cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Survey for Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in the Eta Cha and Eps Cha Young Associations

I present the results of a search for new low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in the Eta Cha and Eps Cha young associations. Within radii of 1.5 and 0.5 deg surrounding Eta Cha and Eps Cha, respectively, I have constructed color-magnitude diagrams from DENIS and 2MASS photometry and have obtained spectra of the candidate low-mass members therein. The five candidates in Eta Cha are classified as four field M dwarfs and one carbon star. No new members are found in this survey, which is complete for M_sun=0.015-0.15 according to the evolutionary models of Chabrier and Baraffe. Thus, an extended population of low-mass members is not present in Eta Cha out to four times the radius of the known membership. Meanwhile, the three candidate members of Eps Cha are classified as young stars, and thus likely members of the association, based on Li absorption and gravity-sensitive absorption lines. These new sources have spectral types of M2.25, M3.75, and M5.75, corresponding to masses of 0.45, 0.25, and 0.09 M_sun by the models of Chabrier and Baraffe. For one of these stars, intense H(alpha) emission, forbidden line emission, and strong K-band excess emission suggest the presence of accretion, an outflow, and a disk, respectively. This young star is also much fainter than expected for an association member at its spectral type, which could indicate that it is seen in scattered light. No brown dwarfs are detected in Eps Cha down to the completeness limit of 0.015 M_sun. The absence of brown dwarfs in these associations is statistically consistent with the mass functions measured in star-forming regions, which exhibit only ~2 and ~1 brown dwarfs for stellar samples at the sizes of the Eta Cha and Eps Cha associations.
Socialist Constitutional Democracy in the Age of Accountability (问责时代的社会主义宪制民主)

English Abstract: This paper examines the development of democratic theory, in general, and the emergence of deep structures of Socialist Democracy in China in the New Era. To that end, we will briefly touch on the conjoining of two theoretical trajectories that, in the West, are rarely conjoined. More the pity for our understanding of the world as it is. But is an oversight that merits correction. What are these theoretical trajectories? The first is the development of a theory of democratic behavior that extends beyond the conventional orthodoxies we sometimes mistakenly come to believe are both complete and impregnable. We will suggest that, indeed, conventional exogenous democratic theory is not just pregnable but has in fact given birth to something quite remarkable. That is, it has opened the possibilities to theories of endogenous democracy. The second is the trajectory of the development of a robust Leninism that we have sometimes assumed is capable only of governance models in which power holders are essentially unaccountable. We will suggest that in seeking to more deeply embed the core postulate of collectivity within its own theoretical structures, emerging notions of Chinese Leninism has given us a glimpse at the possibilities of an accountability-based structure of governance that is in its essence robustly democratic. Chinese Abstract: 本文考察了广义上的民主理论发展和新时代中国社会主义民主的深层结构。我们所处的时代正经历着两大理论发展轨迹的交汇，西方常常忽视了这一点。从正确理解世界的角度来说，这着实令人惋惜，我们试图指出这一问题并加以纠正。交汇理论之一是民主行为理论的发展已经超出了我们误以为已经发展完备并坚不可摧的正统范畴。我们认为传统的外生式民主理论并非坚不可摧，相反，这一模式的缺陷恰恰为另一条道路上的内生式民主带来了生机。交汇中的另一个理论轨迹是列宁主义的发展完善，该理论经常被视作一种无法在根本上问责执政者的治理模式。我们认为在将集体概念贯彻在其理论结构的过程中，发展中的中国特色列宁主义已经证明了一种基于问责制的治理结构的可行性，而且这一结构在根本上也是完全民主的。
Informing Information Professionals: A Case Report on Creating a Shared Site of Pandemic Resources

What do medical librarians do when confronted with the immediate need for current and accurate information? The response is very similar to any request but in this case, it was a worldwide pandemic...
Syndromes of Disordered Sexual Differentiation

As indicated in Chapter 42, most disorders of sexual differentiation are a result of failure of adequate virilization of the karyotypic male fetus and consist of the following: 1. Swyer’s syndrome. 2. True hermaphroditism. 3. Defective steroidogenesis. 4. 5-α-Reductase deficiency. 5. Testicular feminization syndrome.
Congressional Access to Intelligence Information: The Appearance of a Check on Executive Power

This essay describes Congress’s access to intelligence information and shows how that access has evolved over the last four decades. Congress can access this intelligence information through three distinct channels: by the members themselves, by Congressional staff, and by Congressionally created agencies that assist Congress in oversight: the General Accounting Office (GAO) and agency Inspectors General (IGs). Access directly by members might seem to be the optimal approach. But Congress accomplishes most of its work through its direct and indirect agents: Congressional staffers who work directly for members or committees, and those who work for the GAO or agency IGs. While there are certain tasks that only a member of Congress can perform, such as introducing and voting on legislation or convening a hearing, members conduct most of their work through their direct and indirect agents – their own staffers and the GAO and IGs. A critical issue for Congressional oversight is whether Congress’s agents have access to the information they need to help Congress in that task. Even where the executive branch has permitted members to access information directly, its limits on access by staffers and the GAO have been particularly significant in preventing effective oversight.
Studies of the surface structures formed by the alternated electrodeposition of Cd and Te on the low-index planes of Au: II. STM studies

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies of the alternated deposition of Te and Cd atomic layers on the low-index planes of Au are presented here. These investigations were designed to gain an understanding of the surface chemistry involved in the deposition of CdTe by electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy (ECALE). ECALE is the electrochemical analog of atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). In the present study, the structures formed by the alternated electrodeposition of Te and Cd atomic layers, at underpotential, were examined by STM on the low-index planes of Au. Deposition of atomic layers of each element were achieved by underpotential deposition (UPD). Studies of the UPD of Cd by STM were not performed due to Cd's instability in aqueous solutions after withdrawal from solution and loss of potential control. Studies of Te UPD were performed, however, since Te is stable in aqueous media without potential control. Ordered Te structures were observed using STM on all three Au low-index planes. Atomic resolution imaging of Cd UPD on Te atomic layers proved more difficult than imaging simple Te deposits, however, ordered CdTe structures were observed on each Au plane. Higher bias voltages were generally required to image the CdTe deposits. On Au(100) the CdTe deposit appears to adopt a structure equivalent to a (100) slice of bulk CdTe (zinc blende), but contracted 10% due to the lattice missmatch on the Au surfaces. Similar structures were observed on the other two low index planes, as well; although Cd-Cd distances were closer to those found in bulk CdTe.
Analysis of NIF experiments with the minimal energy implosion model

We apply a recently developed analytical model of implosion and thermonuclear burn to fusion capsule experiments performed at the National Ignition Facility that used low-foot and high-foot laser pulse formats. Our theoretical predictions are consistent with the experimental data. Our studies, together with neutron image analysis, reveal that the adiabats of the cold fuel in both low-foot and high-foot experiments are similar. That is, the cold deuterium-tritium shells in those experiments are all in a high adiabat state at the time of peak implosion velocity. The major difference between low-foot and high-foot capsule experiments is the growth of the shock-induced instabilities developed at the material interfaces which lead to fuel mixing with ablator material. Furthermore, we have compared the NIF capsules performance with the ignition criteria and analyzed the alpha particle heating in the NIF experiments. Our analysis shows that alpha heating was appreciable only in the high-foot experiments.
Black Venus, White Bayreuth: Race, Sexuality, and the Depoliticization of Wagner in Postwar West Germany

African American soprano Grace Bumbry sparked a controversy in West Germany when she became the first black musician to sing at the Bayreuth Festival Opera House in July 1961. This article demonstrates how race served two separate functions for the Bayreuth Opera Festival and its postwar audience. For opera director Wieland Wagner, hiring a black singer was part of a larger agenda to sever Bayreuth’s ties from its most recent and turbulent past. German audiences discussing this historical moment, however, expressed concern that protestors of this performance were preventing Germans from moving forward into a new, democratic, and racially accepting Germany.
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I obliterates the pregnancy-associated protection against mammary carcinogenesis in rats: evidence that IGF-I enhances cancer progression through estrogen receptor-α activation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway

Pregnancy protects against breast cancer development in humans and rats. Parous rats have persistently reduced circulating levels of growth hormone, which may affect the activity of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis. We investigated the effects of IGF-I on parity-associated protection against mammary cancer. Three groups of rats were evaluated in the present study: IGF-I-treated parous rats; parous rats that did not receive IGF-I treatment; and age-matched virgin animals, which also did not receive IGF-I treatment. Approximately 60 days after N-methyl-N-nitrosourea injection, IGF-I treatment was discontinued and all of the animal groups were implanted with a silastic capsule containing 17β-estradiol and progesterone. The 17β-estradiol plus progesterone treatment continued for 135 days, after which the animals were killed. IGF-I treatment of parous rats increased mammary tumor incidence to 83%, as compared with 16% in parous rats treated with 17β-estradiol plus progesterone only. Tumor incidence and average number of tumors per animal did not differ between IGF-I-treated parous rats and age-matched virgin rats. At the time of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea exposure, DNA content was lowest but the α-lactalbumin concentration highest in the mammary glands of untreated parous rats in comparison with age-matched virgin and IGF-I-treated parous rats. The protein levels of estrogen receptor-α in the mammary gland was significantly higher in the age-matched virgin animals than in untreated parous and IGF-I-treated parous rats. Phosphorylation (activation) of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and expression of the progesterone receptor were both increased in IGF-I-treated parous rats, as compared with those in untreated parous and age-matched virgin rats. Expressions of cyclin D1 and transforming growth factor-β3 in the mammary gland were lower in the age-matched virgin rats than in the untreated parous and IGF-I-treated parous rats. We argue that tumor initiation (transformation and fixation of mutations) may be similar in parous and age-matched virgin animals, suggesting that the main differences in tumor formation lie in differences in tumor progression caused by the altered hormonal environment associated with parity. Furthermore, we provide evidence supporting the notion that tumor growth promotion seen in IGF-I-treated parous rats is caused by activation of estrogen receptor-α via the Raf/Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.
The Effectiveness of Written Corrective Feedback in Teaching Beginning German

©Wiley/Blackwell Publishing 2010. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Wiley/Blackwell Publishing for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Foreign Language Annals volume 43, no. 4, pp. 671-689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2010.01108.x.
Growth of InN films by RF plasma-assisted MBE and cluster beam epitaxy

This paper describes the growth, structure, transport and optical properties of InN films grown by MBE using either nitrogen radicals (N* 2 ) produced by a RF plasma source or clusters containing on the average 2000 nitrogen molecules (N 2 ) 2000 . The InN films were grown at temperatures between 300 and 600 °C on (000 1) sapphire substrates using either an InN buffer or a GaN template. It was found that the conversion of the surface of the sapphire from Al 2 O 3 to AlN, by exposing it to active nitrogen, is essential for the growth of single-crystalline InN films. Thick films (2-3 μm), produced by the plasma source, tend to delaminate from the substrate presumably due to extreme compressive stresses. On the other hand, films adhere better if nitridation of the sapphire substrate and the low-temperature InN buffer are grown by the cluster source. All films are auto-doped n-type with carrier concentration higher than 3 x 10 18 cm -3 and best room temperature mobility 1130 cm 2 /V s. The energy gap of InN was determined to be 0.77eV. The plasma frequency was measured by infrared reflectivity and the data were used to determine the electron effective mass (0.09m 0 ). We found that the measured optical gap and the electron effective mass are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the k p method for direct semiconductors.
"Little brothers watching you": raising awareness of data leaks on smartphones

Today's smartphone applications expect users to make decisions about what information they are willing to share, but fail to provide sufficient feedback about which privacy-sensitive information is leaving the phone, as well as how frequently and with which entities it is being shared. Such feedback can improve users' understanding of potential privacy leakages through apps that collect information about them in an unexpected way. Through a qualitative lab study with 19 participants, we first discuss misconceptions that smartphone users currently have with respect to two popular game applications that frequently collect the phone's current location and share it with multiple third parties. To measure the gap between users' understanding and actual privacy leakages, we use two types of interfaces that we developed: just-in-time notifications that appear the moment data is shared and a visualization that summarizes the shared data. We then report on participants' perceived benefits and concerns regarding data sharing with smartphone applications after experiencing notifications and having viewed the visualization. We conclude with a discussion on how heightened awareness of users and usable controls can mitigate some of these concerns.
Validity of a cardiorespiratory fitness test for men with mental retardation.

The purpose of this study was to validate a field test of cardiorespiratory fitness for men with mental retardation. The subjects were 19 healthy young men (26 +/- 6 yr) with moderate mental retardation (IQ = 48 +/- 11). Each subject underwent a maximal treadmill test after a three-phase familiarization process. Each subject also completed a 1-mile walk test twice (Rockport Fitness Walking Test = RFWT). The correlation coefficients between peak VO2 on the treadmill and the two 1-mile walks varied from 0.78 to 0.83. When weight, height, age, heart rates of 1-mile walks, and their combinations were held constant, the correlations were strengthened. Using multiple correlation analysis the best equation for predicting peak VO2 was: Peak VO2 = 101.92 - 2.356(mile-1 time) - 0.42(weight). This model accounted for 85% of total variance. The standard error of estimate was 4.06 ml.kg-1.min-1. The test-retest reliability of the RFWT for the 19 subjects used in this study was very high (R = 0.97). This finding suggests that the RFWT is a valid and reliable field test for this population and appears to be a valid indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness for these men with mental retardation.
Assimilation-fractional crystallization of Polvadera Group rocks in the northwestern Jemez Volcanic Field, New Mexico

Pliocene Polvadera Group rocks in the northwestern Rio Grande rift-marginal portion of the Jemez Volcanic Field record the rapid transition from weakly alkaline Lobato Basalt magmatism (48–52% SiO2; 7.9 Ma) through calc-alkaline Lobato andesite and dacite (53–64% SiO2) and Tschicoma dacite-rhyodacite magmatism (63–69% SiO2; 7.4 Ma). Petrologically, Lobato andesite and dacite and Tschicoma dacite-rhyodacite represent a cogenetic suite of differentiates (the La Grulla Plateau or LGP suite) distinctive from the bulk of Polvadera Group rocks including Tschicoma andesite. Increasing (87Sr/86Sr)O ratios with differentiation within the LGP suite from 0.7051 (54% SiO2) to 0.7064 (68% SiO2), trace element variations, and disequilibrium mineral assemblages suggest open system differentiation involving 87Sr-enriched upper crust. A likely parental magma is the voluminous Lobato Basalt ((87Sr/86)O= 0.7043–0.7050) which was erupted predominantly earlier and to the east toward the rift axis. The best model for petrogenesis involves bulk assimilation of locally wide-spread Proterozoic (1.4–1.6 Ga) upper crustal granite by fractionally crystallizing Lobato Basalt. Assimilation-fractional crystallization (AFC) modeling of Sr-isotope and trace element variation (DePaolo 1981) indicates that ∼40% crystallization of Lobato Basalt accompanied by ∼10% addition of granite reproduces the observed geochemical and Sr-isotopic diversity. Neither magma mixing, nor mafic recharge have complicated the magmatic evolution of the LGP suite. Crustal thickness and/or retarded tectonism could have facilitated conditions necessary for evolution by AFC to occur within the upper crust.
A new approach to manipulation arguments

There are several argumentative strategies for advancing the thesis that moral responsibility is incompatible with causal determinism. One prominent such strategy is to argue that agents who meet compatibilist conditions for moral responsibility can nevertheless be subject to responsibility-undermining manipulation. In this paper, I argue that incompatibilists advancing manipulation arguments against compatibilism have been shouldering an unnecessarily heavy dialectical burden. Traditional manipulation arguments present cases in which manipulated agents meet all compatibilist conditions for moral responsibility, but are (allegedly) not responsible for their behavior. I argue, however, that incompatibilists can make do with the more modest (and harder to resist) claim that the manipulation in question is mitigating with respect to moral responsibility. The focus solely on whether a manipulated agent is or is not morally responsible has, I believe, masked the full force of manipulation-style arguments against compatibilism. Here, I aim to unveil their real power.
Simulating transpiration plateaus: the importance of leaf water potential

Abstract Two different bulk stomatal resistance models are compared with measurements of evapotranspiration. We show that a transpiration plateau is more realistically simulated by relating stomatal resistance to leaf water potential, rather than directly to the soil water potential and the leaf vapor pressure difference.
Proton-induced F-centers in LiF and MgF2

Abstract The growth of F -centers in LiF irradiated at room temperature with 40- and 85-MeV protons and with 90 Sr electrons was found to be proportional to the square root of the absorbed energy over the range 0.5 to 2.3 Mrad which corresponds to an F -center density range of 1 × 10 16 to 1.5 × 10 17 per cm 3 . The production efficiency was 5 × 10 3 eV per F -center at an absorbed energy of 2.3 Mrad. The density of F -centers produced in MgF 2 by 40- and 85-MeV protons was measured over an absorbed energy range of 0.2 to 29 Mrad which corresponds to a maximum F -center density of 2 × 10 16 per cm 3 . The production efficiency for MgF 2 was 4 × 10 5 eV per F -center at an absorbed energy of 16 Mrad.
Isolated Sos1 PH Domain Exhibits Germinal Vesicle Breakdown-inducing Activity in Xenopus Oocytes

Abstract Purified, bacterially expressed PH domains of Sos1, IRS-1, βARK, and PLCδ1 were analyzed functionally by means of microinjection into full grown, stage VI Xenopus laevis oocytes. Whereas the PH domains from IRS-1, βARK, or PLCδ1 did not show any effect in the oocytes, injection of the purified Sos1 PH domain resulted in induction of significant rates of germinal vesicle breakdown and meiotic maturation. Furthermore, the Sos1 PH domain exhibited also significant synergy with insulin or coinjected normal Ras protein in induction of germinal vesicle breakdown, although it did not affect the rate of progesterone-induced maturation. These results suggest that purified, isolated PH domains retain, at least in part, their functional specificity and that Xenopus oocytes may constitute a useful biological system to analyze the functional role of the Sos1 PH domain in Ras signaling pathways.
Toxicity study of hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy with massive dose FUDR in rats.

Hepatic artery infusion (HAI) of fluoroudeoxyuridine (FUDR) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. However, local toxicity is the most serious limitation of this therapy. The aetiology of HAI toxicity remains unclear. To assess the HAI toxicity, forty-eight non-tumour-bearing, healthy BD-IX rats were randomized to control or treatment groups. The control group (n = 24) received heparinized saline alone (200 u heparin kg−1 day−1) and the treatment group (n = 24) received 6.7 mg FUDR kg−1 day−1 (equivalent to the human dose of 1.0 kg−1 day−1) via HAI for 28 days. Blood samples were collected for haematologic and biochemical analysis twice a week (on days 3 and 7). Toxicity was evaluated by determination of mortality, body weight, white blood cell (WBC) count, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine. No significant differences in WBC, SGOT, BUN and creatinine levels were found between the group receiving FUDR treatment and the control group. Significantly higher total bilirubin levels, mortality and body weight loss were found in the FUDR-treated group than in the control group. A multivariate analysis revealed that total bilirubin level was the only significant predictor of mortality in the FUDR treatment group. These results suggested that biliary tract damage seems to be the principal toxicity of HAI FUDR chemotherapy.
Oxidized and synchrotron cleaved structures of the disulfide redox center in the N-terminal domain of Salmonella typhimurium AhpF

The flavoprotein component (AhpF) of Salmonella typhimurium alkyl hydroperoxide reductase contains an N-terminal domain (NTD) with two contiguous thioredoxin folds but only one redox-active disulfide (within the sequence -Cys129-His-Asn-Cys132-). This active site is responsible for mediating the transfer of electrons from the thioredoxin reductase-like segment of AhpF to AhpC, the peroxiredoxin component of the two-protein peroxidase system. The previously reported crystal structure of AhpF possessed a reduced NTD active site, although fully oxidized protein was used for crystallization. To further investigate this active site, we crystallized an isolated recombinant NTD (rNTD); using diffraction data sets collected first at our in-house X-ray source and subsequently at a synchrotron, we showed that the active site disulfide bond (Cys129-Cys132) is oxidized in the native crystals but becomes reduced during synchrotron data collection. The NTD disulfide bond is apparently particularly sensitive to radiation cleavage compared with other protein disulfides. The two data sets provide the first view of an oxidized (disulfide) form of NTD and show that the changes in conformation upon reduction of the disulfide are localized and small. Furthermore, we report the apparent pKa of the active site thiol to be approximately 5.1, a relatively low pKa given its redox potential (approximately 265 mV) compared with most members of the thioredoxin family.
SURFACE ROUGHNESS EFFECTS ON MICROPARTICLE ADHESION

A new self-consistent model is developed to treat the static contact of a microparticle with a flat barrier in the presence of molecular adhesion and surface roughness. Separation between their mean datum planes is modeled considering the elastic deformation of the microparticle and surface. The contact pressure is computed from the Lennard-Jones law following the Derjaguin approximation. The elastic deflection of the mean datum plane is calculated from the effective pressure by the half-space elastic theory. Roughness is modeled by introducing a Gaussian distribution to the gap between the surfaces. An effective pressure is defined as the statistical average of the contact pressure over the roughness heights. A solution satisfying all of the above conditions gives a self-consistent method of modeling adhesion between the microparticle and the flat barrier. Using collocation methods the equations are discretized as a large system of nonlinear algebraic equations. A continuation method is used to find the multiple numerical solutions for the mean separation and the effective contact pressure. Finally, adhesive contacts of both smooth and rough surfaces are simulated in a comparative manner to elucidate the features of surface roughness in the presence of molecular adhesion. The standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution is used as a parameter to assess the effects of roughness on the pull-off force. It is shown that increasing surface roughness significantly reduces the pull-off force and decreases the tendency for the microsphere to snap-on and snap-off.
Junctional Physiology and Motor Nerve Distribution in the Fast Adductor Muscle of the Scallop

Electrical recordings from single muscle cells in the fast portion of the scallop adductor have revealed a multiterminal distribution of motor nerves. All motor junctions appear to be of the fast designation, and several nerve fibers supply each muscle cell. The muscle fibers, by virtue of common innervation, are grouped into functional motor units. The pattern of innervation in scallops thus shares functional similarities with the motor distribution to skeletal muscle fibers of both vertebrates and arthopods.
The psychopathic deviate scale of the MMPI in police selection

The Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) Scale of the MMPI is often used by police departments in police selection. Unfortunately very little research data exists to substantiate the power of the Pd scale in police selection. In this study, self-ratings of satisfaction and performance of police officers were assessed using the Zytowski Personal Data Questionnaire. The Pd scale showed promise but the correlation between Pd and rated satisfaction was non-significant. When the scale was divided into Pd Obvious and Pd Subtle and correlated with satisfaction, a significant correlation between Pd Subtle and rated satisfaction emerged. When male officers alone were assessed, the results were even more significant. Included in the Pd Subtle are less transparent items which is a partial explanation of the results. For males, the Pd2 Authority Problems scale correlated significantly with both satisfaction and performance. The promise of the Pd Subtle as well as the Pd2 scales need to be investigated further.
A 163–180 GHz 2×2 amplifier-doubler array with peak EIRP of +5 dBm

This paper presents a 2×2 amplifier-multiplier array with on-chip antennas at 163-180 GHz in 45 nm CMOS SOI technology. The measured EIRP is > 2 dBm at 165-175 GHz with a peak value of 5 dBm at 170 GHz meeting the stringiest metal-density rules for antennas. The amplifiermultiplier architecture is scalable to N×M arrays for high EIRP and transmit power.
Glucocorticoid modulation of prolactin receptors on mammary cells of lactating mice.

Abstract Prolactin receptors were monitored by measuring 125I-labeled prolactin binding to collagenase-dissociated mammary epithelial cells of lactating BALB/c mice. Specific receptors for iodine-labeled prolactin with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.99 · 10−9 M were present on the dissociated mammary cells. The binding was inhibited by ovine prolactin, human growth hormone and human placental lactogen but not by follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, bovine growth hormone or insulin. Adrenal ablation of nursing mothers caused a reduction of the number of prolactin receptors and this effect was preventable by hydrocortisone therapy. Hydocortisone injections to mothers 3 days after adrenalectomy also induced a replenishment of the prolactin receptors on the mammary cells. Injections of progesterone failed to sustain the high level of mammary cell prolactin receptors in adrenalectomized animals. Stimultaneous injections of hydrocortisone and progesterone to animals 3 days after adrenalectomy caused a partial suppression of the stimulatory action of hydrocortisone alone. The results suggest that hydrocortisone can exert a modulatory influence on mammary cell prolactin receptors in non-hypophysectomized post-partum mice without altering the dissociation constant (Kd) of the receptors.
Promoting risk communication in early design through linguistic analyses

The concept of function offers significant potential for transforming thinking and reasoning about engineering design as well as providing a common thread for relating together product risk information. This paper focuses specifically on risk data by examining how this information is addressed for a design team conducting early stage design for space missions. A fundamental set of risk elements is proposed based on a linguistic analysis of the risk information needs of the design team. Sample risk statements are then decomposed into a set of key attributes that are used to scrutinize the risk information using three approaches from the pragmatics sub-field of linguistics: (1) Gricean, (2) Relevance Theory, and (3) Functional Analysis. Based on the deficiencies identified in this analysis, a format for the communication of risk data by explicitly accounting for five risk attributes developed in this work is formulated.
Fractal image compression for mass storage applications

The coding, storage, and reconstruction of images is a major concern in the application of computer technology to technical and scientific problems. In such applications it is highly desirable to reduce the storage and transmission requirements for image data. An image can be coded compactly when it is possible to exploit self similar redundancy in the image. Our research has focused on the development of a `fractal'' method for compressing image data. Our approach to image compression, similar to Jacquin, is to tessellate the image with a tiling which varies with the local image complexity, and to check for self similarity among the tiles. Self similarities are coded as systems of affine transformations which can be stored far more compactly than the original image. This method is inherently lossy, since the self similarities are never exact. We have tested our encoding scheme on a variety of test images, gaining good compression ratios. At high compression ratios, the scheme yields better signal to noise ratios than are reported for other techniques. Our scheme is versatile in that it allows a trade- off between compression, reconstructed image fidelity and encoding time. Our methods are computationally intensive but are feasible for non-real time applications on workstations or main frame computers. We are currently studying applications such as multimedia systems and CD-ROM mass storage systems. The algorithms can be accelerated considerably by dedicated hardware for real time requirements. Fractal compression is a promising approach to image compression. Within a very short development time, fractal techniques have yielded results which rival the best examples of data compression afforded by other methods. Although fractal encoding of images is complex and may require specialized hardware for real time applications, the decoding process can be widely utilized because it is simple, fast, and suitable for software implementation. Thus, it can be run on workstations or personal computers without special requirements. This report contains a description and motivation of the encoding algorithm, a description of a new decoding algorithm, results, comparison with results in the literature, and a discussion of generalizations to the algorithm.
The development of male prostitution activity among gay and bisexual adolescents

The current research literature regarding male-juvenile prostitution activity is reviewed. An attempt is made to develop some theoretical understanding of the development of this activity among gay and bisexual adolescents. A predisposition, resulting from faulty psychosexual and psychosocial development seem to result in more destructive and non-ego-enhancing prostitution activities. A clinical case study is presented which illustrates the development of this activity. Recommendations are made to help reduce the amount of self-destructive prostitution activity among male adolescents.
Analysis of α-branched fatty acids by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

Gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were utilized in combination to identify isomeric α-branched chain fatty acid methyl esters. In a given isomeric series equivalent chain length, values decreased with increase in the number and size of α-alkyl substituents. Mass spectra of the α-monoalkyl derivatives are characterized by prominent McLafferty rearrangement ion peaks, whereas those of the α,α-dialkyl isomers contain the former ions plus an α-cleavage ion.
Flame Retardant Epoxy Resins containing Aromatic Poly(phosphonamides)

As part of a program to develop more survivable aircraft, flame-retardant epoxy resins were investigated for their potential as fire-resistant exterior composite structures for future subsonic commercial and general aviation aircraft. Four different poly(phosphonamide)s were prepared by low temperature NMR condensation and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, 31P-NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, viscometry and gel-permeation chromatography. The poly(phosphonamides) were used as toughening agents (with 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone) to partially cure a commercially available unmodified liquid epoxy resin. The resulting cured epoxy formulations were evaluated for water uptake, flame retardance and fracture toughness. The formulations show good flame retardation with phosphorus content as low as 1.6% by weight, but exhibited high moisture uptake compared to the baseline epoxy. The fracture toughness of the cured formulations showed no detrimental effect due to ...
Trusted Software Verification: A Case Study

This paper presents a case study of the verification of the trusted software component of the SCOMP system Trusted Computing Base (TCB). The SCOMP system was developed by Honeywell and is the first system to achieve an A1 rating from the DoDCSC. A number of papers have been published that discuss the verification approach for the SCOMP system security kernel [15, 14, 12, 10]. The SCOMP system security kernel was verified using the Hierarchical Development Methodology in a manner similar to those used for previous kernel verifications [13]. Most of the research and applications to date have been directed towards verifying the security properties of kernel software. Much less is known about verifying the security properties of trusted software. This paper will present a case study of these trusted software verification in the SCOMP system. The case study will focus on defining what trusted software is in a kernelized systems, why trusted software is trusted, what are the security requirements to be proved, and how should these requirements be proven. Then a method developed at MITRE for the review of trusted software werification evidence using the Gypsy methodolgy will be presented. Finaly, area requiring futher research will be discussed.
Limiting Factors in Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cell Assays

Hematopoiesis arguably provides the most well-defined role of stem cells in tissue development, maintenance, and repair, largely because of the experimental methods developed over decades of investigation. Assays of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell potential were developed in the late 1950s–1960s with the first reports of in vivo transplantation into lethally irradiated recipients (Ford et al., 1956; McCulloch and Till, 1960) and clonal growth of hematopoietic bone marrow cells in vitro (Bradley and Metcalf, 1966). These two major assays have undergone substantial refinement but remain the foundation for defining hematopoietic stem cell biology. Here, we provide a brief overview of methods commonly used to analyze hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell content in mice, discuss the limitations of these assays, and provide an in-depth review of the limiting dilution assay (Szilvassy et al., 1990), the best single assay for quantitating HSC content.
A River Running West: The Life of John Wesley Powell

If the word "hero" still belonged in the historian's lexicon, it would certainly be applied to John Wesley Powell. Intrepid explorer, careful scientist, talented writer, and dedicated conservationist, Powell led the expedition that put the Colorado River on American maps and revealed the Grand Canyon to the world. Now comes the first biography of this towering figure in almost fifty years-a book that captures his life in all its heroism, idealism, and ambivalent, ambiguous humanity. In A River Running West, Donald Worster, one of our leading Western historians, tells the story of Powell's great adventures and describes his historical significance with compelling clarity and skill. Worster paints a vivid portrait of how this man emerged from the early nineteenth-century world of immigrants, fervent religion, and rough-and-tumble rural culture, and barely survived the Civil War battle at Shiloh. The heart of Worster's biography is Powell's epic journey down the Colorado in 1869, a tale of harrowing experiences, lethal accidents, and breathtaking discoveries. After years in the region collecting rocks and fossils and learning to speak the local Native American languages, Powell returned to Washington as an eloquent advocate for the West, one of America's first and most influential conservationists. But in the end, he fell victim to a clique of Western politicians who pushed for unfettered economic development, relegating the aging explorer to a quiet life of anthropological contemplation. John Wesley Powell embodied the energy, optimism, and westward impulse of the young United States. A River Running West is a gorgeously written, magisterial account of this great American explorer and environmental pioneer, a true story of undaunted courage in the American West.
Polynomial hulls and $H^\infty$ control for a hypoconvex constraint

We say that a subset of ${\mathbb C}^n $ is hypoconvex if its complement is the union of complex hyperplanes. Let $\Delta $ be the closed unit disk in ${\mathbb C}$ , $\Gamma=\partial\Delta$ . We prove two conjectures of Helton and Marshall. Let $\rho $ be a smooth function on $\Gamma\times{\mathbb C}^n$ whose sublevel sets have compact hypoconvex fibers over $\Gamma$ . Then, with some restrictions on $\rho $ , if Y is the set where $\rho $ is less than or equal to 1, the polynomial convex hull of Y is the union of graphs of analytic vector valued functions with boundary in Y. Furthermore, we show that the infimum $\inf_{f\in H^\infty(\Delta)^n}\|\rho(z,f(z))\|_\infty$ is attained by a unique bounded analytic f which in fact is also smooth on $\Gamma$ . We also prove that if $\rho$ varies smoothly with respect to a parameter, so does the unique f just found.
Meeting the Needs of Children with Diverse Linguistic and Ethnic Backgrounds

Meeting the needs of the multilingual student population at King Elementary School posed a challenge. An ESL program met only some of those needs; to meet others, the school adapted the goals and principles of bilingual education. English was the basic language of the school, but non-English speakers were given language arts, in addition to tutoring in other subject areas, in their native language. They also received ESL instruction. At the same time, native English speakers studied a second language. Interculturai education was also emphasized, with the focus on the cultural background of the children and their teachers. The evaluation of the program showed that these students did as well on standardized tests as children from the total school district, that the King children were more willing to accept children speaking a different language, and that the King parents felt the program was successful. As a result, King School was opened to any child in the district, native or non-native English speaker, for whom there was room. This paper reports on the first year of the program.
The Source and Seat of Creativity in Human Beings: A Position Paper

All cultures and nations have long recognized that creativity is the ultimate cause of the quantum leaps in virtually every discipline of knowledge and the quiet and invisible force behind all progress of human civilization. Leading thinkers across all disciplines have advocated the importance of creativity and consistently ranked it well beyond intelligence. In the recent literature, creativity has been clarified as a phenomenon that categorically differs from intelligence in that the ideas that result from it may not be deduced by applying current reasoning techniques on the state-of-the-art knowledge. Thus, creativity transcends intelligence. Throughout history, close examination reveals that deep sadness and profound grief have always been associated with every creative activity and every individual engaged in a creative invention or discovery. The lives of sage Valmiki, Socrates, Plato, Archimedes, Genghiz Khan, Leonardo Da Vinci, Galileo, John Harrison, Alfred Nobel, and Jagadish Bose, to name a few, offer undeniable testimony. This paper pioneers the analytical examination of a key question, namely, is the apparent association between creativity and sadness mere coincidence or does there exist a scientific reasoning, arising from a deep and fundamental connection between the two concepts? The potential benefits of this exercise, if successful, are two-fold. First, it encapsulates a systematic attempt to resolve a deep intellectual curiosity that has intrigued society for millennia. Second, as a practical benefit, a careful understanding of the theory of the underlying processes may help us analyze how best to nurture the course of any given creative activity and limit the grief or sadness so it does not spin out of control and consume the individual, denying civilization, today and for the future, the enormous benefits that may follow from the inventions and discoveries. It is an undeniable fact that sadness may affect every individual, at one time or another and this paper does not focus on assessing whether sadness is a prelude to a creative invention or discovery. Instead, its objective is to examine whether creativity, by nature, triggers a counter-posing force that leads to profound grief; or whether creativity and sadness are so intimately intertwined in their seat in human beings that evoking creativity automatically triggers intense grief.
RECOMBINATION OF IONS AND ELECTRONS

A process of electron-ion recombination is considered, involving three bodies (one ion and two electrons), in which an electron, as a result of a collision with another electron, loses enough energy to be captured in one of the excited electronic orbits of the ion and then ends in the ground state by emission of one or more light quanta. It is shown that such a process might account for the large values of the recombination coefficient found experimentally.
Corn earworms: quality of sperm in sterile males released for population suppression on St. Croix Island

Randomly selected radiosterilized male Heliothis zea (Boddie) released on the island of St. Croix were examined in the laboratory and found to have sperm of poor viability and quality. Sperm from native males was more viable and fragmented less than sperm from the laboratory-reared males during storage in the spermatheca whether the males were crossed with laboratory or native females. None of 65 laboratory-reared females found remating in the field contained a normal appearing quantity of unfragmented sperm or normal motility. Thus, both sperm quantity and quality influenced remating in the corn earworm female.
On the location of the least point of the essential spectrum

A new criterion for the least point of the essential spectrum is given for a one term second-order differential operator. This criterion is sharper than the Friedrichs' criterion. Application is given to the singular eigenvalue problem associated with the buckling of a column under selfweight subjected to the constraint of fixed volume.
Anatomy Of An Autotracker Design

The autotracker is the least well understood, and least reliable, part of an automatic video tracking system. This paper describes some of the design considerations in selecting an autotracker.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pulse Propagation In Discrete Random Media

In this paper we investigate the effect of multiple scattering on the propagation of electromagnetic pulses in a medium containing a random distribution of spherical scatterers. As is well known in multiple scattering theory, interferences or interactions among scatterers are important, and in some cases it is not enough to consider only first order multiple scattering which has been widely used in the study of pulse propagation in random media. As a consequence, the characteristics of scattered pulses, e.g., frequency spectrum, coherence time and coherence bandwidth, can affect the interpretation of the random medium. We examine the scattered field of a narrow band pulse wave by randomly distributed particles and show the importance of multiple scattering on estimating attenuation in the formalism. The magnitudes of the transmitted and returned pulse intensities decrease due to scattering. When a considerable amount of scatterers present in the scattering medium, the attenuation factor needs to be corrected for multiple scattering. In order to see the difference between single and multiple scattering theories on the attenuation of pulse propagation, we present two data sets in quite wide frequency ranges.
In Clouds Shall We Trust

Cloud computing will become ubiquitous, but what we can do to improve our ability to provide users and providers of cloud computing with trust in the software services and infrastructure that make up the cloud. In this article we touch on issues of the transparency, changing expectations and uses, architecture, and amorphous nature of cloud computing.