cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High sensitivity of diesel soot morphological and optical properties to combustion temperature in a shock tube.

Carbonaceous particles produced from combustion of fossil fuels have strong impacts on air quality and climate, yet quantitative relationships between particle characteristics and combustion conditions remain inadequately understood. We have used a shock tube to study the formation and properties of diesel combustion soot, including particle size distributions, effective density, elemental carbon (EC) mass fraction, mass-mobility scaling exponent, hygroscopicity, and light absorption and scattering. These properties are found to be strongly dependent on the combustion temperature and fuel equivalence ratio. Whereas combustion at higher temperatures (∼2000 K) yields fractal particles of a larger size and high EC content (90 wt %), at lower temperatures (∼1400 K) smaller particles of a higher organic content (up to 65 wt %) are produced. Single scattering albedo of soot particles depends largely on their organic content, increasing drastically from 0.3 to 0.8 when the particle EC mass fraction decreases fro...
Indigenous Minority Rights, Citizenship, and the New Jerusalem: A Reflection on the Future of Palestinians and Jews in the Expanded State of Israel

For the past decades arguments have been made for the separa tion of Jews and Palestinians into two states. Based on strategic, practi cal, and moral considerations these arguments have been supported by Jews and Palestinians across a moderate to liberal spectrum and have been framed in terms of the rights of the indigenous people, Palestini ans, and the rights of a persecuted people, Jews.1 Of course, the two-state solution has always been more complicated than the arguments advanced on its behalf and the last decade has made such a solution impossible. The Oslo process, begun by Yitzhak Rabin and consolidated by Benjamin Netanyahu, has brought the fol lowing reality into focus: Israel now extends from Tel Aviv to the Jor dan River with millions of Palestinians within that state. There are two
Magnesium and calcium in the cerebrospinal fluid of the rat.

SummaryThe concentration of Mg and Ca were measured in the plasma, ultrafilterable plasma, and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid of young and mature rats using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Agin...
Near-Infrared- and Visible-Light-Enhanced Metal-Free Catalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants over Carbon-Dot-Based Carbocatalysts Synthesized from Biomass.

Cost-efficient nanoparticle carbocatalysts composed of fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) embedded in carbon matrix were synthesized via one-step acid-assisted hydrothermal treatment (200 °C) of glucose. These as-synthesized CD-based carbocatalysts have excellent photoluminescence (PL) properties over a broad range of wavelengths and the external visible or NIR irradiation on the carbocatalysts could produce electrons to form electron–hole (e––h+) pairs on the surface of carbocatalysts. These restant electron–hole pairs will react with the adsorbed oxidants/reducers on the surface of the CD-based carbocatalysts to produce active radicals for reduction of 4-nitrophenol and degradation of dye molecules. Moreover, the local temperature increase over CD-based carbocatalyst under NIR irradiation can enhance the electron transfer rate between the organic molecules and CD-based carbocatalysts, thus obviously increase the catalytic activity of the CD-based carbocatalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and the degra...
Experimental Study of Phased Array Beam Steering Characteristics

The influence of several geometric parameters of linear phased arrays was studied. A systematic approach using an automated testing assembly was used to assess the steering performance of the array in a solid medium. In addition to calibrating the transducer with respect to its steering accuracy, this arrangement provided a detailed study of the effects of steering angle, number of elements, inter-element spacing and array aperture on the beam directivity. The experimental results show good agreement quantitatively with the predicted steering characteristics.
Dimensions, Birefringences, and Force-Elongation Behavior of Major and Minor Ampullate Silk Fibers from Orb-Web-Spinning Spiders—The Effects of Wetting on these Properties:

The effects of wetting by water were determined on the dimensions, birefringences, and force-elongation behavior of major and minor ampullate silk fibers from Araneus diadematus Clerck, and major only from Araneus sericatus Clerck and Araneus gemma (McCook) (all family Araneidae). The values obtained at room conditions (RC), in the wetted, restrained (WR) and wetted, axially unrestrained (WU) states, the ratios of these, between states, are reported upon. The unexpected supercontraction of major ampullate fibers, WU, is contrasted with the stabile behavior of those from the minor ampullate gland systems. When dried from the WR state, both types appear to recover their RC properties. But when dried slack from the WU state, the major ampullate fibers undergo the “drawing” phenomenon typical of many man-made protofibers. The techniques required in order to secure data on these fragile (diameters, 0.6–6.0 μm) fibers, are described in some detail.
Camelina Seed Yield and Fatty Acids as Influenced by Genotype and Environment

Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) is an alternative oilseed crop with potential for fallow replacement in dryland cereal-based crop production systems in the semiarid Great Plains. The interaction between genotype and environment was investigated on camelina seed yield, oil content, and fatty acid composition across two locations in the U.S. Great Plains. Treatments were three spring camelina genotypes (cultivars Blaine Creek, Pronghorn, and Shoshone), three growing seasons (2013, 2014, and 2015) and two locations (at Hays, KS, and Moccasin, MT). Results showed camelina grown at Hays yielded 54% less than that at Moccasin. Blaine Creek yielded 17 and 42% more than Pronghorn and Shoshone at Hays but yields were not different among genotypes at Moccasin. Oil content ranged from 262 g kg–¹ at Hays to 359 g kg–¹ at Moccasin. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ranged from 51% at Hays to 55% at Moccasin, whereas monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents were greater at Hays. The linolenic acid content ranged from 26% when Pronghorn was planted at Hays to 35% when planted at Moccasin. In general, the variations in seed yield and fatty acid profile corresponded well with growing season precipitation and temperatures at each environment.
Impact of a mental health clinical pharmacist on a primary care mental health integration team.

Abstract Introduction: Primary care mental health integration (PCMHI) teams function to improve access and quality of integrative physical and mental health (MH) care through a stepped care treatment approach. The project's primary objective was to evaluate the impact a PCMHI clinical pharmacist made on treatment outcomes and interventions. The secondary objective was to assess medication adherence rates. Methods: An electronic medical record was used to identify PCMHI patient referrals for medication management during an 8-month period. Patients were included if they were at least 18 years old and referred for medication management of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, or alcohol use disorder. The scores for the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7), and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-C) were recorded at baseline and weeks 4, 8, and 12 during treatment. Results: The analysis included 50 patients, which resulted in a...
Protective effects of household-based TB interventions are robust to neighbourhood-level variation in exposure risk in Lima, Peru: a model-based analysis.

Background Untargeted active screening and treatment programmes for tuberculosis (TB) have not been shown to be more effective than passive screening and isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for reducing TB incidence. In this manuscript, we compare the efficacy of targeting screening and IPT on high-risk household contacts of diagnosed TB cases, with less-targeted active screening approaches in Lima, Peru. Methods We conducted a population-based prospective cohort study within households of TB cases in Lima. We identified all adults diagnosed with incident pulmonary TB from 2009 through 2012 at 106 participating public health centres (HC) within our catchment area of ∼3.3 million inhabitants. We estimated combined effects of community and household exposure on the risk of latent TB infection (LTBI) and incident TB disease. We used simulation modelling to assess the efficacy of TB screening programmes for reducing the risk of incident TB in these contacts. Results Individuals with household exposure to TB are more likely to present with LTBI and TB disease than those without this exposure, despite wide variation in community exposure. Simulations suggest that more cases are prevented by 1000 administrations of IPT to tuberculin skin test (TST)-positive household contacts of identified TB cases (30, 95% CI = 16,47) than from blanket screening and treatment in the community (7, 95% CI = 2,17). Conclusions Household exposure remains a major driver of incident TB risk among household contacts of identified TB cases. Targeting interventions on these individuals is likely to prevent more cases of TB than blanket screening of individuals in the community.
Tay-Sachs Disease

Tay-Sachs disease, which is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, is a fatal disease. It is characterized by the absence or deficiency of the enzyme hexosaminidase A. This biochemical defect results in an abnormal deposition of gangliosidase in the central nervous system and the liver. Statistically, it is common in Ashkenazic Jews, and the carrier state for the disease may be 1 in every 30 Jewish people. It has also been reported in children of French-Canadian ancestry. It is possible to assay the levels of the enzyme in amniotic fluid; and, as such, it is commonly tested for when amniocentesis is performed.
Mutual Shaping of a CMS for Social Journalism in a Hierarchical News Organization

This article presents a case study of a news organization examined when it was introducing a proprietary content management system (CMS) for social journalism. The CMS enables users to publish, form groups, and follow one another to create personalized local health news feeds. Applying the mutual shaping of technology (MST) construct in analysis organized according to the hierarchy of influences model, this article examines how the CMS influenced the news organization and vice versa. Even in an organization with a great deal of control over a small innovation, the predominant perception was that the CMS was a technological incursion rather than a tool to be molded. Instead of asserting professional norms over the technology as social shapers, journalists focused on managing changes in routines and organizational structures and on managing perceptions about the “experiment.” The project has stagnated. This article discusses why, and it addresses the usefulness of the MST construct for examining innovation iterations in news organizations.
Color vision and contrast sensitivity in Parkinson Disease (P1.041)

Objective: To evaluate visual acuity at high and low contrast with five distinct colors (red, green, blue, yellow, and black) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and controls using an iPad application. Background: Changes in color vision and contrast sensitivity are a non-motor feature of PD. These changes can have a significant impact on activities such as driving and walking in low-light condition. Design/Methods: Subjects were recruited from Mayo Clinic Arizona and the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders. A movement examination, including the Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, was recorded on the day of vision testing. Visual acuity was tested with the Variable Contrast Acuity Chart (King-Devick Test LLC, Oakbrook Terrace, IL) on an Apple iPad 2. Subjects were tested at a comfortable reading distance (40 cms) using five distinct colors (red, green, blue, yellow, and black) at low (2.5%) and high (100%) contrast. Results: 36 patients with PD (mean age 68 years) and 36 control subjects (mean age 72 years) were studied. The mean disease duration of PD was 6.4 ± 4.6 years, Hoehn and Yahr staging was 2.0 ± 0.6, MDS-UPDRS part II was 11.7 ± 7.0 and part III was 24.5 ± 9.9. After adjusting for age and gender, PD patients had significantly (p Conclusions: PD patients have significantly reduced visual acuity for all the colors tested at various levels of contrast (except for yellow at low contrast) compared to controls. This test can serve as a useful tool for assessing vision in PD and has potential for being a biomarker to differentiate PD from controls. Disclosure: Dr. Harsh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zhang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Beach has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Prothena, GSK and Genentech. Dr. Adler has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Acadia, Acorda, Adamas, Jazz, Lundbeck, Neurocrine, Revance, Scion, and Sunovion.
Board-level rapid-prototyping shielding for radio frequency transmission lines

This paper presents an initial study of the effectiveness of additively manufactured electromagnetic shielding for microwave printed circuit boards (PCBs). In analog/radio frequency and digital designs it is uncommon to find a PCB without some form of an electromagnetic (EM) shield covering one of its components. Often these shields are constructed from machined metal housings or seal frame lids, which limit the application of the shielding to specific components or regions of the PCB. The proposed approach described in this paper implements additive manufacturing (AM) with a form of metal deposition to create conformal shields to increase coplanar waveguide to coplanar waveguide (CPW-to-CPW) isolation. The level of shielding obtained is shown to be comparable to CPW-to-stripline isolation from DC to 30 GHz for 33 mm traces separated by 3.8 mm.
Trends in birth across high-parity groups by race/ethnicity and maternal age.

BACKGROUND: The changing racial and ethnic diversity of the U.S. population along with delayed childbearing suggest that shifts in the demographic composition of gravidas are likely. It is unclear whether trends in the proportion of births to parous women in the United States have changed over the decades by race and ethnicity, reflecting parallel changes in population demographics. METHODS: Singleton deliveries > or = 20 weeks of gestation in the United States from 1989 through 2000 were analyzed using data from the "Natality data files" assembled by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). We classified maternal age into three categories; younger mothers (aged or = 40 years) and maternal race/ethnicity into three groups: blacks (non-Hispanic), Hispanics and whites (non-Hispanic). We computed birth rates by period of delivery across the entire population and repeated the analysis stratified by age and maternal race. Chi-squared statistics for linear trend were utilized to assess linear trend across three four-year phases: 1989-1992, 1993-1996 and 1997-2000. In estimating the association between race/ethnicity and parity status, the direct method of standardization was employed to adjust for maternal age. RESULTS: Over the study period, the total number of births to blacks and whites diminished consistently (p for trend or = 15 previous live births) parity groups (p for trend < 0.001). After maternal age standardization, black and Hispanic women were more likely to have higher parity as compared to whites. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate substantial variation in parity patterns among the main racial and ethnic populations in the United States. These results may help in formulating strategies that will serve as templates for optimizing resource allocation across the different racial/ethnic subpopulations in the United States.
THE FAA: A TOMBSTONE AGENCY? PUTTING THE NICKNAME TO THE TEST

The purpose of this research was to investigate Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) activity before and after six catastrophic airline accidents to examine the alleged reactive policy-setting reputation of the FAA. Actions reviewed were regulatory, inspection, and enforcement activities. The study revealed that change in agency activity does occur following an accident. The location of the event appears to influence the direction of change. When accidents occurred within the United States, FAA activity increased following the accident. The opposite occurred for airline accidents outside the U.S. The increase in FAA activity following U.S. based events, supports the reactive, tombstone agency reputation the FAA has acquired. In addition, the research revealed nine FAA activities judged by industry experts as having the ability to improve safety in the airline industry. Inspections and certificate actions are considered activities that will improve safety. Regulatory actions, fines, warning notices, and letters of correction were judged as non-safety enhancing activities. The result of this research was an increased understanding of how the FAA responds to airline accidents and the consequences of the response.
An online bibliography of bioerosion references

A bibliography of bioerosion-related books and papers has been available on the Internet for several years. The list now includes almost 2200 references. This bibliography is freely available to the public and frequently edited, so it grows in size, coverage, and accuracy. The bibliography shows the diversity of interests in the bioerosion community. References range from the mostly geological to the botanical; from articles concerned with macrobioerosion by bivalves, worms, sponges, and barnacles to numerous papers on microbioerosion by bacteria and fungi. The online nature of this resource means it will grow with the needs of the bioerosion research community.
The patients' perspective: Results of a survey assessing knowledge about and attitudes toward depression in PD

We report results of a survey assessing patients' knowledge about and attitudes towards depression in Parkinson's disease (PD). 345 patients from 8 tertiary care centers responded (43% response rate). Overall, patients were relatively knowledgeable about depression and its occurrence in PD. However, many patients believed that depression is a normal reaction to the illness. While many respondents would be reluctant to initiate a discussion of depression during a clinical evaluation, most would feel comfortable talking about depression with their physician if he or she asked them questions about their mood. Based on the results of this survey, we recommend the following approach for physicians: (1) inform PD patients that, although a frequent occurrence, depression need not be accepted as a "normal reaction" to PD; and (2) routinely inquire about depressive symptoms rather than waiting for the patient to spontaneously report them.
Rainflow Cycle Counting : A Historical Perspective

Abstract This paper reviews the historical development of the rainflow cycle counting method invented by Tatsuo Endo in 1967. Key contributions that have extended the original work of Endo are briefly reviewed.
Caldesmon mRNA splicing and isoform expression in mammalian smooth-muscle and non-muscle tissues.

Abstract The recent determination of the genomic sequence of human caldesmon indicates that eight caldesmon mRNA species could be generated by selection of exon 1 or 1', exon 3a or 3ab and/or exon 4. We used reverse transcriptase PCR to determine which transcripts were produced in human, rabbit and sheep artery, vein, lung, intestine, kidney and liver. In all tissues the same three transcripts were present: exons 1'-2-3a-5-6...13, exons 1'-2-3a3b-5-6-...13 and exons 1'-2-3a3b-4-5-6...13. Exon 1 was not present and exon 4 was only present when exon 3b was also present. Three protein isoforms of caldesmon can be distinguished by electrophoresis on high-porosity 6% polyacrylamide gel: 130 kDa, 120 kDa and 70 kDa. The 70 kDa isoform lacks the sequence encoded by exon 3b. We investigated whether the two high-molecular-mass isoforms correspond to the presence and absence of exon 4 using an antiserum specific to the sequence encoded by exon 4. Western-blotting and immunoprecipitation experiments showed that both the 130 kDa and the 120 kDa isoforms were expressed with and without the exon 4 sequence. We therefore propose that the molecular-mass heterogeneity arises from additional first exons, possibly with separate promoter regions, which have not yet been characterized in the genomic sequence.
Ruby Payne-Scott’s Ancestors and Her Early Childhood

Ruby Payne-Scott’s family history reveals that her forebears believed in the importance of education; these ancestors included a number of independent-minded women. Payne-Scott, herself an educator, had many role models to follow as numerous women in her family tree were teachers. Similar to Ruby Payne-Scott, her female ancestors tended to have children later in life, while men in her lineage tried their hands at numerous professions.
The Role of the Environment in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease with incompletely understood pathogenesis. Though disease manifestations were initially ascribed to a delayed reaction to food allergens, emerging evidence suggests that modifiable host factors and environmental allergen exposure may also play critical roles in the pathogenesis and ongoing manifestations of EoE. As with other atopic diseases, lack of early-life exposure to microbial pathogens leads to an immune tolerance defect and reprograms the commensal gut microflora toward a type 2 T helper (Th2) phenotype; the esophageal microbiota, a rich environment consisting of diverse bacterial species, is greatly altered by inflammation. Although multiple early life microbiome-altering factors are associated with EoE development, no causative, direct relationships have been identified. Interestingly, large, cross-sectional analyses of several populations identify an inverse relationship between Helicobacter pylori presence and EoE, likely via virulence factors that downregulate Th2 inflammation, though causality has not been proven. In regard to environmental allergens, some studies support seasonal variation in EoE diagnosis and flares, and EoE can be generated after a large, identifiable aeroallergen exposure. Examples include mouse models of intranasal Aspergillus dosing and following initiation of oral immunotherapy to foods or environmental allergens. Conversely, treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis may improve EoE symptoms, though data is limited to case reports and small series. Unfortunately, biologic therapies for atopic conditions have failed to improve EoE symptoms despite improvement in esophageal eosinophil count, though dupilumab shows promise in ongoing studies. Overall, this chapter shows that EoE pathogenesis is likely multifactorial, and the environment is a key component in our understanding of EoE.
Aggregated fact-checks, partisanship, and perceptions of candidate honesty

Evidence of journalistic fact-checking’s capacity to correct misperceptions is mixed, and evidence of its capacity to alter candidate appraisals is even more limited. However, to date, investigator...
A real business cycle model with money as a sunspot variable

Abstract A well-known criticism of the RBC model is that it cannot match the data on money. Due to the perfect flexibility of prices and the absence of frictions, any exogenous increase in the money supply will be fully offset by wage and price increases, implying that money is neutral even in the short run. However, beliefs that money is non-neutral could become a self-fulfilling prophesy. By using money as a sunspot variable in an RBC model, I successfully replicate many of the correlations in the data, even though money does not directly affect the economy’s fundamentals. This shows that models with flexible prices are not necessarily incompatible with the monetary data and offers support for the use of sunspot variables in macroeconomics.
State Assessment of Measuring Error and Analysis of Risk Early Warning Technology for Operating CVT

The state evaluation of measurement performance of CVT is an important part of the state evaluation of electric energy metering devices. Based on the measurement data of several running CVTs in power grid and using the processing thought of big data for reference, this paper seeks the potential correlation between measurement data and errors of running CVT, evaluates the measurement performance of running CVT, warns CVT with high risk of error overshoot, and establishes the evaluation system of CVT metering performance condition-based maintenance and formulates corresponding operation and maintenance strategies. This paper designs an on-line monitoring and risk early warning system for measuring error status of CVT, which collects, transmits, processes, monitors and warns the output data of running CVT in real time.
Design and Synthesis of Air-Stable p-Channel-Conjugated Polymers for High Signal-to-Drift Nitrogen Dioxide and Ammonia Sensing

The development of high-performance-conjugated polymer-based gas sensors involves detailed structural tailoring such that high sensitivities are achieved without compromising the stability of the fabricated devices. In this work, we systematically developed a series of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymer semiconductors by modifying the polymer backbone to achieve and rationalize enhancements in gas sensitivities and electronic stability in air. NO2- and NH3-responsive polymer-based organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are described with improved air stability compared to all-thiophene conjugated polymers. Five DPP-fluorene-based polymers were synthesized and compared to two control polymers and used as active layers to detect a concentration of NO2 at least as low as 0.5 ppm. The hypothesis that the less electron-donating fluorene main-chain subunit would lead to increased signal/drift compared to thiophene and carbazole subunits was tested. The sensitivities exhibited a bias voltage-dependent behavior. The proportional on-current change of OFETs using a dithienyl DPP-fluorene polymer reached ∼614% for an exposure to 20 ppm of NO2 for 5 min, testing at a bias voltage of -33 V, among the higher reported NO2 sensitivities for conjugated polymers. Electronic and morphological studies reveal that introduction of the fluorene unit in the DPP backbone decreases the ease of backbone oxidation and induces traps in the thin films. The combination of thin-film morphology and oxidation potentials governs the gas-absorbing properties of these materials. The ratio of responses on exposure to NO2 and NH3 compared to drifts while taking the device through repeated gate voltage sweeps is the highest for two polymers incorporating electron-donating linkers connecting the DPP and thiophene units in the backbone, in this category of organic semiconductors. The responses to NO2 were much larger than that to NH3, indicating increased susceptibility to oxidizing vs reducing gases, and that the capability of oxidizing gases to induce additional charge density has a more dramatic electronic effect than when reducing gases create traps. This work demonstrates the capability of achieving improved stability with the retention of high sensitivity in conjugated polymer-based OFET sensors by modulating redox and morphological properties of polymer semiconductors by structural control.
Ion transport and regulation in a synaptic vesicle glutamate transporter

Synaptic vesicles accumulate neurotransmitters, enabling the quantal release by exocytosis that underlies synaptic transmission. Specific neurotransmitter transporters are responsible for this activity and therefore are essential for brain function. The vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) concentrate the principal excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate into synaptic vesicles, driven by membrane potential. However, the mechanism by which they do so remains poorly understood owing to a lack of structural information. We report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of rat VGLUT2 at 3.8-angstrom resolution and propose structure-based mechanisms for substrate recognition and allosteric activation by low pH and chloride. A potential permeation pathway for chloride intersects with the glutamate binding site. These results demonstrate how the activity of VGLUTs can be coordinated with large shifts in proton and chloride concentrations during the synaptic vesicle cycle to ensure normal synaptic transmission.
Do Year-Out Programs Make Medical Students More Competitive Candidates for Orthopedic Surgery Residencies?

Objective As orthopedic surgery residency programs are becoming more competitive, medical students interested in orthopedics are increasingly completing “year-out” programs. This study sought to evaluate student and faculty perceptions of these programs. Design A survey evaluating baseline characteristics was disseminated to directors of year-out programs identified through postings on the orthopedics forum, Orthogate.org. A second survey was sent to all program directors (PDs) of accredited US orthopedic residencies, while a final survey was distributed to participants identified by year-out PDs. Setting Ninety-six orthopedic year-out programs at 56 institutions were contacted. Participants Twenty-six year-out programs, 72 PDs of ACGME-accredited orthopedic residencies, and 34 year-out participants from 6 programs completed our questionnaires. Results 73.1% (19) year-out program provided funding to participants, averaging $30,368. 84.6% (22) reported >75% match rates into orthopedics for participants. 65.4% (17) of programs selected students between their MS3/MS4 school years. 4.2% (3) of residency PDs agreed or strongly agreed that year-out programs were important factors for consideration in residency programs, compared with 82.4% (28) of year-out participants and 69.2% (18) of year-out PDs (p Conclusions Orthopedic year-out programs have dramatically increased in number over the last 20 years. Most of these programs are funded, 1-year clinical research fellowships with relative match success for participants pursuing orthopedic residencies. While year-out PDs and students consider participation in such programs to be an important factor for residency applications, and often participate in them in order to improve their competitiveness for matching at desired programs, residency PDs overall hold different views.
Symmetry in Fourier Analysis: Heisenberg Group to Stein–Weiss Integrals

Embedded symmetry within the Heisenberg group is used to couple geometric insight and analytic calculation to obtain a new sharp Stein–Weiss inequality with mixed homogeneity on the line of duality. SL(2,R) invariance and Riesz potentials define a natural bridge for encoded information that connects distinct geometric structures. The intrinsic character of the Heisenberg group makes it the natural playing field on which to explore the laws of symmetry and the interplay between analysis and geometry on a manifold.
Are Librarians Prepared to Serve Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Content Analysis of Graduate Programs:

Libraries provide invaluable services and supports to members of their communities, including school communities. Those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can receive particular benefits from thei...
Community assembly within ponds: the roles of space, time, and environmental gradients

Environmental and spatial–temporal processes are proposed as important mechanisms regulating permanent pond communities, but comprehensive research of these factors at fine scales (i.e. patches or microhabitats) is still lacking. Here, we investigated environmental, spatial, and temporal variables influencing community structure and diversity (α, β, γ) in pond microhabitats over one annual cycle (i.e. four seasons). Standardized surveys were conducted monthly for one year, and a suite of biotic and abiotic variables were recorded at each microhabitat to test which assembly processes are important in structuring pond communities. As expected, spatial and environmental variables influenced local species organization at both the annual and seasonal scale. The high β diversity among pond microhabitats was mainly attributed to species turnover from one microhabitat to another rather than richness differences. Habitat heterogeneity largely explained the variation on α and β diversity among pond microhabitats. Overall, our results suggest that multiple ecological processes affect community assembly dynamics in permanent ponds. First, the temporal variation on the distribution of species across pond microhabitats that was associated with environmental fluctuations (mainly temperature, dissolved oxygen, substrate composition, and emergent vegetation) inferred that species sorting (i.e. niche-based processes) is an important driver of the observed community patterns, while the spatiotemporal turnover in species composition and density can be explained by colonization and dispersal events occurring within microhabitats. Our study emphasizes the need to include time, space and environmental variables in studies assessing communities in permanent pond systems, as they appear to be related to distinct processes regulating communities at fine scales.
Alexander Dalgarno Contributions to Aeronomy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses contribution of Alexander Dalgarno to aeronomy. In a career extending over 35 years, Dalgarno has authored or coauthored almost 500 papers, an average of more than 14 per year. Approximately 70 of his papers are devoted specifically to aeronomical topics. He wrote two papers in 1953 and 1954, both with David Bates. One concerned the altitude of the layers responsible for the airglow. The second anticipated what was to become a major theme of his research in the 1960s and 1970s, the nature of the dayglow. He traveled widely and was exceptionally well informed on what was being measured and what could be measured. He was aware also of measurements indicating that the electron temperature in the ionosphere was elevated relative to the temperature of the neutral gas. Cross sections for photoionization of atomic oxygen, identifying the nature of the ionic products, were evaluated and published in 1964.
Experiencing the Impact of Organizational Structure on Planning and Visioning Tasks

The various ways natural resource agencies and programs are structured and how that impacts leadership style and products is an important concept for students to understand. Leadership style and or...
SEROLOGIC DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL HEPATITIS

Recent advances have made available to the clinician multiple serologic tests for the diagnosis and evaluation of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. While the multiplicity of tests available can be confusing, selective use of these serologic tests tailored to the clinical situation can be of great value in identifying the agent causing the liver disease. I present a clinically oriented discussion of the serologic tests available to diagnose viral hepatitis.
Transposable DNA elements and life history traits

As an initial study of the influence of transposable DNA elements on life history traits, and as a model system for estimating the impact of somatic genetic damage on longevity, the effect of P DNA element movement in somatic cells on adult lifespan was measured in Drosophila melanogaster males. Lifespan was significantly reduced in males that contained the somatically active P[ry+ Δ2–3](99B) element and 17, 4, 3, but not just a single P element. Furthermore, there appears to be a direct correlation between the number of transposing P elements and the amount of lifespan reduction. This reduction in lifespan observed in males with somatically active P elements is probably due to genetic damage in embryos, larvae and pupae from P-element excisions and insertions, leading to changes in gene structure and regulation, chromosome breakage, and subsequent cell death in adults. This hypothesis is supported in this study by a significant increase in recessive sex-linked lethal mutations in the same males that had reduced lifespans and by the previous observation of chromosome breakage in somatic cells of similar males. The evolutionary implications of these results are discussed, including the possible influence of somatic DNA transpositions on fitness and other life history traits.
Structural studies of mutants of T4 lysozyme that alter hydrophobic stabilization.

Abstract Multiple replacements at amino acid position 3 of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme have shown that the conformational stability of the protein is directly governed by the hydrophobicity of the residue substituted (Matsumura, M., Becktel, W. J., and Matthews, B. W. (1988) Nature 334, 406-410). Of the 13 mutant lysozymes made by site-directed mutagenesis, two variants, one with valine (I3V) and the other with tyrosine (I3Y), were crystallized and their structures solved. In this report we describe the crystal structures of these variants at 1.7 A resolution. While the structure of the I3V mutant is essentially the same as that of wild-type lysozyme, the I3Y mutant has substantial changes in its structure. The most significant of these are that the side chain of the tyrosine is not accommodated within the interior of the protein and the amino-terminal polypeptide (residues 1-9) moves 0.6-1.1 A relative to the wild-type structure. Using coordinates based on the wild-type and available mutant structures, solvent accessible surface area of residue 3 as well as the adjacent 9 residues in the folded form were calculated. The free energy of stabilization based on the transfer of these residues from a fully extended form to the interior to the folded protein was found to correlate well with the protein stability determined by thermodynamic analysis. The enhanced thermostability of the variant Ile-3----Leu, relative to wild-type lysozyme, can also be rationalized by surface-area calculations based on a model-built structure. Noncrystallization of most lysozyme variants at position 3 appears to be due to disruption of intermolecular contacts in the crystal. The Ile-3----Val variant is closely isomorphous with wild-type and maintains the same crystal contacts. In the Ile-3----Tyr variant, however, a new set of contacts is made in which direct protein-protein hydrogen bonds are replaced by protein-water-protein hydrogen bonds as well as a novel hydrogen bond involving the phenolic hydroxyl of the substituted tyrosine.
Twinning as a clue to a CDW-like behavior and to a lack of SME in plutonium metal

Abstract The twinning systems of alpha phase Pu metal have been reported by Zocco et al. (Proc. XII Int. Congr. for Electron Micros., 1990, p. 1014). Twinning modes and charge-density wave (CDW) states have both been reported for the CDW materials 2HTaSe2 and TiNi alloys. The latter alloys also show shape memory effect (SME). The similarities in properties of α-Pu and TiNi alloys have recently been pointed out by Sandenaw (J. Nucl. Mater., 189 (1992) 343). A possible clue to a CDW-like behavior and a lack of SME in α-Pu may be in the twinning systems observed. Microtwinning has been suggested as interfering with flow of itinerant electrons and thus causing a rise in electrical resistivity as reported for the TiNi alloys (Wang et al., J. Appl. Phys., 43 (1972) 97). The latter workers report a one-to-one correspondence between mechanical “memory” effect and electrical resistivity. α-U exists with many twinning modes (Frank, Acta Metall., 1 (1953) 71) but does not show any CDW behavior except at low temperatures. Therefore, twinning alone cannot be the source of a CDW-like behavior in α-Pu metal. Bak (Rep. Prog. Phys., 45 (1982) 587) explained that the conduction electron density in a distorted phase is spacially modulated to form the CDW which accompanies the periodic lattice distortion (PLD). There appear to be competing periodicities (a PLD) in the complex α-Pu structure because the eight crystallographically different Pu atoms of the unit cell are seen to occur in a different but reproducible pattern in each of three directions on the a-c plane of the distorted pseudo hexagonal structure (Smith et al., ACS Symp. Series, No. 216, Plutonium Chemistry (1983) Fig. 1). It is suggested that the modulation of the conduction electrons, in three competing periodicities (chains) of the α-Pu lattice, should result in three different competing CDW-like states. The interference between three different CDW-like states may lead to the inability to see any one CDW-like state in α-Pu by neutron diffraction. The α-Pu structure is more complex than those of the CDW materials 2HTaSe2 and TiNi alloys which also show twinning and a hexagonal structure. The twinning planes and twinning (shear) directions of single-crystal TiNi have been described with only the number one and zeros. (Miyazaki and Wayman, Acta Metal., 36 (1988) 181). The twinning planes and twinning directions of α-Pu were described by Zocco et al. with the numbers 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 (and zeros). The greater complexity of twinning systems in α-Pu metal may explain an inability to see CDW states by TEM. This complexity could explain the lack of SME in Pu metal.
Stochastic maintenance opportunity windows for unreliable two-machine one-buffer system

Abstract The current maintenance practice at most manufacturing plants is to conduct maintenance tasks during non-production shifts, breaks, or weekends, which may unnecessarily introduce extra labor and overhead costs. In order to reduce such costs and make more efficient use of maintenance resources, it is important to look for hidden maintenance opportunities to perform short-duration maintenance tasks, while not bringing any short-term production losses. In this paper, we establish analytical approaches to compute stochastic maintenance opportunity windows (MOWs) for the unreliable two-machine one-buffer system with both discrete time and continuous time Markov models. Instead of allowing buffers to be empty as previous MOW models were constructed, we focus on computing a lower bound in a buffer to reserve buffer space for unexpected random failures during recovery phases. Furthermore, general trends of these lower bounds and their corresponding stochastic MOW values have been investigated through numerical case studies with various system parameter changes.
Orthogonal control of the frequency comb dynamics of a mode-locked laser diode

We have performed detailed studies on the dynamics of a frequency comb produced by a mode-locked laser diode (MLLD). Orthogonal control of the pulse repetition rate and the pulse-to-pulse carrier-envelope phase slippage is achieved by appropriate combinations of the respective error signals to actuate the diode injection current and the saturable absorber bias voltage. Phase coherence is established between the MLLD at 1550 nm and a 775-nm mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser working as part of an optical atomic clock.
Effect of thiamine deficiency on brain serotonin turnover

Serotonin turnover has been investigated in regional brain areas of rats made thiamine deficient by pyrithiamine (PT). Following intracisternal injection of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine ([14C]5-HT), a marked increase in the accumulation of [14C]5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ([14C]5-HIAA) was found in the medulla-pons, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. [14C]5-HT levels were normal in all of the brain areas except the cerebral cortex which had an increase of 58%. The ratio of [14C]5-HIAA/[14C]5-HT was significantly increased in every brain region of PT-treated rats except the cerebral cortex. Part of this increase in [14C]5-HIAA was shown to be due to impairment of active transport of this 5-HT metabolite out of the brain. However, increased 5-HT synthesis in the cerebellum, hypothalamus, striatum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex was demonstrated by measurement of 5-HT accumulation after inhibition of brain monoamine oxidase. PT-induced increase in endogenous 5-HIAA in the medulla-pons occurred simultaneously with the onset of neurological signs and both parameters were reversible by thiamine administration. These results suggest that acute thiamine deficiency, induced by PT, both increases brain 5-HT synthesis and impairs 5-HIAA efflux from the brain. There is a close correlation between neurological manifestations and changes in brain 5-HT metabolism in acute thiamine deficiency.
Source apportionment of in vitro reactive oxygen species bioassay activity from atmospheric particulate matter.

Recent atmospheric particulate matter health studies have suggested that the redox activity is an important factor in particulate matter toxicology, and that reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity may be an important characteristic of particulate matter that is associated with adverse health effects. In this study, associations between atmospheric particulate matter sources and in vitro ROS activities are investigated. Ambient concentrations of fine particle water-soluble elements and total organic and elemental carbon were measured daily in Denver for the 2003 calendar year. The data were used in a multivariate factor analysis source apportionment model, positive matrix factorization (PMF), to determine the contributions of nine sources or factors: a mobile source factor, a water soluble carbon factor, a sulfate factor, a soil dust source, an iron source, two point sources characterized by water soluble toxic metals, a pyrotechnique factor, and a platinum group metal factor. Aqueous leachates, including ...
Wheat germ agglutinin evidence for a genetic basis of multiple forms

Germ from hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) contained three forms of agglutinin separable by ion-exchange column chromatography at pH 3.8, while germ from tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L. (durum group)) contained only two such forms. The different number of forms, not due to protein modification occurring during the purification process, was demonstrable in commercial germ and in bran fractions containing germ from single wheat varieties. This evidence for a genetic basis of lectin multiple forms in wheat indicates the advisability of using genetically identified plant varieties in lectin research.
MOLECULAR MODELS FOR EXPLOSIVES

Any fundamental understanding of detonations and explosives' behavior requires as a starting point a knowledge of molecular properties. Indeed, there is a sizable literature concerning observed decomposition kinetics, x-ray crystal structures, heats of formation, etc. for explosives. As a result of this extensive experimental work, a large and ever increasing number of observed properties of explosives are available. Given sufficient data, models for the prediction of molecular properties can be developed and calibrated. Nevertheless, many desirable molecular properties can be obtained with considerable effort and, in many cases, experimental measurements are not possible for practical reasons; e.g., bond dissociation energies are very difficult to obtain for explosives. Consequently, theoretical methods for obtaining these properties are quite desirable. In addition, it is oftentimes desired to estimate the properties of unknown molecules. Consequently, methods for the estimation of molecular properties, which might seem quite crude by other standards, can be of considerable practical value. We present in this paper some of our recent efforts at extending and developing molecular models for explosives. These efforts fall into three main areas: Estimation of crystal densities of organic nitrates and perchlorates by an entirely empirical group additivity method; calculation of molecular heats of formation andmore » bond dissociation energies (BDE's) by a semi-empirical molecular orbital method (AM1); and the electronic structure of nitrobenzene as obtained from non-empirical (sometimes called ab initio molecular orbital calculations. 10 refs.« less