cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of roasting oil composition on the stability of roasted high-oleic peanuts

Off-flavor due to lipid degradation is an impor- tant factor in the shelf life of peanut products. The use of re- cently developed peanuts with high-oleic acid/linoleic acid (O/L) ratio has the potential to significantly extend the shelf life of roasted peanuts. To determine the full potential for shelf-life improvement of oil-roasted high-O/L peanuts, a study was con- ducted to examine the effects of roasting high-O/L peanuts (O/L = 30) in high-O/L (O/L = 23.2) or conventional (O/L = 1.5) peanut oil. Peanuts were roasted at 177°C to Hunter L values of 49 ± 1. Roasted peanuts were stored at 30°C for 20 wk. Sam- ples were taken at regular intervals to determine PV, oxidative stability index (OSI), moisture content, and water activity. The O/L ratio of high-O/L roasted peanuts was 27.9 vs. 13.6 for the conventional oil-roasted peanuts. After 20 wk of storage, PV of conventional oil-roasted peanuts was 10.8 compared to 5.3 for the high-O/L-roasted peanuts. OSI values were 88.5 and 52.4 immediately after roasting for the high-O/L-roasted vs. conven- tional oil-roasted peanuts. OSI for both decreased, but differ- ences remained similar throughout the storage period. Shelf life of high-O/L peanuts decreased when roasted in conventional O/L-peanut oil vs. high-O/L peanut oil. Paper no. J9920 in JAOCS 79, 129-132 (February 2002).
The Voice of the Feminine Body: Espronceda's Poetry in Be´cquer's Rimas LV, LX, and LXXXV

(2003). The Voice of the Feminine Body: Espronceda's Poetry in Be´cquer's Rimas LV, LX, and LXXXV. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 163-177.
Differential Effects of Sex Steroids in Young and Aged Female mRen2.Lewis Rats: A Model of Estrogen and Salt-Sensitive Hypertension

Abstract Background: Male-female differences in the expression of hypertension and in end-organ damage are evident in both experimental models and human subjects, with males exhibiting a more rapid onset of cardiovascular disease and mortality than do females. The basis for these male-female differences is probably the balance of the complex effects of sex steroids (androgens, estrogen, progesterone) and their metabolites on the multiple regulatory systems that influence blood pressure (BP). A key target of estrogen and other steroids is likely to be the different components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Objective: The aim of this study was to review the current experimental evidence on the protective effects of estrogen in hypertensive models. Methods: The search terms estrogen , renin-aangiotensin-aldosterone system, renin receptor, salt-sensitivity, endorgan damage, hypertension, kidney, mRen2.Lewis, and injury markers were used to identify relevant publications in the PubMed database (restricted to the English language) from January 1990 to October 2007. Results: In a new congenic model that expresses the mouse renin 2 gene (mRen2.Lewis), estrogen depletion (via ovariectomy [OVX ]) in young rats was found to have a marked stimulatory effect on the progression of increased BP and cardiac dysfunction. Moreover, estrogen depletion exacerbated salt-sensitive hypertension and the extent of salt-induced cardiac and renal injury in young mRen2.Lewis rats, which probably reflected the inability to appropriately regulate various components of the RAAS. However, OVX in aged mRen2.Lewis rats conveyed renal protective effects from a high-salt diet compared with intact hypertensive littermates (64 weeks), and these effects were independent of changes in BP. Conclusion: These studies in hypertensive mRen2.Lewis rats underscored the influence of ovarian hormones on BP and tissue injury, as well as the plasticity of this response, apparently due to age and salt status.
Methadone detoxification of tramadol dependence

Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting analgesic with a partial affinity for the opiate receptor (mu), having an analgesic potency estimated to be one tenth that of morphine. While preclinical investigations suggested that abuse liability associated with tramadol use is low, there are increasing numbers of cases reported to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration of abuse, dependence, and withdrawal associated with tramadol use. A case of a patient with tramadol dependence requiring detoxification with methadone is presented. Acute management of significant tramadol dependence has not yet been reported in the literature. Long-term treatment issues are also discussed.
Oh, What Webs Those Phantoms Spin

The founders of the intellectual tradition that became known as symbolic interaction theory were the first to systematically articulate the principle that society exists in communication (Mead 1934; Cooley 1902; Dewey 1922). Subsequent scholars of that tradition formulated paradigms for the analysis of communication processes and anticipated some of the formulations of the contemporary media theorists by examining the consequences of changes in human consciousness when people communicate and establish social structures (Park 1922; Blumer 1933; Lee 1937). Others subsequently extended these early efforts by analyzing the intertwinings of public opinion, propaganda, and social structures. Contemporary social scientists analyze mediated communication. Some, especially those known as media theorists, usually use an across-time paradigm, characterize qualities of the media, and offer statements about how the media, social structure, and human consciousness are intertwined. Prototypic studies of that sort are the analyses of Altheide and Snow (Altheide 1 985; Altheide and Snow 1 979,1991 ). These scholars, like Simmel, concentrate their analytic efforts not on content but on the qualitative properties of various communication processes (Snow 1 988; Couch and Chen 1988). More commonly, contemporary scholars of communication focus on the messages offered and the experiences derived by individuals from the messages. These scholars, or content analysts, usually apply a point in time paradigm to what they presume to be enduring phenomena and analyze messages and experiences rather than communicative processes. In so doing, they characterize what is communicated
Cell volume control in Paramecium: factors that activate the control mechanisms

SUMMARY A fresh water protozoan Paramecium multimicronucleatum adapted to a given solution was found to swell until the osmotic pressure difference between the cytosol and the solution balanced the cytosolic pressure. The cytosolic pressure was generated as the cell swelled osmotically. When either one or both of these pressures was somehow modified, cell volume would change until a new balance between these pressures was established. A hypothetical osmolyte transport mechanism(s) was presumably activated when the cytosolic pressure exceeded the threshold value of ∼1.5 × 10 5 Pa as the cell swelled after its subjection to a decreased osmolarity. The cytosolic osmolarity thereby decreased and the volume of the swollen cell resumed its initial value. This corresponds to regulatory volume decrease (RVD). By contrast, another hypothetical osmolyte transport mechanism(s) was activated when the cell shrank after its subjection to an increased osmolarity. The cytosolic osmolarity thereby increased and volume of the shrunken cell resumed its initial value. This corresponds to regulatory volume increase (RVI). The osmolyte transport mechanism responsible for RVD might be activated again when the external osmolarity decreases further, and the cytosolic osmolarity thereby decreases to the next lower level. Similarly, another osmolyte transport mechanism responsible for RVI might be activated again when the external osmolarity increases further, and the cytosolic osmolarity thereby increases to the next higher level. Stepwise changes in the cytosolic osmolarity caused by a gradual change in the adaptation osmolarity found in P. multimicronucleatum is attributable to these osmolyte transport mechanisms. An abrupt change in the amount of fluid discharged from the contractile vacuole seen immediately after changing the external osmolarity reduces an abrupt change in cell volume and thereby protects the cell from the disruption of the plasma membrane by excessive stretch or dehydration during shrinkage.
Cost function for a periodic reorder-point system with time dependent replenishment costs

Abstract A single-item inventory model with probabilistic demand is considered in this paper. The replenishment of items is cyclical and occurs every n-periods. The order for replenishment can be placed at the end of any period during the cycle. Replenishment costs (setup and unit costs) are stated as a function of time. The units ordered are set equal to an order quantity q. The general expression of this inventory system is formulated by developing the stationary distribution of the inventory position, units ordered and the probability of placing an order during any period. The expression is stated in terms of the reorder point (s) and the order quantity (q) and can be used to locate the optimal solution.
Epithelial cell stretching and luminal acidification lead to a retarded development of stria vascularis and deafness in mice lacking pendrin

Loss-of-function mutations of SLC26A4/pendrin are among the most prevalent causes of deafness. Deafness and vestibular dysfunction in the corresponding mouse model, Slc26a4−/−, are associated with an enlargement and acidification of the membranous labyrinth. Here we relate the onset of expression of the HCO3− transporter pendrin to the luminal pH and to enlargement-associated epithelial cell stretching. We determined expression with immunocytochemistry, cell stretching by digital morphometry and pH with double-barreled ion-selective electrodes. Pendrin was first expressed in the endolymphatic sac at embryonic day (E) 11.5, in the cochlear hook-region at E13.5, in the utricle and saccule at E14.5, in ampullae at E16.5, and in the upper turn of the cochlea at E17.5. Epithelial cell stretching in Slc26a4−/− mice began at E14.5. pH changes occurred first in the cochlea at E15.5 and in the endolymphatic sac at E17.5. At postnatal day 2, stria vascularis, outer sulcus and Reissner's membrane epithelial cells, and utricular and saccular transitional cells were stretched, whereas sensory cells in the cochlea, utricle and saccule did not differ between Slc26a4+/− and Slc26a4−/− mice. Structural development of stria vascularis, including vascularization, was retarded in Slc26a4−/− mice. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that the enlargement and stretching of non-sensory epithelial cells precedes luminal acidification in the cochlea and the endolymphatic sac. Stretching and luminal acidification may alter cell-to-cell communication and lead to the observed retarded development of stria vascularis, which may be an important step on the path to deafness in Slc26a4−/− mice, and possibly in humans, lacking functional pendrin expression.
Micro scale flow behavior and void formation mechanism during impregnation through a unidirectional stitched fiberglass mat

Liquid composite molding (LCM) processes such as resin transfer molding (RTM) and structural reaction injection molding (SRIM) have been perceived as high potential processes for the near-net-shape manufacturing of composite parts. This paper addresses two major issues in LCM technology : fiber wetting and void formation during mold filling. Flow visualization experiments were carried out to develop a better understanding of the flow induced voids. The formation and elimination of voids were studied using several liquids and a unidirectional stitched fiberglass mat. Void formation was correlated to capillary number and liquid-fiber-air contact angle.
Uncertainty propagation for efficient model-based control solutions

The aim of this work is to represent and propagate model parameter uncertainty so that a model-based control solution is more accurate and robust. To meet this aim, the random fuzzy variable approach is used to provide an accurate range of the uncertainty in the input parameters. In these ranges, the Latin hypercube Hammersley sampling technique is applied for efficient uncertainty propagation. The resulting distribution of the outputs can be used to identify suitable models from which to develop model-based controller solutions. An example is provided that demonstrates the potential of this type of approach for more robust regulation when compared to models that exclude the effect of parameter uncertainty.
Arginine Vasotocin: Effects on Development of Reproductive Organs

Immature 25-day-old mice were injected daily with 1 microgram of arginine vasotocin for 3 or 4 days and killed 24 hours after the last injection. The ovaries were 30 percent smaller in treated females than in controls. The ventral prostates and accessory organs (seminal vesicles and coagulating glands) were less than half the size of these structures in control males. Similar results were observed when 15-day-old mice were given similar injections and killed 2 weeks after the last injection; furthermore, testis weights were 28 percent smaller than those of controls. It is speculated that arginine vasotocin, which has been found in mammalian pineal glands, might mediate effects of the pineal gland on normal sexual development.
The compatibility equations and the pole to the Mohr circle

Abstract We derive a new form of the compatibility equations for large deformations. These equations show that in a continuous inhomogeneous deformation, the strain gradients are related to the curvatures of the principal strain trajectories. In the case of uniform area strain, the equations express a direct relationship between the shape of the strain ellipse at a point and the curvatures of the principal trajectories. These relationships become particularly useful if the fabric in a deformed rock is taken as parallel to the principal strain trajectories. We demonstrate that the compatibility equations provide important strain information for several geologically interesting special cases: uniform area strain, compaction of a bed, fanned or axial planar cleavage, and some three-dimensional structures such as cylindrical folds. We also show that in a three-dimensional structure with one straight strain trajectory there will always be uniform area strain in the cross-section normal to the straight trajectory, as long as the volume strain in the structure is uniform. The pole of the finite strain Mohr circle is a unique point on the circle which graphically relates the state of strain in a body to its orientation in the physical plane. If a set of Mohr circles describes an inhomogeneous state of strain, then the curve connecting the poles of these circles is called the pole curve. We derive an exact analytical expression for the pole curve which applies to ductile deformation zones, refracted cleavage, and deformed stratigraphic sections; all with uniform area strain. For these special cases, the pole curve describes the entire strain field for the deformation as long as we know the strain at any one point in the deformed zone.
Nanoindentation response of anisotropic piezoelectric materials

A three-dimensional finite element model is developed to accurately capture the force–depth and charge–depth nanoindentation response of several classes of anisotropic piezoelectric materials such as relaxor ferroelectrics for which analytical models are at present unavailable. Upon validating the finite element model for transversely isotropic materials, it is demonstrated that the nanoindentation response of anisotropic piezoelectric materials displays a strong dependence on the nature of the indenter geometry and relatively weak dependence on the indenter conductivity. Furthermore, by recourse to “longitudinal” and “transverse” indentations, the nanoindentation method can also be used to identify the poling directions in piezoelectric materials as well.
Novel polypropylene microporous membranes via spherulitic deformation – Processing perspectives

Abstract The processing boundaries for initiating intra-/inter-spherulitic deformation to create microporous polypropylene membranes by lamellar separation are delineated. The processing parameters are: annealing temperature, extension ratio, stretching rate, and stretching temperature. A fixed set of extrusion conditions was chosen for producing precursor films having similar spherulitic morphologies. The morphological changes indicating the occurrence of intra-/inter-spherulitic transition on a spherulitic scale can also be detected on a lamellar scale by WAXS examination via analysis of the α-form orientation index. Membrane porosity measurements showed a consistent correlation with the observed values of the α-form orientation index. Increasing the extension ratio did not change the microstructure in the non-annealed sample; however, the lamellae can be further oriented in the annealed samples. Inter-spherulitic deformation became obvious at slow stretching rates; intra-spherulitic deformation was favored at fast stretching rates. The DSC thermal analysis of the precursor films showed two significant endothermic discontinuities ( T 1 at 0 °C and T 2 at 40 °C) in both non-annealed and annealed precursor films; T 1 is believed to be the conventional T g of polypropylene whereas T 2 appears to originate from the rigid-amorphous fraction trapped within the lamellar “wells” where the amorphous phase is surrounded by the R-lamellae and the T-lamellae. The lamellae could break down or slip from the lamellar knots as stretching temperatures are high enough to minimize the influence of the rigid-amorphous fraction, and the annealed lamellae can still be oriented without a catastrophic cold-drawn deformation.
Feynman parametrization and the degenerate electron gas.

We give an alternative derivation of Weldon's formula for combining products of factors with nonidentical analytic behavior. While such a formula would appear to be useful in finite-temperature calculations, we give an example of a zero-temperature calculation, namely, the degenerate electron gas, to justify the result.
Activation of human medial prefrontal cortex during autonomic responses to hypoglycemia

Studies in humans implicate the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in complex cognitive and emotional states. We measured regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) four times each during euglycemia (5.2 ± 0.2 mmol/liter) and hypoglycemia (3.0 ± 0.3 mmol/liter) in nine normal human volunteers. Autonomic responses during hypoglycemia were manifested by increases in neurogenic symptoms, heart rate, and plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and pancreatic polypeptide. Typical symptoms of hypoglycemia were mild, and none reflected evidence of cognitive or emotional stress. Quantitative CBF fell 6–8% in the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. Analysis of regional CBF differences identified neuronal activation during hypoglycemia in bilateral MPFC (areas 24 and 32) and bilateral thalamus. These results provide evidence that the MPFC participates in the autonomic responses to simple physiological stimuli in humans.
Robots, Emotions and Appearances: Look at Me Now

Understanding emotional reactions to robots is becoming increasingly more important as technological capabilities expand. Just as computers have evolved, so have robots. This evolution has lead to significant applications across a wide variety of social contexts. This study examines the affective judgment of multiple robotic platforms across various contexts. Significant differences were found in both positive and negative affect ratings. To further explain the results, future research is proposed to investigate the specific physical robotic characteristics that elicit both positive and negative emotional response.
Primary afferent fibers conduct impulses in both directions under physiological stimulus conditions.

In electric fish of the family Mormyridae some primary afferent fibers conduct impulses not only from electroreceptors to the brain but also from the brain to the receptors. The efferent impulses may be elicited by electrical stimulation which is within the physiological range, i.e., by stimulation which is similar in amplitude and duration to the stimulation that is caused by the fish's own electric organ discharge. Afferent and efferent impulses in the same afferent fiber were identified by: simultaneously recording from a fiber at two different points, at the receptor and at the nerve trunk (Figs. 2C-H; 3B-D); by cutting the afferent fiber between the brain and the recording site as well as between the recording site and the periphery; and by intra-axonal recording from the afferent fiber near its entry into the brain (Fig. 4). The efferent impulses result from the central integration of a corollary discharge of the electric organ motor command with excitatory and inhibitory input from several different receptors near the one from which afferent impulses originate (Fig. 4). The centrally originating impulse may be capable of modifying the effect of signals originating in the periphery.
Effects of Short and Medium Chain Fatty Acids on Absorption of Lipophilic Drugs from Perfused Rat Intestine

Abstract The absorption rates of griseofulvin and prednisolone were measured from solutions that were recirculated through a segment of in situ rat jejunum. When premicellar concentrations of butyric, octanoic, or dodecanoic acid were present in the perfusate, the griseofulvin absorption rate decreased while that of prednisolone increased. The fatty acids also increased the absorption rate of water from the perfusate, and the effect of hutyric acid was attributed primarily to this increase. The absorption-altering effects of octanoic and dodecanoic acids could not be attributed solely to their effects on water absorption nor to their effects on the surface tension of the perfusate. The effects of octanoic and dodecanoic acids were explained by postulating different rate-limiting barriers to the ahsorption of prednisolone and griseofulvin.
Experimental characterization of intermolecular multiple-quantum coherence pumping efficiency in solution NMR.

Abstract The behavior of intermolecular multiple-quantum coherences in a variety of simple liquids with different chemical and magnetic properties is investigated experimentally and modeled by numerical simulations based on modified Bloch equations. The effects of spin concentration, temperature, intramolecular conformational flexibility, chemical exchange, and spin–spin coupling on the formation of high-order coherences are examined. It is shown that any process that makes the Larmor frequency time-dependent may interfere with the formation of these coherences. Good agreement is achieved between experiments and simulation, using independently known values of the magnetization density, the rate constants for translational diffusion, spin–spin and spin–lattice relaxation, and radiation damping.
Correlation of exercise 201thallium myocardial scan with coronary arteriograms and the maximal exercise test.

Myocardial scans obtained by injecting radioactive 201 thallium during exercise were correlated with electrocardiograms obtained at rest and during exercise, with coronary arteriographic abnormalities, and with left ventriculograms in 55 patients suspected of having coronary arterial disease. Thirty-nine patients had significant coronary arterial disea e, 34 of whom had abnormal myocardial scans after exercise and 21 of whom had abnormal ECGs during exercise. The myocardial scan after exercise was most frequently abnormal in the presence of significant abnormalities in the Q wave or localized left ventricular asynergy and when ST-segment depression persisted for longer than ten minutes after exercise. All patients with single-vessel disease had abnormal myocardial scans after exercise, whereas five of 29 patients with two or more abnormal vessels had normal scans. Patients with coronary arterial disease were more likely to have a normal myocardial scan after exercise when the resting ECG and left ventriculogram were normal and when exercise-induced ST-segment depression persisted for less than ten minutes. The combination of the myocardial scan after exercise and the ECG during maximal exercise had a sensitivity of 98 percent. The myocardial scan after exercise alone had a specificity of 100 percent. These observations indicate that the myocardial scan obtained by injecting 201 thallium during exercise is an important diagnostic adjunct in the identification of patients with coronary arterial disease.
Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Using a Double-Lumen Cannula

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can support neonates with severe respiratory failure. Currently, the most common application of ECMO requires venoarterial access. Venovenous (VV) ECMO is desirable to avoid common carotid artery ligation. However, the best technique of venous access for VV ECMO is not established. Using a single cannula with a double-lumen (DLC) in the right atrium for simultaneous drainage and infusion of blood, VV ECMO provided total respiratory support for six apneic puppies for 3 h each. Mean systemic arterial oxygenation was lower with DLC VV (50 torr) compared to VA ECMO (247 torr), but a physiologic pH (mean 7.34) was maintained on DLC VV bypass. Higher mean bypass flow was required on DLC VV (124 ml/kg/min) compared to VA flow (101 ml/kg/min) because of recirculation of oxygenated blood. The position of the DLC in the right atrium needed to be closely monitored. Hemorrhage was noted in the myocardium after use of DLC VV ECMO.
Theoretical Studies of Eliminations. 6. The Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry of the Gas-Phase Reactions of 3-Halocyclohexenes with Fluoride. An ab Initio Study.

The gas phase reactions of fluoride with 3-chlorocyclohexene and 3-fluorocyclohexene have been investigated with ab initio calculations up to the MP2/6-31+G** level. Transition states were located for 1,4-eliminations and 1,2-eliminations as well as SN2 and SN2‘ substitutions. For each reaction, a variety of stereochemical outcomes was explored. For both systems, the preferred pathway is an anti 1,4-elimination, but syn 1,4-eliminations and anti 1,2 eliminations have transition states that are nearly as stable. The two modes of substitution (SN2 and SN2‘) have similar barriers, but are much less favorable than elimination. The results are compared to recent experimental studies of related systems.
RNA Interference Screen Reveals an Essential Role of Nedd4–2 in Dopamine Transporter Ubiquitination and Endocytosis

The function of the dopamine transporter (DAT) to terminate dopamine neurotransmission is regulated by endocytic trafficking of DAT. To elucidate the mechanisms of DAT endocytosis, we generated a fully functional mutant of the human DAT in which a hemagglutinin epitope (HA) was incorporated into the second extracellular loop. The endocytosis assay, based on the uptake of an HA antibody, was designed to study constitutive- and protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent internalization of HA-DAT expressed in non-neuronal cells and rat dopaminergic neurons. Large-scale RNA interference analysis of PKC-dependent endocytosis of HA-DAT revealed the essential and specific role of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, Nedd4-2 (neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated 4-2), as well as the involvement of adaptor proteins present in clathrin-coated pits, such as epsin, Eps15 (epidermal growth factor pathway substrate clone 15), and Eps15R (Eps15-related protein). Depletion of Nedd4-2 resulted in a dramatic reduction of PKC-dependent ubiquitination of DAT. Endogenous Nedd4-2, epsin, and Eps15 were coimmunoprecipitated with heterologously expressed human HA-DAT and endogenous DAT isolated from rat striatum. A new mechanistic model of DAT endocytosis is proposed whereby the PKC-induced ubiquitination of DAT mediated by Nedd4-2 leads to interaction of DAT with adaptor proteins in coated pits and acceleration of DAT endocytosis.
The Future of Forgetting: Rhetoric, Memory, Affect

This article argues for a rethinking of the rhetorical canon of memory as a productive tool for understanding and effectively responding to recent changes in culture, economics, and politics. After reviewing historical conceptions of rhetorical memory both before and after its “canonization,” we identify two processes at the heart of the contemporary relationships between persuasion and memory: an “externalization” of memory and commonplace rhetorical structures through information networks and technologies, and an “internalization” of memory and dispositions that takes place in human affective systems. We conclude by arguing for the value of such an expanded notion of rhetorical memory for addressing two of the more pervasive and significant registers of contemporary persuasion: advertising and populist politics.
VESSEL COMPLIANCE MISMATCH CAN INCREASE WORKLOAD OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE IN ABSENCE OF OBSTRUCTION AFTER REPAIR OF AORTIC COARCTATION. † 220

VESSEL COMPLIANCE MISMATCH CAN INCREASE WORKLOAD OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE IN ABSENCE OF OBSTRUCTION AFTER REPAIR OF AORTIC COARCTATION. † 220
Mice Deficient in Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor Receptor Type 2 Exhibit Normal Ethanol‐Associated Behaviors

Background: Stress is believed to influence alcohol use and relapse in alcoholics. Animal studies suggest an interaction between corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its receptors and the behavioral effects and consumption of alcohol. The objective of these studies was to examine the effect of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRF2) on ethanol consumption, conditioned taste aversion, sedation, and hypothermia. Methods: CRF2-null mutant or knock-out (KO), and wild-type (WT) mice were used to assess consumption of increasing concentrations of ethanol in a two-bottle, 24-hr test and during daily limited-access sessions. Ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA), loss of righting reflex (LORR), hypothermia, and ethanol metabolism kinetics were also examined in the CRF2 KO and WT mice. Results: CRF2 KO mice did not differ from WT mice in sensitivity to ethanol-induced CTA, LORR, hypothermia, or ethanol metabolism kinetics. There was no genotypic difference in ethanol intake or preference in the 24-hr, two-bottle choice procedure, and only modestly reduced consumption of the 7.5 and 10% ethanol solutions in KO versus WT mice in the limited-access procedure. Conclusions: CRF2 deficiency had little effect on several ethanol-associated behaviors in CRF2-null mutant compared with WT mice, suggesting that this receptor does not have a primary role in modulating these behaviors. Evidence of a role for this receptor in neural circuits subserving stress-coping behaviors suggest that future studies should focus on the role of endogenous CRF2 in ethanol-associated behaviors in mice that are stressed or withdrawing from dependence on ethanol.
Genome-wide identification of Hfq-regulated small RNAs in the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora discovered small RNAs with virulence regulatory function

Erwinia amylovora is a phytopathogenic bacterium and causal agent of fire blight disease in apples and pears. Although many virulence factors have been characterized, the coordination of expression of these virulence factors in E. amylovora is still not clear. Regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulatory components in bacteria. A large number of sRNAs require the RNA chaperone Hfq for both stability and functional activation. In E. amylovora, Hfq was identified as a major regulator of virulence and various virulence traits. However, information is still lacking about Hfq-dependent sRNAs on a genome scale, including the virulence regulatory functions of these sRNAs in E. amylovora. Using both an RNA-seq analysis and a Rho-independent terminator search, 40 candidate Hfq-dependent sRNAs were identified in E. amylovora. The expression and sizes of 12 sRNAs and the sequence boundaries of seven sRNAs were confirmed by Northern blot and 5’ RACE assay respectively. Sequence conservation analysis identified sRNAs conserved only in the Erwinia genus as well as E. amylovora species-specific sRNAs. In addition, a dynamic re-patterning of expression of Hfq-dependent sRNAs was observed at 6 and 12 hours after induction in Hrp-inducing minimal medium. Furthermore, sRNAs that control virulence traits were characterized, among which ArcZ positively controls the type III secretion system (T3SS), amylovoran exopolysaccahride production, biofilm formation, and motility, and negatively modulates attachment while RmaA (Hrs6) and OmrAB both negatively regulate amylovoran production and positively regulate motility. This study has significantly enhanced our understanding of the Hfq-dependent sRNAs in E. amylovora at the genome level. The identification of multiple virulence-regulating sRNAs also suggests that post-transcriptional regulation by sRNAs may play a role in the deployment of virulence factors needed during varying stages of pathogenesis during host invasion by E. amylovora.
DFT study of a model system for the dealkylation step catalyzed by AlkB.

E. coli AlkB is a DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes the de-methylation of DNA by means of a non-heme iron and α-keto glutarate as a co-factor. The proposed reaction mechanism can be separated in four stages. The first stage involves the binding of the co-factor and molecular oxygen to the Fe in the active site. This is followed by the formation of a ferryl intermediate in a high-spin state, along with CO2 and succinate. Subsequently, the O atom on the Fe center is reoriented. The last stage comprises the oxidative de-methylation of the base to produce the native DNA base and formaldehyde. This stage also includes the rate limiting step in the reaction. Here, the last stage of the proposed reaction mechanism of AlkB has been studied for a model of the active site with DFT methods. Minimum structures have been calculated for all intermediates along the path in triplet and quintet spin states. Our results point to the quintet states as more stable, in agreement with previously reported calculations. Potential energy barriers have been obtained for all the steps along this last stage in the quintet state. In the first step the oxygen bound to the Fe center of the ferryl intermediate abstracts a hydrogen atom from the methyl moiety. This first step corresponds to the rate limiting step in the reaction. The calculated barrier for this step is 26.7 kcal/mol. The subsequent steps are highly exoergic. This energetic picture is in qualitative agreement with previously reported results. The calculated energy difference between the ferryl intermediate and the final product is −75.7 kcal/mol for a model with succinate in the active site and −49.3 kcal/mol for a model where the succinate is replaced by water. Our calculated mechanism is slightly different than the previously reported one. These results suggest the possibility of more than one mechanism. This is currently under investigation by ab initio QM/MM methods.
Kinetic Equations for Optical Pumping

We derive quantum-mechanical kinetic equations for the matter density $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and radiation density matrix $R$, which describe optical pumping phenomena. The resultant kinetic equations are a set of coupled nonlinear equations for $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $R$. With appropriate linearizations, we can obtain the present theories of optical pumping. The nonlinear equations describe multiple scattering and line narrowing due to imprisonment of resonant radiation. We show that the coupled equations for $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $R$ are equivalent to coupled equations for $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and a generalized polarization matrix II, whose matrix elements are the second moments of $R$. The polarization matrix II constitutes a complete description of linear phenomena in the same manner as present theories describe optical pumping phenomena by using the matter density matrix $\ensuremath{\rho}$ alone. As a consequence of our nonphenomenological treatment of radiation, we can provide a completely microscopic treatment of the externally modulated light-beam experiment of Bell and Bloom. We show that the atom absorbs the modulation envelope directly from the external thermal light beam in the same way that the atom absorbs transverse polarization directly from the light beam in optical pumping experiments.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in migraine.

Migraine is the most frequent type of headache in children. In the 1980s, scientists first hypothesized a connection between migraine and mitochondrial (mt) disorders. More recent studies have suggested that at least some subtypes of migraine may be related to a mt defect. Different types of evidence support a relationship between mitochondria (mt) and migraine: (1) Biochemical evidence: Abnormal mt function translates into high intracellular penetration of Ca 2+ , excessive production of free radicals, and deficient oxidative phosphorylation, which ultimately causes energy failure in neurons and astrocytes, thus triggering migraine mechanisms, including spreading depression. The mt markers of these events are low activity of superoxide dismutase, activation of cytochrome-c oxidase and nitric oxide, high levels of lactate and pyruvate, and low ratios of phosphocreatine-inorganic phosphate and N-acetylaspartate-choline. (2) Morphologic evidence: mt abnormalities have been shown in migraine sufferers, the most characteristic ones being direct observation in muscle biopsy of ragged red and cytochrome-c oxidase-negative fibers, accumulation of subsarcolemmal mt, and demonstration of giant mt with paracrystalline inclusions. (3) Genetic evidence: Recent studies have identified specific mutations responsible for migraine susceptibility. However, the investigation of the mtDNA mutations found in classic mt disorders (mt encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes, myoclonus epilepsy with ragged red fibers, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, and Leber hereditary optic neuropathy) has not demonstrated any association. Recently, 2 common mtDNA polymorphisms (16519C→T and 3010G→A) have been associated with pediatric cyclic vomiting syndrome and migraine. Also, POLG mutations (eg, p.T851 A, p.N468D, p.Y831C, p.G517V, and p.P163S) can cause disease through impaired replication of mtDNA, including migraine. Further studies to investigate the relationship between mtDNA and migraine will require very large sample sizes to obtain statistically significant results. (4) Therapeutic evidence: Several agents that have a positive effect on mt metabolism have shown to be effective in the treatment of migraines. The agents include riboflavin (B2), coenzyme Q10, magnesium, niacin, carnitine, topiramate, and lipoic acid. Further study is warranted to learn how mt interact with other factors to cause migraines. This will facilitate the development of new and more specific treatments that will reduce the frequency or severity or both of this disease.
β1 integrins modulate p66ShcA expression and EGF-induced MAP kinase activation in fetal lung cells

Abstract ShcA proteins mediate Erk1/Erk2 activation by integrins and epidermal growth factor (EGF), and are expressed as p46ShcA, p52ShcA, and p66ShcA. Although p52ShcA and p46ShcA mediate Erk1/Erk2 activation, p66ShcA antagonizes Erk activation. p66ShcA is spatially regulated during lung development, leading us to hypothesize that integrin signaling regulates p66ShcA expression and, consequently, EGF signaling. Fetal lung mesenchymal cells were isolated from E16 Swiss–Webster mice, stimulated with oligopeptide extracellular matrix analogs or anti-integrin antibodies, and subjected to ShcA Western analyses and EGF-stimulated Erk1/Erk2 kinase assays. p66ShcA expression was decreased by anti-α1 integrin antibody and DGEA collagen analog, and increased by anti-β1, anti-α4, and anti-α5 integrin antibodies and RGDS fibronectin analog. Paradoxically, β1 integrin stimulation increased EGF-induced Erk activation while increasing expression of the inhibitory p66ShcA isoform. This paradox was resolved by demonstrating that Erk inhibition attenuates integrin-mediated p66ShcA induction. These results suggest that p66ShcA is up-regulated as inhibitory feedback on integrin-mediated Erk activation.
Critical features of an auditable management system for an ISO 9000-compatible occupational health and safety standard

An International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001:1994-harmonized occupational health and safety (OHS) management system has been written at the University of Michigan, and reviewed, revised, and accepted under the direction of the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS) Task Force and the Board of Directors. This system is easily adaptable to the ISO 14001 format and to both OHS and environmental management system applications. As was the case with ISO 9001:1994, this system is expected to be compatible with current production quality and OHS quality systems and standards, have forward compatibility for new applications, and forward flexibility, with new features added as needed. Since ISO 9001:1987 and 9001:1994 have been applied worldwide, the incorporation of harmonized OHS and environmental management system components should be acceptable to business units already performing first-party (self-) auditing, and second-party (co...
Gamma-ray spectroscopy of89Nb

The structure of theN=48 nucleus89Nb has been studied using in-beamγ-ray spectroscopy following a number of reactions. Several levels with spins between 15/2 and 25/2 are identified. The results are discussed in terms of the shell model.
Life prediction and classification of failure modes in solid state luminaires using Bayesian Probabilistic Models

A new method has been developed for assessment of the onset of degradation in solid state luminaires to classify failure mechanisms by using metrics beyond lumen degradation that are currently used for identification of failure. Luminous Flux output, Correlated Color Temperature Data on Philips LED Lamps has been gathered under 85°C/85%RH till lamp failure. The acquired data has been used in conjunction with Bayesian Probabilistic Models to identify luminaires with onset of degradation much prior to failure through identification of decision boundaries between lamps with accrued damage and lamps beyond the failure threshold in the feature space. In addition luminaires with different failure modes have been classified separately from healthy pristine luminaires. It is expected that, the new test technique will allow the development of failure distributions without testing till L70 life for the manifestation of failure.
Selective kinetic determination of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate with an ammonia gas-sensing electrode

Abstract The coenzyme pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) is deiermined by in situ measurement of the rate of ammonia production using a potentiometric gas-sensing membrane electrode. It is shown that the initial rate of ammonia liberation from L-tryptophan by action of tryptophanase apoenzyme and the coenzyme can be linearly related to PLP levels in the nanogram range with minimal interference from related compounds. Calibration data for the 1 × 10 -7 –2.5 × 10 -6 M range for PLP yielded a least-squares equation of rate (mV min -1 ) = (0.64 ± 0.01) C — 0.01 ± 0.02 with a standard error of 0.02 mV min -1 , where concentration, C, is expressed in units of 10 -7 mol l -1 .
An alternative to Unibase/glycol as an effective nonhydrating electrolyte medium for the measurement of electrodermal activity

Although Unibase cream has been an effective medium for electrodermal recordings, its production has recently been discontinued. This study compared alternative media to Unibase for effectiveness. Three base creams similar to Unibase were initially compared for in vitro viscosity and effectiveness. Based upon this analysis one cream was eliminated. A volunteer sample of 6 postmenopausal women with hot flashes and 6 young women without flashes was recruited. Media were evaluated for viscosity and effectiveness of skin conductance. Results indicated that one electrolyte media produced readings within the normal range, identified true positive hot flashes, and produced few false negative readings whereas the second produced largely unreadable results with many false negative hot flashes. An appropriate substitute for Unibase as an effective electrolyte medium for measurement of electrodermal activity was identified.
Synergistic Corrosion Inhibition of AA2024-T3 by Sodium Silicate and Sodium Molybdate

The effect of mixing sodium silicate and sodium molybdate on the corrosion inhibition of AA2024-T3 was investigated using various electrochemical, microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Strong synergistic behavior was observed when silicate and molybdate were mixed together in solution resulting in much lower threshold concentrations for corrosion inhibition.
Abetimus Sodium (Riquent) for the Prevention of Nephritic Flares in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Abetimus sodium has been under development for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus since the early 1990s. Because its administration results in the selective reduction of circulating double-stranded DNA antibodies, La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company has focused on the agent's ability to prolong time to nephritic flare. Fourteen trials have been initiated since 1994, but the two pivotal registration trials failed to meet primary end points. The US Food and Drug Administration issued a letter in October 2004 that stated abetimus sodium was "approvable" pending the successful completion of a trial demonstrating clinical benefit. The fate of this agent lies in the ability of the company to successfully complete a phase III study.
European Reactions to the Homestead Act

CONTEMPORARY reaction to the Homestead Act was complex in the United States, and the judgment of posterity has included much negative criticism.' Whatever the real merits and defects of the Act, its impact on public opinion in Europe was not necessarily in keeping with the facts as they unfolded in America. European reactions to the famous Act are much less known than is the case with American public and expert opinion on the same subject. Standard literature on emigration and on the American image in Europe invariably stresses political freedom and economic opportunity as main motives for emigration. The Homestead Act is in most cases mentioned only in passing, as one among several factors in the motivation of prospective emigrants. In some cases it is claimed to have been a major motive but without evidence to bear out how important it was. We have here one of those complicated processes which together form the web of interaction between Europe and America throughout the middle and the late part of the nineteenth century. Was there any sizable impact on European minds from the Homestead Act, and if so on whom and in what direction? The question can only be treated tentatively here; definitive answers will require much more research than has already been done. Materials on the epoch and on emigration in general are abundant, but most of the research has been done in America and focused on the immigrants' arrival and how they made out in the new country. Much less research has been done in Europe on the mechanism of emigration. In some sense this may be logical, because the whole movement of people was materially much more important for America than for Europe, or so it seems. There are at least three levels on which such an impact might be traced. One is among prospective emigrants who may or may not have been prompted to the long journey by the news that land in America could be had for free. Another is on contemporary economists and
The Electron Beam for the Fermilab Electron Cooling Experiment

We describe the design and construction of the electron beam for the Fermilab Electron Cooling Experiment. Important parameters are (1) 110 keV kinetic energy; (2) 26 A current; (3) 0.5 eV rest frame temperature; (4) space charge neutralization; (5) beam modulation; (6) efficient energy recovery at the collector. The 5 m overlap region between the electron beam and the storage ring orbit represents 4% of the total ring circumference.