cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ischemic tolerance induction in organotypic hippocampal slices: Role for the GABAA receptor?

Abstract Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) refers to sublethal ischemic insults rendering brain tissue tolerant against subsequent ischemic insults. We investigated the role of the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) upon IPC induction. Rat organotypic hippocampal slices were subjected to IPC by 15 min of oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by 40 min of OGD 48 h later, resulting in robust cell death reduction as assessed by the propidium iodide fluorescence method (‘late’ or ‘second window’ IPC). Superfusion with the GABAAR antagonist bicuculline during IPC ameliorated propidium iodide uptake at a high but not at low doses indicating that GABAAR activation may be assigned a limited role in neuroprotection. In previous studies, we found that increased neuronal excitability can promote IPC neuroprotection. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that blockade of inhibitory GABAergic transmission conferred ischemic tolerance. However, temporary administration of bicuculline 48 h prior to ischemic challenge was not neuroprotective. In another approach, we tested whether preconditioning with the GABAAR agonist, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP) mediated ischemic tolerance and found no significant neuroprotection. The results are discussed in light of the intrinsic excitatory-inhibitory balance of glutamate and GABA.
Polypeptide growth factors: some structural and mechanistic considerations.

Polypeptide growth factors are substances that stimulate an increase in cell size and/or cell number during embryonic development. In some cases, they have a similar effect on tissues in the mature organism where they function as “maintenance” factors to sustain cell viability. While their profound impact on cell behavior is well recognized, their relationship to other regulators of cell function has remained generally ill-defined. However, the developing appreciation of their hormone-like behavior suggests that they may be conveniently grouped with many other endocrine agents to form a broader group of secondary hormones. The utility of the classification is illustrated by the insulin-related family of molecules. It also serves to emphasize the similarities in function shared by many of these substances including trophic stimulation and modulation of gene expression. Internalization, though, appears to be another common feature. However, whether the uptake of the growth factor mediates an intracellular action or is designed solely to regulate responsiveness at the cell surface and/or degradation remains an important unanswered question. A brief review of two growth factors (nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor) serves to outline the possible functions that may be served by this endocytotic process.
Business Network Agility for Global Demand-Supply Synchronization: A Comparative Case Study in the Apparel Industry

AbstractFirms are looking to leverage information technology (IT) to develop higher order capabilities that span the extended enterprise, such as demand-supply synchronization for agile response in volatile markets. In this study, we examine two global firms that are both driven to become orchestrators of their respective global business networks, where product design, distribution, and manufacturing are managed as one coordinated whole. However, each firm has pursued a different business strategy to develop demand-supply synchronization capabilities. The design of their business networks, digital enablement of business processes, and product characteristics are key attributes that differentiate these firms. By conducting a comparative case analysis of both firms, we assess differences and similarities, in an effort to understand how IT capabilities and business network structure can be aligned to leverage global resources, synchronize demand and supply, and develop business network agility on a global scale.
Optical detection of intracellular cavitation during selective laser targeting of the retinal pigment epithelium: dependence of cell death mechanism on pulse duration

Selective laser targeting of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an attractive method for treating RPE-associated disorders. We are developing a method for optically detecting intracellular microcavitation that can potentially serve as an immediate feedback of the treatment outcome. Thermal denaturation or intracellular cavitation can kill RPE cells during selective targeting. We examined the cell damage mechanism for laser pulse durations from 1 to 40 micros ex vivo. Intracellular cavitation was detected as a transient increase in the backscattered treatment beam. Cavitation and cell death were correlated for individual cells after single-pulse irradiation. The threshold radiant exposures for cell death (ED(50,d)) and cavitation (ED(50,c)) increased with pulse duration and were approximately equal for pulses of up to 10 micros. For 20 micros, the ED(50,d) was about 10% lower than the ED(50,c); the difference increased with 40-micros pulses. Cells were killed predominantly by cavitation (up to 10-micros pulses); probability of thermally induced cell death without cavitation gradually increases with pulse duration. Threshold measurements are discussed by modeling the temperature distribution around laser-heated melanosomes and the scattering function from the resulting cavitation. Detection of intracellular cavitation is a highly sensitive method that can potentially provide real-time assessment of RPE damage during selective laser targeting.
Are ACE Inhibitors a “Magic Bullet” Against Oxidative Stress?

The recently published Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study,1,2 as well as the Study to Evaluate Carotid Ultrasound Changes in Patients Treated With Ramipril and Vitamin E (SECURE),3 demonstrated that treatment with an ACE inhibitor but not vitamin E had beneficial effects on the prognosis and progression of atherosclerosis. In these studies, long-term ACE inhibition significantly reduced the rate of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke and reduced the intima-to-media ratio of carotid arteries in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. It is likely that these findings will have wide-ranging implications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, and the contrasting results with respect to ACE inhibitors and vitamin E provide an opportunity to revisit the role of oxidative stress in vascular disease. ### LDL Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease A surprising finding of these studies was the ineffectiveness of vitamin E in preventing the clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease and the progression of atherosclerosis. A wealth of previous experimental and epidemiological data suggested that excess LDL oxidation was, in part, responsible for the development of atherosclerosis.4 Because vitamin E can inhibit LDL oxidation ex vivo, a logical strategy to reduce oxidative stress would include the administration of antioxidants such as vitamin E. This approach carries considerable risk if the antioxidant is not active against all oxidants relevant to atherosclerosis. Although vitamin E effectively scavenges lipid peroxyl radicals, it has limited activity against other oxidants such as superoxide, peroxynitrite, and hypochlorous acid that have been implicated in atherosclerosis. Another risk with an antioxidant strategy relates to putative cellular compartments or “microdomains” in the vascular wall that do not contain appreciable amounts of the antioxidant. The sum total of these effects would be continued oxidation even in the presence of the antioxidant. Experimental evidence from both animals and patients suggests that lipid peroxidation does proceed …
Standardized time series methods: variance estimation using replicated batch means

We present a new method for obtaining confidence intervals in steady-state simulation. In our replicated batch means method, we do a small number of independent replications to estimate the steady-state mean of the underlying stochastic process. In order to obtain a variance estimator, we further group the observations from these replications into non-overlapping batches. We show that for large sample sizes, the new variance estimator is less biased than the batch means variance estimator, the variances of the two variance estimators are approximately equal, and the new steady-state mean estimator has a smaller variance than the batch means estimator when there is positive serial correlation between the observations. For small sample sizes, we compare our replicated batch means method with the (standard) batch means and multiple replications methods empirically, and show that the best overall coverage of confidence intervals is obtained by the replicated batch means method with a small number of replications.
Effects of acceleration, jerk, and field inhomogeneities on vessel positions in magnetic resonance angiography

Blood flow and magnetic field inhomogeneities lead to distortions in MR angiography (MRA) images that present added risk for stereotactic neurosurgical applications. These effects are demonstrated in an MRA image of a model of cerebrovasculature. Analysis of the effects of velocity, acceleration, jerk, and field inhomogeneities on vessel position is presented; results are used to predict vessel shifts for several cerebral blood vessels. The actual encoded position for flowing spins is shown to be a moment-weighted average position. Maximum shift of 3.11 mm was reduced to 0.05 mm when velocity compensation was added. Velocity compensation applied specifically in the phase-encoding direction reduces flow-dependent shifts to the point that they can be safely ignored even if acceleration and jerk are present. Those prescribing and using MRA images for stereotactic applications must be aware of whether compensation is actually applied along the phase-encoding axis when a flow-compensated sequence is used.
Phagocytosis by Human Neutrophils Is Stimulated by a Unique Fungal Cell Wall Component

Summary Innate immunity depends upon recognition of surface features common to broad groups of pathogens. The glucose polymer β-glucan has been implicated in fungal immune recognition. Fungal walls have two kinds of β-glucan: β-1,3-glucan and β-1,6-glucan. Predominance of β-1,3-glucan has led to the presumption that it is the key immunological determinant for neutrophils. Examining various β-glucans for their ability to stimulate human neutrophils, we find that the minor cell wall component β-1,6-glucan mediates neutrophil activity more efficiently than β-1,3-glucan, as measured by engulfment, production of reactive oxygen species, and expression of heat shock proteins. Neutrophils rapidly ingest beads coated with β-1,6-glucan while ignoring those coated with β-1,3-glucan. Complement factors C3b/C3d are deposited on β-1,6-glucan more readily than on β-1,3-glucan. β-1,6-glucan is also important for efficient engulfment of the human pathogen Candida albicans . These unique stimulatory effects offer potential for directed stimulation of neutrophils in a therapeutic context.
Risk Behaviors Among Young Mexican American Gang-Associated Females: Sexual Relations, Partying, Substance Use, and Crime.

This research focuses on young Mexican American girls who are not formal gang members yet participate in street-based activities of male gangs and engage in risk behaviors. These females comprise a larger proportion associated with male gangs in inner-city neighborhoods than actual female gang members. Using a qualitative design, the article presents a typology of Mexican American females that reveals a hierarchy based on exposure to four risk-related activities: sexual relations, partying, substance use, and crime. Findings illustrate how outcomes associated with these activities vary according to the girl’s relationship to the male gang and status within the community. Also, regardless of their relationship to the gang, participation in these activities resulted in different degrees of negative outcomes. The study concludes that problems associated with these females must go beyond being viewed as individual problems but rather seen within the social, cultural, and economic conditions of their environment.
Cell finder speeds impalements with microelectrodes.

A simple circuit is described, which, in conjunction with an electrometer and a digitally-controlled hydraulic microdrive, automatically advances a microelectrode through the bathing solution and halts the microelectrode when a cell is impaled. The distance between initial contact with the cell membrane and cell penetration (1–5 μm for rabbit corneal epithelium) is dependent upon the physical characteristics of the cell and microelectrode, and can be optimized by empirical adjustment.
Fatness, Physical Activity, and Television Viewing in Children during the Adiposity Rebound Period: The Iowa Bone Development Study

Background. Understanding the determinants of adiposity in young children may be particularly critical for preventing adult obesity since the age at which body fatness reaches a postinfancy low point (typically 4–6 years) is inversely associated with obesity later in life. Methods. We examined cross-sectional associations among fatness, leanness, and physical activity in 467 children (range 4–6 years). Activity was measured using accelerometry and parental report of children's television (TV) viewing. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to quantify body composition. Results. Minutes spent in vigorous activity and TV viewing were the variables most consistently and most highly associated with adiposity. Children in the lowest quartile for vigorous activity had on average (absolute) body fat percentages that were 4% greater than those children in the highest quartile for vigorous activity. Body fat percentages for children in the highest category for TV viewing were on average 3% greater than those children who watched the least amount of TV. Conclusions. Low levels of vigorous physical activity and high levels of TV viewing are associated with fatness in young children during the adiposity rebound period. This suggests that increasing children's active play may be important in preventing obesity later in life.
Learning and the Creation of Stock- Market Institutions: Evidence from the Royal African and Hudson 's Bay Companies, 1670-1700

In this article we use a unique source-a 30-year time series of the share transactions of two joint-stock companies-to examine the growth of the London capital market prior to and immediately after the Glorious Revolution. We argue that the London experience with open capital markets was not solely the result of 1689. Rather it was the learning by private individuals and goldsmith bankers which took place in the decades before 1689 that allowed the market to take full advantage of the property rights changes which occurred with the change in regimes. Capital markets matter. Why they matter is evident in the linking of financial markets and economic development within the theoretical macro literature, in the development literature discussions on Latin America and the Asian Tigers, and in the discussions of emerging markets in the Eastern block countries.' The same coupling of finance and development is clearly present in any discussion of British growth in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. England's emergence as an international trading nation in the seventeenth century can be linked to the growth of trading arrangements that allowed for a longer life of capital either as a regulated company such as the Levant Company or in its purer form as a joint-stock trading company such as the East India Companies. It is, however, England's emergence as a world power in the early eigh
Reversible Renal Insufficiency due to Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis

Abstract ▪Objective:To review the incidence of reversible renal insufficiency in patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis undergoing antihypertensive therapy. ▪Design:Retrospective analysis of 73...
Musical hallucinations successfully treated with antipsychotic medications: three case reports.

Many people have had the experience of a jingle or ditty that they are unable to get out of their head. For some, these perceptions worsen in intensity to become a hallucination. Musical hallucinations occur in individuals with and without mental illness. Compared with a song stuck in one’s head, they are distracting, less transient, and more life-like. The many case reports of musical hallucinations describe fragments of songs to entire musical scores, often melodies heard in childhood, particularly hymns and carols. The experience is ultimately disagreeable, ranges in severity, and can result in insomnia, paranoia, and social withdrawal. The exact prevalence of this condition is unknown, though estimates as high as 2.5% have been reported in older patients with hearing impairment. Both central and peripheral neurological dysfunction have been implicated as potential causes of musical hallucinations, though in most cases the etiology is likely multifactorial. Case reports about musical hallucinations comment on the relative lack of effectiveness of antipsychotics. We present three cases of musical hallucinations, all in patients with comorbid mental disorders, who experienced psychological distress or loss of reality testing as the hallucinations worsened. In all cases, the hallucinations completely resolved with antipsychotic treatment. Presentation of these cases was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
Eight-channel microring resonator array with accurately controlled channel spacing

We demonstrate accurately spaced 8-channel micro-ring resonators on a silicon-on-insulator platform via thermal tuning. The thermal cross talk between adjacent micro heaters is small.
Muscle relaxants during pregnancy and the puerperium

R EGIONAL anesthesia is usually preferred for peripartum procedures such as Cesarean section because of the consensus that it results in a decreased risk of maternal mortality relative to general anesthesia. The presence of a contraindication to regional anesthesia or extreme urgency or failure of regional technique mandate that a minority of cesarean section cases will still require general anesthesia, ranging at this time from 12% for active obstetric services (>500 deliveries/year) to 21% for smaller services (<250 deliveries/year). 1 It is well established that pregnant women have an increased risk of aspiration upon induction of general anesthesia. Additionally, most women needing Cesarean section present emergently and have not fasted. For these reasons, parturients requiting general anesthesia for Cesarean section need aspiration prophylaxis with an oral nonparticulate antacid with the possible addition of an H2-receptor antagonist and metoclopramide. A rapid-sequence induction of general anesthesia with cricoid pressure is also necessary. Succinylcholine is usually used as the muscle relaxant for intubation because of its rapid onset and brief duration. Another indication for the use of muscle relaxants in obstetric anesthesia is to assist in the management of an eclamptic seizure. If the seizure does not terminate promptly, muscle relaxation and intubation may be needed in order to protect the airway, stop the physical seizure activity, and allow adequate ventilation and oxygenation. For the reasons listed above this is also accomplished using a rapid-sequence intubation with succinylcholine. Pregnancy and the immediate postpartum period represent special physiological states that affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of muscle relaxants. Exposure of the soonto-be-delivered fetus to the effects of maternallyadministered muscle relaxant is another special consideration. Finally, many parturients are receiving medications that may affect neuromuscular transmission or metabolism of relaxants. SUCCINYLCHOLINE
Management development in China: a policy analysis

This study analyzes the current structure of Chinese management development (MD) policy. It identifies three critical challenges facing Chinese managers and reviews related MD policies. It considers the evolution of major MD-related policies in the context of broader social, economic and institutional changes in China. Five principal findings inform the conclusion that with the experience accumulated in three decades of reform practices, MD policy in China should no longer be based on the principle of ‘groping for stones to cross the river’. Rather, there should be established an accountability and evaluation mechanism for a well-defined MD policy implementation process. This should accelerate the management learning process in China and overcome the country's shortage of management skills.
Paraoxonase Genotypes, Lipoprotein Lipase Activity, and HDL

Paraxonase, an enzyme associated with the high density lipoprotein (HDL) particle, hydrolyzes paraoxon, the active metabolite of the insecticide parathion. Several studies have shown that paraxonase levels in humans have a distribution characteristic of two alleles, one with low activity and the other with high activity. Paraoxonase also has arylesterase activity, which does not exhibit activity polymorphism and can therefore serve as an estimate of enzyme protein. Although the ability of paraoxon to irreversibly inhibit lipoprotein lipase (LPL) has been exploited experimentally for many years, the role of plasma paraoxonase in lipoprotein metabolism is unknown. Seventy-two normal individuals were examined for paraoxonase genotypes, plasma paraoxonase and arylesterase activities, postheparin LPL and hepatic lipase (HL) activities, and lipoprotein levels to determine whether (1) paraoxonase activity or genotype determines lipoprotein levels via an effect on LPL or HL activity or (2) variation in LPL and HL activities determines HDL levels and indirectly affects paraoxonase activity and protein levels in plasma. In the entire group, paraoxonase activity was related to arylesterase activity and genotype. Whereas arylesterase activity was correlated with HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoproteinA-I (apoA-I) levels, neither arylesterase nor paraoxonase was correlated with LPL or HL activity. Furthermore, LPL activity was positively correlated and HL inversely correlated with HDL cholesterol and apoA-I levels, whereas LPL was inversely correlated with triglyceride levels. The paraoxonase genotypes of the study group were 30 individuals homozygous for the low-activity allele, 38 heterozygotes, and 4 individuals homozygous for the high-activity allele. Paraoxonase genotype accounted for approximately .75 of the variation in paraoxonase activity. Paraoxonase activity was linearly related to arylesterase activity within each subgroup. No difference in either LPL or HL activity was seen as a function of paraoxonase genotype, nor were differences seen in plasma triglyceride or HDL-C by genotype by ANOVA. The relation between LPL and HL and components of HDL in the paraoxonase genotypic subgroups in general reflected the associations seen in the group as a whole. Multivariate analysis showed that LPL, HL, and arylesterase, a measure of paraoxonase mass, were independent predictors of HDL cholesterol, while paraoxonase genotype or activity was not. Thus, variation in LPL and HL appears to be significantly related to HDL cholesterol and apoA-I levels. The levels of HDL are a major correlate of paraoxonase protein levels, while paraoxonase genotype is the major predictor of plasma paraoxonase activity.
An Outbreak of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in a Bone Marrow Transplant Center

An outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection occurred among 31 patients in a marrow transplant center over a 13-week period beginning in January 1990. RSV infection was also documented in 35 family members and employees. Of 18 patients with pneumonia, 14 (78%) died. None of 13 with upper respiratory infection died. Preengraftment patients tended to develop pneumonia more frequently than did engrafted patients. Early administration of ribavirin may have had a beneficial effect in patients with pneumonia. Antigenic and genomic analysis of 14 available isolates suggested that at least four different viral strains were responsible for the outbreak. One group of patients and 1 employee in spatial proximity were infected with the same strain and likely acquired their infections nosocomially. RSV infection in marrow transplant patients is a serious and life-threatening infection with a high mortality rate once pneumonia develops.
Using the ubiquitin modified proteome to monitor protein homeostasis function

The ubiquitin system is essential for the maintenance of proper protein homeostasis function across eukaryotic species. Although the general enzymatic architecture for adding and removing ubiquitin from substrates is well defined, methods for the comprehensive investigation of cellular ubiquitylation targets have just started to emerge. Recent advances in ubiquitin-modified peptide enrichment have greatly increased the number of identified endogenous ubiquitylation targets, as well as the number of sites of ubiquitin attachment within these substrates. Herein we evaluate current strategies using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics to characterize ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifications. Using existing data, we describe the characteristics of the ubiquitin-modified proteome and discuss strategies for the biological interpretation of existing and future ubiquitin-based proteomic studies.
A New Computerized Data Acquisition and Analysis System for KES-FB Instruments

The Kawabata evaluation system for fabrics (KES-FB) has been commonly used to measure fabric mechanical behaviors related to hand. However, the data acquisition and analysis technique for this system is obsolete and time-consuming. The purpose of this study is to develop a new data acquisition and analysis system for the KES-FB instruments using LabVIEWTM software and corresponding hardware (National Instruments). Windows-interface programs for each KES test method are created with the LabVIEW system. In order to validate this data acquisition system, twenty apparel fabrics are tested using both the original KES-FB data recording method and the new computerized data processing method. Linear regression and variance analysis are used to compare tested results and evaluate repeatability and variability within the two data acquisition methods. The R2 values of most linear regression models are close to 1.00, indicating that the KES data system has been successfully updated.
Skill acquisition and use for a dynamically-balancing soccer robot

Dynamically-balancing robots have recently been made available by Segway LLC, in the form of the Segway RMP (Robot Mobility Platform). We have addressed the challenge of using these RMP robots to play soccer, building up upon our extensive previous work in this multi-robot research domain. In this paper, we make three contributions. First, we present a new domain, called Segway Soccer, for investigating the coordination of dynamically formed, mixed human-robot teams within the realm of a team task that requires real-time decision making and response. Segway Soccer is a game of soccer between two teams consisting of both Segway riding humans and Segway RMPs. We believe Segway Soccer is the first game involving both humans and robots in cooperative roles and with similar capabilities. In conjunction with this new domain, we present our work towards developing a soccer playing robot using the RMP platform with vision as its primary sensor. Our third contribution is that of skill acquisition from a human teacher, where the learned skill is then used seamlessly during robot execution as part of its control hierarchy. Skill acquisition and use addresses the challenge or rapidly developing the low-level actions that are environment dependent and are not transferable across robots.
Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department.

Abstract Study objective Assessment of preprocedural fasting is considered essential in minimizing the risks of procedural sedation and analgesia. Established fasting guidelines are difficult to follow in the emergency department (ED). We characterize the fasting status of patients receiving procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric ED and assess the relationship between fasting status and adverse events. Methods A prospective case series was conducted in a children's hospital ED during an 11-month period. All consecutive patients requiring procedural sedation and analgesia were included. Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events were recorded. The percentage of patients undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia who did not meet fasting guidelines was determined. Adverse events were analyzed in relation to fasting status. Results One thousand fourteen patients underwent procedural sedation and analgesia, and data on fasting status were available for 905 (89%) patients. Of these 905 patients, 509 (56%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 53% to 60%) did not meet fasting guidelines. Seventy-seven adverse events occurred in 68 (6.7%; 95% CI 5.2% to 8.4%) of the 1,014 patients. All adverse events were minor and successfully treated. Adverse events occurred in 32 (8.1%; 95% CI 5.6% to 11.2%) of 396 patients who met and 35 (6.9%; 95% CI 4.8% to 9.4%) of 509 patients who did not meet fasting guidelines. There was no significant difference in median fasting duration between patients with and without adverse events and between patients with and without emesis. Emesis occurred in 15 (1.5%) patients. There were no episodes of aspiration (1-sided 97.5% CI 0% to 0.4%). Conclusion Fifty-six percent of children undergoing ED procedural sedation and analgesia were not fasted in accordance with established guidelines. There was no association between preprocedural fasting state and adverse events.
Wild Type as Standard in Poultry Genetics

Abstract WHAT is the color genotype of the Delaware breed? The answer, as best deduced from research reports and textbooks, seems to be “C C i i Al(Al) S(S) B(B) e e bl bl Mo Mo bg bg La La pg pg Sg Sg A A Pi Pi Pk Pk Rs Rs sd sd sp sp — — — — — etc.” But is this satisfactory? Have we any hope that the vague ending will ever be completed? And is such complexity necessary? For 30 years or more Drosophila geneticists have had a solution for such difficulties, yet none of the poultry geneticists such as Hutt (1949), Jull (1952), or Cock (1953) has used it. That solution was to specify in a genotype only the differences from a standard, namely the wild type. In this way, genotypes can be complete but brief. Using the red jungle fowl for our color standard, we may answer…
Lgr5, an intestinal stem cell marker, is abnormally expressed in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma

SUMMARY Lgr5 (leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5), a recently discovered intestinal stem cell marker, is expressed in premalignant lesions including Barrett's esophagus (BE) and cancers including colon cancer, ovarian cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It was also recently found to be expressed in tumor spheres prepared from colon cancer, suggesting that it will likely serve as a cancer stem cell marker. We sought to examine Lgr5 as a biomarker in BE-associated neoplasia. Using standard immunohistochemistry, we performed immunostaining on 81 esophageal specimens (53 biopsy specimens and 28 surgical resections) representing BE, BE-associated dysplasia, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Each immunostain was scored based on intensity of immunostaining and percentage of positive cells. For 24 EAC cases, survival analysis was performed with expression scores and other clinicopathological variables. We found that Lgr5 expression was detected in 70% of BE cases and between 90 and 100% of advanced dysplastic lesions and EAC. The intensity of expression was significantly higher in high-grade dysplasia and EAC than BE. In EAC, high Lgr5 expression scores (≥5) were associated with worse survival, independent of stage, age, and neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy (P = 0.03). Our findings suggest that Lgr5 has potential utility as a biomarker for BE-associated dysplasia and EAC.
Nitrogen Release from Weed Residue

Abstract Weed residues can impact nitrogen (N) cycling in agro-ecosystems that primarily utilize POST weed control. Quantifying this potential N source or sink may influence weed control and fertilization practices. A laboratory experiment measured the rate and quantity of N release from common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and giant foxtail. Weeds were grown in the field at four N rates (0, 67, 134, or 202 kg N ha−1) and collected at two weed heights (10 or 20 cm) to give a range of residue chemical composition. Residue chemical composition parameters of carbon ∶ N (C ∶ N) ratio and total N, nitrate-N, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber concentration were measured and correlated with N release. Nitrogen release from weed residue mixed with soil was determined over a 12-wk period. Nitrogen was released from all weed residues at 12 wk. Prior to 12 wk, N was immobilized by giant foxtail grown with no N application. Prior to 4 wk, N was immobilized by 20-cm weeds grown with no N application. ...
Self-referencing and false memory in mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: The present study explored the role of self-referencing on false alarm rates among people with mild cognitive impairment suggestive of the early signs of the Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiologic process (MCI–AD). Given that people with MCI–AD demonstrate higher rates of false alarms and that false alarms have been shown to increase for self-relevant information, it was predicted that people with MCI–AD would experience a disproportionate increase in memory errors for highly self-related information. Method: Patients with a diagnosis of MCI–AD (n 23) and healthy control participants (n 27) rated words for self-descriptiveness or commonness and completed a surprise recognition test. Results: Contrary to expectations, results indicated that people with MCI–AD were at no greater risk for false alarms than were control participants as a function of self-descriptiveness, relative to a control condition. Despite the MCI–ADs’ greater bias to say “yes” in the self condition, increasing self-descriptiveness did not lead to higher false alarm rates and did not impair performance in the self condition relative to commonness judgments. Conclusions: Therefore, although people with MCI–AD may be more susceptible to memory errors, they are at no greater risk of self-related errors than healthy control participants.
The Role of Upstream Waves and a Downstream Density Pool in the Growth of Lee Waves: Stratified Flow over the Knight Inlet Sill

Abstract Observations and modeling simulations are presented that illustrate the importance of a density contrast and the upstream response to the time dependence of stratified flow over the Knight Inlet sill. Repeated sections of velocity and density show that the flow during ebb and flood tides is quite different: a large lee wave develops early in flood tide, whereas lee-wave growth is suppressed until the second half of ebb tide. There is a large upstream response that displaces as much water as accumulates in the lee wave, one that is large enough to also block the flow at a depth roughly consistent with simple dynamics. There is a large density contrast between the seaward and landward sides of the sill, and a “salty pool” of water is found in the seaward basin that is not found landward. The interface with this salty pool demarks the point of flow separation during ebb, initially suppressing the lee wave and then acting as its lower boundary. A simple two-dimensional numerical model of the inlet wa...
The Molecular Orbital-Valence Bond Theory of Inorganic Chemistry

The purpose of this paper is to rephrase the fundamental concepts of inorganic chemistry in the language of MOVB theory1 as a prelude to a reexamination of the electronic structure of inorganic molecules. For illustrative purposes we reformulate the concepts of the coordinate bond,2 the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson (DCD) model,3 and the concept of high and low spin complexes4 and we apply MOVB theory to the problem of the ground stereochemistry of prototypical inorganic complexes, the thermodynamics of olefin coordination in complexes, and the problem of the “trans effect” in the equilibrium geometries of inorganic complexes.5
THE ROLE OF SIZE IN THE FUTURE OF AERONAUTICS

Size has long been a metric used to evaluate aerospace vehicles. Historically, the bigger the better. It's commonly explained that the range of the Wright's first flight was less than the wingspan of a B-747, with the implication that this increase in size represents progress. The theme of this paper is that this trend will be reversed in the second century of flight – smaller will be better. Now, we can readily engineer an air vehicle the size of the Wright flyer which can trans-navigate the globe, and a model airplane has crossed the Atlantic. Specifically, this paper quantitatively explores the role of size in vehicle performance metrics such as range, endurance, and payload capability. Aerodynamic, structural, and propulsion models are developed to show the interplay between aircraft size and performance. The emphasis is on fundamental physical limitations rather than current technological capabilities. The study concludes that transoceanic vehicles are possible down to the kilogram size. It also points out the relative importance of new technologies as a function of vehicle size.
Low-Cost CZTSSe Solar Cells Fabricated with Low Band Gap CZTSe Nanocrystals, Environmentally Friendly Binder, and Nonvacuum Processes

High quality Cu2ZnSn(SSe)4 (CZTSSe) for solar cells can be fabricated with Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanocrystals, followed by a selenization process. However, the use of toxic and environmentally unfriendly solvents such as toluene or hexanethiol to disperse the nanocrystals and the use of the harsh selenization process to promote the grain growth are not environmentally benign. We present here an environmentally friendly, sustainable, and scalable route to fabricate CZTSSe with Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CTZSe) nanocrystals by a sulfurization process. The CZTSSe film has been doped with S to optimize the device performance, exhibiting an enhancement in the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current density (Jsc). In addition, by developing a robust precursor film with the addition of ethyl cellulose, the loss of Sn associated with the conversion of CZTSe to CZTSSe during the grain growth process has been mitigated, leading to an increase in the conversion efficiency compared to that of the precursor film without usin...
Advection fog formation associated with atmospheric aerosols due to combustion-related pollutants

A large amount of pollutants in highly industrialized areas is produced by a photochemical reaction of NO x and SO x , which is a result of the production of energy-related fuel combustion. These pollutants provide the major source of condensation nuclei for the formation of fog in the areas of busy highways, airports, seaports, etc. The present study simulates how these pollutants affect the formation of advection fog. Both microphysical and macrophysical processes are considered in investigating the time dependent evolution of the spectra of condensation nuclei associated with both polluted and clean atmospheres during the time period of advection fog formation. In the first part of the series of this paper, the initial aerosol population concerns a monodisperse, multi-component aerosol model. The results show that both SO x , and NO x as condensation nuclei provide great contributions in the formation of advection fog.
Development and testing of a statistical and graphics-enhanced nutrient analysis program.

The authors have developed and tested a nutrient analysis program that will compute and present graphically summary statistics of population and population subgroup nutrient intakes. The program analyzes for 44 nutrients from 5,800 separate food items. Capabilities of the program include: storage of large numbers of diet records and evaluations of their nutrients; calculation of nutrient means and standard deviations; data sorting based on subject characteristics, such as age, sex, and supplement use; and generation of bar graphs and line plots for individual and/or group data. To test this computerized nutrient analysis program, two sets of 3-day diet records from 200 elderly individuals were analyzed. The program was then used to generate means, differences between means, and distribution frequencies of designated nutrients for various population subgroups (e.g., men ≥65 years vs. men ≥80 years) as well as comparisons with individual files (e.g., Mr. Smith vs. all men ≥65 years). The statistical and graphics capabilities also function within the context of recipe analysis and menu planning, which enhances the application of this program in institutional and community nutrition settings. J Am Diet Assoc 89:246-250, 1989.
Rape Myth Acceptance, Efficacy, and Heterosexual Scripts in Men’s Magazines: Factors Associated With Intentions to Sexually Coerce or Intervene

Sexual coercion has gained researchers' attention as an underreported form of sexual abuse or harm. The percentage of male and female college students who reported engaging in sexual coercion was as high as 82% for verbally coercive behaviors over the course of a year. Guided by heterosexual scripting theory and the integrated model of behavioral prediction, we examine potential factors associated with college students' intentions to sexually coerce or to intervene when friends plan to sexually coerce (bystander intention). Factors included young college students' beliefs about rape myth acceptance, perceived norms, efficacy to reduce sexual-assault risk, and exposure to men's and women's magazines. As predicted, results indicate rape myth acceptance was positively associated with intentions to sexually coerce, and negatively associated with bystander intentions to intervene. Students' efficacy to reduce sexual-assault risk was negatively associated with intentions to sexually coerce, and positively associated with bystander intentions. Exposure to the heterosexual scripts in men's magazines, which connect sexual prowess to masculinity, was associated with intentions to sexually coerce. Exposure to magazines was not associated with bystander intentions to intervene. Overall, an understanding of the independent contribution of these factors toward sexual coercion and intervention has implications for dating violence prevention programming.
Abstract 1059: Pancreatic cancer cells acclimatize to low pH by increasing glutamine metabolism

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States. PC has a five-year survival rate of only 6%; this is due to the lack of specific symptoms at the earliest stages of disease progression. Currently, surgery is the only treatment option with a reasonable hope of cure; however, due to late detection of the disease, only 15-25% of patients are eligible for surgery. Pancreatic tumors are characterized by increased glucose uptake, high glycolysis rate, and reduced flux to the TCA cycle. This metabolic phenotype, also known as the Warburg effect, is typical of rapidly dividing tumor cells and forms the basis of imaging by utilizing [18F]-FDG-PET (glucose analog). The consequence of this metabolic behavior is the continuous acidification of the tumor microenvironment. Acidification of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its effects in cancer cell metabolism are not well defined. In this study we analyzed metabolic adaptations of PC cells experiencing physiological pH 7.4 versus cells cultured in 6.8∼7.0 pH that is similar to the pH range observed in the pancreatic TME. Using high performance liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis to determine the metabolite levels of PC cells cultured in these TME conditions, we observed a marked reduction in glycolysis metabolites in cells cultured at low pH. We observed reduced glucose uptake, as well as, reduced lactate secretion in low pH culture conditions. Furthermore, we observed that cells in low pH microenvironment were able to survive upon glucose deprivation, but not upon glutamine deprivation. In contrast, cells in normal physiologic pH culture could not survive upon glucose deprivation. Based on the up regulation of metabolites in the glutaminolysis pathway identified through LC/MS/MS analysis, and the increase in metabolic enzyme mRNA levels, as well as the increased sensitivity to inhibitors of this pathway, we conclude that glutamine metabolism is essential for survival of pancreatic cancer cells under low pH conditions. Furthermore, due to the increased levels of ATP and sensitivity of low-pH cultured cells to oligomycin, we conclude that oxidative phosphorylation is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis at low pH. Such changes result in reduced Warburg Effect, denoted by reduced lactate release. This is the first study to establish glutamine dependence of PC cells under low pH conditions. Our results may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for targeting metabolic adaptations in pancreatic cancer cells in response to changes in the microenvironment. Citation Format: Jaime Abrego, Venugopal Gunda, Pankaj K. Singh, Gennifer Goode. Pancreatic cancer cells acclimatize to low pH by increasing glutamine metabolism. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1059.
Geographic Information Literacy and the World Wide Web

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses World Wide Web (WWW) that has profoundly transformed the ways to use and create maps. The explosive growth of WWW mapping sites and their popularity suggest that the map education is more important than ever. The chapter also explores the issue of map education in a world transformed by the WWW. As a focus, it documents the ways in which a typical introductory course in “Map Reading” was transformed into a course with extensive exercises in map use and mapmaking by incorporating WWW mapping sites. This course engages students not only in active learning about mapping, but also in critical thinking about the nature of maps and mapping sites on the WWW, a skill that is more necessary than ever. Potential long-term benefits include both map literacy and a more sophisticated understanding of the human and physical environment. The course is influenced by recent initiatives on “Information literacy,” and course resources and exercises have been developed in collaboration with an Information Literacy specialist. As the mapping of WWW sites proliferate, map education, map literacy, and geographic information literacy becomes increasingly vital skills.