cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmentally Sensitive Forensic Interviewing of Preschool Children: Some Guidelines Drawn From Basic Psychological Research:

Interviewing preschool children who are victims or witnesses of crime to ensure accuracy and completeness of their recall is no easy task. Rising up to the challenge, a large number of empirical psychological studies related to interviewing young children have been conducted in the past decades. Most of these studies were applied research, simulating circumstances of real forensic interviews. It is believed, however, that more basic research could also be informative. The present article thus selectively reviews more basic psychological research in the areas of memory development, language development, and conceptual development as they relate to the forensic interviewing of preschool children. Based on characteristics of preschool children’s development in these areas, some useful guidelines are generated for forensic interviewers. Recommendations for future research are also made.
Evaluation of test metrics: stuck-at, bridge coverage estimate and gate exhaustive

Production test data from more than 500,000 chips is analyzed to understand the correlation between the number of defective chips detected by a set of test patterns and the coverage values of these test patterns with respect to various test metrics. Experimental results show that the gate exhaustive metric has the highest correlation when compared to the stuck-at and the bridge coverage estimate metrics, especially for high coverage test patterns. More than 69% of all test patterns can be removed from the test set without reducing the number of detected chips - more than 99% of these patterns are required to obtain high stuck-at coverage. None of the test metrics are very effective in predicting which subset of a given set of test patterns can be removed from the test set without compromising test quality before the patterns are actually applied to manufactured ICs.
Foraging strategies as a function of season and rank among wild female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Among mammals, female reproduction is generally thought to be food limited, and dominance should theoretically afford high-ranking females with access to better food resources. Although the importance of dominance rank among female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) has been debated in the past, mounting evidence suggests that rank is very important among females (P. t. schweinfurthii) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. In this study, we investigated the influence of season and dominance rank on female foraging strategies. We found that high-ranking females spent less time foraging and tended to have a narrower diet breadth and higher diet quality than subordinate females. In this way, subordinate female foraging strategies were consistent with how females in general adapted to periods of food scarcity. The results of this study therefore suggest that low-ranking females may face persistent ‘‘food scarcity’’ as a result of interference food competition. We also provide evidence that subordinates may forage less efficiently because they occupy lower quality habitats or avoid associating with dominant females in shared areas.
Structural Basis of the Unfolded Protein Response

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a network of intracellular signaling pathways that maintain the protein-folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells. Dedicated molecular sensors embedded in the ER membrane detect incompletely folded or unfolded proteins in the ER lumen and activate a transcriptional program that increases the abundance of the ER according to need. In metazoans the UPR additionally regulates translation and thus relieves unfolded protein load by globally reducing protein synthesis. If homeostasis in the ER cannot be reestablished, the metazoan UPR switches from the prosurvival to the apoptotic mode. The UPR involves a complex, coordinated action of many genes that is controlled by one ER-embedded sensor, Ire1, in yeasts, and three sensors, Ire1, PERK, and ATF6, in higher eukaryotes, including human. We discuss the emerging molecular understanding of the UPR and focus on the structural biology of Ire1 and PERK, the two recently crystallized UPR sensors.
Rationale for combination therapy in myelofibrosis

Agents targeting the JAK-STAT pathway have dominated the investigational therapeutic portfolio over the last five years resulting in the first and only approved agent for the treatment of patients with myelofibrosis (MF). However, chromatin modifying agents, anti-fibrosing agents, and other signaling pathway inhibitors have also demonstrated activity and offer the potential to improve upon the clinical success of JAK2 inhibition. Due to the complex pathobiological mechanisms underlying MF, it is likely that a combination of biologically active therapies will be required to target the MF hematopoietic stem cell in order to achieve significant disease course modification. Ruxolitinib in partnership with panobinostat, decitabine, and LDE225 are being evaluated in current combination therapy trials based on pre-clinical studies that provide strong scientific rationale. The rationale of combination of danazol or lenalidomide with ruxolitinib is mainly based on mitigation of anti-JAK2-mediated myelosuppression. Combination trials of ruxolitinib and novel anti-fibrosing agents such as PRM-151 represent an attempt to address therapeutic limitations of JAK2 inhibitors such as reversal of bone marrow fibrosis. Ruxolitinib is also being incorporated in novel treatment strategies in the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for MF. As the pathogenetic mechanisms are better understood, potential drug combinations in MF will increase dramatically and demonstration of biologic activity in effective preclinical models will be required to efficiently evaluate the most active combinations with least toxicity in future trials. This manuscript will address the proposed goals of combination therapy approach and review the state of the art in combination experimental therapy for MF.
Critical Voltage for Electrical Degradation of GaN High-Electron Mobility Transistors

We have found that there is a critical drain-to-gate voltage beyond which GaN high-electron mobility transistors start to degrade in electrical-stress experiments. The critical voltage depends on the detailed voltage biasing of the device during electrical stress. It is higher in the OFF state and high-power state than at VDS = 0. In addition, as |VGS| increases, the critical voltage decreases. We have also found that the stress current does not affect the critical voltage although soft degradation at low voltages takes place at high stress currents. All of our findings are consistent with a degradation mechanism based on crystallographic-defect formation due to the inverse piezoelectric effect. Hot-electron-based mechanisms seem to be in contradiction with our experimental results.
ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FOG AND CLOUD WATER

Abstract The partial chemical analysis of some ninety samples of fog and cloud water is reported. The fog samples were collected at four locations along the northeast coast of North America, and the cloud samples were obtained on Mount Washington, New Hampshire. It is found that the soluble nuclei are predominantly chlorides and sulfates. The chlorides are dominant in air with a recent trajectory over the sea, while the sulfate is always present. In many cases it appears that much of the sulfate is in the form of sulfuric acid.
Evaluation of fish meal and fish oil replacement by soybean protein and algal meal from Schizochytrium limacinum in diets for giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus

Abstract Sparing marine-origin protein and lipid was investigated in diets for giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus), using various combinations of soybean meal (SBM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), and an algal meal derived from Schizochytrium limacinum (ALG) to replace fish meal (FM), squid meal (SQM) and fish oil (FO). Diets were formulated to contain 45% protein (dry weight) and 10% lipid. Three diets were derived from this formulation, using combinations of SBM, SPC, and ALG to replace 20% (FM80), 40% (FM60), or 80% (FM20) of the marine-origin protein sources; additionally, incorporation of the lipid-dense ALG resulted in complete FO replacement in the FM60 and FM20 diets. A feeding experiment was carried out in a seawater recirculating system with 12, 90-L tanks initially stocked with 6 fish each (individual weight = 45.9 ± 7.1 g) and maintained at 25 °C. Diets were assigned to tanks in triplicate, fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 12 weeks, and growth rate, body composition, nutrient retention, survival, hepatosomatic index and intestinal integrity were subsequently evaluated. With the exception of retained lipid, the FM100, FM80, and FM60 diets all yielded equivalent (P > 0.05) growth and feed utilization. In comparison, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, retained nitrogen and retained lipid were significantly reduced in fish fed the FM20 feed, whereas FCR was significantly elevated. Amino acid analysis of the diets indicated that methionine was limiting in the FM20 feed. Hepatosomatic index did not vary among treatments, but other aspects of body composition were affected. Carcass lipid and ash significantly decreased with marine ingredient inclusion; carcass protein also varied, though less appreciably and without a clear pattern. Fillet fatty acid profile reflected dietary composition. The FM100 diet yielded the highest fillet EPA content, whereas DHA content, DHA:EPA and n − 3:n − 6 ratios, and total long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids increased with dietary inclusion of ALG. Histological analysis revealed progressive morphological changes to the distal intestine with higher levels of FM replacement, suggesting enteritis among fish fed the FM20 feed. It is concluded that a blend of SBM, SPC, and ALG can replace at least 40% of marine protein sources, and ALG can be used as the main lipid source in diets for E. lanceolatus without significantly affecting fish performance or condition. Statement of relevance The results of this work contribute to decrease the dependence on protein and lipids from reduction fisheries traditionally used in commercial feeds for carnivorous fish, potentially improving the sustainability of aquaculture production of marine fish.
Larval Schistosoma mansoni excretory-secretory glycoproteins (ESPs) bind to hemocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda) via surface carbohydrate binding receptors.

Flow cytometric analysis of circulating blood cells (hemocytes) of Biomphalaria glabrata, molluscan intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, revealed the presence of 2 overlapping hemocyte subpopulations, designated R1 and R2. R1 hemocytes are characterized by their smaller size, reduced granularity, and the presence of the BGH1 surface epitope, whereas R2 cells are larger, more granulated, and generally lack the BGH1 cell marker. Both hemocyte subpopulations bound fluorescent dye (Oregon Green)-conjugated excretory–secretory glycoproteins (fESPs), although the specific fESP binding signal (geometric mean value), after correction for cellular autofluorescence, was greater in the R1 hemocyte subpopulation compared to that of the R2 subset. Partial inhibition of fESP binding to hemocytes consistently was achieved using various glycoconjugates (mucin, asialo-mucin, asialo-fetuin, heparin) and polysaccharides (fucoidan, dextran sulfate 8000), suggesting the involvement of hemocyte carbohydrate-binding recept...
The emergence of large-scale housing programs: Beyond a public finance perspective

Abstract Over the past decade there has been a sudden, extraordinarily large, and simultaneous expansion of multi-billion dollar housing programs in many emerging and developing economies. This shift occurred after a long period of limited public involvement in social housing production. Yet, despite the fact that countries and cities have introduced such large-scale programs, there has been little independent analysis of the rationale, efficacy and potential long-term effects of these interventions. Adopting a perspective that expands beyond typical public finance approaches, this paper examines the renewed shift in public housing provision. It provides an outlook of recent experiences in housing provision, showcases general trends in housing, proposes an evaluation framework, and offers a series of recommendations aiming at strengthening the programs. The paper concludes that if large-scale housing assistance is to help accommodate the almost 2 billion additional people who will live in cities over the next 35 years, as well as help to address the growing housing affordability issues, much more attention should be paid to the lasting effects that such programs can have on the structure of cities for generations to come.
Nutritional management of recurrent colic and colonic impactions

Summary Although diagnosis and treatment of horses with colic have improved in the last 30 years, horses with recurrent colic can be a diagnostic and management challenge for both owners and veterinarians, and colic remains a high priority health concern of owners (Mellor et al. 2001). Nutritional management of these cases is often based on previous experience combined with recommendations from the evidence-based literature. This review will briefly summarise the aetiologies of recurrent colic and primarily focus on evidence-based nutritional management of colonic impactions, sand enteropathy, inflammatory bowel disease, and idiopathic recurrent colic, which is limited. Additional topics to be covered elsewhere in this series that are relevant to this topic include nutritional management of gastric ulceration, liver disease, colitis, geriatric horses, and feeding the horse pre- and post surgery.
Size-Dependent Bandgap of Nanogoethite

Rod-shaped goethite nanoparticles with average particle sizes (equivalent spherical diameters) of between ∼9 and 38 nm were synthesized via reaction of ferric nitrate with potassium/sodium hydroxide in aqueous solutions. We deconvoluted the UV–vis spectra into individual absorption bands for each of the nanogoethite samples and determined the particle size dependence for each band. As the particle size decreases, the charge transfer band is slightly red-shifted, whereas five other bands, including the electron pair transition that determines the absorption edge, are blue-shifted. Spectra were also used to determine bandgap energies as a function of particle size via Tauc–Mott plots. Over different photon energy ranges, nanogoethite appears to exhibit direct bandgap (2.5–3.1 eV) and indirect bandgap (1.6–2.1 eV) behaviors. The bandgap widens as particle size decreases, an effect that can be described by the Kayanuma equation, from which the reduced mass of an exciton in nanogoethite was found to be ∼3–4% t...
Advances in surgical techniques in non-small cell lung cancer.

Thoracic surgery is a dynamic field, and many scientific, technological, technical, and organizational changes are occurring. A prominent example is the use of less invasive approaches to major resection of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), both thoracoscopic and robotic. Sophisticated technology corroborated by clinical data has led to these approaches becoming accepted additions to the armamentarium. Additionally, improvements in perioperative pain management have also contributed to dramatically changing the experience of patients who undergo modern thoracic surgery. Lung cancer is being detected more often at an early stage. At the same time, advances in techniques, patient care, clinical science, and multidisciplinary treatment support an increased role for aggressive resection in the face of larger locally advanced tumors or for those with limited metastatic disease. These advances, conducted in the setting of multidisciplinary decision making, have resulted in real and palpable advancements for patients with lung cancer.
Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Receptor Autoradiography in Human Brain

Publisher Summary This chapter presents perspectives on receptor autoradiography in human brain. Autoradiography combines biochemistry and microscopic anatomy. Earlier, brains were dissected, tissues were homogenized, and receptors were measured in biochemical binding assays. The anatomical resolution was limited by the size of the piece of tissue that could be dissected and practically assayed. Receptor maps are beneficial as the receptors can be localized to small brain regions and, therefore, to specific neuronal pathways with a greater accuracy and precision that helps to explain the action of drugs in the brain. A key feature of technical approach is that the labeling of receptors in tissue sections is sectioned and thaw-mounted onto microscope slides. The in vitro labeling approach is advantageous because it is significantly cheaper as it is possible to label individual sections on slides that make more efficient use of tissues and radioactive compounds. Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning provides receptor maps without excision of tissue.
Molecular Platforms for Melanoma Mutation Analysis

Recurrent mutually exclusive somatic mutations including BRAF, NRAS, and KIT are among the most common genetic aberrations underlying pathogenesis of melanoma. Testing for these mutations can be useful in providing diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic information. Molecular diagnostic techniques for mutational analysis are becoming standard of care in melanoma as the detection of these mutations will contribute to the development of molecular classification of melanocytic tumors and guides through choosing the most appropriate therapy in the era of personalized medicine.
Hard choices in assessing survival past dams — a comparison of single- and paired-release strategies

Mark–recapture models are widely used to estimate survival of salmon smolts migrating past dams. Paired releases have been used to improve estimate accuracy by removing components of mortality not ...
Tuning domain size and crystallinity in isoindigo/PCBM organic solar cells via solution shearing

Abstract Despite having achieved the long sought-after performance of 10% power conversion efficiency, high performance organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are still mostly constrained to lab scale devices fabricated by spin coating. Efforts to produce printed OPVs lag considerably behind, and the sensitivity to different fabrication methods highlights the need to develop a comprehensive understanding of the processing-morphology relationship in printing methods. Here we present a systematic experimental investigation of a model low bandgap polymer/fullerene system, poly-isoindigo thienothiophene/PC61BM, using a lab-scale analogue to roll-to-roll coating as the fabrication tool in order to understand the impact of processing parameters on morphological evolution. We report that domain size and polymer crystallinity can be tuned by a factor of two by controlling the temperature and coating speed. Lower fabrication temperature simultaneously decreased the phase separation domain size and increased the relative degree of crystallinity in those domains, leading to improved photocurrent. We conclude that domain size in isoindigo/PCBM is dictated by spontaneous phase separation rather than crystal nucleation and growth. Furthermore we present a model to describe the temperature dependence of domain size formation in our system, which demonstrates that morphology is not necessarily strictly dependent on the evaporation rate, but rather on the interplay between evaporation and diffusion during the printing process.
Analysis of single nucleotide variants of HFE gene and association to survival in The Cancer Genome Atlas GBM data.

Human hemochromatosis protein (HFE) is involved in iron metabolism. Two major HFE polymorphisms, H63D and C282Y, have been associated with an increased risk of cancers. Previously, we reported decreased gender effects in overall survival based on H63D or C282Y HFE polymorphisms patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However, the effect of other single nucleotide variation (SNV) in the HFE gene on the cancer development and progression has not been systematically studied. To expand our finding in a larger sample, and to identify other HFE SNV, we analyzed the frequency of somatic SNV in HFE gene and its relationship to survival in GBM patients using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) GBM (Caucasian only) database. We found 9 SNVs with increased frequency in blood normal of TCGA GBM patients compared to the 1000Genome. Among 9 SNVs, 7 SNVs were located in the intron and 2 SNVs (i.e., H63D, C282Y) in the exon of HFE gene. The statistical analysis demonstrated that blood normal samples of TCGA GBM have more H63D (p = 0.0002, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 0.2119–0.3223) or C282Y (p = 0.0129, 95% CI: 0.0474–0.1159) HFE polymorphisms than 1000Genome. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the 264 GBM samples revealed no difference between wild type (WT) HFE and H63D, and WT HFE and C282Y GBM patients. In addition, there was no difference in the survival of male/female GBM patients based on HFE genotype. There was no correlation between HFE expression and survival. In conclusion, the current results suggest that somatic HFE polymorphisms do not impact GBM patients’ survival in the TCGA data set of GBM.
The Role of Trauma and Stressful Life Events among Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Review.

The experience of childhood trauma and stressful life events is associated with subsequent development of a variety of mental health conditions, including psychotic illness. Recent research identifying adolescents and young adults at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis allows for prospective evaluation of the impact of trauma and adverse life events on psychosis onset and other outcomes, addressing etiological questions that cannot be answered in studies of fully psychotic or nonclinical populations. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current emerging literature on trauma and adverse life events in the CHR population. Up to 80% of CHR youth endorse a lifetime history of childhood traumatic events and victimization (e.g. bullying). Several studies have shown that the experience of childhood trauma predicts psychosis onset among CHR individuals, while the literature on the influence of recent stressful life events (e.g. death of a loved one) remains inconclusive. Multiple models have been proposed to explain the link between trauma and psychosis, including the stress-vulnerability and stress-sensitivity hypotheses, with emphases on both cognitive processes and neurobiological mechanisms (e.g. the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis). Despite the preponderance of CHR individuals who endorse either childhood trauma or stressful life events, no clinical trials have been conducted evaluating interventions for trauma in CHR youth to date. Furthermore, the current process of formal identification and assessment of trauma, stressful life events and their impact on CHR youth is inconsistent in research and clinical practice. Recommendations for improving trauma assessment, treatment, and future research directions in the CHR field are provided.
Diffuse elastic waves in a nearly axisymmetric body: Energy distribution, transport and dynamical localization

We report measurements and theory on the distribution and evolution of diffuse ultrasonic waves in elastic bodies with weakly broken axisymmetry. Aluminum cylinders with dimensions large compared to wavelength were excited by transient point sources at the center of one of the circular faces. The resulting power spectral density PSD was then examined as a function of time and frequency and position on that face. It was found that the PSD showed a marked concentration at the center at early times, a concentration that subsequently slowly diminished towards a state of uniformity across the face, over times long compared to ultrasonic transit time across the sample. The evolution is attributed to scattering by symmetry breaking heterogeneities. Relaxation did not proceed all the way to uniformity and equipartition, behavior shown to be consistent with Enhanced Backscatter and Dynamical Anderson Localization.
The human genome project--some implications of extensive "reverse genetic" medicine.

Abstract Impressive progress has been made during the past several decades in understanding the pathogenesis of human genetic disease. The tools of molecular biology have allowed the isolation of many disease-related genes by forward and a few by reverse genetics, and the imminent completion of a complete human genetic linkage map will accelerate the genetic characterization of many more genetic diseases. The major impacts of the molecular characterization of human genetic diseases will be 1. To increase markedly the number of human diseases that we recognize to have major genetic components. We already understand that genetic diseases are not rare medical curiosities with negligible societal impact, but rather constitute a wide spectrum of both rare and extremely common diseases responsible for an immense amount of suffering in all human societies. The characterization of the human genome will lead to the identification of genetic factors in many more human diseases, even those that now seem too multifactorial or polygenic for ready understanding. 2. To allow the development of powerful new approaches to diagnosis, detection, screening and even therapy of these disorders aimed directly at the mutant genes rather than at the gene products. This should eventually allow much more accurate and specific management of human genetic disease and the genetic factors in many human maladies. The preparation of a fine-structure physical map of the entire human genome together with an overlapping contiguous set of clones spanning entire chromosomes or large portions of chromosomes is rapidly becoming feasible, and the information that will flow from this effort promises eventually to affect the management of many important genetic diseases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Readability assessment of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons patient brochures with suggestions for improvement.

Background Many Americans have limited literacy skills, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) suggests patient educational material be written below the 8th grade level. Many orthopedic organizations provide print material for patients, but whether these documents are written at an appropriate reading level is not clear. This study assessed the readability of patient education brochures provided by the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES). Materials and Methods In May 2017, 6 ASES patient education brochures were analyzed using readability software. The reading level was calculated for each brochure using 9 different tests. The mean reading level for each article was compared with the NIH-recommended 8th grade level using 2-tailed, 1-sample t tests assuming unequal variances. Results For each of the 9 tests, the mean reading level was higher than the NIH-recommended 8th grade (test, grade level): Automated Readability Index, 14.1 ( P P P P P P P P P Conclusions The ASES patient education brochures are written well above the NIH-recommended 8th grade reading level. These findings are similar to other investigations concerning orthopedic patient education material. Supplementary brochures and websites could be a useful source of information, particularly for patients who are deterred from asking questions in the office. Printed material designed for patient education should be edited to a more reasonable reading level. Further review of patient education materials is warranted.
Competition between polyphosphate- and glycogen-accumulating organisms in biological phosphorus removal systems - Effect of temperature

This study demonstrated that temperature is an important factor in determining the outcome of competition between polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen-accumulating non-poly-P organisms (GAOs) and the resultant stability of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems. At 20°C and a 10-day sludge age, PAOs were dominant in the anaerobic/aerobic (A/O) SBR, however, at 30°C and a 10-day sludge age, GAOs were dominant in the A/O SBR. For kinetic batch studies, the anaerobic specific acetate uptake rate of GAO-dominated sludge (1.34 × 10 −3 mg C/mg VSS·minute) was higher than the rate of PAO-dominated sludge (0.89 × 10 −3 mg C/mg VSS·minute) at 30°C, leading to the eventual failure of EBPR processes at high temperatures.
The Supply Constraint Problem in Economic Impact Analysis: An Arts/Sports Disparity

The most fundamental analytical errors that lead to overstated projected regional economic impacts (ex ante) are demand based: (1) failure to subtract local sources of spending and non-local uses of spending from the budgets of subject organizations or events; (2) erroneous attribution of all ancillary spending as causally related to the existence of the subject organization or event; and (3) failure to adapt multipliers to specific regions, including the failure to recognize the relationship between the likely size of the initial net spending injections and the speed with which those injections "leak" from the target region. But those ex post verification studies in sports that have generally found very small realized economic impacts resulting from even mega-events like Super Bowls have tended to emphasize supply-side infrastructure capacity constraints in local economies that generate significant crowding-out effects. This issue is reviewed with a focus on the differential treatment of crowding-out effects in the sports versus the arts (cultural sector) literatures, and evaluates whether there are legitimate reasons why ex ante arts economic impact studies have generally ignored supply constraints. Interestingly, the only real ex post verification study done in the arts (Skinner, 2006) found remarkable similarity between the empirical impact results and what would likely have been predicted by an ex ante impact study (for the case of blockbuster museum exhibits in Jackson, Mississippi), in contrast to the usual sports event finding.
The effect of beikost on the diet of breast-fed infants.

To clarify the role of beikost (nonmilk foods) in the diet of the breast-fed infant, 45 infants were studied longitudinally from birth to 6 months of age. All were exclusively breast fed from birth; they received bei kost as their first non-breast-milk food. The infants were selected from a sample of 91 normal American infants consuming maternal-selected diets. Weight and length were measured at monthly intervals from birth. Diet data were collected using 24-hour diaries completed by mothers every eight days throughout the study. Age at introduction of first bei kost averaged 120.8 days (range 36 to 178 days). When the infants were less than 4 months of age (N = 12), first consumption of beikost was accompanied by decreasing nursing frequency. In contrast, the infants who were introduced to beikost at a later age (N = 33) showed stable or increasing nursing frequency. Those apparently age-related roles of beikost as dietary “replacements” or “additions” were confirmed by growth analyses. Although groups were similar at birth and 1 month, replacement infants had significantly lower weights for length and age after 2 months. Those results suggest that for breast-fed infants, early introduction of beikost reduces milk consumption and may lead to significantly lower weight gain than continuation of the exclusive breast-milk diet.
Nutrient Intake Report: A Coordination of Patient Dietary Assessment Between Physicians and Registered Dietitians

The Nutrient Intake Report (NIR) is based on a 7-day dietary recall questionnaire used previously in research for dietary assessment and adapted for clinical use. Used to provide information and counseling as part of total patient care, the NIR acts as a cornerstone for dietary education and interaction between physician, registered dietitian, and patient. The NIR is ordered by physicians or registered dietitians, scanned and assessed by a registered dietitian, and incorporated into the laboratory section of the medical record. It documents the patient's dietary intake in the context of his or her diagnosis and general health status. The NIR also opens a dialogue between physicians and registered dietitians. Incorporation of the NIR into the medical record makes the work of the registered dietitian available to other health practitioners, which is welcome in an era when licensing and reimbursement are contingent on systematic documentation of dietary assessment and its role in patient care.
Quadratic Population Models: Almost Never Any Cycles

The populations of lynx and hare in the Canadian North Woods wax and wane together in a mysterious, 10-year cycle. The numbers of sharks and of food fish in the Adriatic jointly oscillate in a curious way.1 Our aim is to construct simple mathematical models for the interaction of any pair of species and then to look for cyclical steady states in these models. Our results appear to be contradictory. As we shall see, most simple systems have no cycles at all, but the famous system of D’Ancona-Volterra (or Lotka-Volterra) has nothing but cycles [5]. The attempt to construct a synthesis going beyond this contradiction leads to an inclusive view of modeling. Several distinct models of a phenomenon give us more understanding of the phenomenon than one model can ever impart.
As the Rez Turns: Anomalies within and beyond the Boundaries of a Pueblo Community

L ike Skylar, a character in the soap opera As the Rez Turns, community members at San Antonio Pueblo often discuss the numerous changes that have occurred at the reservation during the last twenty years.1 A character in the “first Indian soap opera” written by students in a community Tiwalanguage class, Skylar’s vision of the rez is fictional; her commentary, however, seems accurate—and at times hilarious—to the young adults at San Antonio Pueblo who created her. In the tribal library, in the community Head Start building, and at feasts and parties, San Antonians talk about how incredibly different life was “before we had a casino” or “back when we all had to go to Indian School in Santa Fe.” Community members identify many of these changes as positive, including the greater number of people returning to the pueblo to live and work; the new educational opportunities that are available to tribal members; and their increased religious, cultural, and political
Using Projective Methods with Children: The Selected Works of Steve Tuber

Nominated for a 2018 Gradiva Award for Best Book by the National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis, Using Projective Methods with Children is an enhanced synthesis of Steve Tuber’s previously published research on the study of projective methods to assess the representations of self and others, as well as the actual interpersonal experiences children internalize in the form of these representations. Integrating conceptual and empirical work, with an emphasis on the Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM), the book offers unique, evidence-based information on the importance of assessing particular aspects of a child’s inner self. The studies cover a broad range of topics such as dreams, anxiety disorders, political oppression, homelessness, and multiculturalism, and each is supplemented with an analytical introduction. A section that discusses future areas of research is also included.
Wireless Power Transfer Utilizing a High- $Q$ Self-Resonant Structure

The range and efficiency of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system is limited by the quality factor of the resonant coils. Conventional resonant coils are made from solid or Litz wire. At megahertz frequencies solid wire is not utilized well due to skin effect, and Litz wire is very lossy due to proximity effect. We present a multilayer self-resonant structure as a low-cost method for creating high- $Q$ coils. This structure uses thin foil layers that are separated by a dielectric material in order to form an LC resonator, while also forcing equal current sharing between conductors. The self-resonant structure makes it feasible to achieve advantages similar to Litz wire, but at multi-megahertz frequencies where effective Litz wire is not commercially available. These structures are made with foil layers much thinner than a skin depth, which can make handling these thin layers a challenge. To solve this problem, we also present a modified self-resonant structure in which the layered conductors are made with flex-PCB substrates with no vias. The PCB substrates provide a relatively inexpensive way to handle thin conductive layers, and the modified self-resonant structure ensures that the poor dielectric properties of the PCB substrates do not impact the quality factor of the structure. A prototype of the modified self-resonant structure has a quality factor of 1183 at 7.09 MHz, despite only being 6.6 cm in diameter, which is more than 6.5x larger than other coils presented in the literature with a similar diameter. An experimental WPT setup utilizing two self-resonant structures achieves 94 $\%$ efficiency at a distance of 5.0 cm, which is more than twice the distance as similarly sized conventional coils can achieve while maintaining the same efficiency.
Structure and decay of the extremely proton-rich nuclei O 11 , 12

Background: The recent observation of the unbound nucleus $^{11}\mathrm{O}$ offers the unique possibility to study how the structure and dynamics of two-proton ($2p$) decay is affected by the removal of one neutron from $^{12}\mathrm{O}$, and provides important information on the Thomas-Ehrman effect in the mirror pairs $_{8}^{11}\mathrm{O}_{3}\text{\ensuremath{-}}_{3}^{11}\mathrm{Li}_{8}$ and $_{8}^{12}\mathrm{O}_{4}\text{\ensuremath{-}}_{4}^{12}\mathrm{Be}_{8}$, which involve the $2p$ emitters $^{11}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{12}\mathrm{O}$.Purpose: We investigate how continuum effects impact the structure and decay properties of $^{11}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{12}\mathrm{O}$, and their mirror partners.Methods: We solve the three-body core-nucleon-nucleon problem using the Gamow coupled-channel (GCC) method. The GCC Hamiltonian employs a realistic finite-range valence nucleon-nucleon interaction and the deformed cores of $^{9,10}\mathrm{C}$, $^{9}\mathrm{Li}$, and $^{10}\mathrm{Be}$.Results: We calculate the energy spectra and decay widths of $^{11}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{12}\mathrm{O}$ as well as those of their mirror nuclei. In particular, we investigate the dynamics of the $2p$ decay in the ground state of $^{12}\mathrm{O}$ by analyzing the evolution of the $2p$ configuration of the emitted protons as well as their angular correlations in the coordinate space. We also show how the analytic structure of the resonant states of $^{10}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{10}\mathrm{N}$ impacts the low-lying states of $^{11}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{11}\mathrm{O}$.Conclusions: We demonstrate that, in both nuclei $^{11}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{12}\mathrm{O}$, there is a competition between direct and ``democratic'' $2p$ ground-state emission. The broad structure observed in $^{11}\mathrm{O}$ is consistent with four broad resonances, with the predicted $3/{2}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ground state strongly influenced by the broad threshold resonant state in $^{10}\mathrm{N}$, which is an isobaric analog of the antibound (or virtual) state in $^{10}\mathrm{Li}$.
One Dimensional Convolution

The inputs to the one dimensional convolution problem are vectors I[0..N − 1] and T[0..M − 1]. The output is the vector C1D where $$ C1D[i] = \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{m - 1} {I[(i + v)mod N]*T[v],0 \le i < N} $$
Type of Disaster Exposure Affects Functional Limitations of Older People 6 Years Later.

Background Natural disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, tornadoes, and hurricanes, are traumatic events that simultaneously affect the lives of many people. Although much is known about the effects that natural disasters have on mental health, little is known about how natural disasters affect physical health. These analyses add to the literature by examining the ways in which four types of disaster exposure (geographic, peri-traumatic stress, personal and property loss, and poststorm hardship) experienced by older people during and after Hurricane Sandy affected functional limitations. Methods We analyzed five waves of data from the ORANJ BOWL panel ("Ongoing Research on Aging in New Jersey: Bettering Opportunities for Wellness in Life") using multilevel mixed-effects models. Results We found that although peri-traumatic stress and poststorm hardship each had independent effects on functional limitations, the effects of peri-traumatic stress dominated and were evident 6 years after the hurricane. Geographic exposure and personal/property loss were not associated with functional limitations. Conclusions These findings add important information to what is known about older people who experience a natural disaster and suggest opportunities for intervention. Finding that an individual's emotional response during the disaster plays an important role in the development of functional limitations suggests that reduction of exposure to traumatic stress during a storm (ie, evacuation from a storm area) may be important for older people. Likewise, interventions immediately after a disaster that target older people who experience high levels of peri-traumatic distress may be needed in order to alleviate functional limitations before they develop.
Antidotes for the new oral anticoagulant drugs

The introduction of direct oral anticoagulant drugs has added a new dimension to the management of thrombotic and cardiovascular diseases. Although clinical useful, the use of these drugs has been associated with bleeding complications of varying magnitude. Until recently, there was no antidote available for the control of bleeding associated with DOAC's. Such traditional approaches as the use of blood products and mechanical methods have been used to control bleeding in past. Molecular approaches have resulted in the development of specific antidotes for the oral anti-Xa and anti-IIa drugs. Andexanet alfa is a molecularly modified recombinant human factor Xa which is developed as an antidote for rivaroxaban and apixaban. Praxbind is an antibody which neutralizes dabigatran. Both agents have approved by the FDA and the European Medicine Agency, while these two agents are valuable in the management of bleeding with DOAC's, their use is associated with various adverse responses. Since both agents are proteins, antibody generation and interactions with endogenous proteins may also contribute to some of the observed adverse effects. The clinical data on their use is rather limited and additional studies are warranted to optimize their use. A global antidote, Ciraparantag, (PER977) is also developed for the neutralization of DOAC's. Both the activated and non-activated forms of prothrombin complexes are reportedly effective as an antidote for DOAC's. Additional studies are needed to develop guidelines for the safe use of antidotes to minimize the observed complications with the use of antidotes.
The web architecture of Latrodectus hesperus black widow spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) shows genetic variation and sexual dimorphism, but no plasticity according to the experience of the site of prey capture

Animals create extended phenotypes to adaptively modify and interact with their environment. Animals also respond to changes in the environment by adaptively modifying their behavior or body in a process called phenotypic plasticity. Extended phenotypes might be especially prone to plasticity as they are often the products of behavior. We tested for plasticity in black widow web architecture in response to long-term variation in prey capture location. We also estimated genetic variation, genetic variation in plasticity, and sexual dimorphism in web architecture. We found no overall plasticity in response to variation in prey capture location. However, web architecture differed between spider families, and spider families differed in their plastic response. Web architecture also differed between male and female spiders, and male and female spiders differed in their plastic response. We conclude that black widows do not adjust web architecture in response to long-term inputs from the external environment and that internal inputs are responsible for more of the variation in web architecture than external inputs. We suggest that in order to fully understand variation in extended phenotypes, it is important to investigate potential environmental and physiological or genetic sources of variation, and to examine these potential sources at different time scales. Animals can alter their extended phenotypes in response to short- or long-term variation in the external environment, or to internal sources of variation, such as genetic variation or sexual dimorphism. Studies asking how extended phenotypes vary at more than one time scale and that simultaneously test for variation due to different sources of variation are rare. Here, we ask how an extended phenotype varies in response to environmental variation at short and long time scales, whether the extended phenotype has a genetic component of variation, and whether the extended phenotype is sexually dimorphic. We found that the extended phenotype did not respond to long-term environmental variation but did differ in response to all tested internal inputs. These results suggest that variation in extended phenotypes should be considered at multiple time scales and across external and internal sources of variation.
Precision Medicine: Predicting Disease Course in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

There is increasing demand for a personalized approach to management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Early prognostication and stratification of patients into distinct disease trajectories would enable treatment algorithms to be made which are less generalized and more patient-specific. We have summarized the recent medical literature and highlight the current status of precision medicine and its potential application to patients with IBD. Clinical characteristics, aided by serologic studies, fecal and genetic markers are commonly employed to approximate an IBD patient’s future trajectory and guide therapeutic treatment decisions. More composite models that aggregate these markers have been proposed in individual studies and made available as easy to use web-based calculators, to estimate the future potential risk of need for bowel surgery, future risk of hospitalization, and development of different complications. Unique biomarkers such as metalloproteinase 3, oncostatin M, and TREM-1 have been identified which may prove useful to assist clinicians to make a choice between different biologic medications for any given patient. In addition, recent data suggest that the presence of the HLA-DQA1*05 allele may predict a higher risk for immunogenicity with anti-TNF agent monotherapy. While several biomarkers and preliminary predictive models have been proposed, additional rigorous studies in the realms of genomics, proteomics, microbiomics, and patient-reported symptoms are warranted to create more comprehensive tools which would be easily applicable in the clinical setting.
Should Like Cases Be Decided Alike?: A Formal Analysis of Four Theories of Justice

The maxim 'treat like cases alike' has underpinned theories of justice since Aristotle. It is commonly wielded as a shield against arbitrary rule and as a sword for civil rights. But it is not clear what the maxim actually means. In this paper, we formalize and evaluate possible definitions of the maxim, including those of John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin, HLA Hart, and Aristotle. We demonstrate that, as a theoretical principle, the maxim is always either unhelpful or pernicious. It provides no moral reason to make any particular decision. Importantly, we limit our inquiry to pure theory, and so there may still be room for using the maxim in practice. But such pragmatic use could only be justified with reference to other values, since the maxim contains no moral force of its own. Our findings should encourage political and legal theorists to reexamine some core assumptions of our normative theories.