cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assay of Ultra-Low-Volume Spray Deposits of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Heliothis zea by Means of Fluorescent Antibody Labeling

The use of ULV drift spraying from ground equipment has been tested for several years as a means of distributing the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), in cotton fields (L. A. Falcon of this department, unpublished data). A major problem has been the evaluation of the distribution of polyhedra on different parts of the target plants at varying distances from the ULV spray generator. The incorporation of dyes or other chemical tracers in the spray mix was found to cause coagulation and precipitation of the NPV. In view of the success of fluoreseent antibody labelling for the detection of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner deposits (D. E. Pinnock, unpublished data), it was decided to test this technique for H. zea NPV.
Episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting in cigarette smokers

Aims: Episodic future thinking (i.e., mental simulation of future life events) has been shown to reduce delay discounting in healthy and obese populations. In the present study, we sought to determine whether episodic future thinking would reduce delay discounting in cigarette smokers and whether this effect would differ between nicotine-deprived and -sated states. Methods: Cigarette smokers (N=12) completed a guided interview designed to generate vivid future events to occur following each of five delays used in a hypothetical delay-discounting task (i.e., one day to one year). In a within-subjects design, participants completed the discounting task in both nicotine-deprived and sated stateswhilewepresented textual cues associatedwith future events (active sessions) and recent past events (control sessions). Results: Episodic future thinking significantly reduced discounting when participants were both nicotine-deprived and –sated (in both cases, p< .05). However, Cohen’s d effect sizes indicated relatively stronger effects of episodic future thinking in the nicotine-deprived (d=0.55) vs. -sated (d=0.41) state. Conclusions: The present study extends prior research by demonstrating that episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting in cigarette smokers. The longevity and clinical impact of acute reductions in discounting with the use of episodic future thinking has yet to be determined. Financial Support: Institutional funds (WKB).
Evaluation of the Residual Life of Hydrogenated Pipes According to the Parameters of Acoustic Signals

We propose a technique for the evaluation of the residual life of a hydrogenated element of a pipe containing a cracklike defect on its inner surface. The kinetics of crack propagation is studied with regard for the influence of the hydrogen concentration on the pipeline wall. We establish the location of the cracklike defect in the pipe wall and its initial sizes by the acoustic-emission method. For the determination of the hydrogen concentration in the metal of pipeline, we propose to use the magnetoacoustic emission method. It is shown that the fluctuations of internal pressure in the oil (or gas) pipeline and the hydrogenation of its walls depending on the initial sizes of the cracklike defect may induce its fatigue propagation
OPEC investment strategies—Past and future

Some forecasters recently have predicted that OPEC countries with continuing current account surpluses will shift from long-term to short-term investments in the near future to improve their liquidity positions. However, careful study of a variety of data, including historical patterns, suggests that this will not be the case. Instead, surplus countries will turn even more to long-term investments offering higher returns over time.
The principales of phytotherapy on the model analysis purgative using in the main traditional tibetan medicine treatise «Jud-shi»

One of the rules traditional tibetian medicine: purgative plants are included in polycomponent species not only for removing of obstipations but also without them, for treating patients with cardio-vascular, neurologic, endocrine and a lot of other diseases. It is necessary to assimilate by european medicine perfected meyhods using purgative plants as «evacuators and cleaning drags», detoxic remedies for rising of therapeutic effectiveness.
Superconducting Cavity Electromechanics on a Silicon-on-Insulator Platform

Fabrication processes involving anhydrous hydrofluoric vapor etching are developed to create high-Q aluminum superconducting microwave resonators on free-standing silicon membranes formed from a silicon-on-insulator wafer. Using this fabrication process, a high-impedance 8.9-GHz coil resonator is coupled capacitively with a large participation ratio to a 9.7-MHz micromechanical resonator. Two-tone microwave spectroscopy and radiation pressure backaction are used to characterize the coupled system in a dilution refrigerator down to temperatures of T_f=11 mK, yielding a measured electromechanical vacuum coupling rate of g_0/2π = 24.6 Hz and a mechanical resonator Q factor of Q_m = 1.7 × 10^7. Microwave backaction cooling of the mechanical resonator is also studied, with a minimum phonon occupancy of n_m ≈ 16 phonons being realized at an elevated fridge temperature of T_f = 211 mK.
The effect of doping on low temperature growth of high quality GaAs nanowires on polycrystalline films

The increasing demand for miniature autonomous sensors requires low cost integration methods, but to date, material limitations have prevented the direct growth of optically active III-V materials on CMOS devices. We report on the deposition of GaAs nanowires on polycrystalline conductive films to allow for direct integration of optoelectronic devices on dissimilar materials. Undoped, Si-doped, and Be-doped nanowires were grown at Ts = 400 °C on oxide (indium tin oxide) and metallic (platinum and titanium) films. Be-doping is shown to significantly reduce the nanowire diameter and improve the nanowire aspect ratio to 50:1. Photoluminescence measurements of Be-doped nanowires are 1-2 orders of magnitude stronger than undoped and Si-doped nanowires and have a thermal activation energy of 14 meV, which is comparable to nanowires grown on crystalline substrates. Electrical measurements confirm that the metal-semiconductor junction is Ohmic. These results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating nanowire-based optoelectronic devices directly on CMOS chips.
Large, Sparse Optimal Matching with R package rcbalance

A new R package for matching in observational studies, rcbalance, is presented. rcbalance is designed to exploit sparsity among potential treated-control pairings and can conduct matches on a very large scale at low computational cost. Unlike existing packages, it also supports rened covariate balance constraints, which use prioritized lists of nominal covariates to induce high degrees of balance on the covariates and their interactions, even when it is dicult to nd individual pairs that are similar on many covariates. Matching with rcbalance is demonstrated using data from an observational study of right heart catheterization.
Transduction-Transplantation Mouse Model of Myeloproliferative Neoplasm

Transduction-transplantation is a quick and efficient way to model human hematologic malignancies in mice. This technique results in expression of the gene of interest in hematopoietic cells and can be used to study the gene's role in normal and/or malignant hematopoiesis. This protocol provides a detailed description on how to perform transduction-transplantation using calreticulin (CALR) mutations recently identified in myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) as an example. In this protocol whole bone marrow cells from 5-flurouracil (5-FU) treated donor mice are transduced with a retrovirus encoding mutant CALR and transplanted into lethally irradiated syngeneic hosts. Donor cells expressing mutant CALR are marked with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Transplanted mice develop an MPN phenotype including elevated platelets in the peripheral blood, expansion of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, and bone marrow fibrosis. We provide a step-by-step account of how to generate retrovirus, calculate viral titer, transduce whole bone marrow cells, and transplant into irradiated recipient mice.
Uhlenbeck's Complaint

The passage from kinetic theory to fluid dynamics as discussed by Hilbert has perplexed Uhlenbeck. Herein, I try to smooth over the discord.
A comparative analysis of prediction models for complete gross resection in secondary cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective We sought to examine compliance and outcomes using Memorial Sloan Kettering "(MSK) criteria" to predict complete gross resection (CGR) and compare them with the validated Tian and AGO models. Methods Patients who underwent SCS for recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer from 5/2001–6/2014 were identified. The AGO and Tian models were applied to the study population; appropriate statistical tests were used to determine ability to predict CGR. Results 214 SCS cases were identified. Since the implementation of MSK criteria, the CGR rate has been 86%. The AGO model had a 49% accuracy rate in predicting CGR, and predicted gross residual disease (RD) in 51%; however, CGR was achieved in 86%. The Tian model had an 88% accuracy rate. Of the 4% scored as Tian high risk for gross RD, 33% achieved a CGR. Comparing models, McNemar's p -value was 0.366 between the Tian and MSK models and p =0.013). OS was 82.2 (95%CI, 60.2–123.3), 95.6 (95%CI, 63.6–NE), and 57.5months (95%CI, 27.5–113.9), respectively ( p =0.014). Conclusion CGR during SCS is associated with extended PFS and OS. We report a high rate of CGR using MSK criteria. There was good concordance between the Tian and MSK models; however, the latter has fewer variables and is more user-friendly. Tian criteria may be applied to intermediate MSK cases for further stratification.
Using Geovisualization and Geospatial Analysis to Explore Respiratory Disease and Environmental Health Justice in New York City

The goal of this chapter is to illustrate how complex issues in environmental health justice analysis can benefit from geovisualization and exploration within a Geographic Information Science (GISc) framework. Individual health outcome variables, such as hospitalizations due to respiratory disease, can be very difficult to interpret without a geographic context; and interactions amongst variables such as disease, socio-demographic characteristics, or environmental exposures, further complicate an accurate interpretation of the data. Data exploration and visualization through mapping and spatial analysis often provides a more robust understanding of the data, as well as improved clarity in viewing the phenomena under study, which will lead to better design of further analyses and additional hypothesis generation, in an iterative fashion. In the first part of this chapter, we use a hypothetical data set to illustrate some of the data exploration, geovisualization, statistical methods, and geospatial analyses. In the second part of the chapter, we use a worked example of respiratory disease and socio-demographic variables in New York City to assess potential environmental justice impacts, in order to further demonstrate the importance of geovisualization and geospatial analysis in achieving a better understanding of environmental health issues.
Interactionism in personality and social psychology: A whole that is less than the sum of its parts

To flesh out the principles of dynamic interactionism presented by Reynolds et al. (2010), we discuss traditional approaches to the psychology of tyranny and oppression. We argue that models which place personality and situational factors in opposition, together with those which combine these elements mechanically, signally fail to capture the dynamism that is characteristic of tyrannical systems. We identify four aspects of this dynamism. These suggest that individual differences (a) draw people towards particular contexts, (b) are given meaning by salient social identities, (c) are transformed by intense group experiences and (d) become most potent when representative of group identity.
Mapping Second Chromosome Mutations to Defined Genomic Regions in Drosophila melanogaster

Hundreds of Drosophila melanogaster stocks are currently maintained at the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center with mutations that have not been associated with sequence-defined genes. They have been preserved because they have interesting loss-of-function phenotypes. The experimental value of these mutations would be increased by tying them to specific genomic intervals so that geneticists can more easily associate them with annotated genes. Here, we report the mapping of 85 second chromosome complementation groups in the Bloomington collection to specific, small clusters of contiguous genes or individual genes in the sequenced genome. This information should prove valuable to Drosophila geneticists interested in processes associated with particular phenotypes and those searching for mutations affecting specific sequence-defined genes.
CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies for Migraine: Rationale and Progress.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide abundant in the trigeminal system and widely expressed in both the peripheral and central nervous systems, has recently emerged as a promising target for migraine management. While known as a potent arterial vasodilator, the role of CGRP in migraine is likely mediated by modulating nociception and sustaining neurogenic inflammation that leads to further peripheral and central pain sensitization. Functional blockade of CGRP, which involves either CGRP receptor antagonists or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to CGRP or its receptor, has recently shown clinical efficacy in migraine management. The site of action, although still being studied, is likely in nervous system structures outside the blood–brain barrier. To date, four CGRP function-blocking mAbs (three target CGRP and one targets the CGRP receptor) are under clinical investigation for migraine prophylaxis. Phase II and III studies were promising with favorable safety profiles. CGRP function-blocking mAbs may potentially revolutionize the management of migraine. This review discusses in depth the fundamental role of CGRP in migraine pathogenesis as well as the clinical efficacy of CGRP function-blocking mAbs.
Abstract P4-02-12: Predicting surgical upgrade of breast lesions detected by MRI-guided biopsy

Background: Patients who have suspicious breast lesions identified with MRI without mammographic- or ultrasound-correlated biopsy require MRI-guided biopsy. However, MRI-guided biopsy may underestimate the pathology due to intrinsic heterogeneity, in which subsequent surgical excision may reveal an upgrade. The reported upgrade rate is variable across studies, subclasses of lesion, and needle gauge, and no associative factors have been identified. This study investigated demographic and histologic characteristics of lesions that underwent MRI-guided biopsy to determine possible factors for predicting later upgrade at surgery. Methods: All MRI-guided vacuum biopsies performed between 2012 and 2017 at GWU Breast Imaging Center were reviewed. Surgical excision was performed for high risk lesions and imaging discordance in benign lesions. Variables investigated include patient age, menopausal status, personal/family history of breast cancer and breast pathology. T-test and Pearson9s chi-squared test were used to determine statistical significance (alpha=0.05). Results: Of 379 lesions from 295 patients that underwent MRI-guided biopsy, 117 lesions from 96 patients underwent subsequent surgical excision. Pathology of the 117 lesions included benign (14/117; 12%), ALH (17/117; 15%), LCIS (10/117; 9%), ADH (10/117; 9%), papilloma (25/117; 21%), radial scar (12/117; 10%), DCIS (13/117; 11%), invasive cancer (10/117; 9%), and others (6/117; 5%). 14 of 117 lesions (12%) were upgraded at surgery: 5 upgraded from benign to high-risk, 1 upgraded from benign to DCIS, 4 upgraded from high risk to DCIS, 1 upgraded from high risk to invasive cancer and 3 upgraded from DCIS to invasive cancer. All 14 patient with upgrades (100%) had a personal history of breast cancer. No association was found with age, menopausal status, breast pathology, or family history. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated a surgical upgrade rate of 12%. All upgrades occurred in women with a personal history. We suggest that patients with a personal history of breast cancer pose a higher risk of surgical upgrade at excision. Citation Format: Chen A, Brem R. Predicting surgical upgrade of breast lesions detected by MRI-guided biopsy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-12.
Governing renewables: Policy feedback in a global energy transition:

Complex global problems such as climate change have not been met with deep international cooperation but with complex systems of governance across multiple scales. This includes the global governan...
The origin of the Origin revisited.

Reexamen de L'Origine des Especes. Le commentaire de D. Brewster sur le Cours de Philosophie Positive d'Auguste Comte. L'impact de ce commentaire sur Darwin. Darwin et Adam Smith. Darwin, Quetelet et Malthus. Darwin et sa croyance religieuse.
Regulation of T Cell Adhesion with T Cell Differentiation and with Acute Activation by Mip-lβ Cytokine Immobilized on CD44 Proteoglycan

Adhesion is essential to amny aspects of the T cell phsiology. Although initially it seemed plausible that this would be mediated by only a few molecules, it is now apparent that there are many adhesion molecules on T cells. Resting T cells have more than dozen, activated cells more than two dozen, and more will undoubtedly be discovered. The challenge is to find simplifying paradigms to understand similarities and differneces between these molecules and elucidate general principles by which they fucntion. One such important concept which has emerged is that of adhesion cascades.
Nonhistone Protein Antigens in Rat Hepatomas

Application of two dimensional Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to the studies on chromosomal nonhistone proteins revealed their exceptional heterogeneity (1, 2). Assuming that at least some of these proteins participate in the process of differentiation and regulation of genetic transcription, they should be cell specific. Because of their unique selectivity and sensitivity, immunological procedures are well suited for probing the cell and tissue specificity of chromosomal proteins and their structural associations. Antibodies to histones (3) and to chromosomal nonhistone proteins (4–7) were used to study chromatin structure or cellular distribution and specificity of the respective antigens. Specific antisera localized nuclear protein antigens to selected areas of polytene chromosomes (5) or to the nucleoli of normal and malignant cells (8). Isolated intact (9,10) or dehistonized (11, 12) chromatin, nucleoli (8, 13) or nuclear membrane proteins (14, 15) were all found immunogenic when injected into rabbits or other animals. Some of these antisera recognized cell or tissue-specific antigens and their changes during cell differentiation (11, 16) or carcinogenesis (17–19).
Annual cover crops for managed and wild bees: optimal plant mixtures depend on pollinator enhancement goals.

Abstract Agricultural intensification and landscape simplification have reduced flowering plant abundance and diversity worldwide, with subsequent negative effects on pollinators. To mitigate these effects, research and conservation have focused on incorporating flowering plants into agricultural landscapes through on-farm natural areas or flowering crops. However, while cover crops provide numerous agroecosystem services, they have received little attention for their role in providing floral resources for pollinators. In this study, we examined the value of cover crops for providing supplemental summer floral resources for both managed and wild bees in the Northern Great Plains of the United States, where a large proportion of honey bee colonies spend the summer. Specifically, using an experimental randomized plot design, we compared floral resources and bee visitation rates across 1, 2, 3, and 6-species cover crop mixes as well a 6-species annual native wildflower mix. We found that cover crop treatments including buckwheat provided the highest summer-long floral cover, higher than the annual native wildflower mix in which only two of six species bloomed, and that total bee visitation rates increased with higher floral cover. However, different bees were attracted to different treatments; honey bees and bumble bees were most attracted to mixes containing phacelia, while large-bodied solitary bees were more attracted to mixes including cultivated sunflower and to the wildflower mix, illustrating that the optimal plantings for attracting social or managed bees may differ from those attracting solitary wild bees. Additionally, while similar numbers of bee species visited the three main plants in our treatments (buckwheat, phacelia, and cultivated sunflower) more rare species visited cultivated sunflower while more common bees visited buckwheat and phacelia. Our results highlight the value of annual cover crops for providing pollinator resources in agricultural landscapes, particularly on rotated land where perennial flower plantings are less feasible, but illustrate trade-offs between attracting a large number of common generalist or managed bees versus attracting fewer individuals but species of potential conservation concern.
Runs of homozygosity in spontaneous abortions from families with recurrent pregnancy loss

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a severe reproductive pathology with a significant component of unexplained etiology. Extended homozygous regions as a possible etiological factor for RPL were sought in the genomes of embryos. Twenty-two paired first-trimester spontaneously aborted embryos from eleven women with recurrent miscarriage were analyzed. All embryos had normal karyotypes according to metaphase karyotyping and conventional comparative genomic hybridization. SurePrint G3 Human CGH + SNP 4 × 180K microarrays (Agilent Technologies) were used to search for homozygous regions. As a result, 39 runs of homozygosity (ROH) were identified in extraembryonic tissues of 15 abortuses. Verification of recurrent homozygous regions was performed by Sanger sequencing. The presence of occasional heterozygous SNPs was shown in 25 extended ROHs, which may indicate that they did not arise de novo but were inherited from parents. In the course of inheritance in a series of generations, they may accumulate mutations, leading to heterozygosity for several sites in the initially homozygous population-specific regions. Homozygotization of recessive mutations is one of the putative mechanisms of the influence of such inherited ROHs on RPL development. The high frequency of extended ROHs detected in the present study may point to a role of inbreeding in RPL etiology. Homozygous regions may also occur due to uniparental disomy, and abnormalities of genomic imprinting may be another mechanism responsible for the pathological manifestation of ROHs in embryogenesis. Indeed, five predicted imprinted genes were identified within ROHs according to the Geneimprint database: OBSCN, HIST3H2BB, LMX1B, CELF4, and FAM59A. This work reports the first finding of a high frequency of extended ROHs in spontaneously aborted embryos with normal karyotypes from families with RPL.
Ethics in Health Research Using Social Media

Over the past decade, scholars have been able to actively engage with patients, informal caregivers, and providers through social media sites and patient-centered groups in ways that are reshaping patient-centered research design and recruitment. As with the introduction of any new technology, there exists both potential for new modes of inquiry and unforeseen ethical quandaries. This chapter presents researchers with the types of questions, ongoing points of debate, and nascent solutions relevant to a research platform in which ethical considerations have yet to be well defined.
Retributivist Reform of Collateral Consequences

This Article applies retributivist principles to discussions about collateral consequences reform. Retributivist ideas relating to agency and responsibility, proportionality, personal and communal restoration, and the obligations and duties of the state, as well as the broader community, suggest suspicion of an expansive collateral consequences regime. A retributivist assessment, cognizant of realities within the criminal system, reveals that many are overly punitive and disruptive of social order. Legislatures that prioritize retribution as a justification for and constraint on punishment should think clearly about whether existing collateral consequences result in disproportionate suffering and, if so, reconsider them. This includes the outsourcing of punishment to private actors. Committed retributivist decision-makers within the system, such as line prosecutors, should consider how to approach the imposition of collateral consequences when acting during various phases of a prosecution. Finally, retributivist constraints can inform whether the maintenance of criminal records by the state is justified, and for how long, as well as the scope of second-chance remedies like expungement. These limitations could allow for robust procedural protections for petitioners for relief, shifting the burden of persuasion to the state. In short, retributive principles can be a useful tool for reform, helping to restore to ex-offenders what they deserve.
LIVING WITH CONGENITAL AORTIC STENOSIS: EXERCISE RESTRICTION, PATTERNS OF ADHERENCE, AND QUALITY OF LIFE

The Bethesda Guidelines recommend restriction from most organized sports for patients with moderate or severe aortic stenosis (AS). We sought to evaluate how frequently physicians deviate from the guidelines, patient adherence to exercise restriction, and association of restriction with patient-
Shelterin and the replisome: at the intersection of telomere repair and replication

Telomeres are G-rich repetitive sequences that are difficult to replicate, resulting in increased replication stress that can threaten genome stability. Shelterin protects telomeres from engaging in aberrant DNA repair and dictates the choice of DNA repair pathway at dysfunctional telomeres. Recently, shelterin has been shown to participate in telomere replication. Here we review the most recent discoveries documenting the mechanisms by which shelterin represses DNA repair pathways at telomeres while assisting its replication. The interplay between shelterin and the replisome complex highlights a novel connection between telomere maintenance and repair.
Effects of deficiency in the RLBP1-encoded visual cycle protein CRALBP on visual dysfunction in humans and mice.

Mutations in retinaldehyde-binding protein 1 (RLBP1), encoding the visual cycle protein cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP), cause an autosomal recessive form of retinal degeneration. By binding to 11-cis-retinoid, CRALBP augments the isomerase activity of retinoid isomerohydrolase RPE65 (RPE65) and facilitates 11-cis-retinol oxidation to 11-cis-retinal. CRALBP also maintains the 11-cis configuration and protects against unwanted retinaldehyde activity. Studying a sibling pair that is compound heterozygous for mutations in RLBP1/CRALBP, here we expand the phenotype of affected individuals, elucidate a previously unreported phenotype in RLBP1/CRALBP carriers, and demonstrate consistencies between the affected individuals and Rlbp1/Cralbp−/− mice. In the RLBP1/CRALBP-affected individuals, nonrecordable rod-specific electroretinogram traces were recovered after prolonged dark adaptation. In ultrawide-field fundus images, we observed radially arranged puncta typical of RLBP1/CRALBP-associated disease. Spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) revealed hyperreflective aberrations within photoreceptor-associated bands. In short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence (SW-AF) images, speckled hyperautofluorescence and mottling indicated macular involvement. In both the affected individuals and their asymptomatic carrier parents, reduced SW-AF intensities, measured as quantitative fundus autofluorescence (qAF), indicated chronic impairment in 11-cis-retinal availability and provided information on mutation severity. Hypertransmission of the SD-OCT signal into the choroid together with decreased near-infrared autofluorescence (NIR-AF) provided evidence for retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE) involvement. In Rlbp1/Cralbp−/− mice, reduced 11-cis-retinal levels, qAF and NIR-AF intensities, and photoreceptor loss were consistent with the clinical presentation of the affected siblings. These findings indicate that RLBP1 mutations are associated with progressive disease involving RPE atrophy and photoreceptor cell degeneration. In asymptomatic carriers, qAF disclosed previously undetected visual cycle deficiency.
A one-step-assembled three-dimensional network of silver/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanowires and its application in energy storage

Creating ultralight monolithic metal foams remains an outstanding challenge despite their important applications, e.g., in electronics, sensors and energy storage. Herein, a facile methodology is developed for one-step fabrication of silver/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanowire (AgPNW) hydrogel and high-quality robust ultralight AgPNW aerogel (AgPNWA) on a large scale. The hydrogel is directly formed by in situ assembling hydrothermally-synthesized AgPNWs. The resultant ultralight AgPNWA exhibits very high electrical conductivity. The application of this one-step fabricated AgPNWA to enhance phase change materials (PCMs) for high-efficiency thermal energy storage is investigated. The AgPNWA–paraffin composite (APC) shows ∼350% thermal-efficiency enhancement, ∼463% mechanical hardening, and strong reliability against thermal cycling due to the potentially strong AgPNW–paraffin interfacial interaction. It is also observed that the thickness of the APC shrinks significantly but there is no change in its diameter during thermal cycles. Analytical models of liquid capillary filling of deformable fiber-based 3D networks are derived for the first time and are applied to analyze the thermal-cycling-induced-shape-stabilization behavior of the APC and the vaporization-induced collapse behavior of the AgPNW network. This work provides important insights into designing a facile 3D assembly of nanomaterials, and thermal energy storage materials with high performance and reliability.
Economical Fused LEO GNSS

In addition to Internet service, new commercial broadband low-Earth-orbiting (LEO) satellites could provide a positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) service far more robust to interference than traditional Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Previous proposals for LEO PNT require dedicated spectrum and hardware: a transmitter, antenna, and atomic clock on board every broadband satellite. This paper proposes a highperformance, low-cost alternative which fuses the requirements of PNT service into the existing capabilities of the broadband satellite. A concept of operations for so-called fused LEO GNSS is presented and analyzed both in terms of positioning performance and in terms of the economy of its use of constellation resources of transmitters, bandwidth, and time. This paper shows that continuous assured PNT service over ±60° latitude (covering 99.8% of the world's population) with positioning performance exceeding traditional GNSS pseudo ranging would cost less than 2 % of system capacity for the largest new constellations, such as SpaceX's Starlink or Amazon's Project Kuiper.
Somatic CAG expansion in Huntington's disease is dependent on the MLH3 endonuclease domain, which can be excluded via MLH3 splice redirection to suppress expansion

Abstract Somatic expansion of the CAG repeat tract that causes Huntington’s disease (HD) is thought to contribute to the rate of disease pathogenesis. Therefore, factors influencing repeat expansion are potential therapeutic targets. Genes in the DNA mismatch repair pathway are critical drivers of somatic expansion in HD mouse models. Here, we have tested, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, the role of the endonuclease domain of the mismatch repair protein MLH3 in somatic CAG expansion in HD mice and patient cells. A point mutation in the MLH3 endonuclease domain completely eliminated CAG expansion in the brain and peripheral tissues of a HD knock-in mouse model (HttQ111). To test whether the MLH3 endonuclease could be manipulated pharmacologically, we delivered splice switching oligonucleotides in mice to redirect Mlh3 splicing to exclude the endonuclease domain. Splice redirection to an isoform lacking the endonuclease domain was associated with reduced CAG expansion. Finally, CAG expansion in HD patient-derived primary fibroblasts was also significantly reduced by redirecting MLH3 splicing to the endogenous endonuclease domain-lacking isoform. These data indicate the potential of targeting the MLH3 endonuclease domain to slow somatic CAG repeat expansion in HD, a therapeutic strategy that may be applicable across multiple repeat expansion disorders.
Circuit Modularization of Quantum Optical Systems

Quantum optics and nanophotonics are the basis of future communications and computation technologies. Thus, there is an ever-increasing need for analysis and design tools that are suitable for large, complex, and multielement systems. However, full quantum analysis of systems requires writing the full quantum Hamiltonian, which is usually possible only in simple cases that are easy to analyze analytically, and especially difficult when the system contains dispersive and dissipative elements. Here we use circuit theory to modularize the modeling of the quantum Hamiltonian, and therefore the entire quantum system. We use the notion of optical metatronics---circuit analog for nanophotonic structures---to model our photonic system as an electronic circuit, and show how each coupling term in the Hamiltonian can be written using classical equivalent circuits. Thus, the quantum-interaction term between any two elements can be analyzed, designed, and optimized using the vast library of circuit engineering tools, which by their very nature enable the design of complex, multielement realistic systems. Our work generalizes the current theoretical treatment of quantized nanophotonic systems, paving the way for a systemic, modularized modeling of large-scale systems.
The AI Accident Network: Artificial Intelligence Liability Meets Network Theory

Network theory holds great unappreciated value when it comes to analyzing and confronting new legal issues induced by emerging technologies. It can assist regulators, judges and insurers to visualize multifaceted legal questions in a manner that assists them to better understand the complexity of new legal enquiries, and the appropriate policy intervention. A complex challenge the legal realm faces today is that of Artificial Intelligence (AI) liability. This Article will utilize network theory in this context. It will do so by combining network theory's features with Fletcher's nonreciprocal risks paradigm. This combination will provide essential tools which will show that a strict liability regime is the best-suited regime to apply when AI causes harm, and will provide indicators to identify the entity who should be held strictly liable. Fletcher's nonreciprocal paradigm was heavily criticized upon its emergence. Calabresi's cheapest-cost avoider strict liability approach eventually became the prominent approach in the context of strict liability. However, this Article claims that today's network economy and networked society offers a new opportunity for Fletcher's paradigm to be applied given the new ways in which we interact and inflict damages upon each other, which were not feasible in the past. This Article integrates network theory into the field of AI tort law for the first time. It presents a new and unique methodology to the ongoing dispute about the appropriate liability regime that should apply when AI causes damages.
Autonomous Bicycles: A New Approach To Bicycle-Sharing Systems

In the current paradigm of rapid urban growth, it is critical to create new and innovative mobility solutions that ensure an efficient, inexpensive and reliable flow of people throughout the city. In this paper, we propose the implementation of autonomous driving technology to address some of the current challenges of bicycle-sharing systems. We also propose a solution to provide bicycles of the necessary lateral stability to drive autonomously. Under this view, a fleet of autonomous shared bicycles would work as a mobility-on-demand system: when a user requested a ride, the nearest available bike would drive autonomously to wherever they are. Then, the user would ride it like a regular bike, and upon arrival to the destination, the bike would leave autonomously again for the next user. Such a system would eliminate the need for rebalancing and docking stations, and the needed fleet size would be smaller than in current station-based and dockless systems. In addition, it would solve the difficulty of finding available bicycles or docks and eliminate walking distance, improving the user experience and incentivizing its use.
Balancing Compassion and Risk in Climate Adaptation: U.S. Water, Drought and Agricultural Law

This article compares risk spreading and risk reduction approaches to climate adaptation. Because of the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from past practices, the world is "committed" to a significant amount of global average warming. This is likely to lead to significant increases in the frequency, severity and geographic extent of drought. Adaptation to these and other problems caused by climate disruption will be essential even if steps are taken now to mitigate that disruption. Water and drought policy provide an example of the significant policy tension between compassion and risk reduction in climate adaptation, and how those tensions affect broader national economic policies. Because water is essential to lives and livelihoods, the compassionate response to drought is to provide financial and other forms of relief. Guaranteed, unconditional drought relief, however, can encourage unsustainable water uses and practices that increase vulnerability to drought in the long-term. Moreover, the agricultural sector is the largest consumptive user of water in drought-prone regions, but longstanding U.S. agricultural policy encourages excess production and water use. Effective adaptation to climate disruption will have to strike a balance between providing essential short-term relief from hardship and promoting longer-term measures to reduce vulnerability through more sustainable water use and other practices. It will also require fundamental reconsideration of laws and policies that drive key economic sectors that will be affected by climate disruption. Although water, drought and agricultural law provide one good example of this tension, the same lessons are likely to apply to other sectors of the economy vulnerable to climate disruption, such as real estate development and energy production.
Reproductive health conversations in adolescents with CHD.

Background Reproductive issues as related to CHD must be discussed in the clinic and at home. Providers can ensure that correct information is imparted to the adolescent and encourage mothers to provide support and guidance to the adolescent. The level to which these conversations occur is unknown. Methods A survey distributed to female adolescent/mother dyads assessed self-reported conversations with the healthcare provider and between each other about reproductive health topics. A clinician survey was completed to assess CHD diagnosis, risk of hormonal contraception, and pregnancy risk. Results Among 91 dyads, 33.0% of adolescents and 42.9% of mothers reported discussing recurrence risk of CHD with the provider. In regard to the cardiac lesion affecting a baby, 30.7% of adolescents and 28.7% of mothers reported discussing this with a provider. Significantly less adolescents and mothers reported discussing the risks of hormonal contraception and pregnancy with a provider. In assessing conversations between adolescents and mothers, only 44.2% of adolescents and 52.3% of mothers reported discussing with each other the safety of using birth control and 46.5% of adolescents and 64.0% of mothers reported discussing the safety of pregnancy. Conclusions Adolescents with CHD and their mothers report low rates of reproductive health-related conversations with the healthcare provider, and mothers report low rates of having these conversations with their daughters. These topics should be discussed at each appointment with the cardiologist and must be encouraged to continue at home.
COVID silver linings: Accessible and affordable professional development

Abstract The global pandemic caused a storm of cancellations of professional conferences and professional travel, but the storm has also had technological silver linings in opportunities for professional development including greater numbers of webinars, virtual conferences, and new uses of videoconferencing. We expect that many of these new expansions of professional development will continue in the field of L2 pronunciation.
Ranked-Choice Voting Delivers Representation and Consensus in Presidential Primaries

This article empirically examines the results of the 2020 Democratic Party’s presidential nomination contests in the five states that adopted ranked choice voting rules. The findings shed light on how voters ranked candidates based on not only the need to nominate the strongest candidate to represent the party in the general election, but also to ensure representation of the diverse electorate at the national convention. The paper also considers how the 15 percent threshold of vote shares required to earn national delegates affected the results of RCV elections in 2020. Finally, it assesses the possibility of changes to the delegate allocation if this threshold is altered in the context of RCV rule adoptions in the future.
New Advances and Ongoing Challenges in the Use of Biologic Agents in Cardiac Sarcoidosis and Other Inflammatory Cardiomyopathies

Inflammatory cardiomyopathies encompass several different conditions revolving around inflammation. Experts, supported primarily by experience, have utilized immunosuppression as a treatment option to halt the inflammation and prevent the common end result of dilated cardiomyopathy. Very limited evidence exists to support a uniformed approach. Standard immunosuppression protocols are typically used to treat inflammatory cardiomyopathies associated with systemic inflammatory diseases. However, specific features such as eosinophilic infiltration or fulminant course merit a more aggressive and targeted approach. As our understanding of inflammation continues to evolve, the more directed biologic agents have been more successfully used as alternatives to more traditional immunosuppression. Subtyping inflammatory cardiomyopathies, including better immune-profiling, might aid more specific approaches. This review discusses the mechanisms of disease and new advances in the use of biologic agents in treatment of inflammatory cardiomyopathies, including cardiac sarcoidosis.
The Effects of Soft Tissue Flossing on Hamstring Range of Motion and Lower Extremity Power.

# Background Flossing includes wrapping a specialized latex band around a muscle group providing compression, partially occluding blood flow, followed by performing exercises. This is hypothesized to improve flexibility by dissipating myofascial adhesions; however, research is lacking. # Objective To determine the effect of the application of a floss band to the thigh on hamstring flexibility and lower extremity power. # Design Crossover Study # Setting Exercise Physiology Laboratory. # Participants Twenty-one recreationally active individuals (8 male, 13 female; age = 22.62±2.99 years; height = 171.52±9.08 cm; mass = 73.57±11.37 kg). # Methods Three counterbalanced interventions were studied during body weight squats, lunges, and hamstring curls (without resistance): floss, sham, and control. The floss treatment included wrapping the Rogue Wide Voodoo Floss Band™ from the proximal knee to the gluteal fold at a pressure of 140 to 200 mmHg. The sham treatment included wrapping the same band in the same location with less pressure (10 to 40 mmHg) while the control treatment did not include floss band application. Hip flexion range of motion, via the straight leg raise, and power (single-leg vertical jump) were compared from pre-test to post-test using a 3x2 repeated measures ANOVA. # Results There was a significant interaction between time and session for hamstring flexibility (F~(2,40)~=17.54, *p*<0.001, η^2^=0.47). Post hoc tests showed significant differences between pre- (86.14±8.06 degrees) and post-test (90.81±7.69 degrees) for the floss session (*p*<0.001, Mean Difference=4.67, CI~95~=3.35-5.98) and between pre- (87.67±7.51 degrees) and post-test (89.86±7.88 degrees) for the sham session (*p*=0.001, Mean Difference=2.19, CI~95~=0.98-3.40). There were no significant interactions for jump power (F~(2,40)~=1.82, *P*=0.18, η^2^=0.08, 1-β=0.36). # Conclusions Flossing treatment increased hamstring flexibility more than the sham session without affecting lower body power. Flossing could be beneficial when treatment or performance preparation goals are increased flexibility without decreased power. Future studies should continue to examine the clinical effectiveness of flossing on an injured population.
Carbamazepine Reduces Sharp Wave-Ripple Complexes and Exerts Synapse-Specific Inhibition of Neurotransmission in Ex Vivo Hippocampal Slices

Higher therapeutic concentrations of the antiseizure medication carbamazepine (CBZ) are associated with cognitive side effects. Hippocampal sharp wave-ripple complexes (SPW-Rs) are proposed to participate in memory consolidation during periods of quiet and slow-wave sleep. SPW-Rs are generated in the CA3 region and are regulated by multiple synaptic inputs. Here, we used a multi-electrode array to determine the effects of CBZ on SPW-Rs and synaptic transmission at multiple hippocampal synapses. Our results demonstrate that CBZ reduced SPW-Rs at therapeutically relevant concentrations (IC50 = 37 μM) and altered the core characteristics of ripples, important for information processing and consolidation. Moreover, CBZ inhibited neurotransmission in a synapse-specific manner. CBZ inhibition was most potent at the medial-perforant-path-to-CA3 and mossy-fiber-to-CA3 synapses (IC50s ~ 30 and 60 μM, respectively) and least potent at medial-perforant-path-to-dentate granule cell synapses (IC50 ~ 120 μM). These results suggest that the synapse-specific CBZ inhibition of neurotransmission reduces SPW-Rs and that the CBZ inhibition of SPW-Rs may underlie the cognitive impairments observed with therapeutic doses of CBZ.
Ethics of folk medicine among the Igbo

Folk medicine, also known as traditional medicine, is an ancient cultural practice used to contain and manage illnesses and diseases. It is not wrong to say that western/modern medicine developed from folk medicine because medicine was practiced with herbs, divination, and superstition. Some people continue to rely on spiritual powers, divination, and herds in treating ill health. Folk medicine continues to be an integral part of healthcare among many ethnic groups despite the advent of western/modern medicine. Its preference and resilience are based on tradition, choice, inexpensiveness, and easy access. Omenala-tradition is the foundation of folk, and its operating principle is Ọfọ and Ogu. This work looks at the main ethical underpinnings of Igbo folk medicine of South-Eastern Nigeria in the context of Omenala. It concludes that the ethical principle of Ọfọ and Ogu make treatment efficacious, promote patient-healer relationships, and guides healers and patients.