cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interdisciplinary collaboration in the pursuit of science to improve psychosocial cancer care.

Objective: Drawing on her substantial research experience in oncology and nursing, the 2009 Fox Award winner, Dr McCorkle, describes ways to advance the science of psychosocial oncology through collaboration. Methods: Critical literature illustrating barriers to collaboration and successful collaborative process are reviewed and compared to the author's personal experiences. Results: Currently, many researchers are beginning to see the need for collaboration, and yet many infrastructures, universities, and centers continue to create isolated researchers and research environments. Despite the need, there is a dearth of practical and tangible guidelines as well as theoretical defenses for performing collaborative research. This article addresses these gaps with such insights as the need for a team of experts built on humility and trust, pre- and post-study networks across disciplines and settings, consistent meetings of staff as well as resources to support them, intervention monitoring techniques, and the crucial necessity for a stable institutionalized infrastructure that fosters collaboration, research and mentoring despite inevitable personnel turnover. Conclusions: These insights that stem from the distinctive nursing lens provide crucial methods for advancing the science and addressing the uniquely interdisciplinary nature of oncology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re-examination of 1972 Midwest corn for vomitoxin.

Vomitoxin was detected in 4 of 9 maize samples analysed and was quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Levels of vomitoxin found ranged from 15 to 28 p.p.m.
Testing of Memory Leak in Android Applications

Android applications run on mobile devices that have limited memory resources. Although Android has its own memory manager with garbage collection support, many applications currently suffer from memory leak vulnerabilities. These applications may crash due to out of memory error while running. Testing of memory leak can detect the vulnerability early. In this paper, we perform memory leak testing of Android applications. We first develop some common memory leak patterns specific to Android applications. Then, based on the patterns, we generate test cases to emulate the memory leak. We evaluated the proposed testing approach (denoted as fuzz testing) for a number of Android applications. The initial results indicate that the proposed testing approach can effectively discover memory leaks in applications. Further, implemented code often lacks exception handling mechanism for altered resources and failed invocation of memory management related API calls.
The quality of life after orthotopic liver transplantation: an analysis of 166 cases.

Abstract We surveyed by questionnaire 346 patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation to determine their postoperative status. One hundred sixty-six patients returned the questionnaires, which were administered at least 12 months after the transplants. Universally, the patients could perform necessary activities of daily living, but 36.7% noted some extremity weakness, 18.1% noted pain in an extremity, and 40.4% noted "arthritis." Of the respondents, 41.3% rode a bike often, 28.4% swam, and endurance improved from 43.9% severely affected to 8.0% severely affected. Posttransplant employment was related to marital status (3.18 times more likely to be employed if married); duration of liver disease with patients having the disease more than 2 years 3.22 times more likely to be employed. Patients without pain, weakness, or arthritis were 7.8 times more likely employed. The exact nature of the musculoskeletal complaints remains to be defined.
An investigation of ground wood surfaces as related to pulp and stone characteristics

Abstract The wood surfaces from which pulp is produced are studied to quantify the characteristics of groundwood pulp. Profiles of the ground wood surfaces are modeled using a deterministic-stochastic modeling strategy. Relationships are found between wood surface characteristics determined from the model parameters and grinding stone conditions and the quality of pulp produced. Applications and proposed utilization of the information are discussed.
Axial dispersion in two phase co-current flow with fast and instantaneous reactions

Abstract Approximate solutions to the governing equations for two phase co-current flow with fast and instantaneous reactions between a gaseous and a liquid species are considered. These solutions are obtained by perturbation technique for large Peclet numbers of the gas and the liquid phases and by Galerkin's method for small and intermediate values of the gas and liquid Peclet numbers. The approximate solutions are compared with a numerical solution obtained under the limiting condition of the gas phase Peclet number becoming infinite. Criteria for axial dispersion in a two phase column are also obtained based on the perturbation solutions.
The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism

Commonly acknowledged as Anglo-America's most popular eighteenth-century preacher, George Whitefield commanded mass audiences across two continents through his personal charisma. Harry Stout draws on a number of sources, including the newspapers of Whitefield's day, to outline his subject's spectacular career as a public figure. Although Whitefield here emerges as very much a modern figures, given to shameless self-promotion and extravagant theatricality, Stout also shows that he was from first to last a Calvinist, earnest in his support of orthodox theological tenets and sincere in his concern for the spiritual welfare of the thousands to whom he preached.
On the relevance of graph covers and zeta functions for the analysis of SPA decoding of cycle codes

For an arbitrary binary cycle code, we show that sum-product algorithm (SPA) decoding after infinitely many iterations equals symbolwise graph-cover decoding. We do this by characterizing the Bethe free energy function of the underlying normal factor graph (NFG) and by stating a global convergence proof of the SPA. We also show that the set of log-likelihood ratio vectors for which the SPA converges to the all-zero codeword is given by the region of convergence of the edge zeta function associated with the underlying NFG. The results in this paper justify the use of graph-cover pseudo-codewords and edge zeta functions to characterize the behavior of SPA decoding of cycle codes. These results have also implications for the analysis of attenuated sum-product and max-product algorithm decoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes beyond cycle codes.
Orientation and history dependence of cyclic deformation in AlCu single crystals containing θ′ precipitates

Abstract The cyclic deformation of AlCu alloy single crystals containing non-shearable θ′ precipitates has been explored by tests in constant amplitude, by step tests and by electron microscopy. The effect of crystal orientation on the behavior has been especially examined. Consistent with the homogeneous nature of the plastic deformation, no plateaus have been found in the cyclic stress-strain curves of this material. Parallels have been drawn between the dislocation structures observed in homophase crystals and those observed here, for example, at low and intermediate strains the structures at θ′ broad faces are akin to those of dipolar walls in PSB's. At higher amplitudes, the θ′ plates serve as a skeleton on which dipolar walls with perpendicular Burgers' vectors are framed in a manner similar to that observed in maze structures found in homophase crystals. The details of hysteresis loop shapes, cyclic hardening and cyclic response in program tests are reported.
Is ABP1 an Auxin Receptor Yet

AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1) has long been proposed as an auxin receptor to regulate cell expansion. The embryo lethality of ABP1-null mutants demonstrates its fundamental role in plant development, but also hinders investigation of its involvement in post-embryonic processes and its mode of action. By taking advantage of weak alleles and inducible systems, several recent studies have revealed a role for ABP1 in organ development, cell polarization, and shape formation. In addition to its role in the regulation of auxin-induced gene expression, ABP1 has now been shown to modulate non-transcriptional auxin responses. ABP1 is required for activating two antagonizing ROP GTPase signaling pathways involved in cytoskeletal reorganization and cell shape formation, and participates in the regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis to subsequently affect PIN protein distribution. These exciting discoveries provide indisputable evidence for the auxin-induced signaling pathways that are downstream of ABP1 function, and suggest intriguing mechanisms for ABP1-mediated polar cell expansion and spatial coordination in response to auxin.
Incarceration & social inequality

America's prisons and jails have produced a new social group, a group of social outcasts who are joined by the shared experience of incarceration, crime, poverty, racial minority, and low education. The social inequality produced by mass incarceration is sizable and enduring for three main reasons: it is invisible, it is cumulative, and it is intergenerational. The social impact of mass incarceration lies in the gross asymmetry of community and family attachment. Class inequalities in incarceration are reflected in the very low educational level of those in prison and jail. The significant growth of incarceration rates among the least educated reflects increasing class inequality in incarceration through the period of the prison boom. The redrawing of American social inequality by mass incarceration amounts to a contraction of citizenship—a contraction of that population that enjoys, in T. H. Marshall's words, "full membership in society". The demographic concentration of incarceration accompanies spatial concentration.
Autoradiographic Visualization of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Type 1 Receptors with a Nonpeptide Ligand: Synthesis of [76Br]MJL-1-109-2

A high-affinity, nonpeptide radioligand for the CRHR1 was synthesized and showed distribution in rat brain consistent with CRHR1 using in vitro autoradiography. This is the first nonpeptide radiotracer combining high affinity and appropriate lipophilicity that penetrates the blood−brain barrier and hence has the potential to be used for PET imaging studies. In vivo visualization of changes in the CRH1 receptor or its occupancy would further the understanding of the pathophysiology of stress related diseases.
Regiospecific N9 Alkylation of 6-(Heteroaryl)purines: Shielding of N7 by a Proximal Heteroaryl C−H1

Purine alkylations have been plagued with formation of mixtures of N9 (usually desired), N7, and other regioisomers. We have developed methods for synthesis of 6-(azolyl)purine derivatives whose X-ray crystal structures show essentially coplanar conformations of the linked azole−purine rings. Such ring orientations position the C−H of the azole above N7 of the purine, which results in protection of N7 from alkylating agents. Treatment of 6-(2-butylimidazol-1-yl)-2-chloropurine (9) with sodium hydride in DMF followed by addition of ethyl iodide resulted in exclusive formation of 6-(2-butylimidazol-1-yl)-2-chloro-9-ethylpurine (10), whereas identical treatment of 2-chloro-6-(4,5-diphenylimidazol-1-yl)purine (11) produced a regioisomeric mixture 12/13 (N9/N7, ∼5:1). The linked imidazole and purine rings are coplanar in 9 (the butyl side chain is extended away from the purine ring and C−H is over N7) but are rotated ∼57° in 11, and the more bulky azole substituent in 11 did not prevent formation of the minor ...
Interaction of Type A Behavior and Perceived Controllability of Stressors on Stress Outcomes.

Abstract General stress models depict stress and its related outcomes as an interaction between individual and environmental characteristics. This study focused on the interaction between the personal characteristic of Type A behavior and the environmental factor of perceived controllability of stressors on two behavioral outcomes of stress: overt exhibition of Type A behavior and task performance. One hundred and twenty-two subjects were divided into Type A B categories and randomly assigned to either a moderately or highly uncontrollable managerial in-basket simulation. Results indicated that the personal characteristic of Type A behavior had its strongest affect on the overt exhibition of Type A behavior when subjects perceived their environment as moderately uncontrollable. Results also confirmed the prediction that environmental factors dominate personal characteristics in affecting stress outcomes when the situation is perceived as highly uncontrollable. The treatment manipulations did not affect performance. Implications for future research are discussed.
Women’s employment and fertility: A welfare regime paradox☆

Abstract In this article we methodologically assess the paradox posited by other researchers of fertility: namely, why fertility is so much lower in the familialistic countries of Southern and Eastern Europe. We examine the relationship between individual attributes, aggregate female labor force participation, child care enrollment, family leave, and individual fertility in 20 developed countries using a hierarchical Bayesian model. Our results indicate that women’s full-time employment and country-level employment rates decrease expected fertility in contrast to recent research which shows a reversal in the negative association between total fertility rates and female labor force participation during the 1980s. However, the positive association between child care enrollment and fertility indicates that child care services might mitigate some of the decline in fertility, possibly by reducing labor force exit among women with young children.
Advances in the light conversion properties of Cu(I)-based photosensitizers

Abstract The need to develop low-cost, sustainable, earth abundant fuel sources is becoming paramount as the rate of global energy consumption continues to increase. Toward this goal, solar energy conversion is an obvious choice, yet the current molecular based technologies still rely heavily on expensive, non-earth abundant photosensitizers, which limits the net benefits of these systems. Complexes of copper(I) have been recognized for decades as viable low-cost, earth abundant alternative photosensitizers in solar energy conversion technologies; however, when used in solution based applications, issues such as geometrical distortions associated with photoexcitation and ligand lability has frustrated numerous research efforts. Fortunately, these investigations have not been in vain, and many investigations have successfully circumvented the aforementioned issues. Recent reports on Cu(I) based photosensitizers demonstrate that they are beginning to rival the performance metrics of the more costly, less earth abundant species typically used in solution-based solar energy conversion schemes. Therefore, this minireview focuses on the most recent and influential advances made in the field of Cu(I) based photosensitizers.
Synthesis and characterization of quaternary PtRuIrSn/C electrocatalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells

Abstract To find a more durable anode with high performance for direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs), the present study investigates a series of quaternary electrocatalysts, Pt 30 Ru 30 Ir 40− x Sn x /C (wt.%), for the ethanol electro-oxidation reaction (EOR). The carbon-supported Pt 30 Ru 30 Ir 40− x Sn x /C electrocatalysts were prepared by a known impregnation-reduction (borohydride) method. The microstructure and chemical composition were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The activity of the electrocatalysts for EOR was compared to commercial Pt 67 Ru 33 /C (HISPEC5000) using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) based on similar Pt loading. The results of this study show that electrocatalyst composition with 10 and 20% Ir (wt.%) exhibit higher electrocatalytic activity than the commercial PtRu electrocatalyst. The single fuel cell testing at 90 °C comparing Pt 30 Ru 30 Ir 40− x Sn x /C to commercial Pt 67 Ru 33 /C and Pt 83 Sn 17 /C anodes showed an enhancement of Pt activity (normalized to Pt loading) in the following order: Pt 30 Ru 30 Ir 10 Sn 30 > Pt 30 Ru 30 Sn 40 ≥ Pt 30 Ru 30 Ir 40 ≥ Pt 83 Sn 17 > Pt 67 Ru 33 . After a long-term performance test, the activity changed to the following order: Pt 30 Ru 30 Ir 10 Sn 30 > Pt 30 Ru 30 Ir 40 > Pt 30 Ru 30 Sn 40 > Pt 83 Sn 17 > Pt 67 Ru 33 . Pt 30 Ru 30 Ir 10 Sn 30 /C exhibited both a higher performance with a specific power density of 29 mW mg Pt −1 without O 2 backpressure at the cathode and an excellent long-term stability in a DEFC operating at 90 °C.
Tumor-Associated Macrophages Produce Interleukin 6 and Signal via STAT3 to Promote Expansion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells

Background & Aims Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression and recurrence after therapy. The presence of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in patients with HCC is associated with poor outcomes. It is not clear whether TAMs interact with CSCs during HCC development. We investigated whether TAMs affect the activities of CSCs in the microenvironment of human HCCs. Methods HCCs were collected from 17 patients during surgical resection and single-cell suspensions were analyzed by flow cytometry. CD14 + TAMs were isolated from the HCC cell suspensions and placed into co-culture with HepG2 or Hep3B cells, and CSC functions were measured. The interleukin 6 (IL6) receptor was blocked with a monoclonal antibody (tocilizumab), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 was knocked down with small hairpin RNAs in HepG2 cells. Xenograft tumors were grown in NOD-SCID/ Il2 Rg null mice from human primary HCC cells or HepG2 cells. Results CD44 + cells from human HCCs and cell lines formed more spheres in culture and more xenograft tumors in mice than CD44 - cells, indicating that CD44 + cells are CSCs. Incubation of the CD44 + cells with TAMs promoted expansion of CD44 + cells, and increased their sphere formation in culture and formation of xenograft tumors in mice. In human HCC samples, the numbers of TAMs correlated with the numbers of CD44 + cells. Of all cytokines expressed by TAMs, IL6 was increased at the highest level in human HCC co-cultures, compared with TAMs not undergoing co-culture. IL6 was detected in the microenvironment of HCC samples and induced expansion of CD44 + cells in culture. Levels of IL6 correlated with stages of human HCCs and detection of CSC markers. Incubation of HCC cell lines with tocilizumab or knockdown of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in HCC cells reduced the ability of TAMs to promote sphere formation by CD44+ cells in culture and growth of xenograft tumors in mice. Conclusions CD44 + cells isolated from human HCC tissues and cell lines have CSC activities in vitro and form a larger number of xenograft tumors in mice than CD44 - cells. TAMs produce IL6, which promotes expansion of these CSCs and tumorigenesis. Levels of IL6 in human HCC samples correlate with tumor stage and markers of CSCs. Blockade of IL6 signaling with tocilizumab, a drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, inhibits TAM-stimulated activity of CD44 + cells. This drug might be used to treat patients with HCC.
Current evidence on the safety profile of NSAIDs for the treatment of PDA

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) complicates the clinical course of preterm infants. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, especially Indomethacin and Ibuprofen, have been widely used for both prevention and treatment of PDA. Short-term efficacy of Indomethacin or Ibuprofen is equivalent, while Ibuprofen results show a higher safety profile. Ibuprofen is associated with fewer clinical gastrointestinal and renal side effects with respect to Indomethacin even if subclinical potential effects are reported. When administered as prophylaxis, Ibuprofen has no effects on prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage unlike Indomethacin. Considering the potential adverse effects of both these drugs, a careful monitoring during and after the treatment period is highly recommended.
A STUDY OF HIGH PRESSURE WATER JETS FOR CUTTING CHICKEN BREAST MEAT

A replicated experiment was conducted to determine optimum settings for orifice size, operating pressure, and nozzle traverse speed for cutting boneless chicken breast meat with high-pressure water jets. Three orifices of 0. 076, 0.127 and 0.178 mm were tested with different water pressures in the 90 to 224 MPa range and nozzle traverse speeds in the 50 to 800 mm/s range. A 0.127-mm orifice working with water pressure in the range of 179 to 224 MPa and at 100 mm/s or slower cutting speed gave best results in this study to produce sharp clean cuts. Water jets from a 0.178-mm orifice frequently caused too much meat loss especially at higher water pressures and slower nozzle speeds. Variations in chicken filet thickness also had significant effect on chicken breast meat cutting quality and depth with both 0.076 and 0.127-mm orifices.
Diagnosis and management of childhood polycystic kidney disease

A number of syndromic disorders have renal cysts as a component of their phenotypes. These disorders can generally be distinguished from autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) by imaging studies of their characteristic, predominantly non-renal associated abnormalities. Therefore, a major distinction in the differential diagnosis of enlarge echogenic kidneys is delineating ARPKD from ADPKD. ADPKD and ARPKD can be diagnosed by imaging the kidney with ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), although ultrasound is still the method of choice for diagnosis in utero and in young children due to ease of use, cost, and safety. Differences in ultrasound characteristics, the presence or absence of associated extrarenal abnormalities, and the screening of the parents >40 years of age usually allow the clinician to make an accurate diagnosis. Early diagnosis of ADPKD and ARPKD affords the opportunity for maximal anticipatory care (i.e. blood pressure control) and in the not-too-distant future, the opportunity to benefit from new therapies currently being developed. If results are equivocal, genetic testing is available for both ARPKD and ADPKD. Specialized centers are now offering preimplantation genetic diagnosis and in vitro fertilization for parents who have previously had a child with ARPKD. For ADPKD patients, a number of therapeutic interventions are currently in clinical trial and may soon be available.
Four Counseling Psychologists Who Define the Specialty.

I must begin with my compliments to the interviewers/authors and to the interviewees/esteemed members of the profession whose oral histories are presented in this issue of The Counseling Psychologist (TCP) (Morrill, 2000 [this issue]; McNeill, 2000 [this issue]; Westefeld, 2000 [this issue]; Hill, 2000 [this issue]). The four articles describing the lives and careers of Jim Hurst, Ursula Delworth, Don Zytowski, and Bruce Fretz provide a marvelous blend of the personal and professional, a peek into their family and community origins, and a focus on their contributions to counseling psychology. The interview transcripts capture the personality of each individual, and the articles serve well the intention of this section of TCP as stated by the Legacies and Traditions editors, Nadya Fouad and Nancy Downing Hansen (2000 [this issue]) in their introduction: “to document the lives of major contributors . . . perceptions of their work . . . [and] traditions in the field” (p. 308). In the world of sports, the analysts and sports columnists often mention the years of experience represented among the members of a team. The number of years serves as an index of the maturity of the players, and this index, in turn, is correlated with expected contribution and productivity. The larger the aggregate years of experience, the higher the expectations are for the team. For example, the sports analysts might note (and these numbers are purely hypothetical) that the four starting pitchers for the last-place Minnesota Twins have only 10 years of major league experience among them, but that the four starting pitchers for the World Series Champion New York Yankees have 40 years of experience. The Starting Four for this issue of TCP, Hurst, Delworth, Zytowski, and Fretz, have more than 135 years of postdoctoral experience among them. During their careers, they have hit lots of home runs (many of them grand slams), and they have come in and saved the game on many occasions. They have thrown their share of no hitters, they have contributed to the advancement and success of their team, and they have helped to make us all winners. For those readers who are not sports fans or are unfamiliar with sports analogies, our Starting Four have “done good,” just as we might predict from their Years of Experience Index.
Fast cluster failover using virtual memory-mapped communication

This paper proposes a novel way to use virtual memorymapped communication (VMMC) to reduce the failover time on clusters. With the VMMC model, applications’ virtual address space can be efficiently mirrored on remote memory either automatically or via explicit messages. When a machine fails, its applications can restart from the most recent checkpoints on the failover node with minimal memory copying and disk I/O overhead. This method requires little change to applications’ source code. We developed two fast failover protocols: deliberate update failover protocol (DU) and automatic update failover protoco2 (AU). The first can run on any system that supports VMMC, whereas the other requires special network interface support. We implemented these two protocols on two different clusters that supported VMMC communication. Our results with three transaction-based applications show that both protocols work quite well. The deliberate update protocol imposes 4-21% overhead when taking checkpoints every 2 seconds. If an application can tolerate 20% overhead, this protocol can failover to another machine within 4 milliseconds in the best case and from 0.1 to 3 seconds in the worst case. The failover performance can be further improved by using special network interface hardware. The automatic update protocol is able to take checkpoints every 0.1 seconds with only 3-12% overhead. If 10% overhead is allowed, it can failover applications from 0.01 to 0.4 seconds in the worst case.
Stability of the money demand function in Asian developing countries

Previous studies that estimated the money demand function in Asian developing countries either employed traditional estimation techniques or recently popularized cointegration technique. While the first group suffers from ‘spurious regression’ problems, the second group interpreted their finding of cointegration as a sign of stability of estimated parameters. This study, after incorporating the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests into cointegration analysis, shows that in some Asian countries even though real M1 or M2 monetary aggregates are cointegrated with their determinants, the estimated parameters are unstable.
Elevated uptake of Th and U by netted chain fern (Woodwardia areolata)

We assessed the ability of netted chain fern (Woodwardia areolata) to uptake U and Th from wetland soils on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site in South Carolina. Netted chain fern had the highest Th and U concentrations of all plants collected from the wetland. Ferns grown in contaminated soil (329 mg·kg−1 Th, 44 mg·kg−1 U) in a greenhouse contained 6.4 mg·kg−1 Th and 5.3 mg·kg−1 U compared with 0.13 mg·kg−1 Th and 0.035 mg·kg−1 U in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). Netted chain fern has potential for the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with Th and U.
Grassland conservation in North Dakota and Saskatchewan: contrasts and similarities in protected areas and their management

This study provides a transnational assessment of protected areas (PAs) and their management in North America using Saskatchewan (SK), Canada, and North Dakota (ND), USA, as contrasting subnational administrative units with common ecosystems. The study examines the historical development of grasslands from 1800 to 2000, assesses the current spatial extent and distribution of protected grasslands and identifies challenges to future grassland conservation. The assessment shows that the coverage of PAs in SK and ND is limited, that the sites are poorly distributed and concentrated in comparatively arid regions and that protected area management strategies favor multiple use over a strict focus on conservation.
Power of Latent Growth Modeling for Detecting Group Differences in Linear Growth Trajectory Parameters.

This simulation study focused on the power for detecting group differences in linear growth trajectory parameters within the framework of structural equation modeling (SEM) and compared the latent growth modeling (LGM) approach to the more traditional repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach. Several patterns of group differences in linear growth trajectories were considered. SEM growth modeling consistently showed higher statistical power for detecting group differences in the linear growth slope than repeated-measures ANOVA. For small group differences in the growth trajectories, large sample size (e.g., N > 500) would be required for adequate statistical power. For medium or large group differences, moderate or small sample size would be sufficient for adequate power. Some future research directions are discussed.
Spatial and temporal variation in islands of fertility in the Sonoran Desert

In many arid and semi-arid ecosystems, canopy trees and shrubs have a strong positive influence on soil moisture and nutrient availability, creating islands of fertility where organic matter and nutrients are high relative to areas outside the canopy. Previous studies of canopy effects on soil processes have rarely considered how landscape context may modulate these effects. We measured the effects of velvet mesquite trees (Prosopis velutina) on soil moisture and the biogeochemistry of nitrogen at different positions along a topographic gradient from upland desert to riparian zone in the Sonoran Desert of central Arizona. We also examined how landscape position and patterns of precipitation interact to determine the influence of P. velutina on soil moisture, N availability assessed using ion exchange resins, net N mineralization and net nitrification, and microbial biomass C and N. P. velutina clearly created islands of fertility with higher soil organic matter, net N mineralization and net nitrification rates, and microbial biomass under mesquite canopies. These effects were consistent across the landscape and showed little temporal variability. Magnitude and direction of effect of mesquite on soil moisture changed with landscape position, from positive in the upland to negative in the terrace, but only when soil moisture was >4%. Resin N showed responses to mesquite that depended on precipitation and topographic position, with highest values during wet seasons and under mesquite on terraces. We suggest changes in proximity of P. velutina to groundwater lead to shifts in biogeochemical processes and species interactions with change in landscape position along a topographic gradient.
On a fractional minimal cost flow problem on networks

In a recent paper, (see Xu et al. in Optim. Lett. 5(2):307–317, 2011) presented an algorithm for solving linear fractional programming problems over networks, and proposed and analyzed a dual formulation for this problem. This note shows that the algorithm of Xu et al. is precisely that of Gilmore and Gomory (Oper. Res. 11(6):863–888, 1963), and the related duality results follow directly by adopting the transformation of Charnes and Cooper (Naval Logist. Q. 9(3–4):181–186, 1962) to equivalently rewrite the linear fractional program as a linear program and then applying linear programming duality.
Defunctionalization of Ester-Substituted Electrochromic Dioxythiophene Polymers

This work demonstrates a simple process to form insoluble poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (Poly[ProDOT]) films by defunctionalization of a soluble form, which is useful in the fabrication of multilayer polymer devices. Three new ester disubstituted Poly[ProDOTs], soluble in common organic solvents, including chloroform, methylene chloride, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and ethyl acetate, have been synthesized by oxidative polymerization using iron(III) chloride. These Poly[ProDOT-diesters] have the expected repeat unit stuctures along with GPC determined number-average molecular weights ranging from 9000 to 12 000 g mol-1. Dilute polymer solutions in toluene exhibited red fluorescence with quantum efficiencies from 0.24 to 0.32. Homogeneous thin films were formed by spray casting polymer solutions onto ITO coated glass slides and compared to films prepared by electropolymerization. These Poly[ProDOT-diesters] are electroactive, switching from a dark blue-purple to a transmissive sky blue when potentials are...
Increased interleukin-10 production and Th2 skewing in the absence of 5-lipoxygenase.

Summary Eicosanoids (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) are important mediators of inflammatory responses. These lipid mediators may also regulate the production of peptide mediators of the immune system. In this study, we investigated the effect of the absence of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)-derived leukotrienes on interleukin (IL)-10 production. IL-10 is a key regulator of immune and inflammatory responses, and previous studies have suggested that prostaglandins effect their immunosuppressive functions in part by stimulation of IL-10 production. We therefore investigated whether leukotriene production would have a similar role in regulation of IL-10 production. We have made the striking observation that absence of 5-LO-derived leukotrienes results in increased IL-10 production with a concomitant decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-12. Moreover, T-cell cytokine production in the absence of 5-LO-derived leukotrienes results in increased IL-4 production and decreased interferon (IFN)-γ production. This may be in part secondary to increased IL-10 production and its effects on dendritic cell function resulting in altered T-cell differentiation. These findings indicate that, in addition to the central role leukotrienes play in the acute inflammatory response, endogenous leukotrienes are also important regulators of inflammatory cytokine production, via regulation of IL-10 production and in vivo differentiation of T cells.
FORWARD AND BACKWARD STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATTERING OF CROSSED LASER BEAMS

The simultaneous forward and backward stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) of crossed laser beams is studied in detail. Analytical solutions are obtained for the linearized equations governing the transient phase of the instability and the nonlinear equations governing the steady state. These solutions show that backward SBS dominates the initial evolution of the instability, whereas forward SBS dominates the steady state. The analysis of this paper is verified by numerical simulation.
Cutaneous Endothelial Cell Activation in Normal Skin of Patients with Dermatitis Herpetiformis Associated with Increased Serum Levels of IL-8, sE-Selectin, and TNF-α

The mechanisms that lead to the development of skin lesions in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) are not known. We hypothesized that an ongoing immune response in the gut of patients with DH would result in an increase in circulating cytokines and be associated with endothelial cell activation, creating a proinflammatory environment in the skin. Skin biopsies from the normal-appearing inner arm of 11 DH patients, with no active skin lesions, and 12 normal subjects were analyzed for E-selectin (E-sel) and ICAM-1 mRNA. DH patients' skin expressed markedly increased levels of E-sel mRNA. Mean E-sel mRNA expression in DH skin was 1,271 (range 63.78-5861) times greater than that of a control, normal skin (P<0.001) with no significant increased expression of ICAM-1 mRNA. Serum levels of soluble E-selectin (sE-sel), IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies, and serum IL-8 levels were significantly increased in patients with DH. These studies demonstrate that patients with DH have evidence of endothelial cell activation in the skin and systemic manifestations of the ongoing inflammation associated with the mucosal immune response. Endothelial cell activation may play a critical role in the development of skin lesions in patients with DH and may represent a common mechanism for cutaneous manifestations of inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases.
Thresholds for fatigue crack propagation: questions and anomalies

ABSTRACT Many studies into the propagation of fatigue cracks have been focussed in recent years on the so-called near-threshold regime, where growth rates per cycle approach atomic dimensions and stress intensity ranges approach a threshold, below which crack extension cannot be experimentally detected. Such studies in general have shown that the many mechanical, microstructural and environmental factors which can influence the fatigue threshold are effective via extrinsic mechanisms, such as crack closure and crack deflection processes, which locally perturb the crack driving force. At the same time, however, they have questioned the validity of a threshold concept for such situations as variable amplitude loading or in the presence of short cracks. In the present article, the current physical interpretations of near-threshold fatigue are reviewed, with reference to variable amplitude loading effects and the apparent anomalous behavior of small cracks. Further, through comparison with classical S/N and Mode III data, the relationships between the fatigue limit and long and short crack thresholds are discussed in terms of crack closure and the characterization of crack tip fields for both small and growing cracks.
The Food Co‐op Potential

Consumer cooperatives are currently of greater interest in the U.S., than at any time in recent history, but the experiences of those recently established have been very mixed. There is a great need for factual information to record those experiences and identify factors and conditions that have led to success or failure. In addition, there are continuing serious deficiencies in the food distribution system that serves the inner-city poor. This article deals with both of these problem areas in examining the role and potential for consumer food cooperatives, with special attention to low-income, urban areas.
Inheritance of soybean aphid resistance in 21 soybean plant introductions

The Rag2 region was frequently identified among 21 F 2 populations evaluated for soybean aphid resistance, and dominant gene action and single-gene resistance were also commonly identified. The soybean aphid [Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] is one of the most important insect pests of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] in the northern USA and southern Canada, and four resistance loci (Rag1–rag4) have been discovered since the pest was identified in the USA in 2000. The objective of this research was to determine whether resistance expression in recently identified soybean aphid-resistant plant introductions (PIs) was associated with the four Rag loci using a collection of 21 F2 populations. The F2 populations were phenotyped with soybean aphid biotype 1, which is avirulent on plants having any of the currently identified Rag genes, using choice tests in the greenhouse and were tested with genetic markers linked to the four Rag loci. The phenotyping results indicate that soybean aphid resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene in 14 PIs, by two genes in three PIs, and four PIs had no clear Mendelian inheritance patterns. Genetic markers flanking Rag2 were significantly associated with aphid resistance in 20 PIs, the Rag1 region was significantly identified in five PIs, and the Rag3 region was identified in one PI. These results show that single dominant gene action at the Rag2 region may be a major source for aphid resistance in the USDA soybean germplasm collection.
Bronchoscopy as an Aid to Pulmonary Diagnosis

It has no doubt occurred to many that the complete chest physician should, in addition to his special competence in roentgenology, laboratory technique, physical diagnosis and surgery, become a pretty capable laryngologist. Access to the lungs, through the air passages, expulsion of mucus and pathogens by this route, point to the importance of accurate knowledge of the appearances of the nose, pharynx and larynx, as well as of the trachea and accessible bronchi, in health and in disease. Demands upon the time of the specialist, especially in busy institutions, have, one realizes, cut down routine training along these lines. Chest physicians will, however, in the future have increasing recourse to the laryngoscopic mirror, the direct laryngoscope, and to bronchoscopic tubes for actual visualization of the reasons for sounds, wheezes, rattles, rales, dullness, and radiographic or contrast-injection shadows and obstructions. Appearances due to upper respiratory irritations—diffuse redness of palate and fauces from smoking; lateral pharyngeal hyperplasias from sinus drainage; the glazed scarlet of pharyngeal ozoena — may explain tracheobronchitis of puzzling chronicity. It should also be remembered that definite bacteriologic proof was secured here by Prof. Larsell not long ago that sinus or tonsil drainage into cervical lymphatics reaches the vena cava and is thus pumped directly into the subpleural lung parenchyma; and also that while direct involvement of bronchi and lung by inspired material often occurs, the other pathway—lymphatic-pulmonary—is not uncommon. It is too often forgotten that low mediastinal glands become involved through ascending drainage from lung to hilus. These preliminary considerations help us to analyze peribronchial conditions in which bronchoscopy may be undertaken. Mirror laryngoscopy should be learned
Vision-Based Turning Movement Counting at Intersections by Cooperating Zone and Trajectory Comparison Modules

This work presents a vision-based vehicle tracking system with an improved method for automatically obtaining turning movement counts at intersections. Improved accuracy is obtained for intersections of varying difficulty through cooper- ation between complimentary counting modules. When vehicle tracking is robust, a typical zone comparison module quickly accounts for predefined image regions. When vehicle tracking is broken due to occlusion or noise, a trajectory comparison module utilizing the least common subsequence distance is able to count the broken trajectories using the typical scene paths. Experimental evaluations during evening peak hours at two different intersections show an 15% average improvement at two intersections where the trajectory comparison module is in use 22% of time. Finally, counts of five working days are compared for another intersection in 15 minute intervals to highlight the system's operational utility for turning behavior analysis at high temporal resolution.
Structure and Promoter Analysis of the Humanunc-33-like Phosphoprotein Gene E-BOX REQUIRED FOR MAXIMAL EXPRESSION IN NEUROBLASTOMA AND MYOBLASTS

Abstract The human unc-33-like phosphoprotein (hUlip/CRMP-4) is a member of a family of developmentally regulated genes that are highly expressed in the nervous system. Mutations in theC. elegans unc-33 gene lead to worms with abnormal movements. The hUlip gene encodes a 570-amino acid protein with 98% homology to its murine (Ulip) (Byk, T., Dobransky, T., Cifuentes-Diaz, C., and Sobel, A. (1996) J. Neurosci. 16, 688–701) and rat (CRMP-4) (Wang, L. H., and Strittmatter, S. M. (1996)J. Neurosci. 16, 6197–6207) counterparts (Gaetano, C., Matsuo, T., and Thiele, C. J. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 12195–12201). The hUlip gene was isolated from a human genomic library. It contains 15 exons, including an exon defined by an anaplastic oligodendroglioma expressed sequence tag, and spans at least 61.7 kilobases. hUlip lacks sequences corresponding to the first six exons found in unc-33. unc-33 exons correspond to homologous hUlip exons as follows: VII to 1 and 2, VIII to 3–9, IX to 10–12, and X to 13 and 14. Using the hUlip clone 1 phage, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicates that the hybridization signal localizes to human chromosome 5q32. Deletion analysis of 5′-flanking sequences delineated the sequences sufficient to express a reporter gene in both neuroblastoma cells and myoblasts. A consensus MyoD/myogenin binding site is located in a region of the downstream promoter that is nearly identical to its mouse homologue. Mutagenesis shows that this conserved MyoD/myogenin site is necessary for full promoter activity in both myoblasts and neuroblastoma cells.
System concepts for a liquid mercury cathode thruster.

Solar electric propulsion for space missions, evaluating modularized ion propulsion systems to determine effect of electric isolation on system reliability, weight, etc
Activation of a cAMP pathway and induction of melanogenesis correlate with association of p16(INK4) and p27(KIP1) to CDKs, loss of E2F-binding activity, and premature senescence of human melanocytes.

There is strong evidence that the senescent phenotype, whether induced by telomere shortening, oxidative damage, or oncogenic stimuli, is an important tumor suppressive mechanism. The melanocyte is a cell of neural crest origin that produces the pigment melanin and can develop into malignant melanomas. To understand how malignant cells escape senescence, it is first crucial to define what genes control senescence in the normal cell. Prolonged exposure to high levels of cAMP results in accumulation of melanin and terminal differentiation of human melanocytes. Here we present evidence that activation of a cAMP pathway correlates with multiple cellular changes in these cells: (1) increased expression of the transcription factor microphthalmia; (2) increased melanogenesis; (3) increased association of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDK-Is) p27(KIP1) and p16(INK4) with CDK2 and CDK4, respectively; (4) failure to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein (pRB); (5) decreased expression of E2F1, E2F2, and E2F4 proteins; (6) loss of E2F DNA-binding activity; and (7) phenotypic changes characteristic of senescent cells. Senescent melanocytes have potent E2F inhibitory activity, because extracts from these cells completely abolished E2F DNA-binding activity that was present in extracts from the early proliferative phase. We propose that increased activity of the CDK-Is p27 and p16 and loss of E2F activity in human melanocytes characterize a senescence program activated by the cAMP pathway. Disruption of cAMP-mediated and melanogenesis-induced senescence may cause immortalization of human melanocytes, an early step in the development of melanomas.
On Hotelling's Location Model With a Restricted Reservation Price

This paper studies Hotelling's location model with a restricted consumer reservation price. It establishes that firms will locate closer to the middle of the market when price competition becomes more intense caused by a low reservation price.