire-suppression period. Such temporal variation in fire regime may be attributed to a combination of climatic and anthropogenic influences. The study area also experienced 2 periods of widespread fire recorded at a majority of sample...
Communication, representation, and scientific knowledge: A conceptual framework and case study

What is the significance of communication in science? Though the question has been addressed by researchers in a number of fields, most have tended to see communication as an intermediary step on the way to some other phenomenon of interest, aprocess that is only interesting insofar as it produces some other structural or functionalproduct, e.g., documents, organizations, or social groups. From a communication research perspective, however, the communication processes themselves are the object of study. The diversity and flexibility of scientists’ communication behavior, and the complexity of their communication channels, styles, messages and networks, have not been assessed as a set of related phenomena. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to draw together several analytical concepts regarding scientific communication processes that have been proposed by the author elsewhere, including the issue of social representations (Lievrouw, 1990), the scientific communication cycle (Lievrouw and Carley, 1991), and the scholarly research narrative (Lievrouw, 1989, and Mokros and Lievrouw, 1991). The concepts are combined here into one conceptual framework and applied to the case of a single biomedical specialty, lipid metabolism research, which has developed from an esoteric biochemical subfield to a large and well-funded specializaiton with a great deal of influence on American culture’s preoccupation with heart disease.
Review of the 2011 Cryptologic History Symposium Cryptology in War and Peace: Crisis Points in History

As this review is being written, the 2011 Cryptologic History Symposium has just ended. This biennial gathering, which took place on Thursday and Friday, November 6 and 7, was a gathering of “Histo...
How Stress Variance in the Automotive Environment Will Affect a ‘True’ Value of the Reliability Demonstrated by Accelerated Testing

This paper discusses the effect of the field stress variance on the value of demonstrated reliability in the automotive testing. In many cases the acceleration factor for a reliability demonstration test is calculated based on a high percentile automotive stress level, typically corresponding to severe user or environmental conditions. In those cases the actual field (‘true’) reliability for the population will be higher than that demonstrated by a validation test. This paper presents an analytical approach to estimating ‘true’ field reliability based on the acceleration model and stress variable distribution over the vehicle population. The method is illustrated by an example of automotive electronics reliability demonstration testing.
The effect of cystectomy, and perioperative methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy on the risk and pattern of relapse in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Purpose: Trials have demonstrated decreased relapse with perioperative methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin (M-VAC) chemotherapy in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer. We evaluated whether the benefit of chemotherapy correlates with its effects on distant or pelvic relapse. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the records of all 107 patients who underwent cystectomy for muscle invasive bladder cancer at our institution between 1988 and 1994. Factors predicting relapse were identified and used to group patients at high or low risk. The outcome in each group with and without M-VAC chemotherapy was then analyzed in terms of overall, metastatic and pelvic relapse. Univariate analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log rank statistic, and multivariate analysis was done using the Cox proportional hazards model. Median survival was 29 months for patients free of disease. Results: Pathological stage T3 or greater according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, tumor greater than 3 cm. and creatinine greater than 1.5-fold normal were independent poor prognostic factors in patients treated with cystectomy only. Patients with any of these factors or metastatic involvement of the pelvic lymph nodes were considered at high risk. All 35 low risk patients were treated with cystectomy only and had an excellent outcome with a 3-year relapse-free survival plus or minus standard error of 93% ± 5%. The 3-year rates in 52 and 20 high risk patients treated without and with chemotherapy, respectively, were 42% ± 8% versus 57% ± 13% for relapse-free survival (p = 0.17), 38% ± 9% versus 8% ± 8% for pelvic failure (p = 0.02) and 39% ± 9% versus 38% ± 13% for distant metastases (not significant). Multivariate analysis of patients who underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy revealed that perioperative chemotherapy improved relapse-free survival and pelvic control but not metastatic control (p = 0.03, 0.02 and 0.31, respectively). Conclusions: Low risk patients have excellent disease control when treated with cystectomy only. Those with high risk features are at substantial risk for pelvic failure (38% at 3 years) after cystectomy only. Perioperative M-VAC chemotherapy has a profound impact on pelvic but not on metastatic failure.
Who Cares About Marrying a Rich Man? Intelligence and Variation in Women’s Mate Preferences

Although robust sex differences are abundant in men and women’s mating psychology, there is a considerable degree of overlap between the two as well. In an effort to understand where and when this overlap exists, the current study provides an exploration of within-sex variation in women’s mate preferences. We hypothesized that women’s intelligence, given an environment where women can use that intelligence to attain educational and career opportunities, would be: (1) positively related to their willingness to engage in short-term sexual relationships, (2) negatively related to their desire for qualities in a partner that indicated wealth and status, and (3) negatively related to their endorsement of traditional gender roles in romantic relationships. These predictions were supported. Results suggest that intelligence may be one important individual difference influencing women’s mate preferences.
Meeting Report: Towards a Critical Assessment of Functional Annotation Experiment (CAFAE) for bacterial genome annotation.

It is widely recognized that, with the advent of very high throughput, short read, and highly parallelized sequencing technologies, the generation of new DNA sequences from microbes, plants, metagenomes is outpacing the ability to assign functions to (“annotate”) all this data. To begin to try to address this, on May 18 and 19, 2010, a team of roughly fifty people met to define and scope the possibility of a first Critical Assessment of Functional Annotation Experiment (CAFAE) for bacterial genome annotation in Crystal City, Virginia. Due to the fundamental importance of genomic data to its mission, the Department of Energy (DOE) BER program hosted this workshop, funding the attendance of all invitees. The workshop was co-organized by Dan Drell and Susan Gregurick (DOE), Owen White and Nikos Kyripides.
A Nth-order linear algorithm for extracting diffuse correlation spectroscopy blood flow indices in heterogeneous tissues

Conventional semi-infinite analytical solutions of correlation diffusion equation may lead to errors when calculating blood flow index (BFI) from diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measurements in tissues with irregular geometries. Very recently, we created an algorithm integrating a Nth-order linear model of autocorrelation function with the Monte Carlo simulation of photon migrations in homogenous tissues with arbitrary geometries for extraction of BFI (i.e., αDB ). The purpose of this study is to extend the capability of the Nth-order linear algorithm for extracting BFI in heterogeneous tissues with arbitrary geometries. The previous linear algorithm was modified to extract BFIs in different types of tissues simultaneously through utilizing DCS data at multiple source-detector separations. We compared the proposed linear algorithm with the semi-infinite homogenous solution in a computer model of adult head with heterogeneous tissue layers of scalp, skull, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain. To test the capability of the linear algorithm for extracting relative changes of cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in deep brain, we assigned ten levels of αDB in the brain layer with a step decrement of 10% while maintaining αDB values constant in other layers. Simulation results demonstrate the accuracy (errors < 3%) of high-order (N ≥ 5) linear algorithm in extracting BFIs in different tissue layers and rCBF in deep brain. By contrast, the semi-infinite homogenous solution resulted in substantial errors in rCBF (34.5% ≤ errors ≤ 60.2%) and BFIs in different layers. The Nth-order linear model simplifies data analysis, thus allowing for online data processing and displaying. Future study will test this linear algorithm in heterogeneous tissues with different levels of blood flow variations and noises.
Morphine exposure prevents up‐regulation of MR and GR binding sites in the brain of adult male and female rats due to prenatal stress

Our previous work demonstrated that the hormone response to stress and the negative feedback inhibition to these hormones are sex-dependently altered by prenatal morphine exposure in adult rats. An alteration in the glucocorticoid negative feedback inhibition is mediated by glucocorticoid receptors (GR) that are distributed throughout the brain, and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) localized mainly in the hippocampus and involved in a tonic influence of brain functions. Therefore, the present study examined the binding characteristics of MR and GR in young adult male and female rats exposed prenatally (E11-E18) to morphine (10 mg/kg/2 x /day), saline or no treatment at all (controls). At 60-90 days of age, animals were adrenalectomized (ADX) 24 h prior to decapitation. The hippocampus and hypothalamus were dissected for saturation binding assays. The data demonstrate that prenatal stress due to maternal saline injections up-regulates MR and GR binding in the hippocampus of adult male rats and this effect is prevented by prenatal morphine exposure. There is no effect of prenatal morphine exposure on GR binding in the hypothalamus of males. In female rats, prenatal morphine exposure does not affect the binding of MR and GR in the hippocampus or GR in the hypothalamus relative to controls; however, they are affected by ovarian hormone fluctuation. Moreover, prenatal stress decreases MR binding in the hippocampus of diestrous females and GR binding in the hypothalamus of estrous females. Both decreases are prevented by prenatal morphine exposure. Thus, the present study demonstrates that: (1) prenatal stress due to maternal saline injections alters MR and GR binding of adult male and female rats and is prevented by prenatal morphine exposure; (2) the MR and GR binding in adult female rats are affected by ovarian hormone fluctuations.
“[N]OT SUBJECT TO OUR SENSE” : MARGARET CAVENDISH'S FUSION OF RENAISSANCE SCIENCE, MAGIC AND FAIRY LORE

This article explores Margaret Cavendish's depictions of alchemy, witchcraft and fairy lore in her scientific treatise Philosophical Letters and in fictional texts from Natures Pictures and Poems and Fancies. Though Cavendish was a dedicated materialist, she appropriates theories of magic from early modern science and folklore into her materialist epistemology. As Cavendish draws upon a fusion of early modern conceptions of magic, she creates a radical theory of matter which not only challenges patriarchy and binary oppositions, but also explores the plurality and mystery that can exist within an infinitely complex material world.
The simulation of local area network protocols

This paper discusses the use of simulation as a tool for evaluating the performance of local area network protocols. The design described includes a modular organization of protocol submodels and a user interface which allows the user to specify the configuration of both the network and the protocols. Results of experiments with several configurations of protocols at International Standards Organization (ISO) layers 1-4 are described.
A determination of mutagen specificity in bacteria using nonsense mutants of bacteriophage T4.

Abstract We present a method for the determination of mutagen specificity in bacteria, using an Escherichia coli strain that is mutant because of an amber triplet in a gene necessary for arginine biosynthesis. A large number of revertants occurring spontaneously and after treatment with 2-aminopurine, [5-3H]uracil radioactive decay, ethyl methanesulfonate, 5-bromodeoxyuridine, hydroxylamine and ultraviolet light were tested for their ability to support the growth of 24 amber mutants and one ochre mutant of bacteriophage T4. Regardless of the mutagen used to produce the revertants, only 6 patterns, called classes, of phage growth were obtained. Revertants of classes 1, 2 and 3 contained amber suppressors, revertants of classes 4 and 5 contained ochre suppressors and those of class 6, since they suppressed none of the mutant phages used, were assumed to be structural gene revertants. By comparing the patterns of phage growth obtained to those for bacterial strains with characterized suppressors, the amino acid inserted by a revertant of class 1, 2 or 3 was inferred. Strikingly different distributions into the classes were observed for some of the mutagens. 2-Aminopurine, ethyl methanesulfonate, and [5-3H]uracil radioactive decay were found to be very specific in their action. Assuming that reversion occurred by single base changes in DNA specifying either the amber codon or certain sRNA anticodons, it was also possible to infer the base changes produced by the mutagens. The sRNA anticodons assumed to be altered are those that can become the inverse complements of either UAG or UAA by single base changes.
Differential diagnosis of epileptic versus pseudoepileptic seizures in developmentally disabled persons

One-hundred and twenty-four mentally retarded persons with behaviors suggestive of epilepsy were monitored with an 8-channel radiotelemetered electroencephalograph-video recording system (TEEG-VR). Target behaviors were identified by the clinical description of the primary care providers before the TEEG-VR sessions. Whenever possible, the known antecedents of those behaviors were replicated. The target behaviors were considered epileptic when they were observed simultaneously with epileptiform EEG patterns, and pseudoepileptic when nonepileptiform patterns were observed. Twenty persons were classified as epileptic, 50 as pseudoepileptic, 11 as both epileptic and pseudoepileptic, and 43 as inconclusive. Among the pseudoepileptics there were 15 with abnormal EEGs and 4 with epileptiform EEGs. The most frequent topographies of behavior were not significantly related to diagnosis. These included myoclonus, eye blink, head drop, cessation of ongoing activity, and hand and arm automatisms. The diagnosis of epilepsy in mentally retarded persons, on the basis of clinical description, interictal EEG, and medical history, may be inaccurate. TEEG-VR is extremely useful for obtaining a definitive diagnosis of each target behavior.
ROLE OF SEQUENTIAL ADSORPTION OF POLYMER/SURFACTANT MIXTURES AND THEIR CONFORMATION IN DISPERSION/FLOCCULATION OF ALUMINA

Abstract The role of sequential adsorption of a non-interacting pair of polymer (polyacrylic acidPAA) and surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate-SDS) on alumina particles and in determining the stability of their suspensions was studied with particular attention to the conformation of the polymer. It was found that the sequence of addition is of critical importance in determining the dispersion/flocculation of this system. When SDS was added first, both PAA conformation and suspension stability varied with SDS concentration. Whereas when PAA was added first, the subsequent adsorption of SDS molecules had no effect on either the polymer conformation or the suspension stability. This is attributed to masking of SDS species by the larger polymer chains. SDS can not however be completely masked by PAA chains once the PAA concentration is decreased below the optimal concentration for flocculation. When the stirring duration was increased, the mode of addition showed no effect suggesting that the system then reaches equilibrium. Interestingly, a small amount of pre-adsorbed PAA was found to facilitate the adsorption of SDS.
A new approach to the determination of good action-angle variables for coupled oscillator systems

Abstract A theory of action-angle variables for coupled oscillator systems is developed which involves solving the Schrodinger equation using a basis of WKB eigenfunctions, then using the logarithm of the resulting wavefunction to define the generator for the canonical transformation which determines the action-angle variables. This theory is based on the marriage between Miller's method for solving the Hamilton-Jacobi equation using the logarithm of the generating function, and the Ratner-Buch-Gerber method for solving the Schrodinger equation using WKB basis functions. A perturbation-theory analysis of this theory indicates that the semiclassical eigenvalues and canonical transformations obtained from it should become identical to their exact classical counterparts in the limit of large actions for each vibrational mode. Two methods for systematically improving the theory for the lower eigenstates are also proposed. Numerical applications of the theory are presented for two systems, the Morse oscillator and the Henon-Heiles two-mode hamiltonian. The resulting semiclassical eigenvalues are in excellent agreement with their exact quantum counterparts, with the magnitude of the error roughly independent of the energy of the eigenstate. Analogous good agreement is found in comparing the approximate and exact classical canonical transformations. In particular, for the Morse oscillator, good results are obtained for certain higher energy states where second-order classical perturbation theory makes serious errors. Other information examined includes surfaces of section for the Henon-Heiles system (comparing the analytical functions obtained from the present theory with results based on exact trajectory calculations) and vibrational distributions chosen to simulate trajectory calculations (using the present theory to determine bin boundaries for a histogram calculation). Again, the comparison in each case with accurate results is excellent, with maximum errors in action calculations of 0.02 h , and in angle calculations of 0.01 rad.
The role of intradermal skin testing in inhalant allergy.

Objective To provide an overview of the role of intradermal skin testing (IDST) in inhalant allergy. Data Sources A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE to identify peer-reviewed articles related to IDST using the following keywords: skin testing, intradermal, intracutaneous, aeroallergen, and inhalant allergen. In addition, references cited within these articles were also reviewed. Study Selection Articles were selected based on their relevance to the topic. Results The use of IDST for inhalant allergy varies widely among allergists. When performed, it is necessary to use a 100- to 1,000-fold dilution from the stock allergen extract. IDST is used routinely in the standardization of extracts in the United States. With a negative skin prick test result, a positive IDST result has low agreement with in vitro and challenge results and generally adds little to the diagnostic evaluation. In contrast, a negative IDST result generally has a high negative predictive value. Only a few inhalant allergens have been evaluated with challenge models for IDST. A summary of the data is also presented in tabular form. Conclusions Most of the literature suggests that with a negative skin prick test result, a positive IDST result adds little to the diagnostic evaluation of inhalant allergy. However, additional studies are necessary using challenge models for less potent and nonstandardized inhalant allergens (molds, trees, dog, weeds).
Water Loss from Soybeans After Simulated and Actual Insect Defoliation

Soybean water loss after defoliation was investigated in two experimental systems, excised leaves and field-grown potted plants. Transpiration from excised leaves increased after defoliation, as a linear function of cut edge per leaf. In contrast, transpiration from soybean canopies decreased after defoliation by two lepidopteran defoliators, the green cloverworm ( Plathypena scabra [F.]) and the cabbage looper ( Trichoplusia ni [Hubner]), and two simulation methods, punching holes in leaflets and picking entire leaflets. Cut leaf edge, an important determinant of water loss from excised leaves, only increased water loss in the first 16 h after defoliation. Defoliation methods also produced transitory differences in transpiration rates during the first 16 h after defoliation. These differences seemed related to the “hole” characteristics produced by the methods. Total water loss did not differ significantly between methods. Therefore, both punch and pick simulation methods produced acceptable fidelity to actual insect defoliation.
GROWTH AND COMPOSITION OF SALAD GREENS AS AFFECTED BY ORGANIC COMPARED TO NITRATE FERTILIZER AND BY ENVIRONMENT IN HIGH TUNNELS

Form of fertilizer affects composition of salad greens. This response may vary with growth rate or environment during growth. The interaction of environment and form of fertilizer was examined for salad greens grown as successive plantings in unheated high tunnels. Eight species, including eleven plantings of lettuce and spinach, were grown with either a nitrate-based complete soluble fertilizer in perlite or with an organic fertilizer, namely leaf compost: perlite 1 : 1 v/v amended with cottonseed meal. For each species, relative growth rate and specific leaf area varied with time of year. Fertilizer had little effect on growth rate, but specific leaf area was generally greater for plants with organic fertilizer. For many species, leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) were raised by 10 to 20% with organic, compared to nitrate-based, fertilizer. How-ever, some species responded differently. For instance, organic fertilizer lowered Ca in spinach and nitrate an...
The NSAKEY in microsoft's crypto API: facts, fiction and speculation

Abstract At the end of August 1999, the mainstream media carried stories of how the widely deployed cryptographic subsystems of Microsoft operating systems contained a previously undisclosed back door for the US National Security Agency. The reports sprang from the revelation that a secondary validation key for cryptographic modules carries the name NSAKEY, and an entity in possession of the corresponding private key would be able to authenticate cryptographic modules additional to, or as replacements for, those in the standard product. In this article I try to describe the facts available about this module validation key, and I present some speculations about its purpose, drawing principally on material currently available on the World Wide Web.
Validation of phalanx bone three-dimensional surface segmentation from computed tomography images using laser scanning.

Objective To examine the validity of manually defined bony regions of interest from computed tomography (CT) scans.
User profiling in personalization applications through rule discovery and validation

Gediminas Adomavicius New York University adomavic@cs.nyu.edu In many applications, ranging from recommender systems to one-to-one marketing to Web browsing, it is important to build personalized profiles of individual users from their transactional histories. These profiles describe individual behavior of users and can be specified with sets of rules learned from user transactional histories using various data mining techniques. Since many discovered rules can be spurious, irrelevant, or trivial, one of the main problems is how to perform post-analysis of the discovered rules, i.e., how to validate customer profiles by separating “good” rules from the “bad.” This paper presents a method for validating such rules with an explicit participation of a human expert
Caseworkers' perceptions of protective services clients' parental functioning: Toward an ecological integration☆

Abstract Bronfenbrenner's ecological model (1979; 1989) can provide caseworkers hope for client change with the use of this framework to order data, thus bridging research and practice. The ecological model was used to design this study of relationships between caseworkers, mothers and their children. Caseworkers' perceptions of mothers with whom they were working, the mothers' perceptions of their own parental functioning and their preschoolers' competence, and the preschoolers' self-esteem and cognitive functioning were examined. Caseworkers and 18 mother-child dyads were measured. Caseworkers' initial impressions of the mothers were correlated with positive developments in the relationship and more effective casework. Mothers, whose caseworkers reported them as less responsible for their children, perceived themselves as more severely controlling, irritable, avoidant of communication, and more dependent. The children's standard scores were congruent with the mothers' estimates of the children's cognitive and physical competence, thus suggesting these mothers were knowledgeable about two domains of their children's functioning. The ecological model requires the examination of interactions at different levels, and the inherent reciprocity of relationships. This perspective may contribute to training in child welfare, thus extending the potential effectiveness of caseworkers.
Effects of NOy Aging on the Dehydration Dynamics of Model Sea Spray Aerosol

The reactions of NOy species in the atmosphere with sea spray aerosol replace halogen anions with nitrate. These experiments show the effect of increasing the nitrate content of model sea spray aerosol particles on the morphology changes and the phase transitions driven by changes in relative humidity (RH). The components of the model particles include H2O, Na+, Mg2+, Cl–, NO3–, and SO42–. Tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) measurements yield the water content and efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) of these particles, and probe molecule spectroscopic measurements reveal subsequent phase transitions and partially characterize the salt composition on the surface of dry particles. The results show three effects of increasing the nitrate composition: decreasing the EFH (46 to 29%), production of a metastable aqueous layer on the surface of effloresced particles, and decreasing the sulfate content near the surface of dry particles. For the mixtures studied here, the initial crystallization event f...
Ordering design tasks based on coupling strengths

The design process associated with large engineering systems requires an initial decomposition of the complex system into modules of design tasks which are coupled through the transference of output data. In analyzing or optimizing such a coupled system, it is essential to be able to determine which interactions figure prominently enough to significantly affect the accuracy of the system solution. Many decomposition approaches assume the capability is available to determine what design tasks and interactions exist and what order of execution will be imposed during the analysis process. Unfortunately, this is often a complex problem and beyond the capabilities of a human design manager. A new feature for DeMAID (Design Manager's Aid for Intelligent Decomposition) will allow the design manager to use coupling strength information to find a proper sequence for ordering the design tasks. In addition, these coupling strengths aid in deciding if certain tasks or couplings could be removed (or temporarily suspended) from consideration to achieve computational savings without a significant loss of system accuracy. New rules are presented and two small test cases are used to show the effects of using coupling strengths in this manner.
BUDGET BALANCE AND EQUILIBRIUM INCOME: A COMMENT ON THE EFFICACY OF FISCAL AND MONETARY POLICY IN AN OPEN ECONOMY

IN A RECENT ISSUE of this Journal, David J. and Attiat F. Ott present an income-generation model which incorporates wealth effects.' The model allows for the asset effects of deficits or surpluses in the government budget, and the authors demonstrate that the inclusion of these effects has striking implications for the impact of monetary and fiscal policy on the equilibrium level of income. Specifically, the authors find that the government deficitspending multiplier is equal to the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to tax (not the marginal propensity to save), and that monetary policy has no effect on the equilibrium level of income. The Ott paper, however, is restricted to the case of a closed economy. In this connection, the authors observe (footnote 9) that ". . . balance-of-payments deficits or surpluses have wealth and monetary effects similar to (though far more complex than) those of government deficits and surpluses, and to have much policy significance the model would have to be generalized to account for these effects as well." The purpose of this note is to reconsider their argument in the context of an open system and to show the interesting implications that "openness" has for the efficacy of fiscal and monetary policy.
The disfluent speech of a Spanish–English bilingual child who stutters

This study provides a detailed description of the disfluent speech behaviours produced by a 6;1-year-old bilingual Spanish-English speaking female with confirmed stuttering. Eight language samples across different contexts (narratives and conversations) with the clinician in English and Spanish and the parent in Spanish were analysed. Language samples were transcribed in the Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts programme and coded for types of disfluencies based on guidelines for monolingual English speakers. Similarities and differences were noted in speech disfluencies produced in English as compared Spanish. Overall, the participant was more disfluent in English across both her narrative and her conversational output. However, she produced more stuttering-like disfluencies in her Spanish narrative sample than her English narrative sample. Conversely, she produced more nonstuttering-like disfluencies in her English than her Spanish narrative sample. These findings suggest stuttering specific as well as language specific contributors to the fluency breakdowns that characterize the speech output of a bilingual Spanish English child who stutters.
Resource limitation and recruitment patterns in a coral reef fish assemblage

Abstract The potential effects of food and shelter availability on the recruitment and early survivorship of coral reef fishes were studied on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The faunal assemblage studied included diurnally active fishes found in the “rubble/sand” habitat. The most abundant members were: beaugregory, Stegastes leucostictus (Muller & Troschel), goldspotted goby, Gnatholepis thompsoni Jordan, bridled goby, Coryphopterus glaucofraenum Gill, surgeonfishes, Acanthurus bahianus Castelnau and A. chirurgus (Bloch), and French grunt, Haemulon flavolineatum (Desmarest). Comparisons of recruitment to reefs constructed from substrata that varied in morphological characteristics showed that there were differences in the relative abundances of recruits attracted to and/or surviving on the different reef types. Juveniles of most species appeared to prefer the branching coral Porites porites (Pallas), which provided a large number of small crevices between the branches. Manipulations of the availability of shelter sites for fishes demonstrated that recruitment and/or early survivorship were strongly limited by the number of refuges. This result was found in six separate carried out during different years and in different seasons. Shelter site availability presumably limits fish populations through its effects on predation rates. Experimental manipulations of food availability indicated that food does not directly influence settlement or early survivorship of coral reef fishes. However, it is probable that correlations between habitat characteristics and food availability have influenced the evolution of settling preferences.
Away with all teachers: The cultural politics of home schooling

In the United States and a number of nations, one of the most powerful dynamics of educational 'reform' involves the movement toward home schooling. The national media have spoken glowingly about it and the number of children being schooled at home is growing rapidly. In large part, this is stimulated by the circulation of anti-statist discourses and by the continuation and expansion of claims about school failure. In these accounts, the sources of educational problems are multiple: teacher education institutions produce teachers who are unprepared academically and unskilled in teaching the 'basics'; state funded (public, in the US sense of the word) schools have been taken over by 'progressive' models of teaching that are unworkable; these same schools do not teach 'traditional' cultural and religious knowledge, beliefs, and values; and public schools do not listen to conservative parents and are much too bureaucratic. Supporters of home schooling are usually religious fundamentalists who have increasing...
Effects of Standardized Extracts of St. John's Wort on the Single-Unit Activity of Serotonergic Dorsal Raphe Neurons in Awake Cats: Comparisons with Fluoxetine and Sertraline

St. John's wort is widely used as an herbal remedy for depression. Although its mechanism of action remains unknown, some evidence suggests that St. John's wort might act via brain serotonin (e.g., as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor). To determine whether St. John's wort affects the central serotonergic system, we monitored the discharge rate of serotonin-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of awake cats following systemic administration of two clinical preparations of St. John's wort, Jarsin® 300 (15–600 mg/kg, p.o.) and Hyperforat® (0.5–4.0 ml, i.v.). Both preparations were found to have no effect on neuronal activity. This contrasts sharply with the action of fluoxetine and sertraline (2 mg/kg, p.o.), two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which markedly depressed neuronal activity by increasing the synaptic availability of serotonin at inhibitory somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors. The failure of St. John's wort to depress neuronal activity cannot be attributed to an impairment of the 5-HT1A autoreceptor mechanism, since pretreatment with Jarsin® 300 (300 mg/kg, p.o.) did not alter the responsiveness of serotonergic neurons to the 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) (10 μg/kg, i.v.). Overall, these findings indicate that the mode of action of St. John's wort is different from that of conventional antidepressant drugs, which elevate brain serotonin and evoke negative feedback control of serotonergic neurons.
Functional Outcomes and Quality of Life After Tumor-Related Hemipelvectomy

Background and Purpose: Hemipelvectomy is a life-changing treatment for pelvic malignancies. This study compared functional outcomes and quality of life of patients following internal or external hemipelvectomies. Subjects: Ninety-seven patients who underwent tumor-related internal (n=39) or external (n=58) hemipelvectomy surgery between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 2004, participated in the study. Methods: Using a descriptive retrospective cohort study design, functional status was evaluated with the Barthel Index at 3 time points. Quality-of-life parameters were evaluated at follow-up using the Linear Analog Self-Assessment tool (LASA). Results: Data were collected on all 97 patients at rehabilitation consultation and hospital discharge. Follow-up data were obtained via survey on 44% of the original group at a median of 5.8 years (interquartile range [IRQ]=1.7–10.4) after surgery. Median total Barthel Index scores were similar between the internal and external hemipelvectomy groups at the initial physical medicine and rehabilitation assessment (10 [IQR=10–15] versus 10 [IQR=3.75–15]), at discharge (40 [IQR=30–65] versus 50 [IQR=35–66.25]), and at follow-up (92.5 [IQR=76.25–100] versus 92.5 [IQR=78.75–96.25]). Participants with external hemipelvectomies were less independent in bladder function and experienced greater pain severity at follow-up compared with those with internal hemipelvectomies. Overall quality-of-life parameters were similar between the groups. Discussion and Conclusion: Despite significant differences in surgical procedures, immediate and long-term functional outcomes and quality-of-life parameters were similar among participants with internal and external hemipelvectomies.
Notes on Predatory Behaviour in Rhinacloa forticornis (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Predatory behaviour in the phyline mirid, Rhinacloa forticornis Reuter, was observed in the laboratory. Jasmine flowers and bean pods infested with larval and adult thrips were exposed in petri dishes to nymphs and adults of the bug. Only thrips larvae were successfully attacked. The manner in which R. forticornis handled prey, particularly the mirid’s use of its fore tarsi to position and manipulate prey and its probing in different body regions, and the feeding process, involving the ingestion and egestion of fluids, and thus a potential role for extra-oral digestion of prey tissues, were suggestive of similar behaviours in predaceous Heteroptera. However, observations of apparently preferential feeding on vegetable matter in the presence of available prey suggested that phytophagy is an important, perhaps predominant, feeding mode in this plant bug, with predation occurring in nature in the absence of acceptable plant food.
Spatial and Nonspatial Representations in the Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

The hippocampus is thought to function as a “cognitive map,” which stores nonspatial information such as items and events in a spatial framework. In order to understand the computations involved in creating such conjunctive nonspatial + spatial representations, it is essential to understand the function of hippocampal inputs. Medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is known to convey spatial information to the hippocampus. In this chapter, we discuss recent evidence showing that lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) conveys both spatial and nonspatial information to the hippocampus, in the presence of objects. Perirhinal cortex (PRC), a major cortical input to LEC, encodes nonspatial, object-related information, but does not encode spatial information in the presence of objects. Thus, the landmark-derived spatial information arises de novo in LEC. The classical dual-pathway model, in which LEC encodes nonspatial information while MEC encodes spatial information, cannot account for LEC spatial representation in the presence of objects. We propose that the functional difference between LEC and MEC is better understood in terms of the different inputs they use to create their representations: LEC generates spatial as well as nonspatial representations by processing external sensory inputs in contrast to MEC, which generates spatial representations by processing internally based path integration information.
From CCU to CHF: bridging the treatment gap

![Graphic][1] Heart failure not only reduces life expectancy, but is associated with symptoms of breathlessness, fluid retention, and fatigue that notably impair quality of life. It is a clinical syndrome that may result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the pumping ability of the heart. Major changes in treatment have resulted from an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure and from the results of large clinical trials. Furthermore, with the publication of evidence based management guidelines, much needed attention has been focused on the care of the chronic phase of the syndrome. But we are still far from having “solved” heart failure. Patients with heart failure often require hospitalisation to re-establish control of the syndrome; heart failure admissions account for around 5% of emergency medical admissions in the UK, and chronic … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif