cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethanol fermentation of mixed-sugars using a two-phase, fed-batch process : method to minimize D-glucose repression of Candida shehatae D-xylose fermentations

cells pre-grown on D-xylose simultaneously consumed mixtures of D-xylose and D-glucose, under both non-growing (anoxic) and actively growing conditions (aerobic), to produce ethanol. The rate of D-glucose consumption was independent of the D-xylose concentration for cells induced on D-xylose. However, the D-xylose consumption rate was approximately three times lower than the D-glucose consumption rate at a 50% D-glucose: 50% D-xylose mixture. Repression was not observed (substrate utilization rates were approximately equal) when the percentage of D-glucose and D-xylose was changed to 22% and 78%, respectively. In fermentations with actively growing cells (50% glucose and D-xylose), ethanol yields from D-xylose increased, the % D-xylose utilized increased, and the xylitol yield was significantly reduced in the presence of D-glucose, compared to anoxic fermentations (YETOH,xylose = 0.2–0.40 g g−1, 75–100%, and Yxylitol = 0–0.2 g g−1 compared to YETOH,xylose = 0.15 g g−1, 56%, Yxylitol = 0.51 g g−1, respectively). To increase ethanol levels and reduce process time, fed-batch fermentations were performed in a single stage reactor employing two phases: (1) rapid aerobic growth on D-xylose (μ = 0.32 h−1) to high cell densities; (2) D-glucose addition and anaerobic conditions to produce ethanol (YETOH,xylose = 0.23 g g−1). The process generated high cell densities, 2 × 109 cells ml−1, and produced 45–50 g L−1 ethanol within 50 h from a mixture of D-glucose and D-xylose (compared to 30 g L−1 in 80 h in the best batch process). The two-phase process minimized loss of cell viability, increased D-xylose utilization, reduced process time, and increased final ethanol levels compared to the batch process.
Getting out of the habitus: an alternative model of dynamically embodied social action

Although Bourdieu's theory of practice has drawn widespread attention to the role of the body and space in social life, the concept of habitus is problematic as an explanatory account of dynamic embodiment because it lacks an adequate conception of the nature and location of human agency. An alternative model is presented which locates agency in the causal powers and capacities of embodied persons to engage in dialogic, signifying acts. Grounded in a non-Cartesian concept of person and 'new realist', post-positivist philosophy of science, vocal signs and action signs, not the dispositions of a habitus, become the means by which humans exercise agency in dynamically embodied practices. Ethnographic data from the commulnicative practices of the Nakota (Assiniboine) people of northern Montana (USA) support and illustrate the theoretical argument.
Stenting for caustic strictures: Esophageal replacement replaced

Abstract Methods: From 1983 to 1996, 31 children with caustic esophageal strictures were seen at Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital; they were all treated conservatively except for two cases complicated by tracheoesophageal fistula. The remaining 29 patients were divided into three groups depending on the treatment, which was modified over the years. Group A (1983 to 1987) consisted of seven patients treated by periodic dilatations; group B (1988 to 1992) consisted of 10 children treated by 40 days of esophageal stenting plus dexamethasone, 0.5 mg/kg/d plus ranitidine plus no oral feeding for 7 to 10 days; group C (1993 to 1996) consisted of 12 cases treated by 40 days of esophageal stenting plus dexamethasone, 1 mg/kg/d plus omeprazole plus early oral feeding resumption. Results: No differences were observed between the three groups of patients with regard to the mean age and to the ingested substance, whereas a significant difference ( P = .007) was observed in the mean length of the stricture between group A and C (3.4 ± 1.3 and 5.6 ± 1.6 cm, respectively). In all but one of the patients (96.5%) complete healing of the stenosis was achieved by conservative treatment, with definitive relief of dysphagia. One patient in group C did not improve after a repeated stenting procedure and was surgically treated. However, in group A, resolution of the stricture was obtained after an average of 19.9 ± 14.8 dilatations in a mean period of 25.3 ± 17.2 months. In group B, a mean of 12 ± 11.3 dilatations were required in a mean period of treatment of 14.1 ± 10.6 months. In patients in group C, a mean of 3.5 ± 3.2 dilatations were necessary in a mean of 5.8 ± 4.8 months. A statistically significant difference was observed both with regard to the number of dilatations and to the duration of treatment, between group A and group C ( P = .002) and group B and C ( P = .03). Conclusion: Esophageal replacement should be considered only in cases complicated by tracheoesophageal fistula or in the rare patients who do not respond to repeated esophageal stenting.
Numerical test of a simple approach for using TOMS total ozone data in hurricane environment

Using a regime-dependent linear regression model that maps TOMS observed total column ozone (O3) into model mean vertically-integrated potential vorticity (MPV): O3 = α × MPV + β, where the regression constants α and β are evaluated separately for data in regions strongly and weakly influenced by deep convection/southerly advection, respectively, TOMS ozone data can readily be incorporated into a hurricane forecast model. Case-studies of several hurricanes are conducted applying such a simple regime-dependent linear regression model to TOMS ozone data assimilation. Improvements in the track prediction are shown. A detailed analysis of how TOMS total ozone affects the track prediction is conducted for Hurricane Erin (2001). A significant improvement in the track prediction for Hurricane Erin (2001) using TOMS ozone occurred at about 20 hours into the model forecast, when the control forecast experiences a sudden increase of track error. It is found that such an improvement in the track prediction of Hurricane Erin is mainly due to differences in the steering flows of the two forecast experiments, resulting from the presence of an upstream middle-latitude ozone trough and a downstream low-latitude ozone trough. An examination of the time evolution of these two troughs in both forecast experiments indicates that both troughs became stronger and moved closer to Hurricane Erin with time in the forecast experiment with the assimilation of TOMS ozone data than did those in the control forecast. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Laser-induced degradation of the photoluminescence intensity of porous silicon

Transmission Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to monitor laser-induced degradation of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of porous Si. It is observed that the release of hydrogen from silicon hydride surface species coincides with a decrease in the PL intensity and oxidation of the porous Si. The as-anodized PL characteristics can be recovered, with a slight blue shift, by a brief immersion in hydrofluoric acid.
Effect of axial conduction and metal-helium heat transfer on the local stability of superconducting composite media

Abstract The growth or collapse of a local normal zone in a superconducting winding structure saturated with single phase liquid helium (composite superconductor) is studied analytically. The history of a given temperature disturbance is derived from the solution to the transient heat conduction equation in a one-dimensional infinite solid with temperature dependent rate of internal heat generation, communicating laterally with a channel filled with stagnant helium. The combined diffusion by axial heat conduction and lateral heat transfer to the helium channel and its effect on the collapse or growth behaviour of a local disturbance is presented analytically. The paper develops a theoretical criterion for local stability (recovery) expressed in terms of dimensionless groups accounting for heat generation in the normal zone, metal axial conduction cooling, lateral cooling provided by the helium channel and, most importantly, the amount and spatial extent of the sudden release of energy responsible for the local disturbance.
Lung tumors in 2 year old strain A/J mice exposed for 6 months to tobacco smoke.

Summary Young adult strain A/J mice were exposed for 6 months in a whole-body inhalation chamber to a mixture of 89% sidestream and 11% mainstream cigarette smoke generated from Kentucky 1R4F research cigarettes. Chamber concentrations of smoke constituents were 158 mg/m 3 of total suspended particulate matter (TSP). After an additional 4 months in air, some of the animals were killed. Lung tumor multiplicities in the smoke exposed animals were 1.8±0.2 versus 0.9±0.2 in controls. In animals kept beyond the age of 12 months, lung tumor multiplicities increased in both groups, but remained at all times twice the control values in the smoke exposed animals compared to controls (4.3±0.7 vs. 2.1±0.5 tumors per lung in 24 months old animals). Histopathology showed that, in 2 year old animals, still about 80% of tumors were of benign nature. No tumors were found in the nasal passages. It was concluded that tobacco smoke exposure not simply accelerates the development of lesions that eventually would have developed spontaneously, but induced de novo formation of lung tumors in A/J mice.
Design of Origami Sheets for Foldable Object Fabrication

Reconfigurable structures that are enabled through the integration of multiple materials are important for future design and manufacturing practice. We investigate one of such reconfigurable structures - an origami sheet, which can be designed based on a 3D object and unfolded into a 2D sheet with complex creases. A fabrication approach based on a hybrid manufacturing process by integrating layer-based additive manufacturing and silicon molding techniques is developed. Related challenges on designing creases for given folding requirements and the related material properties are discussed. A novel structure design is presented to ensure the fabricated creases that are in soft materials can be folded and unfolded without failures. The design method can be applied to different scale levels. The origami sheets for test cases in different complexity have been tested. The experimental results illustrate that the designed and fabricated origami sheets can be folded and used for product components with reconfigurable shapes.
Double Jeopardy, Aging as Leveler, or Persistent Health Inequality? A Longitudinal Analysis of White and Black Americans

Longitudinal data from a 15-year national survey of adults are used to test the double jeopardy to health hypothesis as well as the alternative hypotheses that aging levels ethnic differences and that health inequalities persist across the life course. Findings show that African Americans began the study in poorer health and manifested higher mortality. Among survivors, young and middle-aged Black adults developed more serious illness and their subjective health declined more rapidly than their Whites counterparts during the first 10 years of the study. Among subjects with heart failure, Black people were also more likely than Whites to become more disabled over time. Depending upon the health measure considered and the analytic strategy applied, there was evidence for all three processes, but the weight of the evidence shows persistent health inequality over the life course. Indeed, evidence for the age-as-leveler thesis was eliminated by accounting for mortality during the study.
Strategic Organizational Development and the Bottom Line:: Further Empirical Evidence

Abstract This paper provides an empirical test of a holistic model of organizational success. It builds upon previous work by Flamholtz [Eur. Mngmt J. 13 (1995) 39] and Flamholtz and Aksehirli [Eur. Mngmt J. 14 (2000) 488] to develop a model of organizational success and failure. The initial model of Flamholtz (1995) proposed that there are six key factors or ‘strategic building blocks’ of successful organizations, and the six key variables must be designed as a holistic system, which has been termed ‘The Pyramid of Organizational Development.’ Subsequently, Flamholtz and Aksehirli (2000) proposed a link between the organizational development model and the financial success of organizations. They analyzed financial and non-financial information relevant to the hypothesized model for eight pairs of companies in different industries, and found a statistically significant relationship. This current paper builds upon the previous research and provides additional empirical evidence of the hypothesized link between the organizational development model and financial performance. However, this paper reports the results of a test within a single firm, using a set of fifteen relatively comparable divisions. A related research question concerned the thresholds of strategic organizational development for profitability of individual companies or operating units. Each division was evaluated in terms of the six key strategic building blocks. Scores were assigned to indicate the degree of each division's ‘strategic organizational development.’ This score and measures of financial performance (‘EBIT’) were used in a regression analysis to test the predictive validity of the framework. The results of the regression analysis suggest that there is a statistically significant relationship between the development of the six critical success factors and overall financial success of organizations. An analysis of the data on the relation between ‘average pyramid score and EBIT’ for each of the individual divisions was also conducted to determine threshold levels of ‘strategic organizational development’ and profitability. Accordingly, this research provides further empirical support for the hypothesized relationship between the Pyramid of Organizational Development model and the financial success of organizations.
A novel signal processing approach for the detection of copy number variations in the human genome

Motivation: Human genomic variability occurs at different scales, from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to large DNA segments. Copy number variations (CNVs) represent a significant part of our genetic heterogeneity and have also been associated with many diseases and disorders. Short, localized CNVs, which may play an important role in human disease, may be undetectable in noisy genomic data. Therefore, robust methodologies are needed for their detection. Furthermore, for meaningful identification of pathological CNVs, estimation of normal allelic aberrations is necessary. Results: We developed a signal processing-based methodology for sequence denoising followed by pattern matching, to increase SNR in genomic data and improve CNV detection. We applied this signal-decomposition-matched filtering (SDMF) methodology to 429 normal genomic sequences, and compared detected CNVs to those in the Database of Genomic Variants. SDMF successfully detected a significant number of previously identified CNVs with frequencies of occurrence ≥10%, as well as unreported short CNVs. Its performance was also compared to circular binary segmentation (CBS). through simulations. SDMF had a significantly lower false detection rate and was significantly faster than CBS, an important advantage for handling large datasets generated with high-resolution arrays. By focusing on improving SNR (instead of the robustness of the detection algorithm), SDMF is a very promising methodology for identifying CNVs at all genomic spatial scales. Availability: The data are available at http://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/tcga/ The software and list of analyzed sequence IDs are available at http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/~betensky/ A Matlab code for Empirical Mode Decomposition may be found at: http://www.clear.rice.edu/elec301/Projects02/empiricalMode/code.html Contact: caterina@mit.edu
Social ties and psychological well-being in late life: the mediating role of relationship satisfaction.

Objective: The current paper examines whether quantitative aspects of social support (i.e., support network characteristics) indirectly influence psychological well-being via older adults' qualitative perceptions of support (i.e., satisfaction with social relationships).Methods: A sample of 416 adults aged ≥60 was drawn from the Social Integration and Aging Study, a community-based survey conducted in a small US (Midwestern) city. The survey assessed social networks, social support, and physical and mental health among older adults.Results: Bootstrapping was used to examine mediation models. Greater support network size predicted lower perceived stress, fewer depressive symptoms, and better life satisfaction, yet this association was fully mediated by relationship satisfaction. For support network composition, greater proportion kin was associated with lower stress and better life satisfaction, though not depressive symptoms, however, relationship satisfaction did not mediate this link.Discussion: Finding...
Terrestrial mesofauna in above- and below-ground habitats: Taylor Valley, Antarctica

In the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica, above-ground production is often limited to mosses and algae that occur near seasonally available liquid water such as ephemeral streams and ice-covered lakes. Compared to surrounding dry soils these critical transition zones are highly productive and harbor a more diverse assemblage of soil animals, including rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes and microarthropods. Current cooling trends punctuated by warming events, and predicted future climate warming are expected to affect the hydrology of this region and thereby biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Above-ground communities are exposed to more variable temperature, relative humidity and greater UV radiation, and may be more vulnerable to climate change than sediments beneath, which are buffered from short-term changes. In this study, we compared above- and below-ground communities associated with either moss or cyanobacterial mats along glacial-fed streams and lakes differing in biological complexity (diversity, productivity and habitat suitability). All groups of soil fauna were more abundant in the above-ground material compared to the sediment beneath. Common indicators of habitat suitability (chlorophyll a, soil pH, soil salinity, and soil nitrogen) did not differ between vegetation types but were significantly different among sites. Variables most correlated with invertebrate abundances were sediment salinity, chlorophyll a content and nitrogen concentration. The McMurdo Dry Valleys are expected to become warmer and wetter as a result of climate change. This will likely increase the area of suitable habitat for most soil animals as areas of liquid water potentially increase and become available for longer periods of time.
Minimally Invasive Detection of Piscirickettsia salmonis in Cultivated Salmonids via the PCR

The attributes of the PCR allowed implementation of an assay for specific detection of Piscirickettsia salmonis from a few microliters of fish serum. This opens the way to less invasive modes of sampling for this microbial pathogen in salmonids.
Inquisitive Defect Cache: A Means of Combating Manufacturing Induced Process Variation

This paper proposes a new fault tolerant cache organization capable of dynamically mapping the in-use defective locations in a processor cache to an auxiliary parallel memory, creating a defect-free view of the cache for the processor. While voltage scaling has a super-linear effect on reducing power, it exponentially increases the defect rate in memory. The ability of the proposed cache organization to tolerate a large number of defects makes it a perfect candidate for voltage-scalable architectures, especially in smaller geometries where manufacturing induced process variation (MIPV) is expected to rapidly increase. The introduced fault tolerant architecture consumes little energy and area overhead, but enables the system to operate correctly and boosts the system performance close to a defect-free system. Power savings of over 40% is reported on standard benchmarks while the performance degradation is maintained below 1%.
Biochemical Indicators of Implantation Success of Tissue-Engineered Oral Mucosa

Real-time (RT) determination of the health of in vitro tissue-engineered constructs prior to grafting is essential for prediction of success of the implanted tissue-engineered graft. In addition, the US Food and Drug Administration requires specific release criteria in RT prior to the release of tissue-engineered devices for human use. In principle, assessing the viability and functionality of the cellular component can be achieved by quantifying the secretion of growth factors and chemokines of tissue-engineered constructs. Ex vivo–produced oral mucosa equivalents (EVPOMEs) were fabricated under thermally stressed conditions at 43 °C for 24 h to create a functionally compromised EVPOME. We used microchannel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the functionality of the cellular component, oral keratinocytes, of stressed and unstressed EVPOMEs by measuring the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), human β-defensin 1 (hBD-1), and tissue inhibitor of metalloprot...
Aromatic Polyhedral Hydroxyborates: Bridging Boron Oxides and Boron Hydrides

No explosion, but per-B-hydroxylation occurs if the icosahedral boron hydrides [closo-B12 H12 ](2-) (see picture), [closo-CB11 H12 ](-) , or closo-1,12-(CH2 OH)2 -1,12-C2 B10 H10 are refluxed in 30 % hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the three isoelectronic species [closo-B12 (OH)12 ](2-) , [closo-1-H-1-CB11 (OH)11 ](-) , and closo-1,12-H2 -1,12-C2 B10 (OH)10 were obtained. ○=BH, ○=BOH.
Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling

Mitochondrial retrograde signaling is a pathway of communication from mitochondria to the nucleus under normal and pathophysiological conditions. The best understood of such pathways is retrograde signaling in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It involves multiple factors that sense and transmit mitochondrial signals to effect changes in nuclear gene expression; these changes lead to a reconfiguration of metabolism to accommodate cells to defects in mitochondria. Analysis of regulatory factors has provided us with a mechanistic view of regulation of retrograde signaling. Here we review advances in the yeast retrograde signaling pathway and highlight its regulatory factors and regulatory mechanisms, its physiological functions, and its connection to nutrient sensing, TOR signaling, and aging.
Nested graph dissection and approximation algorithms

This paper considers approximation algorithms for graph completion problems using the nested dissection paradigm. Given a super-additive function of interest (the smallest planar or chordal extension for example) and a test that relates it to an upper bound of the smallest separator, we provide a framework how to dissect the graph recursively such that no subgraph has more than half the value of its parent, (or is indistinguishable via separator tests) in polynomial time. Interestingly we cannot bound such a function till we have constructed the entire nested dissection. We achieve a partition of the graph with respect to a constant number of such unknown estimator functions simultaneously. Using the framework the paper presents improvements in approximating the chordal completion size (by a factor of log n), operation count (by a factor of log/sup 2/ n and the polynomial term depending on degree) and elimination height. We show that there exists a nested dissection ordering that simultaneously minimizes the elimination height, chordal completion, operation count to within O(log n) factors of the best possible (which may be obtained by three independent orderings) improving the previous existence theorem by factors of log n and d/sup 1/3/ log/sup 3/ n for the latter two. We also show that graphs with small crossing number or fill-in have better approximations of the elimination height, completion and operation count. As a consequence we can approximate the pathwidth, cutwidth, vertex ranking problems better for such graphs. The paper also improves, in some cases, the approximation results of minimum drawing size (number of vertices plus the crossing number) of a planar embedding of a graph, and its layout area on a grid.
The Private Provision of Transportation Infrastructure in Antebellum America: Lessons and Warnings

Government involvement in transportation infrastructure is often wasteful because improvements are made where they are not needed or necessary improvements are more costly or of lower quality than they would be if privately owned. Early in the nation's history, large numbers of bridges, roads, canals and the like were owned and operated by private corporations, strongly suggesting that they are not pure public goods and could be privately owned and operated again. The early U.S. experience points to some of the problems associated with privately owned infrastructure but also suggests ways of mitigating them.
Secondary Traumatization in Psychiatric Mental Health Nurses: Validation of Five Key Concepts.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to validate five concepts central to secondary traumatization (ST) using narratives of psychiatric mental health advanced practice nurses. Design and methods The study was designed as a directed content analysis of narrative notes (N-30). Findings Consistency was found between narrative notes and the concepts. This study revealed that exposure and vulnerability precede empathic engagement, reaction, and alteration/transformation. The bidirectional outcome of alteration/transformation suggested that conditions leading to ST could have a positive outcome. Practice implications Failure to recognize symptoms of ST and provide reflective supervision may compromise the nurse's ability to maintain a work-life balance and provide quality patient care.
The association of trip distance with walking to reach public transit: Data from the California Household Travel Survey

Abstract Introduction Use of public transit is cited as a way to help individuals incorporate regular physical activity into their day. As a novel research topic, however, there is much we do not know. The aim of this analysis was to identify the correlation between distance to a transit stop and the probability it will be accessed by walking. We also sought to understand if this relation was moderated by trip, personal or household factors. Methods Data from the 2012 California Household Travel Survey was used for this cross-sectional analysis. 2573 individuals were included, representing 6949 transit trips. Generalized estimating equations modeled the probability of actively accessing public transit as a function of distance from origin to transit stop, and multiple trip, personal and household variables. Analyses were conducted in 2014 and 2015. Results For each mile increase in distance from the point of origin to the transit stop, the probability of active access decreased by 12%. With other factors held equal, at two miles from a transit stop there is a 50% chance someone will walk to a stop versus non-active means. The distance–walking relation was modified by month the trips were taken. Conclusions Individuals appear to be willing to walk further to reach transit than existing guidelines indicate. This implies that for any given transit stop, the zone of potential riders who will walk to reach transit is relatively large. Future research should clarify who transit-related walkers are, and why some are more willing to walk longer distances to transit than others.
Selection of prime mover for combined cooling, heating, and power systems based on energy savings, life cycle analysis and environmental consideration

Abstract Selection of prime mover type was investigated for use in combined cooling, heat and power systems. Selection was determined from comparison of performance criteria for economic, energy and emissions savings. Simulations were run for three different types of prime movers in one climate zone and compared to a reference case with a typical separate heating and power system in the same climate zone. A hybrid load following method was implemented, with a suggested improvement. Performance parameters were compared and results indicated emissions and energy savings for all three prime movers. The prime mover types were reciprocating internal combustion engine (ICE), micro-turbine and phosphoric acid fuel cell. The climate zone was chosen to be a cold, humid climate represented by Chicago, IL. Economic savings were seen for both the ICE and micro-turbines. Emissions savings for carbon, nitrogen-oxides and methane, for all three types, were greater than 9%, 12%, and 13%, respectively. Primary energy consumption savings for all three were greater than 8%.
Thoughts on the Role of Ethylene in Plant Growth and Development

Of all the regulator substances which influence physiological development of plants ethylene stands apart in its wide-ranging effects on most aspects of growth and development. Table I is a partial list of some responses caused by ethylene. These responses vary from stimulation of seed germination (Vacha and Harvey, 1927), retardation of seedling growth (Knight and Crocker, 1913), induction of flower formation (Traub et al, 1940), to acceleration of senescence (Biale et al, 1954). The marked effect of ethylene is therefore not only observed in fruit ripening, its traditional role, but also in vegetative and reproductive metabolism. Ethylene appears to exert an influence on all aspects of metabolism, throughout the life-cycle of the plant.
The uncut version: The Mattachine Society’s pornographic epilogue:

Countering dominant historical narratives of the Hal Call-led Mattachine Society (a homophile organization dating from the 1950s) as ‘conservative’ or ‘respectable,’ this article examines the organization’s 1970s evolution into a porn theatre and sex club known as the Cinemattachine (later the Circle J Cinema). Arguing for continuities between the 1970s Cinemattachine and prior Mattachine tactics, Call’s own publishing business ventures, and discourses of sexual education, this article suggests that the organization continued to negotiate evolving sexual politics through the exhibition of pornography.
Improving Solar Cell Efficiency through Hydrogen Bonding: A Method for Tuning Active Layer Morphology

The morphology of the active layer in organic photovoltaics is critical in the optimization of device efficiencies. Most strategies aimed at improving morphology are focused mainly on annealing methods or the use of solvent additives. By using diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives as donors and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester as electron acceptors, we report here on the effect of hydrogen bonding on active layer morphology and solar cell efficiency. We specifically compared two asymmetric derivatives, one containing an amide bond capable of forming hydrogen bonds with one containing an ester bond in the same position. Although both molecules have very similar optoelectronic properties, films of the ester revealed greater crystallinity and π–π stacking as characterized by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. In great contrast, active layers formed with the amide derivative formed short fiber-like supramolecular aggregates with much smaller domain sizes and less order as characterized by atomic force ...
Christian Nationalism and its Implications for Educational Philosophy

There is a tendency among humans toward patriotism and nation alism.1 Practically speaking, this tendency is easily understood. Each person's country or nation is perceived and typically functions as a de fender against the aggressions of other nations. Additionally, a person's "motherland" is a primary source of much temporal nourishment and, in return, that to which is accorded love and allegiance (e.g., taxes, life blood in its defense). All of this is well and good. It is likely the natural consequence prefigured by God when He confused the language of His people and scattered them over all the earth.2
Promoting Geoscience STEM Interest in Native American Students: GIS, Geovisualization and Reconceptualizing Spatial Thinking Skills

Recent innovations in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and geovisualization tools offer new opportunities to promoting interest in geoscience and STEM careers. The place-based educational model is particularly suited to geoscience education and can appeal to Native American students’ connection to local places. Yet the geoscience discipline is heavily imbued with Western Science conceptions of places, spaces, and physical processes that are not in congruence with the interconnected worldview of Indigenous Science. This review of the literature on geoscience education offers three recommendations to promote geoscience and STEM interest among Native American youth. The practice of science is a field that has only been recently contested by the Indigenous Science worldview. This cognitive dissonance between Native American students who have a deep attachment to their local environment can be at odds with the rational, objective perspective of Western science. The place-based educational model aligns with Indigenous Science and prior research has shown that it promotes STEM and geoscience in Native American students. Since GIS and geovisualization tools are well-suited to place based education and promote spatial thinking skills, which have been identified as crucial to geoscience and STEM success, this review provides several examples of research and education projects using these technologies. Yet our understanding of spatial thinking is based on Western Science’s conceptions of space as an abstract quality. We contend that like other areas of science which are increasingly more open to Indigenous Science practices, spatial thinking research needs to do likewise by developing an analytical framework that accommodates Native American ideas on space and place. We draw on recent research to frame an argument for advancing research on creating a hybridized conception of spatial thinking that can accommodate both Western and Indigenous Science perspectives.
Oral vitamin C supplementation reduces erythropoietin requirement in hemodialysis patients with functional iron deficiency.

Functional iron deficiency (FID) is a major cause of persistent anemia in dialysis patients and also contributes to a suboptimal response to erythropoietin (Epo) administration. Vitamin C acts as an enzyme cofactor and enhances mobilization of the ferrous form of iron to transferrin thus increasing its bioavailability. High-dose intravenous vitamin C has been shown to decrease the Epo requirement and improve hemoglobin levels in previous studies. This study assessed the effect of low-dose oral vitamin C on possible reduction in Epo dose requirements in stable hemodialysis patients with FID. This prospective study included 22 stable hemodialysis patients with FID defined as transferrin saturation (T sat) 100 mcg/L with Epo requirement of ≥4000 U/HD session. Patients received oral vitamin C 250 mg daily for 3 months. Hemoglobin, iron and T sat levels were recorded monthly. No one received iron supplementation during the study period. There was a significant reduction in median Epo dose requirement in the 15 patients who completed the study, from 203.1 U/kg/week (95 % CI 188.4–270.6) to 172.8 U/kg/week (95 % CI 160.2–214.8), (P = 0.01). In the seven responders, there was 33 % reduction in Epo dose from their baseline. Despite adjustment of Epo dose, the mean hemoglobin level was significantly increased from 10.1 ± 0.6 to 10.7 ± 0.6 mg/dL (P = 0.03). No adverse effects of oral vitamin C were observed. Daily low-dose oral vitamin C supplementation reduced Epo dose requirements in hemodialysis patients with FID. Limitations of this study include a small sample size and the lack of measurements of vitamin C and oxalate levels. Despite concerns regarding oral vitamin C absorption in dialysis patients, this study indicates vitamin C was well tolerated by all participants without reported adverse effect.
Analysis on the foodborne pathogens contamination in food in Suqian City,2011

Objective To analyze the contamination of foodborne pathogens in Suquan,and to provide warning information and preventive measures.Methods The chromogenic media,API20E manual lath and ATB microbial identification system were used to isolate foodborne pathogens accordance to the method of GB and the Jiangsu Province Foodborne Pathogens Monitoring Manual.Results Seventy eight strains of pathogens were detected from 891 samples;the total detectable rate was 8.8%.The number of strains and detectable rates for Salmonella,Listeria monocytogenes coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Enterobacter sakazakii and O157 E.coli were 67(85.9%),5(6.4%),3(3.8%),2(2.6%) and 1(1.3%),respectively,Vibrio parahaemolyticus was not detected.Among 10 category foods,foodborne pathogens in raw meat were detected with the highest rate of 34.2%.Conclusion Foodborne pathogen contamination in major consumption food was found in Suqian City.The main items of food contaminated by foodborne pathogens were raw meats.Preventive measures and early warning information should be provided.
USDA 97l63, 97l66, and 97l97 : Tomato breeding lines with high fruit beta-carotene content

Received for publication 1 Dec. 1999. Accepted for publication 13 June 2000. We thank Lipton Foods, Campbell Soup Co., and Heinz USA for inclusion of these lines in their trials. The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. Under postal regulations, this paper therefore must be hereby marked advertisement solely to indicate this fact. E-mail address: stommelj@ba.ars.usda.gov USDA 97L63, 97L66, and 97L97: Tomato Breeding Lines with High Fruit Beta-carotene Content
In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging in the Second Near-Infrared Window Using Carbon Nanotubes

In vivo fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II window, 1000-1700 nm) is a powerful imaging technique that emerged in recent years. This imaging tool allows for noninvasive, deep-tissue visualization and interrogation of anatomical features and functions with improved imaging resolution and contrast at greater tissue penetration depths than traditional fluorescence imaging. Here, we present the detailed protocol for conducting NIR-II fluorescence imaging in live animals, including the procedures for preparation of biocompatible and NIR-II fluorescent carbon nanotube solution, live animal administration and NIR-II fluorescence image acquisition.
Using a community theatre as a self-directed introductory pharmacy practice experience (SD IPPE) site.

Abstract Objective To describe a novel setting and method for self-directed introductory pharmacy practice experiences (SD IPPE). Methods Students presented health care information relative to the plot of a production at a local community theater throughout the season. Students developed a poster and handout that were presented in the theater lobby prior to each production. Assessment A six-question survey was provided to students after each presentation that identified their perceived benefit to play patrons and their overall experience using a 5-point Likert scale. Implications Completing SD IPPE in a theater is a novel and innovative concept. Data suggest that students prefer presenting information in non-traditional settings. Students felt their work enhanced the theatrical experience of patrons. Results demonstrate that the theater is a viable setting for future presentations that benefit both students and public.
PAM 4 correlated random Jitter modelling for high speed links

In this paper an extension to the previous work done in the Jitter modeling for high speed communication links, is presented. For the technique called “Bin Multiplication” the work was done only for NRZ systems, we derived a new general equation to find the total number of combinations for any-level system: PAM4, PAM8, etc. Moreover, the bin multiplication algorithm is developed for correlated random jitter, modeled using correlated Gaussian probability density functions (pdfs). With this approach, a more generalized and accurate jitter modeling, for PAM 4 is provided.
In Silico ADME Techniques Used in Early-Phase Drug Discovery

The process of drug discovery and development is time consuming and expensive. In silico tools, in combination with in vitro and in vivo models, provide a valuable resource to improve the efficiency of this process. In this chapter, we provide an overview of various in silico tools and models used to identify and resolve absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) challenges in drug discovery. In general, structure-based in silico techniques such as docking and molecular dynamics simulations have limited applicability in the ADME space due to the promiscuity of many ADME targets and the limited availability of high-resolution 3-D structures. Pharmacophore models, a ligand-based in silico method, can be used to identify key structural features responsible for the interaction with the target of interest. However, due to broad ligand specificity and the probability of multiple binding sites in many ADME targets, pharmacophore models have limited prospective applicability across structurally diverse chemical scaffolds. Conversely, quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models are capable of extracting knowledge from a wide variety of chemical scaffolds and have prospectively shown utility as predictive models for many ADME endpoints measured in the pharmaceutical industry. QSPR models, especially those based on machine learning techniques, are known to have limited interpretability. To address this challenge, the use of QSPR models is typically coupled with information derived from trends between ADME endpoints and physicochemical properties (e.g., lipophilicity, polar surface area, number of hydrogen bond donors, etc.) during drug discovery. Furthermore, knowledge extracted by the matched molecular pair analysis (MMPA) of ADME data provides insight that is used to identify fragment replacements to improve the ADME characteristics of compounds. In conclusion, an effective amalgamation of in silico tools is necessary to influence the design of compounds that will possess favorable ADME properties. Finally, in silico tools should never be used in isolation; they make up one arm of the integrated and iterative learning cycle that is comprised of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo models that we recommend using to effectively drive a drug discovery project.
Spindle assembly checkpoint signaling and sister chromatid cohesion are disrupted by HPV E6-mediated transformation

Aneuploidy, a condition that results from unequal partitioning of chromosomes during mitosis, is a hallmark of many cancers, including those caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs). E6 and E7 are the primary transforming proteins in HPV that drive tumor progression. In this study, we stably expressed E6 and E7 in noncancerous RPE1 cells and analyzed the specific mitotic defects that contribute to aneuploidy in each cell line. We find that E6 expression results in multiple chromosomes associated with one or both spindle poles, causing a significant mitotic delay. In most cells, the misaligned chromosomes eventually migrated to the spindle equator, leading to mitotic exit. In some cells, however, mitotic exit occurred in the presence of pole-associated chromosomes. We determined that this premature mitotic exit is due to defects in spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) signaling, such that cells are unable to maintain a prolonged mitotic arrest in the presence of unaligned chromosomes. This SAC defect is caused in part by a loss of kinetochore-associated Mad2 in E6-expressing cells. Our results demonstrate that E6-expressing cells exhibit previously unappreciated mitotic defects that likely contribute to HPV-mediated cancer progression.
Medication Adherence Mediates the Relationship Between Heart Failure Symptoms and Cardiac Event-free Survival in Patients With Heart Failure

Background Heart failure (HF) symptoms such as dyspnea are common and may precipitate hospitalization. Medication nonadherence is presumed to be associated with symptom exacerbations, yet how HF symptoms, medication adherence, and hospitalization/death are related remains unclear. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the relationships among HF symptoms, medication adherence, and cardiac event-free survival in patients with HF. Methods At baseline, patient demographics, clinical data, and HF symptoms were collected in 219 patients with HF. Medication adherence was monitored using the Medication Event Monitoring System. Patients were followed for up to 3.5 years to collect hospitalization and survival data. Logistic regression and survival analyses were used for the analyses. Results Patients reporting dyspnea or ankle swelling were more likely to have poor medication adherence (P = .05). Poor medication adherence was associated with worse cardiac event-free survival (P = .006). In Cox regression, patients with HF symptoms had 2 times greater risk for a cardiac event than patients without HF symptoms (P = .042). Heart failure symptoms were not a significant predictor of cardiac event-free survival after entering medication adherence in the model (P = .091), indicating mediation. Conclusions Medication adherence was associated with fewer HF symptoms and lower rates of hospitalization and death. It is important to develop interventions to improve medication adherence that may reduce HF symptoms and high hospitalization and mortality in patients with HF.
Archimedes the Pragmatic Engineer

I introduce Archimedes in the broader context of key inventions in antiquity, and review some of his most celebrated inventions and writings. It is remarkable that many of these continue to be of interest and practical use more than 2000 years after their introduction (e.g., Archimedes’ Principle; the Archimedes screw). Moreover, Archimedes’ approach to inquiry and demonstration of new ideas continues to guide present-day researchers and inventors. Major themes that emerge from studying Archimedes’ work are the desire to test theory; the interplay between theory, modeling, use of prototypes, physical demonstrations and experimentation; the scientist’s approach to popularization of ideas; and the simultaneous satisfaction of the scientist’s quest for knowledge, the demands of patrons and sponsors, and the public’s curiosity and support.