cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of the Cruciate Ligaments to the Load-Displacement Characteristics of the Human Knee Joint

Human knee specimens were subjected to anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, varus-valgus, and torsional displacement tests. Loads were recorded for the intact joint and for the joint with all soft tissues cut except for the cruciate ligaments. The effect of condylar interference was determined for anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and torsional displacements. The variation in load with flexion angle was considerable for medial-lateral (0-90-deg flexion) displacements, and less for varus-valgus (0-45-deg flexion) displacements. The cruciates were found to carry almost the entire anterior-posterior load; they carried a significant percentage of the medial-lateral load which varied considerably with flexion angle. A small, but not insignificant percentage of the varus-valgus load was carried by the cruciates and the variations with flexion angle were small. In torsion, the cruciates resisted only internal rotation. In the tested displacement ranges, condylar interference had a small effect on the medial-lateral load but did not affect anterior-posterior or torsional loads.
Attraction of Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) to flower volatiles.

Methylene chloride extracts of flowers from 4 plants (common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca L.; ox-eye daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare Lamarck; Canada goldenrod, Solidago canadensis L.; and yarrow, Achillea millefolium L.) were tested in a dual-port olfactometer for attractiveness to female northern house mosquitoes, Culex pipiens pipiens L. Fifty milligrams of extract was used for each test, which was equivalent to the amount of extract from flowers of 0.58 common milkweed inflorescences, 1.75 ox-eye daisy flower heads, 0.33 Canada goldenrod plants, or 3.14 yarrow plants. Significantly more Cx. pipiens responded to the common milkweed flower extract than to a control. Ox-eye daisy, Canada goldenrod and yarrow flower extracts were not significantly attractive to this species. A headspace sample of the common milkweed extract was collected by solid phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The most abundant compounds in the headspace sample were 2-phenylethanol and benzyl alcohol. Analysis of the common milkweed extract and standards of 2-phenylethanol and benzyl alcohol by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection confirmed that these compounds were present in the extract. Cx. pipiens did not respond to synthetic blends of these 2 compounds when tested in a dual-port olfactometer.
Modelling of forest stand dynamics using Markov chains

Understanding forest complexity and self-organization across multiple scales is essential for both ecology and natural resource management. In this paper, we develop a Markov chain approach for the modelling of forest stand dynamics. The aim of this work is to generalize the recently developed Perfect Plasticity Approximation (PPA) model for scaling of vegetation dynamics from individual level to the landscape level through the ecosystem hierarchical structure. Our basic assumption is that the forested ecosystem and disturbance regimes can be modelled on 3 hierarchical scales (levels): individual trees, forest stand (or patch, defined as a spatial unit about 0.5-1 ha of the same forest at one successional stage.) and landscape (collection of forest patches of different forest/soil types at different successional stages) levels. In our modelling approach the PPA model is an intermediate step for scaling from the individual level to the forest stand level (or patch level). In this paper we develop a Markov chain model for stage-structured dynamics of forest stands (patches). In order to determine the structure of the Markov chain model and estimate parameters, we analyze the patch-mosaic patterns of forest stands of the Lake States (MI, WI, and MN) recorded in the USDA FIA database as well as data for other US states and Canada. The distribution of macroscopic characteristics of a large collection of forest patches is considered as an estimate of the stationary distribution of the underlying Markov chain. The data demonstrates that this distribution is unimodal and skewed to the right. We identify the simplest Markov chain that produces such a distribution and estimate the upper bound of the probability of disaster for this Markov chain.
Ionization energies of quadruply ionized rare earths

Values for the ionization energies of four-times-ionized lanthanides are derived from interpolated spectroscopic properties of the 4fN−1ns Ryberg series.
Compact Hausdorff objects

Abstract The concept of “category of structured sets with closure operator” provides a natural setting to define “perfect maps”, “compact objects” and “Hausdorff objects” and to prove some of the usual theorems interrelating them. Study of a wide class of non-topological examples culminates in the unification of the β-compactification of a space and the Burmeister-Schmidt completion of a partial algebra.
Effect of Coriolis and Centrifugal Forces at High Rotation and Density Ratios

Numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer of high rotation and density ratio flow in internal cooling channels of turbine blades with smooth walls is the main focus of this study. The flow in these channels is affected by rotation, buoyancy, bends, and boundary conditions. On the basis of comparison between two-equation (k−e and k−ω) and Reynolds-stress (RSM) turbulence models, it is concluded that the two-equation turbulence models cannot predict heat transfer correctly, whereas RSM showed improved prediction. Thus RSM model was validated against available experimental data (which are primarily at low rotation and buoyancy numbers). The model was then used for cases with high rotation numbers (as much as 1.29) and high-density ratios (up to 0.4) not studied previously. Particular attention was given to how Reynolds stresses, turbulence intensity, and transport are affected by coriolis and buoyancy/centrifugal forces caused by high levels of rotation and density ratio. The results obtained are explained in view of physical interpretation of Coriolis and centrifugal forces. It has been concluded that the heat-transfer rate can be enhanced rapidly by increasing rotation number to values that are comparable to the enhancement caused by introduction of ribs inside internal cooling channels. It is possible to derive linear correlation for the increase in Nusselt number as a function of rotation number. Increasing density ratios at high rotation number does not necessarily cause an increase in Nusselt number. The increasing thermal boundary-layer thickness near walls is the possible reason for this behavior of Nusselt number.
Host-microbe relationships in inflammatory bowel disease detected by bacterial and metaproteomic analysis of the mucosal-luminal interface.

Background: Host–microbe interactions at the intestinal mucosal–luminal interface (MLI) are critical factors in the biology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: To address this issue, we performed a series of investigations integrating analysis of the bacteria and metaproteome at the MLI of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and healthy human subjects. After quantifying these variables in mucosal specimens from a first sample set, we searched for bacteria exhibiting strong correlations with host proteins. This assessment identified a small subset of bacterial phylotypes possessing this host interaction property. Using a second and independent sample set, we tested the association of disease state with levels of these 14 “host interaction” bacterial phylotypes. Results: A high frequency of these bacteria (35%) significantly differentiated human subjects by disease type. Analysis of the MLI metaproteomes also yielded disease classification with exceptional confidence levels. Examination of the relationships between the bacteria and proteins, using regularized canonical correlation analysis (RCCA), sorted most subjects by disease type, supporting the concept that host–microbe interactions are involved in the biology underlying IBD. Moreover, this correlation analysis identified bacteria and proteins that were undetected by standard means-based methods such as analysis of variance, and identified associations of specific bacterial phylotypes with particular protein features of the innate immune response, some of which have been documented in model systems. Conclusions: These findings suggest that computational mining of mucosa-associated bacteria for host interaction provides an unsupervised strategy to uncover networks of bacterial taxa and host processes relevant to normal and disease states. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;)
Mutations inside but not outside the peptide binding cleft of the H-2 Ld molecule affects CTL recognition and binding of the nucleoprotein peptide from the lymphocytic chroriomeningitis

In order to investigate the role of residues inside and outside the peptide binding cleft of the L2 molecule in peptide presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), we constructed a series of point mutations in the L d gene. We determined the effects of the mutations in the Ld molecule on the binding and recognition of an Ld-restricted CTL epitope derived from the nucleoprotein (NP) of the lymphocytic phoriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Each of the mutations within the Ld peptide binding cleft resulted in a complete loss of CTL recognition. Addition of the LCMV NP peptide to cells expressing these mutants did not increase surface Ld expression, suggesting that the mutations altered peptide binding. Mutations involving pockets D and E within the cleft affected LCMV peptide binding and recognition as drastically as those in pocket B, which was predicted to interact with a main anchor residue of the peptide. In striking contrast, the mutations located outside the cleft did not change either recognition or binding. These results demonstrate that the Ld residues in the peptide binding cleft are the main determinants dictating LCMV NP peptide binding, and that the residues in each of the pockets within the cleft play a role in this interaction. Surprisingly, one mutation outside the peptide binding cleft, T92S, abrogated CTL lysis of target cells treated with the LCMV NP peptide, but not virus-infected cells. These data show that this mutation selectively altered the presentation of the LCMV NP peptide introduced to the cell exogenously, but not endogenously. This implies that the pathway by which peptides associate with class I molecules within the cell differs from that of exogenous peptide binding.
A finite element model for hygro-thermo-mechanical analysis of masonry walls with FRP reinforcement

Modeling the effects of humidity and temperature gradients on the structural behavior of masonry walls reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is of great importance. Study of interfacial stresses, in particular, is a key factor in predicting the durability of the bond between the reinforcing FRP laminate and the host masonry. In this paper, a finite element modeling procedure for analyzing the hygro-thermo-mechanical response of multi-layered structures constructed with distinctive permeable materials was developed by incorporating structural stress analysis into the coupled moisture/temperature finite element model based on the governing equations proposed by Phillips and De Vries. The hygro-thermo-mechanical finite element model was used to analyze the response of a concrete block reinforced with a unidirectional glass/epoxy FRP composite laminate. The results demonstrated that the effect of temperature gradient on the moisture distribution, i.e., heat-induced moisture movement, resulted in an accumulation of moisture at the interface, and induced interfacial stresses even in the absence of a moisture gradient. The presented finite element modeling procedure can be used to aid with the design of FRP/masonry structure or other similar structures for minimizing interfacial stresses induced due to the mismatch of moisture swelling and thermal expansion properties of the constituent materials.
The Culture and Conduct of Fatherhood in America, 1800 to 1960

A firm understanding of fatherhood in the present requires a deep appreciation of fatherhood in the past. To demonstrate what this proposition means, and to illustrate how complex fatherhood can be, I provide an overview of the social reconstruction of fatherhood in America between 1800 and 1960. It was during these 160 years that we see significant transformations in U.S. society and in the social institution of fatherhood-transformations that continue to reverberate today. The history of fatherhood in America also serves as a case study of sorts that brings to the fore the intricate ways that economic and ideological forces shape people's thoughts and behaviors, and helps to convey the difficulties associated with trying to grasp what happened in days gone by.
Histopathology of the Effect of Cortisone on the Irradiated Rat Lung

SUMMARY The radiation reaction in the rat lung produced by a single exposure (3000 r) to the right hemithorax was characterized 90 days after irradiation by atelectasis, extensive or diffuse fibrosis, frequent infection, metaplasia, and occluded bronchi. The irradiated lung responded to cortisone treatment in two ways: there were degrees of reaction varying from well-aerated to completely atelectatic lungs. The most interesting finding was that the atelectasis in irradiated, non-cortisone-treated rats was different from that in irradiated, cortisonetreated rats. In the latter, cortisone treatment led to the production of liquefaction in the atelectatic lung parenchyma. The nature of the liquefaction could not be determined. Histopathologic studies confirmed the earlier conclusion that when cortisone treatment had a beneficial effect it was more apparent if cortisone was given three days before irradiation and possibly during the first two weeks after irradiation rather than later. Cortisone reduced the amount of fibrous and lymphoid tissue in the irradiated lung and inhibited inflammatory reaction, regardless of the time of its administration.
Prognosis following local recurrence in the conservatively treated breast cancer patient

At Yale-New Haven Hospital conservative treatment of early stage breast carcinoma with lumpectomy and radiation therapy has been used with increasing frequency since the 1960s. We have reviewed our experience with specific reference to prognosis following local recurrence. Between January 1962 and December 1984 a total of 433 patients were treated with conservative surgery and radiation therapy using standard techniques. As of December 1989, with minimum evaluable follow-up of 5 years and a median follow-up of 8.21 years, there have been a total of 50 ipsilateral breast recurrences resulting in a 5-year actuarial breast recurrence rate of 8%. Extent of disease at the time of local recurrence was clinically categorized as localized ( 3 cm and/or with dermal involvement). Seventy-two percent of the recurrences were at or near the original tumor site whereas 28% recurred elsewhere in the breast. At a median follow-up post recurrence of 5.0 years (range 0.3–16.9 years), the 5-year actuarial survival for breast recurrences was 59% and the 5-year disease-free survival was 65%. A number of clinical and pathological features at the time of original diagnosis as well as at the time of local recurrence were tested as possible prognostic indicators for survival following local recurrence. By univariate analysis, significant factors associated with survival following local recurrence included extent of local disease at the time of recurrence (p < .01), time to local recurrence (p < .03), with later recurrences doing better, and site of local recurrence (p < .01), with recurrences elsewhere in the breast doing better. We conclude from this large single institutional experience with a median follow-up post-recurrence of over 5 years that patients experiencing a local recurrence in the conservatively treated breast have a relatively favorable prognosis. The prognostic factors correlating with survival and implications regarding adjuvant systemic therapy at the time of local recurrence are discussed.
MISR Calibration and Implications for Low-Light-Level Aerosol Retrieval over Dark Water

Abstract Studying aerosols over ocean is one goal of the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and other spaceborne imaging systems. But top-of-atmosphere equivalent reflectance typically falls in the range of 0.03 to 0.12 at midvisible wavelengths and can be below 0.01 in the near-infrared, when an optically thin aerosol layer is viewed over a dark ocean surface. Special attention must be given to radiometric calibration if aerosol optical thickness, and any information about particle microphysical properties, are to be reliably retrieved from such observations. MISR low-light-level vicarious calibration is performed in the vicinity of remote islands hosting Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun- and sky-scanning radiometers, under low aerosol loading, low wind speed, relatively cloud free conditions. MISR equivalent reflectance is compared with values calculated from a radiative transfer model constrained by coincident, AERONET-retrieved aerosol spectral optical thickness, size distribution, and s...
Factors Influencing Seat Belt Usage Rate for Blacks and Hispanics

Seat belt usage among African Americans and Hispanics has been documented to be significantly lower than that of other population groups. In 1996, an NHTSA study showed low seat belt usage rates among the general population and among African Americans especially. Studies have continued to be performed to measure seat belt usage among African Americans and Hispanics. The Division of Highway Traffic Safety of New Jersey commissioned a study to determine seat belt usage rates for blacks and Hispanics in urban areas in New Jersey and to identify differences in these rates and factors that affect the usage rates. Direct observation was used to obtain safety belt usage for drivers in passenger motor vehicles. Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic data were also obtained through a questionnaire given to drivers of noncommercial motor vehicles. The study found no significant difference between the usage rates of Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and whites. A logistic regression model was also developed to estimate the pro...
Ruptured epidermal cyst mimicking cutaneous melanoma on F-18 FDG PET/CT

F-18 FDG PET/CT provides an accurate staging and post-therapeutic evaluation of melanoma based on high metabolic characteristics of its primary and secondary lesions. This functional imaging modality may, however, detect coexisting benign lesions of inflammatory or infectious origin mimicking malignancy thus interfering with the staging of cancer. The authors present a case of ruptured epidermal inclusion cyst exhibiting abnormal radiotracer accumulation on PET/CT in a patient with a history of recurrent metastatic melanoma.
A reassessment of carotid endarterectomy in the face of contralateral carotid occlusion: Surgical results in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients

Objective: Total occlusion of the contralateral internal carotid artery has often been considered to be a predictor of poor outcome after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) of ipsilateral carotid stenosis. Data from both the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study have suggested this to be true. However, each of these trials had relatively few patients with contralateral occlusion in the surgical arms of the studies. Recently, advocates of carotid angioplasty and stenting have suggested that this technique may be preferable in patients with a contralateral occlusion because of the perceived poor outcome with surgery. The purpose of this study was to review a large series of CEAs performed in patients with contralateral occlusion to see whether results differed from patients with patent contralateral arteries and to determine whether the presence of preoperative symptoms was an important factor in outcome in these cases. Patients and Methods: A review was conducted of a prospectively compiled database of all primary CEAs performed at our institution from 1985 to 1999. Surgery was performed on 2420 patients, of whom 338 (14.0%) had contralateral total occlusion. Results: Patients with contralateral total occlusion were more likely to be symptomatic (65.7% versus 60.1%; P = .1), male (70.9% versus 58%; P < .001), and hypertensive (63.9% versus 58.4%; P = .07) with a positive smoking history (42.6% versus 31.4%; P < .001) than patients with patent contralateral carotid artery. No significant difference was seen in the rates of perioperative neurologic events between patients with contralateral occlusion (3.0%) and those without (2.1%; P = .34). Among the total of 913 asymptomatic patients, of whom 115 had contralateral occlusion, no difference was seen in the rate of perioperative neurologic events (1.8% for contralateral occlusion cases; 1.9% for cases without contralateral occlusion). Among the total of 1507 symptomatic patients, of whom 223 had contralateral occlusion, no significant difference was seen in the rate of perioperative neurologic events (3.7% for contralateral occlusion cases; 2.2% for cases without contralateral occlusion; P = .2). Conclusion: The presence of contralateral occlusion does not appear to increase the perioperative risk of CEA. Although the risk of CEA in symptomatic patients with contralateral occlusion may be slightly increased, this must be weighed against the risk with medical treatment alone. CEA can be performed safely in patients with contralateral occlusion, which should not necessarily be considered a high-risk condition for surgery in favor of angioplasty and stenting. (J Vasc Surg 2002;36:668-73.)
Measured infrared optical cross sections for a variety of chemical and biological aerosol simulants.

We conducted a series of spectral extinction measurements on a variety of aerosolized chemical and biological simulants over the spectral range 3–13 μm using conventional Fourier-transform IR (FTIR) aerosol spectroscopy. Samples consist of both aerosolized particulates and atomized liquids. Materials considered include Bacillus subtilis endospores, lyophilized ovalbumin, polyethylene glycol, dimethicone (SF-96), and three common background materials: kaolin clay (hydrated aluminum silicate), Arizona road dust (primarily SiO2), and diesel soot. Aerosol size distributions and mass density were measured simultaneously with the FTIR spectra. As a result, all optical parameters presented here are mass normalized, i.e., in square meters per gram. In an effort to establish the utility of using Mie theory to predict such parameters, we conducted a series of calculations. For materials in which the complex indices of refraction are known, e.g., silicone oil (SF-96) and kaolin, measured size distributions were convolved with Mie theory and the resultant spectral extinction calculated. Where there was good agreement between measured and calculated extinction spectra, absorption, total scattering, and backscatter were also calculated.
Fully Coupled Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulations of Vocal Fold Vibration

The human vocal folds are modeled and simulated using a fully coupled fluid-structure interaction method. This numerical approach is efficient in simulating fluid and deformable structure interactions. The two domains are fully coupled using an interpolation scheme without expensive mesh updating or re-meshing. The method has been validated through rigorous convergence and accuracy tests. The response of the fluid affects the elastic structure deformation and vice versa. The goal of this study is to utilize this numerical tool to examine the entire fluid-structure system and predict the motion and vocal folds by providing constant inlet and outlet pressure. The input parameters and material properties, i.e. elastic and density of the vocal folds used in the model are physiological. In our numerical results, the glottal jet can be clearly identified; the corresponding pressure field distribution and velocity field are presented.© 2010 ASME
Socioeconomic status, sex, age, and ethnicity as determinants of body fat distribution for Guatemalan children.

The distribution of subcutaneous fat at the triceps and subscapular skinfold sites is described for four groups of children living in Guatemala. These groups are (1) high socioeconomic status (SES) children of Ladino (mixed Spanish and Indian) ancestry, (2) high SES children of European ancestry, (3) low SES Ladino children, and (4) very low SES Indian children. The method of Healy and Tanner (1981) is used, employing regression and principal components analysis of log transformed skinfold values to divide “fatness” into two uncorrelated variables: size (amount of fat) and shape (fat pattern). Significant differences exist between groups in size, with lower SES groups having less fat than higher SES groups. No significant difference in fat pattern exists between the high SES Ladino and high SES European children. Significant differences do exist between the high SES groups and the low SES groups. The relative amount of subscapular fat increases from the high SES Ladinos and high SES Europeans, to the low SES Ladinos, to the very low SES Indians. In the high SES European and high SES Ladino samples, girls have significantly more arm fat than boys. There is no significant difference in fat patterning between boys and girls in the two low SES samples. Finally, the relative amount of subscapular fat tends to increase with age in all four samples. These results indicate that (1) fatness and fat patterning are independent anatomical characteristics, (2) SES influences fat patterning; low SES children of both Ladino and Indian ancestry show greater reductions in arm fat than in trunk fat compared to high SES children, (3) sexual dimorphism in fat patterning is SES dependent; low SES children show no dimorphism, high SES children are dimorphic, (4) ethnic differences in fat patterning are not demonstrable for Ladinos and Europeans of high SES; fat distribution differences between low SES Ladinos and very low SES Indians may be due to ethnic factors, SES differences, or both.
Affective Neural Circuitry During Facial Emotion Processing in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

Background Facial emotions are central to human interaction. Identifying pathophysiology in affect processing circuitry that supports the ability to assess facial emotions might facilitate understanding of affect regulation in pediatric bipolar disorder. Methods Ten euthymic, unmedicated pediatric bipolar patients and 10 healthy control subjects matched for age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and IQ were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Angry, happy, and neutral faces were presented in 30-sec blocks, with a 20-sec rest period between blocks. Subjects were asked to press a button when each face appeared, to ensure that attention was maintained on-task. Results In bipolar patients, in response to both angry and happy faces relative to neutral faces, we observed reduced activation of right rostral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex together with increased activity in right pregenual anterior cingulate, amygdala, and paralimbic cortex. Bipolar patients also showed reduced activation of visual areas in occipital cortex together with greater activation in higher-order visual perceptual areas, including superior temporal sulcus and fusiform gyrus with angry faces and posterior parietal cortex with happy faces. Conclusions Findings document a disturbance in affective neurocircuitry in pediatric bipolar disorder. Reduced activation in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex might reflect diminished top-down control that leads to the observed exaggerated activation in amygdala and paralimbic areas. Changes in occipital areas might represent an effort to gate sensory input when affective responses to the faces could not be successfully modulated. Disturbances in affect processing circuitry could contribute to emotional dysregulation and social cognitive difficulties in bipolar youth.
Comments on the Numerov-Cooley and Hartree-Cooley methods for finding eigenvalues

Abstract The Numerov-Cooley and Hartree-Cooley formulae for correcting a trial eigenvalue of the Schrodinger equation are derived from linear algebra. The usual implementation of the former is noted to contain an error in the square of the step size, but in practical iteration it makes only a small change to the rate of convergence. The Ridley correction which also leads to the Hartree-Cooley formula is shown to be of second order.
Reward-induced stereotypy: modulation by the hippocampus

In animals with hippocampal damage, the signaled administration of reward is sufficient to induce the sort of behavioral sterotypy and locomotion that heretofore has been observed only after drug administration. Haloperidol returns these behaviors to normal. The interaction of the hippocampus with reward helps to explain many well-known characteristics of animals with lesions in the hippocampus and may have relevance for catecholamine-based clinical disorders.
Cellular and molecular neuropathology of schizophrenia: new directions from developmental neurobiology

Schizophrenia is in essence a developmental disorder, but an unusual one in that the onset of symptoms is markedly delayed. Neuropathologic studies of the brain in schizophrenia have revealed subtle abnormalities that may reflect abnormal neuronal development. A more detailed examination of the cellular and molecular pathology of schizophrenia has been limited by the lack of informative markers that might allow a more complete understanding of the brain defects that characterize this disorder. Recent advances in molecular biology have made available a growing number of probes for examining the expression of specific gene products in brain tissue by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry using antibodies to recombinant antigens. Several recently cloned neural genes are expressed in the forebrain regions which have been implicated in schizophrenia, and may have significant roles in brain development or function. Selected neurotransmitter receptors, neurotrophins and their receptors, and transcription factors of the POU and MADS families are promising candidates for future studies of the cellular and molecular neuropathology of schizophrenia.
SlWRKY70 is required for Mi-1-mediated resistance to aphids and nematodes in tomato

Plant resistance (R) gene-mediated defense responses against biotic stresses include vast transcriptional reprogramming. In several plant-pathogen systems, members of the WRKY family of transcription factors have been demonstrated to act as both positive and negative regulators of plant defense transcriptional networks. To identify the possible roles of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) WRKY transcription factors in defense mediated by the R gene Mi-1 against potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne javanica, we used tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing and transcriptionally suppressed SlWRKY70, a tomato ortholog of the Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY70 gene. Silencing SlWRKY70 attenuated Mi-1-mediated resistance against both potato aphid and RKN showing that SlWRKY70 is required for Mi-1 function. Furthermore, we found SlWRKY70 transcripts to be inducible in response to aphid infestation and RKN inoculation. Mi-1-mediated recognition of these pests modulates this transcriptional response. As previously described for AtWRKY70, we found SlWRKY70 transcript levels to be up-regulated by salicylic acid and suppressed by methyl jasmonate. This indicates that some aspects of WRKY70 regulation are conserved among distantly related eudicots.
Cap-assisted endoclip placement for recurrent ulcer hemorrhage after repeatedly unsuccessful endoscopic treatment and angiographic embolization: case report.

The endoscopic management of patients with bleeding ulcer has advanced substantially during recent decades. Hemostasis is achieved in most patients with bleeding ulcer. However, recurrent hemorrhage remains a significant challenge. The rate of recurrent bleeding has remained essentially unchanged, at approximately 20% over the last decade. For most lesions, recurrent bleeding is readily treatable, although those in certain anatomic sites are not easily accessible for endoscopic therapy, and the risk of perforation increases with repeated thermal coagulation. Alternatives to endoscopy include surgery and angiography with embolization. This report describes a patient with recurrent bleeding from a gastric ulcer under the incisura, despite 3 prior endoscopic hemostatic therapies and angiographic embolization, that was controlled by cap-assisted hemoclip application.
Measurement of resistance and spin-memory loss (spin relaxation) at interfaces using sputtered current perpendicular-to-plane exchange-biased spin valves

We describe measurements using a technique for determining interfacial resistances and loss of spin-direction memory (spin relaxation) for nonmagnetic metals and nonmagnetic interfaces. The technique involves inserting the metal of interest, or a multilayer, into the middle of a current-perpendicular (CPP) permalloy-based exchange-biased spin-valve and monitoring the resulting increase in CPP resistance and decrease in magnetoresistance. The technique has the advantage over earlier ones of giving both uniform current and control of the required magnetic states. We test and validate the technique using (a) an alloy, CuPt (6 at. %), in which the spin-diffusion length has previously been measured with a different technique, (b) a metal, Ag, where we expect a long spin-diffusion length, and (c) Cu/Ag interfaces, where we expect little if any spin-memory loss. We then use the technique to measure spin-memory-loss (the spin-diffusion length) at 4.2 K of the antiferromagnetic alloy FeMn, which is used for pinning the ferromagnetic layers in our spin-valves, and of sputtered single layers of V, Nb, and W preparatory to measuring interfacial resistance and interfacial spin-memory loss in sputtered $[\mathrm{C}\mathrm{u}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{g}{]}_{N},$ $[\mathrm{C}\mathrm{u}/\mathrm{V}{]}_{N},$ $[\mathrm{C}\mathrm{u}/\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}{]}_{N},$ and $[\mathrm{C}\mathrm{u}/\mathrm{W}{]}_{N}$ multilayers with N repeats. To our surprise, we discovered large interfacial spin-relaxation rates for V/Cu, Nb/Cu, and W/Cu interfaces. These rates seem to be understandable as due to spin-orbit coupling in high resistivity interfacial alloys.
O-methyltransferase activity from young flower petals of Impatiens balsamina

Abstract Petals from stage 3 flower buds of the purple (LLhhP r P r ) genotype of Impatiens balsamina were examined for O -methyltransferase activity. Acetone powders of the tissue gave active preparations which would methylate caffeic acid to ferulic acid in the presence of S -adenosyl- l -methionine. The biosynthetic role of this enzyme is discussed.
The experience with cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

In the vast majority of patients with mCRPC, docetaxel chemotherapy (at a dose of 75 mg/m2 given intravenously every 3 weeks) remains the strong standard-of-care for first-line treatment, whereas historical drugs such as mitoxantrone and others are seldom used in the modern era. In men who have progressed during or after docetaxel-based therapy, strong evidence supports the use of cabazitaxel (at a dose of 25 mg/m2 given intravenously every 3 weeks) in patients with adequate performance status and a reasonable life expectancy. The emergence of additional novel therapies for the management of mCRPC (such as sipuleucel-T, abiraterone, enzalutamide, and radium-223) is likely to complicate the therapeutic decision process, although these new drugs are certainly a welcome addition to the therapeutic arsenal for this disease. Considerations of patient performance status, comorbidities, disease characteristics, and patient preferences should guide these treatment decisions.
Exercise and medication effects on persons with Parkinson disease across the domains of disability: a randomized clinical trial.

Background and Purpose Hypokinesia and Bradykinesia as movement deficits of Parkinson disease (PD) are thought to be mediated both by basal ganglia dysfunction as well as a loss of muscle mass and strength commensurate with aging and decreased levels of physical activity. For these reasons, we sought to utilize resistance training as a means to increase muscle force and minimize hypokinesia and bradykinesia in PD and examine the effects of exercise and medication on Body Structure and Function [muscle force production and muscle cross-sectional area], Activity [mobility], and Participation [Health Status]) outcomes.
Electrochemical‐Thermal Model of Lithium Polymer Batteries

A mathematical model has been developed to study heat transfer and thermal management of lithium polymer batteries. Temperature dependent parameters including the diffusion coefficient of lithium ions, ionic conductivity of lithium ions, transference number of lithium ions, etc., have been added to a previously developed electrochemical model to more completely characterize the thermal behavior of the lithium polymer system. In addition, experimental studies of the discharge behavior and heat generation rate of lithium polymer cells have been conducted. Comparisons between experimental and mathematical results are presented. Finally different thermal management approaches are discussed. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Function objects, function templates, and passage by behavior in C++

Passing functions and function objects to general purpose routines is a powerful abstraction mechanism that should be taught in freshman computer science. In C++, a "function" can be defined directly by the user or by a library or can be defined indirectly via operator() as a member function of a class. It is not obvious how to treat these "functions" in a uniform manner. We will show how function templates in C++ provide an elegant and teachable mechanism for passing entities with functional behavior as arguments to other functions.
The relevancy of changes in cerebral 5-hydroxytryptam1ne to reserpine-produced sedation

Abstract Reserpine-3H and its metabolites are present in the rat brain during sedation and after disappearance of its pharmacological effects. Intracerebrally or intraventricularly administered reserpine-3H shows triphasic efflux and a fairly rapid spread from the site of injection to the same sites in the brain as after its peripheral administration. Centrally injected reserpine (500 μg) did not lower cerebral, but did lower blood 5-hydropytryptamine (5-HT) levels 50 per cent in the first hour. The same amount given intravenously caused 50 per cent depletion of both blood and cerebral 5-HT within 1 hr. Cerebral depletion of 5-HT could not be related to the mobilization of corticos-teroids nor to the inhibition of monoamine oxidase. When administered intracerebrally or intraventricularly, 500 μg reserpine was necessary to induce central effects in rats. This amount is far in excess of that found in the brain of sedated rats after peripheral injection of reserpine. Intracerebrally administered reserpine did not lead to depletion of 5-HT in the brain coincident with sedation. Neither the rate of 5-HT depletion nor the amount of reserpine present in the brain could be correlated with the state of sedation. It is concluded that the reserpine-produced central effects, per se, are not directly related to changes in the cerebral 5-HT content.
A New Deal Body Politic: Landscape, Labor, and the Civilian Conservation Corps

In late April of 1933, a shirtless and sunburned young man named John Ripley climbed a solitary pine tree atop the Massanutten mountains in George Washington National Forest, ten miles west of Luray, Virginia. After catching his breath on the uppermost branch, which bowed menacingly under his own weight, Ripley took a short-handled ax and with awkward strokes chopped the top off the slender pine. He next attached a rope and pulley to the tip of the tree, shimmied from his perch, and began working his way down the trunk of the thirty-five foot evergreen, hacking off branch after branch until the young tree stood straight and bare. Near the bottom, Ripley wiped his brow before tying the other end of the rope to an American flag. Several colleagues, whose upturned faces, arms, and torsos had also been reddened from working shirtless outdoors for several days in the sun, then pulled on the rope and hoisted Old Glory high above "Camp Roosevelt," the first Civilian Conservation Corps [CCC] camp in the nation.' While the conversion of a pine tree into a flagpole by young CCC enrollees may be disconcerting to contemporary environmentalists, it nevertheless hints at a number of important historical changes set in motion by Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. Most obvious was the transformation of the natural landscape, in this case a mountaintop pine grove, which the young men in the Corps altered through their work. Such manual labor had other repercussions as well; working out-of-doors in the Massanutten mountains had sunburned the bodies of the CCC boys stationed in George Washington National Forest, many of whom came not from the surrounding countryside but instead from the nation's cities. And finally, hovering above it all literally high overhead, was an American flag where none had flown before. The events at Camp Roosevelt in April of 1933, then, were more than a quirky patriotic act by the country's first CCC enrollees. They suggest as well that from the very outset the Corps was linking landscape, labor, and politics in new ways during the New Deal. Although numerous reporters attending the Camp Roosevelt flag-raising ceremony wrote articles about it for newspapers across the country, scholars have paid
Hormone therapy for prostate cancer: a topical perspective

Abstract Evolution of the roles proposed for antiandrogenic agents in prostatic disease has been rapid. Since the early suggestions by Labrie and his colleagues that the nonsteroidal antiandrogen flutamide could be used in combination with medical or surgical castration to provide superior care for patients with metastatic prostate cancer, and subsequent substantiation of that theory in a number of clinical trials, we have observed an increasing tendency to test the use of antiandrogens (alone or in combination with other interventions) earlier in the disease process. At least in part, this tendency is a consequence of our increased ability to detect prostate cancer earlier in the disease process. At the present time, flutamide is the only nonsteroidal antiandrogen available for the treatment of prostate cancer in general clinical practice in the United States. However, two other nonsteroidal antiandrogens currently await decisions on their efficacy and safety by the Food and Drug Administration: nilutamide and bicalutamide. Will either of these agents offer clinical benefits beyond those offered by flutamide? Will the safety, activity, and dosing profiles of the nonsteroidal antiandrogens allow us to use them to treat even earlier stages of prostate cancer and perhaps even prostatic intraepithelial dysplasia in patients at high risk of prostate cancer? What are the potential future roles for bicalutamide and other nonsteroidal antiandrogens in the management of prostatic disorders? This article will attempt to lay out the key questions that await definitive answers as we expand our understanding of the possible future roles for antiandrogens in the management of prostate cancer and related conditions.
Charge-Induced Chromatic Transition of Amino Acid-Derivatized Polydiacetylene Liposomes

Polydiacetylene liposomes have useful potential in biosensor research. To investigate the role of the headgroup in the colorimetric transition, a series of amino acid-derivatized 10,12-pentacosadyanoic acid lipids have been synthesized. The UV-polymerized liposomes undergo an irreversible color change from blue to red in response to a change of specific solution pH. In this system, the color change appears to be due to charge-induced headgroup rearrangement which perturbs the conjugated backbone assembly. Considering the reduced degree of freedom for lipid molecules in polymeric liposomes, a rigid, staggered conformational change in polydiacetylene conjugation is suggested as a likely mechanism for the colorimetric transition.
Production Confronts Consumption: Landscape Perception and Social Conflict in the Hudson Valley

With the Hudson River Valley for a setting, I examine in this paper the use of nature as a resource for production, and the employment of nature as a refuge from the negative social and environment...
A multi-step reaction model for ignition of fully-dense Al-CuO nanocomposite powders

A multi-step reaction model is developed to describe heterogeneous processes occurring upon heating of an Al-CuO nanocomposite material prepared by arrested reactive milling. The reaction model couples a previously derived Cabrera-Mott oxidation mechanism describing initial, low temperature processes and an aluminium oxidation model including formation of different alumina polymorphs at increased film thicknesses and higher temperatures. The reaction model is tuned using traces measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Ignition is studied for thin powder layers and individual particles using respectively the heated filament (heating rates of 103–104 K s−1) and laser ignition (heating rate ∼106 K s−1) experiments. The developed heterogeneous reaction model predicts a sharp temperature increase, which can be associated with ignition when the laser power approaches the experimental ignition threshold. In experiments, particles ignited by the laser beam are observed to explode, indicating a substantial g...
Biofilms in ocular infection

Purpose To discuss the evidence for microbial biofilms in ocular infections. Methods A description microbial biofilms and a review of the evidence in the literature for bacterial biofilms in ocular infections. Results Microbial biofilms are surface attached communities of microbes that are recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy and associated with a wide number of human diseases including, but not limited to as cystic fibrosis, dental caries, otitis media, osteomyelitis, and chronic wounds. There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the potential role of microbial biofilms in ocular infections. Conclusion The model that biofilms contribute to ocular infections is an exciting new arena of study.
A New Market Adoption Model for the Information Systems Industry

Abstract:The information systems (IS) industry has challenges in the effectiveness of product development because new product failures are a significant problem. High failure rates of IS projects suggest that organizations need to improve their ability to forecast market adoption of their products. This study first reviews several aggregate diffusion models based on selection criteria created according to the needs of the IS industry. It then concludes that developing a new market penetration model based on the criteria is helpful to the IS product development process. The new model is formulated by using conjoint analysis and a purchase decision simulator. The functionality of the model is also demonstrated on the sales data global positioning systems (GPS). Forecasting the life cycles of technical products such as IS is essential for engineering managers to develop products with potential market success. As a result, this research contributes to the engineering management body of knowledge by providing ...