cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cationic polymerization of p‐substituted α‐methylstyrenes, 2. Crystalline polymers from p‐methyl‐ and p‐isopropyl‐α‐methylstyrene

Under identical conditions of cationic polymerization at low temperature 2-(p-tolyl)-1-propene (α,p-dimethylstyrene) gave polymers with much higher syndiotactic contents than unsubstituted α-methylstyrene. All samples of poly(α,p-dimethylstyrene) were crystalline, but poly(α-methylstyrene) did not crystallize even at high degrees of stereoregularity. Similarly polymers of p-isopropyl-α-methylstyrene were crystalline, and the crystalline properties of copolymers of the three monomers were investigated and compared to those of the homopolymers. The roles of stereoregularity and crystallizability in forming crystalline products were considered. Unter identischen Bedingungen der kationischen Polymerisation bei tiefer Temperature lieferte 2-(p-Tolyl)-1-propen (α,p-Dimethylstyrol) Polymere mit hoherem syndiotaktischem Gehalt als das unsubstituierte α-Methylstyrol. Samtliche Proben von Poly(α,p-dimethylstyrol) erwiesen sich als kristallin im Gegensatz zum Poly(α-methylstyrol), das selbst bei hoher Stereoregularitat nicht kristallisierte. Ahnlich erwiesen sich Polymere des p-Isopropyl-α-methylstyrols als kristallin. Die kristallinen Eigenschaften von Copolymeren der drei Monomere wurden untersucht und mit denen der Homopolymere verglichen. Die Rolle der Stereoregularitat und der Kristallisierbarkeit bei der Bildung kristalliner Produkte wurde in Betracht gezogen.
Comorbidity, Chemotherapy Toxicity, and Outcomes Among Older Women Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer on a Clinical Trial: CALGB 49907 and CALGB 361004 (Alliance)

Comorbidity was associated with shorter overall survival but not toxicity or relapse among older women with breast cancer with good functional status.
Replacement of a Phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent Phosphotransferase by a Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-linked Dehydrogenase for the Utilization of Mannitol

Mannitol is dissimilated by Aerobacter aerogenes via an inducible pathway initiated by a phosphotransferase system dependent upon phosphoenolpyruvate as the phosphoryl donor. A mutational block in this pathway can be suppressed either at the phenotypic level by induction of d-arabitol dehydrogenase, an enzyme fortuitously capable of converting mannitol to fructose, or genotypically by a constitutive mutation in the d-arabitol system.
Transportation Asset Management in For-Credit Higher Education Course Offerings

Transportation asset management is a systematic process of operating, maintaining, and upgrading transportation facilities cost-effectively. It combines engineering and mathematical analyses with business practice and economic theory. Asset management systems are goal driven and include components for data collection, strategy evaluation, program selection, and feedback. The asset management model explicitly addresses integration of decisions made across all program areas. The purpose is simple: to maximize the benefits of a transportation program to its customers and users, on the basis of well-defined goals within available resources. This concept is emerging prominently in several state and local transportation agencies. In 2005 a study was commissioned by the Michigan Asset Management Council and the FHWA to develop a thorough catalog of existing training opportunities in the field of transportation asset management. Part of that effort included an analysis of university-based courses or programs refl...
The Health Status of Young Adults in the United States

The health issues of young adulthood have received relatively little attention compared with those of adolescence, although the critical issues in young adulthood parallel those of adolescence. Young adults often fare worse than adolescents on health indicators, with many measures of negative outcomes--including rates of injury, homicide, and substance use--peaking during the young adult years. The contextual factors shaping health status and access to care in young adulthood differ significantly from the context of adolescence. This article synthesizes national data to present a health profile of young adults, reviewing social indicators that describe the context of young adulthood and presenting measures of health status. We examine mortality, morbidity, risky behaviors, and health care access and utilization, identifying the most significant gender and racial/ethnic disparities. The article also identifies limitations of existing data and offers suggestions for future research and health monitoring in this area. We conclude with a discussion of current efforts to address the health and well-being of young adults and argue for creating a national health agenda for young adults that includes research, programs and policies to address health issues during this period of the lifespan.
Coping with uncertainty in a control system for navigation and exploration

A significant problem in designing mobile robot control systems involves coping with the uncertainty that arises in moving about in an unknown or partially unknown environment and relying on noisy or ambiguous sensor data to acquire knowledge about that environment. We describe a control system that chooses what activity to engage in next on the basis of expectations about how the information returned as a result of a given activity will improve its knowledge about the spatial layout of its environment. Certain of the higher-level components of the control system are specified in terms of probabilistic decision models whose output is used to mediate the behavior of lower-level control components responsible for movement and sensing. The control system is capable of directing the behavior of the robot in the exploration and mapping of its environment, while attending to the real-time requirements of navigation and obstacle avoidance.
Diagnostic quality driven physiological data collection for personal healthcare

We believe that each individual is unique, and that it is necessary for diagnosis purpose to have a distinctive combination of signals and data features that fits the personal health status. It is essential to develop mechanisms for reducing the amount of data that needs to be transferred (to mitigate the troublesome periodically recharging of a device) while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. Thus, the system should not uniformly compress the collected physiological data, but compress data in a personalized fashion that preserves the “important” signal features for each individual such that it is enough to make the diagnosis with a required high confidence level. We present a diagnostic quality driven mechanism for remote ECG monitoring, which enables a notation of priorities encoded into the wave segments. The priority is specified by the diagnosis engine or medical experts and is dynamic and individual dependent. The system pre-processes the collected physiological information according to the assigned priority before delivering to the backend server. We demonstrate that the proposed approach provides accurate inference results while effectively compressing the data.
TORC1 and class I HDAC inhibitors synergize to suppress mature B cell neoplasms

Enhanced proliferative signaling and loss of cell cycle regulation are essential for cancer progression. Increased mitogenic signaling through activation of the mTOR pathway, coupled with deregulation of the Cyclin D/retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway is a common feature of lymphoid malignancies, including plasmacytoma (PCT), multiple myeloma (MM), Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Here we evaluate the synergy of pharmacologically affecting both of these critical pathways using the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus and the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat. A dose-matrix screening approach found this combination to be highly active and synergistic in a panel of genetically diverse human MM cell lines. Synergy and activity was observed in mouse PCT and human BL and MCL cell lines tested in vitro, as well as in freshly isolated primary MM patient samples tested ex vivo. This combination had minimal effects on healthy donor cells and retained activity when tested in a co-culture system simulating the protective interaction of cancer cells with the tumor microenvironment. Combining sirolimus with entinostat enhanced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. At the molecular level, entinostat increased the expression of cell cycle negative regulators including CDKN1A (p21) and CDKN2A (p16), while the combination decreased critical growth and survival effectors including Cyclin D, BCL-XL, BIRC5, and activated MAPK.
Mycterus youngi Pollock (Coleoptera: Mycteridae), a New Species from the Great Lakes Region, with a Revised Key to Species of North America

ABSTRACT Mycterus youngi Pollock, new species, is described (type locality: Griffith State Nursery, Wood County, Wisconsin) based on three male and six female specimens. This species appears closely related to Mycterus marmoratus Pollock (Highlands County, Florida), but differs in details of elytral vestiture and pronotal shape. A revised partial key to the North American species of Mycterus Clairville is provided, supplemented with images of habitus and anatomical features of the new species and M. marmoratus.
Precision of the CASL-perfusion MRI technique for the measurement of cerebral blood flow in whole brain and vascular territories.

Purpose To analyze the precision of cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements made with continuous arterial spin labeling(CASL) perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over experimentally relevant intervals. Materials and Methods CASL perfusion MRI measurements of CBF on a 1.5-T GE Signa magnet were repeated in young healthy male and female subjects at one hour and one week. Precision of the measurement was evaluated at both time intervals. Results CASL perfusion MRI measurements of CBF yielded within-subject coefficients of variation (wsCV) of 5.8% for global and 13% for individual vascular regions when measurements were repeated within one hour. Differences in these values represent the error in post-processing. Global and regional CBF measurements over one week yielded wsCVs of 13% and 14%, respectively. At one week, error secondary to physiologic variability affected global and regional measurements to the same degree and masked the software post-processing error seen at one hour. The magnitude of the difference in repeated measures correlated with the magnitude of the measurement. Conclusion CASL perfusion MRI CBF measurements are accurate and precise. Variability over longer periods of time appears attributable to physiologic factors. Repeatability of the CASL measurement is sensitive to the magnitude of the measurement. This should be taken into account when studies requiring repeated measures involve subjects with significant variability in CBF. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:649–655. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
K-12 teachers encounter digital games: a qualitative investigation of teachers' perceptions of the potential of digital games for K-12 education

The purpose of this study is to investigate teachers’ perceptions of the integration of digital games for K-12 education. Specifically, this qualitative investigation focuses on reflective dialogued gathered from a group of K-12 educators about their experiences and perceptions of learning about and playing digital games for teaching and learning. Reflections consist of teachers' experiences as game players with both commercial and educational games and their perceptions about the potential value of using digital games for learning. The goal of this research is to investigate teachers' perceptions and insight into the potential of digital games for teaching and learning to gain insight into methods for integrating digital games in K12 education.
The Effects of Cadmium and Iron on Catalase Activities in Tubifex

The effects of 1 μ/M Cd(II), alone and in combination with several concentrations of Fe(II), were investigated in Tubifex tubifex (a fresh water worm) by the determination of catalase activities in...
Characterization of the purity and stability of commercially available dichlorotriazine chromophores used in nonlinear optical materials

Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials consisting of organic chromophores have unique optical properties due to the polar molecular structure and noncentrosymmetric ordering of the chromophores. Chromophores with dichlorotriazine moieties can be incorporated with a consistent polar ordering into layer-by-layer films via covalent reaction with a nucleophilic polymeric species. While the manufacture of optical materials traditionally requires highly pure reagents, commercially available azo dyes originally manufactured for textile industry use are usually impure. The purities of three commercially available chromophores, Reactive Red 2, Reactive Orange 4, and Reactive Brown 23, that are being used in NLO materials research were determined by HPLC and found to be highly variable. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of collected HPLC peaks was used to confirm the identity of the chromophores and impurities that resulted from basic hydrolysis. Additionally, since noncentrosymmetric deposition of these chromophores into NLO films occurs at basic pH and hydrolyzed chromophores are not reactive, the stability of the chromophores at pH 10.5 was determined. Base hydrolysis experiments also revealed whether other impurities in the dyes were reactive. Because the layer-by-layer method of making NLO films relies on covalent reaction, the presence of non-reactive impurities may not be a critical issue. However, reactive impurities can take up space and inhibit incorporation of the primary chromophore in the film, and if their dipole moment orientation is different, they may cancel out the molecular ordering of the primary chromophore and further decrease NLO performance.
How to “See” Electrons

If we are studying the structure of a material, when all is said and done, all we have to show for learning how to operate our expensive TEM, the many hours spent in specimen preparation, etc., is an image or a DP. These images and DPs, which are just different distributions of electron intensity, have first to be viewed in some manner. After viewing, we have to decide if we want to save the results for future reference, perhaps so we can print out the data for a presentation, technical report, or scientific publication. Since, as we noted in the opening chapter, our eyes are not sensitive to electrons, we have to find ways to translate the electron-intensity distributions generated by the specimen into visible-light distributions, which we can see. This chapter will explain how we ‘see’ electrons.
Comparison of Naïve, Kenward-Roger, and Parametric Bootstrap Interval Approaches to Small-sample Inference in Linear Mixed Models

ABSTRACTIn mixed models the mean square error (MSE) of empirical best linear unbiased estimators generally cannot be written in closed form. Unlike traditional methods of inference, parametric bootstrapping does not require approximation of this MSE or the test statistic distribution. Data were simulated to compare coverage rates for intervals based on the naive MSE approximation and the method of Kenward and Roger, and parametric bootstrap intervals (Efron's percentile, Hall's percentile, bootstrap-t). The Kenward–Roger method performed best and the bootstrap-t almost as well. Intervals were also compared for a small set of real data. Implications for minimum sample size are discussed.
Morin inhibits the early stages of amyloid β-peptide aggregation by altering tertiary and quaternary interactions to produce "off-pathway" structures.

Alzheimer’s disease is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder whose pathology has been linked to the aggregation and deposition of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in neural tissue. A truly effective therapeutic agent remains elusive, and attention has recently turned to the use of natural products as effective antiaggregation compounds, directly targeting Aβ. Although a wealth of in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests these compounds or their derivatives might be beneficial, a detailed understanding of the mechanism by which they act remains largely unknown. Using atomistic, explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations, we have investigated the association of the flavonoid morin with Aβ monomers and dimers. Through 90 simulations totaling 23.65 μs, we found that treatment of Aβ peptides with morin largely does not affect secondary structure content, unless a large molar excess of morin is present. However, in simulations of Aβ monomers and dimers, morin affected the tertiary and quaternary structure of A...
Formulating Urban Growth Policies: Dynamic Interactions Among People, Places, and Clubs

The problems of urban growth are being vigorously discussed and debated throughout the United States by policy-makers as well as researchers. These proceedings are marked by an extraordinary degree of confusion about what the central issues of urban growth are and uncertainty about what should constitute urban growth policies.' These discussions are further clouded by the introduction of issues related to general growth of the size of population, the rate of increase of the Gross National Product, or the utilization of
Quantifying Carbon Footprint Reduction Opportunities for U.S. Households and Communities

Carbon management is of increasing interest to individuals, households, and communities. In order to effectively assess and manage their climate impacts, individuals need information on the financial and greenhouse gas benefits of effective mitigation opportunities. We use consumption-based life cycle accounting techniques to quantify the carbon footprints of typical U.S. households in 28 cities for 6 household sizes and 12 income brackets. The model includes emissions embodied in transportation, energy, water, waste, food, goods, and services. We further quantify greenhouse gas and financial savings from 13 potential mitigation actions across all household types. The model suggests that the size and composition of carbon footprints vary dramatically between geographic regions and within regions based on basic demographic characteristics. Despite these differences, large cash-positive carbon footprint reductions are evident across all household types and locations; however, realizing this potential may re...
Alternative interpretation of the Superpipe data and motivation for CICLoPE : The effect of a decreasing viscous length scale

Abstract Pressurization and cryogenic conditions have been used in some experiments to change the kinematic viscosity ν of the flowing gas by many orders of magnitude in order to achieve high Reynolds number conditions in facilities of limited size. This leads to a substantial reduction of the viscous length scale l ∗ = ν / u τ , as in the so-called Princeton “Superpipe” experiments. We demonstrate that the limited dimensions of the facilities and probes can lead to inaccuracies in the near-wall measurements for increasing Reynolds number. Specifically, a lack of accurate wall-normal probe positioning is simulated using three different datasets of wall-bounded turbulent flows. Relatively large errors in the overlap region parameters are observed for position errors of small physical magnitude that become greatly amplified in wall units as l ∗ is reduced. This offers an alternative interpretation to some of the key findings reported by the Superpipe team, such as the increasing lower limit of the logarithmic region y log,min + , the existence of a power law region between the wall and the logarithmic layer, and the “mixing transition” phenomenon in wall-bounded turbulence.
Photonics and Nonlinear Optics — Materials and Devices

The area of photonics is a new frontier of science and technology, which is capturing the imagination of scientists and engineers world wide, because of its potential applications to many areas of present and future technologies. Phptonics is the analog of electronics, where photons, instead of electrons, are used to carry information. Applications range from fiberoptics communication and link, to optical computing, and other optical processing of information and images1,2. In addition, the technology of photonics can also be used for new applications not provided by electronics. One example is sensor protection (or even eye protection) against laser threats. To emphasize the importance of photonics, other terms such as light-wave technology and optical circuitry have also been used.
Multipurpose Expression Cloning Vehicles in Escherichia coli

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the construction of several high-level expression vectors using the Escherichia coli lipoprotein promoter and part of the protein. These vectors are designed to produce a large amount of an inserted gene product and to localize it to a specific compartment of the E. coli cell—cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane, periplasm, or outer membrane. These vectors have three restriction enzyme sites—EcoRI, HindIII, and BamHI—in each of the three reading frames at various positions along the lipoprotein gene. The pIN-I vectors constitutively produce a large amount of the inserted gene product. The pIN-II and pIN-III vectors produce the foreign gene product only in the presence of an inducer. Once a gene has been inserted properly into one of these vectors it can easily be moved to the other vectors, like a cassette, with the use of several possible unique restriction-enzyme sites on either side of the gene. The chapter also describes two promoter cloning vectors that produce a protein—tetracycline resistance or β-galactosidase—when a promoter is inserted.
Jews under Christian rule

EVENTS Like Chapter 5, this chapter analyses the impact on the Jews of a relatively well-understood historical process. Here as there, the analysis is hindered by our nearly complete inability to reconstruct a narrative history of the Jews. Though late antique Jews, unlike their immediate ancestors, left behind abundant physical and literary remains, there is even less historiography stricto sensu than before: in fact there is none, whether Jewish or pagan or Christian, historiography having now been replaced by chronography, saints’ lives, apocalypses, homiletics and liturgy (the last three in both Jewish and Christian versions). All of these texts aspired to impart religious messages, not describe events, and frequently the events they do describe are incredible, though they are often repeated as fact by modern historians. Aside from the episodes discussed in the body of this chapter there are perhaps three events which have a relatively strong claim on historicity though even these are poorly attested. The Palestinian Jewish rebellion under Gallus Caesar ( c . 352) has been alternately magnified and dismissed; indeed, it seems certain that some sort of uprising occurred, centred in Galilee, which may explain the destruction at Sepphoris observed by archaeologists and now conventionally attributed to the effects of the earthquake of 363. Perhaps the same event explains the apparent mid-fourth-century decline in settlement in south-eastern Galilee, as well (see below). But the complete silence about the revolt both in the Palestinian Talmud, for whose editors the reign of Gallus Caesar was probably within living memory, and in the works of Gallus’ staffer Ammianus Marcellinus, is admittedly mysterious. The best explanation may be that the rabbis opposed the uprising and so kept silent about its perpetrators, and for Ammianus it was simply not important enough to mention. The year 352 was a turbulent one and other episodes had a greater claim on his attention (Stemberger 2000: 161–84).
Compatibility and modeling of constrained dynamic systems

This paper deals with some fundamental problems of the constrained dynamic system, especially where dynamics and constraint are not congruous. First, we introduce a concept of compatibility of the system dynamics and constraint. It divides all constrained systems into three classes: incompatible (0% compatible), (partially) compatible, and congruous (100% compatible). We argue convincingly that the partially compatible case should be the focus of research. Second, we present useful conditions by which the compatibility of the general and a variety of constrained systems can be judged. Third, based on a careful examination of the partially compatible case, we propose several promising modeling strategies for two general situations: the dynamics given is in error and error free, respectively. In addition, we demonstrate that for the partially compatible case direct application of many existing results are flawed.
MULTIVALENT FEEDBACK INHIBITION OF ASPARTOKINASE IN BACILLUS POLYMYXA.

Abstract Aspartokinase has been purified approximately 1,300-fold from crude extracts of Bacillus polymyxa. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels and equilibrium ultracentrifugation indicated that the purified enzyme was essentially homogeneous. Aged preparations of the enzyme exhibit two electrophoretic components which can be interconverted by treatment with the feedback inhibitors l-threonine and l-lysine or with MgCl2. The molecular weight and partial specific volume were determined by equilibrium ultracentrifugation to be 116,000 and 0.751 ml per g, respectively. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was analyzed. Upon electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate or urea or after treatment with maleic anhydride, aspartokinase could be resolved into two components of molecular weights about 17,000 and 47,000, respectively. The two types of subunits could be separated be gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. It is concluded that aspartokinase is an oligomeric protein composed of at least two different types of polypeptide chains.
Divisional Informativeness Gap and Value Creation from Asset Sales

Nanda and Narayanan (1999) show that the information asymmetry between the managers and market participants regarding divisional cash flows helps explain the value creation on asset sales. Based on their theoretical framework, the divisional informativeness gap hypothesis predicts that the announcement-period return increases with the difference in cash-flow informativeness of retained and divested divisions prior to the divestiture. Our results, using industry-average earnings response coefficient as a proxy for cash-flow informativeness of a division, support this prediction. The effect is stronger when a conglomerate retains the division with relatively greater growth opportunities.
Incidence of Mental Health Diagnoses in Veterans of Operations Iraqi Freedom, Enduring Freedom, and New Dawn, 2001-2014.

Objectives. To evaluate gender, age, and race/ethnicity as predictors of incident mental health diagnoses among Operations Iraqi Freedom, Enduring Freedom, and New Dawn veterans.Methods. We used US Veterans Health Administration (VHA) electronic health records from 2001 to 2014 to examine incidence rates and sociodemographic risk factors for mental health diagnoses among 888 142 veterans.Results. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was the most frequently diagnosed mental health condition across gender and age groups. Incidence rates for all mental health diagnoses were highest at ages 18 to 29 years and declined thereafter, with the exceptions of major depressive disorder (MDD) in both genders, and PTSD among women. Risk of incident bipolar disorder and MDD diagnoses were greater among women; risk of incident schizophrenia, and alcohol- and drug-use disorders diagnoses were greater in men. Compared with Whites, risk incident PTSD, MDD, and alcohol-use disorder diagnoses were lower at ages 18 to 29 years...
Modelo de Governança Corporativa para uma Instituição de Ensino Superior para o curso de Educação a Distância

Modelo de Governanca Corporativa para uma Instituicao de Ensino Superior para o curso de Educacao a Distância
College anti-smoking policies and student smoking behavior: a review of the literature

Currently, most college campuses across the U.S. in some way address on-campus cigarette smoking, mainly through policies that restrict smoking on campus premises. However, it is not well understood whether college-level anti-smoking policies help reduce cigarette smoking among students. In addition, little is known about policies that may have an impact on student smoking behavior. This study attempted to address these issues through a literature review. A systematic literature review was performed. To identify relevant studies, the following online databases were searched using specific keywords: Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Studies that met the exclusion and inclusion criteria were selected for review. Studies were not excluded based on the type of anti-smoking policy studied. Total 11 studies were included in the review. The majority of the studies (54.5%) were cross-sectional in design, 18% were longitudinal, and the rest involved counting cigarette butts or smokers. Most studies represented more women than men and more Whites than individuals of other ethnic/racial groups. The majority (54.5%) of the studies evaluated 100% smoke-free or tobacco-free campus policies. Other types of policies studied included the use of partial smoking restriction and integration of preventive education and/or smoking cessation programs into college-level policies. As far as the role of campus smoking policies on reducing student smoking behavior is concerned, the results of the cross-sectional studies were mixed. However, the results of the two longitudinal studies reviewed were promising in that policies were found to significantly reduce smoking behavior and pro-smoking attitudes over time. More longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the role of college anti-smoking policies on student smoking behavior. Current data indicate that stricter, more comprehensive policies, and policies that incorporate prevention and cessation programming, produce better results in terms of reducing smoking behavior.
Town mouse and country mouse: Effects of urban growth controls on equilibrium sorting and land prices

Abstract Urban growth controls can preserve open space and other amenities, but may come at the expense of higher land and housing prices. Previous studies quantify the benefits and costs of land-use regulations by comparing properties subject to differing degrees of regulatory intensity. A separate, but related, issue is how housing and land markets will evolve over time when a set of regulations remains in place. We examine how the value of developed land changes over time in cities that have adopted urban growth boundaries (UGBs). We present a theoretical model that combines equilibrium sorting, spatially-varying amenities, and urban growth controls. The model is used to examine how prices for developed lands inside and outside the UGB change with growth in the city's population. The UGB is shown to increase relative prices of exurban lands outside the UGB if new residents prefer the amenities in this area. The UGB also affects relative prices by influencing the quality of developed lands. We use a parcel-level panel data set on developed land values to quantify the scarcity and quality effects of UGBs in Oregon. Our results suggest that, overall, UGBs have prevented the development of exurban lands that residents would have preferred over lands closer to the urban center.
High magnetic field fmri compliant carbon nanofiber neural probes

In this work, a carbon nanofiber (CNF) based neural probe compliant with high magnetic field functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been demonstrated. The CNF probe has high spatial resolution electrode patterns, which enable extracellular deep brain stimulation (DBS) and detection. As the probe is radio frequency transparent, in-situ DBS and brain imaging can be performed simultaneously. CNF shows 5 times higher neural density in-vitro. 4.7T fMRI has been performed on the CNF neural probes implanted in a rat's brain ex-vivo and no image distortion has been observed under spin or gradient echo modes.
Uterus unicornis and pregnancy in two feline littermates.

Case series summaryA queen, tom and four 1-year-old female offspring presented for routine neuter. Two of the littermates (cats 1 and 2) were diagnosed with a uterine abnormality during surgery. Th...
Benzodithiophene homopolymers via direct (hetero)arylation polymerization

Direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) of a monobrominated benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene monomer using the Herrmann–Beller catalyst with a tertiary phosphine provided benzodithiophene homopolymers in good yields. Employing both P(o-OMePh)3 and P(o-NMe2Ph)3 as the phosphine ligands gave well-defined polymers—with the later phosphine providing a higher molecular weight polymer. The preparation of a benzodithiophene (BDT) trimer was used to assist in the assignment of the 1H NMR spectra of the synthesized polymers which show largely defect-free couplings. The optical spectra of polymers formed via DHAP and those prepared using traditional Stille couplings are essentially identical, which further confirms the presence of well-defined BDT–BDT couplings along the conjugated polymer chain. These results confirm that carboxylic acid additives are not always necessary to suppress defects in DHAP polymerizations and that DHAP is a viable alternative to traditional Stille coupling for the preparation of benzodithiophene homopolymers.
Diet and foodways across five millennia in the Cusco region of Peru

Abstract The Central Andes of South America boasts a rich history of complex societies and sophisticated economic networks. Reconstructing patterns of diet across time is important to understanding the relationships between subsistence and food preparation and their roles in mediating consumption and hegemony through time. The region surrounding the city of Cusco in the southern Peruvian highlands is best known as the heartland of the Inca Empire (520-418 BP); however, it has a long history of social complexity and regional exchange, including colonization by the highland Wari Empire (1350-950 BP) and in situ development in earlier periods. Elucidating subsistence and mobility over time in the Cusco region is therefore essential for reconstructing the evolution of complex Andean polities and their effects on local communities. This study presents carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopic data from human bone and tooth enamel at four Cusco-region sites: the hunter-gatherer site of Kasapata (6350- 4150 BP, N = 8); the village site of Yuthu (2350-2050 BP, N = 22); the Wari colony of Hatun Cotuyoc (1350-950 BP, N = 9) and the contemporaneous village site of Ak'awillay (N = 22). Key aims are to estimate diachronic shifts in foodways and nutrition, and those related to Wari control. Results indicate nearly-identical isotope values at Kasapata and Yuthu trending toward lower-trophic level C3 proteins and C3 energy sources, while values indicate mixed C3/C4 diets at Ak'awillay and diets dominated by terrestrial meat and C4 foods at Hatun Cotuyoc. Interestingly, oxygen isotope values suggest water source variation consistent with minimal mobility at Kasapata and regional mobility at Yuthu, but possibly with overlapping but divergent foodways at Ak'awillay and Hatun Cotuyoc resulting in differential evaporative pressures on consumed water rather than increased mobility.
Evaluations of Bole Injections for Protecting Engelmann Spruce from Mortality Attributed to Spruce Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Intermountain West

Bark beetles are important disturbance agents in coniferous forests, and spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the more notable species causing landscape-level tree mortality in western North America. We evaluated the efficacy of bole injections of emamectin benzoate (TREE-age®; Arborjet Inc., Woburn, MA) alone and combined with propiconazole (Alamo®; Syngenta Crop Protection Inc., Wilmington, DE) for protecting Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelmann (Pinales: Pinaceae), from mortality attributed to colonization by D. rufipennis. Two injection periods in 2013 (the spring and fall of the year prior to trees first being challenged by D. rufipennis in 2014) and distributions of injection points (7.6- and 15.2-cm spacings) were evaluated. Tree mortality was monitored over a 3-yr period (2014–2017). Emamectin benzoate injected in spring at a narrow spacing (7.6 cm) was the only effective treatment. Two (but not three) field seasons of protection can be expected with a single injection of this treatment. We discuss the implications of these and other results regarding the use of emamectin benzoate and propiconazole for protecting western conifers from mortality attributed to bark beetles, and provide suggestions for future research. A table summarizing the appropriate timing of treatments in different bark beetle/host systems is provided.
n→π* Interactions Modulate the Disulfide Reduction Potential of Epidithiodiketopiperazines.

Epithiodiketopiperazines (ETPs) are a structurally complex class of fungal natural products with potent anticancer activity. In ETPs, the diketopiperazine ring is spanned by a disulfide bond that i...
Intellectual, Emotional, and Spiritual Approaches to the Fitzmaurice Voicework Focus Line

As Catherine Fitzmaurice describes it, “The ‘focus line’ (as a mental image only) […] extends from the dynamic action at the abdomen down and around the pelvis and up the spine into the head and ou...
Existence of two-parameter crossings, with applications

A Morse 2-function is a generic smooth map f from a manifold M of arbitrary finite dimension to a surface B. Its critical set maps to an immersed collection of cusped arcs in B. The aim of this paper is to explain exactly when it is possible to move these arcs around in B by a homotopy of f and to give a library of examples when M is a closed 4-manifold. The last two sections give applications to the theory of crown diagrams of smooth 4-manifolds.
Artificially Intelligent Class Actions

Class actions are supposed to allow plaintiffs to recover for their high-merit, low-dollar claims. But current law leaves many such plaintiffs out in the cold. To be certified, classes seeking damages must show that, at trial, “common” questions (those for which a single answer will help resolve all class members’ claims) will predominate over “individual” ones (those that must be answered separately as to each member). Currently, many putative class actions in important doctrinal areas—mass torts, consumer fraud, employment discrimination, and more—are regarded as uncertifiable for lack of predominance. As a result, even plaintiffs with valid claims in these areas have little or no access to justice. This state of affairs is exacerbated by a line of Supreme Court cases beginning with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes. There, the Court disapproved of certain statistical methods for answering individual questions and achieving the predominance of common ones. This Article proposes a first-of-its kind solution: A.I. class actions. Advanced machine learning algorithms could be trained to mimic the decisions of a jury in a particular case. Then, those algorithms would expeditiously resolve the case’s individual questions. As a result, common questions would predominate at trial, facilitating certification for innumerable currently-uncertifiable classes. This Article lays out the A.I. class action proposal in detail. It argues that the proposal is feasible; the necessary elements are precedented in both complex litigation and computer science. The Article also argues that A.I. class actions would survive scrutiny under Wal-Mart, though other statistical methods have not. To demonstrate this, the Article develops a new, comprehensive theory of the higher-order values animating Wal-Mart and its progeny. It shows that these cases are best explained as approving statistical proof only if it can deliver accurate answers at the level of individual plaintiffs. Machine learning can deliver such accuracy in spades.
Some Non-Standard Systems of Propositional Logic

In this chapter some non-standard propositional calculi are considered and the motives for their construction are discussed. The main systems studied are: (1) a version of the intuitionistic propositional calculus, (2) the propositional calculus of F. B. Fitch, and (3) a calculus due to A. Kolmogoroff and I. Johansson, the minimum calculus. It is shown how each of these systems departs from S-systems like PLT’ and PPM. Each system is set up both as an axiomatic system, using the system P+ as basis, and as a system of natural deduction. It is shown how each non-standard system can be made into a standard one.
Pleurectomy Versus Radical Pleuropneumonectomy for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare disease that even with therapy is almost always uniformly fatal. Modern day multimodality therapy combined with surgery has seen success with 5-year survival in a very small, select group of patients. Putting aside the controversy regarding whether surgery should be part of the treatment, there is considerable debate about which operative approach is best. These two approaches are broadly characterized as either lung-sacrificing or lung-sparing. While the available data still does not provide an absolute answer, management of MPM should take place in the setting of a multidisciplinary team with a multimodality approach, and preferably in a clinical trial setting.
Proofs and Constructions

A critical examination of notions associated with mathematical intuitionism, with attention to mathematical practice, internal vs. external negations, constructive meaning, weak counterexamples, and theories of constructions. The article includes a theory of constructions based on nonstandard realizability.
A new algorithm for efficient low delay filter bank design

Historically, exact reconstruction FIR filter banks have had system delays of L-1, where L is the length of the analysis and synthesis filters. Recently it was shown that the system delay could be made less than L-1, which is attractive in applications like speech coding where excessive delays are annoying. In this paper, a formulation and new design algorithm are introduced for two-band low-delay filter banks. The formulation is related to that of two-band lattice filter banks and provides a broad range of design flexibility within a compact framework. Both exact reconstruction and specified system delay are guaranteed by the structure of the framework.
Session 2: Overview

The three papers in this session each address different aspects of the provision of rich environments for persistent application development. The first, which was presented by Erik Voges [EV], looks at the provision of high level tools for spatiotemporal querying. The second, presented by Nicolas Richer [NR], addresses support for distributed persistent applications. The third, presented by Alan Kaplan [AK], looks at heterolingual persistent programming.
Hierarchical Organization in Automata Theoretic Models of the Central Nervous System

Perhaps the most striking feature of biological organization is its hierarchical character. Conversely, hierarchical organization in biological systems has characteristics quite different from those we customarily observe in the physical world and in the world of mechanical artifacts with which we are increasingly surrounding ourselves. For this reason our scientific intuition, which has been largely built on physics and engineering, has always been somewhat at a loss in dealing with hierarchical organizations of all kinds, biological and sociological.
Computational Approaches for Translational Clinical Research in Disease Progression

Today, there is an ever-increasing amount of biological and clinical data available that could be used to enhance a systems-based understanding of disease progression through innovative computational analysis. In this article, we review a selection of published research regarding computational methods, primarily from systems biology, which support translational research from the molecular level to the bedside, with a focus on applications in trauma and critical care. Trauma is the leading cause of mortality in Americans younger than 45 years, and its rapid progression offers both opportunities and challenges for computational analysis of trends in molecular patterns associated with outcomes and therapeutic interventions. This review presents methods and domain-specific examples that may inspire the development of new algorithms and computational methods that use both molecular and clinical data for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in disease progression.
Landscapes of Power and Identity: Comparative Histories in the Sonoran Desert and the Forests of Amazonia from Colony to Republic

Landscapes of Power and Identity: Comparative Histories in the Sonoran Desert and the Forests of Amazonia from Colony to Republic. Cynthia Radding. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005. 431 pp.
Pedagogies of Cinematic Affect and a Childhood-Yet-to-Come

Almost a decade ago, in the introduction of The Children's Culture Reader, Henry Jenkins (1998) affirmed that the myth of the innocent child was central to the values defining our nation. Such a my...
Self-rated health and the "first move" around retirement: a longitudinal study of older Americans.

Purpose: I examine whether less favorable self-rated health raises the risk of outmigration more for young-old adults (aged 53-63 at the start of the 10-year longitudinal study in 1994) in nonmetro than metro counties and increases the odds that both groups of outmigrants will choose metro over nonmetro destinations. Finally, I examine whether nonmetro outmigrants are more likely than metro outmigrants to cite a health concern or a desire to get closer to relatives or friends as a reason for the migration. Methods: I use the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to track the main residences of nonmetro and metro older adults from 1994-2003. With a discrete-time Event History Analysis, I assess the joint effects of nonmetro/metro residence in 1994 and self-rated health (updated at each biennial wave) upon the risk of a first migration. Those who migrated were asked to recall why. Findings: At worse levels of self-rated health, the odds of remaining in a nonmetro county of residence drop in favor of migrating to another nonmetro county. Among migrants, the worse the self-rated health, the higher the odds of within-type migration (nonmetro-nonmetro and metro-metro) over cross-type migration (nonmetro-metro and metro-nonmetro). The percentages of migrants citing a health concern or a desire to live closer to relatives or friends as a reason for migration do not differ by county type of origin. Conclusions: An implication for rural health policy is that young-old adults with worse self-rated health tend to remain in nonmetro areas, even when they migrate.
Ultrasonic Measurement of Stress Using a Rotating EMAT

The acoustic birefringence method is primarily used to measure differences of principal stresses in regions where principal stresses coincide with material symmetry axes. To determine the differences of principal stresses also requires knowledge of the unstressed birefringence at the measurement locations. Consequently, variability in texture can introduce errors in stress determination. In contrast, the ultrasonic measurement of shear stress is independent of texture. The shear stress causes a rotation φ of the pure-mode polarization directions of the SH waves used in our experiments. We constructed a motorized electromagnetic-acoustic transducer (EMAT) and used it to measure phase as the EMAT is rotated. We developed an algorithm to determine φ and the birefringence B. We measured the shear stress along parallel scanlines in a residual-stress specimen with known stress state. We calculated the shear stress gradient and used it in the stress-equilibrium equation to determine the normal stress acting along the scanline direction. The other plane stress component was determined from an acoustoelastic relation between B and the difference of normal stresses. Good agreement was obtained with theoretical stress values.