cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colour and Escape Behaviour in Polymorphic Populations of an Aposematic Poison Frog

The phenomenon of aposematism, or the pairing of antipredator defence with conspicuous or distinctive signals, serves as an excellent example of how traits act in concert to shape fitness. Not only does this complex phenotype require the integration of multiple traits, it alters the fitness pay-offs of yet others. The protection offered by aposematism may, for example, reduce the costs associated with foraging or sexual display. Thus, well-protected aposematic lineages should be bolder, more active and less likely to respond to perceived threats of predation than more cryptic lineages. Comparisons of differently coloured morphs of the polytypic strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) have supported the predicted behavioural correlates of aposematism, with the exception of those regarding responsiveness to simulated predators. We tested the key prediction that aposematic coloration will be associated with reduced sensitivity to predators in two polymorphic O. pumilio populations. The novel approach of studying polymorphic populations allowed us to assess the effect of colour in the absence of potentially confounding habitat differences. We found that colour was associated with the probability that a frog would attempt escape and the distance at which it fled, but only in one population, and not in the predicted direction. An overall comparison of the two populations superficially supported our predictions, but this pattern actually arose because frogs occupying higher perches were less likely to respond, a pattern that may reflect the value of high perches and the costs associated with returning to them after attempted escape. These results highlight the complexity of the relationship between predators and prey, the challenges associated with understanding how and why traits are correlated, and the intimate ties between behaviour and morphological evolution.
Detecting Mutations in the APC Gene in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

Hereditary forms of colorectal cancer (CRC) account for up to 5% of total cases. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant condition affecting nearly 1 in 5000 people and accounts for only about 1% of all CRCs. It is characterized by the progressive development of hundreds to thousands of adenomatous colon polyps. The gene associated with FAP (APC) contains 15 exons in the coding region. A scanning approach for large genes is reasonable, but some standard techniques have limited analytical sensitivity. The method described here, using DHPLC as mutation scanning approach for medium-throughput DNA sequence analysis, is largely considered to be the gold standard for point mutation analysis, and can be optimized for high-throughput testing. Detection of deletion and duplication mutations refractory to sequencing have been described using real-time quantitative PCR for dosage analysis. Technical strategies for mutation detection in the APC gene are presented in this chapter.
PD-L1 (B7-H1) expression and the immune tumor microenvironment in primary and metastatic breast carcinomas

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumor cells in breast cancer has been reported, but the relationships between PD-L1 expression by TIL, carcinoma cells, and other immunologic features of the breast tumor microenvironment remain unclear. We therefore evaluated the interrelationships between tumor cell surface and TIL PD-L1 expression, lymphocyte subpopulations, and patterns of immune cell infiltration in cohorts of treatment-naive, primary breast cancers (PBCs) (n = 45) and matched PBC and metastatic breast cancers (MBC) (n = 26). Seventy-eight percent of untreated PBCs contained PD-L1+ TILs, but only 21% had PD-L1+ carcinoma cells. Carcinoma PD-L1 expression localized to the tumor invasive front and was associated with high tumor grade (P = .04). Eighty-nine percent of PD-L1+ carcinomas contained brisk TIL infiltrates, compared to only 24% of PD-L1− carcinomas; this included CD3+ (P = .02), CD4+ (P = .04), CD8+ (P = .002), and FoxP3+ T cells (P = .02). PD-L1+ PBCs were more likely to contain PD-L1+ TIL than PD-L1− PBCs (P = .04). Peripheral lymphoid aggregates were present in 100% of PD-L1+ compared to 41% of PD-L1− PBC (P < .001). No patient with PD-L1+ PBC developed distant recurrence, compared to 15% of patients with PD-L1− PBC. For the matched PBC and MBC cohort, 2 patients (8%) had PD-L1+ tumors, with 1 case concordant and 1 case discordant for carcinoma PD-L1 expression in the PBC and MBC. Our data support PD-L1 expression by tumor cells as a biomarker of active breast tumor immunity and programmed death 1 blockade as a therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.
Heparin-Functionalized Materials in Tissue Engineering Applications

Over the past decade, the tissue engineering field has placed increasing emphasis on the development of materials that mimic the natural cellular microenvironment and the complexity inherent to biological systems. Understanding cell and molecular biology has become as important to the development of tissue engineering scaffolds as traditional material science. This emphasis on biological mimicry has led to interest in materials that incorporate the dynamic and complex interactions found in the native extracellular matrix (ECM); protein-saccharide interactions in the ECM are one such example. In particular, over the past decade the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) heparin has found a tremendous amount of use in the design of tissue engineering scaffolds and drug delivery devices, as well as in more traditional applications. Both heparin and its biological counterpart, heparan sulfate, interact – mainly electrostatically – with a number of proteins and play an important role in many biological processes. This has been put to use in tissue engineering approaches to sequester and deliver the factors that drive regenerative processes. Additionally, heparin has been utilized in the development of novel responsive materials that form hydrogels through physical assembly. The versatility provided by these approaches has afforded opportunities not only in the design of scaffolds for tissue engineering but also in the development of drug delivery devices.
Full-Duplex Systems Using Multireconfigurable Antennas

Full-duplex systems are expected to achieve 100% rate improvement over half-duplex systems if the self-interference signal can be significantly mitigated. In this paper, we propose the first full-duplex system utilizing multireconfigurable antenna (MRA) with ∼90% rate improvement compared with half-duplex systems. MRA is a dynamically reconfigurable antenna structure that is capable of changing its properties according to certain input configurations. A comprehensive experimental analysis is conducted to characterize the system performance in typical indoor environments. The experiments are performed using a fabricated MRA that has 4096 configurable radiation patterns. The achieved MRA-based passive self-interference suppression is investigated, with detailed analysis for the MRA training overhead. In addition, a heuristic-based approach is proposed to reduce the MRA training overhead. The results show that at 1% training overhead, a total of 95 dB self-interference cancelation is achieved in typical indoor environments. The 95-dB self-interference cancellation is experimentally shown to be sufficient for 90% full-duplex rate improvement compared with half-duplex systems.
Effects of a pressure release on virus retention with the Ultipor DV20 membrane

Recent data have shown that a temporary release in the transmembrane pressure can cause a significant increase in virus transmission through a number of commercial virus filters. The objective of this work was to study the effect of a pressure release on retention of the bacteriophage ΦX174 by the Ultipor DV20 membrane, with phage capture within the membrane visualized by confocal microscopy. Phage challenge tests showed a significant transient increase in phage transmission (typically by an order of magnitude) immediately after a pressure release. This transient increase was not due to any damage to the filter or to the presence of a back-flow (from permeate to feed). Confocal images demonstrated that the pressure release caused the migration of previously captured bacteriophage further into the depth of the filter. Data were analyzed using a modified internal polarization model, with the results providing important insights into the factors controlling virus retention during virus filtration.
Identification of a Leydig tumor cell protein that is phosphorylated in response to stimulation with choriogonadotropin or epidermal growth factor

Although hCG and mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF) activate different signaling systems in a clonal strain of murine Leydig tumor cells (designated MA-10), both compounds ultimately elicit several common effects, such as increased steroidogenesis, decreased transcription of the LH/CG receptor gene, and attenuation of adenylyl cyclase. Based on this information, it was hypothesized that hCG and mEGF may induce phosphorylation of a common protein or set of proteins. Studies were performed to identify such a protein if it exists. MA-10 cells were metabolically labeled with [32P]orthophosphate, and phosphorylation patterns were examined and quantitated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A 21-kilodalton protein whose phosphorylation state increased after hCG and mEGF stimulation was identified. Three isoforms of this protein were visible after hCG stimulation, with approximate pI values of 5.9, 6.0, and 6.1, while only two isoforms were visible after mEGF stimulation, with approximate pI values of 6...
Pluralism and Social Choice

Pluralist political theory identifies certain patterns of political preferences as promoting the “stability” of democratic political systems and others as threatening to such stability. Social choice theory likewise identifies certain patterns of political preferences as leading to “stability” in social choice under majority rule and related collective decision rules, and other patterns as leading to “unstable” social choice. But the preference patterns identified by pluralist theory as promoting stability are essentially those identified by social choice theory as entailing instability. Thus the notions of stability and the implicit normative criteria associated with the two theories are very close to being logically incompatible. This incompatibility suggests that the social choice ideal of collective rationality may not be one that we should endorse. Indeed, the generic instability of the pluralist political process and its consequent collective irrationality may contribute to the stability of pluralist political systems.
A model for remote estimation of ultraviolet absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter based on the global distribution of spectral slope

Abstract Absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV, 280–400 nm) by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) precedes a host of light-sensitized surface ocean processes relevant to global climate. These include photo- and biogeochemical cycling of organic material, release of sulfur and carbon-containing gases to the atmosphere, and the photoprotection of marine microorganisms. Synoptic CDOM absorption data in the UV is highly desired yet difficult to estimate by satellite methods as the atmosphere interferes with direct detection of water-leaving UV radiance. The absorption spectrum of CDOM is typically modeled as an exponential function in which a spectral slope parameter, S, describes the rate of decrease in absorption with increase in wavelength. Significant functional relationships are observed in aquatic environments between S and the CDOM absorption coefficient at 443 nm, aCDOM(443). In this paper, we use a large, systematic dataset of spectroscopic CDOM measurements from the U.S. CO2/CLIVAR Repeat Hydrography Survey to examine the relationship between S and aCDOM(443) as a means to model aCDOM(λ) in the UV from ocean color. Our resultant model predicts aCDOM(λ) at wavelengths from 325 to 412 nm from the absorption coefficient of colored dissolved and detrital materials (CDM) at 443 nm, aCDM(443), retrieved by an existing semi-analytical ocean color algorithm. Expected agreement (near 1:1) with the training dataset was achieved (r2 = 0.71–0.85, p = 0, n = 127). Considering inherent satellite data uncertainties as well as the model's limitations in regions with potential terrestrial influence, good correspondence between modeled and in situ values was observed during independent validation with open ocean CDOM data, such as from BIOSOPE (r2 = 0.77–0.85, p 7500 samples) from diverse Case I waters.
An evaluation of automatic object inline allocation techniques

Object-oriented languages such as Java and Smalltalk provide a uniform object reference model, allowing objects to be conveniently shared. If implemented directly, these uniform reference models can suffer in efficiency due to additional memory dereferences and memory management operations. Automatic inline allocation of child objects within parent objects can reduce overheads of heap-allocated pointer-referenced objects.We present three compiler analyses to identify inlinable fields by tracking accesses to heap objects. These analyses span a range from local data flow to adaptive whole-program, flow-sensitive inter-procedural analysis. We measure their cost and effectiveness on a suite of moderate-sized C++ programs (up to 30,000 lines including libraries). We show that aggressive interprocedural analysis is required to enable object inlining, and our adaptive inter-procedural analysis [23] computes precise information efficiently. Object inlining eliminates typically 40% of object accesses and allocations (improving performance up to 50%). Furthermore,
Understanding veterinarians as educators: an exploratory study

A new emphasis on ‘non-technical competence’ in veterinary medical education has drawn attention to the reality that veterinarians are not solely technicians, but instead take on a wide variety of roles in their daily practice. This article discusses one largely overlooked role that veterinarians engage in on a regular basis – that of educator. Drawing from Beijaard, Verloop and Vermunt's teacher professional identity model, we discuss an exploratory survey conducted with 29 veterinary students, and how the students understand themselves as ‘subject-matter experts’ and ‘pedagogical experts.’ We focus on two areas of current concern in veterinary medical education: animal welfare and the human–animal bond. The data suggests that there is a need to expand the veterinary medical curriculum to accommodate changes in the contemporary role of veterinarians in society, and their increasingly visible and significant role as educators to clients and the general public.
The effect of race on criminal justice students’ career choices

This research compares White and Nonwhite criminal justice students in their career goals and reasons for studying criminal justice. Four hundred students from 12 four-year colleges and universities completed surveys for the study. The surveys included several questions about reasons why they chose to major in criminal justice and what the students hoped to achieve in their professional lives. Results of bivariate analyses indicated that students’ career choices do vary by race, but few of these differences remained significant when multivariate models were developed.
ON THE FUNCTIONAL COUPLING OF NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE AND RELEASE IN BRAIN

Abstract 1 Isolated synaptosomal fractions from mouse forebrains were incubated [14C]-gamma-aminobutyric acid ([14C]-GABA). Release of the accumulated label in high potassium solution was measured. 2 The fractional release dependent upon calcium was decreased by raising the concentration of [14C]-GABA during labeling but was not affected by altering the time allowed for labelling or the time between labelling and stimulation. 3 These data suggest that extracellular GABA gains rapid access to available intraterminal pools. The relative distribution of the accumulated GABA in differerent pools can be influenced by the concentration of GABA in the incubation medium but, once (stored", there is no net redistribution of accumulated GABA in the absence of stimulation.
Thromboelastography with heparinase in orthotopic liver transplantation

Abstract Objective: To investigate the role of heparin in the postreperfusion coagulopathy during liver transplantation with heparinase-guided thromboelastography. Design: A prospective, interventional study. Setting: A university-affiliated hospital. Participants: Twenty-six patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Interventions: Blood drawn at five intervals for thromboelastography assessment with native (12 patients) or celite blood (14 patients) compared with simultaneous thromboelastography traces with added heparinase. Main Results: In the native samples, the prolonged R (reaction) and K (coagulation) time and decreased alpha angle were corrected in heparinase thromboelastograph traces immediately before reperfusion and 10 minutes postreperfusion. In the celite-accelerated samples, the heparinase traces showed correction of the R and K times and alpha angle only at the 10-minute postreperfusion stage. In seven patients who had thromboelastography performed after protamine administration, there were no differences between celite and heparinase-celite traces. Conclusions: Heparinase-treated thromboelastography offered compelling evidence for the presence of heparin-like activity after liver graft reperfusion. The objective evidence provided by this modification of thromboelastographyguided protamine administration and was useful in identifying one of the many potential causes of postreperfusion bleeding in patients undergoing OLT.
Human Visual System Based Wavelet Decomposition for Image Compression

Abstract Due to limitations in bandwidth or storage space, many applications require compression of digital images. One of the main hindrances to progress in the area of image communications is the large amount of information contained in an image. In this paper, we propose a wavelet-based image compression technique which incorporates some of the properties of the human visual system (HVS). A new wavelet decomposition based on the HVS will be introduced. The wavelet coefficients will be quantized with a vector quantization technique which uses HVS properties to allocate bits to the various subbands. The new HVS-based wavelet decomposition will be compared with the existing separable and nonseparable wavelet decompositions. Compression techniques based on such considerations yield higher quality results compared to standard techniques. Several experimental results will be shown.
A single-crystal silicon micromirror for large bi-directional 2D scanning applications

Abstract This paper reports the design, fabrication and operation of a two-dimensional (2D) micromirror that can generate large bi-directional scans at low actuation voltages. This single-crystal silicon (SCS) micromirror device has been fabricated by using a unique DRIE CMOS-MEMS process that can simultaneously provide thin-film and SCS microstructures. A fabricated micromirror has negligible initial tilt angle, and can perform large bi-directional 2D optical scans (over ±30°) at less than 12 V dc. 2D dynamic scanning using this mirror has been demonstrated by obtaining a 14° × 50° angular raster scan pattern. This device can also perform vertical displacements up to 0.5 mm at about 15 V dc.
Structural basis for high-pressure polymorphism in CuGeO 3

Two unusual pressure-induced structural transformations in the inorganic spin-Peierls compound ${\mathrm{CuGeO}}_{3}$ have been studied using single-crystal x-ray diffraction and diamond-anvil cell techniques. ${\mathrm{CuGeO}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{III}$ was formed after nonhydrostatic compression of the ambient pressure phase ${\mathrm{CuGeO}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{I}$ and the structure determined after quenching back to ambient pressure from 7.0 GPa. ${\mathrm{CuGeO}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{III}$ is orthorhombic, with space group $\mathrm{Pbam}.$ The mechanism of the I-III transformation, which occurs exclusively under nonhydrostatic conditions, involves a shift of half of the Ge atoms to tetrahedral sites adjacent to those occupied in the ambient pressure modification. Hydrostatic compression of ${\mathrm{CuGeO}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{III}$ from ambient conditions to near 7.0 GPa results in the formation of monoclinic ${\mathrm{CuGeO}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{IV},$ with space group ${P2}_{1}/c.$ Upon compression, the Ge atoms in ${\mathrm{CuGeO}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{IV}$ adopt an approximately trigonal bipyramidal coordination environment, formed by the condensation of two tetrahedral sites. Our findings provide a basis for the formulation of a general mechanism explaining the pressure-induced transformations in ${\mathrm{CuGeO}}_{3}$ and their sensitivity to deviatoric stress.
Marker studies of silicide formation, silicon self-diffusion and silicon epitaxy using radioactive silicon and Rutherford backscattering☆

Abstract Radioactive 31 Si ( T 1 2 = 2.62 h ) and Rutherford backscattering were used to study Ni2Si, Pd2Si and Pt2Si formation, silicon self-diffusion in silicides and silicon epitaxy in the Si〈100〉/Pd2Si/Si (amorphous) system.
Bonding and doping of simple icosahedral-boride semiconductors

Abstract A simple model of the bonding and doping of a series of icosahedral-boride insulators is presented. Icosahedral borides contain clusters of boron atoms that occupy the 12 vertices of icosahedra. This particular series of icosahedral borides share both the stoichiometry B 12 X 2 , where X denotes a group V element (P or As), and a common lattice structure. The inter-icosahedral bonding of these icosahedral borides is contrasted with that of B 12 O 2 and with that of α -rhombohedral boron. Knowledge of the various types of inter-icosahedral bonding is used as a basis to address effects of inter-icosahedral atomic substitutions. The inter-icosahedral bonding is maintained when an atom of a group V element is replaced with an atom of a group IV element, thereby producing a p-type dopant. However, changes of inter-icosahedral bonding occur upon replacing an atom of a group V element with an atom of a group VI element or with a vacancy. As a result, these substitutions do not produce effective n-type dopants. Moreover, partial substitution of boron atoms for atoms of group V elements generally renders these materials p-type semiconductors.
Induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by D-glucosamine in rat hepatoma cell culture.

Abstract Tyrosine aminotransferase (TA) was induced 5–8 fold by D-glucosamine (0.025M) in rat hepatoma cells grown in culture. This effect was observed only in a D-glucose deficient incubation medium. Under these conditions D-glucosamine cannot replace D-glucose as a carbon source as evidenced by the marked reduction in protein and DNA in these cultures over a 72 hour period. Although total protein per culture decreased, there was a net increase in TA which was sensitive to actinomycin-D and cycloheximide treatment. N-acetyglucosamine was without effect under these conditions.
Exact and heuristic algorithms for data-gathering cluster-based wireless sensor network design problem

Data-gathering wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are operated unattended over long time horizons to collect data in several applications such as those in climate monitoring and a variety of ecological studies. Typically, sensors have limited energy (e.g., an on-board battery) and are subject to the elements in the terrain. In-network operations, which largely involve periodically changing network flow decisions to prolong the network lifetime, are managed remotely, and the collected data are retrieved by a user via internet. In this paper, we study an integrated topology control and routing problem in cluster-based WSNs. To prolong network lifetime via efficient use of the limited energy at the sensors, we adopt a hierarchical network structure with multiple sinks at which the data collected by the sensors are gathered through the clusterheads (CHs). We consider a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to optimally determine the sink and CH locations as well as the data flow in the network. Our model effectively utilizes both the position and the energy-level aspects of the sensors while selecting the CHs and avoids the highest-energy sensors or the sensors that are well-positioned sensors with respect to sinks being selected as CHs repeatedly in successive periods. For the solution of the MILP model, we develop an effective Benders decomposition (BD) approach that incorporates an upper bound heuristic algorithm, strengthened cuts, and an $\varepsilon$ -optimal framework for accelerated convergence. Computational evidence demonstrates the efficiency of the BD approach and the heuristic in terms of solution quality and time.
The mechanism of photooxidation of the menaquinones

Abstract Irradiation of menaquinone-1 under nitrogen gives rise to metastable isomeric o-quinone methides, one of which reacts with oxygen in the dark to form the same hydroperoxide obtained previously from direct or dye sensitized photolysis of the quinone in the presence of oxygen.
A call for a national transplant surgical quality improvement program

The severity of illness in transplant patients and the complexity of transplant operations results in significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. Remarkable efforts have been made by transplant physicians to study and improve organ allocation, graft and patient survival, immunosuppression and the long-term management of post-transplant complications. Less effort has been spent studying the actual transplant operation and systems of acute transplant care. The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) has provided a standardized approach to quality improvement and has demonstrated significant potential for a reduction in postoperative morbidity and mortality in other surgical disciplines. Medical centers are under increasing pressure to measure surgical quality and the nexus of transplant surgical quality improvement should not lie in the hands of CMS or JACHO, but rather it should be created and developed within the transplant community. The time has come for a national transplant surgical quality improvement program based on the NSQIP infrastructure. Such a proactive approach toward quality improvement from the transplant community is an excellent investment for patients, providers and health care payers.
Long-wavelength stacked Si 1-x Ge x /Si heterojunction-internal-photoemission infrared detectors

Utilizing the low temperature silicon molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of degenerately doped SiGe layers on Si, long wavelength stacked SiGe/Si heterojunction internal photoemission (HIP) infrared detectors with multiple SiGe/Se layers have been fabricated and demonstrated.
Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association: immunization of healthcare workers with varicella vaccine.

Objective In June 1996, a resolution was introduced to the House of Delegates of the American Medical Association (AMA) asking the AMA to advocate that healthcare workers be given the informed option of receiving the varicella vaccine. The AMA Council on Scientific Affairs studied this issue and presented this report to the House of Delegates in June 1997. Methods Information for the report was derived from published literature and from personal communications with medical and public health experts and the vaccine manufacturer. Findings Nosocomial outbreaks of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) can result in serious morbidity and mortality. Serological testing of healthcare workers and immunization of nonimmune individuals is recommended by infection control and infectious disease experts to prevent nosocomial transmission of VZV. While current data indicate that the vaccine is safe and poses minimal risks to both adults and children, ongoing research should address various concerns about the long-term safety, efficacy, and epidemiological impact of more widespread use of the vaccine. Conclusion Unless contraindicated, all susceptible healthcare workers should receive the varicella vaccine. Whereas individuals with a definite history of VZV infection can be considered immune, those with a negative or uncertain history should undergo serological testing and, if seronegative, should be immunized.
Reasons for pediatrician nonadherence to asthma guidelines.

Background The 1997 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) asthma guidelines include recommendations on how to improve the quality of care for asthma. Objective To identify barriers to physician adherence to the NHLBI guidelines. Design Cross-sectional survey. Participants A national random sample of 829 primary care pediatricians. Main Outcome Measures Self-reported adherence to 4 components of the NHLBI guidelines (steroid prescription, instructing peak flow meter use, screening and counseling patients with asthma for smoking, and screening and counseling parents for smoking). We also collected information on physician demographics, practice characteristics, and possible barriers to adherence. We defined adherence as following a guideline component more than 90% of the time. Results The response rate was 55% (456/829). Most of the responding pediatricians were aware of the guidelines (88%) and reported having access to a copy of the guidelines (81%). Self-reported rates of adherence were between 39% and 53% for the guideline components. After controlling for demographics and other barriers, we found that nonadherence was associated with specific barriers for each guideline component: for corticosteroid prescription, lack of agreement (odds ratio [OR], 6.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2-14.4); for peak flow meter use, lack of self-efficacy (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.9-6.1) and lack of outcome expectancy (OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 2.5-8.9); and for screening and counseling of patients and parents for smoking, lack of self-efficacy (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.7-6.2 and OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-5.9, respectively). Conclusions Although pediatricians in this sample were aware of the NHLBI guidelines, a variety of barriers precluded their successful use. To improve NHLBI guideline adherence, tailored interventions that address the barriers characteristic of a given guideline component need to be implemented.
Serum cortisol in normal goldfish (Carassius auratus L.).

Abstract o 1 Differences are not present in serum cortisol titers of goldfish after rapid capture with a net, ice immobilization, MS 222 anesthesia or electric immobilization. 2. Expression of serum cortisol titer without reference to animal weight (μg/100 ml) reveals that statistically significant differences in this parameter are present in the goldfish of the weight range studied (1·9–19·9 g). However, when serum cortisol titers are expressed as a function of animal weight, fish in the weight range 5·0–12·9 g are not significantly different. 3. The cortisol circadian rhythm determined for goldfish consists of two periods of high cortisol levels (1200 and 1600 hours). Two periods of low cortisol titer are present, one period being of short duration and the second period being extended. 4. The average circulating cortisol levels in goldfish are 4·9±0·9 μg/100 ml per g at the peak periods and 2·6±0·4 μg/100 ml per g at the low periods.
Odontogenic myxoma of the maxilla: a report of two pediatric cases

Myxomas are benign, slow growing neoplasms derived from mesenchyme. While these tumors most frequently occur in the myocardium, the other sites most commonly affected are the maxilla and mandible. Nevertheless, myxoma is a very uncommon lesion of the midface, particularly in the pediatric population. We present two reports of infant children with midfacial myxomas. The clinical features, radiographic evaluation and treatment of these cases will be presented.
Cerebral Autoregulation in Man

Autoregulation was tested by regional blood flow (rCBF) and cardiohemodynamic measurements before and after induced systemic arterial hypertension in 16 patients with varying neurological disorders. Hypertension was induced by increasing the arterial blood pressure by an intravenous infusion of Aramine. Seven (Group 1) of the patients had a mean increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 32 mm Hg and had preserved autoregulation while nine (Group 2) with a 56 mm Hg increase in MAP showed complete or mixed loss of autoregulation. Group 1 had a higher baseline mean CBF than did the group with loss of autoregulation. The group with loss of autoregulation also generally had more severe involvement on the cerebral angiogram than did the other. Baseline cardiac index and cardiac work were lower in the group with loss of autoregulation. During Aramine infusion the MAP was increased by 38% in Group 1 and 59% in Group 2. The mean CBF was essentially unchanged in Group 1 but increased 24% in Group 2. When autoregulation is lost, rCBF may increase homogeneously or heterogeneously with some areas increasing while others remained unchanged or even decreased. In four instances there was an intracerebral steal during induced hypertension with a fall in rCBF. Whether or not autoregulation is preserved could be related to: (1) the greater induced increase in MAP in Group 2 than Group 1, (2) greater angiographical involvement with a lower baseline in CBF in Group 2 than in Group 1 or (3) a direct or indirect influence of various cardiovascular factors.
Yannis Tsividis, Path-Breaking Researcher and Educator

I took first notice of Prof. Tsividis?s work around 1977, when my UCLA students and I started to work on switched-capacitor (SC) circuits. These circuits may perform the same functions (filtering, equalization, amplification) as the traditional active-RC ones, but are more suitable for integrated MOS implementation, since their frequency responses depend only on the ratios of capacitances, which can be accurately controlled in fabricated devices. A key component of SC circuits is the operational amplifier (opamp). The design of CMOS opamps was a new challenge, and the UC Berkeley researchers (with Yannis in the forefront) were the leaders in meeting it. I learnt a great deal from Yannis?s December 1976 JSSC papers [1] [2], and even called him on the telephone a few times to get help with our SC projects. He was most helpful, and we succeded in our design.
Carroll's Bones

Noel Carroll has recently replied to criticisms of his views about moderate moralism and aesthetic experience. This paper responds to the replies directed at me. Regarding moderate moralism, I suggest that far from being a critic, my proposals should be seen as friendly clarifications of that view. Regarding aesthetic experience, there are sharp differences between us. Here I defuse new criticisms Carroll directs at my conception of such experience, and attempt to demonstrate the implausibility of Carroll's concept-oriented conception.
Nursing behavior of infant pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina): preferences for nipples.

Nursing behavior of 56 singleton infant pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) was monitored. Infants over 1 mo. of age showed strong preferences for one of their mothers' nipples, while few infants less than 1 mo. old did so. The infants which had the lowest birthweights for each sex showed no clear preference even though they were older than 1 mo. A trend toward lateral preference (for the right nipple) was identical for male and female infants. Analysis of the development of preference for nipple may provide useful information for assessing developmental progress.
Magnetically actuated, addressable microstructures

Surface-micromachined, batch-fabricated structures that combine plated-nickel films with polysilicon mechanical flexures to produce individually addressable, magnetically activated devices have been fabricated and tested. Individual microactuator control has been achieved in two ways: (1) by actuating devices using the magnetic field generated by coils integrated around each device and (2) by using electrostatic forces to clamp selected devices to an insulated ground plane while unclamped devices are freely moved through large out-of-plane excursions by an off-chip magnetic field. The present application for these structures is as micromirrors for microphotonic systems where they can be used either for selection from an array of mirrors or else individually for switching among fiber paths.
Asymptotic equilibrium of ordinary differential systems

A theorem on asymptotic equilibrium is proved for the solutions of the system(1)X n=f(t,X), x t 0=xo where f(t,x) is majorized by a funciton g(t,u) which is non-increasing in u. It is of interest to notice that the funcitons f(t,x) and g(t,u) need not be defined for x=0 and u=0 respectively. Such majorant functions occur in gravitational problems and therefore the result is of pracitcal interest.Using this, the asymptotic relatiohship between the solutions of(2)y=A(t)y, y t o=yoand its nonlinear perturbation(3) X=A(t)x+f(t,x), Xt o is investigated. This last result includes as a special case two theorems of Hallam[2]
Factors Affecting Implant Mobility at Placement and Integration of Mobile Implants at Uncovering

This study examined 1) factors that contributed to implant stability at placement and 2) the likelihood for an implant that was mobile at placement to osseointegrate. Eighty-one (3.1%) of 2,641 implants placed by the Dental Implant Clinical Research Group between 1991 and 1995 were found to be mobile at placement. Seventy-six (93.8%) of the 81 mobile implants were integrated at uncovering compared to 97.5% for the 2,560 immobile implants. Variables that influenced mobility at placement included patient age, implant design and material, anterior-posterior jaw location, bone density, and use of a bone tap. Hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated implants were slightly more likely to be mobile at placement (P = 0.324) than non-hydroxypatite (HA)-coated implants. Of the 54 HA-coated implants that were mobile at placement, all (100%) integrated, while only 17 (81.5%) of the 22 mobile non-HA-coated implants integrated (P = 0.003). Mean electronic mobility testing device values (PTVs) at uncovering for all implants mobile or immobile at placement that integrated were -2.9 and -3.6 respectively. PTVs for HA-coated implants that were mobile (-3.5 PTV) or immobile (-4.0 PTV) at placement differed by 0.5 PTV, whereas non-HA-coated implants exhibited a greater difference of 1.2 PTVs at uncovering. HA-coated implants, regardless of mobility at placement, integrated more frequently and exhibited greater stability than non HA-coated implants.
Epilepsy and migraine headache: is there a connection?

Abstract Introduction This study investigated the prevalence of migraine headache in pediatric patients with epilepsy and the incidence of these two disorders in the family history. Method A retrospective chart review was conducted on 475 patients with a primary diagnosis of epilepsy between January 2003 and June 2004. The patients were managed in a pediatric neurology outpatient clinic at a major teaching hospital. Cases were selected using the ICD-9-CM definition for epilepsy. Data collected included age, sex, headache, migraine, and family history. Results The study revealed a higher prevalence of migraine in epilepsy patients (14.7%) than in the general population (2.7% to 11%). Only 4.7% had a family history of migraine, but 20.6% had a positive family history of epilepsy, supporting current ideas of the genetic etiology of some epilepsies. Discussion This study specifically addressed epilepsy and migraine in children, but whenever a primary diagnosis is made, the potential for a coexisting disorder should be investigated.
Blood flow in "red" and "'white" calf muscles in cats during isometric and isotonic exercise.

Muscle blood flow was measured with the radioactive microspheres technique in plantar flexors of seven cats. Right leg performed rhythmic isotonic and left leg sustained isometric contractions. Flows were determined at rest, during stimulation periods, and immediately after 90 sec of high frequency stimulation. During isotonic contraction, flow to m. soleus (a "red muscle") increased progressively as stimulation increased: 0.06 +/- 0.02, 0.21 +/- 0.05, 0.42 +/- 0.12, and 0.26+/- 0.06 ml/min/g during rest, 10 Hz, 50 Hz, and after 50 Hz stimulation frequencies, respectively. Corresponding values for gastrocnemius medialis were 0.06 +/- 0.01, 0.38 +/- 0.05, 0.27 +/- 0.03, and 0.28 +/- 0.06 (x +/- S.E.). These last values were characteristic also for the other "'white" muscles investigated: gastrocnemius lateralis, and plantaris. During sustained isometric exercise at 5 and 25 Hz stimulation frequency the patterns were similar, except that higher flows were observed, and during recovery flows actually increased again in the "white" muscles. Blood pressure did not change. Resting flows were similar in innervated and denervated muscles. These data demonstrate that during isotonic as well as isometric exercise there is an increased resistance to flow with increasing muscle tension in "white" but not in "red" muscles. This supports the notion that a condition of relative ischaemia exists in "white" muscles during both isometric and isotonic contractions which is more pronounced during isometric exercise. The results corroborate previous studies on isometric exercise and suggest that the pattern during isotonic exercise is similar.
Ventilatory response pattern of Nordic skiers during simulated poling.

Cross‐country ski poling is a distinctive exercise imposed by biomechanical motion which may influence the breathing pattern. To examine the ventilatory patterns of competitive cross‐country skiers, the pulmonary function of nine male master level skiers was studied during simulated bilateral synchronous and asynchronous arm poling and upright leg cycling. Physiological and ventilatory responses during arm and leg exercise were compared on a Biokinetic arm ergometer and Monark bicycle. At similar levels of oxygen consumption, minute ventilation (VE) was lower for leg cycling than for the arm exercise modes. Heart rate was significantly higher (P<0.05) during bilateral synchronous poling than for either bilateral asynchronous poling or leg cycling. Leg cycling elicited a higher tidal volume (V T) than either of the arm poling modes (1.8 vs 1.7 and 1.6 1). Breathing frequency (f R) was significantly higher (P< 0.05) for both arm exercise modes when compared to leg cycling (41 and 42 vs 27 breaths min‐1). Fr...
Current management of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and leading cause of death among patients with cirrhosis. Treatment guidelines are based according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system. The choice among therapeutic options that include liver resection, liver transplantation, locoregional, and systemic treatments must be individualized for each patient. The aim of this paper is to review the outcomes that can be achieved in the treatment of HCC with the heterogeneous therapeutic options currently available in clinical practice.
A numerical calculation of the NMR lineshape using the finite difference method

Abstract A procedure is given for calculating the NMR lineshape of a cluster of spins imbedded in a molecule which is rotating with free or restricted motion. It is shown that for the isotropic diffusion model (assuming a correlation time τc such that 1/τc ⪢ HDD/lstrok;h where HDD is the dipole interaction) the line shape is Lorentzian as expected and has a width equal to that obtained from a standard T2 calculation using the appropriate autocorrelation function. For τc which do not satisfy this condition the lineshape is no longer Lorentzian, and an example for this condition is shown. The usefulness of the procedure lies in obtaining lineshapes for systems whose motion is too complex for an autocorrelation function to be obtained unambiguously.
The semiquantitative classification of thrombus size by the 125-I-labelled fibrinogen technique

Abstract Orthopedic patients with a high risk of venous thrombosis were injected with 125I-labelled fibrinogen. Phlebography was performed on 44 patients demonstrating significant isotope localization in the calf. A significant positive correlation (r=0.69) was found between the size of thrombi and the amount of limb radioactivity. Twelve phlebograms demonstrated no thrombi despite isotope positivity. The existence of a significant (p 6 cm2 cross-sectional area) and small (
In-situ testability design (ISTD)&#8212;A new approach for testing high-speed LSI/VLSI logic

After a discussion of the main problems encountered in conventional methods used for testing high-speed LSI/VLSI logic, a new approach, to be called the "in-situ testability design" (ISTD), will be presented. The approach consists of extending the use of latches and serial-shift arrangements (SSA's) provided in the hardware system to be tested, by incorporating on-chip feedback arrangements designed in such a way that the chips and modules will be self-sufficient for testability-that they will be testable in-situ and in-isolation, despite their interconnections after being assembled in the system. By proper design, chips can be made testable also on-wafer prior to their dicing. For economical implementation, arrangements for sharing the use of latches and multiplexors will be introduced and explained. The ISTD approach will fundamentally simplify and facilitate the testing of high-speed LSI/VLSI logic and greatly reduce the costs of test equipment and testing. Design procedure for its implementation, and test strategy based on its use, will be described.
Changes in Microbial Nitrogen Across a 100-Year Chronosequence of Upland Hardwood Forests

Soil microorganisms mediate many of the major processes involved in soil N cycling. Also, they are strong competitors with plants for available soil N. Thus, changes in microbial N because of forest harvesting may have significant impacts on N availability and overall forest N cycling. A chronosequence of upland hardwood forest stands in southern Indiana, USA, ranging in age from 1 to 100 yr since last harvest, was chosen to evaluate changes in microbial N with stand development. Microbial N was measured in the A and B soil horizons during different seasons from 1997 to 1999. Peak levels of microbial N were highest in the youngest forest stand (1 to 3 yr old), but seasonal variability was greater than differences by stand age. Microbial N concentration (mg kg-1) varied significantly by season and soil horizon within stands ranging in age from 1 to 30 yr since harvest, but not in the mature, 80- to 100-yr-old stand. There were few significant differences in microbial N content (kg ha-1). Harvesting did not appear to have long-term effects on microbial N, but spatial variability in microbial N appeared to be greater in the younger forest stands.
Vibrational overtone activation of methylcyclopropene

Abstract The vibrational overtone spectrum of methylcyclopropene in the region of the 6-0 and 5-0 CH stretching transitions is reported. Transitions corresponding to the methyl, methylenic and vinyl CH stretches are assigned. From the Birge-Sponer plots the anharmonicities and mechanical frequencies for the methyl in-plane and out-of-plane CH stretches are −67.0 and 3118.0 cm −1 and −64.0 and 3071.0 cm −1 , respectively. The corresponding values for the methylenic CH stretches are −60.5 and 3030.7 cm −1 . Photolysis at 17093 cm −1 (585 nm) yields two stable products which were identified by gas chromatography. Approximately 60% of the total yield was 2-butyne. A specific rate constant of 1.66×10 8 s −1 results from the Stern-Volmer analysis of the product yield of 2-butyne.