cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Nod2 in the Response of Macrophages to Toll-Like Receptor Agonists

Nod2 (CARD15) is a macrophage-specific protein containing two CARD domains, a large nucleotide binding domain and leucine-rich repeats. Human genetic studies have linked mutations in NOD2/CARD15 with Crohn's disease, although the mechanisms involved are unknown. However, Nod2 has been proposed to directly bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and subsequently act as an activator of NF-kappaB via the association of the CARD domains with Rip2/RICK/CARDIAK. This is hypothesized to constitute a pathogen recognition pathway distinct from Toll-like receptor 4-mediated recognition of LPS. Using targeted mutagenesis, we introduced a mutation to delete the CARD domains of mouse Nod2. Mice lacking Nod2 were indistinguishable from controls and showed no signs of intestinal pathology. Macrophages responded normally to multiple Toll-like receptor agonists in terms of NF-kappaB target activation, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and cytokine secretion. However, Nod2(-/-) mice were significantly protected in endotoxin challenge experiments, and Nod2(-/-) macrophages were refractory to muramyl dipeptide stimulation. These results argue that Nod2 does not play an essential, nonredundant role in the response of macrophages to bacterial products but rather plays unexpected roles in regulating systemic responses to pathogens.
A multivariable MRAC scheme with sensor uncertainty compensation

This paper develops a multivariable model reference adaptive control (MRAC) scheme for multi-input multi-output LTI systems with parameterized sensor uncertainties. Adaptive compensation of sensor uncertainties is incorporated with a feedback control law. An sensor uncertainty compensator is designed to estimate the actual system signals which are not available because of sensor uncertainties, and a state feedback controller is constructed using the compensator output. Stable adaptive laws update the sensor compensation controller parameters to accommodate the sensor uncertainties. Simulation results are presented which verify some established adaptive compensation control system performance properties.
Labeling Index and Cellular Density in Palatine Shelves of Cleft-Palate Mice

Cortisone-induced cleft-palate A/Jax fetal mice were administered tritiated thymidine by intraperitoneal injection of the mothers. Labeled mesenchymal cells of the palatine shelves showed a significant reduction. Also, there was reduced intercellular substance indicated by increased cell density.
Genital talc exposure and risk of ovarian cancer

Epidemiologic studies have suggested an increased risk for ovarian cancer associated with the use of talcum powder in genital hygiene, but the biologic credibility of the association has been questioned. We conducted a population-based case-control study in eastern Massachusetts and New Hampshire involving 563 women with newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer and 523 control women selected either by random digit dialing or through lists of residents. Use of body powders was assessed through personal interview and the exposure odds ratio (OR) for the use of talc in genital hygiene was calculated. Cases were more likely than controls (45% vs. 36%) to have used talc as a body powder in some manner, and the excess was confined to patients who used talc on the perineum directly or as a dusting powder to underwear or sanitary napkins. Relative to women who never used body powder or used it only in non-genital areas, the OR (and 95% confidence interval) associated with genital exposure to talc was 1.60 (1.18 and 2. 15) after adjustment for age, study location, parity, oral contraceptive use, body mass index and family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Exposure prior to rather than after a first livebirth appeared to be more harmful, and the association was most apparent for women with invasive serous cancers and least apparent for those with mucinous tumors. We conclude that there is a significant association between the use of talc in genital hygiene and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer that, when viewed in perspective of published data on this association, warrants more formal public health warnings.
Big Data: A Strategic Perspective

Big Data has become ubiquitous across all areas of research allowing for new applications that were not possible earlier. Unlike software development relying on traditional data sources, Big Data applications present their own unique challenges to appropriately harness the utility of the Apache Hadoop architecture. In this paper, we introduce fundamental concepts of Hadoop and explore its usage as well as future direction. We also present our strategy for exploring the Hadoop architecture including addressing issues of scalability, customization of code and utilization of programming techniques.
Experimental measurements of the effect of viscosity on drag for liquid drops

The drag coefficients of drops of various liquids falling in air were measured experimentally. The drag coefficient was linearly related to the viscosity in the Reynolds number and viscosity range measured. Measurements also suggested there is no difference between Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids.
Pile Driving and Barotrauma Effects

High-capacity driven pipe piles have recently been shown to be a viable alternative to pile groups in terms of economy and strength. A complication has emerged for the construction of bridge foundations with largediameter pipe piles, however—the injury and mortality of fish from sound pressure waves produced from pile driving, otherwise known as barotrauma. Even though this issue has been prevalent in California, regulators have started to restrict other states. This has caused confusion as to how to avoid unexpected increases in construction costs while following environmental laws. After several trials, California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) engineers have implemented solutions to this problem, including driving windows, cofferdams, and a few different versions of air bubble curtains. This paper presents an accumulation of knowledge from engineers, biologists, and sound experts. It is to serve as an avenue for informing those who may soon be affected with pile-driving and fish barotrauma iss...
Antibody-Dependent, FcγRI-Mediated Neutralization of HIV-1 in TZM-bl Cells Occurs Independently of Phagocytosis

We previously showed that expression of human FcγRI on TZM-bl cells potentiates neutralization by gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER)-specific antibodies. Here we show that lysosomotropic reagents known to block phagocytosis do not diminish this effect. We also show that FcγRI occasionally potentiates neutralization by antibodies against the V3 loop of gp120 and cluster I of gp41. We conclude that FcγRI provides a kinetic advantage for neutralizing antibodies against partially cryptic epitopes independent of phagocytosis.
Meta‐analysis of growth rates for a circumpolar fish, the northern pike (Esox lucius), with emphasis on effects of continent, climate and latitude

For circumpolar species, little is known on how somatic growth rates can vary at large, transcontinental spatial scales. In this study, a meta-analysis of growth rates was conducted for northern pike (Esox lucius) across North America and Eurasia. Growth rates of northern pike did not differ between North American and 'coastal Eurasian' pike (e.g., UK, Ireland, Sweden), while growth rates for both of these groups were significantly higher compared to 'inland Eurasian' pike (mainly in Russia). There was no difference in growth between lentic and lotic habitats on either continent. In North America, pike growth was positively correlated with temperature, but in Eurasia, pike growth correlated poorly with most climatic variables. Similarly, maximum longevity in pike populations was significantly predicted by latitude in North America, but not in Eurasia. After standardising annual pike growth by the thermal opportunity for growth, a highly significant countergradient growth relationship was found for North American pike, while a significant, but considerably less predictive countergradient growth relationship was found for Eurasian pike. This study provides novel insights into the ecology of a circumpolar species and how populations function at extraordinarily large spatial scales. First, pike appear to be cosmopolitan across hydrologic habitats having fast or slow growth in either lentic or lotic environments. Secondly, continental- scale differences in pike growth rates are suggestive of major genetic and life-history differences. Finally, variable climate-growth relationships and countergradient growth patterns indicate that global climate change is likely to affect circumpolar fishes like pike in complex, nonlinear ways.
Using Language to Navigate the Infant Mind

How do infants represent objects, actions, and relations in events? In this review, we discuss an approach to studying this question that begins with linguistic theory-specifically, semantic structures in language. On the basis of recent research exploring infant cognition and prominent linguistic analyses, we examine whether infants representations of motion events are articulated in terms of the components proposed by Talmy (1985; e.g., path, manner) and whether infants' event representations are defined in terms of broad semantic roles (agent, patient, source, goal) as proposed by Jackendoff (1990) and Dowty (1991). We show how recent findings in infant cognition are consistent with the idea that the infant's representation of events is a close reflection of the linguistic categories. We especially highlight research that is explicitly guided by linguistic categories likely to have correlates in nonlinguistic cognition to illustrate the usefulness of using language to pose questions about early conceptual representations.
Some conceptions of emotional appeal in rhetorical theory

(1939). Some conceptions of emotional appeal in rhetorical theory. Speech Monographs: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 66-86.
The basic result on relative complexity:H(y∣x)=H(x,y)-H(x)+O(1)

This entire chapter will be devoted to the proof of one major theorem: $$ H(y|x) = H(x,y) - H(x) + O(1) $$
Beano's Ice Cream Shop

Terry Smith has spent the last six months preparing to purchase a Beano's Ice Cream franchise. Because his personal assets were limited, Smith needed a partner who could finance the purchase. After...
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy With Dose Painting: A Brain-Sparing Technique for Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors

Background We sought to assess patterns of failure in pediatric patients with intracranial germ cell tumors (GCT) treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy with dose painting (DP-IMRT). Procedure Between July 2007 and October 2013, 11 patients with localized GCT—five germinomas and six nongerminoma GCT (NGGCT)—received definitive treatment with DP-IMRT. Three representative patients were selected for replanning with (i) whole ventricular irradiation (WVI) with opposed lateral beams plus IMRT to the primary tumor and (ii) sequential IMRT. These plans were compared to the patients’ original DP-IMRT plans for dosimetric analyses. Results Four patients with germinoma received radiation therapy alone: 45 Gy in 1.8 Gy fractions to the primary tumor and 25 Gy in 1.0 Gy fractions to whole ventricles using a dose-painting plan. One patient with germinoma received a reduced dose of 30.6 Gy to the primary tumor after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with NGGCT (n = 6) underwent multimodality treatment including chemotherapy (n = 6) and surgery (n = 3). These patients received 54 Gy to the primary tumor and 32.4–36 Gy to the whole ventricles. Dosimetric analyses showed DP-IMRT delivered decreased mean dose to whole brain, temporal lobes, hippocampi, cochleae, and optic nerves. With median follow-up of 4 years, 3-year failure-free survival was 100% for patients with germinoma and 67% for patients with NGGCT. One patient with a pineal NGGCT experienced a local recurrence within the high dose–volume while another experienced an isolated biochemical failure. Conclusions DP-IMRT is dosimetrically superior to standard IMRT techniques for sparing of normal tissues. Disease control in this small series appears at least comparable to published results.
Extending Polyhedral Model for Analysis and Transformation of OpenMP Programs

The polyhedral model is a powerful algebraic framework that has enabled significant advances in analysis and transformation of sequential affine (sub)programs, relative to traditional AST-based approaches. However, given the rapid growth of parallel software, there is a need for increased attention to using polyhedral compilation techniques to analyze and transform explicitly parallel programs. In our PACT'15 paper titled "Polyhedral Optimizations of Explicitly Parallel Programs" [1, 2], we addressed the problem of analyzing and transforming programs with explicit parallelism that satisfy the serial-elision property, i.e., the property that removal of all parallel constructs results in a sequential program that is a valid (albeit inefficient) implementation of the parallel program semantics.In this poster, we address the problem of analyzing and transforming more general OpenMP programs that do not satisfy the serial-elision property. Our contributions include the following: 1) An extension of the polyhedral model to represent input OpenMP programs, 2) Formalization of May Happen in Parallel (MHP) and Happens before (HB) relations in the extended model, 3) An approach for static detection of data races in OpenMP programs by generating race constraints that can be solved by an SMT solver such as Z3, and 4) An approach for transforming OpenMP programs.
Helicity-flipping neutral currents and γ γ → ν ν ¯

The process $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0} or \ensuremath{\eta})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, which can be induced by helicity-flipping scalar and/or pseudoscalar neutral currents, may be of significance in various astrophysical processes. For temperatures of order ${10}^{11}$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the conversion rate into neutrinos via this mechanism is enormous, thus suggesting that this process may be important in the understanding of the early universe and of supernovas.
PARAMETRIC OPTIMIZATION AND GUIDANCE FOR AN AEROGRAVITY ASSISTED ATMOSPHERIC SAMPLE RETURN FROM MARS AND VENUS

Atmospheric lift can increase the bending and the net ∆V achievable during a gravity assist maneuver. This technique is applied to a detailed simulation of a hypothetical atmospheric sample return from Mars and Venus as part of an Earth-Mars-Venus-Earth tour. Reference flyby trajectories for both planets are computed for a waverider vehicle model. The bounding entry conditions are described and compared to those achievable using a recently developed guidance algorithm. for a detailed analysis of the issues associated with accurately guiding a waverider to the exit state required to target the next planet in the tour. Simplifying assumptions are used to generate a reference trajectory through the atmosphere of Mars. Unfortunately, using those same simplifications at Venus resulted in a trajectory that was biased toward one side of the achievable entry corridor. We will describe an approach based on optimal control theory for specifying a reference trajectory that is approximately centered in the available corridor for both Mars and Venus. The reference trajectories will be compared and contrasted for the cases at Mars and Venus. The theoretical bounding cases for Venus will be described and the bounds for Mars will be computed. Earlier papers 1-3,6-23 discuss the history of the waverider concept for interplanetary missions. A guidance algorithm has been developed and implemented in MATLAB. This paper will focus on using angle of attack as the control, while bank angle control and the guidance system development is discussed in a companion paper by Casoliva 2 . The guidance algorithms have been tested using simple models (point mass, spherical planets with exponential atmospheres). The MATLAB based guidance algorithm has been successfully linked into a DSENDS 24 based numerical simulation of the atmospheric flyby segments. DSENDS is a Python based simulator that enables the user to couple complex models of atmospheres, gravity, actuators, sensors, and control mechanisms in a common simulation environment. Monte Carlo simulations of the performance of the guidance algorithm are underway to determine the ability of the guidance algorithm to adapt to errors in entry conditions and to off-nominal atmospheric conditions.
Comparison of the photophysical properties of a planar, PtOEP, and a nonplanar, PtOETPP, porphyrin in solution and doped films.

The absorption and emission spectroscopic properties of planar (2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrinato)platinum(II) (PtOEP) and nonplanar (2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)platinum(II) (PtOETPP) complexes have been studied at room temperature. Liquid solutions and doped films, in polystyrene (PS) and epoxy (EPO) polymers, have been investigated. In dilute liquid solution, the photophysical properties of the nonplanar complex are substantially perturbed compared to the planar analogue. Strong ligating solvents further affect the photophysical behavior of both Pt(II) complexes via axial ligation to the central metal ion. At high concentrations, ground state aggregation and excimer formation is observed for PtOEP films in PS and EPO hosts. Incorporation of the nonplanar PtOETPP complex in PS results in enhanced coplanarity of the meso-phenyl groups, leading to a more extended conjugation between the meso-substituents and the π-conjugated system of the macrocycle. A more pla...
Trace elements in soil and plants and antral cancer.

The trace metal content of plant material used for snuff was found to be closely related to the soil content. The contamination of preparations does not seem to be a factor. Not all snuff users get cancer of the maxillary antrum. It may be that people using plant material for snuff from certain soils high in nickel and chromium would be a high-risk population.
Conjoint Measurement of Mail Survey: An Empirical Investigation of Alternative Instruments

Conjoint preference data on a relatively complex issue were collected using two different mail survey instruments. Although the correct completion rates for the two formats were significantly different, the results obtained were quite similar - leading to the conclusion that the mail survey technique is indeed viable.
Exploring Nonprofit Executive Turnover

Projections of executive turnover loom over the three sectors with aging baby boomers filling many executive-level positions, and research into causes, outcomes, and processes of turnover are timely inquiries. Yet, scholarly attention into nonprofit executive turnover has been limited to date and has not sufficiently examined actual turnover events. To help address this gap, forty nonprofit organizations that had recently experienced executive turnover were selected from a national random sample, and the current executives participated in an interview. This qualitative data was analyzed to identify factors and dynamics that define nonprofit executive turnover. These findings both confirm practical knowledge and offer new insights relevant to future research and practitioners alike.
Mono- and diiodo-1,2,3-triazoles and their mono nitro derivatives

4-Iodo-1H-1,2,3-triazole (2) and 4,5-diiodo-1H-1,2,3-triazole (3) were synthesized using an efficient and viable synthetic route. The N-alkylation of 3 resulted in the formation of two tautomers. The N-alkyl-diiodo-triazoles were nitrated with 100% nitric acid to form monoiodo–mononitro-triazoles. The structures of 2-methyl-4,5-diiodo-1,2,3-triazole (5), 1-ethyl-4,5-diiodo-1,2,3-triazole (6), 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-iodo-1,2,3-triazole (8) and 1-ethyl-4-nitro-5-iodo-1,2,3-triazole (10) were confirmed by X-ray crystal analysis. All of the new triazoles were fully characterized via NMR, and infrared spectra, and elemental analyses as well as by their thermal and sensitivity properties. Decomposition products calculated using Cheetah 7 software show that these iodo–nitro triazoles liberate iodine.
Effect of total calorific deprivation on host defence in the horse.

Horses were deprived of food but not water for a period of five days. There was a progressive decrease in circulating lymphocyte count and compromised host defence. In vitro phagocytosis of yeast fell from a mean of 97 per cent in fed horses to 78 per cent in horses deprived of food for five days. The Arthus response to intradermal challenge with allergens fell to 57 per cent of fed values. These changes indicate that food deprivation increases the susceptibility to bacterial infections; persistent anorexia in chronic bacterial infections may limit the horse’s ability to cast off infection.
Estradiol-Induced Transcriptional Regulation of Long Non-Coding RNA, HOTAIR

HOTAIR (HOX antisense intergenic RNA) is a 2.2 kb long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), transcribed from the antisense strand of homeobox C (HOXC) gene locus in chromosome 12. HOTAIR acts as a scaffolding lncRNA. It interacts and guides various chromatin-modifying complexes such as PRC2 (polycomb-repressive complex 2) and LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase 1) to the target gene promoters leading to their gene silencing. Various studies have demonstrated that HOTAIR overexpression is associated with breast cancer. Recent studies from our laboratory demonstrate that HOTAIR is required for viability of breast cancer cells and is transcriptionally regulated by estradiol (E2) in vitro and in vivo. This chapter describes protocols for analysis of the HOTAIR promoter, cloning, transfection and dual luciferase assays, knockdown of protein synthesis by antisense oligonucleotides, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. These protocols are useful for studying the estrogen-mediated transcriptional regulation of lncRNA HOTAIR, as well as other protein coding genes and non-coding RNAs.
Methodological Note: On Using Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) for Survey Administration in the Study of Youth Development

Applied developmental scientists face the challenge of identifying research methods that enable the efficient collection of data from youth of diverse social backgrounds (e.g., ethnic. racial, religious, economic) and varying levels cognitive-linguistic and attentional skills. In addition, because access to youth during school time is often limited by educators’ desire to preserve instructional time, finding methodologies to collect data from youth that are highly efficient, and also those that are feasible in less structured settings, are needed. This article outlines some of the benefits and limitations of using a voice-enhanced survey delivered on a personal digital assistants (PDA) as a method of gathering data from diverse youth in both, in and out-of-school contexts.
Prognostic investigation of galvanic corrosion precursors in aircraft structures and their detection strategy

Aluminum alloys have been the dominant materials for aerospace construction in the past fifty years due to their light weight, forming and alloying, and relative low cost in comparison to titanium and composites. However, in recent years, carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) and honeycomb materials have been used in aircrafts in the quest to attain lower weight, high temperature resistance, and better fuel efficiency. When these two materials are coupled together, the structural strength of the aircraft is unparalleled, but this comes at a price, namely galvanic corrosion. Previous experimental results have shown that when CFRP composite materials are joined with high strength aluminum alloys (AA7075-T6 or AA2024-T3), galvanic corrosion occurs at the material interfaces, and the aluminum is in greater danger of corroding, particularly since carbon and aluminum are on the opposite ends of the galvanic series. In this paper, we explore the occurrence of the recognizable precursors of galvanic corrosion when CFRP plate is coupled to an aluminum alloy using SS-304 bolts and exposed to environmental degradation, which creates significant concerns for aircraft structural reliability. The galvanic corrosion software package, BEASY, is used to simulate the growth of corrosion in the designed specimen after which a microwave non-destructive testing (NDT) technique is explored to detect corrosion defects that appear at the interface of this galvanic couple. This paper also explores a loaded waveguide technique to determine the dielectric constant of the final corrosion product at the Q-band millimeter-wave frequency range (33-50 GHz), as this can be an invaluable asset in developing early detection strategies.
Managing In-Library Use Data: Putting a Web Geographic Information Systems Platform through its Paces

Web Geographic Information System (GIS) platforms have matured to a point where they offer attractive capabilities for collecting, analyzing, sharing, and visualizing in-library use data for space-assessment initiatives. As these platforms continue to evolve, it is reasonable to conclude that enhancements to these platforms will not only offer librarians more opportunities to collect in-library use data to inform the use of physical space in their buildings, but also that they will potentially provide opportunities to more easily share database schemas for defining learning spaces and observations associated with those spaces. This article proposes using web GIS, as opposed to traditional desktop GIS, as an approach for collecting, managing, documenting, analyzing, visualizing, and sharing in-library use data and goes on to highlight the process for utilizing the Esri ArcGIS Online platform for a pilot project by an academic library for this purpose.
Temporal Trends in the Outcomes of Dialysis Patients Admitted With Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background There is a paucity of contemporary data on the characteristics and outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in patients on maintenance dialysis. Methods and Results We used the nationwide...
In Vitro Systems for Studying Respiratory System Toxicology

Although in vitro models are an integral component of the composite armamentarium for investigating pathobiological mechanisms and sequelae within the lung, the inherent complexities in pulmonary architecture, cell types, biochemistry, and the unique gas/liquid surface compartment make for considerable challenges in selecting and using any given model to address a specific scientific question. In vitro models span from simple aqueous solutions that mimic the lung surface epithelial lining fluid, to cell culture models, to tissue explants and slices, to intact isolated lungs, and finally to artificial models which attempt to mimic various aspects of the tracheobronchial tree. In general, there is no perfect model as all models have implicit strengths and weaknesses, with none faithfully recapitulating the entirety of what occurs in situ. Thus, it is paramount that investigations carefully consider how best to match a given model system to the question under study and both recognize model limitations while attempting to minimize potential confounding factors.
Clinicians' attitudes to clinical practice guidelines: a systematic review.

Objective To systematically review surveys of clinicians' attitudes to clinical practice guidelines. Data sources MEDLINE, HealthStar, Embase and CINAHL were searched electronically for English-only surveys published from 1990 to 2000. Study selection We included surveys with responses to one or more of seven propositions (see below). Studies were excluded if they had fewer than 100 respondents or if the response rate was less than 60%. Results Thirty studies included responses to one or more of the seven items, giving a total of 11 611 responses. The response rate for the included studies was 72% (95% confidence interval [CI], 69%-75%). Clinicians agreed that guidelines were helpful sources of advice (weighted mean, 75%; 66%-83%), good educational tools (71%; 63%-79%) and intended to improve quality (70%; 60%-80%). However, clinicians also considered guidelines impractical and too rigid to apply to individual patients (30%; 23%-36%), that they reduced physician autonomy and oversimplified medicine (34%; 22%-47%), would increase litigation (41%; 32%-49%) and were intended to cut healthcare costs (52.8%; 39%-66%). Conclusions Surveys of healthcare providers consistently report high satisfaction with clinical practice guidelines and a belief that they will improve quality, but there are concerns about the practicality of guidelines, their role in cost-cutting and their potential for increasing litigation.
Tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil regimens in transplantation: benefits and pitfalls.

Immunosuppression, although necessary to enable the graft to escape the consequences of immune surveillance, carries some risks for the patient. There is an associated increase in neoplasms, opportunistic infections and end-organ toxicity In addition, even with excellent patient compliance, rejection (acute and chronic) remains a major limitation that contributes to the loss or decrease in the function of the allograft. New drugs have been added to the armamentarium of immunosuppressive agents to suppress allograft rejection and to rescue grafts from cyclosporin-resistant rejection. With the availability of these immunosuppressive agents, it has become increasingly difficult to choose the appropriate combination of immunosuppressants with a beneficial effect for the patient and for the allograft. We describe 2 new immunosuppressive agents and some of their different uses in solid organ transplantation.
Multigrid Methods for the Biharmonic Problem with Cahn-Hilliard Boundary Conditions

Let \(\varOmega\;\subset\;\mathbb{R}^2\) be a bounded polygonal domain, \({V}\;=\;\left\{{v}\;\in\;H^2\left(\varOmega\right) \;:\;\partial {v}/\partial {n}\;=\;0\;\;\mathrm{on}\;\;\partial \varOmega\right\}\) and \(f\;\in\;L_2(\varOmega)\)
O-016 Systematic review of treatment of infectious intracranial aneurysms (IIAS) and the current role of endovascular methods

Introduction With the current prominent usage of endovascular methods in managing intracranial aneurysms, understanding the value and role of these techniques to specifically address Infectious Intracranial Aneurysms (IIAs) is important. IIAs are often a complication of intravenous (IV) drug use. While these aneurysms carry high risk of rupture, there is some lack of consensus for optimal management. Furthermore, with the growing opioid epidemic, these lesions are likely to become more commonplace. To better understand current practice patterns and the role endovascular techniques occupy, we performed a systematic review. Methods Pubmed search terms included: ‘Infectious Intracranial Aneurysm’, ‘mycotic cerebral aneurysm’, ‘cerebral mycotic aneurysm, and ‘intracranial infectious aneurysm’. We included retrospective and prospective publications 1/1980 to 5/2017. Manual search of references was also performed. We evaluated total publication number, patient and aneurysm number, ruptured status, mention of infective endocarditis, pathogen reported, treatment categories, failure, death, and rupture rates of conservative management and cardiac surgery timing. Single case reports were included. Results 131 publications with a total of 499 patients and 665 aneurysms were included. Of the 499 patients, 83 were single case reports, and 20.5% of the total had multiple aneurysms. 35.8% of all aneurysms were ruptured. Chronologically, publication of IIAs has increased. Of those aneurysms where treatment options were reported 31.8% were managed endovascularly. Methods varied from parent artery occlusion using glue agents to coiling with or without stent assistance. Furthermore, usage of endovascular therapies has grown, while conservative (30.0% overall) and surgical management (31.1%) have declined in the literature. Of those managed endovascularly, only 5 unsuccessful attempts and 3 additional patient deaths were reported. By comparison, 56.2% of aneurysms for which conservative therapy was initiated eventually either underwent intervention, or death of the patient occurred. Of 51 patients who underwent cardiac valve surgery after aneurysm management, and for whom corresponding aneurysm treatment modality could be determined, 30 (51.7%) had undergone endovascular management. Discussion Increasing trend of endovascular management of IIAs is evident. Strong consideration of endovascular methods as a predominant form of management for IIAs is warranted as the literature demonstrates both small rates of unsuccessful attempts/patient deaths. The literature also reflects the additional benefit of sooner subsequent cardiac surgery when aneurysms are treated via endovascular methods. Disclosures R. Ragulojan: None. S. Grupke: None. J. Fraser: 1; C; University of Kentucky Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky Department of Neurology, NIH CTSA UL1TR001998. 4; C; Fawkes Biotechnology, Stream Biomedical.
A Case of the Forgotten Thyroid: The Sequelae of Chronic Untreated Hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder frequently caused by iodine deficiency, autoimmune disease, or as a result of certain medical treatments such as radioactive iodine. We report a 57-year-old woman 21 years pos-radioiodine ablation therapy for Graves' disease. She presented to the clinic after more than two decades without medical care with a variety of symptoms, including a left-sided lower facial droop and gait instability, and was found to have bradycardia, hyperlipidemia, and mild depression. After evaluation for vitamin deficiencies, anemia, thyroid dysfunction, and stroke, her symptoms were attributed to iatrogenic hypothyroidism. She was started on appropriate thyroid replacement therapy with subsequent symptom resolution. Patients receiving thyroid destructive therapy require education and close follow-up to prevent the development of severe hypothyroidism and its associated sequelae, which can be easily improved with simple, cost-effective thyroid replacement therapy.
Relocating the “inmate”: Tracing the geographies of social reproduction in correctional supervision:

Neoliberal governance spurs the contradictory drives of securitization and austerity in the US carceral system. Correctional and parole offices cut costs by relocating care, relying upon the work o...
Stem Cell Therapies for Treatment of Discogenic Low Back Pain: a Comprehensive Review

Purpose of review Discogenic low back pain (DLBP) stems from pathology in one or more intervertebral discs identified as the root cause of the pain. It is the most common type of chronic low back pain (LBP), representing 26-42% of attributable cases. Recent findings The clinical presentation of DLBP includes increased pain when sitting, coughing, or sneezing, and experiencing relief when standing or ambulating. Dermatomal radiation of pain to the lower extremity and neurological symptoms including numbness, motor weakness, and urinary or fecal incontinence are signs of advanced disease with disc prolapse, nerve root compression, or spinal stenosis. Degenerative disc disease is caused by both a decrease in disc nutrient supply causing decreased oxygen, lowered pH, and lessened ability of the intervertebral disc (IVD) to respond to increased load or injury; moreover, changes in the extracellular matrix composition cause weakening of the tissue and skewing the extracellular matrix's (ECM) harmonious balance between catabolic and anabolic factors for cell turnover in favor of catabolism. Thus, the degeneration of the disc causes a shift from type II to type I collagen expression by NP cells and a decrease in aggrecan synthesis leads to dehydrated matrix cells ultimately with loss of swelling pressure needed for mechanical support. Cell-based therapies such as autologous nucleus pulposus cell re-implantation have in animal models and human trials shown improvements in LBP score, retention of hydration in IVD, and increased disc height. Percutaneously delivered multipotent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been proposed as a potential means to uniquely ameliorate discogenic LBP holistically through three mechanisms: mitigation of primary nociceptive disc pain, slow or reversal of the catabolic metabolism, and restoration of disc tissue. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate into cells of all three germ layers in vitro, but their use is hindered related to ethical concerns, potential for immune rejection after transplantation, disease, and teratoma formation. Another similar approach to treating back pain is transplantation of the nucleus pulposus, which, like stem cell therapy, seeks to address the underlying cause of intervertebral disc degeneration by aiming to reverse the destructive inflammatory process and regenerate the proteoglycans and collagen found in healthy disc tissue. Preliminary animal models and clinical studies have shown mesenchymal stem cell implantation as a potential therapy for IVD regeneration and ECM restoration via a shift towards favorable anabolic balance and reduction of pain.
Evaluation of Opioid Use in Acute Pancreatitis in Absence of Chronic Pancreatitis: Absence of Opioid Dependence an Important Feature.

Abstract Background Chronic opioid use and dependence is common in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Patients with acute pancreatitis are frequently treated with opioids, but their risk for ongoing use is not well known. The aim of our study is to characterize opioid use in patients after an episode of acute pancreatitis and to assess persistent, chronic, and daily opioid use in such patients in the absence of chronic pancreatitis. Methods This is a single-center review of prospectively enrolled patients with acute pancreatitis. Using the Massachusetts Prescription Awareness Tool, we recorded all opioid prescriptions (ie, frequency, duration, and amount) for patients from December 2016 to September 2019, after index hospitalization for acute pancreatitis. Patients with chronic pancreatitis were excluded. We used univariate and multivariate analysis to determine predictors of opioid use at discharge and subsequent follow-up over 18 months. Results Of 235 enrolled patients who were opioid-naive, 123 patients (52.3%) received opioids at discharge after index hospitalization. In follow-up over 18 months, 40 patients (17.0%) received additional opioid prescriptions. These patients had more severe disease, longer length of stay, and higher pain score at discharge. Patients with prior history of acute pancreatitis, local complications, and higher pain scores were twice as likely to subsequently be prescribed opioids. Persistent opioid use was seen only in recurrent acute pancreatitis. There was no daily or chronic opioid use. Conclusions In the absence of chronic pancreatitis, there was no daily or chronic use of opioids in patients with acute pancreatitis. Persistent use was only seen in patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis. These patients are at increased risk of chronic opioid use and dependence.
Investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa en epidemiología social: ¿es simplemente una cuestión de complementariedad?

A pesar de que en los ultimos anos hemos asistido a una creciente aceptacion de la investigacion cualitativa en el campo de la epidemiologia social, el papel y el ambito de su utilizacion continua siendo un campo de debate. En este trabajo presentamos algunos de los temas que han sido el centro del debate entre los investigadores a favor y en contra de la metodologia cualitativa para la investigacion en epidemiologia social y disciplinas relacionadas de la salud publica. Entre los puntos de controversia hay problemas epistemologicos, como las limitaciones de la investigacion mediante encuestas para abordar mecanismos sociales, la ausencia de un marco conceptual en los epidemiologos para generar hipotesis relevantes para poblaciones especificas, y problemas ontologicos como el idealismo inherente a la investigacion cualitativa proveniente de la antropologia. Se revisan a continuacion las etnografias urbanas de Elliot Liebow y una decada de investigacion en poblacion afroamericana y barrios desfavorecidos en los Estados Unidos para exponer otro papel de la investigacion cualitativa en epidemiologia social. Asi, sostenemos que la investigacion cualitativa se ha utilizado en debates cientificos en los que se confrontan investigadores igualitaristas con instituciones u otros investigadores con intereses economicos e ideologias opuestas. A menudo la investigacion cualitativa es una potente herramienta para apoyar medidas y marcos teoricos alternativos que puedan ser incluidos en estudios poblacionales cuantitativos. Creemos que este uso de la investigacion cualitativa se limita al mundo academico sin que necesariamente implique que la comunidad se pueda beneficiar de ella como sucede en el caso de la investigacion para la accion.
Brain Structure in Bilingual Compared to Monolingual Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease: Proof of Concept.

BACKGROUND Bilingualism is increasingly recognized as protective in persons at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE Compare MRI measured brain volumes in matched bilinguals versus monolinguals with AD. METHODS This IRB approved study analyzed T1 volumetric brain MRIs of patients with criteria-supported Probable AD. We identified 17 sequential bilinguals (any native language) with Probable AD, matched to 28 (62%) monolinguals on age and MMSE. Brain volumes were quantified with Neuroreader. Regional volumes as fraction of total intracranial volume (TIV) were compared between both groups, and Cohen's D effect sizes were calculated for statistically significant structures. Partial correlations between bilingualism and brain volumes adjusted for age, gender, and TIV. RESULTS Bilinguals had higher brain volumes in 37 structures. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was observed in brainstem (t = 2.33, p = 0.02, Cohen's D = 0.71) and ventral diencephalon (t = 3.01, p = 0.004, Cohen's D = 0.91). Partial correlations showed statistical significance between bilingualism and larger volumes in brainstem (rp = 0 . 37, p = 0.01), thalamus (rp = 0.31, p = 0.04), ventral diencephalon (rp = 0.50, p = 0.001), and pallidum (rp = 0.38, p = 0.01). Bilingualism positively correlated with hippocampal volume, though not statistically significant (rp = 0.17, p = 0.26). No brain volumes were larger in monolinguals. CONCLUSION Bilinguals demonstrated larger thalamic, ventral diencephalon, and brainstem volumes compared to matched monolinguals with AD. This may represent a neural substrate for increased cognitive reserve in bilingualism. Future studies should extrapolate this finding into cognitively normal persons at risk for AD.
3070 – IL-3 RESCUES PROLIFERATIVE DEFECTS IN INFLAMMATION-SENSITIVE RUNX1 DEFICIENT HUMAN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS

Although loss-of-function RUNX1 mutations are commonly found in hematopoietic malignancies, how RUNX1 functions during hematopoietic and leukemic development is unclear. Using a CRISPR/AAV6 system to target the RUNX1 locus in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), we show that RUNX1 deficiency causes monocytic skew at the expense of erythro-megakaryocytic potential and stem cell activity, including a severe in vivo stem cell competitive defect. RNA-seq and ATAC-seq review that these effects are mediated by broad upregulation of PU.1 and NFKB transcriptional programs; downregulation of GATA1- and TAL1-dependent erythro-megakaryocytic differentiation; and downregulation of cell cycle programs mediated by MYC and E2F. Treatment with IL-3 rescues RUNX1-deficient cell proliferative and stem cell defects. Together, these results show that RUNX1 controls transcription factor activity and cytokine signaling, and loss of RUNX1 causes monocytic skewing and hypersensitivity to IL-3-dependent expansion. We are currently studying how the IL-3 selects for inflammation-sensitive RUNX1 deficient cells and whether targeting IL-3 signaling may be a viable therapeutic in the prevention or treatment of RUNX1 mutant malignancies.
Relationship between trauma observed during unloading and carcass bruise prevalence in finished cattle at commercial slaughter facilities

Bruising in cattle is an indicator of poor welfare, as well as a significant cause of economic loss due to decreased carcass value. Vehicle design, transport conditions, and loading/unloading procedures are considered potential sources of carcass bruising; however, none of these have been explored extensively. The objective of the current study was to determine whether a relationship exists between trauma incurred during unloading and prevalence of carcass bruising in finished beef cattle at commercial slaughter facilities.
Multistep staircase avalanche photodiodes with extremely low noise and deterministic amplification

In 1982, Capasso and co-workers proposed the solid-state analogue of the photomultiplier tube, termed the staircase avalanche photodiode. Through a combination of compositional grading and small applied bias, the conduction band profile is arranged into a series of steps that function similar to the dynodes of a photomultiplier tube, with twofold gain arising at each step via impact ionization. A single-step staircase was previously reported but did not demonstrate gain scaling through cascading multiple steps or report noise properties. Here we demonstrate gain scaling of up to three steps; measurements show the expected 2N scaling with the number of staircase steps, N. Furthermore, measured noise increased more slowly with gain than for photomultiplier tubes, probably due to the lower stochasticity of impact ionization across well-designed heterojunctions as compared with the secondary electron emission from metals. Excellent agreement was found between the experiments and Monte Carlo simulations for both gain and noise. A three-step staircase avalanche diode was demonstrated and pre-cited gain scaling was confirmed. The technology may be considered as a solid-state analogue to the photomultiplier tube.
Area method compared with Transect method to measure shoreline movement

Vector GIS represents shorelines as polylines that show the boundaries between land and water. This article compares two methods to measure how boundaries move among time points. The Area method co...
Solvation of NiO x for hole transport layer deposition in perovskite solar cells

A series of nickel oxide (NiOx) inks, in the perovskite antisolvent chlorobenzene (CB) containing 15% ethanol, were prepared for the fabrication of p-i-n perovskite solar cells by blade coating. The inks included triethylamine (Et3N) and alkyl xanthate salts as ligands to disperse NiOx particle aggregates and stabilize suspension. A total of four inks were evaluated: 0X (Et3N with no alkyl xanthate), 4X (Et3N + potassium n-butyl xanthate), 12X
Information Systems for Urban Problem Solvers

Information systems are classified according to their role in problem solving. A new conceptualization of problem solving makes more precise the distinction between well-defined problems, which we try to solve, and ill-structured problems, with which we try to cope. For information systems to help with well-defined problems an analog to Shannon’s coding theorem is suggested. Eleven principles for the design of information systems to help with ill-structured problems are formulated.