cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shared Spaces, Separate Lives

where despite the hard work of many curators and educators, the story of slavery remains a footnote to American history-one cannot but applaud the simple fact that this new museum has been built in the first place. Yet, because the Holocaust Museum reproduces rather than challenges the cultural politics of nationalism and individualism, it is far less radical than a comparison with older museums might lead one to think it is. One wonders, then, how analysts a generation or two from now will see the Holocaust Museum in relation to the politics of fin-de-siecle America.
Learning through passive participation in asset market bubbles

We report a laboratory experiment that investigates the impact of passive participation on bubble formation in asset markets with inexperienced and experienced traders. Some treatments employ pre-market training in which each participant is ‘matched’ with a trader from a different prior market and observes all trading details but does not directly participate in trading. We find that passive participation, similar to direct experience, significantly reduces mispricing in subsequent markets. This finding suggests that observation of prices is a key mechanism through which experience mitigates bubbles. We also vary whether transaction prices are displayed in a column of text or in a graphical display, and find that among inexperienced and once-experienced traders, markets with the tabular display result in bubbles that are greater in amplitude relative to markets with the graphical display.
Restorative effect of various androgens on copulatory behavior of the male golden hamster

Abstract Adult male hamsters were castrated, and four weeks later, after a single mating test, began receiving daily 100 μg injections of testosterone (T), androstenedione (AD), or testosterone propionate (TP). Mating tests were conducted at regular intervals during the eight week treatment period. Results indicated the superiority of TP in reinstating intromissions and ejaculations. The T and AD groups did not differ on any of the measures, a result which agrees with previous similar experiments using rats.
Nipple Reconstruction After Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction: A “Matched-Pair” Outcome Analysis Focusing on the Effects of Radiotherapy

Nipple reconstruction is often viewed as the final stage of breast reconstruction. It is the proverbial cherry on top and a defining characteristic of a completed breast reconstruction, depending on the desires of the patient. The topic of nipple reconstruction has often focused on optimizing technique not only for an aesthetically pleasing reconstruction but also with great focus on creating and maintaining nipple projection. The authors pursued evaluation of nipple reconstruction as a source of morbidity in the setting of radiotherapy after implant-based breast reconstruction. Given the variability of postoperative results in breast reconstruction after radiotherapy, we targeted a population of female patients who underwent bilateral mastectomy with implant-based reconstruction and bilateral nipple reconstruction with unilateral radiotherapy. Our findings demonstrate that nipple reconstruction is a safe procedure; however, the setting of an irradiated field increases the complication rate.
Quantitative receptor autoradiography: tissue defatting eliminates differential self-absorption of tritium radiation in gray and white matter of brain

A four-fold greater absorption (quenching) of tritium emissions by white matter relative to gray matter produces a false 'contrast' effect in autoradiographs of 3H-ligand binding to brain sections. The differential absorption is eliminated by tissue defatting prior to autoradiographic exposure.
Ordering instabilities and pretransitional effects

Most disordered thermodynamic systems, in particular, alloy solid solutions, can become unstable at low temperatures. The instabilities are related to a change in sign of the harmonic term in the expansion of the free energy of the system. Harmonic terms also govern the nature of fluctuations above the transition temperature so that pretransitional effects and instabilities are intimately related. However, first order transitions, arising through the operation of higher-order terms in the free energy expansion, and leading to well-defined ordered structures, may partially mask both premonitory effects and instabilities. These ideas will be illustrated by means of cluster variation calculations of ordering spinodals and coherent phase diagrams of systems exhibiting various types of instabilities: (Al-Zn), (Cu-Au), or a combination of these (Cu-Ag-Au ternary), and (prototype for Ni-Mo and Ni-V).
Research Note: Nutritive Effects of a Direct-Fed Microbial Preparation on Growing Turkey Toms

Abstract Four concentrations of a direct-fed microbial preparation, X2630, were fed to growing turkey toms of 0 to 126 days of age, and the effects were compared with that of a basal diet. The dietary treatments were 100, 1,000, 10,000, and 100,000 cfu/g of feed. The dietary treatments had no effect on final BW at 126 days of age. The addition of X2630 at a level of 10,000 cfu/g of feed resulted in a significant improvement (P
Nuclear cardiology: The interventionalists’ perspective

There has been a remarkable parallel growth in the technology and application of interventional and nuclear cardiology techniques during the past decade. The interventionalist and nuclear cardiologist will be increasingly interdependent in the future. Pre-PTCA evaluation requires objective, high-resolution data regarding ischemia and viability. This will allow better targeting of the ever-expanding array of revascularization techniques. Practical and effective follow-up of patients undergoing interventional treatment is an ongoing need. The challenge remains to develop improved prognostication through a better understanding of the peri-PTCA perturbations of vasomotor tone, tracer kinetics, and wall motion. Finally, clinical research efforts must also address the issue of cost-effectiveness. In the future, application of all noninvasive technology to the patient undergoing interventional techniques will be guided, to a large degree, by outcome research.
Parallel Testing of Phase-Locked Loop Lock Time In Production

Methods to accurately measure phase-locked loop lock time in multisite production environment has been presented and explained. The methods are applicable for testing transceiver frequency settling times, and frequency and phase errors after settling for multiple devices under test in parallel using on board frequency mixers and RF signal generators or using RF receivers of automated testers. Inverse FFT was used to measure the PLL lock time in a case when PLL frequency error exists
Fairness in business: Does it matter, and what does it mean?

Abstract Fairness is a value that is touted and typically reinforced from childhood onward. Its association is universally positive. But does fairness have a place in business? Does it extend to the realm in which profit is emphasized? This Business Law & Ethics Corner delves into the matter and provides guidance for decision makers regarding fairness and its implications for business.
A Comparison of the Effects of Positive and Negative Information on Job Seekers' Organizational Attraction and Attribute Recall

To date there have been no direct studies of how strong negative information from sources outside of organizations' direct control impacts job seekers' organizational attraction. This study compared models for positive and negative information against a neutral condition using a longitudinal experimental study with college-level job seekers (n = 175). Consistent with the accessibility-diagnosticity perspective, the results indicated that negative information had a greater impact than positive information on job seekers' organizational attraction and recall, and this effect persisted 1 week after exposure. The results did not indicate that the influence of information sources and topics that fit together was lessened when the information was negative. The results suggest that job seekers interpret positive and negative information differently and that negative information, when present, has an important influence on job seekers' organizational attraction.
Isolation and Characterization of a Herpeslike (Hsiung-Kaplow) Virus from Guinea Pigs

Recently, Hsiung and Kaplow reported the isolation of a herpeslike agent from strain 2, but not from strain 13 or from "Hartley strain," guinea pigs [1]. Since strain 2 guinea pigs are highly susceptible to transmissible acute lymphoblastic leukemia (LoC) [2], it was inferred that there may be a causal relationship between the herpeslike agent and the leukemia. In June, 1967, we established colonies of strains 2 and 13 guinea pigs in our laboratory; the original animals were obtained from Dr. Maurice
Theoretical and experimental study of growth and remodeling in the developing heart.

A theoretical model is presented for growth and remodeling in the developing embryonic heart. The model is a thick-walled tube composed of two layers of orthotropic pseudoelastic material. The analysis includes stress and strain dependent volumetric growth, with changes in material properties specified to reflect the evolving structure of the heart wall. For use in model validation, experimental measurements of ventricular opening angles are reported for 3–4-day old chick embryos under control and pressure overload conditions. Owing to changes in residual stress in the overloaded heart, the opening angle decreased from 31 ± 10° to −8 ± 12° (mean ± SD) within 12 h and then increased slightly. The opening angle at 12 h was significantly less than the control value. With an appropriate choice of parameters, the model yields reasonable agreement with these and other published opening angle data, as well as with temporal changes in lumen radius, wall thickness, epicardial strains, and pressure–volume curves during development before and after birth.
Factors Influencing the Perveance of Power-Output Triodes

A brief historical survey, discussing Child's formula and the assumptions upon which it was derived, is presented. Perveance is explained as being the factor relating voltage to current in electron tubes, and several formulas for calculating it are listed. The concept of "equivalent diodes" is discussed. Formulas are given for computing cathode current, together with reasons for errors in these formulas. Brief explanations are offered of the effects of grid current, variations in "effective anode area," and variations in μ upon calculations of cathode current.
Genetic evidence for the role of Erk activation in a lymphoproliferative disease of mice

Germline mutation of the linker for activation of T cells (LAT) gene at the phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1)-binding site leads to a fatal lymphoproliferative disease in mice. The hyperactivated T cells that develop in these mice have defective T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-induced calcium flux but enhanced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. We used genetic analysis to investigate genes whose products might suppress MAPK activation and lymphoproliferative disease in LAT mutant mice. B-lymphocyte adaptor molecule of 32 kDa (Bam32) is a known mediator of MAPK activation in B cells. We recently reported that in CD4+ T cells, Bam32 deficiency decreased MAPK activation and specifically extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (Erk) signaling, following TCR stimulation. By crossing the Bam32 null mutation onto the LAT knock-in background, we found that the Bam32 null mutation delayed the onset and decreased the severity of lymphoproliferative disease in LAT knock-in mice. The pulmonary lymphocyte infiltration seen in LAT knock-in mice was also markedly decreased in double-mutant mice. Additionally, Erk activation was diminished in LAT knock-in Bam32 knockout CD4+ T cells. To more accurately determine the role of Erk in this delay of lymphoproliferative disease, we also bred a transgenic, hypersensitive Erk allele (the Erk2 sevenmaker mutant) onto the LAT knock-in Bam32 knockout double-mutant background. These triple transgenic mice demonstrated a role for Erk activation in lymphoproliferative disease caused by the LAT knock-in mutation.
Bistability and optical switching in a total internal reflection phase conjugator.

We report the observation of bistability in a BaTiO3 total internal reflection phase conjugator. The system makes use of the position of the crystal relative to the input field as the dynamic variable. Switching behavior, induced by intensity changes at the input, is also reported.
The developmental pattern of in vitro rat liver melatonin degrading activity.

The developmental pat-tern of the in vitro rat liver melatonin degrading activity was studied. Livers from rats 3, 12, 16, 21, 30 and 90 days old were incubated with [3H] melatonin. A high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique was used to determine the appearance of melatonin metabolic product–6–hydroxymelatonin– in the liver extract. Catabolic activity being very low at age 3 days, increased rapidly with age and reached maximum activity between the ages 21 to 30 days.
Acquired factor VIII inhibitor in patients with hepatitis C virus infection and the role of interferon-α: A case report

A patient with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection developed an autoantibody to factor VIII after 8.7 months of treatment with pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin. Three previous cases of the development of factor VIII autoantibody in patients infected with the hepatitis C virus have been reported. Only one of these patients was treated with interferon-alpha, and this patient had hemophilia A, a condition prone to development of factor VIII autoantibody, even without interferon treatment. It is possible that chronic HCV infection itself, which has been associated with immunological disorders, is responsible for this phenomenon, but the immunomodulatory properties of interferon-alpha may also contribute to this rare occurrence. No previous case of factor VIII inhibitor in a patient infected with HIV has been reported.
Aromatic Polymers: Single- and Double-Stranded Chains

Abstract The work directed toward the syntheses of thermally stable organic polymers which has been carried out in this laboratory over the past few years is reviewed. The syntheses of polyaromatic five-membered hetero-cycles obtained from the 1,3 dipolar addition reactions of disyndones and dinitrilimines, obtained from both hydrazide chloride and tetrazole precursors, show that the tetrazole monomer produces the highest-molecular-weight polypyrazole. All the polypyrazoles have good thermal stability. The 1,4 cyclo-addition reactions of bis-tstracyclones with diacetylenes afford high-molecular-weight phenylated polyphenylenes which are colorless, amorphous, and soluble in common organic solvents and have excellent thermal stability. Dipyrones are not as suitable double dienes as the bis-tetracyclones, since high-molecular-weight polyphenylenes are not obtained. The syntheses of high-molecular-weight linear poly-quinoxalines by the reaction of some bis-glyoxals with aromatic bis-o-diamines lead to thermal...
Structural Characterization of Self-Assembled Multifunctional Binary Nanoparticle Superlattices

Nanocrystals of different size and functionality (e.g., noble metals, semiconductors, oxides, magnetic alloys) can be induced to self-assemble into ordered binary superlattices (also known as opals or colloidal crystals), retaining the size tunable properties of their constituents. We have built a variety of binary superlattices from monodisperse PbS, PbSe, CoPt3, Fe2O3, Au, Ag, and Pd nanocrystals, mixing and matching these nanoscale building blocks to yield multifunctional nanocomposites (metamaterials). Superlattices with AB, AB2, AB3, AB4, AB5, AB6, and AB13 stoichiometry with cubic, hexagonal, tetragonal, and orthorhombic symmetries have been identified. Assemblies with the same stoichiometry can be produced in several polymorphous forms by tailoring the particle size and deposition conditions. We have identified arrays isostructural with NaCl, CuAu, AlB2, MgZn2, MgNi2, Cu3Au, Fe4C, CaCu5, CaB6, NaZn13, and cub-AB13 compounds emphasizing the parallels between nanoparticle assembly and atomic scale cr...
Accounting in service to racism: monetizing slave property in the antebellum South

Abstract The contemporary scene in accounting history features a growing interest in the “suppressed voices” that have been systematically excluded from the processes of accounting. Notwithstanding, the bulk of critical studies on disenfranchised groups has focused on gender issues, suppressed economic classes, and the roadblocks encountered by ethnic minorities attempting to enter the accounting profession. The few papers that have chronicled the use of accounting on slave plantations have viewed these techniques as essentially unproblematic, neutral conveyances of information needed by decision makers. This paper adopts a more critical perspective of accounting’s past and uses plantation records to examine its particular role in the commoditization, objectification, and dehumanization of an entire class of people. Its overriding purpose is not to examine the economics (i.e., viability or profitability) of slavery, but rather to illustrate how accounting practices of measurement, valuation, and classification served slave owners and sustained slavery’s institutions. We readily acknowledge that neither accounting nor accountants constructed slavery, but we do believe that accounting practices reinforced racially based social relationships by converting slave exchanges, holdings, and outputs into monetary terms while completely ignoring the qualitative, human dimension of slavery.
Mapping critical sites in collagen II for rational design of gene-engineered proteins for cell-supporting materials.

Collagen II is the most abundant protein of cartilage and forms a network of fibrils extended by proteoglycans that enables cartilage to resist pressure. The surface of the collagen fibril serves as a platform for the attachment of collagen IX, growth factors, and cells. In this study we examined the mechanism of the interaction of chondrocytes with recombinant versions of procollagen II, in which one of the four blocks of 234 amino acids that define repeating D periods of the collagen triple helix has been deleted. Analysis of the attachment of chondrocytes to collagen II variants with deleted D periods indicated that the collagen II monomer contains randomly distributed sites critical for cell binding. However, as was shown by spreading and migration assays, the D4 period, which is between residues 703 to 936, contains amino acids critical for cell motility. We also showed that binding, spreading, and migration of chondrocytes through three-dimensional nanofibrillar collagenous matrices are controlled by an interaction of the collagen triple helix with β1 integrins. The results of this study provide a basis for the rational design of a scaffold containing genetically engineered collagen with a high density of specific sites of interaction. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 57: 48–58, 2001
The Material Child: Coming of Age in Japan and America

In "The Material Child" Merry White explores the world of the teenager in two significantly different modern societies, Japan and America. Drawing on the voices of adolescents themselves, she offers an in-depth look at the sexuality, school work, family relationships, leisure activities, friendships and buying behaviour of the young in both countries. Through her analysis, White shows that although adolescents in the US and Japan may share the same taste in pizza, pop music and leather jackets, they remain very different from each other. The Japanese teen, for example, is sexually sophisticated, but dependent and childish by American standards. In contrast, American teenagers are more independent and worldly on some fronts, but surprisingly ignorant sexually. The author also explores Japanese fears for their teens versus the US fear of their teens, showing how these contrasting anxieties developed and how they affect the behaviour of the adolescents themselves.
What makes an angry face look so … angry? Examining visual attention to the shape of threat in children and adults

Threatening facial expressions like anger can signal potential danger. Past research has established that both adults and children have an attentional bias for angry faces, visually detecting their presence more quickly than happy or neutral faces. More recent research has suggested that specific features of angry faces (such as the downward-pointing “V” shaped brow) are the effective stimulus in their rapid detection. However, research examining this issue has only been done with adults. In the current research, we examine the detection of the features of the downward-pointing “V” in both adults and preschool children using a touchscreen visual search procedure. In two experiments, both adults and children detected the downward-pointing “V” more quickly than an upward-pointing “V”. As the first evidence that young children exhibit the same superior detection of the features of threatening facial expressions that adults do, this research provides important support for the existence of an evolved attention...
Structure of the HIV-1 Full-Length Capsid Protein in a Conformationally Trapped Unassembled State Induced by Small-Molecule Binding

The capsid (CA) protein plays crucial roles in HIV infection and replication, essential to viral maturation. The absence of high-resolution structural data on unassembled CA hinders the development of antivirals effective in inhibiting assembly. Unlike enzymes that have targetable, functional substrate-binding sites, the CA does not have a known site that affects catalytic or other innate activity, which can be more readily targeted in drug development efforts. We report the crystal structure of the HIV-1 CA, revealing the domain organization in the context of the wild-type full-length (FL) unassembled CA. The FL CA adopts an antiparallel dimer configuration, exhibiting a domain organization sterically incompatible with capsid assembly. A small compound, generated in situ during crystallization, is bound tightly at a hinge site ("H site"), indicating that binding at this interdomain region stabilizes the ADP conformation. Electron microscopy studies on nascent crystals reveal both dimeric and hexameric lattices coexisting within a single condition, in agreement with the interconvertibility of oligomeric forms and supporting the feasibility of promoting assembly-incompetent dimeric states. Solution characterization in the presence of the H-site ligand shows predominantly unassembled dimeric CA, even under conditions that promote assembly. Our structure elucidation of the HIV-1 FL CA and characterization of a potential allosteric binding site provides three-dimensional views of an assembly-defective conformation, a state targeted in, and thus directly relevant to, inhibitor development. Based on our findings, we propose an unprecedented means of preventing CA assembly, by "conformationally trapping" CA in assembly-incompetent conformational states induced by H-site binding.
Determination of far-field stress from localized stress concentrations

The purpose of this work was to develop a method of determining farfield principal stress magnitude and orientation using biaxial stress measurements made in a series of bore holes. Two novel developments were employed: one was a method for relating biaxial measurements from three bore holes to the triaxial principal stress field; the other was a mea­ surement technique that fully defines the biaxial stress field around a bore hole, independent of rock properties. To determine the triaxial principal stress field, a series of simultaneous equations describing biaxial measurements in terms of a random baseline coordinate system was developed. A least squares regression was then utilized to determine the coordinate system's stress field. A Newton-Raphson reduction was subse­ quently performed to define the orientation and magnitude of the prin­ cipal stress field. The biaxial stress measurement technique employs two loading mechanisms and ultrasonic crack detection. The biaxial stress field in bore holes with nonhomogeneous and anisotropic rock conditions can be defined. Finally, recommendations are given for the development of a testing apparatus utilizing thin-film piezoelectric substrates to detect ultrasonic shear waves capable of underground biaxial measurements.
Recognizing text in raster maps

Text labels in maps provide valuable geographic information by associating place names with locations. This information from historical maps is especially important since historical maps are very often the only source of past information about the earth. Recognizing the text labels is challenging because heterogeneous raster maps have varying image quality and complex map contents. In addition, the labels within a map do not follow a fixed orientation and can have various font types and sizes. Previous approaches typically handle a specific type of map or require intensive manual work. This paper presents a general approach that requires a small amount of user effort to semi-automatically recognize text labels in heterogeneous raster maps. Our approach exploits a few examples of text areas to extract text pixels and employs cartographic labeling principles to locate individual text labels. Each text label is then rotated automatically to horizontal and processed by conventional OCR software for character recognition. We compared our approach to a state-of-art commercial OCR product using 15 raster maps from 10 sources. Our evaluation shows that our approach enabled the commercial OCR product to handle raster maps and together produced significant higher text recognition accuracy than using the commercial OCR alone.
Chemical graphs. IX. Isotope‐isomerism of multiply‐labelled compounds

Generalizations of previous figure-counting series used in Polya's enumeration theorem are exploited to enable us to predict the number of isomers of multiply-labelled compounds. Nomenclature problems for such isotope-isomers are reviewed.
Docosahexaenoic acid, the aquatic diet, and hominin encephalization: Difficulties in establishing evolutionary links

Distinctive characteristics of modern humans, including language, tool manu- facture and use, culture, and behavioral plasticity, are linked to changes in the organization and size of the brain during hominin evolution. As brain tissue is metabolically and nutrition- ally costly to develop and maintain, early hominin encephalization has been linked to a release of energetic and nutritional constraints. One such nutrient-based approach has focused on the n-3 long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is a primary constituent of membrane phospholipids within the synaptic networks of the brain essential for optimal cognitive functioning. As biosynthesis of DHA from n-3 dietary precursors (alpha-lino- lenic acid, LNA) is relatively inefficient, it has been suggested that preformed DHA must have been an integral dietary constituent during evolution of the genus Homo to facilitate the growth and development of an encephalizing brain. Furthermore, preformed DHA has only been identi- fied to an appreciable extent within aquatic resources (marine and freshwater), leading to spec- ulation that hominin encephalization is linked specifically to access and consumption of aquatic resources. The key premise of this perspective is that biosynthesis of DHA from LNA is not only inefficient but also insufficient for the growth and maturation demands of an encephalized brain. However, this assumption is not well-supported, and much evidence instead suggests that consumption of LNA, available in a wider variety of sources within a number of terrestrial ecosystems, is sufficient for normal brain development and maintenance in modern humans and
Factors associated with improved outcomes following decompressive surgery for prostate cancer metastatic to the spine

BACKGROUND Metastatic spinal cord compression from prostate cancer is a debilitating disease causing neurological deficits, mechanical instability, and intractable pain. Surgical management may improve quality of life. OBJECTIVE To define postoperative outcomes and explore associations with prolonged survival for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. METHODS Retrospective chart reviews were performed of all patients undergoing spinal surgery for metastatic cancer from June 1, 2002 to August 31, 2011. Patient demographics, surgical details, adjuvant therapies, outcomes, complications, and postoperative survival were reviewed. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients with prostate cancer underwent surgery at a median age of 65 years (range, 46-82 years). After surgery, 93% of patients had preserved or improved neurological status, 56% of nonambulatory patients recovered ambulation, 43% of incontinent patients recovered continence, and 23% experienced complications. Postoperative Frankel grades were significantly improved by at least 1 letter grade at 1 month (P = .03). The median analgesic and steroid usage was significantly lower up to 3 months and 6 months postoperatively, respectively (P = .007, .005). Median survival following surgery was 10.2 months, and patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer had a shorter median survival than those with hormone-naive disease (9.8 vs 40 months). Better preoperative performance status was an independent predictor of survival (P = .02). Younger age (P = .005) and instrumentation greater than 7 spinal levels (P = .03) were associated with complications. CONCLUSION Spinal surgery for prostate metastases improves neurological function and decreases analgesic requirements. Our findings support surgical intervention for carefully selected patients, and knowledge of preoperative hormone sensitivity and performance status may help with risk stratification.
Preflow stresses in Martian rampart ejecta blankets: A means of estimating the water content

Measurements of extents of rampart ejecta deposits as a function of the size of the parent craters support models which, for craters larger than about 6 km diameter, constrain ejecta blankets to all have a similar maximum thickness regardless of the crater size. These volatile-rich ejecta blankets may have failed under their own weights, then flowed radially outward. Assuming this to be so, some of the physicomechanical properties of the ejecta deposits at the time of their emplacement can then be determined. Finite-element studies of the stress magnitudes, distributions, and directions in hypothetical Martian rampart ejecta blankets reveal that the material most likely failed when the shear stresses were less than 500 kPa and the angle of internal friction was between 26 and 36 deg. These figures imply that the ejecta has a water content between 16 and 72%. Whether the upper limit or the lower limit is more appropriate depends on the mode of failure which one presumes: namely, viscous flow of plastic deformation.
Photoresponses of wild-type and mutant dikaryons ofChlamydomonas

Photoaccumulation and random motility of wild-type and mutant gametes and dikaryons ofChlamydomonas reinhardtii were evaluated with quantitative assays and compared with those of vegetative cells. Gametes exhibited behavior similar to that of vegetative cells. Dikaryons constructed from (+) and (−) wild-type gametes exhibited strong photoaccumulation in the presence of a stimulus and normal random swimming in red light, which shows that the activity of flagella and other components from two cells can be integrated and coordinated to permit appropriate behavior. Dikaryons from crosses of the wild type with mutants exhibited intermediate photoaccumulation. suggesting that neither phenotype is dominant. In contrast, crosses between an abnormally swimming mutant and normally motile strains showed that wild-type swimming was dominant. Partial complementation of mutant photoresponse phenotypes occurred in some crosses, but recovery of fully normal behavior was not observed.
A chemodynamic approach for estimating losses of target organic chemicals from water during sample holding time

Abstract Minimizing the loss of target organic chemicals from environmental water samples between the time of sample collection and isolation is important to the integrity of an investigation. During this sample holding time, there is a potential for analyte loss through volatilization from the water to the headspace, sorption to the walls and cap of the sample bottle, and transformation through biotic and/or abiotic reactions. This paper presents a chemodynamic-based, generalized approach to estimate the most probable loss processes for individual target organic chemicals. The basic premise is that the investigator must know which loss process(es) are important for a particular analyte, based on its chemodynamic properties, when choosing the appropriate method(s) to prevent loss.
Effects of Information Structure Cues on Visual Word Processing

Four experiments examined effects of cues for given and new information on word processing in reading. Article definiteness (the versus a) was varied preceding target nouns which were either new or repeated from referring expressions in prior sentences. Lexical decisions on the targets were faster for repeated than for new words, but this effect was enhanced by the: in all four experiments, repetition facilitation was greater for definite than for indefinite determination. This effect held whether the article was presented before the target word or simultaneously with it, and was more consistent when targets appeared in surface subject rather than object position. These results suggest that appropriate cues for given information facilitate the processing of words conveying that information. 307 This paper examines effects of certain cues for information structure on the processing of individual words during reading. The information structure of a sentence represents relationships between components of the sentence and prior or subsequent discourse (Halliday, 1970). Discourse integration requires a reader to extract novel information from a text and appropriately incorporate it into the memory representation of what was read previously. Individual sentences in discourse can make the nature of the appropriate incorporation
Construction of grand unified models under maximal subalgebras

Abstract A construction of grand unified models of the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions is described based on the transformation properties of the group generators under a maximal subgroup decomposition without recourse to large representation matrices or to the specific algebraic structures of some classical Lie-groups, such as the Clifford algebra associated with the orthogonal groups or the octonionic structure of the exceptional groups. To illustrate the procedure an explicit construction is given of the SU (5) model useful in the discussion of higher rank groups, of SO (10) under the maximal subalgebras SU (2) L × SU (2) R × SU (4) c and SU (5) × U (1) r and of the exceptional group E 6 under SU (3) L × SU (3) R × SU (3) c and SO (10) × U (1) t . The construction procedure can be used as well with any classical Lie-group.
Microspheres of hyaluronic acid esters—Fabrication methods and in vitro hydrocortisone release

Abstract Microspheres 10 to 100 μm in diameter have been prepared from various esters of hyaluronic acid using a solvent evaporation method. A model compound, hydrocortisone, has been incorporated into these microspheres. The drug can be either physically dispersed in the polymer matrix, or chemically bound to the polymer backbone through an ester linkage. When the drug was physically dispersed, its release into a well-stirred buffer solution was essentially complete in 10 minutes. When the drug was covalently bound to the polymer, the release was much slower, requiring more than 100 hours in some cases. The release rate of covalently bound drug was found to be constant (zero order) over most of the release period. The release of covalently bound drug is thought to be controlled primarily by the hydrolysis of the ester bond.
Thermal design, testing, and analysis of the Cosmic Background Explorer's external calibrator

The thermal design of a calibrator used to correlate the collected data with an absolute reference onboard of the Cosmic Background Explorer is considered. Since flight conditions could not be simulated in ground testing, the design was qualified by analysis and testing. The requirements imposed on the calibrator are outlined, along with spacecraft hardware modifications aimed at reducing the thermal load on the calibrator. A geometric mathematical model created in order to obtain view factors from the cryogenic instruments to the spacecraft and dewar is discussed. It is shown that the calibrator met or exceeded all of its performance requirements, and that the modifications to such energy sources as the thermal shield and differential microwave radiometers proved effective in reducing the radiative energy the calibrator received from the spacecraft to acceptable levels.
Light Scattering by Spherical Particles: Radiation Pressure, Asymmetry Factor, and Extinction Cross Section

The normalized cross sections for radiation pressure (Qpr), extinction (Qext), and scattering (Qsca) and the asymmetry factor 〈cosθ〉 were computed from the Mie scattering theory for size parameters in the range 0.5≤x≤30 and for x → ∞ for both dielectric and absorbing particles. Additional values were obtained for m=1.33 and 50≤x≤51 and 100≤x≤102. The results are discussed and examples are presented in graphical form.
Fetal growth retardation in rats may result from apoptosis: Role of peroxynitrite

Abstract Administration of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME) results in fetal growth retardation. This study was designed to further examine the influence of NO on fetal growth, specifically, the potential role of inducible NOS and to evaluate the possibility that apoptosis contributed to utero-placental dysfunction. l -NAME administration caused a paradoxical increase in NO synthesis determined by direct detection of NO by electrochemistry, nitrite accumulation, and cGMP levels, indicating that a lack of NO was not the cause of the fetal growth retardation. Additionally, supplemental l -arginine or NO donors failed to reverse the effects of l -NAME on fetal and placental size. Administration of low dose endotoxin (30μg/kg IP daily for 6 d) also caused significant reductions in fetal and placental size and increased NO synthesis comparable to that seen with l -NAME. Inducible NOS was constitutively expressed in the pregnant uterus (smooth muscle and epithelia) and placenta (sinusoids and macrophages) but was absent in the nonpregnant state as determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Neither l -NAME nor endotoxin modified the expression of iNOS. In situ evidence for apoptosis (DNA fragmentation) was minimal to absent in control pregnant rats, but markedly evident in the placenta (decidua) and uterus of rats treated with l -NAME or endotoxin. Immunohistochemical evidence for nitrotyrosine, a marker for peroxynitrite formation, was absent in control rats but colocalized with apoptosis in the l -NAME and LPS groups. We conclude that l -NAME-induced fetal growth retardation is not due to a lack of NO, but as for endotoxin, results from a net reduction in cellular proliferation due to the induction of apoptosis, possibly in response to peroxynitrite formation.
Electrical vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic heart failure

Autonomic dysregulation is a feature of chronic heart failure (HF) and is characterized by a sustained increase of sympathetic drive and by withdrawal of parasympathetic activity. Both sympathetic overdrive and increased heart rate are predictors of poor long-term outcome in patients with HF. Pharmacologic agents that partially inhibit sympathetic activity, such as beta-adrenergic receptor blockers, effectively reduce mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic HF. In contrast, modulation of parasympathetic activation as a potential therapy for HF has received only limited attention because of its inherent complex cardiovascular effects. This review examines results of experimental animal studies that provide support for the possible use of electrical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) as a long-term therapy for the treatment of chronic HF. The review also addresses the effects of VNS on potential modifiers of the HF state, including proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide elaboration, and myocardial expression of gap junction proteins. Finally, the safety, feasibility, and efficacy trends of VNS in patients with advanced HF are reviewed.
Letter memory loads change more than visual-field advantage: Interhemispheric coupling effects ☆

A derivation from Denenberg's (Denenberg, 1980. American Journal of Physiology, 238, R3-R13) model of brain organization is that significant correlations between left-hemisphere (LH) and right-hemisphere (RH) measures indicate that the hemispheres are coupled together in a general system. Two formally similar visual-field (VF) reaction-time (RT) tasks, one a LH-right (R) VF and the other a RH-left (L) VF advantage task, were performed by 30 female and 30 male right-handers under single-task (zero load) and dual task (three or six consonants in memory) conditions. Expected letter load effects upon VF performances were obtained. Particularly for RT variability, correlations of measures lateralized to different hemispheres (i.e., LVF-RVF, LH and RH tasks) increased linearly as load increased, while correlations of measures lateralized to the same hemisphere (i.e., two LH tasks) did not. Bihemispheric cortical activation may play a role in this general system coupling caused by complexity or load. Females demonstrated greater interhemispheric coupling.
Developmental transformations with Alzheimer's patients in a residential care facility

Abstract Developmental transformations (DVT) is presented as an effective therapeutic modality for individual and group work with Alzheimer's patients. Effectiveness is defined for this population and validation therapy is outlined as an established paradigm for working with demented individuals. DVT is presented, including basic premises and previous literature on its effectiveness with non-demented elderly. Theoretical connections between validation therapy and DVT are explored, as are areas in which DVT moves beyond validation to access areas of remaining competency for the demented and to elicit the symbolic expression of psychological and existential issues. Adaptations for using this method specifically with Alzheimer's patients are described, limitations are acknowledged and areas for further exploration are proposed. Case material is presented throughout.
Localized magnetic‐loop induction hyperthermia of the rabbit brain

The Magnetrode magnetic-loop applicator has been used for deep internal hyperthermia with minimal toxicity and without normal tissue injury. Until now, the effects of localized radiofrequency hyperthermia on the brain have not been adequately studied because of the potential hazards involved in trying to effect brain heating while preserving overlaying surface tissues. We found that normal rabbit brain could be heated to potentially tumoricidal temperatures (42–43°C) without apparent histopathologic or clinical damage to brain, skull, external eye, subcutaneous tissue, or skin.
Probability Models for Annual Extreme Water-Equivalent Ground Snow

Abstract A statistical analysis of annual extreme water-equivalents of ground snow (reported as inches of water) measured up through the winter of 1979–80 at 76 weather stations in the northeast quadrant of the United States is presented. The analysis suggests that probability distributions with longer upper tails than the Type I distribution of extreme values are preferable for describing the annual extremes at a majority of sites. Sampling errors and the selection of water-equivalents for planning and design purposes also are described.
Voices of Italian America. A History of Early Italian American Literature with a Critical Anthology

Martino Marazzi, (2012) Trans. Ann Goldstein, (New York: Fordham University Press), 343 pp., ISBN 0838640168, $55.00, hard cover Martino Marazzi's work is an expanded English translation of an anth...
Isolating observer-based reference directions in human spatial memory: head, body, and the self-to-array axis.

Several lines of research have suggested the importance of egocentric reference systems for determining how the spatial properties of one’s environment are mentally organized. Yet relatively little is known about the bases for egocentric reference systems in human spatial memory. In three experiments, we examine the relative importance of observer-based reference directions in human memory by controlling the orientation of head and body during acquisition. Experiment 1 suggests that spatial memory is organized by a head-aligned reference direction; however, Experiment 2 shows that a body-aligned reference direction can be more influential than a head-aligned direction when the axis defined by the relative positions of the observer and the learned environment (the “self-to-array” axis) is properly controlled. A third experiment shows that the self-to-array axis is distinct from – and can dominate – retina, head, and body-based egocentric reference systems.
Radial head and neck fractures: Anatomic guidelines for proper placement of internal fixation

A cadaveric study of the radial head and neck was performed to determine the anterior and posterior limits for safe placement of internal fixation on the surface of the radial head or neck. A "safe zone" of approximately 110 degrees of radial head surface was first identified by cross-sectional anatomic dissections. This "safe zone" was then reproducibly confirmed relative to forearm position when viewed from a standard lateral approach. Because the proximal radioulnar joint cannot be directly visualized through the standard lateral approach, the zone was indirectly identified by making reference marks along the radial head and neck. To determine the position of the "safe zone" reference marks are first made along radial head and neck so as to bisect the bone's anteroposterior distance. Three such marks are made with the forearm in neutral rotation, full supination, and full pronation. Next, the posterior limit of the zone is determined by bisecting the reference marks made with the forearm in neutral rotation and full pronation. The anterior limit is determined by going nearly two thirds of the distance from the neutral mark to that mark made in full supination.
Easy Bayes Estimation for Rasch-Type Models.

A Bayes estimation procedure is introduced that allows the nature and strength of prior beliefs to be easily specified and modal posterior estimates to be obtained as easily as maximum likelihood estimates. The procedure is based on constructing posterior distributions that are formally identical to likelihoods, but are based on sampled data as well as artificial data reflecting prior information. Improvements in performance of modal Bayes procedures relative to maximum likelihood estimation are illustrated for Rasch-type models. Improvements range from modest to dramatic, depending on the model and the number of items being considered.