cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interplay of changing irrigation technologies and water reuse: example from the upper Snake River basin, Idaho, USA

Abstract. Careful allotment of water resources for irrigation is critical to ensuring the resiliency of agriculture in semi-arid regions, and modernizing irrigation technology to minimize inefficient losses is an important tool for farmers and agricultural economies. While modernizing irrigation technology can achieve reductions in non-beneficial use of water such as bare soil evaporation, non-consumptive losses or water returned back to the landscape are also reduced, often eliminating flowpaths that other users rely on. In basins using a combination of surface and groundwater, replenishing aquifer storage by the managed aquifer recharge (MAR) of seasonally available water can mitigate the aquifer drawdown that results from reduced recharge when irrigation efficiency is improved. We examine the effects of MAR on the system-scale efficiency of modernizing irrigation technology and the resulting changes to the reuse of non-consumptive losses using a macro-scale hydrologic model applied to the semi-arid Upper Snake River Basin (USRB) of western Wyoming and southern Idaho, USA. Irrigation technologies were represented explicitly in the model, and available data informed baseline parameterizations of irrigation technology. A suite of parameterizations were simulated that updated existing technologies to be more efficient, both with and without sufficient MAR to cause stabilization of the aquifer at present-day head. As expected, simulated changes to irrigation technology resulted in greater downstream export of pristine water and a higher rate of aquifer drawdown when MAR was not simulated. Under current water use and cropping patterns, we were not able to simulate aquifer stabilization and maintain discharge downstream at any level of irrigation efficiency. We found support for the hypothesis that as efficiency improves, less MAR is required to maintain a stable aquifer than returns flows are reduced due to increased efficiency. To evaluate the hypothesis, we defined the management benefit as a metric that compared the difference between the change in irrigation’s net recharge from the change in MAR required as irrigation technology became more efficient. The metric generally indicated that less MAR was needed than net recharge was lost, but only for the most efficient case did the management benefit exceed the MAR needed at baseline to stabilize the aquifer. Increasing efficiency of irrigation technology reduced reuse, the gross irrigation derived from prior non-consumptive losses, but simulating MAR increased reuse for a given parameterization, leading to higher effective irrigation efficiency. We find that local groundwater storage that users depend on is generally more sensitive to management decisions than downstream flows, and drawdown of the aquifer without MAR always exceeded any decrease in discharge induced by MAR. Improving resource sufficiency in semi-arid systems like the USRB will require an array of solutions that will necessarily weigh benefits to local and downstream users.
Competing food sovereignties: GMO-free activism, democracy and state preemptive laws in Southern Oregon

Indicators of food sovereignty and food democracy center on people having the right and ability to define their food polices and strategies with respect to food culture, food security, sustainability and use of natural resources. Yet food sovereignty, like democracy, exists on multiple and competing scales, and policymakers and citizens often have different agendas and priorities. In passing a ban on the use of genetically-modified (GMO) seeds in agriculture, Jackson County, Oregon has obtained some measure of food sovereignty. Between 2016 and 2017 ethnographic research was undertaken in rural Southern Oregon where local community and State of Oregon priorities regarding the use of GMO crops are in conflict. This article presents ethnographic research findings about the expression and negotiation of multiple food sovereignties by civil society in rural southern Oregon and the State of Oregon via democratic processes. In particular, these findings illustrate the effects of socio-political power dynamics on local and state acts of food sovereignty, democracy and agrifood policy by analyzing what the different expressions of food sovereignty reveal for its implementation at the local level.
Commentary on "Tracking the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of American households"

Since March 10, 2020, we have been tracking effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on respondents to the nationally representative Understanding America Study (UAS). After an initial survey that covered March 10–31, 2020, we launched tracking surveys every two weeks. Every day, about 500 respondents are invited to take the survey for a total of about 7,000 respondents over a two-week period. Results are shared in a variety of ways. About 3,000 graphs are updated every night, with the corresponding tab-delimited text files available for download. The underlying micro-data are available for registered researchers after the end of each four-week field period. The paper describes the set-up of the tracking survey, lists the main topics covered and highlights a number or early results. Our ambition is to keep tracking the experiences of U.S. households for as along as the pandemic lasts.
A Different Epidemiology of Enterovirus A and Enterovirus B Co-circulating in Korea, 2012-2019.

BACKGROUND Enteroviruses (EVs) occur frequently worldwide and are known to be associated with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations from mild syndromes to neurological disease. To understand the epidemiology of EV in Korea, we characterized EV-infected cases during 2012-2019 based on national surveillance. METHODS We collected specimens from patients with suspected EV infections and analyzed the data using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and VP1 gene sequencing. RESULTS Among the 18 261 specimens collected, EVs were detected in 6258 (34.3%) cases. Although the most common EV types changed annually, EV-A71, echovirus 30, coxsackievirus B5, coxsackievirus A6, and coxsackievirus A10 were commonly identified. Among the human EVs, the case numbers associated with the 2 major epidemic species (EV-A and EV-B) peaked in the summer. While EV-A species affected 1-year-old children and were associated with herpangina and hand, foot, and mouth disease, EV-B species were mostly associated with neurologic manifestations. The highest incidence of EV-B species was observed in infants aged <12 months. Feces and respiratory specimens were the most predictive of EV infection. Specimens collected within 5 days of symptom onset allowed for timely virus detection. CONCLUSIONS EV-A and EV-B species co-circulating in Korea presented different epidemiologic trends in clinical presentation, affected subjects, and seasonality trends. This study could provide information for the characterization of EVs circulating in Korea to aid the development of EV antivirals and vaccines, as well as public health measures to control enteroviral diseases.
Generating high quality ultrarelativistic electron beams using an evolving electron beam driver

A new method of controllable injection to generate high quality electron bunches in the nonlinear blowout regime driven by electron beams is proposed and demonstrated using particle-in-cell simulations. Injection is facilitated by decreasing the wake phase velocity through varying the spot size of the drive beam and can be tuned through the Courant-Snyder (CS) parameters. Two regimes are examined. In the first, the spot size is focused according to the vacuum CS beta function, while in the second, it is focused by the plasma ion column. The effects of the driver intensity and vacuum CS parameters on the wake velocity and injected beam parameters are examined via theory and simulations. For plasma densities of $\ensuremath{\sim}1{0}^{19}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate that peak normalized brightnesses $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1{0}^{20}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{rad}}^{2}$ can be obtained with projected energy spreads of $\ensuremath{\lesssim}1%$ within the middle section of the injected beam, and with normalized slice emittances as low as $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nm}$.
Biodiversity, the City, and Sprawl

Various efforts to reduce urban sprawl, such as growth controls, management, and innovative design of new housing developments, have had, for the most part, a beneficial impact on biodiversity conservation. Still, truly effective protection of biodiversity requires further efforts, such as voluntary stewardship by individual homeowners. This Article addresses efforts to control sprawl, discusses their impact on biodiversity, and suggests ways for further landowner participation.
From Oldie to Goldie: Humanizing Old Produce Enhances its Appeal

Worldwide food waste amounts to approximately 1.3 billion tons every year. The desire for perfection (fresh and unblemished) in produce has been identified as one of the key reasons underlying this immense waste. This article identifies the need to shape consumer’s aesthetic preference for perfect produce to increase the acceptance of old and imperfect produce. We suggest that when old produce is humanized, it is evaluated more favorably, since it leads consumers to evaluate the old produce with a more compassionate lens. Four experiments show that: (1) humanizing old produce enhances evaluation and purchase intent, and (2) consumer lay beliefs about human aging (an “old is gold” vs. a “young is good” lay theory) can influence the effectiveness of humanizing old produce to enhance its appeal. The current work offers practical managerial implications for retailers and marketers about the trans-formative potential of aesthetics in helping reduce food waste.
Aging in Smart Environments for Independence

This paper highlights current technological limitations and offers recommendations for scientists and engineers when designing devices to support aging in place. Existing technology for older adults to support independent living is examined as well as the implications of contextual factors, namely, location, on how people live and age based on the location in which they reside. This is the first review to investigate how challenges of aging change relative to location of residence and, subsequently, how such variation may inform technological solutions. To date, few devices consider the environment in which older individuals age. Places examined include aging: at home; assisted living facilities; nursing homes; and family housing. Challenges found in common across these locations were financial strain and isolation. In addition, each setting was found to have its own unique hurdles. Understanding these barriers is essential to developing technology that enables older adults to successfully age in place.
De-Orphanizing GPCRs and Drug Development

Traditionally, the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been divided into “classical” GPCRs and olfactory (or gustatory) GPCRs. The classical GPCRs comprise receptors for all neurotransmitters and hormones, displaying a vast chemical diversity among their natural ligands. Odorant receptors are believed to bind volatile molecules, but the mechanisms of ligand binding in this group are less well-understood.
Spatial ecology, landscapes, and the geography of vector-borne disease: A multi-disciplinary review

Abstract According to the World Health Organization, more than half the world's population is at risk for vector-borne illnesses such as malaria and Lyme disease. Climate change and other anthropogenic factors have further increased the incidence of vector-borne diseases in several parts of the world. To prevent the spread of these devastating diseases, scientists have focused their efforts on controlling the ever-expanding distributions of arthropod vectors. Since arthropod vectors are dependent on environmental factors, geospatial technologies, such as geographic information systems and remote sensing, may assist in their control and eradication by allowing researchers to collect, manage and analyze environmental data with greater precision and accuracy than ever before. Many studies of vector-borne disease have begun to integrate geospatial technologies, such as remote sensing-derived vegetation indices, with traditional ecological data. Here we review the use of multidisciplinary research incorporating climate, geospatial technologies, and ecology in the study and control of disease vectors. Suggestions for future research combining these disciplines are discussed.
Management of intussusception in infants and children: a survey based on 288 consecutive cases.

A consecutive series of 288 patients with intussusception is presented. It is shown that radiologic examination, including barium enema, is necessary to establish an early and accurate diagnosis. Barium enema reduction was the preferred therapeutic method. The reduction rate in relation to symptoms, duration of illness, type and site of intussusception, intestinal obstruction, and organic lead points is appraised. The reduction rate during the last decade was 87%.
Condensation Heat Transfer

Publisher Summary Condensation plays a significant role in the heat rejection parts of the rankine power generation cycle and the vapor compression refrigeration cycle, which generally involve single components. Condensation is initiated by a nucleation process either in a bulk vapor or on a solid surface. Condensation heat transfer can be studied from either the macroscopic or the microscopic point of view. The macroscopic viewpoint considers matter as a continuum and requires the introduction of certain phenomenological laws, the macroscopic transport equations, in addition to the conservation equations of mass, energy, and momentum, in order to deal with rate processes. The microscopic viewpoint deals with molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles.
Corrosion of Ultrasonic Spot Weldbonds of Magnesium to Steel

Reliable mixed-metal joining, especially between magnesium and steel, is one of the critical technologies in achieving light-weighting vehicle body construction. However, galvanic corrosion between mixed metal joints is inevitable but not well quantified. In a previous study [1,2], 1.6 mm thick magnesium (Mg) AZ31B-H24 was joined to 0.8 mm thick galvanized mild steel by ultrasonic spot welding in lap-shear configuration and went through an automotive cyclic corrosion test including a step of immersion in 5% NaCl solution. In this study, joints of identical material combination made by ultrasonic spot weldbonding (with adhesive) and a different automotive cyclic corrosion test of immersion in 0.5% NaCl solution are analyzed. Corrosion test procedure includes salt liquid immersion, drying, and constant humidity exposure. Good joint strengths were retained at the end of 30-cycle test, with about 45% of the strength of that of non-corroded samples. Failure mode was shown to be interfacial failure of the USW joints with metal-metal bonding between Mg and steel maintained throughout 30 cycles of corrosion exposure. Joint strength of corroded samples decreased due to the corrosion attack at the joint interface and the delamination of adhesive from Mg sheet. Adhesive was found to help in protecting the interior of the Mg surface from corrosion as long as it adheres to the Mg surface.
Fermat’s Last Theorem

Sometime during 1637 Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665) wrote in the margin of a book the assertion that he had found a truly marvelous proof of the following result:
Swelling of polyvinyl alcohol, melamine and urethane treated southern pine wood

Anti-swelling properties of southern pine wood treated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or melamine or urethane were evaluated by measuring the tangential swelling and water uptake using AWPA standards methods. The water-repellency efficiency (WRE) of melamine and PVA treated wafers exhibited values 80% superior to untreated wafers. This study confirms that waterborne solution containing 3% of melamine or 3% of PVA can be used to reduce the swelling of southern pine.
Accuracy of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for body-composition measurements in children

The accuracy of body-composition measurements by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was assessed by comparison with total carcass chemical analysis in 16 pigs with a weight range of 5-35 kg. Two software versions for body-composition analyses with the DXA instrument were evaluated. Although both software versions accurately predicted body weight, there were significant differences in the partitioning between bone mineral content (BMC), nonbone lean tissue, and body-fat compartments. All estimates of body composition were highly correlated (r2 > or = 0.98) with the results of the direct chemical reference method. SEEs were 226-271 g for body weight, 387-429 g for fat, 3.5-4.3 kg for fat-free mass, and 35.4-36.5 g for BMC. For bone, both software versions produced BMC values that were approximately 25% below the total carcass ash content. For the absolute mass of body fat, one DXA analysis provided underestimates that averaged 19.5% below the reference chemical method, whereas the alternate software version resulted in over-estimates, averaging 15.5%. Conversely, the average fat-free compartment was initially overestimated by 968 g, then underestimated by 892 g. The impact of these differences in the body-composition analyses by DXA were examined in a group of 18 young boys 4-12 y of age.
Understanding Cultural Issues in Child Development: Introduction

Abstract— Research findings indicate that children’s and adolescents’ behaviors may vary in their prevalence, meanings, and developmental patterns across cultures. To explain the cross-cultural variations, researchers often rely on frameworks based on broad categories such as collectivism versus individualism or interdependent versus independent orientations. However, these frameworks have been criticized for a number of limitations, such as offering overly simplistic categorizations of complex cultural systems, failing to take account of the substantial heterogeneity within societies, and the neglect of the processes in which cultural factors at various contextual levels are involved in individual development. The articles in this Special Section review recent progress in empirical and theoretical work on culture and child development, discuss challenges and problems that researchers are experiencing, and suggest directions for future exploration in the area.
Illuminating problems, defining processes, and improving outcomes: the essence of oncology nursing research.

Growing up in a small farming village in the rural Hudson Valley of New York state, Lillian was recognized as bright and curious. This opened doors for her, including participation in a school enrichment program that unlocked the world of culture and ideas. Monthly field trips to New York City introduced her to opera, art, and the exchange of ideas on contemporary issues by prominent thinkers and scientists. One memorable evening was spent having dinner with Margaret Mead. These experiences lead Lillian to value inquiry and set her on her way to an education at the University of Rochester and a nursing degree. As an undergraduate, she was exposed to research as a vehicle to build knowledge. Lillian made a lifelong connection between her curiosity and research as the means to explore and learn. As a staff nurse, Lillian sought positions where she could care for patients participating in clinical research trials. She eventually worked with a research team involved in the early development of the intra-aortic balloon pump. Out of this experience came her first publication, a coauthored article in Heart & Lung in 1973 about the device. Soon she returned to the University of Rochester for a master’s degree in nursing; after she earned this degree, she took a teaching position in a nursing program at a small liberal arts college. Within a year she missed the excitement she felt in the university research environment, and she soon headed back to the University of Rochester to pursue a doctoral degree in nursing.
Multiple steady states as a source of pattern formation in complex multicell chemical systems

An assemblage of identical chemical cells weakly coupled by passive intercellular transport is considered. When the chemistry in the individual cells give multiple steady states, it is apparent that, in the absence of intercellular coupling, the assemblage can exhibit nonuniform steady states (even very complex ones) in which there are cell-to-cell differences in composition. However, in the presence of even very weak intercellular transport, these composition patterns may or may not persist. Results are presented that indicate how the persistence of patterns is determined by the interplay of chemistry and intercellular transport.
The value of imaging technology to patients' health

The ultimate goal of imaging research, indeed, all medical research, is the improvement of human health. However, the technologic nature of our discipline often results in research that assesses a technology or the application of a technology in terms of the information it provides rather than its relationship to care of patients. Dr. Rosenquist’s paper [i ] describes an example of how assessing a technology solely on the basis of the information it provides can be misleading with regard to the effects of that technology on patients’ health. In a broad sense, nearly all of our literature deals with imaging technology assessment. An unfortunate proportion of imaging publications are retrospective, without suitable controls or verification of diagnoses, and they employ dubious or irreproducible measures of efficacy. In evaluating the other publications, we can consider a five-stage hierarchy of imaging technology assessment: imaging efficacy, diagnostic efficacy, therapeutic efficacy, evaluation of the patients’ outcomes, and cost-effectiveness assessment. Imaging efficacy is the level of assessment most commonly encountered in prospective imaging research. Evaluation of imaging efficacy is typified by the work of Abu-Yousef et al. [2], who sought to determine the potential of sonography in identifying patients with appendicitis. This level of assessment is an important and necessary first step in assessing the value of an imaging technology. However, as Dr. Rosenquist has shown, little relationship may exist between imaging efficacy and providing benefits to patients. Indeed, only a few imaging studies have sought to develop a link between advances in imaging technology and benefits to patients. This lack of data has provided a rationale for often misguided technology regulation and reimbursement conmisguided technology regulation and reimbursement constraints. Moreover, the absence of reliable information puts radiologists at a disadvantage in selecting and using technology, especially in an environment that increasingly puts us and our associates at financial risk for applying technologies that do not result in cost-effective care. Levels two through five of the assessment hierarchy potentially could contribute to an information base that would correct these deficiencies. Level two is diagnostic efficacy. Studies dealing with diagnostic efficacy seek to determine the importance of the use of a technology in establishing or ruling out a diagnosis. An example of a measure of diagnostic efficacy that has been used successfully in assessing applications of imaging technology is the log likelihood ratio [3]:
Screening of poplar clones for cadmium phytoremediation using photosynthesis, biomass and cadmium content analyses.

Variability of cadmium tolerance and distribution in plant organs was investigated in ten selected poplar clones from different species, hybrids and genotypes. To this end, plants were exposed for three weeks to 50 μM CdSO4 in hydroponics. Cadmium accumulation in roots, stem and leaves as well as biomass production and photosynthesis maintenance varied greatly among clones. The metal mostly accumulated in roots, up to 80% in some clones, and interestingly, only 50% in some others. In general, metal tolerance reflected the degree of photosynthesis inhibition, which was higher in clones with high cadmium accumulation in leaves. Biomass production, net photosynthesis, transpiration, and pigment content were differently reduced in cadmium-treated clones with respect to control. The variability of cadmium distribution among leaves, stem, and roots provides candidate poplars for specific phytoremediation processes of contaminated waters and soils.
ON INEQUALITIES AND SELECTION OF EXPERIMENTS FOR LENGTH BIASED DISTRIBUTIONS

The length biased distribution occurs naturally for some sampling plans in reliability, biometry, and survival analysis. In this note, inequalities for length biased distributions are proved for monotone hazard functions and mean residual life functions. The problem of sampling and selection of experiments from the length biased distribution as opposed to the original distribution is addressed. Certain modified cross-entropy measures are also investigated.
The Role of Dietary Protein in the Progression and Symptomatology of Chronic Renal Failure

Dietary factors may have substantial impact on the clinical manifestations and even the progression of chronic renal failure. Proper dietary management can prevent certain uremic complications, decrease azotemia, and may even prevent the loss of residual renal function. Recent studies indicate that dietary protein may accelerate the normal age-related deterioration of renal function in rats. The extensive ablation of functional renal mass in rats leads to hyperemia and hyperfiltration in remnant nephrons. Continued hyperfiltration theoretically results in glomerular damage, proteinuria, and ultimately glomerular sclerosis. Dietary protein restriction reduces the remnant nephron hyperfiltration and reduces the rate of glomerular sclerosis, at least in the rat. The role of dietary protein in the pathogenesis of human nephrosclerosis remains controversial. Though dietary factors may or may not affect the rate of progression of renal insufficiency, there is no doubt that proper dietary management can limit or forestall uremic symptoms and the need for dialysis. Diets containing about 0.5 gm protein/kg body weight/day usually maintain a neutral or slightly positive nitrogen balance, while lesser amounts usually result in malnutrition. When protein intake exceeds 0.5 gm/kg/day azotemia increases dramatically. The use of nitrogen-free keto- or hydroxy-analogues of amino acids promotes positive nitrogen balance while reducing azotemia in patients with near-end-stage renal disease.
Aqueous surface reactions

Chemistry of the Solid–Water Interface: Processes at the Mineral–Water and Particle–Water Interface in Natural Systems. By Werner Stumm. Wiley: 1992. Pp. 428. £34.50, $48.95 (pbk).
Hyoid Positions During Repeated Syllables

Hyoid positions for the repeated vowels [i], [a], and [u] in combination with the [p] consonant were measured for seven subjects, using tracings from cinefluorographic films. Vowels were sampled th...
Green Urban Worlds

Contemporary cities are unsustainable, compromising the health and well-being of coming generations. How can geographers help imagine and build cities that hold more promise for the future? I suggest that the answer lies in addressing three fundamental challenges facing society today: restoring the city's ecological integrity, redesigning systems of production and consumption, and recasting urban citizenship to promote social and ecological justice. Using the example of the Los Angeles River, I explore how multidisciplinary urban geographic research can help us think about these challenges, and contribute to the development of greener, more sustainable cities.
Uptake of [3H]ouabain from the cell surface into the lysosomal compartment of HeLa cells.

(/sup 3/H)Ouabain specifically bound at sublethal concentrations to Na,K-ATPase on the surface of HeLa cells is taken up (internalized) by the cells at a rate of three membrane equivalents of labeled sites per generation. Immediately following a pulse label with the glycoside, codistribution of radioactivity with the surface marker 5'-nucleotidase is found in both conventional sucrose-gradient fractionation and in fractionation following a digitonin treatment. At appropriate concentrations digitonin increases the buoyant density of the HeLa surface membrane and solubilizes the lysosomal marker ..beta..-hexosaminidase (Tulkens et al., 1974). After internalization, (/sup 3/H)ouabain is also solubilized by digitonin. A shear analysis is described which shows internalized ouabain and ..beta..-hexosaminidase to be codistributed in a particulate fraction that is homogeneous with respect to shear; extrapolation to zero-shear shows that little or none of either marker is found in the soluble fraction of the cytosol. Both markers are coreleased from the particulate fraction by osmotic shock. Although internalized ouabain is subsequently released from these cells with a half-time of about 70 hr, apparently by exocytosis, the shear sensitivity of the remaining cell-associated ouabain does not change for up to 72 hr. Thus ouabain (together with Na,K-ATPase.) appears to be taken up from the surfacemore » into a lysosomal compartment and, by at least one criterion, this compartment does not change its physical properties with time, i.e., does not ''age.''« less
Quantitative Study of the Effects of Surface Ligand Concentration on CdSe Nanocrystal Photoluminescence

We study the impact of surface chemistry on the photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield of CdSe core, CdSe/CdS core/shell, and CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals prepared by multiple synthetic routes. We expose as-synthesized particles to varying concentrations of n-alkylamine and n-alkanethiol ligands and verify that the addition of n-alkanethiols to CdSe and CdSe/CdS nanocrystal solutions quenches their PL. We also show that the addition of n-alkylamines to nanocrystal solutions can increase or decrease nanocrystal PL, an effect that depends on the concentration of both nanocrystals and ligands. We demonstrate the importance of considering the nanocrystal concentration when fitting ligand binding curves, and show that common solvent impurities can affect the PL and ligand binding data. While alkanethiols quench CdSe nanocrystals prepared using multiple synthetic procedures, we find the exact shape of the quenching curve depends on the synthetic route chosen. We emphasize that the ligand binding d...
Variation in social structure alters queen body mass and productivity in the desert seed-harvester ant Messor pergandei

Parent–offspring conflict theory predicts conflict between parents and their offspring over per-offspring resource investment. Across the range of the desert seed-harvester ant, Messor pergandei, daughter queens use three different social strategies during colony founding that are expected to alter the optimal level of parental investment. To test whether social strategy variation is associated with shifts in body mass, we surveyed queen live mass over 3 years at 25 sites that spanned the range of behavioral strategies and founding group sizes. To test whether reduction in parental investment into individual offspring negatively impacts their productivity, queens were individually isolated and allowed to produce a single worker cohort under common garden conditions. Queen live mass was highly variable, from 24 mg on average at the site with the lightest queens to 1.5 times that size, 37 mg, at the site with the heaviest queens. As predicted by parent–offspring conflict over investment, solitary colony founding sites contained the heaviest queens, followed by secondary monogyny. Polygynous queens were lightest, with a strong negative relationship between group size and live mass. Reductions in body mass had a negative effect on queen productivity across all queen social types; however, queens from sites where queen–queen aggression is typical were significantly more efficient at brood rearing, resulting in lower mass loss during founding per unit offspring biomass. This may represent an adaptation to queen competition to gain a strength advantage over potential rivals.
Recognition of Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (RSH) in the fetus: Utility of ultrasonography and biochemical analysis in pregnancies with low maternal serum estriol

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), or RSH, is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations of the gene encoding 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7). The utility of maternal serum screens and ultrasound as prenatal screening methods for SLOS is presently undetermined. We report the clinical, cytogenetic, biochemical, and molecular findings of a stillborn with SLOS. The diagnosis was made postnatally on the basis of physical findings and confirmed by biochemical and DNA analyses of fetal tissue. Although abnormalities were detected by maternal serum triple screen and prenatal ultrasonography, a diagnosis of SLOS was not suspected before delivery. This study demonstrates that patients with SLOS may escape prenatal diagnosis despite the presence of multiple anomalies and abnormal maternal serum screen results, and lends support for consideration of prenatal biochemical testing for SLOS in pregnancies with these findings. As SLOS is a severe autosomal recessive disorder with a recurrence risk of 25%, ultrasonographic, cytogenetic, and biochemical analyses in the second trimester should be considered if abnormal maternal serum screening results, specifically low levels of unconjugated estriol, are detected.
Inhibition of MAP/ERK kinase prevents IGF-I-induced hypertrophy in rat muscles

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has been shown to stimulate a hypertrophy response in skeletal muscles in vivo. In vitro studies have delineated two primary intracellular pathways that appear ...
Impact of Pt and Pt-Alloy Catalysts on Membrane Life in PEMFCs

Catalyst impact on membrane life was examined using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, hydrogen peroxide soak, and open-circuit decay. The catalysts PtFe/C and PtNi/C were found to leach ∼2X less platinum than Pt/C. Nafion in hydrogen peroxide with N1 2+ emitted ∼ 100X less fluoride than with Fe 2+ . At open circuit, Nafion 111 was found to fail at ∼ 115, 315, and 520 h with PtFe/C, Pt/C, and PtNi/C cathodes, respectively, at 90°C. It is hypothesized that if the leached cation does not directly impact the membrane decay, e.g., a "poor Fenton reagent," then other cations such as dissolved platinum ions may become critical.
Characterization of polyclonal antibodies against ovine adipocyte plasma membranes.

Abstract 1. 1. Antisera against ovine adipocyte plasma membranes were developed in a mare. 2. 2. These antisera showed a high degree of specificity to adipocyte plasma membranes and cross-reacted with other tissues. 3. 3. Antisera cross-reactivity can be removed by adsorption of the antiserum with various tissue plasma membranes without significant reduction in their reactivity to adipocyte plasma membranes. 4. 4. Antisera reacted with different affinity to adipocyte plasma membranes from different sites and from different species of animals.
Erythema gyratum repens.

ABSTRACT Background Erythema gyratum repens is a rare, clinically specific, and distinctive paraneoplastic syndrome. It is associated with internal malignancy in 82% of patients. Objective A 58-year-old man with erythema gyratum repens is described. On diagnosis of his eruption, a malignancy work-up revealed a 9-mm pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Removal of the carcinoma resulted in clearing of the erythema. Results Erythema gyratum repens is most commonly associated with bronchial, esophageal, and breast cancer. It has also rarely been reported in patients without evidence of malignancy. The histopathologic findings are nonspecific. Direct immunofluorescence has sometimes revealed C3, C4, or immunoglobulin G at the basement membrane zone. Conclusion The etiology of erythema gyratum repens is unknown, although an immune response is postulated. Treatment involves treating the underlying malignancy.
Robert E. Doherty — 1937 Lamme medalist

Doctor Doherty's career is a striking refutation of the old adage that “those who can, do; those who can't, teach.” For many years his name has been identified with the best among those who “do” in engineering. At the same time he has had an unwavering interest in engineering education, and through his many contributions has risen to a position of prominence in that profession.
Performance of Conservatories under Wind and Snow Loads

Wind and snow loads are the governing load cases for the design of conservatories. The performance of conservatories under these loads determines to a great extent the reliability and serviceability of these structures. This paper presents a study that evaluates the performance of several conservatory designs under wind and snow loads calculated according to the ASCE 7–05 standard. A full-scale model of one common conservatory design was constructed and tested under extreme wind and snow conditions. The model was able to withstand the applied loads without any signs of damage or partial failures. Measured deformations were used to calibrate the three-dimensional computer model developed to simulate the actual structure. Several other computer models were developed to structurally analyze different conservatory designs and estimate their vertical and lateral deflections. The design of critical sections in each model was checked using the load and resistance factor design of wood structures. The study concluded that the design of these conservatories is adequate and their performance is satisfactory under wind and snow loading conditions.
Relationship of cloud top to the tropopause and jet structure from CALIPSO data

[1] Cloud top and tropopause relationships are examined using cloud top observations from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) cloud data and National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) tropopause data. Statistical analyses of cloud top occurrence in tropopause and jet referenced relative altitude coordinates are performed on a global scale using 4 years (2006–2010) of CALIPSO 5 km resolution cloud layer data. The results show that the thermal tropopause appears to be a significant constraint for the cloud top. The zonal vertical distribution of cloud tops in tropopause-relative coordinates shows a maximum at the tropopause level for both the tropics (20°S–20°N) and midlatitudes (40°–60°S, 40°–60°N) for all four seasons. Occurrence of cloud tops above the tropopause is examined and quantified. The results show that with the consideration of tropopause height uncertainty, the data do not provide sufficient evidence of significant presence of cloud tops above the tropopause in the midlatitudes. In the tropics, the significant occurrences of cloud top above the thermal tropopause are found in regions known for seasonal deep convection. In most cases, the occurrence is up to 24% in 2° × 3° latitude-longitude bins with isolated higher frequencies in the western Pacific during the northern hemispheric winter season. The vertical distributions show that these events are mostly up to 2.5 km above the lapse rate tropopause, which is comparable to the differences between the lapse rate and the cold point tropopause in regions of active convection. We speculate that this separation may be responsible for a significant fraction of the cloud tops that do occur above the lapse rate tropopause in our analyses. It is also important to note that our results are limited by the CALIPSO twice-daily sampling with local equator crossing times of 0130 and 1330. The data therefore do not provide a good representation of convection over land, which is known to have maxima in afternoon local times. The tropopause determination is a significant component of this type of studies, and errors in the tropopause height may lead to significantly different conclusions. Our analyses show that the tropopause product from the GFS model is in better agreement with radiosonde measurements. The Goddard Earth Observing System Model Version 5 tropopause product, given as the ancillary data in the CALIPSO data file, shows a much larger uncertainty, primarily because the tropopause is identified at the model grid levels.
Latinas and black women: key factors for a growing proportion of the US workforce

Purpose – To compare and contrast the experiences, challenges, and career mobility of black women and Latinas in the workplace.Design/methodology/approach – Extant literature and data from the US Census Bureau, the US Department of Labor, the Pew Hispanic Research Center, and other relevant repositories were used to assess the workforce participation, education, and income for women of color. Specifically, their representation in organizational positions was examined, considering historical and social influences that affect this representation. Relevant human capital theory (HCT) was applied to consider its predictive power for outcomes of black women and Latinas in the workplace.Findings – Although women of color are increasing proportions of all women in the US labor force, equal opportunity legislation (now in its fifth decade) has improved their status less than would be expected by their education and workforce participation. HCT does not adequately explain the experiences of Latinas and black women....
Comparison of coronary hemodynamic effects of nitroprusside and sublingual nitroglycerin with anterior descending coronary arterial occlusion

Abstract This study compares the coronary hemodynamic effects of an infusion of nitroprusside and of sublingual nitroglycerin in the same patients. The coronary hemodynamic responses of the anterior left ventricular (LV) region to both drugs were studied in 9 patients whose anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was filled by collaterals. Before and during administration of each drug (given in doses designed to produce similar changes in LV diastolic pressure), heart rate, LV and aortic pressure, and anterior regional flow, oxygen delivery and lactate metabolism were measured. Given in this manner, as expected, both drugs decreased the double product of heart rate and systolic pressure. Concomitant with these changes, anterior regional blood flow increased or decreased modest amounts or did not change with either drug. Similar directional flow changes or no change occurred in 6 patients and directionally different changes in the other 3 patients. The ratio of mean aortic pressure or of the double product to anterior regional flow consistently decreased during the administration of both drugs. Additionally, anterior regional myocardial oxygen uptake remained similar during both drug periods compared with control values. Anterior region lactate extraction was abnormal (
The influence of age on patellar reflex response in the dog.

The patellar tendon reflex is a clinical parameter commonly used to assess neurological status. Factors such as quadriceps muscle fiber composition, femur length, and patient age have been reported to influence total and fractionated reflex times in human beings. The purpose of this blinded, cross-sectional study was to examine the effect of age on the patellar reflex in the dog. Eighty-six dogs without evidence of neurological impairment or orthopedic disease of the stifle (eg, patellar luxation or cranial cruciate ligament rupture) were assigned to 1 of 2 groups on the basis of age: group 1, or =10 years old (n = 14). Patellar reflexes were elicited in both pelvic limbs by a reflex hammer while the dog was in lateral recumbency. The reflex was scored as present or absent by a blinded individual. Two dogs in group I had reflexes absent in both limbs, 3 dogs in group 2 had reflexes absent in both limbs, and 1 dog in group 2 lacked a response in 1 limb. The proportion of dogs with absent patellar reflexes in group 2 (4 of 14, 95% CI, 8-58%) was significantly higher than the proportion of dogs with absent patellar reflexes in group 1 (2 of 72, 95% CI, 0-10%) (P < .006). Furthermore, dogs lacking at least 1 patellar reflex were older than those having both reflexes present (P = .04). Weight was not related to the presence of both reflexes (P = .49). These findings suggest that neurologically normal dogs may have an age-dependent decline in patellar reflex magnitude or a prolongation of total reflex time (TRT).
Amyloid-β induced signaling by cellular prion protein and Fyn kinase in Alzheimer disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia. Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers are potent synaptotoxins thought to mediate AD-related phenotypes. Cellular prion protein (PrPC) has been identified as a high-affinity receptor for Aβ oligomers. Herein, we review the functional consequences of Aβ oligomer binding to PrPC on the neuronal surface. We highlight recent evidence that Fyn kinase mediates signal transduction downstream of the PrPC-Aβ oligomer complex. These studies suggest that PrPC has a central role in AD pathogenesis and may provide a target for therapeutic intervention in AD.
Soil microbiological properties 20 years after surface mine reclamation: spatial analysis of reclaimed and undisturbed sites

Spatial characteristics of soil microbial community structure and selected soil chemical factors were analyzed in soil surrounding Agropyron smithii (Western wheatgrass) and Artemisia tridentata (Wyoming big sagebrush) plants in sites reclaimed after surface mining and adjacent undisturbed sites in Wyoming. Microbial biomass C (MBC) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biomarkers for total biomass, bacteria, and fungi were used as indicators of soil microbial community abundance and structure. In soil 20 years after reclamation FAME total microbial biomass, bacterial and fungal biomarkers, MBC and soil organic matter (SOM) averaged only 20, 16, 28, 44 and 36% of values found in undisturbed soils. In contrast to undisturbed soils, FAME biomarkers and MBC of reclaimed soils exhibited spatial correlation up to 42 cm. Reclaimed soils also exhibited localized enrichment of bacterial, fungal, and total microbial biomass, as well as depletion of inorganic N concentrations, around plant bases (, 10 cm), suggesting relatively poor soil exploration by roots and microorganisms compared to the undisturbed ecosystem. Strong spatial stratification of undisturbed SOM and soil NH4 pools was found with highest concentrations on the leeward side of shrubs, likely due to localized changes in microclimate and plant litter deposition. This indicates that shrub cover plays a central role in the establishment of site heterogeneity and regulation of ecological processes, such as C and N mineralization and immobilization, which has important implications for reclamation. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
2000 Carolyn Sherif Award Address: Some Life Lessons:

This paper recounts some of the lessons I have learned from African Americans, including those I taught at Howard University, from research, from my struggle for pay equity, from my experiences with leadership organizing a community event, and from having cancer. I do not think any of these “lessons” are unique to me. I hope that sharing them will be helpful to others. Many of these lessons are about empowerment and acceptance.