cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic Superbases in Recent Synthetic Methodology Research.

Organic superbases are a distinct and increasingly utilized class of Bronsted base that possess properties complementary to common inorganic bases. This Concept article discusses recent applications of commercial organic superbases in modern synthetic methodologies. Examples of the advantages of organic superbases in three areas are highlighted, including the discovery of new base-catalyzed reactions, the optimization of reactions that require stoichiometric Bronsted base, and in high-throughput experimentation technology.
Theories of Destructive Technologies for Industrial and Corporate Change: A Short Overview with Strategic Management Implications in Competition

What is a disruptive innovation? This study confronts this question here by presenting different approaches, which endeavor to explain the dynamic behavior of disruptive technologies in competitive markets. Firstly, this study introduces destructive technology as a radical innovation, based on new products and/or processes, which with high technical and/or economic performance destroys the usage value of established techniques previously sold and used in markets, generating technological, industrial, economic and social change. Then, this study explains the behavior of disruptive technologies with different models: approach of revolutionary innovation by Abernathy and Clark, disruptive technologies by Christensen, competitive substitution by Fisher and Pry, predator-prey relation by Farrell and killer technology by Coccia. These approaches are in many ways complementary and a full understanding of the characteristics of disruptive technologies in markets requires an appreciation of all approaches and more. Finally, this study shows some consequences of disruptive innovation for new entrant, incumbent firm and markets in a setting of competition with firm-level strategies for sustaining and safeguarding competitive advantage.
Near-Complete Sequence of a Highly Divergent Reovirus Genome Recovered from Callinectes sapidus.

ABSTRACT This report describes the sequence of a reovirus genome, discovered in Callinectes sapidus in Brazil. The genome sequence of Callinectes sapidus reovirus 2 (CsRV2) consists of 12 segments that encode 13 putative proteins. The predicted RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is highly similar to that of Eriocheir sinensis reovirus 905, suggesting that CsRV2 also belongs to the genus Cardoreovirus.
Genomic Diversity of Haemophilus influenzae Serotype a in an Outbreak Community, Alaska 2018.

BACKGROUND Haemophilus influenzae serotype a (Hia) can cause severe invasive disease, especially in young children. In 2018, four invasive Hia cases occurred in an Alaska community. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to evaluate the relationship of the bacteria from this community and other Alaska patients with invasive Hia. METHODS All carriage (15) and invasive (4) Hia isolates from the outbreak community, together with 15 non-outbreak Alaska invasive Hia surveillance isolates from 2018, were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and characterized using WGS. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis of both invasive and carriage Hia isolates revealed two major clades that differed by an average of 300 core single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). All isolates from the outbreak community were clustered in one subclade, within a larger clade containing 3 non-outbreak invasive Hia isolates. Comparative genomics did not reveal any genetic mutations that distinguished carriage from invasive isolates. Three (20%) community isolates were rifampin-resistant and had a previously unreported mutation in the rpoB gene. CONCLUSIONS In the outbreak community, Hia isolates from carriers were indistinguishable from the invasive Hia isolates. Overall, invasive Hia isolates from Alaska in 2018 were genetically similar. The rifampin resistance mutation is concerning as rifampin is the first-line medication for Hia prophylaxis.
Brief report: physicians and their personal prostate cancer-screening practices with prostate-specific antigen. A national survey.

BACKGROUND: There is inconclusive evidence that prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) reduces mortality. Although PSA testing is widespread, it is unknown how many physicians have taken the PSA test themselves.
Concentration of urine solutes by young infants.

The water exchange of five infants, one to two months old, is described during the water restriction imposed by feeding food mixtures of undiluted evaporated milk. It is shown that the urine solutes can be concentrated to the level of 1.2 osM/l. The high order of the concentrating ability by the kidneys of these young patients means that, in healthy infants one month old or older, over half of the water provided by the infant9s usual food can be conserved to cover abnormal losses by other routes of water removal. A chart is given for the estimation of the renal water requirement for infants at any given concentration of urine solutes on a variety of intakes.
Switching Capacitive Kilovolt-Amperes with Power Circuit Breakers [includes discussion]

Although power circuit breakers are designed primarily to interrupt heavy inductive short-circuit currents, system growth in recent years has produced a greatly increased requirement of interrupting relatively lighter currents which are associated with the switching of capacitive kilovolt-amperes. This capacitive kilovolt-ampere requirement has manifested itself in long-distance high-voltage transmission lines, in relatively long high-voltage cables, and in large size shunt capacitor banks which are becoming a common fundamental unit in system design and operation.1-3 There is not necessarily a relationship between the ability of a circuit breaker to interrupt short circuit currents and its ability to switch capacitance currents. It is widely recognized that high-frequency voltage and current oscillations may be produced which, if uncontrolled, may result in damage to apparatus or system outages. In general, the problem is the severity of the system disturbances produced by the switching operation, either opening or closing, rather than the failure of the circuit breaker to interrupt the current or to close the circuit. It is the purpose of this paper to present: 1. Typical circuit breaker performance in switching capacitive kilovolt-amperes. 2. Circuit behavior and circuit breaker performance considerations from test laboratory and transient analyzer studies. 3. Criteria of acceptable circuit breaker performance in capacitive switching.
Multidrug Resistance–Associated Protein Family

This article has no abstract. Keywords: multidrug resistance–associated protein family
Mouse 4T1 Breast Tumor Model

The 4T1 mammary carcinoma is a transplantable tumor cell line that is highly tumorigenic and invasive and, unlike most tumor models, can spontaneously metastasize from the primary tumor in the mammary gland to multiple distant sites including lymph nodes, blood, liver, lung, brain, and bone The 4T1 tumor has several characteristics that make it a suitable experimental animal model for human mammary cancer. First, tumor cells are easily transplanted into the mammary gland so that the primary tumor grows in the anatomically correct site, as described in this unit. Second, as in human breast cancer, 4T1 metastatic disease develops spontaneously from the primary tumor. Also, the progressive spread of 4T1 metastases to the draining lymph nodes and other organs is very similar to that of human mammary cancer. In this unit, a protocol describes surgical removal of the primary tumor, so that metastatic disease can be studied in an animal setting comparable to the clinical situation where the primary tumor is surgically removed, and metastatic foci remain intact. Another advantage of 4T1 is its resistance to 6-thioguanine. This property enables precise quantitation of metastatic cells, even when they are disseminated and at sub-microscopic levels in distant organs, as described here.
Marketing's Role in Cross-Sector Collaboration

SUMMARY Collaborations between businesses and nonprofit organizations are becoming more prevalent, important, and complicated. Marketing plays an increasingly significant role in these cross-sector relationships. This article will first set forth a framework for understanding alliances between companies and nonprofits. It will then examime how such cross-sector collaborations relate to four strategic and interrelated marketing areas: institutional marketing, cause-related marketing, market development, and internal organizational marketing.
Comparative testing of synchronized phasor measurement units

This work reports the result of a comparative testing done on four phasor measurement units (PMU) from different manufacturers. Phase shift and attenuation at fundamental frequency, performance under system balanced and unbalanced conditions and performance under system variable frequency are the issues addressed for this comparative assessment. The results are presented in a comparative evaluation of features and performance of the PMU units. The results of this work reveal that data from the tested PMU units is of comparable accuracy only under nominal frequency operating conditions. At off-nominal frequency operation every tested PMU unit yielded a different phase and magnitude for the common measured voltage signal. The existing Synchrophasor standard does not specify phase or magnitude performance for off-nominal frequency operation. The standard is in the process of revision, and it is expected that the revised standard will specifically address performance requirements at off-nominal frequencies.
A tunable BST integrated V-band patch element with interdigital gap configuration

In this paper, a V-band tunable reflectarray unit cell using an interdigital gap loading structure is presented. Tunability is achieved by loading the antenna element with Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) thin film along the IDC gap. The effects from substrate thickness and patch width on the reflection properties are investigated using full-wave simulations. A unit cell design demonstrating an overall phase range of 216.3° and a maximum loss of 6.7dB at 59.28 GHz is realized. The presented design benefits from the monolithic integration of BST with the patch element and allows for high frequency operation without parasitic losses.
Residual Strength of Liquefied Sand Measured in a Ring Shear Device

Earthquake-induced liquefaction flow slides have resulted in loss of life and major damage at many sites around the world. In order to better understand the mechanics of such slides, it is necessary to quantify the residual shearing strength of the liquefied soil. Small-scale stress-controlled experiments suggest that this residual strength is not a constant, but that liquefied sand can be modeled as a highly viscous stress-thinning fluid, whose resistance varies with the velocity of flow. We present results obtained with a ring shear device designed specifically to measure the large-displacement post-liquefaction residual strength of sands under strain-controlled conditions. Residual strength of a fine uniform sand was measured for a range of relative densities (Dr) from 19 % to 36 % at four different shear-strain rates, varying from 11 to 44 s−1 representative of flow slide velocities. Measurements show that the strain-rate-dependent Herschel–Bulkley model for stress-thinning fluids applies to the liquefied sand, with resistance increasing as strain rate increases, but suggest that at relative densities higher than perhaps 50 %, relative density dominates, and residual strength can be approximated as a constant.
Paul's Ethnic Discourse on “Faith”: Christ's Faithfulness and Gentile Access to the Judean God in Romans 3:21–5:1

In this article I pursue two interrelated goals. First, and more narrowly, I argue that the in Rom 5:1 plausibly refers to Christ's (conventionally translated as “faith” or “faithfulness”) and not to the of Christ followers; and certainly not to the of Christ followers that is specifically “in Christ.” To my knowledge no modern commentator identifies the in Rom 5:1 as Christ's own. Several scholars suggest it in passing, and one presents a partial argument turning on several claims of coherence with his broader reading of Paul. I offer a more thorough case for the plausibility of this suggestion, especially by demonstrating how my reading of Rom 5:1 makes sense as an encapsulation of Paul's emphases in Rom 3:21–4:25.
An Analysis of Peer Review Response Types in Threaded Discussions of an Online Graduate Class

Abstract The effectiveness of a peer review process for online graduate students is predicated on a balance between social- and task-directed communications. The defining criteria of learning communities are presented to illustrate the operational meaning of social and the criteria for Critical Thinking used to illustrate the operational meaning of task response types. The social responses were further categorized as an opinion/evaluative or anecdotal/reflective comment and task responses subcategorized as either a content or style comment. The hypothesis that a significant difference would be found between the social and task responses was accepted as was the second hypothesis that there would be a significant difference between the content and style responses.
Effects of long-chain N-acylethanolamines on lipid peroxidation in cardiac mitochondria

A long-chain N-acylethanolamine (N-oleoyl-2-aminoethanol) is shown to inhibit the production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in rat heart mitochondria treated with Fe2+ or Fe3+/ADP. The inhibition is concentration-dependent in the range 50–150 μM of the agent and can be nearly complete depending on the type and amount of the free radical-generating system. Structural analogues of N-acylethanolamine are inhibitory as well, but neither oleic acid nor ethanolamine has measurable effects. N-Oleoyl-2-aminoethanol affects peroxidation of linoleic acid micelles only minimally and has no effect on deoxyribose peroxidation.
A comparison of the efficacy of clonazepam and cognitive-behavioral group therapy for the treatment of social phobia.

Abstract —There is a growing body of evidence that social phobia may be treated effectively by either pharmacologic or cognitive-behavioral interventions, but few studies have examined the relative benefits of these treatments. In this study, we examined the relative efficacy of pharmacotherapy with clonazepam and cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) for treating social phobia. In addition, we examined potential predictors of differential treatment response. Outpatients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., revised) criteria for social phobia were randomly assigned to treatment. Clinician-rated and patient-rated symptom severity was examined at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. All clinician-rated assessments were completed by individuals blind to treatment condition. Patients in both conditions improved significantly, and differences between treatment conditions were absent, except for greater improvement on clonazepam on several measures at the 12-week assessment. Symptom severity was negatively associated with treatment success for both methods of treatment, and additional predictors—sex, comorbidity with other anxiety or mood disorders, fear of anxiety symptoms, and dysfunctional attitudes—failed to predict treatment outcome above and beyond severity measures. In summary, we found that patients randomized to clinical care with clonazepam or CBGT were equally likely to respond to acute treatment, and pretreatment measures of symptom severity provided no guidance for the selection of one treatment over another.
Measurement Invariance in Careers Research: Using IRT to Study Gender Differences in Medical Students' Specialization Decisions

The current study demonstrates the use of item response theory (IRT) to conduct measurement invariance analyses in careers research. A self-report survey was used to assess the importance 1,363 fou...
Acute effects of heroin and naltrexone on testosterone and gonadotropin secretion: A pilot study

Abstract (1) Two detoxified male heroin addicts were given 10 mg of intravenous heroin and experienced a rapid fall in plasma LH. FSH levels were unchanged. (2) Approximately 4 hr after LH suppression (by heroin), plasma testosterone levels also dropped markedly. (3) Naltrexone pretreatment prevented opiate-induced suppression of both LH and testosterone. (4) Instead, an increased number of secretory bursts of LH occurred after naltrexone administration, and mean plasma LH levels were higher than those obtained during a saline control period. (5) Testosterone and FSH secretion were not appreciably affected by naltrexone treatment.
Invasive and Noninvasive Hemodynamic Monitoring of High-Risk Patients to Improve Outcome

Summary Multicomponent, noninvasive monitoring gives continuous on-line real-time displays of physiologic data, which allows early recognition of circulatory dysfunction in the emergency department, and has been demonstrated to be as sensitive as invasive monitoring. More importantly, this type of monitoring provides the means to titrate therapy to appropriate predetermined therapeutic goals. Although noninvasive systems are easier, safer, less expensive, as sensitive, and more cost-effective than invasive monitoring, they reduce mortality and morbidity when used appropriately. Their primary advantages are that they enable clinicians to recognize circulatory problems earlier so that therapy may be initiated at very early stages when it is likely to be effective and that they provide objective physiologic criteria for titration of therapy to optimal physiologic goals. The basic hypothesis of this study is that earlier recognition and identification of circulatory problems may lead to more prompt administration of therapy and improved outcome.
CACHEXIA HYPOPHYSEOPRIVA (SIMMOND’S DISEASE) WITH THYROID AND SUPRARENAL INSUFFICIENCY1

The syndrome of pituitary cachexia has been so completely described and the literature concerning it so thoroughly reviewed in the recent American literature by Silver (1) and Calder (2) that a detailed description of it is unnecessary here. The disease, briefly, is characterized by progessive weight loss and cachexia, loss of libido and potentia, falling of axillary and pubic hair, premature menopause, decrease in basal metabolism, trophic changes in the skin and mental torpor with frequent terminal coma accompanied by hyperpyrexia. Eosinophilia and gastrointestinal disturbances with achlorhydria are not uncommon. Women are affected more frequently than men (about 70 per cent of reported cases) and the symptoms often begin insidiously after a prolonged or difficult labor. The course is chronic, sometimes extending over many years. The primary lesion involves the anterior pituitary; it may be due to a nonspecific atrophy or fibrosis, the degenerative phase of an adenoma or other neoplasm, cysts, tuberculo...
Sexual differences in mitotic division rhythms.

Abstract 1. 1. Statistically significant rhythms of mitotic division were observed in corneal epithelium of Rana pipiens. 2. 2. Male animals exhibit rhythms with a primary period of 8 hr and a secondary period of 24 hr. 3. 3. Rhythms in females had a primary period of 24 hr and a secondary period of 8 hr. 4. 4. Hypophysectomy abolished these rhythms. 5. 5. These rhythms appear to be synchronized by a light regime.
The Effect of Forced Inhalation of Tobacco Smoke on the Electrocardiogram of Normal and Tobacco-Sensitized Rabbits

SUMMARY (1)Within the limits of these experiments it can only be stated that prior sensitization to tobacco protein does not appear to influence to any significant degree the cardiovascular response of rabbits to these various challenging situations, such as, forced tobacco smoke inhalation, asphyxiation, respiratory depression and exposure to tobacco protein extract. (2)Anoxia, mediated through various channels, such as asphyxiation, respiratory depression, etc., appears to be the basic mechanism responsible for the death of the animals and for the electrocardiographic abnormalities in these experiments. (3)These cardiovascular effecas demonstrated by abnormalities of the electrocardiogram: (a) probably are not due to any anaphylaxis; (b) probably do not represent in immunologic reaction of hypersensitivity; and (c) probably are not due to the pharmacologic effects of nicotine. (4)In the rabbit, the mechanism of death due to anoxia, appears to be mediated by the development of various types and degrees of A-V bloc, A-V dissociation, sinus block, and eventual ventricular asystole. Acknowledgment : We wish to express our thanks to Mr. Stanley Yancis, and to Miss Eugenie Mundy of the Medical Service, for their invaluable technical assistance during the animal experiments. We also wish to thank Mr. William D. Bohon, Chief Medical Illustrator, Veterans Hospital, New Orleans for his efforts in producing the illustrations.
Steroid receptors in the adult zebra finch syrinx: a sex difference in androgen receptor mRNA, minimal expression of estrogen receptor α and aromatase

The zebra finch syrinx (sound production organ) is a sexually dimorphic component of the song system. Only male zebra finches sing, and in parallel, the overall mass and size of fibers in the two largest syrinx muscles are greater in males than females. Despite these obvious sexual dimorphisms, little is known about the role of steroid hormones in the maintenance of the structure and/or function of the syrinx. In this report, we used in situ hybridization to assess the expression of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), and aromatase (AROM) mRNAs in the syrinx of adult male and female zebra finches. Increased AR mRNA expression was noted in males compared to females in two regions, over the ventralis muscle and in a band of connective tissue neighboring cartilage (perichondria). In contrast, we did not detect specific ERalpha or AROM mRNA expression within the syrinx. However, substantial ERalpha mRNA was present in oviduct, and aromatase mRNA was expressed at high levels in ovary. In parallel, an assay for AROM detected activity in ovary, but not in syrinx tissue from males or females. Taken together, these data suggest that the adult syrinx is sensitive to androgens; that sex differences in function and morphology of the syrinx may in part be due to increased expression of AR in males compared to females. In contrast, estrogen receptor alpha and AROM appear to have limited roles.
Spectral and spatial modal control of photonic crystal broad area lasers

Photonic crystal structures have been used to improve modal properties of broad area semiconductor lasers in recent years. It has been demonstrated that the width of single-mode semiconductor laser can be increased by at least two orders of magnitude using the transverse Bragg reflection of two dimensional periodic nanostructures. In this talk, we will describe a photonic crystal structure to obtain the single mode operation of large-area, edge-emitting semiconductor lasers. Pulsed and CW operation of electrically pumped, single-mode photonic crystal broad area lasers (100μm wide and 550μm long) with single-lobe, diffraction-limited far-fields are experimentally demonstrated at room temperature. A wavelength tuning sensitivity 80 times smaller than a conventional DFB laser is also achieved for the photonic crystal Bragg laser.
Modification of a Pivot Bearing System on a Compact Centrifugal Pump

The pivot bearing centrifugal blood pump was developed as a long-term centrifugal ventricular assist device (VAD) as well as a cardiopulmonary bypass pump. This pivot bearing supported centrifugal pump with an eccentric port (CIE) incorporates a seal-less design with a blood stagnation-free structure. This pump can provide flows of 12 L/min against 650 mm Hg total pressure head at 3,600 rpm, and in a CPB condition 5 L/min against 350 mm Hg total pressure head at 2,600 rpm. Very recently, the pivot bearing system was modified to obtain a stable and smooth spinning movement. The material of the female pivot was changed from ceramic to polyethylene. Three kinds of bearings were tested simultaneously with bovine blood in two types of in vitro circuits to determine the blood damage from the bearings. Pressure differences across the pump (total head pressure, delta P) of 140 mm Hg (n = 12) and 330 mm Hg (n = 12) were examined. The normalized index of hemolysis (NIH) was slightly higher in a ball bearing (BB) pump than in a polyethylene bearing (PB) pump and statistically higher than the BioMedicus Pump (BP-80) on delta P of 140 mm Hg. When the delta P was at 330 mm Hg, a comparison between the three types of pumps revealed no difference in NIH. In addition, the primary vane of the impeller was redesigned to obtain an atraumatic structure. In the second study (n = 14), there was no difference in the NIH between BP-80 and the current model when the delta P was 300 mm Hg (0.019 +/- 0.002 vs. 0.027 +/- 0.006, p = 0.3) and/or when the delta P was 100 mm Hg (0.0008 +/- 0.0001 vs. 0.0014 +/- 0.0002, p = 0.07). The modified pivot bearing had an improved spinning condition and no change in hemolysis. A proper selection of pivot bearing materials is important to develop an atraumatic centrifugal pump. The modification of the bearing system and redesign of the vane enabled a compact centrifugal pump to become a reality.
Media publicity and insurgent terrorism: A twenty-year balance sheet

In response to the conventional yet untested wisdom that a greater amount of mass media publicity contributes to the increasing legitimization of in surgent activities which in turn results in the prevalence of political violence, this study provides a systematic analysis of both quantity and quality media coverage of the terrorist violence of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the character of this violence, and the relationship between media publicity and this violence over time. This study suggests that the media are not willing conduits of terrorists' campaign for violence. However, the fact that they are not supportive of terrorism does not necessarily exonerate them from being considered useful by terrorists. The implica tions of this study to media institutions are discussed.
Landscape pattern, spatial behavior, and a dynamic state variable model

Abstract Evaluation of landscape pattern for wildlife is a difficult problem, one most often addressed by spatial indexes. Models of animal movement may be an alternative way to assess the impacts of landscape pattern. A dynamic programming model is formulated in this paper to address such factors as edge effects and travel cost, as well as conditions of patches such as food resources and predation. The approach works well for species that prefer a mix of habitat types, such as the northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus ). The model, with parameters estimated for quail in the Great Plains of the United States, shows promise for evaluation of agricultural landscapes for suitability for the animals. The model also suggests hypotheses about the effects of spatial arrangement of habitat elements on wildlife.
Nitric oxide promotes caspase-independent hepatic stellate cell apoptosis through the generation of reactive oxygen species

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) contribute to portal hypertension through multiple mechanisms that include collagen deposition, vasoconstriction, and regulation of sinusoidal structure. Under normal physiologic conditions, endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase–derived NO exerts paracrine effects on HSCs; however, in cirrhosis, NO generation is impaired in association with concomitant HSC activation and changes in sinusoidal structure, events that contribute significantly to the development of portal hypertension. These concepts, in combination with recent evidence that induction of HSC-selective apoptosis may represent a useful target for treatment of chronic liver disease, led us to examine if NO may further limit HSC function through apoptosis. Indeed, both NO donors and endothelial NO synthase overexpression promoted HSC apoptotic pathways. HSC death conferred by NO occurred through mitochondrial membrane depolarization and through a caspase-independent pathway. Furthermore, NO-induced apoptosis of HSC did not occur through the canonical pathways of soluble guanylate cyclase or protein nitration, but rather through the generation of superoxide and hydroxyl radical intermediates. Lastly, HSC isolated from rats after bile duct ligation were more susceptible to NO-induced apoptosis. These data indicate that NO promotes HSC apoptosis through a signaling mechanism that involves mitochondria, is mediated by reactive oxygen species, and occurs independent of caspase activation. Conclusion: We postulate that NO-dependent apoptosis of HSCs may maintain sinusoidal homeostasis, and may represent an additional beneficial effect of NO donors for therapy of portal hypertension. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Study for Wind Farm Power Quality Based on Wind Turbine’s Characteristic Parameters

The grid-connected wind farms bring power quality problems to power system due to the volatility and random of wind power generation. Analysis and calculation are carried out in this paper for the main influence factors of wind power harmonics, voltage fluctuations and flicker, and the assessment methods of the above power quality problems. For a certain wind farm, the corresponding power quality index limits can be calculated. Assessment conclusions can also be given by comparing the calculated power quality index values and the index limits.
Effect of gelatin additions on the corrosion resistance of cerium based conversion coatings spray deposited on Al 2024-T3

The corrosion resistance of cerium based conversion coatings on Al 2024-T3 was improved by the addition of a water soluble gelatin to the coating solution. Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling showed that coatings deposited from solutions containing 800–3200 ppm gelatin were ~ 400 nm thick, while coatings deposited from solutions with 0–200 ppm gelatin were ~ 850 nm thick. The thinner coatings exhibited reduced surface cracking and spalling. Open circuit potential measurements during deposition showed that adding gelatin to the coating solution resulted in a more negative and stable potential with increasing gelatin concentrations. Visually, increasing gelatin concentrations promoted the formation of stable bubbles that covered panel surfaces, which limited transport of cerium species to the surface and decreased the deposition rate. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that only coatings deposited from solutions containing 400–3200 ppm gelatin could be converted to CePO4H2O during post-treatment, potentially improving the corrosion resistance compared to coatings deposited from solutions without gelatin.
Profiling the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of a hydrocodone/acetaminophen product in recreational drug users.

Abstract Background: Hydrocodone (HYD) is a mu opioid agonist. Hydrocodone/acetaminophen HYD/ACET compounds are both widely prescribed and abused prescription painkillers in the United States. In the present study, we profiled the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of the compound. It was of particular interest to determine if HYD/ACET had abuse liability-related subjective effects in a population of recreational drug users. Methods: Eighteen volunteers participated in a crossover, randomized, double-blind study in which they received, all p.o., placebo; 5 mg HYD/500 mg ACET; 10 mg HYD/500 mg ACET; 20 mg HYD/1000 mg ACET; 40 mg morphine (MOR) sulfate; and 1000 mg ACET. Measures were assessed before and for 300 min after drug administration. Results: HYD/ACET produced effects that were dose-related, and the highest dose produced a similar magnitude of effect to that of MOR. There were some abuse liability-related subjective effects produced by 20 mg HYD/ACET and MOR, but there were also unpleasant effects. Some unpleasant subjective effects were experienced only by females. Overall liking and “take again” ratings assessed 24 h post-session were not significant, but several subjects had elevated liking and “take again” ratings at this time in one or more of the HYD/ACET conditions and/or in the MOR condition. Both 20 mg HYD/1000 mg ACET and MOR impaired psychomotor performance. HYD/ACET and MOR produced miosis. Conclusions: HYD/ACET produced some abuse liability-related subjective effects in recreational drug users, which is consistent with the widespread non-medical use and abuse of this product.
Paper 33: Heat Transfer Effects Arising from arc Rotation in Plasma Arc Heaters of the Self-Induced Magnetic Field Type

This paper is concerned with an analysis of the thermal behaviour of high input power (∼ 15 megawatt) arc heaters operating at values of total (bulk) enthalpy up to 2500 Btu/lb. Such heaters are currently in use to supply air for aerodynamic testing purposes, including subsonic turbulent pipe flow, the operation of propulsion tunnels with ‘full’ temperature simulation, and supersonic combustion ducts. The electrode system is essentially a ‘rail accelerator’ adapted for continuous operation by making it re-entrant, the self-induced magnetic field bringing about rapid movement of the arc roots to prevent destruction of the electrodes. The rate of rotation of the arc column (which is subject to aerodynamic drag) is shown to be a function of apparent electrode gap, current, and the stagnation temperature and pressure in the arc chamber. A distinction can also be drawn between ‘long’ and ‘short’ arcs, depending on whether the inter-electrode gap is large or small. The value of the arc rotation rate ω (which ra...
The roles of TNF-α and the soluble TNF receptor I on sleep architecture in OSA

Objective Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have been described to have increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (particularly TNF-α) and have severely disturbed sleep architecture. Serum inflammatory markers, even in normal individuals, have been associated with abnormal sleep architecture. Not much is known about the role the TNF receptor plays in the inflammation of OSA nor if it is associated with changes in sleep architecture or arousals during the night. We hypothesized that the TNF receptor might play an important role in the inflammation as well as sleep architecture changes in patients with OSA.
Effect of system variables on the uncertainty of the mass point leak rate methodology using first-order regression

Advances in nondestructive testing for leak rate characterisation are rare because procedures are well accepted; however, for many critical applications, an understanding of the accuracy and reliability of a reported leak rate is equally as important as the leak rate itself (e.g., manned spacecraft and nuclear power industry). Although it is known that the mass point leak rate method can achieve high accuracies, the measurement uncertainty and limitations of the method are less understood. Using a least-squares regression on a mass–time population and a statistical analysis of regression uncertainty, this study investigated the influence of (1) differential pressure, (2) steady-state and transient temperature, (3) volume size, (4) gas type, (5) sampling time duration, and (6) sampling interval on the reported mass point leak rate value. The analyses accounted for all significant sources of error. An experimental evaluation and validation of the method were conducted on a capillary-type, National Institute...
Utilization of metal oxide-containing waste materials for hot coal gas desulfurization

Four metal oxide waste materials from metal processing operations and one coal bottom ash sample were procured and their reactivities toward hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were evaluated in the temperature range of 400°C to 600°C. A low-cost sorbent pelletization/granulation technique was applied to produce preliminary sorbent formulations in the form of attrition-resistant granules that were also evaluated. The results indicate that sorbents based on an iron oxide waste material, in the as-received as well as processed form, were the most reactive and exhibited the highest effective capacities for sulfur. The regeneration of these sorbents could be carried out over a relatively moderate temperature range, suggesting that the iron oxide waste material might be a viable candidate for the development of low-cost regenerable sorbents for H2S removal from hot coal gases under conditions of current practical interest.
Trends in Electron Tube Design

Electron tube design is an ever-changing and rapidly advancing art. This survey of current practices, developments, and trends gives an over-all view of an expanding electrical industry.
Trypanosome hydrolases and the blood–brain barrier

African trypanosomes cross the blood-brain barrier, but how they do so remains an area of speculation. We propose that proteases, such as the trypanopains and oligopeptidases that are released by trypanosomes, could mediate in this process. The trypanosomes also possess cell-surface-associated acid phosphatases that could play a role in invasion similar to that in advancing cancer cells. Such enzymes, perhaps acting in concert, have the potential to cause tissue degradation and ease the passage of the trypanosomes through various tissues in the host, including the blood-brain barrier.
The Market for Agricultural Economists: Discussion

The three papers on "The Market for Agricultural Economists" present a rather wide array of thinking on the subject. It is good and necessary for the profession to be concerned about the demand for and supply of agricultural economists at both the Ph.D. and master's levels. Our graduate programs must be market driven to be successful. As such, these programs will recognize the changing nature of the market and respond with a supply of young professionals who can find a productive place in the market. The demand for agricultural economists has become very broad and diverse over the years. The various segments of that market can be broken down as follows: (a) Academic. This is the largest segment of demand and includes our traditional efforts
Turbulent Pressure in the Envelopes of Yellow Hypergiants and Luminous Blue Variables

The manner in which turbulence (especially turbulent pressure) affects the structure and stability of luminous post-red-supergiant stars is critically evaluated by calculating both realistic and one-zone models of the convective envelopes. In these stars, the remnant outer envelope closely approaches the Eddington limit, with the result that the local gas densities are driven down. Such a tenuous environment promotes high turbulent velocities in the marginally convective layers of the outer envelope. In the hydrogen and helium convection zones, however, the velocities, even though high, fall well below sound velocity, and the temperature gradient there is essentially radiative, making both the turbulent pressure and the turbulent kinetic energy flux structurally unimportant. Instability is tested for by assuming that turbulence adapts either slowly or rapidly to small perturbations, depending on the magnitude of the turbulent velocity. Although the adiabatically stratified iron convection zone lies too deep below the surface to influence the formal dynamical stability or instability of the outer envelope, radiative instability in this zone is increased if supersonic turbulence occurs and generates energetic shocks or if convection is unable to transport all of the super-Eddington luminous flux. It is concluded that turbulent pressure has no significant effect on the formal dynamical instability of the outer envelope in yellow hypergiant stars and luminous blue variables (LBVs), but it may significantly ease the requirement for radiative instability in the brightest and hottest LBVs and in their close relatives, the hydrogen-poor WN stars. Since both dynamical instability and radiative instability lead to a strong dynamical outflow of matter, the unresolved complications arising from supersonic turbulence and from the consequent inapplicability of mixing-length theory render uncertain the predicted domains of instability for the brightest and hottest stars.
Medical and ecological factors in estimating motor outcomes of preschool children

The twofold purpose of this study was to compare motor function in preschool children born with varying degrees of medical risk and to determine the independent contribution to motor function of three domains of ecological influence. One hundred and eighty-four 4-year-old children and their mothers participated. Three predictor sets, proximal, distal, and child, and four motor outcomes were measured by multiple methods. Children born prematurely scored lower on all dimensions of motor function. Prematurity complications had a different effect on motor function. Hierarchical regression models explained 16-40% of motor score variance. Results are discussed in relation to heterogeneity of prematurity and ecological influences on motor outcomes.
Epilepsy: Generic substitution: are antiepileptic drugs different?

Generic drug substitution can markedly decrease the cost of health care. For conditions where agents have a relatively narrow therapeutic index, notably epilepsy, financial savings through generic substitution might be offset by increases in patient complications and related costs. Results from a study with topiramate support this view, particularly when a patient receives a drug from multiple manufacturers.
Crystallographic studies of protein-nucleic acid interaction: catabolite gene activator protein and the large fragment of DNA polymerase I.

Abstract Crystals suitable for X-ray crystallographic investigation have been grown of several nucleic acid binding proteins and their analysis is in progress. These include E. coli catabolite gene activator protein (CAP), the large fragment of DNA polymerase I (Pol I fragment), rec A, single strand DNA binding protein, resolvase, lac repressor and lac repressor ‘Core’, 5S RNA fragment and its complex with L25. Calculation of the electrostatic charge potential of CAP, using coordinates refined at 2.6 A resolution, suggests an orientation for B DNA on this repressor and activator of transcription. Both the electrostatic calculations and detailed model building suggests that the DNA must be bent or kinked on the protein in this orientation in order to make sufficient protein contacts. From a 3.5 A resolution map of Pol I fragment we have been able to obtain a preliminary trace through the polypeptide backbone. The large fragment consists of two domains. The smaller domain binds nucleoside monophosphate at t...
Cerebral Metabolic Rate and Hypothermia: Their Relationship with Ischemic Neurologic Injury

SummaryHypothermia results in a progressive depression of cerebral electrical activity and metabolism. In the setting of cerebral ischemia, large reductions in temperature are associated with a better preservation of high-energy phosphates, a reduced accumulation of toxic metabolites, and an improve
Evidence of lasting impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep Gulf of Mexico coral community

A coral community 11 km southwest of the site of the Deepwater Horizon blowout at 1,370 m water depth was discovered 3.5 months after the well was capped on 3 November 2010. Gorgonian corals at the site were partially covered by a brown flocculent material (floc) that contained hydrocarbons fingerprinted to the oil spill. Here we quantify the visible changes to the corals at this site during five visits over 17 months by digitizing images of individual branches of each colony and categorizing their condition. Most of the floc visible in November 2010 was absent from the corals by the third visit in March 2011, and there was a decrease in the median proportions of the colonies showing obvious signs of impact after the first visit. During our second visit in 2010, about six weeks after the first, we documented the onset of hydroid colonization (a sign of coral deterioration) on impacted coral branches that increased over the remainder of the study. Hydroid colonization of impacted portions of coral colonies by the last visit in March 2012 correlated positively with the proportion of the colony covered by floc during the first two visits in late 2010. Similarly, apparent recovery of impacted portions of the coral by March 2012 correlated negatively with the proportion of the coral covered with floc in late 2010. A notable feature of the impact was its patchy nature, both within and among colonies, suggesting that the impacting agent was not homogeneously dispersed during initial contact with the corals. While the median level of obvious visible impact decreased over time, the onset of hydroid colonization and the probability of impacts that were not visually obvious suggest that future visits may reveal additional deterioration in the condition of these normally long-lived corals.
Calculations for CH4 in a tetrahedral site in an Xe matrix

Abstract The rotational splittings observed by others in the ν3 band of methane in xenon are fitted to a model. Instead of the usually assumed octahedral site, this model assumes that the methane rotates in a tetrahedral site and it gives a reasonable explanation of the spectrum. Recent high resolution spectra have shown the presence of more than one site for methane in inert gas crystals, and the existence of multiple sites is the most likely explanation for the observed anomalies.
Modulation of RNA Polymerase II Elongation Efficiency by C-terminal Heptapeptide Repeat Domain Kinase I

Hyperphosphorylation of the C-terminal heptapeptide repeat domain (CTD) of the RNA polymerase II largest subunit has been suggested to play a key role in regulating transcription initiation and elongation. To facilitate investigating functional consequences of CTD phosphorylation we developed new templates, the double G-less cassettes, which make it possible to assay simultaneously the level of initiation and the efficiency of elongation. Using these templates, we examined the effects of yeast CTD kinase I or CTD kinase inhibitors on transcription and CTD phosphorylation in HeLa nuclear extracts. Our results showed that polymerase II elongation efficiency and CTD phosphorylation are greatly reduced by CTD kinase inhibitors, whereas both are greatly increased by CTD kinase I; in contrast, transcription initiation is much less affected. These results demonstrate that CTD kinase I modulates the elongation efficiency of RNA polymerase II and are consistent with the idea that one function of CTD phosphorylation is to promote effective production of long transcripts by stimulating the elongation efficiency of RNA polymerase II.
Assessment of folate receptor expression and folate uptake in multicentric lymphomas in dogs

Objective—To determine expression of folate receptors (FRs) and folate uptake in multicentric lymphomas in dogs. Sample—10 dogs with histopathologically confirmed multicentric lymphoma and 20 archival lymph node biopsy specimens from dogs with multicentric lymphoma. Procedures—Multicentric lymphomas in 10 dogs were prospectively evaluated for FR expression by use of immunohistochemical analysis and for in vivo folate uptake by use of nuclear scintigraphy. Dogs with FR-expressing tumors were eligible for FR-targeted chemotherapy. Twenty archival lymphoma biopsy specimens were also evaluated with immunohistochemical analysis. Results—FRs were not detected with immunohistochemical analysis in lymph node samples obtained from the 10 dogs or in archival biopsy specimens. However, nuclear scintigraphy revealed uptake of radioactive tracer in 6 of 10 dogs. Five of these 6 dogs were treated with an FR-targeted chemotherapeutic agent; results of treatment were complete remission in 1 dog, stable disease in 2 dogs,...