cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutation of Putative N-Linked Glycosylation Sites on the Human Nucleotide Receptor P2X7 Reveals a Key Residue Important for Receptor Function

The nucleotide receptor P2X(7) is an immunomodulatory cation channel and a potential therapeutic target. P2X(7) is expressed in immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages and is activated by extracellular ATP following tissue injury or infection. Ligand binding to P2X(7) can stimulate ERK1/2, the transcription factor CREB, enzymes linked to the production of reactive oxygen species and interleukin-1 isoforms, and the formation of a nonspecific pore. However, little is known about the biochemistry of P2X(7), including whether the receptor is N-linked glycosylated and if this modification affects receptor function. Here we provide evidence that P2X(7) is sensitive to the glycosidases EndoH and PNGase F and that the human receptor appears glycosylated at N187, N202, N213, N241, and N284. Mutation of N187 results in weakened P2X(7) agonist-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, CREB, and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase, as well as a decreased level of pore formation. In further support of a role for glycosylation in receptor function, treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with the N-linked glycosylation synthesis inhibitor tunicamycin attenuates P2X(7) agonist-induced, but not phorbol ester-induced, ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Interestingly, residue N187 belongs to an N-linked glycosylation consensus sequence found in six of the seven P2X family members, suggesting this site is fundamentally important to P2X receptor function. To address the mechanism whereby N187 mutation attenuates receptor activity, we developed a live cell proteinase K digestion assay that demonstrated altered cell surface expression of P2X(7) N187A. This is the first report to map human P2X(7) glycosylation sites and reveal residue N187 is critical for receptor trafficking and function.
Spin diffusion in liquid 3He-4He mixtures in the tricritical region and along the coexistence curve☆

Abstract Spin diffusion of 3 He has been measured in liquid 3 He- 4 He mixtures with nominal 3 He concentrations X = 0.40, 0.62, 0.67 and 0.80 between 0.5 and 2 K. No singularities in D s were observed near the tricritical region, and along the coexistence curve.
Flux phases in two-dimensional tight-binding models

Using a gauge-invariant tight-binding model on a rigid square lattice, we discuss the transition between a low-temperature flux phase in which orbital magnetic moments alternate antiferromagnetically in sign from plaquette to plaquette and a normal metallic phase. The order parameter, which may be chosen to be the magnetic flux penetrating a plaquette, goes continuously to zero at the transition. We also consider similar phases in a model with m spin colors antiferromagnetically exchange coupled.
Serotonin-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in immature rat brain

Abstract Cell-free preparations from superior and inferior colliculi of very young rats (1–3 days old) contained adenylate cyclase systems which were highly responsive to serotonin. The response to serotonin declined markedly during early development and was very low at maturity. Adenylate cyclase activity in the 10, 000 × g particulate fraction from colliculi of newborn rats was significantly stimulated by 0.05 μ M serotonin. Half-maximal activation was produced with less than 1 μ M serotonin. Maximal stimulation of collicular adenylate cyclase was about 80% above basal enzyme activity and occured with approximately 50 μ M serotonin. Tryptamine and several derivatives of serotonin produced responses which were comparable to that obtained with serotonin; 5-methoxytryptamine was uniformly the most active compound tested. Norepinephrine or dopamine produced much smaller increases in adenylate cyclase activity. Stimulation of collicular adenylate cyclase by serotonin was significantly but incompletely blocked by serotonin antagonists, including D -lysergic acid diethylamide ( D -LSD), 2-bromo- D -lysergic acid diethylamide, methysergide, 1-methyl-8β-carbobenzyloxy-aminomethyl-10α-ergoline and cyproheptadine. Chlorpromazine also produced partial blockade. In contrast, L -lysergic acid diethylamide, haloperidol, propranolol, phenoxybenzamine and morphine were ineffective as serotonin blocking agents. Of the compounds which produced a partial blockade of serotonin action, D -LSD, cyproheptadine and chlorpromazine were themeselves capable of stimulating adenylate cyclase activity. These results are consistent with the existence of multiple receptors in rat brain which are capable of interacting with indoleamines.
Space monitoring of the thermal impact of energy use

Abstract The current and anticipated thermal loadings associated with world-wide energy use represent potentially significant influences on local, synoptic and world-wide meteorological conditions. We discuss the past, current and anticipated future thermal loading associated with increasing energy consumption. Next we review briefly our limited knowledge of the environmental impacts of thermal plumes in an effort to define energy-use levels for which significant disturbances may occur. Finally, we consider the definition of a world-wide satellite network and the sensors which will be needed to provide the basic data input on which quantitative predictions of ultimately tolerable thermal loads must be based.
Influence of extracellular Cl concentration on Cl transport across isolated skin ofRana pipiens

The effect of changes in Cl concentration in the external and/or serosal bath on Cl transport across short-circuited frog skin was studied by measurements of transepithelial Cl influx (J13Cl) and efflux (J31Cl), short-circuit current, transepithelial potential, and conductance (Gm).J13Cl as well asJ31Cl were found to have a saturating component and a component which is apparently linear with Cl concentration. The linear component ofJ31Cl appears only upon addition of Cl to external medium, and about 3/4 of this component does not contribute toGm. The saturating component ofJ31Cl is only 5% of totalJ31Cl with 115mm Cl in the serosal medium. Replacement of 115mm Cl− in external medium by SO4=, NO3−, HCO3− or I− results in 87–97% reduction ofJ31Cl, whereas replacement with Br− has no effect. As external Cl concentration is raised in steps from 2 to 115mm,J13Cl andJ31Cl increase by the same amount butJ13Cl is persistently 0.15 μeq/cm2 hr larger thanJ31Cl. These results indicate that at least 3/4 of linear components ofJ13Cl andJ31Cl proceed via an exchange diffusion mechanism which seems to be located at the outer cell border. The saturating component ofJ13Cl is involved in active Cl transport in an inward direction, and there is evidence suggesting that Cl uptake across outer cell border, which proceeds against an electrochemical gradient, is electroneutral but not directly linked to Na.
Cardiac surgery in patients on antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents

The widespread application of antithrombotic agents carries significant potential for inducing excessive peri-operative hemorrhage during cardiac surgery. Specific surgical and medical strategies can be employed to attenuate this bleeding. These antithrombotic agents and anti-hemorrhagic measures will be reviewed in depth.
The use of diatomic energies to analyze adsorption and coadsorption of CO and H on an Fe12 cluster

Abstract Semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations in the MINDO/SR formalism have been done for CO and H interacting with the (100) face of an Fe 12 cluster. Breakdown of the absorption energy into monoatomic and diatomic terms indicated a complex interaction in which a large diatomic energy term of 325 kcal/mole for CO in an on-top site is needed to obtain a net adsorption energy of 23 kcal/mole because of large destabilizing monoatomic energy terms and because adsorption destabilizes the Fe 12 cluster. Adsorption of H and CO in on-top and 4-fold sites gave similar behavior. The cluster d band is shifted by adsorbate-adsorbent charge transfer even though the d orbitals interact only very weakly with the adsorbate. While the interaction of CO with its nearest neighbor dominates the interaction energy, the interaction energy with the rest of the cluster is necessary for a quantitative account of adsorption and can be as large as the net adsorption energy. For coadsorption of CO and H on adjacent on-top sites, the diatomic energy terms indicate that H is not affected by the CO but the CO adsorption is destabilized by the H. For adjacent 4-fold sites both the CO and H adsorption strengths are decreased.
Equation of state for solid neon to 20 kbar

Piston-displacement equation-of-state (EOS) data to 20 kbar which are consistent with existingP=0 thermal expansion and bulk modulus data are given for solid neon for three isotherms (4.2, 13.5, and 19.9 K). A Mie-Gruneisen EOS can be used to correlate these results with data from directCVmeasurements at several molar volumes if the Gruneisen parameter is assumed to be proportional to the molar volume and to be only slightly (1%) temperature dependent. This EOS predicts reasonably well theP=0 temperature dependence of the Gruneisen parameter which is obtained from other data.
Binding of Lipophilic Nutrients to β-Lactoglobulin Prepared by Bioselective Adsorption

Abstract The binding of the lipophilic nutrients, retinal, vitamin D 2 , and retinyl palmitate by β -lactoglobulin was measured by analysis of changes in the fluorescence of the tryptophanyl residue of β -lactoglobulin or the retinyl moiety. The fluorescence intensity of the tryptophanyl residue was quenched by retinoid or vitamin D binding but was enhanced by palmitate binding. The analysis of competitive binding experiments with palmitate indicated that retinal and palmitate did not compete for the same site; however, vitamin D 2 , which binds with a stoichiometry of 2, appeared to displace palmitate at higher concentrations. Also, the retinoids and vitamin D 2 were bound more tightly than was palmitate. The results are consistent with the model in which the retinoids and vitamin D 2 bind in the calyx formed by the β -barrel; palmitate and a second molecule of vitamin D 2 bind in a surface pocket near the dimer contact region. Retinyl palmitate, which has both moieties, appeared to bind at both sites.
A multidimensional test of the attributional reformulation of learned helplessness

In 1978, the original learned helplessness model was critiqued and reformulated by Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale. Using attributional theory, the reformulation postulated that causal attributions mediate the effects of helplessness according to three dimensions: internal-external, global-specific, and stable-unstable. The present study was a multidimensional test of the reformulation. Ninety-six subjects were administered identical pretreatments of unsolvable puzzles, and given different reasons for their failure. A later test of solvable anagrams measured cognitive and motivational deficits of helplessness from the pretreatment. Global subjects solved fewer problems than specific subjects. Subjects who were both global and stable solved fewer problems in the test phase than other subjects. The results supported the global-specific dimension and the two-way interaction between the global-specific and the stable-unstable dimensions. The authors conclude that further investigation should elucidate the stable-unstable dimension (perseveration of helplessness deficits over time).
Efficacy and current limitations of intravascular stents for intracranial internal carotid, vertebral, and basilar artery aneurysms

Object. Results of previous in vitro and in vivo experimental studies have suggested that placement of a porous stent within the parent artery across the aneurysm neck may hemodynamically uncouple the aneurysm from the parent vessel, leading to thrombosis of the aneurysm. For complex wide-necked aneurysms, a stent may also aid packing of the aneurysm with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) by acting as a rigid scaffold that prevents coil herniation into the parent vessel. Recently, improved stent system delivery technology has allowed access to the tortuous vascular segments of the intracranial system. The authors report here on the use of intracranial stents to treat aneurysms involving different segments of the internal carotid artery (ICA), the vertebral artery (VA), and the basilar artery (BA). Methods. Ten patients with intracranial aneurysms located at ICA segments (one petrous, two cavernous, and three paraclinoid aneurysms), the VA proximal to the posterior inferior cerebellar artery origin (one an...
Epitaxial Fe16N2 films grown on Si(001) by reactive sputtering

We present a crystallographic template for the growth of the range of Fe‐N phases on Si(001) by lattice matching on selected underlayers. Epitaxial films of pure α‐Fe, γ′‐Fe4N, and α′‐Fe8N (N martensite) were grown individually by the optimization of reactive N2 sputtering parameters. The orientation relation of the Fe‐N phases was Fe‐N(001)∥Ag(001)∥Si(001) and Fe‐N[100]∥Ag[110]∥Si[100]. Annealing the α′‐Fe8N films resulted in the formation of α′‐Fe8N/α″‐Fe16N2 mixtures. In addition to the crystallographic and structural analysis, quantification of x‐ray diffraction peak intensities confirmed that the α′/α″ mixtures contained as much as 46 vol % α″ (remaining α′). Vibrating sample magnetometry and SQUID magnetometry measurements of the α′ and α′(54%)/α″(46%) mixture, respectively, indicate enhanced magnetic moments for both the α′ and α″ phases with respect to pure Fe.
A general reflection principle in C2

Abstract A real analytic hypersurface M through 0 in Cn is said to have the reflection property if any holomorphic mapping defined on one side of M, not totally degenerate at 0, and mapping M into another real analytic hypersurface in Cn, extends holomorphically to a full neighborhood of 0 in Cn. The main result of this paper is that a real analytic hypersurface in C2 has the reflection property if and only if it is not Levi flat.
Biological Activity and Disposition of the Amphetamine Analogue 2-Aminopropylferrocene

1. 2-Aminopropylferrocene (FIPA) was rapidly absorbed following intraperitoneal administration to mice. From 5 to 120 min after administration, liver FIPA concn. remained constant while blood concn. declined steadily (t0·5 = 114 min). In contrast, brain concn. of FIPA did not reach max until 30 min after administration, and then declined slowly (t0·5 = 194 min). The apparent vol. of distribution of FIPA was 5·5 1/kg, and high affinity of FIPA for tissue was suggested by brain and liver concn. tenfold greater than blood concn.2. Mice treated with FIPA (3-30 mg/kg) showed no differences in loco-motor activity from saline injected controls. However, at 100 mg/kg FIPA elicited convulsive behaviour in most mice.3. In contrast to amphetamine, which markedly increased the spontaneous beating rate of isolated pargyline-treated rat atria, FIPA exhibited only a dose-dependent depressant effect on atrial rate.4. Rats excreted 56-71% dose of 3H-FIPA in their urine in the first 96 h after dosing. Fractionation of urin...
REDUCTION OF RELATIVISTIC TWO-PARTICLE WAVE EQUATIONS TO APPROXIMATE FORMS. II

An extension of the Foldy-Wouthuysen method to two-particle equations is developed. The relativistic Hamiltonian contains even-even, even-odd, odd-even, and odd-odd terms. To remove terms of the three latter types and thereby to convert the Hamiltonian into an even-even operator, canonical transformations are applied. A prescription for the proper choice of generating functions for such transformations is given, and an approximate expression (to the order ${c}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$) for the transformed Hamiltonian is obtained. The even-even character of the transformed Hamiltonian makes it possible to separate out the quadrupole of equations for the four $\ensuremath{\psi}$-components describing both of the particles in positive energy states only. As an example the Breit equation is taken and its reduced form, obtained by the proposed procedure, is compared with its approximate form as obtained (by Breit himself) using the method of large components. A discussion leads to the result that the case ${m}_{\mathrm{I}}={m}_{\mathrm{II}}$ is singular and requires a further development of the present scheme.
Asymptotic factorization of operators in complex time

Abstract Operator splitting with complex fractional-steps, perhaps regarded as a mathematical curiosity, is shown to be a feasible tool for stable numerical solution of ordinary as well as partial differential equations. This result may appear surprising, as in Q. Sheng stability of a splitting is defined as equivalent to the presence of all-positive fractional steps. Equivalences between the classes of fractional-step operator splittings for autonomous nonlinear scalar differential equations and splittings for vector evolution equations which involve linear operators are established. The implication is that results for the well-investigated linear case can be applied over a larger class of problems. Further analysis reveals circumstances in which the splitting concept can be used to broaden the range of stability of algorithms which may be used for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. Thus, alternatives to the usual methods for stiff systems integration become available.
Establishing an undergraduate research program in physics: How it was done

In the fall of 1969, MIT extended an open invitation to all of its undergraduate students to join the professional research activities of the faculty. This undergraduate research program rapidly increased in size, scope, impact, and diversity. In this article we report on the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) in the MIT Physics Department: the philosophy and objectives of the Physics program, its organization, rules, funding, growth, atmosphere, problems, and accomplishments. By the end of its first three years, Physics UROP included more than 50% of all the undergraduates enrolled in physics. Evaluations of UROP by faculty, administrators, and students were uniformly enthusiastic. This article presents the outline of how Physics UROP was established and how it evolved. Now in its seventh year, UROP has survived to maturity without becoming a cumbersome bureaucracy.
The Effect of Different Dietary Protein Levels in the Rearing and Laying Periods on Performance of White Leghorn Chickens

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of three rearing and four laying protein regimens on growth and subsequent performance of a commercial strain of White Leghorn chickens. In the rearing period, the pullets of the control group received a sequence of 18, 15, and 12% protein for 0 to 6, 6 to 14, and 14 to 20 weeks of age, respectively. The pullets of the low-protein rearing regimens received either 18 and 12% protein for 0 to 6 and 6 to 20 weeks of age, respectively, or 18, 12, and 15% protein for 0 to 6, 6 to 18, and 18 to 20 weeks of age, respectively. Birds of each rearing group received four laying regimens from 20 to 72 weeks of age. These consisted of a diet containing 16.5% protein, a diet containing 14.5% protein, a moderate step-down protein regimen (MSP) of 18, 16.5, and 15.5% protein for 20 to 36, 36 to 60, and 60 to 72 weeks of age, respectively, and a low step-down protein regimen (LSP) of 16.5, 15.5, 14.5, and 13.5% protein for 20 to 36, 36 to 48, 48 to 60, and 60 to 72 weeks of age, respectively. The level of total sulfur amino acids were maintained at .59% and the minimum level of lysine was .68% in the laying rations. Birds fed the low-protein rearing regimens were significantly lighter at 20 weeks of age, consumed significantly less feed, energy, and protein in the rearing period, and their age at 50% production was delayed by 2 to 3 days compared to control fed birds. Birds fed the low-protein rearing regimens produced fewer eggs and slightly lighter weight eggs during the first laying phase. However, overall egg production, egg size, and feed consumption were not influenced by the protein levels in the rearing period. Pullets receiving the 14.5% protein diet in the laying period produced significantly fewer and lighter weight eggs and consumed significantly less protein and lysine than those fed the 16.5% protein diet. Overall egg production, egg weight, and nutrient intake of birds of the MSP groups were not significantly different from those fed the 16.5% protein diet. Egg production was similar for the birds of the LSP groups compared to those receiving the 16.5% protein diet, whereas egg weight, protein, and lysine intake were significantly lower for the birds of the LSP group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Sacral intervertebral, lumbar, and thoracic epidural blockades

Epidural anesthesia, in combination with light general anesthesia, provides several advantages for the pediatric patient. The greatest advantage of epidural block is the long-term analgesia after major surgery of the chest, abdomen, and some orthopedic procedures. The technique of epidural anesthesia is similar to that for adults but the depth to which the needle is inserted is much reduced. Details about materials and drugs are discussed elsewhere in this issue. When an anesthetist contemplates using a regional technique in a child he should preferably have studied the technique carefully in relation to its differences in children so that he or she is fully aware of the anatomy involved and the hazards and complications that may occur.
76 Protein–DNA binding and breathing dynamics of DNA

In the living cell, the double-stranded DNA molecule experiences thermal motions that induce spontaneous openings and re-closings of the double helix known as “DNA breathing,” or “DNA transient bubbles” (Englander et al., 1980). The propensity for breathing is interconnected with DNA local stability and flexibility (Vafabakhsh & Ha, 2012), which play a key role in DNA biological function (Bishop et al., 2012). Here, we investigate the relationship between the DNA local propensity for breathing and binding of two transcription factors (TFs): (i) the human TF YY1, (see e.g. Usheva & Shenk, 1996), and (ii) the nucleoid-associated protein Fis in Escherichia coli (see e.g. Finkel & Johnson, 1992). Using a mesoscopic nonlinear model of double-stranded DNA (Peyrard & Bishop, 1989) that can be augmented for rational design of DNA breathing (Alexandrov et al., 2010), we have simulated the dynamics of known Fis- and YY1-binding sites, analyzed published in vitro and genomic data-sets, and conducted targeted experim...
Microarrays in Pharmacogenomics

DNA array technology provides tools for studying the expression profiles of a large number of distinct genes simultaneously. Global changes in gene expression can be a powerful measure of the effec...
Dynamics of Rotary Kiln Incineration of Toluene/Sorbent Packs

Abstract The dynamic response of an industrial incinerator to the batch loading of single plastic packs loaded with a toluene/sorbent mixture is reported. Specifically, stable species concentrations and temperature are reported as a function of time for the upper half of the exit region of a rotary kiln, and the exit of the afterburner. Volatile organic sampling train (VOST) samples and continuous measurements of O2, and CO at the stack are also reported. Inconjuction with video tape recordings of the phenomena occurring in the kiln during the processing of each pack, the data provide a much clearer picture than heretofore possible of the conditions that exist in an industrial incinerator. A number of observations are notable. The existence of intermittent releases of hydrocarbon from the processing of each pack has been confirmed. Attendant to these excursions is the production of large quantities of soot in the bottom half of the kiln and the formation of significant vertical gradients in temperature an...
Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations in yearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) migrating from the Snake River Basin, USA

During the parr-to-smolt transformation (smoltification) of juvenile salmonids, preadaptive changes in osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory ability are regulated in part by the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis. If food intake is sufficient, plasma IGF-I increases during smoltification. On the other hand, plasma IGF-I typically decreases in fasting fish and other vertebrate animals. Because food availability is limited for juvenile salmonids undertaking an extended 6- to 12-week springmigration to and through the Snake-Columbia River hydropower system (northwestern USA), IGF-I concentrations might be expected to decrease, potentially compromising seawater tolerance. To address this possibility,yearling chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha reared in three Snake River Basin hatcheries were sampled before release and at two downstream dams. Dry masses ofmigrating fish either did not increase during themigration (in 2000, an average-flow year), or decreased significantly (in 2001, a low-flow year). In both years, plasma IGF-I levels were significantly higher (1.6-fold in 2000, 3.7-fold in 2001) for fish sampled at the last dam on the lower Columbia River than for fish sampled prior to release. Plasma IGF-I concentrations inmigrating fish may, nonetheless, have been nutritionally down-regulated to some degree, because plasma IGF-I concentrations in juvenile chinook salmon captured at a Snake River dam and transported to the laboratory increased in fed groups, but decreased in unfed groups. The ability ofmigrating smolts to maintain relatively elevated IGF-I levels despiteRestricted food intake and loss of body mass is likely related to smoltification-associated changes in hormonal balance.
Unsupervised approach for segmentation of textured cytologic images

A procedure is introduced for the segmentation of textured cytologic cell images. The cell region is determined by a set of coefficients that are gradually adjusted while minimising the defined cost function. Experiments have demonstrated the promising segmentation performance of the procedure for textured cytologic cell images.
Pisatin-inducing components in filtrates of virulent and avirulent Fusarium solani cultures

Abstract Culture filtrates of virulent and avirulent forms of Fusarium solani differ in pisatin-inducing potential. This difference appears to be in part due to quantitative rather than qualitative differences in the multiple pisatin-eliciting components of the fungal cultures. The patterns of pisatin-inducing activity for both virulent and avirulent forms were similar when filtrates were fractionated on ion exchange or DEAE agarose columns. Gel filtration separations indicate that the elicitors are heterogeneous in size. These eliciting components are stable to freezing and are fairly heat stable. The inducing activity is stable to DNase and RNase digestion but considerably reduced by pronase digestion. As with other pisatin inducers, induction by the culture filtrates is completely blocked by the addition of cycloheximide or cordycepin. In addition to inducing components, both forms of the fungus appear to also produce an inhibitor of pisatin production which is detectable in high concentrations of the culture filtrates.
Parametric Trends for Post-CHF Heat Transfer in Rod Bundles

A 3 x 3 rod bundle with a heated shroud was developed to study post-critical-heat-flux (post-CHF) dispersed-flow boiling. The hot-patch technique was applied to a rod bundle, which successfully arrested the quench front at the test section inlet. Measurements included mass flux, wall heat flux, inlet equilibrium quality, wall temperatures along the bundle axis, and actual vapor temperatures upstream and downstream of a spacer grid. The vapor superheat (up to 600 /sup 0/C) increased with increasing wall heat flux and decreasing mass flux and vapor qualtiy. The heat partition ratio (fraction of total heat input that goes toward evaporation) was found to increase with increasing mass flux and decreasing inlet quality but remained essentially independent of heat flux. The results for the rod bundle were found to be in good agreement with trends previously reported for post-CHF heat transfer in single tubes.
Some suggestions on dealing with palatability--response to Ramirez.

Abstract The understanding of the word “palatability” is explained within a research context consisting of four components: an ingestor, an ingestant, a response measure, and an observer. Within this context a solution is proposed to the circularity of an observer measuring palatability by the amount of ingestive activity and in turn attributing the amount ingested to a measure of palatability. The use of measurements under standardized conditions is emphasized and the suggestion is made that palatability be qualified by the operations which affect variability in measurements of its magnitude. For example, “intrinsic” or “food-generated palatability” is defined as the variability in ratings attributable to changes in the sensory properties of ingested items which are intrinsic to the items being tested. “Learned palatability” could be used for changes in the response to a food attributable to pairing of its sensory porperties with post-ingestional effects. The way out of the dilemma posed by the question “do palatable foods induce obesity?”, is to determine the relative contributions to excessive intake, which can induce obesity, made by the various sorts of palatabilities, designated by the operations which generate their definitions. In the end this process could render the word “palatable” obsolete.
Low-dimensional lattices. VI : Voronoi reduction of three-dimensional lattices

The aim of this paper is to describe how the Voronoi cell of a lattice changes as that lattice is continuously varied. The usual treatment is simplified by the introduction of new parameters called the vonorms and conorms of the lattice. The present paper deals with dimensions n $\leq $ 3; a sequel will treat four-dimensional lattices. An elegant algorithm is given for the Voronoi reduction of a three-dimensional lattice, leading to a new proof of Voronoi's theorem that every lattice of dimension n $\leq $ 3 is of the first kind, and of Fedorov's classification of the three-dimensional lattices into five types. There is a very simple formula for the determinant of a three-dimensional lattice in terms of its conorms.
The effect of polymorphisms in candidate genes on the long-term risk of lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected white patients starting antiretroviral therapy.

Abstract We investigated whether polymorphisms in human candidate genes could be associated with a different risk of developing lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Genomic DNA samples from white HIV-1-infected patients were analyzed for seven polymorphisms located in the MDR1, TNF-α, APM1, APOE, and LPL genes. Lipid data were retrospectively collected beginning with the initiation of cART. Lipodystrophy was assessed cross-sectionally and then prospectively. The association with lipodystrophy and National Cholesterol Evaluation Program Adult Treatment Panel III-defined lipid thresholds was analyzed using survival analysis and logistic regression. One-hundred and seventy-four patients were genotyped. In 151 patients assessed for lipodystrophy, MDR1 3435 T homozygosis was associated with a higher hazard (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR, versus CT 0.25; p=0.02) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 308 G homozygosis with a lower hazard (vs. AA aHR...
New high-capacity switchgear testing laboratory

This new high-capacity switchgear development laboratory is considered a necessary adjunct to the company's engineering and manufacturing facilities. It will be used primarily for circuit interrupter development, but it can perform many types of tests.
Observation of Tomato Russet Mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) Damage Symptoms in Relation to Tomato Plant Development

Tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee), damage was surveyed in 536 fields in the Sacramento Valley of California from 1981 through 1984. Symptoms were observed in ca. 60% of the fields with no significant difference between years, locations, or irrigation type. A significantly greater frequency of damage symptoms was detected in early and middle plantings compared with later plantings. No consistent relationship was found between heat unit accumulation from seedling emergence to first detected damage symptoms for years or for category of seedling emergence date. A significant relationship was found for most years and all categories of seedling emergence dates between expression of damage symptoms and stage of plant growth. The most likely stages of plant growth at which damage symptoms would be expressed are when most plants have pink fruit or mature green tomatoes >2.5 cm.
Roles of dendritic cells in murine hepatic warm and liver transplantation-induced cold ischemia/reperfusion injury

Dendritic cells (DCs) induce and regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses; however, their in vivo functional importance in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is perplexing. We hypothesized that liver-resident DC and locally recruited blood-borne DC might have distinctive roles in hepatic IR injury. We tested this hypothesis by using DC-deficient, fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) knockout (KO) mice in hepatic warm (70% partial clamping for 60 minutes) and cold IR injury (liver transplant [LTx] with 24-hour cold storage). Flt3L KO liver and lymphoid organs contained virtually no CD11c+F4/80− DC. Hepatic warm IR injury was significantly lower in Flt3L KO than in wildtype (WT) mice with lower alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, reduced hepatic necrosis, and lower neutrophil infiltration. Hepatic messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels for inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin [IL]-6) and chemokines (CCL2, CXCL2) were also significantly lower in Flt3L KO than in WT mice, indicating that lack of both liver-resident and blood-borne DC ameliorated hepatic warm IR injury. Adoptive transfer of splenic or hepatic WT DC into Flt3L KO or WT mice increased hepatic warm IR injury, suggesting injurious roles of DC infusion. When Flt3L KO liver was transplanted into WT mice, ALT levels were significantly higher than in WT to WT LTx, with enhanced hepatic necrosis and neutrophil infiltration, indicating a protective role of liver-resident DC. Conclusion: Using both warm and cold hepatic IR models, this study suggests differential roles of liver-resident versus blood-borne DC, and points to the importance of the local microenvironment in determining DC function during hepatic IR injury. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;57:1585–1596)
Acinic cell carcinoma-papillary cystic variant. Pitfalls of fine needle aspiration diagnosis: study of five cases and review of literature.

Objectives: Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) accounts for 12–17% of primary salivary gland carcinomas and 3.4% of all salivary gland neoplasms. ACC-papillary cystic variant (PCV) is a distinct subtype with clear-cut and well-defined morphological features as revealed in tissue sections, but it is more difficult to diagnose accurately on fine needle aspiration (FNA). The aim of this article was to discuss the causes of the erroneous interpretation as well as to draw attention of practicing pathologists to this rare and unique variant of ACC. Methods: A computerized search of surgical and cytopathology files identified five diagnoses of ACC-PCV that were preceded by an FNA performed in-house with available slides for review. Cytological features were compared to histomorphological features of excisional surgical pathology specimens. Results: Cytomorphological findings from these ACC-PCV cases have varied features that can be broadly divided in two major subtypes: hypocellular cystic specimens containing histiocyte-like vacuolated cells (two cases) and more cellular specimens containing papillary clusters of cells with a polymorphous appearance including granular cells, vacuolated cells and nondescript small cuboidal cells (three cases). Conclusions: Hypocellular, cyst-like specimens pose a diagnostic problem when using FNA, as they can easily be misinterpreted as a benign cyst of the salivary gland. Our review of cases found certain ‘red flags’ that should prompt pathologists to further investigate the true acinic origin of hypocellular cystic specimens. On close morphological examination, these specimens revealed the presence of tight cellular clusters, distinct cytoplasmic borders, larger nuclei with distinct nucleoli and binucleated cells.
An assessment of the effects of diatoms on planktonic copepods

Various studies during the past 8 yr have revealed that numerous species of diatoms, especially at bloom concentrations, can negatively affect the viability of eggs and the condition of nauplii of calanoid copepods, This has been observed during in situ and experimental investigations. Other in situ and experimental studies found no negative effects on reproduction rates and egg viability. Here an attempt is made to evaluate these different findings; in addition, consideration is given to future studies, and several hypotheses are formulated.
On the Destruction of Poor Neighborhoods by Urban Renewal

“Slum clearance” for urban renewal is criticized as destroying social life in “slum” neighborhoods, e.g., residents in Boston's West End showed strong attachment to homes and neighborhood. But most such studies have been in “old-style ethnic” areas; most “slum clearance” now occurs in low-income Negro neighborhoods. A Detroit study of a poor Negro area like those renewed finds fundamental differences between it and West End, including substantially less sentimental attachment to homes, neighborhood, and “external space.” Social policy in urban renewal, however, must consider more than social ties and sentiments of attachment to neighborhood. Basic to any program of clearance and relocation of low-income households must be a means of rehousing those who are dislodged. To date, adequate national programs for the rehousing of poor people have not been enacted.
DMOD—A mathematical model of reward and aversive nonreward in appetitive learning situations: Program and instruction manual

A new mathematical model of the role of reward and aversive nonreward in appetitive learning situations can successfully account for over 30 appetitive learning phenomena (see Daly & Daly, 1982). Due to the interest shown in the computer program used to simulate predictions of the model (called DMOD), we include here: (1) a copy of the program written in MICROSOFT BASIC (modifiable for similar BASIC languages used on machines such as the Apple II and TRS-80); (2) a description of the model; (3) instructions on how to conduct simulations; and (4) three simulation examples. The same program may be used to simulate predictions of the Rescorla and Wagner (1972) model in both primary and secondary reinforcement experiments.
Selective adsorption of carbon monoxide and complex formation of cuprous-ammines in Cu(I)Y zeolites

Copper(I) Y zeolites can be prepared by treating copper(II) Y with carbon monoxide. The reduction process is enhanced by the presence of a small amount of ammonia. Carbon monoxide is selectively adsorbed in Cu(I)Y zeolites, the uptake being about one CO per Cu+ ion below 100 °C and at 100 Torr. The specific Cu+CO interaction is revealed by a strong infrared absorption band at 2160 cm− and a heat of adsorption of 14.7 kcal/mole. Diffusion of carbon monoxide into sodalite cages occurs at temperatures below 100 °C. Adsorption is much smaller for carbon dioxide, nitrogen or oxygen. Cuprous ions in Y zeolite do not interact with oxygen at room temperature, but they are oxidized readily if ammonia is preadsorbed. Measurements of ammonia, adsorption show that the cuprous-ammine complexes in Y zeolite are mainly Cu(NH3)2+. At sufficiently low coverages, the isosteric heat of ammonia adsorption is 19 kcal/mole.
Sleep-walking in twins.

Abstract To investigate the possibility of a hereditary predisposition to sleep-walking, the degree of concordance in monozygotic and dizygotic twins was compared. Monozygotic twins were concordant for the symptom six times as often as dizygotic twins (p=0·04)—a finding consistent with a genetic basis. The increased incidence of sleep-walking in the children when a parent had been a somnambulist also favours this view. Enuresis and persistent finger-sucking were commoner in the somnambulists than in the non-sleep-walkers; the prevalence of nail-biting was the same in these two groups.
Laser Ablation Coupled to a Flowing Atmospheric Pressure Afterglow for Ambient Mass Spectral Imaging

A plasma-based ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ADI-MS) source was used to perform molecular mass spectral imaging. A small amount of sample material was ablated by focusing 266 nm laser light onto a spot. The resulting aerosol was transferred by a nitrogen stream to the flowing afterglow of a helium atmospheric pressure glow discharge ionization source; the ionized sample material was analyzed by a Leco Unique time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Two-dimensional mass spectral images were generated by scanning the laser beam across a sample surface. The total analysis time for a 6 mm2 surface, which is limited by the washout of the ablation chamber, was less than 30 min. With this technique, a spatial resolution of ∼20 μm has been achieved. Additionally, the laser ablation configuration was used to obtain depth information of over 2 mm with a resolution of ∼40 μm. The combination of laser ablation with the flowing atmospheric pressure afterglow source was used to analyze several sample surfac...
Teacher Retention: A Further Examination

AbstractThis study tested Chapman's model of the influences on teacher retention in teaching. Discriminant analysis was used to test the significance of differences among four groups of college graduates with teaching certificates: (a) taught continuously, (b) intermittent teachers, (c) left teaching, and (d) never taught. Significant differences were found among the groups in a pattern that supported the model. The four groups responded to different incentives in formulating their career choices. Implications for teacher education, school administration, and public policy concerned with the quality of schooling are discussed.
Annals of morphology. Atavisms: phylogenetic Lazarus?

Dedication: with highest respect and affection to Prof. Giovanni Neri on the eve of his official administrative retirement as Chair of the Institute of Medical Genetics of the Universita Cattolica of Rome for leadership in medical genetics and medical science and friendship for decades. The concept "atavism," reversion, throwback, Ruckschlag remains an epistemological challenge in biology; unwise or implausible over-interpretation of a given structure as such has led some to almost total skepticism as to its existence. Originating in botany in the 18th century it became applied to zoology (and humans) with increasing frequency over the last two centuries such that the very concept became widely discredited. Presently, atavisms have acquired a new life and reconsideration given certain reasonable criteria, including: Homology of structure of the postulated atavism to that of ancestral fossils or collateral species with plausible soft tissue reconstructions taking into account relationships of parts, obvious sites of origin and insertion of muscles, vascular channels, etc. Most parsimonious, plausible phylogenetic assumptions. Evident rudimentary or vestigial anatomical state in prior generations or in morphogenesis of a given organism. Developmental instability in prior generations, that is, some closely related species facultatively with or without the trait. Genetic identity or phylogenomic similarity inferred in ancestors and corroborated in more or less closely related species. Fluctuating asymmetry may be the basis for the striking evolutionary diversification and common atavisms in limbs; however, strong selection and developmental constraints would make atavisms in, for example, cardiac or CNS development less likely. Thus, purported atavisms must be examined critically in light of the above criteria.
Computer Mediated Communication and Student Learning in Large Introductory Sociology Classes

Over the past several years, scholars of teaching and learning have demonstrated the potential of collaborative learning strategies for improving student learning. This paper examines the use of computer-mediated communication to promote collaborative student learning in large introductory sociology courses. Specifically, we summarize a project we conducted during the 2000-2001 academic year in which we added online collaborative learning activities to the curriculum of two large sections of introductory sociology. Drawing on Novak et al.'s (1999) Just-In-Time Teaching methods, we developed online activities to help prepare students for subsequent in-class work and to cultivate a sense of group solidarity among smaller teams within the larger class. The results suggest that student engagement in the online group learning activities was strongly predictive of better student academic achievement on the biweekly quizzes, cumulative final exam, and course paper. These findings highlight the potential value of...
Computer-aided diagnosis of epileptiform transients in EEG

Methods are described for the detection of single-spike as well as spike and wave bursts activity, both of which are abnormal phenomena associated with epilepsy. The algorithms for detecting these transients were developed and tested using real electroencephalogram (EEG) data. The algorithms and their performance are described. The results of the single spike detection test clearly demonstrate the concept of artifact-contaminated EEG; in all tests, at most 17.5% of the detected spikes were real. It is possible, however, that not all detected noise was due to artifact, but that it may have been a result of improper selection of thresholds and parameters prior to detection. This factor may be responsible for missed spikes as well. Spike and wave activity, in contrast to single spikes, contains characteristics that are more discriminable from background activity, among which are its repetitive nature and duration. Because of this it was possible to detect spike and wave activity with very high accuracy. >
Images of Caring in Nursing and Dance

This article explores the existence of common images in nursing and dance. Nurses can look to the performing arts and music to sustain their commitment to clinical practice. The dancer must bring the whole self to the dance: history, mind, body, and spirit. The dancer creates beauty and grace and interpretive images for the audience. Nursing involves "dancing on the edge" where one must balance Roach's five elements of caring with one's self to meet the needs of the patient. For both nursing and dance, excellence begins with a centering of the self in order to create and relate to the other. Through the dance, one comes to experience beauty and grace. Images from dance can nourish one's creative caring spirits.
FULL SHEET CONTROL THROUGH THE USE OF STEER-ABLE NIPS

State of the art high speed color printers require sheets being accurately positioned as they arrive to the image transfer station (ITS). This goal has been achieved by constructing and building a steerable nips mechanism, which is located upstream from the ITS. This mechanism consists of two rollers which not only rotate to advance the paper along the track, but also steer the paper in the yaw direction. This paper presents the design, experimental setup, system model, and the control law necessary to precisely correct for the lateral and angular positions of the sheet as well as to deliver it on time to the ITS. The system model is nonlinear and subject to four nonholonomic constraints. The control strategy used is based on linearization by state feedback with the addition of internal loops for the control of the process direction velocity and steering position of the rollers. This paper also provides a formal convergence analysis for the controller designed as well as the methodology required to tune it. The success of this mechatronic approach is corroborated through simulation and experimental results, which show that the controller is able to correct sheet errors under the condition that the page has nonzero initial and final longitudinal velocities.Copyright © 2007 by ASME