cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spin Circuit Representation for the Spin Hall Effect

Spin circuits with four component voltages and currents have been developed and used in the past to analyze various structures, which include non-collinear ferromagnets. Recent demonstrations of large spin orbit torques in heavy metals like Pt, Ta, and W open up new possibilities in spintronic applications by providing an alternative way to write information into a magnet. Here, we extend the four component (one charge and three spins) conductance matrix to include materials with spin Hall effect based on the standard diffusion equation. Our proposed spin circuit successfully reproduces standard results like spin Hall effect (SHE), inverse spin Hall effect, and spin Hall magnetoresistance. This circuit representation also makes it straightforward to analyze new configurations. We present two examples, namely, 1) the possibility of spin injection using giant SHE (GSHE) materials into semiconductors without tunneling barriers, and 2) the effect of spin ground on one surface to enhance spin current injection from the opposite surface in a thin GSHE sample. Finally, we provide an elemental conductance matrix for a small cubic structure which can be used as a building block to analyze any arbitrarily shaped GSHE material.
Abstract 4714: Oral human papillomavirus infection among HIV infected and uninfected men who have sex with men

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes a subset of oropharyngeal cancers but the prevalence and risk factors for oral HPV infection are not well understood. Initial studies suggest HIV-infected individuals have an increased incidence of HPV-related cancers including oropharyngeal cancer. Methods: Oral exfoliated cells were collected using a swish and gargle with 10ml of Scope mouthwash in 149 HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men (MSM) in the Baltimore center of the MACS. Samples were tested for 37 types of HPV DNA using PGMY09/11 consensus primers and line blot hybridization. Logistic regression was used to explore risk factors for infection. Results: Prevalent oral HPV infection was common among the 62 HIV-infected and the 87 HIV-uninfected MSM (39% vs 28%, p=0.15). HPV16 was the most common HPV type detected and was found in an alarming 13% of MSM (8.2% of HIV-infected and 16% of HIV-uninfected MSM, p=0.15). The most common other oncogenic oral HPV infections detected were HPV 66, 68, 83 (2.0% prevalence each), and 45, 53, 58, 59, 73 (1.3% each). In this study 32% of men reported multiple oral sex partners in the past six months. Oral HPV16 prevalence was significantly associated with number of recent oral sexual partners among HIV uninfected (p-trend=0.04) but not HIV infected participants. The majority of HIV-infected participants were currently on HAART (74%), had CD4 cell count>500 (65%) and HIV viral load Conclusions: Oral HPV16 prevalence is high among both HIV uninfected and HIV infected MSM suggesting they may be at increased risk for HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers. Oral HPV risk factor profiles differed by HIV status. Oral HPV prevalence was similar among HIV infected HAART users and non-users suggesting HAART may not improve oral HPV clearance. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4714.
Mortality of eggs and larvae obtained from house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) exposed to triflumuron residues.

Adult Musca domestica L. exposed to surfaces treated with 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/cm2 of triflumuron for 1, 3, or 6 h were evaluated for effects on egg hatch and F, larval mortality. Inhibition of egg hatch and F1 larval mortality were dependent on exposure time, concentration, mating regime, and elapsed time after exposure. The effect of triflumuron was more pronounced in inhibiting egg hatch and producing mortality in the F1 larval stage when females or both sexes were exposed and mated together than when only males were exposed and mated to unexposed females. Inhibition of egg hatch and F1 larval mortality decreased as the flies aged.
A Geometric Look at Sequences that Converge to Euler's Constant

In this article, we will generate and investigate sequences that converge to Euler's constant, y. What is novel h e is the elementary y t careful attention to the geomet ric descriptions of the t rms of the sequences, allowing us to obtain a converg nce ate of order 1/n2. G nerally, this improved rate can be ob ained only with a more cumbersom analytical analysis such as shown in [2], [3], and [4]. E ler's c nstant is most often defined by c mpar g the natural logarithm, ln(n + 1), with the n h partial sum * 1 1 1 *. = ! + + + ... + -
Aging Endothelial Cells Exhibit Decreased Response to Atheroprotective Shear Stress

As endothelial cells (ECs) age, morphological and physiological changes occur that may alter macromolecular transport and cause subsequent disease development. ECs in atherosclerotic regions exhibit high cell turnover and high levels of oxidative stress due to transient flow patterns and low and oscillating shear stress. This leads to replicative or stress-induced senescence. Resveratrol indirectly reverses senescence-associated phenotypes via competitive inhibition of cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Elevated levels of membrane-associated cAMP activate the cyclic AMP-regulated guanosine nucleotide exchange factor Epac1 which, in turn, leads to guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding to the small G protein Rap1. GTP bound Rap1 activates the deacetylase SIRTUIN1 (SIRT1) but also causes changes to the cortical cytoskeleton and organization of VE-cadherin mechanosensor in the endothelial junctions (Figure 1).© 2013 ASME
Cell cycle clustering and quorum sensing in a response / signaling mediated feedback model

RS feedback models have been successful in explaining the observed phenomenon of clustering in autonomous oscillation in yeast, but current models do not include the biological reality of dynamical delay and do not have the related property of quorum sensing. Here an RS type ODE model for cell cycle feedback, including an explicit term modeling a chemical feedback mediating agent, is analyzed. New dynamics include population dependent effects: subcritical pitchfork bifurcations, and quorum sensing occur. The model suggests new experimental directions in autonomous oscillation in yeast.
Masculine Traits and Depressive Symptoms in Older and Younger Men and Women

Evidence suggests that men who strongly endorse masculine traits display an atypical presentation of depression, including more externalizing symptoms (e.g., anger or substance use), but fewer typical, internalizing symptoms (e.g., depressed mood or crying). This phenomenon has not been adequately explored in older adults or women. The current study used the externalizing subscale of the Masculine Depression Scale in older and younger men and women to detect atypical symptoms. It was predicted that individuals who more strongly endorsed masculine traits would have higher scores on the measure of externalizing symptoms relative to a measure of typical depressive symptoms Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. It was anticipated that results would differ by age-group but not by gender. Multigroup path analysis was used to test the hypothesis. The hypothesized path model, in which endorsement of masculine traits was associated with lower scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale and with scores on the externalizing, but not internalizing, factor of the Masculine Depression Scale, fit the data well. Results differed significantly by age-group and gender. Masculine individuals reported lower levels of typical depressive symptoms relative to externalizing symptoms, but further research is needed within age- and gender groups. Results are consistent with the gendered responding framework and suggest that current assessment tools, which tend to focus on internalizing symptoms of depression, may not detect depression in individuals who endorse masculine traits.
Strengthening the Construction of the Leadership Team Based on Reform and Innovation Spirits

To strengthen the construction of the leadership team based on reform and innovation spirits,firstly the guidelines should be clarified that its key is to look for the truth and be practical and the organization construction strengthened.The most important thing is to stick to and improve the democratic centralism;to strengthen the construction of capacity,five kinds of abilities have to be developed;to strengthen the construction of style,the three important styles of work of the party have to be carried on;to strengthen and struggle against corruption and encourage honesty construction,special attention should be paid to preventions,as well as to punishing;to strengthen the institutional construction,it is the assurance of all the construction work of leadership team.
Surface Markers in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas

The surface marker classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas has demonstrated its value in refining existing morphologic systems of classification and thus in guiding clinical decisions in otherwise ambiguous cases. This accomplishment, in itself significant, may provide the key to the development of effective monospecific therapeutic agents that could be directed at target cells.
Unbalanced Chromosomal Translocation Associated with Sertoli-Cell-Only Histology

AbstractA case is reported of unbalanced chromosomal translocation resulting in loss of the long arm of the Y chromosome and Sertoli-cell-only histology.
The meaning of oncology nursing: a phenomenological investigation.

PURPOSE To describe the method used in a multisite study of the meaning of oncology nursing from the oncology nurses' perspectives. DESIGN Multi-institutional, descriptive, qualitative. SETTING Six sites in different regions of the United States; rural and urban cancer and noncancer centers. SAMPLE 38 oncology nurses (mean age = 35 years; average time in nursing = 10 years and in oncology = 7 years; 47% bachelor's degree in nursing, 29% diploma, 13% associate degree in nursing, and 11% master's prepared). METHODS Phenomenological; content analysis of interviews. FINDINGS Nurses' experiences in caring for people with cancer have many similarities despite the differences among these nurses or their work settings. These similarities are described in this supplement. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Many nurses said they had not described their experiences to interested listeners before. Providing these descriptions helped the nurses to see their work in new ways and led some of them to make changes in their personal and professional lives.
Online power control for the energy harvesting multiple access channel

We consider online power control for a K-user energy harvesting multiple-access channel (MAC). We show that a simple online power control policy that requires each user to know only the mean of its own energy harvesting process and does not require any information regarding the energy harvesting processes of the other users is near optimal for any joint distribution of the energy harvesting processes and for arbitrary battery sizes at the K users. In particular, for any parameter values this strategy achieves a throughput region which is within a constant gap to the capacity region of the classical additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) MAC. When the number of users in the MAC becomes large, the gap becomes negligible. Therefore, an interesting consequence of our result is that in the limit when the number of users becomes large, the sum throughput of the online energy harvesting MAC approaches the sum capacity of the classical AWGN MAC. While it has been known that the online throughput of an energy harvesting system can approach the AWGN capacity in the limit when the battery size goes to infinity, it is interesting that the AWGN capacity can be also approached in limit of large number of users.
Agency as Negotiation: Social Norms, Girls’ Schooling and Marriage in Gujarat, India

This chapter explores the ways that schooling experiences have the potential to foster agency among rural adolescent aged girls in Gujarat, India. Based upon a 5-year longitudinal ethnographic study, the experiences and trajectories of two adolescent aged girls are examined to explore manifestations of youth agency, show how the development of agency might be influenced by their educational experiences, and illuminate the ways that they have been able to exercise their agency. Further, the chapter examines how the enactment of agency by youth is a negotiated process that is embedded in a larger context, and in relation to sociocultural norms and economic structures pertaining to marriage and employment. The field’s conceptual understanding of processes of agency through the relationship between education, social norms, and agency is expanded.
UPDATE ON A QUALITY INITIATIVE TO OVERCOME CLINICAL INERTIA IN THE POSTOPERATIVE CARE OF INPATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS.

Abbreviations: DM = diabetes mellitus HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c POC-BG = point-of-care blood glucose
Effect of Pregnancy Interval on Second Pregnancy Blood Pressure Following Prior Preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia generally occurs in first pregnancies and tends not to recur when the interpregnancy interval (IPI) is short. We hypothesized that, in women experiencing preeclampsia in their first pregnancy, the difference in mean arterial pressure (MAP) across pregnancy between their index and subsequent pregnancy would be inversely associated with the length of time between pregnancies and that the interval between pregnancies will be directly associated with the likelihood of preeclampsia recurrence. This was a retrospective chart review evaluating 171 women diagnosed with preeclampsia during their first pregnancy who had a subsequent pregnancy at our institution. Blood pressures were collected from each pregnancy, marking the recurrence of hypertensive disorders, including preeclampsia. Antepartum MAP was compared between pregnancies, examining differences as a function of IPI. There was a significant association of IPI with the reduction in MAP between pregnancies across trimesters (P =.04), but this reduction became smaller over time. The MAP during the third trimester decreased significantly between pregnancies across all patient groups (IPI 48 months <3.4 mm Hg, P =.03). The recurrence rate of preeclampsia did not vary significantly with IPI (P =.21). The IPI influences the MAP of the second pregnancy in women with prior preeclampsia. Shorter IPI is associated with a greater reduction in MAP when compared to the longer IPI. Although there was a trend toward higher preeclampsia recurrence with longer IPI, this trend did not reach statistical significance.
mHealth Dipstick Analyzer for Monitoring of Pregnancy Complications

Dipstick-based urinalysis is routinely used for the detection of early signs of such pregnancy complications, as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. Usually it is done in doctor’s office using an automatic dipstick analyzer. Here, we present a novel smartphone-based colorimeter and demonstrate its application to the measurements of glucose and protein concentrations in biological samples. The key innovations of our approach was to combine powerful image processing encoded into a mobile phone application with a low cost 3-D printed sample holder that allowed to control lighting conditions and significantly improved sensitivity. Different solutions with protein and glucose concentrations ranging from 0 to 2000 mg/dL were prepared and analyzed using our system. The detection limit for glucose was 40 mg/dL and for protein −6mg/dL The smartphone-based colorimeter always correctly classified the corresponding reagent strip pads, what confirms that it can be used as a low cost alternative for commercial dipstick analyzers.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal Properties of N-alkyl β-Diketiminate Manganese Complexes.

A series of N,N′-dialkyl-β-diketiminato manganese(II) complexes was synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, UV–vis and FTIR spectroscopy, and then assayed for volatility,...
The Effect of Relative Wage Per Hour on Labor Supply

This paper explores how ones labor supply is affected by their relative wage as compared to people in the same geographical region as them. The study finds the predicted negative relationship between relative wage per hour and hours of work. The paper expands on prior literature because it uses a different data set and examines it through different reference groups (the group in which a person compares themselves to). This finding is important because it may be beneficial for the government to understand people’s labor supply choices when making policies that deal with labor supply. Furthermore, it would be helpful to understand more how people respond to their environment differently. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol22/iss1/12
An Overview of the Dietary Ingredient Carnitine

Abstract Carnitine is a natural component of mammalian tissue and is involved in multiple physiological roles. In relation to physical exercise, these include, but are not limited to, providing antioxidant protection, increasing nitric oxide production and/or maintaining circulating nitric oxide, and working to enhance energy production (e.g., fatty acid oxidation). These outcomes may be directly or indirectly related to improved exercise performance or recovery from strenuous exercise. Some studies have noted favorable outcomes with regard to exercise performance or related measures following carnitine supplementation, whereas others have failed to demonstrate an ergogenic effect, in particular when carnitine is used by healthy, exercise-trained individuals. The type and dosage of carnitine used vary considerably across studies, and few direct comparisons have been made between carnitine forms. This chapter provides a brief overview of the work in the area of carnitine supplementation.
Ga2O3 metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors on sapphire substrate by MOCVD

Si-doped gallium oxide (Ga2O3) thin films were grown on a c-plane sapphire substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and fabricated into metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). The Ga2O3 MOSFETs exhibited effective gate modulation of the drain current with a complete channel pinch-off for VG < −25 V, and the three-terminal off-state breakdown voltage was 390 V. The device shows a very low gate leakage current (~50 pA mm−1), which led to a high on/off ratio of ~108. These transistor characteristics were stable from room temperature to 250 °C.
Interconnect Scheme for Die-to-Die and Die-to-Wafer-Level Heterogeneous Integration for High-Performance Computing

Today, microbump-based flip-chip technology is a compelling option for heterogeneous integration in microelectronic packaging. Performance as well as density (smaller form factor) requirements continue to drive smaller, microbump-based, finer pitch interconnections. This paper presents heterogeneous integration based on microbump fabrication, characterization, and integration for fine pitch die-to-die and die-to-wafer flip-chip interconnection. A variety of microbump options including indium, indium-coated gold, gold and gold-on-gold were used for bump bonding of fine pitch flip-chip structures. A series of microbumps (2.5-15µm) were fabricated using contact and non-contact photolithography on superconducting multi-chip module (S-MCM) wafers. The integration process includes various microbump combinations to reduce microbump spreading / flow during the fine-pitch assembly process. In another study, gold-ball-based interconnects were developed to convert wire bondable chips to a flip-chip process. The use of microbumps to form 10µm-pitch flip-chip interconnects and their initial electrical performance are discussed. As a case study, we have developed indium microbump technology capable of interconnecting an array of 10-to-35-µm-pitch pads to a superconducting multi-chip module (S-MCM) fabricated on 200mm silicon wafers. The S-parameters of several back-to-back microstrip and grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) transitions were measured and simulated in a 2.5d (planar) full-wave electromagnetic software package (Sonnet em). The flip-chip configurations showed excellent impedance matching and low insertion loss to multi-gigahertz frequencies. For example, a microstrip-to-microstrip transition using 20µm-diameter bumps with 35µm pitch in a coaxial configuration (signal bump surrounded by ground bumps) had a simulated return loss of less than -20 dB from DC to 23 GHz. By adding some compensating inductance to the transitions, this simulated response was extended to 81 GHz. Smaller bump diameter and pitch yields a much better impedance match and less reflected energy, with the 10 µm pitch and 5 µm bump versions giving near-perfect performance to 100 GHz and beyond. Flip-chipped Josephson junctions and niobium lines interrupted by indium microbumps between the superconducting integrated circuits (ICs) and the S-MCM maintained their I-V characteristics. This paper also discusses large superconducting multi-chip module (S-MCM) fabrication and bonding approaches for future technology. Various fabrication options including jumper flip-chip, stitching and laser direct writing are considered for large S-MCM fabrication.
From temporal updating to temporal reasoning: Developments in young children's temporal representations

Evidence from our research on young children's temporal understanding supports Hoerl & McCormack's view that young children rely on a temporal updating system to change representations over time. We propose that the shift from temporal updating to temporal reasoning is enabled by children's expanding representations of event sequences, along with developments in language, memory, and other cognitive competencies.
Exploiting Ambiguity: A Moral Polysemy Approach to Variation in Economic Practices:

Sociologists have shown that the relationships people establish between moral orientations and market practices vary considerably across historical, geographic, and institutional contexts. Less att...
Brain tumor segmentation using 3D mask R-CNN for dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced perfusion imaging

The detection and segmentation of neoplasms are an important part of radiotherapy treatment planning, monitoring disease progression, and predicting patient outcome. In the brain, functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) like dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced (DSC) or T1-weighted dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) perfusion MRI are important tools for diagnosis. However, the manual contouring of these neoplasms are tedious, expensive, time-consuming, and contains inter-observer variability. In this work, we propose to use a 3D Mask R-CNN method to automatically detect and segment high and low grade brain tumors for DSC MRI perfusion images. Twenty-two high and low grade patients with 50-70 perfusion time-point volumes were used in this study. Experimental results show that our proposed method achieved an overall Dice similarity, precision, recall and center of mass distance were 89%±0.03%, 90%±0.02%, 87%±0.04% and 1.27±0.67 respectively.
Racial variations in work-related stress among police officers

This study examines racial variations in the experience of police department norms and culture. Using the data set Police Stress and Domestic Violence in Police Families in Baltimore, Maryland (199...
Identifying predictive indicators: The state of Washington foster care home study

Abstract A mixed method correlational exploratory pilot was conducted in Washington State to determine items within the home study assessment that could be used as indicators to identify baseline requirements of the assessment and suggest anticipated depth (expansion or reduction) within the required topic(s). The purpose of the home study is to assess the caregiver(s)’ ability to provide a safe home, the quality of care needed by children and an environment that is nurturing, respectful and supportive. The goal of this study is to identify predicative indicators that will assist in the development of a home study that will increase consistency within home studies and decrease timeliness of completion. The use of predictive indicators may have the potential to reduce subjective decision making as well as identify inconsistencies when determining the recommendation of approval or denial of a home study. Additionally, with a carefully designed home study system inclusive of predictive analytics, it is possible to reduce the amount of time an assessor uses to approve or deny a home study, saving agency time and resources. Finally, by using focused technical assistance with those applicants who need more or specific support, the use of predictive indicators may increase the success of timely placement and permanency goals. This mixed method study included a case review of 207 home studies where 19 primary and secondary themes emerged as significant. It lays the ground work for methods used to identify predictive elements within the assessment process. Preliminary results are provided along with further recommendations.
The voice inside the wall: A muyto devota oração da empardeada as a confession of enclosure.

In 1992, a secret library of eleven books was discovered in the wall of an old house in the small town of Barcarrota, near the border between the Spanish province of Badajoz and Portugal. Of all the books, I will focus on a small Portuguese prayer printed in the first half of the sixteenth century titled A muyto devota oracao da empardeada. Em lingoagem portugues [The very devoted prayer of the walled-in woman. In Portuguese language]. The emparedada of the title is a devoted woman who lives inside a wall. In the Iberian middle ages and early modern period, the emparedadas were women who opted to live enclosed in small chambers inside both city walls and the walls of churches, as a form of penance and reclusion. However, this penance is theorized by the emparedada herself as both a form of self-inflicted isolation – extricating the body from the commodification of sex and caretaking labor – as the embrace of a new kind of social agency. It is a social agency through which women inscribe their own bodies into public monuments while hiding them from plain sight, that is also a spiritual agency insofar as it enables them to beg pardon for their own souls and the souls of others. I argue that this is a confession that can only be articulated from behind walls and requires a certain form of self-enclosure to fulfill its actualizing and redeeming promise.
Contrast Agents for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging relies upon differences in relaxation times for much of its ability to resolve anatomical structures and to detect changes in tissue. The natural differences can be changed by the administration of paramagnetic substances, such as metal complexes and stable organic free radicals, and ferromagnetic materials, such as small particles of magnetite. Detailed studies of the chemistry and biophysics of such substances in the body are required if they are to become safe and effective contrast agents for use in medical NMR imaging.
Intracerebral meningiomas

Meningiomas are extra-axial brain tumors of middle to late adult life, and they have a female predominance. Overall, 90% of meningiomas are benign, 6% are atypical, and 2% are malignant. Most patients diagnosed with a meningioma decide to have it removed surgically and are advised to do so based on their neurologic symptoms. Complete surgical resection is usually curative. For incompletely resected or recurrent tumors not previously irradiated, radiotherapy is administered. Radiotherapy may be administered as conventional external beam irradiation or stereotactically. Stereotactic radiotherapy, as linear accelerator or gamma-knife radiosurgery is increasingly used. Advocates of stereotactic radiotherapy have suggested this therapy in lieu of surgery particularly for poor surgical risk patients, patients with meningiomas in eloquent or surgically inaccessible locations, and patients of advanced age. When the meningioma is unresectable or all other treatments (surgery, radiotherapy) have failed, immunochemotherapy may be considered. Hydroxyurea, interferon-alpha, tamoxifen, and mifepristone have been modestly successful in patients with recurrent meningiomas, whereas cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and vincristine, ifosfamide/mesna, or adriamycin/dacarbazine have been administered to patients with aggressive or malignant meningiomas.
Stroke Incidence and Outcome in a Population With COVID-19

Background and Purpose:COVID-19 is associated with systemic thromboembolism including stroke. The study evaluated the 30-days stroke incidence in SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive patients and described the ...
Analytical case study on the seismic performance of a curved and skewed reinforced concrete bridge under vertical ground motion

Abstract Rational representation of seismic demand based on realistic characterization of earthquake ground motion is essential for seismic bridge design. Realization of the impact of vertical ground motion has led to an initiative to better characterize and simulate the seismic scenario for typical bridges in near-fault regions, such that structural design practices may improve. Current structural design provisions either do not account for effects of vertical ground motion or specify a simplistic equivalent-static-load based methodology. An assessment of the effect of vertical ground motions on a horizontally skewed and curved highway bridge is presented for a moderate-to-high seismic region. A numerical model of a skewed and curved, three-span bridge located in Tacoma, Washington is subjected to a suite of horizontal and vertical ground motions using non-linear time-history analysis. The ground motions selected are composed of a range of near-fault earthquake records with varying component characteristics such as site condition, fault distance, and vertical-to-horizontal acceleration ratios. The scenario represents a bridge with a short vibrational period in a moderate seismic zone where vertical ground motion effects may be applicable, yet are not considered by structural codes. The results of the numerical simulations depict a considerable impact from vertical ground motion to the substructure and superstructure, including behavior typically not documented in existing studies. The numerical simulations show amplification from the vertical component of ground motion in the demand on components of the substructure, particularly for vertical-to-horizontal peak ground accelerations exceeding one. The effects of vertical ground motion on skewed and curved bridges are also evaluated against a straight counterpart with comparable overall configuration. For structural designers, the results of this study indicate that excluding the vertical ground motion component from analyses may impose a larger margin of risk than previously perceived. This is particularly the case for moderate-to-high seismic regions where shorter period bridges may resonate with predominant frequencies of vertical ground motion.
Assessing the Value of Distributed Solar Energy Generation

Solar energy has recently become the subject of heated policy debate across the United States, particularly at the state level. Proponents note that it provides a variety of environmental, public health, and economic development benefits for society and argue that it can help support electric grid operations. Many electric utilities, however, contend that the growth of customer-owned, distributed solar energy systems will create costs that the utilities must pass on to ratepayers. This debate has led to a wide range of technical reports seeking to quantify the costs and benefits of solar energy to electric utilities, ratepayers, and society at large. We review these studies, discuss the different perspectives that they represent, and identify the key variables that have shaped this value-of-solar debate. We conclude by discussing future research opportunities that could help to maximize the benefits of solar energy use while minimizing its potential negative impacts.
Stimulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in sorghum in response to inoculation withBipolaris maydis

Abstract To determine whether the level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in sorghum mesocotyl tissues is elevated in response to inoculation we used sorghum cultivars that differed in their ability to synthesize anthocyanins in response to light. These cultivars provided a means of distinguishing the light induced high background levels of PAL from increases in PAL that occur as a result of attempted infection. The induction of PAL as a response to both light and to attempted fungal infection was further confirmed by a time course study of RNA blot hybridizations with a barley PAL cDNA. Results showed that PAL transcripts in the cultivar that did not synthesize anthocyanins began to accumulate within 3h of exposure of the tissue to light but that the level of the transcript decreased rapidly thereafter. However, when the same cultivar was inoculated with the nonpathogenBipolaris maydisthe intensity of the PAL transcript remained elevated throughout a period of 24h after inoculation. The results demonstrate that in this monocotyledonous host it is necessary to separate the naturally occurring high levels of PAL activity that are induced by light from the induction of PAL enzyme activity which occurs as a response to attempted fungal infection.
The Space Shuttle and GPS: A Safety-Critical Navigation Upgrade

In 1993, the Space Shuttle Program selected an off-the-shelf Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to eventually replace the three Tactical Air Navigation units on each space shuttle orbiter. A proven, large production base GPS receiver was believed to be the key to reducing integration, certification, and maintenance costs. More GPS firmware changes, shuttle flight software changes, and flight and ground testing were required than anticipated. This resulted in a 3-year slip in the shuttle GPS certification date. A close relationship with the GPS vendor, open communication among team members, Independent Verification and Validation of source code, and GPS receiver design insight were keys to successful certification of GPS for operational use by the space shuttle.
Complex acetabular fractures: combined anterior and posterior approaches during same procedure

The operative treatment of complex acetabular fractures is often difficult and technically demanding. To obtain an anatomic reduction with lowest incidence of complications, it is essential to select the appropriate approaches to allow adequate visualisation and palpation of these fractures. Complex acetabular fractures are often treated through extensile approaches and a variety of them have been described. Some of these approaches are often associated with complications like infection, heterotopic ossification and increased blood loss in addition to increased operative time. A review of 12 patients who had open reduction and internal fixation of complex acetabular fractures during the period January 2008 to January 2011 using anterior (modified Ilioinguinal) and posterior (Kocher Langenbeck) approaches for the same procedure is being described in our current study. Anteriorly, the modified ilioinguinal approach was used with lateral and medial window only, without the need for isolating the external iliac vessels or exposing the inguinal canal. Posteriorly, the standard Kocher Langenbeck approach was used. The results clearly showed better anatomical reduction with decreased intra and post operative complications with combined anterior and posterior approaches as compared to the standard extensile approaches. A modified ilioinguinal approach is found to be very effective, easy and a simple procedure with fewer complications as compared to the standard ilioinguinal approach for exposing anterior column fractures.
The role of DNA methylation in expression of the p19/p16 locus in human bladder cancer cell lines

Methylation of CpG sites in the control regions of tumor suppressor genes may be an important mechanism for their heritable, yet reversible, transcriptional inactivation. These changes in methylation may impair the proper expression and/or function of cell cycle regulatory genes and confer a selective growth advantage to affected cells. Detailed methylation analysis using genomic bisulfite sequencing was performed on a series of subclones of a bladder cancer cell line in which a hypermethylated p16 gene had been reactivated by transient treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Methylation of the CpG island in the promoter of the p16 gene in human bladder cancer cells did not stop the formation of a transcript initiated 20 kb upstream by the p19 promoter but did prevent the expression of a p16 transcript. Furthermore, we show that reactivant clones that expressed p16 at varying levels contained heterogeneous methylation patterns, suggesting that p16 expression can occur even in the presence of a relatively heavily methylated coding region. We also present the first functional evidence that methylation of only a small number of CpG sites can significantly down-regulate p16 promoter activity, thus providing support for the model of progressive inactivation of this tumor suppressor gene by DNA methylation.
A parameterized Petri net model for the organization level of intelligent robotic systems

Parameterized Petri nets (PPNs), the fundamentals of which have been defined in Gracanin, Srinivasan, and Valavanis (1994), are utilized to derive the organization level model and algorithm of an intelligent robotic system (IRS). All organizer functions are interpreted via PPNs. Comparison of the PPN based model and algorithm with the ones previously derived Valavanis and Carelo (1990) and Valavanis (1992) demonstrates the PPN power as a modeling tool, as well as the PPN ability to accommodate additional system functions in terms of "parameter" values. >
Computing isomorphism numbers of F-crystals using the level torsions

Abstract Text The isomorphism number of an F-crystal ( M , φ ) over an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic is the smallest non-negative integer n M such that the n M -th level truncation of ( M , φ ) determines the isomorphism class of ( M , φ ) . When ( M , φ ) is isoclinic, namely it has a unique Newton slope λ, we provide an efficiently computable upper bound for n M in terms of λ and the Hodge slopes of ( M , φ ) . This is achieved by providing an upper bound for the level torsion of ( M , φ ) introduced by Vasiu. We also check that this upper bound is optimal for many families of isoclinic F-crystals that are of special interest (such as isoclinic F-crystals of K3 type). Video For a video summary of this paper, please click here or visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVObAZZ1DKE .
The travel times of S and SKS

abstract Observations are reported of the travel times of S and SKS for arc distances of 30° to 126°. It was found that for S the new times do not differ significantly from the Jeffreys-Bullen tables up to 80° and are up to 4 seconds later between 80° and 100°. The apparent velocity found for the diffracted S phase was 1/8.941 degrees per second agreeing well with that reported by Cleary. The S station anomalies found in this study were about four times those for P in agreement with the earlier analysis of Doyle and Hales. As was the case for P the travel times for S can be fitted to within experimental error by a quadratic in Δ. However, in this case, the values of dT/d Δ found from the raw data suggest that there is a discontinuity in dt/d Δ at about 42°.
RaPiD - Reconfigurable Pipelined Datapath

Configurable computing has captured the imagination of many architects who want the performance of application-specific hardware combined with the reprogrammability of general-purpose computers. Unfortunately, onfigurable computing has had rather limited success largely because the FPGAs on which they are built are more suited to implementing »ndom logic than computing tasks. This paper presents RaPiD, a new coarse-grained FPGA architecture that is optimized for highly repetitive, computation-intensive tasks. Very deep application-specific computation pipelines can be configured in RaPiD. These pipelines make much more efficient use of silicon than traditional FPGAs and also yield much higher performance for a wide range of applications.
Biomedical Aspects of Aging Research

Few subjects available to intellectual scrutiny at the present time offer the author of an introductory chapter as much challenge and breadth of scope as does this — THE BIOMEDICAL ASPECTS OF AGING RESEARCH which opens this text of AGING BRAIN AND SENILE DEMENTIA. The array of subject material is vast; the evidence leading to any one set of conclusions is confusing and contradictory; the interest is intense. Theories of aging develop rapidly only to fall into discard within a few short years or even months and lines of investigation that seemed to hold promise a short while ago are found to be “blind alleys”.
Alternative formulations of rolling contact problems

Abstract By converting the variational description of the inertial effects to the weak form, the Galilean version of the rolling contact finite element formulation can be transformed into a more tractable representation. In particular (i) the order of the required shape function can be reduced and (ii) under the appropriate conditions, the tangent stiffness can be symmetrized. This enables a more direct cost-effective solution of the steady rolling contact critical speeds of aircraft, truck and automotive tires.
Properties and Dynamic Behavior of Glass Curtain Walls with Split Screw Spline Mullions

Recent terrorist events have underscored the importance of designing glass curtain walls as engineered systems. For most building owners, however, it is usually an unjustifiable expense to have a curtain wall designed to provide a high level of blast resistance. This paper investigates the serviceability of an economical, nearly conventional, glass curtain wall system that provides a low level of blast resistance in appropriate applications. A conventional, split screw spline mullion system is utilized with laminated glass lites properly attached to the mullions with structural silicone sealant. The response of this system to service load conditions is first explored through static and dynamic experimental testing. A simple finite-element model of the system is then calibrated to low-amplitude static test results. Finally, the calibrated model is used to perform modal and transient analyses that are compared to experimental free vibration responses. The model was found to provide results that agree well with experimental responses, indicating that the primary properties have been adequately defined for reliable serviceability investigations.
ENRICHMENT OF PROTEINS WITH AMINO ACID RESIDUES, EMPLOYING P,P'-DIFLUORO-M, M'-DINITRODIPHENYL SULFONE.

The bifunctional reagent, p,p’-difluoro-m,m’-dinitrodiphenyl sulfone, was employed to conjugate a variety of amino acids to the protein, gelatin. Among the amino acids tried, tyrosine conjugated most readily. The tyrosyl derivative of gelatin was characterized by electrophoretic, ultracentrifugal, and spectral studies. The conjugation of tyrosine to gelatin appeared to take place through the phenolic groups, although it was also shown to occur through the amino groups when the phenolic groups were blocked.
Electron microscopic quantitations of feline primary and permanent incisor innervation.

Abstract Axons from pulps of fully developed primary and permanent teeth were processed for electron microscopy, counted and measured for cross-sectional area and circumference. These measurements were totalled for each specimen and experimental groups were compared statistically. Permanent teeth contained a significantly greater myelinated and unmyelinated innervation. However, primary teeth contained a higher proportion of unmyelinated axons. Considering the tooth weight as an indication of the amount of tissue innervated, no significant differences were found in amount of innervation between primary and permanent teeth. Therefore, innervation density appears the same, while relative proportions of fibre types are not. Fibre-size analyses suggested that myelinated axons in permanent tooth pulps were more irregular in shape. It is concluded that differences exist between the innervation patterns of primary and permanent teeth. These differences may be relevant to tooth sensitivity. A significant positive linear correlation was found between amounts of myelinated and unmyelinated innervation in primary teeth. This suggests predictability of unmyelinated innervation quantities from more easily determined myelinated innervation quantities.
Administering the Overseas Vote

While there is a growing academic literature about mail-in ballots, there has been no serious academic research to date on overseas voters, even though the counting of overseas military ballots figured into the 2000 presidential election controversy. The participation of nearly 4 million overseas voters, both civilian and military, is governed by the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act. The authors examine the reported perceptions of military and nonmilitary voters covered by this legislation using two surveys funded by the U.S. Election Assistance Commission, focusing on their perceptions of electronic means of transmitting voting materials. The authors find that civilian overseas citizens have a harder time registering and voting than military overseas citizens; that the key factor is the timely transmission of voting materials; and that, despite privacy concerns, electronic transmission of voting materials is viewed favorably.
Pineapple (Ananas comosus L., Merr.) leaf proteinase

Abstract Pineapple ( Ananas comosus L., Merr.) leaf proteinases are cysteine type enzymes which are related to the previously reported stem and fruit enzymes by criteria of molecular weight and pH activity. The amount of this activity in leaf tissue is considerable but under our conditions of culture it approaches but does not reach levels obtained from stems and fruit juice reported in the literature. The levels of this activity in these leaves seems dependent on dark CO 2 fixation, although it is not a general characteristic of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants.
Development of Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Processes for Biocatalytic Production of Natural and Nonnatural l-Amino Acids

Two different dynamic kinetic resolution processes for the production of a number of natural and nonnatural l-amino acids at 100% chemical and optical yield have recently been established at Degussa. The first process is based on the dynamic kinetic resolution of 5-monosubstituted hydantoins using tailor-made whole-cell biocatalysts coexpressing a l-carbamoylase, a hydantoin racemase, and a hydantoinase. The hydantoin-converting pathway was optimized by adjusting expression levels of the respective enzymes as well as by inverting the enantioselectivity of the d-selective hydantoinase. This resulted overall in a 50-fold improved productivity and significant reduction of biocatalyst cost. The second process is based on the dynamic kinetic resolution of N-acetyl amino acids using an acylase in combination with a novel racemase from Amycolatopsis orientalis subsp. lurida. This racemase could overcome the problem of substrate inhibition and requirement of high concentrations of divalent metal ions which limits...