cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
XLRP: Cross Layer Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

The developments in the field of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been accompanied by a paradigm shift from the layered protocol design to a cross layer design, which has shown its promise in effectively preserving energy, the most constraint resource in sensor networks. The proposed cross layer protocol, XLRP, explores an efficient routing strategy based on the application layer information along with the capabilities of the physical layer. Protocol design in wireless sensor networks have always resorted to low transmitter power levels as an energy efficient strategy with minimum interference. The proposed routing algorithm substantiates on switching transmission power levels based on the volume of the data being transmitted as an energy efficient mechanism. The cross layer design proposes a back-off mechanism by switching OFF unintended receivers based on the power of the received radio signal. In addition, the protocol reduces control message exchange by piggy-backing information and extracting information from packets received by unintended receivers. The effectiveness of the proposed protocol is demonstrated through simulation in ns2. The concept of operating the transmitter at various power levels is shown to be an energy efficient, scalable approach with a rational throughput.
The blood–brain barrier in health and disease

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a term used to describe a series of properties possessed by the vasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) that tightly regulate the movement of ions, molecules, and cells between the blood and the CNS. This barrier is crucial to provide the appropriate environment to allow for proper neural function, as well as protect the CNS from injury and disease. In this review, I discuss the cellular and molecular composition of the BBB and how the development and function of the BBB is regulated by interactions with the CNS microenvironment. I further discuss what is known about BBB dysfunction during CNS injury and disease, as well as methodology used to deliver drugs across the BBB to the CNS.
Thirty Years of Recovery in a Tornado-damaged Forest in Northern Kentucky

ABSTRACT This 30–year study reports on the changes in the structure and composition of an old-growth forest damaged by a tornadic windstorm in 1974. Tree density, basal area and species composition were measured at Dinsmore Woods State Nature Preserve, Boone County, Kentucky in 1973, in 1974 at the time of the tornado, and in 1985, 1994 and 2004 to document and assess community change in response to this disturbance. There was an initial decline in both density (N/ha) and basal area (m2/ha), followed by gradual increases, and by 2004 the forest community composition was similar to that of the pre-tornado community. Acer saccharum had experienced increases in both the overstory and understory strata while Quercus spp. and Fraxinus americana were the major overstory subdominants. These two species showed a decline in density in the understory.
Adapting to a Rural Setting: Management Strategies Employed by Small Business Owners

The results of a pilot interview project arepresented, for a study designed to investigate how small business owners managetheir business in a rural setting. The exploratory research comprisesinterviews of three retail business owners from rural New England,andillustrates how small business owners can adapt to rural marketabilityissues. The findings indicate that rural small retailers adapt to rural markets bymaintaining a mix of inventory, keepingprices low, providing exceptionalservice, diversifying by starting an unrelated second business, usingcooperative strategies, engendering community ownership to encouragein-shopping, using environmental psychology to stimulate people driving by toreturn and shop, and using family and friends as resources. (CBS)
Favorable Subsets Among Cancers of Unknown Primary

Although cancers of unknown primary origin (CUP) are a heterogeneous group of cancers characterized by absence of an identifiable primary site, there are several distinctive favorable clinicopathological CUP subsets that warrant a tailored management. The favorable designation was based on a presentation that overwhelmingly suggested a specific treatable primary. When originally defined, the designation was based on anatomic and morphological considerations on pathology. In the modern era, these favorable subsets still exist although the anatomic diagnosis is now supported by immunohistochemistry or molecular profiling confirmation. The “favorable subsets” and their putative primary include patients with solitary metastatic disease, osteoblastic metastases with elevated prostate-specific antigen in men (prostate), adenocarcinoma with isolated axillary lymph node involvement in women (breast cancer), serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneal cavity in women (ovarian cancer), poorly differentiated carcinoma with midline distribution, neuroendocrine carcinomas, squamous cell carcinoma involving cervical lymph nodes, and adenocarcinoma with immunohistochemical profile consistent with a gastrointestinal primary (colon, small bowel, appendix cancers). While not all patients with these subsets have favorable prognosis, recognizing these subsets is vital for making therapeutic decisions. Survival of these CUP patients is favorable compared to survival of disseminated CUP patients that do not fit into these specific subsets.
Pheromones and Pheromone Receptors in Schizophyllum commune Mate Recognition: Retrospective of a Half-Century of Progress and a Look Ahead

This chapter describes the progress that has been achieved by combining recent molecular studies with older, classical investigations for understanding Schizophyllum commune pheromone signaling. There are approximately 75-100 pheromones and at least 18 pheromone receptors involved in the S. commune mating system, complicating initial pheromone recognition in S. commune in comparison with S. cerevisiae. The currently characterized collection of S. commune pheromones can be divided into five groups, based on the amino acid sequence similarity of their predicted mature pheromone peptides, and their receptoractivation spectra in transgene experiment. It seems likely that there is an additional purpose for the aromatic amino acids in the carboxy-terminal position in S. commune pheromones, because there are only three aromatic residues, and these would not be sufficient to distinguish among all of the pheromones. Recombinant receptor chimeras and site-directed mutagenesis have been used to understand how S. commune pheromone receptors specifically recognize pheromones. Pheromone transformants were paired with other transformed strains that were expressing compatible or incompatible receptors and then assayed for diploid formation. This experiment confirmed that S. commune pheromone receptors and pheromones function in yeast, each expressing its expected specificity and inducing diploidization in compatible pairings. Two mating processes are known to depend on activation of the B-regulated developmental pathway: nuclear migration and hook cell fusion. Phylogenetic relationships of pheromone receptors of several mushroom species, including S. commune, indicate that the subtypes of pheromone receptors that we can recognize today in mushroom fungi diverged in common ancestors of the modern homobasidiomycetes.
Elementary Discussion on Issue of Love Affairs among College students

Based on the experience in student affairs,the author gave an exposition to the trend and reasons of love affairs among college students,and the countermeasures toward this issue as well.
Complementarity in Practice: Northern Ireland

Complementarity between the two practical approaches in Northern Ireland is more than merely a hypothesis advanced in an academic study. Practitioners from within the approaches themselves make implicit or explicit acknowledgement of an underlying complementarity. The review in Chapters 2 and 3 of the history of these approaches may give the impression of two largely discrete processes in independent operation, which Chapter 5’s analysis of the Brooke Initiative in the main does little to contradict. Chapter 6’s examination of recent development trends in community relations, however, contains a significant thread of argument which challenges that view. The consequent argument to be proposed here is that such a view is — and will be increasingly — challenged by the movement from within the cultural approach to address constituencies and/or issues which were formerly the preserve of the structural approach. It should be pointed out that this challenge is to the structural approach, rather than to the structures themselves; that is, it is directed towards the policy areas in which the structural approach operates.
Relationship Between Ulnar Variance, Cortical Bone Density, and Load to Failure in the Distal Radius at the Typical Site of Fracture Initiation

Purpose Increased ulnar variance has been shown to lead to diminished load borne by the distal radius. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlations among ulnar variance, bone mineral density, and load to failure at the distal radius. Methods Posteroanterior radiographs and computed tomographic scans were taken of 12 cadaveric forearms in neutral rotation. Ulnar variance was measured for each wrist by the method of perpendiculars. Measurements of cortical, trabecular, and combined bone density were made at the distal radius. We performed linear regression analysis and correlation analysis to determine the relationship between bone densities and ulnar variance measurements. Next, we loaded the 12 cadaveric radii to failure under axial compression. Linear regression analysis and correlation analysis were then performed to determine the relationship between load to failure and both ulnar variance and cortical density. Results Increased ulnar variance was significantly correlated with decreased cortical bone density at the distal radius and both were correlated with decreased load to failure. We found no correlation between ulnar variance and trabecular density or combined trabecular and cortical bone density at the distal radius. Conclusions Our study found that increased ulnar variance and decreased cortical bone mineral density correlates with decreased load to failure under axial compression. Clinical relevance Ulnar variance is linked to both bone quality and load to failure at the distal radius.
Practical Near-Data Processing for In-Memory Analytics Frameworks

The end of Dennard scaling has made all systemsenergy-constrained. For data-intensive applications with limitedtemporal locality, the major energy bottleneck is data movementbetween processor chips and main memory modules. For such workloads, the best way to optimize energy is to place processing near the datain main memory. Advances in 3D integrationprovide an opportunity to implement near-data processing (NDP) withoutthe technology problems that similar efforts had in the past. This paper develops the hardware and software of an NDP architecturefor in-memory analytics frameworks, including MapReduce, graphprocessing, and deep neural networks. We develop simple but scalablehardware support for coherence, communication, and synchronization, anda runtime system that is sufficient to support analytics frameworks withcomplex data patterns while hiding all thedetails of the NDP hardware. Our NDP architecture provides up to 16x performance and energy advantageover conventional approaches, and 2.5x over recently-proposed NDP systems. We also investigate the balance between processing and memory throughput, as well as the scalability and physical and logical organization of the memory system. Finally, we show that it is critical to optimize software frameworksfor spatial locality as it leads to 2.9x efficiency improvements for NDP.
Dual Frequency Comb Spectroscopy of High Temperature Water Vapor: Absorption Model Development for Combustion Sensors

Absorption linestrength and lineshape parameters are extracted from measurements of pure water absorption between 6800 and 7200cm-1 from room temperature to 1300K using a dual frequency comb spectrometer with point spacing of 0.0033cm-1.
Assessment of segmental myocardial blood flow and myocardial perfusion reserve by adenosine‐stress myocardial arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging

Purpose To determine the feasibility of measuring increases in myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) on a per-segment basis using arterial spin labeled (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with adenosine vasodilator stress in normal human myocardium. Materials and Methods Myocardial ASL scans at rest and during adenosine infusion were incorporated into a routine 3T MR adenosine-induced vasodilator stress protocol and were performed in 10 healthy human volunteers. Myocardial ASL was performed using single-gated flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) tagging and balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging at 3T. A T2-prep blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) SSFP sequence was used to concurrently assess segmental myocardial oxygenation with BOLD signal intensity (SI) percent change in the same subjects. Results There was a statistically significant difference between MBF measured by ASL at rest (1.75 ± 0.86 ml/g/min) compared to adenosine stress (4.58 ± 2.14 ml/g/min) for all wall segments (P < 0.0001), yielding a per-segment MPR of 3.02 ± 1.51. When wall segments were divided into specific segmental myocardial perfusion territories (ie, anteroseptal, anterior, anterolateral, inferolateral, inferior, and inferoseptal), the differences between rest and stress regional MBF for each territory remained consistently statistically significant (P < 0.001) after correcting for multiple comparisons. Conclusion This study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring MBF and MPR on a segmental basis by single-gated cardiac ASL in normal volunteers. Second, this study demonstrates the feasibility of performing the ASL sequence and T2-prepared SSFP BOLD imaging during a single adenosine infusion. Level of Evidence: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:413–420
Improving high school students' executive functions through digital game play

Executive functions (EF), the skills required to plan, monitor and control cognitive processes, are linked to many important educational and developmental outcomes. The Alien Game is a digital game developed to train the EF subskill of shifting. High school students (N=82; age range 1418 years; average=15.5 years) were asked to play the Alien Game for 20min per week for 6 consecutive weeks. Two EF measures were administered before and after this intervention: the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task (a measure of shifting) and the Flanker task (a measure of inhibition). Students had a significant pre- to posttest increase in DCCS, t (81)=4.29, p<0.001, d=0.54, and Flanker, t (77)=2.93, p=0.004, d=0.22. Controlling for pretest score, gains in shifting were significantly predicted by a measure of game performance in the Alien Game. These findings provide evidence that the Alien Game is having the intended effect of improving EF, and argue that video games can be effective tools for training cognitive skills when they are explicitly designed for this purpose and when a rigorous design approach is used. Investigated video game intervention to develop adolescents' executive functions (EF).After 6-weeks, adolescents had significant gains in EF skills (shifting and inhibition).Gains in EF subskill of shifting was predicted by measure of game performance.Focused video games can support the development of targeted cognitive skills.
Quality evaluation of sperm from livebearing fishes: Standardized assessment of sperm bundles (spermatozeugmata) from Xenotoca eiseni (Goodeidae)

Abstract Standardized evaluation of sperm quality is essential for research, commercial-scale cryopreservation, and induced spawning. However, standardized methods for evaluation of sperm bundles (spermatozeugmata or spermatophores) have not been established. The purpose of the present study was to use Redtail Splitfin (Xenotoca eiseni) as a model for freshwater livebearing fishes to establish initial standardized methods to collect sperm bundles, and quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate quality-related attributes. No sperm or sperm bundles were able to be collected by stripping. Testes were removed, rinsed, weighed, placed in 50 μL of buffer solution on a glass slide, and crushed gently 3–5 times with angled spade-tip forceps. Sperm bundles were released into the buffer solution and collected with a pipette into 1.5-mL centrifuge tubes. To quantify size and shape, images of bundles were captured with a CCD camera connected to a microscope, and measured with computer software. There was no significant correlation between body wet weight and major bundle axis length (P = 0.6759), minor axis length (P = 0.5658), average axis length (P = 0.5869), aspect ratio (P = 0.7839), and observed area (P = 0.5727). The concentrations of sperm bundles, estimated with the three methods (Makler® counting chamber, a hemocytometer, and direct counting) were significantly different (P
U (1) Gauge Symmetry and Electromagnetic Fields

We have now constructed both relativistic and non-relativistic quantum field theories for free scalar particles. In the non-relativistic case, we had to use complex-valued fields and found that the theory came with an action of a U(1) group, the group of phase transformations on the fields. In the relativistic case real-valued fields could be used, but if we took complex-valued ones (or used pairs of real-valued fields), again there was an action of a U(1) group of phase transformations.
Daily Conformity Drinking Motivations are Associated with Increased Odds of Consuming Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks

Recent research indicates that individuals drank more heavily and experienced more harms on days they consumed alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmEDs). Limited research, thus far, has examined predictors of AmED use on a daily level. Drinking motives, or reasons for drinking, are shown to discern AmED users from non-users, but the extent to which daily drinking motives covary with AmED use has not been tested. The current study used a daily diary design to determine how motives differ between AmED and other drinking occasions. Participants included 122 college students (73.8% women) with a mean age of 20.39years. Participants completed up to 14 daily surveys, resulting in 389 drinking days (40days involved AmED use). Participants reported on their drinking motives at baseline as well as on each drinking day. Multilevel models revealed that, after controlling for other motives, AmED use was more likely on days where conformity motives were higher than usual and was less likely when enhancement motives were higher. Daily social and coping motives as well as all motives measured at baseline were unassociated with AmED use. Our findings suggest that conformity motives, or drinking to fit in with others, are the most salient drinking motive predicting AmED use on a drinking day. Given that conformity motives are often less associated with alcohol use outcomes in general, these findings highlight AmEDs as a unique alcoholic beverage. Clinicians and interventionists working with frequent AmED users should consider the unique conditions under which AmEDs are consumed.
Managing Conflict in Information System Design Stakeholder Conferences: The Role of Transparency Work

This chapter examines the management of disagreement and conflict during an information systems design conference that sought agreement on a data-flow-model and design requirements among stakeholders in a new information system. The case identifies micro design practices, such as fashioning-a-record, employed in facilitating creativity and capturing rationale during the design conference. The micro-practices reveal the layers of transparency work performed by the facilita-tors that involves: (1) setting up the usability and usefulness of the technology and (2) persuading participants about the essence of their interaction. Transparency work draws attention away from the actions of the facilitators and the social-political complications while highlighting any features of the scene reflecting ideals of collaborative decision-making. The persuasion aims to remove doubt about the nature of the activity and trustworthiness of the intervention. The analysis shows how the ethnomethodological principle of the documentary method of interpretation operates in bridging the gap between technology and use, which addresses key matters in the literature on technologically supported facilitation.
Sexual Functioning in Relation to the Changing Roles of Men

The Women’s Movement, the “sexual revolution” and the more open sexual climate have combined to produce an ambiguous picture, with confusing results that too often reflect the bias of a particular observer or a limited and skewed population. For example, a great number of men are seeking therapy for sexual problems. This was not the case several years ago. What has happened and what does it mean?
Hermeneutic Phenomenology on the Meaning and Function of Philosophy

Since its origin in Greece in the seventh century B.C. philosophy has considered the question concerning the meaning of the “Whole” to be the central and most fundamental philosophical question. In dealing with this basic question philosophers for over 2500 years have attempted to specify the precise meaning of the problem, to solve it, and to justify its solution in many different ways, using different methods and referring to it with various terminologies. But however much philosophy has changed over the centuries in almost all aspects, so that we properly speak about philosophies, all of them seem to have one thing in common: their concern for the “Whole,” the totality of all that is, the totality of all possible meaning, to which they have referred with terms such as “cosmos,” “universe,” “world,” “nature,” “being,” “substance,” “matter,” “spirit,” and so on.1
Lessons along the Critical Path: Developing Vaccines against Human Helminths

Helminthic parasites are important targets for vaccine research as they infect an estimated 1 billion people worldwide. Despite significant progress in the discovery of defined antigens as candidates for vaccines, the potential of a helminth vaccine advancing to an investigational product to be tested in humans remains as challenging as it did 50 years ago. Candidate helminth vaccines must still advance along a ‘critical path’ of preclinical research, vaccine process development (which includes ‘chemistry, manufacturing, and controls’ or CMC), current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) production of the vaccine, and clinical trials. This path is highly targeted towards meeting the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy criteria of regulatory bodies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). For nearly 20 years our product development partnership (PDP), the Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development (TCH-CVD), has followed the critical paths of several novel subunit vaccines for the human hookworm Necator americanus and the intestinal trematode Schistosoma mansoni. Herein, we describe the critical lessons learned along this critical path.
Theorizing Feminist Tinkering with Science Methodologies

In this paper, I combine feminist, decolonial scholar Maria Lugones’ theory on playfulness and world-traveling with feminist science studies scholar Deboleena Roy’s work along with some other core feminist science studies concepts to define feminist tinkering as an explicitly politically motivated “playing” with the epistemic power of science. I lay out three concepts integral to feminist tinkering—playfulness, hands-on engagement, and iterative experimentation. I contrast these definitions with those driving a mainstream embrace of tinkering, to caution against assuming that tinkering itself automatically creates a better, more just science practice. By tinkering with ideas from feminist science studies, decolonial studies, and popular activism together, I suggest tinkering as a feminist methodology towards rethinking concepts of the knower, objects of study, and their relationship. This approach to tinkering can be employed in formal and informal STEM education settings as a way of doing research differently.
Porcine single nucleotide polymorphisms and their functional effect: an update

To aid in the development of a comprehensive list of functional variants in the swine genome, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified from whole genome sequence of 240 pigs. Interim data from 72 animals in this study was published in 2017. This communication extends our previous work not only by utilizing genomic sequence from additional animals, but also by the use of the newly released Sscrofa 11.1 reference genome. A total of 26,850,263 high confidence SNP were identified, including 19,015,267 reported in our previously published results. Variation was detected in the coding sequence or untranslated regions (UTR) of 78% of the genes in the porcine genome: 1729 loss-of-function variants were predicted in 1162 genes, 12,686 genes contained 64,232 nonsynonymous variants, 250,403 variants were present in UTR of 15,739 genes, and 15,284 genes contained 90,939 synonymous variants. In total, approximately 316,000 SNP were classified as being of high to moderate impact (i.e. loss-of-function, nonsynonymous, or regulatory). These high to moderate impact SNP will be the focus of future genome-wide association studies.
Unfinished Business: The Role of Research in Family Medicine

Although the generation of new knowledge through research is a hallmark of medical specialties, research was a low priority in family practice when it was established in 1969. Today, when a base of knowledge is crucial to the ability to lead health care change, the early relationship between family practice and research continues to influence the specialty. An examination of archival and secondary materials finds that the priority placed on research during family practice's early years was shaped by internal and external factors, including, (1) family physicians' desire to differentiate themselves from the prevailing specialty environment; (2) lack of a clear identity in family practice; (3) the non-laboratory nature of family medicine research; (4) reliance on information from other specialties; and, (5) a focus on establishing an academic presence. The low level of attention given to research during the early years of family practice has had lasting implications, as the specialty seeks to transform practice while continuing to struggle to achieve academic acceptance. A strong culture of generalist knowledge is crucial in assuring family medicine's future and strengthening its ability to improve the health of individuals, families, and communities.
Variational Procedures and Convergence of Finite-Element Methods

Publisher Summary There are several advantages to basing the finite-element method on variational principles. One is to put the method on a sound theoretical foundation. Another is to clarify the requirements for interelement continuity, as these requirements are explicit in the statement of the variational principles. The variational principles of linear structural mechanics are the principles of minimum potential energy and of minimum complementary energy. The principle of minimum complementary energy is concerned with stress fields that satisfy the conditions of equilibrium but not necessarily the requirements of compatibility. Among all statically admissible stress fields, the one that satisfies the stress–strain relations in the interior of the structure and the displacement boundary conditions makes the complementary energy an absolute minimum. Apart from the fundamental approximation errors, the standard finite element techniques introduce additional perturbation errors. Boundary conditions are not satisfied exactly, the original domain is perturbed by triangularization, various coefficients of the differential equations are approximated, and exact integration is often replaced by numerical quadrature.
Aromatic-Ring-Proton Determination by Infrared-Intensity Measurement in the 1650–2000-Wavenumber Region

The infrared absorption spectra of aromatic compounds in the 1650–2000-cm−1 region are well known to be characteristic of ring substitution patterns.(1) The observed frequencies in benzene derivatives have been assigned to overtones and combinations of =CH out-of-plane deformations.(2) The absorption in this region has been employed for the determination of total aromatics in petroleum distillates.(3)
Telmisartan Reduces Axon Degeneration in Mice With Experimental Glaucoma.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if treatment with telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB), protects against retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in a mouse glaucoma model with induced elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods IOP elevation was induced by injection of polystyrene microbeads into the anterior chamber of the right eye of 3-month-old C57BL/6J mice, with the left eye serving as contralateral control. Starting the day of microbead injection, mice were maintained on solid food pellets with or without incorporated telmisartan. IOP was measured by Tono Lab tonometry prior to and weekly after microbead injection. Twelve weeks postinjection, mice were euthanized to obtain optic nerves for analysis of RGC axons. The total numbers of optic nerve axons were determined manually and automatedly using AxonJ. Degenerating axons were counted manually. Results IOP elevation induced by microbead injection was similar in magnitude and duration in vehicle and telmisartan-fed mice, although IOP was reduced 5.8% in uninjected mice treated with telmisartan (P = 0.0027). Axon loss determined by manual and automated methods was greater in vehicle compared to telmisartan-treated mice (manual: 9.5% vs. 1.8%, P = 0.044; automated: 14.2% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.0375). An increase in the percent of axons undergoing degeneration was observed in nerves from microbead-injected eyes that was greater in vehicle-treated compared to telmisartan-treated mice (49.0% vs. -0.58%, P = 0.0019). Conclusions Elevation of IOP by microbead injection led to loss of RGC axons in vehicle-treated mice that was largely prevented by telmisartan treatment, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of telmisartan.
Self-stratification of amphiphilic Janus particles at coating surfaces

Amphiphilic Janus particles are mixed with homogeneous binder particles with strong adhesion to create robust hydrophobic coatings through a unique self-stratification process. Intriguingly, Janus particles form a complete and densely packed monolayer with their hydrophobic sides orienting towards air, which effectively increases the water contact angle to ∼130°, while the hydrophilic sides sustain strong adhesion with the coating layer. The coating maintains its high contact angle even after solvent rinsing, whereas conventional coating completely breaks down. Experimental data and preliminary theoretical modeling suggest that the stratification are partially due to the strong adsorption of Janus particles at the water–air interface, although the detailed mechanisms require more thorough investigation. Remarkably, simply adding Janus particles renders a hydrophilic commercial primer coating surface hydrophobic and drastically reduces the surface tackiness. This cost-effective and commercially scalable method offers a convenient way to fabricate advanced structures at the interface and can be broadly applicable to many other colloidal systems.
The surgical history of head injury in motor vehicle collision

Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are a significant cause of head injuries today, but efforts to manage and prevent these injuries extend as far back as the beginning of modern neurosurgery itself. Head trauma in MVCs occurred as far back as 1899, and the surgical literature of the time mentions several cases of children being struck by passing automobiles. By the 1930s, Dr. Claire L. Straith, a Detroit plastic surgeon, recommended changes to automobile design after seeing facial injuries and depressed skull fractures that resulted from automobile accidents. During World War II, Sir Hugh Cairns, a British neurosurgeon, demonstrated the efficacy of motorcycle helmets in preventing serious head injury. In the 1950s, Dr. Frank H. Mayfield, a Cincinnati neurosurgeon on the trauma committee of the American College of Surgeons, made several recommendations, such as adding padded dashboards and seatbelts, to make automobiles safer. Ford implemented the recommendations from Dr. Mayfield and others into a safety package for the 1956 models. Significant work has also been done to prevent head injury in motorsports. Efforts by surgeons, especially neurosurgeons, to prevent head injury in MVCs have saved countless lives, although it is a less frequently celebrated achievement.
Accommodating Shortened Term Lengths in a Capstone Course using Minimally Viable Prototypes

This Full Paper presents a novel way of implementing the first half of a two-semester software design and implementation capstone course. The paper compares prior work from traditional (15-week) terms to a compressed (7-week) format and a significantly compressed (4-week) format employing this approach. To maximize competitiveness, many programs are under pressure to do more with less: competing to provide more outcomes and more practical real-world experiences in less time and with fewer courses. These challenges become especially significant in capstone courses, where students, still learning, must design and implement solutions consolidating a wide variety of skills and knowledge covered in the curriculum.The capstone course spans two semesters; the first semester focuses on design and the second semester focuses on implementation. In the standard approach, teams meet with the client and develop design documents including use cases, user interface sketches, and data models. In this approach, rather than starting from scratch, students received artifacts from a previous capstone course employing a consultancy model. Artifacts included a request for proposal (RFP), a minimally viable prototype (MVP) partial implementation, and corresponding design documents. The work reviews students’ ability to effectively incorporate the provided artifacts to produce a high quality design for complete implementation of the project.The work includes an evaluation of first-semester team deliverables generated under both the compressed and significantly compressed schedules and relates the expectations and outcomes to those in a traditional-length term. This approach offers a common means to assess schedule impacts and tailor the course in accordance with the relative concentration of contact hours associated with the schedule. This paper describes variations in expectations and options for MVP, client interaction schedules (including frequency and duration), and discusses the associated impacts as perceived by clients and mentors on engagement and student learning outcomes. Finally, the paper offers specific recommendations and lessons learned for those educators that are – or plan to – offer capstone courses under a highly compressed schedule.
Preferential snake detection in a simulated ecological experiment.

Objectives According to Isbell's snake detection theory (SDT), the need to rapidly detect and thus avoid snakes had a major impact on the evolution of the primate visual system, and thus the origin and evolution of the primate lineage, as expansion of the visual sense is a key characteristic of primates. The SDT rests on the assumption that there are both cortical (conscious) and subcortical (unconscious) brain structures and pathways that are responsible for rapid visual detection of and quick avoidance reactions to snakes. Behavioral evidence for the SDT primarily comes from visual search tasks and presentations of images on a computer screen; our aim was to evaluate the SDT under more ecologically valid circumstances. Materials and methods We asked participants to take a virtual hike in which a realistic model of a snake, rabbit, or bottle had been placed on the trail. Subjects were instructed simply to imagine themselves as the hiker while watching the video. We measured heart rate and skin conductance reactions while the participants viewed the video. After the video, the participants were shown pictures of the three stimuli and asked if they had seen any of them. Results We found that snakes were detected more often than rabbits or bottles, and that participants showed greater changes in heart rate and greater skin conductance responses in the snake condition than in the other two conditions, even when the participant did not report having seen the snake. Discussion A critical component of the SDT is that primates must be able to quickly detect snakes even when their attention is directed elsewhere. Using a novel experimental context-a simulated hike-we assessed arousal and detection without directing participants to attend to any particular stimulus or event. Our data support the SDT by providing evidence of enhanced detection and autonomic arousal even in the absence of detection. Replication of these results using additional controls and experimental contexts will help refine our understanding of snake avoidance by primates.
Abstract CT252: A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Ruxolitinib Plus Parsaclisib in Patients with JAK- and PI3K-Inhibitor Treatment-Naïve Myelofibrosis

Background: Ruxolitinib (JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor) significantly improves outcomes in patients with myelofibrosis (MF); however, a subset of patients may experience a suboptimal response. Recent phase 2 data showed that addition of PI3Kδ inhibitor parsaclisib to ruxolitinib monotherapy resulted in additional alleviation of MF symptoms and splenomegaly in patients with MF (Yacoub. EHA2020. S216). This phase 3, randomized, double-blind study (INCB 50465-313; NCT04551066), evaluates the combination of ruxolitinib and parsaclisib in patients with MF who are naive to Janus kinase (JAK) and PI3K inhibitor therapies. Methods: Eligible patients are aged ≥18 years with a diagnosis of primary MF, post-polycythemia vera MF, or post-essential thrombocythemia MF, have a Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System (DIPSS; Passamonti. Blood. 2010;115:1703-1708) risk category of at least Intermediate (INT)-1, palpable spleen ≥5 cm below left subcostal margin, total symptom score ≥10 at screening, ECOG PS 0-2, and life expectancy ≥24 weeks. Patients will be excluded if they previously received therapy with any JAK inhibitor, any PI3K inhibitor, any experimental or standard drug therapy for MF within 3 months of first study dose and/or lack of recovery from all toxicities related to previous therapies to grade ≤1, have recent history of inadequate bone marrow reserve (eg, platelet count Citation Format: Abdulraheem Yacoub, Sue Erickson-Viitanen, Feng Zhou, Albert Assad. A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Ruxolitinib Plus Parsaclisib in Patients with JAK- and PI3K-Inhibitor Treatment-Naive Myelofibrosis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr CT252.
Association between maternal hypertensive disorders, fetal growth and childhood learning outcomes.

Abstract Objective Both small for gestational age (SGA) birthweight and pregnancies complicated by maternal hypertension (HTN) are independently associated with poorer childhood learning outcomes, however the relative contribution of each remains unknown. Study design A retrospective cohort was created in which 2014–2017 third grade Rhode Island Department of Education data were linked to Rhode Island Department of Health birth certificate data. The study population was composed of non-anomalous, singleton births between 22- and 42-weeks’ gestation. Reading and math proficiency were compared among four groups: 1) appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and no maternal HTN (referent), 2) AGA with HTN, 3) SGA without HTN and 4) SGA with HTN. Main outcome measures Bivariable and multivariable log-binomial regression were used to examine the association between subject proficiency and pregnancy complication, adjusting for potential confounders. Results Of the 23,097 who met inclusion criteria, 1004 (4%) were AGA with HTN, 1575 (7%) were SGA without HTN and 176 (1%) were SGA with HTN. Overall, when adjusted for maternal age, gestational age, sex and socioeconomic factors, only children born SGA without HTN had reduced reading proficiency (relative risk (RR) 0.86 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78, 0.92) and math proficiency (RR 0.88 95% CI 0.82, 0.94) compared to children born AGA without HTN. Conclusion In a diverse, statewide cohort, only SGA without HTN was associated with lower reading and math proficiency compared to uncomplicated pregnancies. This suggests that only decreased fetal growth from causes other than HTN is associated with risk of poorer school-age outcomes, and has implications for early resource allocation.
Hysteretic Enzymes, Slow Inhibition, Slow Activation, and Slow Membrane Binding

Enzymes are generally considered to utilize rapid responses since they, indeed, catalyze reactions.
Sublobar Resection for Clinical Stage IA Non–small-cell Lung Cancer in the United States

Abstract Background This study evaluated the use of lobectomy and sublobar resection for clinical stage IA non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). Methods The NCDB from 2003 to 2011 was analyzed to determine factors associated with the use of a sublobar resection versus a lobectomy for the treatment of clinical stage IA NSCLC. Overall survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard modeling. Results Among 39,403 patients included for analysis, 29,736 (75.5%) received a lobectomy and 9667 (24.5%) received a sublobar resection: 84.7% wedge resection (n = 8192) and 15.3% segmental resection (n = 1475). Lymph node evaluation was not performed in 2788 (28.8%) of sublobar resection patients, and 7298 (75.5%) of sublobar resections were for tumors ≤ 2 cm. After multivariable logistic regression, older age, higher Charlson-Deyo comorbidity scores, smaller tumor size, and treatment at lower-volume institutions were associated with sublobar resection (all P P P P Conclusion Despite adjustment for patient and tumor related characteristics, a sublobar resection is associated with significantly reduced long-term survival compared to a formal surgical lobectomy among patients with NSCLC, even for stage 1A tumors. For patients who cannot tolerate lobectomy and who are treated with sublobar resection, lymph node evaluation is essential to help guide further treatment.
Geotagger: A collaborative environmental inquiry platform

Geotagger is a collaborative environmental inquiry platform that enables children and adults alike the opportunity to observe the world around them, document that observation, share it, and encourage discussion around that tagged item of interest. The main objectives are to leverage the rampant use of and affinity for technology to encourage people to observe the natural world around them and to share and discuss that information with peers and colleagues. We present the Geotagger platform, share some initial feedback from various users, and we discuss how Geotagger has evolved based on that feedback.
Overseas Property Investments

International property investments are being considered by many institutional investors as an alternative investment media. Although a new concept for many, some investors (particularly the British and Dutch) have historically held overseas property as part of their investment portfolios. Examines results from 43 international investors who completed a survey exploring the decision‐making process used by international property investors, including investment techniques; motivating factors and the major problems often associated with making overseas investments; and in particular the investors′ attitudes towards currency risk. With little research, investors operate in a vacuum –unaware of attitudes and strategies used by others. Responses detailed provide information not only on how this asset class is perceived by those who are actively holding overseas investments but also by numerous firms who are contemplating the asset class and those who have decided against overseas property investments.
Copper‐mediated reversal of defective laccase in a Δvph1 avirulent mutant of Cryptococcus neoformans

Previous studies have shown that a Deltavph1 Cryptococcus neoformans mutant defective in vesicular acidification lacked several important virulence factors including a copper-containing laccase and was avirulent in a mouse model. In the present studies, we characterized laccase transcription and protein production to obtain insights into the mechanism of the vph1 mutation in this pathogen. Although transcription and protein expression were somewhat reduced, laccase protein was found to be successfully translated and correctly targeted to the cell wall in the Deltavph1 mutant as shown by Western blot and immuno-electron microscopy, despite a complete lack of laccase activity. Laccase activity was substantially restored in metabolically active Deltavph1 cells at 30 degrees C by addition of 100 micro M copper sulphate. This restoration by copper was found to occur through both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Laccase transcriptional induction by copper was found to be dependent on enhancer region II within the 5'-untranslated region of CNLAC1. Copper was also found to restore partial activity to Deltavph1 cells at 0 degrees C, suggesting that cell wall laccase was expressed in the mutant as an apo-enzyme. Apo-laccase restoration by copper was found to be facilitated by an acidic environment, consistent with a role for the vacuolar (H+)-ATPase proton pump in copper assembly of laccase in C. neoformans.
Neutron-induced 235 U fission spectrum measurements using liquid organic scintillation detectors

Measurements have been performed at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center to acquire neutron fission spectra of ${}^{235}$U in the energy range between 0.5 and 10 MeV. These new data complement the currently available experimental data, which are not well known in the energy range below 1 and above 5 MeV. Organic liquid scintillation detectors (EJ-309s) were used together with a digital data-acquisition system. The EJ-309 detectors show excellent pulse shape discrimination capabilities and this is vital for identifying only neutron pulses and rejecting $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray pulses. The measurement data show the dependence of average fission neutron energy as a function of the inducing neutron energy. The data agree well with previously published measurements and Watt spectra fits for energies up to tens of MeV. At high fission-inducing neutron energies the spectrum deviates from Watt-spectra fits. The increased energy deposited in higher energy neutron-induced fissions does not significantly increase emitted fission neutron energies for up to 10 MeV. A significant decrease in neutron energy around second-chance fission cannot be observed beyond the current measurement uncertainties.