cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Herbert: a motion-controlled mobile game

Smartphone games lack the hardware interface afforded by other gaming media like controllers for consoles, keyboard and mouse for PCs, joysticks and buttons on arcade cabinets, etc. As such, many popular games focus on puzzle mechanics using the touch screen interface, such as Angry Birds[1] or Cut the Rope[2]. We focused on skill-based, reactionary gameplay with an intuitive and unique control scheme in Herbert, where the player moves the character around the world by tilting the device and free oneself from traps by shaking the device. We did this in order to minimize on-screen GUI clutter found in other games such as OMG Pirates![3], Street Fighter IV[4] and Zombieville, USA[5] while retaining the challenge enjoyment, and intuitiveness of skill based gaming. The web version of the game can be played at: https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~amd435/Herbert_Web.html
Selective analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for the study of specific functions of Vitamin D

Abstract New analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 synthesized in our research group that show selective activity in vivo are presented along with supporting biological results. Compounds that act preferentially on intestine are 2-(3′-propylidene-19-nor-(20S or 20R))-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and 2-methylene-19-21-dinor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 . Compounds that act anabolically to induce bone formation are 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (2MD), the 2α-methyl derivative, the 26,27-dimethyl derivative, and the 26-dimethylene derivative. Compounds that act preferentially on parathyroid glands are 2-methylene-19-nor-1α-hydroxy-homopregnacalciferol, the 20S-bishomo derivative and the 2-methylene-19,26,27-trinor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 . These latter compounds do not elevate serum calcium until doses of the order of >300 μg/kg body weight are used, while parathyroid hormone levels are suppressed at much lower doses. Some of these novel analogs may ultimately be useful as new and safer therapeutic agents. Regardless of their clinical utility, they represent valuable research tools that can be used to study the specific functions of the Vitamin D hormone in vivo .
Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of a novel ferromagnetic cluster [FeV6O6{(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)}6]Cl2

Abstract A rarely observed ferromagnetic polyoxocationic cluster, [FeV6O6{(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)}6]Cl2, composed of metallocyclic core and containing an array of six d1 ions {V(IV)} around high spin d6(FeII) center, exhibiting useful magnetic properties has been synthesized and fully characterized.
The Influence of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones on Drought over the Eastern United States (1980–2007)

AbstractTo assess the influence of Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) on the eastern U.S. drought regime, the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface hydrologic model was run over the eastern United States forced by the North American Land Data Assimilation System phase 2 (NLDAS-2) analysis with and without TC-related precipitation for the period 1980–2007. A drought was defined in terms of soil moisture as a prolonged period below a percentile threshold. Different duration droughts were analyzed—short term (longer than 30 days) and long term (longer than 90 days)—as well as different drought severities corresponding to the 10th, 15th, and 20th percentiles of soil moisture depth. With TCs, droughts are shorter in duration and of a lesser spatial extent. Tropical cyclones variously impact soil moisture droughts via late drought initiation, weakened drought intensity, and early drought recovery. At regional scales, TCs decreased the average duration of moderately severe short-term and long-term drou...
Composition dependence of interband transition intensities in GaPN, GaAsN, and GaPAs alloys

Using large (512-atom) pseudopotential supercell calculations, we have investigated the composition dependence of the momentum matrix element ${M}_{v,c}$ for transitions between the valence-band maximum and the conduction-band minimum of three semiconductor alloys: ${\mathrm{GaP}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{N}}_{x}$ and ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{N}}_{x},$ exhibiting large chemical and size differences between their alloyed elements, and ${\mathrm{GaP}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{As}}_{x},$ which is a weakly perturbed alloy. In the composition ranges where these alloys have a direct band gap, we find that (i) in ${\mathrm{GaP}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{As}}_{x},$ ${M}_{v,c}$ is large (like the virtual-crystal value) and nearly composition independent; (ii) in ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{N}}_{x},$ ${M}_{v,c}$ is strongly composition dependent: large for small $x$ and small for large $x;$ and (iii) in ${\mathrm{GaP}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{N}}_{x},$ ${M}_{v,c}$ is only slightly composition dependent and is significantly reduced relative to the virtual-crystal value. The different behavior of ${\mathrm{GaP}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{As}}_{x},$ ${\mathrm{GaP}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{N}}_{x},$ and ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{N}}_{x}$ is traced to the existence/absence of impurity levels at the dilute alloy limits: (a) there are no gap-level impurity states at the $x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ or $x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ limits of ${\mathrm{GaP}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{As}}_{x},$ (b) an isolated As impurity in GaN ($\mathrm{GaN}:\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}$) has a deep band gap impurity level but no deep impurity state is found for N in GaAs, and (c) $\mathrm{GaN}:\mathrm{P}$ exhibits a P-localized deep band-gap impurity state and $\mathrm{GaP}:\mathrm{N}$ has an N-localized resonant state. The existence of deep levels leads to wave-function localization in real space, thus to a spectral spread in momentum space and to a reduction of ${M}_{v,c}.$ These impurity levels are facilitated by atomic relaxations, as evident by the fact that unrelaxed $\mathrm{GaN}:\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}$ and $\mathrm{GaN}:\mathrm{P}$, show no deep levels, have extended wave functions, and have large interband transition elements.
Conversion of site-specific deuterated closo-1,2- and 1,7-C2B10H12 to deuterated nido-7,8- and 7,9-[C2B9H12]− ions, respectively; mechanistic inferences. Comparisons of GIAO-NMR generated [C2B9H12]− chemical shifts with experimental values, and consideration of two principal isomers of the 7,8-[C2B9H12]− ion by comparison of geometry optimization data, NMR chemical shift data, and NMR coupling data to respective experimental data

Abstract Regioselective deuterated nido -[C 2 B 9 H 12 ] − ions were obtained from a fluoride ion promoted debor reaction of deuterated closo -1, X -C 2 B 10 H 12 ( X =2, 7) cage compounds. The position(s) of the deuterium atom(s) in the product, as determined by NMR, were consistent with the prior suggestion that a boron neighboring both cage carbons in the starting material is the atom that is removed in this reaction. Ab-initio geometry optimized structures of the nido systems were obtained and compared with available literature structures; and ab-initio/NMR calculated data, as well as FPT-INDO calculational results are compared with the experimental data for the two probable structures previously proposed for the 7,8- isomer of the nido -[C 2 B 9 H 12 ] − ion. Additionally, ab-initio/NMR calculations on geometry optimized structures were used to confirm 11 B NMR assignments.
Applications of whole body vibration therapy in the clinical setting: a brief review

Introduction:Whole body vibration therapy (WBV) is an emerging treatment modality that is currently being applied to many age-related chronic conditions including balance and gait deficiencies, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, cystic fibrosis, Parkinson's disease, and peripheral neuropathy. However, while many preliminary studies have demonstrated intriguing results for WBV as a therapy for several chronic conditions, WBV remains an enigma in the medical community, partially due to a lack of any comprehensive reviews of the literature. The purpose of this study is to provide a concise review of the theoretical basis for whole body vibration as well as its experimental clinical applications. Methods:38 studies were included, which examined the application of WBV for six known conditions. Since few trials have been conducted, specific inclusion criteria based on study methodology were deemed to be inappropriate for this review. Results:This review shows conclusive results supporting the use of WBV therapy ...
Cyclooxygenase inhibition in sepsis: is there life after death?

Prostaglandins are important mediators and modulators of the inflammatory response to infection. The prostaglandins participate in the pathogenesis of hemodynamic collapse, organ failure, and overwhelming inflammation that characterize severe sepsis and shock. In light of this, cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibiting pharmacological agents have been extensively studied for their capacity to ameliorate the aberrant physiological and immune responses during severe sepsis. Animal models of sepsis, using the systemic administration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or live pathogens, have been used to examine the effectiveness of COX inhibition as a treatment for severe sepsis. These studies have largely shown beneficial effects on mortality. However, human studies have failed to show clinical utility of COX inhibitor treatment in severely septic patients. Why this approach “worked” in animals but not in humans might reflect differences in the controlled nature of animal investigations compared to human studies. This paper contrasts the impact of COX inhibitors on mortality in animal models of sepsis and human studies of sepsis and examines potential reasons for differences between these two settings.
Microbial Control of Silicate Weathering in Organic-Rich Ground Water

An in situ microcosm study of the influence of surface-adhering bacteria on silicate diagenesis in a shallow petroleum-contaminated aquifer showed that minerals were colonized by indigenous bacteria and chemically weathered at a rate faster than theoretically predicted. Feldspar and quartz fragments were placed in anoxic, organic-rich ground water, left for 14 months, recovered, and compared to unreacted controls with scanning electron microscopy. Ground-water geochemistry was characterized before and after the experiment. Localized mineral etching probably occurred in a reaction zone at the bacteria-mineral interface where high concentrations of organic acids, formed by bacteria during metabolism of hydrocarbon, selectively mobilized silica and aluminum from the mineral surface.
A study of reliability patterns by simultaneous clustering: a matrix factorization approach

With the growth of users' ability to create and publish content online, online reviews have become a valuable and influential tool in the decision-making process. However, due to increased competition, delivery of trustworthy review service is challenging for a website because businesses can manipulate their own or their competitor's reviews. The review reliability issue is studied quantitatively here from the data mining perspective. A simultaneous clustering is performed for both reviewers and products by applying a matrix factorization approach. A tri-factorization algorithm is proposed to factorize a data model into three factor matrices and these sub-matrices can reveal review reliability patterns. The results also can rank reviewer groups in terms of products. This approach provides a new framework for examining the reputation of past reviews and predicting the helpfulness of reviewers for new products.
Non-spatial pre-training in the water maze as a clinically relevant model for evaluating learning and memory in experimental TBI

Abstract Explicit and implicit learning and memory networks exist where each network can facilitate or inhibit cognition. Clinical evidence suggests that implicit networks are relatively preserved after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Non-spatial pre-training (NSPT) in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) provides the necessary behavioral components to complete the task, while limiting the formation of spatial maps. Our study utilized NSPT in the MWM to assess implicit and explicit learning and memory system deficits in the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI. 76 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided: CCI vs. sham surgery, NSPT vs. No-NSPT, and cued vs. non-cued groups. NSPT occurred for 4d prior to surgery (dynamic hidden platform location, extra-maze cues covered, static pool entry point). Acquisition (d14–18), Probe/Visible Platform (d19), and Reversal (d20–21) trials were conducted with or without extra-maze cues. Novel time allocation and search strategy selection metrics were utilized. Results indicated implicit and explicit learning/memory networks are distinguishable in the MWM. In the cued condition, NSPT reduced thigmotaxis, improved place learning, and largely eliminated the apparent injury-induced deficits typically observed between untrained CCI and sham rats. However, among NSPT groups, incorporation of cues into search strategy selection for CCI rats was relatively impaired compared to shams. Non-cued condition performance showed sham/NSPT and CCI/NSPT rats perform similarly, suggesting implicit memory networks are largely intact 2 weeks after CCI. Place learning differences between CCI/NSPT and sham/NSPT rats more accurately reflect spatial deficits in our CCI model compared to untrained controls. These data suggest NSPT as a clinically relevant construct for evaluating potential neurorestorative and neuroprotective therapies. These findings also support development of non-spatial cognitive training paradigms for evaluating rehabilitation relevant combination therapies.
Promoting female condom use to heterosexual couples: findings from a randomized clinical trial.

The female condom remains the only female-initiated method for preventing pregnancy and STDs including HIV. Innovative methods for promoting its use and for involving male partners in its use are needed. A sample of 217 women and their main male sexual partners were randomly assigned to one of three study conditions: a six-session relationship-based STD prevention intervention provided to the couple together the same intervention provided to the woman only or a single-session education control provided to the woman only. Assessments were conducted at baseline and three months postintervention. Contrast coding was used to examine whether the effects of the two active interventions differed from those of the control intervention and whether the effects of the two active interventions differed from each other. Regression analyses were used to estimate treatment effects. During follow-up participants in either active intervention were more likely to use a female condom with their study partner and with all partners and used female condoms at a higher rate with all partners than individuals assigned to the control intervention; at the end of three months they were more likely to intend to use the condom in the next 90 days. No significant differences in outcomes were found between the active intervention groups. Focusing on both a woman and her main male sexual partner is efficacious in increasing female condom use and intention to use among heterosexual couples at risk for HIV and other STDs. (authors)
Models and Maps from the Marshall Islands: A Case in Ethnomathematics

Stick charts are a significant part of the Marshallese navigation tradition. Here we focus on the mathematical ideas of modeling and mapping embodied in these charts as well as on the ideas about wave dynamics that they incorporate. These planar representations were used to teach prospective navigators the principles and specifics of the unique Marshallese system of “wave piloting.”
Genome-wide interrogation of hepatic FXR reveals an asymmetric IR-1 motif and synergy with LRH-1

We used mouse hepatic chromatin enriched with an FXR antibody and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) to evaluate FXR binding on a genome-wide scale. This identified 1656 FXR-binding sites and 10% were located within 2 kb of a transcription start site which is much higher than predicted by random occurrence. A motif search uncovered a canonical nuclear receptor IR-1 site, consistent with in vitro DNA-binding studies reported previously. A separate nuclear receptor half-site for monomeric receptors such as LRH-1 was co-enriched and FXR activation of four newly identified promoters was significantly augmented by an LRH-1 expression vector in a co-transfection assay. There were 1038 genes located within 20 kb of a peak and a gene set enrichment analysis showed that genes identified by our ChIP-seq analysis are highly correlated with genes activated by an FXR-VP16 adenovirus in primary mouse hepatocytes providing functional relevance to the genome-wide binding study. Gene Ontology analysis showed FXR-binding sites close to many genes in lipid, fatty acid and steroid metabolism. Other broad gene clusters related to metabolism, transport, signaling and glycolysis were also significantly enriched. Thus, FXR may have a much wider role in cellular metabolism than previously appreciated.
Radiofrequency ablation of incidental benign small renal mass: outcomes and follow-up protocol.

Objective To review our 10-year experience with radiofrequency ablation, focusing on the outcomes for the incidental benign renal tumor. Tumor ablation is an alternative minimally invasive approach for the treatment of small renal masses (SRMs), with published series appropriately emphasizing the outcomes for the renal cell carcinoma subset of treated tumors. However, just as with partial nephrectomy, approximately 20% of SRMs are benign. The intermediate- to long-term outcome of the incidentally ablated benign tumor and its appropriate follow-up protocol is unknown. Methods All SRMs treated with temperature-based radiofrequency ablation from 2001 to 2011 were reviewed. Of a total of 280 enhancing SRMs biopsied at radiofrequency ablation, 47 were confirmed as benign tumors. Ablation success was defined as the lack of enhancement on the initial postablation axial imaging. Recurrence was defined as tumor growth and enhancement on follow-up axial imaging. Results Of the 47 benign tumors, 32 were treated percutaneously and 15 laparoscopically. The histologic biopsy finding was angiomyolipoma in 10 and oncocytoma in 37. The median tumor size was 2 cm (range 1-3.6), and the mean follow-up was 45 months. No recurrences developed, and all lesions required only 1 treatment session. The median pre- and postoperative glomerular filtration rate was 77 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (range 39-137) and 68 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (range 36-137). The present study was limited by its retrospective nature and small sample population. Conclusion Radiofrequency ablation of SRMs
Brief Report: Enhanced Picture Naming in Autism

Language and communication deficits are key diagnostic criteria for autism. However, not all aspects of language are equally affected. Here we present evidence of enhanced performance of a critical aspect of language—word processing—in children with autism. The results have implications for explanatory theories of autism and language, and for the development of therapeutic approaches.
Remarks on the identifiability of thurstonian ranking models: Case V, case III, or neither?

It is well-known that the representations of the Thurstonian Case III and Case V models for paired comparison data are not unique. Similarly, when analyzing ranking data, other equivalent covariance structures can substitute for those given by Thurstone in these cases. That is, we may more broadly define the family of covariance structures satisfying Case III and Case V conditions. This paper introduces the notion of equivalence classes which defines a more meaningful partition of the covariance structures of the Thurstonian ranking models. In addition, the equivalence classes of Case V and Case III are completely characterized.
Interactive mechanical and chemical degradation in organic materials

Abstract A theory of interactive mechanical and chemical degradation is derived for organic materials. In the uncoupled form, the mechanical degradation is taken to be that derived from flaw growth theory for polymers. The uncoupled chemical degradation is described by first-order reaction rate theory as applied to static strength. In combined effect, the two mechanisms of degradation are coupled through the concept and characterization of intrinsic strength. Theoretical predictions are made for the lifetime of polymeric materials simultaneously acted upon by a constant load and a chemically active environment. Our results are compared with experimental data upon the lifetime of composite aramid strands.
Succession of Manure Arthropods at a Poultry Farm in Massachusetts, USA, With Observations on Carcinops Pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae) Sex Ratios, Ovarian Condition, And Body Size

Succession of arthropods associated with poultry manure was monitored in 2 enclosed caged layer houses throughout a 16-wk manure accumulation cycle (May–Sept.) in central Massachusetts, USA. Coproica hirtula (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) and acarid mites were the first arthropods to become established, followed by Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acari: Macrochelidae) and Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae). Macrocheles abundance peaked at 7 wk post-cleanout, while Carcinops adults increased in number throughout the cycle. Carcinops sex ratios were significantly male-biased (1.5:1) early in the cycle, approached 1:1 in the middle weeks, and were significantly male-biased again (1.9:1) in later weeks. Significantly smaller Carcinops adults appeared following peaks of numbers of immatures. Adult beetles collected during peaks of predator abundance had ovaries significantly less developed than those from lower-density populations.
Naphthoflavone propargyl ether inhibitors of cytochrome P450

Cytochrome P450 enzymes protect the body from foreign substances through a mechanism that involves oxidation of those substances into more readily excretable polar compounds. It has been shown that some naphthoflavones function as substrates of certain P450 enzymes (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) and with appropriate structural changes may become inhibitors. Moreover, propargyl ether derivatives of adamantane have been shown to function as selective inactivators of some P450 enzymes (CYP2B1 and CYP2B5). In an attempt to improve the potency and selectivity of inhibition, we have designed and synthesized a series of naphthoflavone propargyl ethers. We report here the synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, and inhibition data (IC50 of EROD inhibition in CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 enzymes) of α-naphthoflavone 2′-propargyl ether, β-naphthoflavone 2′-propargyl ether, α-naphthoflavone 4′-propargyl ether, and β-naphthoflavone 4′-propargyl ether. Crystallographic data: α-naphthoflavone 2′-propargyl ether, $$P\bar 1$$ , a=7.775(1) A, b=8.062(1) A, c=13.110(1) A, α=84.32(1)°, β=75.42(1)°, γ=86.56(1)°, V=790.8(2) A3; β-naphthoflavone 2′-propargyl ether, $$P\bar 1$$ , a=7.605(2) A, b=7.793(1) A, c=14.167(2) A, α=77.06(1)°, β=75.41(1)°, γ=89.54(1)°, V=790.9(2) A3; α-naphthoflavone 4′-propargyl ether, P21/n, a=14.595(2) A, b=4.708(1) A, c=24.745(6) A, β=106.31(2)°, V=1631.8(7) A3; β-naphthoflavone 4′-propargyl ether, P1, a=4.8871(5) A, b= 7.9597(7) A, c=21.788(3) A, α=81.771(9)°, β=89.918(10)°, γ=72.223(8)°, V= 797.9(2) A3.
Modes of transmission of Nosema plodiae Kellen and Lindegren, a pathogen of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)

Abstract Nosema plodiae may be transmitted perorally, transovarially, venereally, and by microinoculation. The pathogen invades the reproductive organs of both sexes of Plodia interpunctella , and data are presented to show that such infections reduce adult fecundity. Diseased males may transmit spores to healthy females, and in tests the progeny of one such infected female subsequently became infected. In contrast, 27 per cent of the progenies of diseased females paired with healthy males acquired infections transovarially. Peroral transmission was effected by microfeeding larvae, or by simply mixing rearing media with infective spores. In confined laboratory cultures, larvae acquired infections by scavenger feeding on infected dry cadavers, and by eating media contaminated with webbing, meconia, and feces that harbored spores.
Regulation of mitogen- and TCGF-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis by prostaglandins and supernatant from equine embryos and endometrium.

Abstract Immunosuppressive substances which interfere with lymphocyte blastogenesis are released in vitro by embryos and endometrium from mares in early pregnancy. Immunosuppression was not evident when tissues were cultured in the presence of indomethacin (a prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor). Various prostaglandins ( PGs ) were added to equine lymphocytes and lymphocyte proliferation was measured after the addition of concanavalin A (Con A) or phytohaemagglutinin A ( PHA ). PGE 2 and PGF 2α inhibited Con A-induced blastogenesis down to final concentrations of 1·8 × 10−9 M and 1·3 × 10−6 M, respectively. Other PGs tested (6-keto- PGF 1α and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto- PGF 2α) did not affect Con A-induced blastogenesis. PHA -induced blastogenesis was inhibited by concentrations down to 1·8 × 10−9 M PGE 2, 3·3 × 10−7 M PGF 2α and 2·8 × 10−4 M 6-keto- PGF 1α. At all concentrations, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto- PGF 2α only slightly reduced PHA -induced blastogenesis. Therefore, PGE 2 was the only prostaglandin tested which, at physiological concentrations, significantly inhibited incorporation of [3H] thymidine. The mechanism of PGE 2-mediated suppression was studied by adding PGE 2 and T cell growth factors ( TCGF ) to TCGF -responsive lymphocytes. PGE 2 reduced the TCGF -mediated blastogenic response in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, culture supernatant frpm embryos and endometrium from 14-day pregnant mares inhibited lymphocyte blastogenesis induced by TCGF . These results show that PGE 2 interferes with lymphocyte blastogenesis by TCGF -dependent mechanisms. It is suggested that the PGE 2 present in the uterus of the early pregnant mare may be one of the factors involved in immunosuppression at the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy.
An approach to computer control for legged vehicles

Abstract Observation of the locomotion of animals and human beings in difficult terrain makes it quite obvious that legged locomotion offers substantial mobility advantages over conventional wheeled or tracked systems. However, effective adaptation of legged locomotion principles to off-road vehicles has to date been frustrated by the complexity of the joint coordination control problem and by the lack of suitable sources of power for individual leg joints. This paper is addressed to the first problem and is intended to show that some of the techniques used in aircraft autopilots can be adapted to legged vehicle control. The main results presented are derived from a computer simulation study of a system in which vehicle speed and direction are determined by a human operator while individual joint commands are generated automatically by a digital computer. Present indications are that such a vehicle might be as easy to control as a conventional wheeled or tracked automotive system.
Symptom Reduction and Enhancement of Psychosocial Functioning Utilizing a Relational Group Treatment Program for Dependent/Codependent Population

Abstract A therapeutic group focusing on family of origin and current relationships was developed to treat psychiatric symptoms and improve psychosocial functioning. The treatment program was curriculum-based and consisted of twelve sessions. Sixty-nine clients were enrolled in one of the eight 12-week group programs. Results indicated a significant reduction in depressive and anxiety related symptoms as well as improved perceptions of locus of control and codependent behavior following participation. These changes were maintained at six-month follow up. Findings from this study suggest that a structured group focusing on patterns in current and past relationships may be a clinically efficacious and cost effective approach for treating both psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial impairment.
Wayside Communications: CBTC Data Communications Subsystems

This article will focus on how data communications subsystems (DCSs) provide radio frequency (RF) coverage, how they deal with and mitigate RF interference and multipath fading, and how they make use of sophisticated signal-processing techniques to improve performance in the face of a harsh propagation environment. The various DCSs used on many ?communications-based train control (CBTC) system projects planned and in service throughout North America, Europe, and Asia are surveyed. The article will also focus on the RF characteristics of the DCS so as to highlight the similarities and common challenges that all DCSs face with a view to presenting best practice and innovative design.
The syntactic density score revisited: which of its components matter in the oral language of 9-15 year olds?:

The Syntactic Density Score (SDS) is an index of language complexity computed from 10 variously weighted component variables. The SDS has been criticized as being redundant with one of its own component variables, as being arbitrarily weighted, and as having a serious scoring anomaly. The purposes of this study were to determine if group effects would be found by using the raw scores of the 10 variables without the weightings and to see which of these variables would contribute most to group differences among older children. Language samples from 72 learning disabled students and a matched group of normally achieving peers (age range 9.0 to 15.0) were analysed. A MANOVA revealed no significant overall effect for ability nor for ability X age inter action. These was, however, a significant effect of age. Discriminant analysis with stepwise variable selection identified gerunds, verbs, prepositional phrases and number of subordinate clauses per T-unit as components of the SDS which could be used to determin...
Contribution of the αEC Domain to the Structure and Function of Fibrinogen‐420

In addition to the conventional fibrinogen with its alpha, beta, and gamma subunit chains, there is a subclass of fibrinogen molecules, accounting for one percent of the total in human adults, in which both alpha chains have been replaced by extended alpha chains (alpha E) that sport a globular C-terminal domain (alpha EC) comparable to beta C and gamma C. Using nomenclature based on molecular weight, the subclass of alpha E-containing molecules has been named fibrinogen-420 to differentiate it from the better known fibrinogen, now referred to as fibrinogen-340. Review of the events leading to the discovery of fibrinogen-420 in the early 1990s and its subsequent characterization, culminating in the crystal structure of its unique alpha EC domains, highlights special aspects of its evolutionary history, outstanding features of its structure, and the perplexities of its biology. Various working hypotheses that have driven prior investigation are evaluated and practical insights are offered to spur further research into the role of fibrinogen-420.
Patent Update Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: Agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: Part 6

This patent update relates to neurodegenerative diseases for both the peripheral and central nervous systems. The patenting activity is described and summarised for the period between July and December 1995. The newly disclosed agents are listed by their actual or proposed biological mechanism. While many patent applications include agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, this review cites only those patents which either disclose biological data to support potential activity, display novel structures or claim relatively unexplored mechanisms for neuroprotection.
The surface enhanced Raman spectrum of 2,6-lutidine

Abstract The surface enhanced Raman spectrum of 2,6-lutidine adsorbed on a polycrystalline Ag surface is reported along with a discussion of the effect on the methyl vibrations of adsorption on the electrode. The observation of an AgN stretch and small shifts of the methyl vibrations on the surface lead to a model of the molecule-surface interaction. If the molecule is adsorbed on a (100) or (110) face, surface roughness on an atomic scale is required to explain the observations. If the molecule is adsorbed on a (111) face, no surface roughness need be invoked. In either case a metalnitrogen bond somewhere between the van der Waals (physisorbed) and covalent (chemisorbed) limits is indicated.
Mechanism of graphite baffle gettering in organometallic vapor phase epitaxy; Adsorption of trimethylaluminum on graphite.

The adsorption of trimethyaluminum (TMA) on graphite surfaces was investigated using a controlled gas flow system and a molecular beam mass spectrometer. Values for the amount of TMA adsorbed on graphite surfaces under a variety of conditions were determined by analyzing the transient response attending abrupt changes in input gas composition. Significant adsorption of TMA was observed, with a heat of adsorption of 15.7 kcal/mole. When graphite baffles are used in organometallic vapor phase epitaxy, there are several important practical consequences of the adsorption: the gettering of impurities; the doping efficiency; and difficulties in establishing sharp junctions.
The Effect of Self-Confidence and Anxiety on Information Seeking in Consumer Risk Reduction:

The authors examine the effect of generalized self-confidence, anxiety, and specific self-confidence on consumers’ tendency to seek information sources as a means of reducing purchasing uncertainty...
Hardware Systems Design Of An Airborne Video Bandwidth Compressor

A simple, low-cost video bandwidth compressor has been developed. The design provides for interface to both interlaced and non-interlaced TV and FLIR sensors. Data rate reduction is obtained through the use of several methods including the hybrid DCT/DPCM algorithm, frame rate reduction, resolution reduction, and image truncation. The overall data rate reduction is up to 1000:1 and the picture quality is in excess of 36db at 2 bits per pixel.
SERIAL TRANSVENOUS BIOPSY OF THE TRANSPLANTED HUMAN HEART IMPROVED MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE REJECTION EPISODES

Abstract One hundred and nineteen percutaneous transvenous cardiac biopsy procedures have been performed in sixteen patients after heart transplantation. Serial cardiac biopsies have been used to monitor acute rejection episodes in twelve of these patients, eleven of whom are alive 1-13 months after transplantation. 37 acute rejection episodes were diagnosed from histological examination of the biopsy specimens, and 35 of these episodes were successfully reversed by augmentation of immunosuppression. Reversal of acute cardiac allograft rejection was confirmed by the restoration of histologically normal endomyocardium. Serial percutaneous transvenous endomyocardial biopsy is simple, safe, and effective. It is readily accepted by patients, and represents an important advance in human cardiac transplantation.
Quadrupolar Nuclear Relaxation in the III-V Compounds

The results of nuclear quadrupolar spin-lattice relaxation time ${T}_{1}$ measurements in most of the III-V compounds and germanium are presented and discussed. It is shown that the ${T}_{1}'\mathrm{s}$ may be correlated with the quadrupole interaction for a free atom and appear to be relatively insensitive to different properties of the materials except for the Debye temperature. A theoretical derivation of the transition probabilities for a point charge zincblende lattice is given. This derivation follows Van Kranendonk's treatment for the NaCl lattice. An attempt is made to relate the point-charge model to the III-V compounds with the aid of experimental multiplication factors. A theoretical derivation, which is based on the spin-temperature concept, and an experimental verification of the dependence of the quadrupolar relaxation time on the nuclear spin are given. The spin dependence, $\frac{1}{{T}_{1}}\ensuremath{\propto}f(I)=\frac{(2I+3)}{{I}^{2}(2I\ensuremath{-}1)}$, is important in the interpretation of other experimental data. A theoretical derivation is given of a relaxation time that is isotropic as the orientation of the static field is varied with respect to the crystalline axes. This apparently accounts for the absence of an experimental observation of any systematic variations of the relaxation time with crystal orientation in this and other investigations. An experimental investigation of the temperature dependence of quadrupolar relaxation is reported. The observed temperature dependence varifies Van Kranendonk's predictions for a Raman "two-phonon" process. Debye temperatures of several III-V compounds are obtained from the temperature dependence of the relaxation times.
The pathogenesis of ocular lesions of infectious canine hepatitis. II. Experimental ocular hypersensitivity produced by the virus.

We suggested an immunological basis2 for theanterior uveitis with corneal opacification that often follows recovery from infectious canine hepatitis (ICH). The ocular reactions had pathological characteristics of Arthus-type hypersensitivity; moreover, reactions occurred only whenviral antigen and specific antibody were present concurrently in eye tissues. Additional evidence for ocular hypersensitivity as the basis for the eye reactions was sought using conventional immunological methods. This paper reports the results of experiments that employed passive sensitization, reverse-passive sensitization, and intraocular inoculations with ICH virus-antibody precipitates.
Investigation of annealing effects and film thickness dependence of polymer solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene)

Regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RR-P3HT) is a promising candidate for polymer photovoltaic research due to its stability and absorption in the red region. In this manuscript, we report polymer photovoltaic devices based on RR-P3HT:methanofullerene [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) 1:1 weight-ratio blend. We studied the effects of annealing temperature and time on the device performance for devices annealed before and after cathode deposition. Thermal annealing shows significant improvement in the performance for both types of annealing conditions, with postproduction annealing being slightly better. For devices with a 43-nm-thick active layer, maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.2% and fill factor up to 67% is achieved under Air Mass 1.5, 100‐mW∕cm2 illumination. We performed atomic force microscopy and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy on the P3HT:PCBM films to explain the effect of thermal annealing. By keeping the optimized thermal annealing condition and by va...
Riparian reforestation and channel change: A case study of two small tributaries to Sleepers River, northeastern Vermont, USA

ARTICLE I NFO Measurements of two small streams in northeastern Vermont, collected in 1966 and 2004-2005, document considerable change in channel width following a period of passive reforestation. Channel widths of several tributaries to Sleepers River in Danville, VT, USA, were previously measured in 1966 when the area had a diverse patchwork of forested and nonforested riparian vegetation. Nearly 40 years later, we remeasured bed widths and surveyed large woody debris (LWD) in two of these tributaries, along 500 m of upper Pope Brook and along nearly the entire length (3 km) of an unnamed tributary (W12). Following the longitudinal survey, we collected detailed channel and riparian information for nine reaches along the same two streams. Four reaches had reforested since 1966; two reaches remained nonforested. The other three reaches have been forested since at least the 1940s. Results show that reforested reaches were significantly wider than as measured in 1966, and they are more incised than all other forested and nonforested reaches. Visual observations, cross-sectional surveys, and LWD characteristics indicate that reforested reaches continue to change in response to riparian reforestation. The three reaches with the oldest forest were widest for a given drainage area, and the nonforested reaches were substantially narrower. Our observations culminated in a conceptual model that describes a multiphase process of incision, widening, and recovery following riparian reforestation of nonforested areas. Results from this case study may help inform stream restoration efforts by providing insight into potentially unanticipated changes in channel size associated with the replanting of forested riparian buffers adjacent to small streams.
Bond rupture in highly oriented crystalline polymers

The strength-limiting process in the fracture of semicrystalline fibers and highly oriented films is the rupture of tie molecules connecting the folded chain lamellae in the machine direction. This view is supported by the data on stress and temperature dependence of lifetime of fibers under load and on radical formation during the fracture experiment. The observed tensile strength, however, is about 10 times smaller and the number of fractured chains between 100 and 1000 times larger than expected on the basis of the known number of tie molecules in the fracture plane. This discrepancy is a consequence of the inhomogeneity of the micromorphology of fiber structure, which causes a much larger stress concentration on the most unfavorably located tie molecules than the average value one would expect in the case of perfectly uniform stress distribution on identical tie molecules. The fluctuation of amorphous layer thickness, of number and length of tie molecules, produces such a high stress concentration on some tie molecules throughout the sample that they rupture long before the average stress concentration is sufficient for chain fracture. By accumulation of damage caused by gradual chain rupture the weakening of the sample locally proceeds so far that at the maximum damage concentration, microcracks start to form, and the fiber breaks.
The residue logarithmic number system: theory and implementation

The residue logarithmic number system (RLNS) represents real values as quantized logarithms which, in turn, are represented using the residue number system (RNS). Compared to the conventional logarithmic number system (LNS) in which quantized logarithms are represented as binary integers, RLNS offers faster multiplication and division times. RLNS and LNS use a table lookup involving all bits for addition. The width, dynamic range, precision and naive table size of RLNS (with careful moduli selection) is as good as those for conventional LNS. Conventional LNS can be more efficient than naive addition lookup. First, commutativity allows interchanging arguments. Second, the addition function is often essentially zero, and does not have to be tabulated. In binary, comparisons are easy. In residue, comparisons are slow. Although RLNS inherently demands comparison, this paper shows a novel way comparisons can be performed in parallel to the lookup from a small table. This paper also describes a novel tool that generates synthesizable Verilog, making RLNS viable in practical applications that can benefit from shorter multiply and divide times.
X chromosome inactivation in women with alcoholism.

Background All female mammals with two X chromosomes balance gene expression with males having only one X by inactivating one of their Xs (X chromosome inactivation, XCI). Analysis of XCI in females offers the opportunity to investigate both X-linked genetic factors and early embryonic development that may contribute to alcoholism. Increases in the prevalence of skewing of XCI in women with alcoholism could implicate biological risk factors.
Conditional immortalization of gunn rat hepatocytes: An ex vivo model for evaluating methods for bilirubin‐UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase gene transfer

Abstract Viral vectors and protein carriers utilizing asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR)-mediated endocytosis are being developed to transfer genes for the correction of bilirubin-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (bilirubin-UGT) deficiency. Ex vivo evaluation of these gene transfer vectors would be facilitated by a cell system that lacks bilirubin-UGT, but expresses differentiated liver functions, including ASGR. We immortalized primary Gunn rat hepatocytes by transduction with a recombinant Moloney murine leukemia virus expressing a thermolabile mutant SV40 large T antigen (tsA58). At 33°C, the immortalized hepatocyte clones expressed SV40 large T antigen, synthesized DNA, and doubled in number every 2 to 3 days. At this temperature, differentiated hepatocyte markers, e.g., albumin, ASGR, and androsterone-UGT, were expressed at 5% to 10% of the levels found in primary hepatocytes maintained in culture for 24 hours. Glutathione-S-transferase Y p (GST-Y p ), an oncofetal protein, was expressed in these cells at 33°C, but was undetectable in primary hepatocytes. In contrast, when the cells were cultured at 39°C or 37°C, the large T antigen was degraded, DNA synthesis and cell growth stopped, and morphologic characteristics of differentiated hepatocytes were observed. The expression of albumin, ASGR, and androsterone-UGT, and their corresponding mRNAs, increased to 25% to 40% of the level in primary hepatocytes, whereas GST-Y p expression decreased. Functionality of ASGR was demonstrated by internalization of Texas red-labeled asialoorosomucoid, and binding and degradation of 125 I-asialoorosomucoid. After liposome-mediated transfer of a plasmid containing the coding region of human bilirubin-UGT 1 , driven by the SV40 large T promoter, active human bilirubin-UGT 1 was expressed in these cells. The immortalized cells were not tumorigenic after transplantation into severe combined immunodeficiency mice. These conditionally immortalized cells will be useful for ex vivo evaluation of bilirubin-UGT gene transfer vectors.
Metabolic interactions between surplus dietary energy intake and cigarette smoking or its cessation.

Cigarette smoking (CS) alters lipid metabolism and is associated clinically with an atherogenic lipid profile. We recently showed that, under controlled eucaloric dietary conditions, CS stimulates ...
Nonlinear actuator fault detection and isolation for a VTOL aircraft

The recently introduced geometric approach to the nonlinear fault detection and isolation problem is used to detect actuator faults for the vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. The approach leads to a filter which, by processing the outputs of the plant, detects the faults and distinguishes which one is occurring.
The relationship between body mass index and cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic systolic heart failure.

Background Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in patients with systolic heart failure (HF) is important for determining HF prognosis and helping guide timing of heart transplantation. Although approximately 20% to 30% of patients with HF are obese (body mass index [BMI] >30 kg/m 2 ), the impact of BMI on CPX results is not well established. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between BMI and CPX variables, including peak oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) at ventilatory threshold, oxygen pulse, and ventilation–carbon dioxide production ratio. Methods Consecutive patients with systolic HF (n = 2,324) enrolled in the Heart Failure and A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training trial who had baseline BMI recorded were included in this study. Subjects were divided into strata based on BMI: underweight (BMI 2 ), normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m 2 ), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m 2 ), obese I (BMI 30-34.9 kg/m 2 ), obese II (BMI 35-39.9 kg/m 2 ), and obese III (BMI ≥40 kg/m 2 ). Results Obese III, but not overweight; obese I; or obese II was associated with decreased peak VO 2 (mL kg −1 min −1 ) compared to normal weight status. Increasing BMI category was inversely related to ventilation/carbon dioxide production (V E /V CO2 ) ratio ( P 2 (partial R 2 = 0.07, P E /V CO2 slope (partial R 2 = 0.03, P Conclusions Body mass index is significantly associated with key CPX fitness variables in patients with HF. The influence of BMI on the prognostic value of CPX in HF requires further evaluation in longitudinal studies.