cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MHZ RATE PLANAR DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY IN SUPERSONIC JETS

A pulse burst laser and two high-speed CCD cameras were used to perform one-component MHz Rate Planar Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) measurements in an ideally expanded Mach 2.0 jet. The pulse burst laser produced 28 0.532 micron pulses at 250 kHz with ~9 mJ/pulse. Both two-camera and a single-camera experimental set-ups were used to measure a single component of velocity on a streamwise plane passing through the jet centerline and covering ~6 – 12 jet heights downstream of the jet exit. Velocity image sequences consisting of 28 frames showed dynamics of the velocity field over a time span of 108 microseconds (~4.5 non-dimensional time scales). A typical sequence of images is presented, which demonstrates the process of entrainment as low-speed fluid rolls up into the high-speed portion of the jet. Mean and standard deviation statistics of the velocity calculations produced expected trends and showed good agreement between the single- and two-camera experiments. An error analysis revealed speckle as the predominant source of noise, as in a conventional PDV technique. Accuracy is estimated to be 16 m/s for the single-camera system and 24 m/s for the two-camera system.
Public sector training participation: an empirical investigation

This study tests a mediated model of employee participation in training activities in a public sector highway department. Results showed the combined predictor sets accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in an objective measure of training attended, a self-report measure of training attended, and intentions to participate in future training. Although the proposed mediated model was not supported, the findings suggest that previous transfer success and motivation play a significant role in intentions to participate in training.
Linkages between Socioeconomic Characteristics, Food Expenditure Patterns, and Nutritional Status of Low Income Households: A Critical Review

The positive gains made in the development of a national food policy have occurred within the context of intense political debate on a number of policy issues. These issues often involve the amount of expenditures in food assistance programs, willingness to sustain program-associated income transfer benefits, impact of the program on food costs, participation, program abuse, and the magnitude of program impact on food consumption patterns and nutritional status of beneficiaries.
Construction and properties of plasmid pKC30, a pBR322 derivative containing the pl-N region of phage lambda

Abstract The phage λ N gene, contained on a Hind III- Bam HI λ DNA fragment (2 coordinates 38695-34500), was inserted into plasmid pBR322 and cloned in Escherichia coli containing a defective λ prophage. The plasmid is called pKC30. λ N -mediated p l transcription interfered with plasmid pKC30 maintenance. Plasmid pKC30 was stabilized (i) by repression of p l , (ii) by a nut L mutation, or (iii) by cloning an “N-unresponsive terminator” sequence downstream from N gene.
Active Four-Wheel-Steering Design for an Advanced Vehicle

The design of a control system to coordinate the steering of the four wheels of an advanced vehicle is described. The Linear Quadratic Gaussian, design process is applied to a directional dynamics model that includes yaw, lateral, and roll degrees-of-freedom for the vehicle and steering rotation degrees-of-freedom for the front and rear wheels. Vehicle oscillations, overshoot, sideslip, and response times to steering inputs are minimized at all forward speeds. Left-to-right steering corrections augment the control design to eliminate tire scrub and squeal in low speed and parking maneuvers. Simulation results illustrate the advantages of active four-wheel-steering over two-wheel-steering and proportional four-wheel-steering and the insensivity of the design to changes in vehicle speed, trim, loading, and tire characteristics.
The 2001 Material Research Society (MRS) Fall Meeting Report

Keeping with tradition, the 2000 MRS annual meeting again took place in Boston Copely Plaza from November 27 to December 1. The 2000 meeting was well organized and well attended, with a total of 4600 attendees representing industrial, academic, and government sectors. The rich technical program was multi-disciplinary (41 symposia) to meet the needs of the attendees. A total of 4000 papers were presented. There were a number of memorable lectures, several special seminars on policy and funding, an award ceremony, a new educational seminar series that focused on the scientific basis and practical application of commercial tools. The meeting also highlighted an elaborate exhibit, poster sessions and other well organized events. This report summarizes various events which took place at the meeting.
STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND REPLICATION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE TELOMERES

▪ Abstract A combination of classical genetic, biochemical, and molecular biological approaches have generated a rather detailed understanding of the structure and function of Saccharomyces telomeres. Yeast telomeres are essential to allow the cell to distinguish intact from broken chromosomes, to protect the end of the chromosome from degradation, and to facilitate the replication of the very end of the chromosome. In addition, yeast telomeres are a specialized site for gene expression in that the transcription of genes placed near them is reversibly repressed. A surprisingly large number of genes have been identified that influence either telomere structure or telomere function (or both), although in many cases the mechanism of action of these genes is poorly understood. This article reviews the recent literature on telomere biology and highlights areas for future research.
In vitro analysis of optimal stimuli for phase-locking and time-delayed modulation of firing in avian nucleus laminaris neurons.

Neurons of the avian nucleus laminaris (NL) provide a neural substrate for azimuthal sound localization. We examined the optimal stimuli for NL neurons to maintain high discharge rates, reliable phase-locking, and sensitivity to time-delayed stimuli. Whole-cell recordings were performed in chick [embryonic days 19–21 (E19-E21)] NL neurons using an in vitro slice preparation. Variation of membrane properties along the tonotopic axis was examined. Computer-controlled intracellular current injection was used to mimic postsynaptic currents or conductances (PSCs) generated in NL neurons by the firing of nucleus magnocellularis (NM) neurons during acoustic stimulation. At various stimulus frequencies, the effects of varying the number of NM cells and PSC amplitudes on firing rate and phase-locking were examined. During high- frequency stimulation, the greatest firing rate and phase-locking occurred when the protocol contained few NM cells that generated large PSCs. Because the stimulus-evoked unitary PSCs are small, we propose that NM cells fire in synchrony to generate large PSCs. To mimic the arrival of PSCs during binaural stimulation, two stimulus trains were summed at different delays before injection. The firing rate of NL neurons was greatest with zero delay. A delay of half the stimulus period evoked firing that was less than that evoked with a single train. Neurons lacking strong outward rectification exhibited neither reliable phase-locking during high-frequency stimulation nor sensitivity to stimulus delays. These findings suggest that the firing responses of NL neurons are determined primarily by their membrane properties.
The measurement of multiple drug use and its relationship to the patterning of alcohol intake.

The increasing prevalence of multiple drug use among adolescents presents researchers with complex conceptual and measurement issues. This work examines definitions of and indicators of multiple drug use involvement, as well as the interrelationships between indices of drug involvement incorporating different dimensions. Data regarding the relationship between patterns of alcohol use and illicit drug use in a population of 1473 teenagers interviewed in a northwestern metropolitan community indicate that: (1) regardless of the dimensions incorporated into four different indices of drug involvement examined, intercorrelations between indices were strong; (2) although the correlations between indices of drug involvement and overall levels of alcohol intake were uniformly weak, it was shown that levels of drug involvement vary directly with the maximum volume of alcohol used. Although the results of the current investigation must be viewed cautiously because of the concentration of heavy users of both alcohol...
Glucocorticoids prior to brain death shift the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in the myocardium

vs. 96 11 vs. 115 5 mmHg, p 0.05), dP/dt (7195 830 vs. 2971 463 vs. 5331 449 mmHg/s, p 0.05) decreased and LVEDP (5.1 0.7 vs. 18.2 3.6 vs. 8.3 1.0 mmHg, p 0.05) increased in group 2 which was partly reduced by PARP inhibition (group 3). While MBF, response to dobutamine and ACH did not change in group 1, they decreased in group 2 and 3 (p 0.05). Thus, contractile and vasomotor dysfunction occur in a typical time-dependent manner during cardiac rejection which can be reduced by PARP-inhibition. PARP-inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic approach to reduce functional disturbances during cardiac rejection.
Adherence to uroepithelial cells of Providencia stuartii isolated from the catheterized urinary tract.

SUMMARY: The long-term catheterized urinary tract appears to offer a niche for Providencia stuartii, otherwise an unusual clinical isolate. P. stuartii, the most frequent and persistent isolate from the urine of 51 long-term catheterized patients, was recovered from 761 of 1230 (62%) weekly urine specimens. To test the hypothesis that prevalence of this species may be due to adherence properties of the organism, 20 selected strains from 14 patients at two nursing homes, representing six distinct serotypes and harbouring combinations of nine different plasmid species, were tested for adherence to uroepithelial cells (UEC). Optimal conditions were determined for differentiating strains on the basis of in vitro adherence to UEC. These strains, grown in nutrient broth, were incubated with UEC isolated from the urine of a healthy adult female (108 bacteria per 105 cells). Washed UEC, retained on 8 μm pore diameter filters, were transferred to slides, fixed and stained; bacteria were counted on each of 40 cells. Fourteen of the 20 strains were defined as adherent to UEC by comparison of mean adherent bacteria and percentage of uroepithelial cells with more than 10 bacteria. Adherence was compared to that of a P-fimbriated strain of Escherichia coli. It was not inhibited by 50 mM-mannose. We conclude that the majority of P. stuartii isolates are adherent to UEC in vitro and suggest that this may play a role in the persistence of this organism in the catheterized urinary tract.
Household Income and the Transition from Work to Retirement: TrendsFrom 1998 to 2008

Based on data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), this paper describes trends in the amounts and sources of income received by Americans, aged 55 and older from 1998 to 2008. It presents data on changes in the amount of income received by older Americans in 1998 and 2008, and how the relative share of income from earnings, pensions, Social Security, interest and dividends, and other sources changed over that period of time. The paper also presents the results of an analysis of the demographic and economic characteristics of individuals who experienced declines in real household income between 1998 and 2008.
Large-Eddy Simulation of a Wing–Body Junction Flow

Large-eddy simulations of a wing-body junction flow experimentally studied are presented. Wall junction flows are common in engineering applications, but the flow physics at the corners of the junction is not well understood. Moreover, in these types of flows, the performance of the subgrid-scale models frequently used for large-eddy simulations is not well characterized. To address these issues, large-eddy simulations of the wing–body junction are performed, with multiple levels of grid resolution. Two-dimensional turbulent profiles are generated every time step and introduced to the inlet plane of the computation domain to mimic the unsteady turbulent boundary layer. A Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes calculation is used as a precursor to initialize the flowfield of the large-eddy simulations. Then, large-eddy simulations with the Vreman model is performed and the simulation results are analyzed with respect to three specific goals: compare the computed and measured turbulence statistics in the junction ...
Ultrasonographic diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy: Importance of transabdominal imaging

Endovaginal sonography has greatly improved the diagnostic evaluation of suspected ectopic pregnancy. Some authors suggest imaging solely by endovaginal technique for diagnosis. We perform both a transabdominal scan for a global view of the pelvic and abdominal contents and an endovaginal sonographic examination for a higher resolution and focused view of the gynecologic structures. We report three patients with negative endovaginal examinations who had obvious ectopic pregnancies on our subsequent transabdominal examination. These cases remind us of the valuable information that can be obtained with the transabdominal approach and the complementary role it plays with endovaginal sonography.
Large-Scale Dissipative and Passive Control Systems and the Role of Star and Cyclic Symmetries

In this technical note, symmetries in large-scale dissipative and passive control systems are considered. In the framework of dissipativity and passivity theory, stability conditions for large-scale systems are derived by categorizing agents into symmetry groups and applying local control laws under limited interconnections with neighbors. Building upon previous studies on stability of $(Q,S,R)$ - dissipative large-scale systems, we show that for cyclic and star-shaped symmetric systems there exists an upper bound on the number of subsystems that can be added to preserve stability of dissipative systems. In cyclic and star-shaped symmetric systems, the subsystems can be heterogeneous as long as they satisfy the same dissipative inequalities. Approximate symmetry with respect to interconnections is also considered and the robustness of the results is demonstrated.
The Fastener Loose Thread Issue Resolve based on DFSS

Through the design of six sigma(DFSS) method, the application of KANO model, quality function deployment, QFD's the concept selection, robust estimation, robust optimization, orthogonal list and other tools, the key design factors and the prediction formula was determined, the final optimization of the design parameters, successfully solved the problem of a strip of vehicle chassis fasteners. This design concept can be extended to other similar design of the project.
Multilingual Language Mixing and Creativity

The aim of this paper is to explore a facet of bi/multilingual creativity in language mixing. The first aspect of creativity is driven by the consideration of formal principles, which fall outside monolingual or single language competence, e.g., [1]. The rule-governed mechanism, which allows the integration of the embedded language verbs into the matrix language, is accounted for. This objective is achieved by employing two distinct data sets: (1) grammatical competence (intuitional data) involving the embedded lexical verb mixing in the Light Verb Construction in a variety of languages, particularly in South Asian languages (e.g., Hindi-English); and (2) an experimental data set that exhibits the relationships involved in the generative perspective through consideration of Universal Grammar. The underlying motivation for focusing on India is that language mixing constitutes a grass-roots phenomenon in India since the pre-Christian era; hence it is a stable and time-tested phenomenon which allows us to overcome key methodological issues in the study of language mixing.
Variability of ischemia during spermatic cord torsion in the rat

Abstract Testicular torsion affects prepubertal males and causes testicular infarction and subfertility. Animal models of spermatic cord torsion have been used in an attempt to study the mechanism of testicular injury from torsion. Although standardized animal models of torsion have been proposed, their reliability in producing testicular ischemia has not been documented. Dynamic enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the testis was used in a rat model with surgically induced, unilateral, 720° torsion to quantify the severity of ischemia. Intravenous dysprosium diethylenetria-minepentaacetic acid-bis methylamide (Dy-DTPA-BMA) was injected as a bolus followed by serial dynamic Turbo GRASS images. Region of interest (ROI) measurements were obtained within the testicular parenchyma during contrast enhancement and washout. Perfusion abnormalities ranging from minimal delay in contrast enhancement in the torqued testicle to complete absence of intraparenchymal blood flow were documented with dynamic enhanced MRI. Reperfusion scans 1 hour after surgical reduction of torsion showed normalization of testicular blood flow in all animals. Dynamic enhanced MRI appears to be a useful method of documenting the perfusion deficit arising from torsion of the testis. Standard animal models of torsion produce inconsistent results because they do not reliably reproduce testicular ischemia. The ability of MRI to quantify perfusion abnormalities in the testis may provide additional information in the evaluation of human patients with symptoms of testicular torsion.
Carotid endarterectomy: a review.

This article reviews the pathophysiology of plaque formation and the clinical manifestations of arthrosclerotic carotid artery disease. Current techniques used in the diagnosis and operative procedure for the disease are also discussed, as well as critical care nursing management.
What can natural infection of African monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus tell us about the pathogenesis of AIDS

The simian immunodeficiency viruses are a diverse group of viruses that naturally infect a wide range of African primates, including chimpanzees, African green monkeys (AGM) and sooty mangabey monkeys (SM). Although natural infection is widespread in feral populations of AGMs and SMs, this infection does not result in immunodeficiency. However, experimental inoculation of Asian macaque species results in an immunodeficiency syndrome that is remarkably similar in pathogenesis to human AIDS. Thus, SIVsm infection of macaques results in AIDS, and similarly experimental inoculation of pigtailed macaques with at least one SIVagm isolate, SIVIhoest or SIVsun, results in AIDS. The extent of plasma viremia in pathogenic infection is an excellent prognostic indicator of clinical course, with higher viral load being predictive of shorter survival and low viremia being predictive of long-term non-progression. Based upon this paradigm, one would have expected naturally infected animals to exhibit low levels of viremia. In reality, AGMs, SMs, mandrills and chimpanzees infected naturally with their own unique viruses display moderate to high levels of plasma viremia. A significant reduction in CD4+ T-cells in infected versus uninfected SMs suggests that the virus may be cytopathic to some degree. These infected animals still maintain adequate CD4+ T-cells over their entire life in captivity. A distinct characteristic of natural infection is the lack of immunopathology as demonstrated by normal lymph node morphology, lower expression of activation and proliferation markers on CD4+ T-cells, and a generally muted immune response to the virus. Naturally infected SMs and AGMs clearly mount antiviral cellular and humoral immune responses. Therefore, models suggesting immune tolerance to SIV are far too simplistic to explain the lack of disease in these animals. It is probable that a unique balance between T-cell renewal and proliferation and loss through activation-induced apoptosis, and virus-induced cell death has been achieved in SMs and AGMs. The study of the dynamics of T-cell production, proliferation and cell death in asymptomatic natural infection should, therefore, yield insights into the pathogenesis of AIDS.
Beyond Terra firma : Bringing Ocean and Aquatic Sciences to Environmental and Science Teacher Education

This chapter addresses the lack of discussion on ocean and aquatic science in environmental and science teacher education, contending that such content is essential to global Earth systems science literacy. To understand and teach the complex issues facing our planet (e.g., global climate change), educators must comprehend the multifaceted and interdependent nature of the Earth as a system, including the influence of human activity. This chapter discusses (1) the lack of inclusion of ocean and aquatic science concepts in both environmental and science teacher education and education in general, (2) challenges and opportunities posed by the lack of inclusion, and (3) recommendations and resources, with connections to science education standards and environmental education guidelines, to provide teacher educators and teachers with tools to enhance curriculum and instruction. An overview of national programs and initiatives is provided, including the Ocean Literacy Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts, Centers for Ocean Science Education Excellence, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Sciences Bowl, Project WET, and Project WILD Aquatic.
Predators, environment and host characteristics influence the probability of infection by an invasive castrating parasite

Not all hosts, communities or environments are equally hospitable for parasites. Direct and indirect interactions between parasites and their predators, competitors and the environment can influence variability in host exposure, susceptibility and subsequent infection, and these influences may vary across spatial scales. To determine the relative influences of abiotic, biotic and host characteristics on probability of infection across both local and estuary scales, we surveyed the oyster reef-dwelling mud crab Eurypanopeus depressus and its parasite Loxothylacus panopaei, an invasive castrating rhizocephalan, in a hierarchical design across >900 km of the southeastern USA. We quantified the density of hosts, predators of the parasite and host, the host’s oyster reef habitat, and environmental variables that might affect the parasite either directly or indirectly on oyster reefs within 10 estuaries throughout this biogeographic range. Our analyses revealed that both between and within estuary-scale variation and host characteristics influenced L. panopaei prevalence. Several additional biotic and abiotic factors were positive predictors of infection, including predator abundance and the depth of water inundation over reefs at high tide. We demonstrate that in addition to host characteristics, biotic and abiotic community-level variables both serve as large-scale indicators of parasite dynamics.
Parents' Perspectives on Curbing Gun Violence Among Children in Three Counties in Indiana

The occurrence of fatalities associated with gun violence among children, as reported in the media, makes studying gun violence and its prevention among children a priority. The purpose of this study was to investigate parents’ views on gun violence and whether gun safety education should be provided in schools. Thematic analysis was conducted on open-ended questions and descriptive statistics for closedended questions. Of the 200 participants, 79% (n= 158) of them indicated that gun safety instructions should be taught in schools, whereas 21% (n= 42) disapproved. Forty-five percent of the 158 participants who agreed to gun safety education suggested that police/military personnel teach gun safety to children. Overall, the parents questioned believed that gun safety education would help children to understand the seriousness of this issue. Some parents were not in favor of gun safety education. However, because the overwhelming majority was in favor of it, it is important for stakeholders in schools to consider offering it as one possible way to reduce gun violence among children.
Economic and Environmental Feasibility, Architecture Optimization, and Grid Impact of Dynamic Charging of Electric Vehicles using Wireless Power Transfer

Integration of wireless power transfer (WPT) into roadways and vehicles represents a promising alternative to traditional transportation. In this study, the economic feasibility, environmental impact and infrastructure optimization of inmotion WPT in the U.S. is evaluated using dynamic vehicle models integrated with GPS stamped real world drive cycle data. Results show total vehicle level savings greater than the WPT EV purchase price with a societal level infrastructure payback time of 7.4 years at 25% fleet penetration for deployment in the U.S. Environmental results show the technology to be beneficial in terms of global warming impact and all criteria pollutants with the exception of SOx. Optimizing the technology for consumer satisfaction shows that up to 99% of light duty real world drive cycles are satisfied with a 25 mile on-board electrical range utilizing 50 kW in-motion WPT on high speed roadways. Additionally, overall grid impact is expected to be minimal if vehicle-togrid power transfer is implemented.
Exactly Solvable Models and RG

In previous chapters we have shown that fluctuations lead to a peculiar picture of phase transitions in systems with competing interactions. This picture may be qualitatively different from predictions of the Landau theory. However when one, in a more complex calculation, obtains results that contradict simple physical consideration (Landau theory), the natural question arises: whether the data obtained reflect genuine physical reality or resulted from the approximations made. This doubt may be especially justified in relation to the RG approach, as all practical calculations are usually made by expanding over the parameter of the order of unity. Even though critical exponents calculated, by means of the fluctuation theory agree well with experimental data, there is no evidence that qualitative effects also should be seen in experiment. Keeping this in mind, in this chapter we study critical behavior of systems with competing interactions in the framework of simple, exactly solvable models. In these models the interaction of fluctuations is only partially taken into account. The latter leads to exact solvability — including the influence of fluctuations on the phase transition. The results obtained in the framework of such an approach are very instructive and easily interpreted.
Very low cost in-process gauging system

A vision system to gauge two types of automotive parts has been developed. One of the part types is a power steering connector in which the depth and width of the groove, and the distance between the start of the groove and the end of the power steering line are gauged. For the second type of part, a crimped connector attached to a brake hose, measurements of interest are the two diameters of the crimp and the bell length where the hose is inserted into the connector. A standard video camera is used to acquire the image of a back-illuminated image of the part which is digitized and captured with a frame grabber. The basic hardware to accomplish the gauging tasks consists of a standard video camera, light source, frame grabber and industrial personal computer. In order to minimize hardware costs, a standard 50 mm C-mount camera lens and extension tube was used with the video camera. Consideration had been made to use more expensive telecentric optics so that parts placement would not cause a change in magnification with a resulting loss of accuracy. With the 50 mm lens, however, magnification effects were lessened due to the greater standoff distance between camera and part. For image acquisition, a low-cost PCI-bus frame grabber-card was chosen. With this type of card, high-speed video capture is possible due to the very wide bandwidth of the PCI bus. Combined with a Pentium-based PC, rapid image acquisition and analysis can be performed so that every part can be gauged at full production rates. Since the gauging rate exceeds the production rate by a significant factor, a single computer and frame grabber with camera multiplexer can process data in real time from up to four measurement stations simultaneously.
An equilibrium phase spray model for high-pressure fuel injection and engine combustion simulations

High-pressure fuel injection impacts mixture preparation, ignition and combustion in engines and other applications. Experimental studies have revealed the mixing-controlled and local phase equilibrium characteristics of liquid vaporization in high injection pressure diesel engine sprays. However, most computational fluid dynamics models for engine simulations spend much effort in solving for non-equilibrium spray processes. In this study, an equilibrium phase spray model is explored. The model is developed based on jet theory and a phase equilibrium assumption, without modeling drop breakup, collision and finite-rate interfacial vaporization processes. The proposed equilibrium phase spray model is validated extensively against experimental data in simulations of the engine combustion network Spray A and in an optical diesel engine. Predictions of liquid/vapor penetration, fuel mass fraction distribution, heat release rate and emission formation are all in good agreement with experimental data. In additio...
Ventricular septal defect with associated aortic valve insufficiency: Progression of insufficiency and operative results in young children

Thirty-two children with both ventricular septal defect (VSD) and aortic insufficiency (AI) were evaluated for progression in degree of AI as well as effectiveness of operation in reducing or eliminating regurgitation. At the time of initial study, AI was mild in 21, moderate in eight, and severe in three patients. Twenty-one patients were followed medically over a 2 year to 19 year period, during which the degree of AI progressed in five. One death occurred during an episode of endocarditis. A total of 24 patients underwent operation at ages ranging from 1 year to 23 years. Postoperative evaluations continued from a minimum of 1 year to 24 years in 19 patients, with residual AI noted in 63% of these. Children less than 5 years of age, even with little valvular involvement, exhibited minimal benefit from attempted correction compared with those in the latter part of the first decade of life (p
Engineering Escherichia coli for the production of terpene mixture enriched in caryophyllene and caryophyllene alcohol as potential aviation fuel compounds.

Abstract Recent studies have revealed that caryophyllene and its stereoisomers not only exhibit multiple biological activities but also have desired properties as renewable candidates for ground transportation and jet fuel applications. This study presents the first significant production of caryophyllene and caryolan-1-ol by an engineered E. coli with heterologous expression of mevalonate pathway genes with a caryophyllene synthase and a caryolan-1-ol synthase. By optimizing metabolic flux and fermentation parameters, the engineered strains yielded 449 mg/L of total terpene, including 406 mg/L sesquiterpene with 100 mg/L caryophyllene and 10 mg/L caryolan-1-ol. Furthermore, a marine microalgae hydrolysate was used as the sole carbon source for the production of caryophyllene and other terpene compounds. Under the optimal fermentation conditions, 360 mg/L of total terpene, 322 mg/L of sesquiterpene, and 75 mg/L caryophyllene were obtained from the pretreated algae hydrolysates. The highest yields achieved on the biomass basis were 48 mg total terpene/g algae and 10 mg caryophyllene/g algae and the caryophyllene yield is approximately ten times higher than that from plant tissues by solvent extraction. The study provides a sustainable alternative for production of caryophyllene and its alcohol from microalgae biomass as potential candidates for next generation aviation fuels.
Magnetic-free electrical circulator based on AlN MEMS filters and CMOS RF switches

This work reports the demonstration of a novel magnetic-free electrical circulator topology that facilitates the development of in-band full duplexers (IBFD) for simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) RF applications. It uses CMOS-integrable components such as AlN MEMS filters (first-order in this work at 1.2 GHz) and CMOS RF switches, hence showing a compact approach that can be used in handheld devices. The linear time-invariant (LTI) AlN MEMS filter networks are parametrically modulated via a switching matrix to break its reciprocity. The modulation frequency and duty cycle were optimized so that the circulator can provide up to 15 dB of isolation over the filter bandwidth (2.2 MHz). The proposed prototype is a very compact solution for the implementation of magnetic-free circulators, which also intrinsically offers low noise and high linearity.
Unsupervised Model Adaptation using Information-Theoretic Criterion

In this paper we propose a novel general framework for unsupervised model adaptation. Our method is based on entropy which has been used previously as a regularizer in semi-supervised learning. This technique includes another term which measures the stability of posteriors w.r.t model parameters, in addition to conditional entropy. The idea is to use parameters which result in both low conditional entropy and also stable decision rules. As an application, we demonstrate how this framework can be used for adjusting language model interpolation weight for speech recognition task to adapt from Broadcast news data to MIT lecture data. We show how the new technique can obtain comparable performance to completely supervised estimation of interpolation parameters.
Mechanism of immunoglobulin polymer assembly.

Recent studies on polymeric immunoglobulins have demonstrated the presence of a small polypeptide chain, the J chain, in addition to the heavy and light chains that comprise the monomer units (1,2). The presence of J chain in covalent disulfide linkage within these polymers and its absence from all forms of monomeric immunoglobulins strongly suggests that J plays a fundamental role in establishing and maintaining the polymeric state. In order to understand this role, several questions must be answered. First, what is the stoichiometry of J chain in the various polymeric forms? Second, is J chain linked to every heavy chain in the polymer, or merely to one or two? Third, is J an obligatory requirement for correct polymer formation, or can normal covalent polymers be assembled in the absence of J chain? When this information has been obtained, a mechanism for the assembly of immunoglobulin polymers can be developed.
The Program Components

In this chapter, I will describe the important steps or five components of the Nonprofit Management and Communications Program that displaced managers experienced. These components are called: The Introduction, The Resume (and Cover Letter), The Assessment, The Dress Rehearsal, and The Mock Interview. Some of these will seem, on the first impression, to be mundane and practical things such as one's introduction of self, reworking of the resume, and preparation for an interview. They are indeed practical skills, but for our theoretical purposes, they are also important markers or evidence about peoples'; sense of self, self-confidence, or lack of ability to adopt another world-view.
RNA sequence analysis of inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes reveals altered expression of DNA damage and cell cycle genes in response to doxorubicin.

Abstract Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin, are highly effective chemotherapeutic agents, yet are associated with increased risk of cardiotoxicity. The genes and pathways involved in the development of heart damage following doxorubicin exposure in humans remain elusive. Our objective was to explore time- and dose-dependent changes in gene expression via RNA sequence (RNAseq) that mediate doxorubicin response in human iPSC-cardiomyocytes following 50, 150, or 450 nM exposure for 2, 7, or 12 days. Clustering and differential expression analyses were conducted to identify genes with altered expression. Samples clustered in dose and time-dependent manners, and MCM5, PRC1, NUSAP1, CENPF, CCNB1, MELK, AURKB, and RACGAP1 were consistently significantly differentially expressed between untreated and treated conditions. These genes were also significantly downregulated in pairwise analyses, which was validated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Pathway analysis identified the top canonical pathways involved in response, implicating DNA damage repair response and the cell cycle as having roles in the development of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in the human cardiomyocyte.
Process mineralogy of scandium and europium-containing iron-making slag

During slow-cooling crystallization of iron-making blast-furnace slags, most rare earth elements recrystallize in an artificial “mineral” identified as calcium cerite. Scandium (Sc) and europium (Eu), however, concentrate in a sheetlike “mineral.” In this investigation, the mineralogy of this sheetlike “mineral” was studied. It was identified as being in the mica group and was called a rare earth-bearing barium fluorophlogopite. One of the objectives of this study was the recovery of this “mineral.” The study indicated that it can be effectively recovered from the slag by flotation using dodecylammonium acetate or a combination of dodecylammonium acetate and sodium oleate as collectors.
Migration and climate change

Abstract Human migration as a result of climate change has become an increasingly researched topic over the last decade and a contentious one. Descriptive labels, apocalyptic imagery, and overzealous estimates of migrants have often detracted from the real challenges that those who are losing their homes and homelands are facing. The locations deteriorating most rapidly are those who have contributed the least greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere and yet have to depend on those who have contributed the most to their plight. Individuals have attempted to fit their predicament into the refugee legal precedent, while states have banded together to fight in the United Nations for a binding resolution to their continued losses. This chapter will provide an overview of the academic debate over migration and displacement including its environmental drivers and misconceptions, the varied regional settings in which these issues are occurring, and the international effort to govern human mobility in this context.
Prospective study of cryopreserved placental tissue wound matrix in the management of chronic venous leg ulcers

Abstract Objective Chronic venous leg ulcers (VLUs) affect up to 2% of the general population, resulting in a significant socioeconomic burden. Placental tissue that contains mesenchymal stem cells and active growth factors has been shown to be beneficial in healing of chronic wounds. We compared the efficacy of a human viable wound matrix (hVWM) of cryopreserved placental tissue for the treatment of refractory VLUs with standard therapy. Methods This prospective single-center open-label single-arm study enrolled patients with Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology clinical class C6 VLUs. The ulcers of all enrolled patients had failed to heal after a trial of standard therapy of at least 12 weeks, which included weekly multilayer compression therapy along with local wound care. The same patients subsequently received application of hVWM (Grafix; Osiris Therapeutics, Columbia, Md) every 1 to 2 weeks in addition to standard therapy. Healing with hVWM therapy was then compared with standard therapy, with each patient serving as his own control. Results There were 30 VLUs in 21 consecutive eligible patients who were enrolled in the study. All patients were men with an average age of 67 years (standard deviation [SD], ±10.8 years), and the average area of venous ulcers before hVWM initiation was 12.2 cm2 (SD, ±14.6 cm2; range, 3.3-12.3 cm2). Duplex ultrasound confirmed superficial or deep system venous reflux in all patients. Complete ulcer healing was achieved in 53% (16/30) of VLUs refractory to standard therapy after application of hVWM. There was a mean reduction in wound surface area by 79% (SD, ±27.3%; P Conclusions Cryopreserved placental tissue (hVWM) improves healing processes to achieve complete wound closure in a significant proportion of chronic VLUs refractory to standard therapy. Adjunctive therapy with hVWM provides superior healing rates in refractory VLUs.
Mentors: Doing science with Alan Hodgkin.

My purpose in writing this essay is to recall my experience as a trainee in Alan Hodgkin’s laboratory in Cambridge, England in the early 1970s. Alan is widely known for a brilliant analysis of the nerve impulse with Andrew Huxley, but less is probably known about his day-to-day approach to science
Assessing the Accuracy of Casting and Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Fabrication of a Complete Palatal Coverage Metal Framework.

PURPOSE To provide information regarding the accuracy of additive manufacturing in comparison to conventional casting, specifically for fabrication of complete palatal coverage metal frameworks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three additive manufacturing techniques were tested: selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam melting (EBM), and computer-aided design/cast (CADcast), with conventional casting as the control. Both the SLM and EBM groups were tested pre- and post-finishing, for a total of six test groups (n = 10/group). A digital master design was used as the standard to which all frameworks were digitally compared by best-fit analysis, which generated root mean square values using proprietary software. A one-way ANOVA was conducted to test for statistical differences among materials, followed by a post-hoc multiple comparison test (Tukey's test HSD). Surface roughness for one framework arbitrarily selected from each group was analyzed using a profilometer. RESULTS There was a significant difference in accuracy among the materials (F = 99.79, p < 0.0001). A post-hoc Tukey test indicated that CADcast differed significantly from the other five materials (i.e., most accurate, p < 0.01). EBM prefinished and EBM finished were both significantly different from the other materials (i.e., least accurate). Color mapping images help visualize the differences between each framework compared to the master design. The surface roughness values ranged from 22 to 63.5 µm, with CADcast being the smoothest, and EBM prefinished the roughest. CONCLUSIONS CADcast and SLM techniques were as or more accurate than the conventional technique for producing an uncomplicated framework design. Further investigation is recommended regarding the surface roughness of additive manufacturing products and potential biological complications.
Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Ag Nanoclusters: Connecting Molecule-like and Nanoparticle-like Behavior

Molecules and materials with negative real parts of third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) polarizability Re(γ) are rare despite their advantages for applications such as all-optical switching. Althou...
Post Hepatectomy Liver Failure Risk Calculator for Preoperative and Early Postoperative Period Following Major Hepatectomy

Post hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) is associated with significant perioperative morbidity and mortality. A tool to identify patients at risk for PHLF may allow for earlier intervention to mitigate its severity and help clinicians when counseling patients. Our objective was to develop a PHLF risk calculator. Patients who underwent hepatectomy for any indication from 2014 to 2017 were identified from ACS NSQIP. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed that included preoperative and intraoperative variables. Model fit was assessed for discrimination using the C-statistic, and calibration using Hosmer and Lemeshow (HL) Chi square. Validation of the calculator was performed utilizing tenfold cross validation. Among 15,636 hepatectomy patients analyzed, the overall incidence of clinically significant PHLF was 2.8%. Preoperative patient factors associated with increased PHLF were male gender, preoperative ascites within 30 days of surgery, higher ASA class, preoperative total bilirubin greater than 1.2 mg/dl, and AST greater than 40 units/l. Disease related factors associated with PHLF included histology, and use of neoadjuvant therapy. Intraoperative factors associated with PHLF were extent of resection, open surgical approach, abnormal liver texture, and biliary reconstruction. The calculator’s C-statistic was 0.83 and the HL Chi square was 10.9 (p = 0.21) demonstrating excellent discrimination and calibration. On tenfold cross validation, the mean test group C-statistic was 0.82 and the HL p value was 0.26. We present a multi-institutional preoperative and early postoperative PHLF risk calculator, which demonstrated excellent discrimination and calibration. This tool can be used to help identify high-risk patients to facilitate earlier interventions.
[PI264] Worker Protection Standard: Owner and Immediate Family Exemption

The Worker Protection Standard (WPS) is a Federal regulation designed to protect agricultural workers (people involved in the production of agricultural plants) and pesticide handlers (people mixing, loading, or applying pesticides or doing other tasks involving direct contact with pesticides).There are certain exemptions in the WPS rule that have been revised pertaining to agricultural establishment owners and their immediate family members. This fact sheet explains these new provisions.
Chapter 17 – Airway Smooth Muscle

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on excitation–contraction coupling, signaling pathways modulating airway smooth muscle (ASM) growth, and cytokine-induced effects on ASM synthetic responses. ASM is the major effector cell that regulates bronchomotor tone. ASM also plays an important role as an immunomodulatory cell. It can undergo hypertrophy or hyperplasia and modulate inflammatory responses. ASM can undergo phenotypic changes when exposed to a variety of mediators and cytokines and thus can be important in the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ASM-secreting chemokines and cytokines participate in the mucosal inflammatory changes via the activation and recruitment of inflammatory cells. In chronic severe asthma and COPD, ASM hypertrophy and hyperplasia can potentially render the asthmatic airway irreversibly obstructed. Further elucidation and advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate ASM function in asthma and COPD can offer new therapeutic targets in the treatment of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
Lung Ultrasound in Cardiac Intensive Care: More Than Just LUCK?

No abstract available Keywords: Editorials; cardiologists; echocardiography; intensive care unit.
Fresh- and lean-pork intake in relation to functional limitations among US older adults, 2005-2016.

Background:Pork consumption, in particular fresh/lean-pork consumption, provides protein and other essential micronutrients that older adults need daily and may hold the potential to prevent functi...