cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ca2+ Binding/Permeation via Calcium Channel, CaV1.1, Regulates the Intracellular Distribution of the Fatty Acid Transport Protein, CD36, and Fatty Acid Metabolism.

Ca(2+) permeation and/or binding to the skeletal muscle L-type Ca(2+) channel (CaV1.1) facilitates activation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase type II (CaMKII) and Ca(2+) store refilling to reduce muscle fatigue and atrophy (Lee, C. S., Dagnino-Acosta, A., Yarotskyy, V., Hanna, A., Lyfenko, A., Knoblauch, M., Georgiou, D. K., Poche, R. A., Swank, M. W., Long, C., Ismailov, I. I., Lanner, J., Tran, T., Dong, K., Rodney, G. G., Dickinson, M. E., Beeton, C., Zhang, P., Dirksen, R. T., and Hamilton, S. L. (2015) Skelet. Muscle 5, 4). Mice with a mutation (E1014K) in the Cacna1s (α1 subunit of CaV1.1) gene that abolishes Ca(2+) binding within the CaV1.1 pore gain more body weight and fat on a chow diet than control mice, without changes in food intake or activity, suggesting that CaV1.1-mediated CaMKII activation impacts muscle energy expenditure. We delineate a pathway (Cav1.1→ CaMKII→ NOS) in normal skeletal muscle that regulates the intracellular distribution of the fatty acid transport protein, CD36, altering fatty acid metabolism. The consequences of blocking this pathway are decreased mitochondrial β-oxidation and decreased energy expenditure. This study delineates a previously uncharacterized CaV1.1-mediated pathway that regulates energy utilization in skeletal muscle.
Modeling of Electric Motor Driven Propellers for Conceptual Aircraft Design

Electric motors have achieved very high efficiency and reliability; and in some cases, very high power density. As the energy storage capabilities of batteries and fuel cells advance, these technologies are increasingly being considered for aircraft primary propulsion. In order to design electric aircraft, aircraft designers must be able to understand and model the performance characteristics of electric motors, propellers, and ducted fans – as well as the coupling between the motor and propulsors.
Studies of a Contact Zone between Chromosomally Characterized Populations of Geomys bursarius

A 5-square-km zone of hybridization occurs between two chromosomal races of Geomys bursarius , which are designated by Arabic letters B (2N = 70; FN = 70) and C (2N = 70, 71, or 72; FN = 72), in eastern New Mexico. Within and near this contact zone, race B is distributed to the southwest in aeolian sands, race C occupies more indurate soils to the north and east, and hybrids occur in an ecologically intermediate zone. Eighteen percent of the animals captured were apparent F1 hybrids (some of these may represent backcross or F2 individuals). A combination of behavioral interactions and soil-related ecological factors appear to limit hybridization to a narrow zone. The two cytotypes are separable on the basis of morphological characters, with chromosomal race B being singificantly smaller than race C. Apparent F1 hybrids are not morphologically intermediate, but more closely resemble race C. This situation may result from genetic interactions, hybrid reproduction, or a combination of these two factors. Chromosomal data are not capable of distinguishing backcross or F2 offspring. Chromosomal differences between the two cytotypes are less than those found between Thomomys bottae and T. umbrinus (Patton, 1973), yet the zones of hybridization are similar.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and High Temperature Transport Properties of p-Type Cu2Zn1–xFexSnSe4

Iron substituted Cu2Zn1-xFexSnSe4 stannites were synthesized by reaction of the constituent elements and subsequent solid state annealing, followed by densification by hot-pressing. The compositions for each specimen were confirmed with a combination of Rietveld refinement and elemental analysis. Refinement results indicated that only the 2a site was occupied by Zn and Fe. Their high temperature transport properties were measured from 300 to 800 K. The electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity decrease with increasing Fe content. For the lower Fe content specimens with x = 0.2 and 0.4, the electrical properties are strongly temperature dependent, unlike that of the higher Fe content specimens (x = 0.6 and 0.8). A maximum ZT value of 0.46 was obtained at 800 K for Cu2Zn0.4Fe0.6SnSe4.
Climbing Flight of a Fruit Bat Deconstructed

The climbing flight flapping kinematics obtained on a fruit bat, Cynopterus brachyotis, is deconstructed using proper orthogonal decomposition to shed light on the functional kinematic modes which enables bat flight. Mode 1 and cumulative mode 1 + 2, compared against the native kinematic, is simulated in a Immersed Boundary CFD framework to observe the effect these modes have on the unsteady transient mechanisms of the flow produced by the flapping wings. From the obtained data, the bat exhibits fine control of its mechanics by actively varying wing camber, wing area, torsional rotation of the wing, forward and backward translational sweep of the wing, and wing conformation to dictate the fluid dynamics. As is common in flapping flight, the primary force generation is through the attached unsteady vortices on the wing surface. Mode 1 is seen to act as the power stroke dumping energy into the fluid. Mode 2 adds the mechanism which maneuvers the flow structures to enable forward flight.
Prospective Randomized Trial of Prone Accelerated Intensity Modulated Breast Radiation Therapy With a Daily Versus Weekly Boost to the Tumor Bed

Purpose To report the results of a prospective randomized trial comparing a daily versus weekly boost to the tumor cavity during the course of accelerated radiation to the breast with patients in the prone position. Methods and Materials From 2009 to 2012, 400 patients with stage 0 to II breast cancer who had undergone segmental mastectomy participated in an institutional review board–approved trial testing prone breast radiation therapy to 40.5 Gy in 15 fractions 5 d/wk to the whole breast, after randomization to a concomitant daily boost to the tumor bed of 0.5 Gy, or a weekly boost of 2 Gy, on Friday. The present noninferiority trial tested the primary hypothesis that a weekly boost produced no more acute toxicity than did a daily boost. The recurrence-free survival was estimated for both treatment arms using the Kaplan-Meier method; the relative risk of recurrence or death was estimated, and the 2 arms were compared using the log-rank test. Results At a median follow-up period of 45 months, no deaths related to breast cancer had occurred. The weekly boost regimen produced no more grade ≥2 acute toxicity than did the daily boost regimen (8.1% vs 10.4%; noninferiority Z = −2.52; P =.006). No statistically significant difference was found in the cumulative incidence of long-term fibrosis or telangiectasia of grade ≥2 between the 2 arms (log-rank P =.923). Two local and two distant recurrences developed in the daily treatment arm and three local and one distant developed in the weekly arm. The 4-year recurrence-free survival rate was not different between the 2 treatment arms (98% for both arms). Conclusions A tumor bed boost delivered either daily or weekly was tolerated similarly during accelerated prone breast radiation therapy, with excellent control of disease and comparable cosmetic results.
Several Thinkings about Teachers' Building of Community College

The 21st century will be the era of the great development of education.In order to meet adult's educational reform of new period and the needs of development and personnel training,setting up a strong,modernized teaching body is the strategic measure of developing adult's educational undertaking.This article puts forward the corresponding countermeasures combining with the reality of community college.
Bottom-Up Verification

Constraint-driven layout synthesis concludes the top-down process. At this point in general a detailed bottom-up verification phase is necessary to ensure the correctness of the design. Since behavioral model parameters have to be “estimated” at the higher levels of the hierarchy during the top-down process, bottom-up verification is essential to fully characterize the behavioral models together with interconnects and parasitics.
Widgets and Astropy: Accomplishing Productive Research with Undergraduates

This paper describes a tool for astronomical research implemented as an IPython notebook with a widget interface. The notebook uses Astropy, a community-developed package of fundamental tools for astronomy, and Astropy affiliated packages, as the back end. The widget interface makes Astropy a much more useful tool to undergraduates or other non-experts doing research in astronomy, filling a niche for software that connects beginners to research-grade code.
Asymmetric cryo-EM structure of the canonical Allolevivirus Qβ reveals a single maturation protein and the genomic ssRNA in situ.

Single-stranded (ss) RNA viruses infect all domains of life. To date, for most ssRNA virions, only the structures of the capsids and their associated protein components have been resolved to high resolution. Qβ, an ssRNA phage specific for the conjugative F-pilus, has a T = 3 icosahedral lattice of coat proteins assembled around its 4,217 nucleotides of genomic RNA (gRNA). In the mature virion, the maturation protein, A2, binds to the gRNA and is required for adsorption to the F-pilus. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of Qβ with and without symmetry applied. The icosahedral structure, at 3.7-A resolution, resolves loops not previously seen in the published X-ray structure, whereas the asymmetric structure, at 7-A resolution, reveals A2 and the gRNA. A2 contains a bundle of α-helices and replaces one dimer of coat proteins at a twofold axis. The helix bundle binds gRNA, causing denser packing of RNA in its proximity, which asymmetrically expands the surrounding coat protein shell to potentially facilitate RNA release during infection. We observe a fixed pattern of gRNA organization among all viral particles, with the major and minor grooves of RNA helices clearly visible. A single layer of RNA directly contacts every copy of the coat protein, with one-third of the interactions occurring at operator-like RNA hairpins. These RNA–coat interactions stabilize the tertiary structure of gRNA within the virion, which could further provide a roadmap for capsid assembly.
Impact of the Addition of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) to Standard 2D Digital Screening Mammography on the Rates of Patient Recall, Cancer Detection, and Recommendations for Short-term Follow-up.

Rationale and Objectives The addition of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) to digital screening mammography (DM) has been shown to decrease recall rates and improve cancer detection rates, but there is a lack of data regarding the impact of DBT on rates of short-term follow-up. We assessed possible changes in performance measures with the introduction of DBT at our facility. Materials and Methods In our observational study, databases were used to compare rates of recall, short-term follow-up, biopsy, and cancer detection between women undergoing DM without ( n = 10,477) and women undergoing DM with ( n = 2304) the addition of DBT. Regression analysis was performed to determine associations with patient age, breast density, and availability of comparison examinations. Results The addition of DBT resulted in significantly lower recall rates (16%–14%, P = .017), higher rates of biopsy (12.7%–19.1%, P P = .044). A 33% increase in cancer detection rates was observed with DBT, which did not reach statistical significance. Short-term follow-up of probably benign findings was 80% higher in the DBT group (odds ratio = 1.80, 95% confidence interval = 1.38–2.36, P Conclusions To our knowledge, we are the first to study the impact of DBT on rates of short-term follow-up, and observed an 80% increase over the DM group. Further research is needed to determine the malignancy rate of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System 3 lesions detected with DBT, and establish appropriate follow-up to maximize cancer detection while minimizing expense and patient anxiety.
An Evaluation of Interstate Efforts to Re-Introduce Paddlefish to the Upper Ohio River Basin

Abstract Historically, Polyodon spathula (American Paddlefish) occurred within the Mississippi River Basin's large rivers, traversing hundreds of kilometers to complete their life cycle. However, populations declined in response to the installation of lock and dam (L/D) structures, declining water quality, and the loosely regulated harvest of the species. By the late 1800s, American Paddlefish were extirpated from many portions of their historic range. In response, federal and state agencies sought to restore inter-jurisdictional populations of this fish. Our objective was to assess reintroduction efforts in the northeastern-most portion of its range. Using a combination of gill nets, boat electrofishing, and larval drift nets, populations were sampled in Pennsylvania and New York over a 10-year-period, post-stocking. Although American Paddlefish were at large in navigable waters of the upper Ohio River Basin, free-flowing and tail-water areas below L/D structures appeared to hold more fish than impounded...
Value-based pricing meets twenty-first century procurement

Fierce global competition and the growth of low-cost competitors are causing suppliers in many business and industrial markets to differentiate themselves through value-based strategies. At the same time, procurement organizations in many businesses are assuming a more pivotal role in supplier management and buying decisions. Little research, however, has been carried out to consider how sellers’ value-based pricing is impacted by buyers’ procurement goals and strategies. It is the aim of this article to review and integrate the empirical literature on value-based pricing and modern procurement strategies and goals in order to construct a conceptual framework for pricing practitioners and questions for future research.
Risks and Benefits of Swaddling Healthy Infants: An Integrative Review.

Background Swaddling has been practiced since antiquity; however, there is controversy about its safety. Objectives The purpose of this review is to update and build upon previous reviews and synthesize evidence on risks and benefits of swaddling in healthy-term, near-term, or older infants. Data sources MEDLINE (1960-May 13, 2016) and CINAHL (1963-May 13, 2016) searches were conducted, relevant articles retrieved, and citation lists reviewed for other references. Synthesis methods A table summarizes study details. Selected older references and supporting literature are integrated into the synthesis to provide context. Results Swaddling calms infants and promotes sleep, but it is equally or less effective than other nonpharmacological methods in managing pain. There may be a slight risk for sudden infant death syndrome associated with supine swaddling, although the impact of confounding variables is unclear. Early skin-to-skin contact supports early breastfeeding, but swaddling does not have a negative impact on breastfeeding long term. Swaddling tightly around the hips is strongly associated with developmental dysplasia of the hip. More research is needed on the impact of swaddling on pain in term infants, infant vital signs, arousal thresholds, and a possible association between swaddling, vitamin D deficiency, and acute lower respiratory tract infection. Limitations The number of studies was small, with few randomized control trials, and researchers used different definitions of swaddling. Conclusions If a few precautions are taken, such as swaddling securely to minimize risk of unwrapping, avoiding overheating, placing infants to sleep supine, and discontinuing swaddling when infants first show signs of rolling over, swaddling presents minimal risk. Clinical implications Maternity and neonatal nurses should model swaddling practices based on the evidence and promote informed decision-making among infant caregivers.
Impaired mitophagy facilitates mitochondrial damage in Danon disease.

Abstract Rationale Lysosomal associated membrane protein type-2 (LAMP-2) is a highly conserved, ubiquitous protein that is critical for autophagic flux. Loss of function mutations in the LAMP-2 gene cause Danon disease, a rare X-linked disorder characterized by developmental delay, skeletal muscle weakness, and severe cardiomyopathy. We previously found that human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) from Danon patients exhibited significant mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptosis. Understanding how loss of LAMP-2 expression leads to cardiomyocyte dysfunction and heart failure has important implications for the treatment of Danon disease as well as a variety of other cardiac disorders associated with impaired autophagy. Objective Elucidate the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in Danon disease. Methods and results We created hiPSCs from two patients with Danon disease and differentiated those cells into hiPSC-CMs using well-established protocols. Danon hiPSC-CMs demonstrated an accumulation of damaged mitochondria, disrupted mitophagic flux, depressed mitochondrial respiratory capacity, and abnormal gene expression of key mitochondrial pathways. Restoring the expression of LAMP-2B, the most abundant LAMP-2 isoform in the heart, rescued mitophagic flux as well as mitochondrial health and bioenergetics. To confirm our findings in vivo, we evaluated Lamp-2 knockout (KO) mice. Impaired autophagic flux was noted in the Lamp-2 KO mice compared to WT reporter mice, as well as an increased number of abnormal mitochondria, evidence of incomplete mitophagy, and impaired mitochondrial respiration. Physiologically, Lamp-2 KO mice demonstrated early features of contractile dysfunction without overt heart failure, indicating that the metabolic abnormalities associated with Danon disease precede the development of end-stage disease and are not merely part of the secondary changes associated with heart failure. Conclusions Incomplete mitophagic flux and mitochondrial dysfunction are noted in both in vitro and in vivo models of Danon disease, and proceed overt cardiac contractile dysfunction. This suggests that impaired mitochondrial clearance may be central to the pathogenesis of disease and a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
Financial Scholars Oppose Eliminating 'Orderly Liquidation Authority' as Crisis-Avoidance Restructuring Backstop

This letter, written to the chairs and ranking members of the Senate and House Banking and Judiciary committees, analyzes why substituting the bankruptcy process now proposed for Dodd-Frank’s orderly liquidation authority risks allowing financial firm failure, such as we experienced in 2009, to get out of control, leading to or exacerbating an economic downturn. “Local” fixes can deal with real and perceived problems, such as the potential for a bail-out, in Dodd-Frank’s Orderly Liquidation Authority, without eliminating OLA’s capacity to avoid or diminish the impact of failure during a financial crisis. The three main reasons for concluding that bankruptcy isn’t a substitute for regulatory OLA are set forth in the letter. First, the bankruptcy process might well not succeed and, hence, needs a regulatory backup. Second, the bankruptcy process itself cannot succeed without a regulatory apparatus that gets financial firms the right capital structure beforehand. Third, a widespread financial crisis that threatens the failure of multiple financial firms will need coordinated responses, particularly coordination with international regulators, that courts cannot, but the financial regulators can, provide. The letter was co-signed by 120 academics who focus on bankruptcy and/or banking.
Analysis of the mammalian central pattern generator through the characterization of lumbar interneuronal activity

In spinal cord injury rehabilitation, one of the main methods used involves re-training the patients' spinal circuitry to produce movement. Located in the spinal cord, the central pattern generator (CPG) is the term used to describe the neural circuitry which drives locomotion within vertebrates. Understanding the composition and architecture of the CPG will assist the development of rehabilitation approaches for spinal cord injury.
Species and strain differences in target organ alkylation and toxicity by 4-ipomeanol. Predictive value of covalent binding in studies of target organ toxicities by reactive metabolites.

Abstract The organ specificities of the in vivo covalent binding of 4-ipomeanol were closely correlated with the patterns of organ-specific damage by 4-ipomeanol in several different animal species and strains. In all species tested, the lung was a major target for 4-ipomeanol covalent binding and toxicity. In the hamster and the mouse, 4-ipomeanol caused liver necrosis and kidney necrosis, respectively, in addition to pulmonary damage. Correspondingly, high levels of covalent binding of 4-ipomeanol occurred in these target organs in these species. These in vivo results, in addition to studies of the in vitro covalent binding of 4-ipomeanol in microsome preparations from the various target tissues, were consistent with the view that the organ-specific toxicities of 4-ipomeanol were caused by a highly reactive 4-ipomeanol metabolite(s) primarily produced in situ in the respective target tissues. The present results suggest that studies of both the in vivo and the in vitro covalent binding of 4-ipomeanol may have some utility in predicting the target organ specificity of 4-ipomeanol toxicity in other species. The present investigations also have identified some relevant new in vivo toxicity models for future studies of the relationships between the metabolism and the toxicity of 4-ipomeanol.
Leukocyte Population Dynamics and Functions at the Maternal–Fetal Interface

Chapter Summary The immunology of the maternal–fetal interface is an important area of research with broad implications for human health. The mouse has recently provided key insights into this area and promises to be a major experimental system for unraveling the function of uterine leukocytes and determining how dysregulation of intrauterine leukocyte behavior contributes to human pregnancy complications. Here, I will discuss the function of many of the key leukocytes that reside within the pregnant mouse uterus and how local regulation of their population dynamics is optimized for reproductive success. My emphasis will be on methodological considerations and our current limits in knowledge.
Predictors of Failure of Nonoperative Management Following Subaxial Spine Trauma and Creation of Modified Subaxial Injury Classification System.

Background Subaxial cervical spine injuries may be treated with either nonoperative stabilization or surgical fixation. The subaxial injury classification (SLIC) provides 1 method for suggesting the degree of necessity for surgery. In the current study, we examined if the SLIC score, or other preoperative metrics, can predict failure of nonoperative management. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review to identify patients who presented with acute, nonpenetrating, subaxial cervical spine injury within our health system between 2007 and 2016. Patient demographics, medical comorbidities, injuries, and treatments were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine potential predictors of failure of nonoperative management. Results During the study period, 40 patients met the inclusion criteria. A small subset of patients failed nonoperative management (n = 5, 12.5%). The mean SLIC score was 3.9 ± 1.9; however, 14 (35%) patients had scores >4. Neither total SLIC score (P = 0.68) nor SLIC subscores (morphology [P = 0.96], discoligamentous complex [P = 0.83], neurologic status [P = 0.60]) predicted failure of nonoperative treatment. Time to evaluation/treatment did predict failure of nonoperative management. Evaluation within 8 hours of injury was a negative predictor of failure (odds ratio = 0.03, P = 0.001) and evaluation 24 hours or more after injury was a positive predictor of failure (odds ratio = 66.00, P Conclusions Management of subaxial spine injuries is complex. In our cohort, SLIC scoring did not adequately predict odds of failure of nonoperative management. Time to evaluation, however, did. We created a modified SLIC score that significantly predicted failure of nonoperative management.
Virtual Substrates for Low-Cost High Efficiency III-V Photovoltaics

The use of the low-cost thin-film vapor-liquid-solid (TF-VLS) method in the manufacturing of III-V solar cell substrates has the potential to provide a lightweight, flexible, and cheaper alternative to traditional III-V substrates typical of state-of-the-art power generation technology. The TF-VLS process has recently been shown to produce high optoelectronic quality polycrystalline InP on lightweight flexible metal foils. In this work, the novel TF- VLS method is employed to grow InP and InAs using following structures: Mo(foil)/InP, Si(wafer)/Mo/InP, and Mo(foil)/InAs. As a result of InP trials, XRD measurements have identified the presence of polycrystalline InP peaks and the absence of In peaks, signifying full conversion from In to InP for both Mo(foil) and Si(wafer)/Mo(sputtered) substrates. Photoluminescence measurements showed that both samples emit near single crystal InP bandedge of 1.34 eV with FWHM values in close agreement with each other. The TF-VLS method was expanded to InAs with initial trials indicating polycrystalline InAs XRD peaks and the absence of In peaks indicating full conversion from In to InAs.
On the Nature of Human Persons and the Resurrection of the Body

In this paper, I respond to Joshua Mugg and James T. Turner, Jr's claim that the doctrine of the resurrection requires the numerical sameness of ante- and post-mortem bodies. I argue that they have not shown that Scripture teaches this view and, therefore, that animalism, as opposed to substance dualism, does not offer a superior explanation for the necessity of the resurrection .
Plant seeds are primed by herbivore-induced plant volatiles

Mature plants can detect and respond to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) by priming or directly activating defenses against future herbivores. Whether other plant life stages can respond to HIPVs in similar manners is poorly understood. For example, seeds are known to respond to a variety of environment cues that are essential for proper germination timing and survival. Seeds may also be exposed to HIPVs prior to germination, and such exposure may affect the growth, development, and defense profiles when the seeds grow into mature plants. Here, we investigated the effect of seed exposure to common HIPVs on growth, reproduction and defense characteristics in the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula. Of all the HIPVs tested, indole specifically reduced both beet armyworm growth on A. thaliana and pea aphid fecundity on M. truncatula. Induction of defense genes was not affected by seed exposure to indole in either plant species, suggesting that seed priming operates independently of induced resistance. Moreover, neither species showed any negative effect of seed exposure to HIPVs on vegetative and reproductive growth. Rather, M. truncatula plants derived from seeds exposed to z-3-hexanol and z-3-hexenyl acetate grew faster and produced larger leaves compared to controls. Our results indicate that seeds are sensitive to specific HIPVs, which represents a novel ecological mechanism of plant-to-plant communication.
Biomarkers in Sports and Exercise: Tracking Health, Performance, and Recovery in Athletes

Biomarker discovery and validation is a critical aim of the medical and scientific community. Research into exercise and diet-related biomarkers aims to improve health, performance, and recovery in military personnel, athletes, and lay persons. Exercise physiology research has identified individual biomarkers for assessing health, performance, and recovery during exercise training. However, there are few recommendations for biomarker panels for tracking changes in individuals participating in physical activity and exercise training programs. Our approach was to review the current literature and recommend a collection of validated biomarkers in key categories of health, performance, and recovery that could be used for this purpose. We determined that a comprehensive performance set of biomarkers should include key markers of (a) nutrition and metabolic health, (b) hydration status, (c) muscle status, (d) endurance performance, (e) injury status and risk, and (f) inflammation. Our review will help coaches, clinical sport professionals, researchers, and athletes better understand how to comprehensively monitor physiologic changes, as they design training cycles that elicit maximal improvements in performance while minimizing overtraining and injury risk.
Descriptive Representation and the Political Engagement of Women

When women are represented on the campaign trail and in elected office, women in the electorate have been shown to report greater engagement in politics. However, most evidence of the effects of descriptive representation on women's empowerment is drawn from surveys from the 1980s and 1990s. I update these studies to consider how women candidates and officeholders affect the political knowledge, interest, and participation of other women in the electorate. Using responses from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study from 2006 to 2014, I find that both men and women are more politically knowledgeable when represented by women in Congress and in state government. Considering political engagement, I find little evidence that women are more politically interested or participatory when residing in places with more female officeholders or candidates. Women's political presence as candidates and officeholders does not uniquely encourage other women to engage in political life.
p53 Promotes Cancer Cell Adaptation to Glutamine Deprivation by Upregulating Slc7a3 to Increase Arginine Uptake.

Summary Cancer cells heavily depend on the amino acid glutamine to meet the demands associated with growth and proliferation. Due to the rapid consumption of glutamine, cancer cells frequently undergo glutamine starvation in vivo. We and others have shown that p53 is a critical regulator in metabolic stress resistance. To better understand the molecular mechanisms by which p53 activation promotes cancer cell adaptation to glutamine deprivation, we identified p53-dependent genes that are induced upon glutamine deprivation by using RNA-seq analysis. We show that Slc7a3, an arginine transporter, is significantly induced by p53. We also show that increased intracellular arginine levels following glutamine deprivation are dependent on p53. The influx of arginine has minimal effects on known metabolic pathways upon glutamine deprivation. Instead, we found arginine serves as an effector for mTORC1 activation to promote cell growth in response to glutamine starvation. Therefore, we identify a p53-inducible gene that contributes to the metabolic stress response.
Retrobulbar Injection for Hyaluronic Acid Gel Filler-Induced Blindness: A Review of Efficacy and Technique

While blindness after hyaluronic acid gel filler injection occurs only very rarely, it represents a devastating complication for the patient and the surgeon. Retrobulbar injection with hyaluronidase is the only known potential means of reversing this adverse event. However, positive outcomes remain anecdotal. We have attempted to review the current literature regarding possible efficacy and detail the indications and technique to be utilized, if hyaluronidase retrobulbar injection is to be attempted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Family Members’ Experiences With Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation

Rationale & Objective Understanding whether family members' experiences with patients' treatment for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) were expected could guide the development of family-centered interventions that enhance the preparedness of patients and their care partners for kidney replacement therapies. We explored unexpected negative experiences with ESKD treatments among family members of dialysis and posttransplantation patients to identify meaningful directions for family-centered research and clinical care. Study Design Qualitative study. Setting & Participants 8 focus groups comprising 49 family members of dialysis patients and living donor kidney transplant recipients undergoing medical care in Baltimore, MD. Analytical Approach Focus groups were stratified by patients' treatment (in-center hemodialysis, home hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or living donor kidney transplantation) and family members' self-reported race (African American vs non–African American), resulting in 2 groups per treatment experience. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify themes in focus group transcripts. Themes shared across different treatment groups were highlighted to provide insight into common experiences. Results We identified 4 themes that described family members' unexpected negative treatment experiences: becoming a care partner (unanticipated responsibilities and sleep disruptions), adverse psychological treatment responses in patients (eg, depression) and family members (eg, anxiety), treatment delivery and logistics (insufficient information, medication regimen, and logistical inconveniences), and patient morbidity (dialysis-related health problems and fatigue). All themes were relevant to discussions in the in-center hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplantation groups, whereas psychological responses and morbidity themes did not reflect discussions in home hemodialysis groups. Limitations Data collection occurred from 2008 to 2009; family members were recruited through patients undergoing care in 1 geographic area; 1 family member participant per patient. Conclusions Family members described a broad range of unexpected negative experiences with ESKD treatments. Efforts to prepare families for ESKD treatments through more family-centered care, early and tailored education, and interventions targeting care partner preparedness, health provider–family member communication, and relationship dynamics in family member–patient dyads are needed.
Nonoperative Treatment of Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries With and Without Platelet-Rich Plasma in Professional Baseball Players: A Comparative and Matched Cohort Analysis.

Background:Recent studies evaluating nonoperative treatment of elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries augmented with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have shown promising results. To date, no com...
Paleomagnetic secular variation records from Holocene sediments of Lake Victoria (0.5°S, 33.3°E):

We have conducted a paleomagnetic study of Holocene sediments from Lake Victoria in order to develop a high-resolution record of paleomagnetic secular variation (PSV). This study has recovered PSV ...
Electrochemical Desalination Using Intercalating Electrode Materials: A Comparison of Energy Demands

One approach for desalinating brackish water is to use electrode materials that electrochemically remove salt ions from water. Recent studies found that sodium-intercalating electrode materials (i.e., materials that reversibly insert Na+ ions into their structures) have higher specific salt storage capacities (mgsalt/gmaterial) than carbon-based electrode materials over smaller or similar voltage windows. These observations have led to the hypothesis that energy demands of electrochemical desalination systems can be decreased by replacing carbon-based electrodes with intercalating electrodes. To test this hypothesis and directly compare intercalation materials, we examined nine electrode materials thought to be capable of sodium intercalation in an electrochemical flow cell with respect to volumetric energy demands (W·h·L-1) and thermodynamic efficiencies as a function of productivity (i.e., the rate of water desalination, L·m-2·h-1). We also examined how the materials' charge-storage capacities changed over 50 cycles. Intercalation materials desalinated brackish water more efficiently than carbon-based electrodes when we assumed that no energy recovery occurred (i.e., no energy was recovered when the cell produced electrical power during cycling) and exhibited similar efficiencies when we assumed complete energy recovery. Nickel hexacyanoferrate exhibited the lowest energy demand among all of the materials and exhibited the highest stability over 50 cycles.
Economic development in Puerto Rico after US annexation: Anthropometric evidence.

Abstract This paper considers economic development in Puerto Rico following its annexation by the United States in 1898, a watershed moment in the history of the island and the pinnacle of American imperialism in Latin America. Drawing on data from three surveys, I show that male height in Puerto Rico increased at more than twice the average rate for Latin America and the Caribbean between 1890 and 1940. I also show that Puerto Ricans at mid-century were among the tallest Latin Americans outside of Argentina and Uruguay. The evidence supports the conclusion that conditions improved substantially after US annexation, in contrast to the prevailing view in the literature.
Optimize urban food production to address food deserts in regions with restricted water access

Abstract Adequate access to healthy, affordable food remains a great challenge in many urban areas. Among a range of interventions, urban agriculture has been identified as an important strategy to help address urban healthy food access. While urban food production is growing in popularity, the use of potable water in traditional urban agricultural installations will exacerbate gaps in water demand and availability in water-stressed cities. This paper examines the sustainable capability of urban agriculture through an integration of alternative water resources, urban vacant land and local nutritional needs. A spatial optimization model is developed to best allocate limited resources for maximal food production to address urban food deserts. The new model is applied to test the capability of relocalized food production in Tucson, Arizona, a semi-arid region with the longest continuously farmed landscape in North America. Results highlight that urban areas with restricted water access can substantially enhance their local food production capacity in an ecologically responsible manner.
Development of methods for optimal assembly orificing design and application to a standing-wave Breed-and-Burn reactor

Abstract This work investigates different orificing strategies in sodium fast reactors and their application to a reference standing-wave Breed-and-Burn (B&B) core. Through analytic means, the standard method of static integral orificing is shown to be infeasible in the reference core. Using simplified physical models, a novel Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation is proposed to design whole-core assembly-level orificing schemes according to constraints on various operating conditions, including peak and average temperatures, mass flowrates, flow velocities, and outlet temperature profiles. After highlighting the major assumptions employed and quantifying their impacts, the MILP formulation is used to assess two alternative methods of assembly orificing, namely static grid plate and variable orificing. These two methods of orificing are found to be suitable to B&B cores, and their sensitivities to various constraints are examined. Ultimately the use of variable orificing is found to be the most desirable from the perspectives of flexibility and ability to cope with difficult constraints, although it may be the most difficult of the three methods to implement in a realistic core design.
Race and Social Emotional Learning for Black Students in Urban Schooling Contexts

Social and emotional learning (SEL) has gained notable significance in educational research over the last three decades, and has been widely conjectured to promote students’ academic learning. In i...
Association of the Military Transition to an All-Volunteer Force and Subsequent Zero-Tolerance Drug Policy with Characteristics of Male Veterans in the Vietnam, Post-Vietnam and Subsequent Post-Post Vietnam Cohorts.

In the 1970s, following the Vietnam Conflict, the U.S. military transitioned to an All-Volunteer Force (AVF). In the 1980’s military benefits increased and a zero-tolerance policy for illicit drugs was instituted. Changes in characteristics of veterans deserve study. National survey data from 2012 to 2013 compare vetderan-non-veteran differences in three age cohorts: the Vietnam cohort; the AVF (Post-Vietnam) cohort; and volunteers under the no tolerance policy (Post-Post-Vietnam). Comparisons addressed socio-demographic, behavioral, and substance use and psychiatric diagnoses. Multivariate interaction analyses between veteran status and age cohorts were used to identify significant veteran-non-veteran differences between the first and second, and second and third cohorts. Significant interactions showed that veteran-non-veteran comparisons for the Post-Vietnam cohort as compared to Vietnam cohort reveal later veterans to be relatively more likely to be black, disabled, with lower incomes, less health insurance, more homelessness, incarceration, and suicide attempts with greater substance use diagnosis. In contrast interactions show veteran-non-veteran comparisons for the Post-Post-Vietnam cohort as compared to Post-Vietnam cohort were less likely to be black, more likely to be married, retired, with incomes over $40,000, more education and private health insurance. They were less likely to have been homeless, incarcerated or to have made suicide attempts. The veteran cohort serving in the first years of the AVF showed significant socio-economic and behavioral disadvantage (e.g homelessness) compared to their predecessors while their successors, under no tolerance drug policy, showed reversal of these trends. Military recruitment and disciplinary policies significantly affect veteran economic and health status.
The rising tide of methamphetamine use in elderly trauma patients.

Abstract Background Methamphetamine (METH) is associated with an elevated risk of injury and the outcomes in the elderly remain unclear. We analyzed METH’s impact in elderly trauma patients. Methods Retrospective analysis (2009–2018) of trauma patients at a Level I trauma center. Elderly patients were defined as age ≥55. Substance use was identified by blood alcohol test and urine drug screen. Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess patient and injury characteristics with mortality. Results Of 15,770 patient encounters with substance use testing, 5278 (34%) were elderly. Elderly METH use quadrupled over time (2%–8%; p Conclusion Substance use in elderly trauma patients increased significantly. METH use in elderly trauma patients is a risk factor for significantly greater resource utilization.
Health Care Utilization and Cost of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Children with Malignant and Non-Malignant Diseases

Abstract Introduction: Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (alloHCT) represents a potentially life-saving treatment for patients with both malignant and non-malignant diseases. AlloHCT related costs accounted for the most rapid increase in total hospital cost, with a growth rate of 84.9%, from 2004 to 2007 according to an Agency for Health Care Research and Quality report (Stranges, HCUP Statistical Briefs, 2006). Higher cost has been associated with use of alternative donor sources and post-transplant complications. Transplant care improvements have led to better outcomes (Gooley, NEJM, 2010) but the effect on cost is not known. Methods: We obtained data for 240 patients who received an alloHCT at Columbia University Medical Center between 1/1/05 and 6/30/16 and were 2, kidney injury (decrease in creatinine clearance by >50%), viremia, bacteremia, acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD) and inpatient resource utilization. The comparisons among groups were carried out by Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables. Results: There were no differences over time with respect to patient age, sex, related vs. unrelated donor, myeloablative vs. reduced intensity conditioning. The median age was 10.32 (range 0.34-20.96) years. There were significant differences in number of patients with nonmalignant disease (2005-08: 42%, 2009-12: 45%, 2013-16: 63%, p=0.027) and full HLA match (2005-08:44%, 2009-12: 56%, 2013-16: 64%, p=0.026). Liver injury in the first 30 days occurred in 2005-08: 30%, 2009-12: 32%, 2013-16: 27%, p=0.81. Kidney injury occurred in the first 30 days in 2005-08: 28%, 2009-12: 40%; 2013-16: 27%, p=0.22 and in the first year post-transplant in 2005-08: 85%, 2009-12: 78%, 2013-16: 66%, p=0.011 respectively. Viral infections were 2005-08: 27%, 2009-12: 51%, 2013-16: 41%, p=0.006, and there was a significant difference in mean days with bacteremia 2005-08: 3.4, 2009-12: 2.1, 2013-16: 1.8, p Conclusion: Cost of alloHCT for pediatric patients treated at our center from 2005 to 2016 appears to have decreased. This is most likely related to improved care practices stemming from various quality improvement projects, leading to decreased lengths of hospitalization as well as decreased incidence of complications most significantly kidney injury, aGVHD and bacterial infection. Download : Download high-res image (76KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure . Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
COVID Coronary Vascular Thrombosis: Correlation with Neutrophil but not Endothelial Activation.

Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection increases the risk of myocardial injury that contributes to mortality. We used multiparameter immunofluorescence to examine extensively heart autopsy tissue of 7 patients who died of COVID-19 compared to 12 control specimens, some with and some without cardiovascular disease. Consistent with prior reports, we found no evidence of viral infection or lymphocytic infiltration indicative of myocarditis but did observe frequent and extensive thrombosis in large and small vessels in the hearts of the COVID-19 cohort, findings that were infrequent in controls. The endothelial lining of thrombosed vessels typically lacked evidence of cytokine-mediated endothelial activation, assessed as nuclear expression of transcription factors p65 (RelA), pSTAT1, or pSTAT3 or evidence of inflammatory activation assessed by expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), tissue factor, or von Willebrand factor (VWF). Intimal EC lining was also generally preserved with little evidence of cell death or desquamation. In contrast, there were frequent markers of neutrophil activation within myocardial thrombi of COVID-19-infected patients including neutrophil-platelet aggregates, neutrophil-rich clusters within macrothrombi, and evidence of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. These findings point to alterations in circulating neutrophils rather than the endothelium as contributors to the increased thrombotic diathesis in the hearts of COVID-19 patients.