cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Federalism and Police Reform: Using Congressional Spending Power to Promote Police Accountability

Police misconduct and corruption persist in our nation’s local police departments. Recognizing the organizational roots of police misconduct, Congress granted the U.S. Department of Justice (the “DOJ”) the authority to seek injunctive relief to implement institutional reforms within local law enforcement agencies. While the federal government’s current strategy represents a promising model for reform, the DOJ’s efforts cannot reach many local police departments that require intervention. Furthermore, the local primacy of criminal-justice issues, particularly issues related to police practices, implicates important federalism concerns. Although federal intervention is appropriate to address persistent patterns of misconduct, states and local entities must play a more active role in implementing institutional reform of these agencies, and they must have the flexibility to develop locally tailored police accountability measures. This Article proposes a model that encourages federal–state cooperation to address the longstanding questions of how best to promote police accountability within local law enforcement agencies and which entities should be responsible for implementing reform. Congress, pursuant to its spending authority under the U.S. Constitution, should condition federal funding to state and local law enforcement agencies upon the state’s development and implementation of regulations to reduce police misconduct and promote police accountability. Specifically, this Article proposes an amendment to the statute authorizing the Community-Oriented Policing Services (“COPS”) program. This Amendment would require the federal government to withhold 5% of COPS funding from states that fail to implement measures to reduce police misconduct and promote police accountability. The COPS program has distributed billions of federal dollars to states to hire police officers and implement community policing programs, but the authorizing statute includes no requirement that the agencies receiving these funds ensure the accountability of the officers they hire. Pursuant to the model proposed in this Article, states would develop their own standards to promote police accountability and reduce police misconduct, while the DOJ would determine if the measures met minimum federal guidelines. Thus, the proposed regime is consistent with “cooperative federalism,” a process in which states implement federal standards, yet retain the flexibility to develop and supplement those standards. This Article explores several justifications for implementing this scheme, examines the constitutionality of the proposed amendment, and concludes that the proposal is a viable tool to achieve sustainable reforms in the nation’s local police departments.
The State Is a Bundle

Teleological accounts of the state are examined and rejected owing both to inherent problems with teleology and to methodological individualism. A new theory of the state is presented, in which the state is a bundle or agglomeration of uses of the political means—that is, uses of violence—that do not necessarily serve any coherent purpose. The sorites paradox is deployed as a tool to consider anarchies, states and utopias of various descriptions. The state emerges not as a discrete set of entities, but as a discursive formation.
The gynecologic oncology fellowship interview process: Challenges and potential areas for improvement

The application and interview process for gynecologic oncology fellowship is highly competitive, time-consuming and expensive for applicants. We conducted a survey of successfully matched gynecologic oncology fellowship applicants to assess problems associated with the interview process and identify areas for improvement. All Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) list-serve members who have participated in the match program for gynecologic oncology fellowship were asked to complete an online survey regarding the interview process. Linear regression modeling was used to examine association between year of match, number of programs applied to, cost incurred, and overall satisfaction. Two hundred and sixty-nine eligible participants reported applying to a mean of 20 programs [range 1–45] and were offered a mean of 14 interviews [range 1–43]. They spent an average of $6000 [$0–25,000], using personal savings (54%), credit cards (50%), family support (12%) or personal loans (3%). Seventy percent of respondents identified the match as fair, and 93% were satisfied. Interviewees spent a mean of 15 [0–45] days away from work and 37% reported difficulty arranging coverage. Linear regression showed an increase in number of programs applied to and cost per applicant over time (p < 0.001) between 1993 and 2016. Applicants who applied to all available programs spent more (p < 0.001) than those who applied to programs based on their location or quality. The current fellowship match was identified as fair and satisfying by most respondents despite being time consuming and expensive. Suggested alternative options included clustering interviews geographically or conducting preliminary interviews at the SGO Annual Meeting.
Computerized Quality Assurance Assessment of Obstetric Anesthesia Care: New Outcome Indicators

Quality assurance assessment has previously viewed the structure and process of health care delivery systems as an approximation of the quality of patient care. Recently, the focus has begun to shift to include outcome in the indicators of quality care, so that ultimately healthcare institutions and providers may be compared on this basis. However assessment of outcome remains problematical -- what is to be measured, how are data to be collected and managed, how can patients be characterized in order to compare outcome data fairly from different patient populations, etc.? In 1990 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (USA) proposed outcome indicators for monitoring quality of care provided to obstetrical and anesthesia patients. We have developed a practical, computerized data management system that incorporates these indicators, as well as activity indices and pertinent patient demographic modifiers, into a quality assurance assessment of obstetric anesthesia care. We report our data from 12,483 consecutive obstetric anesthetics at a regional perinatal teaching center.
Influence of Free Radicals on the Intrinsic MRI Relaxation Properties.

Free radicals are critical contributors in various conditions including normal aging, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, and diabetes. Currently there is no non-invasive approach to image tissue free radicals based on endogenous contrast due to their extremely short lifetimes and low in vivo concentrations. In this study we aim at characterizing the influence of free radicals on the MRI relaxation properties. Phantoms containing free radicals were created by treating egg white with various H2O2 concentrations and scanned on a 9.4 T MRI scanner at room temperature. T1 and T2 relaxation maps were generated from data acquired with an inversion recovery sequence with varied inversion times and a multi-echo spin echo sequence with varied echo times (TEs), respectively. Results demonstrated that free radicals express a strong shortening effect on T1, which was proportional to the H2O2 concentration, and a relatively small reduction in T2 (<10%). Furthermore, the sensitivity of this approach in the detection of free radicals was estimated to be in the pM range that is within the physiological range of in vivo free radical expression. In conclusion, the free radicals show a strong paramagnetic effect that may be utilized as an endogenous MRI contrast for its non-invasive in vivo imaging.
The role of rTMS for patients with severe PTSD and depression.

### Patient A 27-year-old woman. ### Present illness A 27-year-old female patient with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and recurrent major depressive sisorder (MDD) is referred for consultation regarding possible repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment for her medication-resistant depression. She has no other medical diagnoses and had no history of substance abuse. ### Present status At the time of initial consult, psychometrics indicated that both PTSD symptoms and MDD symptoms were severe. While the patient passively endorses suicidal thoughts, she denies active intent or plan to harm herself. She has taken medical leave of absence from her job in order to get treatment for her depression. To review how rTMS may affect their patient’s PTSD symptoms, the consulting team conducts a review of published literature. ### Background PTSD is a severe psychiatric illness characterised by four core symptom clusters: re-experiencing, avoidance, negative cognition and mood and hyperarousal.1 With an estimated lifetime prevalence in community samples of up to 8%, PTSD results in a great deal of personal suffering and escalating social and economic costs.2 Unfortunately, current evidence-based treatments for PTSD leave a high percentage with a significant symptom burden, highlighting the urgent need for novel treatments. The growing acceptance3 of rTMS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for treatment-resistant MDD has evoked the question of its potential efficacy for PTSD. What effect does excitatory rTMS over the left DLPFC have on symptoms of PTSD in patients undergoing rTMS treatments for depression? Patients: patients with PTSD undergoing rTMS. Intervention: accelerated protocol of rTMS to augment usual care (psychotropic medications±talk therapy). Comparison: sham rTMS or usual care. Outcomes: level of PTSD symptoms after treatment. PubMed, Ovid/Medline, and PsycInfo databases are queried with search terms ‘rTMS’, ‘transcranial magnetic stimulation’, ‘PTSD’ and ‘post-traumatic stress disorder.’ In a 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis4 by Yan and colleagues, pooled data from 13 original studies …
Selective ablation of carious lesions using an integrated multispectral near-IR imaging system and a novel 9.3-µm CO2 laser

Previous studies have shown that reflectance imaging at wavelengths greater than 1200-nm can be used to image demineralization on tooth occlusal surfaces with high contrast and without the interference of stains. In addition, these near-IR imaging systems can be integrated with laser ablation systems for the selective removal of carious lesions. Higher wavelengths, such as 1950-nm, yield higher lesion contrast due to higher water absorption and lower scattering. In this study, a point-to-point scanning system employing diode and fiber lasers operating at 1450, 1860, 1880, and 1950-nm was used to acquire reflected light images of the tooth surface. Artificial lesions were imaged at these wavelengths to determine the highest lesion contrast. Near-IR images at 1880-nm were used to demarcate lesion areas for subsequent selective carious lesion removal using a new compact air-cooled CO2 laser prototype operating at 9.3-μm. The highest lesion contrast was at 1950-nm and the dual NIR/CO2 laser system selectively removed the simulated lesions with a mean loss of only 12-μm of sound enamel.
Automated Juice Room Control

This presentation will identify the control processes and variables associated with juice room control and explain the fundamentals of computer control methods. At the heart of the discussion will be the construction and operation of a prototype system.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
New Trends In The Management of Obesity In The United States

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses new trends in the management and treatment of obesity in the United States. For the first time in nearly a quarter century a new drug, dexfenfluramine, trade name Redux™, has been approved for a long-term use in the treatment of obesity. The discovery of leptin as a product secreted by the fat cell that can reduce food intake and cure the obese mouse of its obesity has made the study of obesity respectable. It has also convinced the press and the public that obesity is not just a problem of willpower, but rather a metabolic problem that can be treated with medications. A second change in the environment for treatment of obesity is the already classic study of phentermine and fenfluramine, which showed that long-term reduction in body weight was possible for many of the obesity patients. The use of combination therapy for the treatment of obesity has a parallel in the treatment of hypertension, as two drugs are often better than one and side effects may be reduced by using combinations.
Dexpramipexole: a new antieosinophil drug?

In this issue of Blood, Panch et al report that dexpramipexole reduces blood and tissue eosinophils and enables glucocorticoid reduction or cessation in patients with the hypereosinophilic syndromes (HESs).1 Four of the 10 treated patients met the primary end point. The figure shows findings in 3 responders, patients 5, 7, and 15, who had complete and sustained reductions in AECs. They discontinued glucocorticoids, and all were asymptomatic with AEC 0/μL beginning at about 2 months and persisting to a median of 29 months’ treatment. In patient 5, pre- and posttreatment biopsies of the esophagus and duodenum showed an absence of eosinophil infiltration at week 24. Adverse reactions did not lead to drug discontinuation. These results suggest that dexpramipexole is an effective treatment of some HES patients; however, only 3 of the 10 were impressive responders.
Lasmiditan is an effective acute treatment for migraine: A phase 3 randomized study.

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of lasmiditan in the acute treatment of migraine. Methods Adult patients with migraine were randomized (1:1:1) to a double-blind dose of oral lasmiditan 200 mg, lasmiditan 100 mg, or placebo and were asked to treat their next migraine attack within 4 hours of onset. Over 48 hours after dosing, patients used an electronic diary to record headache pain and the presence of nausea, phonophobia, and photophobia, one of which was designated their most bothersome symptom (MBS). Results Of the 1,856 patients who treated an attack, 77.9% had ≥1 cardiovascular risk factors in addition to migraine. Compared with placebo, more patients dosed with lasmiditan 200 mg were free of headache pain at 2 hours after dosing (32.2% vs 15.3%; odds ratio [OR] 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0–3.6, p p p p Conclusions Lasmiditan dosed at 200 and 100 mg was efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of acute migraine among patients with a high level of cardiovascular risk factors. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02439320. Classification of evidence This study provides Class I evidence that for adult patients with migraine, lasmiditan increases the proportion of subjects who are headache pain free at 2 hours after treating a migraine attack.
Revolutionary Waves: The Crowd in Modern China. By Tie Xiao. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center/Harvard University Press, 2017. Pp. xiv, 286. $49.95.)

This book is a comprehensive and erudite study of the discourses surrounding the crowd (qunzhong), or mass politics, during China's transformation from a dynastic empire to a nation‐state in the fi...
Cultural Causes for Student Activism.

In 19581 Rollo May made a statement that has proven to be prophetic in terms of current student behavior. He said, "When a culture is caught in the profound convolutions of a transitional period, the individuals in the society understandably suffer spiritual and emotional upheaval; and finding that the accepted mores and ways of thought no longer yield security, they tend either to sink into dogmatism and conformism, giving up awareness, or are forced to strive for heightened self-consciousness by which to become aware of their existence with new conviction and on new bases." With regard to the present student generation these have proven to be prophetic words, indeed. Three elements of May's prediction may be seen in present student behavior. They are: 1. Apathy demonstrated by many students in their unconcern for the conventional course work, university social activities, or even the future of the "establishment." Such students may retreat to peripheral "pads" with groups of equally uninvolved friends to smoke pot or just withdraw from it all. They are marked by an apathetic narcissism. 2. Experiences in heightened self-awareness. These are the students who experiment on themselves in an attempt to find meaning. They use the consciousness expanding drugs such as L.S.D. or "speed," seldom realizing the profound psychological risks that are involved in such behavior. Certainly such students experiment with sex as well. 3. Attempts to Resonate with the Authority-structure is an effort to find meaning. Such students have come to be called "activists." They are generally angry at authority and derogate the "establishment." (Often with good reason.) We are all familiar with the demonstrations against the Dow Chemical recruiter at Harvard, the "capturing" of the CIA recruiter at the University of Colorado, the threatened walk-ins and sleep-ins if parietal privileges are not liberalized at certain major universities. Appropriate compromise with such student activists does not seem to re-
Summary of Imaging in 2020: Visualizing the Future of Healthcare with MR Imaging

The Imaging in 2020 meeting convenes biannually to discuss innovations in medical imaging. The 2018 meeting, titled “Visualizing the Future of Healthcare with MR Imaging,” sought to encourage discussions of the future goals of MRI research, feature important discoveries, and foster scientific discourse between scientists from a variety of fields of expertise. Here, we highlight presented research and resulting discussions of the meeting.
How Your Philosophy of Mathematics Impacts Your Teaching

Even those with no interest in the philosophy of mathematics take positions on a range of philosophical issues when they teach mathematics. Some of these issues are intimately related to common stu...
Many Facets of Dynamic Plasticity in Plants

The evolutionary processes that transitioned plants to land-based habitats also incorporated a multiplicity of strategies to enhance resilience to the greater environmental variation encountered on land. The sensing of light, its quality, quantity, and duration, is central to plant survival and, as such, serves as a central network hub. Similarly, plants as sessile organisms that can encounter isolation must continually assess their reproductive options, requiring plasticity in propagation by self- and cross-pollination or asexual strategies. Irregular fluctuations and intermittent extremes in temperature, soil fertility, and moisture conditions have given impetus to genetic specializations for network resiliency, protein neofunctionalization, and internal mechanisms to accelerate their evolution. We review some of the current advancements made in understanding plant resiliency and phenotypic plasticity mechanisms. These mechanisms incorporate unusual nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions, various transposable element (TE) activities, and epigenetic plasticity of central gene networks that are broadly pleiotropic to influence resiliency phenotypes.
Parallax of the IBEX Ribbon Indicates a Spatially-Retained Source.

In 2009, the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) discovered the existence of a narrow "ribbon" of intense energetic neutral atom (ENA) emission projecting approximately a circle in the sky. It is believed that the ribbon originates from outside of the heliopause in radial directions ( r ) perpendicular to the local interstellar magnetic field (ISMF), B , i.e., B∙ r = 0. Swaczyna et al. (2016a) estimated the distance to the IBEX ribbon via the parallax method comparing the ribbon position observed from the opposite sides of the Sun. They found a parallax angle of 0.41° ± 0.15°, yielding a distance of 140 - 38 + 84 au to a portion of the ribbon at high ecliptic latitudes. In this study, we demonstrate how the apparent shift of the ribbon in the sky, and thus the apparent distance to the ribbon's source found via the parallax, depends on the transport effects of energetic ions outside the heliopause. We find that the apparent shift of the ribbon based on the "spatial retention" model with ion enhancement near B∙ r = 0, as proposed by Schwadron & McComas (2013), agrees with the parallax of the source region. Parallax is also accurate for a homogeneously-distributed emission source. However, if there is weak pitch angle scattering and ions propagate freely along the ISMF, the apparent shift is significantly smaller than the expected parallax because of the highly anisotropic source. In light of the results from Swaczyna et al. (2016a), our results indicate that the IBEX ribbon source is spatially confined.
Insulin Signaling Via Progesterone-Regulated Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 is Critical for Human Uterine Decidualization

Decidualization, the process by which fibroblastic human endometrial stromal cells (HESC) differentiate into secretory decidual cells, is a critical event during the establishment of pregnancy. It is dependent on the steroid hormone progesterone acting through the nuclear progesterone receptor (PR). Previously, we identified insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) as a factor that is directly regulated by PR during decidualization. IRS2 is an adaptor protein that functionally links receptor tyrosine kinases, such as insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), and their downstream effectors. IRS2 expression was induced in HESC during in vitro decidualization and siRNA-mediated downregulation of IRS2 transcripts resulted in attenuation of this process. Further use of siRNAs targeted to IR or IGF1R transcripts showed that downregulation of IR, but not IGF1R, led to impaired decidualization. Loss of IRS2 transcripts in HESC suppressed phosphorylation of both ERK1/2 and AKT, downstream effectors of insulin signaling, which mediate gene expression associated with decidualization and regulate glucose uptake. Indeed, downregulation of IRS2 resulted in reduced expression and membrane localization of the glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4, resulting in lowered glucose uptake during stromal decidualization. Collectively, these data suggest that the PR-regulated expression of IRS2 is necessary for proper insulin signaling for controlling gene expression and glucose utilization, which critically support the decidualization process to facilitate pregnancy. This study provides new insight into the mechanisms by which steroid hormone signaling intersects with insulin signaling in the uterus during decidualization, which has important implications for pregnancy complications associated with insulin resistance and infertility.
Landscape and climatic effects driving spatiotemporal abundance of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) in cotton agroecosystems

Abstract Lygus lineolaris populations have become increasingly problematic in Virginia cotton since 2013. Although production practices have changed, changes in landscape composition and climatic conditions are also anecdotally associated with increasing populations. To better understand the recent increase in L. lineolaris infestations in Virginia cotton, 56 commercial cotton fields were sampled weekly in 2017 and 2018 for a nine-week period during the growing season. Insect density was measured using sweep net and black drop cloth sampling, targeting adult and nymphal populations, respectively. Geospatial crop production and forest disturbance data were used to measure the composition and management history of landscapes adjacent to sample fields. We also used spatial climate data sets to document the relationship between increasing L. lineolaris and temperature variation. We investigated the significance of landscape composition and climatic effects increasing L. lineolaris infestation intensity using a regression modeling approach. We found the best overall predictor of L. lineolaris abundance was higher annual minimum temperatures. Several crop components in the landscape were significant, specifically corn and double-crop winter wheat and soybeans, but these habitat patches did not explain high levels of variability. Results of this study suggest that increasing minimum temperatures will favor L. lineolaris and may translate into elevated infestation intensity and increasing dependence on insecticide inputs to manage this problematic pest of cotton. Results of this study will be important to describe short- and long-term factors driving L. lineolaris infestation risk in cotton agroecosystems.
Peptide Probes of Colistin Resistance Discovered via Chemically Enhanced Phage Display

Colistin is an antibiotic of last resort used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. The recent surge in reported cases of colistin-resistant infections urgently calls for fast and reliable diagnostic methods, which can be used for the facile detection and proper treatment of these challenging infections. A major mechanism of colistin resistance involves phosphoethanolamine (PE) modification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the molecular target of colistin. This LPS modification mechanism has been recently reported to be transferrable via a plasmid-carried mcr-1 gene, which is particularly concerning as it may readily confer colistin resistance to a wide array of bacterial pathogens. To develop molecular tools to allow facile detection of colistin resistance, we have herein enlisted a novel phage library that incorporates dynamic covalent warheads to recognize PE modifications on bacterial cells. Screening of this chemically modified phage library against colistin-resistant pathogens revealed a number of peptide probes that readily differentiate colistin-resistant bacterial strains from their colistin-susceptible counterparts. With a fluorophore label, these peptide probes selectively stain colistin-resistant bacteria at sub-to-low micromolar concentrations. The bacterial staining is minimally inhibited by the presence of serum proteins or even blood serum. Mechanistic studies indicate that our peptide probes bind colistin-resistant bacteria primarily by targeting PE-modified lipids. However, some species-specific features of the cell surface can also contribute to the peptides' association to bacterial cells. Further elucidation of such cell surface features may give molecular probes with improved species and strain specificity, which will enable bacterial infection diagnosis with high precision.
Molecular Placement of an Outbreak-Causing Gall Wasp, Zapatella davisae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with Comments on Phylogenetic Arrangements in the Tribe Cynipini

Gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) have fascinated researchers for centuries due to the elaborate diversity of charismatic galls they produce, the presence of unique reproductive systems (e.g., a form of cyclical parthenogenesis), the possible convergent evolution of semiparasitic gall wasp forms (i.e., “inquilines”), and their multitrophic interactions. While many classifications for gall wasps have been proposed, recent DNA sequence efforts combined with taxonomic revisions are beginning to clarify the evolutionary relationships of this group. To date, however, a well resolved phylogeny is lacking, complicating the study of outbreak-causing pest species. Outbreaks by one such species, the black oak gall wasp, Zapatella davisae Buffington & Melika (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), have led to extensive damage and mortality of black oaks, Quercus velutina L. (Fagales: Fagaceae), in the northeastern United States. Here we sequenced fragments of the nuclear ribosomal gene 28S, and the nuclear protein coding gene long-wavelength opsin from samples of Z. davisae collected on Cape Cod, MA, and Long Island, NY. Using these sequences and sequences previously published from the mitochondrial locus cytochrome b, we performed Bayesian and maximum likelihood multilocus phylogenetic reconstructions based on a concatenated alignment including species of gall wasps in the tribe Cynipini from which all three loci were present in the GenBank database. Confirming morphological work, we find that Z. davisae is most closely related to species in the genera Callirhytis and Neuroterus, and appears to be a basal member of the “Quercus” section of the tribe Cynipini. We find that recent generic reclassifications within the Cynipini have made great progress towards clarifying the taxonomic relationships of species of gall-inducing wasps in this tribe, and we comment on several classifications that require additional research.
Sex differences in adult social, cognitive, and affective behavioral deficits following neonatal phlebotomy-induced anemia in mice.

INTRODUCTION Anemia is common in prematurely born infants due to blood loss resulting from frequent phlebotomies and may contribute to their neurobehavioral deficits. Preclinical models of phlebotomy-induced anemia (PIA) have revealed metabolic and genomic changes in multiple brain structures of young mice, yet the impact of neonatal PIA on early-life and adult behavior has not been assessed. METHODS The present study employed a range of behavioral measures in phlebotomized anemic neonatal mice to investigate short- and long-term neurodevelopmental effects. PIA from postnatal (P) days 3 to 14 caused sex-specific changes in social behavior, novelty preference, and anxiety at P17 that persisted into adulthood. RESULTS Our preclinical model suggests that PIA may contribute to acute and long-term behavioral and affective deficits and warrants further substantiation of the observed behavioral phenomena in larger samples. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that this model is a useful tool for beginning to better understand the lasting effect that early-life PIA might have on the developing brain. The differential impact of PIA on male and female subjects warrants further exploration for the development of appropriately targeted interventions.
Effects of Heart Rate on the Shape of the Intracranial Pressure Wave and Related Parameters

Changes in the shape of the intracranial pulse wave have been used to estimate cerebral compliance [2] and have been related to outcome after head injury [6]. The changes in the complex shape of the intracranial pulse wave that occur with changes in ICP have been analyzed by decomposing the pulse wave into its component frequencies using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) [3, 6], as well as by using simpler measures such as pulse amplitude and slope [1]. We have observed that changes in heart rate have a powerful effect on the shape of the intracranial pulse wave, and have studied these changes using an online computerized monitoring system which is described elsewhere in this volume [4].
Identification and targeting of internalizing breast tumor receptors for immunotherapy

567 Breast tumors can be histologically classified into basal, luminal, and mesenchymal cell types which vary in prognosis and response to different therapies. Expression array analysis reveals significant differences in the genes up and down regulated in these three tumor types. We hypothesized that these differences would result in a different pattern of cell surface receptor overexpression which could be exploited for antibody based molecular therapies. Such therapies could potentially target most members of a given tumor type. To test this hypothesis, we selected monovalent and multivalent non-immune single chain Fv(scFv) phage antibody libraries on a panel of luminal (SKBR3, MCF7, T47D, MDA-MB-453 and MDA-MB-361) and mesenchymal (MDA-MB-231 and BT549) breast tumor cell lines. We employed a strategy developed in the lab that selects phage antibodies that trigger receptor mediated endocytosis. The resulting antibodies can thus be employed therapeutically not only as naked antibodies but also to deliver targeted therapies including immunotoxins, immunoliposomes, antibody-drug conjugates and for the targeted delivery of genes or viral DNA into cells. After two rounds of selection on the target cell line, large panels of antibodies were isolated which could be classified into three groups: 1) non specific antibodies (bind all cell types tested, 50% of antibodies); 2) cell line specific (bind only the cell line used for selection, 5% of antibodies); and 3) cell type specific (bind most, or all, members of a given breast tumor cell type, 45% of antibodies. For example, after selection of phage libraries on MDA-MB-231 cells, at least 8 unique antibodies were generated which bound all mesenchymal cell lines analyzed (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-231-guise, BT549, Hs578T) but not luminal cell lines (SKBR3, MCF7, T47D, MDA-MB-453) These preliminary results suggest that a large panel of antibodies against native tumor surface proteins can be developed through direct selection of phage antibody libraries on breast tumor cell lines. The resulting antibodies appear largely cell type specific and may be a route to antibodies which can be used for intracellular drug delivery and to identify the antigens bound. It is likely that a subset of antibodies may also directly inhibit growth or induce apoptosis. Studies are ongoing to: 1) profile the antibodies on a larger panel of mesenchymal and luminal cell lines; 2) determine whether the antibodies are efficiently internalized; and 3) determine whether the antibodies have direct antiproliferative activity.
Design and analysis of power distribution networks with accurate RLC models

Due to higher power and faster switching frequencies, a very robust power distribution network is required. To achieve this the power distribution network needs to be modeled accurately at different stages of the design cycle. We present a methodology for the design and analysis of power distribution networks. The methodology covers the need for power grid analysis across all stages of the design process. We present techniques to accurately model the effects on power distribution networks due to parasitic wire capacitances, parasitic capacitances of transistors, explicit decoupling capacitors and inductance from package leads.
Landscape Architects of the World, Unite!

This article describes the shaping of the modern landscape architecture profession in Western Europe through the lens of international congresses and associations that took place and were created during the period 1935–1948. The tangible legacy of these years remains the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA), founded in 1948 through the efforts of landscape architects from 15 national professional organizations. Although the birth of IFLA appeared essentially tied to postwar Europe, it also addressed more general questions regarding the profession, namely its future, its visibility within the design world, and its educational standards. These were all issues that had dominated prewar international meetings. The congresses of Brussels (1935), Paris (1937), Berlin (1938), and Zurich (1939) offered a means to broaden the forum for discussion and strengthen a nascent profession. In addition, the Association Internationale des Architectes de Jardins Modernistes (AIAJM), which followed the 193...
Zinc concentrations in vitreous humor: a postmortem study comparing alcoholic and other patients

Postmortem vitreous humor samples from alcoholic and other patients were compared. Zinc concentrations were lower in the alcoholic group of patients as compared to those who were not alcoholic. These findings support previous studies that indicate a decreased concentration of zinc in other body tissues and serum in alcoholic patients.
Massive Stochastic Testing of SQL

Deterministic testing of SQL database systems is human intensive and cannot adequately cover the SQL input domain. A system (RAGS), was built to stochastically generate valid SQL statements 1 million times faster than a human and execute them. 1 Testing SQL is Hard Good test coverage for commercial SQL database systems is very hard. The input domain, all SQL statements, from any number of users, combined with all states of the database, is gigantic. It is also difficult to verify output for positive tests because the semantics of SQL are complicated.’ Software engineering technology exists to predictably improve quality ([Bei90] for example). The techniques involve a software development process including unit tests and final system validation tests (to verify the absence of bugs). This process requires a substantial investment so commercial SQL vendors with tight schedules tend to use a more ad hoc process. The most popular method’ is rapid development followed by test-repair cycles. SQL test groups focus on deterministic testing to cover individual features of the language. Typical SQL test libraries contain tens of thousands of statements and require an estimated % person-hour per statement to compose. These test libraries cover an important, but tiny, fraction of the SQL input domain. Large increases in test coverage must come from automating the generation of tests. This paper describes a method to rapidly create a very large number of SQL statements without human intervention. The SQL statements are generated stochastically (or ‘randomly’) which provides the speed as well as wider coverage of the input domain. The challenge is to ‘Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the VLDB copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Very Large Data Base Endowment. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or special permission from the Endowment. Proceedings of the 24th VLDB Conference New York, USA, 1998 ’ SQL testing procedures and bug counts are proprietary so there is little public information. 618 distribute the SQL statements in useful regions of the input domain. If the distribution is adequate, stochastic testing has the advantage that the quality of the tests improves as the test size increases [TFW93]. A system called RAGS (Random Generation of SQL) was built to explore automated testing. RAGS is currently used by the Microsoft SQL Server [MSS98] testing group. This paper describes RAGS and some illustrative test results. Figure 1 illustrates the test coverage problem. Customers use the hexagon, bugs are in the oval, and the test libraries cover the shaded circle.
Characterizing Children’s Expectations About Expertise and Incompetence: Halo or Pitchfork Effects?

Do children expect an expert in one domain to also be an expert in an unrelated domain? In Study 1, 32 three- and four-year-olds learned that one informant was an expert about dogs relative to another informant. When presented with pictures of new dogs or of artifacts, children who could remember which informant was the dog expert preferred her over the novice as an informant about the names of dogs, but they had no preference when the informants presented artifact labels. In Study 2, 32 children learned that one informant was incompetent about dogs whereas another was neutral. In this case, children preferred the neutral speaker over the incompetent one about both dogs and artifacts. Taken together, these results suggest that for children, expertise is not subject to a “halo effect,” but incompetence may be subject to a “pitchfork effect.”
Carrots, Not Sticks: Rethinking Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights for 3D-Printed Manufacturing

Abstract This article explores the future impact on intellectual property (IP) rights as additive manufacturing technologies enable a larger segment of the population to create copies and derivatives of rights-protected objects. Despite growing concerns of widespread economic disruption, in reality, 3D-printed IP infringement will impact only a few specific industries, and even then, additive manufacturing will have a gradual and localized effect. Borrowing IP protections modeled on those used in the digital media industry would be ineffective. Instead, a more effective approach for companies seeking to thrive in an era of widespread additive manufacturing technologies would be to spend resources not on IP enforcement but on enticing customers with business model innovation and adding value to products in the form of quality assurance guarantees.
Impact of static graphics, animated graphics and mental imagery on a complex learning task

The present study compared the impact of different categories of graphics used within a complex learning task. One hundred eighty five native English speaking undergraduates participated in a task that required learning 18 Chinese radicals and their English equivalent translations. A post-test only control group design compared performance differences following training between 5 groups of participants (control, concrete verbal imagery information, single static graphics, multiple gradient static graphics, and animated graphics) on both immediate and 4-week retention tests. Data analysis indicated all graphic groups significantly outperformed the control group immediately following training. A 4-week delayed test showed those originally receiving multiple gradient static graphics significantly outperformed all other groups except those receiving the animated graphics. Implications are discussed based on cognitive load and the cognitive theory of multimedia learning.
Revised prompt neutron emission multiplicity distributions for 236,238Pu

Abstract The prompt neutron emission multiplicity distributions and average values ( P ν and 〈 ν 〉 , respectively) for nuclei which decay via spontaneous fission have been reevaluated. In the cases of 236Pu and 238Pu, inconsistencies were found in the recommended values for P ν and 〈 ν 〉 that were given in the most recent compilation of neutron emission multiplicity distributions from the fission of uranium and transuranium nuclides. In correcting for these inconsistencies, the values of 〈 ν 〉 for 236Pu and 238Pu have now been revised to 2.07 ± 0.13 and 2.19 ± 0.07 , respectively. The corresponding neutron emission probabilities for these two nuclei have also been revised in order to take into account the new recommended 〈 ν 〉 values.
Disappearance of inhibitor to factor VIII in HIV‐infected hemophiliacs with progression to AIDS or severe ARC

The spontaneous disappearance of the inhibitor to factor VIII (FVIII) was observed in two human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men with hemophilia A. Both men had end-stage HIV infection, one with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and one with severe AIDS-related complex (ARC). Loss of the inhibitor was associated with a fall in T4 helper lymphocytes to less than 100 per mm3 in both patients. Subsequent spontaneous and traumatic hemorrhages were treated successfully with standard doses of FVIII concentrate, resulting in adequate FVIII:C levels and good hemostasis. The mechanism by which the anti-FVIII inhibitor disappears is not known, but it is likely to be related to a quantitative decline in T4 cell number.
Curvature Aware Fundamental Cycles

We present a graph algorithm to find fundamental cycles aligned with the principal curvature directions of a surface. Specifically, we use the tree-cotree decomposition of graphs embedded in manifolds, guided with edge weights, in order to produce these cycles. Our algorithm is very quick compared to existing methods, with a worst case running time of O(n log n+gn) where n is the number of faces and g is the surface genus. Further, its flexibility to accommodate different weighting functions and to handle boundaries may be used to produce cycles suitable for a variety of applications and models.
Venture Capitalists' Confidence, Capital Commitments, and Capital Investments

Confidence among consumers and managers continues to be a closely watched economic indicator. Venture capitalists are essential in the development of many high-growth ventures; however, VC sentiment has not before been systematically tracked. We surveyed VC confidence quarterly since Q1 2004 and find that increasing VC confidence is coincident with increasing VC investment; however, VC confidence decreases one quarter after their increased investment activity, possibly due to buyer's remorse. Additionally, VC confidence decreases one quarter after increasing capital commitments to VC industry funds, possibly due to concern of too much money chasing too few good deals.
Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) can occur after major general surgery. Pulmonary embolism is recognized as the most common identifiable cause of death in hospitalized patients in the United States. The risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) is higher in colorectal surgical procedures compared with general surgical procedures. The incidence of venous thromboembolism in this population is estimated to be 0.2 to 0.3%. Prevention of VTE is considered a patient-safety measure in most mandated quality initiatives. The measures for prevention of VTE include mechanical methods (graduated compression stockings and intermittent pneumatic compression devices) and pharmacologic agents. A combination of mechanical and pharmacologic methods produces the best results. Patients undergoing surgery should be stratified according to their risk of VTE based on patient risk factors, disease-related risk factors, and procedure-related risk factors. The type of prophylaxis should be commensurate with the risk of VTE based on the composite risk profile.
SU‐GG‐T‐469: On the Dosimetric Characterization of Inclined Target Geometries Using Helical Tomotherapy

Purpose: To investigate whether the overshoot effect or “ballooning” of isodose lines into the rectum observed in tomotherapy patient treatment plans is caused by the sharp inclination of the posterior border of the prostate. Method and Materials: Cylindrical target and OAR volumes were segmented in a solid water phantom and placed adjacent to one another in an anterior‐posterior orientation at the center of the phantom. Individual treatment plans were created for the following angular orientations with respect to the y‐axis (IEC coordinates): Target0/OAR0: 0° above y‐axis, Target15/OAR15: 15° above y‐axis, Target30/OAR30: 30° above y‐axis and Target45/OAR45: 45° above y‐axis. Separation between the target and OAR remained fixed at 5 mm for all angles. Treatment plans were generated with a field width of 2.5cm, pitch of 0.287, and modulation factor of 2.5. For all plans, dose prescription was 98% of the target volume to receive at least 6.0Gy. Four additional treatment plans were created in which the target extended into the OAR. Results: None of the phantom plans showed any overshoot of the isodose lines into the adjacent OAR. In the phantom plans with the target extended into the OAR, the effect was not clearly seen however a slight indication of minimal ballooning was indeed observed. Additionally, it was noted that as the inclination angle increased the mean dose to the OAR increased. Conclusion: This study served to investigate the dependency of the target inclination on the isodose ballooning effect seen in prostate patients. Our phantom study results show that the angle of inclination does not produce a ballooning of the isodose lines but does lead to an increase in mean dose to the OAR as the angle is incremented. Future studies will investigate whether the extension of the target volume into the OAR is the cause.
Recognition of late Precambrian glaciogenic sediments in Liberia

Late Precambrian glaciation in West Africa is now suggested to have extended as far south as Gibi Mountain in west-central Liberia, 200 km farther south than previously recognized glacial deposits in central Sierra Leone. The Gibi Mountain Formation includes a basal diamictite, interpreted as a probable tillite, and overlying shallow-marine laminites containing isolated, ice-rafted dropstones and dropgrains. These rocks rest on Late Archean age gneisses and are overlain by Late Archean? age quartzite klippen emplaced during the pan-African orogeny (ca. 550 Ma).