cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical phenotyping of acute promyelocytic leukemia reveals unique biomechanical responses in retinoic acid-resistant populations

Abstract While all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an essential therapy in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), an aggressive subtype of acute myeloid leukemia, nearly 20% of APL patients are resistant to ATRA. As no biomarkers for ATRA resistance yet exist, we investigated whether cell mechanics could be associated with this pathological phenotype. Using mechano-node-pore sensing, a single-cell mechanical phenotyping platform, and patient-derived APL cell lines, NB4 (ATRA-sensitive) and AP-1060 (ATRA-resistant), we discovered that ATRA-resistant APL cells are less mechanically pliable. By investigating how different subcellular components of APL cells contribute to whole-cell mechanical phenotype, we determined that nuclear mechanics strongly influence an APL cell’s mechanical response. By arresting APL cells in S-phase or M-phase in the cell cycle, we found cell pliability to be inversely related to DNA content. In addition to DNA content affecting cell pliability, we observed that chromatin condensation also affects nuclear mechanics: decondensing chromatin with trichostatin A is especially effective in softening ATRA-resistant APL cells. RNA-Seq allowed us to compare the transcriptomic differences between ATRA-resistant and ATRA-responsive APL cells and highlighted gene expression changes that could be associated with mechanical changes. Overall, we demonstrate the potential of “physical” biomarkers in identifying APL resistance.
“We Have to Survive, First”: Speculative Ethnographies of Chinese Student Experience During COVID-19

Our speculative ethnography of Chinese student experience in the United States during COVID-19 weds the tradition of speculative fiction (exemplified by the likes of Margaret Atwood and Octavia Butler) and digital autoethnography. The study is two-pronged: First, we articulate/map the methodological merits of speculative and digital autoethnography as particularly conducive to the crisis context of COVID-19 and its accompanying social isolation;second, we deploy said methodology within a population of nine Chinese students ?trapped? in the United States during the COVID-19 period.
The Mission System: Application of New Technology to Improvement of Physician-System Interfaces In Ambulatory Care Information Systems

This paper describes current efforts to establish an experimental facility for research into innovative, highly interactive interfaces between health care providers and computer-based medical databases. Oriented toward ambulatory care settings, the MISSION system (Medical Information System Supporting .Interactive Online Networking) is intended as a demonstration of the potential for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of medical care by improving physician access to, and consequently utilization of, computer-supported health information systems.
Redistribution and the income of the median voter

The income of the median voter has been measured by median income. This measure fails to consider the income distribution of both voters and number of adults per family. Proper measures of the income of the median voter change standard results. This income is no longer less than mean income; its ratio to mean income is only slightly related to the ratio of median to mean income.
Mutants of thermotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideum

Amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum, strain HL50 were mutagenized with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, cloned, allowed to form pseudoplasmodia and screened for aberrant positive and negative thermotaxis. Three types of mutants were found. Mutant HO428 exhibits only positive thermotaxis over the entire temperature range (no negative thermotaxis). HO596 and HO813 exhibit weakened positive thermotaxis and normal negative thermotaxis. The weakened positive thermotactic response results in a shift toward warmer temperatures in the transition temperature from negative to positive thermotaxis. Mutant HO209 exhibits weakened positive and negative thermotactic responses and has a transition temperature similar to the ‘wild type’ (HL50). The two types of mutants represented by HO428, HO596 and HO813 support the model that positive and negative thermotaxis have separate pathways for temperature sensing. The type of mutants which contains HO209 suggests that those two pathways converge at some point before the response.
Obtaining quantitative predictions from monotone relationships

Quantitative predictions are typically obtained by characterizing a system in terms of algebraic relationships and then using these relationships to compute quantitative predictions from numerical data. For real-life systems, such as mainframe operating systems, an algebraic characterization is often difficult, if not intractable. This paper proposes a statistical approach to obtaining quantitative predictions from monotone relationships -- non-parametric interpolative-prediction for monotone functions (NIMF). NIMF uses monotone relationships to search historical data for bounds that provide a desired level of statistical confidence. We evaluate NIMF by comparing its predictions to those of linear least-squares regression (a widely-used statistical technique that requires specifying algebraic relationships) for memory contention in an IBM computer system. Our results suggest that using an accurate monotone relationship can produce better quantitative predictions than using an approximate algebraic relationship.
Sampling from Virtual Populations

The increasing complexity of the problems addressed in modern statistical inference has created many situations where a closed-form analytical solution is not available. For example, when constructing a rejection region for a hypothesis-testing procedure, the sampling distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis may not have a closed form, even when the exact form of the population is known. In nonparametric situations where the population may not be known, estimates of the sampling distribution of a test statistic or parameter estimate computed using the bootstrap often do not have a closed form. The use of empirical approximations based on simulated realizations of the random process that produces the observed data have been implemented for many years. Almost universal access to computers has made such simulations easy to perform. The purpose of this article is to review the most common methodologies for performing these simulations. Keywords: bootstrap; resampling; simulation; smoothed bootstrap
Cryoablation of Anteroseptal Accessory Pathways with a His Bundle Electrogram on the Ablation Catheter: techniques to monitor AVN function.

Background : Radiofrequency catheter ablations of anteroseptal (AS) accessory pathways (AP) in pediatric patients have higher incidence of atrioventricular (AV) block than other AP locations. We report our experience using cryoablation in pediatric patients where a His bundle electrogram was noted on the ablation catheter at the site of the successful ablation. Methods and Results : We retrospectively reviewed all patients ≤21 years that underwent cryoablation for an AS AP from 2005 to 2012 at our institution (n=70). Patients with a His bundle electrogram noted on the cryoablation catheter at the location of the successful lesion were identified (n=6, 8.5%). All six patients had ventricular preexcitation. Median age of 15.9 years (7.2 – 18.2). AV nodal function was monitored during the cryoablation with intermittent rapid atrial pacing conducted through the AV node (n=2), with atrial extra-stimulus testing (n=2), or during orthodromic reentrant tachycardia (n=2). Acute success occurred in all patients. Two patients had early recurrence of AP conduction. Both patients underwent a second successful cryoablation, again with a His bundle electrogram on the cryoablation catheter. At a median follow-up of 13 months (3 to 37 months) there was no recurrence of accessory pathway conduction and AVN function was normal. Conclusions : In a small number of pediatric patients with AS AP with a His bundle electrogram seen on the ablation catheter, the use of cryotherapy was safe and effective for elimination of AP conduction without impairment of AV nodal conduction.
High-voltage hold-off of large surface area metal electrodes with dielectric surface layers

Aluminum and stainless steel electrodes with dielectric surface layers have been tested for the avoidance of electron emission and plasma induced arcs that limit high voltage hold-off. The aluminum dielectric coating is a 50-/spl mu/m-thick hard-anodized surface layer. Tests of the layer were made with and without a chemical etch to improve bonding to the machined aluminum. The coating on stainless steel is a 1-/spl mu/m-thick chromium oxide surface layer formed during high humidity hydrogen firing. Tests were performed on 15 and 17-cm-diameter electrodes, with 1.8 to 6 mm gaps. Tests were made with a 150 to 500 kV, 160-ns-FWHM waveform, with 1-cos(/spl omega/)t) shape. The electrodes were cleaned with acetone and installed into the vacuum chamber in a filtered clean air environment with <100 particles/m/sup 3/. Tests were performed with < 3x10/sup -6/ Torr vacuum. Data were obtained for virgin surfaces and as a function of accumulated damage from breakdown arcs. The anodized coatings gave maximum high voltage hold-off of 1.4 MV/cm when new and showed little degradation with 150-/spl mu/m-diameter damage craters in the cathode. Craters larger than 1-mm-diameter sometimes caused a factor of two degradation in hold off. It was less necessary to electrically condition the anodized surfaces to get optimum results. Results from each of the dielectric surface coatings and uncoated machined surfaces will be discussed.
Pleading Civil Rights Claims

Significant pleading challenges confront civil rights claimants in both federal and state courts. Issues include the choice of an appropriate forum; the sufficiency of the allegations; and, the requirements of culpability. Possible fora include not only federal or state general jurisdiction trial courts, but also state human rights commissions, and possibly state worker's compensation panels. Sufficiency may be guided by notice, Twombley or code pleading standards. Culpability assessments may vary between challenged legislative or executive actions. Two recent cases, one federal and one state, are used to illustrate the difficulties facing those pursuing due process or equality claims.
Neoadjuvant clinical trials for biomarker discovery: An old idea to solve a new problem

A229 The rapid growth of molecularly targeted therapy for many types of cancer has sparked a revolution in the management of patients with advanced cancer. As the dissemination of new compounds with activity in different cancers continues to provide new tools for use in the clinic, we find ourselves in the unique position of having too many drugs to choose from and no rational biological way to choose agents or combinations or to define the activity of new compounds. Renal cell carcinoma is a classic example, with 4 FDA approved compounds (interleukin-2, sorafenib, sunitinib, and temsirolimus), available agents with evidence of activity (interferon and bevacizumab), and a deep pipeline of agents in clinical development. Conventional phase II clinical trials to evaluate superior activity of one drug over another or combinations of agents are difficult to interpret, and unfortunately the development of mouse models which accurately represent the human disease do not exist at this time for directly extrapolating activity from in vivo models. At our institution we have embarked on a program to develop targeted agent evaluation through the use of neoadjuvant studies. The introduction of agents prior to definitive surgical resection provides several advantages over phase I or II studies in patients with often heavily pretreated metastatic disease. First, serum, urine, and tissue biomarker studies are untainted by the influences of prior therapy or the effects of widespread disease and declining performance status. Second, tissue availability is consistently a problem in studies performed in the setting of metastatic disease, whereas the tissue from a definitive surgical procedure is plentiful and accessible. Third, and finally, this approach permits rapid assessment of activity, evaluated by radiographic and histologic changes in the tumor over a relatively short period of time. We will present our preliminary results from a neoadjuvant study evaluating the activity of sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma.
A conceptual review of the comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety: Implications for future research and practice

Although approximately 25% of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit an anxiety disorder, the comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety has been given less attention than comorbidity of ADHD and oppositional or conduct disorders. While it is true that comorbidity between ADHD and these externalizing disorders is more prevalent (approximately 50%), the comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety deserves careful scrutiny in its own right in as much as this comorbidity may have important implications for etiology, assessment, and treatment. The primary purpose of the current review is to examine the methodological and substantive reasons for the comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety. Methodological areas include definitional issues and informant characteristics, while substantive areas include genetics, temperament, neurobiological and neuropsychological functioning, family influences, and temporal relations between ADHD and anxiety. The study of the comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety will be advanced through a more precise phenotypic classification of ADHD and the integration of research in adjacent fields such as temperament and genetics with current research on the psychopathology of ADHD.
Initial characterization of V–4Cr–4Ti and MHD coatings exposed to flowing Li

Conduct an experiment with flowing Li in a thermal gradient to determine the compatibility of V-4Cr-4Ti and a multi-layer electrically-insulating coating needed to reduce the magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) force in the first wall of a lithium cooled blanket. A mono-metallic V-4Cr-4Ti thermal convection loop was operated in vacuum ({approx}10{sup -5}Pa) at a maximum Li temperature of 700 C for 2,355h and Li flow rate of 2-3 cm/s. Two-layer, physical vapor deposited Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}-vanadium, electrically-insulating coatings on V-4Cr-4Ti substrates as well as uncoated tensile and sheet specimens were located in the flow path in the hot and cold legs. After exposure, specimens at the top of the hot leg showed a maximum mass loss equivalent to {approx}1.3 {micro}m of uniform metal loss. Elsewhere, small mass gains were observed on the majority of specimens that also showed an increase in hardness and room temperature yield stress and a decrease in ductility consistent with interstitial uptake. Specimens that lost mass showed a decrease in yield stress and hardness. Profilometry showed no significant thickness loss from the coatings.
Adenosine receptors: structure, function and regulation

Abstract Adenosine receptors may be divided into two subtypes termed A 1 and A 2 which inhibit or stimulate, respectively, the enzyme adenylate cyclase. Adenosine is capable of regulating the physiological function of most tissues and recent evidence suggests that the receptors mediating these effects are dynamically regulated under both normal and pathophysiologic conditions. In this review, Gary Stiles highlights the recent findings concerning the identification of the structure of adenosine receptors, their mechanism of transmembrane signalling, and the modes of receptor regulation.
The macrophage chemotactic activity of Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae extracellular products (ECP).

Abstract The ability of Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae to attract macrophages of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) was investigated. The extracellular products (ECP) from S. agalactiae and S. iniae were tested in vitro for macrophage chemotaxis using blind-well chambers. The macrophages were obtained from the peritoneal cavity 4–5 days after intraperitoneal injection of squalene. Both macrophage chemotactic and chemokinetic activities were demonstrated using the S. agalactiae ECP. However, only chemotactic activity was shown for S. iniae ECP. High-pressure liquid chromatography fractionation revealed that semi-purified S. agalactiae and S. iniae ECPs had estimated molecular weights of 7.54 and 19.2 kDa, respectively. The prominent chemotactic activities of ECP from S. agalactiae and S. iniae are likely to be involved in the proinflammatory responses of macrophages to S. agalactiae and S. iniae infections.
Solid-state luminescence: Probe for ion-solid interactions

We have observed the light emission from CsI films, at room temperature, induced by single ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, low-mass organic, and CsI negative ions in the 20--45-keV energy range. The light signal was studied using wavelength and time-resolved analysis in order to probe the energy-transfer process between keV ions and target atoms. Prompt-decay photon yields are found to be proportional to the energy deposited into the electronic system of the target directly through electronic stopping and indirectly via the collision cascade. Photons are attributed to the luminescence of self-trapped excitons. Solid-state luminescence may be useful in probing the interactions between projectile and target in the time interval between the impact and the sputtering of surface species.
Comparison of two methods of improving dynamic balance of mentally retarded children

To compare the effectiveness of a creative dance and a movement exploration program in relation to balance performance 26 mildly and moderately mentally retarded boys and girls (ages 8 to 13 years) were randomly assigned to one of the programs. Mean ages of the subjects in the dance and movement exploration groups were 10.5 yr. and 11.1 yr., respectively. Each group received 24 lessons of 30 min. each, in the 8-wk. program. Pre- and posttest distance on six balance-beam tasks and stabilometer performance subjected to multivariate analysis of covariance indicated no significant differences.
Precision Collisional Lineshapes By Difference-Frequency Laser Spectroscopy

We will describe precision lineshape measurements of CH4, both self- and air-broadened, and of HF in rare gas buffers using a tunable difference-frequency laser spectrometer. We find that the lineshape cannot always be characterized by the simple Lorentzian or Voigt profiles usually employed in atmospheric modelling. The effect of collisional narrowing of the Doppler distribution is quite evident for certain light molecules of atmospheric interest.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A comparison of two approaches to the assessment of binge eating in obesity

Objective To compare two different methods of assessing binge eating in a sample of 128 obese women enrolled in a weight loss protocol. Method: Prior to treatment, participants completed the Binge Eating Scale (BES) and the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP), as well as measures of other relevant constructs. They were then classified as bingers and nonbingers by each method and chance-corrected agreement was calculated. Results: The BES and QEWP identified a small and nearly equal number of subjects as having significant binge eating, but there was only modest overlap between the two groups (kappa of .45). Subgroup comparisons revealed fundamental differences between the BES and QEWP in the assessment of the critical and associated features of binge eating. Discussion: The relative merits of these two approaches to classifying binge eaters and implications for the design of new methods are discussed. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 23: 17–26, 1998.
The Information Principle

The conventional wisdom is that the concept of information is closely related to the concept of probability. In Shannon's information theory, information is equated to a reduction in entropy-a probabilistic concept. In this paper, a different view of information is put on the table. Information is equated to restriction. More concretely, a restriction is a limitation on the values which a variable can take. The concept of a restriction is more general than the concept of a constraint and the concept of a probability distribution. There are three principal kinds of restrictions: possibilistic, probabilistic and bimodal. A bimodal restriction is a combination of possibilistic and probabilistic restrictions.Underlying the restriction-centered approach to information is what may be called the Information Principle. Briefly stated, the Information Principle has three parts. (a) Information=restriction. (b) There are three principal types of information: possibilistic information, probabilistic information and bimodal information. Bimodal information is a combination of possibilistic information and probabilistic information. (c) Possibilistic information and probabilistic information are underivable (orthogonal), in the sense that neither is derivable from the other.Information is all around us. And yet, there is widespread unawareness of the existence of the Information Principle. In particular, what is not recognized is that possibilistic information and probabilistic information are underivable (orthogonal). An important empirical observation is that propositions in a natural language are carriers of predominantly fuzzy possibilistic information (FPI) and fuzzy bimodal information (FBI). Existing systems of reasoning and computation-other than fuzzy logic-do not have the capability to reason and compute with fuzzy bimodal information.
Three-dimensional dental imaging by spiral CT: A progress report

Objective. To demonstrate the feasibility of using spiral computed tomographic data for three-dimensional image acquisition, display, and segmentation of dental structures and lesions and to demonstrate the feasibility of metal artifact suppression. Study design. Isolated extracted teeth, a dry mandible, cadaver mandible, and cadaver head were scanned and reconstructed using spiral computed tomography data. Algorithms for metal artifact reduction including extended attenuation range and interpolation of missing projections were applied. Volumetric rendering was performed to synthesize images comparable to conventional intraoral dental radiographs. Serial examinations were obtained by spiral computed tomographic tomography, registered by surface matching, and interval change determined by three-dimensional subtraction. Results. Metal artifact reduction was successful in markedly reducing the streaks and star patterns that usually accompany metallic restorations and intraoral appliances. Voxel sum images were comparable to dental radiographs. Image segmentation could successfully isolate dental structures, and simulated lesions could be detected through three-dimensional subtraction. Conclusion. The results demonstrate the feasibility of spiral volumetric computed tomography for quantitative study of oral hard tissues in the presence of metal restorations.
Intersex Frogs Concentrated in Suburban and Urban Landscapes

The occurrence of intersex characteristics in amphibians has been linked to pesticide exposure in the laboratory and proximity to agricultural activity within natural populations. But, overall, the ecology of amphibian intersex is poorly known and, specifically, its occurrence in many landscape types and regions is unstudied. We offer the first analysis of the frequency of amphibian intersex across a range of land covers representing the major landscape types within a region. We used remotely sensed information to characterize land cover surrounding 4774 potential sampling locations within the Connecticut River Valley. From among these, we selected 24 ponds to collect postmetamorphic green frogs (Rana clamitans) from four land cover types: undeveloped, agricultural, suburban, and urban. Collected males were preserved and, then, prepared gonadal tissue samples were screened for the presence of testicular oocytes. A total of 233 animals was examined. Thirteen percent of all male green frogs had gonads containing testicular oocytes. Sexual abnormalities were not randomly distributed among sites or landscape types. Suburban landscapes had the highest frequency of abnormalities (21%), and both suburban and urban land covers were positively associated with the presence of abnormalities within a population. There was no evidence of a positive association with agricultural land cover. Examination of amphibian intersex across a range of contexts reveals that developed landscapes may be hotspots for abnormal sexual development. This new finding suggests that other mechanisms, not previously considered, could contribute to intersex in natural amphibian populations.
Rehabilitation of Juvenile Offenders in Ghana: Focus on the Social Context of Delinquency.

Abstract The primary purpose of this article is to examine the sociocultural contexts of delinquency and the rehabilitation of youthful offenders within the nexus of the extended family system in Ghana. The article also assesses the impact of British colonization on the system of juvenile justice. The investigation showed that juvenile delinquency is very low. Gang activities exist in the transitional areas of major urban centers such as Accra and Kumasi. The low involvement of youths in law violation can be attributed to the anchors provided to youth by extended family relations and the integration of youth in the economic production system. The rehabilitation of youthful offenders is undertaken by extended family relatives. In recent times, however, the role of the extended family in tie rehabilitation of youthful offenders has been weakened by the establishment of the borstal institutes, a legacy of the era of British colonization.
Ocular and systemic manifestations of the acquired connective tissue diseases: Part I

Abstract The connective tissue diseases are musculoskeletal disorders which have multisystemic involvement, frequently have associated ocular manifestations, and although the specific etiologies are unknown, they all demonstrate abnormalities of the immune system. In part 1 of this 2 part series, an overview of the immune system will be presented followed by a discussion of the systemic and ocular findings in those acquired connective tissue diseases which are most common or are most likely to have associated ocular involvement, including rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjogren's syndrome.
Effects of commonly used mitogens on the cytotoxicity of 4-tertiary butylphenol to human melanocytes.

In the search for environmental compounds responsible for contact or occupational vitiligo, it was found that the most potent was 4-tertiary butylphenol (4-TBP). Exposure to 4-TBP is widespread both in industry and in consumer items including synthetic leather, plastic, glues, and germicidal phenolic detergents. How 4-TBP causes depigmentation and the death of melanocytes is currently unclear. Growth mitogens for human melanocytes include α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The former two mitogens are physiological growth factors for melanocytes. We have studied the effects of these mitogens on the cytotoxicity of 4-TBP in human melanocytes. Our results demonstrated that deprivation of α-MSH or bFGF from melanocyte cultures resulted in reduced cytotoxicity to 4-TBP. Similar results were obtained upon treatment of melanocytes with an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), that is known to be activated by α-MSH, or with an inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase bFGF receptor. In contrast, removal of fetal bovine serum or TPA from the culture medium did not influence the susceptibility of melanocytes to 4-TBP. These results suggest that activation of the cAMP and tyrosine kinase signaling pathways, both of which are involved in the mitogenic response of melanocytes, increase the susceptibility of these cells to the cytotoxic effects of 4-TBP.
Activity of rhodopsin in vitamin A-deprived rats: light-dependent binding of G-protein.

Levels of rhodopsin in the photoreceptors of Long-Evans rats were reduced by 55% through dietary deprivation of vitamin A. The interaction of visual pigment with G-protein was examined in receptor outer segment (ROS) membranes obtained from these animals. A binding assay was used to quantitate affinity of the visual pigment in unbleached and bleached ROS membranes for the α and β subunits of exogenous G-protein. Extents of binding were similar to those observed for ROS membranes of rats raised on a normal (vitamin A-supplemented) diet. The results are consistent with a normal capacity for G-activation by photoactivated rhodopsin (R*) in vitamin A-deprived animals. They further indicate that “free opsin” arising in vitamin A deficiency, unlike R*, has relatively low affinity for G-protein.
Manipulation of consonants in natural speech

Starting in the 1920s, researchers at AT&T Research characterized speech perception. Until 1950, this work was done by a large group working under Harvey Fletcher, which resulted in the articulation index, an important tool able to predict average speech scores. In the 1950s a dedicated group of researchers at Haskins Labs in NYC attempted to extend these ideas, and then again at MIT under the direction of Ken Stevens, further work was done, on trying to identify the reliable speech cues. Most of this work after 1950 was not successful in finding speech cues, therefore today many consider it impossible. That is, many believe that there is no direct unique mapping from the time-frequency plane to consonant and vowel recognition. For example it has been claimed that context is necessary to successfully identify nonsense consonantvowels. In fact this is not the case. The post 1950 work mostly used synthetic speech. This was a major flaw with all these studies. Also only average results were studied, again a major flaw.
Design rule spaces: a new form of architecture insight

In this paper, we investigate software architecture as a set of overlapping design rule spaces, formed by one or more structural or evolutionary relationships and clustered using our design rule hierarchy algorithm. Considering evolutionary coupling as a special type of relationship, we investigated (1) whether design rule spaces can reveal structural relations among error-prone files; (2) whether design rule spaces can reveal structural problems contributing to error-proneness.We studied three large-scale open source projects and found that error-prone files can be captured by just a few design rule sub-spaces. Supported by our tool, Titan, we are able to flexibly visualize design rule spaces formed by different types of relationships, including evolutionary dependencies. This way, we are not only able to visualize which error-prone files belong to which design rule spaces, but also to visualize the structural problems that give insight into why these files are error prone. Design rule spaces provide valuable direction on which parts of the architecture are problematic, and on why, when, and how to refactor.
Analyzing a Two-Stage Queueing System with Many Point Process Arrivals at Upstream Queue

We consider a two-stage queueing system where the first (upstream) queue serves many flows, of which a fixed set of flows arrive to the second (downstream) queue. We show that as the capacity and the number of flows aggregated at the upstream queue increases, the overflow probability at the downstream queue converges to that of a simplified single queue obtained by removing the upstream queue from the original two-stage queueing system. Earlier work shows such convergence for fluid traffic, by exploiting the large deviation result that the workload goes to zero almost surely, as the number of flows and capacity is scaled. However, the analysis is quite different and more difficult for the point process traffic considered in this paper. The reason is that for point process traffic the large deviation rate function need not be strictly positive (i.e., I(0)e0), hence the workload at the upstream queue may not go to zero even though the number of flows and capacity go to infinity. The results in this paper thus make it possible to decompose the original two-stage queueing system into a simple single-stage queueing system.
A TECHNIQUE FOR REARING CADDISFLIES (TRICHOPTERA)

Viable egg masses were obtained from adult caddisflies during revival from CO 2 anesthetization. The egg masses were maintained in aerated water and the eggs hatched in 1 or 2 days. Larvae were supplied various food sources (bacteria, algae, and invertebrates) and case building materials. This technique permits casemaking and other aspects of larval behavior to be observed, and allows for complete description of associated larvae.
A team approach to hospital formulary replacement

A multidisciplinary antibiotic review team (MART) was implemented to improve patient care and reduce antimicrobial expenditures. MART consists of pharmacists and infectious disease (ID) physicians reviewing patients three times weekly. Antibiotic expenditures were reduced by recommending conversions to therapeutically equivalent antibiotics, conversion to an oral agent, and completion of treatment with home infusion therapy. In addition, MART proposed therapeutic interchanges from ceftriaxone to cefotaxime to the P and T committee. ID physician or pharmacist offered recommendations and initiated order changes if the attending physician agreed. Annualized savings was $74,371, with 40% of the recommendations resulting in an improved antimicrobial therapy.
Tachykinin antagonists in carotid body responses to hypoxia and subtance P in the rat

In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that substance P (SP) is an excitatory peptide to the rat carotid body and plays an important role in chemosensory excitation by hypoxia. Chemosensory discharge was recorded from the cut carotid sinus nerve in 19 anaesthetized, paralyzed and mechanically ventilated rats. Intracarotid administration of SP augmented the chemoreceptor activity in a dose-dependent manner. Maximal excitation was seen with 10 nmol SP. Carotid body stimulation by SP was independent of its effects on arterial blood pressure. The effect of SP antagonists, D-Pro2-D-Trp7,9-SP (DPDT-SP) or Spantide, on chemoreceptor responses to SP and hypoxia was examined in 12 rats. Close carotid body administration of either antagonist at doses of 40 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 elicited an augmentation followed by a progressive depression of baseline carotid body activity. SP antagonists significantly reduced peptide-induced carotid body stimulation and also markedly attenuated the chemoreceptor response to hypoxia. Systemic administration of sodium bicarbonate stimulated the carotid bodies, presumably by releasing CO2, and the bicarbonate-induced chemoreceptor stimulation was not affected by SP antagonists. From these results we conclude that in rats (a) SP stimulates the carotid bodies independently of its effects on arterial blood pressure, and (b) SP is associated with the chemosensory stimulation by hypoxia but not with other excitatory stimuli.
COMPLEX QUADRICS AND SPECTRAL GEOMETRY

Some characterizations of complex quadrics in terms of the spectrum are given. AMS (MOS) Subject classifications (1979). Primary 58G25, 53C40. All manifolds are assumed to be compact, connected and of complex dimension /> 1. Two K~ihler manifolds are regarded as the same if one is holomorphically isometric to the other. The spectrum of p-forms for a K/ihler manifold M is denoted by SpecP(M). The complex projective n-space with the Fubini-Study metric of constant holomorphic curvature 1 is denoted by CP". The nonsingular complex quadric in CP" with the induced K~hler metric is denoted by Q,_ ~. The index -c, the Euler characteristic )6 and the arithmetic genus a of Q2 are 0,4, and 1, respectively. In this short note, we obtain the following: THEOREM 1. Let M be a Kiihler manifold with Spec z (M) = Spec 2 (Q,) (n ~> 5). If M can be holomorphically isometrically immersed in C Pm for some m, then M is Q,.
On optimal distribution of output from a jointly owned resource

Abstract A resource is owned jointly by m agents, the i th agent's share of the resource being θ i . The output of the resource, and the utilities of each agent are functions of the state of nature. An admissible distribution scheme is one which (1) is (Pareto) optimal and which (2) gives each agent an expected consumption proportional to his share of the resource. We show that with the usual concavity assumptions on utilities there always exists one and only one admissible distribution scheme. The proof is achieved by constructing a suitable social welfare function which is maximized at the desired distribution scheme.
Surrogate Safety Measure for Simulation-Based Conflict Study

A surrogate measure called the aggregated crash propensity metric (ACPM) is proposed for simulation-based conflict studies to allow for relative comparisons and safety evaluations among intersection designs. A probabilistic crash propensity model is developed to determine the crash probability of simulated conflicts by introducing the distributions of reaction time and maximum braking rates. This model is able to generate the ACPM for three different crash types: crossing, rear end, and lane change. An experimental validation effort was conducted by simulating 12 intersections through the simulation package VISSIM. The surrogate safety assessment model is used to extract useful conflict data for entry into the model to estimate the ACPM. The Spearman rank tests indicate that the ACPM is able to identify the relative safety among traffic facilities and treatments. Notably, the ACPM outperforms the Highway Safety Manual procedures in rank tests. Preliminary efforts to correlate the ACPM with crashes and to use it as a crash predictor indicate that regression models are well fitted for the ACPM and predicted real crash frequency; this finding suggests that its potential is directly linked to real crashes.
A Case Study of Pediatric Asthma Alerts from the Beacon Community Program in Cincinnati: Technology is Just the First Step

Introduction: The Beacon Community in Cincinnati, Ohio was an innovative, community-wide initiative to use technology to transform care. One important feature was the development of regional alerts to notify practices when patients were hospitalized or seen in the emergency department. The purpose of this paper is to describe the way in which technology engages the improvement process, and to describe the early stages of learning how to use technology to enhance quality improvement. Methods: We interviewed key Beacon leaders as well as providers and office staff in selected practices. We also collected preliminary data from practices that reflected handling of alerts, including the number of asthma related alerts received and followed up. Results: Regional alerts, supplied by the community-wide health information exchange, were a significant addition to the quality improvement effort in that they enabled practices to identify and follow up with additional children at risk. An important finding was the substantial effort at the practice level to integrate technology into ongoing patient care. Conclusions: Developing the technology for community wide alerts represented a significant endeavor in the Cincinnati Beacon Community. However, the technology was just the first step. Despite extra effort and time required on the part of individual practices, they reported that the value of having alerts was high. Hospital and ED visits represent some of the most costly aspects of care, and an efficient process for intervening with children using these costly services was seen as of significant value.
Influence of deposition rates and thickness on the electrical resistivity and thermoelectric power of thin iron films

Abstract The electrical resistance and the thermopower of thin iron films were measured near room temperature as a function of deposition rate and thickness. The films were deposited on glass plates in a high vacuum system at pressures in the region of 10 -7 Torr. Deviations of the resistivity and the Seebeck coefficient from bulk values increased with decreasing deposition rates.
Hemodynamic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in essential hypertension: a review

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are vasodilators that exert their beneficial hemodynamic effects in hypertension primarily by withdrawal of the vasoconstricting action of endogenous angiotension II. Although the magnitude of the initial decrease in vascular resistance depends on renin activity, the long-term arterial blood pressure response does not appear to be influenced by initial renin levels. Cardiac output is not significantly altered by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension, but a rise toward normal levels often occurs in patients with severe hypertension or heart failure. Although right and left heart filling pressures are not significantly altered, other evidence suggests that these agents increase venous capacitance. Patients with severe hypertension, for example, have shown increased forearm venous distensibility in response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and a decrease in the ratio of cardiopulmonary blood volume to total blood volume has been demonstrated in normotensive patients with heart failure. Several studies have shown improved renal blood flow after angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, suggesting that renal vascular resistance is reduced more than systemic resistance. Reflex tachycardia and other neurohumoral counterregulatory responses occur less frequently than with other vasodilators, because neither the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone nor the autonomic nervous system is activated by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition.
Rationale for hyperthermia with intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy agents.

Abstract Hyperthermia is selectively cytotoxic for malignant cells due to inhibition of oxidative metabolism causing lower pH in the microenvironment of the malignant cells and tumor. The increased acidity increases lysosymal activity and subsequent cell death. Hyperthermia alone as a primary treatment modality for malignancy has largely been abandoned due to high morbidity and mortality and high recurrence rates. Advances in administration and monitoring of hyperthermia, especially for regional applications, has allowed for the use of hyperthemia in conjunction with other modalities of antineoplastic therapy. Hyperthermia has been shown to potentiate chemotherapy and radiation by several different mechanisms. HIIC uses the advantages of hyperthermia in conjunction with chemotherapy for the management of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Several different chemotherapy agents have been shown to have improved therapeutic index and efficacy when used with hyperthermia in the management of peritoneal carcinomatosis.
Immunobiology of The Fowl

Abstract IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF THE FOWL On August 9, 1977, a symposium entitled “Immunobiology” was presented at the 66th Annual Poultry Science Association meeting held at Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. The symposium, sponsored jointly by the Physiology, Genetics, and Pathology sections of the Association, attempted to move from the broad, basic biology of immunology in animals in general, to the more narrow description in birds, and finally into the effects of environment and genetics on the immune response. Thus, the first paper, “The Biology of the Immune Response,” by Max D. Cooper of the School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Using his wide experience, gained while working in the U.S. and in England on a variety of species, including chickens, Dr. Cooper described the biological activities that take place during the development and maturation of immunological competence in animals. In the second paper, “The Immune Response in Birds,” Bruce Glick . . .
Structural basis for Notch1 engagement of Delta-like 4

Notch receptors guide mammalian cell fate decisions by engaging the proteins Jagged and Delta-like (DLL). The 2.3 angstrom resolution crystal structure of the interacting regions of the Notch1-DLL4 complex reveals a two-site, antiparallel binding orientation assisted by Notch1 O-linked glycosylation. Notch1 epidermal growth factor–like repeats 11 and 12 interact with the DLL4 Delta/Serrate/Lag-2 (DSL) domain and module at the N-terminus of Notch ligands (MNNL) domains, respectively. Threonine and serine residues on Notch1 are functionalized with O-fucose and O-glucose, which act as surrogate amino acids by making specific, and essential, contacts to residues on DLL4. The elucidation of a direct chemical role for O-glycans in Notch1 ligand engagement demonstrates how, by relying on posttranslational modifications of their ligand binding sites, Notch proteins have linked their functional capacity to developmentally regulated biosynthetic pathways.
Aberrant energy metabolism in a variant epidermal growth factor receptor-negative fibroblastic cell line

A variant 3T3 cell line has been isolated [l] lacking mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor [2,3]. This non-responder variant (NR-6) lacked epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors, but retained the ability to respond to other mitogens, and displayed growth control in culture [ 11. NR-6 cells have been used as specificity controls in identification of the EGF receptor [4-61 on 3T3 cells and for studies on insertion of exogenous hormone receptors into receptornegative mutant cells [7]. We were interested in further character~ing this variant cell line, and examined whether the lack of EGF receptors is accompanied by other losses as well. Such studies may provide new insights into receptor genetics and the regulatory mechanisms involved in receptor biosynthesis. Here we report our preliminary findings on the energy metabo~sm characteristics of NR-6 cells. We find that compared with the parent 3T3 cells, the variant NR-6 cells are extremely deficient in cytochrome c oxidase, a key enzyme in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, but this deficiency is compensated for by an exceptionally high rate of aerobic glycolysis. This aberrant energy metabolism does not appear to be associated with any transformed growth characteristics.
Regenerable sulfur adsorbent for liquid phase JP-8 fuel using gold/silica based materials

Abstract Applications requiring hydrogen fuel, including portable, mobile and stationary fuel cells for power generation, are increasing. The conversion of JP-8 to hydrogen offers an energy dense feedstock for hydrogen production through fuel reformation. Unfortunately, organic sulfur compounds in logistical fuels, even at part per million levels, can poison reformer and fuel cell catalysts. In this work, adsorbents based on silica supported gold ions and gold nanoparticles were synthesized and evaluated for the adsorptive desulfurization of JP-8 jet fuel. The adsorbents were evaluated with JP-8 fuel containing 430 ppmw sulfur under ambient conditions. The preparation, as well as the sulfur removal and adsorption characteristics for two adsorbents are described in this work.