cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free radical reactions for heterocycle synthesis. Part 6: 2-Bromobenzoic acids as building blocks in the construction of nitrogen heterocycles

A general method to construct a variety of nitrogen heterocycles is introduced. 2-Bromobenzoic acids or acid chlorides are used as the common building blocks to couple with appropriate nitrogen-containing compounds. Sequential aryl radical cyclizations including conjugate additions, spirocyclizations, homolytic and ipso aromatic substitutions, and 1,5-hydrogen atom transfers are employed to prepare tri- and tetracyclic isoindolinones, benzolactams, isoquinolinones, azabenzoisocoumarins, and bridged-azabicyclic compounds.
Modeling phase change materials with conduction transfer functions for passive solar applications

The use of passive solar design in our homes and buildings is one way to offset the ever-increasing dependence on fossil fuels and the resulting pollution to our air, our land, and our waters. A well-designed sunroom has the potential to reduce the annual heating loads by one-third or more. By integrating phase change materials (PCMs) into building elements, such as floor tile and wallboard, the benefits of the sunroom can be further enhanced by providing enhanced energy storage. To maximize benefits from PCMs, an engineering analysis tool is needed to provide insight into the most efficient use of this developing technology. Thus far, modeling of the PCMs has been restricted to finite difference and finite element methods, which are not well suited to inclusion in a comprehensive annual building simulation program such as BLAST or EnergyPlus . Conduction transfer functions (CTFs) have long been used to predict transient heat conduction in such programs. Phase changes often do not occur at a single temperature, but do so over a range of temperatures. The phase change energy can be represented by an elevated heat capacity over the temperature range during which the phase change occurs. By calculating an extra set(s) of CTFs for the phase change properties, the CTF method can be extended to include the energy of phase transitions by switching between the two (or more) sets of CTFs. This method can be used to accurately predict the internal and external temperatures of PCM-containing building elements during transient heat conduction. The amount of energy storage and release during a phase transition can also be modeled with this method, although there may be some degree of inaccuracy due to switching between two or more sets of CTFs. CTFs have the potential to provide an efficient method of modeling PCMs in annual building simulation programs, but more work is needed to reduce errors associated with their use.
Age and Origin of the Moon

The age and origin of the moon have been studied with the use of the recently developed short-lived hafnium-tungsten chronometer (182Hf-182W, half-life of nine million years). The tungsten isotopic compositions of 21 lunar samples range from chondritic to slightly radiogenic (ɛW = −0.50 ± 0.60 to +6.75 ± 0.42). This heterogeneity may have been inherited from material excavated from Earth and the putative impactor, but it is more likely the result of late radioactive decay within the moon itself; in this case, the moon formed 4.52 to 4.50 billion years ago, and its mantle has since remained poorly mixed.
A Conversation with Harry Martz

Harry F. Martz was born June 16, 1942 and grew up in Cumberland, Maryland. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics (with a minor in physics) from Frostburg State University in 1964, and earned a Ph.D. in statistics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1968. He started his statistics career at Texas Tech University’s Department of Industrial Engineering and Statistics right after graduation. In 1978, he joined the technical staff at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in Los Alamos, New Mexico after first working as Full Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering at Utah State University in the fall of 1977. He has had a prolific 23-year career with the statistics group at LANL; over the course of his career, Martz has published over 80 research papers in books and refereed journals, one book (with co-author Ray Waller), and has four patents associated with his work at LANL. He is a fellow of the American Statistical Association and has received numerous awards, including the Technometrics Frank Wilcoxon Prize for Best Applications Paper (1996), Los Alamos National Laboratory Achievement Award (1998), R&D 100 Award by R&D Magazine (2003), Council for Chemical Research Collaboration Success Award (2004), and Los Alamos National Laboratory’s Distinguished Licensing Award (2004). Since retiring as a Technical Staff member at LANL in 2001, he has worked as a LANL Laboratory Associate.
Enteropathies of Infancy and Childhood

Intestinal biopsies constitute an ever-increasing portion of the pathologist's workload, accounting for nearly two-thirds of specimens accessioned yearly by the pathology department at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The widespread use of endoscopy and gastrointestinal biopsies in current clinical practice presents the pathologist with a diversity of intestinal mucosal appearances corresponding to disease states of variable clinical severity, requiring close collaboration between clinician and pathologist for optimal interpretation. Many of the entities resulting in severe diarrhea of infancy have been recognized only in the last several decades, and although rare, the study of these disorders, especially when combined with the powerful methods of present-day genetics and molecular biology, has afforded important insights into enterocyte development and function, and intestinal immunity and tolerance. Other conditions once considered infrequent, such as celiac disease, have now been recognized to be much more common and can present with a wide range of pathologic features.
Optimum scheduling and memory management in input queued switches with finite buffer space

The goal of this paper is to design optimal scheduling and memory management so as to minimize packet loss in input queued switches with finite input buffers. The contribution is to obtain closed-form optimal strategies that minimize packet loss in 2/spl times/2 switches with equal arrival rates for all streams. For arbitrary arrival rates, the contribution is to identify certain characteristics of the optimal strategy, and use these characteristics to design a near-optimal heuristic. A lower bound for the cost associated with packet loss for N/spl times/N switches is obtained. This lower bound is used to design a heuristic which attains near-minimum packet loss in N/spl times/N switches with arbitrary N. These policies reduce packet loss by about 25% as compared to the optimal strategy for the infinite buffer case. The framework and the policies proposed here apply to buffer-constrained wireless networks as well.
Capital Constraints, Asymmetric Information, and Internal Capital Markets in Banking: New Evidence

A growing literature investigates the role of internal capital markets in mitigating financial constraints faced by the subsidiaries of a conglomerate. Most studies have relied on indirect tests based on correlations between the cash flows and the investment of the subsidiaries. In contrast, we avoid the widespread criticisms of such specifications by providing direct tests that focus on the mechanisms through which internal reallocations of funds occur. We find that internal capital markets are used by multibank holding companies to mitigate capital constraints faced by individual bank subsidiaries. In addition, we show that internal capital management within a multibank holding company involves not only the movement of capital to those subsidiaries with a relatively greater need for capital but also the movement of assets (loans) from less well capitalized to better capitalized subsidiaries by means of loan sales and purchases among the subsidiaries. Furthermore, net loan sales are used to allow efficiency-enhancing specialization among bank subsidiaries, insofar as those subsidiaries with the best loan origination opportunities are able to focus on loan originations even if they do not have sufficient capital to hold the loans. Our evidence is consistent with banks affiliated with holding companies more actively participating in loan sales and purchases because, by using their internal secondary loan market, they are able to avoid the “lemons” problem faced by stand-alone banks.
Synthesis and Evaluation of CC-1065 and Duocarmycin Analogues Incorporating the Iso-CI and Iso-CBI Alkylation Subunits: Impact of Relocation of the C-4 Carbonyl

The synthesis of 2-(tert-Butyloxycarbonyl)-1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benzo[f]indol-8-one (31, N-BOC-iso-CBI) and 1-(tert-Butyloxycarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-3-[[(methanesulfonyl)oxy]methyl]-2,3-dihydroindole (19, seco-N-BOC-iso-CI) containing an isomeric structural modification in the CC-1065 and duocarmycin alkylation subunits and their incorporation into analogues of the natural products are detailed. The approach was based on a directed ortho metalation of an appropriately functionalized benzene (13) or naphthalene (24) precursor to regiospecifically install iodine at the C-2 position. Conversion of these respective intermediates to the dihydroindole skeleton utilized an established 5-exo-trig aryl radical cyclization onto an unactivated alkene with subsequent TEMPO trap or the more recent 5-exo-trig aryl radical cyclization onto a vinyl chloride for direct synthesis of the immediate precursors. Closure of the activated cyclopropane to complete the iso-CBI nucleus was accomplished by a selective ortho sp...
How Longer Work Lives Ease the Crunch of Population Aging

Population aging is not a looming crisis of the future—it is already here. Populations age when life expectancy rises and fertility declines. Economic challenges arise when the increase in people surviving to old age and the decline in the number of young people alive to support them cause the growth in society’s consumption needs to outpace growth in its productive capacity. The ultimate impact of population aging on our standard of living in the future depends a great deal on how long people choose to work before they retire from the labor force. Here, there is reason for optimism. The end of the twentieth century witnessed a profound change in retirement behavior. For over a century, the labor force participation rate of men over age 65 declined—falling steadily from 75 percent in the late 1800s to just 16 percent in 1990 (Moen, 1994; Costa, 1998). At the end of the twentieth century, however, the labor force participation rate of older men began to rise (Quinn, 2002). The labor force participation rate of older women rose as well, following a remarkable increase in labor force participation among younger women over many decades. A constellation of forces, some just now gaining momentum, has raised labor force participation at older ages at just the time it is needed. Age-related health declines and the reluctance of employers to hire and retain older workers present challenges, but the outlook for future gains in labor force participation at older ages is promising. The labor market is accommodating older workers to some degree, and older men and women are themselves adapting on a number of fronts, which could substantially lessen the economic impact of population aging. The paper begins by documenting the striking shift in the population age distribution well under way, the slowdown in labor force growth, and the corresponding rise in the economic dependency ratio, which can be viewed as a measure of society’s consumption needs relative to its productive capacity. We document the historic turnaround in labor force participation and show how future increases in participation could significantly dampen the rise in the economic dependency ratio. In the second section, we turn to the most important factors behind the increase in labor force participation realized to date: the shift in the skill composition of the workforce, and technological change. In the third section, we argue that forces such as changes in the structure of employer-provided pensions and Social Security are likely to propel future increases in labor force participation at older ages. The fourth section illustrates the diversity of adaptations already at play in the labor market as older men and women seek to extend their working lives. Finally, we discuss the relatively less dramatic population aging in the United States compared to other high-income countries and how the United States is better poised than many countries to attain further gains in labor force participation at older ages.
Resource Rents and the Russian Economy

The paper, by two prominent American specialists on the Soviet and post-Soviet economies, explores the role of Russia's energy resources. The authors offer a more inclusive definition of oil and gas rents than is traditionally given and analyze how the mechanisms for distributing those rents have changed over time. They show how fluctuations in the level of rents have played a key role in Russian economic performance. Oil rents, in particular, are shown to have varied widely over the past 35 years. The paper also examines how the distribution of rents affects the sustainability of production. It concludes with some reflections on the proper organization of the energy sector. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: E60, O13, O17, Q43. 6 figures, 23 references, 2 appendices.
The 2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group: Methyl and vinyl ketones and related chemistry

Abstract 2,4,6-Tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyllithium ( 1 ) reacts with acetaldehyde and acrolein to give the corresponding alcohols 5 and 8 . Oxidation of the alcohols with the CrO 3 -pyridine complex affords the acetophenone 3 and the vinyl ketone 7 respectively. The reactions of 1 with trifluoroacetic anhydride and trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetate give low to moderate yields of the trifluoroacetophenone 6 .
Recent results from the sudbury neutrino observatory

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) measures both the flux of the electron-type neutrinos and the total flux of all active flavours of neutrinos originating from the Sun. A model-independent test of neutrino flavour transformation was performed by comparing these two measurements. In 2002, this flavour transformation was definitively demonstrated. In this talk, results from these measurements and the current status of the SNO detector are presented. PACS: 26.65.+t Solar neutrinos – 14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and mixing – 95.85.Ry Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particles; cosmic rays
Automated Infrared Inspection Of Jet Engine Turbine Blades

The detection of blocked surface cooling holes in hollow jet engine turbine blades and vanes during either manufacture or overhaul can be crucial to the integrity and longevity of the parts when in service. A fully automated infrared inspection system is being established under a tri-service's Manufacturing Technology (ManTech) contract administered by the Air Force to inspect these surface cooling holes for blockages. The method consists of viewing the surface holes of the blade with a scanning infrared radiometer when heated air is flushed through the blade. As the airfoil heats up, the resultant infrared images are written directly into computer memory where image analysis is performed. The computer then makes a determination of whether or not the holes are open from the inner plenum to the exterior surface and ultimately makes an accept/reject decision based on previously programmed criteria. A semiautomatic version has already been implemented and is more cost effective and more reliable than the previous manual inspection methods.
Simple, Chemoselective Hydrogenation with Thermodynamic Stereocontrol

Few methods permit the hydrogenation of alkenes to a thermodynamically favored configuration when steric effects dictate the alternative trajectory of hydrogen delivery. Dissolving metal reduction achieves this control, but with extremely low functional group tolerance. Here we demonstrate a catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes that affords the thermodynamic alkane products with remarkably broad functional group compatibility and rapid reaction rates at standard temperature and pressure.
Structure determination of membrane proteins by NMR spectroscopy.

Much of postgenomic biochemistry and all of structural biology are based on the premise that the starting point for both understanding specific biochemical processes, such as affinity, reactivity, or transport, and surveying proteomes is determining the three-dimensional structures of proteins. The two well-established methods for structure determination are highly effective when applied to samples of soluble globular proteins and their complexes: witness the enormous growth of the Protein Data Bank.1 However, the vast majority of biological functions are carried out by proteins associated with supramolecular assemblies, whose samples are problematic for both X-ray crystallography and solution NMR spectroscopy, since they are generally difficult to crystallize and do not reorient rapidly even when soluble. The examples of proteins in supramolecular assemblies whose structures have been determined with atomic resolution are exceptional and highlight the importance of developing new methods of experimental protein structure determination. The essential goals of modern structural biology are to have the capability to select proteins for study based on their biological functions and to perform genuinely unbiased surveys of proteomes unfettered by considerations of the solubility, aggregation state, or other physical properties of the polypeptides. NMR spectroscopy has the potential to accomplish these goals, since it can be applied to molecules in all physical states, including the liquid crystalline environments provided by the lipids associated with membrane proteins. Determining the atomic resolution structures of membrane proteins is of particular interest in contemporary structural biology.2 Helical membrane proteins constitute one-third of the expressed proteins encoded in a genome.3,4 Furthermore, many drugs have membrane-bound proteins as their receptors, and mutations in membrane proteins result in human diseases. They also provide daunting technical challenges for all methods of protein structure determination, including NMR spectroscopy.5
Input Demand under Yield and Revenue Insurance

Previous studies disagree on the effects of insurance on fertilizer application rates. The effect of increased fertilizer on the probability of low yields primarily determines whether fertilizer and insurance are substitutes or complements. We estimate conditional distributions of corn yields to determine if the technical relationship between yields and fertilizer supports the hypothesis that insurance increases optimal application rates. Our results indicate no support for this hypothesis. At all nitrogen fertilizer rates and reasonable levels of risk aversion, nitrogen fertilizer and insurance are substitutes, suggesting that those who purchase insurance are likely to decrease nitrogen fertilizer applications.
How we see

The visual world is imaged on the retinas of our eyes. However, "seeing"' is not a result of neural functions within the eyes but rather a result of what the brain does with those images. Our visual perceptions are produced by parts of the cerebral cortex dedicated to vision. Although our visual awareness appears unitary, different parts of the cortex analyze color, shape, motion, and depth information. There are also special mechanisms for visual attention, spatial awareness, and the control of actions under visual guidance. Often lesions from stroke or other neurological diseases will impair one of these subsystems, leading to unusual deficits such as the inability to recognize faces, the loss of awareness of half of visual space, or the inability to see motion or color.
Efficiency of Frequency-Rectified Piezohydraulic and Piezopneumatic Actuation:

Piezohydraulic and piezopneumatic frequency rectification is analyzed with a steady-state model of work and energy transfer. In this paper, piezohydraulic actuation is defined as the use of incompressible fluid to rectify the oscillatory motion of a piezoelectric device into unidirectional motion; piezopneumatic actuation is the use of a compressible gas such as air. The steady-state analysis is based on the definition of two efficiency metrics. The mechanical efficiency is defined as the ratio of mechanical work transferred to the load to the total mechanical work performed by the actuator, and the electrical efficiency is defined as the ratio of electrical energy expended to the peak energy required. The analysis demonstrates that piezohydraulic rectification is inherently more efficient than piezopneumatic rectification due to the assumption of fluid incompressibility. The mechanical efficiency is 100% when using incompressible fluid (ideal) but drops to below 40% when using compressible gas. The maxim...
Lower Bounds for k -DNF Resolution on Random 3-CNFs

We prove exponential lower bounds on refutations of a random 3-CNF with linear number of clauses by k-DNF Resolution for $${k\leq \sqrt{\log n/\log\log n}}$$. For this we design a specially tailored random restrictions that preserve the structure of the input random 3-CNF while mapping every k-DNF with large covering number to one with high probability. Next we make use of the switching lemma for small restrictions by Segerlind, Buss and Impagliazzo to prove the lower bound. This work improves the previously known lower bound for Res(2) system on random 3-CNFs by Atserias, Bonet and Esteban and the result of Segerlind, Buss, Impagliazzo stating that random O(k 2)-CNF do not possess short Res(k) refutations.
The role of monetary shocks in equilibrium business cycle theory: Three examples

Abstract We study three equilibrium business cycle models that differ according to the mechanism through which monetary growth shocks affect the economy. These include models with inflation tax effects, with staggered nominal wage contracts, and with unanticipated inflation effects. We review some monetary features of business cycles in postwar US data and compare these with the same properties computed for the artificial economies. Our goal is to identify the features of the business cycle that these mechanisms help to explain, the features that remain puzzling, and how the form of the mechanism matters.
How Inferences about Missing Attributes Decrease the Tendency to Defer Choice and Increase Purchase Probability

Most purchases involve choices among options with incomplete attribute information. In such situations, consumers often have the option not to choose any of the alternatives to avoid uncertainty. Alternatively, consumers can make inferences about the missing attributes. These inferences may occur spontaneously, or they may be strategically prompted. In five studies, it is shown that both explicitly and implicitly prompting consumers to make inferences about the missing attributes reduces the tendency to select the no-choice option and increases the likelihood of making a purchase decision. In parallel, consumers who generate spontaneous inferences are also less likely to defer their choices.
ON THE APPROXIMATE NORMALITY OF EIGENFUNCTIONS OF THE LAPLACIAN

The main result of this paper is a bound on the distance between the distribution of an eigenfunction of the Laplacian on a compact Riemannian manifold and the Gaussian distribution. If X is a random point on a manifold M and f is an eigenfunction of the Laplacian with L 2 -norm one and eigenvalue ―μ, then d TV (f(X),Z) ≤ 2 μ E|∥∇f(X)∥ 2 ―∇f(X)∥ 2 |. This result is applied to construct specific examples of spherical harmonics of arbitrary (odd) degree which are close to Gaussian in distribution. A second application is given to random linear combinations of eigenfunctions on flat tori.
Protons and the aurora

ON September 30, 1950, spectrograms were taken simultaneously from Arnprior, Ontario, and Ithaca, New York, separated by 330 km., of an auroral arc located over Arnprior. The Arnprior spectrograph was aimed nearly along the lines of magnetic force, while the Ithaca spectrograph was aimed northward at right angles to the field. Both were aimed at the same part of the arc.
A comment on the stability of string monopoles

Abstract In recent work a multimonopole solution of heterotic string theory was obtained. The monopoles are noted to be stable, in contrast with analogous solutions of Einstein-Maxwell or Yang-Mills dilaton theory. The existence of this and other classes of stable solitonic solutions in string theory thus provides a possible test for low-energy string theory as distinct from other gauge+gravity theories.
Enantioselective Claisen Rearrangements with a Hydrogen-Bond Donor Catalyst

N,N′-Diphenylguanidinium ion associated with the noncoordinating BArF counterion is shown to be an effective catalyst for the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of a variety of substituted allyl vinyl ethers. Highly enantioselective catalytic Claisen rearrangements of ester-substituted allyl vinyl ethers are then documented using a new C2-symmetric guanidinium ion derivative.
Are two heads better than one head in managing the farm business

The return to operator’s labour and management in sole proprietorship firms and partnership firms is compared using matching samples to determine if multi-managed firms produce greater returns. Data were obtained from a farm business management program for the years 1998 through 2001. Managers in a parent–child partnership did not generate more returns than a sole proprietorship, but nonparent–child partnerships generated $36 442 more labour and management income per manager per year than the sole proprietorship.
The galaxy distribution function from the 2MASS Survey

We determine the spatial distribution function of galaxies from a wide range of samples in the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). The results agree very well with the form of the distribution predicted by the theory of cosmological gravitational many-body galaxy clustering. On large scales we find a value of the clustering parameter b = 0.867 ± 0.026, in agreement with 0.83 ± 0.05 found previously for the Pisces-Perseus Supercluster. We measure b(θ) as a function of scale, since this is a powerful test of the applicability of computer simulations. The results suggest that when galaxies clustered they were usually surrounded by individual rather than communal halos.
Predissociation of the Schumann-Runge bands of O2

Abstract The predissociation line broadening in the Schumann-Runge bands of O2 is interpreted through an ab initio calculation of the pertinent repulsive potential energy curves and spin-orbit matrix elements. The ab initio results provide an overall qualitative picture of the predissociation which is further refined through a detailed comparison of calculated level shifts and widths with experimental data. The position of the dominant repulsive curve is also deduced by a deperturbation of the level shift in the second vibrational difference. The predissociation is dominated by the 5Πu state crossing the B 3 Σ u − state around 1.875 A with a spin-orbit matrix element of 65 cm−1. The 1Πu and 3Πu states have small spin-orbit matrix elements and play only minor roles in the predissociation. The calculated and experimental widths are in good agreement for low and high vibrational levels. The apparent experimental widths between v = 5 and 11 are shown to be inconsistent with the theoretical analysis, the difference probably being due to line blending.
Determination of launch-vehicle response to detailed wind profiles

A method for predicting the response and bending loads experienced by a launch vehicle ascending through winds is presented. The horizontal wind-velocity profiles utilized by the method are those which are measured by a high-resolution technique, such as the smoke-trail method, and contain high-frequency gust components as well as the longer wavelength winds and wind shears. Motion in the pitch plane is considered, and structural bending and propellant slosh degrees of freedom are included in the analysis. A body-fixed coordinate system is used, and a variational principle is employed to derive the nonlinear differential equations of motion, which have time-varying coefficients. The equations are solved numerically by means of a Runge-Kutta procedure. The wind-disturbed flat-earth ascent trajectory is computed for a specified pitch program. The method is applied to a representative launch vehicle, and its response and dynamic loads are determined for flight through a typical wind profile.
Use Of DKDP Light Valves In Optical Information Processing

The structure, principles of operation, and numerous examples of the use of optically and electron-beam addressed DKDP light valves in coherent optical data processing are reviewed.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Toxic emissions from mobile sources: a total fuel-cycle analysis for conventional and alternative fuel vehicles.

ABSTRACT Mobile sources are among the largest contributors of four hazardous air pollutants—benzene, 1,3-butadiene, acetal-dehyde, and formaldehyde—in urban areas. At the same time, federal and state governments are promoting the use of alternative fuel vehicles as a means to curb local air pollution. As yet, the impact of this movement toward alternative fuels with respect to toxic emissions has not been well studied. The purpose of this paper is to compare toxic emissions from vehicles operating on a variety of fuels, including reformulated gasoline (RFG), natural gas, ethanol, methanol, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), and electricity. This study uses a version of Argonne National Laboratory's Greenhouse Gas, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model, appropriately modified to estimate toxic emissions. The GREET model conducts a total fuel-cycle analysis that calculates emissions from both downstream (e.g., operation of the vehicle) and upstream (e.g., fuel production and distribut...
Thermal Processing of Materials: From Basic Research to Engineering

We review the active and growing field of thermal processing of materials, with a particular emphasis on the linking of basic research with engineering aspects. In order to meet the challenges posed by new applications arising in electronics, telecommunications, aerospace, transportation, and other areas, extensive work has been done on the development of new materials and processing techniques in recent years. Among the materials that have seen intense interest and research activity over the last two decades are semiconductor and optical materials, composites, ceramics, biomarerials, advanced polymers, and specialized alloys. New processing techniques have been developed to improve product quality, reduce cost, and control material properties. However, it is necessary to couple research efforts directed at the fundamental mechanisms that govern materials processing with engineering issues that arise in the process, such as system design and optimisation, process feasibility, and selection of operating conditions to achieve desired product characteristics
Anticipatory nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy

Fifty adult oncology outpatients receiving chemotherapy were surveyed to assess their experiences with chemotherapy-associated nausea and vomiting. Of patients who noted post-chemotherapy nausea with or without vomiting, 46% reported anticipatory nausea. The anticipatory symptoms developed after the onset of post-chemotherapy neausea. Patients experiencing anticipatory symptoms had received chemotherapy over a significantly longer period of time than had the patients with post-treatment nausea only. Of these patients who had noted post-chemotherapy nausea with or without vomiting for two or more months, 50% reported pre-treatment nausea with or without vomiting. There was no tendency toward anticipatory symptoms according to age, sex, race, educational level, disease, or type of chemotherapy. Thoughts of chemotherapy, sights, specific odors and tastes evoked anticipatory symptoms. Pre-treatment or anticipatory nausea and vomiting are probably a manifestation of classical (Pavlovian) conditioning.
Facile access to the ABC ring system of the taxane diterpenes via anionic oxy-Cope rearrangements

Abstract The anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement of bicyclo[2.2.2]octadienols serves as a key step for the construction of substituted bicyclo[5.3.1]undecenones and provides a novel entry to the AB ring system of the taxane diterpenes. The bicyclo[2.2.2]octadienols 11a-e underwent facile anionically-accelerated [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements to give bicyclo[5.3.1]undecenones 14a-e. Such reorganizations were also found to proceed in more highly substituted systems as evidenced by the transformations 27a-c→28a-c , 30→32 , and 31→33 . These bicyclo[5.3.1]undecenones were further functionalized by introducing a double bond conjugated to the carbonyl group ( 27a→40 ); moreover, oxygen functionality at C(13) could be introduced by allylic oxidation ( 28a→41 and 40→42 ). The enolates produced in situ by the anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement could be trapped by alkylating agents. These alkylations were highly stereoselective when the ketone enolate was trisubstituted as exemplified by the reactions 44→47 and 45→48 . This entry to the taxane diterpenes allows access to the tricyclic ABC framework of the taxanes by annelation of the C ring onto an AB ring subunit as illustrated by the sequence 30→49→50 .
Application of benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios to questions of Cenozoic climate change

Abstract We investigate the evolution of Cenozoic climate and ice volume as evidenced by the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater (δ18Osw) derived from benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios to constrain the temperature effect contained in foraminiferal δ18O values. We have constructed two benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca records from intermediate water depth sites (Ocean Drilling Program sites 757 and 689 from the subtropical Indian Ocean and the Weddell Sea, respectively). Together with the previously published composite record of Lear et al. [Science 287 (2002) 269–272] and the Neogene record from the Southern Ocean of Billups and Schrag [Paleoceanography 17 (2002) 10.1029/2000PA000567], we obtain three, almost complete representations of the δ18Osw for the past 52 Myr. We discuss the sensitivity of early Cenozoic Mg/Ca-derived paleotemperatures (and hence the δ18Osw) to assumptions about seawater Mg/Ca ratios. We find that during the middle Eocene (∼49–40 Ma), modern seawater ratios yield Mg/Ca-derived temperatures that are in good agreement with the oxygen isotope paleothermometer assuming ice-free conditions. Intermediate waters cooled during the middle Eocene reaching minimum temperatures by 40 Ma. The corresponding δ18Osw reconstructions support ice growth on Antarctica beginning by at least 40 Ma. At the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, Mg/Ca ratios (and hence temperatures) from Weddell Sea site 689 display a well-defined maximum. We caution against a paleoclimatic significance of this result and put forth that the partitioning coefficient of Mg in benthic foraminifera may be sensitive to factors other than temperature. Throughout the remainder of the Cenozoic, the temporal variability among δ18Osw records is similar and similar to longer-term trends in the benthic foraminiferal δ18O record. An exception occurs during the Pliocene when δ18Osw minima in two of the three records suggest reductions in global ice volume that are not apparent in foraminiferal δ18O records, which provides a new perspective to the ongoing debate about the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet. Maximum δ18Osw values recorded during the Pleistocene at Southern Ocean site 747 agree well with values derived from the geochemistry of pore waters [Schrag et al., Science 272 (1996) 1930–1932] further highlighting the value of the new Mg/Ca calibrations of Martin et al. [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 198 (2002) 193–209] and Lear et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66 (2002) 3375–3387] applied in this study. We conclude that the application of foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios allows a refined view of Cenozoic ice volume history despite uncertainties related to the geochemical cycling of Mg and Ca on long time scales.
Self-Force in the Radiation Reaction Formula: — Adiabatic Approximation of a Metric Perturbation and an Orbit —

We investigate a calculation method for the gravitational evolution of an extreme mass ratio binary, i.e. a binary constituting of a galactic black hole and a stellar mass compact object. The inspiralling stage of this system is considered to be a possible source of detectable gravitational waves. Because of the extreme mass ratio, one may approximate such a system by a black hole geometry (a. Kerr black hole) plus a linear metric perturbation induced by a point particle. With this approximation, a self-force calculation was proposed for a practical calculation of the orbital evolution, including the effect of the gravitational radiation reaction, which is now known as the MiSaTaQuWa self-force. 1) In addition, a radiation reaction formula was proposed 2) as an extension of the well-known balance formula of Press and Teukolsky. 3) The radiation reaction formula provides a convenient method to calculate an infinite time averaged loss of the constants of motion (i.e. the orbital energy, the z component of the angular momentum, and the Carter constant) through the gravitational radiation reaction, with which one may approximately calculate the orbital evolution. Because these methods are approximately equivalent, we investigate the consequence of the orbital evolution using the radiation reaction formula. To this time, we have used the so-called adiabatic approximation of the orbital evolution and considered a method to evaluate the MiSaTaQuWa self-force by use of a linear metric perturbation. In this approach, we point out that there is a theoretical question concerning the choice of the gauge condition in the calculation of the MiSaTaQuWa self-force. Because of this gauge ambiguity, there is a case in which the MiSaTaQuWa self-force might not predict the orbital evolution in a physically expected manner, and this forces us to calculate a waveform only in the so-called dephasing time. We discuss the reason that such an unexpected thing happens and find that it is primarily because we consider the linear metric perturbation separately from the orbital evolution due to the self-force. We propose a new metric perturbation scheme under a possible constraint of the gauge conditions in which we obtain a physically expected prediction of the orbital evolution caused by the MiSaTaQuWa self-force. In this new scheme of a metric perturbation, an adiabatic approximation is applied to both the metric perturbation and the orbit. As a result, we are able to predict the gravitational evolution of the system in the so-called radiation reaction time scale, which is longer titan the dephasing time scale. However, for gravitational wave detection by LISA, this may still be insufficient. We further consider a gauge transformation in this new metric perturbation scheme, and find a special gauge condition with which we can calculate the gravitational waveform of a time scale long enough for gravitational wave detection by LISA.
Contributions of theory to method development in solid-phase extraction

Abstract The kinetic and retention properties of solid-phase extraction devices are reviewed from the perspective of method development strategies. Models based on frontal analysis are used to correct retention properties of solid-phase extraction devices to account for the fact that too few theoretical plates are provided for retention to be independent of kinetic factors. The available pressure drop for the sampling device largely dictates the choice of useful particle sizes and maximum bed length. The use of octanol–water partition coefficients and extrapolated values of the retention factor obtained by liquid chromatography are poor empirical models for the estimation of breakthrough volumes with water as the sample solvent. The solvation parameter model provides an adequate description of sorbent retention for the estimation of breakthrough volumes, rinse solvent volume and composition, and elution solvent volume and composition. Combining the frontal analysis and solvation parameter models offers a comprehensive approach to computer-aided method development in solid-phase extraction. This is the first step in the development of a structure-driven approach to method development in solid-phase extraction that should be more reliable and less tedious than traditional trial and error approaches.
Enhancement of Fe(III), Co(III), and Cr(VI) reduction at elevated temperatures and by a thermophilic bacterium

An unusual thermophilic bacterium has been isolated from deep subsurface sediments and tested for its ability to enhance Fe(III), Co(III), and Cr(VI) reduction. Without the bacterium, abiotic metal reduction was insignificant at temperatures below 45°C, but became a major process at 75°C. Addition of the bacterium enhanced the reduction of these metals up to fourfold, probably by nonspecific mechanisms. This study demonstrates abiotic and biotic metal reduction under organic-rich thermic conditions, and suggests that thermally and/or biologically enhanced metal reduction may provide an alternative for remediating metal contamination.
Charged particle motions in the distended magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn

Charged particle motion in the guiding center approximation is analyzed for models of the Jovian and Saturnian magnetospheric magnetic fields based on Voyager magnetometer observations. Field lines are traced and exhibit the distention which arises from azimuthally circulating magnetospheric currents. The spatial dependencies of the guiding center bounce period and azimuthal drift rate are investigated for the model fields. Non-dipolar effects in the gradient-curvature drift rate are most important at the equator and affect particles with all mirror latitudes. The effect is a factor of 10-15 for Jupiter with its strong magnetodisc current and 1-2 for Saturn with its more moderate ring current. Limits of adiabaticity, where particle gyroradii become comparable with magnetic scale lengths, are discussed and are shown to occur at quite modest kinetic energies for protons and heavier ions.
Aid and democracy redux

Abstract This paper uses Freedom House ratings to assess the impact of foreign aid on democracy. We employ an interval regression to account for Freedom House׳s method of rating countries. A cross-sectional analysis examining the long run effect of aid on democracy in 122 countries between 1972 and 2011 finds a significant positive relationship that survives various tests for endogeneity. A short run annual panel analysis of 156 countries between 1985 and 2011 explores whether aid operates through leverage and conditionality. We present evidence that (i) donors allocate aid in response to democratization and (ii) recipient countries respond to this incentive for democratic reform. Our identification strategy relies on the reduced importance of democratization in the allocation of aid to geopolitically important countries.
Do managers intentionally use repurchase tender offers to signal private information? Evidence from firm financial reporting behavior

Abstract Signaling is the most commonly cited explanation for stock repurchases in the academic literature. Yet, there is little evidence on whether managers intentionally use repurchases as signaling devices. Using a firm's financial reporting behavior to infer managerial intent, we find evidence suggesting that managers intentionally use fixed-price repurchase tender offers to signal undervaluation. In contrast, we find no evidence that managers use Dutch-auction tender offers to signal undervaluation. Instead, firms engaging in Dutch-auction repurchases act as if they are trying to deflate their earnings prior to the repurchases to further reduce the repurchasing price.
Porosity-strength considerations for cellular concrete

Abstract The inclusion of air voids in the determination of total porosity for neat cellular concretes permits the determination of a single strength-porosity relation for a given cement. This relation can be expressed in terms of water-cement ratio and density, thus providing a simple tool for the design of these concretes.
A fault-tolerant one-way quantum computer

Abstract We describe a fault-tolerant one-way quantum computer on cluster states in three dimensions. The presented scheme uses methods of topological error correction resulting from a link between cluster states and surface codes. The error threshold is 1.4% for local depolarizing error and 0.11% for each source in an error model with preparation-, gate-, storage-, and measurement errors.
Levinas: thinking least about death—contra heidegger

Detailed exposition of the nine layers of signification of human mortality according to Emmanuel Levinas’s phenomenological and ethical account of the meaning and role of death for the embodied human subject and its relations to other persons. Critical contrast to Martin Heidegger’s alternative and hitherto more influential phenomenological-ontological conception, elaborated in Being and Time (1927), of mortality as Dasein’s anxious and revelatory being-toward-death.
Thermal and other tests of photovoltaic modules performed in natural sunlight

The bulk of the testing was the characterization of twenty-nine modules according to their nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT) and the effect on NOCT of changes in module design, various residential roof mounting configurations, and dirt accumulation. Other tests, often performed parallel with the NOCT measurements, evaluated the improvement in electrical performance by cooling the modules with water and by channeling the waste heat into a phase change material (wax). Electrical degradation resulting from the natural marriage of photovoltaic and solar water heating modules was also demonstrated. Cost effectiveness of each of these techniques are evaluated in light of the LSA cost goal of $0.50 per watt.
Crack initiation behavior of neutron irradiated model and commercial stainless steels in high temperature water

Abstract The objective of this study was to isolate key factors affecting the irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) susceptibility of eleven neutron-irradiated austenitic stainless steel alloys. Four commercial purity and seven high purity stainless steels were fabricated with specific changes in composition and microstructure, and irradiated in a fast reactor spectrum at 320 °C to doses between 4.4 and 47.5 dpa. Constant extension rate tensile (CERT) tests were performed in normal water chemistry (NWC), hydrogen water chemistry (HWC), or primary water (PW) environments to isolate the effects of environment, elemental solute addition, alloy purity, alloy heat, alloy type, cold work, and irradiation dose. The irradiated alloys showed a wide variation in IASCC susceptibility, as measured by the relative changes in mechanical properties and crack morphology. Cracking susceptibility measured by %IG was enhanced in oxidizing environments, although testing in the lowest potential environment caused an increase in surface crack density. Alloys containing solute addition of Ni or Ni + Cr exhibited no IASCC. Susceptibility was reduced in materials cold worked prior to irradiation, and increased with increasing irradiation dose. Irradiation-induced hardening was accounted for by the dislocation loop microstructure, however no relation between crack initiation and radiation hardening was found.
Asymmetric oxidation of olefins to vicinal diols with osmium tetroxide

Abstract High levels of asymmetry can be achieved in the osmium tetroxide cis-hydroxylation of olefins by employing (−)-(R,R)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylcyclohexane-1,2- trans -diamine as a chiral ligand for the osmium.