cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Corpus Callosum Splenium Sign in Fragile X‐Associated Tremor Ataxia Syndrome

Background Hyperintensities in the splenium of the corpus callosum (CCS) have been proposed as a radiographic diagnostic criterion for fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Methods Magnetic resonance images from patients with FXTAS and from nonpremutation carriers with movement disorders were viewed by a radiologist who was blinded to gene status, and radiographic criteria for FXTAS were scored. Phenotypic data used for diagnosis of FXTAS also were collected. Results Twenty-two patients with FXTAS and 23 controls were included. Hyperintensity in the CCS (the CCS sign) was more common in men with FXTAS versus controls (87% vs. 40%) but not in women with FXTAS (100% vs. 50% in controls). The CCS sign had higher sensitivity compared with the middle cerebellar peduncle sign (white matter lesions in middle cerebellar peduncle) in both men (0.87 vs. 0.67) and women (1 vs. 0.29) with FXTAS, but it had lower specificity in both men (0.6 vs. 0.8) and women (0.5 vs. 1). Conclusions The CCS sign is common in patients with FXTAS, but it is not significantly more prevalent in women with FXTAS compared with controls. This may be due to small sample sizes in the current study. Other signs, such as brainstem white matter disease, were more common in women with FXTAS and differed from those in men with FXTAS. This finding suggests that additional studies evaluating the diagnostic criteria for FXTAS need to be conducted, ideally with neuropathological confirmation of the disease.
Humanitarian Relief Chain

Onset of a major disaster requires immediate effort to save human lives. The annual global cost of natural disasters is expected to exceed $300 billion by the year 2050. Saving lives or minimizing suffering, is the prime driver of humanitarian relief. It requires multiple capabilities: fund raising, logistics expertise, medical care, aid dispensing, evacuation, and rehabilitation. As individual organizations cannot possess every capability, multiple organizations comprising the UN, relief organizations, governments, and the military must collaborate. Logistics activities include prepositioning of inventory, setting up warehouses, rapid delivery of supplies in real time, managing a mix of transportation modes, transporting equipment and workers, repairing communication and transportation infrastructure, devising procurement contracts with suppliers, and using 3rd party service providers where feasible.
Nitric Oxide Signaling

The basic components of nitric oxide (NO) signaling involve nitric oxide synthase to synthesize NO and the soluble isoform of guanylate cyclase (sGC) to trap NO. Once activated by NO, sGC converts guanosine triphosphate to guanosine 3′5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), leading to cGMP-dependent physiological responses such as vasodilation. Termination of the cGMP signal involves a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE). There are multiple PDE isoforms, and selective inhibition of specific isoforms has proven to be clinically useful (for example, sidenifil (viagra) in the treatment of erectile dysfunction). sGC must also be turned off; however, the in vivo mechanism for this remains unknown. Catalytic activity of constitutive NOS isoforms involved in signaling is controlled by Ca2 + and calmodulin via receptor mediated events that trigger Ca2 + release from intracellular stores or uptake from external sources
Turbulence effects on the chemical pathways for premixed Methane/Air flames

Author(s): Dasgupta, D; Sun, W; Day, MS; Lieuwen, TC | Abstract: This paper investigates the influence of turbulence-chemistry interactions on kinetic pathways in turbulent premixed CH4-air flames. It compares the relative roles of the different reactions in CH4 oxidation to laminar flame models, and assesses the degree to which these interactions alter the well-established oxidation pathway in laminar flames. This is accomplished by utilizing the turbulent lean (ϕ = 0.7), CH4-air flame DNS database from Aspden et al. (Combust. Flame 166 (2016) 266–283). The roles of dominant reactions to heat release and radical formation/consumption are analyzed with increasing turbulence and compared with stretched flame calculations from counterflow flames and perfectly stirred reactors. The turbulent DNS results show relatively little change in the fractional contributions toward heat release or key species’ consumption/production over the Ka=1-36 range, when averaged over the entire flame. In contrast, the laminar results show some sensitivity to stretch, although this sensitivity is not large for the dominant reactions. These fractional contributions for the turbulent flames are quite similar to laminar stretched flame calculations, when averaged over the entire flame. Larger changes are observed in reactions of secondary importance, or when looking at more localized measures. For example, negatively curved elements show a different dominant heat release reaction compared to overall flame chemistry. These results suggest that kinetic mechanisms that are optimized using laminar flame targets can adequately describe turbulence-chemistry interactions under in the presence of significant turbulent intensity.
The effects of sodium phenobarbital on voluntary ethanol consumption in rats.

The barbiturates, among other sedatives, have been studied in alcohol research primarily in the alleviation of the withdrawal reaction in animals (2) and humans (14). However, barbiturates are dip-sogenic agents and have not been studied thoroughly in relation to consumption of ethanol or alcoholic beverages.
Comunicação e inteligência artificial: novos desafios e oportunidades para a pesquisa em comunicação

Este artigo advoga em favor de significativas reorientacoes e reconceitualizacoes dos estudos do campo da Comunicacao, de maneira a acomodar as oportunidades e desafios introduzidos pelas maquinas cada vez mais inteligentes. Particularmente, buscamos demonstrar, por um lado, como e porque a atividade comunicacional vem sendo considerada uma condicao definidora da inteligencia artificial (IA) e, por outro lado, como a teoria da IA e o desenvolvimento de aplicacoes que a envolvam complica a ideia do sujeito de comunicacao, urgindo requerer modificacoes significantes tanto em seu aparato conceitual quanto em sua estrutura filosofica.
Complete Atrioventricular Canal Defect: Influence of Timing of Repair on Intermediate Outcomes:

Background:The optimal timing of repair of complete atrioventricular canal defect (CAVC) remains uncertain. When early repair is indicated due to clinical conditions, patients may be potentially exposed to excess morbidity or mortality. We reviewed our experience with repair of CAVC to determine the influence of age on outcomes.Methods:The study included 48 patients who underwent repair of CAVC at our institution from 2004 to 2014. To assess the association of age at surgery with outcomes, logistic regression models were fit to binary outcomes and linear regression models were fit for continuous outcomes. Age at surgery was dichotomized into early (≤90 days; n = 18) and late repair (>90 days; n = 30). Chi-square and two-sample t tests were used to compare early to late repair with respect to patient characteristics and outcomes.Results:Patient characteristics were similar except for mean weight at surgery (3.9 vs 4.6 kg) and presence of greater than equal to moderate left atrioventricular valve regurgitat...
Endonuclease Regnase-1/Monocyte chemotactic protein-1-induced protein-1 (MCPIP1) in controlling immune responses and beyond

The activation of inflammatory cells is controlled at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Posttranscriptional regulation modifies mRNA stability and translation, allowing for elaborate control of proteins required for inflammation, such as proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin synthases, cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, and even transcriptional modifiers. Such regulation is important for coordinating the initiation and resolution of inflammation, and is mediated by a set of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), including Regnase-1, Roquin, Tristetraprolin (TTP), and AU-rich elements/poly(U)-binding/degradation factor 1 (AUF1). Among these, Regnase-1, also known as Zc3h12a and Monocyte chemotactic protein-1-induced protein-1 (MCPIP1), acts as an endoribonuclease responsible for the degradation of mRNAs involved in inflammatory responses. Conversely, the RBPs Roquin and TTP trigger exonucleolytic degradation of mRNAs by recruiting the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex. Regnase-1 specifically recognizes stem-loop structures present in 3'-untranslated regions of cytokine mRNAs, and directly degrades the mRNAs in a translation- and ATP-dependent RNA helicase upframeshift 1 (UPF1)-dependent manner that is reminiscent of nonsense-mediated decay. Regnase-1 regulates the activation of innate and acquired immune cells, and is critical for maintaining immune homeostasis as well as preventing over-activation of the immune system under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed that Regnase-1 and its family members are involved not only in immunity but also in various biological processes. In this article, I review molecular mechanisms of Regnase-1-mediated mRNA decay and its physiological roles. WIREs RNA 2018, 9:e1449. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1449 This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
Studies on the structure and function of the avian sarcoma virus transforming gene product.

RNA tumor viruses quickly and efficiently transform cells and are therefore extremely useful agents for the study of the molecular events in oncogenesis. It is well established that the product(s) of a single avian sarcoma virus (ASV) gene (src) is responsible for the induction and maintenance of cell transformation in vitro and tumor production in infected animals [6]. We have carried out experiments designed to identify this product by techniques that require no assumptions concerning its mechanism of action. This approach was necessary because we anticipated that the src protein would be present at relatively low levels in the transformed cells, therefore making direct identification impossible. For example, the precursor to the major virion structural proteins is present at such low levels it can be identified only by immunoprecipitation [5]. Furthermore, since there are such a variety of biochemical changes reported to occur in transformed cells, it is difficult to predict at what level the src gene product might disrupt normal cellular processes. This, in turn, makes an accurate forecast concerning its function unlikely.
Rejection Sensitivity and Girls’ Aggression

Studies of maladaptive behavior in women have traditionally focused on difficulties that are self-destructive in nature, such as suicidal behavior, eating disorders, and self-mutilation (e.g., Canetto & Lester, 1995; Cross, 1993; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987). However, in the last several years, there has been a shift toward seeking to understand women’s maladjustment in its aggressive and socially harmful forms (Ayduk, Downey, Testa, Ying Yen, & Shoda, 1999). This shift has, in part, been the result of a greater awareness of the existence and prevalence of women’s harmful acts. For example, between 1988 and 1997, the rate of criminal activity rose more dramatically for female (69%) than for male (26%) adolescents, as msured by court referrals (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999). Finally, interest in female aggressive behavior has also been encouraged by studies on close relationships that find women use strategies such as direct physical aggression (e.g., Archer & Ray, 1989; Arias, Samios, & O’Leary, 1987; Ben-David, 1993; Deal & Wampler, 1986; Plass & Gessner, 1983), verbal aggression (e.g., Billingham & Sack, 1987; deWeerth & Kalma, 1992), and the undermining of others’ social relationships (e.g., Bjorkqvist, Osterman, & Lagerspetz, 1992; Cairns & Cairns, 1994; Crick & Grotpeter, 1995) to inflict intentional harm (Ayduk et al., 1999).
Synchronization, Phase-Locking and Other Phenomena in Coupled Cells

Knowledge of how coupling affects the collective behavior of aggregates of more or less identical cells or dynamical systems is important for understanding both normal and aberrant processes in numerous physical and biological systems. These include pattern-formation in developmental biology, the spatial and temporal coordination of cellular activity in the heart and the nervous system, spatial and temporal pattern-formation in chemically-reacting systems, and many more. In some instances, the aberrant behavior of the system is directly attributable to alterations in intercellular communication. For example, epileptic seizures consist of uncontrolled synchronized discharges in the central nervous system, and epileptogenic drugs that cause the rapid depolarization of neurons characteristic of the onset of a seizure act on chemical [1,2] or electrical synapses [3], thereby altering the type or intensity of communication between neurons. At a more accessible level, coupled electrical circuits can be used as model systems to demonstrate the dramatic effect that changes in coupling can have [4].
Accurate Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Calculations of Reduction Potentials in Azurin Variants

Understanding the regulation mechanism and molecular determinants of the reduction potential of metalloprotein is a major challenge. An ab initio quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) method combining the minimum free energy path (MFEP) and fractional number of electron (FNE) approaches has been developed in our group to simulate the redox processes of large systems. The FNE scheme provides an efficient unique description for the redox process, while the MFEP method provides improved conformational sampling on complex environments such as protein in the QM/MM calculations. The reduction potentials of wild-type and seven mutants of azurin, a type 1 copper metalloprotein, were simulated with the QM/MM-MFEP+FNE approach in this paper. A range of 350 mV for the variations of the reduction potentials of these azurin proteins was reproduced faithfully with relative errors around 20 mV. The correlation between structural interactions and reduction potentials observed in simulations provides in-depth in...
A Systems Biology Approach to Understanding the Pathophysiology of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer: Focus on Iron and Fatty Acid Metabolism

Ovarian cancer (OVC) is the most lethal of the gynecological malignancies, with diagnosis often occurring during advanced stages of the disease. Moreover, a majority of cases become refractory to chemotherapeutic approaches. Therefore, it is important to improve our understanding of the molecular dependencies underlying the disease to identify novel diagnostic and precision therapeutics for OVC. Cancer cells are known to sequester iron, which can potentiate cancer progression through mechanisms that have not yet been completely elucidated. We developed an algorithm to identify novel links between iron and pathways implicated in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), the most common and deadliest subtype of OVC, using microarray gene expression data from both clinical sources and an experimental model. Using our approach, we identified several links between fatty acid (FA) and iron metabolism, and subsequently developed a network for iron involvement in FA metabolism in HGSOC. FA import and synthesis pathways are upregulated in HGSOC and other cancers, but a link between these processes and iron-related genes has not yet been identified. We used the network to derive hypotheses of specific mechanisms by which iron and iron-related genes impact and interact with FA metabolic pathways to promote tumorigenesis. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which iron sequestration by cancer cells can potentiate cancer progression, and may provide novel targets for use in diagnosis and/or treatment of HGSOC.
NMDA Receptor Dysregulation by Defective Depalmitoylation in the Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis Mouse Model

Protein palmitoylation and depalmitoylation alter protein function. This post-translational modification is critical for synaptic transmission and plasticity. Mutation of the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) causes infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN1), a pediatric neurodegenerative disease. However, the role of protein depalmitoylation in synaptic maturation is unknown. Therefore, we studied synapse development in Ppt1 -/- mouse visual cortex. We demonstrate the stagnation of the developmental N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit switch from GluN2B to GluN2A in Ppt1 -/- mice. Correspondingly, GluN2A-mediated synaptic currents are diminished and Ppt1 -/- dendritic spines maintain immature morphology in vivo . Further, GluN2B is hyperpalmitoylated in Ppt1 -/- neurons and associated with extrasynaptic, diffuse calcium influxes and enhanced vulnerability to NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. Remarkably, Ppt1 -/- neurons treated with palmitoylation inhibitors demonstrate normalized levels of palmitoylated GluN2B and Fyn kinase, reversing susceptibility to excitotoxic insult. Thus, depalmitoylation of GluN2B by PPT1 plays a critical role in postsynapse maturation and pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease.
Consumers' knowledge, attitude and behavioural patterns towards the liquid wastes (cooking oil) in Istanbul, Turkey.

This study was carried out to reveal the people’s knowledge level about the harmful effects of waste oils, especially waste cooking oil, on the environment. It also aims to understand the attitude and behavioural patterns related to the safe disposal of them. Istanbul is chosen because it represents the entire country with its diverse socio-demographic and socio-cultural structure. A total of 408 respondents were randomly chosen and interviewed in the designated regions. The research data were obtained by using a structured survey consisting demographic and Likert scale questions. SPSS 23.0 statistical software was used to analyse the survey data. Results suggest that despite the high educational level, participants did not know that household liquid waste has a negative impact on the environment. They disagreed on the statement that liquid waste can damage water resources. Public spots, and formal and informal education were not found effective and failed to make the desired impact. Majority of participants did not know their duties in the disposal of waste. They also did not know where the liquid waste collection units were and what projects were being implemented in their neighbourhood. Fewer participants were concerned at what point and how the hazardous liquid wastes collected by municipalities were disposed of after leaving their habitat and whether these methods were reliable or acceptable. This research concludes that user behaviour was disappointing in cooking oil usage and waste oil disposal. The collection of waste cooking oils remains far below the developed countries.
“A Rape Is a Rape, Regardless of What the Victim Was Doing at the Time”: Detective Views on How “Problematic” Victims Affect Sexual Assault Case Processing:

Research finds that “problematic” victim behaviors—for example, alcohol consumption—influence sexual assault case outcomes. Questions remain, however, regarding officer perceptions of what constitu...
Interactions of LTC Morbidity and Mortality

Among the most difficult challenges facing the practicing LTC insurance (LTCI) actuary is validating the assumptions of his/her model, individually and in aggregate, for the purposes of pricing and/or valuation of LTCI products. The difficulties arise from the unique characteristic of LTC insurance whereby the majority of benefit payments are made many years, even decades, after issuance of the respective policies combined with the inherent uncertainties of the cumulative incidence and severity of claims over the life of each policy form. This differs significantly from single-premium whole-life insurance, for example, where the death benefit and the occurrence of death are certain, leaving only the timing uncertain.
Missing Something? Authority in Collaborative Learning.

Past research in individual learning settings has shown that student dispositions such as self-efficacy are predictive of learning and other beneficial outcomes, but the relationship is less clear in a collaborative learning environment. This paper explores authoritativeness of stance within a conversation as a social factor influencing learning and related to self-efficacy in a computer-supported collaborative learning setting. Our results indicate that this authoritativeness measure predicts learning, where selfefficacy does not, and that student and partner authoritativeness predicts group self-efficacy. Further research is required to better determine the relationship between conversational authoritativeness, individual dispositions, and learning.
Abstract 244: Differential mRNA Expressions in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm in Patients with Bicuspid and Tricuspid Aortic Valve

Objective: Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), the most common congenital heart condition, is frequently associated with thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). Aortic mRNA expression patterns in BAV patients and...
Synthesis of 9-propyl-10-azacyclododecan-12-olide

9-Propyl-10-azacyclododecan-12-olide, a minor component of the defensive secretion of the Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) was synthesized via a reductive amination of methyl 9-ketododecanoate (3) followed by lactonization. This azamacrolide proved deterrent to ants, but was significantly less active than the pupal defensive secretion itself.
When Women Go to the City: African Women’s Rural-Urban Migration and the Sustainable Development Goals

Since the 1980s, there has been an increase in the rural-urban migration of African women seeking employment in the urban informal economy. However, perceptions of internal migration and informal employment as economically, socially and politically destabilizing have led to a policy stance that discourages these processes. Drawing on field research in Ghana, this chapter shows that while rural-urban migration gives women access to an independent source of income through informal employment and allows women to make remittances that facilitate investments in education in their origin households, the emancipatory potential of migration for women is limited by policies that stigmatize or penalize rural-urban migration and informal employment. Sustainable Development Goals 5 and 8 require African governments to promote gender equality and empower women by expanding their freedom to choose whether or not to migrate, by protecting labour rights, and by promoting safe and secure working environments for women who do migrate from rural areas to work in the urban informal economy.
Cumulative Damage Modeling with Recurrent Neural Networks

Maintenance of engineering assets (for example, aircraft, jet engines, and wind turbines) is a profitable business. Unfortunately, building models that estimate remaining useful life for large flee...
The statistical mechanics of particles obeying discrete spatial quantum theory

The energy levels for a particle confined to a one dimensional potential well are calculated using discrete spatial QM. The partition function is constructed and approximations are made to evaluate it thus generating an expression for the energy, entropy and chemical potential of an ensemble of such particles. The concept of negative temperature is applied to the above system and applications to the early universe are also discussed.
Trends in acute viral gastroenteritis among children aged ≤5 years through the national surveillance system in South Korea, 2013-2019.

Acute gastroenteritis is a global public health concern. This study aimed to analyze the trend and characteristics of acute viral gastroenteritis through a national surveillance network. Enteric viruses were detected in 9,510 of 31,750 (30.1%) cases assessed from 2013-2019 by EnterNet. The most prevalent pathogens were norovirus (15.2%) and group A rotavirus (9.7%); most infections were reported in 2017 (34.0%). Norovirus and rotavirus co-infections were the most common. Norovirus infections were prevalent among 1-year-old children (1,835 out of 9,510 cases) during winter, and group A rotavirus infections were common during spring. Seasonality was not observed among enteric adenovirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus. The prevalent viral genotypes detected included norovirus GII.4, enteric adenovirus F41, astrovirus genotype 1, and sapovirus GI.1. However, changes in enteric virus trends were noted during the study period. Norovirus prevalence extended into spring, and new genotypes of enteric adenovirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus were identified. These surveillance data elucidate enteric virus epidemiological characteristics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Modeling Core-Collapse Supernovae in Three Dimensions

We present the first complete three-dimensional simulations of the core collapse of a massive star from the onset of collapse to the resultant supernova explosion. We compare the structure of the convective instabilities that occur in three-dimensional models with those of past two-dimensional simulations. Although the convective instabilities are clearly three-dimensional in nature, we find that both the size scale of the flows and the net enhancement to neutrino heating does not differ greatly between two- and three-dimensional models. The explosion energy, explosion timescale, and remnant mass does not differ by more than 10% between two- and three-dimensional simulations.
Postoperative Work and Activity Restrictions After Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Objective This systematic review aims to assess what is known about convalescence following abdominal surgery. Through a review of the basic science and clinical literature, we explored the effect of physical activity on the healing fascia and the optimal timing for postoperative activity. Background Abdominal surgery confers a 30% risk of incisional hernia development. To mitigate this, surgeons often impose postoperative activity restrictions. However, it is unclear whether this is effective or potentially harmful in preventing hernias. Methods We conducted 2 separate systematic reviews using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The first assessed available basic science literature on fascial healing. The second assessed available clinical literature on activity after abdominal surgery. Results Seven articles met inclusion criteria for the basic science review and 22 for the clinical studies review. The basic science data demonstrated variability in maximal tensile strength and time for fascial healing, in part due to differences in layer of abdominal wall measured. Some animal studies indicated a positive effect of physical activity on the healing wound. Most clinical studies were qualitative, with only 3 randomized controlled trials on this topic. Variability was reported on clinician recommendations, time to return to activity, and factors that influence return to activity. Interventions designed to shorten convalescence demonstrated improvements only in patient-reported symptoms. None reported an association between activity and complications, such as incisional hernia. Conclusions This systematic review identified gaps in our understanding of what is best for patients recovering from abdominal surgery. Randomized controlled trials are crucial in safely optimizing the recovery period.
Phase behavior of iron oxide doping with ethylbenzene dehydrogenation catalyst promoters

Potassium-promoted iron oxide is the primary catalyst for dehydrogenating ethylbenzene to styrene. Due to an increasing demand for saving energy, there is a strong incentive to operate the reaction at reduced steam/ethylbenzene molar ratio, since a large amount of steam is used in the process. However, the catalyst experiences short-term deactivation under low S/EB conditions. Active site blocking by surface carbon and iron oxide reduction by either surface carbon or H2 are two possible deactivation mechanisms. However, the relative importance of these two mechanisms is not understood. It is very important to understand which deactivation mechanism dominates as different mechanism will lead to different development approaches. In this study, phase transitions of iron oxide based catalyst samples were investigated with TGA and XRD to understand the intrinsic deactivation mechanism. The effects of various promoters on iron oxide activity and stability were also studied. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide were utilized as the gas environment individually to avoid convolution of effects. Ethylbenzene was then applied to characterize the combined effects of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and surface coke. Potassium efficiently increases the activity of iron oxide and its effect on phase stability was examined. The active potassium ferrite phase and potassium polyferrite, which has been considered a storage phase of potassium and iron (III), can be converted to each other when exposed to carbon dioxide or hydrogen. It was also found that the deposited surface carbon was a stronger reductant than hydrogen.
The Incorporation of Nucleotides into Amino Acid Transfer Ribonucleic Acid III. THE INCORPORATION OF URIDYLIC ACID

Abstract An enzyme preparation from rabbit muscle catalyzes the incorporation of uridine monophosphate into the terminal nucleotide sequence of yeast amino acid transfer ribonucleic acid. Reactants are UTP, Mg++, and transfer RNA which has been partially digested with snake venom phosphodiesterase. Some characteristics of the incorporation system are presented. Incorporation of UMP into tranfer RNA rather than into a different species of RNA was shown by a similar chromatographic profile of the RNA fraction labeled with UMP or with cytidine monophosphate, by competition between UMP and CMP for a limited number of sites in the RNA molecule, and by nearest neighbor analysis. The latter indicated that 2 UMP residues cannot be incorporated as neighbors in a manner similar to the subterminal CMP residues in transfer RNA.
Nonisothermal Kinematic Hardening Law in Plasticity

The incremental stress-strain relations have been formulated for nonisothermal kinematic hardening materials in which the yield surface is assumed to change its size with temperature. By following Prager’s assumption, the yield surface undergoes a translation in the direction of the plastic strain increment during the plastic flow. As pointed out by Shield and Ziegler, the yield surface with Prager’s hardening rule, in general, does not satisfy the invariance requirement with respect to a reduction in dimensions in the stress space. Nevertheless, if the von Mises criterion is adopted, such a discrepancy would not arise. If, however, other types of criterion are used, such as Tresca criterion, Ziegler’s modification must be incorporated.
Wealth into Power: Private Entrepreneurs in Public Service: Participation in China's Formal Political Institutions

Throughout the reform era, the CCP has focused on economic development as its main task. Since the 1990s, it has increasingly relied on the private sector to provide the economic growth that the party's leaders believe is necessary to maintain the legitimacy it needs to keep itself in power. In order to promote cooperation between the party and the private sector, the CCP has gradually integrated entrepreneurs into the Chinese political system. As noted in Chapter 3, large numbers of private entrepreneurs have become members of the political elite by joining the CCP. In addition to being members of the party, many entrepreneurs also belong to other prominent political bodies, further integrating them into the political system. Previous research into the political participation of China's entrepreneurs has generally focused on the motives of the entrepreneurs themselves. This assumes that entrepreneurs who enter the political arena are primarily self-selected, but in fact that is only one part of the equation. Because the CCP plays an influential role in deciding who may participate in China's formal political institutions, it is also necessary to inquire into its strategy for deciding which entrepreneurs will be allowed to participate. As will be shown throughout this chapter, many of the same characteristics that explain which entrepreneurs are co-opted into the party also help explain which ones are active in the political process. Both the entrepreneurs' interest in joining the political world and the willingness of local officials to grant them access must be examined to properly understand political participation by China's entrepreneurs.
Residual Tritiated Water in Molecular Sieves

This paper discusses results of experiments that measured the residual tritiated water remaining on the sieve after regeneration and experiments to determine if the tritium inventory can be reduced after regeneration. Three types of experiments were performed. First, molecular sieve was placed in a standard calorimeter, which measures the heat resulting from the decay of the residual tritium in the sieve. These measurements indicated an average residual tritium concentration of 0.3 Ci/g of molecular sieve. However, there were substantial variations in the calorimeter readings from run to run. Second, small samples of sieve were soaked in water to leach out the tritiated water. Samples of the water were then measured in a liquid scintillation counter to determine the quantity of tritium in the liquid. These experiments indicated a residual tritium concentration of 0.08 Ci/g of molecular sieve. Third, an additional sample of the molecular sieve was heated and dissolved in Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ in a glove box. The tritium that evolved was then measured by noting the increase in the tritium concentration in the glove box. This experiment indicated a minimum tritium concentration of 0.03 Ci/g of molecular sieve.
Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase of Mouse Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is Affected by Membrane n-6 and n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content

White mice, 18-20 g, were fed purified diets containing two weight percent safflower oil plus ten weight percent menhaden, corn, or olive oil for 2 wk. Menhaden oil ingestion resulted in significantly higher levels of 22:6(n-3) and 20:5(n-3), particularly 22:6(n-3), and lower levels of 20:4(n-6) and 18:2(n-6) in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) phospholipids than did corn or olive oil ingestion. These changes in fatty acid composition resulted in a significant decrease in the value of the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio of cardiac SR phospholipids. The ratio was 2.8 versus 0.2 in choline phospholipids and 1.9 versus 0.2 in ethanolamine phospholipids in SR of mice fed corn or menhaden oil, respectively. This reduction in the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio was associated with a lower relative activity of Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase, and a lower initial rate of calcium transport and maximum calcium uptake in SR vesicles from mice fed menhaden oil rather than olive or corn oils. The specific activity of NADPH cytochrome C reductase (EC 1.6.2.3) of cardiac SR was not affected by dietary lipids. These data indicate that modification of SR by 22:6(n-3) may change the SR bilayer structure resulting in alteration of the calcium transport properties of SR vesicles. In addition, our results suggest that reduction of calcium flux across cardiac SR following fish oil consumption may also reduce the susceptibility of myocytes to rapid changes in calcium concentrations which may occur during ischemia and reperfusion.
Mixed stops and the ATLAS on-Z excess

The ATLAS experiment has recently observed a $3\ensuremath{\sigma}$ excess in a channel with a leptonically decaying $Z$, jets, and ${E}_{T}^{\text{miss}}$. It is tantalizing to interpret the signal as the first sign of a natural supersymmetric spectrum. We study such a possibility in a minimal model containing light stops and a neutralino lightest supersymmetric particle. The signal is characterized by a novel topology (compared to previous attempts) where the $Z$ is emitted from a colored particle in the first step of a decay chain, namely ${\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{t}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{t}}_{1}Z$, which is characteristic of mixed stops. We show that the excess is compatible with a compressed stop spectrum and is not excluded by any other relevant search, finding some regions of parameter space with signal strength within $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$ of that measured by the ATLAS Collaboration. In addition, we notice that the corresponding CMS search could be prone to background contamination in unexpected topologies of this kind.
Secure authentication with energy-harvesting: A multi-dimensional balancing act

Abstract The Internet of Things is as much a promise for our future as it is a challenge to our energy provisioning infrastructure. Energy harvesting is an important opportunity to address this challenge, and it may lead to a sustainable Internet of Things with low operation cost and maintenance cost. We study the design space of secure authentication using harvested energy. Secure authentication ensures that one can remotely verify the identity of a Thing, which is a critical step in the absence of a human user-in-the-loop. We assume an operating environment of a wireless node that is authenticated by the host; the wireless node contains an RF frontend, a micro-controller, and energy harvesting unit. The design space of energy-harvested secure authentication is rich and spans the protocol level, the algorithm level, and the (hardware) architecture level. Design decisions at each abstraction level affect the energy efficiency of the resulting solution, and the demands toward the energy-harvesting process. The key objective of this paper is to chart this design space from the energy versus performance point-of-view, and for a standard set of authentication protocols. To validate our analysis, we created a hardware prototype including a solar-based energy harvester, an MSP-430 micro-controller and a 2.4 GHz radio link. We have accurately measured the energy consumption of the different components for different authentication algorithms, and at different levels of optimization. Our results show a trade-off over many orders of magnitude in energy and performance. However, the optimization knobs are distributed over every abstraction level. Our contribution therefore provides a comprehensive view at the overall energy optimization problem.
The substantia nigra conveys target-dependent excitatory and inhibitory outputs from the basal ganglia to the thalamus

The basal ganglia (BG), which influence cortical activity via the thalamus, play a major role in motor activity, learning and memory, sensory processing, and many aspects of behavior. The substantia nigra (SN) consists of GABAergic neurons of the pars reticulata that inhibit thalamic neurons and provide the primary output of the BG, and dopaminergic neurons of the pars compacta that modulate thalamic excitability. Little is known about the functional properties of the SN→thalamus synapses, and anatomical characterization has been controversial. Here we use a combination of anatomical, electrophysiological, genetic, and optogenetic approaches to re-examine these synaptic connections in mice. We find that neurons in the SN inhibit neurons in the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus via GABAergic synapses, excite neurons in the thalamic nucleus reticularis, and both excite and inhibit neurons within the posterior nucleus group. Glutamatergic SN neurons express the vesicular glutamate receptor transporter vGluT2 and receive inhibitory synapses from striatal neurons, and many also express tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker of dopaminergic neurons. Thus, in addition to providing inhibitory outputs, which is consistent with the canonical circuit, the SN provides glutamatergic outputs that differentially target thalamic nuclei. This suggests that an increase in the activity of glutamatergic neurons in the SN allows the BG to directly excite neurons in specific thalamic nuclei. Elucidating an excitatory connection between the BG and the thalamus provides new insights into how the BG regulate thalamic activity, and has important implications for understanding BG function in health and disease.
The relationship between prenatal control, expectations, experienced control, and birth satisfaction among primiparous women.

Abstract Objectives this paper explores the relationship between perceptions of prenatal control, expectations for childbirth, and experienced control in labour and birth and how they individually and collectively affect birth satisfaction. Design a repeated measures exploratory study was conducted with 31 primiparous women between 26 and 40 weeks pregnant. Standardised interviews were conducted prior to birth to assess levels of prenatal control and expectations for control during childbirth. Six weeks after the birth, women were interviewed again to assess experiences of control and birth satisfaction. Setting prenatal clinic, North Carolina, USA. Findings results show experienced control to be a significant predictor of birth satisfaction, with high levels of control correlating with high satisfaction levels. However, no correlations were found between the three aspects of control, and both prenatal control and birth expectations were found to have no significant effect on birth satisfaction. Findings also indicate that women cared for by midwives have significantly higher experienced control and birth satisfaction than women whose care was provided by obstetricians, while incidence of caesarean birth did not affect either measure. Conclusions experienced control during labour and birth is an important predictor of birth satisfaction. Health care providers should collaborate with the women they care for to use techniques that maximize the experience of control especially during labour and birth.
Correlation of contrast-enhanced MR images with the histopathology of minimally invasive thermal and cryoablation cancer treatments in normal dog prostates

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a promising tool for visualizing the delivery of minimally invasive cancer treatments such as high intensity ultrasound (HUS) and cryoablation. We use an acute dog prostate model to correlate lesion histopathology with contrast-enhanced (CE) T1 weighted MR images, to aid the radiologists in real time interpretation of in vivo lesion boundaries and pre-existing lesions. Following thermal or cryo treatments, prostate glands are removed, sliced, stained with the vital dye triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, photographed, fixed and processed in oversized blocks for routine microscopy. Slides are scanned by Trestle Corporation at .32 microns/pixel resolution, the various lesions traced using annotation software, and digital images compared to CE MR images. Histologically, HUS results in discrete lesions characterized by a "heat-fixed" zone, in which glands subjected to the highest temperatures are minimally altered, surrounded by a rim or "transition zone" composed of severely fragmented, necrotic glands, interstitial edema and vascular congestion. The "heat-fixed" zone is non-enhancing on CE MRI while the "transition zone" appears as a bright, enhancing rim. Likewise, the CE MR images for cryo lesions appear similar to thermally induced lesions, yet the histopathology is significantly different. Glands subjected to prolonged freezing appear totally disrupted, coagulated and hemorrhagic, while less intensely frozen glands along the lesion edge are partially fragmented and contain apoptotic cells. In conclusion, thermal and cryo-induced lesions, as well as certain pre-existing lesions (cystic hyperplasia - non-enhancing, chronic prostatitis - enhancing) have particular MRI profiles, useful for treatment and diagnostic purposes.
Short Communication: Dynamic Constraints on the Second Phase Compartment of HIV-Infected Cells

The cells responsible for the second phase decay of HIV-1 viremia following the initiation of antiretroviral therapy have yet to be identified. A dynamic model that considers where drugs act in the virus life cycle places constraints on candidate cell types. In this regard, the rapid drop in viremia in patients starting regimens containing the integrase inhibitor raltegravir is of particular interest. We show here that the time delay between reverse transcription and integration is short in differentiated macrophages, making these cells poor candidates for the second phase compartment under the assumptions of standard models of viral dynamics.
Motivating factors influencing choice of major in undergraduates in communication sciences and disorders.

The purposes of this study were to determine: (1) whether background factors influence the choice of Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) as an academic major; (2) what motivates students to major in CSD; (3) the relationship between motivation to pursue CSD as a major and the attractiveness of the major; and (4) whether motivation influences the perceived value of a career in CSD. A survey of 143 undergraduates was created and administered to assess motivational factors that influence the choice of major. The participants had diverse ethnic/racial and cultural backgrounds and were enrolled in CSD courses in the Liberal Arts College of St John's University, a US American Institution in Queens, New York. Preliminary analyses indicated that ethnic/racial background and family income had no statistically significant relationship to motivations, attractiveness of CSD as a major, or career value of CSD as a major. Students scored highest on Intrinsic motivation factor (e.g., enjoy interacting with people...
Inequalities concerning the Lp norm of a polynomial and its derivative

Abstract Let Pn(z) = an ∏nv = 1 (z − zv), an ≠ 0, be a polynomial of degree n. It has been proved that if |zv| ≥ Kv ≥ 1, 1 ≤ v ≤ n, then for p ≥ 1, [formula] where Fp = {2π/∫2π0 |t0 + eiΘ)pdΘ}1/p and t0 = {1 + n/∑nv=1 (1/(Kv − 1))}. This result generalizes the well known Lp inequality due to De Bruijn for polynomials not vanishing in |z|
Revising and updating the inventory of cross-cultural sensitivity

The following article outlines research conducted to examine cross-cultural sensitivity in a sample of 949 incoming university students in the USA. The study was conducted during the process of updating an existing measure of cross-cultural sensitivity known as the Inventory of Cross-Cultural Sensitivity (ICCS), and to examine the various levels of understanding among the students. Additionally, data were gathered to determine whether there was any relationship between the results and the demographic factors commonly cited in the literature. Results of the study indicate that the updated version of the ICCS, the ICCSv2, is a more robust and reliable measure of intercultural sensitivity for a specific group of freshmen students. Recommendations are made for future research.
The lord of PhD: Fellowship of the dissertation - A guide to surviving the pursuit of a PhD

Allegories have been used to represent ideas, concepts, and processes, primarily in classical literature. In engineering education, allegories have been used to describe the different roles within academia [1]. Here, we focus specifically on the path of a doctoral student in engineering working towards earning their degree and completing a dissertation. The path will be discussed as an allegory to “The Lord of the Rings” by J.R.R. Tolkien [2]. This allegory explores the milestones, characters, barriers, and support doctoral students will meet along their journey. The session will utilize identity-trajectory to guide discussion and encourage attendees to explore and share their experiences. The session is aimed at providing guidelines to students progressing through a doctoral degree and to assist graduate advisors in supporting their students on this journey.