cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Passions and constraint’ The marginalization of passion in liberal political theory

Positive arguments on behalf of passion are scarce in liberal political theory. Rather, liberal theorists tend to push passion to the margins of their theories of politics, either by ignoring it or by explicitly arguing that passion poses a danger to politics and is best kept out of the public realm. The purpose of this essay is to criticize these marginalizations and to illustrate their roots in impoverished conceptions of passion. Using a richer conception of passion as the desire for an envisioned good, I argue that it is neither possible nor desirable to eliminate passion from politics. Passion should therefore be established as a central category of analysis in political theory alongside other key concerns.
Caves as islands: mitochondrial phylogeography of the cave-obligate spider species Nesticus barri (Araneae: Nesticidae)

Around 1000 obligate cave species have been described from the continental United States. This taxonomically diverse group of species contains both terrestrial obligate cave species (troglobites) and aquatic obligate cave species (stygobites). The greatest diversity of troglobites in the United States occurs on the southern Cumberland Plateau in south- central Tennessee and northeastern Alabama. The troglobitic spider Nesticus barri Gertsch 1984 is known from nearly 60 caves in this area. We studied the mitochondrial phylogeographic structuring of this species, sampling individuals from twelve caves across the species' range. We found that N. barri populations within individual caves are generally not genetically diverse; that N. barri is divided into genetically distinct subpopulations, with mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I genetic distances between subpopulations ranging from 0.021 to 0.045; and that female-based migration between caves is minimal or nonexistent, even over small geographic scales (, 15 km). This is the first genetic study of a troglobitic taxon from this biodiverse region. Our results contrast with those from previous studies on stygobitic crayfish from this area, which showed high levels of gene flow between caves.
Benefits And Risks Of Increasing Restrictions On Access To Costly Drugs In Medicaid

States are reacting to increased Medicaid drug costs by implementing cost-control policies, such as preferred drug lists (PDLs) and prior authorization. PDLs have risks as well as benefits. Targeting essential drug classes with heterogeneous patient responses and side effects could reduce appropriate care, adversely affect health status, and cause shifts to more costly types of care. Assessing inappropriate use of high-cost drugs before implementing regulations and instituting simple mechanisms to exempt high-risk patients could maximize savings and minimize harm. The current exponential growth in such policies and the limited evidence base justifies investment in research to identify which policies can achieve savings without unintended consequences.
ECONOMIC AND STOCHASTIC EFFICIENCY COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL TILLAGE SYSTEMS IN CORN AND SOYABEAN UNDER RISK

SUMMARY There are many reasons why agricultural researchers carefully evaluate approaches to experimental data analysis. Agricultural experiments are typically highly complex, with many types ofvariables often collected at a witle range of temporal and spatial scales. Furthermore, research in the developing world is often conductetl onlana where simple and conventional experimental designs are often unsuitable. Recently, a variant of stochastic dominance called stochastic efficiency with respect to a function (SERF) has been developed and used to analyse longterm experimental data. Unlike traditional stochastic dnminance approaches, SERF uses the concept of certainty equivalents (CEs) to rank a set of risk-efficient alternatives insteati of finding a subset of dominated alternatives. This study evaluates the efficacy of the SERF methodology for analysing conventional and conservation tillage systems using 14 years (19902003) of economic budget data collected from 36 experimental plots at the Iowa State University Northeast Research Station near Naslsua, IA, USA. Specifically, the SERF approach is used to examine which of two different tillage systems (chisel plough anti notill) on continuous corn (Zen nuyi) and corn/soyabean (Glyine ;iiax~ rotation cropping systems are the ntost riskefficient in terms of maximizing economic profitability (gross margin and net return) by crop across a range of risk aversion preferences. In addition to the SERF analysis, we also conduct an economic analysis of the tillage system alternatives using meanstandard deviation alit1 coefficient of variation for ranking purposes. Decision criteria analysis of the economic meastsres alone provided somewhat contradictive and nonconclusive rankings, e.g. examination of the decision criteria results for gross margin antI net return showed that different tillage system alternatives were the highest ranked depentling on the criterion and the cropping system (e.g. individttal or rotation). SERF analysis results for the tillage systems were also dependent on tile cropping system (individual, rotation or whole farm combineti) antI economic outcome of interest (gross margin or net return) but only marginally on the level of risk aversion. For the individual cropping systems (continuous corn, rotation corn and rotation soyahean), the notill tillage and rotation soyabean system was the most preferred antI the chisel pi~~~gh tillage and continuous corn system the least preferred across the entire range of risk aversion for both gross margin antI net rettirn. The notill tillage system was preferred to the chisel plough tillage system when ranking within the continuous corn and the cornsoyabean rotation cropping systems for both gross margin anti net return. Finally, when analysing the tillage systesn alternatives on a wholefarm basis (i.e. combined
MECHANISMS AND DENSITY DEPENDENCE OF BENEFIT IN AN ANT–MEMBRACID MUTUALISM

I examined mechanisms and patterns of benefit for the membracid (treehopper) Publilia concava tended by the ant Formica obscuriventris to test two hypotheses: that treehoppers benefit from ant attendance only by protection from predators, and that density-dependent benefit depends on the presence of predators. I used a factorial design, manipulating ants and predators in 1996, and ants and removal of uncollected honeydew in 1997. Results showed that treehoppers benefit from ant attendance by protection from predators. Additionally, results suggested that treehoppers benefit from ant attendance in ways other than protection from predators; tended treehoppers outperform untended treehoppers even with predators excluded. There was no support for the hypothesis that a proximate benefit of ant-tending includes removal of uncollected honeydew. A possible benefit (untested) of ant-tending is increased feeding rates. Treehoppers in small aggregations benefited more than treehoppers in large aggregations, indicating a density-dependent benefit in this mutualism, independent of predator level. Correspondingly, the number of ants per treehopper was highest for small aggregations. This study suggests that individuals can benefit from mutualisms in complex ways. Additionally, it adds to a growing number of studies that support the hypotheses that mutualisms may be stabilized by density-dependent benefit and that density-dependent benefit may be driven by the recruitment patterns of mutualists.
Perelman in Legal Education: Recalling the Rhetorical Tradition of Isocrates and Vico

This paper was presented on October 14, 2008 as part of a panel addressing "The Influence of Perelman in Legal Philosophy" at a conference hosted by the Perelman Center for the Philosophy of Law, Free University of Brussels.I argue that Perelman's philosophy is connected with legal practice, but that he never made the connections between his philosophy and legal education explicit. I refer to the work of Isocrates and Vico, and conclude that Perelman's philosophy can teach us much about contemporary legal education as we strive to address the questions raised by the Carnegie Report.
Nurturing Software: How Societal Institutions Shape the Development of Software

It is widely recognized that software affects fundamental societal concerns, such as privacy. Software does not just appear, but is produced within a variety of societal institutions. This article analyzes how societal institutions shape the development of software and its resulting implications for society. Specifically, we consider how institutional rules are evident in the different structures, motivations, and influences of four societal institutions. We begin by discussing universities and continue on to firms, consortia, and the open source movement. Once we understand how all of these factors operate, we can offer predictions on the resulting attributes of software. In the final section, we show how these institutional factors explain the variation in the development of web browsers as well as in the incorporation of the societal value of security into software.
Enhanced Li–S Batteries Using Amine-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in the Cathode

The rechargeable lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is an attractive platform for high-energy, low-cost electrochemical energy storage. Practical Li–S cells are limited by several fundamental issues, including the low conductivity of sulfur and its reduction compounds with Li and the dissolution of long-chain lithium polysulfides (LiPS) into the electrolyte. We report on an approach that allows high-performance sulfur–carbon cathodes to be designed based on tethering polyethylenimine (PEI) polymers bearing large numbers of amine groups in every molecular unit to hydroxyl- and carboxyl-functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes. Significantly, for the first time we show by means of direct dissolution kinetics measurements that the incorporation of CNT-PEI hybrids in a sulfur cathode stabilizes the cathode by both kinetic and thermodynamic processes. Composite sulfur cathodes based the CNT-PEI hybrids display high capacity at both low and high current rates, with capacity retention rates exceeding 90%. The attrac...
CAREER PREFERENCE OF MEDICAL STUDENTS AND THEIR ATTITUDES ABOUT THEMSELVES AND MEDICAL SPECIALISTS

Summary.-Junior medical students choosing surgery, internal medicine. or family practice as careers were studied in regard to whether their concepts of themselves as physicians were correlated wich their attitudes toward professionals in these three careers. Those who chose surgery and family practice had significant correlations between Me-As-A-Doctor and attitudes about professionals in those fields. This was not true for students choosing internal medicine and may reflect a diversity of roles in that profession. There has been considerable research on prediction of career preference or choice in medical education. Some of the correlates of choice have included sex ( 1 ) , premedical scientific orientation ( 2 ) , personalicy patterns ( 6), tolerance of ambiguity (3), research and education experience (7), self-perception (8), and learning styles (4). The hypothesis explored in this study of junior medical students was that their concepts of Me-As-A-Doctor would be closer to their evaluations of professionals in their chosen area of practice than their attitudes toward professionals in other medical specialties. Only students who said they had made a definire choice were selected for study (N = 67), and the three specialities wich large enough numbers of students were included: family practice, internal medicine, and surgery. Attirudes toward Family Practitioner, Surgeon, Internist, Psychiatrist, Pathologist, and MeAs-A-Doctor were measured with Osgood's Semantic Differential technique ( 5 ) . Ten bipolar adjectives (intelligent-unintelligent, egotistic-altruistic, friendly-unfriendly, bungling-skillful, influential-uninfluential, candid-deceitful, intolerant-tolerant, likeable-not I~keable, anxious-calm, and lucid-obscure) were selecred from the evaluative factor, raced on 7-point scales, and summed to represent attitudes toward these specialties. Ratings on Me-As-A-Doctor were correlated with ratings on each of the five specialty groups. These analyses were done separately for students who chose family practice, internal medicine, or surgery. Table 1 shows means and standard deviations For the three career preference groups as well as correlations for Me-As-A-Doctor with the five specialties. As seen, the hypothesis holds for those students selecting surgery and family practice but does not for those students preferring internal medicine. 'Requests for reprints should be sent to Bernard S. Linn, M.D., Veterans Administration Medical Center, 1201 N.W. 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125.
Effects of Growth Conditions on EL-2 Concentration in OMVPE-GaAs

We have studied, using DLTS, the EL-2 concentration in unintentionally doped OMVPE n-GaAs as a function of growth conditions such as partial pressure of Arsine, Trimethylgallium and growth temperature. The partial pressure dependencies are used to develop a model for the formation of EL-2 in the OMVPE process. The EL-2 concentration also shows a near inverse dependence on growth temperature.
Genuine Fortuitousness, Relational Blockworld, Realism, and Time

Quantum mechanics, which has no completely accepted interpretation but many seemingly strange physical results, has been interpreted in a number of bizarre and fascinating way over the years. The two interpretations examined in this paper, Bohr and Ulfbeck’s “Genuine Fortuitousness” and Stuckey, Silberstein, and Cifone’s “Relational Blockworld” seem to be two such strange interpretations; Genuine Fortuitousness posits that causality is not fundamental to the universe, and Relational Blockworld suggests that time does not act as we perceive it to act. In this paper, I analyze these two interpretations of quantum mechanics, examining the predecessors whose works they drew from, both interpretations’ physical and mathematical derivations, and their physical and philosophical consequences. After this intensive review of each interpretation, I determine that, despite the fact that Genuine Fortuitousness and Relational Blockworld make claims that run contrary to common sense, both interpretations are important and interesting ways of looking at the quantum world that may proffer solutions to some of the toughest problems plaguing physics today. ∗Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, dpeters1@swarthmore.edu
Electroantennogram technique and its application in mosquito attractant and repellent research

Electroantennogram(EAG) technique is an electrophysiological method which can directly detect the reactivity and sensitivity of insect antennae to chemical odor.The research advances of EAG and applications of EAG technique in research of mosquito attractant are summarized.Moreover,the application of EAG technique in repellent mechanism research is analyzed.
Maternal perceptions of pediatric providers for children with chronic illnesses.

Objective: To identify maternal perceptions of general and subspecialty pediatric providers of children with selected chronic illnesses. Method: Cross-sectional analyses of survey data. Sample was recruited from eight specialty and four general pediatric practices in an urban setting. Interviews were conducted with mothers of 159 children with one of four chronic illnesses: sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and moderate/severe asthma. About 56% of the participants were white; 40% were African-American; 11% were receiving public assistance. The main outcome measures were maternal reports of which pediatric providers: are visited in the past year, are seen most frequently, have been seen over the longest period of time, relied on most, and know their family best. Rates of dissatisfaction with these providers are also reported. Results: Overall, more mothers reported that they relied on their general pediatric providers, saw them more frequently, and had longer relationships with them than their subspecialty pediatric providers. However, mothers were more satisfied with the care they received from their subspecialty providers than from their primary care providers. Conclusions: Our findings illustrate the complexity of maternal perceptions of the different roles that general and subspecialty pediatric providers play in the care of children with chronic illness.
Complicating the theory. The application of psychoanalytic concepts and understanding to family preservation.

Anna Freud's recognition of the complex interactions between endowment and maturation, innate structuralization and environmental influences, have had a profound influence on the development of pol...
EEG and Evoked Potentials: Rationale for ICU Recording and Monitoring

Recording or monitoring the EEG or evoked potentials (EPs) in the ICU provides useful information in acutely neurologically ill patients whenever a relationship exists between the electrical activity and the (1) functional integrity of CNS structures; (2) clinical status; (3) diagnosis or (4) prognosis. In brain death such a correlation is clearly present. In certain countries, including ViennaItaly, an EEG is required by law before a diagnosis of brain death can be made and donor organs removed. In other countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States, the diagnosis of brain death can be made on clinical grounds alone, although an EEG is often obtained to confirm this diagnosis. A clinical diagnosis of brain death requires demonstrating the absence of brain and brainstem function when depressant drug intoxication and hypothermia can be excluded. Hypothermia poses no problem since the patient can be warmed and the examination repeated. Excluding the presence of depressant drugs is more difficult. Electrocerebral inactivity or electrocerebral silence which is consistent with a clinical diagnosis of brain death is defined as no EEG activity over 2μV when recording from scalp electrode pairs 10 or more cm apart with interelectrode impedances under 10,000 ohms but over 100 ohms. The value of 2μV was selected because many EEG machines have noise levels of up to 2 μV. The EEG is often recorded with difficulty in the electrically hostile environment of the ICU. It is imperative that technicians are well trained, taught to apply electrodes with care, and identify, and, when possible, eliminate artifact.
Aluminum Nanoparticle Production by Acetonitrile-Assisted Milling: Effects of Liquid- vs Vapor-Phase Milling and of Milling Method on Particle Size and Surface Chemistry

Milling aluminum balls together with either vapor- or liquid-phase acetonitrile (ACN) leads to production of nanoparticles by mechanical attrition; however, vapor-phase ACN is far more efficient at inducing size reduction, leading to more, smaller, and more uniform particles. The attrition process is also more efficient than traditional milling of particulate starting material and produces nanoparticles with substantially lower contamination levels. This paper is aimed at better understanding the nature of the size reduction process, the chemistry driving it, and the particles it produces. Mass spectrometry was used to probe gases generated during milling, and a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, helium ion microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis/mass spectrometry was used to probe the particles and their surface layer. To provide further insight into the chemistry occurring between ACN and aluminum under milli...
Essential elements in dry and canned kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Ten essential mineral elements were determined in dry and in canned kidney beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Samples were taken at different stages during the canning process to determine where changes in element content occurred. Canned kidney beans contained significantly lower concentrations of iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, and zinc than dry kidney beans, on a dry weight basis. These decreases were probably caused by the elements being extracted out during soaking and blanching of the kidney beans and/or during the actual thermal processing where elements were extracted into the can liquid. There was a significant increase in calcium in the canned product and no significant difference in copper and phosphorus contents between the dry and canned products. Chloride and sodium content in canned kidney beans increased due to the sodium chloride content of the filling medium, and their concentrations varied depending on the concentration of the medium used. Retention of all elements, except chloride and sodium, ranged from 61 to 117% on a dry weight basis and from 19 to 36% on wet weight basis, retention being defined as the ratio of content in the canned to that in the dry product as received at the plant.
Commonality Analysis: A Reference Librarian’s Tool for Decomposing Regression Effects

Multiple regression is a widely used technique to study complex interrelationships among people, information, and technology. In the face of multicollinearity, researchers encounter challenges when interpreting multiple linear regression results. Although standardized function and structure coefficients provide insight into the latent variable () produced, they fall short when researchers want to fully report regression effects. Regression commonality analysis provides a level of interpretation of regression effects that cannot be revealed by only examining function and structure coefficients. Importantly, commonality analysis provides a full accounting of regression effects that identifies the loci and effects of suppression and multicollinearity. Conducting regression commonality analysis without the aid of software is laborious and may be untenable, depending on the number of predictor variables. A software solution in R is presented for the multiple regression case and demonstrated for use in evaluati...
What they say: Black children talk about learning engineering

What are the lived experiences of Black children that foster Engineer of 2020 attributes? Using a framework, which includes Community Cultural Wealth theory and the Engineer of 2020 attributes, the lived experiences of 8 middle school children were explored. In effort to identify these experiences, we build precious work and explore the ways that Black children describe their informal engineering learning experiences. In this qualitative study, we will analyze eight interviews from Black and mixed- race middle school aged children from two different regions of the United States. Using narrative inquiry, the data will be explored to understand the stories children tell about their informal engineering learning experiences. We anticipate validating findings from previous work and shedding light on additional practices within the Black community that foster engineering attributes in middle school children. The anticipated contributions of this work are two-fold. Primarily, the findings of this work inform the interview protocol for a larger study investigating the ways the Engineer of 2020 attributes can be fostered in Black males through their precollege lived experiences. Additionally, this work can provide evidence for the diverse ways that Black children can learn engineering within their own communities. With this evidence, educators and engineering education researchers can establish stronger connections between students' lived experiences and the classroom and potentially increase interest in engineering careers and degrees among Black children.
Lipid Composition and Endosomal pH Regulates Anthrax Lethal Toxin Uptake and PA63 Channel Behavior

The tight regulation of cellular pH is critical for the structure and function of cells and organelles. Besides, cells adjust bilayer biophysical parameters by controlling lipid composition and gradient across their plasma and intracellular organelle membranes. Both pH and membrane lipid composition change dramatically along the endocytic pathway, which is the internalization transport process that many bacterial toxins utilize to invade cells. In this study, we investigate the role of the lipid and pH environment in the uptake of the anthrax lethal toxin (composed of protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF)). The anthrax toxin follows a multistep internalization process, which involves PA binding to its cellular receptors, proteolytic cleavage to PA63, oligomerization to form prepores, and LF binding followed by endocytosis. The acidic endosomal environment causes conformational changes in PA63 leading to its insertion into the early endosomal membrane and ion channel formation. The PA63-mediated delivery of the enzymatic LF to cytoplasm was suggested to take place later in the endocytic pathway via the back-fusion of intraluminal vesicles. Given the variations in lipid composition of the early endosome, the intraluminal vesicles, and the late endosomal limiting membrane, it is important to understand how these changes influence the anthrax toxin uptake. Using the planar lipid bilayer technique, we reconstituted single PA63 channels into neutral DOPC, DPhPC and DOPE and negatively-charged DOBMP, DPhPS membranes and varied the solution pH from 7.5 to 4.5 to mimic the changing physical environments of the endosomal pathway. The observed differences in the PA63 single-channel conductance, selectivity, and gating, and in LF binding and internalization were significant. These findings suggest that the anthrax toxin complex represents a robust universal model to study protein/lipid and protein/protein interactions in lipid membranes of different composition.
"Attack of the Clones": Commonalities Between Cancer and Atherosclerosis.

Many studies have noted similarities between atherosclerosis and cancer including pronounced cellular plasticity, clonal expansion of cellular subtypes, increased DNA mutations, defective efferocytosis pathways, and an important role for proto-oncogenes in disease development. Although it is clear that these 2 diseases have disparate causes, noting the parallels between atherosclerosis and cancer may help us identify unique, targeted therapeutic strategies. Early articles described atheromas as benign neoplasms of the blood vessel comprised primarily of fibrous smooth muscle cells (SMCs). However, additional studies soon noted the presence of macrophages and other cell types, thereby promoting controversy as to which cells actually give rise to the atherosclerotic plaque. Much of this controversy results from the promiscuity of the so-called lineage-specific markers.1 For example, bone marrow–derived cells can migrate into plaques and begin to express certain SMC markers,2 whereas SMCs can upregulate macrophage-specific markers such as galectin-3, CD11b, and F4/80 as they migrate into the plaque.3,4 In addition, recent lineage tracing studies suggest that endothelial cells can acquire mesenchymal cell characteristics, and some adventitial cells may have the capability of forming SMC-like cells. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the impressive capacity of many vascular cell types to dedifferentiate or transdifferentiate in response to the atherosclerotic environment and suggest that plaques may arise from multiple vascular and circulating cell types. Clearly, cellular plasticity is a major theme in atherosclerotic plaque development—as it is in cancer—and methods to reprogram proatherosclerotic cells could have tremendous therapeutic potential. The clonal evolution theory of cancer development posits that certain tumors arise from a single cell that expands in response to a series of acquired mutations. In 1973, Benditt and Benditt5 performed X-inactivation studies on human atherosclerotic lesions and found evidence that atherosclerotic plaques could be derived from a single cell that underwent monoclonal expansion, …
Interaction of Undergraduate Research and Sustainable System Engineering Baccalaureate Program Development

With the success of post-graduate programs in a wide range of individual sustainable development subjects such as environmental sustainability, sustainable manufacturing, infrastructure sustainability, etc. it was recognized that there was a void in undergraduate opportunity related to these areas. Consequently, the time seems appropriate for offering a relevant baccalaureate program to create a pipeline of students educated from a systems perspective in sustainable engineering practices that might feed into postgraduate programs, as well as fill a need in government and industry. This paper presents how undergraduate research supports engineering education linked to sustainable practices and influenced the development of a new degree program in Sustainable Systems Engineering (SSE) at Metropolitan State University of Denver (MSU Denver). Two projects are discussed which represent an approach using sustainable systems methodology: one in the area of new sustainable structural systems and the other in development of water filtration devices to be used in Sustainable Community Development (SCD) projects. Additionally, the research on novel multi-composite structural members for new construction as well as retrofits that could be used in conjunction with solar heating technology was used as a pilot instrument in engineering courses to emphasize to students the application of sustainable engineering practices in design and holistic problem solving. This paper describes the curriculum development of the SSE program that was driven in part by these experiences. Discussed is the contribution of this applied learning approach as a contributing influence to a number of courses in the new program such as Mathematical Modeling, Structural Modeling, Humanitarian Engineering, and Sustainable Systems Design. Moreover, it discusses how these courses have been designed to incorporate elements of Undergraduate Research as part of the learning experience.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Vector-Lattices and a Problem in Geometry

Let X be a subset of ℝn and suppose f:X → ℝ is “weakly piecewise linear” in the following sense: there is a finite collection of closed piecewise linear sets {Pi} such that X ⊆ UPi and for each i, the restriction of f to X ∩ Pi is (affine) linear. Is f “strictly piecewise linear”, i.e., is f the restriction to X of a piecewise linear function defined on ℝn ? In general the answer is no, though it is not hard to think of conditions on X which are sufficient for a yes answer, e.g., X itself is a closed p.1. set. We show in this paper that there is a geometric condition on the embedding X ⊆ ℝn which is necessary and sufficient for every weakly p.1. f:X → ℝ to be strictly p.1.. It is a kind of local connectedness near the points of the remainder of a certain non-Hausdorff completion of X. The proof involves facts about vector-lattice ideals and, implicitly, the duality between finitely presented vector-lattices and piecewise linear sets and maps due to Beynon (1975) and anticipated by Baker (1968). While the Baker-Beynon theory has been used in the past to derive results about vector-lattices from well known geometric facts, the present paper is the first instance known to the author in which it is used to derive a theorem in elementary geometry from algebraic facts about vector-lattices.
Reduced incidence of feeding tube dislodgement and missed feeds in burn patients with nasal bridle securement.

Abstract Introduction Feeding tubes in burn patients are at high risk for becoming dislodged as traditional tape securement does not adhere well to sloughed skin, resulting in nutrition delivery disruption and placing patients at increased risk for iatrogenic injury upon reinsertion. Methods Seventy-four patients admitted to our regional burn center requiring nasoenteric nutritional support were prospectively followed. Fourty-one patients received a nasal bridle while thirty-three received traditional tape and elastic dressings. Primary outcomes centered on measuring clinical efficacy of the nasal bridle system. Results Conventional tape-secured feeding tubes were dislodged more frequently (0.9 ± 0.2 times per 10 feeding days vs. 0.2 ± 0.1 times per 10 feeding days; p = 0.005). Nasal bridle secured tubes showed significantly longer functional life on Kaplan Meier analysis (hazard ratio 0.35; p = 0.01). Fewer abdominal x-ray studies were performed to confirm tube placement in nasal bridle patients (1.48 ± 0.13 for nasal bridle vs. 2.21 ± 0.21 for conventional tape-secured; p = 0.003). Overall, patients with bridle securement had fewer hours of missed enteric feeds (2.51 ± 0.95 hours vs. 6.72 ± 2.07 hours; p = 0.05). Importantly, utilization of a nasal bridle decreased overall estimated costs for enteric feeding management ($1,379.72 ± 120.70 vs. $1,107.66 ± 63.95; p = 0.05). Conclusions Utilization of a nasal bridle system provides a reliable method for securement of nasoenteric feeding tubes with clinical benefits in the burn patient population.
HPV Misconceptions Among College Students: The Role of Health Literacy

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States, with potentially serious health consequences, including cervical cancer. Young adults are particularly at risk of infection, but many remain unvaccinated. Low health literacy may contribute to poor knowledge of HPV and lack of vaccine uptake, and women living in the Southeastern United States are particularly at risk for lower vaccination rates and cervical cancer screening adherence. Three-hundred-sixty undergraduates at a Southeastern U.S. University completed measures of health literacy, sexual attitudes, and HPV knowledge in 2016. Less than half of both male and female participants had completed an HPV vaccine series, and there were no differences in health literacy scores between participants who had completed a vaccine series and those who had not. Forty subjects were familiar with HPV vaccines but not the virus itself. More than half of these individuals had received at least one dose of an HPV vaccine, highlighting a lack of knowledge regarding the purpose of this vaccine. While health literacy was not related to vaccination status, it was associated with greater knowledge of both HPV and available vaccines. Participants who were familiar with HPV had higher health literacy than participants who were not. College students hold serious misconceptions about HPV that may be redressed through public health education programs to increase health literacy and knowledge. Such public health interventions would potentially increase HPV vaccine uptake, leading to decreased cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates.
Early Observations: Illusions of Motion in Depth

The role of motion in depth perception came primarily from the reports of various illusions. The windmill, fan, and rotating trapezoid illusions are the of illusions of the misperceived direction of rotary motion. Lissajous and stereokinetic patterns are the examples of objectively two-dimensional stimuli that elicit perceived depth. In these cases, it is the appearance of motion in depth itself that is regarded as illusory. These two classes of illusions form the basis for much of the later systematic research on the perception of depth through motion. The perception of motion in depth takes place without a clear perception of which parts of the moving object are approaching and which are receding. The perception of depth in rotating objects and the perception of direction of rotation appear to involve different perceptual processes affected by different sets of stimulus variables.
Indemnity and Contribution Under Maritime Law

Indemnity and contribution are methods by which the law allocates and distributes loss. Between 1952 and 1974, the maritime law abandoned contribution in personal injury and death litigation and, in its stead, adopted.an artificial form of indemnity that inhibited loss distribution based on either commercial agreement or equitable principles. Since the early 1970's, however, there have been significant statutory and decisional changes in the maritime law which have changed indemnity and contribution rights.Any discussion of indemnity and contribution in maritime personal injury and death cases necessarily involves consideration of Halcyon Lines v. Haenn Ship Ceiling & Refitting Corp. and Ryan Stevedoring Co. v. Pan-Atlantic Steamship Corp. Yet the story neither begins nor ends with these decisions. This article discusses the origins and development of indemnity and contribution in the maritime law governing personal injury and death. It concludes with the suggestion that the courts adopt comparative fault contribution in those maritime personal injury and death cases not governed by statute or by express contract provisions allocating loss.
Classical Trajectory Studies of Kev Ions Interacting with Solid Surfaces

Classical dynamics has been used extensively over the past twenty years to aid in our microscopic understanding of chemical reactions and properites of matter. As our experience has grown, the complexity of the systems studied has expanded from simple atom-diatom collisions1,2 and hard sphere liquids3 to more complicated gas-phase reactants (see the chapters by Schatz and Elgersma in this book) and more realistic liquids.4 Dynamics calculations allow the determination of average experimental quantities, and at the same time, they give physical insight into the microscopic mechanisms. Results of the calculations are very visual, allowing one to picture the motion of particles. The variety of applications of classical dynamics in chemistry is evidenced by the contributions to this volume.
A formal verification tool for Ethereum VM bytecode

In this paper, we present a formal verification tool for the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) bytecode. To precisely reason about all possible behaviors of the EVM bytecode, we adopted KEVM, a complete formal semantics of the EVM, and instantiated the K-framework's reachability logic theorem prover to generate a correct-by-construction deductive verifier for the EVM. We further optimized the verifier by introducing EVM-specific abstractions and lemmas to improve its scalability. Our EVM verifier has been used to verify various high-profile smart contracts including the ERC20 token, Ethereum Casper, and DappHub MakerDAO contracts.
The Basic Four Approach to Clinical Neuroscience Instruction: Using Cognitive Load Theory to Enhance Case-based Learning.

Among medical students, neurosceince is considered a notoriously difficult subject. This challenges faculty to teach preclinical neurology in more engaging, efficient, and prioritized ways. Traditi...
Assessment of the newborn prenatally exposed to drugs: The history.

Abstract This paper reviews the history of the development of scoring tools used to assess the occurrence and severity of the Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Beginning with the first tools published in 1975, this review describes tools published through 2010; identifies each tool's strengths and weaknesses; and discusses their representation in the literature.
Patient Perspectives on Advance Care Planning via a Patient Portal.

Background:Patient portals can offer patients an opportunity to engage in the advance care planning (ACP) process outside of clinical visits.Objective:To describe patient perspectives on use of pat...
My Scholarly Life in Cybernetics

This article narrates how I discovered cybernetics, who inspired me to make the contributions of which I am proud, and the ideas that led me to recognize the importance of understanding the social world we live in as a consequence of what we do in language. It took me some time before I recognized that circular causality and digitalization that made cybernetics the driver of the current revolution toward a computationally autonomous information society had serious limitations. When used to explain human involvements, the mathematics of cybernetics trivializes what we do to each other and blinds us to recognize how cybernetics transformed society. Studying conversations and discourses made me aware of how cybernetic vocabularies, guiding concepts, and computational metaphors were enacted. By contrast to (first- or second-order) cybernetics, I learned that a cybernetics that is practiced in conversations and acknowledges the social consequences of what it generates had to be reflexive. Shifting attention fr...
Approach for Propagating Radiometric Data Uncertainties Through NASA Ocean Color Algorithms.

Spectroradiometric satellite observations of the ocean are commonly referred to as “ocean color” remote sensing. NASA has continuously collected, processed, and distributed ocean color datasets since the launch of the Sea-viewing Wide-field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) in 1997. While numerous ocean color algorithms have been developed in the past two decades that derive geophysical data products from sensor-observed radiometry, few papers have clearly demonstrated how to estimate measurement uncertainty in derived data products. As the uptake of ocean color data products continues to grow with the launch of new and advanced sensors, it is critical that pixel-by-pixel data product uncertainties are estimated during routine data processing. Knowledge of uncertainties can be used when studying long-term climate records, or to assist in the development and performance appraisal of bio-optical algorithms. In this method paper we provide a comprehensive overview of how to formulate first-order first-moment (FOFM) calculus for propagating radiometric uncertainties through a selection of bio-optical models. We demonstrate FOFM uncertainty formulations for the following NASA ocean color data products: chlorophyll-a pigment concentration (Chl), the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (Kd,490), particulate organic carbon (POC), normalized fluorescent line height (nflh), and inherent optical properties (IOPs). Using a quality-controlled in situ hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance (Rrs,i) dataset, we show how computationally inexpensive, yet algebraically complex, FOFM calculations may be evaluated for correctness using the more computationally expensive Monte Carlo approach. We compare bio-optical product uncertainties derived using our test Rrs dataset assuming spectrally-flat, uncorrelated relative uncertainties of 1, 5, and 10%. We also consider spectrally dependent, uncorrelated relative uncertainties in Rrs. The importance of considering spectral covariances in Rrs, where practicable, in the FOFM methodology is highlighted with an example SeaWiFS image. We also present a brief case study of two POC algorithms to illustrate how FOFM formulations may be used to construct measurement uncertainty budgets for ecologically-relevant data products. Such knowledge, even if rudimentary, may provide useful information to end-users when selecting data products or when developing their own algorithms.
Genetic determinants of Salmonella enterica critical for attachment and biofilm formation.

Abstract Salmonella is a bacterial pathogen frequently involved in human gastrointestinal infections including those associated with low-moisture foods such as dehydrated food powders/spices, vegetable seeds, and tree nuts. The survival/persistence of Salmonella on low moisture foods and in dry environments is enhanced by its ability in developing biofilms. This study was undertaken to identify the genetic determinants critical for Salmonella attachment and biofilm formation. E. coli SM10 lambda pir, with a kanamycin resistant marker on mini-Tn10 (mini-Tn10:lacZ:kanr), an ampicillin resistant marker on the mini-Tn10-bearing suicidal plasmid pLBT and a streptomycin sensitive marker on the SM10 chromosome, was used as a donor (ampr, kanr, streps), and three Salmonella strains (amps, kans, strepr) were used as recipients in a transposon mutagenesis study. The donor and each recipient were co-incubated overnight on tryptic soy agar at 37 °C, and mutant colonies (amps, kanr, strepr) were subsequently selected. A single-banded degenerate PCR product, amplified from each mutant genome using oligonucleotide primers derived from the end of min-Tn10 and restriction enzyme EcoR I- or Pst I-recognizing sequence, were analyzed using the Sanger sequencing technology. Acquired DNA sequences were compared to those deposited in the Genbank using BLAST search. Cells of Salmonella mutants accumulated either significantly more or less (P
Standing down, being relieved: Transitioning to a new editorial team.

This editorial is my last as Editor-in-Chief: my 19 years as an editor with the green journal, and 10-year term as the Editor-in-Chief, ends on March 31, 2020. It has been an honor and privilege to serve our readers and authors. It has been fun, a lot of work, and a continuous learning curve. The goal has been to keep pace with standards in our field and in publishing, and thereby to provide high-quality biomedical journals for readers and authors, which will help improve our educational, clinical, and scientific missions as neurologists. I hope the majority reading this will agree that we have succeeded in many ways.
$\mathcal{L}_1$-$\mathcal{GP}$: $\mathcal{L}_1$ Adaptive Control with Bayesian Learning

We present $\mathcal{L}_1$-$\mathcal{GP}$, an architecture based on $\mathcal{L}_1$ adaptive control and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) for safe simultaneous control and learning. On one hand, the $\mathcal{L}_1$ adaptive control provides stability and transient performance guarantees, which allows for GPR to efficiently and safely learn the uncertain dynamics. On the other hand, the learned dynamics can be conveniently incorporated into the $\mathcal{L}_1$ control architecture without sacrificing robustness and tracking performance. Subsequently, the learned dynamics can lead to less conservative designs for performance/robustness tradeoff. We illustrate the efficacy of the proposed architecture via numerical simulations.
Ultrasound Viewers’ Attribution of Moral Status to Fetal Humans: A Case for Presumptive Rationality

As several studies, along with a book and movie depicting the true story of a former clinic director, have recently brought to the public’s attention, fetal ultrasound images dramatically impact some viewers’ normative judgments: a small but non-negligible proportion of viewers attribute increased moral status to fetal humans and even form the belief that abortion is impermissible. I consider three types of psychological explanation for a viewer’s shift in beliefs: (1) increased bonding or empathy, (2) various forms of cognitive bias, and (3) type of cognitive processing involved. I consider the normative implications of each explanation, arguing that in each case the viewer’s judgment is presumptively rational.
Ribbed mussel in an urban waterway filters bacteria introduced by sewage.

Abstract The ribbed mussel has been demonstrated to tolerate high levels of urban pollution and inhabits intertidal regions of the New York City estuary. The ability of this bivalve to filter bacteria raises the question of whether it can remove from the water column the fecal bacteria introduced to urban waterways by septic system leakage or sewer overflow. The study here addresses the hypothesis that ribbed mussel filters bacteria introduced by combined sewer overflow (CSO) discharge. Mussels and water were collected from a highly polluted region of the NYC estuary in order to conduct two sets of five trials for filtration of coliform and coccoid fecal indicator bacteria, respectively, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus species. Mussels and water samples were collected in proximity to a major CSO outfall within 1–2 days of a rainfall event to ensure high baseline values of bacterial contamination for filtration trials. For any given Enterococcus or E. coli trial, equal volume water samples were serially distributed across aerated tanks either containing a mussel or not. Comparison of with-mussel versus no-mussel tank water contamination across pooled trials showed significant (P