cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Host Protein Synthesis During Infection of Escherichi coli by Bacteriophage T4 III. Inhibition by Ghosts

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-less T2 "ghosts" were prepared by osmotic shock and purified by KBr density gradient centrifugation. Escherichia coli B was treated with these ghosts in inorganic salts-glycerol medium to see which features of phage infection could be elicited by ghosts. At a multiplicity that was just sufficient to block induction of beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23), 89% of the bacteria were killed and the rates of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and DNA synthesis were about 10 to 15% of normal. However, protein synthesis was almost completely blocked but resumed after 30 min. During this period, it was possible to induce messenger RNA (mRNA) from the lactose operon, although this mRNA could not be translated into active beta-galactosidase. These results suggest to us that the viable cells surviving ghost infection synthesize nucleic acids at close to a normal rate but are temporarily blocked in protein synthesis. The continued formation of untranslated host mRNA mimics the pattern of bacterial synthesis just after whole-phage infection, and is consistent with the interpretation that the immediate block in the initiation of host translation by these viruses is due to their attachment.
INJURY PATTERNS IN MOTOR VEHICLE FATALITIES

A retrospective pilot study of motor vehicle incident fatalities was conducted to determine what relationships exist between injuries received by deceased drivers, passengers, and a control population of pedestrians, and some of the environmental factors existing at the time of the incident. A number of correlations were established between the types and locations of injuries received, seat belt use, position of the injured party, and so forth. A study of this type, if performed on a large enough population, could lead to predictive models for the determination of position of the victims within a motor vehicle at the time of a fatal crash, based on a unique clustering of injuries.
Cross-Holdings, Firm Valuation, and the Relevance of Financial Policy

We examine whether the Modigliani-Miller capital structure irrelevance theorem is valid when firms may, as part of their investment policies, hold financial claims on other firms. Under the assumption that financial markets are frictionless and complete, capital structure policy is shown to be irrelevant if either one of the following conditions holds: (1) the structure of security holdings is sufficiently simple that it does not give rise to interdependencies among firms' capital structures; or (2) debt obligations are riskless. However, if neither condition holds, then capital structure may be relevant to firm value.
Application of Molecular Markers to Genetic Diversity and Identity in Forage Crops

Molecular genetic tools have been utilised at a much slower pace for forage crops than for the human food crops. Recently, however, molecular marker systems have been incorporated in forage crop breeding to assist in selecting desirable genotypes, to examine genetic diversity and cultivar stability, and to be used for cultivar identification. Molecular tests range from ploidy determination using flow cytometry to exact DNA sequence identification of specific genes. Isozyme studies have shown that forage crops are complex genetically and not only have multiloci, but have multiallelic genetic systems. The PGI 2 locus, for example, has at least seven different allelic forms. Because of the genetic complexity, cultivars and germplasm should be characterised by allelic frequency differences. The AMOVA is a statistical tool that provides relative measures of within accession, among accession, and among broad groupings of genotypes. Choice of molecular test that can be analysed by AMOVA can be determined by the information desired. RAPDs are easy to implement on an individual plant basis and are relatively inexpensive. AFLPs are more expensive, but much more definitive than RAPDs. SSRs measure rather minute genetic changes that can be correlated to evolutionary or genealogical relatedness. Future implementation of ESTs, or SNPs identified by DNA sequence arrays will be used to separate accessions based on actual gene differences.
Use of diuretics in chronic renal failure

Patients with chronic renal failure retain Na+ and H2O, and they retain K- and acid. This disordered homeostasis results in hypertension, edema, hyperkalemia and acidosis. Diuretics may be used to favorably modify these disturbances. However, because of the limited filtered load of water and electrolytes, and the low renal blood flow, measures need to be taken to maximize the response to diuretics. These measures include: (a) the use of the most bioavailable drug, torasemide, when using the oral route; (b) the use of the drug with the least hepatic elimination, furosemide, when using the intravenous route; (c) the use of combinations of loop- and distal tubule-acting diuretics; (d) the use of the maximum effective diuretic dose; and (e) the use of repeated doses or constant infusion. In benefiting hypertension, vascular congestion and hyperkalemia diuretics appear to exert their effects not only on the kidneys but also on extrarenal sites, such as the vascular tree and the gastrointestinal tract. The use of diuretics, however, is not without complications, which include: intravascular volume depletion and azotemia, ototoxicity (when using loop-acting diuretics), hyperlipidemia, acute pancreatitis, hyperkalemia (when using K(+)-sparing agents), and acidosis (when using carbonic anhydrase inhibitors).
A Highly Personal Perspective

Operators and Promoters The Story of Molecular Biology and Its Creators. Harrison Echols. Edited by Carol A. Gross. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2001. 486 pp. $65, £43. ISBN 0-520-21331-9. Combining observations and experiences from his own career with results from interviews of many of the important participants, the late "Hatch" Echols offers a interesting personal perspective on the development of modern molecular biology.
It All Started With a Button

As librarians at an art and design library that is also part of a larger institution, we find it necessary to continually come up with new and innovative ways to make our library a welcoming, appealing, interesting and relevant place. Of particular popularity are the buttons we make using images from resources available at the library. For outreach, we give them away at every opportunity, including orientations (while wearing the “librarian” t-shirts we made) and faculty meetings. We also use them as teaching tools, and as incentive for participation in library instruction sessions. Our student workers and staff members have a range of talents and interests that can be maximized to promote the library as well. We encourage librarians in other settings to expand on our ideas and use the resources at hand for creative library promotion and marketing projects.
Aging‐Associated Alterations in Contractility of Rat Mesenteric Lymphatic Vessels

Objective: To evaluate the age-related changes in pumping of mesenteric lymphatic vessels in 9- and 24-month-old male Fisher344 rats. Methods: Lymphatic diameters, contraction amplitude, contraction frequency, and fractional pump flow were determined in isolated MLV before and after L-NAME application. Results: The data demonstrate a severe weakening of the lymphatic pump in aged MLV including diminished lymphatic contraction amplitude, contraction frequency, and as a result, lymphatic pump activity. The data also suggest that the imposed flow gradient-generated shear-dependent relaxation does not exist in aged rat MLV, and the sensitivity of both adult and aged MLV to such shear cannot be eliminated by nitric oxide (NO) synthases blockade. Conclusions: These data provide new evidence of lymphatic regional heterogeneity for both adult and aged MLV. In MLV, a constant interplay between the tonic and phasic components of the myogenic response and the shear-dependent release of NO predominantly determine the level of contractile activity; the existence of another shear-dependent, but NO-independent regulatory mechanism is probably present. Aging remarkably weakens MLV contractility, which would predispose this lymphatic network to lower total lymph flow in resting conditions and limit the ability to respond to an edemagenic challenge in the elderly.
Broad and luminous [O iii] and [N ii] in globular cluster ULXs

We consider an accretion disc origin for the broad and luminous forbidden line emission observed in ultraluminous X-ray (ULX) sources CXOJ033831.8−352604 and XMMU 122939.7+075333 in globular clusters hosted by elliptical galaxies NGC 1399 and 4472, respectively. We will refer to the latter by the globular cluster name RZ2109. The first has strong [O iii] and [N ii], the second only [O iii]. Both Hα and Hβ are very weak or undetected in both objects. We assume that the large linewidths are due to Keplerian rotation around a compact object and derive expressions for maximum line luminosities. These idealized models require central masses ≳100 and ≳30 000 M⊙ for CXOJ033831.8−352604 and RZ2109, respectively. An independent, bootstrap argument for the total disc mass yields, for both systems, Mdisc≳ 10−4 M⊙ for a purely metallic disc (and two orders of magnitude larger for solar metallicities). If Roche lobe overflow is implicated, viscous time-scales are ≳300 yr. Standard disc theory then offers another limit on the central masses. Lobe radii for an ∼1 M⊙ donor are ≳1013 cm. We therefore rule out Roche lobe overflow of a white dwarf in both systems. Red giants could fill the necessary lobes. Whether they are too metal poor to produce the strong forbidden lines without strong hydrogen emission is unclear.
XCL: An Xlib Compatibility Layer for XCB

The X Window System has provided the standard graphical user interface for UNIX systems for more than 15 years. One result is a large installed base of X applications written in C and C++. In almost all cases, these programs rely on the Xlib library to manage their interactions with the X server. The reference implementation of Xlib is as old as X itself, and has been freely available in source form since its inception: it currently is a part of the XFree86 [xfr] distribution. Unfortunately, Xlib suffers from a number of implementation issues that have made it unsuitable for some classes of application. Most notably, Xlib is a large body of code. This is of most significance on small platforms such as hand-held computers, where permanent and temporary storage are both limited, but can also have performance disadvantages on any modern architecture due to factors such as cache size. In addition, because of Xlib’s monolithic nature, it is difficult to maintain. The authors’ prior work on the X protocol C Binding (XCB) is intended to provide a high-quality but incompatible replacement for Xlib. While XCB is believed to be suitable for most new application and toolkit construction, it is desirable to support the large installed base of legacy code and experience by augmenting XCB with an Xlib-compatible API. This desire has led to the construction of a new library, the Xlib Compatibility Layer (XCL), that is binarycompatible with frequently-used portions of Xlib while being significantly smaller and easier to maintain. Benefits are demonstrated for both existing and new applications written for Xlib. In particular, the significant share of existing knowledge and written material about Xlib remains applicable to XCL. Also, XCL can significantly ease the migration path from Xlib to XCB. 1 The X Window System The X Window System [SG86] is the de facto standard technology for UNIX applications wishing to provide a graphical user interface. The power and success of the X model is due in no small measure to its separation of hardware control from application logic with a stable, published client-server network protocol. In this model, the hardware controller is considered the server, and individual applications and other components of a complete desktop environment are clients. Development of X began in 1984, and it has become a mature and stable specification that many vendors have implemented for their particular hardware and operating environments. There is now a huge installed base of client applications: X is available for most modern computer systems, and is typically the default on UNIX systems. To date, most client software for X has been built on top of one or more libraries that hide various details of the protocol, as illustrated in figure 1. Many applications are built using a GUI toolkit, such at Xt [AS90], Qt [Dal01], or GTK+ [Pen99]. These toolkits themselves, however, are almost invariably built on top of Xlib [SGFR92], a library that provides C and C++ language bindings for the X Window System protocol. It is also not uncommon to build applications directly atop Xlib.
Aggression and Antisocial Behavior in Youth

This chapter reviews the literatures on the normative development of antisocial behavior and how individual differences in antisocial behavior develop across the life span. The literature can be integrated with a model that includes biological (genetic, neural, and temperament) and socialization (parenting, peer, academic, and neighborhood) factors in antisocial development. These factors operate as main effects that cumulate, interaction effects that moderate each other, and developmental processes that mediate each other and transact across time. Social information processing factors (e.g., selective attention, hostile attributional bias, incompetent social problem-solving skills, and response evaluation biases) have been found to mediate these effects. Interventions that address these factors have proven partially successful in preventing antisocial development and may be targets for future efforts. Keywords: biological factors; individual differences; intervention; normative development; social information processing; socialization factors
Design of Hierarchical Classifiers

Decision trees provide a powerful method of pattern classification. At each node in a binary tree a decision is made based upon the value of one of many possible attributes or features. The leaves of the tree represent the various classes that can be recognized. Various techniques have been used to select the feature and threshold to use at each node based upon a set of training data. Information theoretic methods are the most popular techniques used for designing each node in the tree. An alternate method uses the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to design classification trees involving two classes. This paper presents an extension of this method that can produce a single decision tree when there are multiple classes. The relationship between this generalized Kolmogorov-Smirnov method and entropy minimization methods will be described. Experiments comparing classification results using this decision tree with results of using a Bayesian classifier will be presented.
Displaced and forgotten child refugees: A humanitarian crisis

Purpose To describe where child refugees are located, the risks they face, leading health problems, and how pediatric healthcare professionals can help. Conclusions Children constitute approximately 46% of refugees worldwide. These refugees fled their home countries due to conflict and persecution, and cannot return because of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. Practice Implications Pediatric nurses have an unprecedented opportunity to advocate for child refugees by contributing to the international conversation on the human rights of immigrants.
Resonance calculations for arbitrary potentials

On the basis of model calculations, we argue heuristically that the dilatation-transformation method is applicable to all potentials, even those that are not dilatation analytic. In particular, we show that resonances are converted into bound (localized) states on the nonphysical sheet of the complex energy plane under the action of a dilatation transformation.
CHARACTERIZATION OF DOUBLE EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION USING MOMENTS OF ORDER STATISTICS

The double exponential distribution is characterized using (i) the expected values of the spacings associated with certain extreme order statistics, and (ii) the relation between the difference of two product moments of certain extreme order statistics induced by random samples of arbitrary sizes.
Stress does not inhibit induced vitellogenesis in juvenile rainbow trout

Vitellogenin (Vtg) is a widely used biomarker for xenoestrogen exposure in male fishes. In female fishes Vtg can be negatively affected by stress independent of declines in estrogen. However, few data are available on the effect of stress in male fish abnormally producing Vtg, such as when exposed to xenoestrogens. The objective for these studies was to determine the effects of stress on fish forced to produce Vtg. Three weeks prior to the experiment immature juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were acclimated to the experimental tanks and fed a maintenance ration. We induced Vtg synthesis by injecting 17β-estradiol (E2) 7 days prior to experimentation. Treatments in duplicate tanks were: (1) no stressor; (2) stressor; (3) E2; (4) E2 and stressor. Plasma was collected at time = 0 for baseline measurements from eight fish per tank and Vtg was significantly elevated in treated fish compared to uninjected controls. Water was drained from the stressor tanks then refilled to a level that just covered the backs of the fish. Eight fish were sampled again at 4 and 9 h, and 1, 7, and 14 days of continuous stress. Stressor tanks were refilled with water to pre-stress levels and the fish were sampled after another 2 weeks. Cortisol was significantly elevated from the unstressed fish at 4 h; however, plasma Vtg in the E2-stimulated fish was not affected by the stressor at any timepoint. These results indicate that fish capture procedures employed in the field or caging experiments likely do not lead to false negative results when plasma Vtg is used as a biomarker for xenoestrogen exposure. It also suggests that the energetic load induced by stress is insufficient to cause a reduction in Vtg, during a continuous E2 administration, at least within the timepoints examined in this study.
On combinatorial auction and Lagrangean relaxation for distributed resource scheduling

Most existing methods for scheduling are based on centralized or hierarchical decision making using monolithic models. In ihis study, we investigate a new method based on a distributed and locally autonomous decision structure using the notion of combinatorial auction. In combinatorial auction the bidders demand a combination of dependent objects with a single bid. We show that not only can we use this auction mechanism to handle complex resource scheduling problems, but there exist strong links between combinatorial auction and Lagrangean-based decomposition. Exploring some of these properties, we characterize combinatorial auction using auction protocols and payment functions. This study is a first step toward developing a distributed scheduling framework that maintains system-wide performance while accommodating local preferences and objectives. We provide some insights to this framework by demonstrating four different versions of the auction mechanism using job shop scheduling problems.
Effects of Seeding Density on Proteoglycan Assembly of Passaged Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Cartilage repair strategies have utilized a wide range of cell types at a similarly wide range of seeding densities, both of which may affect ECM assembly. In this study, we investigated the effects of cell type and seeding density on proteoglycan assembly and the associated mechanical properties of tissue engineered constructs. Bovine and equine articular chondrocytes (AC) and first (P1) and second passage (P2) equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were encapsulated into alginate disk gels at densities of 1-, 10-, 25-, and 50 × 106 cells/mL for chondrocytes, and 25 × 106 cells/mL for P1-MSCs and 1-, 10-, and 25 × 106 cells/mL for P2-MSCs. Glycosaminoglycan content of the gels and surrounding media, as well as the resulting aggregate modulus of the disks was quantified at times up to 6 weeks. GAG accumulation was found to depend on cell type and density, and was observed to change with time. P1-MSCs produced the most total GAG (gel + media). Retention of GAG in gels was highest for bovine AC gels (which were used as a gold standard comparison), with equine MSCs retaining the least GAG. Though P1-MSCs were able to produce the largest amount of GAG, their ability to retain the produced GAG was very limited. This deficiency in retention by MSCs may be related to the lack of accumulation of link protein in MSC seeded gels. This is consistent with the lower amounts of GAG found in stem cell seeded gels by several studies, but also begins to elucidate metabolic patterns of MSCs. Future studies in cartilage engineering utilizing MSCs should explore ways of enhancing GAG retention.
Stress transfer and stiffness reduction in orthogonally cracked laminates

A micromechanical continuum mixture model is constructed for the stress transfer and residual stiffness in orthogonally cracked laminates. According to this technique, the discrete composite behavior is replaced by that of a higher order continuum. A rational construction of an alternative set of coupled field equations that automatically satisfy all interface conditions leads to simple coupled governing equations for the total composite. This construction procedure is based on some through-thickness approximate distributions for some of the field variables. Once the stress free crack surface boundary conditions are imposed and the stress field components are obtained, we proceed to derive expressions for the residual stiffness of the damaged composite. This is presented in the form of Young's and shear moduli. Treating three-dimensional problems and then identifying the results for the two-dimensional case, it will be shown that much of the earlier results in the literature are obtained as special cases of our work. Confidence in the modeling is further enhanced by showing good agreement with experimental measurements available in the literature.
Highly efficient light emission at λ = 1.5 μm by a three-dimensional tungsten photonic crystal

For what is believed to be the first time, a three-dimensional tungsten photonic crystal is demonstrated to emit light effectively at wavelength λ=1.5 μm . At a bias of V=7 V, the thermal emission exhibits a full width at half-maximum of Δλ=0.85 μm . Within this narrow band, the emitted optical power is 4.5 W and the electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency is ~22% per emitting surface. This unique emission is made possible by a large, absolute bandgap in the infrared λ and flat photonic dispersion near the band edges and in a narrow absorption band.
Bryozoan paleoecology indicates mid-Phanerozoic extinctions were the product of long-term environmental stress

We compiled the global onshore-offshore distribution of marine bryozoans within 396 Permian–Early Jurassic bryozoan assemblages and show that bryozoan assemblage generic richness declined significantly in advance of the end-Permian and end-Triassic mass extinctions, starting as early as the Capitanian prior to the end-Permian and the Norian prior to the end-Triassic. We also show that offshore settings were affected first, prior to both extinctions, suggesting that environmental stress resulted from the gradual encroachment of some deep-water phenomenon onto the shelves. These patterns support long-term oceanographic, rather than extraterrestrial, extinction mechanisms, such as widespread euxinia triggered by massive volcanism and global warming. Tracking the onshore-offshore environmental distribution of these marine invertebrates provides a unique approach to assessing prolonged environmentally induced stress through this ∼120 m.y. time interval.
Stratification in Thin Permalloy Films

Permalloy films have been studied to determine composition variations which exist in a direction normal to the substrate surface. These films are formed by a noninterrupted deposition process. They are classified according to the amount of oxygen present on the substrate prior to deposition. If normal care is taken to produce a clean glass substrate, a thin layer of αFe2O3 and NiFe2O4 is produced at the film-substrate interface. Those films produced on a substrate saturated with oxygen have a thick negative magnetostrictive alloy layer adjacent to the substrate. This nickel-rich alloy presumably results from the diffusion of oxygen through the depositing films and the formation of iron oxide and nickel ferrite. In addition to the chemical analysis of the films, evidence to support the idea of stratification is found in the etch experiments, resonance data, saturation magnetization measurements, and cross section analysis.
Center Variation in Patient Age and Weight at Fontan Operation and Impact on Postoperative Outcomes

Background The impact of age and weight on outcomes after the Fontan operation is unclear. Previous analyses have suggested that lower weight-for-age z-score is an important predictor of poor outcome in patients undergoing bidirectional Glenn. We evaluated variation in age, weight, and weight-for-age z-score at Fontan across institutions, and the impact of these variables on postoperative morbidity and mortality. Methods Patients in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database undergoing the Fontan operation (2000 to 2009) were included. Center variation in age, weight, and weight-for-age z-score were described. Multivariable analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of age, weight, and weight-for-age z-score on in-hospital mortality, Fontan failure (combined in-hospital mortality and Fontan takedown/revision), postoperative length of stay, and complications, adjusting for other patient and center factors. Results A total of 2,747 patients (68 centers) were included: 61% male; 45% right dominant lesions (38% left dominant, 17% undifferentiated). An extracardiac conduit Fontan (versus lateral tunnel) was performed in 63%; 65% were fenestrated. Median age, median weight at Fontan operation, and proportion with weight-for-age z-score less than −2 varied across centers and ranged from 1.7 to 4.8 years, 10.5 to 16.1 kg, and 0% to 30%, respectively. In multivariable analysis, age and weight were not significantly associated with outcome. Weight-for-age z-score less than −2 was associated with increased in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 2.73, 95% confidence interval: 1.09 to 6.86), Fontan failure (odds ratio 2.59, 95% confidence interval: 1.24 to 5.40), and longer length of stay (+1.2 days, 95% confidence interval: 0.1 to 2.4). Conclusions Weight-for-age z-score less than −2 is associated with significant morbidity and mortality after the Fontan operation independent of other patient and center characteristics.
Health education groups for caregivers in an HMO

The short-term effectiveness of a Health Education Group (HEP) intervention program for spouses of frail older adults was compared to the usual care (UC) offered to the spouses of frail older persons in a staff model health maintenance organization. HEP is a multicomponent group program offered in eight weekly, two-hour group sessions, and ten monthly, two-hour follow-up group sessions. It includes emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies, education, and support. One-hundred and five spouses were recruited and randomly assigned to HEP (n = 58) or UC (n = 47). Spouse caregivers and care recipients were assessed within two weeks of intervention and within two weeks after the completion of the eight weekly group meetings. The results indicate that, for caregivers, HEP was more effective than UC in reducing depression, maintaining social integration, increasing effectiveness in solving pressing problems, increasing knowledge of community services and how to access them, changing caregivers' feelings of competence, and the way they respond to the care giving situation. No significant differences, however, were found between care recipients in the two arms of the study on any of the outcome measures.
Stelar morphology and the primary vascular system of seed plants

This paper deals primarily with the morphology, anatomy, and evolution of the eustele in seed plants. Introductory sections treat stelar terminology, problems of representation and interpretation of stelar diagrams, and the history of studies on the stele. Also included is a classification of stelar types. A significant part of the paper consists of descriptions and illustrations of the primary vascular systems of the stems of all major seed plant taxa (and their progymnosperm precursors) for which data were available. In a critical analysis of recent studies, the stele of monocotyledons is interpreted as a eustele that has become modified in relation to the distinctive morphology and modes of development of this group. Our viewpoint contrasts with that of Zimmermann and Tomlinson who consider the monocotyledon stele to be fundamentally different from that of dicotyledons. In a section on nodal anatomy the emphasis by some systematists on characters of nodal structure is decried because, as is demonstrated, taxa with similar nodal anatomy may differ significantly in their internodal structure. An original statistical study, based on characters of the primary vascular systems of 102 species of dicotyledons and data from other sources, provides the basis for a model of the primitive eustele in seed plants, for a discussion of the adaptive value of certain characteristics of the eustele, and for recognizing probable trends of specialization in the eustele. The primitive eustele is characterized as an open primary vascular system with helical trace departure, and consisting of five sympodia. It is suggested that during the course of evolution of the eustele there has been an increase in the number of vascular bundles in the system. This, apparently, has been accomplished in the gymnosperms (as reflected in the conifers) by an increase in the number of axial bundles, but in the angiosperms by an increase in the number of traces per leaf and an increase in the number of internodes traversed by leaf traces prior to their entry into leaves. There seems to have been a concomitant establishment of connection between the sympodia in the vascular system. Both the increase in number of vascular bundles and their interconnection seem to be adaptive because they probably enhance the survivability of individuals whose vascular systems are damaged by herbivores or other biotic or physical agents. Because diversity among stelar types is relatively limited, stelar morphology seems to have systematic significance primarily at or above the ordinal level. The paper closes with a set of recommendations designed to encourage the future production of comparable, useful data on the stele.
Insight into the Mechanisms of Middle Distillate Fuel Oxidative Degradation. Part 3: Hydrocarbon Stabilizers to Improve Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidative Stability

Data is presented from the PSU flowing reactor in the 350−550 °C range that shows that jet fuel derived tube surface thermal oxidative deposit and temperature are inversely related; as fuel temperature increases tube surface deposit decreases. It is proposed that this phenomenon is due to a change in the relative rates of the steps for the peroxyl-radical-chain mechanism of autoxidation under conditions of very high radical initiation rates. In addition, data is presented for two novel hydrocarbon stabilizers, in five different fuels, which documents a 57% decrease, on average, for fuel thermal oxidative surface deposition.
Effects of naloxone on renal responses to noxious stimuli in the cynomolgus monkey

Behavioral influences on excretion of Na+ and H2O were studied during saline diuresis in three unanesthetized adult female cynomolgus monkeys. During control infusions of isotonic saline, the average rates of urine and Na+ excretion were 210µl/kg/min and 36.1µl/kg/min, respectively, and the average rate of inulin clearance was 4.6 ml/kg/min. Intermittent exposure to an electrical stimulus applied to the monkey's tail for a 30-min period modestly reduced rates of excretion of Na+ and H2O; these reductions were 58% and 56% of baseline values respectively during the first 10 min, but excretion rates returned to baseline values or exceeded them by the end of the 30-min period. The effects of naloxone hydrochloride (10 mg/kg), an opiate antagonist, were studied by administering the drug immediately before the period of electrical-stimulus delivery. After naloxone, the electrical-stimulus markedly reduced the rates of Na+ and H2O excretion to 29% and 31% of baseline values during the first 10 min, and delayed the return to baseline values. Inulin clearance was not altered significantly by the electrical stimulus in the absence of naloxone, but was decreased to 32% of the baseline rate during the first 10 min of exposure to the electric stimulus in the presence of naloxone. Naloxone had similar effects on rates of Na+ and urine excretion in response to 30 min of 108 dBA noise. These results show that renal responses to noxious environmental stimuli (electrical stimulus or noise) can be altered by naloxone.
Catabolism of human very-low-density lipoproteins in monkeys: the appearance of human very-low-density lipoprotein peptides in monkey high-density lipoproteins.

Abstract The catabolism of human very-low-density lipoproteins was studied by following the metabolic fate of the “minipeptides” of human very-low-density lipoproteins after the infusion of the intact human lipoprotein into squirrel monkeys (Saimira sciureus). The antigenic differences between human and monkey proteins made it possible to assay human proteins in monkey plasma by immunochemical means. Very-low-density lipoproteins isolated from the plasma of fasting Type IV patients was injected into four squirrel monkeys. Venous blood was obtained from the monkeys before and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 17–24 h after infusion. The plasma so obtained was separated into proteins of d 1.006 by ultracentrifugation. The latter were analyzed by a radial immunodiffusion assay for human very-low-density lipoprotein minipeptides, using monospecific antisera prepared to the D2, D3 and D4 proteins described by Brown and co-workers. Human D-peptides were not detected by this assay in monkey d > 1.006 samples before infusion. D2–D4 peptides appeared in the monkey 0.5 h after the beginning of the infusion. The levels peaked at 1–2 h, and declined thereafter, indicating that D-peptides moved from the very-low-densitv lipoproteins to a higher density range during very-low-density lipoprotein catabolism. Minipeptide transfer also occurred in vitro, indicating that it was not a specific metabolic process. The following evidence indicated that the minipeptides had been transferred to lipoproteins of the high-density lipoprotein class: (a) they floated with high-density lipoproteins in the preparative ultracentrifuge, (b) they migrated to the position of α-lipoprotein on immunoelectrophoresis, (c) they eluted with α-lipoproteins on gel filtration chromatography, (d) they were undetectable immunologically in the proteins of d > 1.21 in samples taken 4 h after very-low-density lipoprotein infusion. The data suggest that transfer of very-low-density lipoproteins minipeptides to high-density lipoproteins occurs concomitant with the catabolism of very-low-density lipoproteins, probably because of the decrease in very-low-density lipoprotein mass rather than by a specific metabolic transfer.
Systems of Classification and the Cognitive Properties of Grant Proposal Formal Documents

Despite the prominent role of application forms in the process of composing grant proposals, little attention has been given to the rhetorical and ethical implications of their prompts and instructions. This article analyzes classification systems reified within the cognitive properties of online forms that faculty members use to submit grant proposals. Results suggest that the historicity of proposal forms adds to the complexity of developing models that accurately represent proposal writing in multiple contexts.
A Method for detecting liquid shedding during annular flow in channels with offset strip fins

Abstract This short communication summarizes an analytical and experimental study of liquid shedding from the downstream edge of the fins of an offset fin matrix. Theoretical arguments are presented that suggest specific criteria that must be satisfied before droplets can be shed from the ends of fins. An experiment in which a hot-film anemometer is used to measure the rate of droplet entrainment in a large-scale offset fin array is described. These measurements are used to determine critical values of two Weber number parameters that characterize the presence or absence of appreciable liquid shedding in the matrix during annular two-phase flow.
Observational evidence of fire‐driven reduction of cloud fraction in tropical Africa

Anthopogenic savanna fires in sub-Saharan Africa emit smoke that affects cloudiness in the region. We measured the cloud response to fire aerosols using aerosol data from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and cloud fraction data from the morning and afternoon overpasses of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument. Considering the same cloud scene from the morning and afternoon satellite observations allowed us to observe the temporal relationship between clouds and aerosols. Level 2 data from 35 individual scenes during the fire season (December) between 2006 and 2010 were analyzed to quantify changes in MODIS cloud fraction from morning (10:30 A.M. local time) to afternoon (1:30 P.M. local time) in the presence of different morning aerosol burdens (from MISR). We controlled for the local meteorology by analyzing scenes from November, when fire activity and aerosol optical depth were low but cloud fraction and meteorological variables (boundary layer height, pressure, total column water vapor, temperature, and convective available potential energy) were similar to those of the fire season. High-fire-driven aerosol optical depth (AOD) was associated with reduced cloud fraction in both the raw and meteorologically normalized data. Fire aerosols reduced the relative cloud fraction in all sky conditions, but the effects were progressively larger in high-AOD conditions. These results may provide observational evidence of the semidirect cloud decimation effect in tropical regions and suggest a positive feedback loop between anthropogenic burning and cloudiness—where more aerosols lead to decreased clouds, increased surface exposure and drying, more fire, and thus more aerosols—which is consistent with previous studies linking smoke aerosols to reduced cloudiness and vice versa.
Storm time signatures of the ionospheric zonal ion drift at middle latitudes

[1] Using a quantitative identification of convection and particle boundaries at high latitudes, the relative extent of auroral convection and auroral precipitation is examined during superstorm events. During superstorms the convection reversal boundary normally located near 75° magnetic latitude moves to magnetic latitudes near 60°. The edge of the diffuse auroral precipitation that normally terminates near 60° magnetic latitude moves to magnetic latitudes near 40°. This limited study shows that during the main phase of the superstorm ion drifts driven by the magnetosphere penetrate to latitudes as low as the dip equator on the dusk side but extend only a few degrees equatorward of the auroral zone on the dawn side. Evidence for ion drifts driven by a disturbance dynamo may be found during the storm recovery phase when the interplanetary magnetic field is less strongly southward or turns northward, but the previously established flows below the auro?al region remain.
Semen Characteristics and Fertility of Meat-Type Chickens Given Increasing Daily Photoperiods

Abstract PROGRESSIVE increases in daylength during the laying period have been shown to redistribute and, in some cases, to increase the total egg production of Leghorn-type layers (King, 1959; Morris and Fox, 1961; Siegel et al, 1963). Although its use has not been extensive for meat-type stocks, retardation of early egg production with a subsequent extension of the period of lay would be useful in the production of broiler chicks (Marr et al., 1957, 1960). The effect of progressively increasing daylength on the sexually mature male is not clear. Sexual cycles of male starlings and finches have been modified by changes in the daily photoperiod (Bissonnette, 1931; Hamner, 1963). White Leghorn cocks exposed to 12 or more hours of light per day had greater increases in semen yield over initial values than those receiving shorter periods (Lamoreaux, 1943) and Rhode Island Red males exposed to longer than natural daylengths were found…
Texture formation in bulk iron processed by simple shear

The preferred orientation of grains in iron after conventional deformation by cold rolling or drawing is characterized as sheet or fiber texture respectively. The main texture component in the rolling direction is [110](001). For the case of wire drawing, again, the [110] direction aligns with the wire axis. A novel method of straining materials called equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE), has recently been developed. This new processing method has the capability of introducing large amounts of plastic strain into bulk material in a relatively uniform manner without a reduction in workpiece cross-section. The processing concept is elegant; press a block of solid material through a constant cross-section tunnel composed of two intersecting channels. The purpose of the work reported here is to determine which kinds of texture are developed by three basic schemes of multipass ECAE. The schemes examined include what are termed route A, route B and route C. Route A maintains the same orientation of the shear plane and shear direction relative to the extrusion direction during all extrusions. Route B involves rotating the billet +90{degree} about the extrusion direction before each even numbered extrusion and {minus}90{degree} before each odd numbered extrusion. Route C processing includes an evenmore » number of extrusion passes with a +180{degree} or {minus}180{degree} rotation of the workpiece around the extrusion direction before each extrusion. Conventional sheet and fiber textures can be developed in bulk iron by using multipass ECAE processing. A shear texture results after a single extrusion. Multipass extrusions that return structural elements to their original shape after an even number of passes result in a texture that shows characteristics of both shear and the original texture.« less
A SIP servlets-based framework for service provisioning in stand-alone MANETs

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are transient networks formed dynamically by a collection of arbitrarily located wireless mobile nodes without relying on any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. They are either stand alone or connected to a fixed infrastructure such as 3G. They are useful in situations such as natural disasters, and their use is gaining more and more momentum. This paper proposes a framework for service provisioning in stand-alone MANETs. It focuses on the invocation and execution phases of the service life cycle. The framework is based on SIP servlets and comprises a novel business model and an overlay network. The business model enables service invocation and execution. The overlay network is used for service execution and is based on a distributed SIP servlets engine. Validation aspects are also discussed.
Organizational Diagnosis: An Evidence-based Approach

Organizational diagnosis plays a critical role in organizational change initiatives in terms of both choosing appropriate interventions and contributing to readiness-to-change within an organization. Although numerous authors identify diagnosis as an integral component of the change process and many have recommended specific theories and models that should be used in diagnosis, little attention has been given to the diagnostic process itself. The lack of rigour in the diagnostic process and the misdiagnoses that follow are likely to be significant factors in the high failure rate of change initiatives reported in the literature. This article reviews evidence-based diagnosis in engineering and medicine, summarizes the basic steps found in those diagnostic processes, identifies three cause–effect relationships that underlie evidence-based diagnosis, and suggests four spheres of knowledge that must intersect to guide the diagnostic process. Based upon that review, an evidence-based approach is proposed for o...
Accuracy of an effective channel length/External resistance extraction algorithm for MOSFET's

The accuracy of an effective channel length/external resistance extraction algorithm for MOSFET's is assessed. This is accomplished by exercising the algorithm with current-voltage data generated by two-dimensional numerical device simulation; the extracted quantities are directly compared to their known counterparts as they exist in the cross section of the simulated device. Extracted effective channel length is found to be within 0.07 µm of the metallurgical channel length in both the conventional and LDD MOSFET's studied here. Extracted external resistance is found to be a reasonable first-order estimate of actual device resistance external to the metallurgical channel but is unable to supply proper information regarding the gate bias dependence of this quantity.
Activities of rifampin, Rifapentine and clarithromycin alone and in combination against mycobacterium ulcerans disease in mice.

Background Treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease, or Buruli ulcer (BU), has shifted from surgery to treatment with streptomycin(STR)+rifampin(RIF) since 2004 based on studies in a mouse model and clinical trials. We tested two entirely oral regimens for BU treatment, rifampin(RIF)+clarithromycin(CLR) and rifapentine(RPT)+clarithromycin(CLR) in the mouse model.
The double life of a B-1 cell: self-reactivity selects for protective effector functions

In this Review, Nicole Baumgarth describes the development and functions of B-1 cells. These innate-like B cells serve as the major source of natural antibody in mice, and can have important roles in defence against mucosal pathogens and in maintaining tissue homeostasis. During their development, B and T cells with self-reactive antigen receptors are generally deleted from the repertoire to avoid autoimmune diseases. Paradoxically, innate-like B-1 cells in mice are positively selected for self-reactivity and form a pool of long-lived, self-renewing B cells that produce most of the circulating natural IgM antibodies. This Review provides an overview of the developmental processes that shape the B-1 cell pool in mice, outlines the functions of B-1 cells in both the steady state and during host defence, and discusses possible functional B-1 cell homologues that exist in humans.
Venus: A Map of Its Brightness Temperature

The 200-inch Hale telescope has been used to make high-resolution maps of the brightness temperature of Venus at wavelengths 8 to 14 microns. Resolution of about 1/30 of the disk reveals a general symmetry about the plane of the orbit, no daynight temperature effects, and a transient temperature anomaly in the southern hemisphere.