cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Expression of Retinal Proteins in a Pineal Parenchymal Tumor

The pineal gland and retina share histogenetic features that reflect a similar neurosensory/photosensory ontogeny. Pineal parenchymal tumors demonstrate a highly variable and incomplete photosensory differentiation evidenced by specific cytoarchitectural features and the expression of photosensory retinal S-Antigen (S-Ag). Despite these neuro-ontogenetic parallels, pineal parenchymal tumors have not been well studied for the neuroretinal phenotypes that accompany normal neuroretinal development. The investigation of photoreceptor gene expression may provide an important insight into the histogenesis of pineal parenchymal neoplasms. In this study, a pineal parenchymal tumor of the "mixed pineoblastoma/pineocytoma" type was examined for the expression of several photoreceptor, glial and neuronal proteins including: interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), rod opsin, cone opsin, S-Ag and cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRA1BP). The detection of IRBP and its mRNA, the earliest photoreceptor-associated protein expressed during retinal development, corroborated the rudimentary photosensory differentiation of this tumor which had limited cytoarchitectural evidence for pineal differentiation. The analysis of IRBP expression may facilitate the diagnostic recognition of primitive pineal neoplasms and further define the neuroretinal differentiation which occurs in pineal parenchymal tumors.
The presidential election.

In this editorial I feel compelled to write a general commentary about the presidential election. It is with great awe that I observe the level of competition presently taking place. The reasons to feel this way are numerous. Three impress me the most. First, one aspect that has certainly been inspiring is that no one is to be counted out. All three main presidential candidates, Senators Clinton, McCain, and Obama (in alphabetical order) had at some point been counted out for being too young or too willing to cross the aisle to seek compromise, or for being a woman, an African American, or a Vietnam veteran and former POW, and the list of reasons and naysayers goes on and on yet, these three individuals are still in the race. This is an important lesson for all of us seeking to improve the life of the world--whether addressing social or environmental issues, we should never give up. A second exciting aspect of this election is that it appears that it will come down to a race in which every eligible person who can vote must vote and every vote must be counted. Although it is disappointing that the percentage of people who vote is nowhere near what it should be and that not every vote has been counted in recent elections, there is hope that more and more people are registering to vote and that closer attention will be paid to properly counting every vote. In the context of every vote counting, I remember the sense of fair accompli many of my friends and I experienced in Hawaii during elections because the votes of a small state like Hawaii, with its fewer corresponding delegates, did not appear to carry much weight; all of that changed as a result of the past three elections in which the votes of the people in Hawaii certainly counted. It seems that small states once again are well poised to play another key role in the election of the Democratic candidate and in the final contest. I believe this is good for the country. The third exciting aspect of the election is the opportunity for a new administration to improve the quality of life for the world. The new person will have his or her work cut out tackling such issues as unemployment, poverty, terrorism, racism, nuclear proliferation, global warming, pollution, human rights, and so forth. This person will also have the opportunity to continue facilitating the country's ability to create and innovate in all aspects of our lives, from improving health and mental health care accessibility and delivery to building safer and environmentally friendlier vehicles, and making significant advances in stem cell research, among many other social, technological, and scientific transformations. …
Issuing for perishable inventory management with a minimum inventory volume constraint

We study issuing policies for perishable inventory with a minimum inventory volume constraint.We show LIFO is an optimal issuing policy for a modified EMQ model.We develop an efficient algorithm to solve the joint ordering and issuing problem.Experimental results show the degree of dominance of a LIFO issuing policy over FIFO. We study a perishable inventory system that requires to maintain a minimum inventory volume at all times, where the minimum amount in the constraint is significant with respect to regular market demand and the traditional Economic Manufacturing Quantity (EMQ) models do not suffice. The problem is motivated by applications in homeland security, which are related to the management of pharmaceuticals in the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) for emergency preparedness. We use a modified EMQ model to represent the system and consider the issuing policy given a fixed ordering quantity, as well as the joint ordering and issuing policy problem. We aim to maximize the profit of the system under a linearly-decreasing price structure assumption. We first present the optimal issuing policy with a given ordering quantity for this modified EMQ model. Then we demonstrate that maximizing the revenue of the ordering policy with FIFO (first-in, first-out) and LIFO (last-in, first-out) issuing policies can be formulated as a non-convex non-smooth unconstrained optimization problem. The properties of both problems (e.g. optimizing issuing policy with a fixed ordering quantity and optimizing ordering policy with a fixed issuing policy) is analyzed and an efficient exact algorithm is presented to solve the joint ordering and issuing problem. We show that the LIFO issuing policy is optimal with a linearly-decreasing price structure that deteriorates with the age of the item.
An Attributional Perspective on African American Adults' Exercise Behavior1

The present study examined attributional patterns for successful and unsuccessful exercise behavior change in a sample of African American adults. Subjects typically reported the primary causes of successful exercise change to be of a motivational and personal nature, whereas attributions for unsuccessful change were primarily concerned with time management. Multivariate analyses indicated successes being attributed to internal, stable, and personally controllable causes, and failures to internal, unstable, and personally controllable causes. Stable attributions in the successful group were significantly correlated with expectations for continued maintenance, and unstable attributions were significantly related with expectations for future behavior change in the unsuccessful group. The findings are discussed with respect to attributional approaches to improving exercise and health behavior change.
Peroxisome proliferators and fatty acids negatively regulate liver X receptor-mediated activity and sterol biosynthesis.

Abstract Peroxisome proliferators (PPs) are potent tumor promoters in rodents. The mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis requires the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα), but might also involve the PPARα independent alteration of signaling pathways that regulate cell growth. Here, we studied the effects of PPs on the mevalonate pathway, a critical pathway that controls cell proliferation. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that act as sterol sensors in the mevalonate pathway. In gene reporter assays in COS-7 cells, the basal activity of the LXR responsive reporter gene (LXRE-luc) was suppressed by 10 μM lovastatin and zaragozic acid A, suggesting that this activity was attributed to the activation of native LXRs, by endogenously produced mevalonate products. The potent PP and rodent tumor promoter, pirinixic acid (WY-14643) also inhibited LXR-mediated transcription in a dose related manner (approximate IC 50 of 100 μM). As did several other PPs including ciprofibric acid and mono-ethylhexylphthalate. Polyunsaturated and medium to long chain fatty acids at 100 μM were also potent inhibitors; the arachidonic acid analogue eicosatetraynoic acid being the most active (approximate IC 50 of 10 μM). Of the PPs and fatty acids tested, there was a strong correlation between the ability of these agents to suppress de novo sterol synthesis in a rat hepatoma cell line, H4IIEC3, and inhibit LXR-mediated transcription in COS-7 cells, but a discordance between these endpoints and PPARα activation and fatty acid acyl-CoA oxidase induction. Taken together, these results suggest that PPs and fatty acids negatively regulate the mevalonate pathway through a mechanism that is not entirely dependent on PPARα activation. Because of the importance of the mevalonate pathway in regulating cell proliferation, the modulation of this pathway by PPs and fatty acids might contribute to their actions on cell growth/differentiation.
MULTICONFIGURATIONAL-DIRAC-FOCK CALCULATION OF THE 2S2 1S0-2S2P 3P1 SPIN-FORBIDDEN TRANSITION FOR THE BE-LIKE ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE

Accurate ab initio multiconfigurational-Dirac-Fock (MCDF) calculations of the lifetimes of the spin-forbidden 2${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ $^{1}$${\mathit{S}}_{0}$--2s2p $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{1}$ transition and the allowed 2${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ $^{1}$${\mathit{S}}_{0}$--2s2p $^{1}$${\mathit{P}}_{1}$ transition in Be-like ions have been performed. The importance of the inclusion of the Breit interaction to obtain accurate fine-structure splittings and mixing coefficients is discussed and the noted discrepancy between the length and velocity gauges for the intercombination line in the lighter ions is addressed. Different optimization procedures are evaluated. For C iii the experimental intercombination transition rate has been measured to be 121.9 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ with an accuracy of 6%. The current calculation gives 100.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, in agreement with other recent calculations.
Scintigrams in the diagnosis of hepatic neoplasia. Use of colloidal radioactive gold and of 75-selenium-methionine.

Radioactive scintigraphy of the liver, using 60–75 µc. of198Au proved satisfactory and helpful in the diagnosis of space-occupying lesions of the liver in our series of 108 patients. The method is safe, painless, and rapid. In our series, 84% accuracy was obtained in patients for whom there was also a tissue diagnosis. The hepatoscintigram proved helpful in some instances in selecting the site for liver biopsy. The alkaline phosphatase serum level was elevated in 90% (45 of 50 patients) and the BSP was elevated in 88% (37 of 42) of the patients with positive hepatoscintigrams and pathologically proved metastatic disease. A hepatoscintigram was done during the course of pancreatic scanning with75selenium-methionine in 20 patients. We found this method of hepato-scintigraphy to be unreliable. With improved technics (including the use of lateral views, improved equipment, and other radioactive tracer material), and with correlations of other laboratory tests and procedures, a higher degree of accuracy and promptness in diagnosing focal lesions of the liver should be obtained.
Modeling of HMX/GAP pseudo-propellant combustion

Abstract A comprehensive numerical analysis of HMX/GAP pseudo-propellant combustion has been established to predict the propellant burning rate and detailed combustion wave structure over a broad range of ambient pressure, laser intensity, and propellant composition. The model takes into account various fundamental processes at scales sufficient to resolve the microscopic flame-zone physiochemistry. The thermochemical parameters of HMX and GAP are deduced from existing experimental data. Four global decomposition reactions of HMX and GAP in the condensed phase as well as subsequent reactions are included. In the gas phase, a detailed chemical kinetics scheme involving 74 species and 532 reactions is employed to describe the heat-release mechanism. The effect of the external CO 2 laser on the propellant burning characteristics prevails at low pressures, but decreases at high pressures at which the conductive heat feedback from the gaseous flame to the condensed phase overrides surface absorption of radiation energy. The burning rate decreases with the addition of GAP at low pressures, even though GAP burns much faster than pure HMX. One factor contributing to this phenomenon is the rapid gasification of GAP displacing the primary flame away from the surface. Conversely, above a certain pressure level, the burning rate may be considerably enhanced by adding a small amount of GAP because of the higher surface temperature at which the exothermic decomposition of GAP plays a decisive role in providing energy to sustain propellant burning.
Impact of high temperatures on the population dynamics of the green peach aphid in field cages.

A temperature driven model based on field conditions was developed for determining the growth rates of populations of the green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persieae (Sulzer), at high temperatures. At peak mid-summer temperatures, 2 thresholds were determined: (1) a decelerated phase of population growth (39°–46°C) and (2) a negative phase of population growth (>46°C). In 2 other runs, temperatures never reached the threshold of the phase of negative growth; however, the population growth decelerated at a lower threshold (31.6°–42.3°C) than in the mid-summer test.
Analytic model for direct tunneling current in polycrystalline silicon-gate metal–oxide–semiconductor devices

An analytic model of the direct tunneling current in metal–oxide–semiconductor devices as a function of oxide field is presented. Accurate modeling of the low-field roll-off in the current results from proper modeling of the field dependencies of the sheet charge, electron impact frequency on the interface, and tunneling probability. To obtain the latter dependence, a modified WKB approximation is used.
The enhancing effects of manualized treatment for erectile dysfunction among men using sildenafil: A preliminary investigation

This study examined the effects of supplementing sildenafil (Viagra) with use of a cognitive-behavioral treatment manual plus minimal therapist contact. Participants were 6 heterosexual couples in which the man met criteria for erectile dysfunction and was using sildenafil. Erectile dysfunction resulted from psychological factors or psychological and organic factors combined. In a multiple baseline design, participants completed a period of 4, 6, or 8 weeks during which they used sildenafil alone and monitored several psychosocial and behavioral variables. The experimental treatment, which lasted 6 weeks, comprised the cognitive-behavioral treatment manual and brief weekly phone contact with a therapist. Results suggest that manualized treatment was associated with increases in sexual satisfaction among men, some improvement in sexual satisfaction among partners, and an increase in the frequency of sexual intercourse. There was some evidence of improvement in sexual functioning among both men and women. Treatment gains were largely maintained at a 4-to-8-week follow-up and a 4-to-10-month follow-up. Results suggest that this cognitive-behavioral intervention may enhance the benefits of sildenafil. Additional research is needed to further test the potential benefits of this treatment approach.
Extent of functional impairment in children and adolescents with depression.

AbstractObjective:Pediatric depression is often associated with clinically significant distress or impairment in school, home and social activities. However, very little is known about the extent of functional impairment in children with depression based on national level data. This study examined the extent of functional impairment in children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years with depression based on 2005–2006 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data.Research design and methods:This study involved retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 2005–2006 MEPS data. Functional impairment in children was assessed using the parent-reported Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS). The CIS is a 13 item, lay-interviewer-administered global impairment scale. The analysis focused on children with depression. Functional impairment was ascertained using the mean summated scores of the CIS after conducting psychometric analysis. The Wilson and Cleary model was used to examine the factors associated with functional impairme...
Ultrasound Activates the TM ELAM-1/IL-1/NF-κB Response: A Potential Mechanism for Intraocular Pressure Reduction after Phacoemulsification

Purpose Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), the major causal risk factor for glaucoma, often decreases after cataract removal by phacoemulsification ultrasound. In this study, the hypothesis that ultrasound energy propagated through a fluid medium induces a stress response with the potential to lower IOP was investigated.
Memories of War: Sources of Vietnam Veteran Pro‐ and Antiwar Political Attitudes

The sources of political attitudes are among the most studied phenomena of modern politics. Moving away from the traditional focus on party systems, the demographic characteristics of voters, or political socialization, I consider instead how memory and narrative shape political consciousness. Specifically, I focus on how culturally sanctioned memories of warfare influence the political attitudes of 24 Vietnam veterans. I compare two groups of Vietnam veterans who went to Vietnam in support of the war and political status quo, but who returned with opposing attitudes toward war. How can we understand these contrasting outcomes? Specifically, how do memories of war shape political attitudes? Antiwar veterans relate similar narratives of having their idealistic views of war challenged and experiencing a major rethinking of their support when they learn the true nature of warfare. On the other hand, pro-war veterans share a patterned narrative of indifference rather than idealism when describing their continued support of the war and political status quo after they return from Vietnam. I conclude by arguing that memory and narrative are an important mechanism for shaping political attitudes.
Linking Lifelong Learning, Corporate Social Responsibility, and the Changing Nature of Work

The problem and the solution. Organizations and employees are facing challenges that arise from the changing nature of work and the need for corporate social responsibility. Although two separate trends, they have similar implications for human resource development (HRD) and education and share links to the importance of lifelong learning. Through a whole system perspective on learning and collaboration between HRD and the education system, employees and organizations can adapt to the changes and benefit individuals, organizations, and society.
An Update on Acquired Nystagmus

Proper evaluation and treatment of acquired nystagmus requires accurate characterization of nystagmus type and visual effects. This review addresses important historical and examination features of nystagmus and current concepts of pathogenesis and treatment of gaze-evoked nystagmus, nystagmus due to vision loss, acquired pendular nystagmus, peripheral and central vestibular nystagmus, and periodic alternating nystagmus.
Explaining Differential Patterns of Self-reported Delinquency: Evidence From a Latent Class Analysis of Sibling Pairs

A rich line of criminological research has utilized latent class analysis (LCA) to identify different groups or classes of individuals. At the same time, behavioral genetic modeling strategies have offered valuable insight into the etiological origins of many phenotypes, such as aggression and antisocial behavior. For the most part, these two streams of inquiry have operated in isolation of one another. The current study represents an attempt to blend a mainstream criminological method (i.e., LCA) with a mainstream behavioral genetic method (i.e., the ACE model). The results indicated that three classes of offenders are identifiable in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and that variance in each class was explained by a combination of genetic (h2 ranged between .26 and .65) and nonshared environmental (e2 ranged between .35 and .74) influences. Directions for future research are considered.
Combined endoscope-assisted transclival clipping and endovascular stenting of a basilar trunk aneurysm: case report.

OBJECTIVE: We describe a patient with a mid-basilar aneurysm treated with combined endoscopic-assisted transsphenoidal clipping and endovascular stenting. CLINICAL PRESTATION :A 26-year-old woman was transferred to the crantal base center with an acute acute with an acute Grade III suharachnold hemorrhage. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a small basilar truck aneurym that was not amenable to acute endovascular treatment. INTERVENTION : the patient underwent sublabial transphenoid al/transclival endoscopic-assisted clipping of the aneurysm and subsequent stepting of the affected segment. The aneurysm was repaired with a low-profile Week clip -(Week Closure Systems Research, low-profile Weck clip (weck Closure Systems Reseach, Triangle Park, NC) that permitted a watertight closure of the clival dura using cardiac Medtronic U-clips (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN). Postoperatively, the patient had no evidence of cerebrospinal fluid leakage. CONCLUSION: Watertight dural closure was possible due to the use of a low-profile aneurysmal clip that did not protrude through the dural-defect, as well as self-tying sutures.
Social influences on the sexual behaviors of adolescent girls in at-risk circumstances.

Objective To describe social influences on girls' sexual behaviors. Design Descriptive, exploratory study using interviews with five focus groups. Setting/Participants 48 adolescent girls, ages 12 to 16 years, who were confined in a juvenile detention center for a variety of charges. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Girls' perceptions of influences on their sexual behaviors. Results The analysis revealed three themes: the influence of traditional gender roles, a lack of power in heterosexual relationships, and an ongoing search for romance. Conclusions The social context of adolescent girls' lives can promote sexual activity and unprotected sex. Effective prevention efforts must acknowledge the context within which sexual risk occurs and address motivations and barriers in the target population.
Foreign Investment and Disparities in Economic Development and Poverty Reduction: A Comparative-Historical Analysis of the Buddhist Countries of Southeast Asia

To remain economically competitive in the 21st century a nation must be able to secure resources beyond its borders and protect itself from other nations trying to do the same. While the situation has been shown to be more complex, the original assumption among world system researchers remains that multinational corporate penetration in the periphery can have negative effects on their prospects for economic development. But we now know that these negative effects upon long-term economic development can be prevented. The existence of a strong development state can be critical for this protection. In addition to supplying ‘good governance’ (as the World Bank now calls it), a strong development state can provide protection in the global economy so that multinational corporate penetration is beneficial rather than harmful to less developed nations. But given the importance of a strong development state it is surprising that little research has been directed to the question of how a nation acquires a developme...
Energetics and Mechanism of Alkyl Cleavage Transition States: Relative Gas-Phase Acidities of Alkanes

The product branching ratios from the infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) of a series of tertiary alkoxides are examined and an overall order for the relative acidities of several alkyl g...
Effects of exercise training and metformin on body composition and cardiovascular indices in HIV-infected patients.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether exercise training in combination with metformin improves cardiovascular risk indices and insulin in comparison to metformin alone among HIV-infected patients. METHODS AND DESIGN We conducted a prospective, randomized, 3-month study of HIV patients on stable antiretroviral therapy with hyperinsulinemia and fat redistribution. Subjects received metformin alone or metformin and exercise training consisting of 1 h of aerobic and resistance training three times a week. Cardiovascular parameters, including blood pressure and endurance during sub-maximal stress testing, body composition, strength, insulin and other biochemical parameters were determined. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients were randomized and 25 subjects completed the study. Subjects receiving exercise training and metformin demonstrated significant decreases in median waist-to-hip ratio [-0.02 (-0.06, -0.01) (median (interquartile range) versus -0.01 (0.03, 0.02), P = 0.026], resting systolic [-12 (-20, -4) versus 0 (-11, 11), P = 0.012] and diastolic blood pressures [-10 (-14, -8) versus 0 (-7, 8), P = 0.001], increased thigh muscle cross-sectional area [3 (-3, 12) versus -7 (-11, 0), P = 0.015], and improved exercise time [3 (0, 4) versus 0 (-1, 1), P = 0.045] compared with subjects receiving metformin alone. Fasting insulin and insulin area under the curve decreased significantly more in the exercise and metformin group (P < 0.05). Lipids and resting lactate did not change significantly between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that exercise training in combination with metformin significantly improves cardiovascular and biochemical parameters more than metformin alone in HIV-infected patients with fat redistribution and hyperinsulinemia. Combined treatment was safe, well tolerated and may be a useful strategy to decrease cardiovascular risk in this population.
Eddy current damping revisited

Abstract We consider energy loss from eddy currents on intermediate length scales not previously considered. We find the exact solution for the eddy currents evoked by an oscillatory flux in a thread along the axis of a conducting cylinder. When the radius of the thread is small compared to the skin depth, the eddy currents are concentrated in the vicinity, shielding the matrix from the internal disturbance, and the power loss has a dominant term that increases logarithmically as the radius vector to the center decreases. An array of parallel threads can be treated as a model for a heterogeneous distribution of magnetization, either in a single material partially magnetized or a material of more than one phase, of which at least one is ferromagnetic.
The petrogenetic model, an extension of Bowen's petrogenetic grid

Bowen's petrogenetic grid is a PT projection containing univariant curves for decarbonation, dehydration, and solid-solid reactions, with vapour pressure (P_f) equal to total pressure (P_s). Analysis of experimental data in the system MgO–CO_2–H_2O leads to an expansion of this grid. Three of the important variables in metamorphism when P_f = P_s are P, T, and variation of the pore fluid composition between H_2O and CO_2. These can be illustrated in a three-dimensional petrogenetic model; one face is a PT plane for reactions occurring with pure H_2O, and the opposite face is a similar plane for reactions with pure CO_2; these are separated by an axis for pore fluid composition varying between H_2O and CO_2. Superposition of the PT faces of the model provides the petrogenetic grid. The reactions within the model are represented by divariant surfaces, which may meet along univariant lines. For dissociation reactions, the surfaces curve towards lower temperatures as the proportion of non-reacting volatile increases, and solid-solid reaction surfaces are parallel to the vapour composition axis and perpendicular to the PT axes. The relative temperatures of reactions and the lines of intersections of the surfaces can be illustrated in isobaric sections. Isobaric sections are used to illustrate reactions proceeding at constant pressure with (1) pore fluid composition remaining constant during the reaction, with temperature increasing (2) pore fluid composition changing during the reaction, with temperature increasing, and (3) pore fluid changing composition at constant temperature. The petrogenetic model provides a convenient framework for a wide range of experimental data.
Roosting habits of bats affect their parasitism by bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae)

The Smithsonian Venezuela Project (SVP) conducted extensive surveys of mammals and ectoparasites in the 1960s. The 25 238 individuals and 130 species of bat collected by SVP hosted 36 663 streblid bat flies, representing 116 species of these ectoparasitic dipterans. Roosts of bat species differ in durability and protection, and bat flies separate from the host to pupate in the roost. We predicted higher levels of parasitism and more parasitic associates for bats roosting in more permanent structures (e.g. caves, tunnels) that would facilitate their association with hosts. We also predicted wing development of flies should correlate inversely with roost duration, restricting flightless forms to bats in permanent roosts. Ranking roosting structures by durability and protection, we sought correlations among bat species in prevalence, mean intensity and number of associated fly species. All three measures of parasitism were positively and significantly related to roosting habits: bats roosting in more permanent, enclosed structures were more likely to be infested, to carry heavier parasite loads, and to harbour more species of ectoparasitic flies. However, roosting habits were not correlated with the average wing development of bat flies. Although other factors affect parasitism rates in bats, the study provides a compelling example of both ecological and evolutionary responses of parasites to features of the host's environment.
The American Psychological Association Parenting Coordination Project: Development of the Project and Initial Review of the First Two Years

ABSTRACT The American Psychological Association Parenting Coordination Project (PC Project) uses closely supervised advanced graduate students to provide pro bono parenting coordination to low-income families. This paper describes the origin and early development of the project. It also articulates some of the unique challenges this project experienced both in using doctoral students and in providing to low income families a service that has generally only been available to the affluent. Additionally, this paper describes some of the initial outcome data for this project. Judges uniformly rated the project as helpful to the courts, parents, and children. The results with attorneys and guardians ad litem were more mixed, but the negative ratings may reflect the undue influence of a single outlier case.
Early developments in petroleum geochemistry

Petroleum geochemistry is the outgrowth of the application of the principles and methods of organic chemistry to petroleum refining and petroleum geology. This paper reviews 120 years of petroleum geochemistry, from about 1860 to 1980, and includes a discussion of the formal recognition of petroleum geochemistry as an earth-science discipline starting in 1959 when a general petroleum geochemistry symposium was first organized at Fordham University, New York. A chronology of significant events, including concepts, techniques, and textbook publications, is presented. Because petroleum geochemistry has been a tool for petroleum exploration from the beginning, the early developments of surface prospecting, source-rock identification, and oil/oil and oil/source correlation are discussed, along with the application of geochemistry to petroleum migration, accumulation, and alteration. In addition the paper deals with the biomarker revolution, which began in earnest about 1964, and with early models of geothermal history. Concepts in petroleum geochemistry have continually evolved, enhanced by the development of new analytical techniques, leading to new discoveries concerning the origin and occurrence of petroleum.
Electroencephalographic sleep in schizophrenia: A critical review

Several polysomnographic abnormalities seem to occur consistently in schizophrenic patients: impaired sleep continuity and reduced total sleep, reduced amounts of slow wave sleep, and reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency and defective REM rebound following REM deprivation. None of these findings is specific for schizophrenia, and only a subgroup of schizophrenic patients seem to have these abnormalities. It appears that reduced slow wave sleep may be related to a neurodevelopmental disorder related to the defect state in schizophrenia. The pathophysiological significance of the defective REM rebound and the REM sleep abnormalities in schizophrenia remain uncertain. Carefully designed studies are needed to further characterize the sleep disturbance in schizophrenia and to study them in relation to other, known pathophysiological changes in this disorder.
Cloning and expression of the red visual pigment gene of goat (Capra hircus)

Abstract We have cloned and sequenced the red opsin gene, rCh, of goat (Capra hircus). When rCh is expressed in cultured cells and reconstituted with 11-cis retinal, the resulting visual pigment has a wavelength of maximal absorption (λmax) of 553 nm. This result and the deduced aa sequence of the goat red opsin suggest that the λmax values of the red pigments of goat and human are based mainly on Y277 and T285. The slightly lower λmax value of the red pigment in goat than in human (~560 nm) can be explained by a single aa difference between the goat (A180) and human (S180) red pigments.
The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Is at the Site of Convergence between μ-Opioid Receptor and Growth Factor Signaling Pathways in Rat C6 Glioma Cells

Mitogenic signaling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can proceed via sequential epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Although the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) mediates stimulation of ERK via EGFR transactivation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, the mechanism of acute MOR signaling to ERK has not been characterized in rat C6 glioma cells that seem to contain little EGFR. Herein, we describe experiments that implicate fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR) transactivation in the convergence of MOR and growth factor signaling pathways in C6 cells. MOR agonists, endomorphin-1 and morphine, induced a rapid (3-min) increase of ERK phosphorylation that was abolished by MOR antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2. By using selective inhibitors and overexpression of dominant negative mutants, data were obtained to suggest that MOR signaling to ERK is transduced by Gbetagamma and entails Ca2+- and protein kinase C-mediated steps, whereas the FGFR branch of the pathway is Ras-dependent. An intermediary role of FGFR1 transactivation was suggested by MOR- but not kappa-opioid receptor (KOR)-induced FGFR1 tyrosine phosphorylation. A dominant negative mutant of FGFR1 attenuated MOR- but not KOR-induced ERK phosphorylation. Thus, a novel transactivation mechanism entailing secreted endogenous FGF may link the GPCR and growth factor pathways involved in MOR activation of ERK in C6 cells.
The concepts of elasticity, invulnerability and invadability.

Abstract Users of mathematical models in ecological research have emphasized mathematical elegance in elucidating the dynamics of ecosystem models with fixed collections of state variables instead of addressing the equally important question of what effects a changing ecosystem structure has on the system's dynamics. Our work addresses the effect of invasion on the species composition of communities. In the context of a linear model, we found that as communities were made more complex (in terms of the number of species they contained and the number of interactions among these species) the probability of their being stable decreased, but the probability of their being invulnerable to invasion by other species increased. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that, through time, communities approach an intermediate complexity at which the influences of environmental stochasticity (which tends to destabilize complex communities) and invasion pressure (which tends to add species to simple communities) counterbalance one another. At this intermediate complexity the average rate of change of species composition is low.
Reversible and irreversible damage to cochlear afferent neurons by kainic acid excitotoxicity.

Kainic acid (KA) selectively damages afferent synapses that innervate, in chickens, mainly tall hair cells. To better understand the nature of KA-induced excitotoxic damage to the cochlear afferent neurons, KA, at two different concentrations (0.3 or 5 mM), was injected directly into the inner ear of adult chickens. Pathologic changes in the afferent nerve ending and cell body were evaluated with light and transmission electron microscopy at various time points after KA application. The compound action potential (CAP) and cochlear microphonic (CM) potential were recorded to monitor the physiologic status of the afferent neurons and hair cells, respectively. Hair cell morphology and function were essentially normal after KA treatment. However, afferent synapses beneath tall hair cells were swollen within 30 minutes after KA at both low (KA-L) and high (KA-H) doses. In the KA-L group, the swelling disappeared within 1 day and the morphology of the postsynaptic region returned to near normal condition. In the KA-H group, by contrast, the vacant region beneath tall hair cells remained evident even 20 weeks after KA. The number of cochlear ganglion neurons in the KA-H group decreased progressively from 1 to 8–20 weeks, whereas hair cells in the basilar papilla remained morphologically intact out to 20 weeks after KA. There was no significant change in neuron number in the KA-L group. Temporal changes in the CAP amplitude paralleled the anatomic changes, although the CAP only partially recovered. These results suggest that KA induces partially reversible damage to cochlear afferent neurons with low KA concentration; above this level, KA triggers irreversible, progressive neurodegeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 430:172–181, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimizing the performance of a data vortex interconnection network

The definition of the data vortex architecture leaves broad room for decisions regarding the exact design point required for achieving a desired performance level. A detailed simulation-based study of various parameters that affect a data vortex interconnection network's performance is reported. Three implementations are compared by acceptance rate, latency, and cost.
FLOW RESISTANCE IN FILTER CAKES DUE TO AIR

Abstract The objective of this work is to show that air bubbles can adversely effect the performance of pressure filtrations. The effect of air on liquid flow resistance is measured in a well-characterized filter cake of Lucite particles. Air is introduced into the cake by allowing air bubbles to become entrained with the particles in the slurry at the start of filtration. Filtration with entrained air bubbles is compared to filtration without air bubbles. Experimental measurements show a significant increase in flow resistance due to the presence of air in a pressurized cake filtration. The presence of air bubbles in the filter cake can result in misinterpretation of experimental data. This in turn can increase operating and experimental testing costs and complicate efforts to predict filtration performance.
Azithromycin extravasation in a pediatric patient

Objective:To report a case of azithromycin infiltration and extravasation in a pediatric patient.Case Summary:A 12-month-old African American male, between chemotherapy cycles for acute myelogenous leukemia, self-dislodged his central venous catheter. A peripheral catheter was placed in the right dorsal hand and, 2 days later, azithromycin for injection infiltrated at the infusion site. Several bullae formed in the first web space and a few areas of epidermolysis, each <2 cm wide, later appeared on the forearm. Treatment included warm compresses, adaptee dressing, topical antibiotics, splint placement, and arm elevation. Four months after the incident, there was no visible impairment or restriction to the toddler's use of the right hand or arm. The only residual finding was an area of hypopigmented skin in the dorsal web between the first and second fingers.Discussion:As of February 10, 2005, this is the first case published in the English-language literature describing intravenous azithromycin infiltrati...
Allogeneic, syngeneic and autologous marrow transplantation in the acute leukemias and lymphomas--Baltimore experiences.

AUogeneic bone marrow transplants (BMT) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia following cyclophos-phamide (Cy) and total body irradiation (TBI) has resulted in disease-free survival (DFS) for CRl, CR2, and CR3 of 10/18 (56%), 16/30 (53%) and 4/17 (24%), respectively. Median follow-up of survivors was 25–43 months. One relapse was seen in CRl, 1 in CR2, and 6 in CR3. AUogeneic BMT in acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) following busulfan (Bu) resulted in DFS for CRl, CR2 + CR3 + early relapse of 21/47 (45%) and 13/41 (32%), respectively. Median DFS of survivors of all groups together was 36 months. DFS of all patients 20 years or less was 15/27 (56%) and 19/61 (31%) for ages 21–46. Three relapses of 47 (6%) were seen in CRl and 6/41 (15%) in subsequent remission and early relapse. BMT of autologous BMT with 4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide (4-HC) purged marrow in ANLL in CRl (5), CR2 (32) and CR3 (9) following Bu + Cy resulted in DFS of 19/46 (41%) for 1–67 months (median 15 months). Twenty patients with prior risk non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma received 4-HC-purged marrow following Cy + TBI. DFS was 10/20 (50%) for 1.4–9.5 years (median 2.9 years)
Predictions of drought length extreme order statistics using run theory

Abstract A new model has been developed here, incorporating prospective run theory to predict events based on order statistics. The difference equations for such a system are presented and the closed form solution is obtained in terms of parameters to which the practising hydrologist has access. Predictions are provided for duration of maximum drought lengths as a function of the definition of drought, the number of years over which the prediction is made, and the probability of inadequate water resources.
Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1): a novel antibody-drug conjugate for the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer is an aggressive form of breast cancer associated with poorer prognosis and shortened survival. Primary and acquired resistance to existing HER2-targeted therapies presents a challenge for the management of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Ado-trastuzumab emtansine, a drug-antibody conjugate, has shown promising results for patients failing prior treatment with trastuzumab. Ado-trastuzumab emtansine consists of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab linked to a potent microtubule inhibitor (emtansine), allowing a targeted delivery of chemotherapy to cells that overexpress HER2. Ado-trastuzumab emtansine has been approved for use in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have failed prior therapy with trastuzumab and a taxane. Although well-tolerated in clinical trials, thrombocytopenia has been reported and platelet values should be monitored closely. Increased liver enzymes and bilirubin, as well as cardiotoxicity, have also been documented, and recommendations for dose reduction or discontinuation due to these toxicities are available. Clinical trials are currently ongoing to further define the role of ado-trastuzumab emtansine in both the metastatic and early breast cancer settings.
Evolution of the vertebrate cardio-pulmonary system

Vertebrate lungs have long been thought to have evolved in fishes largely as an adaptation for life in hypoxic water. This view overlooks the possibility that lungs may have functioned to supply the heart with oxygen and may continue to serve this function in extant fishes. The myocardium of most vertebrates is avascular and obtains oxygen from luminal blood. Because oxygen-rich pulmonary blood mixes with oxygen-poor systemic blood before entering the heart of air-breathing fishes, lung ventilation may supply the myocardium with oxygen and expand aerobic exercise capabilities. Although sustained exercise in tetrapods is facilitated by septation of the heart and the formation of a dual pressure system, a divided cardiopulmonary system may conflict with myocardial oxygenation because the right side of the heart is isolated from pulmonary oxygen. This may have contributed to the evolution of the coronary circulation.
Voluntary Hospitalization and Due Process: The Dilemma of Zinermon v. Burch

to provide a hearing (or other proce dure) before an agent of the state deprives a person ofliberty or prop erty but the state has failed to do so, the person has been denied due pro cess and can bring a suit under Sec tion 1983. In the second type of case, inwhich it is not possible forthe state to provide a predeprivation hearing but the state offers a remedy to the aggrieved person after the depriva tion takes place, due process has oc curred and Section 1983 does not apply. The U.S. Supreme Court agreed to review Burch's case to clarify into which ofthe two categories his situa tion fell. Defendants argued that no hearing was possible before Burch was illegally admitted, because those who admitted him were acting in an unpredictable manner. Since the state cannot anticipate when its agents will violate its laws, post facto remedies, such as tort suits for damages, which Florida law allows, should be sufficient. Burch, however, maintained that the state was or should have been aware that its rules governing admis sion of incompetent patients were routinely violated. Thus the state should have provided some process for assessing patients' competence before allowing them to sign in. Since no such procedure was estab lished, Burch argued that he was denied due process and that the ac tion taken under Section 1983 should stand. In a five-to-four decision, the Supreme Court agreed with Burch. â€œ? It is hardly unforeseeable that a per son requesting treatment for mental illness might be incapable of in formed consent, and that state offi cialswith thepower to admit patients might take theirapparent willingness to be admitted at face value and not initiate involuntary placement pro cedures,â€•Justice Blackmun wrote for the majority. Thus Florida should have had procedures in place to screen allvoluntary patients for com petence and to exclude incompetent persons from the voluntary admis sion process. The court's holding has clear im plications for the relatively few states Law & Psychiatry
Why Do Block Length and Delay Behave Differently if Feedback Is Present

For output-symmetric discrete memoryless channels (DMCs) at even moderately high rates, fixed-block-length communication systems show no improvements in their error exponents with feedback. This paper studies systems with fixed end-to-end delay and shows that feedback generally provides dramatic gains in the error exponents. A new upper bound (the uncertainty-focusing bound) is given on the probability of symbol error in a fixed-delay communication system with feedback. This bound turns out to have a form similar to Viterbi's bound used for the block error probability of convolutional codes as a function of the fixed constraint length. The uncertainty-focusing bound is shown to be asymptotically achievable with noiseless feedback for erasure channels as well as for any output-symmetric DMC that has strictly positive zero-error capacity. Furthermore, it can be achieved in a delay-universal (anytime) fashion even if the feedback itself is delayed by a small amount. Finally, it is shown that for end-to-end delay, it is generally possible at high rates to beat the sphere-packing bound for general DMCs - thereby providing a counterexample to a conjecture of Pinsker.