cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
733-2 Total Versus Standard Orthotopic Heart Transplantation: Prolonged Ischemic Time Does not Impair Resting Hemodynamics

Total orthotopic heart transplantation (TOHT) requires longer ischemic time than standard orthotopic heart transplantation (SOHT) due to bicaval and pulmonary venous anastomoses, but offers normal anatomy and synchronous contractions of the atria as well as a normal ventricular filling pattern Methods To test if TOHT improves resting hemodynamics despite prolonged ischemic time, we analyzed 60 pts with SOHT and 66 with TOHT transplanted between 12/89 and 2/93. Ischemic time was different (142 ± 37 vs 161 ± 36 min, p = 0.004). Demographics, NYHA class, LVEF, myopathy, donor demographics and inotropes were similar. Right heart catheterization data were obtained at each endomyocardial biopsy. We included data from biopsies at 2 weeks (47 vs 50 pts) and 6 months (46 vs 46 pts) posttransplant that were free from humoral or ≥IB cellular rejection. Pts with pacemaker insertion, atrial fibrillation or β-blocker therapy at the time of biopsy were excluded Results Cardiac output and index were higher in the TOHT group at 2 weeks (6.1 ± 1.4 vs 5.4 ± 1.0 I/min, p = 0.01; 3.3 ± 0.7 vs 2.9 ± 0.6 I/min/m 2 , p = 0.005) but similar at 6 months (5.9 ± 1.2 vs 5.6 ± 1.4 I/min. p = NS; 3.0 ± 0.6 vs 2.9 ± 0.7 I/min/m 2 , p = NS). Right atrial mean pressure (RAM, mmHgI was lower with TOHT vs SOHT at both time intervals (7 ± 4 vs 9 ± 4, p = 0.02 and 5 ± 2 vs 7 ± 3, p = 0.0006). Pulmonary arterial (PAM) and left atrial mean pressure (PCWP) (mmHg) were similar at 2 weeks (21 ± 6 vs 23 ± 6, p = NS; 12 ± 5 vs 13 ± 5, p = NS). At 6 months PAM was similar (20 ± 7 vs 22 ± 6, P = NS) but PCWP was lower in the TOHT group (11 ± 5 vs 13 ± 5, p = 0.045). Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR, Wood-Units) was similar at 2 weeks (16 ± 0.7 vs 1.9 ± 1.0, p = NS) and 6 months (1.6 ± 0.7 vs 1.7 ± 1.0, P = NS). Heart rate (bpm) was higher at 2 weeks and 6 months with TOHT than SOHT (84 ± 10 vs 75 ± 12, P = 0.0003 and 90 ± 12 vs 82 ± 9, p = 0.0006). Conclusions Despite a longer ischemic time, total orthotopic heart transplantation does not impair postoperative cardiac function. There is an early improvement in cardiac output, a sustained higher heart rate reflecting preservation of donor sinus node function, and a lower RA pressure, perhaps due to less tricuspid regurgitation.
Roman Canon Law in Reformation England

Preface List of abbreviations Table of statutes Table of cases 1. The medieval inheritance 2. The fortunes of ecclesiastical jurisdiction 3. Developments in law and legal practice 4. The literature of civilian practice 5. The civilians and English common law Appendices Index.
The Read Channel

In this paper, we provide a survey of the novel read channel technologies that found their implementation in products over the past decade, and we outline possible technology directions for the future of read channels. Recently, magnetic recording read channels have undergone several changes. In addition to switching from longitudinal to perpendicular recording channels, detectors tuned to media noise sources are now readily implemented in read channel chips. Powerful numerical techniques have emerged to evaluate the capacity of the magnetic recording channel. Further, improved coding/decoding methods have surfaced both for the incumbent Reed-Solomon codes and the promising low-density parity-check codes. The paper is a tutorial-like survey of these emerging technologies with the aim to propel the reader to the forefront of research and development in the areas of signal processing and coding for magnetic recording channels.
Comparing SiC switching power devices: MOSFET, NPN transistor and GTO thyristor

Abstract This paper for the first time systematically analyzed the operation mechanism of SiC NPN transistors. Theoretical device figure-of-merits for switching power devices based on the conduction loss and switching loss were developed. The on-state loss and the switching loss of 4.5-kV SiC switching power devices (MOSFET, NPN transistor and GTO thyristor) were then compared by using theoretical and numerical calculations. Special emphasis is placed on comparing the total power loss of the devices at a given current density. Theoretical analyses and simulation results show that GTO thyristors have a large switching loss due to the long current tail at turn-off, hence restricting its maximum operation frequency. High voltage SiC MOSFETs have a large on-state power dissipation at high current levels due to the resistive nature of the drift region, restricting their applications at high current densities. SiC NPN transistors have a comparable switching loss as that of SiC MOSFETs, but at the same time, SiC NPN transistors have the lowest on-state loss. This study indicates that SiC NPN transistor is the most attractive switching power device at 4.5 kV.
Clause combining in Chechen

Chechen exhibits three major strategies for the combination of clauses: coordination, chaining, and subordination. The major formal characteristics of these three traditional categories of clause linking are discussed with reference to their basic syntax and semantics as well as to more particular syntactic characteristics, including constituent order and behaviour with respect to negation and wh-questions. In addition, these clause combining strategies of Chechen are classified with respect to Foley and Van Valin’s (1984) typology of clause linkage. A particularly useful result of this classification is that it permits a straightforward characterization of the use of the preverbal conjunctive enclitic ’a as a marker of cosubordination.
COMBINED EFFECTS OF NOSE BLUNTNESS AND SURFACE PERTURBATIONS ON ASYMMETRIC FLOW PAST SLENDER BODIES

This experimental investigation studied the effects of variations in model tip sharpness with and without the discrete surface perturbations of cylindrical beads attached to the model surface.
An emerging role for agmatine

An emerging role for agmatine. Polyamines, required components of proliferation, are autoregulated by the protein antizyme. To date, agmatine is the only molecule other than the polyamines that can induce antizyme, and thus influence cell homeostasis and growth. Agmatine has effectively suppressed proliferation in immortalized and transformed cell lines. An increased sensitivity to the anti-proliferative effects of agmatine observed in Ras transformed versus native cells paralleled an increase in agmatine uptake in the transformed cells. We hypothesize that agmatine may target transformed cells via selective transporters.
Formation and stability of gaseous tolyl ions

Collisional activation mass spectra confirm that tolyl ions can be produced from a variety of CH3C6H4Y compounds. High purity o-, m- and p-tolyl ions are prepared by chemical ionization of the corresponding fluorides (Y=F) as proposed by Harrison. In electron ionization of CH3C6H4Y formation of the more stable tropylium and benzyl ionic isomers usually accompanies that of the o-, m- and p-tolyl ions. Isomerization of low energy [CH3C6H4Y]+⋅ to [Y–methylenecyclohexadiene]+⋅ is proposed to account for most [benzyl]+ formation, while the tropylium ion appears to arise from the isomerization of tolyl ions formed with higher internal energies, [o-, m-, p-tolyl]+ [benzyl]+ [tropylium]+, consistent with Dewar's predictions from MINDO/3 calculations.
Effect of respiratory acidosis on glucose homeostasis in experimental intrauterine growth retardation in rats

Abstract Hypoglycemia and asphyxia account for a significant proportion of morbidity in the infant with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in glucose homeostasis in IUGR rats during acute respiratory acidosis. IUGR was produced by bilateral uterine artery ligation at 17 days of gestation in 14 pregnant rats with 23 successfully delivered pups. The normal pups ( n = 31) were those whose mothers were sham operated at the same gestational period. The IUGR and normal pups were studied at 2 days of age. One group of pups was studied under room air while another was subjected to 20 min of exposure to a gas mixture of 10% O 2 /15% CO 2 , balanced with N 2 . Gluconeogenesis in the liver and carcass, as well as plasma glucose and catecholamines were determined before and after the exposure to the gas mixture. The results showed that the 2-day-old IUGR rats have lower body weight (P
Expressive communicative ability, symptoms of mental illness and aggressive behavior

The role of expressive communicative ability and level of mental illness symptoms in predicting aggressive behavior was explored in 67 adults with mental retardation. Overall rates of aggression were low with dangerous aggression more the exception than the rule. However, a subset of aggressive behaviors appeared to exist as a continuing risk for injury to others. Both expressive communicative ability and level of mental illness symptoms were strong predictors of aggressive behavior. In combination, high mental health symptoms and low expressive communicative ability were associated with the greatest prevalence of aggression.
Lizard homing behavior: the role of the parietal eye during displacement and radio-tracking, and time-compensated celestial orientation in the lizard Sceloporus jarrovi

The role of the parietal eye was investigated in Yarrow's spiny lizard, Sceloporus jarrovi. Three groups of lizards were displaced approximately 150 m from previously determined home ranges: (1) normal lizards, (2) sham-treated lizards (paint placed alongside the parietal eye), and (3) experimental lizards (parietal eye covered with a layer of paint). Significantly fewer experimental lizards returned home (20%) than either the normal (61%) or sham-treated lizards (57%). Control studies indicated that the parietal eye treatment did not affect the daily activity patterns, home range size, or survivorship of the lizards. Radio-tracking of displaced S. jarrovi showed that $$\raise.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-.1em/ \kern-.15em\lower.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$} $$ h after displacement, normal and sham-treated lizards moved in homeward pathways that were significantly non-random. Experimental lizards, however, were not significantly oriented, either $$\raise.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-.1em/ \kern-.15em\lower.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$} $$ or 3 $$\raise.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-.1em/ \kern-.15em\lower.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$} $$ h later, and all moved in random directions after their release. The use of celestial cues for homing orientation was also examined. One group of lizards was maintained on a natural light-dark cycle (no phase-shift:NPS) while a second group was subjected to a 6-h advanced phase-shift (APS). All lizards were released in the field approximately 150m from their home ranges and radio-tracked. The NPL lizards were oriented towards home 30 min after release while the APS lizards shifted their orientation in a counterclockwise direction. Both NPS and APS lizards improved their orientation after 3 h.
The Controversy Over Natural Channel Design: Substantive Explanations and Potential Avenues for Resolution

Lave, Rebecca, 2009. The Controversy Over Natural Channel Design: Substantive Explanations and Potential Avenues for Resolution. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1519-1532. Abstract: The controversy over Natural Channel Design (NCD) has perplexed, and sometimes paralyzed, the stream restoration community in the United States for more than a decade. Despite the high level of energy expended by participants on both sides, the content of the discussion has not advanced significantly. The two sides seem to be talking past each other, rather than engaging in constructive conversation. This paper attempts to start that conversation. Based on five years of primarily social science research, this paper explains the key components of the NCD approach, evaluates a number of the most common objections raised by its critics, offers a brief explanation for the widespread use of NCD, and concludes with suggestions about how to bring the controversy to a close.
A novel volume integral formulation for wideband impedance extraction of arbitrarily-shaped 3-D lossy conductors in multiple dielectrics

A novel impedance extraction formulation based on volume integral equation has been developed for modeling arbitrarily shaped 3-D lossy conductors in inhomogeneous dielectrics. It retains all the flexibilities offered by the volume integral formulation traditionally developed for solving wave-related problems, while accommodating a circuit-source based excitation inside a field based volume integral formulation. It facilitates circuit parameter extraction at ports located anywhere in the physical structure of a circuit. This formulation can also naturally revert to a static formulation for impedance extraction at low frequencies. An excellent agreement of numerical results with reference data validates the proposed formulation.
SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY OF ORGANIC MOLECULES AND MONOLAYERS ON SILICON AND GERMANIUM (001) SURFACES

High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to investigate the adsorption of a variety of unsaturated organic molecules on the (001) surface of silicon and germanium. Results are presented for a number of prototypical alkenes, conjugated and non-conjugated dienes, and aromatic compounds. These include cyclopentene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, norbornadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, and benzene on the Si(001) surface, and for cyclopentene on the Ge(001) surface. Factors controlling the selectivity of various reaction pathways and the consequences for preparation of ordered organic overlayers are discussed.
Measuring success and failure in the classroom: Teacher communication about tests and the understandings of young Navajo students

(1983). Measuring success and failure in the classroom: Teacher communication about tests and the understandings of young Navajo students. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 61, The transcultural education of American Indian and Alaska native children: Teachers and students in transaction, pp. 67-85.
Polymer-laden homogeneous shear-driven turbulent flow: a model for polymer drag reduction

Drag reduction (DR) under a turbulent boundary layer implies the suppression of turbulent momentum flux to the wall, a large-eddy phenomenon. Our hypothesis is that the essential mechanisms by which dilute concentrations of long-chain polymer molecules reduce momentum flux involve only the interactions among turbulent velocity fluctuations, polymer molecules and mean shear. Experiments indicate that these interactions dominate in a polymer-active 'elastic layer' outside the viscous sublayer and below a Newtonian inertial layer in a polymer-laden turbulent boundary layer. We investigate our hypothesis by modelling the suppression of momentum flux with direct numerical simulation (DNS) of homogeneous turbulent shear flow (HTSF) and the finite extensible nonlinear elastic with Peterlin approximation (FENE-P) model for polymer stress. The polymer conformation tensor equation was solved using a new hyperbolic algorithm with no artificial diffusion. We report here on the equilibrium state with fixed mean shear rate S, where progressive increases in non-dimensional polymer relaxation time We S (shear Weissenberg number) or concentration parameter 1 - β produced progressive reductions in Reynolds shear stress, turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate, concurrent with increasing polymer stress and elastic potential energy. The changes in statistical variables underlying polymer DR with 1-β, We S , %DR and polymer-induced changes to spectra are similar to experiments in channel and pipe flows and show that the experimentally measured increase in normalized streamwise velocity variance is an indirect consequence of DR that is true only at lower DR. Comparison of polymer stretch and elastic potential energy budgets with channel flow DNS showed qualitative correspondence when distance from the wall was correlated to We S . As We S increased, the homogeneous shear flow displayed low-DR, high-DR and maximum-DR (MDR) regimes, similar to experiments, with each regime displaying distinctly different polymer-turbulence physics. The suppression of turbulent momentum flux arises from the suppression of vertical velocity fluctuations primarily by polymer-induced suppression of slow pressure-strain rate correlations. In the high-Weissenberg-number MDR-like limit, the polymer nearly completely blocks Newtonian inter-component energy transfer to vertical velocity fluctuations and turbulence is maintained by the polymer contribution to pressure-strain rate. Our analysis from HTSF with the FENE-P representation of polymer stress and its comparisons with experimental and DNS studies of wall-bounded polymer-turbulence supports our central hypothesis that the essential mechanisms underlying polymer DR lie directly in the suppression of momentum flux by polymer-turbulence interactions in the presence of mean shear and indirectly in the presence of the wall as the shear-generating mechanism.
Radiation heat transport in disordered media

Abstract Radiation heat transport through the internal void spaces of particle beds, fiber beds, packed beds, reactors and porous media with opaque, diffusely reflecting, gray body surfaces and large solid dimensions ( πd / λ th > 100) is considered. A the local particle surface radiosity, differential view factor and solid temperature, permits a rigorous solution of the dependent, long range multiple scattering problem. The conductivity results, applied to a bed of randomly overlapping spheres, agree exactly with pseudohomogeneous results in both the isotropic and anisotropic scattering limits and shed rigorous light on the anisotropic phase function expansion theory. Explicit calculations, performed for several other standard packings, e.g. fiber beds, exhibit a parallll upper and series lower bound over the various particle shapes and dispersion structures. Results show that an empirical equation first suggested by Vortmeyer (German Chem. Engng, 3 , (1980) 124–137), but generalized herein from one P to four P 0 , P 1 , P 2 , P 3 coefficients, which vary substantially with the various industrial packings, will provide a suitable generalization of the emissivity factor of k rad for engineering conductivity modeling of radiation heat transport.
Seven Ways to Deal with a Financial Crisis: Cross‐Country Experience and Policy Implications1

This article presents a taxonomy of financial restructuring strategies that have been used by national policy makers to manage financial crises in the past. The goals of financial restructuring are to preserve or, if necessary, restore the debtor-creditor relationships on which the economy depends for efficient allocation of capital, and to do so at minimal cost. Costs include not only the direct costs to taxpayers of financial assistance, but also—and likely more important—the indirect costs to the economy that stem from misallocations of capital and incentive problems resulting from the restructuring. Countries typically apply a combination of tools, including decentralized, market-based mechanisms as well as government-managed programs. Market-based strategies generally aim to strengthen the capital base of financial institutions and borrowers using some mix of debt forgiveness and capital infusions. Government-led restructuring strategies include the establishment of entities to which non-performing loans are transferred as well as government-assisted sales of domestic financial institutions, often to foreign entrants. Market-based mechanisms can provide low-cost ways of resolving the coordination problems faced by countries in the wake of massive debtor and creditor insolvency, particularly when those mechanisms are effective in achieving the desirable objective of selectivity—that is, devoting taxpayer resources only to those borrowers and banks that, with temporary assistance, will be capable of sustaining themselves in the future. But limiting their range of application mainly to developed economies, such market-based mechanisms also depend on an efficient judicial system, a credible supervisory framework and authority with sufficient enforcement capacity, and lack of corruption in implementation. Although government-managed programs may not seem to depend as heavily on well-functioning legal and regulatory institutions, such approaches—especially the transfer of assets to government-owned asset management companies—also rely to some extent on such institutions. Asset management companies are less likely to achieve their goal of resolving the overhang of debt at reasonable cost when legal and political institutions are weak and ownership of domestic creditors and debtors is highly concentrated. Especially in such cases, complexity and failure to consider incentive problems when designing specific rules governing financial assistance can aggravate moral hazard problems, unnecessarily raising the costs of resolution. Resolution mechanisms tend to be most successful when—like across-the-board debt forgiveness programs implemented through redenominations of debt—they are simple in design and afford quick resolution of outstanding debts, offering little discretion to governments while providing incentives for the private sector to work down the remaining debt overhang.
Dynamics and ligand-induced solvent accessibility changes in human retinoid X receptor homodimer determined by hydrogen deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry.

Receptors for retinoic acid act as ligand activated transcription factors. The three-dimensional structure of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligand binding domain has been determined, but little information is available concerning the properties of the protein in solution. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to probe the solution conformation of the recombinant human RXRα homodimer ligand binding domain in the presence and absence of 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA). Within the experimental time domain (0.25−180 min), about 20 amide hydrogens showed decreased exchange rates in the presence of saturating concentrations of 9-cis-RA as compared to those found for the homodimer in the absence of ligand. Most of the amides were located in peptides derived from regions of the protein shown by the X-ray structure to interact with the bound ligand: the amino termini of helices 3 and 9, the two β sheets, helix 8, the H8−H9 loop, and the carboxyl terminus of heli...
In-plane lattice expansion anomalies of untwinned single crystals of YBa2Cu3O7−δ superconductor☆

Abstract The Anisotropic lattice expansion of untwinned single crystals of YBa2Cu3O7−δ was measured by a high resolution x-ray diffraction technique. Several slope discontinuities including ones near Tc were observed. In comparison to the recent internal friction studies, it was found that every lattice expansion anomaly seen in a and b axes has a corresponding internal friction peak. In particular, the internal friction anomalies near Tc is consistent with the Akhieser effect, indicating that the slope discontinuity and the internal friction anomaly have the same microscopic origin, i.e., lattice fluctuations.
Sensitive and simplified analysis of natural and synthetic steroids in water and solids using on-line solid-phase extraction and microwave-assisted solvent extraction coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure photoionization

Analytical methods for the determination of several natural and synthetic steroids in water and solid samples were developed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) in positive mode was used as the source which appeared to reduce background and interferences as compared to electrospray ionization. Toluene was identified as the most appropriate dopant and its concentration optimized to enhance ionization efficiency. Method detection limits were in the low-nanogram-per-liter range for water samples using on-line solid-phase extraction and near 0.2 ng/g using microwave-assisted solvent extraction for solid samples. This on-line method, using APPI as a source and toluene as a dopant, is beneficial as it saves time due to on-line extraction and reduces interference and matrix effects using gas-phase photoionization. Groundwater, wastewater, runoff, and soil samples were collected and analyzed using the method indicating that traces of several androgens, estrogens, and other steroid-like compounds do occur in samples impacted by animal waste.
Tailoring Magnetism in Quantum Dots

Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0R6, Canada(Dated: February 6, 2008)We study magnetism in magnetically doped quantum dots as a function of conﬁning potential,particle numbers, temperature, and strength of Coulomb interactions. We explore possibility oftailoring magnetism by controlling the electron-electron Coulomb interaction, without changing thenumber of particles. The interplay of strong Coulomb interactions and quantum conﬁnement leadsto enhanced inhomogeneous magnetization which persist at higher temperatures than in the non-interacting case. The temperature of the onset of magnetization can be controlled by changing thenumber of particles as well as by modifying the quantum conﬁnement and the strength of Coulombinteractions. We predict a series of electronic spin transitions which arise from the competitionbetween the many-body gap and magnetic thermal ﬂuctuations.
The measurement of consistency as a rheological property of ointments.

A method is described to designate the consistency of an ointment by a graphical plot and a numerical value. The apparatus simulates the pressure applied and the shearing action involved when ointments are spread. It incorporates a temperature control device and an automatic timing mechanism. Statistical analyses indicate a relative lack of difference in the data obtained for any one ointment, regardless of age, but there is a distinct difference in the data from ointment to ointment among the five tested. The apparatus described may facilitate the study of the effects of temperature and changes in formulation upon consistency.
Modification of the effects of 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol by phenobarbital pretreatment in mice.

Abstract Two measures of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) action were used in mice—enhancement of hexobarbital sleeping time and anticonvulsant action. A single ip dose of phenobarbital (100 mg/kg) administered 20 or more hr before the iv administration of THC blocked the enhancing effect of THC on hexobarbital sleeping time and anticonvulsant action. Intracerebral administration of 2 mg/kg of phenobarbital produced the same blocking effect on THC action. Since 2 mg/kg of phenobarbital administered ip had no effect on THC actions, it was concluded that phenobarbital may be producing its blocking effect by interacting with THC at the central nervous system level, even though the blocking effect coincided in time with hepatic microsomal enzyme inducing effects of phenobarbital. Thus, it is necessary to delineate between interactions occurring at the central nervous system and liver in assessing the in vivo interaction of THC with other drugs.
The role of trophic factors and autocrine/paracrine growth factors in brain metastasis

The brain is a unique microenvironment enclosed by the skull, lacking lymphatic drainage and maintaining i highly regulated vascular transport barrier. To metastasize to the brain malignant tumor cells must attach to microvessel endothelial cells, respond to brain-derived invasion factors, invade the blood-brain barrier and respond to survival and growth factors. Trophic factors are important in brain invasion because they can act to stimulate this process. In responsive malignant cells trophic factors such as neurotrophins can promote invasion by enhancing the production of basement membrane-degradative enzymes (such as type IV collagenase/gelatinase and heparanase) capable of locally destroying the basement membrane and the blood-brain barrier. We examined human melanoma cell lines that exhibit varying abilities to form brain metastases. These melanoma lines express low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR in relation to their brain-metastatic potentials but the variants do not express trkA, the gene encoding a high affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) tyrosine kinase receptor p140 trkA . Melanoma cells metastatic to brain also respond to paracrine factors made by brain cells. We have found that a paracrine form of transferrin is important in brain metastasis, and brain-metastatic cells respond to low levels of transferrin and express high levels of transferrin receptors. Brain-metastatic tumor cells can also produce autocrine factors any inhibitors that influence their growth, invasion and survival in the brain. We found that brain-metastatic melanoma cells synthesize transcripts for the following autocrine growth factors: TGFβ, bFGF, TGFα and IL-1β. Synthesis of these factors may influence the production of neurotrophins by adjacent brain cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Increased amounts of NGF were found in tumor-adjacent tissues at the invasion front of human melanoma tumors in brain biopsies. Trophic factors, autocrine growth factors, paracrine growth factors and other factors may determine whether metastatic cells can successfully invade, colonize and grow in the central nervous system.
Experimental study of the impact of small-angle scatterers on the x-ray dark field imaging contrast mechanism

Interest in grating-based x-ray interferometry has grown rapidly in recent years, due in part to the systems ability to simultaneously provide images of multiple contrast mechanisms within a single acquisition. In addition to the well known absorption and phase contrast images, a third image of local small angle scattering known as the dark-field image is produced. There are limited published results describing applications of this method in medical imaging. In this work, the dark-field contrast mechanism is examined in the context of medical imaging. Experimental results demonstrate the relationship of both the size of the scatterers and their electron density and the resulting dark-field signal strength. The dark-field images are produced using both the well-known phase stepping technique and the recently reported moir´e technique. The results show that dark-field signal strength increases with increased difference in electron density from the background and with decreased scatterer size. They also demonstrate the equivalence of the resulting data using either signal extraction technique.
Gravity cross section of the coast range of Venezuela

The geologic mapping underway throughout the Caribbean province together with the seismic and gravity data becoming available suggested that a gravity profile across the Cordillera de la Costa of Venezuela might yield information of regional value. In August 1949, 44 stations were established from La Guaira to Ortiz. The resulting modified Bouguer anomaly values show a +45 mgal zone to the north of Caracas an east-west trending 40 mgal negative zone between Caracas and San Juan de los Morros passing upward to a −15 mgal zone to the south. The pattern is believed produced by a combination of normal thickening of the metasedimentary sequence, the presence of the thin edge of the granitic continental crust, and a slight regional downwarp not yet isostatically adjusted. The anomalies are discussed with reference to the local geology and the strong negative belt paralleling the West Indian island arc.
A Refined Method of Parameterizing Absorption Coefficients among Multiple Gases Simultaneously from Line-by-Line Data

Abstract An extension of the correlated-k distribution method that uses spectral-mapping techniques was derived to parameterize line-by-line absorption coefficients for multiple gases simultaneously for use in three-dimensional atmospheric models. In a variation from previous correlation techniques, this technique ensures exact correlation of absorption frequencies within a probability interval for all gases through all layers of the atmosphere when multiple gases are considered. The technique is physical since, in reality, gases are correlated in wavelength space. The technique, referred to as the “multiple-absorber correlated-k distribution spectral-mapping method,” was found to be accurate to <0.7% of incident radiation for 16 probability intervals per wavelength interval, integrated over 0.4–1000-μm wavelengths and accounting for 11 absorbing gases simultaneously and multiple layers, compared with an exact line-by-line solution. A method was also derived to reduce the number of probability intervals r...
Heat Transfer Downstream of an Abrupt Expansion in the Transition Reynolds Number Regime

The heat transfer of an axisymmetric abrupt expansion in a pipe in the transition Reynolds number regime has been investigated experimentally. In these experiments the wall of the downstream pipe was heated to give a constant heat flux into air flow. The ratio of the upstream to downstream pipe diameters was 0.8 and the downstream Reynolds number ranged from 1,420 to 8,060. Within a narrow range of Reynolds numbers, around 5,000, the position of the maximum Nusselt number was found to shift considerably. This interesting behavior may be associated with the flow instabilities in sudden expansions which have been observed by others.
On the action of methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine on M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

Background Clinical improvement in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) is associated with a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines. This has been presumed to indicate the mechanism of action of methotrexate and 6-MP. Although controversial, there are increasingly compelling data that Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) may be an etiological agent in some or all of IBD. We hypothesized that the clinical efficacy of methotrexate and 6-MP in IBD may be to simply inhibit the growth of MAP.
A trace formula and Schmincke inequality on the half-line

In this paper we derive a trace formula for the Schrodinger operator on the half-line. As a consequence we obtain a Schmincke type inequality with sharp constant. The main tool in our investigation is the inverse spectral Gelfand-Levitan theory, which allows us to compare two Schrodinger operators whose spectra differ by few eigenvalues.
Diffuse cauda equina enhancement in a middle aged male with Susac syndrome and symptomatic cauda equina syndrome

Susac syndrome is a rare neurologic disorder first described by Susac et al. in 1979. Clinically, Susac syndrome consists of a triad including encephalopathy, branch retinal artery occlusions and sensorineural hearing loss. All three components of the triad usually do not present at the same time, thus delaying time to diagnosis. MRI studies often show characteristic punched out lesions of the central fibers of the corpus callosum. Intracranial leptomeningeal enhancement may be seen, however, cauda equina involvement has not been described to our knowledge. We present a case of Susac syndrome in a middle-aged male with symptoms of cauda equina syndrome, and spinal MRI showing diffuse enhancement of the nerve roots of the cauda equina.
Quantitative exposure model for the transmission of norovirus in retail food preparation

It is widely recognized that the human noroviruses (HuNoV) are responsible for a large proportion of the world's foodborne disease burden. These viruses are transmitted by human fecal contamination and frequently make their way into foods because of poor personal hygiene of infected food handlers. This paper describes a probabilistic exposure assessment which models the dynamics of the transmission of HuNoV in the retail food preparation environment. Key inputs included degree of fecal shedding, hand hygiene behaviors, efficacy of virus removal and/or inactivation, and transferability of virus between surfaces. The model has a temporal dimension allowing contamination to be estimated as a function of time over the simulation period. Sensitivity and what-if scenario analyses were applied to identify the most important model inputs and evaluate potential mitigation strategies. The key inputs affecting estimates of the number of infectious viruses present in contaminated food servings, given the current model structure and assumptions, were as follows: mass of feces on hands (m(FH)), concentration of virus in feces (nv(CF)), number of bathroom visits, degree of gloving compliance (p(WG)), hand-washing efficiency (HW(eff)), and hand-washing compliance (p(HW)). The model suggests that gloving and hand-washing compliance are most effective in controlling contamination of food products when practiced simultaneously. Moreover, the bathroom environment was identified as a major reservoir of HuNoV, even in the absence of an ill individual on site. This mathematical approach to modeling the transmission of gastrointestinal viruses should facilitate comparison of potential mitigations aimed at reducing the transmission of foodborne viruses.
Superfund site characterization using non-parametric variogram modeling

Abstract The spatial interpolation method of Kriging, originally developed for estimation of ore reserves in mining and prediction in meteorology, has become an important geostatical tool for assessment of contamination in Superfund site characterization. Kriging uses as estimated spatial covariance matrix, or alternatively the variogram, to find the best linear unbiased estimate (BLUE) of contamination at an unsampled location. The modeling of the variogram (also called semi-variogram) is therefore a necessary step that must be performed before using Kriging for spatial interpolation. In this paper, we propose and investigate a simple non-parametric procedure based on ranks for variogram modeling. Some simulated examples are used to illustrate the proposed procedure. The proposed procedure is compared with the usual method of Ordinary Kriging for the Billings Smelter Superfund site data.
Physical state of interstellar atoms

A brief survey is given of the physical conditions along the lines of sight to reddened and unreddened stars, as determined from Copernicus observation of interstellar lines between 95 and 300 nm. Differences in ionization structure and density between clouds and the local intercloud medium are discussed. Some new data for 3 Centauri is used to supplement the previously available data. For nearly one year, data on ultraviolet interstellar absorption lines have been routinely collected by the Copernicus satellite, with the aid of the Princeton telescope-spectrometer. Following initial analyses of selected stars, a number of stars have been reobserved and studied in more detail, and results will be available in the near future. The purpose of the present paper is to point out what information appears to be physically obtainable on the interstellar medium, to point out the parameters which are difficult to determine or evaluate, and to give a review of the overall results on the first observations.
A study of the borrowing patterns of eighteen Cleveland territory, fourth Federal Reserve district member banks over the period 1961-1965

Tiis DISSVRTATION INVOLVES a study of daily borrowing and reserve adjustments of 18 member banks in the Cleveland Federal Reserve District during the period, 1961 to 1965. Individual-bank data are studied as well as cross-sectional data for the 18 banks. A linear equation is estimated for the cross-sectional data using the following independent variables: deposit variability, reserve position, bank size (as a proxy for transaction costs), and various liquidity measures. A linear time-series equation is estimated also for each bank using deposits, interest rates, lagged borrowing, lagged reserve-position measures, and seasonal dummy variables as independent variables. A descriptive comparative-ratio analysis of each bank's reserve-adjustment behavior is also made. The study follows in the tradition of those of Goldfeld, De Leeuw, Goldfeld and Kane, Bryan and Carleton, and others who have attempted to estimate aggregate member-bank borrowing and reserve-adjustment behavior. The speed with which banks adjust reserves is studied with comparisons made between large and small banks. Except for a recent study by Bryan and Carleton, little has been published regarding daily reserve adjustments by individual banks. Knowledge about this behavior is important for a better understanding of the effectiveness of monetary policy. The cross-section results indicate that deposit variability is the most significant explanatory factor of borrowing for the 18 banks. The importance of this result lies in the fact that deposit variability is computed to measure unpredictable deposit flows around a given seasonal pattern of variability. This unpredictability of deposits is important for bank asset -managers. Moreover, in other studies of variability done primarily by individual Federal Reserve Banks, the regular calendar-related variability in deposits is not considered. In this study, the latter measure of variability proved highly insignificant in explaining borrowing. Other results of the study indicate that deposit variability itself is subject to influences such as deposit composition and bank size. Variability tends to decline with the percentage of time deposits, and large banks show less overall variability than small banks, because offsetting deposit flows characterize large banks. Bank size served as a proxy for transaction costs in the study and large banks were found to borrow less relative to deposits than small banks because borrowing from the Fed is typically more expensive for large banks than either selling securities or buying federal funds. Small banks appear to borrow more, since borrowing at the Fed is relatively less expensive than other sources of reserves. Results with individual-bank estimates indicate that large banks adjust reserves more rapidly than small banks and that interest rates are more significant for large banks in the adjustment process. Lagged reserves are significantly and inversely related to borrowing for each bank studied. Seasonal borrowing and reserve-adjust-
Spawning movements of humpback whitefish in interior Alaska rivers

This study was conducted to describe the spawning movements and identify spawning areas for humpback whitefish Coregonus pidschian in the Minto Flats–Chatanika River complex, Alaska, during 2008 and 2009. Radio transmitters were surgically implanted in humpback whitefish in 2008 (N = 60) and 2009 (N = 100), and fish positions were determined through a combination of boat and aerial surveys and fixed receiving stations. Two spawning areas were identified: one in the Chatanika River downstream of the Elliot Highway Bridge and the other in the Tanana River near Fairbanks. Humpback whitefish dispersed from the wetland complex of Minto Flats in June, moved upstream through late August, arrived at the spawning areas in early September and began moving downstream in early October. In 2009, spatially segregated movements were observed when approximately 40% of the radio-tagged humpback whitefish moved to the Tanana River, suggesting that humpback whitefish in Minto Flats are comprised of mixed spawning stocks. These study results provide a complete account of humpback whitefish movements and their associated spawning habitats, which will allow for better-informed management strategies.
On the role of eddy mechanisms in the meridional energy transports

Meridional transports of sensible and latent heat associated with standing eddies were computed from climatic mean data, and are compared with information available in the literature. The standing eddy flux of latent heat has a main maximum in the latitude of the subtropical anticyclones, where longitudinal contrasts in the latent heat content of the atmosphere are also pronounced. The standing eddy flux of sensible heat has, in winter, a main maximum in the latitude of the subpolar lows, where marked land-sea contrasts in temperature occur. Longitudinal variations in the energy content of the atmosphere account for constrasts in the latitudinal and seasonal pattern of the standing eddy fluxes of sensible and latent heat.
An agenda for research in the managerial evaluation of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool impacts

It is suggested that the complete lack of validated research demonstrating productivity benefits of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools is due to a number of inherent difficulties in the CASE evaluation process. A research agenda is set forth to address the shortfalls in managers' current ability to evaluate these tools. Managerial impacts that are commonly associated with CASE tools are described, and it is shown why measuring these impacts can be difficult. Additionally, some less commonly cited impacts are raised, and suggestions for research in these areas are made. The importance of models of software development to research in this area is discussed. Three popular research methodologies-experiments, field studies, and surveys-are described, and their limitations are examined. >
HONEYDEW-PRODUCING HEMIPTERANS IN FLORIDA ASSOCIATED WITH NYLANDERIA FULVA (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), AN INVASIVE CRAZY ANT

Nylanderia fulva (Mayr) (Formicidae) is an invasive pest ant that has been reported in Florida, Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi. Workers tend various honeydew producing hemipterans in Florida landscapes and natural areas. We sought to understand the seasonal foraging activities of N. fulva and its relationship with honeydew producing hemipterans. Twenty-two hemipteran species were collected from 15 different plant hosts sampled in Florida from Jul 2010 to Jul 2012. The relative density of hemipterans on 4 plant species [live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.; Fagales: Fagaceae), holly (Ilex cornuta Lindl.; Aquifoliales: Aquifoliaceae), magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.; Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae), and sugarberry (Celtis laevigata Willd.; Urticales: Ulmaceae)] was compared to the relative density of N. fulva at the base or stem of the selected plants. The number of N. fulva and hemipterans on each plant species was positively correlated from spring through fall. Both N. fulva and hemipteran populations increased from May to Sep and decreased from Oct to Apr. In addition, Cinara juniperivora (Wilson) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on southern red cedar and Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmelin) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) on magnolia were covered with carton shelters presumably constructed by N. fulva, suggesting that this ant potentially protects certain hemipterans species.
Photoinitiated polymerization of 1-vinylimidazole

The photoinitiated polymerization of 1-vinylimidazole (VI) does not follow the classical kinetic scheme for free radical polymerization. Kinetic results for VI suggest a degradative addition reaction between the macroradical and the monomer to produce a relatively stable, unreactive radical, which does not reinitiate polymerization, is low, 1.5 kcal/mol. Among the 3 photoinitiators used, the highest quantum efficiency was demonstrated by 2,2'-diethoxyacetophenone followed by bezoin methyl ether and benzoin isopropyl ether. Under the experimental conditions used, the polymerization of VI does not proceed to complete conversion, and the phenomenon of dead-end polymerization is observed.