cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluctuations in Immediate Memory: Six Case Studies

The auditory digit span is employed in diagnostic psychological testing to measure the span of attention (Rapaport, Gill, & Schafer, 1945-1946). This communication provides evidence of momentary flucmations in attention with a modified version of this test. Experiment I.-TWO SS were individually tested for digit span once each day for eight days. The besr digit span obtained on any one day by either S was eight. The digit span test was followed each day by 10 trials on different nine-digit series (Span + series). Number right on the Span + series was transformed to z scores by subtracting rhe raw scores from the mean performance of each S on each day. Cumulative frequency distributions of the z scores were plotted on "probit" paper for each S separately.' The distributions were nearly normal in form. Experiment 11.-Exp. I was repeated with four Ss. The digit span tests were given for 18 days. Three Ss improved sufficiently with practice over days so that the ninedigit series were within their span of immediate memory. Testing on the Span + series was therefore discontinued on all Ss after 12 days. The z scores of the fourth S closely approximated a normal distribution, as did those of Ss in Exp. I.' As is usually found, Ss improved with practice over days. Trend analyses' (Treatments by Ss) were applied to the data to verify this observation. The digit spans increased slightly over days (F = 1.93, p 5 .05, df = 17/51), and number correct on the Span + series nearly tripled over days (F = 3.24, p .01, df = 11/33). Ss' introspections suggest that improvement occurred because Ss learned to use more complex mnemonic devices with practice. Although practice greatly improved performance on the Span + series, variability on these series remained constant over days, within the range explored (trend F = 1.10, n.s.).= Practice thus raised the mean point around which fluctuations in attention occurred. It is suggested that fluctuations in attention are due to the impact of other events upon the sensorium. Their impact on the sensorium is presumably random, since flucmations in attention were, in essence, normally distributed. These other events are viewed as competing for S's attention during the digit span task. The resistance of variability to practice suggests that the events competing for attention (external stimulation, ideas, affects) are not readily brought under conscious control.
Combining Aqueous Extraction and Membrane Isolation Techniques to Recover Protein and Oil from Soybeans

Two relatively new protein isolation techniques (the Aqueous Extraction Process and the Membrane Isolation Process) were combined to obtain a single isolation procedure to produce protein and oil food products from undefatted soybeans. Three lots of soybeans were processed using aqueous extraction, centrifugation and industrial ultrafiltration membranes to obtain either a full-fat, low-fat or intermediate-fat product and an oil cream. Proximate and amino acid analyses, nitrogen solubility profiles, and storage tests were made on spray dried products. Mean membrane permeation rates achieved ranged from 20–42.6 gfd. Protein products possessed high nitrogen solubilities below pH 3.5 and above pH 7, and were desirably light in collor.
¿Quién es el dueño de Atenas? Planificación urbana y lucha por la identidad en la Atenas neoclásica (1832-1843)

Planning and building of Neo-Classical Athens under the Bavarian administration does not fit easily in a typical program of European nation-building. Scholars have understood this common European process using the concepts such as “invented traditions” and “imagined communities” arguing that it was the Greeks who invented Modern Greece. Here I argue that the power relations between the powerful European rulers and the impoverished Greek natives were far more influential than previously believed. The Greeks, even though physically in Europe and for centuries the focus of European Enlightened imagination, were treated more like colonial subjects. It was actually the subaltern Greeks who had to live their everyday lives in the European “imagined community” and they resisted the European Neo- Classical dream.
Measurement of Respiratory Sensation in Interstitial Lung Disease: Evaluation of Clinical Dyspnea Ratings and Magnitude Scaling

To evaluate measurements of respiratory sensation in ELD, we compared ratings of breathlessness from three clinical scales with the perceived magnitude of added elastic loads in 20 symptomatic ELD patients. Dyspnea ratings were obtained by two independent observers for each clinical method. Perceived magnitude of four elastic loads was selected from the Borg category scale; these estimates were summarized using the psychophysical power function equation. Ten age-matched healthy subjects also scaled the magnitude of added elastic loads. Dyspnea ratings from the three clinical scales were significantly interrelated. Mean exponents for mouth pressure developed during elastic loading were similar in the patient and control groups. Dyspnea ratings and exponents for elastic loads were not significantly correlated in ILD patients. Of the physiologic parameters examined, Dsb and gas exchange during exercise correlated significantly with clinical dyspnea ratings; none correlated with the exponent for added elastic loads. These data demonstrate that clinical dyspnea ratings provide valid measures of breathlessness in patients with ILD which are independent of the perception of respiratory loads.
The design and performance estimates for the propulsion module for the booster of a TSTO vehicle

A NASA study of the propulsion systems for possible low-risk replacements for the Space Shuttle is presented. Results of preliminary studies to define the USAF two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) concept to deliver 10,000 pounds to low polar orbit are described. The booster engine module consists of an over/under turbine bypass engines/ramjet engine design for acceleration from takeoff to the staging point of Mach 6.5 and approximately 100,000 feet altitude. Propulsion system performance and weight are presented with preliminary mission study results of vehicle size.
Effect of low levels of nitrogen dioxide inhalation on endogenous retrovirus gene expression

Abstract Cellular RNA prepared from various tissues of mice exposed to ambient levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) for 1 to 20 weeks was examined for evidence of changes in the level of expression of endogenous retrovirus genes. Two strains of mice were used: low retrovirus expressor (Swiss Webster strain) and high retrovirus expressor (AKR strain). Low expressor mice were exposed to 0.8 ± 0.05 ppm and the high expressor mice to 0.3 ± 0.05 ppm NO 2 . Among the tissues examined (lung, kidney, thymus, and spleen) of the low expressor mice only the spleen showed a significant elevation of the level of endogenous viral RNA in response to the NO 2 exposure. The elevation did not persist throughout the study; it was detected during the 1st and 18th weeks of exposure, whereas the viral RNA levels were near normal at periods in between. Similarly, the high expressor mice appeared to react to NO 2 exposure with the spleen showing enhanced retrovirus gene expression during the 1st, 8th, 12th, and 15th weeks of exposure. Measurements at the end of the 2nd and 20th weeks of study, however, showed comparable levels in spleens of the exposed and control mice. Although the activity of the virus genes is naturally elevated in the thymic tissue of AKR mice, the levels of viral RNA or the incidence of thymic lymphoma were not significantly altered by exposure to 0.3 ppm NO 2 . The observed alterations of genetic expression in the splenic tissue of two different strains of mice, together with the fact that the spleen is closely interrelated with circulating blood components, support the emerging notion that the spleen is a target organ for the effects of inhalation of ambient levels of NO 2 .
Effects of a stressor and corticotrophin releasing factor on ethanol deprivation-induced ethanol intake and anxiety-like behavior in alcohol-preferring P rats

Rationale Stress may elevate ethanol drinking and anxiety associated with ethanol drinking. Studies to identify relevant neurobiological substrates are needed.
Dynamic Correlations in Porous Media

When binary liquid mixtures are infused into various random porous media, past experiments have shown that different media affect the dynamic correlations of concentration fluctuations in different ways. Vycor glasses of relatively small pore size and dilute gels allow the exponential bulk mode to remain in the final ensemble average, but Vycor glasses of very large pore size do not. We take this to mean that the relaxation time of the bulk mode is spatially homogeneous in the two former media but heterogeneous in the latter media. Thus we search for a heterogeneous dynamic mode with an Ising model. We find one, but it is not the bulk diffusion mode.
Reaching the rural poor

World Bank funding for agricultural development has fallen sharply, despite the evident need and a good track record. The reasons are both internal to the Bank and also external, within client countries. A new strategy has been developed to reverse the trend, by focusing more sharply on the contribution of rural development to poverty reduction. The strategy rests on three legs: (i) fostering broad-based rural growth; (ii) improving social well-being, managing risk, and reducing vulnerability; and (iii) enhancing the sustainable management of natural resources. Innovations include a new emphasis on the rural non-farm economy, and on risk management in rural areas.
The Gender of the Cosmos: Totemism, Society and Embodiment in the Sepik River

The A. contributes to recent research in the foundations of society in Melanesia, both in terms of local representation and actual social practice, as well as body imagery and gender. The A. has three interrelated objectives. First, he presents new data on the symbolism and politics of Eastern Iatmul cosmology and totemism (Sepik River, Papua New Guinea). Second, he engages Harrison's distinction between magical and material, or realist and nominalist, polities in Melanesia. Eastern Iatmul society is represented by totemic names and categories. Yet society also requires human agents to embody named entities: men rarely assert the existence of cosmological categories that are divorced entirely from the realm of human action. This is a key difference between Eastern Iatmul and other Sepik societies such as Manambu. Finally, the A. argues that there is a symbolic homology between the gendered human body, the body politic and the cosmos, an important perspective that has been lacking in Melanesian comparative studies. Totemism for Eastern Iatmul is largely a realm of male ritual-politics. Nevertheless, an idiom of maternal fertility and reproduction is salient in the local cosmology. For this reason, the gender of the cosmos, to invoke Marilyn Strathern, is androgynous
Cryopreservation of Supernumerary High Quality Embryos Predicts Favorable Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Repeated Cycles of in Vitro Fertilization

Objective To determine whether the decline in pregnancy and implantation rates in repeated fresh IVF cycles is associated with the availability of embryo cryopreservation. Design Retrospective study. Setting Assisted reproductive unit at an academic institution. Patient(s) Women Intervention(s) In fresh cycles, women used either pituitary desensitization or GnRH antagonists in combination with gonadotropin stimulation protocols before oocyte retrieval. In FET cycles, endometrial development was achieved by oral E(2) and vaginal P after pituitary desensitization. Embryo transfer occurred either on day 3 or on day 5. Main outcome measure(s) Implantation and pregnancy rates (PR). Result(s) Excluding FET cycles, implantation rates and PRs declined significantly in repeated cycles compared to the initial one. However, women with supernumerary embryos for cryopreservation appeared to produce embryos with higher implantation potential but were excluded from the analysis. When FET cycles were included, there were no significant declines in PRs for at least three repeated cycles. Conclusion(s) Embryo cryopreservation stratifies women with high quality embryos from those with low quality embryos who require repeat fresh attempts, resulting in an accelerated decline in observed PRs and implantation rates.
Clinical challenges and unmet needs in the management of complicated skin and skin structure, and soft tissue infections.

ABSTRACT Background: Skin and soft tissue infections remain among the most frequently encountered infections in surgery, and their severity ranges from mild cellulitis to severe, necrotizing infections with high incidences of morbidity and mortality. Most commonly, these disorders result from skin lesions in a susceptible host, but sometimes develop following hematogenous spread from a previously unknown focus. Methods: The current literature was reviewed to provide an up-to-date summary of the microbiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapy of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Special conditions are also described, such as cellulitis, bite wounds and diabetic foot infections. The potential roles of several new drugs that have become available recently, or are currently in phase III clinical trials, are discussed. Results: The causative pathogens are mostly gram-positive cocci from a patient's endogenous skin flora, but complicated infections often involve gram-negative and anaerobic bacteri...
An overview of home tonometry and telemetry for intraocular pressure monitoring in humans.

To review the existing technology for self-tonometry and evaluate methods for continuous monitoring of IOP currently undergoing development and clinical trials in humans. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Current glaucoma therapy is focused primarily on lowering intraocular pressures (IOP). Decisions to modify treatment regiments are primarily based on office IOP. Since IOP fluctuates throughout the day, values obtained in the office may be a poor representation of the patient’s disease. IOP measurements outside of the physician’s office environment would provide better knowledge of the disease state and allow for better-informed medical decision making. We performed a literature search using Medline and IEEE database for studies investigating technologies that have been developed for continuous 24-hour IOP monitoring. There is currently no technology that has been approved for use to allow for continuous monitoring of IOP fluctuations. New experimental technology being developed and currently undergoing clinical trials has demonstrated potential for changing the diagnosis and management of glaucoma.
Prospects for computing in environmental and urban affairs

Abstract This paper enthusiastically reviews the prospects for computing in environmental and urban systems on the basis of the impact of the microcomputer. First, we look at the capabilities of computers in somewhat general terms, and examine the importance of simulations in a scientific and policy sense. Then we look more closely at the nature of simulation modeling in relation to policy making. Finally, we discuss briefly the possibility of using optimizing models to solve planning problems.
Dimensionality reduction methods for HMM phonetic recognition

This paper presents two nonlinear feature dimensionality reduction methods based on neural networks for a HMM-based phone recognition system. The neural networks are trained as feature classifiers to reduce feature dimensionality as well as maximize discrimination among speech features. The outputs of different network layers are used for obtaining transformed features. Moreover, the training of the neural networks uses the category information that corresponds to a state in HMMs so that the trained networks can better accommodate the temporal variability of features and obtain more discriminative features in a low dimensional space. Experimental evaluation using the TIMIT database shows that recognition accuracies with the transformed features are slightly higher than those obtained with original features and considerably higher than obtained with linear dimensionality reduction methods. The highest phone accuracy obtained with 39 phone classes and TIMIT was 74.9% using a large number of training iterations based on the state-specific targets.
Prediction of Cooked Rice Texture Using an Extrusion Test in Combination with Partial Least Squares Regression and Artificial Neural Networks

ABSTRACT Spectral stress strain analysis was used in combination with partial least squares (PLS) regression and artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict nine sensory texture attributes of cooked rice. The models calculated with ANN were significantly more accurate in predicting most of the sensory texture characteristics evaluated than the PLS models. Furthermore, ANN models were more robust and discriminative than PLS models.
Rechargeable glucose electrodes for long-term implantation.

Abstract A unique enzyme electrode was designed using glucose oxidase immobilized on fine graphite powder. The graphite-enzyme is in a fluid state which enables recharging of the system when the enzyme activity decreases, therefore allowing the system to have a long lifetime in a diabetic patient. The sensor was tested using glucose concentration in the range of 20–300 mg d −1 . The electrode construction includes a hydrophobic membrane and a platinum electrode for detection of hydrogen peroxide. The signal output is large with minimal noise when tested in buffer. The sensor has been performing at ambient temperature for 4 months when stored overnight at 4° C.
1989 and The Not So Lost Treasure of the Revolutionary Tradition, or Barack Obama and the Politics of Small Things

The kind of activity that Hannah Arendt named “the lost treasure of the revolutionary tradition” was a visible part of the transformations of 1989 and has continued to play a significant role in the politics of transformation. Arendt’s notion is described and applied to understanding the great achievements of 1989 and then it is used to understand the political power of an American public figure, Barack Obama.
Musculoskeletal: what’s different in children? pushed by a friend, foot-rolled, now can’t walk

This 7-year-old boy was playing with his friends. As usual, they were having a good time, but then all of a sudden one of his friends pushed him and in an effort to remain upright, his foot rolled over and he twisted his foot and ankle. At first, there was not that much pain and he did limp a little; however, the pain got worse and so did the swelling and so the next day he was brought to our Pediatric Urgent Care Facility. When he arrived, he was walking on his heel. He did not want to place full weight on his foot. Otherwise, everything was normal except that there was considerable swelling and bruising over the dorsum of the foot. On palpation, tenderness was elicited over the distal metatarsals and with all of these considered, radiographs of the right foot with comparison of the left foot were obtained (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 AP view of both feet
Understanding how people use publicly available online services for work

How are knowledge workers integrating web-based tools into their work? Where do they spend their time while online at work? Reporting the results of an annual national survey of knowledge workers, this poster offers insight into the current state of distributed knowledge work.
Separation of reduced disaccharides derived from glycosaminoglycans by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the analysis of reduced unsaturated disaccharides derived from enzymatic digestion followed by reduction with sodium borohydride of chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and heparin is described. This method is well suited for the HPLC analysis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) because the possibility of obtaining anomeric forms of unsaturated disaccharides is eliminated which provides a major advantage for quantitation. This procedure is more sensitive than existing HPLC methods for the determination of enzymatic degradation products from GAGs. In particular, the resolution of disaccharide products from heparan sulfate is improved after reduction. The applicability of this method for the determination of GAGs in biological sampales is demonstrated.
The Driver With Dementia: A Review of the Literature.

The authors review 10 studies of driving and dementia. They found poor agreement among the researchers with regard to the stage at which a patient with dementia should discontinue driving and the appropriate tools to be used for an assessment of driving skills. They make recommendations for a comprehensive driving assessment and for the clinical management of drivers with dementia. Because the impaired driver is a medical as well as a public safety concern, clinicians and policymakers must work together to address the many problems associated with this issue.
An Insider View of the Sleeper Cell Terrorist: A Face Validity Study

ABSTRACT Pipes (2003) has proposed a checklist for law enforcement to use in identifying possible members of sleeper cells. The purpose of this research was to evaluate Pipes' checklist through the judgment of Muslim “insiders.” Thirty-three Muslim insiders responded to Pipes' checklist by indicating the degree of concern that they believed each item should trigger about a possible sleeper. The sample of Muslim insiders differed predictably concerning how serious they felt the sleeper threat was, and thus in the amount of concern each item raised. However, they were remarkably consistent in the relative amount of concern raised by any particular item. A single “terrorism concern” scale accounted for most of the variance in subjects' responses.
Effect of bias voltage and temperature on lifetime of wireless neural interfaces with Al ₂O₃ and parylene bilayer encapsulation.

The lifetime of neural interfaces is a critical challenge for chronic implantations, as therapeutic devices (e.g., neural prosthetics) will require decades of lifetime. We evaluated the lifetime of wireless Utah electrode array (UEA) based neural interfaces with a bilayer encapsulation scheme utilizing a combination of alumina deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) and parylene C. Wireless integrated neural interfaces (INIs), equipped with recording version 9 (INI-R9) ASIC chips, were used to monitor the encapsulation performance through radio-frequency (RF) power and telemetry. The wireless devices were encapsulated with 52 nm of ALD Al2O3 and 6 μm of parylene C, and tested by soaking in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) at 57 °C for 4× accelerated lifetime testing. The INIs were also powered continuously through 2.765 MHz inductive power and forward telemetry link at unregulated 5 V. The bilayer encapsulated INIs were fully functional for ∼35 days (140 days at 37 °C equivalent) with consistent power-up frequencies (∼910 MHz), stable RF signal (∼−75 dBm), and 100 % command reception rate. This is ∼10 times of equivalent lifetime of INIs with parylene-only encapsulation (13 days) under same power condition at 37 °C. The bilayer coated INIs without continuous powering lasted over 1860 equivalent days (still working) at 37 °C. Those results suggest that bias stress is a significant factor to accelerate the failure of the encapsulated devices. The INIs failed completely within 5 days of the initial frequency shift of RF signal at 57 °C, which implied that the RF frequency shift is an early indicator of encapsulation/device failure.
Abdominal dynamic study in oligohydramnios with Potter's syndrome.

Oligohydramnios can be associated with fetal renal abnormalities. A pregnancy marked by oligohydramnios produced a male child with the facial features of Potter's syndrome. Kidneys could not be demonstrated by ultrasound or by a 99mTc-DTPA dynamic study. A potential role for renal scintigraphic techniques, in an effort to define kidneys in such cases, was discussed.
Partial volume correction using reverse diffusion

Many medical images suffer from the partial volume effect where a boundary between two structures of interest falls in the middle of a voxel giving a signal value that is a mixture of the two. We propose a method to restore the ideal boundary by splitting a voxel into sub-voxels and reapportioning the signal into the sub-voxels. We designed this method to correct MRI 2D slice images where partial volume can be a considerable limitation. Each voxel is divided into four (or more) sub-voxels by nearest neighbor interpolation. The gray level of each sub-voxel is considered as "materials" able to move between sub-voxels but not between voxels. A partial differential equation is written to allow the material to flow towards the highest gradient direction, creating a "reverse" diffusion process. Flow is subject to constraints that tend to create step edges. Material is conserved in the process thereby conserving MR signal. The method proceeds until the flow decreases to a low value. To test the method, synthetic images were down-sampled to simulate the partial volume artifact and restored. Corrected images were remarkably closer both visually and quantitatively to the original images than those obtained from common interpolation methods: on simulated data mean square errors were 0.35, 1.09, and 1.24 for the proposed method, bicubic, and bilinear interpolation respectively. The method was relatively insensitive to noise. On MRI physical phantom and brain images, restored images processed with the new method were visually much closer to high-resolution counter-parts than those obtained with common interpolation methods.
The Influence of Xenotransplant Immunogenicity and Immunosuppression on Host MHC Expression in the Rat CNS

Abstract During the early stages following neural transplantation, host immune responses are initiated that are not normally found in the CNS including the induction of major histocompatibility antigens (MHC I and II). Previous laboratory findings have demonstrated prolonged survival of bovine chromaffin cells (BCC) in the rat CNS following transient immunosuppression with cyclosporin A (CSA) providing chromaffin cells are isolated from highly immunogenic passenger cells. To assess the influence of passenger and chromaffin cells on host MHC I and II expression, either BCC, nonchromaffin cell adrenal constituents (NCC), or adrenal medullary endothelial cells (EC) were implanted into the host. At 2 weeks postimplantation, robust BCC survival was obtained in CSA-treated animals. This correlated with low expression of MHC I at the host-graft border and the virtual absence of MHC II. Good BCC survival with reduced MHC I expression only was seen at 6 weeks postimplantation in animals transiently immunosuppressed (4 weeks). In contrast, poor survival was observed in the NCC group and no survival was seen in the EC group (even with CSA treatment). In addition, marked MHC I and II expression was found in and around these grafts at 2 weeks, and was particularly intense in EC implanted animals. The results of this study suggest that nonchromaffin passenger cells in BCC preparations, most notably endothelial cells, can induce strong immune responses even in the presence of immunosuppression. Based on MHC staining, removal of these passenger cells can reduce host responses and improve long term survival of xenogeneic chromaffin cells in the CNS.
Nano-Solutions or Macro-Failures? An Application of the Public Values Failure Model to the Purification of Water With Nanotechnologies

New scientific discoveries and technologies can provide substantial benefits for addressing societal problems. They can also pose new challenges and risks. This paper presents the Public Values Failure Model (PVFM) which can assist engineers, managers, and policymakers in considering the broader implications of their work and technology’s impact on society. This model assists in identifying the public values associated with a problem and evaluating the potential public values failures associated with a proposed technical solution. The PVFM is demonstrated using the case of the application of nanotechnologies to water purification.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Application of the flux flow equation to the Wolter I x-ray telescope and thin-film multilayered optics.

The flux flow equation of Burkhard and Shealy is a simplified equation which can be used to evaluate the energy flux density at the image plane for a general optical system. Since the flux flow equation is based on the differential geometry of the wave front passing through the system, the energy flux density at the image plane can be computed by tracing a single ray through the system and using the flux flow equation. This technique has been used to calculate the meridional section of the point spread function of Wolter I x-ray telescopes and thin-film multilayered optics. Results, which have been obtained by the flux flow ray tracing method for the point spread function of several Wolter I x-ray telescopes and hybrid x-ray telescopes using convexed thin-film multilayered optics located near the primary focus, are compared with the rms blur circle results and the point spread function results obtained by conventional ray tracing techniques.
Patterns of Teacher-Student Interaction in Selected Junior High School General Music Classes.

EDUCATIONAL RESEARCHERS GENERALLY agree that the direct systematic observation of teachers while they are engaged in the act of teaching is a fruitful means of identifying those behaviors that are desirable in teaching.l High priority is placed on classroom observation techniques as topics for research. While evidence indicates that systematic abservations of classroom discourse are productive research endeavors, the interactive behaviors of music classrooms have not been analyzed objectively through systematic observation. The analysis of those teacher-student interactive behavior patterns found in selected junior high school general music classrooms was the primary objective of this study. The principal means of collecting data was the Observation System for the Analysis of Classroom Instruction, a sixteen-category modiScation by John B. Hough of the Flanders Interaction Analysis
Two Case Studies where Electron Cryotomography has Revealed Mechanism: ESCRT and the Type VI Secretion System

Sometimes all that is really needed to distinguish between competing models is a few really good pictures. Electron cryotomography has increasingly met that need by delivering unprecedented 3-D images of intact cells in a near-native (frozen-hydrated) state to “macromolecular” resolution. I will present two case studies. In the first, cryotomograms of dividing Sulfolobus acidocaldarius cells revealed a thin layer of material at the leading edge of ingressing membranes whose structure and development point uniquely to an “hourglass” model for how the ESCRT machinery drives membrane scission. In the second, cryotomograms of Vibrio cholerae cells revealed extended cytoplasmic tubes in two different conformational states. Identification of the tubes as Type VI Secretion Systems led immediately to a “spring-loaded dagger” model for their ability to deposit toxins into neighboring cells.
Restoration of the visual projection following tectal lesions in goldfish.

Abstract The retinotectal projection was mapped in a series of adult goldfish at various intervals after either a transverse surgical lesion extending down to the ventricle on the dorsal tectum or a three-sided lesion separating the rostral, medial, and lateral tectum. In both cases optic nerve fibers regenerated into the affected region thus restoring the normal visual projection. The cellular discontinuity created by surgical lesion did not induce synaptic respecification. It was concluded that regenerating optic axons reroute to innervate the affected areas of the tectum.
Evaluation of the abdominal aorta and the renal arteries with an intracardiac echocardiography probe placed in the inferior vena cava: a feasibility study.

Background Ultrasound evaluation of the abdominal aorta and its branches is usually performed transabdominally. Not infrequently, the image quality is suboptimal. Recently, an intracardiac echocardiography probe has become commercially available. These probes are usually inserted intravenously and advanced to the right heart for diagnostic and monitoring purposes during procedures such as atrial septal defect closure and pulmonary vein isolation. Because of the close anatomic relation between the abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava, we hypothesized that these probes would be useful in the evaluation of the abdominal aorta and the renal arteries. Methods Sixteen patients with normal renal function and no history of hypertension who were undergoing a pulmonary vein isolation procedure or atrial septal defect closure were studied. In each patient, the intracardiac echocardiography probe was inserted in the femoral vein and advanced to the right atrium for the evaluation of the left atrium and the pulmonary veins during the procedure. At the end of the therapeutic procedure, the probe was withdrawn into the inferior vena cava for the evaluation of the aorta and renal arteries. Results High-resolution images of the abdominal aorta from the diaphragm to its bifurcation were easily obtained in all patients. These images allowed for the evaluation of arterial size, shape, and blood flow. Both renal arteries were easily visualized in each patient. With the probe in the inferior vena cava, both renal arteries were parallel to the imaging plane and, therefore, accurate measurement of renal blood flow velocity and individual renal blood flow were measured.
Empire of the living dead

The corpse is no longer a dominant organizing figure of power and knowledge in postmodern network society. Limited by its own corporeality and tied to modern notions of the individual, its utility ...
Effect of passivie administration of antiblastokinin on blastocyst development and maintenance of pregnancy in rabbits.

Passive Immunisierung durch i.p. Verabreichung von Antiblastokinin an trachtige Kaninchen am 2., 4. und 6. Tag post coitum hat meistens eine Unterbrechung der Trachtigkeit im Implantationsstadium zur Folge oder fuhrt in einigen wenigen Fallen zu missgebildeten Jungen. Aus den Ergebnissen kann man den Schluss ziehen, dass Blastokinin auch in vivo eine wichtige Rolle fur die normale Entwicklung der Keime wahrend der Fruhphase der Trachtigkeit spielt.
Managed Mental Health Care: Stakeholder Effects and Policy Implications

: During the past several years, healthcare delivery in the United States has shifted from a primarily fee-for-service system toward managed care. Mental health care has been affected disproportionately by this trend. The existing literature on managed mental health care is abundant, but narrowly focused. The purpose of this study is to take a broader public-policy approach, considering simultaneously the effects on system stakeholders: patients, providers, employers, insurers, and society.
N–N bond cleavage in diazoalkanes with a titanium alkylidene

Abstract The titanium alkylidene-triflate complex (PNP)Ti CH t Bu(OTf) was found to promote N–N bond cleavage of 9-diazofluorene and ditolyldiazomethane to give the imido complexes, (PNP)Ti N[C 13 H 9 ](OTf) ( 1 ) and (PNP)Ti N[CHtolyl 2 ](OTf) ( 2 ), respectively. The molecular structure of 2 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Along with imido formation leading to 1 and 2 , the alkylidene Ti CH t Bu ligand in (PNP)Ti CH t Bu(OTf) was found to eliminate with the α-N atom of the diazoalkane to form the nitrile NC t Bu, which was confirmed by a combination of 1 H NMR spectroscopy and GC–MS. The reaction mechanism of the N–N bond cleavage promoted by the reactive Ti CH t Bu ligand is also discussed.
1754 THE EFFECT OF DIABETIC PREGNANCY ON LECTIN BINDING OF THE ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM

Maternal hyperglycemia, secondary to diabetes, has been associated with an increased incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (N. Engl. J. Med. 294, 1976). We have previously reported (Am. J. Pathol. 113, 1983) that diabetic pregnancy in the rat increases ConA binding to the luminal surface of the alveolar epithelium of the fetus and newborn. The present study shows that the increase in ConA binding reverses to normal within 7–9 days post-partum; there is also an increase in RCA-I binding to the cell surface of alveolar epithelial cells without significant differences in WGA binding. Lungs from normal and diabetic pregnancy neonates were studied at intervals from 1–21 days post-partum. Portions of lavaged and fixed tissue were incubated in either ferritin conjugated ConA, WGA, RCA-I or in control media and prepared for EM. The density of cell surface binding sites was measured. A significant increase in lectin binding was shown in diabetic pregnancy neonates for ConA and RCA-I. WGA binding was not significantly different from controls, but was 2-fold greater than the adult lung. In contrast to the control, in the lung of the neonate of diabetic pregnancy, some of the WGA binding was neuraminidase insensitive The results show that maternal diabetes leads to alterations in glycosylation of membrane glycoconjugates in the newborn that might influence differentiation or function.
Uterine leiomyosarcoma: an updated series.

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the clinicopathologic characteristics, treatment, and survival in patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma (ULMS) during the last 10 years in 3 referral academic centers. Methods All patients with ULMS who underwent treatment at the participating institutions between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2010, were identified from the tumor registry database. In each case, the diagnosis was confirmed by a dedicated gynecologic pathologist following postsurgery pathology review. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to generate overall survival (OS) data. Factors predictive of outcome were compared using the log-rank test and Cox regression analysis. Results Analysis of 167 women with ULMS with adequate follow-up was performed. One hundred twenty-eight patients (77%) were initially managed at the participating institutions, and 39 (23%) were referred after initial management at a different institution. Ninety-two (55%) had stage I disease, 7 (4%) had stage II, 18 (11%) stage III, and 50 (30%) had stage IV disease. The median OS for women with stage I was 75 months, for stage II 66 months, stage III 34 months, and stage IV 20 months (P Conclusions In early stage, size of the tumor and number of mitosis were associated to survival. In contrast to late stage, only mitotic count was associated to survival.
Bombardment of the Hadean Earth: wholesome or deleterious?

Graham Ryder died in January 2002 at the age of 53. He was a Staff Scientist at the Lunar and Planetary Science Institute in Houston, TX for most of his professional life, studying lunar petrology and planetary impacts. For many years he was the senior editor of the Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, and he was the senior editor of Geological Society of America Special Paper 307, The Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History. He was the major advocate for the 3.8 Ga lunar impact cataclysm and was just beginning to publish on correlations of the early lunar impact record to that of the other inner planets at the time of his death. Graham's abstract to the Rubey Colloquium was never presented. Although Graham made many of the points in this abstract to lunar science audiences, he certainly would have wanted these views to be shared with the Astrobiology community. We have taken the liberty of publishing this abstract with the Rubey proceedings, with only a few...
Neurologic and neurodevelopmental manifestations of pediatric HIV/AIDS: a global perspective.

Abstract Neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with HIV infection have been described since the first reports of pediatric AIDS in the 1980s. Before antiretroviral therapy (ART) became widely available, progressive HIV-1 encephalopathy (PHE) was reported in the US in 13–35% of children with HIV-1 infection and in 35–50% of children with AIDS. Introduction of ART can prevent PHE and reverse PHE present at ART initiation, but a high prevalence of residual problems has been described. Even though 90% of HIV-infected children live in the developing world, few children have access to ART and little is known regarding the neurological manifestations of perinatal HIV infection in those regions. Mechanisms of pediatric HIV-1 neuropathogenesis and factors associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities in perinatally infected children are not yet fully understood. Studies have demonstrated that HIV-1 enters the CNS soon after infection and may persist in this compartment over the entire course of HIV-1 infection. The CNS is a distinct viral reservoir, differing from peripheral compartments in target cells and antiretroviral penetration. Neurotropic HIV-1 likely develops distinct genotypic characteristics in response to this unique environment. We reviewed the literature on pediatric neuroAIDS and identified gaps in the current knowledge.
Oviposition in three species of limnephiloid caddisflies (Trichoptera): hierarchical influences on site selection

SUMMARY 1. Oviposition site selection was studied in three trichopteran species; an undescribed species of Hydatophylax (Limnephilidae), Onocosmoecus unicolor (Limnephilidae) and Neophylax rickeri (Uenoidae), in two Coastal Range streams in California, U.S.A. 2. Hydatophylax sp. egg masses were generally found at or above the water surface on substrata near the bank in pools, where undercut banks, overhanging vegetation and rocks shaded attachment sites and provided wind protection. Onocosmoecus unicolor females deposited their egg masses exclusively above the water on moist emergent wood. The egg masses of N. rickeri were almost exclusively found in high velocity areas of riffles, where females oviposited under water and attached their egg masses to the submersed undersides of unembedded, protruding stones with large emergent surfaces. 3. For Hydatophylax sp. and N. rickeri, a hierarchical selection scheme is proposed in which females use cues at three different spatial levels (stream, stream subunit, substratum) to choose oviposition sites. Females of O. unicolor seemed to choose at only two different levels of spatial resolution (stream, substratum). 4. The formation of large aggregations of egg masses in N. rickeri and O. unicolor suggests that females actively choose oviposition sites where conspecific egg masses are already attached. The clustering of egg masses may minimise the risk of predation through the dilution effect, because egg masses of N. rickeri and O. unicolor are both attacked by dipteran predators. 5. Females of the three Trichoptera species studied are able to make a clear choice of oviposition site in the heterogeneous stream environment. In comparison with other stream microhabitats, these are characterised by stable and relatively predictable environmental conditions during the time of egg development, which is seen as the main selective pressure leading to the observed egg-laying behaviour.
Role of isocitrate dehydrogenase in glioma

Recently, the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes have become a focal point for research aimed at understanding the biology of glioma and identifying novel targets for therapy. Following the publication of a landmark genetic sequencing study in 2008, which identified IDH1 as a frequently mutated gene in glioblastoma, much work has been carried out to further characterize the frequency, associations and clinical implications of IDH1/2 mutations. Mutations in IDH genes are thought to occur early in tumorigenesis and define a subgroup of glioma that are characterized by specific metabolic changes and improved prognosis. At present, assays identifying tumors with IDH1 mutations are clinically useful as prognostic markers. While the mechanisms linking IDH1/2 mutations to tumor development are still under investigation, the cellular milieu created by these mutations offers potential targets for the development of novel therapeutics.
Estimation of single sweep steady-state visual evoked potentials by adaptive line enhancement

The adaptive line enhancer (ALE) was used to obtain estimates of the single sweep steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). Some relevant theoretical properties of the ALE are reviewed in the context of designing the ALE for this particular application. Using power spectral density estimates of the unprocessed and enhanced SSVEP data it was found that the method enhanced the estimated signal-to-noise ratio of the single sweep SSVEP by as much as 10 dB. >
A Syllable Segmentation, Letter-Sound, and Initial Sound Intervention With Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing and Use Sign Language

This study investigated children’s acquisition of three aspects of an early literacy curriculum, Foundations for Literacy (Foundations), designed specifically for prekindergarten students who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH): syllable segmentation, identification of letter-sound correspondences, and initial-sound identification. Three prekindergarten students with hearing loss, who used some form of signed communication, participated in this multiple baselines across content design study. Phonological and phonics activities are embedded within the Foundations curriculum, which is built around strong visual manipulatives to provide access to phonemic content. A Visual Phonics (VP) strategy was incorporated into two of the three targeted outcomes. Results indicated that the signing DHH students in this study were able to learn syllable segmentation, letter-sound correspondences, and initial sounds.
Deterministic blind estimation of time- and frequency-selective fading channels using filterbank precoders

Novel deterministic channel estimation and symbol recovery algorithms are proposed for the identification and equalization of time- and frequency selective channels where the time variation is modeled by a Fourier basis expansion. The resulting algorithms employ a generalized orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) precoding scheme, require few data points to be operational and yield near-perfect estimates at high SNRs. Simulations illustrate the approach.
Mineralogical characterization of protolith and fault rocks from the SAFOD Main Hole

[1] Washed cuttings provide a continuous record of the rocks encountered during drilling of the main hole of the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). Both protolith and fault rocks exhibit a wide variety of mineral assemblages that reflect variations in some combination of lithology, P-T conditions, deformation mechanisms, and fluid composition and abundance. Regions of distinct neomineralization bounded by faults may record alteration associated with fluid reservoirs confined by faults. In addition, both smectites occurring as mixed-layer phases and serpentine minerals are found in association with active strands of the San Andreas Fault that were intersected during drilling, although their rheological influence is not yet fully known. Faults containing these mineralogical phases are prime candidates for continuous coring during Phase 3 of SAFOD drilling in the summer of 2007.