cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intentional interprofessional leadership in maternal and child health.

Purpose This paper aims to describe an interprofessional leadership training program curriculum implemented by a new maternal and child health leadership training program, its collaboration with a well-established leadership consortium, the measures taken to evaluate this training and implications for other leadership programs. Design/methodology/approach The intentional leadership program weaves together the complementary core threads to create strong sets of skills in the areas of personal leadership, leading and influencing others and creating effective interprofessional partnerships with others around women and children’s health. Findings The strong emphasis on the incorporation of leadership competencies coupled with evidence-based leadership training strengthens students’ clinical skills, enhances workforce development and increases interdisciplinary health care practices. Research limitations/implications The findings presented in this paper are limited to self-reported changes in understanding components of leadership skills for self, others and the wider community and attitudes and beliefs related to interdisciplinary training and interprofessional team decision-making. Social implications The in-depth focus on one’s self, teams and on the wider community enhances each individual’s grasp of how people and organizations approach women and children’s health challenges and strengthens their ability to negotiate among the diverse disciplines and cultures. Originality/value This paper details the intentional incorporation of leadership skill development throughout an academic program and brings to focus the importance of thoughtful leadership development to prepare participants to anticipate, manage and take advantage of changes in knowledge and health care delivery systems.
Photoconductivity in Tl6SI4: A Novel Semiconductor for Hard Radiation Detection.

The title compound is synthesized from a stoichiometric mixture of Tl2S and TlI (550 °C, 24 h) and characterized by single crystal XRD, optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, conductivity measurements, and FLAPW band structure calculations.
Infants recognize counting as numerically relevant

Children do not understand the meanings of count words like "two" and "three" until the preschool years. But even before knowing the meanings of these individual words, might they recognize that counting is "about" the dimension of number? Here in five experiments, we asked whether infants already associate counting with quantities. We measured 14- and 18-month olds' ability to remember different numbers of hidden objects that either were or were not counted by an experimenter before hiding. As in previous research, we found that infants failed to differentiate four hidden objects from two when the objects were not counted-suggesting an upper limit on the number of individual objects they could represent in working memory. However, infants succeeded when the objects were simply counted aloud before hiding. We found that counting also helped infants differentiate four hidden objects from six (a 2:3 ratio), but not three hidden objects from four (a 3:4 ratio), suggesting that counting helped infants represent the arrays' approximate cardinalities. Hence counting directs infants' attention to numerical aspects of the world, showing that they recognize counting as numerically relevant years before acquiring the meanings of number words.
Holographic displacement analysis using image-plane techniques

This paper explores the potential of using image-plane holography as a tool in experimental mechanics to determine both ‘in-plane’ and ‘out-of-plane’ displacement components. Collimated-illumination and telecentric-imaging project displacement along common-sensitivity vectors over the full-field while white-light reconstruction helps to reduce speckle noise which allows high-density fringe gradients of good quality to be recorded. A holographic-image-plane multiplexing arrangement is developed to record different displacement components on a single hologram. Experiments are designed so that both reconstruction and optical filtering can be performed without a major modification of optical components. Displacements obtained from a centrally loaded circularly clamped plate are compared to their theoretical counterparts. Results show that image-plane techniques offer many distinct advantages over conventional methods for holographic analysis of displacement on diffuse surfaces.
Mechanics of Anteroposterior Axis Formation in Vertebrates

The vertebrate anteroposterior axis forms through elongation of multiple tissues during embryogenesis. This process is based on tissue-autonomous mechanisms of force generation and intertissue mechanical coupling whose failure leads to severe developmental anomalies such as body truncation and spina bifida. Similar to other morphogenetic modules, anteroposterior body extension requires both the rearrangement of existing materials-such as cells and extracellular matrix-and the local addition of new materials, i.e., anisotropic growth, through cell proliferation, cell growth, and matrix deposition. Numerous signaling pathways coordinate body axis formation via regulation of cell behavior during tissue rearrangements and/or volumetric growth. From a physical perspective, morphogenesis depends on both cell-generated forces and tissue material properties. As the spatiotemporal variation of these mechanical parameters has recently been explored in the context of vertebrate body elongation, the study of this process is likely to shed light on the cross talk between signaling and mechanics during morphogenesis.
Professional Preparation: Innovations in Teacher Education

(1966). Professional Preparation. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 37, No. 7, pp. 55-58.
Bardoxolone-Methyl (CDDO-Me) Suppresses Androgen Receptor and Its Splice-Variant AR-V7 and Enhances Efficacy of Enzalutamide in Prostate Cancer Cells

Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is fundamental to prostate cancer (PC) progression, and hence, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains a mainstay of treatment. However, augmented AR signaling via both full length AR (AR-FL) and constitutively active AR splice variants, especially AR-V7, is associated with the recurrence of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Oxidative stress also plays a crucial role in anti-androgen resistance and CRPC outgrowth. We examined whether a triterpenoid antioxidant drug, Bardoxolone-methyl, known as CDDO-Me or RTA 402, can decrease AR-FL and AR-V7 expression in PC cells. Nanomolar (nM) concentrations of CDDO-Me rapidly downregulated AR-FL in LNCaP and C4-2B cells, and both AR-FL and AR-V7 in CWR22Rv1 (22Rv1) cells. The AR-suppressive effect of CDDO-Me was evident at both the mRNA and protein levels. Mechanistically, acute exposure (2 h) to CDDO-Me increased and long-term exposure (24 h) decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cells. This was concomitant with an increase in the anti-oxidant transcription factor, Nrf2. The anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) could overcome this AR-suppressive effect of CDDO-Me. Co-exposure of PC cells to CDDO-Me enhanced the efficacy of a clinically approved anti-androgen, enzalutamide (ENZ), as evident by decreased cell-viability along with migration and colony forming ability of PC cells. Thus, CDDO-Me which is in several late-stage clinical trials, may be used as an adjunct to ADT in PC patients.
Associations between sexual precedent and sexual compliance: An event-level examination

Objective: Most studies on agreeing to unwanted sex have assessed sexual encounters between people who have had sex before. Thus, we examined instances of sexual compliance with a novel sexual part...
A population-based survey to assess the association between cannabis and quality of life among colorectal cancer survivors.

As more states legalize cannabis for medical and recreational use, people increasingly use cannabis to treat medical conditions and associated symptoms. The prevalence and utility of cannabis for cancer-related symptoms may be clarified by examining cannabis use among patients with a common cancer diagnosis. We aimed to determine the prevalence of cannabis use among colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors and its associations with quality of life (QoL) and cancer-related symptomatology. A cross-sectional survey of patient-reported QoL outcomes and behaviors, including cannabis use, was conducted within the Patient Outcomes To Advance Learning network’s (PORTAL) CRC Cohort. The cohort included a population-based sample of healthcare system members ≥18 years old diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum from 2010 through 2016. We assessed the association between cannabis use and QoL using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 summary score. Of the 1784 respondents, 293 (16.4%) reported cannabis use following CRC diagnosis. Current tobacco smokers were more likely to use cannabis compared to former or never tobacco smokers (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.56 to 4.70). Greater alcohol use (> 4 drinks per month versus ≤4 drinks per month) was associated with cannabis use (aOR 2.17, 95% CI 1.65 to 2.85). There was an association between cannabis use and cancer stage at diagnosis, with stage 3 or 4 CRC patients more likely to use cannabis than stage 1 or 2 CRC patients (aOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.25). After adjusting for demographics, medical comorbidities, stage and site of CRC diagnosis, and prescription opioid use, people who used cannabis had significantly lower QoL than people who did not use cannabis (difference of − 6.14, 95% CI − 8.07 to − 4.20). Among CRC survivors, cannabis use was relatively common, associated with more advanced stages of disease, associated with tobacco and alcohol use, and not associated with better QoL. Clinicians should inquire about cannabis use among their patients and provide evidence-based recommendations for cancer-related symptoms.
Last subway: the long wait for the next train in New York City: by Philip Mark Plotch, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2020, 360 pp., $29.95 (hardcover), ISBN-13: 978-0-80145-366-3

Last Subway is two books in one. On one level, it tells the story of a specific project: the decades-long effort to build a subway under Second Avenue in New York City. At a second level, it illust...
Jury Selection and Psychology of the Trial

Despite skepticism that psychologists were mind readers and could manipulate people, coupled with concern over attorneys and even mental health professionals that might overstep their bounds, the area of trial consultation and jury selection has become an important area of forensic psychology. Much of the research and development in this area stems from social psychology, and methods such as public opinion polls, focus groups, mock trials, and analogue jury studies are used to accomplish the goals of, preparing witnesses for their statements and selecting (or, rather, deselecting) jurors in the voir dire, or the process by which juries are chosen for a trial. Forensic psychologists serving as trial consultants also use research to assist the attorney in trial strategies such as decisions on which pieces of evidence to emphasize, how to arrange evidence in terms of order of presentation, preparation of opening and closing statements, and determining when and if a change of venue is necessary in order to obtain a fair trial for clients, among other tasks.
Focal aggregates of normal or near normal uveal melanocytes (FANNUMs) in the choroid: a distinct clinical and histopathological entity?

To define, describe, and illustrate a previously unreported category of discrete melanotic choroidal melanocytic lesion. Prospective ophthalmoscopic study of the ocular fundi of 79 light-skinned persons 50 years of age or older not referred for any evident fundus lesion, with detection of all evident discrete melanotic choroidal lesions > 0.3 mm in largest basal diameter. One or more discrete dark-brown to gray choroidal lesions > 0.3 mm in largest basal diameter were detected in 27 of the 79 evaluated subjects (34.2%). All but four of the detected lesions were “flat” by both ophthalmoscopy and ultrasonography. A single flat lesion was present in one eye of 14 subjects whose fellow eye was normal, 2 or more flat lesions were evident in one eye of 5 subjects whose other eye was normal, and one or more lesions were evident in both eyes of 6 subjects. While some of the discrete small, flat melanocytic choroidal lesions detected in this study might have been choroidal nevi, the author hypothesizes that an indeterminate proportion of them may have been focal aggregates of normal or near normal uveal melanocytes (FANNUMs).
TGF-β induced activation of ERK regulates Smad degradation

2697 The Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) family is a collection of structurally related peptides that include Activins, Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMP), as well as the TGF-β’s. These growth factors are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation. TGF-β binding to its Serine/Threonine kinase receptor causes the recruitment and subsequent activation of transcription factors known as Smad2 and Smad3. These normally cytoplasmic proteins translocate into the nucleus and either negatively or positively regulate gene expression. TGF-β effects on proliferation depend on the cell type involved, as growth is stimulated in mesenchymal cells but inhibited in epithelial cells. Here we report that in addition to activating the Smad signaling pathway, TGF-β directly induces the phosphorylation of Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase (Erk) in fibroblasts, but not in epithelial cells. The activation occurs through phosphotidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3-K). TGF-β triggered Erk activation is dependant on Mek1/2 activity, as Mek inhibition abolishes Erk phosphorylation. However, TGF-β stimulated Erk activation appears to differ from the classical Ras/Raf/Mek/MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) signaling pathway in that the inhibition of Ras farnesylation does not inhibit Erk phosphorylation. Furthermore, TGF-β stimulation results in Raf-1 phosphorylation at S338, a site associated with Raf-1 activation. It has been shown that Smad2 and Smad3 contain MAPK/CDK phosphorylation sites. Phosphorylation of these sites is thought to regulate Smad nuclear translocation and/or transcriptional activity. TGF-β stimulated phosphorylation of the MAPK sites within the Smad2 linker region appears to be Erk dependant and occurs predominantly in the nucleus. This phosphorylation event is necessary for nuclear Smad proteasomal degradation as treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 results in elevated phosphorylated Smad protein levels. Together, this data shows a new TGF-β dependant pathway leading to the activation of Erk which interacts with and regulates the classical Smad signaling pathway.
Using Fundamental Material Properties to Predict the Moisture Susceptibility of the Asphalt Binder: Polarizability and a Moisture-Induced Shear-Thinning Index

Many biomodifiers have recently been introduced to the asphalt industry to improve the performance of asphalt mixtures, rejuvenate aged asphalt, and/or partially replace asphalt binder. It is criti...
Optimized Beam Forming by Using LCMV, MVDR and PSO for Advanced 5G Application’s

In this paper, authors have described the performance of improving the LCMV and MVDR beam forming using PSO algorithm. Primarily we have designed beam forming using LCMV and we have analyzed the performance of Array signal processing by extracting the parameters like weights, power and SINR. By using LCMV, we noticed minimum Signal to Interference Noise Ratio (SINR), occurrence of side lobes and interference. Eventually, we try to improve the performance by adopting PSO in to beam forming. We have observed that the performance is improved significantly. The analysis is extended with multiple sensor elements like M=4/8/50/100. The entire analysis was performed in the MATLAB by using phased array system tool box and the corresponding outputs has been obtained. By comparing the LCMV and MVDR with PSO technique it results that optimized outputs are observed in PSO, which increases directivity, avoids interference and mitigate the side lobes.
Outcomes among inpatients with cirrhosis and Clostridioides difficile infection in the modern era: results from an analysis of the National Inpatient Sample.

Background Patients with cirrhosis are at increased risk of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). We analyzed outcomes and healthcare utilization in hospitalized cirrhotic patients with CDI. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2016-2017 identified 8245 hospitalized patients with a concurrent diagnosis of cirrhosis and CDI. Our primary outcome was in-hospital all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were length of stay (LOS), hospitalization charges and costs, shock, sepsis, acute kidney injury (AKI), intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and home discharge. Results There was no significant difference in all-cause in-hospital mortality between patients with cirrhosis compared to patients without cirrhosis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89-1.93; P=0.16). Patients with cirrhosis had a slightly but statistically significantly longer mean LOS (+0.57 days, P=0.001). The adjusted difference in mean hospitalization charges was greater in patients with cirrhosis ($+4094, 95%CI $1080-7108; P=0.008), as was the mean hospitalization cost ($+1349, 95%CI $600-2098; P<0.001). There was no difference in the likelihood of sepsis, ICU admission, or home discharge between the groups. Patients with cirrhosis were significantly less likely to develop AKI (aOR 0.82, 95%CI 0.72-0.93; P=0.003). Conclusions Mortality outcomes associated with CDI have improved over time. Patients with cirrhosis continue to exhibit greater LOS and hospital costs.
Abortion service availability during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a national census of abortion facilities in the U.S

Abstract Objective This study assessed the impact of COVID-19 on abortion services in all 50 United States states and the District of Columbia. Study design ANSIRH's Abortion Facility Database is a systematic collection of data on all publicly-advertising abortion facilities in the United States, updated annually through online searches and mystery shopper phone calls. Research staff updated the database in May-August 2020, assessing the number of facilities that closed, limited or stopped providing abortions, and provided telehealth options in summer 2020 due to COVID-19. We describe these changes using frequencies and highlighting themes and examples from coded qualitative data. Results Located primarily in the South and Midwest, 24 of 751 facilities that were open in 2019 temporarily closed due to the pandemic, with 9 still closed by August 2020. Other facilities described suspending abortions, referring abortion patients to other facilities, or limiting services to medication abortion. While most facilities required in-person visits for reasons like state abortion restrictions, 22% (n = 150) offered phone or telehealth consultations, no-test visits, or medication abortion by mail to reduce or eliminate patient time in the clinic. Some facilities used creative strategies to reduce COVID-19 risk like allowing patients to wait for visits in their cars or offering drive-through medication pick-up. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic caused several disruptions to abortion service availability, including closures. To reduce in-person visit time, some clinics shifted to offering medication abortion (versus procedural) or telehealth. While the pandemic and abortion restrictions increased barriers to abortion provision, facilities were resilient and adapted to provide safe care for their patients. Implications Barriers to abortion access were exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in areas of the country with more restrictive policies toward abortion. Telehealth care protocols offered by many abortion facilities provide an option to reduce or eliminate in-person visits.
Congenital malformation and hemoglobin A1c in the first trimester among Japanese women with pregestational diabetes.

Aim To investigate the incidence of major congenital malformations in Japanese women with pregestational diabetes, and to determine the cutoff value of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the first trimester associated with congenital malformations. Methods This retrospective cohort study included singleton pregnancies in Japanese women with pregestational diabetes, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and specific types of diabetes due to other causes. The primary outcome was the incidence of major congenital malformations. The secondary outcome was the incidence of all congenital malformations. The cutoff value of HbA1c for congenital malformations was calculated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of major congenital malformations were calculated using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results This study enrolled 292 patients, including 132 (45.2%) with type 1 diabetes, 156 (53.4%) with type 2 diabetes, and 4 (1.4%) with other specific types. The incidence rates of major congenital malformations and all congenital malformations were 7.2% (21/292) and 12.7% (37/292), respectively. The cutoff value of HbA1c in the first trimester for major malformations and for all congenital malformations was 6.5%. HbA1c ≥ 6.5% was significantly associated with major malformations (aOR 3.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.2-12.6; p = 0.018). Conclusion The incidence of major congenital malformations significantly increased in pregnant Japanese women with HbA1c values of 6.5% or higher. The recommended HbA1c value during the first trimester used in other countries can be applied to pregnant Japanese women.
Challenging Traditional Research Training Culture: Industry-oriented Doctoral Programs in Australian Cooperative Research Centres

Traditional structures and cultures of doctoral research training are being challenged in many countries around the world. In Australia, doctoral programs in Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs) are challenging traditional modes of university sciencebased research training by integrating professional development closely with industry needs. A key emphasis is on producing “industry-ready” graduates who possess a broader educational experience closely aligned with the needs of research users. This chapter focuses on how the education and training culture of doctoral students working in or funded by CRCs, differs from that of the traditional science-based training culture, and to what degree the more innovative culture of CRCs is seen to be achieving its goals in light of the demands of an everchallenging knowledge society.
Unlabeled Compression Schemes for Maximum Classes

Maximum concept classes of VC dimension d over n domain points have size n C ≤d, and this is an upper bound on the size of any concept class of VC dimension d over n points. We give a compression scheme for any maximum class that represents each concept by a subset of up to d unlabeled domain points and has the property that for any sample of a concept in the class, the representative of exactly one of the concepts consistent with the sample is a subset of the domain of the sample. This allows us to compress any sample of a concept in the class to a subset of up to d unlabeled sample points such that this subset represents a concept consistent with the entire original sample. Unlike the previously known compression scheme for maximum classes (Floyd and Warmuth, 1995) which compresses to labeled subsets of the sample of size equal d, our new scheme is tight in the sense that the number of possible unlabeled compression sets of size at most d equals the number of concepts in the class.
Can/Should Computers Replace Judges?

Speculates concerning judicial decision-making to test, at least theoretically, what some of the implications of jurisprudential advances might be. Proposes as the means of making this test a consideration of whether a computer may be so programmed as to replace the judicial function of judges.
Thermal Conversion of 1,5,9‐Triynes. [2+2+2]Cycloadditions or [3.3]sigmatropic Shifts?

Abstract The gas phase pyrolyses of variously labeled 1,5,9-decatriynes ( 1 ) and 1,5,9-cyclododecatriynes ( 2 ) were investigated to determine possible modes of thermal isomerizations. Conditions iocluded temperatures in the range 400–600°, pressures of 40–10 -4 Torr,and contact times of ca 1 ms to to 15s.The labeling patterns in 1 and 2 were chosen such as to be able to distinguish direct intramolecular [2 +2+2]cycloadditions of the alkyna units to form an aromatic ring (perbaps with subsequent rearrangements), and [3.3]sigmatropic shifts of the 1,5-diyne moieties. Methods for synthesizing the isotopically (particularly 13 C) labeled triynes were devised and unplemented. The route to 5,6- 13 C 2 -1,5,9-decatriyne ( 1c ) made use of a new procedure for the synthesis of symmetrically diaubstituted alkynes involing coupling between two equivalents of an alkl copper reagent and diiodoacetylene- 13 C 2 . The synthesis of 1,10- 13 C 2 -1,5,9-cyclododecatriyne ( 2b ) was accomplished starting with K 13 CN, elaboration to labeled diethylsuccinate, a crucial bis-Wittig condensation to labeled l,5,9-cyclododecatriene 10 , and bromination-dehydrobromination of the latter (NaOH-ethylene glycol). Products from the pyrolysis of unlabeled 1a included [1,2:4,5] dicyclobutabenzene, naphthalene, and 3,4-dimethylidene-1-(but-3-ynyl)cyclobutene. Pyrolysis of 1b gave 3,6-dideuterio[l,2:4,5]dicyclobutabenzene and partially deuterated naphthalene, that of 1c produced 1,2- 13 C 2 -[1,2,:4,5]dicyclobutabenzene and 9,10- 13 C 2 -naphthalene. While the pyrolysis of 2a resulted in hexamethylidenecyclohexane (hexaradialene), 2b furnished 1,4- 13 C 2 -hexaradialene. The results rule out the occurrence of [2+2+2]cycloadditions of the alkyne units, but are consistent with the intervention of a series of [3.3]sigmatropic shifts which connect starting materials with products.
A new approach to the design of FIR perfect reconstruction QMF banks

A design method for perfect reconstruction quadrature mirror filter (PR-QMF) banks based on obtaining good initializing points is presented. For the two-channel PR-QMF design, the initializing point is obtained from a traditional QMF design, while in the M-channel case (M>2), it is obtained from a pseudo-QMF design. In both cases, the parameters of the corresponding PR-QMF bank (lattice implementation) are initialized. This leads to considerably faster convergence of the optimization. Design examples are included. >
El proyecto de reforma constitucional conservadora de 1953 en Colombia

El gobierno conservador de Laureano Gomez establecio en 1953 una comision para elaborar un proyecto de reforma constitucional en donde se aumentaba el poder del ejecutivo, se disminuia el del Congreso, se fortalecia la Iglesia, etc., esperando con esto perpetuar, en la constitucion, la politica conservadora. Sin embargo, esto no paso de ser un proyecto pues el golpe militar de Rojas Pinilla impidio siquiera su discusion.
Three-dimensional dispersion-relation-preserving finite-difference time-domain schemes

We describe a methodology to develop dispersion-relation-preserving (DRP) schemes for large-scale 3D FDTD simulations. By first expanding the numerical dispersion error in spherical harmonics and properly choosing the FDTD coefficients to cancel the leading terms of the series, the dispersion error can be minimized in a minimax sense for all propagation angles. Time-domain DRP schemes are obtained by expanding the resulting frequency dependent coefficients in a Taylor series. By further employing filtering schemes, the dispersion characteristics can be adjusted to yield a smaller local dispersion error at high frequencies than at low frequencies so that a small accumulated phase error (up to a pre-assigned frequency) is produced.
Transparent, high strain point spinel glass-ceramics

Abstract Transparent, refractory glass-ceramics based on 10 nm crystals of spinel solid solution in a highly siliceous residual glass can be produced from compositions in the SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 –ZnO–MgO–TiO 2 –ZrO 2 system. The glass-ceramics possess excellent chemical durability as well as thermal expansion coefficients of 35–40 × 10 −7 /°C and strain point temperatures of over 900°C. Titania serves as both an extremely effective nucleating agent in these glasses and as an integral component of the spinel crystals. The materials are designed such that fluxes in the glass partition into the spinel crystals during the crystallization process, leaving a continuous residual glass very high in silica. The strain points of the resultant glass-ceramics approach those of vitreous silica and quartz materials which require significantly more expensive manufacturing processes. These glass-ceramics are excellent substrate candidates for high temperature, high quality polysilicon thin films. Potential products include solar cells and active matrix liquid crystal displays.
The efficacy of an education program to teach children a scientific theory of how drugs affect behavior

Abstract This study, guided by an intuitive theories perspective and based on assessments of children's beliefs about drug action, tested an experimental curriculum for third to sixth graders (N = 337) that provided a coherent explanation of the brain's role in mediating the effects of alcohol and cocaine on psychological functioning and health. Two enhanced versions of the experimental curriculum (one providing extra biological background information, another challenging tobacco-related misconceptions) were also evaluated. Compared to a control curriculum on disease, the drug curricula increased awareness that drugs travel everywhere in the body, that drug use results in loss of control, that each drug has distinct effects on health, and that cocaine has stimulant properties. Effects of the three variants of the drug curriculum did not differ significantly. Younger children gained as much as older children on most measures, and race and gender differences in responsiveness to the curricula were also minimal. Overall, even relatively young children demonstrated considerable mastery of the scientific account they were taught. However, attitudes and intentions were unaltered, and the implications of increasing knowledge for changing behavior remain unclear.
Rethinking the therapeutic misconception: social justice, patient advocacy, and cancer clinical trial recruitment in the US safety net

Background Approximately 20% of adult cancer patients are eligible to participate in a clinical trial, but only 2.5-9% do so. Accrual is even less for minority and medically underserved populations. As a result, critical life-saving treatments and quality of life services developed from research studies may not address their needs. This study questions the utility of the bioethical concern with therapeutic misconception (TM), a misconception that occurs when research subjects fail to distinguish between clinical research and ordinary treatment, and therefore attribute therapeutic intent to research procedures in the safety net setting. This paper provides ethnographic insight into the ways in which research is discussed and related to standard treatment.
Elastic-constant anomalies in metallic superlattices: A molecular-dynamics study

The elastic constants of Ni are calculated with use of molecular dynamics; at \ensuremath{\sim} 5% [111] axial strain there is a large (\ensuremath{\sim} 35%) softening of the ${C}_{44}$ shear modulus and a stiffening of the in-plane Young's (\ensuremath{\sim}9.5%) and biaxial (\ensuremath{\sim}8%) moduli. These calculations are in remarkable agreement with experimental ${C}_{44}$ for Mo/Ni superlattices. The experimentally observed transition to a highly disordered state occurs at the same strain value at which in the calculation the crystal becomes unstable.
Human genetics, animal models and computer simulations for studying hypertension☆

Essential hypertension is probably caused by combinations of small quantitative changes in the expression of many genes together with environmental factors. In this article, strategies for studying hypertension using animal models are summarized with emphasis on the combined use of mouse models and computer simulations. We have chosen the rennin-angiotensin system as our main example. Future directions of hypertension research using gene targeting are also discussed.
Therapy of refractory/relapsed acute myeloid leukemia and blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia with the combination of cytosine arabinoside, tetrahydrouridine, and carboplatin

Eight patients, of whom four had acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and four had chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) blast crisis, were treated with a combination of cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C: 1,600 mg/m2 in three patients, 1,200 mg/m2 in five patients), tetrahydrouridine (THU: 2,800 mg/m2 in two patients, 2,646 mg/m2 in one patient, 2,100 mg/m2 in five patients), and carboplatin (900 mg/m2 in four patients, 720 mg/m2 in one patient, 450 mg/m2 in three patients). As a result of this treatment, five of the eight patients became aplastic. Two of the four patients with CML blast crisis reverted to the chronic phase and two of the four patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) attained a remission (one partial remission and one complete remission). The major toxicities included myelosuppression, unacceptable hepatotoxicity, and diarrhea. Pharmacokinetics studies revealed that the addition of carboplatin did not significantly change the disposition of ARA-C. ARA-C levels were not significantly changed in comparison with those obtained in a prior study of ARA-C with THU (ARA-C plasma levels at 3 h, 2630±1170 ng/ml).
Cation ordering scenarios in mixed alkali silicate glasses. Experimental constraints from 23Na{6Li} spin echo double resonance NMR

The spatial arrangement of sodium and lithium ions in mixed-alkali silicate glasses of composition [(Li 2 O) 1-y (Na 2 O) y ] 0.4 [SiO 2 ] 0.60 (y=0.25, 0.50 and 0.75) is explored by 23 Na{ 6 Li} spin echo double resonance (SEDOR) NMR spectroscopy on isotopically labelled materials. The results are discussed within the context of two basic models for the spatial cation distribution, both of which are calculated with the constraint of resulting in the same cation density as experimentally measured for the glasses : The first scenario considers a homogeneous distribution of the cations by arranging them at regular distances on a cubic lattice. For this base model, a statistical mutual arrangement of lithium and sodium is in fairly good agreement with the experimental data. The second scenario models a clustered distribution by fractionally occupying the cation sites of the Na 2 O lattice in a random fashion. If this base model obtains, the experimental NMR results indicate preferential interactions among like cations. Approximate agreement with the experimental SEDOR decay curves can be obtained by assuming a flat distribution function of M 2 Na-Li values, ranging from zero to M 20 , the average second moments calculated for a statistical mutual distribution of Li and Na ions. This model also gives satisfactory fits to previously published 23 Na{ 7 Li} SEDOR data on compositional analogous glasses with the natural isotope distribution.
Lyman the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer

The Lyman Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer mission will obtain high resolution spectra (R 30,000) in the 912–1200 A region with sufficient sensitivity to study faint sources throughout the galaxy and at large extragalactic distances. This spectral region provides unique tools for solving problems in cosmology (e.g. deuterium), galactic structure and evolution (e.g. O VI and H2), stellar evolution (e.g. O VI) and planetary science (e.g. H2). Recent advances in optical and detector technology, which make this goal possible with a moderate size experimental package, also enable the spectral coverage to extend down to 100 A with good sensitivity and only a minimal increase in complexity. Thus a secondary goal is to cover the 100–912 A region with moderate spectral resolution. In 1989, following a Phase A study of the mission concept, NASA selected the mission for Phase B study in 1989. Both Canada and the United Kingdom are participating in the definition and development of the mission.
Predictors of long-term mortality after hospitalization for primary unstable angina pectoris and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Abstract Data are sparse regarding long-term outcomes after hospitalization for unstable angina pectoris (UAP) and non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), as defined by contemporary criteria. We extended follow-up in a preexisting database of unselected patients with primary UAP and NSTEMI admitted by way of the emergency department from 1991 to 1992. Stepwise Cox models were used to identify multivariate predictors of long-term mortality. There were 275 patients (mean age 66 ± 12 years, 33% women) who survived to hospital discharge; 134 patients (49%) died during follow-up (median 9.4 years). Significant multivariate predictors of long-term mortality were: age (hazard ratio [HR] per decade 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4 to 1.9); prior MI (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.5); diabetes (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.4); congestive heart failure (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.4); elevated creatinine (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.7 to 3.8); elevated leukocyte count (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.5); systolic blood pressure
Some Paradigms for the Automated Design of Parts Feeders

This paper concerns the automated design of parts feeders- a dual to the motion planning problem. Three particular paradigms for feeders are presented and their computational abstractions analyzed. The focus is on the computational issues involved and not on the physics of the problem.
Novel regiochemistry in the aqueous singlet oxygen ene reactions of carboxylic acid salts: a comparison of substrate structure

The singlet oxygen (1Δg) photooxidations of angelic acid salt (1), tiglic acid salt (2), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenoic acid salt (3), 3-ethoxycarbonyl-5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-4H-pyrane acid salt (4), cis-3-hexenoic acid salt (5), and trans-3-hexenoic acid salt (6) were conducted in deuterated water. The major and minor ene allylic hydroperoxide products were quantified and indicate that the allylic hydrogen geminal to the carboxylate group is preferentially abstracted in 1–4, whereas the allylic hydrogen α to the carboxylate is slightly favored for 5 and 6. We have attributed the observed regiochemistry in 1–4 to stabilizing hydrogen bonding interactions between the solvent and the perepoxide, which leads to the major ene product.
Deformation in the lower crust and downward extent of the San Andreas Fault as revealed by teleseismic waveforms

High resolution images of crustal structure across the San Andreas Fault (SAF) were obtained by using the common conversion point stacking of teleseismic P-to-S converted waves recorded during the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiments (LARSE-I and II). In the upper crust, several sedimentary basins were delineated in the images, including the San Fernando and the Santa Clarita Basins. The San Fernando Basin reaches a depth of 8 km under the northern edge of the San Fernando Valley. On the LARSE-I profile, the downward projection of the SAF truncates several lower crustal interfaces including the Moho on both sides. The Moho is vertically offset by as much as 8 km. Along the LARSE-II profile, the impedance contrast and slope of the Moho are seen to change across the fault. These results indicate that the fault penetrates into the lower crust and probably uppermost mantle as a narrow (<10 km) feature. The Moho beneath the San Gabriel Mountains is shallower (∼26 km) than under the San Gabriel Valley to the south and the Mojave Desert to the north, suggesting that the mountain ranges were lifted en masse by horizontal compression. On the northeast side of the SAF, the Mojave Desert has a sharp and essentially flat Moho at a depth of ∼32 km. The lower crustal structure beneath the San Fernando and Santa Clarita Valleys along the LARSE-II profile south of the SAF is complicated as indicated by the large undulation and low impedance contrast of the Moho. These observations suggest that the deformation in the lower crust is localized and often concentrates near boundaries of crustal blocks or beneath those places which have experienced intensive faulting and deformation in the upper crust.
Effects of metabolic inhibitors on the release of glutamate from the retina.

—The superfused, isolated retina of the chicken was used to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the increase in retinal transparency and the release of glutamate associated with stimuli known to elicit spreading depression (SD). We sought to distinguish between (1) mechanisms involving glutamate-induced increase in Na+ permeability and consequent uptake of extracellular material into the intracellular compartment and (2) mechanisms involving interference with operation of the Na+ pump that would result in a similar uptake of extracellular materials. Tetrodotoxin (which inhibits inward movements of Na+) depressed the transparency increase caused by stimulation with glutamate but not that elicited by application of KCl. Ouabain (which inhibits the Na+ pump) caused a marked increase in tissue transparency. The application of inhibitors of the aerobic metabolism, such as DNP or cyanide, or deprivation of O2 had no effect on the retinal transparency; results suggesting that the energy for the Na+ pump could be supplied by glycolysis. Indeed iodoacetate (which inhibits glycolysis) caused a marked change in transparency. Furthermore we found evidence for a compound in the superfusion fluid supplemented with iodoacetate that may be a reaction product of glutamate and iodoacetate. In some preparations superfusion with glucose-free solutions caused a slowly developing increase in transparency and release of glutamate; in others the increase in transparency was more sudden and there was a larger release of glutamate. Seemingly, interference with the tissue metabolism can cause an uptake of extracellular material either by arrest of the Na+ pump or by the release of glutamate, depending on the conditions of the experiment.
Detection of star formation regions near supernova remnant W44

Observations of two infrared objects embedded in molecular clouds near the supernova remnant W44 are presented. W44-IRS1 offers compelling evidence that it is a star whose formation was recently induced by expansion of the supernova remnant. W44-IRS2 lies beyond the remnant, possibly apart from the region of its influence.
Intimate partner violence and postpartum contraceptive use: the role of race/ethnicity and prenatal birth control counseling.

Abstract Objectives Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major problem that could affect reproductive decision making. The aim of this study is to examine the association between IPV and contraceptive use and assess whether the association varies by receipt of prenatal birth control counseling and race/ethnicity. Study design This study analyzed the 2004–2008 national Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) that included 193,310 women with live births in the United States. IPV was determined by questions that asked about physical abuse by a current or former partner in the 12 months before or during pregnancy. The outcome was postpartum contraceptive use (yes vs. no). Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the influence of experiencing IPV at different periods (preconception IPV, prenatal IPV, both preconception and prenatal IPV, preconception and/or prenatal IPV). Data were stratified to assess differential effects by race/ethnicity and receipt of birth control counseling. Results Approximately 6.2% of women reported IPV, and 15.5% reported no postpartum contraceptive use. Regardless of the timing of abuse, IPV-exposed women were significantly less likely to report contraceptive use after delivery. This was particularly true for Hispanic women who reported no prenatal birth control counseling and women of all other racial/ethnic groups who received prenatal birth control counseling. Conclusions IPV victimization adversely affects the use of contraceptive methods following delivery in women with live births. Birth control counseling by health providers may mitigate these effects; however, the quality of counseling needs further investigation. Better integration of violence prevention services and family planning programs is greatly needed. Implications Consistent with national recommendations by the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force, clinicians and public health workers are strongly encouraged to screen for IPV. Health providers should educate women on effective contraceptive options and discuss long-acting reversible contraceptives that are not partner dependent within the context of abusive relationships.
What's new in vascular neurology.

al bypass surgery added to best medical therapy reduced subsequent ischemic stroke in patients with recently symptomatic atherosclerotic internal carotid artery occlusion and hemodynamic cerebral ischemia [2] . The COSS was terminated early for futility: 2-year rates for the primary end point were 21.0% for the surgical group versus 22.7% for the nonsurgical group (p = 0.78). It would thus appear that extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery does not reduce the risk of recurrent stroke compared to medical management. The role of patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure to prevent recurrent stroke in patients with a cryptogenic stroke has been controversial. The CLOSURE trial group examined the efficacy of closure with a percutaneous device versus medical therapy alone in patients with a cryptogenic stroke or TIA and a PFO [3] . The incidence of the primary end point (stroke, TIA, death) at 2 years was 5.5% in the closure group versus 6.8% in the medical therapy group (p = 0.37). Given these results, PFO closure with a percutaneous device does not seem to offer greater clinical benefit than medical therapy alone. The premier modifiable risk factor for recurrent stroke is elevated blood pressure (BP). Based on epidemiologic data, the benefits of lowering BP after any stroke may extend to levels as low as 115 mm Hg. However, few studies have investigated this issue early after a recent stroke. However, in one randomized trial, investigators evaluated whether careful BP lowering with candesartan for the initial 7 days would be beneficial in acute ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke patients with high BP (systolic BP