cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catching lightning in a bottle: Surveying plagiarism futures

The digitization of higher education is evolving academic misconduct, posing both new challenges to and opportunities for academic integrity and its research. The digital evidence inherent to online-based academic misconduct produces new avenues of replicable, aggregate, and data-driven (RAD) research not previously available. In a digital mutation of the misuse of unoriginal material, students are increasingly leveraging online learning platforms like CourseHero.com to exchange completed coursework. This study leverages a novel dataset recorded by the upload of academic materials on CourseHero.com to measure how at-risk sample courses are to potential academic misconduct. This study’s survey of exchanged coursework reveals that students are sharing a significant amount of academic material online that poses a direct danger to their courses’ academic integrity. This study’s approach to observing what academic material students are sharing online demonstrates a novel means of leveraging digitized academic misconduct to develop valuable insights for planning the mitigation of academic dishonesty and maintaining course academic integrity.
Threading systemic change for language equity in schools

We identify contributions in this special issue in terms of two essential ways of threading systemic change for language equity in schools: theories/concepts from school governance down to classroo...
The Physiologic Impact of Unilateral Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) Lesion on Infant Oropharyngeal and Esophageal Performance

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury in neonates, a complication of patent ductus arteriosus corrective surgery, leads to aspiration and swallowing complications. Severity of symptoms and prognosis for recovery are variable. We transected the RLN unilaterally in an infant mammalian animal model to characterize the degree and variability of dysphagia in a controlled experimental setting. We tested the hypotheses that (1) both airway protection and esophageal function would be compromised by lesion, (2) given our design, variability between multiple post-lesion trials would be minimal, and (3) variability among individuals would be minimal. Individuals' swallowing performance was assessed pre- and post-lesion using high speed VFSS. Aspiration was assessed using the Infant Mammalian Penetration-Aspiration Scale (IMPAS). Esophageal function was assessed using two measures devised for this study. Our results indicate that RLN lesion leads to increased frequency of aspiration, and increased esophageal dysfunction, with significant variation in these basic patterns at all levels. On average, aspiration worsened with time post-lesion. Within a single feeding sequence, the distribution of unsafe swallows varied. Individuals changed post-lesion either by increasing average IMPAS score, or by increasing variation in IMPAS score. Unilateral RLN transection resulted in dysphagia with both compromised airway protection and esophageal function. Despite consistent, experimentally controlled injury, significant variation in response to lesion remained. Aspiration following RLN lesion was due to more than unilateral vocal fold paralysis. We suggest that neurological variation underlies this pattern.
Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase and copper deprivation and toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A wild-type strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown at a medium [Cu] of less than or equal to 50 nM contained less Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) mRNA (60%), protein (50%), and activity (50%) in comparison with control cultures grown in normal synthetic dextrose medium ([Cu] approximately 150 nM). A compensating increase in the activity of MnSOD was observed, as well as a smaller increase in MnSOD mRNA. These medium [Cu]-dependent differences were observed in cultures under N2 as well. Addition of Cu2+ (100 microM) to Cu-depleted cultures resulted in a rapid (30 min) increase in Cu,ZnSOD mRNA (2.5-fold), protein (3.5-fold), and activity (4-fold). Ethidium bromide (200 micrograms/ml of culture) inhibited by 50% the increase in Cu,ZnSOD mRNA, while cycloheximide (100 micrograms/ml of culture) inhibited completely the increase in protein and activity. Addition of Cu2+ to greater than or equal to 100 microM caused no further increase in these parameters but did result in a loss of total cellular RNA and translatable RNA, a decline in the population of specific mRNAs, a decrease in total soluble protein and the activity of specific enzymes, and an inhibition of incorporation of [3H]uracil and [3H]leucine into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material. Cu,ZnSOD mRNA, protein, and activity appeared relatively more resistant to these effects of Cu toxicity than did the other cellular constituents examined. When evaluated in cultures under N2, the cellular response to [Cu] of greater than or equal to 100 microM was limited to the inhibition of radiolabel incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material. All other effects were absent in the absence of O2. The data indicated that medium (cellular) Cu alters the steady-state level of Cu, ZnSOD. This regulation may be at the level of transcription. In addition, Cu,ZnSOD exhibits the characteristics of Cu-stress protein in that it and its mRNA are enhanced relative to other cellular species under conditions of Cu excess. This observation and the O2-dependence of some of the manifestations of Cu excess suggest that one mechanism of Cu toxicity involves the superoxide radical anion O2-. Images
Fate of adenovirus type 12 genomes in nonpermissive cells.

Abstract The fate of 3H-thymidine-labeled adenovirus type 12 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was studied in Nil-2 cells of Syrian hamster origin. It was found that a substantial fraction of 3H-adenovirus type 12 DNA became degraded within 24 hr after infection and was released into the culture fluid. After infection of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR)-prelabeled cells with 3H-adenovirus type 12, viral DNA became readily separable from cellular DNA by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl. Part of the viral radioactivity was found to shift gradually to the position of cellular DNA as time progressed after infection. When exponentially growing cells were exposed simultaneously to BUdR, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, and 3H-adenovirus type 12, up to 50% of the viral radioactivity shifted within 24 hr from the density of viral DNA to that of cellular DNA after equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl. Upon denaturation of the cellular DNA, the isotope was preferentially found to be associated with the “heavy” strand which was synthesized after infection. Upon hybridization of the “heavy” and the “light” strands with sonically treated, denatured 3H-adenovirus type 12 DNA, small and nearly equal amounts of counts hybridized with both strands. The number of counts annealed was in a range similar to that of those annealed with the same amount of DNA derived from adenovirus type 12-transformed hamster cells. These results demonstrate that (i) a substantial proportion of the adsorbed virus becomes degraded within 24 hr; (ii) part of the degradation products is reutilized for cellular DNA synthesis; (iii) only a small fraction, mainly fragments, of viral DNA becomes integrated into both the newly synthesized and the parental strands of cellular DNA.
On data aggregation quality and energy efficiency of wireless sensor network protocols - extended summary

In-network data gathering and data fusion are essential for the efficient operation of wireless sensor networks. While most existing data gathering routing protocols addressed the issue of energy efficiency, few of them, however, have considered the quality of the implied data aggregation process. In this work, an information model for sensed data is first formulated. A new metric for evaluating data aggregation process, data aggregation quality (DAQ), is formally derived. DAQ does not assume any prior knowledge on values or on statistical distributions of sensing data, and may be applied to most data gathering protocols. Next, two new protocols are proposed: the enhanced LEACH and the clustered PEGASIS, enhanced from two major existing protocols: the cluster-based LEACH and the chain-based PEGASIS. By carefully accounting for listening energy, energy efficiency of all four protocols is evaluated. In addition, DAQ is applied to evaluate their data aggregation process. It is found that, while chain-based protocols are more energy efficient than cluster-based protocols, they however suffer from poor data aggregation quality. DAQ may be readily applied to most of continuous data gathering protocols; it is therefore significant to future development of sensor network protocols.
Systems of diagonal Diophantine inequalities

We treat systems of real diagonal forms F 1 (x), F 2 (x),..., F R (x) of degree k, in s variables. We give a lower bound s 0 (R, k), which depends only on R and k, such that if s > s 0 (R, k) holds, then, under certain conditions on the forms, and for any positive real number e, there is a nonzero integral simultaneous solution x ∈ Z s of the system of Diophantine inequalities |F i (x)| < e for I ≤ i < R. In particular, our result is one of the first to treat systems of inequalities of even degree. The result is an extension of earlier work by the author on quadratic forms. Also, a restriction in that work is removed, which enables us to now treat combined systems of Diophantine equations and inequalities.
Energy-transfer processes in the 1T2g and 3T2g excited states of Ni2+ : MgO

A study of the decay curves of the $^{1}$${\mathit{T}}_{2\mathit{g}}$${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{3}$${\mathit{A}}_{2\mathit{g}}$ luminescence of ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$:MgO at two different concentrations of ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$ (0.11 and 0.25 at. %) reveals a single exponential decay for the 0.11 at. % crystal and non-single-exponential decay for the 0.25 at. % crystal. This is interpreted in terms of transfer of excitation energy by cross relaxation. Fits of the nonexponential decay are most consistent with a dipole-quadrupole mechanism being responsible for the energy transfer. Examination of the oscillator strengths of the relevant ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$ transitions appears to support this notion, although the presence of an exchange interaction cannot be ruled out. Separate measurements on the $^{3}$${\mathit{T}}_{2\mathit{g}}$${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{3}$${\mathit{A}}_{2\mathit{g}}$ luminescence show that energy transfer from single ions to pairs also takes place. Two different types of ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$ pairs are identified, nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic pairs with 2J=2.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and next-nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic pairs with 2J=-35 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$.
Comprehensive Opportunities for Research and Teaching Experience (CORTEX) A mentorship program

Objective: We developed a program to promote medical student interest in pursuing a career in neurology. This program focuses on medical student mentorship. It also offers opportunities in teaching and clinical research in order to provide students with marketable skills for an academic career in neurology. Methods: Through this program, students are provided with guidance in developing a fourth-year clerkship schedule and an application package for residency programs. Students are involved and mentored in clinical research. Opportunities are also provided for students to teach their peers, with sessions focusing on examination preparation. Results: Since the implementation of this program in 2010, the number of students entering into the field of neurology from our institution significantly increased from 14 students between 2006 and 2010, to 30 students between 2011 and 2014 ( p p Conclusions: In this mentoring program, students are prepared for residency application and provided with research and teaching opportunities. Students develop a highly desirable academic skill set for residency and have matched at top-ranked institutions. This program has been successful in improving student productivity in clinical research and garnering student interest in neurology.
The effect of ambient redox potential on the transient electron spin echo signals observed in chloroplasts and photosynthetic algae

Abstract Time-resolved electron spin echo (ESE) studies were carried out at room temperature on chloroplast preparations and whole cells of photosynthetic algae. The signals observed exhibit the unexpected special ESE signal which we have proposed to be the result of transient interactions between P + -700 and an early electron acceptor of Photosystem I (Thurnauer, M.C. and Norris, J.R. (1980) Chem. Phys. Lett. 76, 557–561). The intensity of the special ESE signal decreases with the chemical reduction of the Center A-Center B complex. The results suggest that in the untreated photosynthetic systems we are initially observing P + -700 as it interacts with the reduced acceptor which precedes the Center A-Center B complex. Then the decay of the special ESE signal (approx. 170 ns) gives the lifetime of this reduced acceptor as it participates in forward electron transport.
Signaling from β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors is defined by differential interactions with PDE4

β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors (βARs) are highly homologous, yet they play clearly distinct roles in cardiac physiology and pathology. Myocyte contraction, for instance, is readily stimulated by β1AR but not β2AR signaling, and chronic stimulation of the two receptors has opposing effects on myocyte apoptosis and cell survival. Differences in the assembly of macromolecular signaling complexes may explain the distinct biological outcomes. Here, we demonstrate that β1AR forms a signaling complex with a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) in a manner inherently different from a β2AR/β-arrestin/PDE complex reported previously. The β1AR binds a PDE variant, PDE4D8, in a direct manner, and occupancy of the receptor by an agonist causes dissociation of this complex. Conversely, agonist binding to the β2AR is a prerequisite for the recruitment of a complex consisting of β-arrestin and the PDE4D variant, PDE4D5, to the receptor. We propose that the distinct modes of interaction with PDEs result in divergent cAMP signals in the vicinity of the two receptors, thus, providing an additional layer of complexity to enforce the specificity of β1- and β2-adrenoceptor signaling.
Inhibition of RAS in diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a progressive proteinuric renal disorder in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is a common cause of end-stage kidney disease worldwide, particularly in developed countries. Therapeutic targeting of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is the most validated clinical strategy for slowing disease progression. DKD is paradoxically a low systematic renin state with an increased intrarenal RAS activity implicated in its pathogenesis. Angiotensin II (AngII), the main peptide of RAS, is not only a vasoactive peptide but functions as a growth factor, activating interstitial fibroblasts and mesangial and tubular cells, while promoting the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. AngII also promotes podocyte injury through increased calcium influx and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Blockade of the RAS using either angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin receptor blockers can attenuate progressive glomerulosclerosis in animal models, and slows disease progression in humans with DKD. In this review, we summarize the role of intrarenal RAS activation in the pathogenesis and progression of DKD and the rationale for RAS inhibition in this population.
Effect of oxidant stress on growth factor stimulation of proliferation in cultured human proximal tubule cells

Effect of oxidant stress on growth factor stimulation of proliferation in cultured human proximal tubule cells. Restoring kidney function after injury involves cell migration and proliferation, processes that are yet to be precisely defined. Because epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) promote recovery from acute renal failure, we used SV-40 immortalized human proximal tubule cells to examine the effects of these growth factors on cell proliferation after peroxide injury (1.5mm for 1 hour). ATP levels decreased to ∼15% of control values immediately after injury but returned to nearly normal levels after 4 hours of recovery. Under control conditions, both EGF and IGF-1 stimulated proliferation and their effects were additive. However, 20–24 hours after injury, while IGF-1 stimulated proliferation, EGF was no longer effective nor was the combination of EGF and IGF-1. Although the EGF receptor was decreased 20 hours after injury, the lack of IGF-1 effect could not be explained by loss of the IGF-1 receptor, which remained unchanged after peroxide injury. Thus, the mechanism responsible for the blunting of the IGF-1 effect on proliferation following injury remains speculative. However, we conclude that the effects of growth factors under control conditions may not predict their effects after injury.
Evaluator Responsiveness to Stakeholders.

A simulation study was conducted in an attempt to examine how evaluators modify their evaluation design in response to differing stakeholder groups. In this study, evaluators were provided with a fictitious description of a school-based program. They were then asked to design an evaluation of the program. After the evaluation design decisions were made, evaluators were presented with feedback from three differing stakeholder groups (i.e., decision maker, implementer, recipient) either endorsing or rejecting the evaluation design. Evaluators were then given the opportunity to modify (or not modify) their original design in response to stakeholder feedback. The findings revealed that the more political power or influence stakeholder groups held over evaluation logistical factors (i.e., funding, data access), the more evaluators were willing to modify their design choices to accommodate perceived stakeholder concerns. These design modifications were typically implemented to ensure data access, reduce stakeho...
Ground‐penetrating radar simulation in engineering and archaeology

Forward modeling of ground penetration radar is developed using exact ray-tracing techniques. Structural boundaries for a ground model are incorporated via a discrete grid with interfaces described by splines, polynomials, and in the case of special structures such as circular objects, the boundaries are given in terms of their functional formula. In the synthetic radargram method, the waveform contributions of many different wave types are computed. Using a finely digitized antenna directional response function, the radar cross-section of buried targets and the effective area of the receiving antenna can be statistically modeled. Attenuation along the raypaths is also monitored. The forward models are used: (1) as a learning tool to avoid pitfalls in radargram interpretation, (2) to understand radar signatures measured across various engineering structures, and (3) to predict the response of cultural structures buried beneath important archaeological sites in Japan.
Preferential effect of procainamide on the reentrant circuit of ventricular tachycardia

Abstract Transient entrainment was used to test the hypotheses that 1) procainamide prolongs the cycle length of ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease because it has a preferential effect on the reentrant tachycardia circuit, and 2) regions of slow conduction in the reentrant circuit are more susceptible to the effect of procainamide than are other areas of the ventricles. In five patients with prior myocardial infarction, sustained ventricular tachycardia with identical QRS configuration was inducible before and after intravenous infusion of procainamide. Transient entrainment of ventricular tachycardia was demonstrated at two or more cycle lengths by rapid pacing in the baseline state and after procainamide. Rapid pacing was performed from the same site during sinus rhythm at the cycle lengths that demonstrated transient entrainment of ventricular tachycardia. The conduction interval to the transiently entrained site during ventricular tachycardia (orthodromic interval) was compared with the conduction interval to the same site during pacing in sinus rhythm (antidromic interval). The mean tachycardia cycle length increased by 27% after procainamide administration (p = 0.002). The antidromic conduction intervals were prolonged by 9 % (p = 0.06) compared with a 28% increase in the mean orthodromic conduction interval (p = 0.002). The difference between the orthodromic and antidromic conduction intervals increased by 40% (p = 0.003). Prolongation of the tachycardia cycle length after procainamide administration correlated positively with increases in the orthodromic conduction intervals (r = 0.94, p = 0.02) but not with changes in the antidromic intervals (r = −0.08, p = NS). The effect of procainamide on the difference between orthodromic and antidromic conduction intervals correlated strongly with changes in the cycle length of venetricular tachycardia (r = 0.97 p = 0.006). Thus, procainamide has a preferential effect on the reentrant circuit of ventricular tachycardia compared with other areas of ventricular myocardium. In addition, these results are compatible with the hypothesis that the effect of procainamide is more marked in regions of conduction delay in the reentrant circuit.
A cholinergic antagonist, mecamylamine, blocks light-induced Fos immunoreactivity in specific regions of the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus

Recent studies have shown that light-induced phase shifts of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity are associated with c-fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of rodents. In order to explore further the importance of c-fos expression for the phase-shifting effects of light, we examined the effects of mecamylamine on light-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-lir) in the SCN. Mecamylamine was chosen because it is a cholinergic antagonist that blocks the phase-shifting effects of light on the circadian activity rhythm in the golden hamster. Golden hamsters were entrained for at least 14 days to a 14 h light: 10 h dark photoperiod. Animals were then placed in constant darkness (DD) and during exposure to DD were subjected to one or more of the following treatments: (1) vehicle alone; (2) mecamylamine alone (450 micrograms, i.c.v.) at circadian time (CT) 19; (3) vehicle plus a light pulse at CT 19; (4) mecamylamine 10 min prior to the light pulse at CT 19. Mecamylamine blocked the phase-shifting effects of light on the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity when compared to vehicle-treated animals (P < 0.001). A light pulse at CT 19 induced Fos-lir in the SCN within 1 h, whereas treatment with vehicle or mecamylamine had no noticeable effect on Fos-lir in the SCN. Mecamylamine pretreatment dramatically reduced light-induced Fos-lir in the SCN by 75%. The most striking observation was the clear inhibition of Fos-lir by mecamylamine in the dorsomedial region of the SCN while there was little inhibition of Fos-lir in the most ventral portions of the SCN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nanoscale modeling of the structure of perfluorosulfonated ionomer membranes at varying degrees of swelling

We present a comprehensive model for the structure of swollen ionic membranes using a stochastic simulation process at the nanoscale level. In our model, the membrane is viewed as an entangled network of chains interacting at their backbone and ionic groups. Equilibration of the network is obtained through local moves of the groups according to the Boltzmann exponents of the corresponding changes in internal energy. The approach allows one to consider in detail the importance of equivalent weight, polymer molecular weight, length of pendant ionic groups as well as crosslinks and non-ionic polymer additives. At infinite dilution, our simulation results reveal that the ionic chains segregate into platelet-like structures with the ionic sites exposed on each surface and a core (∼2 nm thick) made of two layers of the hydrophobic polytetrafluoro-backbone units. As concentration is increased above the critical value for network formation, the platelets are stretched into narrow ribbons connected at entanglement points. Our description is in line with recent experimental evidence suggesting that ionic membranes can be considered as a connected network of rods. Finally, model predictions of X-ray scattering data are found to be in good agreement with experimental values obtained over a wide range of water content spanning two orders of magnitude.
Cost of Price Stabilization Policies in a Strongly Inflationary Economy

I. A short-run model of inflation and output, 45. — II. Empirical evaluation, 53. — III. Discussion of the results, 54. — Appendix: Some of the implicit assumptions of the model, 58.
Question, Connect, Transform (QCT): A Strategy to Help Middle School Students Engage Critically with Historical Fiction

ABSTRACT Middle school teachers recognize the importance of students reading historical literature with a critical perspective. Teachers who support students' critical literacy abilities offer all dimensions of a standard language arts program, but they also encourage students to recognize connections between their lives and the lives of real or imagined story characters. In addition, teachers help students explore text to discover authors' possible biases, and to reflect on how to take social action to create a more compassionate world. The strategy described in this article (Question, Connect, Transform) helps middle school students in inclusive settings question social justice and inequity issues.
Human RGS6 Gene Structure, Complex Alternative Splicing, and Role of N Terminus and G Protein γ-Subunit-like (GGL) Domain in Subcellular Localization of RGS6 Splice Variants

RGS proteins are defined by the presence of a semiconserved RGS domain that confers the GTPase-activating activity of these proteins toward certain Gα subunits. RGS6 is a member of a subfamily of RGS proteins distinguished by the presence of DEP and GGL domains, the latter a Gβ5-interacting domain. Here we report identification of 36 distinct transcripts of human RGS6 that arise by unusually complex processing of the RGS6 gene, which spans 630 kilobase pairs of genomic DNA in human chromosome 14 and is interrupted by 19 introns. These transcripts arise by use of two alternative transcription sites and complex alternative splicing mechanisms and encode proteins with long or short N-terminal domains, complete or incomplete GGL domains, 7 distinct C-terminal domains and a common internal domain where the RGS domain is found. The role of structural diversity in the N-terminal and GGL domains of RGS6 splice variants in their interaction with Gβ5 and subcellular localization and of Gβ5 on RGS6 protein localization was examined in COS-7 cells expressing various RGS6 splice variant proteins. RGS6 splice variants with complete GGL domains interacted with Gβ5, irrespective of the type of N-terminal domain, while those lacking a complete GGL domain did not. RGS6 protein variants displayed subcellular distribution patterns ranging from an exclusive cytoplasmic to exclusive nuclear/nucleolar localization, and co-expression of Gβ5 promoted nuclear localization of RGS6 proteins. Analysis of our results show that the long N-terminal and GGL domain sequences of RGS6 proteins function as cytoplasmic retention sequences to prevent their nuclear/nucleolar accumulation. These findings provide the first evidence for Gβ5-independent functions of the GGL domain and for a role of Gβ5 in RGS protein localization. This study reveals extraordinary complexity in processing of the human RGS6 gene and provides new insights into how structural diversity in the RGS6 protein family is involved in their localization and likely function(s) in cells.
A Portable Cluster for Each Student

Although some colleges and universities have access to parallel computing hardware, none that we are aware of can provide dedicated parallel computing hardware to each student. Instead, institutions often provide shared parallel computing equipment for the students, if they can afford to provide any. It is difficult for students to really get an understanding of the performance of their programs and how they scale when they are using shared equipment that is not dedicated to them and where other students or other users may interfere with their work. The current emphasis on network security at some institutions also prevents some shared resources that students could use from being easily accessible or sometimes accessible at all. We provide a parts list, information, and microSD card images to make a small, affordable compute cluster that each student in a parallel computing course can purchase in lieu of a textbook so each student has their own private compute cluster.
The influence of rolling direction on the mechanical behavior and formation of cavity stringers in the superplastic Zn-22% Al alloy

Abstract The superplastic Zn-22% Al eutectoid alloy was tested over a range of strain rates at 503 K using specimens machined with the rolling direction perpendicular to the tensile axis. It is shown that the mechanical properties of the alloy, including the elongations to failure, are essentially identical to those obtained when the rolling direction is parallel to the stress axis. Inspection after failure showed that cavities are formed in stringers and, as in the same alloy tested with the rolling direction parallel to the tensile axis, these stringers are aligned parallel to the stress axis. The results demonstrate that the cavities are not nucleated primarily at impurity or oxide particles, nor do they grow from pre-existing microvoids which may be introduced during thermomechanical processing. The cavities are located preferentially at the α β interfaces and at the associated triple points, and it is probable that they were nucleated at triple points and grain boundary ledges during bursts of grain boundary sliding.
General River Routing Algorithm

A general and practical river routing algorithm is described. It is assumed that there is one layer for routing and terminals are on the boundaries of an arbitrarily shaped rectilinear routing region. All nets are two-terminal nets with pre-assigned (may be different) widths and no crossover between nets is allowed. The minimum separation between the edges of two adjacent wires is input as the design rule. This algorithm assumes no grid on the plane and will always generate a solution if a solution exists. The number of corners is reduced by flipping of corners. An analysis to determine the minimum space required for a strait-type river routing problem is included. Let B be the number of boundary segments and T be the total number of terminals. The time complexity is of O(T(B+T) /sup 2/) and the storage required is O((B+T) /sup 2/). This algorithm is implemented as part of the design station under development at the University of California, Berkeley.
Management of Patients with High Serum Digoxin Concentrations with Oral Activated Charcoal by

AbstractDigoxin is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs. It is used in the management of patients with heart failure, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Toxic effects of digoxin can be serious and frequent. Because of the effectiveness, ease of administration, availability of oral formulation, safety, and cost-effectiveness, activated charcoal should be considered in decreasing high serum digoxin concentrations. Patients that are admitted for monitoring due to high digoxin concentrations may be able to leave the cardiac monitored units earlier. This method of management may be able to provide significant cost savings by allowing the transfer of patients to units that require less intensive care monitoring.Due to several disadvantages of digoxin-specific antibody fragments, its use should be reserved for very specific patients. We are reporting six cases of digoxin toxicity due to either chronic oral or acute intravenous administration. Our finding supports the pre...
Protein turbines. I: The bacterial flagellar motor

The bacterial flagellar motor is driven by a flux of ions between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic lumen. Here we show how an electrostatic mechanism can convert this ion flux into a rotary torque. We demonstrate that, with reasonable parameters, the model can reproduce many of the experimental measurements.
Psychophysically based model of surface gloss perception

In this paper we introduce a new model of surface appearance that is based on quantitative studies of gloss perception. We use image synthesis techniques to conduct experiments that explore the relationships between the physical dimensions of glossy reflectance and the perceptual dimensions of glossy appearance. The product of these experiments is a psychophysically-based model of surface gloss, with dimensions that are both physically and perceptually meaningful and scales that reflect our sensitivity to gloss variations. We demonstrate that the model can be used to describe and control the appearance of glossy surfaces in synthesis images, allowing prediction of gloss matches and quantification of gloss differences. This work represents some initial steps toward developing psychophyscial models of the goniometric aspects of surface appearance to complement widely-used colorimetric models.
Intrauterine growth restriction: comparison of American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists practice bulletin with other national guidelines.

Objective The objective of the study was to compare national guidelines regarding small for gestational age (SGA). Study Design Along with American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) practice bulletin on abnormal growth, guidelines from England, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were reviewed. Results There are no guidelines on SGA from Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) guideline agrees with ACOG's definition of abnormal growth, but there are noticeable variances in the diagnosis and management of SGA. RCOG has more recommendations than ACOG (18 vs 4, respectively). The articles referenced varied, with only 13 similar articles being cited by the both committees. Conclusion The differences in the 2 guidelines suggest that there is variance in how 2 committees synthesize the literature and issue recommendations.
Observations of Cinnamic Acid in its Liquid State from DTG Plots as it Undergoes Evaporation

Abstract The nature of cinnamic acid in its liquid state is observed from DTG plots in this study. In all the DTG plots, minor perturbations were noted on the onset of the curves which represent the evaporative processes. These perturbations are attributed to the viscous nature of cinnamic acid as it changes from a solid to a liquid before undergoing the process of evaporation. In this study, experiments with varying heating rates were conducted to confirm that the perturbation exists. However, it should be noted that this perturbation was not observed at the highest heating rate studied.
Catecholamines in turkeys with inbred cardiomyopathy

Abstract Patients with heart failure often have increased adrenergic nervous system activity. However, since the role of catecholamines in the development of inherited dilated cardiomyopathy is not totally clear, this study was designed to examine catecholamines in turkeys with inbred dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Plasma and tissue (heart, aorta, and kidney) catecholamines were measured in DCM and normal turkeys at ages 1, 10, 30, and 60 days, with echocardiograms and intra-arterial pressure obtained at 60 days. DCM turkeys weighed less than controls at all ages. At 60 days, cardiac dysfunction was evident by hypotension, cardiac dilatation, and decreased shortening fraction. Unlike other models of heart failure, cardiac norepinephrine was not depleted in DCM birds, and in fact was higher than controls at ages 10 and 30 days. Kidney norepinephrine was also equal to or greater than control birds, and both cardiac and kidney dopamine were present in normally low concentrations. In 60 day old DCM birds, reduced shortening fraction correlated with lower mean arterial pressure ( r = 0.77, P
Tissue microarray constructs to predict a response to chemoradiation in rectal cancer

Abstract Purpose To identify, using tissue microarray (TMA), an immunohistochemical panel predictive of response to ionizing radiation (IR) in rectal cancer. Methods TMA constructs were prepared from archived stage II/III rectal tumors and matching adjacent mucosa (n = 38) from patients treated with pre-operative chemoradiation. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for MIB, Cyclin E, p21, p27, p53, survivin, Bcl-2, and BAX. Immunoreactivity along with clinical variables was subjected to univariate and forward stepwise logistic regression analyses. Results Pathological complete response (pCR) was 23.9%. The number of positive lymph nodes obtained in the resected specimen was associated with pCR. Immunoreactivity for MIB (Sn 15%, Sp 65%, OR 0.33), p53 (Sn 3%, Sp 84%, OR 0.16), Bcl-2 (Sn 11%, Sp 74%, OR 0.35), and BAX (Sn 92%, Sp 80%, OR 46) was associated with pathological response (all p's Conclusions A combined panel of mediators of apoptosis alone or combined with clinical factors is a feasible approach that can be applied to rectal tumor biopsies to predict a response to chemoradiation. The most sensitive factor was BAX; while MIB independently predicted a response to chemoradiation.
Two dimensional blade-vortex interaction flow visualization study

Blade-vortex interaction occurs when a rotor blade encounters the tip vortex from a previous rotor blade. To obtain details of the close encounter process, the results from a flow visualization study of an airfoil representing a rotor blade in the wake of an oscillating airfoil serving as a vortex generator are described. A distinguishing feature of this study is that the vortex filament is oriented parallel to the blade span, orthogonal to the test section free stream velocity. This orientation simulates the case of two-dimensional blade-vortex interaction, which is known to produce the most impulsive and most intensive BVI noise. Photographic data are examined to deduce qualitative and quantitative details of the close encounter interaction process with emphasis on structural changes in the vortex filament and its trajectory.
A Nonstochastic Interpretation of Reported Significance Levels

Tests of significance are often made in situations where the standard assumptions underlying the probability calculations do not hold. As a result, the reported significance levels become difficult to interpret. This article sketches an alternative interpretation of a reported significance level, valid in considerable generality. This level locates the given data set within the spectrum of other data sets derived from the given one by an appropriate class of transformations. If the null hypothesis being tested holds, the derived data sets should be equivalent to the original one. Thus, a small reported significance level indicates an unusual data set. This development parallels that of randomization tests, but there is a crucial technical difference: our approach involves permuting observed residuals; the classical randomization approach involves permuting unobservable, or perhaps nonexistent, stochastic disturbance terms.
The defect in renal acidification in vitamin D deficiency rickets

The urinary pH of 6 infants with vitamin D deficient rickets was not lowered appropriately by the 3 day administration of ammonium chloride. The total excretion of hydrogen ions however was similar to that of the control infants. Treatment with vitamin D abolished the abnormality.
Adiabatic study of the positronium negative ion

The positronium negative ion is studied using an adiabatic treatment in hyperspherical coordinates. The potential curves of five different symmetries, $^{1}\mathrm{S}^{\mathrm{e}}$, $^{1}\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{o}}$, $^{3}\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{o}}$, $^{3}\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{e}}$, and $^{1}\mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{e}}$, are discussed along with the corresponding resonant states. A new method for calculating the body-frame probability density is used to study the different symmetries and to distinguish between them.
Photoionization from Outer Atomic Subshells. A Model Study

Calculations of photoionization cross sections are reported which emphasize the spectral range (from threshold to \ensuremath{\sim}150 eV above it) where the bulk of the optical oscillator strength is distributed and where the cross sections are large but experimental evidence is scarce. We have used as a model the light absorption by a single electron moving in a potential similar to the Hartree-Fock potential appropriate to the outer subshell of each atom. Data are reported for the rare gases He, Ne, Ar, and Kr, for Na, and for the closed-shell ions ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{+}$. Sum rules are used to analyze the oscillator strength spectral distribution and to attempt extrapolations to still higher energies. The results suggest a classification of atomic subshells into two types with fundamentally different spectral distributions of oscillator strength. One type consists of the subshells $1s$, $2p$, $3d$, $4f$, with nodeless radial wave functions, the other type includes all remaining subshells. The present calculations are regarded as a first approximation to be improved upon by taking into account configuration interaction.
The syntheses and characterization of Os(II) and Ru(II)/Os(II) bimetallic complexes with dipyrido(2,3-a:3′,2′-j)phenazine (dpop′) and the bridging ligand 2,3,5,6-tetra(2-pyridyl)-pyrazine (tppz)

Abstract The syntheses of mixed ligand mono metallic [Os(dpop′)(tppz)](PF6)2, homo-bimetallic [(dpop′)Os(tppz)Os(dpop′)](PF6)4 and mixed metal bimetallic [(dpop′)Ru(tppz)Os(dpop′)](PF6)4 (dpop′ = dipyrido(2,3-a:3′,2′-j)phenazine; tppz = 2,3,5,6-tetra(2-pyridyl)-pyrazine) complexes is described. NMR spectroscopy was used to confirm pure products were separated from similar species. The 1H NMR spectrum for the mixed metal Ru/Os bimetallic complex ion reflects additive components of the Ru/Ru and Os/Os bimetallic species. Proton resonances on Ru(II) bonded ligands are upfield from Os(II) bonded ligands. Cyclic voltammetry for the Os/Os and Ru/Os bimetallic complex ions show the reversible tppz0/−1 reduction at less negative potential than the dpop′0/−1 reduction. Additionally, the [(dpop′)Os(tppz)Os(dpop′)]4+ ion displays reductive coupling of the remote terminal dpop′ ligands that is not observed in the bimetallic Ru/Ru species, indicating larger metal–ligand mixing occurs for Os(II) than Ru(II) complexes. The UV–Vis electronic absorption spectra for all complex ions show intense Os(dπ) → dpop′(π∗) and Os(dπ) → tppz(π∗) MLCT transitions in the visible spectrum with IL transitions in the UV.
Organizational philosophy and mission statements

Strategic planning is concerned with defining an organization's philosophy and mission, establishing long‐ and short‐range objectives to achieve that mission, and selecting the strategy to be used in achieving those objectives. As part of this process, developing an organization's philosophy and mission is crucial. Such a statement establishes the values, beliefs, and guidelines for the way the organization conducts its business and determines its relationship with its stakeholders—employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, government, and the public at large.
Mechanical Properties of Oxygen Multilayers on Graphite

We have used a high-resolution, high-stability, graphite-fiber oscillator to measure properties of oxygen films adsorbed on graphite. We show that the bulk triple temperature is the wetting temperature. The observation of a transition from solid to liquid in the saturated film at a well-defined temperature below the bulk triple temperature is in accord with the prediction of a Potts lattice-gas model of adsorbed systems.
High Oil Corn as Silage or Grain for Dairy Cows During an Entire Lactation

Abstract Forty-five multiparous Holstein cows were used to compare the effects of diets that contained high oil corn grain, high oil corn silage, or a combination of both. At wk 4 after calving, cows were assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 (silage type) × 2 (grain type) factorial arrangement: 1) control silage and control grain, 2) high oil silage and control grain, 3) control silage and high oil grain, or 4) high oil silage and high oil grain. Diets contained haylage, corn silage, and concentrate (25:25:50, DM basis); corn grain was 27% of dietary DM. Data were analyzed for wk 4 to 17 and wk 4 to 43 of lactation and adjusted for covariate measurements made during wk 3. During wk 4 to 43, DMI increased when high oil grain was included in the diet, but was unaffected by type of silage. During wk 4 to 43 of lactation, yields of milk, CP, and fat; percentages and yields of N components in milk; body condition score; BW, and concentrations of NEFA, glucose, BHBA, and urea N in plasma were not affected by type of silage or corn grain fed. Results were similar for wk 4 to 17, except that milk yield tended to be higher for cows fed the high oil grain, and CP content of milk was lower when high oil corn silage was in the diet. Compared with corn grain from typical hybrids, high oil grain may improve DMI and milk yield of dairy cows during early lactation.
PCR detection of clarithromycin-susceptible and -resistant Helicobacter pylori from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded gastric biopsies

Antimicrobial resistance to clarithromycin is a growing concern in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori and is associated with three major point mutations of the 23S rRNA, A2142C, A2142G, and A2143G. The use of traditional culture-based methods for determination of clarithromycin resistance in H. pylori are time consuming and lack sensitivity. We implemented a real-time PCR with melt curve analysis to detect and characterize H. pylori in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded gastric biopsy specimens to assess the frequency of clarithromycin resistance mutations in our study population. One hundred and fifty-three formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded gastric biopsies were chosen on the basis of positive immunohistochemical staining for H. pylori and an accompanying histopathological diagnosis of Helicobacter-associated gastritis. New adjacent sections were taken for immunohistochemical staining and DNA extraction with subsequent testing by PCR assay and melt curve analysis using a primer and probe combination first described by Oleastro et al.(12) One hundred and forty-six samples demonstrated adequate amplification of a human DNA control target. Of these, there were 122 H. pylori immunohistochemistry-positive samples. In all, 103 out of 122 (84%) immunohistochemistry-positive samples demonstrated amplifiable H. pylori 23S rRNA gene target and 19 (16%) demonstrated no amplification of H. pylori. Twenty-two samples were negative for H. pylori by immunohistochemistry and PCR. Two were negative for H. pylori by immunohistochemistry, but were positive for H. pylori by PCR. In all, 52 out of 105 (50%) PCR-positive samples demonstrated resistance mutations, and it was determined that a heterogeneous population of mutated and unmutated organisms was present in 11 out of 52 samples. The use of PCR assays allows for a timely assessment of clarithromycin resistance status without the disadvantages of culture-based methods, and may lead to a decrease in treatment failure rates.
Effect of School-Initiated Parent Outreach Activities on Parent Involvement in School Events

Parent involvement is a cornerstone of special education policy and best practice. Parents of students with disabilities participate in school events in a manner similar to parents of students with...