cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of quantum radiation observed as sonoluminescence.

Sonoluminescence is explained in terms of quantum radiation by moving interfaces between media of different polarizability. In a stationary dielectric the zero-point fluctuations of the electromagnetic field excite virtual two-photon states, which become real under perturbation due to motion of the dielectric. The sonoluminescent bubble is modeled as an optically empty cavity in a homogeneous dielectric. The problem of the photon emission by a cavity of time-dependent radius is handled in a Hamiltonian formalism, which is dealt with perturbatively up to first order in the velocity of the bubble surface over the speed of light. A parameter dependence of the zeroth-order Hamiltonian in addition to the first-order perturbation calls for a novel perturbative method combining standard perturbation theory with an adiabatic approximation. In this way the transition amplitude from the vacuum into a two-photon state is obtained, and expressions for the single-photon spectrum and the total energy radiated during one flash are given both in full and in the short-wavelength approximation when the bubble is larger than the wavelengths of the emitted light. A model profile is assumed for the time dependence of the bubble during the collapse, and in this model the radiated energy and the spectrum are calculated numerically and in the short-wavelength limit also analytically. It is shown analytically that the spectral density has the same frequency dependence as blackbody radiation; this is purely an effect of correlated quantum fluctuations at zero temperature. The present theory clarifies a number of hitherto unsolved problems and suggests explanations for several more. Possible experiments that discriminate this from other theories of Sonoluminescence are proposed.
An overview of the strengths and limitations of biological assays in quality control

Abstract Biological assays have been an integral part of the regulation of biological products in the United States since licensing of the first product in 1902. Bioassays have been used along with other methodologies in the assessment of identity, purity, safety, potency and stability. The technology of production, i.e. normal or recombinant, has not altered the use or value of these assays. Although many scientists and regulators would prefer to replace all in vivo bioassays with other assays, there is a reluctance to agree that this will be possible, at least in the near future. Scientific efforts are continuing to be focussed on the development of more precise, reliable and less cumbersome assay methods. This paper presents an overview of the strengths and limitations of bioassays as used in quality control, followed by a discussion of specific biological products as models for these principles.
Male contributions to egg production: the role of accessory gland products and sperm in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster seminal fluid components, accessory gland proteins (Acps) and sperm, induce females to deposit high numbers of fertilized eggs for about 11 days. This high and sustained level of egg deposition requires that oogenesis be stimulated to provide the necessary mature oocytes. To investigate the relative timing and contributions of Acps and sperm in the egg-production process, we examined the rates of oogenic progression and egg deposition in females mated to genetically altered males that have seminal fluid deficient in Acps and/or sperm, and subjected these data to path analysis. We found that Acps and sperm are complementary stimuli necessary for inducing high rates of oogenic progression and rapid egg deposition. While egg deposition and oogenic progression can be induced by Acps alone, both Acps and sperm are required for maximum stimulation of oogenic progression and egg deposition immediately after mating.
The 2011 flood in Minot (North Dakota, USA) and the role of faith-based and nonprofit groups in hazard event response and recovery

The specific impact of community-based and faith-based groups on disaster response and recovery is a relatively recent complement to existing work on the role of these groups in public circles. It is generally recognized that communities in need may rely upon these groups to some extent when confronted with extraordinary events, but additional case studies of the potential extent of this reliance and sharing of learning between communities are necessary. This paper highlights the experience of the city of Minot, North Dakota, which suffered an immense flood in 2011, and the role of community-based and faith-based groups in supporting city׳s successful recovery effort. The question is considered: what were the impacts of nonprofit and faith-based groups on the 2011 Souris (Mouse) River flood response and recovery? The research relies upon primary data from interviews conducted with local public and faith-based group leaders. Nonprofit and faith-based groups had a particularly impressive impact on response and recovery in Minot.
Galanin in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdala of the rat: lack of sexual dimorphism despite regulation of gene expression across puberty

Neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the medial amygdala (AMe) coexpress vasopressin and galanin (GAL) in the adult male rat. Here, we have asked whether GAL gene expression, like vasopressin gene expression in these same neurons, exhibits sexual dimorphism and whether GAL pathways in the BNST and AMe are activated with puberty in female rats as we have previously observed in male rats. In Exp 1, in situ hybridization histochemistry and quantitative autoradiography were used to compare GAL gene expression in the BNST and AMe of prepubertal (24-day-old) and adult (90-day-old) male and female rats. In the BNST, both the number of GAL mRNA-expressing neurons (F = 41.98; P < or = 0.0001; males, P < or = 0.007; females, P < or = 0.001) and the intensity of labeling (F = 40.35; P < or = 0.0001; males, P < or = 0.004; females, P < or = 0.002) were significantly increased in adult compared to prepubertal animals of both sexes. In the AMe of both males (P < or = 0.001) and females (P < or ...
Detailed numerical simulations of flame propagation in coal-dust clouds

A detailed numerical study was conducted to understand the transient flame propagation process in coal-dust clouds. The model includes detailed chemistry for the gas-phase combustion; devolatilisation kinetics; full coupling between the gas and solid phases; and radiative heat transfer. Furthermore, it solves the gas- and particle-phase momentum equations for the two-phase dynamics. The results show that the flame-speed oscillation phenomenon, which in a previous study was observed for carbon-dust clouds, was not observed for high-volatile coal dust. This is because for high-volatile dusts, such as coal, surface reactions have little impact on flame propagation, which is in fact dominated by volatile combustion. The flame speed largely depends on the devolatilisation rate. For the same reason, neither radiative emission nor absorption is important in high-volatile dust flames because of the much shorter timescale of volatile combustion. The flame structure can be divided into five zones: unburned, preheat...
Estimation of adhesive bond strength in laminated safety glass using guided mechanical waves

Laminated safety glass samples with different levels of adhesive bond strength were manufactured and tested using mechanical guided waves. The adhesive bond strength of the test samples was then also evaluated using the commonly used destructive testing method, i.e., the pummel test method. The imperfect interfaces between the plastic interface and the two adjacent glass plates were modeled using a bed of longitudinal and shear springs. The spring constants were estimated using fracture mechanics concepts in conjunction with surface analysis of the plastic interlayer and of the two adjacent glass plates using atomic force microscopy and profilometer measurements. In addition to mode shape analysis, the phase and energy velocities were calculated and discussed. The guided wave theoretical predictions of adhesion levels (obtained using this multilayered model) were validated using the pummel test results. Results show that this approach is useful in the nondestructive assessment of adhesive bond strength in laminated safety glass.
An experimental study of the effects of particle cloud impingement.

Particle clouds impingement effects, analyzing damages produced by exhaust from aluminized solid propellant rocket motors
Turbulence modeling for flow in a distribution manifold

Abstract An investigation of candidate turbulence models for application to the flow in a distribution manifold has been performed by a synergistic combination of numerical simulation and laboratory experiments. The investigated manifold was a cylindrical chamber fitted with an array of discharge slots deployed axially and uniformly along the length of the chamber. Three turbulence models were considered for the numerical simulations: standard k–ϵ, renormalized group k–ϵ (RNG), and realizable k–ϵ (REAL). The numerical predictions obtained from the application of these models were compared with the experimental results, and the REAL model was found to provide the best representation of the data. Special attention was given to the pressure variation along the length of the manifold, the per-exit-slot mass discharge, and the angle at which the exiting mass leaves the manifold. The departure angle is related to the axial momentum carried by the exiting flow. As confirmed by both the numerical simulations and the experiments, the departure angles varied from 68 to 90° from the upstream end to the downstream end of the manifold (90° is perpendicular to the axis). An in-depth study of numerical accuracy was performed encompassing number of nodes, deployment of nodes, and positioning of the solution domain.
Successful pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes: from preconception through postpartum care.

This article discusses the risks of pregnancy for mothers with type 1 diabetes and their babies, emphasizing appropriate preconception counseling and management goals; optimizing glycemic monitoring and intensifying insulin therapy during the metabolically dynamic process of pregnancy; appropriately evaluating women and their fetuses for complications of both diabetes and intensive diabetes therapy during pregnancy; and peripartum and postpartum glycemic control.
Assessment and Intervention with Black-White Multiracial Couples

SUMMARY Effective therapy with Black-White multiracial couples begins with therapist work on self attitudes and with sensitive assessment of the ways racism and race may or may not be connected to a couple's problems. We suggest ways to begin to explore self attitudes and suggest basic assessment questions for work with Black-White couples. In addition, we point out important clinical issues that may come up for Black-White couples in the areas of social support/social network, parenting, and grief.
Polyisobutylene-based miktoarm star polymers via a combination of carbocationic and atom transfer radical polymerizations

Abstract Poly(isobutylene- b -styrene) (PIB–PS) copolymers and polyisobutylene (PIB) homopolymers were synthesized via quasiliving carbocationic polymerization from the initiator 3,3,5-trimethyl-5-chlorohexyl acetate, which contains a protected hydroxyl group. The PIB block was created at −70 °C in a methylcyclohexane/methyl chloride (60:40) cosolvent system, using TiCl 4 as co-initiator, followed optionally by sequential addition of styrene. Using a strong base, the acetate head group of the resulting block copolymer was cleaved to yield a hydroxyl group, which was subsequently esterified with the branching agent 2,2-bis((2-bromo-2-methyl)propionatomethyl)propionyl chloride (BPPC) to create dual initiating sites for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). ATRP of tert -butyl acrylate was carried out using a Cu(I)Br/1,1,4,7,7-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) catalyst system. In some cases, the ester side chains of the poly( tert -butyl acrylate) (P t BA) blocks were cleaved to create poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) blocks. The final miktoarm star polymers had compositions that were very close to theoretical.
Biological notes on Pacific Coast Aphid parasites, and lists of California parasites (Aphidiinae) and their aphid hosts (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Biological notes on distribution, new rearing data, hyperparasites, diapause, and other observations are given for 18 California species and 5 British Columbia species of Aphidiinae, based on scrutiny of 1500 specimens reared from 1956 to 1958. In addition, distribution, hosts, and diapause are noted for 9 species of secondary parasites. There are now 26 described species of Aphidiinae known from California, 18 of which occur in southern California. These parasites attack 68 species of aphids in 24 genera, of which 23 species and 4 genera are added as new hosts. Parasite-host and host-parasite lists are added for easy reference. New records for California aphid parasites are Aphidius (Aphidius) nigripes Ashmead, A. (A.) pisivorus Smith, A. (Lysiphlebus) chrysoaphidis Smith, and Praon unicus Smith. Asaphes fletcheri (Crawford), a primary parasite of Aphidius (A.) nigriteleus Smith, is also a new California record. New records for British Columbia aphid parasites are Aphidius (Aphidius) ohioensis Smith, A. (A.) pisivorus Smith, A. (A.) ribis Haliday and Ephedrus californicus Baker. Euneura lachni (Ashmead), a primary parasite of Aphidius (Protaphidius) ponderosae Muesebeck, is also a new British Columbia record.
How calmodulin interacts with the adenosine A(2A) and the dopamine D(2) receptors.

Receptor heteromerization is a mechanism used by G protein-coupled receptors to diversify their properties and function. We previously demonstrated that these interactions occur through salt bridge formation between epitopes of the involved receptors. Recent studies claim that calmodulin (CaM) binds to an Arg-rich epitope located in the amino-terminus of the dopamine D2 receptor third intracellular loop. This is the same epitope involved in adenosine A2A-D2 receptor heteromerization, through Coulombic interaction between the Arg residues and a phosphorylated serine (pS) located in the medial segment of the C-terminus of the A2A receptor. Mass spectrometric analysis indicates that an electrostatic interaction involving the D2 receptor Arg-rich epitope and several CaM acidic epitopes are mainly responsible for the D2 receptor-CaM binding. CaM could also form multiple noncovalent complexes by means of electrostatic interactions with an epitope localized in the proximal segment of the C-terminus of the A2A re...
In the Shadow of Henry Clay: How to Choose a Successful Opposition Presidential Candidate

This article explores one aspect of how presidential candidates from the opposition party can be successful in the general election. The project accepts as a given Stephen Skowronek's notion that American political history can be described as a series of "regimes" that favor one party over the other. This research extends that notion to an analysis of presidential elections. If political eras tend to favor presidential candidates from the governing party, how do candidates from the opposition party–lthe Zachary Taylors, Grover Clevelands, and Bill Clintons of the world–get elected? Purist representatives of the opposition party's anchor faction–Henry Clay, William Jennings Bryan, Barry Goldwater–are remarkably unsuccessful in upending the dominant regime, whereas military heroes (Zachary Taylor, Dwight Eisenhower) or relative unknowns (Grover Cleveland, Woodrow Wilson) achieve greater success. This project is an attempt to look more systematically at this dynamic–to explore how the notion of political tim...
Subjective interpretation, laboratory error and the value of forensic DNA evidence: three case studies.

This article discusses two factors that may profoundly affect the value of DNA evidence for proving that two samples have a common source: uncertainty about the interpretation of test results and the possibility of laboratory error. Three case studies are presented to illustrate the importance of the analyst’s subjective judgments in interpreting some RFLP-based forensic DNA tests. In each case, the likelihood ratio describing the value of DNA evidence is shown to be dramatically reduced by uncertainty about the scoring of bands and the possibility of laboratory error. The article concludes that statistical estimates of the frequency of matching genotypes can be a misleading index of the value of DNA evidence, and that more adequate indices are needed. It also argues that forensic laboratories should comply with the National Research Council’s recommendation that forensic test results be scored in a blind or objective manner.
The Relationship between Safety and Quality Management in Construction

Construction companies are constantly dealing with project safety and quality issues. Research indicates that characteristics of successful safety management are similar to those of successful qual...
Emerging Pressures on Public Policies for the Aging.

O uting the last 15 years, political activity and policy enactments in aging have grown remarkably. Membership in aging-based organizations has increased by a factor of several hundreds to where it now approximates 10 million. New cadres of professionals have created and expanded aging specializations in planning, social service delivery, research, and training. Public agencies on aging, some with cabinet level status, are in place nationwide at all levels of government. Legislative committees on aging at the national and state levels are now well established, both lending political legitimacy to the aging and promoting their policy interests.
The Milky Way 3-Helium Abundance

We are making precise determinations of the abundance of the light isotope of helium, 3He. The 3He abundance in Milky Way sources impacts stellar evolution, chemical evolution, and cosmology. The abundance of 3He is derived from measurements of the hyperfine transition of 3He+ which has a rest wavelength of 3.46 cm (8.665 GHz). As with all the light elements, the present interstellar 3He abundance results from a combination of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBNS) and stellar nucleosynthesis. We are measuring the 3He abundance in Milky Way H ii regions and planetary nebulae (PNe). The source sample is currently comprised of 60 H ii regions and 12 PNe. H ii regions are examples of zero-age objects that are young relative to the age of the Galaxy. Therefore their abundances chronicle the results of billions of years of Galactic chemical evolution. PNe probe material that has been ejected from low-mass (M≤ 2M ⊙) to intermediate-mass (M∼2–5M ⊙) stars to be further processed by future stellar generations. Because the Milky Way ISM is optically thin at centimeter wavelengths, our source sample probes a larger volume of the Galactic disk than does any other light element tracer of Galactic chemical evolution. The sources in our sample possess a wide range of physical properties (including object type, size, temperature, excitation, etc.). The 3He abundances we derive have led to what has been called “The 3He Problem”.
Catecholamine stimulation of iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity in rat dispersed brown adipocytes.

We describe an in vitro system for evaluating the direct effects of catecholamines on the activity of the type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase in dispersed rat brown adipocytes. Incubation with norepinephrine or phenylephrine for 3–4 h causes up to a 5-fold increase in deiodinase activity in these cells. As found in in. vivo studies, the norepinephrine stimulation is blocked by coincubation with the β-adrenergic antagonist prazosin. The α1-adrenergic antagonist alprenolol either has no effect or increases stimulation by norepinephrine. These results suggest that β-adrenergic agonists inhibit the activation or synthesis of the deiodinase in these cells. (Endocrinology 120: 1069–1072, 1987)
Toward Version 7 of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care: Medical and Therapeutic Approaches to Treatment

ABSTRACT The World Professional Association for Transgender Health's (WPATH, formerly the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association) Standards of Care (SOC), Version 6, is in the process of revision. In considering the next revision of the SOC, a number of articles were commissioned to examine various parts of the current WPATH SOC and review the literature pertaining to those sections. These papers were designed to (a) review the evidence (and provide us with references); (b) point out where research is lacking and needed; and (c) make possible recommendations (significant and cosmetic) to the SOC based upon new evidence. This article introduces the fourth set of articles pertaining to medical and therapeutic approaches to treatment.
The bathing behavior of the chinchilla: Effects of deprivation

Four chinchilla were deprived of the sand in which they rub their fur by spinning. With increased levels of deprivation the number of spins increased and the time course of the spins was altered.
Effectiveness of the Mandatory Minority Business Set-Aside Contracting Goals A Regression Analysis

Section 221 of Public Law 95-507 mandates that the head of each federal agency, after consultation with the Small Business Administration, establish realistic goals for each fiscal year for the awa...
Focusing on feature-based differences in map comparison

Differences between two maps can be quantified using any cartometric summary; of these, feature-based statistics are potentially more relevant than pixel-based statistics. Distributions of feature areas and shape indices from the workshop maps were compared using a classic information theory index. To place differences in a significance context, uncertainty about cartometrics that arise from both the form of data model and mapping function are considered. Data model characteristics such as raster cell size, raster origin and attribute membership functions can generate variation without the existence of feature differences in the actual surfaces. Stochastic simulation can represent uncertainty due to the mapping function. An understanding of the end-to-end map generation process, absent in the workshop example, can help build a description of its space of uncertainty so that cartometric quantities can be meaningfully compared.
Reply to Eysenck

Abstract In this response to Eysenck's comments we argue that a contemporary review of the literature would favor the five-factor model; we attempt to explain the observed correlations between scales that measure different factors; and we reiterate our view that the systematic description of personality must precede, not follow, personality theory.
Tumor suppressor genes: the puzzle and the promise

Tumor suppressor genes are wild-type alleles of genes that play regulatory roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and other cellular and systemic processes. It is their loss or inactivation that is oncogenic. The first evidence of tumor suppressor genes appeared in the early 1970s, but only within the past few years has a wealth of new information illuminated the central importance of these genes. Two or more different suppressor genes may be inactivated in the same tumors, and the same suppressors may be inactive in different tumor types (for example, lung, breast, and colon). The suppressor genes already identified are involved in cell cycle control, signal transduction, angiogenesis, and development, indicating that they contribute to a broad array of normal and tumor-related functions. It is proposed that tumor suppressor genes provide a vast untapped resource for anticancer therapy.
Experienced Auditors' Information Acquisition: A Research Note Utilising Questioning Methodology

Abstract Fourteen manager-level auditors from major international accounting firms participated in an experiment designed to study their acquisition of information. They were presented with case material resembling information they would encounter at the preliminary stages of an audit and were asked to verbalise any questions or requests for additional information. The experiment yielded protocols consisting of more than 1600 questions. The questions were classified into semantic categories using a taxonomy from Graesser et al. (1988). Following the semantic classification, question groups of two types were identified, groups that illustrated diagnostic activity and groups that demonstrated a general scanning. Diagnostic activity differed depending on the financial health of the firm. In contrast, scanning activity remained at an approximately constant level.
Evidence for sulfurization and the origin of some sudbury-type ores

The suggestion that Sudbury-type ores may be formed by the introduction of country rock sulfur into still hot intrusions (i.e., sulfurization) suffers from a reputed lack of field evidence. Permissive evidence for sulfurization includes the epigenetic nature of many Sudbury-type ores and that many Sudbury-type ores crystallized from sulfide melts. Visual evidence exists for sulfurization of a gabbro in Zambia. The lead isotopic composition of ore minerals at Sudbury implies that at least some of the metals were derived from the erruptive. Published sulfur isotopic data from several Sudbury-type ores differ from and do not exhibit a common pattern of isotopic enrichment with respect to sulfides within associated intrusions. Evidently the sulfur was derived from the country rocks. Sudbury-type ores exhibiting magmatic textures commonly occur within more siliceous dikes than the host intrusions. Inorganic reduction of sulfate occurs only above 600° C. Reduction of sulfate with resultant sulfurization of ferrous iron and traces of other metals originally present in the still hot parental intrusive rock would make the rock more siliceous. Above 1100° C the silicate-residue and newly formed sulfides would form immiscible magmas. Therefore, ore magmas within and near mafic intrusives can be epigenetic. The processes by which sulfur is introduced into intrusions are still speculative.
Steroidogenic Activity, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Production, and Proliferation of Granulosa and Theca Cells Obtained from Dominant Preovulatory and Nonovulatory Follicles during the Bovine Estrous Cycle: Effects of Low-Density and High-Density Lipoproteins'

The role of high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL) in regulating steroidogenic activity, cellular viability and proliferation, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production was examined in granulosa and theca cells from dominant preovulatory (DO) and nonovulatory (DNO) bovine follicles. Follicles were obtained from pluriparous nonlactating beef cows at ovariectomy 24 h after administration of a luteolytic dose of prostaglandin F2 alpha (DO) or during the first follicular wave on Days 5-8 of the estrous cycle (DNO). Lipoprotein effects on hormone production (ng/1.5 x 10(5) viable cells) and cell viability were studied in serum-free, defined medium containing LH and FSH (granulosa) or LH only (theca). During late stages (96-144 h) of culture, HDL in the presence of gonadotropins increased (p < 0.001) the production of progesterone by granulosa and theca cells and the production of IGF-I by granulosa cells. LDL did not stimulate granulosa or thecal progesterone synthesis and attenuated HDL-stimulated progesterone production by both cell types. Gonadotropin stimulation of terminal synthetic pathways was either attenuated (granulosa estradiol production) by addition of lipoproteins or maximally stimulated (theca cell androstenedione production) by a combination of LDL and HDL. Both lipoproteins increased (p < 0.05) granulosa cell viability in both follicle types, and a marked proliferation (p < 0.001) of steroidogenically inactive theca cells was observed from DO but not DNO follicles. Proliferation potential appeared to be switched off during the late stages of maturation of DNO follicles and switched on after induced luteal regression and rescue of DO follicles.
Regulation of Latent Sensory Hair Cell Precursors by Glia in the Zebrafish Lateral Line

The lateral line is a placodally derived mechanosensory organ in anamniotes that detects the movement of water. In zebrafish embryos, a migrating primordium deposits seven to nine clusters of sensory hair cells, or neuromasts, at intervals along the trunk. Postembryonically, neuromasts continue to be added. We show that some secondary neuromasts arise from a pool of latent precursors that are deposited by the primordium between primary neuromasts. Interneuromast cells lie adjacent to the lateral line nerve and associated glia. These cells remain quiescent while they are juxtaposed with the glia; however, when they move away from the nerve they increase proliferation and form neuromasts. If glia are manually removed or genetically ablated by mutations in cls/sox10, hypersensitive (hps), or rowgain (rog), neuromasts precociously differentiate. Transplantation of wt glia into mutants rescues the appropriate temporal differentiation of interneuromast cells. Our studies reveal a role for glia in regulating sensory hair cell precursors.
Disrupting addiction through the loss of drug-associated internal states.

Damage to the insula enables some smokers to quit easily and without relapse, reports a recent paper. The lesion may disrupt a a representation of internal bodily urges that is normally cued by learned drug associations.
Electron-irradiation-induced structural and compositional changes on alkali halide surfaces

Abstract Compositional and topological changes induced by low-energy electron irradiation have been observed on thin films and single crystals of alkali halides using secondary electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Alkali-metal-rich structures with diameters of up to several microns were found on the sample surfaces. The results give new insights ona related problem: electron- and photon-stimulated desorption.
Utility of Simple Models for Capture Zone Delineation in Heterogeneous Unconfined Aquifers

Monte Carlo simulation is used to examine the utility of simple (homogeneous/isotropic) models for the delineation of wellhead protection areas (WHPAs) in heterogeneous, statistically anisotropic, unconfined aquifers. Capture zone geometry is investigated under two hydrologic conditions: regional gradient negligible compared to pumping and significant regional gradient compared to the local gradient due to pumping. Variability of capture zone geometry is quantified in terms of simple measurements (maximum transport distance and maximum width of the capture zone) and the probability of inclusion in the capture zone of a series of hypothetical contaminant source locations. These results indicate that substantial uncertainty exists in the delineation of a wellhead capture zone. This uncertainty is related, principally, to flow that occurs along preferential pathways associated with zones of high hydraulic conductivity. It is suggested that these uncertainties can be accommodated in one of three fashions depending on the value of land, the benefit of wellhead protection, and the availability of funds to perform more thorough field assessment. The first option is to modify the estimated capture zone by a factor of safety. In the absence of significant regional flow, a factor of safety of approximately three applied to the calculated fixed radius estimate of the capture zone appears to be sufficient for the conditions simulated in this project. In the case of a capture zone within a significant regional gradient, uncertainty in the location of the real capture zone will require safety factors on the width of the estimated capture zone on the order of 30, with a safety factor of approximately three in the longitudinal direction. The second option reduces these factors of safety by increasing the risk that the estimated capture zone will not cover the entire area of the real capture zone. Work available in the literature provides insight into the trade-off between the size of the estimated capture zone and the risk endured. The third option is to reduce uncertainty in the vicinity of a wellhead through additional expenditure to allow the application of classic hydrologic techniques involving conditioning or inverse modeling.
A Brief History of Existential - Phenomenological Psychiatry a n d pSychotherapy

This article provides a historical overview of the Existential-Phenomenological tradition in psychiatry and psychotherapy, tracing its development from its origin in nineteenth and twentieth century philosophical thought, through its major European psychiatric proponents and schools, to its emergence as an influential approach in North America after World War II. The emphasis is on the implicit themes that provide continuity within this movement as well as on the distinctive contributions of individual thinkers. We conclude with a discussion of the present status and future prospects of this tradition.
Displacement encoding for the measurement of cartilage deformation

Articular cartilage is a load bearing and lubricating tissue inanimal joints. Heterogeneous deformations arise in the struc-turedandzonaltissueundertheapplicationofmechanicalload.The character of these deformations is altered by degenerativejoint disease. Here, we document an MRI-based technique fordetermining deformations throughout the volume of the tissuebased on displacement encoding with stimulated echoes(DENSE) and a fast spin echo (FSE) readout. A DENSE-FSEtechnique was designed to image cartilage at 9.4 Tesla in adeformed state during the application of cyclic mechanicalloading. Artifact elimination arising from stimulated echoes andFSE was accomplished by radio frequency pulse phase cycling.The error of the technique was random and was quantiﬁed interms of precision as better than 0.17% strain. Heterogeneousdeformation ﬁeld patterns in axial, transverse, and shear direc-tions were quantiﬁed in a single tissue explant loaded in simpleuniaxial compression. The technique is appropriate for docu-menting tissue deformations during applied physiologically rel-evant stress levels and loading rates. It may also be applied tocharacterize the micromechanical strain environment in nor-mal, diseased, or regenerated cartilage in response to appliedmechanical loading. Magn Reson Med 59:149–155, 2008.© 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: articular cartilage; deformation ﬁelds; stimulatedechoes; MRI; strain precision
Comparisons of avian renal responses to bovine parathyroid extract, synthetic bovine (1-34) parathyroid hormone, and synthetic human (1-34) parathyroid hormone.

Abstract The structure of avian parathyroid hormone (PTH) is only partially known, therefore studies of the avian renal responses to PTH have been conducted using bovine parathyroid extract (bPTE), synthetic human PTH (h(1–34)PTH), and synthetic bovine PTH (b(1–34)PTH). In vitro studies indicate that these peptides may have quite different chick kidney receptor binding affinities and adenylate cyclase activation potencies. In the present study, the in vivo renal responses to bPTE, b(1–34)PTH, and h(1–34)PTH have been compared in immature domestic fowl. The following parameters were evaluated: glomerular filtration rates; renal plasma flow rates; utine pH; and fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphate. Overall, the different hormonal peptides elicited qualitatively similar responses: they all were phosphaturic, natriuretic, diuretic, hypomagnesiuric, hypocalciuric, and kaliuretic. This is the first study to show an effect of PTH on renal magnesium transport in avian species. Quantitative comparisons make it clear that bPTE is more natriuretic and diuretic, but less phosphaturic than either b(1–34)PTH or h(1–34)PTH. A temporal dissociation of the phosphaturic response from the other mineral and electrolyte responses suggests that the phosphaturic response is mediated by a separate mechanism.
False neurotransmitters and hepatic failure.

Abstract Some of the neurological and cardiovascular complications of hepatic failure might be explained by the accumulation of false adrenergic neurochemical transmitters. This hypothesis is consistent with many clinical and biochemical observations about hepatic failure, hepatic coma, and the "hepatorenal syndrome". It may explain the beneficial effects of L-dopa on the mental and circulatory status of patients in hepatic failure and the satisfactory treatment of the hepatorenal syndrome with large doses of metaraminol or other α-adrenergic amines.
Propensity score analysis of vascular complications after diagnostic cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention 1998-2003.

Objectives: To evaluate the adjusted risk of vascular complications after manual compression and vascular closure devices for femoral artery access site management in a large contemporary cohort, using propensity score analysis. Background: Vascular closure devices (VCD) allow early ambulation after cardiac procedures involving femoral artery access, but whether the benefit of use of vascular closure devices (VCD) is offset by reduced safety in contemporary practice remains uncertain. Methods: Twenty one thousand eight hundred and forty one consecutive diagnostic cardiac catheterization (n = 13,124) and percutaneous coronary intervention procedures (n = 8,717) performed via a femoral access at a single site (WFUBMC) between 1998 and 2003 were evaluated. VCD's were used based on operator preference. Propensity to receive a vascular closure device (VCD) was calculated. The relative incidence of vascular complications was evaluated by logistic regression models, using the propensity score as a covariate. Results: Overall, the unadjusted incidence of any vascular complication was 1.3% for VCD use and 1.4% for manual compression, p = NS. The propensity score-adjusted odds ratio for any vascular complication comparing VCD (n = 8,707) to manual compression (n = 13,034) was 0.86 (0.67–1.11) for all procedures, 0.80 (0.53–1.21) for diagnostic procedure, and 0.90 (0.65–1.26) for interventional procedures. Conclusions: In this large single-center, contemporary observational study, the risk-adjusted occurrence of vascular complications following VCD use for femoral artery access management is not increased by VCD use. Thus, in the current era, the benefit of VCD use is not offset by reduced safety. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Avitaminosis E: Organ distribution of aryl sulfatase elevation

Abstract The lysosomal enzyme aryl sulfatase was measured in the vitamin E-deficient laboratory rat. The deficient animals exhibited elevated enzyme activity in brain, skeletal muscle, liver, heart, intestine, lung, and kidney prior to the onset of any clinical symptoms of deficiency. The wide organ distribution of this pathological biochemical change shows that many tissues are involved in the vitamin E-deficiency state. In particular, one cannot assume that the muscular atrophy commonly observed in avitaminosis E is due to primary muscle disease unassociated with denervation changes.
Are benefits conferred with greater socioeconomic position undermined by racial discrimination among African American men

Background conventional wisdom suggests that increased socioeconomic resources should be related to better health. Considering the body of evidence demonstrating the significant association between racial discrimination and depression, we examined whether exposure to racial discrimination could attenuate the positive effects of increased levels of socioeconomic position (SEP) among African Americans. Specifically, this paper investigated the joint interactive effects of SEP and racial discrimination on the odds of depression among African Americans.
Mitochondrial calcium uptake and oxygen consumption in cystic fibrosis

CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF), an autosomal recessive exocrinopathy, is characterised by chronic obstructive lung disease and gastrointestinal malabsorption. Reports of exocrine gland secretory anomalies in CF1 and increased calcium ion concentrations in some CF secretions2–5, and the importance of cellular Ca to stimulus–secretion coupling6 led us to study cellular Ca in CF. We previously reported an enlarged intracellular Ca pool in skin fibroblasts from subjects with CF and obligate heterozygotes, as measured by 45Ca exchange into and out of whole cells7. We suggested that the altered Ca pool represented a change in mitochondrial Ca. The finding of such an alteration in cells from obligate heterozygotes, who cannot be detected as possessing the CF gene before the birth of a child with CF, suggests that the Ca finding is related to the basic gene defect in CF. The intracellular site of the altered Ca pool or pools could not be identified by studies with whole cells but required measurement of Ca uptake by isolated cell organelles. Here, we report data on Ca uptake studies with mitochondrial and microsomal fractions isolated from skin fibroblasts of subjects with CF and age-, sex- and passage number-matched controls in which mitochondria from CF cells accumulate more Ca than those from control cells. We also describe subsequent studies which show increased mitochondrial electron transport activity, measured as oxygen uptake by whole cells, in cells from subjects with CF and obligate heterozygotes. All experiments were carried out with cells at passage 4–10.
Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality

There are seven texts often cited by Christians to condemn homosexuality: Noah and Ham (Genesis 9:20–27), Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:1–11), Levitical laws condemning same-sex relationships (Lev...
Time series analysis of continuous-wave coherent Doppler Lidar wind measurements

The influence of spatial volume averaging of a focused 1.55 μm continuous-wave coherent Doppler Lidar on observed wind turbulence measured in the atmospheric surface layer over homogeneous terrain is described and analysed. Comparison of Lidar-measured turbulent spectra with spectra simultaneously obtained from a mast-mounted sonic anemometer at 78 meters height at the test station for large wind turbines at Hovsore in Western Jutland, Denmark is presented for the first time.
DUAL-PUMP CARS MEASUREMENTS OF TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN IN A TURBULENT METHANOL-FUELED POOL FIRE

We present broadband, dual-pump coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) measurements of N2 and O2 in 2 m diameter methanol pool fires. The design of the fiber-optically coupled CARS instrument for fire measurements is described. Single-shot temperatures and O2/N2 ratios were obtained simultaneously from a single measurement point at the center of the fire plume, and the measured temperature–oxygen statistics are compared to results of a time-domain-filtered Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulation. The measured and simulated mean fire temperatures agree to within 2–4%, with larger turbulent fluctuations observed in the measured temperatures. The behavior of the mean temperature conditioned on the O2/N2 ratio is similar for both simulation and experiment, but with simulated temperatures that are up to 10% lower than measured values for O2/N2 below 0.18. The uncertainty in the CARS measurements is described. A single-shot detection limit of O2/N2 = 0.06 was determined from the observed signal to nois...
Orthogonal electrogram sensing.

Le recueil de ľelectrogramme intracardiaque donne ľinformation necessaire aux systemes de stimulation a la demande. Les troubles du recueil surviennent dans pres de 50% de stimulateurs unipolaires, ceux de ľoreillette sont encore plus frequents. Le recueil par electrode orthogonale ne demande pas de contact avec le myocarde et on obtient de hauts potentiels ?origine auriciilaire avec rejection totale des pontentiels ventriculaires. Ce systeme permet la sequence ?activation aussi bien que la verification de la capture. Intracardiac electrogram sensing is the afferent limb of demand pacing systems. Under- and over-sensing at the ventricular level has been demonstrated in almost 50% of implanted unipolar pulse generators, and atrial eJectrogram sensing problems are more common. A unique dedicated sensor employing noncontacting and circumferentially placed orthogonal electrodes was tested at both the atrial and ventricular levels. Electrograms demonstrated voltages similar to those recorded from contacting electrodes, but with complete far-field rejection of signals from the opposite chamber. Orthogonal electrograms allowed for activation sequencing and capture verification as well.
A possible modulation of acetylcholine receptors of embryonic chick muscle cells by α-bungarotoxin

Acetylcholine receptors were assayed with alpha-bugarotoxin on embryonic chick skeletal muscle growing in primary cell culture. Toxin was bound specifically to muscle cells and could be competed with D-tubocurarine. Two dissociation constants were obtained by equilibrium binding: 7.2 x 10(-9)M and 2.7 x 10(-7)M at 25 degrees C. Two sets of rate constants were also obtained from dissociation kinetics. There are five times more low affinity sites on cells than high affinity sites. The average density of high-affinity receptors is about 200/micrometers2. A time course of toxin binding to receptors at 37 degrees C in growth medium revealed that under conditions permitting growth and metabolism, toxin bound to cells was lost. The possibility that the growth medium was inactivating toxin molecules was ruled out by showing that unbound toxin molecules in the medium were fully capable of binding to fresh cultures.
Tomographic image reconstruction from a limited number of projections

Abstract This paper addresses the reconstruction of a function from its rectangularly sampled Radon transform. After reviewing the Radon transform sampling requirements and describing a convolution/backprojection reconstruction algorithm, two basic issues are addressed. First it is shown that even when the Radon transform of an image is adequately sampled (in the Nyquist sense), the standard convolution/backprojection algorithm may lead to a poor reconstruction unless the Radon transform is first reconstructed to a required set of projections. Secondly, when the Radon transform is undersampled in projections, reconstruction approaches are illustrated which span the range from those which achieve a high uniform-resolution reconstruction with large amounts of aliasing artifacts to those which achieve a low nonuniform-resolution reconstruction with virtually no aliasing artifacts. Reconstruction filters which seek a compromise between those two extremes are defined.
Fatty acid and lipopolysaccharide analyses of three Heliobacterium spp

The cellular fatty acids from Heliobacterium chlorum, Heliobacterium gestii, and Heliobacillus mobilis were analyzed. The fatty acid contents of the three organisms were essentially the same, consisting of large amounts of branched chain and some mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Neither a phenol-water nor a phenol-petroleum ether-chloroform extraction of whole cells yielded lipopolysaccharide.
MICRURGICAL STUDIES IN CELL PHYSIOLOGY : IV. COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC pH IN THE STARFISH EGG.

I. Cytoplasm. 1. The normal cytoplasmic pH, colorimetrically determined, of the starfish eggs in the unfertilized, fertilized, and first and second cleavage stages is 6.7 ± 0.1. 2. Cytolysis lowers the pH to a value 5.5 ± 0.1. 3. The cytolyzed material in time assumes the pH of its environing sea water. 4. The acid due to mechanical injury can also be detected in the environment of the egg. 5. Injury to the cytoplasm unaccompanied by visible disintegration causes an increase in acidity which is quickly neutralized. II. Germinal Vesicle. 6. The intranuclear pH, colorimetrically determined, of the immature Asterias egg is 7.5 ± 0.1. 7. Injury to the nucleus does not change its pH. 8. The spherical nuclear remnant which persists after injury gradually assumes the pH of its environment. III. Plasmalemma. 9. A dye to which the cell is normally impermeable can penetrate through a tear in the surface from an environment more acid than normal. This may be due to a difference in the formation of the plasmalemma in a normal and an acid medium.