cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proton-conducting barium stannates: Doping strategies and transport properties

Abstract High temperature proton conductors (HTPCs) find their applications in steam electrolysis, gas sensing, and most importantly, fuel cells. In this work, proton conductivities and transport properties of doped BaSnO 3 are investigated. Samples of BaSn 0.9 D 0.1 O 2.95 (D = In, Lu, Er, Y, and Gd) were prepared by solid-state reaction and relative densities >93% were achieved after sintering at 1600 °C or lower. Although Y doping is commonly known to yield the highest conductivities for BaCeO 3 and BaZrO 3 , In-doped BaSnO 3 exhibits the highest conductivity and conductivities decrease in the order In > Lu > Er > Y > Gd. Ionic radius and electronegativity matching between dopants and host Sn 4+ is shown to be an important doping strategy for enhancing conductivities of BaSnO 3 . Measurements of H/D isotope effect and electromotive force ( EMF ) were performed on BaSnO 3 to give direct evidence for proton conduction and to examine transport properties. The ratio between conductivities in H- and D-atmosphere ( σ H / σ D ) is 2.62 in reducing conditions, indicating protons transfer via the Grotthus mechanism. Proton transport numbers reached above 0.75 at 450 °C, and n- and p-type electronic conduction is identified to be secondary in reducing and oxidizing atmospheres, respectively. Electronic contribution to conductivity is found to increase with temperatures. Conductivities of BaSnO 3 are seen to be comparable to Y-doped BaZrO 3 (e.g., grain conductivities for both Y-doped BaSnO 3 and BaZrO 3 are ∼1.5 × 10 −4 S cm −1 at 350 °C), and are much higher than other common HTPCs, such as LaPO 4 and LaNbO 4 . The high conductivity and good sinterability make BaSnO 3 a promising HTPC.
Use of indwelling urinary catheter at cesarean delivery

Abstract Objective: An indwelling urinary catheter is a routine part of most cesarean deliveries performed today. Indications for its use include improving exposure at the time of surgery as well as avoiding postoperative urinary retention. Indwelling catheters, however, are associated with maternal discomfort, infection, delayed ambulation, and moderate cost. We studied whether avoidance of the use of an indwelling catheter was associated with intraoperative difficulty or postoperative voiding dysfunction. Methods: Patients undergoing elective/repeat, urgent, or emergent cesarean deliveries were included in the study. All procedures were performed by the first two authors. All patients were encouraged to void within 30 minutes of the start of surgery. Patients undergoing urgent or emergent cesarean deliveries were encouraged to void but were not excluded if circumstances did not allow. All patients underwent low transverse cesarean deliveries with either spinal or general anesthesia. The deliveries were performed in the standard manner with dissection of the bladder off the lower uterine segment and a single-layer uterine closure. Surgical time, time to first void, and number of patients with urinary retention requiring either single in-out catheterization or placement of indwelling urinary catheter were recorded. Results: One hundred and eighteen patients underwent cesarean delivery during the study period. Sixty (51%) had primary cesarean sections and 58 (49%) had repeat sections. Spinal anesthesia was administered to 70.3% and general anesthesia to 29.6%. The average surgery time was 28.5 minutes, and in no case did bladder distention interfere with exposure of the lower uterine segment. There were no intraoperative bladder injuries. The average time to first void was 252.9 minutes (range, 124–599 minutes). Six patients (5%) required urinary catheter drainage. Of those, four had in-out catheterization in the operating room after the procedure and one patient required in-out catheterization at 523 minutes postoperatively and voided on her own 4 hours later. One patient had an indwelling catheter placed 152 minutes after surgery because of vaginal bleeding. This remained in place for 12 hours, and the patient voided 3 hours after removal. All patients ambulated to the bathroom for their first void. There were no cases of urinary tract infection. Conclusion: The use of an indwelling urinary catheter is an unnecessary part of cesarean delivery. The absence of the catheter had no effect on surgical exposure of the lower uterine segment. Urinary retention was rarely encountered postoperatively, and the patients ambulated within hours of the surgery. Patients undergoing cesarean delivery (elective/repeat, urgent, or emergent) can safely avoid the use of an indwelling urinary catheter.
Lysine241 of tyrosine hydroxylase is not required for binding of tetrahydrobiopterin substrate.

Abstract The lysine residues at positions 194 and 198 in phenylalanine hydroxylase have been shown to react with a photoaffinity label which is an analog of phenyltetrahydropterin (Gibbs, B. S., and Benkovic, S. J. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 6795-6802), in a manner suggesting that these lysine residues are involved in tetrahydrobiopterin binding. The related enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase has a lysine at position 241 which, given the 75% identity between its C-terminal 330 amino acids and those of phenylalanine hydroxylase, corresponds to lysinel94 of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to alter lysine241 of tyrosine bydroxylase to alanine. Steady-state kinetic parameters were measured for wild-type and K241A tyrosine bydroxylase. No kinetic parameter differed between the wild-type and K241A enzymes, including Vmax values, Michaelis constants for tetrahydrobiopterin, 6-methyl-tetrahydropterin, and tyrosine, and the inhibition constants for norepinephrine. These results show that lysine241 is not required for tetrahydrobiopterin binding to tyrosine hydroxylase.
Diagnosis and treatment planning for fixed prosthodontics.

Abstract Oral diagnosis and treatment planning have been individually defined and collectively related. The importance of these two subjects in the construction of fixed partial dentures has been stressed. The steps in an adequate diagnosis have been listed, and the coordination of this information into a satisfactory treatment plan has been demonstrated, with some generalizations made about treatment planning for fixed partial dentures. Some factors influencing the choice between fixed and removable partial dentures have been enumerated, and the reasons for selecting certain designs for fixed retainers were outlined.
Poly-polar expansions for regular and irregular spherical harmonics in molecules

Abstract The regular solid spherical harmonics r l Y m l (θ, φ) and the irregular solid spherical harmonics r l Y m l (θ, φ) are shown to satisfy relationships of the general form which permit a variety of geometric interpretations. Particular applications are translations and poly-polar expansions, both of which are particularly useful for the evaluation of poly-centered molecular energy integrals.
Stabilization and carbonization of gel spun polyacrylonitrile/single wall carbon nanotube composite fibers

Abstract Gel spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and PAN/single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) composite fibers have been stabilized in air and subsequently carbonized in argon at 1100 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy suggests that the presence of single wall carbon nanotube affects PAN stabilization. Carbonized PAN/SWNT fibers exhibited 10–30 nm diameter fibrils embedded in brittle carbon matrix, while the control PAN carbonized under the same conditions exhibited brittle fracture with no fibrils. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy suggest the existence of well developed graphitic regions in carbonized PAN/SWNT and mostly disordered carbon in carbonized PAN. Tensile modulus and strength of the carbonized fibers were as high as 250 N/tex and 1.8 N/tex for the composite fibers and 168 N/tex and 1.1 N/tex for the control PAN based carbon fibers, respectively. The addition of 1 wt% carbon nanotubes enhanced the carbon fiber modulus by 49% and strength by 64%.
Relationships between Impairments in Strength of Limb Muscle Actions following Stroke

To examine the relationships between impairments in limb muscle strength soon after stroke, a secondary analysis of a data base of 48 patients with stroke was undertaken. Measurements of isometric muscle strength obtained bilaterally from eight muscle actions and recorded in the data base were retrieved for analysis. Most of the strength measures correlated significantly with one another. The measures of muscle strength showed high internal consistency in each limb, on each side, and over-all. Principal components analysis and cluster analysis indicated that the closest relationships were between muscle actions of the upper limb contralateral to the stroke (the "paretic" side), limb muscle actions of the side ipsilateral to the stroke (the "nonparetic" side), and muscle actions of the lower limbs. These findings may reflect the organization of the central nervous system following stroke.
Superconducting joint between multifilamentary wires 2. Joint evaluation technique

Abstract A field-decay measurement technique to evaluate joints between superconducting multi-filamentary wires is described. It permits the measurement of both the resistance of the joint and its current carrying capacity in a matter of a few hours. In addition, the evaluation can be conducted on a joint located in an ambient magnetic field.
An efficient characterization of some cost allocation solutions associated with capacitated network design problems

We analyze some game-theoretic solution concepts associated with a cost allocation problem arising from the Capacitated Network Design (CND) problem. The problem is formulated as a cost cooperative game in characteristic function form to be referred to as the CND game. We provide an efficient representation of several game-theoretic solution concepts associated with the CND game. In particular, we efficiently characterize the core, and in some cases the nucleolus, the least weighted?-core and a certain "central" point in the least weighted?-core. Our model properly generalizes several previously studied cooperative games. We also employ our model to analyze cost allocation problems associated with several classes of network design problems, which were not previously studied in the literature. Specifically, we efficiently characterize the above cost allocation solutions for cost allocation problems associated with the Capacitated Concentrator Location problem, the Capacitated Minimum Spanning Tree problem, the Capacitated Fixed Cost Spanning Forest problem, and the Capacitated Steiner Tree problem.
Trapping of embolic particles in a vessel phantom by cavitation-enhanced acoustic streaming.

Cavitation clouds generated by short, high-amplitude, focused ultrasound pulses were previously observed to attract, trap, and erode thrombus fragments in a vessel phantom. This phenomenon may offer a noninvasive method to capture and eliminate embolic fragments flowing through the bloodstream during a cardiovascular intervention. In this article, the mechanism of embolus trapping was explored by particle image velocimetry (PIV). PIV was used to examine the fluid streaming patterns generated by ultrasound in a vessel phantom with and without crossflow of blood-mimicking fluid. Cavitation enhanced streaming, which generated fluid vortices adjacent to the focus. The focal streaming velocity, uf, was as high as 120 cm/s, while mean crossflow velocities, uc, were imposed up to 14 cm/s. When a solid particle 3–4 mm diameter was introduced into crossflow, it was trapped near the focus. Increasing uf promoted particle trapping while increasing uc promoted particle escape. The maximum crossflow Reynolds number at which particles could be trapped, Rec, was approximately linear with focal streaming number, Ref, i.e. Rec = 0.25Ref + 67.44 (R2 = 0.76) corresponding to dimensional velocities uc = 0.084uf + 3.122 for 20 < uf < 120 cm/s. The fluidic pressure map was estimated from PIV and indicated a negative pressure gradient towards the focus, trapping the embolus near this location.
Strategies for in vivo measurement of receptor binding using positron emission tomography.

Dopaminergic ligands labeled with positron-emitting radionuclides have been synthesized for quantitative evaluation of dopaminergic binding in vivo. Two different methods, the explicit method and an operationally simplified ratio method, have been proposed for analysis of these positron emission tomographic (PET) data. The basis for both methods is the same three-compartment model. The two methods differ in the assumptions necessary for practical implementation. We have compared these two approaches using PET data obtained in our laboratory. Sequential scans and serial arterial blood samples from a baboon following intravenous injection of [18F]spiroperidol were collected. Application of the two methods to the same data yielded different values for corresponding parameters. Values calculated by the ratio method for the specific rate constant describing receptor binding varied depending upon the time after tracer injection, thus demonstrating an internal inconsistency in this approach. Tracer metabolism ma...
The retinopathy of prematurity: medicolegal aspects

Abstract The incidence of medicolegal claims based on retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) diminished in the 1960s after the role of oxygen was presumed to be understood. It has since increased again for a number of reasons. More very premature infants are being saved. The causes of ROP are multifactorial, not well understood, and the role of oxygen as a significant factor is not always clear. Morcover, the risk/benefit ratio of supplemental oxygen is not always easy to evaluate. The morphologic features of ROP are common to a number of disorders, which may be misdiagnosed as ROP. In the series of 500 medicolegal claims that I have studied, no ophthalmologists have been sued in cases concerning ROP. However, they are routinely called as expert witnesses and it is to guide them in that role that I am reviewing the subject.
The Par3-like polarity protein Par3L is essential for mammary stem cell maintenance

The Par polarity proteins play key roles in asymmetric division of Drosophila melanogaster stem cells; however, whether the same mechanisms control stem cells in mammals is controversial. Although necessary for mammary gland morphogenesis, Par3 is not essential for mammary stem cell function. We discovered that, instead, a previously uncharacterized protein, Par3-like (Par3L), is vital for mammary gland stem cell maintenance. Par3L function has been mysterious because, unlike Par3, it does not interact with atypical protein kinase C or the Par6 polarity protein. We found that Par3L is expressed by multipotent stem cells in the terminal end buds of murine mammary glands. Ablation of Par3L resulted in rapid and profound stem cell loss. Unexpectedly, Par3L, but not Par3, binds to the tumour suppressor protein Lkb1 and inhibits its kinase activity. This interaction is key for the function of Par3L in mammary stem cell maintenance. Our data reveal insights into a link between cell polarity proteins and stem cell survival, and uncover a biological function for Par3L.
Preparation of sulfate esters. the synthesis of steroid sulfates by a dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-mediated sulfation

Abstract Steroid sulfates were synthesized in good yield under mild conditions by a dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-mediated sulfation. The reaction is especially suitable for the synthesis of 35-labeled steroid sulfates owing to the readily available and reasonably priced 35SO4=. Alkyl hydroxyl groups can be sulfated under dilute reaction conditions while phenolic hydroxyl groups are not sulfated, as illustrated in the direct synthesis of 17β-estradiol-17-sulfate from 17β-estradiol. Phenolic hydroxyl groups, however, can be sulfated under concentrated reaction conditions. There is no noticeable alteration in the position of the double bonds or sulfonation of the aromatic rings. The yields of steroid sulfate seem to be partially dependent upon the type and position of the hydroxyl group being sulfated. The more sterically hindered the alkyl hydroxyl group the lower the yield.
α-Tocopherol prevents ethanol-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i in cultured canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells

Abstract Exposure of cultured canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells to ethanol (10–400 mM) for 1–5 days results in concentration-dependent elevation in resting intracellular free calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ) levels. Preincubation of these cultured vascular cells with α -tocopherol (20 μ M), alone, did not produce any apparent changes from control resting levels of [Ca 2+ ] i . However, after concomitant addition of α -tocopherol (20 μ M) and ethanol (10–400 mM), the rises of [Ca 2+ ] i induced by ethanol were attenuated markedly. These results suggest that alcohol-induced lipid peroxidation of cerebral vascular muscle cell membranes triggers membrane entry of extracellular Ca 2+ , which could play an important role in ethanol-induced cerebrovasospasm, brain ischemia and stroke. Moreover, these new results support the concept recently advanced to suggest that α -tocopherol-induced amelioration of membrane lipid alterations of cerebral vascular cells can prevent ethanol-induced excessive accumulation of [Ca 2+ ] i .
Étude théorique d'une radiothérapie postopératoire avec modulation d'intensité d'un sarcome rétropéritonéal

External postoperative radiation therapy for retroperitoneal sarcoma is an example of treatment using large fields for complex shaped volumes of irradiation. Prescribed dose is limited by tolerance of adjacent organs at risk (OAR). From a recent case treated by conventional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), we evaluate the benefit of five theoretical IMRT plans. Criteria used are calculated from DVH related to delineated PTV and OAR. IMRT should permit to enhance the prescribed dose without increasing dose in the OAR (especially residual kidney, spinal cord and small bowel). This theoretical study show the feasibility of a dose escalation from a treatment dose of 45 Gy delivered by 3D-CRT up to a planning dose of 54 Gy calculated by IMRT with: for the PTV: an improvement of the dose homogeneity about 5% (range 2-6%) and moreover the coverage factor (CF) about 13% (range 9-16%); for the OAR: an improvement of the protection factor (PF) about 20% (range 11-24%); and thus an improved conformity index (CI = CF x PF) about 25% (range 15-32%).
In Vivo Human Transfer of Topical Bioactive Drug between Individuals: Estradiol

This study determined the in vivo human bioavailability of topical estradiol, and the transfer of drug between dosed subject and naive recipient. In vivo bioavailability was determined in human volunteers by 14 C urinary excretion following topical [ 14 C]-estradiol (0.06%) dose administration and were adjusted by intravenous human excretion amounts to give absolute bioavailability amounts. Drug transfer was determined by volunteer skin contact/rubbing for 15minutes, 1hour after topical dosing. [ 14 C]-estradiol bioavailability as percent dose absorbed ( n =6) was 7.5±4.1 from protected dose site, 8.2±6.3 from non-protected dose site, 6.6±7.6 from dosed volunteers subjected to skin contact/rub and 4.3±3.8 from non-dosed volunteers subjected to skin contact/rub. Between these small groups, the values were not statistically different. Under experimental conditions, a measurable dose of radioactive 17 β -estradiol dose was delivered to naive recipient volunteers through skin contact/rub with other volunteers previously topically dosed. Any residual topical bioactive chemical which resides on the open skin surface can transfer by skin contact to another individual. It is important for prescribing physicians and patients to understand that clinically significant transfer of topical bioactive drugs can occur. This may be particularly important for substances which may produce inadvertent effects.
In vivo temperature response functions of parameters required to model RuBP-limited photosynthesis

The leaf model of C 3 photosynthesis of Farquhar, von Caemmerer & Berry ( Planta 149, 78‐90, 1980) provides the basis for scaling carbon exchange from leaf to canopy and Earth-System models, and is widely used to project biosphere responses to global change. This scaling requires using the leaf model over a wider temperature range than that for which the model was originally parameterized. The leaf model assumes that photosynthetic CO 2 uptake within a leaf is either limited by the rate of ribulose-1,5bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration or the activity of RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco). Previously we reported a re-parameterization of the temperature responses of Rubisco activity that proved robust when applied to a range of species. Herein this is extended to re-parameterizing the response of RuBP-limited photosynthesis to temperature. RuBP-limited photosynthesis is assumed to depend on the whole chain electron transport rate, which is described as a three-parameter non-rectangular hyperbolic function of photon flux. Herein these three parameters are determined from simultaneous measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence and CO 2 exchange of tobacco leaves, at temperatures from 10 to 40 ∞ C. All varied significantly with temperature and were modified further with variation in growth temperature from 15 to 35 ∞ C. These parameters closely predicted the response of RuBP-limited photosynthesis to temperature measured in both lemon and poplar and showed a significant improvement over predictions based on earlier parameterizations. We provide the necessary equations for use of the model of Farquhar et al . (1980) with our newly derived temperature functions for predicting both Rubiscoand RuBP-limited photosynthesis.
Opportunities in automotive powertrain control applications

The automotive industry faces substantial challenges to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. New powertrain technologies use lean combustion, controlled aftertreatment and increasingly complex designs to wring-out additional efficiency from "conventional" reciprocating engines while actively managing the conversion of exhaust emissions. Model-based controls and systems engineering practice are the keys to achieving the benefits of these advanced combustion engine systems. This paper illustrates control applications for an advanced technology engine, and describes an engineering process that integrates model-based control design and strategy implementation in order to manage system and software complexity in an automotive environment. In lieu of conclusions, a few opportunities for research are highlighted that address some of today's challenges in automotive powertrain control.
AN ANIMAL MODEL OF PEYRONIE'S-LIKE CONDITION ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA mRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION

AbstractPurpose: Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is involved in numerous vital processes including tissue fibrosis. Our objective was to study the role of TGF-beta in the induction of a Peyronie's-like condition and to produce an animal model for the further study of Peyronie's disease.Materials and Methods: Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups. Different concentrations of cytomodulin, a synthetic heptopeptide with TGF-beta-like activity, were injected into the tunica of each rat from the first group (n = 18). Rats in the second group (n = 6) received saline injections as a control. The tunical tissues were taken after 3 days, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks and were examined using Hart and Trichrome stains. In the same tissue samples, TGF-beta mRNA and protein expression were studied.Results: Histological alterations were observed in 15 out of 18 cytomodulin-injected rats, especially in tissue examined after 6 weeks. The most prominent changes were chronic cellular infi...
Economic and Financial Reform in Nicaragua: Challenges and Opportunities to 2025

This paper begins with a brief review of Panama’s vital statistics and some past and recent economic and political highlights. Panama, a small tropical country located in a politically and economically challenged region, is poised to assume a larger and more prominent role in the 21st-century global economy because of its strategic position between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Using a well-known framework to assess the performance of a national economy within the context of the wider global economy, I identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Panamanian economy, that, in turn, need to be exploited or addressed to the end of enhancing the performance of the economy and future living standards.
Time-domain finite difference approach for the calculation of microstrip open-circuit end effect

It is shown that the time-domain-finite-difference (TD-FD) approach is capable of calculating microstrip end-effects over a large frequency range. A numerical example is calculated using an open-ended microstrip on alumina substrate. Plots of the time-domain fields are presented and the one-port scattering parameter is derived, establishing the validity of the TD-FD method in modeling circuit components for MMIC CAD (monolithic microwave integrated-circuit computer-aided design) applications. >
Optimization of accelerometers for measuring walking

The devastating impact of obesity on global health is without question and it is generally agreed that low levels of physical activity, particularly sitting (i.e., sedentariness), are important in ...
Improved bandwidth conformal bow-tie antennas printed on multi-scale triangular-patch high-impedance ground planes

We present two low-profile bow-tie antenna designs printed conformally on high-impedance ground planes (HIGPs). The HIGPs were constructed using two different scale triangular patch mushroom elements which allowed for a commensurate platform for the active bow-tie antenna. The multi-scale nature of the HIGP was utilized to further increase the frequency band-gap of the surface waves, and to enhance the properties of the low-profile bow-tie. We evaluate the bandwidth of the bow-tie on the HIGP and compare with perfect-electric-conductor (PEC) and perfect-magnetic-conductor (PMC) ground planes.
Using artificial intelligence planning to automate science data analysis for large image databases

This paper describes the use of AI planning techniques to represent scientific, image processing, and software tool knowledge to automate knowledge discovery and data mining (e.g., science data analysis) of large image databases. In particular, we describe two fielded systems. The Multimission VICAR Planner (MVP) which has been deployed for 2 years and is currently supporting science product generation for the Galileo mission. MVP has reduced time to fil certain classes of requests from 4 hours to 15 minutes. The Automated SAR Image Processing system (ASIP) which is currently in use by the Dept. of Geology at ASU supporting aeolian science analysis of synthetic aperture radar images. ASIP reduces the number of manual inputs in science product generation by 10-fold.
Distinguishing lesions from posterior acoustic shadowing in breast ultrasound via non-linear dimensionality reduction.

Breast ultrasound (US) in conjunction with digital mammography has come to be regarded as the gold standard for breast cancer diagnosis. While breast US has certain advantages over digital mammography, it suffers from image artifacts such as posterior acoustic shadowing (PAS), presence of which often obfuscates lesion margins. Since classification of lesions as either malignant or benign is largely dictated by lesion's shape and margin characteristics, it is important to distinguish lesion area from PAS. This paper represents the first attempt to extract and identify those image features that can help distinguish between lesion and PAS. Our method- ology comprises of extracting over 100 statistical, gradient, and Gabor features at multiple scales and orientations at every pixel in the breast US image. Adaboost, a powerful feature ensemble technique is used to discriminate between lesions and PAS by combining the different image features. A non-linear dimensionality reduction method called Graph Embedding is then used to visualize separation and inter-class dependencies between lesions and PAS in a lower dimensional space. Results of quantitative evaluation on a database of 45 breast US images indicate that our methodology allows for greater discriminability between the lesion and PAS classes compared to that achievable by any individual image texture or intensity feature. Index Terms— Breast, ultrasound, posterior acoustic shad- owing, AdaBoost, non-linear dimensionality reduction, lesion.
Stability conditions for optimal filtering over cognitive radio system

Cognitive radio system is a very popular area in the communication community as it saves money and band-width by sensing the available licensed spectrum for unlicensed users. This advantage provides a promising future for the application of cognitive radio in control systems. In this paper, we propose to communicate through a cognitive radio link between the sensor and the estimator. In this way, the state estimator needs to adjust to this new communication link as the link is affected by the interruptions from primary users. We assume the emergence of primary users results in packet losses. The link is assumed to be governed by multiple semi-Markov processes each of which can capture and represent one channel in it. We derive sufficient conditions for the stability of the peak covariance process of the optimal filter. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the theorems.
Single Step Synthesis of Acetylene-Substituted Oxacalix[4]arenes

Oxacalixarenes bearing acetylene groups are synthesized in a single step by nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions of orcinol with various 1,5-diethynyl-2,4-difluorobenzenes. Thermodynamic equilibration of the cyclooligomer mixtures was accomplished for arylethynyl activating groups, leading to increased yields of the corresponding oxacalix[4]arenes. A 1,3-alternate macrocycle conformation is observed in the solid state, presenting a large V-shaped π-surface.
Temperature Modification of Female Sex Pheromone Release in Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) and Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The circadian rhythm releases of sex pheromone by Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) and Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) females were found to shift forward ca. 35 min and ca. 15 min, respectively, during the fast scotophase per °C decrease in conditioning temperature. However, with continuous exposure to the conditioning temperature, after 62 h (third scotophase), the rhythms shifted to the original release times. T. ni females were found to have a lower minimal temperature for pheromone release than females of P. includens . Observations during the third scotophase (62 h of continuous test temperature exposure) revealed an increase in maximal calling rates of both species at the low temperatures.
The Post-Doctoral Residency in School Psychology: Reflections, Training, and Professional Practice in the Schools

Abstract Professional psychology has been experiencing dramatic changes and challenges. Of note, many newly minted doctorates in clinical and counseling psychology are increasingly concerned about em-ployability. In fact, increasingly, the post-doctoral residency required for credentialling as a Licensed Psychologist can offer poor financial renum-eration. At the same time, the Certified School Psychologist is increasingly able to secure a satisfying position. However, to-date, little has been published on the viability of school-based residencies for doctoral practitioners interested in completing the supervision necessary for additional credentialling as a Licensed Psychologist. This paper examines the changing job market, explores the demand for school-based mental health services, and discusses a school-based post-doctoral residency for school psychologists interested in State Department of Health services credentialling.
High-Speed Imaging to Quantify the Transient Ice Accretion Process on a NACA 0012 Airfoil

Ice accretion on aircraft wings poses a performance and safety threat as aircraft encounter supercooled droplets suspended in the cloud layer. The details of the ice accretion depend on the atmospheric conditions and the flight parameters. The icing process on the wing consists of a complex interaction of water deposition, surface water transport, and freezing. The aerodynamics affect the water deposition, the heat and mass transport, and ice accumulation; meanwhile, the accumulating ice affects the aerodynamics. Until now, most experimental measurements of aircraft icing have focused on the final ice shapes formed after exposure for a set duration to icing conditions. This approach fails to capture the transient processes that form the final ice formations. Here, we present experiments conducted in the Iowa State icing wind tunnel on a NACA 0012 airfoil to study the transient ice accretion process under varying icing conditions. High-speed video of the icing process was acquired under controlled environmental conditions to quantitatively measure the transient water film run back, rivulet formation, and accumulated ice growth, and the experiments show how varying the environmental conditions modifies the ice accretion process.
New Technologies for Developing Areas

(1961). New Technologies for Developing Areas. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 275-277.
Short-Term Variability in Apnea-Hypopnea Index during Extended Home Portable Monitoring

Study Objectives:Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is the primary measure used to confirm a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, there may be significant night-to-night variability (NNV) i...
Hodgkin's disease revisited: Reed-Sternberg cells as natural hybridomas.

The formation of natural hybridomas during the course of malignant lymphoproliferative diseases was first observed in 1969, and many times thereafter. This natural phenomenon remains experimentally unexplored even though it exerts fundamental influence on the natural history and outcome of neoplastic cell proliferations. Instead, hybridomas artificially constructed in the laboratory from 1975 on are being extensively studied and utilized for the production of highly specific monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious and malignant diseases. This review lists examples of natural hybridomas formed in murine and human neoplasms. Indirect evidence supports the notion that hybridomas are generated in African Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) in the form of large, immunoresistant tetraploid BL cells emerging in immunoreactive relapsed patients; and in Hodgkin's disease (HD) in the form of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells. RS cells may be formed when retroviral antigens expressed by the mononuclear HD cell attract reactive B and T cells, and instead of an immune attack by reactive cells, fusion with reactive cells takes place. The resulting RS cells may further fuse with other reactive cells (e.g., with two B cells, one expressing kappa, the other lambda light chains) or with each other, forming quadromas. RS cells appear multinucleated and hyperploid; they express the products of activated genes of the interdigitating dendritic cell (the retrovirally infected mononuclear HD cell) and those of reactive B and/or T cells. Thus, RS cells present themselves with a great variety of marker expression. Molecular mediators and immunoglobulins released from RS cells are responsible for the activities of proliferating polyclonal reactive cells and/or for the depletion of these cells in HD lesions. Multinucleated giant RS cells in anaplastic lymphomas and the syncytial subtype of RS cells of nodular sclerosing HD should be studied first for retro- or herpes viral antigen expressions and for fusion with reactive cells or with other RS cells.
The Theory of Generalized Functional Models

In this chapter we present the basics of a new theory called the theory of generalized functional models. By discussing several examples, this theory is shown to be very natural for modeling various situations of reasoning under uncertainty. One of its major advantages is that it enables us to better represent the information that is really available at the beginning of the analysis. For example, there is no need to artificially create prior information on the variables of interest when such information does not exist. But if some information is available, then it can easily be included in the model.
Factors regulating the spatial and temporal distribution of Cladophora and Ulothrix in the Laurentian Great Lakes

The attached filamentous green algae Ulothrix zonata and Cladophora glomerata are important members of the periphyton community in the rocky littoral zone of the Laurentian Great Lakes. When these algae occur together, Ulothrix occupies the splash zone and Cladophora grows in deeper water. The two algae show definite seasonal patterns of abundance as well as distinct geographic distributions within the Great Lakes basin. We examined the role of light, temperature, and phosphorus supply in regulating the geographic, seasonal, and spatial distribution of these two filamentous algae. Phosphorus availability plays a major role in determining the geographic distribution of attached algae in the Great Lakes. Light intensity, acting through the balance between photosynthesis and respiration, appears to have a significant effect upon the pattern of vertical zonation. Optimum photosynthesis in Ulothrix occurs at high light levels (1200 µE/m2 · sec), while the optimum for Cladophora lies at 300 µE/m2 · sec. Seasonal patterns of abundance in Ulothrix and Cladophora are consistent with their respective temperature optima for photosynthesis. It is suggested, however, that the timing and extent of reproduction in Ulothrix are also of importance in determining the shift in dominance of the periphyton community from Ulothrix to Cladophora.
Who's the Boss? Concepts of Social Power Across Development.

Power differences are observed in children's early relationships, yet little is known about how children conceptualize social power. Study 1 recruited adults (n = 35) to assess the validity of a series of vignettes to measure five dimensions of social power. Using these vignettes, Study 2 (149 three- to nine-year-olds, 42 adults) and Study 3 (86 three- to nine-year-olds, 22 adults) showed that children visiting a science museum at a middle class university town are sensitive to several dimensions of social power from a young age; however, an adult-like breadth of power concepts does not develop until 7–9 years. Children understand social power whether the powerful character is malevolent or benevolent, though malevolent power is easier to detect for children and adults.
Somatic retrotransposition is infrequent in glioblastomas

Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults. We sought to understand the roles of endogenous transposable elements in these malignancies by identifying evidence of somatic retrotransposition in glioblastomas (GBM). We performed transposon insertion profiling of the active subfamily of Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1) elements by deep sequencing (TIPseq) on genomic DNA of low passage oncosphere cell lines derived from 7 primary GBM biopsies, 3 secondary GBM tissue samples, and matched normal intravenous blood samples from the same individuals. We found and PCR validated one somatically acquired tumor-specific insertion in a case of secondary GBM. No LINE-1 insertions present in primary GBM oncosphere cultures were missing from corresponding blood samples. However, several copies of the element (11) were found in genomic DNA from blood and not in the oncosphere cultures. SNP 6.0 microarray analysis revealed deletions or loss of heterozygosity in the tumor genomes over the intervals corresponding to these LINE-1 insertions. These findings indicate that LINE-1 retrotransposon can act as an infrequent insertional mutagen in secondary GBM, but that retrotransposition is uncommon in these central nervous system tumors as compared to other neoplasias.
An evaluation of basic articulators and their concepts: Part III. Fully adjustable articulators

Abstract A gnathologic instrument in which three-dimensional pantographs are used is extremely accurate in duplicating three-dimensional motion. Theoretically, no occlusal error is produced. However, the many variable factors discussed modify an absolute clinical application of this conclusion. This system is not applicable to the needs of simple fixed partial dentures. However, the instrument can be used with eccentric interocclusal records. When this is done, the gnathologic instrument is more accurate than the Hanau Kinoscope because it uses a curved condylar path and it is adjustable to all nonpathologic working condylar motions.
Diagnostic Yield of Isolated Deamidated Gliadin Peptide Antibody Elevation for Celiac Disease.

Serologic testing for celiac disease includes tissue transglutaminase and endomysial antibodies. In addition to these tools, assays for deamidated gliadin peptide antibodies have been shown to have sensitivity and specificity that are comparable to tissue transglutaminase testing, and are increasingly being used for celiac disease testing. The goal of this study is to evaluate the utility of deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) testing in the setting of a negative tissue transglutaminase (TTG) IgA test. We reviewed the records of all patients seen at two U.S. celiac disease referral centers and identified those who had an elevated DGP IgA and/or IgG in the setting of a negative TTG IgA. Of these patients, those who underwent duodenal biopsy while on a gluten-containing diet were included. Patients with prior biopsy-proven celiac disease or prior TTG IgA positivity were excluded. The results of the biopsy were used as the gold standard for celiac disease diagnosis, and patients with villous atrophy (Marsh class 3) on duodenal biopsy were considered to have celiac disease. Between the two institutions, 84 patients were identified with negative TTG IgA and positive DGP IgA or IgG who also had duodenal biopsies performed while maintaining a gluten-containing diet. Of these patients, 13 patients (15.5%; 95% CI 8.5–25.0%) were found to have celiac disease on duodenal biopsy. DGP antibody testing can identify cases of celiac disease in TTG-negative individuals, although the low positive predictive value suggests that the yield may be low.
The Monkeying of the Americas: Primate Biogeography in the Neotropics*

Monkeys first arrived in the Neotropics about 36 Ma, and the ancestry of all living Neotropical primates (Platyrrhini) traces to a single common ancestral population from 24 to 19 Ma. The availability of lush Amazonian habitat, the rise of the Andes, the transition from the lacustrine to riverine system in the Amazon Basin, and the intermittent connection between the Amazon and the Atlantic tropical forests have all shaped how primates spread and diversified. Primates outcompeted native South American mammals but faced an influx of North American fauna with the closing of the Isthmus of Panama. Humans, extreme newcomers in the Neotropics, have influenced primate habitat and ecology over the last 13,000 years, with radical transformations in the last 500 years as a result of European colonization and land use change. Neotropical primate biogeography informs taxonomic work and conservation efforts, with a mind toward mitigating effects of direct human impact and human-mediated climate change.
A methodology for identifying thermographic phosphors suitable for high-temperature gas thermometry: application to Ce3+ and Pr3+ doped oxide hosts

A methodology is presented that utilizes configurational coordinate diagrams in combination with energy level diagrams to select new potential thermographic phosphors for high-temperature gas thermometry applications. Oxide hosts doped with trivalent ions were investigated, and based on the analysis Ce3+ doped ortho-phosphates (GdPO4, LuPO4, YPO4) were selected for testing. All three phosphors had high measured quenching temperatures ( $$T_{50} > 800\, K$$ ), partially validating the methodology used. Additionally, the quenching temperature for Ce:GdPO4 of $$T_{50} = 1000\, K$$ was more than $$150\, {\text{K}}$$ larger than previously seen for trivalent ions doped in oxide hosts. The encouraging results demonstrate that this analysis may be applied to aid in finding thermographic phosphors for gas thermometry at combustion relevant temperatures.
Collapse of DNA in packaging and cellular transport.

Abstract The dawn of molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology arose from our ability to manipulate DNA, including the process of collapse of long extended DNA molecules into nanoparticles of approximately 100 nm diameter. This condensation process is important for the packaging of DNA in the cell and for transporting DNA through the cell membrane for gene therapy. Multivalent cations, such as natural polyamines (spermidine and spermine), were initially recognized for their ability to provoke DNA condensation. Current research is targeted on molecules such as linear and branched polymers, oligopeptides, polypeptides and dendrimers that promote collapse of DNA to nanometric particles for gene therapy and on the energetics of DNA packaging.
Mechanism of ATP Synthesis by Mitochondrial ATP Synthase

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the major energy carrier in living cells, facilitating the flow of chemical potential energy from a variety of catabolic reactions to energy-requiring cellular processes (Lehninger, 1975). Oxidative phosphorylation is the major source of cellular ATP, and the enzymes and other molecules involved in the process are contained in the mitochondrial inner membrane, the plasma membrane of eubacteria, and chloroplast thylakoid membranes (Penefsky, 1979). In mitochondria, the respiratory chain catalyzes the oxidation of NADH or FADH2 by oxygen. Energy released during the flow of a pair of reducing equivalents from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen is captured by components of the respiratory chain and utilized to generate proton gradients across the mitochondrial inner membrane. The resulting chemiosmotic proton circuit drives the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi (Trumpower and Gennis, 1994; Skulachev, 1981; Mitchell, 1961).
History and Future

The chapter starts the introduction with the ubiquitousness of multiphysics. Examples are given to demonstrate the wide existence of multiphysical phenomena in both naturally occurring processes and man-made applications. These examples traced back to ancient activities of human beings, showing that multiphysics and their applications are neither new nor rare. We will also show that the understanding of such phenomena via computers, mostly in terms of multiphysics simulation, has also been around for decades. Brief introductions will also be made to reveal the relationships between multiphysics and the trends of interdisciplinary research, industrial collaboration, computer engineering, software engineering, rapidly increasing complexity of new scientific problems, and engineering design and policy-making. These will help readers understand the clear uprising trend of multiphysics and foresee its future developments.