cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An association between hemifacial microsomia and facial clefting.

Purpose Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is a relatively uncommon malformation, a far second to cleft lip/palate (CL/P). Transverse oral cleft (“macrostomia”) is known to be associated with HFM, but there are also reports of concurrent CL/P. We undertook a retrospective study of patients with HFM to document the prevalence of facial clefting. The hypothesis is that the coexistence of facial clefts and HFM suggests a common pathogenic mechanism. Materials and methods Records of 198 HFM patients from the database of the Craniofacial Centre at Boston Children’s Hospital were reviewed. The age, gender, predominant side of HFM, OMENS classification, and presence, size, and type of cleft (CL/P, transverse oral cleft, or oro-ocular cleft) were documented. We performed χ2, t test, and Fisher’s exact analyses to evaluate the association of facial clefting with HFM. Results There were 100 males and 98 females in the HFM study group, with a mean age of 15.3 years (range, 1 to 50 years); 90 were right-sided (45%), 79 were left-sided (40%), and 29 were bilateral (15%). Twenty patients had a CL/P (10%), and of these 15 had unilateral CL/P (UCL/P), equally distributed between right and left sides, and 5 had bilateral CL/P (BCL/P). There were 9 males and 11 females with combined HFM and CL/P. Cleft of the oral commissure (macrostomia) was present in 46 (23.0%) of the HFM patients with a left-to-right-to-bilateral ratio of 5:6:1. There was a significant association between the predominant side of HFM and the side of CL/P (P ≪ .001) and macrostomia (P ≤ .001). We also showed a correlation between the severity of the orbital and mandibular deformities in HFM and the coexisting facial cleft. Conclusions An association implies concurrence, more often than by chance, of 2 or more anomalies and suggests an etiopathologic link. The finding of ipsilateral labial clefts in 10% of HFM patients, and the differing demographic distribution from common labial clefts, suggests an overlapping pathogenesis. Whether the cause is genetic or environmental, we hypothesize that there may be a common pathway leading to a disturbance in neural crest cell migration in HFM patients who also have a facial cleft.
Fractionation of glycosaminoglycans from psoriatic skin.

Skin samples from 3 patients with active psoriasis, one with seborrheic dermatitis and 9 normal controls were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycans. The various glycosaminoglycans were identified by cetylpyridinium chloride-salt fractionation and by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. This study revealed an increase in glycosaminoglycans in psoriatic skin due to an absolute increase in hyaluronic acid. The distribution of glycosaminoglycans in seborrheic dermatitis was normal.
Effect of Type of Defeathering System on Salmonella Cross-Contamination During Commercial Processing

Abstract The cross-contamination effects of three commercial defeathering systems were compared using turkeys from a single Salmonella- positive flock (≤ 15% cloacal-positive). Single or “common” flocks were used to control flock-to-flock variability. Thirty birds were mechanically defeathered in each system as the first flock of the day and compared with 30 hand-defeathered (control) birds. Three trials, each using a different common flock, were completed. In Trial 1, the incidence of Salmonella-positive birds decreased following mechanical defeathering at all three processors. The incidence of Salmonella-positive carcasses in test flocks increased following steam-spray (~100%) and kosher (~50%) defeathering in Trials 2 and 3, whereas no increase in Salmonella-positive carcasses resulted from conventional defeathering. The decrease in the number of Salmonella-positive birds as a result of defeathering observed in Trial 1, as compared to increases observed in Trials 2 and 3, may be related to the selection of feather-contaminated (Trial 1) vs intestinal-colonized (Trials 2 and 3) turkeys. Surface temperature of the carcasses and length of time required to defeather were monitored within each system. It is hypothesized that the increases in the number of Salmonella-positive birds following steam-spray and kosher defeathering in Trials 2 and 3 were a result of skin surface changes occurring during the defeathering process, which allowed increased adherence or entrapment of Salmonella spp. on or within remaining skin layers.
Experimental Osteomyelitis Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

An experimental model of chronic osteomyelitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was established with use of techniques identical to those employed previously with Staphylococcus. Infection of bone was consistently produced, but the disease was less severe than that seen with Staphylococcus. There were lower mortality, decreased severity of infection as demonstrated by X ray, and less evidence of sequestrum formation with P. aeruginosa than with Staphylococcus. Carbenicillin was used alone and in combination with sisomicin in the treatment of experimental pseudomonas osteomyelitis. The combination, when administered for four weeks, was significantly more effective than either agent alone.
The effect of UCS intensity on the long-term retention of a classically conditioned fear response

An experiment was conducted to measure the effect of UCS intensity, in the classical fear conditioning situation, on long-term retention. White rats were conditioned at high (2.63 mA) and medium (.83 mA) UCS intensities and were tested for retention 2 weeks and 2 months later. The results of the experiment indicated that the magnitude of the classically conditioned fear response decreases 2 weeks after original conditioning, but that there is little further decrement after the original conditioning session. The original fear conditioning session produces a relatively stable level of fear that shows some dissipation, with time, at the medium UCS intensity level. Some fear remains, however, as long as 2 months after the original conditioning session.
Prediction of vapor-liquid equilibria of associating mixtures with UNIFAC models that include association

Two UNIFAC association models are developed using Wertheim's theory of association rather than a chemical theory. In both models the activity coefficient is the sum of combinatorial, residual, and association contributions. The UNIFAC group-contribution model is used for the combinatorial and residual terms, and two different types of association models are considered. The UNIFAC-AG model uses functional-group-based association, while the UNIFAC-AM model considers association to occur between molecules. For associating mixtures containing acids, alcohols, or water, both activity coefficient models provide better predictions of binary vapor−liquid equilibria than the original UNIFAC model. Of those models, the UNIFAC-AM model led to the best predictions. The association term was also added to the more recent, modified UNIFAC model and briefly tested with vapor−liquid equilibrium data for the acetic acid + heptane and acetic acid + butanol mixtures. It was found that, for vapor−liquid equilibria, the modifi...
p150Glued Regulates Microtubule Dynamics in Neurons through Tandem Tubulin-Binding Domains

Regulation of microtubule dynamics is critical, particularly in neurons, where defects may contribute to neurodegeneration. Here, we demonstrate in vitro using TIRF microscopy and in primary neurons using live-cell imaging that the p150Glued subunit of dynactin regulates microtubule dynamics. To modify dynamics, p150Glued must be dimerized, and it must bind soluble tubulin, an interaction that we find requires tandem CAP-Gly and basic domains. p150Glued is alternatively spliced in vivo, with the full length isoform including both these domains expressed primarily in neurons. Accordingly, depletion of p150Glued in a non-polarized cell line does not alter microtubule dynamics, while p150Glued RNAi in neurons leads to a dramatic increase in microtubule catastrophe. Strikingly, a Parkinson syndrome-associated mutation blocks this microtubule-stabilizing activity both in vitro and in neurons. Together, our data reveal that p150Glued plays a crucial role in promoting microtubule stability in neurons, and that defects in this function may lead to neurodegeneration.
Consumer health crisis management: Apple's crisis responsibility for iPod-related hearing loss

Abstract This study used a content analysis of Apple's lawsuit concerning hearing loss, exploring how for-profit organizations manage health-related crises when products are suspected of having a potentially devastating impact on consumers’ health. By integrating two major approaches in a crisis communication, this study found that severity of damage, locus of control, business size, and the external public's claim were major contingent factors generating the organization's responsibility for consumer health crises.
Analytical Prediction of Nonequilibrium Heat Transfer around Blunt-Nosed Bodies

HE prediction of nonequilibriu m heat-transfer distributions around blunt-nosed aerodynamic bodies continues to be of interest for preliminary design analyses of hypervelocity flight vehicles. This note presents a simple analytical method of solution for this problem, which enables rapid yet accurate engineering calculation of nonequilibriu m dissociation effects on heat transfer over a wide range of flight conditions and body geometry. The method is based on an extension of the stagnation-point theory for nonequilibrium boundary layers with arbitrary surface catalycity given in Ref. 1. Theory Consider laminar boundary-layer flow of a nonequilibriumdissociated binary gas mixture around a highly cooled, nonablating, two-dimensional or axially symmetric blunt body with an arbitrary first-order catalytic recombination rate on the surface. At the stagnation point, the effect of nonequilibrium chemical reaction on the conditions at the gas/solid interface is controlled by the gas phase recombination rate near the wall when the body is highly cooled (Tw/Te < 0.30).2 Consequently, it is possible to employ some very advantageous simplifying approximations for the net reaction rate distribution across the boundary layer which lead to the following analytical solution for the nonequilibrium heat transfer1: qw — qw,F (i)
Single-gene transgenic mouse strains for reprogramming adult somatic cells

We report transgenic mouse models in which three or four reprogramming factors are expressed from a single genomic locus using a drug-inducible transgene. Multiple somatic cell types can be directly reprogrammed to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by culture in doxycycline. Because reprogramming factors are carried on a single polycistronic construct, the mice can be easily maintained, and the transgene can be easily transferred into other genetic backgrounds.
Assessment of a novel, full-thickness incisional biopsy model to restage rectal tumours after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: results of an ex vivo pilot study

Background There is currently no reliable means to restage rectal cancers after neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Recent histological evidence shows that the epicentre for residual cancer cells is focussed directly underneath any residual mucosal abnormality (RMA). This proof-of-concept study aimed to determine the utility of a novel, minimally invasive method of incisional biopsy as a restaging tool. A secondary aim was to compare its performance to clinical response assessment.
LOW IN-TREATMENT HDL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS STRONGLY PREDICT SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS: THE LIFE STUDY

Low HDL levels are associated with increased cardiac mortality and infusion of reconstituted HDL shortens cardiac repolarization in isolated rabbit cardiomyocytes, dyslipidemic patients and healthy volunteers. However, whether low HDL is associated with increased sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk in
Inner-shell promotions in low-energy Li+-Al collisions at clean and alkali-covered Al(100) surfaces.

Spectra of scattered ions and ion-induced electron emissions are used to investigate the electronic processes that occur during 0.4--5.0-keV Li[sup +] bombardment of clean and alkali-atom-covered Al(100). The results show that Li 1[ital s] electrons are promoted during hard Li-Al collisions, but not during Li-K or Li-Na collisions. Consequences of the inner-shell electron promotions are evident in the inelastic loss, neutralization behavior, and electron emissions of the scattered Li particles. Spectra of scattered Li[sup +] ions exhibit discrete-loss features, which are resistant to the usual increase in resonant neutralization that accompanies the deposition of alkali atoms on the surface. The loss features are due to Li 1[ital s] excitation via electron promotion, while the production of ions away from the surface via autoionization is responsible for their lack of response to alkali-atom adsorption. Spectra of ion-induced electron emissions confirm that Li[sup *](1[ital s]2[ital s][sup 2]) is produced and that it undergoes autoionization.
GROWTH, DOPING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EPITAXIAL THIN FILMS AND PATTERNED STRUCTURES OF ALN, GAN, AND ALXGA1-XN

Abstract Advancements in the doping of GaN and AlxGa1−xN thin films, and the growth of GaN and AlxGa1−xN structures on patterned heterostructure substrates via metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy are reported. The acceptor-type behavior of Mg-doped GaN films grown in N2 diluents is presented. Net ionized impurity concentrations up to 8×1018 cm−3 and Hall mobilities up to ≈14 cm2 V−1 s−1 were measured for Mg-doped films grown in N2 in the as-grown condition. Donor and acceptor doping of AlxGa1−xN alloys was performed. Acceptor doping of AlxGa1−xN for x≤0.13 and donor doping for x≤0.58 were achieved for films deposited at 1100 °C. Lateral epitaxial overgrowth of GaN and AlxGa1−xN layers was investigated. The growth and coalescence of GaN and AlxGa1−xN stripes patterned in SiO2 and/or SiNx masks deposited on GaN, including aligned second lateral epitaxial overgrowth on initial laterally overgrown GaN layers, are discussed.
Family background and personal trauma among drug addicts in the United States: implications for treatment.

This paper draws together a number of past studies of the family background characteristics of drug addicts. Additional data recently collected from a sample of 346 addicts in treatment are also reported and contrasted with the existing findings in the literature. The personal trauma in the disruptive backgrounds of drug addicts is a subject seldom broached in literature but one which the new data in this article highlights. Questions are asked about the administration of drug programs, given the background characteristics of those in treatment, and conclusions are drawn based on the therapeutic implications of the family disorganization and personal traumas in the backgrounds of addicts.
Energy Performance of Sustainable Roofing Systems

This study presents efforts to analyze how sustainable roofing technologies can contribute to the energy budget of buildings, and the resulting implications for heating and cooling energy use. The data analyzed in this study were obtained from a field experiment performed on a four story warehouse/office building in Portland, Oregon USA. The building’s roof includes a 216 panel, 45.6 kW solar photovoltaic array in combination with 576 m2 of vegetated green roofing. While most of the surface consists of green roof shaded by photovoltaic panels, the roof also has test patches of dark membrane, white membrane and un-shaded green-roofing. Interior and exterior surface temperatures were monitored over a period of two years and heat flux into the building is estimated using a finite difference conduction model.On average, the black roof membrane was the only roof that caused a net heat gain into the building in the summer. In the winter, all four roofing technologies resulted in net heat losses out of the building. Both the PV-shaded and un-shaded green-roofs indicated a net heat loss out of the interior of the building during both the summer and winter. This latter effect is largely a result of green-roof evaporative cooling — which can benefit air conditioning demand in summer but may be undesirable during heating-dominated seasons.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A Theory of Genre: Romance, Realism, and Moral Reality

strongly advised authors "to live in the presence of reality." Since "philosophic words, if one has not been educated at a university, are apt to play one false," Woolf could not define precisely what she meant by "reality." It was, she said, "something very erratic, very undependable-now to be found in a dusty road, now in a scrap of newspaper in the street, now in a daffodil in the sun." She could describe reality only by noting that whatever it "touches, it fixes and makes permanent"; reality is what appears when the world is "bared of its covering and given an intenser life." Reality is "invigorating." The writer's business, Woolf concluded, was to find this reality, to "collect it and communicate it to the rest of us." 1 Woolf's concept of "reality" is complex, and its implications are worth examination. It differs considerably from the idea of reality which is prevalent among literary historians, and which is exemplified by Rene Wellek's definition of realism as "the objective representation of contemporary social reality." For Wellek reality is not, as for Woolf, a normative concept. It is instead a collection of facts which exist independently in the world and await reproduction by the writer. This same concept of reality underlies Jose Ortega y Gasset's distinction between realist and modernist art: comparing the work of art to a window pane, he said that works of realism look through the glass and make it invisible, whereas modernist works focus instead on the glass itself and see only a confused blur of color and form.2 That sophisticated literary historians should hold this view of reality is somewhat startling, since philosophy long ago rejected the belief that
Formation of gold nanoparticles catalyzed by platinum nanoparticles: assessment of the catalytic mechanism.

The understanding of how the formation of metal nanoparticles in aqueous solutions is influenced by the presence of presynthesized nanoparticles is important for precise control over size, shape, and composition of nanoparticles. New insights into the catalytic mechanism of Pt nanoparticles are gained by studying the formation of gold nanoparticles from the reduction of AuCl4- in aqueous solution in the presence of presynthesized Pt nanoparticles as a model system. The measurement of changes of the surface plasmon resonance band of gold nanoparticles, along with TEM analysis of particle size and morphology, provided an important means for assessing the reaction kinetics. The reductive mediation of Pt−H species on the Pt nanocrystal surface is believed to play an important role in the Pt-catalyzed formation of gold nanoparticles. This important physical insight is evidenced by comparison of the rates of the Pt-catalyzed formation of gold nanoparticles in the presence and in the absence of hydrogen (H2), wh...
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: factors associated with mortality and recurrent pulmonary venous obstruction.

Background Surgical repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is associated with high rates of mortality and need for reintervention. The purpose of this study was to identify variables associated with surgical mortality and, in particular, to define predictors of recurrent pulmonary venous obstruction. Methods All patients who underwent surgical repair for TAPVC from 2005 to 2010 at a single institution were included in our analysis. Hospital course, operative data, and outpatient records were reviewed. Results Fifty-one patients were available for review and all were included in the analysis. Anatomic TAPVC subtypes included supracardiac 26 (51%), intracardiac 10 (19.6%), infracardiac 9 (17.6%), and mixed 6 (11.8%). Pulmonary venous obstruction was present at initial operation in 13 (25.5%) patients. Median age at repair was 18 days and median weight was 3.6 kg. Single-ventricle physiology was present in 9 (17.6%), with a diagnosis of heterotaxy syndrome in 7 (13.7%). There were 5 (9.8%) operative and 2 late deaths. Recurrent pulmonary venous obstruction requiring reintervention was found in 8 (15.7%) patients with median time to reintervention of 220 days. Obstructed TAPVC was found to be associated with surgical mortality ( p = 0.01). Cardiopulmonary bypass ( p = 0.02) and aortic cross-clamp times ( p = 0.03) were found to be associated with increased risk for reintervention. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography findings of a mean confluence gradient 2 mm Hg or greater was found to be markedly associated with recurrent pulmonary venous obstruction requiring reintervention ( p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Mortality after repair of TAPVC is highest in patients presenting with obstruction at time of repair. Longer cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp times are associated with recurrent pulmonary venous obstruction requiring reintervention. The strongest association with need for reintervention was in patients with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography Doppler evidence of pulmonary venous obstruction.
Effect of varying forage-to-concentrate ratio of isonitrogenous rations on feed intake by ruminants.

Abstract Three completely pelleted isonitrogenous rations consisting of alfalfa hay:concentrate ratios, 100:0, 67:33, and 33:67 were fed to six nonpregnant Holstein heifers in a 3×3 Latin-square digestion trial to determine the effect of increasing energy concentration on voluntary intake. Apparent digestibilities indicated an increase in dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy digestibility coefficients as the per cent concentrate increased in the diet. Daily dry matter intake decreased as the per cent concentrate increased in the ration, and daily energy intake was similar for all rations. Density measurements of the various rations increased as the amount of concentrate increased in the ration. Acetic acid decreased and propionic and butyric acids increased in the rumen as the concentrate increased in the rations. Results of this experiment suggest that ruminants, while being fed isonitrogenous rations varying in energy concentration will adjust voluntary feed intake in relation to physiological energy demands if fill or rumen load does not limit their consumption.
A quasi-containerless pendant drop method for surface tension measurements on molten metals and alloys

A quasi-containerles pendant drop method for measuring the surface tension of molten metals and alloys is being developed. The technique involves melting the end of a high-purity metal rod by bombardment with an electron beam to form a pendant drop under ultra-high-vacuum conditions to minimize surface contamination. The magnified image of the drop is captured from a high-resolution CCD camera. The digitized image of the drop is then analyzed to compute the surface tension. A computer program has been developed that reads the pixel intensities from a graphics file containing the digital image. The code searches for the edge of the drop along rows and columns of pixels and stores the edge coordinates in an array. It then computes an optimized theoretical drop shape by solving the Young-Lapface differential equation from which the quantity of surface tension is deduced. This technique has been demonstrated with the surface tension measurement of molten zirconium metal.
James f. Thornton.

I want to thank Dr. James F. Thornton for serving as our guest editor for this edition of Seminars in Plastic Surgery and the authors for their contributions to this very important issue on “Nasal Soft Tissue Reconstruction.” James F. Thornton, MD, FACS, is a professor in the Department of Plastic Surgery at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. Dr. Thornton attended UT Southwestern for his medical degree, where he received a health professions scholarship from the United States Navy. Dr. Thornton completed his general surgery training at Parkland Hospital/UT Southwestern and went on to complete a fellowship in plastic surgery at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Early in his career, Dr. Thornton developed a love of facial reconstruction and built a practice focused primarily on Mohs surgery reconstruction. The quality of his work has led dermatologists to seek him out and helped him develop one of the busiest, if not the busiest, practices in the country dedicated to Mohs surgery reconstruction. Dr. Thornton is actively involved in teaching residents at UT Southwestern and is privileged to get many guest residents and fellows who come to UT Southwestern to learn facial reconstruction specifically from him. He is the author of numerous peer-reviewed articles and has presented at multiple meetings. His achievements and professional focus make Dr. Thornton the ideal guest editor for this issue on nasal soft tissue reconstruction.
France Telecom workforce scheduling problem: a challenge

In this paper, we describe the methodology used to tackle France Telecom workforce scheduling problem (the subject of the Roadef Challenge 2007) and we report the results obtained on the different data sets provided for the competition. Since the problem at hand appears to be NP-hard and due to the high dimensions of the instance sets, we use a two-step heuristical approach. We first devise a problem-tailored heuristic that provides good feasible solutions and then we use a meta-heuristic scheme to improve the current results. The tailored heuristic makes use of sophisticated integer programming models and the corresponding sub-problems are solved using CPLEX while the meta-heuristic framework is a randomized local search algorithm. The approach herein described allowed us to rank 5th in this challenge.
Demonstration of a Large Dissipative Haptic Environment

Herein we describe a hands-on demonstration presented at the 2006 Symposium on Haptic Interfaces. Our device is a dissipative six degree-of-freedom haptic robot with a workspace of 2 cubic meters. By using dissipative actuators we are able to increase user safety. Our demonstration allows subjects to evaluate many of the haptic features that are required for a rich haptic environment.
The development of corneal edema in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected rabbits following termination of therapy for corneal stromal disease.

One complication of combined antiviral/corticosteroid therapy for herpetic stromal disease in patients is rebound of disease upon termination of therapy. To develop a model of steroid rebound, rabbits were injected intrastromally with 103 pfu of HSV-1 (RE strain). Therapy with 1% trifluorothymidine (F3TdR) alone or in combination with immunosuppressive agents was initiated 7 days post-infection, at a time when epithelial disease had reached its peak and corneal thickness had begun to increase. Therapy was continued 5 times daily through day 18 post-infection. Following cessation of therapy 13 of 16 eyes receiving both 1% F3TdR and 0.125% prednisolone acetate experienced rebound of disease characterized by an increase in corneal thickness from 514 ± 106 microns to 743 ± 189 microns, reaching a maximum at 27 ± 3 days post-infection. Rabbits receiving therapy with either phosphate buffered saline or F3TdR alone displayed rebound in 2 and 3 of 12 eyes, respectively. Rabbits receiving F3TdR combined with eithe...
In vivo cell death mediated by synthetic ion channels

Synthetic ion channel hydraphiles, which are known to infiltrate membranes and disrupt ion homeostasis, were tested as direct injection toxins in live mice as potential schlerotic agents. The study uses a near-IR dye to image and evaluate the success of the approach.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis and Anticardiolipin Antibodies

Background and Purpose The association of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) with a variety of pathological states is well established. However, there are only rare isolated reports of CVT associated with anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL). Methods To clarify the clinical and neuradiological features as well as outcome of patients with CVT associated with aCL, we reviewed the records of all patients with CVT evaluated at our institution between 1989 and 1996 (retrospective and prospective) and systematically reviewed the pertinent literature. Results We identified 8 aCL+ and 7 aCL− patients with CVT. No patients with lupus anticoagulant (LA) were identified. The mean age was 23±11.01 (range, <1 to 36) years in the aCL+ and 38±9.30 (range, 25 to 54) years in the aCL− patients (P=.016). Six of 8 aCL+ and 5 of 7 aCL− patients were women. The dural sinuses were involved in all aCL+ and in 6 of 7 aCL− patients, while deep venous system thrombosis occurred in 5 of 8 (63%) aCL+ and 1 of 7 (14%) aCL− patients. In the...
Formosa-B: A boiling water reactor in-core fuel management optimization package

The computational capability to determine optimal core loading patterns (LPs) for boiling water reactors (BWRs) given a reference control rod program has been developed. The design and fidelity of the reference BWR core simulator are presented. The placement of feed and reload fuel is solved by an adaptive optimization by simulated annealing (OSA) objective algorithm. Objective functions available for BWR fuel management are maximization of end-of-cycle core reactivity, minimization of peak linear power density, maximization of critical power ratio, maximization of region average discharge burnup, and minimization of total reload cost. Constraints include thermal and fuel exposure related limits and cycle energy production, when appropriate. The results presented demonstrate the utility of OSA to improve LPs in this highly nonlinear and constrained search space.
Short communication. Sarcomere length changes during fish swimming.

The first noninvasive measurements of muscle sarcomere length were made by laser diffraction during swimming in the glass catfish {Kryptopterus bicirri). Sarcomere length changes were recorded at a relatively constant swimming speed (approximately 3.2 body lengths s~\ tailbeat frequency 5-7 beats s") just dorsal to the vertebral column. 18 s of continuous diffraction data were obtained and yielded cyclic sarcomere length changes of only 65±10nm. Based on published fish morphology, architecture and behaviour, we suggest that these values represent white muscle cyclic sarcomere shortening and elongation during swimming powered by red muscle. The interaction between actin and myosin represents the fundamental forceproducing mechanism in all skeletal muscles. Interaction between analogous proteins also occurs within cells, resulting in movement of subcellular organelles. Although considerable detail is known about the muscle sarcomere lengthtension relationship and how isometric force potential is a function of myofilament overlap (Gordon et al. 1966), there are no direct measurements of myofilament movement during locomotion. We have taken advantage of the transparent morphology of the glass catfish {Kryptopterus bicirri, Fig. 1) to investigate noninvasively sarcomere length changes which occur during free swimming. An acrylic 'fish mill' was designed allowing fish to swim against a regulated water flow (average speed 3.2 body lengths s") while remaining stationary relative to a laser beam (Fig. 2). (At higher flow rates, fish maintained their position by abrupt changes in swimming speed, suggesting the recruitment of white muscle. Thus, for the purposes of this investigation, we assume that the locomotion was powered by the red muscle.) The sides of the chamber were constructed of flat glass that permitted transillumination of the fish during swimming by a helium-neon laser beam. The resultant diffraction pattern was imaged onto a translucent screen and video taped at 60FIz. Off-line, the position of the first-order diffraction line was measured andsarcomere length calculatedaccording -to the-grating equation:
Sequential extraction method for determination of Fe(II/III) and U(IV/VI) in suspensions of iron-bearing phyllosilicates and uranium.

Iron-bearing phyllosilicates strongly influence the redox state and mobility of uranium because of their limited hydraulic conductivity, high specific surface area, and redox reactivity. Standard extraction procedures cannot be accurately applied for the determination of clay-Fe(II/III) and U(IV/VI) in clay mineral-U suspensions such that advanced spectroscopic techniques are required. Instead, we developed and validated a sequential extraction method for determination of clay-Fe(II/III) and U(IV/VI) in clay-U suspensions. In our so-called “H3PO4–HF–H2SO4 sequential extraction” method, H3PO4–H2SO4 is used first to solubilize and remove U, and the remaining clay pellet is subject to HF–H2SO4 digestion. Physical separation of U and clay eliminates valence cycling between U(IV/VI) and clay-Fe(II/III) that otherwise occurred in the extraction solutions and caused analytical discrepancies. We further developed an “automated anoxic KPA” method to measure soluble U(VI) and total U (calculate U(IV) by difference)...
The Insurance Hypothesis: An Examination of KPMG's Audit Clients around the Investigation and Settlement of the Tax Shelter Case

SUMMARY: Although prior literature has suggested that independent audits provide an implicit form of insurance against investor losses (the “insurance hypothesis”), it has been challenging to isolate the “insurance” effect. In this paper, we use a unique setting to examine this effect. In 2002, KPMG was investigated by the U.S. Department of Justice in relation to tax shelters sold by the firm. From then until early 2005, several news reports suggested that KPMG would be indicted and suffer potentially the same fate as Arthur Andersen. However, in August of 2005 KPMG entered into a deferred prosecution agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice, which ended widespread speculation of an impending federal indictment against the accounting firm. Because the investigation centered around tax services offered by the firm, we argue that the circumstances surrounding the investigation and settlement provide a natural setting to test the insurance value provided by auditors. We show that KPMG audit client firm...
Ground-water salinity problems related to irrigation in the Colorado River Basin.

The ground-water system in many of the irrigated areas of the Colorado River Basin is derived almost entirely from deep percolation of irrigation water and seepage from irrigation conveyance and tail-water collection systems. Salt pickup rates from irrigated soils in the basin vary in the different areas. Among the high salt pickup areas is the Grand Valley in western Colorado, estimated at 8 tons/acre/year. Water entering the ground-water supply from irrigation practices in the valley amounts to about 145,000 acre-feet/year and contributes about 690,000 tons/year to the salt load of the Colorado River. Samples of base-flow water from the weathered Mancos Shale aquifer in the valley vary in salinity from about 1,500 to about 9,000 mg/l with a mean of 4,100 mg/l; while water samples from alluvial aquifers range from 305 to 124,000 mg/l with a mean of about 11,500 mg/l. Base-flow returning to the river in the drains and washes has concentrations that average about 4,200 mg/l. Water losses and quantities of irrigation return flows can be reduced by improving farm irrigation efficiencies and by partial or complete lining of canals, laterals, and ditches. Increasing on-farm irrigation efficiency through system improvements and irrigation scheduling is the most cost-effective measure. However, achievement of higher efficiencies will require changes in water laws to encourage conservation and revised water pricing policies that discourage waste.
Coexistence Empirical Study and Analytical Model for Low-Rate WPAN and IEEE 802.11b

The IEEE 802.11 and Low Rate WPAN (LR-WPAN) wireless networks can provide complimentary services and are likely to be installed within the same environments. Coexistence between the networks would be impaired, if the probability of packet collision between the networks is sufficiently large. This paper presents the results of an empirical study examining the impact of IEEE 802.11 on the LR-WPAN. The study focused on evaluating one aspect of the probability of collision: determining the interference power at which packet retransmission is likely to be required. The results from this empirical study are used to substantiate analytical models for interference suppression versus carrier frequency offset. The empirical study and analytical model are used to provide insight into the impact of adjacent channel interference from the interfering wireless service.
Role of Tet proteins in enhancer activity and telomere elongation

DNA methylation at the C-5 position of cytosine (5mC) is one of the best-studied epigenetic modifications and plays important roles in diverse biological processes. Iterative oxidation of 5mC by the ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family of proteins generates 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). 5fC and 5caC are selectively recognized and excised by thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), leading to DNA demethylation. Functional characterization of Tet proteins has been complicated by the redundancy between the three family members. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) deficient for all three Tet proteins (Tet triple knockout [TKO]). Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) analysis revealed that Tet-mediated DNA demethylation mainly occurs at distally located enhancers and fine-tunes the transcription of genes associated with these regions. Functional characterization of Tet TKO ESCs revealed a role for Tet proteins in regulating the two-cell embryo (2C)-like state under ESC culture conditions. In addition, Tet TKO ESCs exhibited increased telomere-sister chromatid exchange and elongated telomeres. Collectively, our study reveals a role for Tet proteins in not only DNA demethylation at enhancers but also regulating the 2C-like state and telomere homeostasis.
Fast app launching for mobile devices using predictive user context

As mobile apps become more closely integrated into our everyday lives, mobile app interactions ought to be rapid and responsive. Unfortunately, even the basic primitive of launching a mobile app is sorrowfully sluggish: 20 seconds of delay is not uncommon even for very popular apps.We have designed and built FALCON to remedy slow app launch. FALCON uses contexts such as user location and temporal access patterns to predict app launches before they occur. FALCON then provides systems support for effective app-specific prelaunching, which can dramatically reduce perceived delay.FALCON uses novel features derived through extensive data analysis, and a novel cost-benefit learning algorithm that has strong predictive performance and low runtime overhead. Trace-based analysis shows that an average user saves around 6 seconds per app startup time with daily energy cost of no more than 2% battery life, and on average gets content that is only 3 minutes old at launch without needing to wait for content to update. FALCON is implemented as an OS modification to the Windows Phone OS.
Accurate simultaneous switching noise estimation including velocity-saturation effects

Simultaneous switching noise (SSN) on power supply lines is caused by the large switching transient currents flowing through parasitic inductances at the chip-package-pin interface. A new expression to estimate SSN in CMOS circuits that includes the velocity saturation effects seen in the short-channel MOSFETs is derived. SPICE Level 3 simulation results show that the formula predicts the SSN more accurately as compared to existing approaches for submicron processes even at reduced supply voltages.
Therminator: a thermal simulator for smartphones producing accurate chip and skin temperature maps

Maintaining safe chip and device skin temperatures in small form-factor mobile devices (such as smartphones and tablets) while continuing to add new functionalities and provide higher performance has emerged as a key challenge. This paper presents Therminator, an early stage, fast, full-device thermal analyzer, which generates accurate steady-state temperature maps of the entire smartphone starting from the Application Processor and other key device components, extending to the skin of the device itself. The thermal analysis is sensitive to detailed device specifications (including its material composition and 3-D layout) as well as different use cases (each case specifying the set of active device components and their activity levels). Therminator considers all major components within the device, builds a corresponding compact thermal model for each component and the whole device, and produces their steady-state temperature maps. Temperature results obtained by using Therminator have been validated against a commercial computational fluid dynamics-based tool, i.e., Autodesk Simulation CFD, and thermocouple measurements on a Qualcomm Mobile Developer Platform. A case study on a Samsung Galaxy S4 using Therminator is provided to relate the device performance to the skin temperature and investigate the thermal path design.
A portable oxygen sensor based on a CMOS detector

This work describes a portable and sensitive optical oxygen sensor based on a consumer CMOS image sensor array and polarization signal isolation. The CMOS sensor was fully characterized and the feasibility of using it as an optical detector was explored. The oxygen sensor is based on quenching of platinum octaethylporphine (PtOEP) luminophore. Sensitivity of the demonstrated sensor is comparable to that of benchtop spectroscopy-based systems. The low-cost and high sensitivity of the demonstrated optical sensing approach make it ideally suited for applications in point-of-care biotechnology.
Smooth pursuit and antisaccade performance evidence trait stability in schizophrenia patients and their relatives

Several forms of eye movement dysfunction (EMD) have been widely regarded as candidate endophenotypes of schizophrenia, ultimately capable of identifying individuals carrying schizophrenia susceptibility genes and elucidating the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. As an indication of their trait-like status, candidate endophenotypes optimally evidence stability over time. However, there have been few published reports of test-retest reliability of several forms of EMD in schizophrenia patients and their relatives. In the current investigation, schizophrenia patients and the first-degree biological relatives of schizophrenia patients (n=15) were administered by an eye movement battery including smooth pursuit, antisaccade and prosaccade tasks, and re-tested after an average of 1.82 years (range=14-24 months). Adequate test-retest reliabilities of smooth pursuit closed-loop gain (Pearson r=0.72), antisaccade error rate (r=0.73), saccade reaction time to correct antisaccade responses (r=0.73), and prosaccade hypometria (r=0.72) were observed. Lower reliabilities were obtained for smooth pursuit open-loop gain (r=0.52) and prosaccade reaction time (r=0.43). The results are supportive of the trait-like characteristics of particular forms of EMD in schizophrenia families and of the candidacy of EMD as an endophenotypic marker of schizophrenia.
New information technologies and informality: comparing organizational information flows using the CSM

Information flows are exceedingly contingent, situation–bound, and dependent on the perceptions and complex relationships among the people involved. Yet, historically, analysts have characterized organizational information flows in simple dichotomous terms: task vs. social, downward vs. upward, message vs. feedback, routine vs. innovative. One of the most durable of these dichotomies has been 'formal' vs. 'informal'. Although these terms are sometimes used to denote the style of the message or its organizational origins, most of the time information exchange is considered formal or informal depending on which channels are used. 'Formal' exchanges employ documented information that is distributed in a one–way, hierarchical manner. 'Informal' exchanges involve interpersonal interactions that leave little or no permanent record (e.g., face–to–face or telephone conversations). In this paper we argue that the notion of formal vs. informal information flows is not just a matter of channel or technology choice. Information exchange can be better understood in terms of how individuals perceive six key factors or elements of the Communication Situations Model (CSM), a framework for analyzing and understanding communication in technology–intensive environments and the corresponding patterns of information flows in those contexts. The main elements of the CSM are described (culture, relationships, content, temporality, involvement, and control), and 'formal' and 'informal' information flows are compared in terms of all six factors. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of increased reliance on new information technologies in organizations, and of the trend toward informal styles of information exchange that characterizes such information environments.
High Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus DNA in Temporal Arteritis Biopsy Specimens

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) affecting the cranial arteries is a disease of unknown cause that causes blindness, stroke, and other morbidity. Its sudden onset and segmental distribution are suggestive of diseases that involve viral reactivation, and cranial arteries are known to be innervated by ganglia that harbor herpes simplex virus (HSV). We used a high-sensitivity polymerase chain reaction assay to test for HSV DNA in specimens from 39 consecutive temporal artery biopsies performed for suspected GCA. HSV DNA was detected in 21 (88%) of 24 histologically positive and 8 (53%) of 15 histologically negative specimens (P = .027; Fisher exact test). Analysis of 10 renal artery samples from age-matched control subjects using the same assay showed no detectable HSV DNA. We conclude that detectable HSV DNA is correlated with histologically confirmed GCA in this patient population.
An Audience Is Divided: Benjamin Patterson, Clifford Owens, and the Politics of Representation

Scored on the horizon of the Voting Rights Act, Benjamin Patterson's 1964 First Symphony begins with a vote that divides the audience as it opens representational democracy to unexpected outcomes. As the only black Fluxus artist, Patterson's approach to representation as both a political and artistic problematic proves foundational for Clifford Owens's 2011/12 living anthology of African American performance at MoMA PS1.
Surface-micromachined millimeter-wave antennas

This paper reports various three-dimensional (3-D) surface micromachining technologies and their successful application to a variety of millimeter-wave antennas. Contrary to conventional planar type printed-circuit antenna structures, the 3-D surface micromachined structures described here minimize substrate effects, enabling substrate independence, high electrical performance, and broad bandwidth. The key technologies exploited include epoxy-core conductor technology, magnetic assembly, and electroplating bonding technology. Four millimeter-wave vehicles illustrate the technology: a monopole-driven Yagi-Uda (M-Yagi) antenna; an air-lifted patch antenna; an air-lifted coupler; and an air-lifted monopole antenna.