cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-efficiency thin-film AlGaAs-GaAs double heterostructure solar cells

AlGaAs-GaAs double-heterostructure solar cells were fabricated in 10 mu m-thick films and exhibited one-sun, total-area conversion efficiencies up to 19.5% AM0, and 22.4% AM1.5. The cell structure consisted on an n-doped GaAs emitter and p-doped GaAs base interposed between AlGaAs layers. The cell structure was deposited by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy on a GaAs CLEFT substrate, and later mechanically separated from the substrate during cell fabrication. A single-layer antireflection coating was used without a coverglass. The cells, fabricated on 2 in diameter wafers, had areas of either 1 or 4 cm/sup 2/. Reuse of the substrate was successfully demonstrated. For comparison, cells fabricated with a conventional process from double heterostructures deposited on bulk GaAs substrates exhibited one-sun AM1.5 efficiencies as high as 23.7%. The impact of these high efficiencies on space and terrestrial applications is discussed. >
Design and Realization of Wide-Band-Gap ( $\sim$ 2.67 eV) InGaN p-n Junction Solar Cell

The design of coherently strained InGaN epilayers for use in InGaN p-n junction solar cells is presented in this letter. The X-ray diffraction of the epitaxially grown device structure indicates two InGaN epilayers with indium compositions of 14.8% and 16.8%, which are confirmed by photoluminescence peaks observed at 2.72 and 2.67 eV, respectively. An open-circuit voltage of 1.73 V and a short-circuit current density of 0.91 mA/cm2 are observed under concentrated AM 0 illumination from the fabricated solar cell. The photovoltaic response from the InGaN p-n junction is confirmed by using an ultraviolet filter. The solar cell performance is shown to be related to the crystalline defects in the device structure.
Lifestyle Factors Associated with Serum N-3 Fatty Acid Levels in Breast Cancer Patients

Long chain n3 fatty acids appear to have beneficial effects in several domains of health relevant to breast cancer survivors. This study evaluated inter-individual differences in serum levels of n3 fatty acids in 40 breast cancer patients who were participating in a pilot study for prevention of weight gain. Significant predictors of baseline n3 fatty acid levels in serum were dietary intakes of n3 fatty acids, BMI, serum levels of carotenoids and TV hours watched/day, accounting for 43% of the variance. Counseling for prevention of weight gain also tended to increase n3 fatty acid blood levels over time during chemotherapy.
Transforming the final experience in introductory physics

The traditional final exam in calculus-based physics is being replaced with a final project. The project consists of problems that require students to apply their skill and knowledge to new situations. Students collaborate with their classmates, discussing solution strategies. At the regularly scheduled final exam meeting, students answer additional questions that require them to build on their solution to each of the problems on the project. The final project increases student learning, improves student performance at the end of the course, and is an effective method to assess student achievement and understanding.
Reflections of a Lawyer's Soul: The Institutional Experience of Professionalism at Thomas M. Cooley Law School

The public imagines that the tarnished image of lawyers reflects the lawyer’s corrupted professional soul. But does it? Law is not only a serving but a saving profession — for the exposed and vulnerable clients, the embattled justice system, and the wearying nation whom lawyers serve. That rescuing realization is what one law school accepts as its transforming ethic in a time of paradigmatic change. The recent Carnegie Report on educating lawyers speaks to the need of law schools to integrate ethics into the doctrinal study of law. That report is a vindication of Cooley Law School’s program. The law school has demonstrated in an unprecedented variety of ways that it is educating and supporting its students in a professional ethic. Cooley Law School is uniquely placed to carry forward and carry out this remarkable commitment to professional ethics. It is the largest and arguably the most diverse law school in the nation. Professionals must engage in self-conscious and well-informed self-examination of the type described in this book at all levels. See one law school’s institutional experience of professionalism. See how professionalism can be more than a meaningless mantra and can instead permeate the programs and culture of a law school.
Developmental Expression of Krüppel-like Factors

Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) are members of an emerging family of DNA-binding transcriptional regulators with critical roles in development, differentiation, and a number of other key cellular processes. The KLF family contains at least 17 members, many with overlapping patterns of expression and function, and all linked by a similar DNA-binding element. During development, KLFs may function as transcriptional activators or repressors depending on the cell or tissue context or even the stage of development. Here, we provide a brief introduction to the expression patterns and established roles of the KLFs in development. By examining these patterns and functions, we uncover a number of themes that are explored in detail in ensuing chapters.
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Visualization of Cardiac Amyloid Infiltration: Challenges and Opportunities.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is an indispensible clinical tool that can identify the etiology of cardiomyopathy. Unlike other non-invasive imaging modalities, CMR leverages its intrinsic capacity to characterize tissue based upon fundamental MR properties (T 1 and T 2 ) and in so doing can differentiate normal from diseased myocardium. Following the administration of the exogenous contrast agent gadolinium, which is retained in areas of increased interstitial space, intrinsic MR differences are accentuated permitting selective visualization of fibrosis and infarction by means of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). LGE, arguably one of the most important innovations in the history of CMR, works best when the border between normal and abnormal is distinct and the region of abnormality is sufficiently different so as to result in significant gadolinium accumulation, thereby shortening T 1 and rendering a high signal intensity difference from normal myocardium.
New Institutional Arrangements for Nutrition in the United Nations System

I will report briefly on some new institutional arrangements relating to nutrition in the United Nations System on behalf of Mr. E.J.R. Heyward, Senior Deputy Executive Director of UNICEF who is the current Chairman of the Sub-Committee on Nutrition of the UN’s Administrative Committee on Coordination, which is comprised of Heads of UN Agencies and is chaired by the Secretary General of the UN. The Sub-Committee is comprised of representatives of UN agencies concerned with nutrition. It was proposed by the UN’s Economic and Social Council after, in response to a request from the World Food Conference of November 1974, it had reviewed the existing structures to determine whether any changes were warranted. The activities of the Protein-Calorie Advisory Group (PAG) were phased out as the new Sub-Committee was being organized. The PAG participated actively in the planning of the new arrangements and was dissolved at the end of 1977. Currently 14 agencies are participating actively in the Sub-Committee’s work. The secretariat is based at FAO headquarters, Rome, and FAO is the administering agency.
Anisotropy factors for the determination of total neutron yield from the D(d, n)He3 and T(d, n)He4 reactions☆

Abstract Tables have been computed of the anisotropy factor, R, which is useful in determining, by the associated particle method, the total neutron yield produced in the reactions T(d, n)He4 and D(d, n)He3. The range of incident deuteron energy covered is 25 to 500 keV, at associated particle colatitude angles of 90 to 180 deg. Thick- and thin-target cases have been treated. For the T(d, n)He4 reaction, the total neutrons produced per alpha particle incident on the detector is given by the relation, N = (4π/ΔΦ)R. In the case of the D(d, n)He3 reaction, it is more convenient to detect the protons produced in the competing reaction D(d, p)T. The total neutrons per proton incident on the detector is the given by N = ( 4π ΔΩ )R( Y d,n Y d,p ) , where (Yd,n/Yd,n) is the ratio of total neutrons to total protons produced. Tables of this ratio, of R, and of their product are given.
Pharmacokinetic interactions: Core concepts

This chapter discusses the essential terms and concepts pertaining to the relationship between the concentration of a drug at the end-organ site and the degree of drug effect. This subset of pharmacology is known as pharmacodynamics.
The neural correlates of two forms of spiritual love: an EEG study

Spiritual practices are gaining an increasingly wider audience as a means to enhance positive affect in healthy individuals and to treat neurological disorders such as anxiety and depression. The current study aimed to examine the neural correlates of two different forms of love generated by spiritual practices using EEG; love generated during a loving kindness meditation performed by Buddhist meditators, and love generated during prayer, in a separate group of participants from a Christian-based faith. The loving kindness meditation was associated with significant increases in delta, alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta power compared to baseline, while prayer induced significant increases in power of alpha 1 and gamma oscillations, together with an increase in the gamma: theta ratio. An increase in delta activity occurred during the loving kindness meditation but not during prayer. In contrast increases in theta, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta and gamma power were observed when comparing both types of practice to baseline, suggesting that increases in these frequency bands are the neural correlates of spiritual love, independent of the type of practice used to attain the state of this type of love. These findings show that both spiritual love practices are associated with widespread changes in neural activity across the brain, in particular at frequency ranges that have been implicated in positive emotional experience, integration of distributed neural activity, and changes in short-term and long-term neural circuitry.
In Reply to Drain and Rhatigan

We appreciate the insightful comments from Drs. Drain and Rhatigan regarding our article. Their observation that our findings may overestimate residents’ proficiency with interpreters reemphasizes our study’s central conclusion: that the low rate of education and evaluation on interpreter use, even among residency programs where exposure to individuals with limited English proficiency (LEP) is relatively high, suggests that broad action in this area is needed. We believe that as the population with LEP increases and the striking demand for global health experiences grows,1 the need to uniformly train physicians in interpreter use is substantiated regardless of a program’s local population demographics. Supporting this call for action is our finding that educational sessions on interpreter use during residency are associated with increased resident self-efficacy in this domain. Equally important is a finding reported by Hernandez et al2 that self-efficacy in the overall care of families with LEP is associated with increased resident satisfaction in the care of such families. We agree with Drain and Rhatigan that training in global health is important and add that interpreter training relates to both the care of individuals with LEP in the United States and to experiences with international populations. Given that training in cross-cultural care is now a residency program expectation,3 we propose that training in the areas of global health and caring for individuals with LEP may have a greater impact when combined in scope. They also may be better accepted and more effective when introduced earlier in training, such as throughout the medical school curriculum.
BaCuSi 2 O 6 ; a new cyclosilicate with four-membered tetrahedral rings

Etude par spectroscopie Raman et diffraction RX. Observation d'un pic Raman a 506 cm −1 specifique d'un cycle comportant quatre tetraedres silicate
A Note on the Distillation of Ammonia in the Folin and Wu Method for the Determination of Urea in Blood

A simple modification of the distillation procedure in the Folin and Wu method for the routine determination of urea in blood has proved extremely helpful for our hospitals. The changes proposed resulted from an attempt to overcome the trouble which some workers, particularly students and others of little experience in the laboratories, had encountered with the distillation process of the original method. The principal causes of difficulty were (1) frothing in the distillation tube with the carrying over of some of the contents, (2) sucking back of the distillate, and (3) blowing out of the distillate from the receiving tube by steam as a result of too rapid distillation. Elimination as far as possible of these potential sources of error in the original procedure has met with considerable success. We have abandoned the use of the loosely fitting rubber stopper on the long arm of the bent glass tubing to hold the 25 cc. graduated receiving test tube* in position. Instead, we place this test tube in a 600 cc. beaker filled with cold water and bring it into place for distillation by raising the beaker so that the end of the glass tubing comes well below the surface of the 0.05 normal hydrochloric acid in the receiving test tube. The beaker is held in position during the distillation by a wooden block of suitable size.
Who’s “King of the Mountain”? “Nature” as a Criterion of Distinction in a Resort Town

This project examines how three groups in a winter resort town develop criteria of distinction through their everyday interactions. These groups—working-class locals, ski bums from privileged backg...
The etiological detection of human calicivirus infection in Nanking city

To understand the prevalence and characterize the genetics of human calicivirus(HuCV)infection with diarrhea in Nanking city,fecal specimens from 155 cases of infants with non-bacterial gastroenteritis from Nanking Children Hospital and 8 fecal specimens from another hospital in Nanking city were collected for study.All the fecal specimens were examined with RT-PCR to detect the presence of nucleic acid fragment in the polymerase area of viruses and then sequenced to determine their genotypes and compared with HuCV sequences deposited in GenBank.The nucleotide sequence homology was evaluated with CLUSTALW software,and the phylogenetic tree was generated by phylip 3.65 software.It was found that norovorus(NV)was detectable in 15 cases out of 155 fecal specimens in infants with a infection rate of 9.7% as well as in 5 cases out of 8 adults.Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that all the strains of NV belonged to the norovirus genogroup II,having high degree of homology with EU074213(Suzhou),EU096514 and EF200699 in GenBank,In addition,one strain of sapovirus(SV)belonging to SG II type was isolated from fecal specimen of an infant with diarrhea and was found to have 94% homology with AF439862 in GenBank.It is evident that human calicivirus is one of the main causative agent of infant diarrhea in Nanking city and most of which belong to the GII4 type,having close relationship with those viruses recently isolated in various area.Also,sapovirus was detected in infants with diarrhea in Nanking city.
The GATOR2 Component Wdr24 Regulates TORC1 Activity and Lysosome Function

TORC1 is a master regulator of metabolism in eukaryotes that responds to multiple upstream signaling pathways. The GATOR complex is a newly defined upstream regulator of TORC1 that contains two sub-complexes, GATOR1, which inhibits TORC1 activity in response to amino acid starvation and GATOR2, which opposes the activity of GATOR1. While the GATOR1 complex has been implicated in a wide array of human pathologies including cancer and hereditary forms of epilepsy, the in vivo relevance of the GATOR2 complex remains poorly understood in metazoans. Here we define the in vivo role of the GATOR2 component Wdr24 in Drosophila. Using a combination of genetic, biochemical, and cell biological techniques we demonstrate that Wdr24 has both TORC1 dependent and independent functions in the regulation of cellular metabolism. Through the characterization of a null allele, we show that Wdr24 is a critical effector of the GATOR2 complex that promotes the robust activation of TORC1 and cellular growth in a broad array of Drosophila tissues. Additionally, epistasis analysis between wdr24 and genes that encode components of the GATOR1 complex revealed that Wdr24 has a second critical function, the TORC1 independent regulation of lysosome dynamics and autophagic flux. Notably, we find that two additional members of the GATOR2 complex, Mio and Seh1, also have a TORC1 independent role in the regulation of lysosome function. These findings represent a surprising and previously unrecognized function of GATOR2 complex components in the regulation of lysosomes. Consistent with our findings in Drosophila, through the characterization of a wdr24-/- knockout HeLa cell line we determined that Wdr24 promotes lysosome acidification and autophagic flux in mammalian cells. Taken together our data support the model that Wdr24 is a key effector of the GATOR2 complex, required for both TORC1 activation and the TORC1 independent regulation of lysosomes.
Vestibular Assessment and Rehabilitation: Ten-Year Survey Trends of Audiologists' Opinions and Practice.

Background The past decade has yielded changes in the education and training of audiologists and technological advancements that have become widely available for clinical balance function testing. It is unclear if recent advancements in vestibular instrumentation or the transition to an AuD degree have affected audiologists' vestibular clinical practice or opinions. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine predominant opinions and practices for vestibular assessment (VA) and vestibular rehabilitation (VR) over the past decade and between master's- and AuD-level audiologists. Method A 31-question survey was administered to audiologists via U.S. mail in 2003 (N = 7,500) and electronically in 2014 (N = 9,984) with a response rate of 12% and 10%, respectively. Results There was an increase in the number of audiologists providing vestibular services in the past decade. Most respondents agreed that audiologists were the most qualified professionals to conduct VA. Less than half of the surveyed audiologists felt that graduate training was adequate for VA. AuD-level audiologists were more satisfied with graduate training and felt more comfortable performing VA compared to master's-level audiologists. Few respondents agreed that audiologists were the most qualified professionals to conduct VR or that graduate training prepared them to conduct VR. The basic vestibular test battery was unchanged across surveys and included: calorics, smooth pursuit, saccades, search for spontaneous, positional, gaze and optokinetic nystagmus, Dix-Hallpike, case history, and hearing evaluation. There was a trend toward greater use of air (versus water) calorics, videonystagmography (versus electronystagmography), and additional tests of vestibular and balance function. Conclusions VA is a growing specialty area in the field of audiology. Better training opportunities are needed to increase audiologists' knowledge and skills for providing vestibular services. The basic tests performed during VA have remained relatively unchanged over the past 10 yr.
Avian Hemosporidian Parasite Lineages in Four Species of Free-ranging Migratory Waterbirds from Mongolia, 2008.

Abstract Avian hemosporidian parasites have been detected in Asia, but little information is known about the hemosporidian parasite lineages that circulate in waterbirds that migrate along the East Asian and Central Asian migratory flyways to breed in Mongolia. To gather baseline data on hemosporidian parasite presence in Mongolian waterbirds, 151 blood-spot samples (81 hatch year [HY] and 70 after hatch year [AHY]) from Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus), Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea), Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), and Mongolian Gull (Larus mongolicus) were screened for three genera of apicomplexan parasites, Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon, using nested PCR. Of these, 17 samples (11%, 95% confidence interval: 7.1–17.4%), representing all four species, were positive. We identified 10 species (six Plasmodium, one Haemoproteus, and three Leucocytozoon) through mitochondrial DNA sequencing of the cytochrome b gene and BLAST analysis. One lineage shared 100% nucleotide identity to a ...
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with near-infrared ps pulses synchronized within 50 fs

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) microscopy [1] has enjoyed a resurgence following a series of recent improvements such as co-linear excitation geometry [2], and epi-direction detection [3]. An additional refinement has been the use of synchronized ps Ti:Sapphire lasers [4, 5]. Due to their wide tunability, ability of access the fingerprint region (1000 to 2000 cm−1) and near-infrared center wavelengths, these lasers are almost the ideal light source for CARS imaging. However, the relative timing jitter between the two lasers has remained a fundamental limitation. As CARS is inherently a multi-photon (four-wave mixing) microscopy technique, the presence of timing jitter is directly mapped to fluctuations in the CARS signal itself. In this work, we utilize a new locking method to reduce the timing jitter to below 50 fs. At this level of jitter, stability of the CARS signal is nearly shot-noise limited.
What Is Evidence-Based Treatment?

Publisher Summary This chapter defines “evidence-based” interventions in the treatment of addiction. Evidence based interventions refer to treatments that have been scientifically tested and subjected to clinical judgment and determined to be appropriate for the treatment of a given individual, population, or problem area. It is important to acknowledge that diverse types of evidence must be considered when evaluating substance abuse treatments; interpreting available data is not always a clear-cut process. Clinical trials, reviews, and meta-analyses are all useful sources but should be evaluated in terms of internal validity, external validity, and applicability to the patient populations and the clinical expertise of clinicians. When looking to the future of evidence-based practice, it is clear that the emphasis on objective, testable outcome trials will continue. It is hoped that the field will also increase its use of effectiveness trials conducted in real-world settings so that findings of research can be more generalizable to treatment populations. In addition, increased emphasis should be placed on the dissemination of research so that research findings can reach practitioners who must ultimately adopt them. There are certainly obstacles to adopting an evidence-based mentality, but choosing treatment modalities based exclusively on personal testimony and subjective criteria is no longer a viable option.
On the Archetypes Hermes & Hestia: Notes toward a Hermeneutics of Leadership Studies

In 1995, both James Hillman and Charles Handy published books about leadership in which they used the imagery of archetypes or “gods” to describe types of leadership. Handy, for example, wrote about Zeus, Apollo, Athena, and Dionysus. Since then, other authors with an interest in leadership have turned to the language of archetypes, including Carol Pearson, whose books avoid naming the archetypes as gods, but instead use more generic personifications, such as the Warrior, the Sage, and the Magician (e.g. Pearson, 2001). Recently, Mark Chater (2005), Neil Remington Abramson (2007), and Karen Morley (2008) – to name a few – have found ways to use this language of mythology, archetypes, and the gods to talk about leadership.
Engineering trade studies for a quantum key distribution system over a 30 km free-space maritime channel.

Here, we present the engineering trade studies of a free-space optical communication system operating over a 30 km maritime channel for the months of January and July. The system under study follows the BB84 protocol with the following assumptions: a weak coherent source is used, Eve is performing the intercept resend attack and photon number splitting attack, prior knowledge of Eve’s location is known, and Eve is allowed to know a small percentage of the final key. In this system, we examine the effect of changing several parameters in the following areas: the implementation of the BB84 protocol over the public channel, the technology in the receiver, and our assumptions about Eve. For each parameter, we examine how different values impact the secure key rate for a constant brightness. Additionally, we will optimize the brightness of the source for each parameter to study the improvement in the secure key rate.
Editorial Notes: April 2017

This issue of Family Court Review (FCR) begins by honoring the life and memory of Ruth Stern, former Managing Editor of Family Court Review, who passed away in October, 2016. Her husband, Professor Herbie DiFonzo, offers glimpses into Ruth's life and their life together. Coming from a baseball family myself, I am particularly moved by Ruth's and Herbie's mutual passion for the New York Mets. It is obvious from the details Herbie graciously shares that theirs was a love and a life of unique tenderness and togetherness. I am deeply grateful to Herbie for allowing us the privilege to publish this tribute to Ruth. The April 2017 issue consists of six articles and two law student notes. In this volume, we have initiated a practice discussed during the 2016 Editorial Board meeting at the AFCC Annual Conference in Seattle. From time to time, FCR editors and staff plans to publish articles longer than the standard twenty-five pages. By doing so, we hope to encourage the submission of additional scholarly articles from academics who, in lieu of submitting their articles to FCR, choose other professional publications that allow for documents of longer length. Thus, this is a call to our readers to encourage authors to submit articles to FCR that they heretofore may have submitted to other journals.
A Review of Pulmonary Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes In The Context of Smoking: A Focus On Inflammation

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is increasing rapidly, but their effects on lung toxicity are largely unknown. Smoking is a well-established cause of lung cancer and respiratory disease, in part through inflammation. It is plausible that e-cig use might affect similar inflammatory pathways. E-cigs are used by some smokers as an aid for quitting or smoking reduction, and by never smokers (e.g., adolescents and young adults). The relative effects for impacting disease risk may differ for these groups. Cell culture and experimental animal data indicate that e-cigs have the potential for inducing inflammation, albeit much less than smoking. Human studies show that e-cig use in smokers is associated with substantial reductions in blood or urinary biomarkers of tobacco toxicants when completely switching and somewhat for dual use. However, the extent to which these biomarkers are surrogates for potential lung toxicity remains unclear. The FDA now has regulatory authority over e-cigs and can regulate product and e-liquid design features, such as nicotine content and delivery, voltage, e-liquid formulations, and flavors. All of these factors may impact pulmonary toxicity. This review summarizes current data on pulmonary inflammation related to both smoking and e-cig use, with a focus on human lung biomarkers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(8); 1175-91. ©2017 AACR.
System-Wide Inpatient Portal Implementation: Survey of Health Care Team Perceptions

Background: Inpatient portals, a new type of patient portal tailored specifically to the hospital setting, can allow patients to access up-to-date health information and exchange secure communications with their care team. As such, inpatient portals present an opportunity for patients to increase engagement in their care during a time of acute crisis that emphasizes focus on a patient’s health. While there is a large body of research on patient portals in the outpatient setting, questions are being raised specifically about inpatient portals, such as how they will be incorporated into the flow of patient care in hectic, stressed, team-based hospital settings. Objective: Our aim is to improve understanding about hospital care team members’ perceptions of the value of an interactive patient portal for admitted patients, as well as to ascertain staff orientation toward this new technology. Methods: Throughout the course of 2016, an inpatient portal, MyChart Bedside (MCB) was implemented across a five-hospital health system. The portal is a tablet-based app that includes a daily schedule, lab/test results, secure messaging with the care team, a place to take notes, and access to educational materials. Within a month of initial rollout, hospital care team members completed a 5-minute, anonymous online survey to assess attitudes and perceptions about MCB use and staff training for the new technology. Results: Throughout the health system, 686 staff members completed the survey: 193 physicians (23.6%), 439 nurses (53.7%), and 186 support staff (22.7%). Questions about the importance of MCB, self-efficacy in using MCB with patients, and feelings about sufficient training and resources showed that an average of 40-60% of respondents in each group reported a positive orientation toward the MCB technology and training received. This positive orientation was highest among support staff, lower among nurses, and lowest for physicians (all differences by staff role were statistically significant at P<.001). Additionally, 62.0% of respondents reported “not enough” training. Conclusions: Despite the robust training effort, similar to that used in previous health information technology implementations at this health system, hospital care team members reported only a moderately positive orientation toward MCB and its potential, and the majority wanted more training. We propose that due to the unique elements of the inpatient portal—interactive features used by patients and providers requiring explanation and collaboration—traditional training approaches may be insufficient. Introduction of the inpatient portal as a new collaborative tool may thus require new methods of training to support enhanced engagement between patients and their care team. [JMIR Med Inform 2017;5(3):e31]
Donor Human Milk and Fortifier Use in United States Level 2, 3, and 4 Neonatal Care Hospitals

ABSTRACTObjective:In 2011, the United States Surgeon General issued a call to action to “identify and address obstacles to greater availability of safe banked donor milk for fragile infants.” The purpose of the present study is to analyze patterns in donor human milk (DHM) and fortifier use in level
A Matter of Life and Death: Understanding Continuing Bonds and Post-traumatic Growth When Young Adults Experience the Loss of a Close Friend

Young adults establish networks of friends for companionship, support, assistance, and resource exchange. Friends have been found to play an essential role in promoting young adults’ health and well-being. Yet, relatively little is known about how young adults cope with the death of a close friend. Studies of grief and bereavement in adulthood focus primarily on the death of a family member. In the present qualitative study, we examined the narrative accounts of 20 young adults (ages 21–34) to describe the prevalence and nature of continuing bonds and post-traumatic growth experiences in coping with the death of a close friend. Participants completed semi-structured interviews in which they described the circumstances of their friend’s death, the nature of their friendship, whether and how they continued their relationship with their deceased friend, and the impact of their friend’s death in their everyday lives. Overall, young adults articulated ways that they continued their relationship with the deceased friend that included personal communication, personal change, and homage activities. Post-traumatic growth experiences as a result of their friend’s death included behavioral changes and personal changes in outlook. The narratives of all participants reflected their simultaneous experience of continuing relationship ties with the deceased and a sense of personal growth as a result of their friend’s death. We report areas of overlap and distinctions between expressions of continuing bonds and post-traumatic growth in the lived experience of young adults coping with the loss of a friend. Implications of findings for future research are discussed.
Hardware Trojans and Piracy of PCBs

Malicious modification of a design in a foundry or design house (via hardware Trojan attacks) and counterfeiting attacks are intended to modify/disrupt and syphon information and profits from the host manufacturer. While these attacks have emerged as major security concerns for integrated circuits (ICs), a similar vulnerability, at a higher level, i.e., printed circuit board (PCB), can be more easily realized due to the highly distributed supply chain. Furthermore, the increasing complexity of modern PCBs and growing reliance on third-party entities make Trojan and counterfeiting attacks in PCBs highly feasible. In this chapter, we first describe the possible attack models and demonstrate instances of hardware Trojan insertion in fabricated PCBs that can either cause malfunction or leak secret information. We review the effectiveness of traditional PCB test methodologies in detecting these Trojans. We also present possible protection approaches against such attacks including a reverse engineering-based detection approach and a low-overhead preventive design solution. We then describe how extending integrated circuits (ICs) authentication techniques such as physically unclonable function (PUF) to isolate cloned PCBs can be realized. Additionally, analysis of various sources of variations in PCB and qualitatively studying the quality metrics to evaluate the PCB PUFs are also performed. Lastly, we describe few flavors of PCB PUFs by exploiting the manufacture-induced process variations.
Utilizing Theatre of the Oppressed Within Teacher Education to Create Emancipatory Teachers

A key focus of teacher preparation should be critical self-reflection, especially given the current context of market-driven school reform, which often leads to school closings, increases school segregation, and devastates local communities. The question, then, becomes how best to guide critical self-reflection for preservice teachers so that they are aware of their biases, privileges, and positions of power, as well as being cognizant of how these school reforms detrimentally impact poor communities of color. More often than not, when such discussions are broached, preservice teachers want to change the topic to practical teaching strategies rather than addressing issues of social justice. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explore how “Theatre of the Oppressed” can be utilized to help prepare preservice teachers to become highly effective and socially just educators. More importantly, how can “Theatre of the Oppressed” be employed to engage teacher candidates in critical reflection and conscio...
Vascular Responses to Long- and Short-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter: MESA Air (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution)

Objectives This study evaluated the association of long- and short-term air pollutant exposures with flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and baseline arterial diameter (BAD) of the brachial artery using ultrasound in a large multicity cohort. Background Exposures to ambient air pollution, especially long-term exposure to particulate matter 2.5 ), are linked with cardiovascular mortality. Short-term exposure to PM 2.5 has been associated with decreased FMD and vasoconstriction, suggesting that adverse effects of PM 2.5 may involve endothelial dysfunction. However, long-term effects of PM 2.5 on endothelial dysfunction have not been investigated. Methods FMD and BAD were measured by brachial artery ultrasound at the initial examination of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Long-term PM 2.5 concentrations were estimated for the year 2000 at each participant's residence (n = 3,040) using a spatio-temporal model informed by cohort-specific monitoring. Short-term PM 2.5 concentrations were based on daily central-site monitoring in each of the 6 cities. Results An interquartile increase in long-term PM 2.5 concentration (3 μg/m 3 ) was associated with a 0.3% decrease in FMD (95% confidence interval [CI] of difference: −0.6 to −0.03; p = 0.03), adjusting for demographic characteristics, traditional risk factors, sonographers, and 1/BAD. Women, nonsmokers, younger participants, and those with hypertension seemed to show a greater association of PM 2.5 with FMD. FMD was not significantly associated with short-term variation in PM 2.5 (−0.1% per 12 μg/m 3 daily increase [95% CI: −0.2 to 0.04] on the day before examination). Conclusions Long-term PM 2.5 exposure was significantly associated with decreased endothelial function according to brachial ultrasound results. These findings may elucidate an important pathway linking air pollution and cardiovascular mortality. (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [MESA]; NCT00005487 ).
FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF POLYMERS

The field of using infrared spectroscopy for the characterization of polymeric materials has experienced tremendous growth in recent years, primarily because a variety of sampling techniques and experimentation are now available. Thousands of chapters are published each year, involving the use of infrared spectroscopy and polymer characterization. This chapter focuses on the background of the newer techniques, along with some selected applications from the literature. These applications demonstrate the ability of infrared spectroscopy to provide answers to questions of both qualitative and quantitative polymer characterizations. More emphasis will be placed on the relatively recent research applications, whereas the more traditional methods are covered in less detail. Instead, the reader is directed to references that cover these techniques in considerable length. In addition, instruments based on the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) method have dominated the field of infrared spectroscopy, so this chapter addresses many of the principles of interferometry as well.
Distributed Detection with False Alarm Rate Constraints

In this chapter, we consider the distributed detection problem for situations where the probability of false alarm is to remain less than an acceptable value. This formulation is especially suitable for radar applications. First, we consider the Neyman—Pearson formulation of the problem. This formulation does not require the knowledge of a priori probabilities associated with different hypotheses or an assignment of costs to different courses of action. System probability of detection is maximized under a probability of false alarm constraint. Under this formulation, the parallel fusion network topology without a fusion center is not appropriate because systemwide probabilities of detection and false alarm can not be defined. Therefore, a fusion center is always assumed to be present. We consider only the parallel fusion network topology here. Other network topologies can be treated similarly. In Section 5.2, the distributed Neyman—Pearson detection problem is formulated and decision rules are derived. A number of interesting issues, such as randomization, arise. These and other related aspects are discussed. In practical radar signal detection scenarios, noise and clutter background are often nonstationary. In this case, the optimum Neyman—Pearson detector with a fixed threshold fails to maintain a constant false alarm rate (CFAR), and adaptive thresholding based on observations from the neighboring region is required. Distributed CFAR processing is discussed in Section 5.3. Issues, such as robustness in the presence of homogeneous and nonhomogeneous backgrounds, are also examined. In Section 5.4, distributed detection of weak signals is considered, and locally optimum decision rules are derived.
Differential molar heat capacities to test ideal solubility estimations.

Purpose. Calculation of the ideal solubility of a crystalline solute in a liquid solvent requires knowledge of the difference in the molar heat capacity at constant pressure of the solid and the supercooled liquid forms of the solute, ΔCp. Since this parameter is not usually known, two assumptions have been used to simplify the expression. The first is that ΔCp can be considered equal to zero; the alternate assumption is that the molar entropy of fusion, ΔSf, is an estimate of ΔCp. Reports claiming the superiority of one assumption over the other, on the basis of calculations done using experimentally determined parameters, have appeared in the literature. The validity of the assumptions in predicting the ideal solubility of five structurally unrelated compounds of pharmaceutical interest, with melting points in the range 420 to 470K, was evaluated in this study.
Recent progress in the control of aldosterone secretion.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the recent progress in the control of aldosterone secretion. Aldosterone secretion is regulated by several known mechanisms, including the renin–angiotensin system, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and potassium. Additional new mechanisms participate in the control of aldosterone secretion including aldosterone-stimulating factor (ASF) and dopamine. ASF has been purified to homogeneity and determined to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 26,000. The purified glycoprotein, ASF, has a different retention time on HPLC than ACTH, angiotensin II, or s-lipotropin and stimulates aldosterone secretion by a noncyclic AMP-dependent mechanism. ASF-stimulated aldosterone secretion is not blocked by specific competitive antagonists of ACTH or angiotensin II. Fluorescein-labeled antibody in direct measurement has demonstrated ASF in the pituitary gland and in no other tissue. ASF circulates in man. Plasma ASF increases with dietary sodium intake and is not dexamethasone suppressible. Basal plasma and urinary ASF is elevated in idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. Aldosterone secretion is under maximum tonic dopaminergic inhibition. Dopaminergic mechanisms selectively inhibit aldosterone responses to angiotensin II. Dopaminergic suppression of angiotensin II-induced aldosterone secretion is dependent on sodium balance state. ASF and dopamine represent previously unrecognized mechanisms regulating aldosterone secretion in man. Increased secretion of ASF may be responsible for the pathogenesis of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, and potentially may contribute to other clinical states of aldosterone excess.
Frontoparietal cortical thickness mediates the effect of COMT Val158Met polymorphism on age-associated executive function.

Abstract Proper dopamine (DA) signaling is likely necessary for maintaining optimal cognitive performance as we age, particularly in prefrontal-parietal networks and in fronto-striatal networks. Thus, reduced DA availability is a salient risk factor for accelerated cognitive aging. A common polymorphism that affects DA D1 receptor dopamine availability, COMT Val158Met (rs4680), influences enzymatic breakdown of DA, with COMT Val carriers having a 3- to 4-fold reduction in synaptic DA compared to COMT Met carriers. Furthermore, dopamine receptors and postsynaptic availability are drastically reduced with aging, as is executive function performance that ostensibly relies on these pathways. Here, we investigated in 176 individuals aged 20–94 years whether: (1) COMT Val carriers differ from their Met counterparts in thickness of regional cortices receiving D1 receptor pathways: prefrontal, parietal, cingulate cortices; (2) this gene-brain association differs across the adult lifespan; and (3) COMT-related regional thinning evidences cognitive consequences. We found that COMT Val carriers evidenced thinner cortex in prefrontal, parietal, and posterior cingulate cortices than COMT Met carriers and this effect was not age-dependent. Further, we demonstrate that thickness of these regions significantly mediates the effect of COMT genotype on an executive function composite measure. These results suggest that poorer executive function performance is due partly to thinner association cortex in dopaminergic-rich regions, and particularly so in individuals who are genetically predisposed to lower postsynaptic dopamine availability, regardless of age.
Legislating Pain Capability: Sentience and the Abortion Debate

Over the past few years, over a dozen states have proposed, and almost as many have passed, something referred to as the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act, a piece of legislation that makes abortion impermissible once fetal pain is possible and that further stipulates the fetus can feel pain at or before 20 weeks of gestation. Some very important questions immediately relevant to the abortion debate, perhaps even to the more complex issue of fetal rights, are raised by this legislation, especially because it would impinge on the second-trimester abortion rights guaranteed by Roe. We first inquire whether the claim of fetal pain perception at or before 20 weeks is true and how such a claim should be substantiated. Next, we inquire whether the fetal capacity to experience pain, at whatever stage of development, reflects on the morality of abortion and whether it should be at all relevant to determining its legality. Finally, we would like to explore the implications that a commitment to a pain-related or sentience criterion of rights might have for a pro-life agenda.
Phenotypic Annotation: Using Polygenic Scores to Translate Discoveries From Genome-Wide Association Studies From the Top Down:

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified specific genetic variants associated with complex human traits and behaviors, such as educational attainment, mental disorders, and personali...
Effective Distance for DNA-Mediated Charge Transport between Repair Proteins.

The stacked aromatic base pairs within the DNA double helix facilitate charge transport down its length in the absence of lesions, mismatches, and other stacking perturbations. DNA repair proteins containing [4Fe4S] clusters can take advantage of DNA charge transport (CT) chemistry to scan the genome for mistakes more efficiently. Here we examine the effective length over which charge can be transported along DNA between these repair proteins. We define the effective CT distance as the length of DNA within which two proteins are able to influence their ensemble affinity to the DNA duplex via CT. Endonuclease III, a DNA repair glycosylase containing a [4Fe4S] cluster, was incubated with DNA duplexes of different lengths (1.5–9 kb), and atomic force microscopy was used to quantify the binding of proteins to these duplexes to determine how the relative protein affinity changes with increasing DNA length. A sharp change in binding slope is observed at 3509 base pairs, or about 1.2 μm, that supports the existence of two regimes for protein binding, one within the range for DNA CT, one outside of the range for CT; DNA CT between the redox proteins bound to DNA effectively decreases the ensemble binding affinity of oxidized and reduced proteins to DNA. Utilizing an Endonuclease III mutant Y82A, which is defective in carrying out DNA CT, shows only one regime for protein binding. Decreasing the temperature to 4 °C or including metallointercalators on the duplex, both of which should enhance base stacking and decrease DNA floppiness, leads to extending the effective length for DNA charge transport to ∼5300 bp or 1.8 μm. These results thus support DNA charge transport between repair proteins over kilobase distances. The results furthermore highlight the ability of DNA repair proteins to search the genome quickly and efficiently using DNA charge transport chemistry.