cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE GROWTH OF ASIBI STRAIN YELLOW FEVER VIRUS IN TISSUE CULTURES. II. MODIFICATION OF VIRUS AND CELLS.

Abstract : Passage of the parent Asibi strain yellow fever virus in HeLa cell culture through six consecutive passages produced a variant (H-6) that, unlike P virus: (a) induced cytopathic effect in HeLa and chick fibroblast cell cultures, (b) became more virulent for mice, and (c) lost its ''viscerotropic'' character for the monkey. Chronic infection of HeLa cells with P virus was established for a two-month period. The virus obtained from this culture showed characteristics of the P and H-6 and was designated parent chronic (Pc). The Pc virus strain was undetectable from supernatant fluid two months postinfection. Cloned populations of the surviving cells showed evidence of the modification induced by the Pc virus in terms of susceptibility (sensitivity and capacity).
Barrio resurgence in Buenos Aires: Local autonomy claims amid state-sponsored transnationalism

Abstract This paper argues that observing neighborhood movements through the lens of territorial state restructuring holds theoretical promise. Contemporary struggles over municipal decentralization need to be located within broader state re-scaling processes. Seeking to contribute a Latin American perspective to the largely Anglo-American field of urban neoliberalization research, this study engages with the emergence of local autonomy claims in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Middle-class activists and organizations advanced such claims against the background of thorough transnationalism, in what may be interpreted as a localist political reaction to the socio-spatial consequences of urban and state restructuring. Field evidence is used to assess the ultimate political efficacy and democratic implications of their political agency, particularly in what concerns municipal decentralization. It is argued that curtailing the empowerment of barrio districts were the following conditions: mayoral opposition to communal reforms; ongoing cross-scalar tensions between the city and national government; and the barrio-centric issue framings of activists, which hampered social recruitment in an increasingly heterogeneous and transnationalized urban space.
Factors for the Initiation of Haemoglobin Synthesis by Rabbit Reticulocyte Ribosomes

At least three factors, M1, M2 and M3, are required for initiating the synthesis of new and complete haemoglobin α and β chains at low Mg2+ concentration. The M factors are distinct from the chain elongation T factors but resemble the bacterial f factors.
o-phthalaldehyde for the fluorometric assay of nonprotein amino compounds.

Abstract We describe a manual fluorometric method for the quantitation in protein solutions of total free amino compounds, expressed as norleucine. A trichloroacetic acid deproteinization step is employed, and o-phthalaldehyde, buffered with phosphate at pH 9,2, is used as the fluorogenic reagent. The method is linear, reproducible, and rapid. Recoveries of amino acids added to serum are quantitative. Sensitivity is in the picomole range. Results on unselected patient sera are diseussed.
Apheresis in Thoracic Organ Transplantation

The beneficial addition of cyclosporine and tacrolimus to the immunosuppressive armamentarium have unfortunately only partially solved the problems of acute and chronic rejection in thoracic organ transplantation. Apheresis techniques offer creative avenues for modifications of allograft rejection. Plasmapheresis can be used for mechanical reduction of alloantibody burdens in highly sensitized patients and permit transplantation in an otherwise almost hopeless situation and can also be used on a short-term basis for the treatment of acute humoral rejection. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy holds promise as a possibly synergistic adjunct to conventional therapy and may even reduce the severity of graft vasculopathy. The increasing availability of highly specific column immunoadsorption techniques may further increase the applicability of apheresis in transplantation.
Room‐Temperature Synthetic Pathways to Barium Titanate Nanocrystals

Novel room-temperature pathways to BaTiO(3) nanocrystals have been recently developed, which stand in contrast to traditional high-temperature methods. Peptide-assisted, bio-facilitated routes have been developed for low-temperature nanocrystal growth, in addition to two low-temperature routes completely independent of biomolecules. These innovative methods lay the groundwork for the facile production of nanoscale BaTiO(3) in economical and energy-efficient ways.
An Evaluation for High-Speed Handoffs in 802.11-based Data Networks

Handoffs in 802.11-based wireless networks are a critical requirement in today's data networks. The speed at which these handoffs occur is much too slow to enable users to maintain a network session without the loss of connectivity. However, GSM, and other cellular networks, are currently capable of handling handoffs at vehicular rates of travel while still maintaining an existing session. The architectures of both networks are examined and then a limited number of inadequacies of 802.11-based handoffs will be examined and contrasted to the performance that currently exists in GSM networks. Spectrum management and a method to integrate these two technologies are not discussed in this paper.
‘All poke and no soak?’: interpreting the labour party:

Some books try to do a bit too much and consequently end up achieving less than they might. This may well be one of them. Bevir’s book offers us a history of political science, a manifesto for the interpretative approach to politics, and a critique of New Labour. It also attempts to weave together these three strands by arguing that the party’s current leadership has bought into the new institutionalism (essentially the idea that institutions help determine behaviour and outcomes) in order to respond to change in a manner that might prove consonant with, rather than mark a radical departure from, Labour’s complex and malleable social democratic heritage. Some of what Bevir says seems to me to make very good sense. Some of it is more problematic. Taken as a whole, though, it might well disappoint people who saw his recent work with Rod Rhodes (Bevir and Rhodes, 2003) as a muchneeded call to arms for those who believe that meanings and understandings – transmitted by and constitutive of traditions, researchable via ethnographic ‘soaking and poking’ – still matter as much as incentives and institutions.
Topical Review: Antidyskinetic Drug Therapy for Pediatric Movement Disorders

The pharmacologic armamentarium used to treat dyskinesias in childhood is increasing. Anticonvulsant drugs as a class are still some of the broadest-spectrum antidyskinetic agents, probably because the class includes so many differently acting drugs or because dyskinesias are manifestations of subcortical electrical events. This group is enhanced by recent developments in gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate receptor pharmacology, which promise new antidyskinetic drugs. Other drugs acting at receptors for monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin), acetylcholine, opioids, or histamine may provide symptomatic improvement. Fewer pharmacotherapies address the underlying pathophysiology of movement disorders. Of these, drugs or biologicals for immunomodulation are the most developed, but the group also includes antioxidants, cofactors, metabolic inhibitors, and chelators. There is potential for drugs that block the neurotoxic effects of glutamate to treat movement disorders and reverse or prevent brain injury. Peripheral blockade of focal dyskinesias through botulinum toxin offers a useful alternative to drugs in some patients.
The Surgical Reconstruction of Severe Varus and Flexion Deformity of the Proximal Femur

Severe varus and flexion deformity of the proximal femur may be secondary to various etiologies but, regardless of the cause, the patient walks with a dramatic Trendelenburg limp. Surgical correction is challenging and requires a complete understanding of all components of the deformity. A utilitarian approach (SuperHip procedure) has been described by Dror Paley and addresses every element of this complex deformity and provides excellent correction in young children. This article illustrates the application of this technique in a case of congenital femoral deficiency.
Second-harmonic generation from sol-gel-derived ferroelectric and piezoelectric thin films

Sol-gel routes were developed to Ba2NaNb5O15, BaTiO3, Ba0.8Pb0.2TiO3, Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3, Bi4Ti3O12, LiNbO3, LiTaO3, Pb5Ge3O11, PbTiO3, Pb0.85La0.15Ti0.96O3, PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3, WO3 and ZnO thin films. Second harmonic generation (SHG) from these films deposited on fused SiO2 was investigated as a function of processing temperature. The SHG values were found to be related to the second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities of the bulk materials, and dependent on the crystal size and crystalline orientation of the film. The highest SHG observed was from PbTiO3 films which is consistent with the fact that the d-coefficient of PbTiO3 is the highest among that of any room temperature ferroelectric. The poor SHG activity of BaTiO3-based films was due to the very small grain size of the sol-gel derived material.
Use of ion chromatography for the verification of drug authenticity

Abstract Investigations of drug authenticity focus on both bulk drugs and finished products. Excipients and contaminants from manufacturing processes may be used as “chemical fingerprints” to track drug sources. This paper describes the ion chromatographic determination of sodium lauryl sulfate, chloride, phosphate and citrate in drug formulations as applied to drug authenticity cases.
Mitochondrial respiration in heart, liver, and kidney of copper-deficient rats

Abstract Morphological observations in some tissues indicate that dietary copper deficiency results in structural damage to mitochondria. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mitochondrial function is impaired as well. Male, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets deficient or sufficient in copper for 4 weeks. Mitochondria were isolated from heart, liver, kidney cortex, and kidney medulla. P/O ratio, state 3 and state 4 respiration rates (oxygen consumed in the presence and absence of ADP, respectively), and acceptor control index (ratio of state 3:state 4) were determined using succinate or pyruvate/malate as substrate. State 3 respiration rate in mitochondria from copper-deficient hearts and livers was lower than in mitochondria from copper-sufficient hearts. Copper deficiency reduced the state 4 respiration rate only in cardiac mitochondria. Neither respiration rate was affected by copper deficiency in mitochondria from kidney medulla or cortex. P/O ratio was not significantly affected by copper deficiency in any tissue examined. Acceptor control index was reduced only in liver mitochondria. The observed decreases in respiration rates are consistent with decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity, shown by others to occur in mitochondria isolated from hearts and livers of copper-deficient rats.
Does student promotions committee appearance predict below-average performance during internship? A seven-year study.

Background: Medical educators grapple with predicting performance of graduates identified as struggling during medical school. Students appear before student promotions committees (SPCs) for multiple cognitive and noncognitive reasons and performance outcomes for this cohort have not been well defined in the literature. Purpose: To determine the predictive validity of SPC appearance with respect to performance on a Program Director's (PD's) Evaluation Form completed at the end of internship (PGY-1). Method: Residents were classified as “below average,” “average,” or “above average” based on PD Evaluation Form ratings. This PD instrument has been shown to be feasible, reliable, and valid. Below-average residents were defined as having a below-average rating on any question on the PD Evaluation Form. We compared SPC and non-SPC cohorts with respect to these PD Evaluation Form ratings. The t test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Seven years of graduating classes from our institution were included....
Advanced gate technology for sub-0.25-μm CMOSFETs

ABSTRACT As CMOS technology is scaled into the sub-0.25 im regime, the poly-Si gate depletion effect becomes more problematic.This paper discusses various technological approaches to eliminating this effect. It is shown that poly-SiGe is an especiallypromising alternative gate material because it can be integrated into an existing CMOS process with relative ease. Ascompared to poly-Si gate technology, poly-Si08Ge02 gate technology provides improved resistance to the gate-depletioneffect, improved tradeoff between the gate-depletion effect and the boron penetration problem for p-channel devices, and superior device reliability. The viability of poly-Si08Ge0.2 as a gate material for sub-0.25 .tm CMOS technology is demonstrated in the fabrication ofO.l m channel-length MOSFETs.Keywords: Keywords: CMOS, gate technology, silicon-germanium 1. CMOS GATE TECHNOLOGY1. Introduction As the dimensions ofmetal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are scaled down below 0.25 im in orderto achieve continued improvements in integrated-circuit density and performance, a significant number of technologicalissues emerge. Among these is the choice of gate-electrode materials for the n-channel (NMOS) and p-channel (PMOS)devices in a complementary MOS (CMOS) technology. In order to achieve acceptable short-channel behavior, surface-channel devices are required' and hence different gate-electrode materials must be employed for the two types of devices:heavily n-type doped (n+) polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) for the NMOS devices, and heavily p-type doped (p+) poly-Si for
The Effects of C75, an Inhibitor of Fatty Acid Synthase, on Sleep and Metabolism in Mice

Sleep is greatly affected by changes in metabolic state. A possible mechanism where energy-sensing and sleep-regulatory functions overlap is related to lipid metabolism. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) plays a central role in lipid metabolism as a key enzyme in the formation of long-chain fatty acids. We studied the effects of systemic administration of C75, an inhibitor of FAS, on sleep, behavioral activity and metabolic parameters in mice. Since the effects of C75 on feeding and metabolism are the opposite of ghrelin's and C75 suppresses ghrelin production, we also tested the role of ghrelin signaling in the actions of C75 by using ghrelin receptor knockout (KO) mice. After a transient increase in wakefulness, C75 elicited dose-dependent and long lasting inhibition of REMS, motor activity and feeding. Simultaneously, C75 significantly attenuated slow-wave activity of the electroencephalogram. Energy expenditure, body temperature and respiratory exchange ratio were suppressed. The diurnal rhythm of feeding was completely abolished by C75. There was significant correlation between the anorectic effects, the decrease in motor activity and the diminished energy expenditure after C75 injection. We found no significant difference between wild-type and ghrelin receptor KO mice in their sleep and metabolic responses to C75. The effects of C75 resemble to what was previously reported in association with visceral illness. Our findings suggest that sleep and metabolic effects of C75 in mice are independent of the ghrelin system and may be due to its aversive actions in mice.
Bypass Transitional Flow Calculations Using a Navier-Stokes Solver and Two-Equation Models

Bypass transitional flows over a flat plate were simulated using a Navier-Stokes solver and two equation models. A new model for the bypass transition, which occurs in cases with high free stream turbulence intensity (TI), is described. The new transition model is developed by including an intermittency correction function to an existing two-equation turbulence model. The advantages of using Navier-Stokes equations, as opposed to boundary-layer equations, in bypass transition simulations are also illustrated. The results for two test flows over a flat plate with different levels of free stream turbulence intensity are reported. Comparisons with the experimental measurements show that the new model can capture very well both the onset and the length of bypass transition.
Atomistic Details of the Disordered States of KID and pKID. Implications in Coupled Binding and Folding

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are a newly recognized class of functional proteins for which a lack of stable tertiary fold is required for function. Because of the heterogeneous and dynamical nature, molecular modeling is necessary to provide the missing details of disordered states of IDP that are crucial for understanding their functions. In particular, generalized Born (GB) implicit solvent, combined with replica exchange (REX), might offer an optimal balance between accuracy and efficiency for modeling IDPs. We carried out extensive REX simulations in an optimized GB force field to characterize the disordered states of a regulatory IDP, KID domain of transcription factor CREB, and its phosphorylated form, pKID. The results revealed that both KID and pKID, though highly disordered on the tertiary level, are compact and mainly occupy a small number of helical substates. Interestingly, although phosphorylation of KID Ser133 leads only to marginal changes in average helicities on the ensemble level, underlying conformational substates differ significantly. In particular, pSer133 appears to restrict the accessible conformational space of the loop region and thus reduces the entropic cost of KID folding upon binding to the KIX domain of CREB-binding protein. Such an expanded role of phosphorylation in the KID:KIX recognition was not previously recognized because of a lack of substantial conformational changes on the ensemble level and inaccessibility of the structural details from experiments. The results also suggest that an implicit solvent-based modeling framework, despite various existing limitations, might be feasible for accurate atomistic simulation of small IDPs in general.
Parallel and large-scale matrix computations in control: some ideas

Abstract The design and analysis of time-invariant linear control systems give rise to a variety of interesting linear-algebra problems. Numerically effective methods now exist for several of these problems. However, algorithms for large-scale computations and efficient parallel algorithms for these problems are virtually nonexistent. In this paper, we propose several efficient general-purpose parallel algorithms for single-input and multiinput eigenvalue assignment problems. A desirable feature of these algorithms is that they are composed of simple linear-algebraic operations such as matrix-vector multiplication, solution of a linear system, and computations of the eigensystem and singular values of a symmetric matrix, for which efficient parallel algorithms have already been developed and parallel software libraries are being built based on these algorithms. The proposed algorithms thus have potential for implementations on some existing and future parallel processors. We also propose a numerical method for the Sylvester matrix equation arising in the construction of a Luenberger observer. The method does not need reduction to “condensed” forms and is thus suitable for large and sparse matrices. The method also exhibits a certain parallelism.
Dystonia as a Network Disorder: What is the Role of the Cerebellum?

The dystonias are a group of disorders defined by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that result in involuntary posturing or repetitive movements. There are many different clinical manifestations and causes. Although they traditionally have been ascribed to dysfunction of the basal ganglia, recent evidence has suggested dysfunction may originate from other regions, particularly the cerebellum. This recent evidence has led to an emerging view that dystonia is a network disorder that involves multiple brain regions. The new network model for the pathogenesis of dystonia has raised many questions, particularly regarding the role of the cerebellum. For example, if dystonia may arise from cerebellar dysfunction, then why are there no cerebellar signs in dystonia? Why are focal cerebellar lesions or degenerative cerebellar disorders more commonly associated with ataxia rather than dystonia? Why is dystonia more commonly associated with basal ganglia lesions rather than cerebellar lesions? Can answers obtained from animals be extrapolated to humans? Is there any evidence that the cerebellum is not involved? Finally, what is the practical value of this new model of pathogenesis for the neuroscientist and clinician? This article explores potential answers to these questions.
Visualization of monoclonal antibody binding to tropomyosin on native smooth muscle thin filaments by electron microscopy

Abstract We have used three different monoclonal antibodies (LCK16, JLH2 and JLF15) to tropomyosin for the localization of tropomyosin molecules within smooth muscle thin filaments. Thin filaments were incubated with monoclonal antibodies and visualized by negative staining electron microscopy. All three monoclonal antibodies caused the aggregation of thin filaments into ordered bundles, which displayed cross-striations with a periodicity of 37 ± 1 nm. In contrast, conventional rabbit antiserum to tropomyosin distorted and aggregated the thin filaments without generating cross-striations. Therefore, monoclonal antibodies to tropomyosin allow us, for the first time, to observe directly the distribution of tropomyosin molecules along the thin filaments of smooth muscle cells. The binding sites of the antibodies to skeletal muscle tropomyosin were examined by decorating tropomyosin paracrystals with monoclonal antibodies. The LCK16 monoclonal antibody binds the narrow band of tropomyosin paracrystals, whereas the JLF15 antibody binds the wide band of tropomyosin paracrystals.
Rapid thermal processed thin films of niobium pentoxide (Nb2 O5) deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering

Abstract Niobium pentoxide thin films have been deposited on silicon and platinum-coated silicon substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering. The as-deposited films were amorphous and showed good electrical properties in terms of a dielectric permittivity of about 30, and leakage current density of 10 −6 A cm −2 at a field of 120 kV cm −1 . A rapid thermal annealing process at 800 °C further increased the dielectric constant to 90 and increased the leakage current density to 5 × 10 −6 A cm −2 . The current-voltage characteristics observed at low and high fields suggested a combination of phenomena at different regimes of applied electric field. The capacitance-voltage characteristics performed in the metal-insulator-semiconductor configuration indicated good electronic interfaces with a nominal trap density of 4.5 × 10 12 cm −2 eV −1 , which is consistent with the behavior observed with conventional dielectrics such as SiO 2 on silicon surfaces.
The Conserved Immunoglobulin Superfamily Member SAX-3/Robo Directs Multiple Aspects of Axon Guidance in C. elegans

The C. elegans sax-3 gene encodes a predicted transmembrane protein with five immunoglobulin domains and three fibronectin type III repeats that is closely related to Drosophila Robo. Mutations in sax-3 lead to repeated midline crossing by ventral cord axons that normally do not cross the midline after they join the ventral cord, a phenotype similar to that of robo mutants. sax-3 is also required for guidance of some axons to the ventral cord, implicating this gene in two different types of guidance events. A sax-3::GFP fusion gene is expressed in developing neurons during axon outgrowth, and sax-3 function is required at the time of axon guidance, suggesting that this gene mediates cell interactions during guidance decisions.
Robust vs. classical principalcomponent analysis in the presence of outliers

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a very versatile technique for dimension reduction in multivariate data. Classical PCA is very sensitive to outliers and can lead to misleading conclusions in the presence of outliers. This article studies the merits of robust PCA relative to classical PCA when outliers are present. An algorithm due to Filzmoser et al. (2006) based on a modification of the projection pursuit algorithm of Croux and Ruiz-Gazen (2005) is used for robust PCA computations for a financial data set as well as simulated data sets. Our simulation results indicate that robust PCA generally leads to greater reduction in model dimension than classical PCA in data sets with outliers.
Enacting Decolonized Methodologies: The Doing of Research in Educational Communities

Indigenous scholars have debated the impact that researchers and the act of researching have on Native and Indigenous people and communities. Although literature on this subject has grown, little has been written explicitly laying out the doing of research with these communities. The authors seek to articulate their doing by drawing upon the essential research principles and standards set by scholars. The authors seek to examine their work as education researchers in three different international contexts—Kenya, Cambodia, and “Indian country” in the United States—highlighting research practice shaped by context, relationship, and discourse emergent in their investigations of schooling, language revitalization, and scientific knowledge access. The authors reflect, analyze, and summarize their actions of decolonizing research that were present or particularly challenging cross-culturally, in each context. Examples of common action in the projects include relinquishing control, reenvisioning knowledge, culti...
Kinetics of NO-induced cyclic GMP responses in vascular smooth muscle

Cyclic GMP is accepted to be the critical second messenger responsible for vasodilation of arterial smooth muscle, via the NO/GC/cGMP/PKG pathway. NO has been shown to increase the catalytic activity of the NO-sensitive Guanylate Cyclase (GC) from 200–400 fold as measured by cGMP production. However, the rapid fluctuations of cGMP in living cells remain elusive due to the transient nature of this molecule. Our goal is to examine the NOinduced kinetics of cGMP in primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We show that by utilizing our FRET-based and genetically encoded cGMP-indicator Cygnet-2.1, we can effectively monitor cGMP synthesis and breakdown. By employing dual-emission fluorescence microscopy, we have observed both sustained and rapid transients of NO-induced cGMP levels in dissociated rat aortic SMCs in response to various NO donors. These sustained elevations in cGMP can be further enhanced by SildenafilTM-mediated inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5. A current controversy is the regulation and mechanism of GC activation, which has important implications for the physiology of smooth muscle. In our live cell imaging studies of cGMP, we demonstrate that GC can be repeatedly activated by NO, and we do not observe global desensitization of GC in vascular smooth muscle. We show that VSMCs are able to differentially respond to various concentrations of nitric oxide, to rapidly downregulate cGMP levels, and are also able to maintain GC sensitivity to repeated applications of nitric oxide. Our results thus far have provided new insight into the mechanism of NO-induced GC activity in vascular smooth muscle. from 2nd International Conference of cGMP Generators, Effectors and Therapeutic Implications Potsdam, Germany, 10–12 June, 2005
Poly(styrene–b–ethylene/butylene–b–styrene)/cobalt ferrite magnetic nanocomposites

Magnetic nanoparticles were created in or around the sulfonated (s) polystyrene domains in a poly[styrene–b–(ethylene–co–butylene)–b–styrene)] block copolymer (BCP) using an in situ inorganic precipitation procedure. The sBCP was neutralized with a mixed iron/cobalt chloride electrolyte, and the doped samples were converted to their oxides by reaction with sodium hydroxide. Transmission electron microscopy indicated the presence of nanoparticles having diameters of 20–50 nm. Metal oxide particle structures were studied using wide angle X–ray diffraction, which revealed that they were inverse spinel cobalt iron oxide crystals. Thermogravimetric analysis provided the weight percent of the inorganic component and nanocomposite thermal decomposition profile. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry studies suggested that the inorganic inclusions were selectively grown in the polystyrene hard block phase. These nanocomposites were shown, using alternating gradient magnetometry, to be ferrimagnetic at room temperature. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1475–1485, 2005
Norethandrolone-induced changes in hepatic phosphorylase activity

Fresh liver homogenates from male mice previously treated with steroids were assayed for Phosphorylase activity and glycogen content. One hour following the injection of norethandrolone (2.0 mg./Kg.), significant decreases in liver glycogen and liver Phosphorylase activity were noted. Lower doses of norethandrolone (0.5 and 1.0 mg./Kg.) produced only moderate reductions in enzymatic activity. Norethynodrel (2.0 mg./Kg.) was also observed to reduce liver glycogen and liver Phosphorylase activity. Ethisterone and testosterone (2.0 mg./Kg.) caused slight alterations in enzymatic activity, but liver glycogen remained essentially unchanged. Cortisone administration (2.0 mg./Kg.) resulted in diminished enzymatic activity, but enhanced liver glycogen.
Application of Operando XAS, XRD, and Raman Spectroscopy for Phase Speciation in Water Gas Shift Reaction Catalysts

The structural and compositional changes of the partially reduced iron oxide Fe2O3 and 3% chromium oxide-modified iron oxide (3% Cr2O3/Fe2O3) catalysts before, during, and after the water gas shift (WGS) reaction are reported. The measurements were performed by collecting X-ray absorption fine structure, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy data on the catalysts and the mass spectrometry data of reactants and products, all done in a single experiment. These materials demonstrated marked structural disorder and compositional heterogeneity that are peaked in their catalytically active states. The main findings revealed in the result of combining multiple techniques include the role of Cr in stabilizing the low-temperature γ-Fe2O3 phase, the nature of the disordered phase in the active state of the catalysts, and the possible deactivation mechanism.
Electrophilic “Fischer Type” Phosphinidene Complexes of Molybdenum, Tungsten, and Ruthenium

Chloride abstraction from chloroaminophosphido complexes of molybdenum, tungsten, and ruthenium leads to the terminal aminophosphinidene complexes [Cp*(CO)3Mo(PNiPr2)][AlCl4] (3), [Cp*(CO)3W(PNiPr2)][AlCl4] (4), and [Cp*Ru(CO)2(PNiPr2)][AlCl4] (6). These are the first structurally characterized examples of heteroatom-substituted phosphinidene complexes, and 6 is the first example of a late transition metal phosphinidene complex.
Histologic coagulative tumor necrosis as a prognostic indicator of renal cell carcinoma aggressiveness.

BACKGROUND Prognostic markers for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), such as patient symptoms, tumor stage, tumor size, and tumor grade, are useful for determining appropriate follow-up and selecting patients for adjuvant therapy. Histologic coagulative tumor necrosis, also reported to be a prognostic marker for RCC, has not previously been extensively described or investigated. Hence, the objective of the current study was to characterize tumor necrosis as a prognostic feature of RCC. METHODS The authors of the current study identified 3009 patients treated surgically for RCC between 1970 and 2002 from the Mayo Clinic Nephrectomy Registry (Rochester, MN). Associations of tumor necrosis with clinical, laboratory, and pathologic features were examined with chi-square, Fisher exact test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Cancer-specific survival was estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method, and associations with outcome were assessed with Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Tumor necrosis was present in 690 of 2445 (28%) clear cell, 196 of 421 (47%) papillary, and 28 of 143 (20%) chromophobe RCCs. The risk ratio for death from RCC in patients with necrotic compared with nonnecrotic tumors was 5.27 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.56–6.09; P < 0.001) for clear cell, 4.20 (CI: 1.65–10.68; P < 0.001) for chromophobe, and 1.49 (CI: 0.81–2.74; P = 0.199) for papillary RCC. The survival difference for clear cell RCC persisted even after multivariate adjustment for tumor stage, size, and grade (risk ratio 1.90; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Histologic coagulative tumor necrosis is an independent predictor of outcome for clear cell and chromophobe RCC, and it should be routinely reported and used in clinical assessment. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Anisotropy of surface oxide softening of niobium single crystals

Abstract Oriented single crystals of high purity niobium have been prepared with square cross sections such that edge dislocation lines were parallel to one pair of faces (E faces) and screw dislocation lines were parallel to the other pair (S faces). Anodic oxidation of the crystals caused a reduction of the critical resolved shear stress and the occurrence of serrated flow in the manner reported previously (Sethi and Gibala 1975). Selective oxidation of only the E faces resulted in the same reduced flow stress as when all faces were coated, whereas oxidation of only the S faces produced little change in flow stress. These results, together with other mechanical tests and complementary slip trace and etch-pit studies, illustrate that under applied stress the oxide coatings introduce large densities of mobile edge dislocations which are responsible for the enhanced plasticity.
On the vorticity dynamics of a turbulent jet in a crossflow

We present numerical solutions of the fully three-dimensional flow of a round, turbulent jet emitted normal to a uniform free stream. Comparisons with available laboratory data and comparison between different numerical grid resolutions are used to demonstrate the quality of the simulation. Examination of the detailed flow pattern within a computational domain, which extends 15 jet diameters from the source allows us to follow the vorticity dynamics in the transition from an initially vertical jet to a wake with a vortex pair essentially aligned with the free stream. The transition is presented as a function of the ratio of the jet exit velocity to free stream velocity. For large velocity ratios, the source of the streamwise vorticity in the vortex pair can be readily traced back to the original streamwise vorticity in the sides of the vertical jet.
The Yin and Yang of Perioperative Medicine

The past four decades have seen remarkable progress in establishing best perioperative practices.1 One of the challenges in improving perioperative care, however, is rooted in the interplay of the myriad interdependent, often opposing, mechanisms that contribute to perioperative myocardial infarction — excess bleeding, dramatic fluid shifts, unrelenting tachycardia, myocardial stress with fixed coronary obstruction, profound hypotension or hypertension, coronary plaque rupture, and coronary spasm. Strategies that mitigate one mechanism may lead to another. Devereaux et al. now report on two such strategies in the Journal — the perioperative use of aspirin and the perioperative use of clonidine in patients undergoing . . .
Covariation between the average lengths of mature coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and the ocean environment

We used the average fork length of age-3 returning coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and age-3 ocean-type and age-4 stream-type Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon along the northeast Pacific coast to assess the covariability between established oceanic environmental indices and growth. These indices included the Multivariate El Nino-Southern Oscillation Index (MEI), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Northern Oscillation Index, and Aleutian Low Pressure Index. Washington, Oregon, and California (WOC) salmon sizes were negatively correlated with the MEI values indicating that ultimate fish size was affected negatively by El Nino-like events. Further, we show that the growth trajectory of WOC salmon was set following the first ocean winter. Returning ocean-type British Columbia-Puget Sound Chinook salmon average fork length was positively correlated with the MEI values during the summer and autumn of return year, which was possibly a result of a shallower mixed layer and improved food-web productivity of subarctic Pacific waters. Size variation of coho salmon stocks south of Alaska was synchronous and negatively correlated with warm conditions (positive PDO) and weak North Pacific high pressure during ocean residence.
Comparison of major depressive disorder onset among foreign-born Asian Americans: Chinese, Filipino, and Vietnamese ethnic groups

Abstract Using a nationally representative sample of 1280 Asian Americans, we examined the extent to which major depressive disorder (MDD) onset differs by ethnicity and its associated factors for each of the three ethnic groups: Vietnamese, Filipino, and Chinese. We employed the Kaplan–Meier method to estimate the survival and hazard functions for MDD onset by ethnicity, and cox proportional hazards models to identify socio-demographic and immigration-related factors associated with MDD onset. Approximately 7% of the entire sample had experienced MDD onset in their lifetime. Filipino immigrants showed the highest survival function, followed by Vietnamese immigrants over time. Those who were never-married or divorced were more likely to experience MDD onset when compared to their married or cohabiting counterparts. Those who immigrated at a younger age were more likely to experience MDD onset than were those who immigrated at an older age. However, there were ethnic variations in terms of the risk factors that were associated with MDD onset across these three ethnic groups. Findings from this study signal the importance of understanding the differing experiences of MDD onset by ethnicity.
Development of an ER action indicator mouse for the study of estrogens, selective ER modulators (SERMs), and Xenobiotics.

We have developed a transgenic mouse that functions as a reporter of ER activity, termed ER action indicator (ERIN), by incorporating a transgene with an estrogen-responsive promoter (three copies of the vitellogenin estrogen response element with a minimal thymidine kinase promoter) linked to the reporter gene β-galactosidase. Evaluation of ER activity in female ERIN mice demonstrated estrogen-inducible expression of the reporter gene in the uterus, pituitary, and hypothalamus; established targets of estrogen action. Importantly, we also identified ER activity in a number of nonclassical estrogen target tissues, including kidney, liver, adrenal, and thyroid gland. ERIN provides a system to measure the same end point (transgene regulation) in different target tissues, permitting separation of the contributions of cell- and promoter-specific factors in determining ER pharmacology. In this regard we observed that on this specific promoter the pituitary gland was 25-fold more sensitive than the uterus to the...
Enriching quantitative proteomics with SI N

A new metric called the normalized spectral index (SIN) provides a simple way to quantify and compare label-free proteomics data.
The Ultrastructure of Tritrichomonas with Special Reference to the Blepharoplast Complex

Electron micrographs of sections through the blepharoplast complex reveal it to be composed of four kineto-somes. In many of the sections the kinetosomes contain dense particles approximately 180-200 A in diameter. The costa is a striated fiber which extends posteriorly almost the entire length of the body. Its slender proximal portion appears to be attached to the base of the kinetosome of the recurrent flagellum. The parabolas fiber is similarly constructed, but is more slender than the costa. It is attached to the base of the kinetosome of an interiorly directed flagellum and subsequently proceeds posteriorly to the level of the nucleus. The costa and parabasal fiber probably serve as anchoring or supportive structures. The size of the costa may reflect its role as a supporting structure for the most highly differentiated locomotors organelle, the undulating membrane.
Modeling of NOM-facilitated PAH transport through low-foc sediment

A finite-difference model was developed to more closely examine the observation that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) transfer to and from low-organic-carbon aquifer sediment and aqueous natural organic matter (NOM) apparently occurred uninhibited by kinetic limitations during facilitated-transport and enhanced-desorption experiments performed in laboratory columns. The model accounted for advection, dispersion, and mass transfer between the various phases comprising the system; i.e., distribution of PAH between water and sediment and water and NOM, and distribution of NOM between water and sediment. The model was run using mass-transfer coefficients based on the equilibrium constants derived from experimental data and compared against the literature. Successful reproduction of the experimentally observed facilitated-transport and enhanced-desorption curves indicated that our physical system was free of kinetic limitations and was describable by the equilibrium constants comprising the system.
Intra-amniotic prostaglandin PGF2a (tham salt) and the laminarta tent in midtrimester termination of pregnancy

Abstract Twenty patients underwent intra-amniotic administration of PGF 2 a for termination of pregnancies ranging from 14–70 weeks gestation. Success was achieved in 18 patients (90%) with this method. The two failures were terminated vaginally with adjunctive use of intracervical laminaria and IV pitocin induction. Ten of the patients had intracervical laminaria placed 4–24 hours prior to drug administration. This latter group was noted to have a shorter induction-abortion (I-A) interval, shorter onset of uterine contractions, and a decreased incidence of vaginal bleeding prior to abortion. No serious side effects occurred in either group of patients. Clinical toxicity in the form of gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting were common but could generally be controlled with antiemetics. No significant changes were recorded in blood counts, platelet counts, liver function tests, and renal function tests from pretreatment values and at 24 and 48 hours post-treatment. There were no instances of hemorrhage, fever, or infection which occur as complications of hypertonic saline abortion.
Single-cell mapping of neural and glial gene expression in the developing Drosophila CNS midline cells

Understanding the generation of neuronal and glial diversity is one of the major goals of developmental neuroscience. The Drosophila CNS midline cells constitute a simple neurogenomic system to study neurogenesis, cell fate acquisition, and neuronal function. Previously, we identified and determined the developmental expression profiles of 224 midline-expressed genes. Here, the expression of 59 transcription factors, signaling proteins, and neural function genes was analyzed using multi-label confocal imaging, and their expression patterns mapped at the single-cell level at multiple stages of CNS development. These maps uniquely identify individual cells and predict potential regulatory events and combinatorial protein interactions that may occur in each midline cell type during their development. Analysis of neural function genes, including those encoding peptide neurotransmitters, neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzymes, transporters, and neurotransmitter receptors, allows functional characterization of each neuronal cell type. This work is essential for a comprehensive genetic analysis of midline cell development that will likely have widespread significance given the high degree of evolutionary conservation of the genes analyzed.
Nitric oxide–nitric oxide synthase regulates key maturational events during chondrocyte terminal differentiation

The goal of this investigation was to explore the mechanism by which NOS and NO serve to regulate events linked to chondrocyte terminal differentiation. NOS isoform expression and NO adducts in chick growth cartilage were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. All NOS isoforms were expressed in chick growth plate chondrocytes with the highest levels present in the hypertrophic region. The enzymes were active since nitrosocysteine and nitrotyrosine residues were detected in regions of the epiphysis with the highest levels of NOS expression. Maturing chick sternal chondrocytes evidenced an increase in NO release and a rise in NOS protein levels. When treated with NOS inhibitors, there was a decrease in the alkaline phosphatase activity of the hypertrophic cells. On the other hand, NO donors caused a small but significant elevation in alkaline phosphatase activity. Transient transfections of chondrocytes with an endothelial NOS isoform caused an increase in collagen type X promoter activity. Induction of both collagen type X expression and alkaline phosphatase activity was blocked by inhibitors of the cGMP pathway. These findings indicate that NO is generated by three NOS isoforms in terminally differentiated chondrocytes. The expression of NOS and the generation of NO enhanced maturation by upregulating alkaline phosphatase and collagen type X expression. Since expression of these two determinants was blocked by inhibitors of the cGMP pathway, it is concluded that NO metabolism is required for development of the mature chondrocyte phenotype.
Intraseasonal (30–60 Day) Fluctuations of Outgoing Longwave Radiation and 250 mb Streamfunction during Northern Winter

Abstract Ten years of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and 250 mb circulation data are used in a statistical study which concentrates on 28–72 day fluctuations during Northern Hemisphere winter. The results of spectral and cross-spectral analyses show that 28–72 day planetary-scale oscillations of OLR and 250 mb circulation are statistically significant features of the entire 10-year dataset. The strongest OLR fluctuations at 28–72 day periods are located from the equator to 15°S and extend from about 60 to 160°E and in the vicinity of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). The streamfunction variance shows significant 28–72 day fluctuations over the subtropics of both hemispheres and over the extratropical North Atlantic. The OLR anomalies propagate from west to east between 60 and 160°E at about 5 m s−1. There are statistically significant relationships between the regions of (inferred) equatorial cloudiness and planetary-scale circulation features. Fluctuations in the windfield near the exit regio...
Self-report of Cognitive Functioning and Learning in Schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: A method to assess cognitive functioning in clinical settings is needed so clinicians can modify teaching strategies to match clients' cognitive abilities.OBJECTIVE:The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between executive functioning and self-report of cognitive limitations in people with schizophrenia.DESIGN:The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which assesses learning potential (a person's ability to improve performance after coaching), and the Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia were administered to 20 individuals.RESULTS:Analysis showed that participants who performed well and those who improved with coaching reported fewer subjective cognitive complaints than those who did not improve with coaching.CONCLUSIONS:In this sample subjective report of executive cognitive functioning appears to differentiate individuals who have difficulty learning complex information, and therefore, it may be clinically useful in identifying individuals needing only minimal s...