cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Upwelling and convergence in the Middle Atlantic Bight Shelfbreak Front

Convergent and upwelling circulation within the shelfbreak front in the Middle Atlantic Eight are detected using a dye tracer injected into the bottom boundary layer at the foot of the front. From the three day displacement and dispersion of two dye injections within the front we infer Lagrangian isopycnal (diapycnal) velocities and diffusivities of 2 x 10(-2) m/s (4 x 10(-6) m/s) and 9 m(2)/s (6 x 10(-6) m(2)/s). These results substantiate model predictions of Chapman and Lentz [1994] and previous dye tracer observations by Houghton [1997].
Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Function

Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) constitutes most of the tunica media in blood vessels and plays an important role in the control of vascular tone. Ca2+ is a major regulator of VSM contraction and is strictly regulated by an intricate system of Ca2+ mobilization and Ca2+ homeostatic mechanisms. The interaction of a physiological agonist with its plasma membrane receptor stimulates the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids and increases the generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 stimulates Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Agonists also stimulate Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space via voltage-gated, receptor-operated, and store-operated channels. Ca2+ homeostatic mechanisms tend to decrease the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by activating Ca2+ extrusion via the plasmalemmal Ca2+ pump and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and the uptake of excess Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and possibly the mitochondria. A threshold increase in [Ca2+]i activates Ca2+-dependent myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, stimulates actin–myosin interaction, and initiates VSM contraction. The agonist-induced maintained increase in DAG also activates specific protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, which in turn cause phosphorylation of cytoplasmic substrates that increase the contractile myofilaments force sensitivity to Ca2+ and thereby enhance VSM contraction. Agonists could also activate Rho kinase (ROCK), leading to inhibition of MLC phosphatase and further enhancement of the myofilaments force sensitivity to Ca2+. The combined increases in [Ca2+]i, PKC and ROCK activity cause significant vasoconstriction and could also stimulate VSM hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The protracted and progressive activation of these processes could lead to pathological vascular remodeling and vascular disease.
Improved Algorithms for the Distributed Trigger Counting Problem

Consider a distributed system with n processors, in which each processor receives some triggers from an external source. The distributed trigger counting (DTC) problem is to raise an alert and report to a user when the number of triggers received by the system reaches w, where w is a user-specified input. The problem has applications in monitoring, global snapshots, synchronizers and other distributed settings. In this paper, we present two decentralized and randomized algorithms for the DTC problem. The first algorithm has message complexity O(n log w) and no processor receives more than O(log w) messages with high probability. It does not provide any bound on the messages sent per processor. This algorithm assumes complete connectivity between the processors. The second algorithm has message complexity O(n log n log w) and no processor exchanges more than O(log n log w) messages with high probability. However, there is a negligible failure probability in raising the alert on receiving w triggers. This algorithm only requires that a constant degree tree be embeddable in the underlying communication graph.
Cardiovascular, hormonal, and emotional responses to the TSST in relation to sex and menstrual cycle phase

The prevalence of stress disorders differs between men and women. An understanding of how men and women vary in acute stress responses may help to understand these sex differences. We compared responses to the TSST and a control task in healthy men (N=28) and women tested in two phases (Follicular N=29, Luteal N=23) of the menstrual cycle. Men exhibited greater cortisol responses to stress than women in either phase. Luteal women exhibited the greatest subjective and allopregnanolone responses to stress, whereas follicular women exhibited blunted noradrenaline responses. Partial correlations controlling for group differences revealed that individuals who were most sensitive to the subjective effects of stress exhibited the largest salivary cortisol, noradrenaline, and allopregnanolone responses and the smallest progesterone responses to stress. We discuss our findings in the context of sex differences in the prevalence of stress-linked disorders.
A Standard Reference Diet for Crustacean Nutrition Research VI. Response of Postlarval Stages of the Caribbean King Crab Mithrax spinosissimus and the Spiny Lobster Panulirus argus

Two experiments were conducted to determine if two proposed crustacean reference diets, BML 81S or HFX CRD-84, could serve as nutritional standards for early postlarval stages of the Caribbean king crab Mithrax spinosissimus or the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. In the first study, after an eight week trial period, survival of postlarval crabs (initial mean weight = 20 mg) was higher (P < 0.05) for crabs fed a control diet of commercial larval fish feed (66.7%) or BML-81S (45.8%) than for crabs fed HFX CRD-84 (16.7%). Final mean weight was also greater (P < 0.05) for crabs consuming the fry feed than for crabs fed BML-81S or HFX CRD-84 (710 vs. 460 and 340 mg, respectively). In the second study, after a ten week trial period, survival of second stage postlarval spiny lobsters (initial mean weight = 0.20 g) was greater (P < 0.05) for animals fed live adult Artemia (93.3%) than for lobsters fed HFX CRD-84 (26.7%) or BML-8lS (0%). Lobsters offered the casein-based BML-81S did not consume the feed and died within 25 days. Results suggest that BML-81S may be an acceptable reference diet for Mithrax spinosissimus, but that neither BML-81S nor HFX CRD-84 is adequate for the early postlarval stages of Panulirus argus.
An efficient, renormalized self-energy for calculating the electron binding energies of closed-shell molecules and anions

The energy-dependent, nonlocal correlation potential known as the self- energy that appears in the Dyson equation has a pole and residue structure that enables renormalizations of its low-order, perturbative contributions to be estimated. The partial third-order (P3) approximation has been extensively applied to the ionization energies of closed-shell, organic molecules and is the most successful example of a low-order, self-energy method. A renormalization based on the P3 self-energy estimates higher- order contributions by scaling low-order terms that chiefly describe final-state relaxation. The resulting P3 self-energy retains the accuracy and efficiency of the P3 approximation, but also improves the latter method's performance with respect to the calculation of anion electron detachment energies without the introduction of adjustable parameters. An application to an anion that previously has yielded only to more intricate treatments of electron correlation demonstrates the power of this simple, new approximation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 105: 803- 808, 2005
Replication origin plasticity, Taylor-made: inhibition vs recruitment of origins under conditions of replication stress

Among his many contributions to the field of chromosome structure and dynamics, J. Herbert Taylor showed that eukaryotic cells have many more potential replication origins than they use, which they can recruit when replication forks are slowed to complete S-phase in a timely fashion. Thirty years later, his findings raise an important but largely overlooked paradox. Although new data have confirmed his results, a larger body of data has revealed that slowing replication forks activates an S-phase checkpoint cascade that inhibits initiation from unfired origins until the stress is relieved. In this paper, in celebration of Taylor’s work published in Chromosoma 30 years ago, I draw attention to this paradox and offer some plausible models to explain how replication stress can both inhibit and recruit new origins. I hope that this essay will stimulate further experimentation into the basis of Taylor’s original findings.
Problem Research of the Value-Added Tax Transformation on Oil-Gas Enterprise

In order to support the development of the oil-gas enterprises, our country has carried out adjustment in great scope successively for these enterprises for three times. This article first analyzes the necessity of carrying out the value-added tax transformation on oil-gas enterprise; then through establishing a mathematical model, it analyzes the value-added tax transformation dynamically and roundly; and finally unifies an example to discuss the positive effect which is brought by the value-added tax transformation on the oil-gas enterprises. We suggest that it would be better to carry out the consumption value-added tax system on all oil-gas enterprises as soon as possible.
Learning in Technology: Reconceptualizing Immersive Environments.

Traditional models of technology integration can be classified into three general categories or perspectives: (a) learning about, (b) from, or (c) with technology. However, the increase in networking technologies has given rise to virtual communities, cultures, and worlds. This article proposes an additional perspective that acknowledges emerging technological trends associated with learning in technology. From this view, technology is not considered to be a topic or tool, but the environment in which learning takes place. A short historical perspective on the integration of technology is presented. Examples are drawn from existing virtual spaces (i.e., the WWW and Multi-User Virtual Environments). Implications for educators and researchers are discussed.
Poverty, food insecurity, and the behavior for childhood internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Objective This study investigated the associations of poverty and food insecurity over a 2-year period with internalizing and externalizing problems in a large, community-based sample. Method A total of 2,810 children were interviewed between ages 4 and 14 years at baseline, and between ages 5 and 16 years at follow-up. Primary caregivers reported on household income, food insecurity, and were administered the Child Behavior Checklist, from which we derived indicators of clinically significant internalizing and externalizing problems. Prevalence ratios for the associations of poverty and food insecurity with behavior problems were estimated. Results At baseline, internalizing and externalizing problems were significantly more prevalent among children who lived in poor households than in nonpoor households, and among children who lived in food insecure households than in food-secure households. In adjusted analyses, children from homes that were persistently food insecure were 1.47 (95% CI=1.12 to 1.94) times more likely to have internalizing problems and 2.01 (95% CI=1.21 to 3.35) times more likely to have externalizing problems compared with children from households that were never food insecure. Children from homes that moved from food secure to insecure were 1.78 (95% CI=1.07 to 2.94) times more likely to have externalizing problems at follow-up. Conclusions Persistent food insecurity is associated with internalizing and externalizing problems, even after adjusting for sustained poverty and other potential confounders. These results implicate food insecurity as a novel risk factor for child mental well-being; if causal, this represents an important factor in the etiology of child psychopathology, and potentially a new avenue for prevention.
Functionally Distinct Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mediated by Immature and Mature Dendritic Cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) potently stimulate the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to CD4+ T cells. Immature DCs (iDCs) located in submucosal tissues can capture HIV-1 and migrate to lymphoid tissues, where they become mature DCs (mDCs) for effective antigen presentation. DC maturation promotes HIV-1 transmission; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we have compared monocyte-derived iDCs and mDCs for their efficiencies and mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission. We have found that mDCs significantly facilitate HIV-1 endocytosis and efficiently concentrate HIV-1 at virological synapses, which contributes to mDC-enhanced viral transmission, at least in part. mDCs were more efficient than iDCs in transferring HIV-1 to various types of target cells independently of C-type lectins, which partially accounted for iDC-mediated HIV-1 transmission. Efficient HIV-1 trans-infection mediated by iDCs and mDCs required contact between DCs and target cells. Moreover, rapid HIV-1 degradation occurred in both iDCs and mDCs, which correlated with the lack of HIV-1 retention-mediated long-term viral transmission. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying DC-mediated HIV-1 transmission, suggesting that HIV-1 exploits mDCs to facilitate its dissemination within lymphoid tissues.
Integrating Nursing Theory and Ethics

topic. Integrating nursing theory and ethics purpose. To delineate: (a) ethical dimensions of nursing, (b) a moral view of persons, and (c) caring as a central value for nurses source. Existential philosophy conclusion. Special ethical theories are needed for nursing
Symmetry energy of cold nucleonic matter within a relativistic mean field model encapsulating effects of high-momentum nucleons induced by short-range correlations

It is well known that short-range nucleon-nucleon correlations (SRC) from the tensor components and/or the repulsive core of nuclear forces lead to a high- (low-)momentum tail (depletion) in the single-nucleon momentum distribution above (below) the nucleon Fermi surface in cold nucleonic matter. Significant progress was made recently in constraining the isospin-dependent parameters characterizing the SRC-modified single-nucleon momentum distribution in neutron-rich nucleonic matter using both experimental data and microscopic model calculations. Using the constrained single-nucleon momentum distribution in a nonlinear relativistic mean field (RMF) model, we study the equation of state (EOS) of asymmetric nucleonic matter (ANM), especially the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy ${E}_{\text{sym}}(\ensuremath{\rho})$. First, as a test of the model, the average nucleon kinetic energy extracted recently from electron-nucleus scattering experiments using a neutron-proton dominance model is well reproduced by the RMF model incorporating effects of the SRC-induced high-momentum nucleons, while it is significantly under predicted by the RMF model using a step function for the single-nucleon momentum distribution as in free Fermi gas (FFG) models. Second, consistent with earlier findings within nonrelativistic models, the kinetic symmetry energy of quasinucleons is found to be ${E}_{\text{sym}}^{\text{kin}}({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0})=\ensuremath{-}16.94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13.66\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}$ which is dramatically different from the prediction of ${E}_{\text{sym}}^{\text{kin}}({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0})\ensuremath{\approx}12.5$ MeV by FFG models at nuclear matter saturation density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}=0.16\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\text{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Third, comparing the RMF calculations with and without the high-momentum nucleons using two sets of model parameters both reproducing identically all empirical constraints on the EOS of symmetric nuclear matter (SNM) and the symmetry energy of ANM at ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$, the SRC-modified single-nucleon momentum distribution is found to make the ${E}_{\text{sym}}(\ensuremath{\rho})$ more concave around ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ by softening it significantly at both subsaturation and suprasaturation densities, leading to an isospin-dependent incompressibility of ANM in better agreement with existing experimental data. Fourth, the maximum mass of neutron stars is enhanced by the increased kinetic pressure from high-momentum nucleons at suprasaturation densities in SNM.
Nuclear DNA Content Varies with Cell Size across Human Cell Types

Variation in the size of cells, and the DNA they contain, is a basic feature of multicellular organisms that affects countless aspects of their structure and function. Within humans, cell size is known to vary by several orders of magnitude, and differences in nuclear DNA content among cells have been frequently observed. Using published data, here we describe how the quantity of nuclear DNA across 19 different human cell types increases with cell volume. This observed increase is similar to intraspecific relationships between DNA content and cell volume in other species, and interspecific relationships between diploid genome size and cell volume. Thus, we speculate that the quantity of nuclear DNA content in somatic cells of humans is perhaps best viewed as a distribution of values that reflects cell size distributions, rather than as a single, immutable quantity.
Drift-Diffusion Simulations of Potassium Channels

Ionic channels play an important role in regulating the cell’s membrane potential and internal charge. This paper will focus on a continuum model of the KcsA potassium channel. We will derive the Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations in general and then provide computational solutions for a 1D KcsA channel using experimentally determined parameters. The solution to the PNP equations consists of the time-dependent charge densities of each ion, coupled with the electric potential. The results will be used to solve for the time-dependent current in the channel in response to different time-dependent voltage signals, which can be compared with experimental data. 36 Copyright © SIAM Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited
Stability analysis of large-scale mined-out area and its control methods in Paomaping lead-zinc deposit

This paper investigates the roof strata stability of complicated mined-out areas and determines the reasonable control methods. Taking the Paomaping Lead-zinc deposit as the engineering background, the theoretical analysis, field investigation and laboratory mechanical experiments are carried out. The critical collapse area of goaf roof is calculated based on the equilibrium arch theory. In view of above researches, using three-dimensional finite element numerical simulation method, the deformation and failure mechanism of roof strata in mined-out area is analyzed and the corresponding control methods are put forward. The results show that the critical caving equivalent circular area of mined-out area is 6 191 m2, and the existing exposed area of the mined-out area is close to the critical failure value and its exposed area should be effectively controlled. The exposed area and span of the mined-out area are the main factors affecting the roof stability. With their expansion, the tensile stress appears in the roof, resulting in unstable failure. Forced caving of roof and surrounding rock will obviously decrease the stability of mined-out area, inducing the roof strata instability. Waste rock backfilling of mined-out area can effectively control the strata deformation, improving the rock mass stress and roof stability.
Glucocorticoids decrease prolyl hydroxylase activity without the cellular accumulation of underhydroxylated collagen.

Cells were isolated from the dermis of control and triamcinolone-treated rats. The triamcinolone-treated cells were 86% viable as determined by trypan blue exclusion. Radioactive proline was added to the cell cultures and total proline incorporation and proteinaceous hydroxyproline synthesis were quantified. The cells isolated from triamcinolone-treated rats incorporated less proline into cellular protein than did control cultures. The amount of proteinaceous hydroxyproline synthesized by cells isolated from steroid-treated rats was decreased to a greater extent than total proline incorporation. The percent of cellular collagen was decreased in steroid-treated cells. Although prolyl hydroxylase activity (EC 1.14.11.2) in the cells isolated from glucocorticoid-treated rats was decreased, the extent of prolyl hydroxylation of total cellular collagen was not decreased. The data indicate that glucocorticoid treatment does not result in the synthesis and subsequent cellular accumulation of underhydroxylated collagen.
Response patterns of EGb 761 in Alzheimer's disease: influence of neuropsychological profiles

We conducted an exploratory analysis of the influence of baseline neuropsychological (NP) profiles on the effect of EGb 761 (definition see editorial) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using this perspective, we stratified the intent-to-treat data set collected during a 52-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 120 mg EGb 761 based on cut-off points applied to naming and constructional praxis items of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog). Mean changes over baseline and percentage of responders in each NP group and overall efficacy were analyzed, using the ADAS-Cog subscale as outcome measurements for assessing cognitive performance and the Geriatric Evaluation using the Relative's Rating Instrument (GERRI) to measure social functioning. Three subgroups were identified: (1) right AD (RAD) subgroup, including 83 patients with primarily visual-constructional impairment; (2) left AD (LAD) with 25 patients showing predominant verbal deficits; (3) general AD (GAD) including 60 patients impaired in both cognitive domains. At the endpoint, the EGb 761 group of RAD showed an improvement of 1.7 points according to ADAS-Cog and 0.15 points according to GERRI, while the placebo group worsened by 1.3 and 0.02 points, respectively. The LAD patients worsened regardless of treatment; however, to a lesser degree in those receiving EGb 761 as assessed by the increase of 4.7 ADAS-Cog points and 0.13 GERRI points compared to 6.8 points and 0.20 points, respectively, for placebo. In GAD, the EGb 761 group showed minimal changes, whereas the placebo group slightly worsened on both assessments, resulting in favorable treatment differences of 1.6 ADAS-Cog points and 0.23 GERRI points. Retrospective analysis of overall efficacy indicated that a quantitative treatment effect favorable to EGb 761 could be observed in cognitive performance (p = 0.04) and social functioning (p = 0.02), even taking NP differences and baseline severity into account. However, qualitative EGb 761 effects could greatly depend on NP profiles--improvement could be expected with RAD patients, while EGb 761 effect should be considered more in terms of stabilization for GAD and delayed worsening for LAD population.
Early response of alveolar macrophages to Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection (43.23)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and elderly adults. Previous studies in humans and in animal models suggest that early infection with RSV may predispose to the development of asthma. However, the molecular mechanisms by which RSV induces changes in the immuno-environment of the airway are still largely unknown. The purpose of the present research was to identify the molecular effectors involved in the host response to RSV infection in alveolar macrophages (AMs). Seven day old mice were infected with RSV (4 x 10 4 TCID 50 /g body weight). Total RNA was isolated from airway AMs 5 hours post-infection and processed to perform expression analysis using the Affymetrix GeneChip (Mouse Genome 430 2.0s). A total of 424 genes were observed to be differently expressed. Of these, 187 genes were found to be up-regulated and 237 genes to be down-regulated. Many of these genes take part in cell signaling pathways including the IL-6 and p38 MAPK pathways. Interestingly, 10 genes were found to be involved in apoptosis. RSV infection resulted in complex and immediate cellular responses in AMs. Preliminary data suggests that RSV inhibits apoptosis of AMs. IL-6, amphiregulin and matrix metalloproteinase-13 may play roles in the subsequent development of asthma. This publication was made possible by NIH grant number P20 RR020159 from the LSU/Tulane COBRE-CEIDR Program of the National Center for Research Resources. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIH.
Intrarenal Urinary Extravasation With Formation of Venous Polyps Containing Tamm-horsfall Protein

AbstractCollections of periodic acid-Schiff-positive material are found in the intrarenal veins and in the renal interstitium in certain cases of hydronephrosis and unexplained unilateral hematuria. Using a fluorescent antibody to Tamm-Horsfall protein, a protein secreted by the ascending limbs and distal convoluted tubules, we have demonstrated that the venous and interstitial masses represent urinary filtrate, which probably enters the kidney parenchyma through forniceal or tubular ruptures.
Generic Local Hamiltonians are Gapless.

We prove that generic quantum local Hamiltonians are gapless. In fact, we prove that there is a continuous density of states above the ground state. The Hamiltonian can be on a lattice in any spatial dimension or on a graph with a bounded maximum vertex degree. The type of interactions allowed for include translational invariance in a disorder (i.e., probabilistic) sense with some assumptions on the local distributions. Examples include many-body localization and random spin models. We calculate the scaling of the gap with the system's size when the local terms are distributed according to a Gaussian $\ensuremath{\beta}$ orthogonal random matrix ensemble. As a corollary, there exist finite size partitions with respect to which the ground state is arbitrarily close to a product state. When the local eigenvalue distribution is discrete, in addition to the lack of an energy gap in the limit, we prove that the ground state has finite size degeneracies. The proofs are simple and constructive. This work excludes the important class of truly translationally invariant Hamiltonians where the local terms are all equal.
Pro-insecticidal approach towards increasing in planta activity.

BACKGROUND The adrenergic mode of action was investigated for the development of potential new insecticides. Clonidine-related analogs were tested against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Clonidine analogs lack translation owing to a possible vacuole-trapping mechanism. Physical property modulation via a prodrug approach was attempted to overcome this mechanism. RESULTS Clonidine showed insecticidal activity against M. persicae and B. tabaci. A prodrug of a known open-chain analog of clonidine was developed. While the prodrug had decreased pKa and increased lipophilicity and displayed good activity against M. persicae B. tabaci, the activity did not translate to cotton. Metabolic studies showed that the prodrug was quickly metabolized to the parent compound, and was further metabolized to a known vacuole-trapped oxazoline analog. CONCLUSIONS Adrenergic active compounds, such as clonidine analogs, show potential as insecticides; however, a designed prodrug approach did not overcome the lack of translation in this case. Studies confirmed that the synthesized prodrug analog metabolized in planta to the proposed vacuole-trapped compound. One possible explanation for the failure of this approach is that the rate of metabolism and vacuole trapping is faster than translaminar flow, and therefore the released pesticide is not biologically available to the target organism. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Epithelial self-healing is recapitulated by a 3D biomimetic E-cadherin junction

Epithelial monolayers undergo self-healing when wounded. During healing, cells collectively migrate into the wound site, and the converging tissue fronts collide and form a stable interface. To heal, migrating tissues must form cell-cell adhesions and reorganize from the front-rear polarity characteristic of cell migration to the apical-basal polarity of an epithelium. However, identifying the "stop signal" that induces colliding tissues to cease migrating and heal remains an open question. Epithelial cells form integrin-based adhesions to the basal extracellular matrix (ECM) and E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions on the orthogonal, lateral surfaces between cells. Current biological tools have been unable to probe this multicellular 3D interface to determine the stop signal. We addressed this problem by developing a unique biointerface that mimicked the 3D organization of epithelial cell adhesions. This "minimal tissue mimic" (MTM) comprised a basal ECM substrate and a vertical surface coated with purified extracellular domain of E-cadherin, and was designed for collision with the healing edge of an epithelial monolayer. Three-dimensional imaging showed that adhesions formed between cells, and the E-cadherin-coated MTM resembled the morphology and dynamics of native epithelial cell-cell junctions and induced the same polarity transition that occurs during epithelial self-healing. These results indicate that E-cadherin presented in the proper 3D context constitutes a minimum essential stop signal to induce self-healing. That the Ecad:Fc MTM stably integrated into an epithelial tissue and reduced migration at the interface suggests that this biointerface is a complimentary approach to existing tissue-material interfaces.
Forelimb Suspensory Gait Characteristics of Wild Lagothrix poeppigii and Ateles belzebuth : Developing Video-based Methodologies in Free-ranging Primates

The understanding of interspecific locomotor performance differences has been greatly expanded by video-based, kinematic analyses conducted in captivity. However, these techniques have rarely been applied to the study of free-ranging subjects as they negotiate the challenges of their natural habitat. In this study, the unrestricted movements of wild Lagothrix poeppigii and Ateles belzebuth were filmed from canopy level platforms at heights where these species habitually travel and feed. I used these video data to evaluate the capacity for Ateles and Lagothrix to perform forelimb suspensory behaviors in the wild. I analyzed a combination of temporal gait parameters and several other descriptive parameters thought to reflect categorical differences in suspensory ability and compared the results to kinematic data previously collected in captivity in an effort to address two questions: 1) Are the results between captive and wild subjects similar and, if not, 2) how does the performance of forelimb suspension differ in the wild? In general, temporal gait parameters derived from videos of wild subjects are comparable in direction, though not magnitude, to significant results previously reported for captive subjects. In both environments, suspensory behaviors of Ateles tend to involve longer, less frequent strides. In contrast to captive data, results from wild subjects indicate that Ateles exhibits a significantly longer no-hands phase relative to stride duration. Data also suggest that stride asymmetry and diversity in handhold ­patterns are particularly important to wild subjects, likely reflecting an important behavioral response to the heterogeneous nature of their arboreal environment. Reported interspecific differences in performance variables likely reflect differing capacities to respond efficiently to the challenges of pliant and unreliable supports using forelimb suspension.
North American Natural Health Products and Sexual Function in Aging Adults

In this chapter, we review and discuss the literature on the use of natural health products for promoting sexual function and healthy aging. Our research has been predominantly drawn from peer-reviewed journal articles, books, online databases, and e-books. We begin by illustrating the growing proportion of elderly people throughout the world, examples of sexual dysfunction in aging adults, and aging adults’ use of natural health products. We then expand on the purported uses of two organisms from each of the five kingdoms of life. After discussing the natural health products, we describe traditional usage, current usage in allopathic medicine, potential bioactive compounds, the physiological mechanisms by which these compounds act, and a conclusion about efficacy. Lastly, we discuss implications for future research directions.
Decision to Intervene with Various Lasix Doses in Adult Renography

1739 Objectives Diuretic renography (DR) is a crucial non-invasive study to identify patients with hydronephrosis who would benefit from surgical rather than medical intervention. Although there is a consensus for optimal Lasix dose in pediatric DR, Lasix dose in adults remains controversial. This study retrospectively evaluated three Lasix doses and correlated imaging findings with the final decision to intervene. Methods Sixty one patients (35 female, 26 male), age range 20-87 years, mean age 54 years with hydronephrosis underwent 67 DR studies at two different hospitals in a major health system. All patients received an average dose of 15 mCi Tc-99m DTPA intravenously. Twenty five patients received 20mg and another 25 received 40 mg of Lasix intravenously at 30 minutes post DTPA injection. Eleven patients underwent 17 studies and received 0.3 mg/Kg of Lasix at 10 minutes after DTPA injection. All patients had follow up examinations by a urologist or a nephrologist who decided on intervention versus observation. Results Review of patients’ renal scan reports revealed that quantitative analysis was not always used in the diagnoses of obstruction. The diagnosis of obstruction was sometimes based on visual evaluation of images and renogram curves. The comparison of different protocols revealed agreement between the scan and urologist decision to intervene in 20/25 (80%) of patients with 20 mg of Lasix, 17/25 (68%) with 40 mg of Lasix and 12/17 (70%) of patients with 0.3 mg/Kg of Lasix. Conclusions There was no major difference in three different Lasix dose administrations and medical/surgical intervention in our patient population. However, a larger sample size and strict quantitative studies are required to better analyze the different Lasix doses with patient outcomes. We recommend a unified protocol to obtain a higher sensitivity in management of patients with hydronephrosis.
The role of baseflow in dissolved solids delivery to streams in the Upper Colorado River Basin

Salinity has a major effect on water users in the Colorado River Basin, estimated to cause almost $300 million per year in economic damages. The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program implements and manages projects to reduce salinity loads, investing millions of dollars per year in irrigation upgrades, canal projects, and other mitigation strategies. To inform and improve mitigation efforts, there is a need to better understand sources of salinity to streams and how salinity has changed over time. This study explores salinity in the baseflow fraction of streamflow, assessing whether groundwater is a significant contributor of dissolved solids to streams in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). Chemical hydrograph separation was used to estimate baseflow discharge and baseflow dissolved solids loads at stream gages (n=69) across the UCRB. On average, it is estimated that 89% of dissolved solids loads originate from the baseflow fraction of streamflow, indicating that subsurface transport processes play a dominant role in delivering dissolved solids to streams in the UCRB. A statistical trend analysis using weighted regressions on time, discharge, and season was used to evaluate changes in baseflow dissolved solids loads in streams (n=27) from 1986 to 2011. Decreasing trends in baseflow dissolved solids loads were observed at 63% of streams. At the three most downstream sites, Green River at Green River, UT, Colorado River at Cisco, UT, and the San Juan River near Bluff, UT, baseflow dissolved solids loads decreased by a combined 823,000 metric tons (mT), which is approximately 69% of projected basin-scale decreases in total dissolved solids loads as a result of salinity control efforts. Decreasing trends in baseflow dissolved solids loads suggest that salinity mitigation projects, landscape changes, and/or climate are reducing dissolved solids transported to streams through the subsurface. Notably, the pace and extent of decreases in baseflow dissolved solids loads declined during the most recent decade; average decreasing loads during the 2000s (28,200 mT) were only 54% of average decreasing loads in the 1990s (51,700 mT).
Synthesis of ultrasmall, homogeneously alloyed, bimetallic nanoparticles on silica supports

Supported nanoparticles containing more than one metal have a variety of applications in sensing, catalysis, and biomedicine. Common synthesis techniques for this type of material often result in large, unalloyed nanoparticles that lack the interactions between the two metals that give the particles their desired characteristics. We demonstrate a relatively simple, effective, generalizable method to produce highly dispersed, well-alloyed bimetallic nanoparticles. Ten permutations of noble and base metals (platinum, palladium, copper, nickel, and cobalt) were synthesized with average particle sizes from 0.9 to 1.4 nanometers, with tight size distributions. High-resolution imaging and x-ray analysis confirmed the homogeneity of alloying in these ultrasmall nanoparticles.
CSF microRNA in patients with Huntington disease.

Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an expanded polyglutamine (CAG) huntingtin gene, with dominant inheritance. Patients with greater than 39 repeats are fully penetrant, and there exist unique clinical research opportunities to assess interventions that would delay onset, slow symptom progression, or interrupt the pathogenic process, especially in presymptomatic patients. Necessary for the evaluation of these interventions are quantitative biomarkers that can accurately characterize and track disease progression. Given the relationship of longer CAG length with younger age at clinical onset, the CAG–Age Product (CAP) score is most frequently used to quantitate exposure to mutant huntingtin in an individual patient, where in premanifest patients, a higher CAP score reflects greater likelihood of impending motor diagnosis.1 In this issue of Neurology® , Reed et al.2 characterize cross-sectional CSF microRNA (miRNA) levels in prodromal and symptomatic participants with HD. Participants were recruited from the larger cohort of the observational PREDICT-HD study, a study that followed the clinical progression of participants with premanifest HD over time. Using this CAP score, participants were categorized as a low (n = 10), medium (n = 8), or high (n = 10) risk of converting to a clinical diagnosis (n = 14) of HD. An additional 14 control samples were also collected.
Lloyd F. Novick, Cynthia B. Morrow, Carole Novick: 21 Public Health Case Studies on Policy & Administration

This review looks at a compilation of 21 case studies edited by Lloyd F. Novick et al. that provide a broad array of real-life public health challenges from infectious disease and chronic disease to development of evidence-based guidelines and a system of accreditation gathered from the experience of many authors—all seasoned public health professionals. Tracking the 2016 CEPH (Council on Education for Public Health) criteria, the cases provide a vehicle for students, public health professionals and others to understand the complexities of competing demands in public health. These case studies may be used as educational tools for a broad range of public health learners but are also intended to appeal to anyone who is interested in public health.
Environmental Variation and Territorial Behavior in a Terrestrial Salamander

The social behavior of terrestrial plethodontids has been widely studied. (reviewed by Jaeger, R. G., and D. C. Forester. 1993)In particular, territorial behavior has received considerable attention (Mathis et al., 1995). Territoriality appears to be widespread among terrestrial salamanders. It mediates inter-and intraspecific competition, and thereby shapes salamander distributions, regulates salamander communities, and causes the extinction and replacement of some plethodontid populations (Hairston, 1987, 1996;Jaeger and Forester, 1993). Because of the importance of territorial behavior in terrestrial salamander ecology, studies on how and why salamander territoriality varies are needed.
Pathologie des Magenkarzinoms

Im Magen ist die Dysplasie die best definierte prakanzerose Lasion. Dysplasien ohne gleichzeitiges Karzinom werden selten beobachtet. Die etablierte Klassifikation des Magenkarzinoms berucksichtigt Lokalisation, histologischen Tumortyp, Differenzierungsgrad, R-Klassifikation und pTNM-Klassifikation mit Stadiengruppierung. Die Lauren Klassifikation ist fur die Operationsplanung (Ausmas der Operation am Magen und Osophagus) von Bedeutung. Zusatzliche konventionelle Klassifikationsparameter sind als selbstandige Prognosefaktoren nicht bewiesen und besitzen keinen Einflus auf das therapeutische Vorgehen.
Dual Nationality and Soviet Diplomatic and Treaty Practice

The Soviet government has, from the outset, shown keen awareness of the grave tensions that disputes over dual nationality have habitually engendered on the diplomatic scene.1 Typical responses from Soviet quarters range from sweeping assertions that Soviet law rejects the very notion of dual citizenship2 to grudging admissions that “Soviet constitutional law takes the attitude that a person’s concurrent possession of the citizenship of two states is abnormal and can only have a temporary character”.3 Or, in the same negative tone, “in contemporary international law the principle is generally recognized that each person must be the citizen of some state and, to boot, of one only; from that perspective, the statelessness of apatrides and dual or multiple citizenship are equally undesirable”.4 Or, again, “in contemporary international law it is generally recognized that every person must be the citizen of some one country. In the event a physical person has two or more citizenships, it must choose one.”5
Isotope Fractionation in the Absorption Chromatography of Doubly-Labeled Compounds

Progress in mapping biochemical pathways of metabolism is limited by the rate at which both of two alternative aspects of analysis can be carried out, those of separation and those of identification of the intermediates. Within recent years, separation capabilities, exemplified by gas chromatography, have escalated far more rapidly than the corresponding capabilities for identification of the isolated fractions. The biochemist may be faced with a further difficulty in his task, namely, that the intermediate is present in such low concentrations as to be visible only by virtue of a radioactive label. Identification by the conventional techniques of organic chemistry, such as direct elemental analysis, molecular-weight determination, or mass spectrometry, is precluded by the limited amounts of material available, and alternative methods must be sought.
Forces in Joints

The skeleton is first and foremost a mechanical organ. Its primary functions are to transmit forces from one part of the body to another and to protect certain other organs (e.g., the brain) from mechanical forces that could damage them. Therefore, the principal biologic role of skeletal tissues is to bear loads with limited amounts of deformation. To appreciate the mechanical attributes that these tissues must have to perform this role, it is necessary to learn something about the forces which whole bones normally carry. In most cases, these forces result from loads being passed from the part of the body in contact with a more or less rigid environmental surface (e.g., the heel on the ground when walking) through one or more bones to the applied or supported load (e.g., the torso). In addition to the forces transmitted in bone-to-bone contact, muscle and ligament forces act on the bones, and these forces (especially the muscle forces) are large and important.
The Impact of Belief Values on the Identification of Patient Cohorts

Retrieving relevant patient cohorts has the potential to accelerate clinical research. Recent evaluations have shown promising results, but also relevance measures that still need to be improved. To address the challenge of better modelling hospital visit relevance, we considered the impact of two forms of medical knowledge on the quality of patient cohorts. First, we automatically identified three types of medical concepts and, second, we asserted their belief values. This allowed us to perform experiments that capture the impact of incorporating knowledge of belief values within a retrieval system for identifying hospital visits corresponding to patient cohorts. We show that this approach generates a 149% increase for inferred average precision, a 36.5% increase of NDCG, and a 207% increase to the precision of the first ten returned documents.
Extrapolation in the finite element method with penalty

Consider the model problem Δu=f in Ω, u=0 on δΩ. Here Ω is a bounded open subset of Rn with smooth boundary, δΩ. The penalty method provides a method for obtaining an approximate solution without requiring the approximant to satisfy boundary conditions. Unfortunately, we pay a price for this convenience, namely loss of accuracy. We show that this difficulty may be alleviated by a particular type of extrapolation process. For a particular choice of boundary weight in the penalty method we show that repeated extrapolation always yields "optimal" error estimates in the energy norm.
Absorption spectra of corneas in the far ultraviolet region

PURPOSE To study the corneal absorption in the far ultraviolet (UV) region between 260 and 190 nm. METHODS Thirty-four corneal samples of thickness near 20 microns were obtained from 18 porcine corneas and six human corneas with a microtome-cryostat. The authors conducted absorbance measurements of the sectioned corneal samples supported by two UV optical windows from 350 to 190 nm using a dual-beam spectrophotometer. Three whole porcine corneas were used to study the effect of freezing on the absorbance from 350 to near 290 nm. RESULTS The absorption spectra of porcine and human corneas from 350 to 190 nm were measured and three segments in the spectrum between 260 and 190 nm have been identified. The linear absorption coefficients were determined to be 2300 +/- 330 (cm-1) at 210 nm and 2410 +/- 370 (cm-1) at 193 nm for the porcine corneas and 2320 +/- 470 (cm-1) at 210 nm and 2340 +/- 150 (cm-1) at 193 nm for the human corneas. CONCLUSIONS A "window of ablation" in the far UV region between 220 and 190 nm has been identified in which short laser pulses of similar durations and different wavelengths may be interchangeable to ablate the corneal surface with similar characteristics.
Standardization in Causal Analysis

In comparative study, it is argued that (1) the standardization of variables and scales should be separated from the habitual use of standardized coefficients; (2) the use of standardized coefficie...