cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypochromic microcytic anemia of infancy; iron depletion as a factor.

In this work the author has attempted to gain insight into the significance of iron depletion by the use of 4 simple calculations, justification for which is found in recent articles. These are: (a) iron with which the infant is born; (b) iron retained from the food; (c) iron being used by the tissues and therefore unavailable for hemoglobin, and (d) iron combined with the total mass of hemoglobin. With these 4 figures it is possible to estimate the iron still potentially available for use (the "reserves" or "stones"). When the difference between a + b and c + d has reached about zero, depletion is considered to exist. The following characteristics of depletion may be emphasized: Depletion is the result of gain in weight and maximum possible usage of iron. It is therefore a normal result of growth and need not be associated with anemia. As soon as depletion has occurred, the organism is thereafter dependent on current absorption of iron. This is ordinarily sufficient, even with a diet of milk alone, to maintain an adequate concentration of hemoglobin after about 8 to 10 months of age. Severe anemia due to depletion alone is practically confined to premature babies whose relative gain in weight is rapid. Severe anemia in other than premature babies is the result of a number of factors by which iron becomes unavailable or is actually diverted from hemoglobin to storage. Response to iron medication is considerably better in infants with depletion than in those in whom some factor is present that interferes with iron utilization, and which is not connected by the mere giving of iron. The dependence on current absorption, whether the result of depletion or non-availability, introduces a certain precariousness which is apparently characteristic of this time of life. The organism gets along from day to day if nothing happens, but may not be able to meet an emergency, whether this appears as a rapid gain in weight, or a necessity to repair damage done by severe infection. If we consider iron deficiency as the cause of anemia, we can think of deficiency as due to a number of factors of which depletion is only one. The development and characteristics of depletion have been considered in this paper; other factors in iron deficiency will be considered in subsequent papers.
Iran's education and research potential.

I WAS INTRIGUED by R. Stone's 4 September News Feature “Unsanctioned science” (p. [1038][1]). Nonetheless, as an American professor born and raised in Iran, I felt that Stone overlooked certain factors that affect Iran's higher education and scientific R&D. First, in my opinion, despite having
Photonic integrated circuits for broadband analog signal processing: Progress and challenges

The increasing improvement of fabrication technology for photonic integrated circuits (PICs), and the incorporation of increasing functionally in the elements within the circuits, provide a path to the precise control of phase and amplitude needed for a range of signal processing functions. In particular, it's envisioned that PICs will enhance photonic analog RF filtering capabilities for many applications. What's more, with PIC technology advancing toward higher circuit complexity and density, and increasing power efficiency, PICs may enable integrated RF photonic processing applications previously not possible.
On a Conjecture of Ash

Abstract In this paper we prove a particular case of a conjecture of Ash that states the existence of Galois representations associated to Hecke eigenclasses in cohomology.
Surviving the plant visit: Your plant visit need not be a comedy of errors. With preparation, you can turn a nerve-racking ordeal into an invitation to return — Permanently

I'll never forget that interview trip. About the only thing I did right was to fly in the day before. … First, I decided to wear my interview clothes because I was afraid the airline would lose my luggage. Well, it was pouring rain when we landed, and I got completely drenched. Then, I had trouble renting a car because I was under 25 and didn't have a major credit card with me. By the time I got to the motel, I was so tired I didn't read any of the company literature. To make matters worse, the next morning I got stopped for speeding in my rush to get to the interview on time. I finally made it through the day, but if ever I had to do it again …
Barrel rotation in rats induced by intracerebroventricular bradykinin antagonists.

Abstract Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of bradykinin (BK) analogs containing the substitution DPhe 7 produced extreme postural distortions within 2–4 min after injection, eventually causing rats to spin repeatedly around their longitudinal axis. This behavior, called barrel rotation, has been previously reported following ICV administration of several other neuropeptides. Episodes lasted 5–20 min; two deaths occured at high doses, but no other long-term effects were observed. The quantal ED 50 of the prototype compound B4162 (DArg 0 , Thi 5,8 DPhe 7 BK), was 14.9 nmole; all seven other DPhe 7 analogs tested elicited a positive response at 20 nmole. Among analogs not containing DPhe 7 , only BK elicited any activity (20% response rate), and only at 100 nmoles. Structure-activity considerations indicate that this behavior is not mediated by classical kinin receptors. The response rate to 20 nmole B4162 (81%) did not significantly change after pretreatment with ICV BK (100 nmoles), or IP atropine, haloperidol or phenytoin; whereas pretreatment with ICV captopril and muscimol and IP naloxone, diazepam and phenobarbital all significantly inhibited the response. A GABAergic mechanism may be involved in this peptide behavior.
FEEDBACK CONTROL OF FSH IN THE MALE: ROLE OF OESTROGEN

The effect of castration on serum LH and FSH and the effect of estrogen administration to castrate men on serum LH and FSH was investigated in 18 men from 63 to 87 years. In the 8 men castrated for cancer of the prostate serum LH had increased by 2 days postoperative and in all but one of the men was still elevated 49 to 210 days later. FSH increase paralleled that of LH. Ethinyl oestradiol (EOe) was administered to 10 men who had been castrated 3 to 72 months earlier. LH and FSH were suppressed in 9 of the 10 men treated with estrogen. There was no differential found in the effect of estrogen on LH or FSH release.
Optimum palliation of inoperable hilar cholangiocarcinoma: comparative assessment of the efficacy of plastic and self-expanding metal stents.

Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) with plastic or self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) is often performed for palliative care for cholangiocarcinoma. The objective was to compare the clinical effectiveness, including stent patency, complication rate, and need for salvage percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, of SEMS and plastic stents. A total of 100 patients with inoperable cholangiocarcinoma were identified from an endoscopic database from 1/1/01 to 9/30/06 at a tertiary cancer hospital and their clinical history was retrospectively reviewed. All patients were followed to death, re-intervention, or for at least one year. Stent patency and patient survival were estimated by Kaplan–Meier analysis, supplemented by the log-rank test for comparisons between groups. Forty-eight patients had SEMS placed and 52 patients had plastic stents placed. ERBD was successful in 46 (95.8%) in the SEMS group and 49 (94.2%) in the plastic group (P = 0.67). Median patency times were 1.86 months in the plastic group and 5.56 months in the SEMS group (P < 0.0001). A mean of 1.53 and 4.60 re-interventions were performed in the SEMS and plastic groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Complications occurred in 4/48 (8.3%) in the SEMS group and 4/52 (7.7%) in the plastic group (P = 0.79). Median survival was 9.08 and 8.22 months in the SEMS and plastic stent groups, respectively (P = 0.50). Metallic stent patency was superior to that of plastic stents in all Bismuth–Corlette classifications of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with similar complication rates. SEMS seem to be cost-effective and, when feasible, should be considered as an initial intervention in patients with inoperable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Calculation of a divergence-free lamb shift

A divergence-free theory of the Lamb shift is presented, and calculations are carried out for hydrogen-like ions. The theory uses two Lorentz-invariant equations of motion, one for the electron in the presence of the photon, which is Dirac's four-space time-dependent equation, and the other for the photon in the presence of the electron. The electron–photon interaction is calculated from the Dirac current. The distribution of photon frequencies is bounded by the distribution of electron frequencies intrinsic to the Dirac current, thereby guaranteeing a divergence-free result for the Lamb shift. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Psychomotor-stimulant effects of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: Comparison with caffeine and 7-(2-chloroethyl) theophylline

The behavioral effects of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) were compared with those of caffeine and 7-(2-chloroethyl) theophylline (7-CET) in squirrel monkeys under a multiple schedule of reinforcement in which fixed-interval responding was maintained alternately by presentation of food and presentation of electric shock. All three drugs produced dose-related increases in response rate in both components of the multiple schedule. Thus, although IBMX generally lacks psychomotor-stimulant effects in rodents, it had behavioral effects in squirrel monkeys that were qualitatively similar to those of caffeine. Based on the average ED50 values, IBMX was 5–7 times more potent than caffeine and 7-CET was twice as potent as caffeine in the two schedule components. This potency relation corresponds well with those observed in radioligand binding assays for central adenosine receptors and is consistent with the view that the psychomotor-stimulant effects of methylxanthines are linked to their antagonistic actions at the adenosine-receptor level. There was no obvious correspondence between the capacity of the methylxanthines to increase response rate and their capacity to inhibit phosphodiesterase activity.
Pressure dependence of the Spin-Density Wave states in chromium doped with Si, Ge, and Sn

The pressure dependence of the N&l temperature (TN) has been studied in Cr-Si, Cr-Ge, and Cr-Sn alloys. In all alloys we have found a transition to the commensurate anti-ferromagnetic Spin-Density-...
Radial forearm free flap for partial laryngopharyngectomy

The method of closure of the partial laryngopharyngectomy (PLP) defect can have a profound affect on all three functions of the larynx: airway maintenance, airway protection during swallow, and phonation. This article considers both flap and nonflap techniques as they are applied to the extended PLP with removal of a portion of one vocal fold. Modifications of some previously published techniques are discussed. Results from 6 patients who underwent extended PLP with radial forearm free-flap reconstruction are presented. The procedure appears to be oncologically safe and to offer some advantages over earlier methods for treating this problem.
New representations of the noncentral chi-square density and cumulative

Representations of noncentral chi-square cumulative distribution function and probability density function are reviewed and new repre¬sentations are given. One representation of the cdf in terms of an integral is easily computed on any machine which has an accurate algorithm for computing the normal cdf.
Surgical weight loss >65 years old: is it worth the risk?

Abstract Background Weight loss surgery in patients >65 years old has been underused, secondary to the morbidity and mortality concerns of healthcare providers. Comparative outcomes analyses of this patient population have been lacking. The purpose of the present report was to evaluate the safety and outcome of gastric bypass in patients >65 years of age. Methods A prospective database was used to analyze the safety, operative morbidity, and outcome. All patients undergoing surgery since January 2005 were included. Results The analysis of 1474 patients demonstrated a greater operative risk profile for patients >65 years (n = 100) compared with those 65 years old (bleeding 1.0%, pulmonary 3.0%, cardiac 2.0%, wound 2.0%, and 30-day mortality rate 0%). The percentage of excess body weight loss in the gastric bypass patients was similar between the patients >65 years old and those Conclusion Our experience represents one of the largest series of laparoscopic gastric bypass in elderly patients. The data have demonstrated excellent outcomes compared with a younger population.
Information provision vs. direct services in user support

Like others in the field, technology service providers in the Indiana University (IU) School of Education face many demands despite limited resources. In Education Technology Services (ETS), we recognize that our efforts fall into two distinct service approaches: a personal, service-based approach and a broad, information-provision approach. These categories are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and in fact should be used together. Technology service providers tend to dogmatically adopt a single approach; however, embracing a one-path mentality leads service providers not only to overlook the shortcomings of the preferred method, but also to dismiss the benefits of another proposed method. Our solution is a unified, client-centered approach.
Electromyographic Silent Periods and Jaw Motion Parameters: Quantitative Measures of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction:

The purpose of this research was to compare, in the subjects, the duration of the EMG silent period with jaw motion error. The results indicate that both jaw motion error and silent period duration are large in patients with TMJ-muscle-pain dysfunction, both are small in normal subjects, and both are small in successfully treated patients. There is a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.91; P < 0.01) between the two diagnostic parameters of TMJ-muscle-pain dysfunction.
Palaeomagnetism of volcanic rocks of the Kodiak Islands indicates northward latitudinal displacement

In the past decade it has become widely accepted that southern Alaska is composed of allochthonous terranes1–4, but the times of amalgamation and their accretion to North America remain controversial. Palaeomagnetists and geologists generally agree that the Talkeetna superterrane, consisting of the Wrangellia and Peninsular terranes (Fig. 1), was far to the south of its present position with respect to North America in Triassic and Jurassic time1–4. This consensus is lost when it comes to the question of the relative position of these terranes in the Tertiary. Previously, limited palaeomagnetic evidence suggested that the Peninsular terrane may have lain substantially south of its present position4, but the timing of deformational and thermal events and the apparent absence of a Tertiary suture zone argue for a Cretaceous docking of Wrangellia and the Peninsular terrane5,6. Here we present new palaeomagnetic results demonstrating that the Kodiak Islands were indeed at a more southerly latitude 62 Myr ago, around 43° N, and discuss the implications of this conclusion.
Magnetic resonance imaging verification of a multi-compartment perfusion model for a chromatography gel phantom

A model of MRI signal intensity was developed for chromatography column phantoms containing Sephadex gels, which were used to simulate tissue perfusion and the exchange of protons between extravascular and intravascular tissue compartments. Computer simulations of two-compartment and three-compartment models were compared in experiments that used two chromatography columns. One column contained a Sephadex G-25 gel that had a smaller pore size and a slower rate of exchange between extrabead and intrabead compartments than did a second column, which contained a G-50 gel with a larger pore size. In both columns the beads were of approximately the same size to simulate the same ratio of intrabead volume to extrabead volume. Slice-selective spin-echo experiments were performed with the columns oriented parallel to each other in a 1.5 T imager and parallel to the magnetic field, with water flowing through each column perpendicular to the slice at mean flow velocities ranging between 0 and 0.66 mm/s. The results of the experiments agreed with computer simulations, which showed that the MRI signal intensity in the perfused columns is a function of the rate of exchange between extrabead and intrabead compartments. The exchange process modifies the transit time of protons passing through an excited region. The simulations also showed that both two-compartment and three-compartment models could be used to fit the experimental data. Experiments with chromatography gel columns are a preliminary investigation into the potential of using MRI to measure the exchange between extravascular and intravascular compartments of endogenous protons during blood perfusion of biological tissue.
An experimental study of combustion dynamics of a premixed swirl injector

A comprehensive experimental study has been conducted on combustion instabilities in a premixed swirler injector system at various equivalence ratios, chamber pressures, and inlet air temperatures. A stability map has been determined to indicate the range of operating conditions conductive to the occurrence of instabilities. The amplitude of instabilities was found to be a strong function of the equivalence ratio, with pressure oscillations as high as 20% of the mean chamber pressure and unsteady velocities comparable to the mean flow values observed for equivalence ratios around 0.6. On the other hand, beyond an initial threshold value of inlet air temperature at which instability suddenly initiated, variations in inlet air temperature had minimal effect on the strength of instabilities. Measurements of steady and unsteady flame structures carried out using CH chemiluminescence and photographic imaging techniques indicate that the onset of instabilities can potentially cause significant alterations in flame structure, sometimes even causing near extinction of the flame during certain periods of the oscillation cycle. Coupled longitudinal oscillations were observed in the combustion chamber and upstream duct. Instability characteristics such as frequency, mode shape, and phase obtained through pressure measurements were found to be in excellent agreement with predictions from a linear acoustic analysis. A strong correlation was found between the heat release and pressure fluctuations near the dump plane, indicating a possible mechanism for creating and sustaining instabilities.
Computational biology: biological insight from 1s and 0s

Abstract There is no doubt that both computational biology and bioinformatics, and the interface of computer science and biology in general, are central to the future of biological research. The disciplines span a process that begins with data collection, analysis, classification, and integration and ends with interpretation, modeling, visualization, and prediction. Data mining may play a role in the middle, depending on the size of the dataset. Overall, the focus is on identifying opportunities and developing computational solutions (including algorithms, models, tools, and databases) that can be used for experimental design, data analysis and interpretation and hypothesis generation. The fundamental challenges are to describe, analyze, simulate and predict the dynamics of life processes.
Determination of carbofuran residues and metabolites in plant material

An improved method for the analysis of carbofuran residues and its metabolites in plant material has been developed. Critical evaluation of previously published methods has enabled the elimination of unnecessary procedures, and practical difficulties have been overcome or minimised without loss of sensitivity. Separate extraction of bound and non-bound residues is followed by clean-up by coagulation, preparation of a derivative with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and gas-liquid chromatography using a thermionic nitrogen-selective detector system. The method can be used in general screening for carbamates as well as analysis for specific carbamate pesticide residues.
Century-scale species incidence, rareness and turnover in a high-diversity Northwest Atlantic coastal embayment

The increased chance of extinction for rare species jeopardizes the resilience of high-diversity coastal ecosystems where the uncommon often hold key roles that sustain ecosystem functioning. Rare species can support the most vulnerable functions of an ecosystem, occupy niches that more common species are unable to fill, and have significant, disproportionate effects on higher trophic levels when lost. Therefore, detecting rare species and marine extinctions at any spatial scale is a priority. The deep (approx. two centuries) zoological record of Cobscook Bay, USA, a biological hotspot in the Northwest Atlantic, provides the opportunity to assess species rareness and turnover in a high-diversity coastal ecosystem. This well-studied macrotidal embayment in the lower Bay of Fundy has 874 macroinvertebrate species known from 3,767 records, and an extrapolated maximum species richness of approximately 1,175 species. The chronology of its historical record of species incidence features some striking patterns. Approximately one-third of identified species have yet to be confirmed, with 88 last seen prior to 1900. Sampling effort, species ranges, endemicity and stochastic larval settlement do not adequately explain why so many species are rare. Instead, evidence of late 20th-century species turnover coincident with diversification and intensification of commercial fisheries suggests that local extinction is the primary cause for species rareness. In addition, present-day species assemblages have significantly altered taxonomic structure and trophic composition. The implications of rare species loss on the stability and function of this highly productive estuary illustrate the need for ecological conservation to protect the substantial contribution of Cobscook Bay to the biodiversity of the Gulf of Maine.
Piezoelectric Materials and Devices for Wind Energy Harvesting

We present materials development in fabricating thin film devices for the conversion of wind energy as a sustainable energy source. We demonstrate the feasibility of piezoelectric polymer thin film devices to harvest wind energy in a miniature wind tunnel. Using an example of prototype device based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) thin film devices, we are able to obtain electrical power from the wind’s energy through the mechanical deformation of PVDF, such as that obtained from the films flapping in the wind. We have obtained a preliminary result of 1 mW power (at 15 mph wind) with a single layer of PVDF of 4 x 2 inches and 50 μm in thickness sandwiched between two thin gold electrode films. Additionally, the fracturing of metallic electrodes over time from the induced strain of this application lead to the significance of examining carbon nanotubes as compliant electrodes offering better mechanical properties while maintaining necessary electrical properties.
LOCAL-DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL CALCULATIONS OF THE ENERGY OF ATOMS

The total energies of atoms and with atomic number Z from 1 to 92 and singly charged cations with Z from 2 to 92 have been calculated to an accuracy of 1 \ensuremath{\mu}hartree within four variants of the Kohn-Sham local-density approximation (LDA). The approximations considered are the local-density approximation, the local-spin-density approximation, the relativistic local-density approximation, and the scalar-relativistic local-density approximation. The total energies for the LDA are found to be in 0.1% agreement with a large atomic number expansion from many-body theory for Z\ensuremath{\geqslant}40. A comparison to experiment is made for the ionization energies and spin-orbit splittings; also the total energies and eigenvalues of the various theories are compared among themselves.
Integrative analysis of multi-modal correlated imaging-genomics data in glioblastoma

We propose a method to integrate high-dimensional genomics datasets across multiple platforms with multiple correlated imaging outcomes. This framework uses a hierarchical model to integrate biological relationships across platforms to identify genes that associate with correlated outcomes. Our two-stage hierarchical model uses the information shared across the platforms and increases the predictive power to identify the relevant genes. We assess the performance of our proposed method through simulations and apply to data obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas Glioblastoma Multiforme dataset. Our proposed method discovers multiple copy number and microRNA regulated genes that are related to patients' imaging outcomes in glioblastoma.
A Comparison of College Admission Tests—The SAT and the ACT

(1991). A Comparison of College Admission Tests—The SAT and the ACT. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 339-341.
Interactions between marsh plant species vary in direction and strength depending on environmental and consumer context

Summary 1 Positive interactions between species are predicted to increase in importance at extreme ends of environmental gradients where neighbours offer either stress amelioration in harsh environments or associational defence from consumers in benign environments. However, this model has never been tested with the same species across a single environmental gradient in light of consumers. 2 Estuarine marsh vegetation, at a landscape-scale from salt to tidal freshwater, experiences strong gradients in physical (salinity) stress, but consumer effects are rarely considered in these systems under strong edaphic control. Here, I present evidence that small mammals are important consumers in coastal marshes of New England, USA, reducing vegetative cover by maintaining open runways in all salinity marshes, but whose top-down influence on plant species increases in less saline marshes. 3 A seedling transplant experiment into plots with and without neighbouring matrix grasses, and with varying environmental stress (salt, brackish and oligohaline marshes) and consumer pressure (with and without mammal herbivory), showed that seedling–matrix interactions were positive in salt marshes, negative in brackish marshes, and varied in oligohaline marshes depending on species. While competitive interactions predominated in oligohaline marshes, one transplant species had less negative neighbour interactions in the presence of consumers, indicating an increasing positive component of the interaction due to associational defence. 4 Synthesis. These results suggest that positive interactions may occur more consistently in harsh physical environments than in stressful biotic environments because consumer pressure is likely to vary by species and over space and time, while environmental stress is generally applied more constantly. Results show that interactions between the same species can reverse in direction or change in strength depending on environmental and consumer context, cautioning that single-site studies may not accurately predict community changes in increasingly altered climatic and consumer environments.
AirStroke: bringing unistroke text entry to freehand gesture interfaces

In this paper, we explore the opportunity of bringing unistroke text entry to freehand gesture interfaces. Using existing text entry methods directly in such interfaces is impractical because of the differences between freehand gestures and traditional forms of input. To address this problem, we consider the design constraints of text entry methods using freehand gestures, and present AirStroke, a new technique based on a reengineering of the well-known unistroke technique Graffiti. Using Graffiti's alphabet, AirStroke takes advantage of the richer input capabilities of two-handed freehand gestures by providing combined mode selection and character entry with one hand, as well as word completion with the other hand. A longitudinal study suggests that AirStroke has competitive speed and accuracy to unistroke methods based on stylus input.
Linear Chain of Coupled Fractional Oscillators: Response Dynamics and Its Continuum Limit

The standard model of a chain of simple harmonic oscillators of Condensed Matter Physics is generalized to a model of linear chain of coupled fractional oscillators in fractional dynamics. The set of integral equations of motion pertaining to the chain of harmonic oscillators is generalized by taking the integrals to be of arbitrary order according to the methods of fractional calculus to yield the equations of motion of a chain of coupled fractional oscillators. The solution is obtained by using Laplace transforms. The continuum limit of the equations is shown to yield the fractional diffusion-wave equation in one dimension. The solution and numerical application of the set of equations and the continuum limit there of are discussed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Cranial ossification in the northern alligator lizard, Elgaria coerulea (Squamata, Anguidae)

An analysis of patterns of ontogenetic ossification of cranial elements in the northern alligator lizard, Elgaria coerulea, was conducted and those patterns are described here both from the point of view of individual elements and from the point of view of the overall pattern of ossification of the skull. Ossification in Elgaria is then compared with patterns in other squamates.
Knowledge and Evidence

Most of us, tacitly or explicitly, embrace a more or less Cartesian conception of our epistemic condition. According to such a conception, “what we have to go on”in learning about the world is, on the one hand, that which is a priori accessible to us, and, on the other, the inner experiences—visual imagery, tactile sensations, recollective episodes and so on—that pop into our Cartesian theaters. One of the central themes of Knowledge and its Limits is that this picture is fundamentally wrong. Williamson suggests that we should embrace the thesis that our body of evidence at a given time is all and only that which we know. Call this the “E=K thesis.”If the E=K thesis is correct, then what we have to go on is both more and less than the Cartesian picture would suggest: more because its domain extends outwards in space, and forwards and backwards in time; less because that which is unknown about our experiential life is excluded. In what follows, I shall identify and briefly discuss a number of themes connected to the E=K thesis.
Locomotor adaptations of fossil platyrrhines

Postcranial remains of extinet platyrrhines are now known from early and middle Miocene sites in Argentina, middle-to-late. Miocene sites in Colombia, and several late Pleistocene and recent caves in the Greater Antilles. While all of these fossils retain some primitive traints from their common platyrrhine ancestor, which most likely was a generalized, arboreal quadrupedal monkey, each has altered in some distinctive ways. Several specimens from Argentina suggest monkeys that engaged in a slightly increased frequency of leaping, but another indicates a monkey retaining a primarily quadrupedal mode of locomotion accompanied by increased climbing behaviors. The skeleton of Cebupithecia from Colombia indicates a monkey with a mixed behavioral repertoire, as in the extant Pithecia , including a greater emphasis on non-horizontal supports and well-developed adaptations for leaping as well as for more suspensory or climbing behaviors. The specimens from the West Indies are difficult to interpret, although two exhibit some features which might be interpreted as suggesting an increased tendency to leaping. Reconsideration of the polarity of traits in light of recent analyses of parapithecid fossils indicates most if not all hard tissue traits previously believed to be platyrrhine synapomorphies are in fact ancestral anthropoid traits. Thus, it is not possible at present to determine with certainty if any particular fossil, either from South America or elsewhere, was a member of the Platyrrhini.
Hybrid and single feedstock energy processes for liquid transportation fuels: A critical review

Abstract This review provides a detailed account of the key contributions within the energy communities with specific emphasis on thermochemically based hybrid energy systems for liquid transportation fuels. Specifically, the advances in the indirect liquefaction of coal to liquid (CTL), natural gas to liquid (GTL), biomass to liquid (BTL), coal and natural gas to liquid (CGTL), coal and biomass to liquid (CBTL), natural gas and biomass to liquid (BGTL), and coal, biomass, and natural gas to liquid (CBGTL) are presented. This review is the first work that provides a comprehensive description of the contributions for the single-feedstock energy systems and the hybrid feedstock energy systems, for single stand-alone processes and energy supply chain networks. The focus is on contributions in (a) conceptual design, (b) process simulation, (c) economic analysis, (d) heat integration, (e) power integration, (f) water integration, (g) process synthesis, (h) life cycle analysis, (i) sensitivity analysis, (j) uncertainty issues, and (k) supply chain. A classification of the contributions based on the products, as well as different research groups is also provided.
Through the other looking glass: kaleidoscope aesthetics and the optics of black leadership

This paper argues that James Baldwin's 1973 screenplay adaptation of The Autobiography of Malcolm X, One Day When I was Lost, mobilizes various visual technologies to produce a narrative that attempts to render Malcolm X out of traditional conversionist perspective, disrupting the reader's expectations for political leadership and cinematic closure. Reading the play through an analysis of Cedric Robinson's first monograph, The Terms of Order, I argue that Baldwin's vision of Malcolm mimics Baldwin's own tenuous relationship to religion and politics: instead of presenting a one-to-one mimetic portrait of Malcolm, Baldwin presents a kaleidoscopic visual form in which the politico-religious conversion experience is refracted through Baldwin's own evolving black nationalism and abstracted in the almost-visual medium of the screenplay.
Key features of the two-intron Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene SUS1 contribute to its alternative splicing

Alternative pre-mRNA splicing allows dramatic expansion of the eukaryotic proteome and facilitates cellular response to changes in environmental conditions. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene SUS1, which encodes a protein involved in mRNA export and histone H2B deubiquitination, contains two introns; non-canonical sequences in the first intron contribute to its retention, a common form of alternative splicing in plants and fungi. Here we show that the pattern of SUS1 splicing changes in response to environmental change such as temperature elevation, and the retained intron product is subject to nonsense-mediated decay. The activities of different splicing factors determine the pattern of SUS1 splicing, including intron retention and exon skipping. Unexpectedly, removal of the 3' intron is affected by splicing of the upstream intron, suggesting that cross-exon interactions influence intron removal. Production of different SUS1 isoforms is important for cellular function, as we find that the temperature sensitivity and histone H2B deubiquitination defects observed in sus1Δ cells are only partially suppressed by SUS1 cDNA, but SUS1 that is able to undergo splicing complements these phenotypes. These data illustrate a role for S. cerevisiae alternative splicing in histone modification and cellular function and reveal important mechanisms for splicing of yeast genes containing multiple introns.
A modified WKB approximation for phase shifts

Abstract Using the method suggested by Bertocchi et al. we can avoid the divergence and obtain the phase shift of the relativistic point Coulomb scattering to the order of h 2 by using the WKB energy integral formula developed by the author.
Sex- and limb-specific differences in the nitric oxide-dependent cutaneous vasodilation in response to local heating

Local heating of the skin is commonly used to assess cutaneous microvasculature function. Controversy exists as to whether there are limb or sex differences in the nitric oxide (NO)-dependent contr...
Properties of cathepsin C from rat liver.

Abstract 1. 1. Rat liver cathepsin C (EC 3.4.4.9) was purified 1790-fold over the homogenate activity by a purification scheme that combined the techniques of centrifugation, acid precipitation, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, and Sephadex G-200, DEAE-cellulose, and CM-cellulose column fractionations. 2. 2. The specific activity of the most purified CM-fraction with Gly-Tyr-NH2 as substrate was 91.6 μmoles of hydroxamate produced per mg of protein per min, which is higher than previously reported values. 3. 3. The Km for Gly-Tyr-NH2 was 6 mM when determined by hydroxamate formation, and that for Val-Leu-NH2 was 2.5 mM. 4. 4. The requirements for −SH compounds and for halide ions for activity were absolute. A dithioerythritol concentration of 25 mM and a Cl− or Br− concentration of 10 mM were required for full activation. 5. 5. The enzyme catalyzed a hydrolysis reaction at pH 5, but the polymerization reaction catalyzed at pH 7–8 occurred at a greater rate. 6. 6. The substrate specificity of cathepsin C was broader than that reported in older literature and the enzyme was confirmed to be a dipeptidyl aminopeptidase that acts upon a number of dipeptide amides and tripeptides. The most favorable substrates were tripeptides or dipeptide amides that have as the NH2-terminal group a small residue and that have the aliphatic residue leucine at the penultimate position.
Comparison of Coordination to RMg+ and RZn+ Cations

Addition of a second coordinating agent (coord*) to a solution of RM(coord)+ (M = Zn or Mg) leads to equilibrium mixtures of RM(coord)+ and RM(coord*)+. The equilibrium constants provide informatio...
Carcinogenic Effects of Benzene: Cesare Maltoni's Contributions

: Cesare Maltoni's contributions to understanding, identifying, and characterizing widely used commercial chemicals in experimental animals are among the most important methods developed in the history of toxicology and serve to protect working men and women, the general population, and our environment from hazardous substances. Maltoni developed experimental methods that have reached the “platinum standard” for protection of public health. Benzene was among the 400 or more chemicals that Maltoni and his associates tested for carcinogenicity. In 1976, Maltoni reported that benzene is a potent experimental carcinogen. Maltoni's experiments clearly demonstrated that benzene is carcinogenic in Sprague-Dawley rats, Wistar rats, Swiss mice, and RF/J mice when administered by inhalation or ingestion. Benzene caused carcinomas of the Zymbal gland, oral cavity, nasal cavities; cancers of the skin, forestomach, mammary glands, and lungs; angiosarcomas and hepatomas of the liver; and hemolymphoreticular cancers. Thus, benzene was shown to be a multipotential carcinogen that produced cancers in several species of animals by various routes of administration. On November 2, 1977, Chemical Week reported that Maltoni provided a “bombshell” when he demonstrated the “first direct link” between benzene and cancer. In this paper, I shall summarize early experiments and human studies and reports; Maltoni's experimental contribution to understanding the carcinogenicity of benzene in humans and animals; earlier knowledge concerning benzene toxicity; and benzene standards and permissible exposure levels.
Use of the method of particular solutions in quasi-linearization.

Method of particular solutions for use with quasi- linearization in solving nonlinear boundary value problems
Functional language and biological discovery

This paper provides an explication and defense of a view that many philosophers and biologists have accepted though few have understood, the idea that functional language can play an important role in biological discovery. I defend four theses in support of this view: (1) functional statements can serve as background assumptions that produce research problems; (2) functional questions can be important parts of research problems; (3) functional concepts can provide a framework for developing general theories; (4) functional statements can serve as heuristics for generating hypotheses. I develop and defend these four claims by describing a taxonomy of functional discourse, providing an account of scientific discovery, and by applying this framework to some cases of successful research in biology.
Active Modeling: A Method for Creating and Simulating Variable-Complexity Models

Effective and efficient simulation-based design is facilitated by models of appropriate complexity. A single model will not have the most appropriate level of complexity throughout all phases of a simulation maneuver if inputs or parameters vary. Ideally, a model for which complexity can be varied as necessary will achieve the best possible trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency. A method is presented for switching system model elements on and off as their importance changes, and predicting the response of the resulting variable-complexity model. A modified transformer element removes the dynamic output of a model element to the rest of the system when the moving average of its absolute power falls below a user-defined threshold. When the element is "off, " the input from the system to the element is still passed through the transformer so that an estimate of element power and importance can continue to be calculated and the element switched back "on" if necessary. The bond graph formalism is used to facilitate implementation. Switch configurations are defined for both causally weak and causally strong energy storage and dissipative elements. The method is applicable to linear or nonlinear systems that can be modeled with lumped parameter elements. The approach is demonstrated for quarter- and half-car vehicle models subject to a road profile of varying frequency. The appropriate model complexity at all stages is determined and implemented continuously without prior knowledge of input or parameter changes.
Ion Channel Function of Aquaporin-1 Natively Expressed in Choroid Plexus

Aquaporins are known as water channels; however, an additional ion channel function has been observed for several including aquaporin-1 (AQP1). Using primary cultures of rat choroid plexus, a brain tissue that secretes CSF and abundantly expresses AQP1, we confirmed the ion channel function of AQP1 and assessed its functional relevance. The cGMP-gated cationic conductance associated with AQP1 is activated by an endogenous receptor guanylate cyclase for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Fluid transport assays with confluent polarized choroid plexus cultures showed that AQP1 current activation by 4.5 mum ANP decreases the normal basal-to-apical fluid transport in the choroid plexus; conversely, AQP1 block with 500 mum Cd2+ restores fluid transport. The cGMP-gated conductance in the choroid plexus is lost with targeted knockdown of AQP1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA), as confirmed by immunocytochemistry and whole-cell patch electrophysiology of transiently transfected cells identified by enhanced green fluorescent protein. The properties of the current (permeability to Na+, K+, TEA+, and Cs+; voltage insensitivity; and dependence on cGMP) matched properties characterized previously in AQP1-expressing oocytes. Background K+ and Cl- currents in the choroid plexus were dissected from AQP1 currents using Cs-methanesulfonate recording salines; the background currents recorded in physiological salines were not affected by AQP1-siRNA treatment. These results confirm that AQP1 can function as both a water channel and a gated ion channel. The conclusion that the AQP1-associated cation current contributes to modulating CSF production resolves a lingering concern as to whether an aquaporin ionic conductance can have a physiologically relevant function.
Nouvelle technique endovasculaire pour le traitement des ruptures traumatiques bilatérales des artères axillaires et suivi à long terme

Nous rapportons un cas de technique endovasculaire innovante utilisee pour la reparation d’une rupture traumatique bilaterale de l’artere axillaire. Un patient de 36 ans travaillant dans le Bbtiment fit une chute d’un echafaudage d’une hauteur de huit etages et presentait des lesions traumatiques bilaterales des arteres axillaires. La continuite entre les arteres brachiales et axillaires etait retablie en utilisant de longs stents nus auto expansibles (Zilver). A notre connaissance, il s’agit d’un cas original d’utilisation des techniques endovasculaires dans un trauma center de niveau 1 pour le traitement de lesions traumatiques bilaterales des arteres axillaires, avec un suivi a long terme.
Calmodulin and profilin coregulate axon outgrowth in Drosophila

Coordinated regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics is critical to growth cone movement. The intracellular molecules calmodulin and profilin actively regulate actin-based motility and participate in the signaling pathways used to steer growth cones. Here we show that in the developing Drosophila embryo, calmodulin and profilin convey complimentary information that is necessary for appropriate growth cone advance. Reducing calmodulin activity by expression of a dominant inhibitor (KA) stalls axon extension of pioneer neurons within the CNS, while a partial loss of profilin function decreases extension of motor axons in the periphery. Yet, surprisingly, when calmodulin and profilin are simultaneously reduced, the ability of both CNS pioneer axons and motor axons to extend beyond the choice points is restored. In the CNS, at the time when growth cones must decide whether to cross or not to cross the midline, a reduction in calmodulin and/or roundabout signaling causes axons to cross the midline inappropriately. These inappropriate crossings are suppressed when profilin activity is simultaneously reduced. Interestingly, the mutual suppression of calmodulin and profilin activity requires a minimal level of profilin. In KA combinations with profilin null alleles, defects in axon extension and midline guidance are synergistically enhanced rather than suppressed. Together, our data indicate that the growth cone must coordinate the activity of both calmodulin and profilin in order to advance past selected choice points, including those dictating midline crossovers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 47: 26–38, 2001
Reconstructive Hair Transplantation of the Face and Scalp

Quantum leap advancements in hair transplantation have occurred in the past 10 to 15 years, particularly the use of micrografts (one- to two-hair follicular unit grafts) and minigrafts (three- to four-hair follicular unit grafts) used in large numbers (> 1000 grafts) in a single session (megasession). This was initially described for the treatment of male pattern baldness. Since that time I have found many other applications, particularly in facial and scalp reconstruction. Common causes for aesthetic reconstructive hair restoration in my experience include: hair loss due to facelift and forehead lift procedures, revision of unsatisfactory results from previous hair transplantation, burn alopecia, congenital reasons, postoncological resections, and idiopathic. The basic technique is described in detail, including the variations for each of the challenging anatomic areas including sideburns and temporal hairline, eyebrows, eyelashes, mustache, beard, and remaining scalp. Especial attention is given to the direction of hair growth, texture, aesthetic planning, and absence of detectable scars, so as to mimic nature. The use of micrografts and minigrafts in the aesthetic reconstruction of the face and scalp has been found to be safe and predictable and has provided a high level of patient satisfaction.