cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earth in my oatmeal

It was a cold summer morning that July 6th in southern Iceland. I had on long underwear, a turtleneck shirt, and a wool shirt over that. A heavy parka covered this, and a wool cap and L.L. Bean mittens sealed out a little more of the cold. The steam rising from a bowl of hot oatmeal looked promising, as I awaited my first taste of the goo. As I looked at the oatmeal with the raisins studded through it, I noticed how much it looked like the volcanic rocks we had been studying. They were a mixture of ash, pebbles, and boulders. When erupted, either under water, under a glacier, or as a gooey mass of warm mud in a mudflow, they probably behaved the way the oatmeal will do when it slides down my gullet.
Looking over the horizon (HF radar)

The history of HF (over-the-horizon) radar and its basic principles are outlined. Advances in signal processing that have made HF radar an operational reality are reviewed. Working units that the US Navy and the US Air force have in place, as well as some units under construction are described. Nondefence applications of HF radar, most notably the interdiction of drug traffickers and the monitoring of wind patterns over vast stretches of the ocean are noted. >
Revisiting the Turbulent Scale Equation

The paper revisits two-equation turbulence models with an emphasis on the turbulent length scale equation. Rotta's derivation of the kL model is re-evaluated and some of the assumptions made during the original for- mulation of the kL model will be relaxed. As a result, the second deriva- tive of the velocity field appears in the length scale equation instead of the third derivative as in the original model. First results, including as- pects of Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS) capabilities of the new model formulation will be presented.
Functional responses of plants to elevated atmospheric CO2– do photosynthetic and productivity data from FACE experiments support early predictions?

Contents Summary 1 I. Introduction 2 II. Early assessments of [CO2] responses in natural ecosystems 2 III. Global network of FACE sites 4 IV. Assimilation and leaf N-content 5 V. Primary productivity 13 VI. Response of plant functional types 20 VII. Conclusions 23 Acknowledgements 24 References 24 Summary Results from 16 free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) sites representing four different global vegetation types indicate that only some early predictions of the effects of increasing CO2 concentration (elevated [CO2]) on plant and ecosystem processes are well supported. Predictions for leaf CO2 assimilation (Anet) generally fit our understanding of limitations to photosynthesis, and the FACE experiments indicate concurrent enhancement of photosynthesis and of partial downregulation. In addition, most herbaceous species had reduced leaf nitrogen (N)-content under elevated [CO2] and thus only a modest enhancement of Anet, whereas most woody species had little change in leaf N with elevated [CO2] but a larger enhancement of Anet. Early predictions for primary production are more mixed. Predictions that enhancement of productivity would be greater in drier ecosystems or in drier years has only limited support. Furthermore, differences in productivity enhancements among six plant functional types were not significant. By contrast, increases in productivity enhancements with increased N availability are well supported by the FACE results. Thus, neither a resource-based conceptual model nor a plant functional type conceptual model is exclusively supported by FACE results, but rather both species identity and resource availability are important factors influencing the response of ecosystems to elevated [CO2].
AnnotCompute: annotation-based exploration and meta-analysis of genomics experiments

The ever-increasing scale of biological data sets, particularly those arising in the context of high-throughput technologies, requires the development of rich data exploration tools. In this article, we present AnnotCompute, an information discovery platform for repositories of functional genomics experiments such as ArrayExpress. Our system leverages semantic annotations of functional genomics experiments with controlled vocabulary and ontology terms, such as those from the MGED Ontology, to compute conceptual dissimilarities between pairs of experiments. These dissimilarities are then used to support two types of exploratory analysis—clustering and query-by-example. We show that our proposed dissimilarity measures correspond to a user’s intuition about conceptual dissimilarity, and can be used to support effective query-by-example. We also evaluate the quality of clustering based on these measures. While AnnotCompute can support a richer data exploration experience, its effectiveness is limited in some cases, due to the quality of available annotations. Nonetheless, tools such as AnnotCompute may provide an incentive for richer annotations of experiments. Code is available for download at http://www.cbil.upenn.edu/downloads/AnnotCompute. Database URL: http://www.cbil.upenn.edu/annotCompute/
Predator foolhardiness and morphological evolution in 17-year cicadas (Magicicada spp.)

Periodical cicadas in the genus Magicicada have an unusual life history that includes an exceptionally long life cycle and a massive, synchronized emergence. Considerable effort has been put into research aimed at understanding the evolutionary history of periodical cicadas, but surprisingly little attention has been given to their morphological evolution. Their slow flight and approachability have been described as ‘predator-foolhardy’ behaviour. We quantified flight speeds for M. cassini, M. septendecim, and Tibicen chloromera (a nonperiodical cicada species), and interpreted them in terms of thorax musculature, body proportions and wing size and shape in relation to body size. On average, T. chloromera flew three to four times faster than did the two Magicicada species. Using empirical relationships between flight speed and body length, body mass or wing loading, we determined M. cassini and M. septendecim to be unusually slow fliers for their body size, whereas T. chloromera was not. The relatively slow flight speeds of Magicicada species could be largely accounted for by relatively small thoracic muscle masses, as indicated by thorax length × width measurements, and low wing loadings. Aspect ratio differences were contributing factors. Male Magicicada and female Tibicen were more active in mate searching than was the opposite sex, and correspondingly had relatively large aspect ratios. We interpret the morphological traits responsible for the slow flight of Magicicada species as being adaptations to searching for mates in dense aggregations around the canopy of trees, relatively unconstrained by the per-capita risk of predation. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 90, 1–13.
Ambulation after sheath removal: A comparison of 6 and 8 hours of bedrest after sheath removal in patients following a PTCA procedure

Objective To determine whether ambulation of patients at 6 hours after sheath removal, compared with the institution's standard of 8 hours, would produce a change in hematoma formation, bleeding tendencies at the sheath introducer site, and/or patients' perceptions of pain after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Design A quasi-experimental research design was used. Each patient was randomly assigned to either the control group, which required 8 hours of bedrest after sheath removal, or the experimental group, which required 6 hours of bedrest after sheath removal. Setting Intensive care unit of a 400-bed urban teaching hospital in western Canada. Sample A convenience sample of 85 male and female patients admitted to the intensive care unit after an elective PTCA between June 1991 and November 1992. Method Each subject was randomly assigned to 6 or 8 hours of bedrest after sheath removal. A demographic data tool, the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, a Hematoma Assessment Instrument, and a Bleeding Tendency Assessment Instrument were used to collect the data. These instruments were administered to the patients at various intervals after sheath removal. Data Analysis Results were analyzed to determine if the additional 2 hours of bedrest in the control group contributed to an increase in pain perception. Demographic information was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics. Parametric and nonparametric tests were also used to analyze the data. Results Ambulation of patients at 6 hours after sheath removal produced no significant increase in hematoma formation at the puncture site when compared with patients who ambulated 8 hours after sheath removal (p=0.0001). There was a higher probability of a hematoma developing the day after the PTCA procedure if the activated clotting time (ACT) was high (p=0.0034). Only one subject in the experimental group developed delayed bleeding; therefore, statistical analysis was unable to be performed on this data. When controlling for age, gender, type of procedure, previous PTCA, history of back pain, analgesic during the procedure, analgesic after the procedure, and cardiologist, the experimental group had significantly lower pain scores than the control group at 8 hours after sheath removal (p=0.0001). Conclusion This study supports our hypothesis that decreasing the amount of time patients are required to remain flat and supine is associated with no increase in hematoma and bleeding tendencies and is associated with a reduction in the perceptions of pain. The results appear to support ambulation of patients at 6 hours after sheath removal.
Teaching Emerging Diseases: A Strategy for Succeeding with Nonmajors

A nonmajors course on emerging diseases served to introduce students to basic concepts in microbiology and to improve scientific literacy. The course used a range of learner-centered approaches to encourage students to take responsibility for their own learning. Evaluations demonstrated both student satisfaction and an increased understanding of important issues in microbiology.
Metabolizable Energy Requirements of Pregnant Dairy Cows

Abstract Energy balance measurements related the amount of metabolizable energy required by the pregnant cow to the stage of pregnancy. The amount of metabolizable energy required at term was 75% above that of a nonpregnant animal of equal weight. The increase in metabolizable energy requirement during the course of pregnancy was described by the equation y=100.8 + 0.567 e .0174t where y is kcal ME/kg 3/4 /day, and t is number of days pregnant.
Phylogeography at large spatial scales: incongruent patterns of population structure and demography of Pan-American butterflies associated with weedy habitats

Aim Few studies of comparative phylogeography have been conducted at very large spatial scales, encompassing species that are distributed across multiple continents. Several Pan-American butterfly species associated with weedy, human-modified habitats were studied using comparative phylogeographic tools to test for the congruence of demographic histories across a range of spatial scales and to investigate the effects of human-facilitated range expansion. Location North and South America, mainly the southern United States, Brazil and Argentina. Methods The mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit II region (COII) was sequenced for Hylephila phyleus, Lerodea eufala, Erynnis funeralis and Agraulis vanillae across their North and South American ranges. Data from these conspecifics were compared with variation in COII sequences between allopatric congener pairs on both continents whose ranges approximate the conspecifics and also share similar weedy habitat associations: Ancyloxypha numitor versus Ancyloxypha nitedula, Vanessa annabella versus Vanessa carye, and Euptoieta claudia versus Euptoieta hortensia. We tested for similarities in demographic histories within and across continents for each species using pairwise distances, population genetic statistics, mismatch distributions and deviations from mutation-drift equilibrium. Results Mean pairwise divergence across continents was lower for Lerodea eufala and Hylephila phyleus (with several shared Pan-American haplotypes each) compared with Erynnis funeralis and Agraulis vanillae (both with no shared haplotypes). Differentiation between congeneric species pairs was generally significantly higher than conspecific divergence across continents, but North and South American populations of A. vanillae were more divergent than V. annabella and V. carye. We found deviations from mutation-drift equilibrium in A. vanillae. Population-level variation was greater than the variation across continents for H. phyleus and L. eufala. Main conclusions We find little congruence in phylogeographic patterns among these taxa across continents, although similar demographic patterns can be detected at smaller regional levels. Except for Californian populations of some species, the North American distributions of these weedy butterfly species appear to largely pre-date the influences of human-facilitated range expansion.
Impact of Obesity on Outcomes of Hysterectomy

Abstract Study Objectives To evaluate the impact of obesity on complications of hysterectomy. Study Design Retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force II-2). Setting The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI. Patients Patients who had a hysterectomy at WIH between July 2006 and January 2009. Interventions Hysterectomy by any mode. Measurements and Main Results We collected data from medical records of all laparoscopic hysterectomies during the time period and collected data from a random subset of abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies. The independent variable, body mass index, was grouped according to World Health Organization guidelines. A composite of surgical complications was generated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We collected data from 907 hysterectomies, and 29.9% (n = 267) of the population was obese. Eighteen percent of patients (n = 154) had at least 1 complication. Compared to non-obese women, obese women were at increased odds of having any complication (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.12-2-34). Performing subgroup analyses by mode of hysterectomy and controlling for confounding factors, we were unable to detect differences odds of complications between obese and non-obese women who underwent either an abdominal, vaginal, or laparoscopic hysterectomy. Conclusion In our study, we found that among women who had a hysterectomy, obese women had a higher rate of complications than nonobese women.
Privacy Management on Facebook: Do Device Type and Location of Posting Matter?

People’s information sharing on Facebook often happens through mobile devices allowing for posting from different locations. Despite the potential contextual differences in content sharing, the lit...
Weighted variants of the Three Chains Completion Theorem

This paper presents and solves a weighted interpolation problem which is the nonstationary equivalent of the weighted commutant lifting theorem introduced in [1]. This leads to a weighted version of the three chains interpolation theorem in [3] as well as to a weighted variant of the Carswell—Schubert intertwining extension problem (see [2]).
Size Doesn't Matter: Network Externalities vs. Information Cascades in the Adoption of Low Cost Internet Technologies

Internet technologies are often studied using network externality theory. In this paper, we question whether network externality theory should be applied as a behavioral model of low cost internet technology adoption. We argue that from the point of view of the adopter, not the researcher, applying network externality theory has a high cognitive cost that does not justify its application when adoption costs are low. Rather, an easier theory, from the adopter's perspective, is information cascade theory. Information cascade theory only requires that the adopter do what she sees others doing. We test our conjecture in a laboratory setting where we can control both the level of network externalities and what the adopter sees others doing. We find that the level of network externalities has no impact on the propensity to adopt but that the behavior of others has significant impact on the propensity to adopt low cost internet technologies.
Development of synthetic lethality anticancer therapeutics.

The concept of synthetic lethality (the creation of a lethal phenotype from the combined effects of mutations in two or more genes) has recently been exploited in various efforts to develop new genotype-selective anticancer therapeutics. These efforts include screening for novel anticancer agents, identifying novel therapeutic targets, characterizing mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapy, and improving efficacies through the rational design of combination therapy. This review discusses recent developments in synthetic lethality anticancer therapeutics, including poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors for BRCA1- and BRCA2-mutant cancers, checkpoint inhibitors for p53 mutant cancers, and small molecule agents targeting RAS gene mutant cancers. Because cancers are caused by mutations in multiple genes and abnormalities in multiple signaling pathways, synthetic lethality for a specific tumor suppressor gene or oncogene is likely cell context-dependent. Delineation of the mechanisms underlying synthetic ...
Body composition in prepubertal girls: comparison of six methods.

OBJECTIVE: To compare estimates of fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and percentage body fat (%fat) by six different methods in prepubertal girls. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Normal-weight, multi-ethnic, prepubertal girls (age=8.5±0.4 y, n=101). MEASUREMENTS: Body composition was measured in each child by anthropometry (skinfold thickness using Slaughter equation), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), total body potassium (TBK), isotope dilution for total body water measurement (TBW), multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS), and total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC). RESULTS: TOBEC and skinfold thickness yielded the lowest values of FM followed by DXA, TBK, TBW and BIS, with BIS giving the highest value of FM. All methods were significantly different for FFM, FM and %fat (P<0.001), except FFM by DXA and TBK. The Bland–Altman limits of agreement among the methods reveal that they are not directly interchangeable for FM, FFM, or %fat. The largest mean difference for FM was between TOBEC and BIS (−2.90 kg), whereas the smallest mean difference was between TOBEC and skinfold thickness (−0.14 kg). For FFM, the largest mean difference was also between TOBEC and BIS (2.83 kg), but the smallest mean difference for FFM was between DXA and TBK (−0.03 kg). For %fat, the mean differences were larger, −10.5% for TOBEC and BIS and+9.7% for skinfold thickness and BIS. The closest two techniques for %fat were TOBEC and skinfold thickness (mean difference of −0.62%) and DXA and TBK (−1.81%). CONCLUSIONS: We found that estimates of body composition in prepubertal 8-y-old girls are highly method-dependent and that the six methods studied (DXA, TBK, TBW, TOBEC, BIS and anthropometry) are not directly interchangeable.
Effect of Jianzhong Indigestion Tablets in Improving Animal Digestive Function

Objective To study the effect of Jianzhong indigestion tablets in improving animal digestive function.Methods Kunming mice were divided into three dose groups( 500 mg,1000 mg and 1500 mg /kg. BW,respectively),a blank group and a model control group for intestinal motility test,ink propelling rates as the indicator. Female SD rats were randomly divided into blank group and three doses administered groups( 250mg,750 mg and 1500 mg /kg. BW) for determining pepsin. Indicators of rat weight,weight gain,food intake and food utilization rate were observed; meanwhile,the rat pepsin activity and the discharge amount of pepsin in rats were measured. Results The ink propelling rates of the three doses group mice were higher than model group( F = 6. 821,P 0. 01). Middle dose and high dose SD rats were higher than blank group in terms of pepsin( F = 5. 82; P 0. 05,P 0. 01). The excretion amount of pepsin of middle dose and high dose were higher than blank group( F = 5. 37,P0. 01,P0. 01). Conclusion Under the this experiment condition,Jianzhong indigestion tablets can improve digestive function in animals.
Numerical simulation of violent flow of 3-D dam-breaking wave around square cylinder

Numerical simulation of 3D dam-breaking wave flows around a square cylinder by our in-house solver naoe-FOAM-SJTU is presented in this paper.The solver naoe-FOAM-SJTU is an unsteady viscous flow code for dealing with hydrodynamic problems in ship and ocean engineering,and developed based on the open source toolbox OpenFOAM.It can be applied to simulate the complex wave-structures interaction and the complex free surface evolution including the wave breaking and turning over phenomena.This paper presents the 3D complex free surface evolution of dam-breaking wave and the phenomena of wave run-up,wave breaking and turning over during the dam-breaking wave interaction with the square cylinder.The vortices field near the cylinder is presented,and the influence of viscous effect is analyzed.The calculated wave impact force on square cylinder shows good agreement with the data from experiment.The numerical results indicate that the naoe-FOAM-SJTU solver can efficiently simulate the complex free-surface evolution,and accurately predict the wave run-up height and impact force on structures.
Developing and Re-Developing Volunteer Roles: The Case of Ongoing Assimilation of Docent Zoo Volunteers

This study explored the process by which volunteers learned and developed their roles as part of their initial organizational entrance and then re-developed them during ongoing assimilation in resp...
Let's Be Blunt: Consumption Methods Matter Among Black Marijuana Smokers.

Objective:Despite the high prevalence of blunt (i.e., hollowed-out cigars that are filled with marijuana) use among Black marijuana smokers, few studies have examined if and how blunt users differ from traditional joint users.Method:The current study compared the prevalence and patterns of use for those who smoked blunts in the past month (i.e., blunt users) with those who used marijuana through other methods (i.e., other marijuana users). The sample included 935 Black past-month marijuana smokers participating in the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.Results:Among past-month marijuana smokers, 73.2% were blunt users and 26.8% were other marijuana users. Overall, blunt users initiated marijuana use at an earlier age (15.9 vs. 17.3 years, p < .01) and reported more days of marijuana use in the past month (16 vs. 8 days, p < .01) than did other marijuana users. There were also differences by gender. Among females, blunt users reported a higher odds of past-year marijuana abuse or dependence (23.8%...
SU-F-T-542: Using Calypso Electromagnetic Beacons to Determine When to Modulate and When Not to Modulate SBRT Treatment Plans When Breathing Motion Is Present

Purpose: To use the Calypso system to conduct a comprehensive study to determine what is the maximum breathing amplitude and length of breathing cycle allowed to accurately deliver IMRT or VMAT plans for liver tumors treated with SBRT when breathing motion is present. Methods: A phantom that simulates breathing motion was constructed using solid water. The phantom contains a 5 cm diameter insert of low density material to simulate a tumor, 3 calypso beacons to track breathing motion and a micro ion chamber for point dose measurements. Radiochromic films were used to measure spatial dose distribution. Gamma 3%, 3 mm metrics were used for plan evaluation. With phantom placed on a respiratory gating platform, 4DCT data sets were acquired for breathing amplitudes of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 mm respectively. Breathing cycles of 2, 4, and 6-seconds-long were used for each case. Minimum intensity projection (MINIP) datasets were generated for each case. Eclipse treatment planning system was used to generate IMRT and VMAT plans. Calypso system was used to gate all treatment deliveries. Results: Point dose measurement did not show significant difference for different breathing amplitude. This is because the ion chamber is placed at isocenter, and film analysis revealed most dose variations occur on the edges of the tumor. Gamma analysis shows significant reduction in passing rate for plans with motion due to MLC interplay effect and dose blurring. With 15 mm breathing amplitude, gamma passing rate dropped by 10% and 25% for IMRT and VMAT respectively. Conclusion: With a breathing motion management, it is safe to modulate SBRT plans when breathing amplitude is less than 10 mm and 15 mm for IMRT and VMAT respectively. Longer breathing cycles lead to less accurate dose delivery. More analysis is being performed for breathing amplitudes greater than 15 mm.
Genetics of Salt and Cold Tolerance in Tomato

Quantitative genetic analysis of tomato response to salt or cold stress during seed germination and vegetative growth indicated that both salt and cold tolerance were complex traits, controlled by more than one gene and highly influenced by environmental variation. Molecular marker analyses indicated that at each stage of plant development salt tolerance or cold tolerance was generally controlled by the effects of a few major QTLs (quantitative trait loci) which acted in concert with a number of smaller-effect QTLs. At the seed germination stage, two types of QTLs were identified: those which affected germination under both stress and nonstress conditions, and thus were called stress-nonspecific QTLs, and those which contributed to rapid seed germination only under specific stress conditions, and thus were called stress-specific QTLs. Generally, the stress-nonspecific QTLs exhibited larger effects than the stress-specific QTLs. Consistent with this observation, selection for either salt or cold tolerance during germination resulted in progeny with improved germination under salt and cold stress as well as nonstress conditions. Comparison of salt tolerance during germination and vegetative growth indicated that mostly different QTLs contributed to tolerance at these two developmental stages; furthermore, selection for salt tolerance during germination did not affect progeny salt tolerance during vegetative growth. Similar results were obtained when cold tolerance during germination and vegetative growth were compared. The overall results indicate that, in tomato, stress tolerance during germination is independent of stress tolerance during vegetative growth. However, simultaneous improvement of plants for stress tolerance at multiple stages of plant development should be feasible through marker-assisted selection and breeding.
Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis After Total Knee Arthroplasty

Patients who undergo elective total knee replacement are at a high risk for deep venous thrombosis, which can lead to potentially fatal pulmonary embolism. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis after total knee replacement has been reported to be between 50 and 88% (1, 2, 3). While the majority of these thrombi occur in the calf veins and resolve without symptoms, up to 24% may propagate to the proximal veins (1). Approximately 3-10% of patient will develop proximal thrombi in the week following total knee replacement.
Puzzles in modern biology. IV. Neurodegeneration, localized origin and widespread decay

The motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) typically begins with localized muscle weakness. Progressive, widespread paralysis often follows over a few years. Does the disease begin with local changes in a small piece of neural tissue and then spread? Or does neural decay happen independently across diverse spatial locations? The distinction matters, because local initiation may arise by local changes in a tissue microenvironment, by somatic mutation, or by various epigenetic or regulatory fluctuations in a few cells. A local trigger must be coupled with a mechanism for spread. By contrast, independent decay across spatial locations cannot begin by a local change, but must depend on some global predisposition or spatially distributed change that leads to approximately synchronous decay. This article outlines the conceptual frame by which one contrasts local triggers and spread versus parallel spatially distributed decay. Various neurodegenerative diseases differ in their mechanistic details, but all can usefully be understood as falling along a continuum of interacting local and global processes. Cancer provides an example of disease progression by local triggers and spatial spread, setting a conceptual basis for clarifying puzzles in neurodegeneration. Heart disease also has crucial interactions between global processes, such as circulating lipid levels, and local processes in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. The distinction between local and global processes helps to understand these various age-related diseases.
A spatial analysis of civic-ceremonial architecture in the central Mesa Verde Region, United States

Abstract This study analyzes the spatial and temporal patterning of civic-ceremonial structures in the central Mesa Verde region of the northern Southwest to assess changing patterns of leadership in Pueblo society. Great kivas, as the most ubiquitous and persistent form of Pueblo public architecture in the area prior to 1280 CE, provide a durable means of assessing community membership and for analyzing how the introduction of other civic-ceremonial buildings may reflect shifts in public space and leadership strategies over time. It is suggested here that great kivas represent a fundamental and enduring symbol of community group assembly that underwent changes over time, the most profound of which occurred in the final decades prior to migration from the area in the late 1200s CE. The overall constellation of civic-ceremonial structures over time indicates altering leadership strategies just prior to the depopulation of the region.
Amplitude-Mode Spectroscopy of Charge Excitations in PTB7 π -Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Copolymer for Photovoltaic Applications

Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) [FA9550-16-1-0207]; National Science Foundation-Materials Research, Science, and Engineering Center (NSF-MRSEC) [DMR 1121252]; Space Exploration and Optical Solutions Technology Research Initiative Fund at the University of Arizona
The Ligand Binding Landscape of Diacylglycerol Kinases

Summary Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are integral components of signal transduction cascades that regulate cell biology through ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the lipid messenger diacylglycerol. Methods for direct evaluation of DGK activity in native biological systems are lacking and needed to study isoform-specific functions of these multidomain lipid kinases. Here, we utilize ATP acyl phosphate activity-based probes and quantitative mass spectrometry to define, for the first time, ATP and small-molecule binding motifs of representative members from all five DGK subtypes. We use chemical proteomics to discover an unusual binding mode for the DGKα inhibitor, ritanserin, including interactions at the atypical C1 domain distinct from the ATP binding region. Unexpectedly, deconstruction of ritanserin yielded a fragment compound that blocks DGKα activity through a conserved binding mode and enhanced selectivity against the kinome. Collectively, our studies illustrate the power of chemical proteomics to profile protein-small molecule interactions of lipid kinases for fragment-based lead discovery.
Flow Reconnaissance via Timing Attacks on SDN Switches

When encountering a packet for which it has no matching forwarding rule, a software-defined networking (SDN) switch requests an appropriate rule from its controller; this request delays the routing of the flow until the controller responds. We show that this delay gives rise to a timing side channel in which an attacker can test for the recent occurrence of a target flow by judiciously probing the switch with forged flows and using the delays they encounter to discern whether covering rules were previously installed in the switch. We develop a Markov model of an SDN switch to permit the attacker to select the best probe (or probes) to infer whether a target flow has recently occurred. Our model captures practical challenges related to rule evictions to make room for other rules; rule timeouts due to inactivity; the presence of multiple rules that apply to overlapping sets of flows; and rule priorities. We show that our model enables detection of target flows with considerable accuracy in many cases.
NuSys: Towards a Document IDE for Knowledge Work

Knowledge workers consume and annotate digital documents such as PDF files, videos, images and text notes - in some cases collaboratively - to form mental models and gain insight. An abundance of software solutions and utilities that were designed to assist users in stages of this process but not in the process as a whole, which makes knowledge work with documents unnecessarily inefficient. In this paper, we introduce ideas on how to streamline common knowledge worker tasks, such as collaboratively searching, gathering and freely arranging fragments of various media documents to gain understanding and then transforming emergent insights into interactive structured visualizations. Furthermore, we present NuSys, an integrated development environment (IDE) specialized for document-centric workflows, that implements the core of these ideas.
A House in the Sun: Modern Architecture and Solar Energy in the Cold War

Modern architecture‘s engagement with the epistemo-ecological category of environment is gradually coming to be seen by historians, not as a digression from its avant-garde agenda, or a dilation of...
Closing the divide: Subject librarians and scholarly communication librarians can work together to reach common goals

A s ACRL President, I am very interested in the changes that our members and the profession are experiencing and in making connections to our goals in the ACRL Plan for Excellence. 1 Our plan enables ACRL to invest member resources in shaping policies and practices that enable us to meet the needs of our users and our institutions as they change over time. Over the past year, I’ve been doing a lot of thinking about scholarly communication and the role of academic librarians, particularly subject or liaison librarians.
Some Properties of Columbium Containing Nitrogen

Quench aging of supersaturated solid solutions of nitrogen in columbium takes place in reasonable times in the temperature range 300° to 500°C. Changes in internal friction, hardness, and electrical resistivity are found to accompany this change.
Proceedings of the 1st ACM/USENIX international conference on Virtual execution environments

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 1st International Conference on Virtual Execution Environments - VEE'05. Up to now, research results on virtual execution engines were scattered among a number of different venues in the language (VM, PLDI, OOPSLA, IVME, ICFP), operating system (SOSP, OSDI), and architecture (ASPLOS, CGO, PACT) communities. The organizers of the USENIX VM Symposium and the ACM SIGPLAN IVME Workshop felt the needs of the community would be better served by a single conference that could address the breadth of issues related to virtual execution environments. VEE is intended to be a unique forum that brings together practitioners and researchers working on interpreters, high-level language virtual machines, machine emulators, translators, and machine simulators. VEE'05 gives researchers and practitioners a unique opportunity to share their perspectives with others interested in the various aspects of virtual execution environments. This year's VEE is co-located with PLDI 2005 in Chicago, Illinois. Future instances are planned jointly with leading conferences in operating systems, programming languages, and architecture.The call for papers attracted 65 submissions from the USA (31), Canada (9), Austria (6), Switzerland (3), Japan (3), Ireland (2), Israel (2), Australia, Belgium, China, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Russia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom,. The submissions showed a healthy mix between academia (34), industry (22) and joint academia-industry projects (9). The program committee met at IBM Research in Hawthorne, NY on Friday, March 25, 2005. The committee accepted 19 excellent papers that cover a wide spectrum of topics related to virtual execution environments. On Saturday, March 26, members of the committee participated in an informal workshop that provided a forum for committee members to present their work and build collaborations. We hope this tradition will continue in future program committee meetings. In addition to the 19 accepted papers, the program includes keynote talks by James E. Smith and Martin Nally.
Prevention of Residual Gas Condensation on the Laser Entry Hole Windows on Cryogenic NIF Targets Using a Protective Warm Film

AbstractEarly shots on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) were plagued by the buildup of a considerable mass of extraneous ice on the laser entry hole (LEH) windows, a consequence of condensation of the residual air. This resulted in higher than desired temperatures at the LEH, which combined with the variability of the ice thickness made this a problem that needed a robust solution. In this paper, we describe our work in designing a second thin film that shielded the LEH window from the contaminating ice. The detailed cryogenic considerations required to ensure the proper functioning of this new window were simulated and verified experimentally. The data from numerous subsequent shots showed marked improvement in performance, which made this feature an essential component for all cryogenic NIF targets.
Emotional Evidence: Influences on Happiness from the Frequent Positive Visual Exposure

Happiness depends on many factors, from the obvious to the counterintuitive. Over several years an individual’s happiness becomes important in every aspect of their life. It used to be determined by luck, fate, and genes that are beyond our control. In the last few years, the idea of happiness has changed into something that we can control and teach. Understanding the user’s perception at the visceral level is like entering the brief moment of interaction that determines the first impression of a product. Human emotion is a momentary feeling and can be stimulated at the visceral level. As human beings, we want to be happy and we seek things to make us smile every day.
The Rule of Law: Mexico's Approach to Expropriation Disputes in the Face of Investment Globalization

A new constitutional design is emerging in Mexico to address investment and expropriation disputes. Assurance of the rule of law, understood as independent legal process to resolve disputes, is a key element. Although the rule of law assumed growing importance as Mexico's historical expropriations progressed, questions persisted as to its effective application. Mexico's opening in the 1990's to global competition for investment demanded a greater basis for trust in such application. Mexico accordingly provided by treaty to defer investment and expropriation disputes with treaty country investors to binding international arbitration. To address rule of law concerns more broadly, Mexico in 1994 reformed its Constitution to incease its federal judiciary's independence. More recently, federal judicial review benefits from the Constitution's increased rigidity consequent to the fading of single party rule. Recent cases, including the resolution of the Metalclad international arbitration, the Supreme Court's declaration of the constitutional position of treaties relative to legislation, and the Supreme Court's resolution of a constitutional dispute between Congress and the President with implications for private investment in the electric sector, delineate the emerging design and associated, innovative judicial doctrine. Keywords: Mexico, rule of law, expropriation, investment, globalization, investment globalization, Metalclad, NAFTA, Chapter 11, NAFTA Chapter 11, trade, trade dispute, North American Free Trade Agreement, arbitration, nationalization, international arbitration, judicial review, amparo, monism, dualism, supranational, electricity, electric sector, utility, utilities, railroad, railroads, bank, banking, oil, ecclesiastical, land reform, agricultural, constitutional, rigid, flexible, constitution, constitutional review, banks, international law, public international law, Latin America, Latin America constitutional law, human rights, American Convention on Human Rights, municipal law, domestic law, Mexican constitutional law, Latin American constitutional law, industrial organization, law and development
Wounds of Dislocation and the Yearning for Home: Re-Imagining Pastoral Theology

This article contributes to current conversations concerning the role pastoral care and theology can play in the renewal of public life.
Association of the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program With Mortality During and After Hospitalization for Acute Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, and Pneumonia.

Importance The US Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) was associated with reduced readmissions among Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF), and pneumonia. It is important to assess whether there has been a signal for concomitant harm with an increase in mortality. Objective To evaluate whether the announcement or the implementation of HRRP was associated with an increase in either in-hospital or 30-day postdischarge mortality following hospitalization for AMI, HF, or pneumonia. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cohort study, using Medicare data, all hospitalizations for AMI, HF, and pneumonia were identified among fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2014. These were assessed for changes in trends for risk-adjusted rates of in-hospital and 30-day postdischarge mortality after announcement and implementation of the HRRP using an interrupted time series framework. Analyses were done in November 2017 and December 2017. Exposures Announcement of the HRRP in March 2010, and implementation of its penalties in October 2012. Main Outcomes and Measures Monthly risk-adjusted rates of in-hospital and 30-day postdischarge mortality. Results The sample included 1.7 million AMI, 4 million HF, and 3.5 million pneumonia hospitalizations. Between 2006 and 2014, in-hospital mortality decreased for the 3 conditions (AMI, from 10.4% to 9.7%; HF, from 4.3% to 3.5%; pneumonia, from 5.3% to 4.0%) while 30-day postdischarge mortality decreased from 7.4% to 7.0% for AMI (Pfor trend .05 for all). In contrast, there were significant negative deflections in slopes for readmission rates at HRRP announcement for all conditions. Conclusions and Relevance Among Medicare beneficiaries, there was no evidence for an increase in in-hospital or postdischarge mortality associated with HRRP announcement or implementation—a period with substantial reductions in readmissions. The improvement in readmission was therefore not associated with any increase in in-hospital or 30-day postdischarge mortality.
Cognitive control neuroimaging measures differentiate between those with and without future recurrence of depression.

Abstract Background Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent, disruptive illness. A majority of those with MDD are at high risk for recurrence and increased risk for morbidity and mortality. This study examined whether multimodal baseline (and retest) Cognitive Control performance and neuroimaging markers (task activation and neural connectivity between key brain nodes) could differentiate between those with and without future recurrence of a major depressive (MD) episode within one year. We hypothesized that performance and neuroimaging measures of Cognitive Control would identify markers that differ between these two groups. Methods A prospective cohort study of young adults (ages 18–23) with history (h) of early-onset MDD (N = 60), now remitted, and healthy young adults (N = 49). Baseline Cognitive Control measures of performance, task fMRI and resting state connectivity (and reliability retest 4–12 weeks later) were used to compare those with future recurrence of MDD (N = 21) relative to those without future recurrence of MDD (N = 34 with resilience). The measures tested were (1) Parametric Go/No-Go (PGNG) performance, and task activation for (2) PGNG Correct Rejections, (3) PGNG Commission errors, and (4 & 5), resting state connectivity analyses of Cognitive Control Network to and from subgenual anterior cingulate. Results Relative to other groups at baseline, the group with MDD Recurrence had less bilateral middle frontal gyrus activation during commission errors. MDD Recurrence exhibited greater connectivity of right middle frontal gyrus to subgenual anterior cingulate (SGAC). SGAC connectivity was also elevated in this group to numerous regions in the Cognitive Control Network. Moderate to strong ICCs were present from test to retest, and highest for rs-fMRI markers. There were modest, significant correlations between task, connectivity and behavioral markers that distinguished between groups. Conclusion Markers of Cognitive Control function could identify those with early course MD who are at risk for depression recurrence. Those at high risk for recurrence would benefit from maintenance or preventative treatments. Future studies could test and validate these markers as potential predictors, accounting for sample selection and bias in feature detection.
Mechanism of sulfur oxidation in pyrite

The mechanism of sulfur oxidation in pyrite is a function of the rate and driving force for oxidation. New evidence is presented to show that, at moderate potentials, a sulfur-rich hydrophobic layer is formed. Under ordinary conditions, the sulfur layer is covered with a layer of iron oxides, hydroxides, sulfate or oxy-sulfide ions. Pyrite is hydrophilic under these conditions. In the presence of iron-chelating agents or iron sequestering ions, an iron layer might not form. Under these conditions, the sulfur layer is exposed, and the pyrite might become hydrophobic. Stronger oxidizing conditions decompose the sulfur layer, thereby making the surface hydrophilic.
Alkaline-earth fluorohalide nanocrystals for upconversion thermometry

Abstract The temperature-dependent luminescence response of SrFCl:Yb,Er and SrFBr:Yb,Er upconverting nanocrystals was investigated with an eye towards the expansion of the library of host materials for optical thermometry. Steady-state and luminescence decays of the 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 thermally coupled levels of the Er3+ activator were probed in the 100−450 K temperature range. Fluorescence intensity ratios and thermometric sensitivities were extracted in two temperature regimes. In the low-temperature regime, SrFCl:Yb,Er and SrFBr:Yb,Er displayed maximum sensitivities of 3.2 × 10−2 K−1 (125 K) and 2.1 × 10−2 K−1 (175 K), respectively. In the high-temperature regime, sensitivities were comparable to those observed in upconverting nanocrystals such as NaYF4:Yb,Er at room temperature, with values of 9.4 × 10−3 K−1 (325 K) for SrFCl:Yb,Er and 1.1 × 10−2 K−1 (300 K) for SrFBr:Yb,Er. The observed temperature-dependent responses resulted from long- and short-lived Er3+ emitters present in both fluorohalide hosts. For each type of emitter, radiative constants and activation energies for thermal quenching of the emission from the 4S3/2 level were estimated using a single-barrier quenching model. The local atomic environments of the long- and short-lived Er3+ emitters differed to a greater extent in SrFCl:Yb,Er than in SrFBr:Yb,Er.