cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying and Quantitating Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Adult Brain

Adult brain contains neural stem and progenitor cells that are capable of generating new neurons. Active continuous neurogenesis is limited to the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Newborn neurons gradually become fully functional and integrated into the existing circuitry of the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus. Transition from stem cells to fully differentiation neurons, the neuronal differentiation cascade, occurs through defined steps, and different classes of neuronal precursors can be distinguished by their morphology, expressed markers, and mitotic activity. Cells in these classes can be identified by immunophenotyping, labeling with thymidine analogues, and infection with retro- and lentiviral vectors. We here describe a transgenic approach that allows identification, in vivo visualization, isolation, and accurate enumeration of various classes of stem and progenitor cells in the adult brain. We generated a series of reporter mouse lines in which neural stem and progenitor cells express various fluorescent proteins (GFP, CFPnuc, H2B-GFP, DsRedTimer, and mCherry) under the control of the regulatory elements of the nestin gene. Using these lines, we were able to dissect the neuronal differentiation cascade into several discrete steps and to evaluate the changes induced by various neurogenic and antineurogenic stimuli. In particular, nuclear localization of the fluorescent signal in nestin-CFPnuc mice greatly simplifies the distribution pattern of neural stem and progenitor cells and allows accurate quantitation of changes induced by neurogenic agents in distinct classes of neuronal precursors. We present protocols for applying confocal microscopy, stereology, and electron microscopy to evaluate changes in the neurogenic compartments of the adult brain.
Underweight is independently associated with mortality in post-operative and non-operative patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a retrospective study.

Background Low and high body mass index (BMI) have been recently shown to be associated with increased and decreased mortality after ICU admission, respectively. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of BMI on mortality and length of stay in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).
Rho's role in transcription attenuation in the tna operon of E. coli.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of Rho's in transcription attenuation in the tna Operon of Escherichia coli (E. Coli). The chapter describes methods allowing experimental analysis of the role of the tna operon leader peptide in influencing whether or not Rho-mediated transcription termination will occur. Various E. coli strains have been described as sources of S-30 preparations; S-30s from some strains offer the advantage that they will permit the use of linear DNA templates. Transcription attenuation is advantageous as a regulatory strategy as it allows cellular components and events that do not participate directly in transcription initiation decisions to influence gene expression. Thus, RNA sequences and structures play a decisive role in the process of transcription attenuation. The most widely studied termination factor is the Rho protein of E. Coli. Rho-dependent transcription termination in the leader region of the tna operon can be readily demonstrated by comparing the products of two reactions, one with bicyclomycin addition (50 μg/ml), and the second without this antibiotic.
Some applications of functional analysis in classical scattering

Problems in classical scattering, the Dirichlet, Neumann, and transmission problems for the Helmholtz equation, and the problem of a perfect reflector for Maxwell's equations are formulated as problems in integral equations. The spectrum of the integral operators is shown to vary in each case. However, a result from func tional analysis on the perturbation of spectra is used not only to establish existence and uniqueness, but also to provide an iterative method for actually constructing the solution in each example.
Injury and paternity loss in cooperatively breeding American Crows

Although survivable injuries have been documented in several species of birds, little is known about the social and reproductive consequences of such injuries. We examined relationships between injuries and group composition, reproductive output, and paternity of male breeders in 27 family groups of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) using 96 broods sampled from 2004 to 2009. Injuries and permanent disfigurement of wings or feet were sustained by 25.9% (7/27) of dominant male breeders. Injured male breeders had smaller broods (2.13 vs. 3.38 nestlings per brood for injured vs. uninjured breeders), lost more paternity (48% vs. 13% extrapair young per brood), and had more adult male auxiliaries in their groups (1.63 vs. 0.65 auxiliaries per group) than uninjured birds. Some of the variation in reproductive partitioning, extrapair paternity rates, and group composition among American Crow family groups can therefore be explained by injuries to male breeders. These results suggest that injuries could account for some of the unexplained variation in the rates and distribution of extrapair paternity across populations and taxa, as well as some of the variation in reproductive skew among cooperatively breeding birds. RESUMEN Aunque el sobrevivir con lesiones ha sido documentado en varias especies de aves, se sabe muy poco sobre las consecuencias reproductivas y sociales de tales heridas. Examinamos la relacion entre heridas y la composicion de grupos, progenie producida y la paternidad de machos en 27 grupos familiares de Corvus brachyrhynchos, utilizando una muestra de 96 camadas estudiadas entre el 2004 y el 2009. El 25.9% (7/27) de los machos reproductivos dominantes, presentaron heridas y lesiones permanente de alas y patas. Los machos reproductivos con heridas tuvieron camadas mas pequenas (2.13 vs. 3.38 pichones por camadas de machos con heridas vs. reproductivos sanos), perdieron mayor paternidad (48% vs. 13% pichones con otras parejas por camada), y tuvieron mayor numero de machos adultos auxiliares en sus grupos (1.63 vs. 0.65 auxiliares por grupo) que aves sin lesiones. Algunas de las variaciones en la reparticion reproductiva, tasas de paternidad con otros individuos que no son su pareja, y la composicion de grupos entre familias de cuervos pueden entonces ser explicados por la presencia de lesiones en los machos dominantes reproductivos. Estos resultados sugieren que las lesiones pueden ser responsables de variaciones inexplicables, en las tasas y distribucion de paternidad extraparejas entre poblaciones y las taxas, al igual que de algunas variaciones en la reproduccion cooperativa de aves.
Who Gets Left Behind? The Fate of the Unrepresented in the Wake of US-India Higher Education Partnerships.

The promotion of US–Indian higher education partnerships affects those students who are most marginalized. This article explores the development, implementation, and reception of such partnerships to meet the needs of students who remain on the borders of educational access in India. This article addresses the ways higher education policies systematically universalize the marginalization of certain students, explores the impact of how policies of partnerships will address the needs of such students, and seeks to explore how administrators in higher education institutions see the growth of such partnerships shifting the status quo of privilege and power. Through the evaluation of policy papers, historical documents, media reports, survey data and informal conversations with stakeholders, the findings will address the underlying consequences and effects on higher education policy development in India. This article seeks to deconstruct the directions such relationships might take and consider the impact on s...
Improving Antarctic infrastructure

Noting that U.S. activities in Antarctica “are very well managed but suffer from an aging infrastructure, lack of a capital budget, and the effects of operating in an extremely unforgiving environment,” a 23 July report from the U.S. Antarctic Program Blue Ribbon Panel recommends a number of measures to improve the infrastructure, logistics, and other concerns. The panel's recommendations include continued use of the McMurdo, South Pole, and Palmer stations as the primary U.S. science and logistics hubs in Antarctica—because there are no reasonable alternatives, according to the panel—while upgrading or replacing some facilities, restoring the U.S. polar ocean feet, implementing state of-the-art logistics and transportation support, and establishing a long-term facilities capital plan and budget for the U.S. Antarctic Program. “The essence of our findings is that the lack of capital budgeting has placed operations at McMurdo, and to a somewhat lesser extent at Palmer Station, in unnecessary jeopardy—at least in terms of prolonged inefficiency due to deteriorating or otherwise inadequate physical assets,” the panel wrote in the cover letter accompanying the report entitled, More and Better Science in Antarctica Through Increased Logistical Effectiveness. “The Antarctica Blue Ribbon Panel encourages us to take a hard look at how we support Antarctic science and to make the structural changes, however difficult in the current fiscal environment, that will allow us to do more science in the future,” said U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Director Subra Suresh.
The breast carcinoma screening interval is important.

have raised the long-standing question of the how fre-quently women should be screened for breast carcinoma. The currentlevel of uncertainty regarding the best screening interval is reﬂectedin the diversity of recommendations. In the U.S., the American CancerSociety, American Medical Association, and other major organiza-tions recommend annual screening beginning by the age of 40 years.The National Cancer Institute recommends screening “every one totwo years.” Biennial screening is recommended in Canada, Australia,and much of Europe. In Sweden it is recommended every 18 monthsfor women ages 40–49 years and every 24 months for women age$ 50 years, whereas in the United Kingdom screening is performedevery 3 years. These diverse recommendations largely have arisen inisolation from any empiric guidance with regard to the effect of thescreening interval on the ability of mammography to reduce deathsfrom breast carcinoma. The three recent articles
ICANN and democracy: contradictions and possibilities

Argues here that ICANN, as it is currently formed, falls well short of democratic ideals, despite a founding principle of providing “bottom‐up, representative decision‐making”. Defines governance and explains how ICANN engages in governance of the Internet in important ways. Summarizes that if ICANN continues on its current trajectory, the end result is likely to be stability at the expense of democracy.
Motility disorders. Diagnosis and treatment for the pediatric patient.

Motility disorders are common in children and may affect any area of the gastrointestinal tract. During the last decade, there have been significant advances in the understanding of motility disorders in pediatrics. More sophisticated testing techniques have helped to differentiate normal from abnormal motility in children of different ages. Manometry may now be used to clarify the pathophysiologic defect underlying chest pain, dysphagia, rumination, gastroparesis, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and colonic neuromuscular disorders. Motility testing may also be used to identify the motor defect responsible for persistence of symptoms after surgery for gastroesophageal reflux or Hirschsprung's disease. New investigation techniques and prokinetic agents likely to be available in the future are also discussed.
The 1S0 p-p scattering parameters obtained from A re-analysis of experimental data

Abstract Existing uncertainties in the scattering parameters that describe the low-energy p-p scattering have been significantly reduced extending the analysis up to 4.203 MeV lab energy. A comparison with theoretical predictions is made.
Interferon-γ regulates ClC-2 chloride channel in lung epithelial cells

Abstract Epithelial Cl− channels mediate Cl− and fluid secretion in the lung. In cystic fibrosis, aberrant Cl− secretion is one of the major causes for lung fluid imbalance. Regulation of Cl− channels is therefore an important issue in the lung. IFN-γ regulates Na+ and Cl− channels and fluid transport in the lung, but the mechanisms involved in these regulations are not clear. In expression studies, we found that IFN-γ increased ClC-2 transcripts in Calu-3 cells. Studies of the promoter identified a minimal promoter which interacts with transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3. However, reporter gene assays showed that IFN-γ did not activate the promoter. Instead, IFN-γ significantly increased ClC-2 transcript stability. Using Ussing chamber experiments, we demonstrate that IFN-γ activates a pH-regulated and Cd2+-sensitive short circuit current, characteristic properties of the ClC-2 Cl− channel. These data suggest that IFN-γ activates ClC-2 channel activity in lung epithelial cells via mRNA stabilization.
Comparison of severity affecting factors between young and older drivers involved in single vehicle crashes

Single vehicle crashes contribute to a significant amount of fatalities in the United States. At the same time, fatality crash involvement rates of young and older drivers are well above the average and both groups are identified as critical groups when it comes to highway safety. Therefore, the study described in this paper developed separate models to predict crash severity of single vehicle crashes by young and older drivers. By using the models, factors affecting towards increased crash severity were identified for each group and comparisons were made. Almost all the common identified factors influenced both driver groups in the same manner except in the case of alcohol and drug usage, which indicated an interesting finding in the case of crash severity of older drivers. Speeding and non-usage of a restraint device were the two most important factors affecting towards increased crash severity for both driver groups at all severity levels. Additionally, ejection and existence of curve/grade were determinants of higher young driver crash severity at all levels. For older drivers, having a frontal impact point was a severity determinant at all levels. County of residence and weather condition were not effective in making any changes with respect to crash severity at any level, while some other factors had a minimal affect. Findings of this study are beneficial in investigating the potential ways of reducing crash severity, which could also be influential in reducing the occurrence of crashes as well.
Experimental and theoretical study on band gap tuning of Cu 2 ZnSn(S 1−x Se x ) 4 absorbers for thin-film solar cells

A non-hydrazine solution followed by spin-coating has been used to produce Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) precursor. After annealed with sulfur or selenium powders in tube furnace at 530°C, Cu 2 ZnSn(S 1−x Se x ) 4 (CZTSSe) thin films were obtained. Both theoretical calculation and experimental results showed that band gap can be tuned from 1.48 to 1.04eV by replacing S with Se in CZTSSe. Solar cell devices were fabricated using nominally CZTS and CZTSe absorbers with thickness around 500 nm. The device based on CZTSSe shows better performance than the CZTS device owing to the larger grain size and better electronic transport.
Mechanisms of abdominal aortic aneurysm formation

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are permanent dilations in the infra-renal area in which the arterial tissue is characterized by inflammation and medial degeneration. AAAs are a common vascular disorder and cause significant mortality in the aged population. Despite the high prevalence of this disease, there is limited knowledge on the mechanisms responsible for the vascular pathology. Therefore, current therapeutic options are restricted to surgical intervention and are predicated on the assumed propensity for rupture as the vessel enlarges. Current research focuses on inflammatory processes and their role in proteolytic degradation of the elastin and collagen fibers of the vessel wall. Definition of specific mechanisms would identify target sites for potential pharmacologic intervention and markedly improve the medical treatment and prognosis of AAA.
The effect of range in the s-f coupling on the relaxation rate 1T1

Abstract In electron paramagnetic resonance of localized moments in metals, the localized moments may relax via a scalar exchange coupling to the conduction electrons of the metal. The effect of the spatial range of this scalar coupling, properly normalized, on the relaxation rate is investigated. The rate increases as the range is decreased, approaching asymptotically a maximum for a point interaction.
The ultimate fate of cosmic rays from galaxies and their role in the intergalactic medium

The majority of cosmic rays (CRs) generated by star-forming galaxies escape them and enter the intergalactic medium (IGM). Galactic wind termination shocks might also accelerate CRs. I show that the mean pressure of these CRs can reach to within an order of magnitude of the mean Lyman-alpha forest thermal pressure. At z >~ 1, their pressure may have even been dominant. I also demonstrate that, whichever IGM phase the CRs reside in, they contribute significantly to its pressure if its temperature is ~$10^4$ K, as long as pionic and Coulomb losses are negligible. Where CRs end up depends on the structure and strength of intergalactic magnetic fields. I argue that CRs end up at least 30 kpc from their progenitor galaxies. CRs may self-confine in the IGM to the sound speed, generating >~ $10^{-13}$ G magnetic fields. These considerations imply the existence and importance of a nonthermal IGM.
Sonic Hedgehog gets another role

A study in this issue finds that the chemoattractant cue, Sonic Hedgehog, can activate a repulsive response of commissural axonal pathfinding to Semaphorins, thereby acting as a 'switch' in axon guidance.
Heuristic production triggering mechanisms under discrete unequal inventory withdrawals

Abstract The existing literature on inventory control has largely ignored the timing issue concerning inventory replenishment under discrete demand, occurring in sizeable lot quantities at irregular intervals. Such demand patterns are not uncommon in industrial purchasing situations, where customers buy products, based on their own purchase lot sizing policies, from wholesalers or commercial vendors. This paper specifically addresses the question of designing mechanisms for triggering setups of replenishment production lots of a product, which is sold to several commercial customers in a stochastic environment and is manufactured in a batch production facility, strictly from the vendor's perspective. Due to the analytical difficulties in the statistical modeling of stochastic demand patterns described above, we develop several heuristics, based on both continuous and periodic inventory review, for the purpose of signalling the startup of a production batch. The effectiveness of these heuristic procedures are tested through a series of simulation experiments.
A Methodological Study Comparing the Audio-Lingual Habit Theory and the Cognitive Code-Learning Theory

sary insistence upon the oral approach-"This one thing I'll do; I'll teach these kids to talk, or else!"-is missing the point completely. Far more even than the mastery of the language, the chief aim of a language class is to impart, through the language, and in every possible way, the thrilling experience of real communication with other human beings. We seek, not only to teach more and better knowledge, but above all to instill a right attitude. Every classroom is inevitably a molder of men and women. We seek, not to propagandize our pupils, not to make them French or Spanish, but to open their minds to the existence of other thoughts, other ways of seeing and doing, even the same ones expressed differently. When this is done well in connection with one culture, it is done for them all. We seek to make better
Program optimization carving for GPU computing

Contemporary many-core processors such as the GeForce 8800 GTX enable application developers to utilize various levels of parallelism to enhance the performance of their applications. However, iterative optimization for such a system may lead to a local performance maximum, due to the complexity of the system. We propose program optimization carving, a technique that begins with a complete optimization space and prunes it down to a set of configurations that is likely to contain the global maximum. The remaining configurations can then be evaluated to determine the one with the best performance. The technique can reduce the number of configurations to be evaluated by as much as 98% and is successful at finding a near-best configuration. For some applications, we show that this approach is significantly superior to random sampling of the search space.
Debris flows on the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, Alaska: Implications for analogous processes on Mars

Abstract We observed niveo-aeolian deposits, denivation features, and small meltwater-induced debris flows that had formed at the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, northwestern interior Alaska in late March 2010. This high-latitude, cold-climate dune field is being studied as a planetary analog to improve our understanding of factors that may trigger debris flows on the lee slopes of martian aeolian dunes. Debris flows consisted of a sand and liquid water mixture that cascaded down the lee slopes of two barchanoid dunes on days when measured ground surface temperatures were below freezing. We hypothesize that relatively dark sand on snow caused local hot spots where solar radiation could be absorbed by the sand and conducted into the underlying snow, enabling meltwater to form and sand to be mobilized. This investigation provides insights into the interactions between niveo-aeolian deposition, slope aspect and insolation, thawing, and initiation of alluvial processes. These debris flows are morphologically similar to those associated with seasonal gullies or erosion tracks visible on the slopes of mid- to high-latitude dune fields in both martian hemispheres. Localized heating and thawing at scales too small for orbital sensors to identify may yield martian debris flows at current climate conditions.
Comment on "Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires".

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) caused anomalous upwelling, low sea surface temperatures, and low sea surface heights along the north-eastern Indian Ocean in 1997 ([Fig. 1][1]). Abram et al . ([ 1 ][2]) suggested that coral mortality occurred along a 400-km stretch of Indonesian coastline (Mentawai
Why shared meanings have no place in structuration theory: A reply to scapens and macintosh

Abstract Scapens & Macintosh [Accounting, Organizations and Society (1996) pp. 675–690] argue that distinguishing between studies at the level of strategic conduct and studies at the level of institutional analysis helps to explain the differences between us. I believe that this distinction is not relevant to the position I took in “Accounting and the Interpretive Act”, and I offer my own explanation of how we differ in our understanding of structuration theory. I argue that Giddens developed structuration theory to counter Parsons' use of shared meanings and value consensus to explain social order. In place of concensus on values and meanings, structuration theory emphasizes the skilled accomplishment of “knowing how to go on” in the temporal flow of situated practice, as described in the writings of Wittgenstein, Goffman and Garfinkel. When Macintosh & Scapens [Accounting, Organizations and Society (1990) pp. 455–477] employed shared values and shared meanings as an explanatory device in their structurational study, either at the individual or the institutional level, they were at odds with this central feature of structuration theory. I end my reply by discussing how studies of strategic conduct are related to studies at the institutional level of analysis, in order to further explore what I believe are the differences in our understanding of Giddens' structuration theory.
The relationship of alexithymia to subjective and biomedical measures of disease

Although alexithymia is found in patients with various somatic disorders, it is unclear whether alexithymia is related to organic disease, or just to illness behavior. In 2 studies of patients, the authors related alexithymia (using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 for assessment) to both subjective reports and biomedical measures of disease. In Study 1, alexithymia was correlated with symptoms, but not CD4 counts, among adults who had tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus. In Study 2, alexithymia was associated with the presence or absence of chest pain during exercise testing, but not with ischemic heart disease. These studies suggest that alexithymia, especially difficulty identifying and/or describing feelings, is related to increased illness behavior, but alexithymia may not be related to the presence or severity of organic disease.
Identifying innovative behavior patterns using canonical analysis

Abstract Marketers are vitally interested in the relationships between personal attributes and consumer behavior. This study was developed to examine, using canonical analysis, the relationships of personality and socioeconomic data with innovative behavior of housewives. The Gordon Personal Profile and Inventory provided the personality variables, and socioeconomic variables used were age, marital status, income, and number of children living at home. All respondents were women who represented middle-class housewives in the Columbia, South Carolina, metropolitan area. An initial sample was used to scale a list of products as to their degree of innovativeness in their effect on consumption and usage patterns. A sample of 152 middle-class housewives were then contacted and 142 of these supplied completed questionnaires suitable for analysis. A great many combinations of innovative products and personality and socioeconomic variables were run. Several strong relationships were found. The major ones were between products and socioeconomic variables. However, one analysis showed the most significant levels of association with the innovative products when personality variables were used alone. A brief analysis of the major canonical root for this analysis indicates a woman who uses more malt liquor and club cocktails and who has a microwave oven. Associated with these innovative products are the personality variables of ascendancy, slightly irresponsible, less cautious, and highly sociable. This interpretation might indicate the profile of a woman who is on the way up and likes to socialize without regard to what others think. Many other interesting profiles are also described. The study is exploratory in nature but provides stimulus for additional research and also provides support for previous consumer behavior findings.
Gemcitabine and cisplatin combination chemotherapy in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma as second-line treatment: report of four cases.

Background: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is a chemoresistant cancer for which effective chemotherapy is not yet available. We investigated the efficacy and toxicity of the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin as second-line chemotherapy in four patients with advanced, progressive intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: Four patients were enrolled who had previous chemotherapy with epirubicin, cisplatin and protracted infusion of 5-FU. All these patients treated with gemcitabine 1000 mg/m 2 intravenously (i.v.) on days 1 and 8 for 30 min, cisplatin 75 mg/m 2 i.v. on day 1 for 90 min, given every 21 days. Results: Two patients had partial response (PR), and two had stable disease (SD), with one of the latter showing a decrease in tumor size of 35%. Median time to progression was 5 months (range, 3-9 months) and median survival was 9 months (range, 8-16 months). Toxicity was mild and tolerable. Conclusions: Gemcitabine and cisplatin combination chemotherapy may be an effective regimen for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Further study is warranted to determine the efficacy of this combination regimen.
When neonatal ICU infants participate in research: special protections for special subjects

Neonatal ICU research poses unique concerns for infants and parents. Children are considered a vulnerable research population. Federal regulations specify special protections when children participate in research. These regulations determine the types of research approvable for children based on the balance of risks and benefit. Risk also determines whether one or both parents' consent is required for their infant's participation in research.
The Effect of Heating Time and Temperature on the Shear of Beef Semitendinosus Muscle a

SUMMARY The effect of time and temperature on the shear patterns of small cylinders from individual choice-grade beef semitendinosus muscles, heated for several hours at 1°C intervals between 50 and 90°C is described. Beef semitendinosus muscle undergoes a marked decrease in shear, approximately one-half completed in 11 min at 58°C. This change in shear is a time-temperature rate process having a very high temperature dependence. Minimum shear values were obtained in the range of 60–64°C after heating for 30–60 min. In this time-temperature range the collagen shrinkage reaction is completed quickly while the hardening associated with higher heating temperatures is avoided. Relatively large differences, attributed to undefined biological differences, were noted in the shear versus heating time patterns for semitendinosus muscle cylinders from different animals.
A microtubule-independent component may be involved in granule transport in pigment cells

COLOUR change in lower vertebrates is based on the movement of thousands of pigment granules within integu-mental chromatophores. In some types of pigment cells, particularly those of teleost fish, pigment aggregation in the cell centre and redispersion into the cell processes may take place within fractions of a minute1,2. These cells may therefore be a suitable model system for the study of intra-cellular vesicle transport. There is considerable information about the structure of chromatophores, in particular their prominent microtubule system2–5, but the mechanism of pigment movements remains obscure. Pigment granule transport is thought to be microtubule-dependent6 and microtubules definitely play a part in this process1,2,6. However, it remains to be determined whether these organelles also directly provide the driving force for the movements. The crucial question is: what happens when the microtubule frame is withdrawn experimentally? We therefore tested the ability of chromatophores to move pigment granules in conditions where microtubules were absent, and further investigated the nature of the physical relationship between microtubules and pigment granules. We now report the presence of a second component involved in the transport process.
Molecular genetics of auxin and cytokinin

The indeterminate nature of plant development requires that plants continuously regulate cell division and elongation in response to genetic, as well as a wide variety of different environmental signals [53]. Since their discovery, many physiological studies have shown that the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin have fundamental roles in the regulation of cell growth [30, 43]. Both compounds appear to be essential for growth of plant cells in culture. Organogenesis in tissue culture is regulated by altering the concentration of auxin and cytokinin. In the intact plant, auxin and cytokinin are apparently involved in a bewildering array of growth processes. One explanation for this complexity is that most and perhaps all changes in cell division or elongation are mediated by cytokinin or auxin. According to this view, developmental responses to environmental stimuli such as light or temperature are mediated by these hormones.
Non-additive dietary effects in juvenile slider turtles, Trachemys scripta

Non-additive dietary effects occur when nutritional gains from a mixed diet are greater than or less than that predicted by summing the gains from individual diet items. Both positive and negative effects occur in adult slider turtles, Trachemys scripta. Such effects may also be important to juvenile T. scripta as they ontogenetically switch from carnivorous to herbivorous diets. The purpose of this study was to determine if juveniles experience non-additive effects and to assess the underlying mechanism. Two feeding trials were conducted. In Trial 1, juveniles were fed 100% duckweed, Lemna valdiviana, 100% grass shrimp, Palaemontes paludosus, or a mixed diet containing 81% duckweed and 19% shrimp. In Trial 2, juveniles were fed 100% duckweed, Lemna minor, 100% cricket, Acheta domesticus, or one of three mixed diets containing duckweed and cricket in varying percentages (22%, 39% and 66% cricket). Similar to adults, a negative non-additive effect was demonstrated on the 19% shrimp and 22% cricket diets. However, the positive effect found in adults was not observed. Intake varied dramatically between the plant and animal diets, resulting in differences in transit time that could explain the non-additive effect. These results offer some insight into understanding ontogenetic diet shifts in turtles.
INTRA-FIELD VARIABILITY OF SCALAR FLUX DENSITIES ACROSS A TRANSITION BETWEEN A DESERT AND AN IRRIGATED POTATO FIELD

This paper reports on measurements of sensible and latent heat and CO2 fluxes made over an irrigated potato field, growing next to a patch of desert. The study was conducted using two eddy correlation systems. One measurement system was located within the equilibrium boundary layer 800 m downwind from the edge of the potato field. The other measurement system was mobile and was placed at various downwind positions to probe the horizontal transition of vertical scalar fluxes. Latent (LE) and sensible (H) heat fluxes, measured at 4 m above the surface, exhibited marked variations with downwind distance over the field. Only after the fetch to height ratio exceeded 75 to 1 didLE andH become invariant with downwind distance. When latent and sensible heat fluxes were measured upwind of this threshold, significant advection of humidity-deficit occurred, causing a vertical flux divergence ofH andLE.
Rationale for Apparent Differences in Pharmacokinetic Aspects of Model Compounds Determined from Blood Level Data and Urinary Excretion Data in Rats

Results of studies carried out in rats for model compounds, D‐(—)‐mandelic acid, benzoylformic acid, and some of their para‐alkylated homologs, showed that their biological half‐lives determined from the elimination phase of urinary excretion data were longer than those determined from the elimination phase of blood level data. With compounds that followed multicompartment open models, the initial distributive phase (α‐phase) noted from the blood level data was not detected from the urinary excretion data. Based on the analysis of half‐life data obtained in the absence and presence of DL‐tropic acid (a competitive renal tubular secretion inhibitor of these compounds), it is proposed that, besides the shortness of the α‐phase period, the factor accounting for these striking differences in the pharmacokinetic aspects of these compounds is their retention and/or detention in the renal tubular membranes during their tubular secretion. Furthermore, it is proposed that the renal tubular membranes do not constitute a part of the central or peripheral compartment. Examples are cited to show that, where studies are reported for the same drugs in the same human subjects in the same laboratory, drugs usually exhibit longer biological half‐lives when urinary excretion data rather than blood level data are used.
Measuring and theorizing about net-enabled organizations

Information Systems researchers have recently directed their attention to Net-Enabled Organizations (NEOs) (See 2002 volumes 2 & 3 of Information Systems Research). NEOs can execute transactions, rapidly exchange information, and innovate through new business processes and at an unprecedented pace. Deeper theorizing and measuring is needed to fully understand the deeper means through which NEOs operate for business advantage. This year marks the first time for the Measuring and Theorizing about Net-Enabled Organizations Minitrack. The three papers presented here demonstrate the wide domain for this emerging area of IS research. Williams digs deeper into Wheeler’ Choosing Capability in NEBIC Theory. His paper, “Identifying the Organizational Routines in NEBIC Theory’s Choosing Capability” draws on other theories of organizational routines and innovation to focus on four explicit routines in how organizations choose emerging or enabling technologies. Benslimane, Plaisent, and Bernard’s paper, “Applying the Task-Technology Fit Model to WWWbased Procurement: Conceptualization and Measurement,” assesses the fit of we-based technologies from the perspective of a corporate buyer. Lubbes draws on research in South Africa as he addresses the “Alignment of Internet Commercial Operations with Organisational Operations.” His work focuses on how alignment is essential for value creation via new digital networks. In sum, these three papers represent an important first steps in better theorizing and measuring of NetEnabled Organizations. Future mini-track sessions and journal articles provide opportunities for further developing both theory and measures.
A Review of Methods for Design Under Uncertainty From the Perspective of Utility Theory

In this paper, we present a review of methods for design under uncertainty. Specifically, we examine Reliability-Based Design, Robust Design, and Risk-Informed Design from the perspective of utility theory. Although these methods account for uncertainty, they differ from utility theory in that they limit the types of preferences that can be expressed. Limitations on the types of preferences that can be expressed can be valuable to designers because they reduce the effort required to elicit preference. However, the value of these methods for a particular design scenario depends greatly on the appropriateness of the preference model they implicitly impose. As such, they should be used with caution; they should not be applied when the associated preference models are not reasonable approximations of the designer’s true preferences. To help designers decide when the methods are appropriate, we identify the preference models by formulating the methods in a common framework of utility theory. The methods are then critically examined and compared based on their costs and the value they add to the design process.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The influence of the inter-dose time interval on the cardiovascular response to methionine-enkephalin in the conscious dog

Abstract Intravenous injection of methionineenkephalin (10 μg/kg) into the conscious dog increased both heart rate and mean systemic arterial pressure. Progressive shortening of the inter-dose time interval from 5 min to 1 min and then to 30 sec did not alter the response, as the maximal mean systemic arterial pressure elevation was maintained and the maximal heart rate response increased slightly. In contrast to the results after discrete bolus dosing, continuous infusion of methionine-enkephalin at a constant rate of 10 μg/kg/min produced an initial elevation in heart rate and mean arterial pressure, but these parameters then began to return toward pretreatment levels despite continuous infusion at the same rate, indicating receptor desensitization. This desensitization pattern is most compatible with receptors of the nicotinic-cholinergic type. These data indicate the importance of dosing techniques in assessing cardiovascular responses to systemically administered enkephalins.
Abstract 2938: Inhibition of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways act independently on p27 upregulation induced by downregulation of cathepsin B and uPAR in glioma

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Cathepsin B and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) are overexpressed in gliomas. Deregulation of the G1 phase cell cycle machinery is a common feature of cancers. The abundance of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 (p27) during the cell cycle determines whether cells will proliferate or become quiescent. In the present study, we carried out transfections using shRNA against cathepsin B and uPAR. We assessed cell cycle arrest using FACS analysis and used Western blot analysis to detect expression of ERK, AKT, p27, cyclin E, cyclin D, CDK4, CDK2, EGFR, β1 integrins, and the pocket proteins (p-Rb, p107 and p130). Specific inhibitors like Wortmanin (10 µM) and U0126 (10 µM) were used to further determine the roles of the AKT and ERK pathways. We used immunoprecipitation analysis to detect the respective interactions between EGFR and β1, p27 and CDK4, and p27 and CDK2. CHIP analysis was used to check for the recruitment of transcription factors FOXO3a, E2F1 and AP-1 to the p27 promoter. The results of the present study show that shRNA treatment efficiently downregulated expression of cathepsin B and uPAR and induced G0/G1 arrest through upregulation of p27. Downregulation of both p-ERK and p-AKT downstream of EGFR and β1 are involved, but independently, in p27 upregulation. Multiple transcription factors (namely, AP-1, E2F1 and FOXO3a) were involved in upregulation of p27 as determined by luciferase expression under the influence of promoter regions to which these transcription factors bind individually. Also, cathepsin B and uPAR downregulation reduced tumor growth and increased p27 nuclear expression in vivo. In summary, the reduction of p-ERK and AP-1, the increased expression of E2F1 and FOXO3a, and the reduced association of cyclin D-CDK4 and cyclin E-CDK2 complexes contributed to p27 upregulation as well as G0/G1 arrest induced by downregulation of cathepsin B and uPAR. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2938. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2938
Statewide Articulation Agreements between High Schools and Community College Career and Technical Programs

Recent legislation requires increased linkages between all levels of educational institutions. Articulation agreements are critical to ensure a smooth transition for students, and statewide agreements afford students more options for continuing their education. High school and community college instructors were brought together in a statewide meeting to review curricula and determine community college courses for which high-school-program-completers meeting certain criteria, including a specified score on the statewide occupation-specific assessment, could receive credit. Thirty-three high school programs were selected for statewide articulation agreements, with at least one community college program allowing articulation with approximately 50 community college courses.
A 0.5-V, 440-µW Frequency Synthesizer for Implantable Medical Devices

An ultra-low-power, low-voltage frequency synthesizer designed for implantable medical devices is presented. Several design techniques are adopted to address the issues in ultra-low voltage and current design. The charge pump (CP) in the synthesizer utilizes dynamic threshold-voltage and switch-coupled techniques to provide a high driving current with a low standby current. The synthesizer adopts a ring-based voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) that utilizes a dual resistor-varactor tuning technique to compensate for process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations and the exponential voltage-to-current curve. Implemented in a 0.13-μm CMOS technology, the 0.5-V medical-band frequency synthesizer consumes 440 μW while exhibiting a phase noise of 91.5 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz frequency offset.
Oxygen-assisted growth of Co/Cu multilayers investigated with X-ray scattering

Abstract Surfactants—surface additives which change surface kinetics—provide a useful additional tool for controlling the growth of thin films. A long history of work on the field has produced a sometimes conflicting view of what surfactants do, and little information exists in the particular field on non-epitaxial multilayer films. Using specular and diffuse X-ray scattering, we examine the effects of oxygen as a surfactant on multilayer Co/Cu films, and find that oxygen improves the layer-to-layer roughness correlation, while also smoothing the layers. Oxygen used at a constant background pressure of 10 −8 Torr has the best structural properties.
Alliance capability, stock market response, and long‐term alliance success: the role of the alliance function

This paper addresses two key questions: (1) what factors influence firms' ability to build alliance capability and enjoy greater alliance success, where firm-level alliance success is measured in two ways: (a) abnormal stock market gains following alliance announcements and (b) managerial assessments of long term alliance performance; and (2) are the two alternate ways of assessing alliance success correlated? We find that firms with greater alliance experience and, more importantly, those that create a dedicated alliance function (with the intent of strategically coordinating alliance activity and capturing/disseminating alliance-related knowledge) realize greater success with alliances. More specifically, firms with a dedicated alliance function achieve greater abnormal stock market gains (average of 1.35%) and report that 63 percent of alliances are successful whereas firms without an alliance function achieve much lower stock market gains (average of 0.18%) and only a 50 percent long-term success rate. We also find a positive correlation between stock market-based measures of alliance success and alliance success measured through managerial assessments. In addition to providing insights into the development of alliance capability among firms, this paper is one of the first to provide empirical support for the efficient markets argument by demonstrating that the initial stock market response to a key event positively correlates to the long-term performance and value of the event. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulfamethazine residues in swine: comparison of on-farm monitoring methods☆

Abstract Three sulfamethazine-residue detection methods were used to evaluate samples collected from five swine farms over a 12-month period. All cooperating farms included sulfamethazine in swine diets at various stages of production, for growth promotion or disease control, and followed recommended drug withdrawal periods. Swine finishing ration, swine urine, and swine serum from market-weight animals were tested monthly for the presence of sulfamethazine. Thin-layer chromatograph (TLC) analysis of swine urine was the gold standard by which three other test method-sample combinations were compared. Samples were analyzed for sulfamethazine using TLC (feed), competitive enzyme immunoassay (serum), and agar-diffusion swab test (urine). The relative sensitivities and specificities of sulfamethazine-residue detection for the three combinations were: (1) TLC analysis (27%, 94%); (2) competitive enzyme immunoassay analysis (58%, 59%); (3) agar-diffusion swab test (78%, 12%). None of the three methods tested was individually adequate for on-farm monitoring of sulfonamide residues. Sulfamethazine residues in swine urine were found on 43.3% of the monthly farm visits and in 19.7% of all swine tested.