cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Horse Sense and Human Sense: The Heterogeneity of Sense Perception in Buridan’s Philosophical Psychology

We are all familiar – perhaps all too familiar – with the Cartesian problem of how the mind is related to the body. On this account, the problem is how to explain the relation between the immaterial human mind and its extended or material body. How is the mind able to direct the movements of the body and be affected by bodily sensations, given their fundamentally different natures? Medieval philosophers were less interested in this problem in part because they viewed the theoretical landscape differently. On the one hand, they were influenced by Aristotle’s De Anima and the commentary tradition that surrounded it to regard the human soul as a tripartite entity, whose different parts reflect Aristotle’s broader taxonomy of life forms as vegetative, sensitive, or intellective.1 The hard questions about the relation between its material and immaterial aspects are less apparent if it is assumed at the outset that the same thing can operate both materially and immaterially, as if nourishing and sensing and understanding were simply different modes of the same thing – alternative ways its animate nature becomes evident to us. On the other hand, medieval philosophers were influenced by the Neoplatonic and Stoic traditions to gloss over the problem of mind/body interaction on account of the immaterial soul’s great pre-eminence over the body: since the soul is so much nobler than the body, it was generally assumed that the soul can do what it wills with its body (at least in its original natural state, prior to the Fall) not unlike the way in which God exercises causal agency over creation. Because movement or sensation thus conceived is not a relationship between equals, the question of how an immaterial thing can affect a material thing is less problematic, though of course
Colonization of epidermal tissue by Staphylococcus aureus produces localized hypoxia and stimulates secretion of antioxidant and caspase-14 proteins

A partial-thickness epidermal explant model was colonized with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Staphylococcus aureus, and the pattern of S. aureus biofilm growth was characterized using electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The oxygen concentration in explants was quantified using microelectrodes. The relative effective diffusivity and porosity of the epidermis were determined using magnetic resonance imaging, while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in explant media was measured by using microelectrodes. Secreted proteins were identified and quantified using elevated-energy mass spectrometry (MS(E)). S. aureus biofilm grows predominantly in lipid-rich areas around hair follicles and associated skin folds. Dissolved oxygen was selectively depleted (2- to 3-fold) in these locations, but the relative effective diffusivity and porosity did not change between colonized and control epidermis. Histological analysis revealed keratinocyte damage across all the layers of colonized epidermis after 4 days of culture. The colonized explants released significantly (P < 0.01) more antioxidant proteins of both epidermal and S. aureus origin, consistent with elevated H2O2 concentrations found in the media from the colonized explants (P< 0.001). Caspase-14 was also elevated significantly in the media from the colonized explants. While H2O2 induces primary keratinocyte differentiation, caspase-14 is required for terminal keratinocyte differentiation and desquamation. These results are consistent with a localized biological impact from S. aureus in response to colonization of the skin surface.
A Scaling-Friendly Low-Power Small-Area $\Delta\Sigma$ ADC With VCO-Based Integrator and Intrinsic Mismatch Shaping Capability

This paper presents a first-order scaling-friendly VCO-based closed-loop $\Delta\Sigma$ ADC. It uses the VCO as both quantizer and integrator, and thus, obviates the need for power-hungry scaling-unfriendly OTAs and precision comparators. It arranges two VCOs in a differential manner, which cancels out even-order distortions. Most importantly, it has an inherit mismatch shaping capability that automatically addresses the DAC mismatches. The prototype $\Delta\Sigma$ ADC in 130 nm CMOS occupies a small area of only 0.03 ${\rm mm}^{2}$ and achieves 66.5 dB SNDR over 2 MHz BW while sampling at 300 MHz and consuming 1.8 mW from a 1.2 V power supply. It can also operate with a low analog supply of 0.7 V and achieves 65.8 dB SNDR while consuming 1.1 mW.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 – a promising target in drug development and neuroimaging

This review summarizes the contributions by various teams of scientists in assessing the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) as a biomarker in neuropsychiatric disorders and diseases. Development of positive and negative allosteric modulators of mGluR5 is reviewed, as is the development of PET radioligands that have the potential to measure mGluR5 receptor density in neurological disorders and during therapeutic interventions. PET imaging provides an effective tool to assess the specificity of new drugs, select dose regimens in clinical trials, and study drug mechanisms of action. We summarize and deliver comparative analyses of mGluR5-specific PET radiotracers and their applications in understanding the pathophysiology of mGluR5-related nervous system disorders and to speed up drug development.
Portable File Format (PFF) specifications

Created at Sandia National Laboratories, the Portable File Format (PFF) allows binary data transfer across computer platforms. Although this capability is supported by many other formats, PFF files are still in use at Sandia, particularly in pulsed power research. This report provides detailed PFF specifications for accessing data without relying on legacy code.
Effects of Various Soybean Products on Flatulence in the Adult Man.

ConclusionsIn 4 human male subjects, kept on a carefully controlled diet to which various fractions of soybean meal were added, the flatus-producing factor in soybeans was concentrated primarily in the low molecular-weight constituents. These experiments also showed that the soybean hulls, fat, water-insoluble polysaccharides, and protein are not associated with flatulence production to any significant degree. Caseinate and soybean proteinate appear to inhibit flatulence. When equivalent amounts of navy bean meal were consumed, flatus volumes increased 2.52 times that following the consumption of dehulled, defatted soybean meal.
Out-of-core fuel cycle optimization for nonequilibrium cycles

A methodology has been developed for determining the family of near-optimum fuel management schemes that minimize the levelized fuel cycle costs of a light water reactor over a multicycle planning ...
Data Analysis Methods

Data analysis methods are essential to transform chromatographic data into useful information. There is an ongoing evolution of data analysis methods as increasingly challenging applications need to be addressed, instrumentation advances occur, separation speeds increase, data dimensionality increases, and growing volumes of data are collected. As the traditional data analysis methods have been covered in prior chapters, this chapter focuses primarily on advanced data analysis methods known as chemometrics. Chemometrics are mathematical methods that glean useful information from chemical data, especially large volumes of complex data that are not amenable to traditional or manual analysis. Chemometrics fill several analytical roles. First, the ability to identify and quantify analytes at extremely low chromatographic resolution can be provided. Second, pattern recognition and classification are often implemented, where a chromatogram provides a chemical fingerprint. Third, groups of compounds may be quantified in concert using chemometric methods. Finally, another area of broad interest is retention prediction for separation optimization.
Comparison of Human IL-11 and PTH: Effect on Blood and Bone Parameters in Adult Ovariectomized Mice.

Abstract Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a multi-functional cytokine with effects on hematopoiesis and bone remodeling. IL-11 is known to promote osteoclast formation by RANKL-dependent and independent processes. Recently, it was reported that IL-11 receptor signaling is required for normal bone turnover. To understand recombinant human IL-11 (rhuIL-11) effects on bone remodeling in vivo, we compared rhuIL-11 and PTH treatment in adult ovariectomized mice. IL -11 or PTH was administered s.c. daily for 6 weeks to 7 month-old mice that had been permitted to lose bone for 1 month post-ovariectomy. IL-11 at either 50 or 200 microg/kg/day increased platelets and neutrophils in the peripheral blood indicating that a therapeutic dose was achieved, but there was not a significant effect of rhuIL-11 on the plasma concentrations of osteocalcin as compared to vechicle control. In contrast, treatment with 30 micro/kg/day PTH significantly increased plasma osteocalcin. Interestingly, both IL-11 and PTH increased bone mineral density (BMD) of whole femur at the end of the 6-week study. Further studies are required to understand the effects of IL-11 on bone formation and resorption.
Power gating techniques on Platform Controller Hub

Energy efficiency has long been a first-order goal for mobile devices such as cell phones to extend battery life. In the last decade, effective energy use has also become a focus for larger computing devices for several reasons; namely expansion of mobile computing and data centers. Customers require maximum battery life from notebooks, netbooks, and tablets. Achieving optimal battery performance requires careful management of energy consumption. This paper describes the power gating techniques which has achieved ∼1000mW of effective power savings on Platform Controller Hub (PCH) and is proven to be a good strategy for preserving mobile computing power and extension of battery life span. However, to make power savings possible without performance trade-off, many design considerations combining architecture, floorplanning, innovative hardware design and software configurations are required. This paper presents the power gating strategies starting from early design planning to post silicon validation correlation methodology considering: 1) silicon floorplan partitioning into multiple power domains 2) stages of PFET switches assignment 3) The trade-off between a wake-up overhead and leakage savings design 4) the complete definition of power gate/ungate power sequence from partition level to system level 5) PDN noise analysis and leveraging of “zero-cost” noise mitigation techniques to address the various possible worst case power noise droop events cause by power gate/ungate activities. These power gating strategies are consider successful, when not only the desired power target is achieved; but a smooth transition of power state from sleep mode to full power mode and vice versa, is achieved without system hang or performance corruption. The paper is concluded with post silicon validation results correlated to selected individual power partition's gate/ungate activity; which is controlled by a specially customized test script to examine the power fet's gating/ungating functionality v.s. design expectation.
Multi-Step Fibrinogen-αIIbβ3 Binding/Unbinding Revealed at the Single Molecule Level Using Laser Tweezers.

The regulated ability of the platelet integrin αIIbβ3 to bind fibrinogen plays a crucial role in platelet aggregation and primary hemostasis. We have developed a model system based on laser tweezers that enables us to measure directly the mechanical forces needed to separate single receptor-ligand complexes. In this system, a ligand-coated bead can be trapped by the laser and repeatedly brought into contact with a receptor-coated pedestal so that the forces required to separate the two can be measured and displayed as “rupture force” histograms. We have applied this system to the interaction of fibrinogen and αIIbβ3 by measuring the rupture force required to separate a laser-trapped bead coated with fibrinogen from an immobilized pedestal coated with purified αIIbβ3. These measurements revealed that bimolecular αIIbβ3-fibrinogen interactions are characterized by rupture forces ranging from 20 pN to 150 pN. We found that the yield strength of αIIbβ3-fibrinogen interactions was independent of the rate at which force was applied over a range of 160 to 16,000 pN/s, but the frequency of fibrinogen binding to αIIbβ3 during repeated contacts correlated strongly with the duration of contact between the αIIbβ3- and fibrinogen-coated surfaces. The observed rupture forces could be segregated into small (20–40 pN), intermediate (40–60 pN), and high (>60 pN) force regimes, each of which displayed unique kinetic behavior. Thus, the contact time needed to reach half maximal fibrinogen binding at a constant loading rate of 1,600 pN/s was ~ 1 ms for the 20–40 pN, 20 ms for the 40–60 pN, and 70 ms for the >60 pN force regimes. Increasing the surface density of immobilized fibrinogen changed the probability of αIIbβ3 binding to fibrinogen >3.5-fold, but did not affect the yield strength profile, implying that these measurements represent interactions between individual molecules. Each force regime also differed in its susceptibility to the inhibitory effect of αIIbβ3 antagonists and to the activating effect of Mn2+. Thus, the low molecular weight αIIbβ3 antagonists H12 peptide, tirofiban, and RGDS were most effective in inhibiting weak interactions, whereas the monoclonal antibodies A2A9 and abciximab were most effective in inhibiting the stronger ones. In the presence of Mn2+, the strongest component of the yield force distribution increased more than 2.5-fold while the moderate force component increased only 1.5-fold. In addition, rupture forces in the range of 60 to 150 pN disappeared gradually when αIIbβ3 preparations were stored at 4°C for 7 d, suggesting that the αIIbβ3 conformation corresponding to these rupture forces is labile. Taken together, these data suggest that fibrinogen binding to αIIbβ3 is a complex, time-dependent multi-step process during which the strength of the bond between αIIbβ3 and fibrinogen appears to progressively increase.
Dissociative Conceptual and Quantitative Problem Solving Outcomes across Interactive Engagement and Traditional Format Introductory Physics.

Instructional strategies that improve conceptual understanding in introductory physics do not necessarily result in improved problem solving performance.
A Modern Wearable Devices Course for Computer Science Undergraduates

A problem that many tech companies face today is that many computer science students entering the work force lack fundamental skills for understanding the entire process of a system that is not solely software. Some students may take a series of courses on analog and/or digital circuits, but the integration with modern devices is sorely missing from most curricula. We designed the Tufts University Comp 50: Wearable Devices course to introduce the basics of digital and analog circuits to students with software-driven backgrounds by studying the intricacies of the production of wearable electronic devices. The course focused on the skills needed to design hardware, software, and a chassis for a final wearable product that was novel and potentially marketable. The primary objective was to provide a course that serves as an introduction to digital electronics but with a tangible goal to produce a high-fidelity prototype that student teams presented at the end of the semester. Given the nature of modern wearable devices, which are small, energy efficient, and strongly favor connectivity to other devices, we developed the curriculum around designing a surface-mount Printed Circuit Board (PCB), and we outfitted the student kits with coin-cell battery powered, Bluetooth-connected, Arduino-compatible devices that they needed to learn how to program and connect. We also integrated iOS development into the course so that students' final projects could communicate with both their phones or tablets, or to the Internet via these devices. As the "wearble devices"' field is relatively new, this paper discusses the decisions we made for the set-up of this class, what worked and what did not, and what we would change and improve when we teach it again.
A randomized trial of brief assessment interventions for young adults who use drugs in the club scene.

Abstract Background Efficacious interventions to reduce drug use and its consequences for club drug using populations are not apparent in the literature. We tested interviewer- (CAPI) and self-administered (ACASI) comprehensive health and social risk assessments as distinct interventions compared to waitlist control. Methods 750 men and women ages 18–39 with multidrug use and heterosexual behavior were randomized in equal proportions to the three conditions. Instrumentation included well-tested measures of drug use, risky sex, mental distress and substance dependence. Results The sample was 56% male; mean age=25. Reported risk behaviors and health consequences did not differ by assessment modality. Adjusted HLM analyses showed a significant main effect of assigned condition on all outcomes. CAPI participants had greater reductions in drug use, risky sex, mental distress and substance dependence symptoms, and greater increases in abstinence, compared to ACASI intervention or control participants at 12months, except that the CAPI and ACASI conditions had similar efficacy for reductions in drug use. Effect sizes for CAPI versus ACASI participants were d =0.2–0.3, and between CAPI and controls d =0.2–0.4. Effect sizes for improved outcomes between ACASI compared to controls were small to non-significant. Conclusions The study established the therapeutic benefit of interviewer interaction in reducing risky behavior among this young drug using population. The study demonstrated the efficacy and acceptability of a low threshold intervention in reducing drug use, sexual risk and related co-morbidities among a not-in-treatment young adult population that exhibits severe and complex levels of drug use, but that is also highly resistant to intervention.
A bHLH Code for Sexually Dimorphic Form and Function of the C. elegans Somatic Gonad

How sexually dimorphic gonads are generated is a fundamental question at the interface of developmental and evolutionary biology [1-3]. In C. elegans, sexual dimorphism in gonad form and function largely originates in different apportionment of roles to three regulatory cells of the somatic gonad primordium in young larvae. Their essential roles include leading gonad arm outgrowth, serving as the germline niche, connecting to epithelial openings, and organizing reproductive organ development. The development and function of the regulatory cells in both sexes requires the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor HLH-2, the sole ortholog of the E proteins mammalian E2A and Drosophila Daughterless [4-8], yet how they adopt different fates to execute their different roles has been unknown. Here, we show that each regulatory cell expresses a distinct complement of bHLH-encoding genes-and therefore distinct HLH-2:bHLH dimers-and formulate a "bHLH code" hypothesis for regulatory cell identity. We support this hypothesis by showing that the bHLH gene complement is both necessary and sufficient to confer particular regulatory cell fates. Strikingly, prospective regulatory cells can be directly reprogrammed into other regulatory cell types simply by loss or ectopic expression of bHLH genes, and male-to-female and female-to-male transformations indicate that the code is instructive for sexual dimorphism. The bHLH code appears to be embedded in a bow-tie regulatory architecture [9, 10], wherein sexual, positional, temporal, and lineage inputs connect through bHLH genes to diverse outputs for terminal features and provides a plausible mechanism for the evolutionary plasticity of gonad form seen in nematodes [11-15].
Diffraction from Arbitrarily Deformed Volume Holograms

We derive the response of a volume hologram to arbitrary deformation, using perturbative approach. We present experimentally the volume hologram response to deformation due to a point indenter. The experimental results are consistent with theory.
The roles of suprasegmental features in predicting English oral proficiency with an automated system

Suprasegmental features have received growing attention in the field of oral assessment. In this article we describe a set of computer algorithms that automatically scores the oral proficiency of n...
ARISTOLOCHIA SCHULTZEANA (ARISTOLOCHIACEAE) NEW TO ECUADOR

Aristolochia schultzeana is a rare, low-elevation, humid, pluvial forest species. It was previously known only from Colombia but is now reported for Ecuador.
Matching and the Properties of Accounting Earnings over the Last 40 Years

This paper presents a theory and empirical evidence that investigate the effects of poor matching on the properties of accounting earnings. The key intuition of this theory is that poor matching manifests as noise in the economic relation between revenues and expenses. As a result, poor matching decreases the correlation between contemporaneous revenues and expenses and increases the correlation between non-contemporaneous revenues and expenses. With regards to earnings effects, poor matching increases earnings volatility, decreases earnings persistence, and induces a negative autocorrelation in earnings changes. Since poor matching resolves over time, we expect that all of these effects are less pronounced over longer-horizon definitions of earnings. The empirical tests concentrate on documenting the effects of matching and the associated properties of earnings in a sample of the 1,000 largest U.S. firms over the last 40 years. We find a clear and economically substantial trend of declining contemporaneous correlation between revenues and expenses, while the correlation between revenues and non-contemporaneous expenses is increasing. We also find strong evidence of increased volatility of earnings, declining persistence of earnings, and increased negative autocorrelation in earnings changes. As expected, these trends are less pronounced for longer-horizon definitions of earnings. Based on this evidence we conclude that accounting matching has become worse over time and that this trend has produced a pronounced effect on the properties of the resulting earnings. This evidence also suggests that the FASB's stated goal of moving away from matching and towards more fair-value accounting is likely to continue and deepen the identified trends in the properties of earnings.
Central nervous system, skull base and paraspinal tumors

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors represent a diverse group of neoplasms that require special consideration for benign, malignant, primary or metastatic lesions. The CNS has a large number of critical tissues that have specific concerns that must be evaluated in any form of radiotherapy planning. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is an ideal form of treatment to minimize the risk of morbidity while maintaining target volume coverage. 5.2 Anatomic Considerations
Survival outcomes by HPV status in non-oropharyngeal head and neck cancers: A propensity score matched analysis of population level data.

6005Background: The impact of HPV status in non-oropharynx (OPX) cancers is unclear. Limited sample sizes, and unadjusted comparisons have confounded interpretation. Our goal was to evaluate the pr...
Bonding Hierarchy Gives Rise to High Thermoelectric Performance in Layered Zintl Compound BaAu2P4

The search for new thermoelectric materials has gained rapid progress in recent years as thermoelectric technology offers the potential for environmentally friendly and sustainable energy conversio...
Hematological Challenges in Intensive Care Unit Patients with Neurological Disease

Hematologic complications are common challenges in a neurological or neurosciences intensive care unit (NICU) due to the extent of neurological conditions encountered. This chapter will focus on traumatic brain injury (TBI) and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and ischemic stroke (IS) and will review the incidence and role of anemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathies, and leukocytosis in each of these diseases. The chapter will conclude on a review of medications affecting ICH, such as antiplatelets and anticoagulants, and the evidence behind the role of reversal agents in these conditions.
The Measurement of Emotion

The relationships among theory, measurement, and results are often confused. Clearly, the measurement techniques not only of psychology but of science in general may affect dramatically the results obtained as well as the theories generated. The implications of this view are broad and suggest that the ideal of an absolute and independent truth, one separate from measurement and observer bias, is not only unattainable but should not even be expected (Lewis, 1982a).
Living in Denial: The Relationship between Access Denied Turnaways and ILL Requests

Access denied turnaway statistics are provided to libraries to help with serials collection development, but very little research about turnaways is available. This article examines the relationshi...
Performing Under Pressure: Varsity Athletes Excel in Medical School.

The admission process for medical school relies on objective and subjective measures of personal achievement, and selecting successful medical students is a daunting task for admission committees. While there is a significant body of literature examining MCAT scores and undergraduate grade point average (GPA) with medical school performance, there is a paucity of research on impact of specific student accomplishments on future performance. We hypothesize participation in a varsity collegiate sport will correlate with higher performance during medical school. A retrospective review of four medical school classes at a single institution was completed. Each student’s admission application was examined for at least 1 year of participation in a varsity-level sport at their respective undergraduate institution. A total of 62 athletes (16.36%) were identified out of 441 total students. Multiple medical school performance metrics were obtained for each student. There was no difference in MCAT scores between athletes and non-athlete medical students. There was a significant difference in step 1, step 2 CK, NBME shelf exams, cumulative year 3 performance, and AOA status with the athletes outperforming their peers. Students who participate in collegiate varsity athletics excel in medical school. One explanation for this finding may be participation in high-stakes athletic training and competition results in development of specific attributes beneficial in medical school. These attributes may include receptiveness to criticism, time management, resiliency, team participation, and performing under pressure. Additional research is needed to elucidate the attributes that determine improved medical school performance, such that medical educators can utilize this knowledge to better prepare all students for the rigors of medical school.
The Current Status of Students’ Note-Taking: Why and How Do Students Take Notes?

Numerous researchers have investigated the factors that influence students’ note-taking. In the present study, we explored whether recent advances in technology are associated with changes in students’ self-reported note-taking and classroom experiences. We administered a survey to a sample of current and former university students to investigate why students take notes, how students take notes, students’ classroom experiences, and whether students’ note-taking and classroom experiences have changed in recent years. Students reported taking notes for a variety of reasons, including to enhance encoding and external storage. Students also reported high confidence in their note-taking ability. The two cohorts provided similar responses regarding why they take notes. Relative to former students, current students reported using technology to take notes more frequently and reported receiving PowerPoint slides from their professors more frequently. Understanding how technology impacts students’ note-taking and learning is an important goal for researchers.
Powder bed fusion of poly(phenylene sulfide)at bed temperatures significantly below melting

Abstract In this paper, the authors present evidence of printing poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), a high-performance polymer, via powder bed fusion (PBF) using a bed temperature of 230 °C, which is significantly below both its observed melting temperature (Tm ˜ 285 °C) and its observed onset temperature of crystallization (Tc ˜ 255 °C). This contradicts existing material screening guidelines for PBF, which suggest maintaining bed temperature above the observed onset of crystallization. The authors believe that printing PPS at a comparatively-low bed temperature is beneficial for minimizing the occurrence of PPS side-reactions (e.g., chain extension, branching, and crosslinking) during printing and for enabling processing of a high-temperature polymer on “standard” PBF printers, which typically have maximum build temperatures below 250 °C. Existing methods for theoretically determining processing bounds were used to predict a range of energy densities at which PPS can be printed. One combination of process parameter values was selected based on machine constraints imposed by typical PBF machines not designed to print high-temperature polymers and used to fabricate multilayer, complex parts. The presented process parameters result in final part density upwards of 1.18 g/cm3 and ultimate tensile strength and elongation of 62 MPa and 3.3%, respectively. Hypotheses on the generalizability of low-temperature PBF printing of high-performance polymers, and steps towards updating materials and process parameter selection guidelines for PBF, are also presented.
Weighted Model Counting with Algebraic Decision Diagrams

We present an algorithm to compute exact literal-weighted model counts of Boolean formulas in Conjunctive Normal Form. Our algorithm employs dynamic programming and uses Algebraic Decision Diagrams as the primary data structure. We implement this technique in ADDMC, a new model counter. We empirically evaluate various heuristics that can be used with ADDMC. We then compare ADDMC to state-of-the-art exact weighted model counters (Cachet, c2d, d4, and miniC2D) on 1914 standard model counting benchmarks and show that ADDMC significantly improves the virtual best solver.
Search and Seizure Jurisprudence: Community Perceptions of Police Legitimacy in the United States

Perceptions of police legitimacy have a significant impact on reported crime rates and public order, particularly as it relates to police searches and seizures. Research has shown that variations in community demographics play a vital role in how the police are perceived by their constituents, as well as how crime is differentially enforced in these communities. One limitation from this line of research is the tendency to focus on racial differences (e.g., Black vs. White), with less attention devoted to ethnic variations. This study examines how perceptions of police searches and seizures (as defined by U.S. Supreme Court case law) compare in a majority-Hispanic community in the Southwest and a majority-White community in the Northeast. We also explore the differential perceptions toward police legitimacy as defined by the type of police search or seizure; that is, whether vehicle stops and searches are viewed as more or less legitimate compared to person and residential searches and whether such views vary according to race and ethnicity, as well as region. Results indicate that perceptions of police search legality are mediated by region. Differences in racial perceptions of the police were found among respondents in the Northeast, with African-Americans least likely to favor police search policies compared to Hispanics and Whites. However, no such differences were found in the Southwest. The findings are discussed within the larger context of police-community relations research.
Corneal Surgery in Children: Past, Present, and Future

In this chapter, we discuss the history of pediatric keratoplasty, also referred to as pediatric corneal transplant, which has evolved from a single type of surgery (penetrating keratoplasty) to four general categories of corneal transplant procedures: penetrating keratoplasty, endothelial keratoplasty, anterior lamellar keratoplasty, and keratoprosthetics. Over the past 50 years, substantial improvements have increased the success rates of pediatric corneal transplants, but pediatric keratoplasty is still regarded as a high-risk surgical procedure with relatively poor outcomes, difficulties in postoperative management, and high probability of developing amblyopia even after successful surgery. To maximize success after keratoplasty, children must follow intensive perioperative and postoperative regimens with frequent follow-up visits, high-dose topical corticosteroids, and early suture removal. With advances in ophthalmology, including newer keratoplasty techniques of endothelial keratoplasty, DALK, and improvements in the keratoprosthetics, we have more options in providing targeted therapies to pediatric patients.
Model Comparison in the Introductory Physics Laboratory

Model comparison is at the heart of all scientific methodologies. Progress is made in science by constructing many models (possibly of different complexities), testing them against measurements, and determining which of them explain the data the best. It is my observation, however, that in many introductory physics labs we provide students with the materials and methods to verify the “correct” model of the experiment they are performing, e.g. measuring “g” or verifying the period of a pendulum. In this way, we do our students a disservice and don’t allow them to experience the richness and creativity that constitutes the scientific enterprise. Limiting the lab to the “correct” model can have its uses—for example, getting the students to practice the proper methods to measure lengths and times or to support the specific theory covered in the lecture portion of the class. However, when students perform these labs, they come to view these activities as repetitive and mechanical, reinforcing the notion that science concerns not the true exploration of nature but simply the verification of what we already know. By verifying what we already know, the laboratory experience does not improve overall understanding and can mislead students about the methods of science overall.
Splicing factor SRSF1 expands the regulatory logic of microRNA expression

The serine and arginine-rich splicing factor SRSF1 is an evolutionarily conserved, essential pre-mRNA splicing factor. Through a global protein-RNA interaction survey we discovered SRSF1 binding sites 25-50nt upstream from hundreds of pre-miRNAs. Using primary miRNA-10b as a model we demonstrate that SRSF1 directly regulates microRNA biogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Selective 2′ hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) defined a structured RNA element located upstream of the precursor miRNA-10b stem loop. Our data support a model where SRSF1 promotes initial steps of microRNA biogenesis by relieving the repressive effects of cis-regulatory elements within the leader sequence.
Convolutional neural networks (CNN) for feature-based model calibration under uncertain geologic scenarios

This paper presents convolutional neural network architectures for integration of dynamic flow response data to reduce the uncertainty in geologic scenarios and calibrate subsurface flow models. The workflow consists of two steps, where in the first step the solution search space is reduced by eliminating unlikely geologic scenarios using distinguishing salient flow data trends. The first step serves as a pre-screening to remove unsupported scenarios from the full model calibration process in the second step. For this purpose, a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a cross-entropy loss function is designed to act as a classifier in predicting the likelihood of each scenario based on the observed flow responses. In the second step, the selected geologic scenarios are used in another CNN with an l2-loss function (as a regression model) to perform model calibration. The regression CNN model (step 2) learns the inverse mapping from the production data space to the low-rank representation of the model realizations within the feasible set. Once the model is trained off-line, a fast feed-forward operation on the observed historical production data (input) is used to reconstruct a calibrated model. The presented approach offers an opportunity to utilize flow data in identifying plausible geologic scenarios, results in an off-line implementation that is conveniently parallellizable, and can generate calibrated models in real time, i.e., upon availability of data and without in-depth technical expertise about model calibration. Several synthetic Gaussian and non-Gaussian examples are used to evaluate the performance of the method.
Pediatrician Delivered Smoking Cessation Messages for Parents: A Latent Class Approach to Behavioral Phenotyping

Objective Message framing can be leveraged to motivate adult smokers to quit, but its value for parents in pediatric settings is unknown. Understanding parents’ preferences for smoking cessation messages may help clinicians tailor interventions to increase quitting. Methods We conducted a discrete choice experiment in which parent smokers of pediatric patients rated the relative importance of 26 messages designed to increase smoking cessation treatment. Messages varied on who the message featured (child, parent, family), whether the message was gain- or loss-framed (emphasizing benefits of engaging or costs of failing to engage in treatment), and the specific outcome included (e.g. general health, cancer, respiratory illnesses, financial impact). Participants included 180 parent smokers at 4 pediatric primary care sites. We used latent class analysis of message ratings to identify groups of parents with similar preferences. Multinomial logistic regression described child and parent characteristics associated with group membership. Results We identified 3 groups of parents with similar preferences for messages: Group 1 prioritized the impact of smoking on the child (n=92, 51%), Group 2 favored gain-framed messages (n=63, 35%), and Group 3 preferred messages emphasizing the financial impact of smoking (n=25, 14%). Parents in Group 2 were more likely to have limited health literacy and have a child over age 6 and with asthma, compared to Group 1. Conclusions We identified 3 groups of parent smokers with different message preferences. This work may inform testing of tailored smoking cessation messages to different parent groups, a form of behavioral phenotyping supporting motivational precision medicine.
Parquet renormalization group analysis of weak-coupling instabilities with multiple high-order Van Hove points inside the Brillouin zone

The discovery of unconventional superconductivity and correlated insulators in twisted bilayer graphene has triggered enormous interest in modern condensed matter research. Here, the authors investigate the potential weak-coupling instabilities in such a system, particularly at the higher-order Van Hove singularity. An asymptotically exact renormalization group analysis uncovers a host of unconventional correlated phases. These include chiral and helical superconductivities, ferromagnetism, and valley-polarized order with potential rotation symmetry breaking. The results may serve as interesting indications for the experimentally observed correlated phases in twisted bilayer graphene.
High-Efficiency Parametric Amplification of Broadband Spectrally Incoherent Pulses

We investigate the high-efficiency parametric amplification of broadband incoherent waves, in particular in a spatially collinear spectrally quasi-degenerate configuration increasing the output energy and bandwidth, for enhanced laser-target interaction.
Efficient Bandwidth Estimation in 2D Filtered Backprojection Reconstruction

A generalized cross-validation approach to estimate the reconstruction filter bandwidth in 2D filtered backprojection is presented. The method writes the reconstruction equation in equivalent backprojected filtering form, derives results on eigendecomposition of symmetric 2D circulant matrices, and applies them to make bandwidth estimation a computationally efficient operation within the context of standard backprojected filtering reconstruction. Performance evaluations on a range of simulated emission tomography experiments give promising results. The superior performance holds at both low and high total expected counts, pointing to the method’s applicability even in weak signal-to-noise-ratio situations. The approach also applies to the more general class of elliptically symmetric filters, with the reconstructed estimate’s performance often better than even that obtained with the true optimal radially symmetric filter.
Individuals’ Experiences with Religious Hostility, Discrimination, and Violence: Findings from a New National Survey:

While concerns about the consequences of anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, and other forms of religious bias have grown in the past several years, the data available to examine these issues have been li...
The Relation Between Aggregate Earnings and Security Returns Over Long Windows

This paper derives theoretical explanations for the increase in the returns-earnings R2 as earnings are aggregated over longer windows. Consistent with our intuition, the model shows that aggregation is useful because accounting lags cancel out over time, thus improving the returns-earnings correlation. Interestingly, the model reveals an additional reason for high R2 over long windows: aggregating earnings over longer windows increases the positive covariance between current and future earnings, which further increases the R2. As a consequence of this, the magnitude of market response to a dollar of earnings can be greater than one over some time range. This is consistent with prior empirical findings that over the ten-year window the regression slope coefficient is greater than one (around 1.7). In fact, a re-examination of the empirical results shows that a slope coefficient greater than one is the major contributor to the high R2 over the ten-year window.
Tumor necrosis factor-α modulates GABAergic and Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral periaqueductal gray of female mice.

Abstract Neuroimmune signaling is increasingly identified as a critical component of various illnesses, including chronic pain, substance use disorder, and depression. However, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), may play a key role by modulating synaptic function and long-term plasticity. The midbrain structure periaqueductal gray (PAG) plays a well-established role in pain processing, and while TNF-α inhibitors have emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for pain-related disorders, the impact of TNF-α on PAG neuronal activity has not been thoroughly characterized. Recent studies have identified subpopulations of ventral PAG (vPAG) with opposing effects on nociception, with DA neurons driving pain relief in contrast to GABA neurons. Therefore, we used ex vivo slice physiology to examine the effects of TNF-α on neuronal activity of both subpopulations. We selectively targeted GABA and dopamine neurons using a vGAT-reporter and a TH-eGFP reporter mouse line, respectively. Following exposure to TNF-α, the intrinsic properties of GABA neurons were altered, resulting in increased excitability along with a reduction in glutamatergic synaptic drive. In DA neurons, TNF-α exposure resulted in a robust decrease in excitability along with a modest reduction in glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Furthermore, the effect of TNF-α was specific to excitatory transmission onto DA neurons as inhibitory transmission was unaltered. Collectively, these data suggest that TNF-α differentially affects the basal synaptic properties of GABA and DA neurons and enhances our understanding of how TNF-α mediated signaling modulates vPAG function. New & Noteworthy The present study describes the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on two distinct subpopulations of neurons in the ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG). We show that TNF-α alters both neuronal excitability and glutamatergic synaptic transmission on GABA neurons and dopamine neurons within the vPAG. This provides critical new information on the role of TNF-α in the potential modulation of pain since activation of vPAG GABA neurons drives nociception, whereas activation of DA neurons drives analgesia.
Creation and Validation of a Hybrid Assignment Tool That Meets Budgetary Requirements While Accurately Reflecting Workload Reality

Background: Meeting patient care needs and labor budget should be synonymous in nature. In fact, many respiratory care departments struggle with aligning these two necessary metrics. The AARC created the Uniform Reporting Manual (URM), an evidence-based benchmark to reflect the productivity of therapist time spent at the bedside performing care. Yet, many hospitals do not incorporate these standards to create labor budgets. This study analyzed the use of a hybrid assignment tool to bridge the gap between therapist workload reality and a commercially available labor management/budget program. Methods: A thorough analysis was conducted comparing and matching the 2012 URM to the procedural charge master for Levine Children9s Hospital. All procedures were broken into 15-min increments for ease of use and assigned based on the time standard provided by the URM. Example: SVN is assigned 15 min = 1 point, a ventilator is assigned 60 min = 4 points. This accounts for the acuity of each patient as they are different. Respiratory therapists work 12 h, which equates to 10.5 h of value-added bedside care. This means that every therapist can perform 42 points worth of work safely. Our established target assignment is 36 points to allow for a 10-15% "pick up" of unaccounted work. The assignment tool, created in Excel, was posted to our SharePoint site for ease of use. Training was completed to ensure standard work. The effectiveness of the assignment tool was measured from 7/1/17 to 5/28/18 and compared to the daily Premier productivity report. Results: Comparison of the assignment tool and the daily productivity report yielded only a 3.9% difference (Assignment tool 102.77% YTD, Premier 106.67% YTD). Also, no change was noticed in January when our standard comparison group changed from all procedure count to billable only procedure count. The assignment tool also identified, in real time, the need/opportunity to flex staff to volume. This resulted in an estimated cost savings of $57,249.92 (or roughly 1 FTE). The tool is easily adaptable to meet future budgetary and acuity demands. Conclusions: Bridging the gap between commercially available labor management tools and workload reality is not impossible, it is simply an exercise in translation. Development, creation, and validation of a live, working assignment tool is an opportunity to bridge that gap to ensure optimal patient care while meeting budget.
Ketorolac attenuates the blood pressure response to dynamic exercise in peripheral arterial disease patients (1165.5)

Humans with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) have an augmented exercise pressor reflex (EPR) but the metabolites responsible for this augmented response are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that ...
How Effective P.R. Contributes to Effective Management.

(1970). How Effective P.R. Contributes to Effective Management. Hospital Topics: Vol. 48, No. 11, pp. 51-58.