cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gestational diabetogenesis: quantitative analyses of glucose-insulin interrelationship between normal pregnancy and pregnancy with gestational diabetes.

Abstract The interrelationship between insulin (IRI) and glucose in response to rapid intravenous glucose challenge (IVGTT) was assessed in 14 patients with gestational diabetes during pregnancy and at 6 to 8 weeks post partum. Comparison of the quantitative changes with sequential data obtained in nondiabetic subjects during pregnancy was made. Our data show that in gestational diabetes the development of hyperglycemia and retardation of glucose disposition (K) is associated with a significant increase in the glucose pool. These events are clearly related to the defect in timing, quantity, and quality of IRI response to IVGTT. This defect is primarily related to the inability of acute IRI release during the initial phase of IVGTT. After the removal of the diabetogenic influence of pregnancy (6 to 8 weeks post partum), the inadequate initial insulinogenic response persisted but was accompanied by the reversal of glucose disposition to the normal range.
Genetic Influences on Alcohol Use across Stages of Development: GABRA2 and Longitudinal Trajectories of Drunkenness from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Longitudinal analyses allow us to understand how genetic risk unfolds across development, in a way that is not possible with cross-sectional analyses of individuals at different ages. This has received little attention in genetic association analyses. In this study, we test for genetic effects of GABRA2, a gene previously associated with alcohol dependence, on trajectories of drunkenness from age 14 to 25. We use data from 1070 individuals who participated in the prospective sample of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), in order to better understand the unfolding of genetic risk across development. Piecewise linear growth models were fit to model the influence of genotype on rate of increase in drunkenness from early adolescence to young adulthood (14–18 years), the change in drunkenness during the transition to adulthood (18–19 years), and the rate of change in drunkenness across young adulthood (≥ 19 years). Variation in GABRA2 was associated with an increase in drunkenness that occurred at the transition between adolescence and adulthood. The genotypic effect was more pronounced in females. These analyses illustrate the importance of longitudinal data to characterize how genetic effects unfold across development. The findings suggest that transitions across important developmental periods may alter the relative importance of genetic effects on patterns of alcohol use. The findings also suggest the importance of considering gender when evaluating genetic effects on drinking patterns in males and females.
Body-composition measurements as predictors of glucose and insulin abnormalities in HIV-positive men

Background Fat redistribution and metabolic abnormalities are seen increasingly in HIV-positive patients. However, the degree to which abnormalities in fat distribution predict glucose and insulin concentrations in these patients remains unknown. Objective We determined how well measurements of fat distribution derived from anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and computed tomography predicted hyperinsulinemia in HIV-positive men. Design Body-composition data were analyzed in 41 HIV-positive men (21 with fat redistribution and 20 without) and 20 HIV-negative control subjects matched for age and body mass index (BMI). Multivariate modeling was performed to determine the effects of body composition on fasting insulin and insulin area under the curve (AUC) during standard glucose tolerance testing. Results WHR was superior to other body-composition measures in predicting fasting hyperinsulinemia and was a strong predictor of insulin AUC in HIV-positive men. Fasting insulin increased by 77.4 pmol/L for each 0.1-unit change in WHR (95% CI: 18.6, 136.1; P = 0.011), overall r(2) = 0.415 in a model also including age, BMI, and protease inhibitor use. Measures of intraabdominal and subcutaneous fat did not predict fasting hyperinsulinemia but were independent predictors of insulin AUC in multivariate modeling. The ratio of visceral to subcutaneous abdominal fat predicted the largest degree of variance in insulin AUC. Conclusions Fat redistribution contributes to hyperinsulinemia in HIV-positive men, independent of BMI and protease inhibitor use. WHR is an integrated index of body-composition changes and strongly predicts both fasting hyperinsulinemia and insulin AUC in HIV-positive men.
The effect of intrapartum magnesium sulfate therapy on fetal cardiac troponin I levels at delivery.

Objective: To determine whether intrapartum magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) therapy for seizure prophylaxis in pre-eclampsia-eclampsia is associated with biochemical evidence of subacute fetal myocardial...
Twenty-five Years after Larry P.: The California Response to Overrepresentation of African Americans in Special Education

In this article, major laws, regulations, court cases, policies and practices related to intelligence testing of African American students in California are reviewed. A California Department of Education (CDE) ban on intelligence testing of African American students for the purpose of determining special education eligibility is in effect and enforced by Special Education Hearing Officers (SEHO) and Coordinated Compliance Reviewers (CCR). Although the CDE bases its restrictions on the results of the Larry P. case, we found that (a) the CDE policy runs counter to the ruling and intent of the Larry P. case; (b) overrepresentation of African Americans in special education programs continues despite the use of alternative assessment methods to measure intelligence; and (c) overrepresentation of African Americans in special education is not the result of intelligence test bias, rather, more endemic socio-political inequalities are to blame. We conclude with a discussion of three critical questions to be considered in future responses to the Larry P. court case.
Evaluation of an Internet-Based Disease Trajectory Decision Tool for Prostate Cancer Screening

Abstract Objective To evaluate the application of a chronic disease model (CDM) for prostate cancer to visual analog scale (VAS) and time trade-off (TTO) decision tools. Methods A total of 138 men (mean age 58 years) viewed a CDM module for prostate cancer with and without prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening. Participants rated their hypothetical quality of life with potential prostate cancer treatment complications using a CDM-based VAS decision tool. They were then asked to estimate how many years they would be willing to trade to be free of treatment complications using a CDM-based TTO decision tool. The consistency between VAS and TTO scores and the relationship between scores and preferences for PSA screening test and hypothetical treatment choice for prostate cancer were then evaluated. Results There was a significant relationship between the VAS and TTO ratings (regression P P = 0.04). Using the VAS tool, men who chose PSA screening had higher quality of life ratings compared to men who did not choose PSA screening: 7.73 (1.78) and 6.59 (2.39), respectively ( P = 0.01). Similar results were found with the TTO decision tool: 8.33 (1.45) and 7.04 (2.00), respectively ( P = 0.005). Men who would hypothetically prefer treatment for moderately differentiated prostate cancer also had higher TTO scores compared to men who preferred watchful waiting: 8.54 (1.39) and 7.85 (1.73), respectively ( P = 0.04). Conclusion CDM-based for prostate cancer, VAS and TTO ratings were consistent and were concordant with patient preferences for screening; TTO ratings were also concordant with treatment choice. The use of the CDM-based TTO ratings to adjust for quality of life in decision analytic modeling needs to be explored.
System Theoretic Analysis of Models: Computer Simulation of a Living Cell

Abstract In modeling a biological system for computer simulation one must often reduce the complexity of the system in accord with practical considerations of computer size and length of computation time. In our model of a living cell ( Weinberg & Zeigler, 1969 ) we found the formal concepts of systems theory valuable in this regard. In particular, the notion of homomorphism is applicable to the problem of assuring that the model preserves interesting properties of the system under study while at the same time being simpler with respect to computer implementation. To develop our model of the cell we simplified the state space and transition function by aggregating co-ordinates of the state description while at the same time reducing the state sets of the new lumped co-ordinates. Certain aspects of the transition function of the model could be determined beforehand, but full specification of the transition function had to be determined by trial and error. In general, testing the model for homomorphism is equivalent to validating the model by comparing its behavior with the behavior of its real world counterpart. The process of aggregation by which we simplified our model, while well-known to economists, has been little appreciated by simulators of biological systems. This paper discusses the application of these system theory concepts to biological models for computer simulation.
Emotions and compliance in diabetic children

Abstract Emotional disorders in diabetic children and adolescents can result in mismanagement of the diabetes regimen. The children and their families may fail to comply with their regimen by omitting insulin injections, falsifying urine test reports, eating indiscriminately, or not keeping appointments. The reasons for noncompliance are numerous. The author reviews the literature on medical noncompliance in diabetic patients, compares results of studies of the effects of emotions on metabolism, and gives suggestions for improving compliance.
The Current Status of Outcomes Assessment in Marketing Education

Under pressure for accountability and in pursuit of valid measures of their performance, institutions of higher education are examining outcomes assessment as a means of program and institutional evaluation. Through a survey of chairs of marketing departments, this study explores the current status of outcomes assessment in marketing education in universities in the United States. It examines attitudes toward several potential measures of educational outcomes as well as current and anticipated collection patterns for these measures.
Muscle glycogenolysis is not activated by changes in cytosolic P-metabolites: a 31P and 1H MRS demonstration.

Skeletal muscle contraction and glycogenolysis are closely coupled. The standard explanation for this coupling, as taught in modern biochemistry textbooks, is that the metabolic products of contraction (ADP, AMP, Pi) feed back to activate glycogenolytic enzymes, thus providing for resynthesis of ATP. However, both in vivo 31P MRS analyses and chemical analyses of muscle extracts have provided results that are contrary to this theory, at least in its simplest form. The MRS studies suffer from ambiguous assumptions. More importantly, in 31P MRS studies the dependent and independent variables are often confounded because the glycogenolytic rate is calculated from the same data which are used to calculate the other metabolic variables. The analysis of biopsies has been necessarily quite limited, and suffers from a different set of experimental artifacts. Thus, the problem of contraction-glycogenolysis-coupling was reassessed using a quantitatively accurate 1H MRS method. It is confirmed that glycogenolysis and contractions are closely coupled during repetitive exercise, while glycogenolysis and P-metabolite concentrations are not. A simple metabolic feedback system cannot explain contraction-glycogenolysis-coupling. Magn Reson Med 49:626–631, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mobilizing Social Resources: Race, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Social Capital and Persisting Wage Inequalities

Drawing on a social capital theoretical framework, I examine race, ethnic, and gender wage inequalities. Specifically, I extend past research by analyzing differences in the mobilization of differe...
Correction of metabolic, craniofacial, and neurologic abnormalities in MPS I mice treated at birth with adeno-associated virus vector transducing the human α-l-iduronidase gene

Murine models of lysosomal storage diseases provide an opportunity to evaluate the potential for gene therapy to prevent systemic manifestations of the disease. To determine the potential for treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis type I using a gene delivery approach, a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, vTRCA1, transducing the human iduronidase (IDUA) gene was constructed and 1 x 10(10) particles were injected intravenously into 1-day-old Idua(-/-) mice. High levels of IDUA activity were present in the plasma of vTRCA1-treated animals that persisted for the 5-month duration of the study, with heart and lung of this group demonstrating the highest tissue levels of gene transfer and enzyme activity overall. vTRCA1-treated Idua(-/-) animals with measurable plasma IDUA activity exhibited histopathological evidence of reduced lysosomal storage in a number of tissues and were normalized with respect to urinary GAG excretion, craniofacial bony parameters, and body weight. In an open field test, vTRCA1-treated Idua(-/-) animals exhibited a significant reduction in total squares covered and a trend toward normalization in rearing events and grooming time compared to control-treated Idua(-/-) animals. We conclude that AAV-mediated transduction of the IDUA gene in newborn Idua(-/-) mice was sufficient to have a major curative impact on several of the most important parameters of the disease.
Repeatability Estimation in Galling Resistance Testing

Galling is a severe form of mechanical surface damage, commonly observed in metals, that is accompanied by adhesive transfer, extensive plastic deformation, and/or cold-welding of the mating surfaces. It can lead to seizure or rapid failure of machine components. Stainless steels are particularly prone to galling. A new galling test and analysis method that reflects the statistical nature of galling is described. The new ASTM method (G196), which embodies a probabilistic approach to galling, is superior to an older ASTM test method (G98), which produces only a single threshold stress for a given combination of materials. A computer-modeled experiment involving a 300 series stainless steel is used to illustrate how the enhanced analysis can be applied to determine the repeatability of galling test results.
144. Adenosine receptor-dependent activation of caspase 1 impairs memory formation after hypoxia/reoxygenation

The inability to create new memories is a critical adverse outcome during hypoxia and reoxygenation; however, the development and resolution of anterograde amnesia remains elusive. Brain-based IL-1 is suggested to be involved due to its role in both learning and brain injury. In our studies, we found that memory formation in mice exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation was impaired for up to 6 h. Recovery in the ability to form new memories was accelerated in IL-1 receptor 1 knockout mice, in mice receiving IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and in mice given the caspase 1 inhibitor, Ac-YVAD-CMK. Similarly, the administration of the adenosine receptor (AR) antagonist, caffeine, expedited recovery from anterograde amnesia. Furthermore, hypoxia/reoxygenation more than doubled brain caspase 1 activity, while adenosine alone was able to elicit a similar response. This reoxygenation-dependent activation of caspase 1 was prevented by administration of either caffeine or by targeted antagonism of A1/A2A ARs. These findings suggest that anterograde amnesia after hypoxia/reoxygenation is reliant, in part, on IL-1beta generated by AR-dependent activation of caspase 1 after reoxygenation.
A genetic linkage map for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).

Summary Construction of genetic linkage maps is an important first step for a variety of genomic applications, such as selective breeding in aquaculture, comparative studies of chromosomal evolution and identification of loci that have played key roles in the evolution of a species. Here we present a sex-specific linkage map for coho salmon. The map was constructed using 148 AFLP markers, 133 microsatellite loci and the phenotypic locus SEX. Twenty-four linkage groups spanning 287.4 cM were mapped in males, and 33 linkage groups spanning 429.7 cM were mapped in females. Several male linkage groups corresponded to two female linkage groups. The combination of linkage groups across both sexes appeared to characterize regions of 26 chromosomes. Two homeologous chromosomes were identified based on information from duplicated loci. Homologies between the coho and rainbow trout maps were examined. Eighty-six loci were found to form common linkage relationships between the two maps; these relationships provided evidence for whole-arm fissions, fusions and conservation of chromosomal regions in the evolution of these two species.
S-Parameter, I-V Curve and Noise Figure Measurements of III-V Devices at Cryogenic Temperatures

We have measured the electrical operating parameters for several three-terminal semiconductor III-V devices at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature, 80 K. The fundamental performance parameters, I-V curve, S-parameters and noise figure, change quite dramatically upon cooling. It is necessary to know these parameters if an optimal cryogenic device, e.g. high-temperature superconducting/III-V hybrid, is to be designed and fabricated. The electrical operating parameters for a Fujitsu GaAs high electron mobility field effect transistor, HEMT, and a Litton GaAs metal semiconductor field effect transistor, MESFET, were measured at room temperature and at 80 K. The data collected on these devices were used to design a III-V C-band amplifier with optimum operation at 80 K. This amplifier was used to construct a high-temperature superconducting/III-V hybrid oscillator, a major step towards the high degree of circuit integration required for a useful HTS/III-V hybrid subsystem or system.
Inclusion of complementary and alternative medicine in US state comprehensive cancer control plans: Baseline data

Background. The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among cancer patients has increased substantially during the last decade. The purpose of this investigation is to summarize CAM content of comprehensive cancer control (CCC) plans in the United States, territories, and tribes. Methods. Sixty-six CCC plans, including all the states, most of the territories, and nearly all the Native American tribes were analyzed for content of CAM, and predominant thematic areas were summarized. Results. Thirty-nine plans (59.1%) included CAM content. The predominant themes identified included increased education of CAM practices (46.2%), followed by utilization of existing CAM providers (28.2%), increasing CAM research efforts (18%), encouraging patient and provider communication about CAM use (18%), establishment of CAM baseline data (10.3%), and CAM as a barrier to treatment (10.3%). Conclusion. CAM is an emerging area in cancer care. The increasing inclusion of various themes of CAM into CCC plans indicate that many US cancer coalitions are taking steps to include the education and promotion of safe and efficacious CAM therapies for cancer patients.
Lessons Learned from Exemplary Schools

This article presents lessons learned about successful professional development for promoting technology integration from eight exemplary schools. Through a qualitative investigation into school leaders’ and teachers’ intentional goals of improving student engagement and achievement, formal, informal, and individual opportunities are described from these schools. The data led to a deep understanding of the ways these schools implemented PD; in most schools purposeful reconfiguration of the entire curriculum was a corollary to the professional development. We found that the most effective models incorporated district wide, school based, formal and informal opportunities that accommodated preferences in both learning and delivery models.
The effects of hydrogen ions on the kinetics of calcium transport by rat kidney mitochondria.

Abstract The influence of pH on the kinetics of the initial rate of calcium uptake by isolated kidney mitochondria was studied using the ruthenium red-ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether) N,N -tetraacetic acid quench method (K. Reed and F. Bygrave, 1975, Eur. J. Biochem. 55 , 497–504). In the absence of phosphate, the K m is increased 50% and the V is decreased 57% when the pH is decreased from pH 7.4 to 7.0. Conversely, when the pH is increased to 7.8, the K m is decreased 25% while the V is not affected. The presence of 0.1 or 0.4 m m phosphate in the incubation medium abolishes the change in K m at a low pH while the V remains depressed by 36 and 25%, respectively. The presence of phosphate does not affect the decrease in the K m seen with an increased medium pH. Mitochondria incubated in steady-state conditions with a medium free calcium of 0.7 μ m also show significant changes in calcium exchange and distribution with pH. Two kinetic calcium pools are found in isolated mitochondria. Decreasing pH from 7.4 to 7.1 decreases mitochondria total calcium 32%, decreases the rapidly exchanging pool 28%, and depresses both the mitochondrial membrane and an intramitochondrial calcium exchange by 54 and 22%, respectively. Raising the pH to 7.7 increases both exchangeable pools (63 and 46%), and increases the mitochondrial membrane calcium exchange 44%. These results are consistent with previous studies on the influence of intracellular pH on calcium metabolism of kidney cells in which the mitochondrial pool was markedly affected by pH ( R. Studer, and A. Borle, 1979, J. Membrane Biol. 48 , 325–341 ). Alterations in cellular pH may modify mitochondrial calcium transport and cellular calcium metabolism and thus affect cell functions which are calcium dependent.
Purification and partial characterization of citrate synthase from Phaseolus vulgaris mitochondria

Abstract Citrate synthase (E.C. 4.1.3.7) has been isolated from bean mitochondria by an improved procedure. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 50. In most respects (e.g. sedimentation constant, K m s, pH sensitivity and ionic strength inhibition) the enzyme is similar to that prepared from mammalian sources. The feature distinguishing the plant enzyme from the others was its inhibition by several sulfhydryl reagents. The substrates conferred either complete protection (acetyl coenzyme A ) or partial protection (oxalacetic acid) against the inhibition. Dithiothreitol (DTT) was capable of partially reversing the inhibition. The efficacy of DTT varied with the sulfhydryl reagent and was inversely related to the period of incubation of the enzyme with the reagent.
Distributive justice in science and technology policy

This article examines the principles of distributive justice that underlie common rationales and goals in science and technology policy, treating four traditions in political philosophy: libertarian; utilitarian; contractarian; and communitarian. All four approaches play some role in current ST in the effort to maximize public benefit; in programs targeted to disadvantaged groups; and in programs that build community through involvement in research. This variety gives national policy-makers options to mix, match, and grow these elements in their national systems. Making conscious decisions about the mix is important to achieving public goals in science and technology. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Imatinib therapy for hypereosinophilic syndrome and eosinophilia-associated myeloproliferative disorders

Abstract A pathogenetic mutation, FIP1L1-PDGFRA , that results from an interstitial chromosome 4q12 deletion, leads to a constitutive activation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRA) tyrosine kinase as well as a disease phenotype that mimics both the hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) and systemic mast cell disease associated with eosinophilia (SMCD-eos). Complete remissions, in response to treatment with low-dose imatinib mesylate (100 mg/day or less) have now been documented in all cases of FIP1L1-PDGFRA + eosinophilic disorder as well as other eosinophilic disorders that carry activation mutations of the PDGFRB gene that is located on chromosome 5q33. Furthermore, response to therapy has been rapid (within days) and durable. Interestingly, imatinib mesylate treatment, at a higher dose level (400 mg/day), might induce either partial or short-lived complete remissions in HES that is not associated with the aforementioned PDGFR mutations. These observations make it necessary to re-examine current disease classification and treatment algorithms in eosinophilic disorders.
A variational formulation of kinematic waves: basic theory and complex boundary conditions

Abstract This paper proves that the solution of every well-posed kinematic wave (KW) traffic problem with a concave flow-density relation is a set of least-cost (shortest) paths in space-time with a special metric. The equi-cost contours are the vehicle trajectories. If the flow-density relation is strictly concave the set of shortest paths is unique and matches the set of waves. Shocks, if they arise, are curves in the solution region where the shortest paths end. The new formulation extends the range of applications of kinematic wave theory and simplifies it considerably. For example, moving restrictions such as slow buses, which cannot be treated easily with existing methods, can be modeled as shortcuts in space-time. These shortcuts affect the nature of the solution but not the complexity of the solution process. Hybrid models of traffic flow where discrete vehicles (e.g., trucks) interact with a continuum KW stream can now be easily implemented.
Design of filters to detect a noisy target in nonoverlapping background noise

Two types of filter are proposed to detect a noisy target embedded in nonoverlapping background noise by optimization of two proposed criteria that are used in the assessment of filter design and performance. Criterion 1 is defined as the ratio of the square of the expected value of the correlation-peak amplitude to the expected value of the output-signal energy. Criterion 2 is defined as the ratio of the square of the expected value of the correlation-peak amplitude to the average output-signal variance. It is shown that, for the nonoverlapping target and scene noise models, the target window and the scene noise window affect the filter functions significantly. Computer-simulation tests of the generalized optimum filter for various kinds of noisy input image are provided to investigate filter performance in terms of peak-to-output-energy ratio, discrimination against undesired objects, and tolerance to target distortion (for example, target rotation and scaling). We compare the results with those of other filters to verify the performance of the optimum filters.
Elimination of optical self-focusing by population trapping.

We demonstrate a method for eliminating optical self-focusing and defocusing for a copropagating pair of intense laser beams whose frequencies differ by a Raman resonance. The lasers force the atoms of the medium into a population trapped state, thereby eliminating their contribution to the nonlinear refractive index.
Early postpartum pup preference is altered by gestational cocaine treatment: associations with infant cues and oxytocin expression in the MPOA.

Abstract Cross-fostering studies suggest cocaine-induced deficits in maternal behavior could be associated with altered behavior of offspring following prenatal cocaine-exposure. Neonatal vocalizations are an important offspring cue facilitating early interactions between dam and rodent pup offspring and have been shown to be altered following prenatal cocaine-exposure. It is unclear how variations in acoustic parameters of USVs impact maternal behavior and the mechanism(s) underlying these processes. The present study examined differences in cocaine-exposed and control rodent dam maternal preference of cocaine-exposed or untreated pups in a dual choice apparatus. Relationship of preference-like behavior with pup USVs and dam oxytocin expression was explored. Gestational cocaine-exposure interfered with preference-like behavior of dams on postpartum day 1 with cocaine-exposure associated with decreased time spent on the cocaine-exposed pup side compared to the control pup side, and decreases in preference-like behavior associated in part with decreased number of USVs being emitted by cocaine-exposed pups. On postpartum day 5, decreased oxytocin expression in the medial preoptic area was associated with altered preference-like behavior in cocaine-exposed dams, including frequency and latency to touch/sniff pups. Results indicate cocaine's effects on the mother–infant relationship is likely synergistic, in that cocaine influences mother and offspring both independently and concertedly and that variations within pup vocalizations and the oxytocin system may be potential mechanism(s) underlying this synergistic relationship during the postpartum period.
Planning HIV education programs for older adults: cultural implications

In this article the author discusses a needs assessment, through the use of discussion groups of various cultures, exploring the perceptions and attitudes of older adults about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and HIV education. Five discussion groups (one with Latino older adults, two with African-American older adults, one with White older adults, and one with Chinese-American older adults) were conducted. Semi-structured guiding questions were used with all groups. The questions centered on three major areas: perceptions of older adults and HIV and AIDS, use of condoms for HIV and AIDS prevention, and HIV prevention programs for older adults. The group sessions were approximately 1 hour, were recorded on tape, and were transcribed. The sessions were conducted in the languages of the target population. Because the project was a needs assessment for program development, the number of participants in each cultural discussion group was small, and the nurse group leaders were not experienced in focus group methodology themes and generalizations cannot be made. However, specific findings from the group sessions and recommendations for HIV prevention are presented for further exploration.
TK/TD dose–response modeling of toxicity

In environmental cancer risk assessment of a toxic chemical, the main focus is in understanding induced target organ toxicity that may in turn lead to carcinogenicity. Mathematical models based on systems of ordinary differential equations with biologically relevant parameters are tenable methods for describing the disposition of chemicals in target organs. In evaluation of a toxic chemical, dose–response assessment often addresses only toxicodynamics (TD) of the chemical, while its toxicokinetics (TK) do not enter into consideration. The primary objective of this research is to integrate both TK and TD in evaluation of toxic chemicals while performing dose–response assessment. Population models, with hierarchical setup and nonlinear predictors, for TK concentration and TD effect measures are considered. A one-compartment model with biologically relevant parameters, such as organ volume, uptake rate and excretion rate, or clearance, is used to derive the TK predictor while a two parameter Emax model is used as a predictor for TD measures. Inference of the model parameters with nonnegative and assay's Limit of Detection (LOD) constraints was carried out by Bayesian approaches using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photophoretic trapping of airborne particles using ultraviolet illumination

We demonstrate photophoretic trapping of micron-sized absorbing particles in air using pulsed and continuous-wave (CW) ultraviolet laser illumination at wavelengths of 351 nm and 244 nm. We compared the particle trapping dynamics in two trapping geometries consisting of a hollow optical cone formed by light propagating either with or against gravity. This comparison allowed us to isolate the influence of the photophoretic force from the radiative pressure and the convective forces. We found that the absorbing spherical particles tested experienced a positive photophoretic force, whereas the spatially irregular, non-spherical particles tested experienced a negative photophoretic force. By using two trapping geometries, both spherical and non-spherical absorbing particles could be trapped and held securely in place. The position of the trapped particles exhibited a standard deviation of less than 1 µm over 20 seconds. Moreover, by operating in the UV and deep-UV where the majority of airborne materials are absorptive, the system was able to trap a wide range of particle types. Such a general purpose optical trap could enable on-line characterization of airborne particles when coupled with interrogation techniques such as Raman spectroscopy.
Is breast cancer a potential side effect of GH treatment

Infusion of aging monkeys with growth hormone promotes proliferation of mammary epithelia, suggesting caution in treating the elderly with growth hormone supplements (pages 1141–1144).
Lunar Tidal Winds at Four American Stations

Summary The semi-diurnal lunar-tidal surface winds have been determined at four stations in the northern hemisphere, supplementing an earlier determination of these winds by Chapman for Mauritius in the southern hemisphere. The series of data are in no case long enough to reduce the magnitude of the probable error circle sufficiently, but the amplitudes are found to be of the right order of magnitude, 1 cm/s, as predicted by the theory. The rotation of the wind vector with time is opposite in the two hemispheres, again in agreement with the theory. But in both hemispheres, the sense of rotation of the wind vector is contrary to that expected from theory. While this result cannot be regarded as firmly established because of the inaccuracy of the determinations, it strongly indicates the need for further empirical studies based on longer series of data.
The native state of apomyoglobin described by proton NMR spectroscopy: The A-B-G-H interface of wild-type sperm whale apomyoglobin

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was applied to sperm whale apomyoglobin to describe the conformation adopted by the protein under native conditions. The study focused on the A-B-G-H interface, a region known to form a compact subdomain in the apoprotein (Hughson and Baldwin, Biochemistry 28:4415–4422, 1989). Two histidine residues located in this subdomain, His24 and His119, interact and are thought to play a role in the acid denaturation process (Barrick et al., J. Mol. Biol. 237:588–601, 1994). A stable double mutant at these positions (His24Va1/His119Phe sperm whale apomyoglobin) was compared with wild-type apomyoglobin. The amino acid replacements result in chemical shift perturbations near the mutations, in particular in the AB interhelical region, and in a deceleration of backbone amide hydrogen exchange in the B helix from position 27 to position 33. The double mutant data were used to expand and confirm the wild-type spectral analysis. Signals from the D helix were identified that demonstrate the formation of holoprotein-like structure. The assigned wild-type nuclear Overhauser effects, although in small number, were sufficient to construct a model of the compact subdomain of the apoprotein. This was achieved by using the structure of the holoprotein and restraining it with the geometrical information on the apoprotein in a simulated annealing procedure. The experimental restraints define a low-resolution model of the A-B-G-H interface in apomyoglobin. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Construct Validity Testing of a Laparoscopic Surgical Simulator

Background We present initial data on the construct, content, and face validity of the LAPMentor (Simbionix), virtual reality laparoscopic surgical simulator. Study design Medical students (MS), residents and fellows (R/F), and experienced laparoscopic surgeons (ES), with 30 laparoscopic cases per year (ES>30), were tested on 9 basic skill tasks (SK) including manipulation of 0-degree and 30-degree cameras (SK1, SK2), eye-hand coordination (SK3), clipping (SK4), grasping and clipping (SK5), two-handed maneuvers (SK6), cutting (SK7), fulguration (SK8), and object-translocation (SK9). Results Mean MS (n=23), R/F (n=24), ES 30 (n=30) ages were 26 years (range 21 to 32 years), 31 years (range 27 to 39 years), 49 years (range 31 to 70 years) and 47 years (range 34 to 69 years), respectively. In the lower level skill tasks (SK3, SK4, SK5, and SK6) the ES>30, ES 30 scores tended to be better than the R/F and ES 30 had notably higher SK8 scores than the R/F and ES Conclusions The noncamera skills (SK3 to 9) of the LAPMentor surgical simulator can distinguish between laparoscopically naive and ES. SK8 showed the highest level of construct validity, by accurately differentiating among the MS, R/F, ES 30.
Study of optical phase change measurement using the Hilbert Transform and interferometric techniques

Advances in the fields of optics and optical communications have created a demand for effectively measuring relative phase changes along an optical path or within an optical system. We present a method for obtaining these measurements using an interferometric setup with processing involving Empirical Mode Decomposition and the Hilbert Transform. In this work, the Hilbert Transform algorithm is justified by accurately measuring the phase changes in software generated signals. Progress and improvements are shown regarding the ongoing design and implementation of an experimental benchtop setup. This testbed will prove the method in applications such as measuring and recording phase changes caused by propagating light through a turbulent freespace channel.
The photosensitized rearrangement of aryl-substituted tricyclo[2.2.0.02,6]hexanes to bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-enes

Abstract The triplet sensitized irradiation of 3-allyl-diaryl-substituted cyclopropenes to bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-enes proceeds via an intramolecular [2+2]-cycloaddition followed by a subsequent rearrangement of the initially formed tricyclo[2.2.0.0 2,6 ]hexane skeleton.
Gender and Renal Cancer: Do Variations in Clinical Presentation and Imaging Patterns Explain Observed Differences Between Males and Females?

Objectives To determine whether gender variations in imaging and healthcare access are contributing to observed differences in renal cancer, we examine the initial events in the diagnosis of renal masses in a cohort of patients and correlate it with detailed data on imaging patterns over the same period. Methods A total of 308 patients diagnosed with a renal mass over 11 years were reviewed. Information on symptoms, imaging, diagnosing physician, demographics, and pathology was gathered. Data on imaging for 1 862 485 patients at our institution over the same period were also collected. The data were analyzed for temporal trends, gender variations, and differences between incidental and nonincidental masses. Results Females presented with smaller masses (4.8 vs 6.0 cm, P = .0064), and were less likely to have clear cell tumors (58.7% vs 63.4%, P = .049). A total of 66.9% of female and 61.1% of male cases were incidental (not significant). In both males and females, primary care physicians were the most common diagnosing physicians (47.4% and 49.6%, respectively). Gynecologic complaints were an uncommon cause of diagnosis for women (5.3%). Computerized tomography was the most common diagnosing modality for both males and females (69.1% and 63.2%, respectively). Ultrasound as the diagnosing modality did not reach statistical significance between males and females (23.4% and 28.6%, respectively). During the 11- year period, women underwent more imaging studies overall than men (19.7% difference), but the difference was lower when only considering studies that can diagnose renal masses (6.4% difference). Conclusions Gender variations in imaging rates and presentation for obstetrics/gynecology concerns by females did not lead to a significant difference in incidental diagnosis and do not appear adequate to explain gender differences in renal cancer presentation.
Abstract 292: Modulation of cyr61/ccn1 expression in human cell lines by the polyphenolic compound resveratrol

Resveratrol is the active compound in red grape skin believed to contribute to the protective effects of red wine in heart disease and has been implicated in the modulation of certain cancers. The matricellular protein CCN1/Cyr61 is involved in the regulation of cellular activities that control growth, programmed cell death, cellular motility and cell adhesion. Interestingly, many of the regulatory pathways that affect CCN1/Cyr61 expression are also affected by resveratrol action. In order to examine the possible link between CCN1/Cyr61 action and resveratrol9s effects, human cell lines were used to analyze resveratrol9s effects on CCN1/Cyr61 expression and function. Increased levels of CCN1/Cyr61 expression were observed in cells treated with resveratrol alone or combined with the stimulatory agents phorbol ester and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Analysis of CCN1/Cyr61 protein expression and cellular functions also revealed modulatory effects of reseveratrol treatment, however the role of upstream regulatory pathways in mediating reseveratrol action has yet to be addressed. Nevetheless, these studies offer preliminary evidence for the regulation of CNN1/Cyr61 expression by a putative modulator of cellular processes involved in heart disease and cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 292. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-292
First-principle derivation of gain in high-index-contrast waveguides

From first principles we develop figures of merit to determine the gain experienced by the guided mode and the lasing threshold for devices based on high-index-contrast waveguides. We show that as opposed to low-index-contrast systems, this quantity is not equivalent to the power confinement since in high-index-contrast structures the electric and magnetic field distributions cannot be related by proportionality constant. We show that with a slot waveguide configuration it is possible to achieve more gain than one would expect based on the power confinement in the gain media. Using the figures of merit presented here we optimize a slot waveguide geometry to achieve low-threshold lasing and discuss the fabrication tolerances of such a design.
Adenosine dialdehyde and neplanocin A: Potent inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase in neuroblastoma N2a cells

Abstract S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcy hydrolase, E.C. 3.3.1.1) catalyzes the metabolism of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to adenosine (Ado) and homocysteine (Hcy) in mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells. AdoHcy hydrolase in N2a cells can be inhibited completely by adenosine dialdehyde (Ado dialdehyde) or neplanocin A. The inhibitory effects of Ado dialdehyde (2.5 μM) and neplanocin A (1 μM) on cellular AdoHcy hydrolase were time-dependent, with total enzyme inhibition occurring after 30 min and 15 min of incubation, respectively. The inhibition of AdoHcy hydrolase produced by Ado dialdehyde and neplanocin A persisted for up to 72 h of incubation, and was paralleled by a time-dependent increase in endogenous AdoHcy levels reaching a maximum 4-fold elevation after 8 h of incubation with Ado dialdehyde and an 11-fold increase in the neplanocin A-treated cells. This increase in AdoHcy levels produced a subsequent inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent cellular methylations (e.g. protein carboxylmethylation (PCM), lipid methylation). In addition, neplanocin A was metabolically converted to the corresponding AdoMet analog, S-neplanocylmethionine (NepMet), in neuroblastoma N2a cells. NepMet reached maximum levels after 8 h of incubation of the cells with neplanocin A.
Roles of Coactivators in Hypoxic Induction of the Erythropoietin Gene

Author(s): Wang, Feng; Zhang, Ruixue; Wu, Xiaomeng; Hankinson, Oliver | Abstract: BackgroundHypoxia-inducible expression of the erythropoietin (EPO) gene is mediated principally by hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha (HIF-2alpha) in Hep3B cells under physiologic conditions. How/whether p300/CBP and the members of p160 coactivator family potentiate hypoxic induction of endogenous EPO and other HIF-2alpha and hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) target genes remains unclear.Methodology/principal findingsWe demonstrate, using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis, that the histone acetyl transferase (HAT) coactivators p300, SRC-1 and SRC-3 are recruited to the 3' enhancer of the EPO gene upon hypoxic stimulation, and that each associates with the enhancer in a periodic fashion. Hypoxia induced acetylation of the EPO gene 5' promoter at histone 4 and lysine 23 of histone 3. Knocking down SRC-3, but not SRC-1 or SRC-2, using short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), reduced EPO transcriptional activity. Knocking down p300 resulted in dramatic down-regulation of hypoxic stimulation of EPO gene transcription, negated recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the gene's promoter, and eliminated hypoxia-stimulated acetylation at the promoter and recruitments of SRC-1 and SRC-3 to the enhancer. The inhibitory effects of knocking down p300 and the chromatin remodeling coactivator, Brm/Brg-1, on EPO transcription were additive, suggesting that p300 and Brm/Brg-1 act independently. p300 was also required for hypoxia induced transcription of the HIF-1alpha target gene, VEGF, but was dispensable for induction of two other HIF-1alpha target genes, PGK and LDHA. Knocking down CBP, a homolog of p300, augmented hypoxic induction of VEGF, LDHA and PGK. Different HIF target genes also exhibited different requirements for members of the p160 coactivator family.Conclusions/significancep300 plays a central coactivator role in hypoxic induction of EPO. The coactivators exhibit different specificities for different HIF target genes and each can behave differently in transcriptional regulation of different target genes mediated by the same transcription factor.
Intramolecular formation of p-methylbenzyl radical from p-xylene

Abstract In order to show that the dissociation of a methyl hydrogen atom from a methylbenzene by light is an intramolecular process, p -xylene was prepared in a solid argon matrix. Irradiation of this solution in the near ultraviolet produced the known radical emission.
Hewlett-Packard and Personal Computing Systems (abstract only)

Scientific computing systems for individuals were pioneered earl; at Hewlett-Packard. beginning with the 9l00A Desktop Calculator in 1968. Extensions of this first machine were soon seen in Personal Peripherals. such as Printers. Tape Cartridges. and Plotters. and followed by Graphic CRT Displays. By earl} 1972. the Desktop unit had been augmented by a very powerful Pocket Calculator. the ground-breaking HP 35A. This paper traces the evolution of these machines to the present day. following four main themes: 1. Scientific Desktop Computers: 2. Personal Calculators and Portable Computers: 3. Personal Peripherals: and 4. Personal Business Computers. The underlying technologies are described. as well as the product definitions and the market development. The company organization is described in some detail. since it appears both unorthodox in the Industry and particularly appropriate for certain elements of the accomplishments. Some of the key people will be highlighted for their personal contributions. but the theme will revolve rather around the Team structure that seems responsible for the continued success in many of these product sectors. The paper concludes with considerations about two corollary impacts of this pioneering effort: 1. The development of Data-Domain design and test methodologies: and 2. The impact of Pocket Calculators on the mathematical skills and procedures of our society.