cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sociospatial Dynamics of Creativity and Production in Tanzanian Industry: Urban Furniture Manufacturers in a Liberalizing Economy:

The author examines the design, production, and marketing activities of furniture makers in Mwanza, Tanzania and assesses the degree to which innovative and creative competencies and capabilities a...
Planning Language, Planning Inequality

rights. Instead, the focus has been on inflammatory symbols and the promotion of orthodoxies. As a judge, Fidel needs to see some clear value gained by changing the law. Two questions need to be asked: "Is our culture working adequately without constitutionalizing either side of the issue?-if not, will constitutionalizing the issue help to cure the problems?" (p. 305). The evidence presented in this volume strongly indicates that declaring English the official language of the U.S., either by amendment, resolution, or initiative is not warranted. The rights of non-English speakers would be diminished, and the likelihood of interethnic tension and conflict would increase.
Relaxation: episiotomy incisional pain and overall discomfort.

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a simple relaxation technique on postpartum patients' episiotomy incisional pain and overall discomfort This study was earned out through the use of a posttest-only experimental design A total of 40 subjects (20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group) participated in the study Only the experimental group was taught the relaxation technique and told to use it whenever they had pain or discomfort in their episiotomy incision Within 24 hours after delivery, all subjects rated their episiotomy pain and overall discomfort on the scales of pain and discomfort Twenty-four hours after delivery, a chart review was done on each subject to further measure pain by amount and frequency of analgesic use Paired t-tests were used to examine the differences between the means of the experimental and control groups for subjects' pain as measured by amount of pain and amount of analgesic use, and amount of overall discomfort Chi-square analysis was utilized to examine the differences between the experimental and control groups for subjects' amount of pain as measured by frequency of analgesic use Results of the analyses demonstrated that for the subjects who used the relaxation technique, there was a general trend for decreased pain and discomfort
Basal serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol levels as predictors of pregnancy in unstimulated donor insemination cycles.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of basal serum follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol levels in predicting pregnancy in women undergoing artificial insemination with donor sperm for severe male factor infertility.
Arrival-time fluctuations of coherent reflections from surface gravity water waves

Arrival time fluctuations of coherent reflections from surface gravity waves are examined. A two-dimensional ray model with an evolving rough sea surface is used to explain the mechanism and formation of the deterministic striation patterns due to the surface reflection. Arrival time predictions from the ray model match qualitatively well with the measurements from bidirectional acoustic transmissions in a water depth of 100 m.
Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Diminishes Activity‐Dependent Potentiation of Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Release in Adult Rat Offspring

Prenatal ethanol exposure has been associated with long-lasting intellectual impairments in children. Previous studies suggest that these deficits are, in part, linked to neurochemical abnormalities that reduce the ability to sustain long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal formation of adult offspring. One presynaptic component of LTP that manifests during the first half-hour after tetanic stimulation is an enhancement of amino acid neurotransmitter release. Given that the onset of enhanced neurotransmitter release correlates temporally with the decay of hippocampal LTP in prenatal ethanol-exposed offspring, we tested the hypothesis that prenatal ethanol exposure reduces tetanus stimulus-induced potentiation of electrically evoked amino acid release in hippocampal slices. Rat dams consumed 1 of 3 diets throughout gestation: (1) a BioServ liquid diet containing 5% (v/v) ethanol (26% ethanol-derived calories) that produces a maternal peak blood ethanol concentration of 83 mg/dl; (2) pair-fed an isocalorically equivalent amount of 0% ethanol liquid diet; or (3) Purina rat chow ad libitum. Hippocampal slices were prepared from adult offspring from each experimental diet group. Neither the amount of hippocampal slice tissue protein nor the incorporation of [ 3 H]-D-aspartate (D-ASP) was affected by prenatal ethanol exposure. Furthermore, spontaneous efflux and electrically evoked D-ASP release were similar among the three diet groups. However, tetanus stimulus-induced potentiation of evoked D-ASP release in prenatal ethanol-exposed offspring was reduced to about one-third of the potentiation of D-ASP release observed in the control diet groups. These results suggest that prenatal ethanol exposure produces long-lasting deficits in the neurochemical mechanisms responsible for activity-dependent potentiation of amino acid transmitter release without affecting the synaptic machinery responsible for amino acid uptake, storage, and release.
Strength of Nicalon Silicon Carbide Fibers Exposed to High‐Temperature Gaseous Environments

The effects of exposures to high-temperature gaseous atmospheres on the strength of Nicalon SiC fibers were investigated. The exposure conditions were as follows: (1) H2 with various PH2O for 10 h at 1000° and 1200°C, and (2) air for 2 to 100 h at 800° to 1400°C. Individual fibers were tested in tension following each exposure. The strengths of the fibers were strongly influenced by the exposure atmosphere and temperature, but less affected by time at temperature. When exposed in air, a SiO2 layer was formed on the surface, minimizing the degradation of strength. However, this beneficial effect was negated under conditions in which the SiO2 layer became too thick. The most severe degradation resulted from exposure to a reducing atmosphere, presumably due to the reduction of SiO2 inherent in the fibers.
SARS-associated coronavirus.

The discovery that a novel coronavirus is the probable cause of the newly recognized severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), reported by Ksiazek et al. (pages 1953–1966), Drosten et al. (pages 1967–1976), and Peiris et al.1 provides a dramatic example of an emerging coronavirus disease in humans, described by Poutanen et al. (pages 1995–2005), Tsang et al. (pages 1977–1985), and Lee et al. (pages 1986–1994). Although human coronaviruses cause up to 30 percent of colds, they rarely cause lower respiratory tract disease. In contrast, coronaviruses cause devastating epizootics of respiratory or enteric disease in livestock and poultry. Most coronaviruses cause disease . . .
Survival of starving yeast is correlated with oxidative stress response and nonrespiratory mitochondrial function

Survival of yeast during starvation has been shown to depend on the nature of the missing nutrient(s). In general, starvation for “natural” nutrients such as sources of carbon, phosphate, nitrogen, or sulfate results in low death rates, whereas starvation for amino acids or other metabolites in auxotrophic mutants results in rapid loss of viability. Here we characterized phenotype, gene expression, and metabolite abundance during starvation for methionine. Some methionine auxotrophs (those with blocks in the biosynthetic pathway) respond to methionine starvation like yeast starving for natural nutrients such as phosphate or sulfate: they undergo a uniform cell cycle arrest, conserve glucose, and survive. In contrast, methionine auxotrophs with defects in the transcription factors Met31p and Met32p respond poorly, like other auxotrophs. We combined physiological and gene expression data from a variety of nutrient starvations (in both respiratory competent and incompetent cells) to show that successful starvation response is correlated with expression of genes encoding oxidative stress response and nonrespiratory mitochondrial functions, but not respiration per se.
Engineering and scientific processing on the IBM 3090

The IBM 3090 processor implementation of the System/370 Vector Architecture represents a major new system design for engineering and scientific processing, featuring both scalar and vector capability in a uniprocessor and in a dyadic and four-way parallel processing environment. The history of large-scale scientific processing is reviewed, leading to a statement of current requirements. The design objectives for scalar, parallel, and vector capabilities are identified, followed by a summary of the resulting 3090 features. Selected highlights of the vector hardware are given, followed by a summary of the supporting software. The paper concludes with a discussion of performance, beginning with the identification of suitable applications. An example is given of one application utilizing each of the three capabilities: scalar, parallel, and vector. Several of the most important performance parameters are identified.
Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: Anterior Approach: Multilevel Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion versus Corpectomy

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is one of the most common spinal disorders in older patients. Because of its generally progressive course, surgical treatment is usually recommended. Although the pathology may be focal, it is more commonly diffuse and surgery must therefore address the multilevel nature of the condition. The surgical options therefore include either multilevel anterior discectomy and fusion or corpectomy. This article will examine the rationale for each of these procedures as well as technical considerations, complications and the authors’ preferred technique.
Mestizaje, Hybridity, and the Cultural Politics of Difference in Post-Revolutionary Central America

This paper explores the relationship between �post-revolutionary politics� in Central America and the broader theoretical claims made in the name of the �new cultural politics of difference.� At issue are the critiques of political visions that downplay cultural difference in the name of unity, and correspondingly, the widespread politicization of identities that previously would have been subsumed under broader political categories. Two settings are examined: the Miskitu Indians in post-Sandinista Nicaragua where �hybridity� is presently associated with powerlessness and fragmentation, as well as with the potential for creative renewal. And Guatemala, where discourses of hybridity and mestizaje are used by relatively owerful ladinos to advance their own agendas and delegitimate Maya activism. The varying material consequences of the �new politics� and the �new theory,� are raised in the conclusion of this paper
Religion, race, and breast cancer survival.

Objective:The study investigated whether any of four measures of religiousness predicted longer survival for 145 African-American and 177 White women diagnosed with breast cancer in Connecticut bet...
Expression of emotion in IM

Emotion expression in text-based instant messaging (IM) has received little empirical scrutiny. The emotional message cues people use to express their different emotions in IM communication and how their personality traits affect those cues are the main focus of this study. Results of a preliminary study in IM suggest that in stressful situations people apply significantly fewer vocal spelling emotional cues than in non-stressful situations. There is also a significant relationship between conscientiousness as a personality trait and use of lexical surrogate emotional cues in this type of communication. Our proposed study expands upon preliminary data to uncover more significant differences among the emotional message cues people use to express different emotions in IM, including the role of relevant personality traits. Identifying how users express emotions in IM assists researchers and designers in focusing on the users' emotional needs and results in the improvement of emotional communication strategies in IM.
Features and prognosis of exertional syncope in light-chain associated AL cardiac amyloidosis

Syncope is common in AL amyloid heart disease and in almost 1/3 of our patients who experienced syncope, it was precipitated by physiologic stress. Stress-precipitated syncope was associated with a poor prognosis in such patients, both in terms of their median survival of 2 months and was frequently a precursor of sudden cardiac death.
AIR Model: A Teaching Tool for Cultivating Reflective Ethical Inquiry.

The AIR model we describe in this article is a practical framework for cultivating reflective inquiry into ethical issues that students, faculty, and administrators experience in the midst of busy daily lives and encounter in classroom discussions in a discipline field. The model is highly adaptable to academic and workplace settings and enables students to clarify and refine their ethical thinking and make more caring, compassionate, and respectful choices. Quantitative and qualitative assessment indicates that students who use AIR as an organizing framework become more empowered and competent to engage in reflective ethical inquiry.
DOUBLE SPIN ASYMMETRY ALT IN THE PRODUCTION OF PHOTONS, HADRONS, AND JETS

We calculate the double spin asymmetry (DSA) ALT in proton-proton (pp) collisions for the production of photons, hadrons, and jets in the collinear twist-3 framework. These processes allows us for the first time to access a complete set of collinear twist-3 functions. We also give numerical estimates for the asymmetries of which photon production shows the most promise of a measurable effect. Furthermore, we comment on how these asymmetries would allow us to probe the gluon helicity down to as of yet unexplored x values, remark on the importance of these effects in determining the evolution of the Efremov-Teryaev-Qiu-Sterman (ETQS) function TF(x, x), and discuss their usefulness in resolving the true mechanism behind the large transverse single spin asymmetries (SSAs) measured in pp collisions.
Ab initio/GIAO-CCSD(T) study of the effects of protonation on borane–ammonia (H3BNH3) and related complexes

Abstract Structures of neutral borane–ammonia complex H3BNH3 1 and its protonated form H 4 BNH 3 + 2 were calculated using ab initio method at the MP2/cc-pVTZ and MP2/cc-pVQZ levels. At the MP2/cc-pVQZ level the B N bond distance of 1 was found to be 1.646 A. This is close to the experimentally measured gas phase B N distance (r0) of 1.672 A (microwave spectroscopy). At the same MP2/cc-pVQZ level, the B N bond distance of 2 was found to be only 1. 577 A. This is very close to the X-ray determined bond distance of 1.564 A. Protonation of 1 was found to be highly exothermic by 192.9 kcal/mol. The 11B NMR chemical shifts of 1 and 2 were also calculated by the correlated GIAO-CCSD(T) method. Both δ11B values of 1 and 2 were calculated to be close to the experimental value of H3BNH3 1. For comparison, structures and 11B NMR chemical shifts of the neutral complexes H3BX (X = PH3 3, OH2 5, SH2 7 and CO 9) and their corresponding B H protonated structures were also computed.
Application of the reciprocity theorem to determine line-load-generated surface waves on an inhomogeneous transversely isotropic half-space

Abstract Free and forced time-harmonic surface waves are investigated for a half-space of transversely isotropic elastic material, where the axis normal to the free surface (the z-axis) is the axis of symmetry. In addition, the elastic constants and the mass density depend on the distance from the free surface. A surface wave is considered as being composed of a carrier wave that propagates over the free surface as it would over a membrane, while it carries along a system of depth-dependent motions. For free surface waves the analytical details, i.e., the calculation of the wave speed of the free surface waves, are worked out for the case that the elastic constants and the mass density vary exponentially with depth. For forced motion by a time-harmonic line load, the far-field surface wave motion is determined by an application of the reciprocity theorem for elastodynamics. Numerical results for displacements and stresses are graphically displayed. Fourier superposition has been used to determine the transient surface wave response to a pulse-type normal line-load.
Recalcitrant Chest Wall Aspergillus Fumigatus Osteomyelitis After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Successful Radical Surgical and Medical Management

This report describes a 62-year-old male diabetic patient with persistent chest wall osteomyelitis that developed after repeat coronary artery bypass grafting. The chronic infection was localized to the right anterior chest wall and refractory to medical and surgical treatment including long-term antiobiotics, five separate intraoperative debridements, and reconstruction with vascularized omentum over a two-year period at outside institutions. Aggressive surgical debridement with flap reconstruction resulted in definitive management. The organism isolated from multiple intraoperative bone, cartilage, and tissue cultures yielded Aspergillus fumigatus; therapy with itraconazole was utilized for 6 months. Surgical management of osteomyelitis and costochondritis is reviewed accompanied by a literature review on this uncommon cause of chronic chest wall infection.
Transnational terrorism: Prospectus for a causal modeling approach

Abstract There has been an avalanche of published and unpublished analyses of the phenomenon of terrorism. There have been few explicit attempts, however, to determine empirically the more systematic precursors or causes and measurable effects of terrorist phenomena. The voluminous literature on terrorism can be subdivided into general works, definitional/conceptual discussions, case studies of particular regions, countries, and/or movements, counterterrorism and crisis management, and terrorist event data. Following a review of the research literature, models of transnational terrorism are delineated. An analytical strategy is also specified; the strategy entails the application of “soft modeling” techniques. A very basic causal model of transnational terrorism is sketched out. The ultimate goal of a causal modeling research program would be to mesh the substance of terrorism research with the social science methodology of causal modeling—simultaneously drawing on the strengths of both while recognizing ...
A modified horizontal capillary puller for fabrication of patch-clamp pipettes

A simple low-cost modification to a conventional horizontal two-stage micropipette puller is described. It allows the production of pipettes suitable for patch-clamp studies. It requires that the hard-pull stage of the fabrication process be disabled and two heating cycles, each with a different heating filament temperature, be employed. The modification is described specifically for an Industrial Science Associates, Inc. M-1 micropipette puller. However, in principle it should be applicable to any horizontal two-stage puller using a solenoid to generate the pull force.
Wind-induced loads on metal edge flashings

This paper reports the results of wind-tunnel and full-scale measurements of wind pressure on metal edge flashings. The wind-tunnel tests provide useful information on failure mechanisms of the flashing-cleat system. The wind pressure data collected at the Texas Tech University Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory (WERFL) building represent the effects of the natural wind. Finite element analyses using pressure data from the full-scale tests calculate stresses at critical sections of the edge flashing and pull-out forces on the fasteners. The results suggest outward acting fastener pull-out forces, even when the wind is blowing toward the face of the edge flashing (windward wind).
Comparative performance of chemically and enzymatically modified whey proteins

Abstract Alternative approaches for enhancing the utilization of whey proteins were investigated. Chemical and enzymatic treatments were applied to induce some structural and electrostatic changes in the whey proteins. Chemical modification involved covalent attachment of succinyl and acetyl groups to the free amino sites of lysine residues. Enzymatic modification included deamidation of these active sites via trypsin and chymotrypsin under conditions unfavorable for potent proteolysis. Chemical treatments, in particular succinylation, resulted in better emulsifying capability and stability as evidenced by a well-balanced distribution of oil droplets within the emulsion ultrastructure. Foaming ability and stability were substantially enhanced by both treatments, although the effect was stronger in the chemically-treated proteins. Enzyme-treated whey proteins, however, showed superior solubility and in-vitro digestibility as compared to their chemically treated or native counterparts. In a simulated intermediate moisture food system, succinylation offered the best protective effect against browning development and loss of basic amino acids.
Avoiding complications of laparoscopic surgery: Lessons from cognitive science and crew resource management

Complications may occur during laparoscopic surgery, even with a skilled surgeon and under ideal circumstances, because human error is inevitable. We reviewed videotaped procedures where malpractice was alleged and resolved in court to evaluate potential contributing factors. We evaluated possible sources of complications related to cognitive science, systems error, equipment issues, and surgeon selection and training. The way the human brain's hard-wiring shapes information processing, as well as perceptual learning, can influence the risk of surgical complications. Situation awareness and principles derived from aviation crew resource management may be adapted to help avoid systems error. The current process used to select gynecologic surgeons and the structure of surgical training may need to be reconsidered.
Primary Cilia Respond to Uniaxial Strain by Reorienting and Elongating along the Axis of Stretch

The primary cilium is a ubiquitous, microtubule-based organelle that protrudes from the cell surface and acts as the cell's antenna to sense extracellular signals, such as growth factors, fluid flow and developmental morphogens. Ciliary defects have been implicated in a diverse spectrum of diseases including retinal degeneration, polycystic kidney disease, mental retardation, obesity and situs inversus. In order to sense extracellular signals appropriately, cells must have primary cilia of certain lengths in each organ or tissue. However, it is unclear how cells control ciliary length. We hypothesize that assembly and disassembly of primary cilia are affected by the cellular environment, including mechanical stress from the substrate and cell shape. Recent studies indicate a relationship between the dynamics of actin filaments and the length of cilia. To test whether cell environment is involved in cilia length and orientation, we investigated the effect of uniaxial strain on cilia in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stretching device. After uniaxial strain, cilia elongated and rotated along the axis of stretch. In addition, we found that this behavior is dependent on actin network integrity and myosin activity. These novel findings propose a potential link between primary cilia behavior, cellular mechanosensation and actomyosin contractility. This stretching system can be used for understanding other biological problems related with mechanical stress, such as organelle size and orientation of cell division.
Miscible macromolecular antioxidants for polyethers

Abstract Oxidation reactions are one of the main reasons for the failure of polymeric materials. Antioxidants, compounds designed to protect against oxidation, must meet three main requirements for success: (1) an efficient antioxidative mechanism, (2) compatibility with the oxidizing polymer, and (3) permanence Within the oxidizing polymer. Common antioxidants are low molecular weight materials that can easily diffuse, leach, or evaporate from the polymer they are designed to protect. An increase in the molecular weight of the antioxidant not only decreases diffusion and volatility, but also decreases compatibility since most high molecular weight polymers will not mix. Selective sterically hindered phenolics, however, are concurrently antioxidants and “compatibilizers” through hydrogen bond formation. Carefully designed copolymers containing a small percentage of 2,6-diisopropyl-4-vinylphenol were found to mix intimately with two readily oxidizing polyethers and to protect them against oxidation.
The calculation of steady plane supersonic gas flows containing an arbitrarily large number of shocks

A scheme of computation is described which will allow the calculation of plane supersonic gas flow through ducts and around obstacles with an accuracy dependent mainly on the adequacy of the assumption that viscous and heat conductive effects may be confined to oblique shocks, these being represented by abrupt changes in flow variables. The computing scheme will keep track of an arbitrarily large number of discontinuities and will introduce those shocks, vortex sheets and midflow expansions which are necessary to represent discontinuity interactions. The methods used are applicable to the calculation of weak solutions of other hyperbolic systems.
Integrating induction and deduction for noisy data mining

Data mining research has been drawing a lot of interest and attention from various fields since late 1980s. The rapid progress has been achieved from three aspects: the prosperity of data mining conferences, the significant number of data mining algorithms, and widely applied areas of data mining techniques. With the continuing growth of the data volumes in many domains, the need of employing data mining techniques provides not only new opportunities but also immense challenges. In this article, we present our study on a challenging topic - integrating induction and deduction for noisy data mining. In particular, we assume the mechanism that corrupts the input data is a set of structured knowledge in the form of Associative Corruption (AC) rules. We apply deductive reasoning to generate the noise corruption rules; make error corrections on the input data with the help of these rules; and perform inductive learning from the corrected input data. Our experimental results show that the proposed integration framework is effective.
Using a broad-coverage parser for word-breaking in Japanese

We describe a method of word segmentation in Japanese in which a broad-coverage parser selects the best word sequence while producing a syntactic analysis. This technique is substantially different from traditional statistics- or heuristics-based models which attempt to select the best word sequence before handing it to the syntactic component. By breaking up the task of finding the best word sequence into the identification of words (in the word-breaking component) and the selection of the best sequence (a by-product of parsing), we have been able to simplify the task of each component and achieve high accuracy over a wide variety of data. Word-breaking accuracy of our system is currently around 97-98%.
Airborne detection of diffuse carbon dioxide emissions at Mammoth Mountain, California

We report the first airborne detection of CO2 degassing from diffuse volcanic sources. Airborne measurement of diffuse CO2 degassing offers a rapid alternative for monitoring CO2 emission rates at Mammoth Mountain. CO2 concentrations, temperatures, and barometric pressures were measured at ∼2,500 GPS-referenced locations during a one-hour, eleven-orbit survey of air around Mammoth Mountain at ∼3 km from the summit and altitudes of 2,895–3,657 m. A volcanic CO2 anomaly 4–5 km across with CO2 levels ∼1 ppm above background was revealed downwind of tree-kill areas. It contained a 1-km core with concentrations exceeding background by >3 ppm. Emission rates of ∼250 t d−1 are indicated. Orographic winds may play a key role in transporting the diffusely degassed CO2 upslope to elevations where it is lofted into the regional wind system.
The Empirical Research on Industry Informatization

Industry Informatization is the necessary way of industry upgrading. In the Europe and America, under the background of "re-industrialization", how to enhance core competitiveness through the deeply essential amalgamation of industrialization and Informatization is a crucial proposition. By researching the process and the saturation of the informatization in 100 industrial enterprises in Shenyang, this thesis divides the enterprises into ten types, analyses the informatization efficiency features of different types of enterprises, and try to find the way of achieving industrial upgrading by improving the informatization efficiency.
Surface M2 tidal currents along the North Carolina shelf observed with a high-frequency radar

[1] Surface tidal circulation over the continental shelf of Duck, North Carolina, was explored using surface current observations measured by a high-frequency (HF) radar. The Ocean Surface Current Radar (OSCR) was deployed at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Field Research Facility (FRF) in Duck, North Carolina, during 1–30 October 1994 and measured surface current at 20-min intervals at 700 cells with a 1.2-km resolution in a 25 × 44 km domain. Harmonic analysis of the surface current indicates fine-scale (O(1 km)) variability in tidal amplitudes and phases within the study domain. The M2 tidal current amplitudes ranged from 2 to 10 cm s−1, with phases ranging from 100° to 120°, which compared well to previous results. Strong tidal current amplitudes and fine-scale variability occurred near bathymetric features. Decreasing M2 surface tidal current amplitudes in the far field (∼40 km) of the radar domain are consistent with decreasing spectral quality of the HF radar returns. A 1-D barotropic tidal model is utilized to examine the physics of the M2 tidal currents over the shelf. Observed M2 tidal currents compare well with those predicted by the model over the inner shelf to the midshelf. However, differences between the observed and the barotropic tidal currents of 5–8 cm s−1 are related to the decrease in spectral quality of the HF radar data in the far field.
Requirements for CEACAMs and Cholesterol during Murine Coronavirus Cell Entry

Previous reports have documented that cholesterol supplementations increase cytopathic effects in tissue culture and also intensify in vivo pathogenicities during infection by the enveloped coronavirus murine hepatitis virus (MHV). To move toward a mechanistic understanding of these phenomena, we used growth media enriched with methyl-β-cyclodextrin or cholesterol to reduce or elevate cellular membrane sterols, respectively. Cholesterol depletions reduced plaque development 2- to 20-fold, depending on the infecting MHV strain, while supplementations increased susceptibility 2- to 10-fold. These various cholesterol levels had no effect on the binding of viral spike (S) proteins to cellular carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) receptors, rather they correlated directly with S-protein-mediated membrane fusion activities. We considered whether cholesterol was indirectly involved in membrane fusion by condensing CEACAMs into “lipid raft” membrane microdomains, thereby creating opportunities for simultaneous binding of multiple S proteins that subsequently cooperate in the receptor-triggered membrane fusion process. However, the vast majority of CEACAMs were solubilized by cold Triton X-100 (TX-100), indicating their absence from lipid rafts. Furthermore, engineered CEACAMs appended to glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors partitioned with TX-100-resistant lipid rafts, but cells bearing these raft-associated CEACAMs were not hypersensitive to MHV infection. These findings argued against the importance of cholesterol-dependent CEACAM localizations into membrane microdomains for MHV entry, instead suggesting that cholesterol had a more direct role. Indeed, we found that cholesterol was required even for those rare S-mediated fusions taking place in the absence of CEACAMs. We conclude that cholesterol is an essential membrane fusion cofactor that can act with or without CEACAMs to promote MHV entry.
The Dielectric Constant of Atomic Hydrogen in Undulatory Mechanics.

In a recent paper J. H. Van Vleck(1) used the expressions for the energy of a hydrogen atom in an electric field, derived by I. Waller(2) and the writer,(3) for computing the dielectric constant. The interesting method he applies is analogous to that used by J. H. Jones(4) for the same purpose in Bohr's quantum theory, and is outlined in section 1 of the following paper by Evelyn F. Aylesworth.(5)
Nitrogen inhibition of nodulation and N2 fixation of a tropical N2‐fixing tree (Gliricidia sepium) grown in elevated atmospheric CO2

Interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 and soil N availability on N 2 fixation and biomass production were examined using Gliricidia sepium, a tropical leguminous tree species. Our objective was to determine if elevated CO 2 alters the inhibitory effects of soil N on N 2 fixation, and whether the response of Gliricidia to elevated CO 2 was a function of N source originating from either substrate N fertilizer or N 2 fixation. We hypothesized that CO 2 enrichment would ameliorate the inhibitory effects of N fertilization on seedling nodulation and N 2 fixation through increased C partitioning to nodules. Seedlings were grown from seed for 100 d in growth chambers at either 350 or 700 μmol mol -1 CO 2 . Seedlings were inoculated with Rhizobium spp. and grown either with 0, 1 or 10 mM N fertilizer. The δ 15 N isotope-dilution technique was used to determine N source partitioning between N 2 fixation and inorganic N fertilizer uptake. The addition of 10 mM N fertilizer significantly reduced nodule number and mass, specific nitrogenase activity, the specific rate of N 2 fixation, and the proportion of plant N derived from N 2 fixation. Elevated CO 2 , however, strongly ameliorated the inhibitory effects of N fertilization, indicating that increased C availability for nodule activity may partially offset the inhibition of N 2 fixation caused by substrate N, as nodule sugar concentrations were stimulated with CO 2 enrichment. This study clearly shows that elevated CO 2 enhanced plant productivity and net N content of Gliricidia tree seedlings by stimulating N 2 fixation. In addition, seedling biomass production was greatly enhanced by elevated CO 2 , regardless of whether plant N was derived from the substrate or from the atmosphere. We conclude from this study that CO 2 enrichment mitigates the inhibitory effects of substrate N on nodule initiation and development and specific N 2 fixation, either through increased C allocation to nodule production and activity, or through increased N demand by the plant for biomass production. This experiment with Gliricidia provides evidence for a positive feedback between increased atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, C allocation to symbiotic N 2 -fixing bacteria, and plant C and N accumulation that may occur when N 2 -fixing plants are grown under conditions where substrate N may typically inhibit N 2 fixation.
Wideband displays: mitigating multiple monitor seams

Wideband displays fill our field of view, creating new opportunities to develop effective visual interfaces. Although multiple monitors are becoming an affordable way to create wideband displays, the resulting seams create gaps in words and divide diagonal lines into nonaligned segments. We present several novel user interface techniques for creating seam-aware applications, showing that vendors need not wait for affordable seamless displays to exploit the potential of wideband displays.
Use of Conifer Snags as Roosts by Female Bats in Western Oregon

Forest management activities influence habitat suitability for bats, and knowledge of the roosting ecology of bats is fundamental to developing strategies for conserving bats in managed forests. Information on use of roosts by multiple species of bats in a given area may provide insight into interspecific ecological patterns and could improve management prescriptions to provide habitat for bats through time across diverse ownerships and over multiple spatial scales. We investigated use of conifer snags as roosts by females of 3 species of forest-dwelling bats in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzesii) forests in the western Oregon Cascade Range. We radiotagged 29 female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), 55 long-legged myotis (Myotis volans), and 27 long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) and located 42, 105, and 24 snag roosts for the 3 species, respectively. All 3 species most frequently used Douglas-fir snags and in similar proportions to their availability. Big brown bats and long-legged myotis rarely roosted in stands <40 years old but age of stands used by female long-eared myotis did not differ from those randomly available. Odds of a snag being used as a roost by big brown bats increased with diameter at breast height and decreased with distance from the capture site. Diameter of snags used for roosting and the number of small (10–50 cm dbh) snags within the 20-m radius plot were variables in the best model for roost use by long-legged myotis. The best model for long-eared myotis included distance to the capture site. Odds of a snag being used by female long-eared myotis decreased with increasing distance from the capture site. There was considerable overlap in structural characteristics and the physical context of roost snags among the 3 species, but the types of roosts used among landscapes with differing densities of snags differed among the 3 species. Although big brown bats and long-legged myotis used only snags and live trees as roosts, long-eared myotis used a diversity of structures and the frequency of use of these structures differed with density of snags in the landscape. Relative to other roost types, frequency of use of snags by long-eared myotis was nearly twice as high in landscapes with high densities of snags as in those with low densities. We found that some species of bats alter selection of roosts depending on landscape context and availability of different types of roosts. Our findings demonstrate that forest managers must consider the needs of multiple bat species and the distribution of roosts in the landscape, especially where densities of snags are low and at low elevations in intensively managed landscapes.
Phosphoethanolamine methyltransferases in phosphocholine biosynthesis: Functions and potential for antiparasite therapy

S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases represent a diverse group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from a methyl donor SAM to nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or carbon atoms of a large number of biologically active large and small molecules. These modifications play a major role in the regulation of various biological functions such as gene expression, signaling, nuclear division and metabolism. The three-step SAM-dependent methylation of phosphoethanolamine to form phosphocholine catalyzed by phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferases (PMTs) has emerged as an important biochemical step in the synthesis of the major phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine, in some eukaryotes. PMTs have been identified in nematodes, plants, African clawed frogs, zebrafish, the Florida lancelet, Proteobacteria and human malaria parasites. Data accumulated thus far suggest an important role for these enzymes in growth and development. This review summarizes published studies on the biochemical and genetic characterization of these enzymes, and discusses their evolution and their suitability as targets for the development of therapies against parasitic infections, as well as in bioengineering for the development of nutritional and stress-resistant plants.
A High Isoflavone Soy Protein Diet and Intravenous Genistein Delay Rejection of Rat Cardiac Allografts

Genistein, a soy isoflavone, has in vitro immunosuppressive properties. We investigated whether genistein or dietary soy protein containing isoflavones could influence the outcome of rat cardiac allografts. Lewis rats were fed a diet with protein from high isoflavone soy protein fraction (HIS), casein (CAS) or casein with isoflavones added (CI) starting 1 wk before heart transplants from Wistar Furth donors, and continuing throughout the study. HIS-fed rats had significantly prolonged time to rejection compared with CAS- and CI-fed recipients (10.8 +/- 2.62 vs. 7.18 +/- 0.75 and 7.22 +/- 0.44 d, P < 0.001). Intravenous genistein [20mg/(kg. d) for 14 d] significantly prolonged heart survival compared with controls and dissolvent-treated recipients (23.2 +/- 7.4 vs. 8.4 +/- 1.3 and 11.4+/3.6 d, P < 0.0005), and had an additive effect when given to heart recipients also receiving low dose cyclosporine for 7 d (30.8 +/- 2.3 vs. 23.4 +/- 2.4 d, P < 0.005). Concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes, isolated from Lewis rats given intraperitoneal genistein for 7 d, had decreased production of interferon gamma compared with controls or dimethyl sulfoxide-treated groups (22.6 +/- 9.9 vs 149 +/- 105 and 154 +/- 103 micro g/L, P < 0.05). In conclusion, a high isoflavone soy diet and intravenous genistein, but not isoflavone extract alone, delay rejection of rat cardiac allografts, with an additive effect in cyclosporine-treated rats. In addition, intraperitoneal genistein has immunosuppressive properties in vivo.
Interleavers for turbo codes using permutation polynomials over integer rings

A class of deterministic interleavers for turbo codes (TCs) based on permutation polynomials over /spl Zopf//sub N/ is introduced. The main characteristic of this class of interleavers is that they can be algebraically designed to fit a given component code. Moreover, since the interleaver can be generated by a few simple computations, storage of the interleaver tables can be avoided. By using the permutation polynomial-based interleavers, the design of the interleavers reduces to the selection of the coefficients of the polynomials. It is observed that the performance of the TCs using these permutation polynomial-based interleavers is usually dominated by a subset of input weight 2m error events. The minimum distance and its multiplicity (or the first few spectrum lines) of this subset are used as design criterion to select good permutation polynomials. A simple method to enumerate these error events for small m is presented. Searches for good interleavers are performed. The decoding performance of these interleavers is close to S-random interleavers for long frame sizes. For short frame sizes, the new interleavers outperform S-random interleavers.
Investigation of heat transfer in rectangular microchannels

An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the validity of classical correlations based on conventionalsized channels for predicting the thermal behavior in single-phase flow through rectangular microchannels. The microchannels considered ranged in width from 194 lm to 534 lm, with the channel depth being nominally five times the width in each case. Each test piece was made of copper and contained ten microchannels in parallel. The experiments were conducted with deionized water, with the Reynolds number ranging from approximately 300 to 3500. Numerical predictions obtained based on a classical, continuum approach were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data (showing an average deviation of 5%), suggesting that a conventional analysis approach can be employed in predicting heat transfer behavior in microchannels of the dimensions considered in this study. However, the entrance and boundary conditions imposed in the experiment need to be carefully matched in the predictive approaches. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Projections of Polynomial Hulls

The following theorem is discussed. Let X be a compact subset of the unit sphere in @” whose polynomially convex hull, 2, contains the origin, then the sum of the areas of the n coordinate projections of X is bounded below by x. This applies, in particular, when X is a one-dimensional analytic subvariety l’ containing the origin, and in this case generalizes the fact that the “area” of I’ is at least z; in fact, the area of f’ is the sum of the areas of the n coordinate projections when these areas are counted with multiplicity. A convex analog of the theorem is obtained. Hartog’s theorem that separate analyticity implies analyticity, usually proved with the use of subharmonic functions (Hartog’s lemma), will be derived as a consequence of the theorem, the proof of which is based upon the elements of uniform algebras.
Low power optical bistability in 1550 nm VCSOAs

Clockwise and counterclockwise bistability are demonstrated in 1550 nm vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers (VCSOAs) at input powers two orders of magnitude lower than previously. Butterfly bistability is also observed for the first time in VCSOAs.
Magneto-optical study on diluted magnetic III-V heterostructures

The authors discuss polar Kerr-rotation measurements on III-V diluted magnetic semiconductors in both heterostructures (InMnAs/AlSb) and bulk films (2.5 mu m InMnAs on GaAs
Hierarchical Complexity of Tasks Shows the Existence of Developmental Stages

The major purpose of this paper is to introduce the notion of the order of hierarchical complexity of tasks. Order of hierarchical complexity is a way of conceptualizing information in terms of the power required to complete a task or solve a problem. It is orthogonal to the notion of information coded as bits in traditional information theory. Because every task (whether experimental or everyday) that individuals engage in has an order of hierarchical complexity associated with it, this notion of hierarchical complexity has broad implications both within developmental psychology and beyond it in such fields as information science. Within developmental psychology, traditional stage theory has been criticized for not showing that stages exist as anything more thanad hocdescriptions of sequential changes in human behavior (Kohlberg & Armon, 1984; Gibbs, 1977, 1979; Broughton, 1984). To address this issue, Commons and Richards (1984a,b) argued that a successful developmental theory should address two conceptually different issues: (1) the hierarchical complexity of the task to be solved and (2) the psychology, sociology, and anthropology of such task performance and how that performance develops. The notion of the hierarchical complexity of tasks, introduced here, formalizes the key notions implicit in most stage theories, presenting them as axioms and theorems. The hierarchical complexity of tasks has itself been grounded in mathematical models (Coombs, Dawes, & Tversky, 1970) and information science (Lindsay & Norman, 1977). The resultant definition of stage is that it is the highest order of hierarchical complexity on which there is successful task performance. In addition to providing an analytic solution to the issue of what are developmental stages, the theory of hierarchical complexity presented here allows for the possibility within science of scaling the complexity in a form more akin to intelligence.