cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parallelization of perceptual grouping on distributed memory machines

We propose architecture independent parallel algorithms for solving perceptual grouping tasks on distributed memory machines. Given an n/spl times/n image, using P processors, we show that these tasks can be performed in O(n/sup 2//P) computation time and 20/spl radic/(P)T/sub d/+8(logP)T/sub d/+(40n//spl radic/(P)+20P)/spl tau//sub d/ communication time, where T/sub d/ is the communication startup time and /spl tau//sub d/ is the transmission rate. Our implementations show that, given 7K line segments extracted from a 1K/spl times/1K image, the line grouping task can be performed in 1.115 seconds using a partition of CM-5 having 256 processing nodes and in 0.382 seconds using a 16 node Cray T3D. Our code is written in C and MPI message passing standard and can be easily ported to other high performance computing platforms.
Rectal perforation after AxiaLIF instrumentation: case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Background context Bowel perforation is an uncommon complication of posterior spinal surgery. The AxiaLIF transsacral instrumentation system has been used for the treatment of L5–S1 spondylolisthesis and degenerative disc disease since its introduction in 2005 as a potentially less invasive alternative to traditional anterior or posterior interbody fusion. Purpose In this article, we report a case of a rectal perforation as a complication of placement of the AxiaLIF instrumentation system that was successfully treated without the removal of the device. Study design Case report. Methods The patient presented with progressive back pain and sepsis 3 weeks after an L5–S1 fusion done with the AxiaLIF technique at an outside facility. The patient was managed with antibiotic therapy and a diverting ileostomy, without the removal of the AxiaLIF device. Results Over the next year, she had symptoms indicative of nonunion of the operated level and breakdown at the adjacent level, which were confirmed with imaging. She underwent revision posterior spinal fusion without the removal of the AxiaLIF device. Eighteen months after the AxiaLIF device was placed, the patient continued to demonstrate no signs of infection recurrence. Conclusions Delayed presentation of rectal perforation with a subsequent anaerobic sepsis is a potential complication of the presacral approach to the L5–S1 disc space. Recognition and treatment with fecal diversion and long-term intravenous antibiotics is an alternative to device removal and sacral reconstruction.
Schizymenium shevockii (Bryaceae), a New Species of Moss from California, Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence

Abstract A new moss species, Schizymenium shevockii, is described from Fresno County, California. Schizymenium shevockii is distinguished from North American species of Mielichhoferia by a single endostomial peristome, and from Mexican species of Schizymenium by dioicous sexuality, poorly developed endostome segments, and the complete absence of exostome teeth. The new species can also be distinguished from S. pontevedrensis (the only European species of that genus), Mielichhoferia mielichhoferiana, and Mielichhoferia elongata by the presence of 38 and 29 nucleotide (nt) deletions in the ITS1 region of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and a nine nt insertion in the ITS2 region. Four additional insertions and/or deletions distinguish S. shevockii from M. elongata and/or M. mielichhoferiana. Moreover, Mielichhoferia elongata and M. mielichhoferiana share 34 nucleotide substitutions that distinguish them (as a monophyletic group) from S. shevockii and S. pontevedrensis. A survey of California populations using primers...
Concurrent Broadcast for Information Dissemination

Concurrent broadcast involves the dissemination of a database, consisting of messages initially distributed among the nodes of a network, so that a copy of the entire database eventually resides at each node. One application is the dissemination of network status information for adaptive routing in a communications network. This paper examines the time complexity and communication complexity of several distributed procedures for concurrent broadcast. The procedures do not use information depending on the network topology. The worst-case time complexity of a flooding procedure for concurrent broadcast is shown to be linear in the number of nodes plus the number of messages, and no other procedure for concurrent broadcast has a better worst-case time complexity. A variant of flooding is proposed to eliminate redundant message receipts from the flooding process by real-time signaling between neighbors concerning messages residing at each. This variant can reduce communication complexity, while having a worst-case time complexity similar in form to that of the flooding procedure. Special properties of concurrent broadcast in a tree are also given. The present time complexity results can be used to bound the time during which inconsistent databases may reside at different nodes, to evaluate and compare procedures for (or including) concurrent broadcast, and to schedule a sequence of instances of concurrent broadcast so that the instances do not overlap and there is no need for sequence numbers.
Compiler-Directed Cache Assist Adaptivity

The performance of a traditional cache memory hierarchy can be improved by utilizing mechanisms such as a victim cache or a stream buffer (cache assists). The amount of on-chip memory for cache assist is typically limited for technological reasons. In addition, the cache assist size is limited in order to maintain a fast access time. Performance gains from using a stream buffer or a victim cache, or a combination of the two, varies from program to program as well as within a program. Therefore, given a limited amount of cache assist memory, there is a need and a potential for "adaptivity" of the cache assists i.e., an ability to vary their relative size within the bounds of the cache assist memory size. We propose and study a compiler-driven adaptive cache assist organization and its effect on system performance. Several adaptivity mechanisms are proposed and investigated. The results show that a cache assist that is adaptive at loop level clearly improves the cache memory performance, has low overhead, and can be easily implemented.
Automating the assembly of presentations from multimedia databases

A multimedia presentation refers to the presentation of multimedia data using output devices such as monitors for text and video, and speakers for audio. Each presentation consists of multimedia segments which are obtained from a multimedia data model. In this paper, we propose to express the semantic coherency of a multimedia presentation in terms of presentation inclusion and exclusion constraints that are incorporated into the multimedia data model. Thus, when a user specifies a set of segments for a presentation, the DBMS adds segments into and/or deletes segments from the set in order to satisfy the inclusion and exclusion constraints. To automate the assembly of a presentation with concurrent presentation streams, we also propose presentation organization constraints that are incorporated into the multimedia data model, independent of any presentation. We give two algorithms for automated presentation assembly and discuss their complexity. We discuss the satisfiability of inclusion and exclusion constraints when negation is allowed, and we briefly describe a prototype system that is being developed for automated presentation assembly.
Electrochemically Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Gas Sensor

We demonstrate a facile fabrication method to make chemical gas sensors using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) electrochemically functionalized with polyaniline (PANI). The potential advantage of this method is to enable targeted functionalization with different materials to allow for creation of high-density individually addressable nanosensor arrays. PANI-SWNT network based sensors were tested for on-line monitoring of ammonia gas. The results show a superior sensitivity of 2.44% DR/R per ppmv NH3 (which is more than 60 times higher than intrinsic SWNT based sensors), a detection limit as low as 50 ppbv, and good reproducibility upon repeated exposure to 10 ppmv NH3. The typical response time of the sensors at room temperature is on the order of minutes and the recovery time is a few hours. Higher sensitivities were observed at lower temperatures. These results indicate that electrochemical functionalization of SWNTs provides a promising new method of creating highly advanced nanosensors with improved sensitivity, detection limit, and reproducibility.
Gender- and age-dependent relationships between the E-selectin S128R polymorphism and coronary artery calcification

Development and progression of atherosclerosis involves recruitment and binding of circulating leukocytes to areas of inflammation within the vascular endothelium mediated by a diverse array of cellular adhesion molecules. A polymorphism in the endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (E-selectin) gene has been implicated in early-onset, angiographically defined, severe atherosclerotic disease because it profoundly affects ligand recognition and binding specificity, resulting in a significant increase in cellular adhesion. Relationships between the E-selectin S128R polymorphism and coronary artery calcification (CAC), a marker of atherosclerosis detected with noninvasive electron beam computed tomography, were examined in 294 asymptomatic women aged 40--88 years and 314 asymptomatic men aged 30--80 years from the Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Calcification Study. The E-selectin polymorphism was not associated with presence of CAC in men of any age or in women over age 50. In women 50 years of age or younger the E-selectin polymorphism was significantly associated with presence of CAC after adjustment for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and smoking. The significant association between E-selectin and CAC in women 50 years of age or younger may suggest that the 128R allele is a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis in younger asymptomatic women, who typically have lower levels of traditional risk factors and reduced adhesion molecule expression due to the presence of higher levels of endogenous hormones.
The ubiquitous tourist brochure explorations in its intended and unintended use

Abstract The format and content of tourist attraction brochures are examined. Emphasis is on their function in encouraging tourists to establish authentic “traveler-like” personal contact with the local people and area. The Old Order Amish community in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, is the setting studied. Findings indicate that brochures advertising staged tourist attractions implicity encourage tourists to move away from contact with the indigenous population and culture. Attractions are presented as convenient, efficient, and authentic means of “sampling” the region. Questions are raised about the probable consequences for a local area and its people, should large numbers of tourists choose to seek our direct and “authentic” contact with the indigenous community. It may be the staged attractions, while often the object of intellectual critique, protect the community from the pressures of mass tourism.
Depression and eating disorders

Both depressive disorders and eating disorders are multidimensional and heterogeneous disorders. This paper examines the nature of their relationship by reviewing clinical descriptive, family-genetic, treatment, and biological studies that relate to the issue. The studies confirm the prominence of depressive symptoms and depressive disorders in eating disorders. Other psychiatric syndromes which occur with less frequency, such as anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders in anorexia nervosa, or personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse in bulimia nervosa, also play an important role in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Since few studies have controlled for starvation-induced physical, endocrine, or psychological changes which mimic the symptoms considered diagnostic for depression, further research will be needed. The evidence for a shared etiology is not compelling for anorexia nervosa and is at most suggestive for bulimia nervosa. Since in contemporary cases dieting-induced weight loss is the principal trigger, women with self-critical or depressive features will be disproportionately recruited into eating disorders. The model that fits the data best would accommodate a relationship between eating disorders and the full spectrum of depressive disorders from no depression to severe depression, with somewhat higher rates of depression in bulimic anorectic and bulimia nervosa patients than in restricting anorexia nervosa patients, but the model would admit a specific pathophysiology and psychopathology in each eating disorder. Depression and Anxiety, Volume 8, Supplement 1:96–104, 1998.© 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Invisible hands: the making of the Conservative movement from the New Deal to Reagan

Invisible hands: the making of the Conservative movement from the New Deal to Reagan, by Kim Phillips-Fein, New York, W.W. Norton Company, Inc., 2009, vii + 356 pp., 16 photographs, £19.99 (hardbac...
The Effect of Sodium N-Lauroyl Sarcosinate and of Sodium Dehydroacetate on the Enzymes of the Gastrointestinal Tract*

The effect of sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate and of sodium dehydroacetate on the activity of several enzymes was determined. These enzymes were salivary amylase, rennin, pancreatic trypsin, pancreatic lipase, and pancreatic amylase. The effect of LS and of DA dentifrices on the activity of salivary amylase was determined. The effect of salivary amylase activity immediately after brushing the teeth with several dentifrices was determined. The dentifrices included a LS dentifrice, a DA dentifrice, and a plain dentifrice. Also included was a plain mouthwash, a LS mouthwash, and a dry brush. The effect upon salivary amylase activity after brushing the teeth for one week with a LS dentifrice was determined. Some observations about the variability of human saliva are reported.
General Ledger Software with Practice Sets in Financial Accounting Principles Courses

(1991). General Ledger Software with Practice Sets in Financial Accounting Principles Courses. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 66, No. 6, pp. 346-349.
Susceptibility to killing by bcg‐activated macrophages associated with ‘spontaneous’ neoplastic transformation in culture

Non-tumorigenic and ‘spontaneously’ transformed tumorigenic paired cell lines derived from mouse, rat, or hamster embryonic tissues were examined for their susceptibility to killing by mouse peritoneal macrophages activated in vivo by infection with Mycobacterium bovis, strain Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Susceptibility to killing was measured by the extent of clearing in a confluent layer of target cells overlying an area of adherent macrophages or by the release of 3H counts from target cells prelabelled with [3H]-thymidine. Only tumorigenic lines showed complete clearing by activated macrophages; the reaction occurred regardless of species differences between macrophages and target cells. The degree of clearing increased with increasing ratio of macrophages to target cells. Normal macrophages from uninfected mice did not produce a clearing reaction. The macrophage reaction discriminated between non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic cells with short tumor latent periods (<100 days) even when neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells were derived in culture from the same cell. The more tumorigenic lines (i.e., shortest latent period) tended to be more susceptible to killing. Thus, cells spontaneously transformed in culture are more susceptible to killing by activated macrophages than are their non-neoplastic counterparts. In two cloned lines the enhanced susceptibility to macrophage killing appeared to be a late manifestation of the neoplastic change.
Geochemical Balance of a Small Watershed and Its Geomorphic Implications

A detailed input-output study of a small forested watershed draining the Wissahickon Formation in the Piedmont of Maryland revealed that chemical solution is five times as effective in removing material as is mechanical erosion. Solution weathering removes 16.9 tons/sq mi/yr of material compared with 3.2 tons/sq mi/yr by mechanical erosion. Plant activity during the growing season increased the concentration of silica, bicarbonate, calcium, and potassium, thus increasing total dissolved solids by one-third. Autumn leaf fall also caused a short-term increase of these ions. Rainfall does not simply dilute floodwaters as the concentration of sulfate, potassium, and calcium increases whereas silica and bicarbonate decrease in concentration during a flood cycle. Our data suggest that during the first half of a flood cycle, both the flood water and the dissolved solids in it come from an area in and immediately adjacent to the flood plain. The weathering model derived from our study suggests that on a long-term basis approximately one-half of the erosion of the Pond Branch watershed is caused by chemical solution of the silicate minerals kaolinite, vermiculite, biotite, and oligoclase. This contrasts to short-term ratio of solutional to mechanical weathering of five to one.
A Bargaining Theoretic Approach to Quality-Fair System Resource Allocation for Multiple Decoding Tasks

In this paper, we propose a new resource allocation framework for multimedia systems that perform multiple simultaneous video decoding tasks. We jointly consider the available system resources (e.g., processor cycles) and the video decoding task's characteristics such as the sequence's content, the bit-rate, and the group of pictures (GOP) structure, in order to determine a fair and optimal resource allocation. To this end, we derive a quality-complexity model that determines the quality [in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR)] that a task can achieve given a certain system resource allocation. We use these quality-complexity models to determine a quality-fair and Pareto-optimal resource allocation using the Kalai-Smorodinski Bargaining Solution (KSBS) from axiomatic bargaining theory. The KSBS explicitly considers the resulting multimedia quality when performing a resource allocation and distributes quality-domain penalties proportional to the difference between each video decoding task's maximum and minimum quality requirements. We compare the KSBS with other fairness policies in the literature and find that, because it explicitly considers multimedia quality, it provides significantly fairer resource allocations in terms of the resulting PSNR compared with policies that operate solely in the resource domain. To weight the quality impact of the resource allocations to the different decoding tasks depending on application-specific requirements or user preferences, we generalize the existing KSBS solution by introducing bargaining powers based on each video sequence's motion and texture characteristics.
The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: A population-based study

Background & Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the 1-year outcome after the first course of corticosteroids in an inception cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: All patients in Olmsted County, Minnesota, diagnosed with Crohn’s disease (n 5 173) or ulcerative colitis (n 5 185) from 1970 to 1993 who were treated with systemic corticosteroids were identified (4 denied research authorization). Immediate outcome (30 days) and 1-year outcome after the first course of corticosteroids were determined. Results: Seventy-four (43%) patients with Crohn’s disease and 63 (34%) with ulcerative colitis were treated with corticosteroids. Immediate outcomes for Crohn’s disease were complete remission in 43 (58%), partial remission in 19 (26%), and no response in 12 (16%). Immediate outcomes for ulcerative colitis were complete remission in 34 (54%), partial remission in 19 (30%), and no response in 10 (16%). One-year outcomes for Crohn’s disease were prolonged response in 24 (32%), corticosteroid dependence in 21 (28%), operation in 28 (38%), and lost to follow-up in 1 (1%). One-year outcomes for ulcerative colitis were prolonged response in 31 (49%), corticosteroid dependence in 14 (22%), and operation in 18 (29%). Conclusions: Most patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis initially respond to corticosteroids. At 1 year, 32% of patients with Crohn’s disease and 48% with ulcerative colitis are corticosteroid free without operation.
Return of the Electric Binding Site

The BK-type Ca2+-activated K+ channel has been the subject of increasingly detailed mechanistic study since the first recordings of this channel were obtained more than 25 years ago (Pallotta et al., 1981; Latorre et al., 1982; Magleby, 2003; and references therein). But if you thought that our understanding of the gating of the BK channel and its allosteric regulation by Ca2+ and transmembrane voltage had reached its summit, then once again you would be wrong. In a remarkable display of patch-clamping and kinetic analysis appearing in this issue, the bear is poked once again, with this iteration of analysis constrained by high-resolution Ca2+ dose-response curves, containing data at 22 (!) different [Ca2+]. Here, Sweet and Cox (see p. 491) analyze the two high-affinity Ca2+ binding sites of the BK channel using mutations to selectively disable each site, and obtain definitive results on how the sites behave in isolation and how they might interact with one another in the intact BK channel. A surprising finding is that binding to one of the two binding sites is modulated by transmembrane voltage. This intriguing twist opens possibilities for identifying a structural basis for interactions between the voltage sensor and one of the principal Ca2+ activation sites of the channel.
Seasonal water acquisition and redistribution in the Australian woody phreatophyte, Banksia prionotes

Sap flows in the xylem of plant roots in response to gradients in water potential, either between soil and atmosphere (transpiration) or soil layers of different moisture content (termed hydraulic redistribution). The latter has the potential to influence water budgets and species interactions, but we lack information for all but a few plant communities. We combined heat pulse measurements of sap flow with dye and isotope tracing techniques to gauge the movement of xylem sap within, and exudation from, roots of Banksia prionotes (Lindley). We demonstrated ‘ hydraulic lift’ during the dry season and provide some evidence that extremely dry soils limit hydraulic lift. In addition we report difficulties posed by spiralled xylem tissue in roots for the application of heat pulse techniques.
Investigation of mammalian ovulation with an in vitro perfused rabbit ovary preparation

An in vitro perfused rabbit ovary preparation has been developed to study local factors responsible for the ovulatory process. This preparation enables: (1) isolation of the ovary from systemic influences, (2) direct serial observations of follicle development and ovulation, (3) addition to the perfusing medium of substances that may influence ovulation acting at the level of the ovary, and (4) correlation of the times of individual follicle rupture with ovarian contractile patterns. With this model the temporal requirements for human chorionic gonadotropin in the process of ovulation have been studied. The direct effects on ovulation of prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ), the antihistamine chlorpheniramine, and calcium deprivation were also investigated. Chlorpheniramine and EDTA each led to inhibition of ovulation and depressed ovarian contractility. The use of the isolated in vitro ovary preparation permits characterization of the local requirements for ovulation.
The road ahead for wargaming: the why and how of achieving the next generation of wargaming

Wargames have historically given their users a competituve edge through enhancing the development of individual strategist and particular strategies as well as serving as a catalyst for transformation. While there have always beeen problems with both the accuracy and speed of wargame forecasts these problems have become more acute due to recent trends. This paper will describe the enhancements needed to bring wargaming to its next generation, restoring--even increasing the benefits wargaming has historically provided. These enhancements will increase both the accuracy and speed of wargaming. Accuracy will be enhanced by explicitly modeling; human factors, (both differences in human effectiveness and differences in human decision making), effects of physical systems, (cascading within and between systems), and the depiction of time (influences on the decision loop of each decision node, differences in decision frequency between parent and child nodes). Speed will be enhanced through more efficient user interfaces, greater deployability and built-in reach back.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High-Purity Germanium Crystal Growing

The germanium crystals used for the fabrication of nuclear radiation detectors are required to have a purity and crystalline perfection which is unsurpassed by any other solid material. These crystals should not have a net electrically active impurity concentration greater than 10l0 cm−3 and be essentially free of charge trapping defects. Such perfect crystals of germanium can be grown only because of the highly favorable chemical and physical properties of this element. However, ten years of laboratory scale and commercial experience has still not made the production of such crystals routine. The origin and control of many impurities and electrically active defect complexes is now fairly well understood but regular production is often interrupted for long periods due to the difficulty of achieving the required high purity or to charge trapping in detectors made from crystals seemingly grown under the required conditions. The compromises involved in the selection of zone refining and crystal grower parts and ambients is discussed and the difficulty in controlling the purity of key elements in the process is emphasized. The consequences of growing in a hydrogen ambient are discussed in detail and it is shown how complexes of neutral defects produce electrically active centers.
Don't Conflagrate; Contemplate!

This brief article explores the tensions which create burn out. The article builds on the work of Maslach and Freudenberger, who suggest that professionals in the "helping professions," including teachers and counselors, are most likely to suffer burn out. Academic support professionals, who are often both teachers and de facto counselors, are likely among the "helping professionals" who may be at particular risk of burn out. Burn out is caused, at least in part, by the tension between the helping professional's idea of what she ought to be accomplishing through her work and what she is, in fact, accomplishing. The article suggests that adopting a contemplative practice may help to prevent burn out. Specifically, academic support professionals might consider a contemplative practice centered around queries designed to reacquaint the professional with her motivation in working in academic support or a contemplative practice of mindfulness.
Delineating concealed faults and shallow subsurface geology along the Wasatch Front, Utah, USA, by integrating geophysical and trench data

Abstract Planning and development along the Wasatch front must compensate for the geological hazards associated with faulting. Studies show that future ruptures will probably occur along already existing zones of weakness. Although any surface faults can be detected by surficial geological mapping others have no visible expression and can only be located by subsurface investigations. Geophysical methods, such as seismic refraction, gravity, magnetic, and radar can be integrated with geotechnical engineering methods such as drilling and trenching to obtain a better understanding of the subsurface geology at a specific site. Seismic refraction, gravity and magnetic surveys conducted near Provo, Utah along the Wasatch Mountain front have helped delineate shallow, concealed faulting. The reduced, modelled gravity and magnetic data typically correlate well with the refraction depth sections generated using the General Reciprocal Method (GRM). Field observations coupled with the geophysical data facilitated the identification of a number of probable faults along Rock Canyon Road, allowing an estimate to be made of the magnitude and direction of throw on the fault. A normal fault associated with a prominent north–south scarp near Rock Canyon Road was chosen for a case study. This fault scarp was later trenched by the Utah Geological and Mineral Survey (UGMS) and provided a direct comparison with the geophysical data sets. As all the data sets at this site correlate well with the subsurface geology, confidence is increased in interpreting other parts of the line. The characteristics of subsurface deformation can be used to gain a better understanding of the potential for surface rupture at a site and thereby in planning and site development and in devising remedial measures to mitigate the effects of earthquakes in populated areas.
Numerical simulations of shock-vortex interactions in supersonic jet screech

Supersonic jet screech is a form of jet noise which adversely impacts both the environment and the life of aircraft structures. A basic understanding of the mechanisms which generate the screech tone and determine its amplitude is therefore important. In the present study we perform direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the interaction of an oblique shock with instability waves of a finite thickness supersonic shear layer. We thereby retain the basic elements of an isolated jet screech source. The simulations are carried out in two dimensions using a high order accurate spatial scheme with nonreflecting boundary conditions. The unsteady shock motion is resolved with the essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) discontinuity capturing scheme. The shear layer (M = 1.2, Re = 1000 based on initial vorticity thickness) is forced at the most unstable frequency such that the instability waves develop into fully formed vortices upstream of the shock. The interaction of the vortices with the shock causes streamwise oscillations in the shock near its tip. On the subsonic side of the shear layer, the acoustic wave is released as the shock tip deflects upstream through the braid region between vortices. This acoustic field is approximately cylindrical and its directivity is nearly uniform. The acoustic waveform is comprised of a sharp compression followed by a longer expansion. On the supersonic side of the shear layer, a complex wave field is observed. Cases in which the incident shock is replaced by a nearly isentropic compression wave produce qualitatively similar behavior. Acoustic pressure amplitude is found to Copyright ©1998 Ted A. Manning and Sanjiva K. Lele. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics with permission. talso affiliated with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University. scale with compression wave strength. Acoustic wave form is insensitive to compression wave amplitude and profile width for cases examined. This research is directed toward modeling the screech generation process.
Burn Injury in Patients with Dementia: An Impetus for Prevention

Current literature has reported an increase in the rates of morbidity and mortality in elderly dementia patients who have suffered from illnesses such as pneumonia or traumatic injuries such as falls, motor vehicle collisions, and other insults. The role of dementia in elderly burn patients has not been studied in depth. To assess the extent of this problem, a retrospective, case-control study of patients with dementia who were admitted to a large urban burn center was performed. The demographics, circumstance and severity of injury, critical care use, and discharge disposition of those patients admitted with dementia were reviewed and compared with the findings of age/burn size-matched controls. The results support the premise that burn injuries in this patient population can be severe. Although not statistically significant, 22.2% of the study group patients required ventilatory support, and 75% required monitoring in the intensive care unit compared with the 15.3% and 61.6% of control patients who required ventilatory support and monitoring in the intensive care unit, respectively. Also, although not statistically significant, the mortality rate of the study group was 25%, almost double that of the control group (13.8%). No other significant differences were observed. These findings support the need for assistance and supervision with daily activity and burn prevention education for this population. As our population ages and we are faced with caring for those with dementia, further burn prevention is warranted.
Paper vs. Screen Effects on Reading Comprehension, Metacognition, and Reader Behavior

Students are increasingly learning through online environments that deliver different experiences from traditional classrooms. In this study, participants’ learning environments were manipulated using two independent variables, each with two levels for a total of four conditions: study medium, which is the focus of this paper (text was presented either on paper or a screen), and in-text prompts (metacognitive or non-metacognitive in nature). Ninety-two participants were randomly assigned to one of the conditions in a between-subject design; during the study, they each read three expository texts, completed a comprehension test after each text, and responded to a survey at the end of the study. Participants who read text on paper tended to take more notes and spend more time studying than those who read from a screen, but comprehension differences were negligible. Results from this study can inform dialogue about the effects of technology in classrooms.
Opioid Disposition and Effects During Chronic Exposure in the Perinatal Period in Man

The effects of opioids on the human reproductive system and on prenatal and postnatal development are very difficult to assess in studies in aniamals and in man for several major reasons. A specific problem encountered when animal models are used to delineate opioid effects in the perinatal period is that the phamacokinetic properties of most opioids are profoundly different in animals than in man. Ethical constraints usually preclude the administration of any narcotic to humans solely for research purposes and clearly, opioids may not be administered on a chronic basis for purposes of clinical investigation. Thus, there are limited human models for study of the effects of opioids on reproductive function and in the perinatal period. Any study carried out on a population of heroin addicts is confounded by the fact that the amounts and frequency of heroin self-administration remain obscure, and extent of polydrug an dalcohol abuse unkown. Although methadone-maintained patients provide a more controlled gro...
Sleep quality outcomes after medical and surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis.

Background Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) has been shown to improve sleep in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, it is unknown how this improvement compares with non-CRS control subjects’ sleep, and medically treated CRS patients. Methods Patients meeting diagnostic criteria for CRS and controls from the same reference population were recruited from 4 academic centers. Patients chose either medical or surgical treatment. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was administered to patients before treatment and after 6 months, whereas controls received the PSQI at enrollment. Results The study population consisted of 187 cases (64 medical and 123 surgical) and 101 controls. Baseline PSQI scores for CRS patients (9.27 ± 4.76) were worse than for controls (5.78 ± 3.25), even after controlling for potential confounding factors such as asthma and allergy (p 0.05). PSQI subdomain analysis mirrored the overall findings. Conclusion Patients with CRS report worse sleep compared with controls. Surgically treated CRS patients show significant improvement in PSQI scores, whereas those continuing with medical management fail to improve and remain worse than controls.
MAC Protocols for VANET

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction MAC Metrics IEEE Standards for MAC Protocols for VANETs Alternate MAC Protocols for VANET Conclusion References
Addition of Cocoa Powder, Cane Sugar, and Carrageenan to Milk Enhances Growth of Listeria monocytogenes.

Previously we found that under similar conditions Listeria monocytogenes achieved populations in chocolate milk that were 10 times greater than those in other fluid milk products. The current studies were undertaken to determine why the bacterium grew so well in chocolate milk. Autoclaved samples of milk with 2% milkfat, 2% milk + sugar, 2% milk + cocoa, and 2% milk + sugar + cocoa were inoculated with one of two strains of L. monocytogenes and incubated at 13°C. Carrageenan was also added to one-half of all samples containing cocoa. Growth curves were derived and generation times and maximum populations were calculated for each combination of product and strain of the bacterium. Strain V7 grew faster than strain CA in all products, with most rapid growth occurring in samples containing cocoa (with or without added sugar). Addition of carrageenan further reduced the generation time of this strain. Overall, growth rates ranged from 3 h 55 min (V7 in 2% milk + sugar + cocoa + carrageenan) to 4 h 53 min (CA in 2% milk + cocoa). Product type was primarily responsible for differences in maximum populations achieved by L. monocytogenes . In each instance, final numbers reached were at least 108 cells/ml with highest levels in samples containing all ingredients. The data suggest that sugar, cocoa and carrageenan when added to milk contributed to enhancing growth of L. monocytogenes .
Perturbative calculation of spin observables in nucleon-deuteron elastic scattering

Abstract A two-potential formula based on the Alt, Grassberger and Sandhas equations for three-body scattering is used in first order to compute elastic nucleon-deuteron scattering amplitudes for separable S-, P- and D-wave nucleon-nucleon forces. The S-wave part of the interaction is treated exactly by means of an already described variational technique. Results are presented for the differential cross sections, nucleon and deuteron polarizations and Wolfenstein parameters at energies of 2 to 77 MeV. The cross sections are in good agreement with the data at all energies and the nucleon polarizations are in quantitative agreement with experiment at energies under 20 MeV and in qualitative agreement at higher energies. The vector polarizations of the deuteron are qualitatively correct while the rank-2 tensor polarizations and the Wolfenstein D parameter do not reproduce the available experimental results. The Wolfenstein R and A parameters appear to be in agreement with experiment. A discussion of the significance of the Wolfenstein parameters in N-d scattering is given.
Standardization of transfusion practice in organ donors using the Digital Intern, an electronic decision support algorithm.

Background Prospective clinical trials support restrictive thresholds for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. Nonsurvivable donors are a major source of organs for transplantation. The Digital Intern (DI) is a computer algorithm to standardize donor care that includes a more restrictive transfusion threshold. The impact of standardized and restrictive RBC transfusion in organ donors, as determined by the DI, has not been reported. Study design and methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study to compare the transfusion practice of the DI (n = 100) to a historic group of physician-managed donors (n = 90). Transfusion rates, the number of units transfused, and pretransfusion laboratory values were compared between groups. The variability of these parameters was also compared between groups. Finally, the number of transplanted organs per donor in each group was compared. Results The mean time as a donor was 25.9 ± 15.2 hours and was not different between the groups. In the DI group 19% were transfused compared to 26% in the control group (p = 0.3). The number of units transfused was less in the DI group (1 unit vs. 2 units per transfusion, p = 0.03) and the pretransfusion hematocrit was lower in the DI group (23% vs. 27%, p = 0.01). The variability in the latter two parameters was significantly lower in the DI group. The number of transplanted organs per donor was similar in both groups (3.24 [DI] vs. 3.03 [control], p = 0.37). Conclusion The DI provides a more standardization transfusion practice in organ donors and reduces blood use without compromising transplantable organs.
Dome of magnetic order inside the nematic phase of sulfur-substituted FeSe under pressure

The pressure dependence of the structural, magnetic, and superconducting transitions and of the superconducting upper critical field were studied in sulfur-substituted $\mathrm{Fe}({\mathrm{Se}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{S}}_{x})$. Resistance measurements were performed on single crystals with three substitution levels $(x=0.043$, 0.096, 0.12) under hydrostatic pressures up to 1.8 GPa and in magnetic fields up to 9 T and were compared to data on pure FeSe. Our results illustrate the effects of chemical and physical pressure on $\mathrm{Fe}({\mathrm{Se}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{S}}_{x})$. On increasing sulfur content, magnetic order in the low-pressure range is strongly suppressed to a small domelike region in the phase diagrams. However, ${T}_{s}$ is much less suppressed by sulfur substitution, and ${T}_{c}$ of $\mathrm{Fe}({\mathrm{Se}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{S}}_{x})$ exhibits similar nonmonotonic pressure dependence with a local maximum and a local minimum present in the low-pressure range for all $x$. The local maximum in ${T}_{c}$ coincides with the emergence of the magnetic order above ${T}_{c}$. At this pressure the slope of the upper critical field decreases abruptly, which may indicate a Fermi-surface reconstruction. The minimum of ${T}_{c}$ correlates with a broad maximum of the upper critical field slope normalized by ${T}_{c}$.
Atome – massiver Kern umgeben von einer mehrschaligen Elektronenhülle

AtomAtommodellAtommodellDaltonDer griechische Naturphilosoph Demokrit (460–370 v. Chr.) ging davon aus, dass Materie sich aus kleinsten, unteilbaren Atomen (atomos, gr. fur unteilbar) zusammensetzt. Atome seien unveranderlich, von ewiger Existenz und mit den Sinnen als diskrete Teilchen nicht wahrnehmbar. Sie konnen in mannigfaltigen Formen, Grosen und Oberflachen auftreten und wie Legosteine beliebig miteinander kombiniert werden, sodass die unterschiedlichsten materiellen Ausformungen entstehen. Die Atomvorstellungen Demokrits gingen uber die Jahrhunderte verloren und wurden erst durch den englischen Chemiker John Dalton wiederbelebt.
Social Attitudes Regarding Same-Sex Marriage and LGBT Health Disparities: Results from a National Probability Sample

This study examined the health consequences for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations of exposure to communities with relatively high versus low levels of support for same-sex marriage. We used data from the Gallup Daily tracking survey, the largest probability-based sample of LGBT-identified adults in the United States (N = 11,949 LGBT respondents; N = 352,343 non-LGBT respondents), which was linked to attitudinal responses on same-sex marriage obtained from the 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey (N = 54,535). Controlling for potential confounders, higher levels of local approval of same-sex marriage lowered the probability that LGBT (and non-LGBT) individuals reported smoking and fair/poor self-rated health; further, LGBT disparities in smoking were lower in communities where residents were most likely to support same-sex marriage. Findings suggest that local attitudes may be related to the health of LGBT individuals and contribute to sexual orientation health disparities, providing further evidence for the role of structural stigma in shaping LGBT health.
Blood oxygen affinity in relation to yolk-sac and chorioallantoic gas exchange in the developing chick embryo

A complete profile of blood O2 affinity throughout chick development from the inception of blood formation to adulthood shows three clearly marked phases. In Phase I from incubation day 4 to 8. P50 increases from 38 to 52 torr; in Phase II from day 8 to day 18 (pipping) P50 falls from 52 to 30 torr; in Phase III P50 rises from 30 torr at pipping to 47 torr in the adult chicken. Phase I, concurrent with the replacement of red cells that derive from yolk-sac hematopoesis to definitive red cells formed in the embryo, is not associated with hypoxie stress to the embryo. High P50 of Phase I is an adaptation that assures higher mixed venous O2 partial pressures in the presence of significant mixed venous shunt fractions. Phase II is coincident with chorioallantoic gas exchange, definitive red cells, and progressive hypoxia as the O2 consumption of the embryo increases. The increase in blood O2 affinity, due to progressive decrease in red cell [ATP], is adaptive in ensuring adequate O2 saturation of arterialized blood. In Phase III, the transition to convective air-breathing and removal of the \({P_{{O_2}}}\) , restriction on loading, the increase in P50 is an advantage for O2 delivery to tissues. This increase in P50 is due to the rise in intra-erythrocyte [IPP]. P50 changes during chick development illustrate the interplay between two major factors affecting the O2 pressure at which delivery of O2 to tissue occurs: large shunt fractions and a diffusive limitation on hemoglobin loading. When hypoxia threatens adequate loading, lower P50 secures the required arterial O2 saturations. In the absence of an hypoxie limitation on loading, as in Phases I and III, blood O2 affinity decreases in favor of maximizing tissue O2 delivery.
Enviro-Mechanical Durability of Polymer Composites

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the effect of temperature and environment (particularly temperature cycling) on the behavior of polymer composite materials typical of that used in infrastructure applications as well as in aerospace applications. To examine the role of temperature cycling on an aerospace composite, durability studies were carried out on a woven graphite/epoxy system targeted at applications in areas of the aircraft industry where operating environment is of concern. Fatigue and residual strength testing was carried out on the composite material in question with the objective of developing a residual strength based life prediction model in which the effects of environment are considered. In this case, the approach called for the evaluation of tensile strength degradation during fatigue cycling in specified environments. The results could then be combined to predict the fatigue life of the material under periodically changing environments. The study was duplicated with material previously aged (unstressed) under hygrothermal cycling to study the effects of environment alone on the composite.