cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential for hydrologic characterization of deep mountain snowpack via passive microwave remote sensing in the Kern River basin, Sierra Nevada, USA

Abstract Snow plays a critical role in hydrology and water resources, but snow properties in mountainous areas vary dramatically in space, making characterization difficult: in situ measurements represent a single point of spatially-variable snow properties. Spaceborne passive microwave (PM) remote sensing has spatially continuous coverage, but coarse spatial resolution. PM spatial footprints are nominally elliptical, with the spatial orientation changing relative to a given basin on the ground from one satellite pass to the next. The widely used Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grid (EASE-Grid) resamples the raw PM observations to a 25 km × 25 km grid; this is far coarser than The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) 37 GHz Level 2A (L2A) footprints with an area of 87.9 km2. This paper presents methods for processing the L2A data in order to illustrate that PM measurements contain information about snow accumulation and ablation cycles in mountainous regions. Methods are presented 1) to calculate the average Tb over a hydrologic basin for monitoring SWE accumulation amount, and 2) to interpolate Tb to a point for monitoring SWE ablation timing. Across the six-year study period, the range of the Tb was 50 K, while the range of the air temperature was only 30 K, indicating significant surface emissivity variations. The minimum Tb of each water year (WY), which starts from October 1 of a calendar year and ends at September 30 of the next, showed a strong inverse relationship to SWE measured in situ; the correlation coefficient between Tb and an in situ basin average SWE was − 0.94. The L2A data is three times more sensitive to than the EASE-Grid data to in situ SWE. The diurnal amplitude variability (DAV, or difference between daytime and nighttime Tb) was used to identify the day of melt onset and compared with in situ estimates of onset derived from daily SWE measurements. L2A data corresponded well with the in situ onset dates with a correlation coefficient of 0.94 and an RMSE of 5.04 days. When using EASE-Grid data, the RMSE in onset date was 11.7 days. In addition, Tb DAV was found to be correlated with Tair DAV during winter, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.72. Future work will explore methods to extract this information in order to improve estimates of snow accumulation and ablation patterns.
The Evaluation and Treatment of Elbow Dysfunction Secondary to Spasticity and Paralysis

An integrated pharmaceutical, surgical, and therapeutic approach is described for the management of patients with spasticity and paralysis of the elbow due to central nervous system injury. The patient populations considered in this article include those with cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injuries. Therapy evaluations and techniques and pharmacologic interventions to prevent loss of elbow motion are presented. Surgical techniques such as tendon lengthening, joint releases, and/or tendon transfer and postoperative therapy guidelines to restore loss of elbow motion are reviewed. Outcomes of this team approach in one clinical setting are presented.
Comparison of Long-Term Results of Carpentier-Edwards and Hancock Bioprosthetic Valves

Abstract The long-term survival following valve replacement with Carpentier-Edwards or Hancock bioprostheses was compared between the two valve models and between the two groups totaling 407 patients who were discharged after valve replacement beginning in 1974. The two groups of patients were treated in a nonrandomized fashion. The actuarial survival for 299 patients with Carpentier-Edwards valves was 94 ± 1.5% (± standard error) and 93 ± 1.7% after 5 and 8 years of follow-up, respectively. Comparable figures for 108 patients undergoing valve replacement with Hancock valves were 89 ± 3.0% and 83 ± 3.7%, respectively ( p = not significant [NS]). The probability of freedom from death and valve removal after 5 and 8 years of follow-up was 91 ± 1.8% and 79 ± 4.6%, respectively, with the Carpentier-Edwards valve and 84 ± 3.5% and 75 ± 4.3%, respectively, with the Hancock valve ( p = NS). An accelerated rate of attrition for both valves was observed in the mitral position. There were no significant differences in actuarial survival between the two valves in the mitral or the aortic position or in the incidence of major valve-related complications.
Theory and modeling in combustion chemistry

This paper discusses four important problems in combustion chemistry. In each case, resolution of the problem focuses on a single elementary reaction. Theoretical analysis of this reaction is discussed in some depth, with emphasis on its unusual features. The four combustion problems and their elementary reactions are: (1) Burning velocities, extinction limits, and flammability limits: H+O{sub 2}{leftrightarrow}OH+O, (2) Prompt NO: CH+N{sub 2}{leftrightarrow}HCN+N, (3) the Thermal De-NO{sub x} Process: NH{sub 2}+NO{leftrightarrow}products, and (4) ``Ring`` formation in flames of aliphatic fuels and the importance of resonantly stabilized free radicals: C{sub 3}H{sub 3}{leftrightarrow}products.
CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE IN TYPE I GLYCCGEN STORAGE DISEASE

Clinical manifestations of type I glycogen storage disease (GSD-I) include growth retardation, hepatomegaly, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia and hyperlipidemia. Kidney enlargement is common, but renal disease has not been appreciated as a major component of GSD-I. Of thirty-four GSD-I patients (32 type Ia and 2 type Ib) under our care, 15 children less than 10 years old have normal renal function. Of the 19 older patients (11 to 47 y), 11 have evidence of disturbed renal function, manifested by proteinuria, hypertension or decreased creatinine clearance, and three patients have died with renal failure (18, 24 and 28 y). Hyperuricemia had been well-controlled with allopurinol and diet. Only three female patients have had recurrent urinary tract infections. We investigated two patients (13 and 18 y) with progressive deterioration of renal function after a long history of proteinuria. Albuminuria of up to 5 g/day was documented. Renal biopsy showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. Neither patient had evident renal tubular dysfunction or urological abnormalities. Progressive renal dysfunction appears to be a frequent and serious potential complication of GSD-I. Its relationship to glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency in the kidney itself, to the lack of effective dietary management of hypoglycemia, or to recurrent infection is unclear.
Comparative genomics and structural biology of the molecular innovations of eukaryotes

Eukaryotes encode numerous proteins that either have no detectable homologs in prokaryotes or have only distant homologs. These molecular innovations of eukaryotes may be classified into three categories: proteins and domains inherited from prokaryotic precursors without drastic changes in biochemical function, but often recruited for novel roles in eukaryotes; new superfamilies or distinct biochemical functions emerging within pre-existing protein folds; and domains with genuinely new folds, apparently 'invented' at the outset of eukaryotic evolution. Most new folds emerging in eukaryotes are either alpha-helical or stabilized by metal chelation. Comparative genomics analyses point to an early phase of rapid evolution, and dramatic changes between the origin of the eukaryotic cell and the advent of the last common ancestor of extant eukaryotes. Extensive duplication of numerous genes, with subsequent functional diversification, is a distinctive feature of this turbulent era. Evolutionary analysis of ancient eukaryotic proteins is generally compatible with a two-symbiont scenario for eukaryotic origin, involving an alpha-proteobacterium (the ancestor of the mitochondria) and an archaeon, as well as key contributions from their selfish elements.
Cytokines and legionellosis

Recent studies have led to an enhanced understanding of the role of cell-mediated immunity and cytokines in Legionnaires’ disease. In particular, the effect of interferon gamma on human mononuclear phagocyte iron metabolism and the role of iron availability in Legionella pneumophila intracellular multiplication in human monocytes has been elucidated. With this knowledge it is now possible to develop treatment strategies for Legionnaires’ disease using interferon gamma and/or agents affecting human mononuclear phagocyte iron metabolism.
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Platinum on Methane/Air and Propane/Air Mixtures in a Stagnation Point Flow Reactor

A stagnation-flow burner facility was used to study the catalytic surface reactions of premixed combustion systems at atmospheric pressure. The configuration serves as an important platform to investigate the interaction between homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions with independent control of the characteristic chemical and physical residence time scales. Methane/oxygen/nitrogen and propane/oxygen/nitrogen mixtures were examined with and without the presence of a platinum catalyst located at the stagnation surface. The effects of oxidizer composition and nitrogen dilution were investigated. Lean flame extinction limits were determined for the two fuels and were found to be unaffected by the presence of the catalytic surface. The flame extinction data indicated that the systems were controlled by gas phase combustion with negligible contributions from heterogeneous reactions. The catalytic activity of the heated surface in response to the direct impingement of fuellair mixtures onto the stagnation surface, without the presence of a flame, was quantified by the increase in the surface temperature. The methane/ air mixtures demonstrated no catalytic activity for these conditions, whereas propane/air mixtures demonstrated temperature increases of over 100 K. The data indicate that the surface reaction was transport limited for the propane/air system.
Analysis of manure and soil nitrogen mineralization during incubation.

Understanding the N-cycling processes that ensue after manuring soil is essential in order to estimate the value of manure as an N fertilizer. A laboratory incubation of manured soil was carried out in order to study N mineralization, gas fluxes, denitrification, and microbial N immobilization after manure application. Four different manures were enclosed in mesh bags to allow for the separate analysis of manure and soil. The soils received 0.15 mg manure N g−1 soil, and the microcosms were incubated aerobically and sampled throughout a 10-week period. Manure addition resulted in initial NH4-N concentrations of 22.1 to 36.6 mg kg−1 in the microcosms. All manured microcosms had net declines in soil mineral N. Denitrification resulted in the loss of 14.7 to 39.2% of the added manure N, and the largest N losses occurred in manures with high NH4-N content. Increased soil microbial biomass N amounted to 6.0 to 8.6% of the added manure N. While the microcosms as a whole had negative N mineralization, all microcosms had positive net nitrification within the manure bags. Gas fluxes of N2O and CO2 increased in all manured soils relative to the controls. Our results show that measurement of microbial biomass N and denitrification is important to understand the fate of manure N upon soil application.
A simple model for the quark fragmentation functions seen in deep inelastic processes

Abstract Using some simple assumptions, we present in this paper a calculation of the quark fragmentation functions seen in deep inelastic processes. The results provide evidence for the conjecture that both jets seen in high p⊥ reactions at the ISR stem from similar parents. The calculated functions are in excellent agreement with the inclusive distributions seen in νp and ν p scattering, and in particular explain the puzzling presence of leading π−′s from the fragmentation of a leading up quark. The results are also in agreement with the charge ratios extracted from deep inelastic electron scattering.
Enumeration of time series motifs of all lengths

Time series motifs are repeated patterns in long and noisy time series. Motifs are typically used to understand the dynamics of the source because repeated patterns with high similarity evidentially rule out the presence of noise. Recently, time series motifs have also been used for clustering, summarization, rule discovery and compression as features. For all such purposes, many high-quality motifs of various lengths are desirable and thus originate the problem of enumerating motifs for a wide range of lengths. Existing algorithms find motifs for a given length. A trivial way to enumerate motifs is to run one of the algorithms for the whole range of lengths. However, such parameter sweep is computationally infeasible for large real datasets. In this paper, we describe an exact algorithm, called $${\textit{MOEN}}$$MOEN, to enumerate motifs. The algorithm is an order of magnitude faster than the naive algorithm. The algorithm frees us from re-discovering the same motif at different lengths and tuning multiple data-dependent parameters. The speedup comes from using a novel bound on the similarity function across lengths and the algorithm uses only linear space unlike other motif discovery algorithms. We also describe an approximate extension of MOEN algorithm that is faster and suitable for larger datasets. We describe five case studies in entomology, sensor fusion, power consumption monitoring and activity recognition where $${\textit{MOEN}}$$MOEN enumerates several high-quality motifs.
From testing intelligence to assessing competences: A pluralistic view of intellect

The term “intelligence” is frequently used to refer to a general intellectual competence and is usually measured by tests of language and logic skills. In response, Howard Gardner and David Feldman have stressed the variety of human abilities and the numerous ways in which those abilities can be expressed. They call for a consideration of a wide range of competences in both definitions as well as tests of intelligence. Further, they point out that many competences cannot be adequately surveyed on standard paper and pencil tests. Therefore, they have advocated developing new means of assessment to examine natural performances in specific domains. Project Spectrum is designed to address these issues.
Synchrony of net nitrogen mineralization and maize nitrogen uptake following applications of composted and fresh swine manure in the Midwest U.S.

Understanding how the quality of organic soil amendments affects the synchrony of nitrogen (N) mineralization and plant N uptake is critical for optimal agronomic N management and environmental protection. Composting solid livestock manures prior to soil application has been promoted to increase N synchrony; however, few field tests of this concept have been documented. Two years of replicated field trials were conducted near Boone, Iowa to determine the effect of composted versus fresh solid swine manure (a mixture of crop residue and swine urine and feces produced in hoop structures) on Zea mays (maize) N uptake, in situ soil net N mineralization, and soil inorganic N dynamics. Soil applications of composted manure increased maize N accumulation by 25 % in 2000 and 21 % in 2001 compared with fresh manure applications (application rate of 340 kg N ha -1 ). Despite significant differences in net N mineralization between years, within year seasonal total in situ net N mineralization was similar for composted and fresh manure applications. Partial N budgets indicated that changes in soil N pools (net N mineralization and soil inorganic N) in the surface 20 cm accounted for 67 % of the total plant N accumulation in 2000 but only 16 % in 2001. Inter- annual variation in maize N accumulation could not be attributed to soil N availability. Overall, our results suggest that composting manures prior to soil appli- cation has no clear benefit for N synchrony in maize crops. Further work is required to determine the biotic and abiotic factors underlying this result.
Effects of Robust Vocabulary Instruction and Multicultural Text on the Development of Word Knowledge Among African American Children

Purpose To examine the effect of a systematic vocabulary instructional technique in African American 2nd-grade children with below average vocabulary skills. An additional goal was to examine the r...
Habitat Use by an Assemblage of Fish in a Large Warmwater Stream

Abstract We examined habitat-use patterns in a fish assemblage in a large warmwater stream in West Virginia. Fish species and life stage composition and densities differed among habitat types, and five habitat-use guilds (edge pool, middle pool, edge channel, riffle, and generalist) were proposed. Larger centrarchids used deep habitats with slow velocities, whereas young centrarchids used shallower habitat. Juvenile and adult smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui were nearly ubiquitous in the habitats of the study area, although densities were highest among snags. Minnows and darters used shallower areas, but the range of velocity used differed among species and life stages. Vegetated and channel edge habitats served as nursery areas. Total fish densities were highest in edge pool, backwaters, snags, edge riffles, and riffles. Nearshore, structurally complex habitats seem important in influencing the assemblage structure of fishes of large streams.
ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE EXPRESSION IS DECREASED IN CHRONIC LUNG INJURY IN PRETERM LAMBS. † 2016

ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE EXPRESSION IS DECREASED IN CHRONIC LUNG INJURY IN PRETERM LAMBS. † 2016
Immediate and long-term retention of basic-level categories in 24-month-olds

Abstract This study assessed the effect of presenting single versus multiple exemplars of basic-level categories on 24-month-olds' long-term memory for categorical information. Sixty-four infants were tested in a paired-comparison recognition memory paradigm immediately and one week after familiarization with basic-level categories. Infants were randomly assigned to one of two familiarization conditions and one of two test conditions. In one familiarization condition (Varied Exemplar), they briefly viewed four different exemplars of each of 16 basic-level categories. In the other familiarization condition (Single Exemplar), they viewed only one instance of each category on four different trials. Test trials consisted of either an exemplar seen during familiarization (Familiar-Exemplar Test) or novel intracategory exemplar (Unfamiliar-Exemplar Test) paired with a stimulus from a novel category. Both immediately following familiarization and one week later, infants looked longer at test stimuli from the novel category irrespective of familiarization or test condition.
Ti, Fe, and Ni in Si and their interactions with the vacancy and the A center: A theoretical study

Transition-metal (TM) impurities from the $3d$ series have been a source of concern in Si technology for nearly 60 years. Surprisingly, numerous issues remain unresolved. In this first-principles theoretical study, we examine the properties of Ti and Ni at a similar level as that used in a recent study of Fe, except that larger supercells are used and that potential-energy surfaces are obtained using the nudged elastic band method (some Fe results have been updated). The equilibrium sites, spin and charge state(s), activation energies for diffusion, and gap levels of the isolated interstitial TMs (${\text{TM}}_{i}$'s) are calculated and match the measured ones when data are available. The interaction of a ${\text{TM}}_{i}$ with a pre-existing vacancy $(V)$ shows that the reaction ${\text{TM}}_{i}+V\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\text{TM}}_{s}$ (substitutional TM) occurs with a large energy gain, yet smaller than the formation energy of the vacancy. The electrical properties of interstitial and substitutional TM impurities are opposite to each other. In particular, vacancies passivate or partially passivate ${\text{Ti}}_{i}$ and ${\text{Fe}}_{i}$ and thus may play unrecognized but beneficial roles in some processes commonly used by industry. A population analysis of the ${\text{TM}}_{s}$'s shows that the $3d$ shell is not full, even in the case of Ni. The interaction of a TM with the $A$ center (${\text{O},V}$ pair) results in two nearly energetically degenerate configurations, the ${{\text{TM}}_{i},\text{O},V}$ and the ${{\text{TM}}_{s},{\text{O}}_{i}}$ complexes.
Compressive sensing medium access control for wireless LANs

We propose a medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless local area networks (LANs) that leverages the theory of compressive sensing. The proposed compressive sensing MAC (CS-MAC) exploits the sparse property that, at a given time, only a few hosts are expected to request for radio channel access. Under CS-MAC, a central coordinator, such as a wireless access point (AP) can recover a multitude of these requests in one decoding operation, and then schedule multiple hosts accordingly. The coordinator is only required to receive a relatively small number of random projections of host requests, rather than polling individual hosts. This results in an efficient request-grant method. Via a hardware prototype based on a software-defined radio platform, we demonstrate the feasibility of realizing CS-MAC with compressive measurements formed in the air to achieve high efficiency.
INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM AND THE BIBLE COLLEGE LIBRARY

A number of evangelical Christian authors have wrestled with the subject of intellectual freedom—few, though, in the context of Bible college libraries. The secular concept of intellectual freedom is incompatible with Bible colleges in that it is absolutist and shuns any standard of morality. Theological, educational, and pragmatic factors indicate that Bible college libraries should provide access to a broad range of information resources, irrespective of the positions they espouse, except to the extent that such openness poses a serious threat to the fulfillment of their sponsoring institutions' mission. To this end, Bible college libraries should take positive action to create, publicize, and administer appropriate policies and procedures, and otherwise demonstrate their commitment to mission-oriented intellectual freedom.
Operational concept for effects-based course-of-action development and evaluation in a war game

Operational Concepts for planning, executing and assessing Effects-Based Operations (EBO) have been evolving over the past 5 years. The EBO concept is based on relating actions in a battle plan to overall effects. Evaluating these relationships requires the synthesis of a number of modeling approaches. A prototype system to assist in developing Courses of Action (COAs) for Effects-Based Operations and evaluating them in terms of the probability of achieving the desired effects has been developed and is called CAESAR II/EB. The tool supports both static and dynamic evaluation of COAs by integrating influence nets with discrete event systems modeling techniques. One challenge being addressed is how to use this type of modeling capability in real world command and control environments. Preliminary operational concepts were tested during the Naval War College Global 2000 war game. Based on the lessons learned, CAESAR II/EB was used in a much more extensive fashion in the Global 2001 war game resulting in more substantial understanding of the appropriateness of these techniques in support of EBO. Models of the complete battle plan were built to support both the planning and execution phases of the game. The organizational location of the modeling team and its interaction with the multiple command and control cells in the game using network centric collaborative tools was tested and examined. Experiences with building and using the models as a decision support system for the war game are described. In addition requirements for enhancements to the modeling techniques generated from this experience are discussed.
Acute pancreatitis in dogs

Objective: To summarize current information regarding severity assessment, diagnostic imaging, and treatment of human and canine acute pancreatitis (AP). Human-based studies: In humans, scoring systems, advanced imaging methods, and serum markers are used to assess the severity of disease, which allows for optimization of patient management. The extent of pancreatic necrosis and the presence of infected pancreatic necrosis are the most important factors determining the development of multiple organ failure (MOF) and subsequent mortality. Considerable research efforts have focused on the development of inexpensive, easy, and reliable laboratory markers to assess disease severity as early as possible in the course of the disease. The use of prophylactic antibiotics, enteral nutrition, and surgery have been shown to be beneficial in certain patient populations. Veterinary-based studies: The majority of what is currently known about naturally occurring canine AP has been derived from retrospective evaluations. The identification and development of inexpensive and reliable detection kits of key laboratory markers in dogs with AP could dramatically improve our ability to prognosticate and identify patient populations likely to benefit from treatment interventions. Treatment remains largely supportive and future studies evaluating the efficacy of surgery, nutritional support and other treatment modalities are warranted. Data sources: Current human and veterinary literature. Conclusions: Pancreatitis can lead to a life-threatening severe systemic inflammatory condition, resulting in MOF and death in both humans and dogs. Given the similarities in the pathophysiology of AP in both humans and dogs, novel concepts used to assess severity and treat people with AP may be applicable to dogs.
Interference between Salsola kali L. seedlings: Implications for plant succession

Studies were conducted to determine the cause of the decline of the early successional species,Salsola kali L., in the years following its colonization of disturbed soils in arid regions of the western United States. DriedS. kali plant material significantly stimulated the growth ofS. kali but had no effect on the growth or levels of mycorrhizal infection ofAgropyron smithii, a later successional grass. In contrast, root leachates fromS. kali caused a depression in the growth ofS. kali, but had no effect on the growth or mycorrhizal infection ofA. smithii. In the reciprical experiment, root leachates fromA. smithii had no effect on mycorrhizal fungi,S. kali, orA. smithii. This study contradicts earlier studies of the allelopathic potential ofS. kali litter and supports the importance of direct interference betweenS. kali seedling as the cause of the die-off ofS. kali during secondary succession.
Performance evaluation of massively parallel processing architectures with three-dimensional optical interconnections

We evaluate the performance of three-dimensional optoelectronic computer architectures on the basis of basic database operations and parallel benchmark algorithms for numerical computations. We show that the select and the join database operations can be performed much faster with an optical interconnection network. Also, optoelectronic architectures can perform the fast Fourier transform and sorting benchmarks orders of magnitude faster than electronic supercomputers. An architecture with an adequately fast reconfigurable interconnection network can perform the conjugate-gradient benchmark faster than all parallel supercomputers, but its performance is not as impressive when a fixed network is used. In the case of the multigrid benchmark the three-dimensional optoelectronic architecture also can outperform the best parallel supercomputers.
Nunavut: Inuit television and cultural citizenship

This article expands the discussion of Inuit broadcasting in northern Canada to encompass actual texts, about which little has been written. Specifically, I focus on Nunavut, a 13-part television s...
Detection of occult N2 disease with molecular techniques.

Lymph node involvement is the most important factor affecting the prognosis and treatment of patients with potentially resectable NSCLC. Radiographic imaging is inadequate to ascertain lymph node involvement. Currently, lymph nodes are assessed pathologically using conventional histologic techniques; however, lymph node micrometastases may be missed, leading to inaccurate staging and suboptimal treatment. Assessment of occult involvement using antibody expression improves the sensitivity of lymph node analysis, and more advanced techniques, using molecular biologic methods, may further improve lymph node staging. Optimizing outcomes of patients with lung cancer depends on accurate lymph node staging, and the development of the strategies that improve the assessment of lymph node micrometastases will be beneficial.
Rank modulation with multiplicity

Rank modulation is a scheme that uses the relative order of cell levels to represent data. Its applications include flash memories, phase-change memories, etc. An extension of rank modulation is studied in this paper, where multiple cells can have the same rank. We focus on the rewriting of data based on this new scheme, and study its basic properties.
Hart-II Acoustic Predictions Using a Coupled Cfd/CSD Method

This paper documents results to date from the Rotorcraft Acoustic Characterization and Mitigation activity under the NASA Subsonic Rotary Wing Project. The primary goal of this activity is to develop a NASA rotorcraft impulsive noise prediction capability which uses first principles fluid dynamics and structural dynamics. During this effort, elastic blade motion and co-processing capabilities have been included in a recent version of the computational fluid dynamics code (CFD). The CFD code is loosely coupled to computational structural dynamics (CSD) code using new interface codes. The CFD/CSD coupled solution is then used to compute impulsive noise on a plane under the rotor using the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings solver. This code system is then applied to a range of cases from the Higher Harmonic Aeroacoustic Rotor Test II (HART-II) experiment. For all cases presented, the full experimental configuration (i.e., rotor and wind tunnel sting mount) are used in the coupled CFD/CSD solutions. Results show good correlation between measured and predicted loading and loading time derivative at the only measured radial station. A contributing factor for a typically seen loading mean-value offset between measured data and predictions data is examined. Impulsive noise predictions on the measured microphone plane under the rotor compare favorably with measured mid-frequency noise for all cases. Flow visualization of the BL and MN cases shows that vortex structures generated in the prediction method are consist with measurements. Future application of the prediction method is discussed.
Evidence for inhibitory nicotinic and facilitatory muscarinic receptors in cholinergic nerve terminals of the rat urinary bladder.

Abstract Cholinergic prejunctional modulatory receptors on parasympathetic nerves in the rat urinary bladder were studied by measuring 3H-acetylcholine (ACh) release in muscle strips from the bladder body. Electrical field stimulation markedly increased 3H-ACh overflow in strips preloaded with 3H-choline. Oxotremorine (1 μM), an M2 receptor agonist and DMPP (10 μM) a nicotinic (N) receptor agonist decreased the release of ACh (50% and 55% respectively); whereas McN-A 343 (50 μM) an M1 receptor agonist increased the release (33%), indicating the presence of three types of modulatory receptors. The anticholinesterase agent, physostigmine in concentrations of 1, 5 and 25 μM and neostigmine (5 μM) increased ACh release (44–710%). However a low concentration of physostigmine (0.05 μM) decreased release. Pirenzepine, an M1 muscarinic antagonist or atropine blocked the increased ACh release in physostigmine-treated strips, but in normal strips pirenzepine did not change release and atropine increased release. McN-A 343 or prolonged application (15 min) of DMPP increased ACh release (376% and 391% respectively) in physostigmine-treated strips. The response to McN-A 343 was blocked by pirenzepine. d-Tubocurarine (DTC), a nicotinic receptor blocker, enhanced ACh release in the presence of physostigmine but proved to be ineffective in normal preparations. These findings suggest that all three cholinergic receptors (M1 facilitatory, N inhibitory and M2 inhibitory) are activated by endogenous ACh in physostigmine treated preparations whereas only M2-inhibitory receptors are activated in normal preparations. It will be important in future studies to determine whether M1 and M2 mechanisms can also be activated under more physiological conditions in the bladder and whether they are present at other cholinergic synapses.
The experience of sexual trauma.

The present research was designed to describe women's experience of sexual trauma and its aftermath as it relates to difficulties in coping with the trauma. A small, but heterogeneous, sample of survivors seeking treatment was interviewed in an unstructured format and encouraged to present their story of what had happened and what it had meant to them. The definition and examples of 14 themes are presented. They provide evidence that sexual trauma confronts the individual with affects and meanings which are extremely difficult to manage and which may have long-term effects. The themes are discussed in reference to general psychological processes involved in the response to acute stress, the cultural context of sexual trauma, and the implications for the psychotherapeutic treatment of sexual trauma victims.
Die soziale Struktur der Industrie

Allzu oft ist man geneigt, die Tatigkeit des Menschen in der Industrie aus rein okonomischen Motiven heraus zu erklaren. Nach dieser Auffassung besteht ein Industrie-Unternehmen aus einer Anzahl von Einzelpersonen, die sich zur Forderung ihrer individuellen okonomischen Interessen durch Vertrage miteinander verbunden haben. Es ist nicht leicht zu erklaren, warum diese Vorstellung, die unserer tagtaglichen Erfahrung so sehr widerspricht, sich so einburgern konnte, das sie nur schwer wieder auszumerzen ist. Sie liegt vielen schriftlichen Anordnungen der Geschaftsleitungen als stillschweigende und selbstverstandliche Voraussetzung zugrunde. Glucklicherweise lassen sich aber die leitenden Personlichkeiten bei ihren praktischen Masnahmen oft genug nicht von ihren Theorien leiten, sondern berucksichtigen weitgehend auch nichtokonomische Faktoren. Nur wenige konnen allerdings der Versuchung widerstehen, ihr Vorgehen rational zu begrunden, und zwar mit Argumenten, die auf jener allzu sehr vereinfachenden Theorie uber die Motive menschlichen Handelns beruhen.
Computer Simulation of the Circulation Subsystem of a Library.

An existing model of the circulation subsystem of a library has been modified to explicitly include renewals and to describe a semester loan policy. An extensive amount of experimental data have been obtained by recording the history of all books which circulated from Sears Library at Case Western Reserve University during the fall semester, 1973. These data, which characterize various aspects of user behavior, in combination with a numerical statement of the loan policy of the library serve as input parameters for the model which simulates the events that occur in the circulation subsystem. The results of the simulation provide information about the availability of books and the delay associated with recalls. These results have been compared to experimental observation. The agreement between the predicted values and the experimental observation is good. Thus the validity of the model is demonstrated, and the model is used to simulate various alternative loan policies. The effect of these alternatives on book availability is also given.
Inhibition of Intimal Hyperplasia by Direct Thrombin Inhibitors in an Animal Vein Bypass Model

Many functions of the coagulation system have nonthrombotic effects. The indirect thrombin inhibitor heparin has been previously shown to be effective in limiting intimal hyperplasia (IH). We sought to study the effect of thrombin on IH by using two direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), argatroban and lepirudin. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent interposition vein grafting to the carotid artery. Vein grafts were treated with either saline (n = 6) or one of the two DTIs (n = 6 for both). At 30 days, the rats were sacrificed and vessels were perfusion fixed. Sections of the proximal carotid artery, graft, and both anastomoses were stained with both hematoxlyin/eosin and von Gieson’s elastin stain. Sections were examined and compared for luminal area and intima-to-media (IM) ratio. The vessels treated with DTIs had less (p < 0.05) IH (IM ratio for proximal anastomosis: control 1.036 ± 0.857, lepirudin 0.373 ± 0.21, argatroban 0.182 ± 0.118) and better lumen preservation than the control vessels (lumen area of proximal anastomosis: control 1.69 ± 0.9, lepirudin 2.45 ± 0.74, argatroban 2.81 ± 0.78). There were no thromboses in the DTI-treated vessels. Dilatation of the graft segment was noted in the argatroban group. Thus, DTIs are effective at reducing IH in a small-animal model, suggesting that inhibition of thrombin has a protective role in IH. In addition, a difference of action between DTIs is suggested by the dilatation seen only in the argatroban-treated graft sections.
Martha Komter, Dilemmas in the courtroom: A study of trials of violent crime in the Netherlands. (Everyday communication: Case studies of behavior in context.) Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. xxix, 186. Hb $49.95, pb $27.50.

Among the most relevant, practical issues in the courtroom – and explicitly recognized by attorneys well in advance of their occurrence – are the potential dilemmas involved in the questioning of witnesses. Practicing attorneys (and often their trial consultants) spend much time considering strategies for managing these. If we do X, this will happen; if we do Y, that will happen. Komter's book is a fine-grained and multiplex analysis of the interactional dilemmas that confront courtroom participants in cases of violent crime in the Netherlands. Using a conversation-analytic/ethnomethodological framework, she examines the communicative dilemmas that arise in a system with both adversarial and inquisitorial elements, and she shows how these dilemmas are shaped by the institutional interests of the participants. In a much broader sense, her study continues a strong empirical program initiated by Atkinson & Drew 1979 on the attribution and negotiation of blame in accusation sequences; but other readers may find Komter's work strikingly reminiscent of Pomerantz's classic analysis (1978) of the interactional dilemmas that shape compliment responses.
Rhabdomyolysis and HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

OBJECTIVE:To review rhabdomyolysis and discuss the role of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) and their interactions with other agents in precipitating this condition, and to present case reports of statin-induced rhabdomyolysis.DATA SOURCE:Relevant clinical literature was accessed using MEDLINE (January 1985–October 2000). The following search terms were used: rhabdomyolysis, adverse events, drug interactions, statins, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.DISCUSSION:Rhabdomyolysis occurs when extensive muscle damage results in the release of cellular contents into systemic circulation. Major complications include acute renal failure, cardiac abnormalities, and compartment syndrome. Treatment of rhabdomyolysis is supportive, with the primary aim of preventing renal and cardiac complications. Statin monotherapy or combination therapy may result in myopathy, which rarely progresses to rhabdomyolysis. The mechanism for drug interactions with the statins involves their prope...
Cu(Ir 1 − x Cr x ) 2 S 4 : a model system for studying nanoscale phase coexistence at the metal-insulator transition

Increasingly, nanoscale phase coexistence and hidden broken symmetry states are being found in the vicinity of metal-insulator transitions (MIT), for example, in high temperature superconductors, heavy fermion and colossal magnetoresistive materials, but their importance and possible role in the MIT and related emergent behaviors is not understood. Despite their ubiquity, they are hard to study because they produce weak diffuse signals in most measurements. Here we propose Cu(Ir1 − xCrx)2S4 as a model system, where robust local structural signals lead to key new insights. We demonstrate a hitherto unobserved coexistence of an Ir4+ charge-localized dimer phase and Cr-ferromagnetism. The resulting phase diagram that takes into account the short range dimer order is highly reminiscent of a generic MIT phase diagram similar to the cuprates. We suggest that the presence of quenched strain from dopant ions acts as an arbiter deciding between the competing ground states.
The Carbohydrate-Fat Problem: Can We Construct a Healthy Diet Based on Dietary Guidelines?

The inclusion of nutrition economics in dietary guidance would help ensure that the Dietary Guidelines for Americans benefit equally all segments of the US population. The present review outlines some novel metrics of food affordability that assess nutrient density of foods and beverages in relation to cost. Socioeconomic disparities in diet quality in the United States are readily apparent. In general, groups of lower socioeconomic status consume cheaper, lower-quality diets and suffer from higher rates of noncommunicable diseases. Nutrient profiling models, initially developed to assess the nutrient density of foods, can be turned into econometric models that assess both calories and nutrients per reference amount and per unit cost. These novel metrics have been used to identify individual foods that were affordable, palatable, culturally acceptable, and nutrient rich. Not all nutrient-rich foods were expensive. In dietary surveys, both local and national, some high-quality diets were associated with relatively low cost. Those population subgroups that successfully adopted dietary guidelines at an unexpectedly low monetary cost were identified as "positive deviants." Constructing a healthy diet based on dietary guidelines can be done, provided that nutrient density of foods, their affordability, as well as taste and social norms are all taken into account.
Rape-accepting attitudes of university undergraduate students

The College Date Rape Attitudes Survey and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale were used in a cross-sectional study to assess rape-accepting attitudes of a convenience sample of 1602 university undergraduate students using a survey distributed online. The findings evidenced that males and individuals with more traditional gender role beliefs had attitudes more accepting of rape than the females and individuals who had more egalitarian gender role beliefs. Respondents who personally knew a rape survivor had attitudes less accepting of rape than those respondents who did not know a survivor. These findings support a continuing need to address rape myths in sexual violence prevention programming. The sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE-A) has an important role in prevention services to educate and build awareness of rape myths both on campus and through community-based efforts to reach this high risk population. Further, the SANE can build important linkages between the college campus and the healthcare setting to support the provision of effective intervention services and improved outcomes in victims of sexual violence.
Biased dA/dT somatic hypermutation as regulated by the heavy chain intronic iEμ enhancer and 3′Eα enhancers in human lymphoblastoid B cells

Somatic hypermutation (SHM) in immunoglobulin gene (Ig) variable (V) regions is critical for the maturation of the antibody response. It is dependent on the expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and translesion DNA polymerases in germinal center B cells as well as Ig V transcription, as regulated by the Ig heavy chain (H) intronic enhancer (iEmu) and the 3' enhancer (3'Ealpha) region. We analyzed the role of these cis elements in SHM by stably transfecting Ramos human lymphoblastoid B cells with a rearranged human IgH chain VD (diversity) J (joining) DNA construct containing a V(H) promoter at the 5' end and C(H)1 and C(H)2 exons of Cgamma1 at the 3' end. In this construct, mutations preferentially targeted dA/dT basepairs in the RGYW/WRCY hotspot. Most of the dA/dT mutations and accompanying dC/dG mutations were transitions. Deletion of iEmu resulted in decreased SHM which could be partially restored by insertion of the IgH hs1,2 enhancer. Other two 3'Ealpha enhancers, hs3-hs4, did not significantly increase the mutation frequency, but further strengthened the dA/dT bias. The frequency and spectrum of the mutations were independent of the genomic integration of the transgene or V gene transcription level. Thus, we have established a novel in vitro system to analyze SHM and identify the role of multiple cis-regulatory elements in regulating dA/dT biased SHM. This model system will be useful to further address the role of other cis-regulating elements and recruited trans-acting factors in expressing the modalities of SHM.
Microsurgical transfer of the great toe to the radius to provide prehension after partial avulsion of the hand

Transfer of the great toe to the radius proved to be an effective means of gaining the function of grasp in a patient with an incomplete amputation of the hand in which all the digital flexor tendons had been avulsed. The remaining stump consisted of the carpal bones and fragments of the second, third, and fourth metacarpals. A long, oblique osteotomy of the first metatarsal was designed so that it would abut with the palmar face of the radius. Power was supplied to the great toe by the flexor carpi radialis and the brachioradialis tendons. Sensibility was supplied by the median nerve and circulation was furnished by the radial artery and the cephalic vein.
Regulation of bone-associated genes in smooth muscle with mechanical strain

Calcification is a common problem associated with cardiovascular disease, injury, aging, and as a result of biomaterial implantation. Osteopontin (OPN) and matrix gla protein (MGP) are key bone-associated molecules in the calcification process, and we hypothesize that mechanical strain is an important signal mediating their expression in the cardiovasculature. To address this, we studied the effects of cyclic mechanical strain (7% strain, 1 Hz) on bone-associated gene expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells grown in a three-dimensional tissue model. Mechanical strain was found to modulate the expression of OPN, MGP, and CBFA-1, a transcription factor normally found in osteoblasts. Significant increases in their expression were noted without chronic cyclic strain exposure. Long-term strain of these tissues appeared to play a protective role in regards to calcification, as strained tissues exhibited decreased amounts of total calcium. with respect to controls. These studies suggest that mechanical strain is an important signal in maintaining the smooth muscle phenotype, and its absence leads cells to switch to a phenotype that is more bone-like.