cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The stability of accretion tori. II - Non-linear evolution to discrete planets

Hawley has shown through two-dimensional computer simulations that a slender torus in which a linear Papaloizou-Pringle (PP) instability with azimuthal wavenumber m, is excited evolves non-linearly to a configuration with m nearly disconnected 'planets'. We present an analytical fluid equilibrium that we believe represents his numerical planets. The fluid has an ellipsoidal figure and is held together by the Corio lis force associated with the retrograde fluid motion. There is a bifurcation between the torus and planet configurations at precisely the vorticity below which the PP instability switches on. Although the solution is three-dimensional, there is perfect hydrostatic equilibrium and the motion is entirely two-dimensional. We analyse the linear modes of the analytical planet and find that there are numerous instabilities, though they are not as violent as the PP instability in the torus. We also discuss the energy and vorticity of neutral modes, and we argue that when the torus breaks up into planets, neutral modes with negative energy and non-zero vorticity are excited in order to conserve total energy and specific vorticity. We speculate that the fluid in Hawley's simulations may be approaching two-dimensional turbulence.
Two tough nuts to crack: did Shakespeare write the ‘Shakespeare’ portions of Sir Thomas More and Edward III? Part I

Using 'new-optics' stylometric measures of comparative Shakespeare discrepancy we calculate the odds that the 'Shakespeare' scenes in STMO and Edw3 could have come by chance from a person of Shakespeare's writing habits. For STMO, if written in the 1600s, the 'Shakespeare' Hand D-plus verse portion is seven to twenty-six times less likely to be Shakespeare's than Shakespeare's own farthest-outlier baseline threshold block. Shakespeare authorship for it in the 1600s seems to us improbable but not impossible. In STMO were written in the 1590s, it would be ten times less probable, and not such a close call. The odds that Shakespeare could have written the entire play at any time are vanishingly low. In terms of Shakespeare discrepancy, we would say that Hand D-plus belongs more in the high Apocrypha than in the Canon. Taken separately, four of the five 'Shakespeare' blocks of Edw3 fall inside our Shakespeare ballpark. So does a sixth block, scenes 4.05 to 4.09. If we followed the consensus strictly, all five Shakespeare blocks, taken as a group, would not make a probable solo Shakespeare ascription. However, if we switched 4.04 to 'non-Shakespeare,' and 4.05-.09 to 'Shakespeare,' the revised Shakespeare blocks would be a plausible Shakespeare ascription even as a group, justifying the inclusion of Edw3 in the Canon as partly Shakespeare's: 1.02; 2.01-2.02; and 4.05-4.09. The odds that the 'non-Shakespeare' scenes, collectively, or individually (except for 4.05-4.09) could be his are vanishingly low. This is the first of a two-part series, addressed to Shakespeare's hand in Sir Thomas More. Part II, on Shakespeare's hand in Edward III, will appear in the next issue. The full article may be found online at http://www.claremontmckenna.edu/facultysites/govt/FacMember/welliott/ UTConference/2ToughNuts.pdf.
Bundle Branch and Ventricular Activation in Man A Study Using Catheter Recordings of Left and Right Bundle Branch Potentials

His (H), right bundle branch (RB), and left bundle branch (LB) potentials were recorded by electrode catheters passed into the left and right ventricles in seven patients without conduction defects. In another three patients, H and LB were recorded. Initial ventricular activation was considered to coincide with the onset of the QRS (Q). The following intervals were measured in milliseconds: H-Q, LB-Q, RB-Q, H-LB, H-RB, and LB-RB. The average and range of these was as follows: H-Q 46 (39-54), LB-Q 27 (24-30), RB-Q 25 (20-27), H-LB 20 (14-28), H-RB 21 (15-29), and LB-RB 2 (1-10). LB-RB was 3 msec or less in six of seven patients. Coupled atrial pacing produced delays in H-RB without effect on H-LB and LB-Q. The production of incomplete and complete right bundle branch block was related to increase in the LB-RB interval. One patient developed left bundle branch block (LBBB) during coupled pacing with delay of LB while RB-Q remained unchanged. H-Q intervals were measured in three additional patients with rate related LBBB during both control and block. Prolongation of H-Q was less than 3 msec during LBBB. It is concluded that the proximal left and right bundle branches are usually activated simultaneously in man, and that block of either bundle without contralateral bundle delay does not significantly delay the onset of ventricular activation.
THE CALCULUS OF DISSENT: PARTY DISCIPLINE IN THE BRITISH LABOUR GOVERNMENT, 1974-1979

The strength of political parties is taken to be one central difference between the political systems of the United States and the United Kingdom. We analyze defection from party line voting within the British Labour Party in the House of Commons between 1974 and 1979 to suggest that this dichotomy is overdrawn. In fact, the analysis shows that the dynamics of legislative behavior are quite similar in the two systems, notwithstanding the significant institutional differences between a separation of powers system and the West-minster model. Members of Parliament, like American Congressmen, balance the demands of their constituents, activists within their local party, and party leadership, as well as wage intraparty battles over the direction of policy.
RNA Elimination Machinery Targeting Meiotic mRNAs Promotes Facultative Heterochromatin Formation

Facultative heterochromatin that changes during cellular differentiation coordinates regulated gene expression, but its assembly is poorly understood. Here, we describe facultative heterochromatin islands in fission yeast and show that their formation at meiotic genes requires factors that eliminate meiotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) during vegetative growth. Blocking production of meiotic mRNA or loss of RNA elimination factors, including Mmi1 and Red1 proteins, abolishes heterochromatin islands. RNA elimination machinery is enriched at meiotic loci and interacts with Clr4/SUV39h, a methyltransferase involved in heterochromatin assembly. Heterochromatin islands disassemble in response to nutritional signals that induce sexual differentiation. This process involves the antisilencing factor Epe1, the loss of which causes dramatic increase in heterochromatic loci. Our analyses uncover unexpected regulatory roles for mRNA-processing factors that assemble dynamic heterochromatin to modulate gene expression.
Larvicidal Activity of Merck MK-933, an Avermectin, Against the Horn Fly, Stable Fly, Face Fly, and House Fly

An avermectin, Merck MK-933 [at least 80% 22,23-dihydro-5- O -demethylavermectin A10 and not more than 20% 22,23-dihydro-5- O -demethyl-25-de(1-methylpropyl)-25-(1-methylethyl)avermectin A10], was a highly effective larvicide against horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, and house flies, M. domestica L. When given to cattle daily in an oral capsule, 1 μg/kg per day killed all horn fly larvae in the manure. Daily oral dosages of 5 μg/kg killed all of the face flies, ca. 60% of the stable flies, and 90% of the house flies in the manure. Cattle dosed at 20 μg/kg per day resulted in >90% mortality of stable fly larvae in the manure. Additionally, daily subcutaneous injections of MK-933 at a rate of 5 μg/kg per day prevented horn fly development in the manure, but injections of 10 mg/kg per day did not control stable fly larvae. A single injection of 200 μg/kg, the anthehmntic dosage, controlled horn flies in the manure for up to 4 weeks posttreatment.
Toward More Productive, Efficient, and Competitive Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiotic Bacteria

Abstract The prospects of developing strains of legume nodule bacteria that provide higher productivity of leguminous plants are described. The generic, biochemical, physiological, regulatory, and economic constraints that govern the ability of private and public efforts to construct better inoculants for legume nodulation are discussed. Success in constructing better inoculants requires a two-pronged approach. First, strains need to be improved in order to compete successfully with indigenous strains for root nodulation of legumes. Several loci have been identified to date that affect competitiveness for strain nodule occupancy. Usually mutations in these loci affect the ability of a strain to form nodules rapidly and efficiently. Other loci, such as those that confer antibiotic production, can be added to strains to enhance nodulation competitiveness when co-inoculated with antibiotic-sensitive strains. Second, the inoculum strains must be improved with respect to symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Efforts to...
Solutions of f″ + A(z)f = 0 in the Unit Disc Having Blaschke Sequences as the Zeros

We study the zero sequences of the non-trivial solutions of $$f'' + A(z)f = 0,$$ (*) , where A(z) is analytic in the unit disc. Namely, we consider the following two problems: (1) find a growth condition on A(z) such that the zero sequence of any non-trivial solution of (*) is a Blaschke sequence (2) for a given Blaschke sequence of distinct complex numbers, find a coefficient function A(z) such that (*) possesses a solution having zeros precisely at the points of this prescribed sequence. Related to Problem (2), we illustrate the growth of the resulting function A(z), and show that there are uncountably many coefficient functions A(z) with the desired property.
Action of Ryanodine on Mammalian Cardiac Muscle

Systemic and pulmonary blood flows and pressures were determined in anesthetized closed-chest dogs with chronic atrial septal defects and in dogs with intact cardiac septa. In the former animals, graded obstruction of the main pulmonary artery associated with right ventricular systolic pressures of more than 80 mm. Hg was produced without evidence of failure of the right side of the heart. A considerable decrease in the magnitude of the left-to-right shunts and an increase in the size of the right-to-left shunts occurred; these changes were associated with only minor changes in filling pressure of the right ventricle, and systematic changes in systemic arterial pressure did not appear. Analysis of right atrial pressure pulses suggested the development of an increased force of contraction of the right atrium and no evidence of tricuspid regurgitation under these circumstances. In contrast, partial obstruction of the main pulmonary artery in the dogs with intact cardiac septa, so as to increase the right ventricular systolic pressure to more than 60 mm. ITg, was associated with pronounced increases in mean right atrial pressure and striking decreases in cardiac output and systemic arterial pressure. The pressure recordings from the right atrium and indicator-dilution curves demonstrated the development of significant tricuspid regurgitation. The deterioration of right ventricular function in dogs with intact cardiac septa appears to be related to overdistention of the right ventricle and possibly also to a disproportionate reduction in coronary blood flow to the myocardium caused by a decrease in systemic arterial pressure and the concomitant increase in resistance to coronary venous drainage from the right side of the heart due to the increased right atrial and right ventricular pressures. It is concluded that under the conditions of these studies, an atrial septal defect provides a considerable increase in resistance to the heinodynamic effects associated with right ventricular hypertension caused by acute partial obstruction of the main pulmonary artery. The possible duration of this beneficial effect beyond the 33 to 160 minutes of observation in these studies has not been explored.
Cost-Effectiveness of Prevention, Intervention, and Therapeutic Strategies in Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease continues as the nation's number one killer. The past decade's prevention efforts may be termed: the reduction of high blood pressure; the assault on smoking; the lifestyles of the thin and pretty; and now the coming years: the promise; the siege on cholesterol. Occurring simultaneously is an explosion of drugs, targeted for action against the reduction in levels of these factors; the extremely effective targeted drugs to reduce the effort or work with which the heart contends and even drugs designed to dissolve the very lesions that create coronary artery disease. Also, there has been parallel growth in the invasive procedures aimed at lessening the toll of this disease. This article reviews the epidemiology of coronary artery disease and its implications for cost-effectiveness analyses both in terms of the concept of prevention, the corollary, delay in the onset of coronary artery disease; the diminishing value of delay in relationship to the prevalence of the disease; the demogr...
Hamilton's rule and kin competition: the Kipsigis case ☆

Evolutionary studies of human behavior have emphasized the importance of kin selection in explaining social institutions and fitness outcomes. Our relatives can nevertheless be competitors as well as sources of altruism. This is particularly likely when there is local competition over resources, where conflict can lead to strife among nondispersing relatives, reducing or even negating the effects of relatedness on promoting altruism. Here, I present demographic data on a land-limited human population, utilizing large within-population variation in land ownership to determine the interactions between local resource competition and the benefits of kin in enhancing child survival, a key component of fitness in this population. As predicted, wealth affects the extent of kin altruism, in that paternal relatives (specifically father's brothers) appear to buffer young children from mortality much more effectively in rich than in poor households. This interaction effect is interpreted as evidence that the extent of nepotism among humans depends critically on resource availability. Further unanticipated evidence that maternal kin play a role in buffering children from mortality in situations where paternal kin control few resources speaks to the important role that specific local circumstance plays in shaping kin contributions to child welfare. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Evolving perspectives on neurobiological research on the addictions: celebration of the 30th anniversary of NIDA.

Abstract The roots of the Laboratory of the Biology of the Addictive Diseases are in the development of methadone maintenance for the treatment of opiate addiction. Methadone maintenance therapy continues to be one of the major effective forms of addiction pharmacotherapy and underscores the importance of biological factors in the physiology and treatment of the addictive diseases. Recent work in the Laboratory has focused on the neurobiological, neurochemical, neuroendocrine and behavioral aspects of addictive diseases (principally cocaine and the opiate addictions), using an interdisciplinary approach. The models we have focused on range from in vitro molecular biology and neuroscience, to in vivo animal models, to experiments in normal human populations and patients with specific addictive diseases, and most recently to the human molecular genetics of different addictive diseases. Two long-term corollary hypotheses have guided the Laboratory’s work: (1) That the endogenous opioid peptide/receptor systems play a central role in the addictive states and therefore in their treatment. (2) That atypical responsivity to stressors (e.g., in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis) plays a role in vulnerability and relapse to specific addictive diseases. This atypical responsivity may be drug-induced, environmentally acquired, and/or due to genetic variation.
Specialization of the cerebral hemispheres in scanning for information in short-term memory*

Lateral specialization of function in the cerebral hemispheres was investigated in the context of a memory scanning paradigm. The S first memorized a set of letters (the memory set) and then indicated whether or not a subsequent test stimulus, presented in either the right or left visual field, matched any letter in the set. The test stimulus was either a letter or a picture of some common object; for the picture, S’s response was based on the initial letter of the name of that object. Reaction time was recorded and plotted as a function of the number of letters in the memory set. The results support the hypothesis that in a memory scanning task of this type, letter and picture test stimuli are spatially and verbally represented, respectively, and are processed in different cerebral hemispheres.
Fluorescence seeding of weaker-gain Raman modes in microdroplets: enhancement of stimulated Raman scattering

Fluorescence seeding by dissolving a fluorescent dye in a liquid droplet enhances the stimulated Raman scattering of a weaker-gain Raman mode. With the dye fluorescence at the Stokes wavelength of the weaker-gain Raman mode, the weaker-gain Raman mode can now build up from the much stronger fluorescence instead of from the weaker spontaneous Raman scattering. With fluorescence seeding, the weaker-gain C-C-O Raman mode of ethanol can be observed at a much lower input-laser intensity and can be more intense than the stronger-gain C-H Raman mode.
Precise and accurate determination of calcium isotope ratios in urine using HR-ICP-SFMS

Precise and accurate determination of calcium isotope ratios in urine is imperative in limiting the expense of enriched isotopes used in human metabolic tracer studies. The calcium isotope spectrum obtained from an ICP-MS (using conventional spray chamber), operated in low resolution mode (LR = 300), is subject to numerous polyatomic, isobaric and doubly charged interferences. The most severe polyatomic interfences can be resolved at resolutions greater than 3500, whereas, isobaric and doubly charged interferences are easily corrected. Precise (<0.1% 1σ) isotope ratios, however, are not routinely obtained in medium resolution (MR = 4300). Here we use a HR-ICP-MS in MR to identify and determine methods to reduce polyatomic interferences. Using oxalate precipitation of urinary calcium and desolvation sample introduction, interferences can be reduced sufficiently to allow determination of the 42, 43, 44, 46 and 48 isotopes of calcium with the precision of LR. Isotope ratio precision and accuracy is < ±0.1% (1σ) for analysis of three isotopes (42, 43, and 44), as required for clinical studies. Propagating this level of uncertainty indicates that >4% enrichments provide < ±10% (2σ) uncertainty in the calculated fractional calcium absorption values. Minimizing unnecessary enrichments can increase the number of subjects in studies without increasing the substantial cost of enriched isotopes. This new analytical method is applied to our on-going clinical trials where 0.017 mg kg−1 of 42Ca (90.8%; intravenous, IV) and 0.012 mg kg−143Ca (52.1%;oral) administered to postmenopausal women show average 24 h (pooled) urinary enrichments of 5.0% and 5.1% from the intravenous and oral doses, respectively.
Social Support and Well-Being among Lesbian and Heterosexual Women: A Structural Modeling Approach

The authors examined the types of social support that lesbian and heterosexual women receive from their social networks and the link between support and psychological well-being. Participants were White, middle-class, single and coupled women. Using Robert Weiss's typology of social provisions, the authors found that lesbian and heterosexual women reported receiving equivalent overall amounts of support from their social networks. Relationship status was related to well-being; coupled women reported greater well-being than did single women. Using structural equation modeling, the authors found a strong association between social support and psychological well-being for all women. Beyond this general association, lesbian women's well-being was also associated with reassurance-of-worth support, whereas heterosexual women's well-being was linked with guidance support. These results support the usefulness of latent variable models for examining social support and demonstrate that lesbians, like their heterose...
Factor analysis approach for composited ASTER band ratios and wavelet transform pixel-level image fusion: lithological mapping of the Neoproterozoic Wadi Kid area, Sinai, Egypt

In this study, we have adopted an approach for objective optimization of the selection of band ratios in forming Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) band ratio composites, based on factor analysis loadings and specific variances. The factor loadings and specific variances of all 72 possible spectral band ratios of the visible and near infrared (VNIR) and the short-wave infrared (SWIR) of ASTER data from Wadi Kid, southeastern Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, were utilized to construct two separate rankings of band ratios in an ascending manner in order to determine the best ASTER band ratio combinations for lithological mapping in the study area. Two ASTER band ratio composites ((band 6/band 3–band 1/band 3–band 9/band 5) and (8/6–8/7–4/7) in blue–green–red (BGR)) were built, based on the rankings of factor loadings and specific variances, respectively. These two composites were fused together based on a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) decomposition, which enables decomposition...
On solving linear recurrences

A direct method is given for solving first-order linear recurrences with constant coefficients. The limiting value of that solution is studied as n → ∞. This classroom note could serve as enrichment material for the typical introductory course on discrete mathematics that follows a calculus course.
An Automated Repellency Assay System. I. Statistical Methods

A specialized digital computer program was written that statistically compares yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), biting data between repellent-treated mice and un-treated controls. The percentage of mosquitoes engorged is added to the percentage of biting time (as indicated by an electronic monitor) to yield a repellency index for each trial. The repellency index for test compounds is contrasted with that for parallel controls to provide statistical tests of significance. The statistical methods and derivations upon which the computer program is based are presented here.
Systematic Review: Gene Expression Profiling Assays in Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Three gene expression–based breast cancer prognostication tests have been licensed for use: Oncotype DX, MammaPrint, and H/I. The authors summarize the evidence on the validity and utility of these...
Jordan circuits of a graph

Let G be a connected, finite graph. Let C be a circuit of G. β(C), the strong bridge graph of C in G, is defined as follows: (1) the vertices of β(C) are the bridges of C in G, and (2) there is an edge in β(C) joining a pair of vertices B 1 and B 2 if and only if B 1 and B 2 separate each other relative C.
Perspective: What is known, and not known, about the connections between alkane oxidation and metal uptake in alkanotrophs in the marine environment

Should iron and copper be added to the environment to stimulate the natural bioremediation of marine oil spills? The key enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of alkanes require either iron or copper, and the concentration of these ions in seawater is vanishingly low. Nevertheless, the dependence of alkane oxidation activity on external metal concentrations remains unclear. This perspective will summarize what is known about the co-regulation of alkane oxidation and metal acquisition and pose a series of critical questions to which, for the most part, we do not yet have answers. The paucity of answers points to the need for additional studies to illuminate the cellular biology connecting microbial growth on alkanes to the acquisition of metal ions.
Anatomy of the central nervous system

Objectives : To provide an overview of central nervous system anatomy. Data sources : Published books and articles. Conclusions : Classification of tumors, location of primary and metastatic tumors, and initial and progressive symptoms are best understood within a solid knowledge base of neuroanatomy. Implications for nursing practice : It is essential for nurses caring for neuro-oncology patients to be familiar with normal central nervous system anatomy. This knowledge will enable them to anticipate symptoms, response to treatment, and prognosis for recovery. Understanding of the effects of central nervous system tumors on the function of the central nervous system will help nurses provide holistic care to both patients and significant others.
Screening Young Children for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Primary Practice

The increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorders as well as emerging evidence of the efficacy of early intervention has focused attention on the need for early identification of young children suspected of having an ASSD. Several studies have suggested that while parents report concerns early in development, it may be months before children can be evaluated and services provided, and these delays may be even more marked in under-served populations. The American Academy of Pediatrics recently recommended universal screening for autism spectrum disorders at the 18- and 24-month well-child pediatric visit. The authors review several early screening tools currently in use and offer recommendations for integrating autism specific screening into primary care practice.
Instructor experiences with a social networking site in a higher education setting: expectations, frustrations, appropriation, and compartmentalization

Researchers and practitioners have suggested that the use of social networking sites in formal education may be a worthwhile endeavor. Toward this goal, emerging learning platforms have included social networking features. Nevertheless, empirical literature examining user experiences, and more specifically instructor experiences, with these tools is limited. In this qualitative study, we address this gap in the literature by reporting the experiences of five instructors who used a social networking platform in their courses. We find that instructors (a) had expectations of Elgg that stemmed from numerous sources, (b) used Elgg in heterogeneous ways and for varied purposes, (c) compartmentalized Elgg and used it in familiar ways, and (d) faced frustrations stemming from numerous sources. We note that the ways Elgg came to be used “on the ground” is contested and contrasts starkly with the narrative of how social software might contribute benefits to educational practice. In addition, we note that learning management systems may frame the ways through which other tools, such as social media and Elgg, are understood, used, and experienced.
Behavioural issues in supply chain collaboration: communicating the literature via interactive learning

Technological innovation enables modern Supply Chain Management (SCM). The willingness to reassess the roles and behaviours of management is required to unleash the true creative power of SCM. Unfortunately, most managers and business educators have focused more on quantitative and technical aspects of SCM than on creating an environment that supports systems thinking and holistic decision making. Without redefining the system, collaboration will not occur at levels needed to create the learning SC. To help managers and educators make a closer examination at collaborative behaviour, we review the literature and illustrate its theory through an interactive simulation that demonstrates the need to go beyond technology to culture and structure to establish a truly collaborative SC model. One unique benefit of this approach is the simulation can be run first hand to support the literature and provide the significant emotional event needed to promote the needed paradigm shift to true SC collaboration.
A new prostaglandin disturbance syndrome in schizophrenia: Delta-6-pyroluria

At least two groups of schizophrenics will be described. One such group may have a mutant delta-6-desaturase which prefers the omega-6-series essential fatty acids over the omega-3 series essential fatty acids resulting in low cis-linoleic acid blood levels. This subgroup may be related to the low histamine type schizophrenia. In contrast, we describe the possible existence of another group of schizophrenic patients with elevated cis-linoleic acid blood levels, elevated fasting insulin levels, elevated EGOT and urinary kryptopyrolle termed "delta-6-pyroluria." The etiology of this group may be due to a block instead of a mutant delta-6-desaturase. The elevated fasting insulin level may be an attempt to overcome the malfunctioning pathway.
An Algorithmic Approach to Authorization Rules Conflict Resolution in Software Security

Conflicts can occur in access control models due to many reasons. Conflict resolution in real-time can be a challenging task due to the complexity of the access control rules. For a large number of access rules for a given service, detecting exactly which rules caused conflicts can be a daunting task. This paper describes an algorithm to resolve conflicts using the ARSL (Authorization Rule Specification Language) model. The algorithm is designed to work on the complexity issues of conflict resolution by preventing the occurrences of conflicts. The algorithm is based on priority of the authorization rules for a given resource and the priority is based on the sequence of occurrences of the authorization rules specified in the ARSL input file.
Trends in Funding for Dissertation Field Research: Why Do Political Science and Sociology Students Win so Few Awards?.

Despite the size and growth of political science and sociology relative to other disciplines, political science and sociology graduate students have received a declining share of funding for dissertation field research in recent years. Specifically, political science and sociology students are losing out to competitive applicants from humanities-oriented fields that provide strong training in area studies and language. These trends are explained by multiple factors. On the funding demand side, changes in graduate training within political science and sociology are undermining students' ability to conduct contextual work, thus leading to lower quality applications. On the funding supply side, the structure of selection committees may be privileging certain disciplines and approaches. We offer suggestions on how to begin reversing these worrisome trends in dissertation funding. Doing so is crucial to ensuring the continued participation of political scientists and sociologists in international comparative research.
Flowability and handling characteristics of bulk solids and powders – a review with implications for DDGS

Much research regarding handling and storage characteristics of bulk solids has been conducted over the years. Physical properties of granular solids play a significant role in their resulting storage and flow behaviour, and are therefore essential to design appropriate, efficient, and economic bulk solids handling and storage equipment and structures. Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) is a bulk material that has been widely used as a protein source for ruminants and non-ruminants for more than two decades. Distillers grains are energy and nutrient dense, and are often used as a replacement for corn in animal diets. With the exponential growth of the fuel ethanol industry in the last few years, large quantities of distiller’s grains are now being produced. To effectively utilize these feeds in domestic and international markets, however, these co-product streams are increasingly being transported greater distances, and must be stored until final use. DDGS flow is problematic as it often becomes restricted by caking and bridging which occurs during transportation and storage. This issue probably results from a number of factors, including storage moisture, temperature, relative humidity, particle size, time, or temperature variations, to name a few. The objective of this study was to review the primary factors affecting flowability, handling, and storage of granular solids and powders, as well as appropriate testing methodologies for these materials. Considering these will be helpful when examining granular flowability and storage challenges for byproduct feeds, including those surrounding the use of DDGS. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IAgrE.
Performance enhancements in BOLD using 'implications'

Uses of implied network values or conditions in the context of multilevel logic synthesis are presented. The use of these implications has resulted in performance-enhanced versions, ESPRESSOMLT2 and MLTAUT2, of the two cornerstone tools of the BOLD system, ESPRESSOMLT (multilevel logic minimizer based on tautology checking) and MLTAUT (multilevel logic verifier). The relationship between the implied values and the intermediate don't care set is presented. Then it is shown how this relationship can be exploited to reduce the number of tautology calls and the number of leaves in the binary recursion tree of tautology checking. A parallelized version MLTAUT2P, which runs on a Sun 3/75 LAN, is discussed. ESPRESSOMLT2, is expected to have speedups of up to a factor of 20 and the parallelized version a factor of over 100. >
Changes in cardiopulmonary function induced by nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NP) are highly applicable in a variety of technological and biomedical fields because of their unique physicochemical properties. The increased development and utilization of NP has amplified human exposure and raised concerns regarding their potential to generate toxicity. The biological impacts of NP exposures have been shown to be dependent on aerodynamic size, chemical composition, and the route of exposure (oral, dermal, intravenous, and inhalation), while recent research has demonstrated the cardiovascular (CV) system as an important site of toxicity. Proposed mechanisms responsible for these effects include inflammation, oxidative stress, autonomic dysregulation, and direct interactions of NP with CV cells. Specifically, NP have been shown to impact vascular endothelial cell (EC) integrity, which may disrupt the dynamic endothelial regulation of vascular tone, possibly altering systemic vascular resistance and impairing the appropriate distribution of blood flow throughout the circulation. Cardiac consequences of NP-induced toxicity include disruption of heart rate and electrical activity via catecholamine release, increased susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury, and modified baroreceptor control of cardiac function. These and other CV outcomes likely contribute to adverse health effects promoting myocardial infarction, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, and thrombosis. This review will assess the current knowledge regarding the principle sites of CV toxicity following NP exposure. Furthermore, we will propose mechanisms contributing to altered CV function and hypothesize possible outcomes resulting in decrements in human health. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:691–702. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1194 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Bit-level systolic algorithm for the symmetric eigenvalue problem

An arithmetic algorithm is presented which speeds up the parallel Jacobi method for the eigen-decomposition of real symmetric matrices. After analyzing the elementary mathematical operations in the Jacobi method (i.e. the evaluation and application of Jacobi rotations), the author devises arithmetic algorithms that effect these mathematical operations with few primitive operations (i.e. few shifts and adds) and enable the most efficient use of the parallel hardware. The matrices to which the plane Jacobi rotations are applied are decomposed into even and odd parts, enabling the application of the rotations from a single side and thus removing some sequentiality from the original method. The rotations are evaluated and applied in a fully concurrent fashion with the help of an implicit CORDIC algorithm. In addition, the CORDIC algorithm can perform rotations with variable resolution, which lead to a significant reduction in the total computation time. >
Inkjet printing of single-walled carbon nanotube/RuO2 nanowire supercapacitors on cloth fabrics and flexible substrates

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) thin film electrodes have been printed on flexible substrates and cloth fabrics by using SWNT inks and an off-the-shelf inkjet printer, with features of controlled pattern geometry (0.4–6 cm2), location, controllable thickness (20–200 nm), and tunable electrical conductivity. The as-printed SWNT films were then sandwiched together with a piece of printable polymer electrolyte to form flexible and wearable supercapacitors, which displayed good capacitive behavior even after 1,000 charge/discharge cycles. Furthermore, a simple and efficient route to produce ruthenium oxide (RuO2) nanowire/SWNT hybrid films has been developed, and it was found that the knee frequency of the hybrid thin film electrodes can reach 1,500 Hz, which is much higher than the knee frequency of the bare SWNT electrodes (˜158 Hz). In addition, with the integration of RuO2 nanowires, the performance of the printed SWNT supercapacitor was significantly improved in terms of its specific capacitance of 138 F/g, power density of 96 kW/kg, and energy density of 18.8 Wh/kg. The results indicate the potential of printable energy storage devices and their significant promise for application in wearable energy storage devices. Open image in new window
Integration of Ceramics Research with the Development of a Microsystem

Rapid implementation of new materials into engineering systems may require a paradigm shift in our approach to materials research. One option is to obtain fundamental material properties from experimental systems that can also serve as devices. This concept is applied to the measurement of Young's modulus of a novel ceramic, a polymer-derived silicon carbonitride (SiCN), directly from the performance of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device. The device is an electrostatic actuator. The flexure resistance of the arms of the actuator is measured and analyzed for the elastic modulus of SiCN. The comparison between theory and experiment yields a value for Young's modulus in the range 130–155 GPa.
Fatal and near-fatal penicillin anaphylaxis; three new cases with a note on prevention.

Abstract 1.1. One death and two cases of nonfatal anaphylactic shock due to penicillin are described. 2.2. The fatality occurred in a patient with bronchial asthma. Three other known deaths attributable to penicillin anaphylaxis have also occurred in asthmatics. 3.3. Two of these patients, including the one with a fatal reaction, had received penicillin many times before without indication of allergy. The third patient responded previously with immediate reactions to penicillin which went unheeded as a warning of anaphylaxis. 4.4. A direct scratch test with aqueous crystalline penicillin was positive in one case, whereas similar tests were negative with aqueous procaine penicillin and 2 per cent procaine. Passive transfer tests were negative. 5.5. Detailed precautions are suggested toward the prevention of penicillin anaphylaxis, particularly for asthmatic and penicillin-allergic persons. The avoidance of the indiscriminate use of penicillin, particularly by injection, is emphasized. The value of a systematic inquiry as to previous penicillin treatment and reactions as well as of the general allergic status is stressed. Certain refinements in the method of penicillin injection are suggested. The technique and interpretation of preliminary penicillin skin tests are discussed.
To bend a coralline: effect of joint morphology on flexibility and stress amplification in an articulated calcified seaweed

Previous studies have demonstrated that fleshy seaweeds resist wave-induced drag forces in part by being flexible. Flexibility allows fronds to `go with the flow', reconfiguring into streamlined shapes and reducing frond area projected into flow. This paradigm extends even to articulated coralline algae, which produce calcified fronds that are flexible only because they have distinct joints (genicula). The evolution of flexibility through genicula was a major event that allowed articulated coralline algae to grow elaborate erect fronds in wave-exposed habitats. Here we describe the mechanics of genicula in the articulated coralline Calliarthron and demonstrate how segmentation affects bending performance and amplifies bending stresses within genicula. A numerical model successfully predicted deflections of articulated fronds by assuming genicula to be assemblages of cables connecting adjacent calcified segments (intergenicula). By varying the dimensions of genicula in the model, we predicted the optimal genicular morphology that maximizes flexibility while minimizing stress amplification. Morphological dimensions of genicula most prone to bending stresses (i.e. genicula near the base of fronds) match model predictions.
Acculturation Clusters and Life Satisfaction

The purpose of our study was to determine if acculturation variables from different acculturation domains form empirically extracted acculturation clusters [based on Berry’s (1997) model], and if the clusters are related to the life satisfaction of first and second generation immigrant college students. One hundred twenty-two students attending a university in the Midwestern USA (70% female), representing more than 20 countries of origin, completed an online questionnaire. Hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward's method and a k-means analysis revealed four acculturation clusters that were labeled (1) Bicultural Attitudes, (2) Bicultural Practices & Heritage Identity, (3) U.S. Practices, and (4) Heritage Practices. Participants in the two clusters most closely resembling Berry’s (1997) acculturation category of integration (i.e., Bicultural Attitudes, and Bicultural Practices & Heritage Identity) reported significantly higher life satisfaction than participants in the cluster most closely resembling Berry’s (1997) acculturation category of separation (i.e., Heritage Practices). The findings of the present study lend additional support to the use of clustering methods as a way of including multiple domains of acculturation, thereby gaining a more comprehensive understanding of acculturation and its connection with psychosocial adjustment. The results also reinforce prior research findings that integration, or biculturalism, is an adaptive acculturation strategy.
Depth‐dependent hydraulic conductivity distribution patterns of a streambed

Characterization of streambed hydraulic conductivity from the channel surface to a great depth below the channel surface can provide needed information for the determination of stream-aquifer hydrologic connectedness, and it is also important to river restoration. However, knowledge on the streambed hydraulic conductivity for sediments 1 m below the channel surface is scarce. This study describes a method that was used to determine the distribution patterns of streambed hydraulic conductivity for sediments from channel surface to a depth of 15 m below. The method includes Geoprobe's direct-push techniques and Permeameter tests. Direct-push techniques were used to generate the electrical conductivity (EC) logs and to collect sequences of continuous sediment cores from river channels, as well as from the alluvial aquifer connected to the river. Permeameter tests on these sediment cores give the profiles of vertical hydraulic conductivity (K(v)) of the channel sediments and the aquifer materials. This method was applied to produce K(v) profiles for a streambed and an alluvial aquifer in the Platte River Valley of Nebraska, USA. Comparison and statistical analysis of the K(v) profiles from the river channel and from the proximate alluvial aquifer indicates a special pattern of K(v) in the channel sediments. This depth-dependent pattern of K(v) distribution for the channel sediments is considered to be produced by hyporheic processes. This K(v)-distribution pattern implied that the effect of hyporheic processes on streambed hydraulic conductivity can reach the sediments about 9 m below the channel surface. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Panicle emergence of tiller types and grain yield of tiller order for direct-seeded rice cultivars

Grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa, L.) tillers is critical to rice crop yield and quality but relatively little is known about variations that occur among panicles and grains for tiller types and emergence orders of direct-seeded rice cultivars. The objective of research was to examine how tillering may affect yield and quality at low plant population densities with profuse tillering. Single rice plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse in 1990 and in 1992 and in the field in 1991. The aim was to maximize tillering and thus better see effects of tiller emergence order and type on yield and panicle emergence. Culm and panicle emergence dates were successively later for primary, secondary, and tertiary tillers but with a smaller delay among panicle emergence dates than was observed for tiller emergence. Grain yield of tillers was related more to emergence order than to tiller type. Secondary and tertiary tillers in sufficient numbers could cause delays in crop grain maturity. Specifically, the beginning of grain-filling (closely following top anthesis) was 1 to 5 d later for primary tillers and 3 to 9 d later for secondary tillers, compared to main stems. These data indicate direct-seeded rice cultivars have partial but not complete synchrony of panicle emergence. Consequently, production strategies that increase preflood N to increase tillering in thin (sparsely populated) rice stands, could potentially delay maturity of the crop as well as increase yields.
Medicinal Plants of the Lowland Inga People of Colombia

AbstractNative names and uses are given for 46 plant species used by the Inga people of the Rio Caqueta region north and east of Mocoa, Putumayo, Colombia.
Keeping off the wrong track on the right side: planning for transcatheter caval valve implantation.

Presence of severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is associated with increasing mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure [(1)][1]. Severe TR leads to reversal of blood flow into the inferior vena cava (IVC), resulting in wasted myocardial work and worsening of right heart function,
Precision measurement of the Casimir force using gold surfaces

A precision measurement of the Casimir force using metallic gold surfaces is reported. The force is measured between a large gold-coated sphere and flat plate using an atomic force microscope. The use of gold surfaces removes some theoretical uncertainties in the interpretation of the measurement. The forces are also measured at smaller surface separations. The complete dielectric spectrum of the metal is used in the comparison of theory to the experiment. The average statistical precision remains at the same 1% of the forces measured at the closest separation. These results should lead to the development of stronger constraints on hypothetical forces.