cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carboxypeptidase E/NFα1: A New Neurotrophic Factor against Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death Mediated by ERK and PI3-K/AKT Pathways

Mice lacking Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) exhibit degeneration of hippocampal neurons caused by stress at weaning while over-expression of CPE in hippocampal neurons protect them against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. Here we demonstrate that CPE acts as an extracellular trophic factor to protect neurons. Rat hippocampal neurons pretreated with purified CPE protected the cells against hydrogen peroxide-, staurosporine- and glutamate-induced cell death. This protection was observed even when hippocampal neurons were treated with an enzymatically inactive mutant CPE or with CPE in the presence of its inhibitor, GEMSA. Purified CPE added to the culture medium rescued CPE knock-out hippocampal neurons from cell death. Both ERK and AKT were phosphorylated within 15 min after CPE treatment of hippocampal neurons and, using specific inhibitors, both signaling pathways were shown to be required for the neuroprotective effect. The expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), was up-regulated after hippocampal neurons were treated with CPE. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide induced down-regulation of BCL-2 protein and subsequent activation of caspase-3 were inhibited by CPE treatment. Thus, this study has identified CPE as a new neurotrophic factor that can protect neurons against degeneration through the activation of ERK and AKT signaling pathways to up-regulate expression of BCL-2.
Hydration-layer models for cryo-EM image simulation.

To compare cryo-EM images and 3D reconstructions with atomic structures in a quantitative way it is essential to model the electron scattering by solvent (water or ice) that surrounds protein assemblies. The most rigorous method for determining the density of solvating water atoms for this purpose has been to perform molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations of the protein-water system. In this paper we adapt the ideas of bulk-water modeling that are used in the refinement of X-ray crystal structures to the cryo-EM solvent-modeling problem. We present a continuum model for solvent density which matches MD-based results to within sampling errors. However, we also find that the simple binary-mask model of Jiang and Brunger (1994) performs nearly as well as the new model. We conclude that several methods are now available for rapid and accurate modeling of cryo-EM images and maps of solvated proteins.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Protected Land Area: A Cross-National Analysis

In this study, we seek to determine what factors help shape protected land area in poor nations. We use lagged dependent variable panel regression for a sample of ninety poor nations to test hypotheses from counter-coalition theory and green-imperialism theory. We find substantial support for countercoalition theory that nations with protected areas should increase in poor nations that have high rates deforestation and still contain large tracts of forests. We initially find no support for the green-imperialism hypothesis that nongovernmental organizations are significantly related to protected land area. However, we respecify our original models in order to test the idea that democratic nations provide a "political opportunity structure" that improves the ability of nongovernmental organizations to protect land area. We find substantial support for this hypothesis. The results indicate that nongovernmental organizations are associated with more protected land area in nations with democratic rather than r...
Jeremiah 7 and Flavius Josephus on the First Jewish War

Abstract Study of Josephus’ interpretation of the Bible has focused on the paraphrase in Antiquities, but Josephus continued to engage Scripture in his post-biblical history. This article contends that Josephus, like the authors of the synoptic gospels and later Jewish exegetes, saw the events of 66-70 C.E. through the lens of Jeremiah’s temple sermon (7:1-34). The accounts of Jesus ben Ananias and Josephus’ speech before the city walls, among other examples, show recourse to Jeremiah 7.
Social norms influence student journalists' perception of wearable technologies

In this poster presentation, the author presents results of a study about student journalist perceptions of the wearable technology Google Glass (Glass). This poster presents the first set of results of an ongoing research project designed to determine what factors play the largest roles in student decision making processes about whether or not to use a new technology. Survey results of students in a semester-long capstone journalism course are presented. Results indicate that students' perceptions of social norms related to the new technology shaped early use of the wearable device. After becoming more familiar with Glass and using the device in training sessions, student social norm apprehensions did not decrease. This printed poster will include video footage related to the project through augmented reality technology accessible via smartphones.
Inference of accumulation-rate patterns from deep layers in glaciers and ice sheets

The spatial pattern of accumulation rate can be inferred from internal layers in glaciers and ice sheets. Non-dimensional analysis determines where finite strain can be neglected ('shallow-layer approximation') or approximated with a local one-dimensional flow model ('local-layer approxima- tion'), and where gradients in strain rate along particle paths must be included ('deep layers'). We develop a general geophysical inverse procedure to infer the spatial pattern of accumulation rate along a steady-state flowband, using measured topography of the ice-sheet surface, bed and a 'deep layer'. A variety of thermomechanical ice-flow models can be used in the forward problem to calculate surface topography and ice velocity, which are used to calculate particle paths and internal-layer shapes. An objective tolerance criterion prevents over-fitting the data. After making site-specific simplifications in the thermomechanical flow algorithm, we find the accumulation rate along a flowband through Taylor Mouth, a flank site on Taylor Dome, Antarctica, using a layer at approximately 100 m depth, or 20% of the ice thickness. Accumulation rate correlates with ice-surface curvature. At this site, gradients along flow paths critically impact inference of both the accumulation pattern, and the depth-age relation in a 100 m core.
Radiation Oncology Incident Learning System: a call to participation.

In the wake of news media reports in 2010 of several tragic incidents of radiation error resulting in substantial harm (1), the leadership of American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) and American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) testified before congress, and ASTRO initiated the Target Safely program campaign designed to improve the quality and safety of care in radiation oncology. As part of this initiative, ASTRO, with the support of AAPM, committed to a national error reporting system and safety database. On June 19, 2014, this campaign debuted the Radiation Oncology Incident Learning System (RO-ILS). For such a system to be successful, several requirements must be met. First and foremost, the information must be protected in order for an open and honest discussion to occur. Fortunately, there is a mechanism for such protection under U.S. law. It is called the patient safety organization (PSO). PSOs were established in 2005 as part of the Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act. ASTRO and AAPM have paired with a federally listed PSO, Clarity PSO, to form a specialty-specific PSO. This will provide a nonpunitive environment in which to assemble and analyze data, thereby protecting data from discovery, subpoena, order, or disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act. This is a federal protection, and it was designed specifically to encourage institutions to engage in incident learning. These protections have been tested in Kentucky (Norton Hospitals, Inc. v. Cunningham) and in Illinois (Department of Financial and Professional Regulation v. Walgreen Company). In both cases, the courts found for the institution reporting to the PSO, and PSO protections were upheld.
Information Technology and the Social Construction of Information Privacy

Abstract Levine [Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 22 (2003) 281] aptly summarized the reasons we gave to support and justify consumer’s demand for privacy. Our reply addresses two areas of disagreement or misunderstanding between Levine and us: (1) the status of social construction versus moral relativism in adjudicating competing social interests, and (2) the problems that we believe social construction raises for determining legitimate tradeoffs between individual privacy and the common good.
Symphony Concert Demand: Does Programming Matter?

We examine factors that determine attendance for major U.S. symphony orchestras over seven seasons. We find that performing more of the standard repertoire increases attendance but the choice of a composition that has a particular solo instrument does not affect attendance. Other management options that increase attendance include spending on advertising and broadcasting concerts. Own-price elasticity of demand and income elasticity are inelastic.
Iron Acquisition of Three Soybean Varieties Grown at Five Seeding Densities and Five Rates of Fe–EDDHA

Iron deficiency is a major, yield-limiting factor for large areas of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in the North Central USA. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of increasing both seeding density and rate of Fe-EDDHA in reducing early season (V2-V3) visual chlorosis scores (VCSs) and increasing seed number and grain yield. These measures were judged to reflect differences in Fe acquisition, manifest at maturity as seed Fe concentration (seed [Fe]). Three varieties (Vs), five seeding densities (SDs), and five seed-applied Fe-EDDHA rates (IRs) were evaluated during 2000, 2001, and 2002. With mild to moderate Fe deficiency, applying Fe-EDDHA at planting markedly reduced early season VCSs, slightly increased seed number and grain yield, and had a similarly small influence on seed Fe concentration (seed [Fe]). In contrast, increasing SD had little influence on early season VCSs, but increased seed [Fe] as well as seed number and grain yield. Resistant and susceptible varieties differed in their response to increasing SDs and indicated that the more susceptible varieties ('Daksoy' and 'Jim') responded to increasing SD to a greater extent than the more resistant variety, 'Corona'. Nonetheless, Corona's seed [Fe] usually exceeded that of Daksoy and Jim, whether in the near absence of Fe deficiency or in the presence of mild to moderate Fe deficiency. Fe acquisition, measured as seed [Fe], appeared to be regulated primarily by genotype, yet Fe acquisition of less Fe-efficient varieties could be increased by increasing SD or reducing the severity of Fe deficiency.
Experiments in automatic statistical thesaurus construction

A well constructed thesaurus has long been recognized as a valuable tool in the effective operation of an information retrieval system. This paper reports the results of experiments designed to determine the validity of an approach to the automatic construction of global thesauri (described originally by Crouch in [1] and [2] based on a clustering of the document collection. The authors validate the approach by showing that the use of thesauri generated by this method results in substantial improvements in retrieval effectiveness in four test collections. The term discrimination value theory, used in the thesaurus generation algorithm to determine a term's membership in a particular thesaurus class, is found not to be useful in distinguishing a “good” from an “indifferent” or “poor” thesaurus class). In conclusion, the authors suggest an alternate approach to automatic thesaurus construction which greatly simplifies the work of producing viable thesaurus classes. Experimental results show that the alternate approach described herein in some cases produces thesauri which are comparable in retrieval effectiveness to those produced by the first method at much lower cost.
Ultrastructure of granular cell ameloblastoma.

To our knowledge, this is the first description of the ultrastructure of the granular cell ameloblastoma, an odontogenic tumor. The granular cells of this tumor are shown to be epithelial in origin. The organelles resulting in their cytoplasmic eosinophilia, as seen in the light microscope, are mainly pleomorphic, osmiophilic lysosome-like granules. A comparison with granular cell myoblastoma shows a striking morphological similarity between the cytoplasmic granules of these two lesions. We conclude that the granular cell ameloblastoma and the granular cell myoblastoma, probably along with the granular cell ameloblastic fibroma and the congenital epulis, constitute a group of lesions in which the lysosomes are the common denominator as the expression of their cytoplasmic eosinophilia.
Exploring the service needs and experiences of persons with TBI and their families: the South Carolina experience.

Primary objective: This article presents the results of four focus groups with persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and their families living in South Carolina. The objective was to learn what participants perceive their service needs to be and where they experience service gaps in the existing system of TBI services.Methods and procedures: Four focus groups were conducted. In each group, a convenience sample of persons <5 years post-injury and family members responded to 10 semi-structured questions.Main outcomes: Qualitative content analysis revealed overwhelming consensus regarding the need for (1) early, continuous, comprehensive service delivery; (2) information/education; (3) formal/informal advocacy; (4) empowerment of persons with TBI/families; and (5) human connectedness/social belonging.Conclusions: Persons with TBI and families in South Carolina experience the service system as unorganized, uneducated, unresponsive and uncaring. Effective strategies are needed that link services into an on...
Emerging fungal pathogens.

Fungi such asFusarium spp.,Curvularia spp.,Alternaria spp. orTrichosporon beigelii, had been thought to represent contamination or harmless colonization when isolated from humans. More recently, the role of these and other newly recognized fungi as serious pathogens has been clearly established. Three diverse groups of fungi are responsible for these infections: the agents of phaeohyphomycosis and hyalohyphomycosis and certain yeasts. These infections, which have been encountered in both presumably healthy and immuno-compromised individuals, tend to be localized in the former, and disseminated and frequently fatal in the latter group of patients. A major concern is that these organisms are not uniformly susceptible to amphotericin B. Standardization of antifungal susceptibility testing may, therefore, be helpful in determining the antifungal drug of choice for each infection. It is also hoped that the advent of newer antifungals and biologic response modifiers will have a significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of these emerging infections.
The logarithmic properties of active and passive mandibular growth

Summary The growth of the human mandible in a series of orthodontically normal children was examined by methods designed to demonstrate both the vectors of active and passive growth and the logarithmic attributes of such growth. Both methods are described and illustrated. The individual differences in the vectorial properties of active and passive growth during relatively short periods of time suggest that is is hazardous to predict such growth increments within clinically useful tolerances. Further, all mandibular growth is shown to be logarithmic. As such, mandibular growth shares three logarithmic attributes: Its growth is allometric (expressed by the relative growth equation); growth of all human mandibles is capable of graphic presentation as a unitary logarithmic spiral; and its growth is gnomonic, that is, it changes its size while retaining the same shape. A synthesis of mandibular growth is presented in terms of the interrelationship between active and passive growth processes and their logarithmic attributes.
Inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae OGG1 DNA repair gene leads to an increased frequency of mitochondrial mutants.

The OGG1 gene encodes a highly conserved DNA glycosylase that repairs oxidized guanines in DNA. We have investigated the in vivo function of the Ogg1 protein in yeast mitochondria. We demonstrate that inactivation of ogg1 leads to at least a 2-fold increase in production of spontaneous mitochondrial mutants compared with wild-type. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) we show that a GFP–Ogg1 fusion protein is transported to mitochondria. However, deletion of the first 11 amino acids from the N-terminus abolishes the transport of the GFP–Ogg1 fusion protein into the mitochondria. This analysis indicates that the N-terminus of Ogg1 contains the mitochondrial localization signal. We provide evidence that both yeast and human Ogg1 proteins protect the mitochondrial genome from spontaneous, as well as induced, oxidative damage. Genetic analyses revealed that the combined inactivation of OGG1 and OGG2 [encoding an isoform of the Ogg1 protein, also known as endonuclease three-like glycosylase I (Ntg1)] leads to suppression of spontaneously arising mutations in the mitochondrial genome when compared with the ogg1 single mutant or the wild-type. Together, these studies provide in vivo evidence for the repair of oxidative lesions in the mitochondrial genome by human and yeast Ogg1 proteins. Our study also identifies Ogg2 as a suppressor of oxidative mutagenesis in mitochondria.
LYCEE: A pathway for high school students towards STEM majors

LaGuardia Youth Center for Engineering Excellence (LYCEE) is established in order to address a problem of growing demand for STEM professionals in the U.S. and the issue of underrepresentation of minorities in STEM pathways. The Center's activities, including innovative hands-on engineering projects and STEM-related tutoring, are designed to promote high school students interest in choosing STEM-related majors in college and exploring STEM career possibilities in the future. During its first three years of existence, the Center has successfully served 9–12 grade students from twelve high schools in Queens. As the need for LYCEE programs arises, the Center comes forward with new initiatives to incorporate in its practices hybrid models including face-to-face and online learning modes with some unique features.
Throw the Money Upstream : An Alternative Strategy to Improve Public Health

In 2004, almost $20 billion in health care philanthropy was directed toward "downstream" efforts that directly expanded access to care or improved quality of care. Although downstream investment is attractive because of its immediate and measurable impact, this approach has a lower return on investment than do "upstream" strategies, which focus on root causes. This article explores investment in the development of a health care workforce with core professional responsibilities of health advocacy, public leadership, and interprofessional collaboration as one such upstream strategy. By supporting students who are engaged in communities, funders can build health professionals who are able to fulfill core roles of service and advocacy and become meaningfully engaged in re-envisioning American health care.
Estimating heights from photo collections: a data-driven approach

A photo can potentially reveal a tremendous amount of information about an individual, including the individual's height, weight, gender, ethnicity, hair color, skin condition, interests, and wealth. A {\em photo collection} -- a set of inter-related photos including photos of many people appearing in two or more photos -- could potentially reveal a more vivid picture of the individuals in the collection.In this paper we consider the problem of estimating the heights of all the users in a photo collection, such as a collection of photos from a social network. The main ideas in our methodology are (i) for each individual photo, estimate the height differences among the people standing in the photo, (ii) from the photo collection, create a people graph, and combine this graph with the height difference estimates from the individual photos to generate height difference estimates among all the people in the collection, (iii) then use these height difference estimates, as well as an a priori distribution, to estimate the heights of all the people in the photo collection. Because many people will appear in multiple photos across the collection, height-difference estimates can be chained together, potentially reducing the errors in the estimates. To this end, we formulate a Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) problem, which we show can be easily solved as a quadratic programming problem. Intuitively, this data-driven approach will improve as the number of photos and people in the collection increases. We apply the technique to estimating the heights of over 400 movie stars in the IMDb database and of about 30 graduate students.
Polyadenylic acid sequences in E. coli messenger RNA

IT is commonly assumed that the messenger RNA (mRNA) of prokaryotes lacks the poly(A) sequences which characterise the 3′ terminus of most mRNA of eukaryotes. A report of the absence of poly(A) sequences from both pulse labelled and stable RNA of Escherichia coli1 is often cited as evidence for such a distinction. This apparent difference has generated speculations ranging from the role of poly(A) sequences in regulating the longevity of eukaryotic mRNA molecules1, to the evolutionary origin of mitochondria2 in which poly(A) sequences have been found in a messenger-like RNA2–5. Such speculations prompted us to re-examine evidence for AMP-rich sequences in E. coli reported6 before poly(A) sequences were known to be attached to mRNA in animal cells7–9. We have found that RNA molecules can be isolated from E. coli with the techniques developed for the isolation of poly(A) containing RNA of eukaryotes10 which have properties of mRNA and contain poly(A) sequence at their 3′ terminus.
Thermal Electron Attachment to Chloroalkanes and Herschbach Ionic Morse Potentials for Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)

New rate constants for thermal electron attachment to chloroalkanes were measured in a recent swarm ionization cell study (Barszczewska, W.; Kopyra, J.; Wnorowska, J; Szamrej, I J. Phys. Chem. A 2003, 107, 11427). Electron affinities of haloakanes were calculated and used to construct one ionic potential energy curve to model the electron attachment process. Six of the 11 summary items presented should be revisited based on the following results and published complementary studies. The adiabatic electron affinity of CCl4 is calculated using the MNDO CURES-EC approach to be 2.2 eV in agreement with experiment. The Feynman, Lesk, Herschbach, Wentworth hypotheses place a lower limit of zero on the long-range electron affinity, the adiabatic electron affinity, and the anion dissociation energy in a given bond dimension. Eight ionic Morse potential energy curves for CCl4(−) are calculated using the Herschbach classifications and experimental or predicted metrics. The antibonding, a, and bonding, b, curves are ...
Colloidal self-assembly at an interface

Mix a drop of water into a vial of oil. With some surfactant and a vigorous shake, that one droplet has become thousands, and the total interfacial area has increased by an order of magnitude or more. Like the folded membranes in our mitochondria, the alveoli in our lungs, and the catalytic converters in our cars, oil-water emulsions contain a vast reservoir of interfacial area that can be used to control and transform the things that encounter it. The oil-water interface is especially well-suited to directing the assembly of colloidal particles, which bind to it rapidly and often irreversibly.
Effect of Glucose on Fiber Digestion and Particle-Associated Carboxymethylcellulase Activity In Vitro,

Abstract Objectives of trial 1 were to delineate effects of glucose addition on digestion of cellulosic and hemicellulosic fiber sources in vitro as either pH-dependent or pH-independent. Two buffer media (regular and strong), three fiber sources (cellulose, soyhulls, and corn bran), and four glucose concentrations (0, 10, 25, and 50m M ) were used in an in vitro digestion system in a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. Strong, but not regular, buffer medium maintained pH >6.2 when glucose was added. Strong buffer medium and 50m M glucose increased NDF digestion lag time. Digestion rate of cellulose was decreased when 25 or 50m M glucose was added compared with effects of no glucose in both buffer media. Digestion rate of soyhull NDF was decreased when 25 or 50m M glucose was added compared with no glucose in cultures containing regular, but not strong, buffer medium. Corn bran NDF digestion rate was decreased when 50m M glucose was added with strong, but not regular, buffer medium compared with effects of no glucose. Thus, effects of glucose addition on cellulose and corn bran digestion rates were, in part, pH-independent, but effect on soyhulls was pH-dependent. Effects of adding 25m M glucose at 0 or 24h of incubation in strong buffer medium on microbial colonization and digestion of fiber were studied in trial 2. Glucose added at 0h, but not at 24h, of incubation decreased NDF digestion rate compared with effects of no glucose. Glucose added at 0 or 24h of incubation decreased carboxymethylcellulase activity (index of colonization of fibrolytic microbes). Corn bran digesta had lower carboxymethylcellulase activity than did digesta from cellulose or soyhulls. Glucose decreased NDF digestion rate, apparently by decreasing colonization of fibrolytic microbes on cellulosic and hemicellulosic fiber sources.
Prepivoting to reduce level error of confidence sets

SUMMARY Approximate confidence sets for a parameter 0 may be obtained by referring a function of 0 and of the sample to an estimated quantile of that function's sampling distribution. We call this function the root of the confidence set. Either asymptotic theory or bootstrap methods can be used to estimate the desired quantile. When the root is not a pivot, in the sense of classical statistics, the actual level of the approximate confidence set may differ substantially from the intended level. Prepivoting is the transformation of a confidence set root by its estimated bootstrap cumulative distribution function. Prepivoting can be iterated. Bootstrap confidence sets generated from a root prepivoted one or more times have smaller error in level than do confidence sets based on the original root. The first prepivoting is nearly equivalent to studentizing, when that operation is appropriate. Further iterations of prepivoting make higher order corrections automatically.
Angiotensin Receptor Type 1 Forms a Complex with the Transient Outward Potassium Channel Kv4.3 and Regulates Its Gating Properties and Intracellular Localization

We report a novel signal transduction complex of the angiotensin receptor type 1. In this complex the angiotensin receptor type 1 associates with the potassium channel α-subunit Kv4.3 and regulates its intracellular distribution and gating properties. Co-localization of Kv4.3 with angiotensin receptor type 1 and fluorescent resonance energy transfer between those two proteins labeled with cyan and yellow-green variants of green fluorescent protein revealed that Kv4.3 and angiotensin receptor type I are located in close proximity to each other in the cell. The angiotensin receptor type 1 also co-immunoprecipitates with Kv4.3 from canine ventricle or when co-expressed with Kv4.3 and its β-subunit KChIP2 in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Treatment of the cells with angiotensin II results in the internalization of Kv4.3 in a complex with the angiotensin receptor type 1. When stimulated with angiotensin II, angiotensin receptors type 1 modulate gating properties of the remaining Kv4.3 channels on the cell surface by shifting their activation voltage threshold to more positive values. We hypothesize that the angiotensin receptor type 1 provides its internalization molecular scaffold to Kv4.3 and in this way regulates the cell surface representation of the ion channel.
Instantaneous Assessment Of Athletic Performance Using High Speed Video

We describe the use of high speed video to provide quantitative assessment of motion in athletic performance. Besides the normal requirement for accuracy, an essential feature is that the information be provided rapidly enough so that it my serve as valuable feedback in the learning process. The general considerations which must be addressed in the development of such a computer based system are discussed. These ideas are illustrated specifically through the description of a prototype system which has been designed for the javelin throw.
Applying Social Cognitive Career Theory to the Empowerment of Battered Women

Despite increasing attention to the problem of domestic violence and its multifaceted consequences, the career development needs of battered women have only sporadically been addressed in the vocational psychology literature. In this article, the scope and consequences of domestic violence are reviewed, highlighting effects on women's career and educational well-being. Social cognitive career theory (SCCT; R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, & G. Hackett, 1994) is described and applied to the experiences of women living in domestic violence situations. A framework for empowering battered women and using SCCT to promote their career development and attainment is provided, along with recommendations for future research.
Preparation of trimethyloxosulfonium‐13C iodide

Trimethyloxosulfonium-13C iodide (30% 13C-enriched) was prepared from 13C-labelled barium carbonate by proceeding through methanol-13C and methyl-13C iodide. The original procedure for the preparation of trimethyloxosulfonium iodide which afforded 53.6% of product was modified so that a 77% yield of trimethyloxosulfonium-13C iodide was obtained.
Bringing the Bacon Home

There is therefore much ground for hoping that there are still laid up in the womb of nature many secrets of excellent use, having no affinity or parallelism with anything that is now known, but lying entirely out of the beat of the imagination, which have not yet been found out. They too no doubt will some time or other in the course and revolution of many ages come to light of themselves, just as the others did, only by the method of which we are now treating they can be speedily and suddenly and simultaneously presented and anticipated. But we have also discoveries to show of another kind, which prove that novel inventions may be lying at our very feet, and yet mankind may step over without seeing them [1].
On the interaction between marine boundary layer cellular cloudiness and surface heat fluxes

Abstract. The interaction between marine boundary layer cellular cloudiness and surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat is investigated. The investigation focuses on the non-precipitating closed-cell state and the precipitating open-cell state at low geostrophic wind speed. The Advanced Research WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model is used to conduct cloud system-resolving simulations with interactive surface fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and of sea salt aerosol, and with a detailed representation of the interaction between aerosol particles and clouds. The mechanisms responsible for the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the surface heat fluxes in the closed- and open-cell state are investigated and explained. It is found that the closed-cell state imposes its horizontal spatial structure on surface air temperature and water vapor, and, to a lesser degree, on the surface sensible and latent heat flux. The responsible mechanism is the entrainment of dry, free tropospheric air into the boundary layer. The open-cell state is associated with oscillations in surface air temperature, water vapor, and in the surface fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and of sea salt aerosol. Here, the responsible mechanism is the periodic formation of clouds, rain, and of cold and moist pools with elevated wind speed. Open-cell cloud formation, cloud optical depth and liquid water path, and cloud and rain water path are identified as good predictors of the horizontal spatial structure of surface air temperature and sensible heat flux, but not of surface water vapor and latent heat flux. It is shown that the open-cell state creates conditions conducive to its maintenance by enhancing the surface sensible heat flux. The open-cell state also enhances the sea salt flux relative to the closed-cell state. While the open-cell state under consideration is not depleted in aerosol and is insensitive to variations in sea salt fluxes, in aerosol-depleted conditions, the enhancement of the sea salt flux may replenish the aerosol needed for cloud formation and hence contribute to the maintenance of the open-cell state. Spatial homogenization of the surface fluxes is found to have only a small effect on cloud properties in the investigated cases.
The radiation induced anti-Markownikoff addition of hydrogen bromide to alpha-olefins

Abstract The radiation-induced addition of HBr to alpha-olefins from propene to octene has been investigated from −79 to + 25°C. The addition is predominately abnormal, or anti-Markownikoff, giving rise to the primary bromide which is well over 90 per cent of the product in most cases. The addition is presumably by a long-chain mechanism with G -values for the addition product of the order of 10 3 in the gas phase and 10 5 in the liquid phase.
A modular prosthesis for patellofemoral arthroplasty: design and initial results.

UNLABELLED This study was designed to determine if a new and modular prosthesis for patellofemoral arthroplasty would produce results at least as good as those reported for other designs, while simultaneously eliminating the risks of patellar revision should total knee arthroplasty be needed in the future. Another issue was its suitability for the older patient with isolated patellofemoral arthritis in order to avoid destruction of the normal femoro-tibial compartments involved in total knee arthroplasty. Finally, I sought information about the safety and longevity of this prosthesis when used for patellofemoral arthroplasty in severely disabled patients too young to be considered for total knee replacement. From a cohort of 16 patients (8 studied retrospectively and 8 prospectively), aged 26 to 81 years, and followed up for 2.75-6.25 years, 15 (94%) rated their results excellent or good using the Activities of Daily Living Scale. These results are better than previously reported for other prosthetic designs. To date, no patient in this study group has required conversion to a total knee arthroplasty. The design has proven safe for use in both the older and younger patient, but longer followup will be needed to assess greater longevity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Study, Level IV-8 (case series--no, or historical control group). See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Oxygen-Induced Marrow Red Cell Hypoplasia Leading to Transfusion in Sickle Painful Crisis

The benefit of oxygen (O2) therapy in non-hypoxic sickle cell patients in painful crisis is uncertain. We report a case of a non-hypoxic sickle cell patient in painful crisis who developed marrow red cell hypoplasia requiring transfusion support after O2 therapy. The uncertain benefits of O2 use in such cases must be weighed against the serious and underrecognized risks of transfusion. In patients who develop O2-induced marrow red cell hypoplasia, cessation of O2 therapy may reverse the anemia and obviate the need for transfusion.
Ultra-low energy switches based on silicon photonic crystals for on-chip optical interconnects

Although switching techniques based on charge injection in silicon have progressed greatly in recent years, switching energies are still above 10 fJ/bit, which is considered the threshold for practical implementation in on-chip optical interconnects 1 . This is due primarily to silicon’s relatively weak electro-optic response 2 , as well as the large physical extent of existing switching geometries, both of which increase the energy required to achieve switching. By using a resonant approach in which the optical mode is spatially tightly confined, however, the volume of active material is decreased, resulting in reduced switching energy. In this paper we report on the use of a thin MOS capacitor to inject charge into a resonator based on a photonic crystal microcavity. By injecting charge only into the volume in which the optical mode is localized, switching energy can be reduced below 1 fJ/bit. The index shift available (� n ~ 0.001) allows the use of a relatively low-Q resonator (Q ~ 550), enabling high optical bandwidth of 100 Gbps with a device footprint below 25 � m 2 .
A computational theory of adaptive behavior based on an evolutionary reinforcement mechanism

Two mathematical and two computational theories from the field of human and animal learning are combined to produce a more general theory of adaptive behavior. The cornerstone of this theory is an evolutionary algorithm for reinforcement learning that instantiates the idea that behavior evolves in response to selection pressure from the environment in the form of reinforcement. The evolutionary reinforcement algorithm, along with its associated equilibrium theory, are combined with a mathematical theory of conditioned reinforcement and a computational theory of associative learning that together solve the problem of credit assignment in a biologically plausible way. The result is a biologically-inspired computational theory that enables an artificial organism to adapt continuously to changing environmental conditions and to generate adaptive state-action sequences.
Recent Test Results of the High Field ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ Dipole Magnet HD2

The 1 m long Nb3Sn dipole magnet HD2, fabricated and tested at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, represents a step towards the development of block-type accelerator quality magnets operating in the range of 13-15 T. The magnet design features two coil modules composed of two layers wound around a titanium-alloy pole. The layer 1 pole includes a round cutout to provide room for a bore tube with a clear aperture of 36 mm. After a first series of tests where HD2 reached a maximum bore field of 13.8 T, corresponding to an estimated peak field on the conductor of 14.5 T, the magnet was disassembled and reloaded without the bore tube and with a clear aperture increased to 43 mm. We describe in this paper the magnet training observed in two consecutive tests after the removal of the bore tube, with a comparison of the quench performance with respect to the previous tests. An analysis of the voltage signals recorded before and after training quenches is then presented and discussed, and the results of coil visual inspections reported.
Examining English Language Learning Motivation of Adult International Learners Studying Abroad in the US.

The present study reports on the motivations of adult, international learners of English, studying English 20 hours a week in a US-based Intensive English Program (IEP). Though often used as participants in language acquisition studies, there are few studies of these learners’ motivational profiles. In the current study, a questionnaire designed to measure language attitudes, learning orientations, and learning confidence was administered to 131 IEP learners. Factor analysis of the responses revealed five motivation components: Learning Self-Confidence, Attitudes toward English Language Learning/Community, Personal English Use, Value of English Learning, and International Posture. The results attest to a dualistic nature of instrumentality and suggest that even in a study abroad setting, international English learners are less motivated by positive attitudes toward the English community and more motivated by a sense of personal pride in learning and using English, even when learning confidence is low.
An extension of the random phase approximation

Abstract A theoretical scheme appropriate for generalizing the Hartree-Fock and RPA theories to include ground state correlations is developed. The Beliaev-Zelevinsky expansion is used for expanding the Hamiltonian in boson operators. The ground state wave function is defined as the independent boson wave function which minimizes the expectation value of the Hamiltonian. It follows that the ground state cannot mix with one- or two-boson wave functions, and this condition yields immediately equations generalizing the Hartree-Fock and the RPA equations. By considering the oscillations of slightly modified independent-boson wave functions around the equilibrium position, the boson-boson correlations due to anharmonic effects are introduced. Finally, it is shown that the present approach possesses formal properties similar to those of the RPA theory.
Effects of acidification on metal accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates. 2. Wetlands, ponds and small lakes

Compared were concentrations of Al, Cd, Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Ni, P, and Zn in water, plants, and aquatic invertebrates of wetlands, ponds, and small lakes in Maryland and Maine. The accumulation of metals by aquatic plants and insects and the concentration of metals in water were not greatly affected by pH. None of the metal concentrations in water significantly correlated with metals in insects. Plant metal concentrations poorly correlated with metal concentrations in water. Concentrations of metals exceeded acceptable dietary levels more frequently in plants than in invertebrates. Concerns about metal toxicity in birds that feed on invertebrates and plants from acidified waters seem to be unwarranted. Positive correlations among pH, Ca in water, Ca in insects, and Ca in plants imply that acidification can reduce the Ca content of aquatic biota. Aquatic insects were low in Ca, but crayfishes and snails, which are adversely affected by low pH, were very high. A concern for waterfowl is Ca deprivation from decreased Ca availability in low-pH wetlands, ponds, and small lakes.
Experimental Setup for Investigating Gamma Transmission Line Models in the Presence of Non-Fundamental Frequencies

This work describes the experimental setup designed within the Center for Electric Power Engineering at Drexel University to investigate electric power transmission line models, and specifically to study their behavior over non- fundamental frequencies. Thus far studies pertaining to a lumped equivalent gamma line model and a uniformly segmented gamma model (three segments) have been performed utilizing the experimental setup. The instrumentation and measurement set up allows for the study of waveform propagation (including attenuation and phase shift) and computation of observed impedance.
Synaptotagmin-12, a synaptic vesicle phosphoprotein that modulates spontaneous neurotransmitter release.

Central synapses exhibit spontaneous neurotransmitter release that is selectively regulated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). We now show that synaptic vesicles contain synaptotagmin-12, a synaptotagmin isoform that differs from classical synaptotagmins in that it does not bind Ca2+. In synaptic vesicles, synaptotagmin-12 forms a complex with synaptotagmin-1 that prevents synaptotagmin-1 from interacting with SNARE complexes. We demonstrate that synaptotagmin-12 is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent PKA on serine97, and show that expression of synaptotagmin-12 in neurons increases spontaneous neurotransmitter release by approximately threefold, but has no effect on evoked release. Replacing serine97 by alanine abolishes synaptotagmin-12 phosphorylation and blocks its effect on spontaneous release. Our data suggest that spontaneous synaptic-vesicle exocytosis is selectively modulated by a Ca2+-independent synaptotagmin isoform, synaptotagmin-12, which is controlled by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation.
Afterword: Why Peer Review Journals?

More than 50% of academic libraries' budgets are spent on peer review journal subscriptions [1]. One may wonder why these publications (often) with plain and dull covers (unlike those attractive, colorful magazines on newsstands), small subscription base and specialized readership carry such importance. The reason is simple. Publishing a journal for interested researchers, academics, and practitioners benefits the advancement of knowledge. To be recognized as an academic subject, a discipline must publish a peer review journal. Unlike magazines with short shelf lives for general reading, peer review journals are archived and referenced within a discipline. These journals serve as a forum for professional intellectual exchange, and as a platform to present cutting edge research. Peer review (refereed) journals give direction to the field and industry. They also help researchers strengthen their academic careers and seek research funding.This article will review basic definitions of peer review and then discuss in detail issues and concerns that emerged in the editing of this issue.
On stability and performance analysis of discrete-time piecewise affine systems

This paper considers exponential stability and quadratic performance of discrete-time piecewise affine systems. We propose a procedure to obtain an increasing sequence of state-space partitions, and show that, whenever the procedure terminates after a finite number of steps, a nonconservative stability and performance analysis is achieved by solving a finite number of linear matrix inequalities. The result is illustrated via numerical examples, which include a model of the PWM DC-DC power converter.
Virus glycosylation: role in virulence and immune interactions

The study of N-linked glycosylation as it relates to virus biology has become an area of intense interest in recent years due to its ability to impart various advantages to virus survival and virulence. HIV and influenza, two clear threats to human health, have been shown to rely on expression of specific oligosaccharides to evade detection by the host immune system. Additionally, other viruses such as Hendra, SARS-CoV, influenza, hepatitis and West Nile rely on N-linked glycosylation for crucial functions such as entry into host cells, proteolytic processing and protein trafficking. This review focuses on recent findings on the importance of glycosylation to viral virulence and immune evasion for several prominent human pathogens.
Evidence of Borrelia lonestari DNA in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) Removed from Humans

We used a nested PCR with Borrelia flagellin gene (flaB) primers and DNA sequencing to determine if Borrelia lonestari was present in Amblyomma americanum ticks removed from military personnel and sent to the Tick-Borne Disease Laboratory of the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. In our preliminary investigation, we detected Borrelia sequences in 19 of 510 A. americanum adults and nymphs from Ft. A. P. Hill, Va. During the 2001 tick season, the flaB primers were used to test all A. americanum samples as they were received, and 29 of 2,358 A. americanum samples tested individually or in small pools were positive. PCRs with 2,146 A. americanum samples in 2002 yielded 26 more Borrelia-positive samples. The positive ticks in 2001 and 2002 were from Arkansas, Delaware, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. The last positive sample of the 2001 season was a pool of larvae. To further investigate larval infection, we collected and tested questing A. americanum larvae from Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.; 4 of 33 pools (40 larvae per pool) were positive. Infection of unfed larvae provides evidence of the maintenance of B. lonestari by means of transovarial transmission. Sequence analysis revealed that the amplicons were identical to sequences of the B. lonestari flaB gene in GenBank. Despite the low prevalence of infection, the risk of B. lonestari transmission may be magnified because A. americanum is often abundant and aggressive, and many tick bite victims receive multiple bites.