cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proteomics and Transcriptomics of BJAB Cells Expressing the Epstein-Barr Virus Noncoding RNAs EBER1 and EBER2.

In Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent infection, the EBV-encoded RNAs EBER1 and EBER2 accumulate in the host cell nucleus to ~106 copies. While the expression of EBERs in cell lines is associated with transformation, a mechanistic explanation of their roles in EBV latency remains elusive. To identify EBER-specific gene expression features, we compared the proteome and mRNA transcriptome from BJAB cells (an EBV-negative B lymphoma cell line) stably transfected with an empty plasmid or with one carrying both EBER genes. We identified ~1800 proteins with at least 2 SILAC pair measurements, of which only 8 and 12 were up- and downregulated ≥ 2-fold, respectively. One upregulated protein was PIK3AP1, a B-cell specific protein adapter known to activate the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, which regulates alternative splicing and translation in addition to its pro-survival effects. In the mRNA-seq data, the mRNA levels for some of the proteins changing in the SILAC data did not change. We instead observed isoform switch events. We validated the most relevant findings with biochemical assays. These corroborated the upregulation of PIK3AP1 and AKT activation in BJAB cells expressing high levels of both EBERs and EBNA1 (a surrogate of Burkitt’s lymphoma EBV latency I) relative to those expressing only EBNA1. The mRNA-seq data in these cells showed multiple upregulated oncogenes whose mRNAs are enriched for 3´-UTR AU-rich elements (AREs), such as ccl3, ccr7, il10, vegfa and zeb1. The CCL3, CCR7, IL10 and VEGFA proteins promote cell proliferation and are associated with EBV-mediated lymphomas. In EBV latency, ZEB1 represses the transcription of ZEBRA, an EBV lytic phase activation factor. We previously found that EBER1 interacts with AUF1 in vivo and proposed stabilization of ARE-containing mRNAs. Thus, the ~106 copies of EBER1 may promote not only cell proliferation due to an increase in the levels of ARE-containing genes like ccl3, ccr7, il10, and vegfa, but also the maintenance of latency, through higher levels of zeb1.
The brayton cycle for space power

Suitability of the brayton cycle for low power solar and intermediate power nuclear applications for spacecraft power supplies
Interactions of oral β-carotene and canthaxanthin in ferrets

Interactive effects of an oral dose of equal quantities of beta-carotene and either canthaxanthin or lycopene on serum and tissue beta-carotene accumulations were investigated in domestic ferrets. Like humans, ferrets absorb a substantial portion of ingested beta-carotene intact and accumulate it in tissues. After the ferrets ingested a low carotenoid purified diet for 13 d, they were randomly assigned to one of two groups of six animals. One group was dosed with beta-carotene (10 mg/kg body weight) and the other with beta-carotene and either canthaxanthin (Experiment 1) or lycopene (Experiment 2) (10 mg/kg body weight for each). In Experiment 1, ferrets that received a combined dose of beta-carotene and canthaxanthin had serum beta-carotene concentrations that were significantly lower at 8, 12 and 24 h post-dosing (P < 0.05), compared with those that received an individual dose of beta-carotene; liver, adrenal and kidney beta-carotene concentrations were also significantly reduced. In Experiment 2, ferrets that received a combined dose of lycopene and beta-carotene had lower serum and tissue beta-carotene concentrations than in those that received beta-carotene alone; the differences were not statistically significant with the exception of serum beta-carotene concentrations at 24 h post-dosing. The results suggest that, at the doses given, a concurrent oral canthaxanthin dose has a specific antagonistic effect on the bioavailability of a beta-carotene dose in ferrets.
Intracranial placement of a nasotracheal tube after facial fracture : A rare complication

Extensive facial trauma is often associated with fractures to the skull base, cribriform plate, and sphenoid sinus. Attempted intubation of patients with facial trauma may result in intracranial penetration and placement of nasogastric or nasotracheal tubes into the brain. Such a complication carries significant morbidity and mortality. Intracranial placement of nasogastric tubes has been reported multiple times in the literature. Intracranial placement of a nasotracheal tube, however, has been reported only twice. Such a case is presented, along with a review of the literature and a discussion.
Proteins of Rous sarcoma virus.

Abstract The proteins of purified avian tumor viruses, including the Bryan Rous sarcoma and Rous-associated virus (RSV (RAV)), avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), the “defective” ∗ NP-particle (H. L. Robinson, 1967) which is also known as RSV(0) (Vogt, 1967) and the nondefective Schmidt-Ruppin RSV(SR-RSV) were isolated by the phenol method. Each amino acid-labeled virus was found to contain two major and one minor radioactive proteins. These three proteins correspond to about 60–80% of the total radioactivity of amino-acid labeled RSV(RAV), RSV(0), and SR-RSV. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under two different conditions showed that each virus contained the same three proteins in similar relative amounts. The two major proteins had a high complement-fixation titer with antibody against the group-specific antigen of the avian leukosis viruses, suggesting that the group-specific antigen of the avian leukosis viruses consists of at least two proteins. The “defective” RSV(0) isolated from NP-cultures Hanafusa et al., 1963 , Hanafusa et al., 1964 ; H. L. Robinson, 1967) contained all the proteins of the group-specific antigen detectable by the described methods. From this it is concluded that the “defectiveness” of the Bryan strain of RSV is not based on a lack of the group-specific antigen in the virus particle.
MONOCARBOLLIDE COMPLEXES OF RHODIUM

The rhodium sandwich complexes [Rh(η6-arene)(η5-7-NHBut-7-CB10H10)] (arene = C6H5Me (2b), C6H3Me3-1,3,5 (3), MeC6H4C6H4Me-4,4‘ (4), [22](1,4)-C16H16 (5)) have been prepared from reactions between 1:1 mol mixtures of the arenes and [RhCl(PPh3)(η5-7-NH2But-7-CB10H10)] (1a) in CH2Cl2 in the presence of AgBF4. The crystal structures of 3 and 5 have been determined by X-ray diffraction confirming that in these species the rhodium is pentahapto coordinated on one side by the formally three-electron-donor 7-NHBut-7-CB10H10 and on the other in the hexahapto manner by a mesitylene molecule and one C6H4 ring of the cyclophane, respectively. The reaction between 4 and [Mo(CO)3(NCMe)3] in THF gave the dirhodium complex [Rh2(CO)2(η5-7-NH2But-7-CB10H10)2] (6), the structure of which has been established by X-ray diffraction. In the molecule two Rh(CO)(η5-7-NH2But-7-CB10H10) fragments are held together by a Rh−Rh bond which is spanned by two B−H⇀Rh two-electron three-center bonds employing in each CBBBB ring ligating a ...
A search for the origin of Pensacola Bahia grass

Pensacola Bahia grass, Paspalum notatum Fluegge, received its coimmon namiie from county agent E. H. Finlayson, of Pensacola, Florida, in 1941 (3). Because it was distributed around the old Perdido Wharf (destroyed in 1926) and had not been observed in other places, he suggested that it had been introduced in ballast dumped in the low land adjacent to the wharf before it was destroyed. Believing that Pensacola Bahia grass had pasture potential, Finlayson and Paul Tabor, of the Soil Conservation Service, began to promote it as an improved pasture grass for the deep south. The excellent seeding habits, aggressiveness, persistence, and adaptation of Pensacola Bahia helped the Soil Conservation Service to spread it widely in Florida and the Coastal Plain of adjacent states. Today, it occupies well over a million acres, where it has been planted and hundreds of acres where it has been unintentionally spread by miian and beast. It is generally recognized as a good pasture grass, an excellent road-shoulder grass, and a serious pest in lawns and fine turf. There is good reason to believe that Pensacola Bahia grass is now so well distributed and so well adapted that it will soon be found wherever grass grows in the deep south, whether man plants it or not.
Welsh Indians and savage Scots: History, antiquarianism, and Indian languages in 18th-century Britain

This paper compares late eighteenth-century claims for the authenticity of Macpherson's Ossian and for the existence of Welsh Indians. It shows that although both claims were supported in part by appeals to similarities between Celtic and American Indian languages, the appeals in each case were very different. On the one hand, the Edinburgh literati who supported Ossian's authenticity focused on expressive structures shared by all primitive societies. On the other hand, radically Protestant antiquarians and philologists focused on lexical similarities that they argued demonstrate a genetic link between certain American Indians and the Welsh. The paper uses this fundamental difference underlying a superficial similarity, to explore in greater detail the distinction between philosophical historians among the Edinburgh literati, who were religiously moderate, politically conservative, and promoted Scotland's integration into a modern, polite, commercial and English-speaking empire, and the Welsh antiquarians...
Surgical treatment of Budd‐Chiari syndrome

Shunting and transplantation are satisfactory methods of treating Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). Selection of treatment is based on the degree of hepatic injury (clinical settings), liver biopsy results, potential for parenchymal recovery, and pressure measurements. Shunting is recommended in cases of preserved hepatic function and architecture. In the presence of fulminant forms of BCS, in cases of established cirrhosis or frank fibrosis, or for patients with defined hepatic metabolic defects (e.g., protein C or protein S deficiency), liver transplantation is the treatment of choice. Nonsurgical alternatives, although encouraging, have limited long-term outcome results at the present time. In most cases of BCS, a thrombophilic disorder can be identified. However, it is important to note that postoperative vascular thrombosis has been identified in patients with BCS who do not have a definable hypercoagulable predisposition. It therefore is our practice to recommend early (<24 hours postoperatively) initiation of intravenous heparin therapy in all patients with BCS, who then undergo life-long anticoagulation with coumadin. (Liver Transpl 2003;9:891-896.)
Catalytic hydrogenation of glutamic acid.

Technology to convert biomass into chemical building blocks provides an opportunity to displace fossil fuels and increase the economic viability of biorefineries. Coupling fermentation capability with aqueous-phase catalysis provides novel routes to monomers and chemicals, including those not accessible from petrochemical routes. Glutamic acid provides a platform to numerous compounds through thermochemical approaches including hydrogenation, cyclization, decarboxylation, and deamination. Hydrogenation of amino acids also provides access to chiral compounds with high enantiopurity. This article details aqueous-phase hydrogenation reactions that we have developed that lead to valuable chemical intermediates from glutamic acid. In addition, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and matrixassisted laser desorption ionization mass spectral data are presented that provide a mechanistic picture of the reactions. The results show that hydrogenation of glutamic acid has unique characteristics from other amino acids and that paradigms in the literature do not hold up for this transformation.
Supervisory Predictive Control of Standalone Wind/Solar Energy Generation Systems

This work focuses on the development of a supervisory model predictive control method for the optimal management and operation of hybrid standalone wind-solar energy generation systems. We design the supervisory control system via model predictive control which computes the power references for the wind and solar subsystems at each sampling time while minimizing a suitable cost function. The power references are sent to two local controllers which drive the two subsystems to the requested power references. We discuss how to incorporate practical considerations, for example, how to extend the life time of the equipment by reducing the peak values of inrush or surge currents, into the formulation of the model predictive control optimization problem. We present several simulation case studies that demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed supervisory predictive control architecture.
Scale factors for CO vibrational frequencies in organometallic complexes

Abstract Corrective scale factors for computed harmonic CO vibrational frequencies for 31 organometallic complexes have been determined at the HF and B3LYP levels. The relativistic effective core potentials, SBKJC-21G (B1) and Lanl2DZ (B2), and their associated basis sets were used on the metals and the 6-31G(d) basis set was used on ligands. The optimized scale factors are 0.8516 for HF/B1, 0.8487 for HF/B2, 0.9550 for B3LYP/B1, and 0.9521 for B3LYP/B2. Whereas the generic scale factor available in the literature [J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 16502] for B3LYP/6-31G(d) worked well for the metal carbonyl frequencies, the Hartree–Fock scale factors are substantially lower than earlier proposed general values. Furthermore, the scaled B3LYP frequencies exhibit a greater reliability than do HF frequencies. Both of these features can be attributed to the ability of the former method to account for the high degree of electron correlation in triply bonded CO and its variation with bonding environment.
In-flight observations of low-mode ρR asymmetries in NIF implosionsa)

Charged-particle spectroscopy is used to assess implosion symmetry in ignition-scale indirect-drive implosions for the first time. Surrogate D3He gas-filled implosions at the National Ignition Facility produce energetic protons via D+3He fusion that are used to measure the implosion areal density (ρR) at the shock-bang time. By using protons produced several hundred ps before the main compression bang, the implosion is diagnosed in-flight at a convergence ratio of 3–5 just prior to peak velocity. This isolates acceleration-phase asymmetry growth. For many surrogate implosions, proton spectrometers placed at the north pole and equator reveal significant asymmetries with amplitudes routinely ≳10%, which are interpreted as l=2 Legendre modes. With significant expected growth by stagnation, it is likely that these asymmetries would degrade the final implosion performance. X-ray self-emission images at stagnation show asymmetries that are positively correlated with the observed in-flight asymmetries and compar...
Treatment with all‐trans‐retinoic acid decreases levels of endogenous TGF‐β1 in the mesenchyme of the developing mouse inner ear

Background: Previous studies have shown that in utero exposure of the mouse embryo to high doses of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) produces defects of the developing inner ear and its surrounding cartilaginous capsule, while exposure of cultured periotic mesenchyme plus otic epithelium to high doses of exogenous atRA results in an inhibition of otic capsule chondrogenesis. Methods: In this study, we examine the effects of atRA exposure on the endogenous expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a signaling molecule that mediates the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that guide the development of the capsule of the inner ear. Results: Our results demonstrate a marked reduction in immunostaining for TGF-β1 in the periotic mesenchyme of atRA-exposed embryos of age E10.5 and E12 days in comparison with control specimens. Consistent with these in vivo findings, high-density cultures of E10.5 periotic mesenchyme plus otic epithelium, treated with doses of atRA that suppress chondrogenesis, showed significantly decreased levels of TGF-β1, as compared with TGF-β1 levels in untreated control cultures. Furthermore, we demonstrate a rescue of cultured periotic mesenchyme plus otic epithelium from atRA-induced chondrogenic suppression by supplementation of cultures with excess TGF-β1. Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that TGF-β1 plays a role in mechanisms of atRA teratogenicity during inner ear development. Teratology 61:297–304, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cholesteryl ester transfer proteins from different species do not have equivalent activities.

Site-specific changes in the amino acid composition of human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) modify its preference for triglyceride (TG) versus cholesteryl ester (CE) as substrate. CETP homologs are found in many species but little is known about their activity. Here, we examined the lipid transfer properties of CETP species with 80–96% amino acid identity to human CETP. TG/CE transfer ratios for recombinant rabbit, monkey, and hamster CETPs were 1.40-, 1.44-, and 6.08-fold higher than human CETP, respectively. In transfer assays between VLDL and HDL, net transfers of CE into VLDL by human and monkey CETPs were offset by equimolar net transfers of TG toward HDL. For hamster CETP this process was not equimolar but resulted in a net flow of lipid (TG) into HDL. When assayed for the ability to transfer lipid to an acceptor particle lacking CE and TG, monkey and hamster CETPs were most effective, although all CETP species were able to promote this one-way movement of neutral lipid. We conclude that CETPs from human, monkey, rabbit, and hamster are not functionally equivalent. Most unique was hamster CETP, which strongly prefers TG as a substrate and promotes the net flow of lipid from VLDL to HDL.
SU-FF-T-424: Treatment Errors in Radiation Therapy Performed Using Modern Technology

Purpose: Conformal and intensity‐modulated radiation therapy techniques use clinical data transferred electronically from one radiation therapy equipment to another. Before treatment,patient treatment parameters are downloaded into the linear accelerator for dose delivery. This study evaluates recordable events to identify the types of treatment errors associated with these sophisticated treatment techniques. Methods and Materials:Our institution consists of 20 community and academic facilities with 30 medicallinear accelerators, and about 650 external beam patients per day are treated. All records of events are reviewed within our quality assurance program. By definition, any unintended deviation from the prescription constitutes a “recordable event.” The records of events that occurred at our institution for the years 2005 and 2006 were evaluated. Although the number of recordable events is small, it gives a trend of possible occurrence of the types of treatment errors. Results: Traditional types of treatment errors such as transcription and dosimetric errors have been minimized. New types of treatment errors classified as (a) treatment of incorrectly identified patients, (b) downloading different patient files, (c) incomplete treatment of prescribed fields, (d) failure to implement patient shift according to treatment plan, and (e) failure to invoke gating system are observed in the record of events. These constitute over half of the events. Conclusion: A failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) can help in identifying areas where quality assurance should be emphasized. Such analysis is recommended for all new technologies implemented in busy clinics.
Angular distribution for electron capture by protons from hydrogen atoms in the energy range 15-200 keV

Several authors have, using a variety of approximations, predicted a sharp minimum in the angular distribution for the process $p+\mathrm{H}(1s)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{H}(1s)+p$, over a wide range of energies. I have used the results of recent impact-parameter coupled-state calculations, in conjunction with the eikonal approximation, to calculate differential cross sections for this process in the energy range 15-200 keV; no sharp minima were found, but at the lowest end of the energy range there is some indication of the emergence of a dip. The present results are qualitatively consistent with the results of Glembocki and Halpern who used a Coulomb-projected Born approximation.
Unexpected/expected results from the Langley 20-Inch Supersonic Wind Tunnel during initial checkout

NASA Langley's 20-Inch Supersonic Wind Tunnel is currently undergoing shakedown tests. The facility operates over the supersonic Mach number range of 1.4 to 5.0 with Reynolds number per foot variation of approximately 500,000 to 20 million. Checkout runs have been conducted at Mach numbers of 1.4, 2.8, and 5.0 over the entire operational mass flow and total pressure envelope. Data were recorded for total temperature characteristics, Rigimesh pressure drop characteristics, and for the switching exhaust system. Data recorded and observations made during checkout are discussed.
Neutron Phase Shift in a Rotating Two-Crystal Interferometer

The phase shift introduced by rotational motion of a two-crystal neutron interferometer has been measured and found to agree with prediction within 0.4%. This agreement is obtained without making the in-crystal phase corrections employed in a recent study of a linearly accelerated three-crystal interferometer.
On the admissibility criteria for linear viscoelasticity kernels

In a series of recent papers, the discrepancy of the admissibility requirements currently in use for linear viscoelasticity was noted, between the ones associated with the kernels of linear integral models and the ones resulting from the spring-dashpot representation. It is shown here that additional criteria can be obtained from the fading memory principle which completely remove the observed discrepancies between these two different representations.
Lessons from Delphi: Religious markets and spiritual capitals

Abstract We develop a generalized theory of religious markets and apply its insights to archaic Greece, ancient Israel, and modern America. Our starting point is a simple game-theoretic model in which secular leaders enhance their power by influencing the location of sacred places. The model includes standard equilibria – such as pure competition and state-sponsored monopoly – as well as a novel equilibrium, which we call the neutral nexus, wherein a sacred place gains widespread authority precisely because it lies beyond the centers of secular power. The nexus can promote cooperation, innovation, and exchange, especially where markets are weak and power is fragmented. It can also sustain random divination – a surprisingly effective way to manage conflict and risk. The sanctuary of Delphi illustrates the real-world relevance of the neutral nexus, as does Israel's tabernacle of Shiloh.
Dyakonov-Perel spin relaxation near the metal-insulator transition and in hopping transport

In a heavily doped semiconductor with weak spin-orbital interaction the Dyakonov-Perel spin relaxation rate is known to be proportional to the Drude conductivity. We argue that in the case of weak spin-orbital interaction this proportionality goes beyond the Drude mechanism: At low temperatures it stays valid through the metal-insulator transition and in the range of exponentially small hopping conductivity.
Influence of nitrate ion upon the synergistic effects of glucose and k-strophanthoside.

IN the present report, we offer evidence to show that glucose is one of the factors limiting the positive inotropic response of the driven ventricle to k-strophanthoside (Strophosid-Sandoz), and that the magnitude of the reaction to glucose is greater when nitrate rather than chloride is the chief anionic constituent of the nutrient medium.
Summary of rheological activity

Mechanics of Non-Newtonian Fluids. By W. R. Schowalter Pp. 219. (Weidenfeld and Nicolson: London, 1978.) £12.50.
FEM Numerical Model Comparison of Skin Thermal Damage Models to Experimental Results

Prediction of the threshold of skin burns from radio frequency (RF) current is clinically relevant. The classical studies on skin burns in the 1940s and 1950s [1–3] continue to be the most often cited and utilized framework. In the early 1980s an experimental study of radio frequency (RF) current [4] utilized circular disk electrodes applied to pig skin to create skin burns. A preliminary model of one of the more severe burn experiments has been described [5]. The objective of this study was to inspect the threshold skin damage experiment [3] and apply a recent model for micro-vascular disruption [6].© 2010 ASME
Venlafaxine-induced ecchymoses and impaired platelet aggregation.

: Objective: To describe a case of venlafaxine-induced ecchymoses. Methods: A patient with a history of ecchymoses coincident with venlafaxine therapy was rechallenged with the drug. Her platelet function was assessed with aggregation and ATP release studies before the rechallenge and after she developed ecchymoses. In addition, the effect of venlafaxine on platelet aggregation and ATP release was studied in vitro by adding the drug to platelet-rich plasma from normal donors. Results: After 4 wk of treatment with venlafaxine our patient developed extensive ecchymoses. At that time her platelet aggregation and release responses to epinephrine, ADP, collagen, and arachidonic acid were markedly suppressed. Adding venlafaxine to normal platelet-rich plasma also dramatically reduced the aggregation and release responses to the same agonists as well as to serotonin, but the concentrations of venlafaxine required were 1000-fold greater than those normally achieved clinically. Conclusions: Our patient demonstrated an idiosyncratic hypersensitivity to the platelet inhibitory effects of venlafaxine. Because venlafaxine is an inhibitor of serotonin uptake by platelets and neurons, this mechanism may contribute to the impact of this drug on platelet function. However, our in vitro studies suggest that this hypothesis is inadequate to explain the observations completely.
A framework and ontology for mobile sensor platforms in home health management

In an effort to reduce healthcare costs, home healthcare devices are seeing increased use. However, many of these devices are specialized, operate independently and use proprietary interfaces, diluting the cost savings. Smartphones offer a way to retain these cost savings by serving as a sensor hub within the home. In this paper we describe an extensible framework that combines a mobile device interfacing with health sensors in the home, a set of ontologies to map sensor data to clinical information standards such as IEEE 11073, and a cloud-based reasoning and mapping system built with OWL, SPARQL and SPIN. This approach capitalizes on the ease of use and low cost of smartphones, and the computational power and flexibility of a cloud-based semantic web reasoner. A proof of concept implementation is presented.
Thermal oxidation of 3C silicon carbide single‐crystal layers on silicon

Thermal oxidation of thick single-crystal 3C SiC layers on silicon substrates was studied. The oxidations were conducted in a wet O2 atmosphere at temperatures from 1000 to 1250 C for times from 0.1 to 50 h. Ellipsometry was used to determine the thickness and index of refraction of the oxide films. Auger analysis showed them to be homogeneous with near stoichiometric composition. The oxide growth followed a linear parabolic relationship with time. Activation energy of the parabolic rate constant was found to be 50 kcal/mole, while the linear rate constant was 74 kcal/mole. The latter value corresponds approximately to the energy required to break a Si-C bond. Electrical measurements show an effective density of 4-6 x 10 to the 11th per sq cm for fixed oxide charges at the oxide-carbide interface, and the dielectric strength of the oxide film is aproximately 6 x 10 to the 6th V/cm.
Results of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey and implementation of WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in former Soviet Union countries

We used data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) to monitor articles of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries. The GYTS is a school-based survey, which uses a two-stage sample design to produce representative, independent, cross-sectional estimates. The GYTS was conducted in 10 out of 12 FSU countries from 1999 to 2008. The prevalence of ever smoking and current smoking, smoking initiation, and exposure to second-hand smoking decreased over time. Overall, willingness to stop smoking, supporting smoking bans, and receiving information about the dangers of smoking increased over time. Overall, our study shows that FSU countries had positive changes in tobacco-use prevalence and perception among youth over time. Our findings should be used as baseline measures for future tobacco-control interventions aimed at reducing tobacco use among youth. Moreover, our results call for the enforcement of restricting advertising for tobacco products.
1528 TRANSCUTANEOUS PULSE OXYGEN SATURATION (tcSaO2) MONITORS ARE SUPERIOR TO tcPO2 MONITORS IN INFANTS WITH BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD)

We studied 12 infants with a clinical and radiologic diagnosis of BPD who were oxygen dependant and older than 30 days; tcSaO2, measured by two monitors (Nell-cor 100, BTI Biox III) and tcPO2, (Transend) were correlated with arterial SaO2, (Radiometer OSM2 Hemoximeter) and PaO2 (Corning 178) measured on blood from an indwelling catheter. For each infant, the FiO2 was adjusted to obtain 3-5 sets of data in the range of 70-95% SaO2. Our data confirms reports by others that tcPO2 does not accurately represent PaO2 in older infants with BPD. Based on accuracy, self-calibration and an unheated sensor that will not cause skin burns, monitoring tcSaO2 has major advantages over tcPO2 in the management of BPD.
The relation between self-evaluation and self-reward: A test of Kanfer's self-regulation model

Two studies were conducted to test a hypothesis derived from Kanfer's self-regulation model that self-reward is primarily a function of the discrepancy between self-set standards and performance. The results showed that the variance in self-reward was largely accounted for by the discrepancy between performance and standards. Each variable considered singularly was not a significant predictor. The hypothesis was thus supported in two studies, across subject samples and diverse tasks. Recommendations for future research are offered.
Myopodia (postsynaptic filopodia) participate in synaptic target recognition.

Synaptic partner cells recognize one another by utilizing a variety of molecular cues. Prior to neuromuscular synapse formation, Drosophila embryonic muscles extend dynamic actin-based filopodia called "myopodia." In wild-type animals, myopodia are initially extended randomly from the muscle surface but become gradually restricted to the site of motoneuron innervation, a spatial redistribution we call "clustering." Previous experiments with prospero mutant embryos demonstrated that myopodia clustering does not occur in the absence of motoneuron outgrowth into the muscle field. However, whether myopodia clustering is due to a general signal from passing axons or is a result of the specific interactions between synaptic partners remained to be investigated. Here, we have examined the relationship of myopodia to the specific events of synaptic target recognition, the stable adhesion of synaptic partners. We manipulated the embryonic expression of alphaPS2 integrin and Toll, molecules known to affect synaptic development, to specifically alter synaptic targeting on identified muscles. Then, we used a vital single-cell labeling approach to visualize the behavior of myopodia in these animals. We demonstrate a strong positive correlation between myopodia activity and synaptic target recognition. The frequency of myopodia clustering is lowered in cases where synaptic targeting is disrupted. Myopodia clustering seems to result from the adherence of a subset of myopodia to the innervating growth cone while the rest are eliminated. The data suggest that postsynaptic cells play a dynamic role in the process of synaptic target recognition.
Rate of Pyrite Bioleaching by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: Results of an Interlaboratory Comparison

Ten laboratories participated in an interlaboratory comparison of determination of bioleaching rates of a pyrite reference material. A standardized procedure and a single strain of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were used in this study. The mean rate of bioleaching of the pyrite reference material was 12.4 mg of Fe per liter per h, with a coefficient of variation (percent relative standard deviation) of 32% as determined by eight laboratories. These results show the precision among laboratories of the determination of rates of pyrite bioleaching when a standard test procedure and reference material are used.
Molecular-orbital models of the α-γ transformation of cerium

Abstract Self-consistent-field X α scattered-wave molecular-orbital calculations have been performed on clusters modeling the isostructural α-γ transformation of cerium. The results of these calculations suggest that this transformation is the result of a Jahn-Teller instability.
Idazoxan (RX 781094) selectively antagonizes α2-adrenoceptors on rat central neurons

We have studied the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist effects of idazoxan (RX 781094) in extracellular recordings from single locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe neurons of chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats. Idazoxan blocked alpha 2 responses with an ED50 of 14 +/- 8 micrograms/kg i.v., while the potency at alpha 1-receptors was only 420 +/- 190 micrograms/kg. A similar alpha 2 selectivity was seen when idazoxan was applied microiontophoretically. Idazoxan at doses which blocked alpha 1-receptors had little or no effect on locus coeruleus responses to morphine or dorsal raphe responses to LSD. When sodium pentobarbital was used as the anesthetic, systemically administered idazoxan slowed the firing rate of locus coeruleus cells, but iontophoretic experiments showed this to be an interaction with the anesthetic and not a direct agonist effect. We conclude that in rat brain idazoxan is a pure antagonist and that it has a selectivity for alpha 2- over alpha 1-receptors markedly superior to piperoxane, yohimbine, or rauwolscine.
Continuous global geomagnetic field models for the past 3000 years

Abstract Several global geomagnetic field models exist for recent decades, but due to limited data availability models for several centuries to millennia are rare. We present a continuous spherical harmonic model for almost 3 millennia from 1000 b.c. to 1800 a.d. , based on a dataset of directional archaeo- and paleomagnetic data and axial dipole constraints. The model, named Continuous Archaeomagnetic and Lake Sediment Geomagnetic Model for the last 3k years (CALS3K.1), can be used to predict both the field and secular variation. Comparisons and tests with synthetic data lead to the conclusion that CALS3K.1 gives a good general, large-scale representation of the geomagnetic field, but lacks small-scale structure due to the limited resolution of the sparse dataset. In future applications the model can be used for comparisons with additional, new data for that time span. For better resolved regions, the agreement of data with CALS3K.1 will provide an idea about the general compatibility of the data with the field and secular variation in that region of the world. For poorly covered regions and time intervals we hope to iteratively improve the model by comparisons with and inclusion of new data. Animations and additional snapshot plots of model predictions as well as the model coefficients and a FORTRAN code to evaluate them for any time can be accessed under http://www.mahi.ucsd.edu/cathy/Holocene/holocene.html . The whole package is also stored in the Earthref digital archive at http://www.earthref.org/ …
Assessment across the United States of the Benefits of Altered Soybean Drought Traits

A number of plant traits have been suggested to ameliorate the effects of water deficits on crop yield. A quantitative response across a range of years and location is needed because many traits that could be beneficial in dry years might also be detrimental in wet years. This analysis was undertaken using a robust simulation model of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.] development and growth to quantify yield changes as a result of modification of five traits: rooting depth extension, rate of leaf area development, decreased stomata conductance at high soil water content, reduced maximum transpiration rate, and drought-tolerant nitrogen fixation. Simulations were done for 50 yr of weather data for 2655 grid locations of 30 km by 30 km size in the United States. Slow rate of rooting development was a neutral or negative trait in most locations. Slow leaf area development proved beneficial in less than half the years and in wetter years it resulted in yield losses. Water conservation both by early decrease in stomata conductance with soil drying and by reducing the maximum transpiration rate resulted in yield increases in many locations in 70% or more of the years. Both traits resulted in only small yield decreases in the wet years. Drought-tolerant nitrogen fixation had the greatest benefit of all traits with a yield gain in more than 85% of the years at nearly all locations, and in those cases with no yield increase there was only a very small yield loss.
A new algorithm for analysis of oligonucleotide arrays: application to expression profiling in mouse brain regions.

Oligonucleotide arrays are a powerful technology for measuring the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. Improvements in the sensitivity and precision of the measurements, which often pose a challenge to users, would assist the practical application of the technology. Here, we describe a new analysis algorithm for assessing changes in gene expression using oligonucleotide arrays. Changes in expression are detected in terms of the statistical significance (S-score) of change, which combines signals detected by multiple probe pairs according to an error model characteristic of oligonucleotide arrays. We show that the S-score is sensitive and reliable, enabling us to obtain more consistent results than with existing methods. Cluster analysis of S-score data of four brain regions exhibits patterns that are more distinctive because of improved data quality. In our case study of two mouse brain regions, over 200 genes were identified to have detectable changes between the ventral tegmental area and the prefrontal cortex. The genes with the most distinctive changes are found to be related to myelin or neurofilament synthesis, calcium signaling, and transcription factors. Many of these findings are in agreement with previous studies, using other techniques, such as in situ hybridization. Overall, our findings suggest that this new algorithm may have broad applicability for improving the analysis of oligonucleotide array data.
Age-Dependent Changes in Activity of Mallard Plasma Cholinesterases

Plasma acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity was measured repeatedly in 27 mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings between 7 and 85 days of age to determine age-dependent changes in enzyme activity. Plasma AChE, BChE, and total cholinesterase (ChE) activity decreased significantly with age. The relative proportion of AChE in total ChE activity also decreased slightly with age. Since some anti-ChE chemicals can selectively inhibit AChE or BChE activity, characterization of age-dependent changes in the activity of each enzyme may be necessary to accurately identify the occurrence of pesticide exposure.
Frequency shifts of ionospheric nfH resonances.

New observational data are analyzed to interpret mechanisms responsible for large positive frequency shifts of Alouette II plasma resonances (corresponding to the first and second electron cyclotron harmonics) relative to frequency values expected from model magnetic field calculations. It is shown that the frequency shifts can be consistently explained by plasma wave dispersion effects combined with sounder transmitter frequency deviation (positive offset of several kilohertz) and a negative offset (several tens of gammas) in the geomagnetic field relative to the model field. Plasma wave dispersion effects are observed on the electron cyclotron second harmonic resonance when it is in the vicinity of the resonance observed near the upper hybrid frequency. The observations suggest that an oblique echo model may be required for interpretation of the electron cyclotron second harmonic resonance.
The development of the integrated-screen autostereoscopic display system

A novel autostereoscopic display system, the Integrated-Screen autostereoscopic display system, has been developed to substantially increase the total number of pixels on the screen, which in turn increase both the resolution and number of view-zones of the 3D display. In this system, a series of miniature projectors are arrayed and the projection images are tiled together seamlessly to form an image of ultra high resolution. For displaying 3D images, a lenticular screen with pre-designed tilted angle is used to distribute the pixels into the plural view-zones. In this paper, an Integrated-Screen autostereoscopic display system with 30" screen in diagonal and 15 view-zones is presented. The total resolution of the tiled image is 2930×2700, which is much higher than traditional Full HD display, and the resulted 3D resolution in each view-zone is 880×600.
Quantifying anthropogenic shoreline modification of the Hudson River and Estuary from European contact to modern time

Abstract Anthropogenic modifications to the shoreline of the New York Harbor estuary and the tidal portion of the Hudson River have been mapped and quantitatively assessed. Modifications studied include the filling of tidal salt‐ and freshwater marshes and the creation of fast land as well as dredging, shoreline armoring, and dike installation. Because the Hudson Estuary and River comprise a historically and commercially important harbor and waterway, shoreline modification commenced shortly after European colonization. While in the harbor segment of the estuary only about 20% of the original wetland areas remain today, the tidal Hudson River has seen a net increase in tidal freshwater wetland area of about the same magnitude resulting principally from shoreline railroad construction. Several different methods were used in compilation of the historical shoreline. Because determination of historical shorelines is important to public trust lands and to estuarine rehabilitation, data bases are being construc...
Performance evaluation of static and dynamic memory systems on the Cray-2

A performance study is made of dynamic and static memory versions of the CRAY-2. This includes comparative kernel-level performance as well as direct measurement of memory accessing delays. A “black-box” memory accessing model is proposed and the results of preliminary tests on this model are given. Open questions in relating memory characteristics and code performance are reviewed.
Water penetration resistance of residential window and wall systems subjected to steady and unsteady wind loading

Abstract This paper presents results from two interrelated studies that investigated the performance of residential window and wall systems subjected to (1) simplified load scenarios and (2) realistic, time-varying load conditions. The first project investigated the diagnostic ability of standard water penetration test methods for the evaluation of residential systems. Static and rapidly pulsed pressure test protocols were compared using 2.4 m × 2.4 m wall sections with integrated windows. The second project quantified water ingress rates of operable, sliding seal windows under time-varying wind loads derived from wind tunnel measurements. The findings of this research indicated that the application of a static air pressure differential across the specimen is a practical, effective technique to evaluate watertightness of residential windows, however enhancements to the testing approach are warranted if systems level performance is to be evaluated.
Preparing Teachers to Teach Adolescent Literature in the 21st Century

Written primarily for other English teacher educators, this article explores one university professor's attempt to reflect on, review, and revise the content, pedagogy, and assessments utilized to teach a graduate course in adolescent literature to preservice and in-service teachers. The new and improved course is designed to simultaneously build content, pedagogical, curricular, and technological pedagogical content knowledge in English teachers.
Dissociation and recombination of the subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin

Abstract Human chorionic gonadotropin has been dissociated into two subunits by urea. They have been separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. The subunits are non-identical as evidenced by electrophoresis, amino and carbohydrate composition and reassociate under suitable conditions.
The Extended Range of Reaction-layer Fatigue Susceptibility of Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Films

A linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis of a silicon dioxide-polycrystalline silicon (SiO2–Si) bimaterial system was performed to assess the vulnerability of micron-scale silicon structures, such as microelectromechanical systems, to fatigue in ambient air. Previous research has shown that fatigue of silicon films is due to a “reaction-layer fatigue” process where silicon structural films fail due to the sequential, mechanically induced thickening and environmentally assisted cracking of the silicon dioxide reaction layer which forms on the surface upon exposure to air. This work specifically considered the stability of a crack reaching the SiO2–Si interface. This analysis revealed a significant overestimate in the oxide thicknesses susceptible to reaction-layer fatigue reported in our previous studies. Instead, a surface oxide layer as thin as 15 nm may activate this fatigue mechanism for a polycrystalline silicon thin film whose fracture strength exceeds 5 GPa.
Archeology, population genetics and studies of human racial ancestry.

Using traditional classification, many people have tried to determine the place and time of origin of the major human races. Two basically conflicting views have prevailed, one asserting that races developed as local variations in a species evolving phyletically over much of the Old World for up to one million years, and the other view holding that present races are local variations on populations recently expanding into most areas and replacing the previous hominid inhabitants, this occuring since the time of the Neanderthals. Both views are based on the same archeological data. Gene frequency data and time-calibrated genetic distance measures have recently been applied to this problem. Here we show that the probable demographic nature of Pleistocene populations has obscured genetic distances to such an extent that they cannot be used to discriminate between the two viewpoints of racial origins. The racial classifications themselves are probably not useful in this context and obscure the question, so that we presently do not have a scientifically valid understanding of racial origins.
Nuclear magnetic resonance study of squid giant axon

Using a spin-echo technique, the spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times (T1 and T2) of water protons in a single nerve fiber (giant axon of squid) were determined. Similar measurements were also carried out on axoplasm extruded from these nerve fibers. It was found that the relaxation times of water protons of both the intact fiber and the extruded axoplasm are approximately equal (and much less than those of a free solution), suggesting that the relaxation times of cellular water are shortened mainly by water-protein interactions rather than by water-membrane interactions.
Increases in serum thyroxin during uncomplicated pregnancy.

Summary and ConclusionsThe rises in protein-bound iodine which usually occur in uncomplicated pregnancy in human subjects are associated with an increase in the thyroxin fraction of the protein-bound iodine.The authors are indebted to Mr. Carroll S. Weil for assistance in the statistical evaluation of these data.