cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Axillary Management in Clinical T1-2N0 Mastectomy Patients with Positive Sentinel Lymph Nodes.

Following publication of the AMAROS trial, we sought to optimize axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) or postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) + axillary radiation (AxRT) utilization in cT1-2N0 patients with 1–2 positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) after mastectomy. In November 2015, our multidisciplinary group implemented a protocol to omit intraoperative SLN evaluation for mastectomy patients with cT1-2N0 breast cancer likely to be recommended PMRT if found to have 1–2 positive SLNs (age ≤ 60 years and/or high-risk features defined as estrogen receptor-negative and/or positive for lymphovascular invasion). We prospectively evaluated axillary management, short-term complications, and oncologic outcomes in patients with 1–2 positive SLNs. From November 2015 to December 2018, 479 of 560 (85%) cT1-2N0 breast cancers treated with mastectomy were potential candidates for PMRT. Intraoperative SLN evaluation was omitted in 344 (72%), thus following the protocol. Overall, 121 cases had 1–2 positive SLNs: 17 (14%) were managed with observation, 5 (4%) PMRT alone, 59 (49%) PMRT + AxRT, 16 (13%) ALND alone, and 24 (20%) ALND + PMRT. Protocol compliance resulted in less ALND (8% vs. 24%) and less ALND + PMRT (9% vs. 41%, p < 0.01). At median follow-up of 24 months, there was one regional and four distant recurrences, with no regional recurrences or differences in disease-free survival in patients treated with ALND versus PMRT + AxRT (100% vs. 98%, p = 0.67). Similarly, there were no differences in complication rates (p = 0.18). Omitting intraoperative SLN evaluation in cT1-2N0 mastectomy patients who would be candidates for PMRT if found to have positive nodes decreased rates of ALND and minimized use of ALND + PMRT without compromising outcomes.
The PFLOTRAN Reaction Sandbox

Abstract. As modern reactive transport simulators evolve to accommodate the demands of a user community, researchers need a platform for prototyping new biogeochemical processes, many of which are niche and specific to laboratory or field experiments. The PFLOTRAN Reaction Sandbox leverages modern, object oriented Fortran in an attempt to provide such an environment within an existing reactive transport simulator. This work describes the PFLOTRAN Reaction Sandbox concept and implementation through several illustrative examples. Reaction Sandbox Biodegradation Hill customizes the existing microbially-mediated biodegradation reaction formulation within PFLOTRAN to better match empirical data. Reaction Sandbox Simple provides an isolated environment for testing numerous preconfigured kinetic rate expressions and developing user intuition. Reaction Sandbox Example serves as a template for creating new sandboxes within PFLOTRAN.
A hypothesis on possible neurochemical mechanisms of action of cervical spinal cord stimulation in prevention and treatment of cerebral arterial vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with the high incidence of development of cerebral vasospasm that results in morbidity and mortality due to delayed cerebral ischemia. So far there are no consistently effective therapies for treatment of vasospasm in patients suffering from SAH. It is well known that cervical spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can induce vasodilatation and increase cerebral blood flow (CBF). Based on the experiments in animals and the studies in humans, we have proposed the possibility to use SCS as a therapeutic strategy for prevention and treatment of cerebral vasospasm after SAH. However, the physiological mechanisms of action of SCS in this regard are poorly understood. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of vasospasm after SAH may provide insight into the role of SCS in such conditions. We hypothesize that effect of SCS on vasodilatation may be related to modulation of activity of phosphodiesterases 5 (PDE-5) and nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), resulting in enhancement of nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway, which may help prevent and/or treat vasospasm after SAH. Further investigations on the physiological mechanisms of action of SCS would be necessary to support this hypothesis.
Oncogene Activation and Expression during Carcinogenesis in Liver and Pancreas

Knowledge of the carcinogenic process has been dramatically increased by the application of recombinant DNA technology and the discovery that mutated cellular genes capable of causing neoplastic transformation can be isolated from spontaneously appearing and carcinogen-induced human and experimental animal tumors. That single genes can cause neoplastic transformation was first demonstrated in studies conducted on acutely transforming retroviruses.1,2 Such viruses, the first being the Rous sarcoma virus, were shown to carry single genes, termed oncogenes (see Chapter 13), that were responsible for their transforming ability. It was also clearly shown that these retroviral oncogenes had homology to cellular genes and were in fact initially derived from cellular genes by retroviral transduction. The cellular homologs of the retroviral oncogenes are referred to as cellular oncogenes or proto-oncogenes. To date, about 20 retroviral oncogenes, each originating from a cellular precursor proto-oncogene, have been identified.3
COLLECTIVE ACTION IN DIVERSE SIERRA LEONE COMMUNITIES

Scholars have identified ethnic divisions as a leading cause of underdevelopment, due partially to their adverse effects on public goods. We investigate this issue in post-war Sierra Leone, one of the world’s poorest and most ethnically diverse countries. To address concerns over endogenous local ethnic composition, we use an instrumental variables strategy using earlier census data on ethnicity and include several historical and geographic covariates. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that local diversity is not associated with worse public goods provision across multiple outcomes and specifications, with precisely estimated zeros. We investigate the role of historical factors in generating the findings.
Supplements within a unidimensional semantics I: scope

Potts (2005, 2007) claims that Grice's 'conventional implicatures' offer a powerful argument in favor of a multidimensional semantics, one in which certain expressions fail to interact scopally with various operators because their meaning is located in a separate dimension. Focusing on Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses (= NRRs), we explore an alternative to Potts's bidimensional account. In our analysis, (1) NRRs can be syntactically attached with matrix scope, despite their appearance in embedded positions; (2) NRRs can in some cases be syntactically attached within the scope of other operators (whether attitudinal or not), in which case they semantically interact with them; (3) NRRs are semantically conjoined with the rest of the sentence, but (4) they are subject to a pragmatic rule that requires that their content be relatively easy to accommodate - hence some non-trivial projection facts when NRRs do not have matrix scope. In this paper, we only develop (1) and (2), which pertain to the scopal behavior of NRRs. (1), which is in full agreement with the classic 'high attachment' analysis of NRRs, shows that Potts's semantic machinery is not necessary: its effects follow from more conservative semantic assumptions once an adequate syntax is postulated. Because of (2), Potts's machinery makes incorrect predictions when NRRs have a non-matrix attachment and interact scopally with other operators. Semantic arguments for (2) were given in Wang et al. 2005 and Amaral et al. 2007, but were re-analyzed in pragmatic terms in Harris and Potts 2009a, b; we provide new evidence that suggests that in some cases the latter analysis is implausible.
Computer prediction of RNA structure.

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with computer methods to predict the occurrence of hydrogen bonds, which comprise the secondary structure, or folding, of the RNA molecule. Common foldings have been determined for many 5 S RNA molecules and closely related structures have been computed for the small and large subunits of rRNA. In both cases, the models are well supported by phylogeny. Much of the interest in RNA secondary structure prediction comes from the desire to fold messenger RNA (mRNA). The usual criterion for computing a RNA secondary structure is to minimize the free energy of the folded molecule. This model is a great simplification of reality. Three-dimensional effects are ignored and the energy rules used to assign free energies to structures are derived from melting data on small oligonucleotides. RNA foldings are usually computed to minimize free energy. At a finite temperature, the molecule is in some sort of equilibrium and a minimum energy solution must be regarded as a most probable folding. Energy is assigned not simply to hydrogen bonds, but to the stacking of one hydrogen bond over another. Various loops are given destabilizing energies.
Explaining variation in coalition agreements: The electoral and policy motivations for drafting agreements

This article explores the question of why coalition partners negotiate and publish coalition agreements before entering into a cabinet and why the content of these agreements varies so widely. Some scholars suggest that coalition partners draft agreements for electoral purposes, while others suggest that coalition agreements can be used to commit to policy negotiations. Although both sides of the debate have uncovered supportive evidence, the literature remains in disagreement. This article provides new organisation of previous work on agreements and develops two alternative theoretical arguments about the crafting of coalition agreements. It is argued here that coalition partners consider both electoral and policy motivations during the drafting of agreements and that the dominance of one of these motivations is conditional on the degree of issue saliency and division between partners. Empirical support is found for the theoretical argument that coalition partners include low saliency issues in the coalition agreement on policy dimensions on which they are less divided, and that coalition partners include high saliency issues in the coalition agreement on policy dimensions on which they are more divided.
Early to Middle Miocene Paleoceanography in the Southern High Latitudes off Tasmania

Paleoclimate proxy records from the southern high latitudes can provide key constraints on the possible role of ocean circulation as a cause of the middle Miocene global cooling event and the major development of the Antarctic cryosphere. Here we present oxygen and carbon stable isotope records of multi-specific planktic and benthic foraminifera and bulk fine-fraction carbonate from Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1170 and 1172 off Tasmania in the Southern Ocean. Paleotemperature reconstructions based on δ 18 O values of calcareous plankton suggest that the warm-season, near-surface waters in the subantarctic around the site paleo-locations were warmer than today by ∼2-4°C until about 14 Ma. The sea-surface temperatures were probably ameliorated by a warm current from the west that joined the circum-Antarctic current. A decrease in near-surface temperatures of ∼1-2°C is recognized between -14.5 and 12.7 Ma, offering direct evidence of the hypothesized middle Miocene cooling in southern high latitudes. However, the cold season near-surface temperatures were unaffected during this interval. Based on the Miocene plankton and benthic stable isotope records, we suggest that the cooled surface waters in the southern high latitudes contributed to the increased rate of production and dominance of cold southern-component deepwater after ca. 14.5 Ma.
Organometallic compounds—III: Some reactions of chlorodiaryl- and chlorodialkyl-tin complexes

Organotin-chelate compounds of the type R2Sn(Ox)Cl, where Ox− is 8-quinolinolate, are formed from the interaction of R2SnCl2 and R2Sn(Ox)2. Chlorodialkyl-tin complexes undergo chloride substitution when treated with such reagents as lithium butyl, β-diketones, iodide ion, ethoxide ion, and 8-quinolinol. Evidence is presented to show that some of these products have disproportionated. Evidence is also presented that some compounds, notably (C6H5)2Sn(Ox)Cl, (CH3)2Sn(Ox)Cl and (CH3)2Sn(Ox)I, are examples of five-co-ordinate tin, while other compounds investigated, including a “mixed chelate” compound (CH3)2Sn(Ox)(C6H5COCHCOC6H5), appear to be examples of six-co-ordinate tin.
Charitable Contributions in an Ideal Estate Tax

Charitable bequests have been fully deductible for federal estate tax purposes since 1918. The unlimited nature of the estate tax charitable deduction contrasts starkly with the income tax charitable deduction, which contains a complex maze of limits based on the donor's income, the nature of the donee organization, and the asset donated. Although many scholars have explored the income tax charitable deduction, few have considered the normative question of whether the estate tax should have a charitable deduction, and if so, whether any limits should apply. This Article fills that void by exploring whether various conceptions of an ideal estate tax base should include a charitable deduction, and if so, what that deduction should look like. Most scholars agree that the primary goal of the estate tax is not solely to raise revenue but also to further one or more of the following social policies: (1) minimizing the accumulation of dynastic wealth, (2) enhancing equality of opportunity, (3) adding progressivity to the overall tax system, or (4) backstopping the income tax system. The ideal estate tax base differs depending on which of these goals the tax is intended to further. This Article examines each rationale in turn to determine whether charitable bequests should be included or excluded from a tax base designed to further that rationale. It concludes that although all four rationales justify some type of charitable deduction as a normative matter, only one (furthering progressivity) potentially justifies an unlimited deduction similar to the existing deduction. All other rationales for the tax suggest a more limited deduction.
Current status of experimental tunneling results on niobium

Publisher Summary There has been a high level of interest in the electron-coupled-phonon spectrum of pure Nb especially since the discovery that nearly structurally perfect single crystal Nb-substrate junctions with niobium oxide barriers formed either by in situ thermal oxidation or by acid etching techniques yield anomalous value. This chapter discusses the method of fabrication of the single crystal junctions and the experimental procedures that are followed during the entire process, but it presents and discusses data only for a particular Nb-O-In junction. The proximity junction model is incorporated to diffuse scattering in the normal layer. Fabricated proximity junctions are characterized by definable parameters. A precise and unique fit using the single crystal Nb model is used to determine highly accurate conductance data, which is not available for either the very low or very high bias regions.
A search engine selection methodology

Commercial search engines, especially meta-search engines, were designed to locate the information by querying multiple conventional search engines and integrating the partial results generated by each search engine. A few meta-search engines attempt to intelligently select the search engines that perform best for a particular query. The problem of finding the search engine that performs best for a query is known as the search engine selection problem. This paper proposes a new solution to the search engine selection problem. The proposed solution borrows the summary schemas model from the multidatabase arena. It also utilizes user feedback and past performance to improve upon the future performance. A simulator was developed to show the validity of the model and to test its performance against solutions embedded in the design of some meta-search engines. Simulation results are presented and analyzed.
Proteomic Discovery of Biomarkers in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Brain Tumor Patients

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases often induce changes in the protein composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as this liquid bathes the brain and collects its secreted products. The detection and monitoring of such pathology-related changes can be exploited for their relation to tumor growth in the brain. The potential of using differential proteomic profiling in CNS malignancies to identify diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic response markers as well as therapeutic targets is currently being actively investigated. Furthermore, elucidation of the CSF oncoproteome may yield important biological insights into the pathogenesis of CNS neoplasms. New proteomic technology forecasts rapid screening, low sample consumption, and accurate protein identification in the CSF. These technological improvements will permit the gathering of reliable data on CSF protein composition in a clinically relevant microchip format in the foreseeable future. Here we review the current status of proteomic technology and its application to CNS cancers, with a focus on translational studies.
Dopamine inhibition of stimulated growth hormone secretion: evidence for dopaminergic modulation of insulin- and L-dopa-induced growth hormone secretion in man.

Previous studies have shown that the infusion of dopamine (DA; 4 µg/kg-min) both stimulates GH secretion and abolishes the GH response to hypoglycemia when insulin (0.1 U/kg) is given 30 min after the start of the infusion. Additional studies on the mechanism of this inhibitory effect are now reported. When insulin was given to seven normal male volunteers 15 min before the start of the DA infusion, the maximal GH increment (44.7 ± 5.7 ng/ml) was comparable to insulin alone (45.5 ± 5.3 ng/ml), and both were greater than the maximum increment when insulin was given 30 or 120 min into the DA infusion (17.3 ± 3.3 and 23.0 ± 7.4 ng/ml, respectively; P < 0.05). In contrast, DA potently inhibited PRL secretion regardless of the timing of DA and insulin; PRL fell during all DA plus insulin studies despite a maximal PRL increment after insulin alone of 24.4 ± 6.0 ng/ml. The GH response to 500 mg L-dopa given orally was inhibited by DA in a fashion similar to the insulin response. Thus, when L-dopa was given to si...
Tutorial MCDM-T3 An introduction to computational intelligence in Multi-Criteria Decision-Making: The intersection of search, preference tradeoff, and interaction visualization

We consider Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) as the conjunction of three components: search, preference tradeoffs, and interactive visualization. The first MCDM component is the search process over the space of possible solutions to identify the non-dominated solutions that compose the Pareto set. The second component is the preference tradeoff process to select a single solution (or a small subset of solutions) from the Pareto set. The third component is the interactive visualization process to embed the decision-maker in the solution refinement and selection loop. We focus on the intersection of these three components and we highlight some research challenges, representing gaps in the intersection. We introduce a requirement framework to compare most MCDM problems, their solutions, and analyze their performances.
Efflux-Mediated Drug Resistance in Bacteria

Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps characterized from bacteria of human, animal, plant and environmental origins. These pumps are mostly encoded on the chromosome, although they can also be plasmid-encoded. A previous article in this journal provided a comprehensive review regarding efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacteria. In the past 5 years, significant progress has been achieved in further understanding of drug resistance-related efflux transporters and this review focuses on the latest studies in this field since 2003. This has been demonstrated in multiple aspects that include but are not limited to: further molecular and biochemical characterization of the known drug efflux pumps and identification of novel drug efflux pumps; structural elucidation of the transport mechanisms of drug transporters; regulatory mechanisms of drug efflux pumps; determining the role of the drug efflux pumps in other functions such as stress responses, virulence and cell communication; and development of efflux pump inhibitors. Overall, the multifaceted implications of drug efflux transporters warrant novel strategies to combat multidrug resistance in bacteria.
Ethics in program evaluation

As is the general practice, the evaluation of social work is fitted with ethical structures, some of them encoded, most of them implicit in the activities, rationales, and compassions of the profession. It is useful to have multiple codes, expressing ethical concern from different perspectives, for each reaches into different shadows. Ethical behavior is not so much a matter of following principles as of balancing competing principles. Realization and resolution of ethical conflict come largely from within the individual social worker and evaluator. We describe three program evaluation situations to illustrate these points.
Trend Becomes Tradition: The Educational Challenges of New Communication Technologies

This article is based on the president's speech given at the business meeting of the 82nd Annual Convention of the Southern States Communication Association, San Antonio, Texas, April 13, 2012. The address examines the changing nature of education in the 21st century. Advances in technology and the Internet have made online education a real and viable alternative to traditional classroom education. The speech addresses the advantages and disadvantages of online education for both students and faculty.
Powers of observation in creative design

Abstract Being perceptive is a trait highly valued in scientific and engineering professions. What a scientist or engineer notices while considering a problem, evaluating alternatives, or interpreting data has a profound impact on how a problem is viewed and solved. This paper focuses on processes we believe underlie being perceptive: firstly, preparation—becoming attuned to salient or important features; secondly, assimilation-detection and exploration of patterns (invariants) as well as anomalies; and thirdly, strategic control-heuristic strategies for exploring the implications of what has been observed. These processes play an integral role in characteristic activities within creative design, including problem reformulation, the emergence of properties and constraints on the solution, and the ability to incorporate into the design experimental feedback from the environment and from experiences with prototypes and previous designs. The paper presents a computational model incorporating these ideas, implemented in a system called IMPROVISER.
Radar response of periodic vegetation canopies

Abstract Vector radiative transfer theory is used to model the scattered intensity from a layer of randomly oriented particles over a periodic rough surface. To account for the periodic nature of row-structured vegetation, the number density of particles within the layer is assumed to be varying periodically in the horizontal direction. Using Fourier series expansions and orthogonality properties, the radiative transfer equation is solved for the transformation matrix relating the incident and scattered intensities, from which the backscattering coefficient of the layer can be computed for any incidence direction and polarization configuration. The experimental component of this investigation consisted of radar observations at 1–5,4–75, and 9–5 GHz made by a truck-mounted system for a field of corn under three conditions: (a) full, which means that the corn plants were in their natural state, (b) defoliated, which was accomplished by stripping off the leaves and removing them, thereby leaving behind only ...
Segregation transitions in wet granular matter

We report the effect of interstitial fluid on the extent of segregation by imaging the pile that results after bidisperse color-coded particles are poured into a silo. Segregation is sharply reduced and preferential clumping of small particles is observed when a small volume fraction of fluid ${V}_{f}$ is added. We find that viscous forces in addition to capillary forces have an important effect on the extent of segregation $s$ and the angle of repose $\ensuremath{\theta}$. We show that the sharp initial change and the subsequent saturation in $s$ and $\ensuremath{\theta}$ occurs over similar ${V}_{f}$. We also find that a transition back to segregation can occur when the particles are completely immersed in a fluid at low viscosities.
Prenatal diagnosis and management of a craniofacial glioma detected at 20 weeks’ gestation. Case report and review of the literature

Abstract Foetal imaging and anomaly detection is advancing at a rapid rate. As a result, detection of foetal craniofacial abnormalities is increasing. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are currently the imaging modalities most commonly used. The authors describe the detection of a nasal glioma at 20 weeks’ gestation, subsequent prenatal monitoring and postnatal management with surgical excision at 2 months of age. The world literature regarding prenatal diagnosis and management of craniofacial malformations is discussed.
Oral cyclosporine in the treatment of inflammatory and noninflammatory dermatoses. A clinical and immunopathologic analysis.

• Cyclosporine is known to be effective in the treatment of psoriasis. In this study, we have used oral cyclosporine (6 mg/kg per day) given for 5 to 30 weeks to 24 patients for the treatment of 12 different dermatoses. Patients with the following diseases demonstrated a marked response or total clearing: 1 patient each with pyoderma gangrenosum, pityriasis lichenoides chronica, and psoriasis of the acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau type. Moderate to marked response occurred in both patients with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and the patient with hidradenitis suppurativa. Minimal to moderate responses were obtained in both patients with granuloma annulare, 1 of 2 with acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau, both patients with Darier's disease, and 1 of 6 patients with vitiligo. Little or no response was noted in both patients with sarcoidosis, all 3 patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris, 5 of 6 patients with vitiligo, 1 patient with pemphigus foliaceous, and 1 with pemphigus vulgaris. Clinical side effects were mild and transient and included dysesthesia, fatigue, hypertrichosis, nausea, and flushing. The most frequent clinically significant abnormalities were hypertension and renal dysfunction, with all factors normalizing within 1 month of discontinuation of cyclosporine therapy. ( Arch Dermatol . 1990;126:339-350)
Cyclosporin A-sensitive induction of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic switch is mediated via a novel pathway involving a MEF2 family member

Induction of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic cycle by crosslinking surface immunoglobulin is inhibited by the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506. This correlates with the ability of CsA to inhibit Ca2+-dependent transcription of the lytic cycle switch gene BZLF1. It is shown here that CsA sensitivity maps to three sites (ZIA, ZIB and ZID) that bind the serum response factor-related protein MEF2D. A synthetic promoter containing multiple copies of a MEF2D site from Zp, in conjunction with a CREB/AP-1 site (ZII) from Zp, exhibits CsA-sensitive inducibility. Furthermore, the Zp MEF2D sites were functionally interchangeable with MEF2 sites derived from heterologous promoters. While no evidence of a NFAT family member binding to either the MEF2 or CREB/AP-1 sites was obtained, it could be demonstrated that CsA-sensitive induction of Zp was mediated by calcineurin and NFATc2 in synergy with either phorbol ester or especially with the EBV-induced Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase type IV/Gr. These studies identify Zp as prototypic of a novel class of CsA-sensitive and NFAT-dependent promoters defined by the presence of MEF2 sites.
Repair of double-strand DNA breaks in Drosophila

Abstract This study describes the repair kinetics of DNA double-strand breaks in primary and established cell cultures of Drosophila melanogaster . Double-strand breaks, induced by X-irradiation, were monitored by neutral elution. In primary cell cultures 50% of the double-strand breaks induced by 10 kR of X-rays are repaired within 45 min and 80% of the breaks are repaired within 2–3 h. Repair kinetics in established cell cultures are similar; 50% of the induced breaks are repaired within 20 min and 88% within 3 h. Mutants deficient in other types of DNA repair were also assayed for their capacity to repair double-strand breaks.
Comparative performance of public and private sector delivery of BCG vaccination: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

Background: The private sector is an important source of health care in the developing world. However there is limited evidence on how private providers compare to public providers particularly for preventive services such as immunizations. We used data from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to assess public-private differences in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine delivery. Methods and findings: We used demographic and health surveys from 102629 children aged 0-59 months from 29 countries across SSA to measure differences in BCG status for children born at private versus public health facilities (BCG is recommended at birth). We used a probit model to estimate public-private differences in BCG delivery while controlling for key confounders. Next we estimated how differences in BCG status evolved over time for children born at private versus public facilities. Finally we estimated heterogeneity in public-private differences based on wealth and rural-urban residency. We found that children born at a private facility were 7.1 percentage points less likely to receive BCG vaccine in the same month as birth than children born at a public facility (95% CI 6.3-8.0; p<. 0.001). Most of this difference was driven by for-profit private providers (as opposed to NGOs) where the BCG provision rate was 10.0 percentage points less than public providers (95% CI 9.0-11.2; p<. 0.001) compared to only 2.4 percentage points for NGOs (95% CI 1.0-3. 8; p<. 0.01). Moreover children born at private for-profit facilities remained less likely to be vaccinated up to 59 months after birth. Finally public-private differences were more pronounced for poorer children and children in rural areas. Conclusions: The for-profit private sector performed substantially worse than the public sector in providing BCG vaccine to newborns resulting in a longer duration of vulnerability to tuberculosis. This disparity was greater for poorer children and children in rural areas.
Estimates of cost-effectiveness of prehospital continuous positive airway pressure in the management of acute pulmonary edema.

Objective. To estimate the cost-effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in managing prehospital acute pulmonary edema in an urban EMS system. Methods. Using estimates from published reports on prehospital andemergency department CPAP, a cost-effectiveness model of implementing CPAP in a typical urban EMS system was derived from the societal perspective as well as the perspective of the implementing EMS system. To assess the robustness of the model, a series of univariate andmultivariate sensitivity analyses was performed on the input variables. Results. The cost of consumables, equipment, andtraining yielded a total cost of $89 per CPAP application. The theoretical system would be expected to use CPAP 4 times per 1000 EMS patients andis expected to save 0.75 additional lives per 1000 EMS patients at a cost of $490 per life saved. CPAP is also expected to result in approximately one less intubation per 6 CPAP applications andreduce hospitalization costs by $4075 per year for each CPAP a...
Why Lotteries Are Just

IN this article, I shall offer an account of why lotteries are just. That is, I shall explain why a properly-constituted lottery is a just—indeed, uniquely just—way to allocate certain types of benefits and burdens, goods and bads. This idea has a certain intuitive plausibility, as indicated by the use of lotteries in various past and present allocative processes (such as the military draft). But with a few notable exceptions, it has received little theoretical attention. The account I offer rests on an understanding of what justice demands, and in particular on a conception of impartiality and its relationship to justice. This conception has, I believe, independent plausibility (that is to say, plausibility derived from grounds other than the fact that it makes lotteries out to be just). Moreover, it is consistent with the derivation of principles of justice within a contractarian framework, especially the contractarianism of Thomas Scanlon. I shall not develop this understanding of either justice or impartiality to the point where it can be used to address all questions of distribution; rather, I shall flesh it out only in that area of justice where it makes sense to ask whether a lottery should be used. This conception of impartiality will, within that area, be able to explain why lotteries should be used under the circumstances that intuition says they should be used, and why they shouldn’t be used in cases where intuition says they should not.
Infrared absorption of trimethylphosphine

Abstract The infrared absorption of gaseous trimethylphosphine has been obtained over the 650 to 5000 cm −1 region, and has been used for vibrational assignment of most of the observed bands.
THE PREAPPEAL CONFERENCE AND EFFECTIVE JUSTICE

Appellate courts—both state and federal—have experienced dramatic increases in court business since 1960. A popular policy to meet this demand has been to encourage litigants to end their appeals short of decision by the judges. Few of these programs have been evaluated; and of those few the evidence is either insufficient to support claims of effectiveness, or demonstrate that some preappeal procedures do not work.
A Study of Grazing Behavior of Copepods Using Digital Holographic Cinematography

Generating proper feeding currents for entraining prey is one of the important features in the grazing behavior of (∼1mm) copepods. These feeding currents vary with the copepod species, as well as with the species or strains and concentration of prey (∼10 μm) dinoflagellates. Calanoid copepods also hover for a while, while slowly sinking, and then intermittently jump to a different location. In our study, we employed high speed digital holographic cinematography to measure elements of the flow field around copepods in an environment seeded with dinoflagellates. In most cases, the flow field and feeding currents were characterized based on the trajectories of the dinoflagellates. However, in some of the tests we also added neutrally buoyant 20 μm particles as independent flow tracers. At low magnifications, we simultaneously recorded two perpendicular views to obtain the same spatial resolution in all directions. Data were recorded at varying magnifications and frame rates. In recent experiments, we exposed the copepods to different strains of the same dinoflagellate species that have varying levels of toxicity, and measured the resulting changes to the grazing behavior of the copepods. Here we present results from two of these experimental setups: Acartia tonsa with Karlodinium veneficum (non toxic strain) and Acartia tonsa in particle seeded flow. Issues such as swimming characteristics, feeding classification (raptorial vs. filter feeding approaches) and copepod response to different environmental settings were addressed.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Novel in-line metrology methods for Fin pitch walking monitoring in 14nm node and beyond

Integrated circuits from 22nm node and beyond utilize many innovative techniques to achieve features that are well beyond the resolution limit of 193nm immersion lithography. The introduction of complex 3D structures in device design presents additional challenges that require more sophisticated metrology with high accuracy and precision. One such example is pitch walking induced by multiple-patterning techniques. Quantification of pitch walking has traditionally been a challenge. In this paper, we present two ways of detecting pitch walking using optical and X-ray techniques. In scatterometry, this work investigates the feasibility of non-orthogonal azimuth angle spectroscopic reflectometry setups for Fin pitch walking measurements, which is useful for in-line monitoring in 14nm node microelectronics manufacturing. Simulations show a significant improvement in pitch walking sensitivity using 45 degree azimuth scan. Other relevant considerations for pitch walking modeling in scatterometry, such as parameter correlations, are also discussed. Another approach is using high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD).Which is sensitive to the crystalline films. Pitch walking is seen as additional peaks in the diffraction and the intensities can be used to quantify the pitch walking. In addition, additional information about the Fin profiles, e.g. sidewall angle, CD and height, can be obtained. Note that in HRXRD measurements, all the parameters are deconvolved from the pitch walking. In this paper, we will discuss the results from measurements using the two techniques and how the combination of the two techniques can give complete information about the fins needed for in-line monitoring.
A Convenient Method for Removing All Highly-Colored Byproducts Generated during Olefin Metathesis Reactions

Addition of a very modest amount of lead tetraacetate (1.50 equiv relative to the amount of Grubbs catalyst) to ring-closing metathesis reaction mixtures effectively removes all colored ruthenium and phosphine impurities to deliver colorless reaction products.
Source materials of the German occupation of the Baltic states, 1941–1944: Problems and possibilities

(1990). Source materials of the German occupation of the Baltic states, 1941–1944: Problems and possibilities. Journal of Baltic Studies: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 319-334.
Sip4, a Snf1 kinase‐dependent transcriptional activator, binds to the carbon source‐responsive element of gluconeogenic genes

The carbon source-responsive element (CSRE) mediates transcriptional activation of the gluconeogenic genes during growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on non-fermentable carbon sources. Previous studies have suggested that the Cat8 protein activates the expression of CSRE-binding factors. We show here that one of these factors is Sip4, a glucose-regulated C6 zinc cluster activator which was identified by its interaction with the Snf1 protein kinase. We present genetic evidence that Sip4 contributes to transcriptional activation by the CSRE and biochemical evidence that Sip4 binds to the CSRE. Binding was detected in electrophoretic mobility shift assays with both yeast nuclear extracts and a bacterially expressed Sip4 fusion protein. Evidence suggests that Sip4 also activates the expression of other CSRE-binding proteins. Finally, we show that Cat8 regulates SIP4 expression and that overexpression of Sip4 compensates for loss of Cat8. We propose a model for activation by the CSRE in which Sip4 and Cat8 have related functions, but Cat8 is the primary regulator because it controls Sip4 expression.
On the number of cycles of given length of a free word in several random permutations

Let w ≠ 1 be a free word in the symbols g1,…, gk and their inverses (i.e., an element of the free group Fk). For any s1,…, sk, in the group sn of all permutation of n objects, we denote by w(s1,…,sk) ϵ Sn the permutation obtained by replacing g1,…, gk with s1,…, sk in the expression of w. Let X (s1,…, sk) denote the number of cycles of length L of w(s1,…, sk). For fixed w and L, we show that X, viewed as a random variable on Snk, has (for n ∞) a Poisson-type limit distribution, which can be computed precisely. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transition in a Supersonic Boundary-Layer Due to Roughness and Acoustic Disturbances

The transition process induced by the interaction of an isolated roughness with acoustic disturbances in the free stream is numerically investigated for a boundary layer over a flat plate with a blunted leading edge at a free stream Mach number of 3.5. The roughness is assumed to be of Gaussian shape and the acoustic disturbances are introduced as boundary condition at the outer field. The governing equations are solved using the 5'h-~rder accurate weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme for space discretization and using third- order total-variation-diminishing (TVD) Runge- Kutta scheme for time integration. The steady field induced by the two and three-dimensional roughness is also computed. The flow field induced by two-dimensional roughness exhibits different characteristics depending on the roughness heights. At small roughness heights the flow passes smoothly over the roughness, at moderate heights the flow separates downstream of the roughness and at larger roughness heights the flow separates upstream and downstream of the roughness. Computations also show that disturbances inside the boundary layer is due to the direct interaction of the acoustic waves and isolated roughness plays a minor role in generating instability waves.
Teaching Advanced Practice Nursing Students How to Use the Internet to Support an Evidence-based Clinical Practice

In the past decade, clinicians have dramatically increased their use of the Internet as an information resource to guide clinical practice. The amount of evidence-based information on the World Wide Web (WWW) is growing at an explosive rate. Although the term "Internet" actually refers to the wires that link computers, and the term "World Wide Web" refers to the linked information, these terms will be used interchangeably in this article. Advanced practice nurses (APNs) need to learn how to locate evidence-based information efficiently on the Internet, how to evaluate the validity and relevance of the information, and how to use the information to support their practice decisions. This article describes a research course that the author teaches to APN students at the University of San Francisco School of Nursing. The course was designed to improve students' skills in using the Internet to support an evidence-based clinical practice (EBCP). The information in this article can assist nurse educators in teaching their APN students how to locate and evaluate evidence-based information on the Internet. It also can assist practicing APNs in using the Internet to facilitate an EBCP.
Intraspecific fighting in albino mice with septal forebrain lesions

Abstract Male mice with septal lesions showed a dramatic postoperative increase in emotionality characterized by vigorous biting when restrained and exaggerated attempts to escape capture. In tests of intraspecific aggression they showed little or no fighting behavior and were defeated by normal or sham-lesioned controls. Pre-operative winning experience did not ameliorate the deficit in aggressive behavior. These results are contrary to those previously obtained with rats and hamsters and suggest a species-dependent effect of the lesion on aggressive behavior.
Applying an Instance-Specific Model to Longitudinal Clinical Data for Prediction

Dynamic Bayesian Belief networks (DBNs) have been commonly used to represent temporal data in several domains, however, an ideal representation requires a near perfect mapping between the process being modeled and the DBN. Furthermore, DBNs assume a full set of observations collected at a fixed frequency. Bayesian model selection has arisen to address biased inference and underlying assumptions about the data (e.g., distribution, representative ness) to choose a model that best fits the given observations. Per patient case, a Bayesian model is generated to maximize specificity, and the collective set of models is averaged to fit all examples. This paper demonstrates the advantages of patient-specific modeling over a DBN-driven approach. Results evaluating this approach are presented based on models for two longitudinal clinical datasets (neuro-oncology, knee osteoarthritis). Largely, the patient-specific models show improved performance in prediction relative to the DBNs.
Fungal immune evasion in a model host-pathogen interaction: Candida albicans versus macrophages.

The innate immune system is the primary line of defense against systemic fungal infections. As a result, the interaction between Candida albicans, the most important fungal pathogen in the developed world, and innate immune phagocytes has received significant attention as a key infection determinant, revealing complex transcriptional and developmental responses in both cell types. The availability of easily propagated macrophage-like cell lines and the remarkable morphological switch that occurs in phagocytosed C. albicans cells have made this an important model of host–pathogen interactions. Several lines of evidence have emerged that C. albicans actively resists recognition by the immune system and inhibits some of the classical antimicrobial responses. This Pearl will discuss recent findings in Candida–macrophage interactions.
Estimation of freeboard requirements against overtopping of surface impoundments under seismic action

The excitation of structural components and liquid contents of surface impoundments by seismic waves can generate turbulence that is large enough to overtop the bounding berms. In cases in which the liquids are wastes from industrial/municipal operations, their release from impoundments can pose significant risks to the environment. In this analysis, the freeboard magnitudes that can accommodate liquid head levels in impoundments are determined through linkage of configuration of waves in the liquid surface to incident seismic wave characteristics, liquid characteristics and impoundment design. For an impoundment site in a region of ground acceleration levels ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 g and impacted by seismic shear wave velocity of 180 m/s, freeboard requirements are in the range of 0.004–2.0 m on soft soil; 0.008–0.7 m on medium-dense soil; and 0.002–0.1 m for dense soil. For the same impoundment design, ground acceleration and incident wave characteristics, freeboard requirements are directly proportional to the depth of the soil mantle over bedrock. The impoundment slope, which is a key parameter with regards to liquid holding volumetric capacity of the impoundment, is a less significant parameter than depth to bedrock with regard to the size of the required freeboard. This implies that siting of an impoundment should be considered to be critical to impoundment performance in seismic zones.
Electrical and Optical Properties of Non‐Crystalline AsSeCd Thin Films

The electrical and optical properties of various compositions of vapor deposited AsSeCd thin films are studied and the results analysed on the basis of recent ideas proposed to explain the nature of defects in chalcogenides. Die elektrischen und optischen Eigenschaften von aus der Dampfphase abgeschiedenen, dunnen AsSeCd-Schichten unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung werden untersucht und die Ergebnisse auf der Grundlage von kurzlich vorgeschlagenen Vorstellungen zur Art der Defekte in Chalkogeniden analysiert.
Travelling-wave operation of a tunable cw dye laser

Abstract A ring cavity configuration for a tunable cw dye laser is described. A substantial reduction of the output bandwidth of the ring laser with increase in power for unidirectional or traveling-wave operation has been demonstrated. The advantages of the ring configuration for single-frequency operation of cw dye lasers are explored.