cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical Transmitters and Effectors

Until the latter half of the 19th century, it was assumed that neurons formed an interconnected network that was continuous with muscles. The extensive histological work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal before the beginning of the 20th century established that individual neurons were separate, distinct entities. The work that led to this important conceptual shift is summarized in Cajal’s book Neuron Theory or Reticular Theory. If communication did not occur through a syncytium, though, it was apparent that there must be some specialized structures that allow signals to pass between cells. Sir Charles Sherrington, in 1897, called this structure a synapse, deriving the term from the Greek words συv – together and απτeιv – to touch. The basis of synaptic communication forms the major topic of this chapter.
Reaching Global Market Segments with Direct Marketing

This paper offers a framework to identify key benefits, dimensions and trends associated with the internationalization of the direct marketing industry. It underscores the importance and need to carefully select products, segments and countries where direct marketing programs could be most effective. Further, the paper discusses recent development in global market segmentation and draws implications for future expansion of direct marketing in world markets.
Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A blocks calcium mobilization in B lymphocytes.

Abstract LMP2A is expressed in latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and interacts with LMP1 and members of the src tyrosine kinase family in the plasma membrane. Since tyrosine kinase mediate receptor-induced changes in intracellular free calcium, the effect of LMP2A on receptor-mediated intracellular calcium mobilization was evaluated by stably expressing LMP2A in an EBV-negative Burkitt tumor cell line (BJAB) or in LMP1-converted BJAB cells. LMP2A significantly blocked calcium mobilization following class II, CD19, or immunoglobulin M cross-linking. LMP2A effects were partially reversed in LMP1-converted cell lines. These results are compatible with LMP2A acting in latent B-lymphocyte infection to downmodulate LMP1 effects on cell growth or to inhibit induction of lytic EBV infection in specific human tissues following receptor ligation.
"The Bottomless Brightness of the Open Expanse": Reflections on Japanese and Continental Philosophy

The recently published collection Japanese and Continental Philosophy: Conversations with the Kyoto School, edited by Bret Davis, Brian Schroeder, and Jason Wirth, gathers together the best in contemporary scholarship on the Kyoto School and its legacy. This review essay is an opportunity to raise questions about the implications of this scholarship and to reflect critically on the future of the field. Although early Kyoto School philosophers are renowned for their lofty intellectual rigor, almost every one at some point bemoaned the overly abstract flavor of their own work and that of their contemporaries. The call to make the philosophy concrete is without a doubt the unfinished business of the Kyoto School. This review assesses the collected volume’s range of critical and creative perspectives on the practical implications of Kyoto School theory, while indicating room for further engagement with this issue in future research.
Integrating Research, Reuse, and Integration into Software Engineering Course

This paper discusses a method for incorporating several important software engineering concepts that have been traditionally hard to teach into courses at both the undergraduate and graduate level. We have created a project template that can be instantiated in many ways to be tailored to the level of a particular course, the number of students, the quality of students, and the goals of the course. We consider a “large” software project to be one in which each programmer's contribution represents a small part of the overall project (less than 10%). Our project template is a completed software system, which, although too large for a semester project in its complete form, can be easily divided into coherent subsystems. The students are provided with some subsystems, and asked to derive requirements for, design, implement, and test the remaining subsystems. This approach allows the students to work in a large-project environment, reuse existing code, maintain old code, and perform an integration of a significant system. This project has been successfully used in undergraduate and graduate courses that have completely diverging goals and purposes.
Environmental variables as potential modifiable risk factors of preterm birth in Philadelphia, PA.

Objective To examine whether variation in neighborhood context is associated with preterm birth (PTB) outcomes and gestational age (GA) at delivery in Philadelphia, and to determine whether these associations might persist when considering relevant individual-level variables. Study Design We analyzed individual-level data collected for a prospective cohort study of singleton pregnancies with preterm labor. We merged block-group level data to each individual's home address. Unadjusted analyses were performed to determine the association between block-group variables and individual-level outcomes. Block-group variables identified as potential risk factors were incorporated into multivariable individual-level models to determine significance. Results We analyzed data for 817 women. The prevalence of PTB Conclusion Block-group level data were not associated with PTB outcomes or GA at delivery in Philadelphia.
High mass selectivity for top-down proteomics by application of SWIFT technology

Stored waveform inverse Fourier transform (SWIFT) technology has been implemented on a commercial Fourier transform ICR mass spectrometer. Complex ejection/isolation waveforms can be generated on an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) and applied to the instrument by use of a high speed analog switch. High mass selectivity and subsequent electron capture dissociation (ECD) of the SWIFT isolated ions has been demonstrated with analysis of intact Bovine histone H4. A mass selectivity about 0.1 m/z unit for isolation of the 18+ charge state ions was achieved. Adaptation of SWIFT on the commercial instrument provides an enhanced capability for characterizing intact proteins by top-down analysis.
Youth, theatre and sports: creating 'conscious' citizens within the Senegalese 'nawetaan' movement

This article focuses on neighbourhood youth clubs in urban Senegal (Association sportive et culturelle) and the nawetaan movement, which is based on annual football and theatre championships. The clubs and their championships not only create a public sphere where young people establish their own moral orders, rules and norms, but also provide young people with social status and the possibility of public influence. The nawetaan movement has thus become one of the pillars of Senegalese civil society where young people fulfil their dreams and desires, and express their ideals of conscious citizenship.
Directional loading of the kinesin motor molecule as it buckles a microtubule

Single kinesin motor molecules were observed to buckle the microtubules along which they moved in a modified in vitro gliding assay. In this assay a central portion of the microtubule was clamped to the glass substrate via biotin-streptavidin bonds, while the plus end of the microtubule was free to interact with motors adsorbed at low density to the substrate. A statistical analysis of the length of microtubules buckled by single motors showed a decreasing probability of buckling for loads greater than 4–6 pN parallel to the filament. This is consistent with kinesin stalling forces found in other experiments. A detailed analysis of some buckling events allowed us to estimate both the magnitude and direction of the loading force as it developed a perpendicular component tending to pull the motor away from the microtubule. We also estimated the motor speed as a function of this changing vector force. The kinesin motors consistently reached unexpectedly high speeds as the force became nonparallel to the direction of motor movement. Our results suggest that a perpendicular component of load does not hinder the kinesin motor, but on the contrary causes the motor to move faster against a given parallel load. Because the perpendicular force component speeds up the motor but does no net work, perpendicular force acts as a mechanical catalyst for the reaction. A simple explanation is that there is a spatial motion of the kinesin molecule during its cycle that is rate-limiting under load; mechanical catalysis results if this motion is oriented away from the surface of the microtubule.
Electron Conduction in Organic Solutions

The authors present measured electric conductivity data for solutions of nitrobenzene and toluene. The authors look at the effect of electron hopping to the effective flux of the electroactive species in the solution. They demonstrate in this solution the existance of electron transfer which contributes to an apparent flux enhancement.
Response tendencies of children in a two-choice situation

Abstract Two groups of children, ranging in age from 3 years to 3 years and 9 months and from 4 years and 3 months to 5 years, were run in a simple 2-choice situation with undiscriminable stimuli and 100%, 50%, and 33% reinforcement regardless of their response. Under 100% reinforcement all but one of the 4 1 2 - year-old group showed very strong alternation behavior whereas the largest alternation score for the 3-year-old group was 4 alternations in 60 trials. An additional group of Ss, ranging in age from 3 years and 10 months to 4 years and 3 months, who were given 100% reinforcement, did not respond randomly but could be clearly classified as showing either alternation or perseveration tendencies. Under 50 and 33% reinforcement the 4-year-old Ss did not consistently alternate or perseverate with a single response. Although the effect of lowered reinforcement on the 3-year-old group was toward less consistent perseveration, the mean number of alternations remained below chance under both 50 and 33% reinforcement conditions.
Why don't effects explain their causes?

Pourquoi les effets n'expliquent-ils pas les causes? L'A. trace quelques pistes de reflexion
Longevity of oversized individuals: growth, parasitism, and history in an estuarine snail population

Ilyanassa obsoleta is mainly an eastern North American estuarine gastropod. Previous work on growth rate revealed a longevity of 30-40 y for this snail. Trematode infections retard growth, appear to be long-lived (≥ 10 y) and can be frequent in this host. In 1995 a population made up of unusually large, trematode-parasitized individuals was located in Rehoboth Bay, Delaware. It was interesting to discover whether the oversized snails were the result of locally faster growth or greater age. Therefore in 1996 individually marked snails, uninfected and infected, were deployed to assess growth rates. Uninfected snails were tracked mostly in summer and autumn 1996; infected snails could be tracked longer, some through autumn 1999. Estimated growth rates of uninfected (1.5 mm y -1 ) and infected (0.2 mm y -1 ) snails in this habitat were similar to previous results and the large size of individuals in this population must be explained by greater age. Habitat history and growth rate evidence indicate the population includes snails as old as about 70 y. If correct, this becomes the greatest documented snail longevity. Trematodes gain long-term reproduction by their association with this host. By virtue of the enduring effects of long-lived individuals, and the wider potential effects of their long-lived infections (on the snails themselves and on other hosts in their life cycles), I. obsoleta stands to contribute more to the stability of coastal ecosystems than heretofore recognized.
Influence of surface relaxation on the surface vibrational modes of some ionic crystals

Abstract In this paper we evaluate the effects of surface relaxation on the surface vibrational modes of the (001) surfaces of NaCl, NaI and MgO, using bulk shell models which have been modified to allow for distance dependence of the short-range interactions. It is found that these dynamical shell models do not lead to convergent results for the static surface relaxation. In spite of this inconsistency, it is found that surface relaxation gives rise to a new structure of relaxationinduced surface modes, which is common to the three crystals and independent of the details of the relaxation. By using assumed (convergent) relaxation configurations for the MgO (001) surface it is shown that relaxation can account for the high-frequency peak in the surface-excess density of vibrational states of MgO, as found in inelastic neutron scattering experiments on MgO microcrystals. In general, surface relaxation has a profound effect on surface vibrational phenomena, and better shell models will have to be developed to deal with the static and dynamical surface phenomena in a consistent fashion.
Nonequilibrium boundary layer at a stagnation point for a hydrogen-helium stream over ablating graphite

The nonequilibrium axisymmetric stagnation point boundary layer over an ablating graphite surface is considered. The external stream is a high temperature mixture of hydrogen and helium. Variable thermodynamic and transport properties are assumed. Lennard-Jones potential model is used to calculate the transport coefficients of each species. Although the mixture rules for viscosity of the gas mixture are used, the weighting functions are more sophisticated than those commonly employed. For the conductivity of the mixture, generalized Wassiljewa coefficients are used. Seven species with 28 dissociation/recombination reactions are considered. Hansen's model for the dissociation rate constants is employed. The recombination rate constants are obtained by invoking detailed balance principles assisted by the JANAF thermodynamic data and the Hansen-Pearson thermodynamic data for C3.
Laparoscopic ventral and incisional hernioplasty

Background: While the first laparoscopic ventral hernia repair was reported in 1992, there have been no studies comparing laparoscopic to conventional ventral herniorrhaphy. Methods: Twenty-one ventral hernias repaired laparoscopically are compared to a similar group of 16 patients undergoing traditional open repair during a 2-year period. Operative and hospital courses along with outcomes and cost analysis are analyzed. Results: There was no statistical difference between groups in number of previous abdominal operations, prior hernia repairs, and comorbidities. Patients undergoing open repair were older with larger fascial defects. Open repairs had a shorter operative time as compared to the laparoscopic group, but statistically longer postoperative stays and costs. Postoperative complications occurred in 31% of the open group and 23% of the laparoscopic group. There were two recurrences in each group. Conclusions: Laparoscopic herniorrhaphy is as safe and effective as the traditional open technique with shorter length of stay and decreased hospital costs.
Nonlinear social welfare functions

It is argued that Bayesian decision theory is a solution of an important philosophical problem, viz. the problem of how to define rational behavior under risk and uncertainty. The author has shown in earlier papers that if we take the Bayesian rationality postulates seriously, and take an individualistic point of view about social welfare, then our social welfare function must be a linear function of individual utilities: indeed, it must be their arithmetic mean. The present paper criticizes Diamond's and Sen's contention that one of the Bayesian postulates (viz. the sure-thing principle) does not apply to social decisions, even though it may apply to individual decisions. It also criticizes Sen's proposal of making social welfare a nonlinear function of individual utilities. The social welfare function proposed by the author depends on interpersonal utility comparisons. The use of such comparisons is defended. It is also argued that anybody who feels that the utilitarian (i.e., linear) form of the social welfare function is not egalitarian enough, should reject the author's individualism axiom, instead of trying to reject the Bayesian rationality axioms. However, this would be equivalent to giving egalitarian considerations a priority in many cases over humanitarian considerations. Finally, the paper discusses the reasons why even full agreement on the mathematical form of the social welfare function would not give rise to a Utopian state of moral consensus: moral controversies arising from disagreements about what predictions to make about future empirical facts would still remain.
''You Talkin' To Me?'' Mediating Postmodern Blackface in La Haine

Mathieu Kassovitz's 1995 film La Haine (Hate) is recognized as a key component of the cinema des banlieues genre that arose during the late 1980s in France. By addressing the representational logic of the film's critique of economic and racial tensions in the marginalized cites ringing Paris, this essay tracks how it mediates the construction of postmodern identity. In particular, this analysis positions La Haine as a text that appropriates what I call “postmodern Blackface” as a tropological application of identity that explores the liminality of Whiteness and the performance of postassimilatory difference. Reading Kassovitz's role in relation to his main character, Vinz, encourages close reading of the film as a rich text for cultural critique. This essay first articulates postmodern Blackface as a mediating response to assimilation and Whiteness before considering how La Haine contributes to the evolving rhetorical and cultural interrogation of postassimilatory identity.
Seismic Life Detector for battlefield casualty assessment

The Southwest Research Institute Life Detector is a hand-held, battery-operated seismometer. It is capable of detecting cardiac induced chest wall vibrations through heavy clothing and protective garments. A rule-based algorithm is used to analyze the detected signals to provide an indication of the heart beat and to compute the heart rate.
Interfacial drag force in one-dimensional two-fluid model

Abstract In the two-fluid model, the interfacial momentum transfer is the key closure relation for defining the degree of coupling between phases. The two approaches utilized in one-dimensional system analysis codes, namely the “drag coefficient approach” (RELAP5/MOD2 and TRAC-PF1/MOD1) and “drift-velocity approach” (RELAP5/MOD3 and TRACE V5) to describe the interfacial drag force, are discussed in detail. Shortcomings in the current and past forms of interfacial drag are identified. Considering the code drawbacks, two approaches which are conceptually consistent with the two-fluid model are discussed. The first approach is an improved form of the drag coefficient approach and can be easily implemented with the classical two-fluid model without requiring any additional development. The second formulates the most consistent and advanced description of interfacial drag force for the use with the two-fluid model with two-group interfacial area transport equation. The framework of the two-group interfacial drag, which models spherical/distorted bubbles (group-1) and cap/slug/churn-turbulent bubbles (group-2) separately, is presented. Proper description of distribution parameter, drag coefficient, relative velocity, bubble size/shape characterization and interfacial area concentration is discussed, providing a comprehensive road map to advanced closure of the one-dimensional interfacial drag force.
Relationship between the nerve growth factor-regulated clone 73 gene product and the 58-kilodalton neuronal intermediate filament protein (peripherin).

: Exposure of PC12 cells to nerve growth factor (NGF) has been shown to induce an rnRNA that encodes a novel neuronal intermediate filament protein. The findings presented here concern the identity of this filament protein. The major protein in NGF-treated PC12 cell cytoskeletons derived by extraction with 1% Triton X-100 is of apparent Mr= 58,000, focuses by isoelectric focusing as several closely spaced spots of pl 5.6–5.8, and is elevated relative to non-NGF-treated cells. Partial microsequencing of this material reveals 2 internal sequences that are identical to a 14-residue sequence encoded by the NGF-regulated clone 73 mRNA, but not to sequences of other known proteins. An antiserum raised against a 19-residue synthetic peptide corresponding to the deduced C-terminus of the protein encoded by the NGF-regulated clone 73 mRNA specifically recognizes the 58,000-Mr protein. Properties of the 58-kilodalton protein strongly suggest that it corresponds to an intermediate filament protein (peripherin) previously identified in PC12 cells and in peripheral and certain CNS neurons. Identification of the intermediate filament protein encoded by an NGF-induced message should facilitate studies of its regulation and function.
Discriminative stimulus effects of cyclorphan: selective antagonism with naltrexone.

The opioid antagonist, naltrexone, was used to identify some of the receptor mechanisms responsible for the discriminative stimulus effects of cyclorphan in the pigeon. Subjects were trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg IM injections of either morphine or dextrorphan from saline injections in a two key drug discrimination procedure in which responding was maintained by food presentation. The dextrorphan-trained birds generalized tol-cyclorphan at 10 mg/kg; naltrexone did not alter thel-cyclorphan dose-response curve for this effect. In the morphine-trained group,l-cyclorphan produced only partial generalization, and naltrexone greatly increased the dose ofl-cyclorphan necessary to produced only These results are consistent with the conclusion that in morphine-trained pigeons the partial generalization tol-cyclorphan is mediated by opioid receptors. Moreover, limited intrinsic efficacy at mu opioid receptors may be the characteristic ofl-cyclorphan that prevents full generalization in morphine-trained pigeons.d-Cyclorphan produced partial generalization in both groups, but the involvement of opioid receptor mechanisms could not be confirmed, as 1 mg/kg naltrexone did not antagonized-cyclorphan in either group.
Acetabular fractures: Three-dimensional computed tomographic imaging and interactive surgical planning

Three-dimensional imaging can provide a valuable perceptual link between conventional radiographs and axial computed tomographic scans in the evaluation of complex acetabular fractures. With the 3D83 computer program, three-dimensional images can be generated to correlate with standard radiographic views. Unique images can also be created that offer perspectives unobtainable by conventional radiography. More sophisticated interactive techniques allow computer simulation of surgical approaches.
The domain formation in Fe/Ni/Fe nanoscale magnetic antidot arrays

In this paper we report the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and magnetic force microscope (MFM) measurements of magnetic multilayer nanoscale antidot samples. The systems used consist of Fe(60 A)/Ni(90 A)/Fe(60 A) (FeNiFe) multilayer antidots with hexagonal lattice fabricated on nanochannel glass (NCG) substrates with antidot diameters of 260, 362, 530, and 800 nm. The results indicate that the domain structure is commensurate with the holes due to the pinning effect of the antidots. This pinning effect is inversely proportional to the diameter of the antidots. The field dependent MFM data show that the hexagonal antidot lattice induces a weak anisotropy with the magnetic easy axis along the nearest neighbor direction. The unit cell in the antidot arrays could be used for data storage.
Integrating word processing skills with revision skills

Many teachers hoped that word processing would encourage students to take greater risks and make more structural changes in their writing. Unfortunately, research has shown this has not been the case. To revise at the structural level, novice writers need to develop skills closer to those that expert writers possess — the abilities to detect, diagnose, and remedy problems within their writing. This article suggests that integrating generic word processing functions with revising strategies can help students develop these skills. The methods described in this article help novice writers establish a repertoire of revising strategies that, while not expert, certainly move them beyond the novice stage. At the same time, these methods encourage students to rely less on peer and teacher intervention for detecting, diagnosing, and remedying structural problems. Students begin to internalize revising strategies that they can use independently.
Development of preservice teachers' value orientations during a secondary methods course and early field experience

Few studies have examined the value orientations of physical education preservice teachers (PTs). The purposes of this study were to: (1) describe the extent to which one cohort of PTs' value orientations changed and developed during a secondary methods course and early field experience (EFE); and (2) determine why PTs' value orientations changed and developed as they did. Participants were 17 PTs. Data were collected using the short form of the Value Orientation Inventory (VOI-SF; Chen et al., 1997), formal, informal and stimulated recall interviews, and passive participant observation. Descriptive statistics were calculated for VOI-SF data and changes in value orientation scores during the methods course and EFE were assessed by employing repeated measures analysis of variance tests with Bonferroni follow-ups where necessary. Qualitative data were analyzed by employing constant comparison and analytic induction. VOI-SF data suggested that PTs entered the methods course contemplating a variety of perspec...
Kinetically driven point-defect clustering in irradiated MgO by molecular-dynamics simulation

An approach for capturing the kinetic phase of radiation damage from molecular-dynamics simulations is presented. By by-passing the ballistic phase of the radiation damage, this approach focuses entirely on defect evolution, rather than on defect creation. In addition to replicating the nature of interstitial clustering observed from previous collision-cascade radiation-damage simulations, the simulations reveal a previously unidentified, intricate cluster-formation mechanism that involves not only the originally introduced Frenkel pairs but also formation of new ones that stabilize the defect clusters.
Comparison of different modes of reflection in near-field optical imaging

Abstract Near-field scanning optical microscopy overcomes the diffraction limit of conventional optical microscopy but still maintains most of the features of light microscopy. This paper will explore near-field microscopy in a reflection mode. Two different methods, one a collection mode with a micropipette probe receiver and the other an illumination mode with a single mode fiberprobe transmitter, will be compared. The optical interaction of the tip with the sample will be discussed for both cases. In addition, near-field optical images obtained in both cases will be presented and interpreted.
An ice-ocean coupled model for the Northern Hemisphere

The Hibler ice model has been modified and adapted to a domain that includes most of the sea ice-covered areas in the Northern Hemisphere. This model, joined with the Cox ocean model, is developed as an enhancement to the U.S. Navy's sea ice forecasting, PIPS, and is termed PIPS2.0. Generally, the modeled ice edge is consistent with the Navy-NOAA Joint Ice Center weekly analysis, and the modeled ice thickness distribution agrees with submarine sonar data in the central Arctic basin.
Observational Tests for Ultraviolet Sources in Elliptical Galaxies

An understanding of the empirical correlation between the strength of the UV upturn and the metallicity of luminous elliptical galaxies (Burstein and coworkers) is vital in the study of the evolution of elliptical galaxies. We support a modestly old (15-20 Gyr), metal-rich hypothesis ([Fe/H] 0) for the UV sources in UV upturn galaxies as an alternative to the old (20 Gyr), metal-poor ([Fe/H] -1.0) hypothesis of Park & Lee. This preliminary result of our population synthesis is based on a Gaussian mass distribution on the horizontal branch and a complete library of stellar evolution tracks, both of which are crucial in producing UV light in the metal-rich systems. The metal-rich hypothesis has an advantage over the metal-poor one not only because it explains the UV upturn-metallicity relation but also because it requires neither an uncomfortably large age nor a large age span for elliptical galaxies. We suggest several observational tests to constrain the metallicity of the UV sources.
Cryptosystems using Linear Groups

Several suggestions are presented for developing cryptosystems, both classical and public key, using a combination of combinatorial group theory and linear groups. In particular, the Reidemeister-Schreier rewriting process is used as a one way function. These suggestions raise further questions concerning both implementation and security that are being explored in the thesis of Xu [16].
A quantitative assessment of the oral hygiene of mentally retarded residents in a state institution.

Dr. Powell reports a survey and statistical examination of data on institutionalized, retarded residents in New Jersey, which determines that oral hygiene may be expected to vary with the degree of retardation, not with the age of individuals.
RNA is required for enzymatic conversion of glutamate to δ-aminolevulinate by extracts of Chlorella vulgaris☆

Abstract Formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) from glutamete catalyzed by a soluble extract from the unicellular green alga, Chlorella vulgaris , was abolished after incubation of the cell extract with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase). Cell. extract was prepared for the ALA formation assay by high-speed centrifugation and gel-filtration through Sephadex G-25 to remove insoluble and endogenous low-molecular-weight components. RNA hydrolysis products did not affect ALA formation, and RNase did not affect the ability of ATP and NADPH to serve as reaction substrates, indicating that the effect of RNase cannot be attributed to degradation of reaction substrates or transformation of a substrate or cofactor into an inhibitor. The effect of RNase was blocked by prior addition of placental RNase inhibitor (RNasin) to the cell extract, but RNasin did not reverse the effect of prior incubation of the cell extract with RNase, indicating that RNase does not act by degrading a component generated during the ALA-forming reaction, but instead degrades an essential component already present in active cell extract at the time the ALA-forming reaction is initiated. After inactivation of the cell extract by incubation with RNase, followed by administration of RNasin to block further RNase action, ALA-forming activity could be restored to a higher level than originally present by addition of a C. vulgaris tRNA-containing fraction isolated from an active ALA-forming preparation by phenol extraction and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Baker's yeast tRNA, wheat germ tRNA, Escherichia coli tRNA, and E. coli tRNA glu type II were unable to reconstitute ALA-forming activity in RNase-treated cell extract, even though the cell extract was capable of catalyzing the charging of some of these RNAs With glutamate.
Diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism in the elderly.

Abstract The diagnostic features of acute pulmonary embolism among 72 patients ≥70 years old were evaluated and compared with characteristics of pulmonary embolism among 144 patients 40 to 69 years and 44 patients Among the 72 patients ≥70 years with pulmonary embolism, dyspnea or tachypnea (respirations ≥20/min) occurred in 66 (92%), dyspnea or tachypnea or pleuritic pain in 68 (94%) and dyspnea or tachypnea or radiographic evidence of atelectasis or a parenchymal abnormality in 72 (100%). Complications of angiography were evaluated among patients with and without pulmonary embolism. Major complications of pulmonary angiography among patients ≥70 years old (2 [1%] of 200) were not more frequent than among younger patients (6 [1.1%] of 562) (p = NS). However, renal failure (major or minor) was more frequent in patients ≥70 years old than in younger patients (6 [3%] of 200 versus 4 [0.7%] of 562) (p The nonspecific manifestations of pulmonary embolism, even among patients ≥70 years of age, are usually present. When necessary, pulmonary angiography can be performed with no greater overall frequency of complications in elderly patients, although renal failure after angiography is a problem in the elderly.
INFLUENCE OF CRYSTAL SURFACE ON THE OPTICAL TRANSMISSION OF LITHIUM FLUORIDE IN THE VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM

A selective decrease in the spectral transmittance of cleaved LiF crystals at wavelengths shorter than 1600 A has been observed when they are exposed to the atmosphere. The decrease is attributed to a surface layer produced on the crystals by reaction with moisture. It can be substantially inhibited by immediate post-cleavage storage in dry gas or in vacuum. Optical-quality thin plates of currently available, commercial hard-to-cleave LiF that is softer than LiF previously manufactured can be obtained by first hardening the crystal with x rays, cleaving the plates, and then thermally annealing out the optical effects of the x rays.
Update on clubfoot: etiology and treatment.

Although clubfoot is one of the most common congenital abnormalities affecting the lower limb, it remains a challenge not only to understand its genetic origins but also to provide effective long-term treatment. This review provides an update on the etiology of clubfoot as well as current treatment strategies. Understanding the exact genetic etiology of clubfoot may eventually be helpful in determining both prognosis and the selection of appropriate treatment methods in individual patients. The primary treatment goal is to provide long-term correction with a foot that is fully functional and pain-free. To achieve this, a combination of approaches that applies the strengths of several methods (Ponseti method and French method) may be needed. Avoidance of extensive soft-tissue release operations in the primary treatment should be a priority, and the use of surgery for clubfoot correction should be limited to an “a la carte” mode and only after failed conservative methods. Level of Evidence: Level V, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Multivariable Linear Filter Theory Applied to Space Vehicle Guidance

Midcourse guidance of a spacecraft involves estimating the vehicle’s trajectory from noisy observations and then computing velocity corrections on the basis of this estimate. The estimation procedure is regarded as a filtering problem and a guidance system concept is developed using multivariable linear filter theory. The ability of such a system to guide the spacecraft accurately and efficiently is demonstrated by the results of a digital computer simulation.
1 N expansion of the nonequilibrium infinite- U Anderson model

Results are presented for the nonequilibrium infinite-$U$ Anderson model using a large $N$ approach, where $N$ is the degeneracy of the impurity level, and where nonequilibrium is established by coupling the level to two leads at two different chemical potentials so that there is current flow. A slave-boson representation combined with Keldysh functional integral methods is employed. Expressions for the static spin susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{S}$ and the conductance $G$ are presented to $\mathcal{O}(\frac{1}{N})$ and for an applied voltage difference $V$ less than the Kondo temperature. The correlation function for the slave boson is found to be significantly modified from its equilibrium form in that it acquires a rapid decay in time with a rate that equals the current-induced decoherence rate. Physical observables are found to have a rather complex dependence on the coupling strength to the two leads which can lead to asymmetric behavior ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{S}(V)\ensuremath{\ne}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{S}(\ensuremath{-}V)$, $G(V)\ensuremath{\ne}G(\ensuremath{-}V)$ both in the mixed valence and in the Kondo regime.
Area effects in aluminum electrodes

Summary Potential differences and current flow have been observed between two aluminum electrodes of different sizes (areas) in solutions of dilute acetic acid containing small amounts of fluoride. The smaller electrode is regularly the anode. Reduction of the size of the larger electrode until it is the smaller reverses the polarity. Impurities and geometric shape of the electrodes have no detectable influence. Extensive oxidation, reduction and exposure to ultrasonic energy desensitize the electrode function. Air-equilibrated surfaces show a maximum response. Dissolved oxygen in the electrolyte has a small damping effect upon the response. Sensitivity is greatest in the p h range 2.5–4.5. Each electrode is found to have non-uniform distribution of potential and is more anodic in regions adjacent to surface coatings of wax, etc. Dependence of a mechanism upon participation of the oxide layer is indicated.
Quantifying the association between obesity, automobile travel, and caloric intake

Abstract Objective The objective of this study is to assess the association between average adult body mass index (BMI), automobile travel, and caloric intake in the US in order to predict future trends of adult obesity. Methods Annual BMI data (1984–2010) from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), vehicle miles traveled data (1970–2009) from the Federal Highway Administration, licensed drivers data (1970–2009) from the Federal Highway Administration, and adult average daily caloric intake data (1970–2009) from the US Department of Agriculture were collected. A statistical model is proposed to capture multicollinearity across the independent variables. Results The proposed statistical model provides an estimate of changes in the average adult BMI associated with changes in automobile travel and caloric intake. According to this model, reducing daily automobile travel by one mile per driver would be associated with a 0.21 kg/m2 reduction in the national average BMI after six years. Reducing daily caloric intake by 100 calories per person would be associated with a 0.16 kg/m2 reduction in the national average BMI after three years. Conclusion Making small changes in travel or diet choices may lead to comparable obesity interventions, implying that travel-based interventions may be as effective as dietary interventions.
COPD: Overview of Definitions, Epidemiology, and Factors Influencing Its Development

COPD is a heterogeneous collection of conditions that can affect various structures within the lung in a number of different ways. These various processes can all result in limitation of expiratory airflow. If severe enough, this physiologic abnormality defines COPD. The various conditions that can lead to this syndrome are prevalent and often relentlessly progressive. In aggregate, they represent an important public health problem. This supplement outlines diagnostic and therapeutic strategies by which the practitioner can assist patients suffering from this condition.
Looking for the Censor in the Works of Sean O'Casey (and Others) in Polish Translation

The March 1953 edition of the Polish publication Medycyna Weterynaryjna (‘Veterinary Medicine’) carried on its first page a photograph of the recently deceased Stalin. In an internal report, the censor wrote: Szkodliwośc w okolicznościowym numerze polega na tym, ze redakcja ograniczyla sie do zamieszczenia na pierwszej stronie zdjecia Tow. Stalina bez jakiego-kolwiek art. wstepnego. Bardzo nieprzyjemne wrazenie moglby odnieśc czytelnik znajdując na miejscu art. okolicznościowego /wstepnego/ - art. o “Ochronnym szczepieniu świn”. (The harmfulness of the special issue consists in the fact that the editors limited themselves to putting a picture of comrade Stalin on page one without any kind of leader article. A very unpleasant impression might be made on readers finding in the place of a leader (or special) article a piece about ‘Swine Vaccination.’)1
Design Considerations of Small Solar Collector Systems Using Plane Heliostats

The primary advantage of the central receiver concept is the minimization of heat transmission in the form of enthalpy of a working fluid. This is replaced by efficient and low cost optical energy transmission. This characteristic renders collectors using heliostats to reflect solar radiation onto a stationary receiver attractive for small to medium scale, as well as large scale collection. This paper describes several years of design studies and simulations of central receiver systems scaled to be suitable for heating and cooling of commercial buildings or for some industrial process heat applications. The relatively small distances between the heliostats and receiver, vertical flat plate receiver geometry, and relatively low receiver result in optical simulation characteristics of such systems quite different to those of the large solar tower systems. The variation in radiation intensity over the surface of the receiver due to the relatively irregular shape of the insolated patch from a heliostat segment, and due to dispersion produced by off axis aberration in segmented heliostats, requires several unique features in the receiver design.Copyright © 1979 by ASME
Extreme light: Driver for a table-top electron accelerator and tunable narrowband hard X-ray light source

Two high intensity laser pulses from a single laser system are used to both accelerate electrons (0.5-GeV) and generate narrowband (50%) tunable (0.07-9 MeV) x-rays by means of inverse Compton scattering.
Glycolipid-dependent interaction between human migration-inhibitory factor and mononuclear phagocytes.

Abstract It has been previously established in the guinea pig that the response of peritoneal macrophages to migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is enhanced by a macrophage glycolipid and that gangliosides reversibly bind MIF. This suggests that glycolipids function as cell surface receptors for MIF. In this report, it is demonstrated that the response of human peripheral blood monocytes to human MIF is augmented by preincubation of these cells with glycolipidenriched material extracted from the human macrophage-like cell line U937 or human peripheral blood monocytes and with a purified glycolipid from guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. In addition, a mixed ganglioside preparation from bovine brain shows the same effect. In contrast, the pure gangliosides, G M1 and G D1a , and glycolipids from the HL-60 cell line, which is a MIF-unresponsive cell line, were not able to enhance the response to human MIF. The specificity of enhancement by particular glycolipids could not be attributed to an increased uptake of only enhancing glycolipids since there was no significant difference between the association of monocytes with radioactive liposomes containing biologically active or inactive glycolipids. Pronase treatment did not affect the enhancing activity of the U937 glycolipidenriched material. Incubation of cells with glycolipids results in enhancement only if done at 37 °C and not at 4 °C. Therefore, the association of lipid with the monocyte surface appears to be dependent on temperature. Further evidence for the receptor nature of these enhancing glycolipids is provided by experiments involving affinity purification experiments. Coupling of bovine brain mixed gangliosides to agarose resulted in a matrix capable of reversibly binding MIF. G D1a -agarose was inactive in this respect.
Prediction of high-temperature superconductivity in hexagonal and rhombohedral phases of metallic hydrogen.

Under extreme pressure, hydrogen is predicted to transform from a low-pressure molecular solid into an atomic solid. Several candidate structures for the atomic solid are studied as candidates for superconductivity. In particular, the 9R (\ensuremath{\alpha}-SM) structure is found to be stable with a predicted transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$=140\char21{}170 K. Results for hexagonal phases are also discussed.
Factors affecting the pH developed within carbon steel crevices

Abstract The pH within a carbon steel crevice exposed to a chloride medium is 10–12 upon first exposure. Long-time exposure results in a near neutral pH. Removal of electrolyte from the exterior of the crevice causes the pH to become 4–5.
Multi-Layer Coating for Optical Mold of Strengthening by Electroplating Ni-W and Electroless Plating Ni-Mo-P by Nonisothermal Method

The development of optical mold coatings has become a key technology in precision optical components in recent years. Researchers are still seeking ideal electroforming materials capable of resisting higher temperature and improve the lifespan of optical mold. Examples of these materials include Ni-W, and Ni-Mo-P alloy plating, among others. However, the literature rarely mentions these alloys as protective coatings. This may be because coating stability, flatness, and strength cannot achieve the desired protective effects. This study develops a combination of two wet electrochemical processes to form a multi-layer coating on optical molds. This coating consists of Ni-W, and Ni-Mo-P alloys. The proposed treatment process attempts to enhance the mechanical strength of the mold and extend its lifespan. We first used electro-deposition to form a thick-film Ni-W coating, and then applied the electroless plating by nonisothermal deposition method (NITD) to create a Ni-Mo-P thin-film and form a multi-layer coating. We also measured the composition, hardness, and elastic modulus of the protective coating as a reference basis for the development of optical molds. The results of this study reveal the appropriate process parameters to provide the multilayer films with a high strength and flat surface. This article can serve as a reference for the development of optical mold coatings.
New Insights into the Gas-Phase Anion Chemistry of Nitrous Oxide

Diazenyl oxide anions, RN=NO ‐ , are readily prepared in the gas phase by reaction of amide ions with neopentylnitrite. When subjected to collision-induced dissociation during injection into the second flow tube of a flowing afterglow selected ion flow tube (FA-SIFT), they form the same product ions observed previously from the reaction of strongly basic anions with N 2O, including diazoanions, alkoxide ions and vinyl anions; thus supporting the postulate that the initial attack of these ions on N2O is at the terminal nitrogen atom. More importantly, this new procedure allows the synthesis of many new ions which could not be prepared directly from reactions with N 2O.