cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural study of multilayered vanadium/nickel superlattices

Structural study of multilayered vanadium /nickel superlatticesHitoshi Homma, Yves Lepetre, James M. Murduck, and Ivan K. SchullerMaterials Science and Technology DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL 60439andC. F. MajkrzakPhysics DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, New York 11973AbstractWe have studied the microstructure of V /Ni metallic superlattice, using x -ray andneutron diffraction. We find a sharp and broad rocking curves around the first orderBragg peak, and attribute them to a columnar structure which gives rise to two modulationstructures; one the ordinary layered structure within the columns and the other theaveraged modulation structure which produces the sharp rocking peak.IntroductionMetallic multilayered systemsl have recently attracted much interest from physicistsand engineers because of the discovery of 9oyel magnetic` and superconducting properties,and the possibility to apply them as x -ray
Nondestructive dynamic complex moduli measurements using a Michelson fiber interferometer and a resonant bar technique

An optical fiber, used as a leg of a Michelson interferometer, is cast into a long cylindrical bar of E-CAST F-82 epoxy. The bar can be selectively excited in any of its lowest flexural, torsional, and longitudinal modes. The interferometer is used to detect the resonant modes of the 'free-free' bar and from these modes both the Young's and shear elastic moduli are determined. The complex modulus is determined by measuring the quality factor Q for each resonant mode. The measurement technique is entirely nondestructive, and yields results of two independent moduli with the same transducers.
UV SPECTRAL IDENTIFICATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON PRODUCTS OF SUPERCRITICAL 1-METHYLNAPHTHALENE PYROLYSIS

In order to study the formation of carbonaceous solid deposits from fuels used in next-generation jet aircraft, we have pyrolyzed the model fuel 1-methylnaphthalene, a 2-ring aromatic component of jet fuel, at 585°C, 110 atm, and 140 sec. The products from the reaction have been analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet-visible (UV) diode-array detection in series with a mass spectrometer. Over thirty individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been identified from their HPLC retention times, mass spectra, and UV absorbance and/or fluorescence spectra. Of these identified products, 16 have never before been identified as products of 1-methylnaphthalene pyrolysis or combustion, including: dibenzo[a,i]fluorene and three methyldibenzo[a,i]fluorenes; dibenzo[a,g]fluorene and one methyldibenzo[a,g]fluorene; three methyldibenzo[a,h]fluorenes; benzo[c]chrysene; naphtho[2,1-a]pyrene and three methylnaphtho[2,1-a]-pyrenes; naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene; and dibenzo[cd,lm]-perylene. ...
Behavioral Change in Earthquake Preparedness Due to Negative Threat Appeals: A Test of Protection Motivation Theory

Using protection motivation theory as a conceptual framework, the current investigation examined the effects of a negative, threat-inducing persuasive message on the change in earthquake preparedness over a 5-week period of time. One hundred eleven California home owners read a persuasive message which manipulated their beliefs along four dimensions: subjective probability of a large earthquake, expected severity of earthquake damage, perceived effectiveness of earthquake preparedness, and perceived capability of preparedness. The dependent measure was behavioral change in earthquake preparedness. The results indicated that the manipulations produced a significant change in the earthquake preparedness behavior of the subjects. Furthermore, the independent variables interacted in theoretically meaningful ways.
Evidence for the Release and Possible Neural Regulation of Nitric Oxide in Human Saliva

We report the presence of nitric oxide (NO) as measured through its product NO2 in human saliva. The presence of NO is not due to oral bacterial activity but is due to a genuine release of NO from the salivary glands and can be detected in freshly secreted saliva collected from a mouth freshly rinsed with an antiseptic preparation to reduce the bacterial content significantly. In order to study the regulation of salivary NO we used lemon juice to increase salivary flow and detected an immediate transient reduction of salivary NO2 which rose to levels equal to and sometimes higher than basal levels in five minutes in most donors indicating salivary NO production might be under neural control. Salivary NO production may play a physiological role in both the natural antibacterial properties of salivary secretion and possibly in detoxification of oral carcinogens.
Body composition in the dog. I. Findings in the normal animal.

Summary o 1. A technique is presented for the simultaneous measurement of total body water, extracellular fluid, red cell volume, plasma volume, exchangeable sodium, exchangeable chloride and exchangeable potassium in the dog. The method requires five venipunctures and 60 to 80 ml. of blood for sampling. 2. The reproducibility of the technique has been examined by means of five repeated measurements in three dogs at weekly intervals. The errors of the method are small, and approximate the expected statistical errors due to counting and chemistry. 3. The body compositional findings in the normal dog are contrasted briefly with those found in man. These dogs had less body fat than is seen in the normal adult female human subject; within the aqueous phase of body composition a larger fraction of water is occupied by cellular tissue than in the human being; body tonicity as exemplified in the ratio Na e +K e /TBW is approximately 10 mEq./L. higher in the dog than in man; this latter fact is correlated with the higher concentration of sodium in the serum found in the dog. 4. For long-term observation of changes in the animal's body composition as a result of disease, the isotope dilution technique for body composition appears preferable to the metabolic balance method.
Commutative rings whose factors have Artinian rings of quotients

Let R be a commutative ring with unity. Then every factor ring of R has an Artinian total quotient ring if and only if R is a direct sum of one-dimensional Noetherian domains and local Artinian rings.
Mode of action of docetaxel – a basis for combination with novel anticancer agents

Different tumors have different aberrations in signaling and growth stimulation pathways that drive cancer growth. An understanding of these processes is key to the development of new anticancer agents and to identifying optimal treatment strategies and patient populations suitable for specific therapies. It is becoming clear that certain chemotherapeutic drugs such as docetaxel are not simply inhibitors of mitosis and may interact with these tumorigenic mechanisms at a number of levels. This review describes docetaxel's mechanism of action, and provides a basis for understanding how its antitumor activity can integrate with that of different novel agents. Against this background, key docetaxel-novel agent combinations that are currently under clinical investigation are reviewed. How these strategies can be targeted towards specific patient populations (e.g., HER-2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer patients) to provide optimal therapy is highlighted.
RESEARCH ON MATHEMATICS EDUCATION REPORTED IN 1975

This is the sixth annual listing of research on mathematics education to be published in JRME. As in previous listings, the research is organized alphabetically by author(s) within each of three categories-research summaries, journal-published reports, and dissertation abstracts. The subset of Piagetian-oriented research is listed separately in each of the latter two divisions. As was noted last year, some studies are somewhat peripheral to mathematics education-that is, mathematics education was not the sole or primary focus of the research. An attempt has been made to limit the number
Model-Based Statistical Signal Processing For UXO Discrimination: Performance Results From The JPG-V Demonstration

Detection and remediation of unexploded ordnance (UXO) represents a major challenge. The detection problem is exacerbated by the fact that on sites contaminated with UXO, extensive surface and sub-surface clutter and shrapnel is also present. Traditional methods used for UXO remediation have difficulty distinguishing buried UXO from these anthropic clutter items as well as from naturally occurring magnetic geologic noise, and thus incur prohibitively high false alarm rates. In this research, model-based statistical signal processing techniques are applied to field data from magnetometer and electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors in order to determine to what degree such an approach results in false alarm mitigation. Features of the target signatures are extracted by inverting the measured sensor data associated with an anomaly using the associated physical, or forward, model. The statistical uncertainty in the feature space is explicitly treated using statistical processors, including generalized likelihood ratio tests and support vector machines, to discriminate targets from clutter. This approach has been evaluated on data collected in a recent field trial that was performed at JPG. Results are presented for one area in which ground truth was known, and for two others in which the ground truth was not known. Substantial reduction of the false alarm rate is achieved for two different platforms, the GEM-3 and the MTADS system. For example, using data from the GEM-3 in one area, the number of false targets was reduced from 181 to 20 with 100% detection of all UXO objects.
Psychological care for people with melanoma: what, when, why and how?

Objectives To provide an update on the psychosocial challenges faced by people with melanoma, and ways of addressing barriers to supportive care. Data Sources Refereed journal articles, scholarly texts, monographs. Conclusion Psychological needs of people with melanoma frequently go undetected and unmet. Approximately 30% of all patients diagnosed with melanoma report levels of psychological distress, indicating the need for clinical assessment and support. Implications for Nursing Practice Psychological interventions using a range of therapeutic approaches can improve quality of life and enhance resilience in people with melanoma, including reducing anxiety and depression. Nurses can help institute and promote supportive care programs that incorporate these interventions.
Sculpting neural activation using deep brain stimulation leads with radially segmented contacts

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads with radially-segmented contacts are an enabling technology to more precisely sculpt neuronal activation and potentially improve clinical outcomes for patients with a number of brain disorders. In this study, we developed a computational modeling approach to investigate the relationship between the number of radial contacts around a DBS lead and the degree to which monopolar and bipolar stimulation settings can manipulate a region of axonal activation. Herein we describe methods for steering, shifting, and sculpting the region of neural activation in the context of both lead design and stimulation configuration.
Ecological implications of the reproductive biology of symbiotic nemerteans

A major problem for parasites is to ensure that offspring will reach a correct host. Responses to this problem include several reproductive adaptations. This review paper shows that Carcinonemertes has several such adaptations, including increased number of gonads and offspring, synchrony of hatching with host larval hatching, facultative parthenogenesis, and mating. Other nemerteans show different, but comparably adaptive, reproductive modifications for parasitism. In contrast, reproductive biology of the commensal Malacobdella resembles that of free-living nemerteans, being timed to coincide with plankton blooms that are food for settling young.
Real-time multi-channel seizure detection and analysis hardware

This paper presents a low power platform which performs continuous multi-channel detection and analysis of seizures for epilepsy patients. The detection unit, upon detecting a seizure, enables an analysis circuit that locally processes and transmits energy and frequency contents of the EEG data. Transmission traffic reduction of 256x is achieved by locally processing data and transmitting relevant information about the EEG rather than transmitting the raw EEG data itself. Multi-channel detection is accomplished by replicating an ultra-low power single-channel detection unit 16 times, each for a distinct EEG channel. These detection units pass their output into a multi-channel detection block that, when multiple channels flag a seizure, enables the analysis circuit. The proposed detection architecture removes false positives and reduces detection delays by as much as 16 sec when compared to the current method. The platform is implemented in 65 nm CMOS which contains 16 seizure detection modules with a seizure analysis unit and occupies 0.43 mm2. When simulated at 1.3 V, the seizure detection unit runs continuously and dissipates 0.04 µW at 256 Hz. The analysis unit consumes 0.36 µW at 1.85 KHz when powered on after a seizure detection.
New defect vanadium dioxide phases

Abstract Two new monoclinic V2O4 phases were prepared at high pressure from the regular monoclinic (M1) form of V2O4. The unit cell dimensions for the unmodified monoclinic (M2) phase are: a = 9.083, b = 5.763, c = 4.532 A, and β = 91.30°. The space group C 2 m is consistent with the crystallographic data. The new vanadium dioxide exhibited a structural transition and an abrupt, reversible change in resistivity (approx. 4 orders of magnitude) at 66°C similar to that observed in M1-type V2O4. This new form of V2O4 is believed to be stabilized by chemical and structural defects. Controlled substitution of V5+ for V4+ in the structure led to yet another monoclinic (M3) phase. This phase is closely related to the M2 phase. The M3 unit cell dimensions are: a = 4.506, b = 2.899, c = 4.617 A, and β = 91.79°, having the space group P 2 m . The substitution of V3+ yielded only monoclinic (M1) derivatives. The modified products have varied semiconductor to metal transition temperatures which depend on the type and amount of substitution and defect structure.
Digimouse: a 3D whole body mouse atlas from CT and cryosection data

We have constructed a three-dimensional (3D) whole body mouse atlas from coregistered x-ray CT and cryosection data of a normal nude male mouse. High quality PET, x-ray CT and cryosection images were acquired post mortem from a single mouse placed in a stereotactic frame with fiducial markers visible in all three modalities. The image data were coregistered to a common coordinate system using the fiducials and resampled to an isotropic 0.1 mm voxel size. Using interactive editing tools we segmented and labelled whole brain, cerebrum, cerebellum, olfactory bulbs, striatum, medulla, masseter muscles, eyes, lachrymal glands, heart, lungs, liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, adrenal glands, kidneys, testes, bladder, skeleton and skin surface. The final atlas consists of the 3D volume, in which the voxels are labelled to define the anatomical structures listed above, with coregistered PET, x-ray CT and cryosection images. To illustrate use of the atlas we include simulations of 3D bioluminescence and PET image reconstruction. Optical scatter and absorption values are assigned to each organ to simulate realistic photon transport within the animal for bioluminescence imaging. Similarly, 511 keV photon attenuation values are assigned to each structure in the atlas to simulate realistic photon attenuation in PET. The Digimouse atlas and data are available at http://neuroimage.usc.edu/Digimouse.html.
Potassium(I) Amidotrihydroborate: Structure and Hydrogen Release

Potassium(I) amidotrihydroborate (KNH2BH3) is a newly developed potential hydrogen storage material representing a completely different structural motif within the alkali metal amidotrihydroborate group. Evolution of 6.5 wt % hydrogen starting at temperatures as low as 80 °C is observed and shows a significant change in the hydrogen release profile, as compared to the corresponding lithium and sodium compounds. Here we describe the synthesis, structure, and hydrogen release characteristics of KNH2BH3.
Effect of model error on actuator and damper placement for structural control

Significant damping may be added to truss structures by replacing a small fraction of the members with passive or active damper struts. Although numerous methods for selecting the locations of dampers or actuators have been proposed, all rely on an accurate structural dynamic model. This paper demonstrates the effect of model error on placement when the objective is minimization of rms displacements. A group of placement algorithms is applied to a finite element model of a truss structure. The effect of adding between one and five viscous passive dampers or piezoelectric active struts in the member locations chosen is then demonstrated on the corresponding laboratory test article. Error in the analytical model leads to discrepancies between prediction and test. Predicted differences in achieved performance between simple and more complex placement algorithms are diminished. A specific pair of uncertain physical model parameters is proposed, and the resulting model error is explicitly included in a modified placement algorithm.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fast learning process of multi-layer neural nets using recursive least squares technique

Summary form only given, as follows. A novel approach for a learning process of multilayer perceptron neural networks using the recursive-least-squares (RLS) technique is proposed. This method minimizes the sum of the square of the errors between the actual and the desired output values recursively. The weights in the net are updated upon the arrival of a new training sample by solving a system of normal equations using the matrix inversion lemma. To determine the desired target in the hidden layers an analog of the backpropagation strategy used in the conventional learning algorithms is developed. This permits the application of the learning procedure to all the other layers. Simulation results on an exclusive-OR example are obtained which indicate significant (an order of magnitude) reduction in the total number of iterations when compared with those of conventional techniques. >
Enhancing the frequency of antigen-specific hybridomas

Techniques were developed to enhance the frequency of antigen-specific hybridomas by enriching for antibody precursor or -producing lymphocytes prior to cell fusion. Spleen cells of immunized animals were either (a) cultured in vitro for 3–4 days in the presence of the immunizing antigen or (b) adoptively transferred into X-irradiated syngeneic recipients followed immediately by an in vivo antigen boost 4 days prior to use in cell fusion. There was a 10-fold increase in the percentage of wells which develop antigen-specific, antibody-secreting hybridomas following these treatments. These techniques allow an increased yield of hybridomas with a greatly decreased technical effort.
Ubiquitin Expression in Muscle from Horses with Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy

Serial sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded muscle biopsy specimens from 28 Quarter Horse, Paint, and draft-related breeds, aged 0.5-23 years, were treated with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain for glycogen and were immunostained to detect ubiquitin expression. On the basis of findings in PAS-stained sections, a diagnosis of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSSM) was made in 22 horses aged 2-23 years (mean, 9.4 years); samples from 6 horses aged 0.5-15 years (mean, 7.3 years) had a normal PAS staining pattern, with no relevant lesions. Ubiquitin expression was detected in all but a 2-year-old EPSSM-affected horse and was not detected in the non-EPSSM-affected horses. Ubiquitin expression was greater than the degree of PAS-positive, amylase-resistant material, and ubiquitin was detected in aggregates of amylase-sensitive glycogen as well as in aggregates of amylase-resistant material. Results suggest that glycogen aggregates develop and are ubiquitinated prior to development of amylase-resistant inclusions. Ubiquitin immunostaining may be most useful for confirming the diagnosis of EPSSM in horses with only amylase-sensitive glycogen aggregates and in horses with early amylase-resistant inclusions. However, ubiquitin immunostaining is no more sensitive than is PAS staining for diagnosis of EPSSM.
Preliminary Results of Adaptive-Reinforcement Learning Control for Morphing Aircraft

This paper applies an Adaptive-Reinforcement Learning Control methodology to the problem of aircraft morphing. The reinforcement learning morphing control function is integrated with an adaptive dynamic inversion control trajectory tracking function. An episodic unsupervised learning simulation using the Q-Learning method is developed to learn the optimal shape change policy, and optimality is addressed by cost functions representing optimal shapes corresponding to flight conditions. The methodology is demonstrated with a numerical example of a hypothetical 3-D smart aircraft that can morph in all three spatial dimensions, tracking a specified trajectory and autonomously morphing over a set of shapes corresponding to flight conditions along the trajectory. Results presented in the paper show that this methodology is capable of learning the required shape and morphing into it, and accurately tracking the reference trajectory in the presence of parametric uncertainties, unmodeled dynamics and disturbances.
The Land of Prehistory: A Critical History of American Archaeology. Alice Beck Kehoe. Routledge. New York

This book is a very difficult work to read dispassionately, for a variety of reasons, such as difficulties the reader may have with a rather convoluted discussion of Daniel Wilson and the Scottish enlightenment, the categorization of many practicing archaeologists as "petrified puddle ducks", after a term borrowed from Waiter Taylor. and taking a leaf from Taylor, utilization of the term "critical" primarily as "criticism", so that almost no current significant practicing archaeologist in North America comes out unscathed. The term puddle ducks" was employed in several places. Perhaps the strongest usage when Kehoe states (p. 183) that "Compared to the political sophistication displayed by so many social anthropologists, mainstream American archaeologists have been petrified puddle ducks." The term "petrified puddle ducks" had a nice ring to it but I confess I did not remember the context that Taylor employed it in, so I repaired to the vol­ume to re-educate myself.
Cortical Systems for the Recognition of Emotion in Facial Expressions

This study is part of an effort to map neural systems involved in the processing of emotion, and it focuses on the possible cortical components of the process of recognizing facial expressions. We hypothesized that the cortical systems most responsible for the recognition of emotional facial expressions would draw on discrete regions of right higher-order sensory cortices and that the recognition of specific emotions would depend on partially distinct system subsets of such cortical regions. We tested these hypotheses using lesion analysis in 37 subjects with focal brain damage. Subjects were asked to recognize facial expressions of six basic emotions: happiness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust, and sadness. Data were analyzed with a novel technique, based on three-dimensional reconstruction of brain images, in which anatomical description of surface lesions and task performance scores were jointly mapped onto a standard brain-space. We found that all subjects recognized happy expressions normally but that some subjects were impaired in recognizing negative emotions, especially fear and sadness. The cortical surface regions that best correlated with impaired recognition of emotion were in the right inferior parietal cortex and in the right mesial anterior infracalcarine cortex. We did not find impairments in recognizing any emotion in subjects with lesions restricted to the left hemisphere. These data provide evidence for a neural system important to processing facial expressions of some emotions, involving discrete visual and somatosensory cortical sectors in right hemisphere.
EVALUATION OF FLOWSHEET CHANGES FOR THE HIGHLY ENRICHED URANIUM BLENDDOWN PROGRAM

H Canyon is considering a flowsheet change for Plutonium (Pu) Contaminated Scrap (PuCS) material. The proposed change is to route dissolved PuCS material directly to a uranium (U) storage tank. As a result, the PuCS solution will bypass Head End and First U Cycle, and will be purified by solvent extraction in Second U Cycle. The PuCS solution contains appreciable amounts of boron (B) and fluoride (F{sup -}), which are currently at trace levels in the U storage tank. Though unlikely, if the B concentration in the U storage tank were to reach 1.8 g B/g U, the entire contents of the U storage tank would likely require a second pass through Second U Cycle to provide sufficient decontamination to meet the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Blend Grade Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) specification for B, which is 30 {micro}g/g U. In addition, Second U Cycle is expected to provide sufficient decontamination of F{sup -} and Pu regardless of the amount of PuCS solution sent to the storage tank. Though aluminum (Al) is not present in the PuCS solution, B can be credited as a complexant of F{sup -}. Both stability constants from the literature and Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) corrosion studies were documented to demonstrate that B complexation of F{sup -} in nitric acid solutions is sufficient to prevent excessive corrosion. Though B and Al complex F{sup -} to a similar degree, neither completely eliminates the presence of free F{sup -} in solution. Therefore, a limited amount of corrosion is expected even with complexed F{sup -} solutions. Tanks maintained at ambient temperature are not expected to experience significant corrosion. However, the Low Activity Waste (LAW) evaporators may be subjected to a corrosion rate of about 25 mils per year (mpy) as they reach their highest F{sup -} concentrations. The feed adjustment evaporator would only be subjected to the corrosion rate of about 25 mpy in the latter stages of the PuCS campaign. An issue that must be addressed as part of the proposed PuCS flowsheet change is that B has limited solubility in concentrated nitric acid solutions. As the proposed PuCS campaign progresses, the B concentration will increase in the U storage tank, in Second U Cycle feed, and in the 1DW stream sent to the LAW evaporators. Limitations on the B concentration in the LAW evaporators will be needed to prevent formation of boron-containing solids.
On estimating the polyclonal fraction in lineage-marker studies of tumor origin

SUMMARY Insight into the biology of tumor formation is provided by studies which demonstrate through the use of cell-lineage markers that some tumors have a polyclonal origin. Novelli et al. (1996) proposed to use the proportion of heterotypic tumors among the tumors that are either heterotypic or pure and of the minority marker type as a lower bound on the marginal fraction of polyclonal tumors. Generally, Novelli’s ratio does not provide a valid lower bound for the marginal polyclonal fraction, as we demonstrate by analyzing relevant conditional probabilities. Estimation of the polyclonal fraction requires modeling assumptions on the distribution of the number of involved clones. Using three elementary models, we develop maximum likelihood estimation of the polyclonal fraction. We establish robustness of our estimates to misspecification of the clone-marking process, though the estimates are sensitive to assumptions about polyclonal mechanisms. On data from several published studies, our estimates of the polyclonal fraction are substantially smaller than Novelli’s ratio.
Protective Immunity to Amebiasis: New Insights and New Challenges

Amebiasis, infection with the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, is the third leading cause of death from parasitic diseases. Despite its importance, we know little about protective immunity to amebiasis. Now, studies from a cohort of children in Bangladesh have provided some critical insights into immunity to intestinal amebiasis. Children with mucosal IgA antibodies to the amebic adherence lectin were found to be resistant to reinfection with E. histolytica. However, immunity was short-lived, and approximately 20% of children in the cohort had a second episode of E. histolytica infection during the study period. Theses findings indicate that immunity to amebiasis can develop in some children after intestinal infection, but protective immunity may be transient, and its importance in preventing disease remains to be established.
A molecular salt of tricyanomethanide anion and a N,N′-dianisylphenazinium dication: cooperative affects of methoxy⋯methoxy and CN⋯N+ intermolecular contacts

A molecular salt of tricyanomethanide anion and a N,N′-dianisylphenazinium dication forms extended supramolecular assemblies that consist of unusual methoxy⋯methoxy and CN⋯N+ intermolecular contacts.
Near-optimal sequential testing algorithms for multiple fault isolation

In this paper, we consider the problem of constructing near-optimal test sequencing algorithms for diagnosing multiple faults. The computational complexity of solving the optimal multiple-fault isolation problem is super-exponential, that is, it is much more difficult than the single-fault isolation problem, which in itself is an NP-hard problem. Our approach is to extend the single fault sequential testing algorithms of our previous work (1990, 1991) to a class of sure strategies for diagnosing multiple faults. The proposed static diagnostic strategies are illustrated using several examples. Computational results based on real-world systems indicate that these static strategies can be used on systems with as many as 600 failure sources and 600 tests. Further, using sure strategies, an online test strategy generation program has been implemented to diagnose multiple faults in larger systems with as many as 10,000 failure sources. >
Bridging high-throughput genetic and transcriptional data reveals cellular responses to alpha-synuclein toxicity

Cells respond to stimuli by changes in various processes, including signaling pathways and gene expression. Efforts to identify components of these responses increasingly depend on mRNA profiling and genetic library screens. By comparing the results of these two assays across various stimuli, we found that genetic screens tend to identify response regulators, whereas mRNA profiling frequently detects metabolic responses. We developed an integrative approach that bridges the gap between these data using known molecular interactions, thus highlighting major response pathways. We used this approach to reveal cellular pathways responding to the toxicity of alpha-synuclein, a protein implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease. For this we screened an established yeast model to identify genes that when overexpressed alter alpha-synuclein toxicity. Bridging these data and data from mRNA profiling provided functional explanations for many of these genes and identified previously unknown relations between alpha-synuclein toxicity and basic cellular pathways.
Physiological changes in hyperactive children following the ingestion of food additives.

This study attempted to determine if the ingestion of artificial food additives would produce detectable changes in autonomic and/or central nervous system activity in hyperactive children.A single-case experimental design was used which entailed the comparison of heart rate and electroencephalo-graphic (EEG) measures for hyperactive and control children. The physiological measures were obtained prior to and following the ingestion of drinks containing food additives or placebos, which were administered in a double-blind, randomized, crossover procedure.The hyperactive children exhibited a greater degree of physiological activity following both the placebo and the drink containing food additives than did the control children. However, the magnitude of physiological changes in the hyperactive children were greater in response to ingestion of the additives than to placebo. These physiological findings are consistent with behavioural data indicating that some hyperactive children are adversely affected by fo...
Successful Tobacco Dependence Treatment in Low-Income Emergency Department Patients: A Randomized Trial

Study objective Tobacco use is common among emergency department (ED) patients, many of whom have low income. Our objective is to study the efficacy of an intervention incorporating motivational interviewing, nicotine replacement, and quitline referral for adult smokers in an ED. Methods This was a 2-arm randomized clinical trial conducted from October 2010 to December 2012 in a northeastern urban US ED with 90,000 visits per year. Eligible subjects were aged 18 years or older, smoked, and were self-pay or had Medicaid insurance. Intervention subjects received a motivational interview by a trained research assistant, 6 weeks' worth of nicotine patches and gum initiated in the ED, a faxed referral to the state smokers' quitline, a booster call, and a brochure. Control subjects received the brochure, which provided quitline information. The primary outcome was biochemically confirmed tobacco abstinence at 3 months. Secondary endpoints included quitline use. Results Of 778 enrolled subjects, 774 (99.5%) were alive at 3 months. The prevalence of biochemically confirmed abstinence was 12.2% (47/386) in the intervention arm versus 4.9% (19/388) in the control arm, for a difference in quit rates of 7.3% (95% confidence interval 3.2% to 11.5%). In multivariable logistic modeling controlling for age, sex, and race or ethnicity, study subjects remained more likely to be abstinent than controls (odds ratio 2.72; 95% confidence interval 1.55 to 4.75). Conclusion An intensive intervention improved tobacco abstinence rates in low-income ED smokers. Because approximately 20 million smokers, many of whom have low income, visit US EDs annually, these results suggest that ED-initiated treatment may be an effective technique to treat this group of smokers.
Longitudinal and Radial Variations of Pressure in the Human Anal Sphincter

The pressure profile of the human anal canal integrates the effects of several separate muscles including internal and external anal sphincters and the puborectalis. To define the topography of pressure along the anal canal, we developed a new probe that features four perf used side-hole channels spaced at 90° circumferentially. In 18 healthy volunteers (10 women, 8 men), simultaneous four-quadrant pressures were measured at oral, mid-, and distal stations in the anal canal, at rest and during a maximum voluntary "squeeze." Anterior quadrant pressures were reduced significantly (p
Evolutionary Theory of Cancer

As Theodosius Dobzhansky famously noted in 1973, "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution," and cancer is no exception to this rule. Our understanding of cancer initiation, progression, treatment, and resistance has advanced considerably by regarding cancer as the product of evolutionary processes. Here we review the literature of mathematical models of cancer evolution and provide a synthesis and discussion of the field.
The future of marine geosciences discussed

Our nation's research community is in the midst of an unusually stressful period. In this flat (or declining) budgetary environment, innovative science, novel collaborations, and the development of the next generation of technology are sometimes difficult to justify and support. In recognition of the increased importance of long-range planning during such times, the Marine Geology and Geophysics (MG&G) and Ocean Drilling programs within the Ocean Sciences Division of the National Science Foundation (NSF) held a workshop titled “The Future of Marine Geosciences” (FUMAGES). The product of this workshop is to serve as a contribution to NSF's Geosciences Directorate for evaluating opportunities and needs for research, infrastructure, and education.
A multivariate spatial mixture model for areal data: examining regional differences in standardized test scores

Researchers in the health and social sciences often wish to examine joint spatial patterns for two or more related outcomes. Examples include infant birth weight and gestational length, psychosocial and behavioral indices, and educational test scores from different cognitive domains. We propose a multivariate spatial mixture model for the joint analysis of continuous individual-level outcomes that are referenced to areal units. The responses are modeled as a finite mixture of multivariate normals, which accommodates a wide range of marginal response distributions and allows investigators to examine covariate effects within subpopulations of interest. The model has a hierarchical structure built at the individual level (i.e., individuals are nested within areal units), and thus incorporates both individual- and areal-level predictors as well as spatial random effects for each mixture component. Conditional autoregressive (CAR) priors on the random effects provide spatial smoothing and allow the shape of the multivariate distribution to vary flexibly across geographic regions. We adopt a Bayesian modeling approach and develop an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo model fitting algorithm that relies primarily on closed-form full conditionals. We use the model to explore geographic patterns in end-of-grade math and reading test scores among school-age children in North Carolina.
An Analysis of Squeeze-Film Damping in a Piezoelectric Bender ElectroFluid Converter

A unique proportional electrofluid converter design is presented. The valve employs two piezoelectric benders acting as flappers on two nozzles. The benders are highly resonant, resulting in extreme sensitivity to external vibration and poor fidelity for transient inputs or signals near resonance. Mounting the two benders against a flat plate greatly increases the damping of the benders. This increase in damping results from the pumping of fluid into and out of the film between each bender and the flat plate. The effect is similar to that encountered in air bearings and known as squeeze-film damping. A mathematical model for the bender including the squeeze-film damping is developed which allows the beam-wall interaction to be optimized for a given first mode response. The mathematical model is also normalized and it is shown that the squeeze-film damping can be described using a dimensionless design parameter.
Universal Jurisdiction: Steps Forward, Steps Back

The arrest of the Chilean general Augusto Pinochet Ugarte in London in 1998, and decisions in UK, Spanish, Belgian, and other European courts supporting his extradition, opened new hope that prosecutions of international crimes in national courts under universal jurisdiction laws might prove a viable strategy for combating impunity. Complainants brought cases in a number of European countries, most notably Spain and Belgium. In Spain, the Supreme Court eventually cut back on the reach of the universal jurisdiction law by superimposing the requirement of a nationality tie to the forum, as well as modifying other prior jurisprudence. In Belgium, the courts grappled with issues of immunity and the ability to initiate proceedings in the absence of the defendant. Under US pressure the Belgian legislature eventually narrowed and weakened the law. The article traces these developments, and concludes that advocates need to be more strategic in choosing both the number and type of cases they present under theories of extraterritorial jurisdiction. The primary criterion, the author argues, should be the potential for the extraterritorial case to catalyze anti-impunity efforts in the territorial state.
Functional response of the tiger beetle Megacephala carolina carolina (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on twolined spittlebug (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The functional response of the tiger beetle Megacephala carolina carolina L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) was determined on adult twolined spittlebug, Prosapia bicincta (Say) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae), and fourth instars of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in single-prey and two-prey systems. In the laboratory, M. carolina carolina demonstrated a type II functional response for P. bicincta and S. frugiperda in both single- and two-prey systems. Search efficiency of M. carolina declined for both prey as the initial number of prey increased. Of the total prey consumed, M. carolina carolina killed significantly more S. frugiperda than P. bicincta in the single-prey system (8.0 and 4.5, respectively) and the two-prey system (5.0 and 2.0, respectively). Estimates of attack coefficient, a, were not significantly different for P. bicincta and S. frugiperda in the single-prey (0.07 and 0.02) and two-prey systems (0.04 and 0.06), respectively. The handling time, T(h), was significantly greater for P. bicincta (5.02 and 10.64 h) than for S. frugiperda (2.66 and 4.41 h) in single- and two-prey systems, respectively. Estimations of attack coefficient and handling time in the single-prey system were used to predict prey preference of M. carolina carolina. No strong prey switching response was observed. M. carolina carolina showed no preference for either prey. However, in the presence of S. frugiperda, the functional response of the predator for P. bicincta was reduced. M. carolina carolina is a potential predator of one or more turfgrass pests and should be considered in conservation efforts.
Molecular Pathology of OTC Deficiency

The diagnosis of OTC deficiency is made by assay of OTC activity in the liver of an affected proband, or by measurement of orotic acid +/orotidine excretion in the urine after a protein or amino acid load or after a single dose of allopurinol in a proband or suspected carrier (see Chapter 8 for details). If prenatal diagnosis is desired, these approaches are less useful. OTC activity is not expressed in amniocytes and there are no unusual metabolites found in the amniotic fluid in OTC deficiency. Fetal liver biopsies are possible in order to assay urea cycle enzymes but are quite risky to the pregnancy(219–221). Thus molecular genetic approaches have been developed to solve this problem.
The Effects of Chrysaora and Physalia Venoms on Mitochondrial Structure and Function

SummaryA study of the effects of Chrysaora quinquecirrha and Physalia physalis venoms on the uptake and binding of calcium by mitochondria revealed a decrease in these functions. Electron microscopy revealed damage to the mitochondria. Experiments on oxidative phosphorylation revealed that these jellyfish venoms possessed an action on mitochondria similar to that of snake venoms.This study was supported in part by grants-in-aid from the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, (PL 89), the Frank C. Bressler Research Fund of the University of Maryland, the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Grants Nos. 1R01 ES EC 00599 and GM 15700 and National Science Foundation, RANN Grant No. 29906. The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Dennis Brown of the University of Maryland School of Medicine who performed the electron microscopy.
HERITABILITY OF DENTAL CHARACTERS IN THE HOUSE MOUSE

The currently popular synthetic theory of evolution has been forged from data and concepts contributed by both the neontologist and the paleontologist. In general, however, the organisms and characters studied by the former have little in the way of an historical record, while the groups and organ-systems of paleontological interest have rather infrequently (e.g., Olson and Miller, 1958; Berry, 1964) been subjected to modern microevolutionary analyses. Change in the molar teeth of mammals is one of our best historical evidences of evolution. Although dental morphology has received considerable attention from students of Recent and fossil mammals, knowledge of the hereditary and environmental components of dental variation remains meager in spite of the potential value for studies of evolutionary mechanisms. Study of the variation in the dentition of extant rodents would seem to offer a particularly attractive opportunity to subject to genetical analysis characters which do possess a reasonable fossil record. Many, if not most, of the traits utilized by the systematist are of a quantitative, i.e., continuously varying, nature. In recent years a fundamental approach to such characters has been to partition their phenotypic variation into a number of causal categories (Falconer, 1960). The primary step is, of course, the identification of the relative contributions of the heredity and the environment. These, in turn, may be divided into a number of subclasses of causation. In a recent study (Bader and Lehmann, 1965) the hereditary and environmental components were estimated for three dental traits in the house mouse by appropriate comparisons of the phenotypic variation in wild, randombred, inbred, and hybrid populations. The present study is concerned primarily with the heritability of these characters. The heritability is the proportion of the total phenotypic variance due to genetic factors acting in an additive fashion, or it may be regarded as the reliability of the phenotype as an indicator of the breeding value of the individual and the population (Falconer, 1960). The total hereditary, or genotypic, variance includes both the additive and non-additive genetic fractions. Estimation of the heritability of a trait depends essentially upon the measurement of the degree of phenotypic resemblance among animals of known genetic relationship. The most commonly used methods are those of regression of offspring on one or both parents and fullor half-sib correlation. The relative merits of the various analyses are examined in detail by Falconer (1960, 1963). The method employed in the present study is that of the paternal half-sib analysis utilizing the hierarchal, or "nested," analysis of variance. This design enables one to obtain an estimate of the heritability relatively free of non-additive genetic variance, to obtain an estimate of the non-heritable maternal effect, if any, and to make all measurements on one generation. It is more efficient, in the statistical sense, than the regression analysis when the heritability is low (Robertson, 1959a).
Seven Progressives–A Review Article

A consensus has developed among most historians of the period about the nature of early twentieth-century progressivism. Their typical progressive was a member of the urban middle class, a professional man or independent businessman, comfortable financially, well-educated, a native-born Protestant, probably of New England stock. These men felt themselves overshadowed and threatened by the wealth and power of the new masters of capital, and their progressivism was a reaction to this "status revolution." "Looking backward to an older America," Professor George E. Mowry finds, the progressives hoped "to recapture the older individualistic values in all the strata of political, economic, and social life." "The central fear," declares Professor Richard Hofstadter, "was fear of power," and the progressive movement, "at its heart, was an effort to realize familiar and traditional ideals" that had "taken form