cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changing the focus: An empirical study of "Focalizing ser" (‘to be’) in Dominican Spanish

This article examines the perception and production of the Focalizing Ser (FS) structure by Dominican speakers living in three urban communities: Santiago de los Caballeros, Sosua, and Santo Domingo de Guzman. FS has received increasing attention over the past years and several studies have investigated it from various linguistic perspectives in Spanish varieties where it is typically found (e.g. Venezuelan Spanish and Colombian Spanish). Although previously reported in Dominican Spanish (Toribio 2002, Alba 2004), FS has still not been extensively analyzed in this variety. The results of three different tests (two acceptability judgment tests and one semi-production test) indicate that FS is certainly entrenched in Dominican speakers’ linguistic inventory and that certain focus types (e.g. FS-focused subject and object DPs, FS-focused CPs and IPs, FS- focused complex VPs, and FS-focused prepositional phrases) are more favorably perceived and more frequently produced across all FS dialects.
Supplemental Arginine and Ornithine Do Not Affect Splenocyte Proliferation in Surgically Treated Rats

The present study was designed to determine whether arginine or ornithine supplementation enhanced immune responsiveness in surgically stressed rats. Young rats (130 to 150 g; n = 72) were fed one of three nonpurified diets: control, arginine-supplemented (30 g/kg of diet), or supplemented with ornithine on an equimolar basis to supplemental arginine. Control and ornithine-supplemented diets were made isonitrogenous to the arginine-supplemented diet with alanine. Food intake and body weight were monitored throughout the experimental period. Eight days after initiation of dietary treatments, 36 rats were given dorsal skin wounds. Rats were killed 7 days later. Blood was collected, spleen and thymus were weighed, and splenocytes were isolated to measure proliferation in response to mitogens and interleukin-2 production. Food intake, body weight gain, and thymus weight were lower in rats subjected to surgery than in controls rats (p < .01). Neither supplemental dietary arginine nor ornithine affected food intake, body weight gain, thymus weight, splenocyte proliferation, or splenocyte interleukin-2 production in any treatment group (p < .1). These data suggest that low-level dietary supplementation of arginine and ornithine did not ameliorate detrimental effects of minor surgery in rats.
Inhibition of the proteasomal function in chondrocytes down-regulates growth plate chondrogenesis and longitudinal bone growth.

The proteasome is a large multiprotein complex that processes intracellular proteins functioning as cell cycle regulators and transcription factors. It has been shown that the chymotryptic component of the proteasome is an important regulator of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, with inhibitors of the proteasome increasing osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Yet, little is known about the effects of the proteasomal activity in the growth plate. In the present study, we cultured rat metatarsal bones in the presence of proteasome inhibitor I (PSI), a known inhibitor of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome. PSI suppressed growth plate chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy/differentiation, and induced chondrocyte apoptosis. All these cellular effects led to reduced metatarsal linear growth. In cultured chondrocytes, PSI increased the expression of β-catenin (a negative regulator of chondrogenesis) and reduced the DNA binding of nuclear factor κB, a transcription fac...
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM ON OVARIAN FUNCTION IN THE GUINEA PIG

FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS wehave been engaged in a study of functional menstrual disturbances. Our approach has been both clinical and experimental. First, the changes occurring in the genital organs and elsewhere in women suffering from these disorders have been observed and then an attempt has been made to prc duce comparable changes in animals by various experimental means. As a result of these studies, the following concept has been formulated. Functional menstrual disorders may result from lesions in any of the endocrine glands or from general constitutional disease secondarily affecting the endocrine system. The primary disease condition gives rise to ovarian hypofunction and this, in turn, gives rise to the menstrual abnormality. The severity of the ovarian disturbance is indicated roughly by the endometrium. There is no constant correlation between the primary lesion, the degree of ovarian involvement, as indicated by the endometrium, and the type of menstrual disturbance.
Task difficulty modulates the impact of emotional stimuli on neural response in cognitive-control regions.

Both heightened reactivity to emotional stimuli and impaired cognitive control are key aspects of depression, anxiety, and addiction. But the impact of emotion on cognitive-control processes, and the factors that modulate this impact, are still not well understood. We examined the effects of threat and reward distracters on the neural correlates of cognitive control using functional MRI (fMRI) and the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT). Behaviorally, subjects were slower and less accurate on the more demanding incongruent trials compared to the easier congruent trials. In addition, both threat and reward distracters significantly impaired the speed of responding on incongruent trials relative to the no-distracter condition. At the neural level, we used the incongruent – congruent contrast to functionally define four cognitive-control regions of interest (ROIs): anterior cingulate (ACC), left and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)/insula, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). A repeated-measures analysis of variance on the extracted contrast values in these ROIs indicated a significant interaction of stimulus salience and task difficulty on the neural response in cognitive-control regions. Specifically, threat distracters significantly decreased the response in cognitive-control regions on incongruent trials, whereas they significantly increased that response on congruent trials, relative to the no-distracter condition. Exploratory analyses of the amygdala response showed a similar and significant interaction of stimulus salience and task difficulty: threat distracters significantly decreased the amygdala response on incongruent trials relative to congruent trials. Overall, our results suggest that the impact of emotional distracters on the neural response in cognitive-control regions as well as in the amygdala is modulated by task difficulty, and add to our understanding of the factors that determine whether emotion enhances or impairs cognition.
Simultaneous purification of a cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5 from the house fly, Musca domestica L.

Abstract Cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450 reductase were purified from house fly abdomens using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using a new technique, cytochrome P-450 was separated from the bulk of other proteins after polyethylene glycol fractionation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) using a phenyl-5PW column. This technique resulted in 91% recovery of the cytochrome P-450s in a single concentrated fraction that also contained the remaining cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450 reductase activity. Further purification by anion exchange on a DEAE-5SW column resolved the cytochrome P-450s, cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450 reductase into individual fractions. The ion exchange step yielded one fraction that contained a high specific content of P-450 (14.4 nmol/mg protein). This cytochrome P-450 fraction ran as a single band at 54.3 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide (SDS-PAGE) gel electrophoresis and had a carboxy ferrocytochrome absorbance maximum at 447 nm. Further purification of the anion exchange cytochrome b5 fraction, by C8 reverse phase HPLC, resulted in a cytochrome b5 fraction with a specific content of 51.8 nmol/mg protein and an apparent molecular mass of 19.7 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The anion exchange HPLC fraction containing the cytochrome P-450 reductase activity was further purified by NADP-agarose affinity chromatography. This step yielded cytochrome P-450 reductase with an apparent molecular mass of 72 kDa.
Mechanisms of initiation and termination of signalling by neuropeptide receptors: a comparison with the proteinase-activated receptors.

Biological responses to neuropeptides are rapidly attenuated by overlapping mechanisms that include peptide degradation by cell-surface proteases, receptor uncoupling from heterotrimeric G-proteins and receptor endocytosis. We have investigated the mechanisms that terminate the proinflammatory effects of the neuropeptide substance P (SP), which are mediated by the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). Neutral endopeptidase degrades SP in the extracellular fluid and is one of the first mechanisms to terminate signalling. G-protein receptor kinases and second-messenger kinases phosphorylate the NK1R to permit interaction with β-arrestins, which uncouple the receptor from G-proteins to terminate the signal. SP-induces NK1R endocytosis by a β-arrestin-dependent mechanism, which also involves the GTPases dynamin and Rab5a. Endocytosis contributes to desensitization by depleting receptors from the cell surface. Disruption of these mechanisms results in uncontrolled stimulation and disease. Thus the deletion of neutral endopeptidase in mice exacerbates inflammation of many tissues. There are similarities and distinct differences in the mechanisms that regulate signalling by neuropeptide receptors and other G-protein-coupled receptors, in particular those that are activated irreversibly by proteolysis.
On-line linear sweep voltammetry-electrospray mass spectrometry.

A three-electrode electrochemical cell coupled to an electrospray (ES) mass spectrometer has been developed and employed for on-line linear sweep voltammetry-ES mass spectrometry and electrochemical reaction studies. Generated in this type of electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (EC/MS) experiment are ion abundance vs potential profiles that provide molecular weight and structural information pertaining to intermediates and products of anodic oxidation of diphenyl sulfide, anodic pyridation of 9,10-diphenylanthracene, and reduction of nitrobenzene. Anodic oxidation of diphenyl sulfide in methylene chloride media at the platinum electrode yielded diphenyl sulfoxide and pseudodimer sulfonium ion along with products of further oxidation. The obtained ion abundance vs potential profiles offer additional evidence to corroborate previously proposed reaction mechanisms for pseudodimer sulfonium ion generation from diphenyl sulfide, as well as pyridine addition to DPA radical cation also in methylene chloride at th...
Program view generation and change analysis using attributed dependency graphs

Software maintenance is usually the most expensive phase of the software life-cycle. Program understanding and impact-of-change analysis are two of the major activities during this phase. In this paper, we describe attributed program dependency graphs (APDGs), a model to store information derived from the program source code and ease construction of tools for software maintenance. We show how the model can be used for interactive view generation and doing two kinds of impact-of-change analysis—incremental and comparison-oriented. Incremental change analysis uses APDGs and a Rule Base to provide a way for the user to analysis the effect of proposed well-defined changes. Comparison-oriented change analysis allows a user to generate structural semantic differences between two versions of a subsystem after an arbitrary sequence of changes. We also introduce SCAN, a prototype collection of loosely integrated tools based on the APDG model and describe our experiences with the system.
Processing Poisson series in parallel

A massively parallel processor proves to be a powerful tool for manipulating large Poisson series. Assuming the series to be sparse, as in most problems of non-linear dynamics, they map into the computer one term per processor. The parallel processor then executes the basic operations in the free algebra of Poisson series over the field of real or rational numbers. We describe a prototype Poisson series processor currently running on the Connection Machine. Timing the calculation of various expansions in the two-body problem demonstrates massive parallelism's potential for tackling the enormous symbolic calculations customary in non-linear dynamics.
Dramatic improvement of BMD following vitamin D therapy in a bone marrow transplant recipient.

Abstract Bone marrow transplantation is now an established successful treatment for several hematologic malignancies. Bone loss is among the long-term adverse effects of this procedure. The underlying pathophysiology is believed to be multifactorial. We report a case of osteoporosis in a young patient who underwent allogenic bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia that was complicated by intestinal graft-versus-host disease. Her bone density measurement showed T-scores of –3.46 and –2.47 in the lumbar spine and femoral neck respectively. On evaluation, she had low normal serum calcium, low urine calcium, low 25-hydroxyvitamin D, elevated total and bone specific alkaline phosphatases, and elevated parathyroid hormone. Following treatment with calcifediol, the biochemical markers normalized and the bone mineral density increased by 88% in the lumbar spine and almost 60% in the femoral neck, both of which were above the mean for her age group. We believe that the graft-versus-host disease caused a malabsorptive state that led to vitamin D deficiency and possible resistance and consequent osteomalacia.
Partisan stabilization policy and voter control

Abstract. Representative democracy is a principal-agent institution. Voter influence over macroeconomic policy should be noticeable during election years when the president (agent) and median voter (principal) disagree about goals. They might disagree due to the prospective benefit of choosing a policymaker who is more conservative than the voter. This conclusion is demonstrated analytically in a new Keynesian model of endogenous stabilization in which the president reacts quickly to lean against the macroeconomic wind. We support the principalagent characterization of voters and presidents in an endogenous policy model with regression estimates of growth rate targets, allowing for differences between Democrats and Republicans.
Moving-bed solids flow in an inclined pipe leading into a fluidized bed: Part I. Gas leakage and pressure drop

Kansas State University of Agriculture and Applied Science has developed methods for predicting the back pressure and rate of gas flow in a moving-bed transfer line connecting a solids (such as coal) storage bin and a fluidized bed. The predictions are given in terms of the design and operating parameters of the system, namely, the transfer-line length, particle size, fluidizing-gas velocity, fluidized-bed height, feed position, and freeboard pressure. The pressure drop across the pipe relates closely to the exit pressure, which can be calculated by intergrating the solids bulk density over the bed depth. A correlation for the rate of gas leakage in terms of the geometric features and operating conditions of the system agrees with experimental data to within +/-25%.
Warped fermi surface of the conduction band in InSb

Abstract The Shubnikov-de Haas frequency anisotropy defined by [F(111)−F(001)] F(001) , was found to be ∼0.4% and ∼1.4% for samples with electron concentrations of ∼2.2 × 1017 cm−3 and ∼1.1 × 1018 cm−3, respectively. This anisotropy can be explained by a warped Fermi surface.
Effects of 1.2% sodium bicarbonate with two ratios of corn silage:grain on milk production, rumen fermentation, and nutrient digestion by lactating dairy cows.

Abstract Four multiparous Holstein cows in mid lactation fitted with rumen cannulae were in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to study the effects of sodium bicarbonate and ratio of corn silage:grain on milk production and composition, feed intake, rumen fermentation, and nutrient utilization. Cows were fed diets of 50:50 or 75: 25 corn silage:grain with 0 or 1.2% sodium bicarbonate. Experimental periods were 21 days with 15 days for adaptation to diet and 6 days for data collection. Milk fat percent and 4% fat-corrected milk production (kg/day) were higher for cows fed diets containing 1.2% sodium bicarbonate (3.69 and 23.1 versus 3.03 and 19.3). Sodium bicarbonate and ratio of corn silage:grain had no effect on dry matter intake. Rumen pH was higher 1 and 3h postfeeding with added sodium bicarbonate (5.64 versus 5.83). Sodium bicarbonate increased total volatile fatty acids (91 versus 105 mm/liter), increased molar proportions of acetate, butyrate, and isovalerate, and decreased propionate and valerate. Dry matter, organic matter, and neutral-detergent fiber digestibilities were higher for cows fed diets composed of 50% grain compared with diets with 25% grain. Acid-detergent fiber digestibility was increased by sodium bicarbonate (47.7 versus 52.9%). Protein digestibility and nitrogen utilization were not affected by added sodium bicarbonate or the ratio of forage:grain. In summary, sodium bicarbonate added at 1.2% of the total dry matter to diets containing 50:50 and 75:25 corn silage:grain increased milk fat percent, fat-corrected milk production, rumen acetate:propionate, and utilization of acid detergent fiber.
Electric field evidence on the viscous interaction at the magnetopause

Dusk-to-dawn electric fields just inside the magnetospause have been suggested to be the products of either a viscous interaction or other processes occurring in a closed magnetosphere. Attention is accordingly given to electric field measurements conducted during 28 crossings of the magnetopause by the ISEE 1 satellite, within 2 hours of local dusk, in 1980. Although dusk-to-dawn fields containing potentials of a few kV were often observed, it is concluded that less than 10 percent of the typical magnetospheric potential resulted from viscous interaction or similar processes.
A Simple Calculation of EHL Traction at Small Slide/Roll Ratio Including Roller Elasticity

Elastohydrodynamic point contact traction may be predicted accurately for the small slide-to-roll ratio, Σ, isothermal case by first calculating the shear response of the liquid in a parallel gap with a hemispherical pressure distribution and then correcting Σ for the elastic roller compliance.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
An estrogen-stimulated, progesterone-binding system im the hamster uterus and vagina

Abstract The distribution of total radioactivity was measured in liver, heart, cerebrum, hypothalamus, uterus, vagina and plasma of ovariectomized hamsters 30 minutes after intravenous injection of 1 μCi of high or low specific activity (SA) 3H-progesterone. Reverse isotope dilution analysis of tissue and plasma radioactivity revealed that the uterus and vagina contained the highest concentration of 3-H-progesterone, and progesterone uptake increased in these two tissues following 3 days of estrogen pretreatment. Uptake and retention of 3H-progesterone was best evaluated according to the tissue to plasma ratio of 3H-progesterone. The ratio was high in the uterus and vagina of estrogen-primed, ovariectomized females following 1 μCi of high SA isotope, intermediate after 1 μCi of low SA isotope, and reduced to the level of nonspecific uptake in mated females which have a high titer of endogenous progesterone. Thus, the ability of the uterus and vagina to concentrate and retain hormone can be attributed to a progesterone-binding system of limited capacity.
Space policy and humanities policy

In his 14 January 2004 speech on the future of space exploration, U.S. President George W. Bush proposed a return to the Moon followed by “human missions to Mars and to worlds beyond.” Bush's proposal called for robotic missions and new manned space vehicles to replace an aging set of space shuttles, and sought a new justification for space exploration. In the words of former NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe, in The Vision for Space Exploration, this plan is not “merely for the sake of adventure, however exciting that might be, but seeks answers to profound scientific and philosophic questions.” Bush's proposal stimulated renewed reflection on the goals of our nation's space policy and on the means (financial and otherwise) for achieving these goals. A return to such first-order questioning of our goals for space has been long overdue. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board, which was convened by NASA in 2003 following the shuttle disaster, described “a lack, over the past three decades, of any national mandate providing NASA a compelling mission requiring human presence in space” [Keiper, 2003].
A Resolution of the Residue Field over Arbitrary Monomial Rings

Abstract LetS=k[x1,…, xn] be a polynomial ring over a fieldk, Ia monomial ideal ofS, R=S/I. We construct a resolution ofkoverR.
Single-crystal X-ray studies of five alkali metal salts of luminol

Luminol salts of five alkali metals, Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, have been prepared and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Luminol is deprotonated at the same site whereas each ionic salt has a unique composition and a different number of water molecules. The cation/luminol ion pair to water molecule ratio in the lattices varies as follows: 1 : 0 for K, 1 : 1 for Li, 1 : 2 for Rb, 1 : 3 for Cs, and 1 : 6 for Na. The differences in composition among the five compounds lead to different metal coordination environments in the solid state and distinct 3-D molecular arrangements in the lattice.
Mechanism of hypotensive action of 2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (ST-155) in the cat

A study of the mechanism of hypotensive and bradycardic action of ST-155 in the cat revealed that this action is in part related to a centrally mediated bradycardia. Bradycardia and the hypotensive action of ST-155 were antagonized or abolished by hexamethonium, bretylium, decerebration, or by stellate ganglionectomy. The action of ST-155 does not appear to involve veratrine-sensitive pathways inasmuch as denervation of the carotid sinus or excision of the nodose and superior cervical ganglia were without effect on the action of ST-155. ST-155 in the dosage used (8 mcg./Kg.) potentiated the pressor responses to epinephrine and tyramine. It is presumed that reduced central sympathetic transmission to the heart from the cardiac sympathetic nerves is a major mechanism for the hypotension and bradycardia following ST-155 administration.
Cyclic AMP and calcium in the differential control of Mytilus gill cilia.

Lateral (L) cilia ofMytilus gill are activated by serotonin which, in molluscan systems, is known to activate adenylate cyclase. Triton-extracted models of L-cells, arrested at >10−6 M Ca++, are stimulated to beat by the addition of 10−5 M cAMP while still under Ca++ arrest conditions, suggesting that cAMP-activation is not mediated by alterations of Ca++ levels. Using isolated, permeabilized cilia, we find, independent of [Ca++], that cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in L-cilia occurs uniquely and reversibly on three low molecular weight polypeptides of 23,000, 18,000, and 14,000 daltons. Phosphorylation is maximal at cAMP concentrations above 0.5 μM. The phosphorylated chains partially coextract at high salt with a 14S dynein fraction and have approximately the same molecular weights as reported for dynein light chains. Such conditions mainly extract the outer dynein arm, about 40% of the Mg++-ATPase activity, and a corresponding amount of the cAMP phosphorylated chains. However, the three polypeptides sediment together at 10–11S, clearly separable from the 14S dynein ATPase. Using a gel-overlay technique, we find that calmodulin binds to axonemal polypeptides of L-cilia with molecular weights of 18,000 and 13,000, independent of Ca++, while in mixed-population cilia, only a 12,000 dalton chain binds calmodulin, in a Ca++ dependent manner. In neither case are calmodulin binding proteins found in the high salt fraction containing the cAMP-dependent phosphorylated chains, indicating that, in spite of some similarity in molecular weight, the cAMP-phosphorylated and calmodulin binding polypeptides are different. Also, double-labeling indicates that only the 18,000 dalton chains co-migrate. These data suggest that serotonin may activate lateral cilia through a cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of a dynein-associated regulatory protein complex, while Ca++ may inhibit ciliary movement, independently, by binding to calmodulin associated with a different class of regulatory protein.
Regeneration of Neutral K Mesons and Their Mass Difference

A beam of ${K}_{2}$ mesons was produced by passing a beam of 1.1-Bev/c negative pions through a liquid hydrogen target and accepting the neutral reaction products in the forward direction after allowing the ${K}_{1}$ component to decay. The resultant beam was observed in a 30-in. propane bubble chamber fitted with lead and iron plates. About 200 regenerated ${K}_{1}$ mesons were identified by their characteristic $Q$ value and decay rate. All three types of regeneration were observed: by transmission in the plates, by nuclear diffraction, and by interaction with single nucleons. The detection of the first two types of regeneration constitutes strong evidence for the correctness of the Gell-Mann and Pais particle mixture theory. Comparison of the transmission and diffraction regeneration effect, using the method of M. L. Good, gives the ${K}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{K}_{2}$ mass difference $\ensuremath{\delta}$. Two important corrections must be applied to Good's formula: One originates from the nuclear scattering of the transmission component, the other from the multiplicity of scatterings in a thick plate. The independence from nuclear parameters, which was an advantageous property of Good's formula, is no longer rigorously valid; but due to the sharp dependence of the transmission intensity upon the mass difference, the nuclear properties of ${K}^{0}$ and ${\overline{K}}^{0}$, as derived from ${K}^{+}$ and ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ data, still allow a measurement of $\ensuremath{\delta}$. We find that $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is ${0.84}_{\ensuremath{-}0.22}^{+0.29}$ in units of $\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{1}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{1}$ is the ${K}_{1}$ mean lifetime. With 90% confidence level, the difference is between 0.44 and $1.2 \frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{1}}$. The probability that the transmission peak we observe is due to a statistical fluctuation is one in a million.
Identification of pontocerebellar axon collateral synaptic boutons in the rat cerebellar nuclei

Abstract Injections of the orthogradely transported tracer PHA-L into the the basilar pontine nuclei or reticulotegmental nucleus of hooded rats produced labeling of pontocerebellar axons that distributed to the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. EM examination of the lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei revealed that labeled pontocerebellar axon terminals formed synaptic boutons in the cerebellar nuclei that were morphologically different from the characteristics mossy fiber terminals observed in the cerebellar cortex.
Economic Issues in Controlling Agricultural Pollution

tive adjustment to rapid technological changes. They also result from rapidly rising standards of environmental quality demanded by a better educated, better informed, more affluent, and more mobile population. Environmental pollution may be defined as those interactions of men with their physical surroundings that result in diminished levels of well-being. This definition emphasizes the importance of changes in perception of the observers as well as changes in the characteristics of the physical environment. Thus, pollution problems result from changes in the presence or perception of the "victims" as well as from changes in the activities of the "pollutors." Discussion, controversy and confusion concerning pollution of our physical environment has risen sharply in the past few years. Increasing anxiety about pollution among the general public is leading to actions through all levels of government. The agricultural industry and rural people are directly involved in their roles as both pollutors and victims of pollution. However, the major issues involved are much broader than agriculture alone, and the problems of agricultural pollution can seldom be considered in isolation from the general problems of environmental quality. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to stress the multiple decisionmaking aspects of controlling environmental pollution; (2) to highlight a number of significant economic issues involved; and (3) to suggest some significant areas where economic research can contribute to reduction of agriculturally related pollution.
Ellipsometric studies of conducting polymers

Abstract We report ellipsometric measurements on films of polyaniline grown galvanostatically on platinum electrodes in HCl solutions. The films were characterized optically in situ and under potential control. They were also studied while undergoing electrochemical conversion between the reduced (insulating) and oxidized (conducting) forms induced by potential cycling. We show that ellipsometry is capable of providing unique information on the details of the growth pattern of the films and the electrochemical film conversion process.
WE-C-217BCD-08: Rapid Monte Carlo Simulations of DQE(f) of Scintillator-Based Detectors.

Purpose:Monte Carlo simulations of DQE(f) can greatly aid in the design of scintillator‐based detectors by helping optimize key parameters including scintillator material and thickness, pixel size, surface finish, and septa reflectivity. However, the additional optical transport significantly increases simulation times, necessitating a large number of parallel processors to adequately explore the parameter space. To address this limitation, we have optimized the DQE(f) algorithm, reducing simulation times per design iteration to 10 minutes on a single CPU. Methods: DQE(f) is proportional to the ratio, MTF(f)2 /NPS(f). The LSF‐MTF simulation uses a slanted line source and is rapidly performed with relatively few gammas launched. However, the conventional NPS simulation for standard radiation exposure levels requires the acquisition of multiple flood fields (nRun), each requiring billions of input gamma photons (nGamma), many of which will scintillate, thereby producing thousands of optical photons (nOpt) per deposited MeV. The resulting execution time is proportional to the product nRun x nGamma x nOpt. In this investigation, we revisit the theoretical derivation of DQE(f), and reveal significant computation time savings through the optimization of nRun, nGamma, and nOpt. Using GEANT4, we determine optimal values for these three variables for a GOS scintillator‐amorphous silicon portal imager. Both isotropic and Mie optical scattering processes were modeled. Simulation results were validated against the literature. Results: We found that, depending on the radiative and optical attenuation properties of the scintillator, the NPS can be accurately computed using values for nGamma below 1000, and values for nOpt below 500/MeV. nRun should remain above 200. Using these parameters, typical computation times for a complete NPS ranged from 2–10 minutes on a single CPU. Conclusions: The number of launched particles and corresponding execution times for a DQE simulation can be dramatically reduced allowing for accurate computation with modest computer hardware. NIHRO1 CA138426. Several authors work for Varian Medical Systems
From Radcliffe-Brown to sociobiology: Some aspects of the rise of primatology within physical anthropology

The formation of the American Association of Physical Anthro- pologists some 50 years ago marked the official recognition of physical anthro- pology as a legitimate subfield of anthropology. Since then, with the growth of individual and institutional participation in the Association, and with the develop- ment of new research paradigms, a number of subspecializations have come to be accepted within the field. Perhaps none of these specializations, however, has grown as rapidly, or spectacularly, as has the subfield of primatology. This article details some of the rise of primatology as an accepted subdiscipline of physical an- thropology and discusses the theoretical orientations which guided the first anthropological forays into the study of nonhuman primates.
Optimum duration of feed and water removal prior to processing in order to reduce the potential for fecal contamination in turkeys

Abstract Feed and water withdrawal (FWW) prior to processing of poultry is an efficient and commonly employed method to attempt to reduce contamination of carcasses by contents of the gastrointestinal tract during processing. This study indicated that 4 h of FWW is as good as 8 or 12 h in reducing both water and dry matter content of the tract of market age turkeys of both sexes. This duration of FWW also minimizes shrinkage of the carcass.
Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic characteristics of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with and without mitral anular calcium

Abstract Recent reports have described the value of echocardiography in the diagnosis of mitral anular calcium (MAC). 1–3 We studied 42 consecutive patients with echocardiographically documented hypertrophie cardiomyopathy (HC) to delineate the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with HC and with or without MAC.
Copulation and eating during electrical stimulation of the rat hypothalamus

Abstract Copulatory behavior of male rats was recorded during tests in which hypothalamic stimulation was provided in alternating 3 min-on, 3 min-off sequences. The animals were also tested separately for stimulation-bound eating. Hypothalamic stimulation shortened the post-ejaculatory refractory period and decreased the interval between successive intromissions. The number of intromissions per ejaculation and the number of mounts per intromission was either unchanged or increased by electrical stimulation. Seven of 14 rats displayed stimulation-bound eating; post-stimulation inhibition of eating was observed in 3 of these animals and in 4 rats that were not stimulation-bound eaters. Our results suggest that the phenomenon of stimulation-bound copulation may be in part a reflection of post-stimulation depression in behavior rather than a specific enhancement of sexual behavior. Hypothalamic electrode sites associated with the greates augmentations in copulatory behavior could not be distinguished anatomically from sites yielding stimulation-bound eating; the conclusion that posterior hypothalamic stimulation is more likely to elicit copulation than eating was thus not supported by our findings. Some disadvantages of the on-off brain stimulation paradigm for the analysis of copulatory behavior are discussed.
Abdominal apoplexy: Report of six cases and review of the literature

Summary Massive spontaneous intra-abdominal hemorrhage (abdominal apoplexy) is an important mesenteric vascular catastrophe most often seen in elderly hypertensive and arteriosclerotic persons, although it may result from congenital vascular defects in younger patients, especially young women who are prone to rupture during pregnancy. The cause appears to be local disease of the mesenteric vessels such as defects in fusion of the medial coat or atheromatous ulcers with weakness and/or aneurysmal formation, coupled with increased intravascular pressure. Although multiple sources of bleeding have been reported, the branches of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries are the most common sites of rupture. This may be followed by the production of either a large intramesenteric hematoma or an immediate massive hemoperitoneum. Initial bleeding may produce abdominal, back, shoulder, or testicular pain, shock, and signs of peritoneal irritation. Improvement for a varying time may then be followed by a secondary and usually massive episode of bleeding which is almost invariably fatal without prompt surgical intervention. Early operation with ligation of the bleeding point offers an excellent chance for recovery. It is believed that the diagnosis of massive intra-abdominal hemorrhage may be made more often if only the possibility were kept in mind. This diagnosis should be suspected in any patient with sudden severe abdominal pain, shock, signs of peritoneal irritation, and a falling hemoglobin or hematocrit, especially if hypertension, arteriosclerosis, or pregnancy is present. When abdominal apoplexy is strongly suspected, laparotomy should be performed immediately.
On the accuracy of techniques for determining neutron compound-nucleus formation cross sections

We consider three methods for determining neutron nonelastic cross sections: direct measurement by transmission of neutrons through a spherical shell; subtraction of the angle-integrated elastic cross section from the total cross section; and a modification of the subtraction technique using Wick’s limit that in favorable cases can significantly reduce the errors in the subtraction method. We show new results using the modified subtraction technique for nonelastic cross sections at 21.6 MeV neutron energy over a wide mass range, and discuss criteria that should be satisfied in order for the modified subtraction technique to be reliable.
Camera and light placement for automated assembly inspection

Visual assembly inspection can provide a low cost, accurate, and efficient solution to the automated assembly inspection problem, which is a crucial component of any automated assembly manufacturing process. The performance of such an inspection system is heavily dependent on the placement of the camera and light source. This article presents new algorithms that use the CAD model of a finished assembly for placing the camera and light source to optimize the performance of an automated assembly inspection algorithm. This general-purpose algorithm utilizes the component material properties and the contact information from the CAD model of the assembly, along with standard computer graphics hardware and physically accurate lighting models, to determine the effects of camera and light source placement on the performance of an inspection algorithm. The effectiveness of the algorithms is illustrated on a typical mechanical assembly.
Architecting an extensible digital repository

The Digital Collection and Archives (DCA) in partnership with Academic Technology (AT) at Tufts University developed a digital library solution for long-term storage and integration of existing digital collections, such as Perseus, TUSK, Bolles and Artifact. In this paper, we describe the Tufts Digital Library (TDL) architecture TDL is an extensible, modular, flexible and scalable architecture that uses Fedora at its core. The extensible nature of the TDL architecture allows for seamless integration of collections that may be developed in the future, while leveraging the extensive tools that are available as part of individual digital library applications at Tufts. We describe the functionality and implementation details of the individual components of TDL. Two applications that have successfully interfaced with TDL are presented. We conclude with some remarks about the future development of TDL.
Buckling and postbuckling of a nonlinearly elastic tube by external pressure

The classic problem of a circular tube or ring buckled by external pressure is investigated by including geometric nonlinearity, material nonlinearity and initial residual stress. Perturbation theory for buckling and immediate postbuckling agree well with numerical integration. It is found that for softening materials the postbuckling may be unstable and catastrophic snap through may occur.
Multi-objective stochastic heuristic methodology for tradespace exploration of a network centric system of systems

System of systems (SoS) architecting techniques rely on traditional, static tools that were designed for classical stove-piped systems. There is a need for tools that can capture the complex adaptive nature of such SoS. An architecture search methodology using genetic algorithms and a fuzzy assessor was applied to the conceptual architecture design of a generic smart grid and a set of architectures with high fitness was obtained. This set of architectures is intended to serve as a starting point for a systems architect to ultimately be able to converge on the best system design. The SoS architecting process has largely remained heuristic in nature and there exists a need for quantitative and analytical models. The research presented in this paper provides a starting point for a mathematical basis to the SOS architecting process.
Transient precursor strategy or very small biological apatite crystals

The mechanisms of skeletal mineralization have been studied and debated for decades. Recent Raman spectroscopic identification of octacalcium phosphate-like phosphate ions and possibly amorphous calcium phosphate ions in nascent bone mineral were claimed to support a transient precursor strategy for bone apatite formation. However, this data does not refute the theory that the newest, detectable bone mineral is very small, poorly crystalline biological apatite, because non-apatitic phosphate species have previously been identified in biological apatite and detected on the surfaces of nano-sized hydroxyapatite crystals.
Measuring the Effects of Reminders for Outpatient Influenza Immunizations at the Point of Clinical Opportunity

Objective: To evaluate the influence of computer-based reminders about influenza vaccination on the behavior of individual clinicians at each clinical opportunity. Design: The authors conducted a prospective study of clinicians' influenza vaccination behavior over four years. Approximately one half of the clinicians in an internal medicine clinic used a computer-based patient record system (CPR users) that generated computer-based reminders. The other clinicians used traditional paper records (PR users). Measurements: Each nonacute visit by a patient eligible for an influenza vaccination was considered an opportunity for intervention. Patients who had contraindications for vaccination were excluded. Compliance with the guideline was defined as documentation that a clinician ordered the vaccine, counseled the patient about the vaccine, offered the vaccine to a patient who declined it, or verified that the patient had received the vaccine elsewhere. The authors calculated the proportion of opportunities on which each clinician documented action in the CPR and PR user groups. Results: The CPR and PR user groups had different baseline compliance rates (40.1 and 27.9 per cent, respectively; P < 0.05). Both rates remained stable during a two-year baseline period (P = 0.34 and P = 0.47, respectively). The compliance rates in the CPR user group increased 78 per cent from baseline (P < 0.001), whereas the rates for the PR user group did not change significantly (P = 0.18). Conclusions: Clinicians who used a CPR with reminders had higher rates of documentation of compliance with influenza-vaccination guidelines than did those who used a paper record. Measurements of individual clinician behavior at the point of each clinical opportunity can provide precise evaluation of interventions that are designed to improve compliance with guidelines. n JAMIA. 1999;6:115 - 121.
Determination of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow by Inhalation of 133-Xenon

A method for estimating regional cerebral blood flow is described in which tracer amounts of 133 Xe are inhaled for 2 min and monitored extracranially over the next 45 to 60 min. A three-compartment model used to analyze the resulting clearance curves provided separate blood flows for "gray" and "white" matter, plus a decay constant for a slow third component, believed to arise from extracerebral tissue. The analysis included a correction for recirculation of all three components, based on radioisotope concentration of the expired air or arterial blood. Results from the analysis were compared with those obtained by the more traditional two-compartment approach, using data from 15 healthy young males. Whereas the three-compartment method yielded measurements comparable with those obtained by established techniques (average CBF = 54.7 ml/100 g/min), the two-compartment analysis gave consistently lower values (average CBF = 30.2). Comparison of results based on expired air and arterial sampling suggested that end-expiratory air is a reasonable substitute for arterial blood. Although the 133 Xe inhalation method is technically simpler and less traumatic than other methods, complex analytic treatment of the data is necessitated by the presence of appreciable recirculation and extracerebral contamination.
A rail-to-rail ping-pong op-amp

A rail-to-rail ping-pong op-amp achieves offset cancellation and 1/f noise reduction without folding of the input spectrum. The clocking scheme minimizes the clock feedthrough and the residual offset due to charge injection. With a clock frequency of 100 kHz, the residual offset is less than 100 /spl mu/V, and the input referred noise is about 225 nV/Hz/sup 1/2/. The rail-to-rail distortion at 1 kHz is lower than -71 dB. The total silicon area is 610/spl times/420 /spl mu/m/sup 2/, and the circuit dissipates 1.5 mW from a single 5 V supply.
Multiple Scales and the Maintenance of Biodiversity

The problem of multiple scales permeates the study of ecological process and pattern, uniting aspects of space, time, and organizational complexity. In particular, it supports the maintenance of biological diversity, allowing for the magnification of underlying patterns of variation in the physical environment to create many resources from few, through the evolutionary diversification of species' niches and life histories. Specialization to particular stages of a successional gradient facilitates coexistence of multiple types in the presence of uncorrelated local disturbances, such as gap formation, which reinitiate successional sequences. Superimposed upon such successional dynamics are the effects of multiple stable states and multiple successional pathways (Levin 1976), which increase diversity even more. Multiple stable states more generally raise the possibility of sudden flips of systems from one stable configuration to another, and with such changes may come huge changes in the biotic composition. On larger spatial scales and longer time scales, these flips may become correlated, resulting in the transformation of the landscape, or may result in sustained spatiotemporal mosaics of states. Instability at the local level may lead to the maintenance of biodiversity on broader scales. Finally, the ultimate scale mismatch involves that between the dynamics of natural systems and the cultural dynamics of human societies. Our ability to live sustainably in a global commons is dependent upon adjusting normative behavior, and tightening feedback loops more generally, so that individual actions serve the common good.
Behavioral Partitioning by the Native LizardAnolis carolinensisin the Presence and Absence of the InvasiveAnolis sagreiin Florida

Abstract Animals are known to engage in different behaviors in different parts of their home range, and the overall habitat occupied by an individual influences where it engages in particular behaviors. However, few studies have investigated how changes in habitat use alter the partitioning of an animal's behaviors into different microhabitats. In eastern Florida, the native lizard Anolis carolinensis is known to change its habitat use in the presence of invasive Anolis sagrei by perching higher in the canopy. We assessed behavioral partitioning in island populations of A. carolinensis that are sympatric with A. sagrei compared with islands where A. carolinensis is allopatric. We found that individuals of A. carolinensis exhibited behavioral partitioning, feeding relatively lower and displaying relatively higher than their initial perch height in both the presence and absence of A. sagrei. However, the relative locations chosen for feeding and displaying were not affected by the presence of A. sagrei, sug...