cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Legal Studies

This encyclopedia entry reviews the contributions of the Critical Legal Studies movement to the philosophy of law. Critical Legal Studies is most often associated with a controversial claim that all legal doctrine is necessarily indeterminate. This paper reveals that critical scholars have actually propounded two distinct and narrower claims. In the area of analytic jurisprudence, critical legal scholars have criticized liberal rights theory by stressing the economic and social interdependence of legal persons. They therefore argue that the liberal ideals of freedom to act without harming others, and freedom to transact with consenting others, are self-defeating. This “indeterminacy thesis” is a claim that classical liberalism’s aspiration to define spheres of liberty through a regime of rights is not formally realizable. The second claim concerns instrumentalist policy analysis. Critical legal scholars claim that legal standards requiring calculation of the effects of policies on the interests of actors necessarily involve the exercise of normative discretion. Such discretion is required in identifying and aggregating interests, ascribing causal responsibility, and measuring harm. Taken together, these two distinct claims ascribe indeterminacy to a great deal of legal doctrine, but they do not amount to categorical claim that all legal rules are necessarily indeterminate. There is not one “indeterminacy thesis,” but two.
Cancer outlier detection based on likelihood ratio test

Motivation: Microarray experiments can be used to help study the role of chromosomal translocation in cancer development through cancer outlier detection. The aim is to identify genes that are up-or down-regulated in a subset of cancer samples in comparison to normal samples. Results: We propose a likelihood-based approach which targets detecting the change of point in mean expression intensity in the group of cancer samples. A desirable property of the proposed approach is the availability of theoretical significance-level results. Simulation studies showed that the performance of the proposed approach is appealing in terms of both detection power and false discovery rate. And the real data example also favored the likelihood-based approach in terms of the biological relevance of the results. Availability: R code to implement the proposed method in the statistical package R is available at: http://odin.mdacc.tmc.edu/~jhhu/cod-analysis/. Contact: jhu@mdanderson.org Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Practical decentralized high-performance coordinated beamforming

Coordinated Beamforming (CBF) has been studied in hope of mitigating the inter-cell interference experienced by cell-edge users. Unfortunately, due to the limitations and/or impracticalities of the proposed designs, the expected performance gains have yet to be realized. In this work, a decentralized framework (and various example designs) is proposed for the practical transceiver and signaling design of a K-pair system desiring to employ CBF. Relying on channel soundings from the users and equivalent channel soundings from the cell sites (all on the same frequency), the optimum performance of centralized interference alignment designs is achieved (if not surpassed) when each pair's number of data streams is equal to its user's number of antennas. In addition, higher sum capacities than the generalized iterative approach, a centralized MMSE CBF design, are numerically observed. Clearly, practical CBF designs which can deliver the expected performance gains are finally available.
The hegemony of the physical sciences: an exploration in complexity thinking

Abstract Traditionally the natural sciences, particularly physics, have been regarded as the Gatekeepers of Truth. As such the legitimacy of others forms of knowledge have been called into question, particularly those methods that characterise the ‘softer’ sciences, and even the arts. This paper begins with an extended discussion concerning the main features of a complex system, and the nature of the boundaries that emerge within such systems. Subsequent to this discussion, and by assuming that the Universe at some level can be well-described as a complex system, the paper explores the notion of ontology, or existence, from a complex systems perspective. It is argued that none of the traditional objects of science, or any objects from any discipline, formal or not, can be said to be real in any absolute sense although a substantial realism may be temporarily associated with them. The limitations of the natural sciences is discussed as well as the deep connection between the ‘hard’ and the ‘soft’ sciences. As a result of this complex systems analysis, an evolutionary philosophy referred to as quasi-‘critical pluralism’ is outlined, which is more sensitive to the demands of complexity than contemporary reductionistic approaches.
Modeling growth stocks (part II)

Continuing the previous work on growth stocks, we propose a diffusion model for growth stocks. Since growth stocks tend to have low or even negative earnings and high volatility, it is a great challenge to derive a meaningful mathematical model within the traditional valuation framework. The diffusion model not only has economic interpretations for its parameters, but also leads to some interesting economic insight - the model postulates mean reversion (with a high mean reverting level) for growth stocks, which could be useful in understanding the recent boom and bust of the "Internet bubble". Simulation and an empirical evaluation of the model based on the size distribution are also presented. The simulation and numerical results are quite encouraging.
Voltage flicker analysis of a proposed car shredder

In order to determine the impact of a fluctuating load on a utility system, the engineer needs accurate measurement and modeling devices. The purpose of this paper is to show methods used in predicting flicker on the utility system due to projected changes in loads. The goal is to demonstrate the usefulness and accuracy of newer measuring and modeling techniques.
Advancing Leadership: A Model for Cultivating Democratic Professional Practice in Education

Preparing students to become active citizens and contributors to a democratic society is premised on teaching democratic principles and modeling standards of democratic practice at all levels of education. The purpose of this integrative literature review is to establish a conceptual framework grounded in literature and a model for cultivating democratic professional practice in education (DPPE) to advance leadership for school improvement. This work is presented in three parts: (a) a review of historical references, reports, and legislation that culminated in increased accountability and standards in P-12 public education; (b) a discussion of social patterns in education generally associated with bureaucracy versus democracy; and (c) a new contribution to the literature, a model for cultivating DPPE is conceptualized to encourage leading and teaching professionals to reflect on beliefs and evaluate practices in advancing leadership for school improvement. Recommendations are included for further research.
An Algebraic Machinery for Optimizing Data Motion for HPF

This paper describes a general compiler optimization technique that reduces communica tion over-head for FORTRAN-90 (and High Performance FORTRAN) implementations on massively parallel machines.
The Use of an Antifibrosis Agent to Improve Muscle Recovery after Laceration

Muscle injuries are challenging problems in traumatology and the most frequent injuries in sports medicine. Muscle injuries are capable of healing, although slowly and occasionally with incomplete functional recovery. We observed that lacerated muscle undergoes a rapid process of regeneration, which is hindered by the development of fibrosis. Biologic approaches to enhance muscle regeneration and prevent fibrosis are being investigated to improve muscle healing after injuries. We observed that growth factors can improve muscle regeneration but cannot prevent muscle fibrosis. We investigated the use of an antifibrosis substance, decorin, as an approach to prevent fibrosis and thereby improve muscle healing after injury in murine muscle. We observed that direct injection of human recombinant decorin can efficiently prevent fibrosis and enhance muscle regeneration in the lacerated muscle. More importantly, decorin can improve the recovery of strength in the injured muscle to a level similar to that observed in normal noninjured muscle. These results suggest that injection of decorin improves both the muscle structure and the function of the lacerated muscle to near complete recovery. This study will contribute significantly to the development of strategies to promote efficient muscle healing and complete functional recovery after muscle injuries.
Autonomously Replicating Macronuclear DNA Pieces Are the Physical Basis of Genetic Coassortment Groups in Tetrahymena thermophila

The macronucleus of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila contains a fragmented somatic genome consisting of several hundred identifiable chromosome pieces. These pieces are generated by site-specific fragmentation of the germline chromosomes and most of them are represented at an average of 45 copies per macronucleus. In the course of successive divisions of an initially heterozygous macronucleus, the random distribution of alleles of loci carried on these copies eventually generates macronuclei that are pure for one allele or the other. This phenomenon is called phenotypic assortment. We have previously reported the existence of loci that assort together (coassort) and hypothesized that these loci reside on the same macronuclear piece. The work reported here provides new, rigorous genetic support for the hypothesis that macronuclear autonomously replicating chromosome pieces are the physical basis of coassortment groups. Thus, coassortment allows the mapping of the somatic genome by purely genetic means. The data also strongly suggest that the random distribution of alleles in the Tetrahymena macronucleus is due to the random distribution of the MAC chromosome pieces that carry them.
Cognitive-behavioural therapy for adolescents with bulimia nervosa

Psychological and pharmacological treatments for bulimia nervosa (BN) have been studied extensively in adults, but there are no published controlled treatment studies of adolescents with BN. One option for treating adolescents with BN is to adapt cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for younger individuals. The rationale for developing CBT for adolescents with BN is three-fold: the efficacy of CBT for adult patients with BN, the efficacy of CBT in treating adolescents with other clinical disorders, and the conceptual fit between CBT and adolescent eating disorders. CBT should be tailored to the treatment of adolescents, with particular focus on domains of development, including: motivation, cognitive processing, interpersonal functioning, and family involvement. A recently described new version of CBT for BN (Fairburn, Cooper, & Shafran, 2003) is well-suited for adapting manual-based CBT from adults to adolescents. Future research should evaluate the efficacy of CBT for the treatment of adolescents with BN and related eating disorders. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The Pattern and Timing of Diversification of Philippine Endemic Rodents: Evidence from Mitochondrial and Nuclear Gene Sequences

The 22 genera and 64 species of rodents (Muridae: Murinae) distributed in the Philippine Islands provide a unique opportunity to study patterns and processes of diversification in island systems. Over 90% of these rodent species are endemic to the archipelago, but the relative importance of dispersal from the mainland, dispersal within the archipelago, and in situ differentiation as explanations of this diversity remains unclear, as no phylogenetic hypothesis for these species and relevant mainland forms is currently available. Here we report the results of phylogenetic analyses of the endemic Philippine murines and a wide sampling of murine diversity from outside the archipelago, based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and the nuclear-encoded IRBP exon 1. Analysis of our combined gene data set consistently identified five clades comprising endemic Philippine genera, suggesting multiple invasions of the archipelago. Molecular dating analyses using parametric and semiparametric methods suggest that colonization occurred in at least two stages, one ca. 15 Mya, and another 8 to 12 million years later, consistent with the previous recognition of "Old" and "New" endemic rodent faunas. Ancestral area analysis suggests that the Old Endemics invaded landmasses that are now part of the island of Luzon, whereas the three New Endemic clades may have colonized through either Mindanao, Luzon, or both. Further, our results suggest that most of the diversification of Philippine murines took place within the archipelago. Despite heterogeneity between nuclear and mitochondrial genes in most model parameters, combined analysis of the two data sets using both parsimony and likelihood increased phylogenetic resolution; however, the effect of data combination on support for resolved nodes was method dependent. In contrast, our results suggest that combination of mitochondrial and nuclear data to estimate relatively ancient divergence times can severely compromise those estimates, even when specific methods that account for rate heterogeneity among genes are employed. (Biogeography; divergence date estimation; mitochondrial DNA; molecular systematics; Murinae; nuclear exon; Philippines; phylogeny.) Studies of diversification in island archipelagos have held a central place in evolutionary biology for over
Determination of the persistence length of helical and non-helical polypeptoids in solution

Control over the shape of a polymer chain is desirable from a materials perspective because polymer stiffness is directly related to chain characteristics such as liquid crystallinity and entanglement, which in turn are related to mechanical properties. However, the relationship between main chain helicity in novel biologically derived and inspired polymers and chain stiffness (persistence length) is relatively poorly understood. Polypeptoids, or poly(N-substituted glycines), constitute a modular, biomimetic system that enables precise tuning of chain sequence and are therefore a good model system for understanding the interrelationship between monomer structure, helicity, and persistence length. The incorporation of bulky chiral monomers is known to cause main chain helicity in polypeptoids. Here, we show that helical polypeptoid chains have a flexibility nearly identical to an analogous random coil polypeptoid as observed via small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Additionally, our findings show that polypeptoids with aromatic phenyl side chains are inherently flexible with persistence lengths ranging from 0.5 to 1 nm.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ENCEPHALITIS : III. SURVIVAL OF ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS (ST. LOUIS TYPE) IN ANOPHELES QUADRIMACULATUS.

Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes, fed on mice in which encephalitis virus (St. Louis type) is present in the blood stream, take up and retain the virus for the duration of their lives. The titre of the virus in mosquitoes 4 hours after engorging on mice with a maximum blood stream infection represents about 10,000 lethal mouse intracerebral doses per mosquito. This titre drops during the following 2 weeks to about 100 lethal doses per mosquito, but from the 3rd week to the death of the mosquito, usually increases to approximately the original level and remains there. The titre of virus in mosquitoes which have engorged on mouse blood containing smaller quantities of virus exhibits the same drop and subsequent rise to the original level. The virus-containing mosquitoes did not infect mice or monkeys by biting.
Reversing Broken Windows: Evidence of Lagged, Multilevel Impacts of Risk Perceptions on Perceptions of Incivility

Despite a large number of studies testing Broken Windows Theory (BWT), the reverse theoretical pathway has never been assessed longitudinally (risk perceptions → incivilities perceptions). It is estimated here using panel data from Baltimore, Maryland. Results show lagged, multilevel impacts of risk perceptions on shifting incivilities perceptions. Furthermore, impacts of risk perceptions on later shifts in perceived incivilities vary significantly across streetblocks. Findings support Harcourt's assertion that "disorder" is not a fixed and unambiguous label; rather, it is dependent on a person defining his or her surroundings. People who report a high degree of crime risk are "biased" toward defining neighborhood features as more problematic than those who do not.
Eccentric diagnostic tests: redefining sensitivity and specificity.

Diagnostic tests exist for which the current definitions of sensitivity and specificity are in adequate. Such tests are called eccentric to distinguish them from normal diagnostic tests, for which the standard definitions are satisfactory. It is shown that when the standard defi nitions are used with eccentric tests there will be an appreciable range of cutoff values over which the test has no discriminating power. This is demonstrated with ROC analysis and information theory New definitions of sensitivity and specificity that are valid for both normal and eccentric tests are proposed. These definitions require the use of two cutoffs to distin guish test-positive from test-negative individuals When the new definitions are used with eccentric tests, performance improves significantly and the anomalous regions of zero dis criminating power disappear. In the limit of zero eccentricity the new definitions become identical to the old. Key words: eccentric diagnostic tests; sensitivity; specificity, ROC anal ys...
Morality and human evolution

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the morality and human evolution. Evolutionary thinking about human behavior is immensely controversial and treating morality evolutionarily has been especially controversial. The mechanisms at work in human norm acceptance then have biological functions. It is speculated that their chief biological function is one of coordination, in a special, game-theoretic sense of the term. These mechanisms coordinate the actions of different people through two chief tendencies: “normative discussion” and “normative governance.” In normative discussion, people tend to avow the norms they accept and tend to be influenced toward accepting the norms that others avow. The upshot is a tendency toward consensus in the norms discussants accept. Normative governance means a motivation to act in accordance with the norms a person accepts. Combine normative discussion with normative governance and everyone will tend to act in accordance with the same norms. Normative discussion tends toward consensus on norms, and normative governance then tends toward everyone's acting on those norms.
Phosphonates and particulate organic phosphorus cycling in an anoxic marine basin

Total particulate phosphorus (TPP), particulate inorganic P (PIP), and particulate organic P (POP) concentrations were measured in a year-long series of sediment trap samples collected throughout the oxic‐anoxic water column (275 m, 455 m, 930 m, and 1,255 m) of the Cariaco Basin. TPP, PIP, and POP fluxes varied seasonally and decreased significantly with depth, from 65 to 19 mmol TPP m 22 d 21 ,4 3 to 8mmol PIP m 22 d 21 , and 22 to 11 mmol POP m 22 d 21 . Significant flux relationships ( p , 0.001) were found between POP and particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON). The lack of a relationship between POC and PIP fluxes and the large fraction of TPP associated with the PIP pool in both oxic and anoxic traps suggests that future analyses must separate PIP and POP when evaluating biological relationships between C, N, and P. The strong relationships between POC, PON, and POP also suggest that POP is not preferentially remineralized relative to PON and POC with increasing depth in this anoxic environment. P composition was also determined using solid state 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and it was found that phosphonates, chemically and thermally inert compounds, are a significant fraction of the TPP pool. Furthermore, these compounds were preferentially removed relative to more bioavailable P esters during a low flux event. Their selective removal suggests that these compounds may be an unrecognized source of bioavailable P under anoxic conditions.
Performance trade-offs in large wireless networks

Recent technological advances have spurred interest in large wireless networks without fixed infrastructure. This work uses a random network model and characterizes the fundamental performance limits of such large wireless networks in terms of the scaling of optimal performance with the number of nodes in the network. The performance metrics include throughput (communication rate), delay, and energy consumption. It is shown that cooperation between nodes, by relaying data for each other, results in the best possible performance, although performance inevitably degrades as the number of nodes in the network increase. Gupta and Kumar (2000) showed that in static networks, the highest achievable throughput is of order 1/nlogn . This work shows that for any lower throughput, the optimal delay is of order n times the throughput. This work also establishes the optimal trade-offs between throughput, delay, and energy consumption for static networks. Grossglauser and Tse (2001) showed that a constant throughput scaling is achievable in a network with mobile nodes, however, the corresponding delay was not known. This work models the mobility of nodes as a random walk on the discrete torus and shows that the corresponding delay is of order n log n. The optimal throughput-delay tradeoff for mobile networks is also established. For any throughput of order 1/nlogn or lower, the throughput-delay trade-off is the same as in static networks. Somewhat surprisingly, this trade-off reveals that any throughput higher than that achievable in static networks is accompanied by a delay of order n log n. The effect of restricted mobility on throughput and delay is also investigated. The techniques used to establish these results belong to several areas such as analysis of algorithms, probabilistic analysis, Markov chains., queuing theory, and random walks.
Psychosexual functioning and adjustment

Psychosexual functioning involves the psychological components of sexual desire, arousal, and orgasm. While sexual functioning predominantly occurs on a physiological level, many mental processes can affect and often interfere with adequate and satisfying sexual functioning. From mood and anxiety disorders, to occupational stress and relationship conflict, how individuals think, feel, and behave can have a significant impact on their levels of sexual drive, arousal, and orgasmic functioning. When sexual functioning difficulties are present as a result of psychological factors, mental health treatment can often ameliorate the symptoms causing the dysfunction. Keywords: anxiety; depression; relationships; sexual functioning; stress
Flexor Tendon Injuries

Each of the fingers has a flexor digitorum sublimis tendon and a flexor digitorum profundus tendon. The flexor digitorum profundus tendons have a common muscle belly and are interconnected at the musculotendinous junction, thereby restricting independent profundus excursion, resulting in combined motion of all four profundus tendons with the so-called quadrigia effect. The blood supply to the flexor tendons is obtained from the dorsal side of the tendons through the vinculae. Core sutures used in the repair of lacerated tendons should be placed in the palmar half of the tendon to help preserve the dorsal blood supply. Although at one time it was recommended not to repair both tendons and, in fact, occasionally to excise the stump of the sublimis, it is now generally accepted that the appropriate treatment should be repair of both tendons. This has the advantage of maintaining the vincula system and, therefore, the blood supply to the tendons (Fig. 3–1).
Transient Currents in a Field Emitter

We seek to understand the transient behavior that is occasionally observed in field emitter experiments, as well as the relationship between the Fowler-Nordheim parameters deduced from pulsed and steady-state experiments. To this end, a model is constructed to study the effects of the gap capacitance and the base resistance on the evolution of the emitted current from a field emitter that is subjected to a voltage pulse of various rise times. The field emitter is assumed to obey the Fowler-Nordheim law. The effect of space charge on the surface electric field is included. Numerical examples will be presented to illustrate the time scale required to reach the steady state, together with the scaling law to be constructed from the data.
Physical Mechanisms Contributing to Seismic Attenuation in the Crust

The mechanisms contributing to the attenuation of earthquake ground motion in the distance range of 10 to 200 km are studied with the aid of laboratory data, coda waves and strong motion attenuation measurements in northeast United States and Canada and theoretical models. The relative contributions to attenuation of anelasticity of crustal rocks (constant Q), fluid flow and scattering are evaluated. Scattering is found to be strong with albedo of B0=0.9 and scattering extinction length of about 17 km. The intrinsic attenuation in the crust can be explained by a high constant Q(500 ≤ Q0 ≤ 2000) and a frequency dependent mechanism most likely due to fluid effects in rocks and cracks. A fluid-flow attenuation model gives a frequency dependence (Q ≃ Q0 f0.5) similar to those determined from the analysis of coda waves of regional seismograms.
Effect of pulmonary emphysema on diaphragm capillary geometry.

Poole, David C., and Odile Mathieu-Costello. Effect of pulmonary emphysema on diaphragm capillary geometry.J. Appl. Physiol. 82(2): 599–606, 1997.—In emphysema, the diaphragm shortens by losing sar...
The Effects of Supervisor Preferences and Group Engagement Oversight on Component Auditor Skepticism in a Group Audit Engagement

Recent group audit guidance expands the monitoring responsibilities of a group engagement team. Thus, component auditors work under the direct oversight of a component supervisor, yet their work is also monitored by the group auditor. This study examines how the nature of group engagement team oversight and component audit supervisor preference interact to influence component auditors’ skepticism. In an experiment, component auditors who faced an optimistic component supervisor budgeted more accounts receivable audit hours when the group engagement team chose to be more actively involved in the component audit process than when the group engagement team chose only to review component audit work. However, there were no differences in budgeted audit hours when auditors faced a skeptical component supervisor, regardless of the level of group engagement team involvement. These results provide insight into the hitherto unexplored area of group audit decision-making and suggest ways to enhance skepticism during group audits.
Sequential use of estrous-detection patches as a reproductive-management tool

This study investigated whether Estrotect estrous-detection patches could be used as a simple, cost-effective reproductive-management tool to identify cyclic animals before breeding, to distinguish between cows or heifers conceiving to AI versus natural service, and to determine seasonal pregnancy rate after bull removal. A secondary objective was to determine whether altering the timing of gonadorelin (GnRH) treatment in a 14-d progesterone-Select Synch synchronization protocol could reduce labor costs without reducing protocol effectiveness. Compared with cyclic status determined via ultrasonography, Chi-square analysis indicated that estrous-detection patches monitored for a 4-wk period were able to correctly identify 79% of cyclic and 86% of noncyclic heifers (P 0.10), regardless of timing of GnRH treatment. Treatment with GnRH at CIDR removal reduced labor costs and animal handling.
Development of hyaline membranes and atelectases in experimental chronic respiratory acidosis.

SummaryGuinea pigs exposed to 1.5%, 3% and 15% CO2 for prolonged periods developed, under 3% and 15% CO2, hyaline membranes associated with atelectases which were predominantly located in subpleural areas. Simultaneous blood pH and pCO2 measurements indicated that these pulmonary lesions were related to a nonspecific acidosis effect rather than to a specific CO2 effect. Incidence of hyaline membranes declined from 100% during the uncompensated phase of respiratory acidosis induced by 1-2 days of exposure to 15% CO2 to 0% during 14-93 days of exposure to 15% CO2. Under the latter condition blood pH was compensated but blood pCO2 was elevated to a level twice normal. Rats did not exhibit hyaline membranes during prolonged exposure to 1.5% CO2 and 3% CO2.
Two Models of Teacher Accountability: Toward an Explanation for the Disappointing Results of Some Market-Based School Reforms

Accountability is a pivotal concern of applied social science. This article asserts that in many situations a full explanation of the sources of accountability requires the application of concepts from sociology and management science, in addition to those from the market-based approaches inspired by economics. The article describes the market-based approach to accountability exemplified by agency theory, applies it to school reform and derives several predictions about the likely success of market-based approaches to school reform, and documents the lack of evidence supporting the contention that programs for school choice will markedly improve teacher work effort and performance (as measured by student test scores). The social actor approach, rooted in sociological and management theories, is introduced and used to describe the pressures and norms operating in the public schools that foster accountability even in the absence of competition between schools for students. The article concludes with some im...
Convergence Rate of the Best-r-Points-Average Estimator of the Maximizer of a Multivariate Regression Function

BRPA estimator, proposed in Changchien (1990), has certain merits over the estimators derived through the estimation of the regression function. Some of the properties of the BRPA estimator have been studied in Chen, Huang and Huang (1996), Bai and Huang (1999), Wu and Wang (2000) and Bai, Chen and Wu (2003). In this article, we give the convergence rate of the BRPA estimator of the multivariate regression function under some mild conditions and popularize the result of Bai, Chen and Wu (2003).
Growth of endosymbiotic algae in the green hydra, Hydra viridissima

Stable endosymbiosis depends upon balanced growth of the symbionts. In green hydra, coincident patterns of host and algal mitotic index suggest that coordinated reproduction provides for balanced growth. However, when hydra shrink during food shortage, the population of endosymbiotic algae in a green hydra must likewise decline in size. Thus far, no mechanism of reducing the size of the endosymbiont population has been described. Algal mitosis was found here to be stimulated by host feeding and clumped in its distribution among host cells, supporting the notion of some degree of control of algal mitosis exercised at the level of the host cell. However, comparisons of the rates of algal mitosis with the realized rates of algal population growth show that substantial numbers of algae disappear from hydra, in numbers in excess even of those necessary to accommodate host shrinkage. Only a small proportion of these lost algae was found to be expelled by hydra. Microscopic observations of the cells of macerated hydra show evidence of algal disintegration in nearly 50 % of the digestive epithelial cells of regularly fed hydra. Coincidence of remnants of algal cells and food-derived materials within the same vacuoles suggests that algae are digested by host cells.
False memories for varying and non-varying words in American English

ABSTRACTCertain types of variation are licenced by phonotactics. For example, the American English phoneme /t/ varies word-finally (ba[t] ∼ ba[ʔ]), but not word-initially. We used a Deese–Roediger–McDermott false memory paradigm to pursue the hypothesis that, given comparable information in the speech stream, varying words (such as bat) activate less strongly than non-varying words (such as tip). We presented listeners with lists of phonological neighbours, such as rat, ban, bet, etc. (neighbours of bat), and lip, tin, type, etc. (neighbours of tip), followed by recall and recognition tasks. Results showed that participants often “remembered” the unheard words bat and tip, replicating previous work indicating that activation from neighbours can produce false memories. Most importantly, false memory rates were significantly lower for bat compared to tip, suggesting that the presence of phonotactic conditions for variability affected the lexical activation of a word, compared to the absence of such conditions.
Abstract 2215: Transcriptional co-regulation of Nox4 by p53 and SMAD3

Recent studies suggest p53 plays an important role in TGF-beta-mediated cell signaling and migration. Previously, we showed that wild-type (WT) and mutant forms of p53 differentially regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by NADPH oxidase-4 (Nox4). We found that WT-p53 is a potent suppressor of TGF-beta-induced Nox4, ROS production, and cell migration, whereas tumor-associated mutant p53 proteins enhanced Nox4 mRNA and protein expression and cell migration by both TGF-beta-dependent and independent mechanisms (Boudreau et al. Br J Cancer. 2014 May 13;110(10):2569-82). In this study, we examined the basis of human Nox4 promoter regulation by p53 and SMAD3. By constructing a deletion series of Nox4 promoter-reporter constructs, we discovered two regions (-4.76kb to -3.9kb and -1.8kb to - 0.2kb) upstream of the transcription start site that induce promoter activity upon activation of the TGF-beta/SMAD3 pathway. Interestingly, TGF-beta/SMAD3-mediated Nox4 promoter activity was abolished by heterologous expression of p53-WT in p53-null cell lines Hep3B (hepatocytes) and H1299 (lung epithelial). This activity was repressed by wild-type p53 in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, expression of common tumor-associated mutant-p53 proteins (R175H, R248H, R249Q, R273H) did not repress but enhanced Nox4 promoter activity. We observed this enhancement of Nox4 promoter activity by mutant p53 (R273H) in H1299 cells expressing T204D, a constitutively active TGF-beta receptor. When individual p53 response elements were mutated, however, both untreated and R273H-expressing cells showed 50% reduction in promoter activity. These results indicate that the Nox4 promoter region between -3.97kb and -4.76kb, containing candidate p53 response elements, plays a role in modulating Nox4 expression. Preliminary chromatin immunoprecipitation results suggest that endogenous mutant p53 R249S in PLC/PRF/5 hepatoma cells complexes with the Nox4 promoter region between -3.97kb and -4.76kb. Furthermore, constructs lacking this region show significantly reduced Nox4 promoter activity in response to TGF-beta. Our results provide a basis for Nox4 co-regulation by SMAD3 and mutant p53 that may be involved in tumor progression and metastasis. Citation Format: Howard E. Boudreau, Jonathan J. Park, Thomas L. Leto. Transcriptional co-regulation of Nox4 by p53 and SMAD3. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2215. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2215
The Rule of Reason Re-Examined

This article analyzes the application of the Rule of Reason as articulated by Justice Brandeis in Chicago Board of Trade v. United States to alleged restraints of trade in violation of section 1 of the Sherman Act. It argues that the Brandeis formulation, which requires courts to consider a broad range of economic factors and then weigh procompetitive benefits against anticompetitive effects, has proven unwieldy in the hands of trial judges. Because the Brandeis formulation provides little guidance as to how these factors should be weighed, courts have struggled to develop clear, predictable, and consistent standards under section 1. This article considers several alternatives to the Brandeis formulation and recommends that courts can revitalize the Rule of Reason by using the highly structured approach of the D.C. Circuit in the Three Tenors case to develop antitrust rules that are clear, predictable, and administrable.
Safety evaluation and lipid-lowering effects of food-grade biopolymer complexes (ε-polylysine-pectin) in mice fed a high-fat diet.

e-Polylysine (e-PL) is a potent cationic antimicrobial, but its application as a food additive is currently limited because it tends to precipitate with anionic species in food matrices. Previous research has shown that the formation of an electrostatic complex between cationic e-PL and anionic pectin (P) improved the physical stability of e-PL while maintaining its antimicrobial activity. However, the impact of complexation on the effects of e-PL on health is currently unknown. A subchronic toxicity study was therefore carried out to determine the safety of ingested e-PL-P complexes using high-fat diet-fed male and female mice. After a 13-week dietary treatment with P, e-PL, or e-PL-P complexes, no significant toxicological effects were observed on the survival, mean body weight, food consumption, and organ weights of the animals, suggesting that the complexes were safe for oral consumption. Interestingly, the e-PL-P complexes were found to have several beneficial health effects: suppression of high-fat diet-induced elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities, reduction in serum total triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and an increase in fecal excretion of triglycerides. These effects were much stronger in female mice than in male mice. Moreover, the lipid-lowering effects were observed only for the e-PL-P complexes but not for e-PL or P alone at the same doses. Overall, our results demonstrate the oral safety of e-PL-P complexes and their gender-specific lipid-lowering effects in high-fat diet-fed mice, which provide an important basis for the utilization of e-PL-P complexes in food systems as functional ingredients.
Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Insertion in Men with Severe Intracorporal Fibrosis.

Objectives: To retrospectively review a series of men who underwent attempted inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) insertion into severely scarred corpora, and to analyze the surgical techniques and instruments that contributed to a successful outcome. Patients and Methods: All IPP procedures done by a high-volume prosthetic surgeon during a 5-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Fourteen patients with severe intracorporal fibrosis underwent 15 attempted IPP insertion procedures, and are the subject of this review. Results: A standardized surgical approach was employed for all patients. Thirteen of the 15 procedures were successful (i.e., an IPP was inserted, with satisfactory cylinder position). One procedure failed due to corporal obliteration. One patient underwent an initial failed attempt, but was successfully implanted 10 months later. Two of the 14 patients (14%) developed peri-prosthetic infection and were explanted. Conclusion: IPP insertion into scarred corpora is difficult and occasionally impossible. We have developed a standardized surgical approach for these cases, using limited corporal excavation, followed by the use of sequential Uramix and then Carrion-Rossello cavernotomes, that we feel has improved our chance of a successful implant. However, due to the rarity of these cases, it is not possible to make definitive statements concerning the optimal surgical technique.
Effect of synthetic jet modulation schemes on the reduction of a laminar separation bubble

The response of a laminar separation bubble to synthetic jet forcing with various modulation schemes is numerically investigated. The study suggests that the effectiveness of synthetic jet-based flow control could be improved by carefully designing the spectral content of the modulation scheme.
Cell transplantation strategies for acquired and inherited disorders of peripheral myelin.

Objective To investigate transplantation of rat Schwann cells or human iPSC-derived neural crest cells and derivatives into models of acquired and inherited peripheral myelin damage. Methods Primary cultured rat Schwann cells labeled with a fluorescent protein for monitoring at various times after transplantation. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were differentiated into neural crest stem cells, and subsequently toward a Schwann cell lineage via two different protocols. Cell types were characterized using flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and transcriptomics. Rat Schwann cells and human iPSC derivatives were transplanted into (1) nude rats pretreated with lysolecithin to induce demyelination or (2) a transgenic rat model of dysmyelination due to PMP22 overexpression. Results Rat Schwann cells transplanted into sciatic nerves with either toxic demyelination or genetic dysmyelination engrafted successfully, and migrated longitudinally for relatively long distances, with more limited axial migration. Transplanted Schwann cells engaged existing axons and displaced dysfunctional Schwann cells to form normal-appearing myelin. Human iPSC-derived neural crest stem cells and their derivatives shared similar engraftment and migration characteristics to rat Schwann cells after transplantation, but did not further differentiate into Schwann cells or form myelin. Interpretation These results indicate that cultured Schwann cells surgically delivered to peripheral nerve can engraft and form myelin in either acquired or inherited myelin injury, as proof of concept for pursuing cell therapy for diseases of peripheral nerve. However, lack of reliable technology for generating human iPSC-derived Schwann cells for transplantation therapy remains a barrier in the field.
Interactants and activities on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter: Associations between social media use and social adjustment to college

ABSTRACTResearch shows use of social media (SM) has important implications for college adjustment. However, most studies only focused on Facebook and did not attend to specific use patterns. Drawin...
Teaching Composition in Schools: Challenges of EFL Teachers in Post-Soviet Georgia

Writing in foreign language classes has long been a challenge for both teachers and students. With the rise of globalization, there is an urgent need for EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teachers to help stu-dents develop writing skills needed to function effectively in a society. This article reports on the practic-es and experiences of teachers of English in Georgian schools. It discusses how writing instruction is enacted in schools; how teachers perceive their pre-service education and professional opportunities re-garding writing. The results of a qualitative analysis of teacher interviews indicate that (a) inadequate preparation at a pre-service level is a major concern for teachers; (b) absence of a unified curriculum on composition studies in schools prevents teachers from the implementation of the writing assignments in the classrooms; (c) teachers are seeking their own learning and professional growth pathways despite the lack of systematic professional development opportunities. Based on the findings, pedagogical implica-tions are discussed with the aim of enhancing the teaching and learning of written English in foreign lan-guage in Georgia and ultimately, in other foreign language contexts.
THE FATE OF HERBICIDES IN CALIFORNIA RICE CULTURE

Abstract Rice has become a major crop in California. Weeds remain a severe problem, and over one million kg of herbicides are applied annually for control. The rice field represents a chemical reactor containing active reagents into which the herbicidal compound is introduced and subsequently moved and degraded. Of particular importance are volatilization (as illustrated by molinate), photonucleophilic substitution reactions (propanil), photooxidation (thiobencarb), and loss in spray drift (MCPA). Investigation and application of these principles may permit prediction of the ricefield fate of other pesticides and adjustment of their properties to produce improvements important to efficacy, environmental safety, and public health.
Assessment of Discharge Readiness and Readmission Risk in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.

Failure to achieve euvolemia before discharge in patients admitted with acute heart failure (HF) syndromes has gained attention as a marker for increased readmission risk. This study assessed whether variations in discharge documentation practices reflected the readmission risk of patients admitted for decompensated HF. This was a retrospective cohort study of 100 adult patients discharged from an admission for an acute HF syndrome from May 2014 to June 2015. Characteristics at discharge were retrieved from the discharge summaries (DS). Coprimary outcomes were 30-day and 6-month composites of all-cause readmissions or emergency department visits. Mean age was 62.1 years (SD 15.3), and 56% were men. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors were common. All-cause 30-day readmission occurred in 18%, and HF-related 30-day readmission occurred in 12% of the population. A DS physical exam in support of decongestion occurred more often in those not readmitted, for example, a normal jugular venous pulse (53.2 vs 12.5%, p = 0.03). Discussion of jugular venous pulse improvement occurred more frequently in those not readmitted (8.5 vs 0%, p = 0.03). No other markers of volume status reached statistical significance. A clear statement in the DS supporting euvolemia was uncommon, but tended to occur more commonly in those not readmitted (20.7 vs 5.6%, p = 0.13). In conclusion, documenting markers of euvolemia and incorporating these markers into the DS volume status assessment was associated with a reduced rate of 30-day readmission.
Test Results of Radiation Hardened iCoupler Products from Analog Devices

Radiation hardened new generation digital isolators have been developed. They use Analog Devices Inc. (ADI) iCoupler technology to provide high-speed, high accuracy, short-delay, low power, and more reliable rad hard isolators. In this paper, iCoupler technology structure is introduced in comparison with optocouplers, and three rad hard iCoupler products are presented along with radiation test results, including TID and heavy ion SEE test results.
Nonlinear index of ruby via nondegenerate two-wave mixing

Two-waving mixing is a process in which the interference of two waves in a medium with a third-order susceptibility modulates the index of refraction of the medium, causing energy exchange between the two beams. The effect has been used to study the resonance enhanced nonlinear index of refraction in pink ruby.1,2 In Ref. 1, the sign of the real part of the nonlinear index was shown to be the same on both sides of line center at 488 and 580 nm. This is contrary to a prediction one would make using a two-level model for the nonlinear index of refraction. We present the results from a series of experiments aimed at determining the origin of the nonlinear index of refraction in ruby.