cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of an Aquatic Light Trap for Monitoring Larval Populations of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

An aquatic light trap was evaluated in wading pools placed in a greenhouse as a method of sampling populations of mosquito larvae. Three replicated experiments examined the effect of the color of a Cyalume light source and the vertical placement of the trap within the water column. Traps placed with the entrance funnel opening at the surface of the water collected significantly more fourth-instar Culex quinquefasciatus than did those with the entrance submerged. When traps were placed near the surface of the water, those with blue, yellow, and white light sticks, as well as unlighted control traps, collected approximately the same number of larvae. Therefore, a small change in trap position was more important than the presence of a light source in the effectiveness of this aquatic light trap as a sampling device for mosquito larvae.
Statistical corrections of linkage data suggest predominantly cis regulations of gene expression.

Morley et al. (Nature 2004, 430:743–747) detected significant linkages to the expression levels of 142 genes (of 3554) at a reported threshold of genome-wide p = 0.001 (LOD ≈ 5.3), using 14 three-generation Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain pedigrees. Most of the linkages (77%) were trans, i.e., more than 5 Mb from the expressed gene. However, the analysis did not account for the expected anti-conservative effect of the skewed distribution of score- or regression-based statistics in large sibships, or for the possible variance distortion due to correlations among tests. Therefore, we re-analyzed their data, using a robust score statistic for the entire pedigrees and correcting the p-values for skewness. We found that a LOD of 5.3 had a skewness-corrected genome-wide p-value of 0.016 instead of 0.001 (a result that we confirmed using simulation), with around 50 expected false positives. We then further corrected for correlation among the (skew-corrected) p-values by using Efron's method for obtaining the empirical null distribution. Setting a threshold of FDR = 10% (Z = 6.4, LOD = 8.9), we detected linkage for the expression levels of 22 genes, 19 of which are cis. Limiting the analysis to cis regions, linkage was detected to the expression levels of 46 genes with 4.6 expected false positives (FDR = 10%).
Excretion of 17-ketosteroids in ankylosing spondylarthritis and in rheumatoid arthritis; a preliminary report.

BECAUSE of the peculiar sex distribution of various types of arthritis a study of the urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion was made. No study of this type has previously been reported in arthritic patients. It has long been observed clinically that in ankylosing spondylarthritis (Marie-Strumpell type) there is a great preponderance of males over females. “The highest incidence of females recorded has been 10 per cent” (1). In rheumatoid arthritis, there is a less marked but important preponderance in incidence of the disease in females over males. “Females are much more frequently affected (3:1) than males” (3). In studies of follicle-stimulatinghormone excretion in women under 40 years of age with rheumatoid arthritis Sjuvall recently concluded that 21 per cent showed ovarian insufficiency (6). The 17-ketosteroids are a group of compounds which form the metabolic end-products of steroids originating in the adrenal cortex of the female and in both the adrenal cortex and the gonadsof the male. Normally, approx...
Uncovering the Knowledge Embedded in Clinical Practice

Nursing practice has been studied primarily from a sociological perspective. Thus we have learned much about role relationships, socialization, and acculturation. We have learned less about the knowledge embedded in actual nursing practice–that knowledge that accrues over time in the practice of an applied discipline. Nurses have not been careful clinical record keepers of their own clinical learning over time. While ample single case studies have been published, few clinical comparisons exist of multiple case studies or clinical observations across patient populations. This lack of charting of our practices and clinical observations deprives nursing theory of the uniqueness and rich-ness of the knowledge embedded in expert clinical practice. This paper examines the difference between practical and theoretica'l knowledge, provides examples of competence identified from the study of nursing practice, describes aspects of practical knowledge, and outlines strategies for preserving and extending practical knowledge.
The golden age: service management on transatlantic ocean liners

Purpose – The paper seeks to explore lessons in service delivery from an industry that no longer exists. The transatlantic passenger liner dramatizes some of the most unique challenges of service delivery. The ship itself was a delivery mechanism completely separated from support services. Customers were essentially contained for extended periods. Whereas all customers received the same core transportation service, peripheral services varied substantially by service class.Design/methodology/approach – Description of the historical context is followed by examinations of passenger and service provider perspectives to illustrate services expected and delivered. Primary and secondary source material is used to exemplify service management challenges.Findings – Socioeconomic and technological factors played major roles in delivery system design decisions. With stable and loyal workforces and well designed delivery systems, ocean liners were able to deliver service successfully to customer classes with widely v...
An Yttrium-Based System to Evaluate Lewis Base Coordination to an Electropositive Metal in a Metallocene Environment

The unsolvated bimetallic yttrium complex (C5Me5)2Y(μ-Cl)Y(C5Me5)2Cl (1) provides a convenient platform upon which to compare the coordination chemistry of oxygen-donor ligands and monomers with Lewis acidic metal ions. Reaction of 1 with 2 equiv of oxygen-containing substrates formed the monomeric complexes (C5Me5)2YCl(L) (L = THF (2), benzophenone (3), methyl methacrylate (4), e-caprolactone (5), hexamethylphosphoramide (6), e-caprolactam (7), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (8), N,N‘-dimethylpropyleneurea (9)). Each of these readily crystallize, which allows comparison of the Y−O interaction in the solid state. The X-ray data show that the numerical values of the measured Y−O lengths decrease in the order THF > benzophenone > methyl methacrylate > e-caprolactone > hexamethylphosphoramide > e-caprolactam > 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone > N,N‘-dimethylpropyleneurea, although these bond lengths span only a short range and some are the same within experimental error. In the case of e-caprolactam, a bis adduct, (C5Me5)...
On the Average Rate of Growth in Sunspot Number and the Size of the Sunspot Cycle

The average rate of growth in sunspot number over selected time intervals and the maximum average value as they both relate to the size of the cycle are examined, in order to predict the size of cycle 22. The predictions are compared with those of Wilson (1990) to determine whether a consensus is apparent. The average rate of growth during the ascending portion of the sunspot cycle, defined as the difference in smoothed sunspot number values between elapsed time t and sunspot minimum divided by t, is shown to correlate with the size of the sunspot cycle, especially for t greater or equal to 18 months. The maximum value of the average rate of growth is also shown to highly correlate (r = 0.98) with the size of the cycle. Using 4.5 as the maximum value of the average rate of growth, a lower limit for R(M) is estimated. The results show that the findings are consistent with the previous single variate predictions for R(M) for cycle 22.
Sampling rate effects on surface EMG timing and amplitude measures.

Abstract Objective. To determine if oversampling the surface electromyographic signal provides any benefit in analyzing common electromyographic timing and amplitude measures used in kinesiological studies. Design. A within subjects ( n =8) repeated measures design was used to examine surface electromyographic signals captured under four contraction modes and acquired with five different analog-to-digital sampling rates. Background . There is a growing trend to sample surface electromyography at rates higher than the Nyquist rate. Though there is limited evidence to support oversampling, the necessity or benefit of doing so remains unclear. Methods. Surface electromyography was recorded from the triceps brachii during maximal, submaximal, and fatiguing isometric contractions, as well as dynamic contractions. The analog signals were bandpassed between 20 Hz and 2 kHz, and oversampled at 6 kHz. The signals were then digitally resampled at 3 kHz, 1 kHz, 500 Hz, and 250 Hz without benefit of an anti-aliasing filter. Amplitude and timing variables measured from both the rectified and smoothed signal were compared across sampling rates. Results. Oversampling produced no significant changes in timing and amplitude measures of the rectified or smoothed electromyographic signal. For the smoothed signal, minor undersampling at half the Nyquist rate was sufficient to accurately capture most timing and signal strength measures. Conclusions. Oversampling is unnecessary to gather typical amplitude and timing measures from the surface electromyographic signal. Electromyography sampled below half the Nyquist rate is likely to result in a poor temporal and amplitude representation of the signal. Relevance Computer memory and processing resources for analyzing amplitude and timing information need not be expended in oversampling surface electromyography, and results of previous studies need not be outright dismissed because of minor undersampling violations or the lack of an anti-aliasing filter.
Hearing screening of children in primary care

Abstract Assessment of children for hearing loss should be considered soon after birth and extend throughout childhood. Children with congenital or early acquired hearing loss benefit from early diagnosis and treatment to maximize speech and language development. Neonatal screening should include those known to be at high risk for hearing problems. Diagnosis of genetic hearing loss is important for both the child and the parents. Onset of hearing loss later in childhood is most often due to middle ear infection or fluid. These common conditions must be followed to ensure return of normal hearing. Other causes of childhood hearing loss such as meningitis, trauma, chronic otitis media, and cholesteatoma should be considered when a hearing problem develops.
The effect of lighting direction/condition on the performance of face recognition algorithms

In this paper, we measure the effect of the lighting direction in facial images on the performance of 2 well-known face recognition algorithms, an appearance based method and a facial feature based method. We collect hundreds/thousands of facial images of subjects with a fixed pose and under different lighting conditions through a unique facial acquisition laboratory designed specifically for this purpose. Then we present a methodology for automatically detecting the lighting direction of different face images based on statistics derived from the image. We also detect if there is any glare regions in some lighting directions. Finally we determine the most reliable lighting direction that will lead to a good quality/high performance facial image from both techniques based on our experiments with the acquired data.
The Arab Spring: Why the Surprising Similarities with the Revolutionary Wave of 1848?

Prominent scholars have highlighted important similarities between the Arab Spring of 2011 and the “revolutions” of 1848: Both waves of contention swept with dramatic speed across whole regions, but ended up yielding rather limited advances toward political liberalism and democracy. I seek to uncover the causal mechanisms that help account for these striking parallels. Drawing on my recent analysis of 1848, I argue that contention spread so quickly because many people in a wide range of countries drew rash inferences from the downfall of Tunisia's dictator. Applying cognitive heuristics that psychologists have documented, they overrated the significance of the Tunisian success, overestimated the similarities with the political situation in their own country, and jumped to the conclusion that they could successfully challenge their own autocrats. This precipitation prompted protests in many settings that actually were much less propitious; therefore problems abounded. Cognitive shortcuts held such sway because Arab societies were weakly organized and repressed and thus lacked leaders from whom common people could take authoritative cues. The decision whether to engage in emulative contention fell to ordinary citizens, who—due to limited information access and scarce experience—were especially susceptible to the simple inferences suggested by cognitive heuristics.
Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Grain Sorghum Hybrids and Inbred Lines

Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is an important crop in semiarid regions of the world because of its drought tolerance. Nitrogen is one of the most limiting nutrients in crop production due to low availability and loss. We hypothesize that there are differences in physiological and yield traits among grain sorghum genotypes in response to N. The objectives of this study were to determine the responses of sorghum genotypes (hybrids and inbred lines) to N fertilizer and the relationship between their physiological and yield traits. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Kansas for two seasons (2010 and 2011). Genotype × N regimes and year × genotype interactions were significant for leaf chlorophyll, aboveground biomass, grain yield, and seed number. Overall, the hybrids were superior to inbred lines for grain yield and total aboveground biomass, but grain yields of inbred lines TX2783 and TX7000 were comparable to hybrids. Maximum total aboveground biomass, leaf chlorophyll index, and grain yield were obtained at 90 kg N ha –1 . Across years, application of 45 and 90 kg N ha –1 resulted in an increase in yield of 13 and 48% over 0 kg N ha –1 , respectively. No strong relationship was detected between genotypes and leaf chlorophyll index or chlorophyll a fluorescence and grain yield, but there was a strong relationship between seed number and total aboveground biomass and grain yield. Leaf chlorophyll index and chlorophyll a fluorescence did not provide physiological basis for differences in N response among the genotypes for grain yield.
Improving learning of genetic rule-based classifier systems

A genetic classifier system is reviewed and used for learning rules for classification. Two new strategies are described that enable all the letters of the alphabet to be learned. A "remembering" strategy locks in good rules to overcome forgetting that otherwise occurs during learning. A "specializing" strategy fine tunes the search process for rules. Experiments and an encoding scheme are described. Results show, for the first time, that a genetic classifier-type system can learn to classify all the letters of the alphabet. Further, computer experiments show that the new strategies result in faster and more robust classification involving images of varying position, size, and shape. >
A Momentous Development in Mixed Methods Research

I am devoting this editorial to the historical development occurring in mixed methods research, that is, the launch of the Mixed Methods International Research Association (MMIRA) and plans for the first MMIRA conference to be held in Boston, Massachusetts. I make this choice for this editorial because I have been part of other significant shifts in our professional worlds in which the history of the developments of those organizations were not recorded until well after the events occurred. A prolonged time period between the development and the recording of the events around those developments increases the challenge of obtaining accurate records of what transpired. Hence, I am making my contribution to the mixed methods history in a proactive way by sharing information about MMIRA’s mission, objectives, member benefits, plans for the first conference, and the process used in the development of this association. The mission of the MMIRA is as follows: MMIRA aims to create an international community to promote interdisciplinary mixed methods research. The mission of the Association is to engage with the international community to support mixed methods research, which broadly includes the following: mixing/combining/integrating quantitative and/or qualitative methods, epistemologies, axiologies, and stakeholder perspectives and standpoints. MMIRA seeks to engage with a broad set of approaches in the service of understanding complex social, behavioral, health, educational, and political concerns related to the human condition and natural world. Our vision includes bringing together diverse communities of scholars, students, practitioners, policy makers, citizens, and other stakeholders, with the goals of expanding knowledge and producing social betterment and social and global justice. To this end, the following objectives have been established for the Association:
A Manova Approach to Disentangling Correlated Dependent Variables in Organizational Research

The article presents a study which examined the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) approach to analyzing when multiple dependent variables are correlated. A portion of a prior study was rep...
Alumina‐Silica Phase Diagram in the Mollite Region

The alumina-silica phase relations of samples annealed in oxygen and quenched were studied by optical microscopy, image analysis, X-ray diffraction, and the electron microprobe. The solid solution boundaries of mullite changed with increasing temperature and joined at 1890°C and a composition of 77.15 wt% alumina. The melting point of mullite was 189°C with a peritectic between 76.5 and 77.0 wi% alumina.
GAL4 Interacts with TATA-Binding Protein and Coactivators

A major goal in understanding eukaryotic gene regulation is to identify the target(s) of transcriptional activators. Efforts to date have pointed to various candidates. Here we show that a 34-amino-acid peptide from the carboxy terminus of GAL4 is a strong activation domain (AD) and retains at least four proteins from a crude extract: the negative regulator GAL80, the TATA-binding protein (TBP), and the putative coactivators SUG1 and ADA2. TFIIB was not retained. Concentrating on TBP, we demonstrate in in vitro binding assays that its interaction with the AD is specific, direct, and salt stable up to at least 1.6 M NaCl. The effects of mutations in the GAL4 AD on transcriptional activation in vivo correlate with their affinities to TBP. A point mutation (L114K) in yeast TBP, which has been shown to compromise the mutant protein in both binding to the VP16 AD domain and activated transcription in vitro, reduces the affinity to the GAL4 AD to the same degree as to the VP16 AD. This suggests that these two prototypic activators make similar contacts with TBP.
Analyzing longitudinal categorical data: Sources of uncertainty and sample methods

The purpose of this paper was to first provide an overview of methods for analysis of categorical variables in longitudinal settings and to, second, give examples of applications of such methods. The overview was presented within a framework of six problems pertinent to statistical inference (3, 13). The overview provided two perspectives. First, variable-oriented approaches were introduced. Examples were given for trend analysis using log-linear models. Second, person-oriented approaches were introduced. Specifically, methods of Configural Frequency Analysis were introduced that allow researchers to detect types and antitypes in cross-classifications.
Communication-efficient implementation of join in sensor networks

A sensor network is a multi-hop wireless network of sensor nodes cooperatively solving a sensing task. Each sensor node generates data items that are readings obtained from one or more sensors on the node. This makes a sensor network similar to a distributed database system. While this view is somewhat traditional, efficient execution of database (SQL) queries in sensor network remains a challenge, due to the unique characteristics of such networks such as limited memory and battery energy on individual nodes, multi-hop communication, unreliable infrastructure, and dynamic topology. Since the nodes are battery powered, the sensor network relies on energy-efficiency (and hence, communication efficiency) for a longer lifetime of the network. In this article, we have addressed the problem of communication-efficient implementation of the SQL ''join'' operator in sensor networks. In particular, we design an optimal algorithm for implementation of a join operation in dense sensor networks that provably incurs minimum communication cost under some reasonable assumptions. Based on the optimal algorithm, we design a suboptimal heuristic that empirically delivers a near-optimal join implementation strategy and runs much faster than the optimal algorithm. Through extensive simulations on randomly generated sensor networks, we show that our techniques achieve significant energy savings compared to other simple approaches.
Germline transformation of Drosophila melanogaster with the piggyBac transposon vector

Germline transformation of Drosophila melanogaster was attempted with the piggyBac gene-transfer system from the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni . Using a self-regulated transposase helper and a white marked vector, a transformation frequency of 1-3% per fertile G0 was obtained, similar to that previously achieved in the medfly. Use of an hsp70 -regulated helper increased this frequency more than eight-fold. Transformation with a vector marked with white and green fluorescent protein (GFP) under polyubiquitin-nuclear localizing sequence regulation yielded seventy G1 transformants which all expressed GFP, but only twenty-seven of these expressed eye pigmentation that would have allowed their selection based on white + expression. PiggyBac transformation in two distantly related dipteran species and efficient expression of the gfp marker supports the potential use of this system in other dipterans, and perhaps insects in general.
Metal Oxide Films from Carboxylate Precursors

ZrO2 and Ba2YCU3O7−x metal oxide films were prepared from carboxylate precursors. The zirconia films were prepared from Zr octoate and the Ba-Y-Cu-0 compound synthesized from a mixture of the metal neodeca-noates. Dense, adherent ZrO2 films were obtained on Si. Dense, superconducting Ba-Y-Cu-0 films were also fabricated utilizing the octoate-derived ZrO2 as a bonding surface and diffusion buffer
A new least-squares-based minimum variance spectral estimator fast algorithm

The traditional formulation of the minimum variance spectral estimator (MVSE) depends on the inverse of the autocorrelation matrix, which has a Toeplitz structure in the 1D case. A fast computational algorithm exists that exploits this structure. This paper extends the class of fast MVSE algorithms to the case of a least-squares-based data-only formulation linked to the covariance case of linear prediction, which involves a near-to-Toeplitz matrix inverse. We show here that the inverse involves structures that yield fast computational formulations for the least-squares-based MVSE, in which the inverse has a special representation as sums of products of triangular Toeplitz matrices.
Object structure in the Emerald system

Emerald is an object-based language for the construction of distributed applications. The principal features of Emerald include a uniform object model appropriate for programming both private local objects and shared remote objects, and a type system that permits multiple user-defined and compiler-defined implementations. Emerald objects are fully mobile and can move from node to node within the network, even during an invocation. This paper discusses the structure, programming, and implementation of Emerald objects, and Emerald's use of abstract types.
Integration architectures: a framework for system integration decisions

To support system engineering and the related decision processes on a level above the development of single applications, a framework for system integration is presented. An integration architecture, used as a meta-model of the integrated system, is the major focal point during the engineering process and serves as a basis for decisions on a system-level. Two different decision processes and their parameters and outputs are identified. A domain model, the integration architecture, and a classification of enabling technologies are the most important elements in this framework. >
Optical properties of ocular tissues in the near infrared region

Near infrared characterization of optical properties of aqueous humor and vitreous humor of healthy human and bovine eyes has been performed. The indices of refraction (n) of these ocular tissues were determined using a Michelson interferometer. The total diffuse reflection (R (d)) and total transmission (T (t)) measurements had been taken for individual ocular tissue by using a double-integrating sphere setup and infrared laser diodes. The inverse adding doubling (IAD) computational method based on the diffusion approximation and radiative transport theory was applied to the measured values of n, R (d), and T (t) to calculate the optical absorption and scattering coefficients of the human and bovine ocular tissues. The scattering anisotropy value was determined by iteratively running the IAD method program and a Monte Carlo simulation of light-tissue interaction until the minimum difference in experimental and computed value for T (t) was realized. A comparison between the optical characterization of human and bovine ocular samples was also made.
Effects of acculturation and structural assimilation in resource-based recreation: the case of Mexican Americans.

The study examines the effects of Mexican American acculturation and structural assimilation on outdoor recreation patterns. Based on ethnic assimilation theory, we hypothesized that the greater th...
A Complexity Science Approach to Healthcare Costs and Quality

The US healthcare system suffers from high costs and low quality compared to healthcare systems internationally [1–3], as measured by reported life expectancy [4] and infant mortality [5]. High rates of nosocomial infection (infections acquired in healthcare settings) as well as adverse drug effects (errors in the administration of medication) manifest the need for improvement in the system of care. At a cost of $2.5 trillion annually [6] the system is not delivering affordable, effective care.
Splenectomy and Sepsis: A Warning

The risk of bacterial sepsis directly related to splenectomy performed at any age and for any reason has been clearly defined in the recent literature, yet some physicians remain either unaware or unconvinced of this fact. Even if the sepsis is diagnosed promptly and is appropriately treated, 50% to 75% of patients who develop this illness die. There are approximately 50,000 people in the United States who are functionally asplenic because they have sickle-cell disease. In addition, according to the 1977 Hospital Discharge Survey of the National Center for Health Statistics (unpublished data), about 35,000 individuals undergo splenectomy each year for a variety of reasons, including splenic trauma, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, hereditary spherocytosis, staging laparotomy, and renal transplantation.
Using Technology and Mentorship to Improve Teacher Pedagogy and Educational Opportunities in Rural Nicaragua

This study used ethnographic methods to understand factors influencing the implementation of an educational intervention combining short math content videos with teacher trainings and mentorship in high-poverty primary schools in Nicaragua with implications for rural school reform. Educators in rural schools in Latin American face serious obstacles to improve classroom instruction and pedagogy, including lack of resources and overcrowding. Research suggests an over-reliance on input-output models in which inputs (e.g. teacher salaries, textbooks, technology, computer labs, numbers of classrooms, etc.) are expected to produce particular outputs (student retention, lowering drop-out rates, increasing graduation rates, etc.); however, studies show that regardless of the resources, much depends on effective use of resources for successful teaching and learning (O'Sullivan, 2006; L. S. Shulman, 1987). While input/output models provide insights into an educational systems economic efficiency, they do not offer insight into what actually transpires inside of a classroom (O'Sullivan, 2006). Much depends on effective training and use of these very resources. Though systemic issues in the Nicaraguan educational system produced numerous obstacles for the eleven participating 3rd and 6th grade teachers, the educational intervention model supported teachersΓCO ability to be innovative and grow their practice in four ways: a) increased pedagogical knowledge; b) opportunities to collaborate and support one another as a community of teachers; c) flexibility in adaptation of the intervention model to their specific classroom context; and d) use of videos as supportive resources for content knowledge.
The relative kicking frequency of infants born full-term and preterm during learning and short-term and long-term memory periods of the mobile paradigm.

Background and Purpose. Infants born preterm differ in their spontaneous kicking, as well as their learning and memory abilities in the mobile paradigm, compared with infants born full-term. In the mobile paradigm, a supine infant's ankle is tethered to a mobile so that leg kicks cause a proportional amount of mobile movement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative kicking frequency of the tethered (right) and nontethered (left) legs in these 2 groups of infants. Subjects. Ten infants born full-term and 10 infants born preterm (<33 weeks gestational age, <2,500 g) and 10 comparison infants participated in the study. Methods. The relative kicking frequencies of the tethered and nontethered legs were analyzed during learning and short-term and long-term memory periods of the mobile paradigm. Results. Infants born full-term showed an increase in the relative kicking frequency of the tethered leg during the learning period and the short-term memory period but not for the long-term memory period. Infants born preterm did not show a change in kicking pattern for learning or memory periods, and consistently kicked both legs in relatively equal amounts. Discussion and Conclusion. Infants born full-term adapted their baseline kicking frequencies in a task-specific manner to move the mobile and then retained this adaptation for the short-term memory period. In contrast, infants born preterm showed no adaptation, suggesting a lack of purposeful leg control. This lack of control may reflect a general decrease in the ability of infants born preterm to use their limb movements to interact with their environment. As such, the mobile paradigm may be clinically useful in the early assessment and intervention of infants born preterm and at risk for future impairment.
Rapid diagnostic imaging and pathologic evaluation of surgical tissue using video rate structured illumination microscopy (VR-SIM) (Conference Presentation)

Currently available pathology techniques for obtaining a rapid tissue diagnosis, or for determining the adequacy of specimens intended for downstream analysis, are too slow, labor-intensive, and destructive for point-of-care (POC) applications. We previously demonstrated video-rate structured illumination microscopy (VR-SIM) for accurate, high-throughput, non-destructive diagnostic imaging of fluorescently-stained prostate biopsies in seconds per biopsy, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.82-0.88 after pathologist review. In addition, we have demonstrated that it is feasible to use VR-SIM to routinely image very large gross pathology specimens, such as entire prostate resection surfaces, in relatively short timeframes at subcellular resolution. However, our prior work has focused on applications in prostate cancer; the utility in other organ sites has not been explored. Here we extended our technology to varying size kidney, liver, and lung biopsies. We conducted a validation study of VR-SIM against histopathology on a variety of human tissues, including both small biopsies and large slices of tissue. We conducted a blinded study in which the study pathologist accurately identified the organs based on VR-SIM images alone. The results were then used to create a clinical atlas between VR-SIM and H and E images for the different tissues of interest. This clinical atlas will be used to aid in pathologist interpretation in future POC clinical applications of VR-SIM in kidney, liver, and lung. Such applications could include on-site identification of the presence of kidney glomeruli for to ensure successful downstream IHC analysis, or determination of the adequacy of lung cancer biopsies for genomic analysis.
Measurement of axial forces during emptying from the human stomach

Our aim was to measure axial forces in the stomach and to evaluate their relation to circumferential contractions of the gastric walls and the emptying of gastric content. We used a combination of simultaneous radioscintigraphy, gastroduodenal manometry, and an axial force transducer with an inflatable 2-ml balloon fluoroscopically placed in the antrum. In vitro studies demonstrated that the axial force transducer records only antegrade forces along the longitudinal axis of this probe in an intensity-dependent manner. In vivo studies were performed in five healthy subjects for at least 3 h after ingestion of radiolabeled meals. When administered separately, the emptying of liquids or solids from the stomach is associated with generation of antral axial forces and coincident phasic pressure activity; however, almost 20% (average) of gastric axial forces during emptying of liquids or solids are unassociated with proximal or distal antral pressure activity ("isolated" forces). High amplitude antral axial forces and pressures occur during both lag and postlag emptying phases. During emptying of liquids, there is a trend for axial forces to be coincident more often with proximal than with distal antral pressure activity and vice versa for the emptying of solids (P = 0.015). These data suggest that when placed in the antrum, the transducer can semiquantitatively record axial forces during gastric emptying. By combining these observations with the data from in vitro studies, it appears that axial forces predominantly result from traction on the balloon by the longitudinal vector resulting from circumferential gastric contractions. The combination of radioscintigraphy and measurement of antral axial forces is a promising method to evaluate mechanical forces involved in the emptying of the human stomach.
Multiscale damage analysis of carbon nanotube nanocomposite using a continuum damage mechanics approach

A multiscale-modeling framework is presented to understand damage and failure response in carbon nanotube reinforced nanocomposites. A damage model is developed using the framework of continuum damage mechanics with a physical damage evolution equation inspired by molecular dynamics simulations. This damage formulation is applied to randomly dispersed carbon nanotube reinforced nanocomposite unit cells with periodic boundary conditions to investigate preferred sites and the tendency towards damage. The continuum model is seen as successfully capturing much of the unique nonlinear trends observed in the molecular dynamics simulations in a volume 1000 times greater than the molecular dynamics unit cell. Additionally, application of the damage model to the continuum unit cell revealed insights into the failure of carbon nanotube reinforced nanocomposites at the sub-microscale.
Copy-Number Variation and False Positive Prenatal Screening Results.

Of 11 false positive calls of aneuploidy obtained by sequencing cell-free DNA from maternal plasma, 3 were attributed to copy-number variation in maternal DNA.
An overview of hydrogen electrical energy storage meeting energy demand with intermittent renewable resources

The world is beginning to embrace a transition from fossil fuel-based energy production and distribution methods to renewable energy-based methods. This is becoming more and more evident as governments around the world enact standards and regulations that require energy portfolios to be composed of ever-growing portions of renewable production. However, as this transition develops many questions and issues arise. One of the most significant of these is the inherently intermittent nature of power derived from renewable sources, such as wind and solar. A number of storage methods exist that may be part of the solution to this problem. This paper examines hydrogen electrical energy storage (EES), which is among the technologies that are being seriously considered as a solution to the intermittency problem of wind and solar.
Spectral Properties of Tricritical Lasers

It is by now well-known that the laser threshold can be considered a non-equilibrium analogy to a second-order phase transition point in equilibrium systems.1 With the addition of a saturable intracavity absorber, this behavior may be replaced by optical bistability, in which a hysteresis cycle is observed2; this has been explained theoretically by several authors, for standing-wave Doppler-broadened lasers3 and for running-wave homogeneously broadened lasers4, on the basis of semiclassical theory. It has been shown, however, that the bistable behavior is, strictly speaking, a transient phenomenon and that the presence of noise sources leads to behavior that is analogous to a first-order phase transition.5,6 The field statistics have been modelled on the basis of both Fokker-Planck equations4,7,8 and birth-death equations9 to demonstrate this analogy. It is important to point out, however, that the relaxation to this steady state takes place very slowly7,10, through “tunneling”, and only the hysteresis-cycle behavior has been observed experimentally.
Who Speaks for the Retarded

In the field of retardation, it appears that we confront a series of issues that never particularly concerned our predecessors. Critical analyses of the perceived worth of the retarded are novel. To ask who speaks for the retarded is also novel. In large measure, these questions were not asked before either because they were not deemed important enough — the retarded were “sports” who did not warrant sustained attention — or more frequently, because the answers seemed self-evident and hence, uninteresting. Quite obviously, this has changed and changed dramatically. The questions are now considered worth asking and the answers are anything but self-evident.
Ancient and Comely Order: The Use and Disuse of Arbitration by New York Quakers

From the late 17th century, the Religious Society of Friends (“Quakers”) observed a method of resolving disputes arising within congregations that was scripturally based, and culminated in final and binding arbitration. The practice of Quaker arbitration gradually disappeared during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and few modern Quakers are even aware of it. This article traces that decline and notes similarities with mercantile arbitration. In both religious and mercantile arbitration, a defined community valued the goal of avoiding group disruption more than the goal of vindicating individual legal rights. In both cases, members of the community applied distinct and particularized standards of conduct, rather than general legal codes, to resolve disputes. Finally, in both cases arbitration awards were, as a practical matter, self-executing and resort to court enforcement was inapplicable. The study proposes that attributes such as mutual accountability, closed communities, and shared behavioral expectations are distinctive hallmarks of the arbitration process, in the absence of which arbitration devolves from a powerful instrument of community cohesion to a mere alternative legal process.
The video ocular counter-roll (vOCR): a clinical test to detect loss of otolith-ocular function

AbstractConclusion: vOCR can detect loss of otolith-ocular function without specifying the side of vestibular loss. Since vOCR is measured with a simple head tilt maneuver, it can be potentially used as a bedside clinical test in combination with video head impulse test.Objective: Video-oculography (VOG) goggles are being integrated into the bedside assessment of patients with vestibular disorders. Lacking, however, is a method to evaluate otolith function. This study validated a VOG test for loss of otolith function.Methods: VOG was used to measure ocular counter-roll (vOCR) in 12 healthy controls, 14 patients with unilateral vestibular loss (UVL), and six patients with bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) with a static lateral head tilt of 30°. The results were compared with vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP), a widely-used laboratory test of otolith function.Results: The average vOCR for healthy controls (4.6°) was significantly different from UVL (2.7°) and BVL (1.6°) patients (p < 0.0001). The v...
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are significantly associated with better overall survival and disease-free survival in triple-negative but not estrogen receptor–positive breast cancers

Correlation between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and complete pathological response (pCR) in breast cancers in neoadjuvant settings have been reported. In this study, we analyzed the association between TILs and diagnostic and prognostic parameters in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) without neoadjuvant treatments. Three hundred forty-four (344) patients who underwent mastectomy for breast cancer (187 ER+ and 157 TNBC) without neoadjuvant treatments were evaluated. Percentage of overall and peripheral TILs were correlated with lymphovascular invasion (LVI), Nottingham histologic grade (NHG, 1/2 versus 3), stage, lymph node status (LN), overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS). In TNBC, both peripheral and overall TILs were significantly associated with NHG 3 (P .05). In ER+ breast cancer, there was a negative association between Oncotype DX recurrence score and both overall (P=.0007) and peripheral TILs (P=.0119). In conclusion, peripheral but not overall TILs correlate with better OS and DFS in TNBC, indicating the location of TILs may be important in TNBC. The negative association between TILs and Oncotype DX score in ER+ may indicate the possible prognostic value of TILs in ER+ breast cancer.
Heat of capillary condensation in nanopores: new insights from the equation of state

Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) coupled with the Young-Laplace equation is a recently developed equation of state (EOS) that successfully presents not only the capillary condensation but also the pore critical phenomena. The development of this new EOS allows further investigation of the heats involved in condensation. Compared to the conventional approaches, the EOS calculations present the temperature-dependent behavior of the heat of capillary condensation as well as that of the contributing effects. The confinement effect was found to be the strongest at the pore critical point. Therefore, contrary to the bulk heat condensation that vanishes at the critical point, the heat of capillary condensation in small pores shows a minimum and then increases with temperature when approaching the pore critical temperature. Strong support for the existence of the pore critical point is also discussed as the volume expansivity of the condensed phase in confinement was found to increase dramatically near the pore critical temperature. At high reduced temperatures, the Clausius-Clapeyron equation was found to apply better for confined fluids than it does for bulk fluids.
Abstract P348: Prognostic Value of Exercise Capacity in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Exercise capacity has been shown to predict outcomes in the general population. However, the prognostic value of Exercise capacity in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) has not been extensively evaluated. Methods: We included 10768 consecutive diabetic patients (3600 (33%) IDDM and 7168 NIDDM (67%)) who underwent exercise testing between 1991 and 2008. Baseline characteristics and exercise data were collected prospectively at the time of testing including Metabolic Equivalents (METS). The primary endpoint is all cause mortality confirmed by the social security death index. Results: Patents with IDDM were older, more often females (46% vs. 41%) with higher prevalence of hypertension (83% vs. 77%) and prior coronary disease (21% vs. 17%). Patients with NIDDM achieved more than 10 METS more often (36% vs. 30%, p Conclusions: In this large cohort of diabetic patients, decreased Exercise capacity is independently associated with decreased survival over long follow-up duration.
Isoflurane exposure for three hours triggers apoptotic cell death in neonatal macaque brain

Background Retrospective clinical studies suggest there is a risk for neurodevelopmental impairment following early childhood exposure to anaesthesia. In the developing animal brain, including those of non-human primates (NHPs), anaesthetics induce apoptotic cell death. We previously reported that a 5 h isoflurane (ISO) exposure in infant NHPs increases apoptosis 13-fold compared with control animals. However, the majority of paediatric surgeries requiring anaesthesia are of shorter durations. We examined whether 3 h ISO exposure similarly increases neuroapoptosis in the NHP developing brain. Methods Six-day-old NHP infants (Macaca mulatta) were exposed to 3 h of a surgical plane of ISO (n=6) or to room air (n=5). Following exposure, NHP brains were screened for neuronal and oligodendrocyte apoptosis using activated caspase-3 immunolabelling and unbiased stereology. Results ISO treatment increased apoptosis (neurones + oligodendrocyte) to greater than four times that in the control group [mean density of apoptotic profiles: 57 (SD 22) mm−3 vs 14 (SD 5.2) mm−3, respectively]. Oligodendrocyte apoptosis was evenly distributed throughout the white matter whereas neuroapoptosis occurred primarily in the cortex (all regions), caudate, putamen and thalamus. Conclusions A 3 h exposure to ISO is sufficient to induce widespread neurotoxicity in the developing primate brain. These results are relevant for clinical medicine, as many surgical and diagnostic procedures in children require anaesthesia durations similar to those modelled here. Further research is necessary to identify long-term neurobehavioural consequences of 3 h ISO exposure.
More than taking a chair: The perceived group social dynamics of alcoholics anonymous related to changes in spiritual practices

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meeting attendance and spiritual practices are established predictors of abstinence. This study utilized longitudinal data from two studies of AA to investigate 1) how perceived within meeting social dynamics in AA meetings affect later AA attendance, and thus exposure to the emphasis of spiritual practices and 2) influence the extent that spiritual gains are mobilized, beyond AA attendance. Findings revealed that greater group cohesion was associated with lower AA attrition, and that expressiveness, or openness, of the group predicted reported practice of spiritual behaviors. Findings reveal distinct group dynamics may foster distinct mechanism of change of AA attendees.