cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observation of buried phosphorus dopants near clean Si ( 100 ) − ( 2 × 1 ) surfaces with scanning tunneling microscopy

We have used scanning tunneling microscopy to identify individual phosphorus dopant atoms near the clean silicon $(100)\text{\ensuremath{-}}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ reconstructed surface. The charge-induced band-bending signature associated with the dopants shows up as an enhancement in both filled and empty states. This is consistent with the appearance of $n$-type dopants on compound semiconductor surfaces and passivated $\mathrm{Si}(100)\text{\ensuremath{-}}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$, even though this clean surface has antibonding surface bands that protrude into the gap. We observe dopants at different depths and see a strong dependence of the signature on the magnitude of the sample voltage. The positively charged dimer vacancies, which have been observed previously, appear as depressions in the filled states because they disrupt the surface bands.
Incorporation of cis-parinaric acid, a fluorescent fatty acid, into synaptosomal phospholipids by an acyl-CoA acyltransferase

The cis-isomer of parinaric acid, a naturally occurring C-18 polyene fatty acid, was incubated with brain subcellular fractions and the polarization of fluorescence increased in a time dependent manner. Greatest increases occurred in synaptosomal and microsomal membranes. This increase in polarization of fluorescence was found with the cis, but not the trans, isomer of parinaric acid and required Mg2+ or Ca2+ and was stimulated by coenzyme A and ATP. Synaptosomes were incubated with cis-parinaric acid and lipids were extracted and examined by high performance liquid chromatography. The highest incorporations of cis-parinaric acid were found in phosphatidylcholine (71%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (20%) while only traces were found in phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol. [3H]Oleic acid was also incorporated into membrane phospholipids and unlabeled oleic acid blocked incorporation of cis-parinaric acid. It is proposed that cis-parinaric acid, like fatty acids normally found in brain, is incorporated into membrane phospholipids by an acyl-CoA acyltransferase. The presence of this enzyme in nervous tissue may make it possible to easily introduce fluorescent fatty acid probes into membrane phospholipids and to thereby facilitate study of membrane-mediated processes.
The Effect of Malnutrition on Caries Development and Saliva Composition in the Rat

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect in rats of malnutrition on caries development and on some antibacterial substances in saliva. By gastric intubation, two groups of ten rats each were fed a liquid basic diet (100% diet), and two similar groups were fed the basic diet diluted with an equal volume of water to contain 50% of the nutrients of the basic diet (50% diet). One group on undiluted and one group on the diluted basic diet were offered sucrose as a supplement by mouth 17 times daily, using a programmed feeding machine, and the other two groups were offered starch in a similar manner. The extent and depth of the caries lesions were five times greater in the low-nourished (50% diet) sucrose group in comparison with the group given the undiluted diet supplemented with sucrose. The 50% diet group ate more frequently from the offered supplement. The 50% diet induced lower salivary lactoperoxidase activities, and there was an additive effect of starch as supplement. Higher concentrations of sIgA were found in the saliva of animals fed the 50% diet supplemented with sucrose than in those fed sucrose and the 100% diet. Significantly greater levels of sIgA and IgG were found in the saliva from the 50% diet-sucrose group than in the 50% diet-starch group. Plaque scores differed slightly but not significantly between the groups. The starch group receiving 100% diet showed a slightly lower level of S. mutans infection as compared with the 50% diet-starch group; the caries scores in the starch groups did not differ.
Isolation and physico-chemical properties of a high molecular weight subfragment-2 of myosin.

Abstract An intact subfragment-2 particle of length sufficient to span the two proteasesensitive regions of myosin was isolated following digestion of the native molecule by various proteolytic enzymes (chymotrypsin, trypsin and papain). The molecular weight of the S-2 † particle (long S-2) prepared by chymotryptic digestion was determined to be 100,000 by sedimentation equilibrium and 120,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing gel electrophoresis. This S-2 fragment occupies about half the length of the myosin rod. It is soluble in dilute salt solutions and self-associates under physiological ionic strength conditions as revealed by sedimentation equilibrium and viscosity measurements. Tryptic digestion of long S-2 yields a smaller, well-defined S-2 particle which shows no tendency to undergo self-association over the range pH 2 to 7. Thermal melting studies of long S-2 show a broad, monophasic melting curve (tm = 45 °C) suggesting that the thermal stability is uniform with respect to length throughout the particle. Although low pH (pH 3·9) increases the melting temperature of this particle (tm = 64 °C), no ligand studied in the present work including Mg ions, MgADP and MgATP affected its thermal stability. Under physiological ionic strength conditions and temperature, about 15 to 25% of the helical structure of long S-2 is melted, indicating that the S-2 rod may be flexible under these conditions.
Recent progress in adapting Poisson–Boltzmann methods to molecular simulations

Electrostatic solvation modeling based upon the Poisson–Boltzmann equation is widely used in studies of biomolecular structures and functions. This manuscript provides a thorough review of published efforts to adapt the numerical Poisson–Boltzmann methods to molecular simulations so that these methods can be extended to biomolecular studies involving conformational fluctuation and/or dynamics. We first review the fundamental works on how to define the electrostatic free energy and the Maxwell stress tensor. These topics are followed by three different strategies in developing algorithms to compute electrostatic forces and how to improve their numerical performance. Finally procedures are also presented in detail on how to discretize these algorithms for numerical calculations. Given the pioneer works reviewed here, further developmental efforts will be on how to balance efficiency and accuracy in these theoretical sound approaches — two important issues in applying any numerical algorithms for routine biomolecular applications. Even if not reviewed here, more advanced numerical solvers are certainly necessary to achieve higher accuracy than the widely used classical methods to improve the overall performance of the numerical Poisson–Boltzmann methods.
A STRUCTURE-PROPERTY STUDY OF THE DYNAMIC SURFACE TENSION OF THREE ACETYLENIC DIOL SURFACTANTS

Abstract Three acetylenic diol surfactants are compared using the pendant bubble technique. The surfactants studied are the highly branched surfactant Surfynol 104, a smaller branched diol, 2,7 dimethyl-4-octyn-3,6-diol, (DMOD) and a diol with linear alkyl chains, 7-tetradecyn-6,9-diol (TDD) which is a structural isomer of Surfynol 104. The molecules differ significantly in terms of both their equilibrium and dynamic surface tension. For each surfactant, the equilibrium surface tension as a function of bulk concentration is obtained and fit to an adsorption isotherm. While the two branched diols are adequately described by a Langmuir model, the third surfactant, TDD, undergoes a transition from a surface gaseous to a surface liquid expanded phase. The TDD data was fit to a Frumkin isotherm modified by a Maxwell construction to account for the surface phase change. For Surfynol 104 and TDD, the dynamic surface tension data agree well with a numerically integrated diffusion-controlled adsorption model. For DMOD, the surface tension equilibrated faster than the first pendant bubble image was obtained (∼0.06 s). The numerical integration of the diffusion-controlled relaxation model for this molecule predicts that the interface equilibrates within this time. All three molecules have similar diffusivities in solution, yet differ significantly in terms of the rate that they reduce the surface tension. The diffusion flux to the surface is set up by adsorption to the interface, which depletes the bulk to some depth. This depth, the adsorption depth h, can be derived from a mass balance and related to the adsorption isotherm for a given surfactant. The greater is h, the longer is required for the interface to equilibrate. The characteristic time for a given surfactant to reduce the surface tension can be shown to be τD=h2/D. This timescale is calculated for each solution. The surface tension equilibrates within ∼10 τD for the solutions studied. This timescale shows the manner in which the surfactant material parameters determine the dynamic surface tension.
Height, age, and function: differing influences on children's comprehension of ‘younger’ and ‘older’

Three investigations of pre-school children's comprehension of younger and older are discussed. The results suggest that children focus on height (or the lack of the same) in their initial hypotheses about the meanings of the terms, ignoring age and/or function cues. The results also suggest that the acquisition of antonyms which may be characterized as marked–unmarked is not necessarily characterized by the child equating the meaning of the marked and unmarked terms prior to learning the correct meaning of the marked term. These findings are discussed in terms of recent theorizing about lexical-meaning acquisition.
Calibration of Tuffak polycarbonate track detector for identification of relativistic nuclei

We discuss response of Tuffak polycarbonate to relativistic heavy nuclei using two methods, measurement of the minor axis diameter and of the length of the track cone, to determine charge resolution. At Z = 92 (0.95 GeViu "'U) both methods give about 0.9e charge resolution for a single cone measurement. Multiple cone measurements along the ion's trajectory have yielded a charge resolution u, c 0.25e (16 cones) when stripping foils (Cu) are interleaved between plastic sheets to minimize sheet-to-sheet charge state correlations. As the charge of the incident ion decreases to Z = 52-57, the single-cone charge resolution improves (o, - 0.29e). The angular response of Tuffak is fairly constant for zenith angles of incidence from 0" to 48". Range measurements of stopping relativistic 23RU in Tuffak deviate by -5% from that predicted by the Bethe-Bloch formula, as expected from recent relativistic calculations. We conclude that Tuffak is an excellent track detector for identification of nuclear charges of relativistic heavy nuclei with
Integral equation formulation for inhomogeneous anisotropic media Green's dyad with application to microstrip transmission line propagation and leakage

A straightforward numerical technique based on the equivalence principle is presented to determine the complete spectral Green's dyad for inhomogeneous anisotropic media. This method is relevant to guided-wave problems where propagation characteristics are desired in the axial transform domain. Spectral Green's components are determined from a one-dimensional polarization-type integral equation. This method is very simple and versatile, and can be used to model continuously varying or stratified dielectric media with permittivity dyads of the most general form. As an application, a microstrip transmission line residing on a generally orientated uniaxial and biaxial substrate is considered, and new results for higher-order mode leakage are presented. >
Multipoint Explicit Differencing (MED) for Time Integrations of the Wave Equation

Abstract For time integrations of the wave equation, it is desirable to use a scheme that is stable over a wide range of the Courant number. Implicit schemes are examples of such schemes, but they do that job at the expense of global calculation, which becomes an increasingly serious burden as the horizontal resolution becomes higher while covering a large horizontal domain. If what an implicit scheme does from the point of view of explicit differencing is looked at, it is a multipoint scheme that requires information at all grid points in space. Physically this is an overly demanding requirement because wave propagation in the real atmosphere has a finite speed. The purpose of this study is to seek the feasibility of constructing an explicit scheme that does essentially the same job as an implicit scheme with a finite number of grid points in space. In this paper, a space-centered trapezoidal implicit scheme is used as the target scheme as an example. It is shown that an explicit space-centered scheme wi...
Sapling growth in response to light and nitrogen availability in a southern New England forest

Abstract In the northeastern US, the availability of light and nitrogen (N) limits the rate of woody plant growth in the forest understory and N limits forest productivity. Interspecific differences in the growth responses of saplings to the availability of these resources could affect the species composition of forest communities. While many studies have examined the relationship between shade-tolerance and forest dynamics, few studies have examined the relationship between natural variation in N availability and sapling growth. The objective of this study was to compare the relative importance of natural variation in light and N availability on sapling growth in a northwestern Connecticut forest. We studied six species that differ in shade-tolerance and presumed N requirements. We randomly selected individuals growing in the understory and in single- and multiple tree-fall gaps representing a natural gradient in light and N availability. Light availability was measured using hemispherical photography. N availability was measured as the rate of N mineralization and nitrification in buried bag soil incubations during the mid-summer. For each species, we developed species-specific regression models of sapling growth as a function of light and N availability. Variation in light availability explained 21–79% of the variation in sapling growth. The six species differed in their growth rates under high light and under low light. Only red maple and sugar maple growth were significantly related to N availability and N availability explained
Alternate interpretation for minimum variance synthetic discriminant functions.

Reconnaissance d'images ayant subi des distorsions telles que des changements d'echelle et des rotations
The solitary wave of maximum amplitude

The maximum amplitude of the solitary wave of constant form is determined to be 0·83b, where b is the depth far from the crest. In the analysis it is assumed that the crest is pointed and the motion is two-dimensional and irrotational. The complex velocity potential is expressed in terms of known singularities and an infinite power series with unknown coefficients. Approximate solutions are obtained by truncating the power series after N terms, where N = 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. The amplitude, a measure of the error, and several other pertinent quantities are computed for each value of N.
Wavefront correction of optical beam for large space mirrors using robust control techniques

For an imaging spacecraft to provide higher resolution imaging capability, the satellite will require larger mirrors. Because of the weight and launch constraints for spacebased optics systems, the mirrors will have to be segmented and light-weight, resulting in increased flexibility and lower structural frequencies. Consequently, achieving surface accuracy requirements for high resolution imaging with these large aperture light-weight mirrors become a challenging task. This paper investigates the use of adaptive optics for wavefront sensing and surface control of large segmented mirrors. An H1 robust control technique is considered for the control of the adaptive optics system with the reduced number of inputs and outputs using singular value decomposition and Zernike polynomials. The robust controller design with the reduced model is validated with a computer simulation for a full plant in the presence of disturbances.
Antitumor efficacy of CD137 ligation is maximized by the use of a CD137 single-chain Fv–expressing whole-cell tumor vaccine compared with CD137-specific monoclonal antibody infusion

Tumor-destructive immune responses can be generated by engaging CD137 (4-1BB) via infusing a monoclonal antibody specific for CD137 or vaccinating with a single-chain Fv (scFv) CD137-expressing whole-cell tumor vaccine. We assessed whether such a vaccine can induce tumor rejection in the neu-transgenic (neu-Tg) mouse breast cancer model and compared the antitumor efficacy of vaccination with the infusion of a CD137-specific antibody. Mammary carcinoma cells (MMC) from a neu-Tg mouse were transfected to stably express surface scFv derived from the anti-CD137 rat hybridoma 1D8 or 3H3. The anti-CD137 scFv-expressing cells were rejected when transplanted into neu-Tg mice by a mechanism that involved both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and vaccination with such cells delayed the outgrowth of MMC cells transplanted 3 days previously. T cells from neu-Tg mice that had been vaccinated proliferated and produced IFN-gamma when stimulated by MMC but not by antigen-negative variant breast cancer cells that did not express the neu tumor antigen. In addition, antibodies binding to the MMC but not to antigen-negative variant cells were detected in sera from some but not all of the immunized mice. Complete regression of s.c. transplanted MMC tumors was observed in mice repeatedly immunized against MMC-1D8 starting on the day the MMC cells were transplanted. In contrast, repeated administration of either of two different anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies did not induce complete tumor regression, although tumor growth was delayed.
A problem for rationalist responses to skepticism

Rationalism, my target, says that in order to have perceptual knowledge, such as that your hand is making a fist, you must “antecedently” (or “independently”) know that skeptical scenarios don’t obtain, such as the skeptical scenario that you are in the Matrix. I motivate the specific form of Rationalism shared by, among others, White (Philos Stud 131:525–557, 2006) and Wright (Proc Aristot Soc Suppl Vol 78:167–212, 2004), which credits us with warrant to believe (or “accept”, in Wright’s terms) that our senses are reliably veridical, where that warrant is one we enjoy by default, that is, without relying on any evidence or engaging in any positive argument. The problem with this form of Rationalism is that, even if you have default knowledge that your senses are reliable, this is not adequate to rule out every kind of skeptical scenario. The problem is created by one-off skeptical scenarios, scenarios that involve a highly reliable perceiver who, by a pure fluke, has a one-off, non-veridical experience. I claim you cannot infer that your present perceptual experience is veridical just on the basis of knowledge of your general reliability. More generally, if you infer that the present F is G, just on the basis of your knowledge that most Fs are Gs, this is what I call statistical inference, and, as I argue, statistical inference by itself does not generate knowledge. I defend this view of statistical inference against objections, including the objection that radical skepticism about our ordinary inductive knowledge will follow unless statistical inference generates knowledge.
ACR Appropriateness Criteria Radiologic Management of Hepatic Malignancy

Management of primary and secondary hepatic malignancy is a complex problem. Achieving optimal care for this challenging population often requires the involvement of multiple medical and surgical disciplines. Because of the wide variety of potential therapies, treatment protocols for various malignancies continue to evolve. Consequently, development of appropriate therapeutic algorithms necessitates consideration of medical options, such as systemic chemotherapy; surgical options, such as resection or transplantation; and loco-regional therapies, such as thermal ablation and transarterial embolization techniques. This article provides a review of treatment strategies for the three most common subtypes of hepatic malignancy treated with loco-regional therapies: hepatocellular carcinoma, neuroendocrine metastases, and colorectal metastases. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed every three years by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and review include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of a well-established consensus methodology (modified Delphi) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures by the panel. In those instances where evidence is lacking or not definitive, expert opinion may be used to recommend imaging or treatment.
Health physics instrumentation for a power reactor

No standards exist today for instrumentation adequate to insure health and safety in and around a power reactor. However, it is possible to outline the measurements required, the required ranges and accuracies, and classes of instruments and their application. Based on these outlines, instrumentation for a representative power reactor is suggested.
First Documentation of Salmincola californiensis in Lake Tahoe, CA—NV, USA

ABSTRACT. Salmincola californiensis is a parasitic copepod in the Lernaeopodidae family that commonly parasitizes salmonid fishes (Oncorhynchus spp.) by attaching near the fins and on gill filaments. Historically their distribution was limited to streams that emptied into the Pacific Ocean. During the summer of 2006, several rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) captured in Lake Tahoe were infested with S. californiensis. This is the first known record of S. californiensis in Lake Tahoe.
Min-log approach to modeling dielectric breakdown data

The process of dielectric breakdown in thin films has been studied extensively in the literature. Typically, these processes are modeled in terms of stochastic quantities related to a Weibull distribution. In many cases the direct Weibull approach is not capable of explaining the observed times to dielectric breakdown (TDDB), leading to the necessity to introduce more complex models. This, in turn, leads to considerable complications in the process of modeling and analyzing this phenomenon. In this article we present an approach to analysis of TDDB data based on the assumption that a sample can be viewed as a collection of competing cells, where the same stochastic process of degradation is taking place in the individual cells. Every cell, therefore, has its individual time to failure, and the cell having the shortest time is the one that actually causes the failure. In many cases, this is the only lifetime that is actually observable, as the sample and the ongoing processes in the cells could be affected by the dielectric discharge in one of them. We consider the situation where times of breakdown of individual cells can be modeled by a lognormal distribution and develop an approach based on the finite-sample distribution of minimum. This model leads to a relatively simple explanation of the TDDB data, including both low and high percentiles. We develop procedures for inference based on complete or right-censored TDDB data and illustrate its application for data obtained in the course of stress-based experiments.
Plasma epinephrine appearance and clearance rates in fetal and newborn sheep

Newborn plasma catecholamine levels are elevated compared to fetal life. Whether this reflects increased catecholamine secretion after birth or decreased clearance is not known. To determine the plasma appearance and clearance rates for catecholamines during the transition to postnatal life, we compared plasma epinephrine appearance and clearance rates in fetal sheep before birth and in newborns after delivery. Plasma epinephrine appearance and clearance rates were measured by radiotracer analysis in eight fetuses at 127 +/- 1 days of gestation and, after cesarean delivery, at 130 +/- 1 days of gestation. There was no difference in plasma epinephrine appearance rate during the fetal (26 +/- 4 ng.kg-1 x min-1) or newborn studies (31 +/- 5 ng.kg-1 x min-1). The fetal plasma epinephrine clearance rate (131 +/- 13 ml.kg-1 x min-1) was significantly higher than newborn plasma epinephrine clearance rate (40 +/- 3 ml.kg-1 x min-1). Thus fetal plasma epinephrine appearance rate is not different from appearance rate in the immediate newborn period when catecholamine levels are higher than during most other physiological circumstances. The increase in circulating catecholamine levels at birth is due in part to a significant decrease in clearance rate. It is likely that removal of the placental contribution to whole body clearance accounts for much of the difference observed in fetal and newborn clearance rates.
Responding to the call: Developing and assessing pedagogical Spanish competencies in bilingual teacher education

ABSTRACTBilingual teacher education scholars continue to advocate for the improvement of Spanish language-related teacher preparation practices. However, the field is in need of research on how bilingual teacher educators across the U.S. are addressing this task in their work with future teachers. In responding to this call, I describe an approach and an activity for developing and assessing what I denote as the pedagogical Spanish competencies of prospective bilingual teachers. After emphasizing the value of content-based and task-based strategies for developing professionally relevant Spanish competencies, I provide an assessment of the teaching-specific oral language performance of two future bilingual teachers. To conclude, I identify implications for curriculum design and classroom practice, and invite scholars to participate in the formation of the “Language in Teacher Education Research Network” (LANTERN), a collaborative aimed at conducting systematic research on best practices for developing and ...
Where does the time go? Mixing and the depth-dependent distribution of fossil ages

Knowing how time is distributed within a fossil record is fundamental to paleobiology. Many efforts to quantify temporal resolution have estimated rates of specimen decay from the frequency distribution of specimen ages in near-surface assemblages. The implicit assumption has been that the shape of these distributions is invariant with depth and thus decay-rate estimates reflect the temporal resolution of a fossil record’s deeper layers as well. Here we present a new model that predicts how age-frequency distribution shape will change with depth due to the interplay of burial, mixing, and decay. Unlike previous models, this model distinguishes the dimensions of time, specimen age, and depth, and predicts a right-to-left shift in age-frequency distribution skewness, and a decrease in kurtosis, with increasing stratigraphic depth. We find support for these predictions with the accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dating of 80 small mammal specimens spanning the Quaternary fossil record of Homestead Cave, Utah (United States). Our study indicates (1) that previous models overestimate rates of specimen decay, (2) that the acuity of ecological information captured in near-surface assemblages is higher than previously inferred, and (3) how time-averaging can alter the apparent dynamics of biodiversity over time. We thereby offer a new quantitative framework to account for time-averaging, to merge modern and paleontological archives, and to place ecological systems within the context of their past dynamics.
Osmoregulatory patterns of adaptation to inland astatic waters by two species of fairy shrimps, Branchinecta gigas Lynch and Branchinecta mackini Dexter

ABSTRACT The fairy shrimps Branchinecta gigas Lynch and Branchinecta mackini Dexter were found in association in four lakes in central Washington State and in one lake in British Columbia. Sodium and carbonate were the dominant ions in three lakes analyzed. In two of the lakes, they made up in mequivalence 90% of the total principal ions; and in one lake 75%. Sodium alone accounted for 44-47% mequiv. Individual lakes exhibited marked differences in osmolarities during the life-span of both congeneric species. The higher saline lake ranged from 130-461 mOsm/1 during the life-span of B. gigas and from 130-645 mOsm/1 for B. mackini. The lower salinity lake ranged from 6― 30 mOsm/1. Moreover, the lakes underwent marked differences in salinity levels from year to year. In the higher salinity lake during 1966 the salinity ranged from 130-624 mOsm/1, whereas in 1969 it never exceeded 150 mOsm/1, and in 1967 it never went below 340 mOsm/1. Therefore, an important environmental factor in astatic saline lake ecology is the magnitude of the osmotic changes from year to year as well as the seasonal osmotic changes. In waters less than 225 mOsm/1, B. gigas hyperosmoregulates, while at higher osmolarities it osmoconforms. Branchinecta mackini has a similar mode of osmoregulation, although it is a weaker hyperosmoregulator and can tolerate lower internal osmolarities. In addition, the tolerance to salinity of B. mackini appears to be higher than that of B. gigas. Branchinecta mackini was observed in waters as high as 645 mOsm/1 in nature, whereas the maximum observed for B. gigas was 485 mOsm/1. Therefore, the osmotic adaptation of B. gigas and B. mackini to saline astatic waters consists of hyperosmoregulation during the low salinity phase and tolerance by conforming during the higher salinity phase. This differs markedly from the pattern in Artemia and Parartemia, but is similar to Branchinecta campestris. Differences in adaptation of species of Branchinectidae to astatic waters appear to be in degree of tolerance to osmolarity and in differential adaptation to varying ionic compositions.
The Physiology of Reproduction in Turkeys 4. Relation of Frequency of Mating and Semen Dosage to Reproductive Performance

Abstract RECENTLY there has been rather wide-spread interest among commercial breeders in the use of artificial breeding to improve the reproductive efficiency of many low-fertility strains of turkeys. In order to make artificial breeding as efficient as possible for commercial application, it is important to be able to provide sound recommendations concerning the frequency of mating by artificial insemination with various levels of semen. Generally, it is recommended that poult producers inseminate their breeders with either 0.05 or 0.025 ml. of undiluted semen at intervals of either two or three weeks. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to relate frequency of mating and semen dosage to reproductive performance. McCartney (1952) has previously reviewed the literature concerning the relationship between frequency of mating by artificial insemination and semen dosage and resultant fertility in turkeys. He also reported results from mating turkeys with successive insemination of 0.05 ml. of semen at intervals of …
Evaluation of groundwater residence time in a high mountain aquifer system (Sacramento Mountains, USA): insights gained from use of multiple environmental tracers

The New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (USA) has conducted a regional investigation of groundwater residence time within the southern Sacramento Mountains aquifer system using multiple environmental tracers. Results of the tracer surveys indicate that groundwater in the southern Sacramento Mountains ranges in age from less than 1 year to greater than 50 years, although the calculated ages contain uncertainties and vary significantly depending on which tracer is used. A distinctive feature of the results is discordance among the methods used to date groundwater in the study area. This apparent ambiguity results from the effects of a thick unsaturated zone, which produces non-conservative behavior among the dissolved gas tracers, and the heterogeneous character and semi-karstic nature of the aquifer system, which may yield water from matrix porosity, fractures, solution-enlarged conduits, or a combination of the three. The data also indicate mixing of groundwater from two or more sources, including recent recharge originating from precipitation at high elevations, old groundwater stored in the matrix, and pre-modern groundwater upwelling along fault zones. The tracer data have also been influenced by surface-water/groundwater exchange via losing streams and lower elevation springs (groundwater recycling). This study highlights the importance of using multiple tracers when conducting large-scale investigations of a heterogeneous aquifer system, and sheds light on characteristics of groundwater flow systems that can produce discrepancies in calculations of groundwater age.
Studying the replicative life span of yeast cells.

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a useful model for elucidating the pathways that control life span and the influence of environmental factors, such as calorie restriction (CR). For 75 years, CR has been studied for its ability to delay diseases of aging in mammals, from cancer to cardiovascular disease (McCay et al., Nutr Rev 33:241-243, 1975). In many other species, reducing calorie intake extends life span, including unicellular organisms (Jiang et al., FASEB J 14:2135-2137, 2000; Lin et al., Science 289:2126-2128, 2000), invertebrates (Rogina and Helfand, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:15998-16003, 2004), and rodents (Martin-Montalvo et al., Oncogene 30:505-520, 2011). Here we describe how to calorically restrict yeast cells, the methods used to determine the replicative life span (RLS) of budding yeast cells, how to selectively kill daughter cells using the mother enrichment program (MEP), how to measure recombination frequency at the rDNA locus, how to isolate large quantities of old cells, and how to analyze the circular forms of DNA known as extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs), a cause of aging in S. cerevisiae (Petes, Cell 19:765-774, 1980; Sinclair and Guarente, Cell 91:1033-1042, 1997; Defossez et al., Mol Cell 3:447-455, 1999).
Searching Genome-Wide Multi-Locus Associations for Multiple Diseases Based on Bayesian Inference

Taking the advantage of high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping technology, large genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been considered to hold promise for unraveling complex relationships between genotypes and phenotypes. Current multi-locus-based methods are insufficient to detect interactions with diverse genetic effects on multifarious diseases. Also, statistic tests for high-order epistasis ( $\geq 2$ SNPs) raise huge computational and analytical challenges because the computation increases exponentially as the growth of the cardinality of SNPs combinations. In this paper, we provide a simple, fast and powerful method, named DAM, using Bayesian inference to detect genome-wide multi-locus epistatic interactions in multiple diseases. Experimental results on simulated data demonstrate that our method is powerful and efficient. We also apply DAM on two GWAS datasets from WTCCC, i.e . , Rheumatoid Arthritis and Type 1 Diabetes, and identify some novel findings. Therefore, we believe that our method is suitable and efficient for the full-scale analysis of multi-disease-related interactions in GWASs.
Hypothermia Associated With Thioridazine Use in an Intellectually Disabled Patient

Purpose:To report a case of hypothermia in a patient with intellectual disability treated with thioridazine.Summary:A 59-year-old female presented to the emergency department with altered mental status, generalized weakness, chills, and fatigue and was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection. Upon completion of a history and physical examination, the patient was found to be hypothermic with a temperature of 91 F. A Bair Hugger protocol was initiated to manage hypothermia, and a taper schedule for thioridazine was initiated as it was identified as a possible culprit for the patient’s hypothermia. According to the Naranjo probability scale, thioridazine was a possible cause of this adverse effect. Other patient-specific risk factors for hypothermia were evaluated and ruled out.Conclusion:This case indicates a possible correlation between hypothermia and the use of phenothiazine antipsychotics such as thioridazine. Appropriate measures, including early detection and identification of possible causative agen...
226 PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE THAT ADDITIONAL EPITOPES WITHIN PHOGRIN'S CYTOPLASMIC DOMAIN ACT AS POTENTIAL TRIGGERS FOR CELL-MEDIATED PATHOGENESIS OF IDDM

The presence of a cell-mediated immune response to autoantigens proves to be paramount in the pathogenesis of IDDM. Phogrin, a secretory granule protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) found in pancreatic islets, is a potential autoimmune target. Phogrin is known to contain two epitopes, peptide 2 (aa 640-659) and 7 (aa 755-777), in its COOH terminal that lead to T-cell stimulation. We evaluate the possibility of additional epitopes of interest in the intracellular domain by comparing T-cell proliferation responses to phogrin, receptor PTPase rho (RPTPrho) and two chimeric protein derivatives as antigens. This project predicts that peptide 2 and 7 deficient proteins will show little or no T-cell proliferation. Male NOD mice were immunized by injection with recombinant phogrin and T-cells were obtained from sacral, lumbar and inguinal lymph nodes. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) were isolated and matured by the addition of fixed, autoantigen-producing bacteria. Phogrin specific CD-4+ T-cells were co-cultured with mature irradiated DCs for three days. Tritiated thymadine was added during the last 8 hours of incubation to quantify T-cell proliferation. T-cell stimulation was observed in response to phogrin-specific epitopes and chimeric protein lacking peptides 2 and 7. The results suggest the possibility of additional epitopes of interest in the intracellular domain of Phogrin.
Control method to balance capacitor voltages in split-AC switched reluctance motor drives during startup and at low speeds

This paper proposes a control method to balance capacitor voltages for a four-switch single-stage two phase switched reluctance motor drive with integrated power factor correction. Initial alignment process is necessary for SRM before operation. However, the phase current is unbalanced during that time, which would cause over-voltage issue on DC capacitors as split-AC structure is used. This problem also exists when the motor speed is low, as in startup of electric vehicle. Based on the unified model, an advanced control method is proposed to eliminate the voltage difference between the capacitors. This method does not require any other circuits or components. It also does not affect the performance during normal conditions. Experiments are performed to verify feasibility of the control method.
Incentives in Third‐Party Governance: Management Practices and Accountability Implications

Contract incentives are designed to motivate contractor performance and to provide public managers with a powerful tool to achieve contract accountability. Our knowledge of contract incentives is rooted in contract design, yet as we move beyond contract specification and further into the contract lifecycle, we know little about why and how managers implement incentives. This study assesses public managers’ use of contract incentives in practice and advances theory development. A typology of contract incentives is constructed to capture a comprehensive range of formal and informal incentives, and the factors that influence managerial use of incentives are identified. The findings shed light on the complexities of maintaining accountability in third-party governance structures and the management techniques aimed at improving the performance of public agencies.
Species interactions and the effects of climate variability on a wetland amphibian metacommunity

Disentangling the role that multiple interacting factors have on species responses to shifting climate poses a significant challenge. However, our ability to do so is of utmost importance to predict the effects of climate change on species distributions. We examined how populations of three species of wetland breeding amphibians, which varied in life history requirements, responded to a six-year period of extremely variable in precipitation. This interval was punctuated by both extensive drought and heavy precipitation and flooding, providing a natural experiment to measure community responses to environmental perturbations. We estimated occurrence dynamics using a discrete hidden Markov modeling approach that incorporated information regarding habitat state and predator-prey interactions. This approach allowed us to measure how metapopulation dynamics of each amphibian species was affected by interactions among weather, wetland hydroperiod, and co-occurrence with fish predators. The pig frog, a generalist, proved most resistant to perturbations, with both colonization and persistence being unaffected by seasonal variation in precipitation or co-occurrence with fishes. The ornate chorus frog, an ephemeral wetland specialist, responded positively to periods of drought owing to increased persistence and colonization rates during periods of low-rainfall. Low probabilities of occurrence of the ornate chorus frog in long-duration wetlands were driven by interactions with predators due to low colonization rates when fishes were present. The mole salamander was most sensitive to shifts in water availability. In our study area, this species never occurred in short-duration wetlands and persistence probabilities decreased during periods of drought. At the same time, negative effects occurred with extreme precipitation because flooding facilitated colonization of fishes to isolated wetlands and mole salamanders did not colonize wetlands once fishes were present. We demonstrate that the effects of changes in water availability depend on interactions with predators and wetland type and are influenced by the life history of each of our species. The dynamic species occurrence modeling approach we used offers promise for other systems when the goal is to disentangle the complex interactions that determine species responses to environmental variability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Fine-scale zooplankton diel vertical migration revealed by traditional net sampling and a Laser Optical Plankton Counter (LOPC) in Lake Ontario

Abstract Traditional net hauls used to monitor zooplankton population change in the Great Lakes do not provide information on vertical distribution – an important aspect of the availability of zooplankton to predators. During 2013, we combined net data with data from a Laser Optical Plankton Counter (LOPC) to track the vertical distribution of zooplankton in Lake Ontario in May, July, and September. Closing nets (64 μm mesh) sampled three strata at stations of north-south transects. For a 10 km segment of each transect in May and September, a LOPC was towed from the surface to 60 m depth. In May, biomass was highest in the epilimnion both day and night. Diacyclops thomasi dominated in the epilimnion while Limnocalanus macrurus dominated deeper. During strongly stratified conditions in July and September, closing net data confirmed that biomass was highest in the metalimnion during the day and in the epilimnion during the night. D. thomasi, Daphnia retrocurva, and L. macrurus were major components and vertical migrators. In May, LOPC data showed that biomass was highest in the upper 10 m of the epilimnion for day and night. In September, LOPC data showed two layers during the day, a narrow 5 m layer in the epilimnion at about 20 °C and a 15 m layer below the thermocline at 10 °C. The lower layer followed the deepening thermocline from west to east. At night, the LOPC detected most biomass throughout the epilimnion. The LOPC data confirmed diel vertical migration and detailed the fine-scale structure of zooplankton layers.
Assessing condition of macroinvertebrate communities and bed sediment toxicity in the Rochester Embayment Area of Concern, New York, USA

The United States and Canada agreed to restore the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Great Lakes ecosystem under the first Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972. The lowest reach of the Genesee River and the Rochester Embayment on Lake Ontario between Bogus Point and Nine Mile Point, including Braddock Bay, were designated as an Area of Concern (AOC) due to effects of contaminated sediments and physical disturbance on several beneficial uses. Following sediment remedial efforts and with conditions improving in the AOC, the present study was conducted to reevaluate the status of the benthic macroinvertebrate (benthos) beneficial use impairment (BUI). Benthic macroinvertebrate community assessments and 10-day Chironomus dilutus bioassays were used to test the hypotheses that sediments within the AOC were no more toxic than sediments from surrounding reference areas. The study was separated into three discrete systems (Genesee River, Lake Ontario, and Braddock Bay) and non-parametric analyses determined that a multimetric index of benthic macroinvertebrate community integrity was significantly higher at AOC sites compared to reference sites on the Genesee River and in Braddock Bay while AOC and reference sites on Lake Ontario did not differ significantly. Survival and growth of C. dilutus were also similar between AOC and reference sites for each system with the exception of significantly higher growth at reference sites on Lake Ontario. Results generally indicated that the condition of benthos and toxicity of sediment of the Rochester Embayment AOC are similar to or better than that in the surrounding area.
Perioperative Management of Beta Blockers and Other Antiarrhythmic Medications.

Background Antiarrhythmic medications are an important tool in preventing recurrence of intraoperative and postoperative arrhythmias. Objective To review current literature and recommendations for perioperative management of antiarrhythmic medications. Methods Literature review is presented along with the pharmacology of antiarrhythmics. Results Antiarrhythmic medications should be continued perioperatively for the prevention of arrhythmias intra- and postoperatively. However, beta blockers have had controversies regarding their perioperative safety profile. Conclusion Continuation of antiarrhythmic medications is safe perioperatively. However, initiation of beta blockers should be patient-tailored and titrated to a target heart rate in advance surgery.
The first cell-fate decision of mouse preimplantation embryo development: integrating cell position and polarity

During the first cell-fate decision of mouse preimplantation embryo development, a population of outer-residing polar cells is segregated from a second population of inner apolar cells to form two distinct cell lineages: the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass (ICM), respectively. Historically, two models have been proposed to explain how the initial differences between these two cell populations originate and ultimately define them as the two stated early blastocyst stage cell lineages. The ‘positional’ model proposes that cells acquire distinct fates based on differences in their relative position within the developing embryo, while the ‘polarity’ model proposes that the differences driving the lineage segregation arise as a consequence of the differential inheritance of factors, which exhibit polarized subcellular localizations, upon asymmetric cell divisions. Although these two models have traditionally been considered separately, a growing body of evidence, collected over recent years, suggests the existence of a large degree of compatibility. Accordingly, the main aim of this review is to summarize the major historical and more contemporarily identified events that define the first cell-fate decision and to place them in the context of both the originally proposed positional and polarity models, thus highlighting their functional complementarity in describing distinct aspects of the developmental programme underpinning the first cell-fate decision in mouse embryogenesis.