cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The potential of religion for Earth Stewardship

Religious communities are playing an increasingly important role in advancing Earth Stewardship. We briefly summarize the potential of religions and religious values to support this initiative, characterizing its development and acknowledging the inherent tensions between the problems and promise of religious influences. Mobilizing religious believers to contribute to responsible stewardship of the Earth requires a critical appreciation of the complexity of religious traditions and the ways that religious communities view nature, as well as the cultural and spiritual resources that religious teachings provide in confronting change and human suffering. We emphasize religious virtues that favor sustainable resource use and key developments that have prompted fruitful dialogue between ecologists and religious believers. We also describe promising alliances between scientists and spiritual leaders that may help to encourage cooperative Earth Stewardship. Religions have great potential to transform cultures to...
Recoil properties of radionuclides formed in the interaction of 1-300-GeV protons with gold

The thick-target recoil properties of a number of nuclides, varying from $^{22}\mathrm{Na}$ to $^{196}\mathrm{Au}$, formed in the interaction of 1-300-GeV protons with $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ have been measured in order to study the systematics of their variation with product mass and incident energy. The forward-to-backward ratios ($\frac{F}{B}$) of many of the products have a peak at 3 GeV and decrease at higher energies, with products in the mass region $46\ensuremath{\le}A\ensuremath{\le}65$ having $\frac{F}{B}=1.0$ at 300 GeV. The $\frac{F}{B}$ values of products with $A\ensuremath{\gtrsim}140$ decrease monotonically between 1 and 300 GeV. The results are analyzed by the two-step model of high-energy reactions and discussed in terms of the different reaction mechanisms, spallation, fission and fragmentation. Fission contributes appreciably to the formation of products in the mass region $46\ensuremath{\le}A\ensuremath{\le}103$ at 1 GeV bombarding energy, but other mechanisms predominate at and above 11.5 GeV. The results are compared to the predictions of intranuclear cascade-evaporation calculations, and are in reasonable agreement at 1 and 3 GeV, although the calculations predict more forward momentum transfer than is observed. At higher energies the relation between forward momentum and mean deposition energy derived from the calculations must break down, because nuclides requiring high deposition energies for their formation have little or no forward momentum. Some possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed.
IEEE 802.12 gigabit LAN

IEEE 802.12 has initiated projects to develop gigabit per second LANs initially as higher speed backbones for the 100 Mb/s systems. This paper describes the status of the IEEE 802.12 gigabit per second LAN. The author considers demand priority, cascaded demand priority networks, scalability, higher speed repeater and switched based networks and higher speed IEEE 802.12 physical layers.
3D gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography of the carotid arteries

Purpose To compare gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the carotid bifurcation with 2D time-of-flight (TOF) MR angiography with regard to image quality and duration of examination. Materials and methods Gadolinium contrast was administered intravenously during 3D MR imaging at 1.5 Tesla in 46 patients presenting with suspected carotid occlusive disease. 2D time-of-flight MR angiography of the carotid bifurcation had been performed in each patient prior to gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Results Gadolinium MRA eliminated slice misregistration and in-plane saturation artifacts that occasionally degrades 2D TOF MR angiography. Gadolinium MRA required less than 4 min to image from the aortic arch to the skull base compared to 11 min for 2D TOF with comparable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Postprocessing was required to eliminate overlapping venous enhancement. Both techniques had susceptibility related artifactual loss of signal at the skull base and both demonstrated a linear artifact paralleling the long axis of arteries. Conclusion Gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography is a promising technique for the evaluation of patients with carotid occlusive disease because it rapidly images the carotid arteries from the aortic arch to the skull base and eliminates some of the artifacts that degrade 2D TOF MR angiography.
Differences in need for hemodynamic support in horses anesthetized with sevoflurane as compared to isoflurane.

Abstract Objective To study whether hemodynamic function in horses, particularly mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), is better maintained with sevoflurane than isoflurane, thus requiring less pharmacological support. Study design Prospective randomized clinical investigation. Animals Thirty-nine racehorses undergoing arthroscopy in lateral recumbency. Methods Horses were assigned to receive either isoflurane (n = 20) or sevoflurane (n = 19) at 0.9–1.0 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for maintenance of anesthesia. Besides routine clinical monitoring, cardiac output (CO) was measured by lithium dilution. Hemodynamic support was prescribed as follows: when MAP decreased to 85 mmHg or heart rate >60 beats minute−1. Statistical analysis of results, given as mean ± SD, included a clustered regression approach. Results Average inhalant anesthetic time [91 ± 35 (isoflurane group) versus 97 ± 26 minutes (sevoflurane group)] and dose (in MAC multiples), volume of crystalloid solution infused, and cardiopulmonary parameters including CO were similar in the two groups, except heart rate was 8% higher in isoflurane than sevoflurane horses (p 70 mmHg, isoflurane horses received dobutamine over a significantly longer period (55 ± 26 versus 28 ± 21% of total anesthetic time, p 30 μg kg−1 MAC hour−1 (p Conclusions and clinical relevance Horses under sevoflurane anesthesia may require less pharmacological support in the form of dobutamine than isoflurane-anesthetized horses. This could be due to less suppression of vasomotor tone.
Entrainment and masking of circadian drinking rhythms in primates: Influence of light intensity

Abstract The entrained drinking rhythms of squirrel monkeys were studied during exposure to 24 hr illumination cycles of three different intensities (60:0; 66:6; 76:16 lux). Increasing the intensity of ambient illumination significantly delayed the offset of drinking but had no effect on either the onset or the total amount of daily drinking behavior. Comparison of drinking behavior under an alternating schedule of LD 66:6 lux and constant light of 6 lux indicated that the twice daily light transitions consistently altered the temporal distribution of drinking behavior. The daily timing of squirrel monkey drinking behavior thus, depends not only on the mechanisms of circadian entrainment to the LD cycle, but also on the ability of the LD cycle to directly influence, or “mask” behavior.
Targeting of Mitochondria by 10-N-Alkyl Acridine Orange Analogues: Role of Alkyl Chain Length in Determining Cellular Uptake and Localization

10-N-nonyl acridine orange (NAO) is used as a mitochondrial probe because of its high affinity for cardiolipin (CL). Targeting of NAO may also depend on mitochondrial membrane potential. As the nonyl group has been considered essential for targeting, a systematic study of alkyl chain length was undertaken; three analogues (10-methyl-, 10-hexyl-, and 10-hexadecyl-acridine orange) were synthesized and their properties studied in phospholipid monolayers and breast cancer cells. The shortest and longest alkyl chains reduced targeting, whereas the hexyl group was superior to the nonyl group, allowing very clear and specific targeting to mitochondria at concentrations of 20–100 nM, where no evidence of toxicity was apparent. Additional studies in wild-type and cardiolipin-deficient yeast cells suggested that cellular binding was not absolutely dependent upon cardiolipin.
Phase-velocity cine magnetic resonance imaging measurement of pulsatile blood flow in children and young adults: in vitro and in vivo validation.

Quantification of blood flow in vessels provides valuable information that aids management decisions in a variety of cardiac conditions. Current flow measurement techniques are often limited by accuracy, time resolution, convenience, or anatomic localization. This study examined the accuracy of a commercially available phase-velocity cine magnetic resonance imaging (PVC MRI) technique to quantify flow rate in a pulsatile flow phantom. In addition, the equivalence of PVC MRI measurements of pulmonary and systemic flow was evaluated in children and adults without any pathologic shunt. Using a pulsatile flow phantom, volume flow rates measured by PVC MRI were compared to those by a transit-time ultrasound flowmeter over a range of flow rates (1.25–3.5 L/min, 13 trials). Close agreement was found between these techniques (y= 1.02x− 0.02, r= 0.99, Bland–Altman bias =−0.045 L/min, 95% limits of agreement =−0.19–0.10 L/min). Twenty subjects (median age 12.8 years, range 0.7–49 years) with no pathologic shunt underwent PVC MRI measurement of blood flow in the main pulmonary artery (Qp) and the ascending aorta (Qs). Data processing time for each location was 20 minutes. The Qp/Qs ratio closely approximated unity (mean = 0.99, SD = 0.10, range 0.85–1.19). Interobserver agreement was excellent (Bland–Altman bias = 0.09 L/min, 95% limits of agreement = 0.15–0.33 L/min). PVC MRI is an accurate technique to quantify pulsatile blood flow at a specific location. It can be used to noninvasively calculate Qp and Qs under normal flow conditions.
The Production of Written Knowledge Under the Rubric of Jiyi

This paper is designed to place technical knowledge within a context of less technical ideas. Shen Gua (1031-1095), a literatus and statesman who lived under the Northern Song (960-1127), possessed a strong interest in technical knowledge. In examining the category "Particular Skills" (jiyi) Shen Gua coined in his famed work Brush Talks by Dream Brook, my aim is to demonstrate that Shen Gua's interest in technical knowledge was an integral part of his intellectual enterprise. His perspective and methods in acquiring the skills of particular kinds reveal his intellectual predilections as a literatus, whose livelihood and social status depended on his production of knowledge in written form.
Theoretical Study of the Methylbenzene Side-Chain Hydrocarbon Pool Mechanism in Methanol to Olefin Catalysis

Recent experimental work has shown that methanol to olefin (MTO) catalysis on microporous solid acids proceeds through a hydrocarbon pool mechanism with methylbenzenes frequently acting as the most important reaction centers. Other recent experimental evidence suggests that side-chain methylation is more important than an alternative paring (ring contraction−expansion) mechanism. The present investigation uses density functional theory B3LYP/cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-311G* and G3(MP2) calculations to model many of the features of the side-chain mechanism. We first calculated at the G3(MP2) level the heats of formation of 43 neutral alkybenzenes to predict the thermodynamics for methylation reactions. The G3(MP2) results predict that sequential methylation of benzene rings with fewer than four methyl groups will preferentially occur on the ring, resulting in the series toluene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene. With the addition of another methyl group side-chain methylati...
Growth characteristics and immunocytochemical studies of reovirus type 2 in a line of human amnion cells.

The intracellular development of reovirus type 2 and its interaction with an established human amnion cell line (RA) have been investigated. Adsorption studies indicate that maximal adsorption of the virus to the RA cell was attained within 75–90 minutes after exposure. Single cycle growth studies revealed an eclipse period of 9 hours, and maximal yields were reached at 36 hours post-infection (p.i.). In comparison, the eclipse period for reovirus type 3 in the same cell line was 6 hours, with maximal yields attained at approximately 26 hours p.i. Immunofluorescent and cytochemical (acridine orange) examination of virus-induced alterations in the cell during a single growth cycle of reovirus type 2 revealed the following: a) appearance of virus antigen in the perinuclear region as early as 4 hours p.i. and a maximum number of cells containing antigen by 10 hours p.i.; b) appearance of orthochromatically green-staining perinuclear inclusions at 6 hours p.i. These inclusions were resistant to digestion by ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease. Metachromatically red-staining inclusions sensitive to ribonuclease were observed to appear in a few cells late in the infectious cycle.
Microstructure of cryogenic treated M2 tool steel

Cryogenic treatment has been claimed to improve wear resistance of certain steels and has been implemented in cutting tools, autos, barrels etc. Although it has been confirmed that cryogenic treatment can improve the service life of tools, the underling mechanism remains unclear. In this paper, we studied the microstructure changes of M2 tool steel before and after cryogenic treatment. We found that cryogenic treatment can facilitate the formation of carbon clustering and increase the carbide density in the subsequent heat treatment, thus improving the wear resistance of steels.
Recursive linearization of manipulator dynamics models

Techniques from spatial operator algebra are used to obtain closed-form operator expressions for two types of linearized dynamics models, denoted as the direct and the canonical linearized models. Three algorithms are presented. The first describes an O(n/sup 2/) recursive method for the computation of the direct model. Previous methods to obtain the canonical linearized model are of O(n/sup 3/) complexity and are summarized in the second algorithm. They are based on the evaluation of the direct model, the inversion of the mass matrix, and the formation of matrix products. A recursive O(n/sup 2/) algorithm that does not require these steps for computing the canonical model is then described. The use of spatial operators considerably simplifies the analysis, and allows the use of the operator structure to develop naturally efficient and recursive computational algorithms. Arbitrary single-degree-of-freedom joints are handled in a unified manner. Extensions to linearized models for manipulators with general multi-degree-of-freedom joints are straightforward and result in similar operator expressions and algorithms. >
The Effects of Overuse Combined With Intrinsic or Extrinsic Alterations in an Animal Model of Rotator Cuff Tendinosis

An in vivo animal model was used to evaluate overuse and overuse plus intrinsic tendon injury or extrinsic tendon compression in the development of rotator cuff injury. Forty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups of 22. Each left shoulder received an intrinsic or extrinsic injury plus overuse (treadmill running), and each right shoulder received only overuse. Eleven rats from each group were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks. Supraspinatus tendons were evaluated histologically or geometrically and biomechanically. Ten rats constituted a cage-activity control group. Both supraspinatus tendons of the experimental groups had increases in cellularity and collagen disorganization and changes in cell shape compared with control tendons. Tendons with injury plus overuse exhibited a worse histologic grade than those with overuse alone. The cross-sectional area of both supraspinatus tendons of the experimental rats was significantly more than in control tendons. The area of the injury plus overuse tendons was increased on average compared with overuse-alone tendons. Biomechanically, the tissue moduli of overuse/intrinsic injury tendons at 4 weeks and those of the overuse/extrinsic injury tendons at 8 weeks were significantly lower than in control tendons. Tissue moduli of the overuse/injury tendons were significantly lower than in the overuse-alone tendons at 8 weeks. This study demonstrated that damage to the supraspinatus tendon can be caused by overuse and intrinsic injury, overuse and extrinsic compression, and overuse alone.
eBird: engaging birders in science and conservation

How do you successfully engage an audience in a citizen-science project? The processes developed by eBird (www.ebird.org), a fast-growing web-based tool that now gathers millions of bird observations per month, offers a model.
Simulation and Analysis on the Resiliency and Efficiency of Malnets

Future network intruders will probably use an organized army of malicious nodes (here called "malnodes", or collectively a "malnet") to deliver many different attacks, rather than recruiting a disorganized set of compromised nodes per attack. However, partly due to the lack of understanding of the resiliency and efficiency a malnet can have, countering malnets has been ineffective. This paper begins to address this deficiency. Through calculation and simulation for three representative malnets - random, small-world, and Gnutella-like - we show that extremely resilient malnets can be formed to deliver attack code quickly. In particular, we show that disconnecting malnets is possible, but extremely naive approaches such as randomly disinfecting malnodes will not suffice, and effective defenses must either happen very quickly during a second-wave attack, or take effect prior to it.
The Effect of Reserpine on Immersion Hypothermia in the Hen

Abstract RESERPINE treatment appears to afford protection against heat stress in the chicken (Burger et al., 1957; Van Matre et al., 1957; Burger, 1959; Weiss, 1960), but the effect of the tranquilizer on cold stress in this species has not been described. In other animals treatment with tranquilizing agents has resulted in instances of decreased resistance to cold stress or exaggeration of cold-induced hypothermia (Hoffman and Zarrow, 1958; LeBlanc, 1958a; Knigge and Bierman, 1958; Zilberstein, 1960). Reserpine depresses body temperature of the chicken in the absence of environmental stress (Sturkie et al., 1958; Weiss, 1960), although the resulting hypothermia seems to be less marked than, for example, in the mouse (Lessin and Parkes, 1957), pigeon Hoffman, 1958a), or rat (Hoffman, 1958b). Thus it may be expected that the reserpine-treated chicken would react to cold stress in the same manner as other species, although perhaps to a smaller extent. PROCEDURE White Leghorn …
Automatic news video segmentation and categorization based on closed-captioned text

In this paper, we present a novel statistical approach, called the weighted voting method, for automatic news video story categorization based on the closed captioned text. News video is initially segmented into stories using the demarcations in the closed captioned text, then a set of
Interpreting Performance Data across Intuitive Domains

To exploit the capabilities of current and future systems, developers must understand the interplay between on-node performance, domain decomposition, and an application's intrinsic communication patterns. While tools exist to gather and analyze data for each of these components individually, the resulting information is generally processed in isolation and presented in an abstract, categorical fashion unintuitive to most users. In this paper we present the HAC model, in which we identify the three domains of performance data most familiar to the user: (i)the application domain containing the application's working set, (ii) the hardware domain of the compute and network devices, and (iii) the communication domain of logical data transfers. We show that taking data from each of these domains and projecting, visualizing, and correlating it to the other domains can give valuable insights into the behavior of parallel application codes. The HAC abstraction opens the door for a new generation of tools that can help users more easily and intuitively associate performance data with root causes in the hardware system, the application's structure, and in its communication behavior, and by doing so leads to an improved understanding of the performance of their codes.
Arteriovenous Fistulas of the Circumflex and Right Coronary Arteries With Drainage Into an Aneurysmal Coronary Sinus

The images presented here are from a 44-year-old asymptomatic man. At age 36 years, he experienced nonsustained atrial fibrillation. A year later, a transthoracic echocardiogram disclosed an enlarged left ventricle (diastolic dimension, 7.4 cm; ejection fraction, 56%) and a very large coronary sinus with Doppler color flow evidence of diastolic and systolic turbulence consistent with entry of a coronary arteriovenous fistula. Current selective coronary angiography visualized dilated circumflex and right coronary arteries, both of which entered an aneurysmal coronary sinus. An MRI during breath-hold acquisition further delineated the enlarged coronary sinus into which the circumflex and right coronary arteries drained (Figure 1⇓). A 3-dimensional (3D) image …
Comparison of Function of Commercially Available Pleural Drainage Units and Catheters

Purpose Flow rates and pressures generated by commercially available pleural drainage units (PDUs) and flow rates through available pleural drainage catheters (PDCs) are not known. This information may be important clinically depending on the volume of air leak associated with a bronchopleural fistula. Design Eight PDUs were assessed for flow rates at various suction levels and for the percent accuracy of suction pressures generated at various settings. Eleven commonly used PDCs were assessed for flow rates at various suction control levels. All devices were donated by their manufacturer. Flow rates and pressures were measured by a RT 200 Calibration Analyzer (Timeter Instrument Corporation; St. Louis, MO) at body temperature, ambient pressure, saturated with water vapor. Five devices of each type were tested. Analysis of variance was performed with p Results Multiple significant differences between PDUs were noted at a pressure of − 20 cm H 2 O. The Argyle Sentinel Seal (Sherwood Medical; Tillamore, Ireland) had significantly lower flow rates (mean ± SD, 10.8 ± 0.6 L/min) compared with all other models. The Argyle Aqua-Seal (Sherwood Medical) had the highest PDU flow rate of devices tested (42.1 ± 1.0 L/min). The accuracy of PDUs at manufacturer-suggested settings varied from a mean percentage error of 0.0 to 15.5% from expected pressures; significant differences were noted in accuracy among multiple interdevice pressure comparisons. Similarly, multiple significant flow rate differences between PDCs were noted at − 20 cm H 2 O. Lowest flow rates were noted with thoracentesis catheters (used as PDCs) containing side ports. Arrow drainage catheters (14F, pigtail and straight) [Arrow International; Reading, PA] both had significantly greater flow rates (both, 16.8 ± 0.1 L/min), compared with the 14F (12.8 ± 0.3) and 16F (14.8 ± 0.6) Cook devices (Cook; Bloomington, IN). Conclusions These differences in flow rates for PDUs and PDCs may be clinically important, particularly in patients with large pneumothorax-related air leaks. Observed differences in PDU-generated pressures are likely not clinically important.
The Homogenized Energy Model (HEM) for Characterizing Polarization and Strains in Hysteretic Ferroelectric Materials: Material Properties and Uniaxial Model Development

Ferroelectric materials, such as lead zirconate titanate, lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate, and BaTiO3, are being considered, or are already being employed, for a large number of application...
Cross-Border Venture Capital Investments in Asia: Selection and Performance

We investigate the investment behavior and exit performance of VCs that have pursued expansion outside their home locations, specifically, in Asia. Our findings indicate that, in the Asian VC markets, foreign VCs have relative advantages over local VCs in terms of size and experience while they are at a disadvantage in information collection and monitoring due to both geographic and cultural distances. When investing alone, foreign VCs are more likely to invest in more information-transparent ventures. Partnership with local VCs helps alleviate information asymmetry and monitoring problem and has positive implication for the exit performance of local entrepreneurial firms. Specifically, we find that after controlling for the endogeneity of selection, firms with both foreign and local VC partnership are about 5% more likely to successfully exit.
Requirements for the Growth of Aspergillus versicolor on Atropine Sulfate

Three strains of Aspergillus versicolor were isolated from soil, obtained in pure culture, and grown with atropine sulfate as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Optimum growth was obtained at 25°, when cultures were aerated by continual shaking, and were buffered to pH 5.5 with 0.2 to 0.4 M phosphate. Optimal media contained 1.25 per cent atropine sulfate and were supplemented with vitamins and minerals. Growth rate was inhibited by higher substrate levels. Peak growth was attained in 5 days, following a 2-day lag period.
Effects of Parenting Style and Parent-Related Weight and Diet on Adolescent Weight Status

Objective This study examined the interaction between parental limit setting of sedentary behaviors and health factors (weight status, physical activity [PA], fruit and vegetable [FV] intake) on standardized body mass index (zBMI) in African American adolescents. Methods Data were from 67 parent–adolescent dyads. Parental limit setting, PA and FV intake were assessed via self-report, and objective height and weight measurements were collected. Results Regressions examined the interaction between parental limit setting and BMI, PA, FV intake on adolescent zBMI. The model for parent BMI and FV intake accounted for 31% of the variance in adolescent zBMI. A significant interaction for parent BMI by limit setting showed that as parental BMI increased, higher (vs. lower) limit setting was associated with lower adolescent zBMI. Higher parent FV consumption was associated with lower adolescent zBMI. Conclusion Future interventions should integrate parent limit setting and target parent fruit and vegetable intake for obesity prevention in underserved adolescents.
The physiology/life-history nexus

The rate of reproduction, age at maturity and longevity vary widely among species. Most of this life-history variation falls on a slow-fast continuum, with low reproductive rate, slow development and long life span at one end and the opposite traits at the other end. The absence of alternative combinations of these variables implies constraint on the diversification of life histories, but the nature of this constraint remains elusive. Here, we argue that individual and adaptive responses to different environments are limited by physiological mechanisms. Although energy and materials allocations are important results of physiological tradeoffs, endocrine control mechanisms can produce incompatible physiological states that restrict life histories to a single dominant axis of variation. To approach the problem of life-history variation properly, studies should integrate behavior and physiology within the environmental and demographic contexts of selection.
Assessments on a geropsychiatry unit.

Mood, cognition, behavior, and function are each assessed at least weekly on an inpatient geropsychiatry unit. The performance in each of these four spheres near discharge is examined in relationship to initial performances. Mood is relatively independent of the other spheres with the final mood assessment correlating only with mood near the time of admission. Final cognitive, behavioral, and functional performances are related to initial performances in these three spheres but are not significantly correlated with the initial performance in the mood sphere. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:17-20).
Comparison of Data for Thermal Diffusivity Obtained by Laser‐Flash Method Using Thermocouple and Photodetector

Thermal diffusivities of cordierite glass and glass-ceramics measured by the laser-flash method using remote optical sensing to monitor the transient temperature of the specimen were higher than those obtained with a thermocouple. The latter data were thought to be lower because of thermal contact resistance, the heat capacity of the cement used to adhere the thermocouple, and heat loss along the thermocouple wire. It is concluded that remote optical sensing yields more reliable data.
Diabetes Mellitus and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction: An Overview

A host of diabetes-related insults to the central nervous system (CNS) have been clearly documented in type-1 and -2 diabetic patients as well as experimental animal models. These host of neurological disorders encompass hemodynamic impairments (e.g., stroke), vascular dementia, cognitive deficits (mild to moderate), as well as a number of neurochemical, electrophysiological and behavioral alterations. The underlying causes of diabetes-induced CNS complications are multifactorial and are relatively little understood although it is now evident that blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage plays a significant role in diabetes-dependent CNS disorders. Changes in plasma glucose levels (hyper- or hypoglycemia) have been associated with altered BBB transport functions (e.g., glucose, insulin, choline, amino acids, etc.), integrity (tight junction disruption), and oxidative stress in the CNS microcapillaries. Last two implicating a potential causal role for upregulation and activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). This type I membrane-protein also transports amyloid-beta (Aβ) from the blood into the brain across the BBB thus, establishing a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD, also referred to as “type 3 diabetes”). Hyperglycemia has been associated with progression of cerebral ischemia and the consequent enhancement of secondary brain injury. Difficulty in detecting vascular impairments in the large, heterogeneous brain microvascular bed and dissecting out the impact of hyper- and hypoglycemia in vivo has led to controversial results especially with regard to the effects of diabetes on BBB. In this article, we review the major findings and current knowledge with regard to the impact of diabetes on BBB integrity and function as well as specific brain microvascular effects of hyper- and hypoglycemia.
Hair cell differentiation in chick cochlear epithelium after aminoglycoside toxicity: in vivo and in vitro observations.

Inner ear epithelia of mature birds regenerate hair cells after ototoxic or acoustic insult. The lack of markers that selectively label cells in regenerating epithelia and of culture systems composed primarily of progenitor cells has hampered the identification of cellular and molecular interactions that regulate hair cell regeneration. In control basilar papillae, we identified two markers that selectively label hair cells (calmodulin and TUJ1 β tubulin antibodies) and one marker unique for support cells (cytokeratin antibodies). Examination of regenerating epithelia demonstrated that calmodulin and β tubulin are also expressed in early differentiating hair cells, and cytokeratins are retained in proliferative support cells. Enzymatic and mechanical methods were used to isolate sensory epithelia from mature chick basilar papillae, and epithelia were cultured in different conditions. In control cultures, hair cells are morphologically stable for up to 6 d, because calmodulin immunoreactivity and phalloidin labeling of filamentous actin are retained. The addition of an ototoxic antibiotic to cultures, however, causes complete hair cell loss by 2 d in vitro and generates cultures composed of calmodulin-negative, cytokeratin-positive support cells. These cells are highly proliferative for the first 2–7 d after plating, but stop dividing by 9 d. Calmodulin- or TUJ1-positive cells reemerge in cultures treated with antibiotic for 5 d and maintained for an additional 5 d without antibiotic. A subset of calmodulin-positive cells was also labeled with BrdU when it was continuously present in cultures, suggesting that some cells generated in culture begin to differentiate into hair cells.
Methodological Issues in Tardive Dyskinesia Research

Research into tardive dyskinesia, an involuntary movement disorder secondary to chronic neuroleptic treatment, has so far produced conflicting results with no clear clinical applications. Heterogeneous diagnostic criteria, research designs, and rating scales, plus an emphasis on single-drug trials, are probably responsible. A strategy of devel- oping pharmacological response profiles for patients participating in tardive dyskinesia research is suggested as one way to produce meaningful data, which may delin- eate pharmacological and clinical subtypes that would respond to different treatment approaches. Further suggestions are made about future trends in this area of research.
The Role Of Oil Speculation On The Economy: The Problem With The View Of Fattouth, Kilian, And Mahadeva

On July 30, 2012, Fattouth, Kilian, and Mahadeva published and online paper titled, “The Role of Oil Speculation in Oil Markets: What Have We Learned So Far?” They concluded that the existing evidence is not supportive of an important role of speculation in driving the spot price of oil after 2003. This paper aims to show that the conclusion of their paper, which challenges the finding of direct correlation between oil speculation and rising spot oil prices in Ajuzie et al. (published in 2009) is fraught with omissions that have led to mistaken conclusions. In their literature review, they failed to include opposing findings, even when those views are in public domain. Because of the enormous negative consequences that will result from misapplication of economic policies based on such mistaken conclusions, it is important to address the error in their finding.
Faculty Credentialing: A Survey of Forty-Six U.S. Dental Schools

This study was undertaken in June of 2005 to evaluate the status of credentialing of clinical faculty in United States dental schools. A short survey on the process of credentialing was developed and emailed or mailed to all clinical deans. The survey contained a standard definition of health professional credentialing to which the respondent was to compare his or her school’s procedures. Of the forty-six respondents, only 46 percent were conducting credentialing as defined on the survey. Recredentialing of clinical faculty was occurring in most of these schools; however, 23 percent did not report a process of recredentialing. Each institution required different items in its credentialing application: 95 percent required information on licensure; 86 percent, educational background; 67 percent, academic appointments; and 67 percent, specialty board status, among other items that were included at lower rates. Health status was only requested by 29 percent of the institutions. Only 34 percent of those institutions doing credentialing verified the data collected during the application process. Given the legal implications of adverse outcomes, prudent risk management calls for a strong credentialing program. Results of this survey indicate the need for an ongoing effort to standardize credentialing procedures among dental schools and to select appropriate data to be included in the process.
End-of-Life Care for Elderly Patients with Gynecologic Cancer

In general, the survival outlook for gynecologic cancer patients with advanced disease is poor. Moreover, compared with younger women, older women often present with more advanced gynecological malignancies and are more likely to die from the disease. Symptom management is the most important aspect of care for a patient with advanced disease. The issues involved in providing care directed at excellent symptom management and patient QOL are complex and numerous for elderly gynecologic cancer patients. In this chapter, we discuss some of the end-of-life issues specific to this population as well as issues found more commonly in this population with gynecological cancer and other types of cancer.
A Case-Based Illustration of Urinary Symptoms Following Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Radiation therapy for prostate cancer is a valuable treatment option for many patients. In counseling patients about radiation therapy it is important to understand the posttreatment course. There may be urinary side effects of radiation therapy, including lower urinary tract symptoms, hematuria, and incontinence. Some of these are common and some are uncommon, but it is critical to convey this information to patients who elect for radiation therapy. This chapter provides a number of clinical scenarios which demonstrate the possible urinary effects of external beam radiation as well as brachytherapy.
Animadversions on the Causal Theory of Perception

Commentaire des visions de John Hyman et de William Child sur la theorie causale de perception
Residents' formal knowledge acquisition and preferred learning styles.

BACKGROUND Many family practice residency programs use the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) in their educational programs. Our purpose was to study the relationship between learning style, as determined by MBTI personality preferences, and residents' cognitive knowledge acquisition, measured by in-service training examination (ISTE) scores during the first and third years of residency. METHODS We evaluated 36 residents using both their first- and third-year ISTE composite scores and their MBTI scores. ISTE scores were analyzed according to the MBTI personality factors. We used the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test to determine the association between the improvement in residents' ISTE scores between the first- and third-year examinations and preferred learning styles. RESULTS Significant differences were found on the composite ISTE scores for the thinking/feeling and judgment/perception scales. Feelers increased ISTE scores more than thinkers (P = .031); judgers increased ISTE scores more than perceivers (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Results do not support the literature or current MBTI learning theory. Intuitive residents demonstrated no advantage over sensing residents. Residents using feeling/judgment as their preferred learning style acquired more knowledge over 3 years than their thinking/perceiving counterparts, as measured by ISTE scores.
Low-Noise and Low-Sensitivity Digital Filters

Publisher Summary The direct-form structure, which is the simplest form of digital filter structures, generates large roundoff noise for transfer functions having sharp frequency response behaviors and often supports limit cycles. Therefore, several other structures that have much better behavior in a quantized environment are employed. This chapter presents the most important structures of these structures. It focuses on binary arithmetic and quantization of binary sequences, along with statistical properties, and noise propagation in digital filters. The chapter describes scaling and dynamic range considerations. It discusses signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance in simple structures, a class of low-noise second-order structures based on error-spectrum shaping (ESS), and the concept of SNR to arbitrary structures. It also discusses cascade-form implementations and noise-reduction strategies in such implementations and also discusses state-space structures for low-noise design and closed-form expressions for certain minimum-noise state-space structures.
Parallel Chinese-English Entities, Relations and Events Corpora

This paper introduces the parallel Chinese-English Entities, Relations and Events (ERE) corpora developed by Linguistic Data Consortium under the DARPA Deep Exploration and Filtering of Text (DEFT) Program. Original Chinese newswire and discussion forum documents are annotated for two versions of the ERE task. The texts are manually translated into English and then annotated for the same ERE tasks on the English translation, resulting in a rich parallel resource that has utility for performers within the DEFT program, for participants in NIST’s Knowledge Base Population evaluations, and for cross-language projection research more generally.
A novel approach to leveraging social media for rapid flood mapping: a case study of the 2015 South Carolina floods

ABSTRACTRapid flood mapping is critical for local authorities and emergency responders to identify areas in need of immediate attention. However, traditional data collection practices such as remote sensing and field surveying often fail to offer timely information during or right after a flooding event. Social media such as Twitter have emerged as a new data source for disaster management and flood mapping. Using the 2015 South Carolina floods as the study case, this paper introduces a novel approach to mapping the flood in near real time by leveraging Twitter data in geospatial processes. Specifically, in this study, we first analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of flood-related tweets using quantitative methods to better understand how Twitter activity is related to flood phenomena. Then, a kernel-based flood mapping model was developed to map the flooding possibility for the study area based on the water height points derived from tweets and stream gauges. The identified patterns of Twitter activity w...
Before Hegel and Beyond Kant: Risto Saarinen's Recognition and Religion

When religious tolerance appears in the literature on ecumenicism, religious pluralism, and other modes of peaceful coexistence, it is frequently juxtaposed with the words “beyond,” “more than,” and “is not enough.” To be sure, it is generally conceded in these contexts, tolerance is an improvement on intolerance, and, relatively speaking, then, a fine thing, as far it goes. For many, however, it does not go very far. “Religious tolerance,” we are told, “however virtuous, does nothing to remove our ignorance of one another.” It is thought to lack strenuousness, and hence, to be unsuited for modern moral conflicts, which tend increasingly toward the polarity characteristic of war: “Tolerance, especially of the knee-jerk variety. . . works as long as people can slink off by themselves, avoiding contact, and never facing up to what they truly believe.” No one says, “I am fighting for [fill in the blank] with all the toleration I can muster.”
Whither Bespoke Procedure

Increasingly we hear that civil procedure lurks in the shadow of private law. Scholars suggest that the civil rules are mere defaults, applying if the parties fail to contract around them. When judges confront terms modifying court procedures — a trend said to be explosive — they seem all-too-willing to surrender to the inevitable logic of private and efficient private ordering.How concerned should we be? This Article casts a wide net to find examples of private contracts governing procedure, and finds a decided absence of evidence. I search a large database of agreements entered into by public firms, and a hand-coded set of credit card contracts. In both databases, clauses that craft private procedural rules are rare. This is a surprising finding given recent claims about the prevalence of these clauses, and the economic logic which makes them so compelling.A developing literature about contract innovation helps to explain this puzzle. Parties are not rationally ignorant of the possibility of privatized procedure; nor are they simply afraid that such terms are unenforceable. Rather, evolution in the market for private procedure, like innovation in contracting generally, is subject to a familiar cycle of product innovation. Further developments in this field will not be linear, uniform and progressive; they will be punctuated, particularized and contingent.
Somatostatin inhibits AP-1 function via multiple protein phosphatases

We have reported previously that the widespread inhibitory actions of somatostatin might be mediated by its ability to inhibit the expression of the immediate early genes c-fos and c-jun. The products of these genes form a heterodimeric transcription factor complex [activator protein 1 (AP-1)], which is known to be induced by treatment with phorbol esters. In the present study, we sought to investigate the mechanisms by which somatostatin inhibits immediate early gene expression. For our experiments, we used a rat pituitary adenoma cell line (GH3), which is known to express multiple subclasses of somatostatin receptors. The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulated both AP-1 binding and transcriptional activity in GH3 cells and the somatostatin analogue octreotide inhibited this response by 40-70%. In the presence of two different phosphatase inhibitors, sodium orthovanadate or okadaic acid, the ability of somatostatin to inhibit AP-1 binding and transcriptional activity was abolished. This effect of octreotide, which appears to be mediated by the SSTR2 and SSTR5 subtypes of somatostatin receptors, was paralleled by its ability to inhibit TPA-stimulated GH3 cell proliferation. Pretreatment of the GH3 cells with pertussis toxin (200 ng/ml) reversed the inhibitory effect of octreotide on both AP-1 function and cellular proliferation. Our observations lead us to conclude that somatostatin not only inhibits immediate early gene expression but also inhibits AP-1 binding and transcriptional activity via the action of several classes of protein phosphatases. This effect, which is pertussis toxin sensitive, might be one mechanism by which somatostatin inhibits cellular proliferation.
Osteitis fibrosa cystica masquerading as bone neoplasm.

A 50-year-old female patient with no significant medical history presented with left knee pain. Radiographs of the knee showed a circumferential swelling of the distal femur suggestive of neoplasia. Further evaluation revealed multiple lesions in the left iliac bone and proximal femur. Biopsy was suggestive of a reparative granuloma or an aneurysmal bone cyst. Laboratory assessment showed hypercalcaemia and elevated parathyroid hormone consistent with severe primary hyperparathyroidism. Osseous survey was significant for salt and pepper appearance of the skull. Ultrasound of the neck and 99mTc-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy localised a left parathyroid adenoma/carcinoma. Parathyroidectomy was successful, and a large parathyroid adenoma was excised. Six months later, the patient was doing fine with her gait returning to normal. On follow-up 2 years later, she had no recurrence of the lesions.
Eccrine Sweat as a Biofluid for Profiling Immune Biomarkers.

PURPOSE Sweat is a relatively unexplored biofluid for diagnosis and monitoring of disease states. In this study, the proteomic profiling of immune-related biomarkers from healthy individuals are presented. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eccrine sweat samples are collected from 50 healthy individuals. LC-MS/MS is performed on two pools of sweat samples from five male and female participants. Individual sweat samples are analyzed by antibody isotyping microarrays (n = 49), human cytokine arrays (n = 30), and quantitative ELISAs for interleukin-1α (n = 16), epidermal growth factor (n = 6), and angiogenin (n = 7). RESULTS In sweat, 220 unique proteins are identified by shotgun analysis. Detectable antibody isotypes include IgA (100% positive; median 1230 ± 28 700 pg mL-1 ), IgD (18%; 22.0 ± 119 pg mL-1 ), IgG1 (96%; 1640 ± 6750 pg mL-1 ), IgG2 (37%; 292 ± 6810 pg mL-1 ), IgG3 (71%; 74.0 ± 119 pg mL-1 ), IgG4 (69%; 43.0 ± 42.0 pg mL-1 ), and IgM (41%; 69.0 ± 1630 pg mL-1 ). Of 42 cytokines, three are readily detected in all sweat samples (p < 0.01). The median concentration for interleukin-1α is 352 ± 521 pg mL-1 , epidermal growth factor is 86.5 ± 147 pg mL-1 , and angiogenin is 38.3 ± 96.3 pg mL-1 . Multiple other cytokines are detected at lower levels. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Sweat can be used for profiling antibodies and innate immune biomarkers.