cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of differently prepared Al-Mg alloy powders in oxygen

Abstract Powders of both commercial atomized spherical Al-Mg alloy and mechanically alloyed Al-Mg were oxidized in oxygen using thermo-gravimetry (TG). For both powders, the Al/Mg mass ratio was equal to 1. Fully and partially reacted powders were recovered and characterized using scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Voids grow within oxidized alloy particles for both atomized and mechanically alloyed powders. Results were interpreted accounting for the measured particle size distribution for the spherical powder and distributing the TG-measured weight gain among the individual particle size bins. The reaction interfaces were always located at the internal surface of the oxide shell as determined by matching the oxidation dynamics for particles with the same sizes but belonging to powders with different particle size distributions. Thus, the reaction is always rate limited by inward diffusion of oxygen ions through the growing oxide shell. Two oxidation stages were identified for both materials. Both Al and Mg oxidize during both observed oxidation stages. The second oxidation stage is caused by formation of the spinel phase, most likely occurring at a threshold temperature. In the present measurements, the step in the oxidation rate, or switch between the oxidation stages, occurs when the oxide shell grows above a certain thickness of approximately 1.5 μm. The apparent activation energy during the first oxidation stage energy changes during the first oxidation stage suggesting that more than one reaction occur in parallel, e.g., causing formation of MgO and amorphous alumina. For the second oxidation step, controlled by diffusion of oxygen through spinel layer, the activation energy remains nearly constant around 185 kJ/mol.
Effects of plate stiffness on first metatarsophalangeal joint motion during unanticipated cutting and resisted sled pushing in football players

Turf toe, first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) sprain, is a debilitating injury in football players that is likely the result of excessive dorsiflexion of the hallux. Understanding in-cleat motion of the MTPJ with increased magnitudes of midsole stiffness may help to identify footwear modifications for treatment and injury risk. The purpose was to determine the effects of plate stiffness on in-cleat (anatomical) and footwear MTPJ motion during football–specific movements. Male football players (n = 13) performed two tasks, unanticipated side cutting and weighted sled pushing, with two identical football-specific cleats with different magnitudes of plate stiffness. An electromagnetic motion analysis system with 2 mm sensors was used to assess anatomical (mounted on the foot) and footwear (mounted on the cleat) MTPJ dorsiflexion and ankle dorsiflexion. Repeated measures ANOVAs (p < 0.05) were used to assess statistical differences. Footwear measured MTPJ dorsiflexion was significantly decreased with the s...
The use of bimetallics to control the selectivity for the upgrading of lignin-derived oxygenates: Reaction of anisole on Pt and PtZn catalysts

Abstract The adsorption and reaction of anisole on Pt and PtZn catalysts were investigated using both model single crystal and high surface area supported metal catalysts. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) studies of the interaction of anisole with Pt(1 1 1) demonstrated that there is a strong interaction between the phenyl ring of anisole and the surface, resulting in C O and C H bond scission at relatively low temperatures. In contrast, anisole was observed to bond to a Zn-modified Pt(1 1 1) surface primarily via the oxygen at Zn sites or possibly adjacent Pt sites, with the phenyl ring tilted away from the surface. Such bonding configuration facilitated selective C O bond cleavage producing phenyl groups and methoxide groups with the latter being bonded to the Zn sites. These results suggested that PtZn may be an effective catalyst for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin-derived aromatic oxygenates with low activity for ring hydrogenation. This hypothesis was then tested and verified by investigating the reaction of anisole and H2 over high surface area carbon-supported Pt and PtZn catalysts.
Executives’ Legal Records and Insider Trading Activities

We examine how and why insider trading varies across senior executives and their firms. As predicted, the profitability of both purchases and sales are higher for “recordholder” executives (those who have a record of legal infractions), than for other “non-recordholder” executives at the same firms. The profitability of recordholder executives’ purchases and sales decrease significantly with proxies for strong information and governance environments, suggesting that recordholders have a relatively higher propensity to exploit inside information given the opportunity to do so. Finally, our classification of executives (recordholder status) can predict future returns and firm-specific information events.
Achieving quality esthetic dentistry and integrated comprehensive care with new generation techniques and materials.

BACKGROUND: Prosthodontics is the dental specialty responsible for diagnosis, rehabilitation and maintenance of patients with complex clinical conditions involving missing or deficient teeth and/or craniofacial tissues. The essence of the specialty is expert treatment planning. OVERVIEW/LITERATURE REVIEWED: In recent years, new approaches and technology have been introduced as a result of research performed in universities and by industry. The field of prosthodontics continues to evolve owing to a better understanding of the biology of the oral cavity and the introduction of new techniques and improved biomaterials. Improvements in periodontal and oral surgical techniques, implant procedures and materials, esthetic restorative materials, and jaw tracking recorders and articulators have led to enhanced functional and esthetic oral and maxillofacial prostheses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The complexities of today's technical and clinical procedures and the higher expectations for more esthetically pleasing dentistry by the general patient population have placed a premium on teamwork involving general dentists, specialists and dental technicians.
Growth hormone regulates the sensitization of developing peripheral nociceptors during cutaneous inflammation

Cutaneous inflammation alters the function of primary afferents and gene expression in the affected dorsal root ganglia (DRG). However, specific mechanisms of injury-induced peripheral afferent sensitization and behavioral hypersensitivity during development are not fully understood. Recent studies in children suggest a potential role for growth hormone (GH) in pain modulation. Growth hormone modulates homeostasis and tissue repair after injury, but how GH affects nociception in neonates is not known. To determine whether GH played a role in modulating sensory neuron function and hyperresponsiveness during skin inflammation in young mice, we examined behavioral hypersensitivity and the response properties of cutaneous afferents using an ex vivo hairy skin-saphenous nerve-DRG-spinal cord preparation. Results show that inflammation of the hairy hind paw skin initiated at either postnatal day 7 (P7) or P14 reduced GH levels specifically in the affected skin. Furthermore, pretreatment of inflamed mice with exogenous GH reversed mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in addition to altering nociceptor function. These effects may be mediated through an upregulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGFr1) as GH modulated the transcriptional output of IGFr1 in DRG neurons in vitro and in vivo. Afferent-selective knockdown of IGFr1 during inflammation also prevented the observed injury-induced alterations in cutaneous afferents and behavioral hypersensitivity similar to that after GH pretreatment. These results suggest that GH can block inflammation-induced nociceptor sensitization during postnatal development leading to reduced pain-like behaviors, possibly by suppressing the upregulation of IGFr1 within DRG.
Ab-initio molecular dynamics study of lanthanides in liquid sodium

Abstract To mitigate the fuel cladding chemical interaction (FCCI) phenomena in liquid sodium cooled fast reactors, a fundamental understanding of the lanthanide (Ln) transport through liquid Na Cs filled pores in U Zr fuel is necessary. In this study, we investigate three abundant Ln fission products diffusion coefficients in liquid Na at multiple temperatures. By utilization of Ab-initio Molecular Dynamics, the Ln diffusivities are found to be in the magnitude order of liquid diffusion ( 10 − 5 cm 2 / s ) and the temperature dependence of the diffusivity for different lanthanides in liquid sodium was explored. It is also observed that dilute concentration of Pr and Nd led to a significant change in Na diffusivity. The structural and electronic properties of Na Ln metallic systems have been investigated. The total coordination number shows dependence on both the temperature and the composition.
1.01 – Male Sexual Behavior

Copulation and the physiological mechanisms of erection and ejaculation are described. In most rodents, testosterone's behavioral effects are mediated mostly by conversion to estrogen in neurons, whereas in primates, including humans, and some other animals, testosterone itself is the major hormone. Brain areas that control mating include the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus, mesolimbic and nigrostriatal tracts, central tegmental field, lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus, and motor outputs, including the spinal cord. Drugs affecting dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, opioids, nitric oxide, oxytocin, and orexin/hypocretin administered systemically or into specific brain areas influence mating.
Design and Experimental Validation of a Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) Hybrid Collector

In order to reduce carbon dioxide, the use of renewable energy is inevitable. Among the different renewable energies, solar is the most abundant and easily harness able. To convert solar energy to useful energy solar collectors are the bridge between them. Therefore designing an appropriate and efficient solar collector which is able to make solar energy feasible and useful. In this paper, a concentrated hybrid photovoltaic-thermal collector is developed and analyzed its electrical and thermal characteristics. The unique design has been developed under Solarus AB, Alvkerleby, Sweden. Also, it has been tested in Alvkerleby and at University of Dalarna, Sweden. The designed collector has been compared with another similar collector and also the thermal analysis has been compared between two regions. The novel collector constitutes a new technical approach to maximize the total efficiency compared to the traditional hybrid collector.
Fusion reactor first-wall cooling for very high energy fluxes

Abstract A study has been made of the feasibility of a protective first-wall shield between the plasma and the containment vessel for early experimental controlled thermonuclear fusion machines. The proposed first-wall shield is a water-cooled array of thin-walled tubes designed to take very high local energy fluxes originating from the neutral beam injectors. Detailed computer calculations reveal that heat flux capabilities of 3300 W/cm 2 are possible with first-wall shield sections made up of tubes 1 m long of Ta-10W alloy (with tubes of 10 mm i.d. and tube wall thickness of 0.5 mm) with a structural safety factor of about four. Required pumping powers on the order of 1 MW/m 2 of first-wall area exposed to these high energy fluxes are predicted for flow in the non-boiling regime. If operation in the subcooled nucleate boiling regime can be achieved without oscillations or instabilities, the required pumping power is shown to decrease by about an order of magnitude.
Dopaminergic modulation of multi-muscle synergies in postural tasks performed by patients with Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Background Postural instability is one of most disabling motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Indices of multi-muscle synergies are new measurements of postural stability. Objectives We explored the effects of dopamine-replacement drugs on multi-muscle synergies stabilizing center of pressure coordinate and their adjustments prior to a self-triggered perturbation in patients with Parkinson’s disease. We hypothesized that both synergy indices and synergy adjustments would be improved on dopaminergic drugs. Methods Patients at Hoehn-Yahr stages II and III performed whole-body tasks both off- and on-drugs while standing. Muscle modes were identified as factors in the muscle activation space. Synergy indices stabilizing center of pressure in the anterior-posterior direction were quantified in the muscle mode space during a load-release task. Results Dopamine-replacement drugs led to more consistent organization of muscles in stable groups (muscle modes). On-drugs patients showed larger indices of synergies and anticipatory synergy adjustments. In contrast, no medication effects were seen on anticipatory postural adjustments or other performance indices. Conclusions Dopamine-replacement drugs lead to significant changes in characteristics of multi-muscle synergies in Parkinson’s disease. Studies of synergies may provide a biomarker sensitive to problems with postural stability and agility and to efficacy of dopamine-replacement therapy.
Birth injuries to growth plates: A sheep in wolves' clothing

Growth plate injuries (Salter-Harris type 1 or physeal fractures) of the long bones in the newborn are easily misdiagnosed as joint fractures with dislocations due to their nonossified epiphyses on plain radiographs. Diagnosis with musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) is advantageous due to its ability to visualize the nonossified epiphysis. We present two cases of humeral growth plate fractures in newborns, one at the shoulder (proximal humerus) and the other at the elbow (distal humerus). These cases emphasize the importance of quick and noninvasive diagnosis with US to avoid unnecessary intervention. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2017
Problems to be tackled by India’s national cancer screening programme

The Indian government’s plan to screen for breast, cervix, and mouth cancers is a good one.1 In India, cancers of the lung, mouth, stomach, oesophagus, breast, and cervix continue to be a public health challenge. Data from population based cancer registries show that the incidence of cancers varies geographically. For example, in …
Integrating winter camelina into maize and soybean cropping systems

Abstract Camelina [ Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz.] is an industrial oilseed crop in the Brassicaceae family with multiple uses. Currently, camelina is not used as a cover crop, but it has the potential to be used as such in maize ( Zea mays L.)-soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cropping systems. The objective of this study was to determine the agronomic performance of winter camelina intersown as a cover crop into standing soybean or maize prior to their harvest. Experiments were conducted in Fargo, ND in 2014, Prosper, ND, in 2015, and in Morris, MN in 2014 and 2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. The main plot was row spacing (61 and 76 cm in maize, 31 and 61 cm in soybean) while the sub-plot was maize or soybean growth stage at relay-sowing of camelina. Winter camelina was sown on four different dates: Date 1 (SD1), at the same sowing date as maize and soybean, Date 2 (SD2) at V4-V5 of maize and V3-V4 of soybean growth stages, Date 3 (SD3) at ‘silking’ of maize and R1-R2 stage of soybean, and Date 4 (SD4) after maize and soybean harvest. Camelina establishment into standing maize and soybean largely depended on rainfall after sowing. Camelina intersown on SD1 resulted in lower maize and soybean grain and biomass yield of 14 and 10%, respectively, whereas intersowing after SD2 had no significant effect on yield.. Camelina N accumulation varied between 24 and 59 kg N ha −1 and P accumulation ranged between 4.3 and 9.2 kg P ha −1 in the spring when sown after maize and between 14 and 57 kg N ha −1 and 1.5 and 6.9 kg P ha −1 after soybean. Results indicate that camelina intersown after V4-V5 of maize or V3-V4 of soybean stages will likely avoid competition with the primary cash crop. Camelina establishment and winter survival was best when sown after maize and soybean harvest, and tended to be greater in soybean. However, there are many unanswered questions on camelina intersowing management. New research will allow optimization of intersowing management to increase yields of both crops while enhancing ecosystem services.
Plasma Sources for X-Ray Lithography

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the plasma sources for X-Ray lithography. In the past decade, X-ray lithography has moved from a laboratory demonstration to the production line use of prototype equipment. The many advantages of X-ray lithography, especially, resolution, throughput, and yield, bode well for its future. Full-wafer exposures are providing valuable experience in the commercial use of X-ray lithography. Adequate intensity for submicrometer step-and-repeat schemes remains a major concern with electron-impact sources. Synchrotron radiation sources for X-ray lithography are being intensively studied. Large multipurpose storage rings are employed to demonstrate capabilities, while compact special-purpose rings are being designed for lithography. Two types of low-repetition-rate discharge-heated plasma sources, the puff and dense plasma focus devices, and both low- and medium-rate Nd laser plasma sources have been used for resist exposure demonstrations. A great deal of source engineering remains for both discharge and laser sources. Efficiency, repetitive pulsing, and reliability are the major concerns for discharge sources.
Osteophilic Ceramic and Glass Materials

The present paper summarizes some of the properties of bio-glasses and hydroxyapatites. The subjects that are discussed are: i) the chemical composition of hydroxyapatite, ii) the effect of bioglass composition on bioreactivity and rate of bond formation, iii) the effect of loading on the bioreactivity and rate of bond formation of bioglass, iv) the use of hydroxyapatite in conjunction with porous metals in order to enhance bony ingrowth into these porous metals; and v) strength properties of metal fiber reinforced bioglass composites.
The Empire Forgotten: The Application of the Bill of Rights to U.S. Territories

"The Empire Forgotten: The Application of the Bill of Rights to U.S. Territories" examines the history of the Insular Cases, a series of cases decided by the United States Supreme Court at the turn of the twentieth century, dealing with the extension of the Bill of Rights to recently acquired territories of the United States. It begins with an examination of the history of territorial acquisition by the United States, starting with the Northwest Territories and continuing up through the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Spanish-American War. Through this historical examination, the paper traces the various laws and treaties made by Congress, and how the Treaty of Paris, unlike prior treaties, lacked a provision guaranteeing rights to citizens of the newly acquired territories. It was this lack that lead to the decisions by the United States Supreme Court, holding that the full Bill of Rights, specifically the right to a jury trial, did not apply to these newly acquired "insular" territories. Part III of the paper begins with an examination of the Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford, the first application of the Bill of Rights to United States territory not yet a state. It notes that in that case, Chief Justice Taney held that the Bill of Rights, and specifically the right to a jury trial, applied in U.S. territories. It then moves on to an examination of the "Uniform Duties Clause Cases," in which the Court first addressed the Government's relationship to the insular territories, and ruled that they were not part of "the United States" as that term was used in the Constitution. It then moves on to examine the Insular Cases themselves, and the creation of the Territorial Incorporation Doctrine, which holds that the Constitution only applies fully to territories that Congress has incorporated into the United States. Since Congress has not incorporated the insular territories, the Court held that the right to a jury trial did not apply. It traces the evolution of the Territorial Incorporation Doctrine from its first articulation in Justice White's concurring opinion in Downes v. Bidwell through its eventual adoption by the full Court in Balzac v. Porto Rico (sic). The paper then examines the distinction between procedural and fundamental rights, only the latter of which have been incorporated. It notes that the Court held that the right to a jury trial is procedural, rather than fundamental, and therefore citizens of the insular territories could not claim this right. The paper moves on to a discussion of the racist language and assumptions underlying the Territorial Incorporation Doctrine before moving on to an examination of several solutions to the problem of this unequal application of the Bill of Rights. Four possible solutions are suggested, and the benefits and detriments of each are explored before the paper finally concludes that the best action to solve for this unequal application of the Bill of Rights is for Congress to fully incorporate the Insular Territories.
A Survey of Some Results Closely Related to the Knaster–Kuratowski–Mazurkiewicz Theorem

Publisher Summary The classical theorem of Knaster–Kuratowski–Mazurkiewicz (KKM) has applications in several fields of pure and applied mathematics. This chapter presents the results closely related to the KKM theorem. It also presents the generalizations of the KKM theorem, which are covering the theorems of simplexes. The chapter presents the results that do not involve simplexes. These are results concerning convex sets in topological vector spaces. The chapter presents the list of a generalized KKM theorem and two of its direct consequences: theorem on sets with convex sections and the minimax inequality. These old results are listed in order to see the connection between the KKM theorem and the more recent results. The minimax inequality is used to prove matching minimum theorem, and then discuss three applications of this useful result.
Conjugate unscented transformation–based uncertainty analysis of energy harvesters

This article presents a probabilistic approach to investigate the effect of parametric uncertainties on the mean power, tip deflection, and tip velocity of linear and nonlinear energy harvesting sy...
Use of human islets to understand islet biology and diabetes: progress, challenges and suggestions

Over the last two decades, improved access to human islets and the development of human islet distribution networks have enabled the use of millions of human islets in hundreds of scientific research projects, leading to a dramatic increase in our understanding of human islet biology. Here we discuss recent scientific advances as well as methodological and experimental challenges that impact human islet quality, experimental outcomes and the reporting of human islets used in scientific publications. In a survey of over 200 scientific publications with human islet experimentation, we found that the reporting of critical information was quite variable, sometimes obscure, and often failed to adequately outline the experiments and results using human islets. As the complexity of human islet research grows, we propose that members of the human islet research ecosystem work together to develop procedures and approaches for accessible and transparent collecting and reporting of crucial human islet characteristics and, through this, enhance collaboration, reproducibility and rigour, leading to further advances in our understanding of human islet biology.
The Bat-and-Ball Problem: Stronger evidence in support of a conscious error process.

Traditional accounts of reasoning have characterized human error response to be an unconscious process whereby cognitive misers blindly neglect the critical information that would lead to problem solution, thereby substituting an easier problem for the actual problem (e.g., Kahneman & Frederick, 2002). For the bat-and-ball problem, the unconscious substitution hypothesis is challenged on two fronts in the present study: (1) testing for conscious representation of the error-inducing semantic content of the problem (i.e., the "more than" phrase, "The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball."); and (2) comparing experimentally response confidence differences between standard versions of the problem and isomorphic controls (without that phrase) to verify post-decision sensitivity to the errors, following De Neys, Rossi, and Houde (2013). Crucially, even when interference questions were included between testing and memory response, incorrect reasoners largely had accurate recall and recognition of the problem's error inducing phrase. Incorrect reasoners' intra-individual error sensitivity was replicated and extended via the introduction of a social-metacognitive measurement, which was found to be correlated with intra-individual post-decision confidence and also yielded an error sensitivity effect. Finally, latency responses verify the relationship between time spent reasoning and post-decision confidence. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Vibrational analysis of the ubiquitous interstellar molecule cyclopropenylidene (c-C3H2): the importance of numerical stability

Recent work on cyclopropenylidene, c-C3H2, sought to improve on past ab initio results with a complete basis set (CBS) quartic force field method capable of predicting fundamental bands to within 5...
A longitudinal intervention to improve young children's liking and consumption of new foods: findings from the Colorado LEAP study.

Many interventions have been conducted to improve young children’s liking and consumption of new foods however their impacts on children’s consumption have been limited. Consistent evidence supports the use of repeated exposure to improve liking for new foods however longitudinal effects lasting greater than 6 months often have not been demonstrated. Here we report the eating-related findings of the Colorado Longitudinal Eating And Physical Activity (LEAP) Study, a multi-component intervention, delivered primarily in the school setting, which aimed to improve children’s liking and consumption of a target food via repeated exposure and positive experiential learning. Four sites in rural Colorado, each housing Head Start preschool programs, matched on state vital statistics for childhood obesity rates, (2 intervention and 2 control sites) took part in a quasi-experimental study design which included 4 time points (baseline, post-intervention, one-year [Y1] and two- year [Y2] follow ups). A total of 250 children and families were enrolled (n = 143 intervention and n = 107 control; 41% Hispanic and 69% low-income). A 12-week intervention, Food Friends – Fun With New Foods®, delivered by trained preschool teachers and which focuses on positive and repeated experiences with new foods, and a 5-month (1 unit/month) social marketing “booster program” was delivered in kindergarten (one-year follow up) and 1st grade (two-year follow up). Main outcome measures included change in children’s liking for new foods, analyzed by ordinal regression using generalized estimating equations, and change in weighed consumption of new foods over time, analyzed using a hierarchical mixed effects model. The intervention was delivered with good fidelity (87%). Both intervention and control groups demonstrated an increase in liking for the target food over time (p = 0.0001). The pattern of consumption of the target food was different, over time, for intervention and control groups (p < 0.005). In particular the change in intake between baseline and post-intervention was significantly greater in the intervention compared to the control group (p < 0.0001) though this pattern of change did not hold between baseline and Y2 follow up (p = 0.1144). Children in the intervention group who liked the target food consumed nearly double their baseline consumption at post-intervention (p < 0.0001;) and maintained this increase at Y2 follow up (p < 0.0001). The Food Friends intervention, which utilized positive, repeated experiences with new foods, and was delivered with good fidelity by trained preschool teachers, found that larger improvements were observed in children’s eating behaviors than would be expected with developmentally-based changes in eating behaviors. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT01937481. Date registered: 09/09/2013; Retrospectively registered. Date first participant registered: 09/15/2010.
Regular sensitivity computation avoiding chaotic effects in particle-in-cell plasma methods

Abstract Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation methods are attractive for representing species distribution functions in plasmas. However, as a model, they introduce uncertain parameters, and for quantifying their prediction uncertainty it is useful to be able to assess the sensitivity of a quantity-of-interest (QoI) to these parameters. Such sensitivity information is likewise useful for optimization. However, computing sensitivity for PIC methods is challenging due to the chaotic particle dynamics, and sensitivity techniques remain underdeveloped compared to those for Eulerian discretizations. This challenge is examined from a dual particle–continuum perspective that motivates a new sensitivity discretization. Two routes to sensitivity computation are presented and compared: a direct fully-Lagrangian particle-exact approach provides sensitivities of each particle trajectory, and a new particle-pdf discretization, which is formulated from a continuum perspective but discretized by particles to take the advantages of the same type of Lagrangian particle description leveraged by PIC methods. Since the sensitivity particles in this approach are only indirectly linked to the plasma-PIC particles, they can be positioned and weighted independently for efficiency and accuracy. The corresponding numerical algorithms are presented in mathematical detail. The advantage of the particle-pdf approach in avoiding the spurious chaotic sensitivity of the particle-exact approach is demonstrated for Debye shielding and sheath configurations. In essence, the continuum perspective makes implicit the distinctness of the particles, which circumvents the Lyapunov instability of the N-body PIC system. The cost of the particle-pdf approach is comparable to the baseline PIC simulation.
Never Again: The Impact of Learning about the Holocaust on Civic Outcomes.

Preparing students to be effective citizens is a longstanding goal of public education. Historical content provides illustrative opportunities for civic learning. Teaching about the Holocaust exemp...
Remediating the Celebrity Roast: The Place of Mean Tweets on Late-Night Television:

This article uses the “Celebrities Read Mean Tweets” segment on late-night talk show Jimmy Kimmel Live! as a case study in how television can remediate social media to maintain its dominant positio...
Fostering the learning of subtraction concepts and the subtraction-as-addition reasoning strategy

Abstract The subtraction-as-addition strategy (e.g., using the known sum 7 + 4 = 11 to solve for the unknown difference of 11 − 4 = ?) is an important example of mathematical reasoning and can facilitate subtraction fluency. A 12-weeks long randomized control trial consisting of an experimental group (structured-subtraction instruction/practice on the strategy) and two comparison groups (unstructured practice of subtraction combinations and structured instruction/practice on a different reasoning strategy) served to evaluate whether conceptually based instruction was efficacious in promoting knowledge and reliable use of the subtraction-as-addition reasoning strategy. Eighty-one Grade K-3 students (mean age 7.9 years) participated. A computational shortcut task (presenting a related sum such as 7 + 7 = 14 before 14 − 7 = ?) was used to gauge whether participants recognized addition could be used to solve related, unpracticed, and unknown subtraction combinations. Significantly more participants in the structured-subtraction group than those in the comparison groups used a related sum to avoid computing a difference. A large majority of participants in the experimental group, but not in the comparison groups, exhibited knowledge and reliable use of the subtraction-as-addition strategy.
Citrulline Not a Major Determinant in the Recognition of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2 and 4 by Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis

OBJECTIVE Citrullinated proteins are hallmark targets of autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our study was undertaken to determine the effect of autocitrullination on the recognition of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) 2 and 4 by autoantibodies in RA. METHODS Autocitrullination sites in PAD2 and PAD4 were determined by mass spectrometry and literature review. Antibodies against native and autocitrullinated PADs in 184 patients with RA were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Linear regression analysis, outlier calculations, and competition assays were performed to evaluate antibody reactivity to native and citrullinated PADs. RESULTS Autocitrullination of PAD2 and PAD4 was detected in 16 (48%) of 33 arginine residues and 7 (26%) of 27 arginine residues, respectively. Despite robust autocitrullination, autoantibodies bound similarly to native and citrullinated PAD2 or PAD4 (ρ = 0.927 and ρ = 0.903, respectively; each P < 0.0001). Although subsets of anti-PAD-positive sera were identified as exhibiting preferential recognition of native or citrullinated PAD2 (40.5% or 4.8%, respectively) or PAD4 (11.7% or 10.4%, respectively), competition assays confirmed that the majority of anti-PAD reactivity was attributed to a pool of autoantibodies that bound irrespective of citrullination status. CONCLUSION Autocitrullination does not affect autoantibody reactivity to PADs in the majority of patients with RA, demonstrating that anti-PAD antibodies are distinct from anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in their dependence on citrullination for binding.
Navigating the Decisions and Ethics of Authorship: An Examination of Graduate Student Journal Article Authorship:

Authorship and authorship order are visual shortcuts that communicate student success. We content analyzed to what extent graduate students published as lead authors in 10 refereed communication an...
Abstract P111: Systemic TLR4 Blockade Ameliorates Neuroinflammation & Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption In Hypertensive Rats

Hypertension is linked to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and neuroinflammation in areas such as the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). We hav...
Correction to “A Novel and Systematic Approach to Inhomogeneous Dielectric Lens Design Based on Curved Ray Geometrical Optics and Particle Swarm Optimization” [Jun 19 3657-3669]

In the above article [1, p. 3667] , Table II appeared inaccurately, and the correct version appears here. The IEEE regrets this error.
Continuidad y cambio en el sistema partidista chileno: sobre los efectos de transformación de una reforma electoral

Las consecuencias de la formula electoral legislativa de dos miembros por distrito en el sistema partidista chileno han sido tema de gran debate. Para algunos analistas, el sistema "binominal" chileno, impuesto por el gobierno de Pinochet, limita el fraccionamiento del sistema partidista y fomenta la competencia centripeta, lo que a la larga amplia las perspectivas de estabilidad democratica. Otros enfatizan los elementos de co1ttinuidad al interior del historico sistema multipartidista del pais y sostienen que, en realidad, la formula puede resultar en inestabilidad. El presente articulo sostiene que una reforma electoral limitada tiene consecuencias limitadas en el sistema partidista y presenta pruebas empiricas del efecto que ha tenido el sistema binominal en dicho sistema. Muestra que, ni el grado de fraccionamiento del sistema partidista ni la dinamica competitiva del mismo, se han visto transformados de manera sustancial. Una serie de mediciones empiricas dan prueba de la continuidad tanto del numero de partidos como de la dinamica competitiva del sistema de partidos. Sin embargo, la formula binominal efectivamente aumenta el estimulo para la formacion y wantenimiento de coaliciones. El articulo concluye que las consecuencias finales de una reforma electoral dependen de si estos nuevos estimulos para la formacion de partidos pueden superar, a largo plazo, los elementos de continuidad existentes al interior del sistema partidista.
Magnetic-field-induced bending and straining of Ni–Mn–Ga single crystal beams with high aspect ratios

Abstract Small monocrystalline beams of the magnetic shape-memory alloy (MSMA) Ni–Mn–Ga, with a square 1×1 mm2 cross section and length between 2 and 10 mm, with the 10M martensite structure and all faces parallel to {100}, were subjected to rotating magnetic fields while being held at one end. The beams deform by both magnetic-field-induced straining (MFIS) and magnetic-torque-induced bending (MTIB), in directions parallel and perpendicular to the beam’s longitudinal axis, respectively. With the field parallel to the beam axis, the beams were straight and short. Upon field rotation, the beam elongated and bent in the direction of the field. When the field reached 90°, the beam deflected rapidly and took a bent shape oriented in the opposite direction. Upon further field rotation, bending strain and axial strain decreased until the beam was short and straight again with the field at 180°. With an increase in beam aspect ratio, the bending component increases while the total axial strain remains constant. MTIB – a natural but so far neglected response of long MSMA samples exposed to a transversal magnetic field – occurs during switching of current linear (one-dimensional) actuators, thus causing friction losses, wear, and fatigue. However, MTIB provides the opportunity to actuate high aspect ratio MSMA continuously and smoothly in all directions (in three dimensions), thus mimicking slender biological actuating structures such as microorganism flagella tails and fins of fish, heart valves, leaves and petals of plants, and wings of birds or insects.
High power RF generation by relativistic beams in dielectric structures and its application to the advanced accelerators

We have studied the interaction of a high current relativistic electron beam with dielectric loaded waveguides as a source of high power electromagnetic radiation. A unique high current photoinjector-based electron linac was used to generate the drive beam for these experiments. Travelling wave dielectric structures with luminal (v/sub phase/=c) frequencies of 7.8, 15 and 20 GHz were used. The rf power levels generated in these experiments were very large-up to 4-20 MW. This class of RF sources has been used for two beam acceleration studies for future linear collider research. With the newly improved RF photoinjector at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), we expect to generate up to 0.5 GW RF power in the range of 20-60 GHz with a pulse length of tens ns. With this soon to be available RF power source, we could test acceleration structures up to gradients of 1 GV/m.
Anti-tumor antibodies and ovarian cancer in Women and Hens

A40 Background: The high mortality rate of OVCA reflects a lack of early detection tests. Anti-tumor antibodies (aTAB) are a potential diagnostic for early detection of OVCA. Since there is no method to identify patients with early stage disease, it is difficult to validate aTAB as an early marker of OVCA. Laying hens are the only animal that spontaneously develops OVCA. We evaluated the association of anti-tumor antibodies with OVCA in humans and hens, in order to determine the feasibility of (a) aTAB as a diagnostic and (b) pre-clinical validation studies in hens.Methods: Sera were obtained from patients (ages 35-85, n=80) undergoing examination for gynecologic tumors and control women without ovarian pathology (ages 25-60, n=24). Normal ovarian and tumor tissues were obtained at surgery. Serum aTAB were detected by immunoassay described previously (Luborsky et al, 1990; Barua et al 2001). Two dimensional Western blots (2D-WB) were performed to identify potential antigens by standard methods (Barua et al, 2006). The aTAB were assessed similarly in sera from laying hens (2.5 years old, 16 hens with ovarian cancer, 18 normal control hens, 6 young hens for immunoassay control). Sections of hen ovary and tumors were stained with hematoxylin & eosin to evaluate tumor histology.Results: Significantly more patients with malignant ovarian cancer had aTABs than patients with malignant endometrial cancer (78% and 44%, respectively) or patients with benign ovarian tumors (29%) and controls (25%) (p≤0.001). The molecular weight and pI of immunoreactive spots in 2D-WB had major similarities and minor differences among patients. Significantly more hens with ovarian cancer had aTABs than control hens (65% and 22%, respectively) (p≤0.001). Serous, endometrioid, clear cell and poorly differentiated tumors were observed in hens and the histological appearances of these tumors were microscopically similar to humans. The primary reaction in 2D-WB was a common group at 50kD (pI 6-8) against proteins from both normal ovary and tumors suggesting that antigens are similar in humans and hens.Conclusion: The results suggest that anti-tumor antibodies are more prevalent in women and hens with malignant OVCA. Further study of the time course of anti-tumor antibody appearance in the hen will facilitate the validation of anti-tumor antibodies as a diagnostic marker for OVCA. Support: NIH R01-AI055060 and Rice Foundation.
Concreteness Drift and the Fourth Amendment

Katz v. United States was expected to reorient interpretations of the Fourth Amendment. This was not simply because Katz repealed the constitutional rules governing electronic eavesdropping established in Olmstead v. United States. Rather, it was because Katz called for doctrinal reform across a broad swath of cases-the entire catalogue of "search" issues-and it supplanted a mechanical rule with an open standard based on contextual and evolving societal expectations. Of course the hope of Katz would prove hollow. In forty-five years, Katz has had only a marginal impact on the Court's "search" decision-making. Put more directly, Katz has failed to direct judges to evaluate the term "search" based on contextual and evolving privacy norms. Explanations for Katz's failure come in many forms: some point to the resilience of the justices' personal juridical and policy preferences; others to the vagueness of the Katz opinions themselves; and still others to the inaccessibility of good empirical data regarding "reasonable expectations of privacy." I agree, more or less, with each of these explanations. Yet I believe that the prevailing explanations are somewhat incomplete. This essay seeks to offer a fuller picture of Katz's failure.
Dwellers of Memory: Youth and Violence in Medellín, Colombia

Many books and articles have been published recently on the topic of memory and oral history and how older individuals construct their memories. In dealing with the topics of memory and narrative, ...
Prevalence of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among U.S. College Students: A Systematic Review

Abstract Research shows that Americans are using increasing amounts of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and that education is a significant predictor of CAM use. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize key research findings on CAM use rates among U.S. college students and recommend future actions for researchers and health educators. A systematic search sought out peer-reviewed studies that provide empirical data on rates of CAM use among the general college population in the U.S. Findings in 10 studies were reported and compared to 2007 NHIS data. Use of acupuncture, homeopathy, NVNM, massage therapy, healing therapy/Reiki and yoga is significantly higher among U.S. college samples than the general U.S. adult sample with NVNM and massage therapy showing small effect sizes (d>.20, r>.10). Future research must address the limitations of previous studies. Health education efforts are needed to prepare college students for making informed decisions regarding CAM use. Health educator...
The Negative Hydrogen Ion and Its Behavior in Atomic Collisions

This paper reviews the structure of the negative hydrogen ion and its interaction with atomic particles.
Shape-induced gravitational sorting of Saharan dust during transatlantic voyage: Evidence from CALIOP lidar depolarization measurements

[1] Motivated by the physical picture of shape-dependent air resistance and, consequently, shape-induced differential sedimentation of dust particles, we searched for and found evidence of dust particle asphericity affecting the evolution and distribution of dust-scattered light depolarization ratio (δ). Specifically, we examined a large data set of Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations of Saharan dust from June to August 2007. Observing along a typical transatlantic dust track, we find that (1) median δ is uniformly distributed between 2 and 5 km altitudes as the elevated dust leaves the west coast of Africa, thereby indicating uniformly random mixing of particle shapes with height; (2) vertical homogeneity of median δ breaks down during the westward transport: between 2 and 5 km δ increases with altitude and this increase becomes more pronounced with westward progress; (3) δ tends to increase at higher altitude (>4 km) and decrease at lower altitude (<4 km) during the westward transport. All these features are captured qualitatively by a minimal model (two shapes only), suggesting that shape-induced differential settling and consequent sorting indeed contribute significantly to the observed temporal evolution and vertical stratification of dust properties. By implicating particle shape as a likely cause of gravitational sorting, these results will affect the estimates of radiative transfer through Saharan dust layers.
Data-Driven Boundary Correction and Optimization of a Nearshore Wave and Hydrodynamic Model to Enable Rapid Environmental Assessment

Abstract : The present project is part of a comprehensive effort by the PI, his students, and collaborators at the Naval Research Laboratory to increase the robustness and viability of the Delft3D model suite as an operational forecasting tool, and aid its continued transition to Navy forecasting centers. Prior projects have focused on determining the model s response to characteristics and sample sizes of bathymetric information. The present project focuses on determining the effect of boundary errors on model response, and the development of methods to ameliorate these issues. These boundary errors arise when the numerical grid for the forcing condition (wave model) is is insufficiently extended in the lateral (longshore) direction relative to the numerical grid for the current (flow model). The primary objective of this work is to investigate the effect of boundary forcing errors on the model response. This has a direct impact on the use of Neumann lateral boundary conditions, since these errors arise from insufficient extension of the WAVE (SWAN) grid beyond the lateral boundaries of the FLOW grid. There is a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency that must be struck; the computational bottleneck in the Delft3D system is SWAN, the wave model, and the run time increases with lateral extent of the WAVE grid. While point-by-point comparisons between model and data for various WAVE grid extensions can offer a view of the dependence of accuracy on grid extension, it does not yield any information on the spatial characteristics of the solution; poor datamodel comparison could be the result of slight spatial mismatches of highly variable solution fields, or oversmoothed solutions which have little relevance to the physics at hand.