cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Components of depression in HIV-1 infection: their differential relationship to neurocognitive performance.

Both depression and neurocognitive compromise are commonly observed among persons infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). To date, the majority of studies have failed to find a consistent relationship between mood and cognition among HIV-seropositive (HIV+) individuals, suggesting that these constructs are independent of one another. However, depression is a multi-dimensional syndrome and its measurement often utilizes multi-factorial instruments containing cognitive, affective, somatic, and motivational components. The degree to which various symptoms or dimensions of depression might be related to neuropsychological performance in HIV-1 infection is not typically explored and was a main objective of the current study. A sample of 247 HIV+ persons completed both a comprehensive neurocognitive battery and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) as part of a standard clinical evaluation at a major community hospital. To examine the dimensionality of the BDI, a principal components analysis was co...
Demand and modality of directed attention modulate "pre-attentive" sensory processes in schizophrenia patients and nonpsychiatric controls.

Abstract Background Mismatch negativity (MNN) and P3a are event related potential (ERP) measures of early sensory information processing. These components are usually conceptualized as being “pre-attentive” and therefore immune to changes with variations in attentional functioning. This study aimed to determine whether manipulations of attention influence the amplitudes and latencies of MMN and P3a and, if so, the extent to which these early sensory processes govern concurrent behavioral vigilance performance in schizophrenia patients and normal subjects. Methods Schizophrenia patients (SZ; n = 20) and Nonpsychiatric Control Subjects (NCS; n = 20) underwent auditory ERP testing to assess MMN and P3a across 4 EEG recording sessions in which attentional demand (low vs. high) and sensory modality of directed attention (visual vs. auditory) were experimentally varied. Results Across conditions, SZ patients exhibited deficits in MMN and P3a amplitudes. Significant amplitude and latency modulation were observed in both SZ and NCS but there were no group-by-condition interactions. The amount of MMN amplitude attenuation from low- to high-demand tasks was significantly associated with increased vigilance performance in both SZ and NCS groups (r = − 0.67 and r = − 0.60). Several other robust associations were also observed among neurophysiologic, clinical and cognitive variables. Conclusions Attentional demand and modality of directed attention significantly influence the amplitude and latencies of “pre-attentive” ERP components in both SZ and NCS. Deficits in MMN and P3a were not “normalized” when attention was directed to the auditory stimuli in schizophrenia patients. The adaptive modulation of early sensory information processing appears to govern concurrent attentional task performance. The temporal window reflecting automatic sensory discrimination as indexed as MMN and P3a may serve as a gateway to some higher order cognitive operations necessary for psychosocial functioning.
Temperature dependence of photoluminescence of rare-earth-ion-activated Y 2 SiO 5

The temperature dependence of photoluminescence (PL) of rare- earth ions activated Y 2 SiO 5 was investigated from room temperature to 573 K. Ion activators such as Eu 3+ , Ce 3+ , Sm 3+ , Tb 3+ , Tm 3+ and some of their combinations were studied in this work. The most efficient blue, green and red phosphors at elevated temperature were found by doping the (Ce 3+ + Tb 3+ ), Tb 3+ and Eu 3+ respectively, in this material system. Meanwhile, the relationship between the unit cell volume of Re x Y 2-x SiO 5 and the temperature dependence of PL was also revealed.
A model for teaching engineering design

Engineering design is a broad, yet essential topic for students to study during their academic tenure in the engineering field. Engineering design is the set of fundamental principles necessary to successfully solve a design problem. We propose a model for effective teaching of engineering design by developing a multifaceted engineering design course, whose goals are to introduce students to basic engineering design principles and professional skill methodologies, such as client interaction, teamwork, and presentation skills. We require students to make use of computer technologies taught in-class: Alias Maya for 3D design renderings and MathWorks Matlab for computational analysis of designs. Projects with community partners fulfill the need for real client interaction and robust design problems. Students gain hands-on experience from directly applying concepts taught in the course, while community partners benefit from the projects' research and proposed solution. Over 1000 first-year engineering students have participated in this course structure since its inception in Spring 2004. We have worked with over 50 community partners yielding more than 200 semester-length projects, some of which embark on a continuation over several semesters. Our experience complemented with extended evaluations after each semester shape the course each term to yield successful results.
Simulating a traveling-wave resonator for high-power ECRH testing

A traveling-wave resonator may have many times the power supplied by a microwave source, making it possible to test components at a much higher power than would otherwise be available. Here, the simulation results of a traveling-wave resonator are presented.
Lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast.

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) of the breast is commonly identified as an incidental finding in breast biopsies performed because of either a mammographic abnormality or a palpable mass. Although long recognized as an entity, the significance and optimal treatment of LCIS remains controversial. Initially regarded as a pre-invasive form of breast cancer analogous to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), LCIS was treated by mastectomy. As evidence mounted for an equal risk of invasive carcinoma in both breasts, bilateral mastectomy was advocated by some. More recent studies suggest that LCIS is a marker for increased risk rather than a true precursor of invasive carcinoma, and this allows a more conservative approach. The pathologic aspects and natural history of LCIS are discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mothers' Accuracy in Predicting Their Children's IQs: Its Relationship to Antecedent Variables, Mothers' Academic Achievement Demands, and Children's Achievement

Abstract How accurate are mothers in judging their children's IQs? Is there a relationship between mothers' accuracy and their children's academic achievement? Are mothers' beliefs about their children's cognitive ability related to the achievement demands mothers place on their children and their children's actual academic performance? To answer these questions, we administered to 70 grade-school children the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), and their mothers were asked to estimate their children's IQs. Eighty percent of the mothers gave estimates within one standard deviation of their children's IQs. Most mothers overestimated their children's IQs. Accuracy in predicting child's IQ did not vary as a function of the child's gender or age, mother's level of education or experience with children, or family's SES. The type of errors (overestimations or underestimations), however, varied by IQ. Accuracy did not predict the children's achievement or school grades, but the mothers' de...
Potential influence of Asp in the Ca2+ coordination position 5 of parvalbumin on the calcium-binding affinity: a computational study.

Abstract Parvalbumins (PV) are calcium-binding proteins, all sharing the common helix–loop–helix (EF-hand) motif. This motif contains a central twelve-residue Ca 2+ -binding loop with the flanking helices positioned roughly perpendicular to each other. The precise role of these coordination residues has been the subject of intense studies. In this work, we focus on the coordination position 5 in the CD Ca 2+ -binding site of silver hake parvalbumin isoform B (SHPV-B). The most common residue at site 5 of calcium-binding loop in canonical EF-hands is Asp [B.J. Marsden, G.S. Shaw, B.D. Sykes, Biochem. Cell Biol. 68 (1990) 587–601], but in the CD site of PV, this position is almost always serine (Ser). The substitution of Ser with Asp will add the 5th carboxylate residue in the CD coordination sphere. However, as predicted by the acid pair hypothesis, the Ca 2+ -binding affinity would be maximized in an EF-hand motif that has four carboxylate ligands paired along the ± x , and ± z -axes [R.E. Reid, R.S. Hodges, J. Theor. Biol. 84 (1980) 401–444]. Molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations were employed to investigate the influence of Ser to Asp mutation at position 5 on calcium-binding affinity. We found that the Asp variant exhibited remarkable stability during the entire molecular dynamics simulation, with not only the retention of the Ca 2+ -binding site, but also increased compactness in the coordination sphere. The S55D fragment also accommodated Ca 2+ well. We conclude that the reason why Asp which is the most common residue at site 5 of calcium-binding loop in canonical EF-hands has never been identified at this position experimentally for PVs might be related to its physiological functions.
Public, Private and Hybrid Organizations: An Empirical Examination of the Role of Publicness

This article provides an empirical examination of the role of publicness in explaining organization-level phenomena. Analysis of data from 250 public, private and mixed, or hybrid, R&D laboratories...
Metabolic regulation of α-amylase gene expression in transgenic cell cultures of rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

Expression of two genes in the α-amylase gene family is controlled by metabolic regulation in rice cultured cells. The levels of RAmy3D and RAmy3E mRNAs in rice cultured cells are inversely related to the concentration of sugar in the culture medium. Other genes in the rice α-amylase gene family have little or no expression in cultured cells; these expression levels are not controlled by metabolic regulation. A RAmy3D promoter/GUS gene fusion was metabolically regulated in the transgenic rice cell line 3DG, just as the endogenous RAmy3D gene is regulated. An assay of GUS enzyme activity in 3DG cells demonstrated that RAmy3D/GUS expression is repressed when sugar is present in the culture medium and induced when sugar is removed from the medium. The 942 bp fragment of the RAmy3D promoter that was linked to the coding region of the GUS reporter gene thus contains all of the regulatory sequences necessary for metabolic regulation of the gene.
Flame-spreading Process over Thin Aluminum Sheets in Oxygen-enriched Environments

Abstract An experimental study of flame-spreading process over thin aluminum (99 % Al and 1 % Mn( sheets was investigated in oxygen-enriched environments. The objective of this study was to determine the dependency of flame-spreading rate over aluminum sheets as a function of initial chamber pressure, sample thickness, oxygen purity, oxygen flow condition, and sample orientation. The reaction mechanism of aluminum in oxygen was also studied by examining the recovered partially-burned sample using a scanning electron microscope (SEM( coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS(. The flame-spreading rate over aluminum sheets was measured by an array of fast-response lead-selenide (Pb-Se( IR photodetectors. The initial chamber pressure was varied from 0.1 to 6.3MPa. Two grades of oxygen gas were used with purities of 99.996 % and 99.75 %. In terms of the effect of pressure on the flame-spreading rate, as the initial chamber pressure was increased, the flame-spreading rate was found to increase to a m...
Pediatric revision spinal deformity surgery: issues and complications.

Study design A review of issues and concerns associated with pediatric revision surgery. Objectives To describe: (1) the incidence, causes, and prevention of spine revision surgery in the pediatric population; and (2) the preoperative planning and imaging necessary for such surgeries and the associated intraoperative and technical complications (e.g., infection, blood loss, and incomplete deformity correction). Summary of background data Revision surgery may be needed for pediatric spinal deformity because of many factors. This article describes the assessment and performance of revision surgery to optimize results. Methods The literature and the author's personal experience were reviewed. Results Rates of reoperation range from 4% to 25% for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and are higher for neuromuscular or syndromic diagnoses. The most common indications for revision are infection, increased deformity, late operative site pain, pseudarthrosis, and implant dislodgement. Because revision cases are unique, preoperative planning should include a review of previous records and imaging for a thorough understanding of the bony and neurologic anatomy and instrumentation. Preoperative discussion with colleagues may help prevent the need for additional revision. Measures to minimize blood loss should be taken. Deformity correction may include mobilization by multiple osteotomies for long sweeping curves, or focal osteotomies (e.g., vertebral column resection or pedicle subtraction osteotomies) for focal deformity. If fusing additional levels, instrumentation should have adequate fixation and should connect to existing anchors so that the corrective force can be applied to the site of deformity. The possibility of occult infection should be considered; in the event of a late deep infection, options include removing implants and debriding the spine. However, there is a risk of increased deformity in the coronal and sagittal planes after implant removal. Because revision surgery itself may have a higher subsequent reoperation rate, thorough preparation should be done to ensure success. Conclusion Cases of spine revision surgery in the pediatric population are best undertaken by an experienced surgeon and should involve thorough preoperative planning, proper equipment, and skilled assistance.
Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics of anterior, midseptal and right anterior free wall accessory pathways.

Abstract Objectives . The objective of this study was to define the electrocardiographic (ECG) and electrophysiologic characteristics of midseptal, anteroseptal and right anterlor free wall accessory pathways. Methods . The fully pre-excited 12-lead surface ECGs and ECGs during orthodromic atrioventricular (AV) reentrant tachycardia were compared for 13 patients with an anteroseptal, 7 with a midseptal and 7 with a right free wall accessery pathway. Routine electrophysiologic studies were performed in all and stimulation of the right ventricular summit during tachycardia was accomplished in 10 patients. Results . Differences in the surface ECGs were not sufficiently sensitive to distinguish among accessory pathway locations. Premature ventricular complexes induced from the right ventricular septal summit during ventricular activation either advanced the succeeding atrial depolarization or terminated the tachycardia in three of six patients with a septal pathway and in none of the four with a right anterior pathway. The change in ventriculoatrial (VA) interval with the development of right bundle branch block during orthodromic AV tachycardia proved most helpful in distinguishing these pathways. Patients with a right anterior free wall pathway showed a change in VA interval ≥ 40 ms, whereas those with an anteroseptal pathway showed changes of 20 to 30 ms and those with a midseptal pathway showed no change. Conclusions . Anteroseptal, midseptal and right anterior free wall pathways may be distinguished by using programmed stimulation of the summit of the right ventricular septpm and especially With changes in the VA interval with development of right bundle branch block during orthodromic AV reentrant tachycardia.
The geometries of pentaprismane and hexaprismane insights from molecular mechanics

Abstract Molecular mechanics calculations (MM2) have been carried out on pentaprismane and hexaprismane. The results are rationalized and compared to what is known experimentally.
Thiazolidinedione Treatment Enhances Insulin Effects on Protein Kinase C-ζ/λ Activation and Glucose Transport in Adipocytes of Nondiabetic and Goto-Kakizaki Type II Diabetic Rats

We evaluated effects of the thiazolidinedione, rosiglitazone, on insulin-induced activation of protein kinase C (PKC)-zeta/lambda and glucose transport in adipocytes of Goto-Kakizaki (GK)-diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Insulin effects on PKC-zeta/lambda and 2-deoxyglucose uptake were diminished by approximately 50% in GK adipocytes, as compared with control adipocytes. This defect in insulin-induced PKC-zeta/lambda activation was associated with diminished activation of IRS-1-dependent phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, and was accompanied by diminished phosphorylation of threonine 410 in the activation loop of PKC-zeta; in contrast, protein kinase B (PKB) activation and phosphorylation were not significantly altered. Rosiglitazone completely reversed defects in insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake, PKCzeta/lambda enzyme activity and PKC-zeta threonine 410 phosphorylation, but had no effect on PI 3-kinase activation or PKB activation/phosphorylation in GK adipocytes. Similarly, in adipocytes of nondiabetic rats, rosiglitazone provoked increases in insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake, PKC-zeta/lambda enzyme activity and phosphorylation of both threonine 410 activation loop and threonine 560 autophosphorylation sites in PKC-zeta, but had no effect on PI 3-kinase activation or PKB activation/phosphorylation. Our findings suggest that (a) decreased effects of insulin on glucose transport in adipocytes of GK-diabetic rats are due at least in part to diminished phosphorylation/activation of PKC-zeta/lambda, and (b) thiazolidinediones enhance glucose transport responses to insulin in adipocytes of both diabetic and nondiabetic rats through increases in phosphorylation/activation of PKC-zeta/lambda.
Modeling moisture transfer in fabrics

Abstract By viewing the fabric as a highly porous medium, a conservation equation for moisture transfer in fabric was developed as a function of capillary pressure and permeability under isothermal conditions. The equation considers the transfer of both liquid and vapor due to the capillarity effect in the fibrous medium. This equation was solved numerically by the Galerkin finite-element method and was applied to two different fabric samples, one made of cotton and one of polypropylene. The model is capable of simulating the wicking process in general including the effect of gravity on moisture transport using parameters that can be measured readily. Results from the numerical model were compared with vertical and horizontal wicking experimental data. The model predictions agreed well with the experimental data in both cases. The vertical wicking experiment agreed better than the horizontal wicking experiment because the vertical test is easier to conduct and the fabric is not in contact with a support.
Phosphorylation by Protein Kinase Cα Regulates RalB Small GTPase Protein Activation, Subcellular Localization, and Effector Utilization

Ras-like (Ral) small GTPases are regulated downstream of Ras and the noncanonical Ral guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RalGEF) effector pathway. Despite RalA and RalB sharing 82% sequence identity and utilization of shared effector proteins, their roles in normal and neoplastic cell growth have been shown to be highly distinct. Here, we determined that RalB function is regulated by protein kinase Cα (PKCα) phosphorylation. We found that RalB phosphorylation on Ser-198 in the C-terminal membrane targeting sequence resulted in enhanced RalB endomembrane accumulation and decreased RalB association with its effector, the exocyst component Sec5. Additionally, RalB phosphorylation regulated vesicular trafficking and membrane fusion by regulating v- and t-SNARE interactions. RalB phosphorylation regulated vesicular traffic of α5-integrin to the cell surface and cell attachment to fibronectin. In summary, our data suggest that phosphorylation by PKCα is critical for RalB-mediated vesicle trafficking and exocytosis.
Fractionation of Potassium/Rubidium by Amphiboles: Implications Regarding Mantle Composition

We show that the rubidium in amphiboles is generally depleted with respect to potassium. The K:Rb ratios of 50 analyzed amphiboles range from 100 to 5000, averaging 1120. This fractionation effect holds for potassium concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 1.5 percent. The K:Rb ratios of abyssal tholeiites do not place unambiguous limits on the K:Rb ratio of the upper mantle, since partial melting of a mantle material such as amphibole peridotite would produce a liquid with a K:Rb ratio higher than that in the initial material. Large-scale mineralogic control of distributions of trace elements in the mantle could produce trends with depth that are the reverse of trends normally attributed to differentiation processes.
Adolescent mothers' successful participation in a well-baby care program

Previous research suggests that adolescent mothers and their infants may benefit from participation in specialized well-baby care programs. Yet the literature has not addressed the issue of predictive factors related to continued program participation. In a retrospective study, stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to explore this issue in 61 mothers from one well-baby program. The results were partially cross-validated using 59 other mothers. Mothers ranged in age from 13 to 17 years. Most were Black, single, and receiving public assistance. Twenty-two percent of the variance in the number of routine clinic visits made and 34% of the variance in the number of visits made for specific health problems were accounted for by the predictive equations. Cross-validation supported these results, with the most significant predictive variable for both measures of program participation being inconsistent appointment keeping.
Successful Adults Who Were Once Adolescent Underachievers

This retrospective study of professionally successful adults who were academic underachievers during adolescence (N = 31) explored the phenomenological experience of underachievement, with particular focus on potentially interactive factors that might be associated with onset. maintenance, and reversal of underachievement. Underinvolved and nonencouraging parents and teachers, negative parental attitudes toward work, family conflict, lack of career direction, and family transitions were found to be associated with underachievement. Both the adolescents and their parents achieved in nonacademic areas. Findings suggest that personality factors, achiever role models outside of the family, developmental task accomnplishmrent, changes in location, and new academic courses may contribute to reversal of underachievement.
Divide and Conquer Interaction Energy Decomposition

The authors present a new energy decomposition scheme, which decomposes interaction energies into electrostatic, polarization, and charge transfer contributions. The method is founded on the divide and conquer approach but is only prone to errors introduced by the basis set and the applied Hamiltonian. They illustrate the method by AM1/PM3 interaction energy decompositions on bimolecular systems and 64 water systems. Their decomposition scheme also allows for screening of charge transfer or charge transfer and polarization from intermolecular interactions. Screening of these interactions is illustrated by the charge analysis of a screened 64 water system. Their calculations indicate the importance of charge transfer, even for intermolecular separations 0.5--1.0 {angstrom} from equilibrium.
Intelligent systems in space : the EO-1 Autonomous Sciencecraft

The Autonomous Sciencecraft Software (ASE) is currently flying onboard the Earth Observing One (EO-1) Spacecraft. This software enables the spacecraft to autonomously detect and respond to science events occurring on the Earth. The package includes software systems that perform science data analysis, deliberative planning, and runtime robust execution. Because of the deployment to the EO-1 spacecraft, the ASE software has stringent constraints of autonomy and limited computing resources. We describe these constraints and how they are reflected in our operations approach. A summary of the final results of the experiment is also included. This software has demonstrated the potential for space missions to use onboard decision-making to detect, analyze, and respond to science events, and to downlink only the highest value science data. As a result, ground-based mission planning and analysis functions have been greatly simplified, thus reducing operations cost.
Organizational and psychological climate: A review of theory and research

This article offers a brief history of psychological climate and the products of aggregates of psychological climate, typically referred to as “organizational climate”. The article begins with a synopsis of psychological climate. Discussion proceeds to organizational climate, where attention is given to what it means to form within-group aggregates of psychological climate, and what conditions these aggregates need to satisfy in order to qualify as measures of organizational climate. The relationship between climate and culture is next, where we build on prior theorizing and empirical research to argue that the two are distinct constructs. Finally, recent research in climate is briefly summarized.
Free convection of heat-generating liquids in a horizontal pipe

Abstract Maximum steady-state temperatures of freely convecting heat-generating fluids were measured experimentally. Two liquids of widely differing Prandtl and Grashof numbers were tested at many levels of internal heat generation rate in a horizontal pipe at constant wall temperature. A simplified analysis of buoyancy and viscous forces is given to show the method of correlating the temperature data. Experimental results have good correlation when presented according to the analysis.
Microbial diversity in sediments associated with surface-breaching gas hydrate mounds in the Gulf of Mexico.

Abstract A molecular phylogenetic approach was used to characterize the composition of microbial communities from two gas hydrate sedimentary systems in the Gulf of Mexico. Nucleic acids, extracted from sediments directly overlying surface-breaching gas hydrate mounds collected from a research submersible (water depth 550–575 m), were amplified with nine different 16S rDNA gene primer sets. The polymerase chain reaction primers targeted microorganisms at the domain-specific (Bacteria and Archaea) and group-specific (sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and putative anaerobic methane-oxidizing (ANME) archaea) level. Amplicons were obtained with five of the nine primer sets including two of the six SRB Groups (SRB Group 5 and Group 6) and used to generate five different clone libraries. Analysis of 126 clones from the Archaea library revealed that the sediments associated with naturally occurring gas hydrate harbored a low diversity. Sequence analysis indicated the majority of archaeal clones were most closely related to Methanosarcinales, Methanomicrobiales and distinct phylogenetic lineages within the ANME groups. The most frequently recovered phylotypes in the ANME library were related to either ANME-2 or Methanomicrobiales. In contrast to the two archaeal libraries, bacterial diversity was higher with the majority of the 126 bacterial clones most closely related to uncultured clones dominated by the δ- and ϵ-Proteobacteria. Interestingly, while 82% of the clones in the SRB Group 5 library were affiliated with δ-Proteobacteria, the vast majority (83%) of clones in the SRB Group 6 library was affiliated with the Firmicutes. This is the first phylogenetic-based description of microbial communities extant in methane-rich hydrate-associated sediments from a hydrocarbon seep region in the Gulf of Mexico.
A ten‐year record of water‐table fluctuations near Runyon, New Jersey

The fluctuations of the water-table in the vicinity of Runyon in Middlesex County, New Jersey, have been observed from August, 1923, to the present time by the United States Geological Survey, the New Jersey Department of Conservation and Development, and the New Jersey State Water Policy Commission. During most of this time the author of this paper has been actively associated with this work. A water-stage recorder has been maintained on one well, the so-called Morrell well, throughout the whole period. Water-stage recorders have also been installed on other water-table wells in the region for shorter periods and periodic measurements of water-level have been made on about 35 wells. Some of the results of these observations and brief comments upon them are presented herein.
A karyotypic analysis of the lesser Malay chevrotain, Tragulus javanicus (Artiodactyla: Tragulidae).

Chevrotains are small forest-dwelling ruminants of the family Tragulidae. The chromosome number of the lesser Malay chevrotain was determined to be 2n=32, NF=64. G- and Q-banding allowed the identification of homologous chromosomes, and C-banding demonstrated the presence of pericentromeric, telomeric and interstitial constitutive heterochromatin. Q-band comparisons with domestic cattle revealed relatively few monobrachial chromosome band homologies. However, the smallest biarmed autosome of the chevrotain, chromosome 15, was determined to be cytogenetically homologus with the acrocentric chromosome 19 of cattle. A molecular cytogenetic analysis confirmed this putative chromosomal homology. In fact, molecular cytogenetic analyses indicate complete conservation of synteny among mouse deer chromosome 15, domestic cattle chromosome 19, domestic pig chromosome 12 and human chromosome 17. In the light of these molecular cytogenetic data and since mouse deer chromosome 15 is submetacentric and appears homologous in banding to submetacentric chromosome 12 of the domestic pig, these outgroup comparisons indicate that the acrocentric condition of cattle chromosome 19 has been derived by inversion. Since this derivative condition is present in the Antilocapridae, Bovidae, Cervidae and Giraffidae, it is a chromosomal synapomorphy that unites these advance ruminant families within the Artiodactyla.
On the breakup of tectonic plates by polar wandering

The observed boundary system of the major tectonic plates on the surface of the earth lends fresh support to the hypothesis of polar wandering. A dynamic model of the outer shell of the earth under the influence of polar shift is developed. The analysis falls into two parts: (1) deriving equations for stresses caused by polar shifting; and (2) deducing the pattern according to which the fracture of the shell can be expected. For stress analysis, the theory of plates and shells is the dominant feature of this model. In order to determine the fracture pattern, the existence of a mathematical theorem of plasticity is recalled: it says that the plastic flow begins to occur when a function in terms of the differences of the three principal stresses surpasses a certain critical value. By introducing the figures for the geophysical constants, this model generates stresses which could produce an initial break in the lithosphere.
Improvement in the First Born Theory of Electron Scattering by Molecular Systems. II. Example of the 1 s σ g − 2 p σ u Transition in H 2 +

The asymptotic closure cross section, derived in I of this series, is calculated for the $1s{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{g}\ensuremath{-}2p{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{u}$ excitation of $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ by fast electrons. These data are compared with earlier treatments of this system which were based on a less rigorous theory. The earlier data are observed to be surprisingly accurate. The Bethe cross section for exciting discrete vibrational modes in the $2p{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{u}$ orbital of $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ is calculated. This cross section is then used, along with the asymptotic closure cross section, to generate the Bethe cross section for all continuum modes of nuclear motion in the $2p{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{u}$ orbital of $\mathrm{H}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$. Two approximations are considered for this partitioning of the asymptotic closure cross section and they are not found to be, in general, very useful.
Identification in multivariate partial observability probit

Poirier (1980) considered a bivariate probit model in which the binary dependent variables y1 and y2 of a bivariate probit model were not observed individually, but the product z = y1 × y2 was observed. This paper expands this notion of partial observability to multivariate settings.
Hindsight bias in a very sparse environment

Hindsight bias, the inability to ignore outcome information, was studied in a sparse and abstract environment, that of a probability learning task. Following the probability learning task, the subjects were asked to estimate the probability of the events. The subjects in the hindsight conditions were provided outcome information. They were unable to ignore the outcome information even though they were instructed to do so. Their mean probability estimates deviated in the direction of the outcome information they received. This was found for subjects who received the “actual probabilities” as outcome information as well as for subjects who were only given what the event on the next trial would have been.
A JANUARY SIMULATION EXPERIMENT WITH THE TWO-LAYER VERSION OF THE NCAR GLOBAL CIRCULATION MODEL

Abstract Results of a January simulation experiment with the two-layer version of the NCAR global circulation model are discussed. The model includes a hydrological cycle, horizontal and vertical turbulent transports of momentum, heat, and water vapor from the lower boundary and within the atmosphere, and calculations of solar and terrestrial radiation. Although the water vapor field interacts with the radiation calculations, the cloud distribution is a function of latitude and season. In this version of the model, the earth's orography is omitted as well as an explicit calculation of the surface temperature. This version of the model has a spherical horizontal mesh spacing of 5° in both longitude and latitude and two vertical layers at 6-km height, increments. The details of the finite-difference scheme for the model are presented. The initial conditions for this experiment are based on an isothermal atmosphere at rest. The zonal mean cloudiness, the mean sea level temperature distribution, and the sun's...
Socio‐Economics and the Probability of Loan Approval

This study analyzes the influence of relationships on the probability of loan approval. Michigan banks located in communities with a population of less than 10,000 supplied the data for this study by responding to hypothetical loan requests. The survey results demonstrate that in addition to the usual financial performance variables, business and social relationships between lenders and prospective borrowers significantly affect the likelihood of loan approval. The effects of relationships on the loan approval decision are largest when information on the financial strength of the prospective borrower is mixed. In cases where the financial strength of the loan applicant is unambiguously strong (weak), the loan is likely to be approved (rejected) regardless of the applicant's relationship with the lender.
Immediate and one-year safety of intracoronary ultrasonic imaging. Evaluation with serial quantitative angiography.

BACKGROUND Intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) has the ability to quantitatively evaluate vessel wall morphology and is well suited for serial studies of coronary artery disease regression and progression. However, the potential risk for catheter-induced endothelial damage and accelerated atherosclerosis in instrumented vessels is a concern. The acute effects as well as the 1-year safety of ICUS regarding its impact on the atherosclerotic process were assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS The acute studies include 240 intracoronary studies performed in 170 cardiac transplant recipients. Patients were systematically heparinized. Only vessels > or = 2 mm in diameter were visualized. Coronary arteries of 38 patients were measured by quantitative coronary angiography in matched angiograms at an interval of 1 year after the initial ICUS examination was performed to assess long-term effects. The angiographic measurements in the previously instrumented and noninstrumented vessels were compared. Forty-nine vessels that had been imaged (IM) in these 38 patients with a 5F ICUS catheter were compared with 61 vessels not previously imaged (NIM) in the same patients. Absolute and percentage change in angiographically measured mean vessel diameters in the ICUS imaged and nonimaged segments were compared. Despite pretreatment with nitroglycerin, 20 patients (8.3%) had angiographically evident coronary spasm. In all cases, this was reversed by giving nitroglycerin. One year after the original imaging study, no difference was noted between imaged and nonimaged vessels in change in absolute vessel diameter (IM, -0.11 +/- 0.28 mm vs NIM, -0.07 +/- 0.22 mm; P = .49) or in percentage change in diameter (IM, -5 +/- 11% vs NIM, -3 +/- 7%; P = .32). CONCLUSIONS Intracoronary ultrasound in cardiac transplant recipients was associated with no clinical morbidity and a low incidence of vessel spasm in large and medium-size coronary arteries. It does not accelerate progression of angiographically quantifiable coronary artery disease. This study suggests that ICUS can be safely used even in coronary arteries not undergoing interventions.
Electrical characteristics of rectifying polycrystalline silicon/silicon carbide heterojunctions

This paper presents a study of the rectifying properties of heavily doped polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) on 4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC). Current properties and barrier heights were found using analysis of the heterojunction. This revealed that Schottky analysis would be valid for the large barrier height devices. Isotype and an-isotype devices were fabricated on both p-type and n-type SiC and the electrical characteristics were investigated using capacitance vs voltage measurements, current vs voltage measurements (I-V), and temperature I-V measurements. Extraction of the barrier height, built-in potential, and Richardson constant were made and then compared to theoretical values for the heterojunction. Temperature I-V measurements demonstrated that the current transport mechanism is thermionic emission, confirming the validity of the Schottky diode model. The I-V characteristics show near ideal diode rectifying behavior and the capacitance-voltage characteristics show ideal junction space charge modulation for all polysilicon/SiC combinations. These experimental results match well with heterojunction band-offset estimated barrier heights and demonstrate that the barrier height of the polysilicon/4H SiC interface may be controlled by varying the polysilicon doping type.
A novel algorithm for refinement of vision-based two-view pose estimates

A novel method is developed to obtain a refined estimate of relative position and orientation (pose) from two views captured by a calibrated monocular camera. Due to the typically large number of matched pairs of feature points available, many estimates of the pose are possible by taking minimal sets of feature points. Among such estimates, the proposed method selects a subset that has low estimation error, and averages them in an appropriate manner to provide a refined estimate. Preliminary experiments on the image data show that the proposed method provides a more accurate pose estimate than refinement using a least squares method.
Lifetime-Aware Replication for Data Durability in P2P Storage Network

Many p2p based wide-area storage networks have been proposed to provide scalable storage services by combining the idle resources of many unreliable nodes. These storage networks can also provide highly available and reliable storage services, by replicating each data on several nodes. The popular approach is availability based replication which uses individual node availability. However, some replicas leave within a short time under high churn in p2p networks. This results in heavy and bursty data traffic, and sometimes some data are lost. This paper presents the lifetime-aware replication which uses the lifetime of each node to prevent the bursty failures and the data loss. It keeps a primary replica which has enough time to replace a lost redundancy. It also spreads replicas on the timeline to reduce the overlapped replicas as best as it can. Results from event-driven simulations show that the lifetime-aware replication keeps high data durability with less data traffic.
GENRE IN THE CLASSROOM: MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES

GENRE IN THE CLASSROOM: MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES. Ann M. Johns (Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002. Pp. ii + 350. $32.50 paper.This book provides an excellent introduction to recent developments in genre analysis and related pedagogies. Although it assumes some background knowledge of applied linguistics and genre studies, the volume should be of interest to writing researchers as well as professors who teach the teaching of writing and other courses dealing with genre-related issues. The book is also suitable for any serious Master's or doctoral student with an interest in genre issues, whether for the purposes of scholarly investigation, teaching, or both.
Some Thoughts on the Social Structure After a Bombing Disaster

While much is known about the impact of bombing on an economy's material ability to produce—in terms of the physical survival of resources—comparatively little thought has been devoted to the broader social consequences of truly major bombing. The social and political consequences, however, may well dominate the material or more narrowly economic ones; resources potentially of value may either remain unutilized or may be improperly or anti-socially employed, as a result of the impairment or collapse of our accepted processes of social decision. Our purpose here is to attempt to explore the social consequences of a major bombing disaster by an examination of the effects of bombing upon the organization of society, upon the distribution of political and economic power, and upon institutions relevant to the effective functioning of society. Needless to say, we can only make preliminary or tentative conjectures (or, rather, speculations), in view of the complexity of the subject and the limited degree of historical knowledge of the functioning of human societies under conditions of extreme stress. Nevertheless, it seems desirable to explore these questions—since the answers may have important implications for prewar planning designed to promote the ability of our society to cope with such disasters.
Prospective Associations Between HIV-Related Stigma, Transmission Risk Behaviors, and Adverse Mental Health Outcomes in Men Who Have Sex with Men

Background The vast majority of research on HIV-related stigma has been cross sectional, and few studies have examined whether experiencing stigma is associated with sexual risk behaviors.
Kinetic analysis of receptor-activated phosphoinositide turnover.

We studied the bradykinin-induced changes in phosphoinositide composition of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells using a combination of biochemistry, microscope imaging, and mathematical modeling. Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) decreased over the first 30 s, and then recovered over the following 2–3 min. However, the rate and amount of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) production were much greater than the rate or amount of PIP2 decline. A mathematical model of phosphoinositide turnover based on this data predicted that PIP2 synthesis is also stimulated by bradykinin, causing an early transient increase in its concentration. This was subsequently confirmed experimentally. Then, we used single-cell microscopy to further examine phosphoinositide turnover by following the translocation of the pleckstrin homology domain of PLCδ1 fused to green fluorescent protein (PH-GFP). The observed time course could be simulated by incorporating binding of PIP2 and InsP3 to PH-GFP into the model that had been used to analyze the biochemistry. Furthermore, this analysis could help to resolve a controversy over whether the translocation of PH-GFP from membrane to cytosol is due to a decrease in PIP2 on the membrane or an increase in InsP3 in cytosol; by computationally clamping the concentrations of each of these compounds, the model shows how both contribute to the dynamics of probe translocation.
SAMHD1 restricts HIV-1 infection in dendritic cells (DCs) by dNTP depletion, but its expression in DCs and primary CD4 + T-lymphocytes cannot be upregulated by interferons

SAMHD1 is an HIV-1 restriction factor in non-dividing monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and resting CD4+ T-cells. Acting as a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) triphosphohydrolase, SAMHD1 hydrolyzes dNTPs and restricts HIV-1 infection in macrophages and resting CD4+ T-cells by decreasing the intracellular dNTP pool. However, the intracellular dNTP pool in DCs and its regulation by SAMHD1 remain unclear. SAMHD1 has been reported as a type I interferon (IFN)-inducible protein, but whether type I IFNs upregulate SAMHD1 expression in primary DCs and CD4+ T-lymphocytes is unknown. Here, we report that SAMHD1 significantly blocked single-cycle and replication-competent HIV-1 infection of DCs by decreasing the intracellular dNTP pool and thereby limiting the accumulation of HIV-1 late reverse transcription products. Type I IFN treatment did not upregulate endogenous SAMHD1 expression in primary DCs or CD4+ T-lymphocytes, but did in HEK 293T and HeLa cell lines. When SAMHD1 was over-expressed in these two cell lines to achieve higher levels than that in DCs, no HIV-1 restriction was observed despite partially reducing the intracellular dNTP pool. Our results suggest that SAMHD1-mediated reduction of the intracellular dNTP pool in DCs is a common mechanism of HIV-1 restriction in myeloid cells. Endogenous expression of SAMHD1 in primary DCs or CD4+ T-lymphocytes is not upregulated by type I IFNs.
Application of Mobile Dual-frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON) to Fish in Estuarine Habitats

Dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) offers important advantages over other sampling tools for observing pelagic and benthic fishes in situ. Because it relies on sound, DIDSON can detect fish in a non-destructive and non-intrusive manner. In our unique application, the equipment's small size and low power requirements allow deploy- ment from a kayak for increased maneuverability in complex habitats. Characteristics that typify echograms of different fishes can be extracted using multivariate ordination tech- niques, such as principal components analysis (PCA), with in situ groundtruthing. Here we present reference images, techniques, and human-observer-error estimates from DIDSON application. Together, these approaches enhance our ability to sample fishes and even ob- serve certain behaviors in complex, turbid environments during a full diel cycle.
Functional rehabilitation after medial meniscus repair in a high school football quarterback: a case report.

Background Rehabilitation guidelines and functional progression of isolated medial meniscus repair is not well documented in the literature. Due to the importance of the knee menisci, surgical repair of these structures has been very common. Physical therapists need to be aware of the imposed precautions and proper progression of patients post meniscus repair surgery.
Real-time sensing of gas phase mixtures via coherent Raman spectroscopy

Hybrid CARS experiments on ambient air and gas mixtures suggest that the technique, developed initially for biohazard detection, might become indispensable for local sensing of gas composition, e.g. real-time quality control of pipeline natural gas.