cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoreceptor disc morphogenesis: The classical evagination model prevails

Vision begins in photoreceptor outer segments with light captured by opsins in continually synthesized disc membranes. The process by which rod photoreceptor discs are formed has been controversial. In this issue, Ding et al. (2015. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201508093) show conclusively that rod discs are formed by plasma membrane evagination.
Conformism in the food processing techniques of white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus)

Researchers of “culture” have long been interested in the role of social learning in establishing patterns of behavioral variation in wild animals, but very few studies examine this issue using a developmental approach. This 7-year study examines the acquisition of techniques used to process Luehea candida fruits in a wild population of white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus, residing in and near Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, Costa Rica. The two techniques for extracting seeds (pounding or scrubbing) were approximately equal in efficiency, and subjects experimented with both techniques before settling on one technique—typically the one they most frequently observed. In a sample of 106 subjects that had already settled on a preferred technique, the females adopted the maternal technique significantly more often than expected by chance, but the males did not. Using a longitudinal approach, I examined the acquisition of Luehea processing techniques during the first 5 years of life. Regression analysis revealed that the technique most frequently observed (measured as proportion of Luehea processing bouts observed that used pounding as opposed to scrubbing) significantly predicted the technique adopted by female observers, particularly in the second year of life; the amount of impact of the observed technique on the practiced technique was somewhat less significant for male observers. These results held true for (a) observations of maternal technique only, (b) observations of technique used by all individuals other than the mother, and (c) observations of maternal and non-maternal techniques combined.
Simple Amines, Simple Aromatic and Pyridine Alkaloids

Many alkaloids are formed by simple, usually short, series of reactions that are quite common in plants. For instance, simple amines are derived in a one-step reaction from amino acids by decarboxylation. Alkaloids of this type subsequently may be modified, and, in some instances, quite complicated products arise. Among these easily derived compounds are simple amines, diamines, and simple aromatic and pyridine alkaloids. These short pathways, usually based on common reactions, appear to have arisen many times in the course of plant evolution. Simple alkaloids are found in a large number of plants that are not necessarily closely related.
Mixing, 3D Mapping, and Lagrangian Evolution of a Thermohaline Intrusion

Abstract Observations of the three-dimensional structure and evolution of a thermohaline intrusion in a wide, deep fjord are presented. In an intensive two-ship study centered on an acoustically tracked neutrally buoyant float, a cold, fresh, low-oxygen tongue of water moving southward at about 0.03 m s−1 out of Possession Sound, Washington, was observed. The feature lay across isopycnal surfaces in a 50–80-m depth range. The large-scale structures of temperature, salinity, velocity, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll were mapped with a towed, depth-cycling instrument from one ship while the other ship measured turbulence close to the float with loosely tethered microstructure profilers. Observations from both ships were expressed in a float-relative (Lagrangian) reference frame, minimizing advection effects. A float deployed at the tongue’s leading edge warmed 0.2°C in 24 h, which the authors argue resulted from mixing. Diapycnal heat fluxes inferred from microstructure were 1–2 orders of magnitude too sm...
The Electoral Consequences of Voting to Declare War

The conventional wisdom of national elections suggests that there are electoral costs associated with opposing declarations of war. However, an alternative literature contends that the negative ele...
Remembering Eden: The Reception History of Genesis 3: 22–24, by Peter Thacher Lanfer, Oxford University Press: New York, 2012, x + 256 pp. ISBN 978 0 19 992674 9, US$74 (cloth)

Remembering Eden: The Reception History of Genesis 3: 22–24, by Peter Thacher Lanfer, Oxford University Press: New York, 2012, x + 256 pp. ISBN 978 0 19 992674 9, US$74 (cloth) Peter Lanfer's monog...
Analysis of myosin heavy chain mRNA expression by RT-PCR

An assay was developed for rapid and sensitive analysis of myosin heavy chain (MHC) mRNA expression in rodent skeletal muscle. Only 2 microg of total RNA were necessary for the simultaneous analysis of relative mRNA expression of six different MHC genes. We designed synthetic DNA fragments as internal standards, which contained the relevant primer sequences for the adult MHC mRNAs type I, IIa, IIx, IIb as well as the embryonic and neonatal MHC mRNAs. A known amount of the synthetic fragment was added to each polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and yielded a product of different size than the amplified MHC mRNA fragment. The ratio of amplified MHC fragment to synthetic fragment allowed us to calculate percentages of the gene expression of the different MHC genes in a given muscle sample. Comparison with the traditional Northern blot analysis demonstrated that our reverse transcriptase-PCR-based assay was reliable, fast, and quantitative over a wide range of relative MHC mRNA expression in a spectrum of adult and neonatal rat skeletal muscles. Furthermore, the high sensitivity of the assay made it very useful when only small quantities of tissue were available. Statistical analysis of the signals for each MHC isoform across the analyzed samples showed a highly significant correlation between the PCR and the Northern signals as Pearson correlation coefficients ranged between 0.77 and 0.96 (P < 0.005). This assay has potential use in analyzing small muscle samples such as biopsies and samples from pre- and/or neonatal stages of development.
Improved performance of space-time block codes on Rayleigh fading channel

Using two transmit antennas and one receive antenna, Alamouti's schemes (1998) provide the maximum possible diversity gain with a maximum likelihood detector. In addition to diversity gain, this paper maximizes the coding gain using the minimum of the determinants of the code difference matrices. In order to achieve the maximum coding gain on a Rayleigh fading channel, a trellis code is designed to maximize the free Euclidean distance. Trellis-coded modulation is combined with Alamouti's schemes to provide additional coding gain. The design criteria of trellis coded modulation is based on Radon-Hurwitz matrices. Based on these criteria, new space-time trellis coded QPSK schemes are designed and shown to achieve good performance relative to space-time block codes. The performance of this code is evaluated through computer simulation.
Regulation of ovarian ornithine decarboxylase: Role of calcium ions in enzyme induction in isolated swine granulosa cells in vitro

Abstract When swine granulosa cells were cultured in chemically defined medium selectively deficient in Ca2+, the dose-dependent stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) activity in response to prostaglandin E2, l -epinephrine or the somatomedin, multiplication-stimulating activity, was attenuated markedly. Putative calcium influx blockers, verapamil and diltiazem, also inhibited hormone-stimulated enzymic activity. Similar inhibitory effects were exerted by divalent (cobalt) or trivalent (lanthanum) cations believed to compete with calcium for extracellular binding sites. The suppressive effects of extracellular calcium deprivation were time-dependent (suggesting gradual depletion of intracellular calcium stores), and could be mimicked by the intracellular antagonist of calcium action, trifluoperazine. The mechanism(s) subserving diminished hormonal induction of enzyme activity could not be accounted for by alterations in cell viability, general protein synthesis, half-life of decay of enzyme activity (measured in the presence of cycloheximide), or apparent Km of ornithine decarboxylase. Ca2+ and/or calcium antagonists did not modify enzyme activity in cell-free preparations. These observations implicate Ca2+ in the hormonal induction of a discrete cytosolic enzyme in isolated intact ovarian cells.
A distributed K-mutual exclusion algorithm

This paper presents a token-based K-mutual exclusion algorithm. The algorithm uses K tokens and a dynamic forest structure for each token. This structure is used to forward token requests. The algorithm is expected to minimize the number of messages and also the delay in entering the critical section, at low as well as high loads. The paper presents simulation results for the proposed algorithm and compares them with three other algorithms. Unlike previous work, our simulation model assumes that a finite (non-zero) overhead is encountered when a message is sent or received. The simulation results show that, as compared to other algorithms, the proposed algorithm achieves lower delay in entering critical section as well as lower number of messages, without a significant increase in the size of the messages.
Feeling Robots and Human Zombies: Mind Perception and the Uncanny Valley.

The uncanny valley—the unnerving nature of humanlike robots—is an intriguing idea, but both its existence and its underlying cause are debated. We propose that humanlike robots are not only unnerving, but are so because their appearance prompts attributions of mind. In particular, we suggest that machines become unnerving when people ascribe to them experience (the capacity to feel and sense), rather than agency (the capacity to act and do). Experiment 1 examined whether a machine’s humanlike appearance prompts both ascriptions of experience and feelings of unease. Experiment 2 tested whether a machine capable of experience remains unnerving, even without a humanlike appearance. Experiment 3 investigated whether the perceived lack of experience can also help explain the creepiness of unfeeling humans and philosophical zombies. These experiments demonstrate that feelings of uncanniness are tied to perceptions of experience, and also suggest that experience—but not agency—is seen as fundamental to humans, and fundamentally lacking in machines.
How Well Does the “Safety Net” Work for Family Safety Nets? Economic Survival Strategies Among Grandmother Caregivers in Severe Deprivation

Using qualitative data collected from fifty-eight African American grandmothers raising grandchildren in skipped-generation households (SGHs), I reveal how and why women in non-normative families, lacking legal protections and publicly recognized authority as parents, must negotiate risk in pursuit of resources. I demonstrate that these grandmothers struggle for economic survival while seeking simultaneously to minimize the risk of losing their grandchildren and maximize their chances of receiving public assistance. I argue that grandmothers in SGHs face significant challenges obtaining government benefits owing to policy eligibility guidelines, street-level implementation, and family dynamics. Ultimately, I illustrate how the severe deprivation experienced by these grandmothers is exacerbated by their exclusion from safety net programs that could help them support the children in their care.
Collaborating with an instructional designer to develop a quality learner-engaged online course

As increasing numbers of registered nurses pursue a Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree, many choose online programs to reach their goal, prompting nursing faculty to convert traditional face-to-face courses to an online format. Providing an excellent learning experience may prove challenging for faculty unfamiliar with the technology needed to construct a quality learner-engaged online course. While nursing faculty provide expertise in the subject matter, an instructional designer assists in streamlining the design and development of the course, supplying fresh ideas to engage students using current teaching pedagogy and technology tools. This paper describes the benefits of collaborating with an instructional designer to produce a quality course and how working with an instructional designer can increase faculty technology skills and knowledge of new teaching methodologies while also improving the learner’s engagement in an online course through a quality educational experience.
An Approach to the Study of Overseas Traffic Potentials

This paper deals with the methodology for estimating traffic potentials of general caro in the United States foreign trade. Comparisons are made of existing commerce into and out of the Great Lakes area through available commerce routes of the past and new commerce routes resulting from the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway.
The Restructuring of the Labor Market, the Labor Force, and the Nature of Employment Relations in the United States in the 1980s

The global economy, in general, and the American economy, in particular, have experienced serious difficulties in the 1980s. Reflecting this situation, a restructuring is occurring in the labor market, the labor force, and the nature of employment relations in the United States. To some degree, a sociopolitical regulation of the labor market and employment relations is being replaced by market forces.
Manuscript and Editorial Procedures

The only known manuscript of Ibn al-Haytham’s Completion of the Conics is found in the codex Genel 1706 in the Il Halk Kutuphanesi in Manisa (Turkey). A microfilm of the entire codex is in the Teheran University Library. The following description is based on a copy of this microfilm, which was kindly made available to me by the staff of the Teheran University Library through the intermediary of Dr. J. Hamadanizadeh (Teheran).
Metabolic Profiling of Right Ventricular-Pulmonary Vascular Function Reveals Circulating Biomarkers of Pulmonary Hypertension

Abstract Background Pulmonary hypertension and associated right ventricular (RV) dysfunction are important determinants of morbidity and mortality, which are optimally characterized by invasive hemodynamic measurements. Objectives This study sought to determine whether metabolite profiling could identify plasma signatures of right ventricular-pulmonary vascular (RV-PV) dysfunction. Methods We measured plasma concentrations of 105 metabolites using targeted mass spectrometry in 71 individuals (discovery cohort) who underwent comprehensive physiological assessment with right-sided heart catheterization and radionuclide ventriculography at rest and during exercise. Our findings were validated in a second cohort undergoing invasive hemodynamic evaluations (n = 71), as well as in an independent cohort with or without known pulmonary arterial (PA) hypertension (n = 30). Results In the discovery cohort, 21 metabolites were associated with 2 or more hemodynamic indicators of RV-PV function (i.e., resting right atrial pressure, mean PA pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance [PVR], and PVR and PA pressure-flow response [ΔPQ] during exercise). We identified novel associations of RV-PV dysfunction with circulating indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)–dependent tryptophan metabolites (TMs), tricarboxylic acid intermediates, and purine metabolites and confirmed previously described associations with arginine–nitric oxide metabolic pathway constituents. IDO-TM levels were inversely related to RV ejection fraction and were particularly well correlated with exercise PVR and ΔPQ. Multisite sampling demonstrated transpulmonary release of IDO-TMs. IDO-TMs also identified RV-PV dysfunction in a validation cohort with known risk factors for pulmonary hypertension and in patients with established PA hypertension. Conclusions Metabolic profiling identified reproducible signatures of RV-PV dysfunction, highlighting both new biomarkers and pathways for further functional characterization.
Más allá de la representación: Explorando la participación en y a través de la tecnología en un periódico alternativo en El Salvador

This ethnographic case study explores whether and how the Salvadoran alternative newspaper Diario CoLatino incorporated new technologies, specifically online social media, to encourage citizen participation in the media process (in technology) and in a larger discursive sphere (through technology). This study contributes to the literature by including technology as fundamental to the study of alternative media and by expanding our conceptualization of the digital divide to include whether social media are used in “liberating” ways.
Valproic acid, compared to other antiepileptic drugs, is associated with improved overall and progression-free survival in glioblastoma but worse outcome in grade II/III gliomas treated with temozolomide.

Valproic acid (VPA) is an anti-epileptic drug with properties of a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi). HDACi play a key role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression and have been increasingly used as anticancer agents. Recent studies suggest that VPA is associated with improved survival in high-grade gliomas. However, effects on lower grade gliomas have not been examined. This study investigates whether use of VPA correlates with tumor grade, histological progression, progression-free and overall survival (OS) in grade II, III, and IV glioma patients. Data from 359 glioma patients (WHO II–IV) treated with temozolomide plus an antiepileptic drug (VPA or another antiepileptic drug) between January 1997 and June 2013 at the Massachusetts General Hospital was analyzed retrospectively. After confounder adjustment, VPA was associated with a 28 % decrease in hazard of death (p = 0.031) and a 28 % decrease in the hazard of progression or death (p = 0.015) in glioblastoma. Additionally, VPA dose correlated with reduced hazard of death by 7 % (p = 0.002) and reduced hazard of progression or death by 5 % (p < 0.001) with each 100 g increase in total dose. Conversely, in grade II and III gliomas VPA was associated with a 118 % increased risk of tumor progression or death (p = 0.014), and every additional 100 g of VPA raised the hazard of progression or death by 4 %, although not statistically significant (p = 0.064). Moreover, grade II and III glioma patients taking VPA had 2.17 times the risk of histological progression (p = 0.020), although this effect was no longer significant after confounder adjustment. In conclusion, VPA was associated with improved survival in glioblastoma in a dose-dependent manner. However, in grade II and III gliomas, VPA was linked to histological progression and decrease in progression-free survival. Prospective evaluation of VPA treatment for glioma patients is warranted to confirm these findings.
Pernicious anemia. I. Remission by small oral doses of purified vitamin B12.

Summary1. Hematologic and clinical remissions were induced 11 times in 8 patients with pernicious anemia in relapse, and in 1 patient with non-pernicious megaloblastic anemia, by small oral doses of purified vit. B12 without added intrinsic factor. The effective dosage range was 5 to 16.8 μg per day. 2. Unequivocal failure occurred in 1 case of relapsed pernicious anemia. 3. These results further confirm the suggestion that in pernicious anemia there is a quantitative rather than a qualitative change in gastric secretion, and that variations in the amounts of intrinsic factor remaining in pernicious anemia patients may be responsible for varying responses to oral vit. B12. 4. A trial period of vit. B12 alone should precede any study with a vit. B12 plus intrinsic factor preparation.
Prescription for Progress- Enhancing Communication between Pharmacists and Patients

The provision of sound instructions to patients with regards to adherence to their respective medication therapies is a key responsibility of pharmacists. While this functionality is irrefutably important, actualizing these processes is difficult. The multifaceted demands of pharmacists in various practice settings, coupled with fluctuating literacy levels displayed by patients, render productive communication between pharmacists and patients consistently under construction. As a result, common obstacles to effective dialogue will be reviewed here. The impact that these occurrences have on maximizing therapeutic benefits for patients will also be discussed.
Self-assembly of tetrahedral CdSe nanocrystals: effective "patchiness" via anisotropic steric interaction.

Controlling the spontaneous organization of nanoscale objects remains a fundamental challenge of materials design. Here we present the first characterization of self-assembled superlattices (SLs) comprised of tetrahedral nanocrystal (NCs). We observe self-assembly of CdSe nanotetrahedra into an open structure (estimated space-filling fraction φ ≈ 0.59) which has not been anticipated by many recent theoretical studies and simulations of tetrahedron packings. This finding highlights a gap in the understanding of the hierarchy of energy scales acting on colloidal NCs during self-assembly. We propose a strong dependence of ligand–ligand interaction potential on NC surface curvature. This effect favors spatial proximity of vertices in the dense colloidal crystal and may be considered an emergent “patchiness” acting through chemically identical ligand molecules.
Genetic variability in oviposition preference among and within populations of the cotton bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

We investigated genetic variability in oviposition preference between and within colonies of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), originating from southern Texas, central North Carolina, and the Mississippi Delta. We established preference hierarchies using choice tests in which terminals of pubescent and glabrous lines of cotton and soybean were offered. Preferences of populations were compared using MANOVA techniques. The quantitative genetic technique of half-sibling analysis was used to estimate within-colony heritabilities of oviposition preference and genetic correlations between preference and pupal weight, developmental time, longevity, and fecundity. The Mississippi colony showed a significantly stronger preference for cotton than the other colonies, which did not differ significantly from one another. This difference is probably genetically based and could be related to the relative abundance of cotton coupled with the lack of host-crop heterogeneity in the Mississippi Delta region relative to the colonies originating from Texas and North Carolina. Half-sibling analyses detected significant levels of heritable genetic variability in oviposition preference in the Mississippi colony. In addition, a positive genetic correlation was found between proportion of eggs laid on hairy cotton and fecundity. These results suggest the potential for evolutionary change in oviposition preference by the population of H. zea in the Mississippi Delta. However, caution should be used in extrapolating results of this small-scale laboratory study to the field.
A Physical Hand Tremor Simulator for Use With Inclusive Design Research

Essential Tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder among adults. This paper presents a device to induce the effects of ET in the wrists and hands of otherwise healthy research participants for use in inclusive design studies. The device, called “The HandShake,” reproduces the functional impairment of ET sufferers on design study participants. Existing solutions can require complex or expensive equipment. The HandShake uses a novel low-cost system based around a single RC servo. Users of the device in validation testing were found to be impaired in a manner similar to ET sufferers. This tool is intended to aid future inclusive design research regarding upper extremity disabilities. We present results regarding the validity of the simulated tremors versus data from those suffering with ET.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Neurological evidence of acceptance and commitment therapy effectiveness in college-age gamblers

Abstract The present study examined the potential neurological impact of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) delivered to college-aged disordered gamblers. A randomized control design employed 18 participants to complete two functional magnetic resonance imaging scans during which time gamblers completed a slot machine activity. Following the initial scan, ten subjects were exposed to 8 h of ACT delivered 1:1 by a therapist, and the other eight remained untreated. Using a mixed 2 (group: ACT, Control)×2 (condition: wins, losses)×2 (time: pre, lost) design, the self-report and behavioral aspects of the slot machine activity, in addition to the brain activation data were compared across time. Results indicated that post-treatment, disordered gamblers reported higher rates of psychological flexibility and mindfulness than control gamblers. Similarly, brain activation patterns differed significantly between groups for winning outcomes when compared to losing outcomes following treatment. These data suggest that psychological reconditioning of behavioral and neurological responses to various addictive stimuli are possible using ACT. Implications for the future of contextual control, human language, and understanding addiction are suggested.
Benevolent Patriot: The Life and Times of Henry Rutgers—Introduction

The life of Henry Rutgers has been the subject of a few brief biographical treatments. This essay introduces the articles narrating the story of Henry Rutgers in this issue and in the next issue devoted to the 250th Anniversary of Rutgers University.
Toward a Fuller Understanding of Religious Exercise: Recognizing the Identity-Generative and Expressive Nature of Religious Devotion

With the recent enactment of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 ("RFRA"'),1 which essentially overruled the Supreme Court's decision in Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v Smith,2 much attention has been focused on the appropriate level of scrutiny for evaluating Free Exercise Clause claims. Prior to the Smith decision, cases such as Sherbert v Verner3 and Wisconsin v Yoder4 seemed to make clear that laws adversely affecting religious practices were subject to a standard of strict judicial scrutiny, at least as they applied to the religious practices so affected. Smith, however, rejected the compelling state interest standard of Sherbert and Yoder for the vast majority of free exercise claims-those involving the application of a facially neutral law. In fact, under the Smith majority's formulation, such incidental infringements on religious liberty do not even give rise to a free exercise claim. The response to the Smith decision, particularly Justice Scalia's characterization of prior case law, has been overwhelmingly critical,5 with a few notable exceptions,6 and is epitomized by Congress's attempt to restore the pre-Smith case law through RFRA. Unfortunately, many advocates of RFRA and of a return to the pre-Smith compelling state interest approach are as guilty of
Effect of Intensive Blood Pressure Control on Gait Speed and Mobility Limitation in Adults 75 Years or Older: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Intensive blood pressure (BP) control confers a benefit on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; whether it affects physical function outcomes is unknown. Objective To examine the effect of intensive BP control on changes in gait speed and mobility status. Design, Setting, and Participants This randomized, clinical trial included 2636 individuals 75 years or older with hypertension and no history of type 2 diabetes or stroke who participated in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). Data were collected from November 8, 2010, to December 1, 2015. Analysis was based on intention to treat. Interventions Participants were randomized to intensive treatment with a systolic BP target of less than 120 mm Hg (n = 1317) vs standard treatment with a BP target of less than 140 mm Hg (n = 1319). Main Outcomes and Measures Gait speed was measured using a 4-m walk test. Self-reported information concerning mobility was obtained from items on the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey and the EQ-5D. Mobility limitation was defined as a gait speed less than 0.6 meters per second (m/s) or self-reported limitations in walking and climbing stairs. Results Among the 2629 participants in whom mobility status could be defined (996 women [37.9%]; 1633 men [62.1%]; mean [SD] age, 79.9 [4.0] years), median (interquartile range) follow-up was 3 (2-3) years. No difference in mean gait speed decline was noted between the intensive- and standard-treatment groups (mean difference, 0.0004 m/s per year; 95% CI, −0.005 to 0.005;P = .88). No evidence of any treatment group differences in subgroups defined by age, sex, race or ethnicity, baseline systolic BP, chronic kidney disease, or a history of cardiovascular disease were found. A modest interaction was found for the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey Physical Component Summary score, although the effect did not reach statistical significance in either subgroup, with mean differences of 0.004 (95% CI, −0.002 to 0.010) m/s per year among those with scores of at least 40 and −0.008 (95% CI, −0.016 to 0.001) m/s per year among those with scores less than 40 (P = .03 for interaction). Multistate models allowing for the competing risk of death demonstrated no effect of intensive treatment on transitions to mobility limitation (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.92-1.22). Conclusions and Relevance Among adults 75 years or older in SPRINT, treating to a systolic BP target of less than 120 mm Hg compared with a target of less than 140 mm Hg had no effect on changes in gait speed and was not associated with changes in mobility limitation. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01206062
Ink transfer of non-Newtonian fluids from an idealized gravure cell: The effect of shear and extensional deformation

Abstract In the presented study, we have investigated the effect of a complex flow field consisting of a combination of both shear and extensional deformation on the liquid transfer from an idealized gravure cell. The study was conducted for two classes of non-Newtonian fluid; a shear and extensional thickening nanoparticle dispersion and a extensional thickening viscoelastic polymer solution with a constant shear viscosity. The shear thickening fluid was a dispersion of fumed silica nanoparticles in polypropylene glycol and the viscoelastic fluid was a solution of polyethylene oxide (PEO) in water. The idealized gravure printing experiments were conducted using a combination of linear servo motor used to impose an extensional flow and a rotational servo motor to impose a shear flow during pickout. The fluid pickout from the gravure cell was studied as a function of the magnitude of the extensional and shear deformation rates. The fluid filament interface profile evolution during the pickout process was examined using a high speed camera. For the shear thickening fluid, the pickout resulting from a pure extensional flow field was found to be enhanced compared to Newtonian fluids at moderate velocities, resulting from the extensional thickening of the fluid. However, at large stretching velocities the pickout was found to decay dramatically due to extensional thinning of the fluid at large extension rates. The pickout behavior of the shear thickening fluid resulting from a pure shear field was found to exhibit a qualitatively similar trend to that of the extensional pickout although the pickout fraction was significantly smaller. Superposition of shear and extensional flow was found to initially improve pickout by driving the overall deformation rate higher and introducing an asymmetry in the gravure cell dewetting. At large rates, shear negatively affected pickout by causing an early onset of extensional thinning. In viscoelastic fluids, thickening of the extensional viscosity was found to enhance both the pure shear-induced pickout as well as the pure extensional-induced fluid pickout, with the shear-induced pickout relatively smaller compared to the extensional-induced pickout. For superimposed shear and extensional deformation, an enhancement in the fluid pickout was observed at certain velocity regimes, likely associated with the asymmetric dewetting from the gravure cavity wall assisted by the superimposed flows.
Importance of double-resonance effects in two-photon absorption properties of Au25(SR)18−

The two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-sections of small thiolate-protected gold clusters have been shown to be much larger than typical small organic molecules. In comparison with larger nanoparticles, their TPA cross-sections per gold atom are also found to be larger. Theoretical simulations have suggested that the large enhancement of these TPA cross-sections comes from a one-photon double-resonance mechanism. However, it remains difficult to simulate TPA cross-sections of thiolate-protected gold clusters due to their large system size and a high density of states. In this work, we report a time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) study of the TPA spectra of the Au25(SR)18- cluster based on a damped response theory formalism. Damped response theory enables a consistent treatment of on- and off-resonance molecular properties even for molecules with a high density of states, and thus is well-suited for studying the TPA properties of gold clusters. Our results indicate that the one- and two-photon double-resonance effect is much smaller than previously found, and thus is unlikely to be the main cause of the large TPA cross-sections found experimentally. The effect of symmetry breaking of the Au25(SR)18- cluster due to the ligands on the TPA cross-sections has been studied and was found to only slightly increase the cross-section. Furthermore, by comparing with larger nanoparticles we find that the TPA cross-section per gold atom scales linearly with the diameter of the particles, and that the Kerr non-linear response of the Au25(SR)18- cluster is on the same order as that of bulk gold films.
Colonoscopy in Elderly Patients

Many diagnostic and screening colonoscopies are performed on very elderly patients. Although colonoscopic yield increases with age, the potential benefits in such patients are decreased because of shorter life expectancy and greater prevalence of comorbidities. Colonoscopy in very elderly patients carries a greater risk of complications and morbidity than in younger patients, and is associated with lower completion rates and higher chance of poor bowel preparation. Thus, screening colonoscopy in very elderly patients should be performed only after careful consideration of potential benefits, risks, and patient preferences. Diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopy are more likely to be of benefit.
Conclusion: Asian and African systems of polyandry

This conclusion summarizes themes central to the papers collected in this volume-the definitional characteristics of polyandry, the relative status of women, as well as the political, economic and ...
Introduction to New Frontiers in Scaling Up Research

In 2002, Congress passed the Education Sciences Reform Act (ESRA), which created the Institute of Education Sciences and dramatically changed how the federal government funded education-related res...
Achieving Lightweight Multicast in Asynchronous NoCs Using a Continuous-Time Multi-Way Read Buffer

Multicast communication (1-to-many) is common in parallel architectures and emerging areas such as neuromorphic computing. However, there is very limited research in supporting multicast in asynchronous NoCs. This paper proposes a new parallel multicast asynchronous NoC with 2D-mesh topology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first general-purpose asynchronous NoC to support multicast in 2D meshes. A critical feature of this NoC is the use of a new continuous-time replication strategy, where the flits of a multicast packet are routed through the distinct outputs of the router according to each output's own rate, in parallel and in continuous time. This unique asynchronous continuous-time replication, not discretized to clock cycles, can handle subtle variations in network congestion and exploit "sub-cycle" differentials in operating speeds. A new continuous-time multi-way read (CMR) buffer is proposed to enable this replication strategy. Only a single CMR buffer is used per input port, with multiple independent read pointers, which are accessed by different outputs. For diverse multicast benchmarks, the new parallel multicast network achieved significant latency and throughput gains over a serial baseline. Moderate energy overhead was seen for one benchmark with a small multicast portion, but major reductions were achieved for higher amounts of multicast. Interestingly, consistent latency improvements were observed for unicast, in spite of the extra instrumentation. Experiments on isolated multicast packet transmissions also showed over an order-of-magnitude improvement in delivery time.
Systematically Adapting Machine Translation for Grammatical Error Correction

n this work we adapt machine translation (MT) to grammatical error correction, identifying how components of the statistical MT pipeline can be modified for this task and analyzing how each modification impacts system performance. We evaluate the contribution of each of these components with standard evaluation metrics and automatically characterize the morphological and lexical transformations made in system output. Our model rivals the current state of the art using a fraction of the training data.
Composing Optimal Invalidation Reports for Mobile Databases

ASTRACT: Caching can reduce expensive data transfers and improve the performance of mobile computing. In order to reuse caches after short disconnections, invalidation reports are broadcast to clients to identify outdated items. Detailed reports may not be desirable because they can consume too much bandwidth. On the other hand, false invalidations may set in if accurate timing of updates is not provided. In this research, we aim to reduce the false invalidation rates of cached items. From our analysis, we found that false invalidation rates are closely related to clients’ reconnection patterns (i.e., the distribution of the time spans between disconnections and reconnections). We show that in theory for any given reconnection pattern, a report with a minimal false invalidation rate can be derived. Experimental results have confirmed that our method is indeed more effective in reducing the false invalidation rate than others.
Cocaine and Immunocompetence: Possible Role of Reactive Metabolites

Although drug abuse has been widely discussed as a possible co-factor in the onset and/or progression of AIDS, available literature is not consistent with cocaine use being associated with marked effects on immunocompetence. The initial objective of the present investigation was to determine the effects of cocaine on immunocompetence following direct addition to cultured splenocytes from female B6C3F1 mice. Because cocaine is a potent local anesthetic, we used procaine as a comparative control in these studies. As discussed below, the results from these studies were not consistent with a role by direct immunomodulatory actions of cocaine. We speculated that the in vivo effects of cocaine on the immune system may be an indirect consequence of exposure. The overall purpose of this study was to begin to examine possible indirect mechanism(s) for the effects of cocaine on the immune system, with an emphasis on a role by reactive metabolites. Cocaine is metabolized to norcocaine and, ultimately to more reactive intermediates, via a minor metabolic pathway mediated by the cytochrome P-450 system. The generation of these metabolites is associated with hepatotoxicity, which is both sex- and strain-dependent (i.e., dependent on the relative activity of the P-450 system). To provide evidence for a role by P-450-dependent metabolites in cocaine’s actions on the immune system, we have compared the effects of subchronic (14 day) exposure to cocaine on the T-dependent antibody response in female B6C3F1 mice, female DBA/2 mice and male B6C3F1 mice.
Evolution of the Ureteral Stent: The Pivotal Role of the Gibbons Ureteral Catheter.

Objective To review the pioneering contributions of Dr. Robert Gibbons of Virginia Mason Medical Center to the evolution and development of the modern ureteral stent. Methods We reviewed Dr. Gibbons' extensive work through primary sources, including interviews, projector slides, radiology images, stent prototypes, his personal writings, and archived documents. In addition, we performed a review of historical texts and manuscripts describing important innovations in the development of the ureteral stent. Results In 1972, motivated by a desire to provide his patients with a long-term alternative to open nephrostomy and inspired by Drs. David Davis and Paul Zimskind, who in 1967 had described the use of indwelling ureteral silicone tubing, Dr. Gibbons began to experiment with modifications to improve upon existing stents. To address distal migration, Dr. Gibbons added “wings” that collapsed as the stent was advanced and expanded once in proper position to secure the stent in place. Barium was embedded into the proximal tip to facilitate radiographic visualization. A flange was added to the distal end, preventing proximal migration and minimizing trigonal irritation, and a tail was attached to aid in stent removal. The result was the original Gibbons stent, the first commercially available ureteral stent, and the establishment of Current Procedural Terminology code 52332, still used today. Conclusion The ureteral stent is a fundamental component of urologic practice. In developing the Gibbons stent, Dr. Gibbons played a pivotal role in addressing the challenge of internal urinary diversion particularly for those who needed long-term management. Urologists and the patients they serve owe Dr. Gibbons and other surgeon-inventors a debt of gratitude for their innovative work.
Getting on the same page: an interprofessional common reading program as foundation for patient-centered care.

A primary goal of interprofessional education is to produce clinicians who practice collaboratively to provide patient-centered care. This exploratory study evaluated whether students’ attitudes ab...
Bonding in Ordered Structures

This chapter deals with the binding energies of semiconductors and their ordered alloys. Disordered alloys will be treated in Chapter 4. The cohesive energy and alloy excess energy will be defined and their values presented. Several important theoretical models for the total energy calculation, including density functional theory, the tight-binding approach, and Harrison’s bond-orbital model, will be introduced. The concept of polarity will be discussed within the tight-binding approach and compared with the Phillips (1973) ionicity factor. Finally, we will show that the excess energies for long-range ordered alloys are mostly positive, implying they are nonequilibrium states formed during growth.
Strategic Deployment of Technology in Hospitals: Evidence for Reengineering

What are the strategic operations choices that shape the hospital’s capabilities and at the same time define its constraints? In this article, we identify competitive capabilities hospital executives believe are required for competing successfully and discuss the strategic role of technology in hospital operations. First, a meta-process model for understanding the hospital delivery system as an organized linkage of generic processes is presented. The importance of technology as a hospital-wide process enabler in the model is illuminated. Then we explore how 65 hospital executives perceive strategic technology choices now and in the future. From the data, we identify a core set of critical success factors with respect to strategic technology use in hospitals. Wide gaps between the competitive priorities needed to achieve success and current capabilities are found. These gaps are highlighted by investigating the differences in capabilities and investments in both clinical and management technologies.
Angioplasty of Cerebral Vasospasm

Despite recent advances in medical and surgical therapies, intracranial vasospasm secondary to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Recent technological advances in endovascular therapy have allowed patients with symptomatic vasospasm to be treated with intravascular balloon angioplasty techniques. Twenty-eight patients with clinically symptomatic vasospasm unresponsive to medical therapy have undergone angioplasty at our institution. A total of 99 vessels underwent balloon dilatation using a low atmospheric pressure balloon system in these 28 patients. Improved luminal diameter was demonstrated angiographically in all cases. Neurological improvement was demonstrated in 61% of patients, with the most dramatic responses to angioplasty occurring in patients with deficits of recent onset. Complications include two instances of vessel rupture, and an apparent reperfusion hemorrhage 24 hours after angioplasty. Patients presenting with symptomatic vasospasm unresponsive to medical therapy may be treated by balloon angioplasty techniques to augment cerebral perfusion.
Schizophrenia and a high-resolution map of the three-dimensional chromatin interactome of adult and fetal cortex

Most human genetic studies assume that connections between genomic regions are adequately captured by linkage disequilibrium (LD). LD reflects historical events that shaped the individuals in a sample, and LD patterns are consistent in DNA sampled from essentially any cell at any point in development from embryonic stem cells to highly specialized post-mitotic neurons. LD-based studies have been highly useful in identifying genetic associations for idiopathic maladies like schizophrenia; however, even as LD is fundamental to these successes, LD confounds attempts to derive confident biological insights from genetic results as it imperfectly reflects the functional state of DNA in cell nuclei. Interpretation of most genetic findings for schizophrenia is complicated by the presence of many significant and highly correlated associations in non-coding regions. Here, we created a high-resolution map of three-dimensional genome architecture by applying Hi-C to adult and fetal brain cortex with concomitant RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, and ChIP-seq data (CTCF, H3K27ac, and H3K4me3). An extensive set of analyses established the quality, information content, and salience of these new Hi-C data. We used these 3D data to functionally connect genetic results for schizophrenia to specific genes. We show that LD-based approaches provide a limited view of the complexity of schizophrenia GWAS findings. Gene set analyses based on functional genomic data provide an expanded view of the biological processes involved in the etiology of schizophrenia.
African Development, African Transformation : How Institutions Shape Development Strategy

Africa is home to many of the world's fastest-growing economies. This powerful book traces new continental institutions for development and their capacity to affect economic growth, regional integration, and international cooperation in Africa. It also assesses Africa's ability to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and the African Union's Agenda 2063. As the continent's most ambitious development initiative since independence, the African Union Development Agency (or AUDA, previously known as the New Partnership for Africa's Development or NEPAD) provides an excellent case study for examining how an African-based, continent-wide development institution emerged. Inspired by the ideas of Pan-Africanism and the African renaissance, NEPAD was created to bring Africa into the globalizing world, to close the gap between developing and developed countries, to enhance economic growth, and to eradicate poverty. Almost two decades after NEPAD's creation and given its transformation into AUDA, this brilliant book examines AUDA's role in achieving these goals.
A 21-year-old woman with a hepatic mass after treatment for amenorrhea

Presentation of Case A 21-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of a mass in the right hepatic lobe. The patient's menarche began at the age of 16 years, with flow that lasted two or ...