cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
beta-Adrenergic-sensitive adenylate cyclase in choroid plexus: properties and cellular localization.

Because of physiological evidence suggesting the possibility of adrenergic regulation of choroid plexus secretion, a detailed study was undertaken to identify, characterize, and localize β-adrenergic-stimulated adenylate cyclase in broken cell preparations of cat choroid plexus. The enzyme was GTP (EC50 = 2 x 10-6 M)-but not calcium-dependent and was activated by low concentrations of isoproterenol (Ka = 1.4 x 10-7 M). Isoproterenol, in the presence of Mg2+, increased the maximal reaction velocity without altering the Km for ATP. The optimal ratio of added Mg2+/ATP was 4-8/1. Mn2+ and, to a lesser extent, Co2+ (but not Cu2+) could also support enzyme activity. Among receptor agonists, isoproterenol was most potent, followed in order by epinephrine (Ka = 1.6 x l0-6 M), norepinephrine (Ka = 2.5 x 10-5 M), phenylephrine (Ka > 2.5 x l0-5 M), and dopamine (Ka = 2 x 10-4 M). Isoproterenol activation was blocked by low concentrations of (±)-propranolol (Ki = 2.7 x 10-9 M) but only by higher concentrations of (+)-propranolol (Ki = 3 x 10-6 M), fluphenazine (Ki = 1.2 x 10-7 M), or phentolamine (Ki > l0-3 M). Among the more selective β-adrenergic agents, the relatively β2-selective agonists, zinterol (Ka = 2.3 x 10-8 M) and OPC 2009 (Ka = 1.3 x 10-7 M), were much more potent and effective than the β1-selective agonist, prenalterol. Salbutamol, terbutaline, and orciprenaline were of intermediate potency and, along with zinterol, acted as partial agonists. Among several antagonists (IPS 339, H35/25, butoxamine, metoprolol, p-oxyprenolol, atenolol, and practolol), the calculated inhibitory constants correlated well with those obtained for the same agents in blocking isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase and IHYP binding in lung. Both agonist and antagonist data indicated that the majority of the adenylate cyclase-associated β receptors in choroid plexus were β2. Anatomical studies indicated that β-adrenergic-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity was greater in fourth ventricle than lateral ventricle choroid plexus. Cell separation experiments, utilizing several different procedures, consistently demonstrated substantial enrichment of hormone sensitivity in fractions enriched in epithelial as compared with vascular elements. The results suggest a possible β2-adrenergic regulation of choroid plexus secretory epithelium.
Mapping myocardial activation distributions using neural networks: 2-D simulation results.

The goal of this study was to explore the capabilities of neural networks to map with accuracy the sequence and location of myocardial activation using QRS complexes simulating normal and altered activation. A two-dimensional (2-D) fractal-based computer model of myocardial activation was used to develop training data for initial network learning. Two types of activation scenarios were used to evaluate network learning: 1) 450 training sets based on three activation foci per set using randomly chosen times and activation sites, and 2) 199 training sets based on a sequential, hierarchical blocking of the fractal-based model conduction network. Network learning was evaluated with training and test cases using trained weights. Network-calculated activation maps compared with the target activation maps had a mean error of 0.98 for all conduction network cases and > 0.84 for the more demanding point foci cases. We conclude, based on these simulation results, that neural networks may be used to calculate activation maps using electrocardiogram lead data for a variety of activation patterns.
SPEECH ACTS AND SUB-SENTENTIAL SPEECH

In this paper, I compile some reasons for resisting Stainton�s (2006) analysis of sub-sentential speech. My resistance stems from considerations about the intentions and expectations of those who communicate using sub-sentential speech. I challenge Stainton�s reasons for thinking that some sub-sentential utterances have the status of full-fledged speech acts and argue that they turn out to be degenerate speech acts. After offering my own analysis of sub-sentential speech, I recommend that by revisiting the divide and conquer strategy Stainton dismisses for handling the alleged cases of genuine sub-sentential speech, we can resist radical forms of contextualism suggested by his analysis.
Economic and corrective applications of tractable transmission topology control

Transmission topology control (TC) is currently employed by power system operators for reliability, e.g., in special protection schemes, rather than for economic reasons. The standard economic generation dispatch (ED) minimizes generation costs subject to a fixed transmission network topology. Although the co-optimization of network topology and generation resources results in significant congestion cost avoidance, it requires the solution of a mixed integer program (MIP), which is intractable for even moderate size systems. Our previous work developed near-optimal and yet tractable TC policies that employ sensitivity information readily available from the standard ED solution. This paper reports on advances to tractable TC, including relaxations to the MIP formulation and TC employed in corrective scenarios. Simulation results on the IEEE 118-bus test system found that, besides giving near optimal generation cost savings, our algorithm is very effective in providing corrective switching actions with minimal computational effort.
Geographic variation in winter adaptations of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus)

Understanding adaptations of nonhibernating northern endotherms to cope with extreme cold is important because climate-induced changes in winter temperatures and snow cover are predicted to impact ...
K-12 education shrinking future college graduate population in computer studies

The loss in the job market from the bust of the technology boom of 2000 is impacting our economy and post secondary educational institutions. As of 2005, the outlook is changing as Information Technology careers are seeing growth and expansion into new opportunities. Unfortunately, the supply of future graduates in Computer Science/Information Systems is dwindling. Where is the bottleneck that is creating the lack of supply? Is this the same issue of the mid 1990's or new?
Sequential Effects of Magnitude of Delayed Reward and Magnitude of Immediate Reward on Pattern Running and Resistance to Extinction

44 rats were trained in a runway under a single alternation, partially delayed, reward schedule. The duration of delay was 20 sec. on all odd numbered trials in a 6 trial a day schedule. Reward duration was varied factorially with either 5 or 20 sec. access to wet mash on delayed (D) trials and 20 or 40 sec. on immediate (I) trials. All 4 groups learned to pattern respond, i.e. run rapidly on I trials and slowly on D trials, but patterning was most pronounced when D reward was 5 sec. and I reward was 40 sec. Small I reward increased resistance to extinction in the run section but not in the goal section. The goal measure yielded several interactions of the reward durations with blocks of extinction trials. The results are discussed in terms of Capaldi’s modified after-effects hypothesis.
Free form defects measurement by interferometry

This optical scan method presented in this paper is used for precision measurement defects in form or absolute forms in comparison with a reference component form, of optical or mechanical components, surfaces. The principle of the method is to project the image of the source grating to palpate optically surface to be inspected, after reflection; the image of the source grating is printed by the object topography and is then projected onto the plane of reference grating for generate moire fringe for defects detection. The optical device used allows a significant dimensional surface magnification of the surface inspected, which allows easy processing and reaches an exceptional precision of measurements. According to the measurement principle, the sensitivity for displacement measurement using moire technique depends on the spatial frequency grating, for increase the detection resolution. This measurement technique can be used advantageously to measure the deformations generated by the production process or constraints on functional parts and the influence of these variations on the function.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Community Behavioral Health Service Usage: A Comparison of Mental Health Court and Traditional Court Defendants

Mental health courts (MHCs) are diversion programs for offenders with mental illness. Research has demonstrated that MHC participants receive more treatment than traditional court participants. How...
Characterization and Validation of the Slim-Form Open-Ended Coaxial Probe for the Dielectric Characterization of Biological Tissues at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

This letter provides the calibration and optimization steps required for obtaining wideband millimeter-wave dielectric characteristics of human biological tissues using the commercially available slim-form open-ended coaxial probe. At the first stage, the reflection coefficients measured at the probe’s calibration plane are transformed to the reflection coefficients of a desired aperture plane. Then, a rational optimization problem is solved to convert the aperture-plane reflection coefficients to dielectric permittivities. The measurement protocol is verified using three reference liquids and a test liquid representing dielectric characteristics of biological tissues.
Six-membered Rings with Two or More Heteroatoms with at least One Selenium or Tellurium

This chapter deals with the chemistry of six-membered ring heterocycles containing two or more heteroatoms, at least one of which is a selenium or tellurium atom. The heterocyclic systems discussed include diselenanes, oxaselenanes, oxaselenins, diselenins, thiaselenins, ditellurins, selenanthrenes, thiaselenanthrenes, telluranthrenes, triselenanes, selenazines, oxaselenazines, selenadiazines, selenatriazines, and diselenazines. Some related heterocyclic structures are also described. Theoretical studies in this area are summarized, including calculations on the structures and reactivity of these molecules. The techniques used to confirm the structures of many of these heterocyclic compounds – in particular, X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy – are highlighted, and other spectroscopic techniques which are important in this area of research are noted. The conformational properties of a number of the nonrigid representatives of this class of molecules are also described. The detailed chemical properties, reactions, and preparations of these molecules are reviewed. When possible, comparisons between the selenium and tellurium compounds and their sulfur analogs are made. The biological effects of a number of compounds in this series are reported including their potential utility as antimicrobial agents and their antitumor activities. Finally, the potential technical utility of a number of these compounds, particularly as organic semiconductors, is described.
Purine synthesis and excretion in mutants of the WI-L2 human lymphoblastoid line deficient in adenosine kinase (AK) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT).

Human lymphoblasts offer several advantages over fibroblasts for the study of mutations which affect purine metabolism in human cells in tissue culture. Because fibroblasts become senescent after a more or less finite number of doublings, a mutant once selected and cloned offers limited material for detailed biochemical analysis. Lymphoblasts divide indefinitely so that one may repeatedly obtain sufficient quantities of cloned mutants for biochemical study. An additional advantage is that although these lines maintain their karyotype in culture (1,2), they can with continued passage accumulate a high frequency of spontaneous mutations in genes which are not essential for survival. We have found the frequency with which mutations in some autosomal genes occur in the WI-L2 line of human splenic lymphoblasts (3) in some cases approaches that for X-linked genes, such as hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT)1 (4). Thus, we have been able to select mutants from WI-L2 which are virtually completely deficient in adenosine kinase (AK) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT). The gene for APRT has been mapped to human autosomal chromosome 16 (5) and that for AK tentatively to chromosome 10. Such mutants selected in vitro are essentially isogenic with their parental line and, in the case of the mutants to be described, have identical rates of growth.
Small molecule FAK activator promotes human intestinal epithelial monolayer wound closure and mouse ulcer healing

GI mucosal healing requires epithelial sheet migration. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) stimulates epithelial motility. A virtual screen identified the small drug-like FAK mimic ZINC40099027, which activates FAK. We assessed whether ZINC40099027 promotes FAK-Tyr-397 phosphorylation and wound healing in Caco-2 monolayers and two mouse intestinal injury models. Murine small bowel ulcers were generated by topical serosal acetic acid or subcutaneous indomethacin in C57BL/6J mice. One day later, we began treatment with ZINC40099027 or DMSO, staining the mucosa for phosphorylated FAK and Ki-67 and measuring mucosal ulcer area, serum creatinine, ALT, and body weight at day 4. ZINC40099027 (10–1000 nM) dose-dependently activated FAK phosphorylation, without activating Pyk2-Tyr-402 or Src-Tyr-419. ZINC40099027 did not stimulate proliferation, and stimulated wound closure independently of proliferation. The FAK inhibitor PF-573228 prevented ZINC40099027-stimulated wound closure. In both mouse ulcer models, ZINC40099027accelerated mucosal wound healing. FAK phosphorylation was increased in jejunal epithelium at the ulcer edge, and Ki-67 staining was unchanged in jejunal mucosa. ZINC40099027 serum concentration at sacrifice resembled the effective concentration in vitro. Weight, creatinine and ALT did not differ between groups. Small molecule FAK activators can specifically promote epithelial restitution and mucosal healing and may be useful to treat gut mucosal injury.
The Developing Balance of Thrombosis and Hemorrhage in Pediatric Surgery: Clinical Implications of Age-Related Changes in Hemostasis:

Bleeding and thrombosis in critically ill infants and children is a vexing clinical problem. Despite the relatively low incidence of bleeding and thrombosis in the overall pediatric population relative to adults, these critically ill children face unique challenges to hemostasis due to extreme physiologic derangements, exposure of blood to foreign surfaces and membranes, and major vascular endothelial injury or disruption. Caring for pediatric patients on extracorporeal support, recovering from solid organ transplant or invasive surgery, and after major trauma is often complicated by major bleeding or clotting events. As our ability to care for the youngest and sickest of these children increases, the gaps in our understanding of the clinical implications of developmental hemostasis have become increasingly important. We review the current understanding of the development and function of the hemostatic system, including the complex and overlapping interactions of coagulation proteins, platelets, fibrinolysis, and immune mediators from the neonatal period through early childhood and to young adulthood. We then examine scenarios in which our ability to effectively measure and treat coagulation derangements in pediatric patients is limited. In these clinical situations, adult therapies are often extrapolated for use in children without taking age-related differences in pediatric hemostasis into account, leaving clinicians confused and impacting patient outcomes. We discuss the limitations of current coagulation testing in pediatric patients before turning to emerging ideas in the measurement and management of pediatric bleeding and thrombosis. Finally, we highlight opportunities for future research which take into account this developing balance of bleeding and thrombosis in our youngest patients.
Pregnancy-associated arterial dissections: a nationwide cohort study

AIMS Pregnancy is a known risk factor for arterial dissection, which can result in significant morbidity and mortality in the peripartum period. However, little is known about the risk factors, timing, distribution, and outcomes of arterial dissections associated with pregnancy. METHODS AND RESULTS We included all women ≥12 years of age with hospitalizations associated with pregnancy and/or delivery in the Nationwide Readmissions Database between 2010 and 2015. The primary outcome was any dissection during pregnancy, delivery, or the postpartum period (42-days post-delivery). Secondary outcomes included timing of dissection, location of dissection, and in-hospital mortality. Among 18 151 897 pregnant patients, 993 (0.005%) patients were diagnosed with a pregnancy-related dissection. Risk factors included older age (32.8 vs. 28.0 years), multiple gestation (3.6% vs. 1.9%), gestational diabetes (14.3% vs. 0.2%), gestational hypertension (6.0% vs. 0.6%), and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (2.7% vs. 0.4%), in addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Of the 993 patients with dissection, 150 (15.1%) dissections occurred in the antepartum period, 232 (23.4%) were diagnosed during the admission for delivery, and 611 (61.5%) were diagnosed in the postpartum period. The most common locations for dissections were coronary (38.2%), vertebral (22.9%), aortic (19.8%), and carotid (19.5%). In-hospital mortality was 3.7% among pregnant patients with a dissection vs. <0.001% in patients without a dissection. Deaths were isolated to patients with an aortic (8.6%), coronary (4.2%), or supra-aortic (<2.5%) dissection. CONCLUSION Arterial dissections occurred in 5.5/100 000 hospitalized pregnant or postpartum women, most frequently in the postpartum period, and were associated with high mortality risk. The coronary arteries were most commonly involved. Pregnancy-related dissections were associated with traditional risk factors, as well as pregnancy-specific conditions.
Removing the Mystery in Supervision: Engaging in Transparent Supervision

The supervisory relationship is one of the most important relationships in academic programs (Haug & Storm, 2014). Supervisors help provide direction, ethical guidance, and model adherence during s...
βCysteine 93 in human hemoglobin: a gateway to oxidative stability in health and disease

βcysteine 93 residue plays a key role in oxygen (O2)-linked conformational changes in the hemoglobin (Hb) molecule. This solvent accessible residue is also a target for binding of thiol reagents that can remotely alter O2 affinity, cooperativity, and Hb's sensitivity to changes in pH. In recent years, βCys93 was assigned a new physiological role in the transport of nitric oxide (NO) through a process of S-nitrosylation as red blood cells (RBCs) travel from lungs to tissues. βCys93 is readily and irreversibly oxidized in the presence of a mild oxidant to cysteic acid, which causes destabilization of Hb resulting in improper protein folding and the loss of heme. Under these oxidative conditions, ferryl heme (HbFe4+), a higher oxidation state of Hb is formed together with its protein radical (.HbFe4+). This radical migrates to βCys93 and interacts with other "hotspot" amino acids that are highly susceptible to oxidative modifications. Oxidized βCys93 may therefore be used as a biomarker of oxidative stress, reflecting the deterioration of Hb within RBCs intended for transfusion or RBCs from patients with hemoglobinopathies. Site specific mutation of a redox active amino acid(s) to reduce the ferryl heme or direct chemical modifications that can shield βCys93 have been proposed to improve oxidative resistance of Hb and may offer a protective therapeutic strategy.
Trends in prenatal diagnosis: An analysis of 40 years of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms in publications.

Objective To understand the evolution of the field of prenatal diagnosis over the past four decades. Method We analyzed the publications in the journal Prenatal Diagnosis from its inception in 1980 to 2019 using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) to examine the major research topics and trends. The results were analyzed by 10-year intervals. Results Publications on prenatal cytogenetics, congenital anomalies and fetal imaging predominated during the first three decades, with a steady increase in molecular genetics over time. Publications on NIPT did not appear until the most recent decade and are likely under-counted because there was no MeSH term for NIPT until 2020. Conclusion The topics covered in Prenatal Diagnosis articles have evolved considerably over the past four decades and reflect a response to advances in technology and widespread incorporation of prenatal screening and diagnosis into standard obstetric care. The strengths of this analysis are its objective nature, its use of the standard MeSH terms used for coding, and application of a novel cluster analysis to visualize trends. The analysis also pointed out the fact that MeSH terms in this sub-specialty area are often inconsistent due to manually coding based on individual subject matter expertise.
Current Advances in Anesthesia and Pain Control Research: Clinical Relevance of Neurotransmitter-Receptor Interactions

SUMMARY This review outlines some of the putative pharmacologic mechanisms of a few of the most common and newer inpatient and outpatient anesthetics and analgesics used in the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. These pharmacologic mechanisms have been discussed in the context of their inhibitory modulation of pain transmission in the CNS. An important observation of both behavioral and biologic studies has been the selective interaction of putative neurotransmitter-receptor subtypes by these anesthetics and analgesics, especially receptors whose endogenous neurotransmitters are known to mediate pain—SP, NMDA, and AMPA; inhibit pain—mu, delta, and kappa; and inhibit neural transmission—GABAA and GABAB. Understanding general receptor-effector interactions helps the clinician predict the indications and effects of many of the drugs used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. A summary of the receptor-mediated actions for drugs currently used for inpatient and outpatient anesthesia and analgesia is provided in Table 7.
Optimization of factors for the prevention of spinal cord ischemia in thoracic endovascular aortic repair

ObjectivesSpinal cord ischemia following thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is a devastating complication. This study seeks to demonstrate how a standardized protocol to prevent spinal cor...
Cookies: Privacy Risks, Attacks, and Recommendations

Consumers access the Internet through web browsers like Chrome, Safari, or Firefox. These browsers leverage Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) to communicate with web servers and provide desired content. HTTP is a stateless, sessionless protocol, meaning it does not remember one browser request from another. To overcome this deficiency, browsers use a concept called cookies which are akin to the “assistant” described in the previous scenario. While many Internet users are unaware how cookies function and the potential harm cookies may cause, for others, cookies are the source of multiple privacy concerns. This paper will define cookies, describe cookie types, describe privacy risks associated with cookies, describe laws and compliance requirements associated with cookies, and finally, discuss several mechanisms consumers can implement to protect their privacy.
Simulation-Based Sizing and Impact Study of Microgrid on a University Campus

Advances in technology and economic incentives have led to the proliferation of photovoltaics (PV) in electric grids. Toward the end of the 2010's decade PVs have proven themselves to be just as economically viable in producing power compared to the power produced by central generation utility plants. Large-scale customers have taken notice of the potential PVs have in reducing their utility costs. A microgrid is simulated on the Ball State University Campus. The purpose of this simulation is to model the impact a PV and BESS microgrid has on a campus distribution system and use the component and generation price to generate a viable power purchase agreement (PPA) with a payback period of 20 years. Three programs were used to simulate the microgrid components. Aurora Solar simulates PV placement and power production on interactive satellite maps, REopt Lite simulates the resiliency of the BESS, and OpenDSS simulates the distribution lines and the impact of the added PVs and BESS on the overall distribution system. A viable microgrid was simulated with a BESS providing 3-hour reserve power in islanded mode and the total payback period amounted to 16 years.
Electronic Challenges of Retrofitting 2D Electrically Conductive MOFs to Form 3D Conductive Lattices

Porous electrical conductors offer opportunities for next-generation energy storage solutions and electrocatalytic technologies. Metal–organic frameworks are one of the highest porosity scaffolds b...
Psychological Traits and the Persuasiveness of Lung Cancer Screening Health Messages.

Abstract Background Lung cancer screening remains underutilized despite its proven mortality benefit. Health systems have attempted to increase screening awareness through advertising. Psychological theories suggest that construal level (a personal orientation towards the big picture or the details) and regulatory focus (goals emphasizing acquisition of a good, or avoidance of a bad outcome) play a key role in health advertising effectiveness. These theories have not been examined in a screen-eligible population. Methods Using Amazon’s crowdsourcing platform, Mechanical Turk, we identified screen-eligible individuals based on United States Preventive Services Task Force criteria. We randomly assigned participants to see one of four screening advertisement images in a 2 (construal level: high vs. low) X 2 (regulatory focus: promotion vs. prevention) between-subjects experimental design. We assessed willingness to undergo screening following the advertisement. Results A total of 191 individuals responded to our study invitation (mean age 61 years). We found that the high construal/promotion focus image led to a greater willingness to screen compared to images representing other psychological states (p-value=0.04). Regarding the personality traits of our respondents, high construal/promotion focus was the most prevalent (40%) trait combination, whereas low construal/prevention focus was the least prevalent (17%). Conclusions The psychological focus of health-related messages affect an individual’s willingness to undergo lung cancer screening. Individuals eligible for lung cancer screening are more persuaded by “big picture” messages describing the benefits of screening. Health systems may use this knowledge to design more effective patient-facing communications that lead to higher rates of screening.
Successful Accreditation Techniques

Abstract The challenges of accreditation reviews create a sense of stress across academic institutions that can be significantly reduced when strategies are implemented and maintained. Understanding the purpose, value, and benefits of the accreditation process is critical. Two techniques that lead to accreditation success include ongoing program meetings resulting in assigned tasks that address government or commission evaluation standards, and the use of a program matrix. The article includes meeting strategies and a universally adaptable matrix design. Moving from stress to success is possible when the techniques are linked to all standards and subsections, and each task successfully meets accreditation requirements. Abstrak Tantangan akreditasi menciptakan rasa stres di seluruh institusi akademik , hal ini dapat dikurangi , secara signifikan ketika strategi diterapkan dan dipertahankan. Memahami tujuan, nilai, dan manfaat dari proses akreditasi sangatlah penting. Dua teknik yang mengarah pada keberhasilan akreditasi , termasuk program rapat yang sedang berjalan sehingga menghasilkan tugas-tugas saat membahas standar evaluasi pemerintah atau komisi, dan penggunaan matriks program. Artikel ini mencakup strategi rapat dan desain matriks yang dapat disesuaikan secara universal. Beralih dari rasa stres akan keberhasilan akreditasi, hal ini memungkinkan jika teknik ini dikaitkan dengan semua standar dan subbagian, serta setiap tugas yang berhasil memenuhi persyaratan akreditasi. How to Cite : Baker, S., Camden-Anders, S. (2020). Successful Accreditation Techniques. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 7 (2), 226-240. doi:10.15408/tjems.v7i2. 20592.
Terror Management Theory: Missiological Applications in Times of Crisis

Terror Management Theory seeks to explain the human motivation to find meaning in life. The theory proposes that humans experience anxiety, even terror, when faced with the reality of their own mortality. To manage this anxiety, humans are motivated to adopt worldviews that indicate that they are significant (in contrast to meaningless) and that they will endure beyond death, either figuratively or literally. Global crises, such as natural disasters, terrorism, or war, make human mortality salient on a large scale. In such situations, humans are more than ever motivated to seek an afterlife, to act in a way to be remembered favorably after death, and to identify with communities that will transcend the duration of their own life. These conditions make some individuals especially open to the gospel which explains how humans can experience eternal life, how they can live righteous lives full of love, and how they can fit into both the Christian community and the Missio Dei. Missionaries should use this openness to the gospel in sensitive and loving ways to help victims of global crises discover a solution to the existential terror that they experience when facing their own mortality. The loving response of missionaries is to proclaim the Christian worldview so that people can make sense out of the crisis and respond positively to the gospel.
On the possibility that pulses of a long-range field are the source ofCP noninvariance

The possibility that pulses of a long-range field are the source ofCP noninvariance in KL0→ decays is explored. An experimental test involving correlation in the decay of two KLEmphasis>0→ π+π− is proposed.
A 2 GS/s 6 b ADC in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS

A 2 GS/s 6-bit ADC with time-interleaving is demonstrated in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS. Three cross-connected and pre-distorted reference voltages improve the averaging performance. Circuit techniques enabling an SNDR of 30 dB at Nyquist input frequency and a FOM of 3.5 pJ per conversion step are discussed, and experimental results validating the simulated performance metrics are presented.
Attitude Motion of a Nutationally Damped Dual-Spin Spacecraft in the Presence of Near-Earth Environment

T effect of both gravity-gradient torques and the nearEarth environment on the attitude motion of a dual-spin spacecraft with nutation damper is predicted by digital simulation. The program employs a geometrical modeling technique to determine the total unshadowed spacecraft surface area required for the computation of aerodynamic torques. In addition, the deliberate steering of the satellite spin axis with magnetically induced torques is described.
Interior noise analysis and control for light aircraft

This paper describes experimental and analytical studies of the interior noise of twin-engine, propeller-driven, light aircraft. Experimental results indicate that interior noise levels due to propeller noise can be reduced by reduction of engine rpm at constant airspeed (about 3 dB), by synchronization of the twin engines/propellers (up to 12 dB), and by increasing the distances from propeller tip to fuselage. The analytical model described uses modal methods and incorporates the flat-sided geometrical and skin-stringer structural features of light aircraft. Initial results show good agreement with measured noise transmitted into a rectangular box through a flat panel.
Isolated coronary ostial stenosis in elderly patients: correction by directional coronary atherectomy.

Coronary ostial stenosis rarely occurs in the absence of other coronary artery disease. Fewer than 50 cases of nonsyphilitic isolated coronary ostial stenosis have been reported according to a review of the literature.lm4 The vast majority of patients in these reported cases were prememopausal women. There are a few reports of it occurring in young male patientss4 The majority of the reported cases of isolated coronary ostial stenosis were corrected by coronary artery bypass surgery.l-” Recent studies have shown angioplasty to have disappointing results in the correction of coronary ostial stenosis.5-6 Two cases of an isolated coronary ostial stenosis in elderly patients are reported here: stenosis was corrected by directional coronary atherectomy. Case 1. An 81-year-old woman with no previous history of cardiac disease suddenly experienced severe retrosternal
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor null mice develop cardiac hypertrophy and increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in the absence of cardiac hypoxia.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix PAS (Per-ARNT-SIM) transcription family, which also includes hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and its common dimerization partner AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT). Following ligand activation or hypoxia, AhR or HIF-1α, respectively, translocate into the nucleus, dimerize with ARNT, and regulate gene expresion. Mice lacking the AhR have been shown previously to develop cardiac enlargement. In cardiac hypertrophy, it has been suggested that the myocardium becomes hypoxic, increasing HIF-1α stabilization and inducing coronary neovascularization, however, this mechanism has not been demonstrated in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cardiac enlargement reported in AhR−/− mice and to determine if it was associated with myocardial hypoxia and subsequent activation of the HIF-1α pathway. We found that AhR−/− mice develop significant cardiac hypertrophy at 5 mo. However, this cardiac hypertrophy was not associated with myocardial hypoxia. Despite this finding, cardiac hypertrophy in AhR−/− mice was associated with increased cardiac HIF-1α protein expression and increased mRNA expression of the neovascularization factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These data demonstrate that the development of cardiac hypertrophy in AhR−/− mice is not associated with myocardial hypoxia, but is correlated with increased cardiac HIF-1α protein and VEGF mRNA expression.
Chiral Modification of Solid Surfaces : A Molecular View

Modification of solid surfaces using chiral agents is perhaps the most promising avenue for bestowing chirality onto heterogeneous catalysts, and with that developing cheap and clean processes for the synthesis of enantiopure compounds. Unfortunately, in spite of the ample interest in the pharmaceutical, agro, and fine-chemical industries, no viable chiral heterogeneous catalysts have been identified yet for use in practical applications. Chiral modification of surfaces has proven to depend in complex ways on a large number of parameters, a fact that makes the empirical development of enantioselective heterogeneous catalysts nearly impossible; a more comprehensive approach is needed to better navigate through such a multivariable field. To address this problem, several surface-science groups have recently focused on developing the basic molecular-level understanding of the chemistry involved. Here we present a brief state-of-the-art report of this research area, with emphasis on the advances made by our o...
Is there a role for young hippocampal neurons in adaptation to stress

The hippocampus has been implicated in many cognitive and emotional behaviors and in the physiology of the stress response. Within the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus has been implicated in the detection of novelty. The dentate is also a major target for stress hormones and modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress. Whether these functions of the dentate integrate or segregate remains unknown, as most investigations of its role in stress and learning are separate. Since the exciting discovery of adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, adult-born neurons have been implicated in both novelty detection and the stress response. In this perspective we will discuss the literature that implicates the hippocampus, and potentially, adult-born neurons in these two functions. We will attempt to reconcile the seemingly contradictory behavioral results for the function of adult-born neurons. Finally, we will speculate that a key function of adult-born neurons within hippocampal function may be to modulate the stress response and perhaps assign stress salience to the sensory context.
Dislocation reactions in ZrN

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy analysis of an annealed and quenched foil of ZrN revealed that 1/2 110 single dislocations dissociate into two 1/6 112 Shockley partial dislocations bounding an intrinsic stacking-fault (SF). The 1/2 110 single dislocations have a super-jog character and are not coplanar with the dissociated Shockley partials. All dislocations and SFs were found to lie on {111} planes, indicating that a possible slip system is { 111 } 〈1 1 0〉 . The dislocation reactions are the same as those observed in usual face-centered cubic metal alloys, although ZrN has an ordered NaCl-prototype structure. The stacking-fault energy (SFE) of ZrN was calculated based on the separation of the Shockley partial dislocations and had an unusually low value of approximately 4.1 mJ/m2. Both the dislocation dissociation reaction and anomalously low SFE can be explained by the large vacancy concentration in ZrN, which was confirmed by the appearance of diffuse intensity maxima in electron diffraction patterns due to short-range ordering of N vacancies.
A quantitative study on the in vitro and in vivo acetylation of high mobility group A1 proteins

High mobility group (HMG) A1 proteins are subject to a number of post-translational modifications, which may regulate their function in gene transcription and other cellular processes. We examined, by using mass spectrometry, the acetylation of HMGA1a and HMGA1b proteins induced by histone acetyltransferases p300 and PCAF in vitro and in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells in vivo. It turned out that five lysine residues in HMGA1a, i.e., Lys-14, Lys-64, Lys-66, Lys-70, and Lys-73, could be acetylated by both p300 and PCAF. We further quantified the level of acetylation by analyzing, with LC-MS/MS, the proteolytic peptides of the in vitro or in vivo acetylated HMGA1 proteins where the unmodified lysine residues were chemically derivatized with a perdeuterated acetyl group. Quantification results revealed that p300 and PCAF exhibited different site preferences for the acetylation; the preference of p300 acetylation followed the order of Lys-64 approximately Lys-70 > Lys-66 > Lys-14 approximately Lys73, whereas the selectivity of PCAF acetylation followed the sequence of Lys-70 approximately Lys-73 > Lys-64 approximately Lys-66 > Lys-14. HMGA1b was acetylated in a very similar fashion as HMGA1a. We also demonstrated that C-terminal phosphorylation of HMGA1 proteins did not affect the in vitro acetylation of the two proteins by either p300 or PCAF. Moreover, we examined the acetylation of lysine residues in HMGA1a and HMGA1b isolated from PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Our results showed that all the above five lysine residues were also acetylated in vivo, with Lys-64, Lys-66 and Lys-70 in HMGA1a exhibiting higher levels of acetylation than Lys-14 and Lys-73.
Room Modes With Regard to Speech Intelligibility in Classrooms: Response to Shalkouhi (2010)

Purpose To respond to comments by Shalkouhi (2010) on the article “Background Noise Levels and Reverberation Times in Unoccupied Classrooms: Predictions and Measurements” by Knecht, Nelson, Whitela...
Brief counseling to reduce AIDS risk in intravenous drug users and their sexual partners: Preliminary results

Abstract Intravenous drug users (N = 88) and their sexual partners (N = 45) were randomly assigned to either a brief counseling intervention or an information-brochure only condition (aimed at reducing behavioral risk for HIV infection). At 10 day follow-up, intravenous drug users exposed to brief counseling were more knowledgeable about risk behaviors, and reported higher levels of self-efficacy and communication skill, and more frequent use of condoms and sterilisation of needles. At 90 day follow-up, intravenous drug users were more accepting of guidelines to reduce sex-related risk and reported greater self-efficacy in relation to drugs. Sexual partners who received brief counseling showed a small reduction in unprotected sex (at 90-day follow-up), while those receiving brochures were slightly less likely to use condoms. Methodological problems of the study are discussed.
Oddity learning in the pigeon: Effect of negative instances, correction, and number of incorrect alternatives

Pigeons have difficulty learning a standard oddity task involving two colors and three stimulus positions. In Experiment 1, performance on standard noncorrection trials was compared with performance on (1) rerun correction trials in which errors resulted in trial repetition, (2) noncorrection trials with added “negative instance” trials involving presentation of three stimuli, all of which matched, and (3) a combination of correction and added negative instance trials. Results indicated that negative instances, but not correction trials, significantly facilitated oddity performance. In Experiment 2, Phase 1, number of stimulus positions lit (three or five) was factorially manipulated with number of positions on which the odd stimulus could appear (three or five). An increase in number of positions lit, but not number of positions that could be odd, facilitated performance. In Phase 2, birds transferred from trials with five positions lit to four positions lit performed significantly better than controls; but in Phase 3, the same birds did not perform significantly better than controls when transferred to trials with three positions lit. In both experiments, analysis of performance as a function of response position indicated better performance at the end of each display than in the middle. These results, together with the group performance differences in Experiment 2, suggest that oddity learning in pigeons involves a size, or number, discrimination.
Spatial Variation of Carbon Dioxide Fluxes in Corn and Soybean Fields

Spatial variation of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) flux during a growing season within corn and soybean canopies has not been quantified. These cropping systems are the most intense in the United States and the potential for carbon (C) sequestration in these systems through changes in soil management practices create an opportunity for reduction in greenhouse gas emissions; however, the need to understand the variation in fields is critical to evaluating changes in management systems. A study was designed to evaluate the spatial variation in soil CO2 fluxes along two transects in corn and soybean fields. Samples were collected every 5 m along a 100 m transect between the rows of the crop and also along a transect in which the plants had been removed to reduce the potential of root respiration. Soil CO2 fluxes were collected at each position with air temperature, soil temperature at 0.05 m, and soil water content (0 - 0.06 m). At the end of the season, soil samples for the upper 0.1 m were collected for soil organic C content, pH, sand, silt, and clay contents. On each day measurements were made, the observed CO2 emissions were scaled by dividing the CO2 flux at each position by the mean CO2 flux of the entire transect. Observed CO2 fluxes were signifycantly larger in the row than in the fallow position for both crops. There were no differences between the corn and soybean fallow transects; however, the corn row samples were larger than the soybean row samples. No consistent spatial patterns were observed in the CO2 fluxes or any of the soil properties over the course of the study. When the CO2 flux data were combined over the season, there was a significant spatial pattern in the fallow transects for both crops but not for the row transects. Sampling for CO2 flux values in cropping systems has to consider the presence of a crop canopy and the amount of root respiration.
Coupling of lipolysis and de novo lipogenesis in brown, beige, and white adipose tissues during chronic β3-adrenergic receptor activation

Chronic activation of β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs) expands the catabolic activity of both brown and white adipose tissue by engaging uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent and UCP1-independent processes. The present work examined de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and TG/glycerol dynamics in classic brown, subcutaneous "beige," and classic white adipose tissues during sustained β3-AR activation by CL 316,243 (CL) and also addressed the contribution of TG hydrolysis to these dynamics. CL treatment for 7 days dramatically increased DNL and TG turnover similarly in all adipose depots, despite great differences in UCP1 abundance. Increased lipid turnover was accompanied by the simultaneous upregulation of genes involved in FAS, glycerol metabolism, and FA oxidation. Inducible, adipocyte-specific deletion of adipose TG lipase (ATGL), the rate-limiting enzyme for lipolysis, demonstrates that TG hydrolysis is required for CL-induced increases in DNL, TG turnover, and mitochondrial electron transport in all depots. Interestingly, the effect of ATGL deletion on induction of specific genes involved in FA oxidation and synthesis varied among fat depots. Overall, these studies indicate that FAS and FA oxidation are tightly coupled in adipose tissues during chronic adrenergic activation, and this effect critically depends on the activity of adipocyte ATGL.
Identification of ten exon deleted ERβ mRNAs in human ovary, breast, uterus and bone tissues: alternate splicing pattern of estrogen receptor β mRNA is distinct from that of estrogen receptor α

Four different human tissues and breast cancer cell lines were screened to identify exon deletion variant transcripts of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using the 'splice targeted primer approach' that amplifies each category of exon deleted variants as a separate gene population. A total of 10 different variant mRNAs that have deletions in various combination of exons were identified by sequence analysis. They were exon 2Delta; exons 2 and 5-6Delta; exon 3Delta; exon 4Delta; exon 5Delta; exons 5 and 2Delta; exon 6Delta; exons 6 and 2Delta; exons 6, 2-3Delta; and exons 5-6Delta. In some cases, deletion of an exon appears to be associated with a mutation of a specific base. Although ERalpha and ERbeta are highly homologous, have identical exon and functional domain organization, exhibit similar ligand-binding profiles and interact with identical DNA response elements, the sequence of exon skipping in ERbeta pre-mRNA appears to be distinct from that of ERalpha mRNA. Furthermore, results described here also suggest that alternate splicing of ERbeta mRNA is tissue specific. The presence of a ERbeta variant profile together with other ER isoforms in a tissue may have functional implications in binding and response to a particular ligand.