cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of single and multiple onset distractors on visual search for singleton targets.

In three experiments, we examined attentional and oculomotor capture by single and multiple abrupt onsets in a singleton search paradigm. Subjects were instructed to move their eyes as quickly as possible to a color singleton target and to identify a small letter located inside of it. In Experiment 1, taskirrelevant sudden onsets appeared simultaneously on half the trials with the presentation of the color singleton target. Response times (RTs) were longer when onsets appeared in the display regardless of the number of onsets. Eye-scan strategies were also disrupted by the appearance of the onset distractors, although the proportion of trials on which the eyes were directed to the onsets was the same regardless of the number of onsets. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the time of presentation of two taskirrelevant onsets in order to further examine whether multiple onsets would be attended and fixated prior to attending a color singleton target. Again, subjects made a saccade to a task-irrelevant onset on a substantial proportion of trials prior to fixating the target. However, saccades to the second onset were rare. Experiment 3 served as a replication of Experiment 1 but without the requirement for subjects to move their eyes to detect and identify the singleton target. The RT results were consistent with those in Experiment 1; dual onsets had no larger an effect on response speed than single onset distractors. These data are discussed in terms of the interaction between top-down and bottom-up control of attention and the eyes.
Composite planar double-sided AMC surfaces for MIMO applications

Increasing consumer demand for additional and more capable wireless and high-speed data services has led to many new wideband and multiband communications devices. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems are one such technology that can increase data rates, provide robustness and reduce interference [1]. However, mutual coupling issues can arise from having multiple antennas in compact and mobile MIMO devices. For reduced mutual coupling, antennas are typically spaced at a minimum of λ/2 apart [2]. If a separator such as a standard metal sheet is placed in between two antennas to reduce coupling, each must be at least λ/4 away from the screen for proper operation. However, from image theory it is known that antennas can efficiently work in close proximity (less than λ/4) when placed over a magnetically conducting surface [2]. A new design technique is introduced here for creating thin, double-sided artificial magnetic conductor screens for isolation of two closely placed antennas. Doubly periodic thin surfaces with electrically small unit cells are designed and optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA). A practical example using closely spaced monopole antennas is created and verified using Ansoft HFSS™.
Natural Product Biosynthetic Gene Diversity in Geographically Distinct Soil Microbiomes

The number of bacterial species estimated to exist on Earth has increased dramatically in recent years. This newly recognized species diversity has raised the possibility that bacterial natural product biosynthetic diversity has also been significantly underestimated by previous culture-based studies. Here, we compare 454-pyrosequenced nonribosomal peptide adenylation domain, type I polyketide ketosynthase domain, and type II polyketide ketosynthase alpha gene fragments amplified from cosmid libraries constructed using DNA isolated from three different arid soils. While 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicates these cloned metagenomes contain DNA from similar distributions of major bacterial phyla, we found that they contain almost completely distinct collections of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene sequences. When grouped at 85% identity, only 1.5% of the adenylation domain, 1.2% of the ketosynthase, and 9.3% of the ketosynthase alpha sequence clusters contained sequences from all three metagenomes. Although there is unlikely to be a simple correlation between biosynthetic gene sequence diversity and the diversity of metabolites encoded by the gene clusters in which these genes reside, our analysis further suggests that sequences in one soil metagenome are so distantly related to sequences in another metagenome that they are, in many cases, likely to arise from functionally distinct gene clusters. The marked differences observed among collections of biosynthetic genes found in even ecologically similar environments suggest that prokaryotic natural product biosynthesis diversity is, like bacterial species diversity, potentially much larger than appreciated from culture-based studies.
Microcrystalline BaTiO3 by Crystallization from Glass

The properties and composition of glasses suitable for crystallization of BaTiO3 are described. The crystallization of certain glasses results in a nearly complete recovery of BaTiO3, besides the feldspar BaAl2SiO3 as a minor phase. The mechanism of crystallization was investigated by thermal analysis, viscosity, and grainsize measurements as a function of the temperature whereas density data were used for evaluation of the BaTiO3 content. Within the range 30 to 60% by volume of BaTiO3 at about 1μ grain size, the measured dielectric constant increased from 100 to 1200. The calculated partial dielectric constant of the Titanate phase at this grain size was about 3500. As the grain size approached 0.1μ, the dielectric constant decreased and became nearly independent of the temperature because of the predominance of surface states. Other effects were attributed to special structural characteristics, such as absence of porosity and clamping of the titanate particles within the microcrystalline matrix. Data are also presented on dielectric constant and loss tangent at different frequencies, dc breakdown strength, dc resistivity, and ferroelectric properties as a function of the grain size of the crystallized material.
Induction of salivary nerve growth factor by Yogic breathing: a randomized controlled trial.

Nerve growth factor (NGF), a trophic factor involved in the development, maintenance and survival of the peripheral nervous system and the cholinergic neurons of the central nervous system, is significantly reduced in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients (Aloe et al., 2012). Particularly basal forebrain complex (BFC) neurons are highly affected in AD patients. NGF protects BFC neurons in experimental trauma models and in age-associated cholinergic decline. Therefore, administration of NGF is investigated as a therapeutic option for AD patients (Aloe et al., 2012). NGF therapy is limited by hyperalgesia, limited bioavailability, and use of invasive methods including intracranial injection of adeno-associated virus-based gene delivery vector, which constitutively expresses human NGF. In this context, non-pharmacological modes of treatment such as meditation and Yoga have been considered as alternative approaches to treat neurological disorders. Yogic breathing (YB, also called Pranayama) is a collection of techniques to regulate breathing voluntarily. YB induces a strong relaxation response via vagal and parasympathetic stimulation (Jerath et al., 2006). Such responses are causally linked to rapid changes in gene expression, particularly to those genes controlling stress, inflammation, and metabolism. Saliva is a known source of NGF, and incidentally, Yoga and relaxation stimulate salivation. Saliva (0.75-1.5 liters/day in humans) contains numerous biologically active molecules to be potentially useful as diagnostic markers and as therapeutic clues. Salivary secretion regulates the digestive, nervous, immune, and respiratory systems. We conducted a pilot study to investigate whether YB could potentially stimulate salivary expression of NGF in cognitively normal healthy volunteers. This could serve as a model for future studies in AD patients.
Regret based dynamics: convergence in weakly acyclic games

No-regret algorithms have been proposed to control a wide variety of multi-agent systems. The appeal of no-regret algorithms is that they are easily implementable in large scale multi-agent systems because players make decisions using only retrospective or "regret based" information. Furthermore, there are existing results proving that the collective behavior will asymptotically converge to a set of points of "no-regret" in any game. We illustrate, through a simple example, that no-regret points need not reflect desirable operating conditions for a multi-agent system. Multi-agent systems often exhibit an additional structure (i.e. being "weakly acyclic") that has not been exploited in the context of no-regret algorithms. In this paper, we introduce a modification of the traditional no-regret algorithms by (i) exponentially discounting the memory and (ii) bringing in a notion of inertia in players' decision process. We show how these modifications can lead to an entire class of regret based algorithms that provide almost sure convergence to a pure Nash equilibrium in any weakly acyclic game.
Translating Autoethnography Across the AERA Standards Toward Understanding Autoethnographic Scholarship as Empirical Research

The purpose of this article is to move readers toward a deeper understanding of and widened respect for autoethnography’s capacity as an empirical endeavor. An argument is presented in favor of autoethnography as empirical by translating information from its epistemological and methodological history across the AERA standards for reporting empirical social science research. Supporting evidence is drawn from samples of autoethnographic scholarship that emerged from an extensive literature review of first-tier, blind peer-reviewed journals with relatively low acceptance rates (i.e., 17% or less accepted for publication) that cater to an international audience of educational researchers. The journals include Harvard Educational Review, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, Teaching and Teacher Education, Qualitative Inquiry, Urban Review, Educational Studies, Journal of Latinos and Education, and Race, Ethnicity, and Education. The article concludes by imagining a rubric that may assist researchers, editors,...
On the Feasibility of Closed-Loop Control Of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping

A closed-loop control scheme for the control of intra-aortic balloon pumping has been developed and tested in dog experiments. A performance index reflecting the general objectives of balloon-assist pumping is developed and a modified steepest ascent control algorithm is utilized for the selection of a proper operating point for the balloon during its pumping cycle. This paper attempts to indicate the feasibility of closed-loop control of balloon pumping, and particularly its flexibility in achieving both diastolic augmentation of mean aortic pressure and control of the level of end-diastolic pressure (EDP)-an important factor in reducing heart work.
Privacy-preserving browser-side scripting with BFlow

Some web sites provide interactive extensions using browser scripts, often without inspecting the scripts to verify that they are benign and bug-free. Others handle users' confidential data and display it via the browser. Such new features contribute to the power of online services, but their combination would allow attackers to steal confidential data. This paper presents BFlow, a security system that uses information flow control to allow the combination while preventing attacks on data confidentiality.BFlow allows untrusted JavaScript to compute with, render, and store confidential data, while preventing leaks of that data. BFlow tracks confidential data as it flows within the browser, between scripts on a page and between scripts and web servers. Using these observations and assistance from participating web servers, BFlow prevents scripts that have seen confidential data from leaking it, all without disrupting the JavaScript communication techniques used in complex web pages. To achieve these ends, BFlow augments browsers with a new "protection zone" abstraction. We have implemented a BFlow browser reference monitor and server support. To evaluate BFlow's confidentiality protection and flexibility, we have built a BFlow-protected blog that supports Blogger's third party JavaScript extensions. BFlow is compatible with every legitimate Blogger extension that we have found, yet it prevents malicious extensions from leaking confidential data.
Riemannian mean curvature flow

In this paper we explicitly derive a level set formulation for mean curvature flow in a Riemannian metric space. This extends the traditional geodesic active contour framework which is based on conformal flows. Curve evolution for image segmentation can be posed as a Riemannian evolution process where the induced metric is related to the local structure tensor. Examples on both synthetic and real data are shown.
Adaptive kanban control mechanism for a single-stage hybrid system

In this paper, we consider a hybrid manufacturing system with two discrete production lines. Here the output of either production line can satisfy the demand for the same type of product without any penalties. The interarrival times for demand occurrences and service completions are exponentially distributed i.i.d. variables. In order to control this type of manufacturing system we suggest a single stage pull type control mechanism with adaptive kanbans and state independent routing of the production information.
No silver bullet: extending SDN to the data plane

The data plane is in a continuous state of flux. Every few months, researchers publish the design of a new high-performance queueing or scheduling scheme that runs inside the network fabric. Many such schemes have been queen for a day, only to be surpassed soon after as methods --- or evaluation metrics --- evolve.The lesson, in our view: there will never be a conclusive victor to govern queue management and scheduling inside network hardware. We provide quantitative evidence by demonstrating bidirectional cyclic preferences among three popular contemporary AQM and scheduling configurations.We argue that the way forward requires carefully extending Software-Defined Networking to control the fast-path scheduling and queueing behavior of a switch. To this end, we propose adding a small FPGA to switches. We have synthesized, placed, and routed hardware implementations of CoDel and RED. These schemes require only a few thousand FPGA "slices" to run at 10 Gbps or more --- a minuscule fraction of current low-end FPGAs --- demonstrating the feasibility and economy of our approach.
Risk-taking behavior in the presence of nonconvex asset dynamics.

A growing literature on poverty traps emphasizes the links between multiple equilibria and risk avoidance. However, multiple equilibria may also foster risk-taking behavior by some poor people. We illustrate this idea with a simple analytical model in which people with different wealth and ability endowments make investment and risky activity choices in the presence of known nonconvex asset dynamics. This model underscores a crucial distinction between familiar static concepts of risk aversion and forward-looking dynamic risk responses to nonconvex asset dynamics. Even when unobservable preferences exhibit decreasing absolute risk aversion, observed behavior may suggest that risk aversion actually increases with wealth near perceived dynamic asset thresholds. Although high ability individuals are not immune from poverty traps, they can leverage their capital endowments more effectively than lower ability types and are therefore less likely to take seemingly excessive risks. In general, linkages between behavioral responses and wealth dynamics often seem to run in both directions. Both theoretical and empirical poverty trap research could benefit from making this two-way linkage more explicit. (JEL D81, O12, D90)
Oscillatory Ca2+ Signaling in the Isolated Caenorhabditis elegans Intestine: Role of the Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate Receptor and Phospholipases C β and γ

Defecation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a readily observable ultradian behavioral rhythm that occurs once every 45–50 s and is mediated in part by posterior body wall muscle contraction (pBoc). pBoc is not regulated by neural input but instead is likely controlled by rhythmic Ca2+ oscillations in the intestinal epithelium. We developed an isolated nematode intestine preparation that allows combined physiological, genetic, and molecular characterization of oscillatory Ca2+ signaling. Isolated intestines loaded with fluo-4 AM exhibit spontaneous rhythmic Ca2+ oscillations with a period of ∼50 s. Oscillations were only detected in the apical cell pole of the intestinal epithelium and occur as a posterior-to-anterior moving intercellular Ca2+ wave. Loss-of-function mutations in the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor ITR-1 reduce pBoc and Ca2+ oscillation frequency and intercellular Ca2+ wave velocity. In contrast, gain-of-function mutations in the IP3 binding and regulatory domains of ITR-1 have no effect on pBoc or Ca2+ oscillation frequency but dramatically increase the speed of the intercellular Ca2+ wave. Systemic RNA interference (RNAi) screening of the six C. elegans phospholipase C (PLC)–encoding genes demonstrated that pBoc and Ca2+ oscillations require the combined function of PLC-γ and PLC-β homologues. Disruption of PLC-γ and PLC-β activity by mutation or RNAi induced arrhythmia in pBoc and intestinal Ca2+ oscillations. The function of the two enzymes is additive. Epistasis analysis suggests that PLC-γ functions primarily to generate IP3 that controls ITR-1 activity. In contrast, IP3 generated by PLC-β appears to play little or no direct role in ITR-1 regulation. PLC-β may function instead to control PIP2 levels and/or G protein signaling events. Our findings provide new insights into intestinal cell Ca2+ signaling mechanisms and establish C. elegans as a powerful model system for defining the gene networks and molecular mechanisms that underlie the generation and regulation of Ca2+ oscillations and intercellular Ca2+ waves in nonexcitable cells.
Optical fiber Fabry-Perot sensors.

A new optical fiber Fabry-Perot (F.P.) temperature sensor is proposed and demonstrated. In particular, it can discern the temperature rise from the temperature drop. With this sensor, the temperature change and the direction of temperature change can be determined as a function of time. The basic concept has been verified experimentally. The results of fiber F.P. sensor measurement compare well with an independent thermocouple measurement. To provide further insight, details of the experimentally observed interference fringes have also been compared to a computer simulation. Possible real-time implementations with highspeed electronics are suggested.
Influence of Implicit Integration Scheme on Prediction of Shear Band Formation

Implicit integration schemes for elastoplastic constitutive equations have been developed in recent years as an alternative to explicit schemes. The consistent tangent constitutive matrix Dcon that results from implicit schemes makes the global stiffness matrix consistent with the implicit integration procedure and differs from the traditional continuum tangent constitutive matrix Dep that results from explicit schemes. Onset of strain localization and shear banding has been traditionally predicted using the continuum tangent constitutive matrix. It is shown that different criteria for onset of shear-band formation are obtained depending on whether Dcon or Dep is used. It is shown that shear band prediction using Dcon is step-size dependent, and that the use of Dcon influences the predicted onset of strain localization in frictional materials. An analytical equation for prediction of the onset of shear-band formation using Dcon for the Mohr-Coulomb model is developed, and a numerical example is presented.
Sequences and Series

A sequence in a set S is a function from the positive integers into S. If s is a sequence, it is customary to write s n for s(n) and {s n } for s.
Dynamics of E-cadherin and catenin complexes γ-catenin complexes during dedifferentiation of polarized MDCK cells

Dynamics of E-cadherin and γ-catenin complexes during dedifferentiation of polarized MDCK cells. Background E-cadherin mediated cell-cell adhesion and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are important for renal epithelial morphogenesis. We previously showed that HGF dedifferentiates previously well polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell monolayers grown on filters. The regulation of E-cadherin during epithelial dedifferentiation is not known. We hypothesized that E-cadherin mediated cell-cell adhesion is modulated during HGF induced dedifferentiation of MDCK cell monolayers. Methods We analyzed E-cadherin/γ-catenin interaction and distribution during epithelial dedifferentiation in vitro using a model of polarized MDCK cell monolayers treated with HGF. Results Surface immunoprecipitation experiments showed that HGF increased the amount of cell surface E-cadherin associated with γ-catenin. Biochemical and morphological examination of the TX-100 solubility of junctional E-cadherin and γ-catenin in control and HGF treated cells showed an increase in solubility of only E-cadherin during loss of cell polarity. Metabolic labeling of control and HGF treated cells showed that HGF stimulated the synthetic rate of E-cadherin and γ-catenin molecules. Inulin flux across MDCK cell monolayers increases with HGF treatment. Conclusion These data provide evidence for both the dissociation of E-cadherin molecules from the actin cytoskeleton and an increase in the total number of E-cadherin/γ-catenin complexes on the cell surface during HGF-induced dedifferentiation of polarized renal epithelium. These data support the hypothesis that E-cadherin function is inhibited by a mechanism of detachment from the actin based cytoskeleton during HGF induced dedifferentiation of polarized renal epithelia.
Benefits of exercise in combination with epoetin alfa for multiple myeloma

8605 Background: Epoetin alfa increases hemoglobin levels and reduces the need for RBC transfusions in diverse groups of patients with cancer-related anemia. Interest in other potential benefits le...
Reinforcement field

Complex control tasks involving varying or evolving system dynamics often pose a great challenge to mainstream reinforcement learning algorithms. Specifically, in most standard methods, actions are often assumed to be a concrete and fixed set that applies to the state space in a predefined manner. Consequently, without resorting to a substantial re-learning procedure, the derived policy lacks the ability to adapt to variations in action outcomes or shifts in the action set. In addition, the standard action representation and its attendant state transition mechanism limit the applicability of the RL framework in complex domains primarily due to the intractability of the resulting large state space and lack of the facility to generalize the learned policy to the unknown parts of the state space. This paper proposes an alternative view of reinforcement learning by establishing the notion of the reinforcement field through a collection of policy-embedded particles gathered during the policy learning process. The reinforcement field serves as a policy generalization mechanism through the use of kernel functions as a state correlation hypothesis in combination with Gaussian process regression as a value function approximator.
Inverting Transient Absorption Data to Determine Transfer Rates in Quantum Dot–TiO2 Heterostructures

Transient absorption spectroscopy is a powerful technique for understanding charge carrier dynamics and recombination pathways. Analyzing the results is not trivial due to nonexponential relaxation dynamics away from equilibrium, leading to a disparity in reported charge-transfer rates. An inversion analysis technique is presented that transforms transient signals back into their original rate equation. The technique is demonstrated on two CdSe/TiO2 heterostructures with different surface states. Auger recombination is identified at higher carrier densities and radiative recombination at lower carrier densities. The heterostructure with additional surface traps exhibits increased trap-state Auger recombination at high carrier densities and changes to radiative recombination at low carrier densities due to a Shockley–Read–Hall process. Carrier-dependent electron-transfer rates are determined and compared to common methods that only capture the magnitude of the charge transfer at specific carrier densities....
Blood pressure response of adrenal-enucleated rats to restricted and irregular feeding patterns and to subsequent ad libitum realimentation.

Summary1. Restricted food intake resulted in smaller increases of blood pressure in intact as well as in adrenal-enucleated (AE) rats when compared with corresponding controls but fed ad libitum. However, AE rats showed a greater increase in blood pressure when compared with intact rats, and this holds particularly for the food-restricted groups. 2. A 10-day realimentation regimen following periods of restricted feeding resulted in greater increases of blood pressure in formerly food-restricted AE rats than in corresponding intact animals. This increase in blood pressure occurred although the AE rats did not ingest more NaCl than the ad libitum-fed AE rats and intact controls. 3. It may be concluded that the regenerating adrenal does not lose its hypertensive potential despite food and thus NaCl restriction.
Fault Detection and Accommodation in Particulate Processes with Sampled and Delayed Measurements

A model-based framework is developed for component fault detection and accommodation in particulate processes with discretely sampled and delayed measurements. An observer-based output feedback controller is initially designed based on a suitable reduced-order model that captures the dominant process dynamics. The controller includes an intersample model predictor that compensates for measurement intermittency and a propagation unit that compensates for the delays. The intersample model predictor provides the observer with process output estimates between sensor measurements, and the model states are updated using current output estimates obtained from the propagation unit. The fault-free stability properties are characterized in terms of model accuracy, sampling rate, and delay size. These properties are used to derive appropriate rules for fault detection and accommodation. The difference between the output estimates from the state observer and the propagation unit is compared against a time-varying ala...
The Role of the Principles Course in Sociology in Educational Curricula

respect and mutual respect by saying that the first imposes beliefs or rules that are ready made and must be accepted en bloc while the second only suggests a method of securing moral control by rules growing out of interaction.15 The two methods of securing rules and loyalty to rules, constraint and cooperation, appear to be logically related to the two positive types of relationships described above, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. Unilateral respect as a source of compulsory conformity to rules seems to be closely related to a social system which is integrated on likenesses by eliminating the unusual but in a society which appears to be becoming more differentiated (in which differences are encouraged and interest groups are all important) a more promising approach to securing common social rules and allegiance to such rules is offered by encouraging cooperation and mutual respect. Such an approach, however, involves drastic changes in our social structure. Barriers, such as nationalism and group privileges, which prevent communication between individuals and groups,must be modified and free contacts must be encouraged. This does not mean the elimination of differences but rather bringing about the opportunity for these differences to be reconciled. MacIver has pointed out the result of overcoming social distance by suggesting that group images (stereotyped pictures of out-groups) which are so clear while the group remains at a distances become blurred as the groups come closer together.'6 Thomas H. Robinson further shows the value of communication when he says, "Transfer of ideas and intentions is a sort of social cement which binds together the diverse elements in the community."'7 If Neal B. De Nood is right that normative beliefs and normative means are not scientifically verifiable facts but are derived from the "social fiat of the group,''l8 the only possible source of such a common unifying set of ends and means can result solely from the interaction of all. If group images are to be blurred and social cement is to be applied there is no place in the world for iron curtains. Empathy is impossible without communication. If society wishes to secure this consciousness of obligation to common rules derived through the method of reciprocity, the social structure must be modified so that reciprocity is possible.
Author Reply: On the Frontiers of Appraisal Theory:

The special section commentators take us to the frontiers of appraisal theory. Following their lead, I discuss cross-cultural commonalities, domain-specific appraisals, individual differences, nona...
Discussion on the Cause of Yellowing and Bluing of Body Phosphating Coat

Phosphating is a key process of vehicle pre-treatment,the quality of phosphating coat has a larger effect upon the quality of body electrodeposition film. According to the site experience,the cause of common bluing and yellowing defects of the phosphating coat generated in the production and their solutions were explored.
On the largest reduced neighborhood clique cover number of a graph

Let $G$ be a graph and $t\ge 0$. A new graph parameter termed the largest reduced neighborhood clique cover number of $G$, denoted by ${\hat\beta}_t(G)$, is introduced. Specifically, ${\hat\beta}_t(G)$ is the largest, overall $t$-shallow minors $H$ of $G$, of the smallest number of cliques that can cover any closed neighborhood of a vertex in $H$. We verify that ${\hat\beta}_t(G)=1$ when $G$ is chordal, and, ${\hat\beta}_t(G)\le s$, where $G$ is an incomparability graph that does not have a $t-$shallow minor which is isomorphic to an induced star on $s$ leaves. Moreover, general properties of ${\hat\beta}_t(G)$ including the connections to the greatest reduced average density of $G$, or $\bigtriangledown_t(G)$ are studied and investigated. For instance we show ${{\hat\beta}_t(G)\over 2}\le \bigtriangledown_t(G)\le p.{\hat\beta}_t(G),$ where $p$ is the size of a largest complete graph which is a $t-minor$ of $G$. Additionally we prove that largest ratio of any minimum clique cover to the maximum independent set taken overall $t-$minors of $G$ is a lower bound for ${\hat\beta}_t(G)$. We further introduce the class of bounded neighborhood clique cover number for which ${\hat\beta}_t(G)$ has a finite value for each $t\ge 0$ and verify the membership of geometric intersection graphs of fat objects (with no restrictions on the depth) to this class. The results support the conjecture that the class graphs with polynomial bounded neighborhood clique cover number may have separator theorems with respect to certain measures.
Pleuropulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma in the Setting of Immune Reactivation

We present a case of a 26 year with history of HIV/AIDS who presented with a pleural effusion. Serial radiography, pleural fluid analysis as well as clinical symptoms revealed development of Kaposi Sarcoma related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (KS-IRIS) in the setting of initiation of effective anti- retroviral therapy.
Toxicological Interactions of Chemical Mixtures

Since the publication of the first book on Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures in 1994 (Yang 1994a), we witnessed, with gratification, the advancement of science in this area, as well as the awareness and implementation of regulatory decisions by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to address issues of multiple chemical (and multiple stressor) exposures. Despite such impressive progress, however, if we focus on one of the examples cited in this chapter, a citizen’s petition on 17 July 1984, under section 21 of Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), from Robert Ginsburg and Mary Ellen Montes, we are still far away from answering some of the questions concerning chemical mixture toxicology and risk assessment raised by these laypersons. Looking at another direction at CDC’s Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (CDC 2005), neither do we have a satisfactory answer toward the question What is the toxicological significance of the presence of at least 148 chemical pollutants in our body? Thus, we have a great deal of work and challenges ahead of us. In this chapter, we updated the 1997 version based on the scientific advances in the last 12 years. While we face the challenges of this very complex and difficult area of toxicology and risk assessment of chemical mixtures and multiple stressors, new frontiers such as nanotechnology and nanotoxicology came into being. Aspiring young scientists are encouraged to enter this vitally important area as we need talents from all disciplines of science to tackle these nagging problems.
Capitalists: reluctant rebels

Recent structural theories have underlined the significance of schisms and divisions between the capitalist class and the state in revolutions. Indeed, the defection of capitalists from the state has been crucial to revolutions in contemporary developing countries. Yet, as will be argued, the mere existence of conflict between the capitalist class and the state and the former's defection from the state is not suffcient for revolutions to occur. The capitalist class must take an active role in the conflicts, pursue disruptive tactics, and join other classes and challengers to overthrow the government. But, despite their conflicts with the state, capitalists may not play an active role in its overthrow because of organizational weaknesses or more importantly because of the existence of radical threats. In particular, capitalists may not join the struggles against the government if rising class conflict and strong revolutionary challengers threaten the entire capitalist system. In such conditions, capitalists may become increasingly dependent on the state to contain the radicals and may thus attempt to steer the outcome of the conflicts in non revolutionary directions. In general, the nature of capitalist politics in developing countries has suffcient been affected by the relations of this class, or its fractions, with the state, suffcient and the politics of the working classes and revolutionary challengers. suffcient Capitalist access to the polity and economic advantages or disadvantages suffcient have strongly affected the politics of this class.
STEADY-STATE SEQUENTIAL DISTRIBUTED-PARAMETER FILTERING –- THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATION TO PACKED-BED REACTORS

Abstract An optimal steady-state sequential distributed filter has been derived and tested. A limited memory type modification is presented and shown to have superior convergence properties compared to the optimal filter when a number of replicate data sets are available for processing. On-line testing of the filter was performed using a styrene monomer, tubular reactor, pilot plant. The modified filter was used since replicate sets of data were available. Results show steady-state sequential filtering to be effective and robust.
Chronic Inflammatory Polyradiculoneuropathy

The long-term clinical course of 12 children with idiopathic chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is reported from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and Pennsylvania State University/Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA.
International Political Economy and Political Demography: An Interdisciplinary Exploration

The authors of this chapter seek to further our knowledge of economic growth, change and conflict. They build a general model that offers a new perspective on politics. It shows that economic development is a complex socioeconomic process involving multiple factors within a dynamic, nonlinear relationship. Their model synthesizes diverse ideas from politics, economics and demography and helps us understand problems such as income inequality and major conflict.
Disks are like snowflakes: no two are alike

Gone are the days of homogeneous sets of disks. Even disks of a given batch, of the same make and model, will have significantly different bandwidths. This paper describes the disk technology trends responsible for the now-inherent heterogeneity of multi-disk systems and disk-based clusters, provides measurements quantifying it, and discusses its implications for system designers.
Modifiable Resilience Factors to Childhood Adversity for Clinical Pediatric Practice

Childhood adversity is highly prevalent and associated with risk for poor health outcomes in childhood and throughout the life course. Empirical literature on resilience over the past 40 years has identified protective factors for traumatized children that improve health outcomes. Despite these empirical investigations of resilience, there is limited integration of these findings into proactive strategies to mitigate the impact of adverse childhood experiences. We review the state of resilience research, with a focus on recent work, as it pertains to protecting children from the health impacts of early adversity. We identify and document evidence for 5 modifiable resilience factors to improve children's long- and short-term health outcomes, including fostering positive appraisal styles in children and bolstering executive function, improving parenting, supporting maternal mental health, teaching parents the importance of good self-care skills and consistent household routines, and offering anticipatory guidance about the impact of trauma on children. We conclude with 10 recommendations for pediatric practitioners to leverage the identified modifiable resilience factors to help children withstand, adapt to, and recover from adversity. Taken together, these recommendations constitute a blueprint for a trauma-informed medical home. Building resilience in pediatric patients offers an opportunity to improve the health and well-being of the next generation, enhance national productivity, and reduce spending on health care for chronic diseases.
Abstract 3152: Telemedicine is Cost Effective in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Rapid availability to stroke specialists remains a critical hurdle in thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke in many regions of the United States. Remote consultation is often utilized with varying success. Telemedicine use has been increasing but it is unclear if this is cost effective when compared to simple telephone consultation. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that telemedicine is cost effective for acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods: We created a decision tree model to compare telemedicine (with videoconferencing and image sharing) to telephone consultation. We estimated probabilities and utilities from the available literature and calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER). We used actual costs of telemedicine equipment, installation, and physician fees based on our own experience ($50,900 per hospital per year). We assumed equal access to standard medical treatments between the two approaches; an 8-hospital spoke system; and 60 patients assessed for acute stroke per year at each spoke hospital. However, we estimated higher tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) utilization among telemedicine-treated patients (28% vs 23%) based on the STRokE-DOC trial. We performed sensitivity analyses to assess all assumptions in our model. An ICER Results: In the first year after stroke, telemedicine resulted in a gain of 0.00459 QALY, but with an additional cost of $799 compared to telephone only (ICER = $174,074/QALY). In the long term (over 30 years), telemedicine resulted in a gain of 0.0282 QALY at an additional cost of $497 (ICER = $17,624/QALY). Using a long term sensitivity analysis, ICER remained 2.5%. When the absolute difference in tPA use is > 12%, telemedicine had cost-saving effects (ICER Conclusions: Assuming that telemedicine consultations increase the use of tPA for acute ischemic stroke patients by at least 2.5%, we found that it is cost-effective compared to telephone only consultations. However, 30 patients must be assessed annually per spoke hospital to remain cost-effective. Telemedicine stroke networks need to consider these aspects when assessing their societal impact and when justifying their considerable costs.
Bi Sparsity Pursuit: A Paradigm for Robust Subspace Recovery

Abstract The success of sparse models in computer vision and machine learning is due to the fact that, high dimensional data is distributed in a union of low dimensional subspaces in many real-world applications. The underlying structure may, however, be adversely affected by sparse errors. In this paper, we propose a bi-sparse model as a framework to analyze this problem, and provide a novel algorithm to recover the union of subspaces in the presence of sparse corruptions. We further show the effectiveness of our method by experiments on real-world vision data.
Post-colonialism: Theoretical Foundations and Relevance to African Politics

From social to economic and political thought, there is abundant evidence to suggest that even in the postcolonial moment, Africa is still saddled with the perpetuation of the colonial phenomenon, with obvious implications for contemporary political thought and practice. This chapter undertakes a systematic critique of “post-colonialism,” its historical evolution, specific deployments, theoretical foundations and relevance to contemporary African politics. It does this through a range of questions. Has Africa really gone beyond the colonial into the postcolonial? Is post-colonialism an act or process of passing, a movement from one point to another? Or is it the repetition or regeneration of something through other means? Is Africa actually caught between a postcolonial and neocolonial moment? Or are we presently experiencing multiple post-colonialism(s)? These questions are asked against the backdrop of Africa’s uncertain and unpredictable post-colonial democratic experiment.
Actual or Proposed Applications

While the preceding chapter delineated the basic engineering and mechanical behavior of IPNs, this chapter will be devoted to selected applications, actual or proposed.* Many of these applications arc discussed in the patent literature. Not so surprisingly, some of the more complex and/or intricate syntheses, as well as a wealth of detailed physical properties, are contained in these patents.
Dietary Supplement Use, Knowledge, and Perceptions Among Student Pharmacists.

To the Editor: The recent article by Axon and colleagues evaluated dietary supplement use between student pharmacists and the general population, student pharmacists’ knowledge of dietary supplements, and student pharmacists’ attitude on their dietary supplement education. One of the authors’
A printability index for linking slurry rheology to the geometrical attributes of 3D-printed components

Abstract While the field of 3D-printing (3DP; formally known as additive manufacturing) has increasingly matured, its use in large-scale applications, e.g., building and infrastructure construction, remains limited. Although layer-wise slurry deposition/extrusion (LSD/E) methods are amenable to scale-up and offer versatility in terms of the materials that can be printed (i.e., “inks” that can be used), there is a lack of quantitative metrics to assess the geometrical attributes of printed components vis-a-vis their 3D-CAD (computer-aided design) inputs. To address this limitation, we present an original method to assess the external geometrical attributes of 3D-printed components using laser triangulation-based 3D-scanning. Significantly, a printability index (0 ≤ Ip ≤ 1, unitless) is presented which compares the overall geometric fidelity of the printed specimen to its CAD input. By adjusting the rheology of a model silicate-based slurry, we examine the relationships between slurry rheology, shrinkage and printability. The printability index offers a quantitative basis for assessment and quality control of 3D-printed components, while helping to develop an improved understanding of how slurry behavior, and optimizations therein can maximize printability.
Brachial Plexus, Infraclavicular Exposure

The infraclavicular brachial plexus includes the cords and the terminal branches. They correlate closely with the axillary artery. The posterior cord is formed by the junction of the posterior divisions of the three trunks; it first runs lateral and then posterior to the axillary artery. It gives off the thoracodorsal nerve (to latissimus dorsi muscle) and the upper (to subscapularis) and lower subscapular nerves (to subscapularis and teres major muscles). Terminal branches include the axillary and radial nerves. The lateral cord forms from the junction of the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks; it first runs anterior then lateral to the axillary artery. It gives off the lateral pectoral nerves. Terminal branches include the musculocutaneous nerve and the lateral contribution to the median nerve. The medial cord is the continuation of the anterior division of the lower trunk; it first runs posterior then medial to the axillary artery. It gives off the medial pectoral nerve, medial brachial cutaneous, and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerves. Terminal branches include the ulnar nerve and the medial contribution to the median nerve.
A Biologically-Inspired Micro Aerial Vehicle

This paper introduces a novel framework for the design, modeling and control of a Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV). The vehicle's conceptual design is based on biologically-inspired principles and emulates a dragonfly (Odonata---Anisoptera). We have taken inspiration from the flight mechanism features of the dragonfly and have developed indigenous designs in creating a novel version of a Flapping Wing MAV (FWMAV). The MAV design incorporates a complex mechanical construction and a sophisticated multi-layered, hybrid, linear/non-linear controller to achieve extended flight times and improved agility compared to other rotary wing and FWMAV Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL) designs. The first MAV prototype will have a ballpark weight including sensor payload of around 30 g. The targeted lifting capability is about twice the weight. The MAV features state of the art sensing and instrumentation payload, which includes integrated high-power on-board processors, 6DoF inertial sensors, 3DoF compasses, GPS, embedded camera and long-range telemetry capability. A 3-layer control mechanism has been developed to harness the dynamics and attain complete navigational control of the MAV. The inner-layer is composed of a `quad hybrid-energy controller' and two higher layers are at present, implementing a linear controller; the latter will be replaced eventually with a dynamic adaptive non-linear controller. The advantages of the proposed design compared to other similar ones include higher energy efficiency and extended flight endurance. The design features elastic storage and re-use of propulsion energy favoring energy conservation during flight. The design/modeling of the MAV and its kinematics & dynamics have been tested under simulation to achieve desired performance. The potential applications for such a high endurance vehicle are numerous, including air-deployable mass surveillance and reconnaissance in cluster and swarm formations. The efficacy of the design is demonstrated through a simulation environment. The dynamics are verified through simulations and a general linear controller coupled with an energy based non-linear controller is shown to operate the vehicle in a stable regime. In accordance with specified objectives a prototype is being developed for flight-testing and demonstration purposes.