cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation, structure, and stability of MHD intermediate shocks

It was recently shown by Wu (1987) that intermediate shocks are admissible and can be formed through nonlinear wave steepening from continuous waves. In this paper, the formation, structure, and stability of intermediate shocks in dissipative MHD are considered in detail. The differences between the conventional theory and the present one are pointed out and clarified. It is shown that all four types of intermediate shocks can be formed from smooth waves. It is also shown that there are free parameters in the structure of the intermediate shocks, and that these parameters are related to the shock stability. In addition, the paper shows that a rotational discontinuity can not exist with finite width, indicates how this is related to the existence of time-dependent intermediate shocks, and shows why the conventional theory is not a good approximation to dissipative MHD solutions whenever there is rotation in magnetic field.
Progress towards understanding baryon resonances.

The composite nature of baryons manifests itself in the existence of a rich spectrum of excited states, in particular in the important mass region 1–2 GeV for the light-flavoured baryons. The properties of these resonances can be identified by systematic investigations using electromagnetic and strong probes, primarily with beams of electrons, photons, and pions. After decades of research, the fundamental degrees of freedom underlying the baryon excitation spectrum are still poorly understood. The search for hitherto undiscovered but predicted resonances continues at many laboratories around the world. Recent results from photo- and electroproduction experiments provide intriguing indications for new states and shed light on the structure of some of the known nucleon excitations. The continuing study of available data sets with consideration of new observables and improved analysis tools have also called into question some of the earlier findings in baryon spectroscopy. Other breakthrough measurements have been performed in the heavy-baryon sector, which has seen a fruitful period in recent years, in particular at the B factories and the Tevatron. First results from the large hadron collider indicate rapid progress in the field of bottom baryons. In this review, we discuss the recent experimental progress and give an overview of theoretical approaches.
Oceanography and meteorology

The sciences of oceanography and meteorology are more closely interrelated than the oceanographer or the meteorologist usually realize in the daily round of their work. The two fluid mediums, the ocean and the atmosphere, differ in composition, density, and viscosity, but obey the same laws of motion under differences of pressure, the deflective effect of the Earth's rotation, and friction. Both are heated by the Sun; both are cooled by radiation, also by conduction and evaporation. The interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean are intimate: The ocean, dense, slow-moving, conservative, profoundly affects the light air in contact with it; the atmosphere, light, mobile, radical in its temperature changes, quietly or boisterously pushes the ocean, stirring it and changing its density. The temperature, humidity, and wind-belts of the atmosphere and the temperature, salinity, and current-belts of the ocean have much in common and much interdependence.
Thromboembolic and bleeding outcomes of low-intensity warfarin thromboprophylaxis following elective total hip arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Low-intensity warfarin is among the most frequently prescribed thromboprophylaxis regimens after major orthopedic surgery in the United States. This has been a source of controversy as the American College of Chest Physicians historically recommended standard intensity warfarin (INR 2–3) over low-intensity warfarin in this setting. The updated guidelines include low-intensity warfarin as a recommended option, but data evaluating this intervention has not kept pace with newer agents. Materials and Methods We describe the risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism and clinically relevant bleeding in a retrospective cohort of patients receiving low-intensity warfarin (INR 1.5 to 2.5) for six weeks after total hip arthroplasty. Outcomes were identified within a joint replacement registry and cross-verified by queries of electronic inpatient and outpatient databases and independently adjudicated by chart review. Results 835 surgeries in 800 patients were included in the analysis. Mean patient age was 66 years, 61.7% were female and 81.1% were prescribed mechanical prophylaxis in addition to warfarin. In the 90 days after surgery, there were 13 cases of symptomatic venous thromboembolism (1.6% of surgeries) which included 10 cases of pulmonary embolism (1.2% of surgeries). The incidence of clinically relevant bleeding during warfarin therapy was 0.8% and one death unrelated to bleeding or venous thromboembolism occurred. Conclusions Although warfarin produced low rates of clinically relevant bleeding and symptomatic venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism made up a greater proportion of events than anticipated. Low-intensity warfarin should be considered in future studies to identify the regimen that optimally balances risk of bleeding and symptomatic venous thromboembolism in a real world setting.
An Approach to Consistent Patient Education

Patient education is instrumental to postoperative recovery. To that end, the nurse must be able to decipher the discharge instructions and the patient and caregivers must be able to understand them. Ambulatory surgery patients are in the clinical setting for shorter periods; therefore, nurses need to provide these patients with effective educational tools that will assist them in achieving optimal surgical outcomes. In an effort to improve our perioperative and discharge orders, which were being handwritten, I created standardized forms that require little handwriting and allow surgeons to complete their orders by checkmarking the items. Use of these forms has improved turnover time, provided nurses and patients with orders that are easier to read and understand, and produced fewer incidences in which information is left off orders or misunderstood. Following up with patients to ensure their comprehension and active participation in their postsurgical care allows the nurses to assess the success of surgical care and patient satisfaction.
Electronic Density of States in Cu-Based Alloys

A detailed theoretical investigation has been made of the manner in which the electronic density of states of copper changes with the introduction of dilute nonmagnetic impurities. The formalism used is exact for a single impurity in a system of muffin-tin potentials, and takes into account the detailed character of the host band structure. The impurity potential is calculated through a self-consistent procedure utilizing a generalized Friedel sum rule. The results show a marked difference from the predictions of the rigid-band model. We find that the changes in the single-particle electronic density of states are not sufficient to account for the measured changes in the linear component of the specific heat. But due to the comprehensive nature of the calculations, it is possible to conclude that the discrepancy is due to other physical effects.
Primula cusickiana (Primulaceae) and its varieties

Primula domensis Kass & S. L. Welsh,P. maguirei L. O. Williams, andP. nevadensis N. H. Holmgren are reduced to varietal status underP. cusickiana (A. Gray) A. Gray.
Age differences in a controlled-lag recognition memory task.

Abstract Sixty subjects, 30 young and 30 old, were tested for word recognition using a controlled-lag method. A significant age difference was found for both recognition and for a subsequent recall task. Young subjects were superior to old on both recognition and recall. The greater the lag between the two presentations of a word, the greater the number of errors for both age groups. Most errors were made towards the beginning of the list, with a sharp drop in the middle, and a slight increase in the end. The older people took more time to complete the recognition task than the young.
Social identity and culture change on the southern northwest coast

Driven by the participation of Native American people in the contemporary political, cultural, and academic landscape of North America, public and academic discussions have considered the nature of contemporary American Indian identity and the persistence, survival, and (to some) reinvention of Native American cultures and traditions. I use a case study—the historical anthropology of the Native American people of the Oregon coast—to examine the persistence of many American Indian people through the colonial period and the subsequent revitalization of “traditional” cultural practices. Drawing on archaeological data, ethnohistorical accounts, and oral traditions, I offer a reading of how, set against and through an ancestral landscape, traditional social identities and relationships of gender and authority were constructed and contested. I then consider how American Indian people negotiated the new sets of social relationships dictated by the dominant society.
Generation of Solar Magnetic Fields II

In this lecture we continue our discussion concerning the generation of magnetic fields from the motion of conducting fluids. We proposed the “short sudden” idealization, which led to equation (17) in the preceding lecture. Vj in that equation is the large scale, steady fluid velocity that continually shears the field. In addition we introduce quick bursts of turbulence during which any amount of rotation or twisting of the field can be accomplished. Following these quick bursts of motion the fluid is held motionless so that small scale irregularities die off and we are left with a smooth, average, large scale state. This cycle is repeated at time intervals x, producing the dynamo equations for the mean vector potential Ai (xk, t).
Stalnaker on zombies

Part V of Ways a World Might Be is entitled "Subjective Possibilities" and contains three concluding papers in philosophy of mind. "Comparing Qualia across Persons" disputes Sydney Shoemaker's defense of an inverted-spectrum hypothesis and in particular his argument for the determinacy of interpersonal comparisons of the qualitative character of sensory experience (Shoemaker, 1996). "What is it like to be a Zombie?" assesses a generic conceivability argument against materialism. "On Thomas Nagel's Objective Self engages Nagel's puzzle of why it is so remarkable to him that he should be Thomas Nagel of all people, defends an "austere" view of subjective or perspectival content, and offers some related reflections on Nagel's and Frank Jackson's famous "Knowledge Argument" (Jackson, 1982; Nagel, 1974, 1986). I side with Shoemaker in the matter of interpersonal qualia comparisons, but I must let him defend himself against Stalnaker's opposition. Here I shall remark briefly on Stalnaker's approach to the Knowledge Argument, and then spend the rest of my allotted pages on "What is it like to be a Zombie?" Jackson puts forward the well-known example of Mary, the scientifically omniscient color and color vision researcher who up till time t has herself actually seen only black and white things; then she is exposed to red, green, etc. objects for the first time and (dramatically) learns what it is like to experience redness and the other colors. Stalnaker joins in what I believe is the mainstream response to the argument, contending that Mary does not learn a new fact in any chunky or objective sense of "fact," but merely comes to represent a fact she already knew in a new, subjective way. Yet she does acquire a new propositional content; she does not, e.g., merely acquire new abilities (Lewis, 1990; Nemirow, 1990). How is such a thing new propositional content but no new fact possible? Stalnaker's model for it, like my own and many others', is what John Perry called
The factory system in the British industrial revolution: A complementarity thesis

Abstract This paper offers an explanation for the rise of the factory system in Britain during the Industrial Revolution (1770–1850) based on the concept of complementarity : Investment in machinery, process supervision, and improved quality control formed a cluster of complementary activities in which adopting any one increased the marginal return to also adopting the others. Further, factory owners introduced process supervision not only to increase work effort, but also to balance worker incentives among production, quality control, and asset maintenance tasks. To test this hypothesis, I have constructed a new data set from firm studies and archival records. Measures of firms’ adoption of the activities are positively correlated in the cross-section of firms, providing evidence in favor of the complementarity hypothesis.
The lost boys (and girls) : Readers in neverland

Using published research studies, writings of experts in the literacy field, and anecdotes from the author's own experiences, this article examines the reading motivation and disposition of preservice teachers and suggests ways that children's literature courses positively affect both. Ideas of social modeling, constructivist course design, and the role of influential teachers are also discussed. The title is derived from the classic book, Peter Pan and Wendy, and hints at the possibility that future generations of readers may be "lost" if teacher preparation programs do not consider and promote positive reading dispositions.
Recognition memory for typical and atypical actions in scripted activities: Tests of a script pointer + tag hypothesis

A script pointer+tag hypothesis assumes that the conceptual representation which interrelates actions in scripted activities, for example, going to a restaurant , consists of a “pointer” to a generic script as a whole, plus a “tag” for each action that is not typical of the generic script. The hypothesis predicts, and two experiments confirmed, that (a) memory discrimination is better for atypical actions in a passage than for typical script actions and (b) there is no memory discrimination for very typical actions. The typicality of actions robustly predicted false alarm rates but not hit rates. The results suggested that discriminative accuracy is best explained by properties of a passage's representation rather than the amount of cognitive resources allocated at acquisition.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in pediatric renal transplantation

Over last two decades ABPM has evolved from a research device to an established and valuable clinical tool for BP evaluation. More than 10 yrs ago ABPM was introduced to pediatrics and since that time, its importance has been increasing in the management of hypertension in children and adolescents. This review summarizes the information gathered from the studies of ABPM in adult and pediatric patients with renal transplants. We will review the importance of hypertension in this patient subset, discuss the advantage of ABPM over CBP and focus on specific abnormalities and clinical significance of ABPM in renal transplant recipients.
Accurate numerical solutions for Daisyworld

The numerical solutions of the Daisyworld model of Watson and Lovelock contain significant quantitative errors. We give accurate numerical solutions for the same cases. We also show how the errors may have been caused by failure to enforce computational constraints such as strict tests of steadiness. The errors which we find do not qualitatively alter the main conclusions of Watson and Lovelock, but they illustrate a peril. The Daisyworld model is an example of a mathematical system which is too idealized to be compared with observations but too complex to be solved analytically. Such systems can be probed only by numerical simulations, so it is crucial that the computations be trustworthy. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00324.x
Optimization of a synchrotron radiation source

Abstract Some aspects of the optimization of an electron storage ring as a synchrotron radiation source will be presented. This will include the choice of magnet ring structure, choice of electron accelerating-system parameters and choice of structure sections for the use of high field wigglers or undulators.
Synthesis, characterization, and applications of dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles.

In this article we describe the synthesis, characterization, and applications of dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs). These materials are synthesized by a template approach in which metal ions are extracted into the interior of dendrimers and then subsequently chemically reduced to yield nearly size-monodisperse particles having dimensions of less than 3 nm. Monometallic, bimetallic (including core/shell), and semiconductor nanoparticles have been prepared by this route. The dendrimer component of these composites serves not only as a template for preparing the nanoparticle replica but also to stabilize the nanoparticle, makes it possible to tune solubility, and provides a means for immobilization of the nanoparticle on solid supports. These materials have a number of potential applications, but the focus here is on catalysis. Homogeneous catalytic reactions, including hydrogenations, Heck coupling, and Suzuki reactions, in water, organic solvents, biphasic fluorous/organic solvents, and liquid an...
Hexosamines and Insulin Resistance

Glucose is an important regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Thus, it is likely that some of the adverse effects of hyperglycemia are reflections of normal regulation by abnormal concentrations of glucose. How the cell senses glucose, however, is still incompletely understood. Evidence has been presented that the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway serves this function for regulation of aspects of glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and synthesis of growth factors. Excess hexosamine flux causes insulin resistance in cultured cells, tissues, and intact animals. Further evidence for the possible role of this pathway in normal glucose homeostasis and disease is that the level of activity of the rate-limiting enzyme in hexosamine synthesis, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, is correlated with glucose disposal rates (GDRs) in normal humans and transgenic mice.
Protein kinase C and membrane transport: divergent responses of Na+/K+/Cl- cotransport and sugar transport to exogenous diacylglycerol.

Abstract Even though the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) is known to bind to and activate protein kinase C (PKC), it is still not certain that all cellular responses to phorbol esters are necessarily mediated by PKC. In BALB/c 3T3 preadipose cells, TPA has previously been shown to rapidly inhibit Na+K+Cl−-cotransport activity, stimulate 2-deoxyglucose uptake and induce oroithine decarboxylase activity. The cell-permeable diacylglycerol sn-1,2-dioctanoylglycerol (DiC8) was used in order to distinguish between PKC-dependent and -independent responses of BALB/c 3T3 cells. DiC8 modulated 86Rb+ fluxes in BALB/c 3T3 cells in the same manner as TPA: furosemide-sensitive 86Rb+ influx and efflux was inhibited, while in cotransport-defective cells no effect was observed. In contrast, DiC8 did not stimulate 2-deoxyglucose uptake in either parental or cotransport-defective cell lines, even though TPA is a very effective inducer of this transport system in both cell types. Pretreatment of cells with DiC8 did not substantially alter the subsequent induction of 2-deoxyglucose uptake by TPA, although a slight but reproducible reduction in the magnitude of the response was observed in DiC8-pretreated cells. The PKC-dependent phosphorylation of an acidic 80-kDa protein was stimulated by both TPA and DiC8 in parental and cotransport-defective cell lines, suggesting taht a gross defect in the primary effector system used by both TPA and diacylglycerols cannot explain any of our results. Ornithine decarboxylase was induced by DiC8 and the K 1 2 was approximately the same as that for inhibition of Na+/K+/Cl− cotransport in these cells. Thus, our results suggest that PKC is clearly essential for some phorbol ester membrane transport responses (such as inhibition of Na+/K+/Cl− cotransport), but our results do not allow us to conclude that other responses (such as stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose uptake) necessarily require PKC activation.
Standards-based reform and its unintended consequences: Implications for science education within America's urban schools

This conceptual article examines the influence of the current standards-based reform upon science education policies and practices within urban schools. We identify four negative yet unforeseen effects of the reform movement: undermining urban teachers' professionalism, eroding teacher–student relationships, diluting the science curriculum, and disparate instruction based on predicted individual test performance. Our awareness of these nuisances emerged from our first-hand engagement with urban science teaching and through our collegial relationships with exemplary urban teachers. In closing, we propose mechanisms by which university-based science educators might address these issues by assisting exemplary urban teachers to resist the reform-induced perils and by incorporating the urban milieu as a substantive aspect of science teacher education. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 114-127, 2002
Advanced carbon nanotube/polymer composite infrared sensors

Abstract We demonstrate that both single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) types and nanotube-matrix polymer-nanotube (CNT–P–CNT) junctions have profound impact on electro-optical properties of SWCNT/polymer composites. Composite IR sensors based on CoMoCAT®-produced SWCNTs (SWCNTsCoMoCAT) significantly outperform those based on HiPco®-produced SWCNTs (SWCNTsHiPco). Higher semiconducting nanotube concentration in a SWCNT material is critical to enhance the photo effect of IR light on SWCNT/polymer nanocomposites, whereas CNT–P–CNT junctions play a dominant role in the thermal effect of IR light on supported SWCNT/polymer composite films.
Determinants of sequence-specific DNA methylation: target recognition and catalysis are coupled in M.HhaI.

Sequence specificity studies of the wild-type bacterial DNA cytosine C5 methyltransferase HhaI were carried out with cognate (5‘GCGC3‘) and noncognate DNA substrates containing single base pair cha...
Using cyber maneuver to improve network resiliency

The Net Maneuver Commander (NMC) is a research prototype cyber command and control (C2) system which constantly maneuvers network-based elements preemptively to improve network resiliency in a cyber compromised environment. Similar in concept to a frequency hopping radio, Network Maneuver Commander transparently and preemptively provides a moving target defense to evade attack. It utilizes randomization algorithms for maneuver destination selection, providing randomized synthetic diversity of hardware platforms, operating systems and network segments. Network Maneuver Commander also improves resiliency through random and pre-emptive application and platform reconstitution with check-pointing, reloading and resetting, and through the support of deception and containment of malware.
The Four Habits Coding Scheme: validation of an instrument to assess clinicians' communication behavior.

Abstract Objective To present preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of the Four Habits Coding Scheme (4HCS), an instrument based on a teaching model used widely throughout Kaiser Permanente to improve clinicians’ communication skills. Methods One hundred videotaped primary care visits were coded using the 4HCS, and the data were assessed against a previously available data set for these visits, including the Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS), back channel responses, measures of nonverbal behavior, length of visit, and patients’ post-visit assessments. Results Levels of inter-rater reliability were acceptable, and the distribution of ratings across items indicated that physicians’ modal responses varied widely. Correlations between 4HCS ratings, RIAS, back channel responses, and non-verbal measures provided evidence of the instrument's construct validity. Conclusions The Four Habits Coding Scheme, an instrument that combines both evaluative and descriptive elements of physician communication behavior and is derived from a conceptually based teaching model, has the potential to be of utility to researchers and evaluators as well as educators and clinicians. Practice Implications The Four Habits Coding Scheme provides a template for both guiding and measuring physician communication behaviors.
High photon efficiency computational range imaging using spatio-temporal statistical regularization

We demonstrate 1 photon-per-pixel photon efficiency and sub-pulse-width range resolution in megapixel laser range imaging by using a joint spatio-temporal statistical processing framework and by exploiting transform-domain sparsity.
722-3 Low Dose Dobutamine Predicts Recovery of Global but not Regional Left Ventricular Function After Revascularlzatlon In Patients with Chronic Ischemic Dysfunction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of low dose (LD) dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) to independently predict recovery of global and regional left ventricular (LV) function following coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) in patients with ischemic LV dysfunction. Sixteen patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and reduced ejection fraction (EF = 0.25 ± 0.08) underwent DSE prior to CABG, and 2D echo at 20 ± 17 weeks post-CABG (FlU). Global EF was measured at baseline, LD and at F/U; improvement was defined as an increase in EF of g 0.05. Global EF at F/U improved in 11/16 pts (69%). All 11 (100%) pts had improvement in EF on LD DSE. Improvement in regional function was assessed in segments (segs) that were akinetic (AK) or severely hypokinetic (SHK) at baseline. Of 147 SHK/AK segs at baseline, 27 (18%) had LD augmentation; of these 27 segs, 13 (48%) improved on FlU. Of 120 SHK/AK which did not augment at LD, 34 (28%) improved at F/U. The sensitivity (SENSI). specificity (SPECI), positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of LD augmentation for predicting improvement in regional and global LV function were: SENSI SPECI PPV NPV p Regional 38% 86% 48% 72% * 0.05 * Global 100% 60% 85% ‡ 100% 0.02 ‡ Conclusions 1) Improvement in EF during LD DSE predicts recovery of global LV function with a PPV of 85%, and 2) Failure of individual AK or SHK segments to improve with LD DSE predicts lack of recovery at F/U with a NPV of 72%. Low dose dobutamine stress echocardiography can therefore be used to predict recovery of global function and lack of recovery of regional ventricularfunction following revascularization in patients with chronic ischemic dysfunction. It may be of relative greater value in predicting global as compa red to regional function.
The effects of strategic and market complementarity on acquisition performance: evidence from the U.S. commercial banking industry, 1989–2001

Most traditional research on mergers and acquisitions tends to focus on the role of similarity in explaining acquisition performance. While scholars have recently begun to examine acquisition complementarity, there is still little evidence concerning how complementarity influences acquisition performance. Further, previous research has not drawn the connections between related contexts and the potential benefits from complementarity. In this article, we move the study of acquisition complementarity forward by investigating the effects of strategic and market complementarity on acquisition performance in the context of related horizontal acquisitions. We also propose that two key attributes of acquirers—strategic focus and out-of-market acquisition experience—will moderate this relationship. We investigate our research questions in the context of all 2,204 acquisitions made by publicly traded U.S. commercial banks during the 12-year period from 1989 to 2001. Our findings are generally supportive, suggesting complementarity is an important antecedent of acquisition performance, and raising important issues on the nature of acquisition research in general. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixed Lagrangian Formulation for Linear Thermoelastic Response of Structures

AbstractAlthough a complete unified theory for elasticity, plasticity, and damage does not yet exist, an approach on the basis of thermomechanical principles may be able to serve as the foundation for such a theory. With this in mind, as a first step, a mixed formulation is developed for fully coupled, spatially discretized linear thermoelasticity under the Lagrangian formalism by using Hamilton’s principle. A variational integration scheme is then proposed for the temporal discretization of the resulting Euler-Lagrange equations. With this discrete numerical time-step solution, it becomes possible, for proper choices of state variables, to restate the problem in the form of an optimization. Ultimately, this allows the formulation of a principle of minimum generalized complementary potential energy for the discrete-time thermoelastic system.
What's Next for Collection Management and Managers? User-Centered Collection Management

We as collection managers like to think that we administer our collections in ways that always keep our users in mind. But let's be honest. What we had in mind was often what we thought our users w...
Labor pain management in the United States: Understanding patterns and the issue of choice

We reviewed a considerable body of literature in an attempt to characterize the patterns of managing pain in US childbirth. In doing so, we noted the relatively restricted range of choice most US women have in this situation and the limited amount of information available about what US women prefer, the reasons for their preferences, and what influences them. What is clear is that the range of choice available is substantially narrower than in many of the advanced industrial democracies of Western Europe. The reasons for this include professional training, economic rewards, staffing constraints, and understandable inclinations to avoid pain. What is not clear is what could be done to increase women's choices. Simply supplying more information, however accurate, will surely be inadequate. Changes in training programs could make a difference, as would shifts in payment. There are, however, deeper cultural forces at work that are less open to direction.
MATRIX ISOLATION AND DENSITY FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF NOVEL TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES. NO + FE, CO, NI, CU, AND ZN IN ARGON MATRICES

Abstract We have undertaken a study of the interaction and reaction of nitric oxide with the first row transition metal atoms. Such studies are applicable to catalytic processes (i.e. NOx reduction) as well as direct corrosion of metals. NO and transition metal vapors were trapped in cryogenic argon matrices and their interactions were probed using FTIR spectroscopy. A number of complexes of varying stoichiometry were detected; however, there was no detectable interaction between NO and Zn. Density functional studies using several functional combinations were performed to determine structures, vibrational frequencies, and binding energies of the MNO complexes. There is no obvious discernible trend in the binding properties across the row. DFT calculations do support the Zn NO results by predicting a negative binding energy for the ZnNO complex. A comparison with MCO complexes is offered.
Coherent umklapp scattering of light from disordered photonic crystals

A theoretical study of the coherent light scattering from disordered photonic crystals is presented. In addition to the conventional enhancement of the reflected light intensity into the backscattering direction, the so-called coherent backscattering (CBS), the periodic modulation of the dielectric function in photonic crystals gives rise to a qualitatively new effect: enhancement of the reflected light intensity in directions different from the backscattering direction. These additional coherent scattering processes, dubbed here umklapp scattering (CUS), result in peaks, which are most pronounced when the incident light beam enters the sample at an angle close to the the Bragg angle. Assuming that the dielectric function modulation is weak, we study the shape of the CUS peaks for different relative lengths of the modulation-induced Bragg attenuation compared to the disorder-induced mean free path. We show that when the Bragg length increases, then the CBS peak assumes its conventional shape, whereas the CUS peak rapidly diminishes in amplitude. We also study the suppression of the CUS peak upon the departure of the incident beam from the Bragg resonance: we found that the diminishing of the CUS intensity is accompanied by substantial broadening. In addition, the peak becomes asymmetric.
Sweep accounts, reserve management, and interest rate volatility

Abstract Retail sweep accounts have reduced required bank reserve balances by more than 70% since 1995, raising concerns in some quarters about increased volatility of interest rates and reduced monetary policy effectiveness. We develop a model of bank reserve management and daily payment flows that indicates that the effect of lower reserve balances on funds rate volatility is theoretically ambiguous. We empirically test the relationships among reserve balances, federal funds-rate volatility, and the variation in short-term money market rates. Our conclusion is that reductions in reserve balances have not impinged on the ability of the Federal Reserve to conduct monetary policy in the manner that it has in recent years.
Deficits in sequential processing manifest in motor and linguistic tasks in a multigenerational family with childhood apraxia of speech

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a global deficit in sequential processing as candidate endophenotypein a family with familial childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Of 10 adults and 13 children in a three-generational family with speech sound disorder (SSD) consistent with CAS, 3 adults and 6 children had past or present SSD diagnoses. Two preschoolers with unremediated CAS showed a high number of sequencing errors during single-word production. Performance on tasks with high sequential processing loads differentiated between the affected and unaffected family members, whereas there were no group differences in tasks with low processing loads. Adults with a history of SSD produced more sequencing errors during nonword and multisyllabic real word imitation, compared to those without such a history. Results are consistent with a global deficit in sequential processing that influences speech development as well as cognitive and linguistic processing.
Mucus removal is impaired in children with cystic fibrosis who have been infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Objective To determine if mucus removal is impaired in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) who have been recently infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Study design We compared mucociliary clearance (MCC), cough clearance (CC), lung morphology, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) in 7- to 14-year-old children with CF and mild lung disease (FEV 1 ≥ 80%). Children were either P aeruginosa negative (n = 8), or P aeruginosa positive ( P aeruginosa obtained from at least 1 airway culture in the preceding 18 months) (n = 10). MCC and CC were quantified from gamma camera imaging of the right lung immediately after inhalation of 99m technetium sulfur-colloid (time 0), over the next 60 minutes (average percent clearance over the first 60 minutes [AveMCC60]), 60-90 minutes (average percent clearance between 70 and 90 minutes [AveMCC/CC90]), and after 24 hours (percent clearance after 24 hours [MCC24hrs]). Children coughed 30 times between 60 and 90 minutes. Lung morphology was assessed by high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scores of both lungs (total score) and of the right lung, using the Brody scale. Percent AveMCC60, AveMCC/CC90, MCC24hrs, FEV 1 , and HRCT scores were compared across the 2 groups using unpaired t tests. Associations were assessed using Spearman correlation. Results There were no differences between the 2 groups in AveMCC60, MCC24hrs, mean HRCT total scores, right lung HRCT scores, or mean FEV 1 . AveMCC/CC90 was significantly decreased in children with P aeruginosa compared with those without (16.2% ± 11.0% vs 28.6% ± 7.8%, respectively; P = .016). There was a significant negative correlation of AveMCC60 and AveMCC/CC90 with total lung HRCT score (all P 1 . Conclusions Infection with P aeruginosa is associated with a significant slowing of MCC/CC in children with mild CF and may be a more sensitive indicator of the effects of P aeruginosa than measurements of FEV 1 .
Rental Housing and the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981

This article presents a study of the impact of ERTA on the market for rental housing. Major changes in capital recovery periods and in the methods of depreciation available to investors in rental housing have been brought about because of ERTA. The effects of these changes are modeled, and short-run changes in demand price and rents are simulated with a baseline case deemed typical of a rental housing development. Results indicate that depending on inflation, declines in rent-to-value ratios ranging from 20% to 33% and 24% to 48% for conventional and low-income housing, respectively, may be expected. This implies some substitution of low-income rental housing, for otherwise, identical housing may occur and, because of new capital recovery provisions, properties will be bought and sold more frequently than previously.
Influence of Social Support on Gay Men Living with HIV

This article examines the social support networks of gay men living with HIV. Many people do not realize that HIV is still a significant health concern. The rate of HIV infection has not decreased substantially in over 15 years, and in the United States alone health care practitioners see approximately 40,000 cases per year. Some of the literature on this topic suggests that gay men with HIV receive more social support from friends than from family members. Research also suggests that these men sometimes experience losses of social support after they are diagnosed as HIV positive. Five gay men with HIV participated in in-depth interviews for this study. During these interviews 14 open-ended questions were posed with several of these questions having follow-up probes/questions. The questions focused on specific aspects of the participant's support network. Participants' responses to the interview questions were transcribed and content analyzed for relevant themes. Results indicated that whereas many of the...
Risk reconsidered: targets of violence in the social networks of people with serious psychiatric disorders

Risk Reconsidered: Targets of violence in the Social Networks of People with Serious Mental illness. This exploratory analysis addresses the questions: 1) Who among the members of the social network of a person diagnosed with a major psychiatric disorder is likely to become a target of violence?; 2) What kind of relationships do targets have with respondents in terms of the quality and quantity of interactions?, and 3) What are the risk factors that contribute to being a target of violence for people who are in the social networks of persons with serious mental disorders? The samples of 169 people with serious mental disorders were followed for 30 months. A logistic regression model of the risk for being a target of violence among the members of the cohort's social network reveals that both target and respondent characteristics are salient, and that mothers who live with adult children who have schizophrenia and co-occurring substance abuse bear a substantially elevated risk of becoming a target of violence, compared to other social network members. Other factors that elevate the risk for being a target of violence are being an immediate family members of the respondent, more time in residence with the respondent, and whether the respondent is financially dependent on the family. Respondents with the most mental health center visits had lower odds of committing an act or threat of violence against a social network member.
Propagation of seismic waves in tall buildings

A discrete-time wave propagation formulation of the seismic response of tall buildings is introduced. The building is modeled as a layered medium, similar to a layered soil medium, and is subjected to vertically propagating seismic shear waves. Soil layers and the bedrock under the foundation are incorporated in the formulation as additional layers. Seismic response is expressed in terms of the wave travel times between the layers, and the wave reflection and transmission coefficients at the layer interfaces. The equations account for the frequency-dependent filtering effects of the foundation and floor masses. The calculation of seismic response is reduced to a pair of simple finite-difference equations for each layer, which can be solved recursively starting from the bedrock. Compared to the commonly used vibration formulation, the wave propagation formulation provides several advantages, including simplified calculations, better representation of damping, ability to account for the effects of the soil layers under the foundation, and better tools for identification and damage detection from seismic records. Examples presented show the versatility of the method. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kaolinite dissolution and precipitation kinetics at 22 °C and pH 4

Dissolution and precipitation rates of low defect Georgia kaolinite (KGa-1b) as a function of Gibbs free energy of reaction (or reaction affinity) were measured at 22 C and pH 4 in continuously stirred flowthrough reactors. Steady state dissolution experiments showed slightly incongruent dissolution, with a Si/Al ratio of about 1.12 that is attributed to the re-adsorption of Al on to the kaolinite surface. No inhibition of the kaolinite dissolution rate was apparent when dissolved aluminum was varied from 0 and 60 {micro}M. The relationship between dissolution rates and the reaction affinity can be described well by a Transition State Theory (TST) rate formulation with a Temkin coefficient of 2 R{sub diss} (mol/m{sup 2}s) = 1.15 x 10{sup -13} [1-exp(-{Delta}G/2RT)]. Stopping of flow in a close to equilibrium dissolution experiment yielded a solubility constant for kaolinite at 22 C of 10{sup 7.57}. Experiments on the precipitation kinetics of kaolinite showed a more complex behavior. One conducted using kaolinite seed that had previously undergone extensive dissolution under far from equilibrium conditions for 5 months showed a quasi-steady state precipitation rate for 105 hours that was compatible with the TST expression above. After this initial period, however, precipitation rates decreased by an order of magnitude, and like other precipitation experiments conducted at higher supersaturation and without kaolinite seed subjected to extensive prior dissolution, could not be described with the TST law. The initial quasi-steady state rate is interpreted as growth on activated sites created by the dissolution process, but this reversible growth mechanism could not be maintained once these sites were filled. Long-term precipitation rates showed a linear dependence on solution saturation state that is generally consistent with a two dimensional nucleation growth mechanism following the equation R{sub ppt}(mol/m{sup 2}s) = 3.38 x 10{sup -14} exp[- 181776/T{sup 2} 1n{Omega}]. Further analysis using Synchrotron Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) in Total Electron Yield (TEY) mode of the material from the precipitation experiments showed spectra for newly precipitated material compatible with kaolinite. An idealized set of reactive transport simulations of the chemical weathering of albite to kaolinite using rate laws from HELLMANN and TISSERAND (2006) and this study respectively indicate that while pore waters are likely to be close to equilibrium with respect to kaolinite at pH 4, significant kaolinite supersaturation may occur at higher pH if its precipitation rate is pH dependent.
Marital status, delay in seeking treatment and survival from breast cancer

This study examined 10-year survival following a breast cancer diagnosis among 910 married and 351 widowed white women after adjusting for the effects of age, socio-economic status (SES), stage of disease and delay in seeking treatment for symptoms. All breast cancer patients were treated at M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute in Houston, Texas between 1949 and 1968. Marital status, age, SES, delay and stage were all univariate predictors of survival. Widowed patients were less likely to survive than married patients. Multivariate analyses using a Cox regression technique did not detect an effect of delay on survival when stage and the other variables were included. However, marital status differences in survival remained when all the other variables were included in the model. These data suggest that marital status differences in survival cannot be accounted for by patient delay in seeking treatment for breast cancer symptoms.
Cytosine methylation in a CpG sequence leads to enhanced reactivity with Benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide that correlates with a conformational change.

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a widespread environmental carcinogen that must be activated by cellular metabolism to a diol epoxide form (BPDE) before it reacts with DNA. It has recently been shown that BPDE preferentially modifies the guanine in methylated 5′-CpG-3′ sequences in the human p53 gene, providing one explanation for why these sites are mutational hot spots. Using purified duplex oligonucleotides containing identical methylated and unmethylated CpG sequences, we show here that BPDE preferentially modified the guanine in hemimethylated or fully methylated CpG sequences, producing between 3- and 8-fold more modification at this site. Analysis of this reaction using shorter duplex oligonucleotides indicated that it was the level of the (+)-trans isomer that was specifically increased. To determine if there were conformational differences between the methylated and unmethylated B[a]P-modified DNA sequences that may be responsible for this enhanced reactivity, a native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis was carried out using DNA containing isomerically pure B[a]P-DNA adducts. These experiments showed that each adduct resulted in an altered gel mobility in duplex DNA but that only the presence of a (+)-trans isomer and a methylated C 5′ to the adduct resulted in a significant gel mobility shift compared with the unmethylated case.
Putting the “Use” Back in Data Use: An Outsider's Contribution to the Measurement Community's Conversation About Data

We want to begin by thanking the commentators for their thoughtful and thought-provoking reviews of our article. As outsiders to the measurement community, we are honored to enter into dialogue wit...