cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of soil geochemical and physical properties on chromium(VI) sorption and bioaccessibility.

The Department of Defense (DoD) is faced with the daunting task of possible remediation of numerous soil-Cr(VI) contaminated sites throughout the continental U.S. The primary risk driver at these sites is hand-to-mouth ingestion of contaminated soil by children. In the following study we investigate the impact of soil geochemical and physical properties on the sorption and bioaccessibility of Cr(VI) in a vast array of soils relevant to neighboring DoD sites. For the 35 soils used in this study, A-horizon soils typically sorbed significantly more Cr(VI) relative to B-horizon soils. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that Cr(VI) sorption increased with increasing soil total organic C (TOC) and decreasing soil pH. The bioaccessibility of total Cr (CrT) and Cr(VI) on the soils decreased with increasing soil TOC content. As the soil TOC content approached 0.4%, the bioaccessibility of soil bound Cr systematically decreased from approximately 65 to 10%. As the soil TOC content increased from 0.4 to 4...
Morphogenetic factors controlling differentiation and dedifferentiation of epidermal cells in the gynoecium of Catharanthus roseus : I. The role of pressure and cell confinement.

To test the morphogenetic role of equilateral stress and physiological confinement in dedifferentiation of epidermal cells, impermeable barriers of goldmetal foil were placed between the postgenitally fusing epidermal surfaces in the gynoecium of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Cells contacting the foil barrier were firmly compressed and air spaces were almost eliminated, thus mimicking an internal cellular environment. However, the cells adjacent to the barriers retained epidermal characteristics and did not dedifferentiate. In contrast, epidermal cells that could establish a direct cell-to-cell contact along the margins of the barriers rapidly dedifferentiated as in normal development. The results indicate that neither physical stress on the cell surfaces nor modifications in gradients of gases or volatile products around the cells control the process of epidermal dedifferentiation. The morphogenetic stimulus in this system requires direct cell contact, and may thus consist of a diffusible messenger molecule or some kind of cell surface interaction. Aspects of this cell interaction and of epidermal cell differentiation generally are discussed.
Recombinant factor VIII for the treatment of previously untreated patients with hemophilia A. Safety, efficacy, and development of inhibitors. Kogenate Previously Untreated Patient Study Group.

Background Although methods of viral attenuation in plasma-derived clotting-factor concentrates have improved, there is still a possibility that such concentrates may transmit certain blood-borne viruses. For this reason, the use of recombinant DNA-derived factor VIII (which is virus-free) to treat hemophilia A has generated considerable interest. Methods We conducted a multicenter trial in previously untreated children with hemophilia A. They received recombinant factor VIII for all treatment or for prophylaxis and were evaluated at their respective clinics at intervals of no more than three months. Results Between January 1, 1989, and July 1, 1992, 95 patients who could be evaluated received recombinant factor VIII. By September 1, 1992, they had received the concentrate exclusively for 2.4 months to 3.5 years (median, 1.5 years). All responded well, with no treatment failures. A total of 3315 infusions were administered; there were three reports of minor adverse reactions. Inhibitor antibodies to facto...
A diagnosis of AIDS prevention knowledge by different crowd in Xianning City

Objective The awareness rate of AIDS prevention knowledge can be reflecting the status of one area health education work.The diagnoses of AIDS prevention knowledge by different crowd can estimate the effect of develop AIDS health education work at the early stage.And the result gave a basis for better developing education work in the future.Methods According to the stratified sampling method,on the basis of danger of catching AIDS,investigating the AIDS-related knowledge and behaviors from different vocations,date analysis methods including chi-square test、logistic regression and ect.Results(1) In Xianning City,the total awareness rate about AIDS is obvious difference between the different crowd;(2) The awareness rate about AIDS is difference between the different education degree、age and sex;(3) Television is the main source of information for catching AIDS-related knowledge by a lot of people.Conclusion Xianning city at the early stage for the prevention and control of AIDS and focuses on the effect of health education in general,high-risk population health education effect is relatively better,but problems still exist,need to do more detail,more thorough,more targeted work.
The Design of an Intelligent Distance Education System for Military Colleges

In this paper,the basic features of modern distance education and the methods to develop distance education in military colleges are discussed.A distance education system structure suitable for military colleges is presented,and an artificial intelligence aided method for the system is discussed.
Approach to the Patient with a Voice Disorder

The author's approach to patients with voice disorders emphasizes the value of a multidisciplinary voice team, including an otolaryngologist, a speech pathologist, and a neurologist.
Organizational structure and business and technology strategy of food companies to optimize development of foods for consumers with specific dietary needs

All food and drink businesses should employ product development and innovation management processes to deliver value and sustainable revenue streams. This is even more essential where the products are targeted at specific subsectors of the consumer base and in particular those that are sensitive (either positively or negatively) to the ingredients being used. An added complexity is found when main-streaming of products that are typically intended for allergen sensitive consumers. This chapter explores the need for robust business strategies, innovation and project management techniques, and philosophies to ensure that the products are delivered to meet the needs of their diverse customers.
Basic Binary Image Processing

Publisher Summary Binary images arise in a number of ways. Usually they are created from gray level images for simplified processing or for printing. However, certain types of sensors directly deliver a binary image output. Such devices are usually associated with printed, handwritten, or line drawing images, with the input signal being entered by hand on a pressure sensitive tablet, a resistive pad, or a light pen. Usually a binary image is obtained from a gray level image by some process of information abstraction. The advantage of the B-fold reduction in the required image storage space is offset by what can be a significant loss of information in the resulting binary image. However, if the process is accomplished with care, then a simple abstraction of information can be obtained that can enhance subsequent processing, analysis, or interpretation of the image.
Economic feasibility of tobacco leaves for biofuel production and high value squalene

In this paper, we estimate the economic feasibility of biofuel production and high value squalene from tobacco-based biomass. Pro-forma stochastic financial statements were constructed and the feasibility of multi-year financial projects were evaluated. The results suggest the commercialization of biofuel production from tobacco is not economical in the short run, but may have a potential in the long run. The results also indicate the economic feasibility of high value squalene is viable under the certain conditions.
Can Policy Interventions Affect HIV-Related Behaviors? A Systematic Review of the Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries

In their response to HIV, many countries have adopted and enacted policies to reduce transmission and increase HIV-related service use. Theoretically, policy-level interventions for HIV prevention have the potential to improve health behavior outcomes. These policy interventions vary in their scale, from relatively minor changes in clinical policy to major national legal initiatives. Assessing the effectiveness of HIV policy interventions is a challenging undertaking. While many policies exist and guide HIV programmes, relatively few have specifically been evaluated for their effects on reducing HIV risk taking or increasing HIV health-seeking behaviors. Thus, questions on the effectiveness of policy interventions to prevent HIV and change HIV-related risk behaviors remain largely unanswered. To address this current gap in the literature, we systematically reviewed the existing evidence on the effect of HIV policy interventions on changing HIV-related behaviors in low-and middle-income countries.
Simulated Annealing and Stochastic Machines

Since the publication of the seminal paper by Kirkpatrick, Gelatt Jr. and Vecchi [98], who were inspired by an earlier work on statistical mechanics [108], simulated annealing has been embraced as’ the “savior” for solving many difficult combinatorial optimization problems, and has been applied to many areas such as computer-aided design of very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits [100], [146], [164], image processing and computer vision [18], [159], [170], telecommunications [15], [37], [51], [55], [139], [165], [166], [167], [168], economics [63], [171], and other engineering and scientific disciplines [104], [115], [133], [152], [157]. A new class of computing machines known as stochastic machines has also emerged through the application of the annealing concept to neural networks. This chapter provides an overview on simulated annealing and the derivation of various stochastic machines. Key properties of simulated annealing are highlighted, and readers are referred to [2], [58], [59], [123], [163], for further detailed analyses.
Bones heal, teeth don't! The involvement of dentists in the acute and long-term management of patients injured in the Manchester Arena Bomb.

This paper outlines the involvement of dentists in the treatment of patients following the terror attack at Manchester Arena on 22 May 2017. It predominantly describes the role of the authors – a paediatric dental consultant and maxillofacial surgery dental core trainee (DCT). As a result of the incident a number of patients suffered oro-facial injuries, with many treated at Central Manchester Foundation Trust Hospitals' Manchester Royal Infirmary and Royal Manchester Children's Hospital. The major incident response of the trust is discussed, as are the presentation of blast injuries and corresponding NHS guidance. Two paediatric cases present the role of the paediatric dental consultant in the acute, intermediate and long-term management of these patients. The presentation of unique dento-alveolar injuries in the context of other trauma and their subsequent treatment demanded true multidisciplinary management. The importance of teeth and oral health to physical and psycho-social wellbeing and recovery was clear and recognised by other teams involved in the patients' management. The experience reinforced the overall impact dental health has on physical and psycho-social health, and how a holistic approach is integral to treatment of major trauma.
THE GERMAN ACCOUNTING PROFESSION — 1931 AND BEFORE: A REFLECTION OF NATIONAL IDEOLOGIES

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the demand for independent audits and the German accounting profession evolved from the late 1800s to the early 1930s despite the absence of competitive market forces. The paper posits that cultural ideologies, specifically with respect to nationalism, paternalism and anti-individualism, provide reasons for the unique configuration of not only the German corporate/banking structures responsible for originating financial reports but the accounting profession that audited them. As the German accounting profession was in an embryonic stage, it was not capable of successfully confronting the corporate/banking alliance to significantly impact financial reporting or the demand for audits. Economic crises served as the dominant pressure for business reform and legislation mandating audits in Germany.
Reduction in Thermal Hyperalgesia by Intrathecal Administration of Glycine and Related Compounds

We have previously shown in animal models that enhanced segmental glycine release is produced by neuroaugmentation techniques commonly used to control pain in humans. Our current hypothesis is that glycine administered intrathecally reduces the pain response evoked by the hotplate analgesia meter method. Neuropathic rats created by unilateral partial ligation of the sciatic nerve were treated with intrathecal infusion of glycine, strychnine, MK-801, or 5–7 DKA at 0.1 μmol for 2 hours at a rate of 10 μl/min. Time required for limb withdrawal at 42°C was significantly increased after glycine administration but not altered by strychnine, a specific glycine receptor antagonist. Administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, blocked the influence of glycine, with a less obvious antagonistic response from 5,7 DKA. Our results provide evidence that glycine and related compounds significantly modify thermal hyperalgesia, and may operate primarily through the NMDA receptor complex.
The Ontopoiesis of Life as a New Philosophical Paradigm

A look at the course of the history of Western philosophy will show that it has been fixated with certain philosophical theories. The terms of their discourse have informed our culture and our whole outlook on life. Each historical period may be characterized by some notion or theory that plays a dominant role until subjected to enough scrutiny and discussion to be tested and the evidence for it found wanting. As the formulation of a theory is eroded and its appeal fades, it then under pressure yields place to an incoming idea and becomes secondary in our deliberations or recedes into the background.
Personal characteristics associated with the effect of childhood trauma on health

Objective This article will describe a pilot study to explore associations between adult attachment style, resilience, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and adult health. Method A self-report survey was mailed to 180 randomly selected primary care patients and linked to a retrospective chart review. The patients met the following criteria: (1) enrolled for at least the previous year at their primary care clinic, (2) 21 years of age or greater, (3) English as their primary language, and (4) were seen by their provider on selected dates of the study. The survey was made up of three instruments: (1) the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire which consists of 10 questions about the respondent's adverse experiences during their first 18 years of life; (2) the Relationship Scales Questionnaire which measures adult attachment style; and (3) the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, a self-report scale that measures individual's perceptions of their resilience. For each returned questionnaire, we calculated a measure of medical complexity using the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index. Results Of the 180 randomly selected patients from four clinic sites, 84 (46.6%) returned completed questionnaires. We found that Adverse Childhood Experience scores were significantly correlated with health and attachment style and trended toward association with resilience. Conclusion This pilot study revealed expected relationships of the complex associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences, attachment style, and resiliency. Further research with more subjects is warranted in order to continue to explore these relationships.
Clinical Management of Glomerular Diseases

Progressive glomerular damage can occur as a result of various etiologic factors including infections, medications, diseases, and autoimmune disorders. This article discusses the clinical management of the leading conditions associated with glomerular disease, including glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy. Glomerular damage and disease progression may lead to end stage renal disease. Clinical management is individualized, as based on causative factors and clinical manifestations, with the overall goal of limiting glomerular damage. Collaborative and comprehensive care is imperative to improving patient outcomes.
Numerical Modeling Application of ICNIRP Guidelines to Automobile Occupant Protection

The automobiles of today offer smaller architectures and electric motor driven propulsion systems to offer fuel efficiencies and reduced air pollution. These vehicles, at times, integrate major electrical components into the vehicle structure placing these components near vehicle occupants. With this practice, there is the concern of exposing occupants to the magnetic field generated by these nearby electrical components due to the high current. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) established guidelines for general public exposure to electric and magnetic fields which offers guidance on potential health effects when humans are exposed to Non-Ionizing Radiation. In this paper, the application of these guidelines in an automotive setting will be discussed along with some of the challenges involved with applying this guidance. Some conditions at the basis of the ICNIRP guidelines do not align with the automotive environment, such as close proximity of current-carrying wires resulting in localized fields and maximum coupling to the exposed individual. This, along with some of the conservative assumptions made in the establishment of the Reference Levels, can pose a challenge when attempting to define magnetic field emission limits inside the vehicle.
Non-uniform 1D antenna array optimal configuration via extremum seeking control

Methods to find the optimum non-uniform onedimensional (1D) antenna array geometry for maximizing directivity are presented. These methods develop a novel objective function to incorporate with the extremum seeking control methods considered. A comparison is performed between the major extremum seeking control approaches for solving the resulting optimization problem: (a) Perturbation-based Extremum Seeking Control (PESC), (b) Numerical Optimizationbased Extremum Seeking Control using Particle Swarm Optimization, to confirm the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Effects of carbonaceous nanomaterials on soil-grown soybeans under combined heat and insect stresses.

Environmental context Engineered nanomaterials have the potential to accumulate in agricultural soils where they may influence crop plants. There is, however, little information about how adverse environmental conditions may interact with nanomaterial effects on plants and plant-microbe interactions. We report the comparative effects of three carbonaceous nanomaterials on the growth, nodulation and foliar health of a globally important legume crop, soybean, under the combined stresses of high temperature and insect pests. Abstract Because carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNMs) are expected to enter soils, the exposure implications to crop plants and plant–microbe interactions should be understood. Most investigations have been under ideal growth conditions, yet crops commonly experience abiotic and biotic stresses. Little is known how co-exposure to these environmental stresses and CNMs would cause combined effects on plants. We investigated the effects of 1000 mg kg−1 multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and industrial carbon black (CB) on soybeans grown to the bean production stage in soil. Following seed sowing, plants became stressed by heat and infested with an insect (thrips). Consequently, all plants had similarly stunted growth, leaf damage, reduced final biomasses and fewer root nodules compared with healthy control soybeans previously grown without heat and thrips stresses. Thus, CNMs did not significantly influence the growth and yield of stressed soybeans, and the previously reported nodulation inhibition by CNMs was not specifically observed here. However, CNMs did significantly alter two leaf health indicators: the leaf chlorophyll a/b ratio, which was higher in the GNP treatment than in either the control (by 15 %) or CB treatment (by 14 %), and leaf lipid peroxidation, which was elevated in the CNT treatment compared with either the control (by 47 %) or GNP treatment (by 66 %). Overall, these results show that, while severe environmental stresses may impair plant production, CNMs (including CNTs and GNPs) in soil could additionally affect foliar health of an agriculturally important legume.
Every person is an individual: physical therapist clinical reasoning used in inpatient rehabilitation for walking assistive device prescription in patients with stroke and brain injury.

A complete description of the process of physical therapy clinical reasoning for walking assistive devices in patients with stroke and brain injury has never been undertaken. Describing the clinica...
Guerrilla urbanism: urban design and the practices of resistance

Unsanctioned, unscripted, and seemingly “undesirable” activities have long appropriated urban spaces in routine and sometimes unexpected ways, bringing new meanings and unforeseen functions to those places. In the last decade or so, such practices have inspired a growing movement under the banner of DIY and tactical urbanisms. The growing acceptance of these practices creates important openings in the formalized planning systems for greater flexibility and expedient change. Yet, the institutionalization of previously informal and even subversive acts has resulted in concerns regarding co-optation and de-politicization. This special issue seeks to pivot a refocus towards these unsanctioned and unscripted urban activities as a form of counter-hegemonic spatial practices, distinct from its professionalized and institutionalized counterpart. A range of cases is examined here sharing similar characteristics as challenges against the prevailing social and political paradigm. Key findings include the scalability of guerrilla actions, the fluid shift between overt and covert actions, and the linkage between everyday struggles and organized resistance. This special issue is intended to advance our understanding of urban design by situating it in a broader social, economic, and political praxis that encompasses both formal and informal practices performed by a wide variety of individual and collective actors.
Adult Onset Still’s Disease in an Elderly Patient

A 67-year old female with PMH of HTN presented with daily fevers for 17 days and eight days of rash, joint pain, and diarrhea. She presented to the ED twice and was discharged with presumed viral illness. One week into her illness, the patient developed a migratory polyarthritis. The patient additionally noticed a relapsing remitting pruritic rash that spread from her right arm to her trunk, legs, and buttocks. She took unprescribed penicillin with no improvement of symptoms. She endorsed diarrhea, dizziness, chills, night sweats, and a sore throat. …
On Binary Quantizer For Maximizing Mutual Information

We consider a channel with a binary input $X$ being corrupted by a continuous-valued noise that results in a continuous-valued output $Y$ . An optimal binary quantizer is used to quantize the continuous-valued output $Y$ to the final binary output $Z$ to maximize the mutual information $I(X; Z)$ . We show that when the ratio of the channel conditional density $r(y) = \frac {P(Y=y|X=0)}{P(Y = y|X=1)}$ is a strictly increasing or decreasing function of $y$ , then a quantizer having a single threshold can maximize mutual information. Furthermore, we show that an optimal quantizer (possibly with multiple thresholds) is the one with the thresholding vector whose elements are all the solutions of $r(y)=r^{*}$ for some constant $r^{*}>0$ . In addition, we also characterize necessary conditions using fixed point theorem for the optimality and uniqueness of a quantizer. Based on these conditions, we propose an efficient procedure for determining all locally optimal quantizers, and thus, a globally optimal quantizer can be found. Our results also confirm some previous results using alternative elementary proofs.
Project and Problem-Based Teaching and Learning

In recent years, there has been a movement to align inquiry-based pedagogies with 21st century skills and the workplace. Since the 1950’s, calls for education reform have often been in response to historical events or the release of reports such as A Nation at Risk or more recently Rising Above the Gathering Storm. Sputnik was launched in 1957 causing US policymakers to rethink science education. This led to a number of innovative curriculum reform models designed in the 1960’s and revised during the 1970’s including Science- A Process Approach (SAPA), the Science Curriculum Improvement Study (SCIS) and the Elementary Science Study (ESS). These inquiry-based curricula served as a model for future development. Since the 1980’s and the development of the National Science Education Standard (1996. National science education standards. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/4962) and more recently the replacement with Next Generation Science Standards (2013) there has been significant support for learning STEM through inquiry. Although there are a number of inquiry-based pedagogies, this chapter addresses project-based learning (PBL) and problem-based learning (PrBL) as primary pedagogies for many schools seeking to engage students in STEM in an authentic environment. In the STEM context, PBL is well suited as a primary pedagogy for STEM learning. PrBL is also widely utilized in STEM education and may have advantages over PBL in the mathematics classroom setting. There are relatively few schools engaged in PBL/PrBLwhen compared to schools using traditional instructional approaches. PBL/PrBL may be an effective strategy to reform schools to meet the 21st century learning needs of the students they serve. What are the differences between PBL/PrBL? What are the barriers to implementing both as a primary classroom pedagogy? What teacher supports facilitate effective PBL/PrBL in the classroom? What can teacher preparation programs do to prepare new teachers to use PBL/PrBL? This chapter examines these two related inquiry-based pedagogies in the context of 21st century learning and developing schools, and provides recommendations for supports that foster them.
The Efficacy of the Conditional CAPM: Improved Tests in an International Context

Using a machine learning model known as a Long-Short Term Memory model to overcome high dimensionality obstacles, I jointly predict the conditional second moments of eight international indices and test the conditional Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). My results indicate that the world price of covariance risk is equal across eight world equity markets according to the conditional CAPM. Strengths and weaknesses of the estimation process are studied. All results are assessed and reported using out-of-sample tests.
Students of Color, Mental Health, and Racialized Aggressions on Social Media

Using structural equation modeling, we examined if experiencing racialized aggressions on social media affects the mental health of students of Color (n = 692). We also examined the relationships b...
Mechanical enhancement of cellulose nanofibril (CNF) films through the addition of water-soluble polymers

In this work, water-soluble polymers were screened through solution casting and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOX) were found as reinforcement agents for cellulose nanofibril (CNF) films. Mechanical property increases of 99% in elastic modulus, 93% in the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and 134% in the work of failure (WOF) were reported for TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNFs) with 0.44 mmol/g carboxylate groups and 15 wt% PVA. PEOX had a higher elastic modulus increase of 113%, yet lower UTS and WOF increases were found at 63% and 28%, respectively. Additionally, increases in UTS and elastic modulus were also seen in mechanically fibrillated CNFs and TOCNFs with higher carboxylate contents (1.5 mmol/g). The toughening mechanism was attributed to the formation of strong hydrogen bonding between the CNFs and the hydrophilic polymers added. The presence of such mechanisms was indirectly confirmed by tensile testing, zeta potential and rheology.
Exploration of Preservice Teacher Attitudes Towards Disability

Community colleges have a significant role in preparing early childhood educators who will likely one day teach in inclusive classrooms. Inclusive education models educate children with disabilitie...
Setting the Stage for Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Education: Outcomes of a Simulated Patient Pilot Program

Abstract Background Simulation-based learning experiences (SBLEs) with simulated patients provide valuable and realistic learning opportunities for psychiatric mental health nursing skill building in a safe environment. Method An interprofessional faculty group collaborated and trained undergraduate theater students to serve as simulated patients in psychiatric mental health SBLEs for pre-licensure nursing students in two cases focused on therapeutic communication and psychiatric nursing assessment. Results A total of 147 nursing students and 13 theater students participated in the SBLEs of two clinical scenarios. Responses to the Simulation Evaluation Tool-Modified (SET-M) and open-ended questions revealed that both student groups benefited from this learning experience and reported increased confidence in relevant skills as a result. Conclusion Nursing students reported increased confidence in assessment and communication. Theater students gained confidence in acting skills and appreciation for the SP role. Lessons learned will improve future iterations of the SBLEs and inform program scale.
The Purification and Properties of Dethiobiotin Synthetase

Abstract The levels of dethiobiotin synthetase in Escherichia coli have been increased 6-fold over the wild type when prepared from a λ-lysogen carrying the bioD gene under phage control. The purification procedure employed gave a nearly homogeneous preparation, over 90% pure, with a 190-fold increase in specific activity. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 42,000 and exists as a dimer. The stoichiometry of the reaction indicates that 1 mole each of ATP and CO2 are required and that ADP is the end product of the reaction. The Km values for each of the substrates were determined and ADP was found to be a competitive inhibitor. Only CTP can partially replace ATP while diaminobiotin is only 37% as effective as 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid. CO2 is the substrate in this reaction rather than bicarbonate (HCO3-). Carbamyl phosphate which gives some stimulation in cell-free extracts is inactive with the purified enzyme.
Binding of the β2 Adrenergic Receptor toN-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive Factor Regulates Receptor Recycling

Following agonist stimulation, most G protein-coupled receptors become desensitized and are internalized, either to be degraded or recycled back to the cell surface. What determines the fate of a specific receptor type after it is internalized is poorly understood. Here we show that the rapidly recycling beta2 adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) binds via a determinant including the last three amino acids in its carboxyl-terminal tail to the membrane fusion regulatory protein, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF). This is documented by in vitro overlay assays and by cellular coimmunoprecipitations. Receptors bearing mutations in any of the last three residues fail to interact with NSF. After stimulation with the agonist isoproterenol, a green fluorescent protein fusion of NSF colocalizes with the wild type beta2AR but not with a tail-mutated beta2AR. The beta2AR-NSF interaction is required for efficient internalization of the receptors and for their recycling to the cell surface. Mutations in the beta2AR tail that ablate NSF binding reduce the efficiency of receptor internalization upon agonist stimulation. Upon subsequent treatment of cells with the antagonist propranolol, wild type receptors return to the cell surface, while tail-mutated receptors remain sequestered. Thus, the direct binding of the beta2AR to NSF demonstrates how, after internalization, the fate of a receptor is reliant on a specific interaction with a component of the cellular membrane-trafficking machinery.
The Emerging Democratic Presidential Majority: Lessons of Obama’s Victory

In this paper I examine the fundamental factors that shaped the 2012 presidential campaign and ultimately produced a fairly close but decisive victory for Barack Obama. I argue that the voting patterns seen in 2012 both at the state level and at the individual level reflected an increasingly partisan and polarized electorate. The paper also discusses some of the long-term trends within the American electorate that contributed to Obama’s victory including growing racial and ethnic diversity and increasing liberalism on social issues. I argue that the 2012 results may signal the emergence, at least in presidential elections, of the long-term Democratic majority predicted a decade ago by John Judis and Ruy Teixeira.
4,4'-Bipyridine-2-meth-oxy-benzoic acid (1/2).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C10H8N2·2C8H8O3, contains two 2-meth­oxy­benzoic acid mol­ecules and one 4,4′-bipyridine mol­ecule. The 4,4′-bipyridine mol­ecule is disordered over two positions in a 1:1 ratio. In the crystal, the 2-meth­oxy­benzoic acid and 4,4′-bipyridine mol­ecules are connected by inter­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The dihedral angle between the carboxy group and its attached ring is 26.823 (2)°.
The 1978 Italian Mental Health Law – a Personal Evaluation: A Review:

The author discusses the sociopsychiatric consequences of the 1978 Italian mental health law. He also reviews the international scientific ideas that led up to it. The sociopolitical psychiatric views of the late Franco Basaglia, pioneer of the change in the mental health system of the Italian Republic, are described. Statistical reports and critical analyses are reported. Objective data, based on the author's personal experience as a practising psychiatrist in Rome, Italy, from 1969 to 1987, are given.
Overcoming obstacles to monoclonal antibody product development and approval

Using current monoclonal antibody technology one can now produce a humanized antibody to virtually any target antigen that can be identified. Consequently, one would expect there to be more approved monoclonal antibody products. Inadequate product development at both the preclinical and clinical stages has contributed to the overall lack of success. This article discusses some of the obstacles to successful product development and offers suggestions to overcoming them. The key to monoclonal antibody development, as with other biological products, is understanding the properties of the product itself, to have some proof of concept before embarking on clinical studies, and to adequately design and power the pivotal trial.
Calibration in isothermal titration calorimetry : Heat and cell volume from heat of dilution of NaCl(aq)

An isothermal titration calorimeter of the perfusion type (MicroCal model VP-ITC) is calibrated using the heat of dilution of NaCl in water. The relative apparent molar enthalpy function (L(phi)) for NaCl(aq) varies strongly and nonlinearly with concentration in the low-concentration region (<0.2M) that is sampled easily and extensively in a single program of injections of NaCl solution into water. This nonlinearity makes it possible to calibrate with respect to two quantities: the measured heat and the active cell volume. The heat factor is determined with typical standard error 0.003; its value in the current case is 0.987. The cell volume factor is 0.93 but is quite sensitive to possible systematic errors in the temperature and in the literature values for L(phi). Both correction factors are closely tied to the delivered volume from the injection syringe, which required a correction factor of 0.973, attributed to an instrumental gear ratio error. Temperature calibration of the instrument showed a small offset of 0.12K at the temperature 25 degrees C of the experiments, but the error increased to more than 1K at 46 degrees C. The experiments were not able to distinguish clearly between mixing algorithms that assume instantaneous mixing on injection and those that assume instantaneous injection followed by mixing; however, examination of these algorithms has revealed an error in a program widely used to analyze isothermal titration calorimetry data.
Synthetic Approaches to Taxodione. Synthesis of Methyl 12-Oxopodocarpa-5,9(11)-diene-8β-Carboxylate

Abstract In connection with studies leading to the total synthesis of taxodione1 (1), we required the tricyclic enone 3. We have previously described2 an AB→ABC approach to this intermediate which was flawed by a low yield in the penultimate closure of the C ring (2→3). We now wish to report an alternate synthesis of 3 which involves a BC→ABC approach for the construction of this tricyclic system.
Control and activity of type-1 serine/threonine protein phosphatase during the cell cycle.

Abstract The first part of this discourse will serve as a compendium of selected aspects of PP1 activity and control during the cell cycle. The latter sections will focus on the mammalian cell cycle dependent activity of PP1 on the negative growth regulatory product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene,pRB. The purpose here is to suggest one possible mechanism to explain how this phosphatase can effect cell cycle progression. An argument is made for PP1 playing an indirect role in regulating cell cycle progression by modulating the growth suppressive activity ofpRB.
Identification of two populations of lymphocytes in rats and mice by routine transmission electron microscopy

Staining en bloc in aqueous uranyl acetate following double fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide reveals two types of lymphocytes (dark and light) in most rat and mouse lymphatic tissues studied by transmission electron microscopy. While only dark lymphocytes populate the thymus, both dark and light lymphocytes congregate within the bone marrow and the thymus-independent areas or the spleen and lymph nodes. Two similar types of plasma cells coexist in the spleen and lymph nodes.
Authoritarian and Democratic Transitions in National Political Systems

Considerable comparative political development research has shown that there is a positive relationship between societies' levels of socio-economic development and their political development. Cutright (1963) formulated an explicitly equilibrium theory concerning this relationship. His data on 77 nations for the 1940-60 period showed that while most were "in equilibrium" in the sense that their level of political party competition was what would be "expected" when this was regressed on their level of socio-economic development, a number of nations were extremely "out of equilibrium". Chile and the Philippines had been much more democratic than "expected" on the basis of their relatively low level of socio-economic development, while Spain, Portugal and Saudi Arabia were the most extreme outliers in the opposite direction. Qualitative data from the political history of these five countries are examined to test equilibrium theoretic predictions. As predicted, Chile and Philippines moved toward greater equilibrium by becoming less democratic (more authoritarian) in the 1970s, while Spain and Portugal had transitions from dictatorships to democracy during the same decade. Only one of the five countries-Saudi Arabia-has (to date) remained in disequilibrium, contrary to the prediction.
Baseball in the breach: Notes on defection, disaffection and transition in contemporary Cuba

This article explores the popular ambivalence permeating contemporary Cuban socialism as Cuban citizens struggle to reconcile a deep sense of pride and accomplishment in the revolution with the need for political, economic and social reform. I focus on the everyday lives of Cuban baseball fans attempting to make sense of the deprivations and distortions of an economy and cultural order in crisis that is made all the more real for them in the emergence of baseball player defections to play in American professional baseball. Through an analysis of these defections as well as Cuban baseball fan responses to them, I argue that the context of economic crisis in contemporary Cuba has entailed a dynamic rethinking of Cuban culture and political economy, a process that is intimately bound up with American cultural, political, and economic forms such as Major League Baseball, but that these Cuban transformations are never simply determined by them.
Three-dimensional shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions with bleed through a circular hole

Computations were performed to study three-dimensional (3-D), shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions on a flat plate in which fluid in the boundary layer was bled through a circular hole into a plenum to control shock-wave induced separation. Results are presented which show the details of the 3-D flowfield about the bleed hole and how bleed-hole placement relative to shock-wave impingement affect upstream, spanwise, and downstream influence lengths. This study revealed an underlying mechanisms by which bleed holes can affect shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions. This investigation is based on the ensemble-averaged, "full-compressible" Navier-Stokes equations closed by the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model. Solutions to these equations were obtained by an implicit finite-volume method based on the partially-split, two-factored algorithm of Steger.
Lespedeza cuneata invasion alters soils facilitating its own growth

Lespedeza cuneata (sericea) is an Asian legume introduced to the US in the 1930s for erosion control and forage, but it can strongly reduce the abundance of native grassland plants. One possible explanation for this high invasive capacity is that L. cuneata is able to alter soil conditions to either improve its own growth, or reduce growth of native plants. To test for soil alteration following invasion, we collected soil from a previous 3-year field experiment in which L. cuneata was established in or excluded from randomly selected plots in a restored grassland. These soil history treatments were crossed with soil autoclaving—to disrupt microbial communities potentially important to plant interactions. For each treatment combination, a native plant, Sorghastrum nutans, was grown with L. cuneata or a conspecific in a 12-week greenhouse experiment. Although we found no evidence for competitive effects on the native species, L. cuneata biomass increased when grown in soil with a L. cuneata history as opposed to non-invaded soil (F 1, 16 = 4.79, P = 0.04). Additionally, nodulation of L. cuneata increased in invaded compared to non-invaded soil (F 1, 16 = 6.01, P = 0.026). These results indicate that, within three years of invasion, L. cuneata is able to alter soils to facilitate its own growth and suggest that at least part of the invasive success of L. cuneata is linked to altered soil conditions.
Molecular Motion of Spin Labeled Side Chains in α-Helices: Analysis by Variation of Side Chain Structure†

Two single cysteine substitution mutants at helix surface sites in T4 lysozyme (D72C and V131C) have been modified with a series of nitroxide methanethiosulfonate reagents to investigate the structural and dynamical origins of their electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. The novel reagents include 4-substituted derivatives of either the pyrroline or pyrrolidine series of nitroxides. The spectral line shapes were analyzed as a function of side chain structure and temperature using a simulation method with a single order parameter and diffusion rates about three orthogonal axes as parameters. Taken together, the results provide strong support for an anisotropic motional model of the side chain, which was previously proposed from qualitative features of the spectra and crystal structures of spin labeled T4 lysozyme. Site-specific differences in apparent order parameter are interpreted in terms of backbone dynamics modes with characteristic correlation times in the nanosecond or faster time scale. The satur...
Hydrogen evolution catalyzed by viable and non-viable cells on biocathodes

Abstract The presence of microorganisms on cathodes has been shown to enhance the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but a requirement for viable cells has not been sufficiently examined. HER was examined using live or killed biocathodes of exoelectrogenic (Geobacter sulfurreducens) and non-exoelectrogenic (Escherichia coli) bacteria, and a hydrogenotrophic methanogen (Methanosarcina barkeri). Electrodes at a set potential of −0.6 V (versus a standard hydrogen electrode) containing G. sulfurreducens biofilms or killed controls produced hydrogen at a similar rates (118 ± 15 nmold−1 mL−1) over 5 months. Electrodes containing cell extracts produced hydrogen at approximately half this rate (56 ± 6 nmold−1 mL−1). Biocathodes fed lactate produced only 14 ± 2 nmol/d-mL. Electrodes inoculated with M. barkeri produced hydrogen at a rate (120 ± 18 nmold−1 mL−1) similar to the G. sulfurreducens, but no methane was recovered after the initial inoculation cycle. Non-exoelectrogenic E. coli cells and extracts produced hydrogen at a slower rate (13 ± 1 and 4 ± 1 nmold−1 mL−1, over 3 cycles). Electrodes exposed to viable cells that were examined after 5 months had increased levels of in nitrogen, sulfur, iron, nickel, cobalt, and peptides (possibly remnants of hydrogenases and other oxidoreductases) relative to uninoculated controls, and no intact cells. These results show that enhanced HER can result from cell debris and that living cells are not required.
Plasma corticoids and brain tryptophan after acute and tolerance dosage of LSD.

Abstract The effect of acute and tolerance dosage schedules of LSD on plasma corticoids and brain tryptophan in normal, adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized rats was examined. Plasma corticoids increased 20-fold after one dose of LSD and the time course of this effect paralleled the increase in brain tryptophan. Both effects of LSD were abolished in adrenalectomized animals; after hypophysectomy the drug-induced tryptophan increase did occur but only after a significant delay. After multiple daily injections of LSD there was a significant degree of tolerance both to the plasma corticoid and brain trytophan response.