cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMPLICATIONS OF HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA IN THE NEWBOR—POSSIBLE RELATION TO THE METABOLISM OF AMMONIA

Concentrations of ammonia in blood from the umbilical vein have been determined during the course of 20 exchange transfusions on 16 infants. One of these infants subsequently died of kernicterus and another died with liver damage and intracranial hemorrhage. Only these two infants had concentrations of ammonia in blood from the umbilical vein greater than 2 µg/ml during exchange transfusion when half of the blood had been administered. The only other infants with significantly elevated concentrations of ammonia in blood from the umbilical vein had siblings who had died of kernicterus. A steady but gradual rise in the content of ammonia in stored blood has been shown to occur during storage. There is no relation between the content of ammonia in stored blood and the concentration of ammonia in the blood of the patient during exchange transfusion. It is postulated that the ammonemia of the patient with impairment of liver function due to hyperbilirubinemia causes a failure of energy metabolism of nerve cells, resulting in an increased permeability of the cells to bilirubin. Once the cells are stained, the lesion is irreversible.
Hierarchical Image Segmentation—Part I: Detection of Regular Curves in a Vector Graph

The problem of edge detection is viewed as a hierarchy of detection problems where the geometric objects to be detected (e.g., edge points, curves, regions) have increasing complexity and spatial extent. An early stage of the proposed hierarchy consists in detecting the regular portions of the visible edges. The input to this stage is given by a graph whose vertices are tangent vectors representing local and uncertain information about the edges. A model relating the input vector graph to the curves to be detected is proposed. An algorithm with linear time complexity is described which solves the corresponding detection problem in a worst-case scenario. The stability of curve reconstruction in the presence of uncertain information and multiple responses to the same edge is analyzed and addressed explicitly by the proposed algorithm.
Introduction to part 2

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an introduction to the handbook on development economics, Part 2. Development economics has evolved through the interaction between theoretical inquiry and empirical studies. Two areas of interaction—one macro and the other micro—have proven quite fruitful, and have led to continuing programs of research. The first involves the study of changes in economic structure that typically accompany growth during a given period or within a particular set of countries. The central features of what has been termed “structural transformation” are such economy-wide phenomena as industrialization, agricultural transformation, migration, and urbanization. All of these processes involve reciprocal interactions between rising income and changing proportions of demand and supply, and all are affected by macroeconomic and sectoral policies. The second empirical research program focuses more narrowly on behavior of individuals, households, and institutions as well as the various markets in which they are involved. In this “micro” or “household” approach, prices and markets play a central role and the neo-classical model provides a logical point of departure.
Identification of immunodominant surface antigens of Eimeria acervulina sporozoites and merozoites.

Immunodominant surface antigens of Eimeria acervulina sporozoites and merozoites were identified by 125I-labeling and immunoblotting studies. Using these methodologies 60% of the immunodominant sporozoite antigens and 90% of the immunodominant merozoite antigens were observed to be 125I-surface labeled. However, several major 125I-labeled sporozoite and merozoite proteins did not represent prominent antigens as measured by immunoblotting. Immunodominant surface antigens were found over a wide size range for sporozoites (21–110 kDa) and for merozoites (20–250 kDa). In order to relate these findings to a ‘natural’ infection, two groups of 3-week old chickens were inoculated 5 times over a 2.5 week period with either a low or high dose of E. acervulina oocysts. The serum response to sporozoites and merozoites, indicated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers, was rapid; ⩽ 7 days post-infection with 104 oocysts and ⩽ 3 days with 105 oocysts. Many of the antigens identified by immunoblotting of sera from sporozoite- and merozoite-immunized animals were recognized by sera from both high dose and low dose E. acervulina-infected chickens. Furthermore, the sporozoite and merozoite antigens could be grouped into those constituents which induced a serum response early or late in the infection.
Sociologists in an Integrating Society: Significance and Satisfaction in Sociological Work

What are the intellectual opportunities sociology offers us today? We all have to start wherever we can in such a field as interviewers, data processors, paper graders, IBM jockeys, or junior "members" of research "teams," or perhaps more happily as subsidized graduate students or rookie college teachers. Then we have to continue to support ourselves as best we can. But what intellectual adventures can those of us now find who enter sociology as a scientific career and not merely as an avenue to a secure academic
Multi-resource allocation: Fairness-efficiency tradeoffs in a unifying framework

Quantifying the notion of fairness is under-explored when users request different ratios of multiple distinct resource types. A typical example is datacenters processing jobs with heterogeneous resource requirements on CPU, memory, etc. A generalization of max-min fairness to multiple resources was recently proposed in [1], but may suffer from significant loss of efficiency. This paper develops a unifying framework addressing this fairness-efficiency tradeoff with multiple resource types. We develop two families of fairness functions which provide different tradeoffs, characterize the effect of user requests' heterogeneity, and prove conditions under which these fairness measures satisfy the Pareto efficiency, sharing incentive, and envy-free properties. Intuitions behind the analysis are explained in two visualizations of multi-resource allocation.
Hydrodechlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane catalyzed by Pt-Cu/C: effect of catalyst pretreatment

Abstract The catalytic performance of Pt–Cu/C with Pt/Cu atomic ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 in the reaction of 1,2-dichloroethane dechlorination at 200°C and atmospheric pressure was investigated to understand the molecular phenomena governing the change in ethylene selectivity with time on stream (TOS). When the Pt1–Cu3/C catalyst is prereduced in H 2 at 220°C, ethane is the major product at early TOS, while ethylene is the major product at longer TOS. Pretreatment in flowing He at 220°C eliminates the transient behavior and significantly increases steady state selectivity toward ethylene for both Pt–Cu catalysts. The transient behavior is also eliminated after reduction at 220°C followed by treatment with HCl at the same temperature. Quite different behavior is observed with a Pt/C catalyst in that ethane is the major product regardless of the type of pretreatment. The results are interpreted via a molecular scheme including the formation of mixed PtCuCl x species during the non-reductive pretreatment. These PtCuCl x particles are converted into the corresponding alloy during subsequent reduction by H 2 or reaction mixture. The enrichment of the catalysts’ surface with Cu results from the pretreatment with HCl.
Material flow and microstructural evolution during friction stir spot welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy

Abstract Material flow and local texture evolution during friction stir spot welding (FSSW) of AZ31 magnesium alloy was characterized by varying tool rotation rates. Texture at various locations of the welded region was measured using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Material flow is significantly influenced by tool rotation rate with a conical step spiral pin tool, and FSSW introduces a unique basal fiber texture in the welded region. Results indicate that local texture evolution is dominated by shear deformation through material flow. The tool shoulder applies both shear and compressive deformation to the upper region material; however, the rotating pin introduces only shear deformation to the adjacent material. As the tool rotation rate increases, the effect of both tool shoulder and pin becomes more prominent by introducing a higher degree of basal pole tilt with respect to the initial rolling texture at the periphery of the pin, but less tilt in the upper region beneath the tool shoulder undersurface. The equiaxed fine grain structure in the stir zone appears to result from the twinning-induced dynamic recrystallization and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization.
Dissecting the steps of CO2 reduction: 1. The interaction of CO and CO2 with γ-Al2O3: an in situ FTIR study

Alumina supported Pd catalysts with metal loadings of 0.5, 2.5 and 10 wt% were investigated by in situ FTIR spectroscopy in order to understand the nature of adsorbed species formed during their exposure to CO2 and CO. Exposing the annealed samples to CO2 at 295 K resulted in the formation of alumina support-bound surface species only: linear adsorbed CO2, bidentate carbonates and bicarbonates. Room temperature exposure of all three samples to CO produced IR features characteristic of both ionic and metallic Pd, as well as bands we observed upon CO2 adsorption (alumina support-bound species). Low temperature (100 K) adsorption of CO on the three samples provided information about the state of Pd after oxidation and reduction. Oxidized samples contained exclusively ionic Pd, while mostly metallic Pd was present in the reduced samples. Subsequent annealing of the CO-saturated samples revealed the facile (low temperature) reduction of PdOx species by adsorbed CO. This process was evidenced by the variations in IR bands characteristic of ionic and metallic Pd-bound CO, as well as by the appearance of IR bands associated with CO2 adsorption as a function of annealing temperature. Samples containing oxidized Pd species (oxidized, annealed or reduced) always produced CO2 upon their exposure to CO, while no CO2-related surface entities were observed on samples having only fully reduced (metallic) Pd.
Restoring with maximum entropy. III. Poisson sources and backgrounds

The maximum entropy (ME) restoring formalism has previously been derived under the assumptions of (i) zero background and (ii) additive noise in the image. However, the noise in the signals from many modern image detectors is actually Poisson, i.e., dominated by single-photon statistics. Hence, the noise is no longer additive. Particularly in astronomy, it is often accurate to model the image as being composed of two fundamental Poisson features: (i) a component due to a smoothly varying background image, such as caused by interstellar dust, plus (ii) a superimposed component due to an unknown array of point and line sources (stars, galactic arms, etc.). The latter is termed the “foreground image” since it contains the principal object information sought by the viewer. We include in the background all physical backgrounds, such as the night sky, as well as the mathematical background formed by lower-frequency components of the principal image structure. The role played by the background, which may be separately and easily estimated since it is smooth, is to pointwise modify the known noise statistics in the foreground image according to how strong the background is. Given the estimated background, a maximum-likelihood restoring formula was derived for the foreground image. We applied this approach to some one-dimensional simulations and to some real astronomical imagery. Results are consistent with the maximum-likelihood and Poisson hypotheses: i.e., where the background is high and consequently contributes much noise to the observed image, a restored star is broader and smoother than where the background is low. This nonisoplanatic behavior is desirable since it permits extra resolution only where the noise is sufficiently low to reliably permit it.
More than a place to teach: exploring the perceptions of the roles and responsibilities of mentor teachers

The purpose of this study was to shed light on mentor teachers’ perceptions of their roles and responsibilities and to contrast their understandings with a normative view of mentoring (Goldsberry, 1998; Hawkey, 1997). We hypothesized that the mentor teachers’ perceptions would likely differ from established conceptions of this construct, a difference that has significant implications for mentor preparation and university collaboration. Participants, 264 teachers who were serving as mentors to pre‐service teachers, were asked open‐ended questions designed to allow the mentors to describe the ways in which they envisioned their role. Follow‐up telephone interviews were conducted with 34 randomly selected mentor teachers to further determine the relative value they placed on different aspects of mentoring. The results of this research confirm that mentoring is a complex construct and that the perceptions held by mentors may be influenced by the kinds and quality of mentoring experiences they have had. Implic...
A Wireless Sensory Feedback Device for Real-Time Gait Feedback and Training

This paper presents a new sensing and feedback system for a personal gait rehabilitation device based on wireless transmission of ambulation data for real-time sensory feedback for assistive healthcare. An integrated force-sensing insole was designed, using embedded force sensitive resistors that were sampled using a microprocessor, which then transmitted the data to an Android smartphone for presentation to the user. Experiments were performed to verify that the device captured accurate gait data, and was able to influence the gait of the subject. In addition, different sensory methods of feedback were tested to determine their individual efficacy at modulating the gait of study subject. The results show that the feedback system is capable of influencing the gait of the user, without the need for direct supervision by a rehabilitation specialist. In addition, a statistical analysis was performed to establish the reliability and repeatability of the system. From these results, this feedback system is established as a novel, inexpensive, and effective candidate for use in clinical rehabilitation of persons with gait abnormalities.
Clinical and hormonal effects of chronic gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment in polycystic ovarian disease.

Previously, we reported that short term administration of a highly potent GnRH agonist (GnRHa) for 1 month to patients with polycystic ovarian disease (PCO) resulted in complete suppression of ovarian steroidogenesis without measurable effects on adrenal steroid production. This new study was designed to evaluate the effects of long term GnRHa administration in PCO patients with respect to their hormone secretion patterns and clinical responses. Eight PCO patients and 10 ovulatory women with endometriosis were treated daily with sc injections of [d-His6-(imBzl]),Pro9-NEt]GnRH (GnRHa; 100 μg) for 6 months. Their results were compared to hormone values in 8 women who had undergone bilateral oophorectomies. In response to GnRHa, PCO and ovulatory women had rises of serum LH at 1 month, after which it gradually declined to baseline. In both groups FSH secretion was suppressed throughout treatment. Serum estradiol, estrone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone levels markedly...
Harnessing hypoxic adaptation to prevent, treat, and repair stroke

The brain demands oxygen and glucose to fulfill its roles as the master regulator of body functions as diverse as bladder control and creative thinking. Chemical and electrical transmission in the nervous system is rapidly disrupted in stroke as a result of hypoxia and hypoglycemia. Despite being highly evolved in its architecture, the human brain appears to utilize phylogenetically conserved homeostatic strategies to combat hypoxia and ischemia. Specifically, several converging lines of inquiry have demonstrated that the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1-1) mediates the activation of a large cassette of genes involved in adaptation to hypoxia in surviving neurons after stroke. Accordingly, pharmacological or molecular approaches that engage hypoxic adaptation at the point of one of its sensors (e.g., inhibition of HIF prolyl 4 hydroxylases) leads to profound sparing of brain tissue and enhanced recovery of function. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms that could subserve protective and restorative effects of augmenting hypoxic adaptation in the brain. The strategy appears to involve HIF-dependent and HIF-independent pathways and more than 70 genes and proteins activated transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally that can act at cellular, local, and system levels to compensate for oxygen insufficiency. The breadth and depth of this homeostatic program offers a hopeful alternative to the current pessimism towards stroke therapeutics.
An algorithm for improved convergence in forming analysis

Abstract Implicit finite element analysis of sheet-forming operations depends on the ability to find a converged solution, which is frequently difficult because of changing contact and friction conditions at arbitrarily shaped interfaces. This sensitivity is aggravated when draw-in is significant, when the well angle is large, and when the contact region or character changes rapidly (during re-draw, for example). A new algorithm has been developed based on the mesh normal and using a consistent full set (N-CFS) of equations, including equilibrium and contact conditions in the non-linear set. The “N-CFS” algorithm exhibits remarkable stability and strong convergence. In fact, we have not found a well-posed problem, i.e. one which is physically stable within the discrete numerical framework, which exhibits numerical instability. The N-CFS algorithm is presented and several challenging example problems are solved, illustrating the robustness of the new method relative to standard implicit formulations. A series of smaller improvements for implicit methods are also outlined.
Hematology, Plasma Chemistry, and Bacteriology of Wild Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus) in Alaska

Blood and cloacal swabs were collected from 100 (66 female, 34 male) wild Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus) molting in northwestern Alaska, USA, 25–28 July 2008, to establish hematologic and serum chemistry reference values and to isolate enteric Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Plasma biochemistry and hematology values did not vary significantly by sex or age. Tundra swans had high levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase compared with some other avian species (values were up to 7 times greater), possibly indicating capture myopathy. However, concentrations were much lower (up to 8 times lower) than in other waterfowl exposed to similar or more intensive capture methods. White blood cell count and hematocrit values were similar to other waterfowl species, and enteric Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7 were not present among birds sampled. Our data provide the first biochemical, hematologic, and bacteriologic reference values for wild Tundra Swans.
Steroid hormone-dependent interaction of human progesterone receptor with its target enhancer element.

We investigated the requirement of steroid hormone for the specific binding of progesterone receptor to its cognate progesterone responsive element (PRE) in cell-free experiments. We prepared unfractionated nuclear extracts from human breast cancer (T47D) cells which are rich in progesterone receptors and used a gel retardation assay to monitor receptor-DNA complex formation. Exposure of receptor to either progesterone, R5020, or the antiprogestin RU38 486 in vivo or in vitro led to the formation of two protein-DNA complexes (1 and 2) which were not detected in nuclear extracts unexposed to hormone. Similar treatment with cortisol or estradiol failed to induce the formation of these complexes. The complexes were specific for PRE, since they could be competed efficiently in binding competition experiments by oligonucleotides containing PRE. A monoclonal antibody which recognizes both A and B forms of human progesterone receptor, interacted with both complexes 1 and 2 and shifted them to slower migrating fo...
Preliminary investigation into the effects of visual feedback distortion on range of motion

In this study, a robotic orthotic device with one degree of freedom was used for assessment of individuals with chronic stroke and resultant hemiparesis. The specific aim was to investigate the effect of visual feedback distortion on range of motion (ROM) at the elbow and wrist joints as measured by the Arm IntelliStretch platform from Rehabtek LLC. It was hypothesized that introducing visual feedback distortion in increments under the just noticeable difference of two degrees would directly correspond to an increase in ROM at both the wrist and elbow joints when compared to ROM measured by the IntelliStretch system without visual feedback distortion. Ten individuals an average of 11 years post stroke (SD: 9.7) participated in this study. At the elbow joint, repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of distortion (F(4, 36) = 2.69, p < 0.047). Similar trends were seen at the wrist joint, though these results were not statistically significant.
Cracking the Phosphatase Code: Docking Interactions Determine Substrate Specificity

Many biological processes are regulated through alterations in the phosphorylation state of their protein components. Identifying the protein kinases and phosphatases that add and remove phosphate groups to these proteins is critical to understand cellular regulation. Most phosphoserine- and phosphothreonine-specific dephosphorylation is performed by a handful of protein phosphatases, each of which dephosphorylates sites that share little similarity in amino acid sequence. How do these enzymes recognize such diverse substrates with specificity? Studies show that several regions of the phosphatase that are not involved in catalysis are required for its recognition of protein partners. These regions, or docking surfaces, are conserved, and each binds weakly to a small, degenerate sequence motif (that is, a docking site) in a substrate or regulator of a phosphatase. Several of these weak interactions combine to achieve overall binding specificity. This Review, which contains 3 figures and 67 references, discusses genetic and structural studies that identify conserved docking surfaces in protein phosphatase type 1 (PP1) and the Ca 2+ -calmodulin–regulated phosphatase calcineurin, and show that some phosphatase inhibitors—for example, the immunosuppressants FK506 and cyclosporin A—act by interfering with substrate docking rather than with catalytic activity.
An AEM-TEM study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: II. Diagenetic modification of the sedimentary assemblage

Abstract This paper compares the mineralogy and chemistry of clay minerals in sediments from various depths and positions in Abert Lake and surrounding playa with those of the weathered materials entering the lake in order to reveal the nature and extent of post-depositional mineralogical modification. Analytical electron microscope (AEM) data from individual clay particles reveal that each sample is comprised of a highly inhomogeneous smectite assemblage. The thin clay flakes (commonly less than 10 nm wide) display a complete range in octahedral sheet compositions from nearly dioctahedral to nearly trioctahedral. The very abundant Mg-rich lake smectites with an estimated composition K 0.29 (Al 0.23 -Mg 2.16 Fe 0.30 )Si 3.80 Al 0.20 O 10 (OH) 2 are not formed by weathering. This confirms the importance of diagenetic Mg uptake. Lattice-fringe imaging failed to reveal distinct brucite-like or vermiculite-like layers, suggesting that interstratifications of this type are rare or absent. Siliceous coatings on clay particles (identified by silica excess in smectite analyses) seem to favor topotactic overgrowth of stevensite rather than addition of brucite-like layers to the dioctahedral nuclei. The growth of K-stevensite dilutes the Al content of the crystal, and thus the increasing diagenetic modification reduces rather than supplements its illite component. Smectite compositions within individual samples were highly variable, yet source-related characteristics such as the abundance of Fe-rich smectite were apparent. Little evidence for systematic K or Mg enrichment with depth was identified in samples from depths of down to 16 feet below the sediment-water interface. The most magnesian assemblages are associated both with weathering sources of Mg-rich smectite and playa environments subjected to repeated wetting and drying cycles. Thus, the observations suggest that clay compositions primarily reflect changes in lake levels, brine composition, and source characteristics, rather than time and depth/compaction effects. Other diagenetic reactions in the sediment include recrystallization of Na-rich silica gel and diatom fragments. Abundant, submicron-sized, untwinned, euhedral crystals of K-feldspar are interpreted to be authigenic in origin.
Moisture absorption and hygroscopic swelling behavior of an underfill material

Abstract In situ moisture absorption and hygroscopic swelling behavior of an underfill material used for electronic packaging have been investigated using sorption thermogravimetric analysis (sorption TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) techniques under a controlled relative humidity (RH) environment. Results showed that moisture diffusion in this material can be described by Fick's diffusion law when the relative humidity is 60% or less, while at a high moisture level (85% RH), non-Fickian diffusion becomes apparent in the latter stage of the diffusion process. An increase in moisture absorption ability was observed after exposure at high temperature and high humidity level, which can be attributed to hygrothermal aging-induced damage in the material. DMA results revealed that hygroscopic swelling is significant comparing with the thermal expansion of the material. The coefficient of hygroscopic swelling (CHS) was calculated and the results showed that CHS is temperature dependent, and it increases with the increasing temperature.
Effect of Mixing Uniformity on Broiler Chick Performance

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of diet nonuniformity, caused by inadequate mixing, on performance of day-old broiler chicks. In both experiments, a common diet was mixed for different times to represent poor, intermediate, and adequate uniformity. Methods of uniformity analysis had quadratic responses (P .12). However, a 3.3% increase (linear trend, P .21), although the only deaths occurred in birds fed the most nonuniform treatment. Beginning on Day 28, all birds were fed a common finishing diet for 14 d to determine whether compensatory growth occurred. The difference in average BW between the poor and adequate uniformity treatments decreased from 116 to 57 g per bird, with increased (P
Shape-preserving interpolation of irregular data by bivariate curvature-based cubic L 1 splines in spherical coordinates

We investigate C^1-smooth bivariate curvature-based cubic L"1 interpolating splines in spherical coordinates. The coefficients of these splines are calculated by minimizing an integral involving the L"1 norm of univariate curvature in four directions at each point on the unit sphere. We compare these curvature-based cubic L"1 splines with analogous cubic L"2 interpolating splines calculated by minimizing an integral involving the square of the L"2 norm of univariate curvature in the same four directions at each point. For two sets of irregular data on an equilateral tetrahedron with protuberances on the faces, we compare these two types of curvature-based splines with each other and with cubic L"1 and L"2 splines calculated by minimizing the L"1 norm and the square of the L"2 norm, respectively, of second derivatives. Curvature-based cubic L"1 splines preserve the shape of irregular data well, better than curvature-based cubic L"2 splines and than second-derivative-based cubic L"1 and L"2 splines. Second-derivative-based cubic L"2 splines preserve shape poorly. Variants of curvature-based L"1 and L"2 splines in spherical and general curvilinear coordinate systems are outlined.
A human dimorphism resulting from loss of an Alu

The molecular phylogeny of Alu and other repeated sequences in the human genome provides clues to events during primate evolution. A subclass of human Alu's has been previously identified as dimorphic insertions within members of the medium reiteration frequency (mer) class of repeats, reflecting the complicated sequence of insertion and radiation events leading to the current human genome structure. One dimorphic Alu is located within a previously unidentified mer family member, in the first intron of the human T4 (CD4) gene. The insertion (Alu+ allele) has a frequency of approximately 70% in Europeans and Africans and is homozygous in 20 Asian samples. Polymerase chain reaction amplification, direct DNA sequencing, and Southern analysis using oligonucleotide probes revealed that the Alu- allele was derived from the Alu+ allele by loss of part of the inserted sequence. Comparison with a tightly linked marker within the human genome and studies of baboon DNA samples revealed that the original insertion was a relatively early event in primate evolution, but that the Alu sequence loss leading to the dimorphism has occurred much more recently. Loss of Alu insertions therefore represents one mechanism for the generation of human Alu dimorphisms.
Some limit theorems on branching processes related to development of biological populations

Abstract We assume that the growth of the human population (or of a cancer tumor) started at some time in the distant past with a certain number N of Eves (or cells), each generating a “tribe” of people (or cells). Under certain assumptions relating to their growth processes, an attempt is made to answer such questions as: Given that the human race does not become extinct eventually as time goes on, how many Eves out of N would be expected to have progeny present in the ultimate population, and in what proportion? Answers to these questions are obtained in the form of limit theorems concerning Markov branching processes in both discrete and continuous time. It is shown that, under the posited growth-process conditions, the ultimate population will almost surely be the product of one and only one of the N Eves. A more realistic case, where an allowance is made for the random occurrences over time of N different possible types of Eves, each generating a “tribe” of its own type, is also considered.
The crystal and molecular structure of K[Al2(CH3)6SCN], a compound which contains anS,N-bridging thiocyanate ligand

Abstract The crystal structure of K[Al 2 (CH 3 ) 6 SCN] has been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected by counter methods. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C 2/ m with unit cell parameters a 18.579(8), b 8.168(5), c 11.753(6)A˚, β 126.80(4)°, and ϱ calc 1.12 g cm −3 for Z = 4. Least-squares refinement gave a final R value of 0.028 for 722 independent observed reflections. The anion exhibits an S , N -bridging thiocyanate. The SCN is linear, and the C≡N Al angle is 173.4(4)°. The Al N bond is normal, 1.951(5)A˚, but the Al S bond length, 2.489(2)A˚, implies a rather weak interaction. A distance of ca. 2.35A˚would have been expected. The sulfur atom appears to be using p -orbitals in its bonding scheme, since the Al S C bond angle is 97.3(2)°.
Production of antibodies to fungal endoglucanase in murine ascitic fluid

Polyclonal antibodies to endoglucanase of the brown-rot fungus Postia placenta were produced in murine ascitic fluid. The mice produced a mean volume of 17.7 mL ascites and a mean reciprocal antibody titer of 419 by ELISA. Anti-endoglucanase antibody inhibited 100 percent of the endoglucanase activity extracted from P. placenta-decayed wood.
Social Determinants for Recurrent Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children With Diabetes

With escalating health care costs, the need to reduce potentially avoidable hospitalisations is critical. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2006) has defined quality indicators for ambulatory care based on admission rates for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions with the intent of driving preventative measures.
Follow‐Up of Doctoral Graduates in Counseling

The national population of persons who graduated from doctoral programs in counselor preparation during 1984–1985 was surveyed to discern their demographic, work history, current job status, productivity, and future employment plans. The 270 responses revealed a high level of preparation-related employment, with work being performed in very diverse settings. Today's graduates are older than those who graduated 15 years ago and are relatively experienced in counseling and human development services. Private practice has emerged as a significant employment setting and is projected to increase even more. Productivity in terms of contributions to the profession is substantial. Conclusions and implications are drawn for practitioners and counselor preparation institutions.
Non-equilibrium transport in NbSe3: effects of a temperature gradient

Abstract We have measured the dc response characteristics of NbSe3 in the charge density wave (CDW) state, in the presence of an applied temperature gradient. The threshold field ET for the onset of nonlinear conduction remains sharp, and is determined by the average temperature of the specimen. No change is observed in the amplitude or quality factor of the coherent current oscillations in the nonlinear conductivity region, other than that expected from a change in average temperature. We interpret our results as evidence for macroscopic dynamical coherence throughout the specimen.
Internationalizing accounting education through an integration approach: A survey of U.S. schools

Abstract The integration of international accounting topics throughout the curriculum (integration approach) is often recommended as the most preferred/desired method of internationalizing the accounting curriculum. This study presents the results of survey research on the extent of integration, use of instructional resources, and perceived incentives and obstacles to internationalizing accounting curricula through the integration approach in U.S. schools. Additionally, the paper suggests methods and instructional resources that can be used to add an international dimension into the accounting curriculum through an integration approach. The findings reveal that the integration approach of internationalization is used more frequently in undergraduate programs (61%) compared to graduate programs (52%). Financial accounting is the most frequently integrated, and auditing and taxation are the least frequently integrated areas for both undergraduate and graduate programs. The integrated lecture is the most popular method of integrating international topics into accounting courses, although other instructional resource materials such as foreign annual reports, assigned articles, and cases are also used. The findings of this study should benefit faculty currently involved in international accounting education as well as those planning on internationalizing their program in the future.
Situation Awareness Information Requirements Analysis for En Route Air Traffic Control

Situation awareness is a fundamental requirement for effective air traffic control forming the basis for controller decision making and performance. To develop a better understanding of the role of situation awareness in air traffic control, an analysis was performed to determine the specific situation awareness requirements for air traffic control. This was conducted as a goal-direct task analysis in which the major goals, subgoals, decisions and associated situation awareness requirements for En Route Air Traffic Control (ATC) were delineated based on elicitation from eight experienced Air Traffic Control Specialists. This effort was supported by available task analyses and video-tapes of simulated air traffic control tasks. A determination of the major situation awareness requirements for En Route ATC was developed from this analysis, providing a foundation for future system development which seeks to enhance controller situation awareness and provides a basis for the development of situation awareness...
An Essay on the Origins of Entrepreneurial Opportunity

In this article, we apply a process of logical inference to draw conclusions about the origins of entrepreneurial opportunity from existing conversations in the field of strategic management. We equate the execution of a competitive strategy – as described in the strategic management literature – to the exploitation of an entrepreneurial opportunity – as described in the entrepreneurship literature. Given this assumption, we survey five extant theories of strategy in an attempt to categorize and describe the circumstances that define how and with what consequence entrepreneurial opportunity exploitation results in future opportunity. Given this review, we characterize the `outcomes’ of strategy execution as a function of the ‹match’ between strategy and environment in an effort to extend and refine Holcombe’s [Holcombe, Randall, 2003, Review of Austrian Economics16(1), 25–43] position that entrepreneurial opportunity is born of prior entrepreneurial action. ‘Let your hook always be cast; in the pool where you least expect it, there will be a fish.’ Ovid, A.D. 17
The importance of the myocardial factor in the surgical treatment of rheumatic aortic stenosis.

Although major advances in the field of medicine and surgery frequently develop with astonishing rapidity, painstaking years of research usually precede the final achievement. Subsequently, a good deal of time must be spent to elucidate those factors which in some way might influence the attainment of an ideal clinical result. The development of techniques for the surgical treatment of aortic stenosis adheres to this general pattern. The continued interest in these methods is explicable on the basis of the generally satisfactory results obtamed by aortic commissurotomy. It also necessitates detailed inquiry into other facets of this important problem. Preliminary steps along these lines have been made. One review’ outlined the importance of aortic valve calcification and leaflet mobility in patients undergoing commissurotomy while another study2 considered the prognostic importance of left bundle branch block in a smaller group of eases. The present article indicates the importance of the myocardial factor in the treatment of rheumatic aortic stenosis by summarizing our experiences with patients who had considerable left ventricular enlargement and who were subjected to operation. Methods and Material
The 4.5-hour time window for intravenous thrombolysis with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator is not firmly established.

Most stroke neurologists would likely choose to treat this patient with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (IV tPA) assuming the treatment could be initiated within 4.5 hours from stroke onset. In fact, the American Heart Association and European Stroke Organization guidelines both recommend treatment of selected patients in the 3- to 4.5-hour time window. IV tPA is approved in this time window in 15 countries in Europe and several other countries around the world. In the United States, however, the Food and Drug Administration declined an application by Genentech to extend the time window for treatment beyond 3 hours. The evidence supporting the benefit of treatment in the 3- to 4.5-hour time window includes the results of European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) III,1 a randomized controlled trial enrolling 821 patients. Three prior randomized controlled trials (ECASS, ECASS II, Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke [ATLANTIS]) and 1 subsequent trial (Third International Stroke Trial [IST-3]) attempting to extend the time window for IV tPA beyond 3 hours failed to show significant benefit. In addition, an updated meta-analysis of 7012 patients in 12 IV tPA trials found that the major benefit occurred in patients treated within 3 hours with no significant effect of IV tPA in almost 5000 patients treated 3 to 6 hours after stroke onset (odds ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, …
A finite element analysis modeling tool for solid oxide fuel cell development: coupled electrochemistry, thermal and flow analysis in MARC®

A 3D simulation tool for modeling solid oxide fuel cells is described. The tool combines the versatility and efficiency of a commercial finite element analysis code, MARC®, with an in-house developed robust and flexible electrochemical (EC) module. Based upon characteristic parameters obtained experimentally and assigned by the user, the EC module calculates the current density distribution, heat generation, and fuel and oxidant species concentration, taking the temperature profile provided by MARC® and operating conditions such as the fuel and oxidant flow rate and the total stack output voltage or current as the input. MARC® performs flow and thermal analyses based on the initial and boundary thermal and flow conditions and the heat generation calculated by the EC module. The main coupling between MARC® and EC is for MARC® to supply the temperature field to EC and for EC to give the heat generation profile to MARC®. The loosely coupled, iterative scheme is advantageous in terms of memory requirement, numerical stability and computational efficiency. The coupling is iterated to self-consistency for a steady-state solution. Sample results for steady states as well as the startup process for stacks with different flow designs are presented to illustrate the modeling capability and numerical performance characteristic of the simulation tool.
Differences in binge-like eating patterns of a palatable dessert and body weight gain in young and old female rats.

It has been suggested that uncertain or variable availability of food leads to patterns of restriction and overconsumption, which is a component of binge-like eating in humans. This behavior has been modeled in female rats given either daily (low restriction, LR) or every-other-day (high restriction, HR) access to shortening (Dimitriou et al., 2000); only HR rats consumed significantly more total calories on days with shortening access. However, this protocol did not result in a change in body weight. To address this problem, we modified the protocol to use a sugar-fat whip dessert (SFW; 2 parts vegetable shortening to 1 part sugar, 7.35 kcal/g) that has promoted significant weight gain in our previous free access protocols. Both young (90 days of age) and retired breeder female (>1 year) Sprague Dawley rats were provided with either LR or HR 2 h nocturnal access to SFW conjunction with ad libitum access to moist chow (MC; 1 part standard Purina 5001 powdered chow to 1 part tap water, 1.67 kcal/g) for 6 weeks. Young HR rats exhibited binge-like eating and a trend towards increased body weight, but young LR rats did not. This pattern was not seen in old HR rats, which consumed amounts similar to old LR rats, but did not gain as much weight. This suggests that age and perhaps levels of sex hormones play an important role in the mediation of binge-like eating and weight gain due to overconsumption.
How Experience Variety Shapes Post-Purchase Product Evaluation

Product usage experiences have a significant impact on post-purchase evaluation and subsequent behavior. Consumers look to their own experiences, as well as those of others, when deciding what to buy and what to recommend. Contrary to the intuition that varied experiences should enhance evaluation, we demonstrate that in some situations, perceiving usage experiences as less – not more – varied improves post-purchase product evaluation. Less varied usage experiences make consumers think product are used more frequently, and as a result, perceiving usage experiences as less varied makes consumers more satisfied with their purchase, more likely to buy it again, and more likely to recommend it. In addition to their practical implications, the findings make important theoretical contributions to the variety literature and towards understanding frequency and numerosity judgments.
High threshold voltages in small geometry mos transistors due to edge contamination

Abstract A new type of high threshold problem in small geometry MOS transistors is identified and characterized. The origin of the problem lies in processing irregularities which produce a contamination charge only at the edges of the gate oxide region. Such contamination is introduced by an inadequate rinsing procedure after gate oxide definition. This type of an edge contamination is shown both experimentally and theoretically to create a change in the threshold voltage, transconductance and the shape of the ID-VGS transfer curve. The ID-VGS transfer characteristics for such a condition is derived theoretically using a Fourier series expansion method to solve Poisson's equation for the surface potential. This is then used to determine the variation in threshold voltage across the width of the gate and subsequently to predict the transfer characteristic. Comparison of experimental and theoretical results shows excellent agreement.
Scale-up of oCVD: large-area conductive polymer thin films for next-generation electronics

Scale up of oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) is demonstrated. Transparent conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films were deposited with excellent thickness and compositional uniformity across large areas (exceeding 20 × 30 cm) for the first time. The optical and electronic properties of PEDOT achieved in small scale reactors were also achieved in this large format, as desired for enabling large-scale application of oCVD PEDOT in organic solar cells or organic light-emitting displays at commercially feasible cost. Moreover, conformal and substrate-independent character of oCVD was utilized to fabricate conductive textiles via patterned deposition on t-shirts. The conductivities of the textile up to 32 S cm−1 are among the highest reported for a vapor- or solution-based PEDOT coating, while at the same time exhibiting excellent mechanical durability demonstrated through extensive twisting, stretching, and washing in H2O. Such functionality combined with deposition versatility opens up novel opportunities for integration of organic electronics into everyday life.
Design and Construction of a Low-Flow, Low-Power Torch for Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry

A detailed study of the importance of various spatial dimensions in an ICP torch is described. Of the various dimensions which were examined, the annular spacing between the coolant (outer) and plasma (flared) tube is the most critical for plasma stabilization at low argon coolant flows and applied radio-frequency powers. Similarly, the inner diameter of the aerosol injection tube was found to be important, with the value of 1.0 mm chosen for a compromise between low-power, low-flow capability and routine analysis of high-solids sample solutions. A constriction at the inlet of the coolant argon was found not to affect plasma stability greatly, but altered significantly the applied powers and coolant flows which were necessary for plasma ignition. With these and other torch dimensions optimized, it was found to be possible to ignite a plasma at a coolant flow of 5 L/min and an applied radio frequency power of 450 W. Continued operation of the plasma during analysis of real samples or during aspiration of a 1% NaCl solution was found to be possible alternatively at 500 W (rf power) and 3.5 L/min coolant argon or 125 W and 5.5 L/min, respectively.