cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid metabolism in inositol-deficient yeast, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis: II. Incorporation of labeled precursors into lipids by whole cells and activities of some enzymes involved in lipid formation

Abstract 1. 1. The incorporation of labeled precursors ([ 14 C 6 ]glucose, [ i - 14 C]acetate, [ i - 14 C]-labeled fatty acids, H 3 32 PO 4 ) into lipids of cells grown in the presence or absence of inositol has been investigated. The following enzymic activities were determined in subcellular preparations from cells grown under these two conditions: fatty acid synthetase, acyl-CoA: sn -glycerol-3-phosphate O -acyltransferase, acyl-CoA:dihydroxyacetone phosphate O -acyltransferase, CTP:phosphatidase cytidyltransferase. 2. 2. In the early growth phase, supplemented cells incorporate more activity from [ 14 C 6 ]glucose into triglycerides than deficient cells. The triglyceride content of supplemented cells decreases with time of growth, whereas, it increases in deficient cells. [ 14 C]Acetate is incorporated into fatty acids more rapidly by deficient cells with a high proportion being incorporated into triglycerides. 3. 3. The labeling pattern of different lipid classes, after uptake of exogenous [ i - 14 C]-labeled fatty acids, appeared to be very similar for both supplemented and deficient cells. Fatty acids from endogenous triglycerides are utilized for phospholipid synthesis by supplemented cells. 4. 4. The turnover of phospholipids is similar in supplemented and deficient cells, if related to the duplication time of the cultures, with the exception of the phosphatidyl inositol fraction which decreases at a much faster rate in deficient cells. 5. 5. Acyl-CoA: sn -glycerol-3-phosphate O -acyltransferase activity is equally distributed between the mitochondria and the mitochondria-free supernatant fraction. Acyl-CoA:dihydroxyacetone phosphate O -acyltransferase exhibits a higher specific activity in the mitochondrial fraction. No difference was observed between supplemented and deficient cells with regard to the activity of these two enzymes.
An interdisciplinary momentary confluence of events model to explain, minimize, and prevent pediatric patient falls and fall-related injuries

PURPOSE: This article reviews theoretical, empirical, and clinical evidence to support the hypothesis that pediatric patient fall episodes are rarely predictable; rather, falls and fall-related injuries occur during the momentary convergence of child, parent, and caregiver human factors, and environmental, biomechanical, and system factors. CONCLUSIONS: We propose an interdisciplinary pediatric fall and injury prevention model to guide future research toward interventions to prevent or minimize pediatric patient falls and injuries. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: When falls and near miss falls occur, nurses' detailed descriptions of each model component are critical to discovery of more effective pediatric fall and injury prevention methods. Language: en
Bounds on Extra Dimensions from Binary Pulsars

Evidence for gravitational radiation from binary pulsars places constraints on properties of ``large'' extra dimensions. The size of these extra dimensions must exceed about 37 AU for gravitational radiation to be emitted.
The Synthesis of Defined Aerosol Systems

Abstract Instrumentation and procedures for the synthetic production of photochemical aerosols within a laminar airflow along a tubular channel are described. Special micro-dosimetry quantitatively facilitates continuous addition of reactive trace components (hydrocarbons, NO, NO2, SO2) and of defined nucleating particulates. The flow is subsequently irradiated symmetrically in the spectral range (320-450 mμ) in a special channel section without temperature increase, at adjustable intensity levels and exposure durations up to several times solar intensity at ground level. The resulting aerocolloidal components are analyzed with the Aerosol Spectrometer for determining the size and mass distribution of the photoactivated particulates at various reaction stages. Examples of smog-type reactions between traces of NO2 and olefines, and of modifications of natural aerosols, are presented.
The closed boat: A new approach for semiconductor batch processing☆

Abstract Temperature gradient measurements and X-ray topography are used to characterize silicon wafers before and after batch processing. Experiments are performed at a temperature range from 900 to 1200°C. Wafers are processed using standard and modified quartz boats. Temperature gradients in wafers during heat cycling are measured and related to crystal perfection. It is shown that defects in wafers due to heat cycling are substantially reduced through closed boat processing. Similar investigations are reported for wafer warpage. Finally, successful processing of large area silicon slabs (115 × 57 mm area and 0·375 mm thick) is discussed.
Integrating self-determination theory with the social ecological model to understand students' physical activity behaviors

In light of the well-documented health benefits of engaging in regular physical activity, much concern has been voiced about inadequate participation in physical activity among school-aged students in recent years. To promote school-aged students' physical activity participation and to achieve public health goals, there is an emerging trend to investigate multilevel theory-based correlates of physical activity to complement the conventional research paradigm of individual-centered influences on physical activity. The primary purpose of this article is to review the self-determination theory and social ecological model, and to provide a rationale for integrating these two frameworks. This approach has the potential to provide a clearer understanding of the decisions school-aged students make regarding being physically active. It can ultimately offer significant and promising insights regarding physical activity intervention strategies for promoting school-aged students' physical activity participation when...
Spatial-interval discrimination in the human fovea: what delimits the interval?

In this paper we describe four experiments concerned with spatial-interval discrimination. The first experiment demonstrates that perturbations in the internal light distribution of two bright bars alter the perceived separation of the bars without influencing the precision of spatial-interval discrimination. Specifically, alterations in the centroid of the luminance distribution of the bars were found to influence their perceived separation systematically. In the second experiment we investigated separation discrimination for (a) a pair of bright lines, (b) a pair of dark lines, and (c) a pair of lines with opposite polarity (a bright–dark pair). For large interline separations, the thresholds for separation discrimination of the three stimuli were equivalent. However, for small separations (<4 arcmin) the thresholds for the opposite-polarity pair were significantly higher than those for either bright or dark lines. The third experiment showed that separation discrimination is also impaired when the direction-of-brightness change of adjacent edges is the same. In the fourth experiment, random luminance perturbations were introduced in the interval between two bright bars separated by 1.5 to 8 arcmin by the addition of a dim line within the interval. The effect of these perturbations was also to alter the perceived separation of the bars with no effect on the precision of spatial-interval discrimination. Increasing the intensity of the perturbating line (to equal that of the outer lines) elevated thresholds for small separations (<4 arcmin) to approximately 6 arcsec but had no effect on the threshold for larger separations. Taken together, these results (1) suggest that large and small separations are processed differently and (2) place strong constraints on models for spatial-interval discrimination.
Migration, Refugee Policy, and State Building in Postcommunist Europe

1. Introduction: postcommunism, nationalism, and refugees 2. A theory of refugee politics in 'contested' and 'uncontested' postcommunist states 3. Refugee policy in the Russian Federation 4. Refugee policy in Ukraine 5. Refugee policy in the Czech Republic 6. Refugee policy in Poland 7. Conclusion.
Major Role Losses and Social Participation of Older Males

This article examines the relative importance of major role losses experienced in widowhood and retirement, personal characteristics, and prior level of participation as predictors of formal and informal social participation in old age. Data obtained from the Longitudinal Retirement History Survey (LRHS) of a panel (N = 6603) of males in their sixties are analyzed. Stepwise regression analysis reveals that prior level of participation and personal characteristics explain more variance in participation than major role losses considered alone or in conjunction with related deteriorative changes such as income loss. When the effects of these variables are simultaneously controlled, persons with major role losses have lower levels of participation in formal organizations and in selected areas of informal activity than those without comparable losses. Examination of the cumulative effects of experiencing both major role losses exacerbated these results. Policy implications for preretirement education and progr...
Nanophotonics: a new multidisciplinary frontier

Nanophotonics, defined as nanoscale optical science and technology, is a new multidisciplinary frontier. This article presents our studies on nanoscale matter–radiation interactions utilizing nanoscale confinement of radiation as well as on nanoscale photochemical transformations, particularly nanoscale nonlinear optical interactions. The selected examples of our studies include nanoscopic optical harmonic generation, multiphoton fluorescence, transient absorption dynamics, surface-plasmon-enhanced two-photon fluorescence, and nonlinear optical information storage.
A theoretical solution to the motion of an atmospheric spherical vortex

Abstract Several atmospheric phenomena have been studied in the past in which buoyant fluid convects upward as a compact “blob” of cloudy or smoky air. In such volumes there is a strong updraft in the middle of the blob, and slower rising, or descending air around the outside. Such blobs of cooler diluted air are an important candidate dynamical entity for diluting cumulus and stratus clouds with dry air entrained from above; they have been identified in observations of marine stratus clouds. In the past they have been studied in water tank experiments but no adequate theoretical description has been available. This paper presents a theoretical analysis that will allow formulation of the dynamical equations so they can be developed for use in nonself-similar conditions. The rising vortex, in the theoretical model for the self-similar buoyant blob, spreads at the same angle as observed in previous studies with water tank experiments.
Influence of left ventricular mass on left ventricular diastolic filling in normotensive morbid obesity.

Abstract To identify factors influencing left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling in patients with morbid obesity, we performed transthoracic and Doppler echocardiography on 50 subjects whose actual body weight was ≥twice their ideal body weight and on 50 normal lean control subjects. The transmitral Doppler EA ratio and E wave deceleration half-time were used to assess LV diastolic filling. Significant negative correlations were seen between the EA ratio and the LV internal dimension in diastole ( r = 0.819, p = 0.0001), systolic blood pressure ( r = 0.751, p = 0.0001), LV end-systolic wall stress ( r = 0.782, p = 0.0001), and LV mass/height index ( r = 0.901, p = 0.0001). Significant positive correlations were seen between the E wave deceleration half-time and the LV internal dimension in diastole ( r = 0.743, p = 0.0001), systolic blood pressure ( r = 0.789, p = 0.0001), LV end-systolic wall stress ( r = 0.828, p = 0.0001), and LV mass/height index ( r = 0.831, p = 0.0001). No correlation was seen between diastolic blood pressure and either index of LV diastolic filling. Thus increasing LV mass is associated with progressive impairment of LV diastolic filling in morbidly obese individuals. The aforementioned alterations in LV loading conditions may contribute to impairment of LV diastolic filling directly or by increasing LV mass.
COMPLICATIONS OF CLEAN INTERMITTENT CATHETERIZATION IN BOYS AND YOUNG MALES WITH NEUROGENIC BLADDER DYSFUNCTION

Purpose: We evaluate the risk for urethral lesions and epididymitis in boys with neurogenic bladder dysfunction treated by clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) for a minimum of 10 years. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 28 males with neurogenic bladder dysfunction followed from the start of CIC until the age of 15 to 20 years were reviewed. Results: CIC had been performed for a median of 16 years (range 10 to 21). Overall CIC was used for 438 years (265 before and 173 after puberty). During 76% of the years a noncoated polyvinyl chloride catheter with lubrication was used and in 24% of years a hydrophilic coated polyvinyl chloride catheter was used. The catheter size was 12C or greater in 43% of the cases. Independence from self-catheterization occurred during 37% of the CIC years. Of the patients 19 experienced at least 1 episode of difficulty inserting the catheter and/or had macroscopic hematuria on a total of 42 occasions. Major urethral lesions were seen on cystoscopy in 7 patients on 9 occasions (5 false passages, 1 superficial recess, 2 meatal stenoses, 1 urethral stricture). Major urethral lesions were not associated with puberty and did not occur during self-catheterization or with use of catheters 12C or greater. Epididymitis was seen in only a 12 year-old boy. Conclusions: The overall rate of complications was low. The incidence of major urethral lesions did not increase during puberty. Self-catheterization and 12C catheter or greater seemed to be protective against major lesions.
Artificial mitral valve chorde: Experimental and clinical experience

Failure of mitral valve reconstructive procedures often may be ascribed to severe or progressive alterations of subvalvar apparatus. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures were used to replace anterior leaflet mitral valve chordae in 8 animals (hypertensive dogs and growing sheep). After the positive results obtained during a 13-month follow-up, 5-0 sutures of the same material were introduced in clinical practice to replace mitral valve chordae. Twelve patients had two to six anterior leaflet chordae replaced for degenerative or rheumatic disease. In 3 patients, the intraoperative result was not acceptable and a prosthetic valve was inserted during the same operation. One case of late failure has been recorded so far (18 months after the procedure), owing to rupture of a natural chorda shortened at operation. Since that event, we have implanted supportive artificial chordae in case of diffuse alteration of natural chordae. The remaining patients show satisfactory hemodynamic results, and no valve-related events have been recognized up to 30 months after operation. We suggest use of 5-0 polytetrafluoroethylene sutures in replacing anterior leaflet chordae in degenerative, rheumatic, and congenital mitral valve diseases.
Temperature-programmed desorption of CO from Ni/SiO2 Application of analytic techniques for strongly interacting adsorbates

Abstract The interactions of CO with a Ni/SiO 2 catalyst were studied using the temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) technique. Programmed heating following adsorption led to desorption of both CO and CO 2 . C and O were found to remain on the catalyst surface after TPD of CO; both were removed by subsequent H 2 treatment. Four CO desorption peaks, designated β * , β 1 , β 2 , and β′, were assigned to a surface-type carbonyl, linear-bonded CO, bridge-bonded CO, and the recombination of C and O adatoms, respectively. CO 2 desorption spectra showed a single desorption peak, P 2 , when the catalyst weight was low. A new chemical pathway, revealed by the appearance of another peak, P 1 , was opened for a higher weight of sample. The formation of P 1 and P 2 followed first-order and second-order kinetics, respectively. The strong readsorption properties of CO within the catalyst bed have made direct determination of kinetic parameters difficult. In a limited range of temperatures, however, a similarity of the CO desorption spectra to results from unsupported Ni was found. Numerical simulation of the TPD process for a flow system has shown that the differential bed assumption is reasonable, i.e. a uniform distribution of the adsorbate within the bed during desorption is approximated. With these observations serving as a basis, the catalyst weight, the amount adsorbed, and the heating rate were varied to obtain desorption energies by analysis of the TPD data for both CO and CO 2 .
Simulation models for psychometric theories

My topic concerns another instance of a new methodology for the behavioral sciences made feasible by the availability of large fast computers. The strategy which characterizes this methodology is the attempt to simulate by means of computer programs, the paradigms which constrain and direct the behavior of an experienced behavioral scientist as he attempts to deal with the problems and data of interest to him. The significance for psychology of this computer-based methodology is similar to that of psychometric methodology to the extent that it provides formal systems for the explication and publication of the intuitions of the experienced psychologist.
Inferior Mean of Measures on Curves and Subspaces

We obtain new sharp upper bounds of the inferior mean for positive harmonic functions defined by finite boundary measures that lie on curves or subspaces of the boundary of the half-space.
The Archaeology of Islands and Coastlines

Welcome to the inaugural issue of the Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology (JICA). For several years we have worked with numerous colleagues and staff from Taylor & Francis/Routledge to establ...
The utility of hemoglobin A1c at diagnosis for prediction of future glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes.

Introduction We evaluated the relationships of hemoglobin A1c (A1c) at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) to future glycemic control and to a series of clinical variables in children with T1DM.
Polarized infrared emissivity from dew droplets on a surface

We model the infrared polarization emissivity from spherical particles on a plane surface. The emissivity and polarization is primarily a function of the density of particles multiplied by their cross-sectional area. The presence of particles tends to reduce the polarization. As the emission angle increases from near-normal incidence, the polarization tends to pass through a maximum, followed by a minimum and a final sharp rise at near grazing angles. The mechanism for this structure is the shadowing of different portions of the spherical particles by other particles.
Flight Path Angle Dynamics of Air-breathing Hypersonic Vehicles

Abstract : The flight path dynamics of aircraft are often characterized by the presence of a right-half plane zero in the elevator-to-flight path angle transfer function. For most aircraft, the frequency of this zero is high enough that it does not limit the bandwidth of the flight control system. This is not the case, however, with air-breathing hypersonic aircraft. This class of aircraft is characterized by unstable longitudinal dynamics, strong loop interactions, and the presence of non-minimum phase transmission zeros. In the case of flight-path angle and velocity control, the presence of a low frequency transmission zero severely limits the achievable bandwidth. We show that the frequency of the zero is related to the instantaneous center-of-rotation of the aircraft, which is dependent upon the amount of lift produced by the longitudinal control effectors. In order to improve flight-path control, we investigate the feasibility of an aircraft configured with redundant pitch control effectors. The additional effector moves the instantaneous center-of-rotation, and as a result, the location of the zero. The trade-off is that the path-attitude decoupling inherent in hypersonic aircraft becomes more pronounced. Results are given for both a rigid hypersonic aircraft model and a model that includes the effects of the first fuselage bending mode.
875 BIOTINIDASE DEFICIENCY DETECTED BY A STATEWIDE NEONATAL SCREENING PROGRAM

Biotinidase deficiency is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder that usually manifests during infancy or early childhood with seizures, skin rash, alopecia, hearing loss, developmental delay and metabolic compromise, and occasionally results in coma and death. If diagnosed early the disorder can be treated effectively with biotin. To estimate the incidence of biotinidase deficiency and the potential cost-effectiveness of neonatal screening we conducted a pilot program in the Commonwealth of Virginia. After screening 77,145 newborns in ten months we have confirmed the diagnosis in two infants: a female and a male ascertained at 4 mos. and 2 mos. of age, respectively. Each infant had normal EEGs and developmental milestones, and neither had cutaneous or metabolic abnormalities. However, both were slightly hypertonic with brisk reflexes, and the female had abnormal brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Treatment with biotin (10 mg/d) was initiated within 3 days of confirming the diagnosis. Our preliminary estimate of the incidence of the disorder is 1 in 38,500 (95% confidence limits: 1 in 11,700 and 1 in 228,000). Affected infants are not symptomatic at birth, but may develop physical and neurologic abnormalities if untreated. The qualitative screening test for biotinidase activity is simple and inexpensive. Therefore, we recommend that testing for biotinidase deficiency be incorporated into all newborn screening programs.
An investigation of the hydrogen bonding characteristics of butanediols

Abstract The infrared spectra of 1,2, 1,3, 2,3, and 1,4 butanediols have been measured in the vapor phase, as pure liquids and as dilute solutions in CCl4 and CS2. Temperatures were varied from ambient to 300°C. As pure liquids, the spectroscopic behavior of these compounds is indistinguishable from that of monofunctional alcohols. ΔH's of intramolecular hydrogen bond formation were found to be −0.75 kcal mole for the 1,2 and 2,3 diols; −1.35 kcal mole for 1,3 diol and −3.00 kcal mole for 1,4 diol, all in the vapor phase. Band overlap reduces the reliability of the ΔH's for the 1,2 and 2,3 diols. The values were about 30% lower in solution. Conclusions are presented regarding the relative importance of geometrical factors and solventsolute interactions on frequency shifts and on ΔH's.
Equations of Motion of Point Particles in Fields of Nonzero Rest Mass and Spin

>A classical theory of free fields corresponding to quanta of arbitrary integral spin has been formulated by Dirac and Fierz. Sources of such neutral fields were considered by Harish-Chandra, who also obtained the equations of motion for arbitrary multipole singularities. It is noted that for fields of nonzero rest mass and spin the conditions imposed on the sources by Harish- Chandra are more stringent than is required by the invariance properties of the fields, and a more general set of equations is proposed. The corresponding equations of motion are obtained for arbitrary multipole singularitles. The theory is extended to charged and charge-symmetric fields. (auth)
Invited Review: Sensory Analysis of Dairy Foods

Sensory quality is the ultimate measure of product quality and success. Sensory analysis comprises a variety of powerful and sensitive tools to measure human responses to foods and other products. Selection of the appropriate test, test conditions, and data analysis result in reproducible, powerful, and relevant results. Appropriate application of these tests enables specific product and consumer insights and interpretation of volatile compound analyses to flavor perception. Trained-panel results differ from dairy judging and grading and one objective of this review is to clearly address and demonstrate the differences. Information on available sensory tests, when and how to use them, and the powerful results that can be obtained is presented.
Epitaxial BaxSr1 − xTiO3/YBa2Cu3O7 bilayers for tunable microwave applications

Abstract The feasibility of epitaxial BaxSr1 − xTiO3/YBa2Cu3O7 bilayers was studied for tunable microwave antennae applications. Ferroelectric BaxSr1 − xTiO3 (BST) was epitaxially coupled to YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) thin films via the pulsed laser deposition technique. Congruent processing parameters were used for the growth of both layers and it was found that the superconducting phase of the YBCO could still be maintained with sufficient post-deposition anneal in oxygen. X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy results indicate that a mosaic structure was formed in the BST layer. Electrical measurements demonstrate the viability of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 thin films as tuning media for YBCO microwave antennae as the relative dielectric constant was measured to be 360 at 77 K, and 50% modulations were achieved with applied fields as small as 4.5 V.
New MILP models for the permutation flowshop problem

Two new mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) models for the regular permutation flowshop problem, called TBA and TS3, are derived using a combination of JAML (job-adjacency, machine-linkage) diagrams and variable substitution techniques. These new models are then compared to the incumbent best MILP models (Wilson, WST2, and TS2) for this problem found in the flowshop sequencing literature. We define the term best to mean that a particular model or set of models can solve a common set of test flowshop problems in significantly less time than other competing models. In other words, the two new MILP models (TBA and TS3) become the challengers to the current incumbent best models (Wilson, WST2, TS2.). Both new models are shown to require less time, on average, than the current best models for solving this set of problems; and the TS3 model is shown to solve these problems in statistically significantly less time than the other four models combined.
Early Establishment of a Native Grass Reduces the Competitive Effect of a Non-Native Grass

Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link), a C4 perennial bunchgrass native to Africa and parts of Asia, has invaded broadly across the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Buffelgrass establishment may occur earlier than the natives it displaces which may preempt resource acquisition by native species and contribute to its invasion success. In a greenhouse, buffelgrass aboveground growth was tested against Arizona cottontop (Digitaria californica (Benth.) Henr.), a native C4 perennial bunchgrass, in pairwise combinations in a randomized complete block factorial design with 10 replications, three neighbor identities (self, other, and no neighbor), and three competition treatments (21-day younger neighbor, 21-day older neighbor, and same-aged neighbor). When compared with control plants, there was no significant effect on aboveground biomass for older Arizona cottontop plants competing with younger buffelgrass plants (p > 0.05). However, when Arizona cottontop plants were of the same age or younger than buffelgrass plants, buffelgrass caused 95 and 88% reductions, respectively, in aboveground biomass (p < 0.05 in both cases). Intraspecific competition between same-aged Arizona cottontop plants resulted in only 55% decline in aboveground biomass production (p < 0.05), thus interspecific competition with buffelgrass was more intense than intraspecific competition for Arizona cottontop when plants had similar emergence times. These results suggest that establishing native plants immediately following a disturbance event could be a practical technique for restoring or retaining diversity on sites with high potential for invasion by buffelgrass.
Robust and Resilient Finite-Time Control of a Class of Discrete-Time Nonlinear Systems

Abstract In this paper, we address the finite-time state-feedback stabilization of a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems with conic type nonlinearities, bounded feedback control gain perturbations, and additive disturbances. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a robust and resilient linear state-feedback controller for this class of systems are derived. Then, using linear matrix inequality techniques, a solution for the controller gain is obtained. The developed controller is robust for all unknown nonlinearities lying in a hyper-sphere and all admissible disturbances. Moreover, it is resilient against any bounded perturbations that may alter the controller's gain by at most a prescribed amount. We conclude the paper with a numerical example showcasing the applicability of the main result.
3-D, 3-C Seismic Characterization of Joffre Field, Alberta, Canada

A 3-D multicomponent (3-D, 3-C) seismic survey was collected over the northeastern limit of Joffre field, Alberta by the Colorado School of Mines Reservoir Characterization Project. The focus of this survey is lithology and porosity discrimination within the upper Devonian, Nisku dolomite reservoir. Geologic studies of cores from this reservoir revealed depositional and diagenetic heterogeneities, which influence production. Compressional seismic data has failed to image the Nisku reservoir or the underlying productive Leduc reef within the survey. However, shear wave technology has characterized the spatial variability of lithology within this reservoir and imaged the productive reef. Velocity ratio (Vp/Vs) mapping of 3-D, 3-C seismic data is a powerful lithologic discrimination tool. In addition to showing spatial lithologic changes within the Cretaceous section, higher Vp/Vs ratios found over the productive Nisku reservoir correlate with porosity variations. The 3-D shear wave data also show spatial correlation of the S1 (fast) shear wave amplitudes with known reservoir properties. Significant lateral Nisku reservoir heterogeneities are depicted by these results. By incorporating results from this technology into the reservoir model, improved reservoir exploitation can be achieved.
On Economic Justifications of Bioterrorism Defense Spending

*The opinions contained in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the American Medical Association.
Menstruation Frequency and its Relation to Conception in Dairy Cattle

Summary Observations as to the external evidence of the occurrence of menstruation were made at six different times daily on each of five days following estrus, for four lots of dairy females each consisting of 100 animals. One hundred heifers and an equal number of cows were observed after estrus, when breeding did not occur, and 100 heifers and 61 cows showed evidence of menstruation. Two similar groups of 100 heifers and 100 cows were bred during estrus. Of the 100 heifers bred at estrus, 81 menstruated. Sixty-one of the heifers conceived and 52 or 85.25 per cent of those conceiving also menstruated while of the 39 that did not conceive, 29 or 74.36 per cent menstruated. Of the 100 cows bred at estrus, 61 menstruated. Seventy-two of these cows conceived, and 50 or 69.44 per cent of those conceiving; also menstruated, while of the 28 that did not conceive, 11 or 39.29 per cent menstruated. The data do not indieate any definite relationship between breeding and conception as affecting menstruation. When external evidences of menstruation were observed a total of 303 of the 400 individuals menstruated and 225 or 74.26 per cent showed this menstrual discharge on the second day following estrus.
Neuronal Correlates of Subjective Visual Perception

Neuronal activity in the superior temporal sulcus of monkeys, a cortical region that plays an important role in analyzing visual motion, was related to the subjective perception of movement during a visual task. Single neurons were recorded while monkeys (Macaca mulatta) discriminated the direction of motion of stimuli that could be seen moving in either of two directions during binocular rivalry. The activity of many neurons was dictated by the retinal stimulus. Other neurons, however, reflected the monkeys' reported perception of motion direction, indicating that these neurons in the superior temporal sulcus may mediate the perceptual experience of a moving object.
On the Faint End of the High-Redshift Active Galactic Nucleus Luminosity Function

Using the results of recent optical surveys, we conclude that the nondetection of quasars down to faint magnitudes implies a significant flattening of the high-redshift (z ~ 6) optical active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity function for M1450 -24.7. We find that all the data are consistent with a faint-end slope for the optical AGN luminosity function of β = -2.2 and -2.8, at the 90% and 99% confidence level, respectively, which is flatter than the bright-end slope of β' ~ -3.2. We also show that X-ray deep surveys have probed even fainter magnitudes than the optical ones, yielding more significant constraints on the shallow faint-end slope of the optical luminosity function. The inclusion of type II AGN candidates, detected in the Chandra Deep Fields, hints toward a higher normalization for the total AGN luminosity function, if these sources lie at 5 z 6.5. We then discuss simple theoretical models of AGN formation and evolution in the context of cold dark matter cosmology. The comparison with the total AGN luminosity function favors a redshift-dependent relation between black hole and dark matter halo masses of the type M• ∝ M, with 1.3 α 1.7, compatible with independent studies from statistical analysis and rotation curve measurements. Finally, we compute the quasar contribution to reionization to be 9% at z ~ 6, up to ~30% when integrated within 5.5 z 6.5, significantly smaller than that from galaxies.
APPLICABILITY of A SHEAR INDUCED RATE CONSTANT MODEL to CONVERSION of CORN MEAL IN A TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER

Data obtained from extruding corn meal in a corotating twin-screw extruder was used to test an Arrhenius type shear induced rate constant model, k s = k s, o exp (− E s /τυ), where k s was shear induced rate constant, E s was shear activation energy, τ was shear stress, and ν was molar volume. A rheological zone was created by placing a reverse screw 300 mm from the die where the temperature was at 60C, sufficiently low that thermal effect on conversion of the material into gel or melt could be neglected. Throughput was used as an independent variable to generate various levels of shear input, while screw speed and feed moisture content were kept constant. Conversion of the material in the rheological zone was determined using differential scanning calorimetry, as the rate contant k s was calculated assuming zero order kinetics. A plot of k s vs. 1/τν followed a straight line, confirming the applicability of the model to twin-screw extrusion under the experimental conditions. The shear activation energy E s was 40 cal/mole, comparable to the literature values obtained from single screw extrusion and capillary rheometry
Point-to-point wave propagation through an intermediate layer of random anisotropic irregularities: Phase and amplitude correlation functions

The problem of wave propagation from a point source to a point of observation through an intermediate slab containing random weak dielectric irregularities is considered. Under the assumption that the spatial correlation of the permittivity is a Gaussian one with correlation distances much larger than the wavelength, the phase and amplitude auto- and cross-correlations are computed for any distance of source and receiver to the slab. Comparison is made to the analyses by Karavainikov and Yeh which are shown to be limiting cases of the present work.
Physical and functional association of the T cell receptor and the T3 molecular complex on cytotoxic T cell clones that are differentially inhibitable by anti-T3 antibodies.

Abstract To examine the hypothesis that the antigen-specific T cell receptor (TcR) can function independently from the T3 complex on cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones, the physical and functional association of the T3 molecular complex and the T cell receptor has been examined on CTL clones that are differentially susceptible to inhibition by anti-T3 antibodies. From a panel of nine DPw2-specific CTL clones derived from the same donor, two clones (8.4 and 8.8) that were the most disparate in their susceptibility to inhibition by anti-T3 antibody were chosen for study. No significant differences were found between 8.4 and 8.8 for: (1) the levels of cell surface expression of the T3 complex and the TcR; (2) the ability to modulate T3 cell surface molecules; and (3) the capacity of the TcR to comodulate with the T3 complex. Modulation of the T3 complex from clone 8.4 did not significantly affect cytolytic activity, and incubation of modulated 8.4 with additional anti-T3 antibody did not inhibit cytolytic activity. Although no T3 function for clone 8.4 could be demonstrated by simply blocking cytolytic activity with anti-T3 antibody, addition of limiting quantities of anti-T11 (but not anti-T4, anti-Tac, or anti-LFA-1) antibodies plus anti-T3 produced a marked synergistic inhibition of cytolysis. These results suggest that: (1) CTL clones that are resistant to inhibition by anti-T3 antibodies actually have a physical and functional association between the T3 complex and the TcR; and (2) the ability to demonstrate a functional role for T3 by antibody blocking may, in some cases, require limiting the involvement of the T11 molecule in CTL-target interactions. The most likely explanation for the observed heterogeneity in susceptibility to blocking by anti-T3 antibodies is, therefore, thought to be that individual CTL clones possess TcR with differential avidity for specific targets.
Pediatric digital echocardiography: a study of the analog-to-digital transition.

Abstract Limited information is available that describes the practical conversion of a pediatric echocardiography laboratory from videotape to a primarily digital format. To help pediatric echocardiographers begin to make the analog-to-digital transition, we report our pediatric digital acquisition protocol and the acquisition and storage parameters of 1000 unselected, consecutive digitally acquired studies of pediatric patients with known or suspected congenital or acquired heart disease. With the use of our acquisition protocol, a complete normal study requires 46 moving clips and 12 still-frame images. Five hundred consecutive patient studies acquired with "high" JPEG (Joint Photographers Experts Group) compression (group 1) were compared with the next 500 examinations acquired using "medium" JPEG compression (group 2) for number of moving clips, still images, and megabytes of storage space. No intergroup difference was found in the number of moving clips or still images. When JPEG compression was decreased from high to medium, the average clip storage requirement per patient increased, and the number of patients stored per 230-MB magneto optical disk decreased significantly. Non-ECG–triggered timed single-plane clips and still images required significantly more storage space than ECG–triggered single-beat clips and still images. The frequency of multiplane sweeps was.03 and was independent of diagnosis. With the use of high JPEG compression, the digital storage cost per patient was $1.90, which was 6.0 times greater than that for simultaneously recorded 120-minute VHS videotape. Many features of the digital paradigm, including decreased MOD storage space, enhanced serial study comparisons, random image access, and improved image quality, mitigate this cost differential. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:561-9.)
Differential behavioral responses to chronic amphetamine in adult male and female rats exposed to postnatal cocaine treatment.

Abstract The impact of cocaine exposure during development on behavioral sensitization as measured by locomotor activity and stereotypy following repeated intermittent administration of amphetamine is examined. Male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to cocaine at 50 mg/kg/day during postnatal days (PND) 11–20 and, as adults (PND193–212), were administered seven daily injections of 2.0 mg/kg amphetamine. Both locomotor activity and stereotypic behavior were assessed following the first and seventh injections. Control males and females showed sensitized behavior following repeated amphetamine injections with females showing greater locomotion while males showed increased stereotypy. Male rats pretreated with cocaine failed to develop sensitized locomotor or stereotypic responses following repeated amphetamine injections consistent with dampened D 1 receptor activity. Females pretreated with cocaine did not show a sensitized locomotor response but did display sensitization of stereotypy following repeated amphetamine administration. Thus, it appears that postnatal cocaine treatment produces differential effects on the circuits mediating sensitization behavior in male and female rats.
An essential role for the immune system in the mechanism of tumor regression following targeted oncogene inactivation

Tumors are genetically complex and can have a multitude of mutations. Consequently, it is surprising that the suppression of a single oncogene can result in rapid and sustained tumor regression, illustrating the concept that cancers are often "oncogene addicted." The mechanism of oncogene addiction has been presumed to be largely cell autonomous as a consequence of the restoration of normal physiological programs that induce proliferative arrest, apoptosis, differentiation, and/or cellular senescence. Interestingly, it has recently become apparent that upon oncogene inactivation, the immune response is critical in mediating the phenotypic consequences of oncogene addiction. In particular, CD4(+) T cells have been suggested to be essential to the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment, including the shutdown of host angiogenesis and the induction of cellular senescence in the tumor. However, adaptive and innate immune cells are likely involved. Thus, the effectors of the immune system are involved not only in tumor initiation, tumor progression, and immunosurveillance, but also in the mechanism of tumor regression upon targeted oncogene inactivation. Hence, oncogene inactivation may be an effective therapeutic approach because it both reverses the neoplastic state within a cancer cell and reactivates the host immune response that remodels the tumor microenvironment.
On Sums of Four Smooth Squares

We show that almost every natural number M is the sum of four squares with all their prime Factors smaller than exp(20(log M log log M)(1/2)).
Synthesis of an organosilicon hyperbranched oligomer containing alkenyl and silyl hydride groups

A new organosilicon hyperbranched oligomer has been prepared that contains both double bonds and silyl hydride groups. The monomer is prepared via the hydrosilylation of propargyl chloride with methyldichlorosilane in the presence of a platinum catalyst. The product is a mixture resulting from both α- and β-addition. Treatment of the monomer mixture with magnesium results in the formation of a hyperbranched oligomer, which is then treated with LiAlH4. Control of monomer addition speed to the magnesium is critical in order to keep head-head coupling low. The resulting oligomer is air- and water-stable, and has an average degree of polymerization of 8. This material gives a char yield of 24% but after crosslinking with platinum catalyst, the char yield increases to 69%. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 3778–3784, 1999
RELIGIOUS METAPHORS: MEDIATORS BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION THAT GENERATE TRANSCENDENT MEANING

Abstract. Humans can be described as existing somewhere on a descriptive continuum between the poles expressed by the metaphors “humans are machines” and “humans are animals.” Arguments for these metaphors are examined, and the metaphors are rejected as absolute descriptions of humans. After a brief examination of the nature of metaphor, all metaphors are discovered to mediate (interact) between biological and cultural evolution. Contrary to the reductionist program of sociobiologists, religious metaphors that generate transcendent meaning offer a legitimate description of humans.
Measuring industrial energy savings

Accurate measurement of energy savings from industrial energy efficiency projects can reduce uncertainty about the efficacy of the projects, guide the selection of future projects, improve future estimates of expected savings, promote financing of energy efficiency projects through shared-savings agreements, and improve utilization of capital resources. Many efforts to measure industrial energy savings, or simply track progress toward efficiency goals, have had difficulty incorporating changing weather and production, which are frequently major drivers of plant energy use. This paper presents a general method for measuring plant-wide industrial energy savings that takes into account changing weather and production between the pre and post-retrofit periods. In addition, the method can disaggregate savings into components, which provides additional resolution for understanding the effectiveness of individual projects when several projects are implemented together. The method uses multivariable piece-wise regression models to characterize baseline energy use, and disaggregates savings by taking the total derivative of the energy use equation. Although the method incorporates search techniques, multi-variable least-squares regression and calculus, it is easily implemented using data analysis software, and can use readily available temperature, production and utility billing data. This is important, since more complicated methods may be too complex for widespread use. The method is demonstrated using case studies of actual energy assessments. The case studies demonstrate the importance of adjusting for weather and production between the pre- and post-retrofit periods, how plant-wide savings can be disaggregated to evaluate the effectiveness of individual retrofits, how the method can identify the time-dependence of savings, and limitations of engineering models when used to estimate future savings.
Global ocean salinity changing due to anthropogenic climate change

Rising sea surface temperatures, climbing sea levels, and ocean acidification are the most commonly discussed consequences of anthropogenic climate change for the global oceans. They are not, however, the only potentially important shifts observed over recent decades. Drawing on observations from 1955 to 2004, Pierce et al. found that the oceans’ salinity changed throughout the study period, that the changes were independent of known natural variability, and that the shifts were consistent with the expected effects of anthropogenic climate change.
Removal of kinetic traps and enhanced protein folding by strategic substitution of amino acids in a model α‐helical hairpin peptide

The presence of non-native kinetic traps in the free energy landscape of a protein may significantly lengthen the overall folding time so that the folding process becomes unreliable. We use a computational model α-helical hairpin peptide to calculate structural free energy landscapes and relate them to the kinetics of folding. We show how protein engineering through strategic changes in only a few amino acid residues along the primary sequence can greatly increase the speed and reliability of the folding process, as seen experimentally. These strategic substitutions also prevent the formation of long-lived misfolded configurations that can cause unwanted aggregations of peptides. These results support arguments that removal of kinetic traps, obligatory or nonobligatory, is crucial for fast folding. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 167–178, 2006 This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com