cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyper-particle filtering for stochastic systems

Information-feedback control schemes (more specifically, sensor-based control schemes) select an action at each stage based on the sensory data provided at that stage. Since it is impossible to know future sensor readings in advance, predicting the future behavior of a system becomes difficult. Hyper-particle filtering is a sequential computational scheme that enables probabilistic evaluation of future system performance in the face of this uncertainty. Rather than evaluating individual sample paths or relying on point estimates of state, hyper-particle filtering maintains at each stage an approximation of the full probability density function over the belief space (i.e., the space of possible posterior densities for the state estimate). By applying hyper-particle filtering, control policies can be more more accurately assessed and can be evaluated from one stage to the next. These aspects of hyper-particle filtering may prove to be useful when determining policies, not just when evaluating them.
Ultrasonic absorption in aqueous solutions of chondroitin sulfate.

Ultrasonic absorption and velocity were determined in aqueous solutions of chondroitin sulfate, the major sulfated mucopolysaccharide which is distributed throughout mammalian connective tissue, as a function of ultrasonic frequency (2.39–62.4 MHz), temperature (10 °–37 °C), and pH (0.85–13.3). A broad distribution of relaxation frequencies is required to describe the absorption spectra. The apparent activation energy is 3.7 kcal/mole at a concentration of 0.054 gm/cc and at neutral pH over the frequency range 8.87–50.5 MHz. It is suggested that the same absorption mechanism(s) may be responsible in aqueous solutions of chondroitin sulfate and dextran at neutral pH. The absorption peaks near pH 2.5 and 11.5 are typical of those observed for the proton‐transfer mechanism.Subject Classification: 80.20; 35.24.
Active Treatment of Frying Oil for Enhanced Fry‐life

Frying experiments were conducted simulating food service operation for 10 d, with and without active treatment of frying medium. Oil samples were analyzed for free fatty acids (FFA), color, food oil sensor (FOS) readings, chemiluminescence, and total polar compounds (TPC). Daily treatment of frying oil with adsorbent was found to extend the frying life of oil by reducing the accumulation of FFA, TPC, and AOCS ‘R’ color value by 72%, 30%, and 52%, respectively.
PARA-INFLUENZA 2 VIRUS INFECTIONS IN ADULT VOLUNTEERS.

Twenty-eight adult volunteers were inoculated intranasally with para influenza 2 virus and eight developed illnesses; twenty-eight volunteers were given flanks' saline and one became ill. The illnesses occurred in volunteers given between 2 × 104 and 2 × 106 TCD 50 of virus. The most prominent symptoms were sore throat, nasal stuffiness and coryza; four of the eight volunteers had sufficient coryza to be regarded as having mild colds. Although only eight volunteers had clinical evidence of infection, twenty-four had laboratory evidence of infection as judged by virus re-isolation or antibody response. Neutralization, haemagglutination-inhibition and complement-fixation tests on paired sera showed that sixteen individuals had a fourfold or greater antibody response by one or more tests including five of the eight volunteers who were ill. Twenty volunteers, including seven who were ill, had reciprocal neutralizing antibody titres of eight or more before inoculation of virus so it seems that the illnesses were due to re infection in the presence of antibody. Evidence is presented which suggests that although illnesses occurred in the presence of antibody they were due to the para influenza 2 virus and not some other agent in the inoculum. The results of these experiments seem to fulifi the third of Koch's postulates for para-influenza 2 virus as a cause of respiratory disease in adults.We wish to thank Dr P. A. J. Tyrreil for his advice during the course of this work and in the preparation of the manuscript. We also thank Dr K. V. Shah (The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A.) for help in some of the early experiments and Miss B. Ridgwell for valuable technical assistance.
Special Focus Highlighting Diversity of Work in This Field

This issue of Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis (MMA) features articles from the 2014 Microscopy and Microanalysis Annual Meeting, held August 3–7, 2014, in Hartford, CT. The authors were invited to submit expanded versions of their conference papers for full peer review and publication in MMA. As in the past, the guest editor for these papers was James Martinez of NASA Johnson Space Center, and I extend him the journal’s gratitude for his time and efforts. This year, to highlight the variety of work that is being explored in this field, authors from a diverse range of topics were invited to submit a manuscript. The materials discussed in these papers include nanoparticles, oxide coatings, and Ni–Ti alloys. Together, these papers illustrate the power of modern microscopy and microanalysis tools, and how they are being applied to not only improve existing materials, but to facilitate the development of new materials as well. The publication of papers from leading technical conferences promotes further dissemination of knowledge and expands the reach of the authors’ work. I hope that the publication of these papers in MMA will allow our readership to build upon the results presented therein and to develop new ideas and approaches for materials analysis. Ryan M. Deacon
The Virulence Plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium Is Self-Transmissible

Most isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium contain a 90-kb virulence plasmid. This plasmid is reported to be mobilizable but nonconjugative. However, we have determined that the virulence plasmid of strains LT2, 14028, and SR-11 is indeed self-transmissible. The plasmid of strain SL1344 is not. Optimal conjugation frequency requires filter matings on M9 minimal glucose plates with a recipient strain lacking the virulence plasmid. These conditions result in a frequency of 2.9 × 10−4 transconjugants/donor. Matings on Luria-Bertani plates, liquid matings, or matings with a recipient strain carrying the virulence plasmid reduce the efficiency by up to 400-fold. Homologs of the F plasmid conjugation genes are physically located on the virulence plasmid and are required for the conjugative phenotype.
REFORM IN THE RAIL AND ELECTRICITY SECTORS IN RUSSIA: RESTRUCTURING, COMPETITION AND THE MINISTRY FOR ANTIMONOPOLY POLICY

The Russian Federation is in the process of making major structural changes to its railway and electricity sectors. Both sectors will be at least partly vertically disintegrated, with the aim of creating competition in the “upstream” sector while maintaining state ownership and control of the monopoly “grid”. This paper examines the details of reform and restructuring in the context of the international experience with reform and restructuring in these two sectors, and considers the role of the Ministry for Antimonopoly Policy in reform, both in the past as an “advocate for competition” within the government, and in the future as the guarantor of non-discriminatory access to the grids by non-integrated upstream producers.
Uncovering the Determinants of Competitive State Government Wages

Given the importance of competitive public sector wage rates in the recruitment and retention of talented employees, this article seeks to shed light on the determinants of competitive state government wages. Using panel data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey, public—private wage gaps are estimated for all 50 states between 1987 and 2002, and an explanatory analysis of the determinants of state-level public—private wage gaps is performed. Results indicate that, on average, state government employees enjoy a wage premium across the years covered, but when separated by gender, female state employees are found to experience an average wage premium, whereas male state employees are found to experience an average wage penalty. Surprisingly, state fiscal capacity is found not to influence state public—private wage gaps, but in particular cases, state unemployment, citizen liberalism, and unionization are found to be positively.
Design, Synthesis, and Crystal Structure of Hydroxyethyl Secondary Amine-Based Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of Human β-Secretase†

The design and synthesis of a novel series of potent and cell permeable peptidomimetic inhibitors of the human β-secretase (BACE) are described. These inhibitors feature a hydroxyethyl secondary amine isostere and a novel aromatic ring replacement for the C-terminus. The crystal structure of BACE in complex with this hydroxyethyl secondary amine isostere inhibitor is also presented.
Impact of copper on the performance and sulfur tolerance of barium-based NOx storage-reduction catalysts

Abstract The presence of sulfur in automotive exhaust is known to be detrimental to lean-NO x traps as SO 2 is oxidized to SO 3 that competes with NO 2 for sites on the trap and is difficult to remove. In this study the effect of adding Cu to the prototypical Pt–BaO/γ-Al 2 O 3 formulation on the system's tolerance for sulfur was investigated. It was found that in the absence of sulfur, Cu decreases the performance in terms of both NO x storage capacity and reduction of NO x to N 2 during regeneration. In the presence of SO 2 , Cu provides a significant improvement in sulfur tolerance so that, after sulfur exposure, the storage capacity of the Cu-modified material can exceed that of the baseline material. The sulfur tolerance afforded by Cu is attributed to a moderation in the activity for SO 2 oxidation resulting from the formation of a Pt–Cu bimetallic phase. The propensity for NO oxidation is also modified, but to a lesser effect. Evidence for the bimetallic phase is provided by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and electron microscopy. The impact of SO 2 on the Cu-modified material is greater during the regenerative reduction cycle. In this case, the results suggest that sulfur blocks Pt and possibly Cu sites and that the sulfur is not removed by oxidation during the subsequent storage cycle. Hence, activity lost during the reduction cycle is not restored. In contrast, sulfur that blocks Pt sites on the baseline material during the reduction cycle is subsequently oxidized and desorbs from the Pt, restoring the activity. However, some of the resulting SO 3 reacts with the BaO to form BaSO 4 , and there is a partial loss of storage capacity.
GIFTS SM EDU data processing and algorithms

The geosynchronous imaging Fourier transform spectrometer (GIFTS) sensor module (SM) engineering demonstration unit (EDU) is a high resolution spectral imager designed to measure infrared (IR) radiances using a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS). The GIFTS instrument employs three focal plane arrays (FPAs), which gather measurements across the long-wave IR (LWIR), short/mid-wave IR (SMWIR), and visible spectral bands. The raw interferogram measurements are radiometrically and spectrally calibrated to produce radiance spectra, which are further processed to obtain atmospheric profiles via retrieval algorithms. This paper describes the processing algorithms involved in the calibration stage. The calibration procedures can be subdivided into three stages. In the pre-calibration stage, a phase correction algorithm is applied to the decimated and filtered complex interferogram. The resulting imaginary part of the spectrum contains only the noise component of the uncorrected spectrum. Additional random noise reduction can be accomplished by applying a spectral smoothing routine to the phase-corrected blackbody reference spectra. In the radiometric calibration stage, we first compute the spectral responsivity based on the previous results, from which, the calibrated ambient blackbody (ABB), hot blackbody (HBB), and scene spectra can be obtained. During the post-processing stage, we estimate the noise equivalent spectral radiance (NESR) from the calibrated ABB and HBB spectra. We then implement a correction scheme that compensates for the effect of fore-optics offsets. Finally, for off-axis pixels, the FPA off-axis effects correction is performed. To estimate the performance of the entire FPA, we developed an efficient method of generating pixel performance assessments. In addition, a random pixel selection scheme is designed based on the pixel performance evaluation.
A portable LIDAR system for rapid determination of forest canopy structure

Summary 1. The functional characteristics of forests are related to the organization of their canopies. However, understanding the relationship between canopy structure and function has been limited by a paucity of methods for determining structure at scales consistent with those of function measurements. 2. We describe here a portable system, assembled from commercially available components, for acquiring measurements of distances to overhead plant surfaces. These measurements can be aggregated to assess canopy structure rapidly at scales of ecological interest. Deployed from the forest floor, the system includes a narrow-beam rapidly pulsed first-return laser rangefinder coupled with a data recording system. 3. Tests in an age sequence of broad-leaved closed-canopy forests showed that the system provides results significantly more rapidly than previous methods, at spatial scales as small as 1 m in all dimensions. The estimated mean vertical canopy structure is consistent with that found from more laborious, manual approaches, such as the foliage height profile method. The system has some biases due to beam width and range averaging but, from a variety of tests, we found these have relatively little effect on the structure estimates. 4. Various field sampling schemes and methods of aggregating the measurements yield a variety of representations of structure, including mean profiles, tomographic sections, three-dimensional distributions of canopy surface density and maximum height surfaces. Derivable summary measures include canopy cover and area index, porosity, the size distribution of overhead openings and indices of structural complexity. Moreover, the approach can provide estimates of spatial variability and covariance not previously obtainable. 5. Synthesis and applications. Portable light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems, such as the one we describe here, provide a new tool for rapid measurement of small-scale forest structure. These can contribute efficiently and relatively inexpensively to canopy research and forestry programmes, covering a range of ecological and production needs.
Economic evaluation of riparian buffers in an agricultural watershed

ABSTRACT: This study determines the most cost effective spatial pattern of farming systems for improving water quality and evaluates the economic value of riparian buffers in reducing agricultural nonpoint source pollution in a Midwestern agricultural watershed. Economic and water quality impacts of alternative farming systems are evaluated using the CARE and SWAT models, respectively. The water quality benefits of riparian buffers are estimated by combining experimental data and simulated water quality impacts of fanning systems obtained using SWAT. The net economic value of riparian buffers in improving water quality is estimated by total watershed net return with riparian buffers minus total watershed net return without riparian buffers minus the opportunity cost of riparian buffers. Exclusive of maintenance cost, the net economic value of riparian buffers in reducing atrazine concentration from 45 to 24 ppb is $612,117 and the savings in government cost is $631,710. Results strongly support efforts that encourage farmers to develop or maintain riparian buffers adjacent to streams.
Discriminative characteristics of high and low cocaine administration: effect of other psychostimulants.

Two groups of N/Nih male rats were trained to discriminate saline vehicle from either 2.0 mg/kg ( n = 10) or 10.0 mg/kg ( n = 10) cocaine in a food-motivated, two-lever operant paradigm. The rats trained at the low-dose cocaine took a significantly longer training period to reach criterion performance than did the high-dose cocaine group. In addition, the ED50 value for the 2.0 mg/kg cocaine-trained animals (0.465 mg/kg) was significantly lower than the ED50 value (2.105 mg/kg) for those animals trained at the 10.0 mg/kg dose of cocaine. This co-relationship of ED50 values for stimulus generalization decreasing with reduction in training dose was in contrast to the time-course of the two groups when tested from 15 to 240 min post-injection; this experimentation indicated that there was a non-significant difference in half-life for the 2.0 mg/kg (t1/2: 97.1 min) vs. that of the 10.0 mg/kg cocaine-trained group (t1/2: 83.4 min). Generalization tests with other purportedly dopaminergically-active drugs of abuse including 0.05–0.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine, 0.125–1.5 mg/kg methamphetamine and 0.125–1.0 mg/kg methcathinone indicated that the highest doses of each produced generalization and, with the exception of methcathinone, the ED50 values were significantly lower in the low-cocaine trained group. The stimulus properties of cocaine, as they generalize to amphetamine, methampetamine and methcathinone, can be explained by effects upon central dopaminergic neurons and may be qualitatively different in low- and high-dose trained rats.
Nanofluidic Devices for Rapid Analysis of DNA and Proteins

A new class of nanofluidic filter array devices were designed and fabricated to perform rapid separation (both analytical and preparative) of DNA and proteins covering very broad biological size scales. By virtue of its separation efficiency, gel-free operation, ease of sample recovery and high throughput, these nanofluidic filter array devices hold great promise for an integrated biomolecule sample preparation and analysis system.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The impact of burning on lion Panthera leo habitat choice in an African savanna

Carnivores play a central role in ecosystem processes by exerting top-down control, while fire exerts bottom-up con- trol in ecosystems throughout the world, yet, little is known about how fire affects short-term carnivore distributions across the landscape. Through the use of a long-term data set we investigated the distribution of lions, during the daytime, in relation to burned areas in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. We found that lions avoid burned areas despite the fact that herbivores, their prey, are attracted to burned areas. Prey attraction, however, likely results from the reduction in cover caused by burning, that may thereby decrease lion hunting success. Lions also do not preferentially utilize the edges of burned areas over unburned areas de- spite the possibility that edges would combine the benefit of cover with proximity to abundant prey. Despite the fact that lions avoid burned areas, lion territory size and reproductive success were not affected by the proportion of the territory burned each year. Therefore, burning does not seem to reduce lion fitness perhaps because of the heterogeneity of burned areas across the landscape or because it is possible that when hunting at night lions visit burned areas despite their daytime avoidance of these ar- eas (Current Zoology 58 (3): 335-339, 2013).
Electrically tunable selective reflection of light by heliconical cholesteric structures (Presentation Recording)

Cholesteric liquid crystals with helicoidal molecular architecture are known for their ability to selectively reflect light with the wavelength that is determined by the periodicity of molecular orientations. Resulting interference colors are highly saturated, they add like colored lights and produce a color gamut greater than that obtained with inks, dyes, and pigments. The periodicity of the helical structure and thus the wavelength of the reflected light can be controlled by chemical composition and sometimes by temperature, but tuning with the electric field has been so far elusive. Here we demonstrate that by using a cholesteric with oblique helicoidal (heliconical) structure, as opposed to the classic “right-angle” helicoid, one can vary the wavelength of selectively reflected light in a broad spectral range, by simply adjusting the electric field applied parallel to the helicoidal axis. The effect can enable many applications that require dynamically controlled transmission and reflection of light, from energy-saving smart windows to tunable organic lasers, and transparent “see-through” displays. Since the material is non-absorbing and transparent everywhere except the electrically preselected reflection band, the effect can be used in creating multilayered structures with a dynamic additive mixture of colors.
Additive effects of human recombinant interleukin-11 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in experimental gram-negative sepsis.

Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) is widely used to promote granulocyte recovery from a variety of pathologic states. Recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) has recently become available clinically as a platelet restorative agent after myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Preclinical data has shown that rhIL-11 limits mucosal injury after chemotherapy and attenuates the proinflammatory cytokine response. The potential efficacy of combination therapy with recombinant human forms of rhIL-11 and rhG-CSF was studied in a neutropenic rat model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis. At the onset of neutropenia, animals were randomly assigned to receive either rhG-CSF at a dose of 200 μg/kg subcutaneously every 24 hours for 7 days; rhIL-11 at 200 μg/kg subcutaneously every 24 hours for 7 days; the combination of both rhG-CSF and rhIL-11; or saline control. Animals were orally colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12.4.4 and then given a myelosuppressive dose of cyclophosphamide. rhG-CSF resulted in a slight increase in absolute neutrophil counts (ANC), but did not provide a survival advantage (0 of 12, 0% survival) compared with the placebo group (1 of 12 , 8% survival). rhIL-11 was partially protective (4 of 10, 40% survival); the combination of rhG-CSF and rhIL-11 resulted in a survival rate of 80% (16 of 20; P
The Holy See and the UDHR: Towards a Legal Anthropology of Human Rights and the Family

Alfonso Cardinal Lopez Trujillo, President of the Pontifical Council on the Family (“Pontifical Council”), speaks directly to the legal community with an important and timely message. In his article, "The Nature of Marriage and Its Various Aspects," Cardinal Trujillo calls for the development of an anthropology on sexuality, marriage, and the family based on natural law, which would include an analysis regarding the nature of the family, its link to the human person, and the proper role of the state. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the Holy See’s perspective on the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) with the aspiration of promoting further study and development of an authentic perspective of international human rights and the family. While looking at human rights through an anthropological lens, the article will explore how the UDHR remains an important touchstone for international dialogue.
Up From the Ashes: Age and Gender Effects on Post-Traumatic Growth in Bereavement

Researchers and clinicians are increasingly exploring the predictors and moderators of posttraumatic growth. To date, however, no studies have fully examined the interactive effects of age and gender in grief and post-traumatic growth. To that end, we examined the moderating effects of age and gender on the relations between grief and post-traumatic growth. A total of 414 adults, ages 18 to 66 years, who were bereaved for 2 years or less, completed a battery of self-report questionnaires. Results of a Gender (2) by Age (4) analysis of variance test showed few differences, overall. Small, significant gender differences were detected for current grief, with women expressing more grief than men. A main effect of age was also observed for grief, with emerging adults reporting less grief than middle-aged adults. A series of moderation models were conducted whereby the effects of gender and age on the relation between grief and post-traumatic growth were examined. Results showed small but significant moderation...
Basic Principles of Interviewing the Child Eyewitness

Based on extensive developmental science research, we discuss the general findings and themes for forensic interviewers to keep in mind when interviewing children about sexual abuse. Our review is divided into three separate sections: the interviewee (i.e., the child eyewitness), the interviewer, and the interview. In the interviewee section, we provide information on both general characteristics (child age, gender) as well as specific individual differences (psychopathology, maltreatment histories) that have been theoretically linked and empirically shown to influence children’s memory abilities and reporting. Next, in the interviewer section, we discuss such topics as rapport building and interviewer bias. We conclude with a discussion of factors within the interview that may influence a child’s report, such as interview instructions, question type, and use of interview props. It should be noted that the information provided in this chapter is not all inclusive of every factor that has been identified to influence children’s memories and eyewitness accounts for traumatic events. Rather this brief review covers some of the main areas of consensus from, and a number of caveats about, the child eyewitness field. We end with a brief list of factors that forensic interviewers might want to consider prior to interviewing a child about sexual abuse.
Survey of Educational Goals, Barriers, and Program Interests of Second-Year MLT-AD Students

Articulation between MLT and MT programs is a supported concept; however, viable mechanisms for its accomplishment are lacking. This survey inventoried MLT-AD students to determine interest in advancement to MT and to identify perceived barriers to advancement and MT program characteristics of interest. Questionnaires were sent to 224 MLT-AD programs in the United States, with 47% or a total of 764 students responding. Fifty-seven percent of the students desired to pursue BS degrees—45% in MT and 42% in other fields, primarily biology and chemistry. The most frequently selected barriers to pursuing the MT degree were personal finances, time limits, and tuition costs. College credit for MLT coursework and work experience were the most desirable program characteristics. MT programs should consider this information when revising curriculum. Offering viable options to aid in the articulation between MLT and MT programs will increase applicant pools, decrease attrition rates, and lend support to the career “ladder” concept in clinical laboratory sciences.
Subjective cognitive complaints and objective memory performance influence prompt preference for instrumental activities of daily living.

Introduction Declines in memory and executive functioning often lead to difficulties completing instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Prompting technologies have the potential to help promote aging in place by providing support for the initiation and accurate completion of IADLs. In this study, we evaluate preferences of older adults for different levels of prompting support based on subjective and objective measures of cognitive functioning. Method Participants were 170 community-dwelling older adults split into two cognitive complaint groups: cognitive complaints and few cognitive complaints. After completing six IADL tasks (e.g., organize a pillbox, cook), each participant was asked to make a specific error (e.g., leave stove on) on three of the tasks. They were then prompted to correct the error with one of three different prompt modes: verbal indirect, verbal direct, multimodal verbal direct and video. Results The cognitive complaints group reported greater preference for the multimodal prompt compared to the few cognitive complaints group. The indirect prompt was the least preferred by both groups. Furthermore, participants who recalled less on objective memory measures preferred more support in terms of prompt mode. Executive functioning did not appear to be related to prompt preference. Conclusion Level of subjective cognitive complaints and objective memory performance may influence amount of support preferred in a prompt.
Suction Break During Raster Pattern and Before Side Cut

In a large study by Haft et al. of 4,772 eyes, only 3 (0.06 %) eyes had incomplete flaps due to suction loss [1]. By far the most common type of suction loss during femtosecond flap creation occurs during the raster pattern, either early (Fig. 29.1) or late but before the side cut is initiated. When suction loss occurs during a mechanical microkeratome LASIK procedure, the procedure should be terminated if the instrument actually started to cut the flap. Attempting to perform a recutting of the flap is not advisable since the same plane of dissection will not be attained.
Chapter 6 – Designing an image-based biology test

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the use of still photographic images as the basis of biology test items for biology students. When used in common with other students in the course, life science photographs can serve as a shared workspace for thinking about biological questions and issues, and provide the imagery necessary to anchor relevant concepts, principles, and theory in long-term memory, and serve as a primary, complementary, or redundant communication channel for biology learning. The most important concepts, constructs, propositions, and theories to be assessed by a biology test should be probed by both an exclusively verbal test item. When color is important to the interpretation of an image of an object or event, a color image should be used. Some organisms such as birds and stained bacteria are more easily identifiable and distinguishable when presented in color. If instructors are to incorporate photographic images into their testing programs, they have to make a conscious effort to become better observers themselves.
HBCUs as relics or reminders race remains relevant in a ‘Post-Racial’ society? Exploring and expanding the role of memory in public relations:

In this article, the authors broaden the scope of the communication, public relations, and memory research by both critically analyzing the post-racial society collective memory narrative and postu...
Boosting access parallelism to PCM-based main memory

Despite its promise as a DRAM main memory replacement, Phase Change Memory (PCM) has high write latencies which can be a serious detriment to its widespread adoption. Apart from slowing down a write request, the consequent high latency can also keep other chips of the same rank, that are not involved in this write, idle for long times. There are several practical considerations that make it difficult to allow subsequent reads and/or writes to be served concurrently from the same chips during the long latency write. This paper proposes and evaluates several novel mechanisms -- re-constructing data from error correction bits instead of waiting for chips currently busy to serve a read, rotating word mappings across chips of a PCM rank, and rotating the mapping of error detection/correction bits across these chips -- to overlap several reads with an ongoing write (RoW) and even a write with an ongoing write (WoW). The paper also presents the necessary micro-architectural enhancements nee-ded to implement these mechanisms, without significantly changing the current interfaces. The resulting PCM access parallelism (PCMap) system incorporating these enhancements, boosts the intra-rank-level parallelism during such writes from a very low baseline value of 2.4 to an average and maximum values of 4.5 and 7.4, respectively (out of a maximum of 8.0), across a wide spectrum of both multiprogrammed and multithreaded workloads. This boost in parallelism results in an average IPC improvement of 15.6% and 16.7% for the multi-progra-mmed and multi-threaded workloads, respectively.
Colorimetric Effect of Gold Nanocup Arrays on Fluorescence Amplification

Without changing underlying plasmonic substrate designs, tunable fluorescence enhancement is achieved by varying surrounding fluidic refractive indices on a colorimetric plasmonic substrate of periodic Au nanocup arrays. When comparing the emission characteristics of two fluorophores on the plasmonic surface, HEX with green emission and TEX with red emission, tuning the plasmonic resonance wavelength matched with the emission band of fluorophores is verified as a key factor for the largest fluorescence amplification. Even though the plasmonic nanocup array substrate is already capable of enhancing fluorescence emission compared to that on the Au film, further enhancement by 6.93-fold for HEX at 1.36 refractive index unit (RIU) and 7.12-fold for TEX at 1.45 RIU, both from 1 RIU, is accomplished on the same nanoplasmonic device. The numerical calculations of the quantum efficiency and the radiative decay rate show the same response with the experimental fluorescence emission variations under fluidic refract...
Cytostatic Agents—Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Utilized in the Treatment of Solid Malignancies

Abstract The Side Effects of Drugs Annuals is a series of volumes in which the adverse effects of drugs and adverse reactions to them are surveyed. The series supplements the contents of Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions . This review of the literature published in 2015 encompasses discussion on cytostatic agents, specifically the tyrosine kinase inhibitors utilized in the treatment of solid malignancies including inhibitors of the vascular endothelial pathway, epidermal growth factor pathway, anaplastic lymphoma kinase pathway, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
The Impact of Michigan’s Partial Repeal of the Universal Motorcycle Helmet Law on Helmet Use, Fatalities, and Head Injuries

Objectives. To evaluate the impact of the partial repeal of Michigan’s universal motorcycle helmet law on helmet use, fatalities, and head injuries.Methods. We compared helmet use rates and motorcycle crash fatality risk for the 12 months before and after the April 13, 2012, repeal with a statewide police-reported crash data set. We linked police-reported crashes to injured riders in a statewide trauma registry. We compared head injury before and after the repeal. Regression examined the effect of helmet use on fatality and head injury risk.Results. Helmet use decreased in crash (93.2% vs 70.8%; P < .001) and trauma data (91.1% vs 66.2%; P < .001) after the repeal. Although fatalities did not change overall (3.3% vs 3.2%; P = .87), head injuries (43.4% vs 49.6%; P < .05) and neurosurgical intervention increased (3.7% vs 6.5%; P < .05). Male gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.65), helmet nonuse (AOR = 1.84), alcohol intoxication (AOR = 11.31), intersection crashes (AOR = 1.62), and crashes at higher spe...
Control for tractor-semitrailer vehicle systems: a Lyapunov minimax approach

The problem of automated steering and independent braking control for a tractor-semitrailer vehicle system is addressed. The control is designed by combining the input/output linearization and Lyapunov minimax approach. The proposed design achieves, despite of the presence uncertainty, lane following and prevents the jack-knifing phenomenon of trailer yaw motion.
Assessment of environmental policy implementation in solid waste management in Kathmandu, Nepal:

In Nepal, full-fledged environmental legislation was rare before the democratic constitution of 1990. The first law covering the environment and sustainability was the Environment Protection Act 1997. While the Solid Waste Act was introduced in 1987, the problem of solid waste management still surfaces in Kathmandu. In order to understand the bedrock of this unrelenting failure in solid waste management, the manuscript digs deeper into policy implementation by dissecting solid waste rules, environmental legislations, relevant local laws, and solid waste management practices in Kathmandu, Nepal. A very rich field study that included surveys, interviews, site visits, and literature review provided the basis for the article. The study shows that volumes of new Nepalese rules are crafted without effective enforcement of their predecessors and there is a frequent power struggle between local government bodies and central authority in implementing the codes and allocating resources in solid waste management. The study concludes that Kathmandu does not require any new instrument to address solid waste problems; instead, it needs creation of local resources, execution of local codes, and commitment from central government to allow free exercise of these policies.
Nanomaterials and Phase Contrast Imaging Agents

The leverage obtained by synthesizing smaller structures that possess different properties at the nanoscale and their ability to be harnessed to regulate their self-assembly into larger structures is presenting new opportunities to create enhancements in healthcare. If smaller particles can be conveyed across cell membranes, the blood–brain barrier, and the glomerular capsule linked with vascular clearance, there are keen opportunities to consider nanomaterials of wide range and scope as potential diagnostic imaging phase contrast fluids with increasing fidelity and resolution.
Is Bob Sending Mixed Signals

Demand for end-to-end secure messaging has been growing rapidly and companies have responded by releasing applications that implement end-to-end secure messaging protocols. Signal and protocols based on Signal dominate the secure messaging applications. In this work we analyze conversational security properties provided by the Signal Android application against a variety of real world adversaries. We identify vulnerabilities that allow the Signal server to learn the contents of attachments, undetectably re-order and drop messages, and add and drop participants from group conversations. We then perform proof-of-concept attacks against the application to demonstrate the practicality of these vulnerabilities, and suggest mitigations that can detect our attacks. The main conclusion of our work is that we need to consider more than confidentiality and integrity of messages when designing future protocols. We also stress that protocols must protect against compromised servers and at a minimum implement a trust but verify model.
Human Sensory-Motor Adaptation to the Terrestrial Force Environment

Great emphasis has been placed in recent years on the importance of visual and vestibular contributions to the control and appreciation of posture. The emphasis on vision has come largely through Gibson’s seminal observations of the richness of the ambient optical array in providing information related to body orientation and movement (14,15,16) and through the studies of Dichgans and Brandt and their colleagues on the visual induction of apparent self-motion in stationary observers (10). The contribution of the vestibular system to spatial orientation has been generally recognized since Mach’s early observations implicating the semicircular canals in the detection of angular acceleration and the otolith organs in the reception of linear acceleration (58,59) and the systematic studies of Magnus (60,61) Graybiel (20,21,22,23,24) and others.
Prediction of cardiac death after adenosine myocardial perfusion SPECT based on machine learning

We developed machine-learning (ML) models to estimate a patient’s risk of cardiac death based on adenosine myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) and associated clinical data, and compared their performance to baseline logistic regression (LR). We demonstrated an approach to visually convey the reasoning behind a patient’s risk to provide insight to clinicians beyond that of a “black box.” We trained multiple models using 122 potential clinical predictors (features) for 8321 patients, including 551 cases of subsequent cardiac death. Accuracy was measured by area under the ROC curve (AUC), computed within a cross-validation framework. We developed a method to display the model’s rationale to facilitate clinical interpretation. The baseline LR (AUC = 0.76; 14 features) was outperformed by all other methods. A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) model (AUC = 0.77; p = .045; 6 features) required the fewest features. A support vector machine (SVM) model (AUC = 0.83; p < .0001; 49 features) provided the highest accuracy. LASSO outperformed LR in both accuracy and simplicity (number of features), with SVM yielding best AUC for prediction of cardiac death in patients undergoing MPS. Combined with presenting the reasoning behind the risk scores, our results suggest that ML can be more effective than LR for this application.
5α-dihydroprogesterone concentrations and synthesis in non-pregnant mares.

In vivo and in vitro evidence indicates that the bioactive, 5α-reduced progesterone metabolite, 5α-dihydroprogesterone (DHP) is synthesized in the placenta, supporting equine pregnancy, but its appearance in early pregnancy argues for other sites of synthesis also. It remains unknown if DHP circulates at relevant concentrations in cyclic mares and, if so, does synthesis involve the non-pregnant uterus? Jugular blood was drawn daily from cyclic mares (n = 5). Additionally, ovariectomized mares (OVX) and geldings were administered progesterone (300 mg) intramuscularly. Blood was drawn before and after treatment. Incubations of whole equine blood and hepatic microsomes with progesterone were also investigated for evidence of DHP synthesis. Sample analysis for progesterone, DHP and other steroids employed validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods. Progesterone and DHP appeared a day (d) after ovulation in cyclic mares, was increased significantly by d3, peaking from d5 to 10 and decreased from d13 to 17. DHP was 55.5 ± 3.2% of progesterone concentrations throughout the cycle and was highly correlated with it. DHP was detected immediately after progesterone administration to OVX mares and geldings, maintaining a relatively constant ratio with progesterone (47.2 ± 2.9 and 51.2 ± 2.7%, respectively). DHP was barely detectable in whole blood and hepatic microsome incubations. We conclude that DHP is a physiologically relevant progestogen in cyclic, non-pregnant mares, likely stimulating the uterus, and that it is synthesized peripherally from luteal progesterone but not in the liver or blood. The presence of DHP in pregnant perissodactyla as well as proboscidean species suggests horses may be a valuable model for reproductive endocrinology in other exotic taxa.
Performance of Airships

Inte of the widespread interest in airships, actual experience in their construction and operation is accessible only to a rather limited number of engineers, so that it is not surprising that scientific literature regarding the aerodynamic performance characteristics of airships is scanty and mostly scattered through disconnected monographs, cumbersome to collect and not readily available to the student. It was therefore felt that the General Editor’s desire to include a comprehensive survey of this knowledge in the present series of volumes is eagerly shared by all aeronautical students interested in lighter-than-air craft. The present authors accepted the invitation to contribute to this work with a full realization that they can do only partial justice to the presentation of such a vast and intricate subject.
Controlled DNA delivery systems.

Purpose. Genes are of increasing interest as pharmaceuticals, but current methods for long-term gene delivery are inadequate. Controlled release systems using biocompatible and/or biodegradable polymers offer many advantages over conventional gene delivery approaches. We have characterized systems for controlled delivery of DNA from implantable polymer matrices (EVAc: poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)) and injectable microspheres (PLGA and PLA: poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer and poly (L-lactide), respectively).
ATP and the Heart: An Overview

Figure 1.1 is a cartoon summarizing the story of ATP and the Heart. On the right are the primary ATP utilizing reactions: myosin ATPase in the myofibril, the Ca2+-ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the Nat, K+-ATPase in the sarcolemma. These ATPase reactions hydrolyze ATP: $$ ATP \to ADP + Pi $$ where ADP is adenosine diphosphate and Pi is inorganic phosphate. Also shown is a growing polypeptide chain representing the requirement of GTP for protein (and nucleic acid) synthesis. On the left, the primary ATP synthesizing pathways are shown: oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria and the glycolytic pathway.
Transgenic phytoremediation blasts onto the scene.

The EPA National Priority List contains 22 ammunition production and processing sites that are laden with explosive and propellant wastes. With levels of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) contamination as high as 200 g/kg of solids, some of these sites are literally on the verge of exploding. They also present serious exposure risks to humans and wildlife, as many of these contaminants are also strong toxins and mutagens. In this issue, French et al. describe a new option for cleaning up this dangerous mixture: the use of transgenic plants. They engineered plants to express a bacterial enzyme that can completely denitrify TNT and trinitroglycerin (GTN) into harmless compounds.
Why People Stay: Helping Your Employees Feel Seen, Safe, and Valued

Why People Stay is the result of a doctoral study that revealed participants’ sense of commitment (to the organization, to the team, to the mission, or to something else). This was in spite of numerous experiences of antisocial workplace behavior, or AWB, reported by each participant. The incidents reported included perceptions of disrespect and subtle discourtesy, appropriation of credit for work not performed, deliberate poor work performance, racial harassment, abusive language, abusive supervision, bullying and threats of violence, to other demeaning behaviors. Over 70 unique instances were reported, in all, by just 11 participants over the course of some 30 hours of interviews. Yet they all stayed in their workplace. Why? And what does this choice suggest about employee engagement, in toxic workplaces or work groups? This book explores these questions, and more, and sounds an alarm to executives and culture monitors that the root cause of your human capital losses is that your people do not feel seen, safe, and valued and you can change that. It looks at organizational commitment and organizational engagement in an environment where it can be difficult to remain authentically committed in the presence of AWB. The participants in this study were queried as to just why they stayed under such conditions. The aim of this book is to share their surprising results. This positive book about negative experiences is essential reading for executives, HR and organizational development professionals, as well as students at both postgraduate and undergraduate levels.
Banked EBV-specific T-cells from HLA-partially matched normal donors to induce durable remissions of rituximab refractory EBV+ B-cell lymphomas post hematopoietic and organ allografts.

10016 Background: EBV+ B-cell lymphomas (EBV+ BCL) are life threatening after allogeneic hematopoietic (HCT) or organ (SOT) transplant. In Phase II trials, we are testing the safety and activity of...