cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The oxidative folding rate of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease is enhanced by a covalently attached oligosaccharide.

Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease B (RNase B) differs from RNase A by the presence of an oligosaccharide moiety covalently attached to Asn 34. Oxidative folding studies of RNase B were carried out at different temperatures using DTTox as the oxidizing agent, and the results were compared with those for RNase A. The oxidative folding rates of RNase B are between 1.7 and 1.3 times faster than those of RNase A at the temperatures that were investigated. The folding pathways of RNase B were determined to be similar to those of RNase A in that two structured intermediates, each lacking one native disulfide bond, were found to populate the regeneration pathways at 25 °C and pH 8.3. The thermodynamic stabilities of these two glycosylated intermediates, and their rates of formation from their unstructured precursors in the rate-determining step, were found to be higher than those of their unglycosylated counterparts from RNase A. Thus, the underlying cause for the faster rate of oxidative regeneration of native RNas...
The location of motor vehicle crashes in Honolulu: a methodology for geocoding intersections

Abstract The use of a geographic information system to geocode motor vehicle accidents by intersection (or corner) matching is described. Starting with the basic street network of TIGER or another linear reference system, the process of geocoding is described as well as the types of errors that can be introduced from loosening matching conditions. With an administrative database, such as the 1990 and 1991 motor vehicle accident files from Honolulu, there are sources of error which require modifications to both the attribute and geographic databases in order to properly match records. We describe the nature of errors and provide a procedure for detection and correction of these records. The logic is applied to the 1991 motor vehicle accident file for Honolulu and a method for assessing the accuracy of the geocoding process under different matching conditions is developed. We argue against loosening street name conditions and show that significant error can be introduced. The method can be applied to other databases where intersection matching is required, though the specifics need to be tailored to the individual database. The use of Global Positioning System receivers may supplement or even replace this approach, though there are many problems associated with this technology as well. For the foreseeable future, algorithmic approaches, such as described here, are applicable to crash reporting and other spatially distributed phenomena. The results have implications for the development of the next generation of georeferencing software.
Resident support for tourism development

Abstract The purpose of this article is to test a model of the relationships among rural resident perceptions of tourism impacts, support for additional tourism development, restrictions on tourism development, and support for special tourism taxes. In May 1987, survey data were collected in 16 rural Colorado communities. It was found that, when controlling for personal benefits from tourism development, perceptions of its impact were unrelated to sociodemographic characteristics and support for additional development was positively or negatively related to the perceived positive or negative impacts or tourism. Support for additional tourism development was also negatively related to the perceived future of the community.
Biotechnology and the future of agriculture and natural resources — An overview

Abstract The development of biotechnology has affected our university, governmental, and commercial institutions. Increased collaboration has sped up the movement of information across institutional and economic boundaries. This degree of cooperation has led to the rapid development of biotechnology both scientifically and commercially. Yet, the development of biotechnology in the agricultural and natural resource sectors is often criticized as being too slow. Reasons for the differences in the development of biotechnology in the human sciences, and the agriculture and natural resource sciences have not been examined. This special issue of Technological Forecasting and Social Change looks at the development and future of biotechnology in agriculture and natural resources. This overview is an introduction to the issue which compares the many viewpoints presented in the following articles and provides additional background information for the new scholar of this important technological development. We end with a discussion of the future of biotechnology in agriculture and natural resources, and the need for better information to guide the development of this new technology.
Pricing perpetual options using Mellin transforms

We have derived the expression for the free boundary and price of an American perpetual put as the limit of a finite-lived option.
Naphthaleneacetic Acid: Localization in the Abscission Zone of the Bean

When 14 C-naphthaleneacetic acid, labeled in the ring, was applied to the petiolar stuib of debladed bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants, it accumulated in or between cell walls of tissue immediately adjacent and distal to the abscission layer. There was no localization in the abscission layer per se. Similar distribution patterns were observed in the abscission zone after naphthaleneacetic acid applications, which either delayed (10 -3 M) or accelerated (10 -5 M) abscission.
Intelligent warning systems for instrument landings

The requirements of maintaining supervisory control of a complex system may sometimes exceed the capability of the human operator for a variety of reasons ranging from temporary distraction from the main task to excessive mental workload. The ergonomic aspect of complex supervisory control can be improved by augmenting the interface with expert systems. This paper outlines the development of an intelligent warning system as one component of an augmented supervisory control system for complex aircraft. The system is designed to alert the pilot to potentially hazardous conditions during instrument landing approaches. The process of task analysis that precedes the implementation of the system is outlined, drawing on the experience of a former military pilot. The results and methods shown here can be generalized to other components of the pilot's task and, more generally, to other complex supervisory control tasks.
The influence of mere exposure on web based breadcrumb navigation

Recent studies have shown that while the use of breadcrumb trails to navigate a website can be helpful, few users choose to utilize this method of navigation. This study investigates the effects of “mere exposure” and training on breadcrumb usage and satisfaction. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Condition I participants received both exposure and instruction to use breadcrumb navigation. Condition II participants received only mere exposure to the use of breadcrumb navigation and Condition III participants received neither exposure nor instruction to use breadcrumb navigation. Upon completing a list of search tasks, Condition I participants spent less time, visited fewer web pages, and relied less on other methods of navigation. The mere exposure group, Condition II, did not produce significantly faster search times or visit fewer web pages than the participants in Condition III.
Infrared laser-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

We have used an infrared laser for desorption of material and ionization by interaction with electrosprayed solvent. Infrared laser-assisted desorption electrospray ionization (IR LADESI) mass spectrometry was used for the direct analysis of water-containing samples under ambient conditions. An ion trap mass spectrometer was modified to include a pulsed Er:YAG laser at 2.94 microm wavelength coupled into a germanium oxide optical fiber for desorption at atmospheric pressure and a nanoelectrospray source for ionization. Analytes in aqueous solution were placed on a stainless steel target and irradiated with the pulsed IR laser. Material desorbed and ablated from the target was ionized by a continuous stream of charged droplets from the electrosprayed solvent. Peptide and protein samples analyzed using this method yield mass spectra similar to those obtained by conventional electrospray. Blood and urine were analyzed without sample pretreatment to demonstrate the capability of IR LADESI for direct analysis of biological fluids. Pharmaceutical products were also directly analyzed. Finally, the role of water as a matrix in the IR LADESI process is discussed.
The escape theory of suicide and perfectionism in college students

A preliminary model of the escape theory of suicide was tested in 168 college students (52 males, 116 females), who completed self-report measures of self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism, negative life stress, depression, hopelessness, anxiety, reasons for living, and suicidal behaviors. A path analysis provided only partial validation for the model and accounted for 26% of the variance in suicidal behaviors. None of the three dimensions of perfectionism significantly accounted for any additional variance in suicidal behaviors above and beyond the other variables used in the study. Socially prescribed perfectionism was the only dimension of perfectionism that showed a statistically significant bivariate correlation with suicidal behaviors. The path analysis indicated that this correlation was an indirect effect through reasons for living. Depression was a better predictor of suicidal behaviors than hopelessness. Perhaps one reason for these equivocal results was the limited amount of variability in suicidal behaviors in this nonclinical sample. Language: en
Survival of split calvarial bone grafts in a dog model.

To gain a better under-standing of the strength and long term viability of split calvarial bone graft, nine mongrel dogs each received four trephine craniotomies (1.5 mm diameter). The harvested bone plugs were split through the diploe and a partial-thickness plug was returned to each craniotomy site. The unused partial-thickness plugs underwent strength testing. After 90–150 days the dogs were sacrificed, bone scans and X-rays of the graft recipient sites performed, and the grafted plugs harvested for strength testing and histologic examination. Bone scanning showed increased osteoblastic activity within the grafts, strength testing showed a progressive loss in strength over the 150 days, and histologic examination demonstrated a creeping substitution. These results imply a similar evolution in strength and remodeling to that seen in long-bone grafts, whose remodeling typically spans 1 year.
Variability in the echolocation of Tadarida brasiliensis: effects of geography and local acoustic environment

We examined variation in the echolocation calls of Brazilian free-tailed bats, Tadarida brasiliensis, on a broad geographical scale and in response to local environmental variables. Significant differences in call structure were observed among populations throughout the species range in the United States, but this variation was not associated with geographical distance or local weather conditions. Observed variability between sites was primarily due to differences between bats, and the flexibility in call structure that can be achieved by individuals. During this study, we observed that bats recorded in the presence of high-frequency sounds from chorusing insects used higher call frequencies than bats recorded in silence. This led us to test the hypothesis that bats adjust echolocation call structure in response to local ambient noise. We broadcast experimentally manipulated ultrasonic insect sounds to free-flying Brazilian free-tailed bats and found a positive correlation between the frequency of the insect sound stimulus and the call frequencies used by bats. These results document that bats adjust echolocation call structure to avoid acoustic interference from ambient noise in their local environment.
A Case of Poetic Plagiarism in the Early United States

A collection of poetry by Josias Lyndon Arnold appeared in 1797, a year after the death of its author. Arnold's Poems included a piece entitled “The Last Words of Shalum, or, the Dying Indian,” whi...
Involvement of lysosomal exocytosis in the excretion of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and enhancement of the drug delivery effect by exocytosis inhibition.

Advances in nanotechnology have resulted in the development of new nanoparticles that have the potential to revolutionize medicine. Many nanomaterials have been engineered that promise to enhance drug delivery efficacy to target tissues, reduce side effects, and provide a delivery vehicle for hydrophobic anticancer drugs or imaging agents. Among these materials, MCM-41 mesoporous silica has received much attention because of its large surface area, large internal pore volume, tunable pore size and good chemical and thermal stability.[1–6] Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are taken up into cancer cells by energy-dependent endocytosisand the majority of them co-localize with the endo/lysosomal compartments.[7–11] We as well as others have shown that MSNs can serve as efficient drug delivery vehicles and imaging vectors.[1–3,12–24] Their biocompatibility, biodistribution and their efficacy to inhibit tumor growth have been demonstrated in animal studies.[25–28]
A SAMPLING METHOD TO ASSESS LOTIC CRAYFISH COMMUNITIES

Crayfish are widely recognized as an important ecological component of stream systems, but there has been limited work to develop and evaluate the reliability of sampling methods for lotic crayfishes, especially efforts that are temporally and spatially comprehensive. We desired a quantitative method to assess crayfish communities in streams with rocky substrate. Our objective was to develop a method to obtain and compare representative density estimates with acceptable variance and reasonable effort, and to illustrate use of the method by using it to 1) describe and compare diurnal habitat associations by lotic crayfish, and 2) detect density changes over time. Our study encompassed four sites on two rivers, two seasons, and 8 y (1991-1998) to evaluate a 1-m2 quadrat sampler, and a sampling method that stratified effort among five macrohabitats to reduce variability. This method performed well for both seasons, detecting spatial differences among macrohabitats and temporal differences among years. Spatial differences were expressed as macrohabitat selectivity by the crayfish community, and showed a consistent trend across streams and seasons. In particular, macrohabitats with slower current velocities consistently had the highest densities. Temporal differences included documentation of decreased densities in several macrohabitats across 5 y. Sampling precision, measured by coefficients of variation, was acceptable but not considered high. Statistical power was good for detecting spatial differences, but reduced and variable for detecting temporal changes. Our findings 1) demonstrate the use of stratifying quantitative sampling for lotic crayfish communities by habitats, 2) confirm the importance of evaluating sampling methods, and 3) illustrate the consistent way in which Ozarks crayfish communities used available macrohabitats.
Robustness of maximum entropy compensators with respect to simultaneous parameter variations

Robustness with respect to parameter uncertainties is an important criterion in the design of control systems. This is used as a basis to measure alternative compensator design methods. Two design approaches, linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) and maximum entropy (ME), are investigated comparatively in order to determine superiority by this standard. Exact stability margins with respect to simultaneous plant parameter variations are determined for both design methods using the method of R.R. de Gaston and M.G. Safonov (IEEE Trans. Autom. Contr., vol.33, no.2, p.156-71, 1988). >
Multi-targeted therapy with a HER-2/neu-specific vaccine and a VEGF-R2 inhibitor enhances anti-tumor immunity

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 3992 Due to the complexity of tumors and their microenvironment, combinatorial strategies may be more successful in treating cancer than single agents. Therefore, we targeted both tumor cells and the associated vasculature. The proto-oncogene HER-2/ neu (neu) is overexpressed in 30% of breast cancers, confers a poor prognosis, and correlates with increased angiogenesis and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Neu-specific GM-CSF secreting vaccines induce curative immune responses in non-tolerized FVB mice, but are ineffective in tolerized neu transgenic ( neu -N) mice. The monoclonal antibody DC101 inhibits angiogenic signaling via the VEGF-R2 receptor. To study the potential synergy of tumor immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy, we examined DC101 alone, and in sequence with a neu-targeted vaccine, against established neu-expressing tumors. In FVB mice, systemic administration of DC101 significantly inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis, and induced apoptosis. Notably, serum VEGF levels were increased by 5-fold. Although VEGF has documented immune suppressive activity, no negative effects on immature myeloid cells, dendritic cell phenotype and activity, or vaccine-induced immunity were observed. Instead, over a two-fold expansion of tumor-specific T cells was detected by ELISPOT. After withdrawing DC101, tumors continued to regress and 50% of mice rejected a second challenge. Combining DC101 and neu-specific vaccination improved tumor regression and lytic activity against tumor cells and neu-expressing target cells. DC101 also enhanced the detection of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Collectively, these results show that DC101 can be effectively combined with active immunotherapy to improve anti-tumor immune responses in a non-tolerant host. In the more clinically relevant neu-N mice, DC101 alone slowed tumor growth, but did not induce regression or T cell activation. Preliminary results show that DC101 with vaccine does not augment the anti-tumor response. Therefore, experiments incorporating immune modulation to mitigate tolerance are ongoing in neu-N mice. In summary, we hypothesize that reducing tumor-associated angiogenesis causes apoptotic tumor cells to shed antigen, thereby enhancing anti-tumor immunity by cross-presentation in the absence of tolerance. Also, normalized vasculature may improve T cell infiltration into tumors. This work supports studies combining tumor immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy, and is the first to examine DC101-induced anti-tumor immune responses. These data support the development of multi-targeted treatments combining active vaccination and anti-angiogenic therapy for clinical translation.
Tamoxifen Prevents Premalignant Changes of Breast, but not Ovarian, Cancer in Rats at High Risk for Both Diseases

Women at increased risk for breast cancer are at increased risk for ovarian cancer as well, reflecting common risk factors and intertwined etiology of the two diseases. We previously developed a rat model of elevated breast and ovarian cancer risk, allowing evaluation of dual-target cancer prevention strategies. Tamoxifen, a Food and Drug Administration–approved breast cancer chemoprevention drug, has been shown to promote ovarian cysts in premenopausal women; however, the effect of tamoxifen on ovarian cancer risk is still controversial. In the current experiment, Fischer 344 rats (n = 8 per treatment group) received tamoxifen (TAM) or vehicle (control) in factorial combination with combined breast and ovarian carcinogen (17β-estradiol and 7,12 dimethylbenza[a]anthracene, respectively). Mammary and ovarian morphologies were normal in the control and TAM groups. Carcinogen (CARC) treatment induced mammary dysplasia with elevated cell proliferation and reduced estrogen receptor-α expression and promoted preneoplastic changes in the ovary. In the CARC + TAM group, tamoxifen reduced preneoplastic changes and proliferation rate in the mammary gland, but not in the ovary, compared with rats treated with carcinogen alone. Putative stem cell markers (Oct-4 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1) were also elevated in the mammary tissue by carcinogen and this expansion of the stem cell population was not reversed by tamoxifen. Our study suggests that tamoxifen prevents early progression to mammary cancer but has no effect on ovarian cancer progression in this rat model.
Role of hypsometry and planform in basin hydrologic response

The effects of variations of drainage basin morphometry and relief characteristics on flood peak magnitude and time-to-peak are investigated using simulated stream networks. The networks are produced by three models: headward growth, systematic capture, and minimum power relaxation. Translational and kinematic wave flood routing were used to generate synthetic hydrographs. Peak discharge and time-to-peak are predictable to a high degree by five different sets of morphometric-relief parameters. In order of decreasing order of importance in predictive ability the parameters characterize basin size, relative relief, basin concavity, and basin shape. Both simulated and natural stream networks exhibit strong dependence of planimetric morphometry upon basin concavity. The effect of this dependency is to increase the effect of basin concavity upon flood hydrographs.
A Spatio-temporal Analysis of Crime at Washington, DC Metro Rail: Stations’ Crime-generating and Crime-attracting Characteristics as Transportation Nodes and Places

Transit stations are acknowledged as particularly criminogenic settings. Transit stations may serve as crime “generators,” breeding crime because they bring together large volumes of people at particular geographies and times. They may also serve as crime “attractors,” providing well-known opportunities for crimes. This paper explores the node and place characteristics that can transform Washington DC, Metro stations to generators and attractors of different crimes at different times of the day. The crime-generating and crime-attracting characteristics of stations are modeled with Negative Binomial Regression analysis. To reflect the temporal trends in crime, crime counts are stratified into three temporal groups: peak hours, off-peak day hours, and off-peak night hours. The findings from this study not only suggest that stations assume different nodal and place-based crime-generating and crime-attracting characteristics, but also these roles vary for different crimes and different times. The level of activity and accessibility of a station, the level of crime at a station, and the connectedness of a station to other stations are consistent indicators of high crime rate ratios. Different characteristics of a station—such as being a remote station or belonging to a high or low socioeconomic status block group—are significant correlates for particular crime outcomes such as disorderly conduct, robbery, and larceny.
Comparing two approaches to creating fuzzy concept lattices

Concept lattices are being used in the area of knowledge discovery and data mining. Since the information used to create a formal context may have some uncertainty associated with it, a variety of methods have been proposed to create fuzzy formal contexts and to transform these into fuzzy concept lattices. This paper reviews two of these methods to creating fuzzy concept lattices: the one-sided thresholding approach and the fuzzy closure operator approach. A simple example is presented to illustrate the differences between the two and then bioinformatics data, specifically using a gene annotation data file, is used to further compare the results from the two approaches.
Toward a universal law of generalization for psychological science

A psychological space is established for any set of stimuli by determining metric distances between the stimuli such that the probability that a response learned to any stimulus will generalize to any other is an invariant monotonic function of the distance between them. To a good approximation, this probability of generalization (i) decays exponentially with this distance, and (ii) does so in accordance with one of two metrics, depending on the relation between the dimensions along which the stimuli vary. These empirical regularities are mathematically derivable from universal principles of natural kinds and probabilistic geometry that may, through evolutionary internalization, tend to govern the behaviors of all sentient organisms.
On selection of optimal transmission power for ad hoc networks

This paper investigates the problem of selecting an energy-efficient transmission power for ad hoc networks. Specifically, we examine how to determine a network-wide transmission power that minimizes global energy consumption, with desired lower bounds on capacity and connectivity. Based on recent empirical measurements of energy consumption in wireless modems, we derive an analytical model for network-wide energy consumption, parameterized by density, packet size, MAC protocol and radio characteristics. We then use this model to derive the optimal transmission power at which end-to-end energy consumption is minimized. As the selection of transmission radius not only influences energy consumption but also bandwidth, latency, and network connectivity, we discuss the tradeoff between these metrics and demonstrate that the "average neighbourhood size" is a useful parameter for finding the optimal balance point. Based on this discussion, we present a practical scheme for choosing a transmission power that can make an informed tradeoff between energy efficiency, capacity, latency, and connectivity.
Mefloquine and Its Enantiomers Are Active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis In Vitro and in Macrophages

Objective. Tuberculosis is a serious problem of public health. The increase on the number of clinical cases of tuberculosis infected with multidrug resistant (MDR) M. tuberculosis calls for the development of novel therapy. Design. We investigated the effect of mefloquine and two enantiomers, (+)erythro-mefloquine and (+)threo-mefloquine against M. tuberculosis strains in the environment resembling the aspects of the granuloma environment and in macrophages. Results. The results suggest that mefloquine (racemic mixture) and (+)erythro-mefloquine have bactericidal activity against M. tuberculosis strains both in acidic, low oxygen tension and in macrophages. The activity, however, was impaired under increased osmolarity. Conclusion. Identification of the target for mefloquine in the pathogen will allow for the development of novel drugs with antituberculosis activity.
Learning and Professional Practice: A Study of Four Professions:

The purpose of this research was to investigate how knowledge becomes meaningful in professional practice across four different professions. Eighty semistructured interviews were conducted with social workers, lawyers, adult educators, and nurses who had attended continuing education programs 9 to 24 months previously. Findings indicate that professionals make meaning by moving back and forth between continuing professional education programs and their professional practice. In addition, each profession studied framed their meaning-making process through an understanding of the nature of their professional work. Implications for research and practice in continuing professional education are drawn.
Maximizing Clinical Information Obtained by CT

CT scanning is an integral part of the urologist's practice today. It is the most commonly used imaging modality and the one with which urologists are most familiar. CT urography, CT angiography, and 3D reconstruction enable the urologist to perform comprehensive evaluations of patients who have different urologic diseases, using a single imaging modality. It is thus prudent that urologists become familiar with CT applications, to maximize the clinical information available from them.
How abstract is symbolic thought

In 4 experiments, the authors explored the role of visual layout in rule-based syntactic judgments. Participants judged the validity of a set of algebraic equations that tested their ability to apply the order of operations. In each experiment, a nonmathematical grouping pressure was manipulated to support or interfere with the mathematical convention. Despite the formal irrelevance of these grouping manipulations, accuracy in all experiments was highest when the nonmathematical pressure supported the mathematical grouping. The increase was significantly greater when the correct judgment depended on the order of operator precedence. The result that visual perception impacts rule application in mathematics has broad implications for relational reasoning in general. The authors conclude that formally symbolic reasoning is more visual than is usually proposed.
Specific Regional and Age-Related Small Noncoding RNA Expression Patterns Within Superior Temporal Gyrus of Typical Human Brains Are Less Distinct in Autism Brains:

Small noncoding RNAs play a critical role in regulating messenger RNA throughout brain development and when altered could have profound effects leading to disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We assessed small noncoding RNAs, including microRNA and small nucleolar RNA, in superior temporal sulcus association cortex and primary auditory cortex in typical and ASD brains from early childhood to adulthood. Typical small noncoding RNA expression profiles were less distinct in ASD, both between regions and changes with age. Typical micro-RNA coexpression associations were absent in ASD brains. miR-132, miR-103, and miR-320 micro-RNAs were dysregulated in ASD and have previously been associated with autism spectrum disorders. These diminished region- and age-related micro-RNA expression profiles are in line with previously reported findings of attenuated messenger RNA and long noncoding RNA in ASD brain. This study demonstrates alterations in superior temporal sulcus in ASD, a region implicated in social impairment, and is the first to demonstrate molecular alterations in the primary auditory cortex.
Concordance between survey report of Medicaid enrollment and linked Medicaid administrative records in two national studies.

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) are population-based surveys that have each been linked to administrative data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS): the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) files. These linked data were used to examine, among children under age 18 years, respondent-level concordance between Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) enrollment as reported in each survey (NHANES and NHIS) and as indicated by administrative data from the MAX files. Concordance was defined as having Medicaid/CHIP reported as a health insurance source in the survey questionnaire and having a CMS Medicaid/CHIP administrative record in the same month and year as the interview. Records were also considered concordant if there was no report of Medicaid/CHIP coverage based on the interview response and no match to the CMS administrative records for Medicaid enrollment. Between NHANES and MAX, 88% of observations were concordant with respect to Medicaid or CHIP enrollment, yielding a Kappa of 0.71. Between NHIS and MAX, 89% of observations were concordant with respect to Medicaid or CHIP enrollment, yielding a Kappa of 0.73. These concordance rates provide support for the use of both administrative and NHANES and NHIS as a valuable tool for public health researchers and survey methodologists.
The Constrained Weight Space SVM: Learning with Ranked Features

Applying supervised learning methods to new classification tasks requires domain experts to label sufficient training data for the classifier to achieve acceptable performance. It is desirable to mitigate this annotation effort. To this end, a pertinent observation is that instance labels are often an indirect form of supervision; it may be more efficient to impart domain knowledge directly to the model in the form of labeled features. We present a novel classification model for exploiting such domain knowledge which we call the Constrained Weight Space SVM (CW-SVM). In addition to exploiting binary labeled features, our approach allows domain experts to provide ranked features, and, more generally, to express arbitrary expected relationships between sets of features. Our empirical results show that the CW-SVM outperforms both baseline supervised learning strategies and previously proposed methods for learning with labeled features.
Beta-adrenergic blockade decreases norepinephrine release in humans

Beta-Adrenergic blockade with propranolol (PRP) has been reported to cause an increase in plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels in humans, which suggests that a reflex increase in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) vasoconstrictor tone compensates for the hypotensive effect of beta-adrenergic blockade. However, plasma NE levels are an indirect measure of SNS activity. We have developed a two-compartment model of NE kinetics to estimate NE release into an extravascular compartment as a more comprehensive measure of systemic SNS activity. To determine whether beta-adrenergic blockade alters extravascular NE release, we studied nine healthy subjects during sequential infusions of saline and PRP. During PRP infusion, there was an increase in plasma NE levels [1.03 +/- 0.13 to 1.27 +/- 0.21 (SE) nM; P = 0.05], but the extravascular NE release rate decreased significantly (15.5 +/- 1.6 to 9.2 +/- 1.2 nmol.min-1.m-2, P = 0.0002). The plasma NE concentration increased despite the fall in extravascular NE release rate primarily because the clearance of NE from plasma declined (1.55 +/- 0.08 to 1.18 +/- 0.07 l.min-1.m-2, P = 0.0001); the NE spillover rate into plasma did not change (1.73 +/- 0.18 to 1.75 +/- 0.23 nmol.min-1.m-2, P = 0.89). We conclude that PRP decreases extravascular NE release in humans. Suppression of SNS activity may be an additional mechanism of action of nonselective beta-adrenergic antagonists in humans.
Asthma and Depression: It's Complicated.

The association between asthma and depression is welldescribed but poorly understood. Evidence suggests that depression leads to incident asthma rather than the converse. Alternatively, the 2 may share a common pathophysiologic pathway mediated by genetic susceptibility and early exposure to environmental determinants such as stress. Unravelling these linkages could identify future therapeutic targets for the prevention and/or treatment of both conditions. Affective, behavioral, and cognitive dysfunction can also co-exist with depression and asthma and may lead to maladaptations such as inappropriate medication use. For example, anxiety frequently occurs in tandem with depression; therefore, clarifying depression’s independent impact on asthma is important. In this issue of the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, Han et al report cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) that link depression, but not anxiety, with reduced bronchodilator response (BDR) in adults with asthma. Separately, in the last issue, Gerald et al report an association between depression and inappropriate medication use among adults with mild asthma enrolled in a clinical trial. Han et al used the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and 30-day frequency of worry, tenseness, or anxiousness to examine the impact of depression and anxiety on BDR among 20,272 adults. Eligible participants completed spirometry; those with evidence of airway obstruction underwent BDR testing. Approximately 8% of participants reported current asthma. Abnormal spirometry was more common among those with asthma (10%) than those without (6%). Among those with abnormal spirometry, nonasthmatic participants were older and had lower educational attainment, greater pack-year smoking history, and lower body mass index. Nonasthmatic participants also had greater forced-expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity but lower BDR (0.169L versus 0.261L). However, the FEV1/FVC ratio was similar among the 2 groups, 65.8% and 65.4%, respectively. Based on a PHQ-9 score 15, major depression was more prevalent among participants with asthma (8.9%), than those
Nonlinear Dynamics Time Series Analysis

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Dynamical Systems Theory Time Series Analysis Discussion This chapter contains sections titled: References Appendix
Morning in Aunt Susie’s House

Before my eyes even open, the smell of eucalyptus through the open window reminds me I have not slept in my own bed. But I have slept well. I shift my weight, get comfortable, avoid falling off the...
Are Robots Ready to Deliver Autism Interventions? A Comprehensive Review

This article presents a review of the contemporary robotics research with respect to making robots and human–robot interaction (HRI) useful for autism intervention in clinical settings. Robotics research over the past decade has demonstrated that many children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have a strong interest in robots and robot toys and can connect with a robot significantly better than with a human. Despite showing great promise, research in this direction has made minimal progress in advancing robots as clinically useful for ASD intervention. Moreover, the clinicians are generally not convinced about the potential of robots. A major reason behind this is that a vast majority of HRI studies on robot-mediated intervention (RMI) do not follow any standard research design and, consequently, the data produced by these studies is minimally appealing to the clinical community. In clinical research on ASD intervention, a systematic evaluation of the evidence found from a study is performed to determine the effectiveness of an experimental intervention (e.g., a RMI). An intervention that produces a stable positive effect is considered as an evidence-based practice (EBP) in autism. EBPs enable clinicians to choose the best available treatments for an individual with ASD. The ultimate goal of RMI, therefore, is to be considered as an EBP so that they can actually be used for treating autism. There are several criteria to measure the strength of evidence, and they are mostly geared toward rigorous research design. The research on RMI, therefore, needs to follow standard research design to be acceptable by the clinical community. This paper reviews the contemporary literature on robotics and autism to understand the status of RMI with respect to being an EBP in autism treatment. First, a set of guidelines is reported which is considered as a benchmark for research design in clinical research on ASD intervention and can easily be adopted in HRI studies on RMI. The existing literature on RMI is then reviewed with respect to these guidelines. We hope that the guidelines reported in this paper will help the robotics community to design user studies on RMI that meet clinical standards and thereby produce results that can lead RMI toward being considered as an EBP in autism. Note that the paper is exclusively focused on the role of robots in ASD intervention/therapy. Reviews on the use of robots in ASD diagnosis are beyond the scope of this paper.
The Study on Listeria Monocytogenes PCR Detection

[Objective] To establish a method for detecting Listeria Monocytogenes by PCR.[Methods] Amplify Hly,Inl genes by FCR,primer segements in the progress are 300～400bp,600～700bp,respectivcly.[Results] The standard Listeria strain and the Listeria strain that isolated and stored in zjcdc lab have amplified two significant bands,however,unListeria strains and pathogenic bacteria from food haven't.30 of 52 bacteria strains that conform to biochemistry reaction of Listeria amplified two significant bands simultaneously.Results of PCR method agreed with those of mini-VIDSA detection by the rate of 92.31(P＞0.5;X2=0.5).[Conclusions] This assay is a simple,rapid, sensitive and specific method to detect Listeria Monocytogenes.
GPS/INS Modular Pattern Under Circumstance of Jamming

The paper analyzed the anti-jamming performance, the pattern of coupling modular, the characteristics, and the considered problems of GPS receiver in the modular structure of coupling GPS/INS, and pointed out that the GPS/INS should adopt coupling modular pattern under the circumstance of jamming.
Deoxycytidine kinase. I. Distribution in normal and neoplastic tissues and interrelationships of deoxycytidine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine phosphorylation.

Deoxycytidine kinase is confined primarily to lymphoid tissues in the rat and mouse. Its activity varies widely, with highest levels in the thymus. A similar range of activities was found among the tumors examined. There is not an exact correlation of kinase activity with the cell proliferation rate. In crude tissue extracts the phosphorylation of cytosine arabinoside (araC) is inhibited to a variable and greater extent than the phosphorylation of deoxycytidine (CdR), and this inhibition is largely removed by dialysis of the preparations. Partially purified CdR kinase from calf thymus phosphorylates CdR, araC, GdR, and AdR, with CdR being the kinetically preferred substrate. Each of these nucleosides will competitively inhibit the phosphorylation of any of the others. Enzymatic activity is also inhibited by a number of nucleotides at physiological concentrations, and in each case the phosphorylation of araC is more sensitive to the inhibition than that of CdR, dTTP, dUTP, and UTP, which themselves inhibit phosphate transfer from ATP, nonetheless will partially reverse the very potent inhibition of dCTP. The preferential inhibition of araC phosphorylation in extracts is therefore tentatively explained in terms of complex interactions of a number of nucleosides and nucleotides with the enzyme, all of which tend to select for phosphorylation of CdR.
Norms in a Wired World: Juror Norms and the Reasonable Person Standard

It is true that we think of that common-law duty as though it were imposed before the event, because it demands only “reasonable” care; but that does not specify the conduct required and creates a duty incapable of being known in advance, and it is ascertained and imposed only retroactively. Our excuse is that it is fair to exact conformity to such a standard because it should be the inherited portion of the actor; although never formulated before – being measured by a unique occasion – he will divine it by intuition. Nor is it derived alone from forecasting the probable course of events, though that enters into it. It involves a matching of human interests: it is “legislation” in parvo [in little]. Stronelli v. United States Gypsum Introduction The focus in this chapter and the next is on the dominant two paradigms of negligence and their relation to the substantive, real-world norms of jurors. The two paradigms I have in mind are the economic account of tort and the corrective justice account of tort. I will explore one important problem that is shared by these accounts. This problem arises with respect to their treatment of the jury. The dominant paradigms marginalize the jury. The effect is to badly skew the account of how the negligence standard receives its content. In particular, the dominant paradigms fail to explain the essential role that the norms of jurors play in filling out the reasonable person standard. In so doing, these paradigms run afoul of the sound jurisprudential tenet that the best explanations of key legal concepts are those that provide a pragmatic explanation of the underlying legal practices.
Chapter 436 – Absorber Thickness Dependence on CuInSe2 Based Solar Cells Performance Using CuIn Precursors Selenized Using H2Se Gas

Publisher Summary The performance of CulnSe2 based devices as a function of reaction period and CuIn precursors of different thicknesses reacted in a Chemical Vapor deposition (CVD) reactor using H2Se gas at reaction temperature of 350°C is investigated. Progressive number of moles of CulnSe2 and InSe phases in the Selenized Culn precursors using a kinetic model as well as experimental number of moles calculated from XRD counts is also given. The study compliments efforts in development and operation of CulnSe2 based solar cell commercial scale process by providing fundamental information. The numbers of moles of CulnSe2 and InSe with reaction period were found to be consistent with device performance with respect to reaction period. Good devices of efficiency greater than 10% can be obtained using an absorber layer with a trace of InSe phase provided the InSe moles approaches zero. Although the time for the precursors to react fully is independent of thickness, there is a limit in solar cell efficiency that can be obtained for each precursor thickness.
Current algebra and the η3π decaydecay

The general current-algebra-pion-PCAC constraints on theη → 3π decay amplitude are formulated independently of any model of the semi-strong and electromagnetic Hamiltonian. A wide range of models for the Hamiltonian are reviewed, and it is found that the electromagnetic « tadpole » necessary to account for electromagnetic mass splittings of hadrons is also necessary to account for theη → 3π decay. With the presence of this « tadpole » there is no PCAC problem: the background amplitude is smooth in the pion momenta. In the particular model of (3,\(\bar 3\)) breaking, theη → 3π decay rates are found to be not incompatible with experiment.
Application of Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids to the Chemical Processing of Biomass-Derived Feedstocks

The use of lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable feedstock for the production of chemicals requires the development of new chemical processing technologies. Since many traditional solvents and catalyst systems are incompatible with carbohydrates and lignins, we are exploring the use of new solvent systems that can sustain catalytic reactions. More specifically, we are studying the use of ionic solvents that are liquid at room temperature, and that are known to have unique solvent properties. In order better to understand the fundamental chemistry of processing lignocellulosic biomass using ionic solvent systems, we are exploring chemical reactions with simple carbohydrate and lignin building blocks.