cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From dialogue management to pervasive interaction based assistive technology

Dialogue management system is originated when human-computer interaction (HCI) was dominated by a single computer. With the development of sensor networks and pervasive techniques, the HCI has to adapt into pervasive environments. Pervasive interaction is a form of HCI derived under the context of pervasive computing. This paper introduces a pervasive interaction based planning and reasoning system for individuals with cognitive impairment, for their activities of daily living. Our system is a fusion of speech prompt, speech recognition as well as events from sensor networks.The system utilizes Markov decision processes for activity planning, and partially observable Markov decision processes for action planning and executing. Multimodal and multi-observation is the characteristics of a pervasive interaction system. Experimental results demonstrate the flexible effect the reminder system works for activity planning.
The C-terminal domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA topoisomerase II

A set of carboxy-terminal deletion mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA topoisomerase II were constructed for studying the functions of the carboxyl domain in vitro and in vivo. The wild-type yeast enzyme is a homodimer with 1,429 amino acid residues in each of the two polypeptides; truncation of the C terminus to Ile-1220 has little effect on the function of the enzyme in vitro or in vivo, whereas truncations extending beyond Gln-1138 yield completely inactive proteins. Several mutant enzymes with C termini in between these two residues were found to be catalytically active but unable to complement a top2-4 temperature-sensitive mutation. Immunomicroscopy results suggest that the removal of a nuclear localization signal in the C-terminal domain is likely to contribute to the physiological dysfunction of these proteins; the ability of these mutant proteins to relax supercoiled DNA in vivo shows, however, that at least some of the mutant proteins are present in the nuclei in a catalytically active form. In contrast to the ability of the catalytically active mutant proteins to relax supercoiled intracellular DNA, all mutants that do not complement the temperature-dependent lethality and high frequency of chromosomal nondisjunction of top2-4 were found to lack decatenation activity in vivo. The plausible roles of the DNA topoisomerase II C-terminal domain, in addition to providing a signal for nuclear localization, are discussed in the light of these results.
Mutations permitting the anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on trehalose

Abstract Wild-type strains of Escherichia coli K-12 do not grow anaerobically on trehalose or galactose. We isolated two operon fusion mutants of E. coli which gained the ability to grow on trehalose anaerobically ( tan ). The tanA-lac mutation was located at 41 min on the E. coli genetic map and also abolished growth on glucuronic acid both aerobically and anaerobically. The tanB-lac mutation was mapped to 68 min and permitted anaerobic growth on galactose as well as trehalose. The tanB-lac fusion was induced anaerobically whereas tanA-lac showed more or less constitutive β-galactosidase expression.
Host status of tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis) for nematodes

Abstract Nematodes are the most damaging pathogens of cotton and one of the most important pathogens of peanut. Weeds can support nematode reproduction and reduce the effectiveness of crop rotation as a management tool. This study documents the relative host status of tropical spiderwort for (1) the reniform nematode and the southern and peanut root-knot nematodes and (2) the fungal pathogen southern stem rot. A reproductive factor (RF) was calculated for each nematode (final number divided by initial number). Galling was estimated (0–10 scale) for the root-knot species. The southern root-knot nematode reproduced well on tropical spiderwort, with a gall rating of 3.1 and an RF of 15.5. The peanut root-knot nematode also reproduced well on tropical spiderwort, with a gall rating of 2.1 and an RF of 7.2. Trials with the reniform nematode were analyzed independently. In the first trial with the reniform nematode, the RF was 2.4 on tropical spiderwort and 1.4 on cotton. In the second trial, the RF was 3.6 on ...
Now that we know who we are

I WELCOME THE OPPORTUNITY to commend Sheldon Hackney for his important work as chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities during what appears to be a particularly cynical and reactionary period in our nation's history. His timely call for a National Conversation on the meaning of American identity has generated much-needed reflection on the kind of society in which we would like to live. I am encouraged that so many citizens took advantage of this unique opportunity to speak, and more significantly, to be heard by our political, educational, and cultural leaders. For too long those in positions of power and trust have operated under perceptions and ideals framed within their own limited hierarchal locations. This National Conversation rightly deserves to be heralded as a significant contribution to the ongoing democratization of America. The inclusive nature of this conversation exemplifies the ideas inherent in the founding documents of our civilization-the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution. I am certain that all would agree that the national dialogue provided a healing alternative to the divisiveness rampant in our society. If nothing more, the National Conversation reaffirms our collective commitment to the relentless search for social jistice and our faith in the principle of equality of opportunity. I applud Chairman Hackney for creating a space in which we could celebrate the distinctive contributions and opinions of all who have made America what it is today.
Measuring fire severity: Are canopy, understorey and below-ground measures coupled in sclerophyll forest fires?

Fire creates complex patterns of burnt, scorched and unburnt vegetation, commonly referred to as fire severity. This study examines the spatial complexities of fire severity and explores the relationships between common methods of measuring fire severity and their utility in predicting the effects of fire severity on plant ecological processes. Experimental burns were undertaken in dry sclerophyll vegetation in Gibraltar Range National Park, NSW, Australia. Following fires, fire severity was assessed using three common methods (scorch height, burn tip diameter on shrubs, leaf scorch on graminoids). In addition, the relationship between on-ground measurements of fire severity and ecological processes known to be influenced by fire severity/intensity were also examined (emergence of seedlings of serotinous species, emergence of seedlings of hard-seeded species and resprouting ability of shrubs). Our results indicate that fire severity at the canopy level, understorey level and below-ground were not strongly correlated with each other. Furthermore, fire severity measurements in closest proximity to the ecological process being measured were found to have the strongest relationships. Finally, these results indicate that fire severity should be measured at all strata (below-ground, understorey level and canopy level) in order to examine the overall fire severity at a site.
Percutaneous Vaso-Occlusion for Nonmalignant Renal Lesions

Abstract Transarterial renal embolization has been used in the management of renal cancer. We report on 9 patients who underwent selective and superselective renal arterial embolization for nonmalignant renal lesions. Embolization was done in 5 patients for hemorrhage owing to renal angiomas, renal artery pseudoaneurysm, percutaneous renal biopsy and adult polycystic kidney disease, and in 2 patients with end stage renal disease because of massive proteinuria. Another chronic renal failure patient with severe hypertension was treated successfully with bilateral renal embolization. A postoperative renal arteriovenous fistula was treated successfully by catheter vaso-occlusion. Renal embolization may be a suitable alternative to surgery in poor operative risk patients and for technically difficult benign lesions. Renal infection is a contraindication to embolization.
Characterization of a Modified Fast Neutron Beam for Boron Neutron Capture Enhancement of Fast Neutron Therapy

The use of the boron neutron capture reaction to provide a localized tumor boost in fast neutron therapy was originally proposed by Waterman et al.1 This treatment modality may be referred to as boron neutron capture enhanced fast neutron therapy (BNCEFNT).2 Many fast neutron facilities are currently investigating the possibility of treating with BNCEFNT Investigations are underway at the Harper Hospital cyclotron produced d(48.5)+Be fast neutron therapy facility in an attempt to produce a suitable modified beam for BNCEFNT3,4,5 Characterization of this modified beam is in progress using both proportional counter and ionization chamber techniques with results presented.
The First Situations

The ICC has become deeply enmeshed in four African countries experiencing massive criminal law violations in a web of conflicts ranging from Rwanda in the south to Sudan in the north and the Central African Republic and Chad in the west. By mid-2007, the ICC had four “situations” on its docket. The governments of Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Central African Republic referred their own situations to the Court. The Darfur, Sudan, situation was referred by the UN Security Council. The four situations raised common challenges and unique problems for the Court. The sections of this chapter begin with a description of each conflict's background and the sequence of events leading to the Court's involvement. The exposition that follows focuses on aspects of each situation that illuminate particular characteristics of the Court's processes and problems. Uganda, the DRC, and the CAR are all adherents to the ICC Statute, so their self-referrals skirted the problem of situation–state noncooperation with the Court; however, there was the possibility that their governments were seeking to use the ICC for their own purposes in internal conflicts. The Court would need to strive for impartiality even though it had been invited into the countries by their governments. This problem is sometimes called the threat of instrumentalization of the Court. Could the Court carry out investigations and prosecutions under self-referrals without being used by the governments?
EMF Measurements in Molten Salts

An e.m.f. measurement is capable, in principle, of providing directly the free energy of the cell process, and therefore all the thermodynamic information obtainable from the free energy and its derivatives. E.m.f. measurements may therefore provide free energies of formation of pure molten salts, free energies of mixing in binary molten salt mixtures, excess chemical potentials of selected components in multicomponent molten salt mixtures, and equilibrium constants for homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of dissolved species. Because of the inherent accuracy of electrical measurements, e.m.f. measurements are capable of yielding accurate thermodynamic quantities. The essential requirements for accuracy include the establishment of local equilibrium within each phase in the cell and between adjacent phases; and, simultaneously, the maintenance of constraints against irreversible processes such as direct chemical reaction of the electrode materials and electronic conduction through the electrolyte. Such irreversible processes constitute chemical or electrical partial short circuits of the cell e.m.f., and invalidate the basic equilibrium thermodynamic equation relating the electromotive force of a cell. E (volts), to the electrical work obtainable from the cell reaction isothermally and isobarically, by reversible transfer of nF coulombs of charge, and hence to the Gibbs free energy change of the process occurring in the cell.
Soft Response Generation and Thresholding Strategies for Linear and Feed-Forward MUX PUFs

In this work, we present probability based response generation schemes for MUX based Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs). Compared to previous implementations where temporal majority voting (TMV) based on limited samples and coarse criteria was utilized to determine final responses, our design can collect soft responses with detailed probability information using simple on-chip circuits. Thresholds with fine accuracy are applied to efficiently distinguish stable and unstable challenge response pairs (CRPs). A 32nm test chip including both linear and feed-forward MUX PUFs was implemented for concept verification. Based on a detailed analysis of the hardware data, we propose several enhanced thresholding strategies for determining stable CRPs. For instance, a stringent threshold can be imposed in enrollment phase for selecting good CRPs, while a relaxed threshold can be used during normal authentication phase. Experimental data shows a high degree of uniqueness and randomness in the PUF responses which can be attributed to the carefully optimized circuit layout. Finally, output characteristic of a feed-forward MUX PUF was compared to that of a standard linear MUX PUF from the same 32nm chip.
DRAM-Based Intrinsic Physically Unclonable Functions for System-Level Security and Authentication

A physically unclonable function (PUF) is an irreversible probabilistic function that produces a random bit string. It is simple to implement but hard to predict and emulate. PUFs have been widely proposed as security primitives to provide device identification and authentication. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic-memory-based PUF [dynamic RAM PUF (DRAM PUF)] for the authentication of electronic hardware systems. The DRAM PUF relies on the fact that the capacitor in the DRAM initializes to random values at startup time. Most PUF designs require custom circuits to convert unique analog characteristics into digital bits, but using our method, no extra circuitry is required to achieve a reliable 128-bit PUF. The results show that the proposed DRAM PUF provides a large number of input patterns (challenges) compared with other memory-based PUF circuits such as static RAM PUFs. Our DRAM PUFs provide highly unique PUFs with a 0.4937 average interdie Hamming distance. We also propose an enrollment algorithm to achieve highly reliable results to generate PUF identifications for system-level security. This algorithm has been validated on real DRAMs with an experimental setup to test different operating conditions.
RISC Architectures as a Multiprocessor Base

Reduced Instruction Set Computers(RISC) Microprocessors provide high speed execution of simple instructions. Where even RISC execution is not fast enough, Unisys-defined Memory Management Unit (MMU) and interconnect network devices allow two to 4096 RISC microprocessors to combine into an effective multiprocessor system for defense communications processing.
Spirit Possession, Family Issues, and the Revelation of Gods’ Biographies

This chapter addresses methodological problems of interpretation of mythic narrative and spirit possession. Each of the traditions of myth interpretation surveyed—structuralist, psychoanalytic, hermeneutic—makes largely unexamined assumptions about how and why narratives convey the meanings or messages analysts attribute to them. In addition to exegesis of alleged meanings, more attention should be directed to how narratives are produced. To illustrate this point, a detailed account of a spirit-possession session illustrates how “disturbances of affect” related to family issues dominate the agenda of Taiwanese spirit-healing sessions. Spirit mediums’ dual roles as healers and as revealers of gods’ biographies account for why mythic narratives about gods so frequently focus on typical complexities of family processes—processes linked, in turn, to patrilineal institutions.
The Effects of Civic Consciousness and Civil Disobedience on Support for and Participation in Contentious Politics

This study examines the effects of civic consciousness and civil disobedience on individual attitudes toward, and participation in, contentious politics. Using the newly collected survey data on civic consciousness and civil disobedience in Taiwan in 2015, this study finds that both civic consciousness and civil disobedience are significantly associated with individual support for and engagement in contentious politics. Specifically, people with strong civic consciousness and civil disobedience are more likely to support the Sunflower Movement and take part in contentious political activities such as rallies, marches, and strikes. The findings imply that as the ideas of civic consciousness and civil disobedience prevail in a democracy, the public will be more likely to choose to use contentious political activities to express their opinions instead of institutional and legal approaches when the government is unable to respond to public needs in a timely manner.
Open Source Interface for 2D and 3D Analysis: Bridging the Gap between Experimentalists and Image Specialists

We report a user-friendly, open source graphic user interface (GUI) capable of quantifying neuron morphologies from bright-field and fluorescence microscopy images while recording user inputs for future research—holography and photoacoustic image analysis to follow.
Auxiliary vs INFL in Bantu

A distinctive property of Bantu verbs is the division into two domains: a cluster of inflectional prefixes (infl) and a lexical verb stem. This claim has been supported by a range of multidomain effects which single out infl as an independent constituent. Such effects led to the hypothesis that infl in Bantu is of the same category as auxiliary verbs found in auxiliary–participle constructions. This paper investigates syntactic, morphological and phonological complexity effects in Northern Ndebele verbs and concludes that infl in this language cannot be treated as a type of auxiliary. This conclusion is reached through a detailed comparison of infl and verbal auxiliaries, revealing striking asymmetries, syntactic and phonological, between the two. The autonomy of infl is argued to be a reflex of how verbal morphology is organized into complex heads in Bantu languages.
Probable Rivaroxaban-Induced Full Body Rash: A Case Report.

Introduction:Rivaroxaban is a novel oral anticoagulant with several indications, one of which is for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. We present a case of probable rivaroxaban-...
West Germany: The Pursuit, Prosecution, and Punishment of “the Chief” Himself

In this chapter, the West German response is addressed. It was in that country that Viktors Arājs himself was captured and tried in the 1970s. His pursuit, prosecution, and punishment are laid out in detail. His arrest came as a result of a near-total fluke involving rumors of Cold War espionage and assassination. After an investigation and trial at which his rights were assiduously respected and he and his legal defense team were given every possible opportunity to stall the proceedings, invoke technicalities, and make appeals, he received the harshest legal punishment available in West Germany: life imprisonment. The case proved to be the capstone of the West German legal investigation of Nazi crimes in Latvia and produced an outstanding account of them.
Poor Reproducibility of Gallbladder Ejection Fraction by Biliary Scintigraphy for Diagnosis of Biliary Dyskinesia.

Background Twenty percent of cholecystectomies in the US are performed for a diagnosis of biliary dyskinesia. Diagnosis is made by measuring gallbladder ejection fraction (GbEF) using hepatobiliary scintigraphy. Our purpose was to evaluate the reproducibility of GbEF measurements. Study Design This is a retrospective review of patients referred for cholecystectomy, from 2010 to 2016, with a diagnosis of biliary dyskinesia based on a GbEF test, who then underwent a repeat GbEF test. Thirty consecutive patients were identified by hospital records. Re-testing of GbEF was performed at least 6 weeks after the initial test using Tc-99m and slow injection of sincalide at 0.02 mcg/kg. Results On re-testing, 16 of 30 patients (53%) patients had a normal GbEF of >35%, ie the initial test result was not reproducible in them. Age, sex, days between testing, and initial GbEF did not differ between groups. The 14 patients who re-tested positive for biliary dyskinesia with reduced GbEF were significantly more likely to have episodic pain than steady pain. Re-testing frequently resulted in change in management in that most patients who re-tested in the normal range were not offered cholecystectomy. Conclusions Hepatobiliary scintigraphy with GbEF is a poorly reproducible test. Re-testing resulted in a change in management in many patients who then avoided cholecystectomy. Strong consideration should be given to repeating hepatobiliary scintigraphy with GbEF before cholecystectomy in patients with an initial positive test.
Stochastic matching with commitment

We consider the following stochastic optimization problem first introduced by Chen et al. in [7]. We are given a vertex set of a random graph where each possible edge is present with probability pe. We do not know which edges are actually present unless we scan/probe an edge. However whenever we probe an edge and find it to be present, we are constrained to picking the edge and both its end points are deleted from the graph. We wish to find the maximum matching in this model. We compare our results against the optimal omniscient algorithm that knows the edges of the graph and present a 0.573 factor algorithm using a novel sampling technique. We also prove that no algorithm can attain a factor better than 0.898 in this model.
Evaluating Engagement Physiologically and Knowledge Retention Subjectively through Two Different Learning Techniques

This paper describes the findings of a replication study conducted at a different location. This study measures the engagement level of participants objectively from two learning techniques: video game and handout (traditional way of learning). This paper may help other researchers design their own Brain-Computer Interface study to measure engagement. In addition, the results of this paper shows a correlation analysis between Engagement (measured physiologically) and knowledge measurement (subjective data). Further, this paper describes briefly the limitations of the Emotiv non-invasive EEG device, which may help researchers and developers understand the device more.
Synthesis and PET studies of [11C]letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor drug

1219 Objectives: The potent aromatase inhibitor, letrozole (4,4’-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethylene)dibenzonitrile, Femara®), is in clinical use in breast cancer and female infertility, and is also used by body builders. Here we synthesized [11C]letrozole for measurement of its pharmacokinetics and for evaluation as a radiotracer for brain aromatase. Methods: We synthesized letrozole and its bromo-precursor from p-tolunitrile and 4-bromobenzyl bromide respectively in two steps. Letrozole was labeled by aromatic nucleophilic substitution with [11C]cyanide in DMSO catalyzed by tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0). [11C]Letrozole pharmacokinetics, reproducibility and specificity were evaluated over a 90 min period in baboon brain with PET. Results: The nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction with [11C]cyanide gave [11C]letrozole in >80% RCY and >98% purity and 4.16±2.21 Ci/µmol specific activity. Total synthesis time was 60 min. Its logD and PPB were 1.84 and 48.9% respectively. The labeling reaction was sensitive to solvent and catalyst. PET studies showed rapid uptake followed by a rapid clearance from all brain regions. Pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg of letrozole showed no blockade. Conclusions: Nucleophilic [11C]cyanation produced [11C]letrozole in high RCY and purity after optimization of solvent and catalyst. Rapid brain clearance and lack of specific binding indicates that [11C]letrozole is not a useful radiotracer for brain aromatase activity. However, since letrozole is in clinical use and is used recreationally, [11C]letrozole may be useful for pharmacokinetics of the drug in the breast and other target organs in the body. Research Support: DOE-OBER and NIH/NIDA
Caspase-3 activates endo-exonuclease: further evidence for a role of the nuclease in apoptosis.

Single-strand DNase and poly rAase, activities characteristic of endo-exonuclease, were co-activated in nuclear fractions of HL-60 cells by caspase-3. Activation was accompanied by cleavages of large soluble polypeptides (130–185 kDa) and a 65 kDa inactive chromatin-associated polypeptide related to the endo-exonuclease of Neurospora crassa as detected on immunoblots. The major products seen in vitro were a 77 kDa soluble polypeptide and an active chromatin-associated 34 kDa polypeptide. When HL-60 cells were induced to undergo apoptosis by treating with 50 μM etoposide (VP-16) for 4 hours, 77 kDa and 40 kDa polypeptides accumulated in nuclear fractions. Chromatin DNA fragmentation activity was also activated in cytosol and nuclear extract either by pre-treating the cells in vivo with VP-16 or by treating the cytosol in vitro with caspase-3 or dATP and cytochrome c. Endo-exonuclease activated by caspase-3 in cytosol-derived fractions augmented chromatin DNA fragmentation activity in vitro. Endo-exonuclease is proposed to act in vivo in conjunction with the caspase-activated DNase (CAD) to degrade chromatin DNA during apoptosis of HL-60 cells.
Brief and Probably Not Very Accurate History of Pulsed Power at Atomic Weapons Research Establishment Aldermaston

As I get older and older exactly what happened and especially when it happened seems less important than why it happened. The following is an outline of the events leading up to the work done by the pulsed power group at Aldermaston and a brief resume of what I think we may have achieved.
Molecular Mechanism of Coding and Autonomous Decision-Making in Biological Systems

Biological systems are recognizable from inanimate materials through their cognition and computation capacity. Cells are the main subunits of a biological system and function as highly advanced computers by executing thousands of operations per second for different biological purposes to dynamically adapt with the environment. Unlike current electronic-based computers, biological systems utilize a molecular-based coding system in which information is stored in molecules. Information storage in molecules provides massive operation capacity for the cells. Deep understanding of mechanisms of coding and data processing in the cells could have several technology applications and trigger an industrial revolution. However, this level of progress requires the establishment of a different scientific viewpoint for life sciences – a paradigm that puts life sciences in a category that is much closer to the other experimental branches of natural sciences including chemistry, physics, and mathematics.
World War One in Southeast Asia: Colonialism and Anticolonialism in an Era of Global Conflict

Although not a major player during the course of the First World War, Southeast Asia was in fact altered by the war in multiple and profound ways. Ranging across British Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, and French Indochina, Heather Streets-Salter reveals how the war shaped the region's political, economic, and social development both during 1914–18 and in the war's aftermath. She shows how the region's strategic location between North America and India made it a convenient way-station for expatriate Indian revolutionaries who hoped to smuggle arms and people into India and thus to overthrow British rule, whilst German consuls and agents entered into partnerships with both Indian and Vietnamese revolutionaries to undermine Allied authority and coordinate anti-British and anti-French operations. World War One in Southeast Asia offers an entirely new perspective on anti-colonialism and the Great War, and radically extends our understanding of the conflict as a truly global phenomenon.
Social Entrepreneurs, Social Enterprise and Social Entrepreneurship: A Synthesis of Perspectives

The concept of social entrepreneurship is increasingly being used and discussed across a wide spectrum of stakeholders and entities ranging from academia to economic policy makers. Following some o...
Redistribution of nerve strain enables end-to-end repair under tension without inhibiting nerve regeneration

End-to-end repair under no or low tension leads to improved outcomes for transected nerves with short gaps, compared to repairs with a graft. However, grafts are typically used to enable a tension-free repair for moderate to large gaps, as excessive tension can cause repairs to fail and catastrophically impede recovery. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that unloading the repair interface by redistributing tension away from the site of repair is a safe and feasible strategy for end-to-end repair of larger nerve gaps. Further, we tested the hypothesis that such an approach does not adversely affect structural and functional regeneration. In this study, we used a rat sciatic nerve injury model to compare the integrity of repair and several regenerative outcomes following end-to-end repairs of nerve gaps of increasing size. In addition, we proposed the use of a novel implantable device to safely repair end-to-end repair of larger nerve gaps by redistributing tension away from the repair interface. Our data suggest that redistriubution of tension away from the site of repair enables safe end-to-end repair of larger gap sizes. In addition, structural and functional measures of regeneration were equal or enhanced in nerves repaired under tension – with or without a tension redistribution device – compared to tension-free repairs. Provided that repair integrity is maintained, end-to-end repairs under tension should be considered as a reasonable surgical strategy. All animal experiments were performed under the approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of University of California, San Diego (Protocol S11274).
Management of primary anterior shoulder dislocations: a narrative review.

The recurrence rate following acute anterior shoulder dislocations is high, particularly in young, active individuals. The purpose of this paper is to provide a narrative overview of the best available evidence and results with regards to diagnostic considerations, comorbidities, position of immobilization, surgical versus conservative management, and time to return to play for the management of primary anterior shoulder dislocations. Three independent reviewers performed literature searches using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews meeting inclusion criteria from 1930 to April 2019 were appraised and discussed with the intent to consolidate the best available evidence with regards to lowering recurrence rates. A majority of studies support early surgical intervention for individuals between 21 and 30 years of age following primary shoulder dislocations, as this group is particularly susceptible to recurrence. Conservative treatment plans favor 1–3 weeks of immobilization in internal rotation, followed by rehabilitation. Surgical methods are associated with longer time to return to play, but lower recurrence rates. Return to play time is best determined on an individualized basis, when subjective and objective function of both shoulders is determined to be symmetric. This paper broadly summarizes the best available evidence for the management of primary anterior shoulder dislocations. There remains a need for randomized studies to determine ideal long-term treatment following conservative or surgical management, as general timelines for returning to play following injury remain vague. IV, Narrative Review
Anhydrides of Arylfuran and Arylpyran Pseudoacids: Formation and Structures; C–O Bond Lengths Trends in Pseudo o-Formylbenzoic Acid Derivatives

Three methods for producing anhydrides of arylfuran and arylpyran pseudoacids were explored. These included thermal dehydration, phosgene or thionly chloride activation and decomposition, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide activation and coupling. Derivatives of the cyclic forms of o-formylbenzoic acid, o-acetylbenzoic acid, 2-carboxyphenylacetaldehyde and of 4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxy-[1H]-isobenzopyran-1-one were formed including dipseudoanhydides and normal-pseudo anhydrides. Crystal and molecular structures for meso and (R,R/S,S)-bis(1[3H]-isobenzofuranone-3-yl)ether, (R,R/S,S)-bis(3-methyl-1[3H]-isobenzofuranone-3yl)ether, meso (3,4-dihydro-[1H]-isobenzopyran-1-one-3-yl)ether, 3-benzoyloxy-1[3H]-isobenzofuranone, 3-benzoyloxy-3-methyl-1[3H]isobenzofuranone, 3-(4′-nitrobenzoyloxy)-4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-[1H]-isobenzopyran-1-one, and (1[3H]-isobenzofuranone-3-yl)(4,4,dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-[1H]-isobenzopyran-1-one-3-yl)ether are reported. Endocyclic pseudoacyl C–O bonds are always longer than the exocyclic pseudoacyl C–O bonds. It is possible to refine the previously established C–O bond length dependencies on the pKa (of the conjugate acids) of the leaving groups for 3-substituted 1-[3H]-isobenzofuranones. Of six dipseudoanhydrides studied, conformations are found with exocyclic C–O(ether) linkages synclinal to the endocyclic C–O and away from the ring (exo conformation) in two meso structures, two of three RR/SS forms and in a chiral unsymmetrical form. An endo conformation is observed in one of the RR/SS forms. In three normal-pseudo anhydrides, both endo and exo conformations are observed. Synthetic methods for formation of anhydrides of several arylfuran and arylpyran pseudoacids are described, and the pseudoacyl C–O bond length trends are determined for leaving groups spanning over 30 pKa units.
Genetic Characterization of Frijoles and Chilibre Species Complex Viruses (Genus Phlebovirus; Family Phenuiviridae) and Three Unclassified New World Phleboviruses.

The genus Phlebovirus contains about 70 named viruses, distributed widely in Europe, Africa, Central Asia, and the Americas. These viruses are currently classified into 10 species by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV): Bujaru phlebovirus, Candiru phlebovirus, Chilibre phlebovirus, Frijoles phlebovirus, Punta Torro phlebovirus, Rift Valley fever phlebovirus, Salehabad phlebovirus, Sandfly fever Naples phlebovirus, Mukawa phlebovirus, and Uukuniemi phlebovirus. In addition, at least 32 unclassified strains are associated with this genus.1 Phleboviruses have a genome comprising three segments of negative sense, single-stranded RNA. The large segment (L) encodes the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the medium segment (M) encodes the structural glycopolyproteins, and the small segment (S) has an ambisense strategy encoding the nucleoprotein (NP) in the negative sense and the nonstructural small (NSs) protein in the positive sense.2 Phleboviruses are largely transmitted by sand flies; Phlebotomus species in the Old World or Nyssomyia (previously Lutzomyia) species in the New World.3 However, some viruses in this genus are transmitted by mosquitoes, Culicoides, and ticks. Many phleboviruses have been associated with human and animal disease. Pathogenic strains include Rift Valley fever, Toscana, Candiru, Sandfly fever Naples, Sandfly fever Sicilian, and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome viruses.4 Recent discoveries of Sandfly fever Turkey,5 Heartland,6 Hunter Island Group,7 Fermo,8 and Malsoor9 viruses highlight the extent to which the diversity and public or animal health impact of phleboviruses are still unknown and likely underestimated. Despite their public health impact, some phlebovirus species remain characterized solely by serological techniques. Given the many recent discoveries, genetic characterization of historically identified phleboviruses is important for the development of diagnostic and surveillance tools, and evolutionary insights into the ever-growing breadth of recognized phleboviruses. Here, we describe the complete sequences of two phlebovirus species complexes, and three previously unclassified phleboviruses isolated in the Americas.
Iodine content in centralized water supply projects in Gansu Province in 2014

Objective To investigate the scope and distribution of water iodine in centralized water supply projects, and provide a basis for taking appropriate control measures in Gansu Province. Methods Collected 2 copies of water samples of all the different water supply of centralized water supply project water in the province's 87 counties (cities, districts), the source water iodine of all centralized water supply projects was tested by the method of cerium sulfate catalytic spectrophotometry. The relationship between different water types and different iodine levels in deep well water were analyzed. Results Of the total 1 563 centralized water supply projects, the median of water iodine was 6.38 μg/L, the range was 0.00-182.10 μg/L, the rates were 62.0% (969/1 563), 30.1% (471/1 563), 6.9% (108/1 563), 0.5% (7/1 563) and 0.5% (8/1 563) in water iodine level of < 10, 10-< 50, 50-< 100, 100-< 150 and ≥ 150 μg/L. The surface water was 26.7% (418/1 563), the median of water iodine was 4.42 μg/L, the groundwater was 73.3%(1 145/1 563), the median of water iodine was 8.10 μg/L, the iodine content of surface water was lower than that of the groundwater (Z=-10.089, P < 0.01); in surface water, the rate of river, lake, reservoir and other water source was 55.7% (233/418), 7.7% (32/418), 21.5% (90/418) and 15.1% (63/418), and the median was 2.52, 31.10, 6.65 and 5.40 μg/L, the iodine content between surface water and water sources of different water sources was significant different (χ2= 179.976, P < 0.01); in the groundwater, the rate of deep well, shallow well and spring was 55.5% (635/1 145), 41.3% (473/1 145) and 3.2% (37/1 145), and the median was 17.90, 3.66 and 4.18 μg/L, the iodine content in groundwater from different sources was significant different (χ2= 357.346, P < 0.01). Iodine content of different well depth was significantly different (χ2= 288.959, P < 0.01), there was a positive correlation between iodine content and well depth (r= 0.364, P < 0.01). Conclusions Iodine content of the surface water is generally lower in many water types in Gansu, iodine content is higher in deep well, and there is high iodine deep well water in local areas. It is recommended that water iodine be included in the population iodine nutrition assessment index. Key words: Iodine; Centralized water supply; Data collection
How to Apply Supervised Machine Learning Tools to MS Imaging Files: Case Study with Cancer Spheroids Undergoing Treatment with the Monoclonal Antibody, Cetuximab

As the field of mass spectrometry imaging continues to grow, so too do its needs for optimal methods of data analysis. One general need in image analysis is the ability to classify the underlying r...
Simulation Framework for Development and Testing of Autonomous Vehicles

The benefits of Autonomous Driving (AD) and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) include providing critical capabilities that would help to reduce accidents due to driver errors, improve safety in traffic, and enhance driving efficiency. The goal of this paper is to utilize the Robot Operating System (ROS) and Gazebo 3D simulator for realizing a fully immersive software-in-the-loop (SIL) simulation framework, which could be utilized for the virtual design, verification, and validation of AD/ADAS features. It supports designing and implementing a software platform and methodology to validate different features for AD/ADAS with a high degree of realism. The paper will also discuss the configuration of the sensors, such as the camera, LiDAR, and RADAR, that are later used as part of a sensor fusion technique that shows the usability of the developed environment.
Coupling of waking cortisol with DHEA and testosterone across the pubertal transition: Associations with threat-related early life stress

Abstract Atypical regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a putative mechanism underlying the association between exposure to early life stress (ELS) and the subsequent development of mental and physical health difficulties. Recent research indicates that puberty is a period of HPA-axis plasticity during which the effects of exposure to ELS on cortisol regulation may change. In particular, increases in the hormones that drive pubertal maturation, including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone, may be implicated in pubertal recalibration of cortisol regulation. In the current study, we used a longitudinal design to examine the associations among levels of threat-related ELS and waking cortisol, DHEA, and testosterone across pubertal development in a sample of 178 adolescents. We found that cortisol was positively associated with DHEA and testosterone in both early and late puberty; cortisol and DHEA were more strongly positively coupled in late puberty than in early puberty, an effect that was driven by boys. Increases in DHEA and in testosterone from early to late puberty were associated with increases in cortisol, indicating positive longitudinal coupling of these hormones; however, longitudinal cortisol–DHEA coupling was attenuated in adolescents who were exposed to more severe threat-related ELS prior to puberty. Importantly, these effects held when controlling for threat-related stress occurring during the transition through puberty. These findings advance our understanding of the development of the HPA-axis and its association with environmental risk during the sensitive period of puberty.
Reproducibility in Science: A Metrology Perspective

Scientific progress requires the ability of scientists to build on the results produced by those who preceded them. Because of this, there is concern that irreproducible scientific results are being reported. We suggest that while reproducibility can be an important hallmark of good science, it is not often the most important indicator. The discipline of metrology, or measurement science, describes a measurement result as a value and the uncertainty around that value. We propose a systematic process for considering the sources of uncertainty in a scientific study that can be applied to virtually all disciplines of scientific research. We suggest that a research study can be characterized by how sources of uncertainty in the study are reported and mitigated. Such activities can add to the value of scientific results and the ability to share data effectively.
A Rare Case of Ascariasis-Induced Cholangitis Complicated With Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremia and Liver Microabscesses.

Ascariasis, which is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, is the most common gastrointestinal parasitic infection worldwide, with occasional invasion of the biliary tract leading to a variety of complications. In rare cases, pathogens carried on the surface of A. lumbricoides can complicate the course of the disease and lead to superimposed bacterial infections. In this article, we present a case of ascariasis-induced cholangitis complicated with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia and multiple hepatic microabscesses. This article, which shows an association that was not reported in the literature before, aims to increase the awareness of clinicians for the possibility of the association between ascariasis and superimposed bacterial infection, specifically with K. pneumoniae.
Tumor suppressor p53 promotes ferroptosis in oxidative stress conditions independent of modulation of ferroptosis by p21, CDKs, Rb and E2F.

Abstract p53 is a well-established critical cell cycle regulator. By inducing transcription of the gene encoding p21, p53 inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-mediated phosphorylation of cell cycle inhibitor RB proteins. Phosphorylation of RB releases E2F transcription factor proteins that transactivate cell cycle-promoting genes. Here we sought to uncover the contribution of p53, p21, CDK, RB, and E2F to the regulation of ferroptosis, an oxidative form of cell death. Our studies have uncovered unexpected complexity in this regulation. First, we showed that elevated levels of p53 enhance ferroptosis in multiple inducible and isogenic systems. On the other hand, we found that p21 suppresses ferroptosis. Elevation of CDK activity also suppressed ferroptosis under conditions where p21 suppressed ferroptosis, suggesting that the impact of p21 must extend beyond CDK inhibition. Furthermore, we showed that overexpression of E2F suppresses ferroptosis in part via a p21-dependent mechanism, consistent with reports that this transcription factor can induce transcription of p21. Finally, deletion of RB genes enhanced ferroptosis. Taken together, these results show that signals affecting ferroptotic sensitivity emanate from multiple points within the p53 tumor suppressor pathway.
Causal Counterfactuals in Social Science Research

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 3, pp. 1550–1554, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd., with revisions made by the Editor.
Dynamic Data-Driven Event Reconstruction for Atmospheric Releases

The role of an event reconstruction capability in a case of an atmospheric release is to characterize the source by answering the critical questions--How much material was released? When? Where? and What are the potential consequences? Accurate estimation of the source term is essential to accurately predict plume dispersion, effectively manage the emergency response, and mitigate consequences in a case of an atmospheric release of hazardous material. We are developing a capability that seamlessly integrates observational data streams with predictive models in order to provide probabilistic estimates of unknown source term parameters consistent with both data and model predictions. Our approach utilizes Bayesian inference with stochastic sampling using Markov Chain and Sequential Monte Carlo methodology. The inverse dispersion problem is reformulated into a solution based on efficient sampling of an ensemble of predictive simulations, guided by statistical comparisons with data. We are developing a flexible and adaptable data-driven event-reconstruction capability for atmospheric releases that provides (1) quantitative probabilistic estimates of the principal source-term parameters (e.g., the time-varying release rate and location); (2) predictions of increasing fidelity as an event progresses and additional data become available; and (3) analysis tools for sensor network design and uncertainty studies. Our computational framework incorporatesmore » multiple stochastic algorithms, operates with a range and variety of atmospheric models, and runs on multiple computer platforms, from workstations to large-scale computing resources. Our final goal is a multi-resolution capability for both real-time operational response and high fidelity multi-scale applications.« less
Statistics of total electron content depletions observed over the South American continent for the year 2008

[1] This paper presents for the first time regional plots of total electron content (TEC) depletions derived from GPS observations over the South American continent with a coverage of over 45° longitude (i.e., 35°W to 80°W). We introduce a new numerical algorithm that has been developed to automatically detect TEC bite-outs that are produced by the transit of equatorial plasma bubbles. This algorithm was applied to TEC values measured by the Low Latitude Ionospheric Sensor Network (LISN) and by receivers that belong to 3 other networks that exist in South America. The general characteristics of the TEC depletions are provided along with their temporal length, local time distribution and depletion depth. The regional day-to-day and seasonal variability of the TEC depletions are also presented for 2008, a year of low solar activity. The regional day-to-day variability of TEC depletions is highly dynamic, but their seasonal distributions follow the longitudinal characteristics of plasma bubbles presented by other authors. During the equinoxes, TEC depletions are mainly observed on the west coast of South America, and during the December solstice they mostly occur on the east side of the continent. However, in all seasons, we observe days when depletions extend all over the continent. We place these new results in the context of theories of plasma bubble seeding.