cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The child's conception of food: differentiation of categories of rejected substances in the 16 months to 5 year age range.

Children (N = 54) ranging in age from one year four months to five years were offered over 30 items to eat. The items included normal adult foods and exemplars of different adult rejection categories: disgust (e.g. grasshopper, hair), danger (liquid dish soap), inappropriate (e.g. paper, leaf) and unacceptable combinations (e.g. ketchup and cookie). We report a high to moderate level of acceptance (item put into mouth) of substances from all of these categories in the youngest children. Acceptance of disgusting and dangerous substances decreases with increasing age, while acceptance of inappropriate substances remains at moderate levels across the age range studied. Although the youngest children accepted more disgust items, the majority rejected most of the disgust choices. Almost all children at all ages tested accept combinations of foods which, although individually accepted by adults, are rejected in combination. No significant differences were observed between 'normal' children and those with a history of toxin ingestion, although there was a tendency of ingesters to accept more inedible items. In general, the results suggest that a major feature of the development of food selection is learning what not to eat.
A theoretical model of cognitive factors that affect auditors' performance and perceived independence

Auditor independence is a guiding principle of the relationship between auditors and clients, and a key component of outsiders' acceptance of firms' financial statements. As recent accounting scandals have illustrated, the audit process is meaningless without the auditor's impartial judgement. While Kleinman, Palmon and various colleagues (1998, 2000a, 2001 and 2003) have developed a framework based on the behavioural science literatures to understand the auditor-client relationship, this framework excludes the effects of expertise, cognitive heuristics and affect on the outcomes of situations that might challenge auditor independence. This paper draws on the Mayer (2003) and Libby and Luft (1993) models and other literature to develop a cognitive model of factors that may affect perceived independence and auditor's performance. This model should help interested parties better understand situations that may impair the perceived independence of auditors. Suggestions for improving the auditor's reasoning process are presented, as are research suggestions.
Intensity and duration threshold for aerobic exercise-induced analgesia to pressure pain

Abstract Hoffman MD, Shepanski MA, Ruble SB, Valic Z, Buckwalter JB, Clifford PS. Intensity and duration threshold for aerobic exercise-induced analgesia to pressure pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1183–7. Objective To examine how exercise-induced analgesia is affected by the duration and intensity of aerobic exercise. Design Repeated-measures design. Setting Exercise science laboratory. Participants Convenience sample of 12 healthy male and female volunteers (mean age ± standard deviation, 32±9y). Interventions Pain ratings were assessed before and at 5 and 30 minutes after treadmill exercise of 10 minutes at 75% maximal oxygen uptake (Vo 2 max), 30 minutes at 50% Vo 2 max, and 30 minutes at 75% Vo 2 max (randomized order and no less than 48h between each bout). Main outcome measures Pain ratings were measured on a visual analog scale at 10-second intervals during a 2-minute pressure-pain stimulus to the nondominant index finger. Results Pain ratings were significantly decreased ( P 2 max but returned toward baseline by 30 minutes after exercise. There were no significant changes in pain ratings after 10 minutes of exercise or after exercise at 50% Vo 2 max. Conclusions There are thresholds for both the intensity (>50% Vo 2 max) and duration (>10min) of exercise required to elicit exercise analgesia.
Evaluating self-reflection and insight as self-conscious traits.

Recent years have seen several new models of individual-differences in self-consciousness. The present research evaluated self-reflection and insight as types of self-focused attention. In the self-reflection and insight model, both traits represent metacognitive individual differences that aid self-regulation. In a sample of 233 young adults, both self-reflection and insight covaried with many different self-conscious traits (public and private self-consciousness, rumination, reflection), which suggests that they crosscut past typologies. Insight, but not self-reflection, covaried with many markers of affect and well-being: people high in insight had lower depression and anxiety symptoms, lower NA, higher PA, and higher self-esteem. On the whole, the evidence is consistent with the self-reflection and insight model, and the findings suggest that self-reflection and insight are distinct from each other and from other self-conscious traits.
Integrated data fusion and mining techniques for monitoring total organic carbon concentrations in a lake

Monitoring water quality on a near-real-time basis to address water resource management and public health concerns in coupled natural systems and the built environment is by no means an easy task. Total organic carbon TOC in surface waters is a known precursor of disinfection by-products in drinking water treatment such as total trihalomethanes TTHMs, which are a suspected carcinogen and have been related to birth defects if water treatment plants cannot remove them. In this paper, an early warning system using integrated data fusion and mining IDFM techniques was proposed to estimate spatiotemporal distributions of TOC on a daily basis for monitoring water quality in a lake that serves as the source of a drinking water treatment plant. Landsat satellite images have high spatial resolution, but such application suffers from a long overpass interval of 16 days. On the other hand, coarse-resolution sensors with frequent revisit times, such as MODIS, are incapable of providing detailed water quality information because of low spatial resolution. This issue can be resolved by using data or sensor fusion techniques, such as IDFM, in which the high-spatial-resolution Landsat and the high-temporal-resolution MODIS images are fused and analysed by a suite of regression models to optimally produce synthetic images with both high spatial and temporal resolution. Analysis of the results using four statistical indices confirmed that the genetic programming model can accurately estimate the spatial and temporal variations of TOC concentrations in a small lake. The model entails a slight bias towards overestimating TOC, and it requires cloud-free input data for the lake. The IDFM efforts lead to the reconstruction of the spatiotemporal TOC distributions in a lake in support of healthy drinking water treatment.
BEWARE OF DIAGONAL LINES IN BAR GRAPHS

(1961). BEWARE OF DIAGONAL LINES IN BAR GRAPHS. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 28-29.
Distribution of indexing terms for maximum efficiency of information transmission

A function was developed for the optimum distribution of indexing terms by the number of postings. This makes it possible to transmit information with maximum efficiency. The comparison of the actual distribution of the term groups with the calculated optimum distribution provides an objective measure for evaluating any indexing system with respect to its efficiency as information transmission channel.
Path delay fault testing using test points

Inserting controllable/observable points in the test architecture has been shown to be a viable method for reducing the number of path delay faults that need to be tested in a circuit. In order to have a minimal impact on the operation clock and more accuracy in testing, it is proposed that test points should be inserted with the additional constraint that every path has a bounded number of test points. A polynomial time solvable integer linear programming (ILP) formulation serves as the basis for the presented test placement methodology. Due to the ILP's global optimization property we achieve results that are comparable to those by an existing greedy technique for the less constrained test point placement problem.
Diurnal changes in mouse mammary gland DNA synthesis.

DNA synthesis was studied in mammary tissue from 13- and 15-day pregnant Balb/c mice at different times during the day. Tissue was labeled with 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) using both in vivo and in vitro techniques. The labeling index of mammary epithelial cells was determined by autoradiography. Incorporation of 3H-TdR into TCA-precipitable material after in vitro labeling was also measured. The labeling index of mammary alveolar cells is 2.5 times higher in tissue from animals studied at midnight when compared to tissue from animals studied at noon; ductal epithelial cells do not show any variation in labeling index at these time periods. Precursor incorporation into TCA-precipitable material is also increased at midnight when compared to values at noon. Tissue from animals at 6 A. M. and 6 P. M. show intermediate levels of 3H-TdR incorporation when measured by both of these methods. Diurnal variations in DNA synthesis in mammary tissue may reflect daily changes in either serum levels of those hormones directly stimulating this process or fluctuations in tissue sensitivity to these hormones, and might provide a means of analyzing the regulation of mammary epithelial cell proliferation during pregnancy.
Self-collecting a cervico-vaginal specimen for cervical cancer screening: An exploratory study of acceptability among medically underserved women in rural Appalachia

Objective Innovative screening methods such as self-testing for human papillomavirus (HPV) may alleviate barriers to cervical cancer screening. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine whether Appalachian Kentucky women would be amenable to self-collecting a cervico-vaginal specimen for HPV testing.
The Results of Parenteral Injections of Sporulated or Unsporulated Oocysts of Eimeria bovis in Calves

SYNOPSIS. Five experiments using newborn Holstein-Friesian and weaner Hereford calves were conducted to observe the effects caused by parenteral injections of oocysts of Eimeria bovis. Sporulated oocysts were given intraperitoneally (IP), subcutaneously (SC), intramuscularly (IM) and intravenously (IV). Unsporulated oocysts or merozoites were given IP or IM. Coccidiosis developed in calves in three experiments after they were inoculated IP with sporulated oocysts. Immunity to reinfection resulted from these infections. No infections occurred at any time after SC, IM or IV inoculation with sporulated oocysts or after IP or IM inoculation with unsporulated oocysts or merozoites. Coccidiosis failed to occur in two experiments when special precautions were used to prevent puncture of the intestines during IP inoculations. There was no detectable immunological response to any of the inoculations unless intestinal infections occurred. In one experiment sporulated oocysts were exposed to 60,000 r irradiation by x-ray in an attempt to attenuate the oocysts. Calves became infected when given orally administered oocysts irradiated at this level.
Dynamic roughening of directed lines.

We study the fluctuations of a stretched string, e.g., a vortex line, moving in a random medium. A pair of nonlinear equations are proposed to describe the evolution of longitudinal and transverse coordinates. The dynamic scaling of the fluctuations is studied analytically (by renormalization group) and numerically. In most cases the fluctuations are superdiffusive, governed by a dynamic exponent z=3/2.
Potent immune responses and in vitro pro-inflammatory cytokine suppression by a novel adenovirus vaccine vector based on rare human serotype 28

Adenovirus vaccine vectors derived from rare human serotypes have been shown to be less potent than serotype 5 (Ad5) at inducing immune responses to encoded antigens. To identify highly immunogenic adenovirus vectors, we assessed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, binding to the CD46 receptor, and immunogenicity. Species D adenoviruses uniquely suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and induced high levels of type I interferon. Thus, it was unexpected that a vector derived from a representative serotype, Ad28, induced significantly higher transgene-specific T cell responses than an Ad35 vector. Prime-boost regimens with Ad28, Ad35, Ad14, or Ad5 significantly boosted T cell and antibody responses. The seroprevalence of Ad28 was confirmed to be <10% in the United States. Together, this shows that a rare human serotype-based vector can elicit strong immune responses, which was not predicted by in vitro results.
Gauge boson production at the tevatron

We present measurements on gauge boson production from data taken during 1994-1996 by the D0 and CDF detectors: the differential production cross section of the W boson as a function of the transverse momentum [1,2], the ratio of W and Z differential cross sections [3,4], direct photon cross-sections at {radical}s = 630 and 1800 GeV [5,6], and studies of Drell-Yan production [7,8]. All measurements are in good agreement with currently available theoretical predictions in most of the measured kinematic range.
Histogram equalization of the saturation component for true-color images using the C-Y color space

Histogram equalization is a well known tool for enhancing the contrast and brightness of grayscale images. Grayscale histogram equalization has been extended to color images with limited success. One common method is to equalize the illumination component, while leaving the saturation and hue components unchanged. This method doesn't improve the overall color saturation of the image. Another approach is to apply equalization techniques in the RGB color space. The difficulty in using the RGB color space is that it does not correspond to human interpretation of color. This paper describes a method for histogram equalization of the saturation component using the color difference (or C-Y) color space. Since equalization of the saturation component alone leads to color artifacts, attention is given to the relationship that exists between saturation and intensity.
HOOKWORM ENTERITIS WITH BACTEREMIA IN CALIFORNIA SEA LION PUPS ON SAN MIGUEL ISLAND

Large breeding populations of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) are located on San Miguel and San Nicolas Islands in the Southern California Bight. In 2001, there was a substantial increase in pup mortality in late summer and fall. From June 2002 to January 2003, 208 freshly dead pups were examined on San Miguel Island, the most western of the Channel Islands off the coast of southern California. Tissues from 186 of these pups were examined histologically. The primary lesions in 133 (72%) of the pups were an enteritis associated with hookworms and infections in major organs. Emaciation/starvation in 43 pups (26%) was the second most important cause of death.
Volume guarantee: stability of tidal volume and incidence of hypocarbia.

Excessive tidal volume (VT) can lead to lung injury, hypocarbia, and neurologic damage. Volume guarantee (VG) uses exhaled VT as the control variable to reduce the risk of volutrauma and more closely control PaCO2. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that VG combined with assist/control (A/C) will maintain PaCO2 and VT within target range more consistently than assist/control alone during the first 72 hr of life in ventilated preterm infants. Eligible infants were randomly assigned to A/C + VG or A/C alone. Data were recorded directly from the pressure and volume module of the Draeger Babylog 8000+ ventilator. Arterial blood gases were obtained every 2–6 hr, as clinically indicated. In A/C, inspiratory pressure was adjusted to achieve a VT of 4–6 ml/kg. In VG, the target VT was 5 ml/kg. Subsequent adjustments were made by the clinical team in response to arterial blood gas measurements (ABG). Proportion of breaths and PaCO2 values outside the target range were compared by χ2, and continuous variables by t-test. There were no differences in demographic or baseline ventilator variables between the 18 infants in the two groups. For 1,805/11,950 breaths (15.1%), VT was > target with A/C + VG, vs. 2,503/9,853 (25.4%) with A/C (P target was similar in the two groups. Oxygenation and mean pH were not different. No complications related to mechanical ventilation were observed. In conclusion, VG significantly reduced hypocarbia and excessively large VT. This suggests the potential to reduce pulmonary and neurologic complications of mechanical ventilation. Larger studies are needed to establish safety and demonstrate such benefits. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gaugino condensation in M theory on s**1 / Z(2)

In the low energy limit of M theory on ${S}^{1}{/Z}_{2}$, we calculate the gaugino condensate potential in four dimensions using the background solutions due to Ho\ifmmode \check{r}\else \v{r}\fi{}ava. We show that this potential is free of delta-function singularities and has the same form as the potential in the weakly coupled heterotic string. A general flux quantization rule for the three-form field of M theory on ${S}^{1}{/Z}_{2}$ is given and checked in certain limiting cases. This rule is used to fix the free parameter in the potential originating from a zero mode of the form field. Finally, we calculate soft supersymmetry breaking terms. We find that corrections to the K\"ahler potential and the gauge kinetic function, which can be large in the strongly coupled region, contribute significantly to certain soft terms. In particular, for supersymmetry breaking in the $T$-modulus direction, the small values of gaugino masses and trilinear couplings that occur in the weakly coupled, large radius regime are enhanced to order ${m}_{3/2}$ in M theory. The scalar soft masses remain small even, in the strong coupling M-theory limit.
Do Health Care Debts Affect Bankruptcy Chapter Filing Choices

Over the past decade, the popular press has explored the public’s ability to pay for necessary, but extremely expensive, health care services. The argument commonly made is that individuals who either develop chronic diseases or those who experience severe, acute conditions cannot afford to pay for the care that they need to sustain a reasonable quality of life. Many opt for treatment despite the cost and, ultimately, some households are forced to declare bankruptcy. Concurrently, other increases in debts have caused a consistent and significant rise in consumer bankruptcy filings over the past decade. The majority were chapter 7 filers, who receive a general discharge with no repayment to creditors. A relatively small portion of individuals filed under Chapter 13, where the availability of a general discharge is limited. Creditor and general public concern about bankruptcy abuse resulted in the 2005 Congressional adoption of the Bankruptcy Abuse and Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA). BAPCPA requires filers to undergo consumer credit counseling and increases the standards of documentation of a filer’s income. In addition, the Act’s goal was to force approximately 10% of Chapter 7 filers into Chapter 13 wageAtl Econ J (2010) 38:121–122 DOI 10.1007/s11293-009-9197-3
Uranium M x-ray emission spectrum

The uranium $M$ x-ray spectrum from a thick metallic target excited by 12-keV electrons was measured by the PAX (photoelectron spectrometry for the analysis of x rays) technique. Energies of the strongest lines were obtained with an accuracy of 0.1 eV using Ag $L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ and Ag $L{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ as standards. Widths of the uranium lines were obtained by deconvoluting the measured Voigt profiles, and the experimental values were found to agree satisfactorily with McGuire's Hartree-Slater predictions. Natural widths of 4.0(3) and 3.8(3) eV were derived for the ${M}_{4}$ and ${M}_{5}$ levels, respectively, and the energies of the ${M}_{4}$, ${M}_{5}$, ${N}_{2}$, and ${N}_{3}$ levels in uranium metal were determined. Relative intensities of the $M$ lines were measured, and branching ratios were found to be in fair agreement with relativistic Hartree-Slater predictions. The satellite structures of the $M{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ and $M\ensuremath{\beta}$ lines were interpreted in terms of the pertinent multiple-hole configurations. Finally, an approximate analytic expression for the Voigt half-width and its graphical representation are given.
Simplified preparation of low polydispersity, low molecular weight poly(D,L‐lactic acid) by liquid/liquid phase separation for drug delivery systems with discussion of molecular weight characterization

Poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLA) has been widely used in pharmaceutics and medicine. Low molecular weight (LMW) PLA is especially useful for rapidly degrading biomaterials such as those used for short-duration drug delivery systems. There is scant information available in the literature regarding the purification and analysis of LMW PLA. In this paper we report (1) a convenient and effective polymer purification/fractionation technique to produce LMW PLA with narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) and (2) analyses that were used to characterize the molecular weight and MWD of these polymers. A novel, convenient and effective temperature-induced solution-phase separation method was developed to produce narrow MWD, LMW (600–2000 g mol−1) PLA. Molecular weights determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with universal calibration, unlike those determined with the commonly used conventional calibration, showed good agreement with those obtained using several independent direct techniques. The phase separation induced by temperature reduction of a polymer in a single solvent system provided a simple and effective technique to produce narrow MWD, LMW PLA polymers. Additional advantages of this technique are: (1) only one solvent is required; (2) the risk of local complete solid polymer precipitation is eliminated; (3) it is reversible and not dependent on the rate of cooling; and (4) use of chlorinated solvents is avoided. This technology may open up a new opportunity for manufacturing LMW polymers with narrow MWD. We also found that GPC with universal calibration is a more accurate method than GPC with the commonly used conventional calibration for characterizing these polymers, and is straightforward to use especially now that on-line viscosity detectors are widely available. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Damage state evaluation of adhesive composite joints using chaotic ultrasonic waves

Ultrasonic chaotic excitations combined with sensor prediction algorithms have shown the ability to identify incipient damage (loss of preload) in a bolted joint. In this study we examine the capability of this damage detection scheme to identify disbonds and poorly cured bonds in a composite-to-composite adhesive joint. The test structure consists of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plate that has been bonded to a CFRP rectangular tube/spar with several sizes of disbond as well as a poorly cured section. Each excitation signal is imparted to the CFRP plate through a macro-fiber composite (MFC) patch on one side of the adhesive joint and sensed using an equivalent MFC patch on the opposite side of the joint. A novel statistical classification feature is developed from information theory concepts of cross-prediction and interdependence. Temperature dependence of this newly developed feature will also be examined.
Improved wavelet packet compression of electrocardiogram data: 1. noise filtering

The improvement in the performance of a wavelet packet based compression scheme for single lead electrocardiogram (ECG) data, obtained by prefiltering noise from the ECG signals, is investigated. The removal of powerline interference and the attenuation of high-frequency muscle noise are considered. Selected records from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database are used as test signals. After both types of noise artifact were filtered, an average data rate of 167.6 bits per second (corresponding to a compression ratio of 23.62), with an average root mean-square (rms) error of 15.886 (mu) V, was achieved. These figures represent better than a 9% improvement in data rate and a 13.5% reduction in rms error over compressing the unfiltered signals.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Determining the free energy barrier to nucleation of crystallites independent of the barrier to growth: A direct non-Arrhenius method

No method is currently available to measure the free energy barrier W* to nucleation of erystallites in amorphous solids, independent of the barrier to growth. The existing methods measure the combined process of nucleation and growth and can not directly give the free energy barrier to nucleation. For example, in a frequently employed method W* is obtained as the difference between the activation energy of the quasi-steady-state rate of nucleation J. ~x 1 / T exp[-(Ea + W*) / kT] and that of the growth rate of crystallites [1,2]. Here Ea is the activation enthalpy for diffusion of atoms in an amorphous solid, k is Boltzmann constant. However, it can be shown that the previous method measures the activation enthalpy rather than the activation free energy barrier to nucleation as it intended to measure. The method equates Ea + W* k T to the absolute slope of Jss on an Arrhenius plot and obtains W* by subtracting Ed -k T from the slope. However, W* as the activation free energy can always be separated into the activation enthalpy A H ( g . ) and entropy T A S ( g . ) , W* = A H , T A S . . Consequently, the absolute slope of Jss on an Arrhenius plot equals Ea + A H . kT , and thus the previous method measures the activation enthalpy AH. rather than the activation free energy barrier W*. It is surprising that the problem identified above has always been overlooked in applications. Another noteworthy fact is the error associated with the previous method can be comparable or even larger than the absolute value it intended to measure. In the previous method both activation energies are obtained based on an Arrhenius plot of J. and the growth rate, respectively, the error is thus a sum of the errors associated with the measurements of J, and the growth rate.
Cathodoluminescence, Photoluminescence, and Optical Absorbance Spectroscopy of Aluminum Gallium Nitride (AlxGa1−xN) Films

Aluminum gallium nitride (AlxGa1−xN) films, grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on sapphire, were characterized by low-temperature cathodoluminescence (CL) and photoluminescence (PL), and room-temperature optical absorbance. The aluminum fractions are estimated to range from x = 0 to x = 0.444. Most films were silicon-doped. The absorption spectra have a Urbach (exponential) form below the bandgap. The width of the Urbach edge, EU, increases with Al fraction, x, as EU = (0.045 +1 0.104x) eV. The luminescence (CL or PL) spectra show a relatively narrow band-edge peak and a broad deep-level peak. The full-widths at half-maximum of the band-edge CL peaks (measured at T = 15 K) are remarkably similar to the Urbach absorption widths, EU (measured at T = 300 K). PL spectra were obtained from the top surfaces and the film-substrate interfaces of several films. The interface PL spectra of some films show an extra peak 0.15 eV to 0.45 eV below the bandgap, which is ascribed to structural defects or impurity phases localized near the interface. The energy of the band-edge luminescence peak shifts with excitation mode (CL, top-surface PL, or interface PL). This effect is attributed to the variation of the excitation depth, between the top surface and film-substrate interface, with excitation mode, together with the depth variation of film properties such as residual stress or aluminum fraction.
Contact Analysis of a Posterior Cervical Spine Plate Using a Three-Dimensional Canine Finite Element Model

The development of a three-dimensional finite element model of a posteriorly plated canine cervical spine (C3-C6) including contact nonlinearities is described. The model was created from axial CT scans and the material properties were derived from the literature. The model demonstrated sufficient accuracy from the results of a mesh convergence test. Significant steps were taken toward establishing model validation by comparison of plate surface strains with a posteriorly plated canine cervical spine under three-point bending. This model was developed to better characterize the contact pressures at the various interfaces under average physiologic canine loading. The analysis showed that the screw-plate interfaces had the highest values of all the mechanical parameters evaluated.
Africa's Trade Revisited

The popular impression that Africa has not integrated into world trade, as suggested by the evolution in simple indicators, has been called into question recently by more formal analysis. This paper refines and generalizes this analysis, but lends support to the popular view of disintegration. Africa, especially Francophone Africa, is currently under-exploiting its trading opportunities and has witnessed disintegration over time, a trend that is most pronounced in its trade with the technologically advanced countries.
Real-time computations with restricted nondeterminism

By restricting the number of nondeterministic moves permitted during a real-time Turing machine computation, an infinite hierarchy can be exhibited between the real-time definable languages of Rosenberg and the quasi-real-time languages of Book and Greibach.
Shoulder hemiarthroplasty with concentric glenoid reaming in patients 55 years old or less.

Background Glenohumeral arthritis in younger individuals is challenging because of the complex pathology, need for extended durability, and high expectations of the patients. Humeral hemiarthroplasty combined with concentric glenoid reaming is a surgical option for the management of glenohumeral arthritis that avoids the risks of glenoid component failure and avoids the challenges of tissue interposition. The results of this procedure in young patients have not been previously reported. Methods Sixty-five shoulders in patients who were 55 years old or less at the time of surgery underwent humeral hemiarthroplasty combined with concentric glenoid reaming and were followed for a minimum of 2 years or until the time of revision surgery. Patient self-assessments of shoulder comfort and function were compared before and after surgery. For 22 of these shoulders, standardized radiographs were available for follow-up evaluation. Results Nine shoulders required revision surgery. These shoulders had 3 ± 3 prior surgeries, in comparison to 1 ± 1 prior surgeries for the unrevised group. For the 56 unrevised shoulders, the number of Simple Shoulder Test functions that could be performed improved from a mean of 4.1 before surgery to a mean of 9.5 at an average follow-up of 43 months (range, 24-85) (P Conclusion In selected patients 55 years or younger with glenohumeral arthritis, this procedure can provide significant improvement in self-assessed shoulder comfort and function.
Relieving Mongols of Their Pastoral Identity: Disaster Management on the Eighteenth-Century Qing China Steppe

This article explores the contradictory effects of state disaster relief on the Inner Mongolian steppe borderland of China's last dynasty, the Qing (1644–1911). As a Manchu-dominated polity most no...
Viscoplasticity theory based on overstress. The prediction of monotonic and cyclic proportional and nonproportional loading paths of an aluminum alloy

Abstract An isotropic formulation of the viscoplasticity theory for small strain and based on overstress with a differential growth law for the equilibrium stress is introduced. The four material constants and the two material functions of the theory are determined from uniaxial tensile tests involving strain-rate changes at room temperature and performed on a 6061 T6 Aluminum Alloy. Subsequently the theory is used to predict the biaxial behavior under axialtorsion loading. All tests are under strain control and involve proportional loading and axial followed by torsional straining (and vice versa). Cyclic histories include in-phase and out-of-phase cycling. The predictions of the theory are very reasonable for this cyclically neutral alloy. For cyclic hardening or softening materials a modification of the theory is necessary and is under development.
Quantum ergodicity in small molecules: The continuum fluorescence of nitrogen dioxide

The failure of selection rules on K/sub a/, nu, and vibronic symmetry in the visible band systems of NO/sub 2/ are interpreted as resulting from the coupling of the excited electronic state with vibrational levels of the ground electronic state which are above the threshold for ergodic motion and therefore retain no quantization of those observables. This failure is shown to lead directly to the anomalous continuum fluorescence of NO/sub 2/, and is intimately related to the anomalous lengthening of the radiative lifetime of the excited state (the Douglas effect). It is predicted that most molecules which exhibit anomalous lifetime lengthening will also exhibit anomalous selection rules and, consequently, anomalous continuum emission. 51 references, 4 figures.
In vitro synthesis of the large subunit of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase on 70 S ribosomes

Abstract Polyribosomes isolated from greening barley leaves were active in directing protein synthesis, using soluble components isolated from Escherichia coli . A peptide of 55,000 molecular weight was a major product of translation activity. This peptide was precipitated by antibody to ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase (RuDPCase) and comigrated with the large subunit of RuDPCase on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Cyanogen bromide peptides of the peptide of 55,000 molecular weight also corresponded to the peptides prepared from authentic RuDPCase large subunit. The peptides synthesized were shown by sucrose density gradient sedimentation to be largely associated with 70 S ribosomes.
A Powder Neutron Diffraction Investigation of Structure and Cation Ordering in Ba2+xBi2-xO6-y

The structures and cation ordering of several barium bismuth oxide phases, Ba[sub 2+x]Bi[sub 2[minus]x]O[sub 6[minus]y] (x = 0.22, 0.28, 0.40, 0.67), have been determined at ambient temperature from constant wavelength and time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction data. The end member of the series, Ba[sub 2]Bi(III)Bi(VO)O[sub 6], has a monoclinic distortion of the simple cubic perovskite structure with an ordered arrangement of the Bi[sup 3+] and Bi[sup 5+] cations on the B sites. When additional barium atoms are introduced into the structure, substitution of Ba for Bi(III) occurs to give phases with the composition Ba[sub 2][(Bi[sub 1[minus]x]Ba[sub x])Bi]O[sub 6] when X < 0.6. The monoclinic structure at x = 0 changes first to a rhombohedral structure and then to cubic as x is increased. At x = 0.67, the structure remains cubic but the cation distribution changes to give an unusual arrangement, represented by Ba[sub 5/3]Bi[sub 1/3][BaBi(V)]O[sub 5.67], with Bi[sup 3+] cations on the perovskite A sites and complete Ba[sup 2+]/Bi[sup 5+] order on the B sites.
The Large Binocular Telescope interferometer

The Large Binocular Telescope (LBT), with dual 8.4 m optics on a common mount, is unique among the large-aperture interferometers. Deformable secondaries on the telescope capable of adaptive atmospheric correction allow beam combination after only three warm reflections. The design allows the implementation of two powerful uses of interferometry: suppression of starlight (or nulling interferometry) and wide-field imaging (or Fizeau interferometry). Nulling will allow detection of extrasolar planetary systems (from either zodiacal emission or giant planets) down to solar system-equivalent levels for nearby stars. This will dramatically increase our knowledge of the prevalence and make-up of extrasolar planetary systems. Fizeau interferometry will allow imaging of even complex structure at the resolution of a 22.8 m telescope. To implement these two powerful techniques the University of Arizona and NASA are collaborating to build the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer (LBTI) a cryogenic instrument capable of sensitive interferometric observations in the infrared.
SOME DIMENSIONS OF PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE

Factor analysis has proven to be a valuable tool in the assessment of motor skills performance. There have been a substantial number of factor-analytic studies aimed at the identification of the basic dimensions in physical proficiency and basic psychomotor performance. An excellent review of such previous work is provided by Fleishman ( 1964b), and by Nicks and Fleishman ( 1962). In general, there has been substantial agreement among investigators concerning the number and nature of the factor analytically derived abilities (factors). The strength area has been most clearly defined; however, some questions still remain for speed, agility, flexibility, balance, and coordination. Factors of agility and coordination have not been consistently found. Agility and coordination may be independent dimensions of physical proficiency performance, or perhaps both may refer to a unitary dimension such as Fleishman's factor of "Gross Body Coordination." The nature and existence of coordination and agility dimensions in physical proficiency remain unspecified. The purpose of this study was to test for the existence of the agility dimension of physical performance and to examine the generality of previous results by exploring the factor structure in a battery of tests designed to measure agility, speed, srrength, coordination, flexibility, and balance. It was expected that the variance of scores on agility tests could be accounted for primarily by the scores on strength and speed tests with perhaps some slight amount of variance being associated with one or more of the factors of coordination, flexibility, or balance. Speed includes both reaction and movement time. Of the two, movement time has generally been reported to have the larger relationship to successful physical performance. Because of the numerous rapid adjustments which are necessary in the performance of agility tests it was possible that reaction time could have a proportionately greater effect than movement time in agility and more in agility than in other physical performance. While the factor of strength has typically been found in snidies using factor analysis, the relationship of isometric, as contrasted to isotonic, strength to the factor of agility was unclear. Therefore, an additional purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of isometric type strength versus isotonic strength in the performance of tasks of agility.
Noise estimation technique to reduce the effects of 1/f noise in Open Path Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectrometry (OP-TDLAS)

Many techniques using high frequency modulation have been proposed to reduce the effects of 1/f noise in tunable diode-laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS). The instruments and devices used by these techniques are not suitable for space applications that require small, low mass and low power instrumentation. A new noise estimation technique has already been proposed and validated for two lasers to reduce the effect of 1/f noise at lower frequencies. This paper extends the noise estimation technique and applies it using one distribution feedback (DFB) laser diode. In this method a DFB laser diode is excited at two slightly different frequencies, giving two different harmonics that can be used to estimate the total noise in the measurement. Simulations and experimental results on ammonia gas validate that the 1/f noise is effectively reduced by the noise estimation technique using one laser. Outdoor experimental results indicate that the effect of 1/f noise is reduced to more than 1/4 its normal value.
Extremal Bases for the Adjoint Representations of the Simple Lie Algebras

We construct n distinct weight bases, which we call extremal bases, for the adjoint representation of each simple Lie algebra  of rank n: One construction for each simple root. We explicitly describe actions of the Chevalley generators on the basis elements. We show that these extremal bases are distinguished by their “supporting graphs” in three ways. (In general, the supporting graph of a weight basis for a representation of a semisimple Lie algebra is a directed graph with colored edges that describe the supports of the actions of the Chevalley generators on the elements of the basis.) We show that each extremal basis constructed is essentially the only basis with its supporting graph (i.e., each extremal basis is solitary), and that each supporting graph is a modular lattice. Each extremal basis is shown to be edge-minimizing: Its supporting graph has the minimum number of edges. The extremal bases are shown to be the only edge-minimizing as well as the only modular lattice weight bases (up to scalar...
Fast 23Na Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Acute Reperfused Myocardial Infarction Potential to Assess Myocardial Viability

Background The ability of the myocyte to maintain an ionic concentration gradient is perhaps the best indication of myocardial viability. We studied the relationship of 23Na MRI intensity to viability and explored the potential of fast-imaging techniques to reduce 23Na imaging times in rabbits and dogs. Methods and Results Eighteen rabbits underwent in situ coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. The hearts were then either imaged following isolation and perfusion with cardioplegic solution (n=6), imaged in vivo (n=6), or analyzed for 23Na content and relaxation times (n=12). Normal rabbits (n=6) and dogs (n=4) were imaged to examine the effect of animal size on 23Na image quality. 23Na imaging times were 7, 11, and 4 minutes for isolated rabbits, in vivo rabbits, and in vivo dogs, respectively. Infarcted, reperfused regions, identified by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, showed a significant elevation in 23Na image intensity compared with viable regions (isolated, 42±5%, P<.02; in vivo, 95±6%, ...
A-V nodal reentrance. An unexpected mechanism of paroxysmal tachycardia in a patient with preexcitation.

Electrophysiologic studies were performed in a patient with type B preexcitation and recurrent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). Atrial pacing at rates of 80/min and faster produced QRS normalization suggesting failure of the anomalous pathway. At a paced rate of 120/min, Wenckebach periods proximal to the His bundle as well as episodes of PSVT were noted. These episodes all occurred when a critical P-H interval of 300 msec was achieved. PSVT was also induced by coupled atrial pacing. At coupling intervals of 800-530 msec, anomalous pathway conduction was intact. At coupling intervals of 520 msec or shorter, QRS normalization occurred. At intervals of 480-280 msec, PSVT was induced. The P-H interval of the coupled beat inducing PSVT was always between 300 and 350 msec. Intraatrial recording revealed atrial echoes following each QRS of the PSVT. In summary, critical A-V nodal delay appeared necessary for induction of PSVT. This delay was achieved either by coupled pacing or during pacing-induced Wenckebach periods. The PSVT occurred at rates at which the anomalous pathway would seem to be inoperative. These findings strongly support A-V nodal reentry as the mechanism of PSVT in this patient without participation of the anomalous pathway. In this patient and other patients with similar fiindngs, surgical ablation of the anomalous pathway would probably not be useful in prevention of recurrent PSVT.
Two Methods of Including the Extra-Caloric Effect of Fat in Minimum Cost Feed Formulations

Abstract The apparent metabolizable energy from fat appears to decrease as its level of usage increases. However, functional relationships of this type cannot be directly introduced into common minimum cost programming for use by industry. The data could be directly used in mixed integer programming models, but these are not readily available on industry computers. In this paper the observed relationship is transformed into a marginal energy function that can be used in ordinary linear programming by feed formulators and, furthermore, is equivalent to mixed integer programming solutions. Data from a function developed by Mateos and Sell (1980) from experiments with mature laying hens were introduced into the data bank of one of the largest broiler integrators. Methods and equivalence of solutions were demonstrated and, based on exact simulation of the firm's formulation, savings on the order of 2.00 dollars per ton, or one million dollars per year for the firm, were forecast by use of the marginal energy function. The reliability of this forecast is dependent on the confirmation of the Mateos and Sell function with other sources of fat and with broiler chickens.
Teaching International Business: A View from Anthropology

As an independent enterprise, international business has begun to achieve parity with such basic business disciplines as marketing, finance, and organization behavior. As the field matures, it will become increasingly judicious in its borrowing from other intellectual traditions, and both educational and research objectives will be profoundly affected. The current interest of anthropologists in business activity is one source of synergy that can be effectively harnessed. Applied anthropology has begun to achieve parity with the four traditional sub-disciplines of anthropology, and business has become a critical area of application. As this field is legitimated, the contributions of anthropology will be recognized by business academics and practitioners. This exploratory article frames this interest for teachers and researchers, and discusses ways in which an anthropological perspective might be used to enhance the teaching of international business.
The decision problem for the probabilities of higher-order properties

The probability of a property on the class of all finite relational structures is the limit as n → ∞ of the fraction of structures with n elements satisfying the property, provided the limit exists. It is known that 0-1 laws hold for any property expressible in first-order logic or in fixpoint logic, i.e. the probability of any such property exists and is either 0 or 1. It is also known that the associated decision problem for the probabilities is PSPACE-complete and EXPTIME-complete for first-order logic and fixpoint logic respectively. The 0-1 law fails, however, in general for second-order properties and the decision problem becomes unsolvable. We investigate here logics which on the one hand go beyond fixpoint in terms of expressive power and on the other possess the 0-1 law. We consider first iterative logic which is obtained from first order logic by adding while looping as a construct. We show that the 0-1 law holds for this logic and determine the complexity of the associated decision problem. After this we study a fragment of second order logic called strict S11. This class of properties is obtained by restricting appropriately the first-order part of existential second-order sentences. Every strict S11 property is NP-computable and there are strict S11 properties that are NP-complete, such as 3-colorability. We show that the 0-1 law holds for strict S11 properties and establish that the associated decision problem is NEXPTIME-complete. The proofs of the decidability and complexity results require certain combinatorial machinery, namely generalizations of Ramsey's Theorem.
Designing digital low-pass filters--Comparison of some methods and criteria

The problem of designing a digital low-pass filter is considered from different points of view, including two approaches which have not received sufficient attention. One approach is based on the prolate-spheroidal-function filters of Slepian, Pollak, and Landau. The other is the incompletely specified least mean-square error (LMSE) method which has been proposed by Rorabacher. We find that, compared with minimax and LSME designs, the prolate-spheroidal digital filters have very low sidelobes, at the expense of more deviation from a flat passband. If a transition band or "don't care" region of the frequency response is assumed, then the results of the minimax and LSME methods are nearly the same.