cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel Roles for Protein Kinase Cδ-dependent Signaling Pathways in Acute Hypoxic Stress-induced Autophagy

Macroautophagy, a tightly orchestrated intracellular process for bulk degradation of cytoplasmic proteins or organelles, is believed to be essential for cell survival or death in response to stress conditions. Recent observations indicate that autophagy is an adaptive response in cells subjected to prolonged hypoxia. However, the signaling mechanisms that activate autophagy under acute hypoxic stress are not clearly understood. In this study, we show that acute hypoxic stress by treatment with 1% O2 or desferroxamine, a hypoxia-mimetic agent, of cells renders a rapid induction of LC3-II level changes and green fluorescent protein-LC3 puncta accumulation, hallmarks of autophagic processing, and that this process involves protein kinase C; (PKC;), and occurs prior to the induction of BNIP3 (Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3). Interestingly, hypoxic stress leads to a rapid and transient activation of JNK in Pa-4 or mouse embryo fibroblast cells. Acute hypoxic stress-induced changes in LC3-II level and JNK activation are attenuated in Pa-4 cells by dominant negative PKC;KD or in mouse embryo fibroblast/PKC;-null cells. Intriguingly, the requirement of PKC; is not apparent for starvation-induced autophagy. The importance of PKC; in hypoxic stress-induced adaptive responses is further supported by our findings that inhibition of PKC;-facilitated autophagy by 3-methyladenine or Atg5 knock-out renders a greater prevalence of cell death following prolonged desferroxamine treatment, whereas PKC;- or JNK1-deficient cells exhibit resistance to extended hypoxic exposure. These results uncover dual roles of PKC;-dependent signaling in the cell fate determination upon hypoxic exposure.
Mobile phones may be the right devices for supporting developing world accessibility, but is the WWW the right service delivery model?

In this paper we detail the synergies we have observed between the features and limitations of mobile phones, and the usability and accessibility requirements of rural developing world users. This includes support for sequential interaction, multimedia input and output, asynchronous messaging and a universally familiar numeric keypad. However, we argue that the WWW as currently conceived may be an inappropriate model for delivering mobile information services in this context. We highlight a number of tensions we have observed between the traditional web model, and the design synergies that we have uncovered. To demonstrate an alternative framework, we describe CAM --- a platform for delivering mobile information services in the rural developing world. Supporting scripted execution, media-driven, tangible interaction as well as an offline usage model, CAM is uniquely adapted both to rural accessibility requirements and the inherent capabilities of mobile phones. By learning from the CAM design, we can either improve the design of existing mobile web standards and services, or implement a more appropriate framework altogether.
Intense nonlinear migrations of the Pacific warm pool

Abstract An upper bound for the nonlinear eastward propagation rate of the Pacific warm pool is derived analytically using an inertial two-and-a-half-layer model on a β plane. The model is based on the familiar idea that, in most years, the eastward migration tendency is arrested by the drag imposed on the ocean by the westward trade winds. During El Nino years, however, when the wind partially (or completely) relaxes, the pool is freed to move toward the east. The upper bound that we focus on corresponds to a rapid migration associated with a complete relaxation of the westward winds. Nonlinear analytical solutions to the above state are constructed by integrating the (inviscid) horizontal momentum equations over a control volume in a coordinate system moving steadily toward the east. A balance between the eastward flow-force (i.e., the momentum flux resulting from the eastward density gradient) and the opposing westward form-drag (exerted by the westward flowing intermediate fluid diving under the pool) is examined. It involves integrated pressure forces, integrated inertia and the integrated Coriolis forces. In the limit of a control volume with an infinitesimal north–south extent, no recirculation (i.e., no lateral exchange of mass between the fraction of the pool occupying the immediate vicinity of the equator and regions immediately to the north and south), and no cross-equatorial flows, the governing equations reduce to the equations that govern the nonrotating (i.e., β ≡0) intrusion of warm water into a resting two-layer system. This essentially means that the Coriolis force does not have any zonal component along the equator. For such conditions, the nonlinear eastward speed is found to be [2g(Δρ 1 /ρ)H 1 ] 1/2 [1−(H 2 /H 1 )] 3/2 , where Δρ 1 is the density difference between the pool and the intermediate water underneath (i.e., the so-called intermediate layer), H 1 the undisturbed thickness of the intermediate layer ahead of the pool, and H 2 is the intermediate layer thickness under the pool. Typical values for the Pacific give a bounding propagation rate of 50–60 cm s −1 , which is in good agreement with the observed migration rate during both the 1982–83 El Nino and the 1997 El Nino, the only ones in history that are known to result from an almost complete relaxation of the winds.
A Comprehensive Patient Safety Program Can Significantly Reduce Preventable Harm, Associated Costs, and Hospital Mortality

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a hospital-wide initiative to improve patient safety by implementing high-reliability practices as part of a quality improvement (QI) program aimed at reducing all preventable harm. Study design A hospital wide quasi-experimental time series QI initiative using high-reliability concepts, microsystem-based multidisciplinary teams, and QI science tools to reduce hospital acquired harm was implemented. Extensive error prevention training was provided for all employees. Change concepts were enacted using the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Model for Improvement. Compliance with change packages was measured. Results Between 2010 and 2012, the serious safety event rate decreased from 1.15 events to 0.19 event per 10 000 adjusted hospital-days, an 83.3% reduction ( P P P Conclusion Substantial reductions in serious safety event rate, preventable harm, hospital mortality, and cost were seen after implementation of our multifaceted approach. Measurable improvements in the safety culture were noted as well.
INFLUENCE OF LIQUID NITROGEN, LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE AND MECHANICAL FREEZING ON SENSORY PROPERTIES OF GROUND BEEF PATTIES

Ground beef patties were formulated with 20% fat, formed on a pattie machine at 113g each (4/lb) and frozen either by liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide in a cryogenic tunnel at -74°C or by a walk-in mechanical freezer at -29°C. Composition, TBA numbers, shrinkage and taste panel scores evaluated at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after manufacture showed a significant reduction in quality for the mechanically frozen patties when compared with the cryogenic methods. There was no difference between liquid nitrogen and liquid carbon dioxide for quality retention by ground beef patties.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety in a 6-Year-Old

Cognitive-behavioral treatment has been identified as a probably efficacious treatment for anxiety disorders in children. In the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in childhood, two cognitiv...
Characteristics and mechanisms of cell injury and cell death: the role of [Ca2+]i

Abstract Understanding the characteristics and mechanisms of cell injury and cell death has been the major influence of our laboratory for a number of years. Many models have been used, including aquatic models, to study the phenomena that occur following injury and the events that ensue, particularly the role of cytosolic ionized calcium ([Ca2+]i). We have proposed a working hypothesis explaining the central role of phospholipases, proteases, and nucleases and their relationships to [Ca2+]i deregulation and the mechanisms of apoptosis, oncosis, cell death and necrosis. Our hypothesis is briefly discussed here.
The cells of origin of nigrotectal, nigrothalamic and nigrostriatal projections in the rat

Abstract The cells of origin of the nigrotectal, nigrothalamic and nigrostriatal pathways have been demonstrated in the rat using the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The nigrotectal, nigrothalamic and nigrostriatal cells are segregated into complementary, longitudinal regions of the substantia nigra, and each of these populations of nigrofugal neurons have somata exhibiting a different size distribution. (1) The nigrotectal cells form a prominent ventral longitudinal cell lamina within the pars reticulata and have medium sized somata. (2) The nigrothalamic cells form a longitudinal column of cells within lateral and central regions of the pars reticulata and have large sized somata. (3) The nigrostriatal cells are found throughout the entire longitudinal extent of the pars compacta and within the ventromedial region of the caudal pars reticulata and have medium to small sized somata. These findings endorse the subdivision of the substantia nigra into a dorsal pars compacta and a ventral pars reticulata, and suggest that the pars reticulata is divisible on connectional and cytoarchitectonic criteria into subnuclei projecting respectively to the tectum, thalamus and striatum. The possible significance of this longitudinal subdivision of the substantia nigra is discussed with reference to the remarkably similar longitudinal organization seen in the pattern of termination of striatonigral fibers in the rat.
Adhesive bonding of polymer composites

In structures composed of polymer matrix composite materials, components must be joined such that the overall structure retains its structural integrity while it is performing its, intended function which can include both mechanical loads (static and dynamic) and environmental loads (temperature and humidity). The use of composite materials in complex structures almost always reduces the number of components in the structures compared to the use of metallic alloys for the same structure. Thus, using composite materials not only results in great savings in weight, but also through a reduced number of joining operations, results in significant savings in assembly, inspection, parts storage, and movement, resulting in increased reliability and lower cost. Yet joining is still required. Joining metallic structures is a mature technology involving riveting, bolting, welding, glueing, brazing, soldering, and other methods. However, for most polymer matrix composites only adhesive bonding and mechanical fastening can be utilized. Attention has been given recently, however, to localized welding of thermoplastic polymer matrix composites, and this will be discussed briefly later. Inherently, adhesive bonding is preferable to mechanical fastening because of the continuous connection, whereas in drilling holes for bolts or rivets, fibers or other reinforcements are cut, and large stress concentrations occar at each discrete fastener hole. The following is a review of much of the literature dealing with adhesive bonding of polymer matrix composite structures. It is Intended not only to be a review, but also a background for detailed study of the referenced and other documents, and a catalyst for future research.
Spectral studies of the rare earth complexes of the type M(NO3)3·3TBP

Abstract The rare earth nitrate-tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) complexes were prepared and studied by i.r. and Raman techniques. Raman polarization studies have provided information as to the type of co-ordinated nitrate involved in these complexes. Far i.r. results are discussed.
Biaxial extension measurements on bimodal elastomeric networks

Bimodal elastomeric networks were prepared by tetrafunctionally endlinking mixtures of short and long hydroxyl-terminated poly (dimethylsiloxane) chains having number-average molecular weights of 500 and 18,000 g/mol−1, respectively, over a composition range of 0–98 mol % of the short chains. Biaxial extension (compression) measurements were carried out by inflation of circular sheets of these materials at 23°C. The unimodal network (0 mol % short chains) showed the same behavior reported by other workers for noncrystal-lizable networks: as the compression increased, the reduced stress or modulus [f*] went through a rather slight maximum followed by a gradual leveling off to the rupture point. The bimodal networks, however, showed much more pronounced maxima with another, significant increase in [f*] at very high compressions. This final increase is presumably due to non-Gaussian effects from the very limited extensibility of the short chains, and thus parallels the upturns in [f*] frequently reported for bimodal networks at very high elongations.
Understanding the Unusual Adsorption Behavior in Hierarchical Zeolite Nanosheets

Hierarchical zeolites are advanced materials possessing the catalytic and adsorption properties of conventional zeolites while eliminating their transport limitations through the introduction of mesopores. Recent experiments comparing the adsorption in hierarchical self-pillared pentasils (SPP) and silicalite-1 (MFI) revealed an interesting crossover in sorbate loading for branched or long-chain alkanes but not for shorter linear alkanes, but an explanation for this behavior is not readily available through experimental probes due to the complications arising from the presence of multiple adsorption sites. Here we present a molecular simulation study on the adsorption of alkane isomers and show that a multi-step mechanism, found here for all molecules, is responsible for the observed phenomena.
Human U2B” Protein Binding to snRNA Stemloops

The human U2B″ protein is one of the unique proteins that comprise the U2 snRNP, but it is also a representative of the U1A/U2B″ protein family. In the U2 snRNP, it is bound to Stem-Loop IV (SLIV) of the U2 snRNA. We find that in vitro it binds not only to human SLIV, but also to Stem-Loop II (SLII) from human U1 snRNA and to Drosophila U2 snRNA SLIV. The thermodynamics of these binding interactions show a striking similarity, leading to the conclusion that U2B″ has a relaxed specificity for its RNA targets. The binding properties of U2B″ are distinct from those of human U1A and of Drosophila SNF, despite its high homology to those proteins, and so provide important new information on how this protein family has modulated its target preferences.
Mitogenic effect of serotonin on vascular endothelial cells.

BACKGROUNDRecent studies indicate that serotonin (5-HT) has a growth-promoting effect on several different cell types, including smooth muscle cells. After percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, there is damage and denudation of vascular endothelial cells, which promotes platelet aggregation at the site of injury. Aggregating platelets release 5-HT; thus, a high concentration of the amine may be present at sites of endothelial damage, which may act as a mitogen to endothelial cells.METHODS AND RESULTSThe mitogenic effect of 5-HT was examined on canine and bovine aortic endothelial cells by (1) assessing the increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and (2) assessing the increase in the absolute number of cells after stimulation with 5-HT. 5-HT at an added concentration of 200 to 1000 mumol/L in the media induced a significant increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation into endothelial cells and an increase in cell number. This effect was not observed with fibroblasts. As the concentrations of...
The TASER safety controversy.

Electrical stun guns, which are also called neuromuscular incapacitating devices, are commonly used by law enforcement agencies to deal with violent or combative individuals. The most popular brand...
Formulary management of colony-stimulating factors

The outcome of a formulary interchange from filgrastim to sargramostim for the amelioration of neutropenia for outpatients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy was evaluated. The pharmacy department at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center of the University of Louisville Hospital implemented a therapeutic interchange program by following the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations performance methodology, incorporating four key elements: plan, do, check, and act. After the pharmacy and therapeutics committee agreed that filgrastim and sargramostim are therapeutically equivalent, the pharmacy initiated the interchange, with a commitment to collect outcomes data to analyze the impact of the program on patient outcomes. Inclusion criteria included patient age of > or = 18 years, the presence of solid tumors or lymphoma, and current treatment with traditional chemotherapy. Patient demographics and cycle-specific data were collected for 31 patients receiving sargramostim and 20 patients receiving filgrastim from August 2000 to July 2001. Absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) were measured before initiating and after discontinuing colony-stimulating factors. The majority (70%) of all growth factor use was initiated within one to four days of the last chemotherapy dose. No appreciable difference was found between agents for median ANC at any measured time point. The majority of patients exceeded the target ANC of 1500 cells/mm3 at the time of growth factor discontinuation. There were no significant differences in the number of patients that had adverse effects or in the number of cycles resulting in an adverse event between groups. Sargramostim demonstrated a 21% cost savings over filgrastim ($1036 versus $1318, respectively). The formulary switch from filgrastim to sargramostim resulted in a significant cost savings for the institution without increasing incidence of adverse effects and negative outcomes associated with growth factor use.
Design-for-testability for embedded delay-locked loops

This paper introduces a new approach to testing a basic analog-only delay-locked loop (DLL) that is embedded in a field-programmable gate array, an application specific integrated circuit, or a system-on-chip (SoC). Part of the DLL circuitry is duplicated and then connected to the DLL in a way that produces a replica of the control voltage. This shadow of the control voltage is used to measure the loop's response to a step in phase. The concept of test construct (TC) gain is introduced as a means of improving detectability. The benefit of the testing approach is demonstrated by injecting defects into the DLL and detecting them through the TC at the observation point.
River channel cutoff dynamics, Sacramento River, California, USA

We measured patterns of river channel migration and cutoff between 1904 and 1997 on a 160 km meandering alluvial reach of the Sacramento River by intersecting a sequential set of river channel centrelines mapped from a field survey and aerial photography. We identified approximate dates and locations of cutoffs and quantified cutoff dimensions. Twenty-seven chute and 11 partial cutoffs occurred over this 93-year time interval, with an average of one cutoff approximately every 2.5 years or 0.0029 cutoffs per kilometre per year. The average rate of lateral channel change was over the study period was 5.5 ± 0.6 m year−1 (approximately 0.02 channel widths per year) due to progressive migration and cutoff combined. An average of 5% of the total channel length moved laterally via chute cutoff at a rate of 22.1 ± 3.3 m year−1 versus 94% of channel length that moved via progressive migration at a rate of 4.7 ± 0.5 m year−1. The remaining 1% of channel length migrated via partial cutoff at a rate of 13.0 ± 2.8 m year−1. Although channel cutoff was less predominant mode of channel change than progressive migration in terms of channel length, an average of 20% of the total floodplain area change between successive centrelines was attributable to cutoffs. Peak cutoff frequency was concentrated temporally between 1964 and 1987 and was also spatially clustered in specific active sub-reaches along the valley axis over the entire study period. We hypothesize that the probability of channel cutoff is a function of both channel geometry and discharge. Bends that experienced chute cutoff displayed an average sinuosity of 1.97 ± 0.1, an average radius of curvature of 2.1 ± 0.2 channel widths and an average entrance angle of 111 ± 7°, as opposed to average values for bends migrating progressively of 1.31 ± 0.01, 2.8 ± 0.1 and 66 ± 1°, respectively. The sinuosity of Sacramento River bends experiencing chute cutoff appears to have been consistently declining from 2.25 ± 0.35 channel widths in 1904 to 1.54 ± 0.23 channel widths in 1987. We hypothesize that this trend may be due in part to the influence of land-use changes, such as the conversion of riparian forest to agriculture, on the ‘erodibility’ of bank and floodplain materials. For the post-dam flow regime (1937 on), cutoff frequency was significantly correlated with an estimate of cumulative overbank flow. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Test of Linear Hypotheses in OLS Regression under Heteroscedasticity of Unknown Form.

When the errors in an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model are heteroscedastic, hypothesis tests involving the regression coefficients can have Type I error rates that are far from the nominal significance level. Asymptotically, this problem can be rectified with the use of a heteroscedasticity-consistent covariance matrix (HCCM) estimator. However, many HCCM estimators do not perform well when the sample size is small or when there exist points of high leverage in the design matrix. Prompted by a connection between MacKinnon and White’s HC2 HCCM estimator and the heterogeneous-variance two-sample t statistic, the authors provide a new statistic for testing linear hypotheses in an OLS regression model that does not assume homoscedasticity. The authors report simulation results showing that their new test maintains better Type I error rate control than existing methods in both the presence and absence of heteroscedasticity.
EAR TRAINING IN THE TEACHING OF PRONUNCIATION

Author's Summary.— The teaching of pronunciation upon a physiological basis, plus consistent, continued ear training designed to develop ability in the diagnosis of aural and physical characteristics of sounds heard.
Studies on the response of potentiometric sensors and the characterization of reactive impurities in propylene carbonate and gamma‐butyrolactone as solvents

This article deals with an experimental protocol developed to characterize reactive impurities that seriously compromise the utility of relatively insert solvents such as those discussed here. It was found that potentiometric sensors for hydrogen, silver(I), and copper(II) ions give Nernstian response over a broad activity range in solutions of widely differing buffer capacity in γ-butyrolactone (GBL), a promising but inadequately explored solvent for a variety of applications. Advantage was taken of the proper response of these sensors in applying the “ion probe method” described before to characterize impurities in both unpurified and purified γ-butyrolactone on the basis of their reactivities rather than their concentrations alone. The same sensors were also used in conventional potentiometric titrations of impurities in propylene carbonate (PC), a solvent that has been extensively used in fundamental studies of solute-solvent interactions as well as in the construction of commercial lithium batteries. The results of the potentiometric studies served as a guide in the design of appropriate gas chromatographic measurements. Three impurities not reported before were found in a reagent grade propylene carbonate: triethylamine and chloride ion, both at concentrations above 10−4 M, as well as 1,2-dibromopropane. The effectiveness of different purification procedures was studied.
Environmental Implications of Residential Greywater Use: A Case Study of Glade Reservoir in Northern Colorado

Population growth requires increases in supporting infrastructure and nowhere is this more important than in the provision of water supplies to support new residential development. The use of greywater (GW) systems in residential applications provides promise for more efficient use of existing water supply systems while new sources are brought online. In addition, GW system use provides benefits to water, sewer, and electrical infrastructure which culminate in reduced CO2 emissions. A case study of these potential impacts was performed using environmental life cycle assessment and found significant reductions in CO2 emissions and water consumption resulting from decreased electrical use for treating both potable and wastewater in two Northern Colorado cities.
Nutrition and epigenetics: An emerging field

Epigenetics refers to heritable changes to gene expression encoded not by differences in the genetic sequence but by other chemical modifications to chromatin, such as methylation of the DNA backbone, or acetylation and methylation of the histone core. The total set of such epigenetic marks can be referred to as the epigenome, but unlike the genome, epigenetic marks differ between tissues and are modified by metabolic conditions and environmental exposures throughout life. In humans and animal models, key metabolic pathways, such as those of energy metabolism and obesity, are believed to be partly regulated by epigenetic mechanisms and to be subject to metabolic and nutritional modification in utero and throughout life. There is growing interest in the possibility that extremes of energy or micronutrient availability may modulate the epigenome and hence modify the development and disease susceptibility of individuals. Particular interest is evident for methyl donors, including folic acid, which might directly modify DNA methylation in humans.
Do tailored behavior change messages enhance the effectiveness of health risk appraisal? Results from a randomized trial

Health risk appraisal (HRA) remains one of the most widely used health promotion tools despite only equivocal evidence for its effectiveness. Theories of behavior change predict conventional HRA's ineffectiveness because risk information alone is seldom sufficient to change complex behaviors. In this study, a randomized trial compared the effects of feedback from an enhanced HRA with a typical HRA and a control group among adult patients from eight family medicine practices. The enhanced HRA assessed behavior-specific psychosocial factors and provided patients with computer-generated, individually-tailored behavior change information in addition to typical HRA risk feedback. Changes in seven behaviors were assessed at a 6 month follow-up. Overall, patients receiving enhanced HRA feedback were 18% more likely to change at least one risk behavior than were patients receiving typical HRA feedback or no feedback (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.39). The enhanced HRA feedback appeared to promote changes in cholesterol screening, dietary fat consumption and physical activity, but not in smoking, seat belt use, mammography and Pap smears. We conclude that the addition of theory-based, individually-tailored behavior change information may improve the effectiveness of HRA.
CtIP Maintains Stability at Common Fragile Sites and Inverted Repeats by End Resection-Independent Endonuclease Activity

Chromosomal rearrangements often occur at genomic loci with DNA secondary structures, such as common fragile sites (CFSs) and palindromic repeats. We developed assays in mammalian cells that revealed CFS-derived AT-rich sequences and inverted Alu repeats (Alu-IRs) are mitotic recombination hotspots, requiring the repair functions of carboxy-terminal binding protein (CtBP)-interacting protein (CtIP) and the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex (MRN). We also identified an endonuclease activity of CtIP that is dispensable for end resection and homologous recombination (HR) at I-SceI-generated “clean” double-strand breaks (DSBs) but is required for repair of DSBs occurring at CFS-derived AT-rich sequences. In addition, CtIP nuclease-defective mutants are impaired in Alu-IRs-induced mitotic recombination. These studies suggest that an end resection-independent CtIP function is important for processing DSB ends with secondary structures to promote HR. Furthermore, our studies uncover an important role of MRN, CtIP, and their associated nuclease activities in protecting CFSs in mammalian cells.
Exploring the Intersection of Race and Gender in Self-Defense Training

Research on the impact of women’s self-defense classes has primarily focused on White women. I explore perceptions of race and gender identity of five African American women who participated in a semester-long self-defense class. I examine the relevance of the intersection of race and gender to their self-defense experience, focusing on three concepts commonly considered barriers in self-defense classes: body image and beauty standards, perceptions of strength, and perceived vulnerability to violence. Participants’ responses reveal the ways that gender and race are experienced as integrated aspects of identity, pointing to the need for self-defense curricula to include an intersectional approach.
Differences in locomotor behavior correspond to different patterns of morphological selection in two species of waterfall-climbing gobiid fishes

Behavior plays an important role in mediating relationships between morphology and performance in animals and, thus, can influence how selection operates. However, to what extent can the use of specific behaviors be associated with particular types of selection on morphological traits? Laboratory selection analyses on waterfall-climbing gobiid fishes were performed to investigate how behavioral variations in locomotion can affect patterns of linear and nonlinear morphological selection. Species from sister genera (Sicyopterus stimpsoni and Sicydium punctatum) that use different climbing behaviors were exposed to similar artificial waterfalls to simulate a controlled selective regime involving the climbing of a nearly vertical slope against flowing water. Juvenile S. stimpsoni “inch up” waterfalls by alternate attachment of oral and pelvic suckers with little axial or fin movement, leading to straightforward expectations that climbing selection should favor morphologies that improve drag reduction and substrate adhesion. In contrast, juvenile S. punctatum climb using substantial axial and fin movements, complicating expectations for selection patterns and potentially promoting correlational selection. Comparisons of directional, quadratic and correlational selection coefficients for various morphological traits and trait interactions indicated that these species showed different selection patterns that generally fit these predictions. Both directional and correlational selection patterns were different between the species, and on average were stronger in S. punctatum compared to S. stimpsoni. Stronger selection in S. punctatum may be related to its climbing style that requires more integrated movement of the fins and body axis than S. stimpsoni, promoting dynamic interactions among body regions within a complicated hydrodynamic environment.
The bone marrow as a source of laboratory studies

The intraosseous route is an emergency alternative to the IV route for the administration of drugs and fluids. Another emergency function of intravascular access is obtaining blood samples for blood gases, laboratory studies, and blood cultures. One of the drawbacks to using the intraosseous route as an alternative to IV access has been the persistent need to establish IV access to obtain blood samples. We obtained bone marrow samples from ten healthy anesthetized dogs and analyzed the usefulness of the samples in providing meaningful laboratory studies when compared with simultaneous arterial and venous samples for blood electrolytes, blood chemistries, blood gases, and hemoglobin. There was no significant difference ( P > .10) in blood electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide) drawn from the intraosseous, arterial, and venous sites. The blood chemistries (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorous, uric acid, total bilirubin, and SGOT) also were not significantly different ( P > .10). Significant differences were obtained for glucose comparing intraosseous with arterial ( P = .03), whereas intraosseous versus venous was only marginally significant ( P = .06). Significant differences were also obtained for alkaline phosphatase when comparing intraosseous with arterial ( P = .03), whereas comparison with venous was only marginally significant ( P = .06); lactate dehydrogenase differences were marginally significant when comparing intraosseous with arterial ( P = .09) and venous ( P = .06) blood. Hemoglobin values were not significantly different when comparing results for the three sites ( P > .25). Blood gases were significantly different among the three sites, but the intraosseous values for pH, Po 2 , Pco 2 , HCO 3 , and saturation were consistently intermediate between arterial and venous samples, suggesting that the intraosseous samples might correlate with arterialized capillary blood gas samples. We also looked at patients with sepsis; their bone marrow cultures were consistently positive whenever blood cultures were positive. This suggests that the bone marrow is an important alternative culture site in presumed sepsis as well. Further studies are warranted.
Anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody cancer vaccines

Anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies (MAb) can mimic both protein and non-protein antigenic epitopes. In animal models, and now in patients, it is possible to induce immune responses against tumor antigens using anti-idiotypic MAb vaccines. While it is not clear how the efficacy of anti-idiotypic MAb vaccines compares with the efficacy of vaccines constructed from antigen, there are two situations where anti-idiotypic vaccines have potential advantages: (1) when the antigen is not readily available in sufficient quantities or purity, and (2) when the antigen is a non-protein. Clinical trials are underway using anti-idiotypic MAb vaccines in both of these situations.
Amyloid imaging for Alzheimer's disease

Introduction: Biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) may facilitate early and accurate diagnosis and offer a way to track the effectiveness of new therapies. Amyloid imaging offers an unrivaled ability to visualize the presence and anatomical distribution of fibrillar beta-amyloid (Aβ) pathology non-invasively in living humans. New diagnostic criteria for AD incorporate the use of such biomarkers as amyloid imaging, highlighting the importance of this technology going forward. Areas covered: Here, the author reviews individual amyloid tracers, including the 11C-labeled tracer Pittsburgh compound B and the 18F-labeled tracers nearing FDA approval. While these tracers are reliable at detecting fibrillar Aβ pathology, there is a weaker connection with true AD pathology, reflecting the complex relationship between Aβ and AD. The author discusses apolipoprotein E genotyping and spinal fluid Aβ levels in relation to amyloid imaging, and considers the possible uses of amyloid imaging as a diagnostic instrument ...
Ethical Challenges In Long- Term Funding For HIV/AIDS

The global response to the AIDS pandemic aims for universal access to treatment and for pursuing every possible avenue to prevention. Skeptics, doubting that the huge increases in current funding levels needed for universal treatment will ever happen, would scale back antiretroviral treatment in favor of more cost-effective preventive interventions. Economics, politics, and science figure in this debate. But there is also a question of ethical principle: Is there a moral imperative to emphasize treatment, even if emphasizing prevention would save more lives? The authors examine moral arguments that address this question, and come down on the side of saving the most lives via prevention.
RANGE EXTENSION OF SOUTHERN CHASMOSAURINE CERATOPSIAN DINOSAURS INTO NORTHWESTERN COLORADO

T he Williams Fork Formation preserves a diverse dinosaur fauna containing at least nine saurischian and five ornithischian species. Among the dinosaur specimens recovered is a partial ceratopsian skull (SDMNH 43470) referable to the ceratopsid subfamily Chasmosaurinae (Diem, 1999). Chasmosaurines, or long-frilled ceratopsians, existed throughout western North America during the Campanian and Maastrichtian (Judithian, Edmontonian, and Lancian). Recent discoveries have renewed debate over the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history among the chasmosaurines (Forster et al., 1993; Lehman, 1996; Holmes et al., 2001). There are some latitudinal differences in occurrences of taxa. Northern chasmosaurines include Anchiceratops ornatus (Brown, 1914), Chasmosaurus belli (Lambe, 1902), C. irvinensis (Holmes et al., 2001), and C. russelli (Sternberg, 1940) from the upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada (Dodson and Currie, 1990; Godfrey and Holmes, 1995; Holmes et al., 2001; Ryan and Russell, 2001). A. ornatus has also been reported from the upper Campanian to Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada (Eberth, 1997), as has Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Parks, 1925; Dodson and Currie, 1990). The common late Maastrichtian species Triceratops horridus (Marsh, 1889) ranges from Colorado in the south to Alberta and Saskatchewan in the north, while the less common Torosaurus latus (Marsh, 1891) has a slightly smaller, but similar range (Dodson and Currie, 1990), both occurring in the Lance and Hell Creek Formations or their equivalents. In the southern area, another Maastrichtian species of Torosaurus (Marsh, 1891), T. utahensis (Gilmore, 1946) from the North Horn Formation of Utah, Kirtland Shale in northwestern New Mexico, and the Javelina Formation of southwestern Texas, is sometimes recognized (Lehman, 1996). Some authors treat Torosaurus utahensis as a synonym of T. latus (Dodson and Currie, 1990). If this synonymy is correct, T. latus maintained a geographic range from Saskatchewan, Canada, in the …
High Temperature Anionic Polymerization of Alkyl Methacrylates

This work defined the need for 2 molar equivalents of aluminum for each equivalent of alkyllithium in order to achieve polymerization control; the first is involved in the stabilization of the living anion at the chain end, while the second is required for complexation of the monomer for stereospecific addition. Excess aluminum is used to scavenge impurities in the reaction mixture, allowing for less rigorous purification techniques than those required in anionic polymerization. In this work, we are interested in understanding the energetics behind the screened anionic homopolymerization of methyl methacrylate as a function of polymerization temperature and the ratio of Al:Li. First, a series of PMMA was synthesized at 0 °C while systematically varying the Al:Li ratio from 0 to 3. The effect of Al:Li on polymerization control was measured using factors including molecular weight distribution, yield, tacticity, and initiator efficiency. Second, polymerizations were monitored using in situ FTIR spectroscopy at temperatures ranging from -25 to 40 °C. In situ FTIR spectroscopy is a powerful tool used to monitor reactions in real-time, without having to risk contamination during collection of multiple samples. Use of FTIR spectroscopy allowed the determination of observed rate constants for polymerization and will lead to the calculation of an activation energy of this process.
A new tunable dynamics platform for milling experiments

Abstract This paper describes a flexure-based platform with tunable dynamics that is used for milling stability experiments. Damping is added to a parallelogram, leaf-type flexure by incorporating an eddy current damper. Using this flexure/damper combination, the platform dynamics can be selected (tuned) at the design stage to match the desired experimental conditions. An increase in the dimensionless damping ratio of over 200% is demonstrated through the addition of the eddy current damper. The design analysis is detailed and experimental results are presented for modal testing and milling stability trials.
Along-strike structure segmentation and cross-strike transfer faults in the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale, Pennsylvania, Central Appalachian Basin: Implications for gas recovery efficiency and risk assessment using 3D seismic attribute analysis

Summary Three-dimensional (3D) seismic volumes make it possible to map subsurface structural features such as faults and folds, unravel tectonic history, in turn allowing us to predict spatial locations of sweet spots with higher fracture intensity while avoiding the potential migration pathways that decrease efficiency of hydrocarbon production from fractured reservoirs. Seismic attributes, such as variance, curvature, and ant tracking, may provide valuable insight into understanding the complex fault and fracture networks and overprinting relationships associated with the polyhistory of the north-central Appalachian Basin. Highquality 3D seismic data in Central Pennsylvania show vertical changes from rift-sag basin associated with the early Paleozoic extension along the Rome trough. This basin style changes upward to foreland basin dominated by regional folds and thrusts above the major detachment interval of the Salina Salt and Devonian shale. In addition to the regional detachment folds and thrusts we mapped cross-strike, northwest-trending lineaments, which may be co-eval to the previously-reported cross-strike discontinuities (CSD) that were found in other areas in the basin using different data sets. Our initial analyses suggest that these cross-strike lineaments may pose threat to hydrocarbon productivity and recovery efficiency due to faults and fractures acting as paths of least resistance for induced hydraulic stimulation fluids. We interpret that these seismically observed lineaments may represent major transfer faults that serve as the migration pathways for hydraulic fluid migration and affect stimulations by potentially absorbing and/or redirecting the energy. Detection and evaluation of fracture orientation and intensity and emphasis on the relationship between fractures and fluid migration pathways is of high interest in the study area as it entails significant time and cost implications for both conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon exploration and production.
Treatment of Pulmonary Sporotrichosis with Ketoconazole

Antifungal therapy that included ketoconazole failed in a 44-year-old woman with pulmonary sporotrichosis progressing slowly over a seven-year period. On the basis of this case and the modest amount of experience reported in the literature, ketoconazole does not appear to be effective in the treatment of pulmonary sporotrichosis.
Effects of Developmental Asynchrony Between Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and its Predator Toxorhynchites rutilus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Newly hatched Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillet) were added to experimental populations of Aedes triseriatus (Say) at varying days after prey hatch to test the hypothesis that a developmental asynchrony of Ae. triseriatus and Tx. rutilus leads to escape from predation by Ae. triseriatus in small water bodies. Presence of Tx. rutilus significantly affected prey survivorship. Regression of survivorship [log10 (x + 1) transformed] versus days head start for prey yielded a small, but significant positive slope, indicating that survivorship increased slightly with an increasing number of days head start. For females, mean weight at emergence was not significantly affected by treatments; however, median days to emergence differed significantly between the treatments, with females taking significantly longer to emerge with Tx. rutilus absent than when the predator was present. For males, neither mean mass nor median days to emergence was significantly affected by treatments. Treatments had no significant effect on the frequency of deaths or on mean weight of Tx. rutilus. Thus, a developmental asynchrony between Tx. rutilus and Ae. Triseriatus appears to have no effects on the predator, but does have a weak effect on prey performance at high hatch densities.
New Sagebrush Vole, Genus Lagurus, from Utah

In his mammals of utah, Durrant (Univ. Kansas Pubis. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:1–549,1952) listed Lagurus curtatus intermedius and L. c . levidensis as occurring in Utah. To the former he assigned a range including all of Utah west of 112° W Longitude, with the exception of the Bonneville Salt Flats, and to the latter, the northern slopes of the Uinta Mountains and the East Tavaputs Plateau. Subsequently several specimens of this species were collected from the Aquarius and Fishlake plateaus of south-central Utah. These specimens were taken from areas where they were not previously known to occur and in ecological situations not generally regarded as their preferred habitat. The inadequately known relationships among the named subspecies of this species have been commented upon by Hall (mammals of nevada, Univ. California Press, 1946: 561) and Durrant ( loc. cit.: 380). Since the geographical variation of the sagebrush vole is so little understood and because of the fact that the majority of localities from which adequate series are available are “spotty” and widely separated, topotypes or near topotypes of all the named subspecies were obtained for comparative purposes. Critical comparisons of specimens herein described as new with specimens of the named kinds leave no doubt that these specimens definitely merit naming and recognition as a new subspecies. All measurements are in millimeters and capitalized color terms are from Ridgway (color standards and color nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912). Acknowledgements.—The writers acknowledge with thanks the kind loan of specimens for comparative purposes by: Dr. Ernest S. Booth, Walla Walla College; Dr. J. E. Moore, University of Alberta; Dr. Seth B. Benson, University of California; Miss Viola Schantz, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; and Dr. …
Three forms of BRP-2 (bone resorptive proteins) from human cancer ascites fluid and their relationship to human serum alpha-2 HS-glycoprotein.

Two new forms of BRP-2, a previously described bone resorptive protein, were purified from ascites fluids obtained from patients with hypercalcemia and metastatic bone cancer. The apparent molecular weights of BRP-2 and of these two proteins were 52,000, 48,000, and 46,000, respectively, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The three proteins have essentially the same amino acid compositions but differ with respect to their carbohydrate moieties. The amino-terminal amino acid sequences of the three glycoproteins were identical to each other as well as to human serum α2HS-(human serum) glycoprotein. The relationship of the three forms of BRP-2 to α2HS was also established immunochemically. The ascites proteins, as well as α2HS, on a molar basis, were approximately one-tenth as potent as bovine parathyroid hormone fragment (1–34) in their abilities to stimulate calcium release from bonein vitro. This study describes for the first time a possible function for human serum α2HS.
Effects of Contextual Interference and Retention Intervals on Transfer

The acquisition and transfer effects of contextual interference (Battig, 1979) were investigated with 54 female subjects over three retention intervals on a coincidence anticipation task. The exper...
The Politics of Animation and the Animation of Politics

This article demonstrates how political inquiry can guide the study of animation. It proceeds by investigating animation’s minor status within film and media studies and then the expansion of its d...
Optimizing Logistic Networks

The term logistic was defined and discussed in earlier chapters. It was shown to be a natural abstraction of an OpLog system. In Chap. 9 the logistic network model was defined and a visual version of that model – the VN model – was presented as a descriptive decision aid. The logistic network model was described as a multilevel tree where each level corresponds to a certain military echelon.