cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi‐scaled drivers of ecosystem state: quantifying the importance of the regional spatial scale

The regional spatial scale is a vital linkage for the informed extrapolation of results from local to continental scales to address broad-scale environmental problems. Among-region variation in ecosystem state is commonly accounted for by using a regionalization framework, such as an ecoregion classification. Rarely have alternative regionalization frameworks been tested for variables measuring ecosystem state, nor have the underlying relationships with the variables that are used to define them been assessed. In this study, we asked two questions: (1) How much among-region variation is there for ecosystems and does it differ by regionalization framework? (2) What are the likely causes of this among-region variation? We present a case study using a large data set of lake water chemistry, uni- and multi-scaled hydrogeomorphic and anthropogenic driver variables that likely influence lake chemistry at the subcontinental scale, and seven existing regionalization frameworks. We used multilevel models to quantify and explain within- and among-region variation in lake water chemistry. Our models account for local driver variables of ecosystem variation within regions, differences in regional mean ecosystem state (i.e., random intercepts in multilevel models), and differences in relationships between local drivers and ecosystem state by region (i.e., random slopes in multilevel models). Using one of the best performing regionalization frameworks (Ecological Drainage Units), we found that for lake phosphorus and alkalinity: (1) a majority of all the variation in water chemistry among the studied lakes occurred among regions, (2) very few regional-scale landscape driver variables were required to explain among-region variation in lake water chemistry, (3) a much higher proportion of the total variation among lakes was explained at the regional scale than at the local scale, and (4) some relationships between local-scale driver variables and lake water chemistry varied by region. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering the regional spatial scale for broad-scale research and ecosystem management and conservation. Our quantitative approach can be easily applied to other response variables, ecosystem types, geographic areas, and spatial extents to inform ecosystem responses to global environmental stressors.
Importation Biological Control in Ephemeral Crop Habitats

Abstract Most documented successes in importation biological control are programs on perennial crops, and much biological control theory derives from these programs. This theory suggests the ideal traits of natural enemies for biological control not only in perennial crops but also in annual crops (i.e., crop plant is destroyed annually; ephemeral crop habitat). Some biological control theory extracted from successes on perennial crops is unsuited for ephemeral crops. This theory then causes ephemeral crops to be generally viewed as poor candidates for importation biological control; it may also be equally incompetent for directing natural enemy conservation and augmentation in these crops. Ephemeral habitats should be used for developing approaches, mechanisms, theory, and principles for effective natural enemies in these habitats. This contention is supported with examples. Insight is drawn from each example and focuses mainly on an alternate view of effective enemy characteristics needed for importation biological control in ephemeral crops.
A "Real Man's Ring": Gender and the Invention of Tradition

Unlike many wedding practices that have obscure origins, the American double ring ceremony and the groom's wedding band can be traced to advertising and promotional campaigns by the jewelry industry in the 1940s. The popularization of this invented tradition however, is not merely a story of hapless brides and grooms influenced by advertising, buying new types of consumer goods as soon as they appeared in jeweler's windows. The wedding industry was only able to transform mid-twentieth century practices when the goods and their accompanying rituals fit consumer demand, something shaped not merely by need, but by contemporary gender ideologies. The success of this invented tradition during the World War Two and early postwar context provides a window into a time when a new cult of marriage was working its way into the national discourse. Invented traditions did not always catch on, however, and the reasons for their failure shed light on the complex relation between business and society. This essay compares the rise of the double ring ceremony with the story of the 1920s male engagement ring—an invented tradition that failed— arguing that jewelers were only able to change custom when such practices resonated with their potential audience.
CYTOPLASMIC FINE STRUCTURE OF SCIARA SALIVARY GLANDS : I. Secretion

Cells from the anterior segment of the salivary glands of Sciara coprophila were found to synthesize and secrete into the gland lumen three morphologically distinct types of granule: 1) A large, electron-lucid granule, up to 1 µ in diameter, staining only faintly with pH 2 fast green and the PAS reaction; 2) an ellipsoid granule of moderate density, strongly fast green and PAS positive; and 3) a small spherical granule of high electron density. The cells contained numerous Golgi areas, up to an estimated 8,000 per cell. Evidence is presented for the transfer of material from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi areas via small vesicles. Three types of Golgi areas were distinguishable, each containing intercisternal material resembling one of the three types of secretion granule. Patterns of secretion granule synthesis varied with the developmental stage of the larva as determined by counts of eye spots in the eye anlage. Lucid granules were most abundant in the youngest larvae, and decreased in abundance as larvae grew older, becoming virtually absent in prepupae. The small, dense granules were present in all gland cells, but became more prevalent in older larvae and prepupae. Ellipsoid granules were only occasionally present, and were independent of larval stage. It is suggested that lucid granules are digestive in function, since their abundance correlates with feeding patterns. Other granules may produce the external slime coating of the larvae, and also the mucoprotein component of the pupal cocoon.
What Do Prosecutors Maximize? Evidence from the Careers of U.S. Attorneys

This study examines the performance of chief federal prosecutors (U.S. attorneys) and their subsequent careers. In a sample of 570 attorneys in office from 1969 to 2000, the length of prison sentences is positively related to subsequent favorable career outcomes for U.S. attorneys. In contrast, conviction rates do not appear to affect the careers of U.S. attorneys. These results are consistent with longer total prison sentences' being personally beneficial to prosecutors, and prosecutors' maximizing the length of prison sentences. Overall, the results suggest that sentence length, as opposed to convictions rates, is the relevant performance metric. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Radical Social Work as Conceit

Reading how social work describes itself in its professional literature, educational textbooks, and even internal correspondence (from professional organizations, accrediting bodies, and “progressi...
Finance: A Selective Survey

Ever since the publication in 1565 of Girolamo Cardano's treatise on gambling, Liber de Ludo Aleae (The Book of Games of Chance), statistics and financial markets have become inextricably linked. Over the past few decades many of these links have become part of the canon of modern finance, and it is now impossible to fully appreciate the workings of financial markets without them. This selective survey covers three of the most important ideas of finance---efficient markets, the random walk hypothesis, and derivative pricing models---that illustrate the enormous research opportunities that lie at the intersection of finance and statistics
The center way out there: A review article of recent books on Hindu pilgrimage

Ten years ago the field of Pilgrimage Studies came to an impasse. Although many an academic impasse is an artifact of rhetoric?a problem is constituted at the beginning of an essay and then resolved by its end?this is a case where the predicament is of long standing, evinced by a number of publications. In 1988 Glenn Bowman reported on a pilgrimage conference held at the Roehampton Institute in which the gulf between 'the historians, geographers, religious functionaries and (in large part) theologians/ on the one hand, and anthro pologists, on the other, was so wide that the former rejoiced when the latter departed (20). An outcome of this conference was a book that makes bold pronouncements in the introduction about setting 'a new agenda for the study of pilgrimage* (Eade and Sallnow 1991: 1), but then the essays seem to live up to this promise only rarely. Then, in 1995, a new cross-cultural survey of pilgrimage appeared which takes note of this impasse in Pilgrimage Studies but which is not entirely successful in finding a way out of it (Coleman and Eisner 1995).1 The same decade has seen the publication of a number of interesting books on pilgrimage in South Asia. This essay reviews three of them specifically about Hindu pilgrimages. My intent is not primarily to summarize the content of these books?though I will have to do some of that?rather I intend to comment critically on some of the broader problems in the study of pilgrimage that these books themselves either explicitly or implicitly address. In each section there will be some discussion about the theoretical framework the book
Geometric simulation of perovskite frameworks with Jahn-Teller distortions: applications to the cubic manganites.

A new approach is presented for modeling perovskite frameworks with disordered Jahn-Teller (JT) distortions and has been applied to study the elastic response of the ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$ structure to defects in the JT ordering. Surprisingly, antiphase domain boundary defects in the pattern of ordered JT octahedra, along the $[110]$ and $[1\overline{1}0]$ bonding directions, are found to produce 1D stripe patterns rotated 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} along ${\mathbf{a}}^{*}$ directions, similar to stripe structures observed in these systems. Geometric simulation is shown to be an efficient and powerful approach for finding relaxed atomic structures in the presence of disorder in networks of corner-shared JT-distorted octahedra such as the perovskites. Geometric modeling rapidly relaxes large supercells (thousands of octahedra) while preserving the local coordination chemistry, and shows great promise for studying these complex systems.
The average diameter and its estimation in nonlinear structures

Abstract We suggested to use average diameter as another, and a more global, measurement of the data transfer capability of network structures 1 . In terms of graph theory, a general strategy to derive the average diameter of a graph is to apply combinatorial and other techniques to count the total number of simple paths between any two arbitrary vertices in the associated graph, calculate the sum of their lengths, and then divide the latter by the former. Following this approach, average diameters of various linear network structures, i.e., tree structures, and some of the nonlinear structures, such as rings, have been obtained. However, for a general nonlinear structure, because of the involved combinatorial complexity, a precise combinatorial and/or asymptotic analysis of its average diameter is quite difficult and even impractical. In this paper, after a brief review of the linear case, we discuss the derivation of average diameter and its estimation, via the notion of average distance, for nonlinear structures. This subject should be both challenging and interesting for the graph theoreticians, as well, as it poses another sizing problem of measuring various graph structures, in addition to using the existing ones such as diameter, girth, etc.
An inexpensive sound-activated switch for experiments measuring vocal-response times.

An inexpensive sound-activated switch suitable for experiments measuring vocal-response times is described. This switch is comparable to many commercially produced switches in terms of its control over input sensitivity and response delay times, but it can be assembled for a fraction of the cost. Additionally, the present switch provides many features not found on standard commercial models such as a built-in speaker for monitoring the input signal and output jacks to facilitate simultaneous recording of this signal. Reliability estimates suggest that performance for this switch is comparable to that of a Scientific Prototype Model 761-G when both units are equated for frequency sensitivity and response delay time. In all, this switch offers a reliable and practical alternative to commercially produced devices for experiments in which the onset of an auditory signal must be accurately detected.
Amyloid-β42 Alters Apolipoprotein E Solubility in Brains of Mice with Five Familial AD Mutations

Abstract Amyloid plaques composed of the 42 amino acid form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) are a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but soluble and intraneuronal Aβ42 are the more proximal causes of synaptic dysfunction and neurotoxicity. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) modulates this disease process, as inheritance of the ɛ4 allele of the apoE gene is the primary genetic risk factor for AD. To address the solubility of Aβ42 and apoE, the 5xFAD-specific extraction profile for Aβ42 was optimized, a protein extraction protocol was optimized in the presence of minimal to extensive Aβ42 pathology. Sequential extractions with TBS, TBS + Triton X-100 (TBSX), and guanidine-HCl (GuHCl) or formic acid (FA) were used with tissue from young and old wild type or mice expressing 5 familial AD mutations (5xFAD), in disease-susceptible or -resistant brain regions. In older 5xFAD mice, the extraction of insoluble Aβ42 and m-apoE protein was increased with FA compared to GuHCl. The 5 FAD mutations significantly increase production of Aβ42, recapitulating AD-like pathology at a greatly accelerated rate. Consistent protein extraction and the specificity of extractions for soluble or membrane-associated proteins were demonstrated. Age-dependent increases in Aβ42 were observed in all extraction fractions, particularly in the cortex and hippocampus. In both young and old 5xFAD mice, Aβ42 is TBS- or GuHCl-soluble. While in WT mice m-apoE is TBSX-soluble, in 5xFAD mice m-apoE is TBS- or GuHCl-soluble. Thus, the 5xFAD-specific extraction profile of Aβ42 paralleled that of m-apoE. As now characterized, this method identifies the extraction profile for disease relevant apoE and Aβ in the brain, both normal or modified due to neuropathological processes.
Proanthocyanidin: a natural crosslinking reagent for stabilizing collagen matrices

While attempting to find a suitable crosslinking reagent for biopolymers, a naturally occurring proanthocyanidin (PA) obtained from grape seeds was selected to fix biological tissues. The cytotoxicity and crosslinking rate, reflected by the in vitro and in vivo degradation of fixed matrices has been studied. The shrinkage temperature of the fixed bovine pericardium increased from 66 to 86 degrees C. A cytotoxicity assay using fibroblast cultures revealed that PA is approximately 120 times less toxic than glutaraldehyde (GA), a currently used tissue stabilizer. In vitro degradation studies showed that fixed tissue was resistant to digestion by bacterial collagenase. Crosslinks between PA and tissues can be stabilized by decreasing the dielectric constant of the solution during storage. After subcutaneous implantation for periods ranging between 3 and 6 weeks, we found no apparent degradation of the GA- or PA-fixed tissues, whereas fresh tissue controls rapidly disintegrated. Beyond 6 weeks PA crosslinks began to degrade. More fibroblasts migrated and proliferated inside the PA-fixed implants compared with GA counterparts. Tissues crosslinked with PA manifested an enhanced collagen expression and deposition and did not calcify after implantation. GA, on the other hand, even after thorough rinsing continued to be cytotoxic, inhibited collagen synthesis and encouraged dystrophic calcification. Collagen matrices crosslinked with PA are expected to be of value in the design of matrices that will encourage cell ingrowth and proliferation, which are temporary in nature, and that are intended to regenerate or replace missing tissues, which can delay the biogradation of collagen. As such they should be of significant value in the emerging field of tissue engineering.
Hazardous Waste Analysis By Direct-Linked Fused Silica Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared/Mass Spectrometry

A capillary gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared (GC/FT-IR) spectrometer has been linked to a Mass Selective Detector (MSD). A 10:1 effluent splitter was used to divert 90% of the GC effluent to the FT-IR cell and 10% tO the MSD. This system has been used to characterize the GC-volatile portion of dye and herbicide manufacturing wastes, sediments, sludge extracts, and the extract of a freshwater turtle. Use of a 2300 member FT-IR spectral data base, in conjunction with the NBS mass spectral (MS) data base, greatly increases the number of on-line MS confirmations obtainable by this direct-linked system over that of the conventional EPA GC retention time method. Chromatographic separation on a single capillary GC column allows a direct one-to-one correlation of peaks in the FT-IR and MSD chromatograms. Although this MS detector is 10 to 100 times more sensitive than the FT-IR detector used, and although the MS search library is over 15 times larger than the FT-IR search library, for the samples analyzed it was determined that each detector provided approximately the same amount of useful structural data.
Psychological Momentum: Intuitive Physics and Naive Beliefs

The present research examines psychological momentum (PM), a perceived force that lay intuition suggests influences performance. PM theory is proposed to account for how momentum perceptions arise, and four studies demonstrate the influence of lay intuitions about PM on expectations regarding performance outcomes. Study 1 establishes that individuals share intuitions about the types of events that precipitate PM, and Study 2 finds that defeating a rival increases momentum perceptions. Study 3 provides evidence for the lay belief that as more PM accumulates during a prior task, there should be more residual momentum left to carry over to a subsequent task, and Study 4 finds that an individual whose PM is interrupted is expected to have greater difficulty completing a task than is an individual whose steady progress is interrupted. Discussion focuses on linkages between PM and related constructs.
An unusual case of acquired ventricular septal defect as a complication of aortic valve endocarditis: echocardiographic delineation of multiple subvalvular complications in one patient

We describe a patient with unusual echocardiographic features of prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis. Transesophageal echocardiography in this patient demonstrated a large multiloculated aortic root abscess extending to mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa, a high acquired ventricular septal defect, paravalvular aortic regurgitation caused by aortic valve dehiscence, and anterior mitral valve leaflet perforation.
Long-term follow-up of home mechanical ventilation in young children with spinal cord injury and neuromuscular conditions.

Abstract Objectives To provide outcomes of two decades of experience in home ventilation of children with spinal cord injury and neuromuscular conditions. Study design Data were collected through chart review and interviews on 39 children who had become ventilator-dependent before their 6th birthday; 23 children had neuromuscular diseases and 16 had spinal cord injuries. Results Patients required an average of 0.7 rehospitalizations per year. There were 8 deaths. Survival rates were 97% at 1 year, 97% at 3 years, 84% at 5 years, and 71% at 10 years. Thirty children attended school, 13 were in regular school (1 at university level), 5 were home-schooled, 5 were in special education schools, and 5 were in regular school with some special education classes. One graduated high school, and another graduated university and received a graduate degree. Three children had progressive weakness. Two gained significant muscle strength. Conclusions Our experience showed that these patients can be discharged to home with low morbidity and mortality rates and successful reintegration into the community. (J Pediatr 2003;142:476-80)
DISTURBANCE STRESS FOR STABILIZED SECOND ORDER CONTROL SYSTEMS

It is shown that the nastiest bounded disturbance stress for the stable second order oscillator is bang–bang with switching set by the state. A quadratic index and a time-distance index are used to evaluate the severity of the stressing. A procedure is suggested to construct a switching curve which synthesizes the disturbance stress in feedback form. Examples illustrating the results and the possible extension to third and higher order systems are given.
Immobilized metal affinity chromatography with fused silica microcolumns

Fused silica capillaries of 250 μm i.d. were slurry-packed with a TSK Chelate-5PW stationary phase. Cu(II) was immobilized on the iminodiacetate surface, and proteins were separated using either an increasing imidazole gradient or a decreasing pH gradient. The microcolumn system increases detection sensitivity without affecting chromatographic behavior. The possible use of this system in the study of tertiary structure relationships between related proteins is explored.
Relationship of adhesiveness of cells in culture with specific enzyme activity.

Abstract l -Glutamine is required by mouse teratoma cells and other mouse ascites tumor cells in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates involved in intercellular adhesion. Since l -glutamine is synthesized by the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) (EC 6.3.1.2), these studies were undertaken to determine if a relationship exists between cellular adhesiveness and GS specific activity. Two types of experiment were performed to examine this relationship. Actinomycin D enhanced both teratoma cell GS specific activity and cellular adhesiveness over controls in batch cultures at confluency. Also, the relationship between cell adhesiveness and GS specific activity during the cell cycle was studied using cell populations synchronized with thymidine plus Colcemid. In these synchronized cultures, cellular adhesiveness displayed an oscillatory pattern with peaks of GS specific activity occurring just prior to peaks of adhesiveness. The levels of GS specific activity and intercellular adhesiveness were enhanced by the addition of hydrocortisone, a steroid known to induce GS specific activity in mouse teratoma cells. These results demonstrate a correlation between GS specific activity and cellular adhesiveness. Based upon previous work which implicates l -glutamine in intercellular adhesion, it is not unreasonable to speculate that GS specific activity and cellular adhesiveness may be causally related.
S-State matrix elements for muonic molecules☆

Coordinates ξ, η, θ are introduced, one of which is the internuclear distance, and all of which are linear combinations of interparticle distances in a molecular three-body system. Each matrix element of the Hamiltonian or unity is shown to be the sum of a few products of reduced matrix elements, which are one- or two-dimensional integrals, provided that each basis function is the product of a function of ξ and η times a function of θ. For basis functions which are products of monomials times exponentials in ξ, η, θ, the reduced matrix elements are represented as linear combinations of basic integrals, for which closed-form or recursive expressions are derived.
Radically different effects on materials by separated microwave electric and magnetic fields

Using a 2.45 GHz wave-guided cavity, in a single mode TE103 excitation, we were able to physically locate compacted 5 mm pellets of samples separately at the H (magnetic) node (where the E field is nearly zero), or the E (electric) node (where H field is nearly zero). A preliminary survey of a variety of metals, (Cu, Fe, Co..) ceramics (ZnO, etc.), and composites, (WC-Co, ZnO-Co) showed remarkable differences in their heating behaviors. The results establish conclusively that the magnetic field interaction contributes greatly to microwave heating of common materials in a manner, previously neglected in most theories of microwave heating, albeit still to be understood.
How old is the most recent ancestor of two copies of an allele

An important clue to the evolutionary history of an allele is the structure of the neighboring region of the genome, which we term the genomic background of the allele. Consider two copies of the allele. How similar we expect their genomic background to be is strongly influenced by the age of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA). We apply diffusion theory, first used by Motoo Kimura as a tool for predicting the changes in allele frequencies over time and developed by him in many articles in this journal, to prove a variety of new results on the age of the MRCA under the simplest demographic assumptions. In particular, we show that the expected age of the MRCA of two copies of an allele with population frequency f is just 2Nf generations, where N is the effective population size. Our results are a first step in running exact coalescent simulations, where we also simulate the history of the population frequency of an allele.
A MODEL OF INFORMATION AND I.T. ADOPTION IN FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS

Evidence from the Food Supply chain suggests that food retailers often exhibit a reluctance to share information with their suppliers even when this benefits both parties. For example, inventory coordination and reduced costs may be realized by adopting appropriate supply chain management technologies such as cooperative planning, forecasting, and replenishment. This behavior is explained by viewing information as a strategic asset and modeling information exchange and the corresponding adoption of information technologies and analysis as a strategic game, i.e., an economic model where food retailers and their suppliers operate with uncertainty. The game is based on stylized facts from the food industry. Some key results from the game model are: (a) under certain conditions retailers may withhold valuable sales data from suppliers, even if the benefits from supply coordination are reduced; (b) there exists a revealed (inferred) equilibrium signal (i.e., suppliers know what orders will be) even when sales data are withheld from suppliers; and (c) unanticipated economic slow-downs cause overstocking which harm smaller firms more than larger ones, driving a wedge between them. This is an attempt to build economic (game-theoretic) models that incorporate the realities of the food supply/demand chain and then to see what behavior the models predict. Such models have been widely used to explain economic behavior and exchange at the agricultural end of the food supply chain and for international trade behavior. This is one of the first applications to the retail/wholesale/manufacture levels in the food delivery chain.
Inspiring creativity for the Engineer of 2020

In 2004, The National Academy of Engineering released its seminal work, The Engineer of 2020 - Visions of Engineering in the New Century. The text attempts to prepare industrial, governmental, and academic institutions for the future of engineering. The report stated that an “Emphasis on the creative process will allow more effective leadership in the development and application of next-generation technologies to problems of the future.” In October 2011, electrical and computer engineering undergraduates from the Valparaiso University College of Engineering participated in three days of creativity instruction. While the course was taught primarily by a member of the College of Engineering faculty; it also included one topic session and on-location tours (near Orlando, Florida) that were led by instructors from an external training organization. Pre- and post-class surveys revealed a marked improvement in the students' confidence and understanding of creativity and the creative process. Finally, the students were able to demonstrate their creativity lessons by their success in a post-class creativity problem-solving session.
Effect of Levamisole on the Response of Broilers to Coccidiosis Vaccination

Abstract The effect of levamisole on the response of commercial broilers to coccidiosis vaccination was assessed. The concentration, frequency, and timing of levamisole were varied in three separate experiments to determine optimum conditions for potentiating the response of broilers to a single oral dose of commercial coccidiosis vaccine at 7 days of age. In all instances, levamisole was found to improve development of immunity to coccidiosis. Birds that received levamisole by intraperitoneal (IP) injection had better weight gains for 3 weeks following coccidiosis vaccination and improved resistance to challenge with Eimeria tenella when compared with vaccinated chickens that did not receive levamisole. However, levamisole given at .25 mg/kg body weight by IP injection 3 days prior to the coccidiosis vaccine resulted in the greatest potentiation of the immune response. Performance parameters following challenge included weight gain, oocyst production, fecal droppings, and livability. Findings confirm and extend observations regarding the ability of levamisole to potentiate vaccination responses in chickens.
Fermi surfaces and gauge-gravity duality

We give a unified overview of the zero temperature phases of compressible quantum matter: i.e., phases in which the expectation value of a globally conserved U(1) density, $\mathcal{Q}$, varies smoothly as a function of parameters. Provided the global U(1) and translational symmetries are unbroken, such phases are expected to have Fermi surfaces, and the Luttinger theorem relates the volumes enclosed by these Fermi surfaces to $⟨\mathcal{Q}⟩$. We survey models of interacting bosons and/or fermions and/or gauge fields which realize such phases. Some phases have Fermi surfaces with the singularities of Landau's Fermi liquid theory, while other Fermi surfaces have non-Fermi liquid singularities. Compressible phases found in models applicable to condensed-matter systems are argued to also be present in models obtained by applying chemical potentials (and other deformations allowed by the residual symmetry at nonzero chemical potential) to the paradigmatic supersymmetric gauge theories underlying gauge-gravity duality: the Aharony-Bergman-Jafferis-Maldacena model in spatial dimension $d=2$, and the $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills theory in $d=3$.
Single particle size and fluorescence spectra from emissions of burning materials in a tube furnace to simulate burn pits

A single-particle fluorescence spectrometer (SPFS) and an aerodynamic particle sizer were used to measure the fluorescence spectra and particle size distribution from the particulate emissions of 12 different burning materials in a tube furnace to simulate open-air burning of garbage. Although the particulate emissions are likely dominated by particles <1 μm diameter, only the spectra of supermicron particles were measured here. The overall fluorescence spectral profiles exhibit either one or two broad bands peaked around 300–450 nm within the 280–650 nm spectral range, when the particles are illuminated with a 263-nm laser. Different burning materials have different profiles, some of them (cigarette, hair, uniform, paper, and plastics) show small changes during the burning process, and while others (beef, bread, carrot, Styrofoam, and wood) show big variations, which initially exhibit a single UV peak (around 310–340 nm) and a long shoulder in visible, and then gradually evolve into a bimodal spectrum with another visible peak (around 430–450 nm) having increasing intensity during the burning process. These spectral profiles could mainly derive from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with the combinations of tyrosine-like, tryptophan-like, and other humic-like substances. About 68 % of these single-particle fluorescence spectra can be grouped into 10 clustered spectral templates that are derived from the spectra of millions of atmospheric aerosol particles observed in three locations; while the others, particularly these bimodal spectra, do not fall into any of the 10 templates. Therefore, the spectra from particulate emissions of burning materials can be easily discriminated from that of common atmospheric aerosol particles. The SFFS technology could be a good tool for monitoring burning pit emissions and possibly for distinguishing them from atmospheric aerosol particles.
The Effect of Menthol on Cigarette Smoking Behaviors, Biomarkers and Subjective Responses

Background: As part of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration charged the Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee with developing a report and recommendations about the effect of menthol in cigarettes on the public health. The purpose of this study was to examine smoking behaviors, biomarkers of exposure, and subjective responses when switching from a novel menthol cigarette to a non-menthol cigarette to isolate the effect of menthol and to approximate the effect a menthol ban might have on smokers. Methods: Thirty-two adult smokers completed this 35-day randomized, open-label, laboratory study. After a 5-day baseline period, participants were randomized to the experimental group ( n = 22) where they would smoke menthol Camel crush for 15 days followed by 15 days of non-menthol Camel crush, or the control group ( n = 10) where they smoked their own brand cigarette across all periods. Participants attended study visits every 5 days and completed measures of smoking rate, smoking topography, biomarkers of exposure, and subjective responses. Results: Although total puff volume tended to increase when the experimental group switched from menthol to non-menthol ( P = 0.06), there were no corresponding increases in cigarette consumption or biomarkers of exposure ( P > 0.1). Subjective ratings related to taste and smell decreased during the non-menthol period ( P < 0.01), compared with the menthol. Conclusions: Results suggest menthol has minimal impact on smoking behaviors, biomarkers of exposure, and subjective ratings. Impact: When controlling for all other cigarette design features, menthol in cigarettes had minimal effect on outcome measures. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(3); 382–9. ©2013 AACR .
Seeking the Veritas about the Vino: fine wine ratings as wine knowledge

Fine wines challenge the consumer to know them and form a meaningful willingness to pay (WTP) for them. Recognizing the challenge to the wine consumer's knowledge of what she is buying, researchers have studied the relationship between price and measures of perceived quality or vicarious knowledge such as expert opinion. The argument is that, if unable to know the wine before buying it, consumers may use such information to guide their WTP. However, while this information may influence WTP, one wonders whether it improves the consumer's knowledge; the evidence of correlation is weak. This paper questions whether fine wine can be known vicariously through expert ratings. The paper reviews and critiques the kinds of information available to the wine consumer, especially experts’ opinions, as well as other factors that complicate the consumer's knowing what she will find in the bottle. While such expert information is not without value, the discussion highlights a number of shortcomings that limit its useful...
BI-2 destabilizes HIV-1 cores during infection and Prevents Binding of CPSF6 to the HIV-1 Capsid

Background The recently discovered small-molecule BI-2 potently blocks HIV-1 infection. BI-2 binds to the N-terminal domain of HIV-1 capsid. BI-2 utilizes the same capsid pocket used by the small molecule PF74. Although both drugs bind to the same pocket, it has been proposed that BI-2 uses a different mechanism to block HIV-1 infection when compared to PF74.
Emerging Trends in the Clinical Use of Bortezomib in Multiple Myeloma

Consolidation with high-dose therapy followed by single or double autologous stem cell transplantation has improved response and survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM), but the disease remains incurable. The emergence of novel agents offer potentially significant advances in the treatment of MM. Bortezomib, a selective inhibitor of the proteasome, has proven to be safe and effective in patients with relapsed and/or refractory MM as monotherapy in phase II/III clinical trials and has produced promising activity in combination regimens with cytotoxic agents. Bortezomib-based combination regimens have also exhibited clinical benefits with manageable toxicities and may ultimately lead to improvement in the duration of response and survival of patients in the first-line setting. High complete and near-complete response rates after 2-4 cycles of bortezomib-based induction therapy may improve outcome in autologous stem cell transplantation recipients. Bortezomib also appears to overcome the adverse prognostic impact of high b2-microglobulin levels and chromosome 13 deletion, as these patients at high risk have shown responses and improved survival with bortezomib therapy. Of interest, patients whose disease previously responded to bortezomib appear to retain sensitivity to the drug, and bortezomib is being explored in maintenance regimens. The use of bortezomib in MM therapy, including ongoing randomized phase III trials, is reviewed herein.
Explicit Modeling of Joint Travel by Household Members: Statistical Evidence and Applied Approach

A substantial portion of regional travel is implemented by household members who travel together, primarily to participate in a shared household activity. Joint household travel is not explicitly accounted for in most regional travel models in which the unit of travel (either trip or tour) is considered for each person separately at each modeling stage—generation, mode, destination, and time-of-day choice. In addition, statistical evidence demonstrates that the vast majority of shared-ride travel consists of joint household travel. A modeling approach that distinguishes shared activity-based joint household travel from arranged interhouse-hold carpooling is clearly desirable to support accurate forecasts of shared-ride travel, critical in the evaluation of high-occupancy vehicle lanes or the adoption of toll strategies differentiated by occupancy levels. A range of aspects of joint travel both with empirical evidence and with discussion of modeling issues are addressed. A set of joint travel models is pre...
Role of habitual physical activity in modulating vascular actions of insulin

New Findings What is the topic of this review? This review highlights the importance of increased vascular insulin sensitivity for maintaining glycaemic control and cardiovascular health. What advances does it highlight? We discuss the role of habitual physical activity in modulating vascular actions of insulin. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease commonly coexist. Current evidence suggests that impaired insulin signalling in the vasculature may be a common link between metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, including glycaemic dysregulation and atherosclerosis. Herein, we highlight the importance of the actions of insulin on the vasculature for glycaemic control and arterial health. In addition, we summarize and discuss findings from our group and others demonstrating that increased physical activity may be an effective approach to enhancing vascular insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, in light of the existing literature, we formulate the hypothesis that increased shear stress may be a prime mechanism through which habitual physical activity improves insulin signalling in the vasculature. Ultimately, we propose that targeting vascular insulin resistance may represent a viable strategy for improving glycaemic control and reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Repeat balloon aortic valvuloplasty effectively delays surgical intervention in children with recurrent aortic stenosis

Objective Balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) is the primary therapy for congenital aortic stenosis (AS). Recurrent AS following initial BAV or initial surgical valvotomy (SV) may require a second BAV (BAV2). We sought to determine the longterm outcomes of BAV2. Design We reviewed all cases of BAV2, defined as BAV following primary BAV or SV between 1988 and 2009. Cases were reviewed for pre- and post-BAV2 echocardiographic and procedural details. Setting Tertiary care dedicated children's hospital. Patients Between 1985 and 2009, 43 patients underwent BAV2 (23 primary SV, 20 primary BAV) at median age 1.9 years (1 month–21 years) and median weight 15 (3.3–55) kg. Interventions BAV2 performed following primary SV or primary BAV. Main Outcome Measures We evaluated the following endpoints: ≥ moderate AI post-BAV2, aortic valve replacement (AVR), additional BAV or SV post-BAV2, death and heart transplantation. Results The gradient decreased from 61.4 ± 16.0 mm Hg to 26.0 ± 13.6 post-BAV2 (P mild, compared to 21 (51%) patients after BAV2. Cox regression revealed that primary BAV was associated with development of AI > mild after BAV2 (P < 0.01). Conclusion BAV2 is associated with decreased valve gradient, though with an increase in AI. However, residual AS, not AI, is associated with poor outcomes following BAV2. BAV2 effectively treats recurrent AS and postpones need for surgical intervention. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Educational Publishing and the World Wide Web

Publishers have long had an important role in education, producing books and other learning materials. Today, the publisher's role is changing fast with the platform evolution from stand-alone to networked computers. Print and the Web are compared, demonstrating that they will remain complementary. The publishers' traditional Value Chain is linear and one-way; it is operative in a stable, predictable environment, and accommodates mass production. This traditional Value Chain is evolving into a new Value Circle, which is iterative, with shorter product cycles, interaction between customers, authors and publishers to develop products and services, and "mass customization". Today, custom publishing efforts are already well underway. However, critical solutions are required for handling rights, royalties, and intellectual property protection; publishers are developing the Digital Object Identifier, new licensing standards, and experimenting with copy protection technologies. Key opportunities in emerging technology are discussed, including Metadata and query enhancement; work flow analysis and new tools that capture pedagogy; and contact management systems to capture and support customers. The emergence of repositories of software such as the Educational Object Economy are critiqued, with recommendations made for facilitation of electronic commerce. We review some basic business considerations. Our perspective is based on college publishing, the focus of the E/W Consortium on Authoring Tools, but all segments of publishing face similar concerns. Reviewers: Henry Lieberman (MIT), Jane Moran (Middlesex U.), Andy Reilly (Open U.) Interactive elements: Two QuickTime movies from an educational multimedia publication are included. Two QuickTime movies from Chemisty:Interactive, an educational multimedia publication, are included. You will need the Apple QuickTime plug-in for your browser, or a separate player application.
BIOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA

Biotherapeutic agents offer unique advantages over traditional treatments for infectious diarrhea, and several have been shown to be effective (Table 4). These therapeutic microbial agents are most effective in types of infectious diseases that are associated with a disruption of the normal intestinal microecology (e.g., AAD, C. difficile disease). The impact of biotherapeutic agents on rotaviral diarrhea is of special clinical importance because this is the most common cause of pediatric diarrhea, and there is no defined treatment. Strong efforts need to be made to limit antibiotic exposure in children. Biotherapeutic agents offer a safe and effective nonantibiotic method of treating this important pathogen, especially after the withdrawal of a rotaviral vaccine from the market by the FDA. However, for many biotherapeutic agents, well-done, placebo-controlled trials still are lacking, and not all types of infectious diarrhea respond to these agents. Continued research in this innovative therapeutic area is warranted.
Exploring the effect of communication channels on sponsorship effectiveness: a case study of Super Bowl XLII.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of two major communication channels (e.g., TV and internet) on the three factors of sponsorship effectiveness, brand awareness, event-sponsor fit, and purchase intention in the Super Bowl 2008. The results of this study revealed that television was a dominant medium for the participants in the study to obtain the information on the Super Bowl. Furthermore, the use of both communication channels in sponsorship activities will be more effective in increasing sponsorship effectiveness than using one communication channel. Finally, event interest, brand awareness, and event-sponsor fit were identified as factors influencing consumers' purchase intension toward the sponsoring brand products.
Model Study Investigating the Role of Interfacial Factors in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements

Abstract To observe the effect of interfacial factors on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), model systems consisting of Parylene C (PC) film coated on Alclad 7075-T6 (UNS A97075) sheets and freestanding PC films were investigated. To modify the top surface of PC coating, the coating on Al alloy panels were treated with two plasmas: trimethylsilane (TMS) and a mixture of TMS + O2. Plasma polymerization of TMS followed by hexafluoroethane (HFE) also was applied to the substrate surface prior to the deposition of PC film to improve the adhesion of the film to the surface. Coating performance was evaluated using EIS, and interfacial factors produced by plasma treatments were studied by applying suitable equivalent circuit models, which take into account all the interfacial parameters and bulk coating. Simulations performed with circuit models proposed in this work indicated that top surface modification with plasma treatment influenced the salt intrusion property of the top layer as well as of the ...
Reconstructing Basin-Scale Eulerian Velocity Fields from Simulated Drifter Data

Abstract A single-layer, reduced-gravity, double-gyre primitive equation model in a 2000 km × 2000 km square domain is used to test the accuracy and sensitivity of time-dependent Eulerian velocity fields reconstructed from numerically generated drifter trajectories and climatology. The goal is to determine how much Lagrangian data is needed to capture the Eulerian velocity field within a specified accuracy. The Eulerian fields are found by projecting, on an analytic set of divergence-free basis functions, drifter data launched in the active western half of the basin supplemented by climatology in the eastern domain. The time-dependent coefficients are evaluated by least squares minimization and the reconstructed fields are compared to the original model output. The authors find that the accuracy of the reconstructed fields depends critically on the spatial coverage of the drifter observations. With good spatial coverage, the technique allows accurate Eulerian reconstructions with under 200 drifters deploy...