cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphine metabolism in man.

Morphine metabolism was studied in 6 normal men at weekly intervals after intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and oral administration. Morphine was rapidly absorbed after intramuscular and subcutaneous iniection, producing plasma levels of free morphine, from 15 minutes to 3 hours, which are significantly higher than levels after intravenous administration. Intravenous morphine, while initially higher, undergoes more rapid distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Morphine is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, but is so rapidly coniugated with glucuronide in the cells of the intestinal mucosa and liver that significant levels of free morphine are not found in either the plasma or urine, whereas the levels of coniugated morphine are high. N-demethylation of morphine is greater after oral than after parenteral administration. While route of administration alters plasma levels of free morphine, it does not alter plasma half-life.
Key Technology for Power Transmission and Transformation Equipments' Online Monitoring System Based on IEC 61850

The present status of power transmission and transformation equipment's online monitoring system is analyzed synthetically.Some general problems,such as closeness,non-compatible,standard's disunion and difficulty in integration,in communication protocol,monitoring device,data base,management platform and so on are summarized.On the basis of deep research on communication protocol,data base and remote video control,a solution is given in this paper:The solution based on IEC 61850 is proposed to solve the online-monitoring integrated problems.Through connecting a variety of online-monitor devices into the standard IEC 61850system in a flexible'configuration mode',it can solve the inconsistent in communication protocols of different online-monitor devices,reduce the cost of connection and data exchange when the non-standard communication protocol converting to standard IEC 61850communication protocol.Meanwhile,a unified diagnosis analysis model of online-monitor data is proposed which can configurationally append and modify the algorithm.A common video surveillance platform to integrate different devices is designed at last.By using this platform,it is possible to manage and exhibit video data in one system.This paper makes some exploration on smart decision-making,information standardization,online monitor devices integration of smart grid.
Phase Ib study of axitinib in combination with crizotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors.

TPS4596 Background: Antiangiogenic therapy is proven to be effective in the treatment of multiple advanced solid tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), colorectal cancer, and non-small cell ...
Conclusion: What Next?

This chapter begins by showing why one standard way of describing the functions debate—as a debate between the selected effects theory, fitness-contribution theory, and causal role theory—is misguided. I then summarize three main conclusions. First, I argue that, to the extent that function statements are causal explanations, there are no current, viable alternatives to the selected effects theory. Second, I argue that, to the extent that we accept pluralism, we should not accept what I call (in Chap. 5) “between-discipline pluralism,” which seeks to restrict the applicability of the selected effects theory to some branches of evolutionary biology. Third, I advocate a specific version of the selected effects theory, the generalized selected effects theory, which I described earlier (in Chap. 3). In closing, I outline three outstanding problems for most theories of function. The first is function indeterminacy. Typically, there are a number of different activities associated with the performance of a function and most theories of function do not have the resources to specify which of those activities, precisely, constitutes an item’s function. Second, in many cases, a trait not only has a function, but it has an appropriate rate of functioning. For example, the heart not only has the function of beating, but it has the function of beating at a certain rate. How should we specify the appropriate rate of function? Third, for many traits that have functions, we can distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate situations for the performance of those functions. How should we modify our theories to take this into account?
Fast and accurate analytical calculation of the unsaturated phase inductance profile of 6/4 switched reluctance machines

Accurate calculation of the phase inductance profile of switched reluctance machines (SRMs) is of crucial importance in SRM design because it is a key parameter to predict the performance indices such as the torque and core loss. Instead of using the time-consuming finite element analysis (FEA) or the methods that require prior knowledge of magnetic fields from an FEA such as curve fitting and magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC), this paper proposes a fast and accurate analytical approach to determine the unsaturated phase inductance of a 6/4 SRM at arbitrary rotor positions by solving the partial differential equations of magnetic scalar/vector potentials based on Maxwell's equations. Conformal mapping is applied to deal with the non-radial or non-tangential geometric structures when calculating the inductance of the SRM. The agreement between the results of the proposed analytical method and FEA validates the analysis.
Luther and Gender: Shifts in Paradigms and Orientations

Considering the tenderness and detail with which Luther attends to matters “all about Eve” in his Genesis lectures—and how he treats the matriarchs in the Genesis narrative—we can say that gender and women constitute a central interest for the reformer. He developed, in his context, a new theological anthropology that valued women's biological distinction, difference within sameness in creation, and absolute equality in redemption and callings. While his gender ideology is a work in progress, Luther's instincts are modern, if not even feminist, when placing the uterus at the central place of the delivery of the saving incarnate Word.
Critical Community Conversations: Cultivating the Elusive Dialogue About Racism With Parents, Community Members, and Teachers

AbstractThis article highlights how two researchers started Critical Community Conversations (CCC) with a school community in an effort to learn from one another and build solidarity. The intent was for CCC to focus on some of the most pressing issues facing our nation, state, and local neighborhoods, with a special lens on racism.
Spent Coffee-Based Activated Carbons: Production, Properties, and Environmental Applications

Abstract This chapter presents a short review of the approaches leading to the production of high-value activated carbons from spent coffee and of the applications of these carbons in various environmental separations and energy storage processes. The carbons were obtained using either physical (with steam or carbon dioxide) activation of chars or chemical activation with KOH, ZnCl 2 , or H 3 PO 4 . They were tested as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide and formaldehyde from a gas/vapor phase and as a separation media for salicylic acid, phenols, and dyes from water phase. Testing the application as supercapacitors showed their excellent capacitance, high energy density, and surface stability in charge/discharge processes. The performance of carbons either as adsorbents or as supercapacitors has been shown to be comparable or better than that of commercial activated carbons. The important asset of these carbons is the presence of nitrogen species incorporated into their matrix and the high volume of mesopores.
Task Design and Crowd Sentiment in Biocollections Information Extraction

Citizen science projects have successfully taken advantage of volunteers to unlock scientific information contained in images. Crowds extract scientific data by completing different types of activities: transcribing text, selecting values from pre-defined options, reading data aloud, or pointing and clicking at graphical elements. While designing crowdsourcing tasks, selecting the best form of input and task granularity is essential for keeping the volunteers engaged and maximizing the quality of the results. In the context of biocollections information extraction, this study compares three interface actions (transcribe, select, and crop) and tasks of different levels of granularity (single field vs. compound tasks). Using 30 crowdsourcing experiments and two different populations, these interface alternatives are evaluated in terms of speed, quality, perceived difficulty and enjoyability. The results show that Selection and Transcription tasks generate high quality output, but they are perceived as boring. Conversely, Cropping tasks, and arguably graphical tasks in general, are more enjoyable, but their output quality depend on additional machine-oriented processing. When the text to be extracted is longer than two or three words, Transcription is slower than Selection and Cropping. When using compound tasks, the overall time required for the crowdsourcing experiment is considerably shorter than using single field tasks, but they are perceived as more difficult. When using single field tasks, both the quality of the output and the amount of identified data are slightly higher compared to compound tasks, but they are perceived by the crowd as less entertaining.
Regulation of Reticulocyte eIF-2α Kinases by Phosphorylation

Rabbit reticulocytes have served as one of the model systems for studies on eukaryotic protein synthesis for more than three decades. Isolation and characterization of mammalian initiation factors are based to a major extent on results obtained with these cells. In 1975 it was found by Richard Jackson, Tim Hunt, and co-workers that reticulocyte initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) can be phosphorylated in its a subunit. Initial characterization of an apparently unique protein kinase followed.1–4 This enzyme is active in reticulocytes under heme deficiency and leads to cessation of protein synthesis. Without knowing its identity, it had been described several years earlier as the causing agent for inhibition of protein synthesis; it was activated when the postribosomal supernatant was incubated without hemin. The name “heme-controlled repressor” (HCR) had been given to this agent.5 A second protein kinase phosphorylating eIF-2α was found in reticulocytes; it is associated with polysomes and activated by incubation with low concentrations of double-stranded (ds) RNA and ATP.1,6,7 Its relationship to the interferon-induced mammalian eIF-2α kinase described in other chapters of this book is obvious.
Analytical solution of a one-dimensional thermistor problem with Robin boundary condition

A one-dimensional nonlinear heat conduction equation of steady-state Joule heating in the presence of an electric field in a metal with temperature-dependent conductivities is considered. A technique developed by Young (1986) is adapted and used to derive an analytical solution for the problem with a Robin boundary condition.
Abstract 3090: Exercise After an ICD Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Heart Rate Variability

Exercise is often not prescribed for patients who have an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) because patients are fearful of receiving an ICD shock with exercise, and providers are unsure how to prescribe exercise in this population. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of an aerobic exercise program on cardiorespiratory fitness and heart rate variability (HRV) after sudden cardiac arrest and ICD implantation. Methods : A single group 8-week pre-post test design within 6 months after receiving an ICD was used. Aerobic exercise consisted of treadmill and home walking for 5 hours/week at 60 – 80% of peak maximal oxygen uptake (V0 2 ) for 8 weeks. Exercise took place 3 hours a week in a supervised outpatient rehab setting, with home walking 2 hours/week documented with a Polar Heart Rate Monitor with recording capability. Outcomes: cardiorespiratory fitness [peak V0 2 , exercise time, V0 2 at anaerobic threshold (AT), 0 2 pulse (V0 2 /HR), mean heart rate (HR)], and HRV [24 hour holter monitor: time and frequency domain measures]. Results : Ten patients with an ICD for secondary prevention of cardiac arrest, mean age 54.3±10 years, Caucasian (100%), male (90%), mean EF% = 39.9±21, & taking beta blocker medication (100%) completed 8 weeks of exercise. Using paired t-tests, significant improvements were noted in cardiorespiratory fitness [0 2 pulse, p = 0.05; V0 2 at AT, p = 0.05; mean HR, p = 0.04] and HRV [standard deviation of all R-R intervals (SDNN), p = 0.02; High frequency power, p = 0.02]. Trends for improvement were demonstrated in other fitness measures (exercise time, peak V0 2 , METS) and HRV measures (standard deviation of 5 minute segments (SD5 min), low frequency (LF) power, total power). There were no hospitalizations related to the exercise program. There were no ICD shocks during exercise testing. Conclusion : Aerobic exercise, strenuous enough to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and HRV, is safe and feasible to implement in those with an ICD. Future research should test exercise programs that can be implemented in the home setting. Even with a small sample size, this is one of the first reports to demonstrate safety and feasibility in implementing aerobic exercise in patients who have complex cardiac arrhythmias and an ICD.
Children’s Friendships

Children give much time and attention to their friends and remember them for years afterward. Emotionally disturbed children, however, frequently have difficulties in forming and maintaining these relationships. Extreme conditions, including autism, are commonly marked by the complete absence of friends (Rutter, 1970; Rutter & Garmezy, 1983).
Atomic and Elementary Particle Physics

The field theory of matter developed in this book reveals that there are only correlated spin-1 /2 matter field components that comprise any complex system of matter. The ‘photon’ and the ‘neutrino’ are not elementary particle fields. Rather, they are virtual fields that couple matter to effect their mutual interaction. The bound electron—proton coupled with the long range electromagnetic force (with the virtual photon) is called hydrogen. The bound electron-proton, coupled with the short range electromagnetic force (with the virtual neutrino) is called neutron. These two types of electromagnetic force follow from the factorization of the electromagnetic field theory into a scalar and a pseudoscalar part, which may be identified, respectively, with the standard and the weak electromagnetic interactions. Such a factorization follows from the rejection of reflection symmetry in the electromagnetic (and all other) interactions in nature, in accordance with the underlying symmetry groups of the theory of relativity — the Poincare group for special relativity and the Einstein group for general relativity.
Improved Spatial Resolution of the CAMECA IMS-3f Ion Microscope

The imaging mode of a stigmatic SIMS microanalyzer such as the CAMECA IMS-3f provides the unique capability of producing a magnified localized mapping of the elemental constituents on a sample surface in real time. The principal function of the instrument when used in the microscope mode is to resolve detail present in the specimen. Magnification is necessary to make the image of sufficient size so that the smallest microfeatures resolved by the instrument can be seen by the eye. Therefore it is convenient to compare instrumental parameters of the ion microscope in terms of its inherent resolution capabilities.
Deriving Pseudo-Probabilities of Correctness Given Scores (DPPS)

Pattern recognition has been an active area of research for many years and fostered the development of many recognition techniques. Combining the results of these methods can improve the overall performance. Combining classifiers is particularly useful in the cases when the classifiers are very different (i.e use different features sets, training samples, cluster algorithms, measures, etc.). The outputs of such classifiers can be interpreted in many different ways: distance, probability, fuzzy measures and so forth. In addition, most of the known methods of combination assume that the scores returned by classifier are probabilities. A solution to this problems is to create a methodology that will transform the output scores of classifiers into probabilities. This chapter is an attempt to address these needs.
Nonidentifiability in Model Calibration and Implications for Medical Decision Making

Background. Calibration is the process of estimating parameters of a mathematical model by matching model outputs to calibration targets. In the presence of nonidentifiability, multiple parameter s...
Quantifying the Qualitative: Locating Burial Mounds in Northcentral Kansas

Scattered through parts of north-central Kansas are prehistoric burial sites in the form of low rock and earthen mounds located atop bluffs overlooking stream valleys. The state's Unmarked Burial Sites Preservation Act (UBS) protects these sites by making it illegal to knowingly disturb them and preventing further damage when they are unintentionally disturbed. This law is most effective if sites' locations are known. The goal of this project is to predict and identify areas with high potential for past use as prehistoric burial sites in order to facilitate their protection and preservation. This has been accomplished through a distributional analysis of known mounds using GIS and simple statistical procedures followed by initial testing through targeted pedestrian survey. The models have the potential to aid researchers, cultural resource managers, and government officials in efficiently locating mound sites. They could also raise the effectiveness of the UBS law.
Nanoscale design of zinc anodes for high-energy aqueous rechargeable batteries

Abstract Rechargeable zinc-based aqueous batteries have attracted increasing attention because of the merits of inherent safety, high capacity (820 Ah kg−1 and 5854 Ah L−1), and cost effectiveness. However, the poor rechargeability of Zn anodes limits their development in next-generation batteries, which is attributed to the dendrite growth, shape change, passivation, and hydrogen evolution issues in the zinc anodes. Nanomaterial design of Zn anodes provides a pathway to tackle these long-standing challenges to develop electrically rechargeable Zn anodes. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances, including 3D high surface area electrode structure, core/shell structure with surface coatings, and nanocomposites with highly conductive materials, in various strategies for improving zinc electrochemical performance. Additionally, the concepts of molecular design of the aqueous electrolytes with confined water molecules and high salt concentration are introduced. Finally, future opportunities and challenges with zinc-based aqueous batteries are discussed.
Quantification of Monocyte Chemotactic Activity In Vivo and Characterization of Blood Monocyte Derived Macrophages

Tissue homeostasis and repair are critically dependent on the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages. Both under- and over-recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages can impair wound healing. We showed that high fat and high sugar diets promote monocyte priming and dysfunction, converting healthy blood monocytes into a hyper chemotactic phenotype poised to differentiate into macrophages with dysregulated activation profiles and impaired phenotypic plasticity. The over-recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages and recruitment of macrophages with dysregulated activation profiles is believed to be a major contributor to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases associated with metabolic disorders, including atherosclerosis and obesity. The goal of this protocol is to quantify the chemotactic activity of blood monocytes as a biomarker for monocyte priming and dysfunction and to characterize the macrophage phenotype blood monocytes are poised to differentiate into in these mouse models. Using single cell Western blot analysis, we show that after 24 h 33%of cells recruited into MCP-1-loaded basement membrane-derived gel plugs injected into mice are monocytes and macrophages; 58% after day 3. However, on day 5, monocyte and macrophage numbers were significantly decreased. Finally, we show that this assays also allows for the isolation of live macrophages from the surgically retrieved basement membrane-derived gel plugs, which can then be subjected to subsequent characterization by single cell Western blot analysis.
Preliminary evidence for reduced adipose tissue inflammation in vegetarians compared with omnivores

There are links between obesity and inflammation that may relate activation of pro-inflammatory pathways by dietary factors. Because dietary fat intake of vegetarians is thought to be more beneficial than that of omnivores, we hypothesized that obese vegetarians would have less adipose tissue inflammation and lower intramyocellular ceramide concentrations than equally obese omnivores. Eight obese vegetarian (1 male) and 8 obese omnivore volunteers (1 male) completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire, underwent body composition measures, subcutaneous adipose tissue and muscle biopsies. We used immunohistochemistry to measure adipose macrophage (ATM) and senescent cells. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA), adipose FA and muscle ceramide profiles were measured using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Student t tests were used for the comparison of primary outcomes; univariate regression analysis was used to test for associations between dietary patterns and ATMs (secondary analysis). There were no differences in age (38 ± 8 vs. 39 ± 8 years), BMI (32.2 ± 2.6 vs. 33.3 ± 1.9 kg/m2) or percent body fat (44 ± 8 vs. 45 ± 4) between the vegetarians and omnivores. Vegetarians consumed 42% (P = 0.02) less saturated fat and 50% (P = 0.04) less cholesterol than the omnivores. Plasma FFA of vegetarians had lesser proportions of palmitic acid (24 ± 3 vs. 29 ± 4%, P = 0.02) and vegetarians had fewer femoral pro-inflammatory ATMs than omnivores (3.6 ± 2.8 vs. 7.9 ± 4.4 per 100 adipocytes, respectively; P = 0.02). Omnivores had 50% greater (P = 0.01) expression of TNF mRNA in abdominal fat. We found no significant between group differences in muscle ceramide concentrations. Although the sample size is small, these results may indicate that dietary patterns play a role in adipose tissue inflammation, as reflected by reduced number of femoral ATMs in obese vegetarians than obese omnivores.
Nutriendo al trabajador y mejorando la producción. Los programas de alimentación en la gran industria chilena (1920-1950)

This article analyzes the programs and actions developed by large-scale industrial plants to improve the nutritional conditions of the working class, with the aim of tackling occupational diseases and improving the productive performance of workers. Special interest is taken on knowing the role played by the family and women in their role as mothers and wives in transmitting the values associated with proper nutrition. The sources available for the study are the writings of physicians who addressed the issue of nutrition, especially in the workplace, the nutrition surveys developed between the late 1920s and the early 1940s, and the publications of the Social Welfare Departments of the different companies studied.
Association of Psychosocial Factors With Short‐Term Resting Heart Rate Variability: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Background Psychosocial factors predict heart disease risk, but our understanding of underlying mechanisms is limited. We sought to evaluate the physiologic correlates of psychosocial factors by me...
A Digital Safety Dilemma: Analysis of Computer-Mediated Computer Security Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence During COVID-19

The shutdown measures necessary to stop the spread of COVID-19 have amplified the role of technology in intimate partner violence (IPV). Survivors may be forced to endure lockdowns with their abusers, intensifying the dangers of technology-enabled abuse (e.g. stalking, harassment, monitoring, surveillance). They may also be forced to rely on potentially compromised devices to reach support networks: a dangerous dilemma for digital safety. This qualitative study examines how technologists with computer security expertise provided remote assistance to IPV survivors during the pandemic. Findings from 24 consults with survivors and five focus groups with technologist consultants show how remote delivery of technology support services raised three fundamental challenges: (1) ensuring safety for survivors and consultants; (2) assessing device security over a remote connection; and (3) navigating new burdens for consultants, including emotional labor. We highlight implications for HCI researchers creating systems that enable access to remote expert services for vulnerable people.
The PI3Kδ inhibitor parsaclisib ameliorates pathology and reduces autoantibody formation in preclinical models of systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjӧgren's syndrome.

Dysregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) signaling pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Parsaclisib (INCB050465) represents a potent and selective PI3Kδ inhibitor, which is being clinically investigated for treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and hematological malignancies. We characterized the potential of parsaclisib to ameliorate autoimmune mechanisms implicated in the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Spontaneous mouse models of SLE and SS were utilized to elucidate the efficacy of orally administered parsaclisib on autoreactive B-cell-mediated antibody-driven disease. Parsaclisib significantly reduced disease symptoms and pathology in three distinct mouse models of SLE. Parsaclisib effectively preserved renal function as measured by glomerular filtration rate, abrogated histopathological evidence of nephritis, modulated discrete immune cell subsets, and decreased anti-dsDNA antibody level. Furthermore, parsaclisib demonstrated efficacy in two spontaneous mouse models of SS. Oral parsaclisib treatment ameliorated the severity of salivary gland inflammation and reduced circulating levels of autoantibodies. Parsaclisib mediated improvement of salivary gland inflammation coincided with reduced B-cell activating cytokine (BAFF) in saliva. Transcriptomic analysis of kidney and salivary gland tissues revealed a downregulation in inflammatory gene expression consistent with PI3Kδ pathway inhibition. Parsaclisib reduced autoreactive B-cells and autoantibody levels, and significantly improved nephritis and salivary gland inflammation. These data provide the scientific rationale for PI3Kδ inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for treatment of B-cell-mediated antibody-driven autoimmune diseases.
Doesn’t Anyone Check Citations?

While reading briefs submitted to federal courts, appellate court decisions, and the websites of respected law schools, it became apparent that neither the attorneys nor the Ninth Circuit judges are doing any verification of the text of cited session laws. In some cases, the variances among the session laws cited and the actual text is so dramatic as to render any decision based on these claims suspect.
Formyltetrahydrofolate Synthetase: A STUDY OF EQUILIBRIUM REACTION RATES

Abstract The equilibrium reaction rates of the formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase reaction catalyzed by the crystalline enzyme from Clostridium cylindrosporum were determined by measuring the rates of exchange at equilibrium of formate ↔ 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, orthophosphate ↔ adenosine triphosphate, and ADP ↔ ATP. The effects of increasing the concentrations of the reactant pairs ADP and ATP, Pi and ATP, formate and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, and tetrahydrofolate and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate were examined. The results were not consistent with an ordered addition of substrates, but were explained by a random mechanism. In addition, the results indicate that in some cases the binding of a substrate to the enzyme is affected by the presence of other substrates. The absence of a large difference between the exchange rates when all reactants are present in saturating concentrations suggests that the rate of interconversion of the quaternary complexes and the rates of dissociation of all the reactants from the enzyme are of the same order of magnitude.
Elevated atmospheric CO 2 alters leaf litter quality for stream ecosystems: an in situ leaf decomposition study

Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings were exposed to both elevated (720 ppm; ELEV) and ambient (370 ppm; AMB) concentrations of atmospheric CO2 for a 6-month growing season after which senesced leaves were collected and analyzed for differences in chemical composition. Elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 significantly increased total phenolic compounds, lignin levels, and C:N ratios, while decreasing the concentration of foliar nitrogen. ELEV and AMB leaf aggregates were placed into a headwater stream in the autumn of 1999 for 4 months to assess microbial activity, macroinvertebrate colonization, and leaf decomposition rates. Elevated CO2 significantly reduced 30 day microbial community respiration (−36.8%), and percent leaf mass remaining after 30 and 120 days of stream incubation (−9.4% and −13%, respectively). Low resolution of the experimental design for testing macroinvertebrate responses to altered leaves, including the free movement of macroinvertebrates among leaf aggregates, may explain the lack of treatment effect on invertebrate distribution between AMB and ELEV leaves. Elevated CO2-induced increases in leaf litter total phenolic compounds, lignins, and C:N appear to have negative effects on leaf decomposition, especially in the early stages of the decay process where microorganisms play a dominant role.
Ethnicity, Islam, and Pakistani Public Opinion toward the Pakistani Taliban

This article argues that an Islamist militant group with a relatively homogenous ethnic make-up is more likely to be supported by those of the same ethnicity even if the group makes no reference to and even downplays the importance of ethnicity. Using survey data from an original survey carried out in Pakistan in 2013, with 7,656 respondents, this hypothesis is tested in a multiple regression analysis of support for the Pakistani Taliban. The results demonstrate that co-ethnicity between the respondent and the Islamist militant group is the most important predictor of support for the militant group.
Fuel Economy Sensitivity to Vehicle Mass for Advanced Vehicle Powertrains

In 2002, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) launched FreedomCAR, which is a partnership with automakers to advance high-technology research needed to produce practical, affordable advanced vehicles that have the potential to significantly improve fuel economy in the near-term. Advanced materials (including metals, polymers, composites, and intermetallic compounds) can play an important role in improving the efficiency of transportation vehicles. Weight reduction is one of the most practical ways of increasing vehicle fuel economy while reducing exhaust emissions. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of vehicle mass reduction for several vehicle platforms and advanced powertrain technologies, including Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and fuel cell HEVs, in comparison with conventional vehicles. We also explain the main factors influencing the fuel economy sensitivity.
New Queer Cinema: The Director’s Cut, by B. Ruby Rich

In 1992, film critic and scholar B. Ruby Rich published an article in the Village Voice titled “A Queer Sensation,” in which she noted the sudden proliferation of films with queer content from the ...
Physiological Disorders of Vegetable Crops, by Piyush Verma

Vegetables are an important part of the human diet. They, like all other crops, are subject to physiological problems that can detrimentally affect plant development, yield, and possibly nutrient c...
Security Issues for Mobile Medical Imaging: A Primer

The end-user of mobile device apps in the practice of clinical radiology should be aware of security measures that prevent unauthorized use of the device, including passcode policies, methods for dealing with failed login attempts, network manager-controllable passcode enforcement, and passcode enforcement for the protection of the mobile device itself. Protection of patient data must be in place that complies with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and U.S. Federal Information Processing Standards. Device security measures for data protection include methods for locally stored data encryption, hardware encryption, and the ability to locally and remotely clear data from the device. As these devices transfer information over both local wireless networks and public cell phone networks, wireless network security protocols, including wired equivalent privacy and Wi-Fi protected access, are important components in the chain of security. Specific virtual private network protocols, Secure Sockets Layer and related protocols (especially in the setting of hypertext transfer protocols), native apps, virtual desktops, and nonmedical commercial off-the-shelf apps require consideration in the transmission of medical data over both private and public networks. Enterprise security and management of both personal and enterprise mobile devices are discussed. Finally, specific standards for hardware and software platform security, including prevention of hardware tampering, protection from malicious software, and application authentication methods, are vital components in establishing a secure platform for the use of mobile devices in the medical field.
33 CONGENITAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) INFECTION AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

Congenital CMV (C-CMV) infection occurs in around 1% of births and can result in a variety of CNS problems. Although symptomatic newborns usually have problems, 90% of C-CMV infected newborns are asymptomatic (ASX). Around 10% of them have hearing loss, but whether mental retardation (MR) or learning disability (LD) occur in the ASX group is not clear. We studied 18 normal hearing, school aged children with ASX C-CMV (15 black, 10 male), and 18 controls matched for age, sex, race, grade and socioeconomic status (predominantly middle class) as determined by the parents' education and occupation. Instruments included Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC). LD was defined as FSIQ (WISC-R) or MPC (K-ABC) ≥ 90 and a score on any WRAT subtests or K-ABC Achievement Scale two or more years below age-appropriate. Mean IQ's (WISC-R), MPC (K-ABC), WRAT scores and frequency of LD were: Multivariate analysis revealed no differences between groups on any measures. These findings, together with the fact that all mean scores are very close to national norms suggest that the 25,000 children born in the US each year with ASX-CMV and normal hearing are unlikely to have mental impairment.
A Caveat on the Inventory Price‐Break Model

The usual procedure for determining whether a price discount should be accepted in the standard EOQ price‐break model is erroneous when safety stock is carried because the carrying charge for this stock depends on the purchase price. This note amends the solution algorithm to account for the added costs.
Computing with geometry as an undergraduate course: a three-year experience

Computing with geometry is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field involving computer science, engineering and mathematics. It has relationships to many other areas within computer science (e.g., computational geometry, graphics, information/scientific visualization and computer vision) and serves as a vehicle for engineering students to approach product design and manufacturing processes. Moreover, this is a geometric world! Unfortunately, in a typical computer science curriculum, computing with geometry is virtually missing in spite of its impact on computer science and other fields, and its importance to increase students’ employability. Furthermore, many educators still believe computing with geometry, especially curves, surfaces and solids, belongs to engineering and is not part of computer science curricula, despite the need in graphics and computer-aided design for software engineers and programmers.
Probe translational and rotational diffusion in polymers near Tg: roles of probe size, shape, and secondary bonding in deviations from Debye–Stokes–Einstein scaling

Abstract Rotational and translational dynamics of a variety of probes are compared in several polymers near the glass transition temperature, T g . Second harmonic generation was used to measure the rotational relaxation distribution and average rotational relaxation time, 〈 τ 〉, and fluorescence nonradiative energy transfer was used to measure D trans , the translational diffusion coefficient. D trans is affected greatly by probe size and shape, typically with a temperature dependence in the rubbery state near T g which violates Debye–Stokes–Einstein (DSE) scaling and an apparent enhancement in translational diffusion; in contrast, 〈 τ 〉 is largely unaffected by probe size and shape (for the ranges studied), as long as the probe is sufficiently bulky to have its dynamics coupled to the polymer α-relaxation, and follows DSE scaling. These effects are associated with the short-time side of the distribution of reorientation relaxation times being sensitive to probe size and aspect ratio and the fact that D trans is dominated by short-time relaxations while 〈 τ 〉 is dominated by long-time relaxations. With hydrogen bonding between probe and polymer, both D trans and 〈 τ 〉 may be affected.
Aggressive concurrent chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell head and neck cancer: an 8-year single-institution experience.

Background Since 1989, 105 patients with squamous head and neck cancer have been treated with combined chemoradiotherapy. Objective To examine the effectiveness of using combined chemoradiotherapy on patients with squamous head and neck cancer. Design Eight-year (1989-1997) single-institution evaluation of 105 patients. Methods Treatment consisted of fluorouracil, 1000 mg/m 2 per day, and cisplatin, 20 mg/m 2 per day, both given as continuous infusions during 4 days beginning on day 1 and 22 of a concurrent radiotherapy course. Radiation was given in single daily fractions of 1.8 to 2 Gy, to a total dose of 66 to 72 Gy. Salvage surgery was performed for any residual or recurrent locoregional disease. Planned neck dissection was recommended for all patients with N2+ neck disease, irrespective of clinical response. Results The 105-patient cohort consisted of 79 men and 26 women. The primary site was identified in the oral cavity in 6, oropharynx in 46, larynx in 30, and hypopharynx in 20 patients. Two patients had multiple primaries and 1 patient had an unknown primary. There were 4 patients with stage II, 24 with stage III, and 77 with stage IV disease. Grade 3 and 4 chemoradiotherapy toxic effects included mucositis in 88% of patients, cutaneous reaction in 50%, neutropenia in 49%, thrombocytopenia in 12%, and nausea in 5%. There were no deaths secondary to treatment. The mean weight loss was 12% of initial body weight. To date, primary site persistence or recurrence has occurred in only 14 patients (13%). With a mean follow-up of 39 months, 66 patients (63%) are alive and free of disease. The Kaplan-Meier 4-year projected overall survival is 60% with a disease-specific survival of 74%, a distant metastasis-free survival of 84%, and an overall survival with primary site preserved of 54%. Conclusions This chemoradiotherapy regimen, although toxic, is tolerable with appropriate supportive intervention. Locoregional and distant control are likely. Primary site conservation is possible in most patients. Chemoradiotherapy appears to have an emerging role in the primary management of head and neck cancer.
Adsorption of DNA Bases onto a Semiconductor Surface: Evidence for Surface-Mediated Promotion and Detection of Complementary Base Pair Formation

The adsorption of DNA basesadenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)and base pairs onto single-crystal n-CdSe substrates has been studied in several solvents, using the band gap photoluminescence (PL) of the semiconductor as a probe. In methanol solution, all four bases cause similar, reversible PL quenching, consistent with their acting as Lewis acids toward the surface. The PL changes can be well fit by a dead-layer model, indicating that adsorption increases the depletion width of the semiconductor by ∼200−300 A. In DMSO solution, there is no PL response to individual bases. However, the complementary A−T and G−C base pairs yield a PL response, providing evidence that the surface can promote base pair formation. The A−T and C−G responses in DMSO correspond to depletion width increases of ∼100 and 200 A and persist to ∼45 and 75 °C, respectively. Competition experiments reveal a preference for C−G binding at elevated temperatures. In chloroform solution, the PL response of C−G base pairs c...
cAMP accumulation in T-cells inhibits anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced actin polymerization

The results presented in this report offer a novel explanation for how stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptor (beta AR) inhibits the ability of T cells to proliferate after interaction with immobilized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Accordingly, T cells binding to immobilized anti-CD3 mAb but not anti-CD4 mAb undergo time-dependent F-actin assembly with concomitant formation of pseudopodia. This process is completely inhibited in the presence of isoproterenol (ISO) indicating that stimulation of the beta AR on T cells interferes with the biochemical processes responsible for the assembly of actin. To confirm these observations, we quantitated the formation of F-actin in T cells stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3 mAb in the presence of cAMP elevating agents. The results show that stimulation of the beta AR on T-cells, as well as the addition of forskolin or dibutyryl cAMP, abrogates the formation of F-actin.
Renin and aldosterone suppression in the antihypertensive action of clonidine

Abstract In 18 hypertensive patients receiving a constant (100 mEq/day) sodium diet, treatment with clonidine (0.3 mg/day for 5 days) decreased blood pressure in 11 patients with high and normal renin levels and 7 with low renin levels. The high and normal renin group had early and rapid reductions in blood pressure and plasma renin activity. In contrast, the low renin group had a more gradual hypotensive response and only a small absolute decrease in plasma renin. For all patients, pretreatment renin levels were related to the initial decrease in blood pressure but not to the reductions measured after 5 days. Thus, two mechanisms of action of clonidine are possible, one related to acute inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in patients with high and normal renin levels and another that is independent of renin mechanisms and occurs in all hypertensive patients. In six additional patients with high renin levels induced by prior sodium depletion (10 mEq/day sodium diet), clonidine did not reduce blood pressure or renin, thus indicating that the suppressive action of this agent on renin presser mechanisms occurs only in patients whose elevated renin levels are intrinsic to hypertension and unrelated to sodium depletion. Of the 18 patients receiving a normal sodium diet, 13 were classified as responding to treatment (decrease in both systolic and diastolic pressures of at least 10 percent). The five nonresponders had a greater weight gain and higher values for aldosterone excretion. For all patients, there was a significant correlation between decrements in blood pressure and in aldosterone, suggesting that the countervailing effects of fluid accumulation on blood pressure in nonresponding patients resulted from a failure of aldosterone to be suppressed. Changes in aldosterone, in turn, correlated significantly with changes in renin. Thus, the antirenin effect of clonidine enhances its antihypertensive action not only by acutely ablating renin-angiotensin pressor mechanisms, but also by inhibiting aldosterone production and thereby minimizing longer-term reactive volume retention during treatment.
External Time-Varying Fields and Electron Coherence

The effect of time-varying electromagnetic fields on electron coherence is investigated. A sinusoidal electromagnetic field produces a time-varying Aharonov-Bohm phase. In a measurement of the interference pattern which averages over this phase, the effect is a loss of contrast. This is effectively a form of decoherence. We calculate the magnitude of this effect for various electromagnetic field configurations. The result seems to be sufficiently large to be observable.
Generalised cube-based dynamic element matching algorithms for digital to analogue converters

Dynamic element matching (DEM) digital to analogue converters (DACs) often use interconnection networks to implement their DEM algorithms. A hardware implementation of a generalised cube network (GCN) DEM DAC algorithm is described, and this implementation is shown to be more hardware efficient than other GCN-based DEM algorithms when used in DEM DACs with less than six bits.
In Vivo Detection of 15N-Coupled Protons in Rat Brain by ISIS Localization and Multiple-Quantum Editing

Abstract Three-dimensional image-selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS) was combined with phase-cycled 1H–15N heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) transfer NMR for localized selective observation of protons J-coupled to 15N in phantoms and in vivo. The ISIS–HMQC sequence, supplemented by jump–return water suppression, permitted localized selective observation of 2–5 μmol of [15Nindole]tryptophan, a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin, through the 15N-coupled proton in 20–40 min of acquisition in vitro at 4.7 T. In vivo, the amide proton of [5-15N]glutamine was selectively observed in the brain of spontaneously breathing 15NH4+-infused rats, using a volume probe with homogeneous 1H and 15N fields. Signal recovery after three-dimensional localization was 72–82% in phantoms and 59 ± 4% in vivo. The result demonstrates that localized selective observation of 15N-coupled protons, with complete cancellation of all other protons except water, can be achieved in spontaneously breathing animals by the ISIS–HMQC sequence. This sequence performs both volume selection and heteronuclear editing through an addition/subtraction scheme and predicts the highest intrinsic sensitivity for detection of 15N-coupled protons in the selected volume. The advantages and limitations of this method for in vivo application are compared to those of other localized editing techniques currently in use for non-exchanging protons.
Spectroscopic characterization of C2Hx intermediates in the dissociation of vinyl iodide on Pt(111)

The thermal decomposition of vinyl iodide on Pt(111) was studied using reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Some of the vinyl iodide molecularly desorbs at 160 K and the remainder decomposes via scission of the C–I bond to form vinyl. In this way, the vibrational signature of vinyl on Pt(111) is directly determined by RAIRS. At 190 K, vinyl starts to convert to di-σ bonded ethylene. The ethylene undergoes further reaction at 230 K to hydrogenate to ethylidene, possibly by way of a vinyl intermediate. Upon annealing the surface to 300 K, ethylidene is converted to ethylidyne. Hydrogen pre-adsorption promotes the cleavage of the C–I bond of vinyl iodide and the formation of vinyl, which subsequently leads to an increase in the amount of di-σ bonded ethylene formed. The surface hydrogen enhances the formation of ethylidyne, possibly by removal of excess ethylidene by hydrogenation, as ethylidene was not observed when hydrogen was pre-adsorbed on the surface.