cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simple Representations of Zero-Net Mass-Flux Jets in Grazing Flow for Flow-Control Simulations

Simple boundary conditions that can represent the flow emanating from zero-net massflux (ZNMF) jets in grazing flows are examined. Two-dimensional Navier-Stokes simulations of ZNMF jets in grazing flow are used to determine the key characteristics of the jet profile, and these are used to construct a series of boundary condition models. These boundary condition models are then tested for a jet emanating into an attached boundary layer as well as a boundary layer with an induced separation bubble. A key finding of the current study is that simple plug-flow type models of ZNMF jets can lead to incorrect trends in separation control. Based on this analysis, we select two models that are simple, yet provide a reasonable representation of the ZNMF jet in a grazing flow. An empirical closure of these models is also suggested.
Co-expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and glutamic acid decarboxylase in dopamine differentiation factor-treated striatal neurons in culture

We have previously shown that dopamine differentiation factors (DDF) can stimulate the novel expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the phenotypically plastic neurons of the embryonic mouse striatum (Du et al., J. Neurosci., 14 (1994) 7688–7694; Du and Iacovitti, J. Neurosci., 15 (1995) 5420–5427). The present study sought to determine whether TH induction required down-regulation of an existing GABAergic trait in striatal neurons or whether enzymes of both neurotransmitter systems were simultaneously expressed. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that, following treatment with DDFs, TH and the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) were co-expressed in the same neurons. Moreover, GAD enzyme activity was not affected by the dramatic increase in TH. Thus, the induction of a novel neurotransmitter phenotype in brain neurons does not appear to occur at the expense of the existing phenotype.
Oculomotor evidence of sequence learning on the serial reaction time task.

Manual and oculomotor measures of sequence learning were examined on the serial reaction time (SRT) task. Participants were assigned into four groups differing on response modality (manual, oculomotor) and trial type (sequence, pseudorandom). The pattern of manual RTs replicated previous studies. Frequency of anticipatory eye movements followed similar patterns as RTs. Participants made many anticipations, even in pseudorandom blocks, and frequency of anticipations did not depend on presence of concurrent manual responses. Excluding participants with explicit awareness did not change results. Anticipations were negatively related to RTs in both incidental and intentional learning. Anticipations were positively related to sequence recall in intentional, but not incidental, learning. Results suggest that (1) anticipatory eye movements reflected sequence learning and (2) participants made overt and covert shifts of visuospatial attention to likely stimulus locations prior to stimulus onset, whether or not they made manual responses and whether or not there was a sequence.
The infrared enhanced multiphoton ionization mass spectrum of 1,1,1-trichloroethane☆

Abstract The multiphoton ionization (MPI) mass spectrum of 1,1,1-trichloroethane has been observed at 266 nm. A three-fold enhancement in the signal is observed due to vibrational excitation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane with a CO 2 laser. The infrared enhanced MPI spectrum shows a different fragmentation pattern than does 1,1-dichloroethylene, which would be the product of infrared multiphoton dissociation.
Fine structural changes in the mutant hamster with hind leg paralysis

Various parts of the central and peripheral nervous system of the mutant hamster with hind leg paralysis were studied in the electron microscope. A number of alterations involving the myelin sheath, the axon and certain neuronal perikarya were observed. Anterior horn cells were apparently well preserved. This condition represents an inherited form of peripheral neuropathy.
Studies in Fertility in the Domestic Fowl

Abstract GOOD fertility is very desirable in all flocks mated for the production of hatching eggs and is extremely important in sires and dams that have demonstrated by the progeny test that they are superior breeders. According to Pearl and Surface (1909) and Hays and Sanborn (1924) fertility is not inherited. On the other hand, Hays and Sanborn (1924) obtained a significant positive correlation between the fertility of Rhode Island Red pullets and the fertility of the same birds as yearlings, showing that the pullets having relatively high fertility tended to have relatively high fertility as yearlings. Martin and Insko (1934) have shown that in White Leghorn females good fertility was maintained up to seven years of age, although the groups of birds representing different ages were not strictly comparable since there was some selection each year; however, in a group of 11 birds bred six years in succession it was . . .
Cyclosporine A alleviates severe anaemia associated with refractory large granular lymphocytic leukaemia and chronic natural killer cell lymphocytosis

Large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukaemia and chronic natural killer cell lymphocytosis (CNKL) are chronic indolent disorders often associated with neutropenia and constitutional symptoms. Severe anaemia occurs in about 20% of patients and is currently treated with corticosteroids followed by oral cyclophosphamide in non-responders. 30% of patients fail initial measures, and salvage therapy is inadequate. We describe three transfusion-dependent patients (two with T-LGL leukaemia, one with CNKL) refractory to corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and in one case fludarabine. Cyclosporine A (CSA) initiation resulted in prompt transfusion-independence and was well tolerated in all patients, making it an attractive alternative therapy for this disorder.
The economics of technological change in shipping

Management of technological change is among the most important problems in shipping management. Models representing the economic impact of technological change in shipping are presented and the use of technology productivity analysis as a method for effective management of technological change in shipping is proposed.
Relation of African-American Mother's Perception of Their Residential Environment to Very Low Birth Weight (<1500g, VLBW): An Exploratory Study. † 1140

Relation of African-American Mother's Perception of Their Residential Environment to Very Low Birth Weight (<1500g, VLBW): An Exploratory Study. † 1140
Identification of individuals at high risk for head and neck carcinogenesis using chromosome aneuploidy detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

To visualize the accumulation of chromosome abnormalities in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and investigate the extension of the abnormal field, we applied the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique to tumor cells and cells collected from a large extension of clinically normal buccal mucosa distant from the tumor in 10 patients. DNA probes specific for 14 human chromosomes (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, X, and Y) were used in dual-target, dual-color FISH assays. Control specimens were collected from oral mucosa of 10 healthy non-smokers, in order to define the tolerance limits for abnormalities, and from 10 healthy smokers. Extensive aneuploidy was detected in most of tumor specimens, more frequently represented by chromosome gains than losses. Interestingly, the clinically normal distant oral regions displayed chromosomal aneuploidies in seven out of the 10 patients tested. These findings support the occurrence of field cancerization in HNSCC. In addition, interphase FISH is demonstrated as an effective technique for detecting chromosome aneuploidy associated with malignancy and a potential tool for non-invasive screening of individuals at high-risk for HNSCC.
Orientation history and rheology in slates, Kodiak and Afognak Islands, Alaska

Abstract Theoretical and experimental studies have shown that slates have a roughly parabolic yield curve in φ - σ and Φ - σ space, where φ is the orientation of cleavage relative to the maximum compressive stress, Φ is the orientation of cleavage relative to the incremental shortening direction and σ is the deviatoric stress. Deformation mechanisms that operate in low-grade rocks such as diffusive mass transfer in a grain boundary fluid, dislocation creep and frictional grain boundary sliding may have stress-strain rate relationships that depend on φ. During a progressive strain history, φ and Φ may vary as a function of the strain path. Thus, the sequence of dominant deformation mechanisms as well as the stress-strain history may depend on the orientation history or variations in Φ as strain accumulates. In the Kodiak Formation, a slate belt in southwest Alaska, the orientation history and deformation mechanisms were evaluated using incremental strain indicators and microstructures. There are four successive textural events: (1) development of a slaty cleavage (S2) with antitaxial growth of fibrous quartz and mica in pressure shadows (Fi2); (2) static growth of siderite and chlorite porphyroblasts; (3) 10–70° rotation of porphyroblasts relative to S2 with growth of curved syntaxial siderite fibers; and (4) antitaxial growth of fibrous quartz and micas with local development of a crenulation cleavage (S3). Cumulative incremental strain and progressive finite strain histories were determined in 23 samples from syntectonic fibers, and orientation histories were reconstructed from information provided by cumulative incremental strain histories. Textural and strain analyses indicate that: (1) the strain history of nearly all samples can be approximated by two coaxial strain accumulations separated by a rigid rotation; (2) development of crenulation cleavages was dependent on the orientation history and the magnitude of the early strain accumulation (i.e. the degree of mica alignment at the completion of D2); (3) unstable behavior, or buckling, occurred when suggesting that the angle of internal friction (Ψ) was close to 0° (i.e. basal slip in micas may have been more important than frictional grain boundary sliding); and (4) diffusive mass transfer was accompanied by anisotropic plastic deformation, so the orientation history could be used to reconstruct the σ - ϵ history.
Buffering of calcium influx by sarcoplasmic reticulum during the action potential in guinea‐pig ventricular myocytes.

1. Intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) transients, monitored by the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, indo-1, and twitch contractions elicited by action potentials, by voltage clamp pulses or by rapid, brief pulses of caffeine, were measured in guinea-pig single ventricular myocytes. Experiments were designed to determine whether and to what extent the trans-sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx is immediately sequestered by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). 2. Rapid, brief (100-200 ms) pulses of caffeine onto a rested myocyte elicited a [Ca2+]i transient and a contraction. Following exposure to specific SR inhibitors, ryanodine (100 nM) or thapsigargin (200 nM), the rapid application of caffeine onto a rested myocyte failed to elicit changes in [Ca2+]i or in cell length, indicating that caffeine increases [Ca2+]i by specifically discharging Ca2+ from the SR. In the absence of these inhibitors, a second pulse of caffeine, within 3 min following a prior pulse, failed to elicit a [Ca2+]i transient or contraction, indicating that a caffeine pulse depletes the SR releasable Ca2+ pool. 3. Following Ca2+ depletion of the SR by double caffeine pulses at rest, an electrical stimulation elicited a slow increase in [Ca2+]i, and, after a delay, a small, slow twitch contraction. The simultaneous application of caffeine and electrical stimulation of cells in which the SR was Ca2+ depleted elicited [Ca2+]i transients with an increased rate of rise and a larger amplitude (53 +/- 8 and 63 +/- 9% respectively; mean +/- S.E.M., n = 21) than those elicited by electrical stimulation alone. 4. Whether caffeine affected the L-type calcium current (ICa) elicited by electrical stimulation was determined under whole-cell voltage clamp. A caffeine pulse delivered at the onset of a depolarizing voltage clamp step also increased the rates of rise and the amplitudes of the [Ca2+]i transients and twitch contractions in cells in which the SR was depleted of Ca2+. However, Ca2+ influx via ICa decreased when caffeine was pulsed in conjunction with the voltage clamp, as the peak ICa was either unchanged or decreased while its inactivation was consistently accelerated. 5. Because the stimulation-dependent trans-sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx via ICa is not increased by a caffeine pulse, the augmentation of the rates of rise and the amplitudes of the electrically stimulated [Ca2+]i transients by caffeine pulsed in conjunction with the electrical stimulation in cells in which the SR had been depleted of Ca2+ indicates that a portion of Ca2+ influx during depolarization in the absence of caffeine is rapidly buffered by the SR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Clinical Effectiveness of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Heart Failure

Background— The clinical effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) in older patients with heart failure has not been established, and older patients have been underrepresented in previous studies. Methods and Results— We identified patients with heart failure who were aged 65 years or older and were eligible for an ICD, had left ventricular ejection fraction of 35% or less, and were discharged alive from hospitals participating in the Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure and the Get With the Guidelines–Heart Failure quality-improvement programs during the period January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2006. We matched the patients to Medicare claims to examine long-term outcomes. The main outcome measure was all-cause mortality over 3 years. The study population included 4685 patients who were discharged alive and were eligible for an ICD. Mean age was 75.2 years, 60% of the patients were women, mean ejection fraction was 25%, and 376 (8.0%) patients received an ICD before discharge. Mortality was significantly lower among patients who received an ICD compared with those who did not (19.8% versus 27.6% at 1 year, 30.9% versus 41.9% at 2 years, and 38.1% versus 52.3% at 3 years; P <0.001 for all comparisons). The inverse probability-weighted adjusted hazard of mortality at 3 years for patients receiving an ICD was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.91). Conclusions— Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized with heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction of 35% or less who were selected for ICD therapy had lower risk-adjusted long-term mortality compared with those who did not receive an ICD. Clinical Trial Registration— clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: [NCT00344513][1]. Received July 2, 2009; accepted October 16, 2009. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00344513&atom=%2Fcirchf%2F3%2F1%2F7.atom
Studies on parasitic castration: Occurrence of a gametogenesis-inhibiting factor in extract of Zoogonus lasius (Trematoda)

Abstract Testes of nonparasitized Ilyanassa obsoleta were maintained in vitro in a modification of the medium originally devised by Burch and Cuadros [Nature (London) 206, 637–638 (1965)] in order to ascertain whether a saline extract of the daughter sporocysts of Zoogonus lasius would cause the inhibition of spermatogenesis. This parasite is known to cause parasitic castration of I. obsoleta in nature. It has been ascertained that after 96 hr of incubation with the parasite extract the incorporation of [3H]thymidine is inhibited in some spermatogonia. This represents the first experimental evidence that some molecule(s) of parasite origin may be responsible for chemical parasitic castration.
Extended scene Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor algorithm: minimization of scene content dependent shift estimation errors

An adaptive periodic-correlation (APC) algorithm was developed for use in extended-scene Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensors. It provides high accuracy even when the subimages in a frame captured by a Shack–Hartmann camera are not only shifted but also distorted relative to each other. Recently we found that the shift estimate error of the APC algorithm has a component that depends on the content of the extended scene. In this paper, we assess the amount of that error and propose a method to minimize it.
Implementation of a Faculty and Staff Intramural Golf League

Campus recreation departments have the ability to influence a wide range of students, faculty, staff, and administration. While the majority of programming will undoubtedly focus on students, events tailored to faculty and staff have the potential to strengthen the entire campus community. The purpose of this article is to discuss the logic behind instituting a faculty and staff golf league and to present an exemplar league. A general overview of the planning and administration procedures is presented, followed by a discussion of recommendations and challenges to consider when initiating a similar league.
TH‐E‐BRB‐08: Effect of Rectal Balloon Fillings on Doses to Prostate, PTV and Rectum: An IMRT Planning Study

Purpose: Air‐filled rectal balloon have been used most commonly for prostate irradiation to reduce rectal dose. However this creates a dose inhomogeneity at the air‐tissue interface. In this study we evaluate the effects of rectal balloon fillings on the dose distribution to prostate, PTV, rectum and overlap of PTV to rectum. Methods: Nine prostate IMRT plans with a 7‐field technique were generated with 6MV on the Eclipse treatment planning system, subject to the same optimization criteria. Final dose calculation was performed with the AAA algorithm including inhomogeneity corrections. The Hounsfield units (HU) of the rectal balloon were changed from −1000 HU to 1000 HU in intervals of 250 HU for each IMRT plan, and the corresponding change in the relative electron density (RED) were calculated. Results: For the nine IMRT plans, the prostate, PTV and rectal mean dose decreased as the RED in the rectal balloon increased. The mean dose of PTV and prostate are respectively 107.0 % and 108.0 % with an air‐filled rectal balloon vs. 102.5 % and 102.7 % respectively with a water‐filled balloon. A larger dose inhomogeneity in PTV and prostate coverage occurred with an increase in max rectal dose was noted for air filled compared with values of water‐filled balloons. About 5% more MUs are required with the air‐filled balloon than for a water‐filled balloon for the same dose coverage. Conclusions: Our study showed that there is significant underdosage in the target volume at the rectum‐prostate interface with an air‐filled balloon as compared to that with a water‐filled balloon for 6 MV photonIMRT plan. Dose inhomogeneity in the target volume is increased with an air‐filled rectal balloon with a higher rectal mean dose. Thus a water‐filled rectal balloon is preferred to an air‐filled rectal balloon in EBRT of prostate.
No-Load to Full-Load Airborne Noise Level Change on High-Speed Polyphase Induction Motors

Noise and its effects on hearing preservation, working efficiency, and related physiological and psychological areas has resulted in legislation and motor specifications wherein maximum airborne noise level limits are imposed. Traditionally, motor noise levels have been specified by the purchaser and guaranteed and tested for by the manufacturer with the motor operating at no load, with rated voltage and frequency applied and having a ``soft'' environment surrounding the machine. Ideally, motor noise levels under load in the actual installation environment are the performance data required. This paper presents test data intending to concretely answer at least one of the unknowns?that being the change in motor noise level between no-load and full-load operation within a defined environment. Compelling data are also advanced on the effects of the acoustic environment on noise measurements.
The john fritz medalist

AUTHOR, engineer, salesman, administrator, industry leader, government advisor, inventor, manpower developer, scientist, educator, humanitarian, American—Harry Alonzo Winne has contributed a thousandfold to the constructive advancement of the electrical industry and the nation as a whole.
Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma with associated giant aneurysm—case report

Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma (DIG) and supratentorial giant cerebral aneurysm are each extremely rare entities in infants. Here, we present the case of an 8-day old boy who had both of these conditions concurrently. To our knowledge, there is no previous case reported of a patient with coexisting DIG and giant aneurysm.
Function, form and change of juvenile justice systems

This article describes a methodology for conducting process evaluations of juvenile justice systems. It illustrates use of these methods by reporting the results of a study of two systems, a traditional and a diversion model, found in a bi-state urban area in the Midwest. The structure of the tradition model is centralized, nonlinear, with a highly sophisticated approach to service. The diversion model is decentralized, linear, and has a non intrusive approach to service. Discussion focuses on the use of network analysis to describe functional and structural differences between service systems in general, on the characteristics of diversion systems in particular, and on the capacity of communities to reform their service delivery systems.
Hybrid voltage stability assessment (VSA) for N−1 contingency

Abstract With the growing deployment of phasor measurement units (PMUs), measurement-based voltage stability assessment (VSA) that estimates the system Thevenin equivalent has been widely discussed in recent years. This approach attracts favorable attentions mainly for its simplicity and great potential in real-time applications, as opposed to the continuation power flow (CPF) method which is model-based VSA. However, the existing measurement-based VSA deals with the normal case, but not any contingency case because there is no measurement data for a contingency case which is hypothetical. With this motivation, a hybrid VSA method is proposed based on both model-based and measurement-based techniques. First, an enhanced model-based sensitivity analysis estimating the post-contingency status is proposed, and then it is combined with the measurement-based Thevenin equivalent approach. The proposed sensitivity analysis has the feature of simplicity, which is aligned with the measurement-based Thevenin equivalent. Test results with the IEEE 14, 39, and 118-bus systems show that the proposed sensitivity is highly accurate in estimating N − 1 contingency system variables and the proposed hybrid VSA method for N − 1 contingency captures the insecure contingencies successfully. The proposed method greatly broadens the practical application of PMUs for VSA under N − 1 contingency.
When Do Socioeconomic Resources Matter Most in Early Childhood

Research has established the importance of early socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage for understanding later life outcomes, but less is known about change in the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and child development within the period of early childhood. Competing hypotheses drawn from the literature posited: (1) a stable SES-development relationship, (2) a stronger relationship in infancy than at older ages, and (3) a stronger relationship at school entry than at younger ages. Using the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (2001–2007), we followed 8600 children from infancy through kindergarten entry to model change over time in the relationship between socioeconomic status and cognitive and behavioral development. The unexpected main finding was that the relationships between three socioeconomic measures (household income, assets, and maternal educational attainment) strengthened from infancy through age 4 or 4½, then weakened slightly until the start of kindergarten. Indirect evidence suggested preschool education as one possible explanation. We argue for researchers to expand the school transition concept to include the now widespread prekindergarten year, as well as for attention to psychological and physiological developmental factors that may shape the relationship between SES and cognitive and behavioral development throughout early childhood.
An Algorithm for Generating Stable Feedback Shift Registers of Order n

It is shown in this paper that the stable feedback shift registers, when classified according to Hamming weight (the number of fundamental product terms in expanded sum of products form), are binomially distributed, i.e., are (2n - n - 1 w) stable feedback shift registers of order n with Hamming weight equal to w. Using this relationship, a recursive algorithm is established which will generate all stable feedback shift registers of order n. Formulas are also given for determining the number of stable feedback shift registers which have j + 1 starting states and j + 1 branch states, 0 ≤ j ≤ 2n-1 - 1.
School-based health education programs can be maintained over time: results from the CATCH Institutionalization study

Background. Developing and evaluating interventions to influence students' opportunities for healthful choices has been a focus of school-based health promotion research; however, few studies have examined the sustainability of these programs and viability of continued organizational implementation. Methods. The purpose of this study was to determine the maintenance of Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) school-level changes in former intervention (n = 56) and former comparison (n = 20) schools 5 years post-intervention. Twelve schools unexposed to CATCH were measured as controls. Macronutrient content of 5 days of school lunch menus, amount and type of physical education (PE) classes, and health instruction practices in the classroom were assessed. An institutionalization score for schools was developed, using program maintenance variables: % kcal from fat and saturated fat in school lunches, % PE class spent in vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and class time devoted to CATCH topics. Results. Menus from 50% of former intervention cafeterias met the Eat Smart guidelines for fat, compared to 10% of former control cafeterias and 17% of unexposed school cafeterias (P < 0.005). There were no significant differences in implementation of CATCH PE goals between conditions. Although the total time spent teaching CATCH was low in former CATCH schools, the former intervention schools spent significantly more time teaching CATCH and taught more lessons as compared to former comparison schools. Former intervention schools had a higher mean institutionalization score than former comparison schools (P < 0.001). Training had the greatest impact on maintenance of CATCH. Conclusions. Results from this study suggest that changes in the school environment to support healthful behaviors can be maintained over time. Staff training is an important factor in achieving institutionalization of these programs.
On a Class of Singular Sublinear p-Laplacian Problems

We establish existence results for positive solutions of the boundary value problem$¥left¥{ ¥begin{array}{l} (q(t)¥phi (u^{¥prime }))^{¥prime }+¥lambda r(t)f(u)=0,¥;t¥in (a,b) ¥¥ u(a)=u(b)=0,¥end{array}¥right.$where φ(x) = |x|p - 2 x, p > 1, q ∈ C[a,b], r ∈ L1 (a,b), f is allowed to have negative values and become infinite at 0, and λ is a positive parameter.
Formal safety analysis of mode transitions in aircraft flight control system

Various well-established techniques exist for functional safety analysis of safety-critical avionics systems. Most of these techniques are based on informal models and due to this, analysis is often subjective and success is dependent on the skill of the practitioner. Various standards like DO-178B, IEC 61508 etc. that provide guidelines to perform safety analysis also propose formal verification methods as one of the techniques for functional safety analysis. This technique is based on formal models of the system under development and can be applied on requirements, design and code to get assurance of the respective artifact satisfying a wide variety of functional requirements. In this paper, we present a case study of applying formal verification methods for doing safety analysis of requirements of a generic aircraft flight control system. Flight control system is broadly specified in two parts: mode transition logic part specifies which mode the system is in and represents the function performed by the flight control system. In each mode, certain control laws are executed to implement the various flight control functions. We used a particular technique in formal verification namely that of model checking for analysis. The mode transition logic of a generic auto pilot was modeled and verified using three different open source model checking tools-SPIN, NuSMV and SAL.
Consumption or Investment? On Motivations for Political Giving

We propose a strategy to distinguish investment and consumption motives for political contributions by examining the behavior of individual corporate executives. If executives expect contributions to yield policies beneficial to company interests, those whose compensation varies directly with corporate earnings should contribute more than those whose compensation comes largely from salary alone. We find a robust relationship between giving and the sensitivity of pay to company performance and show that the intensity of this relationship varies across groups of executives in ways that are consistent with instrumental giving but not with alternative, taste-based, accounts. Together with earlier findings, our results suggest that contributions are often best understood as purchases of “good will” whose returns, while positive in expectation, are contingent and rare.
Barriers to Globalization: Is Global Distribution Possible?

Scholars and managers in international distribution have advocated a global approach to distribution as the best strategy to cope with the globalization of markets. This research provides empirical evidence from US multinational firms that globalized distribution is not happening and is not expected to happen in the next five years. Local government regulation and competition are the major barriers preventing firms from adopting a global approach to the management of International distribution systems. The research also shows that despite this lack of success in Implementing a globalized approach to distribution, US multinationals have been more successful at implementing a globalized approach to the process utilized in making major distribution decisions.
Inhalation of nail dust from onychomycotic toenails. Part I. Characterization of particles.

Nail dust particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy for size and topography. The percentage of "fines" that could be inhaled and deposited in the alveoli and bronchioles were determined by quantitative particle size analysis. Distribution representing the largest total mass was graphed between 1 and 2 microns. The authors found that 86% of nail dust would reach the bronchioles and alveoli, and 31% could be expected to deposit in these areas.
False discoveries in genome scanning

Methods of multiple comparisons were applied to linkage analysis in the case of genome scanning. Data for Problem 2A were used. p-Values were calculated for all 440,400 possible tests of linkage. Plots of distribution functions and false discovery rate are shown.
‘Without Being Walt Whitman’: Vicente Huidobro, Whitman, and the Poetics of Sight

AbstractThe Chilean vanguardista poet Vicente Huidobro singlehandedly inaugurated the Spanish-language avant-gardes with his 1918 poem Ecuatorial [Equatorial], and remained a dynamic and controversial global figure until his death in 1948. This essay demonstrates how Huidobro appropriated Walt Whitman’s ‘Salut au Monde’ into this inaugural poem, taking from the US poet an elevated, comprehensive poetics of sight. But Whitman’s all-seeing aesthetic seriously threatened Huidobro’s own ethics and avant-garde poetic philosophy — Creationism — leading the Chilean to reject Whitman and this poetic vision in his 1931 Altazor. If Whitman’s poetic speaker could ‘contain multitudes’, seeing the whole world in instant juxtaposition, Huidobro’s ideal Creationist poet must instead empty himself, to create anew. Finally, this textual and historical confrontation reveals not only how Whitman brought his unifying vision to bear on his nation’s Civil War, but also how the aging Huidobro, facing World War II and the imperi...
PerViz: Painkillers for pervasive application debugging

Debugging pervasive applications is difficult due to their distributed, asynchronous, and dynamic nature. To help ease the debugging process, we propose PerViz, a developer-targeted tool that enhances system visibility through real-time visualizations of system state, semi-automates application restarts and positioning, and enables both real-time and asynchronous collaboration in debugging between developers. Developers interact with PerViz through a web browser, which provides a convenient, centralized location to study and filter aggregated application debugging logs and state. In our experience with using PerViz, we have found its log aggregation and real-time visualizations to be key facilitators for effective debugging.
Cerebrospinal fluid immune complexes in patients exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi: Detection of Borrelia-specific and -nonspecific complexes

We analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 32 patients with neurological symptoms and evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection (29 were seropositive as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 2 were cell-mediated immune positive, and 1 had been seropositive as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 9 months previously). CSF immune complexes were found in 22 (69%) of 32 patients; in 18, there was sufficient sample to isolate immune complexes. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, isolated immune complexes from 10 of these 18 patients contained antibody specific for B. burgdorferi antigens. The isotypes were IgG (n = 8), IgM (n = 3), and IgA (n = 2). By immunoblot, these antibodies were directed against B. burgdorferi 41-kDa antigen and occasionally against the 33- and 17-kDa antigens. Anti-B. burgdorferi IgM was present in patients with acute neurological symptoms, was predominantly complexed rather than free, and decreased with clinical recovery in the one serial study. Three patients were nonreactive for free CSF antibodies, but had complexed antibodies to the organism. The preliminary finding of specific B. burgdorferi components in immune complexes in CSF suggests an active process triggered by the organism, even in the absence of other CSF abnormalities.
An alternative derivation of the distributions of the maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters in an inverse Gaussian distribution

SUMMARY We provide a simpler derivation of the sampling properties of the maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters in an inverse Gaussian distribution.
Patterning of platinum microelectrodes in polymeric microfluidic chips

Miniaturized electrodes are one of the most important components of "lab-on-a-chip" devices for separation, pumping, sensing, and other bioanalyses. In microfluidic-based chemical and bioanalytical operations, platinum electrodes are preferred to minimize the interaction with chemicals or biomolecules due to their chemical inertness. Although microfabrication techniques for patterning integrated platinum microelectrodes on silicon, quartz, or glass substrates are available, no techniques have been reported so far for depositing platinum electrodes in soft polymeric microchannels. A novel fabrication scheme is described for forming integrated microelectrodes in a poly-di-methyl-siloxane (PDMS) microchip. The electrode fabrication technique consists of photolithography, thermal processing, sequential sputtering of titanium and platinum, and stripping off photoresist, while soft lithography is used to form the microfluidic channels on PDMS. This approach facilitates precise positioning of the electrodes with a micron-size gap between them, and it can be used for both low and high aspect ratio channels. Platinum electrodes, formed on the PDMS channel surface, demonstrate very good interfacial adhesion with the substrate due to the use of a very thin titanium layer between the platinum and PDMS. The sputtered electrodes have a surface roughness of 50 nm and are able to sense picoA level current through benzene.
Damped Response of Shells by a Constrained Viscoelastic Layer

Vibration absorbers are introduced into an asymmetric configuration of thin cylinders and tori enclosing an acoustic medium. The absorbers consist of thin axial strips bonded to the cylinder with a thin viscoelastic layer. The constrained layer dissipates the energy of relative motions between strip and cylinder. The absorber is most effective on response modes with two or more circumferential waves. The use of transfer matrices is extended to the coupled cylinder-absorber system.
Angiogenesis and Pulmonary Hypertension: A Unique Process in a Unique Disease

Severe pulmonary hypertension is a fatal condition associated with marked alterations of the cellular components of pulmonary arteries. In this review, we discuss the component of endothelial cell proliferation present in pulmonary arteries in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. Because these proliferated endothelial cells exhibit markers of angiogenesis, we have named this process as "disordered or misguided angiogenesis." We also discuss the recent evidence that germline or somatic inactivating mutations in tumor suppressor or proapoptotic genes may play a significant role in the abnormal proliferation of pulmonary endothelial cells. The unraveling of the pathobiology of severe pulmonary hypertension may lead us to novel therapies and approaches to better diagnose the disease.
The chemistry of brown algae

The enormous and self-replenishing supplies—perhaps 200 or 300 million tons—of these seaweeds in the oceans of the world have been commercially exploited so far primarily in the production of alginic acid, but the other carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, enzymes and antibacterial substances in them and discussed here may hold even greater values.
Tissue reaction to endodontic materials: methods, criteria, assessment, and observations.

The purpose of this study was to develop methods and criteria for the testing of the biocompatibility of endodontic materials. One hundred twenty-one teeth from 12 baboons (Papio anubis) were used to test three sealers: AH26, Kerr pulp canal sealer, and Kloroperka N.O. Gutta-percha cones were used as solid core in all cases. Under disinfected conditions, access preparation was performed, and with working length approximately 1.0 mm short of the foramen, the instrumentation of the root canal was started, using sodium hypochlorite (1%) for irrigation. After the root canals were cleaned and shaped, they were obturated with gutta-percha cones and the sealer, and by lateral condensation technique. Histologic periapical reactions were evaluated at 1, 7, 30, 365, 730, and 1095 days. The methods and criteria used were adequate for ranking of the biocompatibility of the tested materials in the short and long periods. At short observation periods (1 to 7 days) AH26 caused severe reactions, and Kerr pulp canal sealer and Kloroperka N.O., moderate and mild reactions, respectively. At 2- and 3-year observation periods the ranking was AH26, mild; Kerr pulp canal sealer, moderate; and Kloropercha N.O., severe.
13C NMR studies of some hydroxycoumarins and related compounds

The 13C chemical shifts and one-bond carbon-hydrogen coupling constants have been obtained for some hydroxycoumarins and their corresponding acetoxy and methoxy derivatives. The changes in the one-bond carbon-hydrogen coupling constants resulting from the conversion of a hydroxy group to an acetoxy group represent a simple method of assignment of the 13C NMR signals in coumarins which contain one or more hydroxy groups in the benzenoid ring.
Effectiveness of using fewer implanted fiducial markers for prostate target alignment.

Purpose To evaluate the impact of the number and location of intraprostatic fiducial markers on the accuracy and reproducibility of daily prostate target alignment and to evaluate the migration of such markers. Methods and Materials Three gold fiducial markers were implanted transrectally under ultrasound guidance near the apex, middle, and base of the prostate in 10 prostate cancer patients. The patients had pretreatment in-room computed tomography (CT) scans three times a week, for approximately 25 CT scans per patient during the 8-week treatment course. A total of 1280 alignments were performed using different alignment scenarios: whole-prostate soft tissue alignment (the gold standard), bone alignment, and seven permutations of alignments using one, two, or three fiducial markers. The results of bone alignment and fiducial alignment were compared with the results of whole-prostate alignment. Fiducial migration was also evaluated. Results Single-fiducial-marker alignment was more accurate and reproducible than bone alignment. However, due to organ deformation, single fiducial markers did not always reliably represent the position of the entire prostate. The use of two-fiducial combinations was more accurate and reproducible than single-fiducial alignment, and use of all three fiducials was the best. Use of an apex fiducial together with a base fiducial rivaled the use of all three fiducials markers together. Fiducial migration was minimal. Conclusions The number and the location of implanted fiducial markers affect the accuracy and reliability of daily prostate target alignment. The use of two or more fiducial markers is recommended. © 2009 Elsevier Inc.
Development of antischistosomal agents: Inhibitors of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase

Derivatives of purines and 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP), substrates for purine salvage enzymes, were tested for their ability to inhibit hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, E. C. 2.4.2.8) isolated from Schistosoma mansoni in vitro. The parasite enzyme exhibited different kinetic characteristics than the human enzyme. The -C2 and -C6 substituted purine derivatives, as well as PRPP-polyamine complexes, were found to be active against the enzyme. Intact purine ring appears to be necessary for the activity against the hypoxanthine dependent reactions mediated by the parasite enzyme since benzimidazoles, quinolines, and triazoles were found to be inactive. Additionally, it appears that PRPP-polyamine complexes which inhibit the PRPP dependent reaction may provide a novel approach to new chemotherapeutics agents for schistosomiasis.
ImpastoR: A realistic surface display system

In this paper we describe our efforts to create a surface display system that produces realistic representations of real-world surfaces. Our system, based on a desktop PC with GPU hardware, LCD display, light and position sensors, and custom graphics software, supports the photometrically accurate and visually realistic real-time simulation and display of surfaces with complex color, gloss, and textural properties in real-world lighting environments, and allows users to interact with and manipulate these virtual surfaces as naturally as if they were real ones. We explain the system design, illustrate its capabilities, describe experiments we conducted to validate its fidelity, and discuss potential applications in material appearance research and computer-aided appearance design.
Changes in VA diagnosis of schizophrenic and affective disorders after DSM-III.

DSM-III tightened the criteria for diagnosis of schizophrenia by excluding patients who exhibit a full affective syndrome before the onset of psychotic symptoms; such patients are to receive a diagosis of affective disorder. The impact of this change on psychiatric diagnostic practices in Veterans Administration facilities before and after publication of DSM-III was assessed. Diagnoses of schizophrenia increased about half as much as would be expected based on the overall increase in psychiatric diagnoses, while diagnoses of affective disorders rose about two and a half times as much as would be expected. Patients whose diagnoses were changed from schizophrenic to afftctive disorders after publication of DSM-III bad significantly fewer hospitalizations in both time periods than patients who retained diagnoses of schizophernia. However, greater diagnostic inconsistency was found after implementation of DSM-III.
Race, Partisanship, and Political Trust Following Bush versus Gore (2000)

In contrast to what we know about the sources of political trust among whites, recent research suggests that political mistrust among blacks indicates discontent with the political system. The current study adds to re- search investigating racial differences in political trust by examining racial differences in the influence of the 2000 United States presidential election on political trust. Specifically, I test for whether whites and blacks adjusted their trust in government in response to the Supreme Court's decision in Bush versus Gore (2000) and whether the influence of the Court's decision on trust was dependent on partisan identification. The findings indicate that blacks perceived the Court's decision as illegitimate, reinforcing their mistrust in their political system.
Cluster-promoted water conservation by larvae of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Abstract Larvae in groups retained water more effectively than when isolated. Clustering by tick larvae is considered an adaptive behavior to help reduce water loss.
The Development of a Fourier Transform Raman Microprobe

An FT-Raman microprobe based on a refracting microscope and proprietary beamsplitter is detailed and characterized with regard to spatial resolution, Rayleigh rejection, and performance as compared to a 180° backscattering macro-geometry. Several examples are presented which demonstrate the microprobe's capabilities in analyzing micro-samples with moderate Raman-scattering cross sections. Further improvements to the integrated system are also discussed and highlighted.
Balloon dilatation of a stenotic Waterston shunt with long-term follow-up.

Abstract After its successful introduction in 1982 for the treatment of congenital heart lesions, percutaneous balloon dilatation has been applied to many stenotic lesions found in preoperative and postoperative congenital heart disease. 1,2 There have been rare reports of this technique's application to surgical aortopulmonary connection with varying results. Fischer et al 3 described successful dilatation of a Blalock-Taussig anastomosis, and Gibbs et al 4 described balloon dilatation of a Waterston anastomosis after which pulmonary edema developed and the patient died 12 hours after the procedure. A recent case report of long-term follow-up after initially successful balloon dilatation of a variant of a Blalock-Taussig shunt documented late remodeling at the angioplasty site and distal pulmonary hypertension. 5 We describe the successful long-term outcome after balloon dilatation of a stenotic Waterston anastomosis.