cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vascular endothelium growth factor, surgical delay, and skin flap survival.

Necrosis of skin flaps, either partial or complete, has been a complication of reconstructive surgery for centuries and has stimulated research throughout the history of plastic surgery. The study of flap necrosis has led investigators into studies of anatomy, physiology, and surgical technique, all of which have profoundly changed flap surgery.1,2 The technique of surgical delay has been used for centuries as a strategy for making the survival of flap tissue more reliable. Briefly stated, surgical delay consists of partially elevating and undermining a cutaneous flap at some time interval (often 7 to 14 days) prior to full elevation and inset of the flap. As early as the sixteenth century, surgeons recognized that this maneuver could convert flap designs from unpredictable amounts of necrosis to reliable survival.3–6 The use of flap delay has decreased considerably over the last 50 years as flap designs have become more refined and anatomically based and as improved surgical techniques (including microsurgery) have led to more reliably successful dissection and handling of critical structures. The delay technique, however, remains of some value in procedures frequently complicated by unpredictable cutaneous necrosis such as the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap in breast reconstruction.6 The mechanisms of the delay phenomenon, however, continue to challenge investigators. The delay phenomenon has always held the potential for secrets that could lead to pharmacological or biochemical strategies to manipulate vascular territories. Investigators have attempted to define adrenergic responses, angiogenesis, vascular reorganization, and changes in tissue metabolism as factors underlying the delay phenomenon.7–14 Identification of a critical factor in the delay phenomenon could lead to use of the factor to produce the phenomenon without performing a surgical procedure. Such a so-called “pharmacological delay” has never been reliably demonstrated.6 Cytokines are small proteins that mediate many of the processes of inflammation, scarring, and blood vessel formation.15,16 Cytokines have opened up new dimensions in the investigation of tissue responses and healing. Transforming growth factor (TGF) in its multiple isoforms, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) play critical roles in many phases of cell activation and differentiation.17–19 Vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) affects microcirculation acutely by change in vascular permeability and in a sustained manner by promoting angiogenesis.20–23 Improved flap survival in many models has been observed following manipulation of TGF isoforms, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), PDGF, and VEGF.24–33 We have conducted this series of experiments in a rat TRAM model to identify cytokine changes during surgical delay. We have previously described VEGF as a means of extending the skin paddle survival of the rat TRAM.34 The experiments in this report specifically attempt to define a role of VEGF in the delay phenomenon.
Reevaluating the role of antidepressants in cancer-related depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Objective Prior reviews evaluating the role of antidepressants in cancer-related depression have drawn conflicting conclusions. These reviews have also not explored differences in efficacy and tolerability between antidepressants. We conducted a meta-analysis to address these limitations. Method We searched Medline (1948–2013), the Cochrane Library (1800–2013), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (1986–2013), ClinicalTrials.gov (2013) and meeting abstracts. We included randomized trials comparing antidepressants to placebo or no treatment for cancer-related depression. We used random effects to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD). Results Of 5178 potentially eligible citations, 9 trials (1169 subjects) met inclusion criteria. Trials of mianserin found a robust reduction in depression scores at ≥4 weeks of treatment (SMD: 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24–0.95). Similar, but less robust, results were observed with paroxetine (SMD: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.01–0.42) and fluoxetine (SMD 0.34, 95% CI: 0.02–0.66). Conversely, there was no advantage with amitriptyline or desipramine. Compared to placebo, the odds of dropping out due to side effect were higher with fluoxetine and paroxetine and lower with mianserin. Methodological quality was moderate. Conclusions Paroxetine, fluoxetine and mianserin improve cancer-related depression but may vary in efficacy and tolerability. High-quality, randomized trials of newer antidepressant agents are needed to identify optimal treatments for managing cancer-related depression.
THE PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE BIOLUMINESCENT SYSTEM IN GONYAULAX POLYEDRA.

Abstract Bioluminescence in a soluble system extracted from Gonyaulax requires substrate and enzyme (Gonyaulax luciferin and luciferase, respectively), molecular oxygen, and a high salt concentration. In view of the degree of purifications achieved, as described in this paper, it is not likely that any other components are required. Luciferin is a small molecule which is unstable in aqueous solutions. Several lines of evidence indicate that the activity loss can be attributed to autoxidation. Bovine serum albumin binds luciferin very effectively, and the bound material is far less susceptible to autoxidation and has an increased yield of fluorescence. The emission spectra of the in vitro and in vivo bioluminescence are very similar to one another, as well as to the fluorescence emission spectrum of purified luciferin.
Intraocular lens power calculations after refractive surgery: consensus-K technique.

Purpose To describe a new strategy for intraocular lens (IOL) power calculations after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), determine the accuracy of the method, and compare the results with those of previously described techniques. Setting Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Methods This retrospective comparative series compared eyes having cataract extraction after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and eyes having cataract extraction without previous surgery (control group) from January 1997 to December 2005. In the LASIK group, 2 strategies were used to determine the appropriate corneal curvature (K) value for IOL calculation: (1) the nonconsensus method and (2) the consensus-K technique. Postoperative outcomes were compared and included refraction, deviation from target refraction, and deviation from the ideal K or ideal IOL value for several techniques. Results There were 43 LASIK eyes (14 nonconsensus and 29 consensus K) and 50 control eyes. The mean absolute deviation from target refraction in the nonconsensus group (1.47 diopters [D]) was significantly higher than that in the consensus-K group (0.52 D) (P = .02) or control group (0.44 D) (P = .01); the mean was not statistically different between the consensus-K group and the control group (P = .5). Compared with values with the consensus-K technique, the absolute deviation from back-calculated K values was significantly higher (P Conclusions The consensus-K technique generated refractive outcomes similar to those in the control group and was better than with all other K- or IOL-generating techniques except the classic refractive history method. The consensus method showed less variability and higher predictability than all other methods tested.
A Second Generation Lighting And Control System For Photographing Vehicle Impact Tests At The General Motors Proving Ground

One of the responsibilities of the Safety Research and Development Laboratory at the Milford Proving Ground is to conduct full scale impact tests. Nearly all of the testing is performed at a facility whose central feature is a standard SAE barrier. The barrier is located within a building, and is approached on a covered test roadway. (Figure 1).© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ylide mediated polymerization of methacrylates and acrylates in the presence of tetraphenylphosphonium cation 3

Triphenylmethide tetraphenylphosphonium (TPM,TPP) or methylisobutyrate tetraphenylphosphonium (MIB,TPP) formed by ion exchange reactions of TPP chloride(TPPCl) with the TPM or MIB potassium salts in THF, initiate the living polymerization of MMA producing PMMA's with narrow MW distributions (below 1.3) at ambient temperatures. In the presence of small amounts (10 mole% or less) of water, that is often present in the TPPCl, this water, under the polymerization conditions, participates in side reactions giving rise to the formation of triphenylphosphine and of a potassium PMMA enolate that causes chain termination giving incomplete MMA conversions and much wider PMMA distributions. The corresponding polymerizations of acrylates can also produce relatively narrow MWD (<2.00) poly(n-butylacrylate)s and PMMA-b-polybutylacrylate block copolymers but these acrylate polymerizations are not living on the polymerization time scale and can be demonstrated by NMR and other techniques to undergo Claisen type side reactions followed by highly efficient proton transfers from the formed cyclic (-keto esters to the active acrylate chain end anions. Both UV/Visible spectroscopy of this model (maximum at 415 nm) and 1H, 13C and 31P NMR studies of the MIB,TPP model of the propagating PMMA chains show the presence of a 2,5-cyclohexadienyl phosphor ylide formed by addition ofthe MIB enolate anion to the para position of one of the four phenyls of the TPP. These and other data seem to be consistent with an equilibrium between the ylide and a small fraction of the MIB,TPP ion pair that may be partially dissociated.
COMPARISON OF THE BACTERIAL ETIOLOGY OF EARLY-ONSET VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA AND LATE-ONSET VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA IN PATIENTS ENROLLED IN 2 LARGE CLINICAL STUDIES

Purpose: To assess potential differences in bacterial etiology of subjects with early-onset vs. late-onset ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). Methods: Subjects enrolled in 2004-2006 in 2 clinical studies of doripenem vs. imipenem or piperacillin/tazobactam with a diagnosis of VAP (N=500) were included in the analysis. Subjects were classified by ventilator status [early-onset VAP ( 5 days of ventilation)]. Baseline demographics and bacterial etiology were analyzed by VAP status. Results: Late-onset VAP subjects had higher APACHE II scores [mean 16.6 vs. 15.5 (p=0.008)]. There were no significant differences in CPIS, gender, age, or presence of bacteremia between groups. A total of 496 subjects had a baseline pathogen and 50% of subjects in each group had >2 pathogens. With the exception of Staphylococcus aureus, which was common in early-onset VAP, pathogens, including potentially MDR, isolated from early vs. late-onset VAP was not significantly different between groups. Acinetobacter baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa with decreased susceptibility to any study drug was observed in early and late onset VAP subjects. Conclusion: There were no significant differences in the prevalence of potential MDR pathogens associated with early or late-onset VAP, even in subjects with prior antibiotics. Clinical Implications: VAP is classified as early-onset or late-onset, in part, to identify subjects at risk for infection with resistant pathogens. Empiric therapy for early-onset VAP should also include agents likely to be effective for potential MDR pathogens. Further prospective studies should evaluate microbiology trends in subjects with VAP. RESPIRATORY CARE Paper in Press. Published on January 08, 2013 as DOI: 10.4187/respcare.02173 Epub ahead of print papers have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication but are posted before being copy edited and proofread, and as a result, may differ substantially when published in final version in the online and print editions of RESPIRATORY CARE. Copyright (C) 2013 Daedalus Enterprises
Membrane Binding Kinetics of Endophilin N-BAR Domain

It has been suggested that the crescent shape and the presence of amphipathic helices on N-BAR domain dimers explain endophilin's involvement in endocytosis by scaffolding and/or hydrophobic insertion mechanisms. However, studies of these mechanisms in proteins with membrane curvature sensing/ generation properties thus far have mainly focused on thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. Bridging the connection between thermodynamics to highly dynamic cellular environments calls for studies exploring binding kinetic aspects. We therefore investigated the kinetics of endophilin N-BAR domain binding onto single large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), chosen to provide a large range of membrane curvatures and accessibility to time-resolved analysis. By tracking the time dependence of labeled protein fluorescence intensity on each vesicle, we found that the association kinetics is curvature dependent: smaller vesicles showed faster association kinetics. This finding likely implies that small vesicles bear more binding (insertion) sites, which is in line with hydrophobic insertion mechanisms for curvature sensing. The observed slow dissociation process and irreversible binding fraction after extensive rinsing suggested protein oligomerization and/or conformational changes. Effects of ionic strength and lipid compositions on membrane binding kinetics were also examined.
The mean free path for α-particles in nuclear photographic emulsion

The mean free path ( lambda ) in nuclear photographic emulsion is measured for alpha particles with energies on the order of 600 Mev/nucleon. A value of 19.2 plus or minus 0.4 cm was obtained for lambda . (T.F.H.)
Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Study of Substituent Effects in Vaska Type Complexes (trans-IrL2(CO)X): Electron Affinities, Ionization Potentials, Carbonyl Stretch Frequencies and the Thermodynamics of H2 Dissociative Addition

Ab initio electronic structure calculations are used to study substituent effects in Vaska-type complexes, trans-IrL{sub 2}(CO)X (1-X) (X = F, Cl, Br, I, CN, H, CH{sub 3}, SiH{sub 3}, OH, and SH; L = PH{sub 3}). Both the electron affinity and the ionization potential of 1-X are computed to increase upon descending the halogen series of complexes, which indicates, surprisingly, that the complexes with more electronegative halogens are more difficult to reduce and easier to oxidize. The computed electron affinity trend is consistent with the half-wave reduction potential trend known for 1-X (L = PPh{sub 3}; X = F, Cl, Br, and I). Computed carbonyl stretch frequencies for 1-X are greater than experimental values (L = PPh{sub 3}), but observed trends are well reproduced. The redox and spectroscopic trends are discussed in terms of the substituent effects on the electronic structure of 1-X, particularly as revealed in the molecular orbital energy level diagrams of these complexes. The reaction energy for H{sub 2} addition to 1-X, leading to the cis,trans-(H){sub 2}IrL{sub 2}(CO)X (2-X) product, has been computed. After electron correlation effects are included (MP4(SDTQ)), the reaction enthalpy computed for 1-CI is {minus}18.4 kcal/mol (L = PH{sub 3}) as compared to amore » reported experimental value of {minus}14 kcal/mol (L = PPh{sub 3}). Compared with available experimental data, the electronic effects of L(L = PH{sub 3}, NH{sub 3}, or AsH{sub 3}) and X on the thermodynamics of the H{sub 2} addition reaction are accurately reproduced by the model calculations at all levels of theory (HF and MPn). Formation of the hypothetical products cis,trans- and trans,trans-(H){sub 2}IrL{sub 2}(CO)X(2-X and 3-X) (X = BH{sub 2}, NH{sub 2}, and PH{sub 2}) is used to demonstrate that {pi}-acceptor substituents promote the H{sub 2} addition reaction to 1-X while {pi}-donor substituents disfavor addition.« less
Aqueous corrosion of natural and nuclear waste glasses I. Comparative rates of hydration in liquid and vapor environments at elevated temperatures

Abstract This paper presents the results of aqueous corrosion experiments performed on natural and nuclear waste glasses in liquid and vapor environments. It is shown for all glass compositions considered that the rate of hydration in hydrothermal experiments is higher than the rate of vapor hydration at the same temperature. It is also demonstrated, in the case of the nuclear waste glass SRL 131, that the rate of hydration is a strong function of pH2O and that a critical pH2O exists below which hydration rates are negligible. Both phenomena may be explained by the higher surface pH and mobile cation concentrations that develop during glass/vapor interaction relative to glass liquid interaction. High surface pH inhibits ion exchange but enhances network hydrolysis.
Effect of fluid shear forces on plant cell suspensions

Abstract The sensitivity of plant cell culture to fluid forces, or fluid-mechanical sensitivity, in a stirred bioreactor is evaluated by shearing the cells in viscometers for short duration under a range of laminar and turbulent conditions. This short-term evaluation is compared with the experiments in a stirred bioreactor under chemostat mode at various agitation speeds. Fluid-mechanical sensitivity was quantified by measuring various biological parameters including regrowth ability, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, aggregate size and lysis. A critical hydrodynamic variable was derived based on a model whereby the biological activity of cells after a given period in a defined shearing environment was a cumulative effect of the total work done by fluid forces on the cells. This hydrodynamic variable, calculated as total energy dissipation on cells per unit volume, was used as a common basis to quantify the agitation-based shear forces under laminar and turbulent flow conditions. Fluid-mechanical sensitivity data for plant cell suspensions under different flow conditions was successfully correlated with this hydrodynamic variable. This correlation established a hierarchy of response, ranging from a subtle biological inhibitory effect on regrowth ability or sublytic effect, to the gross physical effect of aggregate breakup and lysis. Inhibition of growth rather than lysis was found to dictate the performance of plant cell culture in the bioreactor.
Cognitive control network connectivity in adolescent women with and without a parental history of depression

Background Adolescent women with a parental history of depression are at high risk for the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD). Cognitive theories suggest this vulnerability involves deficits in cognitive control over emotional information. Among adolescent women with and without a parental history of depression, we examined differences in connectivity using resting state functional connectivity analysis within a network associated with cognitive control over emotional information.
An etched ground GCPW 7:1 unequal Wilkinson power divider

This paper presents the results of a 7:1 unequal Wilkinson power divider fabricated using conductor backed or grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) with a novel ‘etched’ coplanar waveguide (CPW) to achieve the high impedance sections. Simulated and measured results agree very well in terms of insertion loss, return loss, and isolation.
Transient absorption and lifetime imaging with ground state recovery pump-probe optical coherence tomography

We have developed a novel imaging technique, ground state recovery pump-probe optical coherence tomography (gsrPPOCT), which measures the transient absorption and recovery time of the ground state of a target chromophore or chromophores. By imaging the molecular absorption as opposed to the fluorescence of the target contrast agent, gsrPPOCT helps to fill a valuable niche for imaging biologically important molecules which do not fluoresce. The majority of biologically active molecules are non fluorescent. Here we present gsrPPOCT imaging of natural and transfected chromophores in living animal and plant tissues, as well as the first gsrPPOCT measurements of the ground state recovery time of a molecular chromophore, which may be used to deduce the relative concentrations of a mixture of chromophores.
An information-processing model of Duncker's Candle Problem ☆

Abstract An information-processing analysis was applied to Duncker's Candle Problem. Six experiments tested the model. The model accounted for (a) infrequent use of the tack box in solutions, (b) facilitation of Box solutions by labeling the box or presenting it empty, (c) individual S s' sequences of solutions, (d) solution latencies, (e) solutions produced by changes in instructions, and (f) solutions produced by presentation of different objects.
Minimally invasive surgical techniques are safe in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric malignancies.

Minimally invasive surgical (MIS) techniques have become an established part of the care of the adult oncology patient. As surgeons have become more experienced with these advances in technique, MIS has recently seen an expanding role in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric malignancies. We hypothesize that MIS techniques can be used to provide reliable diagnosis and safe therapeutic resection of many pediatric malignancies. We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent a minimally invasive operation for diagnosis or treatment of a malignant solid tumor at the Children’s Hospital Colorado over a ten-year period. A total of 105 minimally invasive procedures were performed in 98 patients, 61 % of which were male. The majority of cases, 78 (74 %) were thoracoscopic procedures and the remaining 27 (26 %) were laparoscopic procedures. Twenty-one (27 %) thoracoscopic procedures were performed for complete resection of primary tumor or metastases, with only three cases (14 %) converted to open thoracotomy. Tumors that were successfully removed thoracoscopically include neuroblastomas (n = 8), metastatic disease (n = 7), and a schwannoma. Of the 28 laparoscopic procedures, nine were performed for tumor resection with one case converted to open. Tumors that were successfully removed laparoscopically include 6 adrenal neuroblastomas and one pseudopapillary pancreatic tumor. There were no major surgical complications. No port site or surgical site recurrences were reported. MIS techniques can be used safely and effectively for the diagnosis and resection of pediatric malignancies and treatment decisions can be made accurately based on tissue obtained.
Offering or Limiting Opportunities: Teachers' Roles and Approaches to English‐Language Learners' Participation in Literacy Activities

After examining the teachers of sixth-grade English-language learners (ELLs) in their regular classrooms, the authors of this study found that the ELLs' active or passive participation was much influenced by the teachers' approach to the students but not by the teachers' use of specific methods only. While the teachers' focus on American monoculturalism provided little room for the ELLs' participation in the cultural discourse, the teachers' approach based on the students' cultural and social needs promoted the students' participation. The study aims to help reading teachers be aware of their roles and teaching practices as supports or constraints on ELLs' active participation in the mainstream classroom.
An empirical investigation of the relationship between product involvement and brand commitment

Strong brand commitment has often been associated with high levels of involvement. However, empirical evidence supporting the conceptual distinctiveness of the two constructs has been equivocal. The findings of this study indicate that product involvement and brand commitment are not highly related and, indeed, represent unique constructs. Four distinct consumer segments emerged from the data analysis based upon low to high levels of product involvement and weak to strong brand commitment. Furthermore, various differences were revealed among the four groups with respect to product orientations, sources of brand information, and the importance of product attributes. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The retention of frequency information for categorized lists

In two experiments subjects were presented a list containing words which occurred with varying frequencies. Some of the words were conceptually related. Frequency judgments for the items were taken either immediately or after 1 week. In both experiments the presence of items conceptually related to a given test item produced an overestimation of frequency. This overestimation was greater for test items presented twice than for test items presented five times. This was interpreted in terms of a loss of discrimination between presented frequency and frequency accrued through displaced rehearsals. Support for this position was given in the finding that test items presented before other instances conceptually related to them were overestimated more than were test items presented after the other instances related to them.
Finite-difference time-domain modeling and experimental characterization of planar waveguide fluorescence sensors

The finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) is a powerful numerical technique for solving Maxwell's equations in a discretized space and time grid. Its applications have up to now been in the analysis of electrically large structures in the microwave domain, and the scope of investigations has been extended only recently to the optical region. Because of computer memory limitations, the method is generally restricted to configurations which extend to the order of tens of wavelengths in three dimensions, or hundreds of wavelengths in two dimensions. Optical sensor structures are therefore of suitable size to be modeled with FDTD, and e.g., fluorescence sensor design can benefit from the use of FDTD in optimization of the waveguide structures. In general, the integration of chemical and optical design is difficult, but FDTD can bring the two design approaches closer together. One of the main advantages of FDTD is its ability to include near-field effects, such as distribution of protein molecules on the active surface of optical sensors in the model, which has been shown to be important is estimating the fluorescent excitation and collection efficiencies of molecules on surfaces. In addition, for planar structures, two-dimensional models are adequate for studying many aspects of sensor design. We applied FDTD to design planar fluorescence sensors. Excitation and emission models were analyzed for planar waveguide structures with side collection of emitted light in mind. Planar waveguides were fabricated on fused silica substrates and the characteristics of the waveguides were compared to the model. Good agreement was found with the FDTD modeling to the physical model, and based on this knowledge, an FDTD sensor model was prepared predicting good fluorescence excitation and emission side collection efficiencies.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solidification in the presence of high Rayleigh number convection in an enclosure cooled from the side

Abstract This is an experimental and theoretical study of the process of time-dependent solidification in an enclosed liquid cooled from the side. The focus is on the effect of high Rayleigh number convection, and the convection-conduction interaction across the freezing front. Experiments at Ra ≈ 1011 and Ste ≈ 0.1 show the existence of a weakly turbulent flow in the early stages of the solidification process. The parametric domain of this study is expanded through the use of a theoretical model of the combined conduction and convection process with time-dependent stratification in the liquid pool. The accuracy of this model is demonstrated by comparing its predictions with the experimental measurements. The effect that the time, the Stefan number and the conductivity and diffusivity ratios have on the solidification rate is documented graphically.
Coherent dynamics of a free-electron laser with arbitrary magnet geometry. I. General formalism

Coupled equations describing the propagation of the laser field (Maxwell equation) and the evolution of the electron distribution (generalized pendulum equations) are derived classically for the case of ultrarelativistic electrons moving in a helical magnet with an arbitrary slowly varying amplitude. The equations apply to coherent transient phenomena, such as picosecond pulse propagation, as well as to continuous-wave laser operation.
Defectiveness of a feline sarcoma virus demonstrable by the acquisition of a new envelope antigenic type by phenotypic mixing.

Abstract Phenotypic mixing of the Snyder-Theilen strain of feline sarcoma virus (ST-FeSV), an antigenic mixture of feline sarcoma and leukemia viruses of subgroups A and B, with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) of subgroup C results in the production of cell-transforming ST-FeSV of subgroup C as well. ST-FeSV of subgroup C (ST-FeSV-C), consisting of cell-transforming and sarcomagenic ST-FeSV-C and accompanying helper FeLV of subgroup C (FeLV-C), can be isolated and maintained as a single antigenic type by appropriate techniques. The acquisition and maintenance of the subgroup C viral envelope by ST-FeSV suggests that this virus is defective for the synthesis of its viral envelope glycoproteins and depends on the helper FeLV for this function.
Short communication: Forage particle size and fat intake affect rumen passage, the fatty acid profile of milk, and milk fat production in dairy cows consuming dried distillers grains with solubles

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein cows averaging (± SD) 116 ± 18 d in milk and 686 ± 52 kg of body weight were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to test the effects of forage particle size and concentration of corn oil on milk fat depression. Cows were housed in individual stalls, milked daily at 0700 and 1800 h, and individually fed daily at 0900 h for ad libitum consumption allowing approximately 10% orts. Four 28-d periods, in which each cow was offered 1 of 4 total mixed rations, included reduced-fat dried distillers grains with solubles at 30% of dietary dry matter and differed in forage particle size by inclusion of chopped grass hay (LONGP) or grass hay pellets (SHORTP) and 0 or 2% corn oil (CO). Dietary treatments were 0% corn oil + short particle size (CO0+SHORTP), 0% corn oil + long particle size (CO0+LONGP), 2% corn oil + short particle size (CO2 + SHORTP), and 2% corn oil + long particle size (CO2 + LONGP). Dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by treatment averaging 26.5 ± 1.19 kg/d and 32.8 ± 3.34 kg/d, respectively. A decrease was found in 3.5% fat-corrected milk with the inclusion of oil resulting in 34.6 and 26.6 ± 2.6 kg/d for 0 and 2% oil diets, respectively. An oil × size interaction was found for milk fat concentration resulting in 2.27, 3.02, 3.62, and 3.62 ± 0.23% for CO2+SHORTP, CO2 + LONGP, CO0 + SHORTP, and CO0 + LONGP, respectively. Fat yield was reduced from 1.22 to 0.81 ± 0.09 kg/d with 2% oil diets. Cows consuming diets with long particle size spent 29 more minutes eating compared with the cows consuming short particle size (198 and 169 ± 15 min/d). Rumination time decreased from 504 to 400 ± 35 min/d for cows consuming short particle size compared with long particle size. Total chewing was reduced from 702 to 570 ± 4 min/d when cows consumed short particle size. Feeding long particle size decreased rate of passage of dry matter from 3.38 to 2.89 ± 0.42%/h; concomitantly mean retention time increased from 31.7 to 38.4 ± 5.36 h for diets containing long particle size. The results of this experiment show that effects of oil on milk fat depression were less severe when cows consumed long particle size, suggesting that dietary manipulations that modify rumen kinetics also affect milk fat production in dairy cows consuming reduced-fat dried distillers grains with solubles supplemented with corn oil.
Increasing student retention in graduate and professional programs

An institutional perspective on doctoral student attrition is provided, demonstrating how Berkeley's graduate school went about investigating doctoral student attrition in order to increase student retention.
Abortion in Latin America: Changes in Practice, Growing Conflict, and Recent Policy Developments

Latin America is undergoing profound social, economic, political, demographic, and epidemiologic change. Reproductive health indicators have generally improved over the past two decades, but most pregnancies are still unintended and more than 4 million are terminated annually. Clandestine abortions necessitated by restrictive legal and social structures cause more than 1,000 deaths and 500,000 hospitalizations per year, primarily among poor and marginalized women. Abortions are becoming safer and less frequent, however, as a consequence of increased modern contraceptive use, misoprostol adoption, emergency contraception availability, and postabortion care provision, notwithstanding many impediments to these changes. Advocacy and conflict over abortion have grown. The contested policy shifts include Mexico City's 2007 legalization of first-trimester abortion. Drawing on numerous sources of evidence, this article provides a regional analysis of the rapidly changing practice and context of abortion in Latin America, and examines emerging issues, legal and policy developments, and contrasting country situations.
Olfactory association learning and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in an animal model of early deprivation

Animal models can serve to explore neural mechanisms underlying the effects of stressful early experiences on behaviors supporting attachment. Neonatal rats primarily use olfaction for attachment, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) may be a key transcription target in olfactory association learning. In this experiment, neonatal male and female rats were isolated individually for 3 hr daily in the first week of life while their dams were left with partial litters (Early Deprivation, ED) or remained undisturbed (Control). At 1 week of age, subjects were tested using a 2-day classical conditioning paradigm. The conditioned group (O/M) was exposed to a novel odor paired with a milk infusion. Three additional groups included an unpaired odor and milk exposure group (O/M unP), an odor exposure alone group (O/NM), and neither an odor nor a milk group (NO/NM). Learning the odor association, as revealed in a position preference for the novel odor, was accompanied by an increase in hippocampal BDNF in O/M subjects from undisturbed Control litters. BDNF levels were also positively related to degree of preference for the odor in the O/M Control group. ED subjects did not make the classically conditioned odor association and did not show an increase in hippocampal BDNF. ED increased BDNF levels in the olfactory bulb compared to Controls regardless of training group; individual levels were not correlated with performance because samples were pooled. These results suggest that changes in the transcription of BDNF may underlie some of the long-term consequences of the early stress of maternal separation.
Penicillin-sensitive enzymatic reactions in bacterial cell wall synthesis.

We have been searching for the mechanism of action of penicillin for 15 years. In this lecture I would like to share with you the things that had to be done in the effort to find the mechanism by which penicillin kills bacterial cells.
Solutions to improve flatness of Id-Vd curves of rugged nLDMOS

This work summarizes results of TCAD simulations aiming to reduce/suppress the bump in the output characteristics of rugged nLDMOS devices. It is shown that the origin of the bump is not due to bipolar activation. Thus, by simple variations of the geometrical parameters and/or process variations, the intrinsic MOS of the nLDMOS could be driven in a regime allowing a drastic improvement of its Id-Vd flatness with limited impact on the sRon-Vbd trade-off.
Specifying and controlling the optical image on the human retina

A review covering the trends that led to the current state of knowledge in the areas of: (a) schematic models of the eye, and the definition of the retinal image in terms of first-order optics; (b) the description of the actual image on the retina and methods for accessing and characterizing it; (c) available procedures for controlling the quality of the retinal image in defined situations; and (d) intra-receptoral optical effects that cause differences between the light distribution on the retinal surface and at the level of interaction with photopigment molecules.
Time-dependent response of IM7/5260 composites subjected to cyclic thermo-mechanical loading

Abstract In this study the response of IM7/5260 composites subjected to cyclic thermo-mechanical loading for loading times up to six months has been measured. In a previous paper it was shown that Schapery's non-linear theory when integrated with a functional viscoplastic model, allows predictions of the viscoelastic/ viscoplastic response for cyclic loading under isothermal conditions. In the present paper, the ability of these models to make long-term predictions for cyclic thermo-mechanical loading conditions is considered. Reasonable agreement between measured strains and predictions (to within 7%) is obtained for all laminates.
Impact of U.S. Lung Allocation Score on Survival After Lung Transplantation

Background The Lung Allocation Score (LAS) dramatically changed organ allocation in lung transplantation. The impact of this change on patient outcomes is unknown. The purpose of the study was to examine early mortality after lung transplantation under the LAS system. Methods All patients undergoing first-time lung transplantation during the period from May 1, 2005 through April 30, 2008 were included in the study. The cohort was divided into quintiles by LAS. A high-risk group (LAS >46) was comprised of the highest quintile, Quintile 5, and a low-risk group (LAS ≤46) included the lower quintiles, Quintiles 1 through 4. A time-to-event analysis was performed for risk of death after transplantation using Kaplan–Meier survival and Cox proportional hazards models. Results There were 4,346 patients who underwent lung transplantation during the study period. Patients in the high-risk group (LAS >46) were more likely to have idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF; 52.9% vs 23.8%, p p p p Conclusions Overall 1-year survival under the new LAS system appears to be similar to that in historic reports. However, risk of death was significantly increased among patients with LAS >46.
A Comparison of Two Methods for Estimating Average Exposure to Power-Frequency Magnetic Fields

Abstract Power-frequency magnetic fields were measured with two types of instruments at a large automobile transmission plant and the results were compared. A group of machining and assembly workers (n = 57) wore a datalogging three-axis personal monitor, and also had each of their work locations measured with a hand-held meter. Time estimates at each of these locations were combined with averages of the meter readings to give surrogate daily-weighted average (DWA) exposures, which were compared with measures of central tendency derived from the personal monitor. Nonparametric correlation coefficients were used to compare the two estimates. Closer agreement was found between the DWA and the datalogger's geometric mean (Spearman coefficient, rs = 0.85) than between the DWA and the arithmetic mean (rs = 0.77), apparently because both the geometric mean and DWA were relatively insensitive to brief peaks. Principal sources were identified and their distances from the usual work position were estimated. Demagn...
Finescale Shear at 1660 and 2850 dbar over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the Eastern Brazil Basin*

Abstract Two drifting Shearmeter instruments have provided records of the magnitude of shear (the magnitude of the vertical derivative of horizontal velocity), measured over a 10-m aperture, in the vicinity of the Brazil Basin Tracer Release Experiment. The floats drifted at roughly 1660 and 2850 dbar, where the buoyancy frequencies were N = 1.1 and 0.5 cph, respectively. Two additional floats provided deep trajectories but no shear data. The records of hourly mean values of shear magnitude (with mean values denoted Sh) exhibit strong temporal variability, with time scales comparable to those of fortnightly tidal modulation. The deep record exhibits stronger mean Sh near the seafloor than above, with the exception of the bin closest to the seafloor; Sh from neither float correlates strictly with tidal forcing. Shallow Sh varies in apparent response to atmospheric forcing. The mean squared shear of the shallow record is 4 times the N-dependent value associated with the Garrett–Munk spectral model, and that...
Stereoelectronic effects on polyproline conformation

The polyproline type II (PPII) helix is a prevalent conformation in both folded and unfolded proteins, and is known to play important roles in a wide variety of biological processes. Polyproline itself can also form a type I (PPI) helix, which has a disparate conformation. Here, we use derivatives of polyproline, (Pro)10, (Hyp)10, (Flp)10, and (flp)10, where Hyp is (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline, Flp is (2S,4R)-4-fluoroproline, and flp is (2S,4S)-4-fluoroproline, to probe for a stereoelectronic effect on the conformation of polyproline. Circular dichroism spectral analyses show that 4R electron-with-drawing substituents stabilize a PPII helix relative to a PPI helix, even in a solvent that favors the PPI conformation, such as n-propanol. The stereochemistry at C4 ordains the relative stability of PPI and PPII helices, as (flp)10 forms a mixture of PPI and PPII helices in water and a PPI helix in n-propanol. The conformational preferences of (Pro)10 are intermediate between those of (Hyp)10/(Flp)10 and (flp)10. Interestingly, PPI helices of (flp)10 exhibit cold denaturation in n-propanol with a value of Ts near 70°C. Together, these data show that stereoelectronic effects can have a substantial impact on polyproline conformation and provide a rational means to stabilize a PPI or PPII helix.
Combination of AGET ATRP and SuFEx for post-polymerization chain-end modifications

Abstract Post-polymerization modification of polymer chain-ends is a powerful tool for the preparation of functional materials. “Click” type reactions represent the most prevalent post-polymerization strategies. We applied the recently described sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange reaction to functionalize the chain-ends of four polymers prepared using activators generated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization. Aryl-TBDMS terminated polymers were reacted with aryl sulfurofluoridate compounds with a near quantitative conversion. This research represents the application of a new click type reaction to prepare functional polymers.
Nature's complex flume — Using a diagnostic state-and-transition framework to understand post-restoration channel adjustment of the Clark Fork River, Montana

Abstract There is an imperfect symmetry between the patterns of channel evolution observed during laboratory flume experiments and those which materialize in rivers exposed to ambient environmental conditions that produce hydrogeomorphic fluxes which are more complex, contingent, and unpredictable. One strategy to improve our understanding of short- to medium-term channel evolution is to study landscapes that have undergone significant disturbance and have had their biogeomorphic templates reset to a known condition — in effect, creating a flume in nature. This study adopts a diagnostic state-and-transition framework to narrate and document baseline hypotheses for the potential evolutionary trajectories Clark Fork River, near Milltown, Montana. Following dam removal and remediation, a 5-km stretch of the Clark Fork River and its adjoining floodplain were reconstructed. Since flow was introduced to the newly constructed channel in December 2010, complex evolutionary trajectories have been observed on the Clark Fork's mainstem, its secondary channels, and floodplain. Focusing particularly on the river's secondary channels, this paper develops a typology of channel states that have been observed and demonstrates that multiple adjustment trajectories have materialized, sometimes within the same channel. A diagnostic state-and-transition framework offers a parsimonious strategy to quantitatively or qualitatively anticipate the influence of water, sediment, and ecological fluxes on channel evolution at the basin, reach, or segment scale. It provides environmental agencies with a robust method to devise spatially explicit scenario-based management plans for rivers in a variety of geomorphic settings.
The PsB glycoprotein complex is secreted as a preassembled precursor of the spore coat in Dictyostelium discoideum.

The PsB glycoprotein in Dictyostelium discoideum is one of a diverse group of developmentally regulated, presporecell-specific proteins, that contain a common O-linked oligosaccharide. This post-translational modification is dependent on the wild-type modB allele. The PsB protein exists as part of a multiprotein complex of six different proteins, which have different post-translational modifications and are held together by both covalent and noncovalent interactions (Watson et al. (1993). J. Biol. Chem. 268, 22634-22641). In this study we have used microscopic and biochemical analyses to examine the cellular localizat ion and function of the PsB complex during development. We found that the PsB complex first accumulates in prespore vesicles in slug cells and is secreted later during culmination and becomes localized to both the extracellular matrix of the apical spore mass of mature fruiting bodies and to the inner layer of the spore coat. The PsB associated with the spore coat is covalently bound by disulfide bridges. The PsB protein always exists in a multi protein complex, but the composition of the PsB complex changes during secretion and spore maturation. Some of the PsB complex proteins have been identified as spore coat proteins. These data demonstrate that some of the proteins that form the spore coat exist as a preassembled precursor complex. The PsB complex is secreted in a developmentally regulated manner during the process of spore differentiation, at which time proteins of the complex, as well as additional spore coat proteins, become covalently associ ated in at least two forms of extracellular matrix: the inter spore matrix and the spore coat. These and other studies show that proteins with modB dependent O-linked oligosaccharides are involved in a wide variety of processes underlying morphogenesis in this organism. These developmental processes are the direct result of cellular mecha nisms regulating protein targeting, assembly and secretion, and the assembly of specific extracellular matrices. SUMMARY
Regulatory response of intramembranous absorption of amniotic fluid to infusion of exogenous fluid in sheep

Six fetal sheep were operated on at 118 to 121 days of gestation. The pulmonary end of the trachea was connected to the gastric end of the esophagus with a section of tubing. This left urine as the...
Lateral cerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y stimulates feeding in sheep

We compared the effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) injected into the lateral ventricle (LV) and periphery (ip in rats; iv in sheep) on feed and water intake. In sated rats, a bolus injection of 1.18 or 2.35 nmol of NPY administered LV, but not ip, increased (P less than 0.05) feed intake on average of 809% within 30 min of injection. In sated sheep, an LV bolus injection of 2.35 nmol of NPY increased feed intake by 154% within 30 min. Similar doses of human pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY were less orexigenic than NPY in sheep. After 24 h, cumulative feed intakes were similar among control and peptide treatments. Intravenous injection of 2.35 nmol NPY did not increase feed intake in sheep. Water intake was stimulated (P less than 0.05) by NPY (LV injection) in both the presence and absence of feed. We propose that NPY is involved in the central regulation of consummatory behavior in sheep.