cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Machine learning for structural health monitoring: challenges and opportunities

A physics-based approach to structural health monitoring (SHM) has practical shortcomings which restrict its suitability to simple structures under well controlled environments. With the advances in information and sensing technology (sensors and sensor networks), it has become feasible to monitor large/diverse number of parameters in complex real-world structures either continuously or intermittently by employing large in-situ (wireless) sensor networks. The availability of this historical data has engendered a lot of interest in a data-driven approach as a natural and more viable option for realizing the goal of SHM in such structures. However, the lack of sensor data corresponding to different damage scenarios continues to remain a challenge. Most of the supervised machine-learning/deep-learning techniques, when trained using this inherently limited data, lack robustness and generalizability. Physics-informed learning, which involves the integration of domain knowledge into the learning process, is presented here as a potential remedy to this challenge. As a step towards the goal of automated damage detection (mathematically an inverse problem), preliminary results are presented from dynamic modelling of beam structures using physics-informed artificial neural networks. Forward and inverse problems involving partial differential equations are solved and comparisons reveal a clear superiority of physics-informed approach over one that is purely datadriven vis-a-vis overfitting/generalization. Other ways of incorporating domain knowledge into the machine learning pipeline are then presented through case-studies on various aspects of NDI/SHM (visual inspection, impact diagnosis). Lastly, as the final attribute of an optimal SHM approach, a sensing paradigm for non-contact full-field measurements for damage diagnosis is presented.
Unraveling Conformer-Specific Sources of Hydroxyl Radical Production from an Isoprene-Derived Criegee Intermediate by Deuteration

Ozonolysis of isoprene, the most abundant volatile organic compounds emitted into the Earth's troposphere after methane, yields three distinct Criegee intermediates. Among these, methyl vinyl ketone oxide (MVK-oxide) is predicted to be the major source of atmospheric hydroxyl radicals (OH) from isoprene ozonolysis. Previously, Barber et al. [ J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018, 140, pp 10866-10880] demonstrated that syn-MVK-oxide conformers undergo unimolecular decay via 1,4-hydrogen (H) transfer from the methyl group to the adjacent terminal oxygen atom, followed by the prompt release of OH radical products. Here, we selectively deuterate the methyl group of MVK-oxide (d3-MVK-oxide) and record its IR action spectrum in the vinyl CH stretch overtone (2νCH) region. The resultant time-dependent appearance of OD radical products, detected by laser-induced fluorescence, demonstrates that a unimolecular decay of d3-MVK-oxide proceeds by an analogous 1,4-deuterium (D) atom transfer mechanism anticipated for syn conformers. The experimental spectral and temporal results are compared with the calculated IR absorption spectrum and unimolecular decay rates predicted by the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory for syn-d3-MVK-oxide, as well as the prior study on syn-MVK-oxide. The d3-MVK-oxide IR action spectrum is similar to that for MVK-oxide, yet exhibits notable changes as the overtone and combination transitions involving CD stretch shift to a lower frequency. The unimolecular decay rate for d3-MVK-oxide is predicted to be a factor of 40 times slower than that for MVK-oxide in the 2νCH region. Experimentally, the temporal profile of the OD products reflects the slower unimolecular decay of d3-MVK-oxide compared to that for MVK-oxide to OH products as well as experimental factors. Both experiment and theory demonstrate that quantum mechanical tunneling plays a very important role in the 1,4-H/D-transfer processes at energies in the vicinity of the transition-state barrier. The similarities of the IR action spectra and changes in the unimolecular decay dynamics upon deuteration indicate that syn conformers make the main contribution to the IR action spectra of MVK-oxide and d3-MVK-oxide.
Digital solutions for shaping mood and behavior among individuals with mood disorders

Mood disorders present on-going challenges to the medical field, with difficulties ranging from establishing effective treatments to understanding complexities of one's mood. One solution is the use of mobile apps and wearables for measuring physiological symptoms and real-time mood in order to shape mood and behavior. Current digital research is focused on increasing engagement in monitoring mood, uncovering mood dynamics, predicting mood, and providing digital microinterventions. This review discusses the importance and risks of user engagement, as well as barriers to improving it. Research on mood dynamics highlights the possibility to reveal data-driven computational phenotypes that could guide treatment. Mobile apps are being used to track voice patterns, GPS, and phone usage for predicting mood and treatment response. Future directions include utilizing mobile apps to deliver and evaluate microinterventions. To continue these advances, standardized reporting and study designs should be considered to improve digital solutions for mood disorders.
Microglia facilitate loss of perineuronal nets in the Alzheimer's disease brain.

Abstract Background Microglia, the brain's principal immune cell, are increasingly implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the molecular interfaces through which these cells contribute to amyloid beta (Aβ)-related neurodegeneration are unclear. We recently identified microglial contributions to the homeostatic and disease-associated modulation of perineuronal nets (PNNs), extracellular matrix structures that enwrap and stabilize neuronal synapses, but whether PNNs are altered in AD remains controversial. Methods Extensive histological analysis was performed on male and female 5xFAD mice at 4, 8, 12, and 18 months of age to assess plaque burden, microgliosis, and PNNs. Findings were validated in postmortem AD tissue. The role of neuroinflammation in PNN loss was investigated via LPS treatment, and the ability to prevent or rescue disease-related reductions in PNNs was assessed by treating 5xFAD and 3xTg-AD model mice with colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX5622 to deplete microglia. Findings Utilizing the 5xFAD mouse model and human cortical tissue, we report that PNNs are extensively lost in AD in proportion to plaque burden. Activated microglia closely associate with and engulf damaged nets in the 5xFAD brain, and inclusions of PNN material are evident in mouse and human microglia, while aggrecan, a critical PNN component, deposits within human dense-core plaques. Disease-associated reductions in parvalbumin (PV)+ interneurons, frequently coated by PNNs, are preceded by PNN coverage and integrity impairments, and similar phenotypes are elicited in wild-type mice following microglial activation with LPS. Chronic pharmacological depletion of microglia prevents 5xFAD PNN loss, with similar results observed following depletion in aged 3xTg-AD mice, and this occurs despite plaque persistence. Interpretation We conclude that phenotypically altered microglia facilitate plaque-dependent PNN loss in the AD brain. Funding The NIH (NIA, NINDS) and the Alzheimer's Association.
Outcomes of minimally invasive versus open abdominal hysterectomy in patients with gestational trophoblastic disease.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to compare surgical and oncologic outcomes for women undergoing MIH or open abdominal hysterectomy (OAH) for management of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). Methods Patients who underwent hysterectomy for GTD between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2018 were identified using an institutional database and tumor registry. Patients were stratified based on indication for and mode of hysterectomy. Results 39 patients underwent hysterectomy for GTD – 22 MIH and 17 OAH. 26 hysterectomies (66.7%) were performed for primary treatment of GTD, 7 (17.9%) for chemoresistance, 2 (5.1%) for uterine hemorrhage, and 4 (10.3%) for other indications. Mean tumor size (4.2 vs 4.6 cm; p = .81) and operative time (136 vs 163 mins; p = .42) were similar in both groups. MIH was associated with significantly less blood loss (71.5 vs 427.3 ml; p = .03) and shorter hospital stay (1.5 vs 3.9 days, p = .02) than OAH. Postoperative histology comprised 12 complete moles (6 invasive), 8 choriocarcinomas, 9 placental site trophoblastic tumors and 9 epithelioid trophoblastic tumors. Median follow-up was 67.2 months (50.2 MIH, 79.3 OAH; range 11.1–131.2) and there was no difference in remission (81.8% MIH vs 76.5% OAH; p = .68). There were 7 recurrences (4 MIH, 3 OAH) and 3 deaths (2 MIH, 1 OAH). Overall survival was 97.3% at 2 years and 88.5% at 5 years. There was no significant difference in 5-year survival by mode of surgery (MIH 90.9%, OAH 83.3%; p = .40). Conclusions Patients undergoing MIH at our centers have similar oncologic outcomes, lower surgical blood loss and shorter hospital stay compared to those undergoing OAH. Overall survival is similar regardless of mode of surgery.
Global Sensitivity Analysis of Large Distribution System With PVs Using Deep Gaussian Process

Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) of voltage to uncertain power injection variations plays an important role for appropriate Volt-VAR optimization. This paper proposes a data-driven GSA method for large-scale distribution systems with a large number of uncertain sources. Specifically, the deep Gaussian process is used to identify the mapping relationship between uncertain power injections and voltages. This allows resorting to the analysis of variance framework to calculate the Sobol indices for GSA. Unlike the existing polynomial chaos expansion and Gaussian process-based approaches, our proposed method has much better scalability. Test results on the EPRI 1747-node K1 circuit with different numbers of uncertain sources with various uncertain levels and different PV distributions demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve accurate GSA.
Thermal properties of ZrB2-TiB2 solid solutions

Abstract Zirconium diboride ceramics were prepared with additions of up to 50 vol.% TiB2. The resulting (Zr,Ti)B2 ceramics formed complete solid solutions based on x-ray diffraction. The addition of TiB2 resulted in grain size decreasing from 22 μm for nominally pure ZrB2 to 7 μm for ZrB2–50 vol.% TiB2. The thermal conductivity at 25°C ranged from 93 W/m⋅K for nominally pure ZrB2 to 58 W/m⋅K for ZrB2–50 vol.% TiB2. Thermal conductivity was as high as 67 W/m⋅K for nominally pure ZrB2 at 2000°C, but dropped to 59 W/m K with the addition of 50 vol.% TiB2. Electrical resistivity measurements were used to calculate the electron contribution to thermal conductivity, which was 76 W/m⋅K for nominally pure ZrB2 decreasing to 57 W/m⋅K when 50 vol.% TiB2 was added. The phonon contribution to thermal conductivity did not change significantly for ≤10 vol.% TiB2. Additions of ≥25 vol.% TiB2 reduced the phonon contribution to nearly zero for all temperatures.
Establishment of poplars in soils amended with fibercake residuals from paper and containerboard production

Hybrid poplars (Populus sp.) are increasingly implemented in agroforestry systems across the U.S., mainly for their biomass production, carbon allocation, and ecosystem services. While agroforestry systems are usually established on marginal land, soil amendments, such as paper mill fibercake residuals, can provide necessary nutrients such as nitrogen (N) to increase poplar yield. To assess the effects of such amendments on poplar early growth and establishment, three clones (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh × P. maximowiczii A. Henry ‘DM114’; P. deltoides × P. nigra L. ‘DN170’; P. nigra × P. maximowczii ‘NM2’) were grown in a greenhouse for 35 days in soils amended with fibercake residuals from two northern Wisconsin sources (Expera Specialty Solutions, EXP, Rhinelander, WI; Packaging Corporation of America, PCA, Tomahawk, WI). Trees were grown in eleven different soil treatments (one potting mix control, one nursery soil treatment, and nine nursery soil-fibercake blends), with soils mixed according to tillable depth and N application rates. Expera treatments produced 4–30% greater values for growth parameters (excluding root number) and 2% greater values for biomass parameters (excluding root dry mass and root–shoot ratio) than other treatments containing fibercake (i.e., PCA and combined EXP + PCA treatments). Clone ‘NM2’ produced the greatest values for all parameters tested, while ‘DM114’ and ‘DN170’ values were typically intermediate and low, respectively. ‘NM2’ grown in Expera soils produced the highest values for all parameters, suggesting that ‘NM2’ has potential for greater early growth and biomass production on agroforestry sites amended with Expera fibercake.
The Texture Detection Subsystem

This chapter describes one of the three ARBIRS’s subsystems, the Texture Detection Subsystem. We first identify the texture categories that must be detected from images, and discuss the optimal image features to use for accomplishing the texture detection. Then we describe the texture detection algorithm using the selected image features, and explain the ideas underlying the composition of the method. Finally, we conclude the chapter by presenting examples of texture detection using the proposed method.
The effects of intrathecal hypotension on tissue perfusion and pathophysiological outcome after acute spinal cord injury.

Object Venous stasis and intrathecal hypertension are believed to play a significant role in the hypoperfusion present in the spinal cord following injury. Lowering the intrathecal pressure via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage has been effective in treating spinal cord ischemia during aorta surgery. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether CSF drainage increases spinal cord perfusion and improves outcome after spinal injury in an animal model. Methods Anesthetized adult rabbits were subjected to a severe contusion spinal cord injury (SCI). Cerebrospinal fluid was then drained via a catheter to lower the intrathecal pressure by 10 mm Hg. Tissue perfusion was assessed at the site of injury, and values obtained before and after CSF drainage were compared. Two other cohorts of animals were subjected to SCI: 1 group subsequently underwent CSF drainage and the other did not. Results of histological analysis, motor evoked potential and motor function testing were compared between the 2 cohorts...
Thyroid hormone and thyrotropin responses to parturition in premature infants with and without the respiratory distress syndrome.

Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), thyrotropin (TSH), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) concentrations were measured in well full-term infants (group 1), well premature infants (group 2), and premature infants with the respiratory distress syndrome (group 3). Samples were collected at birth and at 2, 12, and 24 hours after delivery. Significant increases in mean serum TSH concentrations occurred in all three groups two hours after delivery, but the two-hour levels measured in groups 2 and 3 were less than those in group 1 infants. Serum T4 concentrations increased significantly after delivery in groups 1 and 2 but not in group 3 newborns; mean TBG concentrations did not vary significantly in any of the groups. Serum T4, concentrations increased significantly at two hours in all three groups but were significantly depressed at 12 and 24 hours in group 3 infants. Mean serum rT3, concentrations decreased after birth in group 2 and 3 in contrast to group 1 newborns; the mean value increased significantly between 2 and 24 hours in group 3 infants. The pattern of decreasing senrum T3 and increasing rT3 concentrations in group 3 infants between 2 and 24 hours resembles the pattern of change in triiodothyronines in ill adult patients, which suggests that these variations are due primarily to illness and not to prematurity.
Liver Disease and Perioperative Risk

Acute hepatitis and cirrhosis are major risk factors for complications of surgery. Patients with compensated liver disease (mild chronic hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, etc.) generally tolerate surgery well, but patients with severe or decompensated liver disease are at high risk for mortality. The role of the medical consultant includes preoperative risk assessment, optimization of liver disease, and prevention and management of postoperative complications.
Quantitative assessment of background parenchymal enhancement in breast MRI predicts response to risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy: preliminary evaluation in a cohort of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.

We present a fully automated method for deriving quantitative measures of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) from breast dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and perform a preliminary evaluation of these measures to assess the effect of risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) in a cohort of breast cancer susceptibility gene 1/2 (BRCA1/2) mutation carriers. Breast DCE-MRI data from 50 BRCA1/2 carriers were retrospectively analyzed in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and with institutional review board approval. Both the absolute (| |) and relative (%) measures of BPE and fibroglandular tissue (FGT) were computed from the MRI scans acquired before and after RRSO. These pre-RRSO and post-RRSO measures were compared using paired Student’s t test. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was used to evaluate the performance of relative changes in the BPE and FGT measures in predicting breast cancer that developed in these women after the RRSO surgery. For the 44 women who did not develop breast cancer after RRSO, the absolute volume of BPE and FGT had a significant decrease (P 0.02). Quantitative measures of BPE and FGT are different before and after RRSO, and their relative changes are associated with prediction of developing breast cancer, potentially indicative of women who are more susceptible to develop breast cancer after RRSO in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.
Double domain solid C 60 on Si(111)7×7

We have grown fcc crystalline islands of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ on a clean Si(111)7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals that the islands are oriented primarily in two distinct directions independent of the island height and size. We show that this is a result of the pinning of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules at the corner holes associated with a disorder-to-order transition at the interface. Interlayer molecular interactions play a vital role in the process. The presence of two distinct island orientations is a manifestation of the formation of double domain solid ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ on the Si(111)7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 surface.
Biological flora of New Zealand

Summary This paper covers information relevant to the ecology of Dacrydium cupressinum, a distribution map based on its presence or absence in grid squares, and bibliographic references to other information.
Invariance relations for random walks on square-planar lattices

Abstract We outline a systematic procedure for obtaining exact analytic expressions for the mean walklength 〈 n 〉 for a random walker transiting on a d = 2 square-planar lattice with a single deep trap subject to periodic boundary conditions. As demonstrated in our earlier work on hexagonal lattices [Chem. Phys. Lett. 371 (2003) 365], the procedure depends on generalizing Montroll’s first invariance relation ∑( n = 1) to n th order. The central result of this work is the following exact analytic expression for ∑( n ) for square-planar lattices: ∑ ( n ) = 4 ∑ i = 0 n - 1 3 i N - 1 3 ! 5 · 3 n + 12 ( n - 2 ) 3 n - 1 + 3 .
3D IMAGING OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL REDOX STATE OF RAT HEARTS UNDER NORMAL AND FASTING CONDITIONS.

The heart requires continuous ATP availability that is generated in the mitochondria. Although studies using the cell culture and perfused organ models have been carried out to investigate the biochemistry in the mitochondria in response to a change in substrate supply, mitochondrial bioenergetics of heart under normal feed or fasting conditions has not been studied at the tissue level with a sub-millimeter spatial resolution either in vivo or ex vivo. Oxidation of many food-derived metabolites to generate ATP in the mitochondria is realized through the NADH/NAD+ couple acting as a central electron carrier. We employed the Chance redox scanner — the low-temperature fluorescence scanner to image the three-dimensional (3D) spatial distribution of the mitochondrial redox states in heart tissues of rats under normal feeding or an overnight starvation for 14.5 h. Multiple consecutive sections of each heart were imaged to map three redox indices, i.e., NADH, oxidized flavoproteins (Fp, including flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) and the redox ratio NADH/Fp. The imaging results revealed the micro-heterogeneity and the spatial distribution of these redox indices. The quantitative analysis showed that in the fasted hearts the standard deviation of both NADH and Fp, i.e., SD_NADH and SD_Fp, significantly decreased with a p value of 0.032 and 0.045, respectively, indicating that the hearts become relatively more homogeneous after fasting. The fasted hearts contained 28.6% less NADH (p = 0.038). No significant change in Fp was found (p = 0.4). The NADH/Fp ratio decreased with a marginal p value (0.076). The decreased NADH in the fasted hearts is consistent with the cardiac cells' reliance of fatty acids consumption for energy metabolism when glucose becomes scarce. The experimental observation of NADH decrease induced by dietary restriction in the heart at tissue level has not been reported to our best knowledge. The Chance redox scanner demonstrated the feasibility of 3D imaging of the mitochondrial redox state in the heart and provides a useful tool to study heart metabolism and function under normal, dietary-change and pathological conditions at tissue level.
Logarithmic transformation bias in allometry

It has been known for some time (DJ Finney, J. Roy. Stat. Soc. Suppl. 7:155–161, 1941) that transformation of an arithmetic data set to logarithms results in biased estimates when predicted values from a leastsquares regression are detransformed back to arithmetic units. Predicted values are estimates of the geometric mean of the dependent variable at that value of the independent variable, rather than the arithmetic mean. Since the geometric mean is always less than the arithmetic mean, detransformed predictions will underestimate the value in question. This bias affects the interpretations of allometric equations used for estimation, such as predicting fossil body mass from skeletal dimensions, and applications of allometry as a “criterion of subtraction,” in which residual variation is evaluated. A number of parametric and nonparametric corrections for transformation bias have been developed. Although this problem is relatively unexplored in mammalian morphometrics, it has received considerable attention in other disciplines that use power functions structurally identical to the allometric equation. Insights into transformation bias and the use of correction terms from economics, limnology, forestry, and hydrology are reviewed and interpreted for application to mammalian allometry. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of the Thermal and Thermo‐Oxidative Degradation of a Polystyrene–Clay Nanocomposite

Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry have been used to study the thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of polystyrene (PS) and a PS-clay nanocomposite. An advanced isoconversional method has been applied for kinetic analysis. Introduction of the clay phase increases the activation energy and affects the total heat of degradation, which suggests a change in the reaction mechanism. The obtained kinetic data permit a comparative assessment of the fire resistance of the studied materials.
Tax‐Distorted Mergers

It is not news that tax laws can affect mergers. How they affect them is a matter of some debate. This column looks at two broad components of recent tax law because they may have had significant effects on the acquisition decisions of the large cash‐rich firms that have led the merger wave of the past decade.
Participatory mapping with urban youth: the visual elicitation of socio-spatial research data

Participatory mapping attempts to engage youth in the generation of personalized maps, as a way to both harness the value of individual knowledge about geographic space, and to concurrently empower the research participants by inviting them to take an active stake in the representation and explication of their spatial environment. Engagement in the mapping exercise facilitates a nuanced process of reflection – often unrealizable through purely textual methods – and can stimulate youth empowerment by seeding critical conversations around personal safety, mobility and technologies of spatial representation. Findings from a study that implemented participatory mapping in the context of an after-school program for urban high school students are used to demonstrate the potential of this research strategy as a participatory pedagogical intervention, and to extract methodological recommendations for its effective implementation in urban educational settings.
Crystallography of Interfaces and Grain Size Distributions in Sr‐Doped LaMnO3

Grain-boundary plane distributions (GBPDs), grain size distribution (GSDs), and upper tail departure from log-normal GSDs were quantified in dense and porous La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 samples to understand expected microstructures in solid oxide fuel cells. Samples were sintered at 1450°C for 4 h and then annealed between 800°C and 1450°C. The GBPDs and normalized GSDs reached steady state during sintering and little variation occurred during annealing. The GBPDs were nearly isotropic, with the relative areas of {001} planes being slightly higher than random (and the relative areas of {111} planes being less than random). The porous sample had an almost identical GBPD, whereas the almost isotropic pore boundary plane distribution was essentially opposite to the GBPD. The upper tails of the experimental GSDs, and several theoretical distributions, were characterized using peaks-over-threshold analysis. Dense samples, and all normal grain growth models, exhibit lower frequencies of large grains in the upper tail than would a log-normal distribution, and the experimental distributions are similar to the Mullins distribution. Porous samples, however, have an anomalous increased frequency of large grains in the upper tail, as compared to all the model distributions, even though other metrics of the microstructure indicate the dense and porous systems are similar.
Public-academic linkages in western states

The role of the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE) in facilitating collaboration between higher education and state mental health agencies in the western states is presented in this paper. Unique service and training problems posed by sparsely populated states with limited numbers of professionally trained personnel and few clinical training programs make collaboration an important human resource issue in the West. WICHE's efforts over the past ten years to strengthen collaboration and the recent development of a regional coalition of educators, providers, and consumers to solve chronic treatment and research problems in the western states are described.
Computer-assisted robotic heller myotomy: initial case report.

Purpose: Our objective was to determine the efficacy of computer-assisted robotic laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Methods: A 76-year-old woman with a significant history of achalasia was evaluated for laparoscopic Heller myotomy. The daVinci™ surgical system was used throughout the procedure. Results: Computer assistance allowed scaling of hand motions from a range of 2:1 to 5:1. Successful dissection of the esophageal musculature was accomplished, and a Toupet-type fundoplication was performed. The patient was discharged from the hospital the day after surgery with five port incisions, each <1 cm. Conclusions: Telemanipulator computer-assisted surgical devices may have applications in procedures that require advanced and finely tuned motions, such as Heller myotomy. The benefits of extra magnification and three-dimensional imaging can help prevent esophageal perforation and identify residual circular muscle fibers.
Onset voltage shift due to nonzero Landau ground-state level in coherent magnetotransport

Coherent electron transport in double-barrier heterostructures with parallel electric and magnetic fields is analyzed theoretically and with the aid of a quantum simulator accounting for three-dimensional transport effects. The onset-voltage shift induced by the magnetic field in resonant tunneling diodes, which was previously attributed to the cyclotron frequency ${w}_{c}$ inside the well is found to arise from an upward shift of the nonzero ground (lowest) Landau state energy in the entire quantum region where coherent transport takes place. The spatial dependence of the cyclotron frequency is accounted for and verified to have a negligible impact on resonant tunneling for the device and magnetic field strength considered. A correction term for the onset-voltage shift arising from the magnetic field dependence of the chemical potential is also derived. The Landau ground state with its nonvanishing finite harmonic oscillator energy $\ensuremath{\Elzxh}{w}_{c}/2$ is verified, however, to be the principal contributor to the onset voltage shift at low temperatures.
Evaluating Outreach Performance.

Systematic reform is necessary to allow for an acceptance of and emphasis on outreach performance as an area of faculty work critical to faculty and institutional growth and development.
CHRONIC PERSISTING HEPATITIS.

The etiology of chronic persistent hepatitis is not known. The evidence to date supports the view that subacute hepatic necrosis, rather than the ordinary epidemic viral hepatitis, can and does progress into chronic persistent hepatitis and postnecrotic cirrhosis. Glucocorticoid therapy results in clinical and biochemical improvements. If its long-term administration to patients with chronic persistent hepatitis has more than symptomatic beneficial effect, it has not yet been conclusively established. Glucocorticoids are useful in suppressing the activity of ordinary viral hepatitis in those in whom the disease runs an excessively prolonged or a relapsing course. The administration of these biologically potent hormones may be associated with mild to life-threatening complications. A useful therapeutic adjunction for the treatment of chronic persistent hepatitis may prove to be 6-mercaptipurine. Bone-marrow depression, however, is a likely and dangerous hazard. The basic principles of the treatment of active parenchymal liver injury—rest and diet—have not been affected by the newer therapeutic adjuncts.
The wafer flexure technique for the determination of the transverse piezoelectric coefficient (d31) of PZT thin films

Abstract This paper describes a simple and inexpensive method for evaluating the transverse piezoelectric coefficient ( d 31 ) of piezoelectric thin films. The technique is based upon the flexure of a coated substrate which imparts an ac two-dimensional stress to the piezoelectric film. The surface charge generated via the mechanical loading is converted to a voltage by an active integrator. Plate theory and elastic stress analyses are used to calculate the principal stresses applied to the film. The d 31 coefficient can then be determined from knowledge of the electric charge produced and the calculated mechanical stress. For 52/48 sol-gel lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films, the d 31 coefficient was found to range from − 5 to − 59 pC/N and is dependent on poling field.
Studies on wheat plants using C14 compounds. III. The utilization of acetate for amino acid biosynthesis.

Sixteen amino acids were isolated from the gluten of wheat plants, the stems of which had been injected with acetate-1-C14 or -2-C14. With both tracers the C14 labelled amino acids varied markedly from each other in specific activity. Glutamic acid, proline, and arginine were most active, followed by the four-carbon amino acids aspartic acid and threonine, while the short-chain amino acids glycine, alanine, serine, and methionine possessed medium activity. Branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, and the two basic amino acids lysine and histidine were weakly labelled, but showed marked differences from each other not only in specific activity but in the relative amounts of carboxyl and methyl groups of acetate incorporated. Acetate-2-C14 generally gave amino acids of highest activity, but acetate-1-C14 was most effective for labelling glycine, histidine, and serine. Partial degradation by ninhydrin decarboxylation clearly showed that the carboxyl group of acetate tended, in general, to appear to a greater...
The Diachrony of Predicate Negation in Saramaccan Creole: Synchronic and Typological Implications

Unlike most Caribbean English-based creoles, Saramaccan has two predicate negator allomorphs, a and na. While aspects of their distribution suggest that the former is simply a phonologically eroded reflex of the latter, synchronic, diachronic, and comparative evidence indicate that a actually resulted from a phonological coalescence of a resumptive pronominal and the following original negator, in the context of topic-comment constructions. This account explains predicate negator occurrences in the grammar which are otherwise anomalous. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that caution must be applied in the tendency to view Saramaccan as a repository of ontoge-netically primary creole features, or as an instantiation of Universal Grammar on view. Finally, the account leads to various conclusions about the role that topic-comment constructions play in diachrony, particularly relating to the various reanalyses that resumptive pronominals will undergo depending upon the grammar in question.
The deep earthquakes of 1921–1922 in Northern Peru

Abstract We present a detailed analysis of the 1921 and 1922 deep events in Northern Peru, which we identify as the only reliably located earthquakes in the vicinity of the great 1970 deep Colombian shock. All other reported seismicity in a three-dimensional radius of 550 km centered on the 1970 hypocenter is erroneous, and can be relocated to other seismic provinces. The 1921–1922 earthquakes relocate approximately 230 km to the south of the 1970 event, at depths of 630 km and 660 km, respectively. A combination of centroid moment tensor inversion and forward modeling using ray theory and reflectivity synthetics yields focal mechanisms indicating down-dip compression and seismic moments of 1.2 × 1027 dyn cm and 6 × 1027 dyn cm, respectively. The 1921, 1922 and 1970 events take place on a piece of subducted Farallon plate aged approximately 55 Ma, i.e., anomalously young to support deep seismicity. We suggest that this unusual seismic activity may be due to a local heterogeneity on the slab, whose nature, however, remains unknown.
Reduction of embryotoxicity by protein in embryo culture media

Experiments tested the hypothesis that one role of protein in embryo culture media is protection of embryos against potentially embryotoxic substances in the media. Mouse embryos were cultured in modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium and in modified Tyrode's medium, aliquots of which were supplemented with 4 mg/ml of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA), while other aliquots were left protein free. The media were prepared using water samples that differed in purity, as reflected by differences in conductivity, with tap water being least pure (and considered to have the greatest potential for being embryotoxic) and water that had been purified by reverse osmosis, Milli-Q filtration, and triple distillation being most pure. Embryos were placed in the media while in the two-cell stage of development and their development was assessed after 24, 48, and 72 hr of culture. Rate of embryo development in BSA-supplemented media was greater than that in protein-free media only when the media were prepared with the least purified water samples. Because these water samples would have contained substances not contained in media prepared with purer water, or would have contained the substances in higher concentration, the data supported the hypothesis that protein can protect embryos during culture by negating effects of embryotoxic substances in the media.
Infrared Emissions from Shock Heated Hydrocarbons

The primary objective of this study was to ascertain whether low molecular weight hydrocarbons (LMWH) in the range C4 to C7, upon heating to temperatures above 900 K, emit IR radiations at frequencies that correspond to the 'unidentified infrared' (UIR) features - the recorded emissions from a variety of astronomical sources - reflection nebulae, HII regions, planetary nebulae, spiral galaxies and other extra galactic objects. We describe IR emission spectra recorded from shock-heated gases (C2H2; (H3C)2C = CH2; H2C = C(CH3) - C(CH3) = CH2; (H3C)2C = CH - C(CH3) = CH2), that arise from excitation of the fundamental C-H stretching vibrations. While the IR emissions from LMWH, anticipated over the entire spectra range, do not present a perfect match to UIR, the correspondence over several wavelength regions is better than the emissions anticipated from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species. Finally, we briefly review the range of proposals that have been presented for the origin of the UIR bands.
The action of acetylcholine and cholinesterase inhibitors on single axons of the lobster

Abstract Acetylcholine (ACh), physostigmine and related substances have been tested for their effects on the electrical activity of single giant axons of the circumesophageal connectives of the lobster. Acetylcholine and physostigmine in concentrations of 5 × 10 −3 to 1 × 10 −2 M depolarize the membrane. The simultaneously recorded action potential is prolonged, and with progressive depolarization reversible block of conduction occurs. Both compounds cause initially spontaneous or repetitive firing. Neostigmine, 3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium and edrophonium prevent the effect of ACh without having an effect of their own on membrane or action potential. Choline, cholinethiol and phenyltrimethylammonium do not antagonize the action of ACh, nor do they change the electrical parameters of the axon. Curare depolarizes the membrane by 15 mV, but does not cause block of conduction nor does it inhibit the ACh effect. These observations are discussed and possible mechanisms of action are suggested.
Mechanistic disease modeling as a useful tool for improving CNS drug research and development

Despite tremendous advances in the basic understanding of CNS diseases, successful clinical drug development in psychiatry and neurology has been limited, putting huge pressure on remaining CNS R&D programs in pharmaceutical companies. In this report, it is proposed that re-engineering parts of the pharmaceutical Research and Development process by integrating complex modeling and simulation approaches, similar to the aerospace and micro-electronics industry, has the potential to increase the clinical predictability of animal models and to reduce the attrition rate in clinical drug development. This report will present top-down Mechanistic Disease Modeling approaches in relation to bottom-up Systems Biology with specific emphasis on CNS drug R&D. Both combine basic research data with human clinical outcome, but in contrast to System Biology that generically models intracellular pathways and protein-protein networks, Mechanistic Disease Modeling models the emergent properties of neuronal cell firing activity in large interacting neuronal networks. Such an outcome is much closer to physiological and behavioral processes that drive actual clinical scales. Also illustrated here are some practical applications in the area of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia for CNS Research and Development, such as guiding multitarget drug discovery, evaluating both the harmful and beneficial off-target human effects of candidate drugs, as well as exploring the effect of co-medications and functional genotypes on the candidate drug efficacy and sensitivity analysis for responder identification. Drug Dev Res 72: 66–73, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Antigenic basis of diversity in the γδ T cell co-receptor WC1 family

WC1 co-receptors are transmembrane glycoproteins with 11 extracellular scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) domains. They are related to the CD163 family but are uniquely expressed by gammadelta T cells. We recently showed that at least 13 members comprise the WC1 gene family in cattle, a model animal species for studies of gammadelta T cell biology. Since WC1 co-receptors participate in directing functional responses by gammadelta T cells either through the ligands they bind or the signals they transduce, availability of reagents to identify the expression of individual WC1 molecules of this diverse family would be valuable in further elucidating mechanisms of gammadelta T cell responsiveness. Although monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been widely used to identify WC1 co-receptors on gammadelta T cells, the locations of the antigenic epitopes recognized are unknown. Here, we mapped the epitopes to particular SRCR domains and evaluated their distribution among WC1 molecules. To do this, cDNA representing the extracellular domains of seven different WC1 genes was expressed in mammalian cells and analyzed for reactivity with anti-WC1 mAbs using ELISA and Western blotting. The study included mAbs that are broadly reactive with WC1(+) gammadelta T cells and those that divide WC1(+) gammadelta T cells into functionally distinct subpopulations. We found that mAb CC15 is a pan-reactive anti-WC1 mAb recognizing an epitope in the closely related SRCR domains 2 and 7 and that this epitope is present in at least domain 2 or 7 of all seven WC1 molecules evaluated here. Five other anti-WC1 mAbs, typified by mAb IL-A29, were found to be broadly reactive, recognizing epitopes in the related SRCR domains 4 and 9 but each having a unique pattern of reactivity with the seven WC1 molecules. Finally, the subpopulation-specific anti-WC1 mAbs, including those that recognize either the archetypal WC1.1 or WC1.2 molecule, were found to react with epitopes in the most variable WC1 domain, i.e. domain 1, of a restricted number of WC1 co-receptors.
Assessment of Quantum Mechanical Methods for Copper and Iron Complexes by Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

Broken-symmetry density functional theory (BS-DFT) calculations are assessed for redox energetics [Cu(SCH3)2]1–/0, [Cu(NCS)2]1–/0, [FeCl4]1–/0, and [Fe(SCH3)4]1–/0 against vertical detachment energies (VDE) from valence photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), as a prelude to studies of metalloprotein analogs. The M06 and B3LYP hybrid functionals give VDE that agree with the PES VDE for the Fe complexes, but both underestimate it by ∼400 meV for the Cu complexes; other hybrid functionals give VDEs that are an increasing function of the amount of Hartree–Fock (HF) exchange and so cannot show good agreement for both Cu and Fe complexes. Range-separated (RS) functionals appear to give a better distribution of HF exchange since the negative HOMO energy is approximately equal to the VDEs but also give VDEs dependent on the amount of HF exchange, sometimes leading to ground states with incorrect electron configurations; the LRC-ωPBEh functional reduced to 10% HF exchange at short-range give somewhat better values for ...
Conformational isomerism of 2-carboazetidines

A number of 1-alkyl-2-carboazetidines have been prepared from the reaction of primary amines with α,γ-dibromocarbonyl compounds. Several of these new azetidines exhibit doublet carbonyl stretching absorptions in their infrared spectra. A possible explanation of this phenomenon is offered in terms of three rotational conformers which represent various degrees of dipole-dipole and steric interactions. The cis and trans forms of 1-t-butyl-2-carbomethoxy-4-methylazetidine have been obtained from the reaction of t-butylamine with methyl α,γ-dibromovalerate. A detailed examination indicates that the ir and nmr spectra of these epimers are in agreement with the foregoing conformational postulates.
Extra-Lysosomal Localization of Arylsulfatase B in Human Colonic Epithelium

The enzyme arylsulfatase B (N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase; ARSB; ASB) removes 4-sulfate groups from the sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) and dermatan sulfate (DS). Inborn deficiency of ARSB leads to the lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis VI, characterized by accumulation of sGAG in vital organs, disruption of normal physiological processes, severe morbidity, and premature death. Recent published work demonstrated extra-lysosomal localization with nuclear and cell membrane ARSB observed in bronchial and colonic epithelial cells, cerebrovascular cells, and hepatic cells. In this report, the authors present ARSB immunostaining in a colonic microarray and show differences in distribution, intensity, and pattern of ARSB staining among normal colon, adenomas, and adenocarcinomas. Distinctive, intense luminal membrane staining was present in the normal epithelial cells but reduced in the malignancies and less in the grade 3 than in the grade 1 adenocarcinomas. In the normal cores, a distinctive pattern of intense cytoplasmic positivity at the luminal surface was followed by reduced staining deeper in the crypts. ARSB enzymatic activity was significantly greater in normal than in malignant tissue. These study findings affirm extra-lysosomal localization of ARSB and suggest that altered ARSB immunostaining and reduced activity may be useful indicators of malignant transformation in human colonic tissue.
The effects of temperature and NaCl concentration on tetragonal lysozyme face growth rates

Measurements were made of the (110) and (101) face growth rates of the tetragonal form of hen egg white lysozyme at 0.1M sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.0, from 4 to 22 C and with 3.0%, 5.0%, and 7.0% NaCl used as the precipitating salt. The data were collected at supersaturation ratios ranging from approximately 4 to approximately 63. Both decreasing temperature and increasing salt concentrations shifted plots of the growth rate versus C/C(sat) to the right, i.e. higher supersaturations were required for comparable growth rates. The observed trends in the growth data are counter to those expected from the solubility data. If tetragonal lysozyme crystal growth is by addition of ordered aggregates from the solution, then the observed growth data could be explained as a result of the effects of lowered temperature and increased salt concentration on the kinetics and equilibrium processes governing protein-protein interactions in solution. The data indicate that temperature would be a more tractable means of controlling the growth rate for tetragonal lysozyme crystals contrary to the usual practice in, e.g., vapor diffusion protein crystal growth, where both the precipitant and protein concentrations are simultaneously increased. However, the available range for control is dependent upon the protein concentration, with the greatest growth rate control being at the lower concentration.