cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New, Water Soluble, Phosphor for Oxygen Measurements in Vivo

Oxygen dependent quenching of phosphorescence is an optical method for non-invasive measurements of oxygen in the microvasculature of tissue (see 3-7,10,11). it is unique among the oxygen measuring methods in that it is noninvasive and yet provides quantitative measurements with an excellent temporal resolution (milliseconds). Development of the technology has been rapid, and the phosphors available for oxygen measurements has been rapidly expanding. The phosphor which has been in greatest use is Pd-meso-tetra-(4carboxyphenyl) porphine and this has been thoroughly calibrated2. The solubility of this phosphor in aqueous solutions at physiological pH is, however, low. In order to improve the aqueous solubility and to provide a phosphor environment which optimized for physiological measurements, the phosphor is dissolved in solutions containing high concentrations of serum albumin. Albumin binds the phosphor, providing both the necessary solubility in biological media and restricting the access of oxygen to the excited state phosphor. The latter is useful in that the restricted access to oxygen results in the the phosphorescence lifetime changing from near 650 μisec at zero oxygen to about 16 μsec at air saturation (38 °C). On the other hand, dissolving the phosphor in solutions containing high concentrations of albumin means that if these solutions are then injected into the blood of an animal, the animal is exposed to relatively large amounts of foreign protein as well as any endotoxin and other contaminants in the albumin. The necessity for injecting a foreign protein can be avoided by removing blood from the animal, preparing serum, dissolving the phosphor to the serum, and then reinjecting the serum with phosphor. Using a water soluble phosphor would allow this rather complicated procedure to be avoided, since the phosphor could be dissolved in physiological saline and the resulting solution injected.
How much information is enough

An overview of guidelines physicians may follow if they think a patient is likely to refuse a recommended diagnostic test. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Evaluating the Impact of Network Partitions on Replicated Data Availability

Many distributed systems maintain multiple replicas of their critical data to protect these data against equipment failures. When this is the case, a replication control protocol must be chosen to insure that a consistent view of the data is always presented.
Introduction to Rotor Dynamics

Rotor-dynamics studies the lateral and torsional vibrations of rotating shafts, with the objectives of predicting the rotor vibrations and constraining the vibration level under an acceptable limit. In this chapter we present a short introduction to rotor dynamics to familiarize the reader with the basic concepts and terminologies commonly used in describing rotor/AMB systems. First, the mathematics behind the basic rotor-dynamic principles are derived by introducing a simple rotor/bearing system known as the Foppl/Jeffcott rotor. The primary concerns in rotor-dynamic systems, including the critical speed, unbalance response, gyroscopic effects and instability excitation, are discussed in this chapter. Finally, the American Petroleum Institute (API) standards for auditing the rotor response in compressors are presented. Most of these standards are directly applicable to compressors with AMBs, and they play an important role in the design of the AMB levitation controllers.
Transductional mechanisms of chemoattractant receptors on leukocytes.

The ability of phagocytic cells to migrate to chemical signals emanating from sites of intrusion of foreign substances was recognized more than a century ago and formed the basis of Metchnikoff’s phagocytic theory of host defense (Metchnikoff, 1968). While the chemotactic migration of leukocytes was noted during the nineteenth century, it was not until 1962 that quantification of leukocyte Chemotaxis in vitro became possible. The modern era of Chemotaxis was spurred by the development of a method (Boyden, 1962) to quantify the migration of leukocytes across microporous filters. In his initial studies, Boyden demonstrated that the incubation of serum with immune complexes led to the formation of chemotactic activity. The production of this activity was blocked by preheating the serum at 56°C for 30 minutes before the addition of the immune complexes. These observations not only provided the groundwork for future quantitative studies of humoral and cellular mechanisms of leukocyte Chemotaxis, but also suggested that serum complement might be a source of chemoattractants after activation by immune complexes.
Central neuroimmune activity and depressive-like behavior in response to repeated maternal separation and injection of LPS.

Disruption of attachment relations in early life is linked to greater vulnerability to depressive illness at later ages. Evidence suggests this process involves stress-induced activation of central inflammatory factors, though the specific mediators and processes involved are not known. We used a guinea pig model in which effects of maternal separation appear more clearly due to absence of the attachment figure than is the case for other laboratory rodents. Separation in a novel environment on two consecutive days evoked a depressive-like behavioral response that sensitized during a final test 9 days later. At this time, prior separation blunted the response of prostaglandin synthesizing enzymes (COX-2 and mPGES) and chemokines (CXCL-1 and MCP-1) 120 min following injection with lipopolysaccharide and isolation in a novel cage. The blunted response was not associated with a greater plasma cortisol elevation. In addition, injection of saline just prior to isolation at the oldest age elicited small, but significant, elevations in several signaling molecules, particularly at 30 min. These results demonstrate lasting central inflammatory consequences of our separation procedure. However, contrary to expectations, sensitization of depressive-like behavior was not associated with an increase in expression of neuroimmune mediators to inflammatory challenge. Together with earlier findings, the results suggest a multi-step process in which inflammatory response to an initial separation affects downstream mediators to sensitize depressive-like behavior.
Transcytosis to Cross the Blood Brain Barrier, New Advancements and Challenges

The blood brain barrier (BBB) presents a formidable challenge to the delivery of drugs into the brain. Several strategies aim to overcome this obstacle and promote efficient and specific crossing through BBB of therapeutically relevant agents. One of those strategies uses the physiological process of receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) to transport cargo through the brain endothelial cells toward brain parenchyma. Recent developments in our understanding of intracellular trafficking and receptor binding as well as in protein engineering and nanotechnology have potentiated the opportunities for treatment of CNS diseases using RMT. In this mini-review, the current understanding of BBB structure is discussed, and recent findings exemplifying critical advances in RMT-mediated brain drug delivery are briefly presented.
Exploring and Quantifying How Communication Behaviors in Proxies Relate to Real Applications

Proxy applications, or proxies, are simple applications meant to exercise systems in a way that mimics real applications (their parents). However, characterizing the relationship between the behavior of parent and proxy applications is not an easy task. In prior work [1], we presented a data-driven methodology to characterize the relationship between parent and proxy applications based on collecting runtime data from both and then using data analytics to find their correspondence or divergence. We showed that it worked well for hardware counter data, but our initial attempt using MPI function data was less satisfactory. In this paper, we present an exploratory effort at making an improved quantification of the correspondence of communication behavior for proxies and their respective parent applications. We present experimental evidence of positive results using four proxy applications from the current ECP Proxy Application Suite and their corresponding parent applications (in the ECP application portfolio). Results show that each proxy analyzed is representative of its parent with respect to communication data. In conjunction with our method presented in [1] (correspondence between computation and memory behavior), we get a strong understanding of how well a proxy predicts the comprehensive performance of its parent.
Upzoning Chicago: Impacts of a Zoning Reform on Property Values and Housing Construction:

What are the local-level impacts of zoning change? I study recent Chicago upzonings that increased allowed densities and reduced parking requirements in a manner exogenous of development plans and ...
Sequential Support: 3D Printing Dissolvable Support Material for Time-Dependent Mechanisms

In this paper, we propose a different perspective on the use of support material: rather than printing support structures for overhangs, our idea is to make use of its transient nature, i.e. the fact that it can be dissolved when placed in a solvent, such as water. This enables a range of new use cases, such as quickly dissolving and replacing parts of a prototype during design iteration, printing temporary assembly labels directly on the object that leave no marks when dissolved, and creating time-dependent mechanisms, such as fading in parts of an image in a shadow art piece or releasing relaxing scents from a 3D printed structure sequentially overnight. Since we use regular support material (PVA), our approach works on consumer 3D printers without any modifications. To facilitate the design of objects that leverage dissolvable support, we built a custom 3D editor plugin that includes a simulation showing how support material dissolves over time. In our evaluation, our simulation predicted geometries that are statistically similar to the example shapes within 10% error across all samples.
Chemo-mechanical degradation in V2O5 thin film cathodes of Li-ion batteries during electrochemical cycling

We have devised an approach to fabricate dense textured V2O5 thin films, which allows us to scrutinize the root cause of capacity fade in V2O5 cathodes of Li-ion batteries. Specifically, we performed in situ measurements of stress of V2O5 thin films during 50 electrochemical cycles. Surprisingly, electrochemical cycling appears to induce elastic and rate-independent deformation over a voltage range relevant to battery operation (4–2.8 V). However, the compressive stresses gradually increase with cycle number during the first few cycles, likely due to side reactions and/or residual Li left in the V2O5, even after delithiation (to 4 V). Further cycling leads to accumulated mechanical damage (e.g., fracture, delamination) and structural damage (e.g., amorphization), which ultimately result in severe capacity fade.
On confidence intervals for failure probability estimates in Kriging-based reliability analysis

Abstract Despite recent advancements in adaptive Kriging-based reliability analysis for complex limit states, estimation of the accuracy of extant techniques when the true failure probability is unknown remains an important challenge. The present study addresses this gap by developing analytical confidence intervals (CIs) for failure probability estimates. This is facilitated here by leveraging statistical properties of Poisson Binomial distribution for the expected number of failure points in the set of candidate design samples in adaptive Kriging as well as Lindeberg's condition for central limit theorem. Concerning computational demands involved in the computation of CIs, a simpler case where Kriging correlations are neglected is also derived. The performance of the proposed CIs is subsequently analyzed for five examples with different and varying complexities. Results indicate that the proposed CI with correlations considered offers the most accurate intervals. Additionally, whereas the CI estimated without Kriging correlation is not entirely satisfactory at early-stages of adaptive reliability analysis, it converges to accurate bounds at later stages.
Globicephala macrorhyncha (Short-finned pilot whale)

The karyotypes were donated by Dr. D.A. Duffield, Riverside, California, and were prepared from lymphocyte cultures. The karyotype of the male was prepared with the ASG technique. As in many other whales, the arm length of homologous chromosomes differs occasionally. The last pair of autosomes has distinct satellites. X has been identified with autoradiography by Arnason. C-bands and their heteromorphism has been described by Arnason.
Longitudinal impact of gender-affirming endocrine intervention on the mental health and well-being of transgender youths: preliminary results

Transgender youths experience high rates of depression and suicidal ideation compared to cisgender peers. Previous studies indicate that endocrine and/or surgical interventions are associated with improvements to mental health in adult transgender individuals. We examined the associations of endocrine intervention (puberty suppression and/or cross sex hormone therapy) with depression and quality of life scores over time in transgender youths. At approximately 6-month intervals, participants completed depression and quality of life questionnaires while participating in endocrine intervention. Multiple linear regression and residualized change scores were used to compare outcomes. Between 2013 and 2018, 50 participants (mean age 16.2 + 2.2 yr) who were naive to endocrine intervention completed 3 waves of questionnaires. Mean depression scores and suicidal ideation decreased over time while mean quality of life scores improved over time. When controlling for psychiatric medications and engagement in counseling, regression analysis suggested improvement with endocrine intervention. This reached significance in male-to-female participants. Endocrine intervention may improve mental health in transgender youths in the US. This effect was observed in both male-to-female and female-to-male youths, but appears stronger in the former.
New measures for access to emergency food

Food banks, food pantries and other emergency food operations are often overlooked in studies of food access. Their availability for patrons should not be expressed in terms of geographic coverage, but rather their capacity and hours of operation.
Design and simulation of 3C-SiC vertical power MOSFETs

This paper reports on the design and simulation of 3C-SiC low-doped drain power MOSFETs, including key parameters such as the avalanche impact ionisation model and its relation to the breakdown vol...
Arizona U.S. Senate Race: McSally vs. Kelly—Veteran vs. Veteran, A Fight to the End

The 2020 Arizona Senate race began uniquely and ended in a historical victory. Senator Martha McSally, appointed by the Governor, competed against former Congresswoman Gabby Giffords’ husband, Mark Kelly, to fulfill the remaining two years of Senator John McCain’s seat. The race was remarkable for the historic amount of money raised, the gendered themes in the race, highlighted by both candidates, and the ultimate winner, a Democrat, in a historically conservative state. This race was also remarkable as it highlighted the changing electorate of Arizona, with the majority of Latinos, women, and moderates voting for Mark Kelly. This election ultimately proved to be one significant data point in the larger history-making Senate election of 2020.
The Cambridge history of the American novel

This ambitious literary history traces the American novel from its emergence in the late eighteenth century to its diverse incarnations in the multi-ethnic, multi-media culture of the present day. In a set of original essays by renowned scholars from all over the world, the volume extends important critical debates and frames new ones. Offering new views of American classics, it also breaks new ground to show the role of popular genres - such as science fiction and mystery novels - in the creation of the literary tradition. One of the original features of this book is the dialogue between the essays, highlighting cross-currents between authors and their works as well as across historical periods. While offering a narrative of the development of the genre, the History reflects the multiple methodologies that have informed readings of the American novel and will change the way scholars and readers think about American literary history.
The Origin of Self-Replicating Molecules

How could self-replicating molecules have come into being—with sufficient length and concentration to get life started—without the interference of an organic chemist? Formation of the pieces—bases, sugars, and thence nucleotides—is fairly well understood. Hooking them together in strings of eight or ten nucleotides seems not too hard to imagine. The next steps require an understanding of the origins of a self-replicating molecule, and of the genetic code. Only the former is discussed in this chapter.
Leucine aminotransferase. II. Purification and characterization.

Abstract Leucine transaminase was purified extensively from pig heart muscle. It appeared to be nearly homogeneous by the criteria of both starch gel and free boundary electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The molecular weight was found to be 75,000. Purified leucine transaminase is yellow, and our best preparations contained 1 mole of bound pyridoxal phosphate per 75,000 g of protein. The spectrum of the enzyme has absorption maxima at 414 mµ and 326 mµ in addition to the characteristic 280-mµ peak. Addition of an amino acid substrate shifted the 414-mµ peak to 326 mµ, whereupon addition of the corresponding α-keto acid partially reversed this shift. Incubation of the enzyme with an amino acid substrate plus a high concentration of phosphate yielded an inactive apoenzyme which could be reconstituted with pyridoxal phosphate. Loss of activity was correlated with a loss of absorption in the visible region. The enzyme activity was inhibited by carbonyl reagents. Reduction with sodium borohydride completely shifted the 414-mµ peak to 320 mµ and destroyed the transaminase activity. Acid hydrolysis of the reduced enzyme yielded a fluorescent compound which was tentatively identified as e-pyridoxal lysine. Leucine transaminase displayed a bell-shaped pH-activity curve with an apparent optimum at pH 8.3 to 8.5; however, it was most stable at pH 6 to 7. At pH 8.5 and in the presence of 0.1 m β-mercaptoethanol, this single enzyme catalyzed transamination between l-glutamate, l-leucine, l-valine, or l-isoleucine and their α-keto forms. Under arbitrary conditions, the relative rates of transamination were of the same order of magnitude with a maximum difference of 5-fold.
Virus Aggregation as the Cause of the Non-neutralizable Persistent Fraction

The non-neutralizable or persistent fraction of virus populations has been found to be caused by aggregated virus. Detailed investigation was performed with the prototype strain of echovirus type 4 (Pesascek), as this virus is notorious for its large non-neutralizable fraction. When Pesascek virus was clarified by low-speed centrifugation, homologous antiserum hardly neutralized the virus. However, when the virus was filtered through membranes having a porosity only twice the diameter of the virus, monodispersed virus was obtained which was efficiently neutralized. Serum titers were up to 1,000 times higher if the neutralization test was carried out with monodispersed virus. Virus in non-neutralizable aggregates was found to constitute 30% of the infective units of unfiltered Pesascek virus but only 0.1% of the antigenically related DuToit strain. This explains why DuToit strain has been a more satisfactory indicator strain for detecting type 4 antibodies, regardless of the echo 4 strain used for inducing the antibodies. Clarified suspensions and ultrafiltrates of viruses belonging to the picorna-, reo-, myxo-, adeno-, herpes-, and poxvirus groups were studied. Clarified suspensions yielded persistent fractions of 0.005% for poliovirus, of 0.1% for reovirus, of 0.6% for influenza virus, of <0.001% for adenovirus, of 0.06% for herpesvirus, and of 10 to 30% for vaccinia virus. In all cases the persistent fractions were removed by membrane filters which had a pore diameter no larger than twice that of the virus under test, and the high concentration of virus in each ultrafiltrate was completely neutralized by antiserum.
The Handheld Library: Mobile Technology and the Librarian.

The Handheld Library is a useful exploration of the continually evolving role of public and academic libraries and librarians in delivering mobile services to their users. With the myriad of device...
MBARI's SSDS: operational, extensible data management for ocean observatories

The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) has collected science data for 15 years from many oceanographic instruments and systems. The Monterey ocean observing system, or MOOS, presents new oceanographic data management challenges. To meet the data management requirements, MBARI is developing a flexible, extensible data management solution, the shore side data system (SSDS). This data management solution addresses the complete data life cycle, including instrument (and metadata) development, data ingest, archival, search and access, and visualization and analysis. Working with MOOS infrastructure software, the SSDS can easily support new instruments, data streams, and data sets, from all types of instruments and platforms (for example, moorings, AUVs, and ships). The current status of SSDS development will be presented, including lessons learned from work to date, and the standard tools and protocols, which have been adopted.
3D VIRTUAL WORLD CREATES NEW GENRE OF CYBER SEX

Sex is one of the biggest industries in the virtual world of Second Life—ranging from shops selling beds embedded with animation scripts to professional escort services. While virtual sex is not a new concept, the usage of avatars in a 3D immersive environment creates a level of interactivity unprecedented in former forms of cyber sex. In these virtual worlds, cyber sex includes dialogue as well as visual stimulation, and is unique in that the user is able to actively participate in the content development of both visual and textual elements of role-playing.
Why so few of us? the mystery of the lack of women in computing

Did you ever wonder why there are only 18% women studying computing in the US? Where else are there women in the classroom and do they continue equal representation in the workforce? From the work in the United States; the current studies begun in Brazil; and brief overview of other countries, why are certain places successful in certain levels but not at others? What are the lessons we can learn from our neighbors? This interactive session will provide a brief overview of the gender diversity situation including directions and potential best practices. It is hoped that the audience will provide information about their particular communities and ask provocative questions to the audience at large.
Cable Equilibrium and Stability in a Steady Wind

A finite element representation for a cable subject to steady airflow is developed. Quasi-steady aerodynamics consisting of normal and tangential components is used. The model results in nonsymmetric stiffness matrices and thus admits the possibility of both static and dynamic instabilities. A demonstration problem is worked in terms of certain nondimensional parameters. This problem exhibits good stability behavior.
Police drowsy driving: predicting fatigue-related performance decay

Purpose – Fatigue associated with shift work is a well-established and pervasive problem in policing that affects officer performance, safety, and health. It is critical to understand the extent to which fatigue degrades officer driving performance. Drowsy driving among post-shift workers is a well-established risk factor yet no data are available about officer injuries and deaths due to drowsy driving. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of fatigue associated with work shift and prior sleep on officers’ non-operational driving using laboratory experiments to assess post-shift drowsy driving risks and the ability of a well-validated vigilance and reaction-time task to assess these risks. Design/methodology/approach – Experienced police patrol officer volunteers (n=78) from all four shifts of a medium-sized city’s police department were tested using a within- and between-subjects design to assess the impact of fatigue on individual officers, as well as the impact of different work shifts, on post-shift driving performance. Controlled laboratory experiments were conducted during which participants drove high-fidelity driving training simulators on two occasions: immediately following five consecutive 10:40-hour patrol shifts (fatigued condition) and again 72 hours after completing the last shift in a work cycle (rested condition). Findings – Generalized linear mixed-model analyses of driving performance showed that officers working night shifts had significantly greater lane deviation during post-shift, non-operational driving than those working day shifts (F=4.40, df=1, 150, p=0.038). The same method also showed that easy to measure psychomotor vigilance test scores for reaction time predicted both lane deviation (F=31.48, df=1, 151, p < 0.001) and collisions (F=14.10, df=1, 151, p < 0.001) during the simulated drives. Research limitations/implications – Simulated driving tasks done by participants were generally less challenging than patrol or off-duty driving and likely underestimate the impact of fatigue on police driving post-shift or during extended shifts. Originality/value – This is the first experimental research to assess the impact of shiftwork, fatigue, and extended shifts on police post-shift drowsy driving, a known risk factor for shift workers in general.
The Hypothalamic Median Eminence and its Role in Reproductive Aging

The median eminence at the base of the hypothalamus serves as an interface between the neural and peripheral endocrine systems. It releases hypothalamic-releasing hormones into the portal capillary bed for transport to the anterior pituitary, which provides further signals to target endocrine systems. Of specific relevance to reproduction, a group of about 1000 neurons in mammals release the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) peptide from neuroterminals in the median eminence. During the life cycle, there are dramatic changes in reproductive demands, and we focus this review on how GnRH terminals in the median eminence change during reproductive senescence. We discuss morphological and functional properties of the median eminence, and how relationships among GnRH terminals and their microenvironment of nerve terminals, glial cells, and the portal capillary vasculature determine the ability of GnRH peptide to be secreted and to reach its target in the anterior pituitary gland.
The Distinction Between State and Government

The terms “state” and “government” are often used interchangeably in political discourse, but they can also refer to very different entities. In political geography, a distinction between the two is often not made, or made weakly. Thus, this article reviews how these terms have been used in political geography and across allied disciplines, especially in international law. Political geographers commonly seem to draw from the anthropological and sociological uses of the terms, but the distinction between state and government is arguably most developed in international legal scholarship. This article argues that political geography would gain by adopting a distinction between state and government as it is articulated in international legal scholarship. Drawing from that literature, this article recommends that states be contrasted with governments in the following way: states are juridical entities of the international legal system; governments are the exclusive legally coercive organizations for making and enforcing certain group decisions. Arguably, ambiguity regarding the referents of these terms has hindered the development of state theory and even made it unclear what the “theory of the state” is supposed to explain. Therefore, this article concludes with a call for geographers to be just as cognizant of the distinction between state and government as they traditionally have been of the distinction between state and nation.
Anisotropic conductivity in plastically deformed ZnS

Abstract Plastic deformation of ZnS single crystals was found to induce large anisotropies in the d.c. electrical conductivity, as well as changes in the optical properties. The results are consistent with a dislocation band model proposed earlier [3].
Expressions of the genes for cysteine proteinase inhibitors cystatin C and cystatin S in rat submandibular salivary gland

Rat cystatin S and rat cystatin C are members of family 2 (cystatin) of the cystatin superfamily. All members of the cystatin family inhibit cysteine proteinases to varying degree. The expression of these two inhibitors, which have a 48% similarity at the nucleotide level, was studied in the submandibular gland using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Northern blot hybridization and in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled DNA probes. Both inhibitors were expressed in the serous acinar cells of the submandibular gland. In accord with previous findings, cystatin S mRNA was induced by the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. The level of cystatin S mRNA, which was very low in the glands of untreated rats and was demonstrable by RT-PCR but not by Northern blot hybridization, was not altered by acute inflammation produced by turpentine. Neither the administration of isoproterenol nor acute inflammation had any effect on the level of cystatin C mRNA, indicating beta-adrenoreceptors are not involved in the regulation of the cystatin C gene(s) in the submandibular gland. The data indicate that these two closely related genes, expressed in the same cells, are differently regulated. The consequence of this difference in gene regulation on the physiological and pathological roles of these inhibitors remains to be established.
Signal decoding and receiver evolution. An analysis using an artificial neural network.

We use a connectionist model, a recurrent artificial neural network, to investigate the evolution of species recognition in sympatric taxa. We addressed three questions: (1) Does the accuracy of artificial neural networks in discriminating between conspecifics and other sympatric heterospecifics depend on whether the networks were trained only to recognize conspecifics, as opposed to being trained to discriminate between conspecifics and sympatric heterospecifics? (2) Do artificial neural networks weight most heavily those signal features that differ most between conspecifics and sympatric heterospecifics, or those features that vary less within conspecifics? (3) Does selection for species recognition generate sexual selection? We find that: (1) Neural networks trained only on self recognition do not classify species as accurately as networks trained to discriminate between conspecifics and heterospecifics. (2) Neural networks weight signal features in a manner suggesting that the total sound environment as opposed to the relative variation of signals within the species is more important in the evolution of recognition mechanisms. (3) Selection for species recognition generates substantial variation in the relative attractiveness of signals within the species and thus can result in sexual selection.
On the relations among regular, equal unique variances, and image factor analysis models

We investigate under what conditions the matrix of factor loadings from the factor analysis model with equal unique variances will give a good approximation to the matrix of factor loadings from the regular factor analysis model. We show that the two models will give similar matrices of factor loadings if Schneeweiss' condition, that the difference between the largest and the smallest value of unique variances is small relative to the sizes of the column sums of squared factor loadings, holds. Furthermore, we generalize our results and discus the conditions under which the matrix of factor loadings from the regular factor analysis model will be well approximated by the matrix of factor loadings from Joreskog's image factor analysis model. Especially, we discuss Guttman's condition (i.e., the number of variables increases without limit) for the two models to agree, in relation with the condition we have shown, and conclude that Schneeweiss' condition is a generalization of Guttman's condition. Some implications for practice are discussed.
Racial Categorization and Stereotype‐Based Judgments About Homeless People1

The present study uses a social-cognitive paradigm to examine the association between racial categorization and stereotype-based judgments about homeless people. The study uses data from a national White subsample (N= 1,221) surveyed about attitudes toward homeless/homeless mentally ill people. It was hypothesized that individual differences in perceptions of the representativeness of Blacks in the homeless population, as measured by subjective estimates of the percentage of Blacks, would be associated with the enhancement of racially relevant negative stereotypes about homeless people. A secondary hypothesis was that perceptions of the representativeness of Blacks would be more strongly associated with the stereotype of homeless people as dangerous than with the view of them as lazy. The results support these hypotheses.
Prognosis of kidneys prenatally affected by urinomas

Purpose To evaluate the postnatal functional prognosis of kidneys affected prenatally by urinomas, which seem to differ from the course of postnatal urinomas. Material and methods Urinoma is defined as a localized perirenal collection, mainly posterior. We performed a retrospective review of fetal urinomas reported in the literature, associated with three recent personal cases. Cases with isolated or associated ascitis were not considered. Follow-up data were available for all cases, either postnatally (ultrasound and/or voiding urethrocystogram and/or scintigraphy) or after termination of pregnancy (autopsy). Results Twenty-seven patients with a prenatal diagnosis of urinoma (five bilateral) were eventually included in the analysis, representing 32 urinomas and thus 32 associated kidneys. Postnatal ipsilateral renal function was observed in only six of the 32 renal units (i.e. around 20%). Of note is that four among the six functioning kidneys were part of posterior urethral valves syndromes. In utero puncture (6 cases) or spontaneous regression (9 cases) of the urinoma did not seem to improve the prognosis. Conclusions In the event of a fetal urinoma, the probability of a non-functional dysplastic ipsilateral kidney is around 80%. In-utero puncture only appears to be justified in cases where fluid accumulation has mass effects on adjacent major structures.
658 VITAMIN LEVELS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN RECEIVING PARENTERAL NUTRITION

No studies have been done to evaluate AMA guidelines for Pediatric intravenous vitamins. Two age groups received the AMA suggested dosages as MVI Pediatric: 1) Infants less than 1500 gm (N=21) for 3 wks (65% of Pediatric dose) and 2) Term newborns up to age 10 yrs (N=24) for 0.01). Tests of Vitamin A demonstrated = 80% loss in TPN solutions exposed to light and intravenous tubing. This effect was reversed by infusing MVI in Intralipid. Conclusion. With the exception of Vitamin A, AMA guidelines appear appropriate for infants and children receiving TPN. The low Vitamin A blood levels can be explained from losses from light exposure and adherence to plastic I.V. tubing, a phenomenon obviated by the addition of the vitamins to Intralipid. No oral Vitamin E should be given with MVI Pediatric in TPN.
Financial crisis and African stock market integration

This article examines long-run relationships and short-run dynamic causal linkages among the five largest emerging African stock markets and the US market, with particular attention to the 1997–1998 global emerging market crisis. In general, interdependence between the African markets and the influence of the US on these markets was limited during 1996–2002. There is evidence that both long-run relationships and short-run causal linkages between these markets were substantially weakened after the crisis.
Capacity to remember prescription drug changes: deficits associated with diabetes

This study compared the capacity of 44 diabetes patients and 131 non-diabetic patients to remember prescription medication recommendations made during return visits to primary care clinics. Diabetes patients were 1.6-times less likely to remember all medication recommendations immediately after the visit than non-diabetic patients, a discrepancy which remained significant after controlling for sociodemographic, health status and treatment differences between the two groups. The results suggest that the cognitive deficits that diabetes patients demonstrate in laboratory testing may be severe enough to diminish their ability to learn treatment recommendations made in primary care settings. Further research is needed to determine whether recall is problematic for diabetes patients in general, or primarily for those in poor metabolic control. Clinicians who treat diabetes patients need to incorporate readily implemented strategies to promote patient recall for substantial numbers of diabetes patients to benefit from pharmacological treatment.
The ring cycle: an iterative lens reconstruction technique applied to MG1131 + 0456

Une nouvelle technique est decrite pour l'analyse des images de lentilles gravitationnelles resolues. La methode permet de resoudre la distribution de brillance de la source ainsi qu'un modele parametre de la lentille. La methode est appliquee aux cartes VLA de la radiosource MG1131+0456
The Development of Immunopathologic Investigation of Kidney Disease

HE IMMUNOPATHOLOGIC study of kid­ ney disease, glomerulonephritis, and more recently expanded to tubulointerstitial nephritis, has closely followed the technological advances in biomedicine and been periodically punctuated by perceptive observations and amazingly accurate interpretation and postulation. The role of immu­ nologic events in the pathogenesis of glomeru­ lonephritis was recognized both in the experimen­ tal laboratory and in the clinic in the first few years of this century. In 1900, Lindemann induced al­ buminuria and uremia in rabbits by injection of guinea pig anti-rabbit nephrotoxic serum. 1 A num­ ber of immunologic studies in the next two dec­ ades indicated first that the responsible nephro­ toxic antigen was in the renal cortex and later more specifically in the glomeruli. 2 In the follow­ ing two decades, a number of the most eminent immunologists such as Masugi, Smadel, and Kay analyzed the pathologic and immunologic aspects of this disease, concluding that morphologically the renal changes were quite similar to some cases of human glomerulonephritis, that the disease oc­ curred in distinct acute and chronic stages, and finally that the host's immune response to the het­ erologous nephrotoxic serum was the crucial ele­ ment in the autologous chronic progressive phase of the disease. 3-5 These findings afforded us as complete an immunopathologic picture of this dis­ ease model as pre-World War II technology would permit. During this same 40-year period, a very dif­ ferent trail of immunopathologic investigation de­ veloped that also implicated immunologic events in glomerulonephritis. This line of study began not in the experimental laboratory, but in the clinic where von Pirquet made some unbelievably astute
Aspects of a cognitive neuroscience of mental imagery

Although objects in visual mental images may seem to appear all of a piece, when the time to form images is measured this introspection is revealed to be incorrect; objects in images are constructed a part at a time. Studies with split-brain patients and normal subjects reveal that two classes of processes are used to form images--ones that activate stored memories of the appearances of parts and ones that arrange parts into the proper configuration. Some of the processes used to arrange parts are more effective in the left cerebral hemisphere and some are more effective in the right cerebral hemisphere; the notion that mental images are the product of right hemisphere activity is an oversimplification.
Idiopathic effusive pericarditis with tamponade in the horse

Pericarditis and pericardial effusion are considered to occur rarely in the horse. The clinical and laboratory features of idiopathic pericarditis with effusion diagnosed in 10 horses over a seven-year period were reviewed. Consistent physical findings included tachycardia, ventral oedema, jugular venous distention and diminished heart sounds. Electrocardiographic features included diminished voltages and electrical alternans, and the effusion was identified by echocardiography in the six horses in which it was performed. Pericardiocentesis relieved clinical signs in nine horses. Laboratory analysis of pericardial fluid samples classified six cases as aseptic serofibrinous, three cases as eosinophilic, and one case as histiocytic. One horse died and three were destroyed. The remaining six horses recovered following pericardiocentesis (performed once or twice) with or without corticosteroid treatment, and were alive one month to seven years after diagnosis.
Nucleohistone content during aging in tissue culture.

Nucleohistone was extracted from chick embryo cells at intervals during their in vitro life span. Results showed no significant quantitative change in histone-DNA ratios between old and young cells. Young cells exhibited a cyclic variation in histone-DNA ratio that was not detected in aged cells. Histone-DNA values throught the growth cycle for aged cells were similar to those obtained for young cells in stationary phase. This finding suggests that aged cells resemble young cells in stationary phase with respect to histone-DNA ratio.
Addictions Biology: Haplotype-Based Analysis for 130 Candidate Genes on a Single Array

Aims: To develop a panel of markers able to extract full haplotype information for candidate genes in alcoholism, other addictions and disorders of mood and anxiety. Methods: A total of 130 genes were haplotype tagged and genotyped in 7 case/control populations and 51 reference populations using Illumina GoldenGate SNP genotyping technology, determining haplotype coverage. We also constructed and determined the efficacy of a panel of 186 ancestry informative markers. Results: An average of 1465 loci were genotyped at an average completion rate of 91.3%, with an average call rate of 98.3% and replication rate of 99.7%. Completion and call rates were lowered by the performance of two datasets, highlighting the importance of the DNA quality in high throughput assays. A comparison of haplotypes captured by the Addictions Array tagging SNPs and commercially available whole-genome arrays from Illumina and Affymetrix shows comparable performance of the tag SNPs to the best whole-genome array in all populations for which data are available. Conclusions: Arrays of haplotype-tagged candidate genes, such as this addictions-focused array, represent a cost-effective approach to generate high-quality SNP genotyping data useful for the haplotype-based analysis of panels of genes such as these 130 genes of interest to alcohol and addictions researchers. The inclusion of the 186 ancestry informative markers allows for the detection and correction for admixture and further enhances the utility of the array.
Remote adenoviral gene delivery to the spinal cord: contralateral delivery and reinjection.

OBJECTIVE: This study characterizes the distribution of adenoviral genes in the spinal cord after viral vector injection into the sciatic nerve. It also evaluates the ability of repeated adenoviral sciatic nerve injections to prolong gene expression in the spinal cord. METHODS: Rat sciatic nerves were unilaterally coinjected with the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (Fluorochrome, Inc., Denver, CO) and the adenoviral vector Ad5RSVntLacZ. The distribution of adenoviral gene expression in the spinal cord was compared with that of Fluoro-Gold. Next, levels of gene expression in the sciatic nerve and spinal cord were compared after single and repeated injections of Ad5RSVntLacZ. Finally, remote spinal cord gene expression in naive animals was compared with expression in animals that had been pretreated with subcutaneous Ad5RSVntLacZ inoculation. RESULTS: Viral gene expression was detected in all quadrants of the spinal cord gray matter, whereas Fluoro-Gold was detected only in the ipsilateral ventral horn (n = 5). This remote delivery was blocked by sciatic nerve transection (n = 10). Viral gene expression occurred in the sciatic nerve after both initial and repeated injections, whereas remote gene expression in the spinal cord was observed only after primary sciatic nerve injection (n = 24; P < 0.003). As with repeated sciatic nerve injections, subcutaneous inoculation with Ad5RSVntLacZ blocked subsequent remote spinal cord gene delivery (n = 8; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Remote viral gene delivery occurs in neurons without direct sciatic nerve projections but is dependent on intact peripheral nerves. Repeated injections fail to boost spinal cord gene expression, because of immune recognition of reinjected virus.
Soap bubbles and crystals

The Plateau problem is a famous problem in the shape of bubbles. The author’s solution to this problem by the introduction of geometric measure theory is described. The context of Cyril Stanley Smith’s work on the shape of grains and crystals is introduced.
Identification of Critical Host Mitochondrion-Associated Genes during Ehrlichia chaffeensis Infections

Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME). To determine what host components are important for bacterial replication, we performed microarray analysis on Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells by comparing host gene transcript levels between permissive and nonpermissive conditions for E. chaffeensis growth. Five-hundred twenty-seven genes had increased transcript levels unique to permissive growth conditions 24 h postinfection. We screened adult flies that were mutants for several of the "permissive" genes for the ability to support Ehrlichia replication. Three additional D. melanogaster fly lines with putative mutations in pyrimidine metabolism were also tested. Ten fly lines carrying mutations in the genes CG6479, separation anxiety, chitinase 11, CG6364 (Uck2), CG6543 (Echs1), withered (whd), CG15881 (Ccdc58), CG14806 (Apop1), CG11875 (Nup37), and dumpy (dp) had increased resistance to infection with Ehrlichia. Analysis of RNA by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed that the bacterial load was decreased in these mutant flies compared to wild-type infected control flies. Seven of these genes (san, Cht11, Uck2, Echs1, whd, Ccdc58, and Apop1) encoded proteins that had mitochondrial functions or could be associated with proteins with mitochondrial functions. Treatment of THP-1 cells with double-stranded RNA to silence the human UCK2 gene indicates that the disruption of the uridine-cytidine kinase affects E. chaffeensis replication in human macrophages. Experiments with cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC), a CTP synthetase inhibitor and cytosine, suggest that the nucleotide salvage pathway is essential for E. chaffeensis replication and that it may be important for the provision of CTP, uridine, and cytidine nucleotides.
Fuzzy CPU Scheduling

In this paper, the methodology of using fuzzy logic techniques to improve the performance of CPU scheduling is concisely proposed. To make CPU work efficiently in the multiple-factor environment, we developed a fuzzy CPU scheduling algorithm to deal with the fuzziness of CPU scheduling. The simulations of different CPU scheduling algorithms have shown that the fuzzy CPU scheduling algorithm is an efficient scheme for compromising multiple factors.