cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building a sustainable organizational energy evaluation system in the Asia Pacific

Abstract In the face of climate change and with the vision for the future of humanity represented by the Sustainability Development Goals, sustainability has become associated with the major and rapid transformation of global systems and the resilience of transformed systems to adapt over time. This dynamic view of transformation has implications for both the design of transformational energy initiatives and their evaluation. As there is an urgent need to evaluate the scale, scope, nature, and sufficiency of transformation toward planetary sustainability, a framework (model) is proposed to determine the most effective energy evaluation capacity building strategies for achieving various individual and group level outcomes, most effective strategies for certain types of participants, and design of different strategies to maximize their impact in a sustainable way. Furthermore, a new energy evaluation organization is identified, which is expected to lead us into this new era.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SEMI-SOLID FERMENTATION SYSTEM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LYSINE-ENRICHED YEAST AND ETHANOL

ABSTRACT A semi-solid gel medium has been developed to mimic solid fermentation systems such as those used to make koji. By not generally requiring continuous mixing, solid fermentations may save significant amounts of energy when compared to submerged cultures. Two primary results have been attained: (1) The yeast cells can be easily separated from the solid medium by low temperature melting, and (2) The pH can be continuously monitored as in a submerged culture. This work can, therefore, serve as a bridge between submerged and solid fermentations, since it is now possible to separate the organism from the immobilizing medium, as well as continuously monitor the metabolic changes using an on-line probe. The effect of sodium chloride was also studied since it is an important ingredient in fermented foods. In addition, time trajectories of ethanol, free lysine, glycerol, and glucose concentrations were established.
Soft Tissue Reconstruction of the Medial Thigh and Groin

Wounds in the groin region are very common. They are often secondary to vascular procedures and may involve exposed prosthetics [1]. Additionally, some of these patients have previously compromised peripheral vascular systems, so it is necessary to have a knowledge of a variety of flaps and their associated vascular supply (Fig. 17.1). Likewise, wounds in the medial thigh, groin, and perineum are commonly related to oncologic resections. This chapter is specifically focused on groin wounds, but the same principles can apply to wounds of the medial thigh and some perineal wounds.
Building Disaster Damage Assessment in Satellite Imagery with Multi-Temporal Fusion

Automatic change detection and disaster damage assessment are currently procedures requiring a huge amount of labor and manual work by satellite imagery analysts. In the occurrences of natural disasters, timely change detection can save lives. In this work, we report findings on problem framing, data processing and training procedures which are specifically helpful for the task of building damage assessment using the newly released xBD dataset. Our insights lead to substantial improvement over the xBD baseline models, and we score among top results on the xView2 challenge leaderboard. We release our code used for the competition.
3.03 – Anatomy of the Hippocampus and the Declarative Memory System☆

Since the mid-20th century, scientists who study memory and the brain have concentrated on the hippocampus as the critical structure for everyday memory for facts and events. In the past two decades, it has become apparent that the cortical areas surrounding the hippocampal formation, termed the parahippocampal region, also play a critical role in memory. Together, the hippocampal formation and the parahippocampal region have been designated the declarative memory system. This chapter provides an overview of the functional anatomy of these structures, which support episodic memory in the mammalian brain. Nomenclature, structure, connectivity, and cross-species comparisons are included.
Tension promotes kinetochore-microtubule release in response to Aurora B activity

Aurora B kinase regulates kinetochore-microtubule interactions to ensure accurate chromosome segregation in cell division. Tension provides a signal to discriminate attachment errors from bioriented kinetochores with sisters correctly attached to opposite spindle poles. Current models focus on tension as an input to locally regulate Aurora B activity. Here we show that the outcome of Aurora B activity depends on tension. Using an optogenetic approach to manipulate Aurora B at individual kinetochores, we find that kinase activity promotes microtubule release when tension is high. Conversely, when tension is low, Aurora B activity promotes depolymerization of kinetochoremicrotubule bundles while maintaining attachment. We propose that tension is a signal inducing distinct error-correction mechanisms, with release or depolymerization advantageous for typical errors characterized by high or low tension, respectively.
Kinetic study of alkyl methacrylate polymerization in nanoporous confinement over a broad temperature range

Abstract The effect of nanoconfinement on the free radical polymerization of ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and n-butyl-methacrylate (BMA) with di-tert-butyl peroxide (DtBP) initiator is investigated over a wide temperature range from 80 to 190 °C using differential scanning calorimetry. The effective rates are similar for the two bulk monomers although the BMA reacts approximately 11% faster at 95 °C. For nanoconfined cases, the initial reaction rate for monomer confined in the pores of controlled pore glass is enhanced, with larger effects observed in native pores compared to pores in which the native silanol was converted to trimethyl silyl. The onset of autoacceleration also occurs earlier under nanoconfinement, with decreases in both the conversion and the time required to reach autoacceleration, x g e l and t g e l , respectively, and larger changes for the native pores. The induction time follows Arrhenius behavior and increases under nanoconfinement. At polymerization temperatures above 160 °C, depropagation becomes important as the ceiling temperature is approached and seems to be more pronounced under nanoconfinement than in the bulk.
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide is a specific predictor of appropriate device therapies in patients with primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.

Background Sudden death risk stratification of patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction remains challenging. Retrospective studies have suggested N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) may be a useful risk stratification tool. Objective The purpose of this study was to ascertain the utility of NT-proBNP as a predictor of appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapies in primary prevention ICD recipients. Methods This was a prospective study of 342 stable patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% who received a primary prevention ICD. NT-proBNP assay was performed at the time of device implant and used as a dichotomized variable (1st–3rd NT-proBNP quartiles vs 4th NT-proBNP quartile) to predict primary (appropriate ICD therapies) and secondary (death, ICD-deactivation, chronic inotropic support, transplant) outcomes. Results Median follow-up was 35.0 months (interquartile range 15.2–55.3). In unadjusted analyses, NT-proBNP predicted both primary (hazard ratio [HR] 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–3.56); P = .049) and secondary outcomes (HR 2.13; 95% CI 1.18–3.85; P =.012). Multivariable analysis reaffirmed NT-proBNP as a primary outcome predictor (HR 4.31; 95% CI 1.92–9.70; P Conclusion In multivariable analysis, NT-proBNP is a reasonable and specific predictor of future appropriate device therapies in primary prevention ICD recipients. In contrast, adjusted NT-proBNP does not predict all-cause mortality.
Great War, Religious Dimensions

The First World War was a transformative event, affecting international culture, economics, and geopolitics. Though often presented as the moment heralding a new secular era of modernity, in actuality the war experience was grounded in religious faith and ritual for many participants. This Element examines how religion was employed by the state to solicit support and civic participation, while also being subordinated to the strategic and operational demands of the combatant armies. Even as religion was employed to express dissent, it was also used as a coercive tool to ensure compliance with the wartime demands of the state on civilians.
Hunger Games: Impact of Fasting Guidelines for Orthopedic Procedural Sedation in the Pediatric Emergency Department.

Abstract Background Fasting guidelines for pediatric procedural sedation have historically been controversial. Recent literature suggests that there is no difference in adverse events regardless of fasting status. Objectives The goal of this study was to examine adverse outcomes and departmental efficiency when fasting guidelines are not considered during pediatric emergency department (PED) sedation for orthopedic interventions. Methods Retrospective chart review identified 2674 patients who presented to a level I PED and required procedural sedation for orthopedic injuries between February 2011 and July 2018. This was a level III, retrospective cohort study. Patients were categorized into the following groups: already within American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) fasting guidelines on presentation to the PED (n = 671 [25%]), had procedural sedation not within the ASA guidelines (n = 555 [21%]), and had procedural sedation after fasting in the PED to meet ASA guidelines (n = 1448 [54%]). Primary outcomes were length of stay, time from admission to start of sedation, length of sedation, time from end of sedation to discharge, and adverse events. Discussion There was a significant difference in the length of stay and time from admission to sedation—both approximately 80 min longer in those with procedural sedation after fasting in the PED to meet ASA guidelines (p Conclusions Length of stay in the PED was significantly longer if ASA fasting guidelines were followed for children requiring sedation for orthopedic procedures. This is a substantial delay in a busy PED where beds and resources are at a premium. Although providing similar care with equivalent outcomes, the value of spending less time in the PED is evident. Overall, adverse events related to sedation are rare and not related to fasting guidelines.
Network model of pathology spread recapitulates neurodegeneration and selective vulnerability in Huntington's Disease

Huntington's Disease (HD), an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin gene (HTT), displays a stereotyped topography in the human brain and a stereotyped progression, initially appearing in the striatum. Like other degenerative diseases, spatial topography of HD is divorced from where implicated genes are expressed, a dissociation whose mechanistic underpinning is not currently understood. Cell autonomous molecular factors characterized by gene expression signatures, including proteolytic and post translational modifications, play a role in vulnerability to disease. Non-autonomous mechanisms, likely involving the brain's anatomic or functional connectivity patterns, might also be responsible for selective vulnerability in HD. Leveraging a large dataset of 635 subjects from a multinational study, this paper tests various cell-autonomous and non-autonomous models that can explain HD topography. We test whether the expression patterns of implicated genes is sufficient to explain regional HD atrophy, or whether the network transmission of protein products is required to explain them. We find that network models are capable of predicting, to a high degree, observed atrophy in human subjects. Lastly, we propose a model of anterograde network transmission, and show that it is the most parsimonious yet most likely to explain observed atrophy patterns in HD. Collectively, these data indicate that pathology spread in HD may be mediated by the brain's intrinsic structural network organization. This is the first study to systematically and quantitatively test multiple hypotheses of pathology spread in living human subjects with HD.
Utilizing lattice Boltzmann method for heat transfer analysis in solar thermal systems: A review

Abstract Solar thermal collectors (STCs) are technologies which convert the sun’s radiation into thermal energy for the end user. A variety of these devices are used to meet thermal energy needs, worldwide, which is expected to increase to 34000 (PJ) by 2031. Several numerical methods have been developed and are used by researchers, which allows for a detailed study of collector thermal behaviour under given operating conditions. However, due to the nonlinear nature of the terms existing in the Navier–Stokes and energy equations, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can be computationally intensive. One CFD method which has gained more attention in recent years for its advantages over more traditional methods, such as finite element, finite volume and finite difference methods, is the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). In this paper, first the solar thermal collectors are introduced and the fundamental heat transfer processes that govern their thermal performance are discussed. Then, in subsequent sections, the existing literature on applications of LBM in STC and heat transfer modeling is reviewed, culminating into the introduction of several workflows for applying LBM to STC heat transfer modeling. Finally, based on the existing literature, several conclusions and recommendations for future works have been introduced.
A Rare Case of a Clinically Significant anti-M Alloantibody in a Heart Transplant Recipient

Abstract Introduction Anti-M antibodies are usually inactive at physiologic temperatures (37 °C). Rarely,these antibodies have been reported to react at physiologic temperatures, resulting in clinically significant hemolytic transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Patient and methods We describe a case of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction due to an anti-M alloantibody reacting at physiologic temperatures in a critically ill patient. Results Proper identification and treatment of anti-M antibody-mediated acute hemolysis rapidly improved and stabilized her hemoglobin. Conclusion Differentiation between anti-M antibody-mediated acute hemolysis and its differential diagnoses is of critical importance to guide therapeutic decisions in these rare clinical scenarios.
Socioeconomic predictors of case presentations and outcomes in 225 nonfunctional pituitary adenoma resections

Objective Clinical presentations and outcomes of nonfunctional pituitary adenoma (NFPA) resections can vary widely, and very little prior research has analyzed this variance through a socioeconomic lens. This study sought to determine whether socioeconomic status (SES) influences NFPA presentations and postoperative outcomes, as these associations could aid physicians in understanding case prognoses and complications. Methods The authors retrospectively analyzed 225 NFPA resections from 2012 to 2019 at their institution. Race, ethnicity, insurance status, estimated income, and having a primary care provider (PCP) were collected as 5 markers of SES. These markers were correlated with presenting tumor burden, presenting symptoms, surgical outcomes, and long-term clinical outcomes. Results All 5 examined SES markers influenced variance in patient presentation or outcome. Insurance status's effects on patient presentations disappeared when examining only patients with PCPs. Having a PCP was associated with significantly smaller tumor size at diagnosis (effect size = 0.404, p Conclusions This study found that while all 5 variables (race, ethnicity, insurance, PCP status, and estimated income) affected NFPA presentations and outcomes, having a PCP was the single most important of these socioeconomic factors, impacting hospital lengths of stay, readmission rates, follow-up adherence, and tumor recurrence. Having a PCP even protected low-income patients from experiencing increased rates of tumor recurrence. These protective findings suggest that addressing socioeconomic disparities may lead to better NFPA presentations and outcomes.
Coherent CO2 Lidar Systems for Remote Atmospheric Measurements

Coherent CO2 Doppler lidar systems have been applied to a wide variety of phenomena since the first measurement of atmospheric winds (Jelalian and Huffaker, 1967). A few examples of the applications sponsored over the last decade by the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) have been selected to illustrate the tremendous potential of these systems. Detailed information on these examples is readily available, therefore I intend to provide only a brief summary of each program addressing the initial concept, the resulting hardware, and a representative sample of the data. Additional information on these and other efforts can be obtained from an overview of atmospheric laser Doppler velocimeters in the publication Optical Engineering (Bilbro, 1980).
Interactive Visual Text Analysis for Corpus-Based Language Learning

A corpus is a large collection of texts that can be automatically analyzed for linguistic patterns and structures using interactive tools. Corpus-based language learning has gained prominence in recent years thanks to the advances in computing technologies, such as text mining, searching, and natural language processing. The size and variety of corpora have also grown significantly in recent years. However, most of the corpus tools currently available are designed for linguistic research, not for classroom teaching and learning. In this paper, we present a new corpus tool called Text X-Ray that features visual text analysis and supports corpus-based language learning. This program helps students analyze their own writing and compare their writing with a corpus. This tool has been tested in real classroom settings and has received several positive feedback from a range of instructors and students.
Engineered injection and extraction to enhance reaction for improved in situ remediation

[1] During in situ remediation, a treatment solution is often injected into a contaminated aquifer to degrade the groundwater contaminant. Since contaminant degradation reactions occur only at locations where the treatment solution and groundwater contaminant overlap, mixing of the treatment solution and the contaminated groundwater is necessary for reaction to occur. Mixing results from molecular diffusion and pore-scale dispersion, which operate over small length scales; thus, mixing during in situ remediation can only occur where the separation distance between the treatment solution and contaminated groundwater is small. To promote mixing, advection can be used to spread the treatment solution into the contaminated groundwater to increase the extent of the region where the two solutions coexist. A certain degree of passive spreading is the natural consequence of aquifer heterogeneity, which is manifested as macrodispersion. An alternative mechanism is active spreading, in which unsteady flows lead to stretching and folding of plumes. Active spreading can be accomplished by engineered injection and extraction (EIE), in which clean water is injected and extracted at wells surrounding a contaminant plume to create unsteady flow fields that stretch and fold the treatment solution and contaminant plumes. For a model system in which nested plumes of two reactants undergo scalar transport and instantaneous reaction, the simulation results reported here indicate that EIE enhances degradation of groundwater contamination in homogeneous and heterogeneous aquifers compared to baseline models without EIE. Furthermore, this study shows that the amount of reaction provided by the spreading due to EIE is greater than the amount of reaction due to spreading from heterogeneity alone.
Using a Matrix Approach in Nonlinear Beam Dynamics for Optimizing Beam Spot Size

Beam focusing is understood as the result of non-linear motion of a set of particles. As a result of this motion, we have the beam spot on the target. The set has a volume (the phase volume, or emittance). For a given brightness, the phase volume is proportional to the beam current and vice versa. The beam has an envelope surface. All particles of the beam are located inside of this surface, inside of this beam envelope. For the same phase volume (or beam current) the shape of the beam envelope can be different. We say the beam envelope is optimal if the spot size on the target has a minimum value for a given emittance. The essential feature of our optimization is the matrix approach for non-linear beam motion. In this approach we obtain and use analytical expressions for the matrizant (or transfer matrix) and for the envelope matrix. This matrix technique is known as the Matrizant method.
Combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection

The primary goal of antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is suppression of viral replication. Evidence indicates that the optimal way to achieve this goal is by initiating combination therapy with two or more antiretroviral agents. The agents now licensed in the United States for use in combination therapy include five nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine and lamivudine), two nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (delavirdine and nevirapine) and four protease inhibitors (saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir and nelfinavir). Current recommendations suggest that antiretroviral therapy be considered in any patient with a viral load higher than 5,000 to 20,000 copies per mL, regardless of the CD4+ count. Selection of the combination regimen must take into account the patient's prior history of antiretroviral use, the side effects of these agents and drug-drug interactions that occur among these agents and with other drugs as well. Because of the potential for viral resistance, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors should only be used in combination therapy. Antiretroviral agents are rapidly being developed and approved, so physicians must make increasingly complex treatment decisions about medications with which they may be unfamiliar.
Reliability of Macaque Frontal Eye Field Neurons Signaling Saccade Targets during Visual Search

Although many studies have explored the neural correlates of visual attention and selection, few have examined the reliability with which neurons represent relevant information. We monitored activity in the frontal eye field (FEF) of monkeys trained to make a saccade to a target defined by the conjunction of color and shape or to a target defined by color differences. The difficulty of conjunction search was manipulated by varying the number of distractors, and the difficulty of feature search was manipulated by varying the similarity in color between target and distractors. The reliability of individual neurons in signaling the target location in correct trials was determined using a neuron—anti-neuron approach within a winner-take-all architecture. On average, approximately seven trials of the activity of single neurons were sufficient to match near-perfect behavioral performance in the easiest search, and ∼14 trials were sufficient in the most difficult search. We also determined how many neurons recorded separately need to be evaluated within a trial to match behavioral performance. Results were quantitatively similar to those of the single neuron analysis. We also found that signal reliability in the FEF did not change with task demands, and overall, behavioral accuracy across the search tasks was approximated when only six trials or neurons were combined. Furthermore, whether combining trials or neurons, the increase in time of target discrimination corresponded to the increase in mean saccade latency across visual search difficulty levels. Finally, the variance of spike counts in the FEF increased as a function of the mean spike count, and the parameters of this relationship did not change with attentional selection.
A user's guide to enhancing geriatrics in an undergraduate medical school curriculum: the ten-step model to winning the "geriatric game".

In 1999, the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry committed to major restructuring of its undergraduate medical school curriculum. A distinguishing feature of this reform was the planned emphasis on and integration of several core topics or themes throughout the 4 years of the curriculum. One of these curricular themes was aging. The faculty in geriatrics was presented with an unparalleled opportunity to develop a geriatrics curriculum of major proportions through the development of an aging theme. Through a user's guide approach based on the authors' experience to date, this article identifies the 10 steps necessary to “win the geriatric game” successfully integrating an aging theme into an undergraduate medical school curriculum. Since the initiation of the aging theme, several new courses, cases, and conferences have been added or enhanced, affecting all 4 years of the curriculum. Key operational challenges included successful engagement of course directors, tracking the actual experience of the aging theme, and evaluation of students' attainment of learning objectives and eventual career choices. The authors' experience suggests that an aging theme can successfully enhance the geriatrics curricular content of undergraduate education and strongly affect students across all 4 years. This 10-step approach may serve as a model for other universities committed to integrating geriatrics across the full undergraduate medical curriculum.
Generation of an osmolality gap-ethanol nomogram from routine laboratory data.

Study objectives: To develop a practical procedure for producing a nomogram describing the relationship between the osmolality gap and serum ethanol concentrations that is appropriate for the formulas and analytical methodologies in use at any laboratory. Design: Retrospective review of serum sodium, glucose, urea nitrogen, ethanol, and osmolality values and the use of spreadsheet software in the generation of a nomogram. Setting: Emergency department in a university-affiliated county hospital. Participants: Two hundred three adult patients presenting with signs of alcohol intoxication. Main results: When either a common criterion (gap [mosmol/kg H 2 O]= ethanol [mmol/L]; range, −10 to +10) or a published nomogram was used for determination of consistency of the osmolality gap with the ethanol level, large percentiles of data were classified as inconsistent. Regression analysis and the method of truncated normal distributions were used to prepare a nomogram that better represented the data collected with our formulas and analytical methodologies. Conclusion: Interlaboratory analytical bias and the choice of the formula used for calculated osmolality limit the utility of published formulas or nomograms for the assessment of excess osmolality gap. Any laboratory can produce their own nomogram from routine patient data using the described spreadsheet procedure, without the need for measurement of volatiles other than ethanol.
Exercise in the Heat: Effects of Dinitrophenol Administration,

Abstract 1. 1.|Dinitrophenol (DNP) was administered to rats in two equal dosages (20 mg/kg, 30 min interval); the second injection was followed immediately by exercise (9.14 m/min) in the heat (30°C) or at room temperature (21°C). 2. 2.|At 21°C control (saline-treated) rats manifested a mean endurance of 94 min which was reduced to 32 min among DNP-treated animals. 3. 3.|At 30°C, control rats ran for 65 min ( δT re /min = 0.05°C) while DNP-treated animals had a mean endurance of only 12 min ( δT re /min = 0.22°C). 4. 4.|DNP-treated rats (30°C) manifested no decrements in tail-skin heat loss ( δT sk /min = 0.17°C vs 0.10° C ) or saliva secretion (0.78 g/min, DNP vs. 0.19 g/min, control) for their brief treadmill duration. 5. 5.|The increased metabolic heat production of DNP severely reduced performance.
Hepatic lipase in the rat

Abstract 1. 1. Whole homogenates of rat liver are capable of hydrolyzing artificial triglyceride emulsions in vitro at a pH of 7.4. The products of the reaction are primarily free fatty acids and glycerol. The lipolytic activity is progressively inactivated after 30 min at 37°. Hydrolysis is inhibited by divalent cations. The lipolytic activity studied differs in several respects from previously described intracellular upases. 2. 2. Direct transesterification of triglyceride fatty acids to new complex lipids was not observed. The addition of ATP and CoA promoted incorporation of the hydrolyzed triglyceride fatty acids into phospholipids; under the conditions of the experiment significant reincorporation into new triglycerides was not seen. 3. 3. Microsomes, mitochondria and soluble fraction all contain some “triglyceride lipase” activity with the highest specific activity in the microsomes. 4. 4. Partial glycerides are hydrolyzed more rapidly than triglycerides. Maximal rates of hydrolysis for mono-, di- and triolein are given for each of the subcellular fractions. 5. 5. In the soluble fraction, triglyceride and monoglyceride lipases are separable on the basis of heat inactivation and DFP inhibition. 6. 6. Intracellular hydrolysis is probably the first step in the metabolism of triglycerides taken up by the liver. The exact site at which this occurs is not certain.
A dynamic model of mating behavior in digger wasps: the energetics of male-male competition mimic size-dependent thermal constraints

I develop a state-based dynamic model of behavior to demonstrate that size-dependent differences in temperature tolerances are not necessary to account for the activity of small male digger wasps late in the day. In the model, males defend or patrol the nesting area, wait near nests, or feed away from the nesting area depending on time of day, energy reserves and size rank. I assume a large male competitive advantage, so mating opportunities decrease with size rank for territorial or patrolling males and are rare for all waiting males; the costs of patrolling or defense are higher than the costs of waiting. If energy reserves of all males are initially small, all males alternate feeding and territorial or patrolling behavior. If energy reserves are initially large, large males patrol or maintain territories until they risk starvation and leave the area to feed. At this time, smaller males that have conserved their resources by waiting and feeding may defend territories or patrol. I simulate the behavior of three populations representing two species of Microbembex by assuming large initial energy reserves for populations in which males were territorial and small initial reserves for populations in which males patrolled, and then convert the predicted time of activity to temperature using local regressions from field studies. Temporal patterns in the activity of large and small males were similar to those actually observed, and relationships between size and temperature predicted by the model corresponded to most observations and were sometimes positive. Thus, the delayed activity of smaller males does not correspond to activity at higher temperatures and is probably not attributable to size-dependent thermal tolerances, but may represent a temporal displacement of mating activity due to intra-sexual competition and mediated by energetics. The model makes testable predictions on the timing of feeding and depletion of energy reserves in relation to size and initial energy state, and suggests how differences among species may influence the temporal and spatial organization of male mating behavior.
Temperature distribution under radiation frost conditions in a central Pennsylvania valley

Abstract Air temperatures, measured with vehicle-mounted thermistor thermometers, are presented for traverses across a broad Pennsylvania valley under radiation frost conditions. The temperature range observed over the breath of the valley on clear, calm mornings was often as much as 10°C or 18°F. Comparisons of the temperature distributions between mornings indicated that the patterns were quite similar under cool, calm and clear conditions. This was interpreted as justification for a radiation frost condition category. Most of the variation in air temperature could be explained by the relative elevation above the bottom of the basin confining the cold air lake. A mean change in temperature of +6.2°C per 100 m change in relative elevation (or +3.4°F/100 ft.) was found to exist near dawn under calm and clear conditions. This value is suggested for approximating the relative frost danger from contour maps of similar valleys in which the distribution of temperature is unknown.
Effect of Recycling on the Properties of Paper Surfaces

AFM surface adhesion measurements made on virgin and recycled bleached kraft pulp show that recycling increases the apparent hydrophilicity of the fiber surface. Yet, the water retention values and strength decreases as expected, which is consistent with internal cross-linking of the bonding sites and a reduction in hydrophilicity. Recycling does not affect the amount of monolayer water bound to the fiber surface indicating that the pore water is reduced but not the water bound to fiber surfaces. It is proposed that the contact area between the AFM tip and the fiber is greater for recycled material than for virgin. This could be caused by fiber shrinkage, changes in the angle of contact, lamination of fibrils, or other processes. Hence, in this instance, the surface adhesion values are more a measure of the topography of the surface than of its chemistry. An application to newsprint is illustrated.
Go Big or Stay Home: Why Journalism Historians Matter to Understanding International Affairs

As protestors swept over a vast region one bleak late winter, intent on bringing democratic freedoms to entrenched authoritarian regimes, an editor in New York proudly highlighted the crucial role ...
Contour people: A parameterized model of 2D articulated human shape

We define a new “contour person” model of the human body that has the expressive power of a detailed 3D model and the computational benefits of a simple 2D part-based model. The contour person (CP) model is learned from a 3D SCAPE model of the human body that captures natural shape and pose variations; the projected contours of this model, along with their segmentation into parts forms the training set. The CP model factors deformations of the body into three components: shape variation, viewpoint change and part rotation. This latter model also incorporates a learned non-rigid deformation model. The result is a 2D articulated model that is compact to represent, simple to compute with and more expressive than previous models. We demonstrate the value of such a model in 2D pose estimation and segmentation. Given an initial pose from a standard pictorial-structures method, we refine the pose and shape using an objective function that segments the scene into foreground and background regions. The result is a parametric, human-specific, image segmentation.
Development and characterization of new coatings for improved balance of mechanical properties of titanium matrix composites

Abstract The need for improved transverse performance of titanium matrix composites (TMCs) has stimulated efforts at developing fiber–matrix coatings with a better blend of transverse and longitudinal properties. In the first part of this paper, the critical requirements for an appropriate coating are examined, based on experience gained from single-fiber and single-ply tests on TMCs. Two new coatings are then discussed: (i) the Ti-Y-Ti system, abbreviated as TYT; and (ii), the sheathed SiC system. The coatings were characterized under transverse loading using the cruciform specimen geometry, and under longitudinal tension using a single-ply dog-bone geometry. The transverse strength of the TYT system was ≈160 MPa, and needs further improvement. The fiber had poor in situ strength, and is explained based on less than expected performance of the Y layer due to oxygen pickup and columnar grain structure. The sheathed fiber offered a better blend of transverse and longitudinal properties. Under transverse loading, the sheath remained load bearing until an applied stress as high as 550 MPa, compared with only 330 MPa for SCS-6 fibers. Under longitudinal tension, while the sheath cracked at relatively low stresses, the base SiC region appeared to retain a strength that was identical to a virgin carbon-coated Trimarc fiber. The sheathed fiber appears attractive for TMC laminates, and further experimental validation is suggested.
Underestimation of volcanic cooling in tree-ring-based reconstructions of hemispheric temperatures

A large volcanic eruption in AD 1258–1259 is expected to have caused substantial climate cooling, but evidence for this effect is absent from tree-ring-based temperature reconstructions. Numerical modelling of tree growth shows that the lack of cooling is probably an artefact caused by low sensitivity to cooling in trees growing near the treeline.
Computational photography: advanced topics

Computational photography combines plentiful computing, digital sensors, modern optics, many varieties of actuators, probes and smart lights to escape the limitations of traditional film cameras and enables novel imaging applications. Unbounded dynamic range, variable focus, resolution, and depth of field, hints about shape, reflectance, and lighting, and new interactive forms of photos that are partly snapshots and partly videos, performance capture and interchangeably relighting real and virtual characters are just some of the new applications emerging in Computational Photography. The computational techniques encompass methods from modification of imaging parameters during capture to sophisticated reconstructions from indirect measurements.We will bypass basic and introductory material presented in earlier versions of this course (Computational Photography 2005, 6, 7) and expand coverage of more recent topics. Emphasizing more recent work in computational photography and related fields (2006 or later) this course will give more attention to advanced topics only briefly touched before, including tomography, heterodyning and Fourier Slice applications, inverse problems, gradient illumination, novel optics, emerging sensors and social impact of computational photography. With this deeper coverage, the course offers a diverse but practical guide to topics in image capture and manipulation methods for generating compelling pictures for computer graphics and for extracting scene properties for computer vision, with several examples.
Variability in 20th century climate change reconstructions and its consequences for predicting geographic responses of California mammals

Empirical species distribution models are widely used to predict the effects of climate change on biodiversity distribution but rely on multiple assumptions about the certainty of the locality and climate data. Here, we assess the effect of historical climate data variability when forecasting geographic responses of California mammals to 20th century climate change. We first used two methods to derive gridded climate surfaces from weather station data (ANUSPLIN and PRISM) representing two sampling eras: historic (1900-1940) and current (1980-2005). We then used the two sources of climate data in conjunction with a maximum entropy algorithm (MAXENT) to predict both the historic and current distributions of all major mammal species vouchered historically in California. Results indicate that levels of disagreement between the two climate datasets are considerably greater in the historical era than in the current era. For the bioclimatic variables used in modeling historical mammal distributions, precipitation variables were less concordant than temperature variables. These discrepancies are reflected in the low agreement between historic mammal range predictions and further propagated when the historic models are projected to present day. Nonetheless, some common patterns exist across mammal species and climate estimates. Range stability is the most common prediction between the two eras, followed by expansion and contraction. Jepson ecoregions with relatively high levels of range stability include parts of the Great Central Valley and Sierra Nevada, while other parts of the Central Valley, the Sonoran desert, and Central- and Southwestern California yield predictions of range shifts. Historical species distribution modeling can greatly inform studies attempting to describe how species will continue to move geographically in response to future changes in climate. We suggest that alternative estimates of historical climate and their uncertainties are ultimately required in order to provide a quantitative measure of the confidence in predicted changes in distribution.
Fluometuron Sorption and Transport in Dundee Soil

The mobility of a synthetic organic compound in soil is affected by degradation and sorption reactions. Sorption is often a nonequilibrium process, leading to greater mobility and increased potential for contamination of shallow groundwater. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to examine sorption kinetics of the herbicide fluometuron [N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]urea] in Dundee silty clay loam (fine-sity, mixed, thermic Aeric Ochraqualfs), a common soil in the Mississippi Delta. Batch experiments indicated sorption equilibrium was achieved by 72 h contact time. Other data suggested little degradation of fluometuron within this time. The approach to equilibrium was chacterized by an initially very rapid reaction, followed by a slower rate of sorption. Tits behavior could be equally well described by either a nonlinear two-site equilibrium/kinetic or equilibrium/diffusion model. Reaction parameters determined from the batch experiments were further validated by use in a transport model to predict fluometuron movement in this soil. Within parameter uncertainty, the two-site equilibrium/kinetic model gave accurate predictions of fluometuron mobility. Explicitly modeling time-dependent sorption as a diffusion process offered minor improvement in transport predictions
HIV-1 Tat Co-Operates with IFN-γ and TNF-α to Increase CXCL10 in Human Astrocytes

HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND) are estimated to affect 60% of the HIV infected population. HIV-encephalitis (HIVE), the pathological correlate of the most severe form of HAND is often characterized by glial activation, cytokine/chemokine dysregulation, and neuronal damage and loss. However, the severity of HIVE correlates better with glial activation rather than viral load. One of the characteristic features of HIVE is the increased amount of the neurotoxic chemokine, CXCL10. This chemokine can be released from astroglia activated with the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, in conjunction with HIV-1 Tat, all of which are elevated in HIVE. In an effort to understand the pathogenesis of HAND, this study was aimed at exploring the regulation of CXCL10 by cellular and viral factors during astrocyte activation. Specifically, the data herein demonstrate that the combined actions of HIV-1 Tat and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFN-γ and TNF-α, result in the induction of CXCL10 at both the RNA and protein level. Furthermore, CXCL10 induction was found to be regulated transcriptionally by the activation of the p38, Jnk, and Akt signaling pathways and their downstream transcription factors, NF-κB and STAT-1α. Since CXCL10 levels are linked to disease severity, understanding its regulation could aid in the development of therapeutic intervention strategies for HAND.
Factors used by program directors to select hand surgery fellows.

Purpose To identify factors and attributes hand surgery fellowship program directors consider important in selecting applicants for interview and ranking. Methods A web-based questionnaire was sent to all hand fellowship program directors in the United States. The questionnaire was designed to identify the most important criteria in granting an interview, sources of letters of recommendation, the interview process, and factors used to rank a candidate. Each criterion was ranked in importance on a 1 to 5 Likert scale, with 1 being not important and 5 being critical. All responses were anonymous. The most important criterion for each section of the survey was determined by comparing the average Likert scores. Results Fifty-two of 76 program directors responded (68%). The criteria with the highest mean Likert scores for offering an applicant an interview were, in order, quality letters of recommendation from hand surgeons, completion of an orthopedic surgery residency, comments regarding the applicant's technical competence, applicant having an MD degree (as opposed to a DO degree), and residency program reputation. The letters of recommendation with the highest value were from the division chief of hand surgery and another hand surgeon in the division/department. The most important features of the interview were maturity of applicant, ability of applicant to articulate thoughts, ability to listen well, self-confidence, and relevant questions asked. The most important factors in ranking a candidate were applicant integrity, commitment to hard work, quality of letters of recommendation, quality of the interview, and ability to work well with other members of the hand surgery team. Conclusions There are identifiable factors considered important by hand surgery fellowship directors when selecting and ranking an applicant. This information may be valuable to medical students and residents contemplating careers in hand surgery.
Failure of Alzheimer's Aβ(1-40) amyloid nanofibrils under compressive loading

Amyloids are associated with severe degenerative diseases and show exceptional mechanical properties, in particular great stiffhess. Amyloid fibrils, forming protein nanotube structures, are elongated fibers with a diameter of ≈8 nm with a characteristic dense hydrogen-bond (H-bond)patterning in the form of beta-sheets (β-sheets). Here we report a series of molecular dynamics simulations to study mechanical failure properties of a twofold symmetric Aβ(l–40) amyloid fibril, a pathogen associated with Alzheimer’s disease. We carry out computational experiments to study the response of the amyloid fibril to compressive loading. Our investigations reveal atomistic details of the failure process, and confirm that the breakdown of H-bonds plays a critical role during the failure process of amyloid fibrils. We obtain a Young’s modulus of ≈12.43 GPa, in dose agreement with earlier experimental results. Our simulations show that failure by buck-ling and subsequent shearing in one of the layers initiates at ≈1% compressive strain, suggesting that amyloid fibrils can be rather brittle mechanical elements.
Infectious diseases in child day care facilities

Infections in children in day care are common, but can be limited by education of providers and staff in standards of hygiene, maintenance of basic techniques of infection control, appropriate use of the physical facilities of the day care unit, and maintenance of recommended levels of children and staff.
Computer approaches to protein structure. IV. Control tapes for polypeptide synthesis

Abstract The use of tape reading instruments for the solid phase synthesis and/or solid phase Edman degradation of polypeptides and proteins has created a need for fast and reliable methods of generating control tapes. A computer program is described which generates a single control tape for the simultaneous synthesis of two proteins. With this program, the investigator specifies the desired amino acid sequences and the computer, through the program, generates a command array for the complete synthesis of the proteins. As a result, the control tape for weeks of instrument operation, and therefore weeks of chemical synthesis, is available in minutes. Knowledge of computer programming is not essential to generate control tapes with the described program.