cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Basic Food Groups to Structured Food Teams - Designating Student Managers in All Food Preparation Courses

Abstract People oriented toward individualism do not usually enjoy team encounters. Traditionally, the education and socialization of dietetics have fostered individualism. Dietitians (RD) need to seek out nondietetics professionals who are effective members of interdepartmental and institutional problem-solving groups to act as mentors. (Wolf, K.N., Schiller, M.S., J Am Diet Assoc.1997; 97:997-1102) Hospitality management educators can serve as these mentors. Dietetic education programs incorporate team building. However, student's team skills will improve by changing the approach of the dietitian instructors (RDI) teaching food courses. In the first foods course, students are placed in groups, but students often compete individually. If RDIs can complete team training in anticipation of teaching a food lab, their philosophical approach will shift from assigning students to groups to assigning them to teams. Students can assist each other in learning culinary skills and preparing production schedules. When product preparation begins, the student with the most culinary experience is designated the first student manager (SM). This responsibility rotates. The SM is responsible for reviewing RDI selected recipes and preparing production schedules. The SM determines who prepares each recipe, and how work is organized. Each team member prepares a different recipe using the SM's production schedule; only the SM will have copies of the recipes for reference. The RDI must refer team member's questions to the SM and answer them only if the SM cannot. Teams compare and contract finished products with the RDI leading the discussion insure students learn the course content. The RDI and the SM can complete a critique sheet to evaluate the SM's management skills, but the lab grade should strongly reflect team performance.
New technique for repair of rectal injury

Injury to the rectum is a potentially serious complication of pelvic surgery. The management of rectal injury is controversial. We present a technique of using flaps of endopelvic fascia to reinforce the repair and isolate the injury site. We have utilized this approach in 4 men undergoing retropubic prostatectomy without complications.
Quality of life and chronic nonmalignant pain

Chronic nonmalignant pain is a prevalent and costly phenomenon. Chronic pain induces stressors that affect personal and work lives of sufferers. Because of this interference, quality of life is impacted. The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the impact of stressors on the quality of life of adult patients with chronic pain. The framework guiding this study was Neuman's Systems Model based on the concepts of stress and reaction to stress. A descriptive correlational research design was used to compare participants' quality of life according to their health and function; family, psychological, spiritual, and socioeconomic status; and the stressors of age, gender, income, marital and work status, occupation, monthly treatment costs, and type of insurance. Each participant was administered the Ferrans and Powers Quality-of-Life Index and a demographic survey. Results revealed that a higher quality of life was associated with participants who were older, female, and employed, whereas a lower quality of life was associated with participants with a low income, higher treatment costs, and a lack of workmen's compensation insurance. Based on Neuman's model, the implications of chronic pain sufferers' resistance to the negative impact of various stressors are discussed.
Mating flight, metrosis, and semi-claustrality in the seed-harvester ant Pogonomyrmex salinus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Here we examine dispersal, metrosis, and claustrality in the seed-harvester ant Pogonomyrmex salinus at an unusually large mating aggregation. We found that mode of queen dispersal from the mating aggregation is not a function of queen mass and that wing damage among queens was relatively rare. P. salinus is haplometrotic in the field and foundress queens placed together in forced associations eventually fight to the death. While queens of Pogonomyrmex salinus can survive claustrally, producing a single minim from their body reserves in the laboratory, fed queens produce up to four significantly larger minims along with concurrent larvae and pupae during the same period. Since queens forage in the field, we interpret claustrality as a secondary reserve strategy when foraging fails, and suggest that foraging is obligate for P. salinus queens in an overdispersed and temperate environment. Thus, nest founding strategies employed by P. salinus may be environmentally determined and represent a continuum between fully claustral and obligate foraging. We discuss our results with reference to theories of pleometrosis and claustral colony founding.
Butoxyacetic acid-induced hemolysis of rat red blood cells: effect of external osmolarity and cations.

Abstract Hemolysis is the principal toxicity of acute exposure to ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGBE) in rats. EGBE itself is not an active hemolytic agent, but its metabolite, butoxyacetic acid (BAA) formed as a result of dehydrogenase activity is a potent hemolysin. Here we address the role of osmolarity and cation composition of the suspending buffers in the mechanism of BAA-induced hemolysis of rat red blood cells in vitro. Rat erythrocytes were protected from BAA-induced cell swelling and hemolysis by the addition of sucrose to the suspending media. Hemolysis and cell swelling were also reduced by replacing external sodium with potassium. When calcium was not present in the suspending medium or when chelated by EGTA, hemolysis was increased after 2 h incubation with 1 mM or 2 mM BAA. Addition of as little as 0.05 mM CaCl2 reduced hemolysis significantly while the addition of MgCl2 had no effect. The dose-response relationship between BAA concentration and hemolysis determined in the presence or absence of calcium showed an increased effect of BAA in the absence of calcium. BAA-induced spherocytosis and cell fragmentation were more pronounced in the absence of calcium. The time course of BAA-induced hemolysis in the presence and absence of calcium demonstrated that the effect of calcium is to delay the onset of hemolysis. Increased intracellular calcium as a result of exposure to BAA was verified by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Charybdotoxin, an inhibitor of the calcium activated potassium channel, blocked the protective effect of calcium suggesting that the delay of onset of hemolysis in the presence of calcium is due to potassium loss caused by this channel. We conclude that the mode of action of BAA is to cause a colloid osmotic lysis of the rat red blood cell. Hemolysis requires external sodium and is associated with calcium uptake. Calcium appears to delay the onset of hemolysis. We speculate that: (1) BAA causes sodium and calcium to enter the cell; (2) calcium initially has a protective effect via the calcium activated potassium channel which facilitates the loss of potassium thereby, compensating for the osmotic effect of increased cell sodium; (3) calcium subsequently may have other deleterious effects through activation of proteases and externalization of phosphatidylserine in the exterior leaflet of the membrane.
DKK1 mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling in postnatal mice leads to loss of TEC progenitors and thymic degeneration.

Background Thymic epithelial cell (TEC) microenvironments are essential for the recruitment of T cell precursors from the bone marrow, as well as the subsequent expansion and selection of thymocytes resulting in a mature self-tolerant T cell repertoire. The molecular mechanisms, which control both the initial development and subsequent maintenance of these critical microenvironments, are poorly defined. Wnt signaling has been shown to be important to the development of several epithelial tissues and organs. Regulation of Wnt signaling has also been shown to impact both early thymocyte and thymic epithelial development. However, early blocks in thymic organogenesis or death of the mice have prevented analysis of a role of canonical Wnt signaling in the maintenance of TECs in the postnatal thymus.
How to Enhance the Two-Photon Brightness of Fluorescent Proteins?

Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are widely used in 2-photon absorption (2PA) microscopy as genetically-targeted probes. We provide the guidelines for increasing their peak 2PA cross section by tuning (via mutations) local electric field inside protein.
Untranslatable Pushkin and the infectious stage (Boris Godunov and Eugene Onegin by American undergraduates)

In 2007 and again in 2012, Princeton University undergraduates brought to the stage in English two works by Alexander Pushkin (one play and one adapted novel in verse). Sergei Prokofiev provided incidental music for both in 1936, at two different Moscow theaters (Meyerhold's company and Tairov's Moscow Chamber Theater). Neither production survived the rising tensions of the Terror in the arts and each was abandoned before opening night. This essay describes the recuperation of these Pushkin “Stalinist Jubilee” projects on an American campus by one of their co-managers, with special attention to the type of humanities education available through such performance activities. Eleven images and eight short video-clips are embedded in the discussion.
Study of the racemization of some neutral α-amino acids in acid solution using gas chromatographic techniques

Abstract The racemization of some neutral α-amino acids in 6 N HCl was studied at 105°, 120°, and 130°. Alanine, α-aminobutyric acid, and leucine racemize at nearly the same rate, whereas the β-substituted valine and isoleucine are inverted more slowly. Under the conditions of acid hydrolysis (105°, 24 hours) the percentages of antipodes detected were: alanine, 1.1; valine, 0.3; isoleucine, 0.5; leucine, 1.3; and traces of proline. At 130° the equilibrium constant for the isomerization of isoleucine into allo -isoleucine was found to be K = 1.29.
Visually exploring worldwide incidents tracking system data

This paper presents and explores the application of a visualization and analysis tool - Juxter - as an interface for exploration of incidents described within the Worldwide Incidents Tracking System and describes several refinements that improve user interactions and aid identification of patterns and trends.
Still too hot: examination of water temperature and water heater characteristics 24 years after manufacturers adopt voluntary temperature setting.

Although water heater manufacturers adopted a voluntary standard in the 1980s to preset thermostats on new water heaters to 120°F, tap water scald burns cause an estimated 1500 hospital admissions and 100 deaths per year in the United States. This study reports on water temperatures in 976 urban homes and identifies water heater and household characteristics associated with having safe temperatures. The temperature of the hot water, type and size of water heater, date of manufacture, and the setting of the temperature gauge were recorded. Demographic data, including number of people living in the home and home ownership, were also recorded. Hot water temperature was unsafe in 41% of homes. Homeowners were more likely to have safer hot water temperature ( 130°F, although the gauge was set at less than 75% of its maximum setting. In a multivariate logistic regression, electric water heaters were more likely to have safe hot water temperatures than gas water heaters (odds ratio R=4.99; P < .01). Water heaters with more gallons per person in the household were more likely to be at or below the recommended 120°F. Our results suggest that hot water temperatures remain dangerously high for a substantial proportion of urban homes despite the adoption of voluntary standards to preset temperature settings by manufacturers. This research highlights the need for improved prevention strategies, such as installing thermostatic mixing valves, to ensure a safer temperature.
Thermo-mechanical analysis of frictional heating in ultrasonic spot welding of aluminium plates

The thermo-mechanical analysis of an ultrasonic spot welding process was performed using developed finite element models. Temperature–time histories of aluminium specimens during welding were successfully obtained from the analysis and validated by physical tests. It was shown that the effect of frictional heating on the plastic deformation of aluminium during ultrasonic spot welding was significant and should be included in the analysis of the welding process in order to achieve good correlation with the physical phenomenon.
Logistics Research and Management Science

The complexities of the Air Force pose a very hard challenge for the development and application of management science. At the same time, they provide a wide range of problems to study. RAND has been engaged in logistics research for the Air Force since 1953. This paper discusses the variety of subjects studied: demand prediction, inventory control, procurement and other decision rules, management control systems, etc. These have made use of many traditional tools of analysis and management science. In addition, simulation techniques have been found particularly useful in fitting together pieces of separate research into a systems context for feasibility and consistency tests.
Neurogenic vasoreactive response of human internal thoracic artery smooth muscle

The interaction between primary afferent neurons containing neuropeptides and the vascular smooth muscle is incompletely understood. To explore the function of perivascular afferent neurons and to determine whether they produce local effects on vascular smooth muscle cells, we investigated the effects of acute capsaicin and substance P administration in vitro on human internal thoracic arteries (ITA). Vessels were obtained from patients undergoing coronary bypass or from multiorgan transplant donors. Fourteen ITA segments (5 mm wide) were suspended as rings between two stainless-steel stirrups in water-jacketed (37 degrees C) tissue baths under 2.5 to 3 g of basal tension. The tissue baths contained 10 mL physiological salt solution (PSS) of the following composition (mM): NaCl, 119; KCl, 4.7; NaH2PO4, 1.0; MgCl2, 0.5; CaCl2, 2.5; NaHCO3, 25; and glucose, 11; aerated continuously with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Peptidase inhibitors (phosphoramidon and captopril) were added to PSS to decrease peptide degradation. Mechanical responses were measured isometrically and recorded on a polygraph via isotonic force transducers. Vessels were preconstricted with submaximal concentrations of norepinephrine. After the tension had stabilized, substance P or capsaicin was added cumulatively to the tissue bath. At the end of the experiments, the viability of ITA was verified by its responses to endothelial-dependent (acetylcholine) and endothelial-independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasodilators. In the endothelium-intact ITA segments, substance P produced relaxation of ITA smooth muscle while it induced slight contraction when the ITA was devoid of its endothelium (P = 0.0585). The addition of capsaicin to human ITA primarily produced contractile effects on the developed smooth muscle force. The capsaicin-induced contraction of the ITA smooth muscle was independent of endothelial cell integrity, although contraction was greater in the endothelium-intact ITA segments (P = 0.0165). The acute capsaicin exposure of human ITA revealed that primary afferent neurons containing neuropeptides innervate human ITAs. There is a real potential for perivascular afferent neurons and sensory peptides to influence the ITA smooth muscle function.
Spontaneous compactification and quantized charges

We modify the Weinberg formalism relating gauge coupling constants to averaged circumferences of compact spaces by divorcing it from its original Kaluza-Klein geometrical context. The resulting more versatile formalism is then used to prove a theorem giving a formula for a new kind of quantized charge for the case of spontaneous compactification, defined as the situation where the solutions of the Euler-Lagrange field equations are periodic in one or more of the parameters of the noncompact invariance group of the action. The theorem is applied to the example of periodic waves.
Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Catecholamines Synergistically Up‐Regulate Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity in Developing and Damaged Dopamine Neurons in Culture

Our previous studies indicate that, in certain non-catecholamine (CA) neurons, expression of the gene for the CA biosynthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) can be initiated by the obligatory interaction of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and a CA activator. In this study, we sought to determine whether these same differentiation factors also play a role in regulating existing TH expression in CA neurons. Thus, the effects of exogenous aFGF and CAs on TH were studied in developing or toxin-damaged dopamine (DA) neurons from the embryonic day 15 rat ventral midbrain, where it was likely to be at physiologically low levels. Cultures were incubated with various concentrations of aFGF, DA, or aFGF and DA. Some cultures were first damaged with 2.5 microM 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. In developing DA neurons, an 80% increase in TH activity was found only after co-treatment with aFGF (100 ng/ml) and DA (1 microM) or other monoamines. Likewise, in damaged DA neurons, aFGF and DA reversed the 50% loss in TH activity caused by toxin. This was observed within 4 h of treatment and was not associated with changes in the number or appearance of DA neurons, suggesting a biochemical rather than a trophic effect. Pretreatment with protein or RNA synthesis inhibitors eliminated the increase. In PC12 cells, where TH is highly expressed, activity was unaltered by treatment. We conclude that the aFGF and CAs may be involved in not only the initiation but also the regulation of TH.
New Type of Draft Tube Spout-Fluid Bed. Part 1: Hydraulic Transport of 1.94 mm Glass Particles in Water

A new type of draft tube spout-fluid bed (DTSFB) is described in which the draft tube physically separates the particle feeder section from the particle separator section as seen in Figure 2, creating an extremely versatile fluid/solids processing apparatus. This arrangement, denoted a type 2 DTSFB, allows the fluid mass flow rate in the draft tube and the dynamic pressure drop across it to be independently specified. As a result, the solids mass flow rate in the draft tube can be set and/or varied by changing the solids fraction, the particle velocity, or both. An additional property of this new DTSFB is that the effluents from the draft tube and annulus do not mix. Either stream can be collected or recycled as needed. In addition, the unit is easily controlled and scaled, and fluid—particle processing can be conducted in the draft tube, annulus, fluid—particle separator, or a combination of all of these. Equations are presented and sample calculations made to show how this new DTSFB works and how the solids fraction and particle velocity in the draft tube are set and varied. The data of Grbavcic et al. (Can. J. Chem. Eng. 1992, 71, 895-905) form the basis for the sample design calculations presented for a water-driven type 2 DTSFB. It is also shown that three independent variables capable of specifying the total mass fluid flow rate entering the inlet section, the split in that flow between the draft tube and annulus surrounding the draft tube and the dynamic pressure drop across the draft tube completely specifies the fluid and particle flows. Basic control schemes are outlined. A general equation is derived for calculating the maximum superficial fluid velocity allowable in the annulus (U a.max ). That velocity must be less than (U mF - ∈ a υ a ). Calculations demonstrate the effects of varying the total fluid mass flow rate supplied to the inlet section, the split of that fluid flow rate between the draft tube and the annulus, and the effect of the solids fraction and the dynamic pressure drop across the draft tube. Other calculations showing the effect of feeding all the inlet fluid flow to the draft tube provides a means for calculating the bounding limits that the annulus flow has on the operation of a type 2 DTSFB. Finally, we show the maximum particle circulation rate in the draft tube for a given fluid velocity in the annulus that will result in incipient fluidization of the annulus solids.
The programmable haptic rhythm trainer

Mastering rhythm and hand coordination are big challenges in piano learning. This demonstration presents a novel embedded haptic-audio device, which allows a user to enter the rhythm through the keypad, and feel the different rhythm on left hand and right hand simultaneously. Meanwhile it also produces steady beat with clicking sound and blinking LED. This device has the potential to significantly enhance at-home piano practice or online piano learning.
What is the After-Tax Price of R&D? An Interstate Comparison*

As of 2005, 31 US states offered corporate income tax credits on research and development (R&D) expenses in order to encourage more in-state innovation activities. Empirical questions about the efficacy of such tax breaks at the state level persist, in part because the complexity of the tax laws means that simple credit-rate comparisons across states do not fully capture the differential variation in effective after-tax price incentives firms face in choosing where to locate R&D activities. We are unaware of any research analysing and comparing the effective prices of R&D faced by firms, across all US states and utilising micro-level data. Using data extracted from detailed reading of individual firms' 10-K and S-1 filings and of state-level tax credit rules, we estimate the effective after-tax price of basic and qualified research expenditure each firm would have faced in each of the 50 states had they been located there. Our methodology simulates the effective tax price of each firm's marginal dollar of research expenditure, assuming the firm chose to move all of its R&D operations to each of the 49 other states. Through Monte Carlo techniques, we consider the sensitivity of our interstate comparative results to several modelling assumptions. We find significant variation in after-tax R&D prices across states with quite different R&D tax laws. Prices range from $0.176 to $0.520 on a marginal dollar of R&D in Virginia and Washington State, respectively. We also find that the interstate variability is generally more important – indeed, much wider than we had anticipated before investigating state-by-state regulations – than the inter-firm variability within states.
Wear resistance of metastable Ni-B alloys produced by chemical vapor deposition☆

Abstract A manufacturing application of the chemical vapor deposition of nickel from Ni(CO) 4 is the near-net-shape production of high-quality mold or die forms. In certain high wear applications, e.g. transfer molding of a glass-filled epoxy, erosive wear of the nickel die can compromise dimensional control of the product. We have investigated the atmospheric pressure deposition (at 150–155°C) of Ni-B from Ni ( CO ) 4 + B 2 H 6 gas mixtures in order to develop alloys with improved hardness and wear resistance. The as-deposited alloys are metastable solid solutions of boron in nickel and contain up to 37 at.% B. Evaluations of the alloys in the as-deposited and annealed states have included micro-indentation hardness and 1000-cycle pin- on-disc wear and friction studies using glass-filled epoxy pins. Two high boron alloys are shown to provide excellent resistance to wear when sliding against the glass-filled epoxy.
Unmasking the standing wave of invisibility: an account in terms of object-mediated representational updating.

A central bar presented in counterphase with two flanking bars creates the perception of only two bars, instead of three, flickering (standing wave of invisibility illusion). Current explanations of this illusion highlight the importance of local interactions between the central bar and the flankers as a reason for the invisibility of the central bar. In three experiments, we show that the reduction in visibility of the central bar occurs even when the flankers are spatially separated from the central bar. Thus local mechanisms—low-level lateral inhibition or border-ownership competition—do not suffice to account for the decreased visibility. Furthermore, the reduced visibility of the central bar is accompanied by the perception of the flankers in apparent motion at all separations. We suggest an account of the standing wave phenomenon in terms of object updating: The representation of the central bar is updated with the representation of the flankers leaving the perception of just the flankers moving across space. The stimuli for the key conditions from this study, in QuickTime format, may be down loaded from http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
The Division Inhibitor EzrA Contains a Seven-Residue Patch Required for Maintaining the Dynamic Nature of the Medial FtsZ Ring

The essential cytoskeletal protein FtsZ assembles into a ring-like structure at the nascent division site and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of the prokaryotic division machinery. We previously characterized EzrA as an inhibitor of FtsZ assembly in Bacillus subtilis. EzrA interacts directly with FtsZ to prevent aberrant FtsZ assembly and cytokinesis at cell poles. EzrA also concentrates at the cytokinetic ring in an FtsZ-dependent manner, although its precise role at this position is not known. Here, we identified a conserved patch of amino acids in the EzrA C terminus that is essential for localization to the FtsZ ring. Mutations in this patch (designated the "QNR patch") abolish EzrA localization to midcell but do not significantly affect EzrA's ability to inhibit FtsZ assembly at cell poles. ezrA QNR patch mutant cells exhibit stabilized FtsZ assembly at midcell and are significantly longer than wild-type cells, despite lacking extra FtsZ rings. These results indicate that EzrA has two distinct activities in vivo: (i) preventing aberrant FtsZ ring formation at cell poles through inhibition of de novo FtsZ assembly and (ii) maintaining proper FtsZ assembly dynamics within the medial FtsZ ring, thereby rendering it sensitive to the factors responsible for coordinating cell growth and cell division.
Irinotecan (Campto) in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Irinotecan (Campto®) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor currently approved for the treatment of metastatic colon cancer. Single-agent irinotecan has also demonstrated modest activity in a number of other advanced solid tumors, including lung, gastric and pancreatic cancer. Preclinical data suggest a potentially additive and/or synergistic interaction between irinotecan and gemcitabine (Gemzar®). This combination has demonstrated improved response rates in patients with pancreatic cancer. Unfortunately, a recently reported Phase III trial of gemcitabine with or without irinotecan revealed no survival benefit for the combination. Future combinations of irinotecan continue to be explored in an effort to further improve the treatment of this relatively chemorefractory disease. Thus far, no single agent or combination has been shown to be superior to gemcitabine alone as palliative therapy for advanced/metastatic pancreatic cancer. A promising combination of irinotecan with oxaliplatin (Eloxatin®) and fluorouracil...
A catalytic, Brønsted base strategy for intermolecular allylic C-H amination.

A Bronsted base activation mode for oxidative, Pd(II)/sulfoxide-catalyzed, intermolecular C-H allylic amination is reported. N,N-diisopropylethylamine was found to promote amination of unactivated terminal olefins, forming the corresponding linear allylic amine products with high levels of stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity. The predictable and high selectivity of this C-H oxidation method enables late-stage incorporation of nitrogen into advanced synthetic intermediates and natural products.
Evaluation of the similarities and differences in response patterns to the pediatric quality of life inventory and the child oral health impact scores among youth with cleft

To examine (a) the pattern of responses to a generic health-related quality of life (HRQL) measure (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory—PedsQL) and an oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) measure (Child Oral Health Impact Profile—COHIP), and (b) the associations of these scores with surgical recommendation status among youth with cleft. Cross-sectional data (baseline) regarding clinicians’ surgical recommendations and quality of life (QoL) measures were examined from an ongoing observational study on treatment outcomes. Approximately one-third of the racially and geographically diverse sample (N = 1,200; $$\bar{x}$$ = 11.6 years) received surgical recommendations to correct either visible (aesthetic) or invisible (functional) defects. Effect sizes were used to quantify differences in QoL based on surgical recommendation and to compare the sensitivity of the PedsQL and COHIP subscales. Using Pearson coefficients, the scores of those recommended for surgery were compared with those without a surgical recommendation. A moderate correlation (0.52) was found between the total scores on the PedsQL and COHIP (p < 0.0001). Subscale correlations between the QoL measures ranged from 0.19 to 0.48 with the strongest correlation between the PedsQL Emotional (r = 0.47) and COHIP Socioemotional Well-being subscale. The effect size for the COHIP Socioemotional Well-being (0.39) was larger than the PedsQL Social/Emotional (0.07/0.11) subscale (Z = 5.30/Z = 4.64, p < 0.0001, respectively), and the total COHIP (0.31) was significantly greater than the total PedsQL scale (0.15, z = 2.65, p = 0.008). A significant relationship was found between generic HRQL, OHRQoL, and surgical needs among youth with cleft with the COHIP having larger effect sizes than the PedsQL among surgical groups.
The influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on cytokines and cell-cell communication.

Abstract Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is characterized by systemic endotoxemia immediately after its onset as well as the systemic release of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α and the interleukins 1 and 6. Recent studies document that increased morbidity and mortality rates correlate with elevated systemic concentrations of these proinflammatory cytokines during adult and neonatal sepsis, following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair, as well as following CPB. These proinflammatory cytokines induce increased neutrophil and endothelial surface adhesive molecule expression, thereby promoting enhanced neutrophil-endothelial adherence. Increased neutrophil-endothelial adherence and subsequent neutrophil organ binding are thought to be a “final common pathway” of organ injury during clinical inflammatory conditions. Proinflammatory cytokines also increase cellular expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, thus increasing cellular production of nitric oxide, a known inflammatory mediator. This review discusses recent evidence of the adverse effects of proinflammatory cytokine release during CPB and therapeutic modalities that can reduce the systemic concentrations of these mediators of inflammation.
Nanopediatrics: enabling personalized medicine for children.

The topic of the special series of reviews in this issue will be nanobiology and nanomedicine, with a focus on the impact of nanotechnology on children and their health; hence, the title of this collection and this introduction, Nanopediatrics: Enabling Personalized Medicine for Children. We will address what is meant when we discuss these nanodisciplines and why we developed a NanoPediatrics Program at University of California, Los Angeles. We will consider the implications of these nanodisciplines for individuals and society. The nature of research, diagnosis, and screening in nanomedicine and nanopediatrics will be illustrated by selected projects in nanodiagnostics and nanotherapeutics by our group and our collaborators, and the combined use of diagnostics and therapeutics in a single nanodevice referred to as “theranostics.” We will conclude this introductory review with a summary of the reasons for developing the discipline of nanopediatrics.
A history of binge-type feeding leads to alterations in forebrain dopamine and hindbrain c-Fos immunoreactivity in rats.

To model the restriction and re-feeding exhibited by bulimics, two groups of adult male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to repeated cycles of 3 days of no restriction, caloric restriction (33% of the daily kcal of “no restriction” days), and re-feeding 2 h into the dark period. Conditions were similar between the two groups, except that on the re-feeding days the BINGE group received chow and a 2 h access to sweetened fat (90% Crisco and 10% sucrose blend), whereas the CONTROL group received only chow. In the first experiment in which the restriction/re-feeding cycles were repeated for 3 weeks, two subgroups from each group were sacrificed immediately BEFORE or AFTER the scheduled re-feeding. Regional forebrain tissue homengates were subjected to HPLC/EC for monoamine detection. The BEFORE-BINGE group (n=2) had lower hypothalamic dopamine levels than the BEFORE-CONTROLS (n=3, p
14N nuclear magnetic resonance of some solid nitrates

Abstract The equations of the “moment method” of Brown and Parker have been modified so that single crystals can be studied without prior knowledge of the orientation of the principal electric field gradient axes at the nuclei in question in the magnetic field. In addition, the equations have been applied to powdered substances. Single crystals of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate and rubidium uranyl nitrate were investigated by obtaining nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the 14 N nuclei in these species. Nuclear electric quadrupole coupling constants and asymmetry parameters of the nitrogen nuclei as well as the orientation of the nitrate groups with respect to the crystallographic axes were determined. Interpretation of these results indicate that the structure of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate is that reported by Flemming and Lynton with slight modification of the nitrate positions. Also, these results show that the two crystal “habits” of rubidium uranyl nitrate are not different habits but are actually different crystal structures. Powdered samples of anhydrous zinc, cadmium and mercuric nitrates were also investigated by 14 N NMR. The results indicate that the nitrates in zinc and mercuric nitrate are bidentate while in cadmium nitrate they are ionic or very nearly so.
The Korean verbal suffix -ess-: a diachronic account of its multiple uses

Abstract This paper examines the multiple uses of the verbal suffix - ess - in Modern Korean discourse. -ess- appears to be used with several different meanings which cannot be captured in a single grammatical category, including ‘perfect of result’, ‘experiential’, ‘anterior continuing’, ‘perfective’, and ‘simple past’. Based upon the results of analyzing spontaneous conversational data, the present study shows that temporal/aspectual meaning of the utterances that contain - ess- relies heavily on various contextual factors, confirming the findings by Lee [Lee, Hyo Sang, 1991. Tense, aspect, and modality: a discourse-pragmatic analysis of verbal suffixes in Korean from a typological perspective (unpublished doctoral dissertation, UCLA) Lee, Hyo Sang, 1993a. Tense or aspect: the speaker's communicative goals and concerns as determinant with respect to the anterior -oss- in Korean. Journal of Pragmatics 20, 327–358. The study suggests that the multiple uses of - ess- and the noted context-dependency of its interpretation in Modern Korean may be best accounted for by taking a diachronic perspective; in other words, this may be the result of the grammaticization of the suffix, which has rendered its basic meaning at the current stage very general. Specifically, - ess- is hypothesized to be located at a later stage of its historical development from the resultative construction to the perfective/past, thus warranting the label “old anterior” (Bybee, Joan L., Perkins, Revere, Pagliuca, William. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.).
Relationships between phytoplankton and periphyton communities in a central Iowa stream

Relationships between phytoplankton and periphyton communities were investigated in a central Iowa stream. Results generally support the hypothesis that the phytoplankton community arises from the epipelic periphyton community. A high correlation existed between the proportion of benthic diatoms composing the epipelon and phytoplankton. One dominant epipelic species (Nitzschia acicularis) showed a greater tendency to become planktonic than the grouped remainder of Nitzschia spp. There was a significant inverse relationship between the proportion of centric diatoms in the plankton and volume of flow. Centric diatoms were important members of the plankton only when volume of flow was less than 60 ft3 / sec (2.1 m3 / sec). Possible mechanisms explaining these phenomena are discussed.
Autograft bone-patella tendon-bone plug comminution with loss of ligament fixation and stability

Two cases are described in which bone plug comminution caused a loss of femoral fixation after endoscopic bone-patellar tendon-bone, anterior cruciate ligament autograft reconstruction. Clinically there was loss of knee joint stability, and radiographically the bone graft had dislodged. One case was salvaged by graft inversion, with femoral interference screw and tibial traction suture fixation. The second case required graft replacement with a patella bone-quadriceps tendon autograft.
Hepatic artery aneurysm: factors that predict complications.

Abstract Objective We reviewed the Mayo Clinic experience with management and outcome of hepatic artery aneurysms (HAA). Methods Retrospective review of charts for 306 patients with true visceral aneurysm diagnosed from 1980 to 1998 enabled identification of 36 patients (12%) with HAA. Results Patients with HAA included 23 men and 13 women, with mean age of 62.2 years (range, 20-85 years). Most aneurysms were extrahepatic (78%) and single (92%). Mean aneurysm diameter at presentation was 3.6 cm (range, 1.5-14 cm). Five aneurysms had ruptured (14%), and four were symptomatic (11%). Mortality from rupture was 40%. Of the 9 patients with ruptured or symptomatic aneurysms, 2 patients had multiple HAA, 3 patients had fibromuscular dysplasia, and 2 patients had polyarteritis nodosa. All five HAAs that ruptured were of nonatherosclerotic origin ( P = .001). Fourteen patients (39%) underwent elective procedures, including excision with vein graft (n = 7), excision with dacron graft (n = 3), excision alone (n = 2), and percutaneous embolization (n = 2). Two vein grafts and one dacron graft became occluded within 1 year. Nonoperative management was elected in 22 patients (61%) with mean aneurysm diameter 2.3 cm (range, 1.5-5 cm). No complications related to the aneurysm occurred during mean follow-up of 68.4 months (range, 1-372 months). Aneurysm growth was identified in 27%, the greatest being 0.8 cm over 34 months. Conclusions HAA are at definite risk for rupture (14%). Risk factors for rupture include multiple HAA and nonatherosclerotic origin. Patients with symptomatic aneurysms or any of these risk factors should be considered for intervention.
Radiolytic Degradation in Lanthanide/Actinide Separation Ligands–NOPOPO: Radical Kinetics and Efficiencies Determinations

Abstract Trivalent lanthanide/actinide separations from used nuclear fuel occurs in the presence radiation fields that degrades the extraction ligands and solvents. Here we have investigated the stability of a new ligand for lanthanide/actinide separation; 2,6-bis[(di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphino)methyl] pyridine N,P,P-trioxide, TEH(NOPOPO). The impact of γ-radiolysis on the distribution ratios for actinide (Am) and Lanthanide (Eu) extraction both in the presence and absence of an acidic aqueous phase by TEH(NOPOPO) was determined. Corresponding reaction rate constants for the two major radicals, hydroxyl and nitrate, were determined for TEH(NOPOPO) in the aqueous phase, with room temperature values of (3.49 ± 0.10) × 109 and (1.95 ± 0.15) × 108 M–1 s–1, respectively. The activation energy for this reaction was found to be 30.2 ± 4.1 kJ mol–1. Rate constants for two analogues (2-methylphosphonic acid pyridine N,P-dioxide and 2,6-bis(methylphosphonic acid) pyridine N,P,P-trioxide) were also determined to assist ...
Cbl and Cbl-b in T-cell regulation

Genetic studies indicate that Cbl and Cbl-b, two highly homologous adaptor proteins, are involved in the negative regulation of thymocyte development and peripheral T-cell activation, respectively. The recent identification of Cbl proteins as RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases might provide insights into their distinct immune regulatory functions, involving the targeting of different substrates for ubiquitination. The structural similarity and ubiquitous expression of Cbl and Cbl-b suggest, however, that they might also have overlapping functions in setting the thresholds for thymocyte selection and mature T-cell signaling.
An Improved, Easily Implementable, Porous Media Based Model for Deep-Fat Frying

A fundamental-based model of the frying process that can also be solved in a commercially available software would provide tremendous benefit to design of fried food products and frying processes by making the power of simulation available for design. Quality and safety issues such as crust development, oil pickup and acrylamide formation can be addressed with such a model. However to achieve the above without sacrificing the fundamental physics behind the process, significant reformulations are needed, that require mathematical as well as physical insight into the process. An improved multiphase porous media model involving heat and mass transfer has been developed and solved numerically with careful consideration given to selection of input parameters. Non-equilibrium formulation for evaporation is used which describes the physics better and is easier to implement in a typical CFD software as it can explicitly express the evaporation rate in terms of concentration of vapor and temperature. External heat transfer and mass transfer coefficients are estimated to accurately reflect the different frying phases, i.e., the non-boiling phase and surface boiling and falling rate stages in the boiling phase. This paper discusses model development, while the results, validation and the sensitivity analysis are presented in the companion paper.
Identification of a novel light-harvesting complex II protein (LHC IIc').

The caroteno-chlorophyll-protein, LHC IIc, is a relatively minor component of the PS II antenna. Isolated LHC IIc contains a major protein of 28 kDa along with a 26 kDa subunit in lower abundance. Previously, it was not known if the 26 kDa protein was closely related to the 28 kDa LHC IIc protein or if it was a comigrating LHC IIb contaminating subunit. A sequence of 20 amino acid residues was obtained by direct protein micro-sequencing of an internal cyanogen bromide-derived peptide fragment of the 26 kDa protein isolated from barley. The sequence shows, and antibody reactions confirm, that the 26 kDa protein is similar but distinct from both the 28 kDa LHC IIc and LHC IIb protein sequences, indicating that there remains at least one more cab gene to be identified in higher plants. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the data in any way other than that there is a novel LHC II pigment-protein (LHC IIc′) that co-migrates with LHC IIc.
CONFLICT AND CONSENSUS IN THE LAW ENFORCEMENT PROCESS Urban Minorities and the Police

The social psychological dimensions of intergroup consensus and conflict are explored as a framework for interpreting police-minority group relations The limitations of the cultural systems model (cross cultural perspective) are discussed and an intercultural approach is proposed as an alternative. This model, which focuses on the interpenetration of perspectives in social relations, is applied to the analysis of intergroup relations in both interactional and organizational contexts The specks problems of social coordination presented by the enforcement process are examined as a basis for predicting police-minority conflict. The implications of the analysis for social policy are outlined in both organizational and interactional terms.
DETECTION OF DRUG USE DURING PREGNANCY

Drug users who are pregnant jeopardize not only their own health and well-being but that of the fetuses they carry. As illicit drugs become more available to all segments of society, 90 it is increasingly urgent to address the consequences. The medical complications arising from cocaine and other drug use during pregnancy include premature onset of labor and rupture of fetal membranes, spontaneous abortion, abruptio placentae, premature births, stillbirth, and increased fetal mortality and immaturity. 14,32,51,60,62,67,72,82 Medical and developmental problems in the neonate include small head circumference, 7,11,13,32,71,72,93 small-for-gestational-age, and an increased incidence of sudden infant death syndrome. 24,52 Studies on cocaine abuse indicate that cocaine use during pregnancy is the best indicator of an increased incidence of abortion, high maternal gravidity, and poor prenatal care. 28,80 Furthermore, cocaine is the best indicator of preterm birth and lower birth weight. It is therefore imperative that every attempt be made to identify women who use drugs during pregnancy to avoid, or at least minimize, the risks of complications to both the pregnant woman and fetus. Early identification of these women (and any drug-exposed neonates) permits the initiation of appropriate interventional care, as well as the formulation of plans for follow-up care and management. No precise data describe the prevalence of illicit drug use among pregnant women. Estimates of prevalence have been based on maternal self-reporting by interview or questionnaire and urine drug testing. Self-reporting underestimates the prevalence, because many women (24% to 63%) deny any cocaine use despite a positive drug test, probably because of feelings of guilt and the fear of legal consequences. 12,29,30,65,93 The results of urine testing can be negative even though the patient admits to current use, because of the short time during which a drug test is accurate. 15,90 Thus, a combination of structured questionnaire and urine toxicologic screen identifies more current users than either technique alone.
Prestack depth migration in elliptic coordinates

Riemannian wavefield extrapolation is extended to prestack migration through the use of 2D elliptic coordinate systems. The corresponding 2D elliptic coordinate extrapolation wavenumber is demonstrated to introduce only a slowness model stretch to the single-square-root operator, enabling the use of existing Cartesian implicit finite-difference extrapolators to propagate wavefields. A poststack migration example illustrates the advantages of elliptic coordinates in imaging overturning wavefields. Imaging tests of the SMAART JV Pluto 1.5 data set illustrate that the RWE migration algorithm generates high-quality prestack migration images comparable to, or better than, the corresponding Cartesian coordinate systems.
A numerical study of ballistic transport in a nanoscale MOSFET

We examine the physics of ballistic transport in a nanoscale MOSFET as reflected in the shape of the distribution function. We calculate the electron distribution function in the ballistic limit by solving the 1D steady-state Boltzmann transport equation self-consistently with the 2D Poisson equation in an n-channel ultra-thin-body nanoscale doublegate SOI MOSFET. In equilibrium, symmetry of the distribution function is achieved through balanced carrier injections from the source and drain contacts. Under bias, the distribution function displays distinctive features of ballistic transport–– a discontinuous asymmetric shape and the development of a discontinuous ballistic peak. We discuss the implications of ballistic transport to modeling of nanoscale MOSFETs based on moment-based macroscopic transport models. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.