cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of the molecular mass on the sputtering by electrosprayed nanodroplets

Abstract Energetic bombardment of covalently bonded materials by electrosprayed nanodroplets causes sputtering and topographic changes on the surface of the target. This work investigates the influence of the projectile's molecular mass on these phenomena by sputtering single-crystal silicon wafers with a variety of liquids (molecular masses between 45.0 and 773.3 amu), and acceleration voltages. The electrosprays are characterized via time of flight to determine the charge to mass ratio of the nanodroplets which, together with the acceleration voltage, yield the impact velocity, the stagnation pressure, and the molecular kinetic energy of the projectile. The estimated range of droplet diameters is 20–79 nm, while the impact velocity, the stagnation pressure and the molecular kinetic energy range between 2.9–10 km/s, 4.7–63 GPa, and 2.1–98 eV. We find that the damage on the surface of the targets strongly depends on the molecular mass of the projectile: liquids with low molecular mass sputter significantly less and produce nanometric indentations and low surface roughness, the latter increasing moderately with stagnation pressure; in contrast, the roughness and sputtering caused by the impacts of droplets with larger molecular mass reach significantly higher values, and exhibit non-monotonic behaviors. The maximum sputtering yields for formamide, EAN, EMI-BF 4 , EMI-Im, TES, and TPP are 0.20, 0.75, 1.20, 2.80, 4.00 and 2.90 silicon atoms per molecule in the projectile. These trends indicate that despite their rather large diameters, the sputtering by electrosprayed nanodroplets is intrinsically a molecular scale phenomenon.
Host Factors, UV Radiation, and Risk of Uveal Melanoma: A Case-Control Study

• Uveal melanoma threatens life, as well as sight. To evaluate the effect of constitutional factors and UV radiation on the risk of uveal melanoma, 197 cases in New England were compared with 385 matched population controls, identified by random-digit dialing, and 337 cases residing within the United States were compared with 800 sibling controls. In the population-based comparison, estimated relative risks (RRs) of uveal melanoma, after adjustment for other factors, were elevated for the following: ancestry from more northern latitudes with a substantially elevated risk for Northern European ancestry (RR, 6.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9 to 22.4) and more than a twofold risk for British ancestry (RR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 5.1), as compared with Southern European or other Mediterranean heritage; light skin color as compared with dark (RR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 12.6); and 10 or more cutaneous nevi as compared with none (RR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 4.9). There was a statistically significant trend for increasing risk with more northern heritage and more moles. Southern residence (below latitutde 40° N) for more than 5 years also increased risk (RR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 6.9), as compared with none. In both comparisons, use of sunlamps was a risk determinant (RR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 10.3 with random-digit dialed controls and RR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.3 with sibling controls, comparing occasional or frequent use to never use), as was intense sun exposure (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.9 to 3.0 and RR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.2, respectively). However, birthplace below latitude 40° N and outdoor work were associated with a lower risk. Results indicate that personal attributes are strong independent risk factors for uveal melanoma, and new host factors, ancestry and moles, are identified. Some but not all of the evaluated indexes of UV exposures were related to a small to moderate increased risk of this potentially fatal disease.
Career influences of music education audition candidates

In this descriptive study, we examined the influences and experiences motivating students to enter college-level music schools as reported by a population of precollegiate students auditioning (but...
How Does the Species Used for Calibration Affect Chlorophyll a Measurements by In Situ Fluorometry

We determined how the species used for calibration affects the accuracy of in situ chlorophyll a (chl a) measurements by fluorometry using single-species cultures and natural phytoplankton populations from Winyah Bay, South Carolina, USA. When a diatom was used for calibration, chl a in a dinoflagellate culture was overestimated by 66 ± 7%, whereas concentrations of a cryptophyte, chlorophyte, and cyanobacterium were underestimated by 16 ± 20%, 40 ± 7%, and 71 ± 33%, respectively. In natural populations, the combination of species-specific and environmentally induced variation in the ratio of fluorescence to chl a (F Chl−1) led to an overestimate by the in situ fluorometer of 40–169% for an April experiment and an underestimate of 4–50% in July. Even when field samples were dominated by diatoms, environmental effects resulted in highly variable predictions of chl a. Thus, while a carefully selected calibration species can improve estimates of in vivo chl a in the laboratory, calibration of in situ fluorometers should be done with natural communities collected from the site of interest.
Correlation between benzodiazepine receptor occupation and anticonvulsant effects of diazepam

The benzodiazepines are potent anticonvulsants for a wide variety of experimental and clinical seizure disorders1,2. The demonstration of saturable, high-affinity and stereospecific binding sites for the benzodiazepines in the mammalian central nervous system suggests the presence of pharmacological receptors mediating the anticonvulsant properties of these compounds3,4. The good correlation between the anticonvulsant potencies of a series of benzodiazepines and their ability to inhibit 3H-diazepam binding in vitro further supports this hypothesis3,4, but evidence for a direct interaction between benzodiazepines and their receptors, and a subsequent inhibition of seizure activity (or elevation of seizure threshold) is lacking5. Recent reports from our laboratory6 and others7 have demonstrated the feasibility of labelling benzodiazepine receptors in vivo following parental administration of tritiated benzodiazepine. This technique permits one to study the relationship between the anticonvulsant activity of the benzodiazepines in vivo and the number of ‘drug-occupied’ receptors in vitro. We now report that there is an excellent correlation between benzodiazepine receptor occupancy by diazepam and protection against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that only a small fraction of benzodiazepine receptors need be occupied to produce a complete anticonvulsant effect.
Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, the Royal Alliance, and Jewish Political Theory

This article examines Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi’s views of the realities and myths of the “royal alliance” in medieval and modern Jewish history as a seminal contribution to Jewish political history and theory as well as a revealing entree into his overall historiographical approach. Elaborating the ideas of his teacher Salo Baron and drawing upon Hannah Arendt’s insights into the relationship between Jews and modern states, Yerushalmi ultimately used his own understanding of Jewish political experience to argue against her indictment of wartime Jewish leaders. For Yerushalmi, Jews’ awareness of their tendencies to forge vertical alliances with the highest authorities served to fortify and console them; he considered these perceptions generally realistic and, though at times tragically blinding, still ultimately anchored in historical experience. This essay situates the royal alliance within Yerushalmi’s broader conceptions of Jewish community, political agency, and domicile as diasporic survival strategies. It also views this concept as part of his post-Holocaust commitment to chart the paradoxes of Jewish hope and to regenerate Jewish hope, both collective and individual. Yerushalmi is often celebrated as a pioneering thinker who contrasted modern critical historiography to traditional collective memory and who explored the individual, existential, psychological, and skeptical dimensions of modern Jewish identity. Yet, this essay suggests, a traditionalist strain may be heard in his profound identification with the Jewish people and his deriving hope from their political and historical experience—in both its continuities and its ruptures.
Rhetorical Devices in Sociological Analysis

(1964). Rhetorical Devices in Sociological Analysis. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 101-112.
Requirement of circadian genes for cocaine sensitization in Drosophila.

The circadian clock consists of a feedback loop in which clock genes are rhythmically expressed, giving rise to cycling levels of RNA and proteins. Four of the five circadian genes identified to date influence responsiveness to freebase cocaine in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster . Sensitization to repeated cocaine exposures, a phenomenon also seen in humans and animal models and associated with enhanced drug craving, is eliminated in flies mutant for period , clock , cycle , and doubletime , but not in flies lacking the gene timeless . Flies that do not sensitize owing to lack of these genes do not show the induction of tyrosine decarboxylase normally seen after cocaine exposure. These findings indicate unexpected roles for these genes in regulating cocaine sensitization and indicate that they function as regulators of tyrosine decarboxylase.
Detecting spatio-temporal outliers with kernels and statistical testing

Outlier detection is the discovery of points that are exceptional when compared with a set of observations that are considered normal. Such points are important since they often lead to the discovery of exceptional events. In spatio-temporal data, observations are vectors of feature values, tagged with a geographical location and a timestamp. A spatio-temporal outlier is an observation whose attribute values are significantly different from those of other spatially and temporally referenced objects in a spatio-temporal neighborhood. It represents an object that is significantly different from its neighbors, even though it may not be significantly different from the entire population. The discovery of outliers in spatio-temporal data is then complicated by the fact that one needs to focus the search on appropriate spatio-temporal neighborhoods of points. The work in this paper leverages an algorithm, StrOUD (Strangeness-based Outlier Detection algorithm), that has been developed and used by the authors to detect outliers in various scenarios (including vector spaces and non-vectorial data). StrOUD uses a measure of strangeness to categorize an observation, and compares the strangeness of a point with the distribution of strangeness of a set of baseline observations (which are assumed to be mostly from normal points). Using statistical testing, StrOUD determines if the point is an outlier or not. The technique described in this paper defines strangeness as the sum of distances to nearest neighbors, where the distance between two observations is computed as a weighted combination of the distance between their vectors of features, their geographical distance, and their temporal distance. Using this multi-modal distance measure (thereby called kernel), our technique is able to diagnose outliers with respect to spatio-temporal neighborhoods. We show how our approach is capable of determining outliers in real-life data, including crime data, and a set of observations collected by buoys in the Gulf of Mexico during the 2005 hurricane season. We show that the use of different weightings on the kernel distances allows the user to adapt the size of spatio-temporal neighborhoods.
Does Bringing Out the Candidate Bring Out the Votes?: The Effects of Nominee Campaigning in Presidential Elections

Scholars find that party mobilization efforts reliably increase voter turnout. Although many different forms of mobilization have been studied, one of the oldest—candidate campaigning—has not. This article examines the mobilizing potential of candidate campaign appearances in presidential elections. Analyzing aggregate election returns, I show that campaign visits can measurably increase both turnout and partisan vote percentages. The effects are often contingent, though, on how frequently candidates visit a particular area and on the timing of the campaign visits.
Anomeric effects versus steric hindrance to ionic solvation in protonated glucosylanilines and cyclohexylanilines.

The so-called reverse anomeric effect is the preference of cationic substituents for the equatorial position on a pyranose ring, but it is not consistent with current theories of molecular structur...
Regenerative medicine: Short cut to cell replacement

To make one differentiated cell type from another, a 'stopover' at an undifferentiated state is often required. An alternative method offering an efficient direct route could have implications for disease treatment.
Effects of pollen competitive environment on pollen performance in Mirabilis jalapa (Nyctaginaceae)

We examined the influence of pollen competitive environment on pollen performance in Mirabilis jalapa. We used the number of pollen grains and the number of pollen tubes per pistil as measures of pollen competition. Pollen germination, pollen tube penetration into the style, and pollen tube growth rates were used as measures of pollen performance. All three measures of pollen performance were affected by the competitive environment. Pollen germination was greatest at intermediate pollen load sizes. The percentage of germinated pollen grains that penetrated the stigma and grew into the style decreased with pollen load size. Pollen tube growth rate in the style was greater and more variable with larger numbers of pollen tubes in the style. Controlling for the degree of selection at the stigma indicated that pollen-pollen or pollen-style interactions were the likely causes of increased growth rates.
Ring Opening of Silacyclobutane

Multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) wave functions, augmented by second order perturbation theory to partially recover the dynamic correlation, suggest that the most likely route from silacyclobutane to products ethylene + silene is initial cleavage of a ring CC bond to form a trans ·CH2SiH2CH2CH2· diradical, followed by rupture of the central SiC bond. This prediction is in agreement with the available experimental results. While this trans diradical is predicted to be a minimum on the MCSCF ground state potential energy surface, the transition state separating this species from products disappears when dynamic correlation is added. Therefore, the bottleneck on this part of the potential energy surface is likely to be the transition state for the initial CC bond cleavage. The alternative mechanism that is initiated by cleavage of a ring SiC bond leads to an analogous trans ·SiH2CH2CH2CH2· diradical. The transition state leading to this species is the highest point on this minimum energy pa...
FORECASTING TIME SERIES:A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE CLASSES OF TIME SERIES MODELS

. Performance of the state dependent model developed by Priestley is evaluated relative to that of bilinear and standard linear models using two well-known time series. The results indicate the use of broader classes of time series models beyond the conventional ARMA class is likely to lead to significant reductions in forecasting error. However, there are difficult problems relating to the identification of the order of the model, estimation of the parameters, and determination of the correct nonlinear model.
An ABC Supported Heterogeneous Access Networks Selection Mechanism

The popularity of mobile communications and coexistence of heterogeneous access networks make it possible that the person can achieve the communication business with little restrict, which requires the support of ABC (always best connected) and the guarantee of users’ QoS requirement. For the property that the network status and users’ QoS requirements are difficult to get, this paper proposes an ABC supported heterogeneous access networks selection mechanism based on the particle swarm optimization based on adaptive diffusion and hybrid mutation in view of users’ preference, users’ cost and network providers’ income. The simulation result shows that this mechanism can not only satisfy the users’ requirements, but also maximizes the utility of both sides.
Magnetic nanocomposites by reaction milling

Abstract Systems of small magnetic particles embedded in a nonmagnetic matrix were prepared by high energy ball milling. Besides carefully chosen milling conditions, in situ chemical reactions were used to control the properties of the product. Nanocomposites of iron particles in metal oxides (Al 2 O 3 and ZnO), and magnetite particles in copper metal were prepared by reaction milling. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and magnetic methods. A few hours of ball milling resulted in the completion of most chemical changes. Iron nanoparticles were formed with lattice strains of about 0.005; coercivities up to 400 Oe were achieved. The magnetization of the iron particles is 25–40% less than that expected for bulk iron.
The Association of the C-Terminal Region of β1ΣII Spectrin to Brain Membranes Is Mediated by a pH Domain, Does Not Require Membrane Proteins, and Coincides with a Inositol-1,4,5 Trisphosphate Binding Site

Abstract The β spectrin genes each produce two alternate transcripts the longer of which has a 210 amino acid C-terminal extension including a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and also an uncharacterized membrane binding site, GST constructs including the entire or the N-terminal segment of the βIΣII spectrin PH domain bind to crude and extracted brain membranes, to protein free brain lipid and to vesicles containing phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. This PH domain also binds radiolabelled inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and preincubation with IP3 inhibits binding to extracted brain membranes. We conclude that membrane binding of the βIΣII spectrin C-terminal region is by means of a direct interaction between the N-terminal region of the PH domain and membrane lipids and does not require membrane protein. The PH domain of the β-adrenergic receptor kinase showed different binding properties in every assay employed, showing that different PH domains may have different membrane binding specificity.
First Look: Google Glass in Dermatology, Mohs Surgery, and Surgical Reconstruction

Technology continues to revolutionize thepracticeofdermatology, and the past decades have seen a paradigm shift in theway dermatologists practicemedicineandsurgery,deliver care topatients, andkeepabreast of developments in our field. GoogleGlass (Google Inc) is a recently developed, first-in-class wearable computer that includes an optical display, camera, microphone, bone-conduction speaker, touchpad, gyroscope, and accelerometer. I have used the Google Glass device in the context of general and surgical dermatology. Applications in the clinical dermatology setting include lesional and histopathological photography, telemedicine, education, research, and consultation. Live streamingmayalsobeused for teledermatology consultations, although store-and-forward approaches are feasible aswell. Applications in the surgical setting include perioperative photography, documentationofMohsstages,Mohsspecimenorientation,patienteducation regarding tumor and defect size and location, and reconstructive options. An advantage of this technology is the ability to activate the device in a hands-free fashion. In the surgical setting, this permits the dermatologist to record video or still photographs while maintaining a sterile field, and in the clinical setting, it permits recording photographs without the intrusion of using a camera, as photographsmay be taken with a wink of the right eye. Live streaming of procedures may be used for medical and surgical educationformedical students, residents, fellows,andcolleagues,aswell as for patient education. Thedermatologist is also able to streamaphysician’s-eye view of the skin examination to a monitor in the patient’s room, permitting easy visualization of the back and other difficult-tosee areas. For some patients, this may also be a useful adjunct in explaining and demonstrating surgical procedures, allowing patients to watch and record their procedures. There are some pitfalls to this technology, and the central concern relates toprivacy. Explaininghowthedevice records andoutliningwhat will andwill not be recordedhelps a great dealwith reassuringpatients, and, in my experience, there was no significant resistance on the part of patients to including the device in the context of their care. Moreover, given the ubiquity of smartphones and closed-circuit television monitors, the public has become increasingly accustomed to the presence of recording devices. Finally, it is important to note that the current version of the software defaults to synchronizing data to Google serverswhen the device is both plugged in and within Wi-Fi range; therefore, protected health information and patient identifiers should not be recorded unless the Wi-Fi is disabledprior to charging. Future iterations of thedevice, especially those designed for medical use, will likely include specialized encrypted technologies to obviate privacy concerns andpermit easy integration with electronic medical records.
Long‐term energy projections for the U.S.A.

This report starts by surveying a series of papers that are representative of recent U.S. work on national and international energy policy. Among professional analysts, there are the beginnings of a consensus on energy demand projections and on energy-economy interactions. Moreover, it is recognized that conservation policies will be difficult to implement unless domestic prices are raised to the international level. The paper includes a series of long-term energy projections based upon ETA-MACRO. This model allows for: energy-economy interactions, cost-effective conservation and interfuel substitution between electric and nonelectric energy. the calculations are based upon a somewhat less optimistic view of synthetic fuels and of ‘backstop’ technologies than appear in the Carter Administration's recent proposals. With synfuels, backstops and nuclear energy—and with realistically reduced projections of demand growth—there is a reasonable prospect that the U.S. could meet an international commitment to limit oil and gas imports. U.S. import reductions could be achieved directly through the market price mechanism, without tariffs or quota limitations. For this to happen, however, the international price of oil would have to be doubled (in constant dollar terms) by the year 2000. A policy of gradual OPEC oil price increases would facilitate the transition away from oil, and could serve the long-run interests of both the producing and consuming nations.
Space charge analysis of Si n+-i structures with application to far-infrared detectors

The operation mechanism of the Si homojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission far-infrared detector is based on internal photoemission occurring at the interfacial barrier between a heavily doped absorber/emitter layer and an intrinsic (i) layer. Due to the free carrier “spill over” from the emitter to the i layer, a space charge region is created near the interface, which was neglected in the previous detector performance analyses. In this paper, we calculate the distributions of free electron concentration, ionized donor concentration, potential barrier, and electric field in the space charge region, for an n+-i structure with a thick i layer at low temperatures, by numerically solving the drift-diffusion equation. The dependence of these distributions on applied bias, temperature, and i layer doping level, are investigated. By using these results, the previous experimental results obtained from commercial Si p-i-n diodes can be well explained. PACS numbers: 85.60.Gz, 79.60.Jv, 73.40.Lq, 77.50.
The behavioural and structural aspects of grooming and related activities in euglossine bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The movements and structures involved in grooming, resin and pollen manipulation, and collection of aromatic material are described for members of the tribe Euglossini. These bees typically groom with each leg while hanging by their mandibles, working from the head backwards. Collection and transfer of aromatic material is described after re-evaluation using fluorescent powder. Resin collection involves asynchronous ipsilateral transfer of the resin to the hindtibia. Pollen collection, in contrast, involves synchronous ipsilateral transfer. Areas of the body that are not groomed are illustrated, and the various plants and animals that exploit these regions discussed. The similarities between the behaviours of euglossines and bumblebees supports the idea that they are closely related.
Slow shock characteristics as a function of distance from the X‐line in the magnetotail

Both particle and MHD simulations are performed to study the characteristics of slow shocks in the magnetotail. The particle simulations indicate that switch-off shocks exhibit large amplitude rotational wave trains, while magnetotail slow shocks with an intermediate Mach number M(An) less than M(c) of about 0.98 do not display such rotational wave trains. The MHD simulations show that the spontaneous reconnection process in the near-earth plasma sheet leads to the formation of a pair of slow shocks tailward of the reconnection line (X-line). The properties of slow shocks are found to vary as a function of the distance from X-line due to the formation of plasmoid. Slow shocks in most regions of magnetotail are found to be nonswitch-off shocks with M(An) of less than 0.98. The present results are used to discuss the lack of large amplitude rotational wave trains at slow shocks in the deep magnetotail.
In-Situ Dynamic Transformation of Vanadyl Hydrogen Phosphate Hydrate, VOHPO4·1/2H2O, to Vanadyl Pyrophosphate Catalyst, (VO)2P2O7

We report, for the first time, direct studies of the dynamic VOHPO4·1/2H2O precursor to (VO)2P2O7 catalyst transformation using recently developed in-situ environmental-cell, high-resolution, electron microscopy (in-situ ECELL-HREM) under controlled environments. Our observations provide fundamental evidence concerning the nature of the topotactic transformation and associated temperature regimes critical to the formation of active catalysts. The direct ECELL-HREM studies show that the structural transformation begins at ~ 400°C, and a mixture of the precursor and pyrophosphate phases exists at ~ 425°C. At 450°C, most of the conversion to VPO has taken place. These atomic-scale studies reveal no amorphous phases during the transformation, and that the atomic periodicity is maintained throughout. No other phases have so far been identified in the transformation. The direct studies are important in the development of selective catalysts.
ATRA induces podocyte differentiation and alters nephrin and podocin expression in vitro and in vivo

ATRA induces podocyte differentiation and alters nephrin and podocin expression in vitro and in vivo. Background Podocytes are terminally differentiated and highly specialized epithelial cells. The factors governing podocyte differentiation are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a vitamin A derivative, induces podocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Methods We tested the effects of ATRA on podocytes. Primary rat, primary mouse, and immortalized mouse podocytes were exposed to ATRA (1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 50, 80, 160, and 200 μmol/L) or control (ethanol) for 72 hours. Cell morphology was examined by electron microscopy, the expression of podocyte specific proteins was measured by immunoflourescence and Western blot analysis, cell number and apoptosis were measured by 3-[4,5] dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Hoechst staining, respectively. To determine if ATRA alters podocyte differentiation in vivo, experimental injury was induced in C57BL6 mice using the antiglomerular antibody. Animals were given either daily intraperitoneal ATRA (16 mg/kg) or vehicle (corn oil). For end points, we measured proteinuria, podocyte-specific protein immunostaining, and proliferation [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)] at days 5 and 14 ( N = 5/group/time point). Results ATRA induced podocyte process formation in vitro, and significantly increased the expression of nephrin and podocin. This coincided with a reduction in proliferation. ATRA also significantly prevented the decrease in staining for synaptopodin, nephrin, and podocin in experimental animals ( P P Conclusion ATRA induces podocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo and alters the expression of certain podocyte-specific proteins. Further studies are ongoing to delineate the mechanism of this effect.
Hormonal and Nutritional Control of the Fatty Acid Synthase Promoter in Transgenic Mice

To study the molecular basis of tissue-specific and hormonally regulated expression of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene in vivo, we generated lines of transgenic mice carrying 2.1 kilobases of the 5′-flanking region (−2100 to +67) of the rat FAS gene fused to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. This reporter gene construct was strongly expressed in tissues that normally express high levels of FAS mRNA, which include liver and white adipose tissues. In contrast, CAT reporter activity was not detected in appreciable levels in lung, heart, kidney, and muscle tissues, which do not normally show significant levels of FAS activity. The relative levels of the CAT mRNA driven by the rat FAS promoter in various tissues of the transgenic animals approximated those of the endogenous mouse FAS mRNA. We also examined the hormonal and nutritional regulation of the FAS(2.1)-CAT reporter gene in transgenic mice. CAT activity was increased in both liver and white adipose tissue when fasted animals were refed a high carbohydrate, fat-free diet. These changes in CAT activity and CAT mRNA levels occurred in parallel to the changes in endogenous mouse FAS mRNA levels. On the other hand, fasting/refeeding did not change CAT activity appreciably in other tissues, such as muscle and brown adipose tissue. Administration of dibutyryl cAMP at the start of refeeding prevented an increase in CAT activity in liver. However, the cAMP effect was tissue-specific as cAMP treatment did not bring about change in CAT activity in adipose tissue. Next, to examine the effect of insulin, we made the transgenic mice insulin-deficient by streptozotocin treatment. Insulin treatment of the streptozotocin-diabetic mice increased both the CAT activity and CAT mRNA levels driven by the rat FAS promoter in liver and white adipose tissue. These changes in CAT expression by insulin paralleled those in endogenous FAS mRNA levels. Administration of glucocorticoids increased CAT activity in all tissues examined: liver, white and brown adipose tissues, lung, heart, and spleen. Overall, the first 2.1 kilobases of the 5′-flanking region of the rat FAS gene appear to contain sequence elements necessary to confer tissue-specific and hormonally regulated expression characteristic of the endogenous FAS gene.
Comprehensive Analysis of Monomeric Phenolics in Dilute Acid Plant Hydrolysates

We carried out a comprehensive analysis of the phenolic compounds in hydrolysate produced by dilute acid pretreatment of 20 potential lignocellulosic biofuel feedstocks, including grasses, hardwoods and softwood, and agaves. We find that the phenolic fraction is dominated by Hibbert's ketones, most of which had not so far been characterized in hydrolysate. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, a range of 43–68 monomeric phenolic compounds were identified in each of the feedstocks, including from 13 to 20 Hibbert's ketones and related structures, which represented 28–82 % of phenolics formed during pretreatment. The total concentration of phenolics ranged from 87 to 1,077 μg/mL (equivalent to 78–969 mg phenolics released per 100 g of biomass used) across the feedstocks studied. While total amount of phenolics produced does not correlate with the Klason lignin in the feedstock, the distribution of compound types produced is reflective of the S and G monolignol ratios of the feedstock. Since phenolic compounds are particularly inhibitory to microbial processes and cellulolytic enzymes, our results indicate there is sufficient variation across feedstocks that design strategies are likely to benefit from both general and targeted approaches to detoxification.
Efficiency of the OVATEC ' unit for estrus detection and calf sex control in beef cows

Seventy five spring calving Gelbvieh and Angus cows were utilized over a three year period to evaluate the usefulness of the OVATEC intravaginal probe for indicating the onset of estrus and providing the possibility to influence the sex of the offspring by choosing a breeding time in relation to critical changes in cervical mucus conductivity. Cows were randomly assigned by breed each year into one of four treatments: (1) probed and inseminated when impedance values declined, creating conditions expected to favor X-bearing sperm and with it an increase in the conception of females (PF); (2) probed and inseminated when impedance values were rebounding, expected to favor Y-bearing sperms and with it an increase in the conception of males (PB); (3) standing estrus (AI); or (4) natural service by bull (NS). Cows grazed or were fed hay from tall fescue-legume pastures. Lutalyse was used to synchronize estrus in a two injection scheme. Vaginal probe readings were taken at first injection, second injection and every 12 h thereafter for 6 days. Visual observations for estrus were obtained for PF, PB and AI every 12 h postsecond injection. Rectal palpations of ovaries were obtained at standing heat in all but NS treatments. In cycling cows, probe readings increased prediction of estrus onset (P 0.95) to rectal palpations in all probed cows. PF cows delivered heifer calves at greater rates (P 0.95) for AI or NS treatments. The results of this study indicate that the potential exists for increasing female offspring conceptions utilizing cervical mucus conductivity as a gauge for insemination times.
Prediction of single and binary profiles in overloaded elution chromatography using various semi-ideal models

Abstract Experimental band profiles of 2-phenylethanol and 3-phenylpropanol were recorded for pure components in different amounts and for binary mixtures at different compositions in reversed-phase chromatography. The injection function was also measured. These experimental profiles are compared with those calculated using different finite difference methods ( i.e. , the Craig and Rouchon models). The results show that it is important to take into account the true injection profile. The different calculation procedures in most instances give profiles which are in close agreement with the experimental data. The Craig model gives profiles which are generally sharper than those given by the Rouchon model. Differences between the experimental and calculated profiles are ascribed to mathematical properties of the method implemented.
Low Molecular Weight Group IIA and Group V Phospholipase A2 Enzymes Have Different Intracellular Locations in Mouse Bone Marrow-derived Mast Cells

The subcellular location of the enzymes of eicosanoid biosynthesis is critical for their co-ordinate action in the generation of leukotrienes and prostaglandins. This activity is thought to occur predominantly at a perinuclear location. Whereas the subcellular locations of cytosolic phospholipase (PL) A(2) and each of the pathway enzymes of eicosanoid generation have been defined, the distribution of the low molecular weight species of PLA(2) has remained elusive because of the lack of antibodies that distinguish among homologous family members. We have prepared affinity-purified rabbit antipeptide IgG antibodies that distinguish mouse group IIA PLA(2) and group V PLA(2). Immunofluorescence staining and immunogold electron microscopy reveal different subcellular locations for the enzymes. Group IIA(2) PLA(2) is present in the secretory granules of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells, consistent with its putative role in facilitating secretory granule exocytosis and its consequent extracellular action. In contrast, group V PLA(2) is associated with various membranous organelles including the Golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, and plasma membrane. The perinuclear location of group V PLA(2) is consistent with a putative interaction with translocated cytosolic PLA(2) in supplying arachidonic acid for generation of eicosanoid products, while the location in Golgi cisternae may also reflect its action as a secreted enzyme. The spatial segregation of group IIA PLA(2) and group V PLA(2) implies that these enzymes are not functionally redundant.
The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History

List of tables Preface Acknowledgments Part I. Background and Biology: Introduction 1. The peoples and their pathogens 2. West African diet and disease 3. The parameters of West African survival Part II. Diet, Disease, and Demography: Introduction 4. The middle passage and malnutrition 5. Plantation nutrition 6. Malnutrition: morbidity and mortality 7. Slave demography 8. Slave infant and child mortality 9. Black diseases and white medicine Part III. Pathogens and Politics: Introduction 10. Fevers and race 11. Epilogue: diet, disease, and displacement Notes Bibliographic essay Index.
EXPRESSION OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I (IGF-I) AND IGF-BINDING PROTEINS DURING ADIPOGENESIS

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) stimulates the differentiation of preadipocytes, but the expression of IGF-I and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) during the course of adipogenesis has not been investigated. Using two in vitro models, primary mouse preadipocytes and the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line stimulated to differentiate with IGF-I, we studied IGF and IGFBP expression before and during differentiation. Primary preadipocyte cultures expressed IGF-I, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-4 messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and conditioned medium (CM) contained IGFBP-3 [approximately 46,000 mol wt (M(r))], IGFBP-4 (24,000 M(r)), and a 30,000 M(r) IGFBP identified by immunoblot as IGFBP-2. During differentiation, an additional approximately 34,000 M(r) form of IGFBP-2 was predominant, but IGFBP-2 mRNA decreased, suggesting that a mechanism other than steady state mRNA levels is regulating protein abundance in CM. Like primary cultures, undifferentiated 3T3-L1 cells expressed IGFBP-4 mRNA, but insignificant levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 mRNAs. 3T3-L1 cell CM contained IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4, and with the addition of IGF-I, a 30,000 M(r) IGFBP was also present. This IGFBP was not recognized by antiserum to IGFBP-1, -2, -4, -5, or -6. During differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, an approximately 34,000 M(r) form of IGFBP-2 was also present in CM. In summary, primary cultures of mouse preadipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells express similar IGFBPs during IGF-I-stimulated adipogenesis. The presence of a larger isoform of IGFBP-2 in a differentiation-dependent manner and a potentially novel IGFBP in response to IGF-I suggests that these IGFBPs may be important in modulating IGF-I action in adipogenesis.
Decision Processes, Agency Problems, and Information: An Economic Analysis of Capital Budgeting Procedures

Corporations use a variety of processes to allocate capital. This article studies the benefits and costs of several common budget procedures from the perspective of a model with agency and information problems. Processes that delegate aspects of the decision to the agent result in too many projects being approved, while processes in which the principal retains the right to reject projects cause the agent to strategically distort his information about project quality. We show how the choice of a decision process depends on these two costs, and specifically on severity of the agency problem, quality of information, and project risk. Capital budgeting would be easy in a world without agency and information problems. The decision-maker would simply calculate a project’s IRR and compare it to the cost of capital. But in the real world, those providing the funds for investment must rely on self-interested agents to identify projects and provide information on expected returns. As a result, the quality of capital allocation depends on how effective the decision process is in attenuating agency problems and bringing forth accurate information. Corporations employ a variety of decision procedures in practice: Some decisions are fully delegated to division and plant managers (typically, expansion of an existing plant); some decisions require approval of headquarters (typically, construction of a new plant); and other decisions require approval conditional on the nature of the proposal, such as when projects requiring more than $1 million go to headquarters while smaller projects can be approved locally. 1
A field study of corporate employee monitoring: Attitudes, absenteeism, and the moderating influences of procedural justice perceptions

Managers are responsible for creating and enforcing company policies governing organizational practices, and one practice that is on the rise in organizations involves monitoring of employees for security purposes. The research literature on security behaviors has focused almost exclusively on compliance with or obedience to such policies; however, compliance with prescribed behaviors is not complete in terms of organizational performance. People may comply with policies with which they disagree, but harbor resentments and exhibit counterproductive and even destructive behaviors in protest. We conducted a field study of organizational monitoring policies and practices using factors from the threat control model and found that perceptions of threat, self-efficacy, and trust in the organization were key factors in attitudes about monitoring, and that these factors interacted with employee perceptions of organizational procedural justice such that high perceptions of organizational procedural justice moderated negative attitudes toward corporate monitoring, and better attitudes about monitoring was found to associate with reduced employee absences from the job.
Inhibition of growth hormone release by naloxone in adult Tourette's syndrome subjects

Opiates and opioid peptides have been shown to stimulate the release of Growth hormone (GH) in the rat and naloxone was reported to block this response (Kato et al., 1978; Bruni et al., 1977). Studies in man, however, failed to demonstrate any changes of GH release to administration of opiates (Morley et al., 1980). Moreover, GH levels stimulated by arginine, sleep, exercise, L-dopa and hypoglycaemia are modestly or not at all inhibited by naloxone (Morley 1981; Grossman & Rees, 1983), suggesting that opioids are not important modulators of GH secretion in man. We have recently demonstrated a significant rise of GH following naloxone administration in young Tourette's syndrome (TS) subjects aged 6-12 years (Sandyk & Barnford, in press, a). We have extended our study to evaluate the effects of acute naloxone challenge on GH release in an older group of TS-patients and in a small group of non-TS disease controls (6 narcoleptics). Following an overnight fast, naloxone (1.2 mg I.M.) was administered at 12:00 ...
Real-time processing of interferograms for monitoring protein crystal growth on the Space Station

The possibility of using microscopic interferometric techniques to monitor the growth of protein crystals on the Space Station is studied. Digital image processing techniques are used to develop a system for the real-time analysis of microscopic interferograms of nucleation sites during protein crystal growth. Features of the optical setup and the image processing system are discussed and experimental results are presented.
Diffusion and emission of smoke from agricultural burning in Hawaii

Agricultural burning has been common practice for many years in Hawaii. Cane fields are burnt before harvesting and the crowns of pineapple are cut-off during harvest, left in the field to dry and subsequently burned. While this practice has many advantages, it produces air pollution levels which at least one study finds affect public health. In 1974 open burns of cane and pineapple were simulated in a burn tower where samples were burned while monitoring weight loss and smoke density. From these measurements emission values were calculated. However, because questions were raised as to whether the vigorous field fires can be simulated. in a burn tower, a field survey was undertaken and a diffusion model, basically a limited Gaussian line source model, was developed and run using the data collected during the burns. The calculated emission rate for particulates is orders of magnitudes larger than the burn tower rate. This is attributed to dust drawn into the fire. When emission values from a survey of the open burn literature and from the present study were plotted against wind speed, low intensity fires such as grass, straw and pineapple residue fires showed decreased emissions with increasing wind speed while cane fires showed increased emission. This suggests that emission characteristics are different for low and high intensity fires. For low intensity fires increased air flow acts mainly to increase the combustion efficiency producing less particulates. For high intensity fires, such as cane fires, increased air flow results in hotter fires lofting more dust, which is the major pollutant from such fires. Revised emission values are recommended.
A composite double-lap joint with staggered bolts: an experimental and analytical investigation

The objective of this study is to investigate the bolt load distribution in double-lap joints with five staggered bolts. The measured strain values near the bolts are used to establish the validity of the analytical predictions based on the concept of virtual work in conjunction with the complex potential theory. The total potential energy also includes the strain energy of the bolts based on a shear deformable beam theory. This method provides the contact stresses around the bolts holes, and thus the loads exerted by each bolt, while accounting for the interaction of bolts. The measured and predicted strain values are in agreement, verifying the accuracy of the predicted bolt loads. Damage and its growth are also examined by applying X-rays to the specimens prior to and after loading. The extent of the damage correlates to higher contact stresses.
Linking Bakhtin with Feminist Poststructuralism to Unravel the Allure of Auto/Biographies.

By linking feminist poststructuralism with Bakhtin's concepts of voice and ventriloquation, an approach is proposed for the critical engagement with auto/biographical text. It is argued that by becoming better aware of the teller's intentionality and her/his insights gained from telling a (re)constructed version of self, the listener and the teller can engage in personal and socially transformative dialog. This dialog can assist the teller/listener to move from superficial affirmation of (re)interpreted lived experiences to more socially responsive action. An example is provided to illustrate implications of this approach for science teaching and education research.
Mass-Lumping Numerical Models of Three-Dimensional Heat Conduction

Abstract A variable mass-lumping numerical model (nodal domain integration) of three-dimensional heat conduction in an inhomogeneous continuum is developed The domain is discretized by tetrahedron-shaped elements and the state variable is approximated by linear trial functions. The resulting model represents the Galerkin finite-element, subdomain intergration, and integrated finite-difference methods as special cases and accommodates both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions similar to a Galerkin finite-element model Consequently, a unified domain numerical model is developed that readily represents each of the abovementioned domain numerical methods and an infinity of finite-element mass-lumping schemes by the specification of a single constant model parameter. Application of the nodal domain integration model to linear heat conduction problems indicates that the degree of model mass lumping must vary to minimize the approximation error.