cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thinking Multidimensionally About Ambitious Educational Change

As the demands for civic and economic participation increase, the result of technological, economic and social transformations, and in response to a rapidly changing world and to new challenges, many governments have turned to schools to provide students with opportunities to develop the skills necessary to thrive. This chapter traces the roots of education reforms that seek to develop a breadth of skills, to educate the whole child, reviewing the emergence of the field of comparative education as the first public education systems were created, and examining the role of the international development architecture built after world war II in advancing the global education movement. The chapter then examines the more recent efforts to develop twenty-first century skills. It then introduces the present comparative study of education reforms in Brazil, Finland, Japan, Mexico, Peru, Poland, Portugal and Russia, describing the basic tenets of each of those reforms. The chapter then examines how instruction and learning compare in these countries, using data from the latest survey of teacher practices conducted by the OECD (TALIS – The OECD teaching and learning international survey. http://www.oecd.org/education/talis/. Accessed 3 Dec 2019).
Single-nuclei transcriptomics of schizophrenia prefrontal cortex primarily implicates neuronal subtypes

Abstract Transcriptomic studies of bulk neural tissue homogenates from persons with schizophrenia and controls have identified differentially expressed genes in multiple brain regions. However, the heterogeneous nature prevents identification of relevant cell types. This study analyzed single-nuclei transcriptomics of ∼311,000 nuclei from frozen human postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex samples from individuals with schizophrenia (n = 14) and controls (n = 16). 2,846 differential expression events were identified in 2,195 unique genes in 19 of 24 transcriptomically-distinct cell populations. ∼97% of differentially expressed genes occurred in five neuronal cell types, with ∼63% occurring in a subtype of PVALB+ inhibitory neurons and HTR2C+ layer V excitatory neurons. Differentially expressed genes were enriched for genes localized to schizophrenia GWAS loci. Cluster-specific changes in canonical pathways, upstream regulators and causal networks were identified. These results expand our knowledge of disrupted gene expression in specific cell types and permit new insight into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea is Associated with Improved Ischemic Stroke Outcomes (P4.312)

Objective: To evaluate the odds of death and poor discharge status among inpatients diagnosed with ischemic stroke (IS) with or without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Background: Hypoxic preconditioning has been demonstrated to induce stroke tolerance in mice. Patients with OSA have intermittent hypoxia; this may be a form of hypoxic preconditioning, and OSA patients may have better outcomes. Design/Methods: We used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) 2007 to 2009 inpatient database, which is an administrative database that uses ICD-9 codes to determine diagnoses, such as SAH and OSA. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions were used to estimate the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals for the association of OSA with mortality and poor discharge status. Good discharge status was defined as a discharge to home or acute rehab. Poor discharge status was defined as a discharge to a skilled nursing facility, intermediate care facility, another type of facility, or home health; departure against medical advice; or death. Results: A total of 134,399 patients with ischemic stroke was identified; 1,960 patients had OSA; 132,439 patients did not have OSA. In an unadjusted model, OSA was associated with lower odds of death [OR(95%CI) 0.52(0.41–0.65)]. After adjusting for obesity, age, sex, race, insurance, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (DM), OSA remained associated with lower odds of death [OR(95%CI) 0.61(0.48–0.78)]. OSA was also associated with lower odds of poor discharge status in an unadjusted model [OR(95%CI) 0.620(0.541–0.711)]. After adjusting for obesity, age, sex, race, insurance, hypertension and DM, OSA was associated with lower odds of poor discharge status [OR(95%CI) 0.83(0.72–0.97)]. Conclusions: Among inpatients diagnosed with IS, OSA was associated with lower odds of death and poor discharge status. Consistent with animal studies, ischemic preconditioning could be a mechanism by which OSA leads to better outcomes after stroke in humans. Disclosure: Dr. Low has nothing to disclose. Dr. Elkind has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Neurology.
Devils Backbone Brewing, Llc: An Idea Brews

This case is used in Darden's required first-year course, "Strategic Thinking and Action."In 2015, Steve and Heidi Crandall, the founders of Devils Backbone Brewing, LLC (DBB), were looking back on eight years of unanticipated success and significant growth. DBB had created a destination, a brand, and beer that drew people from all over, and it was the largest craft brewery in its region. The entire community, not just loyal beer drinkers, had supported DBB. In addition to funding and zoning accommodations, so many local residents had built their own economic lives around what had been their "little brewery that could."But the success had brought challenges, specifically in terms of growth. DBB was consistently not meeting demand in its existing markets and was receiving complaints about out-of-stocks. The Crandalls and their team had to figure out how to grow with, or preferably ahead of, demand for DBB's product. Should DBB build further capacity despite an already exhausted line of credit? Should it employ a contract brewer despite the local authenticity concerns such a move might stir up? Or should it just keep trying to manage business within its existing footprint, comfortably serving its loyal customer base? Excerpt UVA-S-0300 Rev. Jun. 29, 2020 Devils Backbone Brewing, LLC: An Idea Brews It was 2015, and eight years had passed since Steve Crandall and his wife, Heidi, had followed their dream of opening Devils Backbone Brewing, LLC (DBB). In a relatively short time, the company had seen significant growth. In 2012, only four years after founding, the company sold 10,024 barrels of beer (BBLs), and its iconic Vienna Lager had received press describing it as “the second biggest craft product launch of 2012.” DBB had successfully created a destination, a brand, and beer that drew people from all over—but Crandall grumbled over the second-place finish. The following year, DBB surpassed 2012 by growing sales 149% to 24,906 BBLs, making it the largest craft brewery in the region. The entire community, not just loyal beer drinkers, had supported the firm in its march. In addition to funding and zoning accommodations, so many local residents had built their own economic lives around what had been their “little brewery that could.” As Crandall enjoyed a newly designed and yet-to-launch brew, Danzig Baltic Porter, he recognized that he had worked his firm into one of the odd problems of success. Crandall said: This year, we projected to grow 80% to 45,000 BBLs. However, just 45 days into the year, our wholesalers have already revised their annual estimates upward. Currently we are not meeting demand in our existing market (we are brewing at 40,000 BBLs) and it is extremely challenging dealing with our distributors due to out-of-stocks. We need to grow with, or preferably ahead of, the demand for our product. We are failing to do this for the third year in a row. Our outlets don't seem to fully appreciate that our explosive growth is unprecedented. They have their own concerns, and are expressing their frustrations with us. I am beginning to worry about retailer backlash.” . . .
Constructing Situated and Social Knowledge: Ethical, Sociological, and Phenomenological Factors in Technological Design

Designers, programmers, and others in the fields of technology and engineering are—recently, and with increasing speed and urgency—coming to understand that there are many ways that human biases and assumptions can create problems within the fields of engineering, programming, algorithmic systems, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and design. In order to understand these assumptions and how they get instantiated in our technological systems, we have to understand various social, psychological, and philosophical frameworks. We must understand how concepts such as intersectionality, embodiment, the extended mind hypothesis, epistemic valuation, and phenomenological experience come together to form the bases for our moral behavior and social interactions. In this paper, I use tools from intersectional feminist theory, feminist epistemology, disability studies, and phenomenology to highlight several questions which represent otherwise discounted categories of knowledge. The audience will come to recognize that each of these questions represents a set of lived experiences and, in some cases, life or death concerns for people in the world, and must be understood and taken into account when designing and deploying technological systems. As long as humans translate their experience and understanding of the world both into technologies and languages that other technologies can understand, humans need to take pains to privilege the perspectives of those traditionally under-served and marginalized groups who understand not only the existence of these questions and their implications, but also the epistemologies and life strategies that they represent. This increased understanding will broaden and deepen our understanding of what our technological systems are and can do, for all of us.
La réception internationale de l’oeuvre d’Algirdas Julien Greimas

Cet essai adopte la perspective centree sur les voyages, les echanges et la traduction pour etudier l‘impact international de l’œuvre d’Algirdas Julien Greimas. L’etude s’attache a mettre en evidence les facteurs cles qui ont affecte la diffusion des idees du linguiste et semioticien a l’etranger. La plupart des recherches sur ses methodes se concentrent a juste titre sur la France, ou il a enseigne et developpe son groupe de recherche, et sur les publications en francais, langue initiale et la plus utilisee pour les travaux dans ce domaine. En revanche cette etude explore plutot la propagation de ses innovations dans d‘autres pays et langues. Des elements d‘histoire socioculturelle, de relations internationales et d‘histoire intellectuelle esquissent le contexte dans lequel son projet s‘est elabore et s‘est etendu a differents pays. Les relations entre la France et les autres pays pointent trois grandes categories dans la reception que connait le projet greimassien, pour chacune desquelles cette etude se concentre sur deux regions prises comme exemples. L‘article examine d‘abord les cultures qui manifestent les affinites les plus etroites avec la France a savoir celles romanes, en etudiant de plus pres l’Italie et l‘Amerique latine. La deuxieme categorie comprend des pays qui jouissent de convergences moindres mais toujours appreciables avec la societe francaise. Il s’agit des zones de langues germaniques, pour lesquelles l‘Amerique anglophone et les pays de langue allemande nous serviront d’exemples. Le dernier panneau du triptyque explore des pays qui entretiennent des relations plus lointaines avec la France, notamment durant la carriere de Greimas, en se focalisant sur la Russie-l’URSS et la Chine. La conclusion tente d’evaluer a quel point des facteurs tels que les structures institutionnelles et les contacts personnels, l‘histoire et le contexte socioculturels et le statut pedagogique et sociolinguistique du francais exercent effectivement un impact sur son accueil a l‘etranger. L’analyse de la reception mondiale de l’œuvre de Greimas permet de decouvrir les facteurs qui conditionnent la propagation de la semiotique dans le monde entier.
Service Experience Related to Unspecified Elements

Over the past 50 years the anomalous behavior of steels has not always been consistent. Part of the inconsistency can be attributed to transient or other conditions that exceeded design conditions. Another part can be attributed to unspecified elements. Conversely, some steels have proven exceptionally capable to withstand their service conditions. Some of the more generic problems were serious enough to generate cooperative group actions to resolve them. Graphitization, weldability, low creep resistance, stress corrosion, caustic embrittlement, poor fracture toughness, shifting nil-ductility transition temperatures, and low upper shelf impact resistance have been some of the more notorious problems. Until recently there was little attention given to the buildup of residuals (or unspecified elements) in steels where scrap steels were recycled into new product forms. Copper, chromium, cobalt, zinc, tin, nickel, and nitrogen have all influenced the behavior of steels. In some cases they could be beneficial. However, without a clear understanding of their synergistic behavior, it is difficult to predict their service behavior. If our industry potential is to remain strong in its world position, it will be necessary to develop more specific information on materials. We look forward to the successful implementation of the National Materials Properties Data Network (NMPD) to provide the data base from which the generation of new or more specific data will provide more confidence for the least cost.
Tibial osteomyelitis caused by Rhodococcus equi in a mature horse

Summary A 7-year-old Paint mare presented for evaluation of a swollen right hindlimb of approximately 6 weeks' duration. Ultrasonography and radiography suggested a severe osteomyelitis and abscessation of the right tibia. Previous treatment included systemic antimicrobial therapy using procaine penicillin G (22,000 u/kg bwt, q. 12 h, i.m.) and gentamicin sulfate (6.6 mg/kg bwt, q. 24 h, i.v.) initially followed by oral doxycycline (10 mg/kg bwt, q. 12 h, per os) and rifampin (5 mg/kg bwt, q. 12 h, per os). Based on the poor prognosis the mare was subjected to euthanasia. Necropsy results subsequently revealed a severe, chronic, focal, necrotising osteomyelitis with localised cellulitis and abscessation. Rhodococcus equi was isolated from the tibia, subcutaneous abscess and from a pectoral abscess found at necropsy. Immunological testing of blood samples obtained ante mortem revealed normal blood lymphocyte phenotyping, but markedly increased IgG and IgM concentrations, indicating an active humoural response. While there have been reports of Rhodococcus equi infection in mature horses this is an area previously unreported in the literature.
Photochromic and Photo‐Thermo‐Refractive Glasses

Inorganic glasses are the main transparent material, which people have long used for observation (windows in buildings, windshields in cars, eyeglasses, prisms and lenses in optical instruments), light delivery (light bulbs, projectors, lasers, optical fibers), and fine arts (crockery, bijouterie, jewelry). The ability of glasses to change coloration after exposure to sunshine was well known since the last century. Photochromic glasses that have completely reversible coloration are made of borosilicate glasses doped with microcrystals of copper and silver halides. These glasses are sensitive to near UV radiation. Photosensitivity can be extended to visible and near IR regions by cooperative breeding of color centers. Induced coloration is a wide band that covers the whole visible region. Photocontrolled waveguides can be fabricated in photochromic glasses. These waveguides can serve as attenuators and mode selectors. Photo-thermorefractive glasses that have irreversible photoinduced refraction are aluminosilicate glasses doped with silver, cerium, and fluorine. These glasses are sensitive to near UV radiation. Their photosensitivity is comparable with the best organic and inorganic materials, it allows wide variations of exposure because of image amplification in the thermal development process, and it has high diffraction efficiency and high transparency from the UV to the IR region. Keywords: Principles; Photosensitivity; Glass; Reversible photochromic glass; Heterogeneous photochromic glass; Optical waveguides; Induced refraction; Irreversible photochromic crystallization; Photothermorefractive glass; Bragg gratings
Changes in Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism in Rat Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles after Total or Partial Dietary Restrictions

This study examined the effects of acute dietary restriction on aerobic and anaerobic metabolic capacity of skeletal and cardiac muscles. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a 28% casein diet to a body weight of 100 g. The control group was killed at 100 g and the experimental groups were starved to 70 g body weight by either 4-day total restriction (TR) or 9-day partial restriction (PR). The heart, soleus, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), biceps brachii, psoas and red and white portions of the gastrocnemius (GR and GW) were assayed for oxygen uptake and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activity. Cytochrome c was also measured in the gastrocnemius and psoas. The decrease in muscle weight was similar to the 30% decrease in body weight with the exception of the soleus which decreased by only 10% due to either TR or PR. PK, an estimate of anaerobic capacity, appeared to increase per unit weight in all tissues after both TR and PR; however, total muscle PK remained unchanged. Total cytochrome c and SDH activity, estimate of aerobic capacity, decreased in all muscles after either treatment. The largest decreases in SDH were 38% in the soleus and 51% in the heart after TR and 50% in the GR and 48% in the GW after PR. Oxygen uptake increased in the soleus (20%) and heart (70%) but decreased in all other skeletal muscles with the greatest effect after PR (50%). This study has shown that there is a decrease in aerobic capacity during acute starvation and that total muscle anaerobic metabolic capacity remains near normal.
Some characterizations of lindenmayer systems in terms of chomsky-type grammars and stack machines*

Characterizations of Lindenmayer systems in terms of Chomsky-type grammars and stack machines are presented. Systems with cellular interaction as well as without cellular interaction are studied.
Rupture of the male membranous urethra.

Background Management of traumatic rupture of the male membranous urethra remains controversial. Long-term morbidity can include urinary incontinence, urethral stricture and erectile dysfunction.
The puzzle of organization dimensions; a tri–sectoral perspective

Public administration is no longer simply concerned with the management of governmental organizations. Rather it includes a range of proxy and third-party organizations of both a for-profit and non-profit character. This blurring of public-private boundaries is further compounded by the recognition of a third and non-profit sector engaged in societal purposes and composed of a diversity of actuative organizations. Conceptual and definitional clarification is required to bring the blurred boundaries between the three sectors -- and especially the third sector itself -- into better analytical focus. Using a set of attributes common to all organizations, this article develops a comparative typology of organizations across the three sectors as well as identifies subtypes within each sector. By articulating the structural differences and similarities among organizations, analysis can proceed as to how cooperation and collaboration in addressing the public's business can be better managed.
Terahertz Spectral Imaging Using Correlation Processing

Terahertz (THz) reflection imaging has the potential to extract unique spectral signatures from various materials of interest, but these signatures can be distorted by rough surface scattering, low signal strength, and alignment errors. One method of addressing these challenges and increasing performance is to coherently combine reflection information across frequency bands. This method, called correlation processing, uses both phase and magnitude information to provide concurrent imaging and chemical mapping. This paper first shows imaging results from pressed pellets made of both lactose and high density polyethylene. It will be shown using measured THz scattered data and Monte Carlo simulations that correlation processing can correctly distinguish between materials with spectral signatures and other compounds. THz spectral surface profiling results from the pressed pellet are provided and discussed.
Bound to fail: Regional deterrence after the cold war

A variety of growing political, economic, and military constraints on the prompt exercise of U.S. influence during international crises suggests worsening prospects for the successful practice of d...
Associated psychopathology in children with both ADHD and chronic tic disorder.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the relation between severity of tic disorder and comorbid psychopathology in 47 prepubertal children with tic disorder who were referred for clinical evaluation of and treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional behaviors, and aggressive behaviors. Method Parents and teachers completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher's Report Form (TRF) for each child. Results Seventy-five percent of the sample was in the clinical range in at least two categories of psychopathology. When the children were divided into two groups on the basis of tic severity, significantly higher scores were obtained for children with more severe tics on the narrow-band Depressed, Uncommunicative, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Aggressive scales, and the broad-band Internalizing scale of the CBCL. The severity groups did not differ on TRF scores. Children who were more aggressive also received higher CBCL scores. Conclusions The findings from this study suggest that the severity of chronic tics is a clinical indicator of complex psychopathology in children with ADHD who are referred for psychiatric evaluation.
A rapid method for PCR amplification of DNA directly from cells fixed in Carnoy's fixative.

We describe a method for rapid and efficient polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific target DNA sequences directly from cells fixed in 3:1 methanol-acetic acid (Carnoy's fixative) for routine cytogenetic analysis. The fixed cells used had been stored at −20°C from a few weeks up to 6 years. Primer sets used correspond to loci on an autosome (retinoblastoma, RB1), as well as the X (Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD) and Y (sex-determining region of the Y, SRY) chromosomes. Sizes of amplified products were the expected 400, 251 and 609 bps, respectively. No differences in quality of amplification products were found between PCR templates obtained from fresh tissues or from cells fixed for varying lengths of time in Carnoy's fixative. This technique has the following advantages: (1) it allows retrospective studies of genetic disorders from archived specimens; (2) it requires only a limited number of cells; (3) it is rapid and simple; and (4) it avoids multistep procedures required in extraction of the DNA. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Seeking to Adopt in Florida: Lesbian and Gay Parents Navigate the Legal Process

Utilizing interview data from 22 lesbian and gay parents in Florida, the current exploratory study examined participants’ experiences navigating the legal and social service systems after the repeal of the Florida ban on gay adoption. Participants reported both positive and negative experiences in seeking out lawyers (e.g., some attorneys were accommodating and knowledgeable about gay adoption; others demonstrated discomfort about working with same-sex couples), working with social service agencies in an effort to adopt, and interfacing with the judicial system. This study furthers our knowledge of the lingering effects of discriminatory laws even after such laws have been formally removed, and holds implications for social workers and other practitioners who seek to support lesbian and gay parents and prospective parents as they adjust to the removal of antigay legislation (e.g., regarding marriage or adoption). Based on our findings, we provide recommendations for ensuring that legal and social service ...
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION CHANGES IN MEAT LIPIDS DURING LOW TEMPERATURE STORAGE.

The effect of low-temp storage on the fatty acid composition of meat lipids was studied. Fat samples were taken from the perirenal and subcutaneous depots of 12 beef carcasses. The samples were divided and one-half from each carcass were stored at −37C for four months. The fat samples (before and after the low-temp storage period) were then extracted, the glyceride fractions separated by low-temp solvent crystallization, and subsequently analyzed by gas-liquid chromatographic techniques. The data obtained in this study and the changes in fatty acid composition noted were not consistent with the pattern of oxidative deterioration but would appear to indicate that non-oxidative mechanisms were responsible for the changes in fatty acid composition observed.
Aggregation and sticking probability of gold on tungsten trioxide films

Abstract Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that gold layers, 0.8–3.2 nm thick, deposited on WO3 films aggregate into particles at temperatures above 400°C. The particles increase in size while the number density decreases over time. Particle size distributions indicate that the growth mechanism is coalescence due to island mobility rather than Ostwald ripening. Both SEM and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicate that the amount of gold deposited on the surface is approximately 50% of the value as determined by the quartz crystal monitor (QCM) during deposition. This difference is believed to be due to a low initial sticking probability of gold on the WO3 surface during deposition. Finding means to create and stabilize metal particles of the optimum size remains a problem in the fields of catalysis and gas sensors.
Imaging microspectrometer with space-variant adaptive dispersion incorporating a MEMS mirror array

We report the design, fabrication, and testing of a novel imaging micro-spectrometer system for the 500-1000 nm wavelength range. The space-variant design incorporates a linear array of MEMS mirrors in order to vary the dispersion spatially on a pixel-by-pixel basis. A planar-optics geometry is used so that the spectrometer optics are contained on a single piece of bulk fused silica. The object to be investigated is imaged onto a linear array of tilting MEMS mirrors that define the spectrometer slit. Each individual MEMS mirror tilts to send the light to one of three blazed gratings of differing dispersive powers. Depending on the wavelength and selected grating the spectral resolution is between 5 and 20 nm. The collimating and focusing mirrors of the spectrometer are fabricated in standard photoresist via grayscale photolithography with a custom high-energy beam-sensitive (HEBS) photomask. A reflow at 70 degrees Celsius for 40 hours is necessary to achieve diffraction-limited performance. The blazed gratings are fabricated in SU-8 via direct-write electron beam lithography. Spectrometer results with a variety of lasers and gaseous discharge tubes are presented and indicate that system performs as expected.
Glycoprotein Ibα forms disulfide bonds with 2 glycoprotein Ibβ subunits in the resting platelet

It is widely accepted that glycoprotein (GP) Ib contains one Ibα and one Ibβ subunit that are connected by a disulfide bond. It is unclear which Cys residue in Ibα, C484 or C485, forms the disulfide bond with Ibβ. Using mutagenesis studies in transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we found that both C484 and C485 formed a disulfide bond with C122 in Ibβ. In the context of isolated peptides containing the Ibα or Ibβ transmembrane domain and nearby Cys residue, C484 and C485 in the Ibα peptide were both capable of forming a disulfide bond with the Ibβ peptide. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation of epitope-tagged subunits showed that at least 2 Ibβ subunits but only 1 Ibα and 1 IX subunit were present in the GP Ib-IX complex. Finally, the size difference between GP Ib from transfected CHO cells and human platelets was attributed to a combination of sequence polymorphism and glycosylation difference in Ibα, not the number of Ibβ subunits therein. Overall, these results demonstrate that Ibα is covalently connected to 2 Ibβ subunits in the resting platelet, necessitating revision of the subunit stoichiometry of the GP Ib-IX-V complex. The αβ2 composition in GP Ib may provide the basis for possible disulfide rearrangement in the receptor complex.
Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease: Impact of Health Education

We conducted a controlled study of the impact of an education program on the health outcomes and perceptions of patients with varying degrees of airway obstruction in two communities. In one community, patients with chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD) were identified, assessed and offered an educational program. In the other community, patients were identified, assessed and advised of the findings only. Patients at both sites were given the same pretest and, one year later, the same posttest. These tests measured physical and social function, and health outcomes (eg, respiratory symptoms, exercise tolerance, mental health), plus patients' health perceptions. Posttest results showed a significant difference between groups on a health perception measure and locus of control, but no difference on health outcomes. We conclude that education programs for COAD are unlikely to improve patients' health status unless they are part of a comprehensive medical program that includes physical reconditioning.
Quantitative Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B by Resonant Acoustic Profiling

A rapid and sensitive detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) was developed using a novel acoustic sensing technique: Resonant Acoustic Profiling (RAP), which utilizes high-frequency piezoelectric quartz resonators for monitoring biomolecular interactions. An automated four-channel instrument consisting of acoustic sensors covalently conjugated with anti-SEB antibodies was used. As the samples flowed across control and active sensors simultaneously, binding was measured as a change in the resonant frequency. The lower limit of detection (LLOD) for the label free direct format was 25 ng/mL. Detection sensitivity was increased by adding mass sequentially to the captured SEB on the sensor in the form of sandwich antibodies and biotin−avidin-based gold nanoparticles. The LLOD for the mass enhanced formats were 5 and 0.5 ng/mL of SEB, respectively. The lowest sensitivity corresponds to 1.3 fM in a 75 μL sample. The total assay time including the enhancement steps was less than 10 min. SEB was detected ...
Nanometer particles in the intergranular microstructure of Fe-Nd-B permanent magnets

Abstract In the regions between crystallites of the magnetically hard phase in Fe-Nd-B permanent magnets transmission electron microscopy shows phases with particles in the nanometer size range. They are explained as a mixture of α-iron and an essentially amorphous neodymium-rich boron oxide matrix. The fine particles are attributed to the decomposition of a glassy phase.
Transportation Policy-Level Partnerships and Project-Based Partnerships

Public-private partnerships are common in transportation. The most significant are policy partnerships in which the public provides a long-term investment to create the basic infrastructure for a transportation mode. Highways are the most spectacular case of a policy partnership; governments build roads, while private motorists invest in vehicles, fuel, insurance, and so forth. Policy partnerships have also been established in declining transport modes, for example, Amtrak for intercity passenger trains and federal subsidies for urban transit. There are also project-based partnerships in which politicians offer incentives for private capital to invest at specific sites. The goal of such partnerships is often not transportation, but urban redevelopment. As policy shifts toward reducing transportation's negative externalities, new possibilities for public-private partnerships emerge. After decades of wrangling over auto emissions and energy standards, Detroit and Washington created the Partnership for a New...
Framework for articulating instructional practices and conceptions

We present and describe the development of a framework for assessing or categorizing instructional practices and related conceptions in the context of introductory physics instruction. The purpose of the framework is for articulating practices and conceptions of individual instructors or of curricula. It was developed based on the research literature and interviews with physics faculty and contains ideas with widespread acceptance as well as some outside mainstream rhetoric. We provide an example of how this framework can be applied by using it to categorize aspects of three well-known research-based curricula. The results of this categorization highlight areas that are common in research-based curricular designs and other areas that are less embraced but worthy of consideration.
6-MVp x-ray imaging with a transparent scintillator x-ray detector

In a previous paper an x-ray medical imaging system was described that used a liquid nitrogen cooled slow-scan CCD TV camera coupled to a Gd2O3(Eu) transparent ceramic scintillator plate with a high speed macro lens. This imaging system, which has a high spatial resolution and high x-ray quantum efficiency, suffers in the normal diagnostic x-ray energy range from added noise due to the secondary light photon quantum sink. For each x-ray photon absorbed, less than one electron is produced in a CCD pixel. However in the x-ray energy range used in radiation therapy the light output per absorbed x-ray photon is much higher, making the transparent scintillator technique more practical. Also the dose applied in radiation therapy is high anyway, allowing the use of higher dose to give better image quality. The 16-bit resolution of the cooled CCD allows very accurate x-ray absorption data to be acquired compared to the 8-bit CCDs used in commercially available portal imagers. Images have been acquired of human bones using the Gd2O3(Eu) screen and a 3 mm thick CsI(Tl) crystal.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Milankovitch theory viewed from Devils Hole

VARIATIONS in the oxygen isotope content (δ18O) of late Quaternary deep-sea sediments mainly reflect changes in continental ice mass1, and hence provide important information about the timing of past ice ages. Because these sediments cannot yet be dated directly beyond the range of radiocarbon dating (40-50 kyr), ages for the δ18O record have been generated2,3 by matching the phase of the changes in δ18O to that of variations in the Earth's precession and obliquity. Adopting this timescale yields a close correspondence between the time-varying amplitudes of these orbital variations and those of a wide range of climate proxies4, lending support to the Milankovitch theory that the Earth's glacial-interglacial cycles are driven by orbital variations. Recently Winograd et al.5 reported a record of δ18O variations in a fresh-water carbonate sequence from Devils Hole, Nevada, dated by U–Th disequilibrium6. They concluded that the timing of several of the features in the record, which reflects changes in the temperature of precipitation over Nevada as well as changes in the isotopic composition of the moisture source5,7, showed significant deviations from that predicted by Milanko-vitch theory. Here we demonstrate that applying the Devils Hole chronology to ocean cores requires physically implausible changes in sedimentation rate. Moreover, spectral analysis of the Devils Hole record shows clear evidence of orbital influence. We therefore conclude that transfer of the Devils Hole chronology to the marine record is inappropriate, and that the evidence in favour of Milankovitch theory remains strong.
Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate, a Normal Brain Metabolite

THE finding that γ-aminobutyric acid undergoes an omega transamination to succinic semialdehyde in brain1 and the subsequent description of a specific dehydrogenase for succinic semialdehyde2,3 indicated a complete pathway parallel to the Krebs cycle in the brain, which by-passed α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase—a slow step in the cycle4. It was reported in the initial investigation, which demonstrated succinic semialdehyde as an intermediate, that this compound could also effect the oxidation of reduced DPN in brain homogenates, or in the presence of crystalline lactic dehydrogenase. The most likely product of this reaction would be γ-hydroxybutyric acid (1).
TIMING VARIABILITY OF REACH TRAJECTORIES IN LEFT VERSUS RIGHT HEMISPHERE STROKE

This study investigated trajectory timing variability in right and left stroke survivors and healthy controls when reaching to a centrally located target under a fixed target condition or when the target could suddenly change position after reach onset. Trajectory timing variability was investigated with a novel method based on dynamic programming that identifies the steps required to time warp one trial's acceleration time series to match that of a reference trial. Greater trajectory timing variability of both hand and joint motions was found for the paretic arm of stroke survivors compared to their non-paretic arm or either arm of controls. Overall, the non-paretic left arm of the LCVA group and the left arm of controls had higher timing variability than the non-paretic right arm of the RCVA group and right arm of controls. The shoulder and elbow joint warping costs were consistent predictors of the hand's warping cost for both left and right arms only in the LCVA group, whereas the relationship between joint and hand warping costs was relatively weak in control subjects and less consistent across arms in the RCVA group. These results suggest that the left hemisphere may be more involved in trajectory timing, although the results may be confounded by skill differences between the arms in these right hand dominant participants. On the other hand, arm differences did not appear to be related to differences in targeting error. The paretic left arm of the RCVA exhibited greater trajectory timing variability than the paretic right arm of the LCVA group. This difference was highly correlated with the level of impairment of the arms. Generally, the effect of target uncertainty resulted in slightly greater trajectory timing variability for all participants. The results are discussed in light of previous studies of hemispheric differences in the control of reaching, in particular, left hemisphere specialization for temporal control of reaching movements.
Development of an Efficient Inverse Method for Supersonic and Hypersonic Body Design

An efficient inverse method for supersonic and moderate hypersonic axisymmetric body design is developed for the Euler equations. Numerous surface pressure-body geometry rules are examined to obtain an inverse procedure that is robust, yet demonstrates fast convergence. Each rule is analyzed and examined numerically within the inverse calculation routine for supersonic (M00= 3.0) and moderate hypersonic (M00= 6.28) speeds. Based on the analysis, a new method to obtain rapid, reliable convergence is presented. Example results are given for several demanding cases: a hypersonic minimum drag body and several bodies derived from specification of extreme target pressure distributions. The new method requires slightly more than twice the CPU time of a direct calculation.
Molecular beam scattering of CO on iron oxide clusters supported on graphite (HOPG)

Abstract The adsorption dynamics of CO has been studied by measuring adsorption probabilities by means of the molecular beam scattering technique. Iron has been vapor deposited on ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) with the vacuum chamber at a base pressure below 3 × 10 −10 mbar. However, the Fe clusters partially oxidize, according to Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Indications for a transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional cluster growth modes with increasing Fe exposure have been obtained by AES and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The initial adsorption probabilities, S 0 , decrease with increasing impact energy and are systematically larger for larger clusters, consistent with the capture-zone model (CZM) and molecular, non-activated adsorption. S 0 initially increases with adsorption temperature, T s , and decreases above T s = 100 K. The latter is not fully consistent with the simplest version of the CZM. The coverage dependence of the adsorption probabilities obeys the Kisliuk precursor model, as expected in the framework of the CZM.
Coal liquefaction in nitrogen compounds

Abstract Model compound studies have shown that 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline is an exceptionally good coal solvent. In the pure compound, subbituminous coal conversion to THF-soluble products approaches 100% under relatively mild reaction conditions. The effectiveness of tetrahydroquinoline for coal conversion appears to be related to its concentration relative to coal. The unique behaviour of tetrahydroquinoline is ascribed to its being a highly active H-donor; the fact that it is regenerable under reaction conditions by the reaction of hydrogen and quinoline; and that its polarity allows penetration of the coal structure and aids in dispersion of the dissolved coal. It has been found that, during reaction with coal, tetrahydroquinoline and other nitrogen compounds undergo extensive condensation reactions which result in an increase in the nitrogen content of the high boiling and non-distillable liquefaction products.
Effects of microsporidan infection on larval trematodes: infection with Nosema strigeoideae or N. echinostomi.

Abstract Microsporidan infection in larval trematodes is primarily an infection of the wall of the germinal sac (sporocyst or redia), spreading from there to the contained developing embryos, causing bloating, distortion, and destruction of the embryos. The end result of Nosema strigeoideae infection in strigeoids is a sporocyst filled with cellular debris, deformed cercariae, spores, etc. In echinostomes infected with Nosema echinostomi the rediae become solidly packed with spores confined within a reticular network which almost completely obliterates the cavity. It is suggested that these differences may be due to morphological differences in the larval trematodes.
Reduction of NOxover Fe/ZSM-5 Catalysts: Adsorption Complexes and Their Reactivity toward Hydrocarbons

Fe/ZSM-5 prepared via sublimation catalyzes the reduction of NO{sub x} to N{sub 2} in the presence of excess O{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O. Propane, isobutane, and propene are active reductants; methane is inactive. The NO{sub x} reduction rate is negligible in the absence of O{sub 2}; it increases steeply with P{sub O{sub 2}} and passes through a maximum. The equilibrium between NO + O{sub 2} and NO{sub 2} is swiftly established over a clean catalyst, but deposits impede this reaction. NO + O{sub 2} forms chemisorption complexes, NO{sub y}, with y {ge} 2. Upon their reaction with hydrocarbon, a nitrogen-containing deposit is formed on the catalyst. It reacts with NO{sub 2}, but not with NO, releasing large quantities of N{sub 2}. N{sup 2}O seems not to be a precursor of N{sub 2}. Isotopic labeling shows that one N atom in every N{sub 2} comes from the deposit; the other comes from NO{sub 2}. Less deposit is formed with propane, more with propene. As deposits also block catalyst sites, the rate limiting step in NO{sub x} reduction depends on the nature of the hydrocarbon. Deposits are oxidized by O{sub 2} and volatilized by H{sub 2}O at high temperature; these processes contributemore » to the relative efficiency of different hydrocarbons in NO{sub x} reduction over Fe/ZSM-5.« less
Small and large intestinal guanylate cyclase activity in children: effect of age and stimulation by Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin.

Abstract: Heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) producing Escherichia coli are a common cause of diarrhea in infants. ST acts through the stimulation of the guanylate cyclasecGMP system. The effect of ST on the human intestine has not been investigated nor is any information available on the activity, distribution, or development of guanylate cyclase activity in the human intestine. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to characterize, these aspects of guanylate cyclase activity and to study the effect of ST on the activity and responsiveness of guanylate cyclase in the intestine of infants and children of various ages. We measured guanylate cyclase activity in 35 intestinal specimens, obtained operatively, from children aged 1 day to 16 yr. Guanylate cyclase activity was linear with protein concentration and time. Basal activity was similar in small intestine and in colon. In the small intestine, however, basal guanylate cyclase activity varied with age. It was maximal in children 1 day of age, and although somewhat variable, decreased with age thereafter. In colon, an age-related pattern was not found. E. coli ST stimulated guanylate cyclase activity in all specimens in a dose-related manner. In the small intestine ST-stimulation of guanylate cyclase was twice that found in colon. Furthermore, age affected the response of small intestinal guanylate cyclase to ST. Maximal response to ST was observed in children 1 day of age and ST stimulation was significantly greater in children less than 1 yr of age than in older children. In the colon, the response of guanylate cyclase to ST did not change with age. The greater responsiveness of small intestinal guanylate cyclase to ST in younger children may, in part, explain the severity of diarrhea induced by ST at that age.
Membrane heteroporosity and the probability function correlation

The probability function correlation [1, 2] of sieving data for membranes is examined in the light of heteroporosity theory. Four pore area distribution functions for arrays of circular pores are used to calculate sieving coefficients, s, as a function of the solute radius ratio, as/am, where as and am are the solute radii corresponding to any sieving coefficient, s, and to s = 0.5, respectively. Probability log plots of s vs. as/am show very little effect of structure over the region 0.85 >s > 0.3; only for s < 0.01 does the pore distribution function substantially effect the dependence of s on as/am. It is inferred from these computer-generated data that probability plots should give good correlation of sieving data from membranes with widely differing structures, and they cannot be expected to yield much structural information, except in the region of very small sieving coefficients.
Aged-related shifts in T cell homeostasis lead to intrinsic T cell defects

Our recent studies indicate that the longer peripheral persistence of naive CD4 T cells that occurs with age is necessary for the development of the key aging defects that lead to compromised responses to vaccination and to new pathogens or new strains of circulating infectious agents. This longer persistence is in turn is linked to the decrease in development of new thymic emigrants and thymic involution that occur at adolescence. Therefore the process of development of naive CD4 aging defects, is closely tied to the homeostasis of T cells and the shifts that occur in their homeostasis with age. Here we review this connection between age-related changes in T cell homeostasis and the development of T cell defects and discuss the implication for approaches to better vaccinating the elderly.