cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ION-EXCHANGE MODELING OF MONOVALENT ALKALI CATION ADSORPTION ON MONTMORILLONITE

Ion-exchange modeling is one of the most widely used methods to predict ion adsorption data on clay minerals. The model parameters (e.g. number of adsorption sites and the cation adsorption capacity of each site) are optimized normally by curve fitting experimental data, which does not definitively identify the local environment of the adsorption sites. A new approach for constructing an ion-exchange model was pursued, whereby some of the parameters needed were obtained independently, resulting in fewer parameters being based on data-curve fitting. Specifically, a reversed modeling approach was taken in which the number of types of sites used by the model was based on a previous first-principles Density Functional Theory study, and the relative distribution of these sites was based on the clay’s chemical composition. To simplify the ion-exchange reactions involved, montmorillonite was Na-saturated to produce a well-controlled Na-montmorillonite (NaMnt) adsorbent. Ion adsorption data on NaMnt were collected from batch experiments over a wide range of pH, Cs+ concentrations, and in the presence of coexisting cations. Ion-exchange models were developed and optimized to predict these cation adsorption data on NaMnt. The maximum amount of adsorption of monovalent cations on NaMnt was obtained from the plateau of the adsorption envelope data at high pH. The remaining equilibrium constants (pK) were optimized by curve fitting the edges of the adsorption envelope data. The resultant three-site ion-exchange model was able to predict the retention of Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+ very well as a function of pH. The model was then tested on adsorption envelopes of various combinations of these cations, and on Cs+ adsorption isotherms at three different pH values. The pK values were constant for all assays. The interlayer spacing of NaMnt was also analyzed to investigate its relation with cation adsorption strength. An X-ray diffraction study of the samples showed that the measured d001 values for these cations were consistent with their adsorption pK values. The Cs+ cation showed a strong ability to collapse the interlayer region of montmorillonite. In the presence of multiple competing cations, the broadening and presence of multiple d001 XRD peaks suggested that the cations in the interlayers may be segregated.
Embolization of an Atrial Septal Defect Occluder Device Into the Left Ventricle.

Amplatzer Atrial Septal Occluder device has been routinely and successfully used as a percutaneous alternative to cardiac surgery for closure of atrial septal defects. It has shown to the safe with a low complication profile. Complications that most commonly occur with atrial septal defect (ASD) closure devices include malposition or embolization, residual shunt, atrial arrhythmias, thrombosis over the vena cava or atrium, erosion and perforation of the heart, and infective endocarditis. The most common complications associated with an ASD occluder device appear to be embolization and malposition with embolization usually occurring in the main pulmonary artery. We present a case in which the ASO device, AmplatzerTM (Abbott, USA), embolized into the left ventricle.
Endoscopic Lung Volume Reduction: Review of the EMPROVE and LIBERATE trials

Endoscopic lung volume reduction is now included in the guidelines for treatment in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Since December 2018, 2 valve systems have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To date, there is no head-to-head trial comparing both valve systems and no clear benefit of one over the other. This article provides an overview of the two largest prospective trials performed with the FDA-approved valve systems.
Religious Conviction in the Profession of Arms

We present two cases in which a Commanding Officer in the United States military relies on his religious convictions to determine whether to grant a subordinate's request to be granted leave to get an abortion. We use these cases to reflect on the proper role of religious conviction in the exercise of command authority. We argue that military professionalism does not require officers to refrain from relying on their religious convictions to make command decisions.
Networked control system time-delay compensation algorithm based on predictive control

According to the problem of random time-delay resulting in performance degradation of the networked control system(NCS),aparticle swarm optimization(PSO)least square support vector machine(LSSVM)method is used to establish an NCS time-delay prediction model and predict the future time-delay.At the same time,the fast implicit generalized prediction algorithm is used to compensate the random time-delay in the NCS.The simulation results show that the PSO optimized LS-SVM algorithm has a high prediction accuracy for the random time-delay.Meanwhile,fast implicit generalized prediction control(GPC)can make the output of the system track the reference trajectory well and ensure the good control effect of the system.
Maternal and child outcomes reported by breastfeeding women following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination

Table of Contents SummaryO_ST_ABSWhats known on this subjectC_ST_ABSOne published U.S. study with 31 breastfeeding women who were vaccinated with either of the two available mRNA COVID-19 vaccines found that 67% experienced any side effects after dose one and 61% after dose two of the vaccine. What this study addsMore than 85% of 180 breastfeeding women who received an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine reported local or systemic symptoms, with higher frequency following the second dose. Few symptoms were reported in their breastfed children. No serious adverse events were noted. Contributors Statement PageDr. Chambers and Ms. Bertrand designed the study and supervised the collection of data used in the study. Mr. Honerkamp-Smith performed the statistical analysis. All authors were involved in preparing the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
The Sexual Grooming Model of Child Sex Trafficking

There has yet to be universally-accepted model of child sex trafficking recruitment tactics. Research suggests that child sex traffickers may use strategies to recruit and retain minors that mirror...
Beam Envelope Stability in an Advanced Linear Induction Accelerator

A new linear induction accelerator (LIA) is under development for multipulse flash radiography. Because it has substantially more cells than present LIAs, higher magnetic focusing fields are needed to suppress beam breakup (BBU). It is, therefore, more susceptible to the parametric beam envelope instability (PEI), which has an instability threshold that has usually been typified by the vacuum phase advance per cell exceeding some large fraction of $\pi $ . Here we derive a threshold criterion for PEI that depends not only on the magnetic field, but also on the beam space charge and emittance. A tune designed to suppress BBU in Scorpius is shown to be stable to the PEI according to this criterion, and also by the lack of emittance growth in particle-in-cell (PIC) code simulations.
Atomically precise metal nanoclusters meet metal-organic frameworks.

Summary Significant progress has been made in both fields of atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in recent years. A promising direction is to integrate these two classes of materials for creating unique composites with improved properties for catalysis and other applications. NCs incorporated with MOFs exhibit an optimized catalytic performance in many catalytic reactions, in which MOFs play a vital supporting role or as cocatalysts. In this Perspective, we first provide a brief summary of the methods that have been developed for the preparation of NCs/MOF composites and the characteristics of these strategies are analyzed. Following that, some recent works are highlighted to demonstrate the crucial role of MOF matrices in the enhancement of NCs catalytic properties. Finally, we outline some potentially important aspects for future work. This Perspective is in hopes of stimulating more interest in the research on the integration of NCs with MOFs toward functional materials.
Updating Technical Editing Models for Accessibility and Advocacy

The authors present preliminary findings from a survey of editing instructors in order to better understand how editing pedagogies can and do promote social justice. The authors argue for integrating a social justice approach in technical editing beyond style choices by considering how editing models may be revised. A social justice perspective in technical editing includes the often overlapping areas of advocacy, intervention, and accessibility. Editorial frameworks must effectively incorporate these concerns in nuanced ways.
Reproducibility and extent of fragmentation of laser-desorbed ions

Abstract The reproducibility of decomposition patterns of laser desorbed propyltriphenyl-phosphonium ions and (M + Na)+ ions of sucrose is evaluated. These compounds were chosen because they desorb by two different mechanisms commonly ascribed to “thermal” desorption. The phosphonium ions desorb directly whereas sucrose requires cationization with an alkali metal ion. Samples were either pipetted or electrosprayed onto both “smooth” and “rough” copper probe tips. The precision of two ratios of ion abundances are slightly worse for laser desorption of the phosphonium ions than for ions produced by electron ionization of toluene and 2,5-dibromotoluene. Little improvement was obtained by turning to electrospray as a means of depositing the sample. Worse precision was found for ion abundance ratios obtained from the laser desorption of (M + Na)+ of sucrose which hadbeen pipetted onto the probe. The precision was improved by using the electrospray deposition method. Fragmentation of the phosphonium ions was greater if desorption was from a “rough” probe tip whereas less decomposition of the (M + Na)+ of sucrose occurred with desorption from a “rough” tip. The trends in precision and extent of fragmentation are rationalized in terms of mechanisms of ion desorption. Chemical ionization of laser-desorbed neutral species was found to be impossible under the experimental conditions used.
Speaker verification with combined threshold, identification front-end, and UBM

This paper presents a novel approach to improve accuracy performance of a speaker verification system through combination or cascading three different verification methods using an identification "front-end", a universal background model, and an individual matching score threshold. The performance of a speaker verification system can be determined in terms of false rejection rate and false acceptance rate using a standard benchmark speech corpus, which represents fixed common populations in testing voice and claimed identities. By further assuming uniform distributions, it can show analytically that the false acceptance rate of a standalone system either using the threshold or the universal background model can be significantly reduced when combined with the identification ''front-end''. Experiments have provided clear evidence, and even more gains to combine all three methods together. The results show 60% reduction in the false acceptance rate for combining with the identification "front-end" alone, and 80% reduction for combining all three methods without adding penalty in the false rejection rate.
Horizontal transfer of methoprene in Tribolium castaneum

Aerosol applications of reduced risk insecticides such as pyrethrins, pyrethroids, and insect growth regulators are becoming more commonly used to manage stored-product insects in food facilities. However, these applications have a limited ability to penetrate into hidden refugia, where the majority of the pest population is located. Horizontal transfer of insecticides could occur as individuals directly treated or exposed to treated surfaces move into hidden refugia and encounter untreated individuals. In this series of studies, the potential for horizontal transfer of methoprene from treated Tribolium castaneum , the red flour beetle, to untreated individuals was evaluated. Adding larvae, pupae, or adults treated with methoprene to flour patches with untreated T. castaneum larvae, resulted in increased pupa and adult deformities and higher numbers of dead focal individuals, which suggests the potential for this mechanism. The transfer mechanism might be flour substrate contamination, transfer during contact of individuals, and/or cannibalism of individuals exposed to insecticides. Experiments focused on isolating the impact of contact and cannibalism on horizontal transfer did not detect a significant increase in mortality. Experiments focused on flour substrate contamination resulted in decreased adult emergence as well as lower survival, and higher rates of deformities. These findings suggest that substrate contamination is the more likely mechanism for horizontal transfer, and although horizontal transfer can occur, the impact of this process on populations needs further evaluation. Keywords: Red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum , Methoprene, Horizontal transfer /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} Normal 0 21 false false false DE X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
Financial Reporting Factors Affecting Donations to Charitable Not-for-Profit Organizations

In order to examine the value of accounting reports for not-for-profit organizations, previous accounting studies primarily investigate the association between donations and accounting information. Prior studies primarily explore the relation of donations to accounting measures of efficiency and stability and find that more efficient and more stable organizations generate greater total contributions. However, there is no consensus on which variables are related to donations, and several measures are used as proxies for similar constructs. We posit that there are four conceptual factors that are related to donations. The factors are the efficiency of the organization in allocating resources to its programs, the financial stability of the organization, the quantity of information available to donors, and the quality of the information. We use factor analysis with variables from previous studies to test this conceptual framework on a large sample of charitable organizations. We find that the variables align on four components that appear to represent the factors that we conceptualize. We also use these four components as predictor variables in an OLS regression specification of direct contributions. The model is significant and explains over 40 percent of the variations in contributions.
Headache diagnoses in patients with treated idiopathic intracranial hypertension

The authors reviewed medical records of 82 patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) to determine the frequency of headaches occurring after initial diagnosis and treatment of IIH, classifiable by the International Headache Society guidelines. Sixty-eight percent of patients had definable headache disorders, including episodic tension type headache (30%) and migraine without aura (20%). Patients with IIH frequently have other types of headaches, not necessarily related to increased intracranial pressure.
Sample selection and inductive generalization

In two experiments with adults (N=126), we examined the influence of sampling procedure on inductive generalization. In predicate sampling, participants learned the category identity of individuals known to possess some property. In subject sampling, individuals selected for category identity were discovered to possess a novel property. In both experiments, sampling procedure influenced induction. Predicate sampling resulted in very narrow generalization, whereas subject sampling yielded a fairly high and constant rate of projection. Differences in confidence of generalizations were also observed. Conditions in which evidence was described as randomly sampled from a collection of animals yielded a consistent decrease in projections as predicted by similarity-based models. The results are presented as support for an evidence-based view of induction.
The Burma Socialist Program Party and Its Rivals: A One-Plus Party System

After four years in eclipse, a new political party is emerging from, the shadows of military rule in Burma. It is part of the revolution set in motion by the men who seized power in March 1962. In the four years following that event, the military rulers have persisted in their determination to remake Burma along the lines set forth in their ideological stafement, Burmese Way To Socialism (BWS). Thus far, the coup leaders show no signs of growing tired and desiring to return to the barracks. However, to insure the completion of their revolution and to anticipate the day when they will step out of office, they are in the process of recruiting, training and organizing a new elite of soldiers and civilians who are loyal to their ideas, dedicated to their programs and pledged to carry on when they are given the opportunity.
Spatial patterns of bacterial community composition within Lake Erie sediments

Abstract Lake Erie is a large freshwater ecosystem with three distinct basins that exhibit an east-to-west gradient of increasing productivity, as well as allochthonous inputs of nutrients and xenobiotics. To evaluate microbial community composition throughout this ecosystem, 435 16S rDNA environmental clones were sequenced from 11 sediment samples throughout the Western, Central, and Eastern basins, as well as the hypoxic “dead zone” of Lake Erie in the hypolimnetic region of the Central basin. Rank abundance distributions of bacterial taxa within each location revealed that Gamma- and Betaproteobacteria, microbes capable of metabolizing a wide range of organic matter pools, comprised a greater fraction of the microbial community within inshore sites of the Central and Western basins compared to the Eastern basin. While geophysical characteristics of the three major basins and the dead zone did not drive significant differences in species diversity, Fast UniFrac analyses revealed microbial community spatial structuring, with the Central basin showing higher phylogenetic uniqueness of bacterial lineages. Principal component analyses based on phylogenetic distances consistently grouped the dead zone with the Central basin and highlighted the distinctiveness of microbial communities from the Eastern basin. Results from this study provide evidence for the local adaptation of microbial communities and the potential role of riverine inputs in modulating taxonomic composition of lacustrine bacterial communities. These results are consistent with previous functional studies on microbial metabolism, which showed that differences in geochemistry across the three basins of Lake Erie play an important role in the local adaptation of microbial communities.
Metastatic thymoma presenting as a solitary pulmonary nodule

A 74-year-old man underwent an exploratory thoracotomy for what was thought to be a solitary peripheral pulmonary nodule. Microscopic examination revealed a tumor consistent with a thymoma and mediastinal exploration revealed thymoma. Additional nodules were noted within the substance of the lung. The patient died of a coronary occlusion one month following surgery. Autopsy revealed metastatic thymoma in the liver and spleen. The mediastinal mass showed extensive venous invasion. The case represents a very unusual clinical manifestation of a thymic neoplasm.
A Branch and Bound Incremental Conceptual Clusterer

A computer program is described that is capable of learning multiple concepts and their structural descriptions from observations of examples. It decomposes this conceptual clustering problem into two modules. The first module is concerned with forming a generalization from a pair of examples by extracting their common structure and calculating an information measure for each structural description. The second module, which is the subject of this paper, incrementally incorporates these generalizations into a hierarchy of concepts. This second module operates without reference to any underlying representation language and utilizes only the information measure provided by the first module, while employing a branch and bound procedure to search the hierarchy for concepts from which to form new clusters. This ability to search the hierarchy is used as the basis of a hill climbing strategy which has as its goal the avoidance of local peaks so as to reduce the sensitivity of the program to the order in which the observations are encountered.
Molecular network development and evolution of nanoscale morphology in an epoxy‐amine thermoset polymer

Epoxy-amine thermoset polymers exhibit a complicated, highly crosslinked network structure. The connectivity of this network drives material parameters such as mechanical properties and solvent permeation. Understanding the molecular network architecture is also an important aspect of the developing realistic network topologies for use in molecular dynamic simulations. Here, the evolution of network connectivity in a typical crosslinked epoxy-amine network (Epon 828/3-aminophenyl sulfone) is monitored as a function of cure time. Special attention is paid to nanoscale variation in the crosslink density of the network. Submicron atomic force microscope images of sample fracture surfaces revealed three distinct types of crack tip propagation. Near-infrared spectroscopy, rheological and thermal characterization were used to correlate each type of fracture propagation behavior to a different stage of network development. Monitoring changes in the nanoscale fracture behavior reveals information regarding changes in the network architecture during cure and provides insight into the final structure of the epoxy-amine network. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Application Status and Development Trend of Power Consumption Information Collection System

Power consumption information collection system is an important part of building smart grid. It introduced the composition structure of power consumption information collection system and analyzed its construction status and application requirements at home and abroad. It discussed the massive data processing, the standardization of carrier communication, prepaid control, diversified tariff, information security protection and other key technologies. At last, the proposals were presented to steadily push forward the construction of power consumption information collection system.
NVIS filters for defense enhancement of flexible and emissive display technologies: (USDC program RFP04-110)

A jointly funded development project was undertaken by the United States Display Consortium (USDC) and Rockwell Collins, Inc., to characterize internally developed flexible night-vision imaging system (NVIS) filters which enhance the performance of organic light-emitting displays (OLEDs) and other potential flexible display technology variants. We have developed an innovative dye-based NVIS filter material well suited for use as a front surface filter for OLED displays. In particular, this new NVIS filter material offers high transmittance in the visible spectrum along with a sharp spectral cut-off and excellent extinction in the near-IR (NIR). This report presents results from a recent investigation to assess the compatibility of this new dye-based NVIS filter material with rigid and flexible OLEDs.
Contagion of Depressive Symptoms and Mood: Meta-analytic Review and Explanations From Cognitive, Behavioral, and Interpersonal Viewpoints

A meta-analysis of 40 findings from 36 studies (N= 4,952) provided substantial overall support for the proposition that depressive symptoms and mood are contagious. Contagion appeared most pronounced in studies of depressive symptoms (vs. depressive mood). Contagion of depressive mood appears to depend on methodological approach, with strongest to weakest results in the following order: transcript studies, audio/ videotape studies, studies using actual strangers, studies using actual friends/acquaintances, and confederate studies. Contagion of depressed mood/symptoms held across combinations of target × respondent gender. There was very tentative evidence that contagion was specific to depressive versus other symptom/moods. Based in part on our meta-analytic findings, we summarize possible explanations of the phenomenon from cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal viewpoints and elucidate some clinical implications.
A Green's function approach to local rf heating in interventional MRI

Current safety regulations for local radiofrequency (rf) heating, developed for externally positioned rf coils, may not be suitable for internal rf coils that are being increasingly used in interventional MRI. This work presents a two-step model for rf heating in an interventional MRI setting: (1) the spatial distribution of power in the sample from the rf pulse (Maxwell's equations); and (2) the transformation of that power to temperature change according to thermal conduction and tissue perfusion (tissue bioheat equation). The tissue bioheat equation is approximated as a linear, shift-invariant system in the case of local rf heating and is fully characterized by its Green's function. Expected temperature distributions are calculated by convolving (averaging) transmit coil specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions with the Green's function. When the input SAR distribution is relatively slowly varying in space, as is the case with excitation by external rf coils, the choice of averaging methods makes virtually no difference on the expected heating as measured by temperature change (deltaT). However, for highly localized SAR distributions, such as those encountered with internal coils in interventional MRI, the Green's function method predicts heating that is significantly different from the averaging method in current regulations. In our opinion, the Green's function method is a better predictor since it is based on a physiological model. The Green's function also elicits a time constant and scaling factor between SAR and deltaT that are both functions of the tissue perfusion rate. This emphasizes the critical importance of perfusion in the heating model. The assumptions made in this model are only valid for local rf heating and should not be applied to whole body heating.
Some perceptual consequences of linguistic rules

Summary Three experiments on the auditory perception of grammatical, anomalous, and ungrammatical sentences are interpreted to mean that both syntactic and semantic rules are normally involved in the perception of sentences.
The sources of tactical voting in British parliamentary elections, 1983–1987

Using data from the UK General Election Surveys of 1983 and 1987, we present a critical test of different approaches to tactical voting. Specifically, we are concerned with how the competitive situation in each constituency affects voters' likelihood of voting tactically, as well as the role of voters' attitudes and personal characteristics. We find that voters are less sensitive to the actual marginality of a district than to whether or not their party has a chance of winning the seat. In addition, we find that party identification, and particularly intense loyalty, dampen the tendency to vote tactically, regardless of the type of district. We also consider differences in tactical voting between constituencies where Labour dominates vs. districts where the Conservatives are strongest. Finally, we discuss the broader implications of these findings for the study of voting behavior.
Two types of response patterns from cat retinal ganglion cells to moving stimuli.

Deux Types de reponses apparaissent dans des cellules ganglionnaires du chat soumises a des stimuli mobiles. Ils correspondent aux unites repondant de facon transitoire ou durable et proviennent d'une difference dans la disposition spatiale du centre et de la peripherie du champ recepteur.
Genetic engineering in insects of agricultural importance

The past five years have witnessed the extension of genetic transformation techniques into 11 insect species covering four orders within the Insecta. While the robustness of these transformation systems can be improved, there is now a highly likely probability that transformation of a given insect species will ensue, provided transposable element-containing plasmid DNA can be effectively delivered to the embryo or some other life stage. These developments have shifted emphasis to concerns of transgene stability and the regulation of the rearing and release of these transgenic insects. They have also led to some elegant demonstrations of genetic sexing mechanisms in Drosophila melanogaster with the expectation that similar systems be extended into pest insect species. These developments and issues are discussed in this short review.
A methodology for testing spreadsheets

Spreadsheet languages, which include commercial spreadsheets and various research systems, have had a substantial impact on end-user computing. Research shows, however, that spreadsheets often contain faults; thus, we would like to provide at least some of the benefits of formal testing methodologies to the creators of spreadsheets. This article presents a testing methodology that adapts data flow adequacy criteria and coverage monitoring to the task of testing spreadsheets. To accommodate the evaluation model used with spreadsheets, and the interactive process by which they are created, our methodology is incremental. To accommodate the users of spreadsheet languages, we provide an interface to our methodology that does not require an understanding of testing theory. We have implemented our testing methodology in the context of the Forms/3 visual spreadsheet language. We report on the methodology, its time and space costs, and the mapping from the testing strategy to the user interface. In an empirical study, we found that test suites created according to our methodology detected, on average, 81% of the faults in a set of faulty spreadsheets, significantly outperforming randomly generated test suites.
Relevance of oral intake and necessity to void as ambulatory surgical discharge criteria

Discharge criteria used in the outpatient setting of a 500-bed academic medical center were evaluated by nursing staff in two ambulatory units to determine validity in identifying patient readiness for discharge. Criteria categories include temperature, circulation, activity and mental status, pain, bleeding, voiding, and oral intake. The hospital course and post-discharge course of a convenience sample of 248 ambulatory subjects was drawn from consecutive patients. Post-discharge recovery outcomes identified by the telephone assessment included recovery, complications, necessity of further medical treatment, and the need to return to a medical facility. The descriptive results showed the safety of the seven discharge criteria. Voiding and oral intake were related to prolonged stays in the ambulatory units. Approval was granted by the Hospital Policy Board to relax discharge criteria, and make voiding and oral intake optional for patients. A stage II follow-up study of 1,582 patient subjects was conducted using the new criteria of voluntary voiding and oral intake. The average ambulatory stay was reduced 50 minutes after voiding and oral intake were made optional.
Timing of millennial-scale climate change at Siple Dome, West Antarctica, during the last glacial period

Using atmospheric methane and the isotopic composition of O2 as correlation tools, we place the dD record of ice from the Siple Dome (West Antarctica) ice core on a precise common chronology with the GISP2 (Greenland) ice core for the period from 9 to 57 ka. The onset of major millennial warming events in Siple Dome preceded major abrupt warmings in Greenland, and the pattern of millennial change at Siple Dome was broadly similar, though not identical, to that previously observed for the Byrd ice core (also in West Antarctica). The addition of Siple Dome to the database of well-dated Antarctic paleoclimate records supports the case for a coherent regional pattern of millennial-scale climate change in Antarctica during much of the last ice age and glacial–interglacial transition.
Growth stocks outperform value stocks over the long term

Previous studies have generally found that returns on growth stocks, or stocks with high price-to-earnings (P/E) ratios, often lag behind those of value stocks, or stocks with low-P/E ratios. This study examines the long-term (up to 18 years) performance of growth stocks versus value stocks when a buy-and-hold strategy is adhered to. The study examines the performance of growth versus value stocks of portfolios created during the period 1983–7. The findings of this study indicate that the long-term performance (14+ years) of growth stocks is higher than the long-term performance of value stocks for portfolios created during the years included in this study. After only five years, however, the growth stocks lagged behind the value stocks. These results tend to support the efficient market hypothesis.
Verbal Punishment of Disfluency Following Augmentation of Disfluency by Random Delivery of Aversive Stimuli.

Ten normal speakers read a passage, first in Random Condition, then in Contingent Condition. In each condition, subjects read in Baserate (5 minutes), Conditioning (15 minutes), and Extinction (10 ...
Dietary Risk Reduction Factors for the Barrett's Esophagus-Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Continuum: A Review of the Recent Literature

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) incidence is among the most rapidly increasing of any cancer type in the U.S., and prognosis is poor. Prevalence of the potential precursor lesion, Barrett's esophagus (BE), is also increasing. Candidates for safe and effective risk reduction strategies are needed, potentially including dietary components. In this qualitative review, we summarize recently published epidemiologic studies, in context of earlier work, on dietary intake and BE-EA outcomes. Potential cohort study/intervention trial candidates which could be increased to reduce BE-EA development include intake of: (1) fruits and vegetables; vegetables; fruit (EA only); (2) β-carotene and vitamins C and E; (3) folate (EA only); and (4) total fiber (EA only). Also, (5) red and processed meat intake could be targeted for dietary reduction/omission to reduce EA development. Few dietary constituents have been evaluated among EA patients to examine associations with mortality, thus interventions conducted among EA patients are premature.
Clinical research in behavior therapy: Halfway there?

More than 25 years ago, Eysenck startled the world of psychotherapy by declaring that there was little scientific support for the notion that psychological techniques were useful in changing problem behavior. The advent of behavior therapy with its devotion to methodologic rigor led to expectations that this state of affairs would improve. The present article examines the current status of clinical research in behavior therapy to see if the field has met these early expectations. A randomly chosen sample of articles from two behavior therapy journals was classified to distinguish clinical from nonclinical contributions to the literature. Approximately 40% of all articles published are clinical contributions, and 20% of all articles are controlled evaluations of a treatment procedure. However, the median length of follow-up for clinical studies was only 4 weeks. A progressive model of clinical research is presented, and the development of behavior therapy compared to the criteria implicit within the model. Several gaps in development are evident, such as studies of generalization and long-term maintenance, the evaluation of training and dissemination methods, and evaluations of field efficacy. Some reasons for the relative lack of a progressive research development are examined and implications for the future conduct and funding of research outlined.
Histamine release from human leukocytes: Modulation by cadmium ion

The effect of cadmium on histamine release was studied in relation to the role of calcium. The antigenic histamine release from peripheral leukocytes of ragweed-sensitive patients was inhibitied in the presence of cadmium (greater than 10(-5) M). Spontaneous histamine release was not affected by cadmium except for an enhancement observed in high concentrations (greater than or equal to 10(-3)M). Cadmium did not seem to affect the first stage of histamine release but to act mainly on the calcium-dependent second stage. Increasing the level of calcium in the medium could antagonize the inhibitory effect of cadmium. The effect of cadmium could be totally abolished by deuterium oxide and partially by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in certain concentrations. These results would indicate that: (1) cadmium acts as an antagonist of calcium and can be used for the study of the role of calcium in histamine release, (2) the action of calcium in the histamine release reaction seems to be related to the microtubular system, (3) cyclic AMP may potentiate histamine release when the action of calcium is inhibited.
Estimation of carbon transfer coefficients using Duke Forest free-air CO2 enrichment data

A compartmental carbon model is presented in which there are parameters quantifying the transfer between various carbon pools. These parameters are estimated using two CO"2 data sets (elevated and ambient) from the Duke Forest FACE data set. A quadratic objective criterion is used to compare closeness of fit of system output CO"2 flux to the observed CO"2 flux data. Adjoint equations are developed based on the system of difference equations approximating the solution of the model equations, the data, and the criterion. Parameter estimation algorithms are developed using minimization techniques. It is found that the estimated parameters obtained using the two different data sets agree closely.
Contemporary partial denture designs

Abstract I have attempted to excuse the shortcomings of the commercial dental laboratory by pointing out the responsibilities of the dentist for biologic partial denture design and his frequent failure to provide the laboratory technician with casts of properly prepared mouths and adequate prescriptions for him to follow. By "prescription" I am referring to penciled outlines (Fig. 15, A ), diagrams (Fig. 15, B ), and written instructions prepared by the dentist for the dental technician. 13 Now I must also make a statement regarding the responsibilities of the commercial dental laboratory in the hope that they, too, may find some motivation for improving their services. Fig. 15.— A , The outline form of the denture framework has been carefully drawn in pencil on the surveyed master cast. The laboratory technician has only to duplicate this design in his casting so that when the casting is placed on the master cast it matches the penciled outline. B , The framework design is drawn on a chart with colored pencils. Labels and written instructions are used to supply the specific details. In the average commercial dental laboratory today, mass production is an economic necessity. It is augmented by the use of stereotyped designs and plastic pattern forms. Added to this, the salary level of the skilled dental laboratory technician is not high by today's economic standards, and the training facilities for dental laboratory technicians are woefully inadequate. In many areas, adequate training facilities are nonexistent. However, despite this, quality partial denture and mouth rehabilitation service is needed now more than ever before. Teeth that would have been lost in the past by periodontal disease, caries, or by pulpal involvement are being saved now by the thousands. Increased life expectancy has placed us on the threshold of geriatric dentistry, with its many implications and challenges for the future dental care of an aging population. 18 Human mouths are not stereotyped, and neither are the problems in mouth reconstruction. Stereotyped partial denture service must be replaced with individualized treatment planning and rehabilitation service. 19 Dentists must do more than make a single impression, send it to the commercial dental laboratory, and receive a finished appliance to be inserted in the mouth. Also, it seems a little bit incongruous to spend a great deal of time and effort on elaborate research in the testing of some of the clinical principles in partial denture design, when these very principles are being so flagrantly violated by those responsible for their clinical application. If training facilities and increased salary standards for dental laboratory technicians are needed, then let the dental profession have the courage and the integrity to lead the way toward their improvement. But also, let the profession demand standards of individualized service from the commercial dental laboratory in keeping with competent and informed leadership.
Towards dendrimers as biomimetic macromolecules

Abstract Dendrimers can be obtained in precise molecular weights even at high generations. This feature, as well as the inherent globular shape of high generation dendrimers, makes them ideal candidates for macromolecular biomimetics. In this account, we discuss the synthesis and use of dendrimers that are reminiscent of macromolecular architectures present in nature. In particular, we focus the use of dendrimers in the areas of encapsulation, functionalization, and sequencing. To cite this article: S. Thayumanavan et al., C. R. Chimie 6 (2003).
Adsorption isotherm studies of unfixed s-37-a and ehrlich ascites tumor cells using acridine orange.

Abstract Adsorption isotherms of two different ascites tumor cell populations using the vital fluorochrome, acridine orange, as the adsorbate, are presented. Both the S-37-A and the Ehrlich ascites tumor cells give a depression in the isotherm curves at some value below 10 μμg of dye uptake per cell. A value for an Ehrlich ascites tumor cell population is related to the microsomes observed in an electron photomicrograph. By considering the adsorption isotherm data and the electron photomicrograph of the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell, we conclude the following information. 1. 1. The number of microsomes per cell is between 21 to 28 million. 2. 2. The total surface area of the microsomes, calculated by the adsorption isotherm method and checked with an electron photomicrograph, is approximately 9000 μ2 per cell. 3. 3. The microsomes of cells stained with a restricted amount of acridine orange adsorb a monomolecular layer of fluorochrome and become gelated to form orange fluorescent cytogranules. No nuclear staining is observed under these conditions. 4. 4. With more available fluorochrome, particulate material from the nucleus passes through the nuclear membrane to increase the cytoplasmic uptake of dye.
Directionally Solidified Biopolymer Scaffolds: Mechanical Properties and Endothelial Cell Responses.

Vascularization is a primary challenge in tissue engineering. To achieve it in a tissue scaffold, an environment with the appropriate structural, mechanical, and biochemical cues must be provided enabling endothelial cells to direct blood vessel growth. While biochemical stimuli such as growth factors can be added through the scaffold material, the culture medium, or both, a well-designed tissue engineering scaffold is required to provide the necessary local structural and mechanical cues. As chitosan is a well-known carrier for biochemical stimuli, the focus of this study was on structure-property correlations, to evaluate the effects of composition and processing conditions on the three-dimensional architecture and properties of freeze-cast scaffolds; to establish whether freeze-east scaffolds are promising candidates as constructs promoting vascularization; and to conduct initial tissue culture studies with endothelial cells on flat substrates of identical compositions as those of the scaffolds to test whether these are biocompatible and promote cell attachment and proliferation.
Intrinsic response of thoracic propriospinal neurons to axotomy

Central nervous system axons lack a robust regenerative response following spinal cord injury (SCI) and regeneration is usually abortive. Supraspinal pathways, which are the most commonly studied for their regenerative potential, demonstrate a limited regenerative ability. On the other hand, propriospinal (PS) neurons, with axons intrinsic to the spinal cord, have shown a greater regenerative response than their supraspinal counterparts, but remain relatively understudied in regards to spinal cord injury. Utilizing laser microdissection, gene-microarray, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry, we focused on the intrinsic post-axotomy response of specifically labelled thoracic propriospinal neurons at periods from 3-days to 1-month following T9 spinal cord injury. We found a strong and early (3-days post injury, p.i) upregulation in the expression of genes involved in the immune/inflammatory response that returned towards normal by 1-week p.i. In addition, several regeneration associated and cell survival/neuroprotective genes were significantly up-regulated at the earliest p.i. period studied. Significant upregulation of several growth factor receptor genes (GFRa1, Ret, Lifr) also occurred only during the initial period examined. The expression of a number of pro-apoptotic genes up-regulated at 3-days p.i. suggest that changes in gene expression after this period may have resulted from analyzing surviving TPS neurons after the cell death of the remainder of the axotomized TPS neuronal population. Taken collectively these data demonstrate that thoracic propriospinal (TPS) neurons mount a very dynamic response following low thoracic axotomy that includes a strong regenerative response, but also results in the cell death of many axotomized TPS neurons in the first week after spinal cord injury. These data also suggest that the immune/inflammatory response may have an important role in mediating the early strong regenerative response, as well as the apoptotic response, since expression of all of three classes of gene are up-regulated only during the initial period examined, 3-days post-SCI. The up-regulation in the expression of genes for several growth factor receptors during the first week post-SCI also suggest that administration of these factors may protect TPS neurons from cell death and maintain a regenerative response, but only if given during the early period after injury.