cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Path-based fault correlations

Although a number of automatic tools have been developed to detect faults, much of the diagnosis is still being done manually. To help with the diagnostic tasks, we formally introduce fault correlation, a causal relationship between faults. We statically determine correlations based on the expected dynamic behavior of a fault. If the occurrence of one fault causes another fault to occur, we say they are correlated. With the identification of the correlated faults, we can better understand fault behaviors and the risks of faults. If one fault is uniquely correlated with another, we know fixing the first fault will fix the other. Correlated faults can be grouped, enabling prioritization of diagnoses of the fault groups. In this paper, we develop an interprocedural, path-sensitive, and scalable algorithm to automatically compute correlated faults in a program. In our approach, we first statically detect faults and determine their error states. By propagating the effects of the error state along a path, we detect the correlation of pairs of faults. We automatically construct a correlation graph which shows how correlations occur among multiple faults and along different paths. Guided by a correlation graph, we can reduce the number of faults required for diagnosis to find root causes. We implemented our correlation algorithm and found through experimentation that faults involved in the correlations can be of different types and located in different procedures. Using correlation information, we are able to automate diagnostic tasks that previously had to be done manually.
Adaptive admittance control: an approach to explicit force control in compliant motion

This paper addresses the problem of controlling a manipulator in compliant motion while in contact with an environment having an unknown stiffness. Admittance control is used as an explicit force control scheme in which a force setpoint is specified and is tracked by the force compensator. Two adaptive PID and PI force compensators are proposed. The compensators ensure robust tracking of step force setpoints and rejection of constant disturbances. Since the environmental stiffness can typically vary by several orders of magnitude, compensator adaptation is used to ensure a stable and uniform system performance. Dynamic simulation results for a 7 DOF Robotics Research arm are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed admittance control scheme in executing contact tasks. >
Modeling and testing coupled hydrological processes

Over the past several years, the Earth sciences community has developed an acute awareness of the important role of fluid interactions in the Earth and the complex, coupled, nonlinear dynamics of fluid-driven mass transport. In addition to its scientific importance, coupled fluid mass transport has more pragmatic applications. Our ability to extract minerals and energy from the Earth rests on our knowledge of the controls, coupling, and timing of this fluid-driven mass transport, and the current debate on environmental issues rests on our understanding of hydrogeologic mass transport and the prediction of contaminant fates in the environment. We not only have incomplete information on the specific parameters of these hydrogeologic processes but also on specific processes and the exact nature of the chemical, mechanical, hydrologic, and thermal coupling.
Adaptation of Sindbis Virus to BHK Cells Selects for Use of Heparan Sulfate as an Attachment Receptor

Attachment of Sindbis virus to the cell surface glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) and the selection of this phenotype by cell culture adaptation were investigated. Virus (TR339) was derived from a cDNA clone representing the consensus sequence of strain AR339 (K. L. McKnight, D. A. Simpson, S. C. Lin, T. A. Knott, J. M. Polo, D. F. Pence, D. B. Johannsen, H. W. Heidner, N. L. Davis, and R. E. Johnston, J. Virol. 70:1981–1989, 1996) and from mutant clones containing either one or two dominant cell culture adaptations in the E2 structural glycoprotein (Arg instead of Ser at E2 position 1 [designated TRSB]) or this mutation plus Arg for Ser at E2 114 [designated TRSB-R114]). The consensus virus, TR339, bound to baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells very poorly. The mutation in TRSB increased binding 10- to 50-fold, and the additional mutation in TRSB-R114 increased binding 3- to 5-fold over TRSB. The magnitude of binding was positively correlated with the degree of cell culture adaptation and with attenuation of these viruses in neonatal mice. HS was identified as the attachment receptor for the mutant viruses by the following experimental results. (i) Low concentrations of soluble heparin inhibited plaque formation on and binding of mutant viruses to BHK cells by >95%. In contrast, TR339 showed minimal inhibition at high concentrations. (ii) Binding and infectivity of TRSB-R114 was sensitive to digestion of cell surface HS with heparinase III, and TRSB was sensitive to both heparinase I and heparinase III. TR339 infectivity was only slightly affected by either digestion. (iii) Radiolabeled TRSB and TRSB-R114 attached efficiently to heparin-agarose beads in binding assays, while TR339 showed virtually no binding. (iv) Binding and infectivity of TRSB and TRSB-R114, but not TR339, were greatly reduced on Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in HS specifically or all glycosaminoglycans. (v) High-multiplicity-of-infection passage of TR339 on BHK cell cultures resulted in rapid coselection of high-affinity binding to BHK cells and attachment to heparin-agarose beads. Sequencing of the passaged virus population revealed a mutation from Glu to Lys at E2 70, a mutation common to many laboratory strains of Sindbis virus. These results suggest that TR339, the most virulent virus tested, attaches to cells through a low-affinity, primarily HS-independent mechanism. Adaptive mutations, selected during cell culture growth of Sindbis virus, enhance binding and infectivity by allowing the virus to attach by an alternative mechanism that is dependent on the presence of cell surface HS.
Biofilm formation by and antifungal susceptibility of Candida isolates from urine

Biofilm formation (BF) in the setting of candiduria has not been well studied. We determined BF and MIC to antifungals in Candida spp. isolates grown from urine samples of patients and performed a retrospective chart review to examine the correlation with risk factors. A total of 67 Candida spp. isolates were grown from urine samples from 55 patients. The species distribution was C. albicans (54%), C. glabrata (36%), and C. tropicalis (10%). BF varied greatly among individual Candida isolates but was stable in sequential isolates during chronic infection. BF also depended on the growth medium and especially in C. albicans was significantly enhanced in artificial urine (AU) compared to RPMI medium. In nine of the C. albicans strains BF was 4- to 10-fold higher in AU, whereas in three of the C. albicans strains and two of the C. glabrata strains higher BF was measured in RPMI medium than in AU. Determination of the MICs showed that planktonic cells of all strains were susceptible to amphotericin B (AMB) and caspofungin (CASPO) and that three of the C. glabrata strains and two of the C. albicans strains were resistant to fluconazole (FLU). In contrast, all biofilm-associated adherent cells were resistant to CASPO and FLU. The biofilms of 14 strains (28%) were sensitive to AMB (MIC50 of <1 μg/ml). Correlation between degree of BF and MIC of AMB was not seen in RPMI grown biofilms but was present when grown in AU. A retrospective chart review demonstrated no correlation of known risk factors of candiduria with BF in AU or RPMI. We conclude that BF is a stable characteristic of Candida strains that varies greatly among clinical strains and is dependent on the growth medium. Resistance to AMB is associated with higher BF in AU, which may represent the more physiologic medium to test BF. Future studies should address whether in vitro BF can predict treatment failure in vivo.
Role of the HefC Efflux Pump in Helicobacter pylori Cholesterol-Dependent Resistance to Ceragenins and Bile Salts

The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori modifies host cholesterol via glycosylation and incorporates the glycosylated cholesterol into its membrane; however, the benefits of cholesterol to H. pylori are largely unknown. We speculated that cholesterol in the H. pylori membrane might alter the susceptibility of these organisms to membrane-disrupting antibacterial compounds. To test this hypothesis, H. pylori strains were cultured in Ham's F-12 chemically defined medium in the presence or absence of cholesterol. The two cultures were subjected to overnight incubations with serial 2-fold dilutions of 10 bile salts and four ceragenins, which are novel bile salt derivatives that mimic membrane-disrupting activity of antimicrobial peptides. H. pylori cultured with cholesterol was substantially more resistant to seven of the bile salts and three ceragenins than H. pylori cultured without cholesterol. In most cases, these cholesterol-dependent differences ranged from 2 to 7 orders of magnitude; this magnitude depended on concentration of the agent. Cholesterol is modified by glycosylation using Cgt, a cholesteryl glycosyltransferase. Surprisingly, a cgt knockout strain still maintained cholesterol-dependent resistance to bile salts and ceragenins, indicating that cholesterol modification was not involved in resistance. We then tested whether three putative, paralogous inner membrane efflux pumps, HefC, HefF, or HefI, played a role. While HefF and HefI appeared unimportant, HefC was shown to play a critical role in the resistance to bile salts and ceragenins by multiple methods in multiple strain backgrounds. Thus, both cholesterol and the putative bile salt efflux pump HefC play important roles in H. pylori resistance to bile salts and ceragenins.
Mesh independent analysis of shell‐like structures

SUMMARY Mesh independent analysis is motivated by the desire to use accurate geometric models represented as equations rather than approximated by a mesh. The trial and test functions are approximated or interpolated on a background mesh that is independent of the geometry. This background mesh is easy to generate because it does not have to conform to the geometry. Essential boundary conditions can be applied using the implicit boundary method where the trial and test functions are constructed utilizing approximate step functions such that the boundary conditions are guaranteed to be satisfied. This approach has been demonstrated for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) structural analysis and is extended in this paper to model shell-like structures. The background mesh consists of 3D elements that use uniform B-spline approximations, and the shell geometry is assumed to be defined as parametric surfaces to allow arbitrarily complex shell-like structures to be modeled. Several benchmark problems are used to study the validity of these 3D B-spline shell elements. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When Does 2 Plus 2 Equal 5? A Review of Antimicrobial Synergy Testing

In this age of emerging antibiotic resistance, limited therapeutic options exist for treating multidrug-resistant organisms. Combination therapy is commonly employed to manage these infections despite little laboratory guidance as to the efficacy of this approach. Synergy testing methods have been used to assess the interaction of antibiotic combinations in vitro. This review will discuss the four primary methods used to assess synergy, as well as the data that exist for testing of cystic fibrosis. In the final analysis, this review concludes that there is not enough evidence to endorse synergy testing for routine clinical use.
Systolic processing architectures using optoelectronic interconnects

Systolic arrays have traditionally provided efficient, high performance execution for computation intensive applications. Despite the extensive research in systolic arrays, system designers must continually incorporate new technological advances to improve node communications, I/O bandwidth, and programmability. This paper presents optoelectronic interconnect as a communication method for systolic arrays in early image processing applications. Optoelectronic interconnects provide potentially high I/O bandwidth required to maintain high utilization rate for systolic arrays. In addition, optoelectronic interconnects provides a two-dimensional focal-plane topology ideal for systolic image processing systems. This paper introduces two new systolic architectures that incorporate integrated optoelectronics to provide an extremely compact, high performance, highly efficient image processing system. Several important early image processing applications developed for these architectures are also described.
Cognitive Architectures and Agents

A cognitive architecture is the essential structures and processes of a domain-generic computational cognitive model used for a broad, multiple-level, multiple domain analysis of cognition and behavior. This chapter reviews some of the most popular psychologically-oriented cognitive architectures, namely adaptive control of thought-rational (ACT-R), Soar, and CLARION. For each cognitive architecture, an overview of the model, some key equations, and a detailed simulation example are presented. The example simulation with ACT-R is the initial learning of the past tense of irregular verbs in English (developmental psychology), the example simulation with Soar is the well-known missionaries and cannibals problem (problem solving), and the example simulation with CLARION is a complex mine field navigation task (autonomous learning). This presentation is followed by a discussion of how cognitive architectures can be used in multi-agent social simulations. A detailed cognitive social simulation with CLARION is presented to reproduce results from organizational decision-making. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the impact of neural network modeling on cognitive architectures and a comparison of the different models.
Quadrupole Moment of Li 6

Analysis of a relatively well-resolved molecular beam electric resonance spectrum of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$F $v=0$, $J=1$; ${M}_{J}=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}|{M}_{J}|=1$ yields $eqQ=7.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4$ kc/sec. Comparison of the coupling constants in ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$F and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$F gives the ratio quadrupole moments of the two stable lithium isotopes to be $\frac{Q({\mathrm{Li}}^{6})}{Q({\mathrm{Li}}^{7})}=+0.0176\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$. This value is in good agreement with the earlier determination of sign by Kusch and magnitude by Cranna. Combining the measured quadrupole coupling constant in LiH with the electric field gradient calculated by Nesbet and Kahalas yields the nuclear quadrupole moments $Q({\mathrm{Li}}^{6})=\ensuremath{-}8.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}28}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and $Q({\mathrm{Li}}^{7})=\ensuremath{-}4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The errors in both quadrupole moments are estimated to be \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10%.
Abstract 495: Body Mass Index is Associated with Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Black, but not in White Young Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study.

Introduction: Increased Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been shown to be predictive of future cardiovascular events in middle-age and older adults, with this outcome being detrimentally enhanced by increased body adiposity -as measured by Body Mass Index (BMI). Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that the association between BMI and CIMT varies among race (black/white) and gender groups. Methods: B-mode ultrasound images of the far walls for both carotid arteries were obtained from 676 community-based subjects, aged 24 to 43 years, enrolled in the Bogalusa Heart Study (70% white and 43% male). CIMT, BMI and traditional cardio metabolic (CM) risk factors were measured at baseline, and a second set of CIMT imaging was performed at follow-up after an average of 6.9 years. Composite CIMT was considered for the analyses. Progression of IMT was defined as an increase of IMT between examinations, that was greater than the upper endpoint of the 95% confidence interval of the mean difference between the baseline samples and their blind duplicates. Results: BMI was the only significant predictor of progression of CIMT within the general population (Odds Ratio [OR]= 1.062 p=0.0031), after controlling for age, race, sex and traditional CM risk factors. In race-specific analyses, BMI significantly influenced the odds of CIMT progression only in the black subpopulation (OR= 1.092 p<0.0001). Gender-specific analyses showed independent association of these parameters in females only (OR= 1.063 p=0.0179). Conclusions: In conclusion, these findings help support the proposed hypothesis of racial and gender divergences in the association between BMI and progression of CIMT, which suggest that race (black-white) and gender-specific mechanistic differences exist in the impact of increased body adiposity on carotid artery disease. Further, these observations may help strengthen individualized race and gender approaches to cardio-metabolic risk prevention in the community.
Letter, Symposium on the Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Methods of Investigation of the General Security Service Regarding Hostile Terrorist Activity

Vice-Dean Kremnitzer has brought to my attention the Report of the Landau Inquiry Commission. The Report raises interesting and important issues. Of particular interest is the claim of justification for the use of physical force against suspected terrorists in custody to force them to reveal information that would save innocent lives. I set out my own views in a letter to Editor, thereafter published in Israel Law Review.
Agroecology: Agroecosystem diversification

The diversity of agricultural systems has been minimized in order to maximize yields under favourable conditions. Diversification of agroecosystems may be required to maintain and stabilize yields in an increasingly unpredictable climate.
Isozyme Polymorphism in Populations of the Pink Bollworm

Thirty-one enzyme loci of individual insects from 2 strains of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), the first collected from cotton fields in Phoenix, AZ, and the second a longterm laboratory colonized strain, were analyzed for allozyme variation on 7 electrophoresis buffer systems. Polymorphic variation was observed at 19 loci; 6 loci were monomorphic in both strains. The ADH locus had 5 alleles in the 2 strains. Four loci (ESTD, ME, 6-GPD, and PGM) had 3 alleles each; 14 loci (ADK, AO, APH, EST-B, GOT, α-GPD, G-3PD, HEX, IDH, LDH, MDH, PGI, SORDH, and SOD) each had 2 alleles. The number of alleles/locus and heterozygosity values were similar in the 2 strains, with only ADK and ME monomorphic in one strain but not in the other. The normalized genetic identity of genes between the 2 populations was calculated as 0.979. This value indicates little genetic divergence between the laboratory strain and the native strain examined in this study.
Spontaneous perforation of the esophagus; experimental study.

Summary1. Esophageal perforations, similar in many respects to the so-called “spontaneous” perforations of the esophagus seen in humans, can be caused in dogs by ligation of the outlet of the stomach followed by intramuscular administration of histamine-in-beeswax. 2. The incidence of esophageal perforation is far higher following pyloric obstruction in dogs that have a double-barrelled cervical esophagostomy prior to pyloric ligation. Presumably this is due to the loss of the protective effect of the saliva. 3. Excision of the acid-secreting segment of the stomach not only prevents esophageal perforation following pyloric ligation, but also completely prevents the development of any esophagitis.
Analyse des modifications dentaires et squelettiques à l'aide du diagramme en fourche

Une methode de superposition cephalometrique regionale - dont les resultats s'expriment sur un diagramme en fourche - a ete mise au point pour quantifier les modifications dentaires et squelettiques observees au cours d'un traitement. Dans cette analyse, la somme algebrique des deplacements en masse du maxillaire et de la mandibule par rapport a la base du crâne et de ceux des dents sur leurs bases respectives permet d'exprimer les corrections des rapports molaires et du surplomb incisif. Les details techniques de superposition et de mesure sont exposes, ainsi que la portee eventuelle des valeurs qui en resultent.
Experimental Validation of 3-D Magnetogasdynamic Compressible Navier-Stokes Solver

Experimental measurements of pitot tube total pressure were taken for the Mach 3 magnetogasdynamic wind tunnel at The Ohio State University. These test section measurements were used as the initial basis for validating a three-dimensional magnetogasdynamic compressible Navier-Stokes solver. This numerical code solves the Navier-Stokes equations with added source terms for the Lorentz force and accompanying energy interactions. The laminar simulations of the Mach 3 wind tunnel without magnetogasdynamic in∞uences showed that the tunnel did not have a laminar boundary layer in the test section but instead had a turbulent boundary layer. The turbulent simulations showed good agreement with the experimental data for the size of the boundary layer and total pressure measured by the pitot tube in the inviscid core. This efiort is part of a research collaboration between Air Force Institute of Technology and The Ohio State University for validating the computational code for simulating magnetogasdynamic acceleration and deceleration.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms in lupus

The neuropsychiatric aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus have been less studied than the peripheral aspects of the disease, and the importance of neuropsychiatric symptoms has been underestimated. Furthermore, until recently, the diagnostic criteria were not standardized and were not sufficiently based on systematic evidence from preclinical and clinical data. Mental health professionals should be aware of the role of inflammation in neuropsychiatric symptoms and should more frequently assess the potential inflammatory basis of neuropsychiatric outcomes in patients who do not yet have a primary diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Study on Post-Earnings Announcement Drift between Segmented Capital Markets Based on Information Uncertainty

By means of Event Study and Panel Data Regression,we discuss the influence of uncertainty of information on the Post-Earnings Announcement Drift.We find that there are not significant differences between the H-share financial statements and the A-share financial statements,which mean the performances of PRC-GAAP and HK-GAAP are the same basically.On the other hand,the non-financial factors such as annually trading amount,average prices of stocks and average held shares of shareholders are different statistically.The most important result of the research is that the Information Uncertainty play a crucial role in the PEAD of segmented markets.No matter what types of traders in the segmented markets,the Information Uncertainty can efficiently influence PEAD.
Application of nitrogen gas - lift recovery

Conventional oilfield fluid flowing is slow, inflexible, shallow and unsafe. On - site nitrogen making and injection device adopts advanced film separation technique to make nitrogen directly from air. This device is carried by vehicle, movable, and makes nitrogen on site, thus making nitrogen gas - lift recovery technique can be applied in larger scope and more adaptable. In recent years, nitrogen gas -lift has been successfully used in backflow of fracture fluid, draining water and recovering gas, and discharging mud from long distance formation . Nitrogen gas - lift not only has become a major fluid flowing method, but also been successfully used in high pour - point oil well, thus opening a new way of special oil recovery.
Association and interactions of GTP-binding proteins with rat medullary H(+)-ATPase.

Guanosine 59-triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins (G proteins) are expressed in a heterogeneous manner in the mammalian kidney. In particular, cells of the medullary collecting tubule demonstrate a complex pattern of G protein expression both between cell types and between the polarized surfaces of individual cells. Intercalated cells expressing the H(+)-ATPase are also prevalent in this nephron segment. To examine interactions between G proteins and the H(+)-ATPase, we performed immunocytochemical studies on perfusion-fixed sections of rat kidney using polyclonal anti-G protein antibodies and E11, a mouse monoclonal antibody to the 31-kDa subunit of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase. G alpha s subunits were consistently not associated with cells containing the H(+)-ATPase in this nephron segment, whereas G alpha i-2, G alpha i-3, and G alpha q/11 were. Some intercalated cells that stained prominently for the proton pump in the apical membrane did not, however, stain for any G protein alpha-subunit. We prepared medullary membrane vesicles highly enriched for the H(+)-ATPase to examine possible functional interactions of G proteins with the H(+)-ATPase by the acridine orange method. These vesicles were also highly enriched for G protein subunits. Proton transport was significantly increased in the presence of guanosine 59-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), and this held true in the absence of chloride. This excludes an effect on chloride conductance indirectly stimulating the H(+)-ATPase. Guanine nucleotides did not affect the proton leak of the vesicles. Thus some G proteins are associated with the H(+)-ATPase and can regulate its function; however, the particular G proteins involved remain to be identified.
Neutron matter, symmetry energy and neutron stars

Recent progress in quantum Monte Carlo with modern nucleon-nucleon interactions have enabled the successful description of properties of light nuclei and neutron- rich matter. Of particular interest is the nuclear symmetry energy, the energy cost of creating an isospin asymmetry, and its connection to the structure of neutron stars. Combining these advances with recent observations of neutron star masses and radii gives insight into the equation of state of neutron-rich matter near and above the saturation density. In particular, neutron star radius measurements constrain the derivative of the symmetry energy.
“The instant of waking from the nightmare”: Emergence theory and postcolonial experience in Season of Migration to the North

AbstractThis article positions agency as a necessarily lacunal aspect of Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North. By allowing the theatricality of doubling and metaphor to overdetermine Mustafa’s narrative, the novel implicitly challenges both the substitution of symbol for material experience and the rational logic of causation. The disruptive potential of this challenge suggests an emergent form of postcolonial experience – an unpredictable interaction of parts that redefines the whole, in which the centrality of non-human matter’s role in shaping human subjectivity resists and exceeds the analytic frameworks of biological determinism and humanist agency. The article employs Jeffrey Goldstein and Peter Corning’s work on the theory of downward causation, bringing postcolonial literature into dialog with the concept of emergence in the field of biological science. In this way, the article aligns the development of an alternative mode of scientific inquiry with the development of postcolonial theory...
Final Risk Prediction Model for Neutropenic Complications in Patients Receiving Cancer Chemotherapy

Abstract Introduction: Neutropenic complications including severe neutropenia (SN) and febrile neutropenia (FN) represent major dose-limiting toxicities of cancer chemotherapy. A prospective study was undertaken to develop and validate a predictive model for neutropenic events in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. The final risk model based on mature data is presented. Methods: Between 2002 and 2006, 4458 consenting patients starting a new chemotherapy regimen at 115 randomly selected community oncology practices throughout the United States were enrolled including 3760 with cancers of breast, lung, colorectum, ovary and malignant lymphoma receiving at least one cycle of treatment. Using a 2:1 random split sample methodlogy, a risk model for first-cycle SN or FN was derived and validated based on multivariate logistic regression analysis incorporating pretreatment variable information. The cumulative risk of events over the initial 120 days of treatment was estimated by the method of Kaplan and Meier. High and low risk groups were defined on the basis of the median predicted risk and model test performance characteristics were estimated. Results: Following adjustment for cancer type, important predictive factors included: older age, prior chemotherapy, abnormal hepatic or renal function, low pretreatment white blood count, immunosuppressive medications and planned relative dose intensity >85% as well as use of several specific chemotherapeutic agents including anthracyclines, taxanes, alkylating agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Lower risk of neutropenic complications were associated with primary prophylaxis with a colony-stimulating factor (CSF). Individual risk estimates based on the model ranged from 0–89% with mean and median of 19.2% and 10.1%, respectively. The model was associated with an R2 of 0.34 and demonstrated excellent discrimination with a c-statistic of 0.833 [95% CI: 0.813–0.852, P Discussion: Based on excellent test performance characteristics, the risk model identified patients with a cumulative incidence of FN of at least 20% who are candidates for targeted prophylaxis with a CSF. Further validation of this model in actual clinical practice is currently underway.
Infrarenal aortic repair with or without false lumen intentional placement of endografts for hybrid management of complex aortic dissection.

Abstract Objective Aortic dissection (AD) often involves the infrarenal aorta. We review our experience with open infrarenal aortic repair with or without false lumen intentional placement (FLIP) of endografts in the proximal dissected aorta as part of a hybrid strategy to treat complex AD. Methods A prospectively maintained database of patients undergoing intervention for AD was reviewed. Data regarding diagnosis, imaging features, nature of the infrarenal repair (one- vs two-stage procedure), endoleaks, need for additional interventions, morbidity, and mortality were collected. Results Between 2006 and 2017, there were 16 patients with AD with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA), malperfusion, or both who underwent open infrarenal aortic repair or replacement combined with endovascular repair in a single- or multiple-stage procedure. Fifteen patients had a chronic AD and one patient had an acute AD. The most common indication for intervention was absolute size or rapid growth of the abdominal, thoracic, or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (65%). In four patients with AD, the infrarenal replacement surgical graft was used as a common distal seal zone, allowing FLIP of an endograft to treat the proximal AD. Ten (62%) cases were done in two or more stages. Three patients had infrarenal aortic replacement with debranching only. In two of these patients, the proximal dissected aorta has remained stable without aneurysmal degeneration. One patient died as a result of rupture of his aneurysm while awaiting the second stage (perioperative mortality, 6%). Patients were observed from 1 month to 7 years. One patient had a stable type II endoleak, and one patient required subsequent replacement of ascending aortic arch for aneurysmal disease. One patient died of unrelated causes on follow-up. Conclusions Hybrid infrarenal aortic repair for treatment of complex AD can be performed with low morbidity and mortality and excellent medium-term results. This strategy can resolve malperfusion while simultaneously creating a landing zone using the false lumen as the conduit for the stent graft (FLIP) in selected patients. The FLIP technique allows full expansion of the endograft, potential preservation of lumbar and intercostal artery flow, and exclusion of the weaker false lumen while, in some cases, decompressing and thus stabilizing the proximal dissected aorta.
Combined Speed and Steering Control in High-Speed Autonomous Ground Vehicles for Obstacle Avoidance Using Model Predictive Control

This paper presents a model predictive control-based obstacle avoidance algorithm for autonomous ground vehicles at high speed in unstructured environments. The novelty of the algorithm is its capability to control the vehicle to avoid obstacles at high speed taking into account dynamical safety constraints through a simultaneous optimization of reference speed and steering angle without a priori knowledge about the environment and without a reference trajectory to follow. Previous work in this specific context optimized only the steering command. In this paper, obstacles are detected using a planar light detection and ranging sensor. A multi-phase optimal control problem is then formulated to simultaneously optimize the reference speed and steering angle within the detection range. Vehicle acceleration capability as a function of speed, as well as stability and handling concerns such as preventing wheel lift-off, are included as constraints in the optimization problem, whereas the cost function is formulated to navigate the vehicle as quickly as possible with smooth control commands. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of safely exploiting the dynamic limits of the vehicle while navigating the vehicle through sensed obstacles of different sizes and numbers. It is also shown that the proposed variable speed formulation can significantly improve performance by allowing navigation of obstacle fields that would otherwise not be cleared with steering control alone.
When Studies are in Error: Basic Statistical Vocabulary Needed to Understand Clinical Studies:

Background:Accurate understanding of certain basic statistical terms and principles is key to critical appraisal of published literature.Objective:This review describes type I error, type II error,...
Real-Time Image Enhancement Using 3 x 3 Pixel Neighborhood Operator Functions

A new type of silicon charge coupled device (CCD) imager which provides nine simultaneous video outputs representing a 3 x 3 pixel block that scans the imaging array has been used to emphasize edges and fine detail in various images. The device can also compensate for nonuniform scene illumination. Experimental results indicate that the device can be used to combine real-time analog image processing with subsequent digital processing to form a powerful image acquisition and processing system.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High-throughput ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy with multifocal excitation.

Ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy (UV-PAM) is a promising intraoperative tool for surgical margin assessment (SMA), one that can provide label-free histology-like images with high resolution. In this study, using a microlens array and a one-dimensional (1-D) array ultrasonic transducer, we developed a high-throughput multifocal UV-PAM (MF-UV-PAM). Our new system achieved a 1.6 ± 0.2 μm lateral resolution and produced images 40 times faster than the previously developed point-by-point scanning UV-PAM. MF-UV-PAM provided a readily comprehensible photoacoustic image of a mouse brain slice with specific absorption contrast in ∼16 min, highlighting cell nuclei. Individual cell nuclei could be clearly resolved, showing its practical potential for intraoperative SMA.
Frequency Analysis of Failure Scenarios from Shale Gas Development

This study identified and prioritized potential failure scenarios for natural gas drilling operations through an elicitation of people who work in the industry. A list of twelve failure scenarios of concern was developed focusing on specific events that may occur during the shale gas extraction process involving an operational failure or a violation of regulations. Participants prioritized the twelve scenarios based on their potential impact on the health and welfare of the general public, potential impact on worker safety, how well safety guidelines protect against their occurrence, and how frequently they occur. Illegal dumping of flowback water, while rated as the least frequently occurring scenario, was considered the scenario least protected by safety controls and the one of most concern to the general public. In terms of worker safety, the highest concern came from improper or inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE). While safety guidelines appear to be highly protective regarding PPE usage, inadequate PPE is the most directly witnessed failure scenario. Spills of flowback water due to equipment failure are of concern both with regards to the welfare of the general public and worker safety as they occur more frequently than any other scenario examined in this study.
Chronic hypoxemia in children with cyanotic heart disease

Hypoxemia, visible as cyanosis, is present in infants and children with congenital cardiac defects that result in arterial desaturation. Although many of these defects can be surgically repaired, some children remain cyanotic. Chronic cyanosis causes adaptive changes such as polycythemia and potentially damaging changes in other organ systems. This article reviews the assessment and management of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. The physiologic consequences and associated medical problems of chronic cyanosis are highlighted. Nursing implications in caring for cyanotic children and young adults are discussed.
Networked Control Systems: Algorithms and Experiments

In this chapter we address the problem of implementing control systems using general purpose communication networks to transmit plant state information and control signals. The main idea is to expose the issues that have to be considered when implementing teleoperation and telepresence applications exploiting already deployed communication infrastructure. Some of these applications may be implemented with local controllers and remote supervisory systems, where the remote client sends set points according to the process status received, but the control loops are closed locally. Other applications however, might require gathering information from different and geographically distant agents or sensors. In such a case, loops cannot be closed locally, and the state and control signals must travel across the networks. A general purpose communication network will however introduce issues such as propagation time-delays and loss of information. Therefore, the control algorithms must now account for these issues, and they should be robust enough to guarantee a certain level of performance. We develop in this section a series of experiments to identify the issues induced by a general purpose communication network, with specific emphasis on wireless networks. We use standard operating systems and industrial hardware for data acquisition. Then, we propose compensation alternatives to cope with these issues.
Multilevel approaches to increase fruit and vegetable intake in low-income housing communities: final results of the 'Live Well, Viva Bien' cluster-randomized trial.

Fruit and vegetable (FV control n = 760) were enrolled (73% women, 54% Hispanic, 17% black, Mean age 54 years). A year-long multicomponent intervention including mobile FV however, use of other educational components was not. LWVB is the first cluster, randomized controlled trial to demonstrate the efficacy of year-round F&V markets on improving F&V intake for low-income adults, which provides an evidence-base to bolster the mission of mobile produce markets. Further, the results more broadly support investment in environmental changes to alleviate disparities in F&V consumption and diet-related health inequities. Clinicatrials.gov registration number: NCT02669472
Insecure Attachment and Drug Misuse among Women

The relationship between attachment and gender is well researched in social work, as is the influence of insecure attachment on drug misuse. However, discussion of the interrelationship among insec...
Assessing College Women’s Perception of Putative Risk for Being Sexually Victimized by a Man: Development of the Sexual Assault Script Scale (SASS)

Sexual assault is highly prevalent and a significant public health problem. The responsibility for sexual assault lies solely with the perpetrator, yet interventions to change perpetrators’ behavior are scarce, making research focused on identifying factors that increase risk for sexual victimization a necessary complement to work on sexual aggression. The present study used mixed-method methodology to develop a measure of sexual assault risk called the Sexual Assault Script Scale (SASS). In three separate studies, we surveyed 1031 U.S. undergraduate heterosexual or bisexual women on the extent to which they believed certain contextual and interpersonal features were likely to be present during an assault. Factor analytic models replicated across studies ultimately yielded a 27-item measure with four internally consistent subscales: Stereotypical Assault Scripts, Acquaintance Assault Scripts, Assault Resistance Scripts, and Date/Friend Assault Scripts. Structural regressions revealed significant associations of the subscales with measures of prior sexual victimization, alcohol risk, number of sexual partners, and sociosexuality, providing support for the criterion validity of the measure. The SASS may prove to be a cost effective, easy-to-administer tool for assessing women’s scripts and identifying those women who may be at increased risk for victimization, thus providing opportunities for targeted prevention.
Measuring Bus Frequency During Transients: Some Fundamentals

The success of digital instruments seems sometimes to founder when it comes to frequency measurement. Measurement science has developed certain broad principles over the centuries. They are so deep-rooted they are sometimes overlooked. The paper defines measurement largely by elucidating some of these broad principles, and defines frequency, a word subject to much interpretation, as a mathematical entity. Methods of measuring frequency are discussed. An example of the behavior of frequency during a fault, measured in accordance with all the basic principles, is given. The results are not particularly useful. Methods of improving the usefulness are discussed, but may violate some of the basic principles. In essence, “frequency” may not be the best measurand for a signal obtained during a fault.
CHAPTER 1 – FOOD EXPERIMENTATION

Publisher Summary The experimental study of food is concerned with why foods are handled, processed, and prepared as they are; how and why variations in ingredients or treatments influence the quality of food; and how this knowledge can be used to improve the quality of food products. This chapter presents a scientific approach to the experimental study of food. The scientific approach includes three basic steps: (1) defining the problem and arriving at the hypothesis, (2) testing the hypothesis in a carefully designed and controlled experiment, and (3) accepting or rejecting the hypothesis in a report of the results. The chapter discusses the procedures used to control the experimental conditions. Formulas (recipes) for products may be presented in several different forms. The uniformity of each ingredient must be controlled in a food experiment. Temperature control and measurement also are important in an experiment. The quantity of each ingredient is controlled through measuring and/or weighing. Variations in the techniques used to prepare samples for experimental work are more difficult to control than variations in the quality and amount of food used, especially for batters and doughs. Objective and sensory evaluation may be used to determine the effects of treatments on the quality of products. The principles of sensory evaluation of food should be used in conducting sensory tests. The necessary parts of an experiment report are objectives or purpose, methods, results (data), discussion of results, conclusions, and reference list. Before drawing conclusions, it is necessary to interpret the data. After the data are interpreted, conclusions can be drawn.
Chapter 14 – Exercises in Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics

Detailed exercises comprising of questions and answers are presented for pharmacodynamics (agonism, kinetics of agonism, agonist affinity, antagonist affinity and kinetics, antagonist mechanism of action, antagonist selectivity) and pharmacokinetics (clearance, drug-drug interactions, distribution, half-life, renal clearance, absorption, Log D).
Optimizing initial oil production of horizontal Wolfcamp wells utilizing data analytics

Machine learning techniques have fundamentally altered how oil and gas industry practitioners design fracture operations. In this paper, we perform data analytics utilizing response surface methodology (RSM), a group of statistical techniques that develop a functional relationship between an output variable of interest and several associated input variables, to optimize the output. We apply RSM to optimize horizontal well production based on initial production (IP) of horizontal oil wells for 180 days (IP180 Oil), as a function of five input variables: reservoir type, fracturing fluid (gal/ft), proppants (lbm/ft), cluster spacing, and stage length (ft). The RSM model correlates the initial production of each well to the input variables via a single equation, thus allowing for exploration of the fitted response surface in order to maximize production. Although the choice of the five inputs is made based primarily after consultation with industry professionals, we validate our selection by also applying an assortment of data-analytics-based methods that attempt to rank variable importance and thereby identify completion variables that may be predictive of initial production. The findings rank all five variables above the 50th percentile, thus indicating that the chosen variables have merit. This procedure is applied to a dataset of 201 horizontal wells from the Wolfcamp formations. The model fits reasonably well, with R2 = 61%, a very significant F-statistic p value, and a predicted versus observed values scatterplot indicating a good fit. The RSM analysis suggests that, within the feasible space defined by this dataset, maximum values of IP 180 Oil may be obtained by setting the fracturing fluid in gal/ft at approximately 1972, while simultaneously maximizing the remaining input variables (proppant loading, cluster spacing, stage length). The outcome indicates the possible directions to be taken in seeking a global optimum initial production for the setting of completion variables. Iteration of this scheme may lead to a near-optimum global solution. The real utility of this work may be indicating the way different studies may be designed to optimize production, each with its own selection of inputs, and ultimately be combined in a meta-analysis.
Summary and Comments About Section One.

The chapters in section three of the book address health literacy's capacity to foster progress in: multidisciplinary research and practice; clinical care; public health; institutional accountability; and social progress. Unlike sections one and two, section three contains only chapters and it focuses on research or multidisciplinary health literacy practice opportunities. In contrast to the other sections, section three's emphasis is on research and the section is written more for current and future researchers in diverse areas where there is potential to integrate more health literacy (HL) research.