cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subjective frequency and the lexical decision latency function: Implications for mechanisms of lexical access.

Subjective word frequencies were obtained in order to determine the relationship between frequency and lexical decision times across a wide range of frequencies. The subjective ratings proved to be reliable across subject groups, even though they showed somewhat paradoxical range effects. While there were good correlations between the subjective and standard objective frequency counts across the entire frequency range, there was relatively little correlation between them for low-frequency words. Nevertheless, the subjective ratings accounted for more of the decision time variance for these low-frequency words than did the objective counts. Subjective frequency was therefore felt to be more appropriate for determining the frequency-latency relationship in lexical decision, particularly for low-frequency words. Using these ratings to supplement frequency counts, together with data from several lexical decision experiments, shows that the relationship between decision time and frequency is nonlinear, asymptoting for the highest frequencies, but with rapidly increasing reaction times for lower ones. B. Gordon's (1981, Lexical Access and Lexical Decision: Mechanisms of Frequency Sensitivity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Johns Hopkins University; 1983, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 24–44) resonance model of lexical access can directly account for this relationship, but logogen and sequential search models require further elaboration to do so.
Estrogen Prevents the Reduction in Fractional Calcium Absorption Due to Energy Restriction in Mature Rats

Weight loss has been associated with loss of bone mass in numerous studies in animals (1,2), in epidemiological cohort studies (3,4), and in most controlled intervention trials (5–12). However, the mechanism driving bone loss during weight reduction has not yet been elucidated. In a previous report of premenopausal women from our laboratory (13), we did not observe bone loss with weight reduction, and a possible explanation for this discrepancy may involve the higher estrogen levels in the heavier population of premenopausal women in that study (13) compared to that of the leaner and/or older individuals from other reports (5– 8,10 –12). This possibility is supported by findings that energy restriction induces a greater hypoestrogenic state in lean than in obese rats (14) and may imply that leaner individuals who lose weight are at greater risk of hypoestrogenism and thus bone loss. We observed that decreases in serum estradiol (E2)4 tend to be associated with decreases in Ca absorption (14), suggesting that the 2 events may act in conjunction to affect the Ca balance. This is supported by the presence of estrogen receptors in the intestinal mucosa and by evidence of a direct effect of estrogen promoting intestinal Ca absorption (15,16). To the best of our knowledge, the relationship between estrogen decline and the reduction in Ca absorption during weight loss has not been studied. We hypothesized that an energy restriction– induced decrease in estrogen is a major mechanism for inducing a decrease in Ca absorption in mature rats and that a higher estrogen status during energy restriction would prevent the decrease in Ca absorption.
Improved wear resistance in alumina-PTFE nanocomposites with irregular shaped nanoparticles

Past studies with PTFE nanocomposites showed up to 600× improvements in wear resistance over unfilled PTFE with the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles. Irregular shaped nanoparticles are used in this study to increase the mechanical entanglement of PTFE fibrils with the filler. The tribological properties of 1, 2, 5 and 10 wt.% filled samples are evaluated under a normal pressure and sliding speed of 6.3 MPa and 50.8 mm/s, respectively. The wear resistance was found to improve 3000× over unfilled PTFE with the addition of 1 wt.% nanoparticles. The 5 wt.% sample had the lowest steady state wear rate of K = 1.3 × 10 −7 mm 3 /N m and the lowest steady friction coefficient with µ = 0.21. © 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Development of Visual Selection in 3‐ to 9‐Month‐Olds: Evidence From Saccades to Previously Ignored Locations

We examined changes in the efficiency of visual selection over the first postnatal year with an adapted version of a spatial negative priming paradigm. In this task, when a previously ignored location becomes the target to be selected, responses to it are impaired, providing a measure of visual selection. Oculomotor latencies to target selection were the dependent measure. Each trial consisted of a prime and a probe presentation, separated by a 67-, 200-, or 550-msec interstimulus interval (ISI), to test the efficiency of selection as a function of processing time. In the prime, the target was accompanied by a distractor item. In the probe, the target appeared either in the location formerly occupied by the distractor (repeated distractor trials) or in one of the other two locations (control trials). We tested 41 infants in each of 3 age groups (3, 6, and 9 months) on the three different ISIs. Nine-month-old infants' saccade latencies were slowed on repeated distractors relative to control trials, given sufficiently long ISIs. Saccade latencies in the youngest two age groups showed only facilitation on repeated distractor trials at short ISIs. These results suggest that visual selection efficiency is a function of the interaction of the processing limitations of a system with environmental conditions, in this case the time allotted for the selection process.
State and Local Governance Fifteen Years Later: Enduring and New Challenges

This article draws on the contributions to this issue and related evidence to assay the extent to which the states and larger local governments have moved in directions endorsed by the Winter Commission in 1993. The commission’s recommendations targeted (1) the political context of state and local governance, with a particular focus on executive leadership, campaign finance reform, and citizen engagement; (2) the specifics of public administration, with primary emphasis on empowering managers through internal deregulation and bolstering human resource capacity; and (3) the nature of the relationship between the national government and the states in a key policy arena. Significant changes in the fabric of state and local governance have occurred in each of these three areas over the last 15 years. Many of these modifications are consonant with the thrust of the Winter Commission report, but the evidence also points to the limits of state and local reform. Further reform initiatives should be built on systematic efforts to advance knowledge concerning the origins, nature, and outcomes of the array of institutions and processes present at the state and local levels.
Molecular and biochemical mechanisms of perinatal brain injury

Hypoxic-ischemic injury to the prenatal and perinatal brain is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality to infants, often leading to mental retardation, seizures, and cerebral palsy. The susceptibility of the immature CNS to hypoxia-ischemia is largely dependent on the temporal and regional status of critical developmental processes, as well as on the regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. The molecular and biochemical mechanisms of acute injury to the neonatal brain in experimental rodent and murine models of hypoxic-ischemic and ischemic injury, including disturbances of intracellular homeostasis, role of glutamate receptors, free radicals and transitional ions, as well as the modifying role of gene expression to cell death/survival will be reviewed in this chapter.
Cannulated cancellous screw fixation for capitellum fractures in adolescents.

Purpose. To review the outcome of 9 adolescents treated with 2 to 3 cannulated cancellous screws for type-1 capitellum fractures. Methods. Records of 8 boys and one girl aged 12 to 14 (mean, 14) years with type-1 capitellum fractures were reviewed. The mechanism of injury was a fall on the flexed elbow. No patient had associated injuries or neurovascular compromise. In 2 patients, the fracture was minimally displaced and treated with a cast. The remaining 7 patients with displaced fractures underwent open reduction and internal fixation using 4.0-mm cannulated partially threaded cancellous screws inserted in a posterior-to-anterior direction. In one patient, a Kirschner wire was added to fix a small comminuted fragment. Elbow pain, range of motion, stability, and function were evaluated using the Mayo Elbow Performance Index. Results. The mean follow-up period was 7 (range, 2–18) months. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Index score was 100, indicating excellent outcome. No patient developed avascular necrosis or heterotrophic ossification. All patients achieved anatomic bone union. All implants were removed after a mean of 4.7 (range, 2–7) months. Conclusion. The fixation of type-1 capitellum fractures with 2 to 3 cannulated cancellous screws inserted posteroanteriorly achieved excellent functional outcome.
Ecological Role of a Tree (Gmelina Arborea) Plantation in Guatemala: An Assessment of an Alternative Land use for Tropical Avian Conservation

Abstract Established parks and nature reserves may be inadequate to preserve long-term biotic diversity, especially in tropical regions of Latin America where anthropogenic disturbance and land-conversion is an ongoing problem. Demand for economically productive land uses, such as cattle pastures or monoculture plantations, is one of the greatest threats to habitat and wildlife preservation. As a result, conservation biologists have turned to examining attributes of nonprotected lands to determine which land uses both support wildlife and make economic sense. I examined bird use of a plantation of Gmelina arborea (“white teak” or “melina” trees; hereafter “plantation”) in Guatemala to assess its suitability as bird habitat. Gmelina arborea is grown mainly for wood and paper pulp. Several compositionally different habitats were identified, based on the amount of natural vegetation grown within and among the plantation trees, forming a heterogeneous landscape. I detected 195 bird species from 45 families wi...
Expressive writing can impede emotional recovery following marital separation

Marital separation and divorce are common life events that increase risk for poor health outcomes, yet few intervention studies explore how to mitigate this increased risk. This study implemented an expressive writing (EW) intervention for adults who experienced a recent marital separation. Ninety participants (32 men) were randomly assigned to and completed one of three experimental writing tasks: traditional EW, a novel (narrative-based) type of EW, or control writing. Up to 9 months after this writing, participants who were judged to be actively engaged in a search for meaning concerning their separation reported significantly worse emotional outcomes when assigned to either EW condition relative to control writing. Within the control condition, those participants who were actively engaged in a search for meaning reported the lowest levels of separation-related disturbance. We discuss these results in terms of the factors that may limit and promote psychological recovery following marital separation.
An Adaptive Array Based on Composite and Null Despreaders for Multiple GPS Signals

The Global Positioning System (GPS) requires at least four satellites to achieve the best accuracy for location estimation. Since a conventional despreader can recover only one GPS signal, multiple despreaders are usually required for separating multiple GPS signals. In this paper, we explore an extension of a recently proposed GPS receiver that consists of a conventional despreader and a so-called null despreader, along with the multistage constant modulus (CM) array, to detect multiple GPS signals. This system does not require explicit direction-of-arrival (DOA) information about the GPS signals in order to reject directional interference. We present a computer simulation example to illustrate the jammer suppression performance of the proposed system for multiple GPS signals
Diagnostic Testing in Nonhuman Primates

Abstract Veterinarians in private practice often find it difficult to access updated information regarding diagnostic techniques for nonhuman primates. It may also be problematic for one to find laboratories that are willing to handle primate biological specimens, run diagnostic tests, and interpret results in the absence of extensive species-specific normal data. This article presents 3 common clinical diagnostic challenges encountered with nonhuman primates and provides some practical insights and solutions. Resources and strategies to enhance collegial networking, obtain information on best practices, and develop and maintain relationships with diagnostic laboratories are listed. Commonly used viral-testing laboratories and published summaries are listed. Current challenges in accurate detection of tuberculosis, newly available diagnostic methods, and the need for additional research and enhanced validation of diagnostic methods are discussed.
Non-target effects of clothianidin on monarch butterflies

Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) frequently consume milkweed in and near agroecosystems and consequently may be exposed to pesticides like neonicotinoids. We conducted a dose response study to determine lethal and sublethal doses of clothianidin using a 36-h exposure scenario. We then quantified clothianidin levels found in milkweed leaves adjacent to maize fields. Toxicity assays revealed LC10, LC50, and LC90 values of 7.72, 15.63, and 30.70 ppb, respectively. Sublethal effects (larval size) were observed at 1 ppb. Contaminated milkweed plants had an average of 1.14 ± 0.10 ppb clothianidin, with a maximum of 4 ppb in a single plant. This research suggests that clothianidin could function as a stressor to monarch populations.
Methods for identifying emerging General Purpose Technologies: a case study of nanotechnologies

Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science with the potential to generate new and enhance existing products and transform the production process. US patent data is used to track the emergence of nanotechnologies since 1978. The nanotechnologies that have undergone the most development are identified using patent citation data and co-citation patterns of patents are examined to define clusters of related nanotechnologies. The potential for economic impact of the emerging nanotechnologies is assessed using a generality index.
The age-related accumulation of a mitochondrial DNA control region mutation in muscle, but not brain, detected by a sensitive PNA-directed PCR clamping based method

The peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-directed PCR clamping technique was modified and applied to the detection of mitochondrial DNA mutations with low heteroplasmy. This method is extremely specific, eliminating false positives in the absence of mutant molecules, and highly sensitive, being capable of detecting mutations at the level of 0.1% of total molecules. Moreover, the reaction can be multiplexed to identify more than one mutation per reaction. Using this technique, the levels of three point mutations, the tRNA(Leu(UUA)) 3243 mutation causing mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS); the tRNA(Lys) 8344 mutation causing myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF); and the nucleotide position 414 mutation adjacent to the control region promoters, were evaluated in human brain and muscle from individuals of various ages. While none of the mutations were detected in brain samples from individuals ranging in age from 23 to 93, the 414 mutation could be detected in muscle from individuals 30 years and older. These data demonstrate that the 3243 and 8344 mutations do not accumulate with age to levels greater than 0.1% in brain and muscle. By contrast, the 414 mutation accumulates with age in normal human muscle, though not in brain. The reason for the striking absence of the 414 mutation in aging brain is unknown.
A spherical to plane wave transformation using a reflectarray

A reflectarray has generally been used as a replacement for a reflector antenna. Used in this capacity, different configurations (prime focus, offset etc.) and various applications (dual frequency, scanning etc.) have been previously demonstrated with great success. Another potential application that has not been explored previously is the use of reflectarrays to compensate for phase errors in space power combining applications such as space-fed lens and power combining amplifier. In these applications, it is required to convert a spherical wave to a plane wave with proper phase correction added to each element of the reflectarray. This paper reports an experiment to investigate the feasibility of using a reflectarray as an alternative to a lens in space power combining. The experiment involves transforming a spherical wave from a orthomode horn to a plane wave at the horn aperture. The reflectarray consists of square patches terminated in open stubs to provide necessary phase compensation. In this paper, preliminary results will be presented and the feasibility of such a compensation scheme will be discussed.
Maximum Achievable Throughput in Multiband Multiantenna Wireless Mesh Networks

We have recently witnessed a rapidly increasing demand for, and hence, a shortage of, wireless network bandwidth due to rapidly growing wireless services and applications. It is, therefore, important to develop an efficient way of utilizing this limited bandwidth resource. Fortunately, recent technological advances have enabled software-defined radios (SDRs) to switch from one frequency band to another at minimum cost, thereby making dynamic multiband access and sharing possible. On the other hand, recent advances in signal processing combined with those in antenna technology provide multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) capabilities, thereby creating opportunities for enhancing the throughput of wireless networks. Both SDRs and MIMO together enable next-generation wireless networks, such as mesh networks, to support dynamic and adaptive bandwidth sharing along time, frequency, and space. In this paper, we develop a new framework that 1) identifies the limits and potential of SDRs and MIMO in terms of achievable network throughput and 2) provides guidelines for designers to determine the optimal parameters of wireless mesh networks equipped with multiband and multiantenna capabilities.
Efficient instrument design using IEEE 488.2

IEEE 488.2 defines standard formats, protocols, and common commands for IEEE 488 programmable instrumentation. Conventional software techniques can be used to write a parser that implements the formats and common commands. Such a parser requires a simple data stream interface, where data are simply gotten (commands) or placed (responses). The author describes a software driver for an IEEE 488 interface. This driver provides a simple data stream interface to the parser while conforming to the protocol requirements of IEEE 488.2. The crux of this implementation is the isolation of the message exchange control protocol, which is implemented with a simple state machine, from the parser. The protocol requirements of IEEE 488.2 have been converted to a state machine where each transition is the result of an external signal. In this process some anomalies in IEEE 488.2 have been identified and corrected. >
Meeting the Goals of Service Learning in Pharmacy Education through Community Campus Partnerships

Healthy People 2010, published by the US Department of Health and Human Services, is a statement of health objectives for the nation to be achieved by the end of this decade. The goals are to increase quality and years of healthy life and to eliminate health disparities. In 2006, the West Virginia University School of Pharmacy began a revision to its Doctor of Pharmacy curriculum to include pharmacy practice experiences that would provide students with experience in developing disease prevention and health promotion programming in the community. Thus, the School of Pharmacy began a three-semester longitudinal service learning program which focused on advancing the objectives of Healthy People 2010 through service learning. The experiences of the School of Pharmacy service learning program from 2006 to the present are detailed.
The Separate Roles of Geostrophic Vorticity and Deformation in the Midlatitude Occlusion Process

Abstract Separate vector expressions for the rate of change of direction of the potential temperature gradient vector resulting from the geostrophic vorticity and geostrophic deformation, referred to as QVR and QDR, respectively, are derived. The evolution of the thermal structure and forcing for quasigeostrophic vertical motion in an occluded cyclone are investigated by examining the distributions of QVR and QDR and their respective convergences. The dynamics of two common structural transformations observed in the evolution of occluded cyclones are revealed by consideration of these separate forcings. First, the tendency for the sea level pressure minimum to deepen northward and/or westward into the cold air west of the triple point is shown to be controlled by the convergence of QVR, which is mathematically equivalent to thermal wind advection of geostrophic vorticity, a well-accepted mechanism for forcing of synoptic-scale vertical motion. Second, the lengthening of the occluded thermal ridge and surf...
Long-acting cocaine hydrolase for addiction therapy

Cocaine abuse is a world-wide public health and social problem without a US Food and Drug Administration-approved medication. An ideal anticocaine medication would accelerate cocaine metabolism, producing biologically inactive metabolites by administration of an efficient cocaine-specific exogenous enzyme. Our recent studies have led to the discovery of the desirable, highly efficient cocaine hydrolases (CocHs) that can efficiently detoxify and inactivate cocaine without affecting normal functions of the CNS. Preclinical and clinical data have demonstrated that these CocHs are safe for use in humans and are effective for accelerating cocaine metabolism. However, the actual therapeutic use of a CocH in cocaine addiction treatment is limited by its short biological half-life (e.g., 8 h or shorter in rats). Here we demonstrate a novel CocH form, a catalytic antibody analog, which is a fragment crystallizable (Fc)-fused CocH dimer (CocH-Fc) constructed by using CocH to replace the Fab region of human IgG1. The CocH-Fc not only has a high catalytic efficiency against cocaine but also, like an antibody, has a considerably longer biological half-life (e.g., ∼107 h in rats). A single dose of CocH-Fc was able to accelerate cocaine metabolism in rats even after 20 d and thus block cocaine-induced hyperactivity and toxicity for a long period. Given the general observation that the biological half-life of a protein drug is significantly longer in humans than in rodents, the CocH-Fc reported in this study could allow dosing once every 2–4 wk, or longer, for treatment of cocaine addiction in humans.
Doppler Coefficient Measurements for U238 in Fast-Reactor Spectra

S>Experimental results of measurements of the Doppler temperature coefficient of reactivity of U/sup 238/ for fastspectrum assemblies on the ZPR III are reported. (R.E.U.)
Zoning Regulation of Adult Theaters (Student Case Comment on Young v. American Mini Theaters, 96 S. Ct. 2440 (1976))

In Young v. American Mini Theaters, Inc., the Supreme Court carved a significant exception to the accepted rules of first amendment jurisprudence. By upholding a zoning ordinance that restricted the location of movie theaters showing sexually explicit movies, the Supreme Court, for the first time, regulated speech on the basis of its explicit, but not obscene, content. In this comment, the author critiques the Court's plurality opinion, arguing that the Judges inappropriately base their decisions on a false dichotomy between political discussion and sexually explicit speech. By making this distinction, the author argues, the Court ignores the interaction between a work's social, political, and artistic value and the means through which that value is communicated. Further, the author examines Justice Powell's rationale, characterizing it as "unwise." However, because the Court could not come to a consensus, the author contends that the case appears to suggest an unwillingness to regulate speech without a strong showing of a city's demonstrated need. On the other hand, he notes, American Mini Theaters may signal an increased use of the "categorization" approach to first-amendment analysis. If so, the question whether speech will be protected or regulated not by constitutional values, but by Judge subjectivity.
Gesture and style in The moviegoer

A feminist, close reading of Walker Percy's The moviegoer . Leitura feminista e minuciosa do livro The moviegoer do escritor americano contemporâneo Walker Percy.
Hepatic stimulator substance : discovery, characteristics and mechanism of action

Hepatic stimulator substance is a unique, 12,000-to 18,000-dalton peptide found in the liver of weanling and regenerating, but not normal, adult rats. It has also been demonstrated in dogs, rabbits, and pigs. It is organ specific, bothin vivo andin vitro, but species nonspecific. It induces liver growth after a 10-to 12-hr lag period, during which time new protein and RNA synthesis are required. The initial events induced by HSS in HTC hepatoma cellsin vitro include a rapid influx of Na+ via the Na+/H+ antiport and a rapid influx of extracellular Ca2+. The rise in intracellular Ca2+ appears to be dependent on the influx of Na+ and the influx of Na+ is necessary, but not in itself sufficient, to stimulate DNA synthesis.
In Vitro Colonization of the Cattle Biting Louse, Bovicola bovis

An in vitro colony of the cattle biting louse, Bovicola bovis (L.), has been maintained continuously since October 1969 at the Livestock Insects Laboratory, Kerrville, Tex. The species is reared by procedures similar to those used to colonize the goat biting lice, B. crassipes (Rudow) and B. limbata (Gervais) (Hopkins and Chamberlain 1969), and the sheep biting louse, B. ovis (Schrank) (Hopkins 1970).
Abstract 2821: Joint relationship between iron and retinoids in patients at high-risk for liver cancer

Approximately 3.2 million Americans are chronically infected with Hepatitis C, forming the largest group of persons at high risk for HCC, with an annual incidence of 3-4%. Increased oxidative stress is regarded as the major mechanism of progression in chronic liver disease (CLD) and subsequent HCC. Hepatic iron overload facilitates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby inducing liver damage and fibrosis. We have previously shown that retinoid and carotenoid depletion occurs early in disease and may represent a major modifiable risk. This study aims to determine, in CLD patients and controls, whether retinoid levels modify the association between serum iron concentrations and: (a) oxidative stress biomarkers in urine (b) tissue changes associated with hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, and (c) CLD progression. Patients with HCV undergoing liver biopsy (n = 69) provided fasting blood, fresh tissue, urine and completed a diet history questionnaire (DHQ). Serum and questionnaire data from healthy volunteers (n = 11), normal liver tissue from public repositories and patients without liver disease (n = 11) were also collected. Urinary isoprostanes, serum and tissue retinoid concentrations were obtained by LC-MS-MS. Serum iron, ferritin and transferrin were quantitated. Immunohistochemistry for αSMA was performed on FFPE sections and subsequently quantified via digital image analysis. Associations between urinary isoprostanes, αSMA levels, serum iron, serum and tissue retinoids were assessed using Spearman correlation coefficients and non-parametric tests were utilized to test differences among disease severity groups. There was a significant increasing trend for serum transferrin levels with progressive fibrosis, but not for serum iron and ferritin concentrations. All subjects had transferrin saturation within the normal range. Serum β-carotene and lycopene were inversely associated with serum ferritin concentrations (r = -0.29, P Serum iron overload was not evident in this population even though a depletion of serum retinoids/carotenoids is observed. The inverse correlation observed between serum ferritin and retinoids/carotenoids suggests a possible joint effect in CLD patients. Our data provide confirmation that hepatic retinoid loss is accompanied by HSC activation, a key player in fibrosis. Further evaluation of hepatic iron status is warranted to assess the relationships between iron and retinoids in HCV. Citation Format: Yachana Kataria, Ryan Deaton, Erika Enk, Milita Petrauskaite, Scott Cotler, Donald Jensen, Peter Gann. Joint relationship between iron and retinoids in patients at high-risk for liver cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2821. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2821
Effect of counterion structure on rates and diastereoselectivities in α,β-unsaturated iminium-ion Diels-Alder reactions.

The use of cyclic α,β-unsaturated iminium-ion dienophiles is documented in two highly diastereoselective Diels–Alder (DA) reactions. The dienophilic counterion was found to have a significant effect on reactivity.
Intelligent Communication Management Terminal for Large-scale Wind Farms Monitoring and Control

The technology and function of FR1 intelligent communication management terminal are introduced,which is used for data acquisition and monitoring for the large-scale wind farms in the western power grid dispatching center of Inner Mongolia.Based on the OPC interface,FR1 communicates with the local wind farm monitoring system to get the wind farm data,which includes real time data and historical data.Using the expanded IEC 60870-5-102 protocol,these datas are upload to power grid dispatch center through the dispatching data network or green channel.By FR1,the master system in dispatching center can issue set point values of wind power control and voltage control to the wind farm monitoring and control system to control the wind farm active power and bus voltage of step-up station.
SU-F-J-179: Commissioning Dosimetric Data of a New 2.5 Megavoltage Imaging Beam from a TrueBeam Linear

Purpose: Recently a new 2.5 megavoltage imaging beam has become available in a TrueBeam linear accelerator for image guidance. There is limited information available related to the beam characteristics. Commissioning dosimetric data of the new imaging is necessary for configuration of the beam in a treatment planning system in order to calculate imaging doses to patients resulting from this new imaging beam. The purpose of this study is to provide measured commissioning data recommended for a beam configuration in a treatment planning system. Methods: A recently installed TrueBeam linear accelerator is equipped with a new low energy photon beam with a nominal energy of 2.5 MV which provides better image quality in addition to other therapeutic megavoltage beams. Dosimetric characteristics of the 2.5 MV are measured for commissioning. An ionization chamber was used to measure dosimetric data including depth-dose curves and dose profiles at different depths for field sizes ranging from 5×5 cm2 to 40×40 cm2. Results: Although the new 2.5 MV beam is a flattening-filter-free (FFF) beam, its dose profiles are much flatter compared to a 6 MV FFF beam. The dose decrease at 20 cm away from the central axis is less than 30% for a 40×40 cm2 field. This moderately lower dose at off-axis distances benefits the imaging quality. The values of percentage depth-dose (PDD) curves are 53% and 63% for 10×10 cm2 and 40×40 cm2 fields respectively. The measured beam output is 0.85 cGy/MU for a reference field size at depth 5 cm obtained according to the AAPM TG-51 protocol. Conclusion: This systematically measured commissioning data is useful for configuring the new imaging beam in a treatment planning system for patient imaging dose calculations resulting from the application of this 2.5 MV beam which is commonly set as a default in imaging procedures.
Mechanical Failure of Fine Root Cortical Cells Initiates Plant Hydraulic Decline during Drought

Root systems perform the crucial task of absorbing water from the soil to meet the demands of a transpiring canopy. Roots are thought to operate like electrical fuses, which break when carrying an excessive load under conditions of drought stress. Yet the exact site and sequence of this dysfunction in roots remain elusive. Using in vivo x-ray computed microtomography, we found that drought-induced mechanical failure (i.e. lacunae formation) in fine root cortical cells is the initial and primary driver of reduced fine root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr) under mild to moderate drought stress. Cortical lacunae started forming under mild drought stress (-0.6 MPa Ψstem), coincided with a dramatic reduction in Lpr, and preceded root shrinkage or significant xylem embolism. Only under increased drought stress was embolism formation observed in the root xylem, and it appeared first in the fine roots (50% loss of hydraulic conductivity [P50] reached at -1.8 MPa) and then in older, coarse roots (P50 = -3.5 MPa). These results suggest that cortical cells in fine roots function like hydraulic fuses that decouple plants from drying soil, thus preserving the hydraulic integrity of the plant's vascular system under early stages of drought stress. Cortical lacunae formation led to permanent structural damage of the root cortex and nonrecoverable Lpr, pointing to a role in fine root mortality and turnover under drought stress.
Accumulation of K+ in the synaptic cleft modulates activity by influencing both vestibular hair cell and calyx afferent in the turtle

Key points In the synaptic cleft between type I hair cells and calyceal afferents, K+ ions accumulate as a function of activity, dynamically altering the driving force and permeation through ion channels facing the synaptic cleft. High-fidelity synaptic transmission is possible due to large conductances that minimize hair cell and afferent time constants in the presence of significant membrane capacitance. Elevated potassium maintains hair cells near a potential where transduction currents are sufficient to depolarize them to voltages necessary for calcium influx and synaptic vesicle fusion. Elevated potassium depolarizes the postsynaptic afferent by altering ion permeation through hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, and contributes to depolarizing the afferent to potentials where a single EPSP (quantum) can generate an action potential. With increased stimulation, hair cell depolarization increases the frequency of quanta released, elevates [K+]cleft and depolarizes the afferent to potentials at which smaller and smaller EPSPs would be sufficient to trigger APs. Abstract Fast neurotransmitters act in conjunction with slower modulatory effectors that accumulate in restricted synaptic spaces found at giant synapses such as the calyceal endings in the auditory and vestibular systems. Here, we used dual patch-clamp recordings from turtle vestibular hair cells and their afferent neurons to show that potassium ions accumulating in the synaptic cleft modulated membrane potentials and extended the range of information transfer. High-fidelity synaptic transmission was possible due to large conductances that minimized hair cell and afferent time constants in the presence of significant membrane capacitance. Increased potassium concentration in the cleft maintained the hair cell near potentials that promoted the influx of calcium necessary for synaptic vesicle fusion. The elevated potassium concentration also depolarized the postsynaptic neuron by altering ion permeation through hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. This depolarization enabled the afferent to reliably generate action potentials evoked by single AMPA-dependent EPSPs. Depolarization of the postsynaptic afferent could also elevate potassium in the synaptic cleft, and would depolarize other hair cells enveloped by the same neuritic process increasing the fidelity of neurotransmission at those synapses as well. Collectively, these data demonstrate that neuronal activity gives rise to potassium accumulation, and suggest that potassium ion action on HCN channels can modulate neurotransmission, preserving the fidelity of high-speed synaptic transmission by dynamically shifting the resting potentials of both presynaptic and postsynaptic cells.
Cross-inhibition of pathogenic agents and the host proteins they exploit.

The major limitations of pathogen-directed therapies are the emergence of drug-resistance and their narrow spectrum of coverage. A recently applied approach directs therapies against host proteins exploited by pathogens in order to circumvent these limitations. However, host-oriented drugs leave the pathogens unaffected and may result in continued pathogen dissemination. In this study we aimed to discover drugs that could simultaneously cross-inhibit pathogenic agents, as well as the host proteins that mediate their lethality. We observed that many pathogenic and host-assisting proteins belong to the same functional class. In doing so we targeted a protease component of anthrax toxin as well as host proteases exploited by this toxin. We identified two approved drugs, ascorbic acid 6-palmitate and salmon sperm protamine, that effectively inhibited anthrax cytotoxic protease and demonstrated that they also block proteolytic activities of host furin, cathepsin B, and caspases that mediate toxin’s lethality in cells. We demonstrated that these drugs are broad-spectrum and reduce cellular sensitivity to other bacterial toxins that require the same host proteases. This approach should be generally applicable to the discovery of simultaneous pathogen and host-targeting inhibitors of many additional pathogenic agents.
Recapitulating Inner Ear Development with Pluripotent Stem Cells: Biology and Translation

Abstract Since the formal inception of stem cell biology in the early 2000s, significant progress has been made to apply this new technology in the auditory and vestibular systems. Because mechanosensitive hair cells and sensory neurons, two major sensory cell types in the human inner ear, do not regenerate after their loss, cell replacement therapies have been considered as a viable option to cure profound hearing loss or balance disorders. In this chapter, we will overview how biological principles in inner ear development can be reconstituted in vitro to derive inner ear sensory cells and what criteria can be used to test the phenotypic and functional authenticity of these stem cell-derived cells. Additionally, an emerging new approach to create inner ear structures from aggregates of pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture will be discussed and compared with the conventional 2D culture system. Finally, ways that these technical advances could be translated into clinical therapy studies will be discussed.
‘Alas, poor Yorick!’: Jonathan Swift, Madness and Fashionable Science

In the Proportion that Credulity is a more peaceful Possession of the Mind than Curiosity, so far preferable is that Wisdom, which converses about the Surface, to that pretended Philosophy which enters into the Depth of Things, and then comes gravely back with Informations and Discoveries, that in the inside they are good for nothing.
A Serial Collaborator

Colander’s body of work includes 80 collaborative pieces. He started with a big push, collaborating with Abba Lerner. Colander’s original dissertation, which focused on mathematics, was pedestrian. He was rescued by two stalwarts, Ned Phelps and William Vickrey, who put him on a new path. Colander’s new idea came during the double-digit price inflation of the 1970s, which underscored the need for “market in rights to change prices,” which could have solved the inflation problem. Colander points out that his original encounter with Abba Lerner at an American Economic Association meeting was also related to collaborative ventures. This falls into one of his categorical reasons for collaboration, namely institutionally fostered collaboration. The other reasons for collaboration include some combination of the following: (1) gains from trade, (2) collective enjoyment, (3) desire to help someone or to be helped and (4) strategic collaboration. He also highlights that “collaboration comes naturally.”
Psychological Suffering as Message or Malady: Ideological and Cultural Contributions of Humanism

The author argues that message and malady perspectives have been vital underlying forces in counseling theories and mental health culture. Counselors may be unaware of these forces, a situation that may cause them to react reflexively rather than intentionally. The article also reveals substantial ideological and cultural benefits of humanism.
ON AN ASYMPTOTIC MODEL FOR MACH STEM FORMATION IN PLANAR DETONATIONS

Publisher Summary A striking instability occurs in nearly planar detonation waves in a reactive gas. In contrast to shocks in inert gases, small two-dimensional perturbations in the primary shock curve are excited in certain regimes. This ultimately leads to the formation of Mach stems that propagate in a direction transverse to that of the primary front. The main evidence for this has for the most part been the experimental observation of a striated rather than uniform ash trail in the wake of the primary planar front. Recently, an elegant asymptotic theory originating with the Euler equations of compressible reactive flow was devised in an effort to explain how spontaneous Mach Stem formation can be supported by such equation. The Mach stem formation propagates in a direction transverse to that of the primary front. This chapter describes the construction of an asymptotic model for Mach stem formation in planar detonations devised by Majda and Rosales. The following are the main physical assumptions of the model: (1) the gas is inviscid and non-heat conducting, (2) the reaction occurs instantaneously across an infinitely thin zone, and (3) disturbances produced in the surrounding medium by the evolving shock front, which are called radiating boundary waves, propagate only into the burned region behind the shock front. This is clearly plausible on physical grounds; it plays the crucial role of an entropy condition in the construction of the approximation scheme.
Asset Depletion, Chronic Financial Stress, and Mortgage Trouble Among Older Female Homeowners.

Background and objectives The Great Recession disproportionately impacted older adults and women of color, suggesting that women may be entering retirement without adequate assets. However, the current literature lacks a detailed account of women's experiences of mortgage trouble and foreclosure, as well as a longitudinal view of how these experiences impacted their overall financial assets. Research design and methods Grounded in cumulative inequality theory, this mixed methods study employed a QUAL→quan approach to gather qualitative data from a sample of 21 older adult women regarding their experiences of mortgage trouble. Quantitative longitudinal data was gathered for a subsample of the Early Baby Boomer Cohort using the Health and Retirement Study. Results Qualitative findings indicated women approaching retirement experienced chronic underemployment, wage stagnation, and financial volatility as contributors to asset depletion and eventual mortgage default or foreclosure. Quantitative results indicated asset depletion both during and post-Recession was considerably more pronounced among older adult women of color compared to older adult White men. Discussion and implications These findings suggest that a lifetime of financial disadvantage coupled with macroeconomic instability situates older adult women, particularly women of color, in a financially vulnerable position for retirement. The ways in which 2017 attacks on the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Dodd-Frank, and the Fiduciary rule carry potential to further destabilize this population are also discussed.
Application of computed tomography and stereolithography to correct a complex angular and torsional limb deformity in a donkey.

Objective To report the evaluation, surgical planning, and outcome for correction of a complex limb deformity in the tibia of a donkey using computed tomographic (CT) imaging and a 3D bone model. Study design Case report. Animals A 1.5-year-old, 110 kg donkey colt with an angular and torsional deformity of the right pelvic limb. Methods Findings on physical examimation included a severe, complex deformity of the right pelvic limb that substantially impeded ambulation. Both hind limbs were imaged via CT, and imaging software was used to characterize the bone deformity. A custom stereolithographic bone model was printed for preoperative planning and rehersal of the surgery. A closing wedge ostectomy with de-rotation of the tibia was stabilized with 2 precontoured 3.5-mm locking compression plates. Clinical follow-up was available for 3.5 years postoperatively. Results CT allowed characterization of the angular and torsional bone deformity of the right tibia. A custom bone model facilitated surgical planning and rehearsal of the procedure. Tibial corrective ostectomy was performed without complication. Postoperative management included physical rehabilitation to help restore muscular function and pelvic limb mechanics. Short-term and long-term follow-up confirmed bone healing and excellent clinical function. Conclusion CT imaging and stereolithography facilitated the evaluation and surgical planning of a complex limb deformity. This combination of techniques may improve the accuracy of the surgeons' evaluation of complex bone deformities in large animals, shorten operating times, and improve outcomes.
Crystal structure and Hirshfield analysis of the 4-(di-methyl-amino)-pyridine adduct of 4-meth-oxy-phenyl-borane.

The title compound [systematic name: 4-(di­methyl­amino)­pyridine–4-meth­oxy­phenyl­borane (1/1)], C14H19BN2O, contains two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. Both molecules exhibit coplanar, mostly sp2-hybridized meth­oxy and di­methyl­amino substituents on their respective aromatic rings, consistent with π-donation into the aromatic systems. The B—H groups exhibit an intra­molecular close contact with a C—H group of the pyridine ring, which may be evidence of electrostatic attraction between the hydridic B—H and the electropositive aromatic C—H. There appears to be weak C—H⋯π(arene) inter­actions between two of the H atoms of an amino­methyl group and the meth­oxy-substituted benzene ring of the other independent mol­ecule, and another C—H⋯π (arene) inter­action between one of the pyridine ring H atoms and the same benzene ring.
Acute Stroke Multimodal Imaging: Present and Potential Applications toward Advancing Care

In the past few decades, the field of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has experienced significant advances in clinical practice. A core driver of this success has been the utilization of acute stroke imaging with an increasing focus on advanced methods including multimodal imaging. Such imaging techniques not only provide a richer understanding of AIS in vivo, but also, in doing so, provide better informed clinical assessments in management and treatment toward achieving best outcomes. As a result, advanced stroke imaging methods are now a mainstay of routine AIS practice that reflect best practice delivery of care. Furthermore, these imaging methods hold great potential to continue to advance the understanding of AIS and its care in the future.
Modeling Fuel Film Cooling on a Flat Plate

Cooling of liquid rocket engine combustion chambers and nozzles is a critical component to liquid rocket engine design. A common method of cooling is liquid-fuel film cooling. Liquid fuel is inject...