cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combining Biogeographic and Phylogenetic Data to Examine Primate Speciation: An Example Using Cercopithecin Monkeys

We combined phylogenetic and biogeographic data to examine the mode of speciation in a group of African monkeys, the Cercopithecini. If allopatric speciation is the major force producing species, then there should be a positive relationship between the relative divergence time of taxa and their degree of geographic range overlap. Alternatively, an opposite relationship between divergence time and geographic range overlap is consistent with sympatric speciation as the main mechanism underlying the cercopithecin radiation. We collected biogeographic and phylogenetic data for 19 guenon species from the literature. We digitized geographic range maps and utilized three different phylogenetic hypotheses based on Y chromosome, X chromosome, and mitochondrial (mtDNA) data. We used regressions with Monte Carlo simulation to examine the relationship between the relative time since divergence of taxa and their degree of geographic range overlap. We found that there was a positive relationship between relative divergence time and the proportion of geographic range overlap between taxa using all three molecular data sets. Our findings provide evidence for allopatric speciation being the common mode of diversification in the cercopithecin clade. Because most of these primates are forest adapted mammals, the cyclical contraction and expansion of African forests from the late Miocene to the present has likely been an important factor driving allopatric speciation. In addition, geographic barriers such as the Congo and Sanaga rivers have probably played a complementary role in producing new species within the clade.
Low-jitter single-photon detector arrays integrated with silicon and aluminum nitride photonic chips

We present progress on a scalable scheme for integration of single-photon detectors with silicon and aluminum nitride photonic circuits. We assemble arrays of low-jitter waveguide-integrated single-photon detectors and show up to 24% system detection efficiency.
Predicting head cut erosion and migration in concentrated flows typical of upland areas

[1] Soil erosion due to head cut development and migration can devastate agricultural lands, yet current prediction technology does not address this important erosion process. Here an analytical model of this erosional phenomenon is presented. Realistic, physically based approximations to the laws governing mass, momentum, and energy transfer in the neighborhood of the scour hole result in closed-form predictive algorithms for the magnitude of the plunge pool erosion and the rate of head cut migration. The model introduces a special treatment of nonventilated overfall conditions, is limited to homogeneous, unbounded soil layers, and is validated by available experimental measurements.
Flood Proofing Regulations for Building Codes

Few of the building codes used by urban communities require flood proofing of new or existing structures as a condition for flood hazard area construction or occupancy. The codes provide only minimum standards to regulate and control the design and construction of all buildings to safeguard life, health, property, and public welfare. Man's ever increasing encroachment into the flood plains has tremendously increased the flood damage potential and hazard to the users. This has pointed out the urgent need to regulate the use of flood plains, types of structures permitted, and special design and construction standards to be met if flood damage reduction is to become a reality. Zoning and flood-plain regulations can effectively regulate flood-plain occupancy and types of structures permitted. Flood proofing regulations in building codes can provide the special criteria needed to assure quality flood damage free constructions.
Using a Learning Agent with a Student Model

In this paper we describe the application of machine learning to the problem of constructing a student model for an intelligent tutoring system. The proposed system learns on a per student basis how long an individual student requires to solve the problem presented by the tutor. This model of relative problem difficulty is learned within a "two-phase" learning algorithm. First, data from the entire student population are used to train a neural network. Second, the system learns how to modify the neural network's output to better fit each individual student's performance. Both components of the model proved useful in improving its accuracy. This model of time to solve a problem is used by the tutor to control the complexity of problems presented to the student.
Animal models of strabismic amblyopia: Comparative behavioral studies

Abstract Visual acuity and visuo-motor behavior were assessed in various models of experimental amblyopia in cats (n = 15). Three models of strabismic amblyopia were studied: surgical esotropia by sectioning one lateral rectus muscle; comitant optical strabismus by rearing cats with goggles which placed a stationary wedge prism before one eye; and incomitant optical strabismus by rearing cats with goggles which placed a rotatable wedge prism before one eye. These cats were compared with normal and monocularly deprived cats. Clear amblyopic deficits were found in monocularly deprived, esotropic and rotating prism cats. The amblyopic deficits were graded among these preparations, being most severe in monocularly deprived cats and least severe in esotropic cats. The degree of behavioral amblyopia in these preparations was correlated with the extent of physiological abnormalities in visual cortex and the lateral geniculate nucleus. Fixed optical strabismus did not result in behavioral deficits and does not appear to be a good model of strabismic amblyopia. Variable optical strabismus, on the other hand, produced clear deficits in one eye, both behaviorally and physiologically, without impaired ocular motility.
Transition from covalent to metallic behavior in group-14 clusters

We have probed the structures of Pbn cations up to n=32 using ion mobility measurements. These species assume compact near-spherical morphologies for all sizes studied. This behavior is characteristic of clusters of the metallic elements. Silicon, germanium, and tin clusters in the same size range have previously been found to adopt prolate geometries produced by stacking tricapped trigonal prism units. So the transition to `normal' metal cluster growth in the group-14 elements occurs between tin and lead, one row lower than the transition from covalent to metallic bonding in the bulk solids under ambient conditions.
On the structure and complexity of the 2-connected Steiner network problem in the plane

We consider the problem of finding a minimum Euclidean length graph 2-connecting a set of points in the plane. We show that the solution to this problem is an edge-disjoint union of full Steiner trees. This has three important corollaries. The first is a proof that the problem is NP-hard, even in the sense of finding a fully polynomial approximation scheme. The second is a complete description of the solutions for 2SNPP for rectangular arrays of lattice points. The third is a linear-time algorithm for constructing an optimal solution to 2SNPP given its topological description.
Yeast Based Small Molecule Screen for Inhibitors of SARS-CoV

Severe acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2002, resulting in roughly 8000 cases worldwide and 10% mortality. The animal reservoirs for SARS-CoV precursors still exist and the likelihood of future outbreaks in the human population is high. The SARS-CoV papain-like protease (PLP) is an attractive target for pharmaceutical development because it is essential for virus replication and is conserved among human coronaviruses. A yeast-based assay was established for PLP activity that relies on the ability of PLP to induce a pronounced slow-growth phenotype when expressed in S. cerevisiae. Induction of the slow-growth phenotype was shown to take place over a 60-hour time course, providing the basis for conducting a screen for small molecules that restore growth by inhibiting the function of PLP. Five chemical suppressors of the slow-growth phenotype were identified from the 2000 member NIH Diversity Set library. One of these, NSC158362, potently inhibited SARS-CoV replication in cell culture without toxic effects on cells, and it specifically inhibited SARS-CoV replication but not influenza virus replication. The effect of NSC158362 on PLP protease, deubiquitinase and anti-interferon activities was investigated but the compound did not alter these activities. Another suppressor, NSC158011, demonstrated the ability to inhibit PLP protease activity in a cell-based assay. The identification of these inhibitors demonstrated a strong functional connection between the PLP-based yeast assay, the inhibitory compounds, and SARS-CoV biology. Furthermore the data with NSC158362 suggest a novel mechanism for inhibition of SARS-CoV replication that may involve an unknown activity of PLP, or alternatively a direct effect on a cellular target that modifies or bypasses PLP function in yeast and mammalian cells.
Long-Range Holography

Long-range holography is investigated for improving telescope resolution through a distorting atmosphere. Theoretical concepts are developed and operational parameters are discussed. A scaled simulation is made in the laboratory of a scene subtending an angle of 1 min of arc, illuminated by a laser and viewed holographically with a 40-cm telescope through fixed and moving atmospheres.
Exploring student interaction during collaborative prewriting discussions and its relationship to L2 writing

Abstract In second language (L2) writing classrooms, prewriting discussions are one of the most commonly used collaborative activities ( Fernandez Dobao, 2012 , Storch, 2005 ), yet there has been little research about their relationship to students’ written texts. Recent L2 writing research has examined the textual features of co-constructed texts (e.g., Elola and Oskoz, 2010 , Kuiken and Vedder, 2002 , Storch and Wigglesworth, 2007 ), whereas the pretask planning literature has focused mainly on the effect of individual planning (e.g., Ellis and Yuan, 2004 , Kroll, 1990 , Ojima, 2006 ). The current study investigates the relationship between interaction during collaborative prewriting tasks and students’ written texts in an English for academic purposes (EAP) course. The findings indicate that structured collaborative prewriting tasks elicited student talk about content and organization, but there is only a moderate relationships between these prewriting discussions and the students’ written texts. Implications for the use of collaborative prewriting discussions in EAP contexts are discussed.
In situ colorimetric analysis of electrochromic polymers and devices

We report a colorimetric method for the in situ study of electrochromic polymers based on the CIE system of colorimetry. This method is useful for the comparison of the electrochemical and optical properties of conjugated polymers, and for gaining control of the color of dual polymer electrochromic devices. Twelve electrochromic polymers were investigated using in situ colorimetric analysis in order to define their CIE coordinates and electrochemical potential windows. By controlling the electron density and steric interactions along conjugated polymer backbones, we have developed a set of electrochromic polymers that provides colors throughout the full range of color space. The applicability of the method is illustrated with a model dual polymer device based on poly(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl(biphenyl)) (PBEDOT-BP) and poly(3,6-bis(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl)-N-methylcarbazole) (PBEDOT-NMeCz). This device yields green/brown colors (L* = 48, a* = 0, b* = 20 and L* = 44, a* = 6, b* = 26) interesting for e...
Origin and development of plains-type folds in the mid-continent (United States) during the late Paleozoic

Plains-type folds are local, subtle anticlines formed in the thin sedimentary package overlying a shallow, crystalline basement on the craton. They are small in areal extent (usually less than 1–3 km2 [0.4–1.2 mi2]), and their amplitude increases with depth (usually tens of meters), which is mainly the result of differential compaction of sediments (usually clastic units) over tilted, rigid, basement fault blocks. The development of these structural features by continuous but intermittent movement of the basement fault blocks in the late Paleozoic in the United States mid-continent is substantiated by a record of stratigraphic and sedimentological evidence.The recurrent structural movement, which reflects adjustment to external stresses, is expressed by the change in thickness of stratigraphic units over the crest of the fold compared to the flanks. By plotting the change in thickness for different stratigraphic units of anticlines on different fault blocks, it is possible to determine the timing of movement of the blocks that reflect structural adjustment. These readjustments are confirmed by sedimentological evidence, such as convolute, soft-sediment deformation features and small intraformational faults.The stratigraphic interval change in thickness for numerous structures in the Cherokee, Forest City, and Salina basins and on the Nemaha anticline of the mid-continent United States was determined and compared for location and timing of the adjustments. Most of the adjustment occurred during and after time of deposition of the Permian–Pennsylvanian clastic units, which, in turn, reflect tectonic disturbance in adjacent areas, and the largest amount of movement on the plains-type structures occurred on those nearest and semiparallel to major positive features, such as the Nemaha anticline.Depending on the time of origin and development of plains-type folds, they may control the entrapment and occurrence of oil and gas.
γ-Al2O3 thin film formation via oxidation of β-NiAl(1 1 0)

Abstract β-NiAl(1 1 0) was oxidized in air for 1–2 h in the temperature range of 650–950 °C. The structure and morphology of the oxide films were characterized using a cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) method. Only a thin film of aluminum oxide, γ -Al 2 O 3 , was formed. The epitaxial relationship between NiAl and γ -Al 2 O 3 as well as the surface roughness depends on the oxidation temperature. The Nishiyama–Wassermann (NW) orientation relation (OR) between β -NiAl and γ -Al 2 O 3 was noted at an oxidation temperature of 850 °C while the Kurdjumov–Sachs (KS) OR was observed at 650 °C. The changes in the epitaxial relationship between the γ -Al 2 O 3 film and the NiAl substrate were caused by lattice mismatch-induced strain energy during oxide growth. It was also noted that short time oxidation at T = 750 °C created γ ′ phase precipitates between the NiAl substrate and the γ -Al 2 O 3 film, while oxidation at the higher temperature of 950 °C resulted in textured polycrystalline γ -Al 2 O 3 films. The smoothest single crystal epitaxial γ -Al 2 O 3 film formed at an oxidation temperature of 850 °C in air.
Short length of stay and rapid recovery to normal function after surgery for metastatic melanoma to abdominal and retroperitoneal viscera.

Background Metastatic melanoma to abdominal and retroperitoneal viscera carries a poor prognosis possibly resulting in reluctance to offer surgical management. There is value in defining the morbidity of such surgery. Methods Review of a prospectively maintained database identified patients with metastatic melanoma to abdominal or retroperitoneal viscera who underwent surgery from 9/99 to 8/06. Results Nineteen patients underwent surgery for metastasis to abdominal or retroperitoneal viscera detected by clinical symptoms (80%), or imaging (20%). The median length of stay was 7 days. There was no perioperative mortality. Surgical complications occurred in four patients. At initial follow-up, 13 patients (68%) had returned to baseline function, 7 of which reported improvement. Four patients (21%) had minimal symptoms, and only two patients (11%) had significantly limited function. Median follow-up was 35 months, at which time 9 of the 19 patients (47%) were still alive, with 3- and 5-year Kaplan–Meier survival estimates of 53% (SE 12) and 45% (SE 12), respectively, and 2 of the 19 patients are alive at over 8 years since surgery. Conclusion In selected cases, surgery may have both palliative benefit and curative potential for patients with visceral metastases of melanoma. Surgical management of such patients should be encouraged in appropriate clinical settings. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:481–483. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Evaluation of the Neosho River, Kansas, Mussel Refuge

ABSTRACT An evaluation of a Neosho River, Kansas, mussel refuge was conducted during summer 1994. Eight study sites were sampled, four within and four outside refuge boundaries. A total of 744 mussels comprising 20 species was collected. Three harvestable species (Amblema plicata, Quadrula metanevra, and Quadrula quadrula) showed no significant differences in the percentage of legal-sized specimens between refuge and non-refuge sites. Moreover, unionid densities and species richness were generally lower at refuge sites. However, mean shell lengths of Q. metanevra, Obliquaria reflexa, and Tritogonia verrucosa were significantly greater at refuge than at non-refuge sites; the latter two species were legally harvestable through 1991. Explanations for the few significant differences between refuge and non-refuge sites could include variant rates of recruitment among sites, light harvest pressure at non-refuge sites, and illegal harvest at refuge sites.
Beobachtungen zum Auftreten von Tetrastichus turionum Htg. (Hym. Euloph.), einem Parasiten von Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff. (Lep. Tortric.)1

Zusammenfassung Aus im Mai und Juni 1961 bei Hartheim/Rhein gesammelten, von Rhyacionia buoliana befallenen Kieferntrieben schlupften Imagines des Parasiten Tetrastichus turionum (Hym. Euloph.) im Juni und Juli 1961 sowie im Januar 1962. Zusammen mit Feldbeobachtungen, die wir im Rheintal bei Breisach machten, ergibt sich hieraus, das der Parasit einen Wirtswechsel durchmachen mus. Als Zweitwirt konnten wir bereits Evetria duplana fest-stellen. Im Winter 1961/62 sammelten wir bei Hartheim uber 400 Puppen von Rb. buoliana, die mit Larven von Tetrastichus turionum angefullt waren. Bei Rastatt und Lingen/Ems wurden dagegen keine dieser Parasiten gefunden. Bei Hartheim war der Befall durch den Triebwickler in Kulturen zwischen 4 und 9 Jahren etwa gleich stark. Dagegen fanden wir T. turionum fast nur in 4- bis 5jahrigen Jungkulturen. Durch Vergleiche mit Befallszahlungen im Sommer 1961 ergab sich eine Parasitierungsquote durch T. turionum von etwa 35%. Mit fortschreitender Jahreszeit nimmt die Mortalitat unter den uberwinternden Parasitenlarven zu und erreicht Anfang Januar ihren Hohepunkt. Nur etwa 30% der Parasiten uberleben im Beobachtungsgebiet. Als Mortalitatsfaktoren kommen neben Krankheiten verschiedene Rauber in Betracht. Beobachtet wurden verschiedene Vogelarten sowie Koniginnen von Leptothorax unifasciatus Latr. (Hym., Formicidae), die parasitenhaltige Wicklerpuppen zerstorten, und Laufkafer der Art Manodromius linearis Oliv., die auf die Parasitenlarven Jagd machten.
Ten classes of bicyclo[p.q.0]pi-hydrocarbons, and their anions and cations. Electronic rules directly from structural formulas

Abstract Bicyclo[p.q.0] pi-hydrocarbons, as deduced by new pictorial rules directly from their structural formulas, are found to fall into ten distinct homolog classes vis-a-vis their their aromaticity, HOMO-LUMO reactivity, anion, cation stabilities.
Adaptive resource synchronization in hierarchical real-time systems

In this paper we outline the Adaptive Resource Allocation Protocol (ARAP) as an improved resource synchronization algorithm for hierarchically scheduled real-time systems. ARAP exploits knowledge about task utilization, using a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, to estimate required resource bandwidth and improve scheduling decisions. Our analysis and experiments with RTSIM show that ARAP provides better temporal isolation and resource utilization during periods of transient overload compared to state-of-the-art resource synchronization algorithms. Implemented as part of VxWorks, the results are confirmed using an avionic system, for which ARAP substantially reduced the number of hard real-time deadline misses.
Requirement for Rho-mediated Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation in Thrombin-stimulated Cell Rounding and Its Dissociation from Mitogenesis

Thrombin treatment causes a dose-dependent rounding of 1321N1 astrocytoma cells. This cytoskeletal response is rapid, peaking 2 h after thrombin stimulation, and reverses by 50% after 24 h. The thrombin receptor peptide SFLLRNP also induces cell rounding, whereas other G protein-linked receptor agonists such as carbachol, lysophosphatidic acid, or bradykinin fail to do so. Results of studies using pharmacological inhibitors do not support a requirement for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, or Ca2+ mobilization in this response. Inhibition of protein kinase C or tyrosine kinase produces minimal blockade. Pertussis toxin treatment is also without effect. However, thrombin-induced rounding is fully blocked by the C3 toxin from Clostridium botulinum, which specifically ADP-ribosylates and inactivates the small G protein Rho. Thrombin also leads to a rapid, 2.4-fold increase in 32P incorporation into myosin light chain while carbachol does not. Myosin phosphorylation, like cell rounding is inhibited by inactivation of Rho with C3 exoenzyme, suggesting that myosin phosphorylation is necessary for this cytoskeletal response. This is supported by the observation that thrombin-induced rounding is also blocked by the myosin light chain kinase inhibitor KT5926. However, treatment with KT5926 fails to inhibit mitogenesis. Thus, cell rounding is not prerequisite to thrombin-induced DNA synthesis. We conclude that stimulation of the heterotrimeric G protein-coupled thrombin receptor in 1321N1 cells activates Rho-dependent pathways for both DNA synthesis and cell rounding, the cytoskeletal response being mediated in part through increases in myosin phosphorylation.
The mechanics of a magma chamber-fault system in trans-tension with application to Coso

The mechanical interaction between an elliptically shaped magma chamber and a fault subject to transtension is investigated with particular reference to the Coso geothermal field. The geologic setting of the Coso field is interpreted as a releasing bend step-over structure formed by the Airport Lake and Owens Valley dextral strike-slip fault system. The role of the Coso volcano-magmatic center in the development of the ‘‘overstep’’ structure is examined by treating the magma chamber as a liquid inclusion in a viscoelastic crust containing a fault (Airport Lake). The problem is numerically solved using a 2D viscoelastic finite element model with thermally activated viscosity to account for thermal weakening of the rock. The temperature distribution around the magma body is calculated based on a 3D steady-state approach and using the mesh-less numerical method. The fault is modeled as a frictionless contact. The simulated distributions of stress and strain around the inclusion display a rotation caused by the shearing component of the applied transtension. The results indicate that the fault tends to overstep the chamber in a geometric pattern similar to a step-over. There is good correspondence between the computed distributions of the maximum shear stress in the vicinity of the magma chamber and the map of earthquake epicenters at a depth of 7e10 km in Coso. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cyclic Void Growth Model to Assess Ductile Fracture Initiation in Structural Steels due to Ultra Low Cycle Fatigue

A new model is proposed to simulate ductile fracture initiation due to large amplitude cyclic straining in structural steels, which is often the governing limit state in steel structures subjected to earthquakes. Termed the cyclic void growth model (CVGM), the proposed technique is an extension to previously published models that simulate ductile fracture caused by void growth and coalescence under monotonic loading. The CVGM aims to capture ultra low cycle fatigue (ductile fracture) behavior, which is characterized by a few (generally, less than 20) reverse loading cycles to large inelastic strain amplitudes (several times the yield strain). The underlying mechanisms of low-cycle fracture involve cyclic void growth, collapse, and distortion, which are distinct from those associated with more conventional fatigue. The CVGM represents these underlying fracture mechanisms through plastic strain and stress triaxiality histories that can be modeled at the material continuum level by finite-element analyses. Development and validation of the CVGM is substantiated by about 100 notched bar tests, with accompanying finite-element analyses, metallurgical tests, and fractographic examinations of seven varieties of structural steels.
Factor structure of the Young Mania Rating Scale for use with youths ages 5 to 17 years.

Assessed the factor structure of the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Youths presenting to a research program specializing in the pharmacological treatment of mood and disruptive behavioral disorders (N = 612) were administered a semistructured diagnostic interview. Based on the interview, youths were placed into diagnostic groups. Highly trained raters completed the YMRS for each youth. YMRS ratings were internally consistent (a = .91), and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded a 1-factor solution for boys and girls in both young (5 to 11 years) and older (12 to 17 years) subsamples. However, the young male group showed higher scores on several items as well as the total YMRS score. Results suggest that the YMRS total score can be meaningfully interpreted in child and adolescent samples.
Some formal results for the valence bond basis

Abstract In a system with an even number of SU ( 2 ) spins, there is an overcomplete set of states—consisting of all possible pairings of the spins into valence bonds—that spans the S = 0 Hilbert subspace. Operator expectation values in this basis are related to the properties of the closed loops that are formed by the overlap of valence bond states. We construct a generating function for spin correlation functions of arbitrary order and show that all nonvanishing contributions arise from configurations that are topologically irreducible. We derive explicit formulas for the correlation functions at second, fourth, and sixth order. We then extend the valence bond basis to include triplet bonds and discuss how to compute properties that are related to operators acting outside the singlet sector. These results are relevant to analytical calculations and to numerical valence bond simulations using quantum Monte Carlo, variational wavefunctions, or exact diagonalization.
The complete local concentration model activity coefficients

Abstract Wilson's local concentration model of solution non-ideality is extended to include an enthalpic contribution in addition to the original exclusively entropic contribution. The new complete model improves the Wilson equation and makes it possible to describe liquid—liquid immiscibility phenomena. We report the representation of vapor—liquid equilibrium data of a number of mixture systems with the new complete equation. Examples are shown of application to liquid—liquid equilibrium.
Intraaccumbens Raclopride Attenuates Amphetamine-Induced Locomotion, But Fails to Prevent the Response-Reinstating Properties of Food Reinforcement

Abstract It has been well established that the presentation of a single reinforced trial in the midst of extinction results in a reinstatement of the previously reinforced operant response. In previous experiments, we have shown that systemically applied raclopride (a selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist) dose dependently blocked the response-reinstating properties of food reinforcement, while SCH39166 (a selective dopamine D1 receptor antagonist) did not (11) . The current experiments investigated the possible role of the nucleus accumbens in these actions of raclopride. In the first of two experiments, hungry rats were trained to traverse a straight runway for food reinforcement, a response that was then weakened through a series of extinction trials. On a single treatment trial, subjects were infused with one of three doses of intraaccumbens raclopride (0.0, 2.5, or 5.0 μg/0.5 μl/side) just prior to a reinforced trial. Twenty-four hours later, a single test trial was run in an unbaited runway. The results demonstrate that the prior day’s reinforced trial produced a reinstatement of operant runway performance that was unaltered by intraaccumbens applications of raclopride. Two days later, the same animals were tested in a second experiment investigating the effects of intraaccumbens raclopride on amphetamine-induced locomotion. Subjects were pretreated with 1.0 mg/kg SC amphetamine prior to a 90-min locomotor activity session. The following day, subjects were again pretreated with amphetamine, but this time with a challenge dose of raclopride. Results demonstrate that the same raclopride doses that produced no effect in the response-reinstating experiment produced, in the same rats, a dose-dependent attenuation in amphetamine-induced locomotion. These data suggest that dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens may not, in and of themselves, be necessary for the response-reinstating effects of food reinforcement.
Catheter induced pseudostenosis of the right pulmonary artery: A technical note

A case of pseudostenosis of the right pulmonary artery caused by a catheter in the azygos vein is presented. The recognition of this pseudolesion occurred when a repeat catheterization prior to angioplasty, demonstrated a normal right pulmonary artery.
WE-G-217A-08: Routine ACR SNR Measurement Failed to Detect 32-Channel Head Coil Receiver Malfunction.

Purpose: To study if malfunction of a receiver can be detected robustly using the simple ACR SNR measurement approach on a 32‐channel head coil. Methods: Standard ACR T1W images (11slice) were acquired with a commercial 32 channel head coil on a 3T Philips Achieva MR scanner following the ACR recommended setup. Raw data were saved and were used to reconstruct 32 image datasets, each with one coil channel turned off and signal were excluded from reconstruction. Routine simple SNR evaluation method was used to measure SNR for each dataset. Specifically, region of interest (ROI) analysis was performed on slice #7 for each dataset. Signal was the mean value of the pixel intensity measured using an ROI with area of 200 cm2 positioned at the center of phantom. Noise was the standard deviation derived from an ROI positioned in the background in a corner of the image. SNR was then calculated from signal divided by noise. For comparison purposes, we empirically chose 5% SNR drop compared to the full 32 channel dataset SNR as a significant SNR drop that is correlated a potential coil channel defect. Results: Among the 32 image datasets reconstructed each with one receiver turned off, only 4 showed SNR drop of more than 5% or more compared to the reference SNR obtained from the original dataset. Four other datasets had SNR drop between 0.1−5%. The rest (24 image sets) did not show any SNR drop. Therefore, SNR monitoring based on the large ROI approach as the routine ACR QC procedure failed detect receiver malfunction in this coil. Conclusions: More advanced and thorough coil evaluation methods, instead of the routine simple ACR SNR measurement method, have to be applied to evaluate the performance of the phased‐array head coil with 32 or more channels.
A Signaling Role of Glutamine in Insulin Secretion

Children with hypoglycemia due to recessive loss of function mutations of the beta-cell ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel can develop hypoglycemia in response to protein feeding. We hypothesized that amino acids might stimulate insulin secretion by unknown mechanisms, because the K(ATP) channel-dependent pathway of insulin secretion is defective. We therefore investigated the effects of amino acids on insulin secretion and intracellular calcium in islets from normal and sulfonylurea receptor 1 knockout (SUR1-/-) mice. Even though SUR1-/- mice are euglycemic, their islets are considered a suitable model for studies of the human genetic defect. SUR1-/- islets, but not normal islets, released insulin in response to an amino acid mixture ramp. This response to amino acids was decreased by 60% when glutamine was omitted. Insulin release by SUR1-/- islets was also stimulated by a ramp of glutamine alone. Glutamine was more potent than leucine or dimethyl glutamate. Basal intracellular calcium was elevated in SUR1-/- islets and was increased further by glutamine. In normal islets, methionine sulfoximine, a glutamine synthetase inhibitor, suppressed insulin release in response to a glucose ramp. This inhibition was reversed by glutamine or by 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine, a non-metabolizable glutamine analogue. High glucose doubled glutamine levels of islets. Methionine sulfoximine inhibition of glucose stimulated insulin secretion was associated with accumulation of glutamate and aspartate. We hypothesize that glutamine plays a critical role as a signaling molecule in amino acid- and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and that beta-cell depolarization and subsequent intracellular calcium elevation are required for this glutamine effect to occur.
Ischemic enterocolitis and its differential diagnosis

Ischemia is a common type of gastrointestinal injury that can be clinically misdiagnosed due to its often mild and transient clinical presentation as well as a tendency to masquerade as other disorders. A wide range of etiologies can contribute to the development of ischemia. These include hypovolemic states, systemic diseases such as vasculitis and hypercoagulable states, mechanical obstruction, therapeutic drug effects, infection, and a host of other diseases. An accurate diagnosis of ischemia relies on a strong clinical suspicion in combination with endoscopic and pathologic findings. Most cases show histologic features that are diagnostic of ischemia, but do not point to a specific differential diagnosis, whereas the cause of ischemia can be recognized or suspected based on careful review of vascular changes in others. This review is focused on providing an overview of ischemic enterocolitis and its differential diagnosis.
Evaluation of A/New Jersey/76 Influenza Whole-Virus Vaccine in Hysterectomy-Derived Pigs

Twenty-one pigs delivered by hysterectomy from three sows were used to evaluate influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in neonatal pigs. Pigs were vaccinated on the day of birth or at three days of age with either 200 or 400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of vaccine, and pigs were bled two and four weeks after vaccination. The 21 vaccinated pigs and two unvaccinated control pigs were challenged intranasally at five weeks of age, and nasal swabs were obtained for six consecutive days after challenge. Two weeks after vaccination, only three pigs had reciprocal hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody titers of -20. Four weeks after vaccination, 11 pigs had HAI titers of -20, and titers of virus-neutralizing antibody ranged from <10 to 1,000 among these same sera. On day 7 after challenge, 12 pigs had HAI titers of '20. Swine-like influenza virus was isolated from nasal swabs from the controls and from four of the 21 vaccinated pigs. The results indicated that 80%7 of the vaccinated pigs were protected.
Atmospheric Transports, the Thermohaline Circulation, and Flux Adjustments in a Simple Coupled Model

Abstract A theoretical analysis of the interactions between atmospheric meridional transports and the thermohaline circulation is presented, using a four-box ocean-atmosphere model in one hemisphere. The model is a simplified version of that developed by Nakamura Stone, and Marotzke and is amenable to analytical solutions. The ocean model is Stommel's; the atmospheric model gives the surface heat and freshwater fluxes as residuals of the atmospheric energy and moisture budgets, assumed in balance. Radiation at the top of the atmosphere depends linearly on surface temperature; atmospheric meridional heat and moisture transports are proportional to the meridional temperature gradient. A Newtonian cooling law is derived for differential surface heat flux. The restoring coefficient is proportional to the efficiency of atmospheric transports and inversely proportional to the relative ocean area compared to total surface area. Surface freshwater flux increases with increasing temperature gradient and is inverse...
A Uniform Method of Grammar Extraction and Its Applications

Grammars are core elements of many NLP applications. In this paper, we present a system that automatically extracts lexicalized grammars from annotated corpora. The data produced by this system have been used in several tasks, such as training NLP tools (such as Supertaggers) and estimating the coverage of hand-crafted grammars. We report experimental results on two of those tasks and compare our approaches with related work.
Hierarchical pruning to improve bandwidth utilization of RPF-based broadcasting

Some of the attractive features of using Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) method for broadcasting include reasonably low amount of memory necessary for storing the data structures in a router required by the protocol and ease of its implementation as it does not look for shortest path delivery. However, it generates quite a large number of duplicate packets resulting in poor bandwidth utilization. In this paper we have introduced a novel hierarchical pruning mechanism to improve bandwidth utilization for broadcasting using the RPF method. Experimental results support our theoretical findings of achieving very high reduction in the number of the duplicate packets generated.
FOAMING AND EMULSIFYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTIONATED WHEY PROTEIN

The foaming and emulsifying characteristics of whey protein concentrates and of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin enriched fractions derived therefrom were measured. The spray dried WPCs and the α-lactalbumin enriched fraction derived from acid whey protein concentrate produced foams comparable to those produced from egg whites. The freeze dried WPCs and β-lactoglobulin enriched fractions exhibited little foaming ability. The WPC and β-lactoglobulin enriched fractions produced acceptable emulsions although they do not appear to have as good emulsifying properties as egg yolks do. The α-lactalbumin enriched fraction had poor emulsifying properties. These results indicate that fractionations of WPC into β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin enriched fractions results in products with improved foaming and emulsifying properties.
Otorrhagia after facial trauma

A man in his late twenties presented to the emergency department following a syncopal episode while in a standing position. Paramedics reported he fell forward onto his face and was unconscious for less than one min. Review of systems revealed recent gastroenteritis, a new onset of headache, jaw pain, trismus …
Optical Components for Remote Chemical Sensors based on IR Absorption Spectroscopy

Infrared absorption spectroscopy provides very high sensitivity and specificity. Report on infrared fibers including chalcogenide photonic crystal fibers and progress on a novel Anti-Reflection Surface Structure (ARSS) technique for reducing surface reflection will be presented.
Flow Injection Analysis Using Continuous Channel Electrophoresis

Continuous zone electrophoretic separations in narrow channels coupled to small-bore capillaries have been demonstrated and characterized previously. Presented here is the use of this new technique to monitor dynamic chemical changes occurring in a flow injection analysis system. The fundamental aspects of the data that this type of separation generates are discussed in a comparison of static and dynamic analyses. An analysis of a dynamic separation is also provided to thoroughly outline the steps necessary to deconvolute the data. Three types of dynamic analyses, which simulate realistic analytical situations, are then examined in detail. The first of these involves the addition of a mixture of four dansylated amino acids to the flow injection system to provide several different sample duration periods. The second is the staggered addition of short-duration plugs of analyte to the system. The third is the continuous addition of one analyte at different concentrations. Quantitative information generated b...
The new statistical thinking

Every science is built upon a few axioms or general truths, which cannot be logically proved, but accepted as obviously true to actual fact. Conventional statistics is built upon unwarranted assumptions, and therefore it must be replaced by the new statistical thinking which is based on four axioms.
Motor effects of globus pallidus stimulation in the rat: lesions to corticofugal fibers block the motor effects.

Unilateral electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus (GP) in anesthetized male rats was used to determine the nature of the activity drivenin muscles of the neck and shoulder by GP output. In 6 groups of animals stimulation was coupled with lesions to sites that interrupted corticofugal fibers or GP output. Interruption of corticofugal fibers blocked the driven activity while lesions that compromised GP output left the activity unaffected.
P rats develop physical dependence on alcohol via voluntary drinking: changes in seizure thresholds, anxiety, and patterns of alcohol drinking.

Background: It has been proposed that the alcohol-preferring P rat meets many of the criteria for an animal model of alcoholism. However, the development of alcohol dependence has not been explored in rats that self-administer ethanol for less than 15-20 weeks. The present study investigated the development of physical dependence upon alcohol after 2-6 weeks of voluntary alcohol intake. Changes in bicuculline-induced seizure thresholds, microstructure of alcohol drinking, and anxiety-related behavior were used as indices of alcohol dependence. In addition, we evaluated the microstructure of alcohol drinking associated with the development of physical dependence upon alcohol. Methods: Alcohol (10% ethanol solution) was measured in graduated drinking tubes with both alcohol and water available continuously. Microstructure of alcohol intake was monitored by a computerized drinkometer. Physical dependence upon alcohol was determined by measuring bicuculline-induced seizure thresholds after alcohol withdrawal. Anxiety-related behavior of P rats after alcohol withdrawal was determined by the social interaction and elevated plus maze tests. Results: Initial alcohol intake in the alcohol-preferring P rat was relatively modest (3.9 ± 0.4 g/kg/day). Four days of forced alcohol exposure (initiation) followed by 6 weeks of voluntary drinking resulted in an increase of alcohol intake to 5.5 ± 0.2 g/kg/day. Ethanol self-administration for 6 weeks, but not for 2 or 4 weeks, produced a significant reduction (30%; p < 0.05) in bicuculline-induced seizure thresholds during alcohol withdrawal. Alterations in the microstructure of alcohol intake (i.e., 90% increase in the size of alcohol drinking bouts compared to the baseline [p < 0.001] with no change in bout frequency) were associated with the development of alcohol dependence. Termination of alcohol intake after 6 weeks of voluntary alcohol consumption resulted in increased anxiety according to both the social interaction and elevated plus maze tests. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that 6 weeks of voluntary alcohol intake are sufficient for the development of physical dependence upon alcohol in the alcohol-preferring P rats as measured by susceptibility to bicuculline-induced seizures. This time is much shorter than the 15-20 weeks reported earlier. Development of physical dependence to alcohol was associated with an increase in daily alcohol intake (40% over the baseline), an increase in alcohol intake during each drinking bout (90% over the baseline), and elevated anxiety during alcohol withdrawal.
Alcohol abuse predicts progression of disease and death in patients with lung cancer.

Background Few studies have examined long-term outcomes in alcohol-abusing patients with lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of alcohol abuse on the prognosis of patients with lung cancer. Methods The study was composed of 114 consecutive patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer treated at a Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. An alcohol-abusing group consisted of 36 patients with one of the following at the time of lung cancer diagnosis: positive screening questionnaire, alcohol consumption more than 5 drinks or cans of beer a day, or criteria for a diagnosis of alcohol dependence/abuse according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders IV . The comparison group consisted of 78 nonabusing patients. Results Alcohol abusers, compared with nonabusers, had worse Kaplan-Meier overall survival (median 8.5 versus 17.5 months, p = 0.05) and progression-free survival (median 6.0 versus 15.5 months, p = 0.04). In multivariate analyses including alcohol abuse, Charlson comorbidity, pack-years smoking, performance status, and stage, only stage of disease, performance status, and alcohol abuse (odds ratio=3.44, 95% confidence interval=1.17 to 10.1, p = 0.02) predicted progression of disease or death within 12 months of diagnosis. Alcohol abuse was also an independent predictor of disease-specific survival (hazard ratio=1.65, 95% confidence interval=1.01 to 2.80, p = 0.05) and progression-free survival (hazard ratio=1.79, 95% confidence interval=1.12 to 2.86, p = 0.01) among patients with lung cancer. Conclusions Alcohol-abusing patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer have worse outcomes than nonabusing patients. The adverse prognosis associated with alcohol abuse is independent of comorbidity, performance status, or smoking history.
A DSM Cladistics Model for Product Family Architecture Design

Abstract Product variety is a life reality that has to be handled by designers and manufacturers in order to reap the benefits of economy of scope. Product modularity has been the key design solution to manage the increased variety. Design Structure Matrix (DSM) has become the favorable tool by designers to express product or system component relationships, which is used later to cluster components into modules that have strong relationships among their components. This paper is presenting a simple and efficient methodology for designing a product family architecture from a given product family. It is a variant-oriented DSM approach to augment different product design variants into a one collective DSM. Modularity is then performed using Cladistics, a hierarchical classification tool, which is extensively used in biology, and has been also successfully implemented in engineering in design and manufacturing. The results are cascaded layers of component modules representing the underlying product family architecture. A case study of a family of seven kettle variants has been used to represent this novel approach and verify the quality of the results.