cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract PR01: Ductal pancreatic cancer modeling and drug screening using human pluripotent stem cell and patient-derived tumor organoids

There are few in vitro models of exocrine pancreas development and primary human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We establish three-dimensional culture conditions to induce the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into exocrine progenitor organoids that form ductal and acinar structures in culture and in vivo. Expression of mutant KRAS or TP53 in progenitor organoids induces mutation-specific phenotypes in culture and in vivo. Expression of TP53R175H induced cytosolic SOX9 localization. In patient tumors bearing TP53 mutations, SOX9 was cytoplasmic and associated with mortality. Culture conditions are also defined for clonal generation of tumor organoids from freshly resected PDAC. Tumor organoids maintain the differentiation status, histoarchitecture, phenotypic heterogeneity of the primary tumor, and retain patient-specific physiologic changes including hypoxia, oxygen consumption, epigenetic marks, and differential sensitivity to EZH2 inhibition. Thus, pancreatic progenitor organoids and tumor organoids can be used to model PDAC and for drug screening to identify precision therapy strategies. This abstract is also being presented as Poster B10. Citation Format: Senthil K. Muthuswamy. Ductal pancreatic cancer modeling and drug screening using human pluripotent stem cell and patient-derived tumor organoids. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Patient-Derived Cancer Models: Present and Future Applications from Basic Science to the Clinic; Feb 11-14, 2016; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(16_Suppl):Abstract nr PR01.
Particle Identification with the TOP and ARICH Detectors at Belle II

Particle identification at the Belle II experiment will be provided by two ring imaging Cherenkov devices, the time of propagation counters in the central region and the proximity focusing RICH with aerogel radiator in the forward end-cap region. The key features of these two detectors, the performance studies, and the construction progress is presented.
Robust non‐parametric tests for imaging data based on data depth

Research in many disciplines stands on the analysis of complex high-dimensional data sets. For example, in clinical neuroscience, large collections of brain images from different subjects are obtained by advanced scanning techniques to study variations in different neurological states. Developing new tools to analyse the main characteristics of these rich data sets is needed. We consider the basic unit of observation to be a general function, which is defined and takes values in spaces of arbitrary dimension. On the basis of a notion of depth for general functions denoted as multivariate volume depth (MVD), images will be ranked from centre to outward and robust estimators can be defined. The theoretical properties of MVD are established, and several non-parametric depth-based permutation tests for comparing two groups of images are proposed; in particular, we introduce two-sample location tests based on MVD. In addition, dispersion measures for a sample of images are introduced and used for testing two sample differences in dispersion. All the proposed tests are calibrated in an extensive simulation study. These statistical tools are applied to detect whether there are differences between the brain images from healthy individuals and patients with major depressive disorders. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint inverse estimation of fossil fuel and biogenic CO2 fluxes in an urban environment: An observing system simulation experiment to assess the impact of multiple uncertainties

The Indianapolis Flux Experiment aims to utilize a variety of atmospheric measurements and a high-resolution inversion system to estimate the temporal and spatial variation of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from an urban environment. We present a Bayesian inversion system solving for fossil fuel and biogenic CO2 fluxes over the city of Indianapolis, IN. Both components were described at 1 km resolution to represent point sources and fine-scale structures such as highways in the a priori fluxes. With a series of Observing System Simulation Experiments, we evaluate the sensitivity of inverse flux estimates to various measurement deployment strategies and errors. We also test the impacts of flux error structures, biogenic CO2 fluxes and atmospheric transport errors on estimating fossil fuel CO2 emissions and their uncertainties. The results indicate that high-accuracy and high-precision measurements produce significant improvement in fossil fuel CO2 flux estimates. Systematic measurement errors of 1 ppm produce significantly biased inverse solutions, degrading the accuracy of retrieved emissions by about 1 μmol m–2 s–1 compared to the spatially averaged anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 5 μmol m–2 s–1. The presence of biogenic CO2 fluxes (similar magnitude to the anthropogenic fluxes) limits our ability to correct for random and systematic emission errors. However, assimilating continuous fossil fuel CO2 measurements with 1 ppm random error in addition to total CO2 measurements can partially compensate for the interference from biogenic CO2 fluxes. Moreover, systematic and random flux errors can be further reduced by reducing model-data mismatch errors caused by atmospheric transport uncertainty. Finally, the precision of the inverse flux estimate is highly sensitive to the correlation length scale in the prior emission errors. This work suggests that improved fossil fuel CO2 measurement technology, and better understanding of both prior flux and atmospheric transport errors are essential to improve the accuracy and precision of high-resolution urban CO2 flux estimates.
Abstract 4135: The Effects of Brief Overnutrition on Postprandial Fuel Metabolism

We have previously shown that 3 days of overfeeding results in relative insulin resistance. We wondered whether the metabolic response to a meal would also be altered following brief overnutrition. As part of the Energy Adaptations over Time Study (EATS) healthy men (n=13) and women (n=14) ages 25–35 were empirically classified as obesity prone (OP, n=13) or obesity resistant (OR, n=14) based on family and personal weight history. On 2 occasions, separated by at least 1 month, subjects were studied while they consumed, in random order, either a controlled eucaloric or hypercaloric (1.4 x basal energy) diet for 3 days. These diet periods were preceded by 4 days of eucaloric run-in diet to ensure energy and nutrient balance. All diets were of identical composition (30% fat, 20% protein, 50% carbohydrate). On the 3 rd day of both controlled diet periods (eucaloric, overfeeding) previously fasted subjects consumed a liquid test meal containing 30% of daily energy. Glucose, insulin, free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride concentrations were measured in the fasting state and every 30 minutes after the test meal for 270 minutes. Baseline evaluations, both fasting and postprandial area under the curve (AUC), were similar between groups except for FFA AUC which was higher in OP individuals (OP: 2,983±144 vs 2,353±139, p=0.02). Overfeeding resulted in an increase in fasting glucose (79.6±1.8 to 85.0±1.7, p=0.005) but not in glucose AUC. Although not different in the fasted state, overfeeding resulted in a highly significant increase in insulin AUC (108.9±8.8 to 148.50±12.1, p
In vivo models of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury: Application to drug discovery and evaluation

This review discusses the pharmacology of regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury and the utilization of in vivo animal models in the preclinical development of novel therapeutic compounds. The manuscript aims to provide an overview of a number of different cardioprotective strategies that have been successful from a preclinical perspective and to also present where possible results of clinical trials of the respective compounds. Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury may be manifested as myocardial stunning, ventricular arrhythmias, coronary vascular dysfunction, or the development of a myocardial infarct. This review is principally concerned with preclinical studies related to reduction of infarct size. The pathophysiology of the reperfusion injury process is complex, including primarily cellular and humoral components of inflammation, as well as myocellular ionic and metabolic disturbances. This review will discuss strategies directed at oxygen-derived free radicals, neutrophils, adenosine, and the sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE). The results of preclinical cardioprotective studies are influenced by the paradigm used therefore methodological considerations will also be presented where appropriate.
The Archaeology of the Pleistocene—Holocene Transition in Southwest Europe

The general image of the end of the Pleistocene (i.e., end of the Last Glacial) in Europe is one of brutal changes in climate, landscape, vegetation, fauna, and, consequently, in human strategies for survival in a new world that came into being around 10,000 years ago. The break between Magdalenian horse, reindeer, and bison hunters on the periglacial steppetundra and Mesolithic forest foragers and fishers is often generalized as being sharp and abrupt, and sometimes characterized as “degenerative” especially in the realm of artistic production.
Elemental Ratios Along Partially Gray Human Hair

Early investigations (Dutcher and Rothman, 1951; Goss and Green, 1955; Kikkawa et al., 1955) were mainly concerned with copper content and its relationship to color. Cotzias et al. (1964) reported small concentrations of manganese in white hair. Other investigations of trace elements and their relationships to color have been reported by Shabelnik (1966), Matheny and Dolan (1975), and Schroeder and Nason (1969).
Torbit: Design of an open source security flaw measurement suite

We present our experience in developing an open source tool for the measurement of security flaws. Since security flaws result from the unauthorized flow of information, our tool shows how these flaws can be measured and compared based on the amount of information that flows, how "far" it flows, and the value of the information. Flaws can then be compared and careful security testers can maximize the amount of security for a limited set of resources. The development of a tool to partially automate this process will prove to be an asset to the open source community in that the "many eyes" can be directed and these resources prioritized in order to patch flaws in the most efficient manner and minimize downtime and risk.
Chasing the Pack: Association between Urology Hospital Rankings and Surgical Outcome.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Patients value hospital rankings when making decisions about their healthcare. Rankings, such as the US News and World Report (USNWR) integrate safety, outcome, and repu...
Nerve growth factor-β effects on post-thaw bull semen quality: Effects of nerve growth factor-β added to extenders for cryopreservation of electro-ejaculated and epididymal bull semen

Abstract Nerve growth factor-β (NGF) is a seminal plasma protein associated with improved sperm membrane integrity and motility in mammalian species. The objective of this study was to compare post-thaw semen quality from both ejaculated and pididymal-collected bull sperm incubated with purified NGF prior to cryopreservation. Semen was obtained from Angus × Simmental crossbred bulls (n = 10) collected by electroejaculation, followed by castration and epididymal sperm collections 3 days later. Semen samples were incubated with extender having 0 ng/mL (CONT), 0.5 ng/mL (LOW), 5 ng/mL (MED), or 50 ng/mL (HIGH) of purified NGF prior to cryopreservation. Sperm motility was assessed in each sample prior to treatment and cryopreservation and at post-thaw. Flow cytometry was used for post-thaw assessment of sperm viability (SYBR-14/PI), acrosome integrity (FITC-PNA/PI), and chromatin stability (acridine orange). Values for post-thaw sperm motility and velocity variables were decreased, while linearity was increased in samples of the HIGH compared with CONT group (P 0.05). Samples from the HIGH group also had a lesser amplitude of lateral head displacement at 2.5 and 3 h post-thaw (P 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of freezing extender with NGF had minimal effects on post-thaw sperm quality in bulls. Results indicate NGF may have a function in preventing premature sperm hyperactivation in ejaculated, but not epididymal-collected spermatozoa. Fertility studies, both in vitro and in vivo, are warranted to ascertain the relevancy of these findings.
Brand Stories: Transformative Learning Through Digital Brand Storytelling (DBS):

The purpose of the study is to explore how the digital brand story assignment creates a transformative learning experience for students. This study involves assessing the levels of learning accordi...
Measurement of Attributional Style for Positive and Negative Events Using the Children’s Attributional Style Interview-II:

The current study provides psychometric support for the use of the Children’s Attributional Style Interview-II (CASI-II) to assess attributional style for positive and negative events with young ad...
A novel approach to comparative RNA-Seq does not support a conserved set of genes underlying animal regeneration

Molecular studies of animal regeneration typically focus on conserved genes and signaling pathways that underlie morphogenesis. To date, a holistic analysis of gene expression across animals has not been attempted, as it presents a suite of problems related to differences in experimental design and gene homology. By combining orthology analysis with a novel statistical method for testing gene enrichment across large datasets, we are able to test whether biological processes across organisms share transcriptional regulation. We applied this method to six publicly available RNA-seq datasets from diverse examples of animal regeneration. We recovered 160 conserved orthologous gene clusters, which are enriched in structural genes as opposed to those regulating morphogenesis. A breakdown of gene presence/absence provides only limited support for the conservation of pathways typically implicated in regeneration, such as Wnt signaling and cell pluripotency. Specifically, these pathways are only conserved if we allow gene paralogs to be interchangeable through evolution. Overall, our analysis does not support the hypothesis that a shared set of ancestral genes underlie regeneration mechanisms in animals. The methods described in this paper will be broadly applicable for studying the genetic underpinnings of traits across distantly related organisms.
Immunologic goalposts for TB vaccine development

A limiting factor in identifying effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccines is our incomplete understanding of correlates of protection. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Esaulova et al. reveal cell types associated with TB containment and disease progression in non-human primates, which may provide immunologic goalposts for vaccine design.
Linking photoacclimation responses and microbiome shifts between depth-segregated sibling species of reef corals

Metazoans host complex communities of microorganisms that include dinoflagellates, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and viruses. Interactions among members of these complex assemblages allow hosts to adjust their physiology and metabolism to cope with environmental variation and occupy different habitats. Here, using reciprocal transplantation across depths, we studied adaptive divergence in the Caribbean corals Orbicella annularis and O. franksi. When transplanted from deep to shallow, O. franksi experienced fast photoacclimation, low mortality, and maintained a consistent bacterial community. In contrast, O. annularis experienced higher mortality, and limited photoacclimation when transplanted from shallow to deep. The photophysiological collapse of O. annularis in the deep environment was associated with an increased microbiome variability and reduction of some bacterial taxa. Differences in the symbiotic algal community were more pronounced between coral species than between depths. Our study suggests that these sibling species are adapted to distinctive light environments partially driven by the algae photoacclimation capacity and the microbiome robustness, highlighting the importance of niche specialization in symbiotic corals for the maintenance of species diversity. Our findings have implications for the management of these threatened Caribbean corals and the effectiveness of coral reef restoration efforts.
Protein Translocation into and across Archaeal Cytoplasmic Membranes

Recent analyses of the archaeal Sec and Tat pathways have revealed novel and crucial information about archaeal protein translocation, as well as protein translocation in general. This chapter provides an overview on protein translocation into and across archaeal cytoplasmic membranes. The Sec pathway is the only known universally conserved protein translocation pathway. Protein translocation may be driven by one or several extracytoplasmic activities that provide directionality by preventing movement of the polypeptide chain back into the cytoplasm. In vitro studies suggest that the proton motive force (PMF), in concert with the action of SecA, facilitates bacterial secretion via the Sec pore. Furthermore, the PMF is apparently sufficient to drive translocation of proteins via the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pore. Thus, it is possible that an ion gradient across the archaeal membrane is the sole source of energy for protein translocation. Many bacteria and archaea possess an additional general secretion pathway, described as the Tat pathway. The presence of the twin-arginine motif in the Tat signal sequence provided a means of identifying novel Tat substrates by computational pattern-matching techniques. Recent in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies have led to a better understanding of archaeal protein translocation. Moreover, the elucidation of an archaeal Sec-pore X-ray crystal structure strikingly demonstrates how analysis of this pathway in archaea can significantly advance the field of protein translocation as a whole. In addition to standard molecular and biochemical approaches, it is now crucial to develop in vitro Sec and Tat protein translocation systems that will more clearly define the mechanisms of these pathways and reveal the energetics of these cellular processes in archaea.
Benets of Collaboration in Capacity Investment and Allocation

This paper studies capacity collaboration between two (potentially competing) firms. We explore the ways that the firms can collaborate by either building capacity together or sharing the existing capacity for production. We consider cases where the two firms' products are potential substitutes and also where the firms' products are independent. We find that a firm can benefit from collaboration even with its competitor. Moreover, the firms do not have to jointly make the production decisions to realize the benefits of collaboration. We consider a model where firms build capacity before demand is realized and make production decisions after they receive a demand signal. They can potentially collaborate in jointly building capacity and/or in exchanging capacity once they receive their demand signals. Interestingly, we find that having firms compete at the production stage can result in firms deciding to build less overall capacity than if they coordinated capacity investment and production. Also, we find that though collaboration in capacity investment is bene cial, collaboration in production using existing capacity is often more beneficial. The benefits of collaboration is largest when competition is more intense, demand is more variable and cost of investment is higher.
Scientific Payload for an interstellar probe mission

NASA's Interstellar Probe Mission will be the first spacecraft specifically designed to explore the outer solar system, pass through the boundaries of the heliosphere, and sample the nearby interstellar medium. During the spring of 1999, NASA's Interstellar Probe Science and Technology Definition Team* developed a concept for a mission that will travel to 200- 400 AU using solar-sail propulsion. The principal scientific goals would be to explore the outer solar system, explore the structure of the heliosphere and its interaction with the interstellar medium, and explore the nature of the interstellar medium itself. These studies would be carried out by a -150 kg spacecraft carrying a scientific payload designed to make comprehensive measurements of heliospheric and interstellar plasma, fields, energetic particles, neutral gas, and dust. We discuss the scientific goals and strawman payload for this mission.
Finding the Storyteller: Automatic Spoiler Tagging using Linguistic Cues

Given a movie comment, does it contain a spoiler? A spoiler is a comment that, when disclosed, would ruin a surprise or reveal an important plot detail. We study automatic methods to detect comments and reviews that contain spoilers and apply them to reviews from the IMDB (Internet Movie Database) website. We develop topic models, based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), but using linguistic dependency information in place of simple features from bag of words (BOW) representations. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique over four movie-comment datasets of different scales.
Rule Out (R/O) Arteriovenous Malformation

When imaging patients for intracranial arteriovenous malformations, the goals are: (1) to determine if an arteriovenous malformation is present; (2) to assess size, shape, and location of the nidus; (3) to determine potential arterial feeders and venous drainage routes (including screening for aneurysms on arterial feeders); and (4) to determine the state of the surrounding brain parenchyma, including the identification of intracranial hemorrhage. A post-contrast 3-D spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) sequence is used for sequences 1 to 3. Standard MR imaging sequences are used to evaluate the brain parenchyma. The protocol contained within this unit can be used for the evaluation of stable patients. In order to perform the optional sequences with perfusion and diffusion studies, a scanner with echoplanar capabilities is required; however, the standard anatomical MR imaging sequences included in the protocols do not require these faster gradients.
Evidence that resistance to osmotic stress is mediated by gene amplification.

The mechanism for resistance to osmotic stress in V79 Chinese hamster cells is unknown. Previous experiments have provided little or no support for mechanisms based on gene mutation or stable change in gene expression. An alternative explanation, based on gene amplification is offered in the present study. The evidence comes from experiments with PALA, which is N(Phosphonoacetyl)L-aspartate. Since no other mechanism than gene amplification is known for resistance to PALA, PALA resistance can be used as a reporter for gene amplification in other systems if cross-resistance occurs. Clonal lines resistant to hypertonic NaCl or to hypertonic mannitol were cross-resistant in dose-response tests with graded PALA. PALA resistant lines were also obtained by direct exposure of sensitive stock V79 cells to appropriate levels of PALA. In subsequent tests these lines were found to be refractory to osmotic stress when exposed to hypertonic NaCl or hypertonic mannitol. These results suggest that PALA and osmotic stress act as inductors as well as selective agents. The induction of gene amplification is not confined to the system under selection, but occurs at other points in the genome. It is this more general induction that explains cross-resistance between two otherwise unrelated characteristics.
Proteomic Analysis of DNA-Protein Cross-Linking by Antitumor Nitrogen Mustards

Nitrogen mustards are antitumor agents used clinically for the treatment of a variety of neoplastic conditions. The biological activity of these compounds is typically attributed to their ability to induce DNA−DNA cross-links. However, nitrogen mustards are able to produce a variety of other lesions, including DNA−protein cross-links (DPCs). DPCs induced by nitrogen mustards are not well-characterized because of their structural complexity and the insufficient specificity and sensitivity of previously available experimental methodologies. In the present work, affinity capture methodology in combination with mass spectrometry-based proteomics was employed to identify mammalian proteins that form covalent cross-links to DNA in the presence of a simple nitrogen mustard, mechlorethamine. Following incubation of 5′-biotinylated DNA duplexes with nuclear protein extracts, DPCs were isolated by affinity capture on streptavidin beads, and the cross-linked proteins were identified by high-performance liquid chroma...
To tweet or not to tweet: that is the question for hoteliers: a preliminary study

Social media present the hospitality industry with an unparalleled opportunity to make greater contact with its customers and ultimately create partnerships for brand growth and development. Twitter has commanded a presence in company brands, including those in the hotel industry, since its beginning in 2006. But which hotel segments are using Twitter effectively and which guest cohort should hotels target? This paper provides strategies for using Twitter by observing different strategies implemented by hotel segments and identifying a target market, Using two separate exploratory studies, one applying a qualitative method and the other a quantitative survey method, this study investigated the differences in the use of Twitter by two separate lodging segments (e.g. Mid-scale and luxury) and by Generation Y, which is the largest consumer segment today and entering its critical years of consumption behavior. Results from both studies suggest that luxury hotels and their target market are much more active on Twitter than the midscale hotel segment. However, Generation Y users may not be the end market for hotels as they are particular about the frequency of on-line information and how it is presented. Implications suggest that although there is no current expectation from midscale hotel travelers to follow a Twitter feed, the increasing presence of Twitter will demand that midscale hotels actively participate on the social media site in the near future.
Dispersal of Euschistus conspersus from Alfalfa Grown for Seed to Adjacent Crops

During a 2-yr study (1970–71) conducted on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, CA, there was a significantly higher number of stink bugs, Euschistus conspersus Uhler, in alfalfa fields grown for seed than in cotton, sugar beets or sorghum. The data show E. conspersus will remain in alfalfa seed fields as a preferred host until the seed becomes unattractive due to hardening or until harvesting. The adult stink bugs then disperse to surrounding crops.
Aging murine B cells have decreased class switch induced by anti-CD40 or BAFF.

Abstract We previously demonstrated that in vitro stimulated splenic B cells from senescent mice are deficient in production of multiple class switch isotypes, class switch recombination (CSR), induction of the E2A-encoded transcription factor E47, and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) which is necessary for CSR and somatic hypermutation. Both anti-CD40 as well as BAFF have been shown to be able to induce CSR. We have investigated the ability of BAFF/IL-4, as compared to anti-CD40/IL-4, to induce CSR to γ1 in splenic B cells from young and old mice. We found that anti-CD40/IL-4 is a better CSR stimulus than BAFF/IL-4 in young B cells, as measured by RT-PCR of post-switch transcripts and flow cytometry. CSR is reduced in old B cells and this is independent of the stimulus. AID and γ1PSTs are significantly reduced in old B cells stimulated with anti-CD40/IL-4, but only slightly reduced with BAFF/IL-4. BAFF receptor mRNA expression (BAFF-R, TACI, and BCMA) is not affected by aging. The age-related decrease in CSR induced by anti-CD40/IL-4 is primarily associated with a decrease in E47, whereas the less affected response to BAFF/IL-4 is associated with decreases in both E47 and NF-κB. Therefore, NF-κB is not involved in the decreased response of old B cells to anti-CD40/IL-4. These differences in B cell responses to CD40/IL-4 and BAFF/IL-4 may help to explain the maintenance of TI vs TD responses in senescent mice.
Correlations between urban tree crown cover and total population in eight U.S. cities

Eight communities, with a population range of 2000–200 000, in or near the boundary of the northern hardwood forest region were air-photo-interpreted for cover type and land use within their urbanized areas. In regression analysis, percentage tree crown cover declined and percentage impervious cover increased with increases in the sample cities' population totals according to the general relationship y = aebx; where y = percent cover, x = population; values for a and b were determined by regres The coefficient of determination for tree crown cover was 0.81 and for areal proportion of highly developed land use, 0.93. The eight cities' mean tree cover ranged from 18 to 38%; highly developed land-use areas accounted for 6–19% of cities' areas. Available crown space for tree crowns also declined with increasing population. Tree crown cover as a percentage of available crown space was only weakly correlated with population size.
Kinetics of aqueous base and acid hydrolysis of aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone.

Abstract The kinetics of degradation of aqueous solutions of aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone by base hydrolysis were investigated. Pseudo first order rate constants of 37 μg/l solutions were determined at different hydroxide concentrations by acid‐base titration. Second order rate constants were calculated, and it was found that aldicarb sulfone is more sensitive to hydroxide ion concentration than aldicarb sulfoxide which is more sensitive than aldicarb. Temperature effects were determined by measuring the base hydrolysis rate constant for aldicarb sulfone at 5, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. An activation energy of 15.2 + 0.1 kcal/mole was calculated. Addition of a neutral electrolyte decreased the rate constant for base hydrolysis. Acid catalyzed hydrolysis rate constants were also measured for aldicarb sulfone, and, as expected, the reaction was much slower. The second order (reaction) rate constant for base hydrolysis of aldicarb sulfone is 40.3 (± 0.5) liter mole‐1 min‐1; for acid cataly...
Centrifuged Liquid Whole Egg 3. Functional Performance of Frozen Supernatant and Precipitate Fractions

Abstract Viscosity and functional changes of pasteurized and centrifuged whole egg caused by freezing were observed. Centrifugation prevents or minimizes some of the adverse changes caused by pasteurization and freezing. The viscosity of the frozen and thawed supernatant fraction was about the same as the unfrozen whole egg. Also, after gentle mixing it was of a more uniform consistency than frozen whole egg. In particular the supernatant from pH 7.0 and above samples pasteurized at 62° and 64°C. were greatly stabilized against viscosity changes due to freezing. The viscosity and appearance of the precipitate fraction did not undergo major changes due to freezing. Whipping times for the frozen whole egg at all pH levels except at 6.0 were adversely affected by pasteurization. The whip times for samples heated after adjusting to pH 9.0 were especially long. Centrifuging the whole egg prior to freezing partially protected the supernatant fraction from the adverse effects of freezing. Pasteurization at 62° and 64°C. of the high and low pH whole egg samples prior to freezing resulted in sponge cake failure. When whole egg was adjusted to intermediate pH levels of 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0, only minor reductions in cake volumes were observed. Centrifuging prior to freezing improved the performance of pasteurized and frozen whole egg. Mayonnaise prepared from frozen whole egg precipitate was an excellent emulsion. Pasteurization of whole egg at 62° and 64°C. prior to centrifugation decreased the viscosity of mayonnaise prepared from these precipitates but they were still much more viscous than commercial products.
A NEW WEIGHT BALANCED BINARY SEARCH TREE

We develop a new class of weight balanced binary search trees called β-balanced binary search trees (β-BBSTs). β-BBSTs are designed to have reduced internal path length. As a result, they are expected to exhibit good search time characteristics. Individual search, insert, and delete operations in an n node β-BBST take O(log n) time for . Experimental results comparing the performance of β-BBSTs, WB(α) trees, AVL-trees, red/black trees, treaps, deterministic skip lists and skip lists are presented. Two simplified versions of, β-BBSTs are also developed.
Detection of Changes of a Multinomial Process Where the Probability Structure Before and After the Change Is Unknown

Abstract We look at a multinomial distribution where the probabilities of landing in each category change at some unknown integer. We assume that the probability structure both before and after the change is unknown, and the problem is to find the probability that the probability structure has changed. For a loss function consisting of the cost of late detection and a penalty for early stopping, we develop, using dynamic programming, the one- and two-step look-ahead Bayesian stopping rules. We provide some numerical results to illustrate the effectiveness of the detection procedures.
Spatial Structure of an Intertidal Molluscan Assemblage on a Sheltered Sandy Beach

The intertidal molluscan fauna on a sandy-mud beach in Newport Bay, California, USA, is divisible into two vertically distinct species assemblages which correspond to the midlittoral zone and sublittoral fringe observed on rocky coastlines and exposed sandy beaches. The species assemblage comprising the midlittoral zone is unusual, however, in that the numerically dominant species are not confined to this zone but range downward through the sublittoral fringe. The two species assemblages are vertically separated at +0.5 to +1.0 ft (+0.15 to +0.30 m; relative to 0.0 tidal datum at mean lower low water), which is higher than previously observed for the separation between the midlittoral zone and sublittoral fringe on rocky shores and exposed sandy beaches. The species composition of some of the samples at +0.5 and +1.0 ft (+0.15 and +0.30 m) was intermediate between samples higher and lower on the beach, while several samples were devoid of molluscs altogether. Additionally, the surface sedimentary environment changes in terms of an increased percent silt-clay fraction and higher sorting coefficients below +0.5 ft (+0.15 m). Since infaunal zonation is correlated with tidal height at the substrate surface, environmental factors operative at the surface are probably most important in influencing the zonation on this beach.
Reproductive and productive recall of set inclusion information

Subjects studied four different paragraphs, each describing a set inclusion structure, and then were tested for their memory of the information in the paragraphs (reproductive recall) and information deducible from the paragraphs (productive recall). The results showed reproductive recall to be superior to productive recall, but even reproductive recall was poor. Furthermore, subjects often failed to generate deductions in recall even though the information necessary to permit such deductions had been recalled. The results are in general agreement with previous findings on the processing of set inclusion information given in text but conflict with those of recent studies on processing other types of meaningful prose. The set inclusion relation appears to present special difficulties for the integration of related information in prose.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE VIBRATIONS IN CHARGED C60 MOLECULES

The transition strengths for the four infrared-active vibrations of charged C{sub 60} molecules are evaluated in self-consistent density-functional theory using the local-density approximation. The oscillator strengths for the second and fourth modes are strongly enhanced relative to the neutral C{sub 60} molecule, in good agreement with the experimental observation of {open_quote}{open_quote}giant resonances{close_quote}{close_quote} for those two modes. Previous theory, based on a {open_quote}{open_quote}charged phonon{close_quote}{close_quote} model, predicted a quadratic dependence of the oscillator strength on doping, but this is not borne out in our calculations. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Photoneutron target development for the RPI linear accelerator

Abstract Two new photoneutron targets have been developed for neutron time-of-flight experiments, the axial water-moderated target (AWMT) and the bare bounce target (BBT). These targets operate without any lead shielding nearby and both have superior neutron resolution compared to the older bounce target. The BBT has been selected over the AWMT for general time-of-flight measurements because it exhibited lower neutron background in the keV energy region.
Basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens are decreased during cocaine withdrawal after unlimited-access self-administration.

The effects of withdrawal from cocaine on extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) were examined by intracranial microdialysis in awake rats after periods (9.5-21.75 h) of unlimited-access, intravenous cocaine self-administration. Cocaine withdrawal was associated with significant reductions in basal DA overflow that persisted up to 12 h. Maximal inhibition of DA release (mean +/- S.E.M. 66.15 +/- 3.30 percent of basal levels) was observed between 4-6 h after cessation of cocaine intake and was positively correlated (r = 0.88) with the duration of the preceding self-administration episode. The results suggest that suppression of basal DA release in the NAC is an adaptive consequence of sustained cocaine exposure and may in part underlie the post-cocaine anhedonia observed in behavioral models of cocaine withdrawal.
Critical behavior of the two-dimensional random q-state Potts model by expansion in ( q - 2)

Abstract Renormalization group equations and the specific heat singularity of the 2D q -state Potts model with weak quenched bond randomness are obtained to two-loop order in an expansion in the parameter ( q − 2) around the Ising model, in analogy to the e-expansion for φ 4 scalar field theory around the gaussian model. The following result for the random thermal exponent is obtained: y T = 1 − 1 2 (1 − x e ) 2 + O ((1 − x e ) 3 ) where x e is the dimension of the energy operator in the pure model. The perturbation expansion involves non-gaussian correlations in the pure model which are obtained from conformal invariance. It is shown to two loops that, as a consequence of the operator product expansion, all divergences of the non-gaussian perturbation series can be absorbed into renormalization of the parameters and that analytic continuation in q may be used to obtain renormalization group equations by minimal subtraction of poles in ( q − 2). The limit q → 2 and corrections to the ln ln-form of the specific heat of the random Ising model are studied. A new universal amplitude ratio is computed for the random Ising model.
Effect of streptomycin and neomycin on physical properties of the ribosome

Abstract Purified 70 s ribosomes undergo a biphasic hyperchromicity upon heating. Analytical ultracentrifugation at high temperature shows that the 30 s component is more sensitive to heat than the 50 s, and is destroyed preferentially. Streptomycin and neomycin protect the ribosomes of a streptomycin-sensitive neomycin-sensitive strain against this thermal denaturation, whereas ribosomes from a streptomycin-resistant neomycin-sensitive strain are only protected by neomycin. Neither antibiotic shows any protection of the 30 s component when it is isolated from the 70 s particle. These antibiotics can partially replace the magesium ions needed to retain the 70 s particle in its native state, and again ribosomes from a streptomycin-resistant strain are not affected by streptomycin. Ribosomes of a streptomycin-resistant strain dissociate into subunits more readily during magnesium dilution than those of the sensitive strain. 14 C-labeled streptomycin binds non-covalently to ribosomes of both sensitive and resistant strains to a level of one molecule per ribosome. If such labeled ribosomes are treated with sodium borohydride, about 10% of the bound antibiotic molecules are also linked covalently to the ribosomal protein; none of the antibiotic becomes linked to the ribosomal RNA. Resistant and sensitive ribosomes behave similarly in this respect. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that these basic antibiotics induce misreading of the genetic code by altering the conformation of the ribosomes.
Hall Mobility of Slow Electrons in AgCl and the Effects of Crystal Purity

The mobility of carriers in AgCl was investigated over the temperature range 4 to 100 °K by a photo-Hall technique. The Hall mobility of slow electrons is shown to be very dependent upon sample purity at low temperatures. Mobilities in excess of 30000 cm2/Vs were obtained in very high purity zone refined specimens. Special attention was given to the lattice scattering range of mobility above 40 °K in the pure crystals. Hall and drift mobility values for electrons are in reasonable agreement. Although the optical phonon scattering appears to dominate, there is an evidence that the Debye temperature is somewhat lower than expected. It is suggested that this might be due to a finite spread in the long wavelength longitudinal optical frequency. It is believed that the scattering due to the acoustical mode of lattice vibrations becomes of considerable importance in high-purity crystals in an intermediate temperature range (between 34 °K and 12 °K) even for slow electrons. Die Beweglichkeit von Ladungstragern in AgCl wurde im Temperaturbereich von 4 bis 100 °K mittels Photo-Hall-Technik untersucht. Es zeigt sich, das die Hall-Beweglichkeit der Elektronen bei tiefen Temperaturen von der Kristallreinheit abhangt. Werte fur die Beweglichkeit oberhalb 30000 cm2/Vs wurden in zonengereinigten Kristallen hochster Reinheit erreicht. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit richtete sich auf das Temperaturgebiet oberhalb 40 °K, in dem die Beweglichkeit durch Streuung an Gitterschwingungen begrenzt ist. Hall- und Drift-Beweglichkeit sind in annahernder Ubereinstimmung. Obwohl Streuung an optischen Phononen vorherrscht, ergibt sich eine Debye-Temperatur, die niedriger ist als erwartet. Dies wird erklart durch eine endliche Bandbreite im Spektrum der langwelligen optischen Phononen. Es zeigt sich, das die Streuung an akustischen Gitterphononen in Kristallen hochster Reinheit in einem mittleren Temperaturbereich (34 °K bis 12 °K) sogar fur langsame Elektronen betrachtliche Bedeutung erhalt.
Laparoscopic Resection of Benign Hepatic Cysts: A New Standard

Background We sought to evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of laparoscopic resection of symptomatic hepatic cysts. Study Design Fifty-one patients underwent laparoscopic resections for symptomatic hepatic cysts. Resection was accomplished laparoscopically with an Endo-GIA vascular stapler. Data were collected in a prospective database. Results Median patient age was 60 years, with a median lesion diameter of 13 cm. Indication for surgical treatment was pain in 92% of patients. Laparoscopic resection was successful in 100% of patients. A pure laparoscopic approach was used in 58% of patients, the remaining used a hand port. Median operating time was 178 minutes. Preoperative diagnosis was polycystic liver in 88% and simple cyst in 12% diagnosed by preoperative imaging. Histologic examination showed 90% to be simple cysts and 10% cystadenomas. There were nine minor perioperative complications. Median hospital stay was 2 days. Relief of symptoms was achieved in all patients operated on for pain, with a median followup of 13 months. Two patients required reoperation for recurrence of the same cyst. CT or MRI was used for yearly followup. Conclusions Laparoscopic resection of symptomatic liver cysts is a feasible and effective method to relieve symptoms with minimal surgical trauma. This series represents the largest report of laparoscopic management for benign hepatic cysts and provides evidence for a routine laparoscopic approach to benign symptomatic cysts. Traditional surgical methods should be reserved for when a malignancy is expected, laparoscopy is contraindicated, or for recurrence after an initial laparoscopic approach.
The spectrum of fluorine, F II, F III, F IV

The spectrum of fluorine extending from 125A to 620A has been obtained by using a two-meter grazing-incidence spectrograph. A large number of these lines, including nearly all of the stronger ones, have been classified as transitions in the F II, F III and F IV ions. This has made possible the classification of additional lines measured by Dingle in the longer wave-length regions. These analyses yield the following ionization potentials: F II 34.81 volts, F III 62.35 volts, F IV 87.34 volts.
Gemini, a bifunctional enzymatic and fluorescent reporter of gene expression.

Background The development of collections of quantitatively characterized standard biological parts should facilitate the engineering of increasingly complex and novel biological systems. The existing enzymatic and fluorescent reporters that are used to characterize biological part functions exhibit strengths and limitations. Combining both enzymatic and fluorescence activities within a single reporter protein would provide a useful tool for biological part characterization. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we describe the construction and quantitative characterization of Gemini, a fusion between the β-galactosidase (β-gal) α-fragment and the N-terminus of full-length green fluorescent protein (GFP). We show that Gemini exhibits functional β-gal activity, which we assay with plates and fluorometry, and functional GFP activity, which we assay with fluorometry and microscopy. We show that the protein fusion increases the sensitivity of β-gal activity and decreases the sensitivity of GFP. Conclusions/Significance Gemini is therefore a bifunctional reporter with a wider dynamic range than the β-gal α-fragment or GFP alone. Gemini enables the characterization of gene expression, screening assays via enzymatic activity, and quantitative single-cell microscopy or FACS via fluorescence activity. The analytical flexibility afforded by Gemini will likely increase the efficiency of research, particularly for screening and characterization of libraries of standard biological parts.
Robotics laboratory exercises

The authors report new laboratory exercises in robotic manipulation, computer vision, artificial intelligence, and mechatronics, four areas that are central to any robotics curriculum. The laboratory exercises supply the student with hands-on experience that complements classroom lectures and software development. Through this experience, the student confronts the hard realities of robot systems and learns to deal with them. Such hands-on experience is essential for a sound robotics education, because many critical lessons about the real world can only be learned through personal experience.
A diffusion model for geographically structured populations

A diffusion model is derived for the evolution of a diploid monoecious population under the influence of migration, mutation, selection, and random genetic drift. The population occupies an unbounded linear habitat; migration is independent of genotype, symmetric, and homogeneous. The treatment is restricted to a single diallelic locus without dominance. With the customary diffusion hypotheses for migration and the assumption that the mutation rates, selection coefficient, variance of the migrational displacement, and reciprocal of the population density are all small and of the same order of magnitude, a boundary value problem is deduced for the mean gene frequency and the covariance between the gene frequencies at any two points in the habitat.