cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the capacity improvement of multicast traffic with network coding

In this paper, we study the contribution of network coding (NC) in improving the multicast capacity of random wireless ad hoc networks when nodes are endowed with multi-packet transmission (MPT) and multi-packet reception (MPR) capabilities. We show that a per session throughput capacity of Theta (nT3(n)), where n is the total number of nodes and T(n) is the communication range, can be achieved as a tight bound when each session contains a constant number of sinks. Surprisingly, an identical order capacity can be achieved when nodes have only MPR and MPT capabilities. This result proves that NC does not contribute to the order capacity of multicast traffic in wireless ad hoc networks when MPR and MPT are used in the network. The result is in sharp contrast to the general belief (conjecture) that NC improves the order capacity of multicast. Furthermore, if the communication range is selected to guarantee the connectivity in the network, i.e., T(n) ges Theta (radic(logn/n)), then the combination of MPR and MPT achieves a throughput capacity of Theta (log3/2 n/radicn) which provides an order capacity gain of Theta (log2 n) compared to the point-to-point multicast capacity with the same number of destinations.
Automorphism Groups of Cayley-Dickson Loops

The Cayley-Dickson loop Qn is the multiplicative closure of basic elements of the algebra constructed by n applications of the Cayley-Dickson doubling process (the first few examples of such algebras are real numbers, complex numbers, quaternions, octonions, and sedenions).We discuss properties of the Cayley-Dickson loops, show that these loops are Hamiltonian, and describe the structure of their automorphism groups.
Relational interpretations of recursive types in an operational setting

Abstract Relational interpretations of type systems are useful for establishing properties of programming languages. For languages with recursive types it is difficult to establish the existence of a relational interpretation. The usual approach is to pass to a domain-theoretic model of the language and, exploiting the structure of the model, to derive relational properties of it. We investigate the construction of relational interpretations of recursive types in a purely operational setting, drawing on recent ideas from domain theory and operational semantics as a guide. We prove syntactic minimal invariance for an extension of PCF with a recursive type, a syntactic analogue of the minimal invariance property used by Freyd and Pitts to characterize the domain interpretation of a recursive type. As Pitts has shown in the setting of domains, syntactic minimal invariance suffices to establish the existence of relational interpretations. We give two applications of this construction. First, we derive a notion of logical equivalence for expressions of the language that we show coincides with experimental equivalence and which, by virtue of its construction, validates useful induction and coinduction principles for reasoning about the recursive type. Second, we give a relational proof of correctness of the continuation-passing transformation, which is used in some compilers for functional languages.
Automatic inference of the contemporaneous causal order of a system of equations

When Stephen Perez and I first began our Monte Carlo studies of the efficacy of general-to-specific search methodologies in 1995, we were keenly aware of our limited ability to capture the tacit knowledge of the skilled time-series econometrician operating in the London School of Economics (LSE) tradition (Hoover and Perez, 1999a, 1999b). Econometrics, we believed, was an art, and our algorithm was not intended to replace the artist. David Hendry and Hans-Martin Krolzig's subsequent development of PcGets did not, in fact, eliminate the art of econometrics. Power tools did not eliminate the art of the cabinetmaker but changed where his value added lay and—importantly—made new things possible. PcGets is likewise a new, powerful tool, useful in the hands of a skilled craftsman.I thank Peter Phillips, Selva Demiralp, Stephen Perez, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments on an earlier draft.
Two stops in today's new global geographies: shaping novel labor supplies and employment regimes

The key variable is the incipient formation of global labor markets at the top and bottom of the economic system. At the top there is the transnational market for high-level managerial and professional talent across economic sectors, from finance to engineering; this market is increasingly shaped by public and private regulations. At the bottom one finds an amalgamation of mostly informal flows, with the “global care chains” among the most visible ones. There are sites of complex intersection between these two markets. The two sites singled out for examining the formation of these labor circuits are the global city and a set of Global South countries subject to the international debt-financing regime that puts governments, firms, and households under enormous constraints to survive. Emigration and people trafficking now generate money flows that help governments, firms, and households survive. The focus is especially on lower labor circuits and their feminizing.
Migration from Zambia : ensuring temporariness through cooperation

The paper analyzes migration from Zambia in order to understand how migration policy can support development in the least developed countries. Overall emigration from Zambia is not high by regional standards, but the pattern of migration is skewed toward the skilled and away from the unskilled. A development-friendly approach to migration for Zambia would strive to ensure the temporariness of both types of movement. First, industrial countries may be willing to accept a higher level of unskilled immigration if they could be certain that it is temporary. Second, any adverse effects of brain drain would be greatly alleviated if skilled emigration is temporary. The problem is that host countries cannot unilaterally ensure temporariness of unskilled migration because repatriation cannot be accomplished without the help of source countries like Zambia, and source countries today have little incentive to facilitate the return of the unskilled. At the same time, source countries like Zambia cannot unilaterally ensure temporariness of the skilled because repatriation cannot be accomplished without the help of the host countries, and host countries currently have little incentive to send back the skilled. So, there is a strong case and considerable scope for cooperation between source countries like Zambia and destination countries in the design and implementation of migration policy so that unskilled migration becomes feasible and skilled migration takes a more desirable form.
Synthesis, Contact Printing, and Device Characterization of Ni-Catalyzed, Crystalline InAs Nanowires

InAs nanowires have been actively explored as the channel material for high performance transistors owing to their high electron mobility and ease of ohmic metal contact formation. The catalytic growth of nonepitaxial InAs nanowires, however, has often relied on the use of Au colloids which is non-CMOS compatible. Here, we demonstrate the successful synthesis of crystalline InAs nanowires with high yield and tunable diameters by using Ni nanoparticles as the catalyst material on amorphous SiO2 substrates. The nanowires show superb electrical properties with field-effect electron mobility ~2700 cm2/Vs and ION/IOFF >103. The uniformity and purity of the grown InAs nanowires are further demonstrated by large-scale assembly of parallel arrays of nanowires on substrates via the contact printing process that enables high performance, “printable” transistors, capable of delivering 5 10 mA ON currents (~400 nanowires).
One Dimensional Nearest Neighbor Exclusion Processes in Inhomogeneous and Random Environments

The processes described in the title always have reversible stationary distributions. In this paper, we give sufficient conditions for the existence of, and for the nonexistence of, nonreversible stationary distributions. In the case of an i.i.d. environment, these combine to give a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of nonreversible stationary distributions.
Emerging Prospects for Unusual Aromaticity in Organic Electronic Materials: The Case for Methano[10]annulene

Unusual aromatics outside of the 6π-electron motif offer promise for functional electronic materials, and we frame this claim in the context of 10π-electron aromatics. The evolution of our understanding of 10π-electron aromatics is discussed briefly, from azulene to the [10]annulenes to finally 1,6-methano[10]annulene. A survey of annulene research of both fundamental and applied nature is then presented. Finally, our recent contributions to this area are highlighted with a comparison of annulene-based electronic materials to more classical benzenoid counterparts. The annulene core greatly facilitates the delocalization of mobile charges as determined through voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry. We show that this important hydrocarbon can indeed be viewed as a viable building block for advanced polymeric semiconducting materials.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Gravitational wave detection with single-laser atom interferometers

We present a new general design approach of a broad-band detector of gravitational radiation that relies on two atom interferometers separated by a distance L. In this scheme, only one arm and one laser will be used for operating the two atom interferometers. We consider atoms in the atom interferometers not only as perfect inertial reference sensors, but also as highly stable clocks. Atomic coherence is intrinsically stable and can be many orders of magnitude more stable than a laser. The unique one-laser configuration allows us to then apply time-delay interferometry to the responses of the two atom interferometers, thereby canceling the laser phase fluctuations while preserving the gravitational wave signal in the resulting data set. Our approach appears very promising. We plan to investigate further its practicality and detailed sensitivity analysis.
How uncertain are solar neutrino predictions

Abstract Solar neutrino fluxes and sound speeds are calculated using a systematic reevaluation of nuclear fusion rates. The largest uncertainties are identified and their effects on the solar neutrino fluxes are estimated.
A 3D facial expression database for facial behavior research

Traditionally, human facial expressions have been studied using either 2D static images or 2D video sequences. The 2D-based analysis is incapable of handing large pose variations. Although 3D modeling techniques have been extensively used for 3D face recognition and 3D face animation, barely any research on 3D facial expression recognition using 3D range data has been reported. A primary factor for preventing such research is the lack of a publicly available 3D facial expression database. In this paper, we present a newly developed 3D facial expression database, which includes both prototypical 3D facial expression shapes and 2D facial textures of 2,500 models from 100 subjects. This is the first attempt at making a 3D facial expression database available for the research community, with the ultimate goal of fostering the research on affective computing and increasing the general understanding of facial behavior and the fine 3D structure inherent in human facial expressions. The new database can be a valuable resource for algorithm assessment, comparison and evaluation.
Iron-Catalyzed Cα-H Oxidation of Tertiary, Aliphatic Amines to Amides under Mild Conditions.

De novo syntheses of amides often generate stoichiometric amounts of waste. Thus, recent progress in the field has focused on precious metal catalyzed, oxidative protocols to generate such functionalities. However, simple tertiary alkyl amines cannot be used as starting materials in these protocols. The research described herein enables the oxidative synthesis of amides from simple, noncyclic tertiary alkyl amines under synthetically useful, mild conditions through a biologically inspired approach: Fe-catalyzed Cα-H functionalization. Mechanistic investigations provide insight into reaction intermediates and allow the development of a mild Cα-H cyanation method using the same catalyst system. The protocol was further applied to oxidize the drug Lidocaine, demonstrating the potential utility of the developed chemistry for metabolite synthesis.
Studies for the synthesis of marine natural products

The process of allylic transposition in S(E)' reactions is a significant construct for synthesis. The flexibility of a variety of allylation strategies provides for the rational design of pathways to a diverse array of complex targets. Our recent studies of S(E)' reactions will examine issues of stereoselectivity and efficiency in the context of applications toward the synthesis of marine natural products such as the xenicane diterpenes, which feature the strained E-cyclononene ring system, and peloruside A, a 16-membered macrocyclic lactone.
Spontaneous spin ordering of a Dirac spin liquid in a magnetic field.

The Dirac spin liquid was proposed to be the ground state of the spin-$1/2$ kagom\'e antiferromagnets. In a magnetic field $B$, we show that the state with Fermi pocket is unstable to the Landau level (LL) state. The LL state breaks the spin rotation around the axis of the magnetic field. We find that the LL state has an in-plane 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} $q=0$ magnetization $M$ which scales with the external field $M\ensuremath{\sim}{B}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is a universal number of the Dirac spin liquid. We discuss the related experimental implications which can be used to detect the possible Dirac spin liquid phase in herbertsmithite ${\mathrm{ZnCu}}_{3}(\mathrm{OH}{)}_{6}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$.
Legal Expertise on Corporate Audit Committees and Financial Reporting Quality

ABSTRACT: Recent trends in corporate board composition indicate an increase in the appointment of directors with legal expertise. Using two financial reporting quality measures, accruals quality and discretionary accruals, we find—for a sample of Russell 1000 firms in 2003 and 2005—that the presence (and proportion) of directors with legal backgrounds on the audit committee is associated with higher financial reporting quality. These results obtain after controlling for accounting expertise on audit committees. Also, supplementary tests indicate a positive association between changes in legal expertise and changes in financial reporting quality, suggesting that legal expertise serves as a monitor rather than as a signal of financial reporting quality. Further, the two forms of expertise interact —i.e., the presence of directors with both forms of expertise enhances financial reporting quality, beyond the contribution of the individual forms of expertise. Additional tests suggest that the positive effects ...
Chemoselective Iterative Dehydrative Glycosylation

The inherent difference in nucleophilicity between alkyl alcohols and free hemiacetals is capitalized upon in a new approach to chemoselective glycosylation. The strategy employs a controlled dehydrative coupling reaction for the rapid assembly of complex oligosaccharides and obviates the need for the extensive protective group and anomeric leaving group differentiation that is traditionally required.
Theory of Local Heat Transfer in Shock/Laminar Boundary-Layer Interactions

AIAA, Fluid Dynamics Conference, 27th, New Orleans, LA, June 17-20, 1996 A fundamental theory of the local heat transfer disturbances in supersonic and hypersonic shock/boundary layer interaction zones is given, based on an asymptotic nonadabatic triple-deck model that is formulated using the reference temperature method combined with a total enthalpy form of the energy equation. Analytical and numerical results are presented and, for the first time, compared with experimental heat transfer data for compression corner-generated interactions. The predictions of the theory are in good agreement and provide particularly strong support for important but heretofore empirical observations on the behavior of interactive heat transfer when separation occurs. (Author)
Current Explanations for the Variation in Same-Sex Marriage Policies in Western Countries

Over the last ten years, several western countries have recognized gay marriage either by providing gay couples the same rights as heterosexual couples, or by allowing civil unions. Other western countries have not. What accounts for this variation? This paper reviews and analyzes the key demographic, institutional and cultural arguments found in the literature on the legalization of gay marriage – especially as these pertain to cross-national comparison – and raises questions about assumptions regarding the extent to which there is variation on these variables across western countries. I argue that institutional and cultural explanations are only meaningful in explaining legalization when their combinations are specified in order to shed light on favorable (or unfavorable) circumstances for policy outcomes.
Constructions of vertex operator coalgebras via vertex operator algebras

The notion of vertex operator coalgebra is presented which corre- sponds to the family of correlation functions modeling one string propagating in space-time splitting into n strings in conformal field theory. This notion is in some sense dual to the notion of vertex operator algebra. We prove that any vertex operator algebra equipped with a non-degenerate, Virasoro preserving, bilinear form gives rise to a corresponding vertex operator coalgebra. We then explicitly calculate the vertex operator coalgebra structure and unique bilin- ear form for the Heisenberg algebra case, which corresponds to considering free bosons in conformal field theory.
Sectoral spillovers and the price of land: a cost analysis

Abstract Under factor mobility, firms locate where local attributes enhance their productivity, but, in equilibrium, those gains are offset by higher local input prices. I study the variation in local input costs to identify production amenities across sectors in two ways. I estimate, first, hedonic rent and wage equations from individual households and workers and, second, local cost functions for different sectors across the US States and across Metropolitan Statistical Areas. I find evidence of externality gains from both a sector’s and overall concentration of activity and from a better educated population. These gains are bigger in sectors with higher local land shares in the sample, finance and nondurable goods.
Inflation Volatility, Institutions, and Economic Growth

The study analyzes the effect of inflation volatility on growth in the presence of different degrees of institutional development. A nonlinear growth regression specification using a system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) procedure on a sample of 37 countries over the period 1989–2006 is estimated. While the level of inflation was found not to have a significant effect on growth, which is in line with previous studies, inflation volatility does significantly impact growth even for countries with moderately high levels on inflation. In addition and in contrast with the results of Acemoglu et al. (2003) and Easterly (2005), the study finds that policies, particularly inflation volatility, does not act as a proxy for institutions. Improving institutions will have a statistically significant positive impact on growth which will help to reduce the negative impact of inflation volatility.
Theoretical and numerical analyses of a slit-masked chicane for modulated bunch generation

Density modulations on electron beams can improve machine performance of beam-driven accelerators and FELs with resonance beam-wave coupling. The beam modulation is studied with a masked chicane by the analytic model and simulations with the beam parameters of the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility. With the chicane design parameters (bending angle of 18o, bending radius of 0.95 m and R56 ~ –0.19 m) and a nominal beam of 3 ps bunch length, the analytic model showed that a slit-mask with slit period 900 μ m and aperture width 300 μ m induces a modulation of bunch-to-bunch spacing ~ 100 μ m to the bunch with 2.4% correlated energy spread. With the designed slit mask and a 3 ps bunch, particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, including nonlinear energy distributions, space charge force, and coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) effect, also result in beam modulation with bunch-to-bunch distance around 100 μ m and a corresponding modulation frequency of 3 THz. The beam modulation has been extensively examined with three different beam conditions, 2.25 ps (0.25 nC), 3.25 ps (1 nC), and 4.75 ps (3.2 nC), by tracking code Elegant. The simulation analysis indicates that the sliced beam by the slit-mask with 3 ~more » 6% correlated energy spread has modulation lengths about 187 μ m (0.25 nC), 270 μ m (1 nC) and 325 μ m (3.2 nC). As a result, the theoretical and numerical data proved the capability of the designed masked chicane in producing modulated bunch train with micro-bunch length around 100 fs.« less
MOLECULAR GAS IN ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES: DISTRIBUTION AND KINEMATICS

I present interferometric images (~7'' resolution) of CO emission in five elliptical galaxies and nondetections in two others. These data double the number of elliptical galaxies whose CO emission has been fully mapped. The sample galaxies have 108 to 5 × 109 M⊙ of molecular gas distributed in mostly symmetric rotating disks with diameters of 2–12 kpc. Four out of the five molecular disks show remarkable alignment with the optical major axes of their host galaxies. The molecular masses are a few percent of the total dynamical masses that are implied if the gas is on circular orbits. If the molecular gas forms stars, it will make rotationally supported stellar disks that will be very similar in character to the stellar disks now known to be present in many ellipticals. Comparison of stellar kinematics to gas kinematics in NGC 4476 implies that the molecular gas did not come from internal stellar mass loss because the specific angular momentum of the gas is about 3 times larger than that of the stars.
The $10.10 Minimum Wage Proposal: An Evaluation across States

This paper offers state-level estimates of job loss from increasing the federal minimum wage to $10.10 per hour in 2016. Given the vast differences in nominal wages across geography, a federal increase in minimum wage that is not indexed to local wage levels will have a differential impacts across states. The proposed minimum wage would be binding for between 17 and 18 % of workers nationally. We estimate coverage rates ranging from just 4 % in Washington D.C. to as high as 51 % in Puerto Rico, with 13 states having at least 20 % of the employed population covered by the proposal. Using labor demand elasticities from previous empirical work, these coverage rates imply national employment losses between 550,000 and 1.5 million workers. The range of state estimates shows that states are differentially impacted, with high-end loss estimates ranging between 2.8 % of covered employees in Arkansas to over 41 % in Puerto Rico. Sensitivity analysis highlights that using even a simple methodology with relatively few assumptions for estimating employment loss from minimum wage changes is subject to a high degree of uncertainty.
On the Round Security of Symmetric-Key Cryptographic Primitives

We put forward a new model for understanding the security of symmetric-key primitives, such as block ciphers. The model captures the fact that many such primitives often consist of iterating simpler constructs for a number of rounds, and may provide insight into the security of such designs. We completely characterize the security of four-round Luby-Rackoff ciphers in our model, and show that the ciphers remain secure even if the adversary is given black-box access to the middle two round functions. A similar result can be obtained for message authentication codes based on universal hash functions.
A Mathematical Model of Heart Rate Control by Sympathetic and Vagus Efferent Information

The effect on heart rate of stimulation of sympathetic and vagus efferent nerves to the heart has been described in a qualitative fashion by many investiga tors. However, except for the work of Rosenblueth and Simeone1 in 1934, no attempt has been made to analyze in a quantitative way the dynamic relation ship between heart rate and frequency of stimulation of these nerves. The present study was undertaken with the hope that such an analysis might yield useful information regarding a) the nature of the physical and chemical events involved in this transformation and b) the dynamic and steady-state parameters of this link of the heart rate control system.
Virialization in Dark Energy Cosmology

We discuss the issue of energy nonconservation in the virialization process of the spherical collapse model with homogeneous dark energy. We propose an approximation scheme to find the virialization radius. By comparing various schemes and estimating the parameter characterizing the ratio of dark energy to dark matter at the turnaround time, we conclude that the problem of energy nonconservation may have sizable effects in fitting models to observations.
Testing the Phylogenetic Position of a Parasitic Plant (Cuscuta, Convolvulaceae, Asteridae): Bayesian Inference and the Parametric Bootstrap on Data Drawn from Three Genomes

Previous findings on structural rearrangements in the chloroplast genome of Cuscuta (dodder), the only parasitic genus in the morning-glory family, Convolvulaceae, were attributed to its parasitic life style, but without proper comparison to related nonparasitic members of the family. Before molecular evolutionary questions regarding genome evolution can be answered, the phylogenetic problems within the family need to be resolved. However, the phylogenetic position of parasitic angiosperms and their precise relationship to nonparasitic relatives are difficult to infer. Problems are encountered with both morphological and molecular evidence. Molecular data have been used in numerous studies to elucidate relationships of parasitic taxa, despite accelerated rates of sequence evolution. To address the question of the position of the genus Cuscuta within Convolvulaceae, we generated a new molecular data set consisting of mitochondrial (atpA) and nuclear (RPB2) genes, and analyzed these data together with an existing chloroplast data matrix (rbcL, atpB, trnL-F, and psbE-J), to which an additional chloroplast gene (rpl2) was added. This data set was analyzed with an array of phylogenetic methods, including Bayesian analysis, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony. Further exploration of data was done by using methods of phylogeny hypothesis testing. At least two nonparasitic lineages are shown to diverge within the Convolvulaceae before Cuscuta. However, the exact sister group of Cuscuta could not be ascertained, even though many alternatives were rejected with confidence. Caution is therefore warranted when interpreting the causes of molecular evolution in Cuscuta. Detailed comparisons with nonparasitic Convolvulaceae are necessary before firm conclusions can be reached regarding the effects of the parasitic mode of life on patterns of molecular evolution in Cuscuta.
Computing rank-deficiency of rectangular matrix pencils

Abstract Rectangular matrix pencils arise in many contexts in Linear Control Theory, for example the PBH Test for Controllability and the computation of transmission zeros. In this paper, we examine a method to find the distance from an arbitrary given pencil to a nearby rank-deficient one, in light of the fact that rectangular pencils are generically full-rank. We propose an experimental computational method that exhibits quadratic convergence to a local minimum of this distance function. This partially answers the question of the existence of a rank-deficient pencil in a neighborhood of a given pencil. We use the Algorithm to illustrate some limitations of previous algorithms to measure this distance.
Large dimension homomorphism spaces between Specht modules for symmetric groups

Abstract Let F be a field of characteristic p . We show that Hom F Σ n ( S λ , S μ ) can have arbitrarily large dimension as n and p grow, where S λ and S μ are Specht modules for the symmetric group Σ n . Similar results hold for the Weyl modules of the general linear group. Every previously computed example has been at most one-dimensional, with the exception of Specht modules over a field of characteristic two. The proof uses the work of Chuang and Tan, providing detailed information about the radical series of Weyl modules in Rouquier blocks.
Preparation of Alumina‐Zirconia Powders by Evaporative Decomposition of Solutions

Fine-grained, homogeneously dispersed alumina-zirconia and zirconia powders were prepared by evaporative decomposition of solutions. The pure metastable tetragonal zirconia powder transformed to the monoclinic form when it was heated to 1150°C. The zirconia in the alumina-zirconia powder, which was also in the tetragonal form, did not transform when the powder was heated to 1150° C. This result is explained in terms of inhibition of coarsening of the zirconia grains by the alumina particles.
Source Characterization of Near‐Surface Chemical Explosions at SAFOD

A series of near‐surface chemical explosions conducted at the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) main hole were recorded by high‐frequency downhole receiver arrays in April 2005. These seismic recordings at depths ranging from the surface to 2.3 km constrain the shallow velocity and attenuation structure as well as the first‐order characteristics of the source. Forward modeling of the explosions indicates that a source consisting of combined explosion, delayed implosion, and second‐order moment‐tensor components (corresponding to a distribution of vertical shear dislocations in the rock directly above the explosion) is sufficient to characterize the generated seismic wave fields to first order. Grid searches over source parameters controlling the nonexplosive components allow for the quantification of distributed vertical shear above the source and the estimation of the moment and time delay of the implosive component relative to the explosion. An estimated implosive to explosive moment ratio of 0.34 to 0.43 indicates a net static moment and positive macroscopic volume change.
Random urine protein/creatinine ratio readily predicts proteinuria in preeclampsia.

Objective: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of random urine protein-creatinine (P/C) ratio for prediction of significant proteinuria in preeclampsia as an alternative to the time-consuming 24-hour urine protein collection. Methods: Retrospective record analysis was performed on 140 pregnant women who were admitted with suspicion for preeclampsia from January 2006 to June 2011. Random urine protein and/or 24-hour urine protein levels were assessed and their correlation to random urine P/C ratio and 24-hour urine protein excretion was evaluated. Results: Out of 140 patients, random urine P/C ratio or/and 24-hour urine protein was performed in 79 patients to evaluate significant proteinuria. Of 79 patients, 46 (58%) underwent both tests whereas in 33 women (42%) 24-hour urine collection was not available due to urgent delivery. In 39 cases (85%), significant proteinuria (≥300 mg/24 hr) was detected with 6 cases (13%) having values over 5,000 mg/24 hr, corresponding to the diagnosis of severe preeclampsia. Random urine P/C ratio highly correlated with 24-hour urine protein excretion (r=0.823, P<0.01). The optimal random urine P/C ratio cutoff points were 0.63 and 4.68 for 300 mg/24 hr and 5,000 mg/24 hr of protein excretion, respectively. with each sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 87.1%, 100%, 100%, and 58.3%; and 100%, 85%, 50%, and 100%, for significant and severe preeclampsia, respectively. Conclusion: Random urine P/C ratio is a reliable indicator of significant proteinuria in preeclampsia and may be better at providing earlier diagnostic information than the 24-hour urine protein excretion with more accuracy than the urinary dipstick test.
Para-chlorobenzyl protecting groups as stabilizers of the glycosidic linkage: Synthesis of the 3′-O-sulfated Lewis x trisaccharide

Abstract The 3′-O-sulfated trisaccharide Lewis x (1) and unsulfated Lewis x (2) have been synthesized using a route that highlights a more facile regioselective benzylidene ring-opening procedure and the employment of chlorobenzyl groups as a way of strengthening the acid-labile α-fucose linkage.
Fabrication and full-scale structural evaluation of glass-fabric reinforced plastic shells.

This paper reports the initial investigations on full-size sandwich shell structures consisting of cylindrically curved panels and full cylinders, although some previous work in fabrication and basic buckling tests on small flat panels is presented as background information. The large thin-walled sandwich shells were fabricated by bonding 2-ply epoxy-fiber glass laminate facings to aluminum honeycomb cores. The curved panels were tested in axial compression and in torsional shear. The complete cylinders were loaded in a special torsionbending testing frame capable of applying bending moments and torques of 3,000,000 in.Ib. each. In general, the buckling test results compared as well with calculated values as do those for buckling of homogeneous isotropic shells.
New Results in Light-Front Phenomenology ∗

The light-front quantization of gauge theories in light-cone gauge provides a frame-independent wavefunction representation of relativistic bound states, simple forms for current matrix elements, explicit unitarity, and a trivial vacuum. In this talk I review the theoretical methods and constraints which can be used to determine these central elements of QCD phenomenology. The freedom to choose the light-like quantization four-vector provides an explicitly covariant formulation of light-front quantization and can be used to determine the analytic structure of light-front wave functions and define a kinematical definition of angular momentum. The AdS/CFT correspondence of large NC supergravity theory in higher-dimensional anti-de Sitter space with supersymmetric QCD in four-dimensional space-time has interesting implications for hadron phenomenology in the conformal limit, including an all-orders demonstration of counting rules for exclusive processes. String/gauge duality also predicts the QCD power-law behavior of light-front Fock-state hadronic wavefunctions with arbitrary orbital angular momentum at high momentum transfer. The form of these near-conformal wavefunctions can be used as an initial ansatz for a variational treatment of the light-front QCD Hamiltonian. The light-front Fock-state wavefunctions encode the bound state properties of hadrons in terms of their quark and gluon degrees of freedom at the amplitude level. The nonperturbative Fock-state wavefunctions contain intrinsic gluons, and sea quarks at any scale Q with asymmetries such as \(s(x) \ne \bar{s}(x), \bar{u}(x) \ne \bar{d}(x)\). Intrinsic charm and bottom quarks appear at large x in the light-front wavefunctions since this minimizes the invariant mass and off-shellness of the higher Fock state. In the case of nuclei, the Fock state expansion contains “hidden color” states which cannot be classified in terms of nucleonic degrees of freedom. I also briefly review recent analyses which show that some leading-twist phenomena such as the diffractive component of deep inelastic scattering, single-spin asymmetries, nuclear shadowing and antishadowing cannot be computed from the LFWFs of hadrons in isolation.
Long Time Dynamic Simulations: Exploring the Folding Pathways of an Alzheimer's Amyloid Aβ-Peptide

We describe the MaxFlux algorithm for the computation of likely pathways for global macromolecular conformational transitions. The algorithm assumes an overdamped diffusive dynamics for the biomolecule, appropriate to large scale conformational changes. As an application of the MaxFlux method, we explore conformational transitions between α-helical, collapsed coil, and β-sheet conformations of an amyloid Aβ-peptide. The resulting transition pathways are analyzed in terms of the mechanism of conformational transition and the progression of the peptide energetics in both an aqueous and a membrane-mimicking nonpolar solvent.
Classification of action potentials in multi-unit intrafascicular recordings using neural network pattern-recognition techniques

Neural network pattern-recognition techniques were applied to the problem of identifying the sources of action potentials in multi-unit neural recordings made from intrafascicular electrodes implanted in cats. The network was a three-layer connectionist machine that used digitized action potentials as input. On average, the network was able to reliably separate 6 or 7 units per recording. As the number of units present in the recording increased beyond this limit, the number separable by the network remained roughly constant. The results demonstrate the utility of neural networks for classifying neural activity in multi-unit recordings. >
A Simple Estimator for Dynamic Models with Serially Correlated Unobservables

We present a method for estimating Markov dynamic models with unobserved state variables which can be serially correlated over time. We focus on the case where all the model variables have discrete support. Our estimator is simple to compute because it is noniterative, and involves only elementary matrix manipulations. Our estimation method is nonparametric, in that no parametric assumptions on the distributions of the unobserved state variables or the laws of motions of the state variables are required. Monte Carlo simulations show that the estimator performs well in practice, and we illustrate its use with a dataset of doctors’ prescription of pharmaceutical drugs.
Bending Dominated Beam Dynamics: Continuous Shape Functions, Boundary Conditions and Internal Loads:

Predicted solutions to flexible beam dynamics problems involving large overall prescribed motion are investigated using two existing continuous shape function approaches. The beam is cantilevered to a rigid rotating table at one end and attached to the table by way of a tether spring at the other end. It is demonstrated that the free-interface component mode approach provides a significantly more accurate solution than the traditional cantilever beam eigenfunction approach. The chief difference between the two approaches is the continuous shape functions used and the handling of the boundary conditions. The beam in this study, in contrast to a previous study, is oriented such that the steady-state response of the beam is dominated by its bending behavior. It is shown that the internal loads acting on the beam must be considered in order to demonstrate the distinctive differences between the two approaches. Finally, it is demonstrated that adding a new static shape function to the existing free-interface c...
A Review of the Potential of Liquid-Methane Fuel for Supersonic Transports

Starting in late 1964, studies have been conducted to explore the potential of liquid methane as a fuel for aircraft[1–4]. Particular emphasis has been placed on its application to the proposed commercial supersonic transport (SST). The purpose of this paper is to review, for the nonairplane specialist, the results obtained to date.
Mid-Infrared Observations of the White Dwarf-Brown Dwarf Binary GD 1400

Fluxes are measured for the DA white dwarf plus brown dwarf pair GD 1400 with the Infrared Array Camera on the Spitzer Space Telescope. GD 1400 displays an infrared excess over the entire 3–8 μm region consistent with the presence of a mid- to late-type L dwarf companion. A discussion is given regarding current knowledge of this unique system.
Mesoporous Prussian Blue Analogues: Template‐Free Synthesis and Sodium‐Ion Battery Applications

The synthesis of mesoporous Prussian blue analogues through a template-free methodology and the application of these mesoporous materials as high-performance cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries is presented. Crystalline mesostructures were produced through a synergistically coupled nanocrystal formation and aggregation mechanism. As cathodes for sodium-ion batteries, the Prussian blue analogues all show a reversible capacity of 65 mA h g-1 at low current rate and show excellent cycle stability. The reported method stands as an environmentally friendly and low-cost alternative to hard or soft templating for the fabrication of mesoporous materials.
Contracting, Signaling of Uncertain Quality, and Price Volatility?

* Respectively, Graduate Assistant and Professor, Pennsylvania State University (corresponding author) Robert D. Weaver 207 D Armsby Building Dept of Agricultural Economics Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 (O) 814-863-8632 (F) 814-865-3746 r2w@psu.edu Ming-Chin Chin Dept of Agricultural Economics Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 (o) 814-863-0019 (F) 814-865-3746 mxc428@email.psu.edu
Involutory Hopf group-coalgebras and flat bundles over 3-manifolds

Given a group �, we use involutory Hopf �-coalgebras to define a scalar invariant of flat �-bundles over 3-manifolds. When � = 1, this invariant equals the one for 3-manifolds constructed by Kuperberg from involutory Hopf algebras. We give examples which show that this invariant is non-trivial.
An objective definition of a vortex

The most widely used definitions of a vortex are not objective: they identify different structures as vortices in frames that rotate relative to each other. Yet a frame-independent vortex definition is essential for rotating flows and for flows with interacting vortices. Here we define a vortex as a set of fluid trajectories along which the strain acceleration tensor is indefinite over directions of zero strain. Physically, this objective criterion identifies vortices as material tubes in which material elements do not align with directions suggested by the strain eigenvectors. We show using examples how this vortex criterion outperforms earlier frame-dependent criteria. As a side result, we also obtain an objective criterion for hyperbolic Lagrangian structures.
Willingness-to-pay for organic food products and organic purity: Experimental evidence

The market for organic products has been growing rapidly over the past decade, and is now available not only in specialty stores like Whole Foods but also in Hy-Vee and other large grocery stores and super markets. Even Wal-Mart and Target carry organic produce and dairy products. This paper uses information collected in laboratory experiments to test the hypothesis that some consumers are willing-to-pay more for organic than conventional food and that they will pay more for organic food with higher degrees of organic purity. The participants in the experiments are from the Ames, Iowa area. The experimental products are organic and conventional co↵ee, maple syrup and olive oil. We found that participants were willing to pay higher prices for an organic product with high levels of organic purity. Also, individuals with more education were willing to pay more for organic relative to conventional products, and additional household income (per capita basis) increased willingness-to-pay for organic products up to $85,400, and willingness-to-pay decreased as per capita household income increased above $85,400.
Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Evidence on the Participation of Quadrivalent Nickel in the Nickel Hydroxide Redox Reaction

Electrochemical and iodometric measurements on anodically charged thin film nickel hydroxide electrodes indicated an average nickel valence of . In situ visible spectroscopy of nickel hydroxide deposited on optically transparent electrodes featured one strong and broad absorption band with an intensity proportional to the state of charge. The results are not consistent with the presence of separate trivalent and quadrivalent phases or the participation of peroxide radicals in the nickel hydroxide redox reaction, but are best explained by the formation of a single mixed valence phase such as which has a 3.67 average nickel valence. Full utilization of the proposed oxidized phase could increase the discharge capacity of nickel battery electrodes by 67% beyond the previously assumed one‐electron theoretical capacity. That the discharge is generally incomplete may be due to electronic isolation of portions of the oxidized material by a high resistivity layer of divalent nickel hydroxide produced at the surface during discharge.
Study of meander line delay in circuit boards

A moment technique is used to determine the propagation delay in meander (serpentine) delay lines located in printed circuit boards of computer systems. The full three-dimensional effects of the meander structure including signal line thickness, right-angle bends, and skin-effect are included. A set of delay lines having different pitches are considered, and results are calculated and compared to those from two-dimensional simulations, other commercial codes, analytic formulas in the literature, and experimental measurements. Based on the consistency of the results and sensitivity analyses involving numerical gridding and frequency content, the delays calculated for meander lines situated in a homogeneous medium are accurate to better than a few tenths of a percent.
Autonomous Trajectory Planning for Rendezvous and Proximity Operations by Conic Optimization

Autonomous rendezvous and proximity operations of spacecraft require the capability of onboard planning and executing highly constrained trajectories without ground support. This paper presents a general and rigorous methodology and algorithmic procedure toward this goal with a target vehicle that can be in an arbitrary orbit. The rendezvous and proximity operations problem is formulated as a nonlinear optimal control problem, subject to various state and control inequality constraints and equality constraints on interior points and terminal conditions. By a lossless relaxation technique, a relaxed problem is formed, the solution of which is proven to be equivalent to that of the original rendezvous and proximity operations problem. The relaxed problem is then solved by a novel successive solution process, in which the solutions of a sequence of constrained subproblems with linear, time-varying dynamics are sought. After discretization, each of these problems becomes a second-order cone programming proble...
No Evidence Found That Hospitals Are Using New Electronic Health Records To Increase Medicare Reimbursements

The recent uptick in hospital adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) has been accompanied by growing concerns among some policy makers that hospitals may use these systems to select billing codes that reflect more intensive care or a sicker patient population in order to generate more revenue through higher reimbursements. Such "upcoding" would increase overall health care spending. We used national data to examine whether new adoption of EHRs was associated with increases in coded patient acuity or Medicare payments. We found that hospitals that adopted EHRs increased billing to Medicare, but at a rate comparable to that of matched controls of non-EHR adopters. In our difference-in-differences models, patient acuity and payment per discharge were essentially the same between adopters and nonadopters. We also failed to find a relationship between adoption and either patient acuity or payment within groups of hospitals that may be more likely to use EHRs to increase coding and revenue, such as for-profit hospitals and those in highly competitive markets. Thus, we found no empirical evidence to suggest that hospitals are systematically using EHRs to increase reimbursement. Our findings should reduce concerns that EHR adoption by itself will increase the costs of hospital care.