cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A case for dual stack virtualization: consolidating HPC and commodity applications in the cloud

With the growth of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud providers, many have begun to seriously consider cloud services as a substrate for HPC applications. While the cloud promises many benefits for the HPC community, it currently does not come without drawbacks for application performance. These performance issues are generally the result of resource contention as multiple VMs compete for the same hardware. This contention culminates in cross VM interference whereby one VM is able to impact the performance of another. For HPC applications this interference can have a dramatic impact on scalability and performance. In order to fully support HPC applications in the cloud, services need to be available that prevent cross VM interference and isolate HPC workloads from other users. As a means to achieve this goal, we propose a dual stack approach to IaaS cloud services that utilizes multiple concurrent VMMs on each node capable of partitioning local resources in order to provide performance isolation. Each partition can then be managed by a specialized VMM that is designed specifically for either an HPC or commodity environment. In this paper we demonstrate the use of the Palacios VMM, a virtual machine monitor specifically designed for HPC, in concert with KVM to provide a partitioned cloud platform that is capable of hosting both commodity and HPC applications on a single node without interference. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that running KVM and Palacios in parallel allows an HPC application to achieve isolated and scalable performance while sharing hardware resources with commodity VMs.
APPLICATION OF MULTIPOLE EXPANSIONS TO SOUND GENERATION FROM DUCTED UNSTEADY COMBUSTION PROCESSES

Abstract Predicting and controlling the behavior of oscillatory combustion systems requires an understanding of the interactions between the periodic combustion and acoustic processes. Due to the complexity of these interactions, a number of past analyses of these problems have assumed a “concentrated”, infinitely thin, combustion region. Although such treatments of the combustion process as a lumped element are attractive because of their simplicity, this paper shows that they may produce significant errors. It is further shown that such errors can be minimized by use of multipole expansion techniques similar to those used in acoustic radiation problems. Specifically, this paper develops a formalism for describing the combustion region as a series of lumped parameters whose magnitudes are proportional to ascending powers of the ratio L/λ, where L and λ are the length of the combustion region and the acoustic wavelength respectively. In the limit as L/λ goes to zero, only the first term of this expansion is significant and the “concentrated” combustion approximation is recovered. As L/λ increases, additional parameters (e.g., higher order terms) are needed to accurately describe the effect of the combustion process on the acoustic oscillations and must be included in the analysis. The paper closes with example calculations showing that accuracy in modelling combustion–acoustics interactions can be significantly increased by implementation of the developed technique.
The Delta-Crossroads of California's Water Supply Systems

A general sketch of the important role of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in the redistribution of the water supply of the State of California. Paper includes a brief description of the role of the Bureau of Reclamation and California Department of Water Resources in the state's water development, describing major units of the Federal Central Valley Project, State Water Project and evolution of the Federal-State Peripheral Canal Unit proposed for moving water supplies around the Delta. Environmental problems associated with movement of water supplies around and/or through the Delta are briefly enumerated.
Cytoplasmic Tail of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Envelope Protein Influences the Conformation of the Extracellular Domain: Implications for Mechanism of Action of the R Peptide

The envelope (Env) protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) is a homotrimeric complex whose monomers consist of linked surface (SU) and transmembrane (TM) proteins cleaved from a precursor protein by a cellular protease. In addition, a significant fraction of virion-associated TM is further processed by the viral protease to remove the C-terminal 16 amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain, the R peptide. This cleavage greatly enhances the fusogenicity of the protein and is necessary for the formation of a fully functional Env protein complex. We have previously proposed that R peptide cleavage enhances fusogenicity by altering the conformation of the ectodomain of the protein (Y. Zhao et al., J. Virol. 72:5392-5398, 1998). Using a series of truncation and point mutants of MoMuLV Env, we now provide direct biochemical and immunological evidence that the cytoplasmic tail and the membrane-spanning region of Env can influence the overall structure of the ectodomain of the protein and alter the strength of the SU-TM interaction. The R-peptide-truncated form of the protein, in particular, exhibits a markedly different conformation than the full-length protein.
Comments on Brachycurie Therapy of Cerebral Tumours

Between 1980 and 1987 thirty patients harbouring cerebral neuroepithelial tumours have been treated with stereotactic brachycurie therapy (18 males, 12 females), either alone (n = 16) or combined with surgery (n = 7) and/or external radiotherapy (n = 10). There were 25 slowly growing tumours (grade I n = 1; grade II n = 24). The remaining 5 were malignant tumours (grade III n = 3; grade IV n = 2). The radioactive sources utilized were 192Ir in 26 cases and 125I in 4. Twenty-eight patients underwent permanent implantation, the other two received temporary irradiation with removable after-loaded catheters. Target volume was less than 15 cm3 in 6 cases, between 16–60 cm3 in 17 and more than 60 cm3 in 7. Tumour dose at the periphery of the target volume was: 70–100 Gy in 19 and 100–130Gy in 9 of the cases treated with permanent implantation; the patients irradiated with removable implants received 40–60 Gy in 5–7 days. General follow-up ranged between 0.3 and 6.9 years (mean = 2.5 years). The results are analyzed with reference to the following aspects: 1) natural history of the disease; 2) modalities and goal of the treatment; 3) place of brachy therapy as sole treatment and combined with the other available therapeutical means.
A Numerical Study of the Adjustment of a Narrow Stratified Current over a Sloping Bottom

The adjustment of a narrow, stratified, cyclonic along-isobath current over a uniformly sloping bottom and the coupling between the current and the bottom boundary layer that develops beneath are investigated using a primitive-equation numerical model. The current generates a bottom Ekman layer immediately downstream of its origin, with downslope transport everywhere beneath the current, carrying lighter water under heavier water to produce a vertically well-mixed bottom boundary layer. At the top of the boundary layer, Ekman suction on the shallow side and pumping on the deep side lead to density advection in the vertical, tilted interior isopycnals, and thermal-wind shear of the interior along-isobath velocity. Flow above the bottom boundary layer is nearly perfectly geostrophic and along isopycnals. Buoyancy advection in the bottom boundary layer continues to cause growth of the boundary layer downstream, with subsequent reduction in bottom stress, until the flow reaches a steady downstream equilibrium beyond which only gradual changes occur as a result of viscosity and mixing. The numerical results are compared with the idealized model of this adjustment process previously proposed by Chapman and Lentz. The same basic dynamics dominate, and some of the scales and parameter dependencies predicted by the idealized model apply to the numerical results. For example, the distance to the downstream equilibrium decreases with increasing buoyancy frequency and/or bottom slope, and the equilibrium structure is nearly independent of the bottom friction coefficient. The equilibrium bottom boundary layer thickness and the interior along-isobath velocity just above the boundary layer closely obey the idealized model scales; that is, the boundary layer thickness decreases with increasing buoyancy frequency and is independent of bottom slope, and the overlying current decreases while its width increases as either the buoyancy frequency or bottom slope decreases. However, the interior vertical shear in the numerical model tends to decouple the overlying current from the bottom boundary layer, so the structure of the bottom boundary layer in the downstream equilibrium is different from the idealized model, and neither the current width nor the surface currents are as sensitive to parameter variations as the idealized model suggests. Finally, the along-isobath current is not geostrophic near the bottom of the bottom boundary layer, as assumed in the idealized model, so the bottom boundary layer is not fully arrested, that is, bottom stress never quite vanishes downstream, suggesting that a completely frictionless downstream equilibrium is unlikely to be achieved.
Comments on the Many Faces of Alcoholism

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of results from studies of the personalities of people who have entered treatment in the Alcoholism Division of the Fort Logan Mental Health Center in Denver, Colorado. To considerable extent the chapter will deal with scale construction that has resulted from these studies. Such work is not in the mainstream of research presented elsewhere in this volume. For this reason, it is desirable to do a bit more stage management than otherwise would be necessary to indicate how the work is relevant in the present context. A major question must be: “What are the values (if any), the uses and possible uses, of scale construction for researchers and practitioners who are concerned primarily with studies and applications of treatment techniques?” Several useful observations can be made in considering these questions.
Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions impair glucoregulation in response to endotoxin

The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in regulating counter-regulatory hormone release and the increase in glucose flux that is observed after injection of endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. Bilateral lesions of the VMH were produced electrolytically 2 wk before the experiment; sham-operated rats served as controls. [3-3H]glucose was infused to assess whole body glucose flux before and for 4 h after intravenous injection of Escherichia coli LPS. In control rats, LPS increased the plasma concentrations of glucose and lactate and the rates of glucose appearance and disappearance. In these animals, LPS also produced sustained elevations in corticosterone, glucagon, and catecholamines. In contrast, the glucose metabolic response to LPS was attenuated by > 50% in VMH-lesioned rats. These changes were associated with a blunted increase in the plasma concentration of glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in VMH-lesioned rats compared with control animals. There was no difference in the plasma concentrations of corticosterone or TNF-alpha between the two groups after LPS or the responsiveness of sham- and VMH-lesioned rats to an infusion of either glucagon or epinephrine. These data indicate that the VMH plays a central role in regulating the secretion of glucagon and catecholamines and the stimulation of glucose flux after LPS.
Structurally distinct Arabidopsis thaliana NLR immune receptors recognize tandem WY domains of an oomycete effector

Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR, or NLR) receptors mediate pathogen recognition. The Arabidopsis thaliana NLR RPP1 recognizes the tandem WY-domain effector ATR1 from the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis through direct association with C-terminal LRRs. We isolated and characterized homologous NLR genes RPP1-EstA and RPP1-ZdrA from two Arabidopsis ecotypes, Estland (Est-1) and Zdarec (Zdr-1), responsible for recognizing a novel spectrum of ATR1 alleles. RPP1-EstA and -ZdrA encode nearly identical NLRs that are phylogenetically distinct from known immunity-activating RPP1 homologs and possess greatly expanded LRR domains. Site-directed mutagenesis and truncation analysis of ATR1 suggests that these homologs recognize a novel surface of the 2(nd) WY domain of ATR1, partially specified by a C-terminal region of the LRR domain. Synteny comparison with RPP1 loci involved in hybrid incompatibility suggests that these functions evolved independently. Closely related RPP1 homologs have diversified their recognition spectra through LRR expansion and sequence variation, allowing them to detect multiple surfaces of the same pathogen effector. Engineering NLR receptor specificity may require a similar combination of repeat expansion and tailored amino acid variation.
Biggart's Lament, or Getting Out of the Theory Cave

The article offers information on the political patronage and the relationships between Democratic postal unions and Congress. It offers information on Republican President, Richard Nixon, who wanted to improve efficiency and run the mail system in a business. It focuses on modernizing government as the theme of his presidency.
Imaging cellular membrane potential through ionization of quantum dots

Recent interest in quantum dots (QDs) stems from the plethora of potential applications that arises from their tunable absorption and emission profiles, high absorption cross sections, resistance to photobleaching, functionalizable surfaces, and physical robustness. The emergent use of QDs in biological imaging exploits these and other intrinsic properties. For example, quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE), which describes changes in the photoluminescence (PL) of QDs driven by the application of an electric field, provides an inherent means of detecting changes in electric fields by monitoring QD emission and thus points to a ready mean of imaging membrane potential (and action potentials) in electrically active cells. Here we examine the changing PL of various QDs subjected to electric fields comparable to those found across a cellular membrane. By pairing static and timeresolved PL measurements, we attempt to understand the mechanism driving electric-field-induced PL quenching and ultimately conclude that ionization plays a substantial role in initiating PL changes in systems where QCSE has traditionally been credited. Expanding on these findings, we explore the rapidity of response of the QD PL to applied electric fields and demonstrate changes amply able to capture the millisecond timescale of cellular action potentials.
Sinter: low-bandwidth remote access for the visually-impaired

Computer users commonly use applications designed for different operating systems (OSes). For instance, a Mac user may access a cloud-based Windows remote desktop to run an application required for her job. Current remote access protocols do not work well with screen readers, creating a disproportionate burden for users with visual impairments. These users' productivity depends on features of a specific screen reader, and readers are locked-in to a specific OS. The only current option is to run a different screen reader on each platform, which harms productivity. This paper describes a framework, called Sinter, that efficiently and seamlessly supports remote, cross-platform screen reading, without modifying the application or the screen reader. Sinter addresses these problems with a platform-independent intermediate representation (IR) of a remote application's user interface (UI). The Sinter IR encapsulates platform-specific accessibility code on the remote system, facilitates development of additional accessibility features, and is simple enough to be reconstructed and read on any client platform. In the example above, Sinter allows a Mac-only reader to read remote Windows applications. Sinter supports low-bandwidth, remote access to a wide range of applications, including Microsoft Word and Apple Mail, with both Windows and OS X clients and servers, as well as a web browser client. Sinter's IR-level programming model facilitates development of accessibility features and other enhancements, transparently to the remote application and reader. Sinter's latency is low enough for practical use, even over a relatively slow network connection.
Howard A. Schneiderman—Planetary Patriot

SYNOPSIS. This symposium on arthropod development is dedicated to the memory of Howard A. Schneiderman, who died on December 5, 1990. Howard devoted much of his professional life to research on arthropods and was the author of numerous publications on the developmental biology of moths and flies. At Case-Western Reserve University and at the University of California-Irvine he founded research institutes devoted to developmental biology on arthropods as well as other organisms. Howard Schneiderman championed the use of insect growth regulators, which derived from his research on the chemistry and physiology of juvenile hormone, as environmentally innocuous methods of controlling insect pests of our food and fiber. In recent years he was a proponent of the use of molecular biology to alter the plant genome so that insect-resistant crops might be grown and thereby reduce the use of insecticides. His global perspective was evident in his understanding of how biotechnology could be applied to world agriculture. Moreover, he quickly achieved prominence in promoting industry-university relations in his capacity as Senior Vice President for Research and Development at the Monsanto Company. The cooperation among academic and industrial institutions that he fostered stands as a model for such relationships. Howard Schneiderman's influence on science and its applications, and on the universityindustry interface was profound and will be felt for many years to come.
Measuring the effectiveness of medical care delivery

There are four stages to improving medical therapeutics: 1) the discovery of new therapies, 2) the application of such treatments to humans, 3) the demonstration of their therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials, and finally, 4) the application of efficacious therapies during routine medical practice
High Concentrations of Measles Neutralizing Antibodies and High-Avidity Measles IgG Accurately Identify Measles Reinfection Cases

In the United States, approximately 9% of the measles cases reported from 2012 to 2014 occurred in vaccinated individuals. Laboratory confirmation of measles in vaccinated individuals is challenging since IgM assays can give inconclusive results. Although a positive reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay result from an appropriately timed specimen can provide confirmation, negative results may not rule out a highly suspicious case. Detection of high-avidity measles IgG in serum samples provides laboratory evidence of a past immunologic response to measles from natural infection or immunization. High concentrations of measles neutralizing antibody have been observed by plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assays among confirmed measles cases with high-avidity IgG, referred to here as reinfection cases (RICs). In this study, we evaluated the utility of measuring levels of measles neutralizing antibody to distinguish RICs from noncases by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Single and paired serum samples with high-avidity measles IgG from suspected measles cases submitted to the CDC for routine surveillance were used for the analysis. The RICs were confirmed by a 4-fold rise in PRN titer or by RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay, while the noncases were negative by both assays. Discrimination accuracy was high with serum samples collected ≥3 days after rash onset (area under the curve, 0.953; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.854 to 0.993). Measles neutralizing antibody concentrations of ≥40,000 mIU/ml identified RICs with 90% sensitivity (95% CI, 74 to 98%) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 82 to 100%). Therefore, when serological or RT-qPCR results are unavailable or inconclusive, suspected measles cases with high-avidity measles IgG can be confirmed as RICs by measles neutralizing antibody concentrations of ≥40,000 mIU/ml.
4-1BBL-Expressing aAPCs Attenuate IL-15-Induced NK Cell Expansion and Cytokine Production In Vitro but Induce NK Cell-Mediated Gvhd In Vivo

Abstract 2536 Methods to expand natural killer (NK) cells ex vivo for adoptive cell therapy are being explored to improve outcomes after allogeneic blood and marrow transplant (alloBMT). Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) can present cytokines and/or co-stimulatory molecules that can potentially improve expansion and activity. 4-1BBL (CD137L) has demonstrated mixed results on murine and human NK cells, but the impact on murine NK cell biology after alloBMT has not been explored. NK cells were harvested from either C57BL/6 (B6) or CB6F1 spleens and cultured ex vivo with a recombinant interleukin (IL)-15/IL-15 receptor alpha (Ra) complex in the presence or absence of a CD137L + aAPC. Because IL-15 is typically presented in trans by IL-15Ra, the complex was utilized to potently increase agonist bioactivity. NK cells cultured with IL-15/IL-15Ra alone showed a peak of 20-fold expansion, but this expansion was decreased with the addition of CD137L + aAPCs if the ratio of aAPC to NK cells was greater than 1:1. In the presence of IL-15/IL-15Ra, the impact of CD137L + aAPCs on expression of the inhibitory receptors, Ly49C+I and activating receptor Ly49H was variable and strain dependent, with increased expression in B6 NK cells, but decreased expression in CB6F1 NK cells. The expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I was not affected in NK cells from either strain by the presence of CD137L + aAPCs. The production of gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor-a was robust in NK cells expanded by IL-15/IL-15Ra alone, but attenuated with the addition of CD137L + aAPCs. Animal experiments showed that administration of NK cells expanded ex vivo with IL-15/IL-15Ra alone was well tolerated after T cell depleted MHC-mismatched alloBMT (CB6F1–>B6), but surprisingly the addition of CD137L + aAPCs to cultures caused NK cells to induce GVHD-associated weight loss. In summary, IL-15/IL-15Ra expanded murine NK cells demonstrate increased cytokine production and do not cause toxicity when infused after alloBMT. The presence of CD137L + aAPCs attenuated cytokine production and increased Ly49 receptor expression in NK cells from B6 mice. Remarkably, NK cells expanded by IL-15/IL-15Ra in the presence of CD137L + aAPCs demonstrate increased propensity to cause GVHD. Ongoing studies are exploring the anti-tumor efficacy of IL-15/IL-15Ra expanded murine NK cells cultured in the presence and absence of CD137L. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Adapting processor architectures for the periphery of the IoT nervous system

We argue that the processor microarchitectures of today's microcontrollers are poorly matched to the computational workloads of IoT edge nodes, where largely independent chains of processes manage a dynamic mixture of periodic and sporadic tasks that must be executed in real time. Hardware support of priorities for some tasks and software support of priorities for others impedes efficient, correct design, and a single, monolithic ALU is a bottleneck for the diverse, asynchronous computational demands of these workloads. We describe a new processor microarchitecture with hardware support of unified fine-scale priorities for all processes, and with a dispatch-issue-execute pipeline supporting process-level parallelism. The datapath includes multiple functional units, enabling parallel processing via dynamic matching of resources to demand. The set of functional units includes computational assets that reflect the needs of IoT nodes, including a crypto-primitive generation engine.
Cbl Regulates CXCR4-Mediated Chemotaxis and CXCR4 Receptor Internalization.

Abstract CXCL12-induced and CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis plays a critical role in the trafficking of lymphocytes, which modulates inflammatory and immune responses. The CXCR4 receptor is down-modulated by its ligand CXCL12, which has been shown to inhibit HIV entry into the cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate CXCL12-induced chemotaxis and down-modulation of the CXCR4 receptor are not well known. We have previously shown that CXCL12 induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of the signaling molecule Cbl and its association with the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. In the present investigation, we have further explored the role of Cbl in CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis and CXCR4 down-modulation. Cbl, a 120 kd protein that contains a tyrosine kinase binding domain (TKB), can function as an adaptor molecule by binding to various proteins. It also contains a RING finger domain and has been shown to negatively regulate signaling by directing the ubiquitination and degradation of signaling molecules. We found that CXCR4 L1.2 cells overexpressing wild-type Cbl or G306E-Cbl (deletion in the TKB domain) showed reduced migration to CXCL12, only 50% of the vector control. Cells overexpressing 70Z-Cbl (deletion in the RING finger domain) showed no difference in migration as compared to the vector control. We next examined CXCR4 expression in these cells by FACS analysis. We found that cells overexpressing wild-type Cbl and G306E-Cbl had approximately 60% CXCR4 receptor expression as compared to the vector control, while the cells overexpressing 70Z-Cbl had no difference in receptor expression. Cells were then internalized by stimulation with CXCL12 or HIV gp120, and after 2 hours approximately 80% of the vector control cells had internalized, as compared to approximately 90% of the cells overexpressing wild-type Cbl and G306E-Cbl, and 60% of the cells overexpressing 70Z-Cbl. Overexpression of wild-type Cbl or G306E-Cbl slightly increased internalization of the CXCR4 receptor, while 70Z-Cbl impeded this process. This indicates that wild-type Cbl enhances internalization, while the G306E mutation in the tyrosine kinase binding domain has no effect on this function of Cbl. Our results suggest that the RING finger domain of Cbl is important for internalization of the CXCR4 receptor. In addition, we observed that there was no difference in the phosphorylation of Erk 1/2 between the vector control cells and those overexpressing wild-type Cbl, 70Z-Cbl, or G306E-Cbl after stimulation with CXCL12, indicating that these changes in migration and receptor expression act in a MAPK-independent pathway. Taken together, these studies suggest that Cbl plays an important role in CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis and the CXCR4 internalization process. These results may lead to better understanding of HIV pathogenesis and inflammatory responses mediated by CXCR4.
“Bringing the State Back In”: Explaining Women’s Economic Empowerment in an Era of Globalization:

The extant literature views the decision to protect women’s economic rights as made by firms and neglects the role of the state. This study argues that states are pressured to improve the protectio...
Exenatide has a Pronounced Effect on Energy Intake but not Energy Expenditure in Non-Diabetic Subjects with Obesity: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Abstract Aims Exenatide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) mimetic which induces weight loss predominantly, it is presumed, via decreased food intake. However, circulating GLP-1 is also a determinant of energy expenditure. We sought to quantify the effect of exenatide on energy expenditure (EE) and energy intake. Materials and Methods In this single-center, randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial, we randomized 80 healthy, non-diabetic volunteers with obesity (46 women, age: 34.4 ± 8.7 y, body fat by DXA: 44.2 ± 7.8%) to subcutaneous exenatide 10 μg twice daily or placebo. Subjects were admitted to our clinical research unit for measurement of 24 h-EE in a whole-room indirect calorimeter and ad libitum food intake using an automated vending machine paradigm before and after randomization. Furthermore, energy expenditure and ad libitum food intake measures were repeated at 24-week after readmission for 7-day inpatient stay. Body weight was obtained weekly for up to 5 weeks and was recorded at each monthly follow up visit up to 24 weeks. Results Prior to randomization, participants over ate during the 3-day vending machine period in the whole study group (114.6 ± 35.2%), expressed as percentage of weight maintaining energy needs (WMEN) with those who were eventually randomized to exenatide overeating more (121.6 ± 37.7%) compared to placebo group (107.6 ± 31.5%). In the exenatide group, ad libitum absolute energy intake decreased by 1016.1 ± 724.5 kcal/day (95% CI: −1250.9 to −781.2) versus a 245.1 ± 710.5 kcal/day (95% CI: −475.4 to −14.7) decrease in placebo (Δ = −624.8 Kcal/day, p No differences in 24hEE or substrate oxidation rates were found. In the exenatide group, body weight decreased more over the 5 weeks (β = −0.039 kg/week, p = 0.02) and was lower compared to placebo at the end of fifth week (−1.48 ± 0.77 kg; 95% CI: −3.02 to 0.05, p = 0.06). At the 24-week follow up, there was no difference in energy intake between exenatide group and placebo group and the treatment group decreased 24-h EE more compared to placebo (β = −160.6 Kcal/day, 95% CI: −307.6 to 13.6, p = 0.03) compared to their pre-randomization measurement. However, this reduction was not present after adjustment for changes in FM and FFM (β = −87 kcal/day, p = 0.14). No difference was observed in body weight (Δ = −1.72 kg, 95% CI: −5.77 to 2.30, p = 0.39) in exenatide versus placebo over 24 weeks. Conclusion Compared with placebo, exenatide decreased early ad libitum energy intake but did not change 24 h-EE. However, the reduction was more modest in relative versus absolute terms (i.e. below that needed for WMEN). Thus, although rate of weight change was greater in the exenatide treated subjects at 5 weeks, the absolute difference in weight was not significant. These findings indicate that although exenatide reduces food intake, it may be more beneficial in blunting overeating and thus may serve to more prevent weight regain following initial weight loss.
Special Concerns for the LGBT Aging Patient: What Rehab Professionals Should Know

The purpose of this review was to identify health disparities and culturally competent strategies for improving function and independence in a historically disadvantaged group. There are significant health disparities among LGBT older adults including increased disability rates, chronic conditions, and mental distress. There is a shift in the theoretical framework for addressing health disparities in LGBT older adults from an emphasis on minority stress theory, towards factors that facilitate resilience such as identity affirmation and social support networks. Advocacy for cultural competency training and LGBT aging research is needed in multiple clinical domains including rehabilitation and geriatric care centers. There are very few studies that have identified effective intervention approaches for reducing mental health or mobility-related disparities in LGBT aging populations.
Synthesis of the Aminocyclitol Core of Jogyamycin via an Enantioselective Pd-Catalyzed Trimethylenemethane (TMM) Cycloaddition

The use of β-nitroenamines as a new class of acceptors in the enantioselective Pd-catalyzed trimethylenemethane cycloaddition afforded differentiated 1,2-dinitrogen bearing cyclopentanes with three contiguous stereocenters. The utility of these acceptors was demonstrated with the efficient construction of the core of jogyamycin and aminocyclopentitols. Further elaboration of the cycloadducts provided a concise synthetic approach toward joygamycin.
Female Faculty in Higher Education: The Politics of Hope

The number of women in higher education is growing. Yet, challenges exist for female faculty in the academy. The purpose of this study is to examine the strategies used by female faculty in parks, ...
Cross Photoreaction of Glyoxylic and Pyruvic Acids in Model Aqueous Aerosol

Aerosols of variable composition, size, and shape are associated with public health concerns as well as with light-particle interactions that play a role in the energy balance of the atmosphere. Photochemical reactions of 2-oxocarboxylic acids in the aqueous phase are now known to contribute to the total secondary organic aerosol (SOA) budget. This work explores the cross reaction of glyoxylic acid (GA) and pyruvic acid (PA) in water, the two most abundant 2-oxocarboxylic acids in the atmosphere, under solar irradiation and dark thermal aging steps. During irradiation, PA and GA are excited and initiate proton-coupled electron transfer or hydrogen abstraction and α-cleavage reactions, respectively. The time series of photoproducts is studied by ion chromatography (IC) with conductivity and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) detection, direct ESI-MS analysis in the negative ion mode, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The use of one-dimensional (1H and 13C NMR) and two-dim...
The more multidisciplinary the better? – The prevalence and interdisciplinarity of research collaborations in multidisciplinary institutions

Abstract Scientific research is increasingly relying on collaborations to address complex real-world problems. Many researchers, policymakers, and administrators consider a multidisciplinary environment an important factor for fostering research collaborations, especially interdisciplinary ones that involve researchers from different disciplines. However, it remains unknown whether a higher level of multidisciplinarity within an academic institution is associated with internal collaborations that are more prevalent and more interdisciplinary. Analyzing 90,000 publications by 2500 faculty members in over 100 academic institutions from three multidisciplinary areas, information, public policy, and neuroscience, we investigated the connection between multidisciplinarity and research collaborations. Based on social network analysis and text mining, our analysis suggests that more multidisciplinary institutions are not necessarily more collaborative, although they do feature collaborations that are more interdisciplinary. Our findings provide implications for academic administrators and policymakers to promote research collaborations and interdisciplinarity in academic institutions.
SILICON CARBIDE COED CATHODES

The emission of hot electrons from reverse biased p-n junctions in α-SiC has been investigated and cathodes fabricated for use in electron guns. The emission originates from small well defined areas of the junction exposed by cutting recesses in the crystal surface. Under continuous operation with a junction current of 10 mA, emission currents of up to 50 μA have been obtained. Higher currents can be obtained during pulsed operation, which minimises heating, or by applying coatings of work function lowering materials. The cathode exhibits excellent stability of characteristics with time and can be modulated at frequencies in excess of 1 MHz. The influence of crystal temperature, surface treatment and vacuum conditions on the emission of electrons is discussed.
Computational Studies of Organolithium Compounds

Computational studies were performed on several representative types of organolithium compounds. Comparisons were made between the results using ab initio, density functional, and semiempirical methods. Both the ab initio and density functional methods generated similar bond lengths and dimerization energies for most compounds studied, while the MNDO calculations gave results which varied considerably with the type of compound studied.
Moving beyond prison rape: Assessing sexual victimization among youth in custody

Abstract This integrated literature review discusses the need to treat youth in custody distinctly from adult carceral populations when examining sexual victimization. Although the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) mandates correctional facilities address sexual assault in both populations, the lack of available information on risk factors among youth may lead to practitioners and policy-makers becoming reliant on the adult literature when making decisions on preventative and reactive care for juveniles. Such extrapolation may lead to an inadequate or even inappropriate response for youth in custody. A research agenda using an ecological framework to determine youth-specific individual and structural level risk factors is proposed. Findings demonstrate differences in sexual victimization risk factors for adults in jails and prisons compared to youth in custody. This review serves as a foundation for moving research on this topic to juvenile custody settings while also acknowledging the challenges associated with conducting such research among youth in custody.
Cytoreductive Surgery and Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Treatment of Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma

The standard of care for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) has evolved over the last 30 years as a result of persistent clinical research. The median survival in the past was estimated at 1 year. Most recent reports show median survival not reached and a 5-year survival estimated at 70%. The treatments that may be offered to the MPM patient are cytoreductive surgery (CRS), hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), and normothermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy long-term (NIPEC-LT). The CRS may require a series of peritonectomy procedures and bowel resections and surgery may require many hours in the operating room. The surgery is to remove as much disease as possible. The greatest benefit occurs when all visible evidence of MPM is resected. The second treatment is HIPEC. This is heated cisplatin or mitomycin C chemotherapy used in the operating room after the completion of the CRS. The chemotherapy solution is maintained at 42°C and continues for 90 minutes. After the patient recovers from CRS plus HIPEC, adjuvant chemotherapy should be recommended. To date, the greatest benefit may occur if the cisplatin is used intravenously (IV) and pemetrexed is used intraperitoneally (IP). This NIPEC-LT is continued for 6 months. Follow-up continues for 10 years and involves CT scans every 6 months for 3 years and then yearly for the remainder of the decade.
Beyond rRNA and snRNA: tRNA as a 2′-O-methylation target for nucleolar and Cajal body box C/D RNPs

Box C/D small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and small Cajal body (CB) RNAs (scaRNAs) form ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes to mediate 2'-O-methylation of rRNAs and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), respectively. The site of methylation is determined by antisense elements in the box C/D RNAs that are complementary to sequences in target RNAs. However, numerous box C/D RNAs in mammalian cells lack antisense elements to rRNAs or snRNAs; thus, their targets remain unknown. In this issue of Genes & Development, Vitali and Kiss (pp. 741-746) demonstrate that "orphan" nucleolar box C/D snoRNA SNORD97 and CB box C/D scaRNA SCARNA97 contain antisense elements that target the wobble cytidine at position 34 of human elongator tRNAMet(CAT) for 2'-O-methylation (C34m). C34m is jointly mediated by SNORD97 and SCARNA97 despite their apparently different intranuclear locations. Furthermore, the investigators demonstrate that C34m prohibits site-specific cleavage of tRNAMet (CAT) into tRNA fragments (tRFs) by the stress-responsive endoribonuclease angiogenin, thereby uncovering a role for SNORD97 and SCARNA97 in the biogenesis of tRFs, which modulate a diverse set of cellular functions in human health and disease.
Abstract 991: Secretory phospholipase A2 as a trigger for drug release in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer

Triple negative breast cancer describes a subgroup of breast cancers which are negative for the estrogen and progesterone receptors as well as the HER2 protein. As such, triple negative breast cancers have seen little benefit from the targeted therapies developed for the treatment of breast cancer. To address this challenge, we examined an alternative target within the tumor as well as the tumor environment. Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) cleave phospholipids at sn-2 ester bonds, releasing lysophospholipids and fatty acids, and are over expressed in several pathologies including breast cancer. Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic activity of secretory phospholipase A2 responsive liposomes (SPRL) compared to the clinically used, sterically-stabilized, pegylated liposomes (SSL) for in vitro response in a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) model. In these studies, SSL and SPRL formulations were made according to previous studies and resulted in three formulations SSL, SPRL- E and SPRL-G. SPRL were made by the addition of either DSPE (SPRL-E) or DSPG (SPRL-G). Doxorubicin was used as the drug of choice and Dox-loaded liposomes were prepared by remote-loading using an ammonium sulfate gradient. Toxicity studies were performed by the use of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) or resazurin while uptake studies were performed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Briefly, cells were seeded at a density of 10,000 cells per well and subjected to free doxorubicin or liposomal doxorubicin in concentrations from 0 - 100 µM. At the appropriate time points, 0-72 hours, cells were harvested for studies. Treatment of breast cancer cells with doxorubicin encapsulated in SSL and SPRL resulted in cytotoxicity in the MDA-MB-231 cells line comparable to free drug with an IC50 of approximately 3 µM at the 72 hour time point. In tracking of drug and liposome delivery, we demonstrated that drug uptake was liposome-dependent, as encapsulation of doxorubicin in SPRL resulted in greater intracellular drug levels compared to SSL. These data show the therapeutic activity of SPRL compared to SSL, and suggest that SPRL may be useful for the treatment of TNBC. Two-dimensional models do not fully recapitulate the complexity of barriers to drug delivery, nor the effect of multiple cell types. Therefore, ongoing studies are examining the utility of these liposome formulations in three-dimensional co-cultures that include macrophages and fibroblasts. In this model, we hope to assess the ability of the tumor microenvironment to alter drug release. Citation Format: Shanese L. Jasper, Elena B. Skarupa, Brian S. Cummings, Robert D. Arnold. Secretory phospholipase A2 as a trigger for drug release in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 991.
Complications associated with mastectomy.

Mastectomy-associated complications are presented in the various time periods they become evident. These problems may relate to preoperative decisions and can occur intra-operatively or be delayed for many years. The recognition and management of complications are discussed, with a special emphasis on their prevention.
Use of the parabolic equation method for local infrasound propagation predictions

Local infrasound (<150 km) propagation is strongly influenced by range- and time-dependent meteorological conditions. The Parabolic Equation computational method provides an efficient and flexible tool for predicting infrasound propagation in this regime. Over these longer distances, the influence of spatial and temporal variations in the meteorological conditions can be significant. Meteorological conditions extracted from simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are incorporated by updating the effective sound speed profile as a function of propagation range. By examining horizontal grid increments between 1 and 15 km and temporal resolutions between 4 and 60 seconds, we begin to quantify the potential variability in predictions at ranges of up to 150 km, for frequencies between 1 and 20 Hz. This procedure will inform a broader discussion of the application of the PE method to infrasound prediction. [Work funded by the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology) [ASA(ALT)] under 62784/T40. Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited.]Local infrasound (<150 km) propagation is strongly influenced by range- and time-dependent meteorological conditions. The Parabolic Equation computational method provides an efficient and flexible tool for predicting infrasound propagation in this regime. Over these longer distances, the influence of spatial and temporal variations in the meteorological conditions can be significant. Meteorological conditions extracted from simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are incorporated by updating the effective sound speed profile as a function of propagation range. By examining horizontal grid increments between 1 and 15 km and temporal resolutions between 4 and 60 seconds, we begin to quantify the potential variability in predictions at ranges of up to 150 km, for frequencies between 1 and 20 Hz. This procedure will inform a broader discussion of the application of the PE method to infrasound prediction. [Work funded by the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics, an...
Biochemical recovery from exertional heat stroke follows a 16-day time course.

Background The aim of this study was to characterize the time-resolved progression of clinical laboratory disturbances days-following an exertional heat stroke (EHS). Currently, normalization of organ injury clinical biomarker values is the primary indicator of EHS recovery. However, an archetypical biochemical recovery profile following EHS has not been established. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of EHS patient records in US military personnel from 2008-2014 using the Military Health System Data Repository (MDR). We focused on commonly reported clinical laboratory analytes measured on the day of injury and all proceeding follow-up visits. Results Over the prescribed period, there were 2,529 EHS episodes treated at 250 unique treatment locations. Laboratory results, including a standardized set of blood, serum and urine assays, were analyzed from 0-340 days following the initial injury. Indicators of acute kidney injury, including serum electrolyte disturbances and abnormal urinalysis findings, were most prevalent on the day of the injury but normalized within 24-48hours (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and blood and protein in urine). Muscle damage and liver function-associated markers peaked 0-4 days after injury and persisted outside their respective reference ranges for 2-16 days (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, myoglobin, prothrombin time). Conclusion Biochemical recovery from EHS spans a 16-day time course, and markers of end-organ damage exhibit distinct patterns over this period. This analysis underscores the prognostic value of each clinical laboratory analyte and will assist in evaluating EHS patient presentation, injury severity and physiological recovery.