cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Propulsive Efficiency of Rockets

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the meaning and properties of rocket propulsive efficiency, for both constant and variable exhaust speed. Propulsive efficiency can be defined as a point function, that is, it depends on the instantaneous operating conditions. Another way of defining propulsive efficiency is to say that a propulsion system operates in the most efficient manner when the least amount of energy need to be converted to increase the speed of the burnout mass by a specified amount. The rate of converting energy into kinetic energy of rocket and jet, that is, the propulsive power, is invariant. In case of interval function, the propulsive efficiency possesses a maximum (less than unity) with respect to mass ratio for constant exhaust speed, whereas, for variable exhaust speed, the propulsive efficiency increases monotonically (to unity) with increasing mass ratio mo/ml. Thus, the advantage of using optimum variable exhaust speed as opposed to constant exhaust speed becomes more pronounced with higher mass ratio.
The gas vacuole membrane of Microcystis aeruginosa: A partial amino acid sequence

Abstract The primary structure and hydrophobicity of the gas vacuole membrane were investigated in order to determine if this simple membrane, containing only one protein and no lipid, typifies integral membrane proteins. Peptides obtained by trypsin digestion and N -bromosuccinimide treatment of the gas vacuole protein were sequenced. Two aspects of the sequence analysis are of interest: a long stretch of 15 aliphatic residues (in peptide NPT), and a thrice repeating octapeptide. The location of the aliphatic portion of peptide NPT between the amino and carboxyl termini of the gas vacuole protein sequence means that the protein is amphipathic i.e., the protein has stretches of primarily either nonpolar residues or polar residues in its sequence. Based on this and a comparison of the relative polarities of gas vacuole protein with other integral membrane proteins, the gas vacuole protein is an integral membrane protein. The presence of the repeating octapeptide in the sequence suggests that it may serve as a structural building block for the membrane. Based on the presence of the aliphatic sequence in peptide NPT, a functional model for the gas vacuole membrane was proposed. To allow gas to pass through the membrane without a conformational change in the protein, it is speculated that either the gas must pass through the intermolecular space in the protein or through hydrophobic pores.
Chemical Stability of Esters of Nicotinic Acid Intended for Pulmonary Administration by Liquid Ventilation

Purpose. It has been suggested that fluorocarbon liquid may be a unique vehicle for the delivery of drugs directly to the acutely injured lung. A prodrug approach was used as a means of enhancing the solubility of a model drug (nicotinic acid) in the fluorocarbon. The solubility, the chemical stability of the putative prodrugs, and the sensitivity to enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. Methods. The solubility of each nicotinic acid ester was determined in buffer as a function of pH and in perflubron. The octanol/buffer partition coefficient was determined at pH 7.4. The chemical stability of the putative prodrugs was determined as a function of pH, temperature, buffer content, and ionic strength. In addition, sensitivity of the esters to enzymatic degradation was evaluated. Results. Compared with nicotinic acid, the solubility in perflubron of the esters was significantly enhanced. In aqueous buffers, the esters exhibited pseudo-first order degradation kinetics, with both acid and base catalyzed loss. Studies of the fluorobutyl ester indicate quantitative loss of the putative prodrug and release of the parent nicotinic acid. Porcine esterase accelerated the loss of fluorobutyl ester by a factor of over 200 compared with chemical hydrolysis at pH 7.4. Conclusions. The properties of the fluorinated esters suggest that they may be suitable candidates for further testing as possible prodrugs of nicotinic acid based upon higher solubility in perflubron, rapid release of the parent drug after simple hydrolysis, and sensitivity to the presence of a model esterase enzyme.
A Review of Physical Models and Heat-Transfer Correlations for Free-Convection Film Boiling

In the past, film boiling as a cooling process has not found wide commercial applications, mainly due to the accompanying large temperature differences between the heated surface and the liquid, which may lead to destructively high surface temperatures. In recent years, however, film boiling has become more important due to technological advances in such areas as nuclear reactors, rocketry, and cryogenics. With the development of high-temperature-strength materials, it can be expected that film boiling will become attractive for other applications too. In cryogenic systems, film boiling occurs very frequently since the saturation temperatures of the fluids are relatively low.
Dielectric permittivity in paraelectric/ferroelectric coexistence region in several proton glasses

We present results for the complex permittivities of several proton glasses of the form M/sub 1-x/(NZ/sub 4/)/sub x/Z/sub 2/AO/sub 4/, where M=Rb, Z=H or D, and A=As or P. All measurements were made perpendicular to the ferroelectric axis, so no effects of domain wall motion occurred. Phase coexistence was apparent in all species. The phosphate glasses exhibited a much narrower coexistence composition range than the arsenate glasses.
The Neanderthal Legacy: An Archaeological Perspective from Western Europe

The Neanderthal Legacy: An Archaeological Perspective from Western Europe. Paul Mellars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995. 471 pp.
SU-E-J-234: Application of a Breathing Motion Model to ViewRay Cine MR Images

Purpose: A respiratory motion model previously used to generate breathing-gated CT images was used with cine MR images. Accuracy and predictive ability of the in-plane models were evaluated. Methods: Sagittalplane cine MR images of a patient undergoing treatment on a ViewRay MRI/radiotherapy system were acquired before and during treatment. Images were acquired at 4 frames/second with 3.5 × 3.5 mm resolution and a slice thickness of 5 mm. The first cine frame was deformably registered to following frames. Superior/inferior component of the tumor centroid position was used as a breathing surrogate. Deformation vectors and surrogate measurements were used to determine motion model parameters. Model error was evaluated and subsequent treatment cines were predicted from breathing surrogate data. A simulated CT cine was created by generating breathing-gated volumetric images at 0.25 second intervals along the measured breathing trace, selecting a sagittal slice and downsampling to the resolution of the MR cines. A motion model was built using the first half of the simulated cine data. Model accuracy and error in predicting the remaining frames of the cine were evaluated. Results: Mean difference between model predicted and deformably registered lung tissue positions for the 28 second preview MR cine acquired before treatment was 0.81 +/− 0.30 mm. The model was used to predict two minutes of the subsequent treatment cine with a mean accuracy of 1.59 +/− 0.63 mm. Conclusion: Inplane motion models were built using MR cine images and evaluated for accuracy and ability to predict future respiratory motion from breathing surrogate measurements. Examination of long term predictive ability is ongoing. The technique was applied to simulated CT cines for further validation, and the authors are currently investigating use of in-plane models to update pre-existing volumetric motion models used for generation of breathing-gated CT planning images.
Role of NCCLS in antimicrobial susceptibility testing and monitoring

The role of NCCLS (formerly known as the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) in establishing guidelines for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, NCCLS's consensus-building process, and new interpretive criteria for antimicrobial susceptibility testing for 2002 are described. When revising and developing new guidelines, NCCLS uses an extensive process to reach consensus, while considering the clinical relevance, cost, and other practical implications of the proposed guidelines. NCCLS groups antimicrobials for susceptibility testing and reporting on the basis of their clinical efficacy, known patterns of microbial resistance, strategies to minimize the emergence of resistance, consensus recommendations, and cost to avoid unnecessary testing. NCCLS guidelines address quality control issues and current methodologies, such as conventional disk diffusion and microbroth dilution tests. In addition, new testing methods for the detection and confirmation of special resistance mechanisms (e.g., extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production) are recommended. In 2002, the minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoints for resistance and susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in nonmeningitis infection were increased to more accurately predict clinical outcomes. Implementation of new NCCLS guidelines requires the education and collaboration of the laboratory, pharmacy, and medical staff. The NCCLS consensus-building process provides clinicians with clinically relevant and cost-effective strategies for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and reporting, guidelines and criteria for interpreting susceptibility test results, and guidelines for detecting emerging antimicrobial resistance. The use of specialized testing methods for detecting and confirming unusual or difficult-to-identify resistance mechanisms can improve the accuracy of reporting of resistance and avoid therapeutic failures. The implementation of new NCCLS guidelines requires collaboration and education of members of various institutional departments.
Geometry and Dynamics of Quadratic Rational Maps

This article is an expository description of quadratic rational maps from the Riemann sphere to itself
Trees as reservoirs for amphibole fibers in Libby, Montana

Abstract Tree bark and core samples were collected from areas surrounding the asbestos-contaminated vermiculite mine in Libby, MT. These samples were collected to provide preliminary data in support of a proposed study to determine if trees can serve as reservoirs for amphibole fibers and to determine if there is a potential for exposure to those that harvest contaminated wood in the Libby mine area, specifically during firewood harvesting and commercial logging. Initially, three sets of samples were taken both within and directly outside of the EPA restricted area surrounding the mine site. Based on the results of the initial samples, a follow-up sampling program was conducted both in the town of Libby and directly outside the city limits. Gravimetric reduction of a tree core sample did not indicate the presence of amphibole fibers. However, transmission electron microscopy analysis of bark samples collected near the vermiculite mine yielded substantial amphibole fiber concentrations ranging from 41 million to 530 million fibers/g of bark. In addition, a bark sample collected approximately 7 miles west of the town next to a railroad line had concentrations of 19 million fibers/g. A conversion of these mass-based concentrations to areal concentrations (to reflect surface area contamination) revealed concentrations in excess of 100 million amphibole fibers/cm 2 . These preliminary results suggest that trees in the Libby valley and along vermiculite shipping corridors can serve as reservoirs for amphibole fibers, and that a potential for exposure exists for those who harvest contaminated wood.
Demonstration of “big” CRF (corticotrophin-releasing factor) in bovine hypophyseal stalk

Abstract 0.1 N HCl extracts of bovine hypophyseal stalk were fractionated with Sephadex G columns using 0.2 N acetic acid as an eluant. CRF activity of each fraction was assayed with an in vitro system employing cultured rat adenohypophyseal cells. There were 2 discrete CRF peaks with fractionation on G-100, one (Peak A) corresponding to the void volume (MW>150,000). The other (Peak B) was more retarded and eluted slightly in front of immunoreactive ACTH. CRF activity in Peak A was labile during prolonged freezing at low pH. The CRF dose-response slopes for peaks A and B were parallel and were much steeper than that for bovine cerebral cortex extract. Peak A CRF may be a precursor or carrier-bound form of Peak B CRF.
Peroxidation of brain lipids following cyanide intoxication in mice.

Lipid peroxidation of brain lipids as determined by the conjugated diene method was observed in mice following administration of sublethal doses of potassium cyanide (KCN). Conjugated diene production was dose- and time-dependent; 10 mg/kg KCN produced detectable levels of conjugated dienes at 30 min post cyanide, whereas, 15 mg/kg produced marked levels of conjugated dienes over a 10-60-min period after KCN. Pretreatment of mice with either diltiazem (600 micrograms/kg, i.v.) or allopurinol (25 mg/kg, i.v.) blocked the generation of conjugated dienes. These results suggest lipid peroxidation of neuronal membranes play a role in cyanide intoxication and this action is related to altered regulation of neuronal calcium homeostasis and activation of xanthine oxidase.
Austrian Economics, Neoclassicism, and the Market Test

Professor Sherwin Rosen correctly suggests that the Austrian and neoclassical schools can be complementary, each accepting much from the other. However his recognition of Austrian strengths needs to be amplified and his criticisms need softening. His appeal to the market test risks encouraging anti-intellectual attitudes and practices
Experimental study of aerodynamic damping in arrays of vibrating cantilevers

Cantilever structures vibrating in a fluid are encountered in numerous engineering applications. The aerodynamic loading from a fluid can have a large effect on both the resonance frequency and damping, and has been the subject of numerous studies. The aerodynamic loading on a single beam is altered when multiple beams are configured in an array. In such situations, neighboring beams interact through the fluid and their dynamic behavior is modified. In this work, aerodynamic interactions between neighboring cantilever beams operating near their first resonance mode and vibrating at amplitudes comparable to their widths are experimentally explored. The degree to which two beams become coupled through the fluid is found to be sensitive to vibration amplitude and proximity of neighboring components in the array. The cantilever beams considered are slender piezoelectric fans (approximately 6 cm in length), and are caused to vibrate in-phase and out-of-phase at frequencies near their fundamental resonance values. Aerodynamic damping is expressed in terms of the quality factor for two different array configurations and estimated for both in-phase and out-of-phase conditions. The two array configurations considered are for neighboring fans placed face-to-face and edge-to-edge. It is found that the damping is greatly influenced by proximity of neighboring fans and phase difference. For the face-to-face configuration, a reduction in damping is observed for in-phase vibration, while it is greatly increased for out-of-phase vibration; the opposite effect is seen for the edge-to-edge configuration. The resonance frequencies also show a dependence on the phase difference, but these changes are small compared to those observed for damping. Correlations are developed based on the experimental data which can be used to predict the aerodynamic damping in arrays of vibrating cantilevers. The distance at which the beams no longer interact is quantified for both array configurations. Understanding the fluid interactions between neighboring vibrating beams is essential for predicting the dynamic behavior of such arrays and designing them for practical applications.
Campaign contributions as valence

I study how the possibility of voters contributing to candidates in response to the candidates’ policy proposals affects the equilibrium policy in winner-take-all political competition. More specifically, I allow each partisan voter to contribute to her preferred candidate where the amount contributed depends on the relative positions of the two candidates. Candidates then use the donations to build valence through campaigning, which in turn affects the voting decision of impressionable voters. Since candidates are concerned with raising money as well as picking a policy position preferred by the median voter, I show that campaign contributions may lead to divergent equilibria in winner-take-all elections when politicians are policy-motivated, albeit only under stylized utility functions and donor densities. Further, under symmetric voter and donor densities, if either the donor density is single-peaked or the voter utility is concave, a unique equilibrium exists in which both candidates propose the ideal policy of the median voter.
Binary-collision theory for multihadron production amplitudes

Abstract A model for hadron production amplitudes is proposed which includes dynamical correlations, determined from two-body reactions, between all pairs of particles. Qualitative results are obtained accounting for many of the characteristic features recently seen in high energy collisions, including: large transverse momentum inclusive cross-sections, broad multiplicity distributions, and strong clustering effects in rapidity.
X-ray absorption fine structure studies of speciation of technetium in borosilicate glasses

A series of glass samples were prepared analogously to high level waste glass using either glass frit or glass precursors combined with a high level waste surrogate containing NaTcO4. Three different technetium species were observed in these glasses depending upon the synthesis conditions. If the glasses were prepared by reducing NaTcO4 to TcO2•2H2O with hydrazine or if a large amount of organic material was present, inclusions of TcO2 were observed. If no organic material was present, technetium was incorporated as TcO4 - . If only a small amount of organic material was present, isolated Tc(IV) sites were observed in the glass. The relative technetium retention of these glasses was estimated from the Tc K-edge height, and had no correlation with the oxidation state of the technetium. Pertechnetate was well retained in these glasses.
P-wave amplitude and pulmonary artery pressure in scleroderma.

Abstract Background and Purpose Scleroderma is an immune-mediated disease characterized by excess deposition of collagen leading to microvascular occlusion. Morbidity and mortality are often secondary to pulmonary hypertension from injury to pulmonary microvasculature and interstitial lung disease. This study correlated P-wave findings on the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) with mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) measured by right heart catheterization in patients with scleroderma. Methods A retrospective review of 12-lead ECGs in 23 patients referred to a rheumatology clinic with the diagnosis of scleroderma was performed. Right heart catheterization was performed within 1 month of the resting ECG. Results Linear regression related P-wave amplitude in lead II with mPAP (r = 0.52, P = .011) This model was 73% sensitive and 67% specific for the presence or absence of elevated mPAP. Conclusions P-wave amplitude analysis on the ECG may be helpful in the assessment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with scleroderma.
The isolation and partial sequencing of human bone alkaline phosphatase gene.

Abstract 1. 1. A charon 4A human fetal liver genomic library was screened for human alkaline phosphatase sequences using the cloned human bone cDNA as a hybridization probe. 2. 2. A positive clone was obtained and then characterized by restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis, hybridization experiments and partial DNA sequencing.
The Red Coronal Line in Oxygen

IN looking over my spectrum plates of oxygen I find some which show not only the nebular lines λ6300 and λ6364,1 which had not been produced in the laboratory before, but also a strong line λ6374.29. The wave-length of this line seems to be identical with that of the strong, red coronal line λ6374.2.2 Although this oxygen line is well known, I do not think that the above remarkable coincidence has been previously pointed out. This coincidence in the wave-lengths of the oxygen and the coronal line, and also the fact that the line occurs in an isolated position in the oxygen spectrum when only lines of O I were present, would seem to indicate their identity, and is strong evidence of the presence of oxygen in the sun's corona.
A microcalorimetric determination of the thermodynamics of formation of the monoand bi-sulfato complexes of lanthanum in aqueous solutions between 25 and 55°C

Using a differential microcalorimeter, the formation constants and enthalpies of formation of the mono- and bi-sulfato complexes of lanthanum ion have been evaluated for aqueous acidic solutions over a temperature range of 25 to 55°C.
Studies on the Structure of Human Enamel by the Replica Method

Human incisors were ground and polished at precisely oriented planes and lightly etched. Replicas of these planes showed that the prism border is an acid-resistant band of crystals; decalcification is more extensive at the deeper levels; and the apparent transverse prism section is not a good indicator of the actual plane of section.
A blob representation for tracking robust to merging and fragmentation

This paper describes a new blob representation for tracking that is robust to merging and fragmentation of blobs. The traditional centroid-based blob representation is enhanced by utilizing “central points”, which are 2D local maxima of the distance transform of the blob. We demonstrate the stability of these local features to gross shape changes caused from blob interactions during tracking. A nearest-neighbor blob tracking algorithm is described that reveals the robustness of the proposed representation on standard tracking datasets. Quantitative results show that this representation allows nearest-neighbor blob tracking to achieve robustness comparable to the use of appearance features for data association during blob interactions.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans treated with Mohs surgery. A case with CD34 immunostaining variability.

BACKGROUNDImmunohistochemical stains for CD34 antigen can help in differentiating dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) from other fibrohistiocytic tumors and in demarcating its surgical margins during Mohs surgery. However, variable expression of CD34 antigen in nodular areas can sometimes result
Behavior of Land Developers: Planning and the Economics of Information

Previous attempts to describe or model planning behavior have failed to focus on a decision variable for the activity of planning itself. Attempts to use economic theory to explain planning by modeling only the phenomena being planned for have not been useful in explaining or understanding planning behavior. The model developed in this paper for land development planning makes explicit the decision to plan at each stage of the development process. It also makes explicit the plan at each stage, in the form of a contingent set of expected decisions. These strict definitions make possible progress in understanding planning behavior.
Drug‐biomolecule interactions: Topographical study of active site of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase using spin‐labeled sulfanilamide drugs

The topography of the active sites of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases B and C and bovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B was studied using a series of spin-labeled sulfanilamide analogs. Results show that the active site of human carbonic anhydrase C is a narrow cleft approximately 14 A in depth. This observation is in good agreement with previously published X-ray diffraction data. While the active sites of human carbonic anhydrase B and bovine carbonic anhydrase B have the same general shape as the active site of human carbonic anhydrase C, they are slightly deeper.
Experimentally-based recommendations of density functionals for predicting properties in mechanically interlocked molecules.

Mechanically interlocked molecules (rotaxanes and catenanes) have already revolutionized molecular electronics and have the promise of a similar impact in other areas of nanotechnology, ranging from nanoactuators to in vivo drug nanocarriers. However, it would be most useful to have quantitative criteria for predicting structures, binding, and excitation energies for use in designing molecules with mechanical bonds. We assess here the use of density functional theory (DFT) to a noncovalently bound complex and find that no density functional is fully satisfactory. However, we find that the new M06-suite of density functionals, which include attractive medium-range interactions, leads to dramatic improvements in the structures (error of 0.04 A in the interplanar distances for M06-L compared to 0.42 A for B3LYP) and excitation energies (within 0.08 eV for TD-M06-HF without empirical correction compared to 2.2 eV error for TD-B3LYP). However, M06 predicts the complex to be too strongly bound by 22.6 kcal mol−...
Targeting of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis to rat myocardium using ultrasonic destruction of microbubbles

Myocardial angiogenesis mediated by human vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (hVEGF165) cDNA was promoted in rat myocardium using an in vivo-targeted gene delivery system known as ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD). Microbubbles carrying plasmids encoding hVEGF165, or control solutions were infused intravenously during ultrasonic destruction of the microbubbles within the myocardium. Biochemical and histological assessment of gene expression and angiogenesis were performed 5, 10, and 30 days after UTMD. UTMD-treated myocardium contained hVEGF165 protein and mRNA. The myocardium of UTMD-treated animals showed hypercellular foci associated with hVEGF165 expression and endothelial cell markers. Capillary density in UTMD-treated rats increased 18% at 5 days and 33% at 10 days, returning to control levels at 30 days (P<0.0001). Similarly, arteriolar density increased 22% at 5 days, 86% at 10 days, and 31% at 30 days (P<0.0001). Thus, noninvasive delivery of hVEGF165 to rat myocardium by UTMD resulted in significant increases in myocardial capillary and arteriolar density.
Mechanisms and facilitation of corneal drug penetration

Abstract A major challenge in ocular drug delivery is improving the poor bioavailability of topically applied ophthalmic drugs by overcoming the severe constraints imposed by the eye on drug absorption. One such constraint is the impermeability of the cornea, the major route by which topically applied drugs enter the eye. Three methods are being considered to improve corneal drug penetration: the use of penetration enhancers, ion pair formation, and prodrug derivatization. Of the three, prodrug derivatization is the best developed and probably holds the most promise from the standpoint of versatility and safety. The objective of this paper is to review the usefulness of all three in ocular drug delivery and to review the routes and mechanisms of ocular drug absorption that form the basis for these methods.
Assay for oxygen in uranium in the 0.1–1.0 wt% range using 14-MeV neutron activation

A procedure was developed for assaying for low levels of oxygen in uranium. The uranium interferes with the oxygen assay and results in an apparent oxygen concentration of 0.34 wt% (O/U). This necessitates the use of a calibration curve based on oxygen-doped uranium samples. The procedure and the calibration curve are described.
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of supra-aortic vessels.

Purpose:To retrospectively review the techniques and results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in the supra-aortic vessels.Methods:Over a 5-year period, 112 patients underwent percutan...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Hematogenous Osteomyelitis of the Hip in Adults

Hematogenous hip infections are rare in adults and the extent of infection into the bone or adjacent soft tissues may be underestimated, leading to inadequate surgical debridement. Using MRI, we sought to determine the extent of bone involvement and the presence of adjacent soft tissue abscesses in adults with hip osteomyelitis. We reviewed the records and MRIs in 11 adult patients (12 hips) with hematogenous osteomyelitis of the femoral head in 12 hips. Ten of 11 patients had one or more comorbidities. All patients underwent surgical debridement and received antibiotic therapy for 6 weeks. MRI revealed osteomyelitis distal to the femoral head in seven of 12 hips with extension into the medullary canal in three of these seven. Femoral head erosions were present in 10 hips, acetabulum osteomyelitis in 11, and acetabular erosions in six hips. Infection extended into adjacent soft tissues in eight of 12 hips. MRI demonstrated that the infection may extend distal to the femoral head or into the adjacent soft tissues. MRI may be useful for preoperative planning so that all regions affected by the infection can be treated. Level of Evidence: Level III, diagnostic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Role of Carcinine in Signaling at the Drosophila Photoreceptor Synapse

The Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptor cell has long served as a model system for researchers focusing on how animal sensory neurons receive information from their surroundings and translate this information into chemical and electrical messages. Electroretinograph (ERG) analysis of Drosophila mutants has helped to elucidate some of the genes involved in the visual transduction pathway downstream of the photoreceptor cell, and it is now clear that photoreceptor cell signaling is dependent upon the proper release and recycling of the neurotransmitter histamine. While the neurotransmitter transporters responsible for clearing histamine, and its metabolite carcinine, from the synaptic cleft have remained unknown, a strong candidate for a transporter of either substrate is the uncharacterized inebriated protein. The inebriated gene (ine) encodes a putative neurotransmitter transporter that has been localized to photoreceptor cells in Drosophila and mutations in ine result in an abnormal ERG phenotype in Drosophila. Loss-of-function mutations in ebony, a gene required for the synthesis of carcinine in Drosophila, suppress components of the mutant ine ERG phenotype, while loss-of-function mutations in tan, a gene necessary for the hydrolysis of carcinine in Drosophila, have no effect on the ERG phenotype in ine mutants. We also show that by feeding wild-type flies carcinine, we can duplicate components of mutant ine ERGs. Finally, we demonstrate that treatment with H3 receptor agonists or inverse agonists rescue several components of the mutant ine ERG phenotype. Here, we provide pharmacological and genetic epistatic evidence that ine encodes a carcinine neurotransmitter transporter. We also speculate that the oscillations observed in mutant ine ERG traces are the result of the aberrant activity of a putative H3 receptor.
The frequency of basic constituent orders

Abstract This paper describes the production of an empirically valid and statistically sound sample of the world's languages, which is used to determine the frequency of each of the six mathematically possible orders of the basic constituents S, V, and O. Using the Kolmogrov test as a test of goodness‐of‐fit, a sample of 402 languages is created which shows genetic and areal similarity to a standard produced using the Voegelin and Voegelin (1977) reference work. Unlike the results of previous convenience samples, a frequency analysis of this sample reveals the following relative frequencies of basic order types: SOV = SVO VSO VOS = OVS OSV. It is argued that greater care is needed in the production of language samples for typological studies.
Working toward a stronger conceptualization of scientific explanation for science education

Scientific explanation plays a central role in science education reform documents, including the Benchmarks for Science Literacy, the National Science Education Standards, and the recent research report, Taking Science to School. While scientific explanation receives significant emphases in these documents, there is little discussion or consensus within the science education community about the nature of explanation itself. However, debates about scientific explanation have been a mainstay for philosophers of science for decades. We argue that a more clearly articulated conceptualization of scientific explanation for science education is necessary for making the vision of science education reform a reality. In this essay, we use major philosophical theories of scientific explanation as lenses to examine how the science education community has constructed the idea of explanation. We also examine instructional practice in school science settings, including our own classrooms, where teachers and students are working to explain natural phenomena. Using these examples, we offer suggestions for preparing both educators and young learners to engage in explanatory discourses that are reasonably accountable to authentic epistemic practice in science. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed95:639–669, 2011
Providing high-level control and expert assistance in the user interface presentation design

Current user interface builders provide only low-level assistance, because they have knowledge of neither the application, nor the principles by which interface elements are combined effectively. We have developed a framework that unites the knowledge components essential for effective user interface presentation design. The framework consists of an application model (both a data model and a control model), a design process model that supports top-down iterative development, and graphic design knowledge that is used both to place dialog box elements such that their application dependent logical relationships are visually reinforced and to control design symmetry and balance. To demonstrate the framework's viability, we have constructed a tool based on encapsulated design knowledge that establishes high-level style preferences and provides expert assistance for the dialog box presentation design and menu structuring.
On the Fault Line: A Qualitative Exploration of High School Teachers’ Involvement with Student Mental Health Issues

School-based mental health (SBMH) research often underplays the crucial role that teachers play in supporting student mental health, even as teachers often find themselves encountering student mental health issues. Further, teachers’ and school-based mental health practitioners’ (SBMHPs) work with shared students has historically tended toward distance rather than collaboration. This article explores the virtual fault line where SBMHPs’ and teachers’ work intersect, concerning student mental health issues. Drawing on qualitative data gathered at three high schools that, to varying degrees, required teachers’ involvement with student mental health issues, this study analyzes the nature of teachers’ work in this area. In particular, the study identifies ways in which teachers provided psychosocial support, as well as how teachers’ and SBMHPs’ work intersected. Findings indicate that uncertainty existed at the three schools about teachers’ involvement with student mental health issues, and that this uncertainty was reinforced by organizational structures that promoted a separation of teaching from SBMH. Implications for practice, professional learning, and research are discussed.
A comprehensive analysis of 'Neural solution to the multitarget tracking data association problem' by D. Sengupta and R.A. Iltis (1989)

A comprehensive analysis reveals several drawbacks of the neural network probabilistic data association (NPDA) algorithm, which is an application of the Hopfield neural network to the data association problem for multitarget tracking in clutter. >
Neurodegeneration changes in primary central nervous system neurons transfected with the Alzheimer-associated neuronal thread protein gene

The AD7c-NTP gene is over-expressed in brains with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and increased levels of the corresponding protein are detectable in cortical neurons, brain tissue extracts, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine beginning early in the course of AD neurodegeneration. In the present study, we utilized a novel method to transfect post-mitotic primary neuronal cell cultures, and demonstrated that over-expression of the AD7c-NTP gene causes cell death and neuritic sprouting, two prominent abnormalities associated with AD. These results provide further evidence that aberrantly increas-ed AD7c-NTP expression may have a role in AD-type neurodegeneration. In addition, we demonstrate that primary post-mitotic neurons can be efficiently transfected with conventional recombinant plasmid DNA to evaluate the effects of gene over-expression in relevant in vitro models.
Properties of designs for sampling continuous spatial resources from a triangular grid

Precision of systematic designs for sampling continuous response variables defined over a continuous spatial region have been extensively investigated. Estimation of variance, particularly for triangular grids, has been given less attention. Two of the designs proposed for sampling environmental resources in the Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) are based on a triangular grid. Implementation of either design requires derivation and evaluation of a variance estimator adequate for the purposes of EMAP. The performance of the proposed variance estimator was assessed under various surface model representations of the continuous response variable. Of the designs examined, a tessellation-stratified design permitted better estimation of variance, and was generally more precise, than a strict systematic design.
Low frequency skeletal vibrations and rotational isomers of solid 1,4-dibromobutane and 1,5-dibromopentane studied by neutron inelastic scattering

Abstract The neutron inelastic spectra of solid 1,4-dibromobutane and 1,5-dibromopentane have been taken at several temperatures. The observed neutron spectra are assigned to the skeletal bending and torsion modes on the basis of normal coordinate calculations, in which only intramolecular valence force fields are used. The spectral assignments are consistent with the GG conformer being the predominant species in solid 1,4-dibromobutane while the TT conformer is predominant in 1,5-dibromopentane; lesser amounts of the TT isomer in the former and the GG isomer in the latter have also been identified.
A risk index methodology for potentially polluting marine sites

Attempting to assess the risk of a release from a potentially polluting marine site (PPMS) can be a very subjective process. The Marine Site Risk Index (MaSiRI) is designed to provide a more objective approach to this process by adopting a table-based evaluation scheme, while still allowing for the inevitable unknown conditions by including a subjective ‘expert correction’ in a suitably controlled manner. Building on a geographic database of PPMS records, the MaSiRI algorithm applies data filters to remove PPMS records for which it is not applicable and then estimates a basic risk index based on core data that almost all sites would contain. It can then refine the results for those sites that have auxiliary data, varying the assessed risk as appropriate, according to standard rule-sets. A risk level of confidence is computed and adjusted to express dynamic confidence in the risk value (e.g., due to reliance on estimates rather than measured values), and where appropriate an upper and lower bound of risk can be used to assess the range of values associated with an estimated parameter. This information can be visualized by a composite quality symbol proposed here. MaSiRI is demonstrated on three illustrative shipwrecks and then compared against the DEvelopment of European guidelines for Potentially Polluting (DEEPP) project database from the Pelagos Sanctuary in the western Mediterranean. The aggregate results of the comparison are broadly similar to DEEPP, within the limits of the comparison, but provide a more detailed analysis in the case of estimated pollutant volume and ubiquitous assessment of levels of confidence.
Active positioning of vent larvae at a mid-ocean ridge

Abstract The vertical position of larvae of vent species above a mid-ocean ridge potentially has a strong effect on their dispersal. Larvae may be advected upward in the buoyant vent plume, or move as a consequence of their buoyancy or by active swimming. Alternatively, they may be retained near the bottom by the topography of the axial trough, or by downward swimming. At vents near 9°50′N on the axis of the East Pacific Rise, evidence for active larval positioning was detected in a comparison between field observations of larvae in the plankton in 2006 and 2007 and distributions of non-swimming larvae in a two-dimensional bio-physical model. In the field, few vent larvae were collected at the level of the neutrally buoyant plume (~75 m above the bottom); their relative abundances at that height were much lower than those of simulated larvae from a near-bottom release in the model. This discrepancy was observed for many vent species, particularly gastropods, suggesting that they may actively remain near the bottom by sinking or swimming downward. Near the seafloor, larval abundance decreased from the ridge axis to 1000 m off axis much more strongly in the observations than in the simulations, again pointing to behavior as a potential regulator of larval transport. We suspect that transport off axis was reduced by downward-moving behavior, which positioned larvae into locations where they were isolated from cross-ridge currents by seafloor topography, such as the walls of the axial valley—which are not resolved in the model. Cross-ridge gradients in larval abundance varied between gastropods and polychaetes, indicating that behavior may vary between taxonomic groups, and possibly between species. These results suggest that behaviorally mediated retention of vent larvae may be common, even for species that have a long planktonic larval duration and are capable of long-distance dispersal.
A health literacy model for limited English speaking populations: Sources, context, process, and outcomes

Health literacy is critical to effective communication between individuals and their health care providers. However there is little consistency in conceptualization and measure of health literacy. The objective of this review is to examine existing health literacy models and measures to assess their application to limited English proficient population in the context of information and communication technology. Communication platforms change with the development of new technology and existing health literacy models and measures are insufficient to capture the complex interaction that occurred in these communication platforms. A new health literacy model composed of four domains: sources, context, process, and outcome were introduced.
Defined substrates for human embryonic stem cell growth identified from surface arrays.

Methods for the rapid identification of defined cell growth conditions are lacking. This deficiency is a major barrier to the investigation and application of human embryonic stem (ES) cells. To address this problem, we developed a method for generating arrays of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in which each element constitutes a defined surface. By screening surface arrays, we identified peptidic surfaces that support ES cell growth and self-renewal. The ability of the active surface array elements to support ES cell growth depends on their composition: both the density of the peptide presented and its sequence are critical. These findings support a role for specific surface–cell interactions. Moreover, the data from the surface arrays are portable. They can be used to design an effective 3D synthetic scaffold that supports the growth of undifferentiated human ES cells. Our results demonstrate that synthetic substrates for promoting and probing human ES cell self-renewal can be discovered through SAM su...
InP-Based Monolithic Integration Technology

Low FIT monolithically integrated components with device counts exceeding 50 discrete components are in commercial use. We will present results showing that device counts exceeding 240 discrete components for an individual integrated chip are practical.
Correlation of CYP2B6, CYP2C19, ABCC4 and SOD2 genotype with outcomes in allogeneic blood and marrow transplant patients

Abstract CYP2B6 , CYP2C19 , ABCC4 , and SOD2 have been implicated in adverse drug reactions and survival after cyclophosphamide (CPA) treatment. 110 BMT patients who received high dose CPA treatment were genotyped for variants in these genes and the results were correlated with toxicity and relapse. CYP2B6 genotype significantly influenced overall toxicity suggesting active CYP2B6 alleles led to higher rates of overall toxicity. The p.R487C deficiency allele was significantly associated with a lower rate of overall toxicity and a higher rate of relapse. SOD2 rs4880 V16A polymorphism was associated with significantly less CPA-related overall toxicity and significantly lower relapse rates by Kaplan–Meier analysis although the SOD2 finding regarding relapse was not significant when evaluated by the cumulative incidence function.
Rice Genomes: A Grainy View of Future Evolutionary Research

The draft genome sequences from two subspecies of rice are powerful new tools for gene discovery in the grasses. Genome-wide comparisons of gene content and order will also shed new light on evolutionary processes.
Echovirus 7 entry into polarized Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells involves core components of the autophagy machinery

Echovirus 7 enters polarized Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells by a clathrin-mediated endocytic process and then moves through the endosomal system before releasing its genome into the cytoplasm. We examined the possible role in virus entry of core components of the autophagy machinery. We found that depletion of Beclin-1, Atg12, Atg14, Atg16, or LC3 with specific small interfering RNAs inhibited echovirus 7 infection upstream of uncoating but had little or no effect on virus attachment to the cell surface. These data indicate that multiple autophagy-related proteins are important for one or more events that occur after the virus has bound its receptor on the cell surface but before RNA is released from the virus capsid. Although we have not determined the mechanism by which each protein contributes to virus entry, we found that stable depletion of Atg16L1 interfered with virus internalization from the cell surface rather than with intracellular trafficking. Autophagy gene products may thus participate in the endocytic process that moves virus into polarized Caco-2 cells.
Impression Management in Chat Rooms: A Grounded Theory Model

This paper investigates impression management and misrepresentation in chat rooms (a form of computer‐mediated communication, or CMC) from the vantage point of 10 chat room participants. The grounded theory approach was employed to derive a model firmly rooted in participants’ accounts. The resultant model reveals the motivations for engaging in impression management, the strategies used while in the chat rooms, as well as the goals achieved during this process. To illustrate the model, the experience of 1 chat room user is detailed. By producing a set of relationships among concepts, this study represents chat room participants’ experiences in a meaningful and coherent way. Findings are linked to extant theory and the value of this study is explored.