cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Questioning Questions: Elementary Teachers’ Adaptations of Investigation Questions Across the Inquiry Continuum

Questioning is a central practice in science classrooms. However, not every question translates into a “good” science investigation. Questions that drive science investigations can be provided by many sources including the teacher, the curriculum, or the student. The variations in the source of investigation questions were explored in this study. A dataset of 120 elementary science classroom videos and associated lesson plans from 40 elementary teachers (K-5) across 21 elementary school campuses were scored on an instrument measuring the amount of teacher-direction or student-direction of the lessons’ investigation questions. Results indicated that the investigation questions were overwhelmingly teacher directed in nature, with no opportunities for students to develop their own questions for investigation. This study has implications for researchers and practitioners alike, calling attention to the teacher-directed nature of investigation questions in existing science curriculum materials, and the need for teacher training in instructional strategies to adapt their existing curriculum materials across the continuum of teacher-directed and student-directed investigation questions. Teachers need strategies for adapting the teacher-directed questions provided in their existing curriculum materials in order to allow students the opportunity to engage in this essential scientific practice.
Principles of Ultrasound and Applied Ultrasound Physics Relevant for Advanced Sonographers

Sound waves are a form of energy propagation and are characterized by frequency, wavelength, and velocity. Ultrasound is high-frequency sound above the audible range. Sound intensity decreases exponentially as it proceeds away from the sound source due to the inverse square law. In addition sound is attenuated as it travels through the medium, and this attenuation is frequency dependent such that higher frequencies are attenuated more rapidly. Ultrasound is generated in crystals that have the piezoelectric property. The ultrasound probe used in neck ultrasound is typically a linear array probe and is made up of numerous independently controlled crystals. Each crystal generates sound and also acts to detect the returning echo. From the data of returning echoes, a 2-D grayscale image is constructed by the computer. In ultrasound imaging, axial resolution is dependent on the sound frequency with better resolution obtained with high-frequency sound waves. Lateral resolution is dependent on beam width and is improved at the focal point of the sound beam. High-frequency probes generally produce better image resolution at the expense of less depth of penetration. Probes used for neck ultrasound are typically in the range of 7.5–18 MHz. Image artifacts are commonly seen as a consequence of the properties of sound waves and can be helpful in diagnosis
Laser‐Initiated Radical Trifluoromethylation of Peptides and Proteins: Application to Mass‐Spectrometry‐Based Protein Footprinting

Described is a novel, laser-initiated radical trifluoromethylation for protein footprinting and its broad residue coverage. .CF3 reacts with 18 of the 20 common amino acids, including Gly, Ala, Ser, Thr, Asp, and Glu, which are relatively silent with regard to .OH. This new approach to footprinting is a bridge between trifluoromethylation in materials and medicinal chemistry and structural biology and biotechnology. Its application to a membrane protein and to myoglobin show that the approach is sensitive to protein conformational change and solvent accessibility.
Medication discrepancies in late-stage chronic kidney disease.

Background Late-stage chronic kidney disease (LS-CKD) can be defined by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 0-30 mL/min. It is a period of risk for medication discrepancies because of frequent hospitalizations, fragmented medical care, inadequate communication and polypharmacy. In this study, we sought to characterize medication discrepancies in LS-CKD. Methods We analyzed all patients enrolled in Northwell Health's Healthy Transitions in LS-CKD program. All patients had estimated GFR 0-30 mL/min, not on dialysis. Medications were reviewed by a nurse at a home visit. Patients' medication usage and practice were compared with nephrologists' medication lists, and discrepancies were characterized. Patients were categorized as having either no discrepancies or one or more. Associations between patient characteristics and number of medication discrepancies were evaluated by chi-square or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and two-sample t-test or Wilcoxon text for continuous variables. Results Seven hundred and thirteen patients with a median age of 70 (interquartile range 58-79) years were studied. There were 392 patients (55.0% of the study population) with at least one medication discrepancy. The therapeutic classes of medications with most frequently occurring medication discrepancies were cardiovascular, vitamins, bone and mineral disease agents, diuretics, analgesics and diabetes medications. In multivariable analysis, factors associated with higher risk of discrepancies were congestive heart failure [odds ratio (OR) 2.13; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44-3.16; P = 0.0002] and number of medications (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.21-1.37; P < 0.0001). Conclusions Medication discrepancies are common in LS-CKD, affect the majority of patients and include high-risk medication classes. Congestive heart failure and total number of medications are independently associated with greater risk for multiple drug discrepancies. The frequency of medication discrepancies indicates a need for great care in medication management of these patients.
Autonomous meta-classifier for surface hardness classification from UAV landings

Developing surface classification models manually requires significant time and detracts from the goal of automating systems. We create a system that automatically collects the data using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), extracts features, trains a large number of classifiers, selects the best classifier, and programs the UAV with that classifier. Motivating our work is a prior project [1] that manually developed a surface classifier using an accelerometer; to verify our system functionality, we replicate those results with our new automated system and improve on those results, providing a four-surface classifier with a 75% classification rate and a hard/soft classifier with a 100% classification rate. We further verify our system through a field experiment that collects and classifies new data, proving its end-to-end functionality. Overall, our system reduces the time and machine learning expertise needed by the user to develop new time-series classifiers usable by the UAV. The general form of our system provides a valuable tool for automation of classifier creation and is released as an open-source tool [2].
Parallel Plate Impedance and Equivalent Inductance Extraction Considering Proximity Effect by a Modal Approach

A modal approach for parallel plate impedance and equivalent inductance extraction for power integrity analysis including ball grid arrays (BGAs) between two parallel plates is presented. Since the BGAs are placed close to each other, the current flowing through each ball is not uniformly distributed due to the proximity effect. In this paper, a modal-based cavity method is proposed to count for this proximity effect. Analytical solutions for both the parallel plate impedance and the equivalent inductances associated with the BGAs are derived from the modal-based cavity method. The proposed method is validated by finite element method simulations and the application of the proposed method for power distribution network design is demonstrated.
Measuring success: Within and cross-domain predictors of academic and social trajectories in elementary school

Abstract Children’s skill levels in language, mathematics, literacy, self-regulation, and social–emotional adjustment at kindergarten entry are believed to play an important role in determining school success through their long-term association with academic and social skills in primary and secondary education. Hence, children’s school readiness is a national priority. To date, there is some evidence that specific individual school readiness skills relate to specific outcomes, but much of that research has not addressed concerns regarding generalization due to the high levels of correlations among the school readiness skills. The interrelationships among school readiness domains and patterns of skill acquisition – during the first three years of primary education in which basic skills are the focus and in the later years of primary or secondary education when higher-order skills are the focus – have not been explored adequately. Using the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development dataset (n = 1364), this research conducted growth curve analyses to examine a comprehensive set of readiness indicators in kindergarten and identify which domains were stronger predictors of academic and social trajectories through grade 3 and from grades 3 to 5. Results highlight the importance of examining multiple school readiness domains simultaneously rather than separately, and moving beyond outcomes (skill levels) at a particular grade to consider which kindergarten skills predict gains over time (skill acquisition) both within- and across-domains. Empirical and methodological implications are considered for educational research, policy, and practice.
Age-Related Changes to Bone Structure and Quality in Rodent Models

Abstract The age-related increase in fracture risk is disproportionate to the loss of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) that naturally occurs with aging. Moreover, this clinical measurement of bone mass lacks specificity when used to predict the likelihood of breaking a bone in that numerous low-energy fragility fractures occur in individuals with aBMD values above the osteoporotic threshold. As such, there is a need to understand how fracture resistance changes with aging and to develop new matrix-sensitive tools that can complement aBMD in assessing fracture risk. Toward that end, rodent models of aging can be quite useful because many of the age-related changes in rodent bone are similar to the age-related changes in human bone as summarized herein for cortical structure, trabecular architecture, whole-bone biomechanical properties, and material properties. In addition to a loss in trabecular bone with aging, cortical bone becomes more brittle as rodents age. The challenge moving forward is to identify the underlying aging mechanisms that lower fracture resistance.
Assistive Technology Competencies for Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments

Using the expert opinion of more than 30 professionals, this Delphi study set out to develop a set of assistive technology competencies for teachers of students with visual impairments. The result ...
"Papillary heads optimization" for more geometric repair of functional mitral regurgitation toward ventricular treatment.

In the era of structural heart disease where catheter-based treatment is prevailing, surgery may have a unique role. For example, surgery may be potentially advantageous in functional mitral regurgitation (FMR), a ventricular disease that not only needs valvular treatment but also requires a ventricular intervention. Being stimulated by the innovative work by Kron et al. (1), we reported anterior relocation of papillary muscles and showed that it improves LV function and FMR (2,3). The revised version [i.e., papillary heads optimization (PHO)] can ameliorate tethering of both anterior and posterior leaflets (4). Since PHO surgery is a little complex, here we provide information of safeguards and pitfalls.
Identifying Patients’ Willingness, Ability, and Motivation to Change

What motivates some people to change easily and others to change only with great difficulty? And still others seem incapable of change. Why people change and why they do not change is a question that therapists have asked for many years. Some patients are better able to make use of life experiences (including the therapeutic experience) and others have great difficulty in taking lessons from life circumstances and experiences.
A Test of the Energy Maximization Premise of Optimal Foraging Theory

A key premise of optimal foraging theory is that animals have, through the process of natural selection, evolved behaviors that tend to maximize their rate of energy intake (see Pyke, Pulliam, & Charnov 1977; Krebs 1978, for reviews). Therefore, a predator determines the relative costs and benefits of feeding on different prey types, and chooses the prey type that maximizes food value and predator survival. The predator does not necessarily make conscious decisions (Krebs 1978). Rather, the decision is the result of partially or wholly genetically controlled behavior shaped by evolution.
Building a green unified computing IT laboratory through virtualization

In this study, we share our experience how we use cluster virtualization to build a unified virtual computing environment. Virtual machines (VMs) installed in a lab environment can be used to create scalable and reliable virtual computing clusters. Virtualization provides many benefits, such as greener IT with less power consumption, easier management through central environment control and improved disaster recovery ability. This paper describes three such virtual clusters that have been used to conduct hands-on laboratory experiments in undergraduate courses and serve as a platform for student practicing hands-on skills in Server Application and Administration, IP Telephony and Unified Communication. We present the architecture and configuration of the clusters and describe how we make them available for educational use along with instructional materials, then we report on lessons we learned while developing and maintaining these clusters and using them for the coursework.
Simultaneous In Situ Detection of Apoptosis and Necrosis in Monolayer Cultures by TUNEL and Trypan Blue Staining

A method for simultaneously detecting membrane permeability (characteristic of necrosis) and DNA fragmentation (characteristic of apoptosis) is described. By combining a common dye-exclusion method (Trypan Blue) with a commercially available terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) labeling kit, we have succeeded in developing a novel methodology for obtaining permanently mounted slides of monolayer cell cultures double-labeled for DNA fragmentation and cell lysis. This method should facilitate in situ studies of cell death by allowing for a more accurate quantification of total toxicity in monolayer cell cultures and perhaps further enhance our understanding of the different mechanisms of cell death as well.
Leadership Strategies in Medieval West African Empires and Cities: Ghana, Mali, Songhay

This article examines some of the major civilizations in West African medieval history to explore possible connections between the perception and utilization of leadership by focusing on important cities that endured the rise and fall of several empires.
Students' Report of Preceptor Weight Management Counseling at Eight U.S. Medical Schools

Introduction Primary care providers, using brief counseling, can help patients increase motivation to initiate or maintain weight loss, improve diet, and increase physical activity. However, no prior studies have examined the degree to which primary care preceptors, who are responsible for mentoring medical students during their core clerkships, provide clinical teaching regarding weight management counseling. Methods Medical students enrolled in eight U.S. medical schools who had finished their preclinical coursework completed surveys in the spring of 2016 to assess preceptor communication, modeling, feedback, and instruction in weight management counseling, as well as educational cues for patients and chart reminders for physicians. Analysis was completed in 2017 and 2018. Results Of 738 students completing the survey, the most recent completed clerkships were obstetrics and gynecology (38.1%), family medicine (32.1%), and internal medicine (29.8%). Students in family medicine clerkships reported higher levels of weight management counseling clinical teaching than students completing an internal medicine or obstetrics and gynecology clerkship. Among the main variables of interest across all three clerkships, only 13%–24% of students agreed that preceptors provided clear objectives for learning weight management counseling, and 13%–25% of students agreed that preceptors provided feedback. Conclusions Even with a U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation for primary care physicians to provide weight management counseling and endorsement from the major academic primary care societies, students in primary care clerkships report receiving little weight management counseling clinical teaching from their preceptors. The results reinforce the need for medical educators to teach and model weight management counseling for physicians-in-training if they are to achieve Task Force goals. Further research is required to better corroborate self-reported indicators of preceptor to student communication that are described herein.
Follow-up postoperative calls to reduce common postoperative complaints among urogynecology patients

The purpose of our study was to identify the most common reasons why postoperative urogynecology patients called their surgeon within the first 6 weeks of surgery. We hypothesize that implementing a follow-up postoperative call (FPC) policy would decrease the number of patient-initiated calls within this postoperative period. This is a prospective before-and-after cohort study that was conducted in two phases. The initial phase identified the most common reasons why patients call within 6 weeks of their inpatient or outpatient urogynecological surgery. In the second phase, an intervention was implemented where each postoperative patient was called within 48 to 72 h of discharge: the intervention group. The primary outcome was the number of phone calls initiated by patients during the 6-week postoperative period. There were 226 patients in the control group and 233 patients in the intervention group. Significantly fewer calls were initiated by patients in the intervention group, both groups having a median of 1 call per person, range 0–8 in the control group and 0–10 in the intervention group (p = 0.04). The five most common complaints were as follows: pain (20.4%), medication management (17.4%), disability paperwork (15.5%), and laboratory results (11.5%). There was a significant reduction in calls concerning constipation, laboratory/pathology results, and disability insurance claims after implementing the FPC policy. The implementation of the FPC policy resulted in fewer patient-initiated calls. As such, there were significant reductions in postoperative complaints of constipation, vaginal bleeding, incomplete bladder emptying, and inquiries into laboratory results and disability paperwork.
Optimization of solar cell packing models for flexible surfaces

Previous publications suggest that geometrical solar panels are more efficient in terms of using the mounting space than traditional flat static solar panels. However, previous research does not deeply discuss the questions of the distribution of solar cells on the considered segments of cylinders, cones, spheres, and catenoids. To find the best geometry, we optimize the parameters of various curved surfaces, such as cones and catenoids, for the greatest energy produced per square meter. In practice, these curved solar panels are created by packing flexible fixed size square solar cells onto the curved surface. So, we must also optimize our curved surfaces for their ability to be packed efficiently with square solar cells. Using combinatorial methods, we propose sample solar cells packing and approximate energy production to optimize geometrical solar panels at various geographic locations. These techniques allow us to create more efficient static solar panels and improve the overall value of solar energy.
High-throughput three-dimensional imaging cytometer for subnuclear foci quantification (Conference Presentation)

We propose a high-throughput 3D imaging cytometer for fast quantification of DNA double strand break (DSB) frequency in cells for DNA damage study. With structured illumination enabled depth contrast and a fast focus tunable lens enabled scanning, this system generates a three-dimensional stack of clustered nuclei γH2AX foci with submicron resolution at a speed of 800 cells/second. Moreover, we unify the stack construction with the deep neural network, which largely improve quantification accuracy as well as the processing speed. Compared to previous 2D imaging approach, the addition of z-resolution in our 3D method provides an extra dimension of contrast and thus allows for more accurate DNA DSB quantification.
Se Acabaron Las Palabras: A Post-Mortem Flores v. Arizona Disproportional Funding Analysis of Targeted English Learner Expenditures:

Arizona has played a large part in the development and implementation of policy that directly inhibits equity of opportunity for the English learner (EL) population, the largest and most damaging o...
Symmetry breaking in particle-forming diblock polymer/homopolymer blends

Compositionally asymmetric diblock copolymers provide an attractive platform for understanding the emergence of tetragonally close-packed, Frank-Kasper phases in soft matter. Block-polymer phase behavior is governed by a straightforward competition between chain stretching and interfacial tension under the constraint of filling space at uniform density. Experiments have revealed that diblock copolymers with insufficient conformational asymmetry to form Frank-Kasper phases in the neat-melt state undergo an interconversion from body-centered cubic (bcc) close-packed micelles to a succession of Frank-Kasper phases (σ to C14 to C15) upon the addition of minority-block homopolymer in the dry-brush regime, accompanied by the expected transition from bcc to hexagonally packed cylinders in the wet-brush regime. Self-consistent field theory data presented here qualitatively reproduce the salient features of the experimental phase behavior. A particle-by-particle analysis of homopolymer partitioning furnishes a basis for understanding the symmetry breaking from the high-symmetry bcc phase to the lower-symmetry Frank-Kasper phases, wherein the reconfiguration of the system into polyhedra of increasing volume asymmetry delays the onset of macroscopic phase separation.
Tris[N,N-bis­(3,5-di-tert-butyl­benz­yl)di­thio­carbamato-κ2S,S′]-μ3-sulfido-tris-μ2-disulfido-triangulo-trimolybdenum(IV) iodide

The title compound, [Mo3(C31H46NS2)3S7]I, crystallizes on a threefold rotational axis in P31c (space group No. 159). The [Mo3S7(S2CN(CH2C6H3-3,5-tBu2)2)3]+ cations are arrayed in sheets in the ab plane with inter­ligand hydro­phobic inter­actions between tert-butyl groups guiding the packing arrangement. These cations form stacks parallel to the c axis with a separating distance of 10.9815 (6) A (the c axis length) between the Mo3 centroids. On the underside of the cluster, opposite the μ3-S2− ligand, the iodide counteranion forms close contacts of 3.166 (2) A with the sulfur atoms of the μ2-S22− ligands. These contacts are less than the sum of the van der Waals radii of the atoms (1.8 and 2.1 A for S and I, respectively), thus indicating an appreciable degree of covalency to the [Mo3S7(S2CN(CH2C6H3-3,5-tBu2)2)3]+⋯I− inter­actions.
Association of seizure co-morbidity with early hospital readmission among traumatic brain injury patients.

To assess the frequency of seizure co-morbidity and its independent association with 30-day readmission rate among patients hospitalized with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States. The ...
Identifying correlations between donor demographics and isohemagglutinin titers as a potential method to screen for low-titer group O whole blood.

Abstract Background With more hospitals using low-titer group O whole blood in trauma resuscitation, having an efficient screening method for low-titer donors is critical. Our blood center uses an automated screen for high-titer isohemagglutinins in our platelet donations while collecting detailed donor demographic information. Using this data, we can identify key demographics often associated with titer status, thereby helping develop a donor-triaging method for titering. Study Design and Methods Titer results were read with an automated microplate system as either high or low, based on agglutination, with a cutoff equivalent to 1:256 (both anti-A and anti-B). Donor demographic data analyzed included date of donation, blood group, age, gender, and ethnicity. Results 57,508 donations were collected from 2073 unique donors between 2014 and 2018. We found the following demographics to be correlated with titer status: gender, ABO blood group, age, and ethnicity. Variability in titer status was identified in 215 individuals. This represented around 10 % of the total unique donors and was split equally amongst gender. We also found that donors between the ages of 41–60 ha d the highest likelihood of having variability in titer status, peaking at 13 %, and this proportion declined past age 60. Conclusion Titer status is associated with the following donor demographics: gender, ABO type, age, and ethnicity. We also discovered that variability in titer status is correlated with age. In blood centers that do not have automated and routine titer screening procedure, these findings could be used as a method to efficiently identify low-titer donors a-priori.
The sensitivity of qSOFA calculated at triage and during emergency department treatment to rapidly identify sepsis patients.

The quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score has been proposed as a means to rapidly identify adult patients with suspected infection, in pre-hospital, Emergency Department (ED), or general hospital ward locations, who are in a high-risk category with increased likelihood of “poor outcomes:” a greater than 10% chance of dying or an increased likelihood of spending 3 or more days in the ICU. This score is intended to replace the use of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria as a screening tool; however, its role in ED screening and identification has yet to be fully elucidated. In this retrospective observational study, we explored the performance of triage qSOFA (tqSOFA), maximum qSOFA, and first initial serum lactate (> 3 mmol/L) at predicting in-hospital mortality and compared these results to those for the initial SIRS criteria obtained in triage. A total of 2859 sepsis cases were included and the in-hospital mortality rate was 14.4%. The sensitivity of tqSOFA ≥ 2 and maximum qSOFA ≥ 2 to predict in-hospital mortality were 33% and 69%, respectively. For comparison, the triage SIRS criteria and the initial lactate > 3 mmol/L had sensitivities of 82% and 65%, respectively. These results demonstrate that in a large ED sepsis database the earliest measurement of end organ impairment, tqSOFA, performed poorly at identifying patients at increased risk of mortality and maximum qSOFA did not significantly outperform initial serum lactate levels.
Participation in a Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia Randomized Trial Is Inversely Correlated With Regional Amputation Rate in Limb Threatening Ischemia Patients.

Objective The National Health Service demonstrated that regions of the United Kingdom with the highest number of patients enrolled in research studies had the lowest risk-adjusted mortality when patients were admitted to the hospital. Our goal was to investigate if this correlation was evident for patients with chronic limb threatening ischemia (CLI) treated in the United States (US). Accordingly, we examined correlations among sites participating in the Best Endovascular versus best Surgical Therapy in patients with Critical (BEST-CLI) trial, a multicenter, National Institute of Health-sponsored, international randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing revascularization strategies in patients with CLI, and regional rates of major amputation from CLI. Methods We measured regional participation in the BEST-CLI trial by evaluating trial participation and enrollment rosters. To determine regional rates of lower limb amputation, we queried the Medicare database (2007-2016) for patients with concurrent peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and diabetes, then assessed how many had lower extremity amputations. Correlation of regional amputation rates with distribution of BEST-CLI sites in four US geographical regions was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficients. Simple regression equations were used to calculate the significance of these correlation coefficients. Results Of 9,231,909 CLI patients, 342,406 underwent amputation in the Medicare dataset. Amputation rates per 1000 CLI patients differed by region (South 40.42, Midwest 40.12, West 34.81, Northeast 31.14). There were 116 US vascular centers, selected by volume and expertise that participated in BEST-CLI with the following distribution: South (n = 30, 26%), Midwest (n = 26, 22%), West (n = 29, 25%), and Northeast (n = 31, 27%). There was a negative correlation between the number of amputations per 1000 for Medicare CLI patients with diabetes and PAD and the number of BEST-CLI sites in the region which trended toward significance (Pearson R= -0.61, P = 0.39). Conclusions Amputation rate among Medicare CLI patients is inversely correlated with US BEST-CLI site distribution. Higher participation in clinical research, especially within large RCTs, may be a marker of optimal PAD management.
Dysfunction of default mode network is associated with active suicidal ideation in youths and young adults with depression: Findings from the T-RAD study.

Abstract Deaths due to suicide are one of the leading causes of mortality among youths and young adults. Active suicidal ideation (SI) is considered one of the strongest risk factors for suicide. Here, we evaluated the neurocircuitry of SI in a sample of youths and young adults (aged 10–26 years) with current or past diagnosis of either major depression or bipolar disorder who were enrolled in Texas Resilience Against Depression Study (T-RAD), and had neuroimaging and SI (assessed with the 3-item Suicidal Thoughts factor of Concise Health Risk Tracking self-report scale) data available (n = 72, 53 females). Resting-state functional connectivity (FC) was computed amongst 121 cortical and subcortical regions of interest resulting in 7260 FC pairs. Mean (SD) age and SI levels of participants were 19.6 years (4.01) and 1.48 (2.36) respectively. In univariate analyses, 34 out of the 7260 FC pairs were correlated with SI (p
Transfer of the coracoid and conjoined tendon for failed, unstable, short clavicle following excessive outer clavicle resection.

Materials and Methods Nineteen patients presented with an unsightly deformity of the shoulder, pain or discomfort at the medial scapular border, pseudo nonparalytic scapular winging, and thoracic outlet symptoms after excessive resection of the clavicle for either complete acromioclavicular separation or displaced fracture of the outer clavicle, which allows the scapula and shoulder to rotate anteriorly and inferiorly on the chest creating traction on the medial scapular muscles and the brachial plexus resulting in pseudo nonparalytic winging and thoracic outlet symptoms. Results All underwent transfer of the coracoid process with the attached conjoined tendon to the end of the clavicle, restoring length and alignment. Eighteen patients were evaluated at a mean of 13.3 years. Seventeen had resolution of symptoms, restored alignment of the clavicle with the shoulder, improved appearance, healed transfer, and were pleased with the outcome. One patient was lost to follow-up but was considered a failure at his last visit. In a second patient, the transfer healed in a tilted position and the patient was dissatisfied with the appearance but otherwise had resolution of his symptoms. The mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Outcome Score improved from 53.2 preoperatively to 87.4 postoperatively (P Conclusion This is the first report of using this transfer to restore length and alignment of an excessively short, unstable clavicle. The transfer succeeded in improving the appearance and symptoms in this complication of an excessively short, unstable clavicle.
Utilizing the couple relationship to prevent suicide: A preliminary examination of Treatment for Relationships and Safety Together

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility, preliminary effects, and acceptability of the first comprehensive couple-based treatment for suicide, called Treatment for Relationships and Safety Together (TR&ST). METHOD In a preliminary examination, five couples (N = 10) participated in 10 weekly sessions of TR&ST. All couples included a veteran who reported active suicidal ideation at baseline and their partner. Couples completed measures of relationship functioning, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belonging, and suicidal ideation at baseline, mid-treatment, and posttreatment. RESULTS TR&ST was feasible to deliver. Veteran and partner relationship functioning improved and veteran perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belonging, and suicidal ideation decreased. There were no suicide related behaviors, hospitalizations, or crisis line calls during the study. TR&ST seemed acceptable to couples (100% retention and high satisfaction ratings). CONCLUSION Couple-based suicide prevention may provide an additional avenue for suicide prevention in veterans.
The Income Tax Consequences of Sales of Present Interests and Future Interests: Distinguishing Time from Space

An owner of property can divide ownership spacially, by selling all rights to a phyically discrete part of the property, or temporally, by selling a present interest or a future interest. This Article develops a Model illustrating inconsistencies under existing law between the economic and income tax consequences of a temporal division. It also explores the tendency of courts to equate, erroneously, a temporal division to a spacial division. When a temporal division is equated to a spacial division, income deferral will result from a temporal division. The Article develops an analytical framework to remedy the income deferral problem and to resolve, in a manner consistent with economic reality, the many other income tax issues raised by a temporal division. Finally, the Article demonstrates how the foregoing framework can be adapted to deal with the special problems raised when wasting property is the subject of a temporal division.
Bovine leukemia virus infection is significantly associated with risk of breast cancer

1747 The purpose of this study is to determine if bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection of human mammary epithelium is associated with a risk of developing breast cancer. Mammary cancer in mice is caused by a retrovirus, mouse mammary tumor virus, transmitted from mother to nursing pups. Since humans consume more cows milk than human milk, we were interested in determining if a bovine virus might be involved in the etiology of breast cancer. BLV is an oncogenic retrovirus that infects >90% of US dairy herds and >14% of beef herds. Less than 5% of infected cattle develop leukemia and are culled. Most infected cattle remain healthy, are retained in the herd, and are sources of beef and dairy products. Evidence that humans can become infected with BLV is accumulating. Previous studies indicated IgG antibodies to BLV in 39% of volunteers. BLV capsid protein and proviral DNA have been detected in human mammary epithelium. Using a case-control study design, we evaluated 213 samples of formalin-fixed breast tissue sections from 110 women with breast cancer and 103 controls (women with no history of breast cancer). Samples were obtained from 4 catchment areas of the Cooperative Human Tissue Network, and the racial composition of the donors was 26% African American and 74% European American. We tested for the presence of BLV proviral DNA using in situ PCR with primers from the tax region of BLV, which codes for the oncogenic protein and is not homologous to any known region of endogenous human retroviruses. Positive reactions were present only in mammary epithelium. BLV was positive in 59% of cases and 29% of controls. Data were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression with adjustment for donor age, race, catchment area, and length of time in formalin-fixed state. The odds ratio for breast cancer associated with BLV positivity was 3.22, 95% confidence interval = 1.7-6.2, P
Dynamic domain abstraction through meta-diagnosis

One of the most powerful tools designers have at their disposal is abstraction. By abstracting from the detailed properties of a system, the complexity of the overall design task becomes manageable. Unfortunately, faults in a system need not obey the neat abstraction levels of the designer. This paper presents an approach for identifying the abstraction level which is as simple as possible yet sufficient to address the task at hand. The approach chooses the desired abstraction level through applying model-based diagnosis at the meta-level, i.e., to the abstraction assumptions themselves.
ADVANCING THE THEORY OF THE COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION: THE COOPERATIVE AS A TRUE HYBRID

What is a cooperative? Is it a form of vertical integration, an independent organization or an intermediate form of governance between the market and the hierarchy? This paper contributes to the economic theory of the cooperative organization by examining it from a comparative economic perspective. Departing from Williamson's one-dimensional continuum of governance structures, the paper adopts the view that governance structures exhibit multiple dimensions and true hybrids are market-like on some of these dimensions while hierarchy-like on others. I show that the cooperative blends market-like attributes with hierarchy-like mechanisms and thus should be viewed as a true hybrid rather than as an intermediate form. The paper concludes with a discussion about the usefulness of this approach and potential avenues for future research.
Molecular Nature of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid of a Thermosensitive R Factor, Rts1

The deoxyribonucleic acid of the thermosensitive R factor, Rts1, has been examined by the technique of sedimentation in alkaline sucrose, electron microscopy, and radiation target size. All these methods yielded a molecular weight of approximately 120 million for Rts1 deoxyribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli. Sedimentation analysis revealed that Rts1 deoxyribonucleic acid in Proteus mirabilis was also 120 million daltons. Rts1 did not segregate into E. coli minicells under the conditions where another smaller non-thermosensitive R factor could.
Arthrodesis for the Cavus Foot: When, Where, and How?

When the cavus foot has become rigid, midfoot and triple arthrodesis may be the only reasonable surgical options left. The apex of the deformity is multiplanar and some deformities may have more than one apex. The best outcomes are achieved with minimal shortening of the foot, so correction should be by rotation and translation and with minimal wedge resection wherever possible. Posterior tibial tendon transfer and peroneus longus transfer are nearly always required for correction. If the principles of soft tissue balancing are followed, arthrodesis is an excellent procedure despite the literature that states to the contrary.
A Discontinuous Galerkin Method in Moving Domains

We present a matrix-free discontinuous Galerkin method for simulating compressible viscous flows in two- and three-dimensional moving domains in an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) framework. Spatial discretization is based on standard structured and unstructured grids but using an orthogonal spectral hierarchical basis. The method is third-order accurate in time, and converges exponentially fast in space for smooth solutions. We also report on open issues related to quadrature crimes and over-integration.
Total elbow arthroplasty after previous resection of the radial head and synovectomy

We examined the effects of previous resection of the radial head and synovectomy on the outcome of subsequent total elbow arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Fifteen elbows with a history of resection and synovectomy were compared with a control group of patients who had elbow arthroplasty with an implant of the same design. The mean age in both groups was 63 years. In the study group, resection of the radial head and synovectomy had been undertaken at a mean of 8.9 years before arthroplasty. The mean radiological follow-up for the 13 available patients in the study group was 5.89 years (0.3 to 11.0) and in the control group was 6.6 years (2.2 to 12.6). There were no revisions in either group. The mean Mayo elbow performance score improved from 29 to 96 in the study group, with similar improvement in the control group (28 to 87). The study group had excellent results in 13 elbows and good results in two. The control group had excellent results in seven and good results in six. Our experience indicates that previous resection of the radial head and synovectomy are not associated with an increased rate of revision following subsequent arthroplasty of the elbow. However, there was a higher rate of complication in the study group compared with the control group.
Diabetes in children

This informative article gives statistics, basic clinical symptoms, and resources available for caregivers facing the very difficult task of managing diabetes in children.
Case report 853

Fig. 2. A Posteroanterior and B lateral radiographs of the chest (March 1992). A small right hilar nodule is indicated by the arrow. The thoracic spine appears normal Fig. 3. A Posterior and B lateral radiographs of the chest (April 1992). A small right hilar nodule is again noted. New collapse of the T6 vertebral body is demonstrated Fig. 4. Tl-weighted sagittal MRI of thoracic spine, showing replacement of normal signal marrow signal and collapse of the T6 vertebral body. A mass is seen to extend out of the vertebral body Clinical information
IL-1β Potentiates the Acetylcholine-Induced Release of Vasopressin from the Hypothalamus in vitro, but Not from the Amygdala

In addition to the magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei, arginine vasopressin (AVP)-containing neurons have also been identified in limbic structures, including the hippocampus and amygdala. In the present study, we compared the qualitative properties of the in vitro release of AVP from the dissected hypothalamus with the in vitro release from the dissected amygdala and used these release systems to evaluate the interactions with neurotransmitters and cytokines. The areas of the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus that contain the AVP neurons and that receive cholinergic innervation are also interleukin (IL)-1β immunoreactive. Acetylcholine or high KC1 (60 mM) induces AVP release in both regions, and the AVP release is calcium dependent. Acetylcholine-induced AVP release is antagonized by atropine or meca-mylamine, indicating that both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are mediating the cholinergic effect in these brain regions. IL-1β (100 U/ml) had no effect on the basal AVP release from the hypothalamus, but significantly potentiated the acetylcholine-induced AVP release, lowering the threshold from 500 to 100 nM. This effect was completely blocked in the presence of neutralizing antibodies to IL-1β, atropine (10 µM) or mecamylamine (10 µM). IL-6, like IL-1β, also potentiated acetylcholine-induced AVP release, but to a lesser extent. Neither tumor necrosis factor-α nor interferon-γ had any effect on the basal or acetylcholine-induced AVP release from the hypothalamus. None of the cytokines tested had any effect on the basal or acetylcholine-induced AVP release from the amygdala. Our results suggest a hypothalamic site of action of IL-1β and IL-6 on the acetylcholine-induced AVP release. The stimulatory effects of IL-1 and IL-6 on adrenocorticotropin release have been ascribed to an increased release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). These data further suggest that, in addition to CRF, AVP plays a role in the bidirectional communication between neuroendocrine and immune systems. Understanding the mode of interaction between IL-lβ and IL-6 with AVP could clarify pathophysiologic or toxic effects of high brain levels of these cytokines.
Charge-transfer process using the molecular-wave-function approach: The asymmetric charge transfer and excitation in Li + Na+ and Na + Li+

The charge-transfer processes occurring in collisions of Li + Na+ and Na + Li+ have been studied theoretically using the molecular-wave-function approach. The wave functions and Born-Oppenheimer breakdown terms were evaluated using rigorous methods. The six lowest molecular states (dissociating to the 2s and 2p atomic states on Li and to the 3s and 3p atomic states of Na) were included in the coupled equations. The transition probabilities were calculated using linear trajectories for a variety of impact parameters and ion velocities. We find that the over-all transition processes are well represented as a succession of simple two-state transition processes (Σ-Σ, Σ-Π, and Π-Π). The Σ-Σ two-state process can be described in terms of three steps involving (i) a coupling region as the atoms come together [(10-20)a0], (ii) an uncoupled phase changing region for shorter separatons (<10a0), and (iii) a decoupling region as the atoms depart [(10-20)a0]. On the other hand, in the molecular—wave-function formulation, the Σ-Π two-state transition process involves continuous coupling (for R<7a0). As a result the transition probabilities for Σ-Π coupling differs from that of Σ-Σ coupling, leading to rather different forms for the cross sections.
Common mechanisms in vertebrate axonal navigation: retinal transplants between distantly related amphibia.

Embryonic eye primordia were transplanted from the anuran, Xenopus laevis, to the urodele, Ambystoma mexicanum, in order to assess whether retinal axons of one species could grow to appropriate central targets in a distantly related species. To trace the early retinal projections, Xenopus eye primordia were removed, incubated for 20 min in a solution containing [3H]proline, washed, and then transplanted to host axolotl embryos. Genetically eyeless hosts were used in some of the experiments so that the Xenopus optic fibers would not be guided to their targets by the host's own optic nerve projections. Xenopus eyes were usually able to differentiate into small eyes in the axolotl host. Shortly after primary differentiation, the development of these eyes seemed to arrest. Autoradiography on paraffin sections of the central nervous system of the host revealed that in some cases Xenopus retinal ganglion cells were indeed able to send axons to the tectum of the axolotl host. This result suggests that the mechan...
Anaesthesia for intra-laryngeal laser surgery.

Thirty patients received general anaesthesia for forty intralaryngeal operations using a laser beam. The essential requirements for the anaesthetic management are: (1) Anaesthetic agents should be non-flammable. (2) Small diameter red rubber cuffed tracheal tubes provide maximum working space for the surgeon, facilitate controlled ventilation and minimize the explosion hazard of anaesthetic gases in the vicinity of the laser beam. (3) Continuous muscle relaxation of head and neck and of laryngeal muscles facilitates the instrumentation and lasing of lesions of vocal cords which are thus rendered fixed and immobile.
Effect of non-Poisson samples on turbulence spectra from laser velocimetry

Spectral analysis of laser velocimetry (LV) data plays an important role in characterizing a turbulent flow and in estimating the associated turbulence scales, which can be helpful in validating theoretical and numerical turbulence models. The determination of turbulence scales is critically dependent on the accuracy of the spectral estimates. Spectral estimations from 'individual realization' laser velocimetry data are typically based on the assumption of a Poisson sampling process. What this Note has demonstrated is that the sampling distribution must be considered before spectral estimates are used to infer turbulence scales.