cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The African-American Intellectual of the 1920s: Some Sociological Implications of the Harlem Renaissance

This paper deals with some of the sociological implications of a major cultural high-water point in the African American experience, the New Negro/Harlem Renaissance. The paper concentrates on the cultural transformations brought about through the intellectual activity of political activists, a multi-genre group of artists, cultural brokers, and businesspersons. The driving-wheel thrust of this era was the reclamation and the invigoration of the traditions of the culture with an emphasis on both the, African and the American aspects, which significantly impacted American and international culture then and throughout the 20th century. This study examines the pre-1920s background, the forms of Black activism during the Renaissance, the modern content of the writers9 work, and the enthusiasm of whites for the African American art forms of the era. This essay utilizes research from a multi-disciplinary body of sources, which includes sociology, cultural history, creative literature and literary criticism, autobiography, biography, and journalism.
MINTbase v2.0: a comprehensive database for tRNA-derived fragments that includes nuclear and mitochondrial fragments from all The Cancer Genome Atlas projects.

MINTbase is a repository that comprises nuclear and mitochondrial tRNA-derived fragments (‘tRFs’) found in multiple human tissues. The original version of MINTbase comprised tRFs obtained from 768 transcriptomic datasets. We used our deterministic and exhaustive tRF mining pipeline to process all of The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets (TCGA). We identified 23 413 tRFs with abundance of ≥ 1.0 reads-per-million (RPM). To facilitate further studies of tRFs by the community, we just released version 2.0 of MINTbase that contains information about 26 531 distinct human tRFs from 11 719 human datasets as of October 2017. Key new elements include: the ability to filter tRFs on-the-fly by minimum abundance thresholding; the ability to filter tRFs by tissue keywords; easy access to information about a tRF’s maximum abundance and the datasets that contain it; the ability to generate relative abundance plots for tRFs across cancer types and convert them into embeddable figures; MODOMICS information about modifications of the parental tRNA, etc. Version 2.0 of MINTbase contains 15x more datasets and nearly 4x more distinct tRFs than the original version, yet continues to offer fast, interactive access to its contents. Version 2.0 is available freely at http://cm.jefferson.edu/MINTbase/.
Pair structure and the pairing interaction in a bilayer Hubbard model for unconventional superconductivity

The bilayer Hubbard model with an intralayer hopping $t$ and an interlayer hopping ${t}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ provides an interesting testing ground for several aspects of what has been called unconventional superconductivity. One can study the type of pair structures which arise when there are multiple Fermi surfaces. One can also examine the pairing for a system in which the structure of the spin-fluctuation spectral weight can be changed. Using a dynamic cluster quantum Monte Carlo approximation, we find that near half filling, if the splitting between the bonding and antibonding bands ${t}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}/t$ is small, the gap has ${B}_{1g}$ (${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$-wave) symmetry, but when the splitting becomes larger, ${A}_{1g}$ (${s}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$-wave) pairing is favored. We also find that in the ${s}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ pairing region, the pairing is driven by interlayer spin fluctuations and that ${T}_{c}$ is enhanced.
Evaluating the Child with Arthritis and Other Joint Problems

This chapter concerns itself with the evaluation of the child with arthritis and related conditions. Because of its complexity, arthritis has been given a separate chapter. For the evaluation of extremity pain in general, refer to Chapter 2. Our emphasis here will be on the process of diagnosis. Treatment will be only briefly discussed. Suggestions for further reading dealing with the details of treatment of each condition are listed in the Bibliography.
CS-26 What do we mean when we say SLE?

Background Although lupus spectrum illness contains at least four variants (antibody only, undifferentiated autoimmune disease, typical SLE, and overlap SLE), clinical, epidemiological, and basic science publications do not use distinguish among these groups when they speak of SLE, thereby muddling interpretation of the results. Methods We systematically reviewed clinical, epidemiological, and basic science publications from the last 5 years to determine definitions they used for SLE. Results Of 366 papers on human SLE, 197 were suitable for analysis. Of these, 32 were basic/translational, 151 clinical trials and studies, and 14 epidemiological. Between 66% and 79% of papers specified or implied use of ACR criteria, of which 0%–16% also required presence of anti-DNA or anti-Sm antibody. 19%–29% of papers specified exclusion criteria, of which 10%–14% specifically excluded patients with overlap disease. Disease activity was considered in 14%–22% and stable disease was required in 7%–14% of papers. 0%–3% of papers considered disease duration (table 1). Of 132 studies on mouse SLE, 24% use NZB variants, 36% MRL-lpr variants and 39% used variants/induced illness in C57Bl/6J mice. Definition of SLE required presence of anti-DNA antibody in 47% of studies, ANA in 10%, proteinuria in 39% and immunohistochemistry (usually renal) in 57%. 15% of papers defined disease onset ≤8 weeks, 15% 8–16 weeks, and 57% did not indicate time of disease onset. The fact that the paper spoke of animal SLE was indicated in the titles of 46% of papers. Criteria used in 197 studies on human SLE, indicating criteria for diagnosis, inclusions, exclusions, serology, activity, and disease duration. Conclusion Publications on SLE use a wide variety of definitions, inclusion, and exclusion criteria and often use the term SLE without specifying animal or human. Consensus definitions and stratification rules are necessary to obtain greater homogeneity in studies of SLE. (We will propose methods by which greater consensus can be obtained.) Acknowledgements Supported by the Barbara Volcker Center and the Weill Cornell Medicine AOC program.
Treatment of Orthostatic Tremor

Orthostatic tremor (OT) is manifested as a rapid tremor of the lower extremities while standing. The patients usually present with a feeling of unsteadiness while standing but typically have no symptoms while sitting or walking. On examination, the patients may present with a palpable fine rippling of the quadriceps muscles, and a whirring sound, like a helicopter rotor, which may be heard when the diaphragm of the stethoscope is placed behind the knee. The diagnosis can be confirmed with concentric needle EMG of the quadriceps muscles with a frequency of 13–18 Hz while standing. The most commonly recommended first-line drug is clonazepam. Second-line therapies include gabapentin, levodopa, primidone, phenobarbital, levetiracetam, sodium valproate, and pramipexole which can be used as monotherapy or in combination with clonazepam. Gabapentin has shown to improve symptoms when used as add-on therapy in patients with OT. Bilateral Vim thalamic DBS implantation may be performed in a few refractory cases of orthostatic tremor with improvement in standing time.
Confidentiality Agreements Fog Panthers’ Sex Charges

Accusations of workplace impropriety against Carolina Panthers principal owner Jerry Richardson led to an internal and National Football League investigation and ultimately resulted in Richardson putting the team up for sale. The accusations and investigation present several legal issues and obstacles, not only for Jerry Richardson himself, but also for the league, the Panthers and the persons accusing him.
Patients with Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia Are Often Hypoferremic That Is Refractory to Oral Iron Repletion and Responsive to Parental Iron Infusions, and Demonstrate Elevated Levels of Hepcidin.

Abstract 2952 Poster Board II-928 Background: Patients with Waldenstrom9s macroglobulinemia (WM) often present with anemia, that can occur independent of bone marrow disease involvement, serum IgM levels, and in the absence of any hemolysis (Treon, Blood 2009). Iron deficiency is commonly observed in WM patients, and is often oral iron refractory. Parenteral administration of iron (Ferrlicit) in such patients can lead to improvements in hematocrit in patients who are oral iron refractory as shown below in Table 1: As such, we investigated mechanisms by which oral iron uptake could be impaired in patients with WM. Hepcidin is a peptide which acts as a master regulator of iron homeostasis by binding to and disabling the only known iron-export protein, ferroportin, resulting in the inhibition of iron transfer from enterocytes and macrophages into the circulation. We therefore sought to delineate the role of Hepcidin in WM patients presenting with and without anemia, and in those patients who did not respond to oral iron intake. Patients and Methods: Serum levels of Hepcidin were determined in 53 previously untreated patients with WM [Median Age: 63; BM Involvement 40%; Beta 2 Microglobulin (B2M) 2.6 g/L; Hematocrit 34.2%; Iron 67 ug/dL; TIBC 321 ug/dL] along with 20 healthy donors [Median Age: 63.5, Female N=8, Male N=12] using the Hepcidin-P competitive ELISA for hepcidin-25, the biologically-active form of the hormone [Intrinsic LifeSciences, La Jolla, CA USA]. Of the patients examined, 45 were anemic, 12 were hypoferremic [ Results: Serum Hepcidin levels were elevated among all WM patients [107.5 ng/mL, range 11.3-689 ng/mL] versus healthy donors [91.8 ng/mL, range 12.2-211.6 ng/mL; p=.04]. Levels of Hepcidin positively correlated with BM disease involvement (p=0.004; Spearmans rho=0.4), and inversely with hematocrit (p=0.08; Spearman9s rho=-.24) [Figure 1,2]. Among the 45 WM patients who demonstrated anemia, the median level of Hepcidin was higher at 118.5 ng/mL [Range 11.3-689 ng/mL; p=0.025 versus healthy donors]. Among 5 WM patients who failed to respond to oral iron repletion and who subsequently responded to parenteral iron (Table 1), the median Hepcidin level was 189.1 (range 40.6-444.1 ng/mL). Among non-anemic WM patients, hepcidin levels were lower [66.5 ng/mL; range 31.7-401.8 ng/mL; p=0.35 versus anemic WM patients), though these patients demonstrated a lower bone marrow disease burden (30% vs. 50%; p=0.03). Conclusions: Hepcidin levels are elevated in patients with WM, and show a positive correlation with bone marrow disease burden, and an inverse relationship with hematocrit. Importantly, higher levels of Hepcidin may be associated with refractoriness to oral iron intake. Further studies addressing the role of Hepcidin in the management of WM related anemia are warranted. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Authenticated LSM Trees with Minimal Trust

In the age of user-generated contents, the workloads imposed on information-security infrastructures become increasingly write intensive. However, existing security protocols, specifically authenticated data structures (ADSs), are historically designed based on update-in-place data structures and incur overhead when serving write-intensive workloads.
Laser ignition in supersonic channel flow

Abstract Laser ignition of premixed flames is studied in supersonic channel flow. Breakdown of natural gas air kernels occurs via a focused frequency-doubled (532 nm) Nd:YAG laser. A calibrated double photodiode energy measurement system is employed to differentiate incident energy from deposited energy. Supersonic ignition kernels are similar to their subsonic counterparts: they are elliptic at early times, have a third lobe resulting from vorticity associated with plasma back-streaming, and have similar growth with respect to time. However, supersonic kernels have some interesting differences: the third lobe appears offset from the laser axis and the kernel size depends on the Mach number because Mach number can affect the static density. Kernel data are processed to expose the dependence of flame growth on the ignition event. The influence of the breakdown event decays as the time from breakdown increases, i.e. the breakdown memory fades with time. Suggested laser settings and independence times to minimize the influence of the breakdown event on flame speed measurements are given. The influence of Mach number and equivalence ratio on the ignition event are also discussed.
Perfectly matched discrete layers for modeling unbounded domains

The method of perfectly matched layers (PML) is based on the elegant idea of introducing attenuation while keeping impedance unaltered, thus resulting in effective absorption of waves without spurious reflections. Due to its simplicity and effectiveness, PML has been widely used over the past 25 years to model wave propagation in unbounded domains. However, an acknowledged challenge is that PML no longer preserves impedance once the domain and the PML region are discretized, leading to spurious reflection at the interface. This issue has been fixed with the help of so-called impedance preserving discretization, leading to the method of perfectly matched discrete layers (PMDL), developed more than a decade ago. The idea is based on the observation that midpoint integration completely eliminates the discretization error in impedance that arises from linear finite element discretization. Beyond eliminating reflections at the interface, impedance preserving discretization is shown to be crucial to achieving stability of absorbing boundary conditions in situations with differing signs of phase and group velocities, e.g., anisotropic media. This talk will be an exposition of the development of the PMDL by the author and his collaborators, staring with fundamental ideas impedance preserving discretization followed by more advanced ABCs for anisotropic and periodic media.
Cryo-EM Structures of a Ferrichrome Importer FhuCDB

Abstract As one of the most elegant biological processes developed in bacteria, the siderophore-mediated iron uptake demands the action of specific ATP-binding cassette (ABC) importers. Although extensive studies have been done on various ABC importers, the molecular basis of these iron-chelated-siderophore importers are still not fully understood. Here, we report the structure of a ferrichrome importer FhuCDB from Escherichia coli at 3.4A resolution determined by cryo electron microscopy. The structure revealed a monomeric membrane subunit of FhuB with a substrate translocation pathway in the middle. In the pathway, there were unique arrangements of residues, especially layers of methionines. Important residues found in the structure were interrogated by mutagenesis and functional studies. Surprisingly, the importer’s ATPase activity was decreased upon FhuD binding, which deviated from the current understanding about bacterial ABC importers. In summary, our studies not only reveal a new structural twist in the type II ABC importer subfamily, but also provide biological insights in the transport of iron-chelated siderophores.
Creditor Protection and Accrual Quality: The Effect of State Laws

State laws vary with respect to protecting a corporation's creditors vis-a-vis its shareholders. In particular, states vary in their limits on payouts which potentially transfer wealth from creditors to shareholders. We hypothesize that states with tighter constraints on payouts generally decrease the opportunity for earnings management leading to better accrual quality. Based on a large sample of corporations covering the period from 1987 to 2004, we find evidence consistent with this hypothesis. We also extend the debt covenant hypothesis to state payout restrictions and find cross-sectional variation within states with tighter constraints. Our findings show that accrual quality suffers as firms approach their payout constraint. Overall, the results suggest that stronger creditor protection laws have an impact on firm financial reporting quality.
Methylglyoxal Forms Diverse Mercaptomethylimidazole Crosslinks with Thiol and Guanidine Pairs in Endogenous Metabolites and Proteins

Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a reactive byproduct formed by several metabolic precursors, the most notable being triosephosphates in glycolysis. While many MGO-mediated adducts have been described, the reactivity and specific biomolecular targets of MGO remain incompletely mapped. Based on our recent discovery that MGO can form stable mercaptomethylimidazole crosslinks between cysteine and arginine (MICA) in proteins, we hypothesized that MGO may participate in myriad reactions with biologically relevant guanidines and thiols in proteins, metabolites, and perhaps other biomolecules. Herein, we performed steady-state and kinetic analyses of MGO reactivity with several model thiols, guanidines, and biguanide drugs to establish the plausible and prevalent adducts formed by MGO in proteins, peptides, and abundant cellular metabolites. We identified several novel, stable MICA metabolites that form in vitro and in cells, as well as a novel intermolecular post-translational MICA modification of surface cysteines in proteins. These data confirm that kinetic trapping of free MGO by thiols occurs rapidly and can decrease formation of more stable imidazolone (MG-H1) arginine adducts. However, reversible hemithioacetal adducts can go on to form stable MICA modifications in an inter- and intramolecular fashion with abundant or proximal guanidines, respectively. Finally, we discovered that intracellular MICA-glutathione metabolites are recognized and exported by the efflux pump MRP1, providing a parallel and perhaps complementary pathway for MGO detoxification working alongside the glyoxalase pathway. These data provide new insights into the plausible reactions involving MGO in cells and tissues, as well as several new molecular species in proteins and metabolites for further study.
Mixture Analyses on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: An Example Using Semen Quality Biomarkers and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression

This study aimed to assess mixture effects of 16 targeted PAHs on male reproductive health by applying a novel grouping approach to the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model. Bay region a...
Biology, Diagnosis, and Chemotherapeutic Management of Pancreatic Malignancy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biology, diagnosis, and chemotherapeutic management of the exocrine and endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas. It is estimated that three-quarters of the nonendocrine malignancies of the pancreas are classified as duct cell adenocarcinomas. The remaining 25% are diagnosed as giant cell, microadeno, adenosquamous, mucinous, and anaplastic carcinomas. Only 1% of the tumors have been classified as acinar cell malignancies. There is considerable speculation as to the cell of origin of adenocarcinomas. Many pathologists regard the duct cell as precursor cell for the tumor. However, there is some evidence that acinar cells, under the stimulus of a carcinogen, can dedifferentiate to the ductal form of histology from which they arose embryologically. The clinical manifestations of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas have been reviewed, and it is clear that pancreatic cancer is rarely diagnosed at an early stage. The initial symptoms may be nonspecific and are frequently disregarded until anorexia, weight loss, pain or jaundice become overtly manifest. Anorexia and weight loss are common accompaniments of pancreatic cancer and may become the most debilitating features of the disease.
Wavefronts and resonances for analysis of transient scattering

Wavefronts returning from a scatterer illuminated by an incident transient field convey aspect dependent information about local features of the target. Having high frequency content, they furnish information on structural detail as long as they can be individually resolved, i.e., at early arrival times. At later times, where low frequencies predominate, resonances are formed by collective superposition of wavefronts that have made multiple traversais of the scatterer. These complex resonances are aspect independent, encompass the target as a whole and thereby convey global information. Due to these features, algorithms based on wavefronts alone or on resonances alone are inadequate to cope effectively with late time and early time phenomena, respectively. A hybrid scheme that combines relevant wavefronts and resonances selfconsistently within a single framework can optimize analysis of the scattered field for all observation times. Results for transient scattering by a canonical strip target demonstrate the various physical mechanisms that synthesize the response, and confirm by numerical comparisons the validity of the observations concerning the respective role of wavefronts and resonances.
Absolute and Convective Instability of Tangential Discontinuities in Viscous Fluids: Application to Heliopause

The stability of the heliopause, which is a tangential discontinuity separating the flow of the solar wind plasma compressed at the termination shock, from the flow of the insterstellar plasma compressed at the bow shock, is discussed. A brief review of the normal mode analysis is given. The recent results of the study of the absolute and convective instability of a tangential discontinuity in an incompressible plasma, viscous at one side of the discontinuity, and ideal at the other side, are presented. This equilibrium configuration can be considered as a crude model of the flow near the heliopause in its near-flank regions, where the flow is essentially subsonic. The obtained results suggest that the near flanks of the heliopause are only convectively unstable. The relation of these results with results of recent numerical investigations of the absolute and convective instability of the heliopause are discussed.
Introduction: Representing Animals

Why devote a volume to the representation of animals in the eighteenth century? One answer lies in the doubling of known quadruped species classified at the time, a development that suggested a previously unsuspected richness of the natural world and which fuelled debates about competing taxonomic systems. During the eighteenth century the ‘exotic’ (for example, elephants and rhinoceroses) became more familiar, even as the range of known exotica increased; and domesticated animals became the focus of a more sympathetic artistic gaze, even as the bodies of livestock became the site of genetic manipulations that could be seen as heralding modern agri-business.
OR6 Increased reliance on the virtual crossmatch under the new kidney allocation schema (KAS)

Aim On 12/4/2014, the OPTN implemented a new KAS for deceased donor (DD) transplantation. Among the many changes was increased priority for highly sensitized (HS) candidates (cPRA≥99%). Such candidates now have the highest priority for national (100%) and regional (99%) sharing. Initial OPTN data indicate that these candidates receive ∼15% of all DD transplants. While the new KAS has introduced broader sharing, it has also presented new logistical and time-sensitive challenges. Therefore, we sought to assess the utility of the virtual crossmatch (vXM) in the new KAS. Methods Between 12/04/2014 and 3/27/2015, we performed 64 DD transplants. Among transplanted patients with cPRA ≥99%, we assessed whether the transplant was performed based on a prospective, physical crossmatch (pXM) or vXM. The vXM was defined as the absence of donor specific antibody. For all vXM-based transplants, we reviewed results of the retrospective pXM, graft function and episodes of early rejection. Results During this time period, 24/64 (37.5%) of the DD transplants were performed in HS candidates. Among this group, 23/24 (96%) kidneys were imported and 16 (66.6%) were transplanted solely on a prospective vXM to minimize cold ischemia time. For all vXM-based transplants, a pXM was performed concurrently with the transplant. In no instance was the pXM unexpectedly positive due to HLA antibody. Most importantly, there were no instances of hyperacute or accelerated graft rejection among any of the HS candidates transplanted based on a vXM. Conclusions Due to the new KAS, centers are now receiving more organ offers for HS patients. Frequently, offers come from centers at great distances and often there is insufficient time to ship material for a prospective pXM. Rather, centers must accept or decline what may be a patient’s only opportunity for a compatible organ, solely on a vXM. Additionally, vXM-based transplantation minimizes cold ischemia time. Our data demonstrate that a vXM can identify HS candidates who can proceed safely to transplant without a prospective pXM. Limitations to performing a vXM include; incomplete/incorrect donor HLA type, lack of current patient serum or equivocal donor specific antibodies. Nonetheless, the vXM can prove beneficial for allocating organs to the most disadvantaged candidates.
Imaging and evaluation of neoplasia using optical coherence tomography

Summary form only given. Techniques for diagnosis and management of neoplasia have advanced considerably, offering patients better management and more treatment alternatives. A technology capable of imaging tissue, at or near the cellular level, could lead to the detection of pathology at earlier stages than currently possible. This could significantly improve patient outcomes, since once metastatic, cure is difficult. The authors show that Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging can resolve many of the changes associated with neoplasia and may provide a tool for in vivo, real-time evaluation of neoplastic changes. OCT can produce real time, in situ imaging of cross sectional tissue microstructure with micron scale resolution.
Human Learning and Memory

Salient trends in the transition from animal to human learning are: a) a progressive constriction of the scope of elementary conditioning and associative learning processes and subordination of these to higher, mainly verbal, processes; and b) a greatly extended time scale for the relation between acquisition and use of information. The current practice in cognitive psychology is to study human learning wholly within an information processing framework. This strategy has yielded useful results, yet questions can be raised concerning the possible advantages of also looking at biological aspects of human information processing, especially with regard to the development of learning ability, readinesses and sensitive periods for particular forms of learning, and biological constraints on learning.
Single-packet radiolocation of 802.11 wireless sources, using an array of stationary antennas and high-speed RF multiplexing

This article describes the prototype of an 802.11b (wi-fi) wireless device that can determine the spatial direction from which every individual data packet has arrived, at a speed equal to the rate of wireless network traffic. Many problems in wireless networking stem from the fact that the users and their equipment are mobile; unlike devices attached to wired networks, their location is often unknown and difficult to determine. That makes traditional network management approaches ineffective. Integrating this radiolocation device with standard wireless equipment will improve the diagnostics and security management of wireless networks. Also, knowledge of the spatial direction of a source allows for an adaptive directional response specific to that source, providing foundation for better connectivity and a more rational usage of the wi-fi radio band.
HUMAN PANCREAS GH-RELEASING FACTOR ANALOG RESTORES HIGH-AMPLITUDE GH PULSES IN CNS LESION-INDUCED GH DEFICIENCY

Lesions of the ventromedial-arcuate (VMH-ARC) region of the hypothalamus result in impaired growth accompanied by a marked suppression in spontaneous GH secretory bursts. We studied the effects of an analog of the recently characterized human pancreas GH-releasing factor hpGRF(1–40) on GH secretory dynamics in freelymoving chronically cannulated rats bearing electrolytic lesions of the VMH-ARC. Intravenous administration of the hpGRF analog (hpGRFa) caused a dramatic surge of GH within 5 min; plasma GH levels rose to values as high as 2900 ng/ml and remained significantly elevated for 15–30 min post treatment. The simultaneous iv administration of somatostatin-14 and hpGRFa resulted in a significant inhibition of the hpGRFa-induced GH release at 5 min but not at 15 min. These results clearly demonstrate that impaired GH secretion resulting from VMH-ARC lesions can be restored by hpGRF. The findings are promising in that hpGRF and its analogs may provide valuable agents for the diagnosis and treatment of d...
The efficacy of laparoscopic surgical treatment of ovarian remnant and ovarian retention syndromes.

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate the degree of pain relief provided by laparoscopic surgical treatment of ovarian remnant and ovarian retention syndromes. Design Retrospective analysis (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting Academic hospital and affiliated outpatient offices. Patients A total of 54 patients from 2004 to 2008 who underwent surgical treatment for suspected ovarian remnant syndrome or ovarian retention syndrome. Interventions Oophorectomy. Measurements and Main Results Preoperative and postoperative pain scores were recorded from patients who underwent surgical treatment for either ovarian remnant or ovarian retention syndrome. Data regarding comorbid diagnoses that would contribute to chronic abdominopelvic pain, previous surgical history, surgical complications, and pathology to confirm the preoperative diagnosis were also collected. Pathology confirmed that ovarian tissue was removed in 52 of the 54 patients. Forty percent and 41% of patients with ovarian remnant and ovarian retention, respectively, achieved a 50% reduction of their average pain levels; 50% and 56%, respectively, achieved a 30% reduction in average pain levels. There was not a statistically significant difference in postoperative pain relief between the 2 groups. Cases with ovarian remnant syndrome had more prior surgical procedures (4.8 vs 3.6, p = .049) and were more likely to have a surgical complication (25% vs 3%, p = .03) than cases with ovarian retention syndrome. Patients with a 30% or greater decrease in their pain levels postoperatively were likely to have fewer other diagnoses associated with chronic pain (1.4 ± 1.1 vs 2.1 ± 0.9, p = .009). Conclusion Surgical treatment for ovarian remnant or ovarian retention syndrome is effective but is most effective in patients with no other pain-related diagnoses. Thus, it is important to thoroughly evaluate women with ovarian remnant or ovarian retention syndrome for other pelvic pain–related disorders. In almost all cases, surgery can be done laparoscopically in patients with these syndromes.
Identification of Neonates at Risk for Hazardous Hyperbilirubinemia: Emerging Clinical Insights

Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common condition requiring evaluation and treatment in neonates. Identifying among all newborns those few at risk to develop marked hyperbilirubinemia is a clinical challenge. Clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic risk factors associated with severe hyperbilirubinemia include late preterm gestational age, exclusive breastfeeding, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, ABO hemolytic disease, East Asian ethnicity, jaundice observed in the first 24 hours of life, cephalohematoma or significant bruising, and history of a previous sibling treated with phototherapy. It is increasingly apparent that the etiopathogenesis of severe hyperbilirubinemia is often multifactorial, and emerging evidence suggests that combining risk factor assessment with measurement of predischarge total serum or transcutaneous bilirubin levels will improve hyperbilirubinemia risk prediction.
Selecting the Condorcet Winner: single-stage versus multi-stage voting rules

In this paper, I study elections where voters are strategic. I find that the commonly used voting rules, such as Plurality Rule, Majority Rule, Approval Voting, and Single Transferable Vote, do not always select the Condorcet Winner and suffer from multiple equilibria. Multi-stage voting rules offer a way to get around this problem. I introduce two voting rules—Multi-Stage Runoff and the Nominate-Two Rule—that select the Condorcet Winner as the unique equilibrium outcome under mild conditions. I show that a third class of voting rules—Binary Voting Trees—also select the Condorcet Winner.
Current management of common bile duct stones: is there a role for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography as a single-stage procedure?

Abstract Background. Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) have revolutionized the management of secondary common bile duct (CBD) stones, the use of these modalities as a single-stage procedure remains controversial. The aim of this study is to determine whether LC and intraoperative ERCP as a single procedure has any advantages to LC and either preoperative or postoperative therapeutic ERCP performed in 2 stages. Methods. A retrospective 5-year review involved all patients undergoing both LC and ERCP for management of CBD stones from January 1997 to December 2001. Patients were categorized into 3 groups: (1) preoperative ERCP, followed by LC (ERCP then LC); (2) LC, followed by postoperative ERCP (LC then ERCP); and (3) LC with intraoperative ERCP as a single procedure (LC/ERCP). Results. Sixty-seven patients were treated for secondary CBD stones. Forty-three patients underwent ERCP then LC, 10 underwent LC then ERCP, and 14 patients underwent LC/ERCP. There were no differences among the groups in terms of patient demographics or overall complication rates. CBD access and stone clearance was achieved in all 67 (100%) patients, with 1 mild ERCP-related complication in the ERCP-then-LC group. Overall complication rates, hospital length of stay, and total hospital charges were not statistically different among the 3 groups. Conclusion. Single-stage LC/ERCP provides efficacious therapy for CBD stones and may be beneficial in select patients who may not tolerate a second anesthetic procedure. (Surgery 2002;132:729-37.)
Status and Role of Formation Theory in Contemporary Archaeological Practice

Since Binford appropriated the term “middle-range theory,” it has signified the process of reasoning from the extant material record to the cultural past. Merton's sociological concept of middle-range theory is relevant to archaeology, but does not mean what Binford denoted by it. More accurately, Binford's domain should be called “formation theory.” By whatever name used, archaeologists differ greatly in our views of its role and status. Somehow, formation theory has come to be viewed as method but not theory, and as intrinsic to materialism, but irrelevant if not antithetical to other ontologies. Yet it is as critical to the contextual understanding of the past sought by many archaeologists today—a role that, among others, belies formation theory's marginal status in academic practice.
Characterization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 materials used in record performance solar cells

Abstract Solar cells based on polycrystalline thin-film Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 materials have recently achieved a new level of performance with a certified efficiency of 19.5%. In this contribution, some physical characteristics of the absorber materials (and devices) leading to such performance are presented. From the absorber composition and the device quantum efficiency data, we found that these materials have an atomic bulk composition of 0.88 preferred orientation. Because of this key structural aspect found in our high-efficiency absorbers, we present a comparison for some physical characteristics of the absorber as related to typical preferred orientations observed in this material system, namely and . We find that -oriented thin films are in general more homogeneous than -oriented films in terms of their optoelectronic properties, and they lead to materials with a lower density of nonradiative recombination centers.
History of science: Science spun on the Silk Road

Christopher I. Beckwith assesses a study probing Central Asia's pivotal role in Islam's golden age.
Variational Principles for Surface Wave Propagation on a Laterally Heterogeneous Earth—III. Potential Representation

Summary We present a frequency-domain analysis of travelling and standing surface waves on a smooth, laterally heterogeneous Earth model, using a potential representation that is valid everywhere, including in the neighbourhood of surface wave caustics. the Love and Rayleigh wave displacement fields are written in the form uL=k-1LW (-řX▿1)χL and uR=UřχR+k-1RV▿1χR; the quantities U, V and W are the local radial eigenfunctions, kL and kR are the local Love and Rayleigh wavenumbers, and χL and χR are surface wave potentials that vary rapidly on the surface of the unit sphere. the natural normalization condition for the local radial eigenfunctions is cCI1= 1, where c is the local phase velocity, C is the local group velocity and I1 is the local radial kinetic energy integral; with this normalization, the Love and Rayleigh wave potentials satisfy the spherical Helmholtz equations ▿21χL + k2LχL = 0 and ▿21χR + k2RχR = 0. Standing wave eigenfunctions χL and χR can be determined either by solving a truncated matrix eigenvalue problem or by using the EBK semi-classical method; the results incorporate multiplet coupling along a single dispersion branch but ignore cross-branch coupling. the theory allows for slowly varying topography of the Earth's surface and the core-mantle boundary, and incorporates the effect of self-gravitation.
Measurements of optical phase variations using interfering multiphoton ionization processes.

We have used interfering multiphoton ionization processes to measure changes in the relative phase between two optical laser beams. In this work, the phase variation is due to the \ensuremath{\pi} phase shift of a focused Gaussian beam as it propagates through the focal region. An array of linear collection electrodes is used to measure the multiphoton ionization rate as a function of the distance from the beam waist when two laser fields are resonant with an atomic transition, one through a linear process, the other through a three-photon process.
Prescribed-fire effects on rill and interrill runoff and erosion in a mountainous sagebrush landscape †

Changing fire regimes and prescribed-fire use in invasive species management on rangelands require improved understanding of fire effects on runoff and erosion from steeply sloping sagebrush-steppe. Small (0·5 m2) and large (32·5 m2) plot rainfall simulations (85 mm h–1, 1 h) and concentrated flow methodologies were employed immediately following burning and 1 and 2 years post-fire to investigate infiltration, runoff and erosion from interrill (rainsplash, sheetwash) and rill (concentrated flow) processes on unburned and burned areas of a steeply sloped sagebrush site on coarse-textured soils. Soil water repellency and vegetation were assessed to infer relationships in soil and vegetation factors that influence runoff and erosion. Runoff and erosion from rainfall simulations and concentrated flow experiments increased immediately following burning. Runoff returned to near pre-burn levels and sediment yield was greatly reduced with ground cover recovery to 40 per cent 1 year post-fire. Erosion remained above pre-burn levels on large rainfall simulation and concentrated flow plots until ground cover reached 60 per cent two growing seasons post-fire. The greatest impact of the fire was the threefold reduction of ground cover. Removal of vegetation and ground cover and the influence of pre-existing strong soil-water repellency increased the spatial continuity of overland flow, reduced runoff and sediment filtering effects of vegetation and ground cover, and facilitated increased velocity and transport capacity of overland flow. Small plot rainfall simulations suggest ground cover recovery to 40 per cent probably protected the site from low-return-interval storms, large plot rainfall and concentrated flow experiments indicate the site remained susceptible to elevated erosion rates during high-intensity or long duration events until ground cover levels reached 60 per cent. The data demonstrate that the persistence of fire effects on steeply-sloped, sandy sagebrush sites depends on the time period required for ground cover to recover to near 60 per cent and on the strength and persistence of ‘background’ or fire-induced soil water repellency. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new dynamical invariant - topological charge in fluid mechanics

Abstract A new dynamical invariant of the Euler equations is found by topological consideration. It is isolating, like energy and the helicity. The invariant (“topological charge”) might account for the observed traces of coherence in stochastic states and should be taken into account in statistical hydrodynamics.
The Design and Implementation of a Scheme for Large Ordered Indices

Consider a very large ordered collection of indices for an index organization of a dynamically changing random access file. In this paper, we propose a technique for compressing keys from the collection of indices into the minimal set, and hence reducing tremendously the storage space requirement. A set of criteria is given for considering whether the application of this compression technique on keys can meet the minimal space requirement. We also propose the storage structure design for these compressed indices with a view to tackling the key redundancy problem, supporting a general algorithm for retrieving the keys and minimizing costs for updating and maintenance of indices. Finally, we give a comparison between the use of ON KEY interruption implemented in PL/1 and the use of the key compression technique and the hierarchical tree structure as our alternative in dealing with indexed sequential files.
Changes of presaccadic cortical activity when performing horizontal, visually guided saccades.

Abstract When a visually guided saccade task is running, the presaccadic potential obtained in the initial period of the task differs from those obtained later, while the subject's oculomotor performance remains unaffected. These time-related changes of cortical activity consist both of an overall decreasing electrical activity as well as a selective one over certain cortical areas. The generalised reduced activity already described in earlier studies is considered as an unspecified effect such as fatigue or decreased motivation. On the contrary, the pronounced selective changes of cortical activity obtained over cortical areas such as the centro-parietal and frontal cortices, should be related with more specific, that is, visuomotor function. We assume that at the beginning of the task the performance of the saccade needs the activation of several cortical areas but later on the same oculomotor plan runs sufficiently under subcortical control.
The module structure of integral designs

Abstract The existence problem for t-designs with prescribed parameters is solved by allowing positive and negative integral multiplicities for the blocks.
Kinetic Parameter Evaluation with Linearly Increasing Temperature Profiles: Integral Methods

Two integral methods for kinetic parameter estimation with linear temperature profiles were tested using simulated and experimental data sets. They were the second rational approximation method (SRAM) and the equivalent point method (EPM) using least squares nonlinear regression (LSNR) and weighted least squares nonlinear regression (WLSNR). For three simulated data sets, the SRAM with WLSNR yielded accurate parameter estimation. For the experimental data set, both SRAM and EPM using WLSNR yielded accurate parameter estimation. The standard error in activation energy were 37.3% (for SRAM) and 46.7% (for EPM) lower than that of the differential method. The SRAM with WLSNR was the best parameter estimation procedure.
Graphical Determination of Magnetic Fields Theoretical Considerations

Three papers on the general subject, ``Graphical Determination of Magnetic Fields,'' are being presented simultaneously to cover three phases of the subject: 1. Theoretical Considerations, 2. Comparison of Calculations and Tests, by E. E. Johnson and C. H. Green, 3. Practical Applications to Salient-Pole Synchronous Machine Design, by R. W. Wieseman. In the following paper, which is the first of this series, the authors have reviewed the history of the subject, hare briefly stated the ordinary rules for plotting magnetic flux in air and in current-carrying copper, have developed additional rules for checking the accuracy of field plots, and have given theoretical methods for mathematically calculating the distribution of field in certain cases commonly encountered in practise. The authors have called attention to the great value of the mathmatical work by the German engineer, Rogowski, and the graphical methods by the French engineer, Lehmann. These German and French articles contain the only extensive practical applications of the plotting of magnetic fields in current-carrying regions with which the present authors are familiar. Since it is much more difficult to plot fields in current-carrying regions, and since the majority of readers are less familiar with this phase of the subject, the greater part of the first paper, ``Theoretical Considerations,'' is devoted to a study of such fields.
Mapping the wave function of transition metal acceptor states in the GaAs surface

We utilize a single-atom substitution technique with spectroscopic imaging in a scanning tunneling microscope to visualize the anisotropic spatial structure of magnetic and nonmagnetic transition metal acceptor states in the GaAs (110) surface. The character of the defect states play a critical role in the properties of the semiconductor, the localization of the states influencing such things as the onset of the metal-insulator transition and in dilute magnetic semiconductors the mechanism and strength of magnetic interactions that lead to the emergence of ferromagnetism. We study these states in the GaAs surface finding remarkable similarities between the shape of the acceptor-state wave function for Mn, Fe, Co, and Zn dopants, which is determined by the GaAs host and is generally reproduced by tight-binding calculations of Mn in bulk GaAs [J.-M. Tang and M. E. Flatt\'e, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 047201 (2004)]. The similarities originate from the antibonding nature of the acceptor states that arise from the hybridization of the impurity $d$ levels with the host. A second deeper in-gap state is also observed for Fe and Co that can be explained by the symmetry breaking of the surface.
Risk mitigation in offshoring of business operations

Purpose – Offshoring involves transferring or sharing management control and/or decision making of a business function to a supplier in a different country, which entails a degree of two‐way information exchange, coordination and trust between the overseas supplier and its client. The purpose of this paper is to understand the current trend of offshoring and identify the risks involved in offshoring. This paper also proposes a risk mitigation strategy to combat offshoring risks.Design/methodology/approach – The research is primarily based on professional literature reviews to identify risks associated with offshoring, which are mainly classified, in structural and operational risks categories. Additional risks are identified in the following areas: transaction, financial, value, socio‐economic, country risks and so forth. This research provides mitigation strategies to minimize or eliminate these risks. A survey of business individuals is used to determine the general perceptions of offshoring and the ass...