cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of isomerization reactions involving sugar phosphates.

Thermodynamics of isomerization reactions involving sugar phosphates have been studied using heat-conduction microcalorimetry. For the process glucose 6-phosphate2-(aqueous) = fructose 6-phosphate2- (aqueous), K = 0.285 +/- 0.004, delta Go = 3.11 +/- 0.04 kJ.mol-1, delta Ho = 11.7 +/- 0.2 kJ.mol-1, and delta Cop = 44 +/- 11 J.mol-1.K-1 at 298.15 K. For the process mannose 6-phosphate2- (aqueous) = fructose 6-phosphate2- (aqueous), K = 0.99 +/- 0.05, delta Go = 0.025 +/- 0.13 kJ.mol-1, delta Ho = 8.46 +/- 0.2 kJ.mol-1, and delta Cop = 38 +/- 25 J.mol-1.K-1 at 298.15 K. The standard state is the hypothetical ideal solution of unit molality. An approximate result (-14 +/- 5 kJ.mol-1) was obtained for the enthalpy of isomerization of ribulose 5-phosphate (aqueous) to ribose 5-phosphate (aqueous). The data from the literature on isomerization reactions involving sugar phosphates have been summarized, adjusted to a common reference state, and examined for trends and relationships to each other and to other thermodynamic measurements. Estimates are made for thermochemical parameters to predict the state of equilibrium of the several isomerizations considered herein.
Feminist Political Theory

Born out of the struggles of the feminist movements of the twentieth century, feminist political theory is characterized by its commitment to expanding the boundaries of the political. Feminism, as a political movement, works to fight inequality and the social, cultural, economic, and political subordination of women. The goal of feminist politics is to end the domination of women through critiquing and transforming institutions and theories that support women's subordination. Feminist political theory is a field within both feminist theory and within political theory that takes a feminist approach to traditional questions within political philosophy, contemporary and historical. In this entry, the nature of feminist political theory will be explored by asking two questions: what is feminist about feminist political theory, and what is specifically political about feminist political theory. Keywords: feminism; gender; intersectionality; patriarchy; womanism; women's rights
The Lick Northern Proper Motion Program

The Lick Northern Proper Motion (NPM) Program will provide absolute proper motions (referred to faint galaxies), equatorial coordinates, and two-color photographic photometry for some 300,000 stars with 8 < B < 18 covering the 70% of the sky north of declination -23°. Part 1 of the NPM program (NPM1), recently completed, covers the 72% of the northern sky (899 of 1,246 fields) outside the Milky Way. Two catalogs result from NPM1: The NPM1 Catalog (Klemola et al. 1993a, Hanson 1993a) contains 149,000 stars. The NPM1 Reference Galaxy List (Klemola et al. 1993b, Hanson 1993b) contains 50,000 faint galaxies. Klemola et al (1987, 1994, 1995) describe the NPM program. Hanson et al (1994) describe the NPM1 Catalogs.
Spectroscopy of the amide-I modes of acetanilide

In 1973, Careri published evidence of an “unconventional” amide-I (CO stretching) band at 1650 cm−1 in crystalline acetanilide (CH3CONHC6H5), abbreviated ACN.1 Following the “soliton” theory of Davydov,2 this band has been assigned to a “self-trapped state” in which CO vibrational energy is localized near a single ACN molecule through interactions with lattice phonons.3, 4 A complementary “polaron” picture5 of this self-trapped state has been presented recently by Alexander and Krumhansl.6, 7
Thyroid-specific T cells in the normal Wistar rat. II. T cell clones interact with cloned wistar rat thyroid cells and provide direct evidence for autoantigen presentation by thyroid epithelial cells

Strains of rat differ in their susceptibility to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT). We recently observed that the normal Wistar rat has lymph node (LN) T cells which recognize the newly available cloned Wistar thyroid cell line (WRT) and/or rat thyroglobulin (rTg). We have now cloned thyroid-specific T cells and characterized their interaction with the WRT target cell. Twenty-three T cell clones were tested for their reactivity to syngeneic thymocytes, WRT cells alone, or WRT cells with thymocytes. All the clones were of the CD4+CD8- phenotype. Seven of 23 T cell clones proliferated in the presence of WRT cells alone or with the combination of WRT cells and thymocytes, exhibiting stimulation indices of 1.5 to 5. In all but one of the T cell clones responding to WRT cells alone was there no evidence that the additional presence of thymocytes supplied a stronger "second" proliferative signal than the WRT cells. These WRT-reactive clones which were able to be more extensively characterized were MHC class II restricted, secreted rat interferon (IFN)-gamma in response to WRT cell exposure, and one clone showed cross-reactivity with rTg antigen. Induction of WRT cell MHC class II antigen by prior treatment with IFN-gamma failed to further enhance the WRT cell-induced T cell proliferation. These data provide the first evidence for direct antigen presentation by thyroid epithelial cells (TECs) in the absence of other antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, they provide evidence that TECs are able to provide the appropriate "second" signals required for T cell activation and successful autoantigen presentation.
Supergiant pulses from extragalactic neutron stars

We consider radio bursts that originate from extragalactic neutron stars (NSs) by addressing three questions about source distances. What are the physical limitations on coherent radiation at GHz frequencies? Do they permit detection at cosmological distances? How many bursts per NS are needed to produce the inferred burst rate 10 3 -10 4 sky 1 day 1 ? The burst rate is comparable to the NS formation rate in a Hubble volume, requiring only one per NS if they are bright enough. However, radiation physics causes us to favor a closer population. More bursts per NS are then required but repeats in 10 to 100 yr could still be negligible. Bursts are modeled as sub-ns, coherent shot pulses superposed incoherently to produce msduration 1 Jy amplitudes; each shot-pulse can be much weaker than the burst amplitude, placing less restrictive requirements on the emission process. Nonetheless, single shot pulses are similar to the extreme, unresolved (< 0:4 ns) MJy shot pulse seen from the Crab pulsar, which is consistent with coherent curvature radiation emitted near the light cylinder by an almost neutral clump with net charge 10 21 e and total energy & 10 23 ergs. Bursts from Gpc distances require incoherent superposition of 10 12 d 2 shot pulses or a total energy & 10 35 d 2 erg. The energy reservoir near the light cylinder limits the detection distance to . few 100 Mpc for a fluence 1 Jy ms unless conditions are more extreme than for the Crab pulsar. Similarly, extreme single pulses from ordinary pulsars and magnetars could be detectable from throughout the Local Group and perhaps farther. Contributions to dispersion measures from galaxy clusters will be significant for some of the bursts. We discuss tests for the signatures of bursts associated with extragalactic NSs.
Space chemical propulsion test facilities at NASA Lewis Research Center

The NASA Lewis Research Center, located in Cleveland, Ohio, has a number of space chemical propulsion test facilities which constitute a significant national space testing resource. The purpose of this paper is to make more users aware of these test facilities and to encourage their use through cooperative agreements between the government, industry, and universities. Research which is of interest to the government is especially encouraged and often can be done in a cooperative manner that best uses the resources of all parties. An overview of the Lewis test facilities is presented.
High-speed, wide area, data intensive computing: a ten year retrospective

Modern scientific computing involves organizing, moving, visualizing, and analyzing massive amounts of data from around the world, as well as employing large-scale computation. The distributed systems that solve large-scale problems will always involve aggregating and scheduling many resources. Data must be located and staged, cache and network capacity must be available at the same time as computing capacity, etc. Every aspect of such a system is dynamic: locating and scheduling resources, adapting running application systems to availability and congestion in the middleware and infrastructure, responding to human interaction, etc. The technologies, the middleware services, and the architectures that are used to build useful high-speed, wide area distributed systems, constitute the field of data intensive computing. This paper explores some of the history and future directions of that field.
Racing the E-Bomb: How the Internet Is Redefining Information Systems Development Methodology

A case study in three companies working on Internet time reveals that the present notion of methodology seems to be changing. In fact, the lack of methodology in its traditional form seems to be characteristic. Instead of methodology, time pressure and requirements ambiguity are found to be at the core of 10 properties of a new and redefined methodology for Internet time development. In this paper, each of the properties is briefly described together with causal links between the properties and using examples from the study of three Danish companies. Furthermore, it is discussed why methodology seems to be undergoing a redefinition when working on Internet time: the underlying philosophical foundation for the change seems to be pragmatism.
The role of RBF in developmentally regulated cell proliferation in the eye disc and in Cyclin D/Cdk4 induced cellular growth

During Drosophila eye development, cell proliferation is coordinated with differentiation. Immediately posterior to the morphogenetic furrow, cells enter a synchronous round of S phase called second mitotic wave. We have examined the role of RBF, the Drosophila RB family homolog, in cell cycle progression in the second mitotic wave. RBF-280, a mutant form of RBF that has four putative cdk phosphorylation sites mutated, can no longer be regulated by Cyclin D or Cyclin E. Expression of RBF-280 in the developing eye revealed that RBF-280 does not inhibit G1/S transition in the second mitotic wave, rather it delays the completion of S phase and leads to abnormal eye development. These observations suggest that RB/E2F control the rate of S-phase progression instead of G1/S transition in the second mitotic wave. Characterization of the role of RBF in Cyclin D/Cdk4-mediated cellular growth showed that RBF-280 blocks Cyclin D/Cdk4 induced cellular growth in the proliferating wing disc cells but not in the non-dividing eye disc cells. By contrast, RBF-280 does not block activated Ras-induced cellular growth. These results suggest that the ability of Cyclin D/Cdk4 to drive growth in the proliferating wing cells is distinct from that in the none-dividing eye cells or the ability of activated Ras to induce growth, and that RBF may have a role in regulating growth in the proliferating wing discs.
Oxygen activation by cytochrome P450BM-3: effects of mutating an active site acidic residue.

Abstract A highly conserved acid residue is found in the I-helix of most cytochrome P450s and has been suggested to play a critical function in oxygen activation and substrate hydroxylation in these monooxygenases. We have investigated this hypothesis for cytochrome P450BM-3by replacing the naturally occuring glutamate at position 267 with a glutamine residue. In the case of P450BM-3, mutation of the glutamate to glutamine as position 267 drastically reduces the catalytic activity of the enzyme when palmitate is used as a substrate for hydroxylation. On the other hand, the activity change toward laurate hydroxylation is relatively small. The much slower catalytic turnover by the mutant enzyme in palmitate hydroxylation compared with wild type allows the observation of a new spectral intermediate in the hemoprotein. This intermediate is similar to that observed in the corresponding active site acid-to-amide replacement in cytochrome P450cam(N. C. Gerber and S. G. Sligar (1994)J. Biol. Chem.269, 4260–4266). Also, in analogy with P450cam, this mutation does not lead to any side oxidation processes which produce hydrogen peroxide. Interestingly, however, the alteration in the active site structure which is implied by the change in regio specificity may also effect substrate packing thus leading to the uncoupling of the enzyme to produce additional water rather than a commitment to substrate oxidation. In addition, the distribution of hydroxylation products is altered by this mutation, suggesting some perturbation of the recognition property in P450BM-3.
Chromatography of cysteine and glutathione derivatives on a Dowex 1-Sephadex mixed-bed column.

Abstract : Dowex I X8 anion-exchange resin may be employed to separate many sulfinic and sulfonic acids which co-chromatograph on cation-exchange resins such as those normally employed in automatic amino acid analyzers. However, even on Dowex I X8, many important amino acids and peptides cochromatograph and we had difficulty while trying to measure sulfinic and sulfonic acid derivatives of cysteine and glutathione. Cysteic acid had the same elution time as glutathione disulfide which was always present in our samples. It was thought that addition of Sephadex G-10 to the resin bed would retard the smaller molecules enough to make a separation possible. (Author)
Use of non-invasive uroflowmetry with simultaneous electromyography to monitor patient response to treatment for lower urinary tract conditions.

Abstract Objective Non-invasive uroflowmetry with simultaneous electromyography (uroflow/EMG) has previously been reported as effective in triaging patients into four specific non-neurogenic lower urinary tract (LUT) conditions for targeted treatment. In this study we sought to determine if the same parameters would be useful for measuring response to treatment. Material and methods We reviewed our database of normal children with LUT dysfunction, screened with uroflow/EMG, and diagnosed with a LUT condition: (1) dysfunctional voiding (DV); (2) idiopathic detrusor overactivity disorder (IDOD); (3) detrusor underutilization disorder (DUD); (4) primary bladder neck dysfunction (PBND). Pre- and on-treatment (minimum 3 months) uroflow/EMG parameters and subjective improvements were compared. Results Of 159 children (71 boys, 88 girls; median age 7.0 years, range 3.5–18.0 years), median follow up was 13.1 months (range 3–43 months). On targeted treatment, DV patients showed relaxation of pelvic floor during voiding and significant decrease in PVR on biofeedback; IDOD patients had normalization of short lag time and increased capacity on antimuscarinics; DUD patients had a decrease in capacity on timed voiding; PBND patients on alpha-blocker therapy showed improved uroflow rates and a decrease in mean EMG lag time (all p Conclusion Non-invasive uroflow/EMG is useful not only for diagnosing specific LUT conditions, but also in objectively monitoring treatment efficacy. Subjective improvement on targeted therapy correlates well with objective improvements in uroflow/EMG parameters lending validation to this simplified approach to diagnosis.
Measurement of shear strength of granular/discontinuous-columnar sea ice

Abstract A method of performing shear tests using asymmetrical four-point bending was applied to sea ice. The method leads to less uncertainty in the stress field created. The tests were performed on specimens of granular/discontinuous-columnar ice obtained from the Beaufort Sea. For a test temperature of −13 ± 2°C and salinity of 4.2%, the average shear strength was 550 kPa with a standard deviation of 120 kPa.
Control-parameter scaling in a Hopfield-Tank list-matching network.

A number of authors have reported poor scaling with size N in numerical studies of the neural-network-based algorithm for the ``traveling-salesman'' problem proposed by Hopfield and Tank [Biol. Cybern. 52, 141 (1984)]. In this paper, the scaling with N of a closely related algorithm for solving bipartite list matching is analyzed in an expansion in powers of 1/lnN. A self-averaging solution is obtained by assuming row and column exchange symmetry and directly evaluating the partition function. This yields a prediction for the error rate that increases proportionally to lnN for fixed values of the control parameters, confirmed here for this model by numerical simulation. The same result can be derived using the replica method, assuming that the solutions are replica symmetric. The analysis predicts that scaling the inhibitory coupling with ${\mathit{N}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$, \ensuremath{\delta}g0, drives the error rate asymptotically to 0 with increasing N.
The Relative Risk of Infection from Transfusions After Arthroplasty

For more than a quarter century, orthopaedic surgeons and their patients have been plagued with heightened concerns over complications from blood transfusions. The initial cause for increased caution, starting in the mid-1980s, was the increased awareness of bloodborne transmission of retroviral disease in the form of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the new, near-concurrent ability to identify Hepatitis C separately from Hepatitis A and B1. The sense of burgeoning epidemics of both diseases and the incomplete ability of screening to prevent their transmission led to a new willingness to avoid transfusions at progressively lower hematocrits as well as an explosion of enthusiasm for preoperative autologous blood donations. A second cause for concern, which grew more slowly over the next decade, was that of transfusion-related immunomodulation. Direct clinical measurements of components of the immune system being suppressed by allogeneic blood exposure have been demonstrated; these measurements have been coupled, mostly outside of the orthopaedic literature, with clinical reports of increased rates of infection and more frequent recurrence of tumors2. The most immediate concern for orthopaedic surgeons was the question of increased risk from transfusion for infections after insertion of prosthetic implants. Despite the frequent invocation of such risk as a reason to delay transfusion, the arthroplasty-specific literature has been varied and relatively underpowered on this question. As pointed out by Friedman et al. (one of the two articles discussed in this commentary), the articles that did address this question clinically have been single-center studies compromised by small patient group sizes. In this edition of The Journal, two articles with large patient groups are published that specifically address the question of transfusion-related immunomodulation and the risk for infection after total joint arthroplasty. The issue of sufficient statistical power was addressed in each article by taking advantage of two …
Analysis of pure and mixed murine mast cell colonies

Mast cells have been proposed to originate from diverse sources, including connective tissues, macrophages, T lymphocytes, and hemopoietic cells. Evidence for a hemopoietic origin of mast cells includes the presence of mast cell precursors in spleen colonies and the presence of mast cells in hemopoietic colonies in culture. Here we report a detailed analysis of mouse spleen mixed hemopoietic colonies containing mast cells. All of the colonies in cultures plated at low cell densities were individually removed for analysis by May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining on day 15 of culture. Examination of five dishes which contained a total of 82 colonies showed 16 pure mast cell colonies and 36 mixed mast cell colonies. Sixteen different combinations of cell types were seen and were not distinguishable from each other in situ. The most diverse type of mixed colony contained macrophages (m), neutrophils (n), eosinophils (e), mast cells (Mast), megakaryocytes (M), erythroid cells (E), and blast cells. The clonal origin of mixed mast cell colonies was established by the replating of single cells obtained from blast cell colonies. Individual cells were removed with a micromanipulator, replated, and allowed to grow for 15 days. Cytospin preparations of 10 such colonies showed diverse combinations of cell lineages which were seen in the different types of mixed mast cell colonies described above. Replating studies of mixed mast cell colonies were carried out and a high incidence of replating was seen. Approximately one half of these colonies formed only mast cell colonies upon replating. Further studies showed that pure mast cell colonies could be serially replated four to five times. The replating efficiency of cells in the primary mast cell colonies varied over a wide range (2.5–44%) with an average replating efficiency of 13%. The data also revealed that cells containing metachromatic granules possess significant proliferative capacity. From these studies of pure and mixed mast cell colonies, we concluded (1) that mast cells are in wide variety of types of mixed colonies and that the in situ identification of mixed colonies is unreliable, (2) that mast cells are derived from pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells, and (3) that mast cells with metachromatic granules can have a high proliferating ability.
Honoring (Recollecting) Our Memory of Peter McHugh as Social Theorist

The recent death of Peter McHugh becomes an occasion for the remembrance and recollection of the distinctive form of reflexive or analytic social inquiry, which framed his work and that of his longtime friend and collaborator, Alan Blum. Following dual appointments at York University, Toronto, Canada in 1972, Blum and McHugh’s partnership formed the basis for a community of scholars and students throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. A brief review of McHugh and Blum’s works shows theoretical roots in social constructivism and a deep appreciation of the linguistic turn, which in turn lead to the development of a form of social analysis that meets the stringent requirements of a reflexive sociology by repudiating any claim to a privileged exemption of theoretical speech (practice) from the hermeneutical circle of speech and language. Blum and McHugh are shown to embrace and not to evade the hermeneutical circle by a form of social inquiry that subverts the inherent possibilities available within speech and social convention to make available an encounter with the (moral) authority or form of life for that self-same speech. With each example of everyday life or conventional usage, McHugh (and Blum) move from theorizing which formulates the complexity of a particular instance of social interaction through its rules, to the question of the form of life that make that particular instance of the rules possible. It is the pursuit of transparency between speech and its roots in language that informed and continues to inform the distinctive style of social theory fostered at York-Toronto under the orchestration of McHugh and Blum.
Performance and Rehabilitation of Type L FAA Airport Traffic Control Tower at San Carlos, California, for Seismic Loading

This paper presents a seismic evaluation of the San Carlos airport traffic control tower (ATCT) in San Carlos, California, that describes the tower, presents the seismic evaluation of the tower, and defines a rehabilitation approach that upgrades the structure to applicable life-safety standards. The San Carlos ATCT is a Federal Aviation Administration Type L tower, whose primary structure below the control cab (tower shaft) is four inverted L-shaped reinforced concrete members that frame together at the top of the tower shaft. The goal of this evaluation was to determine if life-safety performance could be demonstrated, and if not, to develop an upgrade approach to achieve this performance. The seismic hazard was based on the maximum considered earthquake defined in the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) recommended provisions. The evaluation shows that the tower cannot achieve life-safety performance due to large deflections in the cab and the formation of a collapse mechanism. The connection base plates for the cab columns (corner window mullions) will form a collapse mechanism at very low seismic motions. Formation of the collapse mechanism is due to base-plate bending failure and subsequent hinging at the base of each column. The recommended rehabilitation approach is to upgrade the columns to reduce deflections to acceptable levels, and also to protect the vulnerable connections. Upgrading the columns consists of welding plates on the interior and exterior column faces and welding deep structural tubing members to the base of each corner column. The writers considered the evaluation of this particular control tower to be of interest to the technical community because of the unique failure mechanism and proposed upgrade approach.
Diffuse lamellar keratitis associated with carboxymethylcellulose sodium 1% after laser in situ keratomileusis.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the association between the use of carboxymethylcellulose sodium 1% (Celluvisc®) (Allergan, Inc.) during laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and the development of diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK). Setting Outpatient surgery center, Detroit, Michigan, USA. Methods In this retrospective case series, the postoperative clinical course and surgical outcomes in 30 eyes of 15 consecutive patients who had LASIK with the use of Celluvisc were reviewed. All patients had primary LASIK, and the incidence and severity of DLK were analyzed. Results Diffuse lamellar keratitis developed in 24 of the 30 eyes (80.0%) in which Celluvisc was used before the keratectomy ( P = Conclusions Celluvisc used immediately before the keratectomy in LASIK was highly associated with the development of DLK.
A model for the reaction pathways of the K+-dependent phosphatase activity of the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase.

Abstract (Na + + K + )-dependent ATPase preparations from rat brain, dog kidney, and human red blood cells also catalyze a K+-dependent phosphatase reaction. K+ activation and Na+ inhibition of this reaction are described quantitatively by a model featuring isomerization between E1 and E2 enzyme conformations with activity proportional to E2K concentration: Differences between the three preparations in K 0.5 for K+ activation can then be accounted for by differences in equilibria between E1K and E2K with dissociation constants identical. Similarly, reductions in K 0.5 produced by dimethyl sulfoxide are attributable to shifts in equilibria toward E2 conformations. Na+ stimulation of K+-dependent phosphatase activity of brain and red blood cell preparations, demonstrable with KCl under 1 mM, can be accounted for by including a supplementary pathway proportional to E1Na but dependent also on K+ activation through high-affinity sites. With inside-out red blood cell vesicles, K+ activation in the absence of Na+ is mediated through sites oriented toward the cytoplasm, while in the presence of Na+ high-affinity K+-sites are oriented extracellularly, as are those of the (Na + + K + )-dependent ATPase reaction. Dimethyl sulfoxide accentuated Na+-stimulated K+-dependent phosphatase activity in all three preparations, attributable to shifts from the E1P to E2P conformation, with the latter bearing the high-affinity, extracellularly oriented K+-sites of the Na+-stimulated pathway.
Nuclear polyhedrosis virus-specific soluble antigens in fat body of Trichoplusia ni larvae

Abstract Virus-specific antigens were demonstrated by immunodiffusion in the soluble fraction of fat body in NPV-infected Trichoplusia ni larvae. Four precipitin bands were present on the second day following infection and remained throughout the course of the disease. Two of these bands also were present when the soluble fraction was diffused against polyhedral antiserum. One band coalesced with inclusion body protein. A second band contained at least 2 distinct antigens; one common with inclusion body protein and the other with a virion antigen.
A regulated magnetron pulser

This paper describes the design and analysis of a 5.0 kV, 500 mA, regulated current pulser configured to drive an Hitachi model 2M130 2425 MHz magnetron used to modulate the plasma in a particle accelerator injector. In this application, precise and stable RF power is crucial to extract a stable and accurate particle beam. A 10 kV high-voltage triode vacuum tube with active feedback is used to control the magnetron current and output RF power. The pulse width may be varied from as little as five microseconds to continuous duty by varying the width of a supplied gate pulse. The output current level can be programmed between 10 and 500 mA. Current regulation and accuracy are better than 1%. Design of the pulser including circuit simulations, power calculations, and high-voltage issues are discussed.
The effects of neutron damage on the retention of tritium in carbon composites

Tritium retention measurements have been performed for two carbon composites both before and after neutron irradiation. These two composites were FMI-222 manufactured by Fiber Materials Incorporated and MKC-1PH by Mitsubishi Kasei. The neutron irradiations were performed in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory at 473 K and spanned radiation levels from unirradiated up to 1.0 dpa. The high energy traps in the composites were saturated in tritium by heating the composites to 1673 K with a pure tritium gas pressure of 13.2 Pa. The samples were then outgassed in a separate system at a temperature of 1963 K where tritium analysis was performed using an ionization chamber and liquid scintillation counting. For all irradiation conditions, the retained tritium was less than that measured in earlier studies for different types of graphites. The results suggest carbon composites should be preferred over graphites for use in fusion reactors where both tritium and neutron irradiation exist.
Eigenvalue bounds for the Orr-Sommerfeld equation

Estimates of the eigenvalues C belonging to the manifold of solutions of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation are constructed by application of elementary isoperimetric inequalities. The inequalities also lead to a considerable improvement on the estimate of (αR) regions of linear stability given by Synge.
Home Fruit, Juice and Vegetable Pantry Management and Availability Scales: A Validation

Home fruit, 100% juice, and vegetables (FJV) availability is related to increased FJV consumption by children. While FJV must be purchased for use in the home, no scales have been reported on home FJV pantry management practices. A scale for home FJV pantry management practices was generated from focus group discussions with diverse 162 food shoppers. A commonly used scale of home FJV availability was also assessed. A grocery store intercept survey recruited 171 food shoppers with children in front of supermarkets and grocery stores. Survey instruments were administered twice, separated by 6 weeks. Single dimensionality was observed for each scale. Item Response Theory parameter estimates revealed easily interpreted patterns in the sequence of items by difficulty of response. These scales are available to help better understand influences on family FJV purchase decisions.
Analysis and Modeling of Aortic Tissue Material Properties

A hyperelastic material with linear viscoelasticity was used to characterize the mechanical behavior of aortic tissue based on literature and new experimental data. It was shown that the previous data led to contradictory uniaxial and biaxial responses. A set of new material properties were identified which closely described the experimental data for strains below 40%.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Gender and the Pedagogical Mission in Higher Education in Tajikistan: From Leninabad Pedagogical Institute into Khujand State University.

Elevating the status of women was among the primary Soviet objectives in Central Asia. One way of achieving this was to create a new profession—school teaching—that would become an important career for them. Newly minted women professionals were scientifically trained in pedagogical institutes, then placed in the growing number of secondary schools. As teachers they received a high measure of community esteem and relatively good salaries. Since independence, however, teaching and teachers have lost status in all Central Asian republics, while the former pedagogical institutes have been repurposed as state universities. Drawing primarily on participant observation and open-ended interviews, this ethnographic research investigated reemergent gender inequalities in the Republic of Tajikistan as experienced, perceived, and understood by university faculty, students, administrators, and staff. The fieldwork and interviews were primarily completed in the city of Khujand in February and March 2011.
Design and Testing of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Powered Motorcycle

The goal of the project was to design and build a hydrogen fuel cell powered motorcycle to provide efficiency data as well as increase knowledge and interest in fuel cell based propulsion. Presented are details on the structural components, the fuel cell stack, the metal hydride hydrogen storage tanks, the power electronics drive and the data acquisition system. Waste heat from the fuel cells is used to significantly improve the storage capacity of the metal hydride tanks. Data and analysis of bench and road tests are presented.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation Technology for Adhesive Bond and Composite Material Inspection

Widespread use of lightweight composite materials and adhesively bonded structures has led to an urgent need for developing a reliable inspection technology for these materials. The possible anisotropic and inhomogeneous nature of these materials combined with the applications of new joint configurations has made the science and engineering of nondestructive inspection quite challenging and complex. In fact, one of the major limitations in the use of adhesives as a structural element is associated with the difficulty encountered in making an accurate determination of bond quality or potential performance after the joint has been completely assembled. An important aspect of using adhesives is therefore the associated need to develop a nondestructive evaluation technique that makes use of a simple measurement for predicting the potential structural bonding performance level.
Procedures and Tables for Evaluating Dependent Mixed Acceptance Sampling Plans

This paper gives procedures and tables for evaluating the operating characteristic curves and associated measures of dependent mixed acceptance sampling plans for the case of single specification limit and known standard deviation, assuming a normal distribution. Joint probabilities necessary for evaluating these measures are derived and methods to facilitate their computation are provided. A useful generalized dependent plan is also presented, using two attributes acceptance numbers rather than one. Tables of joint probabilities necessary for evaluation of mixed plans are presented for first sample sizes of 4, 5, 8, and 10, acceptance numbers of 0, 1, and 2 and various percentages defective.
Spectroscopic and computational insights into the geometric and electronic properties of the A-cluster of acetyl-coenzyme A synthase

For the last two decades, the bifunctional enzyme acetyl-coenzyme A synthase/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (ACS/CODH) from Moorella thermoacetica has been the subject of considerable research aimed at elucidating the geometric and electronic properties of the A-cluster, which serves as the active site for ACS catalysis. While the recent success in obtaining high-resolution X-ray structures of this enzyme solved many of the mysteries regarding the number, identities, and coordination environments of the metal centers of the A-cluster, fundamental questions concerning the catalytic mechanism of this highly elaborate polynuclear active site have yet to be answered. This Commentary summarizes relevant information obtained from spectroscopic and computational studies on the oxidized, reduced, and CO-bound forms of the A-cluster and highlights some of the key issues regarding the electronic properties and reactivity of this cluster that need to be addressed in future studies.
Cosmogenic neutrinos from cosmic ray interactions with extragalactic infrared photons

We discuss the production of cosmogenic neutrinos on extragalactic infrared photons in a model of its cosmological evolution. The relative importance of these infrared photons as a target for proton interactions is significant, especially in the case of steep injection spectra of the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. For an ${E}^{\ensuremath{-}2.5}$ cosmic ray injection spectrum, for example, the event rate of neutrinos of energy above 1 PeV is more than doubled.
Management of Coexisting Coronary Artery and Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Disease: Report of a Series of Patients Treated with Coronary Bypass Alone☆

Abstract Background a retrospective chart review of 94 patients with asymptomatic high-grade carotid stenosis undergoing coronary bypass (and valve replacement in some cases) was performed to determine whether significant carotid lesions can be safely ignored in patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures. These operations were performed during a 2-year period. Patients and methods there were 55 men and 39 women, with an age range of 37–89 years. Seventy-one patients had unilateral high-grade carotid stenosis, 17 patients had bilateral high-grade lesions, and six patients had unilateral high-grade stenosis and contralateral occlusion. Associated medical problems were recorded and short-term follow-up was obtained. Results there was one perioperative stroke and no deaths in this group of patients. Conclusions although these data indicate that high-grade carotid stenoses may be safely ignored during cardiac surgical procedures, a multicentre prospective randomised trial is needed to determine the appropriate treatment of the patient with coexisting carotid and coronary artery disease.
Characterization of the TRPC3 Gene in Myotonic Goats: Further Insight Into Myotonia congenita and Muscular Dystrophy

Myotonia congenita (Mc) is a muscle disorder seen in both Myotonic goats and humans, caused by mutations in the chloride ion channel gene (CLCN1). Calcium signaling has been coupled to the function of the CLCN1, but this interaction is not well understood, as individuals with Mc do not experience muscular dystrophy (MD). Over expression of the Transient Receptor Cation Channel 3 ( TRPC3 ), a protein responsible for calcium influx and muscle contraction causes an elevation in calcium which results in a phenotype of MD. Evaluation of the TRPC3 gene in Myotonic goats has not been conducted. Therefore the objective of this experiment was to evaluate gene expression of the TRPC3 gene in Myotonic vs. Spanish goats (control). Total RNA was isolated from whole blood samples. Cross species primers were designed from the human, bovine, and mouse TRPC3 cDNA alignments. The goat partial TRPC3 gene showed 98%, 92% and 91%, and 100%, 98%, and 98% nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology to the bovine, human and mouse TRPC3 genes respectively. Quantitative Real Time PCR showed that gene expression of TRPC3 was 77% higher (P<0.05) in Myotonic than Non-Myotonic (Spanish) goats. Male Myotonic goats expressed 67% higher levels (P<0.05) of TRPC3 than females. The TRPC3 gene expression was 90% higher (P<0.05) in Myotonic goats older than 4 years of age. These data indicate that the TRPC3 gene is a potential biomarker to further study Myotonia congenita in Myotonic goats and the interrelationship of the mechanism of calcium signaling in human Mc and MD.
Circular dichroism and spin-label studies of carp hemoglobin

Abstract Circular dichroism (c.d.) spectra were obtained for deoxy, oxy, carboxy, nitrosyl, aquomet and azidomet derivatives of carp hemoglobin. The spectra of the hemolysate and its two major components are virtually identical. Binding of diatomic ligands induces large changes in the 287 nm ellipticity. In the case of oxygen binding this change appears to be proportional to the free energy of co-operation. The changes of L-band ellipticity and Soret rotational strength with ligation reflect tertiary structural alterations and bear no relationship to quaternary transitions. The c.d. results indicate that carp deoxyhemoglobin has very similar tertiary and quaternary structures between pH 6·4 and 8·0, whereas the oxyhemoglobin undergoes continuous conformational adjustment in response to pH changes. The effect of inositol hexaphosphate on c.d. spectra is much smaller than it is on the functional properties. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of iodoacetamide nitroxide label are sensitive to ligation, the label is probably attached to Cys142β.
Program invariants as fixed points

We argue that relative soundness and completeness theorems for Floyd-Hoare Axiom Systems ([6], [5], [18]) are really fixed point theorems. We give a characterization of program invariants as fixed points of functionals which may be obtained in a natural manner from the text of a program. We show that within the framework of this fixed point theory, relative soundness and completeness results have a particularly simple interpretation. Completeness of a Floyd-Hoare Axiom system is equivalent to the existence of a fixed point for an appropriate functional, and soundness follows from the maximality of this fixed point, The functionals associated with regular procedure declarations are similar to predicate transformers of Dijkstra; for non-regular recursions it is necessary to use a generalization of the predicate transformer concept which we call a relational transformer.
Mammalian Tissue Oxygen Levels Modulate Iron-Regulatory Protein Activities in Vivo

The iron-regulatory proteins (IRPs) posttranscriptionally regulate expression of transferrin receptor, ferritin, and other iron metabolism proteins. Although both IRPs can regulate expression of the same target genes, IRP2-/- mice significantly misregulate iron metabolism and develop neurodegeneration, whereas IRP1-/- mice are spared. We found that IRP2-/- cells misregulated iron metabolism when cultured in 3 to 6% oxygen, which is comparable to physiological tissue concentrations, but not in 21% oxygen, a concentration that activated IRP1 and allowed it to substitute for IRP2. Thus, IRP2 dominates regulation of mammalian iron homeostasis because it alone registers iron concentrations and modulates its RNA-binding activity at physiological oxygen tensions.
Deleuze’s Difference

Abstract This article delineates the core concerns and motivations of the ontological work of Gilles Deleuze, and is intended as a programmatic statement for a general philosophical audience. The article consists of two main parts. In the first, two early writings by Deleuze are analysed in order to clarify his understanding of ontology broadly, and to specify the precise aim of his understanding of being in terms of difference. The second part of the article looks at the work of Heidegger and Derrida in order to distinguish Deleuze’s conceptions of ontology and difference from theirs. A final section clarifies Deleuze’s efforts to undertake the construction of an ontology divergent from the dominant tradition and in contrast to the emphasis on the closure of metaphysics in the thought of Heidegger and Derrida.
Mechanical stresses in left ventricular apical infarct aneurysm

INTRODUCTION: Stress in ventricular wall post-infarct is responsible for remodeling and deterioration of heart function. Linearly elastic-isotropic or large deformation anisotropic theory can be applied to calculate stresses. Biaxial studies show anisotropic behavior of the heart. Validity of linearly elastic-isotropic model in measuring stresses accurately is questionable. The purpose of this study was to compare 1)isotropic, linearly elastic and 2)anisotropic, large deformation models(CMISS) of apical infarct aneurysm. We hypothesize significant disagreement between the two models.
Recent advances in pediatric renal neoplasia.

Abstract: Over the past 6 years, molecular genetic studies have significantly advanced our understanding of pediatric renal neoplasms. The cellular variant of congenital mesoblastic nephroma (but not the classic variant) has been shown to bear the same t(12;15)(p13;q25) and ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion as infantile fibrosarcoma, a tumor with which it shares morphologic and clinical features. Rhabdoid tumor of the kidney is characterized by deletion of the hSNF5/INI1 gene, which links it to other rhabdoid tumors of infancy that arise in the soft tissue and brain. Primary renal synovial sarcomas and renal primitive neuroectodermal tumors have become accepted entities, and likely comprise a subset of what had previously been termed “adult Wilms tumor.” Renal carcinomas associated with Xp11.2 translocations that result in fusions involving the TFE3 transcription factor gene have been delineated, including a distinctive neoplasm that shares the identical gene fusion as alveolar soft part sarcoma. Most recently, a distinctive type of renal neoplasm with a t(6;11)(p21;q12) has been described, and the cloning of the resulting gene fusion links it to the Xp11 translocation carcinomas. Together, these last two translocation-associated tumors represent a significant proportion of pediatric renal cell carcinomas. This review highlights each of these recent advances.
Blood expression profiles for tuberous sclerosis complex 2, neurofibromatosis type 1, and down's syndrome

Blood gene expression profiling has been applied to a variety of hematological malignancies, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. This study applies this approach to genetic diseases without obvious blood phenotypes. Three genetic diseases including tuberous sclerosis complex 2, neurofibromatosis type 1, and Down's syndrome were compared with a group of healthy controls. RNA from whole blood was surveyed using Affymetrix U133A arrays. Each disease was associated with a unique gene expression pattern in blood that can be accurately distinguished by a classifier. Genes on chromosome 21 were overexpressed in Down's syndrome, and genes controlling cell cycle and proliferation were associated with tuberous sclerosis complex type 2 or neurofibromatosis type 1. A subset of genes involved in cardiac development or remodeling were overexpressed in patients with Down's syndrome and congenital heart defects. These findings suggest that blood gene expression profiling on a broader basis might be useful for genetic disease screening/diagnosis and might help elucidate mechanisms and pathways that lead to genotype-phenotype differences.
Magnetoelasticity and structure of Er/Y superlattices

Single‐crystal superlattices (Erx/Yy) have been grown by molecular‐beam epitaxy techniques with the c axis perpendicular to the growth plane. The magnetic structure has been determined by neutron diffraction, and demonstrates long‐range order of the c‐axis Ising‐like Er moments extending through the ‘‘magnetically dead’’ Y layers (TN superlattice ≊TN bulk), as was found for the X‐Y superlattices (Dyx /Yy). The Er c‐axis effective turn angles for x=13, 23, and 32 are all nearly temperature independent at ω≊2π/7, the high‐temperature lock‐in value in bulk Er (although it is difficult to determine if a lock‐in transition occurs), with the ferromagnetic transition completely suppressed. This results from the fact that the magneto‐elastic energy density, which causes ω to decrease in the bulk, is considerably reduced in the superlattices. As in bulk Er, the high‐temperature sinusoidally modulated phase ‘‘squares up’’ upon reducing the temperature, and this squaring is enhanced at the basal‐plane ordering trans...
Quasigroups, nets, and nomograms

Introduction 1. Nomograms 2. Geometric Nets 3. Algebraic Nets 4. Other Definitions of Algebraic Nets 5. Regularity of Geometric Nets. Continuous Loops Isomorphic to the Additive Group of Real Numbers 6. Functional Equations on Quasigroups. Applications on Nets. Further Problems References 383 384 391 402 429