cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Structured Controversy to Teach Diversity Content and Cultural Competence

Abstract Structured controversy is one type of cooperative learning strategy. It involves students in researching positions on topics and then debating each other. A unique aspect of this strategy is that students then reverse sides and argue the other position. This paper discusses the use of the structured controversy process to teach diversity content in the classroom. It addresses the advantages and barriers to using structured controversy, and identifies ways in which structured controversy can be used in the social work curriculum to teach cultural competence. The article also reports on an evaluation of the structured controversy process that was used in BSW and MSW classrooms. The findings from this evaluation suggest that structured controversy is an extremely useful technique for teaching diversity and cultural competence. The vast majority of students reported increased knowledge about and sensitivity to the concerns of people from diverse backgrounds.
The Production of Heavy High Speed Ions without the Use of High Voltages

A method has been developed for the multiple acceleration of ions to high speeds without the use of high voltages. The ions travel through a series of metal tubes in synchronism with an oscillating electric potential applied alternately to the tubes such that the electric field between tubes is always in a direction to accelerate the ions as they pass from the interior of one tube to the interior of the next. The ions are thereby successively accelerated to speeds corresponding to voltages as many times greater than the high frequency voltage applied to the tubes as there are tubes. In the present experiments a high frequency voltage of 42,000 volts at a wave-length of 30 meters applied to 30 such accelerator tubes in line resulted in the production of a current of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ amp. of 1,260,000 volt singly charged Hg ions. The surprising effectiveness of this experimental method for the generation of intense beams of high speed ions is due to the development of simple, convenient and effective methods for focusing and synchronizing the ions as they pass through the accelerating system. The present experiments show that ions having kinetic energies in excess of 1,000,000 volt-electrons can be produced in this way with quite modest laboratory equipment and with a convenience surpassing the direct utilization of high voltages, that the limit to the attainable ion speeds is determined mainly by the length of accelerating system and the size of the high frequency oscillator system, and consequently that the production of 10,000,000 volt ions is an entirely practicable matter.
Nanoporous molecular basket sorbent for NO2 and SO2 capture based on a polyethylene glycol-loaded mesoporous molecular sieve

A novel type of nanoporous molecular basket sorbent (MBS) has been designed for NO2 and SO2 capture and separation from gas streams at room temperature based on polyethylene glycol (PEG)-loaded mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15. The MBS material prepared, PEG(50)/SBA-15, is a nanoporous composite of 50 wt% PEG and SBA-15. The sorption capacity and selectivity of PEG(50)/SBA-15 have been evaluated for NO2 and SO2 removal from the simulated gas streams in a fixed-bed flow sorption system at room temperature under atmospheric pressure. It was found that the PEG(50)/SBA-15 sorbent is capable of efficiently removing >99.6% of NO2 and SO2 in gas mixtures, i.e., from 2000 to below 5 ppmv NO2 in N2 and from 500 to below 2 ppmv SO2 in N2, respectively, at ambient conditions with high capacity and selectivity. In addition, the spent sorbent can be regenerated easily and completely by heating to 100 °C. With this new approach, the present study may open a new window for developing high-performance sorbents for SO2 and NO2 removal from various gas streams.
Methods of evaluating lumbar and cervical fusion

Introduced in 1911, spinal fusion is now widely used to stabilize the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. Despite advancements in surgical techniques, including the use of instrumentation and optimizing bone graft options, pseudarthrosis remains one of the most significant causes of clinical failure following attempted fusion. Diagnosis of this common complication is based on a focused clinical assessment and imaging studies. Pseudarthrosis classically presents with the onset of or return of axial or radicular symptoms during the first postoperative year. However, this diagnosis is complicated because other diagnoses can mimic these symptoms (such as infection or adjacent segment degeneration) and because many cases of pseudarthrosis are asymptomatic. Computed tomography and assessment of motion on flexion/extension radiographs are the two preferred imaging modalities for establishing the diagnosis of pseudarthrosis. The purpose of this article was to review the current status of imaging and clinical practices for assessing fusion following spinal arthrodesis.
Modified splint for preprosthetic surgery.

Many different procedures have been described to correct floor-of-mouth and vestibular deficiencies. In most of these techniques, the use of a prefabricated acrylic splint is recommended either to hold a graft in place or to maintain vestibular depth during initial healing phase. The disadvantages of using a splint include a need for modification at surgery, the potential for pressure necrosis if it is improperly adapted, a need for externally securing the splint, and finally the added patient discomfort from its usc. Splint modification is generally accomplished by using a thermoplastic material as a liner. An accepted technique reported by Davis) uses impression compound and a gutta percha wash to reline the splint. However, the compound must be heated to greater than 140°F in a water bath; this procedure introduces additional steps and requires an increased armamentarium for the operating room. The compound is also difficult to handle and becomes hard and brittle at room temperature. The gutte percha wash helps eliminate the potential for excess pressure from the compound and makes the graft-bed-splint interface more acceptable. Other impression materials have been tried in order to prevent some of the problems associated with compound. Rubber-base materials are cumbersome to mix and do not have enough body properly to displace tissue. Alginate is not dimensionI ally stable over the time period required for initial healing. Zinc oxide and eugenol washes have the same problems as rubber-base materials and are also brittle when set. Acrylics are exothermic and are generally not able to reproduce the exact ridge form. There are no reports of the use of elastomeric impression materials as splint liners or tissue dis-
THE ELECTRIC CAPACITY OF SUSPENSIONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BLOOD

1. The specific capacity of a suspension is that capacity which) combined in parallel with a certain resistance, electrically balances 1 cm. cube of the suspension. 2. The following formula holds for the specific capacity of a suspension of spheroids, each of which is composed of a well conducting interior surrounded by a thin membrane of a comparatively high resistance: See PDF for Equation C, specific capacity of suspension; Co, static capacity of one sq. cm. of membrane; r, r1 specific resistances respectively of suspension and of suspending liquid; 2 q major axis of spheroid, α constant tabulated in Table I. 3. The following formula holds practically for any suspension whatever the form of the suspended particle. See PDF for Equation C = C100 being the specific capacity of a suspension with a concentration of 100 per cent. Formulae (1a) and (1b) hold only for the case, when the frequency is so low, that the impedance of the static capacity of the membrane around a single particle is high as compared with the resistance of the interior of the particle. The formulae hold also for a suspension of homogeneous particles, when polarization takes place at the surface of each particle, provided the polarization resistance is low as compared with the impedance of the polarization capacity. 4. A description is given of a method for measuring the capacity of a suspension at frequencies between 800 and 4½ million cycles. By means of a specially designed bridge, a substitution method is employed, by which in the last analysis the suspension is compared with the suspending liquid which is so diluted as to have the same specific resistance as the suspension, consecutive measurements being made in the same electrolytic cell. 5. Formula (1b) is verified by measurements of the capacity of suspensions of varying volume concentrations of the red corpuscles of a dog. 6. By means of the above measurements, the value of Co is calculated by equation (1a). 7. It is found that Co is independent of the frequency up to 4½ million cycles and that it is also independent of the suspending liquid. These results furnish considerable evidence of the validity of the theory, that Co represents the static capacity of a corpuscle membrane. 8. On this assumption and using a probable value for the dielectric constant of the membrane, the thickness of the membrane is calculated to be 3.3·10–7 cm.
(N, N, N', N'-tetramethylethylenediammonium)Cu2X6 (X=Cl, Br): crystal structure and magnetic interactions

The crystal structures of (Me4enH2)Cu2Cl6 and (Me4enH2)Cu2Br6 have been determined. The triclinic crystals contain chains of symmetrically bibridged [Cu2X6]2− dimers. Within the dimers the Cu−X distances average 2.299 A (Cl) and 2.408 A (Br) and the Cu−X−Cu angles are 96.4(1)o (Cl) and 95.7(1)o (Br). Longer Cu−X bonds, 2.679(1)A (Cl) and 2.761(3)A (Br), link dimers together into infinite chains via asymmetrical bridges. The bridging angles for the asymmetric bridge are 92.2(1)o (Cl) and 89.4(1)o (Br). Magnetic susceptibility data for both compounds are indicative of antiferromagnetic coupling. Analyses of the data yields J/k=−23(1)K (Cl) and −82(2)K (Br) for the interdimer coupling and J′/k=−5(1)K (Cl) and −4(1)K (Br). The intradimer coupling for the chloride is in accord with magneto-structure relations deduced for similar salts. Similarly, the increased antiferromagnetic contribution upon substitution of Cl by Br follows trends previously observed.
Microrecirculation reactor system for characterization of immobilized enzymes

A differential microrecirculation reactor was developed for kinetic analysis of both soluble and immobilized enzymes. The reactor system was easily fabricated within the laboratory from readily available materials. The disposable, small reactors allowed for in situ weight determination of the enzyme beads. Routinely, only a 1 ml liquid volume of substrate was used for each kinetic assay. The reactor system was also used for determination of partition coefficients. Both uses of the reactor system required only 5-10 minutes for completion of a given determination.
Compressible Equilibrium Turbulent Boundary Layers at Nonadiabatic Wall Conditions

Experimental data have been obtained to define test conditions necessary for a compressible, naturally developing, equilibrium turbulent boundary layer. The model consisted of a flat plate that was tested in the NASA Langley Research Center 8-ft high temperature tunnel. For the present study, the nominal boundarylayer edge Mach numbers were 5.0 and 6.2. The local Reynolds number based on boundary-layer edge conditions and plate length ranged from 8 x 106 to 39 x 10 6. The nominal ratio of adiabatic wall to actual wall temperature was 5.4, due to both the high total temperature of 3300°R and the heat-sink characteristics of the model. This temperature ratio is considerably higher than that obtained in previous compressible boundary-layer studies and simulates hypersonic flight under highly cooled wall conditions, which are anticipated for hypersonic cruise vehicles. The data indicate that a momentum thickness Reynolds number of at least 4000 is required for an equilibrium turbulent boundary layer, which is in approximate agreement with incompressible studies. This criterion was determined by comparing the transformed wake strength of the boundary layer with the incompressible data of Coles. Also, several shape factors were examined and found to support the trend shown by the wake strength.
Optical Activity And External Forces

The rotatory power of a crystal can be modified in the presence of an external force, due to changes of the optical spatial dispersion tensor. In first order, such changes are linear in the applied force, and they must conform with the force-free crystal symmetry, for weak forces. The behavior of the applied force under time reversal should also be considered, since a time-antisymmetric force will modify the axial character of the gyration tensor. In particular, application of an electric field will lead to the so called electro-optical activity (EOA), i.e., rotation of the plane of polarization linearly with the field. Modulation of the applied field will accordingly lead to modulation of the plane of polarization. It is shown that EOA can be separated from the electro-optic effect, birefringence and natural optical activity, by apprpriate choice of crystal class and optical geometry. Similar effects due to a magnetic field have been identified as magneto-spatial effects or magneto-optical activity (MOA). Their relation to the well-known Faraday effect is discussed. Other possibilities are also presented, including stress effects, pressure and temperature effects. The acoustical analog of these effects is also introduced, as well as the possibility of rotational effects, i.e., effects arising from the antisymmetric (rota-tional) part of a shear elastic wave. By using simple group-theoretical arguments, it is shown that the component array of the higher-rank tensors which describe the above non-linear phenomena can, in most cases, be obtained from well-known tensors of crystal physics by inspection. Specific examples are given.© (1973) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
External Root Resorption Following Partial-Thickness Connective Tissue Graft Placement: A Case Report

We report an unusual case of external root resorption (ERR) that developed in a 37-year-old black male approximately 1 year following routine partial thickness connective tissue graft surgery. The lesion was accessed via flap surgery, thoroughly root planed, and the mucoperiosteal flap replaced. The site healed uneventfully and the patient has been closely observed for over 1 year without symptoms or recurrence of the resorptive lesion and the affected tooth remained vital. Clinicians performing partial-thickness connective tissue grafts should be alert to the possible occurrence of root resorption over extended periods of time. The authors speculate that retention of the donor periosteum with placement on the recipient dentin and root biomodification may limit the resorptive response following connective tissue graft procedures to treat tooth root recession.
COMBINABILITY OF PHYLOGENIES AND BOOTSTRAP CONFIDENCE ENVELOPES

Recently, Lutzoni (1997) used a test de? scribed by Rodrigo et al. (1993; hereinafter referred to as the RKB3 test) to compare phylogenies constructed by using ribosomal RNA gene sequences (rDNA) and intergenic transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) from a group of related basidiomycete species. Lut? zoni discussed the relationships amongst the species, but he also commented exten? sively on the RKB3 tests, particularly on a presumptive bias in the method and a pro? posed workaround. Here, I confine myself to a discussion of Lutzoni's assessment of
Why ask why?: considering motivation in visualization evaluation

My position is that improving evaluation for visualization requires more than developing more sophisticated evaluation methods. It also requires improving the efficacy of evaluations, which involves issues such as how evaluations are applied, reported, and assessed. Considering the motivations for evaluation in visualization offers a way to explore these issues, but it requires us to develop a vocabulary for discussion. This paper proposes some initial terminology for discussing the motivations of evaluation. Specifically, the scales of actionability and persuasiveness can provide a framework for understanding the motivations of evaluation, and how these relate to the interests of various stakeholders in visualizations. It can help keep issues such as audience, reporting and assessment in focus as evaluation expands to new methods.
CZT smart dicing strategy for cost reduction using defect imaging and random-access machining

Current spectroscopic detector crystals contain defects that prevent economic production of devices with sufficient energy resolution and stopping power for radioisotope discrimination. This is especially acute for large monolithic crystals due to increased defect opportunity. The proposed approach to cost reduction starts by combining stereoscopic IR and ultrasound (UT) inspection coupled with segmentation and 3D mapping algorithms. A "smart dicing" system uses "random-access" laser-based machining to obtain tiles free of major defects. Application specific grading matches defect type to anticipated performance. Small pieces combined in a modular sensor pack instead of a monolith will make the most efficient use of wafer area.
The Infectious Diseases Physician in the Future of Healthcare: Not Only About Antibiotic Prescribing

The uncertainties of healthcare payment and delivery reform on income and care process have created a sense of foreboding, concern, and fear that a career in medicine is not what it used to be and that a career in infectious diseases in particular may no longer be viable. Fears have been raised that the need for infectious diseases consultation and management will be curtailed becausewe provide cognitive services that are not perceived as being needed in a health system filled with intensivists, hospitalists, and skilled nursing facility physicians. Now is the time for us to reframe our role in the health system that is evolving to a process of care focused on population health and patient safety that pays providers for value they bring to achieve those goals. Specific suggestions are made to enhance the infectious diseases physician’ sp ro file with the intent of encouraging debate, discussion, and action.
The Soviet Translation: Romanian Literary Translators after World War Two

This article describes the discourse and practice of translation during the Soviet colonization of Romania. Translation serves as an ideal object for the study of this cultural political process, because Soviet colonization emphasized the transformation of a nation through language. The new regime pursues a policy of foreignizing Romanian, creating the conditions for a resistant practice of domestication. This model reverses our common understanding of cultural politics of translation, exemplified by Lawrence Venuti. I focus on one actual translation: Lucian Blaga’s 1955 version of Faust. By looking at the role of translation in the Soviet colonization of Romania, we can better understand how culture, language, and power come together, creating unique forms of both domination and resistance.
An Empirical Application of Quantitative Derived Importance-Performance Analysis (QDIPA) for Employee Satisfaction

ABSTRACT Importance-performance analysis (IPA) is a common analytical tool that has been used in a variety of applications. The method has been criticized for a number of reasons. Suggested alternative methods utilize the concept of derived importance (Oliver, 1997; Mount, 1997) and a quantitative interpretation of the traditionally visual results (Mount, 2000). This study illustrates how a method using both of the suggested alternatives is utilized to analyze employee satisfaction issues in a hotel.
Religion as an Illusion: Prospects for and Problems with a Psychoanalytical Model

The hermeneutical model of illusion, just as that of projection, has always been part of the psychoanalytic views of religion. The author presents a brief critical summary on this subject, and underlines that in relational psychoanalysis, the concept of illusion refers not to religion as such, but to the subjective experiences of desire and relatedness, that is, the source of the desire for God in man. Because of personal conflicts and their outcome, besides illusions one encounters also in such experiences, disillusion, disappointment, and even delusion. The author, while challenging the views of many scholars taking part in this debate: a) maintains that psychoanalytic interpretation is not concerned with the question of religious truth but with the formation and transformation of the process of believing; b) calls for special attention to the fact when speaking of religious representation, the focus is on the process rather than on the objects represented; c) raises his criticism at the often used expression, "unconscious representation of God", because according to him, religion gives a name to the object of desire only when placed at the conscious and cultural level. Coherent with his basic distinction between conscious religious behaviour and the deep psychological pre-conditions, the author underlines the differences (and not necessarily the connections) between the unconscious processes of desire and the religious concepts, particularly, between the representation of God and the concept of God; between the parental imagos and the transcendent God; and between the capacity to "believe in anything at all" (Winnicott) and religious faith. The author concludes that in the illusion model, it is suggested that as part of religious maturity, one could construct the representation of God as something that is deeply connected with primary objects, while at the same time, assuming the capacity to take the necessary distance from personal desires and projections.
Exit, voice, and family policy in Japan: limited changes despite broad recognition of the declining fertility problem:

Summary Japanese policymakers have been troubled by the ‘declining fertility problem’ for two decades, ever since a sharp drop in births raised public awareness of the issue in 1990. This article explores why it took a full decade before government officials diagnosed the problem and called for a shift toward gender-egalitarian labour market policies in order to reverse the fertility decline. It also asks why the prescribed changes have yet to be adopted, despite continued hand-wringing over fertility rates. Both delays, it argues, stem from the ability of Japanese women – who began entering the workforce in an era when they had already gained full control of their fertility – to ‘exit’ from the work–family reconciliation challenge by postponing or opting out of motherhood. This deprived the reform movement of the ‘voice’ needed to transform male breadwinner structures that are rooted not only in public policies, but also in private sector practices.
High frequency chest compression effects on cardio-respiratory interaction

In this study, we present a quantitative approach to the analysis of the HFCC effect on heart rate changes in the respiratory stage according to different pulsation conditions with HFCC pulsation and without HFCC pulsation. We have shown that the heart rate increases with higher pressure settings revealing different patterns depending on the respiration stages. For our interaction study of how the heart and lungs were affected by HFCC, phase synchronization was considered and compared under different conditions which determine the real biological phenomenon for nonlinear or linear oscillatory coupling. The subject for this study was young and healthy, so these preliminary results should be verified with more detailed studies from abundant subjects to increase HFCC efficacy for lung disease patients. Interestingly, the indication or tracking of heart rate changes, respiration rate changes, or synchronization epoch can be the standard index for how much the cardiac and respiratory system improve using HFCC during therapy time or after therapy time.
The social power of religious organization and civil society: The Catholic Church in Uganda

The socio‐political role of civil society organisations depends in large part on their internal organisational resources and capacities. Current work in the social sciences often focuses on the critical importance of civil society in explaining liberalisation and democratisation in Africa and other parts of the developing world. While authors taking this perspective would not deny that the power resources and internal dynamics of the organisations making up civil society influence their effectiveness, more systematic attention needs to be paid to such factors. Otherwise, analysts will continue to make presumptions about social organisations that, however ‘civil’, lack the capacity to effect political change. In this paper, the author uses the example of a Ugandan religious organisation to address this issue, specifying the kind of power and influence that the Catholic Church possesses in Uganda, and exploring to what extent its social power correlates with the assumptions of conventional civil society app...
The Durability of Collective Memory: Reconciling the “Greensboro Massacre”

While the general dynamics governing collective memory processes are well developed theoretically, our tool kit for systematically assessing how collective memory changes over time remains limited. Here, we focus on a particular tragic event - the killing of five participants in an anti-KKK march in Greensboro, North Carolina, on Nov. 3, 1979 - to assess continuity and change across accounts presented as part of a 1980 federally-sponsored investigation and a 2005 truth and reconciliation commission. Specifically, we employ a block modeling methodology to describe the structure of narrative themes shared across multiple accounts in each time period. We then analyze the sources of temporal variation in these narratives, and show how shifts in the range of actors participating in the 1980 and 2005 initiatives, as well as the institutional contexts within which accounts were offered, shaped how themes were strategically deployed to increase the resonance of specific positions. We find that, in the Greensboro case, the contours of these demographic and institutional dimensions resulted in a decrease in the polarization of competing narratives and an increased emphasis on key themes that contested elite "institutional" accounts.
SIGN LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC UNIVERSALS , Wendy Sandler and Diane Lillo-Martin

SIGN LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC UNIVERSALS. Wendy Sandler and Diane Lillo-Martin . New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xxi + 547. $45.00 paper. Sandler and Lillo-Martin's volume is an incredibly important, powerful, and timely work. That the sign languages used by deaf people around the world are real human languages in every meaningful sense of the term has become a given among linguists over the past 30 years; as Sandler and Lillo-Martin point out, “In sum, the way sign language is acquired and the ease and speed of its transmission strongly support the view that a single cognitive system underlies language in both [spoken and signed] modalities” (pp. 3−4). Furthermore, apart from the psycholinguistic perspective, it is clear that
Influence of microstructure in partial-slip fretting contacts based upon two-dimensional crystal plasticity simulations

The role of microstructure is quite significant in fretting because the scale of plastic strain localization near the surface is on the order of key microstructure features. A dual-phase Ti-6Al-4V alloy that tends to be susceptible to fretting is considered as a model material. Fretting is simulated using a two-dimensional finite element analysis. A crystal plasticity theory with a two-dimensional planar triple slip idealization is employed to represent the hexagonal close packed structure of the phase of Ti. Modifications of the slip system strengths enable multiple phases to be considered. In this study, the effects of grain orientation distribution, grain size and geometry, as well as the phase distribution and their arrangement, are considered in simulations. Implications of the results are discussed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Procedural Control of the Bureaucracy, Peer Review, and Epistemic Drift

Regulatory peer review - in which independent scientists comment on the technical underpinnings of proposed regulations - is a recently pursued form of political control of the bureaucracy. This paper situates regulatory peer review in the context of both the history of technical advice to government and the principal-agent perspective often used to explain the presence of administrative procedures. We introduce two novel concepts to accommodate regulatory peer review: Technocracy, a consequence of information asymmetries, is a form of bureaucratic drift in which the preferences of technical experts displace public preferences. Epistemic drift, an explanatory category akin to bureaucratic or coalitional drift, is a change in embodied knowledge that contributes to departures from the policy intentions of an enacting coalition. In addition to introducing these concepts, we argue that regulatory peer review is more complex than other administrative procedures, and that its efficacy critically depends on the details of its implementation. We hypothesize that regulatory peer review will cause non-governmental participants in regulatory conflicts to devote more effort to creating research and other epistemic resources. But we also hypothesize that, just as courts have become more politicized with their role in regulatory policy, peer review and regulatory science will become increasingly politicized as well.
Electron-transfer kinetics and equilibria of copper(II/I) complexes with 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane. A square scheme mechanism involving ligand addition

The electron-transfer kinetics of copper(II/I) complexes formed with the macrocyclic terdentate ligand 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane ([9]aneS3 = TTCN = L) have been investigated under a variety of conditions. The relevant equilibrium constants, complex formation and dissociation rate constants, and redox potentials in both water and acetonitrile have also been determined. The predominant oxidized species in both solvents is CuIIL2, although the 1 ∶ 1 complex, CuIIL(H2O)3, can become dominant in water at high Cu(II) concentrations. The predominant reduced species is the 1 ∶ 1 complex, CuIL (i.e., CuIL(H2O) or CuIL(CH3CN)), as confirmed by electrospray mass spectrometry, pulsed square-wave voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry and the ligand dependence of the oxidation kinetics. Electron transfer occurs almost exclusively through the bis redox couple, CuII/IL2, even for solutions containing predominantly CuIIL(H2O)3. In the latter case, reduction involves a three-step sequence in which (i) CuIIL(H2O)3 reacts with L to produce CuIIL2, (ii) electron transfer occurs and (iii) L dissociates again to yield CuIL(H2O). The sluggishness of direct electron transfer in the 1 ∶ 1 complex is attributed to the unfavorable energetics of forming or dissociating strong copper–solvent bonds combined with the accompanying re-structuring of the surrounding solvent.
Ultra-fast 3D filtered backprojection on commodity graphics hardware

Recent efforts in cone-beam scanner technology have focused on developing interactive scanning capabilities, for example, to enable image-guided surgical interventions or real-time diagnosis with time-varying data. However, apart from a fast scanner these applications also require a fast reconstruction algorithm to match. The filtered backprojection algorithm devised by Feldkamp, Davis, and Kress is the most widely used algorithm for 3D reconstruction from cone-beam projections, and it is the algorithm with the lowest complexity. Yet, pure software implementations have difficulties to process the data at the speeds required for real-time scanning. One option is to utilize expensive and rare custom boards for this purpose. We describe an alternative solution, which is inexpensive, uses readily available PC graphics hardware boards, and provides the desired performance at the quality required.
Apology and Redress: Escaping the Dustbin of History in the Postsegregationist South

How at moments of dramatic change and a shifting social context do political actors alter their public identities? Put differently, how do political figures respond when positions with which they have been closely identified are no longer morally and electorally defensible and must be altered? Responses to identity challenge within institutional spheres require an expansion of the theory of accounts to an approach that examines shifts in cultural fields. Those challenged must signal adherence to newly claimed values. The standard view of accounts examines interpersonal justifications outside of institutional pressures, downplaying social location. Extending a theory of accounts to political actors requires recognizing appeals to audiences and distribution of resources. In the political arena the presentation of accounts carries reputational dangers. Presenting excuses, politicians deny agency, placing themselves at jeopardy as incompetent. Justifications require a credulous audience that overlooks possible insincerity. As a result, other strategies are necessary. Political actors rely on apologies or redress to demonstrate a revised self to stakeholders, strategies based on position , resources and audience . To analyze the realignment of reputation in unsettled times, I examine the postsegregation careers of Governor George Wallace of Alabama and Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. Both moved from being icons of segregation to (claimed) devotees of racial equality, but because of their political location they moved in different ways. Given their context, Wallace apologized, while Thurmond provided redress to offended communities.
Stable-isotope stratigraphy of brachiopods from Pennsylvanian shales in Texas

Stable-isotope stratigraphies have been generated for brachiopods from five Late Pennsylvanian sections (upper Winchell cycle, Finis shale, Colony Creek shale, Necessity cycle, and Wayland shale) in north-central Texas to examine the relationship between isotopic composition, paleoenvironment, and sea-level change. Nonluminscent calcite from more than 300 specimens of 4 species of brachiopod ( Composita subtilita, Crurithyris planoconvexa, Eridmatus texana, Neospirifer cameratus ) was analyzed. Sedimentological and paleontological data are used as evidence for paleoenvironmental change. Higher δ 18 O values of brachiopod shells occur in intervals of greatest paleodepth as indicated by fossil content and lithology. These higher δ 18 O values reflect a decrease in bottom temperature with increased water depth. Normalized for paleodepth, the δ 18 O values of the brachiopods are similar in all of the units except the Wayland shale, for which they are ∼0.5‰ higher. This suggests either cooler temperatures or greater continental ice volume during the time of Wayland deposition. Brachiopod δ 13 C values do not correlate with paleodepth. The δ 13 C values of Composita are consistently higher than those of Crurithyris and Eridmatus . Composita δ 13 C values are similar in the upper Winchell cycle, Necessity cycle, and Wayland shale, averaging 4.8‰ to 4.9‰. In contrast, Crurithyris δ 13 C values range from 2.5‰ in the Necessity cycle to 4.4‰ in the Wayland shale; Eridmatus values are also lowest in the Necessity cycle (3.4‰) and greatest in the Wayland shale (3.9‰). These differences between species do not correlate with susceptibility to diagenesis and appear to reflect a pore-water influence on semi-infaunal ( Crurithyris ) forms. The δ 13 C values of Composita shells suggest that the Late Pennsylvanian ocean off eastern Laurussia was enriched in 13 C by about 1‰ relative to the ocean off western Laurussia.
Mapping the future in science-intensive industries: lessons from the pharmaceutical industry

Companies operating in industries that are subject to fundamental changes caused by innovations in science or technology search for ways to anticipate future business and scientific or technological developments so that they can react to them in profitable ways. Using the example of the pharmaceutical industry, which is currently moving from chemically based medications to targeted treatments based on biology, we demonstrate a process for forecasting how the future will look a decade from now. Illustrating the process with a variety of studies already done on this industry, we provide a strategy for mapping the future as well as an analysis of the strengths and limitations of our planning approach. We argue that this approach is applicable to both science-based and technology-based industries.
Genes and screens: the search for novel chemotherapeutic targets

Evaluation of: Brass AL, Dykxhoorn DM, Benita Y et al.: Identification of host proteins required for HIV infection through a functional genomic screen. Science 319, 921–926 (2008). HIV, like all viruses, must hijack critical cellular machinery in a bid to survive, replicate and spread. The compact genome of HIV is in stark contrast to the sophistication of the retroviral life cycle, suggesting the essential involvement of a myriad of host factors at distinct stages of the viral life cycle, from entry to integration to budding. Identification of these host components is critical to assemble a full spectrum of the potential points of therapeutic intervention and, in the last two decades, meticulous research by a long list of talented individuals has yielded the identity of dozens of these important factors. Brass et al. have recently added an incredible 237 unique cellular proteins, which they term HIV-dependency factors, to the list. Characterizing and understanding the role each of these cellular proteins...
Experimental evidence for the power of random sampling in practical parallel algorithms

Recent results in parallel algorithm theory have shown random sampling to be a powerful technique for achieving efficient bounds on the expected asymptotic running time of parallel algorithms for a number of important problems. The authors show experimentally that randomization is also a powerful practical technique in the design and implementation of parallel algorithms. Random sampling can be used to design parallel algorithms with fast expected run times, which meet or beat the run times of methods based on more conventional methods for a variety of benchmark tests. The constant factors of proportionality in the run times are small, and, most importantly, the expected work (and hence running time) avoids worst cases due to input distribution. They justify the approach through experimental results obtained on a Connection Machine CM-2 for a specific problem, namely, segment intersection reporting, and explore the effect of varying the parameters of the method. >
Global trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality

This review highlights the increasing incidence of breast cancer world-wide and the increasing burden of breast cancer deaths experienced by lower-income countries. The causes of increasing incidence have been attributed to changes in the prevalence of reproductive risk factors, lifestyle changes, and genetic and biological differences between ethnic and racial groups. All these factors may contribute, but data linking etiological factors to increased risk in developing countries is lacking. The challenge for lower-income countries is developing effective strategies to reverse the trend of increasing mortality. Down-staging of breast cancer by early detection is a promising long-term strategy for preventing disease-related deaths but it is difficult to make the economic investment required to carry out broad screening programs. Successful strategies for addressing the growing breast cancer burden will therefore take political will, reliable data, public and medical community awareness, and partnerships between community advocates, governments, non-governmental organizations and biotechnology.
Coercion, Control, and Consequence in Genetic Testing

Recent discoveries about the genetic basis of disease and well-being have raised important public policy issues involving insurance markets. These concerns involve coercion, control, and consequence. In the insurance context, coercion refers to the possibility that individuals will be forced to undergo genetic tests as a precondition for obtaining insurance. When testing occurs, control refers to questions about who will have access to genetic test results and under what conditions. Finally, consequence takes into account the various ways in which genetic test information can be used; paramount here is a concern about possible discrimination in access to insurance.
Restore: an R of sustainability that can tame the “conundrum”

The environmental benefits of sustainability efforts can be rendered less effective due to economic feedback mechanisms. As a remedy against such rebound effects, a reinvestment strategy towards environmental causes has been suggested. Here, a practical implementation of such a reinvestment strategy is presented. It involves a) estimating the financial savings resulting from sustainability efforts, b) informing the participants that the environmental benefit of the efforts is reduced by economic feedback mechanisms and c) asking them to donate a fraction of the expected savings towards environmental causes. An easy-to-use methodology for estimating rebound effects of sustainability efforts is presented in order to quantify the efficacy of this approach. CO2 emission offsets are used as an example of donations towards environmental causes. It is shown, that donating even a small amount (less than 1% of financial savings obtained from conservation or engineering savings) of donated carbon offsets can more than eliminate the estimated rebound effects. This then leads to the restore principle, that states that the environmental benefit of reducing activities with average environmental impact is dramatically improved if a fraction of the resulting financial savings is applied towards environmental causes. This approach is made practical by augmenting the common reduce, reuse, recycle motto with a fourth component: reduce, reuse, recycle and restore.
Cerebral vascular endothelial heme oxygenase: expression, localization, and activation by glutamate

Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) contributes to vasodilator responses of cerebral microvessels in newborn pigs. We investigated the expression, intracellular localization, and activity of heme oxyge...
Perspectives of Older Women on Toileting

Date Presented 4/16/2015 Deficits in self-care have been linked to older adults’ ability to remain at home; little research has focused on toileting. In this qualitative study, we used interviews to explore attitudes, experiences, practices, and preferences associated with toileting by older women. Results will inform the development of client-centered interventions to maximize performance and to support aging in place.
N. la. Marr and the National Origins of Soviet Ethnogenetics

Whatever about the soundness of de Selby's theories, there is ample evidence that they were honestly held and that several attempts were made to put them into practice. Flann O'Brian, The Third Policeman The world consists of nations. Nations are communities united by a common name, state, language, territory, culture, and physical type. Nations are defined by their origins. Yet the origins of the name, state, language, territory, culture, and physical type may have nothing to do with each other. Such was the Great Ethnological Predicament, discovered and sometimes discussed by eighteenth-century scholars as they pursued Jean Le Rond D'Alembert's “art of reducing, as far as possible, a great number of phenomena to a single one which can be regarded as the principle of them.”
Benzoquinones in the Defensive Secretion of Leichenum caniliculatum variegatum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Like many other members of the family Tenebrionidae, Leichenum caniliculatum variegatum (Klug) possesses abdominal defensive glands. When a leg of this beetle is pinched, the insect responds by everting a pair of glandular sacs from the tip of its abdomen and applying a dark, odorous secretion to the site of the attack. So that the components of this secretion might be determined, specimens of the Leichenum were collected as they came to a lighted sheet on the grounds of the Archbold Biological Station near Lake Placid, Florida.
Probing the Steric and Electronic Characteristics of a New Bis-Pyrrolide Pincer Ligand

A new pincer ligand is synthesized to be dianionic, with the potential to be redox active. It has pyrrrole rings attached to both ortho sites of a pyridine, as the linking element. This H2L can be doubly deprotonated and then used to replace two chloride ligands in MCl2(NCPh)2, to form LM(NCPh) for M = Pd, Pt. The acid form H2L reacts with ZnEt2 with elimination of only 1 mol of ethane to yield (HL)ZnEt, a three-coordinate species with one pendant pyrrole NH functionality. This molecule binds the Lewis base p-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) to give first a simple 1:1 adduct that eliminates ethane on heating to form four-coordinate LZn(DMAP), which has an unusual structure due to the strong preference of the pincer ligand to bind in a mer (planar) geometry. A molecule with two HL– ligands each bonded in a bidentate manner to FeCl2 is synthesized and shown to contain four-coordinate iron with a flattened-tetrahedral structure. The electrochemistry of LM(NCPh) and (L)Zn(DMAP) shows three oxidation processes, wh...
Conflict in Organization: A Re-Examination

Generally, conflict in organizations is condemned. This article examines some of the functions which conflict can fill and also some of its roots. It is shown that the roots of conflict are embedde...
TNF-α increases sensitivity to LPS in chronically catheterized rats

Patients with severe trauma injury are transiently exposed to increased serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). These patients are susceptible to the development of multisystem org...
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE KINETIC MODEL AND MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION ON A SINGLE PELLET GAS-SOLID REACTION SYSTEM

On the basis of unreacted-core shrinking model,an unsteady state pressure difference kinetic model interpreting gas-solid reaction was developed The governing differential equations were solved numerically with kinetic parameters measured experimentally and those estemated according to empirical correlations.The calculated results reveal that under the calculation conditions,the radial distribution of the total pressure of gaseous species within the sold product layer is almost uniform,however,it varies obviously with reaction time Within the porous medium,not only changes the amount of gases accumulated,but its composition varies as well It is further found out that the very rate-limiting step of the hydrogen reduction of ilmenite pellet is the outward diffusion of aqueous vapor The influence of some important operational parameters on the kinetics of the gas-solid reaction as well as the conditions under which an isobaric kinetic model approximately applies are also discussed
Development of "Technical specifications for Health villages Construction and Its Approval in Anhui Province"

Objective Establish "Hygienic Village Construction and Approval Technology Standard" in order to control the direct and indirect harm of natural and man-made harmful factors to human health.MethodBoth the examination of environment and health situation in the locale and the investigation of feasibility were applied.ResultsThis standard provided the health requirement of the programming and location of hygienic village;the technological standard of hygienic village construction and approval to its construction;the health requirement and approval technology standard of water supply and water drain in hygienic village;the health requirement and approval technology standard of the construction of sanitary facilities in hygienic village;the major guide lines for examination and approval of hygienic village.ConclusionThe publishing and execution of this standard will take the leading in putting the construction of hygienic village and approval technology work in our province into the way of law management.