cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reasoning with Children About Violent Television Shows and Related Toys

Many parents are seeking ways to reduce their children's exposure to violence. To this effect, recommendations have been made to parents, especially with respect to television violence and related games and toys. Three such recommendations are analyzed in terms of their probable outcomes. I argue that parental decisions to block particular TV programs and to avoid purchasing toys related to violent programs, if carried out in an authoritarian manner, may not bring about the anticipated outcomes. Reasoning with children and inviting them to assist in setting up family rules are actions that encourage young children to construct the self-awareness with which they may monitor their own behaviors, without excessive external rewards or restrictions. Five suggestions for raising nonviolent children are made and examples of their implementation are provided.
Clinical differential demonstration of uterine and tubal contractions by kymographic uterotubal insufflation

Abstract Recent clinical observations and experimental work on living and surviving genital organs of the rabbit by means of kymographic uterotubal i insufflation have confirmed earlier conclusions. The kymograph tracings of manometric oscillations observed during uterotubal insufflation represent rhythmic tubal contractions and relaxations. They are not due to changes in tonicity per se but to actual contractions whose rate varies per minute in accordance most probably with the particular phase of the ovulation menstruation cycle. The nonpregnant uterus has been demonstrated to exhibit a contraction relaxation phenomenon under suitable distention and recorded by appropriate manometric devices. The character of the contractions differs in each organ, the uterus in general undergoing slower motions of much shallower force. The pressure medium in the uterus may be solutions, gas or air without ballon enclosure and with an intrauterine balloon. The ideal pressure medium within the lumen of the tubes has been found to be CO 2 gas which is insufflated at a constant rate of flow. Salt solution or other fluid injected through the tubes under a constant pressure rate flow has been found unsuited in comparison with CO 2 in the present setup for the recording of pressure oscillations emanating from the tubes. Adoption of aneroid manometers and a photoelectric recorder has helped in establishing the difference in pattern between tubal and uterine contractions in the same and different eases.
Family migration and changes in women's earnings: A decomposition analysis

Married women who migrate with their families experience relative earnings losses after migration. In this study, we use data from the 1987 Wave of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to explicitly examine the relative importance of three sources of those losses: labor force participation, hours of labor supplied, and wages. We estimate earnings models with Heckman's sample selection method for each of four years following migration. The results and subsequent coefficient decomposition methods show that labor force exit and a reduction of labor supplied contribute the largest share to the earnings penalty attached to migration for married women. The participation effect, although reduced in size, is significant for three years following migration. The wages of employed married women who migrate appear to be unaffected in any year following migration.
The ideal science student and problem solving

We examined the nature of students' social mental models of the ideal science student, whether or not these models vary with student ethnicity, and the relationship of these models to problem solving strategies used, and problem solving ability in a robotics challenge. Participants were twenty-six, academically advanced, eleven and twelve year olds. Two social mental models were identified, a traits-based model and a robust model. While models do not appear to vary with ethnicity, a significant association was found between model group and strategy usage (p = .032). In addition, the robust group achieved higher scores on their final solution than the traits-based group (p = .03). The robust group made excellent use of the tools in the environment to solve the problem. The traits-based group did not. The robust group evidenced an environmental view of learning. The traits-based group displayed a mental representations view of learning.Problem solving has been identified as an important aspect of student learning in science and technology and in the development of scientific literacy (National Research Council, 1996). Social factors, such as student beliefs about what it means to be an ideal student and their implicit theories of personality appear to influence student academic activity, problem solving approaches, and achievement (Dweck & Leggett, 1988; Hogan, 1998; Lunenberg & Vollman, 1999). However, these social factors have not been a focus of science education research (Patrick & Yoon, 2004). Indeed, many investigations of student problem-solving in science focus on either cognitive factors (e.g., Chang, C. Y., 2002; Dhillon, 1998; Reid, N. 2002;), or on students' science epistemological beliefs (e.g., Hammer, 1995; Lin & Chiu, 2004). Consequently, we know little about the specific relationship of social factors to student problem solving activity and achievement in science. The purpose of this study is to address this lack of knowledge by examining the relationship of middle school students' social mental models of the ideal science student to their problem solving activity and achievement in a robotics environment.
Economic Distress and Religious Experience A Study of the Holy Rollers

(1939). Economic Distress and Religious Experience A Study of the Holy Rollers. Psychiatry: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 185-194.
Ambiguous Knowledge: Seeking Clarity in the Effort to Define and Assess Trafficking and the Sexual Exploitation of Children

In an ideal world, we would carefully assess and analyze the characteristics of a social problem and develop responses tailored to address that problem. In contrast, the issue of trafficking in persons has arisen as a political movement addressing an admittedly serious social concern, prompting a number of policy and practice responses to that problem, while the actual assessment of the problem has struggled to keep pace. Here, I want to raise questions regarding the conventional wisdom about trafficking in a way that suggests the need to rethink our approach to and understanding of the problem. In particular, I suggest that failures in assessment reflect both tendencies towards overt or covert resistance to coercive outside pressures and willful ignorance in deference to other social interests and norms. This problem of assessment applies to both trafficking in general and more specifically to the included/related concern of child sexual exploitation. In order to explore this problem of assessment, I will start by reviewing the politicized nature of trafficking in persons. I will then review a variety of factors that inhibit or distort efforts to measure and assess this problem. I will conclude by examining the interconnected dynamics of the sexual exploitation and trafficking in children phenomena that affects efforts to define and study it. While this problem of assessment applies throughout the world, my analysis will primarily draw upon research conducted in Latin America, the Caribbean and Brazil.
A freshman design and engineering tools course

Since 1991, the students enrolled in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering Departments at San Jose State University have had an experimental course in engineering design and computer tools. In the Fall of 1994, the College of Engineering adopted the course as a required two-unit course (one unit lecture and three hours laboratory work per week) for all engineering students. The course is divided into three parts. The first covers the disassembly and reassembly of a computer peripheral, a report on the operation of the device and one improvement to add value. The second uses spreadsheets (either Lotus or Excel) to aid in the mathematical solution of an engineering problem. The third part uses Matlab to solve the mathematics of an engineering problem. The emphasis in the course is in defining the engineering solution for a particular engineering problem, using the computer packages to analyze the input variables, and then presenting the data so that "everyone" will come to the same conclusion. We use a data acquisition system with a computer system to generate data for the various student projects. All projects are conducted by teams of three students. All grades, except two for class exams, are team grades. The student projects are chosen from a list generated by the course faculty and other faculty in the College of Engineering.
Endoscopic goniotomy probe for holmium:YAG laser delivery

Goniotomy is an effective treatment for primary infantile glaucoma. Because a cloudy cornea may prevent a clear view of the anterior chamber angle through the operating microscope, we investigated whether an endoscope can be combined with a cutting laser to perform laser goniotomy in a surgical model of primary infantile glaucoma. The anterior chambers of cadaver procine eyes were deepened with a viscoelastic material. A 300-micron-diameter silica fiber coupled to an Olympus 0.8-mm-diameter flexible fiber optic endoscope entered the anterior chambers through 4-mm corneal incisions. The anterior chamber angles were clearly observed on a videoscreen as the endoscopic fiber optic laser scalpel approached the pectinate ligaments. With the guidance of a He-Ne aiming beam, the anterior chamber angle pectinate ligaments were cut over a 160 degree arc with a pulsed Ho:YAG laser (2.1 micrometers wavelength, 50 mJ, 5 Hz repetition). The specimens were fixed in glutaraldehyde and processed for scanning electron microscopy, or fixed in formalin and processed for light microscopy. The treated area demonstrated incision of the pectinate ligaments with opening of the underlying trabecular meshwork. The edoscopic fiber optic laser scalpel is capable of cutting the pectinate ligaments in a surgical model of primary infantile glaucoma. Therefore, it may be a useful instrument for performing goniotomy when a cloudy cornea in primary infantile glaucoma prevents visualization of the anterior chamber angle with a goniotomy lens.
Counselors as Social Advocates

ABSTRACT The authors discuss the importance of social advocacy and empowerment models in working with lesbian clients. They also explore the multiple contexts that impact lesbian clients and their families. A case illustration involving a lesbian client facing issues of internalized homophobia, heterosexism, sexism, and legal issues is presented. Suggestions for applying a feminist and social advocacy approach are offered.
Inquiry Science: The Gateway to English Language Proficiency

This paper presents findings from a 4-year project that developed and implemented a blended inquiry science and English Language Development (ELD) program in a large urban California school district. The sample included over 2,000 students in Kindergarten through 5th grade. Participating students’ English and science achievement was compared to a similar group of students who were using the district’s established English language development curriculum. Student performance on statemandated English and science assessments were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U tests for overall performance and by number of years of treatment. Modest but statistically significant improvement was found for students who participated in the blended program. Results from this study suggest that restricting instructional minutes for science to provide additional time for ELD and English language arts may be unnecessary. Rather, allowing consistent time for science instruction that incorporates ELD instruction along with inquiry science experiences may provide the authentic and purposeful context students need to develop new language without restricting access to science content.
A Correlation between Gametophytic and Sporophytic Characteristics in Zea mays L.

If a mixture of types of corn pollen, identified by genetic markers, is applied to the silks of other inbred lines, the rate of pollen tube growth often varies with type of pollen. This gametophytic differential is correlated with a sporophytic differential—relatively heavier seeds in seed mixtures result from fertilization by gametes from faster growing tubes. The increased seed weight is due to greater competitive ability of the zygotes thus formed.
Analysis of efficacy and side effects in CATIE demonstrates drug response subgroups and potential for personalized medicine.

Objective This study aims to improve understanding of antipsychotic non/response and assess the potential for personalized schizophrenia treatment.
Adsorbate binding energies for ammonia on cobalt and nickel clusters

Equilibrium reactions of ammonia with cobalt and nickel clusters are analyzed to determine cluster-adsorbate binding energies. The temperature dependence of reaction equilibrium constantsKeq are measured and −ΔH0 values obtained from plots of lnKeq vs 1/T. We find that binding energies generally decrease with increasing ammonia coverage, and that for a given number of NH3 molecules binding energies increase with increasing cluster size. The pattern of binding energies is found to be consistent with proposed geometrical structures for Co19 and for clusters in the 55-atom size range. Cluster-ammonia binding energies are generally somewhat higher than for bulk metal surfaces, an expected result considering the character of the cluster surface and the nature of the NH3-metal interaction.
Economic perspectives on oil spill damage assessment

Oil and petrochemical spills frequently result in damage in publicly-owned natural resources such as birds, fish, and beaches. Presently over half of the American States and the Federal Government have provisions in law that permit recovery from the polluter for such damages to natural resources. The objectives of these statutes are two-fold: (1) to provide compensation to the victims for their losses, and (2) to provide incentives for greater care on the part of those who transport petroleum products. The measurement of natural resource damages in economic terms is a difficult and controversial task. This paper provides insights into the strengths and limitations of several techniques of valuation that have been proposed or are currently being used. Additionally, the paper provides several research suggestions to specialists in the biological and physical science communities regarding where their further efforts are most likely to be helpful in bridging the gaps that now exist in conducting accurate assessments of natural resource damages resulting from oil spills.
Object-Control Skills in Hispanic Preschool Children Enrolled in Head Start:

Fundamental movement skills are considered a building block for movement competence. However, little is known about the influence of culture and ethnicity on the development of fundamental motor skills. A total of 111 Hispanic preschool children enrolled in a Head Start program, ages 38 to 52 months, was assessed on object-control skills using Ulrich's Test of Gross Motor Development–2. About 83% of the participants scored poor (standard score ≤5) and 17% of children scored very poor on the performance scale (standard score ≤3) using the descriptions in the manual. In addition, both boys and girls evidenced similar deficiencies. This information has implications for exploring and implementing age-appropriate object-control skills for children with low socioeconomic status, such as these Hispanic Head Start preschoolers.
Purification and characterization of rat hepatic microsomal low molecular weight fatty acid ethyl ester synthase and its relationship to carboxylesterases

We reported purification of a high molecular weight (HMW) (ca. 180 kD) and a low molecular weight (LMW) (ca. 60 kD) protein fractions from digitonized rat liver microsomes using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion exchange and gel filtration column chromatography. Both fractions expressed fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) synthase as well as p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA)–hydrolyzing (esterase) activities. The HMW fraction was found to be a trimer with subunit molecular weight ca. 60 kD and structurally and functionally similar to rat hepatic microsomal carboxylesterase (CE, pI 6.1) and adipose tissue FAEE synthase. In this article, we report further purification and characterization of the LMW (minor) fraction expressing FAEE synthase activity and its structural and functional relationship to hepatic microsomal CEs. Using isoelectric focusing (IEF) followed by gel filtration–high-performance liquid chromatography (GF-HPLC), five proteins were purified, which expressed FAEE synthase as well as PNPA-hydrolyzing activity. The isoelectric point values of 6.5, 5.8, 5.6, 5.3, and 5.0 were found for the purified LMW proteins by IEF and each showed a peak corresponding to ca. 60 kD molecular weight by GF-HPLC, which expressed FAEE synthase as well as PNPA-hydrolyzing activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel elecrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of the GF-HPLC purified LMW proteins revealed that these proteins are monomers (ca. 60 kD). All the purified LMW proteins cross-reacted with antibodies to rat adipose tissue FAEE synthase. Coelution of PNPA-hydrolyzing and FAEE synthase activity at each step of purification and cross-reactivity with rat adipose tissue FAEE synthase antibodies suggest that the purified proteins are related to various hepatic microsomal CEs. This conclusion is further supported by the homology of N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified LMW proteins to various hepatic microsomal CEs and protease precursors. Therefore, LMW FAEE synthase activity most probably is expressed by various isozymes of hepatic microsomal CEs, which are also involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotic alcohols and amines. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:165–171, 2001
Mimetic Inquiry: Ethnography, Creative Analysis, and Digital Tools

Abstract Over the past three years, the author has pursued a method for developing interpretive exhibit materials that synthesizes ethnographic approaches, critical analysis, and creative practice. The term “mimetic inquiry” is used to describe this method, drawing on articulations of mimesis as a “thematic concept” that tracks through the history of aesthetics as a process of representation-with-transformation. The author also discusses the genesis and goals of mimetic inquiry.
Dribbling a Basketball: Activities for Fun and Improvement

(2005). Dribbling a Basketball: Activities for Fun and Improvement. Strategies: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 7-8.
Compositional dependence of optical interband transition energies in GeSn and GeSiSn alloys

Abstract The dielectric functions of GeSn and GeSiSn alloys were measured in the 1–6 eV energy range using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The contributions from the E 1 , E 1 + Δ 1 , E 0 ′, E 2 , and E 1 ′ critical points in the joint density of electronic states were enhanced by computing numerical second derivatives of the measured dielectric function, and the resulting lineshapes were fitted with model expressions from which the critical point energies, amplitudes, broadenings, and phases were determined. A detailed analysis of the compositional dependence of the different transition energies is presented. By describing this dependence in terms of quadratic polynomials, the bowing parameter (quadratic coefficient) for each transition is determined. It is shown that the bowing parameters in the ternary alloy follow a distinct chemical trend, in which the ternary is well described in terms of bowing parameters for the underlying binary alloys, and these bowing parameters increase as a function of the size and electronegativity mismatch of the alloy constituents.
Differential KATP channel pharmacology in intact mouse heart

Classically, cardiac sarcolemmal K(ATP) channels have been thought to be composed of Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) and SUR2A (ABCC9) subunits. However, the evidence is strong that SUR1 (sulfonylurea receptor type 1, ABCC8) subunits are also expressed in the heart and that they play a significant functional role in the atria. To examine this further, we have assessed the effects of isotype-specific potassium channel-opening drugs, diazoxide (specific to SUR1>SUR2A) and pinacidil (SUR2A>SUR1), in intact hearts from wild-type mice (WT, n=6), SUR1(-/-) (n=6), and Kir6.2(-/-) mice (n=5). Action potential durations (APDs) in both atria and ventricles were estimated by optical mapping of the posterior surface of Langendorff-perfused hearts. To confirm the atrial effect of both openers, isolated atrial preparations were mapped in both WT (n=4) and SUR1(-/-) (n=3) mice. The glass microelectrode technique was also used to validate optical action potentials. In WT hearts, diazoxide (300 microM) decreased APD in atria (from 33.8+/-1.9 ms to 24.2+/-1.1 ms, p<0.001) but was without effect in ventricles (APD 60.0+/-7.6 ms vs. 60.8+/-7.5 ms, respectively, NS), consistent with an atrial-specific role for SUR1. The absence of SUR1 resulted in loss of efficacy of diazoxide in SUR1(-/-) atria (APD 36.8+/-1.9 ms vs. 36.8+/-2.8 ms, respectively, NS). In contrast, pinacidil (300 microM) significantly decreased ventricular APD in both WT and SUR1(-/-) hearts (from 60.0+/-7.6 ms to 29.8+/-3.5 ms in WT, p<0.001, and from 63.5+/-2.1 ms to 24.8+/-3.8 ms in SUR1(-/-), p<0.001), but did not decrease atrial APD in either WT or SUR1(-/-) hearts. Glibenclamide (10 microM) reversed the effect of pinacidil in ventricles and restored APD to control values. The absence of Kir6.2 subunits in Kir6.2(-/-) hearts resulted in loss of efficacy of both openers (APD 47.2+/-2.2 ms vs. 47.6+/-2.1 ms and 50.8+/-2.4 ms, and 90.6+/-5.7 ms vs. 93.2+/-6.5 ms and 117.3+/-6.4 ms, for atria and ventricle in control versus diazoxide and pinacidil, respectively). Collectively, these results indicate that in the same mouse heart, significant differential K(ATP) pharmacology in atria and ventricles, resulting from SUR1 predominance in forming the atrial channel, leads to differential effects of potassium channel openers on APD in the two chambers.
The socializing role of hearing dogs

The relationships between hearing dog ownership and the owners’ levels of loneliness, changes in social interactions with people, and life stress were studied retrospectively by questionnaire in a sample of 38 hearing dog owners and a control group of 15 prospective owners. The hearing dogs fulfilled the owners’ primary expectation of alerting them to sounds. A sense of security, their second highest concern, was also addressed. Owners felt safer when they were alone with their hearing dog than before obtaining one. Companionship was the third-rated reason for acquiring the dog and owners reported being significantly less lonely after receiving a hearing dog (P < 0.01). Most owners and prospective owners described a role of the hearing dog as changing interactions within the family. Owners also felt that the dogs changed their interactions with the hearing community and neighbors, whereas few prospective owners foresaw this effect of the dog (P < 0.01). Apparently stemming from the disability being more obvious, owners also scored lower on a life stress score than prospective owners (P < 0.02).
Component analysis of bilateral anterior cardiomyoplasty

This experiment was designed to analyze the mechanism of ventricular augmentation generated with bilateral anterior cardiomyoplasty by comparing it in an acute setting with its components, the left anterior cardiomyoplasty and the right anterior cardiomyoplasty. Hemodynamic variables were measured in 8 dogs before and after each flap was positioned around the heart. Stimulation was achieved by R-wave synchronous latissimus burst pacing at a ratio of 1:4, an amplitude of 5 V, a frequency of 33 Hz, and a duration of 30% of the R-R interval. Hemodynamic changes were again recorded during latissimus stimulation. Construction of the bilateral anterior wrap (static cardiomyoplasty) caused some depression of baseline hemodynamic function, which was greater than that caused by either the static right or left anterior cardiomyoplasty. With stimulation of the muscles (dynamic cardiomyoplasty), the bilateral wrap caused significant biventricular augmentation. Evaluation of the components of the bilateral wrap demonstrated that dynamic right anterior cardiomyoplasty also provided significant biventricular augmentation, but the dynamic left anterior cardiomyoplasty augmented only right-sided variables. The mechanism of biventricular compression by the bilateral procedure is due mostly to the right wrap. The right anterior cardiomyoplasty may provide significant biventricular compression for treatment of heart failure, without the complexity associated with bilateral anterior cardiomyoplasty.
The Role of Echocardiography in Heart Transplantation

Echocardiography has gained increasing importance as an imaging modality in the care of the cardiac transplant recipient. Its utility in detecting the complications of transplantation, with special reference to the diagnosis of rejection and graft arteriosclerosis, is discussed. On the basis of a review of the current literature, an outline for serial echocardiographic studies is proposed.
The Life Course and Residential Mobility in British Housing Markets

There is a substantial research literature on residential mobility in general, and the role of housing space in triggering moves in particular. The authors extend that research to mobility in British housing markets, using data from the British Household Panel Survey. They confirm the applicability of the general residential mobility model and also confirm the value both of pooled cross-sectional and of true longitudinal models of residential change. Age, tenure, and room stress (housing-space requirements) are found to be significant predictors of moving. In addition, the life course ‘triggers' of marital-status change and, in some situations, birth of a child play important roles in moving within housing markets in the United Kingdom. The same model, with somewhat lower levels of fit, is also significant for the London region. Variables that measure the desire to move and neighborhood satisfaction also play a role in predicting local moves: those who like their neighborhood are generally less likely to ...
Creating republican machines: Language governmentality in the United States

Abstract Scholars have traditionally framed the study of early U.S. language policy around levels of tolerance for languages other than English. This article argues that this framing overlooks a larger epistemological shift occurring in the era associated with a shift toward liberal democratic governance. Specifically, the article uses the Foucauldian-inspired framework of language governmentality to examine how early U.S. scholars of language played an integral role in the development of a new language rationality designed as part of a larger political rationality to produce governable subjects to fit the needs of the newly emerging U.S. democracy—what early U.S. leader Benjamin Rush referred to as “republican machines.” It then demonstrates how both sides of the contemporary debate on making English the official language of the United States continue to perpetuate this language rationality in ways that reinforce social inequalities.
What Does Public Philosophy Do?: (Hint: It Does Not Make Better Citizens)

In this article, I examine the purpose of public philosophy, challenging the claim that its goal is to create better citizens. I define public philosophy narrowly as the act of professional philosophers engaging with nonprofessionals, in a non-academic setting, with the specific aim of exploring issues philosophically. The paper is divided into three sections. The first contrasts professional and public philosophy with special attention to the assessment mechanism in each. The second examines the relationship between public philosophy and citizenship, calling into question the effect public philosophy has on political reasoning. The third focuses on the practice of public philosophy, describing actual events to investigate the nature and limits of their outcomes. I conclude that public philosophy aims at future philosophical inquiry but is best considered a form of entertainment.
Diagnosis and Monitoring of Cerebral Hyperperfusion after Carotid Endarterectomy with Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography: Case Report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Focal neurological deficits after carotid endarterectomy may result from ischemia or hyperperfusion. The usefulness of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for differentiating between these two mechanisms has not been previously emphasized. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: An 83-year-old man experienced dysarthria and left-sided weakness immediately after undergoing endarterectomy of the right internal carotid artery. The results of computed tomography of the head were normal, and transcranial Doppler sonography showed symmetrically elevated velocities in both middle cerebral arteries. On the 1st postoperative day, the patient's deficits worsened in parallel with spontaneous increases in blood pressure, and blood pressure reduction with labetalol resulted in clinical improvement. INTERVENTION: On the 2nd postoperative day, technetium-99-hexametazime SPECT demonstrated markedly increased flow in the right basal ganglia and inferior frontal cortex, confirming the diagnosis of cerebral hyperperfusion. The patient's deficits continued to improve with antihypertensive therapy, and SPECT performed 7 and 48 days after surgery showed gradual normalization of the focal hyperemia. CONCLUSION: SPECT can be used to diagnose and monitor cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy and may be of particular value for differentiating hyperperfusion from ischemia when characteristic computed tomographic and transcranial Doppler sonographic findings are absent.
Isolation and flow cytometric analysis of T-cell-depleted CD34+ PBPCs.

BACKGROUND: To extend allogeneic HPC transplantation to a greater range of patients, the use of partially matched related donors is under development. Because of the inherently higher degree of histoincom-patibility in such transplants, there is increased risk of GVHD as well as of graft failure. Ex vivo depletion of donor-derived T-lymphocytes from PBPCs is one of the most effective methods of preventing GVHD. Thus far, individual centers have used custom-developed procedures to deplete the graft of T cells that are responsible for alloreactivity, often employing relatively impure, nonstandardized reagents such as soybean agglutinin and complement. In addition, with improved methods of T-cell depletion, it has been difficult to accurately assess the number of T cells remaining. Because different centers have used different protocols to assay T cells, it has been difficult to reproduce and validate the results between institutions, and this has limited direct comparison of data between centers. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A standardized approach for T-cell depletion was developed by using a Good Manufacturing Practice-manufactured magnetic cell separator (Isolex 300i, Nexell Therapeutics) and commercially available OKT3 antibody. T-cell depletion was performed on PBPCs from six haploidentical donors. RESULTS: CD34+ cell recovery was 47 percent (range, 31-63%) with a median purity of 94 percent (range, 75-99%) and median T-cell log depletion of 4.72 (range, 3.90-5.83). Because this high degree of depletion makes it challenging to accurately quantitate the remaining T cells, two highly sensitive flow cytometric protocols were developed, each of which accurately detects T cells with a sensitivity of 2 per 10,000 (0.02%). The purified CD34+ cells administered to the patients (dose range, 6.13-13.50 × 106/kg) provided rapid neutrophil and platelet engraftment. CONCLUSION: With the Isolex 300i and a MoAb directed against T cells, a high degree of T-cell depletion is obtained. Sensitive, accurate, and reproducible assays have now been developed for T-cell enumeration in these highly purified cell populations.
Relaxation mechanism in some dipolar mixtures

Abstract The dielectric constant and loss factor of the following mixtures have been studied near room temperature as a function of frequency in the microwave region: (1) nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene in n-dodecane in concentrations of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mole fraction of each of the polar components; (2) binary mixtures of chlorobenzene and bromobenzene in various relative proportions. The static dielectric constants and the refractive indices of the above mixtures have also been measured. In the case of the ternary mixture, the value of the distribution parameter, α, has been found to increase somewhat in direct proportion to the concentration of the polar solutes. The loss-factor-frequency curves for this mixture seem to be a simple sum of the experimental curves for the corresponding single component mixtures. The Cole-Cole plots for the binary mixtures of halobenzenes show normal behavior. The dielectric data for both the mixtures have also been interpreted in terms of two partly superimposed Debye regions. The results for the mixtures studied are consistent with the assumption that the relaxation processes are those of molecules rather than larger liquid regions as proposed by some earlier workers for systems which they studied.
Vaginal administration of prostaglandin F2α for inducing therapeutic abortion

Abstract Because of the need for a safe, rapid, effective self-administered abortifacient, the vaginal administration of prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) was investigated. Thirty-six physically healthy women between eight and 17 weeks gestation received 50 mg. PGF 2α , on either an every hour or every two hour dosage schedule, for a total period of 24 hours. The effectiveness and tolerance of PGF 2α as the Tham salt was evaluated for two concentrations of solutions, tablets and suppositories. The incidences of vomiting, diarrhea, fever and pain were high, independent of the form or concentration administered, whenever a dosage schedule resulted in adequate rates of abortion within the 24-hour period.
Reevaluation of thermodynamic models for phase diagram evaluation

Several thermodynamic models for calculating binary phase diagrams published in the literature have been reevaluated. Problems in some of these models are already evident in the models themselves and may also be seen in the resulting calculated phase diagrams. When a calculation is attempted, thermodynamic models with quite different formulations may result in very similar proposed phase diagrams. In such cases, if experimental data of a binary phase diagram can be represented reasonably well by several different thermodynamic models, a simpler model often provides the clearest insight into the basic properties of the system. If a calculated phase diagram results in unusual phase relationships, the adopted thermodynamic model may be inappropriate or may involve unrealistic parameters. If the thermodynamic model is clearly unrealistic and yet the calculated phase diagram appears to be normal, errors in calculation or in interpretation may be suspect. Various examples of unlikely combinations of thermodynamic models and phase diagrams are discussed.
Compost Maturity Effects on Nitrogen and Carbon Mineralization and Plant Growth

Improved predictive relationships between compost maturity and nitrogen (N) availability are needed. A total of 13 compost samples were collected from a single windrow over a 91 d period. Compost stability and maturity were assessed using both standard chemical analyses (total C and N, mineral N, total volatile solids) and other methods (CO2 evolution, commercial maturity kits, and neutral detergent fiber, and lignin). Compost N and carbon (C) were evaluated during a 130 d aerobic incubation in a sandy loam soil after each compost was applied at 200 mg total kg−1 soil. The effect of compost maturity on plant growth was evaluated by growing two ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) crops and one barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop in succession in compost-amended soil under greenhouse conditions. Potential phytotoxicity from compost was assessed by growing tomato (Lypersicum esculentum L.) seedlings in compost-amended soil. Regression and correlation analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between compost matu...
Experimental thermal contact conductance of electronic modules

The Standard Electronic Module, format E, (SEM-E) is extensively employed in navigation, control, tracking, guidance, and communications electronics. Thermal resistance of the junction between the guide rib of the SEM-E frame and the liquid-cooled chassis card rail to which the module is clamped is a principal contributor to overall thermal resistance in the heat rejection path. High resistance causes excessive operating temperatures and failure rates. The currently used configuration employs anodic coatings on contact surfaces and segmented wedge clamps to secure modules to the chassis. In the present investigation, the thermal performance of alternative configurations utilizing nickel and silver platings instead of the anodic coating on card rails and pneumatic bladder clamps instead of wedge clamps is experimentally determined. These results are compared to previously obtained results for the baseline condition. Results indicate that nickel and silver platings and bladder clamps provide no enhancement in performance in an ambient air environment (in which surface vessels and submarines operate) compared to anodic coatings and wedge clamps. In a vacuum environment (approximating operational surroundings for high-altitude aircraft and spacecraft), nickel plating increases junction thermal resistance by 300%, silver plating reduces resistance by 25-33%, and bladder clamps decrease resistance by 25-40%.
Unsteady Shear of Dense Assemblies of Cohesive Granular Materials under Constant Volume Conditions

The response characteristics of dense assemblies of cohesive granular materials to unsteady simple shear in the quasi-static regime are investigated through discrete element method (DEM) simulations of monodisperse spherical and frictional particles in periodic domains at constant volume. The dynamics of the volume-averaged normal and shear stresses in materials, undergoing stop-and-go shearing and oscillatory shear, are studied in detail. Furthermore, the evolution of microstructure anisotropy has been quantified through a fabric tensor. The stresses and the microstructure anisotropy depend on the strain extent but not on the shear rate. They both undergo a transition following reversal of shear direction, which requires a shear strain of order unity to fully adapt. The results reveal a correlation between the stress evolution and the microstructure anisotropy development.
Some ascending connections of the pulvinar and nucleus lateralis posterior of the thalamus in the cat.

Abstract The thalamocortical projections of the pulvinar and nucleus lateralis posterior (LP) have been identified in the cat by the use of modified Nauta and Fink-Heimer techniques. Electrolytic lesions of various size were placed within the thalamus by means of stereotaxic approaches designed to avoid damage to the neocortex, its thalamic peduncles and its callosal afferents. Lesions centered in LP, but usually invading the suprageniculate nucleus as well, elicit dense fiber degeneration in the largely hidden cortex of the lateral, suprasylvian and anterior ectosylvian sulci, and to a lesserf extent within the splenial sulcus. In 3 further zones, viz., the anterior sylvian gyrus, the zone of confluence of the posterior lateral and posterior suprasylvian gyri, and parts of parietal areas 5 and 7, major fields of degeneration lie within exposed gyral surfaces. Lesions confined to the suprageniculate nucleus elicit fiber degeneration largely restricted to the anterior sylvian gyrus. Together these thalamocortical projections show a marked tendency to involve rim-areas alongside, but not within, the major sensory areas of the neocortex. At subcortical levels, degenerating fibers can be traced to discrete subdivisions of the caudoputamen and basolateral amygdala. By contrast, the thalamocortical degenerations traced from lesions centered in the pulvinar and nucleus lateralis intermedius (LI) largely spare these rim-areas, concentrating instead along the crown and medial shoulder of the suprasylvian gyrus and to a lesser extent extent within the splenial sulcus. The pulvinar, as traditionally defined, appears to project primarily to the posterior limb of the suprasylvian gyrus, LI to the adjoining middle length of this gyrus. These findings suggest that the posterior association cortex of the cat's hemisphere may be divided into proximal association cortex, including circumsensory rim-areas, and distal association cortex comprising much of the crown of the suprasylvian gyrus.
Postwar Cultural Change and Continuity in Northeastern Japan1

THIS paper is a report on trends of postwar economic and social change in five communities of Miyagi Prefecture in the Tohoku region of Japan. Tohoku (northeastern Honshu) has been the subject of little study by foreign anthropologists and it has received less attention from native scholars than other areas. It has customarily been described in American ethnological writings as the impoverished and retarded frontier, and this stereotype remains in the minds of many Japanese citizens as well as foreign scholars. The description was apt enough until very recent years. For centuries Tohoku was indeed the frontier, and even after the opening of Japan to the culture of the West in 1868, it changed more slowly than central and southwestern Japan. Since the end of World War II, however, Tohoku has undergone remarkable change. Although individual prefectures within Tohoku vary considerably, the region as a whole can no longer be regarded as poverty stricken or culturally retarded. With a rural population in 1955 for its six provinces comprising approximately 14.4% of the national rural total, and a rural-urban population representing approximately 11% of the nation, Tohoku contained approximately 18.2% of the paddy lands and 16.4% of all arable lands of the nation (Miyagi-ken Somubu Chosaka 1958:14, 21, 23; Bureau of Statistics 1958:12; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 1959:18). Tohoku's principal city, Sendai, has approximately doubled in population (estimate, 1959, 430,000), in considerable part through absorption of excess rural population which formerly migrated in larger proportion to industrial areas of the south.2 Paddy lands of the region, formerly regarded as poor, are producing yields among the highest in the nation.3 The relatively large average size of land holdings of Tohoku farmers-in 1955, 2.74 acres as against 2.10 acres for the nation (Miyagi-ken Somubu Chosaka 1958:14)-gives them additional economic favor, although farming expenses are higher than in other areas because the larger holdings require greater expenditure for hired labor (Miyagi-ken Somubu Chosaka 1958:29). Much additional evidence of economic change is presented in comparative statistical publications of the Japanese government on such matters as income, dwellings and farm lands owned and rented, agricultural equipment owned, and the size of dwellings. Social changes since the end of World War II may be inferred from statistics on the size of the family, the rural-urban ratio, and the distribution of the population by age-groups. In general, changes in the social realm may be summed up in the statement that, although Tohoku retains distinctive characteristics, major differences in social
Computer modeling of integrating spheres

I present a Monte Carlo model for predicting the performance of integrating spheres as a function of incident flux direction. The model was developed specifically to aid in the design of integrating spheres used as cosine collectors but is of general applicability. I discuss a method of generating uncorrelated random numbers. The probability density functions associated with uniform irradiance over a circular entrance port and Lambertian reflectors or emitters are presented. A comparison of the model with analytic equations predicting performance for an unbaffled integrating sphere is included. The average of the data generated by the model agrees with the analytic solution for sphere throughput to better than 0.25% (σ = 8.3%).
The impact of extreme weather on offshore production in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Tropical storms and hurricanes regularly challenge and endanger the coastal community and energy infrastructure throughout the Gulf of Mexico. When severe weather conditions develop, operators shutdown production and evacuate personnel ahead of the storm, and after the storm makes landfall, crews return to work, damage assessments are performed, and facilities are repaired, if required, prior to the resumption of production. Many factors impact operations and contribute to production variability, but extreme weather is the only factor that has the potential to impact a significant number of structures simultaneously. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role extreme weather plays in production volatility and to quantify its impact on production trends. Using records of historic production and weather events from 1950–2003, empirical models are developed to estimate shut-in production. A description of the model construction, model statistics, and the limitations of analysis are presented. First-order regression models of shut-in production based on the physical characteristics of weather events are developed.
Biochemical evidence for cholinergic involvement in the Limulus brain

Abstract 1. The transport of [3H]choline by the corpora pedunculata of the circumoesophageal ring gland (brain) of Limulus polyphemus was studied. Corpora pedunculata slices were incubated individually in Chao's solution containing 0.01 μM [3H]choline at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) and readily accumulated the radiolabel from the extracellular environment. 2. The corpora pedunculata uptake of [3H]choline was linear over 60 min. 3. The kinetic analysis indicated the existence of dual uptake systems for choline within the corpora pedunculata, a high affinity choline uptake process (Km = 0.54 μM and Vmax = 0.037 pmoles/mg/min) and a low affinity process (Km = 137 μM and Vmax = 6.3 pmoles/mg/min). 4. The high affinity choline transport system was dependent on sodium ions and was inhibited by micromolar concentrations of hemicholinium-3. 5. The pre-exposure of the corpora pedunculata to Chao's solution containing 90 mM potassium for 15 min resulted in a 24% increase in the velocity of the high affinity choline uptake process (Vmax = 0.046 pmoles/mg/min). 6. The 90 mM potassium Chao's pretreatment stimulated a substantial increase in the synthesis of [3H]acetyleholine by the corpora pedunculata. 7. The results suggest that the high affinity choline uptake process within the Limulus corpora pedunculata is associated with the synthesis of the transmitter acetylcholine, presumably within cholinergic terminals in this tissue.
Geographical and electrical features of large neurons in Limulus abdominal ganglia.

Abstract 1. Large somata cluster at each anterior corner of Limulus abdominal ganglia but vary in number, size, and relative position. 2. Procion dye injections reveal two cell types—one sends axons to the contralateral periphery; processes of the other are confined to the nerve cord. 3. Somal membranes of these cells display long overshooting spikes with undershoots, spikes which do not invade the impaled soma, or, more commonly, no electrical activity at all; none display synaptic potentials. 4. The geographical features of cells in this arachnid species seem to reflect general rules of organization common to all arthropod classes.