cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Solidarity and Reputation Building in Coordinating Collective Resistance

Our research | building on experimental results of Cason and Mui (2007) | examines why a subordinate in a leader{subordinate relationship is willing to pay a cost to help prevent exploitation of another subordinate by the leader. Using a stylized game capturing essential features of the leader{subordinate relationship, Cason and Mui nd that when the leader attempts to \divideand-conquer" the subordinates, the subordinate not targeted for exploitation will still choose to challenge the leader’s exploitation a signicant fraction of the time, even though challenging is costly and there is no direct material benet. As a result, subordinates achieve coordinated joint resistance more than equilibrium analysis would predict. While Cason and Mui suggest that coordinated resistance is due to a fairness norm | the non-targeted subordinate shows solidarity with the targeted subordinate | another motive may be at play: an incentive to gain a reputation for challenging. Each subordinate has an equal chance of being the victim of future leader exploitation. As a result, there is an incentive to create an expectation among leaders that \divide-and-conquer" style exploitation will be met with coordinated resistance: each subordinate secures a higher payo on average if the leader chooses not to transgress. Furthermore, a subordinate has an incentive to challenge now if they think it will increase the likelihood that joint resistance will be successful in the future. Our experimental design systematically removes the incentive to reputation build. It is designed to test whether the willingness of subordinates to help resist exploitation of fellow subordinates is motivated by a solidarity preference specic to hierarchical relationships or as an
Functional domains of the Escherichia coli dnaK heat shock protein as revealed by mutational analysis

The employment of a set of truncated dnaK peptides produced by deletion and insertion mutations in the Escherichia coli dnaK gene allowed us to define regions of the dnaK protein which are involved in particular enzymatic functions. The results obtained suggest that the dnaK polypeptide is organized into at least two distinct functional domains. The highly conserved amino-terminal portion is required for the ATPase activity. The carboxyl-terminal portion, characterized by relatively low similarity among species, is responsible for the autophosphorylating activity. The mutant dnaK protein C[74], which lacks amino acid sequences at the extreme carboxyl-terminal portion of the protein, retains both the ATPase and the autophosphorylating activities. The results obtained with the full-length (70-kDa) dnaK756 protein suggest that the thermolabile defect of the dnaK756 mutation affects directly or indirectly the ATPase active site of the enzyme. The autophosphorylating activity of the dnaK+, dnaK756, and C[74] polypeptides was activated at least 10-fold by the addition of CaCl2.
Hadronic decays of χ bJ into light bottom squarks

We calculate the rates for inclusive hadronic decay of the three ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{bJ}}$ states into a pair of light bottom squarks as a function of the masses of the bottom squark and the gluino. We include color-singlet and color-octet configurations. The color-octet contribution is found to be insignificant for the ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{b0}$ but can dominate in the ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{b2}$ case if current lattice estimates are used for the color-octet matrix element. In comparison with the standard model values, bottom squark decays can increase the predicted hadronic width of the ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{b0}$ by as much as 33%, for very small bottom squark masses and gluino masses in the range of 12 GeV, but make a small contribution in the cases of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{b1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{b2}.$ Data from decays of the ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{bJ}}$ states could provide significant new bounds on the existence and masses of supersymmetric particles.
Examining Cognitive Functioning Following TASER Exposure: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Summary Individuals who experience electrical injury suffer significant, sometimes long-term deficits in neuropsychological functioning. The TASER, an electrical device used by thousands of police departments, generates a high-voltage (up to 50 000 V), low-amperage (2.1 mA) current of electricity that is designed to disable a resistive criminal suspect. Questions have emerged regarding the potential for TASER exposure to cause impairment in cognitive functioning. In the current study, healthy human volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups, two of which received a TASER exposure. Participants completed a battery of cognitive tests before and after receiving their assigned treatment. Participants who received a TASER exposure experienced statistically meaningful declines in measures of verbal learning and memory, although deficits lasted less than 1 hour. After TASER exposure, participants also self-reported significant difficulties with concentration, anxiety, and feeling overwhelmed. Other dimensions of cognitive functioning were not affected. Our findings show that the effects of TASER exposure on brain functioning are not well understood. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of neutron h11/2 bands in 121,123Cd

New excited states built on the 11/2− isomeric states are identified in neutron-rich 121,123Cd, respectively, with gammasphere by measuring three-and higher-fold prompt coincidences following the spontaneous fission of 252Cf. The new data suggests that the 11/2− isomers in the odd-A Cd isotopes with N ≥ 75 have spherical shape similar to those in Te. It is suggested that the backbending observed at ω ≈ 0.445 MeV in 121Cd is because of the alignment of the h11/2 neutron pair.
Linkage of six genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the construction of linkage test strains.

Linkage relationships were determined for six genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii : pyr, act, can-la, ey, y-1 , and nic-7 . Four of these were combined with five other genes to form linkage test strains.
Atomix: a framework for deploying signal processing applications on wireless infrastructure

Multi-processor DSPs have become the platform of choice for wireless infrastructure. This trend presents an opportunity to enable faster and wider scale deployment of signal processing applications at scale. However, achieving the hardware-like performance required by signal processing applications requires interacting with bare metal features on the DSP. This makes it challenging to build modular applications. We present Atomix, a modular software framework for building applications on wireless infrastructure. We demonstrate that it is feasible to build modular DSP software by building the application entirely out of fixed-timing computations that we call atoms. We show that applications built in Atomix achieve hardware-like performance by building an 802.11a receiver that operates at high bandwidth and low latency. We also demonstrate that the modular structure of software built with Atomix makes it easy for programmers to deploy new signal processing applications. We demonstrate this by tailoring the 802.11a receiver to long-distance environments and adding RF localization to it.
Baccalaureate nurse educators' and critical care nurse managers' perceptions of clinical competencies necessary for new graduate baccalaureate critical care nurses.

BACKGROUND: Although nurse educators and nurse managers have disagreed about which clinical competencies are necessary for new graduates to begin working in critical care, the competencies are in need of revision and reassessment. OBJECTIVES: To validate a list of beginning-level competencies and to compare baccalaureate nurse educators' and critical care nurse manager's current perceptions of beginning clinical competencies for new baccalaureate graduates in critical care settings. METHODS: An expert panel of nurses from across the United States critiqued a questionnaire about which clinical competencies were considered relevant to critical care nursing practice. The revised questionnaire, containing 105 clinical competencies, was mailed to a randomly selected sample across the United States. Forty-one baccalaureate nurse educators and 41 critical care nurse managers completed the mail survey questionnaire (94% response rate) by rating the necessity ("essential," "desired," or "not required") of the clinical competencies for new baccalaureate nurses. RESULTS: A high degree of agreement was generally seen between nurse educators and nurse managers on the necessity ratings of the 105 competencies. The majority of nurse educators and nurse managers rated 81 of the 105 competencies as either "essential" or "desirable." Only five competencies showed considerable disagreement between nurse educators and nurse managers, and none of these competencies were rated "essential" by more than a few raters in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The agreement between nurse educators and nurse managers supports a competency list for baccalaureate nursing curricula and hospital inservice programs to integrate new graduates into critical care.
Interpretaciones del idealismo trascendental de Kant

Las interpretaciones del idealismo trascendental de Kant pueden dividirse en tres tipos: el fuerte, el blando y el debil. En este trabajo argumentare que solo el debil heredara el mundo, porque tanto el fuerte como el blando niegan su objetividad. Solo un
Programming languages for CSE: the state of the art

To meet the diverse demands of building CSE applications, developers can choose from a multitude of programming languages. This survey offers an overview of available programming languages and the contexts for their use.
Closing the Organ Gap: A Reciprocity‐Based Social Contract Approach

Organ transplantation remains one of modern medicine's remarkable achievements. It saves lives, improves quality of life, diminishes healthcare expenditures in end-stage renal patients, and enjoys high success rates. Yet the promise of transplantation is substantially compromised by the scarcity of organs. The gap between the number of patients on waiting lists and the number of available organs continues to grow. As of January 2006, the combined waiting list for all organs in the United States was 90,284 (64,933, 17,269, and 3,006 for kidney, liver, and heart respectively). Unfortunately, thousands of potential organs are lost each year, primarily due to lack of consent to donation from the deceased before death, or from the family thereafter. Only fifty percent of potential donors – the “conversion” rate – become actual donors. The costs attributed to organ shortage are substantial – Medicare paid over $15.5 billion in 2002 for treating patients with end-stage renal-disease, who predominate on organ waiting lists.
ACS Chemical Neuroscience Molecule Spotlight on Qnexa

Qnexa (VI-0521) is an investigational fixed-dose combination drug of phentermine and topiramate currently in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of obesity. Vivus, Inc. has demonstrated efficacy of their product and are currently addressing FDA safety concerns with the possibility of a New Drug Application (NDA) resubmission.
Intergenic transcription is required to repress the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SER3 gene

Transcription by RNA polymerase II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in humans is widespread, even in genomic regions that do not encode proteins. The purpose of such intergenic transcription is largely unknown, although it can be regulatory. We have discovered a role for one case of intergenic transcription by studying the S. cerevisiae SER3 gene. Our previous results demonstrated that transcription of SER3 is tightly repressed during growth in rich medium. We now show that the regulatory region of this gene is highly transcribed under these conditions and produces a non-protein-coding RNA (SRG1). Expression of the SRG1 RNA is required for repression of SER3. Additional experiments have demonstrated that repression occurs by a transcription-interference mechanism in which SRG1 transcription across the SER3 promoter interferes with the binding of activators. This work identifies a previously unknown class of transcriptional regulatory genes.
The Transmembrane Domain of Influenza Hemagglutinin Exhibits a Stringent Length Requirement to Support the Hemifusion to Fusion Transition

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored influenza hemagglutinin (GPI-HA) mediates hemifusion, whereas chimeras with foreign transmembrane (TM) domains mediate full fusion. A possible explanation for these observations is that the TM domain must be a critical length in order for HA to promote full fusion. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed biochemical properties and fusion phenotypes of HA with alterations in its 27–amino acid TM domain. Our mutants included sequential 2–amino acid (Δ2–Δ14) and an 11–amino acid deletion from the COOH-terminal end, deletions of 6 or 8 amino acids from the NH2-terminal and middle regions, and a deletion of 12 amino acids from the NH2-terminal end of the TM domain. We also made several point mutations in the TM domain. All of the mutants except Δ14 were expressed at the cell surface and displayed biochemical properties virtually identical to wild-type HA. All the mutants that were expressed at the cell surface promoted full fusion, with the notable exception of deletions of >10 amino acids. A mutant in which 11 amino acids were deleted was severely impaired in promoting full fusion. Mutants in which 12 amino acids were deleted (from either end) mediated only hemifusion. Hence, a TM domain of 17 amino acids is needed to efficiently promote full fusion. Addition of either the hydrophilic HA cytoplasmic tail sequence or a single arginine to Δ12 HA, the hemifusion mutant that terminates with 15 (hydrophobic) amino acids of the HA TM domain, restored full fusion activity. Our data support a model in which the TM domain must span the bilayer to promote full fusion.
A validation study of a rapid field-based rating system for discriminating among flow permanence classes of headwater streams in South Carolina.

Rapid field-based protocols for classifying flow permanence of headwater streams are needed to inform timely regulatory decisions. Such an existing method was developed for and has been used in North Carolina since 1998. The method uses ordinal scoring of 26 geomorphology, hydrology, and biology attributes of streams. The attribute scores are summed and compared to threshold scores to assign a flow permanence class. Our study objective was to evaluate the method’s ability to classify the flow permanence of forested stream reaches from Piedmont and Southeastern Plains ecoregions in South Carolina. Ephemeral reaches scored significantly lower than intermittent and perennial reaches, but scores from intermittent and perennial reaches did not differ. Scores collected in the dry and wet seasons were strongly correlated, indicating that the method was seasonally stable. Scores had positive nonlinear relationships with the maximum recorded wet duration and the proportion of the record that reaches were wet, but were not related to drying frequency. Scores of the presence of baseflow in the dry season were more important in flow permanence classification than those from the wet season. Other important attributes and parameters in discriminating flow classes were macrobenthos, rooted upland plants, bankfull width, drainage area, and ecoregion. Although the North Carolina method did not consistently differentiate intermittent from perennial reaches, the indicator-based approach is a strong foundation from which to build a protocol for South Carolina. Adding measures like bankfull width and drainage area, weighting by ecoregion, or shifting thresholds may be warranted modifications for South Carolina.
Utility of ground-penetrating radar as a root biomass survey tool in forest systems

Traditional methods of measuring tree root biomass are labor intensive and destructive in nature. We studied the utility of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to measure tree root biomass in situ within a replicated, intensive culture forestry experiment planted with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). The study site was located in Decatur County, Georgia, in an area of the Troup and Lucy (loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Grossarenic Kandiudults and Arenic Kandiudults, respectively) soils. With the aid of a digital signal processing GPR, estimates of root biomass to a depth of 30 cm were correlated to harvested root samples using soil cores. Significant effects of fertilizer application on signal attenuation were observed and corrected. The correlation coefficient between actual root biomass in soil cores and GPR estimates with corrections for fertilizer application were highly significant (r = 0.86, n = 60, p < 0.0001). Where site conditions are favorable to radar investigation, GPR can be a powerful cost-effective tool to measure root biomass. Verification with some destructive harvesting is required since universal calibrations for root biomass are unlikely, even across similar soil types. Use of GPR can drastically reduce the number of soil cores needed to assess tree root biomass and biomass distribution. The quality and quantity of information resulting from a detailed GPR survey, combined with soil cores on a subset of plots, can be used to rapidly estimate root biomass and provide a valuable assessment of lateral root biomass distribution and quantity.
Numerical analysis of fast fracture and crack arrest in a sheet of elastic perfectly-plastic material

Abstract The dynamic fields for acceleration, deceleration and arrest of a crack tip have been investigated numerically. We consider cracks which start to extend rapidly under brittle conditions. The crack-tips then enter regions of elasto-plastic constitutive behavior and they are subsequently arrested. Results have been obtained for a symmetrically expanding central crack and for an edge crack, both in thin sheets. The elasto-plastic behavior has been described by J2 flow theory, with the von Mises yield criterion and a bilinear relation between effective stress and effective strain. Numerical results are presented for stress and strain components at a short distance ahead of the propagating and arresting crack tips.
Loan quality, commercial loan review and loan officer contracting

Abstract By the 1980s most banks had created a new department, commercial loan review, whose primary activity is to systematically assess the continuing quality of loans in the commercial loan portfolio. Conventional wisdom suggests that the purpose of commercial loan review is to serve as an early warning system for spotting credit deterioration. Evidence is presented in this paper that the true purpose of commercial loan review, however, is to address an agency problem between a bank and its commercial loan officers by monitoring their individual loan portfolios. The regulatory implications of these results are discussed.
A Multiresolution Strategy for Reduction of Elliptic PDEs and Eigenvalue Problems

Abstract In many practical problems coefficients of PDEs are changing across many spatial or temporal scales, whereas we might be interested in the behavior of the solution only on some relatively coarse scale. We approach the problem of capturing the influence of fine scales on the behavior of the solution on a coarse scale using the multiresolution strategy. Considering adjacent scales of a multiresolution analysis, we explicitly eliminate variables associated with the finer scale, which leaves us with a coarse-scale equation. We use the term reduction to designate a recursive application of this procedure over a finite number of scales. We present a multiresolution strategy for reduction of self-adjoint, strictly elliptic operators in one and two dimensions. It is known that the non-standard form for a wide class of operators has fast off-diagonal decay and the rate of decay is controlled by the number of vanishing moments of the wavelet. We prove that the reduction procedure preserves the rate of decay over any finite number of scales and therefore results in sparse matrices for computational purposes. Furthermore, the reduction procedure approximately preserves small eigenvalues of self-adjoint, strictly elliptic operators. We also introduce a modified reduction procedure which preserves the small eigenvalues with greater accuracy than the standard reduction procedure and obtain estimates for the perturbation of those eigenvalues. Finally, we discuss potential extensions of the reduction procedure to parabolic and hyperbolic problems.
Gene promoters dictate histone occupancy within genes

Spt6 is a transcriptional elongation factor and histone chaperone that reassembles transcribed chromatin. Genome-wide H3 mapping showed that Spt6 preferentially maintains nucleosomes within the first 500 bases of genes and helps define nucleosome-depleted regions in 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences. In Spt6-depleted cells, H3 loss at 5′ ends correlates with reduced pol II density suggesting enhanced transcription elongation. Consistent with its ‘Suppressor of Ty' (Spt) phenotype, Spt6 inactivation caused localized H3 eviction over 1–2 nucleosomes at 5′ ends of Ty elements. H3 displacement differed between genes driven by promoters with ‘open'/DPN and ‘closed'/OPN chromatin conformations with similar pol II densities. More eviction occurred on genes with ‘closed' promoters, associated with ‘noisy' transcription. Moreover, swapping of ‘open' and ‘closed' promoters showed that they can specify distinct downstream patterns of histone eviction/deposition. These observations suggest a novel function for promoters in dictating histone dynamics within genes possibly through effects on transcriptional bursting or elongation rate.
Dynamic Pricing and Lead‐Time Policies for Make‐to‐Order Systems*

Make-to-order firms use different approaches for managing their lead-times and pricing in the face of changing market conditions. A particular firm's approach may be largely dictated by environmental constraints. For example, it makes little sense to carefully manage lead-time if its effect on demand is muted, as it can be in situations where leadtime is difficult for the market to gauge or requires investment to estimate. Similarly, it can be impractical to change capacity and price. However, environmental constraints are likely to become less of an issue in the future with the expanding e-business infrastructure, and this trend raises questions into how to manage effectively the marketing mix of price and lead-time in a more “friction-free” setting. We study a simple model of a make-to-order firm, and we examine policies for adjusting price and capacity in response to periodic and unpredictable shifts in how the market values price and lead-time. Our analysis suggests that maintaining a fixed capacity while using lead-time and/or price to absorb changes in the market will be most attractive when stability in throughput and profit are highly valued, but in volatile markets, this stability comes at a cost of low profits. From a pure profit maximization perspective, it is best to strive for a short and consistent lead-times by adjusting both capacity and price in response to market changes.
The Importance of Emotion in Psychotherapy Approaches

The history of emotion in the psychotherapy is as long as the field of psychotherapy. Freud (1912/1959) was one of the first therapists to articulate the central role of emotion in the development of psychological disorders and the importance of emotion in psychotherapy. Since Freud, the role of emotions in psychotherapy continues to be prominent. Although the role of emotions in therapeutic change has a rich history, the study of emotional processes in psychological disorders is relatively new. There are several reasons that empirical attention to the role of emotion in psychological disorders has only recently begun. One reason is that with increasing sophistication of research techniques such as fMRI and psychophysiological measures we are better able to investigate the basis of emotions, how emotions unfold over time, and how changes in emotional responding correlate with changes in context and stimulus presentation. In order to understand maladaptive emotions we must first have a clear understanding of normative emotional functioning. Thus, over the past 20 years research in emotion has focused on normal emotional processes and we have made great strides in our knowledge within this area. We are now applying this knowledge to gaining a greater understanding of maladaptive emotional functioning, though this is still a fledging field. One look at the criteria outline for psychological disorders in the DSM-IV (APA, 1994) and it is apparent that emotion impairment is thought to be a critical feature in nearly all Axis I and Axis II disorders. In some psychological disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder), maladaptive emo-
Cross-tolerance studies between caffeine and (−)-N6-(phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (PIA) in mice

Chronic administration of caffeine to mice (1 mg/ml in drinking water × 14 d) led to a downward shift in the dose-response curve for the locomotor effects of caffeine. Caffeine was also less effective as an antagonist against (−)-(N6-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (PIA)-induced analgesia in the tail flick assay in these animals. The dose-response curves of PIA for both analgesia and locomotor depression were shifted to the left in animals chronically administered caffeine. In mice chronically administered PIA (1 mg/kg/d × 14 d), the dose-response curves of PIA for both analgesia and locomotor depression were shifted to the right. The dose-response curve for the locomotor effects of caffeine was shifted to the left, and caffeine exhibited greater antagonist activity against the analgesic action of PIA in these animals. There was no change in the Kd or Bmax values of either 3H-PIA or 3H-diethylphenylxanthine (DPX, a potent adenosine receptor antagonist) in mice chronically administered PIA. The Bmax values for both 3H-PIA and 3H-DPX were significantly increased, while the Kd values were not changed in mice chronically administered caffeine. There was no detectable change in the brain levels of either PIA or caffeine in animals chronically treated with either drug. The results demonstrate that chronic administration of caffeine increases the sensitivity of mice to the actions of PIA and vice versa, providing supportive evidence for the interaction of these drugs at the same receptor, which is probably an adenosine receptor.
Purification and characterizations of β-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase, β-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydrase, and enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase from Spinacia oleracea leaves

Abstract β-Ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] (ACP) reductase, β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase, and enoyl-ACP reductase have been purified to homogeneity from extracts of spinach leaves. Based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis studies, the monomeric molecular weights of the β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase, β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase, and enoyl-ACP reductase were 24,200, 19,000, and 32,500, respectively, and by gel filtration, their molecular weights were 97,000, 85,000, and 115,000, respectively, suggesting that these three enzymes exist as tetramers. The β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase, the β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase, and the enoyl-ACP reductase contained two, one, and two cystein residues per monomer. β-Ketoacyl-ACP reductase preferably utilized NADPH as the reductant, whereas enoyl-ACP reductase was absolutely specific to NADH. β-Ketoacyl-ACP reductase reversibly catalyzed the reduction of acetoacetyl-ACP to d -β-hydroxybutyryl-ACP and β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase catalyzed the dehydration of d -β-hydroxyacyl-ACP to 2-enoyl-ACP. Both β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase and enoyl-ACP reductase were active with 2-enoyl-ACPs having chain lengths from C4 to C16, with 2-hexenoyl-ACP and 2-octenoyl-ACP being the most effective substrate. CoA esters served as substrates with the β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase and the enoyl-ACP reductase but were inert with β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase. These enzymes were inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate but not by N-ethylmaleimide.
Managing high performance R&D teams

Abstract This article is about producing extraordinary team results, that is, results that go well beyond what would have normally been expected. R & D-based organizations are always trying to make those critical advances or technological leaps that will give their products significant competitive advantage in the marketplace. The dilemma is not in identifying what these possibilities might be but in getting the business organization to commit to one of them while there is still considerable uncertainty regarding their merits or feasibilities. Ralf Katz shows how a maverick team of technologist within Digital was able to build the political base that allowed them to overcome senior management's skepticism and move Digital from its familiar core technology to a promising new, but unproven RISC-based technology, called ALPHA.
The origins of environment-based psychological theory.

Presentation et analyse de certains elements de la theorie de SKINNER presentee dans «The behavior of organism» le but est de preciser un certain nombre de concept de la theorie Skinerienne qui sont encore utilises par la psychologie contemporaine et qui paraissent mal compris
Proton—Proton correlations in high-energy nuclear collisions

Abstract Two-particle coincidence data are studied by the linear cascade model. In heavy-mass collision systems, the correlated contribution becomes obscured by an uncorrelated background. The height and the position of the quasi-elastic peak is sensitively influenced by the background term and by correlations due to the sharing of energy and momentum among more than two particles.
Building the Unsettling Force: Social Workers and the Struggle for Human Rights

Community organizing for human rights provides a platform for social workers to be actively engaged in dismantling systems of oppression. Using a case study of Women In Transition, this article emphasizes strategies for organizing for economic human rights, including opportunities and challenges in using the human rights framework. Recommendations and implications for the social work profession are discussed.
Electrocatalysis in photochemically activated electropolymerized thin films.

In reductively electropolymerized thin films of poly-cis-[Ru(vbpy)2(py)2](PF6)2 (“vbpy” is 4-methyl-4‘-vinyl-2,2‘-bipyridine and “py” is pyridine), on glassy carbon electrodes, photochemical ligand loss with aqueous HClO4 in the external solution occurs to give poly-cis-[Ru(vbpy)2(OH2)2](ClO4)2, but the efficiency of ligand loss is greatly decreased compared to the efficiency in solution. In cyclic voltammograms of films containing the aqua complex, there is evidence for both RuIII/II and higher oxidation state RuIV/III, RuV/IV, and RuVI/V couples. The redox chemistry of the resulting films is dictated by the film structure and can be controlled by varying the electropolymerization conditions and external solution composition. The oxidation of alcohols by these higher oxidation state couples has been investigated electrochemically.
The chronological distribution of enamel hypoplasia in human permanent incisor and canine teeth

Abstract The frequencies and chronology, based on a standard tooth development chart, of enamel hypoplasia derived from permanent upper central incisors and mandibular canines were compared for 42 prehistoric Amerindians. Between 0.5 and 4.5 years, when the crowns of both these teeth are developing, hypoplasias were 1.36 times more common on the incisors (54 hypoplasias/incisor; 40 hypoplasias/canine). Hypoplasias on incisors occurred earlier (mean = 2.50; median at 2.0 – 2.5 years) compared to the canine (mean = 3.51; median at 3.5 – 4.0 years). Differences in published frequencies and chronologies of hypoplasias may be explained, in part, by an indefinable variation in the teeth studied. The highest density of hypoplasias on both tooth crowns was just cervical to the midpoint, suggesting that developmental rates and crown geometry may influence the ability of the crown to record stressful events.
Alternative indicators for measuring the impact of surgical care globally: reply.

I read with interest Dr. McQueen’s perspective on measuring the impact of surgical intervention globally [1]. The perioperative mortality rate (POMR) is likely to be a useful initial health indicator for surgical care in selected settings. In the district hospital where we work in rural Rwanda, the in-hospital mortality rate for surgical patients, including those undergoing Cesarean section, was 0.6 % in 2009, making the 24-h postoperative POMR for our hospital nearly zero. As suggested, we have not found the POMR 24 to be a useful metric for our individual program. Of the 800–900 procedures we perform annually, the outcome for the majority is unlikely to be death because of both the nature of the procedures and patient factors. This is despite the fact that more than 50 % of the operations performed are for nonelective indications. A risk-adjusted POMR 24 may be more useful for comparing surgical programs against benchmarks and for monitoring progress over time. The POMR within 30 days postoperatively is unattainable with our current resources and information systems. A readily available metric at many African district hospitals is the transfer rate. In our hospital, the transfer rate to the centrally located referral hospitals is high (10.0 %), with the highest rates for head trauma (21.4 %), fractures (18.2–31.6 %, depending on location of the fracture), and joint dislocations (40.0 %). Patients with admitting indications related to trauma are more likely to be transferred than those with elective or urgent diagnoses (p = 0.002). Lowering transfer rates for trauma by improving our ability to treat orthopedic conditions is a target for our training and service delivery programs in rural Rwanda. Standardizing contextually relevant indicators (e.g., risk-adjusted POMR 24, transfer rates) for monitoring and evaluating surgical programs globally should be examined. We also have utilized measurements of processes to strengthen our surgical services. Specifically, quality improvement programs regarding perioperative procedures have resulted in better adherence to protocols regarding preoperative antibiotic administration and maintenance of oxygen supplies. Although perhaps more challenging to define and collect, best practice indicators could be instrumental in measuring and guiding interventions to improve surgical care globally.
Has the Pacific Basin moved as a Rigid Plate since the Cretaceous

McKenzie and Parker1 have shown from displacements along faults and from seismic first motions that the North Pacific seems to be moving as a rigid plate relative to the surrounding continents. This motion is uniquely defined by a rotation axis which they estimated to be located near 50° N., 85° W. at the southern end of Hudson Bay. The sense is towards the north-west, clockwise as viewed from the pole. Palaeomagnetic evidence from North America and the magnetization of Pacific Ocean seamounts suggest that this rotation dates from Cretaceous time (108 yr), and that the total angle is perhaps as great as 100°, an average rate of 1° per million years.
Mild myocardial infarction: clinical features and new method of management.

Abstract 1. (1) For many decades the treatment of acute myocardial infarction has routinely included many weeks of rest, regardless of the severity of the attack. 2. (2) Modern technics made it possible to classify most cases of acute myocardial infarction into three categories—“mild,” “moderate,” and “severe.” Some cases are unclassifiable since there is no sharp line of demarcation between these groups. 3. (3) In the typical “mild” case, the patient is young or middle-aged, usually has pain of short duration and looks and feels well 24 to 48 hours after the attack. There is no associated hypertension or previous heart disease. Fever is slight or absent. Leukocytosis is mild and transaminase levels only slightly elevated. Shock, heart failure, gallop rhythm, cardiac enlargement and other serious phenomena do not occur in these cases. 4. (4) In our series of 200 cases of acute myocardial infarction, the “mild” cases constituted 15 per cent of the total number but it is believed that this is a falsely low figure. 5. (5) A review of 400 cases of fatal acute myocardial infarction observed over a six and one-half year period, failed to reveal any patient with a “mild” case who died during or soon after the attack. The immediate mortality rate in “mild” cases must be extremely low. Certainly, it is much less than the average in all myocardial infarctions. 6. (6) It is absolutely necessary to take into account the complete clinical picture, including all available laboratory data, in order to diagnose and properly classify cases of acute myocardial infarction. Although the electrocardiogram is usually of great assistance in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, the physician should be familiar with its limitations. 7. (7) A method of management of “mild” cases is described in which gradually increasing activity is permitted after two weeks of rest and observation. 8. (8) Twenty-two cases have been successfully treated in this manner. Seven cases successfully treated with less than the usual long-term period of rest have been followed for over a year. No untoward effects were observed in any of these patients. Definite psychologic and financial benefits were apparent in all. One of these patients remained ambulatory after his first infarction but survived 29 years. 9. (9) Clinical evidence is presented which indicates that the danger of cardiac rupture or aneurysm formation in cases of mild myocardial infarction is minimal. This conclusion is supported by the finding that it is virtually impossible to rupture small infarcted areas in dogs two weeks after coronary ligation. 10. (10) In view of the very low mortality and paucity of complications in “mild” cases, it seems neither necessary nor desirable to subject such patients to the same rigorous and prolonged treatment required for more severe cases. Furthermore, early activation of these patients results in distinct physical, psychologic and financial benefits.
Rayleigh-Taylor Instability Studied With Multi-Relaxation Lattice Boltzmann Method

Multi relaxation lattice Boltzmann method is implemented to study Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. Two immiscible fluids (oil and water) are arrayed into three layers. D2Q9 lattice arrangement for two dimensional computational domains is employed. Density distribution functions for each fluid and distribution functions for the coloring step are determined. The evolution of the interface is identified with the coloring step. Buoyancy and other interaction forces, created by buoyancy, between phases are modeled. Two cases are studied one with periodic boundary condition instead of a side wall, and one bounded on all sides. The study is done with an aspect ratio of two and a density ratio of 1.2. The early and late stages of the instability are characterized. The early stage of both cases shows the initial periodic disturbance being amplified rapidly on the lower interface. The late stages show mushroom-like structures, with significant distortions occurring on the bounded case.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
INVESTIGATION OF THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF CYCLOHEXIMIDE.

Cycloheximide has been converted by a series of reactions into a dideoxycyclo-heximide which was found to be optically active. This observation establishes that the methyl groups in dideoxycycloheximide are oriented in a trans manner. The significance of this result and an interpretation of the stereochemistry of certain other products are presented.
The early signs and symptoms of neurotologic complications of chronic suppurative otitis media

The delay in the diagnosis of neurotologic complications of chronic suppurative otitis media has been explained in a number of ways, including antibiotic suppression, surgical drainage, and a lowered index of clinical suspicion because the problem is relatively rare today. Twelve cases of neurotologic complications of chronic suppurative otitis media were reviewed to determine the early and late findings that should raise the physician's index of suspicion. Purulent, malodorous drainage, headache, and fever were the significant early findings. Altered mental status was a late finding, and usually indicated established intracranial infection. By drawing attention to the early findings, we hope to lower the morbidity and mortality associated with these complications.
Performance of an Adaptive Routing Overlay under Dynamic Link Impairments

We propose an adaptive software routing overlay to improve the performance of TCP/IP-based internets over links with dynamic impairments. The routing overlay adaptively distributes traffic over a set of alternative paths based on real-time link status information provided by a system of network sensors. The routing overlay also provides explicit rate feedback to rate-aware TCP clients, allowing them to achieve higher throughputs than legacy clients under static link loss and delay impairments. We present performance results from a collection of Emulab experiments on simple network topologies with dynamic link impairments. The results show that the adaptive routing overlay achieves significantly higher bulk file transfer throughput than legacy systems in the presence of link impairments. Sensor-based adaptive routing provides substantial gains in TCP throughput even for legacy TCP clients. When rate-aware TCP clients are used, the performance gain of the adaptive routing overlay with respect to legacy systems improves dramatically.
Materials for ultrasupercritical coal power plants—Boiler materials: Part 1

The efficiency of conventional boiler/steam turbine fossil power plants is a strong function of the steam temperature and pressure. Research to increase both has been pursued worldwide, since the energy crisis in the 1970s. The need to reduce CO2 emission has recently provided an additional incentive to increase efficiency. Thus, steam temperatures of the most efficient fossil power plants are now in the 600 °C (1112 °F) range, which represents an increase of about 60 °C (108 °F) in 30 years. It is expected that steam temperatures will rise another 50 to 100 °C (90 to 180 °F) in the next 30 years. The main enabling technology is the development of stronger high-temperature materials, capable of operating under high stresses at ever-increasing temperatures. Recently, the EPRI performed a state-of-the-art review of materials technology for advanced boiler/steam turbine power plants (ultrasupercritical power plants). The results of the review show that with respect to boilers, high-strength ferritic 9–12Cr steels for use in thick section components are now commercially available for temperatures up to 620 °C (1150 °F). Initial data on two experimental 12Cr ferritic steels indicate that they may be capable of long-term service up to 650 °C (1112 °F), but more data are required to confirm this. For higher temperatures, austenitic steels and Ni-based alloys are needed. Advanced austenitic stainless steels for use as super and reheater tubing are available for service temperatures up to 650 °C (1112 °F) and possibly 700 °C (1292 °F). Ni-based superalloys would be needed for higher temperatures. None of these steels have been approved by the ASME Boiler Code Group so far. Higher-strength materials are needed for upper water walls of boilers with steam pressure above 24 MPa (3400 psi). A high-strength 2-1/2%Cr steel recently ASME code approved as T-23 is the preferred candidate material for this application. Field trials are in progress. This paper will present the results of the EPRI review in detail, relating to boiler material. Results relating to turbine materials are presented in a companion paper as Part 2.
Rotordynamic analysis of asymmetric turbofan rotor due to fan blade-loss event with contact-impact rub loads

Loss of a blade from a running turbofan rotor introduces not only huge imbalance into the dynamical system rather it makes the entire rotor asymmetric as well. In a nonsymmetric rotor, the various terms of mass, gyroscopic and stiffness matrices also become time-dependent. In this paper, all the dynamical equations include the effect of the rotary inertia and gyroscopic moments as a result of both shaft bending as well as staggered blades flexing in-and-out of the plane of the disk. The governing equations also account for internal material damping in the shaft and the external damping in the support bearing system. In addition to the unbalance load at the disk location, the shaft may also be subjected to a torque and axial forces. Here, the fan blades are modeled as pre-twisted thin shallow shells. They have coupled flexural–torsional motion in the lateral out-of-plane direction as well as extensional degrees-of-freedom in the longitudinal spanwise direction of the blade airfoil. The effect of blade tip rub forces being transmitted to the shaft are analyzed in terms of the dynamic stability of the rotor, especially during windmilling.
Bartonella bacilliformis: dangerous pathogen slowly emerging from deep background

Bartonella bacilliformis was perhaps the most lethal bacterial human pathogen in the pre-antibiotic era, but infections were and are limited to a specific geographical area, largely in Peru, corresponding to the range of its sand fly vector. B. bacilliformis targets both red cells and endothelial cells. Recent phylogenetic realignments have revealed a close genetic relationship to other bacteria which cause human diseases, including bacterial angiomatosis, to the former Grahamella species which infect red cells in other mammals, and to plant pathogens and symbionts including Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium meliloti. Features of B. bacilliformis that contribute to its pathogenesis are slowly coming into view, and are here reviewed.
Physical Properties as Indicators of Popping Characteristics of Microwave Popcorn

Nondestructive physical property measurements, such as kernel size, sphericity, specific gravity and elastic deformation were evaluated as indicators of the popping characteristics of microwave popcorn. A greater expansion volume was observed in varieties having sphericity values greater than 0.70. Within a given variety, larger kernel sizes resulted in a lower unpopped kernel ratio and the expansion volume and flake size were higher for kernels with a higher specific gravity. The elastic deformation was found to have no correlation with microwave popping.
Lack of health insurance coverage among working-age adults, evidence from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1993-2006.

To use data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to examine trends in the lack of health insurance coverage among working-age US adults and to identify populations without coverage. The BRFSS data from 1993 to 2006 were analyzed. SUDAAN software was used to generate estimates of prevalence and corresponding standard errors, and logistic regression techniques were used to examine trends in the data. An estimated 18.59% of working adults (aged 18–64 years) did not have health insurance coverage in 2006. Trend in uninsurance remained somewhat stable from 1993 to 2000 (OR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.00–1.02); however, it changed more rapidly from 2001 to 2006 (OR = 1.03; 1.02–1.03). Similar patterns were observed from 2001 to 2006 for those <35 years of age, employed, Hispanics and those with less than or high school education. Effective approaches to reducing uninsurance and the consequences related to lack of coverage are needed in the face of increasing health disparities in the United States.
AgSbO3: Chemical characterization and structural considerations

Abstract It is confirmed that AgSbO3 has a pyrochlore related structure without being hydrated. Furthermore, attempts to prepare Ag2Sb2O5(OH)2 or Ag2Sb2O5F2 were unsuccessful. It is concluded that the occurrence of the pyrochlore structure instead of the perovskite structure for certain ABO3 compounds is the result of very strong covalent bonding which tends to restrict oxygen to a maximum coordination number of four.