cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public–Private Partnerships in the Water Sector: The Case of Desalination

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) have grown in popularity as a method to leverage private sector actors in the production of government services. With the global challenge of water insecurity, PPPs are becoming more common for large scale water infrastructure projects. One prominent example is the water desalination industry. Global desalination capacity has grown in recent decades driven by demand for alternative water sources. However, desalination facilities remain complex and expensive operations. In this paper, we examine the role of private actors working in partnership with public entities in the delivery of drinking water using the case of desalination. We examine global trends in PPPs and discuss implications for the desalination industry as well as water infrastructure more broadly. Additionally, detailed data on desalination facilities were collected in Israel, Australia, and the United States including key stakeholder interviews. Results demonstrate an increase in PPP use in the water sector over time along with significant regional variation. We also find that the public sector partners often rely on private sector partners in the design, build, and operation stages of the project regardless of the amount of public financing.
Prosecuting Terrorism - Models for Confronting Organized Violence

This chapter reviews application of the two existing paradigms of law and crime to international terrorism. Terrorism is not an entity with which the model of war makes sense, and ordinary crime is not an adequate model for addressing the problem. Rather than contorting the traditions of either existing paradigm, it would be better to recognize the applicability of a third paradigm that has been applied successfully to piracy and slavery - the model of crimes erga omens under jus cogens which can be supported by military operations other than war (MOOTW). There is already the emerging supra-state body of international humanitarian law (IHL) to address offenses that are characterized by ongoing violence against civilians that is "widespread or systematic." A valuable corollary is the US experience with racial terrorism and the so-called KKK statutes. The reason for supra-state intervention by international organizations into the affairs of a nation-state is the same as the reason for supra-state intervention by the U.S. federal government into the affairs of a U.S. state. It is the presence of an organization (whether recognized as the state or not) with sufficient resources to carry out violent actions against a civilian population without the state’s being willing or able to control it. This is the identical problem with terrorism today.This realization feeds into the need for recognition of an international norm of counter-terrorism in which "widespread or systematic" attacks on civilians can be addressed by any nation with use of MOOTW. The model avoids most, but not all, of the confusion and problems that have surrounded the concept of "enemy combatant" in recent U.S. initiatives. Some of the problems not addressed are what to do with tortured miscreants such as KSM and how to address targeted killings – those are to be resolved by other analysis suggested at the end of this article.
B-cell subsets responsive to fluorescein-conjugated antigens. II. "Cross-priming" and its elimination by bromodeoxyuridine and light.

Abstract In vitro stimulation of normal splenic B cells with a variety of fluorescein (FL)-conjugated immunogens stimulated the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine to the extent that all subsequent FL-immunogen-induced PFC responses were inhibited after exposure to light. The effect was hapten specific and suggests that any FL-immunogen can trigger an initial wave of DNA synthesis independent of surface IgD or polyclonal B-cell activating receptor interaction.
Dimensions of precision in reference analysis of object-oriented programming languages

There has been approximately a ten year history of reference analyses for object-oriented programming languages. Approaches vary as to how different analyses account for program execution flow, how they capture calling context, and how they model objects, reference variables and the possible calling structure of the program. A taxonomy of analysis dimensions that affect precision (and cost) will be presented and illustrated by examples of existing reference analysis techniques.
Automodelagem: o lugar da invenção

Roy Wagner explora neste texto a nocao matematica de automodelagem enquanto mecanismo de obviacao operante em diferentes casos etnograficos. O esforco comparativo de larga escala aqui realizado serve a recusa de uma “antropologia apropriacional”, isto e, da ideia de que o antropologo deveria ou poderia ser responsavel pela modelagem da proficiencia de visao de mundo e de tecnologia em suas populacoes-sujeito. Este texto, que corresponde ao capitulo 4 do livro inedito The place of Invention [O lugar da invencao], foi apresentado em seminario aberto na Universidade de Sao Paulo em 18 de agosto de 2011.
Large-Scale Aspects of Star Formation and Galactic Evolution

Star formation in spiral and irregular galaxies often appears to occur in large gas complexes or spiral arm segments with characteristic sizes of the order of a kiloparsec and masses of the order of 107 solar masses, typically containing one or more giant HII regions (Elmegreen and Elmegreen 1983,1987; Elmegreen 1987a). Thus, to understand such basic features of galaxies as the spatial distribution of star formation and the overall star formation rate (SFR), it is necessary to understand the origin and development of these large star-forming complexes. A quantity of particular interest for the evolution of galaxies is the timescale x(gas) for turning the interstellar gas into stars. Estimates of this quantity for many galaxies (Kennicutt 1983; Donas et al. 1987) show a well-defined range of values with a median of several Gyr and with a small but apparently real increase toward later Hubble types; such an increase in x(gas) with Hubble type is also implied by the fact that galaxies of later Hubble type have consumed less of their gas than galaxies of earlier Hubble type. Many observations indicate that the SFR per unit area in galactic disks also increases with the local surface density of gas, but the form of this dependence is not yet well established (Freedman 1986; Kennicutt 1987; Donas et al. 1987; Young 1988).
Crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of EccA1 ATPase from the ESX-1 secretion system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

EccA1 is an important component of the type VII secretion system (T7SS) that is responsible for transport of virulence factors in pathogenic mycobacteria. EccA1 has an N-terminal domain of unknown function and a C-terminal AAA+ (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) domain. Here we report the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of EccA1 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which shows an arrangement of six tetratricopeptide repeats that may mediate interactions of EccA1 with secreted substrates. Furthermore, the size and shape of the N-terminal domain suggest its orientation in the context of a hexamer model of full-length EccA1.
Maintaining large update batches by restructuring and grouping

Materialized views defined over distributed data sources can be utilized by many applications to ensure better access, reliable performance, and high availability. Technology for maintaining materialized views is thus critical for providing up-to-date results since a stale view extent may not help or even mislead these applications. State-of-the-art incremental view maintenance requires O(n^2) or more remote maintenance queries with n being the number of data sources in the view definition. In this work, we propose two novel maintenance strategies, namely adjacent grouping and conditional grouping, that dramatically reduce the number of maintenance queries required to maintain the materialized views. This reduction in the number of maintenance queries brings the basic trade-off between the complexity of each query and the total number of maintenance queries that can be exploited to improve maintenance performance. The proposed maintenance strategies have been implemented in a working prototype system called TxnWrap. Experimental studies illustrate that our proposed strategies are able to achieve about 400% performance improvement in terms of total processing time compared with existing batch algorithms in a majority of cases.
A long‐duration narrowband Pc5 pulsation

[1] We report on a rare event of a narrowband ULF magnetospheric pulsation that is observed at geosynchronous orbit over five consecutive days in the recovery period of a magnetospheric storm, with frequencies ranging from 5 to 9 mHz. The pulsation displays distinctive localization, being observed over several hours of local time in the noon and postnoon sectors during successive passes of GOES-8 and GOES-9. Geotail, which is traversing the outer magnetosphere a couple of RE farther out from geosynchronous orbit at the time the pulsations are observed, shows no distinct narrowband fluctuation in the magnetic field, excluding oscillations in the solar wind as a possible source of the pulsations. On the ground, several of the IMAGE magnetometers observe pulsations with similar spectral characteristics. By performing a phase cross-spectrogram analysis on measurements from adjacent and latitudinally aligned ground stations we estimate the azimuthal mode number m of the pulsation, which we find to range between 20 and 55. Phase difference calculations indicate an eastward phase propagation of these pulsations. Density measurements from LANL spacecraft at geosynchronous orbit show evidence of a plasmasphere refilling process that is slower than usual, possibly associated with the observed slow frequency decrease and the unusually long lasting of the pulsations.
Proteomics-based, multivariate random forest method for prediction of protein separation behavior during cation-exchange chromatography

The most significant cost of recombinant protein production lies in the optimization of the downstream purification methods, mainly due to a lack of knowledge of the separation behavior of the host cell proteins (HCP). To reduce the effort required for purification process development, this work was aimed at modeling the separation behavior of a complex mixture of proteins in cation-exchange chromatography (CEX). With the emergence of molecular pharming as a viable option for the production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins, the HCP mixture chosen was an extract of corn germ. Aqueous two phase system (ATPS) partitioning followed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) provided data on isoelectric point, molecular weight and surface hydrophobicity of the extract and step-elution fractions. A multivariate random forest (MVRF) method was then developed using the three characterization variables to predict the elution pattern of individual corn HCP. The MVRF method achieved an average root mean squared error (RMSE) value of 0.0406 (fraction of protein eluted in each CEX elution step) for all the proteins that were characterized, providing evidence for the effectiveness of both the characterization method and the analysis approach for protein purification applications.
Tetrahalide complexes of the [U(NR)2]2+ ion: synthesis, theory, and chlorine K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

Synthetic routes to salts containing uranium bis-imido tetrahalide anions [U(NR)2X4]2– (X = Cl–, Br–) and non-coordinating NEt4+ and PPh4+ countercations are reported. In general, these compounds can be prepared from U(NR)2I2(THF)x (x = 2 and R = tBu, Ph; x = 3 and R = Me) upon addition of excess halide. In addition to providing stable coordination complexes with Cl–, the [U(NMe)2]2+ cation also reacts with Br– to form stable [NEt4]2[U(NMe)2Br4] complexes. These materials were used as a platform to compare electronic structure and bonding in [U(NR)2]2+ with [UO2]2+. Specifically, Cl K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and both ground-state and time-dependent hybrid density functional theory (DFT and TDDFT) were used to probe U–Cl bonding interactions in [PPh4]2[U(NtBu)2Cl4] and [PPh4]2[UO2Cl4]. The DFT and XAS results show the total amount of Cl 3p character mixed with the U 5f orbitals was roughly 7–10% per U–Cl bond for both compounds, which shows that moving from oxo to imido has little effect o...
Recent advances in aluminum oxynitride (ALON) optical ceramic

Aluminum Oxynitride or ALON optical ceramic is transparent material, developed and patented by Raytheon, which is very similar to sapphire, being comprised mostly of Al2O3 with a small amount of additional nitrogen. This nitrogen addition has the effect of producing a cubic material whose optical and mechanical properties are isotropic. Importantly, this means that it can be produced by powder processing methods, which are scalable to larger sizes, and at lower prices than can be achieved by the single crystal growth techniques that are used to grow sapphire. Furthermore, its isotropic properties make it much easier to grind and polish than sapphire. Recently, the interest in ALON optical ceramic has grown substantially following impressive results in ballistic testing. Ballistic laminates, containing ALON layers, have demonstrated protection against armor piercing rounds, at half the areal density and thickness of conventional ballistic laminates. ALON plates as large as 14x20in are being produced, under Air Force funding, for evaluation as IR windows and transparent armor, using conventional powder processing techniques. The production processes themselves are now being scaled to produce large pieces and large quantities of ALON optical ceramic.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Incorporating Complementary and Integrative Medicine in a Comprehensive Cancer Center

This article provides a model of integrating complementary and integrative medicine into cancer care in a comprehensive conventional cancer center. This model requires a patient-centered approach with attention to patients' concerns and enhanced communication skills. A discussion of patients' psycho-social-spiritual perspectives is a crucial component in this approach. In addition, complementary and integrative medicine practitioners and conventional practitioners' involvement and cooperation in developing this integration process are essential. This process requires tremendous team effort, institutional culture change, trust and open communication between all members of the health care team, and support from institutional leaders.
Reliability of strained-layer InGaAs quantum well heterostructure lasers

Future optical fiber communications systems are likely to include rare-earth-doped optical fiber amplifiers. Er-doped germanosilica fiber amplifier systems require efficient high-power fundamental-mode pump lasers emitting at a wavelength of either 1.48 or 0.98 μm. While 1.48-μm emission can be obtained from lattice-matched InGa-AsP-InP heterostructure lasers, similar to those used as source at 1.3 and 1.55 μm, emission wavelengths in the range of 0.9-1.1 μm are unobtainable from this system or from the well developed lattice-matched AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructure materials system. InGaAs-GaAs strained-layer quantum well heterostructure lasers, in which the large amount of strain associated with lattice mismatch is accommodated elastically provided the layers are sufficiently thin, provide for laser emission in the range of 0.9-1.1 μm. Consideration of highly strained laser structures operating at high output powers for a system application, however, raises the inherent question of the long term reliability of these structures.
Effects of Mixed-Metric Data on Production Model Estimation: Simulation Study of a Blue-Marlin-Like Stock

Abstract An underlying assumption of surplus-production modeling is that the model's two basic data streams (indices of abundance and records of catch) are expressed in the same metric, either biomass or numbers. For lack of data, that assumption is sometimes violated; recent assessments of blue marlin Makaira nigricans and white marlin Tetrapturus albidus in the Atlantic Ocean, for example, have used indices of abundance based on numbers with indices of catch based on biomass. We examined the effects of using mixed-metric data in production modeling. Our method was a simulation study based on the life history and fishery characteristics of blue marlin in the Atlantic Ocean. Populations were simulated over a range of growth patterns and with either increasing or declining abundance by the use of a simulation model incorporating sex, size, and age structure; sexually dimorphic growth; variation of size at age; age-varying natural mortality; and deterministic or stochastic recruitment. Simulated abundance d...
Subdural strip electrode monitoring and surgical decision making in refractory epilepsy: validity and prognostic value of noninvasive localizing data☆

Abstract We analyzed the rationale for invasive monitoring in refractory epilepsy. In 54 selected patients, video/scalp-EEG was insufficient for seizure focus localization. Therefore, bilateral subdural electrodes were implanted for ictal recording. In 40 (74.1%) of 54 patients, ictal electrocorticography (ECoG) localized a seizure focus amenable to resection. Fourteen (25.9%) of 54 patients, had multiple foci or primary generalized seizures. Among 36 patients who had focal resection with at least 1-year follow-up, 32 (88.9%) are either seizure-free or significantly improved. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and interictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) had the highest sensitivity and specificity (80.0 and 81.8%, respectively) and the greatest diagnostic value (64.0 and 77.8%, respectively) for seizure focus localization. Independent of electrophysiologic data, MRI determination of focal abnormality was prognostic for seizure-free outcome. Concordance of one or more noninvasive techniques with ictal ECoG seizure focus localization was statistically significant in predicting seizure-free outcome. Although interest in noninvasive selection of candidates for focal resection is increasing, there remains a role for invasive monitoring of epileptogenic foci that are difficult to localize. Our study should improve selection of patients with refractory epilepsy for focal resection when ictal ECoG is used in conjunction with noninvasive data for surgical decision making.
A Passive Network Appliance for Real-Time Network Monitoring

Network administrators lack the tools they need to understand and react to their changing networks. This makes it difficult for them to make informed, timely decisions regarding network management, capacity planning, and security. These challenges will only increase as networks continue to gain in throughput, become more complex, and encrypt more and more of their traffic. This paper describes the Passive Network Appliance, or PNA, which is our proposed solution to this problem. The PNA provides snapshots of network behavior through time, in a cost-effective manner. The PNA is implemented on commodity hardware and can enforce network policy in real-time at the granularity of network frame arrival. This paper describes the system, and its evaluation in both laboratory and real-world deployments.
Convergence of Finite-Size Scaling Renormalisation Techniques

Abstract The rate of convergence of the transfer matrix finite-size scaling (or phenomenological renormalisation) method is studied. It is shown both heuristically and numerically that the convergence of estimates for exponents, etc, is governed asymptotically by the leading irrelevant-variable scaling exponent. The more rapid apparent convergence rates observed in many practical calculations for two-dimensional lattices of widths up to ten lattice spacings are attributed to cancellation between various correction terms.
Stability of S-layer proteins for electrochemical nanofabrication.

Abstract Crystalline cell surface layer proteins (S-layers) can be used in electrochemical fabrication to create nanoscale arrays of metals and oxides on surfaces so long as the proteins maintain their long-range order during processing. We have explored the stability of the HPI layer protein (the S-layer protein from the microorganism Deinococcus radiodurans) adsorbed onto platinum surfaces after immersion in sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide electrolytes ranging in pH from 0 to 14 over time periods ranging from 1 to 1000 s. Topographic data obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize the protein stability, judged by its retention of long-range order after immersion. The compiled data revealed that, under these solution conditions and in this environment, the HPI layer protein has a dose-dependent structural stability “envelope” in the acidic range from 1
Automating the assessment of visual dysfunction after traumatic brain injury

Abstract Visual dysfunction after traumatic brain injury is prevalent. The determination of the presence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and the assessment of the degree of injury in the field can be difficult and time consuming,
Spectral collocation methods for one-dimensional phase-change problems

Single and multi-domain spectral collocation methods utilizing Chebyshev polynomials were employed to obtain highly accurate solutions to one-dimensional phase-change problems. The Landau transformation was imposed to fix the position of the moving boundary. Spatial derivatives were approximated using both spectral and finite-difference representations. Solutions to the resulting ordinary differential equations in time were obtained using the Gear and Adams predictor-corrector algorithms as implemented within the Mathematica programming environment. For test problems in which exact solutions are available, results for the spectral representations compared favorably with solutions obtained using second-order accurate finite-difference approximations.
Slip and no-slip velocity boundary conditions at interface of porous, plain media

Abstract The hydrodynamic boundary condition at the interface between a porous and a plain medium is examined by direct simulation of the two-dimensional flow field near the interface of a porous medium made of cylinders. The existing slip boundary condition, which contains a slip coefficient α, and the noslip boundary condition, which contains an effective viscosity μ', are examined. The dependence of α on the direction of the flow (with respect to the interfacial plane), the porosity, the Reynolds number (based on the unit cell length and the Darcean velocity), the selection of the interfacial location, and the arrangement of the cylinders (structure) is examined in detail. The numerical results show that α is not only a function of the structure but also depends on the flow direction, the Reynolds number, the extent of the plain medium, and the nonuniformities in the arrangement of the surface particles. It is also shown that for an accurate prediction of the local velocity near the interface (inside the porous medium), μ' must vary within the porous medium. This shows that the Brinkman extension based on a uniform μ', and the associated screening distance, do not satisfactorily model the flow field in the porous medium.
Quiescent Fibroblasts Exhibit High Metabolic Activity

Many cells in mammals exist in the state of quiescence, which is characterized by reversible exit from the cell cycle. Quiescent cells are widely reported to exhibit reduced size, nucleotide synthesis, and metabolic activity. Much lower glycolytic rates have been reported in quiescent compared with proliferating lymphocytes. In contrast, we show here that primary human fibroblasts continue to exhibit high metabolic rates when induced into quiescence via contact inhibition. By monitoring isotope labeling through metabolic pathways and quantitatively identifying fluxes from the data, we show that contact-inhibited fibroblasts utilize glucose in all branches of central carbon metabolism at rates similar to those of proliferating cells, with greater overflow flux from the pentose phosphate pathway back to glycolysis. Inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway resulted in apoptosis preferentially in quiescent fibroblasts. By feeding the cells labeled glutamine, we also detected a “backwards” flux in the tricarboxylic acid cycle from α-ketoglutarate to citrate that was enhanced in contact-inhibited fibroblasts; this flux likely contributes to shuttling of NADPH from the mitochondrion to cytosol for redox defense or fatty acid synthesis. The high metabolic activity of the fibroblasts was directed in part toward breakdown and resynthesis of protein and lipid, and in part toward excretion of extracellular matrix proteins. Thus, reduced metabolic activity is not a hallmark of the quiescent state. Quiescent fibroblasts, relieved of the biosynthetic requirements associated with generating progeny, direct their metabolic activity to preservation of self integrity and alternative functions beneficial to the organism as a whole.
Manufacturing Village Identity and Its Village: The View From Nineteenth-Century Andhra

Upon inquiring into a boundary dispute between Tooringi and the Dutch-owned village of Jagannaikpuram, Leveston G. K. Murray asked generally of inhabitants ‘how far they supposed their ground extended’. But on that day in April 1795, and to Murray's dismay, he ‘received no other answer than that they did not know’. L. G. K. Murray and Mr Topander, both East India Company officials based in Masulipatam on the Teluga-speaking Andhra Coast of Southeast India, then tried a different approach, and showed those gathered a ‘Gentoo Paper’ containing a Dutch account of the nature of the boundary between the two villages. The consensus among the Telugu-speaking onlookers, in fact, was that the document was in order. No one proposed any problems with its authenticity to those Company officers.
Extending the Emotion-in-Relationships Model to Conversation

This article extends the Emotion-in-Relationships Model (ERM; Berscheid, 1983, 1991) to conversation. It begins by theorizing about how interference and facilitation from partners may predict features of message production and message processing. Then, it reports the method and findings of a study in which 125 married couples engaged in two videotaped conversations. Multilevel modeling results revealed that interference from partners corresponded with uncoordinated conversation, disaffiliative messages, unfavorable cognitive appraisals, and negative emotional reactions. With a few exceptions, facilitation from partners shared the opposite associations with the dependent variables. The article concludes by assessing the value of ERM as a theory of interpersonal communication.
Evolutionary Theory: The Missing Link for Conceptualizing Public Relations

This article introduces the concept of using Charles Darwin's (1859/1979) evolutionary theory as the metatheory for conceptualizing public relations thought. It examines the state of public relations theory development and explores theories that have been proposed as metatheories for the field, including systems theory, complexity theory, and symmetrical/Excellence theory. It also explores the tenets of evolutionary theory that have relevance for public relations theory, including social intelligence, Machiavellian intelligence, cheater detection, cooperation, reciprocity, and reciprocal altruism. It then makes the case for the role that evolutionary theory could play as a metatheory in the further development of public relations theory.
Levels of affixation in the acquisition of English morphology

Abstract The theory of level-ordering proposes that word formation processes are assigned to one of three levels within the lexicon. Level 1 processes are applied before Level 2, which are applied before Level 3. Such ordering constraints predict differences in acceptability between pairs such as teeth marks versus ∗ claws marks , and Darwinianism versus ∗ Darwinismian . An acquisition model is examined in which Level 1 forms are separately lexicalized, and Level 2 and 3 forms are more productive. Three untimed lexical-decision experiments were carried out with 5- through 9-year-olds and found general support for a systematic relation between productivity and level assignment. However, a number of serious problems with the model are pointed out with regard to both linguisitic and empirical data. A revision of the model is posposed which appears to deal effectively with these problems.
Computing the Joint Distribution of Tree Shape and Tree Distance for Gene Tree Inference and Recombination Detection

Ancestral recombination events can cause the underlying genealogy of a site to vary along the genome. We consider Bayesian models to simultaneously detect recombination breakpoints in very long sequence alignments and estimate the phylogenetic tree of each block between breakpoints. The models we consider use a dissimilarity measure between trees in their prior distribution to favor similar trees at neighboring loci. We show empirical evidence in Enterobacteria that neighboring genomic regions have similar trees. The main hurdle to using such models is the need to properly calculate the normalizing function for the prior probabilities on trees. In this work, we quantify the impact of approximating this normalizing function as done in biomc2, a hierarchical Bayesian method to detect recombination based on distance between tree topologies. We then derive an algorithm to calculate the normalizing function exactly, for a Gibbs distribution based on the Robinson-Foulds (RF) distance between gene trees at neighboring loci. At the core is the calculation of the joint distribution of the shape of a random tree and its RF distance to a fixed tree. We also propose fast approximations to the normalizing function, which are shown to be very accurate with little impact on the Bayesian inference.
Rethinking CCS Developing quantitative tools for analyzing investments in CCS

Lack of climate policy and CO2 markets along with a global economic slowdown suggest that we need to rethink our approach to demonstrating CCS at a commercial scale. Austerity measures make it likely that public funding will be tight in coming years, and there is a striking need to ensure that limited funds are spent optimally. Quantitative tools exist for aiding decision making under uncertainty, yet few of them have been applied to build a model that can help answer the question of what is the optimal allocation of a given amount of money across a portfolio of demonstration projects that maximizes learning about CCS. Developing such a model is the goal of this paper and we employ the model to assess the proper role of Enhanced Oil Recovery ((EOR) in a CCS demonstration portfolio. We find that if we want to maximize learning, a CCUS-only (CCS + EOR) approach to developing CCS as a mitigation technology would only be advisable if there was little uncertainty in non-EOR storage. As we believe that this condition is unlikely to be true, we suggest that U.S. policy makers should be particularly cautious in relying on a CCUS-only approach to CCS development. Nonetheless, we also find that a portfolio consisting of a mix of CCS and CCUS projects can be an effective strategy in a number of situations, notably if EOR can teach us important lessons about non-EOR storage.
Purification of a vasoactive peptide related to lysyl‐bradykinin from trout plasma

Incubation of plasma from the steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss with porcine pancreatic glandular kallikrein generated bradykinin-like immunoreactivity. The primary structure of the immunoreactive peptide was established as: Lys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Trp-Ser-Pro-Leu-Arg. This sequence shows two amino acid substitutions (Phe6→Trp and Phe9→Leu) compared with mammalian lysyl-bradykinin (kallidin). Bolus intra-arterial injection of the purified peptide produced a strong and sustained vasopressor response in the unanaesthetized trout. The data demonstrate that the kallikrein—kinin system predates the appearance of tetrapods and suggest a role for this system in cardiovascular regulation in fish.
The Magnitude of the Thermal Energy Stored in a Building Wall Adjacent to an Unglazed Transpired Solar Collector

In this paper, we will present a method for estimating the stored thermal energy in a building wall that is adjacent to an unglazed transpired collector. We also discuss how this value should be incorporated in the collector efficiency calculations. An unglazed transpired collector is made of a relatively thin, dark, perforated metal wall that is installed approximately 14 inches (35.5 cm) away from a south facing building wall to create an enclosed plenum. Typically, the outside air is drawn into the collector by fans that are located on the top of the collector. These types of solar collectors are used to preheat the intake air using solar energy before the air enters existing HVAC systems. They are generally used in situations and buildings where large ventilation volume flow rates are required. Most of the studies related to unglazed transpired collectors deal with estimation of air temperature rise due to solar gain and recaptured heat loss from the adjoining building wall. In the past, studies have neglected the amount of thermal energy that is stored in the building wall. However, as shown in this study, the stored thermal energy is of significant amount, and if incorporated correctly in the collector efficiency calculations, it would lead to higher efficiency values.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Ab Initio Calculation of Homogeneous Outer Sphere Electron Transfer Rates: Application to M(OH2)63+/2+Redox Couples

Ab initio density functional theory calculations are applied to the prediction of homogeneous outer sphere electron transfer rates within the classical Marcus formalism for a series of transition metal hexaquo ions in a background electrolyte. Reorganization energies, frequency factors, electronic transmission coefficients, and the effective electron transfer distances are calculated. Theoretical inner sphere contributions to the reorganization energies correlate very well with total reorganization energies estimated from experimental self-exchange rates. Important energy contributions arising from Jahn−Teller distortions are accurately included in the inner sphere term. Effective electron transfer distances are found to be only slightly longer than the sum of the average calculated M−O distances. Calculated adiabatic self-exchange rates agree well with observed self-exchange rates. The driving force for bimolecular electron transfers, calculated from total energy differences, is found to compare well wit...
Where to take a study break on the college campus: An attention restoration theory perspective

College students spend much of their time on campus engaged in activities that require sustained directed attention, which may lead to attention fatigue. They would benefit from campus settings that provide effective restoration breaks and allow them to return to their work cognitively refreshed. Studies have found direct exposure to nature, viewing nature through windows, and viewing images of nature are restorative. In the present study, college students, instructed to imagine themselves cognitively fatigued, rated the perceived restorativeness of indoor campus settings that varied by view of nature: some had no views of nature, some had window views of nature with built structures present, and some had views of simulated nature depicted as large nature murals. Students rated settings with views of dramatic nature murals, especially those with water, more restorative than settings with window views of real, but mundane nature with built structures present. Students rated settings that lacked views of real or simulated nature least restorative. The findings suggest that large nature murals in indoor settings used for study breaks may provide attentionally fatigued students with opportunities for restoration when views of nature are unavailable or limited in restorative potential.
Left–Right Orientations and Ideological Voting in New Democracies: A Case Study of Slovenia

Abstract The left–right schema encapsulates major political cleavages and constitutes an important link between voters and parties. Using election surveys in Slovenia covering the period 1992–2004, this study examines the anchoring of left–right orientations by social structure and party preference in Slovenia in comparison with other Central and Western European countries, and discusses differences in levels of ideological voting according to political sophistication, closeness to parties, support for the democratic process, perception of party system polarisation and preferred party. Results show that left–right orientations in post-communist societies are more anchored in partisanship than class and religion, and that higher education and perception of greater party system polarisation are associated with increased ideological voting.
Transient forward bias currents in a-Si:H p-i-n devices

Abstract We present the transient forward bias current as a function of repetition rate and reverse bias between forward bias pulses in a-Si:H p-i-n devices which have thin or thick i-layers. Little repetition rate and reverse bias effects were found in thin (0.4μm) samples compared with thick ones (> 2.0 μ m), implying that the junctions recover faster than the bulk when subjected to excess carriers due to the bias. For thick samples to reach steady state requires the pulse repetition rate to be lower than 10 −4 Hz. Further, reverse bias increases the initial space charge limited current, delays the transient rise from space-charge-limited- to recombination-limited-current but has no effect upon the final forward bias current. More pronounced delay of the rise time was found in devices which have been light-soaked. We suggest that notonly the deep traps but also defect relaxation may be responsible for these slow decay and slow recovery effects.
Sexuality Counseling: A Professional Specialization Comes of Age:

For individuals and couples experiencing such distress, sexuality counseling, an emerging specialization in professional counseling, may provide relief, understanding, healing, and intimacy. This r...
Oskar Rosenfeld and the Realism of Holocaust‐History: On Sex, Shit, and Status

In the Beginning was the Ghetto: 890 Days in Lodz. By Oskar Rosenfeld. Edited and with an Introduction by Hanno Loewy; Translated by Brigitte M. Goldstein
Electrophilic C–H Borylation and Related Reactions of B–H Boron Cations

Catalytic procedures are described for the amine-directed borylation of aliphatic and aromatic tertiary amine–boranes. Sequential double borylation is observed in cases where two or more C–H bonds are available that allow 5-center or 6-center intramolecular borylation. The HNTf2-catalyzed borylation of benzylamine–boranes provides a practical means for the synthesis of ortho-substituted arylboronic acid derivatives, suitable for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling applications.
Bandwagon or Band-Aid? A Model of Nonprofit Incorporation by State:

What accounts for the addition of new nonprofit organizations in different U.S. states? Do new nonprofit organizations answer calls for help (Band-Aid) or calls for proposals (bandwagon) at their inception? Are nonprofit entrepreneurs pushed by the failures of government and the market or pulled by the legitimacy of the organizational form? This comparative research models the level of nonprofit incorporation in different U.S. states given fragmented legal environments, variable organizational legitimacy, and different levels of social needs. Drawing from institutional, resource dependence, population ecology, and social movement theories and using data from state legal codes, judicial decisions, the U.S. census, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the Nonprofit Almanac, 1992-1993, we explore the environmental and interorganizational forces that influence the level of nonprofit incorporation by state.
Erratum for the paper ‘On the chain-level intersection pairing for PL manifolds’

Greg Friedman has pointed out that there are sign errors in our paper ‘On the chain-level intersection pairing for PL manifolds’, linked above, and in particular Lemma 10.5(b) (which is a key step in the proof of the main theorem) is not correct as stated. The purpose of this note is to provide a correction.
Stochastic processes and their network representations associated with a production line queuing model

Abstract The passage of items through the stations of a production line has associated with it different types of random points in time that induce different stochastic point processes. The process of holding times of items at each of k stations is defined; we call it a generalized vector renewal process. The steady-state properties of this process are represented by an activity network. Relationships among random variables of interest are simplified through the use of equivalent networks. Special results are derived for k = 2, k = 3, and k = 4.
Photodissociation of alkyl bromides

Abstract The branching ratios for the production of Br(42P 1 2 ) following the broadband flash photolysis of the alkyl bromides, CH3Br and C2H5Br, and the perfluorinated molecules, CF3Br, C2F5 Br and n-C3F7 Br, have been determined using time-resolved atomic absorption spectroscopy. The production of electronically excited bromine atoms is shown to be inefficient in the case of the alkyl bromides while the perfluorinated molecules yield decreasing amounts of Br(42P 1 2 ) as the molecular complexity increases, i.e., CF3Br > C2F5Br > C3F5Br > C3F7. It is also shown that the hydrogenated bromides deactive electronically excited atoms almost two orders of magnitude faster than do the perfluorinated bromides.
A density-based spatial clustering approach for defining local indicators of drinking water distribution pipe breakage

Abstract The physical condition of American infrastructure systems has raised concerns that have been addressed, in part, by studies addressing their condition assessment. Condition assessment aims at describing current condition and estimating remaining service lives of infrastructure network components. This is a predominantly time-based analysis, which can be complemented by the spatial analysis of physical condition data of infrastructure components. More specifically, exploratory spatial data analysis might identify areas with high failure rates and generate local indicators of condition for subsets of pipe segments within the physical network. Such local indicators can be used in cost/benefit analysis for planning capital investments with the advantage of allowing the identification of critical customers within critical regions and therefore better accounting for social costs. This paper aims to provide an approach to spatial data clustering of networked infrastructure failure data, which is presented and demonstrated by applying it to a drinking water pipe breakage dataset. Clusters are, in this paper, the set of break points that occurred in regions that present high breakage density per mile of pipe compared to the pipes in their vicinity. The proposed approach can be framed as density-based data clustering approach, and its output consists of a hierarchical clustering of breaks. The root node of the cluster hierarchy, which contains the set of all break points, is subsequently partitioned into smaller clusters. In this hierarchy, clusters are subdivided to reflect different breakage densities along the network space. Therefore, clusters in the lower level of the hierarchy present more homogeneous breakage rates. The results of the proposed approach are assessed according to their sensitivity to choice of parameters and according to a clustering quality measure. The chosen parameters are shown to provide results that are superior compared to a range of parameter choices, in terms of clustering quality, and also compared to the less important though relevant criteria of the number and size of clusters generated.
Continuous production of itaconic acid by Aspergillus terreus immobilized in a porous disk bioreactor

Aspergillus terreus NRRL 1960 was grown on porous disks rotating intermittently in and out of the liquid phase. This immobilized fungal cell bioreactor was used to produce itaconic acid from glucose in a continuous operation. The effect of temperature, pH, disk rotation speed, and feed rate on the itaconic acid concentration and volumetric productivity were studied. The highest itaconic acid concentration and volumetric productivity obtained were 18.2 g/l and 0.73 g/l·h, respectively, under the following conditions: temperature at 36°C, pH 3.0, disk rotation speed at 8 rpm, and feed rate at 60 ml/h. These results are better than those by conventional fermentation or by other immobilized method.
Children's Use of Social Categories in Thinking About People and Social Relationships

A series of studies investigated White U.S. 3- and 4-year-old children's use of gender and race information to reason about their own and others’ relationships and attributes. Three-year-old children used gender- but not race-based similarity between themselves and others to decide with whom they wanted to be friends, as well as to determine which children shared their own preferences for various social activities. Four-year-old (but not younger) children attended to gender and racial category membership to guide inferences about others’ relationships but did not use these categories to reason about others’ shared activity preferences. Taken together, the findings provide evidence for three suggestions about these children's social category-based reasoning. First, gender is a more potent category than race. Second, social categories are initially recruited for first-person reasoning but later become broad enough to support third-person inferences. Finally, at least for third-person reasoning, thinking abo...
Decay counting in the age of AMS

Abstract Up to the advent of AMS, all the accomplishments of 14C dating, and the studies of 10Be and other long-lived radionuclides, were made by low-level decay counting, the technique pioneered by W.F. Libby. It will hardly be news to people at this conference that, while much was accomplished in the three decades when counting prevailed, the world has now changed decisively. I will try to give an account of where low-level counting was “before the revolution,” and of what its usefulness is today. There are still some remarkable examples of its application, the best being the neutrino experiment of Raymond Davis, and its potential successors. Some cosmogenic nuclides, whose half-lives are less than 103 yr, are still best measured by decay; this will continue unless the overall ion yield of AMS systems rises markedly from present levels. One long-lived nuclide, 53Mn, is still best measured by neutron activation as 312-day 54Mn, but this may not continue.
Form reproduction as a function of complexity.

180 elementary school children, ranging in age from 6 to 14 yr., were tested for their ability to reproduce geometric forms by means of direct copy on paper with pencil. The forms varied in complexity, as defined by the number of sides. Complexity was found to be negatively associated with level of performance in form reproduction, especially for forms of 8 sides or fewer. Performance in form reproduction was positively associated with age but some age-related inversions were noted.