cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corporate fraud, systematic risk, and shareholder enrichment

Abstract The impact of the disclosure of alleged illegal corporate activities together with the possible motives for their use increasingly has become the subject of research by financial scholars. These studies primarily analyze the disclosure’s effect on the market returns of the firm’s equity. The consensus of these studies is that the initial disclosure of alleged illegal corporate activities results in significant negative abnormal returns to the existing shareholders. The size of these abnormal returns generally exceeds the actual fines, fees and penalties that the firms eventually experience. The impact of these disclosures on systematic risk and their possible implications for managerial behavior and corporate policy have suffered from relative neglect. The present research seeks to establish what, if any, impact the disclosure of alleged corporate fraud has on systematic risk. Using the data set provided by Karpoff and Lott (1993, The reputational penalty firms bear from committing corporate fraud. J Law Econ , 34, 757–802), this research tests whether securities experience any significant beta shifts upon the initial disclosure of alleged corporate fraud. Empirical tests find evidence consistent with the theory that agents engage in illegal activity in an attempt to enhance share price. The empirical results also provide additional insight into the question of why corporations engage in criminal activity.
Fundamental phase noise limit in optical fibres due to temperature fluctuations

Theoretical results are presented for the power and RMS amplitude spectra of phase noise in optical fibres due to thermodynamic temperature fluctuations, including the effects of finite fibre outside diameter and retardation. For a fibre optic Mach–Zehnder interferometer with 20m of 125μm diameter fibre in each arm, the (0–25) kHz phase noise is (5.1–1.3) × 10−7rad RMS/√(Hz) at 1300nm.
ST-segment depression in aVR as a predictor of culprit artery and infarct size in acute inferior wall ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Abstract Background ST-segment depression in lead aVR in acute inferior wall ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has recently been suggested as a predictor of left circumflex (LCx) artery involvement. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical significance of aVR depression during inferior wall STEMI. Methods This study included 106 consecutive patients who presented with inferior wall STEMI and underwent urgent coronary angiogram. Clinical and angiographic findings were compared between patients with and without aVR depression ≥0.1 mV. Results The sensitivity and specificity of aVR depression as a predictor of LCx infarction were 53% and 86%, respectively. In patients with right coronary artery infarction, aVR depression was associated with increased cardiac enzymes and the involvement of a large posterolateral branch, which may explain the larger infarction. Conclusions ST-segment depression in lead aVR in inferior wall STEMI predicts LCx infarction or larger RCA infarction involving a large posterolateral branch.
Electromorphic ceramics in extreme environment parametric device applications

Diffuse-transition electromorphic ceramics have been investigated for parametric device applications in extreme temperature and radiation environments. The circuit properties of nonlinear capacitors fabricated from such materials were found to be relatively constant over a temperature range of hundreds of degrees centigrade and extremely insensitive to nuclear radiation. Because of dielectric relaxation behavior, efficient parametric device applications are limited to below 10 MHz with presently available materials. An antiferroelectric composition provided more efficient parametric amplification at the higher frequencies than did the ferroelectric compositions investigated.
Nonlinear output feedback H ∞ control for polynomial nonlinear systems

In this paper, we propose a computational scheme of solving the output feedback Hinfin control problem for a class of nonlinear systems with polynomial vector field. The output feedback control design problem will be decomposed into a state feedback and an output estimation problems. Resorting to higher order Lyapunov functions, two Hamilton-Jacobian-Isaacs (HJI) inequalities are first formulated as semi-definite optimization conditions. Sum-of-squares (SOS) programming techniques are then applied to obtain computationally tractable solutions, from which a nonlinear control law will be constructed. The closed-loop system is asymptotically stabilizable by the nonlinear output feedback control and achieves good Hinfin performance under the exogenous disturbances.
A modular curriculum for integrating spirituality and health care

Curriculum concepts successfully used to teach third-year medical students about spirituality in health care can be readily adapted for use in any professional or preprofessional health curriculum.
Using enthalpy as a prognostic variable in atmospheric modelling with variable composition

Specific enthalpy emerges from a general form of the internal energy equation as a convenient prognostic thermodynamic variable for atmospheric modelling with variable composition, including models of moist air. This choice presents a general and flexible alternative to the common formalism of virtual temperature employed in most numerical weather prediction and climate models to account for the presence of water vapour and other constituents. The new approach eliminates the need for additional terms in the energy equation, resulting from composition variations along the air-parcel trajectories and routinely neglected in models. This note presents a derivation of relevant equations from first principles and outlines the changes to existing model codes necessary to accommodate the new formulation. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contrasting perceptions of ecosystem services of an African forest park

Traditionally, conservation programmes assume that local peoples’ support for parks depends on receiving material benefits from foreign exchange, tourism, development and employment. However, in the case of forest parks in Africa, where annual visitation can be small, local support may instead result from ecosystem services. Kibale National Park, a forest park in Uganda, demonstrates that people appreciate parks in ways that are seldom cited nor explored. Public perceptions of benefits accrued from Kibale were explored using two different sampling techniques: a community census and a geographic sample. In both surveys, over 50% of respondents perceived benefits provided by Kibale National Park, and over 90% of those who perceived benefits identified ecosystem services, whereas material benefits were cited less frequently. Multimodel selection on a suite of general linear models for the two different sampling methods provided a comparison of factors influencing perceptions of ecosystem services. Perceptions of Park benefits were influenced by geography, household and respondent characteristics, and perception of negative impacts from the Park. Perceived ecosystem benefits played an important role in the way the Park was viewed and valued locally. Parks have considerable impacts on neighbouring communities, and their long-term political and economic sustainability depends on managing these relationships well. Since local people have the most to gain or lose by conserving neighbouring parks, analyses that incorporate the perceptions of local people are essential to management and sustainability of park landscapes.
Morphogenesis of the head and face: discussion report.

The discussion following the session on evolution and morphogenesis of the head and face concentrated upon two major issues: (1) How can one test models of development, particularly at biochemical and molecular levels? (2) Are the cell populations of the early facial primordia heterogeneous and when might this heterogeneity arise? The Chairman, J. Z. Young (London), had suggested in his introductory remarks that research into craniofacial development was at last becoming more specialized, having previously dealt with principles and model systems rather than with issues of practical importance. The ensuing lectures clearly demonstrated the direction and advances in current research, both in evolutionary aspects and at the level of morphogenesis. Robert Greene (Philadelphia) opened the general discussion. He emphasized the need to examine biochemical and molecular aspects of craniofacial development. In his view, the conceptual chasm between the gene and metazoan embryogenesis was wide and deep and had remained so in recent years.
Diagnosis of union of distal tibia fractures: accuracy and interobserver reliability.

Abstract Decisions about return to activity and additional surgery are often made on the basis of radiographs obtained 3 months after injury. If radiographs 3 months after injury cannot reliably and accurately diagnose union, then patients may be needlessly disabled and might receive unnecessary treatments including surgery. We evaluated the accuracy and the reliability of the diagnosis of union or eventual union on radiographs obtained 3 months after open reduction and internal fixation of a fracture of the distal tibia by having 69 trauma surgeons evaluate radiographs of 33 consecutively treated patients in an online survey. Observers were also asked to judge specific criteria that are commonly used to diagnose fracture union. There was moderate interobserver reliability for the diagnosis of union or diagnosis of “eventual union”. The interobserver agreement for the various specific radiographic signs of union varied between fair to moderate. The sensitivity of radiographs for diagnosis of “union or eventual union” of distal tibia fractures was 47%, the specificity was 73% and the accuracy was 68%. The prevalence adjusted positive predictive value was 25% and the negative predictive value was 88%. Diagnosis of union based on radiographs 3 months after injury is only moderately reliable and accurate but has a high negative predictive value. Decisions about activity level and additional treatment 3 months after injury should not be based on radiographs alone.
The critical roles of tumor-initiating cells and the lymph node stromal microenvironment in human colorectal cancer extranodal metastasis using a unique humanized orthotopic mouse model

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-most common cause of cancer-related mortality. The most important prognostic factors are lymph node (LN) involvement and extranodal metastasis. Our objective is to investigate the interactions between CD133(+)CXCR4(+) (CXC receptor 4) colorectal cancer tumor-initiating cells (Co-TICs) and the LN stromal microenvironment in human CRC extranodal metastasis. We established a unique humanized orthotopic xenograft model. Luciferase-tagged CRC cell lines and human cancer cells were injected intrarectally into nonobese diabetic/SCID mice. Mesenteric LN stromal cells, stromal cell line HK, or CXCL12 knockdown HK (HK-KD-A3) cells were coinoculated with CRC cells. Tumor growth and metastasis were monitored by bioluminescent imaging and immunohistochemistry. We found that this model mimics the human CRC metastatic pattern with CRC cell lines or patient specimens. Adding LN stromal cells promotes CRC tumor growth and extranodal metastasis (P < 0.001). Knocking down CXCL12 impaired HK cell support of CRC tumor formation and extranodal metastasis. When HK cells were added, sorted CD133(+)CXCR4(+) Co-TICs showed increased tumor formation and extranodal metastasis capacities compared to unseparated and non-Co-TIC populations. In conclusion, both Co-TIC and LN stromal factors play crucial roles in CRC metastasis through the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. Blocking Co-TIC/LN-stromal interactions may lead to effective therapy to prevent extranodal metastasis.
Two-Level Hierarchical Transportation Networks: A New Set of Problems and Practical Applications*

This paper defines and solves a set of new problems for two-level hierarchical transportation networks. Given a set of points, the objective is to find the path of a primary link such that a weighted sum of the lengths of the perpendiculars from each point to the primary link and the distance between the feet of the two extreme perpendiculars is minimized. The perpendiculars are the connecting or secondary links and the primary link could be a straight line or a curve. The paper provides an algorithm and computational results for the case in which the primary link is a straight line. Implementation approaches are also discussed.
Exponential error bounds for coding through noisy channels with inaccurately known statistics and for generalized decision rules

Generalized decoding decision rules provide added flexibility in a decoding scheme, and some advantages. In a generalized decoding decision rule, the following possibilities are considered: (1) the decoder has the option of not deciding at all, or rejecting all estimates. This is termed an erasure; (2) the decoder has the option of putting out more than one estimate. The resulting output is called a list. Only if the correct codeword is not on the list is there a list error. Taking into account the lack of exact knowledge of the channel statistics and assuming a mismatch between the true channel transition probabilities and the nominal probabilities used in the decoding metric, error bounds are developed for generalized decision rules. Conditions under which the error probabilities converge to zero exponentially with the block length, in spite of the presence of mismatch, are established. >
Evaluating impairment in Wisconsin Areas of Concern using relative abundance of Smallmouth Bass

Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu) is an important sportfish and has been suggested as a restoration target species in degraded aquatic environments such as “Areas of Concern” in the Great Lakes basin. Determining expected relative densities of fish and wildlife populations, such as Smallmouth Bass, in least-impacted situations is central to developing effective monitoring programs, assessing the level of relative impairment, determining appropriate restoration goals, and evaluating the efficacy of restoration efforts. We tested a straightforward classification scheme of Smallmouth Bass populations in least impacted non-wadeable rivers in Wisconsin based on parameters related to substrate and geographic location as both variables have been associated with relative Smallmouth Bass density. Coarse-substrate rivers tended to have higher Smallmouth Bass catch per effort values than fine-substrate rivers and southern rivers tended to have higher catch per effort values than northern rivers in Wisconsin. We...
A Cytochrome b5-Containing Plastid-Located Fatty Acid Desaturase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and other green algae contains hexadeca-4,7,10,13-tetraenoic acid (16:4) in the glycerol sn-2 position. While many genes necessary for the introduction of acyl chain double bonds have been functionally characterized, the Δ4-desaturase remained unknown. Using a phylogenetic comparison, a candidate gene encoding the MGDG-specific Δ4-desaturase from Chlamydomonas (CrΔ4FAD) was identified. CrΔ4FAD shows all characteristic features of a membrane-bound desaturase, including three histidine boxes and a transit peptide for chloroplast targeting. But it also has an N-terminal cytochrome b5 domain, distinguishing it from other known plastid desaturases. Cytochrome b5 is the primary electron donor for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) desaturases and is often fused to the desaturase domain in desaturases modifying the carboxyl end of the acyl group. Difference absorbance spectra of the recombinant cytochrome b5 domain of CrΔ4FAD showed that it is functional in vitro. Green fluorescent protein fusions of CrΔ4FAD localized to the plastid envelope in Chlamydomonas. Interestingly, overproduction of CrΔ4FAD in Chlamydomonas not only increased levels of 16:4 acyl groups in cell extracts but specifically increased the total amount of MGDG. Vice versa, the amount of MGDG was lowered in lines with reduced levels of CrΔ4FAD. These data suggest a link between MGDG molecular species composition and galactolipid abundance in the alga, as well as a specific function for this fatty acid in MGDG.
Soft tissue structures resisting anterior instability in a computational glenohumeral joint model

The glenohumeral joint is the most dislocated joint in the body due to the lack of bony constraints and the dependence on soft tissue for stability. The roles that various structures provide to joint function are important for understanding injury treatment and orthopaedic device design purposes. The goal of this study was to develop a computational model of the glenohumeral joint whereby joint behaviour was dictated by articular contact, ligamentous constraints, muscle loading and external perturbations. The bone structure of the computational model consisted of assembled computer tomographic images of the scapula, humerus and clavicle. The soft tissue elements were composed of forces and tension-only springs that represented muscles and ligaments. Validation of this model was achieved by comparing computational predictions to the results of a cadaveric experiment in which the relative contribution of muscles and ligaments to anterior joint stability was examined. The computational model predicted an ant...
Kinetics of polyacrylamide adsorption on calcium phosphate

An extension of Langmuir's rate equation is obtained for polymeric adsorption when the initial concentrations of polymers differ significantly from the final or equilibrium concentrations. It is assumed that the equation developed has a general applicability for polymer adsorption whenever the experimentally determined equilibrium adsorption data can be represented by Langmuir's isotherm. Adsorption of high molecular weight polyacrylamides from aqueous solutions upon calcium phosphate is described at low concentration of the polymer. The rate of adsorption obeys a Langmuirian type equation.
PINK1 and Parkin Target Miro for Phosphorylation and Degradation to Arrest Mitochondrial Motility

Cells keep their energy balance and avoid oxidative stress by regulating mitochondrial movement, distribution, and clearance. We report here that two Parkinson's disease proteins, the Ser/Thr kinase PINK1 and ubiquitin ligase Parkin, participate in this regulation by arresting mitochondrial movement. PINK1 phosphorylates Miro, a component of the primary motor/adaptor complex that anchors kinesin to the mitochondrial surface. The phosphorylation of Miro activates proteasomal degradation of Miro in a Parkin-dependent manner. Removal of Miro from the mitochondrion also detaches kinesin from its surface. By preventing mitochondrial movement, the PINK1/Parkin pathway may quarantine damaged mitochondria prior to their clearance. PINK1 has been shown to act upstream of Parkin, but the mechanism corresponding to this relationship has not been known. We propose that PINK1 phosphorylation of substrates triggers the subsequent action of Parkin and the proteasome.
Characterization of the Metabolic Flux and Apoptotic Effects of O-Hydroxyl- and N-Acyl-Modified N-Acetylmannosamine Analogs in Jurkat Cells*

The supplementation of the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway with exogenously supplied N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) analogs has many potential biomedical and biotechnological applications. In this work, we explore the structure-activity relationship of Man-NAc analogs on cell viability and metabolic flux into the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway to gain a better understanding of the fundamental biology underlying "glycosylation engineering" technology. A panel of ManNAc analogs bearing various modifications on the hydroxyl groups as well as substitutions at the N-acyl position was investigated. Increasing the carbon chain length of ester derivatives attached to the hydroxyl groups increased the metabolic efficiency of sialic acid production, whereas similar modification to the N-acyl group decreased efficiency. In both cases, increases in chain length decreased cell viability; DNA ladder formation, Annexin V-FITC two-dimensional flow cytometry assays, caspase-3 activation, and down-regulation of sialoglycoconjugate-processing enzymes established that the observed growth inhibition and toxicity resulted from apoptosis. Two of the panel of 12 analogs tested, specifically Ac(4)ManNLev and Ac(4) ManNHomoLev, were highly toxic. Interestingly, both of these analogs maintained a ketone functionality in the same position relative to the core monosaccharide structure, and both also inhibited flux through the sialic acid pathway (the remainder of the less toxic analogs either increased or had no measurable impact on flux). These results provide fundamental insights into the role of sialic acid metabolism in apoptosis by demonstrating that ManNAc analogs can modulate apoptosis both indirectly via hydroxylgroup effects and directly through N-acyl-group effects.
Pulse-to-Pulse Laser Stability Effects on Multiple Shot Excimer Laser Crystallized a-Si Thin Films

Laser crystallized amorphous silicon thin films on quartz exhibit a peak in the grain size, electron mobility and the Si (111) x-ray intensity as a function of the laser fluence, substrate temperature, film thickness, and the number of laser shots per unit area. The peak in grain size has also been shown to be dependent: on the stability of the pulse-to-pulse laser energy density, particularly at high shot densities. The shape of the distribution profile of the pulse-to-pulse laser fluence can significantly alter the grain growth at higher shot densities. The modified growth can be expressed by a simple model based on the mean and standard deviation of the laser energy density relative to the characteristic fluence at which the grain size, mobility, and Si (111) x-ray intensities are maximized.
The Gaussian Surface Area and Noise Sensitivity of Degree-d Polynomial Threshold Functions

We prove asymptotically optimal bounds on the Gaussian noise sensitivity of degree-d polynomial threshold functions. These bounds translate into optimal bounds on the Gaussian surface area of such functions, and therefore imply new bounds on the running time of agnostic learning algorithms.
Effects of G-quartet DNA stationary phase destabilization on fibrinogen peptide resolution in capillary electrochromatography

The migration of fibrinogen peptides in capillaries coated with G-quartet-forming DNA oligonucleotides in open-tubular CEC (OTCEC) was studied, in order to investigate factors affecting the retention of peptides on G-quartet DNA stationary phases. At 25 degrees C, the peptides eluted in the same order in OTCEC using a two-plane G-quartet DNA stationary phase as in CZE, including two peptides that were completely overlapped. It was found that baseline resolution of the coeluting peptides could be achieved in the OTCEC experiment, but not in CZE, at run temperatures of 35-40 degrees C. A stationary phase formed by a scrambled-sequence oligonucleotide that does not form a G-quartet did not provide any resolution of the two coeluting peptides, even at the higher temperatures, indicating that some destabilization of the G-quartet enhances resolution but that some degree of G-quartet structure is necessary. The effects of destabilization were further explored through variation of the cations (sodium or potassium) used in attachment of the G-quartet oligonucleotide to the capillary surface and in the mobile-phase buffer. Resolution was lower when a more stable, four-plane G-quartet stationary phase was used, supporting the conclusion that some flexibility in the G-quartet structure facilitates differential interactions that resolve otherwise coeluting peptides. The increase in peptide resolution upon destabilization of the G-quartet structure could prove to be an important factor in the application of G-quartet DNA stationary phases for nonaffinity-based separation of native proteins and peptides.
The Transition from Primitive Communism: The Wolof Social Formation of West Africa

The transition from a classless to a class society has been a major dilemma to Marxist economic historians. Using the Wolof social formation of West Africa as its historical example, this paper produces a class theoretic analysis of primitive communism. From this analysis, it is then able to show how such a transition could take place.
Trading obliviousness for modularity with cooperative aspect-oriented programming

The potential of aspect-oriented programming to adequately capture crosscutting concerns has yet to be fully realized. For example, authors have detailed significant challenges in creating reusable aspect component libraries. One proposed solution is to introduce Explicit Join Points (EJPs) to increase modularity by reducing obliviousness, enabling a Cooperative Aspect-Oriented Programming (Co-AOP) methodology where base code and aspects synergistically collaborate.This article explores the trade-offs between obliviousness and modularity. We briefly introduce EJPs and Co-AOP, and hypothesize how to balance obliviousness and modularity using Co-AOP. We build upon a prior empirical study to refactor three real-life Java applications to implement the exception handling concern using three distinct strategies: (1) using fully oblivious aspects in AspectJ, (2) using EJPs in a fully explicit fashion, and (3) using EJPs while following the Co-AOP methodology. We study other crosscutting concerns by refactoring a fourth application, JHotDraw. The differences in terms of common code metrics are analyzed, and the impact on modularity is assessed using design structure matrices. Results indicate that the Co-AOP methodology can in many cases significantly improve code quality attributes versus fully oblivious or fully explicit approaches. We conclude with guiding principles on the proper use of EJPs within the Co-AOP methodology.
Management of the Mass in the Buccal Space

To provide a concept of the three-dimensional anatomy of the buccal space. To describe the clinical presentation and specific features of buccal space tumors. To discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and rationale for various surgical approaches to the tumors of the buccal space.
Abstract W MP104: tPA Administration and Dosing Errors within a Regional Stroke System

BACKGROUND: Utilization of systemic IV tPA in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) requires weight-based dosing and a standardized infusion rate. We describe the frequency and types of tPA administration errors made in a comprehensive stroke center (CSC) and at stroke receiving facilities prior to transfer. METHODS: Using a prospectively-collected stroke quality database, all patients included received IV tPA from 2010-11 either at the CSC or prior to transfer (“drip-and-ship”). Retrospective data collection included pharmacy, air transport, and nursing records. RESULTS: We identified 131 tPA-treated AIS cases: 51% female; mean age 68 years; 33% treated at CSC; and 67% treated pre-transfer (including 16% by telestroke) from 22 facilities. Treatment of stroke mimics was more common at the CSC (12% vs 9%, p=NS). Pre-tPA blood pressure was more frequently not recorded in transfers (64% vs 7%, p 60 minutes (14%), total dose >90mg (5%), suspension/discontinuation of infusion (5%), or delayed tPA delivery to bedside (4%). Body weight discrepancies between institutions were frequent among transfers (42%). Parenchymal hematomas (PH) occurred in 7.5% of all patients (or 6.2% with tPA errors, 9.1% without errors); in-hospital death occurred in 10.7% overall (or 9.2% with errors, 12.1% without errors). PH, mortality and mRS did not differ between CSC-treated patients and transferred patients nor between those with and without errors. See table. CONCLUSION: tPA errors were very common in our large, regional stroke system, particularly among patients treated as “drip-and-ships”. Though in this study errors were not associated with outcomes, CSCs should include tPA dosing/administration education and quality assurance mechanisms within their systems in order to reduce avoidable, systematic errors.
Attachment and Relational Aggression: Power as a Mediating Variable

ABSTRACTEvidence illustrates that insecure romantic attachment predicts higher levels of relational aggression. However, no research has attempted to explain that relationship with mediating variables, such as relationship power, which is associated with attachment and partner violence. Data for this study included 457 couples from Wave 2 of the Flourishing Families Study. Actor Partner Interdependence results indicated that insecure attachment was significantly predictive of relational aggression actor effects. There was also a significant partner effect between male insecure attachment and female relational aggression, and power was a significant mediator between attachment and relational aggression for males and females.
Pride and Moral Responsibility

Having the emotion of pride requires taking oneself to stand in some special relation to the object of pride. According to agency accounts of this pride relation, the self and the object of pride are suitably related just in case one is morally responsible for the existence or excellence of the object of one's pride. I argue that agency accounts fail. This argument provides a strong prima facie defence of an alternate account of pride, according to which the self and the object of pride are suitably related just in case one's relation to the object of pride indicates that one's life accords with some of one's personal ideals. I conclude that the pride relation, though distinct from the relation of moral responsibility, is nonetheless a relation of philosophical interest that merits further attention.1 … the objects which excite these passions [pride and humility], are very numerous, and seemingly very different from each other. Pride or self-esteem may arise from the qualities of the mind; wit, good-sense, learning, courage, integrity: from those of the body; beauty, strength, agility, good mien, address in dancing, riding, fencing: from external advantages; country, family, children, relations, riches, houses, gardens, horses, dogs, cloaths. [I] afterwards proceed to find out that common circumstance, in which all these objects agree, and which causes them to operate on the passions. —David Hume2
STUDIES OF BONE METABOLISM

From the foregoing experiments, it is concluded that viability of the bone cells is not essential in the process of inorganic salt uptake by bone, provided the organic matrix is present and normal. The term "uptake", as used in this report, includes several possible processes: ionic exchange, recrystallization, and the formation of new crystals either in the old matrix or in conjunction with the formation of a new matrix. The latter can be demonstrated histologically in living tissue cultures of bone (Fig. 3). However, the amount of matrix formed over a ten-day period is probably insignificant in the over-all process of salt metabolism in tissue cultures, and, of course, need not be considered in the case of the dead bone (Fig. 4). Mobilization of the inorganic salts from bone, on the other hand, is facilitated by the presence of living cells. A corollary of these conclusions is that uptake of radio-active isotopes is probably not an accurate index of bone-cell "viability". This confirms the conclusion previously suggested by the work of Odell and his associates. A second conclusion reached from the present experiment is that the change in radiographic density in aseptic necrosis of bone is probably the result of combined failure of mobilization of inorganic salts and continued uptake by the necrotic bone from the tissue fluids, in addition to the decrease in density of the surrounding viable bone,—that is, the increase in density of the dead bone is actual as well as relative. An interesting sidelight on these observations is that bone-seeking radio-active emitters, such as radium, probably become relatiely fixed in the skeleton when radiation damage is sufficient to cause necrosis of the cells.
Ethical responsibilities toward wildlife.

Originally a keynote address, "Ethical Responsibilities toward Wildlife," at the American Veterinary Medical Association Forum on "The Veterinarian's Role in the Welfare of Wildlife," Palmer House, Chicago, IL, November 7, 1991.
Species-Specific Functions For Long Noncoding RNAs During Erythropoeisis

Mammalian genomes encode thousands of long noncoding (lnc) RNAs, although the extent to which lncRNAs regulate biological functions is not known. Indeed, most lncRNAs show low levels of conservation among mammals, which could suggest limited or species-restricted functions. We used RNA-seq to identify 683 and 1189 lncRNAs expressed during mouse and human erythropoiesis respectively, of which ∼25% are erythroid-specific. Primary cell chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies indicate that most mouse erythroid lncRNAs arise from classical promoters, and their genomic loci are bound by the hematopoietic transcription factors GATA1 and SCL/TAL1. Using the G1E-ER4 cell line, which has an inducible form of GATA1, we found that lncRNAs whose genomic loci are bound by GATA1 in primary cells are upregulated on GATA1 induction in the cell line, similar to coding genes. We compared RNA-Seq transcriptomes of erythroblasts from 8 different mice strains and showed that lncRNA expression is highly conserved within strains of the same species. A comparison of the human and mouse lncRNA transcriptomes showed that only 15% of mouse erythroblast lncRNAs have detectable syntenic transcripts in human erythroblasts, and that most lncRNAs are not detectable in humans. To identify functional lncRNAs, we used RNA interference in primary erythroblasts to analyze the functions of 21 abundantly expressed murine erythroid lncRNAs, 15 of which are mouse specific and 6 of which have orthologous transcripts in humans. Suppression of seven different lncRNAs inhibited various aspects of erythroid maturation including loss of cell volume, down-regulation of the surface marker CD44, and enucleation. The suppression of enucleation ranged from 25% reduction to 75% reduction of enucleation demonstrated with at least 2 separate shRNAs for each of the 7 lncRNAs (p<0.0005) ([Figure 1][1]). Of the seven lncRNAs that have a demonstrable function in murine erythropoiesis, none are expressed in human erythroblasts, indicating that lack of conservation between different species does not necessarily predict a lack of function. These results reflect marked evolutionary differences between protein-coding genes and lncRNAs, and indicate that the latter exert tissue- and species-specific roles in mammalian development. ![Figure 1][2] Figure 1 Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: #F1 [2]: pending:yes
An Experimental Study on the Response of Spherical Diffusion Flames Subjected to Rotation and Nonequidiffusion

We investigate the effects of rotation on spherical diffusion flames with emphasis on varying Lewis numbers on both the fuel and oxidizer sides. The study is motivated by recent theoretical development on the effects of rotation on droplet- or burner-generated flames. The experiments were devised not only to verify the theoretical predictions, but also extend or supplement the theories to study the flame response at high angular velocities where the perturbation theory no longer applies. The experiments were conducted using the 2.2 second drop tower at GRC. The flames were generated by injecting either the fuel or the oxidizer mixtures through a bronze porous burner to a controlled ambient which also comprises either an oxidizer or fuel mixture. As the theory predicted, the flame strengthened either at the pole or the equator as the Lewis numbers of the ambient and burner mixtures were varied.
Electrochemical Electron Transfer and Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer: Effects of Double Layer and Ionic Environment on Solvent Reorganization Energies.

Electron transfer and proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions at electrochemical interfaces play an essential role in a broad range of energy conversion processes. The reorganization energy, which is a measure of the free-energy change associated with solute and solvent rearrangements, is a key quantity for calculating rate constants for these reactions. We present a computational method for including the effects of the double layer and ionic environment of the diffuse layer in calculations of electrochemical solvent reorganization energies. This approach incorporates an accurate electronic charge distribution of the solute within a molecular-shaped cavity in conjunction with a dielectric continuum treatment of the solvent, ions, and electrode using the integral equations formalism polarizable continuum model. The molecule-solvent boundary is treated explicitly, but the effects of the electrode-double layer and double layer-diffuse layer boundaries, as well as the effects of the ionic strength o...
Variability in nutrient intake in a 28-day period.

This study of food logs showed that although individual intake varied widely, there were no significant differences in the intake of energy or seven selected nutrients from week to week over a four-week period.
On the Road and in the Field in 1919: The University of Arizona Summer Archaeological Field Season

Early on the morning of July first, 1919, a party of fifteen set out from Flagstaff [Arizona] on a long trip. It was the field archaeology of the University of Arizona and everywhere was evidenced success from the word “go.” The merry party was comfortably divided between the two Fords and the Studebaker. After that day over a thousand miles were traversed; by auto, by pack, and on foot. There were many experiences, many sights more wonderful than those many see in a lifetime. There were a few hardships which only added zest to the trip. When that same group returned they had all changed. Health was stamped in every action; happiness and satisfaction were everywhere in evidence; and a deep realization of the benefits in knowledge and experience gained was rooted in the heart of each individual. Any one might be questioned today; there would be an unanimous vote that this first field archaeology trip was a decided and memorable success.
Activity of Bortezomib in Mantle Cell Lymphoma, Diffuse Large B Cell, and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma.

Bortezomib (PS341, Velcade) is a selective, reversible proteosome inhibitor. It is a unique inhibitor of the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway leading to arrest in tumor growth, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. It plays an important role in the activation of NF Kappa B, which is responsible for transcription of inhibitors in apoptosis. It is a novel therapeutic agent that has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). In one phase II study, O’Conner et al reported that bortezomib demonstrated a response rate of 50% in refractory cases of mantle cell lymphoma, where as in small lymphocytic lymphoma there was a 0% response rate. Why certain types of non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) are sensitive to this agent and others resistant is currently not well understood. It is believed that disregulation has been shown to play a role in the development of drug resistance in NHL Our objective was to determine the efficacy of bortezomib in vitro using three subtypes of NHL. Three lymphocytic cell lines were used: Granta-519 (mantle cell lymphoma), Toledo (diffuse large cell lymphoma) and EHEB (chronic B cell leukemia). The cytotoxic effects were determined by the colorimetric MTT assay after 24 hours of treatment with bortezomib (1 – 20 nM). Apoptosis was assessed by measuring Caspase-3 activity after 6 and 16 hours of treatment with bortezomib (4 or 20 nM). Bortezomib demonstrated a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect for all three cell lines, with an IC50 of 3.5 nM, 4.1 nM, and 18.5 nM for Toledo, Granta-519 and EHEB, respectively. Apoptotic studies showed that bortezomib (20 nM) induced a 1.4 to 5.6-fold increase (after 6 hrs) and 5.8 to 16.6-fold increase (after 16 hrs) in apoptosis. The EHEB cell line was most resistant, showing no increase in Caspase-3 activity at the lower dose (4 nM) at either time-point. Granta-519 was most sensitive showing a 5.2-fold increase in apoptosis with the lower dose after 16 hours of treatment. This in vitro study demonstrated a dose and time dependent response of bortezomib in both the mantle cell lymphoma (Granta-519) and the diffuse large cell lymphoma (Toledo) cell lines. The resistance to bortezomib in the chronic B cell leukemia (EHEB) cell line was confirmed in this study as evidenced by the lack of Caspase-3 activity at the 4 nM dose at both 6 and 16 hours. Our future studies will attempt to unmask the reason for this resistance. Perhaps manipulation of the apoptotic pathway through the use of combinations of various biologic response modifiers may be an attractive option in overcoming resistance in certain subtypes of NHL.
Can Social Media Interaction and Message Features Influence Nonprofessional Investors’ Perceptions of the Firm?

We investigate the impact of anonymous social media messages on nonprofessional investors’ judgments of firm value and perceptions of management competence and trustworthiness. In a 2 x 2 x 2 between participants experiment with 68 undergraduate accounting students and 265 participants from Amazon Mechanical Turk, we investigate the joint effect of message credibility, vividness, and valence on nonprofessional investors’ investment-related decisions. We find that the influence on valuation assessments of social media messages with higher author credibility are stronger when communicating pallid, negative news or vivid, positive news. We also find that the emotional contagion effect, as proxied by social media interaction, significantly mediates investors’ assessments of management competence and management trustworthiness relative to the blogger competence and blogger trustworthiness (hereafter: relative competence and relative trustworthiness). The measures of relative competence and trustworthiness, in turn, impact nonprofessional investors’ firm valuation judgments. The results extend the application of the emotional contagion effects on social media (Kramer et al. 2014) to investment-related decisions and hold implications for publicly traded companies looking to mitigate their social media exposure risk through monitoring emotionally charged posts.
The Calcium Channel A2D Subunit Increases the Gating Charges of Cav1.2 Channels

Optically tracking the movement of individual voltage sensors (VSD) of human CaV1.2 revealed that association of α2δ-1 with α1C resulted in a substantial change in the intrinsic voltage-sensing properties of VSDs I-III (Savalli et al 2016, JGP 142, 147-159). Co-expression of α2δ-1 increased the sensitivity of activation for several VSDs indicating that this mostly extracellular subunit increased the electrical distances traversed by voltage-sensing charges. In this study we measured the slope of the voltage-dependence of the channel's probability of being open (Po) at extremely low probability using marcropatches of Xenopus oocytes expressing CaV1.2/CaVβ3 by themselves or in combination with α2δ-1. Patches containing from 50 to several 100 channels were recorded in 75 mM Ba2+ and in the presence of 1 µM (-) Bay K 8644 and held at several voltages ranging from −70 to −20 mV for 10 to 90 s. Po times the number of channels (NPo) were obtained by finding the most likely combination of normal distributions shifted by the single channel currents amplitude that described the data. The relative weight of the different distributions was then contrasted with what should be expected from a Poisson distribution of opening levels. The number of channels (N) was estimated from the noise analysis of hundreds of tail current traces at −40 mV following a depolarizing pulse to +80 mV. In the presence of α2δ-1, the limiting slope was about 4 elementary charges, close to the sum of the voltage-dependencies of VSDII and VSDIII activation and clearly less than the sum of all VSDs and thus consistent with the idea that only a subset of VSDs contribute to the effective charges for channel opening. When the α2δ-1 subunit was absent the limiting slope was reduced by about one elementary charge. This modest change can be accounted by a reduction in the electrical distance that gating charges need to cross for channel opening.Funding: FONDECYT 3140590 (GC) and 1120864 (AN), R01GM110276 (RO) and 16POST27250284 (NS).
A new spin on handed asymmetry.

Most vertebrates have left (L)-right (R) asymmetry around the midline with, for example, the liver on the right side of the body and the stomach on the left. We can now see how the early symmetry of the embryo is broken to develop this asymmetry. It turns out that cilia concentrate critical L-R determinants to one side of the node, an important source of patterning signals in the early embryo.
Reaction kinetic studies of metal-doped magnesium silicides

Metal-doped magnesium silicides are promising thermoelectric materials for waste heat recovery application at 500–800 K because of their low density, large natural availability, non-toxicity, good thermal stability, and transport properties. Reaction kinetics of metal-doped magnesium silicides, Mg2SiX m (X = Ti, Nb, Mn, and Co; m = 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 mol) were investigated in this study. A simple and rapid synthesis of Mg2SiX m samples was carried out using pelletizing, and sintering method at 773–823 K for 300 s. The effect of metal doping on the lattice constants of Mg2SiX m samples was examined using X-ray diffraction technique. Differential thermal analysis heat flow experiments were conducted on (2Mg + Si + mX) sample mixtures to study the solid-state reaction kinetics of Mg2SiX m alloys formation at different scan rates of 0.08, 0.16, 0.25, 0.33 Ks−1. Activation energies for the formation reaction of Mg2Si were determined using Ozawa, and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunrose equations. A 3-D diffusion-controlled reaction mechanism was proposed based on Coats–Redfern (CR) model. The effect of concentration of the metal-dopants on the formation activation energies of Mg2SiX m was investigated using the CR equation plots.
Medical migration: A qualitative exploration of the atypical path of Japanese international medical graduates.

Background: International Medical Graduates (IMGs) are commonly understood to move from low to high resource countries with motivations including improved financial situations and cultures of emigr...
The cognitive representation of multi-word sequences: A usage-based approach to the reduction of Fortalezense Portuguese para

Abstract In Brazilian Portuguese, the preposition para ‘to, for’, the second most frequent disyllabic word in the language, is subject to an alternation with monosyllabic variants pra and pa, the former of which is widely regarded as the most common variant in the spoken language. This paper examines the role of frequency of co-occurrence in the reduction of para to p(r)a in a corpus of the Portuguese of upper-class speakers from Fortaleza, Brazil. The results show that the more frequent a bigram containing para is, the more likely that para is to be reduced in that bigram. This holds whether para precedes or follows the other member of the bigram. Although the adverbial conjunction para que ‘so that’ and para followed by a definite or indefinite article have exceptionally low reduction rates, it is shown that the frequency of co-occurrence of para with a preceding word also constrains its reduction even when it is followed by an article. The results of this study demonstrate that Fortalezense Portuguese speakers have cognitive representations of co-occurrences of para with preceding and following words and of the association of these sequences with reduction rates.