cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic quinolinic acid lesions in rats closely resemble Huntington's disease.

We previously found a relative sparing of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y neurons 1 week after producing striatal lesions with NMDA receptor agonists. These results are similar to postmortem findings in Huntington9s disease (HD), though in this illness there are two- to threefold increases in striatal somatostatin and neuropeptide Y concentrations, which may be due to striatal atrophy. In the present study, we examined the effects of striatal excitotoxin lesions at 6 months and 1 yr, because these lesions exhibit striatal shrinkage and atrophy similar to that occurring in HD striatum. At 6 months and 1 yr, lesions with the NMDA receptor agonist quinolinic acid (QA) resulted in significant increases (up to twofold) in concentrations of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity, while concentrations of GABA, substance P immunoreactivity, and ChAT activity were significantly reduced. In contrast, somatostatin and neuropeptide Y concentrations did not increase 6 months after kainic acid (KA) or alpha-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) lesions. At both 6 months and 1 yr, QA lesions showed striking sparing of NADPH-diaphorase neurons as compared with both AMPA and KA lesions, neither of which showed preferential sparing of these neurons. Long-term QA lesions also resulted in significant increases in concentrations of both 5-HT and 5- hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HIAA), similar to findings in HD. Chronic QA lesions therefore closely resemble the neurochemical features of HD, because they result in increases in somatostatin and neuropeptide Y and in 5-HT and HIAA. These findings strengthen the possibility that an NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxic process could play a role in the pathogenesis of HD.
Structure and expression of the vaccinia virus gene which prevents virus-induced breakdown of RNA.

Three noncomplementing vaccinia virus temperature-sensitive mutants, ts4, ts22, and ts23, exhibit an abortive late phenotype characterized by the simultaneous cessation of protein synthesis, the breakdown of rRNA and viral mRNA, and an increase in intracellular concentrations of 2'-5'-linked oligoadenylates late during infection at the nonpermissive temperature (R.F. Pacha and R.C. Condit, J. Virol. 56:395-403, 1985; R.J. Cohrs, R.C. Condit, R.F. Pacha, C.L. Thompson, and O.K. Sharma, J. Virol. 63:948-951, 1989). We have identified the virus gene affected by the abortive late mutants, determined its DNA sequence, and analyzed its transcription. The gene resides in the HindIII A DNA fragment, it has a predicted coding capacity of 57 kilodaltons, and it is transcribed both early and late during infection. The early transcript of the abortive late gene is unusual; it contains a 426-nucleotide 5' untranslated region, and it must be synthesized by transcription through an early transcription termination signal which is located in the middle of the gene in a hairpin loop structure. DNA sequence and transcription analysis of two flanking genes is also presented.
Local structure and composition studies of Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 by analytical electron microscopy

Abstract Positive electrodes for Li-ion batteries based on Li[Li1/3–2x/3NixMn2/3–x/3]O2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) compounds are of significant interest because of their ability to deliver reversible capacities exceeding 200 mAh g−1. In this article we describe the examination of Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 (x = 0.2 in Li[Li1/3–2x/3NixMn2/3–x/3]O2) samples by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), electron diffraction, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The studies were conducted on freshly prepared oxides, and on oxide electrodes that were electrochemically activated by cycling twice between 4.8 and 2.0 V vs. Li+/Li. Rectangular and parallelogram shaped dot arrays with a spacing of 0.43 nm observed in HREM and STEM images along the [ 1 0 1 ¯ 0 ] zone axis, as well as streaks at 1/3 n ( 1 1 2 ¯ 0 ) (n = integer) positions in corresponding electron diffraction patterns, indicated ordering of Li-ions in the transition-metal (TM) (0 0 0 1) layers following several stacking sequences, bounded by stacking faults, along the c-axis. Chemical analysis by EDS and EELS showed that Mn, Ni and O were present in all portions of the samples examined; no evidence of elemental segregation was observed either within the grains or at grain boundaries. The Li ordering on TM planes was significantly weaker but still discernable upon electrochemical activation of the oxide samples.
A Possible Lateral Gamma-Ray Burst Jet from Supernova 1987A

There was a bright, transient companion spot to SN1987A with a projected distance of about 17 light-days, observed by optical speckle interferometry one to two months after explosion. It is shown here that the bright spot may be due to a receding ultra-relativistic jet traveling at 53 degress to the observer-to-SN1987A vector, through a circumstellar medium of density profile rho(r) ~ r^-2. If it had approached us along the line of sight, a very bright gamma-ray burst would have been seen with an apparent isotropic energy of about 10^54 erg and an openning angle of a few degrees. The model provides an adequate explanation for the evolution of the spot, although there are still problems in explaining its observed color. This model implies that at least some GRBs would be seen as going through a medium with density rho(r) ~ r^-2 rather than a uniform medium, which is frequently adopted in GRB calculations. Improved analysis of the speckle data has revealed another and fainter spot on the opposite side.
Later Wittgenstein and the Problem of Easy Knowledge

Consider the following epistemological principle: KR: A knowledge source K can yield knowledge for subject S only if S knows K is reliable. Traditional epistemologists face a dilemma: either reject KR and confront what Stewart Cohen calls “the Problem of Easy Knowledge” or embrace KR and deny that unreflective beings can possess knowledge. In order to avoid this dilemma, an epistemological theory must allow for knowledge on the part of unreflective beings without falling prey to the problem of easy knowledge. I argue that the epistemology of the dying Wittgenstein, presented posthumously in On Certainty, avoids the dilemma.
Structure-activity relationships in the production of olefins from alcohols and ethers: a first-principles theoretical study

Olefin formation pathways on Lewis acid (LA) sites of Al2O3, Ga2O3 and In2O3 and gallium- and indium-doped alumina were investigated using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. We considered two different olefin formation pathways, through alcohol dehydration and ether decomposition via both E1 and E2 type of elimination mechanisms. Both pathways evolve through a concerted E2 type of mechanism. Our results indicate that alumina is most active in alcohol dehydration reactions and the presence of dopants does not improve the catalytic activity. Correlations between the calculated energy barriers and the physicochemical properties of the oxides were identified and a dehydration model was constructed. The model accounts for surface acidity, base-site strength and the alcohol carbenium ion stability (CIS). We demonstrate a strong correlation between the ether decomposition and the alcohol dehydration barriers allowing us to extend the dehydration model predictions to ether decomposition chemistry.
Enhanced allergen-induced airway inflammation in paucity of lymph node T cell (plt) mutant mice.

Background Dendritic cells and lymphocytes play a central role in allergic asthma. Chemokines for these cells include the CCR7 agonists secondary lymphoid chemokine/CCL21 and EBV-induced lymphoid chemokine/CCL19, but their role in allergic asthma is poorly understood. Objective We sought to determine the effects of abrogation of lymphoid tissue expression of CCR7 agonists on allergic airway responses. Methods Paucity of lymphocyte T cell ( plt ) mutant mice, deficient in EBV-induced lymphoid chemokine/CCL19 and the lymphoid form of secondary lymphoid chemokine/CCL21, were evaluated in an established ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model ( plt -OVA group) and compared with similarly immunized +/+ BALB/c mice (+/+OVA group). Results APTI responses to methacholine increased similarly in OVA-challenged plt and +/+ mice. However, airway inflammation was strikingly enhanced in plt -OVA mutants over +/+OVA mice and included increased numbers of eosinophils, CD4 and B cells, neutrophils, and total leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and inflammatory cell cuffing around pulmonary arterioles. Enhanced airway inflammation was accompanied by an increase in lung T H 2 activity, with increased levels of IL-4 and monocyte-derived chemoattractant/CCL22. Conclusions Induction of allergic asthma in mutant mice with impaired CCR7 responses results in characteristics that resemble severe asthma in human subjects, including severe bronchial lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, and neutrophilia, but not in enhancement in airway hyperreactivity. Clinical implications Disruption of chemokines responsible for trafficking of antigen-processing cells and lymphocytes to the draining lymph nodes might lead to enhanced allergic airway responses.
Optimizing modulation frequency for structured illumination in a fiber-optic microendoscope to image nuclear morphometry in columnar epithelium

Fiber-optic microendoscopes have shown promise to image the changes in nuclear morphometry that accompany the development of precancerous lesions in tissue with squamous epithelium such as in the oral mucosa and cervix. However, fiber-optic microendoscopy image contrast is limited by out-of-focus light generated by scattering within tissue. The scattering coefficient of tissues with columnar epithelium can be greater than that of squamous epithelium resulting in decreased image quality. To address this challenge, we present a small and portable microendoscope system capable of performing optical sectioning using structured illumination (SI) in real-time. Several optical phantoms were developed and used to quantify the sectioning capabilities of the system. Columnar epithelium from cervical tissue specimens was then imaged ex vivo, and we demonstrate that the addition of SI achieves higher image contrast, enabling visualization of nuclear morphology.
Optical characterization of micropatterned anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) using UV light for its fluorescence applications

This paper reports the optical characterization of the micropatterned anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) using UV light irradiance for the first time. It has been demonstrated that the AAO has blue emission under UV light irradiance. The intensity of the blue emission increases with the increased anodization time, due to the increased amounts of AAO formation and the increased density of the formed oxygen vacancies in AAO. The blue emission becomes saturated when all Al has been anodized to be AAO. This technique provides a simple and rapid way to determine if the AAO has been formed from Al and the level of AAO formation, particularly useful for the determination of AAO formed in the Al micropatterns.
A systematic experimental and computational investigation of a class of contoured wall fuel injectors

The performance of a particular class of fuel injectors for scramjet engine applications is addressed. The contoured wall injectors were aimed at augmenting mixing through axial vorticity production arising from interaction of the fueVair interface with an oblique shock. Helium was used to simulate hydrogen fuel and was injected at Mach 1.7 into a Mach 6 airstream. The effects of incoming boundary layer height. injector spacing, and injectant to freestream pressure and velocity ratios were investigated. Results from threedimensional flow field surveys and Navier-Stokes simulations are presented. Performance was judged in terms of mixing, loss generation and jet penetration. Injector performance was strongly dependent on the displacement effect of the hypersonic boundary layer which acted to modify the effective wall geometry. The impact of the boundary layer varied with injector array spacing. Widely-spaced arrays were more resilient to the detrimental effects of large boundary layers. Strong dependence on injectant to free stream pressure ratio was also displayed. Pressure ratios near unity were most conducive to losseffective mixing and strong jet penetration. Effects due to variation in mean shear associated with non-unity velocity ratios were found to be secondary within the small range of values tested.
266 Patients' Trust in Their Physician Associated with Satisfaction with ESRD Providers

ARE PATIENTS BEING SCREENED APPROPRIATELY FOR MICROALBUMINURIA? Rhoda Lyn Rojas, Pranay Kathuria Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa Oklahoma Microalbuminuria is not only the earliest clinical manifestation of diabetic nephropathy, but also an important risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease. The National Kidney Foundation has provided recommendations on screening of microalbuminuria. Testing should be performed only when blood pressure is close to goal and hyperglycemia corrected. Our clinical observations suggested the hypothesis that patients are not screened appropriately for microalbuminuria according to the guidelines provided by the National Kidney Foundation. Charts of all diabetic patients with no known kidney disease seen at the University of Oklahoma – Tulsa Internal Medicine and Family Medicine clinics from November 1, 2008 to October 31, 2009 were reviewed. Each chart was checked whether diabetics were screened for microalbuminuria. In those who had microalbuminuria, we checked if this screening was done according to guidelines provided by the National Kidney Foundation. Charts were also reviewed for documentation of the diagnosis and if an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker was prescribed. In the scheduled time duration, four hundred ninety-nine diabetic patients were seen in the out patient clinics. Forty-two per cent (210/499) were tested for microalbuminuria. Fifty-five patients (55/210) had microalbuminuria and 5 (5/210) had macroalbuminuria. Of the 55 patients with microalbuminuria, 4 patients had repeat testing, of which 3 were negative, and 1 was positive. Only 1 out of the 5 patients with macroalbuminuria was started on an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. None of the patients with confirmed microalbuminuria had the diagnosis added to their problem list. Patients are not being screened appropriately for the presence of microalbuminuria according to the National Kidney Foundation guidelines.
The history of Japan

Louis G. Perez revisits Japan's turbulent past and recent events in the past decade and 21st Century in this revised and fully expanded second edition of The History of Japan, a must-have for all high school and public libraries. This essential resource provides readers with a comprehensive look at Japan's long and rich history, examining its politics, culture, philosophy, and religious beliefs throughout the ages. Also included are up-to-date discussions of political situations, environmental issues, and even a glimpse into the cultural lives of the Japanese today. Students will learn who the Japanese are today, and how the past has shaped their contemporary society. An updated timeline, appendices, and glossary, along with an illustrative bibliographical essay that includes both print and electronic sources, round out this valuable reference tool. Roughly the same size as the state of California, the island nation of Japan is one of the world's most densely populated nations-not to mention an economic powerhouse and a mecca of advanced technology. But the Land of the Rising Sun did not always lead the world with its success in the automobile industry, innovative electronics, and powerful stock market. Louis G. Perez revisits Japan's turbulent past and recent events in the past decade and 21st Century in this revised and fully expanded second edition of The History of Japan, a must-have for all high school and public libraries. This essential resource provides readers with a comprehensive look at Japan's long and rich history, examining its politics, culture, philosophy, and religious beliefs throughout the ages. Also included are up-to-date discussions of political situations, environmental issues, and even a glimpse into the cultural lives of the Japanese today. Students will learn who the Japanese are today, and how the past has shaped their contemporary society. An updated timeline, appendices, and glossary, along with an illustrative bibliographical essay that includes both print and electronic sources, round out this valuable reference tool.
Effects of twenty-five compounds on four species of aquatic fungi (Saprolegniales) pathogenic to fish

Four species of aquatic fungi (Achlya flagellata, A. racemosa, Saprolegnia hypogyna, and S. megasperma) were exposed to 25 chemicals representing seven classes of compounds for 15 and 60 min, in an effort to identify potential fungicidal agents for use in fish culture. The antifungal activity of each chemical was compared with that of malachite green, a reference compound with known fungicidal properties but not registered for fishery use. Six compounds which inhibited fungal growth on artificial media at concentrations of < 100 mg/l (listed in order of decreasing antifungal activity) were the cationics Du-ter® and copper oxychloride sulfate, the amine Lesan®, the amide BAS-389-O1F and the cationics Cuprimyxin® and Roccal® II. Certain chemicals from these classes of compounds may have promise as aquatic fungicides.
The Effect of Menstrual Issues on Young Women with Angelman Syndrome

Abstract Study Objective To characterize menstrual health issues and their effect in young women with Angelman syndrome (AS). Our secondary objective was to compare them with young women with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Design Cross-sectional convenience sample survey. Setting An institutional review board–approved Web-based survey of young female members of the Angelman Syndrome Foundation. Participants Caregivers of young women with AS, aged 12-25 years. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Symptom characterization and effect of menses on young women with AS. Results Menstrual and premenstrual symptoms were common among young women with AS, but infrequently caused problems at home or school. Less than half of the subjects used hormones to control their flow. Of those who used hormones, 75% used them continuously. Caregivers were satisfied with their method to control periods. Girls with seizures were more likely to use hormonal methods to control menses than those without seizures. Menstrual-associated morbidity in young women with ASD and AS was fairly similar, but with greater morbidity in the ASD group than in the AS group. However, girls with AS had more problems with menstrual hygiene with almost all of them requiring full assistance for managing hygiene. Conclusion In this group of young women with AS, who have moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disabilities and cannot manage their own hygiene, menstruation is not associated with significant problems. Menstrual management by hormones is used by less than half. When hormonal therapy is used, it is most commonly used continuously to suppress menses.
Investigating the Potential Benefits of On-Site Food Safety Training for Folklorama, a Temporary Food Service Event

Folklorama in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, is a 14-day temporary food service event that explores the many different cultural realms of food, food preparation, and entertainment. In 2010, the Russian pavilion at Folklorama was implicated in a foodborne outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 that caused 37 illnesses and 18 hospitalizations. The ethnic nature and diversity of foods prepared within each pavilion presents a unique problem for food inspectors, as each culture prepares food in their own very unique way. The Manitoba Department of Health and Folklorama Board of Directors realized a need to implement a food safety information delivery program that would be more effective than a 2-h food safety course delivered via PowerPoint slides. The food operators and event coordinators of five randomly chosen pavilions selling potentially hazardous food were trained on-site, in their work environment, focusing on critical control points specific to their menu. A control group (five pavilions) did not receive on-si...
Quantum optics: A brighter source of single photons

Devices emitting one photon at a time are a key component for quantum applications ranging from secure communication to more efficient computation. Recent advances in semiconductor-based single-photon devices bring such applications closer to reality.
Preferential solute transport in layered homogeneous sands as a consequence of wetting front instability

Abstract Laboratory solute transport experiments were carried out in layered homogeneous sand with a fine textured layer overlying a coarse layer. Pulses of blue dye are used to characterize the solute movement. Unlike the traditionally expected one-dimensional homogeneous flow, the solute moves in preferred paths or “fingers” induced by infiltration flow instability starting at the textural interface between the fine and the coarse layer. The effect of repeated long term ponded infiltration cycles, intermittent ponding events and of uniform initial moisture content at field capacity on the flow field structure and solute breakthrough curves is studied. The possibility of using a simple lumped dispersion coefficient that includes additional mixing processes due to instability is explored and implications for field solute transport monitoring practices are discussed.
A general-purpose signal analysis and generation program for use in biomedicine

RALPH, a signal analysis and generation program currently in its second generation, has been used in many bioengineering applications, including analysis of electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms, breath-by-breath respiratory-function analysis, and studies of speech perception. The design philosophy for RALPH dictated that it be capable, menu-oriented, and extensible. RALPH consists of an interactive environment that allows several signal processing algorithms to be run on a signal without the need to write specialized programs. Simple input and output routines allow digitized signals to be read from or written to disk files and also allow the signal to be plotted or printed. An extensive waveform-generation section can be used to synthesize custom waveforms as the need arises. >
Polynucleotide specificities of murine monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies.

Abstract Three IgM monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies were produced by hybridoma techniques from an MRL - lpr lpr mouse using denatured DNA (dDNA) as the selection antigen. All three antibodies also bound poly(dT), poly(rA), and the single-stranded random copolymer poly(dI,dT), and each antibody displayed a unique preference for a limited array of other ribo- and deoxyribopolynucleotides based on direct binding as well as inhibition studies. Inability to identify a common primary structure in the polynucleotides reactive with each antibody suggested that higher ordered structures may be important. This notion was supported by the finding that oligomers of thymidine of 25–30 nucleotides or less were ineffective in blocking antibody binding to dDNA or poly(dT). However, deliberate destabilization of putative secondary structures by decreasing counterion concentration and increasing temperature had little effect on antibody binding to poly(dT). Since the antigenic polynucleotides in general contain little known secondary structure and considerable flexibility, antibody binding may be accompanied by local conformational changes in the polynucleotide that result in a better fit to the antibody combining site.
Regulation by β-adrenergic receptor and muscarinic cholinergic receptor activation of intracellular cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels in rat lung slices

Abstract The effects of adrenergic and cholinergic agents, present singly or in combination, on the levels of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in slices of rat lung were studied. It was found that isoproterenol increased pulmonary cyclic AMP levels about 3-fold, and this increase was abolished by propranolol, but not by phenoxybenzamine. Acetylcholine increased the cyclic GMP levels also about 3-fold (thus raising its tissue content above that of cyclic AMP), and this increment was largely reduced by atropine, but not by hexamethonium. While without effects on the cyclic GMP levels when present alone, isoproterenol antagonized acetylcholine in increasing cyclic GMP levels. Acetylcholine, while lacking effects on the basal levels of cyclic AMP, on the other hand, depressed the augmented levels caused by isoproterenol. The data presented indicate that cyclic GMP may mediate the cholinergic action in lung and that the pulmonary cyclic GMP levels are also closely regulated by β-adrenergic receptor activation.
Carcinogen Dimethylnitrosamine produced in vivo from Nitrite and Aminopyrine

IN experimental conditions, nitrite can interact with secondary amines in the rodent stomach at mildly acid pH to form nitrosamines1–4, a large number of which are potent carcinogens5. As tertiary amines also react in this way6, we have examined the analgesic aminopyrine, 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine (pyramidon), as being representative of many commonly used tertiary amine drugs.
Contingency theoretic methodology for agent-based web-oriented manufacturing systems

The development of distributed, agent-based, web-oriented, N-tier Information Systems (IS) must be supported by a design methodology capable of responding to the convergence of shifts in business process design, organizational structure, computing, and telecommunications infrastructures. We introduce a contingency theoretic model for the use of open, ubiquitous software infrastructure in the design of flexible organizational IS. Our basic premise is that developers should change in the way they view the software design process from a view toward the solution of a problem to one of the dynamic creation of teams of software components. We postulate that developing effective, efficient, flexible, component-based distributed software requires reconceptualizing the current development model. The basic concepts of distributed software design are merged with the environment-causes-structure relationship from contingency theory; the task-uncertainty of organizational- information-processing relationships from information processing theory; and the concept of inter-process dependencies from coordination theory. Software processes are considered as employees, groups of processes as software teams, and distributed systems as software organizations. Design techniques already used in the design of flexible business processes and well researched in the domain of the organizational sciences are presented. Guidelines that can be utilized in the creation of component-based distributed software will be discussed.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Where do we go from here? Moving from systems-based practice process measures to true competency via developmental milestones.

For many educators it has been challenging to meet the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s requirements for teaching systems-based practice (SBP). An additional layer of complexity for educators is evaluating competency in SBP, despite milestones and entrustable professional activities (EPAs). In order to address this challenge, the authors present the results of a literature review for how SBP is currently being taught and a series of recommendations on how to achieve competency in SBP for graduate medical trainees with the use of milestones. The literature review included 29 articles and demonstrated that only 28% of the articles taught more than one of the six core principles of SBP in a meaningful way. Only 7% of the articles received the highest grade of A. The authors summarize four guiding principles for creating a competency-based curriculum that is in alignment with the Next Accreditation System (NAS): 1) the curriculum needs to include all of the core principles in that competency, 2) the objectives of the curriculum should be driven by clinical outcomes, 3) the teaching modalities need to be interactive and clinically relevant, and 4) the evaluation process should be able to measure competency and be directly reflective of pertinent milestones and/or EPAs. This literature review and the provided guiding principles can guide other residency educators in their development of competency-based curricula that meets the standards of the NAS. Keywords : systems-based practice; core competencies; developmental milestones Responsible Editor: Terry Stratton, University of Kentucky, USA. (Published: 27 June 2014) Citation: Med Educ Online 2014, 19 : 24441 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v19.24441
The association between T-stage and clinical nodal metastasis In HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the association between T-stage and primary tumor subsite with clinical nodal metastasis in HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Study Design Retrospective medical record review. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis of all previously untreated patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma evaluated by the senior author in a tertiary-care center over a 5-year period was performed. Medical records were evaluated for HPV status, clinical T-stage, clinical nodal stage, and anatomic location of primary oropharyngeal subsite. Results 83% (59/71) of patients presented with clinical nodal disease. T-stage was not associated with the absence of regional disease (cN0) in tonsillar complex or base of tongue cancers. However, early T1/T2 tonsillar complex cancers were less likely to present with cN2c disease compared to T3/T4 lesions (0% vs. 18–33%, p = 0.03). Further, base of tongue cancers were more likely to present with cN2c disease compared to tonsillar complex tumors (35% vs. 7%, p = 0.01). Conclusion In HPV-positive tonsillar complex cancers, T-stage does not appear to predict the presence of clinical nodal metastasis (N0 vs. N1-N3), but may predict the extent of metastasis when present. This association does not appear to affect base of tongue cancers. Further, base of tongue cancers have a greater incidence of cN2c disease compared to tonsillar complex cancers.
The role and impact of freshwater–seawater mixing zones in the maturation of regional dolomite bodies within the proto Floridan Aquifer, USA

Palaeogene dolostones from the sub-surface of Florida are ideal for the study of dolomite maturation because they record the early stages of a secondary dolomite overprint without destruction by later diagenetic overprints. Two distinct dolomite textures occur in the dolostones of the Upper Eocene Ocala and Lower Oligocene Suwannee limestones in west-central Florida: a porous and permeable sucrosic dolomite and a less porous and relatively impermeable indurated non-sucrosic dolomite. In both textures, the initial matrix dolomite is dully luminescent, whereas the secondary overprint is dominantly luminescent cement in the Suwannee and only neomorphic luminescent dolomite in the Ocala. The abundance of luminescent dolomite ranges from 2% to 38%, which translates to 1·6 km3 of material in the Suwannee and 13·5 km3 in the Ocala. Extrapolated trace-element contents (Sr and Na) and δ18O values for the matrix and luminescent end-members indicate a marine origin for the matrix dolomite in both units, and a freshwater–seawater mixing-zone origin for the secondary luminescent dolomites. The δ18O values indicate that a saline, middle mixing-zone environment overprinted the Suwannee but a more dilute mixing zone affected the Ocala. Fluid–fluid mixing models constrained by modern Floridan aquifer hydrochemistry and extrapolated 87Sr/86Sr values of the luminescent phases indicate that the mixing zones operated during the Late Miocene to Pliocene in the Ocala and affected the Suwannee in the Pliocene. The luminescent Suwannee mixing-zone cement reduced porosity up to threefold and permeability up to 100-fold, which converted many sucrosic dolomites to indurated dolomites. By contrast, the neomorphic luminescent Ocala dolomite did not have an appreciable impact on the maturations. Although freshwater–seawater mixing zones were not the sites of the initial dolomitization, the mixing-zone environment did dramatically overprint and mature the regionally widespread dolomites of the Ocala and Suwannee limestones. This maturation occurred shortly after formation of the proto-Floridan aquifer; the timing suggests the matrix dolomites were ‘ripe’ for alteration and that the only prerequisite for mixing-zone dolomite is pre-existing dolomite substrates to reduce kinetic barriers. In contrast to recent claims, the results of this study demonstrate that mixing zones can be effective in forming regionally significant amounts of secondary dolomite and influencing the petrophysical maturation of dolomite bodies.
Curriculum reform: getting more macro, and more micro

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe in detail the recent curriculum reform at UC Berkeley's Haas School of Business and outline the process followed to achieve it and lessons learned.Design/methodology/approach – This is a case study. It aims in particular to clarify the principles that underlay different elements of the reform and the critical junctures in managing the change.Findings – The paper argues for a barbell approach – curriculum reforms that are both integrated at the macro level and sharply articulated at the micro level in terms of capabilities delivered. In the case of Berkeley‐Haas, the macro end of the reform is pinned down via an explicit leader archetype, that of a path‐bending leader, and an explicit supporting culture. At the micro end, the operative integration concept is termed “capabilities integration.”Originality/value – The reform described in the paper shares goals with other recent curriculum reforms, but takes a distinctive approach to achieving them.
Operation icebridge: Using instrumented aircraft to bridge the observational gap between icesat and icesat-2

Operation IceBridge, a six-year NASA mission, is the largest airborne survey of Earth's polar ice ever flown. Data collected during IceBridge will help scientists bridge the gap in polar observations between NASA's Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), in orbit from 2003 to 2009, and ICESat-2, planned for launch in late 2015, making IceBridge critical for ensuring a continuous series of observations. Operation IceBridge is using airborne instruments to map Arctic and Antarctic areas once a year, building on two decades of repeat airborne measurements of rapidly changing areas in the Arctic. Operation IceBridge is also producing critical data that cannot be measured from space such as ice thickness measurements. The first Operation IceBridge flights were conducted in boreal spring 2009 over Greenland and the boreal fall 2009 over Antarctica. Other smaller airborne surveys around the world are also part of NASA's Operation IceBridge campaign.
A COMPARISON OF TAPE SAMPLING AND MICROVACUUM PROCEDURES FOR THE COLLECTION OF SURFACE GLASS FIBER CONTAMINATION

Abstract Currently, few published methods exist for assessing surface contamination of asbestos and other fibers. Several surface sampling procedures have been employed: the wipe sampling method, the tape sampling method, and a more recent procedure commonly known as the microvacuum or microvacing procedure. Wipe sampling is not appropriate for sampling fibers on a surface, and limited studies have been reported which describe the procedure and validation of the tape sampling method or the microvacing procedure with respect to quantitative recovery, repeatability, or methodology. Therefore, this laboratory study evaluated the relative efficiency and reproducibility of two tape sampling and two microvacing procedures in use at a large multibuilding government facility for assessing surface contamination of fibrous materials, and quantitatively compared the most efficient and reproducible tape sampling method with the most efficient and reproducible microvacing procedure. The one-pat and three-pat tape samp...
Multilayered nanofibers from stacks of single-molecular thick nanosheets of hexakis(alkoxy)triphenylenes

Symmetrically substituted hexakis(alkoxy)triphenylene (HAT) derivatives were assembled into single molecular thick 2D nanosheets, which stacked further to give multilayered nanofibers through a convenient solution process. Detailed information on molecular arrangement was unraveled by various imaging techniques and diffraction studies.
Line strengths of N2O in the 2.9 micron region

Abstract The line strengths of the bands 10 0 1-00 0 0, 02 0 1-00 0 0, and 11 1 1-01 1 0 of N 2 O have been measured with low sample pressures and high resolution (0.031–0.33 cm −1 ). The data are analyzed to determine the band strengths and dipole moment matrix elements. At 300°K the strengths of the two Σ-Σ bands in order of increasing frequency are 1.77 and 36.9 cm −2 atm −1 . The band strength of the π-π band is 4.25 cm −2 atm −1 at 300°K. Five lines of the band 06 0 0-00 0 0 and two lines of the 06 0 -00 0 0 bands have been observed in the spectrum of the 10 0 1-00 0 0 band. The strengths and frequencies of these lines have been measured. These results are used in conjunction with perturbation theory to determine the Fermi interaction term W . Molecular constants and the band strength of the 06 0 0-00 0 0 band are obtained from W and the data. The band strength of the 06 0 0-00 0 0 band is 0.0092 cm −2 atm −1 at 300°K.
Ultrasound attenuation and thermo/photo/opto-acoustic tomography: theoretical foundation

Governing equations for ultrasonic propagation in three spatial dimensions with attenuation obeying a frequency power law are derived. Quadratic attenuation corresponds to a partial differential equation of degree four whose operator factors into a product of two parabolic operators, and impulse response is related to the heat kernel. The solutions satisfy primitive causality, but not relativistic causality. For powers that are not even integers, the waves satisfy integral-differential equations.
In vitro functional characterization of mouse colorectal afferent endings.

This video demonstrates in detail an in vitro single-fiber electrophysiological recording protocol using a mouse colorectum-nerve preparation. The approach allows unbiased identification and functional characterization of individual colorectal afferents. Extracellular recordings of propagated action potentials (APs) that originate from one or a few afferent (i.e., single-fiber) receptive fields (RFs) in the colorectum are made from teased nerve fiber fascicles. The colorectum is removed with either the pelvic (PN) or lumbar splanchnic (LSN) nerve attached and opened longitudinally. The tissue is placed in a recording chamber, pinned flat and perfused with oxygenated Krebs solution. Focal electrical stimulation is used to locate the colorectal afferent endings, which are further tested by three distinct mechanical stimuli (blunt probing, mucosal stroking and circumferential stretch) to functionally categorize the afferents into five mechanosensitive classes. Endings responding to none of these mechanical stimuli are categorized as mechanically-insensitive afferents (MIAs). Both mechanosensitive and MIAs can be assessed for sensitization (i.e., enhanced response, reduced threshold, and/or acquisition of mechanosensitivity) by localized exposure of RFs to chemicals (e.g., inflammatory soup (IS), capsaicin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)). We describe the equipment and colorectum–nerve recording preparation, harvest of colorectum with attached PN or LSN, identification of RFs in the colorectum, single-fiber recording from nerve fascicles, and localized application of chemicals to the RF. In addition, challenges of the preparation and application of standardized mechanical stimulation are also discussed.
Peculiar unilateral fixed drug eruption of the breast.

Background Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a common cutaneous disorder which develops within hours of taking the offending drug and recurs at the same site with subsequent exposure to the same drug. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are common offending drugs. Methods A 14-year-old girl initially presented with a 1-year history of a recurrent reddish-brown plaque around her right areola. The lesion became pruritic and raised during menses, and subsided during the remainder of her menstrual cycle with the exception of persistent residual hyperpigmentation. The patient had a pattern of naproxen use during menses for dysmenorrhea. Results The skin biopsy specimen revealed focal bullae formation and scattered necrotic keratinocytes in epidermis, hydropic degeneration of the basal cell layer, pigmentary incontinence and a perivascular infiltrate composed of lymphocytes and eosinophils. These changes confirmed the diagnosis of fixed drug eruption. Conclusion Fixed drug eruption to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is common. However, FDE due to naproxen, one of the NSAIDs, is rarely reported. We describe an unusual case of FDE, which recurred at each menses.
Extending the mirror neuron system model, II: what did I just do? A new role for mirror neurons

A mirror system is active both when an animal executes a class of actions (self-actions) and when it sees another execute an action of that class. Much attention has been given to the possible roles of mirror systems in responding to the actions of others but there has been little attention paid to their role in self-actions. In the companion article (Bonaiuto et al. Biol Cybern 96:9–38, 2007) we presented MNS2, an extension of the Mirror Neuron System model of the monkey mirror system trained to recognize the external appearance of its own actions as a basis for recognizing the actions of other animals when they perform similar actions. Here we further extend the study of the mirror system by introducing the novel hypotheses that a mirror system may additionally help in monitoring the success of a self-action and may also be activated by recognition of one’s own apparent actions as well as efference copy from one’s intended actions. The framework for this computational demonstration is a model of action sequencing, called augmented competitive queuing, in which action choice is based on the desirability of executable actions. We show how this “what did I just do?” function of mirror neurons can contribute to the learning of both executability and desirability which in certain cases supports rapid reorganization of motor programs in the face of disruptions.
Micromechanics and fatigue crack growth in an alumina-fiber-reinforced magnesium alloy composite

A study has been made of fatigue crack growth through the magnesium alloy ZE41A and a composite of this alloy reinforced with alumina fibers. Crack growth rates were measured and failure mechanisms characterized for specimens with fibers parallel to the loading axis and for two off-axis orientations. Crack opening displacements and matrix and fiber strains in the vicinity of the crack tip were measured using the stereomaging technique. Crack growth rates through the composite were retarded by the fibers. For the composite with fibers at 22.5 deg to the loading axis, fibers were found to fracture in the composite at the same stress as measured for the fibers alone. Fiber fracture was the dominant growth-controlling mechanism for fibers oriented on and 22.5 deg to the loading axis, and little fiber pullout was observed. However, for crack growth through material with fibers oriented at 45 deg to the loading axis, crack growth was found to exist principally through the interface. Driving forces for cracks in interfaces were determined to be smaller than the applied δK. It was found that approximate fatigue crack growth rates through the composites could be predicted from those through the matrix by adjusting the tensile modulus. The upper and lower bounds of fatigue crack growth rate were also computed for the composite using a micromechanics-based model that incorporated observed failure mechanisms.
The Outage Probability of a Finite Ad Hoc Network in Nakagami Fading

An ad hoc network with a finite spatial extent and number of nodes or mobiles is analyzed. The mobile locations may be drawn from any spatial distribution, and interference-avoidance protocols or protection against physical collisions among the mobiles may be modeled by placing an exclusion zone around each radio. The channel model accounts for the path loss, Nakagami fading, and shadowing of each received signal. The Nakagami m-parameter can vary among the mobiles, taking any positive value for each of the interference signals and any positive integer value for the desired signal. The analysis is governed by a new exact expression for the outage probability, defined to be the probability that the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) drops below a threshold, and is conditioned on the network geometry and shadowing factors, which have dynamics over much slower timescales than the fading. By averaging over many network and shadowing realizations, the average outage probability and transmission capacity are computed. Using the analysis, many aspects of the network performance are illuminated. For example, one can determine the influence of the choice of spreading factors, the effect of the receiver location within the finite network region, and the impact of both the fading parameters and the attenuation power laws.
Mechanisms for the suppression of methane production in peatland soils by a humic substance analog

Abstract. Methane (CH4) production is often impeded in many northern peatland soils, although inorganic terminal electron acceptors (TEAs) are usually present in low concentrations in these soils. Recent studies suggest that humic substances in wetland soils can be utilized as organic TEAs for anaerobic respiration and may directly inhibit CH4 production. Here we utilize the humic analog anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonate (AQDS) to explore the importance of humic substances, and their effects on the temperature sensitivity of anaerobic decomposition, in two peatland soils. In a bog peat, AQDS was not instantly utilized as a TEA, but greatly inhibited the fermentative production of acetate, carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen (H2), as well as CH4 production. When added together with glucose, AQDS was partially reduced after a lag period of 5 to 10 days. In contrast, no inhibitory effect of AQDS on fermentation was found in a fen peat and AQDS was readily reduced as an organic TEA. The addition of glucose and AQDS to both bog and fen peats caused complicated temporal dynamics in the temperature sensitivity of CH4 production, reflecting temporal changes in the temperature responses of other carbon processes with effects on methanogenesis. Our results show that the humic analog AQDS can act both as an inhibitory agent and a TEA in peatland soils. The high concentrations of humic substances in northern peatlands may greatly influence the effect of climate change on soil carbon cycling in these ecosystems.
Validation of terminological inference in an information extraction task

This paper is concerned with an inferential approach to information extraction, reporting in particular on the results of an empirical study that was performed to validate the approach. The study brings together two lines of research: (1) the RHO framework for tractable terminological knowledge representation, and (2) the Alembic message understanding system. There are correspondingly two principal aspects of interest to this work. From the knowledge representation perspective, the present study serves to validate experimentally a normal form hypothesis that guarantees tractability of inference in the RHO framework. From the message processing perspective, this study substantiates the utility of limited inference to the information extraction task.