cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children with amblyaudia show less flexibility in auditory cortical entrainment to periodic non-speech sounds

ABSTRACT Objective We investigated auditory temporal processing in children with amblyaudia (AMB), a subtype of auditory processing disorder, via cortical neural entrainment. Design and study samples Evoked responses were recorded to click-trains at slow vs. fast (8.5 vs. 14.9/sec) rates in n=14 children with AMB and n=11 age-matched controls. Source and time-frequency analyses decomposed EEGs into oscillations (reflecting neural entrainment) stemming from the bilateral auditory cortex. Results Phase-locking strength in AMB depended critically on the speed of auditory stimuli. In contrast to age-matched peers, AMB responses were largely insensitive to rate manipulations. This rate resistance was seen regardless of the ear of presentation and in both cortical hemispheres. Conclusion Children with AMB show a stark inflexibility in auditory cortical entrainment to rapid sounds. In addition to reduced capacity to integrate information between the ears, we identify more rigid tagging of external auditory stimuli. Our neurophysiological findings may account for certain temporal processing deficits commonly observed in AMB and related auditory processing disorders (APDs) behaviorally. More broadly, our findings may inform communication strategies and future rehabilitation programs; increasing the rate of stimuli above a normal (slow) speech rate is likely to make stimulus processing more challenging for individuals with AMB/APD.
Midlife Work Limitations are Associated with Poor Aging Outcomes.

OBJECTIVES Health conditions that limit work are associated with myriad socioeconomic disadvantages and around half of Americans could face a work limitation at some point in their working career. Our study examines the relationship between midlife work limitations and two aging outcomes: longevity and healthy aging. METHODS Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and restricted mortality data, multivariate logistic regressions estimate the odds of desirable aging outcomes around age 65 for individuals with various midlife work limitation histories in samples of around 2,000 individuals. RESULTS Midlife work limitations are consistently linked with a lower likelihood of desirable aging outcomes. Temporary limitations are associated with 59 percent and 69 percent lower survival and healthy aging odds, respectively. Chronic limitations are associated with approximately 80 percent lower survival odds and 90 percent lower healthy aging odds at age 65. DISCUSSION Even temporary work limitations can be highly disadvantageous for aging outcomes, emphasizing the need to understand different work limitation histories. Future research should identify underlying mechanisms linking midlife work limitations and less desirable aging outcomes.
Race, Empire, and the Idea of Human Development

In an exciting study of ideas accompanying the rise of the West, Thomas McCarthy analyzes the ideologies of race and empire that were integral to European-American expansion. He highlights the central role that conceptions of human development (civilization, progress, modernization, and the like) played in answering challenges to legitimacy through a hierarchical ordering of difference. Focusing on Kant and natural history in the eighteenth century, Mill and social Darwinism in the nineteenth, and theories of development and modernization in the twentieth, he proposes a critical theory of development which can counter contemporary neoracism and neoimperialism, and can accommodate the multiple modernities now taking shape. Offering an unusual perspective on the past and present of our globalizing world, this book will appeal to scholars and advanced students of philosophy, political theory, the history of ideas, racial and ethnic studies, social theory, and cultural studies.
P29 A Review of the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Components in Commercial Motor Vehicle Truck Drivers

Abstract Background The typical lifestyle of a commercial motor vehicle truck driver may include irregular work and sleep hours, physical inactivity, poor eating habits and nutrition, and mental and physical stress; thereby, making this professional group susceptible to health disparities, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. Identification of metabolic syndrome, a clustering of cardio-metabolic risk factors, in commercial truck drivers may aid in early recognition of risk for chronic diseases. Objective: To examine the prevalence of components of the metabolic syndrome in commercial motor vehicle truck drivers and identify the most prevalent metabolic syndrome components to prioritize initiatives for health interventions for commercial drivers. Methods A review of the literature was conducted that evaluated one or more metabolic syndrome components in commercial truck drivers. Articles were collected from a Pub Med Medline search that was limited to research conducted on commercial motor vehicle truck drivers, English-written articles, and those published between 2001–2015. Twenty-five articles met the criteria for inclusion (relevance, sufficient reporting of data, etc.) in this systematic review. Results All studies were original reports with sample sizes ranging from 30–5,320 subjects, all of which were commercial motor vehicle truck drivers. The mean driver age range in the studies reviewed (for those that included a mean age) was 38 to 48 years of age. Seventeen of the studies were cross-sectional investigations and the remainder included longitudinal ( n =2), cohort ( n =3), naturalistic ( n =1), descriptive ( n =1), and case-control ( n =1) studies. Seventeen studies reported participant self-report values for measurements of interest. Abdominal obesity affects up to 70% of commercial motor vehicle truck drivers; overweight and obesity, 35–46% and 15–70% of drivers, respectively; hypertension, 5–41% of commercial truck drivers; dyslipidemia may affect 17–22% of drivers; and diabetes, up to 16% of commercial truck drivers. Conclusions From this review, obesity was identified as the most prevalent metabolic syndrome component and risk factor for cardio-metabolic disease in this high-risk group of professional commercial motor vehicle truck drivers. Additional, objective research is necessary to more accurately assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among commercial truck drivers. Future health intervention studies for this population should focus on obesity prevention, management and treatment. Health promotion programs targeting commercial motor vehicle truck drivers should consider the unique work environment drivers experience and the lifestyle they lead in order to develop a successful and self-sustaining health and wellness program.
Experimental studies on puerperal infection

Abstract The vitamin-A reserve in the livers of rabbits which had recently borne and nursed young was found to be lower than that in the livers of virgin animals. The average rectal temperature was found to vary inversely with the amount of vitamin A stored in the liver.
Exploitation of landfill gas: a UK perspective

Landfill gas (LFG) is a flammable and potentially harmful mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and a large number of trace constituents produced when waste decays in landfill disposal sites. The need to prevent damage from landfill gas emissions has been recognised since the 1970s, and is now enshrined in landfill site regulations. Sophisticated gas control measures such as actively-pumped gas extraction wells and multi-layered liners are now being implemented on a wide scale. The exploitation of LFG as a fuel or feed stock can complement the objectives of environmental protection and, at the same time, provide an additional revenue stream and reduce the use of fossil fuels. Exploitation of landfill gas in the UK began in the early 1980s, initially as a replacement fuel in kilns and boilers. There are now 13 such direct use projects saving the energy equivalent 50,000 tonnes of coal per year (January 1993). Use of LFG for power generation began in 1985. Government support for electricity from renewable sources has made power generation the dominant use for LFG in the UK. The UK currently has 42 power generation projects with a combined capacity of 72 MWe, saving the energy equivalent to 263,000 tonnes of coal per year (January 1993). This paper reviews current understanding of the processes of landfill gas formation and outlines the considerations required for its use as a fuel. The paper outlines the technology of gas collection and exploitation and assesses the economics of generating electricity from LFG in the UK, and the scope for further development.
Abstract 615: Rigorous Exercise and Quercetin Intake Modulate Adiponectin and Reduce Body Weight in Normal C57BL6 Mice

Introduction: Adiponectin has been suggested to play an important role in the modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in in both humans and animals. We previously reported that intake of quercetin during exercise decreases body weight in LDL -/- C57BL6 mice. This finding has encouraged us to expand the investigation by increasing the exercise duration, intensity and also by testing these effects in normal C57BL mice Aims and Objectives: In the current study we proposed that quercetin will have profound effects on the modulators of adipose tissue if combined with exercise, we hypothesized that this may be the major mechanism that contribute to the body weight reduction seeing in our previous findings. Study Design: 40 mice were divided into four groups (10 each). These groups are as follows: Control mice, left untreated; control quercetin group, orally supplied with 100 μg/day of quercetin without exercising; exercise group without quercetin, and exercise group with quercetin supplements. The exercise groups were run on a treadmill for 30 minutes, 20-30m/m/ 5 days/week for two month. All animals were on normal mouse chow. At the end of the two month treatment, tissues gene expressions for genes associated with obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation and lipoproteins were analyzed. We also measured plasma markers such as paraoxonase-1 enzyme activity and adiponectin Results: Data from the current study confirmed our previous findings that the combination of the intake of quercetin and exercise reduces body weight. This study demonstrated a significant (P<0.0009) drop in changes of body weight (43.5%) compared to control. Mice on quercetin intake without exercise had 29% drops in body weight. Conversely in the current study all the three groups illustrated significant changes in the plasma adiponectin levels compared to the control. Plasma diponectin levels in mice on exercise regimen with or without quercetin intake, or only quercetin intake have significantly (P<0.007) decreased compared to the controls. Conclusion: The combination of exercise and quercetin or separately modulate plasma adiponectin levels. An adiponectin dependent mechanism may be responsible for the reduction in body weight observed in this study with the combination of exercise.
The Many Legal Institutions that Support Contractual Commitments

The problem of enforcing agreements in exchange is at the heart of economic life and has been a central topic for economic theory in the past several decades. As economists have focused more closely on what goes on inside the ‘black box’ of the firm, especially under conditions of uncertainty and asymmetric information, the role of contractual commitment in economic organization has come to the fore. Much of the theory of incentives that has emerged since the 1970s depends crucially on assumptions about the enforceability of contractual mechanisms designed to align the interests of principal and agent and achieve efficient production and exchange (Laffont and Martimort 2002). One of the fundamental contributions of transaction cost theory and institutional economics has been to focus attention on opening the ‘black box’ of contract enforcement, drawing attention to the institutions required to achieve effective and low-cost contract enforcement. Williamson (1985) emphasizes the obstacles to perfect complete contracting in his approach to analyzing the institutions of capitalism. North (1990) places specific emphasis on understanding the costs of third-party enforcement in his analysis of the dynamics of institutional change and the differential performance of economies across time and space. Our understanding of the critical interplay between institutions, the enforcement of contracts and economic development has been substantially advanced by thework ofGreif (1989; 1993),Milgrom,North andWeingast (1990), Greif, Milgrom and Weingast (1994) and others on the role of coalitions, the private law merchant and the merchant guilds in securing the commitments necessary to facilitate long-distance trade and the commercial revolution in medieval Europe. Even in cyberspace, focus has shifted to the need to develop institutional mechanisms for secure commitment—notably for the problems of
U.S. Rejection of the Kyoto Protocol: The Impact on Compliance Costs and Co2 Emissions

Despite the US rejection of the Kyoto Protocol, the meeting of the parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in July 2001 has increased the likelihood that the Protocol will be ratified. This raises a number of issues concerning mitigation costs, particularly for the buyers and sellers of emission permits. In this paper, we examine how the US decision is likely to affect compliance costs for other Annex B countries during the first commitment period. We also explore the implications for US emissions. Key findings include: 1. Participating OECD countries may experience a decline in mitigation costs, but because of the banking provision contained in the Protocol, the decline may not be as great as some would suggest. 2. If the majority of "hot air" is concentrated in a small number of countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, these countries may be able to organize a sellers' cartel and extract sizable economic rents; and 3. Even in the absence of mandatory emission reduction requirements, US emissions in 2010 may be lower than their business-as-usual baseline because of expectations regarding future regulatory requirements.
“The road from Mandalay to Wigan is a long one and the reasons for taking it aren’t immediately clear”: A World-System Biography of George Orwell

George Orwell is one the best known and highly regarded writers of the twentieth century. In his adjective form—Orwellian—he has become a “Sartrean ‘singular universal,’ an individual whose “singular” experiences express the “universal” character of a historical moment. Orwell is a literary representation of the unease felt in the disenchanted, alienated, anomic world of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This towering cultural legacy obscures a more complex and interesting legacy. This world-system biography explains his contemporary relevance by retracing the road from Mandalay to Wigan that transformed Eric Blair, a disappointing-Etonian-turned-imperial-policeman, into George Orwell, a contradictory and complex socialist and, later, literary icon. Orwell’s contradictory class position—between both ruling class and working class and nation and empire—and resultantly tense relationship to nationalism, empire, and the Left makes his work a particularly powerful exposition of the tension between comsopolitianism and radicalism, between the abstract concerns of intellectuals and the complex demands of local political action. Viewed in full, Orwell represents the “traumatic kernel” of our age of cynicism: the historic failure and inability of the left to find a revolutionary path forward between the “timid reformism” of social democrats and “comfortable martyrdom” of anachronistic and self-satisfied radicals.
Targeted cytotoxic analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) only transiently decreases the gene expression of pituitary receptors for LH-RH.

A cytotoxic analogue of LH-RH, AN-207, consisting of 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201) linked to carrier [D-Lys6]LH-RH, was developed for targeted therapy of cancers expressing LH-RH-receptors. To determine its possible side-effects on the pituitary gland, we investigated the gene expression of pituitary LH-RH-receptors and LH secretion in ovariectomized female and normal male rats after treatment with the maximum tolerated dose of AN-207. The effect of AN-207 on the gene expression of the pituitary GH-RH-receptors and GH secretion was also assessed in male rats. Five hours after a single i.v. injection of AN-207 at 175 nmol/kg, there was a 39-51% decrease in mRNA expression for the pituitary LH-RH-receptors in male and female rats. The carrier, at an equimolar dose, caused a similar reduction (37-39%), whereas the cytotoxic radical AN-201, at an equitoxic dose (110 nmol/kg), produced only a 12-24% decrease (NS) in the mRNA expression of LH-RH-receptors. AN-207 and the carrier analogue induced a comparable 90-100-fold increase in serum LH concentrations in male rats, and the same 12-fold elevation in OVX rats at 5 h. Seven days after treatment with AN-207, the mRNA levels for the LH-RH receptors and the serum LH concentration were back to normal in both sexes. AN-207, the carrier, and AN-201 had no significant effect on the expression of mRNA for GH-RH-receptors in the pituitary. In vitro, a continuous perfusion of pituitary cells with 10 nM AN-207 did not affect the hormone-releasing function of the targeted LH cells or the nontargeted GH cells. Our results demonstrate that cytotoxic LH-RH analogue AN-207, at the maximum tolerated dose causes only a transient decrease in the gene expression of the pituitary LH-RH receptors, and the levels of mRNA for LH-RH receptor fully recover within 7 days. Moreover, the carrier hormone moiety, and not the cytotoxic radical in AN-207 is responsible for this transient suppression. Our findings suggest that the therapy with cytotoxic LH-RH analogues will not inflict permanent damage to pituitary function.
Shuttle imaging radar-C: a system integration and test perspective

The Shuttle Imaging Radar—C(SIR---C) is a synthetic aperture radar(SAR) designed to fly on the Space Shuttle as a payload instrument in the Shuttle Radar Laboratory(SRL). To fly together with SIR-C are the German/Italian X-band SAR(X-SAR) and the Data Processing Subsystem (DPS), built by the Applied Physics Laboratory of John Hopkins University. The first mission is scheduled in mid-April, 1994, for an 8-day duration, with one follow-up mission in planning. The instrument itself — its inheritance, mission profile, potential scientific advances, design and performance — has been published earlier"2
Lithographic evaluation and characterization of a negative deep-UV resist system for the next generation of DRAMs

Abstract We report here the initial lithographic evaluation of AZ DN-21, a commercial,negative tone, aqueous alkali developable, chemically amplified resist. The resistwas exposed with 248nm light from a KrF laser on a Canon Deep UV stepperwith NA 0.37. Feature sizes down to 0.35 microns were printed with good focus and exposure latitude. The resist profiles are nearly vertical with a slight undercutting at the bottom of the feature and a slight rounding of the top. We also report some initial results from a study of the effects of delays in resist processing. For a given dose, delays in the processing increased the measured linewidths. Results from a calculation of the effective activation energy forcrosslinking are also presented. For the PEB temperatures investigated, the effective energy was found to be a function of the PEB temperature. 1.0 Introduction Deep UV (DUV) lithography is recognized as the most promising technology toextend the resolution of optical lithography to the sub-half micron
Pressure-induced pyrochlore to perovskite transformations in the Sr1−xPbxRuO3 system

Abstract The oxygen-deficient pyrochlore Pb 2 Ru 2 O 7−x transforms to an orthorhombic perovskite near 90 kbar and 1400° C. As x decreases in the system Sr 1−x Pb x RuO 3 , the pressure for perovskite formation decreases to one atmosphere for x ≈ 0.3. A pressure-composition phase diagram at 1400° C is presented. The quenched high-pressure perovskite phases retransform very slowly at 450° C and very rapidly at 600° C.
Improving a Valve Packing Model to Increase Packing Lifetime in Molten Salt

Valves used in molten salt thermal energy storage systems often utilize conventional packing methodology and materials. These packing materials often exhibit relatively short lifetimes because of the reactive interaction of the salt and packing. Past research has indicated that valve packing lifetime is affected by both stress and temperature in the packing. Because of this interaction, it is important to understand the stress in the packing and to find ways to reduce the packing stress. A finite element model of a valve stem/packing system was created and material properties of the packing were determined and validated against previous work. The model was then used to evaluate the stress induced in the packing system through linear axial motion and then extended to include rotational stem motion as well. The analysis confirmed previous results that axial translation created a significant amount of stress in the valve packing. The newly included rotational motion of the valve stem was found to affect the packing stress only minimally. This result suggests that development of better rotary valves would be very useful for utilization in molten salt service, especially as the temperature of the salts are increased in an effort to achieve higher power cycle efficiencies.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Pressure-stabilized sodium polyhydrides: NaH(n) (n>1).

Computations on ${\mathrm{NaH}}_{n}$, $n=6--12$, show that ${\mathrm{NaH}}_{9}$ is stable by $P=25\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GPa}$. $Cmc{2}_{1}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}{\mathrm{NaH}}_{9}$ containing both ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ units is metallic at $Pg250\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GPa}$. Other phases with only ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ units metallize at lower pressures as a result of the partial filling of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{u}^{*}$ bands by the Na $3s$ electrons. Pressure induced overlap of the Na $2p$ cores forestalls closure of the band gap in the odd phases with ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ atoms, but the even phases remain good metals up to 300 GPa. The lower the IP of the metal, the lower the pressure at which $M{\mathrm{H}}_{n}$ with $ng1$ become stable. The larger the radius of $M$, the greater the optimal value of $n$.
Deferrable loads in energy markets: Optimal consumption policies

The paper analyzes the optimal response of an individual consumer, with a deferrable demand for electricity, to exogenous stochastic prices. The main goal of the paper is (i) to introduce a model where many realistic features are taken into account (such as the presence of bounds on power consumption, the possibility of curtailment, and time correlation in the price process) (ii) determine an explicit and accurate mathematical description for the consumption policy of a rational consumer, and (iii) investigate the salient properties of these characterizations.
Resilient design of discrete-time observers with general criteria using LMIs

Much of the recent work on robust control or observer design has focused on preservation of stability of the controlled system or the convergence of the observer in the presence of parameter perturbations in the plant equations. The present work addresses the important problem of resilience or nonfragility which is the maintenance of convergence or performance when the observer is erroneously implemented due possibly to computational errors, e.g., round off errors in digital implementation or sensor errors. A linear matrix inequality approach is presented that maximizes performance in the implementation based on the knowledge of an upper bound on the error in the observer gain. Some design examples are provided for illustration purposes.
Is cancer an obvious yet overlooked example of the Baldwin effect

A correspondence is drawn between features of the Baldwin eect and those of cancer. Non-heritability of plastic traits corresponds with the somatic nature of cancer causing mutations. Plasticity then corresponds with the rate at which somatic mutations are formed, amplied, or removed. One then need not hypothesize or look for new genes that code for the range of plasticity as required by the Simpson-Baldwin eect.
Thermo-Mechanical Deformation in Heat Sink Seal Rings

Heat sink mechanical seals use a heat exchanger built directly into the stationary seal ring to control the temperature at the seal interface. This paper presents the latest analytical and experimental results showing the thermal deformation of the heat sink seal at the sealing interface. The results show that the virgin interface contact pattern (before wear) is non-conformally convex with point contact towards the outer diameter. These results are discussed in relation to positive and negative coning that is found in conventional seal rings.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Red chemiluminescence from ram seminal vesicle microsomes: pitfalls in the use of spectrally resolved red chemiluminescence as a test for singlet oxygen in biological systems.

— The assignment of the red chemiluminescence bands in the ram seminal microsome system to singlet oxygen as previously reported by Cadenas and Sies (1983) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 364, 519-528 was re-evaluated. Measurements of 1268 nm emission demonstrated that ram seminal vesicle microsomes produced very small quantities of singlet oxygen (0.41 2 0.05 p.M) when they metabolized high concentrations of 15-hydroperoxyarachidonic acid (1 mM). The red chemilumi- nescence, however, was not due to singlet oxygen, since it failed to increase in deuterium oxide and it was five orders of magnitude larger than the predicted emission from singlet oxygen produced in this system. Quantitative measurements of the time integral of the square root of the red chemiluminescence intensity may be a useful test to confirm the assignment of red emission to singlet oxygen in other biochemical systems.
Design guidelines for low-loss slow-wave coplanar transmission lines in RF-CMOS technology

Without changing the locations and dimensions of the patches, by changing the first dielectric layer (D1) to the one shown in Figure 5, the gain and impedance bandwidth of the antenna increases (Curve 2 of Fig. 4). In the new structure there are three dielectric layers (D11, D12, and D13) between the ground plane and the feed patch. D11 and D13 are made from the same material with the related permittivity of 2.33, and they are separated by an air gap (D12). The measured VSWR, gain, and radiation pattern of the antenna are shown in Figures 6 and 7. The measured impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 9 GHz centered at 14.5 GHz, and the VSWR is less than 1.5 from 10.5 GHz to 18 GHz which is quite useful for industrial applications. The simulation and measurement results show that the radiation pattern of the antenna is stable across the band pass. 3. CONCLUSION This letter presents a multilayer multiresonator probe-feed MSA at the frequency range of 10 –19 GHz. The antenna structure consists of a rectangular feed patch and three parasitic patches. The presented structure demonstrates that by using parasitic patches and utilizing an air gap between the feed patch and the ground plane, the gain and impedance bandwidth of the antenna increases. Finally, a high gain antenna with 62% impedance bandwidth (VSWR 2) is obtained. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Electrophysiological Delineation of the Specialized A-V Conduction System in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease: II. Delineation of the Distal His Bundle and the Right Bundle Branch

The course of the distal His bundle and the right bundle branch was electrophysiologically delineated during open heart surgery in nine patients with tetralogy of Fallot and in six other patients with various forms of congenital heart disease. In patients with tetralogy of Fallot, right bundle branch electrograms were usually recorded up to 25 mm from the plane of the tricuspid valve annulus and only rarely beyond this site, indicating that the electrical activity in the right bundle branch was isolated from right ventricular myocardium to a site 25 mm away from the tricuspid annulus in the patients studied. In one patient with right bundle branch block pattern on the electrocardiogram induced by a ventriculotomy, the right bundle branch was traced to the Purkinje fiber-ventricular muscle junction, supporting the observation that a right bundle branch block pattern induced by ventriculotomy does not indicate that injury to the proximal part of the right bundle branch occurred. In five patients with various forms of congenital heart disease we did not record electrical activity from the distal His and right bundle branch. The anatomic and functional reasons for this failure are discussed. In one patient with a common ventricle, the identification of the specialized atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system allowed for total surgical correction of this anomaly without injury to the conduction system. The electrophysiological delineation of the specialized atrioventricular conduction system is suggested for all patients undergoing open heart surgery who have complicated congenital heart disease on which no data are available regarding the exact location of the specialized atrioventricular conduction system, for patients with unusual ventricular anatomy, and for patients in whom the hemodynamic and angiographic studies do not correlate well with the electrocardiogram.
Occupational Lung Disease and Compensation

Excerpt To the editor: As an internist with an active interest in work-related diseases, I was dismayed by the article by Richman (1) and Morgan's accompanying editorial (2). My patients encounter ...
Energy dependences of (16O, 12C) transitions

Abstract The (16O, 12C) cross sections have been measured for lab angles, θ ≧ 4° on targets of 24Mg and 28Si at lab beam energies ranging from 36 to 53 MeV. Angular distributions have been extracted for transitions to the ground states and first excited states at all beam energies studied. Angular distributions for higher excited states (up to ≈ 8 MeV) have been extracted for 24Mg(16O, 12C)28Si at 48 MeV and for 28Si(16O, 12C)32S at 42 MeV. An analysis has been performed with the full finite range DWBA code LOLA. Although the angular distribution shapes can be reproduced with reasonable DWBA calculations and the resulting relative spectroscopic factor products are energy independent and agree well with (6Li, d) spectro-spectroscopic factors, there are significant difficulties encountered in applying the DWBA treatment. Absolute spectroscopic factors decrease by a factor of ≈ 5 as bombardment energy is increased through the ≈20 MeV range of this investigation and the shape of the DWBA predicted angular distribution is very sensitive to the choice of optical model parameters at bombarding energies near the Coulomb barrier. Interestingly a two parameter Frahn and Venter model calculation reproduces the l = 0 angular distributions for both targets with an energy variation of the absolute normalization factor which is significantly smaller than that resulting from the DWBA analysis.
A Practical Stroke Severity Scale Predicts Hospital Outcomes

Abstract Goal: To develop a practical severity scale (Wake Forest Stroke Severity Scale [WFSSS]) to predict acute hospital outcomes and resource use after acute ischemic stroke based on the admission neurologic exam. Background: A useful scheme enabling physicians and other health care providers to stratify stroke severity on admission to predict acute hospital outcomes and improve efficiency of inpatient care has not been described. Methods: The study subjects consisted of 271 consecutive acute stroke patients admitted to the neurology department from July 1995 to June 1996 who were prospectively examined and whose stroke severity was classified on the basis of admission neurologic exam (level of consciousness, strength, dysphasia, neglect, and gait) as mild, moderate, or severe, based on the WFSSS. National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) was performed early in admission (70% within 24 hours). Discharge disposition (home, inpatient rehabilitation [rehab], skilled nursing facility [SNF], or death); length of stay (LOS); and hospital charges were associated with initial stroke severity ratings using chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Fifty-percent (136) of strokes were classified as mild, 22% (60) as moderate, and 28% (75) as severe. Initial severity ratings were significantly related to discharge disposition, LOS, and hospital charges (all P values Conclusions: A practical clinical severity scale (WFSSS) for acute ischemic stroke patients based on admission neurologic examination predicts hospital disposition, LOS, and hospital charges, and may allow more accurate severity-adjusted comparisons among institutions. Copyright © 2001 by National Stroke Association
Experiments Concerning the Response of Supersonic Nozzles to Fluctuating Inlet Conditions

The noise field produced by the passage of pressure and entropy fluctuations through a supersonic nozzle has been investigated in an experimental program. Magnitude and phase information for the disturbances produced within the nozzle are presented and are compared with numerical calculations.
Jahn-teller solitons, structural phase transitions, and phase separation

It is demonstrated that under common conditions a molecular solid subject to Jahn-Teller interactions supports stable $Q$-ball-like nontopological solitons. Such solitons represent a localized lump of excess electric charge in periodic motion accompanied by a time-dependent shape distortion of a set of adjacent molecules. The motion of the distortion can correspond to a true rotation or to a pseudorotation about the symmetric shape configuration. These solitons are stable for Jahn-Teller coupling strengths below a critical value; however, as the Jahn-Teller coupling approaches this critical value, the size of the soliton diverges signaling an incipient structural phase transition. The soliton phase mimics features commonly attributed to phase separation in complex solids.
Moving from the Stock of Social Capital to the Flow of Benefits: The Role of Agency

Abstract Comparing results for 60 villages in Rajasthan, India, it is seen that having a high level of social capital does not always help to achieve high development performance. Stocks of social capital need to be drawn upon actively, and capable agency is necessary in addition to high social capital. Locally relevant scales of development performance and social capital are devised for making this comparison. Variables corresponding to other bodies of explanation, including extent of commercialization, relative stratification, and relative need are also examined, but a combination of high social capital and capable agency is found to be associated most closely with high development performance.
A Water-Based Mechanism of Specificity and Resistance for Lapatinib with ErbB Family Kinases

The dual kinase inhibitor lapatinib has a high affinity for EGFR and HER2 but a weak affinity for ErbB4, although the factors driving specificity for these highly homologous members of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases are not well understood. In this report, homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, and free energy calculations are employed with the goal of uncovering the energetic and structural molecular basis of lapatinib specificity and resistance. The results reveal a distinct network of three binding site water molecules that yield strikingly similar hydration patterns for EGFR and HER2 in contrast to that of ErbB4, which shows a different pattern with a reduced occupancy at one of the positions. The primary cause was traced to a single amino acid change in the binding site (EGFR position 775), involving a swap from C or S (EGFR and HER2) to V (ErbB4), for which the side chain is bulkier, is hydrophobic, and lacks the ability to form a H-bond with water. Notably, excellent quantitative agreement with experimental activities is obtained across the series (EGFR > HER2 > ErbB4) when key waters are included in the calculations. Quantitatively, Coulombic interactions and H-bond counts between network waters and species involved in the network are less favorable in ErbB4 by ~40% relative to those in EGFR or HER2. Additional simulations with clinically relevant EGFR (C775F, T854A, and T790M) and HER2 (T790I) mutants demonstrate that resistance can also be understood in terms of changes that occur in the binding site water network. Overall, the results of this study have yielded a physically reasonable water-based mechanism for describing lapatinib specificity and resistance.
Salinity of oceanic hydrothermal fluids: a fluid inclusion study

Abstract An extensive microthermometric study of quartz, epidote, plagioclase, anhydrite and sphalerite-hosted fluid inclusions from ophiolitic [Semail (Oman) and Trinity (California) ophiolites] and oceanic (East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vents, Gorringe Bank, ODP Leg 111 Hole 504B) crust has been carried out in order to constrain a model accounting for wide salinity variations measured in the oceanic hydrothermal fluids. Recorded salinities in fluid inclusions vary between 0.3 and 52 wt% NaCl eq. However, more than 60% of the mean (± standard deviation) salinities of the samples are within the range 3.2 ± 0.3wt% NaCl eq (= microthermometric error) and the mean salinity of all fluid inclusions (without the brines) is 4.0 wt% NaCl eq with a standard deviation of 1.6 wt% NaCl eq. Whereas most samples display slightly higher salinities than seawater, several samples exhibit very high salinities (more than two times that of seawater). These high salinities are restricted to the plagiogranites (Semail and Trinity ophiolites) which mark the top of the fossil magma chamber, in the transition zone between the plutonic sequence and the sheeted dyke complex. The fluid inclusion population studied in the plagiogranites is characterized by the occurrence of four major fluid inclusion families: (1) low- to medium-salinity Liquid/Vapor fluid inclusions which homogenize into the liquid phase; (2) low-salinity Liquid/Vapor fluid inclusions with pseudocritical homogenization; (3) low- to medium-salinity Liquid/Vapor fluid inclusions which homogenize into the vapor phase; and (4) high-salinity Liquid/Vapor/Halite fluid inclusions which homogenize into the liquid phase by halite dissolution and exhibit salinities as high as 52 wt% NaCl eq. These fluid inclusion families are interpreted as resulting from phase separation occurring in hydrothermal or magmatic fluids within the transition zone between the hydrothermal system and the magma chamber at temperatures higher than 500°C. Very low salinities (less than half that of seawater) have been found only in one dioritic sample from the Gorringe Bank. Mineralogical and petrological data from the Semail Ophiolite shows the absence of Cl-rich minerals. Furthermore, hydration of the crust, although very important, cannot account for the large salinity variations. Thus the large salinity variations measured are interpreted as resulting from phase separation and generation of brine-rich fluids at the top of the magma chamber. This phase separation and subsequent phase segregation and brine accumulation may result in a double-diffusive convection of the fluids in the hydrothermal system.
Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Nanometer-Sized Noble Metal Particles

Electron−phonon coupling in 11 ± 2 nm diameter Au particles and 10 ± 3 nm and 50 ± 10 nm Ag particles has been examined by ultrafast pump−probe spectroscopy. The observed relaxation times are strongly dependent on the pump laser power. At the lowest pump powers used, the time constants for relaxation are 0.8 ± 0.1 ps for the 11 nm Au particles, 1.1 ± 0.1 ps for the 10 nm Ag particles, and 1.0 ± 0.1 ps for the 50 nm Ag particles. The measured relaxation times are similar to those for bulk metals, which implies that there are no size-dependent effects in the dynamics for particles in this size region. The transient absorption/bleach recovery signals for the particles were modeled using the theory developed by Rosei et al. (Surf. Sci. 1973, 37, 689). These calculations yield the transient absorption spectrum as a function of the temperature of the electron distribution. The time dependence of the electronic temperature after pump laser excitation was calculated using the two-temperature model for electron−ph...
[9-14C]fluorene hydroperoxide as a possible intermediate in the hydroxylation of [9-3C]fluorene by rat liver homogenate

1. 1 [9-14C]-fluorene was chosen as substrate to study the mechanism of biological oxygenation. Both fluorene and fluorene hydroperoxide were converted to fluorenol by rat liver supernatant fraction obtained at 10 000 × g. When the liver enzyme was bolied, it no longer converted fluorene to fluorenol; however, it converted fluorene hydroperoxide to fluorenol at 36% of the activity of actiev unheated enzyme. 2. 2. The pretreatment of rats with fluorene doubled the enzymatic activity for the conversion of fluorene to fluorenol, whereas phenobarbital increased activity to 5-fold as compared to control. 3. 3. Radioactive fluorene hydroperoxide has been identified in reaction mixtures hydroxylating [9-14C]fluorene. An incorporation yield of 4.8% of [9-14C]fluorene hydroperoxide from [9-14C]fluorene was obtained. The radioactive fluorene hydroperoxide was isolated, converted into fluorenone and the phenylhydrazone. The identity and purity was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography, by ultraviolet spectra and by specific determination. 4. 4 The findings indicated that [9-14C]fluorene hydroperoxide can be an intermediate in the hydroxylation of [9-14C]fluorene by rat liver homogenate.
Temperature-moisture biases in ECMWF analyses based on clear sky longwave simulations constrained by SSMI and MSU measurements and comparisons to ERBE estimates

Clear sky longwave radiation fluxes for the summer of 1988 and winter of 1989 have been simulated with a radiative transfer model that includes detailed treatment of atmospheric gas absorption. The input data to the model are humidity and temperature profiles from European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses and surface temperature measurements from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. To reduce the inherent uncertainties in humidity profiles, the ECMWF moisture fields have been adjusted, based on the climatological relationship between the moisture profile and total precipitable water (PW), so that the ECMWF PW is equal to that derived from Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSMI) data. SSMI and ECMWF PW patterns are generally similar, but significant differences in magnitude are found in the low latitudes, particularly over the subtropical oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. At the same time the tropospheric brightness temperature (T(sub B)) at 53.74 GHz has been computed using a microwave transfer model with ECMWF temperature and humidity fields as inputs. The comparison of computed T(sub B) with the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) channel 2 T(sub B) revealed differences larger than 1.5 K over most of the oceans, suggesting that the ECMWF model atmosphere has a cold bias. Maximum biases greater than 3 K are found in low latitudes. After removing the bias from the ECMWF temperature field, a new set of temperature profiles yielding brightness temperature equal to MSU channel 2 T(sub B) has been obtained. Simulation results clearly demonstrate that inclusion of satellite estimates of PW and T(sub B) enhances the accuracy of the clear sky LW flux simulation, substantially reducing the differences from Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) estimates. Global averages indicate that the model-derived top-of-atmosphere (TOA) clear sky fluxes from the adjusted moisture and temperature profiles are in very good agreement with satellite-measured ERBE values, differing by only 1.4 W/sq m. By contrast, the calculation using only ECMWF analyses without any adjustments gives a significant underestimation of TOA clear sky fluxes up to 10.7 W/sq m compared to the satellite measurements, suggesting that the constraint method can significantly improve the accuracy in the radiation budget simulation. The results also indicate that the ECMWF-based simulation errors are, at least for the two seasons studied, mainly attributed to the error in the temperature field rather than to errors in the moisture field.
Conflicting Ideologies and Language Policy in Adult ESL: Complexities of Language Socialization in a Majority-L1 Classroom.

This study looks at how language ideologies affect and are revealed in language socialization practices in a majority-L1 adult ESL classroom, particularly looking at language use and policy. It draws on recent theories and critiques of language socialization (Bayley & Langman, 2011; Bronson & Watson-Gegeo, 2008; Garrett & Baquedano-Lopez, 2002; Kulick & Schieffelin, 2004), language ideologies (Woolard, 1998; Woolard & Schieffelin, 1994; Wortham, 2008) and second language learning (Auerbach, 1993; Cook, 1997). Qualitative, semi-ethnographic methods are used to address the intersection of language learning, socialization, and ideologies as related to classroom language use. The study reveals complex language ideologies that value students’ L1s, as well as adherence and resistance to socialization practices. It also reveals complications related to the teacher’s accommodation of languages besides English, particularly Spanish, for minority non-Spanish-speaking students. This paper concludes with implications...
Assessing grassland biophysical characteristics from spectral measurements

Abstract Remote sensing offers a potential alternative to tedious hand sampling as a means of monitoring vegetation condition and estimating productivity over large areas of grasslands. This study was conducted to assess the use of spectral reflectance measurements in estimating grass canopy leaf area index (LAI) and total above ground green phytomass. Spectral reflectance measurements were made on a tallgrass prairie during 1983 and 1984 with two multiband radiometers. Green leaf-area index and dry matter accumulations (green above-ground phytomass) were measured on the area monitored by the radiometer. Three indices—near-infrared to red ratio, greenness, and normalized difference—were computed from spectral reflectance data. The direct relationships between these spectral reflectance indices and grass biophysical parameters (LAI and phytomass) were site-dependent and year-specific. Indirect methods of estimating LAI and phytomass from estimates of absorbed, phytosynthetically active radiation, based on measurements of grass canopy spectral reflectance, were found to be more consistent across treatments for the two years of this study.