cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charlotte Todes Stern, staff member of the Workers' Health Bureau: "we were in advance of our time".

Charlotte Todes Stern (5/5/1897-11/15/1996) was a radical activist for most her life, beginning with her introduction to YPSL (Young People's Socialist League) during her college years. In 1923, Todes Stern became a staff member of the Workers' Health Bureau (WHB), and two years later she became their Organizing Secretary. She traveled the United States organizing for the WHB until 1927. This is the third of seven interviews with Charlotte Todes Stern, conducted by Rosalyn Baxandall for the Feminist History Research Project. This interview focuses on the Workers' Health Bureau, its formation, early efforts with the Painters' union in New York, its accomplishments and efforts to obtain safer and healthier working conditions for workers throughout industry, and its organization of annual national conferences for occupational health and safety. Todes Stern discusses the conflicts with the American Federation of Labor and the demise of the Bureau. An interview with Grace Burnham McDonald appears on page 327 o...
Temporal Dynamics and Decay of Putatively Allochthonous and Autochthonous Viral Genotypes in Contrasting Freshwater Lakes

Aquatic viruses play important roles in the biogeochemistry and ecology of lacustrine ecosystems; however, their composition, dynamics, and interactions with viruses of terrestrial origin are less extensively studied. We used a viral shotgun metagenomic approach to elucidate candidate autochthonous (i.e., produced within the lake) and allochthonous (i.e., washed in from other habitats) viral genotypes for a comparative study of their dynamics in lake waters. Based on shotgun metagenomes prepared from catchment soil and freshwater samples from two contrasting lakes (Cayuga Lake and Fayetteville Green Lake), we selected two putatively autochthonous viral genotypes (phycodnaviruses likely infecting algae and cyanomyoviruses likely infecting picocyanobacteria) and two putatively allochthonous viral genotypes (geminiviruses likely infecting terrestrial plants and circoviruses infecting unknown hosts but common in soil libraries) for analysis by genotype-specific quantitative PCR (TaqMan) applied to DNAs from viruses in the viral size fraction of lake plankton, i.e., 0.2 μm > virus > 0.02 μm. The abundance of autochthonous genotypes largely reflected expected host abundance, while the abundance of allochthonous genotypes corresponded with rainfall and storm events in the respective catchments, suggesting that viruses with these genotypes may have been transported to the lake in runoff. The decay rates of allochthonous and autochthonous genotypes, assessed in incubations where all potential hosts were killed, were generally lower (0.13 to 1.50% h−1) than those reported for marine virioplankton but similar to those for freshwater virioplankton. Both allochthonous and autochthonous viral genotypes were detected at higher concentrations in subsurface sediments than at the water-sediment interface. Our data indicate that putatively allochthonous viruses are present in lake plankton and sediments, where their temporal dynamics reflect active transport to the lake during hydrological events and then decay once there.
Longitudinal coupling impedance of a hole in an infinite plane screen

An analytical formula for the longitudinal coupling impedance of a hole is developed using a variational method. We show that the coupling impedance can be expressed as a sum of functional series, whose argument is the dimensionless quantity kd alone, where k is the free-space wave number and d is the radius of the hole. When expanded in powers of kd, we recover the long wavelength result as a limiting case. The numerical evaluation reveals that the impedance can be well modeled by an RLC-resonator circuit. We also show the qualitatively good agreement between the theory and the MAFIA-T3 simulation for the geometry of a hole in a coupled waveguide with rectangular cross section.
Heritable Melanism and Parasitic Infection Both Result in Black-Spotted Mosquitofish

Abstract Male Gambusia holbrooki (Eastern Mosquitofish) express a heritable pigmentation polymorphism: ≈99% of males are silver, and only ≈1% have a melanic, black-spotted pattern. Sex-linkage, an autosomal modifier, and temperature control the expression of this heritable melanism. In many teleosts, melanin also accumulates around the site of parasitic invasion. We have identified black-spot disease in wild mosquitofish from their native habitat. Here, we demonstrate convergence upon the black-pigmented phenotype through two means: 1) heritable melanism, and 2) melanic spotting on the silver genotype that results from infection with immature encysted trematodes. Females are silver and express greater avoidance of melanic males during mating attempts. The resemblance of the black-spotted pattern of the melanic genotype to that of silver genotype infected with trematodes may affect the fitness of melanic males if females perceive them as diseased. Alternatively, females may shun parasitized silver fish bec...
Nitric oxide is a key determinant of group B streptococcus-induced murine macrophage apoptosis.

Group B streptococcus (GBS; Streptococcus agalactiae) induces apoptosis of macrophages, and this may be an important mechanism GBS uses to suppress immune responses. The mechanisms whereby GBS induces apoptosis have not been identified. We studied GBS infection in murine macrophage‐like J774A.1 cells and analyzed gene expression before apoptosis. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐a, interleukin (IL)‐1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression coincided with apoptosis. Inhibition of iNOS gene expression by use of N G -monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA) inhibited apoptosis, whereas inhibition of TNF-a and IL-1 biological activity did not. Macrophages from congenic iNOS-deficient mice were less susceptible to apoptosis than were macrophages from C57BL/6 mice. The NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) induced apoptosis without infection, confirming its proapoptotic effect. NMMA did not impair the microbicidal activity of macrophages, however, and SNAP was not bactericidal against GBS in vitro. In human monocyte‐derived macrophages (HMDMs), NO production was minimal, even after costimulation with IFN-g and lipopolysaccharide. Dose-dependent apoptosis of HMDMs occurred without a significant NO response. Thus, NO is an important mediator of GBS-induced murine macrophage apoptosis but does not contribute to antimicrobial activity or cytotoxicity in HMDMs. HMDMs and murine macrophages are killed by GBS by alternative, NOindependent mechanisms. Future studies of host-cell machinery commandeered by GBS to bring about apoptosis will be important for understanding the role played by apoptosis in defense against this important human pathogen.
Retinylidene Proteins: Structures and Functions from Archaea to Humans

Retinylidene proteins, containing seven membrane-embedded alpha-helices that form an internal pocket in which the chromophore retinal is bound, are ubiquitous in photoreceptor cells in eyes throughout the animal kingdom. They are also present in a diverse range of other organisms and locations, such as archaeal prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotic microbes, the dermal tissue of frogs, the pineal glands of lizards and birds, the hypothalamus of toads, and the human brain. Their functions include light-driven ion transport and phototaxis signaling in microorganisms, and retinal isomerization and various types of photosignal transduction in higher animals. The aims of this review are to examine this group of photoactive proteins as a whole, to summarize our current understanding of structure/function relationships in the best-studied examples, and to report recent new developments.
Interview‐based Qualitative Research in Emergency Care Part II: Data Collection, Analysis and Results Reporting

Qualitative methods are increasingly being used in emergency care research. Rigorous qualitative methods can play a critical role in advancing the emergency care research agenda by allowing investigators to generate hypotheses, gain an in-depth understanding of health problems or specific populations, create expert consensus, and develop new intervention and dissemination strategies. In Part I of this two-article series, we provided an introduction to general principles of applied qualitative health research and examples of its common use in emergency care research, describing study designs and data collection methods most relevant to our field (observation, individual interviews, and focus groups). Here in Part II of this series, we outline the specific steps necessary to conduct a valid and reliable qualitative research project, with a focus on interview-based studies. These elements include building the research team, preparing data collection guides, defining and obtaining an adequate sample, collecting and organizing qualitative data, and coding and analyzing the data. We also discuss potential ethical considerations unique to qualitative research as it relates to emergency care research.
High-energy response of passive dosemeters in use at LANL

The high-energy neutron response of three passive dosemeters in use at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has been investigated using metrology-grade fields. The dosemeters include the LANL Model 8823 TLD badge and the LANL PN3 track etch device. Both are dosemeters of record at LANL. The third device was the Personal Neutron Dosemeter (PND), a superheated emulsion device, manufactured by Bubble Technology Industries, Inc. (BTI). The response of the three dosemeters at neutron energies exceeding 10 MeV was assessed with monoenergetic neutrons at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt facility (14.8 and 19 MeV). For the sake of completeness, data collected at lower energies are also included in this study. High-energy quasi-monoenergetic beams produced by the cyclotron facilities at the Universite Catholique de Louvain (UCL) and the The Svedberg Laboratory (TSL) were also utilised as part of this study. These measurements were made to better understand and help interpret dosemeter readings obtained by workers at high-energy accelerators, such as the 800 MeV spallation neutron source facility located at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE).
Quantum-based Simulation analysis of scaling in ultrathin body device structures

We present self-consistent solutions of ultrathin body device structures to understand the influence of quantum-mechanical confinement on the predictions of classical scaling theory. We show that two-dimensional (2-D) electrostatics considerations play a more dominant role than quantum-mechanical effects in the subthreshold behavior of ultrathin fully depleted silicon-on-insulator structures. We also show how modifications to the doping profile can be used to alleviate 2-D short-channel effects.
Effects of water velocity on algal carbon isotope ratios: Implications for river food web studies

We used variation in algal d 13 C between river habitats to study the spatial scale of energy flow through river food webs. We found a strong negative relationship between herbivore d 13 C (which reflects algal d 13 C) and water velocity in three productive Northern California rivers but not in unproductive streams. The contrast among habitats suggests that water velocity affects algal d 13 C most strongly when CO2 availability is low relative to photosynthetic rates. Our results help explain the wide variation in published river biota d 13 C and show that past studies using carbon isotope analyses may have significantly underestimated the importance of algal-derived carbon to river food webs. While flow-related variation in d 13 C complicates this common application of carbon isotope analysis, we show that it provides a natural tracer of the flux of algal production derived from different habitats within rivers to higher trophic levels. Measurements of consumer d 13 C showed that most invertebrate and vertebrate consumers relied on local production, except for filter-feeding insects and steelhead trout, which relied on production derived from multiple sources. Stable carbon isotopes may thus be used to spatially delineate the habitats that support river food webs, providing previously unavailable information for understanding and managing river ecosystems. River food webs are based on both local microalgal production and carbon transported from terrestrial or upstream aquatic ecosystems. Determining the sources of production for river food webs is a major challenge to river ecologists because of the complexity of controls over carbon sources and the mobility of consumers (Schlosser 1991; Cummins et al. 1995). Stable carbon isotopes ( 13 C/ 12 Co rd 13 C) hold much promise as a tool for determining the energy base of river and stream food webs because terrestrial and aquatic plants often have different ratios of stable carbon isotopes (Rounick and Winterbourn 1986), and there is relatively small isotopic fractionation associated with trophic transfer of organic carbon (DeNiro and Epstein 1978; France 1996a). Use of carbon isotopes in streams and rivers, however, has been limited by unexplained variability in autotrophic d 13 C
Effect of dietary energy, protein, and a versatile enzyme on hen performance, egg solids, egg composition, and egg quality of Hy-Line W-36 hens during second cycle, phase two

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Rovabio, dietary energy, and protein on performance, egg composition, egg solids, and egg quality of commercial Leghorns in phase 2, second cycle. A 4 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments comprising 4 dietary energy levels (2,791, 2,857, 2,923, and 2,989 kcal of ME/kg) and 2 protein levels (15.5 and 16.1%) with and without Rovabio was used. Hy-Line W-36 hens (n = 1,920, 87 wk old) were randomly divided into 16 dietary treatments (8 replicates of 15 hens per treatment). The trial lasted 12 wk. Dietary protein significantly increased feed consumption but decreased yolk color. As dietary energy increased from 2,791 to 2,989 kcal of ME/kg, feed consumption decreased from 98.0 to 94.9 g per hen daily, and yolk color increased from 5.27 to 5.56. There was a significant interaction among dietary protein, energy, and Rovabio on egg production, BW, egg mass, feed conversion, and yolk solids. Egg weight of hens fed the diets supplemented with Rovabio was significantly greater than that of hens fed the diets without Rovabio during wk 3 and 4. However, Rovabio did not significantly influence average egg weight (87 to 98 wk of age). Rovabio supplementation significantly increased BW of hens. These results suggest Rovabio had a small but significant influence on nutrient utilization of commercial Leghorns during phase 2 of the second cycle.
Malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase deficiency: early dietary restriction and time course of cardiomyopathy

Malonyl coenzyme A (CoA) decarboxylase (MCD) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive organic acidemia characterized by varying degrees of organ involvement and severity. MCD regulates fatty acid biosynthesis and converts malonyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA. Cardiomyopathy is 1 of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in this disorder. It is unknown if diet alone prevents cardiomyopathy development based in published literature. We report a 10-month-old infant girl identified by newborn screening and confirmed MCD deficiency with a novel homozygous MLYCD mutation. She had normal echocardiogram measurements before transition to high medium-chain triglycerides and low long-chain triglycerides diet. Left ventricular noncompaction development was not prevented by dietary interventions. Further restriction of long-chain triglycerides and medium-chain triglycerides supplementation in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors helped to improve echocardiogram findings. Patient remained asymptomatic, with normal development and growth. Our case emphasizes the need for ongoing cardiac disease screening in patients with MCD deficiency and the benefits and limitations of current dietary interventions.
Three theorems: Brain-like networks logically reason and optimally generalize

Finite Automata (FA) is a base net for many sophisticated probability-based systems of artificial intelligence. However, an FA processes symbols, instead of images that the brain senses and produces (e.g., sensory images and motor images). Of course, many recurrent artificial neural networks process images. However, their non-calibrated internal states prevent generalization, let alone the feasibility of immediate and error-free learning. I wish to report a general-purpose Developmental Program (DP) for a new type of, brain-anatomy inspired, networks — Developmental Networks (DNs). The new theoretical results here are summarized by three theorems. (1) From any complex FA that demonstrates human knowledge through its sequence of the symbolic inputs-outputs, the DP incrementally develops a corresponding DN through the image codes of the symbolic inputs-outputs of the FA. The DN learning from the FA is incremental, immediate and error-free. (2) After learning the FA, if the DN freezes its learning but runs, it generalizes optimally for infinitely many image inputs and actions based on the embedded inner-product distance, state equivalence, and the principle of maximum likelihood. (3) After learning the FA, if the DN continues to learn and run, it “thinks” optimally in the sense of maximum likelihood based on its past experience.
Membrane lipid rafts and neurobiology: age-related changes in membrane lipids and loss of neuronal function

A better understanding of the cellular physiological role that plasma membrane lipids, fatty acids and sterols play in various cellular systems may yield more insight into how cellular and whole organ function is altered during the ageing process. Membrane lipid rafts (MLRs) within the plasma membrane of most cells serve as key organizers of intracellular signalling and tethering points of cytoskeletal components. MLRs are plasmalemmal microdomains enriched in sphingolipids, cholesterol and scaffolding proteins; they serve as a platform for signal transduction, cytoskeletal organization and vesicular trafficking. Within MLRs are the scaffolding and cholesterol binding proteins named caveolin (Cav). Cavs not only organize a multitude of receptors including neurotransmitter receptors (NMDA and AMPA receptors), signalling proteins that regulate the production of cAMP (G protein-coupled receptors, adenylyl cyclases, phosphodiesterases (PDEs)), and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in growth (Trk), but also interact with components that modulate actin and tubulin cytoskeletal dynamics (e.g. RhoGTPases and actin binding proteins). MLRs are essential for the regulation of the physiology of organs such as the brain, and age-related loss of cholesterol from the plasma membrane leads to loss of MLRs, decreased presynaptic vesicle fusion, and changes in neurotransmitter release, all of which contribute to different forms of neurodegeneration. Thus, MLRs provide an active membrane domain that tethers and reorganizes the cytoskeletal machinery necessary for membrane and cellular repair, and genetic interventions that restore MLRs to normal cellular levels may be exploited as potential therapeutic means to reverse the ageing and neurodegenerative processes.
Catalytic metallodrugs based on the LaR2C peptide target HCV SLIV IRES RNA

Prior work has demonstrated the potential effectiveness of a new class of metallopeptides as catalytic metallodrugs that target HCV IRES SLIIb RNA (Cu-GGHYrFK, 1). Herein new catalytic metallodrugs (GGHKYKETDLLILFKDDYFAKKNEERK, 2; and GGHKYKETDL, 3) are described based on the LaR2C peptide that has been shown to bind to the SLIV HCV IRES domain. In vitro fluorescence assays yielded KD values ∼10 μM for both peptides and reaction of the copper derivatives with SLIV RNA demonstrated initial rates comparable across different assays as well as displaying pseudo-Michaelis–Menten behavior. The sites of reaction and cleavage mechanisms were determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The primary site of copper-promoted SLIV cleavage is shown to occur in the vicinity of the 5′-G17C18A19C20-3′ sequence that corresponds to a known binding site of the RM2 motif of the human La protein and has previously been reported to be important for viral translation. This domain also flanks the internal start codon (AUG). Both copper complexes also showed efficacy in an HCV replicon assay (IC50 = 0.75 μM for 2-Cu, and 2.17 μM for 3-Cu) and show potential for treatment of hepatitis C, complementing other marketed drugs by acting on a distinct therapeutic target by a novel mechanism of action.
Nonlinear VAr control for damping multivariable swing equations

Idealized swing equations are used in the development of local control strategies for VAr (reactive volt-ampere) units, with the objective of providing damping to all oscillatory modes of multimachine power systems. A one-machine infinite-bus system is used to introduce and motivate the method. The control strategy provides damping even during severe transients involving reverse power swings. For systems containing n machines, simulation results indicate that n-1 locally controlled VAr units, using only local output feedback, can be placed to dampen all oscillatory modes of the system, provided that a stable equilibrium point exists and that the initial disturbance is limited in severity. >
Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races

Sewall Wright's population structure statistic, F(ST), measured among samples of world populations is often 15% or less. This would indicate that 85% of genetic variation occurs within groups while only 15% can be attributed to allele frequency differences among groups. In this paper, we show that this low value reflects strong biases that result from violating hidden assumptions that define F(ST). These limitations on F(ST) are demonstrated algebraically and in the context of analyzing dinucleotide repeat allele frequencies for a set of eight loci genotyped in eight human groups and in chimpanzees. In our analyses, estimates of F(ST) fail to identify important variation. For example, when the analysis includes only humans, F(ST) = 0.119, but adding the chimpanzees increases it only a little, F(ST) = 0.183. By relaxing the underlying statistical assumptions, the results for chimpanzees become consistent with common knowledge, and we see a richer pattern of human genetic diversity. Some human groups are far more diverged than would be implied by standard computations of F(ST), while other groups are much less diverged. We discuss the relevance of these findings to the application of biological race concepts to humans. Four different race concepts are considered: typological, population, taxonomic, and lineage. Surprisingly, a great deal of genetic variation within groups is consistent with each of these concepts. However, none of the race concepts is compatible with the patterns of variation revealed by our analyses.
Elucidating proline dynamics in spider dragline silk fibre using 2H-13C HETCOR MAS NMR.

2H–13C HETCOR MAS NMR is performed on 2H/13C/15N-Pro enriched A. aurantia dragline silk. Proline dynamics are extracted from 2H NMR line shapes and T1 in a site-specific manner to elucidate the backbone and side chain molecular dynamics for the MaSp2 GPGXX β-turn regions for spider dragline silk in the dry and wet, supercontracted states.
Comments on ``A Foundational Justification for a Weighted Likelihood Approach to Inference''

Russell Bowater uses non-additive probability to interpret weighted likelihood. As I have written a great deal about non-additive probability, the editor has asked me to comment.
Heavy metal concentrations in sediment deposits on the Tar River floodplain following Hurricane Floyd

The relation between the magnitude of a flood event and the resulting environmental impacts remains unclear. This study examines the impact of the flood of record on heavy metal deposition on the Tar River floodplain in eastern North Carolina, USA. Samples of sediment deposited on the floodplain following Hurricane Floyd were collected from 85 sites along the lower Tar River basin and analyzed for heavy metal concentration. The Hurricane Floyd event is the flood of record for the Tar River basin. Despite the magnitude of the flood, little suspended sediment was deposited on the floodplain. In almost all cases the deposition was less than 0.2 cm. There was variability in heavy metal content from site to site, but the overall concentrations were lower than might be expected for a flood of the magnitude of Floyd. To aid in comparison of contamination levels, the heavy metal concentrations were normalized to two environmental standards; the EPA preliminary remediation goals for residential soil and the general background concentrations of stream sediments throughout the Tar River basin. Most samples were highly enriched in heavy metals relative to the background concentration of stream sediments. However, samples were generally not contaminated relative to EPA PRG regulations. Arsenic, which was significantly elevated in nearly all samples, was the only exception. This contradiction makes it clear that the standard to which contaminants are compared must be considered carefully. The overall low concentration of heavy metals was likely the result of smaller flooding from Hurricane Dennis, 10 days prior to Hurricane Floyd, moving most of the stored sediment out of the basin prior to wide-spread overtopping of the banks. The implication is that event sequencing is as important as flood magnitude when examining environmental impacts.
A Discursive Psychological Approach to Positioning

This article examines the current state of positioning theory as it has emerged in the work of Rom Harre and his colleagues, particularly with respect to its intended alignment with discursive psychology. Although Harre's discursive approach to positioning has been useful for drawing attention to the dynamism of social interactions and the collective construction of sociality, his ethogenic and ontological constructionist assumptions undermine his discursive approach by capitulating to cognitivist assumptions about mind, world, and discourse. Harre's discursive approach overlooks the action orientation of positioning in an attempt to reveal a realm of moral order and social rules. In contrast, I argue for (and illustrate) a discursive psychological orientation to positioning that is not tethered to ethnogenic or ontological constructionist assumptions. Rather, it is a nonontological, epistemological constructionist discursive approach that understands acts of positioning neither through psychological spec...
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SALINITY, FLOODING, AND SOIL TYPE ON PANICUM HEMITOMON

It is well documented that Louisiana is experiencing wetland loss at rates greater than any other locale in the world. High rates of relative sea-level rise, a combination of eustatic sea-level rise and subsidence, is anticipated to compound this problem further in the future through increased flooding and encroachment of saline water into freshwater wetlands. The research presented in this paper examines the interactive effect of increased salinity level, flooding depth, and soil type on the growth responses of a dominant Louisiana fresh-water marsh plant, Panicum hemitomon, whose prevalence in Louisiana is currently in decline. This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions and employed a factorial design consisting of three salinity levels (0, 1.5, 3.0 ppt), three hydrologic regimes (0, 10, 20 cm), and two soil types (high organic content, low organic content). Panicum hemitomon productivity was significantly reduced even under the relatively small increases in salinity level (1.5 and 3.0 ppt) imposed in this study. Interestingly, moderate flooding tended to increase productivity, although this relationship was not statistically significant. Significantly greater productivity was observed for plants grown in mineral soil compared with organic soil. These results indicate that any degree of saline influx into P. hemitomon-dominated wetlands will result in decreased vigor and localized decline of this species. Moderate increases in the degree of freshwater inundation may not be as damaging as originally expected and, in fact, may actually stimulate production. However, if increased flooding is accompanied by increased salinity levels, which is anticipated to occur, then the overall effect on this species will be detrimental.
Intragenomic localization of carcinogen-DNA damage.

Covalent modification of DNA is thought to be a critical step in the induction of mutations as well as in the transformation of cells. Adducts formed with DNA by a large number of chemical carcinogens have been chemically characterized, and a great deal of current research is directed at the elucidation of molecular mechanisms through which adduct formation leads to specific changes in gene function. Attempts to construct quantitative relationships between levels of adduction and measurable effects such as mutation or transformation frequency, have been constrained by the necessary assumption that adducts are randomly distributed along the genome. However, several lines of evidence have been produced which indicate that adduct distribution is nonrandom, and a number of factors associated with localized binding of carcinogens to DNA have thus far been identified.
Globalization and the Political Benefits of the Informal Economy

Does global market integration help or hinder government efforts to improve the livelihoods of the world's poorest citizens? Standard trade theories suggest that government interventions become less imperative as developing countries liberalize. This is because labor in developing economies is abundant and cheap; export products that utilize this factor of production will employ large populations of low-skilled workers who will experience increases in the purchasing power of their wage income. Consumption increases, and the country as a whole is better off. For several decades now, developing economies have embraced this rationale for free trade and its welfare-enhancing effects on the majority. Empirical data and research provides some confirmation for a number of these predictions. Developing countries have joined the global economy and raised their shore of total world exports from 21% to 43% between 1992 and 2008 (Hanson 2012). Moreover, absolute poverty as measured by the percent of people earning below $1.25 per day (2005 PPP) has dropped substantially, from around 36% in 1990 to 14.5% in 2011. With liberalization and concomitant global market integration, economic growth rates in developing economies have been improving, and absolute poverty shows signs of declining (Dollar and Kraay 2004; Owen and Wu 2007). Yet, the United Nations Secretary-General Bank Ki-moon recently presented a report to all member states entitled A Life of Dignity for All , underscoring the many dimensions of poverty that still persist in the current era of globalization. The Report was consistent with the development community's efforts to encourage scholars to turn away from the standard measures of growth and poverty and critically assess progress in broader aspects of basic human development. Among the list of the General Secretary's appeals to governments of developing countries, ensuring “decent work for all” ranked among the top. To date, we have very little understanding …
Changes in total peripheral resistance in endotoxin shock

SummaryA series of experiments has been carried out on dogs to determine total peripheral resistance changes in endotoxin shock. Animals were perfused with homologous heparinized blood at controlled and measured cardiac inflows. Results suggest that the onset and course of irreversible shock are characterized by a progressive fall in total peripheral resistance. The mechanism of the decline in resistance has been suggested by earlier studies from this laboratory.
DIFFERENCES IN DYNAMICS OF AN IDEALY EXPANDED MACH 1.3 JET DURING NOISE GENERATION AND RELATIVE QUIET PERIODS

The dynamics of large-scale turbulence structures within a high Reynolds number, ideally expanded Mach 1.3 jet were investigated during both the periods of production of strong acoustic radiation and extended periods of relative quiet that lacked such acoustic radiation. These results were acquired through a unique experiment where the sources of large amplitude sound waves were estimated with a three-dimensional microphone array and the flow field was simultaneously visualized on two orthogonal planes. The images from one of the planes were taken at a 167 kHz rate. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) was employed to create a basis of the size and distribution of large-scale structures within the two planes. These POD modes were then used to objectively determine the differences in the jet structure during noise generation and periods lacking significant noise generation. The results show that the flow during the periods of relative quiet cases is dominated by the lower order POD modes that consist of relatively large turbulence structures while it is dominated by higher order POD modes that capture the dynamic interplay of the large-scale structures during noise generation periods. For approximately one convective time scale prior to the moment of noise emission, a series of large-scale structures forms and disintegrates within the mixing layer and in the process a large amount of ambient fluid is entrained into the core of the jet. For the first time, these results show how the dynamic interplay of large-scale turbulence structures generates acoustic radiation within a high Reynolds number jet.
Formamidase involvement in the metabolism of chlorphenamidine and formetanate acaricides.

Partially purified rat liver formamidase (EC no. 3.5.1.9, arylformylamine amidohydrolase) catalyzed the deformylation of certain important metabolic intermediates of chlorphenamidine ( N′ -(4-chloro-o-tolyl)- N, N -dimethyl-formamidinec) and formetanate acaricides. 4′-Chloro-o-formotoluidide and N -formyl-5-chloroanthranilic acid from chlorphenamidine were converted to 4-chloro- o- toluidine and 5-chloroantluanilic acid, respectively, and 3′-hydroxyformanilicte from formetanate was transformed to m -aminophenol. Formamidase exhibited a much lower turnover of these substrates than for N -formylkynurenine, its natural substrate. Moreover, the deformylation re actions involving xenobiotic substrates showed product inhibition. Also, the hydrolysis of N -formylkynurenine and of the acaricide metabolic intermediates by the formamidase was inhibited by the organophosphate DFP. This formamidase could be involved in the detoxification of chlorphenamidine and formetanate acaricides in vivo.
Kidney Transplant Outcomes After Primary, Repeat and Kidney After Nonrenal Solid Organ Transplantation: A Single-Center Experience.

Kidney transplantation is the preferred therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). With improvements in allograft and patient outcomes, patients with prior kidney allograft failures are increasingly becoming candidates for repeat transplantation.1 According to the annual Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients (SRTR) report for the year 2011, approximately 12% of kidney transplant recipients had prior renal allograft failure.2 In addition, renal failure is common in recipients of other nonrenal solid organ transplants with rates of CKD of up to 16% and in those with CKD, an ESRD incidence of up to 30% over 36 months post-nonrenal organ transplantation which varies from organ to organ.3-6 With improvements in medical care, patients with nonrenal solid organ transplants are living longer to become candidates for kidney after solid organ transplantation.7 This group which constituted less than 1% of the waitlist candidates before 1995 increased to 3.3% in 2008 and were more likely to be listed preemptively (38% vs 21% in those without prior nonrenal solid organ transplantation).8 According to the SRTR annual report, 2.6% of transplants performed in year 2011 were in recipients of prior nonrenal solid organ transplants.2 Only a few previous studies have compared renal allograft outcomes in recipients who have undergone other solid organ transplants compared with those undergoing primary or repeat kidney transplantation. These previous studies were based on national databases with large center to center variations in practices and issues with nonuniform coding.9,10 The current study is a retrospective single-center study that analyzes specifically the renal allograft outcome after primary kidney, repeat kidney and kidney-after-other solid organ transplant. We evaluated various demographic, donor/recipient, and posttransplant variables across the 3 groups.
Trend analysis of prevalence of notifiable diseases in Xinjiang from 2004 to 2010

Objective To analyze epidemiological characteristics of notifiable diseases in Xinjiang from 2004 to 2010,so as to provide reference for developing and improving strategies and measures of control and prevention of infectious diseases.Methods Descriptive epidemiology was taken to comprehensively analyze reported epidemic data of infectious diseases in Xinjiang from 2004 to 2010.Results From 2004 to 2010,1 051 835 cases of A,B and C class infectious diseases of 34 species were totally reported in Xinjiang,with the average annual incidence rate of 731.97/100 000.Overall incidence rate increased first and then decreased.The reported incidence rates on the top five were of tuberculosis,hepatitis B,other infectious diarrhea,dysentery and mumps.The incidence rate was slightly higher in spring and summer.The onset was mainly in children under 15 year-old and young adults(28.17%,39.61%),and mainly distributed in farmers and students(30.98%,14.71%).Conclusions The direct network reporting system benefits for improving reporting quality and management of infectious diseases.Respiratory diseases,mainly as tuberculosis,blood and sexually transmitted diseases such as hepatitis B,syphilis are still the key to prevention and control work for public health in Xinjiang.Meanwhile,the threats of related diseases to immunization program should not be ignored,and the prevention and control in childcare centers and schools should be strengthened.
Resistance Characteristics of Coal-water Paste in a Pipe at the Laminar Flow and Transition Zones

Based on the analysis of slip flow mechanism in a non-Newtonian fluid pipe the authors have come up with a method for determining the resistance losses of coal water paste through the calculation of a generalized Reynolds number Reg for the in-pipe flow of coal water paste. The results of an analysis indicate that the generalized Reynolds number is suitable not only for non-Newtonian fluid flow with slip being present in a pipe, but also suited for non-Newtonian and Newtonian fluid flow without a slip. Test results show that the critical Reynolds number of the steady flow of coal water paste in the pipe is approximately 2100. The formula for calculating resistance factors for laminar flow zones with the use of a generalized Reynolds number is similar to the simplified form for Newtonian fluid, namely, λ=64 Re g. The resistance loss at a transition zone can approximately satisfy Blasius equation, namely,λ=0.316Reg~(-0.25).
Effects of endotoxin on canine skeletal muscle oxygen delivery-uptake relations during progressive hypoxic hypoxia.

Septic patients, who may also have the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) often show apparent O2 supply dependency with elevated arterial lactate levels even at normal to high rates of O2 delivery (DO2) and appear unable to increase O2 extraction appropriately (Gilbert et al. 1986; Astiz et al. 1987). Cain (1986) has suggested that multiple events in the microcirculation may be responsible for this apparent defect in O2 extraction. These include microembolization and loss of endothelial functions and integrity. If the capillary membrane becomes leaky, then pericapillary edema may ensue and offer a diffusional block to the movement of O2 into tissue. The combination of microembolization and loss of endothelial functions that include microregional vascular control can lead to coexistence of underperfused and overperfused areas in a peripheral tissue, such as skeletal muscle. The outcome of these conditions would be a reduced ability of the tissues to extract O2 from arterial blood and an increased impediment to O2 diffusion.
Antihypertensive agents for prevention of diabetic nephropathy.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are the only antihypertensive agents with proven effectiveness for the primary prevention of diabetic nephropathy (defined as an albumin excretion of less than 30 mg per day on three serial measurements) caused by type 1 or type 2 diabetes. However, ACE inhibitors have not been shown to decrease all-cause mortality in patients with diabetes. Based on limited data, ACE inhibitors have not been shown to reduce end-stage renal disease significantly when compared with placebo.
Shallow Semantic Reasoning from an Incomplete Gold Standard for Learner Language

We investigate questions of how to reason about learner meaning in cases where the set of correct meanings is never entirely complete, specifically for the case of picture description tasks (PDTs). To operationalize this, we explore different models of representing and scoring non-native speaker (NNS) responses to a picture, including bags of dependencies, automatically determining the relevant parts of an image from a set of native speaker (NS) responses. In more exploratory work, we examine the variability in both NS and NNS responses, and how different system parameters correlate with the variability. In this way, we hope to provide insight for future system development, data collection, and investigations into learner language.
Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom duration and remission in relation to cardiovascular disease risk among a large cohort of women.

Background Prior studies suggest that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with elevated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but effects of duration and remission of PTSD symptoms have rarely been evaluated. Method We examined the association of time-updated PTSD symptom severity, remission and duration with incident CVD risk (552 confirmed myocardial infarctions or strokes) over 20 years in 49 859 women in the Nurses’ Health Study II. Among women who reported trauma on the Brief Trauma Questionnaire, PTSD symptoms, assessed by a screener, were classified by symptom severity and chronicity: (a) no symptoms, (b) 1–3 ongoing, (c) 4–5 ongoing, (d) 6–7 ongoing, (e) 1–3 remitted, (f) 4–7 remitted symptoms. Inverse probability weighting was used to estimate marginal structural logistic regression models, adjusting for time-varying and time-invariant confounders. Results Compared with women with no trauma exposure, women with trauma/no PTSD [odds ratio (OR) 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.65] and women with trauma/6–7 symptoms (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.08–2.63) had elevated risk of CVD; women with remitted symptoms did not have elevated CVD risk. Among women exposed to trauma, every 5 additional years of PTSD symptomology was associated with 9% higher CVD incidence compared with women with trauma/no PTSD. Conclusions The findings suggest that alleviating PTSD symptoms shortly after onset may attenuate CVD risk.
Abstract 98: Embryonic Extracellular Matrix and Cell Fate Determination

Background - The determination of cell fate during development is governed by intrinsic factors, but also by interaction with the milieu in which they reside. The extracellular matrix (ECM) from ra...
Individualized Treatment Sequencing Selection Contributes to Optimized Survival in Patients with Rectal Cancer and Synchronous Liver Metastases

The optimal treatment sequence for patients with advanced rectal cancer and synchronous resectable liver metastases is controversial. We examined the outcomes associated with an individualized selection of classic, reversed, or combined approaches. Between 1999 and 2014, 268 patients with rectal cancer and synchronous liver-only metastases underwent curative-intent multimodality therapy. Demographics and tumor and treatment details were reviewed. Survival outcomes were examined across treatment sequences and time periods (1999–2003, 2004–2008, and 2009–2014). Overall, 150 (56.0%) patients underwent primary tumor resection first (‘classic’ approach), 44 (16.4%) patients underwent simultaneous resection of the primary and liver metastases (‘combined’ approach), and 74 (27.6%) patients underwent liver resection first (‘reversed’ approach). Patients who underwent the reversed approach had more liver metastases (3 [2–5]) at presentation (vs. 1 [1–2.5] in the combined approach or 1 [1–3] in the classic approach; p < 0.001). Over time (from 1999 to 2003, to 2009 to 2014), both patients undergoing curative-intent treatment (62–122 patients) and the relative proportion of patients undergoing the reversed approach (6.4–37.7%) significantly increased. Despite higher disease burden, the 5-year overall survival (OS) was higher for patients treated in 2009–2014 versus those treated in 1999–2003 (76% vs. 45%; p < 0.002). Two hundred and ten patients (78%) were rendered free of disease; however, 58 were not due to disease progression or treatment complications, and their 5-year OS was poor at 6%. Individualized selection of treatment sequence based on the liver metastases and primary tumor disease burden allowed most patients to complete resection of all gross disease, and is associated with a 5-year OS rate approaching that for stage III rectal cancer in the most recent era.
Electronic portfolio use in pediatric residency and perceived efficacy as a tool for teaching lifelong learning.

Residency programs use electronic portfolios (efolios) to organize data, track resident performance, and sometimes teach and assess lifelong learning (LLL) skills. Published studies on efolios in graduate medical education are mostly descriptions of implementation at individual institutions. An anonymous online survey was sent to 199 pediatric residency program directors across the United States. Efolio usage patterns were described and compared between program directors that perceived efolios effective at fostering LLL and those that did not. Surveys were completed by 82 of 199 program directors (41%), and 55% used efolios. The 20% (9 of 45) of program directors that believed efolios were effective at teaching LLL more often used self-assessment (88% vs. 50%, p = 0.05) and goal-setting (75% vs. 40%, p = 0.03) functionalities. Common efolio challenges included limited usability and difficulty integrating data. Most non-users (65%) would like to invest in efolios. Respondents reported technical and convenience-related challenges to efolio use, which need to be addressed for efolios to meet their potential as valuable learning tools. The use of self-assessments and goal-setting features was associated with program directors’ perceptions that efolios were effective at fostering LLL.
The Performance of Ten Modified Rescaled Statistics as the Number of Variables Increases

Among test statistics for assessing overall model fit in structural equation modeling (SEM), the Satorra–Bentler rescaled statistic is most widely used when the normality assumption is violated. Ho...