cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of social influences and tobacco availability on adolescent smokeless tobacco use.

Objective: To examine the potential explanatory effect of various demographic, social influence, sanction, and tobacco availability variables on the use of smokeless tobacco (ST) by adolescent males. Design: The data used in our analyses are from a community-based tobacco policy intervention trial that included a 60-item baseline school survey. During Spring 1993, all 8th, 9th, and 10th-grade students enrolled in 14 school districts in small Minnesota cities were surveyed. We used mixed-model logistic regression to determine which variables were significantly correlated with smokeless tobacco use by males in the past week. Results: Of this sample of 2924 adolescent males, 10% ( n = 291) reported using smokeless tobacco in the past week. Compared to the overall sample, smokeless tobacco users reported higher family and friend use of smokeless tobacco. In addition, 64% of users reported smoking in the past 30 days, and almost half (49.1%) said they had attempted to purchase tobacco in the past 30 days. Variables found to be significantly associated with smokeless tobacco use in the past week included younger age, having a best friend using tobacco, inflated perceptions of their peers' use of tobacco products, beliefs that school and parental sanctions are not high for tobacco use, recent tobacco purchase, and perceived belief that tobacco is not difficult to obtain from social sources. Conclusions: This study confirms previous research correlating demographic and social influence factors with ST use and demonstrates the role that sanction and availability variables play in ST use.
Three‐dimensional, multispecies, high spatial resolution MHD studies of the solar wind interaction with Mars

[1] We present the results of model calculations, using our new, four-species, spherical MHD model. Our results are compared with the relevant and limited available data. The resulting comparisons help us to increase our understanding of the interaction processes between the solar wind and the Martian atmosphere/ionosphere. This new model with a spherical grid structure allowed us to use small (� 10 km) radial grid spacing in the ionospheric region. We found that the calculated bow shock positions agree reasonably well with the observed values. The calculated results vary with interplanetary magnetic field orientation, solar cycle conditions, and subsolar location. We found that our calculated ion densities, with parameters corresponding to solar cycle minimum conditions, reproduced the Viking 1 observed ion densities well. The calculated solar cycle maximum densities, above � 140 km, are also consistent with the appropriate Mars Global Surveyor radio occultation electron densities. Both the calculated solar cycle maximum and solar cycle minimum total transterminator and escape fluxes are significantly smaller than our previously published values. This decrease is due to the improved temperature values used for the recombination rates in this new model, which in turn results in lower ion densities and lower fluxes. INDEX TERMS: 2780 Magnetospheric Physics: Solar wind interactions with unmagnetized bodies; 6026 Planetology: Comets and Small Bodies: Ionospheres— composition and chemistry; 6028 Planetology: Comets and Small Bodies: Ionospheres—structure and dynamics; 2728 Magnetospheric Physics: Magnetosheath; KEYWORDS: Mars, MHD, bow shock, ionosphere, solar wind interaction
Effect of Magnetic Field During Secondary Annealing on Texture and Microstructure of Nonoriented Silicon Steel

Abstract Magnetic fields are said to influence texture and microstructure evolution of ferrous alloys. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of a magnetic field applied during secondary annealing on texture evolution and grain size of a nonoriented silicon steel sample. Temper cold rolled silicon steel samples were annealed under the same conditions with and without the magnetic field. The final grain size was the same for both annealing conditions. The application of a magnetic field affected texture development by increasing the strength of the Goss orientation and decreasing the intensity of grains {111} oriented parallel to the normal direction of the sheet.
Gravity Perception: How Plants Stand up for Themselves

Abstract How organisms sense and respond to gravity is a long-standing question in biology. Recent studies of plant shoot gravitropism support a new physical model of gravity perception.
The analysis of oxygen uptake and transport in different kinds of animals

Abstract Many quantitative methods are used to compare gas exchange in various classes of vertebrate animals. Although respiratory data are now available for several different phyla, the generality of the concepts involved and hence their suitability for broad comparisons is not clear. Data for animals representing six phyla are analysed in terms ranging from simple extraction percentages to the potentially innovative measures of the effectiveness of gas exchange. A critical examination of these concepts in the light of the biology of the particular species emphasizes the caution with which they must be used.
Development of chip-on-chip with face to face technology as a low cost alternative for 3D packaging

This paper describes the ongoing research and development at Amkor Technology of Chip-on-chip/Face to Face (CoC/F2F) technology being developed in parallel with Through Silicon Via (TSV) package assembly. Unlike other 3D packaging techniques using TSVs that require front end processing, CoC/F2F technology uses existing chip attach (C/A) or thermal compression (TC) equipment to connect each die - referred to as the mother die and daughter die for the larger and smaller ICs, respectively. The cost to assemble CoC/F2F is relatively inexpensive, making it an attractive alternative to TSV for many applications. Some of these include the integration of ASIC with logic, MEMS with ASIC, microcontroller with memory, and optoelectronic module with microcontroller.
A Knowledge-Based System Implementation of Intrusion Detection Rules

This research determines the feasibility of using an Exsys Corvid based expert system to detect and respond to network threats and appropriately administrate a Linux-based iptables firewall in real-time. In our implementation, we attempt to replace the human domain expert required for creating the expert system knowledge base with intrusion detection rules created by data-mining on network traffic. Our expert system will be used in conjunction with intrusion detection classification rules provided by the See5 data-mining tool, which have, in turn, been created based on the data fusion of normal and malicious network traffic from multiple network sensors.
Psychiatric diagnoses in problem patients

Abstract Fifty-two problem patients referred primarily by internal medicine residents were seen by a psychosocial team. Forty-nine proved to meet DSM-III criteria for psychiatric diagnoses, in large part (33 patients) for psychogenic pain disorder, conversion disorder, or major depression. Twenty-seven of the first 32 patients were reinterviewed an average of six months after evaluation. Thirteen had improved, often after psychotherapy, ten reported no change, and four had worsened. A shorter duration of symptoms and higher socioeconomic status were associated with a better prognosis.
Computer Analysis Of Arteriograms

A computer system has been developed to quantify the degree of atherosclerosis in the human femoral artery. The analysis involves first scanning and digitizing angiographic film, then tracking the outline of the arterial image and finally computing the relative amount of roughness or irregularity in the vessel wall. The image processing system and method are described.
Exchange Moment Contributions to a Modified Shell Model

The longitudinal exchange contribution to the nuclear magnetic moment that follows from a rather general modified shell model is studied. It is shown that for a heavy nucleus whose state can be expanded as a linear combination of certain very reasonable independent particle configurations, the longitudinal exchange contribution to the magnetic moment can be expressed, independent of the amplitudes of these states, in terms of a correction to the orbital Land\'e $g$-factor that appears in the single particle ordinary moment operator. The magnitude of this correction is simply given in terms of the fraction of the neutron-proton two-body potential that is charge exchange and spin-independent. Being independent of the configuration amplitudes, this result is expected to hold even if the core behaves as a liquid drop. Calculations assuming roughly half of the nuclear force to be charge exchange in nature reasonably account for the deviations from the values predicted by the shell model of the magnetic moments of those nuclei which consist of a single odd nucleon outside a doubly magic core. The exchange contributions generally improve the moment agreement of other nuclei in the $j=l\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}$ cases, but make the agreement in the ${f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ and ${g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ cases poorer.
Epidemiology of Tension-Type Headache

Context.—Tension-type headache is a highly prevalent condition. Because few population-based studies have been performed, little is known about its epidemiology.Objectives.—To estimate the 1-year period prevalence of episodic tension-type headache (ETTH) and chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) in a population-based study; to describe differences in 1-year period prevalence by sex, age, education, and race; and to describe attack frequency and headache pain intensity.Design.—Telephone survey conducted 1993 to 1994.Setting.—Baltimore County, Maryland.Participants.—A total of 13345 subjects from the community.Main Outcome Measures.—Percentage of respondents with diagnoses of headache using International Headache Society criteria. Workdays lost and reduced effectiveness at work, home, and school because of headache, based on self-report.Results.—The overall prevalence of ETTH in the past year was 38.3%. Women had a higher 1-year ETTH prevalence than men in all age, race, and education groups, with an overall prevalence ratio of 1.16. Prevalence peaked in the 30- to 39-year-old age group in both men (42.3%) and women (46.9%). Whites had a higher 1-year prevalence than African Americans in men (40.1% vs. 22.8%) and women (46.8% vs 30.9%). Prevalence increased with increasing educational levels in both sexes, reaching a peak in subjects with graduate school educations of 48.5% for men and 48.9% for women. The 1-year period prevalence of CTTH was 2.2%; prevalence was higher in women and declined with increasing education. Of subjects with ETTH, 8.3% reported lost workdays because of their headaches, while 43.6% reported decreased effectiveness at work, home, or school. Subjects with CTTH reported more lost workdays (mean of 27.4 days vs 8.9 days for those reporting lost workdays) and reduced-effectiveness days (mean of 20.4 vs 5.0 days for those reporting reduced effectiveness) compared with subjects with ETTH.Conclusions.—Episodic tension-type headache is a highly prevalent condition with a significant functional impact at work, home, and school. Chronic tension-type headache is much less prevalent than ETTH; despite its greater individual impact, CTTH has a smaller societal impact than ETTH.
Short selling and trading abuses on Nasdaq

Abstract We examine the potential for short-selling trading abuses unique to Nasdaq during a period when there was no up-tick rule and no effective prohibitions against “naked” short selling. We find that (a) short sellers earned significant abnormal returns on Nasdaq securities, but these were smaller than on NYSE/AMEX securities; (b) they did not destabilize markets by selling into falling markets and exacerbating price drops; and (c) Nasdaq short sellers may be more susceptible than NYSE/AMEX shorts to “short squeezes”. Our results cast doubt on the appropriateness of recent regulatory reforms established for Nasdaq and public concern over Nasdaq short-selling abuses.
Canopy-structure effects on surface roughness parameters: Observations in a Great Lakes mixed-deciduous forest

Over forested canopies, the physical structure of vegetation interacts with wind by exerting drag on the flow, thus generating turbulent mixing that is necessary for scalar transport. We use 11 years of above-canopy wind speed measurements from spatially and temporally heterogeneous forest environments to disentangle the effects of different features of changing canopy structure on the surface roughness parameters: displacement height (d), roughness length (z0), and the aerodynamic canopy height (ha). We find a significant increasing long-term trend of dormant-season (leaf-off) ha, which closely resembles the rate of biometrically derived vertical stem growth over years. We show that the values of d and z0 trade-off with higher d and shorter z0 when leaf area is high in the growing season. Using airborne lidar measurements and a footprint model for flux-source location detection, we show that these d and z0 trade-offs also correspond with the spatial differences between taller and shorter subplot patches. We show that incorporating seasonal-scale temporal heterogeneity of d and z0 into surface-flux and ecosystem models will improve their accuracy. However, incorporating simple empirical modifications to surface-structure roughness parameters due to inter-annual variation in canopy height and leaf area did not lead to improved modeling of frictional velocity within this study. Further investigation of structure–roughness relationships is needed to incorporate these aspects. Finally, this study proposes a meteorological-based method for estimating vertical stem growth in undisturbed forest environments by tracking ha over time.
Rare B → baryon decays from CLEO

We have searched for baryon-containing radiative penguin decays in 9.7 × 106 $B\bar{B}$ events collected at the Υ(4S) with the CLEO detector. We find no evidence for such decays, and set a 90% confidence level upper limit of ${\cal B} (B \rightarrow X_s \gamma, X_s ~{\it containing~baryons}) _{E_\gamma > 2.0 \rm{~GeV}} < 3.8 \times 10^{-5}$ . Corrections to CLEO’s recent b → s γ measurement due to $B \rightarrow X_s({\it baryon}) \gamma$ decays are well within the errors quoted. A search for semileptonic decays of B mesons to $e\bar{p}$ inclusive final states in the same data sample found no evidence for such decays and set an upper limit of ${\cal B} (B \rightarrow \bar{p} e^- \bar{\nu}_e X) < 5.9 \times 10^{-4}$ . These limits suggest that external W emission is not the dominant source of baryon production in B decay. PACS: 13.20.HeDecays of Bottom Mesons – 13.40.HqElectromagnetic Decays – 13.60.RjBaryon Production
Electrocatalysis of CO2 reduction at surface modified metallic and semiconducting electrodes

Abstract The use of surface modified metallic and semiconducting electrodes for the electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 is demonstrated using electropolymerized films of [Re(CO) 3 (v-bpy) Cl](v-bpy is 4-vinyl, 4′-methyl-2,2′bipyridine). Large turnovers (ca. 600) were obtained for films on metallic electrodes (e.g. Pt). On semiconductor electrodes (p-Si and polycrystalline thin films of p-WSe 2 ) somewhat lower (450) turnovers were obtained. In both cases CO was the predominant reduction product with essentially unit current efficiency.
Mutagenic evaluations of two rubber accelerators.

Abstract Because of evidence of mutagenic activity in certain short-term in vitro assays (unpublished data) N -oxydiethylene thiocarbamyl- N -oxydiethylene sulfenamide (OTOS) and N -oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (OBTS) were studied to determine their potential to induce dominant lethal mutations. For 56 consecutive days OTOS (0, 6.25, 12.5, or 25 mg/kg) or OBTS (0, 125, 250, or 500 mg/kg) was administered by gavage to groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats, while the negative control received corn oil. Each male then was mated with two virgin females in each of two successive 1-week periods. A positive control group was given triethylenemelamine (TEM, 0.25 mg/kg) in a single ip dose 1 day prior to mating. A significant depression in body weight gain (24.8%) was observed at the highest dose for OTOS (25 mg/kg). No effect on body weight was noted for OBTS at doses as high as 500 mg/kg. Although sequalae were observed in the OBTS top-dose animals during the test period, none were ascribed clearly to the test material. Similar pregnancy rates (70 to 100%) were observed for the concurrent negative and positive controls and for all test groups of both chemicals. In the TEM controls for both compounds, the number of implantation sites and preimplantation losses were significantly decreased, and the number of early fetal deaths per pregnant female were significantly elevated. However, both OTOS and OBTS failed to produce dominant lethal mutations. The absence of a response emphasized the difficulty in using in vitro and in vivo mutagenic assays as predictors of mutagenesis in man.
Addressing Family Violence Among Dental Patients: Assessment and Intervention

Researchers in Oregon find that dental health care workers are often unsure of how to address suspicions of abuse among their patients. Health care professionals increasingly encounter family violence victims, but often do not recognize the signs of abuse. A mailed survey and personal interviews with dental health care workers reveal an uncertainty about intervening when abuse is suspected. The authors examine DHCWs exposure to family violence among their patients, educational history and thoughts about intervention.
Low energy ion scattering and recoiling

Abstract Ion scattering spectrometry was developed as a surface elemental analysis technique in the late 1960's. Further developments during the 1970's and 80's revealed the ability to obtain surface structural information. The recent use of time-of-flight (TOF) methods has led to a surface crystallography that is sensitive to all elements, including hydrogen, and the ability to directly detect hydrogen adsorption sites. TOF detection of both neutrals and ions provides the high sensitivity necessary for non-destructive analysis. Detection of atoms scattered and recoiled from surfaces in simple collision sequences, together with calculations of shadowing and blocking cones, can now be used to make direct measurements of interatomic spacings and adsorption sites within an accuracy of ≲ 0.1 A. Structures are determined by monitoring the angular anisotropies in the scattered primary and recoiled target atom flux. Applications of such surface structure and adsorption site determinations are in the fields of catalysis, thin film growth, and interfaces. This article provides a short historical account of these developments along with some examples of the most recent capabilities of the technique.
Comparative Analysis of the Major Latex Proteins of Opium Poppy

Summary Opium poppy laticifers contain a pair of low molecular weight proteins that have previously been shown to be latex specific (Plant Physiol. 79, 499, 1985). These peptides are termed the major latex proteins or MLPs. The MLP-A and MLP-B bands resolved by SDS and NP-40 PAGE produce a series of corresponding peptide fragments when cleaved with trypsin, V8 protease, or cyanogen bromide. Similar amino acid compositions for these proteins also indicate that the two MLPs are related. Additional support for a common origin for MLP-A and MLP-B is provided by the precipitation of only one band from the in vitro translation products of immature capsule mRNA by anti-MLP IgG.
Ca2+ Binding to Site I of the Cardiac Ca2+ Pump Is Sufficient to Dissociate Phospholamban

Phospholamban (PLB) inhibits the activity of SERCA2a, the Ca(2+)-ATPase in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum, by decreasing the apparent affinity of the enzyme for Ca(2+). Recent cross-linking studies have suggested that PLB binding and Ca(2+) binding to SERCA2a are mutually exclusive. PLB binds to the E2 conformation of the Ca(2+)-ATPase, preventing formation of E1, the conformation that binds two Ca(2+) (at sites I and II) with high affinity and is required for ATP hydrolysis. Here we determined whether Ca(2+) binding to site I, site II, or both sites is sufficient to dissociate PLB from the Ca(2+) pump. Seven SERCA2a mutants with amino acid substitutions at Ca(2+)-binding site I (E770Q, T798A, and E907Q), site II (E309Q and N795A), or both sites (D799N and E309Q/E770Q) were made, and the effects of Ca(2+) on N30C-PLB cross-linking to Lys(328) of SERCA2a were measured. In agreement with earlier reports with the skeletal muscle Ca(2+)-ATPase, none of the SERCA2a mutants (except E907Q) hydrolyzed ATP in the presence of Ca(2+); however, all were phosphorylatable by P(i) to form E2P. Ca(2+) inhibition of E2P formation was observed only in SERCA2a mutants retaining site I. In cross-linking assays, strong cross-linking between N30C-PLB and each Ca(2+)-ATPase mutant was observed in the absence of Ca(2+). Importantly, however, micromolar Ca(2+) inhibited PLB cross-linking only to mutants retaining a functional Ca(2+)-binding site I. The dynamic equilibrium between Ca(2+) pumps and N30C-PLB was retained by all mutants, demonstrating normal regulation of cross-linking by ATP, thapsigargin, and anti-PLB antibody. From these results we conclude that site I is the key Ca(2+)-binding site regulating the physical association between PLB and SERCA2a.
Online camera calibration and node localization in sensor networks

The use of low-cost imagers in sensor network applications is imminent. Small low-power imagers have many potential applications in visual confirmation of events, target recognition, security and entertainment. To make the autonomous operation of imager sensors in such applications possible, smart imager sensors should be able to calibrate their views with respect to other imagers in the network and should become aware of the locations of other non-imager sensors. Such calibration will allow cameras with multiple vantage points and sensors distributed in physical space to jointly undertake collaborative tasks.
The identification of taurine receptors from rat heart sarcolemma

Two sets of taurine receptors on rat heart sarcolemma have been identified. The high affinity taurine receptors (Kd=3.5×10−4M) show a non-cooperative binding profile while the low affinity taurine receptors exhibit positive cooperativity. Taurine binding to the membrane exhibits a typical bell shaped pH profile with maximum binding occurring at pH 8.0. The maximum temperature for binding is 24°C. The effect of various taurine analogues on the receptors was investigated. It was found that binding is prevented by hypotaurine and inhibited to a lesser degree by isethionic acid and cysteine sulfinic acid, while β-alanine was found to increase taurine binding. The effect of several hydrolytic enzymes was also examined and it was shown that several proteases and phospholipase C inhibit binding. The results indicate that the taurine receptors are membrane bound proteins in a phospholipid environment.
West Nile virus infection transmitted by granulocyte transfusion.

To the editor: Eleven cases of transfusion-transmitted West Nile virus (WNV) infection and associated illness have been reported from 9 blood donors since the introduction of minipool nucleic acid testing (MP-NAT) in 2003.[1][1][⇓][2]–[3][3] This number of breakthrough infections is against a
Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of chlorine nitrite, ClONO

The near-ultraviolet absorption spectrum of chlorine nitrite (ClONO) has been quantitatively investigated over the wavelength range 230-400 nm at 231 K. An absorption maximum was observed at 290 nm with a cross section of 1.5 by 10 to the -18th power sq cm. The calculated lifetime against photodissociation for ClONO in the atmosphere is 2 to 3 minutes. The large photolysis rate indicates that ClONO does not play a significant role in the stratosphere as a temporary holding tank for chlorine.
The influence of microstructure on the strength of reaction bonded silicon nitride (RBSN)

The effect of the microstructure of reaction bonded silicon nitride on strength is examined. The morphologies of the various microconstituents (alpha-matte, beta-spikes, residual silicon and porosity) each play a role in determining the strength of the material. While density and hence percent porosity greatly affect strength, it is shown that the pore size and pore size distribution affect strength with equal importance. By minimizing the pore size and distribution and maximizing the alpha-beta ratio, a reaction bonded material (2.4 kg/cu m) has been produced with a room temperature modulus of rupture (three-point bending) of 297 MPa from a low green density starting material (1.5 kg/cu m).
Optimum design of low-noise lower sideband parametric up-converters

An analysis has been carried out on a lower sideband parametric up-converter to determine the values of the source and load resistances and frequency ratio giving minimum noise figure at a specified value of gain. A similar analysis has been conducted for maximum gain-bandwidth product. The design requirements for minimum noise figure are found to differ from those for maximum gain-bandwidth product. A study is made of the effect of variation in the design parameter values on noise figure and bandwidth, from which it is concluded that maximum gain-bandwidth design is generally to be preferred for cases where both low noise figure and wide bandwidth are important.
Triazolam in Alzheimer's disease: Pilot study on sleep and memory effects

We examined the effects on sleep and memory of a nighttime dose of triazolam, 0.125 mg, in seven subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) who were reported by caregivers to be frequently up at night. Subjects were admitted to an intermediate care hospital ward for the 8-day ABA design protocol (placebo baseline-drug-placebo washout). Drug or placebo was given each evening at 2100 h. Sleep was assessed with a wrist-worn activity monitor. Memory was evaluated using a computerized delayed-matching-to-sample (DMTS) task administered at 0800 and 2130 h. Triazolam had no significant effects on total sleep time at night, latency to sleep onset, number of arousals, or time asleep during the day. DMTS performance was significantly worse at night compared to morning during baseline, but there were no significant drug effects. Our results suggest the standard geriatric dose of triazolam, 0.125 mg, may not be an effective hypnotic in AD patients with disrupted sleep, but neither does it substantially worsen the recent memory deficits of AD.
Deubiquitinases as a Signaling Target of Oxidative Stress

Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) constitute a large family of cysteine proteases that have a broad impact on numerous biological and pathological processes, including the regulation of genomic stability. DUBs are often assembled onto multiprotein complexes to assist in their localization and substrate selection, yet it remains unclear how the enzymatic activity of DUBs is modulated by intracellular signals. Herein, we show that bursts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) reversibly inactivate DUBs through the oxidation of the catalytic cysteine residue. Importantly, USP1, a key regulator of genomic stability, is reversibly inactivated upon oxidative stress. This, in part, explains the rapid nature of PCNA monoubiquitination-dependent DNA damage tolerance in response to oxidative DNA damage in replicating cells. We propose that DUBs of the cysteine protease family act as ROS sensors in human cells and that ROS-mediated DUB inactivation is a critical mechanism for fine-tuning stress-activated signaling pathways.
Using Role-Playing Game Dice to Teach the Concepts of Symmetry.

Finding and describing the location of symmetry elements in complex objects is often a difficult skill to learn. Introducing the concepts of symmetry using high-symmetry game dice is one way of helping students overcome this difficulty in introductory physical chemistry classes. The dice are inexpensive, reusable, and come in a variety of shapes and can be painted to reduce their symmetry. Because the dice have index numbers on sides or vertices, they can provide a uniform frame of reference for students and instructors. The hands-on activities using the dice can be done in class, as a dry lab, or as an out-of-class assignment.
Evaluating a Persistent Nuisance Odor in an Office Building

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a technical assistance request for a health hazard evaluation from a federal government property manager. The request conc...
Broadband Performance of TPF's High-contrast Imaging Testbed: Modeling and Simulations

The broadband performance of the high-contrast imaging testbed (HCIT) at JPL is investigated through optical modeling and simulations. The analytical tool is an optical simulation algorithm developed by combining the HCIT's optical model with a speckle-nulling algorithm that operates directly on coronagraphic images, an algorithm identical to the one currently being used on the HCIT to actively suppress scattered light via a deformable mirror. It is capable of performing full three-dimensional end-to-end near-field diffraction analysis on the HCIT's optical system. By conducting speckle-nulling optimization, we clarify the HCIT's capability and limitations in terms of its broadband contrast performance under various realistic conditions. Considered cases include non-ideal occulting masks, such as a mask with optical density and wavelength dependent parasitic phase-delay errors (i.e., a not band-limited occulting mask) and the one with an optical-density profile corresponding to a measured, non-standard profile, as well as the independently measured phase errors of all optics. Most of the information gathered on the HCIT's optical components through measurement and characterization over the last several years at JPL has been used in this analysis to make the predictions as accurate as possible. The best contrast values predicted so far by our simulations obtainable on the HCIT illuminated with a broadband light having a bandwidth of 80nm and centered at 800nm wavelength are Cm=1.1x10-8 (mean) and C4=4.9x10-8 (at 4(lamda)/D), respectively. In this paper we report our preliminary findings about the broadband light performance of the HCIT.
Fragments of terra rock in the Apollo 12 soil samples and a structural model of the moon

Abstract Samples of lunar soil collected by Apollo 12 in Oceanus Procellarum contain not only basalt fragments, obviously locally derived, but also a component (∼10%) of light-colored rock fragments that probably derive from the lunar terrae. Most of these are noritic in composition (i.e., consist of plagioclase and low-Ca pyroxenes in comparable amounts), not anorthositic as were the light-colored soil particles of Apollo 11. Texturally, they are recrystallized breccias. An evolutionary model is developed that is consistent with the properties of this and other lunar rock types, and with the geophysical properties of the Moon. (I) The surface layers of the Moon were melted to a considerable depth in early times, possibly by energy of accretion of the Moon. (II) Igneous differentiation occurred as the surface layer cooled; crystallizing plagioclase floated to the surface to form an anorthositic layer. Residual liquid beneath the anorthosite was noritic in composition. (III) Major planetesimal impacts stripped away the anorthosite cover locally, and liquid norite welled up to fill the holes (these are now the nonmascon maria, including Oceanus Procellarum). (IV) Additional major impacts occurred after complete solidification of the crustal system; (V) isostatic adjustment drove plugs of solid but plastic mantle material up into these basins (now the mascon maria). (VI) Much later, lava generated at depth in the Moon by radioactive decay erupted at the surface and pooled in the topographic lows (mare basins). The relationship of gravity and topography on the near side of the Moon can be used to construct models of crustal structure; substantial thicknesses (∼25 km) of norite beneath Oceanus Procellarum, and anorthosite beneath the central highlands, appear to be required to reconcile gravity with topography. Most of the Apollo 14 samples (crustal rocks excavated by the Imbrium impact) are noritic breccias similar to the Apollo 12 norites, except that they appear to have been melted for a brief time, probably by the Imbrium event itself.
Shifting Prehistoric Abundances of Leporids at Five Finger Ridge, a Central Utah Archaeological Site

The faunal assemblage from Five Finger Ridge, an archaeological site in central Utah that was occupied by the Fremont from approximately AD 1100 to 1350, shows marked transitions in the relative abundances of 3 leporid taxa. At the time of initial occupation of the site, Sylvilagus audubonii and Lepus sp. dominated the assemblage but through time were gradually replaced by Sylvilagus nuttallii. I contextualized the shifting frequencies of these species using independent paleovegetation data. The data collectively suggest that the altitudinal range of the leporid species shifted during occupation of the site as a response to expanding pinyon-juniper woodlands.
SERvartuka: Dynamic Distribution of State to Improve SIP Server Scalability

A growing class of applications, including VoIP, IM and presence, are enabled by the session initiation protocol (SIP). Requests in SIP typically traverse through multiple proxies. The availability of multiple proxies offers the flexibility to distribute proxy functionality across several nodes. In particular, after experimentally demonstrating that the resource consumption of maintaining state is significant, we define the problem of state distribution across multiple nodes when the goal is to increase overall call throughput. We first formulate this as an optimization problem and then derive a distributed algorithm from it. This distributed algorithm leads to the design and evaluation of SERvartuka, a more scalable SIP server that dynamically determines the number of SIP requests for which the server is stateful while delegating state maintenance for the remainder of the requests to a server further downstream. This design is in contrast to existing SIP servers that are statically configured to either be stateless or stateful and therefore result in sub-optimal call throughput. We implement SERvartuka on top of OpenSER, a commercial SIP proxy server and measure performance benefits of different server configurations. An example of our results is a 20% percent increase in call throughput when using our algorithm for a configuration of two servers in series.
Comprehensive IMRT Plus Weekly Cisplatin for Advanced Head and Neck Cancer: The University of Wisconsin Experience

Background We retrospectively examined the treatment efficacy and toxicity profile of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plus concurrent weekly cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC).
Deranged Early T Cell Development in Immunodeficient Strains of Nonobese Diabetic Mice

NOD mice exhibit defects in T cell functions that have been postulated to contribute to diabetes susceptibility in this strain. However, early T cell development in NOD mice has been largely unexplored. NOD mice with the scid mutation and Rag1 deficiency were analyzed for pre-T cell development in the NOD genetic background. These strains reveal an age-dependent, programmed breakdown in β selection checkpoint enforcement. At 5–8 wk of age, even in the absence of TCRβ expression, CD4^+ and CD4^+CD8^+ blasts appear spontaneously. However, these breakthrough cells fail to restore normal thymic cellularity. The breakthrough phenotype is recessive in hybrid (NOD×B6)F_1-scid and -Rag1^(null) mice. The breakthrough cells show a mosaic phenotype with respect to components of the β selection program. They mimic normal β selection by up-regulating germline TCR-Cα transcripts, CD2, and Bcl-x_L and down-regulating Bcl-2. However, they fail to down-regulate transcription factors HEB-alt and Hes1 and initially express aberrantly high levels of Spi-B, c-kit (CD117), and IL-7Rα. Other genes examined distinguish this form of breakthrough from previously reported models. Some of the abnormalities appear first in a cohort of postnatal thymocytes as early as the double-negative 2/double-negative 3 transitional stage. Thus, our results reveal an NOD genetic defect in T cell developmental programming and checkpoint control that permits a subset of the normal outcomes of pre-TCR signaling to proceed even in the absence of TCRβ rearrangement. Furthermore, this breakthrough may initiate thymic lymphomagenesis that occurs with high frequency in both NOD-scid and -Rag1^(null) mice.
The effects of navigational control and environmental detail on learning in 3D virtual environments

Studying what design features are necessary and effective for educational virtual environments (VEs), we focused on two design issues: level of environmental detail and method of navigation. In a controlled experiment, participants studied animal facts distributed among different locations in an immersive VE. Participants viewed the information as either an automated tour through the environment or with full navigational control. The experiment also compared two levels of environmental detail: a sparse environment with only the animal fact cards and a detailed version that also included landmark items and ground textures. The experiment tested memory and understanding of the animal information. Though neither environmental detail nor navigation type significantly affected learning outcomes, the results suggest that manual navigation may have negatively affected the learning activity. Also, learning scores were correlated with both spatial ability and video game usage, suggesting that educational VEs may not be an appropriate presentation method for some learners.
THE TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AND MONOCROTALINE EXPOSURES INFLUENCES TOXICITY: SHIFT IN RESPONSE FROM HEPATOTOXICITY TO NITRIC OXIDE-DEPENDENT LETHALITY

Liver injury from a variety of hepatotoxicants, including the food-borne phytotoxin monocrotaline (MCT), can be augmented by exposure to a noninjurious dose of the inflammagen bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In a previous study, a nontoxic dose of LPS given 4 h after MCT resulted in synergistic hepatotoxicity within 12-18 h. This study was designed to determine whether temporal differences in MCT and LPS exposure affect toxicity. When LPS (3.4 2 10 6 EU/kg; iv) was given one hour before MCT (100 mg/kg; ip), hepatotoxicity developed between 4 and 8 h after MCT administration, and mortality was much greater than when LPS was administered 4 h after MCT. To explore this difference, the temporal relationship between LPS and MCT exposure (7.4 2 10 6 EU/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively) was altered. Twenty-four-hour survival was high in animals that received LPS 4 h before (86%) or after (88%) MCT, but it decreased markedly when LPS was administered 1 h before MCT (17%). Using this latter dosing regimen, anima...
Evaluation of elevated dietary corn fiber from corn germ meal in growing female pigs.

To evaluate the effects of dietary hemi- cellulose from corn on growth and metabolic measures, female pigs (n = 48; initial BW 30.8 kg) were fed di- ets containing 0 to 38.6% solvent-extracted corn germ meal for 28 d. Increasing the hemicellulose level had no impact on ADG or ADFI, but resulted in a quadratic response (P < 0.03) on G:F. To investigate physiologi- cal changes that occur with increased dietary hemicel- lulose, blood, colon contents, and tissue samples from the liver and intestine were obtained from a subset (n = 16; 8 pigs/treatment) of pigs fed the least and great- est hemicellulose levels. The abundance of phospho- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mitochondrial respiratory protein, cytochrome C oxidase II (COXII) were determined in liver, jejunum, ileum, and colon by Western blotting. The mRNA expression levels of AMPKα1, AMPKα2, PPAR coactivator 1α (PGC1-α), PPARγ2, and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) were determined in liver and intestinal tis- sues. When compared with pigs fed the control diet, pigs fed the high hemicellulose diet had increased (P < 0.02) plasma triglycerides, but there was no differ- ence in plasma cholesterol, glucose, or insulin. Absolute and relative liver weights were decreased (P < 0.03) in pigs consuming the high hemicellulose diet. The high- fiber diet led to a tendency (P < 0.12) for decreased liver triglyceride content. In pigs fed the high hemicel- lulose diet, ileal mucosal alkaline phosphatase activity was increased (P < 0.08) and sucrase activity tended (P < 0.12) to be increased. The high hemicellulose diet had no effect on phospho-AMPK, AMPK mRNA, or colonic VFA, but in pigs consuming the high fiber diet there was a greater (P < 0.05) abundance of COXII in colon tissue. The expression of PGC1-α, PPARγ, or Sirt1 mRNA was not altered by dietary fiber in liver, jejunum, or ileum tissue. In colon tissue from pigs fed the high fiber diet there was an increase (P < 0.09) in Sirt1 mRNA and a trend (P < 0.12) toward increased of PGC1-α mRNA. These data suggest that alterations in metabolism involved in adaptation to a diet high in hemicellulose are associated with increased colonic Sirt1 mRNA and COXII expression, indicating an increased propensity for oxidative metabolism by the intestine.
The Enhancement of Graduate Digital Forensics Education via the DC3 Digital Forensics Challenge

This paper describes supplementing the digital forensics course at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) with the highly-successful DoD Cyber Crime Center (DC3) Digital Forensics Challenge. The DC3 Digital Forensics Challenge consists of several difficult digital forensic tasks. The knowledge and skills required to complete these tasks often resides outside of the material presented in a graduate digital forensics course. By utilizing concepts taught in AFITs digital forensics course, a team of four graduate students won the 2007 competition. In this paper, we explain how our team used forensically sound principles learned in class, reinforcing the class concepts, coupled with oldfashioned hard work to successfully complete the challenge.
Secondary hematological malignancies following breast cancer treatment

Breast cancer (BC) incidence has increased among women in most Western countries. Concurrently, the survival time of BC patients has increased with 5-year survival rates reaching 80–90%. Secondary hematological malignancies (SHM) following BC treatment are an issue of concern to clinicians and also to patients and their families. However, therapy-induced leukemia after BC is an underemphasized clinical problem. In this review, we will focus on the incidences and patterns of occurrence of SHM in patients with BC. We will address risk factors for the development of SHM and we will explore how secondary hematological malignancies impact the survival of BC patients.
The acquisition of complex sentences: a cross-linguistic study

The paper reports the results of a test involving grammaticality judgments of English sentences given to native speakers of Spanish and Mandarin Chinese studying English as a second language. A detailed account is presented of aspects of Spanish and Chinese syntax that might explain the performance of the subjects, and an appeal is made for a more thorough search for and description of the areas of syntax in which language transfer is most likely to take place, based upon the study of acquisition data involving many different L1s and L2s. The results suggest that interference can come from sources not specified in traditional contrastive analyses and that researchers therefore must not restrict themselves to testing these analyses.
Targeting Nucleophosmin 1 Represents a Rational Strategy for Radiation Sensitization

Purpose To test the hypothesis that small molecule targeting of nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) represents a rational approach for radiosensitization. Methods and Materials Wilde-type and NPM1-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) were used to determine whether radiosensitization produced by the small molecule YTR107 was NPM1 dependent. The stress response to ionizing radiation was assessed by quantifying pNPM1, γH2AX, and Rad51 foci, neutral comet tail moment, and colony formation. NPM1 levels in a human-derived non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue microarray (TMA) were determined by immunohistochemistry. YTR107-mediated radiosensitization was assessed in NSCLC cell lines and xenografts. Results Use of NPM1-null MEFs demonstrated that NPM1 is critical for DNA double- strand break (DSB) repair, that loss of NPM1 increases radiation sensitivity, and that YTR107-mediated radiosensitization is NPM1 dependent. YTR107 was shown to inhibit NPM1 oligomerization and impair formation of pNPM1 irradiation-induced foci that colocalized with γH2AX foci. Analysis of the TMA demonstrated that NPM1 is overexpressed in subsets of NSCLC. YTR107 inhibited DNA DSB repair and radiosensitized NSCLC lines and xenografts. Conclusions These data demonstrate that YTR107-mediated targeting of NPM1 impairs DNA DSB repair, an event that increases radiation sensitivity.
Seismic Stratigraphy of Lower Cretaceous Carbonate Platforms and Margins, Eastern Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT

Detailed seismic stratigraphic studies document the development of Lower Cretaceous platforms and margins along the Florida Escarpment and Jordan Knoll in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Four different areas are characterized by relating seismic facies to depositional models: (1) northwest of DeSoto Canyon a rimmed platform margin with low paleo-relief (about 1,500 m over a distance of 20 km) grew in a stationary manner and developed an accretionary slope, (2) a rimmed platform with high paleo-relief (about 2,500 m over a distance of 6 km) is exposed along the Florida Escarpment from DeSoto Canyon south to about 24°30^primeN (this part of the platform margin also grew in a stationary manner but developed a bypass slope), (3) a rimmed platform margin with moderate paleo-r lief evolved from about 24°30^primeN south to the Straits of Florida, and (4) an isolated platform with steep paleo-relief formed on a basement high at Jordan Knoll west of the Florida Escarpment. This platform also grew in a stationary manner and developed bypass slopes. The evolution of the various types of platform margins is related to their overall tectonic setting. Two episodes of platform drowning have been identified: (1) middle to late Albian(?) with the development of intrashelf basins and (2) middle Cenomanian when the platforms were terminally drowned due to a rapid change in relative sea level. Erosional truncation of reflections along the base of the Florida Escarpment suggests that parts of the platform margin have retreated up to 2-5 km since the middle Cenomanian. End_of_Article - Last_Page 246------------
Molluscan marginalia: serration at the lip edge in gastropods

The shells of many marine gastropods have ventrally directed serrations (serial projections) at the edge of the adult outer lip. These poorly studied projections arise as extensions either of external spiral cords or of interspaces between cords. This paper describes taxonomic, phylogenetic, architectural and functional aspects of serrations. Cord-associated serrations occur in cerithiids, strombids, the personid Distorsio anus, ocenebrine muricids and some cancellariids. Interspace-associated serrations are phylogenetically much more widespread, and occur in at least 16 family-level groups. The nature of serration may be taxonomically informative in some fissurellids, littorinids, strombids and costellariids, among other groups. Serrated outer lips occur only in gastropods in which the apex points more backward than upward, but the presence of serrations is not a necessary byproduct of the formation of spiral sculptural elements. In hard-bottom gastropods that do not flee from predators, pointed serrations may resist shear when the shell is clamped firmly to the substratum. The functions of serration in other gastropods are less clear, but likely involve defence against predators with soft feeding structures in some cases. © 2014 The Author 2014.