cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Versatile spectrometer for experiments using synchrotron radiation at wave-lengths greater than 100 nm

Abstract Most applications of synchrotron radiation (SR) have been in the extreme ultraviolet and X-ray spectral domains, i.e. wave-lengths less than 100 nm. In the spectral region longward of 100 nm, SR may also be superior to other sources for certain experiments. To date, SR above 100 nm has been exploited most extensively by fluorescence lifetime measurements. Experiments such as circular dichroism, magnetic circular dichroism, various emission spectroscopies and photoacoustic spectroscopy can also use to advantage the high intensity, continuous tunability, short term stability and polarization provided by SR. We have constructed a versatile spectrometer capable of performing the experiments mentioned above and suitable for use to wavelengths less than 130 nm. It will be operated at the SURF II (NS) ring pending completion of the NSLS at Brookhaven National Laboratory. In addition, we describe a modular computer system which will be used to control the operation of and collect and process spectral data from this spectrometer system.
Volatile products from lignite pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis

Abstract Samples of three Louisiana lignites were subjected to atmospheric pressure pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis over a temperature range of 400–800 °C. Volatile products were collected in cold traps containing dichloromethane solvent and immersed in a salted ice bath. Volatiles were analysed using coupled gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and approximately 150 separate compounds were noted. Because the product complexity made definite identification of each compound impossible, all components were assigned to one of eleven compound groups and subsequent analysis of results was based upon these groups. The effect of atmosphere, nitrogen versus hydrogen, was found to have a significant impact on volatile composition. Increased concentrations of alkyl benzenes and other single ring compounds were found in the hydrogen product with corresponding reductions in alkanes and alkenes. Only trace concentrations of polyaromatic compounds containing more than two rings were found in either atmosphere. Volatile product composition differences between the three lignites were small. Similarly, the effect of temperature on composition was relatively unimportant.
Adult-onset angiofibroma and multiple endocrine neoplasia type I

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) predisposes affected persons to neoplasms of the parathyroid glands, the endocrine pancreas, the anterior pituitary, and the duodenum. We report the first case of adult-onset multiple angiofibromas of the central face associated with MEN 1. Seven siblings also developed adult-onset angiofibromas, none with evidence of tuberous sclerosis. Basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF) is elevated in many patients with MEN 1 and may play a pathogenetic role.
Ion Thruster Grid Design Using an Evolutionary Algorithm

An evolutionary algorithm was used to optimize the geometry and accelerator grid voltage of an ion thruster grid set with regard to maximizing impulse per unit area, essentially equivalent to maximizing propellant throughput capability per unit area. Grid operating conditions, including a net accelerating voltage of 1800 V and current density of 4.0 mA/cm 2 , corresponded to high-power operation of NASA's evolutionary xenon thruster. The evolutionary-algorithm-derived grid set had a predicted lifetime nearly twice that of the NASA's evolutionary xenon thruster grid set, primarily the result of a lower accelerator grid voltage magnitude.
The condition of children in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU): a statistical review.

This article presents a selected set of standardised indicators concerning children for the 15 countries of the Former Soviet Union, analysing and comparing the situation in each country. It reviews the indicators in terms of the major themes underlying the child survival, development and protection goals of the World Summit for Children and analyses the major causes of infant, child and maternal mortality. It discusses the statistical conditions and constraints in the region which create data problems limiting the availability and use of appropriate indicators for monitoring the situation of children, and makes recommendations to improve their quality and use.
Code‐switching and bilingual schooling: An examination of Jacobson's new concurrent approach

This article describes the New Concurrent Approach to bilingual instruction. This approach systematically incorporates inter‐sentential code‐switching as a means for teaching content to limited English proficient children raised in a bilingual environment. The article examines how code‐switching present in bilingual communities has been incorporated and adapted for instruction, and how the adaptation contributes to the balanced distribution of the two codes in question. Reference is also made to major fears commonly associated with the use of code‐switching for instructional purposes, and presents evidence to show that these fears are largely unfounded.
A response to Mapou

Mapou (1988) has suggested that detection of brain damage has become an irrelevant task for neuropsychology, and that neuropsychological assessment should be used to generate profiles of cognitive function useful for sophisticated diagnosis and rehabilitation. While agreeing the latter considerations are important and germane, we affirm that the detection of brain damage remains an important task for neuropsychology. This affirmation is based on considerations of the nature of brain damage, the development and validation of neuropsychological tests, the utilization of neuropsychological assessment in current practice and the appropriate professional practice of clinical neuropsychology.
Assessment of the Attention Impairment in Absence Epilepsy: Comparison of Visual and Auditory P300

We report an investigation of P300 measures of information processing in patients with generalized epilepsy of the absence type and those with complex partial epilepsy. Studies have demonstrated that absence patients perform more poorly than complex partial patients on behavioral tests of sustained attention (the Continuous Performance Test, or CPT). Duncan [Duncan, C.C., 1988. Application of event-related brain potentials to the analysis of interictal attention in absence epilepsy. In: Myslobodsky, M.S., Mirsky, A.F. (Eds.), Elements of Petit Mal Epilepsy. Peter Lang, New York, pp. 341-364] reported that P300 was significantly reduced in a group of absence patients as compared with healthy controls. The present investigation was undertaken to compare the attention deficit in absence patients to that in complex partial seizure patients. Thus, ERPs were recorded while participants with absence seizure disorder, complex partial seizure disorder, and healthy controls performed auditory and visual versions of the CPT. A significant reduction in the amplitude of P300 on the visual CPT was observed in both groups of seizure patients as compared to controls. In contrast, P300 on the auditory CPT was reduced only in the group with absence seizures. These ERP data support and amplify previous behavioral findings of the impaired capacity of absence patients to mobilize and sustain attentional resources. Auditory sustained attention seems to be more affected by the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy than visual attention. Two possible factors may be involved: (a) There are separate visual and auditory attention systems in the brain, and the latter is more vulnerable than the former [Duncan, C.C., Kosmidis, M.H., Mirsky, A.F., 2005. Closed head injury-related information processing deficits: An event-related potential analysis. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 58, 133-157]; and (b) Auditory processing depends on intact mechanisms in the brainstem, which are dysfunctional in patients with absence seizures.
Incorporation of boron into UHV/CVD-grown germanium-silicon epitaxial layers

Doping of UHV/CVD-grown germanium-silicon epitaxial layers by diborane is reported. The boron concentration is linear in diborane flow rate and is consistent with a surface reaction mechanism in which two surface sites are required for adsorption. The sticking coefficient of diborane on a bare silicon or germanium-silicon surface is found to be about 1.2 × 10-2. Abrupt retrograde profiles can be grown successfully provided a pause is introduced before growing more lightly doped layers.
Effects of Social Desirability Scores on Hiring Judgments

Practitioners (N = 160) working in the area of selection and assessment read descriptions of a managerial position and the assessment profiles of two hypothetical candidates who were finalists for the job. Embedded in the profiles were scores on a battery of cognitive and personality tests that included information on socially desirable responding such that there were no social desirability (SD) scores provided, differing SD scores, or elevated SD scores for both candidates. Ratings indicated that elevated SD scores were used as personality information to infer that candidates were less candid and sincere individuals. Candidates with elevated SD scores were judged to be less hirable, and less weight was given to the personality assessment. Despite this, even when SD scores were elevated, personality test results had more influence on hiring judgments than scores on the cognitive tests. Implications are discussed in the context of research that had failed to show SD scores are useful for facilitating hirin...
Dilated Cardiomyopathy Associated With Simian AIDS in Nonhuman Primates

Background—Cardiomyopathy is being recognized with increasing frequency in patients with AIDS, yet the relationship between HIV infection and cardiac contractile dysfunction remains obscure. The purpose of the present study was to determine if infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in nonhuman primates is associated with cardiac dysfunction and myocardial injury. Methods and Results—Left ventricular size and function were determined by 2D echocardiography in 16 rhesus macaques before and at weekly intervals following infection with cloned pathogenic SIVmac 239 or the highly attenuated SIVmac 239 nef deletion mutant. A second group of 15 rhesus macaques chronically infected with pathogenic (n=6) or nonpathogenic (n=9) virus were studied at >2 years following infection. Cardiac tissues from 24 rhesus macaques chronically infected (>2 years) with pathogenic SIV were reviewed for evidence of cardiac pathology. Acute infection (<6 weeks) with either pathogenic or nonpathogenic SIV caused neither co...
A consistency-adjusted strategy for accommodating an underpowered primary endpoint.

A clinical trial might involve more than one clinically important endpoint, each of which can characterize the treatment effect of the experimental drug under investigation. Underlying the concept of using such endpoints interchangeably to establish an efficacy claim, or pooling different endpoints to constitute a composite endpoint, is the assumption that findings from such endpoints are consistent with each other. While such an assumption about consistency of efficacy findings appears to be intuitive, it is seldom considered in the design and analysis literature of clinical trials with multiple endpoints. Failure to account for consistency of efficacy findings of two candidate endpoints to establish efficacy, at the design stage, has led to difficulties in interpreting study findings. This article presents a flexible testing strategy for accommodating findings of an alternative to the designated primary endpoint (or a subgroup) to support an efficacy claim. The method is built on the following two premi...
Avian retroviral recombinant expressing foreign envelope delays tumour formation of ASV-A-induced sarcoma

An avian recombinant retrovirus expressing subgroup A envelope glycoprotein antigenicity, RAV-0-A1, significantly delayed sarcoma induction in chickens after challenge with ASV-A. When tumours were formed, significantly smaller tumours resulted. The mechanism of protection does not appear to be interference mediated, since virus was not detected in the chickens. Protection was correlated with both neutralizing and complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies (CDCA).
Stroke: The Perspective of Family Caregivers

We studied the family caregivers of elderly stroke patients, focusing on perceptions of the positive and negative aspects of caregiving and the resources used by caregivers to meet its demands. Mos...
Sucrose exposure in early life alters adult motivation and weight gain.

The cause of the current increase in obesity in westernized nations is poorly understood but is frequently attributed to a ‘thrifty genotype,’ an evolutionary predisposition to store calories in times of plenty to protect against future scarcity. In modern, industrialized environments that provide a ready, uninterrupted supply of energy-rich foods at low cost, this genetic predisposition is hypothesized to lead to obesity. Children are also exposed to this ‘obesogenic’ environment; however, whether such early dietary experience has developmental effects and contributes to adult vulnerability to obesity is unknown. Using mice, we tested the hypothesis that dietary experience during childhood and adolescence affects adult obesity risk. We gave mice unlimited or no access to sucrose for a short period post-weaning and measured sucrose-seeking, food consumption, and weight gain in adulthood. Unlimited access to sucrose early in life reduced sucrose-seeking when work was required to obtain it. When high-sugar/high-fat dietary options were made freely-available, however, the sucrose-exposed mice gained more weight than mice without early sucrose exposure. These results suggest that early, unlimited exposure to sucrose reduces motivation to acquire sucrose but promotes weight gain in adulthood when the cost of acquiring palatable, energy dense foods is low. This study demonstrates that early post-weaning experience can modify the expression of a ‘thrifty genotype’ and alter an adult animal's response to its environment, a finding consistent with evidence of pre- and peri-natal programming of adult obesity risk by maternal nutritional status. Our findings suggest the window for developmental effects of diet may extend into childhood, an observation with potentially important implications for both research and public policy in addressing the rising incidence of obesity.
Alignment of an x-ray imager line of sight in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) target chamber using a Diagnostic Instrument Manipulator (DIM) and Opposed Port Alignment System (OPAS)

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) fields multiple varieties of x-ray imaging systems used to diagnose the implosion physics of laser-driven fusion targets. The imagers consist of time-resolved x-ray detectors coupled with a snout assembly for spatial and/or spectral imaging. The instrument is mounted onto a cart that extends into the NIF target chamber, placing it in close proximity to the target and aligning with a tight tolerance using the Opposed Port Alignment System (OPAS). The OPAS is a modified, commercial Schmidt-Cassegrain optical telescope mounted at the target chamber port, opposite the Diagnostic Instrument Manipulator (DIM). In this paper, the approach used to characterize and align the x-ray imaging instruments is described. The characterization includes offline measurements of the pinhole assembly and the detector housing. Online, deviations of the DIM, as it is inserted along rails toward the target chamber center, are characterized and related to the OPAS view. An overview of the offline measurement stations is provided along with the process to develop the relationship between the offline alignment scopes and the OPAS as a function of DIM insertion. The combination of these measurements is used to mathematically construct the predicted location of the x-ray imager line of sight in the OPAS image space and determine the desired pinhole location to record data on a fusion experiment. The alignment accuracy of this approach will be discussed, as demonstrated with various x-ray instruments and pinhole configurations.
The density of potassium borate glasses related to atomic arrangements

Densities of potassium borate glasses have been measured over an extremely wide range of alkali content: from boron oxide through the orthoborate composition. As with the lithium and sodium borates a semiempirical model has been applied to the densities in order to determine the volumes of the structural units present. These calculated values, in conjunction with volumes found in the lithium and sodium cases, were used in a general discussion of the packing fractions of the units. The fractions indicate that the size increase of the structural groupings as one goes from lithium to sodium to potassium is primarily due to the alkali being used and that the same volumes are present for each of the boron oxygen configurations.
Plasma gonadotropin and progesterone concentrations during the estrous cycle of Finn, Suffolk and Targhee ewes☆

Hormonal profiles during the estrous cycle of Finn, Suffolk and Targhee ewes were compared in six ewes of each breed. Blood samples were drawn by venipuncture at 8-h intervals from onset to onset of consecutive estrous periods. Number of corpora lutea (CL) and ovarian follicles >/=3 mm in diameter on Day 10 (estrus = Day 0) were observed using endoscopy. Estrous cycle length was 14.9, 15.6 and 16.4 d (P /=3 mm averaged 1.8, 1.0 and 1.2 (P>0.1) in Finn, Suffolk and Targhee ewes, respectively. Results indicate that the higher ovulation rate of the Finn ewe is not elicited by increased FSH levels at any stage of the estrous cycle.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder: rationale and current applications

Because it can demonstrate a wide range of tissue contrast with excellent resolution, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has revolutionized imaging in many areas of the musculoskeletal system and has generated excitement among those interested in the painful shoulder. Shoulder impingement syndrome and glenohumeral instability constitute the two major categories of shoulder derangements. Correct diagnosis requires the use of appropriate pulse sequences and imaging planes, proper patient positioning, and a satisfactory surface coil. In addition the imager must have a thorough understanding of shoulder anatomy and pathology. We present a summary of the current status of MR imaging of the shoulder including technical, anatomic, and pathologic considerations and a review of the pertinent literature.
Potassium and Catecholamine Concentrations in the Immediate Post Exercise Period

The minutes immediately after cessation of strenuous exercise have been termed the "vulnerable period" regarding the occurrence of lethal cardiac arrhythmias. In the present study, we analyzed the rates of change with a high degree of temporal resolution of factors known to be associated with induction of arrhythmic activity. Thirteen subjects walked and ran on a treadmill to the point of exhaustion after a modified Bruce protocol. Samples were drawn from the antecubital vein immediately before exercise, at the moment exercise stopped, and at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 minutes of recovery. Plasma potassium concentration rose during exercise from 3.98 +/- .05 to 5.09 +/- .09 mEq/L. After the exercise period, plasma potassium fell rapidly. The mean maximum rate of change was -0.54 +/- .04 mEq/L/min, and -0.88 +/- .08 mEq/L/2 min. Plasma epinephrine concentration increased from 63 +/- 14 to 497 +/- 41 pg/ml and norepinephrine increased from 503 +/- 57 to 2800 +/- 519 pg/ml during exercise. During the first minute after cessation of exercise, the concentrations of both catecholamines increased still further. We propose that the rapid decline of potassium concentration while catecholamine levels are elevated to near maximal levels may contribute to the vulnerability of some individuals to post exercise arrhythmias.
Endogenous stem cells for enhancing cognition in the diseased brain.

Adult neural progenitor cells or neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the adult human brain in two well-established regions, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus. Newborn neurons have been observed in the human SGZ in adults and contribute to specific forms of memory encoding at least in rodents (Braun and Jessberger, 2014). Neurogenesis from the adult SVZ was primarily identified in the olfactory bulb in rodents and was shown to stop early in life in humans despite the continuous presence of NSCs (Sanai et al., 2011). However, a recent study reports neurogenesis in the striatum from the adult human SVZ (Ernst et al., 2014). This finding highlights the difference between rodents and humans and the fact that some brain regions display an unexpected capacity for newborn neuron migration and survival. The SVZ is a prime region to consider for brain repair considering that it spans the entire cerebrum while the SGZ is limited to the hippocampus. Other regions are now known to contain NSCs or progenitor cells such as the hypothalamus, but this will not be discussed here. Several milestones need to be achieved prior to considering functional repair. These include, but may not be limited to: (1) Understanding the mechanisms leading to NSC quiescence and loss with aging. Several mechanisms are involved in the different regulatory steps of NSC self-renewal and loss. We will emphasize some of the mechanisms leading to NSC loss with aging. Once these mechanisms are identified, we should be able to amplify the pool of NSCs and direct their differentiation. (2) Identifying the molecules responsible for fate determination of NSCs and their daughter cells to generate glia or neurons of different types, including interneurons and long projection neurons. (3) Determining the inhibitory molecules that make the adult brain resistant to repair. Some repair has been reported in the cortex of rodents, but it is abortive possibly due to an unfriendly environment. (4) Finally, although we can genetically manipulate NSCs in rodents, it is a different issue in humans. Delivery systems need to be improved. Each of this point is further discussed below.
What is the “front” of a simple geometric form?

A total of 670 undergraduate Ss were tested in three studies conducted in an attempt to define a set of cues that minimally specify perceived “frontness” and “backness” of objects. In Experiment I, Ss were instructed to identify the “front” and “back” of printed squares to which no, one, or two circles were attached. In Experiment II, different Ss made the same kind of judgment to a wider range of geometric forms. In Experiment III, different Ss judged the direction of “imagined” movement of forms from Experiment I. The results indicated that the “front” and “back” are asymmetric opposite sides, with “front” the side most different from the rest and the side toward which the form is imagined to be moving.
Sensitivity of helium beam-modulator design to uncertainties in biological data.

The goal in designing beam‐modulating devices for heavy charged‐particle therapy is to achieve uniform biological effects across the spread‐peak region of the beam. To accomplish this, the linear‐quadratic model for cell survival has been used to describe the biological response of the target cells to charged‐particle radiation. In this paper, the sensitivity of the beam‐modulator design in the high‐dose region to the values of the linear‐quadratic variables α and β has been investigated for a 215‐MeV/u helium beam, and implications for higher LET beams are discussed. The major conclusions of this work are that, for helium over the LET range of 2 to 16 keV/μ, uncertainties in measuring α and β for a given cell type which are of the order 20% or less have a negligible effect on the beam‐modulator design (i.e., on the slope of the spread Bragg peak); uncertainties less than or equal to 10% in the dose‐averaged LET at each depth are unimportant; and, if the linear‐quadratic variables for the tumor differ from those used in the beam‐modulator design by a constant factor between about 0.5 and 3, then the resultant nonuniformity in the photon‐equivalent dose delivered to the tumor is within ±2.5%. It is also shown that for any ion, if the nominal values of α or β used by the beam‐modulator design program differ from their actual values by a constant factor, then the maximum errors possible in the beam‐modulator design may be characterized by two limiting depth‐dose curves such that the ratio of the dose at the proximal end of the spread Bragg curve to the dose at the distal end of the spread peak is given by αdistal/αprox for the steepest curve, and (βdistal/βprox)1/2 for the flattest curve.
Hunger in humans induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose: glucoprivic control of taste preference and food intake

Intracellular glucopenia induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) administration in man produces increased hunger ratings and magnitude estimates of pleasantness for sucrose solutions. Augmented food intake substantiates these changes in affective behavior and relieves experimentally induced hunger. Intracellular glucopenia activates counterregulatory mechanisms to raise plasma glucose concentrations. Inducing hunger experimentally with 2DG provides a useful method for studying appetitive behavior in humans. The neurohumoral control of pituitary hormone release and other hypothalamic functions may be examined after 2DG infusion.
Comorbidities in Patients with Crystal Diseases and Hyperuricemia

Crystal arthropathies are among the most common causes of painful inflammatory arthritis. Gout, the most common example, has been associated with cardiovascular and renal disease. In recent years, evidence for these associations and those involving other comorbidities, such as the metabolic syndrome, have emerged, and the importance of asymptomatic hyperuricemia has been established. In this review, an update on evidence, both experimental and clinical, is presented, and associations between hyperuricemia, gout, and several comorbidities are described. Causality regarding calcium pyrophosphate arthropathy and associated comorbidities is also reviewed.
Color Modeling of Paint Mixtures Containing Conventional and Interference Pigments

Color modeling of isotropic media commonly uses the Kubelka-Munk (KM) turbid media theory. This paper will outline how to incorporate interference pigments with KM theory to predict the color of conventional and interference pigment mixtures.
The national cancer data base report on the relationship of race and national origin to the histology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistanceof Scott Martin, M.D., with the assignment of thehistologic codes to the categories of nasopharyn-geal carcinoma.Address for reprints: Herman R. Menck, M.B.A.,Commission on Cancer, American College of Sur-geons, 633 North St. Clair Street, Chicago, IL60611-3211.Received December 31, 1997; accepted February19, 1998.
The Formation of Straight and Twisted Filaments from Short Tau Peptides

We studied fibril formation in a family of peptides based on PHF6 (VQIVYK), a short peptide segment found in the microtubule binding region of tau protein. N-Acetylated peptides AcVYK-amide (AcVYK), AcIVYK-amide (AcPHF4), AcQIVYK-amide (AcPHF5), and AcV-QIVYK-amide (AcPHF6) rapidly formed straight filaments in the presence of 0.15 m NaCl, each composed of two laterally aligned protofilaments approximately 5 nm in width. X-ray fiber diffraction showed the omnipresent sharp 4.7-A reflection indicating that the scattering objects are likely elongated along the hydrogen-bonding direction in a cross-beta conformation, and Fourier transform IR suggested the peptide chains were in a parallel (AcVYK, AcPHF6) or antiparallel (AcPHF4, AcPHF5) beta-sheet configuration. The dipeptide N-acetyl-YK-amide (AcYK) formed globular structures approximately 200 nm to 1 microm in diameter. The polymerization rate, as measured by thioflavin S binding, increased with the length of the peptide going from AcYK --> AcPHF6, and peptides that aggregated most rapidly displayed CD spectra consistent with beta-sheet structure. There was a 3-fold decrease in rate when Val was substituted for Ile or Gln, nearly a 10-fold decrease when Ala was substituted for Tyr, and an increase in polymerization rate when Glu was substituted for Lys. Twisted filaments, composed of four laterally aligned protofilaments (9-19 nm width, approximately 90 nm half-periodicity), were formed by mixing AcPHF6 with AcVYK. Taken together these results suggest that the core of PHF6 is localized at VYK, and the interaction between small amphiphilic segments of tau may initiate nucleation and lead to filaments displaying paired helical filament morphology.
NK/T‐Cell Lymphoma Presenting as Subcutaneous Nodules in a Previously Healthy Young Woman: an Unusual Granulomatous Component Found on Biopsy

A 27-year-old previously healthy woman presented with an acute onset of multiple tender subcutaneous nodules and nasal congestion. Biopsy of an arm nodule revealed an atypical, dense, diffuse cellular infiltrate, predominantly involving the deep dermis and the subcutaneous fat lobules. The infiltrate consisted of a spectrum of small, medium to large sized lymphocytes with the large lymphocytes predominating. The lymphoid cells showed irregular nuclear contours, fine chromatin, and indistinct nucleoli. Mitoses were frequent. A significant granulomatous component was present. In foci the infiltrate revealed an angiotropic and angiodestructive pattern. Large areas of tumor cell necrosis were noted. The subcutaneous infiltration was reminiscent of a lobular panniculitis, with areas resembling subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma. Special stains for infectious organisms were negative. The neoplastic cells were CD2+, CD7+, CD3-, CD5-, CD8+, CD56+, CD52+, TIA-1+, perforin+, granzyme-B+, and LMP-1-. The infiltrate was EBV+. Flow cytometry showed 93% of cells to be NK cells. Workup revealed many nodules in the abdominal wall, lungs, and liver as well as sinusitis. The patient failed CHOP and ICE chemotherapy. The nodules resolved after three cycles of L-aspariginase, vincristine, and dexamethasone. NK/T-cell lymphoma usually affects middle-aged and older adults. This case contains an unusual granulomatous component on biopsy.
Comparison of mammographic parenchymal patterns of normal subjects and breast cancer patients

In this study, we compared the texture features of mammographic parenchymal patterns (MPPs) of normal subjects and breast cancer patients and evaluated whether a texture classifier can differentiate their MPPs. The breast image was first segmented from the surrounding image background by boundary detection. Regions of interest (ROIs) were extracted from the segmented breast area in the retroareolar region on the cranio-caudal (CC) view mammograms. A mass set (MS) of ROIs was extracted from the mammograms with cancer, but ROIs overlapping with the mass were excluded. A contralateral set (CS) of ROIs was extracted from the contralateral mammograms. A normal set (NS) of ROIs was extracted from one CC view mammogram of the normal subjects. Each data set was randomly separated into two independent subsets for 2-fold cross-validation training and testing. Texture features from run-length statistics (RLS) and newly developed region-size statistics (RSS) were extracted to characterize the MPP of the breast. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed to compare the MPP difference in each of the three pairs: MS-vs-NS, CS-vs-NS, and MS-vs-CS. The A z values for the three pairs were 0.79, 0.73, and 0.56, respectively. These results indicate that the MPPs of the contralateral breast of breast cancer patients exhibit textures comparable to that of the affected breast and that the MPPs of cancer patients are different from those of normal subjects.
Management outcomes following lateral temporal bone resection for ear and temporal bone malignancies.

ObjectiveTo evaluate clinical outcomes following lateral temporal bone resection (LTBR) for management of malignancies involving the ear or temporal bone.Subjects and MethodsA retrospective medical...
5-HT1A agonist/antagonist modification of cocaine stimulant effects: implications for cocaine mechanisms.

Abstract The 5-HT 1A receptor site has been demonstrated to be an important pharmacological target in the modulation of unconditioned behavioral effects induced by cocaine. In this study, separate groups of rats ( n =7) received a series of the 5-HT 1A agonist treatments, 8-OHDPAT (0.2, 0.4 mg/kg) in combination with saline or cocaine (10 mg/kg). Using a crossover design, the treatments were subsequently switched to the 5-HT 1A antagonist, WAY 100635 (0.4, 0.8 mg/kg) and then, switched back again to 8-OHDPAT (0.2, 0.4 mg/kg). When the 8-OHDPAT was given in combination with cocaine, locomotion was substantially enhanced but when the treatment was switched to WAY 100635, the cocaine induced locomotion was suppressed. Neither the 8-OHDPAT or WAY 100635 given with saline affected locomotion as compared to saline treated animals. These findings indicated a reciprocal facilitatory/inhibitory influence of 5-HT 1A agonists/antagonists upon cocaine induced locomotion. The 8-OHDPAT treatments, however, did not enhance all cocaine behavioral responses. Initially, 8-OHDPAT suppressed cocaine induced rearing and central zone entry, but with repeated treatments, these response suppression effects subsided. As a consequence, the facilitative influence of 8-OHDPAT upon cocaine induced locomotion could not be attributed to response redistribution effects. While WAY 100635 markedly reduced cocaine induced locomotion and rearing to nearly saline response levels, the same WAY 100635 treatments did not modify locomotor stimulant effects induced by caffeine (10 mg/kg). In that caffeine stimulant effects are not directly linked to serotonergic mechanisms, the absence of an influence of WAY 100635 upon caffeine induced locomotor stimulation lent further support to the proposition that the 5-HT 1A receptor site contributes to locomotor behavior in situations where the serotonergic system is pharmacologically activated by drugs such as cocaine. These findings point to a potential role for 5-HT 1A antagonists in treatment of cocaine abuse.
Risky Sexual Behaviors, Alcohol Use, and Drug Use: A Comparison of Eastern and Western European Adolescents

Abstract Purpose The current study examined to what extent cultural context moderated developmental processes, namely the patterns of association between low self-control, family processes and three indicators of health-compromising behaviors (risky sexual behaviors, alcohol and drug use) in two Eastern European and two Western European adolescent samples. Methods School-based questionnaire data were collected from n=7291 middle and late adolescents in Hungary, Slovenia, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. Students rated measures of self-control, family processes (closeness, support, and monitoring), and health-compromising behaviors. The data were analyzed by a series of set hierarchical regression analyses as well as follow-up z -tests for comparisons of individual regression coefficients. Results Findings provided evidence that low self-control was positively associated with all three measures of health-compromising behaviors in a largely invariant fashion across countries. Differences were found in developmental processes, where low self-control was more weakly associated with risky sexual behaviors in samples of both Eastern European countries as compared with Western European ones, thus providing some evidence of idiosyncratic cultural norms. Results also provided evidence of mostly direct effects by family processes on measures of health-compromising behaviors. With two exceptions, no differences were observed in these effects across the four samples. Conclusion Low self-control explains variability in health-compromising behaviors, especially in alcohol and drug use. The observed differences in the link between low self-control and risky sexual behaviors may provide some evidence of distinct norms and values among Eastern European youth in comparison with Western European adolescents related to these behaviors.
Brain DNA metabolism in myelin deficient mutant jp, jpmsd and qk mice.

We studied metabolism of brain DNA in three myelin deficient mutants qk, jp and jpmsd mice. The DNA content, the in vivo incorporation of [14C]thymidine in DNA and the activity of acid DNase in tissues (cerebellum and cerebrum) from normal littermates and affected mice were compared. The results showed that neither the DNA content, the incorporation of [14C]thymidine in DNA nor the activity of acid DNase in brain were altered in qk affected mice. In jpmsd mice, however, the DNA content as well as the incorpation of thymidine in DNA were reduced in both cerebellum and cerebrum, but the activity of acid DNase was reduced in cerebrum only. In jp mice, although the DNA content was reduced in both cerebellum and cerebrum, the incorporation of thymidine in DNA and the activity of acid DNase were reduced in cerebrum only. The data suggest a) that in qk mutants DNA metabolism and hence cell (glial) proliferation is not affected; b) that in jpmsd mutants DNA synthesis, and thus the cell proliferation is reduced in cerebellum as well as in cerebrum of the affected mice and c) that in jp mutants the synthesis of DNA and the cell proliferation is reduced in cerebrum but not in cerebellum.
The development of creative thinking and its relationship to IQ and reading achievement

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether the creative thinking skills of fourth grade pupils could be enhanced through the use of classroom activities designed to stimulate fluency, flexibility, and originality. The effect of an eight week treatment program was evaluated by a pretest and posttest. A correlated t‐test was used to test the hypothesis present in this study. The correlations between IQ and creativity, and between reading and creativity were also established. The findings of this study indicated that the creative thinking skills of fourth grade pupils can be improved through classroom activities. Significant correlations were found to exist between IQ and creativity, and between reading and creativity.
Three‐dimensional gravity inversion using simulated annealing: Constraints on the diapiric roots of allochthonous salt structures

In the northern continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico, large oil and gas reservoirs are often found beneath sheetlike, allochthonous salt structures that are laterally extensive. Some of these salt structures retain their diapiric feeders or roots beneath them. These hidden roots are difficult to image seismically. In this study, we develop a method to locate and constrain the geometry of such roots through 3-D inverse modeling of the gravity anomalies observed over the salt structures. This inversion method utilizes a priori information such as the upper surface topography of the salt, which can be delineated by a limited coverage of 2-D seismic data; the sediment compaction curve in the region; and the continuity of the salt body. The inversion computation is based on the simulated annealing (SA) global optimization algorithm. The SA-based gravity inversion has some advantages over the approach based on damped least-squares inversion. It is computationally efficient, can solve underdetermined inverse problems, can more easily implement complex a priori information, and does not introduce smoothing effects in the final density structure model. We test this inversion method using synthetic gravity data for a type of salt geometry that is common among the allochthonous salt structures in the Gulf of Mexico and show that it is highly effective in constraining the diapiric root. We also show that carrying out multiple inversion runs helps reduce the uncertainty in the final density model.
Arithmetic or Geometric Normality of Biological Variation: an Empirical Test of Theory

Abstract Variation of biological populations is required for evolution by natural selection, and variance is a fundamental component in quantitative characterization of evolutionary differences and rates of change. Biological variation is widely understood to be normally distributed because of a general theoretical law of error. The law of error has two forms, and resulting normality may be arithmetic—where equivalent positive and negative deviations from expectation differ by equal amounts, or normality may be geometric—where equivalent deviations differ by equalproportions . Which law of error applies in biology can only be determined empirically, and this is surprisingly difficult. A new likelihood approach is developed here using data from anthropometric surveys of humans in two states in India: Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. Each state sample is large, but more importantly, each includes a large number of smaller subsamples. Likelihood support is additive, and subsamples are advantageous because (1) they are more homogeneous, (2) they yield probabilities and support scores in every case, and (3) significance can be evaluated first by tracing signs of the subsample support scores and then by comparing subsample support sums. Sign traces that fluctuate randomly show arithmetic and geometric normality to be indistinguishable. Two of 14 measurement variables studied here have subsample support sign traces differing from random, and one is significant in having a subsample support sum falling outside a 95% prediction interval for the 12 fluctuating traces: geometric normality is favored by a factor of ca. 1060. Six of 14 index variables have support sign traces differing from random, and all are significant in having subsample support sums falling outside a 95% prediction interval for the 8 fluctuating traces: geometric normality is favored by factors of 108or more. Arithmetic and geometric normality cannot be distinguished for 21 of 28 variables studied here, but whenever alternatives are distinguishable geometric normality is consistently and strongly favored. This means that the applicable law of errors is proportional. In practical terms, arithmetic measurements must be transformed using logarithms to represent both the geometric normality of biological variation and the relative functional significance of measurements appropriately.
Electromechanical Properties of Metallic, Quasimetallic, and Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes under Stretching

An electromechanical system is constructed to explore the electrical properties of various types of suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes under the influence of tensile stretching. Small band-gap semiconducting (or quasimetallic) nanotubes exhibit the largest resistance changes and piezoresistive gauge factors ($\ensuremath{\sim}600$ to 1000) under axial strains. Metallic nanotubes exhibit much weaker but nonzero sensitivity. Comparison between experiments and theoretical predictions and potential applications of nanotube electromechanical systems for physical sensors (e.g., strain gauges, pressure sensors, etc.) are discussed.
A simple specific assay for uracil tRNA methylases of enteric bacteria: Use of ribothymidine-deficient tRNA

Abstract A simple quantitative assay that is about 95% specific for uracil tRNA methylases of E. coli and A. aerogenes has been developed. tRNA was isolated from a strain of E. coli carrying the trm − mutation. These organisms have a low level of uracil methylase and consequently produce tRNA with a selective deficiency of ribothymidine. This RNA acted as a specific substrate for uracil tRNA methylases, when exposed to cell extracts from E. coli or A. aerogenes containing tRNA-methylating enzymes of multiple specificities. This assay can be used to screen organisms for trm − mutations and for studies with inhibitors.
Thickness Effect on Thermally Induced Phase Transformations in Sputtered Titanium-nickel Shape-memory Films

The effect of the film thickness on the phase transformations encountered in sputtered titanium-nickel (TiNi) shape-memory films due to thermal cycling in the temperature range of −150 to 150 °C was examined in the context of electrical resistivity (ER) measurements. A hysteresis in the ER response was observed for film thickness greater than 300 nm. This phenomenon is characteristic of shape-memory materials and is attributed to the rhombohedral (R) phase produced during cooling from the high-temperature cubic austenite phase to the low-temperature monoclinic martensite phase. The decrease of the TiNi film thickness below 300 nm resulted in a smaller ER hysteresis, leading eventually to its disappearance for film thickness less than ∼50 nm. The results indicate that spatial constraints introduced by the film surface and film/substrate interface generate a resistance force, which prevents lattice distortion and twinning. The inhibition of these mechanisms, which control self-accommodation R-phase transformation, leads to the suppression and eventual disappearance of the shape memory effect for film thickness less than ∼100 nm.
Acetaminophen for Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Objective: To evaluate the literature describing acetaminophen use in treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Data Sources: Searches were conducted in MEDLINE with full text (EBSCOhost; 1946 to September 2014) using the search terms acetaminophen, paracetamol, and patent ductus arteriosus. The references of identified articles were reviewed to identify other relevant articles. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Human clinical trials and case reports limited to the English language were reviewed. In all, 12 case reports and 2 randomized, controlled clinical trials explored the use of acetaminophen in treating PDA. Data Synthesis: The case reports described the use of oral or intravenous acetaminophen in patients with contraindications to or who had previously failed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy for PDA. More than 76% of patients achieved successful PDA closure in reported cases. The clinical trials compared the efficacy of oral acetaminophen versus oral ibuprofen in preterm infants. A...
The sea state bias in altimeter estimates of sea level from collinear analysis of TOPEX data

The wind speed and significant wave height (H(sub 1/3)) dependencies of the sea state bias in altimeter estimates of sea level, expressed in the form (Delta)h(sub SSB) = bH(sub 1/3), are examined from least squares analysis of 21 cycles of collinear TOPEX data. The bias coefficient b is found to increase in magnitude with increasing wind speed up to about 12 m/s and decrease monotonically in magnitude with increasing H(sub 1/3). A parameterization of b as a quadratic function of wind speed only, as in the formation used to produce the TOPEX geophysical data records (GDRs), is significantly better than a parameterization purely in terms of H(sub 1/3). However, a four-parameter combined wind speed and wave height formulation for b (quadratic in wind speed plus linear in H(sub 1/3)) significantly improves the accuracy of the sea state bias correction. The GDR formulation in terms of wind speed only should therefore be expanded to account for a wave height dependence of b. An attempt to quantify the accuracy of the sea state bias correction (Delta)h(sub SSB) concludes that the uncertainty is a disconcertingly large 1% of H(sub 1/3).
Thresholds for intestinal hemorrhage in mice exposed to a piezoelectric lithotripter

The threshold for hemorrhage in mouse intestine was determined using the fields of a piezoelectric lithotripter. Exposures were controlled by variation of the position of the animal relative to the focus and by variation of the voltage used to charge the lithotripter. The range of peak positive pressure for exposures was approximately 50 MPa to 1 MPa. Each exposure consisted of 200 pulses at a repetition rate of ∼1 Hz. Depending upon the exposure level, intestinal lesions ranged in size from small petechiae to hemorrhagic regions extending 5 cm or more along the intestine. Threshold for intestinal hemorrhage with this exposure protocol was in the range of 1 to 3 MPa. At threshold, the lithotripter waveform was nearly sinusoidal.