cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is the normal function of genes which give rise to homeotic mutations

A homeotic mutation may be defined as one which causes a transformation of the determined state of some or all of the cells of a particular imaginal disc or disc compartment of the determined state characteristic of some other disc or disc compartment. Mutations such as these have been intriguing geneticists and developmental biologists for more than fifty years because they seem to offer insight into how genes control developmental processes. A fundamental question raised by their very existence concerns the nature of the normal functions of those genes which can give rise to such homeotic mutations.
A SCIENCE-OF-LEARNING APPROACH TO MATHEMATICS EDUCATION

A scientifically disciplined, learning-oriented approach to mathematics education is described and illustrated through examples. Mathematicians tend to focus on teacher education, with an implicit presumption that the current teacher corps is not sufficiently competent. The analysis here suggests that the teachers are competent enough, but the methodology they have been taught to use is incompetent. In other words, significantly better outcomes are unlikely without profound changes in educational philosophy and teacher-education programs.
Composite Dilations and Crystallographic Groups

This chapter explores GMRAs in the familiar Hilbert space of \(L^2(\mathbb R^N)\), but with a non-abelian group Γ of “translations” that properly contains the integer lattice. Guo, Labate, Lim, Weiss and Wilson’s theory of composite dilations is included, as well as GMRAs and wavelets for the crystallographic groups.
Biogeography of thermophiles and predominance of Thermus scotoductus in domestic water heaters

Built systems such as water heaters can harbor extremophiles similar to those residing in natural hot springs, but the extent of colonization is not well understood. To address this, we conducted a survey of thermophilic microorganisms in household water heaters across the United States. Filter samples and inoculated cultures were collected by citizen-scientists from 101 homes. Draft genomes were assembled from cultured isolates and 16S rRNA genes were sequenced from filter samples. 28% of households harbored communities with unambiguous DNA signatures of thermophilic organisms, 36% of households provided viable inocula, and 21% of households had both. All of the recovered cultures as well as the community sequencing results revealed Thermus scotoductus to be the dominant thermophile in domestic water heaters, with a minority of water heaters also containing Meiothermus species and a few containing Aquificae. Sequence distance comparisons show that allopatric speciation does not appear to be a strong control on T. scotoductus distribution. Our results demonstrate that thermophilic organisms are widespread in hot tap water, and that Thermus scotoductus preferentially colonizes water heaters at the expense of local environmental Thermus strains.
Autophagy: Dual Response in the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved intracellular mechanism which helps eukaryotic cells in maintaining their metabolic state to afford high-efficiency energy requirements. In the physiology of a normal liver and the pathogenesis of liver diseases, autophagy plays a crucial role. Autophagy has been found to be both upregulated and downregulated in different cancers providing the evidence that autophagy plays a dual role in suppressing and promoting cell survival. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and the major leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. In light of its high complexity and poor prognosis, it is essential to improve our understanding of autophagy’s role in HCC. In this review, we summarize the dual mechanism of autophagy in the development of HCC and elucidate the currently used therapeutic strategies for anti-HCC therapy.
Leptinemia is Associated With Peripheral Artery Disease.

Abstract Background Leptin, adiponectin, and resistin are in a class of hormones called adipokines that are produced by adipocytes and have been implicated in the causal pathway of atherosclerosis. We examined the association between adipokine levels and peripheral artery disease (PAD), hypothesizing that after adjusting for fat mass, leptin and resistin would be higher, whereas adiponectin would be lower, in patients with PAD. Methods A cross-sectional sample of 179 predominately male (97%) vascular surgery outpatients was recruited from the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (SFVAMC). PAD was defined as either an ankle-brachial index Results In an analysis adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and atherosclerotic risk factors, higher serum leptin was associated with PAD (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.07-6.01, P = 0.03), whereas high molecular weight adiponectin was inversely associated, though not significantly (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.33-1.08, P = 0.09). Resistin was not associated with PAD. Sensitivity analyses using fat mass/height2 rather than BMI yielded similar results. Conclusions These results indicate that after adjusting for BMI or fat mass, serum leptin levels are positively and independently associated with PAD, whereas high molecular weight adiponectin might be inversely associated. Using a more representative, nonveteran sample, further investigations should focus on the potential role of adipokines in the pathophysiology of PAD as well as determine whether leptin levels have clinical utility in predicting PAD outcomes.
Clarifying the Cross-Class Support for Workplace Democracy

Workplace democracy has been advocated by capitalists, managers, and workers. This paper seeks to clarify such cross-class support by analyzing Americans' attitudes toward worker participation in decision making and worker control. National survey data from 1991 are employed. Hypotheses surrounding various criteria of class are tested and production-related conceptions are the most powerful predictors of these attitudes. The existence of significant cross-class support is confirmed. A path model is estimated for each class location in order to compare the underlying causal mechanisms. Non-working class support for workplace democracy is found primarily in subordinated class segments. Most importantly, middle class women are supportive as worker empowerment may improve their own lot. Overall, the advocacy by capital and its managers appears to merely reflect a veiled attempt to further their own agenda of capital accumulation
Exploring Variation in the Use of Conservative Management for Low-risk Prostate Cancer in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System

Current guidelines recommend conservative management as the preferred option for most low-risk prostate cancer cases, with certain possible exceptions (age <55yr, African Americans, and high-volume grade group 1). Although previous studies have documented substantial heterogeneity in the uptake of conservative management, less is known about the underlying reason for this variation and whether it is due to guideline-concordant factors (age, race, and biopsy cancer volume). We explored variation in the use of conservative management for low-risk prostate cancer among 20 597 men diagnosed in the US Veterans Affairs health care system from 2010 to 2016. Conservative management increased substantially over this time from 51% to 76% (p< 0.001). However, there was substantial variation by facility (35-100%). Multivariable analysis revealed that patient factors included in the guidelines (e.g., age and biopsy cores), other patient factors (eg, marital status and PSA) and non-patient factors (eg, geographic region, case volume, year) were associated with conservative management use. In conclusion, even within an integrated health care system, there remains significant heterogeneity in the uptake of conservative management for low-risk prostate cancer. Both guideline-concordant factors and other factors not discussed in the guidelines were associated with conservative management use. PATIENT SUMMARY: In the US Veterans Affairs health care system the vast majority of men with low-risk prostate cancer were managed conservatively by 2016, although there was significant variation by facility. Patient factors specifically mentioned in guidelines had the greatest impact on prediction of conservative management.
The Demographics of Citizen Science Participation and Its Implications for Data Quality and Environmental Justice

Citizen science programs have been growing in popularity in recent years and can provide various benefits to participants and their communities. We sought to determine whether these benefits are equitably accessible to all by examining potential demographic disparities in participation in our statewide citizen science program. We first explored whether Illinois RiverWatch participants are demographically and geographically representative of Illinois’s population. We conducted online surveys of current participants to gather information on demographics, including race, income, and education level, and then compared these responses with the population of Illinois as a whole using (US) census data. We also examined whether RiverWatch stream sites are disproportionately located in areas of low environmental justice concern, as determined by the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA’s) Environmental Justice screening tool. We used GIS to map all stream sites (n = 936) and determined whether they were located in areas of high or low environmental justice concern. The survey data indicate that RiverWatch participants are disproportionately white, highly educated, and affluent compared with the Illinois general population. In addition, we found RiverWatch sites tend to be located in areas of lower environmental justice concern, and that areas of high environmental justice concern are underrepresented. We discuss how disparities in demographics of participants can not only indicate need for improvement in the accessibility of a citizen science program but could also harm the quality of the river-monitoring data collected, as it leads to sampling that is not accurately representative.
“Show Some Love”: Youth and Teaching Artists Enacting Literary Presence and Musical Presence in an After-School Literacy-and-Songwriting Class:

Background/ContextYouth's multiliteracies and musical practices are increasingly considered as taking place beyond school and including community-based educational contexts. Literacy scholars incre...
Abdominal organ injuries in youth soccer.

Purpose Soccer is the most popular sport in the world, with more than 265 million players globally. In the US, more than 24 million people play soccer. Over the last quarter of a century, nearly 3 million children were treated in the US Emergency Departments for soccer-related injuries. Though rare, soccer related-abdominal organ injuries can be a potentially serious cause of morbidity in children. We describe 14 patients who presented to the College of Medicine Emergency Department with soccer-related abdominal organ injuries. …
Examining Relationship and Abuse Tactics Associated with Nonfatal Strangulation Experiences Before and After a Protective Order.

Nonfatal strangulation is associated with significant physical harm and lethal violence. The overall objective of this study was to examine relationship and abuse tactics for women with (n = 369) a...
Fluoroscopic placement of nasojejunal feeding tubes in COVID-19 patients in the prone position.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused an increase in patients requiring enteral feeding access while undergoing proning for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We investigated the safety and feasibility of fluoroscopy-guided nasojejunal (NJ) feeding tube placement in the prone position. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of all patients who underwent fluoroscopic placement of NJ feeding tubes at a single institution between March 2020 and December 2020. Primary end points were success rate and number of attempts. Chi-squared and Fischer exact tests were used to compare prone and supine groups. RESULTS: A total of 210 patients were included in the study: 53 patients received NJ feeding tubes while prone and 157 while supine. All but one patient in the prone group had ARDS secondary to COVID-19, whereas 47 (30.3%) had COVID-19 in the supine group. The rate of successful placement was 94.3% in the prone group and 100% in the supine group. Mean number of attempts was 1.1 (SD, ±0.4) in the prone and 1.0 (SD, ±0.1) in the supine group (P = .14). Prone patients had a longer median fluoroscopy time (69 s, interquartile range [IQR] = 92; vs 48 s, IQR = 43; P < .001) and received a higher radiation dose during the procedure (47 mGy, IQR = 50; vs 25 mGy, IQR = 33; P = .004). No procedural complications were reported. CONCLUSION: Fluoroscopy-guided NJ feeding tube placement in prone patients is feasible and safe. Patient positioning should not delay obtaining postpyloric feeding access.
Sweet Dre-ams about intersectional genetics

Specific cell targeting with one site-specific recombinase is challenging. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Han et al. (2021) released a collection of Dre drivers and demonstrate how two recombinases can be combined to improve the cell specificity of lineage tracing and gene inactivation in mice.
Complications of transradial versus transfemoral access for neuroendovascular procedures: a meta-analysis

Background Transradial access (TRA) has gained increased usage among neurointerventionalists. However, the overall safety profile of access site complications (ASCs) and non-access site complications (NASCs) of TRA versus transfemoral access (TFA) for neuroendovascular procedures remains unclear. Methods A systematic literature review and meta-analysis using a random effects model was conducted to investigate the pooled odds ratios (OR) of ASCs and NASCs. Randomized, case–control, and cohort studies comparing access-related complications were analyzed. An assessment of study heterogeneity and publication bias was also completed. Results Seventeen comparative studies met the inclusion criteria for final analysis. Overall, there was a composite ASC rate of 1.8% (49/2767) versus 3.2% (168/5222) for TRA and TFA, respectively (P Conclusion On meta-analysis, the current literature indicates that TRA is associated with a lower incidence of ASCs compared with TFA, but is not associated with a lower rate of NASCs.
Production of Protein Hydrolyzates in Ultrafiltration-Enzyme Reactors

Chemical or enzymatic modification of proteins has been practised in one form or another for many centuries, and is the basis for many traditional fermentation processes, such as cheese making. From a historical perspective, however, the development of soy sauce manufacture in the 13th century [1] may be the earliest and most successful batch-enzymatic hydrolysis process known. Recently, there has been a great interest in functionally-modified proteins known collectively as protein hydrolyzates for specific end uses. The shortage of egg albumin in World War II resulted in the first development of an enzymatically hydrolyzed protein food ingredient for purposes of replacing an existing ingredient [2]; its use as a whipping aid is still a major market today. Protein hydrolyzates, whether chemically or enzymatically modified, are also used as flavor enhancers [3].
Some Anecdotes for My Son

This one takes place next to a flat, green lake in the middle of Wisconsin, at a home my father was building while weathering a divorce. I was sixteen, and it was a Saturday afternoon in late spring. You will know the feeling someday. My father had invited his colleagues up for a big department picnic, and I found myself standing on his new patio at the center of a bouquet of sociology professors in bright Hawaiian shirts. That was the kind of day it was. School was out and they were playful. They moseyed in and out of conversations, holding Mooseheads to their chests. Except for a forsaken, cross-eyed baby who had been playpenned out on the lawn, I was the only one there at the picnic under forty, so I was having to make up fast answers to questions about my future. "William here is going to be an historian," one would tell another. "Well!" the other would say. I stood there nodding and smiling as arms were slung around my shoulders. Don't let this happen to you. I had had a few beers that morning while helping my father rebuild his carburetor, and by the time this takes place they had drained away and left my head feeling opened and emptied. Perhaps that was a factor. And my father had had the patio blacktopped just the week before?it was still so fresh and sticky you had to lift your feet to mingle, and everything, the air, the carrots, and even the clam dip tasted vaguely like asphalt. It was a cool afternoon, but the sun was so bright it had tricked the professors, lured them out of their sleeves, and as I stood there I watched goosebumps make big, raw drumsticks of their pale arms. Away from the patio the day was quiet. The lake, which had been choppy all spring, was as flat and green as a bird bath. The reflections of clouds and pine trees were floating on the water like a film. We had had what my father called "a long, rough year." Perhaps that is what drives the drama here. Or perhaps it is just that I am sixteen and focusing on the end of my nose the laser of my private headache. Anyway, I have been standing there for what seems like hours when suddenly the sea of professors parts, and my father approaches the screen door with a huge,
Nonlinear Control of an Exothermic CSTR

Nonlinear control strategies are designed for an adiabatic CSTR with an exothermic reaction. Conventional feedback and nonlinear feedback strategies are implemented using the feed flow rate as the manipulated variable. Vibrational control is implemented using either vibrations in feed flow rate or vibrations in both feed flow rate and feed concentration. Experimental results illustrating the performance of various strategies are presented.
Administration of monthly-pulse cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis patients: Effects of long-term treatment on immunologic parameters

Eleven patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis received monthly pulses of cyclophosphamide (CY) for approximately one year. During the final 9 months the monthly dose ranged between 1000 mg/m2 and 2000 mg/m2. This resulted in a marked (47% or greater) reduction in CD4 (T helper/inducer) cells a less striking (22%) decrease in CD8 (T suppressor/cytotoxic) cells and a decline in the CD4/CD8 ratio. The magnitude of the decrease in CD4 cells correlated with the total dose received (r = 0.88, P less than 0.05). B cells were reduced 50% and FcR+ lymphocytes were reduced 48% without comparable reduction in natural killer cells or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Proliferative responses to PHA were suppressed. Two patients improved, seven stabilized and two continued to worsen. Monthly pulses of CY can achieve substantial and differential reduction in immune parameters and appear to slow the disease progression in some MS patients.
Frailty: Emergence and Consequences in Women Aged 65 and Older in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study

Author(s): Woods, Nancy Fugate; LaCroix, Andrea Z; Gray, Shelly L; Aragaki, Aaron; Cochrane, Barbara B; Brunner, Robert L; Masaki, Kamal; Murray, Anne; Newman, Anne B; Women's Health Initiative | Abstract: ObjectivesTo define frailty using simple indicators; to identify risk factors for frailty as targets for prevention; and to investigate the predictive validity of this frailty classification for death, hospitalization, hip fracture, and activity of daily living (ADL) disability.DesignProspective study, the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.SettingForty U.S. clinical centers.ParticipantsForty thousand six hundred fifty-seven women aged 65 to 79 at baseline.MeasurementsComponents of frailty included self-reported muscle weakness/impaired walking, exhaustion, low physical activity, and unintended weight loss between baseline and 3 years of follow-up. Death, hip fractures, ADL disability, and hospitalizations were ascertained during an average of 5.9 years of follow-up.ResultsBaseline frailty was classified in 16.3% of participants, and incident frailty at 3-years was 14.8%. Older age, chronic conditions, smoking, and depressive symptom score were positively associated with incident frailty, whereas income, moderate alcohol use, living alone, and self-reported health were inversely associated. Being underweight, overweight, or obese all carried significantly higher risk of frailty than normal weight. Baseline frailty independently predicted risk of death (hazard ratio (HR)=1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.48-1.97), hip fracture (HR=1.57, 95% CI=1.11-2.20), ADL disability (odds ratio (OR)=3.15, 95% CI=2.47-4.02), and hospitalizations (OR=1.95, 95% CI=1.72-2.22) after adjustment for demographic characteristics, health behaviors, disability, and comorbid conditions.ConclusionThese results support the robustness of the concept of frailty as a geriatric syndrome that predicts several poor outcomes in older women. Underweight, obesity, smoking, and depressive symptoms are strongly associated with the development of frailty and represent important targets for prevention.
Peripheral ameloblastoma: Report of a case

Abstract A peripheral ameloblastoma is described. The rarity of this lesion is discussed. The required histopathologic characteristics of such a lesion are fulfilled. The origin of the tumor was not proved, although it most probably arose from odontogenic epithelial cell rests outside the jawbone proper. The minute size of the neoplasm is also of particular interest.
Teaching project development methodology to engineering technology students

Summary form only given. Today's competitive need to develop high quality products has redefined the development role of engineering technologists. Today, engineers and engineering technologists assume much broader responsibilities. Responsibility for achieving specific technical performance requirements is now coupled with achieving requirements for project management, concurrent engineering, interdisciplinary problem solving, and teamwork. In effect, a technologist assumes two development roles; project designer and project manager. The New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Engineering Technology (ET) department has implemented a senior project course which is responsive to the changing role of engineering technologists. Specifically, the senior project course for NJIT's Electrical Engineering Technology (EET) program emphasizes two aspects of project development: project design; and the development process associated with design and implementation.
Isolation and characterization of human DNA fragments with nucleotide sequence homologies with the simian virus 40 regulatory region.

Abstract A recombinant library of human DNA sequences was screened with a segment of simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA that spans the viral origin of replication. One hundred and fifty phage were isolated that hybridized to this probe. Restriction enzyme and hybridization analyses indicated that these sequences were partially homologous to one another. Direct DNA sequencing of two such SV40-hybridizing segments indicated that this was not a highly conserved family of sequences, but rather a set of DNA fragments that contained repetitive regions of high guanine plus cytosine content. These sequences were not members of the previously described Alu family of repeats and hybridized to SV40 DNA more strongly than do Alu family members. Computer analyses showed that the human DNA segments contained multiple homologies with sequences throughout the SV40 origin region, although sequences on the late side of the viral origin contained the strongest cross-hybridizing sequences. Because of the number and complexity of the matches detected, we could not determine unambiguously which of the many possible heteroduplexes between these DNAs was thermodynamically most favored. No hybridization of these human DNA sequences to any other segment of the SV40 genome was detected. In contrast, the human DNA segments isolated cross-hybridized with many sequences within the human genome. We tested for the presence of several functional domains on two of these human DNA fragments. One SV40-hybridizing fragment, SVCR29, contained a sequence which enhanced the efficiency of thymidine kinase transformation in human cells by approximately 20-fold. This effect was seen in an orientation-independent manner when the sequence was present at the 3' end of the chicken thymidine kinase gene. We propose that this segment of DNA contains a sequence analogous to the 72-base-pair repeats of SV40. The existence of such an "activator" element in cellular DNA raises the possibility that families of these sequences may exist in the mammalian genome.
Atrial ectopic pacemaker escape mediated by phasic vagal nerve activity.

Effects of vagal nerve activity on atrial ectopic pacemaker foci were studied in vitro in strips of rabbit tricuspid valve. Transmembrane potentials were recorded from pacemaker and working atrial ...
Attenuation corrected fluorescence extraction using spatial frequency domain imaging system

In this paper, we present a novel approach to retrieve attenuation corrected fluorescence (ACF) in the image field. This approach can be applied to improve tumor identification for both diagnosis and treatment purpose. Furthermore, this approach will facilitate the development of fluorescence image-guided surgery.
Ultrastructural characterization of the manchette microtubules in the seminiferous epithelium of the mouse

In the mouse seminiferous epithelium four sites of formed microtubules (MTS) are axonemes and manchettes of spermatids, Sertoli-cell cytoplasm, and spindles of dividing cells. Various experimental treatments indicate that the manchette MTS are different from other formed MTS. Fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide yields good preservation of axonemal MTS, varying degrees of preservation of manchette MTS, but no preservation of spindle or Sertoli-cell MTS. Cell-suspension, and intact-tubule cultures subjected to 0–4°C or 50°C exhibit a breakdown of spindle and Sertoli-cell MTS while manchette and axonemal MTS remain intact. Cell suspensions exposed to Colcemid or colchicine show no MTS in Sertoli and dividing cells; axonemal MTS are unaffected while in the manchette there is an increase in cross-bridging between MTS. Cell suspensions treated for 120 minutes with vinblastine sulfate do not show MTS in the Sertoli cells, but crystals presumed to be microtubule protein are present after 15 minutes of exposure. Spindle MTS are dismantled but vinblastine-induced crystals are not present even after 120 minutes of exposure. The manchette MTS are dismantled by vinblastine in a proximal direction from their distal limits. This is accompanied by the formation of crystals of microtubule protein in the spermatid cytoplasm, while axonemal MTS are unaffected. Vinblastine and Colcemid used in combination cause the disruption of Sertoli-cell MTS after 15 minutes, spindle MTS after 30 minutes and formation of crystals after 60 minutes of exposure. The manchette MTS are disassembled, the pattern is disrupted and increased numbers of cross-bridges are seen. These findings indicate that the manchette MTS might be intermediate-type microtubules since they exhibit the reactions of both cytoplasmic and flagellar-type MTS.
Real-time analysis of resource-constrained distributed systems by simulation-guided model checking

This research proposes a model-based design flow for the dynamic real-time analysis of resource-constrained distributed systems. We propose an analysis framework that combines simulations and model checking for performance evaluation and real-time verification. Our results show that the proposed method can provide better coverage for dynamic analysis than alternative methods, and can improve the accuracy of static analysis methods for performance estimation.
Taste and odor in conditioned flavor preference learning

Almond and peppermint extracts were combined with salt and citric acid as cues in conditioned flavor preference conditioning. In Experiment 1, extracts overshadowed tastes, although tastes and extracts conditioned equally well when presented in isolation. In Experiments 2 and 3, tastes and extracts were conditioned in isolation prior to conditioning of a taste/extract compound. The conditioning history of the tastes and extracts did not affect the overshadowing of taste by extract. The results of Experiment 4 showed that rats could learn to discriminate between a taste and extract presented in isolation vs. the taste/extract compound. Thus, extracts do not interfere with sensing the tastes. We suggest that a taste/extract compound produces a configural stimulus that is more characteristic of the extract than the taste.
Efficient linkage of 10 loci in the proximal region of the mouse X chromosome

Interspecific Mus species crosses were used to construct a multilocus genetic map of the mouse X chromosome that extends for more than 50 CM. In these studies, we established the segregation of eight loci in more than 200 backcross progeny from crosses of ltf. muaculus and M. spretua with a common inbred strain (C57BL/GJRos). Genetic divergence at the level of the nucleotide sequences makes these crosses a useful cumulative genetic resource for mapping additional genes defined by genomic or cDNA probes in a highly efficient manner. We have therefore devised a mapping strategy that uses a subset of these backcrosses that are recombinant between successive anchor loci to both localize and order an additional set of six genes without necessarily resorting to an analysis of the entire backcross series. Using this approach, we have defined the linkage of cytochrome bsaa @-chain (Cybb), synapsin (Syn-I), and two members of the X-linked lymphocyte-regulated gene family (Xlr-I, Xlr-2), as well as DXSmhl41 and DXSmh172, two loci defined by random genomic probes. All six loci have been localized to the proximal portion of the mouse X chromosome and their order has been defined as Cybb, Ott, Syn-l/Timp, DXSmhlll/Xlr-1, DXSmh172, Hprt, Xlr-2, Cf-9. Gene order was established by minimizing multiple recombination events across the region spanning an estimated 20 CM of the proximal X chromosome. The possible significance of the Xlr loci is discussed with respect to other X-chromosome loci that regulate the immune response. Q
Pervasive developmental disorder and childhood-onset schizophrenia: comorbid disorder or a phenotypic variant of a very early onset illness?

Abstract Background Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a severe form of the adult-onset disorder with a high rate of premorbid developmental abnormalities. Early symptoms of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) have been reported in five independent studies of COS. In this study, we compared evidence for premorbid PDD as a nonspecific manifestation of impaired neurodevelopment seen in schizophrenia, or as an independent risk factor for COS. Methods Diagnosis of past or current autism or PDD was made according to the DSM-IV criteria. COS patients with and without PDD were compared with respect to neuropsychological, clinical, and neurobiological measures. Several candidate genes for autism were examined in the entire COS sample and the subgroup with PDD using the Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT) and Quantitative TDT (QTDT). Results Nineteen (25%) of COS probands had a lifetime diagnosis of PDD: one met criteria for autism, two for Asperger's disorder, and 16 for PDD not otherwise specified. Premorbid social impairment was most common feature for COS-PDD subjects. The PDD group did not differ from the rest of the COS sample with respect to age of onset, IQ, response to medications, and rate of familial schizotypy. Unexpectedly, two siblings of COS-PDD probands met criteria for nuclear autism. There was no difference between PDD and non-PDD groups with respect to initial brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures. However, rate of gray matter loss was greater for PDD ( n = 12) than for the non-PDD ( n = 27) subgroup (−19.5 ± 11.3 mL/year vs. −9.6 ± 15.3 mL/year; p = .05). None of eight candidate genes for autism were associated with COS or COS-PDD. Conclusions Premorbid PDD in COS is more likely to be a nonspecific marker of severe early abnormal neurodevelopment. However, the occurrence of two siblings of COS-PDD probands (17%) with nuclear autism remains to be understood.
Prenatal diagnosis of a large heteromorphic region in a chromosome 5: Implications for genetic counseling

We performed an amniotic fluid chromosome study at 16 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. G-band chromosome analysis demonstrated that one 5q was significantly longer than its homologue. The region subjacent to the centromere appeared similar to a 9qh region. Subsequent Giemsa-11 and C-band staining results of this area were positive. Cytogenetic studies in this family demonstrated several other individuals who have the same chromosome 5qh+ as the proposita. All are asymptomatic. The clinical insignificance of the chromosome heteromorphism in this family readily demonstrates the need for special cytogenetic and family chromosome studies before performing genetic counseling.
7-S-Glutathionyltryptophan-4,5-dione: Formation from 5-Hydroxytryptophan and Reactions with Glutathione

Abstract The electrochemically driven oxidation of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTPP) in the presence of free glutathione (GSH) yields 4-S-glutathionyl-5-hydroxytryptophan (5) and 7-S-glutathionyl-tryptophan-4,5-dione (7). The latter glutathionyl conjugate is formed both by nucleophilic addition of GSH to tryptophan-4,5-dione (4), a normal product of the oxidation of 5-HTPP, and by oxidation of5in a reaction where the glutathionyl residue migrates from the C(4)- to the C(7)-position. In the presence of free GSH7reacts to give the 3,7- and 6,7-bi-S-glutathionyl conjugates of4and, as a result of intramolecular cyclization reactions, a number of glutathionyl conjugates of an unusual tricyclic pyrroloquinoline. It is speculated that one or more of these products might represent aberrant oxidative metabolites that have been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's Disease.
The role of response-reinforcer associations increases throughout extended instrumental training

Two experiments examined the effects of extended training on the development of response­ reinforcer associations. Rats were trained by using various food reinforcers to make multiple in­ strumental responses. Subsequently, those reinforcers were devalued by being paired with a toxin. The presence of response-reinforcer associations was inferred from the decrease in the likelihood of a response following devaluation of its reinforcer. Such response-reinforcer associations are known to contribute to performance after moderate amounts of training. These experiments ad­ dressed the question ofwhether the contribution of those associations remains constant, increases, or decreases with more extended training. Experiment 1 found that even after a response had been extensively trained with one reinforcer, the substitution of a new reinforcer produced new associations between the response and that new reinforcer. After extended training, a response continued to acquire new associations with a reinforcer, as indexed by the impact of a devalua­ tion procedure. Experiment 2 directly compared the contribution of reinforcers used extensively and moderately with the same response. It found that devaluation of the extensively used rein­ forcer more effectively reduced performance of the response, suggesting that the associations formed with additional training contribute to performance of the response. These experiments indicate that the contribution of response-reinforcer associations does not decrease but, instead, continues to grow throughout the course of extended instrumental training. It is a widely held view that instrumental behaviors are initially acquired as goal-directed acts but become rela­ tively less dependent on their original goals with extended training. This notion of behavioral autonomy has both historical (Allport, 1937; Gilhousen, 1933; Murphy, 1947; Tolman, 1933, 1948) and modem proponents
EFFECT OF HOME VISITING NURSE (HVN) ON INTENSIVE CARENURSERY GRADUATES (ICN-G), THEIR FAMILIES, AND PHYSICIANS

EFFECT OF HOME VISITING NURSE (HVN) ON INTENSIVE CARENURSERY GRADUATES (ICN-G), THEIR FAMILIES, AND PHYSICIANS
Heteronuclear hyperfine-state-changing cold collisions

We describe measurements of the interspecies trap-loss-rate parameter ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{NaRb}}$ in a magneto-optical trap containing both Na and Rb atoms. Our results reveal the presence of interspecies heteronuclear hyperfine-changing collisions.
Cave dwelling cockroaches from Sarawak, with one new species

. The troglobitic cockroach, Trogoblattella chapmani, sp.n., is described. The genus was known previously from a single species found in limestone caves in Australia. Two of three other species found in the Sarawak caves, namely Symploce cavemicola (Shelford) and Pycnoscelus striata (Kirby) have previously been reported from cave habitats. The third, Pycnoscelus indicus (Fabricius), may have been reported previously from caves, under the name of Pycnoscelus surinamensis (Linnaeus). A single undetermined female of Blattella was present in the collection.
The role of reconstructability analysis in social science research

Abstract The term ‘reconstructability analysis’ (RA) has evolved as a generic term for all aspects of a methodology whose aim is to deal with the various problems associated with the relationship between systems perceived as wholes and their various subsystems (parts of the wholes). The article describes the problems involved in RA, defines relevant basic concepts, gives a summary of the current status of RA, illustrates the potential use of RA in social sciences, and provides the reader with key references on RA for further study.
Progress report on the Magellan 8-m telescope project

The Magellan Project has as its goal the construction of an 8-m aperture optical telescope at Las Campanas, Chile, whose f/1.2 parabolic primary mirror is of borosilicate honeycomb type. The principal configuration of the telescope will be with Cassegrain focus at f/6.26; image sizes are expected to be of the order of 0.25 arcsec rms over the entire field, from 0.33 to 1.10 microns without refocus. An IR Cassegrain focus is planned at f/15, with a chopping secondary of low emissivity. Despite the fast primary-mirror f-ratio, spherical aberration will be acceptably low when chopping is accomplished via rotation of the mirror about its vertex.
Synthesis of 2-methylthio-cis- and trans-ribosylzeatin and their isolation from Pisum tRNA

Abstract The cis isomer of 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthiopurine and its 9-β- and 9-α- d -ribofuranosyl derivatives have been synthesized and their physical and spectroscopic properties are described. The biological activities of these compounds have been determined in the tobacco bioassay and are compared with those of 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-trans-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthiopurine and its β-ribofuranoside. The 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthio-9-β- d -ribofuranosylpurine (ms-ribosylzeatin) isolated from a Pisum tRNA preparation was shown to consist of both isomers, which were separated by TLC and identified by comparisons of UV and MS with those of the synthetic compounds.
NREL Phase VI Wind Turbine Modeling Using an Unsteady Panel Method

Wind energy production has been increasing steadily in the past decade. The majority of wind power is generated by horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT). We investigate the modeling of the HAWT using the vortex panel method, which is an inviscid, steady, computationally inexpensive method. Pressure coefficient profiles, calculated by the vortex panel method, were compared to NREL phase VI wind turbine experiments under two different flow conditions. We show that if the flow is not separated over the blade, the vortex panel method can capture the pressure profile on the blade. Furthermore, the panel method has been extended to handle unsteady inviscid flows to investigate the effect of blade oscillations on the power generation, which is not known. The unsteady behavior is modeled by accounting for the time rate of change of circulation. Unsteady effects due to heaving and pitching motion were quantified for different blade oscillation frequencies. It is estimated that the mean thrust coefficient with heaving and pitching motion can be higher than the thrust generated without blade motion in some cases assuming that the flow does not separate.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Angiotensins promote fluid absorption in the rat ileum after their CNS administration.

Abstract Angiotensin II (A-II) has been found previously to increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) and enhance fluid absorption in the rat ileum in situ after intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration. In this investigation, the CNS-mediated proabsorptive actions of A-II and other products of the renin-angiotensin system, as well as nonhomologous peptides were further characterized in the urethane-anesthetized rat. At an ICV bolus dose of 1 μg, angiotensinogen, A-I, A-II and A-III produced significant elevations in MAP, but only A-II and A-III increased ileal absorption significantly above that of saline-treated rats. The ICV administration of other unrelated peptides did not mimic the actions of A-II or A-III. The results suggest that the pressor and ileal proabsorptive actions of angiotensins are mediated through different CNS mechanisms and that these peptides uniquely alter intestinal transport.
"We have a great task ahead of us!": child-hate in Roald Dahl's "The Witches"

The depictions of cruel witches in Roald Dahl’s novel The Witches echo the cruel, abusive measures taken by adults in the historical treatment of children. The concept of child-hatred, described by Lloyd Demause and other critics, is an effective lens through which to view the hyperbolized hatred of children described in The Witches. However, Dahl’s text deals with more than just the explicit hatred of children. In fact, in its characterization of Grandmamma as an adult that truly values the state of childhood, and in Dahl’s narrative treatment of both his child protagonist and his child audience, Dahl’s text counters the notion that we have progressed to a culture that values and, at times, sacralizes the child. The Witches presents to readers the possibility that child-hatred is not some now-defunct phenomenon, but rather an extant danger in the historical present of childhood, a danger made ever more threatening by its ability to hide under a mask of benevolence. With the many instances of both child-protection and child-hatred that pervade The Witches, the text serves as an apt illustration of the ambivalence inherent in many works of children’s literature, which has been a central concern for scholars of children’s texts for decades.
Thermal propagation in solids due to surface laser pulsation and oscillation

Abstract Most studies of heat transfer pertaining to a planar medium subjected to time-varying and spatially-decaying laser incidence along with external surface cooling are based on the diffusion theory (parabolic heat conduction equation), an approximation that implies a non-physical infinite speed of energy transport. In this study, temperature distributions within one-dimensional plates subjected to the aforementioned heating and cooling conditions, but with thermal energy propagation at a finite speed, are presented. Incident energy that is partially absorbed at the external surface is transferred through the plate by conduction, while the remaining energy is convectively cooled to the environment. The present investigation will examine three different time characteristics of the incident heat sources which include a continuously operating, a pulsed and an oscillatory laser source. The temperature results were obtained by using a simple and concise finite-difference algorithm based on the Godunov scheme, a method developed for the solution of resulting characteristic equations that govern thermal wave propagations within the solid.
Thane Gustafson’s Wheel of Fortune and the Study of Post-Soviet Oil

Thane Gustafson's Wheel of Fortune: The Battle for Oil and Power in Russia is reviewed and situated within some broader trends in research on Russian natural resource extraction in the oil industry. Gustafson' s book represents the high water mark of a particular genre of scholarship on oil and considerably improves our understandings on a wide range of fronts. However, a number of other methodological and analytical approaches to Soviet and post-Soviet oil are beginning to appear; in the coming years, they will broaden and diversify scholarly conversations about the significance of oil in Russia and the former Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
DNA adducts of acrolein: Site-specific synthesis of an oligodeoxynucleotide containing 6-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrimido[1,2-a]purin-10(3H)-one, an acrolein adduct of guanine

3-(2-Deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-6-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrimido[1,2-a]purin-10(3H)-one is formed in low yield by the reaction of acrolein with 2'-deoxyguanosine. The nucleoside and an oligodeoxynucleotide containing it have been synthesized. For preparation of the nucleoside 2'-deoxyguanosine was alkylated at the N1 position using 1-bromo-3-butene to give 1-(3-butenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine. Oxidation with OsO(4) and N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide to give the 3,4-dihydroxybutyl adduct followed by oxidation with NaIO(4) gave the 1-(3-oxopropyl) adduct which cyclized spontaneously to yield the title compound as a rapidly epimerizing mixture of two diastereomers. Reduction of the nucleoside with NaBH(4) gave the unfunctionalized compound plus 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine showing that epimerization was occurring via both the imine and the 1-(3-oxopropyl) adduct. Reduction with NaCNBH(3) gave exclusively unfunctionalized 3-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrimido[1,2-a]purin-10(3H)-one. The phosphoramidite reagent needed for preparation of oligonucleotides was prepared from 1-(3-butenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine by glycolation after protection of the 3' and 5' hydroxyl groups as silyl derivatives. Acetylation of the vicinal hydroxyl groups and the exocyclic amino group followed by removal of silyl protection gave the protected nucleoside. Protection of the 5' hydroxyl group as the 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl ether followed by phosphitylation with 2-cyanoethyl-N,N,N',N'-tetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite gave the prosphoramidite reagent which was used to prepare a 12-mer oligodeoxynucleotide.
Unanticipated inflation, devaluation and output in Latin America

Abstract Employing a Lucas-type supply function, this paper uses pooled cross-country data for 16 Latin American countries to estimate the impact on short-run output growth of: (1) unanticipated inflation; (2) changes in the relative cost of foreign exchange; and (3) business cycle fluctuations in the industrial countries. The results give strong support to the contractionary impact of devaluation in Latin America and to the existence of a negatively sloped Phillips curve. They also suggest a powerful impact of external economic activity on growth rates.
Effects of adenosine, ATP, and UTP on chloride secretion by epithelia explanted from fetal rat lung.

Effects of Adenosine, ATP, and UTP on Chloride Secretion by Epithelia Explanted from Fetal Rat Lung 1