cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kierkegaard as Religious Thinker

Using Kierkegaard's later religious writings as well as his earlier philosophical works, David Gouwens explores this philosopher's religious and theological thought, focusing on human nature, Christ, and Christian discipleship. He helps the reader approach Kierkegaard as someone who both analysed religion and sought to evoke religious dispositions in his readers. Gouwens discusses Kierkegaard's main concerns as a religious and, specifically, Christian thinker, and his treatment of religion using the dialectic of 'becoming Christian', and counters the interpretation of his religious thought as privatistic and asocial. Gouwens appraises both the edifying discourses and the pseudonymous writings, including the particular problems posed by the latter. Between foundationalism and irrationalism, Kierkegaard's ideas are seen to anticipate the end of 'modernity', while standing at the centre of the Christian tradition.
Exposure-response analysis of the association of maternal smoking and use of electronic cigarettes (vaping) in relation to preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age in a national US sample, 2016-2018

We aimed to estimate exposure-response associations between smoking or vaping, and preterm and small-for-gestational age (SGA) births. We included 99,201 mothers who delivered live singletons in 2016-2018 from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. We created exposure categories based on participants self-reported average number of cigarettes smoked per day and vaping frequency. Dual users in late pregnancy were a heterogeneous group: 36% heavily smoked and occasionally vaped; 29% lightly smoked and frequently vaped; 19% lightly smoked and frequently vaped; and 15% both heavily smoked and frequently vaped. While dual users who heavily smoked and occasionally vaped had the highest adjusted OR for SGA (3.4, 95% CI 1.7-6.6), all the dual users were on average at about twice the odds of having SGA than non-users. While the risks of preterm birth were higher among sole light smokers (adjusted OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.5) and sole heavy smokers (adjusted OR 1.4. 95 CI 1.2-1.8) than non-users, the adjusted odds of preterm births for dual users were not noticeably higher than those of non-users, unless they were also heavy smokers. Excess of preterm births among heavy vapers was suggested. Among younger non-Hispanic white women (where vaping is most common), only excess risk of SGA, not preterm, with vaping was apparent. Relative to non-users, both smoking and vaping during pregnancy appear to increase risk of SGA, but excess risk of preterm births appears to be primarily attributable to smoking alone. Higher levels of exposure tended to confer more risk. HighlightsO_LINo observable change in prevalence of vaping during pregnancy from 2016 to 2018 C_LIO_LIBoth smoking and vaping during pregnancy appear to increase risk of SGA births C_LIO_LIExcess risk of preterm births appears to be primarily attributable to smoking alone C_LI
What is Heterodox Economics? Conversations with Leading Economists: edited by Andrew Mearman, Sebastian Berger and Danielle Guizzo, New York, Routledge, 2019, 313 pp., $128.00 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-138-73195-0, $39.16 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-36-772998-1

What is Heterodox Economics? is a terrific book. If you are a heterodox economist, an aspiring heterodox economist, or an engaged student of heterodox economics, I expect that you will appreciate t...
Pre-clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) of gefitinib or erlotinib with Cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibiting drugs, fluoxetine and/or losartan.

Abstract Objective To evaluate drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between gefitinib or erlotinib with fluoxetine, and/or losartan. Methods Human pooled microsomes, supersomes, and cryopreserved human hepatocytes were used to monitor DDIs in vitro. RED (Rapid Equilibrium Dialysis) protein binding was employed to investigate other pharmacokinetics. Results Gefitinib is significantly metabolized by Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and CYP3A4, with less than 80% of the drug remaining. Erlotinib is significantly metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2. Although gefitinib and erlotinib were metabolized by the same CYP isoenzymes, the metabolites formed from degradation of the two drugs were different. Fluoxetine inhibited CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 metabolism of gefitinib with an IC50 of 65.12 ± 1.88 µM and 4.11 ± 2.26 µM, respectively. Fluoxetine also inhibited CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 metabolism of erlotinib with an IC50 of 7.06 ± 1.54 µM and 4.57 ± 1.22 µM, respectively. For hepatocytes, fluoxetine affected the metabolism of gefitinib or erlotinib, while losartan had no effect. Gefitinib and erlotinib inhibited the metabolism of fluoxetine and losartan. Two-drug combinations involving gefitinib or erlotinib with fluoxetine or losartan yielded insignificant (p-value ≥ 0.05) differences in metabolism. However, combinations involving three drugs yielded significant degrees of inhibition (p-value ≤ 0.05). Three drug combinations involving fluoxetine and losartan with gefitinib or erlotinib yielded significant degrees of inhibition of the metabolism of gefitinib, but not for that of erlotinib. Conclusion As could be predicted by previous studies involving the inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, and studies involving CYP metabolism of gefitinib and erlotinib, the tests performed here confirmed that fluoxetine has an inhibitory effect on metabolism of gefitinib or erlotinib by the main CYP isoenzymes involved. This study suggests a variable inhibitory effect of fluoxetine particularly on CYP2D6 activity towards gefitinib or erlotinib; erlotinib metabolism is less affected. Likewise, the combination of fluoxetine and losartan does not significantly affect hepatocyte metabolism of erlotinib, but does for that of gefitinib. The results presented in this study thus indicate a need for DDI assays to involve multiple drugs to properly study multidrug regimens.
Automatic Spline Knot Selection in Modeling Mortgage Loan Default Using Shape Constrained Regression

In mortgage default modeling, many of the key variables, such as loan age, FICO score, Debt-to-Income ratio (DTI), and Loan-to-House-Value ratio (LTV), have nonlinear relationships with the target default rates. Experienced modelers generally apply a spline transformation with knots to the individual variables. In this article, we introduce the Quantile-based Shape Constrained Maximum Likelihood Estimator (QSC-MLE), which features an automatic spline knot selection in a mortgage default model. QSC-MLE is an enhanced variant of SC-MLE (Chen and Samworth 2016) used in combination with a quantile-based knots set, to effectively process large datasets. QSC-MLE requires generic shape information of the inputs, for example, the monotonicity or convexity of the FICO score, DTI, and LTV, to capture any nonlinear effects. We show that the new default model considerably improves the accuracy of the out-of-sample prediction in comparison with the logistic regression and the Cox proportional hazards model. Moreover, the model conveniently generates component-wise spline functions, which facilitates the interpretation of the default rate response to the input variables. Key Findings ▪ A mortgage default model using the Quantile-based Shape Constrained Maximum Likelihood Estimator (QSC-MLE), which features automatic spline knot selection. ▪ QSC-MLE constructs shape-constrained spline functions to capture nonlinear effects of model inputs. ▪ The new default model considerably improves the accuracy of the out-of-sample prediction.
Alleviating halide perovskite surface defects

Surface defects acutely influence perovskite solar cell performance. In this issue of Matter, Wang et al. developed a novel and compelling molecular “defect indicator” approach, notable for minimizing surface defects and evaluating passivation strategies.
Particulated Juvenile Articular Cartilage and Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation Are Cost-Effective for Patellar Chondral Lesions.

Purpose To compare the cost-effectiveness of nonoperative management, particulated juvenile allograft cartilage (PJAC), and matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) in the management of patellar chondral lesions. Methods A Markov model was utilized to evaluate cost-effectiveness of three strategies for symptomatic patellar chondral lesions: (1) nonoperative management, (2) PJAC, and (3) MACI. Model inputs (transition probabilities, utilities, and costs) were derived from literature review and an institutional cohort of 67 patients treated with PJAC for patellar chondral defects (mean age 26 years, mean lesion size 2.7 cmˆ2). Societal and payer perspectives over a 15-year time horizon were evaluated. The principal outcome measure was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) using a $100,000/quality-adjusted life year (QALY) willingness-to-pay threshold. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the model and the relative effects of variable estimates on base case conclusions. Results From a societal perspective, nonoperative management, PJAC, and MACI cost $4,140, $52,683, and $83,073 and were associated with 5.28, 7.22, and 6.92 QALYs gained, respectively. PJAC and MACI were cost-effective relative to nonoperative management (ICERs $25,010/QALY and $48,344/QALY, respectively). PJAC dominated MACI in the base case analysis by being cheaper and more effective, but this was sensitive to the estimated effectiveness of both strategies. PJAC remained cost-effective if PJAC and MACI were considered equally effective. Conclusions In the management of symptomatic patellar cartilage defects, PJAC and MACI were both cost-effective compared to nonoperative management. Due to the need for one surgery instead of two, and less costly graft material, PJAC was cheaper than MACI. Consequently, when PJAC and MACI were considered equally effective, PJAC was more cost-effective than MACI. Sensitivity analyses accounting for the lack of robust long-term data for PJAC or MACI demonstrated that the cost-effectiveness of PJAC versus MACI depended heavily on the relative probabilities of yielding similar clinical results.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasonography for Rotator Cuff Tears: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background:With recent improvements in transducer strength, image resolution, and operator training, ultrasound (US) provides an excellent alternative imaging modality for the diagnosis of rotator ...
Observation of an Excess Current Noise Resulting from Oxygen Absorption onto Iron Films

This paper reports on measurements that demonstrate that oxygen absorbed on clean polycrystalline Fe films can produce an excess current noise. The noise is indicative of dynamic processes occurring in the surface region of the film. We propose that the noise results from the dynamics of a reversible reaction between absorbed states. The measurements are accurately modeled with a single correlation time implying that surface heterogeneity is not important to the reaction. In addition to offering promise for future states of solid-state surface reactions, these measurements also have implications for the origin of 1/f current noise in conductors.
Hot-Electron Dynamics in Thin Silicon Dioxide Films Studied by Photon-Induced Electron Transmission

Photon-induced electron transmission experiments are used to measure absolute, energy dependent electron-phonon scattering rates and rates for electronic excitations in SiO2 thin films. It is shown by Monte Carlo transport simulations that the measured scattering rates allow an accurate prediction of the hot electron dynamics. A new electron runaway phenomenon, acoustic phonon runaway, is found to be the key to a quantitative understanding of electron-hole pair generation by impact ionization and leads to hole related degradation phenomena in Si/SiO2 thin film structures.
A Fully Parallel LISP2 Compactor with Preservation of the Sliding Properties

Compacting garbage collector (GC) is widely used due to its good properties of in-place collection and heap de-fragmentation. In addition, it supports fast bump-pointer allocation and provides good access locality. Most known commercial JVM or CLR implementations use compaction algorithm in certain garbage collection scenarios, such as in full heap or mature object space collections. LISP2 compactor is one of the best-known GC algorithms. As multi-core architecture prevails, several efficient parallel compactors have been proposed. Nevertheless, there is no parallel LISP2 compactor available that can preserve all the sliding properties of its sequential counterpart. That is, to compact live data in-place into a single contiguous region in one end of the heap while maintaining the original object order. In this paper, we propose a fully parallel LISP2 compactor that keeps all the sliding properties. We also prove the correctness of the design. This parallel LISP2 compactor is fully parallel because all of its four phases are parallelized and the workloads are well balanced among the collector threads. The compactor supports fall-back compaction and adjustable boundaries that help deliver the best performance. We have implemented the parallel LISP2 compactor in Apache Harmony, a product-quality open source Java SE implementation. We evaluate and discuss the design on an Intel 8-core platform with representative benchmark.
Managing Access to Nontimber Forest Products

Nontimber forest products (NTFP) have received increasing attention from harvesters, forest managers, researchers, and the public in the 1990s. Nontimber forest products, referred to as special forest products by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, include floral greens, boughs, craft materials, wild edibles, medicinals, transplants, and other vegetative materials. Increased interest in NTFP is reflected in many publications, including two books on NTFP in the United States (Emery and McLain 2001, Jones et al. 2002). Several authors have described wild edible mushroom management in the Pacific Northwest (e.g., Liegel 1998, Pilz and Molina 1998, Pilz et al. 1999). Economic values for NTFP are not well known, but some research has explored prices and economic valuation methods for various species harvested in the Pacific Northwest (western Oregon and Washington, coastal British Columbia, and southeastern Alaska) (e.g., Blatner and Alexander 1998, Pilz et al. 1998, Alexander et al. 2002). Issues about NTFP harvest and sustainability are addressed in the U.S. National Report on Sustainable Forests (USDA FS 2003) in response to an international set of forest sustainability indicators and criteria referred to as the Montreal Process. Although forest management in the United States has not focused on the production of NTFP, they are abundant in forest ecosystems, and NTFP harvest is an important activity to many people.
Symmetries of parabolic contact structures

Abstract We generalize the concept of locally symmetric spaces to parabolic contact structures. We show that symmetric normal parabolic contact structures are torsion-free and some types of them have to be locally flat. We prove that each symmetry given at a point with non-zero harmonic curvature is involutive. Finally we give restrictions on the number of different symmetries which can exist at such a point.
Putting Molecules Behind Bars

Gaining control of how molecules arrange themselves in the solid state is important for the design of new materials. Such crystal engineering is discussed in a Perspective by Zimmerman, who comments on results published in the same issue by Russell et al . (p. [575][1]). Often, desired molecular structures collapse because the molecules attempt to pack as closely as possible. Russell et al . have fabricated materials called clathrates in which small molecules are imprisoned within a molecular framework that forms stable parallel stacking sheets. Applications of such host-guest complexes include drug delivery and trapping and storage of toxic materials. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/276/5312/575
Elastic and Related Cross Sections for Low-Energy Collisions among Hydrogen and Helium Ions, Neutrals, and Isotopes

In the pursuit of ever more realistic, accurate models and diagnostic methods for fusion energy research, complete data bases of heavy-particle cross sections for excitation, ionization, charge transfer, and recombination have been sought for many years. Great progress has been made along these lines, but the type of reactions and the collision energy range investigated have been dictated primarily by the need to understand the physics of the central core plasma in such magnetically confined plasma devices as tokamaks. Contemporary interest in developing so-called “next-step” experimental reactors, such as ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) has, however, highlighted the need for the study of new atomic and molecular collision regimes. As described in great detail in the present volume and elsewhere, 1 engineering and physics issues are focused on (i) the edge plasma, which must be tailored to suppress the ingress of impurities into the core and to entrain them, and (ii) the divertor, which will be used for hydrogen recycling and heat (power) and particle (impurities, helium ash) exhaust. Because these plasma regimes are characterized by greatly lower temperatures and higher densities than the core, correspondingly different atomic, and even molecular, reactions play crucial roles.
High frequency and precision 3-phase sine/PWM controller with near-zero frequency of MPU intervention

Conventional PWM fully depends on microprocessors for extensive online computation, intervention and house-keeping. At a 20 kHz switching frequency, a modern CPU's overhead increases up to 90%. Conventional methods also have a poor cycle-to-cycle accuracy of /spl plusmn/5-10 /spl mu/sec and a limited frequency range. A novel self-managed high frequency PWM controller is developed to meet these increasing demands. The architecture permits a near-zero interfacing rate with the MPU whilst being capable of both asynchronous and synchronous PWM over a range of 0-1000 Hz, expandable to several kHz. A cycle-to-cycle accuracy of 50 nsec is achievable. Experimental results verify this new approach.
Evaluation of variant detection software for pooled next-generation sequence data

Despite the tremendous drop in the cost of nucleotide sequencing in recent years, many research projects still utilize sequencing of pools containing multiple samples for the detection of sequence variants as a cost saving measure. Various software tools exist to analyze these pooled sequence data, yet little has been reported on the relative accuracy and ease of use of these different programs. In this manuscript we evaluate five different variant detection programs—The Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK), CRISP, LoFreq, VarScan, and SNVer—with regard to their ability to detect variants in synthetically pooled Illumina sequencing data, by creating simulated pooled binary alignment/map (BAM) files using single-sample sequencing data from varying numbers of previously characterized samples at varying depths of coverage per sample. We report the overall runtimes and memory usage of each program, as well as each program’s sensitivity and specificity to detect known true variants. GATK, CRISP, and LoFreq all gave balanced accuracy of 80 % or greater for datasets with varying per-sample depth of coverage and numbers of samples per pool. VarScan and SNVer generally had balanced accuracy lower than 80 %. CRISP and LoFreq required up to four times less computational time and up to ten times less physical memory than GATK did, and without filtering, gave results with the highest sensitivity. VarScan and SNVer had generally lower false positive rates, but also significantly lower sensitivity than the other three programs.
Determination of key material parameters in SOI wafers by using a contactless optical technique

Presents a unique contactless dual-beam optical technique for determining several key material parameters such as excess carrier lifetimes in the top Si film and substrate, interface recombination velocities, and the thickness of top Si film and buried oxide in SIMOX wafers. An S-polarized reflectance technique is employed to determine the thickness of top Si film and buried oxide of SIMOX wafers using the blue and red laser beams (CdHe and HeNe lasers). In addition, a dual beam optical modulation (DBOM) technique is used to determine the excess carrier lifetimes and interface recombination velocities in the SOI wafers.
Nodal Sets and Morse Indices of Solutions of Super-linear Elliptic PDEs

Abstract In this paper, we develop a Sturm–Liouville type theory for the nodal sets and Morse indices of solutions of super-linear elliptic PDEs with Dirichlet boundary condition. It shows that there are some relationships between analytic properties (e.g.,Lp-norm, vanishing order of the nodal point, andN−1 dimensional Hausdorff measure of the nodal set) of the solutions as the functions on the domainΩand Morse indices of the solutions as the critical points of the functional J(u)=∫ Ω [ 1 2 |∇u| 2 −F(x, u)] dx onH10(Ω).
Micro-flood (MF) technology for sustainable manufacturing operations that are coolant less and occupationally friendly

Abstract This paper presents a new technology for minimizing the use of metalworking fluids (MWFs) during the machining process that is atomization-less and occupational friendly. Micro-flood (MF) technology utilizes direct contact between the cutting tool and the MWF without the interaction of a gas medium. Experiments were conducted in high volume mass production environment turning HSLA (high strength low alloy) SAE 070Y steel. Machining performance and total air mass particulates were investigated in dry machining, Near dry machining (NDM) via atomized spray mist and MF technology. Open-atmosphere air monitoring indicated that total mass particulates behaved in an almost linear fashion with respect to gas atomization pressure, whereas the MWF flow rate demonstrated logarithmic trends in NDM applications using an atomized spray. Nozzle orientations directed upward into the air also produced higher mg/m 3 concentrations (such as flank) than chip and rake face orientations that were directed down. Greater separation existed at higher gas atomization pressures, MWF flow rates and by changing the MWF type. At extreme limits, nozzle orientation affected mg/m 3 concentration as much as 4–5 mg/m 3 for water-miscible MWFs and 15–22 mg/m 3 for non-water-miscible MWFs. Tool-life performance varied greatly among MWF type and flow rate, and in all cases MF technology performed better than NDM using an atomized spray mist. Direct and consistent MWF penetration to cutting zone using MF technology lowered tool-wear on the average of 12–75% compared to NDM at the same MWF flow rate. Compared to dry machining, NDM improved tool-wear on the average by 20–243%. In one case, tool-wear performance was improved by 616% at 0.15 mm using MF technology compared to dry machining at a nominal 0.925 mm tool-wear. Overall, a large mass reduction of particulates can be achieved employing MF technology that would have been unrealistic for an open-atmosphere machining environment employing an atomized spray mist. On the average, MF technology can maintain a total air mass particulate of less than 0.4 mg/m 3 in the occupational work zone using MWF flow rates up to 1260 ml/h, regardless of the MWF classification. Atomized spray mist applications are capable meeting the 5 mg/m 3 OSHA limit if MWF flow rates are less than 160 ml/h, air pressures are less than 0.137 MPa (20 psi) using water-miscible MWFs and air pressures are less than 0.0344 MPa (5 psi) using non-water-miscible MWFs.
Insertion of Cre into the Pax3 locus creates a new allele of Splotch and identifies unexpected Pax3 derivatives

Pax3 is a transcription factor expressed in the dorsal neural tube and somite of the developing embryo. It plays critical roles in pre-migratory neural crest cells and in myogenic precursors of skeletal muscle. Pax3-deficient Splotch embryos display neural tube and neural crest defects and lack hypaxial muscles. We have created a new allele of Splotch by replacing the first coding exon with a gene encoding Cre recombinase. This functions as a null allele and no Pax3 protein is detected in homozygous embryos. Heterozygous Pax3(Cre/+) mice display a white belly spot, as do Splotch heterozygotes. Homozygous Pax3(Cre/Cre) embryos are embryonic lethal. We have used Pax3(Cre/+) mice to fate-map Pax3 derivatives in the developing mouse. As expected, neural crest and some somitic derivatives are identified. However, we also detect previously unappreciated derivatives of Pax3-expressing precursors in the colonic epithelium of the hindgut and within the urogenital system.
Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife.

Here we report, for the first time, on the global distribution of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), a fluorinated organic contaminant. PFOS was measured in the tissues of wildlife, including, fish, birds, and marine mammals. Some of the species studied include bald eagles, polar bears, albatrosses, and various species of seals. Samples were collected from urbanized areas in North America, especially the Great Lakes region and coastal marine areas and rivers, and Europe. Samples were also collected from a number of more remote, less urbanized locations such as the Arctic and the North Pacific Oceans. The results demonstrated that PFOS is widespread in the environment. Concentrations of PFOS in animals from relatively more populated and industrialized regions, such as the North American Great Lakes, Baltic Sea, and Mediterranean Sea, were greater than those in animals from remote marine locations. Fisheating, predatory animals such as mink and bald eagles contained concentrations of PFOS that were greater than the concentrations in their diets. This suggests that PFOS can bioaccumulate to higher trophic levels of the food chain. Currently available data indicate that the concentrations of PFOS in wildlife are less than those required to cause adverse effects in laboratory animals.
Intracranial cotton ball gossypiboma mimicking recurrent meningioma: report of a case with literature review for intentional and unintentional foreign body granulomas.

Gossypiboma, or textiloma, is an unusual complication followng invasive surgical procedures. From the latin gossypium, the enus of cotton plant types, and boma, a Kiswahili word meaning place of concealment”, the term is used to describe the inflamatory response that occurs in response to the introduction of foreign body in tissue. As the name suggests, the objects are sually cotton balls or surgical gauze either inadvertently or delibrately left behind during surgery as in the case of muslin wrapping f aneurysms [1]. Inflammatory responses around these cotton alls develop leading to foreign body granulomas (FBG) that can e detected on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerzed topography (CT) as enhancing masses [2–4]. The timeline of linical presentation also varies greatly, ranging from immediately ostoperative to decades after surgery [1–4]. Compared to general surgery, textilomas have been reported ar less frequently in neurosurgical literature. A Medline search f gossypiboma or textiloma reveals 27 reports and about 50 ases associated with intracranial foreign body granulomas since 973 [1–5]. Rarely, seizures have been shown to be caused by
Response of Tropical Deep Convection to Localized Heating Perturbations: Implications for Aerosol-Induced Convective Invigoration

AbstractA cloud-system-resolving model is used to investigate the effects of localized heating/cooling perturbations on tropical deep convection, in the context of the aerosol “invigoration effect.” This effect supposes that a reduction of droplet collision–coalescence in polluted conditions leads to lofting of cloud water in convective updrafts and enhanced freezing, latent heating, and buoyancy. To specifically isolate and test this mechanism, heating perturbations were applied to updrafts with corresponding cooling applied in downdrafts. Ensemble simulations were run with either perturbed or unperturbed conditions and large-scale forcing from a 7.5-day period of active monsoon conditions during the 2006 Tropical Warm Pool–International Cloud Experiment. In the perturbed simulations there was an initial invigoration of convective updrafts and surface precipitation, but convection returned to its unperturbed state after about 24 h because of feedback with the larger-scale environment. This feedback led t...
Arity-generic datatype-generic programming: (abstract only)

Some programs are doubly-generic. For example, map is datatype-generic in that many different data structures support a mapping operation. A generic programming language like Generic Haskell can use a single definition to generate map for each type. However, map is also arity-generic because it belongs to a family of related operations that differ in the number of arguments. For lists, this family includes repeat, map, zipWith, zipWith3, zipWith4, etc. With dependent types or clever programming, one can unify all of these functions together in a single definition.However, no one has explored the combination of these two forms of genericity. These two axes are not orthogonal because the idea of arity appears in Generic Haskell: datatype-generic versions of repeat, map and zipWith have different arities of kind-indexed types. In this paper, we define arity-generic datatype-generic programs by building a framework for Generic Haskell-style generic programming in the dependently-typed programming language Agda 2.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Model Electrochemical Interfaces in Ultrahigh Vacuum: Ionic versus Interfacial Solvation by Acetone and Acetonitrile on Pt(111)

Infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopic (IRAS) measurements are reported for acetone and acetonitrile dosed onto Pt(111) in ultrahigh vacuum (uhv) both in the presence and absence of adsorbed potassium atoms at 90 K with the objective of elucidating the nature of cation solvation and its influence on surface−solvent interactions at these model electrochemical interfaces. Corresponding variations in the metal−uhv work function (Φ) evaluated with a Kelvin probe yield additional insight into the interfacial electrostatic environment as a function of the alkali and solvent exposure. Acetone and acetonitrile are particularly suitable solvents with which to evaluate the involvement of the surface on interfacial ion solvation, since both interact specifically with Pt(111). In both cases, chemisorption gives rise to vibrational signatures which are clearly distinguishable from those of the “bulk-like” multilayers, associated in particular with carbonyl (νCO) and C⋮N stretching (νC⋮N) vibrations. Acetone and ...
Isolation and characterization of 5-fluorouracil-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in the activities of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase.

A rapid, simple method for isolation of large numbers of Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO-K1) mutants deficient in the final two enzymes of UMP biosynthesis, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2. 10), and OMP decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.23) is described. The method takes advantage of the fact that CHO-K1 cells require orotate phosphoribosyltransferase to activate the pyrimidine analog 5-fluorouracil to its active form; hence, mutants lacking this enzyme activity can be isolated simply by selection for cells resistant to 5-fluorouracil. The relevance of these observations to the metabolism of this cancer chemotheraputic agent, to the study of the structure of the protein(s) involved in catalyzing the last two steps of UMP biosynthesis, to the study of the structure of the gene(s) coding for this protein, and to analysis of the human genetic disease orotic aciduria is discussed.
Business improvement districts in New York: the private sector in public service or the public sector privatized?

Business improvement districts (BIDs) are dominant economic development tools in North America today, with more than 1500 in place in the United States and Canada alone. BIDs are place-based private–public partnerships created for the purpose of enhancing local economies through the provision of member defined services and infrastructure. The 67 BIDs in operation in New York City today collectively control more than $100 million in revenue. This article considers the implications of differences in BID structure for their ability to serve the interests of members, places, and the broader urban public of the city writ large. The key finding is that while BIDs in New York are reflective of privatization trends, they do not always benefit the public that they serve.
Real solutions for the attitude motion of a self-excited rigid body

Abstract Approximate real analytic solutions are derived for the motion of a near-symmetric rigid body subject to constant body-fixed moments about three axes. The solution for Euler's equations of motion is expressed in terms of Fresnel integrals and is exact for symmetric bodies. An approximate solution for the Eulerian angles is found in terms of Fresnel integrals and sine and cosine integrals. Although the expressions for the Eulerian angles are complicated, the behavior of the angular momentum vector in inertial space exhibits a simple spiral path. Numerical examples reveal that the solutions are very accurate when applied to typical spinning spacecraft.
An ELIC-GLIC Chimera Reveals Distinct Pathways of Activation in the Cys-Loop Family of Receptors

The Cys-loop family of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels is expressed throughout the human brain and is a target for a wide number of therapeutics including local and general anesthetics, alcohols, and neurosteroids. Recently, high-resolution structures of several members of the family have become available, but allosteric mechanisms governing gating and modulation remain unclear. Prokaryotic homologues (ELIC and GLIC) have the same overall structure as the family of ion channels, and are highly amenable to structural studies in a native environment. We investigated the conformational dynamics of ligand-binding and channel gating in GLIC and ELIC by electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR) and found that the two channels exhibit distinct activation mechanisms. To further understand how the two events are coupled, we engineered a functional chimera that included the extracellular domain of ELIC and the transmembrane domain of GLIC. By using a combination of electrophysiology, EPR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography we show the molecular details of coupling between the ligand-binding domain and the channel gate.
REDUCTION (DETHIOLATION) OF PROTEIN MIXED-DISULFIDES ; DISTRIBUTION AND SPECIFICITY OF DETHIOLATING ENZYMES AND N,N'-BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)-N-NITROSOUREA INHIBITION OF AN NADPH-DEPENDENT CARDIAC DETHIOLASE

Abstract The S-thiolated proteins phosphorylase b (Phb) and carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) were prepared with [3H]glutathione in a reaction initiated with diamide. These substrates were used to measure the rate of reduction (dethiolation) of protein mixed-disulfides by enzymes with properties similar to those of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin. This enzyme activity is termed a dethiolase since the identities of the enzymes are still unknown. The dethiolation of either S-[3H]glutathiolated Phb or S-[3 H]glutathiolated CAIII was employed in tissue assays and for study of two partially purified dethiolases from cardiac tissue. NADPH-dependent dethiolase activity was most abundant except in rat liver and muscle. Total dethiolase activity was approximately 10-fold higher in neutrophils, 3T3-L1 cells, and Escherichia coli than in other sources. Rat skeletal muscle had 3- to 4-fold higher dethiolase activity than rat heart or liver. These data indicate that protein dethiolase activity is ubiquitous and that normal expression of the two dethiolase activities varies considerably. A partially purified cardiac NADPH-dependent dethiolase acted on Phb approximately 1.5 times faster than CAIII, and a glutathione (GSH)-dependent dethiolase acted on Phb 3 times faster than CAIII. The Km for glutathione for the GSH-dependent dethiolase was 15 μ m with Phb as substrate and 10 μ m with CAIII. Thus, the GSH-dependent dethiolase is probably not affected by normal changes in the cardiac glutathione content (normally approximately 3 m m ). Partially purified cardiac NADPH-dependent dethiolase was inactivated by BCNU (N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea) and the GSH-dependent dethiolase was unaffected under similar conditions. In a soluble extract from bovine heart, 200 μ m BCNU inhibited NADPH-dependent dethiolase by more than 60% but did not affect GSH-dependent activity. These results demonstrate that BCNU is a selective inhibitor of the NADPH-dependent dethiolase.
Dynamic Monitoring and Decision Systems for Enabling Sustainable Energy Services

This paper concerns the role of smart grids comprising man-made electric power networks and their supporting information communications technology (ICT) as enablers of sustainable energy services. A proposed socio-ecological energy system (SEES) framework used to characterize the core-level subsystems (resources, users, and governance) in terms of second-level and deeper level variables is motivated by the more general multilevel nested socio-ecological system (SES) framework. Second-level and deeper level variables are introduced as a means of characterizing how sustainable a SEES is likely to be by assessing their characteristics. Given vast spatial and temporal complexities in a typical SEES, it becomes necessary to enhance the physical power network with just-in-time (JIT), just-in-place (JIP), and just-in-context (JIC) functionalities. These, in turn, support sustainable energy services by aligning temporal, spatial, and contextual characteristics of resources and users. We refer to the ICT implementation in support of these functionalities as dynamic monitoring and decision systems (DYMONDS). The tradeoffs between the ability of the SEES to ensure sustainable services and the complexity of the supporting smart grid are discussed for several representative energy system architectures.
Brain glutamate inhibition and amnesia: evidence provided by proline analog action.

Abstract The action of proline and its analogs as glutamate antagonists was investigated in CNS tissue of the neonatal chick. Avian brain slices were incubated in low concentrations of l -proline, d -proline, dl -3,4-dehydro-proline, l -prolyl- l -proline, or in avian physiological salt solution before depolarization was induced by application of 45 mM K+. Glutamate was determined in the efflux material collected both before and after tissue stimulation. The release of endogenous glutamate was inhibited significantly by exposure to l -proline, dl -3,4-dehydroproline and l -prolyl- l -proline. The degree of glutamate inhibition correlated with the amnestic potency of these substances. The manner in which these results strengthen the hypothesis of glutamate involvement in memory processes is discussed.
VARIETIES OF HUMAN BRAIN ORGANIZATION AND THE HUMAN SOCIAL SYSTEM

The core of any social structure, from ant to man, is the differentiation of social roles such that each member of the group contributes his special skills and abilities while receiving from others the benefits of theirs. It is this role differentiation and mutual interdependence that constitute the definition of social organization and that provide for its maintenance, stability, and quality. In the case of the social insects we have a pretty fair understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the critical diversity of roles, but in the case of our own species there has been litde attempt to acquire evidence since, for the most part, the answer has been assumed. Typically man has been viewed as an infinitely plastic clay to be molded at will by social forces, and the diversity of human social roles has been seen as a direct consequence of the social system. Even from the perspective of sociobiology, although the social structure itself is attributed to evolutionary factors, the human infant born into that structure is perceived as having an invariant set of characteristics that define his species identity and that make it possible for him to be conditioned by the extant social forces into any role demanded by the culture. In this view the etiology of human social differentiation is assumed to differ little from that of the social insects. Indeed what we call moral or ethical behavior, or more narrowly "altruistic" behavior, is, as for the insect, a result of kin selection: There is no real altruism, only the selfish gene's attempt to preserve itself.
Successful treatment of leptomeningeal relapse of epithelial ovarian cancer

A case of isolated leptomeningeal recurrence of an epithelial ovarian cancer was recently diagnosed and treated successfully with methotrexate placed via an Ommaya reservoir in combination with radiation therapy. A review of the literature revealed no other cases of epithelial ovarian leptomeningeal malignancy similarly treated.
Effects of calmodulin and related proteins on the hemolytic activity of melittin

The calcium-dependent binding of melittin by calmodulin effectively inhibits the hemolytic activity of melittin in suspensions of washed rabbit erythrocytes. Protection is also obtained with troponin C (+/-Ca++), denatured phosphorylase kinase, and denatured calcineurin but not with whole troponin or the native enzymes. These effects can be used both in assays for melittin in venom samples and in determinations of calmodulin or related proteins.
Predictors of cesarean delivery in women undergoing labor induction with a Foley balloon

AbstractObjective: To examine predictive characteristics for cesarean delivery (CD) in women undergoing labor induction with a Foley balloon (FB).Methods: A secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, control trial examining labor induction with a transcervical 30 mL or 60 mL FB. One-hundred ninety-nine women with term, vertex, singleton pregnancies and Bishop score < 5 were randomized to receive a transcervical 30 mL or 60 mL FB. Mode of delivery, labor complications and neonatal outcomes were recorded. A multivariable model was performed to determine predictive characteristics for CD.Results: Increasing maternal age (p = 0.04), nulliparity (p =0.002) and chorioamnionitis (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with an elevated risk for CD. Nulliparity was associated in an almost 4-fold increased CD risk (relative risk [RR]: 3.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22–12.3). Women aged ≥ 40 years, had an almost 3-fold increased risk of CD as compared to women aged 20–29 (RR: 2.91; 95% CI: 1.36–6.19)...
The Physics Tutor: Integrating Hypertext and Expert Systems

The Physics Tutor is a prototype intelligent tutoring system (ITS) built with “off-the-shelf” software in order to test the utility, practicality, and generalizability of the ITS concept. The tutorial information is accessed through a semantically structured hypertext which enables students to browse through the knowledge base, secure examples, and quiz themselves with practice items. The student model and expert model are encoded in several hundred rules that are evaluated by a commercial expert system shell. The output of the expert system knowledge bases is a judgment about the learners level of conceptual development and some tutorial strategies for remediating deficiencies. Because of the slowness of the system, and the enormous amount of required development time, the practicality of ITSs is called into question.
Region-of-interest reconstruction of motion-contaminated data using a weighted backprojection filtration algorithm.

The recently developed weighted backprojection filtration (WBPF) algorithm using data redundancy has capabilities that make this algorithm an attractive candidate for reconstructing images from motion-contaminated projection data. First, the WBPF algorithm is capable of reconstructing region-of-interest (ROI) images from reduced-scan fan-beam data, which have less data than the short-scan data required to reconstruct the entire field of view (FOV). Second, this algorithm can reconstruct ROI images from truncated data. Using phantom simulation studies, we demonstrate how these unique capabilities can be exploited to reduce the amount of motion-contaminated data used for reconstruction. In particular, we use examples from cardiac imaging to illustrate how off-center phantom positioning combined with phase-interval ROI reconstruction can result in the suppression of motion artifacts. In terms of temporal resolution, reduced-scan reconstruction with 45% of a full-scan dataset can be used to improve the temporal resolution of a short-scan reconstruction by 25.8% if ungated data are used. For data gated at 66 beats per minute, reduced-scan reconstruction with 45% of a full-scan dataset can be used to improve the temporal resolution of a short-scan reconstruction by 7.9%. As a result of our studies, we believe that the WBPF algorithm demonstrates the potential for reconstructing quality ROImore » images from motion-contaminated fan-beam data.« less
Muon reconstruction in Double Chooz

We describe a muon track reconstruction algorithm for the reactor anti-neutrino experiment Double Chooz. The Double Chooz detector consists of two optically isolated volumes of liquid scintillator viewed by PMTs, and an Outer Veto above these made of crossed scintillator strips. Muons are reconstructed by their Outer Veto hit positions along with timing information from the other two detector volumes. In the ideal case of a through-going muon intersecting the center of the detector, the resolution is ~40mm in each transverse dimension.
Current Chinese Lexicography

La ĉina lingvo prezentas grandajn defiojn al la du-lingva leksikologo, kaj neniu vor-taro povas esti perfekta. Malsimile al multaj aliaj lingvoj, ĉina vortaro povas aranĝiĝi aŭ laŭ la skriba aŭ laŭ la parola lingvo, t.e., aŭ laŭ hieroglifoj (ĉu simpligitaj ĉu ne) aŭ laŭ literumado (plej ofte laŭ unu el kelkaj sistemoj de romanidaj literoj). Sed pli grave, la aktuale rapidega ŝanĝiĝo de la lingvo, speciale de politikaj devizoj, postulas vor-tarojn konstante ĝisdatigatajn speciale pri tiaj esprimoj. Ankaŭ la of ta uzo de aludoj en nuntempaj politikaj esprimoj postulas, ke la vortaristo iel helpu al la leganto kompreni ne nur la ideon sed ankaŭ la rolon de ĉiu esprimo en la komplika kaj ŝanĝebla mondo de la ĉina politiko.Tie ĉi oni recenzas kvar novajn vortarojn de nuntempaj, precipe politikaj, lingvaĵoj de Ĉinio. Samtempe, la recenzisto priparolas plurajn aliajn vortarojn ofte uzataĵ en okcidentaj landoj.
Reprint of: UPS of buckminsterfullerene and other large clusters of carbon

Abstract Ultraviolet photoelectron spectra (UPS) are reported for mass-selected negative carbon clusters extracted from a pulsed supersonic beam. In the size range from 48 to 84 atoms, three clusters were found to be closed-shell species with appreciable HOMO–LUMO gaps: C 50 (0.3–0.6 eV), C 60 (1.5–2.0 eV), and C 70 (0.7–1.2 eV). UPS data for all other clusters revealed no appreciable HOMO–LUMO gap, indicating they are either open-shell species, or closed-shell species with small HOMO–LUMO gaps. Buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) was found to have the lowest electron affinity (2.6–2.8 eV) of any cluster. Agreement between these UPS data and electronic structure calculations strongly support the spheroidal shell model for C 60 .
The moral fixed points: new directions for moral nonnaturalism

Our project in this essay is to showcase nonnaturalistic moral realism’s resources for responding to metaphysical and epistemological objections by taking the view in some new directions. The central thesis we will argue for is that there is a battery of substantive moral propositions that are also nonnaturalistic conceptual truths. We call these propositions the moral fixed points. We will argue that they must find a place in any system of moral norms that applies to beings like us, in worlds similar to our own. By committing themselves to true propositions of these sorts, nonnaturalists can fashion a view that is highly attractive in its own right, and resistant to the most prominent objections that have been pressed against it.