cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic TIMI Risk Score for STEMI

Background Although there are multiple methods of risk stratification for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), this study presents a prospectively validated method for reclassification of patients based on in-hospital events. A dynamic risk score provides an initial risk stratification and reassessment at discharge. Methods and Results The dynamic TIMI risk score for STEMI was derived in ExTRACT-TIMI 25 and validated in TRITON-TIMI 38. Baseline variables were from the original TIMI risk score for STEMI. New variables were major clinical events occurring during the index hospitalization. Each variable was tested individually in a univariate Cox proportional hazards regression. Variables with P <0.05 were incorporated into a full multivariable Cox model to assess the risk of death at 1 year. Each variable was assigned an integer value based on the odds ratio, and the final score was the sum of these values. The dynamic score included the development of in-hospital MI, arrhythmia, major bleed, stroke, congestive heart failure, recurrent ischemia, and renal failure. The C-statistic produced by the dynamic score in the derivation database was 0.76, with a net reclassification improvement (NRI) of 0.33 ( P <0.0001) from the inclusion of dynamic events to the original TIMI risk score. In the validation database, the C-statistic was 0.81, with a NRI of 0.35 ( P =0.01). Conclusions This score is a prospectively derived, validated means of estimating 1-year mortality of STEMI at hospital discharge and can serve as a clinically useful tool. By incorporating events during the index hospitalization, it can better define risk and help to guide treatment decisions.
Who's "in" and who's "out": State fragmentation and the struggle over gay rights, 1974-1999

We examine how state fragmentation has shaped tactical choices of gay rights adversaries between 1974 and 1999. Which political channels have both sides used to advance their goals? Have their tactics changed over time? Specifically, we analyze how they have used three dimensions of the state: (1) judiciary, getting courts to extend or repeal existing legislation; (2) legislative, passing ordinances, laws, executive orders; and (3) popular support, using ballot initiatives and referenda. These dimensions are further fragmented by level of government: federal, state, and local. We find that, despite crucial tactical innovations compared to the 1960s, both adversaries continue to focus on classic civil rights issues. Our analyses suggest that gay rights opponents increasingly find success through ballot initiatives, a venue based on popular support rather than access to central government arenas. In contrast, gay rights proponents increasingly succeed when using central governmental channels (legislatures, courts), which remain contested. These findings highlight the limits of central concepts rooted in the resource mobilization and state literatures, i.e., the distinction between insiders and outsiders to the polity and the social movement/countermovement debate.
Inhaled insulin delivery – where are we now?

Since 1925, when the concept of treating diabetes with inhaled insulin (INH) was originally published, a number of clinical challenges have been resolved through technological advancements. Efforts by pharmaceutical partnerships or individual companies have resulted in the development of both injection-free devices and novel insulin formulations. Four different INH systems are now in phase 3 of clinical development, and several other INH systems are in earlier stages of clinical study. Clinical data consistently demonstrate that INH therapy is comparable to subcutaneous (SC) therapy in improving glycaemic control in patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes, generally without greater risk of overall hypoglycaemia. INH is generally well tolerated and appears to be safe. Adverse-event profiles for INH therapies are similar to SC insulin therapy, with the majority of events being reported as being mild to moderate. Long-term safety studies are ongoing, with emphasis on evaluating the impact of INH therapy on pulmonary function and immune responses. Although small, reversible decreases in pulmonary diffusion capacity (DL co ] and FEV 1 have been reported in response to INH, pulmonary function and structure do not appear to be affected in any clinically significant way. While insulin antibodies are increased in INH therapy, these antibodies have not been correlated with haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin dosage, hypoglycaemia, pulmonary function or adverse events. Nevertheless, properly controlled, long-term studies will best answer any remaining concerns. From the patient's perspective, INH therapy is preferred by the majority of patients over conventional SC insulin therapy. Studies have shown that patients prefer INH therapy, because it provides greater lifestyle flexibility and social acceptability while at the same time avoiding the pain associated with injection. Thus, after more than 80 years during which the injection route has been the only means of administering insulin, patients and physicians may soon avail themselves of another valuable tool in management of diabetes.
Forms of Government and Climate Change Policies in US Cities

It has long been believed that council-manager governments with professionally trained public managers are more efficiency oriented and insulated from political pressure than mayor-council governments. Despite the general acceptance of this conventional wisdom, empirical evidence to support the predicted differences in policy has been extremely hard to come by. Most studies have found no direct effect of form of government on expenditures or policy; the effect of local institutions has been indirect, working to amplify or reduce supplier or demander preferences. In contrast, this paper examines a unique dataset of sustainability efforts in governmental operations and the community, and reports evidence that forms of government are an important direct influence on the approach that communities take to sustainability. Council-manager government systems have a significant positive effect on efforts directed to governmental operations, but a negative effect on community efforts.
Profound effect of the absence of IL-4 on T cell responses during infection with Schistosoma mansoni.

T cell responses of interleukin (IL)- 4 2/2 and wild-type (WT) mice infected with the helper T cell 2 (Th2) response-inducing pathogen Schistosoma mansoni were compared. As ex- pected, given the important role of IL-4 in Th2 response induction, the absence of IL-4 resulted in diminished Th2 responses, apparent as reduced production of IL-4, -5, and -10 by CD4 1 cells isolated from the spleens of infected IL-4 2/2 mice. Surprisingly, these cells produced significantly less interferon (IFN)-g and proliferated less than did those from infected WT mice after T cell receptor ligation. CD8 1 cells isolated from infected IL-4 2/2 mice also produced less IFN-g than WT CD8 cells, although there was no difference in the prolifera- tive responses of these cell populations. After in- fection, spleens of infected IL-4 2/2 mice did not enlarge to the same extent as those of WT mice, and attrition of the CD8 1 cell population within this lymphoid organ was noted. Taken together, the data indicate that in addition to inhibiting Th2 response development, the lack of IL-4 during schistosomiasis significantly affects additional as- pects of T cell responses. J. Leukoc. Biol. 70: 737-744; 2001.
Quality Indicators for the Care of Osteoporosis in Vulnerable Elders

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by the loss of bone mass and disruption of the normal bone architecture that results in greater fracture risk.
Cryptococcal Antigen Screening and Treatment: The Current State of Global Screening Programs to Prevent Death from Cryptococcal Infection

Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is the leading cause of death among people with AIDS. The World Health Organization issued a conditional recommendation in 2011 for countries to consider serum cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening in patients with CD4 count <100 cells/μL in order to identify those at risk for CM and to treat them preemptively with fluconazole to prevent progression to CM. This paper outlines the evidence behind CrAg screening, the prevalence of CrAg in various settings, and our current understanding of the state of CrAg screening programs. A growing number of countries are incorporating CrAg screening into their national HIV treatment guidelines and are beginning to implement national screening programs, while others are piloting in select regions to assess the feasibility of such programs. Strategies used to conduct CrAg screening, including reflexive laboratory-based screening, provider-initiated screening, and point-of-care screening, are also discussed. Countries considering large-scale rollout of CrAg screening should assess what combination of screening methods works best in their specific contexts.
The New Enlightenment: Cosmo-Transcendental Positioning of the Living Being in the Universe

Modern science has grown accustomed to viewing a hazy, imprecise, fleeting reality. The fact of chaotic deterministic systems, the mix of discontinuity and stability, of mutation and enduring type, presents both a challenge and opportunity to metaphysics. To pick up the challenge presented by the sciences as well as the vital concerns of humankind and to formulate a novel conception of nature-life along the lines of life’s ontopoiesis is to indicate philosophy’s new parameters. Although the rhythm of impetus and equipoise evident in life’s ontopoiesis has come to light only recently, it brings us genuine enlightenment about the cosmos, bios, and the human being – a New Enlightenment that constitutes a critical break from the tentative searching of the philosophy of the past. The transcendental realm of the logos is revealed not as confined to human consciousness but is manifested foremost in the architectonics of the earth and the cosmos. That is to say that inchoate reality is organized not by the observing mind alone but from within itself, which organization ultimately finds expression in the mind. An archeology and/or genetics that captures the correspondences between the individual and the universe, here is the ultimate foundation that Husserl repeatedly started over again to find. The “phenomenology of phenomenology” that he sought is one that sees how human creativity chimes with the ontopoiesis operative in nature – in both the cosmos and life.
Electrical Interactions and the Atomic Structure of Matter: Adding Qualitative Reasoning to a Calculus-Based Electricity and Magnetism Course

A new calculus-based course on electricity and magnetism is under continuing development. The course begins with three weeks of work on the qualitative aspects of electrical interactions and the atomic structure of matter. Students collaborate on desktop experiments in electrostatics and DC circuits, and on the unified analysis of these experiments in terms of the basic Coulomb interaction and of the atomic structure of matter, without the use of secondary concepts such as electric field, electric potential, and Kirchhoff’s rules. The fundamental physical understanding that results from the qualitative work is the foundation for the more traditional and more quantitative material that forms the remainder of the course.
Postoperative Assessment, Documentation, and Follow-Up of Bariatric Roux-en-Y Surgical Patients

Bariatric procedures are major operations often performed on high-risk patients with multiple comorbidities. Meticulous postoperative assessment and management may avoid preventable complications. Early identification and treatment of postoperative complications may be lifesaving. Documentation and long-term follow-up may prevent complications and monitor the surgical outcomes. For these reasons, the American Society of Bariatric Surgeons (ASBS) has provided strict guidelines for centers performing bariatric surgery. The three main bariatric surgery center requirements are as follows: (1) The center should have an integrated program in which the pre- and postoperative care of a bariatric patient is performed by a multidisciplinary clinical staff of surgeons, bariatric internists, nurses, psychologists, physical therapists, nutritionists, and other consultants. (2) Surgeons and bariatric centers should document the followup on a regular basis for 5 years in at least 50% of patients who have undergone a restrictive procedure or 75% of patients who have had a malabsorptive procedure.
Flucloxacillin: A new semisynthetic isoxazolyl penicillin

Flucloxacillin is a new isoxazolyl penicillin active in vitro against gram-positive cocci. Of 190 clinical isolates of Group A s-hemolytic streptococci, pneumococci and both penicillin G-sensitive and penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, were inhibited by 0.78 µg per milliliter or less of isoxazolyl penicillin. Mean peak serum levels in normal volunteers following the oral administration of 250 mg. and 500 mg. of flucloxacillin were 5.7 and 11.4 µg per milliliter, respectively. The mean peak serum level was 11.8 µg per milliliter following the intramuscular administration of 250 mg. of flucloxacillin. Serum levels with flucloxacillin wMe lower than those obtained with dicloxacillin, but greater than those with cloxacillin. Flucloxacillin was 92.6 per cent bound to human serum proteins and provided higher serum levels of free drug than the other isoxazolyl penicillins.
Current Status of Fermi Liquid Based Approaches to the Cuprates

A central issue in the field of high temperature superconductivity is the nature of the normal state. Here we review normal state transport, thermodynamic, magnetic and spectroscopic data and discuss their interpretation within a Fermi liquid based framework. It is demonstrated that the cuprate data are not consistent with canonical Fermi liquid behavior. However, if the Fermi liquid is characterized by low energy scales, arising from narrow bandwidths or soft spin fluctuations, then canonical behavior is not expected at the relatively “high” temperatures of the normal state. We discuss two main Fermi liquid based schools, i.e., the “almost localized” and “almost magnetic” descriptions. Both approaches have addressed the data with some success and it is clear that they are, in many respects, closely related. Here it is claimed that the strongest support for a Fermi liquid based approach to the cuprates derives from the comparison with other strongly correlated Fermi liquid systems, which exhibit similar normal state anomalies.
Regulation of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor by water intake and vasopressin in the rat kidney.

The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) transports polymeric immunoglobulins (IgA) from the basolateral to the apical surface of epithelial cells. At the apical surface, its amino-terminal dom...
Vasodepression to intravenous acetylcholine with attendant vagal blockade — a study of atropine resistance

N,N-di-isopropyl-N′-isoamyl-N′-diethylaminoethylurea (P-286) and congeners abolished the vasodepressor response to vagal stimulation with little effect on that to intravenous acetylcholine. This effect, although suggestive of parasympathetic ganglionic blockade, was found to be consistent with weak atropine-like activity.
Numerical investigation of primary air-blast atomization and modal analysis of flow instabilities

Numerical simulation of air-blast breakup of a three-dimensional planar liquid layer is performed, which provides a simplified framework to study the instabilities present in realistic coaxial injectors of propulsion devices during the primary stage of atomization. The computation remains robust and accurate despite the high shear and large density ratio due to the novel geometric transport approach, which is described herein. The entrained fraction of liquid, as measured by the length of the liquid potential cone in a statistically stationary sense, is computed and shown to agree reasonably well in the near-injector region with the theoretically predicted dependence on momentum ratio. Dynamic mode decomposition is used to analyze the most amplified wavelength of the Kelvin-Helmholtz type instability mechanism in the streamwise direction, allowing for modal characterization of the shear instability in the unsteady flow environment. Flow field statistics are computed and analyzed, demonstrating the streamwise growth of the shear layer and as well as the streamwise decay of transverse vorticity. Different topological features of the liquid-gas interface are discussed, and results are shown to agree well with both theoretical and experimental results.
Combined Effects of Spirea Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Nitrogen Fertilization on Net Photosynthesis, Total Chlorophyll Content, and Greenness of Apple Leaves

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine effects of spirea aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch, feeding and nitrogen fertilization on net photosynthesis (Pn), total chlorophyll content (Tchl), and greenness (Gn) of apple leaves. One-year-old apple trees grown in pots were infested with spirea aphid. Spirea aphid reduced Pn at various levels of infestation, and the reduction persisted after aphid removal. Pn rates decreased with increasing accumulation of sooty mold. Gn and Tchl were reduced by spirea aphid feeding. Chlorophyll concentrations obtained by methanol extraction technique were linearly related to Gn values obtained with a SP AD leaf greenness meter for both infested and control leaves and for sooty mold and control leaves. Four nitrogen (N) rates were applied to trees in the second year. Pn and Gn were correlated with aphid-day accumulations at each N rate. Pn increased linearly with increasing Gn. Pn and Gn were positively related to N rates. Decrease in Tchl helps to explain the reduction in Pn. Pn may be related to Tchl, but leaf age, nutritional status, and other parameters may influence the results. Callose accumulation at the phloem sieve plates in response to aphid feeding was observed but to a lesser degree than for other aphids reported on apple and pecan leaves.
"Pure" hereditary spastic paraplegias: the story becomes complicated.

Spasticity is such a common and nonspecific neurologic finding that its inclusion in the description of many genetic disorders of the nervous system is not surprising. Often, arbitrary decisions have been made in the past as to which syndrome names would contain the term “spastic.” A group of pure, or uncomplicated, hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) were said to share the clinical hallmarks of almost exclusive progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs, with occasional involvement of the dorsal columns or bladder symptoms. HSP are categorized by inheritance: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked1,2 (table). This issue of Neurology characterizes two new loci. Hedera et al.3 present clinical features of a large chromosome 8q23-24–linked autosomal dominant HSP kindred, and Murillo et al.4 report linkage to a third locus—15q13-q15—for autosomal recessive HSP. The molecular characterization of HSP over the last 6 years has already shed light on the cause of two X-linked and one autosomal recessive HSP (table); the gene products associated with the remaining loci are likely to be identified soon. However, it is already possible to begin to characterize the phenotype of each disorder. View this table: Table 1. Classification of hereditary spastic paraplegias The chromosome 8q–linked5 autosomal dominant HSP kindred described in Hedera et al. includes 15 affected subjects (8 men and 7 women) whose symptoms include lower extremity spasticity and weakness, hyperreflexia, ankle …
The effect of Gancaoqufeng tang on the serum level of IFN- γ and IL- 4 of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria

Objective To investigate the effect of gancaoqufeng tang on the serum IFN- γ and IL-4 of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria( CIU). Methods 60 patients with CIU were divided into two groups randomly. The patients in experimental group were treated with gancaoqiefeng tang and the control group was treated with cetirizine hydrochloride tablets. The clinical effect and recurrence rate were observed and the serum IFN- γ and IL- 4 were tested by ELISA method. Results The recurrence rate of experimental group were significant lower than control grroup after 12 weeks( P = 0. 001). Compare with control group,the serum level of IFN- γ increased and the level of serum IL- 4 decreased in experimental group( P = 0. 001). Conclusion Gancaoqufeng tang can effectively decrease the recurrence rate of chronic idiopathic urticaria. It would effectively increase the level of serum IFN- γ and reduce the level of serum IL- 4,which indicates that it have a positive effect to restore the body's immune balance.
Kaposi‧s sarcoma in human T-cell leukemia virus type I-associated adult T-cell leukemia

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) developed in a patient with human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated adult T-cell leukemia who was treated with a short-term course of monoclonal antibody immunotherapy. The presentation was transient and temporally related to the underlying clinical course. The association of KS in an HTLV-I infected, but not human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected, individual should alert investigators to the occurrence of KS in retroviral-associated diseases other than acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome. Recognition of the similarities and differences between HTLV-I and HIV infections may provide insights concerning the angiopathogenesis of KS.
Dynamic Emission Transaxial Tomography for Positron Emitters

We present a new stationary imaging device which provides complete transverse sections of the concentration of positron emitters anywhere in the body with a resolution less than 8 mm FWHM and a data collection interval as short as one second. The Donner 280-crystal ring provides the equivalent of 140 views of 105 samples per view and consists of 280 rectangular NaI (Tl) (8 mm x 30 mm x 50 mm) crystals mounted on a ring of 92-cm diameter. Data are obtained from 14,700 lines of position through the patient port without motion of the detector assembly or patient; thus truly dynamic transverse section information can be obtained with a time resolution limited only by available statistics. This makes possible first pass flow or gated cardiac studies and quantitation of radionuclide concentration in smaller volumes than heretofore reported. This article gives the historical background, special design, and fabrication features of the device, and a discussion of the data-handling methods and system performance.
Effect of staurosporine on the induction of actin/gelsolin in PMA-treated HL-60 cells.

Staurosporine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), has been shown to inhibit the induction of two cytosolic proteins, p42 and p91, during the differentiation of HL-60 cells initiated by PMA treatment. Differentiation of these cells into macrophages was also blocked. p42 has been identified as actin by Western Blot analysis and previous studies have demonstrated p91 to be the Ca+(+)-dependent actin-binding protein gelsolin. Increased levels of these proteins may be important for the attainment of macrophage functions, e.g. phagocytosis and secretion. These studies may therefore establish a link between PKC activation and the induction of specific cellular proteins, such as actin and gelsolin, as important monocyte maturation products without which the cells will be restricted from acquiring certain macrophage activities.
Single Molecule DNA Detection

The development of single-molecule detection (SMD) technologies that allow measurements of intra and intermolecular interactions at the most fundamental level has greatly advanced basic research in biophysics and biochemistry over the past two decades. Incorporated with the use of a variety of new molecular probes, probe strategies and functional nanomaterials, SMD has recently been demonstrated as a powerful tool in medical applications. The use of SMD in quantitative study of both specific DNA sequences and mutations has resulted in extraordinary performance characteristics (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy) unmatched by conventional ensemble detection methods. The rapid advances in microfluidics and MEMS technologies have further made possible on-chip SMD analysis in a high-throughput and cost-effective manner. An integrated molecular analysis platform based on a combination of SMD, nanotechnology and microfluidics promises to tackle the current technological challenges in genomic analysis such as amplification-free detection of genomic DNA and accurate quantification of minute gene expression changes.
Assessing the impact of egg sweating on Salmonella Enteritidis penetration into shell eggs.

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevalence in eggs is a major concern to the egg industry. Some research has shown that egg sweating can increase Salmonella penetration into egg contents when refrigerated eggs are moved to a warmer temperature. This occurs when eggs are tempered before wash, to minimize thermal cracks. The effect of egg sweating on SE penetration into shell eggs over a 6 week storage period at 4°C was assessed. A 2 × 2 factorial of SE inoculation and egg sweating was utilized. Treatments included (SES) nalidixic acid (NA)-resistant SE inoculated and sweated, (SENS) NA-resistant SE inoculated and not sweated, (NSES) buffered peptone water (BPW) inoculated and sweated, and (NSENS) BPW inoculated and not sweated. Eggs were inoculated with 108 SE. Eggs formed condensation for approximately 17 min in a 32°C incubator. Shell rinse, shell emulsion, and egg contents were sampled then enumerated and assessed for prevalence of SE over a 6 wk storage period at 4°C. After wk 1, the SENS shell rinse had higher SE counts (0.32 log10 CFU/mL) than the other 3 treatments, where no SE was enumerated. A significant week by treatment interaction was found for the shell rinse SE detection (P < 0.05). In subsequent weeks, no SE counts were obtained from the egg shell rinse, shell emulsion, or egg contents. The SENS shell rinses had significantly higher SE prevalence than the SES rinses in weeks 1 (100% vs. 34.3%), 2 (57.6% vs. 22.2%), and 3 (38.2% vs. 11.1%) (P < 0.05). In samples from weeks 4, 5, and 6, there was no difference in SE prevalence between SES and SENS. Egg sweating did not increase SE penetration into the shell emulsion across treatment or week (P < 0.05). The decreasing trend of SE prevalence obtained over the study period indicate that refrigeration is effective at inhibiting SE growth. These results indicate that egg sweating occurring under common US egg handling practices is not harmful to egg safety.
Defining Disease Activity and Response to Therapy in MS

Disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) has classically been defined by the occurrence of new neurological symptoms and the rate of relapses. Definition of disease activity has become more refined with the use of clinical markers, evaluating ambulation, dexterity, and cognition. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an important tool in the investigation of disease activity. Number of lesions as well as brain atrophy have been used as surrogate outcome markers in several clinical trials, for which a reduction in these measures is appreciated in most treatment studies. With the increasing availability of new medications, the overall goal is to minimize inflammation to decrease relapse rate and ultimately prevent long-term disability. The aim of this review is to give an overview on commonly used clinical and imaging markers to monitor disease activity in MS, with emphasis on their use in clinical studies, and to give a recommendation on how to utilize these measures in clinical practice for the appropriate assessment of therapeutic response.
Influence of high pressure homogenization with and without lecithin on particle size and physicochemical properties of whey protein-based emulsions

This study evaluated the quality attributes of high pressure homogenized whey protein emulsions with and without lecithin. Samples were prepared by mixing whey protein concentrate (10%), soybean oil (0 or 5%) and soy lecithin (0 or 5%). The premixtures were processed by a laboratory scale high pressure homogenizer at various pressures (25, 50, 75, and 100 MPa) at an initial temperature of 21 °C. The samples were evaluated for particle size, electrical conductivity, color, °Brix, and pH. Increasing homogenization pressures significantly decreased particle sizes of all samples. After 25 MPa treatment, emulsions with lecithin had smaller particle sizes than those made without lecithin. However, lecithin did not further reduce particle size for emulsion samples treated at ≥50 MPa. Electrical conductivity of samples increased with increasing homogenization pressures. Homogenization increased the lightness (L*) while reduced redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) of emulsions. The °Brix of emulsions increased after homogenization, but no change in pH was observed. Practical applications Consumer interest in clean label products prompted the food industry to investigate various processing methods such as high pressure homogenization to reduce additive use. The results of this study demonstrated the potential of applying high pressure homogenization in preparing whey protein-based food products, with less use of lecithin.
An Evaluation of Respondent Conditioning Procedures to Decrease Barking in an Animal Shelter

A common problem behavior in animal shelters is excessive noise from barking, which can regularly exceed 100dBs. Noise levels in animal shelters are correlated with increased stress in dogs, which may lead to increased problem behavior and a decrease in adoption. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the use of respondent conditioning procedures to reduce barking noise level in an animal shelter by pairing a door chime with edible items. Following a baseline and neutral stimulus phase, the door chime was paired with edible items over a period of three weeks. Following this pairing phase, the pairing was stopped to determine if the door chime would act as a conditioned stimulus and reduce barking. These procedures were replicated following an additional baseline phase. Overall, the procedure was effective in reducing the noise level of the kennel area as compared to baseline levels. Implications and future research areas are discussed.
A Heuristic Screening Aid for Consequential Life Cycle Assessment

Summary Consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) is envisioned as a framework that combines the technological richness of attributional life cycle assessment (ALCA) with basic economic intuition to assess the potential environmental impact of an innovation. However, despite a growing literature, CLCA still lacks general guidelines for system boundary definition. Toward filling this gap, this article invents a new index of vulnerability of the life cycle impact of a product (or activity) to emissions arising from the impact of its large-scale adoption on market prices. Using corn ethanol as an example, it is illustrated how such an index might aid in the selection of a small set of affected activities for formal consideration in a CLCA. The application to corn ethanol reveals that in addition to land-cover change, there exist other sources of vulnerability that have not received attention in the context of biofuels. A general procedure for utilizing the vulnerability index as a screening aid for CLCA is outlined. The utility of the vulnerability index is independent of the type of modeling framework (such as multimarket partial equilibrium or computable general equilibrium) that might be employed for a formal CLCA. Finally, this work illustrates how the vulnerability index approach bridges ALCA and CLCA.
Experimental Study on the Effect of Water Velocity on the Performance of a Cross- Flow Turbine

In the field of renewable energy, a growing attention is given to cross flow turbine such as the Darrieus turbine. This turbine, originally used as a wind turbine, is currently used as a water turbine to extract energy from water currents, reservoirs, rivers and oceans to eventually convert into electrical energy. In the work presented in this paper a series of painstaking experiments, for different velocity of the water flow (V = 0.37 m/s to 0.73 m/s), was conducted (at the Hydro-Pneumatic Power Laboratory of Northeastern University, Boston, USA) to determine the influence of this velocity on the performance parameters of a water Darrieus turbine, such as torque, mechanical power and power coefficient. The experimental model of the water Darrieus turbine has three NACA0020 blades with a length of 0.216 m, a chord of 0.069 m and a solidity of 2. These blades are fixed at a radius of 0.104 m and an offset angle of 120°. The main finding from the results analysis, obtained with a good consistency, is the increase of the water flow velocity from 0.37 m/s to 0.73 m/s (corresponding relative Reynolds number from 3.5 10 4 to 2.8 10 5 ) causes an increase in torque, power and power coefficient generated by this turbine model respectively from 0.18 Nm to 0.75 Nm, from 1.66 W to 11.67 W and from 16.92 % to 31.77 %, which gives a 604 % power relative increase for a water velocity relative increase equal to 100 %.
CarFusion: Combining Point Tracking and Part Detection for Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Vehicles

Despite significant research in the area, reconstruction of multiple dynamic rigid objects (eg. vehicles) observed from wide-baseline, uncalibrated and unsynchronized cameras, remains hard. On one hand, feature tracking works well within each view but is hard to correspond across multiple cameras with limited overlap infields of view or due to occlusions. On the other hand, advances in deep learning have resulted in strong detectors that work across different viewpoints but are still not precise enough for triangulation-based reconstruction. In this work, we develop a framework to fuse both the single-view feature tracks and multiview detected part locations to significantly improve the detection, localization and reconstruction of moving vehicles, even in the presence of strong occlusions. We demonstrate our framework at a busy traffic intersection by reconstructing over 62 vehicles passing within a 3-minute window. We evaluate the different components within our framework and compare to alternate approaches such as reconstruction using tracking-by-detection.
Disentangling the effects of primary and secondary international migration on psychological distress: the role of mastery.

This study examined the effect of mode of migration—primary immigration (direct migration from origin country) and secondary immigration (migration from a country of residence other than the origin country)—by level of economic development of country of origin on psychological distress of immigrants to Canada. The study focused on the explanatory role of mastery in the relationship between mode of migration/level of economic development of origin country and distress. Mastery is the belief that one can and does master, control, and shape one’s own life. Data from the Neighbourhood Effects on Health and Well-being study, which contains important measures such as the mode of migration, was used to assess the study objectives. The analytic sample included 1496 Canadian-born and 387 foreign-born (non-refugee) participants. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to address the study objectives. Results point to a “healthy immigrant effect”—lower distress among the foreign-born than the native-born—but only among primary immigrants from less-developed countries. Secondary immigrants from less-developed countries report higher distress than the native-born and their primary-immigrant counterparts. The higher distress among secondary immigrants was due in part to lower mastery among this group. Immigrants from developed origin countries did not report different levels of distress than the native-born, irrespective of mode of migration. This study fills an important gap in the literature on immigration and mental health and reveals that the healthy immigrant effect is not generalizable to all immigrants; it is contingent on the mode of migration/level of economic development of the country of origin.
Biochemistry of Long Chain Fatty Acids II. METABOLIC STUDIES

In an extension of the study outlined in the preceding paper (3)) an investigation was made of the relative rates of incorporation of orally ingested C14-carboxy-labeled palmitic, oleic, stearic, and linoleic acids into the individual lipides of the rat liver. The results of these experiments are presented here. In addition, observations on the interconversions of these particular fatty acids, within the limits posed by use of carboxy labeling, are outlined and the effect of these interconversions on the apparent incorporation of ingested fatty acids into lipides is reported.
James K. Luiselli: High Risk Challenging Behaviors in People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

High Risk Challenging Behaviors in People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) focuses on increasing one’s understanding of a variety of high risk, challenging behaviors in individuals diagnosed with IDD. The text analyzes existing as well as upcoming empirically-based assessment methods and programming to reduce such behaviors in a broad population, including children, adolescents, and adults. Behaviors include self-injury, aggression, sexual offending, health-threatening eating disorders, and criminal behavior. The book is written as a reference for a wide variety of human service professionals, including social workers, psychologists, special educators, and administrators in rehabilitation settings. Luiselli [6, 7] expresses the desire to have this book used as an advanced undergraduate and graduate text for interns in training sites. The intention is to not only educate readers about each high risk-behavior, but also teach methods of assessment and how to create personalized rehabilitation programs to ensure that individuals of all ages with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities can remain in the least restrictive environment. The specified environments include but are not limited to schools, group homes, supported worksites, and rehabilitation centers. As much as possible, the authors of each chapter foster a preventative stance on the aforementioned behaviors. Each section includes an initial chapter that examines the research as to why individuals with IDD may engage in the particular high risk, challenging behavior. Unlike many psychological texts that focus on the environment as playing a significant role in behavior, a number of introductory chapters to challenging behaviors take the topic a step further by discussing the research regarding possible biological bases of such behaviors. In the first chapter on self-injurious behavior (SIB), Symons and Kennedy [11] discuss the possibility that one factor relating to the biological basis might be that the normal homeostatic mechanisms regulating autonomic arousal is disordered in some individuals with IDD. Gardner et al. [2] also cite research that suggests aggressive behaviors toward others, if
Generative Versus Discriminative Learning

In this chapter, we review discriminative and generative learning more formally. This includes a discussion of their underlying estimation algorithms and the criteria they optimize. A natural intermediate between the two is conditional learning which helps us visualize the coarse continuum between these two extremes. Figure 2.1 depicts the panorama of approaches as we go horizontally from the generative criteria to discriminative criteria. Similarly, on the vertical scale of variation, we see the estimation procedures range from local or direct solutions optimized on training data alone, to regularized solutions that use training data and priors, to fully averaged solutions which attempt to reduce over-fitting to the training data by considering a full distribution on potential solutions.
Evaluating the Strength of the Association Between Industry Payments and Prescribing Practices in Oncology

BACKGROUND Financial relationships between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry are common, but factors that may determine whether such relationships result in physician practice changes are unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated physician use of orally administered cancer drugs for four cancers: prostate (abiraterone, enzalutamide), renal cell (axitinib, everolimus, pazopanib, sorafenib, sunitinib), lung (afatinib, erlotinib), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML; dasatinib, imatinib, nilotinib). Separate physician cohorts were defined for each cancer type by prescribing history. The primary exposure was the number of calendar years during 2013-2015 in which a physician received payments from the manufacturer of one of the studied drugs; the outcome was relative prescribing of that drug in 2015, compared with the other drugs for that cancer. We evaluated whether practice setting at a National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, receipt of payments for purposes other than education or research (compensation payments), maximum annual dollar value received, and institutional conflict-of-interest policies were associated with the strength of the payment-prescribing association. We used modified Poisson regression to control confounding by other physician characteristics. RESULTS Physicians who received payments for a drug in all 3 years had increased prescribing of that drug (compared with 0 years), for renal cell (relative risk [RR] 1.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.58-2.07), CML (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.08-1.39), and lung (RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.58-1.82), but not prostate (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.93-1.02). Physicians who received compensation payments or >$100 annually had increased prescribing compared with those who did not, but NCI setting and institutional conflict-of-interest policies were not consistently associated with the direction of prescribing change. CONCLUSION The association between industry payments and cancer drug prescribing was greatest among physicians who received payments consistently (within each calendar year). Receipt of payments for compensation purposes, such as for consulting or travel, and higher dollar value of payments were also associated with increased prescribing. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Financial payments from pharmaceutical companies are common among oncologists. It is known from prior work that oncologists tend to prescribe more of the drugs made by companies that have given them money. By combining records of industry gifts with prescribing records, this study identifies the consistency of payments over time, the dollar value of payments, and payments for compensation as factors that may strengthen the association between receiving payments and increased prescribing of that company's drug.
Abstract A093: Immune resistance emerges from tumor-initiating stem cells

Stem cells have a remarkable capacity to self-renew, generate and repair tissues. Their long lifespan leaves stem cells vulnerable to acquiring mutations, which over time can cause them to initiate and propagate a tumor. These cancer stem cells (CSC) are endowed with many unique molecular features to drive tumorigenesis, as well as to promote resistance to cancer therapies. However, whether there are any specialized mechanisms enabling the cancer stem cells to overcome immune surveillance remains poorly understood. In this study, we designed a skin squamous cell carcinoma cancer model that can be effectively challenged by adoptive cell transfer (ACT)-based immunotherapy. By single cell-RNA-seq profiling the molecular signature and lineage-tracing the fate of any cancer cells that survive the ACT treatment, we discovered that a group of TGF-β responding CSCs resist ACT, resulting in tumor relapse. Probing mechanism, we found that during malignancy, CSCs selectively acquire CD80. Thought to be an immune cell ligand, stem cell CD80 engagement with Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) on activated cytotoxic T-cells attenuates their attack, and upon CD80 ablation or CTLA4 immunotherapy, CSCs become vulnerable, reducing tumor burden. Our findings place CSCs at the crux of how immune checkpoint pathways are activated. Citation Format: Yuxuan Miao, Elaine Fuchs. Immune resistance emerges from tumor-initiating stem cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A093.
Lactic acid suppresses LPS-induced cytokine production in mast cells by limiting glycolysis and ATP availability

Despite a mortality rate of 30–50%, there are no targeted molecular treatments for sepsis. Our understanding of the secondary immunosuppressive phase is recent, and it is unclear whether many mediators are helpful or detrimental to patient survival. Elevated blood lactate and slow lactate clearance are associated with mortality, however, any regulatory roles are currently unknown. Because mast cells can be activated systemically and contribute to sepsis, this project aims to elucidate lactic acid effects on mast cell activation and signaling. Lactic acid significantly suppressed LPS-induced cytokine and chemokine production as well as NFκB transcription in bone marrow derived and peritoneal mast cells. These effects were dependent upon pH and MCT-1 transporter activity. Further, lactic acid significantly suppressed cytokine and chemokine induction following LPS-induced septic shock in vivo . We also examined the role of lactic acid as a feedback regulator of glucose metabolism. Lactic acid treatment reduced glucose uptake, lactate export, and hexokinase 2 expression following LPS activation. The glycolytic inhibitors 2-deoxyglucose, sodium oxamate, or dichloracetate mimicked lactic acid effects, suppressing LPS-induced cytokine production and NFκB transcription. Furthermore, adding ATP to the culture media at the time of LPS activation reversed lactic acid effects. These results indicate that suppressing glycolysis and ATP production are necessary and sufficient for lactic acid effects. Future studies should target enhancing glycolysis and ATP production to improve immune function and counteract lactic acid effects in sepsis.
The Valuation Relevance of Deferred Incentive Compensation: Tests of the Incentive, Financing and Tax Saving Hypotheses

This study posits that disclosures regarding employee stock options and employee stock ownership plans jointly with earnings and book value reveal information about a firm's incentive structure and its ability to retain valuable employees. These plans may provide a firm incentive, financing, and tax benefits. This study supports the incentive hypothesis over the financing hypothesis by providing evidence that these plans are positively valuation relevant incrementally to operating cash flows. The incentive hypothesis is also supported over the tax hypothesis since the plans found to be valuation relevant can be shown to be sub-optimal tax saving mechanisms. Additionally, the valuation relevance of these plans vary according to a firm's type and size.
Context Not Candidate Sex: A Case Study of Female Vote Choice for Mayor:

It is expected that women who run for office will receive significantly more support from women relative to male voters. However, evidence for this gender affinity has been mixed. In fact, recent e...