cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Index Matching to Improve Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging Through Blood

Background —Most myocardial infarctions are caused by the rupture of small rather than large plaques in the arteries of the heart that are beyond the detection limit of current technologies. Methods and Results —Recently, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has demonstrated considerable potential as a method for high-resolution assessment of vulnerable plaque. However, intravascular OCT imaging is complicated by the need to remove blood from the imaging field because blood results in substantial signal attenuation. This work examines index matching as a method for increasing penetration. Index matching is based on the hypothesis that the predominant source of scattering in blood is the difference in refractive index between the cytoplasm of erythrocytes and serum. By increasing the refractive index of serum to a value near that of the cytoplasm, or index matching, scattering can be substantially reduced. The concept was tested with a system that pumped blood in vitro through transparent tubing. The test compounds, dextran and intravenous contrast agent, both led to significant improvements in penetration (69±12% and 45±4%). No significant effect was seen with the saline control. For dextran, the effect could not be attributed to reductions of red cell number or volume because changes in these parameters were not different from the control. In the case of intravenous contrast, a small but significant relative reduction in red cell volume was seen. Conclusions —This study demonstrates the feasibility of index matching for improving OCT imaging through blood. Future studies are required to identify compounds for effective index matching in vivo.
Guidelines for the safe handling of hazardous drugs: Consensus recommendations

Determining the proper precautions that employees should take to reduce their exposure to potentially hazardous drugs is very difficult due to the many risk factors that must be considered. Some of these risk factors include the inherent toxicity of the drug, the drug’s mechanism of action, the
THz Transmission Spectroscopy and Imaging: Application to the Energetic Materials PBX 9501 and PBX 9502

We report the measurement of the effective complex index of refraction near 1 THz for the Plastic-Bonded eXplosives PBX 9501 and PBX 9502. These plastic-bonded explosives consist of organic crystalline energetic materials, HMX and TATB, embedded in a binder matrix. We find that they are partially transparent at a few hundred GHz and we have applied a two-dimensional imaging technique for the detection of pre-fabricated defects in small samples.
Low temperature electrical resistivity of dilute solutions of Fe in Cu-Ni alloys☆

Cu1-xNix(Fe) alloy excess electrical resistivity, Δϱ, determinations with x = 0.06, 0.12, 0.23 and 300 ppm ⩽ Fe ⩽ 1100 ppm over 1 K < T < 100 K are reported. Linear dependence of Δϱ vs. InT for an order of magnetude in T and a constant Kondo temperature characterize all data. The results are interpreted in terms of small magnetic Ni clusters associated with Fe sites.
Pallidonigral pigmentation and spheroid formation with multiple striatal lacunar infarcts

A 72-year-old hypertensive man had focal seizures and mild memory loss. At autopsy, there were many lacunar infarcts, particularly in the neostriatum. Rust-brown discoloration and spheroid formation within the globus pallidus and pars reticulata of the substantia nigra resembled Hallervorden-Spatz disease, in which more detailed analysis of the striatum may be worthwhile.
Contractile Activity Regulates Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and NO(i) Production in Cardiomyocytes via a FAK-Dependent Signaling Pathway.

Intracellular nitric oxide (NOi) is a physiological regulator of excitation-contraction coupling, but is also involved in the development of cardiac dysfunction during hypertrophy and heart failure. To determine whether contractile activity regulates nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression, spontaneously contracting, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) were treat with L-type calcium channel blockers (nifedipine and verapamil) or myosin II ATPase inhibitors (butanedione monoxime (BDM) and blebbistatin) to produce contractile arrest. Both types of inhibitors significantly reduced iNOS but not eNOS expression, and also reduced NOi production. Inhibiting contractile activity also reduced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and AKT phosphorylation. Contraction-induced iNOS expression required FAK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI(3)K), as both PF573228 and LY294002 (10 μM, 24 h) eliminated contraction-induced iNOS expression. Similarly, shRNAs specific for FAK (shFAK) caused FAK knockdown, reduced AKT phosphorylation at T308 and S473, and reduced iNOS expression. In contrast, shRNA-mediated knockdown of PYK2, the other member of the FAK-family of protein tyrosine kinases, had much less of an effect. Conversely, overexpression of a constitutively active form of FAK (CD2-FAK) or AKT (Myr-AKT) reversed the inhibitory effect of BDM on iNOS expression and NOi production. Thus, contraction-induced iNOS expression and NOi production in NRVM are mediated via a FAK-PI(3)K-AKT signaling pathway.
Crossing the Great Divides: Selfridges, Modernity, and the Commodified Authentic

Mr. Selfridge, however, in his gracefully worded advertisements, lays but little stress on the commercial side of his gigantic undertaking. We are to look upon Selfridges rather as a pleasant place for a quiet look round than as a mere store. We are to go there as connoisseurs contemplating a choice collection, not as seekers after bargains. Everything is to be done to make our visit pleasant for us, and should anybody desire to acquire any new possessions on a basis of payment, it is rumoured that even that will not be impossible in this remarkable establishment. Bystander, “A Week of Shopping,” 19092
Numerical Simulation of Vortex Shedding From a Circular Cylinder in the Presence of a Free Surface

CFD simulations of crossflows around a 2-D circular cylinder and the resulting vortex shedding from the cylinder are conducted in the present study. The capability of the CFD solver for vortex shedding simulation from a circular cylinder is validated in terms of the induced drag and lifting forces and associated Strouhal numbers computations. The validations are done for uniform horizontal fluid flows at various Reynolds numbers in the range 103 to 5×105 . Crossflows around the circular cylinder beneath a free surface are also simulated in order to investigate the characteristics of the interaction between vortex shedding and a free surface at Reynolds number 5×105 . The influence of the presence of the free surface on the vortex shedding due to the cylinder is discussed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Oxidation of minor elements from an iron-nickel-chromium-cobalt-phosphorus alloy in 17.3% CO 2-H 2 gas mixtures at 700-1000 °c

Fe–Ni–Cr–Co–P alloys were exposed to 17.3% CO2–H2 gas mixtures to investigate the oxidation of minor elements in metallic alloys in the early solar system. Reaction temperatures varied between 700 and 1000 °C. Gas-phase equilibrium was attained at 800, 900, and 1000 °C, yielding H2–H2O–CO–CO2 gas mixtures. Experiments at 700 and 750 °C did not achieve gas-phase equilibrium and were performed in H2–CO2 gas mixtures. Reaction timescales varied from 1 to 742 h. The experimental samples were characterized using optical microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, wavelength-dispersive-spectroscopy X-ray elemental mapping, and X-ray diffraction. In all experiments Cr experiences internal oxidation to produce inclusions of chromite (FeCr2O4) and eskolaite (Cr2O3) and surface layers of Cr-bearing magnetite [(Fe,Cr)3O4]. At 900 and 1000 °C, P is lost from the alloy via diffusion and sublimation from the metal surface. Analysis of P zoning profiles in the remnant metal cores allows for the determination of the P diffusion coefficient in the bulk metal, which is constant, and the internally oxidized layer, which is shown to vary linearly with distance from the metal surface. At 800 and 900 °C, P oxidizes to form a surface layer of graftonite [Fe3(PO4)2] while at 700 and 750 °C P forms inclusions of the phosphide-mineral schreibersite [(Fe,Ni)3P].
Management Briefs: Comparison of Absolute Fishing Effort and Hourly Instantaneous Angler Counts in a Small Lake

Abstract Fisheries managers use instantaneous angler counts in surveys to estimate recreational fishing effort. The counts are assumed to represent the actual fishing effort during the time interval when the count is taken. However, managers have never been certain that the instantaneous counts accurately represent fishing effort. We made paired comparisons of absolute fishing effort measured by continuous monitoring, with instantaneous counts made with a stratified random creel survey on a 254-ha lake. We observed a one-to-one relationship between absolute fishing effort and instantaneous counts when fishing effort ranged from 0 to 45 angler-hours during 1 -h periods.
On two functional equations connected with the characterizations of the distance measures

In this paper, the general solutions of the functional equations $$f_1 (pr,qs) + f_2 (ps,qr) = g(p,q) + h(r,s), p,q,r,s \in ]0, 1]$$ , and $$f(pr,qs) + f(ps,qr) = g(p,q)h(r,s) + g(r,s)h(p,q), p,q,r,s \in ]0, 1]$$ , are obtained without any regularity assumptions. Heref, f 1, f2, g andh are complex-valued functions defined on the open-closed unit interval [0,1]. The last functional equation is a generalization of $$f(pr,qs) + f(ps,qr) = g(p,q)f(r,s) + g(r,s)f(p,q), p,q,r,s \in ]0, 1]$$ , which arises in the characterizations of the distance measures.
"The Treatise of Fishing with an Angle": A Study of a Fifteenth-Century Technical Manual.

This study investigates The Treatise on Fishing with an Angle from The Book of Saint Albans to determine how a fifteenth-century author approached the problem of writing accurate, technical prose on angling, a subject never before treated in a written work. The examination reveals that many of the rhetorical features are similar to the practices of modern technical writing. For example, the treatise makes a determined effort to relieve user stress about the new technology it introduces. It also makes its information easier to understand by forecasting its organization and by using common, concrete, and consistent terminology. Finally, the treatise includes illustrations that supplement the text in ways similar to modem illustrations
The use of a Gamma Sensitive Detector to Measure Thermal Reactor Power

A study was made of the feasibility of measuring power output of a thermal reactor with a gamma sensitive detector. Shielding was used to selectively attenuate gammas from fission products as compared to(n,r) reactions and prompt fission gammas. Measurements indicate agreement between detector response and reactor power output, determined independently, over more than three decades. There is evidence that effects of local neutron flux perturbations, seen by neutron chambers, are ignored by the gamma detector.
Separation of Peptide Isomers with Variant Modified Sites by High-Resolution Differential Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Many proteins and proteolytic peptides incorporate the same post-translational modification (PTM) at different sites, creating multiple localization variants with different functions or activities that may coexist in cells. Current analytical methods based on liquid chromatography (LC) followed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) are challenged by such isomers that often coelute in LC and/or produce nonunique fragment ions. The application of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) was explored, but success has been limited by insufficient resolution. We show that high-resolution differential ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) employing helium-rich gases can readily separate phosphopeptides with variant modification sites. Use of He/N(2) mixtures containing up to 74% He has allowed separating to >95% three monophosphorylated peptides of identical sequence. Similar separation was achieved at 50% He, using an elevated electric field. Bisphosphorylated isomers that differ in only one modification site were separated to the same extent. We anticipate FAIMS capabilities for such separations to extend to other PTMs.
Spontaneous and induced cell-mediated reactivity to syngeneic cells

IN general, the immune system does not react with self-antigens to produce disease. Potential self-reactive clones are known to exist, however, and are thought to be controlled by thymic-derived suppressor lymphocytes (suppressor T cells). We have investigated the possibility that self-reactive clones of cells are expressed in B/W mice, and that such clones in other inbred mouse strains might become expressed after immunisation with specific antigens of the group A streptococcus. Our studies show that spleen cells from B/W mice respond spontaneously to syngeneic heart cells and to syngeneic kidney cells. In contrast, spleen cells from another inbred strain of mice, the BALB/c, do not respond spontaneously to syngeneic cells. A response to syngeneic cardiac determinants can, however, be induced in the BALB/c mouse by immunisation with cell membranes of group A streptococci.
Thermal Expansion of Tetragonal PbO

Thermal expansion of tetragonal PbO, investigated by high-temperature X-ray diffraction in vacuum, is nearly isotropic, with the coefficient in the c0 direction only slightly greater than that in the a0 direction. Volume thermal expansion is only slightly greater than in massicot. Retardation of the litharge-massicot transformation is tentatively interpreted as the result of very low oxygen partial pressures caused by catastrophic oxidation of the stainless-steel sample holder and resulting oxygen scavenging by lead vapor.
Plasma etch-induced conduction changes in gallium nitride

The effect of plasma-etching damage on carrier transport properties in GaN has been studied under various plasma conditions by monitoring the changes in sheet resistivity (ρ s) and mobility (μ s) or the resistivity (R). All the etching experiments were performed in an electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma reactive ion etching (ECR-RIE) system. Consistent changes in the transport properties have been observed with increasing dc bias (ion energy) in all plasmas except in those containing chlorine. With noble gas plasmas, the largest change in conductance was created when Ar, the heaviest ion, was accelerated to its highest voltage. In these Ar sputtering cases, substantial surface micro-roughening has been observed. These surfaces also display considerable nitrogen deficiency as measured by Auger electron spectroscopy. These observations suggest that preferential sputtering of nitrogen from the surface of GaN is one form of ion damage. The other is displacement damage. Both of these forms of ion damage are considered to be the direct cause of the observed changes in the electrical properties.
Influence of species, harvest date and size on composition of capers (Capparis spp.) flower buds

Physical and chemical properties of raw flower buds at three different sizes (x ≤ 8 mm, 8 13 mm) of Capparis spinosa var. spinosa and Capparis ovata var. canescens harvested in June and August were determined. C. Spinosa buds were more firm and spherical than C. ovata. Water, crude fiber, crude oil, total carotenoids and starch values of species in both harvests increased as bud size increased. All materials contained high amounts of Na, K, P, Ca, Mg and Mn, but decreasing Mn in August. Small buds harvested in June were more suitable to processing for physical and chemical properties. Values of analyses were variously affected by species, size and harvest date.
Protective Efficacy of Hepatitis E Virus DNA Vaccine Administered by Gene Gun in the Cynomolgus Macaque Model of Infection

The protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine against hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection was tested in cynomolgus macaques (cynos) vaccinated with a plasmid containing a full-length HEV open-reading frame 2 (ORF2) sequence (Burmese strain) and subsequently challenged with a heterologous strain of HEV (Mexican strain). Cynos administered vaccine by gene gun developed antibodies to HEV (anti-HEV), whereas cynos administered vaccine by intradermal injections and cynos administered a mock DNA construct did not develop anti-HEV. Anti-HEV-positive cynos were protected from HEV infection after challenge with an inoculum that produced infection in the anti-HEV-negative cynos. These results indicate that DNA vaccine with HEV ORF2 administered by gene gun is protective against a heterologous viral challenge.
A brave new (virtual) world: distributed searches, relevance scoring and facets

Our ability to deal with complex systems has improved through information system research which includes improved modeling (both data and system), the use of semantics and advances in distributed computing. The past decade has seen an explosion in the amount and variety of geosciences data and the emergence of true open data repositories through which scientists can freely access this data. Those data are found in thousands of repositories located around the world. Virtual observatories have been created to address the challenge of helping scientists search those repositories to find and access the required data. This challenge is been addressed by using technologies such as the Internet (with ample connectivity and bandwidth), the Web, cheap computing power, cheap storage and standards for critical components. Many scientific disciplines are developing virtual observatories. Yet some of the most compelling science questions cross multiple domains. While semantics can provide cross domain reasoning, often the first step in answering a question is determining what resources are available which may be relevant to a topic. The topic can be expressed as simple phrases or word sequences. Using a common relevance scoring method at all locations can enable a federated search across loosely coupled providers. The results of which can be organized into facets to aid the user in selecting the most promising resources with which to pursue the scientific investigation. We describe an approach to developing and deploying relevance scoring methods and faceted results in this brave new (virtual) world. We have found that a scoring method which considers both the presence of terms and the proximity of these terms relative to the order of the terms in the query improves the assessment of relevance. We call this Term Presence-Proximity (TPP) scoring and describe a method for calculating a normalized score. TPP scoring compares favorably with other scoring approaches.
Characterization of a plasma membrane-associated plasminogen activator on thymocytes

Plasma membranes isolated from normal thymocytes of hamster and rats were found to exhibit neutral protease activity toward 125I-labeled casein. The plasma membrane-associated proteases were completely inhibited by the serine protease inhibitors, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and p-nitrophenyl-p-guanidinobenzoate, partially inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor and antipain, but were only weakly inhibited by L-1-tosylamino-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone. The plasma membrane-associated proteases were also completely inhibited by ZnCl2 (75--100 mu M), but they were not affected by several other divalent cations. The plasma membrane fraction contained a plasminogen activator activity which was specifically localized in this fraction. The plasma membrane-associated plasminogen activator activity was inhibited by all of the inhibitors which inhibited plasma membrane-associated proteases except L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone. Labeling of plasma membrane-associated serine esterases with [3H] diisopropyl fluorophosphate followed by separation of the proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that this fraction contained a single major 3H-labeled protein of Mr 105 000. Both the plasminogen activator and the Mr 105 000 esterase were shown to be glycoproteins by affinity chromatography on lentil lectin-Sepharose. These results indicate that the plasminogen activator of thymocytes is a glycosylated serine protease with an active site-containing subunit of Mr 105 000 which is specifically localized in the plasma membrane.
Ubiquitination of human AP-endonuclease 1 (APE1) enhanced by T233E substitution and by CDK5

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE1) is a multifunctional DNA repair/gene regulatory protein in mammalian cells, and was recently reported to be phosphorylated at Thr233 by CDK5. We here report that ubiquitination of T233E APE1, a mimicry of phospho-T233 APE1, was markedly increased in multiple cell lines. Expression of CDK5 enhanced monoubiquitination of endogenous APE1. Polyubiquitinated APE1 was decreased when K48R ubiquitin was expressed, suggesting that polyubiquitination was mediated mainly through Lys48 of ubiquitin. The ubiquitination activity of MDM2, consistent in its role for APE1 ubiquitination, was increased for T233E APE1 compared to the wild-type APE1. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking the MDM2 gene, ubiquitination of T233E APE1 was still observed probably because of the decreased degradation activity for monoubiquitinated APE1 and because of backup E3 ligases in the cells. Monoubiquitinated APE1 was present in the nucleus, and analyzing global gene expression profiles with or without induction of a ubiquitin-APE1 fusion gene suggested that monoubiquitination enhanced the gene suppression activity of APE1. These data reveal a delicate balance of ubiquitination and phosphorylation activities that alter the gene regulatory function of APE1.
Electron-impact excitation of oxygenlike krypton.

Electron-impact excitation cross sections have been calculated for transitions from the ground state 2s/sup 2/2p/sup 4/ /sup 3/P to the n = 2 and n = 3 excited states of oxygenlike krypton. Configuration-interaction-type wave functions were employed, and the cross sections were calculated in a close-coupling approximation for impact energies ranging from near threshold to 10 keV. Coupling between the n = 2 and n = 3 excitation levels was generally found to be weak, and a two-state close-coupling approximation should be adequate for calculating reliable cross sections for most transitions.
Fabrication, Characterization, and Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticle/Porous Alumina Composites: The Nonscattering Maxwell−Garnett Limit

We have been exploring the optical properties of nanoscopic gold particles prepared by electrochemically depositing Au within the pores of nanoporous alumina membranes. Maxwell−Garnet (MG) effective medium theory has been used as a guide for modeling the optical properties of these Au nanoparticle/alumina membrane composites. MG theory is, however, rigorously applicable only in the limit of metal nanoparticles with infinitesimally small diameters. As a result, the position of the plasmon resonance absorption predicted theoretically using MG theory was always blue-shifted relative to the position of the experimental absorption band. The smallest diameter particles investigated in this prior work had diameters of 60 nm. Au nanoparticles with smaller diameters (52 nm down to 16 nm) were prepared, and the optical properties of composites containing these nanoparticles are described here. The λmax values for the smallest diameter particles are essentially identical with the values predicted by MG theory. Hence...
Laparoscopic diagnosis and excision of Meckel's diverticulum

Meckel's diverticulum is one of the primary concerns in the differential diagnosis of the pediatric patient with massive, acute gastrointestinal bleeding, intussusception, or abdominal pain of uncertain cause. The hospital course of two children with Meckel's diverticulum, successfully treated by laparoscopic excision, is presented, along with details of the operative procedure. Both patients recovered from the procedure without incident and were discharged at 24 and 48 hours after surgery. The authors believe a laparoscopic approach is safe and effective in the diagnosis and treatment of Meckel's diverticulum.
Using Supply, Demand, and the Cournot Model to Understand Corruption

The author combines the supply and demand model of taxes with a Cournot model of bribe takers to develop a simple and useful framework for understanding the effect of corruption on economic activity. There are many examples of corruption in both developed and developing countries. Because corruption decreases the level of economic activity and seems more common in developing countries, it is likely to be part of the explanation of the wide disparity of income between rich and poor countries. The model presented could be used in courses on microeconomics, economic growth, public finance, political economy, and economic development.
Optical and physical properties of vacuum-deposited PbS films

Abstract We describe the film density, void volume, thickness, species, reflectivity and crystal size of vacuum-deposited PbS films. Film densities, as determined from film thickness and areal film density measurements, were approximately one-half that of bulk PbS, resulting in a calculated average film void volume of about 60%. Film thicknesses ranging from 160 to 890 nm measured with the stylus and interferometer measuring methods were accurately determined for PbS films overlaid with approximately 100 nm of aluminum. The ion backscattering measuring method yielded an average [S]/[Pb] ratio of 0.955±0.07 or 1.00 (within experimental errors). The specular reflectivity of the glass-film interface of prism substrates, measured at an angle of incidence of 45° and at λ = 1060 nm , decreased as deposition time increased. The PbS films exhibited two sizes of crystals with the smaller located near the glass-film interface. The stylus, interferometer and ion backscattering measuring methods are useful in determining the density, void volume, thickness and species of vacuum-deposited films.
Scaling of 'landscapes' in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecology from a beetle's perspective

Research performed on microlandscapes embodies the essence of landscape ecology by focusing on the ecological consequences of the mosaic structure of different landscape elements. As an illustration, observations and simulations were used to test whether the fractal structure of grassland microlandscapes affected the movement patterns of tenebrionid beeetles in natural environments. The significant tendency of beetles to avoid 1 m2 cells with fractal dimensions of 1.85 to 1.89 (indicating the area-filling tendency of bare ground) demonstrated the role of landscape structure as a modifier of beetle movements or diffusion in heterogeneous landscapes. Experiments in microlandscapes may accelerate the development of quantitative conceptual frameworks applicable to landscapes at all scales.
The Encyclical Letter (Caritas in Veritate)—A Shout-out to Social Entrepreneurship?:

Ever since Pope Benedict XVI’s recent social encyclical letter (Caritas in Veritate) released in June 2009, it has been accessed and read by millions of folks across the globe. This article attempts to display a linkage between the central message of the Caritas in Veritate (Love in Truth) encyclical letter and social entrepreneurship. We provide evidence for our contention, that what Pope Benedict XVI suggests can be arrived at by utilising a social entrepreneurial solution, and that he is advocating that social entrepreneurship be encouraged and allowed to flourish.
Factors concerned in the early stages of thermal shock.

The present study is concerned with the early stages of burn injury and demonstrates that the factor of plasma volume reduction does not adequately account for the prompt, precipitous fall in cardiac output.
Commanded Test Access Port operations

This paper describes a method of enabling IEEE 1149.1 Test Access Ports to perform at-speed “Update & Capture” and “Shift & Capture” operations in response to command inputs.
“When our words are put to paper.” Heritage documentation and reversing knowledge shift in the Bering Strait region

The paper examines the relationship between indigenous knowledge and heritage documentation efforts generated by scientists and other forms of local activities that work in strengthening indigenous cultural identity and tradition. As the studies in indigenous heritage and environmental knowledge have become one of the fastest-growing fields in northern cultural research, there is tough competition for limited resources and, even more, for the time, goodwill, and attention of northern constituencies. Scholarly projects in heritage and knowledge documentation represent just one stream within today's public efforts, though an important and visible one. Those projects do have an impact in local communities; but such impact is often subtle, circumstantial, and may not be sustainable when left standing on its own. Local knowledge, very much like active language, relies primarily on oral transmission, family ties, community events, and subsistence activities. As long as those prime channels of cultural continuity are working, “our words put to paper”—knowledge and heritage sourcebooks, school materials, and catalogs—should be regarded as long-term cultural assets that may play a crucial role in the transformed northern societies of today and of tomorrow.
Diverse Knowledge and Skills Require a Diversity of Instructional Groups A Position Statement

Diversity of instructional needs requires diversity in instructional groups. Teaching all children well requires that they be grouped homogeneously for instruction. Instruction must not be secondary to placement in special education. The ideology of full inclusion works against good instruction in some cases. The ultimate test of special education should be whether a particular student is receiving good instruction that matches his or her needs, not the student's placement.
Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry samples using an enzyme-linked immunoassay coupled with an enzyme electrode

Abstract An enzyme-linked immunoassay coupled with a tyrosinase modified enzyme electrode was used for rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni . The immunomagnetic separation (IMS) method was investigated to achieve optimal isolation of C. jejuni cells. Eight types of beads with three different sizes and function groups were coated with anti- C. jejuni to isolate C. jejuni from the sample solution. Bead size and coating methods were found to be major factors that influenced the capture efficacy. Streptavidin-labeled beads (2.8 μm) provided the greatest capture ability. Three blocking reagents were tested to minimize non-specific binding. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) showed the best blocking capability. Two IMS formats were tested. Competitive immunoassay cut the detection time to 1.5 h, but the detection limit was relatively high (10 6 CFU/ml). This system was evaluated using C. jejuni pure culture and poultry samples inoculated with C. jejuni . This detection method for C. jejuni could be completed within 2.5 h and had a detection limit of 2.1×10 4 CFU/ml. No significant difference was found between pure culture samples and poultry samples ( P >0.01). A linear relationship was found between C. jejuni cell numbers and the peak current ratio in a range of 10 2 –10 7 CFU/ml ( R 2 =0.94).
Serum-free B27/neurobasal medium supports differentiated growth of neurons from the striatum, substantia nigra, septum, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and dentate gyrus

Two fundamental questions about neuron cell culture were addressed. Can one serum-free medium that was developed for optimum growth of hippocampal neurons support the growth of neurons from other regions of the brain? Is the region specific state of differentiation maintained in culture? To answer these questions, we isolated neurons from six other rat brain regions, placed them in culture in B27/Neurobasal defined medium, and analyzed their morphology and growth dependence on cell density after 4 days in culture. Neuronal identity was confirmed by immunostaining with antibodies to neurofilament 200. Neurons from each brain region maintained distinctive morphologies in culture in the virtual absence of glia. Cells isolated from embryonic day 18 cerebral cortex by digestion with papain showed the same high survival as hippocampal neurons, e.g., 70% survival for cells plated at 160/mm2. At this age and density, neurons from the septum showed slightly lower survival, 45%. Survival of dentate granule neurons from postnatal day four brains was 30-40%, significantly lower, and relatively independent of plating density. This suggests an absence of dependence on trophic factors or contact for dentate granule neurons. Growth of cerebellar granule neurons isolated from postnatal day 7, 8, or 9 brains in B27/Neurobasal was compared to growth in BME/10% serum. Viability in serum-free medium at 4 days was much better than that in serum, did not require KCl elevated to 25 mM, and occurred without substantial growth of glia. Cerebellar granule neurons plated at 1,280 cells/mm2 were maintained in culture for three weeks with 17% of the original cell density surviving. Survival of cells isolated from embryonic day 18 substantia nigra was 50% at 160 cells/mm2 after 4 days, similar to that of striatum, but slightly less than hippocampal neuron survival. The dopaminergic phenotype of the substantia nigral neurons was maintained over 2 weeks in culture as judged by immunoreactivity with antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase. During this time, immunoreactivity was found in the processes as they grew out from the soma. Together, these studies suggest that B27/Neurobasal will be a useful medium for maintaining the differentiated growth of neurons from many brain regions. Potential applications of a common growth medium for different neurons are discussed.
The Professional Profile of an EEG Technologist

(1976). The Professional Profile of an EEG Technologist. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 1-10.
Corrective Taxes and Auctions of Rights in the Control of Externalities

Auctions of pollution rights have sometimes been suggested as an alternative to corrective taxes. These two methods of pollution control are not, in general, equivalent, however. When pollution rights are auctioned, the right to pollute is equivalent to the right to produce, so the auction of rights raises the possibility that the competitiveness of the market could be reduced. Individual producers have an incentive to purchase large amounts of pollution rights in order to gain some degree of monopoly power over the market. This possibility does not exist when corrective taxes are used instead.
Local Features, All Grown Up

We present a technique to adapt the domain of local features through the matching process to augment their discriminative power. We start with local affine features selected and normalized independently in training and test images, and jointly expand their domain as part of the correspondence process, akin to a (non-rigid) registration task that yields a (multi-view) segmentation of the object of interest from clutter, including the detection of occlusions. We show how our growth process can be used to validate putative affine matches, to match a given "template" (an image of an object without clutter) to a cluttered and partially occluded image, and to match two images that contain the same unknown object in different clutter under different occlusions (unsupervised object detection).
Livestock and Natural Disasters

(2007). Livestock and Natural Disasters. Journal of Agricultural & Food Information: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 107-113.
Plasma concentrations of four pregnancy proteins in complications of pregnancy

Toxemia of pregnancy was associated with an elevation of the pregnancy-associated plasma protein (PAPP)-A concentration, as compared to the level in normal pregnancy in the last month of gestation. The other pregnancy proteins measured were not altered in toxemia. In twin pregnancies, the PAPP-A, PAPP-C, and human placental lactogen levels were all increased, particularly PAPP-A. On the other hand, pregnancy zone protein was not affected by twinning. Pregnancy with diabetes showed normal levels of these proteins.
The Entrepreneurial Method: How Expert Entrepreneurs Create New Markets

This note reflects a new focus on "effectuation," the logic behind entrepreneurial expertise, which consists of tacit as well as learnable and teachable aspects of experience that are related to high performance in specific domains. Instead of taking either traits or circumstances as inputs and trying to explain variance in performance, the expertise lens focuses on understanding commonalties across a variety of experts in a single domain, given high levels of performance. Effectuation matters, not merely because expert entrepreneurs prefer an effectual logic over a causal one, but because of the details it offers of a comprehensive alternative frams for tackling entrepreneurial problems. Which fram entrepreneurs use influences how they formulate problems; what alternatives they perceive and generate; which constraints they accept, reject, and/or manipulate and how; and why they heed certain criteria over others in fabricating and implementing new solutions. Logical framing matters because it makes a real difference in the world and makes a world of difference in the reality entrepreneurs perceive and make possibel or impossible.
Maneuvers; the International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives. By Cynthia Enloe. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. 418p. $45.00 cloth, $17.95 paper.

When I was an undergraduate in the 1960s, as the Vietnam conflict was escalating, I took Stanley Hoffmann's mesmeriz- ing course, "Causes of War." I thought back to this class as I read Cynthia Enloe's book, which deserves all the superla- tives it has accrued. The experience of reading now and remembering back left me wondering: Without Enloe to consult (her first book on militarism and gender came out in the early 1980s), what were we missing in Hoffmann's class? The answer, I think, is this: We could understand well enough the contending theories about why nations go to war; but in the absence of Enloe, we were less able to ask how militaries could manage such massive mobilizations that required the often calamitous sacrifice of precious lives even for wars whose purposes seemed remote or unconvincing.
Torts as Fouls: What Sports Taught me about Corrective Justice, Strict Liability, and Civil Recourse in Tort Law

This essay is largely a response to John C.P. Goldberg & Benjamin C. Zipursky, Torts as Wrongs, 88 Tex. L. Rev. 917, 918 (2010). I propose a refinement of Goldberg and Zipursky’s vision. In my view, tort is better seen, not as recourse for “wrongs,” but rather as sanction for “fouls.” In other words, tort merely forces the rule-breaker to consider the consequences of his conduct rather than prohibiting the conduct altogether by a punitive sanction. I believe this refinement solves some of the problems presented by Goldberg and Zipursky’s approach.I first started thinking about the distinction between providing recourse against a wrongdoer and sanctioning a rule breaker while I was a participant and spectator in the intramural sports program at a fundamentalist Christian university where the intentional foul (e.g., to stop the clock while time was running out in a basketball game) was not allowed. This approach seemed generally consistent with the overarching philosophy of the school – all conduct was either right or wrong. Violating rules was wrong. Intentionally violating rules, even with a willingness to accept the sanction provided by the rules of the game, was wrong. The intentional foul was an implicit rejection of moral absolutes and acceptance of moral pragmatism. I never quite came to fully accept that view of the intentional foul. I believe that it is possible to violate the rules of the game, even intentionally, without necessarily running afoul of fundamental morality. I feel the same way about torts. I believe that tort sanctions behavior, not because that behavior necessarily is “wrong,” but simply because recourse is necessary to re-level the playing field, so to speak. With regard to torts, anyway, Goldberg and Zipursky appear to agree with the administrators at my fundamentalist Christian school – torts are not merely fouls, they are actually “wrongs.”This essay is divided into three parts; the first part briefly describes Goldberg and Zipursky’s vision of torts as “wrongs.” The second part of this essay spells out my contrasting vision of torts as “fouls.” Finally, part three explains why viewing torts as “fouls” is superior to seeing torts as “wrongs.”
The 1985 Revision of Guidelines in Electroencephalography

ABSTRACT.The Guidelines in Electroencephalography of the American EEG Society have recently undergone extensive revision and updating. For the 1985 revision, the original guidelines were considered as a group and the concepts within them coordinated. This article summarizes and, at times, discusses the important concepts contained in the 1985 revision of these guidelines.
A Note on ΔΙΚΑΣ ΔΙΔΟΝΑΙ in Herodotus

Herodotus' extension of tisis from a merely ethical principle to an encompassing law of nature is now widely recognized. The unjust expulsion of Demaratus from the Spartan kingship obtains its clear revenge from both Leotychidas and Cleomenes (6.72.1, 84.3). Hipparchus' vision of a giant prophet who announces the universal penalty for human injustice (5.56.1) embodies a statement of the ethical law which Herodotus sees operating in the realm of animals as well as of men: for any act of injustice one must pay the penalty, (3.109.2). Herodotus similarly analyses the Persians' aim at Salamis: they sought to force the Greeks to ‘pay t n e penalty’ for the Greek success at Artemision (8.76.2, ).
Field Sampling of Alfalfa for the Estimation of Guthion Residues

Estimates of Guthion® ( O,O -dimethyl S -(4-oxo-3 H -1,2,3- benzotriazine-3-methyl) phosphorodithioate) residues on alfalfa have been determined by collecting three types of samples and performing chemical analyses and biological assays on extracts of these samples. A 7.6-acre field of alfalfa was sprayed with a water emulsion of Guthion at the rate of 1 pound of Guthion per acre. A two-stage sampling scheme was used to obtain single, composite, and cross-plot composite samples at intervals of 1 day and 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days following spraying. For each sampling day, 9 plots, 36 feet by 36 feet, were chosen at random; then 14 subplots, 2 feet by 2 feet, were similarly chosen from within each plot. All the alfalfa within a subplot constituted a sample. The alfalfa in 2 of the subplots in each of the 9 plots was analyzed separately as single samples, the alfalfa from 10 of the remaining 1:/ subplots was used to form 2 composite samples, each consisting of the combined alfalfa from 5 subplots. The alfalfa in the remaining two subplots in each plot was used to form two cross-plot composite samples. This design provided 228 samples for analysis. One hundred-gram, well-chopped portions of each alfalfa sample were extracted by a procedure that yielded combined surface and internal residues of Guthion. A decolorized benzene extract was ultimately obtained and aliquots of this solution were used for colorimetric analyses and bioassays. The residue data obtained by both analytical procedures and for the three types of samples were very similar. As an example of these data, the weighted mean chemical residue values of single and composite samples were 51.5, 28.6, 8.7, 1.4, 0.2, and 0.2 p.p.m., respectively, for samples gathered at the six intervals after spraying that are listed above. Because the residues in the last three sets of samples were very low, it was not possible to estimate these residues accurately by biological assays even though a fortifying procedure was used. The residue data indicated that with this sampling scheme and a uniform stand of alfalfa, little, if any, advantage results in using composite samples over single samples to estimate mean residues. For practical purposes, if one were to adopt the two-stage sampling method used in this study for residue estimates involving more than one insecticide and rate of application, a convenient combination would consist of collecting five subplot samples (either single or composite) selected from three plots. Additional information was obtained concerning the variation in sample weights and moisture, sample processing, and analytical procedures.
Insects and Agriculture

Insects often find conditions more suitable for development under modern methods of crop selection and crop specialization than in their natural environment. Thus great areas of single crops have been important factors in the rise of present economic entomology. In order to maintain quality in crop production it is absolutely necessary to continue the present effective program of insect pest control.
Islamist politics in migrant cities: local identity cleavages and intra-party politics in Turkey

AbstractThis article explores how the local party organizations of the Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (Justice and Development Party—AKP) interact with complex social structures in migrant-receiving cities in Turkey. Islamist movements are widely viewed as uniquely capable of appealing to working-class migrants. However, the support for Islamist parties varies across migrant-receiving cities. This article argues that local party organizations face two potential sources of discord that they have to resolve in order to build support in migrant neighbourhoods. They have to bridge the regional identity cleavages among different migrant communities while surmounting intra-party conflicts. In pursuing this argument, this article opens up the black box of local identity politics in the industrial heartland of Turkey and provides an ethnographic account of intra-party conflicts and political survival within the AKP.
Intracranial Compliance and Cerebral Hemodynamics in Head-Injured Patients

Pressure Volume Index (PVI) and Volume Pressure Response (VPR) have been used as a measure of intracranial compliance. PVI is defined as the volume of CSF that would have to be infused to raise the ICP ten-fold. Normal PVI is 26 ml [6]. Less than 13 ml is considered to indicate reduced volume buffering capacity. VPR is defined as the change in ICP with the infusion of 1 ml of CSF. Normal VPR is <2 mmHg [5]. Greater than 5 mmHg is considered to indicate reduced volume buffering capacity. Some experimental studies have suggested that PVI is altered by hemodynamic factors, such as cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) [3, 5]. We have investigated the relationship of PVI to cerebral hemodynamics and to the severity of intracranial hypertension in head-injured patients.
Structural Biology: When Sperm Meets Egg

Sperm–egg binding is mediated by two cell-surface proteins. Structural analysis of these proteins separately and in complex provides insight into the recognition process and the subsequent sperm–egg fusion. See Letters p.562 & p.566 During fertilization in mammals, the sperm-associated protein IZUMO1 recognizes the receptor JUNO at the egg surface, but the structural details of the interactions were previously unknown. In two papers published in this issue of Nature, Halil Aydin et al. and Umeharu Ohto et al. present the first atomic-resolution structures of human IZUMO1 and JUNO in unbound and bound conformations. Aydin et al. describe a boomerang-shaped structure for IZUMO1, and their data suggest that IZUMO1 undergoes a major conformational change on binding with high affinity to JUNO. Ohto et al. report an elongated rod-shaped structure for IZUMO1, comprising a helical bundle IZUMO domain connected by a β-hairpin region to an immunoglobulin-like domain. Mutational studies of the IZUMO1–JUNO interface by both groups reveal the structural determinants required for binding. These results provide data that can inform the development of novel non-hormonal contraceptives and fertility treatments.