cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Algorithmic Noise Tolerance for Scalable On-Chip Voltage Regulation

With the advent of on-chip digital low-dropout (DLDO) regulators, distributed on-chip voltage regulation has become increasingly promising. Environmental and operating conditions have been demonstrated to degrade DLDO performance, which directly affects execution accuracy. The area overhead (OH) needed to compensate aging-induced voltage noise degradation can be significant. Accordingly, in this paper, the algorithmic noise tolerance of certain processor components is exploited as an area–quality control knob to trade the program output quality for area OH. Furthermore, efficient and lightweight techniques utilizing a unidirectional shift register and reduced clock pulsewidth triggering are proposed to realize a novel aging-aware (AA) DLDO to achieve a better area and quality tradeoff. Owing to the large number and distributed nature of voltage regulators, with the proposed design, both the number of regulators utilized in the system and the size of each local regulator are scalable to satisfy the needs of different applications and processor components with varying algorithmic noise tolerance. It is demonstrated through simulation of an IBM POWER8 like processor that the proposed AA design can achieve up to, respectively, 43.2% and $3\times $ transient and steady-state performance improvement. Additionally, more than 10% area OH saving can be achieved over a 5-year period.
Range Expansion of the Japanese Cedar Longhorned Beetle, Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky, 1861) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in Connecticut

In 1998, the Japanese cedar longhorned beetle, Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky, 1861), was discovered in Connecticut where its larvae bored into living plants in the Cupressaceae. A survey conducted between 1999 and 2005 indicated that the alien beetle was restricted to the southern part of the state. In 2015, adults were reared from dead wood collected north of the range known in 2005. A new survey was conducted in 2016–2017 to ascertain how far the exotic beetle had spread since the first survey. In the new survey, adults were captured in cross-vane panel traps that had lures of mixed (six-carbon) ketones and ethanol. At least one of the ketones apparently was an aggregation or sex pheromone. In two areas without traps, adults emerged from dead cedar wood. Based upon adult captures in traps and upon rearing, the Japanese cedar longhorn has spread northward to the border with Massachusetts. It was discovered in 157 (95.2%) of 165 towns surveyed. Of 187 panel traps with lures, 171 (91.4%) captured adults, suggesting that the trapping method was effective. Cupressaceous plants, especially stressed ones, in garden centers, landscaped areas, and natural areas are now at risk of attack statewide.
Medicare in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Part 2: Academic Surgeons and Cancer Surgeons Are Reimbursed Less.

PURPOSE The purpose was to evaluate predictors of reimbursement of oral and maxillofacial surgery services in the Medicare population. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of Medicare Physician and Other Supplier Aggregate Data from 2015. Clinicians were included if they were confirmed to be oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs) by National Provider Identifier data. The primary outcome variable of this study was the proportion reimbursed (actual payment amount divided by charge amount). Predictor variables included type of practice (private vs academic), scope (cancer vs non-cancer), number of Medicare beneficiaries seen, number of unique Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes billed, and total amount charged. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were calculated, with P < .05 considered significant. RESULTS The initial search revealed 952 providers categorized as performing maxillofacial surgery, with 894 confirmed to be OMSs (144 academic and 750 private practice). Of 894 OMSs, 39 were cancer surgeons and 855 were non-cancer surgeons. Academic OMSs saw more complex patients than OMSs in private practice (P < .0001). Academic surgeons (n = 144) charged an average of $116,876.92 to Medicare, with a mean payment amount of $22,219.62. Private practice surgeons (n = 750) submitted an average charge of $27,812.56, with average reimbursement of $9,472.76. Multiple linear regression showed that academia, cancer surgeons, number of unique CPT codes, higher Hierarchal Condition Category scores, and total submitted charge amount were negative predictors of the proportion of reimbursement. CONCLUSIONS Roughly 10% of OMSs participate in and bill for Medicare. Factors associated with a lower reimbursement proportion include being in academia, treating head and neck cancer, billing more unique CPT codes, seeing sicker patients, and having larger total submitted charges. As third-party private insurers often follow fee schedules and rates set by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, this observed effect also should be evaluated in claims data of other insurers.
The World Adapting to Climate Change

This chapter reviews how climate change affects each part of the world differently and how each continent must work within its capacity to eliminate these potentially hazardous outcomes. The chapter ultimately provides evidence of how a ‘one size fits all’ approach does not work to promote climate change resiliency.
Life on the fringe: microbial adaptation to growth on carbon monoxide.

Microbial adaptation to extreme conditions takes many forms, including specialized metabolism which may be crucial to survival in adverse conditions. Here, we analyze the diversity and environmental importance of systems allowing microbial carbon monoxide (CO) metabolism. CO is a toxic gas that can poison most organisms because of its tight binding to metalloproteins. Microbial CO uptake was first noted by Kluyver and Schnellen in 1947, and since then many microbes using CO via oxidation have emerged. Many strains use molecular oxygen as the electron acceptor for aerobic oxidation of CO using Mo-containing CO oxidoreductase enzymes named CO dehydrogenase. Anaerobic carboxydotrophs oxidize CO using CooS enzymes that contain Ni/Fe catalytic centers and are unrelated to CO dehydrogenase. Though rare on Earth in free form, CO is an important intermediate compound in anaerobic carbon cycling, as it can be coupled to acetogenesis, methanogenesis, hydrogenogenesis, and metal reduction. Many microbial species—both bacteria and archaea—have been shown to use CO to conserve energy or fix cell carbon or both. Microbial CO formation is also very common. Carboxydotrophs thus glean energy and fix carbon from a “metabolic leftover” that is not consumed by, and is toxic to, most microorganisms. Surprisingly, many species are able to thrive under culture headspaces sometimes exceeding 1 atmosphere of CO. It appears that carboxydotrophs are adapted to provide a metabolic “currency exchange” system in microbial communities in which CO arising either abiotically or biogenically is converted to CO 2 and H 2 that feed major metabolic pathways for energy conservation or carbon fixation. Solventogenic CO metabolism has been exploited to construct very large gas fermentation plants converting CO-rich industrial flue emissions into biofuels and chemical feedstocks, creating renewable energy while mitigating global warming. The use of thermostable CO dehydrogenase enzymes to construct sensitive CO gas sensors is also in progress.
REMARKS ON INFERENTIAL DEDUCTION

Publisher Summary The term inferential deduction is used to describe deduction based on inferential rules of G. Gentzen type. This chapter discusses three loosely connected topics. M. Anderson and H. Johnstone presented the Gentzen natural rules in a linear form that was used by S. Jaskowski and B. Fitch. This formulation is, in principle, equivalent to the formulation by proof trees that G. Gentzen used. However, for certain rather technical purposes, it is desirable to have an explicit process or algorithm for transforming either of these forms of proof into the other. The chapter describes this technicality. It also discusses the semantics of Gentzen L-rules. The natural rules of Gentzen have the peculiarity that some of the rules involve discharge of assumptions.
TakingAIM: A Precision Health Framework for Promoting Person-Centered Advance Care Planning

Advance care plans (ACP) align care with individual values and goals for the end of life, yet their rates are low. Communication barriers are a primary reason for these low rates. Precision health approaches that target individuals based on personal needs, behaviors, or choices may improve communica
Expanding Personhood beyond Remembered Selves: The Sociality of Memory at an Alzheimer's Center in Poland

Examining the social and processual dimensions of personhood can transform ethnographic and clinical understandings of "person-centered care" in dementia care specifically and in medicine more generally. Ethnographic research among people with early-stage Alzheimer's disease in a day center in Poznan, Poland, shows that practices of remembering involving collective memory can sustain personhood and foster ties of relatedness among people with dementia, defying some expectations about the destructive effects of dementia on personhood. This apparent paradox between people with dementia's loss of memory and their capacity to build social relations based on remembering can be resolved through expanding understandings of personhood to include practices of remembering involving collective pasts-in this case, through shared national frameworks and embodied practices of sociality. Attending to these two dimensions of collective memory reveals unexpected aspects of personhood among people with dementia.
French-language Road Cinema: Borders, Diasporas, Migration and 'New Europe'

Focusing on a corpus of films from France, Belgium and Switzerland, French-language Road Cinema contends that nowhere is the impulse to remap the spaces and identities of 'New Europe' more evident than in French-language cinema.
Meta-analysis of a master mimicker: endobronchial lipoma.

Background: Endobronchial lipomas (ELs) are extremely rare benign tumors that account for 0.1–0.4% of all bronchial tumors. Our study aims to better characterize these lesions based on their baseline demographic characteristics, size, location, association with smoking and establish a treatment modality of choice for such tumors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective meta-analysis of 29 studies of EL reported from 1994 till present. These 29 studies yielded 36 patient encounters which were included in our study. Categorical outcomes were compared between study groups using chi-square test. P value Results: Our study has shown that smaller lesions more likely to be ELs or benign lung tumors. Eighty percent of ELs had a size Conclusions: These tumors are difficult to diagnose due to their nonspecific presenting complaints unless pulmonologists maintain a high index of suspicion. Treatment options such surgical resection (SR) or bronchoscopic resection (BR) are available and interventions should be planned on a case-by-case basis by a multidisciplinary team.
Removing the Blindfold: Recognizing Deceptive and Dangerous Advances

Aggressors often plot, stage, and carry out their attacks in plain sight without seemingly being noticed. Social environments such as large cities, disorganized neighborhoods, and fast-paced, impersonal encounters afford the few dangerous people the ability to blend in with the many who mean no harm. Sometimes individuals may actually see behaviors of concern before the attack, but they may dismiss them due to misinformation, personal bias, or feelings of helplessness. They may even attempt to convince themselves that everything is normal. Rather than feeling incapable, individuals can choose to create a readiness to recognize criminal advances, trust their intuition, and observe details in the environment. They can secure pertinent information by listening for clues and clarifying what they heard. They can learn the warning signs of potential victimization, remain objective, and refuse to be blinded by misleading information.
Rare gain of chromosome 5 in a supratentorial hemispheric paediatric pilomyxoid astrocytoma.

A previously healthy 11-year-old boy presented with self-limited recurrent episodes of dizziness, disorientation and visual changes with a normal neurological examination. MRI revealed a well-circumscribed mixed solid/cystic left parieto-occipital mass ([figure 1][1]). He underwent a gross total
CARDIOVASCULAR AND CEREBROVASCULAR EVENTS AMONG PATIENTS RECEIVING IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) treat a broad range of cancers. In basic studies, these checkpoints are also a critical regulator of atherosclerosis. However, there are limited data testing the association between ICI's and clinical cardiovascular (CV) and cerebrovascular (CBV) events. We
Synthesis and structural determination of ionic triphenyltin complexes of mercaptoacetic and 3-mercaptopropionic acids

Two ionic triphenyltin complexes were obtained when two thiocarboxylic acids, mercaptoacetic acid and 3-mercaptopropionic acid, were mixed with triphenyltin hydroxide in the presence of dicylcohexy...
Temperature-dependent Gain Characteristics of InAs/InP Quantum Dash Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

This paper presents an InAs/InP quantum dash (QD) semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) operating between S- and C- bands. By using this QD-SOA we systematically investigate the gain characteristics under different temperature conditions. The peak value of the gain factor decreases linearly with the temperature. It demonstrate a peak fiber-to-fiber gain of 13.4 dB. This provide insight toward the application of QD-SOAs to the field of signal amplification and signal processing for all-optical optical networks.
Fundamental Linkage Between Structure, Electrochemical Properties, and Chemical Compositions of LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2 Cathode Materials.

LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2 (NMC) is an important class of high-energy-density cathode materials. The possibility of changing both x and y in the chemical formula provides numerous materials with diverse electrochemical and structural properties. It is highly desirable to have guidance on correlating NMC structural and electrochemical properties with their chemical composition for material designing and screening. Here, using synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical characterization, and literature survey, the content difference between Mn and Co (denoted as x-y in NMC) is identified as an effective indicator to estimate Li/transition metal (Li/TM) cation mixing ratio and first-cycle Coulombic efficiency (CE). In addition, a linear relationship between oxygen position "z" and the size difference between Li+ and TM cation (normalized by the c-axis length) is found, and such linearity can be used to accurately predict the oxygen position in NMC materials by considering the average TM cation size and c-axis length. It is also concluded that the shortest O-O distance in the bulk of NMC materials could not be shorter than 2.5 A even at a highly charged state. Therefore, oxygen release is not likely to take place from the bulk if the structure maintains the R3 m symmetry.
Same-Sex, Same Health? Health Concordance Among Same-Sex and Different-Sex Couples

Health concordance–health similarity between intimate partners–is understudied among different-sex cohabiting, same-sex cohabiting, and same-sex married couples due to an overwhelming focus on different-sex married couples. I explore whether existing research and theory extends to health concordance among different-sex cohabiting and same-sex couples. Additionally, I examine health concordance as a site of population health disparities at the couple level. I use the 2008–2018 IPUMS National Health Interview Surveys to perform multinomial logistic regressions of poor-to-fair health and activity limitations concordance on union status, demographic similarity, and socioeconomic resources. Health concordance is common among all couples, characterizing at least 86% of each union status. Marital status differentiates concordance risk for different-sex couples, but not same-sex couples. Same-sex female couples face higher risks of health discordance and concordant disadvantaged health than many other couples, both of which represent major health disadvantages. Union status affects health concordance risk for couples in ways that cannot be easily reduced to marriage, gender, or sex composition. Negative health concordance, especially for same-sex female couples and different-sex cohabitors, warrants further attention as a site of health inequalities. Socioeconomic resources may play a major role in promoting positive health concordance among couples, which could inform policy levers to improve couple health. Health concordance is a site of health disparities because the risk of partners’ concordance in poor health varies considerably depending on union status.
Optimization in Practice with MATLAB®: For Engineering Students and Professionals

Optimization in Practice with MATLAB® provides a unique approach to optimization education. It is accessible to both junior and senior undergraduate and graduate students, as well as industry practitioners. It provides a strongly practical perspective that allows the student to be ready to use optimization in the workplace. It covers traditional materials, as well as important topics previously unavailable in optimization books (e.g. numerical essentials - for successful optimization). Written with both the reader and the instructor in mind, Optimization in Practice with MATLAB® provides practical applications of real-world problems using MATLAB®, with a suite of practical examples and exercises that help the students link the theoretical, the analytical, and the computational in each chapter. Additionally, supporting MATLAB® m-files are available for download via www.cambridge.org.messac. Lastly, adopting instructors will receive a comprehensive solution manual with solution codes along with lectures in PowerPoint with animations for each chapter, and the text's unique flexibility enables instructors to structure one- or two-semester courses.
Stability of Planar Textures in Superfluid 3He-A

Planar textures in superfluid 3He-A are due to the symmetry breaking terms in the free energy e.g. current, magnetic field and the energy due to the nuclear dipolar interaction.1 The spin triplet — p wave order parameter is characterized in terms of two unit vectors \(\hat l\) and \(\hat d\) which respectively refer to the orbital and spin axes. The dipole energy gives two possible orientations for the d vector, one which is parallel to the \(\hat l\) vector and the other which is antiparallel to the \(\hat l\) vector. A pure d texture is the domain wall between the two confiurations in the case when \(hat l\) is uniform over the whole system. In an open system \(\hat l\) is not constrained to be uniform, the presence of a static magnetic field confines both \(\hat l\) and \(\hat d\) to a plaice perpendicular to the field. Simultaneous rotation of both \(\hat l\) and \(\hat d\) (in opposite direction) gives rise to the composite structure (see Maki’s review at this conference for details). A third structure has been postulated recently by Hall and Hook3 where the current provides 2 possible directions to the \(\hat l\) vector and in an analogous fashion the texture is the domain wall between the two configurations. Fetter4 has also studied the possible textures in the presence of currents as well as static fields.
Christianity in Africa: Pentecostalism and Sociocultural Change in the Context of Neoliberal Globalization

The expansion of Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa is an integral part of the shift to the Global South and Pentecostal Christianity is the most dynamic brand in this process of expansion. This chapter examines the core tenets of African Pentecostalism, accounting for its evolution and flourishing, and its consequences on cultural and social institutions of the continent, amidst the struggle for a more just and fair society. The chapter asserts that while Pentecostal Christianity is making immense contribution in Africa in an era essentially characterized by the hegemony of neoliberal globalization, the church situates itself within, not outside, the current dominant system. In taking this position, the movement has constrained itself in terms of its otherwise great potential for positively transforming African societies in a holistic manner. Instead, its vision is often far more associated with the mundane values of material prosperity and uneven capitalist accumulation rather than the struggle against social injustice and the widening gap between the rich and the poor. The chapter concludes with the hope of a new generation of Pentecostal leaders who would not only preach about demonology (whatever it is!), prosperity, salvation, and miracles, but also rigorously engage in the existential challenges and problems that Africa faces, and doing all of these in faith, humility and love based on God’s common grace for all humanity.
Oxidation and sulphidation of type 310S stainless steel at elevated temperatures

Specimens of Type 310S stainless steel in the forms of thin flat and bent sheet (ells) were exposed either to air or a sulfidizing atmosphere at temperatures near 900{degree}C. An attempt was made to determine the relationships between: (a) the scale structure, (b) the rate of reaction and (c) the mechanical stresses generated during exposure. The investigative techniques used included: room and elevated temperature x-ray diffraction, optical and electron microscopy as well as optical determinations of specimen deformations. Protective and spall-resistant scales were formed in both atmospheres. All scales were composed of an inner sesquioxide and an outer spinel layer. Both the scale crystallinity and the surface topography were, however, grossly different in the two environments; including especially the presence of metallic particles found embedded in the scales of sulfidized specimens. The interaction of sulfur with the growth of oxide scales apparently alters their crystallinity, microstructure and stress state. It is suggested that the oxide grain boundary plays a role in this perturbed growth process and that, therefore, the control of oxide grain size may be one fruitful approach in the future development of alloys resistant to breakdown in sulfidizing atmospheres. 29 refs., 8 figs., 7 tabs.
Burning the Seasonal Mosaic: Preventative Burning Strategies in the Wooded Savanna of Southern Mali

Data are presented indicating a seasonal mosaic pattern of burning in the savanna of southern Mali. A seasonal mosaic is a landscape that is annually re-created by people, and which contains patches of unburned, early burned, and recently burned vegetation. A survey of over 100 farmers and in-depth interviews demonstrates that rural inhabitants of southern Mali begin an annual burning regime early in the dry season in order to fragment the landscape, with the goal of preventing later fires that can damage natural resources. The process of gradually burning off the driest vegetation creates a seasonal mosaic of habitat patches that increases the potential of the landscape for a variety of dry season land uses, including hunting, gathering of savanna products, and grazing. An analysis of a series of Landsat images shows that the practice of mosaic burning is widespread in the wooded savanna, in which burning usually begins early and large fires are rare. On the basis of recent developments in ecological theory and empirical evidence from similar burning regimes in parts of Australia, it is suggested that seasonal mosaic burning in Mali not only prevents damaging late-season fires but increases biodiversity. It is concluded that discourse on African savanna burning overemphasizes the ecologically detrimental aspects of fire, while neglecting the beneficial ones resulting in misguided policies that pose a threat to human livelihoods and savanna ecosystems.
Introducing Tetra: An Educational Parallel Programming System

Despite the fact that we are firmly in the multicore era, the use of parallel programming is not as widespread as it could be - in the software industry or in education. There have been many calls to incorporate more parallel programming content into undergraduate computer science education. One obstacle to doing this is that the programming languages most commonly used for parallel programming are detailed, low-level languages such as C, C++, Fortran (with OpenMP or MPI), OpenCL and CUDA. These languages allow programmers to write very efficient code, but that is not so important for those whose goal is to learn the concepts of parallel computing. This paper introduces a parallel programming language called Tetra which provides parallel programming features as first class language features, and also provides garbage collection and is designed to be as simple as possible. Tetra also includes an integrated development environment which is specifically geared for debugging parallel programs and visualizing program execution across multiple threads.
Source waters and flow paths in an alpine catchment, Colorado Front Range, United States

[1] Source waters and flow paths of streamflow draining high-elevation catchments of the Colorado Rocky Mountains were determined using isotopic and geochemical tracers during the 1996 snowmelt runoff season at two subcatchments of the Green Lakes Valley, Colorado Front Range. A two-component hydrograph separation using δ18O indicates that new water dominated (82 ± 6%) streamflow at the 8-ha Martinelli catchment and old water dominated (64 ± 2%) at the 225-ha Green Lake 4 (GL4) catchment. Snowmelt became isotopically enriched as the melt season progressed, complicating the interpretation of source water models. Thus old water may be underestimated if the temporal variation in δ18O of snowmelt is ignored or extrapolated from point measurements to the catchment. Two-component hydrograph separations for unreacted and reacted waters using a single geochemical tracer were not always meaningful. Three-component hydrograph separations using end-member mixing analysis indicated that subsurface flow contributed more than two thirds to the streamflow at both catchments. Talus fields contributed more than 40% of the total discharge during summer at the GL4 catchment. A conceptual model was established for flow generation based on these results. It is suggested that surface water and groundwater interactions are much more important to the quantity and quality of surface water in high-elevation catchments than previously thought.
B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) With a 14q+ Chromosome Abnormality

An adult patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with a 14q+ marker chromosome is presented. The abnormality resulted from a translocation of material from the long arm of chromosome 11. The leukemic cells were found to be B cells on the basis of surface immunoglobulins, lack of receptors for sheep erythrocytes, and a characteristically low level of adenosine deaminase activity. In other patients with ALL studied by us or reported by others in whom chromosome banding was done, a 14q+ chromosome was present in only one instance, also a case of B cell ALL. These two cases are the only examples of B cell ALL studied with chromosome banding reported to date. The frequent occurrence of a 14q+ chromosome in other malignant lymphoproliferative diseases of B cell origin suggests that a general association may exist between the 14q+ abnormality and B cell neoplasms. Cytogenetic analysis may therefore be useful in defining subtypes of ALL and in relating specific chromosomal abnormalities to lymphoproliferative disorders.
Celiac sprue and refractory sprue

We are going to discuss a group of diseases which, when clinically significant, are characterized by a variable degree of intestinal malabsorption and a characteristic although not specific intestinal mucosal lesion. The patient with celiac sprue (gluten-sensitive enteropathy) by definition responds to gluten withdrawal, whereas the patient with unclassified sprue or collagenous sprue fails to show substantial clinical improvement on a
Using computers in a natural language mode for elementary education

This paper considers the interface between an elementary school child, specifically a fourth grade student, and a computerized fact retrieval system. One goal of the study was to transfer the communication burden from the user of a computerized system to the computer. Rather than training the student to use an artificial programming language as the communication medium, it was deemed preferable to attempt to use the child's own natural language. First, data was collected to determine what subset of English that natural language might be and to provide a grammar for it. After a grammar was constructed, a system was developed which would allow an elementary school child to query the system about history and geography. The implementation, based on augmented transition networks, is described. Another goal of the study was to investigate the effect of such a system on education. For this reason, the system was tested in a classroom environment. An open classroom was chosen to allow the students a reasonable amount of freedom in using the system. In addition to learning history and geography facts, the students appeared to receive other benefits. The results of the study indicate that in certain situations, it may be possible for a computer to function as a tutor.
QRS areas improve the electrocardiographic interpretation of right ventricular hypertrophy

Abstract Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is the most frequent abnormality in children with heart disease. We have developed a computer electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis program to evaluate new scaler electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of this condition in children. The overall performance of our program was comparable to that of a pediatric cardiologist. Computer program diagnosis was correct in 93% of 60 individuals using standard criteria and in 97% using our newly developed area criteria. The cardiologist's ECG diagnosis in the same individuals was correct in 99%. The sensitivities of our two new criteria, the R S area ratio in lead V1 and the R wave area in lead V1, were greater than currently used criteria for the diagnosis of RVH. Computer-derived electrocardiographic measurements, such as areas, can improve the accuracy of the ECG diagnosis of RVH.
Nematic order in polyesters with flexible moieties in the main chain.

Properties of polyesters based on 4,4′-dihydroxy-2,2′-dimethylazoxybenzene and a homologous series of alkanedioic acids with methylene sequence length n=3—4 are discussed in the light of recent results based on DSC, PMR, magnetic birefringence and X-ray data. Influence of substitution in the mesogen and spacer is also described. Particular attention is given to the oddeven effect in the homologous series and the existence of two distinct levels of molecular order for the n=even and n=odd members of the series. On the basis of X-ray diffraction data performed on oriented samples, a cybotactic micellar model for the n=even polymers is proposed. The cooperative nature of the formation of cybotactic micelles is shown by the study of order parameter and its dependence on the degree of polymerization. Progressive development of layered order in n=even polymers with increase in molecular mass is also shown by SAX patterns of unoriented samples of poly(4,4′-dioxy-2,2′-dimethylazoxybenzenedodecanedioyl). While the Meier and Saupe theory of the nematic state is in good agreement with the S(T) dependence for noncybotactic polymer systems for most of the nematic interval, it diverges in the vicinity of the clearing point. In contrast to low molecular mass nematics, polymeric nematics show a remarkable stability at the clearing temperature and a large pretransitional interval.
Modeling of secondary creep behavior for anisotropic materials with different properties in tension and compression

Abstract A constitutive model is developed to describe the anisotropic secondary creep response of polycrystalline metals and alloys with different behavior in tension and compression. The equivalent stress in the general anisotropic potential contains the linear and quadratic joint invariants of the stress tensor, and the second order and fourth order material tensors. In describing the creep behavior of orthotropic materials for the special case of coincidence of the coordinate axes with the principal directions of anisotropy, a nine parameter expression for the equivalent stress is proposed with the corresponding constitutive equation of creep. The determination of the material parameters in the proposed creep equation is obtained from a series of basic experiments outlined in this work. The results generated from the model are compared with those from experiments under multiaxial loading for various metallic materials.
Brevetoxin: tissue distribution and effect on cytochrome P450 enzymes in fish.

Abstract B. S. Washburn , D. G. Baden , N. J. Gassman and P. J. Walsh . Brevetoxin: tissue distribution and effect on cytochrome P450 enzymes in fish. Toxicon32, 799–805, 1994.—As part of our investigation of the metabolism of brevetoxin (PbTx) in fish, we initiated a two-part study to determine the toxin's tissue distribution and its ability to induce xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. In the first study, gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) were administered 14C-PbTx-3 orally in a fishmeal slurry and sacrificed 72 hr later. Radioactivity was greatest in the hepatobiliary system (40% of body burden), representing the key role this system plays in the detoxification and elimination of brevetoxin. Muscle tissue contained 27%, followed by gastrointestinal tract (25%). To investigate the effects of PbTx on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, immature redfish (Scianops ocellatus) were given two doses of brevetoxin (1.5 or 2.5 μg/100g body weight) or cod liver oil in a fishmeal slurry by gavage. The activities of two hepatic P450 enzymes, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD), as well as the cytosolic enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST), were measured. At the higher dose, PbTx significantly increased EROD activity. These results suggest that brevetoxin is capable of inducing an important xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme (EROD).
Trajectory optimization using a second-order epsilon method

An extension of BalakrishnaiTs epsilon method and a new penalty functional with desirable theoretical and computational properties form the basis for a proposed trajectory optimization algorithm. The algorithm, which has been successfully applied to large-scale problems involving multiple state and control inequality constraints, selectively utilizes modified and full Newton-Raphson techniques. The solution of a three-dimensional minimum-time-to-turn problem illustrates the computational procedure.
Switching LPV control designs using multiple parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions

In this paper we study the switching control of linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems using multiple parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions to improve performance and enhance control design flexibility. A family of LPV controllers is designed, each suitable for a specific parameter subregion. They are switched so that the closed-loop system remains stable and its performance is optimized. Two switching logics, hysteresis switching and switching with average dwell time, are examined. The control synthesis conditions for both switching logics are formulated as matrix optimization problems, which are generally non-convex but can be convexified under some simplifying assumptions. The hysteresis switching LPV control scheme is then applied to an active magnetic bearing problem.
Recent contributions to the study of ritual trance

Michael S. Laguere. Voodoo Heritage. Foreword by Vera Rubin. Beverly Hills/London, Sage Publications. 229 pp. Glossary, bibliography, index. $24.00. Richard Katz. Boiling Energy: Community Healing among the Kalahari Jung. Foreword by Richard B. Lee. Cambridge and London, Harvard University Press, 1982. xix + 329 pp. Map, photographs, glossary, bibliography, index. $25.00 Michael Lambeck. Human Spirits: A Cultural Account of Trance in Mayotte. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981. xx + 219 pp. Tables, figures, stylistic conventions, appendix, notes, bibliography, index. $32.50.
Subfemtosecond determination of transmission delay times for a dielectric mirror (photonic band gap) as a function of the angle of incidence.

Using a two-photon interference technique, we measure the delay for single-photon wave packets to be transmitted through a multilayer dielectric mirror, which functions as a ``photonic band-gap'' medium. By varying the angle of incidence, we are able to confirm the behavior predicted by the group delay (stationary-phase approximation), including a variation of the delay time from superluminal to subluminal as the band edge is tuned toward the wavelength of our photons. The agreement with theory is better than 0.5 fs (less than one-quarter of an optical period) except at large angles of incidence. The source of the remaining discrepancy is not yet fully understood.
National Variability in Neonatal Resuscitation Practices at the Limit of Viability

Objective Delivery room management of extremely premature infants is not subjected to professional regulations. In the United States, legal definitions of human viability and statutes regulating elective abortions vary by state, placing providers in an often difficult position regarding whether to attempt resuscitation when faced with the delivery of an infant of 22 to 25 weeks gestation. The objective of this study was to delineate variations in delivery room resuscitation practices of periviable infants in the United States in 2012. Study Design Electronic survey was sent to the members of American Academy of Pediatrics Section of Perinatal Medicine. Chi-square, Fisher exact test, and multivariate logistic regression were performed. Results A total of 758 surveys returned out of which 637 were complete. Overall 68% of providers consider 23-week gestation to be the youngest age that should be resuscitated at parental request, while 25-week gestation is considered by 51% to be the youngest age of obligatory resuscitation even with parental refusal. Responses varied when providers were separated into geographical regions based on the U.S. Census Bureau (p Conclusions Regional practice variation exists independent of specific state laws. Parental request is the most important factor to providers resuscitating 22 to 25-week infants. Providers' personal belief systems influence infant management infrequently.
Unique intrafusal and extraocular muscle fibers exhibiting dual actomyosin ATPase activity.

Abstract At least two forms of actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) have been demonstrated in mammalian skeletal muscles. One form is relatively alkalistabile: acid-labile, and is found in most muscle fibers of fast-twitch muscles, while the other is relatively acid-stabile: alkali-labile, and is present in the majority of fibers of slow-twitch muscles. Each singly efferented muscle fiber of the general somatic musculature usually possesses only one of the two enzyme forms. A histochemical survey of the intrafusal and extraocular musculature of the rat indicates that a substantial minority of the fibers comprising these muscles contain both forms of actomyosin ATPase (dual-activity). Many fibers of these specialized muscles are known to have complex innervations and to exhibit tonic, graded contractions. In light of the known neural regulation of actomyosin ATPase, it may be that dual enzyme activity is a consequence of dual innervation by efferents having qualitatively different regulatory capabilities.
Lattice Boltzmann method on a curvilinear coordinate system: Vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder

The interpolation-supplemented lattice Boltzmann equation (ISLBE) method is used to simulate the two-dimensional vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers. Simulations are carried out on a polar-coordinate grid system with a dense grid distributed near the cylinder surface. The Strouhal number, the drag, and the lift coefficients obtained from the simulations agree well with previous experimental measurements and classical computational fluid dynamics simulations. Comparisons of detailed flow patterns with other studies via streamlines and streaklines are also satisfactory. The ability of the ISLBE scheme to simulate complicated long-term periodic flow phenomena is demonstrated.
Experimental Investigation to the Properties of Eutectic Salts by NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2 for Application as High Temperature Heat Transfer Fluids

A group of eutectic ternary halide salts were surveyed and studied for the objective of developing a high temperature heat transfer fluid with a freezing point below 250°C and a low vapor pressure, below 1.0 atm, at temperatures up to 800°C. The studied salts include: 1) NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2 with a mole fractions of 18.6%-21.9%-59.5% and a melting point of tm=213°C; 2) NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2 with a mole fraction of 13.4%-33.7%-52.9% and a melting point of tm=204°C; and 3) NaCl-KCl-ZnCl2 with mole fraction of 13.8%-41.9%-44.3% and a melting point of tm=229 °C. Vapor pressures of these salts at different temperatures were experimentally obtained using an in-house developed test facility. The results show that vapor pressures of all the three eutectic molten salts are below 1.0 atm at a temperature of 800 °C. The salt of ZnCl2-KCl-NaCl in mole faction of 44.3%-41.9%-13.8% has lowest vapor pressure which is only about 1.0 atm even at a temperature of 900 °C. Viscosities of these salts were measured in the temperature range from after melting to 850°C. At low temperatures near their melting points of the salts, the viscosities are about 16 × 10−3Pa s, while at high temperatures above 700°C the viscosities are around 4 × 10−3Pa s, which is satisfactorily low to serve as heat transfer fluid for circulation in a CSP system. Both the vapor pressure and the viscosities of the studied three eutectic salts demonstrated satisfaction to serve as high temperature heat transfer fluids. Other thermal and transport properties of these salts are expected to be reported in the future for screening out a satisfactory high temperature heat transfer fluid.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Biosensing with Colorimetric Signatures of Deterministic Aperiodic Metal Nanoparticle Arrays

A novel optical sensing technique based on distinctive colorimetric signatures and spectral shifts of deterministic aperiodic arrays is demonstrated by protein monolayer sensing in the visible spectral range using inexpensive dark-field spectroscopy and autocorrelation analysis.
Radiochemical neutron activation analysis of Cs and Rb in geological samples using zeolite (clinoptilolite) chromatography and sodium tetraphenylborate precipitation

Three procedures for separating of Cs and Rb from geological samples were investigated. The fractional recovery was determined by radioactive tracers and by RNAA. In the first procedure 0.2 g of irrdiated sample is fused with Na2O2, acidified and passed through a clinoptilolite zeolite column. Cs and Rb were eluted with 7.5M HNO3; chemical yields are in the range 93–98%. The second procedure is a supplement to the SUNDBERG and BOYNTON (1976) procedure; a previously discarded anion-exchanger effluent, containing Cs, Rb, Co, Na, etc., is passed through a clinoptilolite column. Cs and Rb are eluted with 7.5M HNO3; yields are in the range of 82–94%. A third separation involves precipitation of Cs and Rb from the effluent and washings with sodium tetraphenylborate (NaBPh4); yields are 64–83%.
Bucket-brigade bandwidth characteristics

The range of applications of bucket-brigade circuits is limited by inherent device limitations. At present, the most severe of these appears to be a relatively poor charge-transfer efficiency, which results in a limited signal bandwidth. In this letter, the bandwidth characteristics of bucket-brigade circuits are described, and close agreement between computed and experimental results is shown.
Dynamics of Initial Penetration in Drilling: Part 1—Mechanistic Model for Dynamic Forces

This two-part paper is aimed at developing a theoretical and numerical simulation basis for initial penetration phenomena that profoundly influence hole tolerances and shape. In Part I, dynamic force models are developed followed by models of the drill's dynamic behavior in Part 2. Next, these models are combined and used to predict initial penetration behavior and hole shape. A comparison of simulated and experimental results concludes Part 2. In this part, by considering the effects of drill grinding errors and drill deflections, dynamic cutting chip thickness models are developed which, in combination with workpiece surface inclination effects, allow the formulation of expressions for the dynamic chip thickness and cutting chip cross-sectional area. By using these quantities to replace their static counterparts, static drilling force models are extended to facilitate the prediction of dynamic cutting forces. Separate thrust, torque, and radial force models for the major cutting edges, secondary cutting edge, and for the indentation zone are formulated. The effects of drill installation errors on the radial cutting forces acting on the chisel edge and the major cutting edges are also included.
Critical field deviations in superconducting lead-indium alloys

Abstract Deviations of the thermodynamic critical field from the conventional parabolic law in single-phase Pb-In alloys are found to decrease monotonically with increasing indium concentration. This is contrary to the behavior of the usual “coupling strength” parameters, 2Δ(0)/ kT c and T c /θ D , in the same alloy system.
Diverse function of aromatase and the N-terminal sequence deleted form.

Abstract The diverse function of human placental aromatase including estradiol 6α-hydroxylase and cocaine N-demethylase activity are described, and the mechanism for the simultaneous metabolism of estradiol to 2-hydroxy- and 6α-hydroxyestradiol at the same active site of aromatase is postulated. Comparison of aromatase activity is also made among the wild type and N-terminal sequence deleted forms of human aromatase which are recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli . Aromatase cytochrome P450 was reconstituted and incubated with [6α,7α- 3 H 2 ,4- 14 C]estradiol, 7-ethoxycoumarin, and [N-methyl- 3 H 3 ]cocaine. 6α-Hydroxy[7α- 3 H,4- 14 C]estradiol was isolated as the metabolite of estradiol and the 3 H-water release method based on the 6α- 3 H label was established. The initial rate kinetics of the 6α-hydroxylation gave K m of 4.3 μM, V max of 4.02 nmol min −1 mg −1 , and turnover rate of 0.27 min −1 . Testosterone competed dose-dependently with the 6α-hydroxylation and showed the K i of 0.15 μM, suggesting that they occupy the same binding site of aromatase. The deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin showed K m of 200 μM, V max of 12.5 nmol min −1 mg −1 and turnover rate of 1.06 min −1 . The N-demethylation of cocaine was analysed by the 3 H-release method, giving K m of 670 μM, V max of 4.76 nmol min −1 mg −1 , and turnover rate of 0.49 min −1 . All activity was dose-responsively suppressed by anti-aromatase P450 monoclonal antibody MAb3-2C2. The N-terminal 38 amino acid residue deleted form of aromatase P450 was expressed in particularly high yield giving a specific activity of 397 ± 83 pmol min −1 mg −1 ( n = 12) of crude membrane-bound particulates with a turnover rate of 2.6 min −1 .
Psychiatry clerkship students' preparation, reflection, and results on the NBME Psychiatry Subject Exam.

Objective Psychiatry clerkship training involves many learning components, one of which is acquisition of scholarly knowledge. The authors investigate the reading materials and learning methods used by clinical clerks in their preparation for the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Psychiatry Subject Exam (PSE).