cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid source mechanism determination of large (Mw≥5) earthquakes in the western United States

Inversion of complete long-period ground motions is used for rapid determination of source mechanisms of Mw ≥ 5 earthquakes in the western United States. The first few minutes of ground motions on local and regional distance waveforms are inverted for point-source centroid moment tensors. Waveforms recorded at regional distances (300–1500 km) can be adequately modeled at periods longer than 50 s using the laterally homogeneous PREM model [Dziewonski and Anderson, 1981]; at closer distances (<300 km) waves with periods as short as 35 s can be analyzed using PREM. Best double-couple focal mechanisms for 18 recent large western U.S. earthquakes compare very well with those obtained by other methods. Our procedure, interfaced with automated data retrieval and source location methods, is a viable tool for reliable determination of seismic moment and fault mechanism within 30 minutes after an earthquake.
Credit, Natural Disasters, Coffee, and Educational Attainment in Rural Honduras

Summary This paper exploits a two-stage estimation approach to examine the impact on secondary school attainment in rural Honduras of four key variables affecting household choices: wealth, credit access, crop choice, and shocks. The first stage estimates the probability that a household is credit constrained, while the second estimates secondary school educational attainment of appropriately aged children. The second stage includes variables for crop selection and household wealth shocks from Hurricane Mitch in addition to other characteristics of the child, household, and community that can influence educational attainment. Credit-constrained households have lower educational attainment and are more likely to be adversely affected by negative shocks.
Patient-Centered, Direct-Access Online Care for Management of Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance New models of health care delivery for dermatological care have the potential to increase access and improve patient-centered outcomes. Objective To compare effectiveness of a direct-access, online model for follow-up dermatologic care in pediatric and adult patients with atopic dermatitis with that of in-person office visits. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a 1-year, randomized controlled equivalency clinical trial in medically underserved areas, outpatient clinics, and the general community. Participants included children and adults with atopic dermatitis with access to the Internet, computers, and digital cameras. Interventions After an initial in-person visit, patients were randomized 1:1 to direct-access online or usual in-person care for follow-up management of atopic dermatitis. In the direct-access online group, patients captured and transmitted clinical images and history asynchronously to dermatologists online; dermatologists evaluated the clinical information, provided recommendations and education, and prescribed medications online asynchronously. In the in-person group, patients visited dermatologists in their offices for follow-up care. Main Outcomes and Measures Atopic dermatitis disease severity as assessed by patient-oriented eczema measure (POEM) and investigator global assessment (IGA). Results A total of 156 children and adults were randomized. Between baseline and 12 months, the mean (SD) within-group difference in POEM score in patients in the direct-access online group was −5.1 (5.48) (95% CI, −6.32 to −3.88); in the in-person group, the within-group difference was −4.86 (4.87) (95% CI, −6.27 to −3.46). The difference in the change in POEM scores between the 2 groups was 0.24 (6.59) (90% CI, −1.70 to 1.23), which was contained within the predetermined 2.5 equivalence margin. The percentage of patients achieving clearance or near-clearance of their disease (IGA score of 0 or 1) was 38.4% (95% CI, 27.7% to 49.3%) in the direct-access online group and 43.6% (95% CI, 32.6%-54.6%) in the in-person group. The difference in the percent of patients achieving clearance or near-clearance between the 2 groups was 5.1% (90% CI, 1.7%-8.6%), which was contained within the predetermined 10% equivalence margin. Conclusions and Relevance The direct-access online model results in equivalent improvements in atopic dermatitis clinical outcomes as in-person care. Direct-access online care may represent an innovative model of delivering dermatological services to patients with chronic skin diseases. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00985894
Transitioning to the Breast at Six Weeks: Use of a Nipple Shield

After forceful help with breastfeeding on the first day after birth, a baby began to refuse to latch onto the breast. The mother received help maintaining her milk supply and advice on feeding methods and use of a nipple shield from a lactation consultant after leaving the hospital and was eventually able to breastfeed with the help of a nipple shield. Important aspects of this case were the treatment in the hospital, which included forcing the baby to the breast and using a tube-feeding device with artificial baby milk. Also critical was this mother's commitment to breastfeeding and the long-term support she received.
Faith and Reason in the Thought of St. Augustine

Christianity boldly asserted that the eternal Logos had been manifested in the personal history of Jesus called Christ. Once this claim began to receive wide acceptance, the older ways of philosophizing characteristic of the classical ages were shaken. On the one hand, Christians affirmed positively that God had drawn nigh, disclosing himself in history to those who believed. On the other hand, they held that, apart from reliance upon this divine disclosure, the efforts of scientific reason to apprehend God were pitifully inadequate and perverse.
Pipelle endometrial sampling in the evaluation of abnormal first trimester pregnancies.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the utility of pipelle endometrial sampling as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of abnormal first trimester gestations. Methods: Thirty-one women with abnormal first trimester pregnancies defined as gestations with abnormally rising or falling quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) levels and ultrasound findings consistent with a nonviable or ectopic pregnancy were prospectively evaluated. Endometrial pipelle sampling was performed on each patient in a standardized fashion immediately before curettage and evaluated as a fixed, permanent specimen to assess for the presence of either chorionic villi, trophoblastic or fetal tissue. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for endometrial biopsy were 70.1%, 100%, 100%, and 33.3%, respectively. For curettage, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 88.9%, 100%, 100%, and 57.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Curett...
Introduction to Basic Neuropathology

A basic understanding of nervous system pathology is integral to providing high-quality, safe, evidence-based care to patients with neurological diseases. This is particularly important in the field of critical care medicine. Although the manner in which disorders may affect the brain and spinal cord is quite varied (as are clinical and radiologic manifestations of disease), special structural features of the central nervous system give rise to unique patterns of vulnerability that produce reproducible morphologic patterns of neuropathology. Some types of pathological changes are unique to the nervous system such as demyelination and neurodegeneration, while others, such as trauma, neoplasms, and vascular diseases that occur elsewhere in the body, will have characteristic structural and functional effects on the brain and spinal cord. This chapter will cover basic reactions of the central nervous system to injury and then review some typical anatomic patterns of CNS disease.
Breast Microsurgery in Plastic Surgery Literature: A 21-Year Analysis of Publication Trends.

Introduction Microsurgical reconstruction of the breast represents an area of continual evolution, as new autologous flaps are introduced and principles are refined. This progression can be demonstrated by bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature. Methods The top 10 plastic surgery journals were determined by impact factor (IF). Each issue of every journal from 1993 to 2013 was accessed directly, and all articles discussing microsurgery on the female breast were classified by authors' geographic location, study design, and level of evidence (LOE, I–V). The productivity index and productivity share of each geographic region was calculated based on number of articles published and IF. Results A total of 706 breast microsurgery articles were analyzed. There was a significant increase in microsurgical breast research ( p Conclusion Over the 21-year study period, the United States not only contributed the greatest volume of research on female breast microsurgery but also demonstrated the greatest decline in research productivity. Efforts should be made to increase the LOE in breast microsurgery research.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocarbon-Supported Titanium Dioxide

In this report, we describe recent efforts in fabricating new nanocarbon-supported titanium dioxide structures that exhibit high surface area and improved electrical conductivity. Nanocarbons consisting of single-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon aerogel nanoparticles were used to support titanium dioxide particles and produce monoliths with densities as low as 80 mg/cm 3 . The electrical conductivity of the nanocarbon-supported titanium dioxide was dictated by the conductivity of the nanocarbon support while the pore structure was dominated by the titanium dioxide aerogel particles. The conductivity of the monoliths presented here was 72 S/m and the surface area was 203 m 2 /g.
The Influence of Training Focus and Trainer Characteristics on Diversity Training Effectiveness

We examined the influence of training focus (similarities or differences) and trainer characteristics (race and sex) on the effectiveness of a diversity training program. An examination of the results reveals that when the training content focused on similarities among individuals, trainees expected fewer instances of backlash and chose more effective conflict resolution strategies than their counterparts whose training content focused on differences among individuals. Trainer race and sex had no impact on trainee evaluations when the course was focused on similarities, whereas trainees in the course highlighting differences responded least favorably to the White male trainer. Further, the purported importance of trainee reactions is supported by evidence of its mediating role between training focus and affectively based learning criteria. We discuss implications and directions for future research.
STUDIES IN WARNING COLORATION AND MIMICRY. VII. EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF A BATESIAN-MÜLLERIAN SPECTRUM: A MODEL FOR MÜLLERIAN MIMICRY.

Over one hundred years ago, Bates (1862) proposed that palatable prey should gain an advantage if they resembled and were mistaken for less palatable prey by predators. Seventeen years later, Muller (1889) proposed that a mutual advantage accrued to aposematic prey that converged in pattern to reduce predator error. Several recent workers (Huheey, 1961; Brower and Brower, 1964; Brower et al., 1970; Pough et al., 1973) have discussed the idea, first suggested by Dixey (1908) and clarified by Darlington (1938) and Fisher (1958), that there is no sharp dividing line between classical Batesian mimicry in which an innocuous mimic resembles a noxious model, and Miillerian mimicry in which two or more noxious models resemble each other. All cases in which two models, M1 and M2, do not have identical noxiousness will lie on a spectrum between the two limiting extremes of classical Batesian mimicry (noxiousness of M2 = 0) and classical Miillerian mimicry (noxiousness of M2 = noxiousness of M1). There has been some discussion of the evolution of Batesian and Miillerian mimicry in terms of this spectrum, but little of a quantitative nature has been attempted. Although the idea of a continuity of possibilities from Batesian mimicry at one extreme to Miillerian mimicry at the other is not a radical concept, surprisingly it does lead to several seeming contradictions. There are a number of tenets of mimicry theory that have been developed over the years (Carpenter, 1937; Sheppard, 1958; Wickler, 1968). In quite a large number of cases, the tenets for Batesian mimicry are diametrically opposed to those for Millerian mimicry (see Fisher (1958, p. 166) for, a concise and vivid description). The existence of a Batesian-Miullerian spectrum suggests that the supposed differences between the two be re-examined. Since the development of a mathematical model to describe Batesian mimicry (Huheey, 1964) has led to considerable work and interesting conclusions (Brower et al., 1970; Pough et al., 1973; Estabrook and Jesperson, 1975; Huheey, in ms.; Bobisud and Potratz, 1976; S. Arnold, Univ. of Chicago, pers. comm.), a similar study of Miillerian mimicry should prove useful.
Residents’satisfaction analysis based on CCSI model in public health service

Objective :To measure the residents’ satisfaction with community public health services,and to promote equal access to the service.Methods :The residents’ satisfaction with community public health services with Chinese customer satisfaction index(CCSI)model were measured.Results :Residents’ overall satisfaction rate to public health services was 83.5%,the satisfaction rate of service quality,environment,communication and privacy protection all exceeded 80%,the lowest residents’ satisfaction rate was 70.4% for service frequency.Conclusion : Although residents’ overall satisfaction with community public health service was high,more improvement needs to be made by general physician on the aspect such as service frequency,service ability and the policy publicity according to residents’real health demand.
Biogeography of River Algae

Biogeography, or the study of the distribution of organisms in time and space, has a rich history. New molecular tools are providing another line of evidence in understanding distributions: in some instances confirming previous morphological data, while in other cases providing new insights. There have been few studies devoted to the biogeography of river algae, but much information can be gleaned from floristic surveys and systematic research. Water, wind, animals, and humans have played an important role as dispersal agents and may affect river algal biogeography. There is convincing evidence that some species of river algae are specialists and others generalists. There have been various invasions of freshwater rivers by marine algae and some of these events have raised awareness of and studies on possible transport mechanisms of microorganisms. Many recent studies of river algae have shown similar results to other microorganisms that many species are not ubiquitous, but are more geographically restricted than was previously reported. This certainly seems to be the case for freshwater Rhodophyta for which new molecular data are being amassed. Lastly, there is a need for easily accessed repositories of biogeographic data to better understand these organisms and their global distributions.
Rethink how chemical hazards are tested

John C. Warner and Jennifer K. Ludwig propose three approaches that would help inventors to produce safer chemicals and products.
A case study of group processes and student evaluation of teaching

ABSTRACTThis paper documents a case study undertaken to understand the effect of group processes on student evaluation of teaching (SET). The study used interviews to investigate the experiences of students in a cohort model Master of Science in Accountancy degree program and how those experiences influenced SET. The cohort served as an extreme example in which group processes played out intensely, allowing the researchers better to examine them. The results showed that the participants’ common experience led to frequent discussion about various aspects of the classes and the program. A common topic of discussion was instructor performance. This discussion about instructors, in turn, appeared to affect SET. It also appeared that a mismatching of expectations and realized student–instructor relationships also affected SET.
Erratum to “Coastal water column ammonium and nitrite oxidation are decoupled in summer”

Abstract Water column nitrification is a key process in the nitrogen cycle as it links reduced and oxidized forms of nitrogen and also provides the substrate (nitrate) needed for reactive nitrogen removal by denitrification. We measured potential water column ammonium and nitrite oxidation rates at four sites along an estuary to continental shelf gradient over two summers. In most cases, nitrite oxidation rates outpaced ammonium oxidation rates. Overall, ammonium and nitrite oxidation rates were higher outside of the estuary, and this trend was primarily driven by higher oxidation rates in deeper waters. Additionally, both ammonium and nitrite oxidation rates were impacted by different in situ variables. Ammonium oxidation rates throughout the water column as a whole were most positively correlated to depth and salinity and negatively correlated to dissolved oxygen, light, and temperature. In contrast, nitrite oxidation rates throughout the water column were negatively correlated with temperature, light and pH. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that surface ( 4 + ), salinity, and light, while deep (>20 m) rates were regulated by temperature, light, and [H + ] (i.e. pH). In addition, surface ( + ] alone, while [H + ], temperature, and dissolved oxygen all played a role in predicting deep (>20 m) nitrite oxidation rates. These results support the growing body of evidence that ammonium oxidation and nitrite oxidation are not always coupled, should be measured separately, and are influenced by different environmental conditions.
The Utility of Sentinel Node Biopsy for Sinonasal Melanoma

Objective Report two positive sentinel node biopsies for sinonasal melanoma. Design Retrospective review. Setting Academic tertiary care center. Participants Patients who underwent sentinel node biopsy for sinonasal melanoma between November 1, 2014 and November 1, 2015. Main Outcome Measures Clinical course. Results Two patients were identified. Patient 1 (83M) presented with a sinonasal melanoma anterior to the left inferior turbinate and was clinically N0 neck. Lymphoscintigraphy revealed two sentinel nodes in the ipsilateral and three in the contralateral cervical basins. The left level I sentinel node was positive for melanoma and lymphadenectomy showed no additional metastases. Patient 2 (71F) presented after incomplete resection of a sinonasal melanoma of the left posterior maxillary sinus wall and was clinically N0 neck. Lymphoscintigraphy with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) localization revealed one sentinel node in the parapharyngeal space and another in the ipsilateral cervical basin. Metastatic melanoma was found in both nodes and completion lymphadenectomy was negative for additional disease. Both patients developed distant metastasis in less than 1 year after surgical resection but responded well to adjuvant immunomodulatory chemotherapeutic agents. Conclusion Sentinel node biopsy for sinonasal melanoma can provide crucial clinical evidence of regional metastasis prior to overt clinical signs and symptoms. This intraoperative tool has the potential to improve detection of regional metastasis and improve long-term outcomes of this aggressive malignancy.
1682 A rapid fire interactive session: case studies linking communication science with good practice

Aim of the special session This session will feature brief case study type presentations providing examples of how good communication practice was used to address a communication problem or integrated into a strategy. Presenters will be given only 7–9 min to present their case. Case study topics run the gamut from policy issues, campaign practices, new tools, partner engagement, dissemination strategies, social media, video usage, search engine optimisation, metrics, app. development, and listening strategies. The interaction of the audience will be stimulated by questions posed by the presenter. 1 Robin Nicholas, 2 Sture Bye, 3 Chucri Kardous, 4 Bruce Lippy, 5 Dietmar Elsler, 6 Thais Morata, 7 Sven Timm, 8 Sara Rouhi, 9 Steven Horvath, 10 Mathew Holder, 11 Stephane Vaxelaire, 12 Max Lum 1 Robin Nicholas Communications, Santa Fe, NM, United States 2 National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), Oslo, Norway 3 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, Ohio, United States 4 The Centre for Construction Research and Training (CPWR), Silver Spring, MD, United States 5 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, (EU-OSHA), Bilbao, Spain 6 1National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, (NIOSH) Cincinnati, United States 7 German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV), Sankt Augustin, Germany 8 ltmetric.com, London, United Kingdom. 9 Radiation Safety Institute of Canada, Toronto, Canada 10 British Safety Council (BSC), London, UK 11 French Ministry of Agriculture, Paris, France 12 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Washington, D.C. United States
Use of angioembolization in urology: a review

This review discusses current and developing indications for angioembolization (AE) techniques in urology cases, including trauma and non-trauma uses for kidney, prostate, and bladder conditions. AE methods, complications and technical and clinical outcomes are outlined for each indication for the purpose of aiding urologists in selecting ideal candidates for this procedure.
1.25 – Retinal Ganglion Cell Types and Their Central Projections

Ganglion cells are the only retinal neurons communicating directly with the brain. It is well known that mammalian ganglion cells comprise more than a dozen types, clearly distinguishable from one another in structure and function. Each type also appears to send axons to a distinctive subset of the many central visual nuclei receiving direct retinal input. The implication is that each ganglion cell type forms a specialized channel sculpted by evolutionary pressures to fulfill specific visual functions. Though the outlines of this perspective have been clear for decades, many essential details are lacking. The goal of this chapter is to summarize the state of knowledge about where retinal axons are distributed in the brain and which types of ganglion cells contribute to these pathways. The primary focus is on ganglion cell types that appear to be conserved across mammalian phylogeny.
Context-based Science Education (CBSE)

In problem-based learning (see also), a central feature of instruction is to give students a “problem” or issue within some real-world context or situation. An example of such a problem might be for students to explore what sort of effects different kinds of detergents have on the environment.
A Model of Bolt Hole Inspection Via Eddy Current

In this paper we report on the development of an eddy-current measurement model, which is a generalization of the one reported earlier [1-2]. Our objective is to establish a computer model that is capable of simulating eddy current NDE in generic inspection geometries. To achieve this goal, we started with an earlier version of the model applicable to a flat-plate geometry and a tightly closed crack [3]. The model has been generalized so that the current version can handle more general specimen geometries, including curved surfaces and corners. Other features of the original model were kept unchanged; for instance, it uses the boundary integral equation method, can handle tight cracks, and works for an air-core coil driven at arbitrary frequencies.
PIR with compressed queries and amortized computation

Private information retrieval (PIR) is a key building block in many privacy-preserving systems. Unfortunately, existing constructions remain very expensive. This paper introduces two techniques that make the computational variant of PIR (CPIR) more efficient in practice. The first technique targets a recent class of CPU-efficient CPIR protocols where the query sent by the client contains a number of ciphertexts proportional to the size of the database. We show how to compresses this query, achieving size reductions of up to 274X. The second technique is a new data encoding called probabilistic batch codes (PBCs). We use PBCs to build a multi-query PIR scheme that allows the server to amortize its computational cost when processing a batch of requests from the same client. This technique achieves up to 40× speedup over processing queries one at a time, and is significantly more efficient than related encodings. We apply our techniques to the Pung private communication system, which relies on a custom multi-query CPIR protocol for its privacy guarantees. By porting our techniques to Pung, we find that we can simultaneously reduce network costs by 36× and increase throughput by 3X.
Warm forming die design, Part III: Design and validation of a warm forming die

Abstract Warm forming is a sheet metal stamping process at elevated temperature that can significantly expand the forming limits of light weight alloys such as aluminum. Most of the work detailed in the literature has been based on a laboratory setting with minimal guidance on how to design warm forming dies for high-volume production. The challenges that arise when transferring this technology from the laboratory to production are generally focused on the attainment of thermal stability within the die. Thermal stability is required to both maintain the dimensions of the matched die and to provide the sheet with ample formability. Achieving a thermally stable die is a direct function of how the die is heated and insulated. When this is done properly, temperature gradients throughout the die and at the parting surface can be minimized. This work outlines the upfront design approach used for a production-level warm forming die. The die was designed utilizing analytical and thermal finite element analysis tools that were developed specifically to assist with the identification of key design characteristics, such as heater wattages and locations, thermocouple placement, insulation strategy, and overall die architecture. A three-piece warm forming die fitted with resistance heating cartridges was constructed based on the presented design approach. The performance of the die was then validated through simulation and experimental comparisons. The results confirm the performance of the die and validate the predictability of the steady-state temperature response of the parting surface by the thermal finite element software.
Salvage Coronary Artery Bypass Predicts Increased Mortality During Aortic Root Operation.

Background Aortic root replacement (ROOT) has been an established therapy, yet the impact of adding coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to ROOT (CABG-R) is unknown. The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of CABG on the outcomes of ROOT. Methods A retrospective review from 2004 to 2016 of patients undergoing nonemergent ROOT surgical procedure was performed. Cohorts were established based on the presence or absence of added CABG. A propensity-score weighted comparison of outcomes was then conducted. Results A total of 867 patients met inclusion criteria and were analyzed (711 ROOT [72.0%], 156 CABG-R [18.0%]). CABG-R patients were older and had higher proportions of previous valve operation, hypertension, endocarditis, immunosuppressive therapy, renal insufficiency, and redo operation (all p Conclusions CABG-R results in increased postoperative morbidity or mortality compared with isolated ROOT. Outcomes, however, are influenced by the specific clinical indication. CABG for coronary artery disease was associated with similar outcomes compared with isolated ROOT. Patients undergoing unplanned CABG for acute ventricular failure had the worst outcomes, thus underscoring the importance of technical success during coronary reimplantation.
Improved Neural Coding of ITD with Bilateral Cochlear Implants by Introducing Short Inter-pulse Intervals.

Bilateral cochlear implant (CI) users have poor perceptual sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs), which limits their ability to localize sounds and understand speech in noisy environments. This is especially true for high-rate (> 300 pps) periodic pulse trains, which are used as carriers in CI processors. Here, we investigate a novel stimulation strategy in which extra pulses are added to high-rate periodic pulse trains to introduce short inter-pulse intervals (SIPIs). We hypothesized that SIPIs can improve neural ITD sensitivity similarly to the effect observed by randomly jittering IPIs (Hancock et al., J. Neurophysiol. 108:714–28, 2012). To test this hypothesis, we measured ITD sensitivity of single units in the inferior colliculus (IC) of unanesthetized rabbits with bilateral CIs. Introducing SIPIs into high-rate pulse trains significantly increased firing rates for ~ 60 % of IC neurons, and the extra spikes tended to be synchronized to the SIPIs. The additional firings produced by SIPIs uncovered latent ITD sensitivity that was comparable to that observed with low-rate pulse trains. In some neurons, high spontaneous firing rates masked the ITD sensitivity introduced by SIPIs. ITD sensitivity in these neurons could be revealed by emphasizing stimulus-synchronized spikes with a coincidence detection analysis. Overall, these results with SIPIs are consistent with the effects observed previously with jittered pulse trains, with the added benefit of retaining control over the timing and number of SIPIs. A novel CI processing strategy could incorporate SIPIs by inserting them at selected times to high-rate pulse train carriers. Such a strategy could potentially improve ITD perception without degrading speech intelligibility and thereby improve outcomes for bilateral CI users.
Criminal Offending and Mortality over the Full Life-Course: A 70-Year Follow-up of the Cambridge–Somerville Youth Study

To investigate the relationship between criminal offending and mortality over the full life-course of treatment group participants in the Cambridge–Somerville Youth Study (CSYS). The CSYS is a delinquency prevention experiment and prospective longitudinal survey of the development of offending. Begun in 1939, the study involves 506 at-risk boys, ages 5–13 years (mean birth year = 1928), from Cambridge and Somerville, Massachusetts. Following the analytic strategy of Joan McCord, participants are drawn from the study’s longitudinal arm (N = 253). Data include court convictions of criminal offenses collected during middle age (mean = 47) and death records collected during old age (up to age 89). Death records were collected for 216 participants or 85.4% of the sample. Life-course persistent offenders experience earlier mortality compared to non-offenders (by about 7 years) and adolescent-limited offenders (by about 8 years). While life-course persistent offenders are not more likely to die early (< 40 years) compared to other trajectory groups, they are more likely to experience premature mortality from late middle age into old age. Life-course persistent offenders are also more likely to experience unnatural deaths, with alcoholism confounding the relationship. That group differences in mortality risk did not emerge until age 55 (while offending is in decline) suggests that the relationship between offending and mortality is not direct and may be spurious. Knowledge about the relationship between criminal offending and mortality can be greatly improved by following participants into old age.
Pathways from Father Engagement during Infancy to Child Aggression in Late Childhood.

Child aggression and its dire consequences cause social problems. Informed by family systems theory and parenting stress theory, this study specifically examined the mediating pathways from father engagement to child aggression through maternal parenting stress, child resistant attachment, and maternal physical abuse. We conducted a secondary data analysis on 2016 mother–child dyads from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study by building structural equation models. We found indirect effects of father engagement on child aggression through influencing mothers’ parenting stress. Children’s attachment and mothers’ physical abuse mediated the effects of mothers’ stress on child behavior-based aggression and verbal- and mood-based aggression. Interventions should target fostering fathers’ engagement, alleviating mothers’ parenting stress and changing mothers’ abusive parenting, and improving mother–child attachment.
Performance of Lasers with Excess Low-Frequency FM-Noise Profiles in Digital Coherent Optical Systems

We show that for the same spectral linewidth, lasers with high FM-noise at low frequency outperform those with white FM-noise in a coherent system. Digital carrier-recovery has to be optimized based on laser FM-noise profile.
Formulación de una salsa picante a base de pulpa de cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum), aji amarillo (Capsicum baccatum) y ají charapita (Capsicum Chinense)

It was formulated a spicy coconut sauce with yellow chili and chili peppers, of excellent organoleptic quality and with a longer shelf life; Three spicy sauce formulations were evaluated, which were subjected to a verbal hedonic sensorial analysis (1-5), from which a formulation of greater acceptance was obtained, which was carried out a study of life, microbiological and physicochemical analyzes.The optimum formulation of hot sauce corresponded to Cocona 70%, yellow pepper 20% and pepper 10% charapita, which presented the following proximal composition per 100 grams, humidity 90,4%, proteins 1,0%, ashes 3,3%, fats 1.0%, Carbohydrates 4,3%, and calories 30,2%.The duration of the microbiological tests was five weeks, after which time the molds and yeasts exceeded the allowable limits (103) for consumption; being verified that the useful life is of 12 days, with reference to the Sanitary Norm (NTS N ° 071).
Legal Objections to Use of Neurologic Criteria to Declare Death in the United States: 1968 to 2017.

Background There have been a number of prominent lawsuits challenging the use of neurologic criteria to declare death in the United States. Methods To put these lawsuits into perspective, we conducted a search of Nexis Uni to identify cases from the past 50 years that involved objections to the use of neurologic criteria to declare death in the United States. Results We identified lawsuits about 67 decedents (59 state and 8 federal) from 34 different regions which were filed for crime-related issues (n = 42), hospital-related issues (n = 20), insurance-related issues (n = 2), and other issues related to time of death (n = 3). The judicial opinions about the lawsuits addressed: (1) acceptance of the use of neurologic criteria to declare death (n = 55), (2) criteria to declare death (n = 3), (3) management of decedents after death by neurologic criteria (n = 13), (4) identification of the time of death (n = 4), and (5) rights of the dead (n = 3). The outcomes of these cases were heterogeneous. Conclusions Since the incorporation of neurologic criteria into the medical practice of declaration of death, there have been a number of legal objections to its use. To avoid the rendering of variable opinions by the courts, there is a need for consistent legislative modification throughout the country to address (1) the specific criteria to use when declaring death by neurologic criteria, (2) management of religious objections to use of neurologic criteria to declare death, and (3) management after declaration of death by neurologic criteria.
School Nurses’ Professional Practice in the HPV Vaccine Decision-Making Process:

Because U.S. human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates remain low, we evaluated school nurses' knowledge, attitudes, perceptions of their role as opinion leaders, self-efficacy, intention, and professional practice regarding the HPV vaccine and determined if these variables influenced their professional practice concerning the HPV vaccine. We utilized a cross-sectional design by recruiting Ohio Association of School Nurses (OASN) members. Participants (n = 145) completed a paper survey during the OASN annual conference. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the proposed model. Our model yielded a well-fitting solution, χ2 = 1.118 (degrees of freedom = 2, p = .57). Knowledge had positive effects on intention and self-efficacy. Attitude had a positive effect on perception of role as opinion leaders. Intention to provide HPV vaccine education had a positive effect on professional practice. To develop school nurses' practice, interventions should center on increasing knowledge, attitudes, and intention toward providing HPV vaccine education.
The Sacred Home in Renaissance Italy

This handsomely illustrated book (161 black and white illustrations and 35 colour plates) is a fine example of what generous governmental support of scholarly research can accomplish. Based on a fo...
Modeling of Capacitor Voltage Imbalance in Flying Capacitor Multilevel DC-DC Converters

This paper is focused on modeling of capacitor voltage imbalance in N-level flying capacitor multilevel (FCML) converters in the presence of imperfections in timing of control signals. A general state-space representation is developed to facilitate applications of two time-domain modeling methods: an exact numerical steady-state solution based on the augmented state-space approach, and a simpler approach based on linear-ripple inductor-current approximation. Examples of 4-level and 5-level FCML converters are examined to show how voltage imbalance depends on control signal timing mismatches, circuit parameter values, and N. It is shown how substantial differences between even-level and odd-level FCML converters can be related to rank reduction in the linear-ripple model under ideal timing conditions. Modeling results are verified by circuit simulations and experiments on a reconfigurable FCML prototype.
Goods for Guns (g4g) Is Good for the Community: A 2015 Update of a Community Gun Buyback

Introduction: Though the United States represents four percent of the world’s population, its citizens constitute 44% of private gun ownership worldwide. The Worcester G4G Buyback was instituted in 2002; offering those with unwanted firearms an opportunity to dispose of them without challenging their 2nd Amendment rights. Voluntary surveys offer insight into participants of the program and were modified in 2015. Methods: We administered an anonymous survey via paper or electronic format (REDCap; performed in Worcester only) …
183 Effect of fermentation temperature on in vitro digestibility of a finishing diet

Heat stress (HS) has been indicated to increase ruminal temperature, increase digestibility, and reduce ruminal pH of steers fed high concentrate diets. However, it is unclear if this effect is the result of greater fermentation rate, slower passage rate, or a combination. The effect of ruminal incubation temperature on substrate digestibility and rate of fermentation were evaluated. Four cannulated British-crossbreed steers (BW = 520 kg ± 30 kg) consuming an 87% (DM) concentrate diet were utilized as rumen fluid donors in a randomized complete block design with two incubation treatments (CON=39°C and HS=42°C). Within block, duplicate 125 mL serum bottles containing 200 mg of dietary substrate were inoculated with a 2:1 buffer:ruminal fluid mixture and incubated for 24 h to measure total gas production, fermentation rate, fermentation lag, pH, and ammonia-N concentration. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was measured separately in 100 mL centrifuge tubes. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of rumen fluid donor (block). There was no treatment effect on total gas production (P = 0.92) or fermentation rate (P = 0.11); however, HS began fermenting substrate sooner than CON (P < 0.005). There was a significant effect of treatment on IVOMD where HS was greater compared to CON (79.3 vs. 70.4%; P = 0.05). Final pH and relative pH change were not different (P ≥ 0.25) likely due to buffering capacity of the in vitro technique Ammonia-N concentration was greater for HS than CON (7.92 vs. 5.33 mM; P < 0.05) and may indicate a temperature effect on ruminal nitrogen availability.In conclusion, it does not appear that incubating at a greater temperature affected the fermentation rate but likely induced a change in fermentation kinetics, which may have contributed to the greater overall IVOMD
The Foundations of Plasticity

The traditional method of experimental verification of an inelastic theory of metal deformation is the empirical one. In an empirical verification we compare the experimentally obtained stress-strain curve for a given stress path or strain path with the stress-strain curve predicted by the theory. Such an experimental verification requires a large number of experiments since each experiment verifies the validity of the theory for the particular path used. No conclusions can be drawn on whether the theory is correct for a different path, and consequenly the empirical method is of limited validity. The limitations of the empirical method are even more apparent if the theory includes a number of arbitrary constants and/or functions which can be selected in such a manner that the theory agrees with the experiment for the given path. This is not a verification, it is only a method of selecting the values of the constants or functions in a way that an apparent agreement between theory and experiment will occur.
Sex Differences in the Effect of Nucleus Accumbens Volume on Adolescent Drinking: The Mediating Role of Sensation Seeking in the NCANDA Sample.

Objective:In adolescence, sensation seeking is associated with earlier onset of alcohol use, which is a risk factor for a variety of negative consequences later in life. Individual differences in s...
Non-volatile Capacitance Tuning in Graphene/(Hf,Zr)O 2 /Metal Varactors

Two-dimensional graphene-based devices which utilize the tunable quantum capacitance property in graphene have been studied for a number of sensing and optical applications [1]–[3]. Radio frequency (RF) variable capacitors (varactors) can be realized in the form of metal-oxide-graphene structures [4] by exploiting the high carrier mobility and the above-stated tunable capacitance property in graphene. High-speed graphene varactors could have potential for use in beam-steering antennas and other communication devices, particularly those requiring glass or flexible substrates where integration of tuning elements would otherwise require flip-chip bonding of bulky tuning elements [5]. While conventional graphene varactors can potentially address the critical need for RF-compatible tunable elements [6], they would still need a power supply during operation. In this work, we report for the first time, graphene varactors integrated with ferroelectric (Hf,Zr)O 2 (HZO). The devices display capacitance tuning ratio of 1.5 within a $\pm 2\mathrm{V}$ gate voltage sweep, with Dirac point $(V_{\mathrm{Dirac}})$ tunability of 1.7 V within the same sweep window. Furthermore a non-volatile (zero-bias) tuning ratio of 1.2 was achieved, with significant further improvement possible through design optimization. These results could have important significance in a wide range of reconfigurable RF communication applications including wearable antennas, and autonomous vehicles.
10 – VARIATIONAL METHODS

Publisher Summary There is an equivalence between problems in the calculus of variations and problems involving partial differential equations (PDE). In particular, any PDE problem can be phrased in variational form. The variational form permits a useful alternative approach to the solution of the PDE problem. One of the simplest and most natural approximate methods based on the calculus of variations is that of Rayleigh and Ritz. It can be used in any problem for which a variational principle exists. The Rayleigh–Ritz method can also be used in situations in which the variational integral is merely stationary. The idea of the Rayleigh–Ritz method can also be extended to the construction of functions that depend nonlinearly on the parameters. The widely used finite-element method is a special case of the Rayleigh–Ritz and Galerkin methods. It is based on the subdivision of the region of interest into a number of subregions and on the use of a different analytic expression for the approximate solution function within each such sub-region.
Chapter 37 – Data Encryption

The Internet evolved over the years as a means for users to access information and exchange emails. Later, once the bandwidth became available, businesses exploited the Internet’s popularity to reach customers online. In the past few years it has been reported that organizations that store and maintain customers’ private and confidential records were compromised on many occasions by hackers breaking into the data networks and stealing the records from storage media. More recently we have come across headline-grabbing security breaches regarding laptops with sensitive data being lost or stolen, and most recently the Feds have encrypted around 1 million laptops with encryption software loaded to secure data such as names and Social Security numbers. This chapter is about security and the role played by cryptographic technology in data security. Securing data while it is in storage or in transition from an unauthorized access is a critical function of information technology. All forms of ecommerce activities such as online credit card processing, purchasing stocks, and banking data processing would, if compromised, lead to businesses losing billions of dollars in revenues, as well as customer confidence lost in ecommerce.