cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Desiring the standard light skin: black multiracial boys, masculinity and exotification

ABSTRACTAlthough studies of the multiracial population have long identified the connection between multiraciality and exotification, much of the focus has been on the exotification of multiracial women that are part-white. Consequently, most understandings of exotification in this literature are insufficient to account for how a broader multiracial demographic is exotified and the mechanisms of exotification that are specific to mixed-race bodies. This article analyses black multiracial boys’ experiences of exotification in Northern California. Interviews with the boys revealed how interactions around their multiraciality intimately linked perceptions of their attractiveness to their mixedness. Their physical features, behaviours and dispositions were dissected according to their multiple racial backgrounds in ways that rendered them desirably hybridised. The interaction of black masculinity with their other racialised masculinities is essential to understanding the construction of the black multiracial m...
U.S. Presidents and Stock Market Performance: The Good, the Bad and the Useless

We present an econometric framework that estimate conjoined ‘fixed effect’ components to analyze the presidential puzzle, by separating party policy impact on the stock market from each president ability. Our methodology enable us to examine what drives the higher excess return under Democratic presidencies, whether it is Democratic policy or Democratic presidents’ abilities or both. Our results indicate that both parties policies have overall negative impact on the stock market, while Democratic policy is slightly more negative; Democratic presidents have greater ability than Republican counterparts. Furthermore, president ability impacts the stock market more than party policy, and both parties have fewer impact on large deciles. We then classify president based on their abilities and find that presidents LBJ/Clinton, Nixon and Carter/Eisenhower are the “Good”, the “Bad” and the “Useless” presidents, respectively. We believe these findings add new insight to the current debate of what party has a better policy, and suggest a small government would be an optimal political economy system. Collectively, our results show that we ought to separate between president’s party affiliation (policy) and the president’s ability when we study how politics influences financial markets.
New faults detection by multi-temporal InSAR over Greater Houston, Texas

Growth faults are common and continue to evolve throughout the unconsolidated sediments of Greater Houston region. Property damages due to faulting have become more evident during the past few years. The constant damages and the rapid rate of the fault movements portray the necessity of further study of the faults over this area. Locating the active faults is crucial for protecting people and infrastructures from severe damages. However, the mechanism of a majority of geo-hazards caused by faulting is still unclear, and many relatively small faults or fissures are still unrecognized. This paper aims to position and monitor the faults activity in Greater Houston region using an improved MTI technique. The improved MTI method, with maximized usable signal and correlation, has ability to identify and monitor the active faults by a detailed monitoring of differential vertical displacements. Not only those previously known faults position but also the new fault traces that have not been recognized or mapped by other methods are imaged.
Multi-layer integrated photonics from the ultraviolet to the infrared

We demonstrate a scalable multi-layer integrated photonics platform that operates over a multi-octave wavelength range, from the near-ultraviolet (NUV) to the near-infrared (NIR). The platform is CMOS compatible and consists of silicon nitride (Si3N4) and alumina (Al2O3) optical waveguides cladded with silicon dioxide (SiO2). We demonstrate low-loss waveguides and passive components including diffractive vertical grating couplers for input/output (I/O). The multilayer nature of the platform enables complex routing of multiple wavelengths, making it useful for a variety of applications including integrated atomic-molecular-optical (AMO) and biophotonic systems.
Who cleans the park? Public work and urban governance in New York City, by John Krinsky and Maud Simonet: Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2017

Who Cleans the Park? Public Work and Urban Governance in New York City by John Krinsky and Maud Simonet takes a fresh look at the contemporary politics of public administration through an investiga...
An assessment of assumptions and uncertainty in deuterium-based estimates of terrestrial subsidies to aquatic consumers

The deuterium ratio (2 H/1 H) in tissue is often used to estimate terrestrial subsidies to aquatic consumers because of strongly differentiated values between terrestrial and aquatic primary producers. However, quantitative deuterium-based analyses of terrestrial resource assimilation are highly dependent on several poorly defined assumptions. We explored the sensitivity of these estimates to assumptions regarding environmental water contributions to consumer deuterium content (ω) and algal photosynthetic hydrogen discrimination (eH ). We also tested whether 13 C/12 C and 2 H/1 H-based estimates of terrestrial resource assimilation give similar outcomes. The average of the 12 experiments that have directly estimated proportional contributions of environmental water to consumer tissue 2 H/1 H was 0.27 ± 0.11 (mean ± SD), with similar values for invertebrates and fish. Conversely, of the 28 field studies that have used 2 H/1 H to characterize aquatic food webs, all but one assume a value that is less than our current best estimate, usually substantially less. A reanalysis of the raw data from four recent case studies indicates the calculated terrestrial contribution to aquatic consumers is extremely sensitive to this assumption. When the authors' original assumptions were used (i.e., ω = 0.16 ± 0.05), the estimated proportional contribution of terrestrial resources to aquatic consumers (θT ) averaged 29 ± 17%, and when ω = 0.27 was used the average estimated assimilation of allochthonous resources was ≈0.00. A compilation of published photosynthetic hydrogen discrimination values for microalgae averaged eH = -150 ± 27‰ (SD, n = 99), and a sensitivity analysis showed the outcomes of these calculations were also strongly influenced by uncertainty in eH . There was no statistical association between 13 C/12 C and 2 H/1 H-based estimates of terrestrial subsidies (r = -0.12, n = 274). This analysis indicates that the assumptions in deuterium-based estimates of terrestrial resource assimilation are highly influential but poorly constrained; therefore, the impact of these assumptions on calculated outputs must be carefully assessed and thoroughly reported. Due to the highly uncertain assumptions inherent in deuterium-based analyses, we urge much more caution when using this approach to estimate terrestrial subsidies to consumers in aquatic ecosystems.
BioPortal: a web repository for biomedical ontologies and data resources

Biomedical ontologies provide essential domain knowledge to drive data integration, information retrieval, data annotation, natural-language processing, and decision support. The National Center for Biomedical Ontology is developing BioPortal, a Web-based system that serves as a repository for biomedical ontologies. Bio-Portal defines relationships among those ontologies and between the ontologies and online data resources such as PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Bio-Portal supports not only the technical requirements for access to biomedical ontologies either via Web browsers or via Web services, but also community-based participation in the evaluation and evolution of ontology content. BioPortal enables ontology users to learn what biomedical ontologies exist, what a particular ontology might be good for, and how individual ontologies relate to one another. BioPortal is available online at http://alpha.bioontology.org.
Alchemy and the Changing Significance of Analysis

It is hardly necessary to emphasize the fact that alchemy has long held a privileged position in the popular mind as the epitome of “wrong” andmisguided science.Whether viewed as the product of an ignorant and clownish empiricism, the embodiment of dishonest greed, or the vehicle of attempts to attain a mystical union with divinity, alchemy has only rarely received praise for its scientific content. Until quite recently, the subject much more commonly served moderns as an object of ridicule. The seeds of this usage were already planted in the Middle Ages themselves, when such hapless alchemists as Dante’s Griffolino d’Arezzo and Capocchio da Siena were consigned to the rigors of the Inferno and Chaucer’s Canon’s Yeoman to the infernal duplicity of alchemical charlatans. Later historians have, more often than not, drawn upon such negative images of alchemy and its practitioners for a foil against which more “progressive” historical developments could be made to stand in higher relief. This is a historiographical motif that extends back through Charles Mackay’s famousMemoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and theMadness of Crowds to the Enlightenment in one direction, and forward to Shapin and Schaffer’s Leviathan and the Air Pump in the other.1 On the other hand, there have also been some historians of chemistry and chemists who have themselves maintained that alchemy was a fruitful ancestor of their subject. One thinks immediately of Justus Liebig, Hermann Kopp, Marcelin Berthelot, and J. R. Partington, who were all significant chemists as well as participants in the historiography of chemistry.2 But here too a problem emerges, in that such authors have tended to extract what they viewed as chemically significant from its historical context, and to ignore the vast reams of text that contained no material of obvious relevance to their views on the development of chemistry. Any attempt to isolate what was scientifically “right” about alchemywill run full force into the same problem – the positivist tendency to extract precious nuggets of fact while ignoring such problems as historical context, the role of theory in its interaction with practice, and the overall purpose of the works in question. Nonetheless, the historian of this subject must confront a stark and ineluctable choice between adopting the picture of alchemy as folly that derives from the tradition already begun byDante andChaucer and passed on by Pieter Bruegel the Elder and his heirs among the Netherlandish genre painters, or arguing that the field contributed something to the science and technology of its time.3 Since the default picture of alchemy in the mind of most scientists, philosophers, and general historians as well belongs more to the first category than the second, a strategy of silence entails a tacit capitulation to the received view.
Toward Theory Development and Measure Evolution for Studying Women's Relationships and HIV Infection

This commentary reviews and integrates selected empirical findings from this special issue of Sex Roles on Gender, Power, and Women's Relationships: Implications for HIV. Then the effects of current definitions of certain social science practices on theory development in these areas are considered. These practices especially hamper cross-cultural theory and measure development. New directions are proposed, centering on the relations between theory development, measurement, and application in the context of cultural variations. I conclude with a proposed strategy for local culture theory development. This strategy localizes measurement of theoretical constructs to adapt the theory to local cultural conditions, then localizes theory by indicating needed adjustments to the structure of theoretical linkages.
Role of Coenzyme F430 in Methanogenesis

Methane production by methanogenic archaea takes place in many anaerobic microbial habitats such as swamps, rice paddies, fresh water sediments and the intestinal tract of animals and insects. Almost all species of methanogenic archaea are able to oxidize H2 and to use CO2 as the electron acceptor. Species from several families are also able to use formate, methanol, methylamine, and acetate. Although every pathway starts out different, they all end with the same step, the reduction of methyl-coenzyme M (CH3-S-CoM) with coenzyme B (HS-CoB) to CH4 and the mixed disulfide of coenzyme M and coenzyme B, CoM-S-S-CoB. This step is catalyzed by methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR). The enzyme contains a tightly bound nickel porphinoid, Factor 430 (F430). For the enzyme to be active the nickel has to be in the Ni(I) state. Although the enzyme was first isolated in 1981, only in recent years have we seen the development of methods to purify highly active MCR. This opened up the way to study the different states of MCR with spectroscopic methods including electron paramagnetic resonance, electron nuclear double resonance, resonance Raman, X-ray absorption, and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopies. Here, I will present an overview of the most important findings and how these relate to the proposed reaction mechanisms as discussed in the literature.
The Effect of Leverage on Labor Cost Management

We examine the effect of capital structure on managers’ labor cost management by focusing on the relations between leverage and hiring decisions. Consistent with the disciplining effect of debt, we find that firms with higher leverage hire fewer employees. We also find that leverage is negatively associated with total labor cost, which is the product of the number of employees and average employee wage, and that this effect is greater for firms with higher bankruptcy risk. Overall, our results provide evidence that the disciplining effect of debt on employee hiring outweighs the effect of debt on compensating wage documented in prior studies.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation on the Relationship between the Nonwoven Structure and the Web Properties

Nonwoven fabrics provide a large variety of applications such as absorbents, insulators, separators, barriers, coverstocks, and filters, etc. The importance of fabric properties cannot be overempha...
Enfeeblement in Essential Tremor: Development and Validation of a New Psychometric Measure.

Introduction:Despite a growing body of knowledge regarding essential tremor (ET), past studies have fallen short in capturing the full impact of ET on patients and caregivers. We propose enfeebleme...
Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition of indium selenide thin films

Indium selenide (InSe) thin films have been grown at 230−420 °C by low-pressure metal−organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using the single-source precursors [(tBu)2In(μ-SetBu)]2 and [(Me2EtC)In(μ3-Se)]4. Characterization of the films by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) showed those grown from [(tBu)2In(μ-SetBu)]2 to be indium rich, while those grown from [(Me2EtC)In(μ3-Se)]4 are stoichiometric InSe. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicates that the film morphology and crystallinity are highly dependent on the precursor and the deposition temperature. At low temperatures <330 °C ball-like morphologies are observed, while deposition at 350−370 °C results in highly crystalline textured films. Use of [(tBu)In(μ3-Se)]4 as the precursor at 320−420 °C results in indium metal films. The relationship between the precursor's structure and the film's morphology and chemical composition are discussed. The efficacy of the single-source precursor approach is considered with respect to elemental comp...
The Flight Risk Perception Scale (FRPS): A Modified Risk Perception Scale for Measuring Risk of Pilots in Aviation

Risk and risk perception remain focal areas of research within the aviation domain. The purpose of the current study was to assess an existing measure of a 26-item self-risk perception scale for pilots. A sample of 490 participants was used in the present study, and a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the original 26-item instrument. The findings indicated that there was a poor model fit of the original instrument. Through the use of modification indices, a new 13-item scale was produced, which resulted in a second-order CFA model. Flight risk was shown to be the second-order construct with general flight risk, high risk, and altitude risk as the first-order constructs. The new model reported good psychometric values of GFI of 0.933, AGFI of 0.893, CFI of 0.947, NFI of 0.923, normed chi-squared of 3, and RMSEA of 0.071. The findings produce a new 13-item scale that can be used by aviation researchers who wish to conduct studies related to the pilot's self-assessment of risk perception.
Stochastic flow models with delays, blocking and applications to multi-intersection traffic light control

We extend Stochastic Flow Models (SFMs), used for a large class of discrete event and hybrid systems, by including the delays which typically arise in flow movements, as well as blocking effects due to space constraints. We apply this framework to the multi-intersection traffic light control problem by including transit delays for vehicles moving from one intersection to the next and possible blocking between two intersections. Using Infinitesimal Perturbation Analysis (IPA) for this SFM with delays and possible blocking, we derive new on-line gradient estimates of several congestion cost metrics with respect to the controllable green and red cycle lengths. The IPA estimators are used to iteratively adjust light cycle lengths to improve performance and, in conjunction with a standard gradient-based algorithm, to obtain optimal values which adapt to changing traffic conditions. We introduce two new cost metrics to better capture congestions and show that the inclusion of delays and possible blocking in our analysis lead to improved performance relative to models that ignore delays and/or blocking effects.
Epb41l5 interacts with Iqcb1 and regulates ciliary function in zebrafish embryos.

Erythrocyte protein band 4.1 like 5 (Epb41l5) is an adaptor protein beneath the plasma membrane that functions to control epithelial morphogenesis. Here we report a previously uncharacterized role of Epb41l5 in controlling ciliary function. We found that Epb41l5 forms a complex with IQCB1/NPHP5, a ciliopathy gene. Epb415 overexpression reduced IQCB1 localization at the ciliary base in cultured epithelial cells. Conversely, epb41l5 knockdown increased IQCB1 localization at the ciliary base. epb41l5-deficient zebrafish embryos or embryos expressing the C-terminally modified forms of Epb41l5 developed cilia with reduced motility and exhibited left-right patterning defects, an outcome of abnormal ciliary function. We observed genetic synergy between epb41l5 and iqcb1. Finally, Epb41l5 decreased IQCB1 interaction with Cep290, another ciliopathy gene and a component of the ciliary base and the centrosome. Together, these observations suggest that Epb41l5 regulates the composition of the ciliary base and the centrosome through IQCB1 and Cep290.
Islam, authoritarianism, and underdevelopment: a global and historical comparison

When compared with the world averages, why do Muslim-majority countries exhibit higher levels of authoritarianism and lower levels of socioeconomic development? And is Islam, as a religion, the cul...
Sources, fate, and flux of riverine solutes in the Southwest Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field, USA

Abstract Since the 1970s, temporal variations of hydrothermal discharge and thermal output from the numerous hydrothermal features in the Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field (YPVF) have been studied by measuring the chloride flux in the major rivers. In this study, the sources, fate, and flux of solutes in the Fall River and its major tributaries, in southwest Yellowstone National Park, were determined. The considerable precipitation in southwest YPVF and high groundwater flow through Quaternary rhyolites results in river solute fluxes that originate from shallow non-thermal groundwater and deep-thermal water. Specific conductance serves as a surrogate measure for thirteen riverine solute concentrations. Combining continuous 15-minute specific conductance and discharge data, the annual chloride, arsenic, fluoride, and silica fluxes from the Fall River were determined to be 11%, 5%, 25%, and 19% of the total flux exiting YPVF. Approximately 11% of the Fall River chloride flux is from non-thermal waters, which is larger than the previous estimate of 4 to 6%. Furthermore, a large proportion of fluoride and silica in the Fall River are derived from water-rock interaction in the shallow non-thermal groundwater system and the non-thermal weathering rate (30 ± 2 t/yr·km2) is higher than other rivers draining the Yellowstone caldera. Consequently, 73 ± 3% of the annual total dissolved solid flux in the Fall River is from thermal sources. Synoptic sampling of river water and discharge measurements was performed during low-flow conditions that allowed for the determination of solute sources and their downstream fate. It was determined that chloride, sodium, arsenic, rubidium, lithium, and boron are primarily (>89%) associated with thermal waters and the Bechler River is the primary source of most hydrothermal solutes in the Fall River, but the major source of arsenic is Boundary Creek. Using the chloride inventory method, the thermal water discharge from several thermal areas was also determined.
Warming blood products for transfusion to neonates: In vitro assessments.

Background Blood products may be transfused into neonates at temperatures at or below room temperature. The benefits and risks of warming blood to 37°C are not defined in this population or with the equipment used in neonates. Physiologic warming might enhance product effectiveness or decrease transfusion-associated hypothermia. Study design and methods We utilized an in vitro model of neonatal transfusions, with a syringe pump, blood tubing, and 24-gauge catheter and compared current practice (cold products) vs an inline blood warmer. Transfusions were performed rapidly (30 minutes) and slower (120 minutes) to model emergent vs routine situations. We tested red blood cells, fresh-frozen plasma, apheresis platelets (PLTs), and cold-stored low-titer group O whole blood. We used infrared detectors and inline probes to measure temperatures at the origin and at the simulated patient. We assessed warmer-induced damage by measuring plasma hemoglobin and hematocrit (seeking hemolysis), fibrinogen (seeking activation of coagulation), and PLT count and TEG-MA (seeking PLT destruction or dysfunction). Results The cold-stored products were 4.2 ± 1.0°C (mean ± SD) at the origin and 21.5 ± 0.1°C at the patient. With the inline warmer, products were 37.8 ± 0.6°C at the warmer and 32.6 ± 1.7°C at the patient during a 30-minute infusion, but were 34.5 ± 2.1 with a foil sheath covering the terminal tubing. We found no warmer-induced damage using any metric. Conclusion In simulated neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) transfusions, an inline blood warmer can deliver blood products at near-physiologic temperatures with no detected damage. We suggest in vivo testing of warmed NICU transfusions, assessing product effectiveness and hypothermia risk reduction.
The Expansion of the X-ray Remnant of Tycho's Supernova (SN1572)

Two ROSAT high resolution images separated by nearly five years have been used to determine the expansion of the X-ray remnant of Tycho's supernova (SN1572). The current expansion rate averaged over the entire remnant is $0.124\pm0.011$ % per yr, which, when combined with the known age of the remnant, determines the mean expansion parameter $m$, defined as $R\propto t^m$, to be $0.54\pm0.05$. There are significant radial and azimuthal variations of the X-ray expansion rate. The radial expansion in particular shows highly significant evidence for the more rapid expansion of the forward blast wave as compared to the reverse-shocked ejecta, an effect that has not been seen previously. The expansion parameter varies from $m=0.71\pm0.06$ at the outermost edge of Tycho's supernova remnant (SNR) to a value of $m=0.34\pm0.10$ on the inside edge of the bright rim of emission. These values are consistent with the rates expected for a remnant with constant density ejecta evolving into a uniform interstellar medium during the ejecta-dominated phase of evolution. Based on the size, age, and X-ray expansion rates, I obtain values for the explosion energy and ambient density of $E\approx 4-5\times 10^{50} \rm ergs$ and $n_0 \approx 0.35-0.45 \rm cm^{-3}$. As is also the case for Cas A and Kepler's SNR, the X-ray expansion rate of Tycho's SNR appears to be significantly higher than the radio expansion rate. In the case of Tycho's SNR, however, the difference between radio and X-ray expansion rates is clearly associated with the motion of the forward shock.
Lysosomal Functions in Glia Associated with Neurodegeneration

Lysosomes are cellular organelles that contain various acidic digestive enzymes. Despite their small size, they have multiple functions. Lysosomes remove or recycle unnecessary cell parts. They repair damaged cellular membranes by exocytosis. Lysosomes also sense cellular energy status and transmit signals to the nucleus. Glial cells are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system and have an active role in homeostatic support for neurons. In response to dynamic cues, glia use lysosomal pathways for the secretion and uptake of regulatory molecules, which affect the physiology of neighboring neurons. Therefore, functional aberration of glial lysosomes can trigger neuronal degeneration. Here, we review lysosomal functions in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, with emphasis on neurodegeneration.
The role of inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis in mediating orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal remodeling: a pilot study.

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) has been shown to induce osteocyte apoptosis in alveolar bone shortly after force application. However, how osteocyte apoptosis affects orthodontic tooth movement is unknown. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis on osteoclastogenesis, changes in the alveolar bone density, and the magnitude of OTM using a bisphosphonate analog (IG9402), a drug that affects osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis but does not affect osteoclasts. Two sets of experiments were performed. Experiment 1 was used to specifically evaluate the effect of IG9402 on osteocyte apoptosis in the alveolar bone during 24 h of OTM. For this experiment, twelve mice were divided into two groups: group 1, saline administration + OTM24-h (n=6), and group 2, IG9402 administration + OTM24-h (n=6). The contralateral unloaded sides served as the control. The goal of experiment 2 was to evaluate the role of osteocyte apoptosis on OTM magnitude and osteoclastogenesis 10 days after OTM. Twenty mice were divided into 4 groups: group 1, saline administration without OTM (n=5); group 2, IG9402 administration without OTM (n=5); group 3, saline + OTM10-day (n=6); and group 4, IG9402 + OTM10-day (n=4). For both experiments, tooth movement was achieved using Ultra Light (25g) Sentalloy Closed Coil Springs attached between the first maxillary molar and the central incisor. Linear measurements of tooth movement and alveolar bone density (BVF) were assessed by MicroCT analysis. Cell death (or apoptosis) was assessed by terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, while osteoclast and macrophage formation were assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and F4/80+ immunostaining. We found that IG9402 significantly blocked osteocyte apoptosis in alveolar bone (AB) at 24 h of OTM. At 10 days, IG9402 prevented OTM-induced loss of alveolar bone density and changed the morphology and quality of osteoclasts and macrophages, but did not significantly affect the amount of tooth movement. Our study demonstrates that osteocyte apoptosis may play a significant role in osteoclast and macrophage formation during OTM, but does not seem to play a role in the magnitude of orthodontic tooth movement.
Management of Change Orders in Infrastructure Transportation Projects

AbstractThe Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) will handle many upcoming projects due to the recent statewide infrastructure strategic plan and the fast-track efforts affecting many infra...
Data- and Physics-Based Modeling of Backward Erosion Piping

This manuscript presents the results of research conducted in the context of the assessment of Flood Protection Infrastructure (FPI) against the progressive evolution of internal damage caused by erosion mechanisms, with emphasis on Backward Erosion Piping (BEP) induced failures. A novel approach, encompassing both deterministic physics-based numerical simulations and probabilistic data-based techniques, is presented and validated through experimental data obtained at multiple length scales. The deterministic simulations are used to train a multilayer machine learning model that is capable of quantifying the state of the infrastructure in quasi-real-time and is inherently capable of accepting live data from embedded and remote sensors. The significant reduction in computational cost obtained through the adoption of ML techniques allows for the investigation of the hyperparameters space in an efficient fashion, allowing for meaningful sensitivity analyses and physics discovery. The results of a projected real-life case study are reported, where a selected FPI system is simulated at the system scale (\(>10^5\) m) over a period of one year, and conclusions are drawn on the capabilities of the proposed model.
Chapter 8 Sediment Transport and Deposition on the Washington Continental Shelf

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the current and wave data available for the southern Washington continental shelf for characterizing the typical and extreme sediment transporting events in terms of their magnitudes, durations, and frequencies of occurrence. This information is used both as an input to a sediment-transport model and as an aid to understand the relative importance of transport processes on this shelf. The model presented in the chapter includes the feedback interactions among waves, currents, suspended sediment-induced density stratification, and the size composition of the sediment bed. The feedback interactions are necessary to predict (1) the structure of benthic boundary layer, (2) the depths of erosion and reworking of sediment, (3) the thicknesses of the reworked sediment, (4) the compositional changes in the reworked sediment, and (5) the paths and the rates of sediment transported as bedload and as suspended load. The model is used to investigate the effect of resuspended sediment on the shear velocities associated with the waves and currents in interacting boundary layers.
A multiwavelength survey of interacting galaxies

Galaxy-galaxy collisions are known to produce drastic changes in morphology and, in many cases, enhance the level of star formation activity in galaxies. In order to better quantify the effects that interactions have on the star formation characteristics of galaxies the authors undertook a multiwavelength survey of a large sample of interacting disk-type galaxies. The sample is optically-selected, the inclusion of systems having been based upon the presence of unusual morphological features--such as tidal tails, plumes, rings, warped disks--suggestive of tidal interaction. The sample is composed of about 115 systems, most of which are spiral-spiral pairs, with a few spiral-elliptical pairs and a few merging systems (see Bushouse 1986 for more details of the sample selection). This sample has now been studied in the optical, infrared, and radio regimes, including optical spectra and H alpha images, near-infrared photometry and imaging, far-infrared photometry, H I 21 cm emission-line measurements, Very Large Array (VLA) 20 cm maps, and CO emission-line measurements. This paper presents an overview and comparison of the results of the optical, infrared and CO surveys. With these data the authors can compare the far-infrared and CO properties of the galaxies with the classic optical and radio indicators of star formation activity and thereby determine what, if any, relationships exist between star formation activity and the far-infrared and CO properties of the galaxies.
Associations Between Motor Vehicle Crashes and Mental Health Problems: Data From the National Survey of Adolescents‐Replication

Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are a leading cause of physical injuries and mortality among children and adolescents in the United States. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between having an MVC and mental health outcomes, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and drug and alcohol misuse in a nationally representative sample of adolescents. A sample of 3,604 adolescents, aged 12-17 years, was assessed as part of the 2005 National Survey of Adolescents-Replication (NSA-R) study. Data were weighted according to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates. Within this sample, 10.2% of adolescents reported having at least 1 serious MVC. The prevalence of current PTSD and depression among adolescents having an MVC was 7.4% and 11.2%, respectively. Analyses revealed that an MVC among adolescents aged 15 years and younger was independently associated with depression (OR = 2.17) and alcohol abuse (OR = 2.36) after adjusting for other risk factors, including a history of interpersonal violence. Among adolescents aged 16 years and older, an MVC was associated only with alcohol abuse (OR = 2.08). This study was the first attempt to explore adverse mental health outcomes associated with MVCs beyond traumatic stress symptoms among adolescents in a nationally representative sample.
Working Memory Capacity as a Constraint on L2 Development

Abstract This chapter examines the role of working memory capacity in L2 development. The first part of the chapter traces the development of working memory as an explanatory construct in individual differences models of language processing and use. The research paradigm developed to measure working memory capacity is described and research relating capacity to individual differences in LI reading skill is presented. In the second part the working memory construct is applied to L2 development and evidence for the role of working memory capacity in L2 reading is presented. Although preliminary evidence suggests a role for working memory capacity in explaining differences in L2 development, key methodological and theoretical issues in the approach remain unresolved. In the concluding part these issues are discussed and directions for future research on capacity limitations on L2 development are considered.
Regional Colitis Presenting as Fever of Unknown Origin: Report of a Case With Three Skip Lesions

Summary 1.An unusual case of regional colitis with three skip lesions involving the ileo-cecum, the transverse colon, and the sigmoid colon is presented. The chief presenting sign was fever. 2.The diagnostic difficulty which may be encountered in cases of regional colitis is illustrated. 3.The literature on regional colitis is reviewed.
A neo-paradigmatic model for studying the development of economic reasoning

Recent literature concerning the concept of paradigms in economics has focused primarily on the nature of inter-paradigm changes [DeVroey, 1975; Baumberger, 1977]. Little attention has been paid, however, to Kuhn's original analysis and how it relates to the history of economics as a discipline [Kuhn, 1970]. This paper argues that the paradigm model originally developed by Kuhn, when properly adapted and elaborated for economics, provides a muchneeded synthesis of the traditional methodological approaches to the intellectual history of economics.
THE RELATION OF THE SPLEEN TO BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION AND TO HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE : X. CONCERNING THE SUPPOSED REGULATORY INFLUENCE OF THE SPLEEN IN THE FORMATION AND DESTRUCTION OF ERYTHROCYTES.

1. The blood of the splenic artery and vein shows either no differences, or only such slight irregular variations as may be due to the errors inherent in hematologic methods, or are common to arterial and venous blood of the general circulation. 2. The observation of Banti and Furno that free hemoglobin occurs in the blood of the splenic vein is not confirmed. 3. Extracts of the spleen have no definite hemolytic action in vitro. 4. Intraperitoneal injection of fresh saline extracts of the spleen causes in the dog a sharp increase in the number of red cells and the hemoglobin content which lasts for one or two days and may recur on a second injection. Extracts of liver, kidney, and erythrocytes similarly prepared do not give this effect. This observation supports Danilewsky's theory that the spleen may exert a stimulating effect upon the formation of red cells in the bone marrow. 5. On the other hand, the feeding of raw beef spleen to splenectomized dogs over long periods of time has no clearly defined influence in preventing the anemia which usually follows splenectomy.
Adhesion of algal cells to surfaces

This paper reports the cell-substratum interactions of planktonic (Chlorella vulgaris) and benthic (Botryococcus sudeticus) freshwater green algae with hydrophilic (glass) and hydrophobic (indium tin oxide) substrata to determine the critical parameters controlling the adhesion of algal cells to surfaces. The surface properties of the algae and substrata were quantified by measuring contact angle, electrophoretic mobility, and streaming potential. Using these data, the cell-substratum interactions were modeled using thermodynamic, DLVO, and XDLVO approaches. Finally, the rate of attachment and the strength of adhesion of the algal cells were quantified using a parallel-plate flow chamber. The results indicated that (1) acid-base interactions played a critical role in the adhesion of algae, (2) the hydrophobic alga attached at a higher density and with a higher strength of adhesion on both substrata, and (3) the XDLVO model was the most accurate in predicting the density of cells and their strength of adhesion. These results can be used to select substrata to promote/inhibit the adhesion of algal cells to surfaces.
An instrument using a multiple layer peltier device to change skin temperature rapidly

A thermal stimulator that uses multiple layer Peltier devices produces rapid heating or cooling of the skin of experimental animals. Rate of change of temperature can be controlled from 1 degree C/sec to 5 degrees/sec (cooling) or to 10 degrees/sec (heating). Rapid thermal transients are not accompanied by thermal overshoot. Maintenance of and return to a preset temperature are within +/- 0.05 degrees.
System A amino acid transport in a rat submandibular ductal cell line.

1. 1. Neutral amino acid transport was studied in an established cell line derived from rat submandibular glands, RSMTx. 2. 2. The greatest portion of α-amino isobutyrate (AIB) transport is mediated by system A. This component is Na+ dependent, pH sensitive, markedly inhibited by methyl AIB and enhanced 2–5-fold by amino acid depletion. 3. 3. Evidence for the presence of other neutral amino acid transport systems, presumably ASC and L, was also found in these cells.
Immobilization of DNA onto poly(dimethylsiloxane) surfaces and application to a microelectrochemical enzyme-amplified DNA hybridization assay.

This paper describes immobilization of DNA onto the interior walls of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microsystems and its application to an enzyme-amplified electrochemical DNA assay. DNA immobilization was carried out by silanization of the PDMS surface with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane to yield a thiol-terminated surface. 5‘-acrylamide-modified DNA reacts with the pendant thiol groups to yield DNA-modified PDMS. Surface-immobilized DNA oligos serve as capture probes for target DNA. Biotin-labeled target DNA hybridizes to the PDMS-immobilized capture DNA, and subsequent introduction of alkaline phosphatase (AP) conjugated to streptavidin results in attachment of the enzyme to hybridized DNA. Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization benefits from enzyme amplification. Specifically, AP converts electroinactive p-aminophenyl phosphate to electroactive p-aminophenol, which is detected using an indium tin oxide interdigitated array (IDA) electrode. The IDA electrode eliminates the need for a referenc...
Contraceptive sex acceptability: a commentary, synopsis and agenda for future research.

Ten years ago it was argued that sexuality is a “critical issue” in contraceptive and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention acceptability research. Yet few studies explore current methods’ direct effects on women’s sexuality or how such effects impact contraceptive uptake continuation and adherence. Investigating both negative and positive aspects of contraceptive practices is a vital and understudied area for this field of reproductive health. The field’s lack of attention to women’s sexuality - formerly termed “the pleasure deficit” - is worsened when compared to the attention research puts on male-based pregnancy and STI prevention methods. Research marketed by concern for men’s pleasure libido and orgasm recognizes that methods that compromise men’s sexuality will limit acceptability. Contraceptive methods developed for women as well as the relevant research developed rarely receive the same sexual consideration. This commentary explores the ways in which contraception can affect sexual functioning and experience and method-specific considerations for male condoms oral contraceptives other hormonal methods intrauterine contraception and sterilization. [excerpt] Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The mirror sign: a reflection of cognitive decline?

Psychotic symptoms are common in older patients, with estimates of the prevalence of psychosis ranging from 4% to 10% in those over the age of 65 years. Often, the psychosis observed in this population is recent in onset. For example, in a retrospective study of patients over age 65 years admitted to a geriatric psychiatry inpatient service, late-life onset psychosis was observed in approximately 10% of 1730 patients. Of these, 64% suffered from delusions, most commonly of the persecution/paranoia and self-reference subtype, 29% reported hallucinations, most commonly visual, and the remaining 7% had mixed delusions and hallucinations. The psychotic symptoms were most commonly seen in the context of dementia (40%), while other common causes were major depression (33%), medical conditions (7%), and delirium (7%). Psychiatrists are often called upon to evaluate symptoms of psychosis in this population. Unfortunately the treatment of psychosis in the elderly can be difficult. It is widely acknowledged that the use of antipsychotic medication in patients with Alzheimer’s and other dementias is associated with many serious adverse effects, including sedation, delirium, falls, and even death. In a study of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) who were being treated with atypical antipsychotics for symptoms of psychosis, aggression, or agitation, Schneider et al. concluded that adverse effects outweigh benefits. Due to these concerns, it is important to uncover causes of hallucinations and paranoia that may respond to behavioral interventions rather than antipsychotic medication.
No arc-connected treelike continuum is the 2-to-1 image of a continuum

In 1940, O. G. Harrold showed that no arc can be the exactly 2-to-1 continuous image of a metric continuum, and in 1947 W. H. Gottschalk showed that no dendrite is a 2-to-1 image. In 2003 we show that no arc-connected treelike continuum is the 2-to-1 image of a continuum.
Moral Grounding for the Participation of Children as Organ Donors

More than 24,000 patients await organ transplants and the number is increasing yearly. Living donors are an important source of transplant organs. In this paper, I argue that we can morally justify allowing children to serve as donors. Yet, I also argue that their participation must be restricted in order to prevent their exploitation. The paper is divided into six sections. In the first section, I show why the traditional principles of personal autonomy and beneficence are not adequate morally to justify the participation of children in the nontherapeutic role of organ donor. Next, I argue that the moral justification of the child’s participation must be based on the intimate family relationship which permits activities that would be unacceptable in the public domain. In the third section, I argue that family autonomy ought to be limited by the principle of respect for persons. In the fourth section, I propose five principles to guide the participation of children as organ donors. In section five, I discuss the role of the child in the decision-making process. In section six, I critically examine the criteria for equity in donor selection.
Reduced Mitochondrial Dynamics in Skeletal Muscle of an Amyotrophyic Lateral Sclerosis Mouse Model

Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly undergo fusion and fission in order to maintain their normal functionality. Impairment of mitochondrial dynamics is implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease involving degeneration of motor neurons and atrophy of skeletal muscle. Our recent studies on ALS mouse model G93A have found that its skeletal muscle shows defective mitochondria associated with elevated intracellular Ca2+ transients during muscle contraction (Yi JBC 2011). It is known that an elevated intracellular [Ca2+] alters mitochondrial mobility in various cell types (Liu and Hajnoczky Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009). Expecting alterations, we evaluated mitochondrial mobility by expressing a photoactivatable green fluorescence protein (PA-GFP) (obtained from Addgene) in G93A skeletal muscle. The PA-GFP was first photo-activated in a small area (∼ 10 μm × 10 μm) of a muscle fiber. The time-dependent migration of PA-GFP out of the original area was evaluated in both longitudinal and transversal directions. Migration of PA-GFP over one sarcomere distance (∼2.2 μm) was defined as one migration step (ms). While mitochondria in normal muscle fibers showed 11.0 ± 1.6 ms in 10 min and 18.7 ± 2.3 ms in 20 min (n=13), mitochondria in G93A muscle only showed 1.8 ± 0.4 ms and 2.0 ± 0.4 ms in the respective intervals (n=12). This constitutes a near 10-fold reduction of mitochondrial mobility in ALS muscle. Studies to identify the causes of the reduced mitochondrial dynamics are ongoing. Supported by MDA and NIAMS/NIH.
Sensitivity of the molar absorptivity value to sample and instrument characteristics, with reference to the ellman reagent (DTNB)

Abstract 1. 1. Some confusion has recently developed concerning the “correct” molar absorptivity (e) for use with the Ellman reagent, 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoate). 2. 2. For any compound E is dependent upon the experimental conditions under which it is determined and is correct for that system alone. 3. 3. General acceptance and use of a single reported value is invalid and can lead to inaccuracies. 4. 4. In support of this we discuss the effect on e of slit width, stray light, wavelength and photometric accuracy and the presence or absence of the parent compound in the analytical solution. 5. 5. We conclude that for any colorimetric reagent, a single “correct” e value should not be sought but rather that internal standardization should be the rule.