cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Many-Body Framework for Data-Driven Potentials with Arbitrary Quantum Mechanical Accuracy: Water as a Case Study.

We present a general framework for the development of data-driven many-body (MB) potential energy functions (MB-QM PEFs) that represent the interactions between small molecules at an arbitrary quantum-mechanical (QM) level of theory. As a demonstration, a family of MB-QM PEFs for water is rigorously derived from density functionals belonging to different rungs across Jacob's ladder of approximations within density functional theory (MB-DFT) and from Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MB-MP2). Through a systematic analysis of individual MB contributions to the interaction energies of water clusters, we demonstrate that all MB-QM PEFs preserve the same accuracy as the corresponding ab initio calculations, with the exception of those derived from density functionals within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The differences between the DFT and MB-DFT results are traced back to density-driven errors that prevent GGA functionals from accurately representing the underlying molecular interactions for different cluster sizes and hydrogen-bonding arrangements. We show that this shortcoming may be overcome, within the MB formalism, by using density-corrected functionals (DC-DFT) that provide a more consistent representation of each individual MB contribution. This is demonstrated through the development of a MB-DFT PEF derived from DC-PBE-D3 data, which more accurately reproduce the corresponding ab initio results.
White matter integrity, suicidal ideation, and cognitive dysfunction in combat-exposed Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans.

Abstract White matter alterations in frontolimbic circuits and poorer cognitive functioning have been observed in individuals endorsing suicidality across numerous psychiatric conditions. However, relationships between white matter integrity, cognition, and suicidality in Veterans are poorly understood, particularly for those at increased risk for suicide due to mental health conditions (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder, depression) and traumatic brain injury history. We (1) examined white matter alterations in combat-exposed Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans with and without suicidal ideation (SI) and (2) investigated relationships between white matter integrity and neuropsychological functioning in regions that differed between SI groups. No group differences were found regarding psychiatric diagnoses. Participants with SI had lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the posterior corona radiata, superior corona radiata, and superior longitudinal fasciculus relative to those without SI. Worse processing speed/attention performance was associated with lower FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculus, while worse executive functioning performance was associated with lower FA in the superior corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus. Memory performance was not associated with FA. These findings suggest that white matter integrity may be involved in cognitive dysfunction and increased risk for SI. Interventions that target cognitive dysfunction may ameliorate SI, and in turn, reduce risk for suicide among Veterans.
Digitally Controlled Power Management Circuit with Dual-functioned Single-stage Power Converter for Vibration Energy Harvesting

This paper proposes digitally controlled power management circuit (PMC) for vibration energy harvesting in vehicle suspension system. The PMC is tested with a mechanical motion rectifier based electromagnetic energy harvester that converts from bi-directional vibration to unidirectional rotation, with improved energy harvesting performance and efficiency. Topology of one-stage DC-DC converter is adapted, and it is digitally controlled while considering the uncertainty of vibration sources. In order to efficiently transfer the harvested power to the electrical load, the algorithm of digital controller is designed to have four operation modes, which are impedance matching mode, voltage regulation mode, generator protection mode, and low power mode, for increasing the PMC efficiency while reducing the power consumption of controller. Experimental results show that proposed circuit can successfully operate and switch between the four operation modes. In the evaluation of PMC performance with 2mm and 2Hz excitation, the efficiency of proposed one-stage power converter is 86%. The total power consumption of controller in active mode and low power mode are 109 mW and 2.52 mW respectively while harvesting about 3W vibration energy.
DETERMINANTS OF MULTIPLE MEASURES OF ACCELERATION

Statistical analyses of the acceleration capability of gasoline vehicles have focused on zero to 97 km/h acceleration rates and have concluded that peak power per kilogram is an appropriate single surrogate for acceleration capability. In this paper, statistical methods are used with data for 107 vehicles tested and reported by Consumers Union for 1986--1988 model years to estimate the determinants of contemporary gasoline vehicle acceleration capability under various conditions, adding new variables to the statistical tests reported by others. Like previous studies, this analysis determined that power and weight provide the most information about acceleration capability. Using a model formulation unlike other studies, this study found that engine displacement also provides statistically significant improvements in explanation of 0-48, 0-97, and 48-97 km/h acceleration times. The coefficients of the equations imply that the use of smaller displacement engines, holding peak power constant, diminishes start-up and 0-97 km/h acceleration capability. A separate equation is estimated to illustrate the effects of advanced engine technologies on displacement, controlling for power. This equation is used in conjunction with the acceleration equations to illustrate a method of estimating performance-equivalent engine substitutions when engine technologies change. Transmission type was important for start-up acceleration, with automatic-transmission-equipped vehicles beingmore » significantly slower than stick-shift-equipped vehicles. Fuel injection was found to significantly improve start-up acceleration. Variables proxying aerodynamic-drag effects tended to be significant determinants of acceleration in the higher-speed equations, but not for start-up acceleration. Estimated aerodynamic drag effects indicated that drag slows down 0-97, 48-97, and 72-105 km/h acceleration of pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles more than passenger cars and vans.« less
Should Candidates Flip a Coin if the Difference in Their Votes is Small

A coin flip can be a good way to settle an election if the margin of victory is small and it is known that there is a good chance of fraud by one candidate. In that case, however, an even better rule is to award victory to the apparent loser.
Somatic Mutations Detected by Immunofluorescence and Flow Cytometry

In order to detect the genotoxic effects of living in today’s complex industrialized society, we must devise sensitive ways to measure early subtle changes in human beings that may lead to more pathological effects in longer periods of time. The detection of mutational changes in somatic cells is a possible way of monitoring for effects that could ultimately lead to carcinogenic or heritable lesions. Depending on the lifespan of the somatic cells analyzed, the frequency of mutated somatic cells in an individual may be a measurement of the effects of recent toxic exposure or an indication of cumulative genetic insult.
Hamiltonian analysis of gauged CP^1 model, with or without Hopf term, and fractional spin

Recently it has been shown by Cho and Kimm that the gauged $CP^1$ model, obtained by gauging the global SU(2) group of $CP^1$ model and adding a corresponding Chern-Simons term, has got its own soliton. These solitons are somewhat distinct from those of pure $CP^1$ model, as they cannot always be characterised by $\pi_2(CP^1)=Z$. In this paper, we first carry out the Hamiltonian analysis of this gauged $CP^1$ model. Then we couple the Hopf term, associated to these solitons and again carry out its Hamiltonian analysis. The symplectic structures, along with the structures of the constraints, of these two models (with or without Hopf term) are found to be essentially the same. The model with Hopf term, is then shown to have fractional spin, which however depends not only on the soliton number $N$ but also on the nonabelian charge.
An Assessment of Artificial Compressibility and Pressure Projection Methods for Incompressible Flow Simulations

Performance of the two commonly used numerical procedures, one based on artificial compressibility method and the other pressure projection method, are compared. These formulations are selected primarily because they are designed for three-dimensional applications. The computational procedures are compared by obtaining steady state solutions of a wake vortex and unsteady solutions of a curved duct flow. For steady computations, artificial compressibility was very efficient in terms of computing time and robustness. For an unsteady flow which requires small physical time step, pressure projection method was found to be computationally more efficient than an artificial compressibility method. This comparison is intended to give some basis for selecting a method or a flow solution code for large three-dimensional applications where computing resources become a critical issue.
Multivariate vestibular testing: Thresholds for bilateral Ménière's disease and aminoglycoside ototoxicity

Although patient symptoms and an audiogram can typically identify the affected ear or ears in M´` disease, there are some cases where this differentiation is problematic. This paper concentrates on the sole use of vestibular test data to discriminate between unilateral and bilateral M´` disease. Patients that were known to have peripheral unilateral vestibular hypofunction (n = 104) were used as learning groups to define a region in multidimensional measurement space consisting of four vestibular test scores which summarized data from electronystagmography, sinusoidal harmonic acceleration, and computerized dynamic posturography tests. A multivariate boundary was created from the unilateral learning group that determined thresholds for identifying bilateral vestibular hypofunction. Patients with bilateral M ´` disease (n =2 3) and with bilateral ototoxicity (n =1 9) were then used as test subjects to determine the sensitivity of the multivariate boundary. Results showed up to a increase in estimated test sensitivity (specificity = 95%) from 67% (current method) to 82% (new method) in identifying bilateral vestibular hypofunction.
Response of raptors to a windfarm

Summary 1. The global growth of wind energy has outpaced our assessment of possible impacts on wildlife. There is a pressing need for studies with pre- and post-construction data to determine whether wind facilities will have detrimental effects on susceptible avian groups such as raptors. 2. A pre- and post-construction study was conducted to determine the impact of a windfarm on the abundance and behaviour of raptors in Wisconsin, USA. Variation in abundance and behaviour was examined both within and among years and relative to selected spatial, temporal and weather covariates. Raptor avoidance rates and indices of collision risk were calculated. 3. Raptor abundance post-construction was reduced by 47% compared to pre-construction levels. Flight behaviour varied by species, but most individuals remained at a distance of at least 100 m from turbines and above the height of the rotor zone. 4. Turkey vultures Cathartes aura and red-tailed hawks Buteo jamaicensis displayed high-risk flight behaviours more often than all other raptor species, but also showed signs of avoidance. Red-tailed hawks were the only raptor species found dead beneath turbines during mortality searches. There were few observed mortalities and corrected mortality estimates were comparable to those from other windfarm studies. 5. Synthesis and applications. The decline in raptor abundance post-construction together with other lines of evidence suggests some displacement from the windfarm project area. While certain species may be at risk, flight behaviour data and mortality estimates indicate that the majority of raptors may not be directly affected by the presence of turbines. The avoidance rates recorded in this study should be used to improve collision risk models, and both current and future windfarms should investigate avoidance behaviour post-construction.
Pseudohomothallism and evolution of the mating-type chromosome in Neurospora tetrasperma

Ascospores of Neurospora tetrasperma normally contain nuclei of both mating-type idiomorphs (a and A), resulting in self-fertile heterokaryons (a type of sexual reproduction termed pseudohomothallism). Occasional homokaryotic self-sterile strains (either a or A) behave as heterothallics and, in principle, provide N. tetrasperma with a means for facultative outcrossing. This study was conceived as an investigation of the population biology of N. tetrasperma to assess levels of intrastrain heterokaryosis (heterozygosity). The unexpected result was that the mating-type chromosome and autosomes exhibited very different patterns of evolution, apparently because of suppressed recombination between mating-type chromosomes. Analysis of sequences on the mating-type chromosomes of wild-collected self-fertile strains revealed high levels of genetic variability between sibling A and a nuclei. In contrast, sequences on autosomes of sibling A and a nuclei exhibited nearly complete homogeneity. Conservation of distinct haplotype combinations on A and a mating-type chromosomes in strains from diverse locations further suggested an absence of recombination over substantial periods of evolutionary time. The suppression of recombination on the N. tetrasperma mating-type chromosome, expected to ensure a high frequency of self fertility, presents an interesting parallel with, and possible model for studying aspects of, the evolution of mammalian sex chromosomes.
Tukey Quick Test

A distribution-free test of the equivalence of two population medians. Because of its ease of computation, it is sometimes known as Tukey's Quick Test. Keywords: median; two-sample t Test
The effect of substitutents on the strain energies of small ring compounds.

The effect of substitutents on the strain energy (SE) of cyclic molecules is examined at the CBS, G2, and G2(MP2) levels of theory. Alkyl substitutents have a meaningful effect upon the SE of small ring compounds. gem-Dimethyl substitution lowers the strain energy of cyclopropanes, cyclobutanes, epoxides, and dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) by 6−10 kcal/mol relative to an unbranched acyclic reference molecule. The choice of the reference compound is especially important for geminal electronegative substitutents. The SE of 1,1-difluorocyclopropane is estimated to be 20.5 kcal/mol relative to acyclic reference molecule 1,3-difluoropropane but is 40.7 kcal/mol with respect to the thermodynamically more stable (ΔE = −20.2 kcal/mol) isomeric reference compound 2,2-difluoropropane. The SE of dioxirane (DO) is estimated to be ≈18 kcal/mol while the SE of DMDO is predicted to be ≈11 kcal/mol by using homodesmotic reactions that maintain a balanced group equivalency. The total energy (CBS-APNO) of DMDO is 2.6 kcal/mol lo...
The influence of strain specific Helicobacter pylori and serum gastrin levels on development of colon adenocarcinoma

The influence of strain specific Helicobacter pylori and serum gastrin levels on development of colon adenocarcinoma
Old family secrets exposed

Abstract An elderly man and woman died after being burned in an automobile accident. DNA typing strongly confirmed that they were brother and sister. But further typing, on four additional presumed siblings, revealed some surprising and instructive genetic patterns. The additional information contradicts the original conclusion, and also reveals remarkably precise insights into events many years ago.
Conceptual Model for Prediction of FRP-Concrete Bond Strength under Moisture Cycles

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) retrofit systems for concrete structural members such as beams, columns, slabs, and bridge decks have become increasingly popular as a result of extensive studies on short-term debonding behavior. Nevertheless, long-term performance and durability issues regarding debonding behavior in such strengthening systems still remain largely uncertain and unanswered. Because of its composite nature, the effectiveness of the strengthening system depends on the properties of the interfaces between the three constituent materials; namely, concrete, epoxy, and FRP. Certain factors, including those related to environmental exposures, can cause degradation of the interface properties during service life. This is particularly critical when predicting service life and planning maintenance of FRP-strengthened concrete structures. In this study, effect of moisture on an FRP-concrete bond system is characterized by means of the tri-layer fracture toughness, which can be obtained experimentally from peel and shear fracture tests. Fracture specimens were conditioned under various durations and numbers of wet-dry cycles at room temperature and 50°C. An irreversible weakening in bond strength was observed in fracture specimens under moisture cyclic condition. A conceptual model is developed based on the experimental results of the fracture specimens under variable cyclic moisture conditions for the bond strength prediction of the FRP-concrete bond system. A numerical study of a precracked FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beam is then performed to show potential application of the proposed predictive model.
Coupled endo-exodeoxyribonuclease activity from Hela cell nuclei interacts with specific regions of the SV40 mini chromosome

Abstract A recently described endo-exodeoxyribonuclease activity (1) was determined to interact preferentially with the origin/enhancer region and the 5′ end of the late promotor region of the SV40 mini chromosome. The enzymatic activity has no preferential site of interaction with naked DNA, which suggests, the chromatin organization is responsible for this site directed interaction.
Regulation of Cl- transport in T84 cell clones expressing a mutant regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Cl- channels in the apical membranes of salt-secreting epithelia are activated by both cAMP and Ca2+ second-messenger systems, and dysfunctions in their hormonal regulation have been demonstrated in patients with cystic fibrosis. We have transfected the epithelial cell line T84 with an expression vector containing a mutant form of the regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Stable transformants that express this construct have reduced basal cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity and do not increase kinase activity beyond the basal level of control cells in response to cAMP. Forskolin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and prostaglandin E2 each stimulate intracellular cAMP accumulation in both mutant and control clones; however, the activation of Cl- channels in response to elevated cAMP is blocked in mutant clones, indicating direct involvement of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In contrast, Ca2+ ionophores retain their ability to activate the Cl- channel in T84 cells expressing the mutant regulatory subunit, suggesting that activation of the channel by means of Ca2+ does not require the participation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. These clones will be useful for further studies of the interactions between the cAMP- and Ca2(+)-dependent regulatory pathways in salt-secreting epithelial cells. They can also be used to identify the mediators of Ca2(+)-dependent Cl- channel activation in isolation from interactions with the cAMP second-messenger pathway.
Economic-statistical design of an adaptive X̄ chart

Abstract An X chart with adaptive design parameters outperforms a traditional fixed sample-size, fixed sampling-interval X chart. However, an adaptive chart employs more resources by using a rapid mean sampling rate and a large average sample size to improve its performance. In this paper, an economic model for an adaptive chart with dual sample sizes and dual sampling intervals is developed. Using this model, the design parameters of an adaptive chart are optimized by minimizing the cost function. Constraints on the average time to signal are applied to the economic model to satisfy the required statistical properties. The adaptive chart is compared to the nonadaptive chart in terms of cost of operation and average time to signal. Sensitivity of the design parameters of the adaptive chart with respect to the operating cost and adaptive design parameters is also analyzed. An example is presented illustrating the application of the economic model. With some minor changes, the model can also be used to design a pure adaptive sample size chart or a pure adaptive sampling interval chart.
Advantage of U+U over Au+Au collisions at constant beam energy

Collisions of deformed uranium nuclei are studied in a Monte Carlo Glauber model. For U+U at zero impact parameter (b=0) in the most favorable orientation (tip-to-tip), the transverse particle density (charged-particle rapidity density per weighted transverse area of the initial participant zone) increases by about 35% compared to Au+Au at b=0. To estimate the advantage of U+U over Au+Au in the context of real experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, we examine the effect of a range of centrality cuts on the event sample. In terms of the transverse particle density, the predicted advantage of U+U is about 16%.
Comment on "Chaotic Autoionization of Molecular Rydberg States"

A Comment on the Letter by Francesco Benvenuto, Guilio Casata and D. L. Shepelyansky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1818 (1994).
Changes in cardiac output predict the response of sleep-disordered breathing to pacing in patients with sleep apnea

Background: Recent reports suggest that higher rate, atrial pacing during sleep decreases apneic spells in patients with sleep apnea. To investigate the mechanism responsible for this finding, we studied the effects of higher rate atrial pacing (AP) on apneic spells and cardiac function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: 14 patients with obstructive sleep apnea who had either a dualchamber ICD or pacemaker implanted for approved indications were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent two polysomnography studies; baseline and a repeat study with the atrial-based pacing rate increased 15 beats per minute above the average heart rate during the baseline study. The influence of pacing on cardiac outputs (CO) was determined at each pacing rate by echocardiography following the second study. The respiratory disturbance index (RDI number of apneas and hypopneas/hour of sleep) and CO were determined for each condition. Results: There was no overall difference in RDI between baseline and AP. With higher pacing rates, 8 of the 14 patients had a decrease in RDI and 6 had an increase in RDI. Despite the lack of a group effect, changes in CO with AP were predictive of the response in RDI during sleep. In 11 of 14 patients, the change in CO was concordant with the change in RDI (p 0.04) in that an increase in CO with pacing predicted a decrease in the RDI during sleep. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that there is no consistent effect of atrial pacing on apneic spells in patients with sleep apnea. However, improvements in sleep disordered breathing are predicted by an increase in CO at the higher pacing rate suggesting a physiologic connection between the heart and respiratory systems in patients with sleep apnea.
Urinary excretion of prostaglandin F2α and 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F1α during volume expansion in man

Renal function and the urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) were investigated during volume expansion (VE) in 9 healthy young adults. The studies were started after at least 17 h of food and fluid deprivation. Volume expansion (3% of body weight) was achieved by a continuous infusion of Ringer's solution (0.22 ml/kg/min). This increased the urinary excretion of sodium from 195±25 to 714±55 μmol/min/1.73 m2(mean ± S.E.) and decreased the excretion of potassium by 24% and plasma renin activity by 60% (P<0.01). The clearance of inulin increased slightly (from 102.4±3.7 to 114.5±6.2 ml/min/1.73 m2, P<0.025), whue clearance of PAH did not change. The excretion of immunoreactive PGF2α decreased in 8 out of 9 individuals during VE, from 1.58±0.15 to 0.97±0.10 ng/min/1.73 m2(P<0.01). In contrast, excretion of immunoreactive 6-keto-PGF1α increased in 8 out of 9 subjects, from 2.32±0.20 to 3.47±0.48 ng/min/1.73 m2(P<0.05). Urinary excretion of PGF2α and 6-keto-PGF1α may reflect renal synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) and prostacyclin (PGI2), respectively. The results indicate that synthesis of PGs is decreased and that of PGI2 is increased during VE in man. However, no simple relationship could be found between the prostaglandins and the renal functional parameters.
An Integrative Review of Correlates and Predictors of Depression in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Depression creates an additional burden for adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), negatively affecting disease outcomes and quality of life. An integrative literature review of twenty-three quantitative studies was conducted on correlates and factors predictive of depression in adults with RA. Methodological assessment tools were used to independently evaluate the data quality by two reviewers. Prevalence rates ranged from 6.6 to 66.25%. Correlates included pain, functional status, disease duration, and RA treatment. Predictors, including sociodemographics, pain, coping ability, support, functional status, and clinical factors, varied depending upon the sample, standardized measure, and geographic location. Understanding correlates/predictors could guide the development of comprehensive care.
Soft Entry of Micrometeorites at Grazing Incidence or by Aerocapture

Abstract A study is made of the conditions under which micrometeorites can enter the Earth's atmosphere without being melted or without having their nuclear tracks annealed. The two mechanisms studied are: (1) aerocapture followed by entry from a bound orbit; and (2) direct entry at large zenith angles. Mechanism (2) is generally more efficient if the maximum temperature is limited to 1600 K; some grains as large as 400 μm across can survive unmelted. Both mechanisms are competitive for maximum temperatures of 800 K. The estimated probabilities of entry (compared with the total flux to the Earth) are a few times 10 −3 for unannealed particles and several percent for unmelted ones.
Performance assessment of group detection algorithms

Targets may be more likely than non-targets to occur in groups. "Group detection" algorithms exploit this property of target behavior to improve the performance of a detection system. This paper develops some of the issues to be addressed when assessing the performance of a group detection algorithm. Two basic cases are considered, one where object detection is the goal (with group detection as an intermediate tool) and one where group detection is directly the goal. To understand the benefits of group detection algorithms in object detection, we propose considering pre-group to post-group object-level false alarm rate at a fixed detection probability. To understand the relative ease of group detection as an end in itself versus object detection, object-level Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves may be compared to group-level ROCs. The significance of the assessment approach is demonstrated, where different assessment approaches can produce apparent benefits that differ by several orders-of-magnitude. In addition to the methodology dependence, performance has the usual dependence on operating conditions (OCs), including the target grouping behavior (frequency of group sizes, spatial separation, and mismatch between model and reality), spatial dependence in clutter objects, and the pre-group object-level ROC (which in-turn depends on classical OCs).
Comparison of the telephone cord delamination method for measuring interfacial adhesion with the four-point bending method

Abstract Adhesion of Pt films to Si substrates with a native SiO2 oxide has been investigated using telephone cord induced delamination as well as the four-point bending method. Telephone cord delamination was induced by sputtering a thick compressively stressed overlayer onto the Pt/SiO2 films. The Pt/SiO2 interface fracture energy was obtained by measuring the dimensions of the delaminations and using available fracture mechanics models. Interface fracture energy was also measured using the established four-point bend method with pre-fabricated specimens containing the films sandwiched between two silicon substrates. The results of both methods are compared. Phenomenological and FEM models were used to account for the different loading mode mixities of the two experiments. Analysis of the telephone cord induced delamination was shown to provide similar interface fracture energy values compared to the four-point bend method.
An alternative method of removing preretinal blood with the extrusion handpiece.

Good hemostasis is an important objective of any vitrectomy operation. Bleeding results in posterior pooling over the macula and optic disk, often with rapid clotting. I use an alternative method of removing preretinal blood by gentle reverse flushing with the extrusion handpiece.
A resource demand model of indigenous production: The Jivaroan cultivation systems of Western Amazonia

Abstract This study examines the demand for land resources and agricultural production in the lower Pastaza River Basin of the Ecuadorian Amazon. Specifically, we concentrate on two territories controlled by Jivaroan indigenous groups. First, the analysis compares the structural characteristics of riverine and interfluvial cultivation systems in the region. Second, the study investigates the connections between agricultural intensity, population pressure and composition, and terrain conditions at the household level through the integration of geographic information systems, remote sensing, socio-economic surveys, and regression analyses. The study shows that although cultivation practices and the proportion between consumers and producers at the household level are not significantly different among riverine and interfluvial groups, riverine cultivators produce more intensively than interfluvial landholders. In general, the demand for agricultural production at a household level is positively correlated with population pressure and soil quality. In this region, the extent of cultivation is significantly associated with the proportion between consumers and producers along the household’s developmental cycle. These findings provide support for the view that land use intensification among indigenous peoples is similar to the dynamic among non-indigenous market-oriented producers.
Gold nanorods as a contrast agent for Doppler optical coherence tomography

Purpose: To investigate gold nanorods (GNRs) as a contrast agent to enhance Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the intrascleral aqueous humor outflow. Methods: A serial dilution of GNRs was scanned with a spectral-domain OCT device (Bioptigen, Durham, NC) to visualize Doppler signal. Doppler measurements using GNRs were validated using a controlled flow system. To demonstrate an application of GNR enhanced Doppler, porcine eyes were perfused at constant pressure with mock aqueous alone or 1.0×10 GNR/mL mixed with mock aqueous. Twelve Doppler and volumetric SD-OCT scans were obtained from the limbus in a radial fashion incremented by 30°, forming a circular scan pattern. Volumetric flow was computed by integrating flow inside non-connected vessels throughout all 12 scans around the limbus. Results: At the GNR concentration of 0.7×10 GNRs/mL, Doppler signal was present through the entire depth of the testing tube without substantial attenuation. A well-defined laminar flow profile was observed for Doppler images of GNRs flowing through the glass capillary tube. The Doppler OCT measured flow profile was not statistically different from the expected flow profile based upon an autoregressive moving average model, with an error of -0.025 to 0.037 mm/s (p = 0.6435). Cross-sectional slices demonstrated the ability to view anterior chamber outflow ex-vivo using GNR-enhanced Doppler OCT. Doppler volumetric flow measurements were comparable to flow recorded by the perfusion system. Conclusions: GNRs created a measureable Doppler signal within otherwise silent flow fields in OCT Doppler scans. Practical application of this technique was confirmed in a constant pressure ex-vivo aqueous humor outflow model in porcine eyes. © 2014 Wang et al. 12 12
Interface wear reactions in nickel-nickel simulated face seals

Abstract The surface topology of the wear tracks of a nickel specimen mated against nickel in a simulated face seal test is characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The nominal face load was 0.024 N m −2 , the sliding velocity was 0.975 m s −1 , and the test duration was 64 s. Argon flowed across the mating interface, but the surface contact was so localized that the seal did not operate in a lubricated manner. The surface topology had a smeared, layered appearance with the presence of wedges and spalls. The mechanisms of wear in this test are similar to those seen in more controlled and lower speed tests for ductile materials mated against ductile materials. Temperature measurements indicate that local contact point temperatures reached magnitudes high enough to affect the mechanical properties of the nickel, and hence the wear response.
Characterization of Land Transitions Patterns from Multivariate Time Series Using Seasonal Trend Analysis and Principal Component Analysis

Characterizing biophysical changes in land change areas over large regions with short and noisy multivariate time series and multiple temporal parameters remains a challenging task. Most studies focus on detection rather than the characterization, i.e., the manner by which surface state variables are altered by the process of changes. In this study, a procedure is presented to extract and characterize simultaneous temporal changes in MODIS multivariate times series from three surface state variables the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), land surface temperature (LST) and albedo (ALB). The analysis involves conducting a seasonal trend analysis (STA) to extract three seasonal shape parameters (Amplitude 0, Amplitude 1 and Amplitude 2) and using principal component analysis (PCA) to contrast trends in change and no-change areas. We illustrate the method by characterizing trends in burned and unburned pixels in Alaska over the 2001–2009 time period. Findings show consistent and meaningful extraction of temporal patterns related to fire disturbances. The first principal component (PC1) is characterized by a decrease in mean NDVI (Amplitude 0) with a concurrent increase in albedo (the mean and the annual amplitude) and an increase in LST annual variability (Amplitude 1). These results provide systematic empirical evidence of surface changes associated with one type of land change, fire disturbances, and suggest that STA with PCA may be used to characterize many other types of land transitions over large landscape areas using multivariate Earth observation time series.
PH CONTROL OF THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF CROSS-LINKED ENZYME CRYSTALS IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Lyophilized subtilisin Carlsberg exhibits “pH memory” in organic solvents, i.e., its catalytic activity in such media is profoundly affected by the pH of the aqueous solution from which the enzyme was lyophilized. In contrast, cross-linked crystalline subtilisin displays no appreciable pH memory. This disparate behavior is rationalized in terms of the different protonation states of the two enzyme preparations in organic solvents. Since cross-linked crystals (CLCs) of enzymes in organic solvents offer performance and mechanistic advantages over their lyophilized counterparts, the opportunities for pH maximizing their catalytic activity in such media are explored. It is found that subtilisin CLCs in pentanone can be activated more than 100-fold by adding a “buffer” consisting of a mixture of a suitable acid and its sodium salt (conjugate base). The maximal activation is achieved (i) when the pKa value of the buffer acid in water lies in the appropriate range, (ii) at an optimal acid/base composition of the...
Assigning the major isomers of fullerene C88 by theoretical 13C NMR spectra

Abstract The IPR isomers of fullerene C 88 have been studied using density functional theory. Structures of all C 88 isomers with non-zero HOMO–LUMO gaps were optimized at the B3LYP/STO-3G level. Those isomers having energies lower than 25 kcal/mol were subjected to geometry optimization using the 6-31G basis set. Isomer 17 has the lowest energy, followed by 7 and 33 . All three isomers have large HOMO–LUMO gaps. 13 C NMR chemical shifts were obtained employing the GIAO method. The comparison between predicted and measured NMR spectra strongly supports the observed C 88 -1(C s ) as isomer 17 , and isomers C 88 -2(C 2 ) and C 88 -3(C 2 ) as 7 and 33 , respectively.
The Chiasma of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Tendon

Forty cadaver hands (160 fingers) were dissected to study the morphology and variations of the chiasma of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon. Ten types of chiasma were noted. One chiasma did not fit into any of the patterns. The long and ring fingers had a very similar distribution of types of chiasma but the index and small both had different patterns. The length of chiasma showed a marked variability which appeared to be independent of phalangeal length.
NOTES ON JEWISH DRUG ADDICTS

The literature on drug addiction contains little specifically about Jewish drug addicts. During the spring of 1958 a study of 32 Jewish patients in residence in the U. S. Public Health Service Hospital at Lexington, Kentucky, was made. This group included 5 females whose average age on admission was 35.72 yr. and 27 males whose average age was 30. This compares with an average age of 33.33 for 135 Jewish females and an average age of 36.30 for 502 males who were admitted to the hospital during the period between 1953 and 1957. It is somewhat less than the average age on admission of 39.1 for 1036 patients admitted to the U. S. Public Health Service Hospital at Lexington from July 1, 1936 to June 30, 1937 (Pescor, 1943 ) . Additional statistics for the Jewish patients for the 5-year period summarized by Pescor include the following facts. Each male was admitted 1.50 times; the females were admitted 1.42 times. The average age of the Jewish patient has not fluctuated appreciably during this period, ranging from 36.36 yr. in 1953 to 34 in 1957. Of the 2709 patients admitted to the hospital in 1955, 203 or 7.5% were Jews. There were 167 males (7.6%) of a total of 2192 males and 36 females (4.9%) of a total of 741 females. From January to June, 1955, 654 white patients were admitted to the hospital of whom 63 (9.3 % ) were Jewish. Two factors important in personality development of the 32 patients studied were the addicts' sibling position and their relationship with their parents. Seventy per cent were the youngest in their families, either the youngest of several children (48% ) or the only child of the family (22% ). Fifteen per cent were the middle child or at neither extreme, while 15 % were the eldest. This compares with a study1 by Parkhurst in 1957 of 171 patients among whom were seven Jews; of these 43% were the youngest, 38% in an intermediate position, 1996, the eldest. Generally, the role of the father was weak and frequently a father-figure was lacking entirely or for crucial periods of time. In 19 instances the father was missing ( 8 died and 2 were absent through divorces); in 8 other cases, the father was considered the weaker parent with the mother dominating; in 5 others, there was a poor relationship with the father. This information was based on interviews with the patients. Of these Jewish patients, 90% or 29 of 32 came from New York City
Epithelial ovarian tumors of low malignant potential: the role of microinvasion

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify prognostic factors that may be used to predict an aggressive disease course and poor outcome in patients with epithelial ovarian tumors of low malignant potential (borderline tumors). METHODS: Data on 126 patients with ovarian borderline tumors were analyzed with regard to demographic characteristics, staging, presence of microinvasion, duration of follow-up, recurrence rate, rate of recurrence as invasive disease, mortality rate, preoperative and postoperative CA-125, and treatment. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to evaluate proportions for statistical significance. Disease-free and overall survival was calculated by using the Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test. RESULTS: Patients were followed for a median of 39.0 months (mean 47.8 months). Seven patients (5.6%) had recurrent disease. Advanced stage disease and microinvasion were associated with significantly higher recurrence and mortality rates than were stage I/II disease and borderline tumors without microinvasion, respectively. Two of 13 (15%, 95% CI 8.7, 21.3) patients with microinvasion died of recurrent invasive cancer, whereas only 1 out of 113 patients without microinvasion died of recurrent borderline tumor (OR 20.4, 95% CI 1.2, 239). All 3 patients with an aggressive disease course and poor outcome had increasing CA 125 levels at the time of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Certain patients with microinvasion may be at higher risk for recurrence as invasive disease and may require different treatment strategies. CA 125 monitoring may have a role in early detection of recurrence in patients with aggressive disease.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Family and Consumer Sciences: 2012

An annual survey of graduate programs in family and consumer science departments of universities and colleges was conducted in the spring of 2013 to compile a list of theses and dissertations completed in 2012. For the survey, requests for the titles and authors were sent via email to institutions three times within a three-week period. Twenty-seven colleges and universities responded to the survey. A total of 279 theses and 146 dissertations were reported. A report of those submissions, by subject category, author, and title, is provided.
Mechanism of bicarbonate secretion in rat (Rattus rattus) colon.

Abstract 1. 1. Colonie HCO3 secretion was measured as the residual flux in male Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus rattus). 2. 2. Basal HCO3 secretion was increased by 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) and was reduced to baseline by 0.1 mM methazolamide (Mtz) but not by SITS (1 mM), DIDS (1 mM) or amiloride (1 mM). 3. 3. In vivo, intravenous vasoactive intestinal peptide increased HCO3 secretion and prior perfusion with 1 mM Mtz prevented this increase. 4. 4. These results suggest that the source of basal and cAMP-stimulated HCO3 secretion is, in part, intracellular and requires the action of carbonic anhydrase.
Interactions of clozapine with the stimulus effects of DOM and LSD.

Abstract Two groups of rats were trained with the 5-HT 2 agonist 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in a two-lever discrimination task. Tests of generalization and antagonism were then carried out with clozapine. DOM did not generalize to clozapine. Partial antagonism of DOM was observed with 0.3, 1, and 2 mg/kg clozapine and statistically significant full antagonism with 3 mg/kg. LSD did not fully generalize to clozapine. Partial antagonism of LSD was observed with 3 and 4 mg/kg clozapine. Because clozapine is known to block muscarinic as well as 5-HT 2 receptors, atropine was studied in DOM-trained rats. DOM partially generalized to 3 mg/kg atropine. Partial attenuation of DOM stimulus effects was observed with 3 mg/kg atropine, and no attenuation with 5 mg/kg. A combination of 2 mg/kg clozapine and 3 mg/kg atropine vs. DOM produced response suppression in five of seven rats. The atropine test results do not exclude the possibility of an antimuscarinic component in the observed attenuation of DOM and LSD stimulus effects by clozapine.
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D inhibits vitamin E succinate-induced apoptosis in C3H10T1/2 cells but not Harvey ras-transfected cells.

In this study, the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] on regulation of apoptosis was compared in control C3H10T1/2 mouse fibroblast cells and those transfected with the Harvey ras oncogene. A known apoptotic stimulator, vitamin E succinate (VES), reduced cell number in a time- and dose-dependent manner in both cell types. In an assay for viable cells, there were significantly more C3H10T1/2 cells cotreated with VES and 1,25(OH)2D3 (-5.0 ± 10.5% of vehicle-treated controls) compared to VES alone treated cells (-60.8 ± 5.6%). In contrast, 1,25(OH)2D3 did not change the percentage of viable cells following treatment by VES in ras-transfected cells [-67.3 ± 7.5%, VES alone compared to 57.3 ± 15.7% with VES and 1,25(OH)2D3 ]. Further studies confirmed that 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited VES-mediated apoptosis (1.27 ± 0.34-fold over vehicle control) compared to VES treatment alone (2.29 ± 0.56-fold increase) in C3H10T1/2 cells, but not in ras-transfected cells [3.07 ± 0.43-fold increase, VES treatment alon...
THE PROTECTION AND DEPLOYMENT OF FINANCIAL INNOVATION

Prevailing theory suggests that firms that effectively protect technological discoveries from emulation will create and capture value. Despite its importance, little research has examined the specific mechanisms of how to protect technological discoveries, and have heretofore emphasized the importance of inherent resource attributes to limit competitor emulation. Using a sample of financial patents, we test theory regarding the effects of resource attributes and deployment mechanisms on resource-based emulation. Results indicate both resource attributes and deployment affect competitor action. However, the timing of emulation often depends upon contextual factors. Thus, resource deployment actions are critical to erecting sustainable resource barriers.
Do Music Education Majors Intend to Teach Music? An Exploratory Survey

Preservice music teachers (N = 152) at six institutions were surveyed on their intent to enter and remain in K–12 music teaching. Respondents provided favorable speculations for entering and remaining in K–12 music teaching. Prevalent responses for desiring a music teaching position were categorized as follows: love for music, sharing music, inspiring and making a difference in students' lives, and having an enjoyable job. Categories for not wanting to obtain a school music teaching position included preferring to work in another area of music, insecurity about teaching skills, and anticipated low pay and job instability. Results are discussed in terms of diversity, teacher attrition, teacher socialization, and teacher identity.
Coöperative governmental purchasing in the Irish free state

Irish industries greatly benefited by nation-wide scheme of governmental purchasing. Savings in costs and improved quality of materials also products of new system.
Backcalculating cleanup targets in probabilistic risk assessments when the acceptability of cancer risk is defined under different risk management policies

Abstract When evaluating a fully probabilistic risk assessment, say at a hazardous waste site, the risk manager needs a risk management policy that distinguishes an acceptable distribution of risk from an unacceptable one. This manuscript explores several alternative ways to define the acceptability of a distribution of risk. This manuscript also presents methods to backcalculate distributions for cleanup targets under the alternative risk management policies if the need arises.