cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gravitational Subduction of a Western Pacific Crustal Plate

RECENT work in the western Pacific by staff of the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics has outlined a coherent set of tensional features along the northern side of the Caroline Ridge. The structures—parallel normal-fault benches and grabens—extend more than 375 km along the crest and northern side of the ridge. Their pattern suggests that the crust north of the ridge is being pulled northward into the Mariana Trench. Gravitational sinking of the lithosphere has been proposed as a mechanism to drive (or to pull) seafloor spreading1 and this area north of the ridge presents an opportunity to examine the crustal structures developed by such motion in the absence of other normally recognized spreading features.
IODINE-125 DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN FOLLICULAR COLLOID AND COLLOID DROPLETS IN MOUSE THYROID GLAND

Radioautographs of tissue from the thyroid gland prepared 24 hours after the administration of iodine-125 showed that the concentration of radioactivity in intracellular colloid droplets was the same as that in the follicular colloid. This observation indicates that colloid droplets are due to phagocytosis of small portions of follicular colloid.
Task-driven evaluation of aggregation in time series visualization

Many visualization tasks require the viewer to make judgments about aggregate properties of data. Recent work has shown that viewers can perform such tasks effectively, for example to efficiently compare the maximums or means over ranges of data. However, this work also shows that such effectiveness depends on the designs of the displays. In this paper, we explore this relationship between aggregation task and visualization design to provide guidance on matching tasks with designs. We combine prior results from perceptual science and graphical perception to suggest a set of design variables that influence performance on various aggregate comparison tasks. We describe how choices in these variables can lead to designs that are matched to particular tasks. We use these variables to assess a set of eight different designs, predicting how they will support a set of six aggregate time series comparison tasks. A crowd-sourced evaluation confirms these predictions. These results not only provide evidence for how the specific visualizations support various tasks, but also suggest using the identified design variables as a tool for designing visualizations well suited for various types of tasks.
Polarized zone-center phonon modes of wurtzite GaAs

Zone-center optical phonons are studied via polarized micro-Raman scattering in wurtzite GaAs crystals grown on sapphire. Polarized spectra reveal the ${A}_{1}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{E}_{1}$ splitting in the Raman spectra of all polar optical modes of the wurtzite crystal. The polar mode splitting can be used to estimate a material birefringence of $\ensuremath{\Delta}n\ensuremath{\sim}0.02$.
Does Revising the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Subscales of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form Make a Difference

This study compared the original intrinsic and extrinsic subscales of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire short form to revised subscales using data from two samples. The revised subscales were formed according to critiques by several researchers. Confirmatory factor analysis of the original and revised subscales supported the discriminant validity of scores on the intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction measures. Several hierarchical regression models were tested that included job involvement, overall job satisfaction, and volitional absence variables, in addition to the job satisfaction components. The analyses from both samples indicated that revising the intrinsic and extrinsic subscales made little difference in the results obtained.
Saturn's E Ring Revisited.

Images of the E ring of Saturn obtained by the image processing of photographs of the 1966 edge-on presentation of the planet's ring plane are presented. Two methods of image enhancement were used: scanning with an image quantizer operated in the derivative mode to enhance contrast and computerized subtraction of a circularly symmetric image of the overexposed Saturn disk. Further photographic and CCD observation confirming the existence of the ring extending to twice the diameter of the A ring, which was not detected by the Pioneer 11 imaging photopolarimeter, is indicated.
A Finite-Element Work-Hardening Plasticity Model of the Uniaxial Compression and Subsequent Failure of Porous Cylinders Including Effects of Void Nucleation and Growth—Part II: Localization and Fracture Criteria

In Part 1 [1] of this paper, Gurson's mixed hardening plasticity model with strain and stress-controlled nucleations, was used in a large deformation finite element program to study the plastic flow and damage in the uniaxial compression of cylinders under sticking friction. Due to low stress triaxiality at the bulge of the cylinders, it was found that localization may occur before void coalescence. In this paper, necessary conditions of localizations are analyzed for the axial compression of porous cylinders under sticking friction. Shear band type of localization with a normal mode offracture has been predicted for the majority of the cases studied. Various existing localization conditions and fracture criteria are assessed using the results from the simulation. The maximum shear stress at failure is approximately constant and a constant critical damage can not be found.
Dynamics of the Rho-family small GTPases in actin regulation and motility

The p21 Rho-family of small GTPases are master regulators of actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. Their functions have been well characterized in terms of their effects toward various actin-modulating protein targets. However, more recent studies have shown that the dynamics of Rho GTPase activities are highly complex and tightly regulated in order to achieve their specific subcellular localization. Furthermore, these localized effects are highly dynamic, often spanning the time-scale of seconds, making the interpretation of traditional biochemical approaches inadequate to fully decipher these rapid mechanisms in vivo. Here, we provide an overview of Rho family GTPase biology, and introduce state-of-the-art approaches to study the dynamics of these important signaling proteins that ultimately coordinate the actin cytoskeleton rearrangements during cell migration.
Automated assessment of the remineralization of artificial enamel lesions with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

Accurate measurement of the highly mineralized transparent surface layer that forms on caries lesions is important for diagnosis of the lesion activity because chemical intervention can slow or reverse the caries process via remineralization. Previous in-vitro and in-vivo studies have demonstrated that polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) can nondestructively image the subsurface lesion structure and the highly mineralized transparent surface zone of caries lesions. The purpose of this study was to develop an approach to automatically process 3-dimensional PS-OCT images and to accurately assess the remineralization process in simulated enamel lesions. Artificial enamel lesions were prepared on twenty bovine enamel blocks using two models to produce varying degree of demineralization and remineralization. The thickness of the transparent surface layer and the integrated reflectivity of the subsurface lesion were measured using PS-OCT. The automated transparent surface layer detection algorithm was able to successfully detect the transparent surface layers with high sensitivity ( = 0.92) and high specificity ( = 0.97). The estimated thickness of the transparent surface layer showed a strong correlation with polarized light microscopy (PLM) measurements of all regions (R2 = 0.90). The integrated reflectivity, ΔR, and the integrated mineral loss, ΔZ, showed a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.32). This study demonstrates that PS-OCT can automatically measure the changes in artificial enamel lesion structure and severity upon exposure to remineralization solutions.
Teacher Neutrality and Teaching of Ethical Issues.

(1990). Teacher Neutrality and Teaching of Ethical Issues. The Educational Forum: Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 157-168.
Stability of buoyancy and surface tension driven convection in a horizontal double-diffusive fluid layer

Abstract Linear stability analysis has been applied to examine the stability of convection in a horizontal double-diffusive fluid layer driven by the combined effects of buoyancy and surface tension. Such a convective flow may serve as an idealized model of the horizontal Bridgman process for crystallization or solidification of liquid melts. Results show that salt-finger instability is excited over a wide range of thermal and solutal Grashof numbers. Travelling wave instabilities caused by surface tension effects are excited when the effective Marangoni number becomes large.
Clinical comparison of antibiotic combinations in the treatment of peritonitis and related mixed aerobic-anaerobic surgical sepsis.

Patients with presumed mixed aerobic-anaerobic peritoneal (126) or soft tissue (59) sepsis were treated with 1 of 3 randomly assigned antibiotic regimens: gentamicin plus clindamycin (68), gentamicin plus metronidazole (60), and cefamandole plus erythromycin (60). Primary and complicating foci of infection were cultured for both aerobic and anaerobic pathogens and antibiotic sensitivities were determined. In vitro aerobic and anaerobic sensitivities were, respectively: 80% and 70% for cefamandole, 10% and 64% for clindamycin, 31% and 91% for erythromycin, 83% and 0% for gentamicin, and 1% and 87% for metronidazole. Similar control of primary infection was obtained with each regimen (95%), although recurrence of sepsis was least common after treatment with gentamicin-metronidazole (3%,p+<0.05) in contrast to gentamicin-clindamycin (19%) and cefamandole-erythromycin (15%). Significant complications were hypoprothrombinemia, occurring only after cefamandole-erythromycin therapy (5%), and acute renal failure, found almost exclusively with gentamicin treatment (10%,p=< 0.01), and accounting for 3 deaths. Unremitting sepsis caused 3 deaths. There were 5 deaths due to complications not related to the mode of therapy. These results suggest the relative safety of cefamandole, superiority of metronidazole for anaerobes, and frequent life-threatening nephrotoxicity of gentamicin.
Angle-resolved photoemission from CO chemisorbed on Rh(110)

Abstract He(II)-excited UPS spectra of CO chemisorbed on Rh(110) have been acquired in symmetry-equivalent directions relative to the substrate. In these spectra a marked anisotropy was noted in the emission from the 4σ level. Comparison of the experimental spectra with calculations of the differential photoionization cross-sections suggests that the CO molecule is chemisorbed in an end-on configuration with the carbon end nearer to the surface.
A note on combining wind and buoyancy forcing in a simple one-layer oceanic model

Abstract A one-moving-layer model driven by combined wind and buoyancy flux is studied. The vertically integrated mass flux is determined by the wind stress, and the density distribution is determined by the air-sea interaction. The model highlights the physics of combining wind and buoyancy forcing in the simplest possible way; it also illustrates a possible application in combining satellite altimetry and scatterometry data to reconstruct the oceanic general circulation.
The problem of obstruction in prostate cancer.

The exact incidence of bladder outlet obstruction secondary to locally advanced prostate cancer is difficult to define, since benign prostatic hyperplasia is often concomitant in these patients. Therefore, it is not surprising that the reported incidence ranges from 18% to 72% [5, 19]. On the other hand, of all the patients presenting with bladder outlet obstruction and clinically benign prostates, depending on age and sectioning technique, 14% have tumours in the transurethral resection (TUR) specimens [17, 18].
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND REACTIVITY STUDIES OF THE SAMARIUM ARYLOXIDE COMPLEX SM(O-2,6-PR2IC6H3)3(THF)2

Abstract Reaction of the samarium aryloxide bis-THF adduct Sm(OAr) 3 (THF) 2 ( 1 ; Ar = 2,6-Pr 2 i C 6 H 3 ) with two equivalents of pyridine produces the bis-pyridine complex Sm(OAr) 3 py 2 ( 2 ) in 85% yield. Compound 1 also reacts with an excess of pyridine to form the tris-pyridine adduct Sm(OAr) 3 py 3 ( 3 ) in excellent yield. Addition of one equivalent of KOAr to 1 leads to the isolation of the potassium salt K[Sm(OAr) 4 ] ( 4 ) in high yield. The salt 4 reacts with one equivalent of pyridine to form the mono-pyridine adduct K[Sm(OAr) 4 py] ( 5 ). Compounds 1–5 have been characterized by 1 H NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and, in the case of 1 , by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. In the solid state, 1 adopts a trigonal bipyramidal structure in which THF ligands occupy axial sites. Sm O distances to the aryloxide ligands average 2.14(2)A˚, while those to THF ligands average 2.45(2)A˚.
Subacute herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis as an initial presentation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple sclerosis: a case report.

Introduction Herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis presents acutely in patients who are immunocompetent. We report what we believe to be the first published case of a subacute course of herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis in a patient with asymptomatic chronic lymphocytic leukemia who subsequently developed multiple sclerosis.
Reflecting on the invisible: understanding end-user perceptions of ubiquitous computing

How can designers of ubiquitous computing technologies ensure that they understand the non-functional needs, values, and expectations of end-users? In this paper, we use a qualitative method from public policy to elicit reflective feedback from end-users about technologies that they may not yet have used nor fully comprehend. Our study uncovers information about end-user perceptions of RFID, including a range of "folk theories" held by the public about this technology, and their associations of it with certain social groups and values. We argue that these perceptions can limit technological adoption, and conclude with a discussion of challenges for the design and deployment of ubiquitous computing systems.
The MBE Growth And Electronic Structure Of α-Sn x Ge 1-x Alloys

The MBE growth and electronic structure of a-SnxGe i_x alloy films were studied with RHEED and angle resolved synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy. Doe to an increased interfacial reactivity, CdTe substrates are not suitable for the epitaxial growth of homogeneous films with x>0.1. Alloy films with good crystalline quality can be grown on Ge(100) substrates at approx 400 C. The expected closing of the alloy band gap is confirmed by photoemission data which show the shift of the T8 valence band maximum from -0.6 eV in Ge(100) to -0.16 eV below EF in a-Sn0.48 Ge0.52
Characterization of MHC induction by Mycoplasma fermentans (incognitus strain).

Abstract Mycoplasma fermentans (incognitus strain) is a recently identified new human pathogen and suspected cofactor in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Because this organism appears to exert strong immunosuppressive properties of its own, we decided to investigate whether it was capable of inducing MHC class II expression, as we have observed for other species of mycoplasma. In this report we demonstrate that M. fermentans (incognitus strain) is capable of producing factors that increase MHC class II expression as well as MHC class I expression on the myelomonocytic cell line, WEHI-3 cells, We also present data showing that these mycoplasmal factors induce small, although significant, increases in MHC class I and II antigens on a mouse glioma cell line, G26-20, and MHC class II expression on the human monocyte cell lines, U-937 and HL-60. Using nuclear run-on analysis, we show that the mycoplasma-induced increase in MHC expression is at least partially due to an increase in transcription of the MHC genes. Furthermore, we show that the factor that mediates this activity is sensitive to protease treatment, indicating that it is, at least in part, protein. These results demonstrate that M. fermentans (incognitus strain) is capable of modulating the expression of immunologically important MHC genes in both murine and human cell lines, which may prove to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of this organism.
Effect of Disrupting Seven-in-Absentia Homolog 2 Function on Lung Cancer Cell Growth

Background Hyperactivated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and/or RAS signaling drives cellular transformation and tumorigenesis in human lung cancers, but agents that block activated EGFR and RAS signaling have not yet been demonstrated to substantially extend patients ’ lives. The human homolog of Drosophila seven-in-absentia — SIAH-1 and SIAH-2 — are ubiquitin E3 ligases and conserved downstream components of the RAS pathway that are required for mammalian RAS signal transduction. We examined whether inhibiting SIAH-2 function blocks lung cancer growth. Methods The antiproliferative and antitumorigenic effects of lentiviral expression of anti-SIAH-2 molecules (ie, a dominant-negative protease-deficient mutant of SIAH-2 [SIAH-2 PD ] and short hairpin RNA [shRNA] – mediated gene knockdown against SIAH-2) were assayed in normal human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells and in human lung cancer BZR, A549, H727, and UMC11 cells by measuring cell proliferation rates, by assessing MAPK and other activated downstream components of the RAS pathway by immunoblotting, assessing apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase – mediated UTP end-labeling (TUNEL) assay, quantifying anchorage-independent cell growth in soft agar, and assessing A549 cell – derived tumor growth in athymic nude mice (groups of 10 mice, with two injections of 1 × 10 6 cells each at the dorsal left
Contribution of photosynthetic rate to growth and reproduction in Amaranthus hybridus

While it is known that genetic variation for photosynthetic and growth traits exists in natural populations, the functional significance of this variation remains unclear, particularly for photosynthetic traits. To test the hypothesis that photosynthetic rate has direct effects on reproduction as well as contributing indirectly to reproduction through effects on growth, we compared wild-type Amaranthus hybridus families to those with a single gene mutation that confers a lower photosynthetic rate. Wild-type and photosynthetic-mutant families were grown in competitive and non-competitive environments and we compared size, biomass allocation, architecture, and reproduction at three developmental stages. To assess the contributions of individual growth traits to reproduction, we calculated covariances between standardized traits and relative fitness (selection differentials), and compared selection between the two biotypes. Finally, we used path analysis to calculate the indirect effects of photosynthetic rate on fitness through growth. The size, allocation, and architecture of photosynthetic mutants did not differ from those of the wild type in either the competitive or non-competitive environment, with the exception that they were taller by the last developmental stage. However, the reproductive biomass of the photosynthetic mutants was significantly reduced compared to the wild type. In the competitive environment, the wild type achieved greater fitness because, while similar in size to the mutants, at any given size it produced more reproductive biomass. This suggests that photosynthetic rate affected the linkage between plant size and reproduction and is evidence of an indirect contribution to fitness. In the non-competitive environment, there were fewer differences in selection differentials between the two plant genotypes, suggesting fewer indirect effects. Path analysis showed that variation in photosynthetic biotype had indirect effects on reproductive biomass, via growth traits, and that there were no direct effects. Photosynthetic rate appears to have fitness consequences primarily through multiple contributions to growth throughout development.
Link availability and its effects on the capacity of mobile ad hoc wireless networks - an analytical approach

Mobile ad hoc wireless networks are expected to play a very important role in the future. Therefore, extensive research has been conducted to understand and analyze these networks under various conditions of strategic routing, traffic, topology and mobility. A new `Link availability ratio' is introduced, which represents the initial condition of the network dynamic. The effects of the different parameters mentioned above with respect to their effect on throughput availability in the network are observed and analyzed. The analytical model of the capacity of an 802.11 based ad hoc network developed took the routing, traffic, topology and mobility factors into consideration, in addition to the Link availability ratio introduced in this paper. This comprehensive model should ultimately help in prioritizing and resolving design issues associated with any specific kind of ad hoc network deployment.
Covering the Remaining Uninsured Children Almost Half of Uninsured Children Live in Immigrant Families

Objective:Previous authors have answered “how many children in immigrant families are uninsured”; we do not know the inverse: “how many uninsured children live in immigrant families.” This paper will show the total contribution of having an immigrant parent to the uninsured rate for children in the
Still Learning to Speak and Still Not Being Heard Public Administration and the Latest Financial Crisis

This article offers an analysis of the shortcomings the field of public administration in lending its expertise to financial services regulatory matters. It argues that public administration’s main...
Parkinson’s Disease and Politeness

Prior research suggests that people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) display certain deficiencies in their use of language. In this research, the authors used a role-playing technique to examine their ability to say things politely and to vary their level of politeness as a function of the social context. PD participants, relative to control participants, produced less polite strategies and failed to vary their politeness as a function of the size of the request. In addition, PD participants who were on high-dosage levels, relative to control and low-dosage PD participants, did not vary their politeness as a function of the recipient’s power. Overall, this research demonstrates a deficit in politeness for people with PD, a deficit that most likely plays a role in some of the social deficits that have been demonstrated to occur for people with PD. Potential neurobiological mechanisms of this deficit are discussed.
Thermal burn and electrical injuries among electric utility workers, 1995-2004

This study describes the occurrence of work-related injuries from thermal-, electrical- and chemical-burns among electric utility workers. We describe injury trends by occupation, body part injured, age, sex, and circumstances surrounding the injury. This analysis includes all thermal, electric, and chemical injuries included in the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Occupational Health and Safety Database (OHSD). There were a total of 872 thermal burn and electric shock injuries representing 3.7% of all injuries, but accounting for nearly 13% of all medical claim costs, second only to the medical costs associated with sprain- and strain-related injuries (38% of all injuries). The majority of burns involved less than 1 day off of work. The head, hands, and other upper extremities were the body parts most frequently injured by burns or electric shocks. For this industry, electric-related burns accounted for the largest percentage of burn injuries, 399 injuries (45.8%), followed by thermal/heat burns, 345 injuries (39.6%), and chemical burns, 51 injuries (5.8%). These injuries also represented a disproportionate number of fatalities; of the 24 deaths recorded in the database, contact with electric current or with temperature extremes was the source of seven of the fatalities. High-risk occupations included welders, line workers, electricians, meter readers, mechanics, maintenance workers, and plant and equipment operators.
Negotiating a Perilous Empowerment: Appalachian Women's Literacies. Erica Abrams Locklear. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2011.

Negotiating a Perilous Empowerment: Appalachian Women's Literacies. Erica Abrams Locklear. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2011.Literacy, most commonly thought of as the ability to read and write, is generally considered to be necessary and desirable. Erica Abrams Locklear complicates both the definition and perception of literacy in her study of Appalachian women's stories. Looking at fiction and autobiography, Locklear considers the literacy stories of four Appalachian authors - Harriette Simpson Arnow, Linda Scott DeRosier, Denise Giardina, and Lee Smith - to highlight how, "For Appalachian women, the transformative powers of education, and more specifically literacy, are no doubt empowering, but they can also be perilous," concluding that "[gaining new technical, social, and cultural literacies, especially ones that might not be shared by those in the learner's home community, almost always comes at a price" (2). This price is often the sacrifice of relationships with the individual's community of origin.Locklear builds on the work of James Paul Gee who asserts that "Discourses are ways of being in the world, or forms of life which integrate words, acts, values, beliefs, attitudes, and social identities, as well as gestures, glances, body positions, and clothes" and then defines literacy as "mastery of a secondary Discourse" (5-6). This definition is the crux of Locklear's argument as she examines how the acquisition of a secondary literacy is far more complicated than we tend to believe.When literacy becomes more than simple reading and writing, but instead is understood as fluency with a different cultural subjectivity, it becomes a far more complex phenomenon. As the title of her work suggests, "literacies" empower, but also expose negative implications. As all of the writers and characters Locklear studied reveal, their new literacy makes them suspect to their own communities. Many of the women are accused of not knowing their rightful place in society. The assumption is that by acquiring a second literacy, you are acknowledging the inadequacy of your own culture. In addition, the new perspectives that come with literacy cause the women to see their original communities differently. In other words, they both perceive and are perceived differently.Locklear also addresses perception when she discusses mainstream society's problematic views of Appalachian literacy. She cites many studies, documentaries, and other texts that reinforce stereotypes that Appalachians are both unintelligent and unable to read and write. Both Locklear and the authors she studies separate the two assumptions and then challenge them by presenting a more complex portrayal, showing not only how limiting the stereotypes surrounding the region are, but also how a second literacy can have as many negative effects as positive ones. …
Nuts and Bolts: Dimensions of Commonly Utilized Screws in Upper Extremity Surgery

A plethora of screw designs and sizes are available from multiple companies for use in upper extremity surgery. Knowing the dimensions of screws is critical in the treatment of bone of varying dimensions for fractures, osteotomies, or arthrodeses. Although many screws are named by their major thread diameter, this is not always true. Because of this confusing nomenclature and vast number of options, we sought to review the most commonly used screws and codify their dimensions into a readily available article and reference chart. This article highlights the basic dimensions of commonly used headless screws, stand-alone lag screws, non-locking and locking screws for plating, and biocomposite screws. Commonly described treatments using these screws include fixation of elbow, wrist, carpal, metacarpal, and phalangeal fractures and osteotomies, as well as arthrodeses of upper extremity joints. This article and its tables are by no means exhaustive of all commercially available implants. The focus is on the most commonly used implants in the United States as of 2014.
An Experiential Approach for Evaluating Product Development Capabilities

Summary form only given. New product development is frequently the most challenging and costly activity undertaken by firms. This paper presents the results from a case study of a process developed to assist one high technology firm assess its capabilities to innovate. This company had suffered several innovation problems, such as, delivering new products behind schedule and over the targeted development budget. The consequences of these performance problems directly impacted customer satisfaction levels as well as created a decline in product profitability. The Innovation Capabilities Assessment process used entailed in-depth field interviews with key development participants; the use of a custom designed innovation assessment instrument; feedback of the study's findings to key development managers, team members and senior managers; and specific recommendations for company-wide development improvement. We suggest that other technology companies can use our Innovation Capability Assessment methodology. Several directions for future research regarding innovation capability assessment methods are proposed
Wind Powered Sprinkler System

Due to limited energy resources, excessive emission of CO 2 , global warming, increase of mean temperature, serious impacts have resulted on our living environment, and thus, energy saving and carbon reduction have become urgent issues. Planting grass, flowers and trees can absorb and reduce CO 2 , thus meeting the requirements for energy saving and carbon reduction in environmental protection. At present, most of lawns or gardens in Taiwan are maintained by manual or traditional semiautomatic watering device. Whether the lawn needs to be watered and the amount of water to be sprinkled depends on subjective decision. When the lawn is watered without examining the moisture content of the soil beforehand, it causes waste of time, labor, water and cost. The intelligent wind powered watering system developed by this study used an electromechanical integrated design system to control the humidity probe, and used the electricity generated by natural wind power and pumping device to control the sprinkling action. This system sprinkles water by sensing the soil moisture content, and stops sprinkling automatically when the soil moisture content is enough, thus achieving the purposes of cost and energy saving. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i6.2641
Back to Basics: Congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

1. Michael A. Linshaw, MD* 1. *Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Department of Pediatrics-Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Mass After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize the clinical features of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 2. Know the different hereditary patterns of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. 3. Discuss how to evaluate a child who has hypernatremic dehydration in the presence of dilute urine. 4. Describe the nutritional, fluid, and pharmacologic goals of therapy. Diabetes insipidus (DI), the inability under physiologic conditions to concentrate urine adequately, is characterized by the passage of large amounts of very dilute urine, even as the body is threatened with progressive dehydration and circulatory collapse in the presence of severe hypernatremia. Normally, about 10% to 12% of glomerular-filtered volume is reabsorbed along distal nephron vasopressin (ADH)-sensitive sites. Such reabsorption is accomplished by a responsive tubule exposed to ADH that has been secreted by stimulation of osmotic or volume receptors. Both the absence or insufficiency of ADH due to pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction (central diabetes insipidus [CDI]) or the failure of the kidney to respond adequately to normal or high serum concentrations of ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus [NDI]) can present with similar clinical features, most notably polyuria, polydipsia, and extreme thirst. The seriousness of such a defect can be illustrated by considering a child who has an actual glomerular filtration rate of 50 mL/min. Failure to reabsorb the expected approximately 5 to 6 mL/min along ADH-sensitive sites would result in the potential loss of 300 to 360 mL/h of fluid or approximately 1 L in 3 hours. With progressive dehydration, the glomerular filtration rate would decline and blunt the fluid loss to some extent, but ensuing volume depletion, hypernatremia from water loss, and renal insufficiency could become life-threatening. CDI occurs as a result of intracranial lesions; NDI is caused by defects in the renal concentrating process (Table 1). In NDI, congenital X-linked or autosomal inherited forms of DI …
Physical activity in Filipino youth: the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To describe physical activity (PA) and inactivity levels of Filipino youth aged 14–16 y. DESIGN: PA type and patterns were assessed in an adolescent cohort enrolled in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. SUBJECTS: A total of 1053 males (aged 15.6plusminus0.5 y; body mass index (BMI)=18.6plusminus2.6 kg/m2) and 990 females (aged 14.6plusminus0.5 y; BMI=18.8plusminus2.4 kg/m2). MEASUREMENTS: PA was assessed by (1) self-reported usual PA (questionnaire); (2) 24-h objective monitoring (Caltrac accelerometer); and (3) 24 h recalls of PA during the objectively monitored time frame. RESULTS: As measured by Caltrac, males expended 378.0plusminus164.5 kcal and females 271.0plusminus105.4 kcal. The measurement approaches employed agreed in expected ways, given the limitations of each. Together the approaches used indicated that the primary sources of PA for this population are chores and active commuting. In all, 40% of the sample walked to school, less than 1% rode a bicycle, 22% rode in/on motorized transport, and 37% used some combination of walking and motorized transport. Further, gender differences exist for type, frequency, and duration of physical activities performed by Filipino youth. Specifically, females report engaging in few leisure-time physical activities and more household chores. In total, 48% of Filipino youth report watching greater than or equal to2 h/day of television; relatively few youth (7%) report watching >4 h/day at this time. An 18% of males report no vigorous activities compared to 87% of females. CONCLUSION: Clear gender differences in PA patterns and levels exist in Filipino adolescents. Nonsport/exercise type activities (eg chores and active commuting) currently provide a large proportion of daily activity for both males and females, however. It is anticipated that as modernization and technological advancement continue in this developing country, these primary sources of PA will decrease.
Detecting OSAHS from patterns seen on heart-rate tachograms

The authors' objective was to determine the accuracy of a simple, visual heart rate (HR) tachogram-based method for identifying significant obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). N=35 HR tachograms, 10 min/line, 1 hr/page, were generated from machine-generated beat-to-beat RR interval data provided by PhysioNet and extracted using the WFDB software package. Each tachogram was analyzed for the presence of cyclic variation of HR (CVHR), i.e., visible, cyclic, rapid increases and subsequent decreases in HR. Studies with >10 CVHR events in 1 hr and >100 minutes of CVHR during the entire night were scored as "severe", otherwise they were scored as "none. Of the 30 studies that were known to have either severe OSAHS or none, 96.6% were correctly scored using this simple method. In conclusion, these results suggest that HR tachograms, which can easily be generated as a part of routine Holter scanning, may identify patients with previously undetected OSAHS, permitting two diagnostic tests for the effort and cost of one.
Transistor abstraction for the functional verification of FPGAs

This paper discusses the use of transistor abstraction to enable the functional verification of FPGA fabrics with RTL models. It first describes the multiplexer structures that are used on a massive scale in FPGAs and the specific challenges that they pose to transistor abstraction tools. It then reviews previous approaches and shows that the cone model of the DESB system is particularly well suited to abstract FPGA logic because it makes pass-gate branches in multiplexer structures well apparent. Based on this model, methods are described to isolate multiplexer structures, take into account logic correlation between signals, and generate RTL models that are both simulation efficient and highly readable. Finally, Altera's ABX tool that implements these concepts is briefly described.
The Power Gap: Is Sharing Or Accumulating Power The Answer?

As organizations become more complex, executives and managers are often face3d with a gap between the amount of power necessary to complete tasks or make decisions and that granted by their positions. Combined with a sense of powerlessness among subordinates in many large organizations, executives are confronted with a dilemma of effectively responding to the power gap. This paper examines antecedents and consequences of two possible responses to this growing gap in organizational power and offers guidance on making the appropriate response.
Trade in Greater China

This paper discusses the nature and determinants of trade of Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, a region often called "Greater China." Trade between Hong Kong and China is characterized by at least two features: re-exports and outward processing. China is both the largest source and largest market for Hong Kong's re-exports. In addition, in 1995, 45% of Hong Kong's re-exports to China and 82% of Hong Kong's re-exports from China were related to outward processing. Trade between Taiwan and China can be classified into two types: indirect and direct. Indirect trade is mainly re-exports through Hong Kong, while direct trade includes transshipment and some coastal barter trade. Trade between Hong Kong and Taiwan has also been growing, with total exports form Taiwan to China reaching more than US$ 18 billions. Using a gravity model, we test the empirical relevance of the concept of Greater China and also to identify determinants of trade of Greater China. We found that Greater China's trade is positively related to its own GDP, its trading partner's GDP and per capita GDP. It also trades more with countries in East Asia and members of APEC. Overall, the success of the gravity model in explaining trade in Greater China suggests the usefulness of the concept of an economically integrated China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.
The Role of Model V&V in the Defining of Specifications

Model validation plays an important role in estimating the confidence in a simulation. Many times, the simulation is the only source of response that is available. When an expensive simulation is developed, the predictions from that simulation will usually be used in an absolute sense, with more conservatism added if the model validation analysis indicates low confidence. The results of the simulation could be scaled based upon the confidence of the model. This paper will describe how the outcome of a model validation exercise determines the conservatism applied to the environmental specifications and the estimation of margins derived from those simulations.
No Escaping the Registry: Louisiana’s Registration Scheme for Juveniles Adjudicated Delinquent

The juvenile justice system came into existence to rehabilitate children so they could transition into contributing members of society, without branding them as criminals. Society has shifted its focus and with it, the goals of the juvenile justice system. Gone are the days of helping youth; instead, the focal point became the safety of society. This reinvented “juvenile justice system” now meticulously mirrors the criminal justice system designed and structured for adults. In 2006, Congress enacted the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (“SORNA”). SORNA requires all adult and certain juvenile sex offenders to register in a federal sex registry and submit to community notification and sets standards for sex-offender registration and notification across the United States. States were essentially pressured into substantially implementing the provisions of SORNA into applicable state statutes through SORNA’s enactment. An examination by the author of the current sex-offender-registration requirements for juveniles adjudicated delinquent in Louisiana discovered that by utilizing a system already in place, courts could circumvent the stringent requirements of SORNA, while protecting all children and maintaining the original rehabilitative goals of the juvenile justice system. This Article explores the logic behind Louisiana’s lifetime sex-offender-registration requirements for juveniles adjudicated delinquent for certain sex offenses and the rationale behind the exit opportunities afforded to those eligible offenders after a lengthy period of time. Accordingly, the author explains that current criminal-court-transfer procedures adequately serve the interests of Louisiana registration laws. It concludes with an alternative to the nearly inescapable life sentence of the current sex-offender-registration requirements for juveniles adjudicated delinquent in Louisiana.
Fumigation of the Confused Flour Beetle with Methyl Bromide at High and Low Rates of Respiration

Adults of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal, were exposed to a sublethal concentration (2.9 mg per liter) of methyl bromide at low and high rates of respiration induced by CO2 or N2 preconditioning. Susceptibility to methyl bromide was noted at the low respiratory level. Fumigation of CO2-and N2-preconditioned beetles at respiratory depression produced 30% and 44% greater joint action, respectively, than that which could be predicted on the basis of additive treatments. These results suggest that detoxification rates are slowed at low metabolic levels. Certain antagonism to joint action was noted when insects were fumigated at the peak of O2 debt repayment after preconditioning.
Partioning of a restricted food source in a territorial iguanid (Anolis carolinensis)

Following a 48-h deprivation period, time samplings of behavior of six pairs of lizards were taken from 9:30 a.m. to 5:40 p.m. each day for 5 days. Each pair of Ss was observed in an area 32 × 32 × 16 in. In all pairs, one animal dominated and supplanted the other throughout the observation area. Food offered during the first day of observation was taken in equal amounts by the dominant and nondominant lizards; food offered on the fifth day was taken almost exclusively by the dominant animals (90.4%). This increase is statistically significant (p <.031) and suggests that a territory can function to ensure the holder of that territory all or most of a limited food supply.
Ultrahigh Loading of Nanoparticles into Ordered Block Copolymer Composites

Phase selective, ultrahigh loading of nanoparticles into target domains of block copolymer composites was achieved by blending the block copolymer hosts with small molecule additives that exhibit strong interactions with one of the polymer chain segments and with the nanoparticle ligands via hydrogen bonding. The addition of d-tartaric acid to poly(ethylene oxide-block-tert-butyl acrylate) (PEO-b-PtBA) enabled the loading of more than 150 wt % of 4-hydroxythiophenol-functionalized Au nanoparticles relative to the mass of the target domain (PEO + tartaric acid), which corresponds to greater than 40 wt % Au by mass of the resulting well-ordered composite as measured by thermal gravimetric analysis. The additive, tartaric acid, performs three important roles. First, as evidenced by small-angle X-ray scattering, it significantly increases the segregation strength of the block copolymer via selective interaction with the hydrophilic PEO block. Second, it expands the PEO block and enhances the number and streng...
Machine Songs III: Music in the Service of Science-Science in the Service of Music

come from? Let me suggest that it is a by-product of self-conscious, rational thought, which we call science-the idea that everything can and should be explained. As our civilization develops and evolves, an increasing tension can be observed between disciplines that lend themselves to scientific inquiry (such as acoustics) and those, like music, that seem to constantly evade satisfactory explanation. Who among us today, aware of the recent advances in the study of cognitive processes, would attempt to account for the power of music? Leonard B. Meyer (1967) has written that,
Ökobilanzierung in der Verpackungsplanung bei GETRAG

Grune Programme haben schon seit langer Zeit Einzug in die strategischen Unternehmensplanungen und ‐prozesse gehalten. Allgegenwartige und medial gewichtig inszenierte Diskussionen uber Emissionsziele, schwindende Rohstoffreserven, CO2‐footprints oder die globale Klimaveranderung sorgen fur eine Omnipotenz okologischer Bewusstseinsforderung in Deutschland und sensibilisieren zunehmend vor allem junge Verbraucher hinsichtlich ihres grunen Gewissens und letztlich auch ihres Kaufverhaltens. Die staatlich verordneten CO2‐Grenzwerte von 95 g/km fur OEM‐Fahrzeugflotten bis 2020 im NEFZ forcieren ihrerseits die Notwendigkeit einer integrierten Strategie zur Schadstoffreduktion. Nachhaltigkeit ist langst zu einem Megatrend geworden.
Surveillance on Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2012

Objective To analyze epidemical characteristics and trends of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2012, and provide theoretic basis for formulating control measures. Methods Data was collected from the whole city to describe the epidemical characteristics of HFRS. Immunofluoresence assay (IFA) was used to detect the antibodies and realtime PCR was used to detect the Hantavirus. Results 929 patients were seropositive from 2009 to 2012. Most of them were young male laborers. Dominant peak was observed in spring and autumn. Surveillance on rats demonstrated 11.22% rats carried hantavirus(with a density of 10.28%) and the main host was sewer rat. Conclusion The incidence rate of HFRS in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2012 showed a upward trend, so measures must be taken and be strengthened such as the surveillance on patients and rats, keeping out and killing rats, the vaccine injection of main populations in order to decrease the incidence of HFRS.