cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic analysis of transition-metal coordination complexes based on poly(4-vinylpyridine) and dichlorotricarbonylruthenium(II)

Abstract The formation of coordination complexes between the nitrogen lone pair on poly(4-vinylpyridine) and the metal center in dichlorotricarbonylruthenium(II) is described in this research contribution. {RuCl 2 (CO) 3 } 2 was chosen because octahedral d 6 heavy-metal centers with π -acid carbonyl ligands exhibit very large ligand field stabilization energies which enhance the glass transition temperatures of polymeric coordination complexes. Relative to undiluted poly(4-vinylpyridine), which exhibits a glass transition at 145°C, T g increases by 27°C at 3 mol% Ru 2+ . When the concentration of Ru 2+ is greater than 5 mol%, detection of a diffuse T g above 200°C is difficult via calorimetry because the discontinuity in specific heat decreases considerably. Ambient-temperature infrared spectroscopic data for the pyridine sidegroup in the polymer suggest that the pyridine nitrogen coordinates to ruthenium. Symmetry considerations and high-temperature infrared data for the carbonyl stretching vibrations are consistent with structural models which contain two CO ligands and two pyridine sidegroups or three CO ligands and 1 pyridine sidegroup in the coordination sphere of ruthenium. Hence, it is possible that the transition-metal salt bridges two different chains via the pyridine nitrogen lone pair, forming coordination crosslinks. Hindered mobility of this nature provides a reasonable explanation for the enhancement in T g by 9°C/mol% Ru 2+ , up to 3 mol% Ru 2+ . Ambient temperature infrared signals in the carbonyl region suggest that as many as five different ligand arrangements of the following pseudo-octahedral complex, RuCl 2 (CO) 2 (Py) 2 , exist simultaneously at low Ru 2+ concentrations and could be responsible for coordination crosslinks. Upon heating, the highly symmetric isomers with trans -CO ligands transform irreversibly to pseudo-octahedral structures with lower symmetry (i.e., cis -CO ligands). Octahedral ruthenium d 6 salts are attractive physical property modifiers when polymeric ligands coordinate to the metal center.
Influence of Dehydration on the Expression of Neuropeptide Y Y1 Receptors in Hypothalamic Magnocellular Neurons

Regulation of vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) secretion involves integration of neural signals from hypothalamic osmoreceptors, ascending catecholaminergic and peptidergic cell groups in the brain stem, and local and autoregulatory afferents. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one factor that stimulates the release of VP and OT from the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus via activation of Y1 receptors (Y1R). The current studies were designed to assess the regulation and distribution of NPY Y1R expression in the SON of male rats that were either given 2% NaCl drinking water (24-72 h) or water deprived (48 h). Subjecting male rats to these conditions resulted in significant increases in both the number of cells expressing Y1R immunoreactivity (ir) and the amount of Y1R protein per cell within the SON. Y1R immunoreactivity was increased in the magnocellular but not medial parvocellular paraventricular nuclei, and Y1R mRNA levels were increased in the SON of salt-loaded rats. Subpopulations of both VP and OT cells in the hypothalamus express Y1R immunoreactivity and a greater percentage of VP-ir cells express Y1R after salt loading. To control for potential effects of dehydration-induced anorexia, a group of euhydrate animals was pair fed with animals consuming 2% NaCl. No detectable change in Y1R expression was observed in the SON of pair-fed animals, even though body weights were significantly lower than controls. These data demonstrate that NPY Y1R gene and protein expression are increased in the SON of salt-loaded and water-deprived animals and provide a mechanism whereby NPY can support VP/OT release during prolonged challenges to fluid homeostasis.
Clinical Syndromes Among the Learning Disabled

As a field matures, it fine tunes its knowledge. The earliest literature in learning disabilities consistently described such youngsters in terms of short attention span, perceptual problems, memory disorders and, of course, the resultant unacceptable behavior. The field is growing up and my Syracuse colleague, Larry Lewandowski, has created from the literature clinical—etiological subtype categories that complement our traditional empirical classifications. The reader should find good food for thought here.—Burton Blatt, EdD, Associate Editor.
Reduced aldosterone metabolites in hypertension

Significant quantities of 5 alpha and 5 beta-Ring A-reduced metabolites and several polar cytochrome P-450 dependent hydroxylated neutral metabolites of aldosterone (Aldo) (NMA) are soon present in the kidney during the latent period, prior to the expression of Aldo's effects on Na+ and K+. Their levels in the kidney (a) correlate, in a dose-dependent manner, with the magnitude of physiological responses to Aldo in male rats, (b) are lower in the kidneys of females, which show smaller responses to Aldo than males, (c) are lower in the kidneys of males treated with the anti-mineralocorticoid spironolactone, and (d) their synthesis can be regulated by dietary Na+ and K+. Anti-mineralocorticoids completely inhibit synthesis of 5 alpha-reduced metabolites of Aldo in both kidney and toad bladder and of several of the polar hydroxylated NMA in both liver and kidney. 5 alpha-Reduced metabolites and their 2-hydroxylated derivatives possess significant mineralocorticoid activity and their synthesis is increased in rats fed a low Na+ diet and decreased with a high Na+ diet. We have suggested that their synthesis may play a major role in the expression and/or regulation of the individual renal anti-natriuretic and kaliuretic actions of Aldo.
Letter by Papageorgiou et al Regarding Article, “OMEGA, A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Test the Effect of Highly Purified Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Top of Modern Guideline-Adjusted Therapy After Myocardial Infarction”

To the Editor: In an interesting study published recently in Circulation , Rauch et al1 examined the prognostic effect of highly purified omega-3 fatty acids in addition to current guideline-adjusted treatment of acute myocardial infarction (MI). They concluded that the application of omega-3 fatty acids does not reduce further the decreased rates of sudden cardiac death, total mortality, major adverse cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events, and revascularization in survivors within 1 year of follow-up. These findings are consistent with the recent study of Kromhout …
Airline market concentration: An analysis of US origin-destination markets

Abstract Changes in competition in selected US domestic airline markets since deregulation of the airline industry are examined in this paper, focusing on both the top 100 markets and the largest markets out of dominated cities. Our analysis of carrier concentration in origin-destination markets since 1978 shows an increasing trend in concentration in recent years, after an initial period of decreases. The average concentration levels in the top 100 markets were still lower in 1991 than in 1979. At the same time, average concentration levels in 150 markets out of ‘dominated’ cities had returned to 1979 levels by 1991, after reaching a low point in 1985. Both the increases in competition that occurred during the first years of deregulation and the subsequent decreases can be explained by two structural changes experienced in the US airline industry: the numerous mergers of large carriers during the late 1980s and, more important, the development of extensive hub and spoke networks by virtually all airlines.
Relative Gain Array Analysis of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Gas Turbine Hybrid Plant

This paper presents a relative gain array (RGA) analysis of a simulated solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine plant, based on a multivariate empirical formulation of a 300 kW hybrid system. The HyPer test facility at the National Energy Technology Laboratory, served as the test bed for deriving frequency response data and subsequent multivariable model of a direct-fired, recuperated hybrid cycle plant. Through the modulation of various airflow bypass valves, magnitude and phase data are used to formulate transfer function (TF) equations that describe input/output system interaction. A frequency dependent RGA calculation of the empirical TF matrix provides a means of quantifying the degree of coupling between system inputs and outputs for the configuration studied. Various input/output interaction time scales are obtained to identify frequencies where fully developed system coupling occur. Analysis of the RGA matrix leads to a better understanding of the inherent properties and the hybrid configuration, and can serve as a validating tool to existing analytical RGA calculations of similar types of hybrids.
From Cannon Balls to Yeast Cells

In connection with the News Focus article “Random packing puts mathematics in a box” (Charles Seife, 17 Mar., p. [1910][1]) about “random” versus “close” packing of uniform spheres, it is worth mentioning that English mathematician Thomas Harriot (1560-1621) performed some of the first packing calculations. His correspondence with Johannes Kepler ([1][2]) subsequently led to Kepler's famous “conjecture” on the most efficient density, which is close to 74%. Harriot was intellectual advisor to Sir Walter Raleigh, who was at the time most interested in stacking cannonballs on his ships. The same principles hold for all sizes of spheres. For example, mature yeast cells have a packing density of about 78% ([2][3]); the small difference from theory is primarily attributed to a slight departure from spherical shape. 1. [↵][4]T. C. Hales, [http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/∼hales/countdown/][5], and references therein. 2. [↵][6]1. W. N. Arnold, 2. J. S. Lacey , J. Bacteriol. 131, 564 (1977). [OpenUrl][7][Abstract/FREE Full Text][8] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.287.5460.1910c [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [5]: http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~hales/countdown/ [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [7]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2BBacteriology%26rft.stitle%253DJ.%2BBacteriol.%26rft.aulast%253DArnold%26rft.auinit1%253DW.%2BN.%26rft.volume%253D131%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D564%26rft.epage%253D571%26rft.atitle%253DPermeability%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCell%2BEnvelope%2Band%2BOsmotic%2BBehavior%2Bin%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F407215%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [8]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MjoiamIiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6OToiMTMxLzIvNTY0IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjM6Ii9zY2kvMjg4LzU0NjMvNTUuMi5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=
Numerical analysis of the rectangular domain decomposition method

When solving parabolic partial differential equations using finite difference non-overlapping domain decomposition methods, one often uses the stripwise decomposition of spatial domain and it can be extended to the rectangular decomposition without further analysis. In this paper, we analyze the rectangular decomposition when the modified implicit prediction (MIP) algorithm is used. We show that the performance of the rectangular decomposition and the stripwise decomposition is different. We compare spectral radius, maximum error, efficiency, and total operations of the rectangular and the stripwise decompositions. We investigate the accuracy of the interface of the rectangular decomposition and the effects of the correction phase of the rectangular decomposition. Numerical experiments have been done in both two and three spatial dimensions and show that the rectangular decomposition is not better than the stripwise decomposition. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicolor FRET Silica Nanoparticles by Single Wavelength Excitation

Fluorescent nanoparticles with multiple emission signatures by a single wavelength excitation are needed in multiplex bioanalysis and molecular imaging. We have prepared silica nanoparticles encapsulated with three organic dyes using a modified Stober synthesis method. By varying the doping ratio of the three tandem dyes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-mediated emission signatures can be tuned to have the nanoparticles exhibit multiple colors under one single wavelength excitation. These nanoparticles are intensely fluorescent, highly photostable, uniform in size, and biocompatible. The acceptor emission of the FRET nanoparticles has generated a large Stokes shift, which implicates broad applications in biological labeling and imaging. Molecular recognition moieties, such as biotin, can be covalently attached to the nanoparticle surface to allow for specific binding to target molecules. These multicolor FRET silica nanoparticles can be used as barcoding tags for multiplexed signaling. By us...
Meshing Glenberg with Piaget, Gibson, and the ecological self

Glenberg's rethinking of memory theory seems limited in its ability to handle abstract symbolic thought, the selective character of cognition, and the self. Glenberg's framework can be elaborated by linking it with theoretical efforts concerned with cognitive development (Piaget) and ecological perception (Gibson). These elaborations point to the role of memory in specifying the self as an active agent.
Comparison of Detection of Normal Puberty in Boys by a Hormonal Sleep Test and a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Test

Context: The magnitude of sleep-related gonadotropin rise required to activate pubertal feminization is not established. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the normal relationship of pubertal hormone responses to sleep and to GnRH agonist (GnRHag) challenge across the female pubertal transition. Design/Setting: This was a prospective study in a General Clinical Research Center. Participants: Sixty-two healthy 6- to 13-year-old volunteer girls participated in the study. Interventions: Interventions included overnight blood sampling followed by GnRHag (leuprolide acetate) injection. Primary Outcome Variables: The primary outcome variables included LH, FSH, and estradiol. Results: LH levels rose steadily during sleep and after GnRHag throughout the prepubertal years. The LH response to sleep and GnRHag correlated well across groups (eg, r = 0.807, peak vs 4 h post-GnRHag value); however, this correlation was less robust than in boys (r = 0.964, P < .01). Sleep peak LH of 1.3 U/L or greate...
3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde peroxidase from apples: An ethylene-forming enzyme

Abstract 1. 1. 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde peroxidase, a 3-methylthiopropionaldehyde-cleavage ethylene-forming enzyme, was isolated from apples, after separation from phenols and polyphenols by dialysis and gel-filtration on Sephadex G-25. The specific activity of 3-methylthiopropionaldehyde peroxidase was increased about 300 times by purification with DEAE- and CM-cellulose. 2. 2. This enzyme was separated into three fractions by free-flow electrophoresis. Each fraction had a different specific activity for the 3-methylthiopropionaldehyde-cleavage and the o-dianisidine peroxidase reaction, respectively. 3. 3. The purified enzyme showed a spectral absorption peak in the ultraviolet at 278 nm and a broad peak in the visible spectrum at 410 nm with a shoulder at 525 nm. 4. 4. The enzyme produced ethylene from 3-methylthiopropionaldehyde in a system which required p-coumaric acid, HSO3− and H2O2. This enzyme was inhibited by sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, cupferron, azide, iodoacetamide, N-ethylmaleimide ascorbate, Cu2+, diphenols and catalase. Streptomycin approximately doubled the activity of the 3-methylthiopropionaldehyde-cleavage system. 5. 5. 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde peroxidase also produced ethylene, in lower amounts, from l -methionine in a two-step reaction. The first step involves a reaction with Mn2+, p-coumaric acid, and codecarboxylase. The second step appears to be the 3-methylthiopropionaldehyde-cleavage reaction requiring HSO3− and H2O2.
Two-quasiparticle states in {sup 250}Bk studied by decay scheme and transfer reaction spectroscopy.

Two-quasiparticle states in $^{250}\mathrm{Bk}$ were investigated with decay scheme studies and the single-neutron transfer reaction $^{249}\mathrm{Bk}$($d,p$)$^{250}\mathrm{Bk}$. Mass-separated sources of $^{254}\mathrm{Es}$ were used for \ensuremath{\alpha} singles and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence measurements. These studies, plus previous studies of ${}^{254}{\mathrm{Es}}^{m}$ \ensuremath{\alpha} decay and the $^{249}\mathrm{Bk}$($n,\ensuremath{\gamma}$) reaction, provide spins and parities of the observed levels. The transfer reaction $^{249}\mathrm{Bk}$($d,p$)$^{250}\mathrm{Bk}$ was used to deduce neutron single-particle components of the observed bands. Six pairs of singlet and triplet states, formed by the coupling of proton and neutron one-quasiparticle states, were identified. The splitting energies between the triplet and singlet states were found to be in agreement with previous calculations.
Infrared-Emitting Poly(norbornene)s and Poly(cyclooctene)s

Poly(norbornene)- and poly(cyclooctene)-based copolymers, bearing carbazole and 8-hydroxyquinoline side chains, were prepared. Upon complexation of the pendant quinoline ligands in the side chain with ytterbium followed by the addition of 2 equiv of additional quinolines, infrared-emitting copolymers that emit around 970 nm were obtained. The emission intensities increased linearly as the density of lanthanide−quinolate complexes increased in the copolymers. Finally, we were able to prove that the polymer backbones do not interfere with the optical properties of the polymers, suggesting that these polymers are outstanding materials as IR emitters.
Outpatient laparoscopy for abdominal and pelvic pain in the United States 1994 through 1996

Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the frequency at which laparoscopic surgery is performed to treat female pelvic pain. Study design Using the National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery, we performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study of women who had been diagnosed with abdominal or pelvic pain who underwent outpatient laparoscopic procedures. Rates of procedures were tabulated for all years that were available (1994-1996). A comparison was made across age, ethnicity, and geographic distribution. Results The estimated number of women who underwent outpatient laparoscopic surgery for pelvic/abdominal pain was 120,000, 130,400, and 128,600 for the years 1994 through 1996, respectively. Typical additional procedures that were performed included lysis of adhesions, dilation, and hysteroscopy. The women who underwent these procedures were generally of reproductive age (mean, 32.2 ± 9.6 years old). Most procedures are performed in hospitals with the use of general anesthesia. The southern portion of the country contributes a disproportionate share of the reported procedures. Conclusion Laparoscopic surgical evaluation of female pelvic or abdominal pain occurs frequently in the US health care system.
Precision measurements of the lifetime of a single trapped ion with a nonlinear electro-optic switch.

A time-correlated single-photon counting method is used to measure the spontaneous emission lifetime of a single trapped barium ion, yielding a standard deviation of 0.5% for 8 min of integration time. The statistical power of this one-atom technique is comparable with that of other methods that use a macroscopic sample, but the technique has potentially lower systematic errors. The method depends on the use of an electro-optic phase modulator as an Nth-order nonlinear switch, which improves the response time by a factor of N and the on–off ratio by the Nth power.
Effects of ACTH peptide fragments on memory formation.

Abstract The effects of peptides derived from ACTH on the formation of long-term memory have been investigated in male mice. Post-training administration of ACTH 4-10-L-Phe-7 (ACTH-L) improved retention for both passive and active avoidance tasks. Administration of ACTH 4-10-D-Phe-7 (ACTH-D) impaired retention for both tasks. The optimum dose for ACTH-L was about 0.3 mg/kg; the optimum dose for ACTH-D was in the range of 1.0–3.0 mg/kg. Using the passive avoidance task, it was shown that either drug had to be administered within 60 min of training to be highly effective. Amnesia produced by anisomycin (Ani), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, was lessened by ACTH-L and increased by ACTH-D. ACTH-D opposed the memory-facilitating effects of ACTH-L. Using intact mice, ACTH-L or ACTH-D did not significantly change the incorporation of valine into protein, nor did these peptides influence the inhibition of protein synthesis caused by anisomycin. The results show that ACTH may play a major role in memory processing, perhaps by facilitating essential protein synthesis at sites specific for the memory being established.
2-Chlorohexadecanal and 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid induce COX-2 expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells

2-Chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), a 16-carbon chain chlorinated fatty aldehyde that is produced by reactive chlorinating species attack of plasmalogens, is elevated in atherosclerotic plaques, infarcted myocardium, and activated leukocytes. We tested the hypothesis that 2-ClHDA and its metabolites, 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid (2-ClHA) and 2-chlorohexadecanol (2-ClHOH), induce COX-2 expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). COX-2 protein expression increased in response to 2-ClHDA treatments at 8 and 20 h. 2-ClHA also increased COX-2 expression following an 8 h treatment. Quantitative PCR showed that 2-ClHDA treatment increased COX-2 mRNA over 8 h, while 2-ClHA treatment led to a modest increase by 1 h and those levels remained constant over 8 h. 2-ClHDA led to a significant increase in 6-keto-PGF1α release (a measure of PGI2 release) by HCAEC. These data suggest that 2-ClHDA and its metabolite 2-ClHA, which are produced during leukocyte activation, may alter vascular endothelial cell function by upregulation of COX-2 expression.
The role of fertility in achieving Africa's schooling MDGs: Early evidence for sub-Saharan Africa

In theory, declines in national fertility boost schooling by reducing age dependency, but questions remain about the size and catalysts of this dividend. We address these questions in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by using a detailed framework and decomposition methods. Results about catalysts suggest that, beyond policy, dividends depend on characteristics of fertility transitions and changes in employment, economic performance, and public commitment to education. Results about the size of Africa's schooling dividends are mixed. On one hand, the annual schooling resource per child grew on average by $73 between 1990 and 2005, with a third of this growth tied to trends in age dependency. Yet despite these nominal gains, Africa lost ground relative to the world partly because age dependency declined even more in other regions. Only after 2105, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) deadline, will Africa begin to narrow its gap vis-a-vis the world average. Also, dividends are predicted to accrue earlier among c...
Analytic vectors for representations of the canonical commutation relations and nondegeneracy of ground states

Abstract A sufficient condition is given for the nondegeneracy of the ground state of a Hamiltonian on a physical Hilbert space.
Optimization of Balloon Obstruction for Simulating Equivalent Pressure Drop in In-Vivo Conditions

The study of hemodynamics in an animal model associated with coronary stenosis has been limited due to the lack of a safe, accurate, and reliable technique for creating an artificial stenosis. Creating artificial stenosis using occluders in an open-chest procedure has often caused myocardial infarction (MI) or severe injury to the vessel resulting in high failure rates. To minimize these issues, closed-chest procedures with internal balloon obstruction were often used to create artificial stenosis. However, it should be noted that the hemodynamics in a blood vessel with internal balloon obstruction as opposed to physiological stenosis hasn’t been compared. Hence, the aim of this research is to computationally evaluate the pressure drop in balloon obstruction and compare with that in physiological stenosis. It was observed that the flow characteristics in balloon obstruction are more viscous dominated, whereas it is momentum dominated in physiological stenosis. Balloon radius was iteratively varied to get a pressure drop equivalent to that of physiological stenosis at mean hyperemic flow rates. A linear relation was obtained to predict equivalent balloon obstruction for physiological stenosis.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Nutritional and weight management behaviors in low-income women trying to conceive.

Objective To evaluate the nutritional habits and weight management strategies of women trying to conceive as compared to women not trying to conceive.
DNA hybridization detection by label free versus impedance amplifying label with impedance spectroscopy

We have successfully developed a DNA biosensor based on double layer capacitance variations due to DNA hybridization. The study was performed to demonstrate the feasibility of electrical detection of DNA hybridization using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). At 100 Hz, electrochemical impedance measurements on a label-free DNA sensor show a 25% increase for dsDNA on a Au electrode compared with the same gold electrode with immobilized ssDNA. Differential experiments were carried out to establish the selectivity of the biosensor; no impedance change was observed at electrodes with non-specific DNA sites. An enzyme amplification scheme employing an impedance amplifying label (IAL) was developed to increase the sensitivity of the DNA sensor. In this approach, after hybridization, the enzymatic precipitation of an insoluble compound on the sensing interface causes a significant impedance change. The total impedance, again measured at 100 Hz, is 160% higher than the impedance with the label-free dsDNA on the electrode.
The Efficacy of a Psychiatric Halfway House: A Three‐year Study of a Therapeutic Residence*

THE MIXTURE of nonpatient-residents living with patient-residents in the near-natural atmosphere of a psychiatric halfway house seemed instrumental in the general improvement of a majority of the patients in their socialization and self-understanding. Conard House, a comfortable Victorian mansion located in the Pacific Heights section of San Francisco, was founded as a psychiatric halfway house in 1960 with the aim of aiding a former mental patient's tenuous transition into the community by providing a residential facility that afforded an informal, warm, and supportive milieu. At the inception of this facility a plethora of mental patients was being released from hospitals. They were trying to integrate and establish themselves as members of the community, often under difficult circumstances. Conard House hoped to provide some of this population with the means of reentering the community as functioning members. The study arose then in recognition of the need to help the patient over a tenuous period in his transition into the community and as an effort to demonstrate the value of the Conard House facility for this purpose. The primary project goal was to reveal the efficacy of a halfway house setting which integrates patients with nonpatients. There were four subaims in the project (i.e., to determine what types of former psychiatric patients and mentally retarded persons could most successfully be rehabilitated in this ecological setting, to determine what milieu factors contribute to the rehabilitation of former patients, to develop evaluative measuring devices for use in this setting, and to develop techniques in coordinating these services with other agencies and community services). The assumption was made that the former mental patient and mentally retarded person both experience a similar insecurity upon returning to the community, and as individuals they can achieve strength and autonomy by drawing from the specialized residence milieu of a halfway house. Historically, halfway houses have long been in existence although not technically labeled as such.' Probably the first and most famous facil-
A rapid, sensitive test for the detection of antibodies to DNA.

Abstract A simple rapid binding assay capable of detecting antibodies to native DNA and heat denatured DNA is described. The relative sensitivity of the test has been studied and its specificity for immunologic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus in man, dogs and mice is under investigation.
Effects of Method of Measurement on Most Comfortable Loudness Level for Speech

Eighteen college men and 18 college women, all with normal hearing, were tested for the effects of three variables upon most comfortable loudness (MCL) level for speech. These variables were: (1) t...
3‐[5‐(4‐Chlorophenyl)‐1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl]propionic acid and the corresponding methyl ester

The synthesis of 3-[5-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-1-(4-methoxy­phen­yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]propionic acid, C19H17ClN2O3, (I), and its corresponding methyl ester, methyl 3-[5-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-1-(4-methoxy­phen­yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]propionate, C20H19ClN2O3, (II), is regiospecific. However, correct identification of the regioisomer formed by spectroscopic techniques is not trivial and single-crystal X-ray analysis provided the only means of unambiguous structure determination. Compound (I) crystallizes with Z′ = 2. The propionic acid groups of the two crystallographically unique mol­ecules form a hydrogen-bonded dimer, as is typical of carboxylic acid groups in the solid state. Conformational differences between the meth­oxy­benzene and pyrazole rings give rise to two unique mol­ecules. The structure of (II) features just one mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit and the crystal packing makes greater use than (I) of weak C—H⋯A inter­actions, despite the lack of any functional groups for classical hydrogen bonding.
Seeing With New Eyes: Metaphors of Family Experience

‘‘The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new lands but in seeing with new eyes’’ (Proust, 1934) When I ﬁrst learned that my son had a signif­icant disability, no way did I think I could be a good mother to him! It was as though all I had ever rid­den was a basic street bike, with fat wheels, no gears, and back-pedal brakes, and, suddenly, I was presented with a fancy Italian racing bike, with thin tires, curly-over handlebars, umpteen gears, hand brakes—and on top of it all, it was a tandem! ‘‘You’ve got to be kidding!’’ It was the only vehicle we had to get from there to here, so we rode it. Along the way, I fell a few times, changed riders in the other seat, but also learned to ride better and faster, with far greater skill than I ever dreamed I could.
Intrinsic ledges at interphase boundaries and the crystallography of precipitate plates

The structure of intrinsic ledges at interphase boundaries has been interpreted with extended O-lattice/DSC-lattice approaches. The distribution of structural ledges can be predicted if the spacing difference between parallel matrix and product planes is treated as a measure of the relaxed coincidence condition. A small rotation away from the low-index planar parallelism introduces a series of interfacial dislocations that cancels the spacing difference, resulting in a lattice invariant line. Misfit-compensating ledges at bcc: hcp interfaces are produced as a ledged interface intersects additional O-points that are recognized with the incorporation of previously omitted bcc atom positions into the O-lattice construction. Energetic consideration suggests that structural interfacial energy may decrease when a flat interface becomes ledged with misfit-compensating ledges. Burgers vectors associated with structural ledges and misfit-compensating ledges are displacement shift complete (DSC) lattice vectors. Precipitate and martensite crystallography may both include a lattice invariant line, but they are involved in different interphase boundary characteristics. Assumptions and implications in precipitate and martensite crystallography are discussed in the framework of the O-lattice theory and phenomenological theory of martensite crystallography.
Environment and sex ratios among Alaska natives: an historical perspective.

Human-environment interactions can affect the sex ratios of resource-dependent societies in a variety of ways. Historical and contemporary data on Alaska Native populations illustrate such effects. Some eighteenth and early nineteenth century observers noted an excess of females, which they attributed to high mortality among hunters. Population counts in the later nineteenth century and well into the twentieth found instead an excess of men in many communities. Female infanticide was credited as the explanation: since family survival depended upon hunting success, males were more valued. Although infanticide explanations for the excess of males have been widely believed, available demographic data point to something else: higher adult female mortality. Finally, in the postwar years, the importance of mortality differentials seems to have faded- and also changed direction. Female outmigration from villages accounts for much of the gender imbalance among Native populations today. Natural-resource development, particularly North Slope oil, indirectly drives this migration. In Alaska's transcultural communities, the present gender imbalances raise issues of individual and cultural survival.
Observations of a Gulf Stream frontal eddy on the Georgia continental shelf, April 1977

Abstract Satellite, hydrographic, and data from moored current meters are used to show the effect of Gulf Stream frontal disturbances on low-frequency current and temperature variability, water exchange, and nutrient flux in the outer region of the Georgia shelf. Perturbations of the Gulf Stream cyclonic front are commonly observed as folded wave patterns in routine satellite-derived analyses of the western boundary of the Gulf Stream between Cape Hatteras and Miami. The disturbances consist of southward-flowing warm filaments or streamers of near-surface Gulf Stream water, 15 to 20 m deep, which can extend 35 to 40 km over the outer shelf around a cold upwelled core. Downstream dimensions of the filaments reach 100 to 200 km in the region from Jupiter, Florida, to Charleston, South Carolina, 10 to 50 km south of Jupiter, and 200 to 300 km between Charleston and Cape Hatteras. The features are defined as cyclonic, cold-core frontal eddies due to their flow and water mass properties. They appear to form from amplified waves in the Gulf Stream cyclonic front on an annual average of one every two weeks but with considerable monthly variability. They can persist up to three weeks and travel to the north with the same phase speed as the waves, approx. 40 cm s−1. The cyclonic circulation in frontal eddies provides a means for rapid shelf-Gulf Stream water exchange. The eddies appear to control the residence time of the outer shelf waters, defined as the mean separation time between eddy events, or approx. two weeks. Upwelling in the cold core extended into the euphotic zone (45 m) and shoreward (35 to 40 km) beneath the southward-flowing warm filament in a bottom intrusion layer 20 m thick. The annual nitrogen input to the shelf waters by this process is estimated as 55,000 tons each year, about twice all other estimated nitrogen sources combined; it can support an annual carbon production by phytoplankton of 32 to 64 g C m−2y−1 with no nitrogen recycling.
Predictors of HIV antibody testing among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth

Abstract Purpose: To identify factors related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. Methods: Self-reported demographics, risk behaviors, variables related to the Health Belief Model, and HIV testing data were collected at a conference for gay youth, as well as at the Gay and Lesbian Community Center in a Southeastern metropolitan area ( n = 117). Results: About one third of participating youth who reported engaging in anal and vaginal sex had done so without a condom. In addition, one in four youth reported at least one other HIV risk factor. Of youth engaging in sexual risk behaviors, one third had not been tested for HIV antibodies. Furthermore, 61% of the youth reported some type of drug use, and only 57% of those using drugs had been tested. To determine factors associated with HIV testing, a hierarchical logistic regression was conducted. A binary variable of HIV testing was regressed first on demographic variables, second on risk factors, and third on variables derived from the Health Belief Model. Results of the logistic regression revealed that unprotected anal sex and the Health Belief Model variables predicted having been tested for HIV. The final model explained 42% of the variance in HIV testing. Conclusions: Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth are at high risk for HIV infection and are often untested for HIV antibodies.
Exploring gender differences in US school principals’ professional development needs at different career stages

The purpose of this descriptive study was to explore, with respect to gender and career stage, the areas in which principals perceived professional development was important. Beginning principals perceived higher needs for support and skill development in all areas. All experience levels of principals indicated high needs for professional development in using data to inform decisions and in resolving personnel issues. Many of the top-ranked areas, regardless of gender or experience level, were relational areas (resolving student, parent and personnel issues). Female principals perceived greater need for professional development, particularly in resolving student issues. Female beginning principals and female experienced principals expressed greater needs than did their male counterparts for support in sustaining personal motivation.
Comparing the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of intravenous hydromorphone and morphine in healthy volunteers

The purposes of this study were to characterize the subjective, psychomotor and physiological effects of butorphanol in healthy nondrug-abusing volunteers and to compare and contrast the effects of butorphanol to those of morphine. Into an antecubital vein, the subjects (seven men and five women), who had no history of opiate dependence, were injected with 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/70 kg of butorphanol or 10 mg/70 kg of morphine; a randomized, double-blind, crossover design was used. The subjective effects of butorphanol included increased scores on the Pentobarbital-Chlorpromazine-Alcohol Group scale and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide scale of the Addiction Research Center inventory; increased visual analog scale ratings of "sedated," "coasting or spaced out" and "difficulty concentrating;" increased adjective checklist ratings of "sweating," "skin itchy" and "sleepy;" and increased "feel drug effect" and drug-liking ratings. Morphine had some subjective effects of a magnitude similar to those of an equianalgesic dose of butorphanol (2 mg) (e.g., "strength of drug effect," "sedated," "heavy or sluggish feeling" and "high"). However, other effects of morphine were lesser in magnitude (e.g., "coasting or spaced out," "drunken" and "lightheaded") than those of butorphanol. Also, morphine did not affect a number of ratings that were affected by butorphanol (e.g., "confused," "dreamy," "stimulated," "difficulty concentrating," "floating" or "sweating"). The psychomotor impairing effects of butorphanol, as measured by the Maddox Wing test, an eye-hand coordination test, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, were dose related; in contrast, morphine had no effect on psychomotor functioning. Both butorphanol and morphine induced miosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Permissive contributions of NO and prostacyclin in CO-induced cerebrovascular dilation in piglets.

Endogenously produced CO is an important dilator in newborn cerebrovascular circulation. CO dilates cerebral arterioles by activating Ca2+-activated K+ channels, but modulatory actions of other eff...
Role of glutathione in an animal model of myoglobinuric acute renal failure.

In a previous study we have shown a role for reactive oxygen metabolites in glycerol-induced acute renal failure, a well-established model for myoglobinuric acute renal failure. In the present study we examined the role of glutathione in this model of acute renal failure. Administration of 50% (vol/vol) glycerol at a dose of 10 ml/kg of body weight to rats intramuscularly resulted in significant renal failure associated with depletion of total kidney glutathione (GSH) from 2.6 +/- 0.1 mumol/g (mean +/- SEM control level) to 1.7 +/- 0.1 mumol/g after 6 hr (P less than 0.001). If GSH were important in glycerol-induced acute renal failure, one would anticipate that exogenously administered GSH should afford protection, while injury should be potentiated if endogenous GSH is depleted. We examined the effect of i.p. administration of L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) at 2 mmol/kg (which results in depletion of kidney GSH) and the effect of increasing renal GSH by i.v. administration of reduced GSH (2 mmol/kg every 3 hr) on kidney function in glycerol-treated rats. Glycerol-injected rats treated with BSO showed significantly worse renal failure than did rats given glycerol alone, while administration of GSH resulted in significant amelioration of glycerol-induced acute renal failure [glycerol treatment alone, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) = 96 +/- 10 and creatinine = 2.5 +/- 0.4 mg/dl; BSO + glycerol treatment, BUN = 123 +/- 7 and creatinine = 3.5 +/- 0.1 mg/dl (n = 9, P less than 0.05); GSH + glycerol treatment, BUN = 78 +/- 10 and creatinine = 1.25 +/- 0.2 mg/dl (n = 8, P less than 0.05)]. In separate experiments 1,3-bis(chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) [which interferes with the enzyme GSH reductase and prevents recycling of oxidized GSH (GSSG) into GSH] resulted in worsening of glycerol-induced acute renal failure similar to that produced by BSO. These functional differences between GSH-depleted and GSH-repleted rats were further substantiated by significant histological differences in tubular injury. Taken together, these results provide evidence for an important role of GSH in glycerol-induced acute renal failure.
Effect of pyridoxal 5-phosphate on carbidopa and decarboxylation of levodopa

To study the interaction between enzymes and coenzymes and carbidopa and levodopa, a paired-ion high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed to separate carbidopa, dopamine, levodopa, and pyridoxal 5-phosphate. Carbidopa strongly reacted with pyridoxal 5-phosphate, contrary to a previous report. Tyrosine decarboxylase and tyrosine decarboxylase apoenzyme had some activity against levodopa, which could be increased by adding pyridoxal 5-phosphate to the mixture. This activity was inhibited by hydroxylamine hydrochloride.
Role of stilbenes in the natural durability of wood: Fungicidal structure-activity relationships

Abstract The fungicidal bioactivity of a number of ( E )-4-hydroxy-3′- and/or 4 - substituted stilbenes and related analogues was measured against the white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor and the brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Poria placenta using the agar plate technique. The bioactivity of didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), an effective wood preservative, was also determined for comparison purposes. Only DDAC and a (reduced) bibenzyl derivative with a 4′-hydrogen showed fungicidal activity against the white-rot fungus. Against the two brown-rot fungi all stilbenes with a 4′-hydrogen and also a (reduced) bibenzyl compound with a 4′-hydrogen had greater activity than DDAC. A quantitative structure-activity relationship study found that stilbene brown-rot bioactivity was linearly related to hydrophobicity. The results of this study and a review of the prior literature suggests that stilbene phytoalexins may be modified in vivo by partial methylation to further enhance their bioactivity.
Evaluation of a teaching tool to increase the accuracy of pilot balloon palpation for measuring tracheostomy tube cuff pressure

Objectives/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a novel teaching tool to improve health care providers' ability to inflate tracheostomy tube cuffs to the appropriate pressure. Study Design Single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Methods Subjects were randomized to a control and study group. The control group viewed a video about inflating tracheostomy tube cuffs to safe pressure levels. The study group viewed the same video and also got to palpate the pilot balloons of tracheostomy tube cuffs inflated to three different pressures. All subjects inflated tracheostomy tube cuffs to pressures they believed to be appropriate based on palpation of the pilot balloon preintervention, and immediately, 2 weeks, and 3 months postintervention. Results Forty-nine health care providers participated in the study. There was no significant difference in the mean preintervention cuff inflation pressures between the two groups (36 cm H2O vs. 38 cm H2O, P = 0.4888), with both initially overinflating. Postintervention, the study group inflated the cuffs to significantly lower pressures than the control group, closer to the ideal of 25 cm H2O (26 cm H2O vs. 35 cm H2O, P = 0.0001). This difference was also observed 2 weeks (28 cm H2O vs. 37 cm H2O P <0.0001) and 3 months (28 cm H2O vs. 36 cm H2O, P = 0.0002) postintervention. Conclusions The novel teaching tool evaluated in this study is simple, easily reproducible, and low-cost. Its use leads to long-lasting improvement in health care providers' ability to more accurately inflate tracheostomy tube cuffs to safe pressures. Level of Evidence 1b. Laryngoscope, 123:1884–1888, 2013
On the efficient simulation of large communication networks using importance sampling

To obtain large speedup factors in Monte Carlo simulation using importance sampling (IS), the modification, or bias of the underlying probability measures must be carefully chosen, especially for large networks. The formulation and results for estimating the blocking probability of a 4*4 synchronous Clos ATM switch, with priority and push-out, are presented. The simulation study uses the authors' (1992) statistically-based techniques for optimizing IS performance. Issues involved in using IS that, if not properly addressed, can result in poor performance and even misleading results are presented. Techniques are presented to avoid these potential pitfalls. Experimental examples of both the 4*4 Clos ATM switch and IS-related issues are presented. Speedup factors of 2 to 5 orders of magnitude are achieved for the 4*4 ATM switch. >
The primacy of self-referent information in perceptions of social consensus

People's own responses to a social stimulus (i.e. whether they endorse it or reject it) predict how they expect other people to respond (consensus estimates). This correlation has long been accepted as evidence for social projection. There has been little direct evidence, however, for the assumption that self-referent judgments shape judgments about others. Supporting the projection model, Expt 1 shows that self-referent information is more accessible than consensus estimates. Once they have been made, people s own endorsements and rejections of a stimulus facilitate consensus estimates. In turn, consensus estimates facilitate endorsements (but less so). Judgments about the physical properties of the stimulus facilitate neither type of social judgment. Supporting the view that projection is egocentric, Expt 2 shows that, when making consensus estimates, people rely more on their own endorsements than on the endorsements made by another individual. This self-other difference does not depend on whose endorsements are revealed first or on whether the other person is anonymous or individuated.