cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of dementia screening tests with biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease

Screening tests for Alzheimer’s disease lack sensitivity and specificity. We developed the AD8, a brief dementia screening interview validated against clinical and cognitive evaluations, as an improvement over current screening methods. Because insufficient follow-up has occurred to validate the AD8 against the neuropathologic findings of Alzheimer’s disease, we investigated whether AD8 scores correspond to impairment in episodic memory testing and changes in biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (cerebrospinal fluid and amyloid imaging with Pittsburgh compound B) characteristic of symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease. We also compared informant-based assessments with brief performance-based dementia screening measurements such as the Mini Mental State Exam. The sample ( n = 257) had a mean age of 75.4 years with 15.1 years of education; 88.7% were Caucasian and 45.5% were male. The sample was divided into two groups based on their AD8 scores: those with a negative dementia screening test (AD8 score 0 or 1, n = 137) and those with a positive dementia screening test (AD8 score ≥2, n = 120). Individuals with positive AD8 scores had abnormal Pittsburgh compound B binding ( P < 0.001) and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers ( P < 0.001) compared with individuals with negative AD8 scores. Individuals with positive AD8 tests and positive biomarkers scored in the impaired range on the Wechsler Logical Memory Story A (mean score 7.0 ± 4.5 for Pittsburgh compound B; mean score 7.6 ± 5.3 for cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta protein 1–42). The AD8 area under the curve for Pittsburgh compound B was 0.737 (95% confidence interval: 0.64–0.83) and for cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta protein 1–42 was 0.685 (95% confidence interval: 0.60–0.77) suggesting good discrimination. The AD8 had superior sensitivity in detecting early stages of dementia compared with the Mini Mental State Examination. The AD8 had a likelihood ratio of a positive test of 5.8 (95% confidence interval: 5.4–6.3) and likelihood ratio of a negative test of 0.04 (95% confidence interval: 0.03–0.06), increasing the pre-test probability of an individual having symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease. Individuals with AD8 scores of ≥2 had a biomarker phenotype consistent with Alzheimer’s disease and lower performance on episodic memory tests, supporting a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Informant-based assessments may be superior to performance-based screening measures such as the Mini Mental State Examination in corresponding to underlying Alzheimer’s disease pathology, particularly at the earliest stages of decline. The use of a brief test such as the AD8 may improve strategies for detecting dementia in community settings where biomarkers may not be readily available, and may enrich clinical trial recruitment by increasing the likelihood that participants have underlying biomarker abnormalities.
Lightweight version vectors for pervasive computing devices

Traditional version vectors can be used to optimize peer-to-peer synchronization for pervasive computing devices. However, their storage overhead may be a prohibitive factor in scalability in an environment with a typically low communication bandwidth and a relatively small storage memory. We present a dynamic version vector design that allows small data sizes for version vector items. We call it the lightweight version vector (LVV) approach, and argue that a step increase method of LVV can be an effective solution for peer-to-peer synchronization of pervasive computing devices.
Evidence that the Immediate-Early Gene Product ICP4 Is Necessary for the Genome of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 ICP4 Deletion Mutant Strain d120 To Circularize in Infected Cells

Following infection, the physical state of linear herpes simplex virus (HSV) genomes may change into an "endless" or circular form. In this study, using Southern blot analysis of the HSV genome, we provide evidence that immediate-early protein ICP4 is involved in the process of converting the linear HSV-1 ICP4-deleted mutant strain d120 genome into its endless form. Under conditions where de novo viral DNA synthesis was inhibited, the genome of the ICP4 deletion mutant d120 failed to assume an endless conformation following infection of Vero cells (compared with the ability of wild-type strain KOS). This defect was reversed in the Vero-derived cell line E5, which produces the ICP4 protein, suggesting that ICP4 is necessary and sufficient to complement the d120 defect. When ICP4 protein was provided by the replication-defective DNA polymerase mutant HP66, the genomes of mutant d120 could assume an endless conformation in Vero cells. Western blot analysis using antibody specific to the ICP4 protein showed that although the d120 virions contained ICP4 protein, the majority of that ICP4 protein was in a 40-kDa truncated form, with only a small fraction present as a full-length 175-kDa protein. When expression of ICP4 protein from E5 cells was inhibited by cycloheximide, the d120 virion-associated ICP4 protein was unable to mediate endless formation after infection of E5 cells. Collectively, these data suggest that ICP4 protein has an important role in mediating the endless formation of the HSV-1 genome upon infection and that this function can be provided in trans.
Evaluation of intracellular diffusion in normal and globally‐ischemic rat brain via 133Cs NMR

The question of whether the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of intracellular water changes after brain injury was addressed by using 133 Cs as an indicator to report on the state of the intracellular environment. Cesium is an NMR-detectable potassium analog that accumulates in the intracellular space and is detectable in rat brain after being added to the animal's diet. The ADC of cesium was measured before and after the death of the rat. The cesium ADC fell from 0.91 ± 0.05 x 10 -3 mm 2 /s (mean ± SEM, n = 5) in the alive rat to 0.71 ± 0.05 x 10 -3 mm 2 /s within 20 min (the best time resolution of the experiment) of the death of the animal and stayed at this value for at least 3 h (P < 0.001). Assuming that the ADC of cesium reflects motion in the intracellular environment, these results support the idea that there are changes associated with cell injury that would cause a reduction in the ADC of intracellular water. Hence, one factor contributing to the decrease in water ADC after brain injury is a change in the ADC of intracellular water.
Effects of chromium supplementation to beef cows during gestation on beef cow performance and progeny development before weaning

Angus-cross cows (n = 66) were fed 1 of 2 supplements through mid and late gestation: (1) 1.81 kg/d of corn as fed (control) or (2) 1.81 kg of corn fortified with 3 mg/d of Cr as fed (Chrom). Chromium supplementation did not affect (P ≥ 0.24) pre- or postpartum cow BW or BCS, or BW and BCS change. There was an interaction (P < 0.01) of days in gestation and Cr supplementation for glucose concentrations only. During mid gestation, plasma glucose concentrations in cows fed Chrom decreased 0.282 mmol/L compared with cows fed control; however, by late gestation, glucose concentrations in cows fed Chrom increased 0.321 mmol/L compared with cows fed control. Supplementation with Cr did not affect (P ≥ 0.58) insulin concentrations or insulin:glucose; however, insulin and glucose concentrations were reduced (time effect; P < 0.01) as days in gestation increased, regardless of Cr supplementation. There was no effect of dam treatment on calf BW at birth (P = 0.40) or weaning (P = 0.56). Chromium supplementation did not affect (P ≥ 0.20) estimated 24-h milk weight in mid or late lactation. Milk composition was not affected (P ≥ 0.25) by Cr at mid lactation. In late lactation, cows fed Chrom had greater (P = 0.01) milk urea nitrogen compared with cows fed control, with no other differences observed (P ≥ 0.23). In this experiment, supplemental Cr during gestation did not affect cow BW, BCS, milk production, or calf birth and weaning BW. Regardless of treatment, as cows neared parturition, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations of cows decreased.
Numerical analysis and optimal design of efficient Si/SiC thin-film solar cells

In general, the efficiency of the single-junction solar cell depends upon various design parameters such as material type, thickness of layers, doping concentrations, texturing type and thickness of the anti-reflective coating. Typically, the performance of solar cells is determined by using a one-dimensional solar cell simulation software such as PC1D. Keeping external parameters constant (one-sun, AM1.5G solar radiation, and 0.1 w/cm2 intensity), numerical simulation and analysis of a crystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon carbide thin-film solar cell was performed using layer by layer optimization techniques. Our results show a significant enhancement in conversion efficiency of 20.82% for an absorber layer thickness of approximately 20µm and a buffer layer thickness of approximately 5µm. A noticeable improvement to the I/V characteristic curve was also observed. As our main objective, we propose a specific set of parameters to increase the efficiency of the single-junction solar cell with a novel buffer layer thickness.
The “Digital Revolution” Reconsidered – NPS Christian Bay Best Paper Award APSA 2015, San Francisco, CA

AbstractThis article responds to the 2014 American Political Science Association Annual Conference’s theme of “Politics After the Digital Revolution.” It first gives a brief assessment of how the discipline of political science has reacted to the digital revolution. It then seeks to couch the putative revolution in Thorstein Veblen’s theory of a “machine process” in order to recast it less as a discrete phenomenon to be dealt with by the discipline, but instead as part of an evolutionary process of social change that instils habits of mind of those who are subject to it, and who in turn, influence the machine process itself in a co-determinant manner. This article offers the synthesis of Veblen and the Frankfurt School to theorize how the digital revolution might be critically assessed in its evolutionary framework, and speaks towards an evolutionary critical theory for analysing political society beyond discrete events.
Infrared spectra of products of the reaction of H atoms with O2 trapped in solid neon: HO2, HO2(+), HOHOH(-), and H2O(HO).

When a Ne/O2 mixture is codeposited at 4.3 K with a Ne/H2 mixture that has been passed through a microwave discharge, the infrared spectrum of the resulting deposit includes prominent absorptions o...
The Relation Between the Volatility and Toxicity of Nicotine in Sprays and Dusts

Free nicotine is very volatile, while nicotine sulfate is nonvolatile. The toxicity of nicotine solutions varies in proportion to their conversion from the salt form to the free alkaloid. The volatilization curve of nicotine is almost an exact parallel of the curve of toxicity both of fumigation and spraying. Dust carriers follow this same law, i. e., an inert material does not free the nicotine as docs an active carrier and, hence, is less efficient.
SmartBottle: An mHealth Approach to Track Liquid Consumption

Water consumption is vital to human survival. In the past, being able to accurately and easily track water consumption would not have been a viable possibility. The SmartBottle makes this type of tracking possible. It may not be vital to most of us to know how much water we consume on a daily basis down to the milliliter, but there are several medical conditions which require this type of precision. SmartBottle prototypes have been built by combining the commercial water bottle with a small Bluetooth-enabled microcontroller LightBlue Bean. Validation testing proved that this product is accurate and reliable. This product will revolutionize how doctors monitor patients with hydration-sensitive conditions as well as make it easier for athletes to maintain optimal hydration levels, along with a host of other possibilities.
Convolutional neural networks for synthetic aperture radar classification

For electro-optical object recognition, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are the state-of-the-art. For large datasets, CNNs are able to learn meaningful features used for classification. However, their application to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been limited. In this work we experimented with various CNN architectures on the MSTAR SAR dataset. As the input to the CNN we used the magnitude and phase (2 channels) of the SAR imagery. We used the deep learning toolboxes CAFFE and Torch7. Our results show that we can achieve 93% accuracy on the MSTAR dataset using CNNs.
Meta-analysis of postruminal microbial nitrogen flows in dairy cattle. I. Derivation of equations

The objective was to summarize the literature and derive equations that relate the chemical composition of diet and rumen characteristics to the intestinal supply of microbial nitrogen (MicN), efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS), and flow of nonammonia nonmicrobial N (NANMN). In this study, 619 treatment means from 183 trials were assembled for dairy cattle sampled from the duodenum or omasum. Backward elimination multiple regression was used to derive equations to estimate flow of nitrogenous components over a large range of dietary conditions. An intercept shift for sample location revealed that omasal sampling estimated greater MicN flow relative to duodenal sampling, but sample location did not interact with any other variables tested. The ruminal outflow of MicN was positively associated with dry matter intake (DMI) and with dietary starch percentage at a decreasing rate (quadratic response). Also, MicN was associated with DMI and rumen-degraded starch and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). When rumen measurements were included, ruminal pH and ammonia-N were negatively related to MicN flow along with a strong positive association with ruminal isovalerate molar proportion. When evaluating these variables with EMPS, isovalerate interacted with ammonia such that the slope for EMPS with increasing isovalerate increased as ammonia-N concentration decreased. A similar equation with isobutyrate confirms the importance of branched-chain volatile fatty acids to increase growth rate and therefore assimilation of ammonia-N into microbial protein. The ruminal outflow of NANMN could be predicted by dietary NDF and crude protein percentages, which also interacted. This result is probably associated with neutral detergent insoluble N contamination of NDF in certain rumen-undegradable protein sources. Because NANMN is calculated by subtracting MicN, sample location was inversely related compared with the MicN equation, and omasal sampling underestimated NANMN relative to duodenal sampling. As in the MicN equation, sampling location did not interact with any other variables tested for NANMN. Equations derived from dietary nutrient composition are robust across dietary conditions and could be used for prediction in protein supply-requirement models. These empirical equations were supported by more mechanistic equations based on the ruminal carbohydrate degradation and ruminal variables related to dietary rumen degradable protein.
Characterization of High Performance Protective Coatings for Use on Culturally Significant Works

Protective coatings are commonly used to protect culturally significant works, such as outdoor sculptures and architectural elements. While the cost of damage due to corrosion is much higher than that of more common coating applications, the same types of protective coatings are used. Coatings having both chemical and physical intelligence that may offer superior weatherability and act as better barriers to water absorption than commonly used materials, such as waxes and acrylics, are investigated. Our findings indicate that the use of waterborne resins containing polyvinylidene fluoride with nanoclays of Laponite significantly improved performance and may be a viable option in the protection of material cultural heritage.
Carbon Dioxide: A Reagent for the Protection of Nucleophilic Centres and the Simultaneous Activation of Alternative Locations to Electrophilic Attack.

Abstract Indole was converted into several 2-substituted derivatives by using carbon dioxide both for N -protection and to give an intermediate carbanion stabilizing group. t -Butyllithium was used as a lithiating agent at the alpha -carbon atom of the indole enamino group. The resulting 2-substituted indole-1-carboxylic acids underwent smooth thermal decarboxylation under mild conditions. Alternatively, with longer reaction times the protecting group is lost during the reaction.
The Theory of the Individual in Economics: Identity and Value

(2004). The Theory of the Individual in Economics: Identity and Value. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 1112-1114.
Emotional & Multiple Intelligences: 10 Different Ways of Being Smart

The constructs of emotional intelligence and multiple intelligences show that there are more ways to identify human capacities than just through logical and linguistic intelligence, as traditionally measured by I.Q. This chapter explores the role of multiple intelligences in enhancing the effectiveness of holistic leaders. By harnessing rational, emotional, inter/intra personal, and spiritual intelligences, leaders can recognize and nurture the myriad gifts that people bring to work. The concept of multiple intelligences, as propounded by the Harvard Psychologist Howard Gardner, challenges the conventional view of intelligence that focuses on language and mathematical intelligence and recognizes various additional forms of intelligence to account for excellence in music, language, sports, and the like.
A discontinuous autoinhibitory module masks the A1 domain of von Willebrand factor.

SummaryBackground How von Willebrand factor (VWF) senses and responds to shear flow remains unclear. In the absence of shear VWF or its fragments can be induced to bind spontaneously to platelet GPIbα. Objectives To elucidate the auto-inhibition mechanism of VWF. Methods Hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) of two recombinant VWF fragments expressed from baby hamster kidney cells were measured and compared. Results The shortA1 protein contains VWF residues 1261-1472 and binds GPIbα with a significantly higher affinity than the longA1 protein that contains VWF residues 1238-1472. Both proteins contain the VWF A1 domain (residues 1272-1458). Many residues in longA1, particularly those in the N- and C-terminal sequences flanking the A1 domain, and in helix α1, loops α1β2 and β3α2, reported markedly reduced HDX than their counterparts in shortA1. The HDX-protected region in longA1 overlaps with the GPIbα-binding interface and is clustered with type 2B von Willebrand disease (VWD) mutations. Additional comparison with the HDX of denatured longA1 and ristocetin-bound longA1 indicates the N- and C-terminal sequences flanking the A1 domain form cooperatively an integrated autoinhibitory module (AIM) that interacts with the HDX-protected region. Binding of ristocetin to the C-terminal part of the AIM desorbs the AIM from A1 and enables longA1 binding to GPIbα. Conclusion The discontinuous AIM binds the A1 domain and prevents it from binding to GPIbα, which has significant implications for the pathogenesis of type 2B VWD and the shear-induced activation of VWF activity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Factor V Leiden and risk of ischemic stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study.

Background: Atrial fibrillation is a major cause of cardioembolic stroke. Since atrial and venous pressures are similar, genetic variants that promote venous thromboembolism may increase the risk of atrial thrombi and subsequent stroke in atrial fibrillation. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study of the association between the presence of factor V Leiden polymorphism and incident ischemic stroke within a prospective cohort of 13,559 adult patients with diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation between July 1, 1996 and December 31, 1997. Incident cases with ischemic strokes were identified through August 31, 1999 and matching stroke-free controls were enrolled. Results: One hundred thirty-seven case patients with incident stroke and 214 controls were enrolled. Cases were older, more likely to be women, and more likely to have a prior stroke, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, and coronary disease. The factor V Leiden polymorphism was present in 5.8% of cases and 3.7% of controls (P = 0.36). Among non-anticoagulated patients, 7/96 (7.3%) case patients and 3/81 (3.6%) control subjects were heterozygous for factor V Leiden (Odds Ratio 2.1 [95% CI: 0.5–8.4]). Adjustment for known stroke risk factors did not significantly change the observed association in non-anticoagulated patients (adjusted OR 1.9 [0.5–8.0]). Conclusions: Within a large nested case-control sample of patients with atrial fibrillation, factor V Leiden was not significantly associated with risk of stroke. However, given the suggestive nature of our findings, further study in even larger numbers of patients is needed to clarify the impact of factor V Leiden on stroke risk in atrial fibrillation.
Comorbid Psychiatric and Inflammatory Conditions in Dry Eye Disease

Dry eye and tear film disorders can frequently present in patients with coexisting systemic diseases. This chapter highlights two such cases, one with a comorbid psychiatric disorder and the other with a systemic rheumatologic disease. The first case particularly highlights the importance of depression/anxiety which can exacerbate symptoms of dry eyes in part through heightened pain perception. It underscores the importance of recognizing comorbid psychiatric conditions and using a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of such patients. This is consistent with recent studies from Japan demonstrating the role of subjective happiness in symptoms of dry eye disease. Therefore a comprehensive approach aimed at “restoring happiness” seems warranted in many patients with ocular surface disease. The second case, likewise, highlights the importance of considering associated disorders in patients with dry eye disease. In addition to Sjogren’s syndrome which is featured here and in Chap. 5, comorbid obstructive sleep apnea (highlighted in Chap. 11) and comorbid thyroid disease (not discussed here) are two of the most common conditions where the eye care provider can help make the diagnosis of a systemic condition in the setting of ocular surface disease.
Assessment of Ambient Exposures and Their Effects on Health in Chambers

Clinical inhalation studies typically take place in whole-body exposure chambers with tightly controlled atmospheric conditions and with exposure protocols intended to be representative of actual community or occupational exposure conditions, with respect to pollutant concentration, exposure duration, and activity patterns (Hackney et al. 1985). Chamber studies usually employ free-living volunteers drawn from segments of the population which are considered to be especially at risk from exposure to the pollutant(s) in question. The special risk may relate to increased responsiveness or decreased functional reserve, as in patients with chronic cardiopulmonary disease. Alternatively, the special risk may relate to unusually high inhaled doses of pollutants, as in healthy manual laborers and athletes who experience high ventilation rates for long periods of time.
Peruvian Social Mobility: Revolutionary and Developmental Potential

While Peru's economic development is highly influenced by its resource endowment and the price structure of its exports, the style of industrialization will be determined in large part by the type and amount of social mobility its class structure permits. Although similar ethnically to Guatemala and Bolivia, Peru so far has managed to forestall a basic social revolution and has developed under one of the most private “free enterprise” regimes in Latin America. It should therefore be interesting to examine the type of class structure and social mobility that underlies this stage of development. In terms of a model of the process of industrialization, I shall emphasize the distinctive features of the transitional stage. It seems that a folk-urban, traditional-modern dichotomy—or even a transitional type that is merely halfway between these extremes—is not adequate.
Performance Appraisal and Reward Practices for Total Quality Organizations

Some quality management authors argue that performance evaluation and reward practices, such as merit pay, represent a deadly disease and should be purged from the earth. Many of these same practices are generally seen as key elements of effective manag..
Creating Databases Using Tables

Packed with more than 16,000 columns and more than 1 million rows, each Excel worksheet has enough space to contain serious amounts of data—so it’s great for creating a database to store information and quickly find the items you need.
Development and Modeling of a Miniature Jumping Robot Based on NiTi Wires

In this paper, we present the design, modeling, and experimentation of a miniature jumping robot that utilizes Nitinol (NiTi) wires to store potential energy for the jump. NiTi wires were selected as a superior option to other energy storage medium (e.g., springs, carbon fiber) as they provide large deformations without breaking. Utilizing this option allows for the ultimate goal of designing a hybrid wheeling and jumping robot to be reached. The modeling of NiTi wires to predict the jumping performance is not trivial, owing to NiTi's nonlinear properties. Therefore, we develop mathematical models by considering the nonlinearity as well as asymmetric loading responses to capture the force, geometry, and energy during the energy-charge process. With the designed robot, the predicted jumping performance is close to the experimental results, verifying the proposed modeling methods. The robot has a wide range of applications from search and rescue, environment monitoring, to surveillance. Moreover, other systems that leverage the NiTi's super elasticity to store energy can use the developed mathematical model for NiTi wires.
Changes in the Perceptions of Self-weighing Across Time in a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention.

OBJECTIVE Changes in beliefs about self-weighing were examined across time in a behavioral weight loss intervention. METHODS Active duty military personnel (n = 248) enrolled in a 12-month counselor-initiated or self-paced intervention based on the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) Intensive Lifestyle Intervention. Using an electronic scale, participants were asked to self-weigh daily. Self-weighing perceptions were compared from baseline to 4 months (weight loss phase), from 4 months to 12 months (weight maintenance phase), and from baseline to 12 months (full intervention), as well as across time by behavioral and demographic characteristics. RESULTS Overall, participants perceived self-weighing as more helpful and positive, less frustrating, and making them less self-conscious after the weight loss phase. After weight maintenance, individuals believed self-weighing was less helpful and positive, more frustrating and anxiety provoking, and making them more self-conscious. However, after the intervention, participants still viewed self-weighing as more helpful and positive and less frustrating than at baseline. Weight change, self-weighing behavior prior to the intervention, and intervention condition were associated with perception change. Controlling for these influencing factors, differences in gender, BMI, age, ethnicity, and race were observed in how beliefs changed across time. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest engaging in a weight loss intervention promoting daily self-weighing increases positive and decreases negative beliefs about self-weighing.
Against Common Assumptions, the World’s Shark Bite Rates Are Decreasing

The trends of the world’s top ten countries relating to shark bite rates, defined as the ratio of the annual number of shark bites of a country and its resident human population, were analyzed for the period 2000-2016. A nonparametric permutation-based methodology was used to determine whether the slope of the regression line of a country remained constant over time or whether so-called joinpoints, a core feature of the statistical software Joinpoint, occurred, at which the slope changes and a better fit could be obtained by applying a straight-line model. More than 90% of all shark bite incidents occurred along the US, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand coasts. Since three of these coasts showed a negative trend when transformed into bite rates, the overall global trend is decreasing. Potential reasons for this decrease in shark bite rates—besides an increase in the world’s human population, resulting in more beach going people, and a decrease of sharks due to overfishing—are discussed.
Marketing exposure and smokeless tobacco use initiation among young adults: A longitudinal analysis.

Abstract Objectives This study examines the relationships between self-reported exposure to smokeless tobacco marketing and initiation/onset of smokeless tobacco use/susceptibility at 6-month follow-up, among a cohort of young adults in urban Texas. Methods Participants were 3597 18–25 year old never smokeless tobacco users, attending 24 Texas two-year colleges and four-year universities. A multi-level, multivariate logistic regression model, accounting for school clustering, examined the impact of self-reported recall of smokeless tobacco marketing exposure at baseline and subsequent initiation of smokeless tobacco use. A subsample analysis of non-susceptible never users (n = 3097) examined the impact of self-reported exposure to smokeless tobacco marketing at baseline and onset of susceptibility to use smokeless tobacco. Both outcomes were assessed at 6-month follow-up. Baseline covariates included age, race/ethnicity, sex, two−/four-year institution, and other tobacco use. For the full analysis, susceptibility to use smokeless tobacco at baseline was included as a covariate. Results From baseline to 6-month follow-up, 6.1% of never users initiated smokeless tobacco use (n = 219) and 7.0% of non-susceptible never users became susceptible to smokeless tobacco use (n = 221). Self-reported recall of smokeless tobacco marketing exposure at baseline was associated with initiation of smokeless tobacco (Adj OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.08–1.27) and onset of susceptibility to use smokeless tobacco (Adj OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.02–1.21) at 6-month follow-up, controlling for all covariates. Conclusions Findings build on previous research by demonstrating an association between recall of smokeless tobacco marketing and subsequent use. Findings are concerning given the 300% increase in smokeless tobacco marketing expenditures from 2006 to 2016.
The Genome of the African Trypanosome

Trypanosoma brucei is a diploid organism with a nuclear haploid DNA content of 35 ± 9 megabase pairs (Mb) depending on the trypanosome isolate. About 15% of the total cellular DNA is in the kinetoplast where it is organized as homogenous 23-kb maxicircles and heterogeneous 1 -kb minicircles. The remaining 85% of the DNA occurs in the nucleus as linear DNA molecules ranging in size from 50 kb to 6 Mb. At least 11 pairs of megabase chromosomes of 1 to 6 Mb exist that are numbered I-XI from smallest to largest. The two homologues of a megabase chromosome pair can differ in size by as much as 4-fold. Several intermediate-sized chromosomes of 0.2 – 0.9 Mb and uncertain ploidy are also present. The telomeres of the megabase and intermediate chromosomes are linked to expression sites for the genes encoding the variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs). In addition, about 100 linear minichromosomes of 50–150 kb occur and serve as repositories for unexpressed, telomere-linked VSG genes. About 50% of the nuclear genome is coding sequence. To date only one tRNA gene and one protein-encoding gene, specifying poly(A) polymerase, have been found to contain an intron. The complete sequence determination of chromosomes I and II (about 1 Mb each) is nearing completion and more than 20 Mb of discontinuous single-pass genomic DNA sequence data have been generated. Based on analogy with the Leishmania genome, much of the African trypanosome nuclear genome is likely to be arrayed as long transcription units of 50 or more intronless genes. Knowledge of this genomic sequence and its complete set of genes will open many new avenues for identifying better ways to control or eliminate this pathogen and its deadly disease.
Abstract 371: Synthetic lethal and resistance pathways in midostaurin-treated AML

Introduction: Mutations in fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) are common genomic abnormalities in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). When FLT3 is present as a dominant internal tandem duplication (ITD) AML clone, it is associated with poor treatment outcome and short overall survival (OS). A phase 3 study with the multi-kinase (including FLT3) inhibitor midostaurin improved OS of FLT3+ AML prompting widespread use, yet little is understood about resistance pathways and synergistic pharmacologic targets. We conducted a genome-wide CRISPR-KO (loss-of-function) screen in a FLT3+ AML cell line treated with midostaurin, validated results in vitro and in vivo, and identified distinct findings relative to limited CRISPR screening previously reported (Cancer Res 77:4402, 2017) with a very selective FLT3-ITD inhibitor (quizartinib). Methods: CRISPR pooled screens (GeCKOv2 library, >500 cells/sgRNA) of midostaurin versus vehicle were analyzed via MAGeCK. Gene essentiality was derived from guide abundance after 7-day selection of transduced cells compared to plasmid levels. In vitro validation included shRNA knockdown and/or inhibition followed by proliferation and clonogenic assays in cell lines and primary AML blasts. NSG mice (n=7/group) engrafted with MOLM-13-luciferase cells were treated with vehicle, single agents, or combination and evaluated for disease burden (IVIS) and survival (Kaplan-Meier). Results: We first confirmed our screening approach correlated well with previously reported essential genes (Cell Rep 17:1193, 2016; Cancer Cell 33:386, 2017;Genome Biol 16:281, 2015). We then identified >500 genes (FDR Conclusion: FLT3 inhibitors represent the first targeted therapeutic to impact AML survival and herein we use genome-wide CRIPSR screening to demonstrate that resistance mechanisms of broad-spectrum kinase inhibitors are distinct from those previously reported with specific inhibitors (quizartinib). Furthermore, we validate the select target BCL2 genetically and with the therapeutic venetoclax demonstrating in vitro and in vivo synergy, thereby justifying pursuit of this combination in future clinical trials. Ongoing efforts include validation of other targets that will be presented. Citation Format: Lindsey T. Brinton, Katie Williams, Shelley Orwick, Larry Beaver, Daniel Canfield, Casey Cempre, Jordan Skinner, Ronni Wasmuth, Quais Hassan, John C. Byrd, Rosa Lapalombella, James S. Blachly. Synthetic lethal and resistance pathways in midostaurin-treated AML [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 371.
A Study on Factors Influencing the Performance of Airport Security and on Responsibility Assignment of Security Task at International Airports

There are four major parties responsible for the aviation security activities at an airport; a government department for civil aviation(usually represented as Civil Aviation Authority), police, airport operator and aircraft operators with contracted security companies. There are also several categories of security tasks at the airport, such as passenger security screening, checked baggage security control, access control to restricted areas, cargo and mail security, and crisis management. This paper discusses the assignment of the responsibility of each security task to each entity involved in security activities. It analyzes the factors that influence job performance of each security task, and then selects the best organization for each task. The required data are gathered through a survey of the opinions of experienced security practitioners in the research area. The study utilized AHP analysis on surveyed data to see the relative importance of factors that influence security tasks and to decide the proper organization for each task.
An aerodynamic study of stress in children and adults

Peak oral air flow Vo was measured during the production of /t/ and /d/ during CʌCəC and CəCʌC bisyllables in a carrier frame by normal adults and children who were speakers of a midwestern dialect of American English. Adults produced significantly greater Vo than children, but only in some contexts. Initial stops were produced with higher Vo than medial, and medial than final, but this trend interacted with position of stress. A context-sensitive boundary cue hypothesis, a mechanical constraint hypothesis and a floor-effect hypothesis are introduced to account for the data.
Can Photovoltaic Plants Cause Voltage Flicker? – Field Measurement and Screening

Renewable energy, especially photovoltaic (PV), plays an increasing role in distribution grids. Due to the variable nature of solar irradiance, there is concern that PV plants may cause power quality problems, such as flicker. This paper describes flicker measurement data from five PV plants ranging from 400 kW to 10 MW, over twelve to twenty-four months. Analysis is provided to estimate flicker contributions from these plants. The contributions were not significant, and results show flicker levels (grid voltage fluctuations) depend more on the PV output power levels than the output variability. We found that PV ramping is too slow to cause light flicker in cases measured. Even the relatively large PV installations do not contribute in a noticeable way because of relatively slow power output changes. Data from this analysis are used to define the PV variability, grid strength and relative plant size that define a borderline of cloud related impacts on feeder voltage fluctuation. This borderline is formulated as a practical flicker screen for PV plants depending on size and grid strength. It provides an easy way to check flicker potential at the time of application processing.
College Goals: Do Self-Determined and Carefully Considered Goals Predict Intrinsic Motivation, Academic Performance, and Adjustment During the First Semester?

The present study investigated whether choosing autonomous goals for pursuing a college education and reflecting on those goals promotes intrinsic motivation toward coursework, higher grades and improved adjustment to college over time. Incoming first-year college students responded to the College Goals Questionnaire before starting classes, and to the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire and the Work Preference Inventory during their first semester. Results indicated that the degree to which students who reflected on their goals had high levels of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The autonomy of students' goals predicted grade point average, high intrinsic motivation, low extrinsic motivation, and improvement in social and emotional adjustment over time. These findings contribute to the literature on personal goals by establishing the importance of having well-thought- through and autonomous goals during the transition to college.
Differences in relative heart mass among deep-sea and coastal sharks with increasing depth

Cardiac morphology and mass have been associated with activity levels for bony fishes and elasmobranchs; however, there is little information on cardiac morphology of deep-sea sharks (living primarily below 200 m) and how that morphology compares to cardiac morphology of shallow coastal species. We examined relative heart mass and relative ventricle dry mass in 10 species of sharks from coastal to bathydemersal habitats (23–870 m) to test our hypothesis that relative heart mass decreases with depth. Relative heart mass and relative ventricle dry mass decreased with increasing depth of capture for sharks. The coastal, obligate ram ventilator Carcharhinus limbatus had the highest relative heart mass (1.17 g/kg) and relative ventricle dry mass (0.18 g/kg), whereas the deep-sea species Centrophorus uyato had the lowest (relative heart mass, 0.34 g/kg; relative ventricle dry mass, 0.057 g/kg). Our findings of decreasing relative heart and ventricle size with increasing depth support the visual interaction hypothesis as an explanation for reduced metabolic capacity in deep-sea sharks.
Understanding the origin of Tabula Rasa process-induced defects in CZ n-type c-Si

High-temperature annealing, known as Tabula Rasa (TR) has been the subject of recent studies as a method to make n-type CZ silicon material resistant to temperature-induced and process-induced lifetime degradation during solar cell fabrication. In this work, we study the defects responsible for the lifetime changes after TR treatment. We use temperature and injection dependent lifetime spectroscopy (T-IDLS) and the recently introduce defect parameter contour mapping to identify the Energy Level (E t ) and capture cross-section ratio (k) of the most likely process-induced defect. We also present a closer look at changes in surface recombination velocity before and after TR annealing.
Union of Radiocarpal Fusion With and Without Proximal Row Carpectomy: A Systematic Review.

Purpose Wrist fusion provides a solution to the painful, arthritic wrist, and can be concomitantly performed with or without a proximal row carpectomy (PRC). The benefits of combining a PRC with fusion include a large amount of local bone graft for fusion and a lower number of joints needed to fuse. We hypothesized that wrist fusion combined with PRC will have a higher fusion rate than wrist fusion performed without PRC. Methods A systematic review was performed to identify all papers involving wrist arthrodesis using the following databases: PubMed, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science, and COCHRANE. A literature search was performed using the phrases “wrist” OR “radiocarpal” and “fusion” OR “arthrodesis”. Inclusion criteria included complete radiocarpal fusion performed for rheumatoid, posttraumatic, or primary arthritis; union rates available; English-language study. Studies were excluded if case reports; diagnoses other than the ones listed previously; inability to abstract the data. Data collected included wrist fusions with PRC or without PRC, union rate, patient age, underlying diagnosis, and method of fixation. Results A total of 50 studies were included in the analysis. There were 41 studies with no PRC, 8 studies with PRC, and 1 study with and without PRC. There were 347 patients with a PRC and 339 patients had a successfully fused wrist (97.7%). There were 1,355 patients who had a wrist fusion with no PRC, and1,303 patients had successful wrist fusion (96.2%). The difference in fusion rate between the 2 groups, 97.7% versus 96.2%, was not statistically significant. Conclusions There is no statistically significant difference with regards to union rate in wrist fusion with a PRC versus wrist fusion without a PRC. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Diurnal burden of spontaneous seizures in early epileptogenesis in the post-kainic acid rat model of epilepsy.

Patients with epilepsy can experience diurnal seizure patterns. However, few studies in rodent models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) routinely quantify the diurnal pattern of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), and those that have conducted such assessments used small groups. This study thus aimed to define whether there was a diurnal pattern of SRS in the early phases of epileptogenesis in a large cohort (n = 40) of post-kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus (SE) male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were monitored by continuous 24/7 video-EEG in two-week epochs up to 6 weeks post-KA-induced SE. The total number of SRS by 6 weeks post-SE correlated to body weight at the time of SE insult (R2 = .1465, P = .0143). The total number of spontaneous behavioral and electrographic seizures, seizure severity, and seizure burden was recorded during lights ON (light) or lights OFF (dark) phases. All measures significantly increased with time post-SE; we detected significantly more seizures during the lights OFF phase of the post-SE monitoring periods. Moreover, a subset of rats demonstrated marked seizure preference in the lights OFF phase. Our study confirms that a diurnal pattern of SRS is variably detectable in early epileptogenesis in this model of TLE.
Comparison of the γ-Interferon ELISA and the Skin Test for the Detection of Sub-clinical Johne's Disease in Cattle

The diagnosis of Johne's disease in cattle can be difficult. Cattle are often infected for years before they begin shedding Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in their feces or mount a detectable humoral immune response. Current diagnostic tests, serology and fecal culture, are effective diagnostic tests to detect animals in advanced stages of disease, but fail to reliably detect infection in young replacement animals. However, it is thought that the majority of animals elicit a detectable cell mediated immune (CMI) response before fecal shedding occurs, and a detectable humoral immune response after fecal shedding. Therefore, it is important to evaluate CMI diagnostic tests as potential tools to use in the detection of subclinical infection, especially in replacement populations. There are two common methods for evaluating the CMI response to M. paratuberculosis, skin testing and the γ-interferon (IFN-γ) test. In the past, skin testing has not been viewed favorably in the literature. This may be in part due to the use of a gold standard (either fecal/tissue culture) to determine Johne's-positive status of individual animals. If the CMI response occurs before lesions are detected or organisms are at high enough concentrations to culture, then the skin test would be viewed as lacking specificity. In addition, no studies are published that carefully evaluate the skin test in known negative populations. Although the IFN-γ has worked well in research settings, field studies must be done to evaluate the usefulness of this test in production settings. Experience and research with the skin test and IFN-γ ELISA for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis has shown there is high agreement between the two tests. Therefore, our objectives in this study were to evaluate the agreement between the IFN-γ and skin test for the detection of Johne's disease, and to see if these tests detect the disease status of young animal populations.
Skateboarding Injuries

Skateboarding has experienced intermittent periods of popularity since the 1960s. Along with this popularity, there have been concomitant increases in numerous types of injuries. Most documented cases occur in boys aged from 10 to 14 years, with injuries ranging from minor cuts and abrasions to multiple fractures and, in some cases, even death. Although head injuries account for approximately 3.5 to 9% of all skateboarding injuries, fractures of both upper and lower extremities account for 50% of all musculoskeletal trauma. Not surprising is the fact that 33% of those injured on skateboards are injured within the first week of skateboarding. Most individuals experience some form of trauma during the initial attempt at skateboarding.
Cognitive Load Theory: An Applied Reintroduction for Special and General Educators:

There are numerous reasons why students with disabilities struggle in school. A key reason is professionals in the field may not pay enough attention to students’ overwhelmed cognitive capacity. Co...