cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attenuation Mapping of Living Cells at Hypersonic Frequencies

A mechanical scanning acoustic reflection microscope (SAM) with frequency at 1.0 GHz was used for imaging a living human skin cancer cell when applying the thermal insult to it. First, for finding the heat effect of the cell, we located a chamber having the heating plate with temperature controller on the X-Y stage of the SAM. The cell was grown on the surface of the sapphire substrate to maximize the difference in attenuation for visualizing the cells with frequency at 1.0 GHz. We gradually increased the temperature of the culturing medium from 37.5°C to 50°C, and carried out in-situ observation. The phenomena indicating cellular insult and injury (e.g. shrinkage, volume change or lift-off) were clearly visualized.
Serum markers in testicular tumors.

Abstract Certain cancer-associated substances are useful in the diagnosis and management of cancer. We have found that the estimation of serum alpha-fetoprotein and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin in patients with testicular tumors is useful. Of 17 patients with germ cell testicular tumors found to have elevated serum markers 3 had seminoma of the testis and all 3 had elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin. It is not possible, however, to correlate the histology of testicular tumors and the type of serum markers. All of our patients with elevated markers had active tumor. However, 3 patients with metastatic deposits in the para-aortic lymph nodes did not have elevated serum markers.
Detrimental effect of endometrial biopsies on pregnancy rate following human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin-induced ovulation

The effect of luteal phase endometrial biopsy was studied in 33 anovulatory women treated with human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG) to induce ovulation and pregnancy. Over-all, 33 of 85 ovulatory cycles resulted in pregnancy (39%). Of 50 nonbiopsied cycles, 26 resulted in pregnancy (52%) whereas only 7 of 35 biopsied cycles resulted in pregnancy (20%) (P
Single-Cell Studies of Phage λ: Hidden Treasures Under Occam's Rug

Studies over more than half a century have resulted in what some consider a complete narrative for the life cycle of bacteriophage λ. However, this narrative is only complete within the limited resolution offered by the traditional genetic and biochemical approaches that were used to create it. A recent series of studies performed at the single-cell and single-phage levels has revealed a wealth of previously unknown features. By pointing to many open questions, these new studies highlight the limitations of our current understanding of λ, but they also initiate the process of forming a more detailed and quantitative narrative for the system.
How It All Started

To borrow Levi’s own opening words in his Preface to Se questo e un uomo (Survival in Auschwitz), it was “per mia fortuna” that, in the fall of 1988, I received a phone call from Warren Slesinger, who at that time was acquisitions editor of the University of South Carolina Press. He was seeking the names of some recent prominent Italian writers whose works would be of interest to the American reading public. Besides Cesare Pavese and Alberto Moravia, he told me that, offhand, he could not recall the names of other modern Italian writers. The first two names that quickly came to mind to suggest to him were those of Italo Calvino and Primo Levi. His immediate response to the name of Primo Levi was “Why didn’t I think of him?” And then came the surprise. What I thought was just a call of inquiry resulted in my being asked if I were interested in submitting a proposal for a book to add to the Press’s series “Understanding Modern European and Latin American Literature,” the companion to the “Understanding Contemporary American Literature” series.
Endoglin Is Required for Hemangioblast Development.

A critical role for endoglin (CD105) in early development has been demonstrated in mice deficient for this gene. Embryos homozygous for the endoglin mutation ( eng −/− ) fail to progress beyond 10.5 days postcoitum due primarily to vascular and cardiac abnormalities (Bordeau et al, 1999). Analysis of 9.5 dpc eng −/− embryos revealed abnormal vasculature and anemia of the yolk sac, suggesting that endoglin may be required for both blood and endothelial lineages. The hemangioblast, the bipotent precursor for hematopoietic and endothelial cells, can be assessed through the blast colony assay (BL-CFC) using a model system based on the in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into embryoid bodies (EBs). To evaluate a role for endoglin in this early precursor, we differentiated eng −/− , eng +/− , and eng +/+ (wild-type) ES cells into EBs. At day 3 of EB differentiation, cells were disrupted and plated for blast colony formation in methylcellulose media containing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stem cell factor (SCF), and thrombopoietin (TPO). We found no difference in blast colony formation between heterozygous and wild-type ES cells. However, a significant reduction in the number of BL-CFCs was observed in eng −/− cells when compared to eng +/− or eng +/+ BL-CFCs (p eng −/− , eng +/− , and eng +/+ BL-CFCs gave rise to secondary hematopoietic colonies as well as endothelial cells, confirming their nature as hemangioblasts. These results suggest that although endoglin is required for hemangioblast development, its absence does not affect the bipotentiality of formed BL-CFCs. Since anemia was a feature of 9.5 dpc eng −/− yolk sac embryos, we also examined early erythropoiesis using the ES/EB system. For this purpose, eng −/− , eng +/− , and eng +/+ ES cells were differentiated into EBs for 4 days, at which time cells were disrupted and plated for primitive erythroid colonies (EryP) in methylcellulose media containing IL-3, IL-6, SCF, and Epo. We observed a reduction in the number of EryP colonies in eng −/− (p eng +/− (p eng +/+ ). These results corroborate the anemia observed in vivo in the eng −/− embryos. We used RT-PCR and flow cytometry analysis to detect endoglin expression during a time course of EB differentiation. Endoglin is expressed in ES cells and disappears with differentiation. Expression re-appears at day 3 of differentiation, concomitantly with specification of the hemangioblast. Expression thereafter increases, correlating with mature endothelial cells at later time points. We did not find major differences in gene expression for Brachyury, Flk-1, Tie-2, embryonic and adult globins in a time course of EB differentiation for eng −/− , eng +/− , and eng +/+ ES cells. These data point out a role for endoglin, an ancillary receptor for several members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily, in hemangioblast development.
An Official American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline: Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Adults. Rehabilitation Protocols, Ventilator Liberation Protocols, and Cuff Leak Tests

Background: Interventions that lead to earlier liberation from mechanical ventilation can improve patient outcomes. This guideline, a collaborative effort between the American Thoracic Society and the American College of Chest Physicians, provides evidence-based recommendations to optimize liberation from mechanical ventilation in critically ill adults.Methods: Two methodologists performed evidence syntheses to summarize available evidence relevant to key questions about liberation from mechanical ventilation. The methodologists appraised the certainty in the evidence (i.e., the quality of evidence) using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach and summarized the results in evidence profiles. The guideline panel then formulated recommendations after considering the balance of desirable consequences (benefits) versus undesirable consequences (burdens, adverse effects, and costs), the certainty in the evidence, and the feasibility and acceptability of various interve...
Groundwater Crisis of a Mega City: A Case Study of New Delhi, India

This chapter analyses the groundwater table data derived from various wells across Delhi for the 2007–2011 period in order to examine the fluctuation in the groundwater table. Due to the inconsistency in data coverage, data for only one pre-monsoon month (May) was analysed. It was found that the depth to the groundwater table increased during 2007–2010 for all of the districts except the northeast district. Nevertheless, this trend changed in 2011 due to the groundwater recharge and heavy rains in 2010. Parameters influencing the groundwater availability (e.g., population growth and density, urbanisation etc.) indicate that Delhi may soon face a groundwater crisis if efforts to retard population influx into Delhi is not checked. This could be done by improving economy and infrastructure in the adjoining states thus making Delhi less attractive for the migrating population. In addition, the practice of apartmentisation (converting single or double story homes into multiple apartments) should be slowed down or permitted wisely by bearing in mind future groundwater sustainability.
Astronomical community: The power of being counted

Using a sample of more than 200,000 publications over a 65-year period, it is found that astronomy papers led by women receive 10% fewer citations than those led by men, consistent with studies in other related disciplines.
Is Reverse Discrimination Fair

The defects in a compensatory justification for reverse discrimination are, as Tur argues, clear and crucial. That kind of justification yields the unacceptable consequences that innocent parties bear the cost of compensation while uninjured parties are compensated.1 It also raises the question whether a whole racial subclass of a society can be blamed for the wrongs done another racial subclass. Then there is the matter of the relation in time between an injury and its compensation. These problems all point to compensation as an inappropriate form of justification for reverse discrimination.
Abstract 319: Cardiac Deficiency of AMPK Exacerbates Heart Hypertrophy by Pressure Overload

Introduction: Heart hypertrophy caused by pressure overload is characterized by the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is a major energy sensor in the heart. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of AMPK has not been determined in the hypertrophy model. Activated protein C (APC) is a vitamin-K dependent plasma serine protease which inhibits blood clotting, and APC is an endogenous AMPK agonist. This study was designed to examine the role of AMPK in hypertrophy and the underlying mechanisms by which APC inhibits heart hypotrophy by pressure overload. Hypothesis: AMPK play a role in preventing heart from hypertrophy induced by pressure overload. APC could inhibit high blood pressure-induced hypertrophy via activation of AMPK signaling pathway. Methods: Wild-type (WT) and AMPK-kinase dead (KD) transgenic mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery. Echocardiography was performed to evaluate the heart function, and histology staining revealed the morphological changes. Real-time PCR and western blotting were used to determine the signaling changes of mRNA and protein expression levels. Results: There is no phenotype difference between WT and AMPK-KD mice under normal physiological conditions. However after 4 weeks of TAC surgery, AMPK-KD mice demonstrated significantly bigger heart than WT mice (p Conclusions: Cardiac AMPK deficiency aggravates hypertrophy caused by pressure overload. AMPK activator APC could be a therapeutic drug for treatment of hypertrophy by high blood pressure.
Distinct roles of N- and O-glycans in cellulase activity and stability.

In nature, many microbes secrete mixtures of glycoside hydrolases, oxidoreductases, and accessory enzymes to deconstruct polysaccharides and lignin in plants. These enzymes are often decorated with N- and O-glycosylation, the roles of which have been broadly attributed to protection from proteolysis, as the extracellular milieu is an aggressive environment. Glycosylation has been shown to sometimes affect activity, but these effects are not fully understood. Here, we examine N- and O-glycosylation on a model, multimodular glycoside hydrolase family 7 cellobiohydrolase (Cel7A), which exhibits an O-glycosylated carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) and an O-glycosylated linker connected to an N- and O-glycosylated catalytic domain (CD)—a domain architecture common to many biomass-degrading enzymes. We report consensus maps for Cel7A glycosylation that include glycan sites and motifs. Additionally, we examine the roles of glycans on activity, substrate binding, and thermal and proteolytic stability. N-glycan knockouts on the CD demonstrate that N-glycosylation has little impact on cellulose conversion or binding, but does have major stability impacts. O-glycans on the CBM have little impact on binding, proteolysis, or activity in the whole-enzyme context. However, linker O-glycans greatly impact cellulose conversion via their contribution to proteolysis resistance. Molecular simulations predict an additional role for linker O-glycans, namely that they are responsible for maintaining separation between ordered domains when Cel7A is engaged on cellulose, as models predict α-helix formation and decreased cellulose interaction for the nonglycosylated linker. Overall, this study reveals key roles for N- and O-glycosylation that are likely broadly applicable to other plant cell-wall–degrading enzymes.
Teaching Scholar Resolutions for 2018.

As we start a new calendar year, most of us create resolutions for our personal lives. Often we miss this opportunity to establish resolutions for our academic lives. This commentary provides potential resolutions for faculty who wish to advance effective teaching and scholarship of teaching and learning
Lemmings into the sea or back across the bridge? The fate of albumin in nephrotic syndrome

An intact glomerular filtration barrier is essential for maintaining plasma albumin levels. However, the capacity of the proximal tubule to reabsorb filtered albumin and the subsequent fate of this protein are hotly debated. Weyer et al. find that knockout of megalin and cubilin receptors in a nephrotic mouse model causes no further reduction in plasma albumin levels, suggesting that albumin retrieval by the proximal tubule does not contribute significantly to albumin homeostasis.
Engaging Anaphase Catastrophe Mechanisms to Eradicate Aneuploid Cancers

Cancer cells often have supernumerary centrosomes that promote genomic instability, a pathognomonic feature of cancer. During mitosis, cancer cells with supernumerary centrosomes undergo bipolar cell division by clustering centrosomes into two poles. When supernumerary centrosome clustering is antagonized, cancer cells are forced to undergo multipolar division leading to death of daughter cells. This proapoptotic pathway, called anaphase catastrophe, preferentially eliminates aneuploid cancer cells and malignant tumors in engineered mouse models. Anaphase catastrophe occurs through the loss or inhibition of the centrosomal protein CP110, a direct cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and CDK2 target. Intriguingly, CP110 is repressed by the KRAS oncoprotein. This sensitizes KRAS-driven lung cancers (an unmet medical need) to respond to CDK2 inhibitors. Anaphase catastrophe-inducing agents like CDK1 and CDK2 antagonists are lethal to cancer cells with supernumerary centrosomes, but can relatively spare normal cells with two centrosomes. This mechanism is proposed to provide a therapeutic window in the cancer clinic following treatment with a CDK1 or CDK2 inhibitor. Taken together, anaphase catastrophe is a clinically tractable mechanism that promotes death of neoplastic tumors with aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(4); 724-31. ©2018 AACR.
When Simple Exploration is Sample Efficient: Identifying Sufficient Conditions for Random Exploration to Yield PAC RL Algorithms.

Efficient exploration is one of the key challenges for reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. Most traditional sample efficiency bounds require strategic exploration. Recently many deep RL algorithms with simple heuristic exploration strategies that have few formal guarantees, achieve surprising success in many domains. These results pose an important question about understanding these exploration strategies such as $e$-greedy, as well as understanding what characterize the difficulty of exploration in MDPs. In this work we propose problem specific sample complexity bounds of $Q$ learning with random walk exploration that rely on several structural properties. We also link our theoretical results to some empirical benchmark domains, to illustrate if our bound gives polynomial sample complexity in these domains and how that is related with the empirical performance.
p53 A DIRECT TARGET OF MUTATIONAL ACTIVATION BY CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS

Tumor suppressor genes are emerging as major participants in the development and progression of a variety of human neoplasms. Loss of normal function of tumor suppressor genes as negative regulators of cell growth is believed to lead to tumor development. Loss of function of these genes may occur in the germ line, their absence predisposing the individual to cancer. More frequently, progressive loss of function in tumor suppressor genes occurs through an accumulation of somatic mutations.
Risk Assessment and Management in a Multiobjective Framework

Two objectives have been set forth for this paper. The first objective is to present the risk assessment and management process within a multiobjective framework. The second objective is to provide a literature overview of risk assessment and management.
The Four Seasons of Ethnography: A Creation-Centered Ontology10 for Ethnography

My ﬁrst professional encounters with the study of culture came under the tutelage of Asante (1987, 1988, 1990) to whom I was assigned as research assistant at the State University of New York at Buﬀalo in 1980. He taught me much about the interaction between ontology and notions of race and ethnic identity by exposing me to his work on Afrocentricity and sensitizing me to the ways ethnicity and race manifested in organizational and academic politics. I was then a student of organizational and interpersonal communication. Dr Asante has remained my friend and mentor over the last two decades, and his inﬂuence has been tremendous. During that time, I was encouraged to study ethnography from anthropologist Fred Gearing, known for his work among Native Americans. I was also taught statistics, methods of network analysis, conversation analysis, organizational auditing, and interactive computerized surveys. This multi-methodological approach would continue to characterize my experience as a doctoral student at the University of Texas at Austin, where I studied sociolinguistics with the British linguist Bickerton (1992, 1996), conversation analysis with the late Hopper (1992), variable analytic research with Ed Hayes and with John Daly (see Daly et al., 1997, 1998), rhetorical analysis with Hart (1987, 1996) and grounded theory and ethnography with Browning (see Browning & Shetler, 2000) and the sociologist Snow (1993).
Integration of Adlerian Play Therapy in Pediatric Hospitals

The multifaceted challenges faced by children with chronic illnesses illuminate a need for additional supports focusing on this population’s mental health. Although child life (CL) services and spe...
Incidence and Outcomes of Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support for Postcardiotomy Shock

Purpose In postcardiotomy shock patients with prosthetic valves , the use of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) may induce prosthetic valve thrombosis due to blood stasis in cardiac chambers. Incidence and outcomes of prosthetic valve thrombosis during VA ECMO has not been previously described. Methods Between January 2007 and June 2018, a total of 171 patients underwent VA ECMO therapy after major cardiovascular surgery at our center. Of these patients, 89 had a prosthetic valve in place, and we conducted a retrospective review of this cohort. Results Of the 89 patients with prosthetic valves placed on VA ECMO, 37 (41.5%) had central VA ECMO cannulation , and the remaining 52 patients (58.5%) underwent peripheral VA ECMO cannulation. Median age was 66 years (interquartile range [IQR], 55-74) and 53 (59.6%) were men. Average duration of ECMO support was 5.1 days (IQR 3.0, 8.5). The majority of patients (76.4%, n = 68) were on therapeutic anticoagulation within 24 hours post-cardiotomy, and inotropes were used in all patients. A total of 8 patients (9%) developed prosthetic valve thrombosis: 5 involved the aortic valve (including one mechanical aortic valve prosthesis), 2 involved bioprosthetic mitral valves , and 1 involved a bioprosthetic pulmonary valve (Table). Overall cohort survival to discharge was 41.2% (n = 35), but was reduced to 9% (n = 1) amongst those patients that developed valve thrombosis. Conclusion Prosthetic valve thrombosis is relatively common complication while patients with prosthetic valves are placed on VA-ECMO, and it is almost uniformly fatal when it does develop.
Trump, COVID-19, and the War on Expertise

In times of crisis, the American public looks to the president for leadership that will usher the country successfully to the other side of troubled times. There is a long history of presidential actions to lead the nation successfully through times of crisis. Abraham Lincoln’s leadership during the Civil War preserved the Union, just as Franklin Roosevelt’s leadership during both the Great Depression and World War II restored the nation toward a future of peace and prosperity defeating threats to both the economy and security at home and abroad. Currently, the public looks to President Donald Trump for leadership through the COVID-19 global pandemic, which is presenting a direct threat to the health and economic security of the nation. This article will examine the leadership of Donald Trump throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the focus will be on Donald Trump’s relationship with advisors and the extent to which he is using their shared expertise both for informing the public and in crafting policy responses to COVID-19.
Laboratory verification of the buoyancy dependence of the carrying flow in a Maxey-Riley theory for inertial ocean dynamics

We present results from laboratory experiments conducted in an air–water stream flume facility that provide controlled observational support for the buoyancy dependence of the drag-induced carrying flow velocity in a recent Maxey–Riley theory for inertial particle motion in the ocean.
The Socioeconomic Consequences of Teen Childbearing Reconsidered

Teen childbearing is commonly viewed as an irrational behavior that leads to long-term socioeconomic disadvantage for mothers and their children. Cross-sectional studies that estimate relationships between maternal age at first birth and socioeconomic indicators measured later in life form the empirical basis for this view. However1 these studies have failed to account adequately for differences in family background among women who time their births at different ages. We present new estimates of the consequences of teen childbearing that take into account observed and unobserved family background heterogeneity, comparing sisters who have timed their first births at different ages. Sister comparisons suggest that previous estimates are biased by failure to control adequately for family background heterogeneity, and, as a result, have overstated the consequences of early fertility.
Hunter-Gatherers’ Self-Governance: Untying the Traditional Authority of Chiefs from the Western Toba Civil Association

The Integral Law for Aborigines (426/84) was the first legal instrument in Argentina systematically addressing indigenous peoples’ rights. It was modeled on the Paraguayan Law for Indigenous Communities (901/81). Both granted collective property rights. I discuss Article 9 of Decree 574/85 in Law 426, requiring that former hunter-gatherer bands would form civil associations, like those in the non-profit sector. The policymakers later amended the clause on governance inserting the authority of chiefs along that of democratically elected delegates. I describe the Western Toba’s journey to obtaining collective land title by introducing characteristics of traditional leadership, discussing local antecedents leading to the law, comparing it to the Paraguayan law, and analyzing the process through which the Toba complied with legal requirements.
Symbolic Filtering: Selectively Permeable Evangelical Boundaries in an Age of Religious Pluralism

Since Peter Berger's (1967, The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion, Garden City, NY: Doublday) early work on the sacred canopy, scholars have debated the effects of increased diversity on religious belief and vitality. Smith (1998, American Evangelicalism: Embattled and Thriving, Chicago: University of Chicago Press), in particular, has suggested that subcultures like American evangelicalism can thrive in a religiously pluralistic environment by both engaging with the world while remaining symbolically distinct from it. This article builds on this work as well as recent scholarship on boundary permeability by exploring the mechanisms by which American evangelicals negotiate their boundaries as they adapt to their surroundings. Based on a qualitative content analysis of 109 articles from two evangelical missionary periodicals published over a period of over 20 years, I examine the use of both boundary-strengthening and boundary-weakening processes employed by evangelical missionaries and missiologists (or “boundary agents”). I find that almost every instance of boundary weakening is also accompanied by boundary strengthening, suggesting that symbolic boundaries are becoming selectively permeable through a process I identify as “symbolic filtering.” In conclusion, the article briefly considers the implications of these findings for the broader discussion of symbolic boundaries and religious pluralism.
Inviting the Bell: A Preliminary Exploration of Buddhist Lawyers in the United States

What does it mean to say that one is a “Buddhist lawyer” in the United States? This project explores that question through the narratives of fifteen lawyers who practice law in diverse legal settings across America. The project presents a unique opportunity to investigate and consider how one group of lawyers have cultivated a practice of law that pushes against the dominate notion that American lawyers are hired guns committed to an unrelenting adversarial process. The project importantly advances scholarship about the legal profession by offering rich and nuanced descriptive data about a set of lawyers generally not considered by the existing literature.
Supernaturalizing Social Life

This paper examines three ancient traits of religion whose origins likely date back to the Upper Paleolithic: ancestor worship, shamanism, and the belief in natural and animal spirits. Evidence for the emergence of these traits coincides with evidence for a dramatic advance in human social cooperation. It is argued that these traits played a role in the evolution of human cooperation through the mechanism of social scrutiny. Social scrutiny is an effective means of reducing individualism and enhancing prosocial behavior. Religion’s most ancient traits represent an extension of the human social world into the supernatural, thus reinforcing within-group cooperation by means of ever-vigilant spiritual monitors. Believing that the spirits were always watching may have helped reduce the number of non-cooperators within a group while reinforcing group behavioral norms, thus allowing humanlike levels of cooperation to emerge.
y do tngrs luv 2 txt msg

"Text messaging"--using a mobile phone to send a message--has changed how teenagers use wireless phones to communicate and coordinate. While the media reports rapid growth in text messaging, less is known about why teenagers have adopted it. In this paper, we report findings from a study of teenagers' text messaging practices. Specifically, we show that teenagers use text messages to: arrange and adjust times to talk, coordinate with friends and family, and chat. Moreover, we argue that the reasons teenagers find text messaging quick, cheap, and easy to use, are grounded in their social context. Finally, we show that teenagers encounter three problems when text messaging understanding evolving language, determining intent from content, and addressing messages.
Repressor element silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencing factor (REST/NRSF) can act as an enhancer as well as a repressor of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene transcription.

The repressor element-1/neuron-restrictive silencing element (RE-1/NRSE) mediates transcriptional repression by the repressor element silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencing factor (REST/NRSF) in many neuron-specific genes. REST/NRSF is expressed most highly in non-neural tissues, where it is thought to repress gene transcription, but is also found in developing neurons and at low levels in the brain. Its null mutation in vivoresults in embryonic lethality in mice. While the RE-1/NRSE-mediated repressive influence of REST/NRSF is well established, results in transgenic studies have suggested that the action of the system is more complex. Here, we report that transcription of the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) gene is regulated by REST/NRSF, in part through the RE-1/NRSE. Expression of transfected Crh-luciferase constructs was down-regulated by REST/NRSF in a RE-1/NRSE-dependent fashion in both muscle-derived L6 and REST/NRSF co-transfected neuronal PC12 cells. Treatment of L6 cells with trichostatin A revealed that REST/NRSF repression depends, in part, on histone deacetylase activity in these cells. In another neuronal cell line, NG108, REST/NRSF also repressed expression from constructs containing an intact RE-1/NRSE. However, unexpectedly, REST/NRSF up-regulated expression levels of constructs lacking an intact RE-1/NRSE. These results suggest that REST/NRSF can act as both a repressor of Crh transcription, via the CrhRE-1/NRSE, and an enhancer of Crh transcription, via a mechanism independent of the Crh RE-1/NRSE.
A Framework for Learning from Distributed Data Using Sufficient Statistics and Its Application to Learning Decision Trees

This paper motivates and precisely formulates the problem of learning from distributed data; describes a general strategy for transforming traditional machine learning algorithms into algorithms for learning from distributed data; demonstrates the application of this strategy to devise algorithms for decision tree induction from distributed data; and identifies the conditions under which the algorithms in the distributed setting are superior to their centralized counterparts in terms of time and communication complexity. The resulting algorithms are provably exact in that the decision tree constructed from distributed data is identical to that obtained in the centralized setting. Some natural extensions leading to algorithms for learning from heterogeneous distributed data and learning under privacy constraints are outlined.
Association between MR spectroscopic lactate/creatine and HIF-1 alpha in astrocytoma

4481 Introduction: Grade IV astrocytoma (GBM) contain hypoxic regions that are resistant to radiotherapy presumably due to HIF-1α mediated mechanisms. MR spectra from GBM often show elevated lactate (Lac), which is thought to arise from anaerobic metabolism in hypoxic regions. However, no studies have confirmed the link between Lac and hypoxia. We studied two astrocytoma cell lines that differ in the expression of Akt, a mediator of HIF-1α expression, that have been shown to form intracranial tumors in rats that resemble human Grade III (Akt-) and Grade IV (Akt+) astrocytoma. We investigated the role of Akt in the accumulation of HIF-1α and the association between HIF-1α and Lac within the cells. Methods: Immunofluorescence Cells were cultured and CoCl2 was added to one set of each cell type 4 hours before fixing to mimic hypoxic conditions. Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed using an anti- HIF-1α antibody, AF555 fluorophore, and DAPI counterstain. Ratios of HIF-1α-positive cells to the total number of DAPI-positive cells were calculated and a two-tailed t-test was performed with an alpha-level of p Results: Only cells that were exposed to CoCl2 showed specific staining indicative of the presence of HIF-1α. Surprisingly, higher HIF-1α levels were consistently observed in Akt- cells (0.46 +/- 0.11) compared to Akt+ cells (0.19 +/- 0.12) (N=10, p=0.0004). Consistent with the HIF-1α level, there was no difference between the Lac/Cre ratios from the two cell lines under normal growth conditions (N=3 each cell line) and CoCl2 stabilization of HIF-1α resulted in higher Lac/Cre in the Akt- than the Akt+ cells (3.04 +/- 0.14 vs 2.19 +/- 0.07, N=3, p=0.0007). Discussion: These results suggest a biological relationship between the MRS Lac/Cre ratio and HIF-1α status in astrocytoma. The unexpected decrease in Lac/Cre ratio in both cell lines after exposure to CoCl2 suggests that Cre rather than Lac may be more closely associated with HIF-1a levels in the cells. In vivo and ex vivo MRS studies of tumors grown from these cells are needed to determine whether Lac/Cre may be used as a surrogate clinical marker for HIF-1α status.
Henry Burden and the Question of Anglo-American Technological Transfer in the Nineteenth Century

My object in this article is to use the historical evidence of one man's life to raise questions concerning the way we have come to understand our technological history. Inventors and mechanicians have long occupied a prominent place in American history. However, the bases for selecting and certifying these national heroes have resulted in a curious record of achievement and considerable distortion in our understanding of the development of American manufacturing technology. The principal historical perspective that enshrined the names of Evans, Whitney, Perkins, etc. has been first, the emphasis on originality of invention or “dramatic newness,” and, secondly, the attempt by historians to confine mechanical genius or creativity within national boundaries—Slater and DuPont, of course, being the exceptions to this generalization. Thus we speak quite naturally of American inventors, British inventors, and so on.
DEALING “COMPETENTLY WITH THE SERIOUS ISSUES OF THE DAY”: HOW DEWEY (AND POPPER) FAILED

In Reconstruction in Philosophy, John Dewey issued an eloquent call for contemporary philosophy to become more relevant to the pressing problems facing society. Historically, the philosophy of a period had been appropriate to social conditions (indeed, this is why it had developed as a discipline), but despite the vast changes in the contemporary world and the complex challenges confronting it philosophy had remained ossified. Karl Popper also was dissatisfied with contemporary philosophy, which he regarded as too often focusing upon “minute” problems. Both Dewey and Popper, however, were optimistic that the situation could be turned around. In this essay D.C. Phillips argues that the resources they mustered give no basis for this optimism; in particular, Phillips emphasizes that philosophy cannot have traction with closed-minded or fanatical individuals. Dewey passed over cases where his ideas about democratic processes and free intellectual exchange faced intractable difficulties, according to Phillips, and he further suggests that Popper “waffled” over the so-called “myth of the framework.”
Metadata for Scientific Data: Historical Considerations, Current Practice, and Prospects

Libraries have always served as repositories for scientific output. The Great Library at Alexandria's collection covered mathematics, physics, biology, astronomy, geography, and medicine. Initiated...
Silicone Insulation as Applied to Naval Electric Power Equipment

The general problem of shipboard electric equipment is reviewed in relation to the use of silicone insulation as a possible means of providing smaller lighter weight equipment. Silicone compounds are discussed giving physical and chemical properties which are of interest to the Navy. Laminated and molded insulation is discussed giving the development problems involved as well as showing present test data.
Structure and partial genomic sequence of the human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene.

Abstract This report describes the genomic organization of the human retinoblastoma susceptibility locus. This gene spans approximately 200 kb of DNA within human chromosome 13, band q14. The previously determined cDNA sequence comprises 27 exons, ranging in size from 31 bp to 1873 bp, and 26 introns, ranging in size from 80 bp to 70500 bp. We have mapped the positions of the exons and the positions of the recognition sites for six restriction endonucleases. We also present the sequence of 9.2% of the locus (18335bp), including approximately 200 bp of intron sequence immediately flanking each exon. This map of a wild-type allele will form the foundation for future studies of mutant, oncogenic alleles at this locus.
Effects of surface diffusion and resolved shear stress intensity factor on environmentally assisted cracking

Abstract Hydrogen induced crack-tip plastic deformation has been known as the primary mechanism of hydrogen assisted cracking and stress corrosion cracking. It has been systematically shown that the same mechanism of environmentally assisted crack-tip dislocation emission causes hydrogen assisted cracking, stress corrosion cracking, and liquid metal embrittlement cracking. An embrittling chemical species has to reach a crack tip in order to accelerate crack growth. Very close to a sharp crack tip, surface diffusion is shown to be the dominant transport process of embrittling species for stage-II crack growth. The role of surface diffusion in stage II crack growth is analyzed. The constant cracking velocity is proportional to the surface diffusion coefficient of an embrittling species and inversely proportional to a length parameter, ϱ, which is related to the transport process upstream. Dislocation emission at a crack tip is driven by crack-tip resolved shear stress. Crack-tip resolved shear stress field is characterized by resolved shear stress intensity factor, K RSS · K RSS is defined, the procedure for its calculation outlined, and its applications to crack-tip dislocation emission and environmentally assisted cracking discussed.
Coupling EPIC to LS-DYNA for Simulation of Blast-Structure-Fragmentation Interaction

In this work we have coupled the EPIC code to the LS-DYNA code to provide a high-fidelity simulation framework for simulation of blast-structure-fragmentation interaction. The coupled code exploits the strengths of the two original codes: EPIC, which has special algorithms and models for weapons effects analysis, and LS-DYNA, which is a general purpose finite element code for modeling large-scale structural deformation. Example problems are shown which illustrate the advantages of this approach.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Multimedia Quality as a Function of Bandwidth, Packet Loss, and Latency

Two experiments examined the judged quality of videoconferencing as a function of three measures of IP network performance: bandwidth, latency, and packet loss. The experiments were realized in a laboratory using a network emulator and a commercial videoconferencing system. Experiment 1 used a fractional factorial design and all three parameters: Bandwidth: 128 kbits/s, 384 kbits/s, 768 kbits/s Latency: 0, 150, 300 ms one-way Bursty packet loss: 0, 2%, 4% (using the “Gilbert-Eliot” method). Experiment 2 was designed (a) to use random packet loss rather than bursty packet loss, and (b) so that a statistical interaction between bandwidth and packet loss could be detected, if present. Bandwidth levels were the same as in Experiment 1, but packet loss was set to 0, 1 and 2%. The experimental design was full factorial.
The preparation of crystalline δ‐alumina

Three methods are described for preparing une of the transition forms of alurtlina, the δ-fornt, in a comparatively advanced state of crystallinity. In these preparations the crystal structure is sufficiently well-developed for complete X-ray powder diffraction spacing and intensity data to be compiled, and these data are presented. The methods of preparation comprise: (a) Heat treatment of a dense form of high-purity alumina monohydrate in air at about 950° over an extended period. (a) Ignition of ammonium aluminium sulphate impregnated with ammonium molybdate at 950°. (a) Heat treatment at 1100° in air of a flame-sprayed alumina displaying the cubic gamma structure. The spherulized alumina described by Plumnier in the preceding paper contains a high proportion of crystalline δ-form.
Infrared study of the copper-edta complex and its reaction with various amino compounds

Abstract Verification in the infrared region is provided for a. recent visible range spectrophotometric study which suggested that ammonia and certain amino compounds enter the [CuY] -2 complex and coordinate with the central copper in place of two carboxyl linkages. Such coordination occurs to a lesser extent with secondary than with primary amines, but almost not at all with tertiary amines, presumably because of steric factors. The freeze-drying method was used to obtain the [CuY] -2 complex alone, or with coordinated animes, dispersed in solid potassium bromide which was pressed into disk-form for infrared analysis.
Background and Focal Environmental Conditions of the Home and Attention in Young Children1

A conceptual distinction is drawn between two aspects of the perceptual field, focal features which the individual selectively engages and extraneous background conditions which serve as a context within which these activities occur, and a study is described which examined the relationship between these aspects of the home environment and attentional skills in young children. Ninety-four families with kindergarten age children participated in the project. Interviews and observations were conducted in the homes in order to assess background conditions (e.g., noise and activity levels) and variation and patterning of focal features (e.g., furnishings), and tasks designed to assess attentional skills were administered to the children. The results indicated that children from homes with high noise levels had longer response latencies on a visual search task and also subsequently recognized fewer incidental aspects of the task than did children from quieter homes. Furthermore, the former group appeared to be less distractible, i.e., less responsive to an auditory distractor. Neither variation nor patterning of focal features was found to be associated with task performance. In general, the findings are interpreted as indicating the adverse effects of high noise levels in the home on attentional skills in spite of apparent adaptation, i.e., lower distractibility, to these conditions.
Zwitterionic character of nucleotides: possible significance in the evolution of nucleic acids

X-ray crystallography has shown that the free acids of adenosine 5'- and 3'-monophosphates and of cytidine 5'- and 3'-monophosphates exist as zwiterions in the solid state with protonation of the adenine base at the N(1) site and of the cytosine base at the corresponding site N(3) and the phosphate group negatively charged. In this paper, evidence is presented for the zwitterionic character of the free acids of the monomeric nucleotides guanosine 5'-monophosphate and inosine 5'-monophosphate with protonation of the base at the N(7) site of the imidazole moiety.
Credit risk and financial instability

Recent advances in modelling credit risk bring much greater discipline to the pricing of credit risk and should promote diversification by penalizing concentrations of credit risk with greater allocations of economic capital. Although these models perform well with regard to high-frequency hazards, they are ill equipped to deal with the low-frequency, high-severity events that are likely to be the most serious threat to financial stability. Cognitive biases in estimating the probability of such losses may lead to disaster myopia. In periods of benign financial conditions, disaster myopia is likely to lead to decisions regarding allocations of economic capital, the pricing of credit risk, and the range of borrowers who are deemed creditworthy, that make the financial system increasingly vulnerable to crisis. Alternative policy measures to counter disaster myopia are considered.
Why Are There So Many Communication Theories

L'A. s'interroge sur la situation actuelle et l'evolution des theories de la communication. Il montre que le champ de la communication est investi par un certain nombre de theories issues de la recherche interdisciplinaire et de la transformation des sciences humaines qui a permis la proliferation des theories de la communication. L'A. se penche sur l'avenir de la discipline elle-meme dans le champ des sciences humaines
Factors influencing waiting time and successful receipt of cadaveric liver transplant in the United States. 1990 to 1992.

Objectives Despite concern about access to liver transplantation, there has been no nationally based analysis of patients waiting for cadaveric liver transplant. Using data from the United Network for Organ Sharing Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database waiting and recipient lists, we examined the influence of medical and non-medical factors on the length of time patients waited before transplant and whether they survived the wait. Methods The authors analyzed 7,422 entries to the waiting list from October 1, 1990 to December 31, 1992. Using Cox Proportional Hazard models, time to transplant was modelled by gender, nationality and ethnicity, age, blood type, medical status (critically ill versus non-critical), transplant number (first versus retransplant), United Network for Organ Sharing region of the country, and three measures of local demand and supply of organs. The risk of dying before being allocated an organ was compared with receiving an organ using multiple logistic regression models. Results In addition to differences by medical status, blood type, geographic region, and organ supply and demand, it was found that women, Hispanic-Americans, Asian-Americans, and children waited longer for transplant, whereas foreign nationals and repeat transplant patients waited fewer days. The risk of dying before transplant was greater for critically ill and repeat transplant patients, as well as for women, older patients, Asian-Americans, and African-Americans. Children were less likely to die, as were patients from certain blood groups and geographic regions. Conclusions Results confirm known patterns of waiting list experience for liver transplant patients, but also identify factors previously unrecognized as influencing waiting time and outcome. Potential explanatory factors and areas for further inquiry are discussed.