cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational Television in El Salvador and Modernisation Theory

This article investigates the introduction of educational television in El Salvador in the late 1960s, an Alliance for Progress project, in light of the preoccupations of the Cold War, the application of modernisation theory, the growing influence of a development community grounded in the social sciences and the Salvadorean elite's particular obsession with communism. The top-down approach used by the military regime to introduce a flurry of changes in the education system was facilitated by the extensive resources provided by international aid agencies and the US government. However, the reforms alienated Salvadorean teachers and fuelled teachers' strikes that are still remembered as pivotal moments in the urban mass movements of the 1970s which preceded the civil war of the 1980s.
A relation of primal-dual lattices and the complexity of shortest lattice vector problem

Abstract We give a simplified proof of a theorem of Lagarias, Lenstra and Schnorr [17] that the problem of approximating the length of the shortest lattice vector within a factor of Cn, for an appropriate constant C, cannot be NP-hard, unless NP = coNP. We also prove that the problem of finding a n 1 4 - unique shortest lattice vector is not NP-hard under polynomial time many-one reductions, unless the polynomial time hierarchy collapses. © 1998—Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Need for Clarity as a Moderator of the Role Ambiguity-Job Satisfaction Relationship

The use of need for clarity as a moderator of the relationship between role ambiguity and job satisfaction was investigated. A sample of 370 employees of a large southeastern university responded anonymously to questionnaires. Results indicated that needfor clarity is in fact an independent predictor of job satisfaction, with high need for clarity related to low job satisfaction. In addition, needfor clarity added significantly to prediction of job satisfaction, beyond that for role ambiguity as a sole predictor. However, need for clarity did not function as a true moderator variable.
A preliminary comparison of the ammonium acetate-EDTA soil phosphorus extraction method to the Bray-1 and Olsen soil phosphorus extraction methods

Abstract The ammonium acetate (NH4OAc)‐EDTA soil phosphorus (P) extraction method was compared to either the Bray‐1 soil P extraction method for non‐calcareous soils or the Olsen soil P extraction method for calcareous soils to predict com and wheat plant tissue P concentration and grain yield responses. The NH4OAc‐EDTA method predicted yield and tissue P concentration responses to P fertilizer applications more accurately than the Olsen method at three of five sites. Both the Bray‐1 and NH4OAc‐EDTA methods were successful in predicting corn and wheat yield responses to P fertilizer applications in non‐ calcareous soils in many locations. However, a direct comparison of extracted soil P levels showed that the NH4OAc‐EDTA method extracted soil P at levels which were more closely related to the Bray‐1 method than the Olsen method.
Immunogenetic mechanisms of antibody response to measles vaccine: the role of the HLA genes

Measles is the most transmissible human disease known to date. In the prevaccine era, virtually every member of each birth cohort was infected with this virus, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality, with millions of deaths on a global scale. At the current time, measles causes an estimated 1 to 1.5 million deaths per year world-wide. Since the advent of live, attenuated measles vaccines measles has been controlled, but not eradicated. Central to the goal of measles eradication are data relating to the influence of immunogenetics on vaccine immunogenicity. In this paper, the results of studies are reviewed executed in my laboratory examining the role of the class I and II HLA genes on the antibody response to measles vaccine.
Qualitative analysis of students' attitudes of duration of community pharmacy practice experiences

Abstract Objective To gain insight into the perceived benefit of one continuous 10-week Advanced Community Pharmacy Practice Experience (ACPPE) versus two five-week ACPPEs, through qualitative focus group research. Methods Students were randomly assigned to spend either two five-week practice experiences at different community sites or one continuous 10-week rotation (at the same site) during their fourth professional year. Afterward, three student focus groups were convened to elicit responses to four questions related to: (1) optimal duration for an ACPPE, (2) description of the community care project they delivered, (3) students' perceived advantages or disadvantages of their sites, and (4) barriers to successfully completing a community care project. Results Students unanimously preferred two five-week rotations. Pharmacies with supportive staff and preceptors, ample space, pharmacy residents, or MTM programs were perceived advantages. There was a variety of community care projects developed. The most frequently reported barrier to the ACPPE project involved the preceptor's limited support of the project, unwillingness to continue the project long-term, or not communicating the purpose of the project to pharmacy staff. Other barriers included physical design of the pharmacy, both high and low prescription volume, and poor support from pharmacy management in chain pharmacies. Conclusion Improvements to ACPPE sites, including preceptor training and elimination of barriers to the development of the ACPPE project, might change student perception and thus should be implemented before replacing two shorter experiences within the 10-week rotation.
The isolation and characterization of an active site phosphohistidine peptide from human erythrocyte bisphosphoglycerate synthase.

Summary Human erythrocyte bisphosphoglycerate synthase was phosphorylated with [U-32P]D-glycerate-2,3-P2. After digesting the enzyme with trypsin, the resultant 32P-peptide(s) was isolated by exclusion and high performance liquid chromatography. The phosphopeptide's amino acid sequence was determined to be HIS-GLY-GLU-GLY-ALA-TRP-GLN-LYS with the possibility that ASN might occur as a penultimate residue instead of GLN. Either sequence, however, is homologous with histidine-containing segments found in rabbit muscle and yeast phosphoglycerate mutase.
Game theory and the spectrum auctions

Abstract We describe two game theoretic models that have been used to assess past and proposed future rules for the US spectrum auctions.
Plasmodium vivax malaria admissions and risk of mortality in a tertiary-care children's hospital in North India.

AbstractBackground: In 2010, there was an increase in the severity of malaria admissions to Kalawati Saran Children’s Hospital, New Delhi and this report describes the morbidity and mortality profile.Method: A retrospective chart review of patients admitted with parasitologically confirmed malaria between January and December 2010.Results: There were 156 cases: P. vivax 105 (67·3%), P. falciparum 39 (25%) and mixed infections 12 (7·7%). Thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150×109/L) was present in 90 (85·7%) patients with P. vivax mono-infection. There were 91 (58·3%) patients with severe malaria: P. vivax mono-infection 46 (50·5%), P. falciparum mono-infection 35 (38·5%) and mixed 10 (11%). Severe anaemia and severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <20×109/L) were detected significantly more often in P. falciparum and P. vivax mono-infection, respectively. Complications including cerebral malaria, acute renal failure, shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome...
Simultane oder isolier isolierte te Präsentation von Wahlmöglichkeiten

Dieser Beitrag gibt einen uberblick uber einen neueren Bereich in der Marketingforschung, uber die so genannte JE/SE-Forschung. Dabei bezeichnen JE die „joint evaluation“ und SE die „separate evaluation“ von Wahlmoglichkeiten durch die Entscheider. In diesem Bereich wird erforscht, unter welchen Bedingungen es vorteilhaft ist, den Konsumenten entweder nur eine Option (SE) oder ihm mehrere Optionen simultan (JE) zu prasentieren. Diese Thematik ist fur die Marketingpraxis von Interesse, weil sich auf Anbieterseite haufig die Frage stellt, ob man Konsumenten einen direkten Vergleich der eigenen Produkte bzw. Dienstleistungen mit denen der Konkurrenz ermoglichen bzw. erleichtern oder ob man sich moglichst isoliert von der Konkurrenz prasentieren sollte. Die dazu im Folgenden dargestellten bisherigen und eigenen empirischen Studien zeigen, unter welchen Bedingungen entweder die isolierte oder die simultane Prasentation vorzuziehen ist. Abschliesend werden anhand von Beispielen Konsequenzen fur die Praxis vorgestellt.
Structure, surface excess and effective interactions in polymer nanocomposite melts and concentrated solutions

The Polymer Reference Interaction Site Model (PRISM) theory is employed to investigate structure, effective forces, and thermodynamics in dense polymer-particle mixtures in the one and two particle limit. The influence of particle size, degree of polymerization, and polymer reduced density is established. In the athermal limit, the surface excess is negative implying an entropic dewetting interface. Polymer induced depletion interactions are quantified via the particle-particle pair correlation function and potential of mean force. A transition from (nearly) monotonic decaying, attractive depletion interactions to much stronger repulsive-attractive oscillatory depletion forces occurs at roughly the semidilute-concentrated solution boundary. Under melt conditions, the depletion force is extremely large and attractive at contact, but is proceeded by a high repulsive barrier. For particle diameters larger than roughly five monomer diameters, division of the force by the particle radius results in a nearly universal collapse of the depletion force for all interparticle separations. Molecular dynamics simulations have been employed to determine the depletion force for nanoparticles of a diameter five times the monomer size over a wide range of polymer densities spanning the semidilute, concentrated, and melt regimes. PRISM calculations based on the spatially nonlocal hypernetted chain closure for particle-particle direct correlations capture all the rich features found in the simulations, with quantitative errors for the amplitude of the depletion forces at the level of a factor of 2 or less. The consequences of monomer-particle attractions are briefly explored. Modification of the polymer-particle pair correlations is relatively small, but much larger effects are found for the surface excess including an energetic driven transition to a wetting polymer-particle interface. The particle-particle potential of mean force exhibits multiple qualitatively different behaviors (contact aggregation, steric stabilization, local bridging attraction) depending on the strength and spatial range of the polymer-particle attraction.
Differential regulation of neutrophil phospholipase d activity and degranulation.

One of the proposed functions of phosphatidic acid (PA) formation from phospholipase D (PLD) activation in neutrophils is to promote degranulation induced by receptor agonists. The present study shows that the time course and dose response of PA formation and degranulation induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) differed. PLD activation and degranulation also exhibited different dose response to genistein and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases. Genistein inhibited PLD activity with an IC(50) value of 12.2 microM in fMLP- and 107 microM in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated cells. It required higher concentrations of genistein to inhibit degranulation than to inhibit PLD activity induced by fMLP. EGCG in the range of 40-400 microM had no effect on PLD activity but it inhibited the release of beta-glucuronidase and elastase by fMLP-stimulated cells. These results demonstrate differential regulation of PLD activity and degranulation of primary granules by genistein and EGCG in fMLP-stimulated neutrophils.
Why teens do not benefit from work experience programs: Evidence from brother comparisons

Social scientists' research on the consequences of teenage employment suggests that government programs providing teenagers with work experience should have worked better than they have. One explanation is that the government failed to deliver an otherwise effective treatment. This article considers three alternative explanations. The first is that the apparent benefits of working during the teenage years are illusory, reflecting only unmeasured differences between teens who do and do not work. A second explanation is that the groups targeted by government programs, the disadvantaged, benefit less from working as teenagers. A third explanation asserts that program participants and working teens experience different benefits because they have different employment experiences. Using information on brother pairs, this article examines these issues. It determines that conventional analyses of the returns to teenage employment greatly overstate the benefits poor minority teenagers receive from working. Our results suggest that the mixed success of previous programs is not primarily due to poor implementation or government involvement per se. Rather, these programs have had limited success because, for those teenagers targeted, work experience during the teenage years does not raise future earnings.
Local Projections for a Global Model of Mountain Pine Beetle Attacks

Abstract We derive a system of nonlinear partial differential equations describing the phenomenon of mountain pine beetles attacking lodgepole pine en masse . A methodology for projecting the behaviour of these partial differential equations onto purely local ordinary differential equations is discussed and implemented. The behaviour of this system of equations is analysed and compared heuristically with observations.
Life Events and Social Supports in Families With a Two- Year-Old: Methods and Preliminary Findings

C ONCEPTUALIZATIONS of stress and its impact on families and children have been widely studied in sociology,1*2 clinical medicine? and social epidemiology.6,7 Although the literature regarding stress in families has burgeoned during the past 20 yrs,8,9 much of this work has been of a theoretical nature. Consequently, empirical research has appeared far less frequently. Two major reasons account for this situation: (1) theoretical models of the stressful experiences that are encountered by individuals, as well as whole families, have lacked sufficient specificity to engender operational definitions upon which empirical work could be based and (2) the few instruments that are designed to measure stress have suffered from serious methodological and conceptual flaws.‘s13 Although it is generally conceded that a high level of stress in families is undesirable and potentially harmful, the study of the unique impact of stress on the development of the child in the early and middle years has only recently emerged in child psychology and psychiatry. I4 There is little data on the frequency of life events and life changes in normal families. Because life events occur in all families, this lack of normative data has made it difficult to draw an association between life events and behavior or developmental problems. Concurrent with the development of research on stressful events in family life is the importance of various mediators of stress. Marital status,15quality of marriage,16 and the availability of a confidante have each been suggested as key stress-buffering agents for adults. “Jo Research has also indicated that sociocultural variables, including social status and income levels, 19~20 societal attitudes toward health,21 and the homogeneity of social groupsZ2can also act as stress-buffering factors. Personal characteristics involved in the processes of individual coping,23 perceived control of behavior,24 past experience, and intelligence levels have also been mentioned as mediators of stress.25 The most widely researched mediator of stress in families is social support.26.27 Although this concept is broad, it is possible to trace the sources of social support to kinship, friendship, and community level sources of help. The numbers of relatives, friends, and neighbors can be used as indices of social support availability,27 even though one study has cautioned that availability and quantity of contact with others may not be so influential as the quality of interaction within such systems.28 As an example, Garrison and Earls29 report that frequent contact with relatives can be associated with negative outcomes in young children.
Stepped-wavelength optical-fiber Bragg grating arrays fabricated in line on a draw tower

More than 450 fiber Bragg gratings have been fabricated in line during the draw process in a period of 1 h with single pulses of a KrF excimer laser. Arrays of gratings have been written at different Bragg wavelengths by using an automated, computer-controlled interferometer.
The swing-shield: An improved shielding device for the intermittent rotoslide sampler

Abstract A new shielding device operated by centrifugal force was designed for the intermittent rotoslide sampler, which samples pollens and similar-sized particles from the atmosphere by impaction. The efficiency of the swing-shield rotoslide was evaluated while operating, and the ability of the shield to protect the sampling surfaces from wind-impacted particles when not operating was tested and compared with that of previous methods.
Dietary Sodium Intake: Scientific Basis for Public Policy

Background/Aims: National and international agencies recommend a reduction in dietary sodium intake. However, some have questioned the wisdom of these policies. The goal of this report was to assess the findings and quality of studies that have examined the relationship between dietary sodium and both blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Methods: Literature review of the available observational studies and randomized controlled trials, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Results: A large body of evidence from observational studies and clinical trials documents a direct relationship between dietary sodium intake and the level of blood pressure, especially in persons with a higher level of blood pressure, African-Americans, and those who are older or have comorbidity, including chronic kidney disease. A majority of the available observational reports support the presence of a direct relationship between dietary sodium intake and cardiovascular disease but the quality of the evidence according to most studies is poor. The limited information available from clinical trials is consistent with a beneficial effect of reduced sodium intake on incidence of cardiovascular disease. Conclusions: The scientific underpinning for policies to reduce the usual intake of dietary sodium is strong. In the United States and many other countries, addition of sodium during food processing has led to a very high average intake of dietary sodium, with almost everyone exceeding the recommended goals. National programs utilizing voluntary and mandatory approaches have resulted in a successful reduction in sodium intake. Even a small reduction in sodium consumption is likely to yield sizable improvement in population health. Video Journal Club ‘Cappuccino with Claudio Ronco' at www.karger.com/?doi=368975.
A method of adjoints for solving some Ill-posed equations of the first kind

We consider solving the operator (1) where f may be badly behaved. It is shown that if one needs only linear functionals of the solution u, this may be accomplished by solving a related adjoint problem. This problem may be better posed than (1). Applications are made to several integral equations of the first kind, and it is shown that several apparently distinct procedures are particular cases of our result.
The effects of soman on norepinephrine uptake, release, and metabolism.

The effects of 7-day administration of 5 μg/kg/day of soman sc on norepinephrine (NE) content, and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities of three rabbit tissues were examined. Effects on NE uptake by, and electrically stimulated release from, rabbit aorta were also determined, both in the 7-day study and with acutely applied soman. Tissues examined were the thoracic aorta, mesenteric artery, and brain stem. Significant (p < 0.05) increases following 7 days of soman were observed in NE content: thoracic aorta, 20%; mesenteric artery, 48%; and brain stem, 121%. MAO activity decreased by 29% in the thoracic aorta, 20% in the mesenteric artery, and 48% in the brain stem. COMT activity also significantly decreased in two tissues, the thoracic aorta by 18% and brain stem by 23%. Acutely applied soman reduced electrically released NE from the thoracic aorta, but 7-day soman administration increased it. Seven-day soman administration, but not acutely applied soman increased NE uptake by the thoracic aorta. Thus, 7-day soman administration increased sympathetic capability by increasing NE content, nerve stimulation evoked NE release, and NE uptake, and by decreasing MAO and COMT activity. Therefore, repeated low-dose exposure to soman might exaggerate the response to any given level of sympathetic nerve stimulation and to NE-releasing agents.
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING AND LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS.

Abstract : In this paper it is shown that a combination of the classical Lagrange multiplier formalism and the functional equation technique of dynamic programming enables a number of types of variational problems involving the computation and tabulation of functions of M variables to be treated by computing first sequences of functions of K variables, and then sequences of functions of M--K variables, where K may be chosen within the range 1 or = K or = M-1. The choice of K depends upon the process This reduction in the dimensionality of the functions involved is equivalent to an increase in the capability of modern digital computers as far as dynamic programming processes are concerned.
Widespread Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections Due to Two Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Harboring the Genes for Panton-Valentine Leucocidin

Infections caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are emerging as a major public health problem. CA-MRSA has been associated previously with skin and soft-tissue infection (SSTI) and with carriage of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV and the Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) virulence factor. To assess the clonal distribution of PVL-carrying strains and the association with SSTI in the San Francisco Bay area, we surveyed six collections of S. aureus isolates—671 isolates in all—collected between 1997 and 2002 originating from inpatient and outpatient clinical specimens and from a community-based sampling. Isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus restriction fragment typing, and multilocus sequence typing and assayed for the PVL virulence factor. The S. aureus populations showed a high proportion of PVL-carrying strains, with frequencies ranging up to 70% in MRSA isolated from jail inmate patients and 69% in MRSA from patients receiving surgical treatment at an outpatient clinic specializing in treating SSTIs. PVL-carrying isolates were identified in nine clonal groups, but 88.5% of the PVL-carrying MRSA isolates belonged to only two clonal groups. These two clonal groups carried the SCCmec type IV resistance determinant and were more likely than other clonal groups to be recovered from SSTI sites than from other sites (P < 0.0001). There is evidence of clonal replacement over the period from 1999 to 2002, with one of these two clonal groups being supplanted by the other.
Heterogeneous Networks and Their Applications: Scientometrics, Name Disambiguation, and Topic Modeling

We present heterogeneous networks as a way to unify lexical networks with relational data. We build a unified ACL Anthology network, tying together the citation, author collaboration, and term-cooccurence networks with affiliation and venue relations. This representation proves to be convenient and allows problems such as name disambiguation, topic modeling, and the measurement of scientific impact to be easily solved using only this network and off-the-shelf graph algorithms.
Pregnancy Complicated by Valvular Heart Disease: An Update

Cardiovascular disease complicates ≈1% to 3% of all pregnancies and is responsible for 10% to 15% of maternal mortality. Although its prevalence is considered relatively low in pregnant women, heart disease is the most common cause of maternal mortality. Because more women with congenital or
Estimating Magnitude and Location of Alaskan Earthquakes Using Intensity Data

Abstract I have developed relationships describing the attenuation of Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) with distance for three regions of Alaska (south-central, interior, and southeast). The sparse intensity data precluded development of site-specific corrections similar to those determined in other regions of the United States. I tested the intensity attenuation relationships on sets of calibration events, events with well-determined locations and instrumentally determined magnitudes, for south-central and interior Alaska (sufficient events were not available for the southeast region). My comparisons indicate the attenuation relationships gave event intensity centers within 50 to 60 km of event epicenters and magnitude estimates within 0.35 to 0.44 magnitude units of instrumentally determined magnitude. I then used these attenuation relationships to analyze historic earthquakes occurring between 1899 and 1965 in the three regions that had poorly determined epicenters and/or magnitudes, including eight events with no previously determined magnitude values. Most intensity centers for earthquakes with poorly known epicenters lay within their estimated epicentral error ellipses. For historic earthquakes with known instrumental magnitudes, magnitude estimated from intensity differed by an average of 0.5 (south-central), 1.0 (interior), and 0.05 (southeast) magnitude units. These results indicate that although intensity data in Alaska are sparse, they can be used to estimate earthquake locations and magnitudes. As additional intensity data become available, the three broad regions of Alaska can be further subdivided to reflect areas of similar geology and stress orientation and new attenuation relationships can be developed. I also anticipate that additional intensity data will allow the development of site-specific corrections to further improve epicentral and magnitude estimates from MMI data.
Molecular-Based Therapeutic Approaches in Treatment of Anorexia of Aging and Cancer Cachexia

Loss of appetite, or anorexia, has profound implications for older persons, altering social interactions, reducing quality of life, and leading to weight loss with grave health consequences. Two conditions associated with anorexia considered in this article are the multidetermined anorexia of aging and the wasting syndrome termed cachexia induced by cancer. Nutritional interventions may have some benefit in the former, but are of limited value in the latter. Emerging studies at the molecular level relating to appetite regulation and energy balance may offer new approaches to arrest progressive weight loss in the anorexia of aging and cancer cachexia.
SY36-1NUTRIENTS, NUTRITION, NUTRIGENOMICS AND NUTRIGENETICS IN ADDICTION DISORDERS

Drug use is associated with inflammation, mitochondrial toxicity, oxidative stress, and regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, that may be further compounded by infections (HIV, HCV) leading to intestinal and systemic inflammations. Genetic factors play an important role in drug addiction. In gene-nutrients interactions, nutrients and genomics interact at two levels-nutrients can induce gene expression thereby altering individual phenotype. Conversely, single nucleotide polymorphisms, in a range of genes important in inflammation and lipid metabolism for example, alter the bioactivity of important metabolic pathways and mediators and influence the ability of nutrients to interact with them. Vitamins and amino acids may influence gene expression. Antioxidant micronutrients such as selenium, that acts via glutathione-peroxidase, play an important role in HIV-disease progression among drug abusers. I will discuss the relationship of genetics, variations in gene expression, dietary intake, and drug abuse covering the topics including: (i) the role of genetics in inflammation and inflammatory processes; (ii) genetic regulation of the metabolism of caffeine; (iii) the role of nutrients and nutrition in drug addiction, and (iv) the impact of substance abuse on gene expression; and finally, (v) management/treatment strategies. References: Yamamoto and Raudensky, J Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 3(4): 203-17, 2008; Nestler E, Neuropharmacol., 76: 259-68, 2014.
FET Ion-Sensitive Sensors

FET based ion sensors appear promising as monitoring and diagnostic aids in clinical medicine. The principles underlying these miniaturized probes are outlined. The fifteen year development period, since their original description, is related to problems with reliability, biological compatibility, and incorporation of reference electrodes. Possible solutions to these problems are outlined. Some results of in vivo experimental and clinical measurements are reviewed which demonstrate their promise.
Who’s Holding El Marcador? Peer Linguistic Mediation Gone Awry in a Dual Language Classroom

Within dual language education programs, well-structured peer interactions can facilitate the learning of language and curricular content simultaneously. Research has found that even very young bilingual students can engage in peer linguistic mediation to help less proficient classmates participate in small group work. In this article, I analyze two academic discussions among emergent bilingual first graders in a Spanish-medium dual language classroom. This analysis demonstrates that, contrary to previous research, the language used by students did not facilitate learning. Rather, it foreclosed the possibility of effective communication across languages. Findings suggest that peer linguistic mediation is influenced by multiple factors and cannot be taken for granted. Questions are raised about the ways in which emergent bilingual students are grouped and the skills they need to successfully mediate their peers’ learning. Implications from these findings go beyond dual language education to apply to mainst...
Understanding Visitor Engagement and Behaviors

ABSTRACT The authors examine a model of visitor engagement that has been in development over the past 3 years at the Smithsonian Institution. A total of 390 visitors comprised the sample with a subsample (n = 102) of visitors who were tracked through an exhibit in the National Museum of Natural History. A 5-factor visitor preference model was tested (idea, people, object, physical, and reflective). A 4-factor model was retained, and factor scores were linked to tracking data. Results from the tracking model indicate that the preference scores are associated with and predictive of behavioral patterns within the exhibit.
Pronouncing novel graphemes: the role of consonantal context.

In three experiments, we examined how readers learn and generalize new pronunciations for vowel graphemes. Children ages 61/2 to 9 (n = 97) and college students (n = 21) were taught a nonword that included a novel vowel pronunciation in the middle position (e.g.,zuop is pronounced /zup/). They were then asked to pronounce other nonwords that contained the same vowel grapheme. Participants were more likely to use the taught pronunciation when the target item and the training item shared a consonant as well as a vowel than when they shared only the vowel. The new pronunciation was not significantly more likely to appear when the target shared the vowel and final consonant (rime) of the training stimulus than when it shared the initial consonant and vowel. We discuss implications for views of reading and its development.
Dual sidewall lateral nanoelectromechanical relays with beam isolation

Laterally actuated nanoelectromechanical (NEM) relays are implemented using a polysilicon structural layer with hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) and platinum dual sidewall layers. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) HfO 2 provides electrical isolation between the polysilicon beam structure and the sputtered platinum conductive channel. Dual sidewall devices are demonstrated using a Y-shaped device with two contacts that connect source and drain upon actuation. Fabricated devices show up to 1µA current passing between source and drain without beam current flow, confirming successful isolation.
Experiments in Onboard Rover Traverse Science

The onboard autonomous science investigation system (OASIS) evaluates geologic data gathered by a planetary rover. This analysis is used to prioritize the data for transmission, so that the data with the highest science value is transmitted to Earth. In addition, the onboard analysis results are used to identify science opportunities. A planning and scheduling component of the system enables the rover to take advantage of identified science opportunities. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the entire OASIS system, and then describe new system capabilities with an emphasis on the identification of novel features during a traverse. This capability has been integrated into the full system and validated in field testing. In addition, the system has been integrated with the visual target tracking (VTT) capability recently uploaded to the Mars exploration rovers. VTT enables the system to robustly track a specified target. By integrating this with the autonomous science system, the rover can approach targets identified onboard and acquire targeted measurements both from additional viewing angles as well as from positions in close proximity to the target.
A new Pharus (Poaceae) endemic to Ecuador

The new species Pharus ecuadoricus, endemic to the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador, is described, illustrated, and compared with its closest relative, P. parvifolius.
Anterior movement of ventral diencephalic precursors separates the primordial eye field in the neural plate and requires cyclops

A currently favored hypothesis postulates that a single field of cells in the neural plate forms bilateral retinas. To learn how retinal precursors segregate, we followed individual labeled neural plate cells in zebrafish. In the late gastrula, a single field of odd-paired-like-expressing cells contributed to both retinas, bordered posteriorly by diencephalic precursors expressing mariposa. Median mariposa-expressing cells moved anteriorly, separating the eyes, and formed ventral anterior diencephalon, the presumptive hypothalamus. In cyclops mutants, corresponding cells failed to move anteriorly, a ventral diencephalon never formed, and the eyes remained fused. Ablation of the region containing these cells induced cyclopia in wild types. Our results indicate that movement of a median subpopulation of diencephalic precursors separates retinal precursors into left and right eyes. Wild-type cyclops gene function is required for these morphogenetic movements.
Aeolian iron input to the ocean through precipitation scavenging: A modeling perspective and its implication for natural iron fertilization in the ocean

[1] Aeolian dust input may be a critical source of dissolved iron for phytoplankton growth in some oceanic regions. We used an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) to simulate dust transport and removal by dry and wet deposition. Model results show extremely low dust concentrations over the equatorial Pacific and Southern Ocean. We find that wet deposition through precipitation scavenging accounts for ∼40% of the total deposition over the coastal oceans and ∼60% over the open ocean. Our estimates suggest that the annual input of dissolved Fe by precipitation scavenging ranges from 0.5 to 4 × 1012 g yr−1, which is 4–30% of the total aeolian Fe fluxes. Dissolved Fe input through dry deposition is significantly lower than that by wet deposition, accounting for only 0.6–2.4 % of the total Fe deposition. Our upper limit estimate on the fraction of dissolved Fe in the total atmospheric deposition is thus more than three times higher than the value of 10% currently considered as an upper limit for dissolved Fe in Aeolian fluxes. As iron input through precipitation may promote episodic phytoplankton growth in the ocean, measurements of dissolved iron in rainwater over the oceans are needed for the study of oceanic biogeochemical cycles.
Lifting Entry Concepts

As Becker1 has recently pointed out, the ballistic entry vehicles of the ICBM program have almost achieved full maturity in the short span of about ten years. This has been accomplished through a combination of clearly defined requirements and a national research and development effort. With similar simple and clear requirements, the first manned orbital vehicles were developed by straightforward extensions of ICBM technology. This growth pattern now appears to be changing as the requirements for future systems become less clearly defined and, at the same time, become much more diverse and complex.
An experimental study on emissions optimization using micro-genetic algorithms in a HSDI diesel engine

Current automotive diesel engine research is motivated by the need to meet more-and-more strict emission regulations. The major target for future HSDI combustion research and development is to find the most effective waysof reducing the soot particulate and NOx emissions to the levels required by future emission regulations. Recently, a variety of statistical optimization tools have been proposed to optimize engine-operating conditions for emissions reduction. In this study, a micro-genetic algorithm technique, which locates a global optimum via the law of "the survival of the fittest", was applied to a high-speed, direct-injection, single-cylinder (HSDI) diesel engine. The engine operating condition considered single-injection operation using a common-rail fuel injection system was at 1757 rev/min and 45% load. The engine parameters controlled in the optimization were the injection pressure (ranging from 80 to 110 MPa), the boost pressure (from 138 to 207 kPa), start-of-injection timing (from -10 to 5 degrees ATDC), and cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation percentage (from 10 to 35%). The optimum results showed significant Improvements for the NOx and particulate emissions. The baseline NOx and particulate emissions were 3.75 g/kW-hr and 0.52 g/kW-hr, respectively, and the optimized NOx and particulate emissions were reduced to 0.48 g/kW-hr (87% reduction) and 0.12 g/kW-hr (77% reduction). Moreover, the final optimized results met emissions targets, which were derived from the EPA Tier II 2004 automotive diesel mandates.
NUT Midline Carcinoma: Morphoproteomic Characterization with Genomic and Therapeutic Correlates

NUT midline carcinoma is a rare entity arising primarily in the midline of teenagers and young adults. Genomically, it is associated with a translocation involving a nuclear protein in testis (NUT) gene with other genes, most commonly, the BRD4 gene. The resultant is a partial or near total block in differentiation of tumor cells into mature squamous elements. Such tumors are resistant to conventional therapy with a reported mean survival at less than 1 year. In this study, we investigated two cases with genomic confirmation as NUT midline carcinoma by morphoproteomic analysis using immunohistochemical antibodies. Our results showed overexpression, largely in the undifferentiated cells of the tumors of: 1) Stemness marker, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (Sox2); 2) Constitutive activation of the mTORC2 pathway with expression of total insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R[Tyr1165/1166]), and nuclear p-mTOR (Ser 2448) and p-Akt (Ser 473); and 3) c-Myc, silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Sirt1) and histone methyltransferase enhancer of Zeste, Drosophila, homolog 2 (EZH2) as molecular impediments to differentiation. These data were analyzed through the use of QIAGEN's Ingenuity(®) Pathway Analysis (IPA(®), QIAGEN Redwood City, www.qiagen.com/ingenuity). The results established the interconnection of these pathways and molecules, and identified several pharmacogenomic agents--melatonin, metformin, vorinostat, curcumin, and sulforaphane--that have the potential to remove the block in differentiation and lead to the establishment of a more benign form of NUT midline carcinoma.
Finite Element Computation of the Barotropic Tides in Knight Inlet, British Columbia

The accurate and efficient solution of the two-dimensional shallow water wave equations poses a challenging problem for numerical analysts. Finite difference or finite element techniques are the most commonly used numerical procedures. In the case of finite differences, the region of interest is covered by a rectangular grid, space derivatives are approximated by finite differences, and grid point values of water height and depth-averaged velocities are obtained by solving difference equations at a succession of time steps. When the finite element approach is used, the problem is first restated in terms of integrals over the domain (most often by using weighted residuals) and the integrals are replaced by sums over finite elements. The problem is thereby reduced to a system of first-order ordinary differential equations involving nodal values of the unknowns and their derivatives with respect to time: the system is then solved, as before, at a succession of time steps.
High-accuracy extrapolated ab initio thermochemistry of the vinyl, allyl, and vinoxy radicals

Enthalpies of formation at both 0 and 298 K were calculated according to the HEAT (High-accuracy Extrapolated Ab initio Thermochemistry) protocol for the title molecules, all of which play important roles in combustion chemistry. At the HEAT345-(Q) level of theory, recommended enthalpies of formation at 0 K are 301.5 ± 1.3, 180.3 ± 1.8, and 23.4 ± 1.5 kJ mol–1 for vinyl, allyl, and vinoxy, respectively. At 298 K, the corresponding values are 297.3, 168.6, and 16.1 kJ mol–1, with the same uncertainties. The calculated values for the three radicals are in excellent agreement with the corresponding experimental values, but the uncertainties associated with the HEAT values for vinoxy are considerably smaller than those based on experimental studies.
Microwave photonics connected with microresonator frequency combs

Microresonator frequency combs (micro-combs) are very promising as ultra-compact broadband sources for microwave photonic applications. Conversely, microwave photonic techniques are also employed intensely in the study of microcombs to reveal and control the comb formation dynamics. In this paper, we reviewed the microwave photonic techniques and applications that are connected with microcombs. The future research directions of microcomb-based microwave photonics were also discussed.
Development of Trichogramma exiguum and T. pretiosum at Five Temperature Regimes

Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and T. exiguum Pinto and Platner were compared in a temperature study at five constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. Developmental time of both parasite species in host ( Heliothis virescens [F.]) eggs decreased with increases in temperature. T. exiguum developed faster than T. pretiosum at 25 and 30°C, but not at 20°C. T. pretiosum completed development at 35°C, but T. exiguum did not. Additionally, T. pretiosum females lived longer than T. exiguum females at 20 and 25°C; longevity decreased for both species with increase in temperature. Females outnumbered males at all temperatures. There was no significant difference between species in number of females or in number of parasites completing development per host egg.
Renalase expression by melanoma and tumor associated-macrophages promotes tumor growth through a STAT3-mediated mechanism

To sustain their proliferation, cancer cells overcome negative-acting signals that restrain their growth and promote senescence and cell death. Renalase (RNLS) is a secreted flavoprotein that functions as a survival factor after ischemic and toxic injury, signaling through the plasma calcium channel PMCA4b to activate the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. We show that RNLS expression is increased markedly in primary melanomas and CD163(+) tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). In clinical specimens, RNLS expression in the tumor correlated inversely with disease-specific survival, suggesting a pathogenic role for RNLS. Attenuation of RNLS by RNAi, blocking antibodies, or an RNLS-derived inhibitory peptide decreased melanoma cell survival, and anti-RNLS therapy blocked tumor growth in vivo in murine xenograft assays. Mechanistic investigations showed that increased apoptosis in tumor cells was temporally related to p38 MAPK-mediated Bax activation and that increased cell growth arrest was associated with elevated expression of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21. Overall, our results established a role for the secreted flavoprotein RNLS in promoting melanoma cell growth and CD163(+) TAM in the tumor microenvironment, with potential therapeutic implications for the management of melanoma. Cancer Res; 76(13); 3884-94. ©2016 AACR.
Cutaneous Transureteroureterostomy as a Form of Diversion in Children with a Compromised Urinary Tract

AbstractOur experience with children who require supravesical diversion in the face of a compromised urinary tract indicates that in selected cases transureteroureterostomy with cutaneous ureterostomy will lead to a stabilized urinary tract that will be free from infection and postoperative complications.
Microgeographic Proteomic Networks of the Human Colonic Mucosa and Their Association With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background & Aims Interactions between mucosal cell types, environmental stressors, and intestinal microbiota contribute to pathogenesis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we applied metaproteomics of the mucosal–luminal interface to study the disease-related biology of the human colonic mucosa. Methods We recruited a discovery cohort of 51 IBD and non-IBD subjects endoscopically sampled by mucosal lavage at 6 colonic regions, and a validation cohort of 38 no-IBD subjects. Metaproteome data sets were produced for each sample and analyzed for association with colonic site and disease state using a suite of bioinformatic approaches. Localization of select proteins was determined by immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry of human endoscopic biopsy samples. Results Co-occurrence analysis of the discovery cohort metaproteome showed that proteins at the mucosal surface clustered into modules with evidence of differential functional specialization (eg, iron regulation, microbial defense) and cellular origin (eg, epithelial or hemopoietic). These modules, validated in an independent cohort, were differentially associated spatially along the gastrointestinal tract, and 7 modules were associated selectively with non-IBD, ulcerative colitis, and/or Crohn’s disease states. In addition, the detailed composition of certain modules was altered in disease vs healthy states. We confirmed the predicted spatial and disease-associated localization of 28 proteins representing 4 different disease-related modules by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry visualization, with evidence for their distribution as millimeter-scale microgeographic mosaic. Conclusions These findings suggest that the mucosal surface is a microgeographic mosaic of functional networks reflecting the local mucosal ecology, whose compositional differences in disease and healthy samples may provide a unique readout of physiologic and pathologic mucosal states.