cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive aging and hearing acuity: modeling spoken language comprehension

The comprehension of spoken language has been characterized by a number of “local” theories that have focused on specific aspects of the task: models of word recognition, models of selective attention, accounts of thematic role assignment at the sentence level, and so forth. The ease of language understanding (ELU) model (Ronnberg et al., 2013) stands as one of the few attempts to offer a fully encompassing framework for language understanding. In this paper we discuss interactions between perceptual, linguistic, and cognitive factors in spoken language understanding. Central to our presentation is an examination of aspects of the ELU model that apply especially to spoken language comprehension in adult aging, where speed of processing, working memory capacity, and hearing acuity are often compromised. We discuss, in relation to the ELU model, conceptions of working memory and its capacity limitations, the use of linguistic context to aid in speech recognition and the importance of inhibitory control, and language comprehension at the sentence level. Throughout this paper we offer a constructive look at the ELU model; where it is strong and where there are gaps to be filled.
Carbamyl Phosphate Synthesis in a Land Snail, Strophocheilus oblongus

Abstract A carbamyl phosphate synthetase has been detected and partially characterized in hepatopancreas tissue of the land snail Strophocheilus oblongus. The enzyme is localized in mitochondria, utilizes l-glutamine, and shows an absolute requirement for N-acetyl-l-glutamate. This unique combination of properties distinguishes the snail enzyme from either of the previously described animal carbamyl phosphate synthetases, carbamyl phosphate synthetase I and carbamyl phosphate synthetase II. The snail enzyme was measured as the fixation of 14C-bicarbonate into citrulline in the presence of excess l-ornithine and ornithine transcarbamylase. ATP and Mg2+ are also required in the reaction; optimal activity is obtained when the Mg2+:ATP ratio is 2. When this ratio is maintained, saturation with ATP occurs at approximately 5 mm. The Km of the enzyme for l-glutamine is estimated to be 2.5 mm and for N-acetylglutamate, 0.3 mm. The major portion of carbamyl phosphate synthetase activity is localized in the mitochondrial fraction of the snail tissue and, since this is also the fraction in which ornithine transcarbamylase occurs, the enzyme is presumed to function in arginine biosynthesis. Aspartate transcarbamylase occurs in the cytosol of the tissue but the amount of carbamyl phosphate synthetase that can be measured in this fraction is negligible. The snail carbamyl phosphate synthetase may thus also function in pyrimidine biosynthesis.
Foreword: Of Legal Ethics, Taxis, and Doing the Right Thing

When Judith Nathanson, an attorney, declined Joseph Stropnicky's request for legal representation in a divorce, she took a stand. She asserted her commitment to representing only women in divorces. Nathanson could have simply said she was too busy, or she did not like Stropnicky's tone of voice, or otherwise tried to duck the case. By indicating instead a considered judgment against representing men, Nathanson opened herself up to a charge of sex discrimination. Stropnicky made that charge, and won before the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination ("MCAD").1 The editors of this journal have responded by taking their own stand. They do not advocate one side in the case, or even one strand of argument or issue. But by devoting a symposium issue to the case, they expend their most valuable resource, their pages, on the conviction that the case and the issues it raises are worth your most valuable resource, your time. I think they are right. As the fascinating and thoughtful symposium contributions in­ dicate, the case raises many issues about the current and potential scope and definition of illicit sex discrimination,2 the reach of con­ stitutional freedom of speech and freedom of association defenses?
A comparison of food group variety between toddlers with and without cystic fibrosis.

Objectives To compare the food group variety and nutritional adequacy of the diet between toddlers with cystic fibrosis (CF) and age-matched controls. Subjects A clinical sample of 22 toddlers with CF (mean age = 21.3 ± 7.2 months) matched to a community sample of 22 healthy peers. Main outcome measures The variety index for toddlers (VIT) and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR). Results Fruit group scores were highest for children with CF (0.95 ± 0.13; possible range 0.00–1.00), and dairy group scores were highest for controls (0.90 ± 0.18). All children earned the lowest scores for vegetables (CF: 0.15 ± 0.12; controls: 0.26 ± 0.22). No significant differences were found when comparing VIT and MAR scores by sample (P > 0.05). A moderate positive relationship was found between total VIT scores and MAR scores for all children (r = 0.38, P < 0.05). Toddlers with CF did not achieve the 120–150% of Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for energy. Conclusions Toddlers with CF are consuming diets that are varied and nutritionally adequate for a healthy child. To optimize nutritional status and growth, current recommendations for toddlers with CF to eat a well-balanced diet and to exceed daily RDA for energy requirements remain key dietary issues.
PBPAIR: an energy-efficient error-resilient encoding using probability based power aware intra refresh

Error resilient encoding in video communication is becoming increasingly important due to data transmission over unreliable channels. In this paper, we propose a new power-aware error resilient coding scheme based on network error probability and user expectation in video communication using mobile handheld devices. By considering both image content and network conditions, we can achieve a fast recoverable and energy-efficient error resilient coding scheme. More importantly, our approach allows system designers to evaluate various operating points in terms of error resilient level and energy consumption over a wide range of system operating conditions. We have implemented our scheme on an H.263 video codec algorithm, compared it with the previous AIR, GOP and PGOP coding schemes, and measured energy consumption and video quality on the IPAQ and Zaurus PDAs. Our experimental results show that our approach reduces energy consumption by 34%, 24% and 17% compared with AIR, GOP and PGOP schemes respectively, while incurring only a small fluctuation in the compressed frame size. In addition, our experimental results prove that our approach allows faster error recovery than the previous AIR, GOP and PGOP approaches. We believe our error resilient coding scheme is therefore eminently applicable for video communication on energy-constrained wireless mobile handheld devices.
A Reading of John Milton's Horoscope

Sometime around 1650, the astrologer John Gad-bury cast a horoscope for John Milton, but we now have only the chart without any interpretation that Gadbury might have rendered.1 With the help of the same kind of astrological texts available to Gadbury, I propose to interpret Milton's natal chart in the way that a Renaissance astrologer might.2 Fortunately, I have the great advantage of hindsight, which shall play no small part in my “prediction” of what the future holds for John Milton.
Bullying, regimen self-management, and metabolic control in youth with type I diabetes.

Objective To determine the association among diabetes-related bullying, diabetes self-management, metabolic control, and depression in children and adolescents with type I diabetes (TID). Study design Measures of diabetes-related bullying and depression were administered to 167 youth with TID at their regularly scheduled diabetes care visits. Parents were administered a clinician-rated index of their child's diabetes self-management. HbA1c levels were assessed. Results Diabetes-related bullying was positively related to HbA1c concentration and negatively related to overall self-management and specifically to adherence to glucose testing and dietary tasks. Depressive symptoms partially mediated the relation between diabetes-related bullying and overall self-management. Conclusion Given the associations between diabetes-related bullying and regimen self-management, the issue of illness-related bullying merits serious attention for pediatricians and school personnel.
Sarcomere Length-Ventricular Filling Pressure Relationship in the Perfused Murine Heart Visualized with 2-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy

The Frank-Starling mechanism, whereby increased cardiac filling leads to increased cardiac output, is dependent on cardiomyocyte sarcomere length (Ls). The relationship between Ls and left-ventricular pressure (LVP) in living (non-fixed) myocardium is poorly defined. We examined the Ls versus LVP relationship in isolated perfused mouse hearts using 2-photon fluorescence microscopy. To determine a fluorescent indicator of Ls, isolated cardiomyocytes were labeled with Di-8-ANEPPS (membrane dye labeling t-tubules) and MitoTracker Deep Red (mitochondrial stain) and imaged using confocal microscopy. The resulting fluorescence signals were correlated to transmitted light Ls obtained under resting conditions and in the presence of 10 mM caffeine to induce cellular contracture. Fast-Fourier Transform and linear regression analyses illustrated that Di-8-ANEPPS (r2=0.97) and MitoTracker (r2=0.95) were both well-correlated to transmitted light Ls. Perfused hearts were loaded with Di-8-ANEPPS with the left-ventricle cannulated (via the left atrium) to alter LVP. Imaging was performed on an inverted microscope with the left-ventricular wall against the coverglass, allowing sub-epicardial cardiomyocytes to be imaged while their longitudinal axis was parallel to the focal plane. Measurements were performed under passive conditions (Ca-free, 25°C) with aortic pressure 1 mmHg higher than LVP at each pressure examined. Sarcomere length (μm) increased with LVP, with values of 2.02±0.01 at 0 mmHg, 2.24±0.02 at 10 mmHg, 2.29±0.02 at 20 mmHg, and 2.33±0.02 at 40 mmHg. These values are consistent with data in mammalian hearts fixed at varying LVP, and illustrate that Ls is more dynamic over lower pressure ranges (0-20 mm Hg) than higher pressure ranges (20-40 mm Hg). We conclude that the Ls-LVP relationship can be determined accurately in the living heart using 2-photon fluorescence microscopy, which should prove valuable for investigating disease-associated changes in passive properties of the heart.
Acute overdose of zolpidem

Zolpidem (Ambien) is an imidazopyridine hypnotic recently introduced in the USA. We report a case of a fatal overdose of Ambien. A 68-year-old female ingested at least 30 tablets of 10 mg Ambien (300 mg). She was found dead at home. Toxicological analyses revealed blood concentration of 4.1, 19.3 and 2.3 μg/ml of zolpidem, meprobamate and carisoprodol, respectively.
Reduced Aldosterone Secretory Response to Acute ACTH Stimulation in Sodium‐Restricted Elderly Subjects

The plasma aldosterone (PA) response to ACTH stimulation (5 μg/kg, im) under conditions of varied sodium intake was studied in 10 young (20–35 yr), 9 middle-aged (41–56 yr) and 11 elderly (66–73 yr) normotensive subjects. No differences in serum sodium, serum potassium, plasma Cortisol and urinary sodium excretion were observed among the three groups during both a 130 mEq (normal) intake and a 25 mEq (low) sodium intake for three days. Basal plasma renin activity (PRA) and PA levels were lower in the elderly than in the young or middle-aged groups. These age-related decreases were slight with a normal sodium intake and pronounced with a low sodium intake. ACTH administration induced increases in PA in the three groups. However, the maximal net increment of PA above the baseline level after ACTH did not differ among the three groups with a normal sodium intake, but was lower in the elderly than in the young or middle-aged groups with a low sodium intake. The ACTH-induced maximal percentage increment of PA did not differ among the three groups during both the normal and the low sodium intakes. A significant positive correlation was found between the maximal net increment of PA and either the basal PRA or PA level in the combined group of young, middle-aged and elderly subjects. Thus, aging causes a reduced aldosterone secretory response to ACTH, in parallel with decreases in basal PRA and PA levels, under conditions of low sodium intake.
In-situ nonlinear optical studies of photopolymerization of gas phase acrolein onto metallic substrates

The kinetics of the photopolymerization of gas phase acrolein onto gold surfaces were studied by monitoring the surface reaction dynamics and the gas phase kinetics in-situ and in real time. A technique based on surface second harmonic generation (SSHG), a second-order nonlinear optical process, was developed to monitor the surface second-order nonlinear susceptibility, which was related to the fraction of unreacted monomer coverage on the surface during ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The adsorption of acrolein onto the gold surface was also monitored using SSHG. It was found that the second harmonic signal at the surface decreased as a result of adsorption of acrolein and that the adsorption was an irreversible process. Upon UV irradiation, the second harmonic signal was found to decrease immediately as a result of the decrease in the surface monomer coverage, while an induction period was observed in the gas phase by vapor pressure measurements. The surface reaction rate was found to be first-order in surface monomer concentration, one-half-order in light intensity, and independent of the gas pressure in the range of partial pressure studied (61-152 Torr). The results suggested that polymerization took place initially at the surface-adsorbed layer. The existence of a metal surface may enhance the formation of free radicals on the surface-adsorbed layer and result in the selective photopolymerization on the metal surface. After the formation of a polymer layer on the gold surface, the photopolymerization was found to take place mainly in the gas phase. The apparent rate of the gas phase polymerization was found to be first-order in the gas pressure and one-half-order in light intensity.
U-shaped fiber-optic refractive-index sensor and its applications

A Ushaped fiberoptic refractive index sensor and its aI ications are described. For longdistance measurements fabrication method using si I ca glass fibers is investigated. The lowloss silica class fiber sensor is applied to multi point measurements based on optical time domain reflectometry(OTDR). Application of the sensor to humidity measurement and the monitoring of human skin condition are also proposed.
Efficacy and safety of a rapid-sequence metaproterenol protocol in the treatment of acute adult asthma

A 6-month prospective study was performed to examine the efficacy and safety of a rapid-sequence nebulized metaproterenol regimen for the treatment of acute asthma in adults. Patients 18 years of age or older who were not pregnant and who had not received beta 2-agonist therapy were identified and started on a rapid-sequence metaproterenol regimen (15 mg) by the triage nurse. Pretreatment and posttreatment peak flow, respiratory rate, pulse rate, and blood pressure were documented. Patients also gave a pretreatment and posttreatment rating of the clinical severity of their attack using a 1-to-10 visual analogue scale. Fifty patients were entered into the study, with an average age of 38 years (range, 19 to 87 years). Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Patients showed statistically significant increases in peak flow (193 to 328 L/min, P < .00001) and systolic blood pressure (136 to 143 mm Hg, P < .0054). Statistically significant decreases were shown for respiratory rate (25 to 22 beats/min, P < .0001) and clinical severity (6.2 to 3.2, P < .00001). Thirty-three patients (71%) who completed the protocol experienced an increase in pulse rate. Ten (21%) had a pulse rate increase of more than 30 beats/min. Two (4.2%) had pulse rate increases of more than 40 beats/min. Four patients were removed after one or two nebulizers because of severe side effects. One patient's pulse rate increased to more than 200 beats/min. Although effective in reversing bronchospasm, the side effects of metaproterenol when used in rapid sequence are of major concern.
The all-trans retinoic acid (atRA)-regulated gene Calmin (Clmn) regulates cell cycle exit and neurite outgrowth in murine neuroblastoma (Neuro2a) cells

The vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) functions in nervous system development and regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y and Neuro2a or N2A) exposed to atRA undergo growth inhibition and neuronal differentiation, both of which are preceded by an increase in Clmn mRNA. Treatment of N2A cells with atRA produces a reduction in phosphohistone 3 immunostaining and BrdU incorporation, both indicators of a reduction in cell proliferation. These effects are nearly eliminated in atRA-treated shClmn knockdown cells. Loss of Clmn in the mouse N2A cell line also results in a significant reduction of atRA-mediated neurite outgrowth, a response that can be rescued by reintroduction of the Clmn sequence. In contrast, ectopic overexpression of Clmn produces an increase in the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, p21(Cip1), a decrease in cyclin D1 protein and an increase in hypophosphorylated Rb, showing that Clmn participates in G(1)/S arrest. Clmn overexpression alone is sufficient to inhibit N2A cell proliferation, whereas both Clmn and atRA must be present to induce neurite outgrowth. This study shows that the atRA-responsive gene Clmn promotes exit from the cell cycle, a requisite event for neuronal differentiation.
Noise in Proton Accelerators

A high energy proton-electron-positron colliding beam system (PEP) will be described elsewhere in an invited paper. It is necessary that the proton beam be stored, tightly bunched in longitudinal space, for many hours. Since there is almost no damping of synchrotron oscillations (for protons), noise which can couple to this motion may cause the protons to diffuse so as to increase the synchrotron amplitude and destroy the tight bunches. This paper describes experiments performed on the Bevatron and attempts to correlate the results with theory. Initial theoretical studies of the effect of noise in the rf system are described in Ref. 1. The theory is extended to include the presence of a feedback control of the rf frequency. Although a properly designed feedback system can suppress coherent synchrotron oscillations of a bunched beam, it is found that the diffusion of particles within the bucket may be unaffected. An obvious source of noise is the rf voltage necessary to maintain the bunched structure. Other noise sources, such as collisions with residual gas, are included.
A new method to calculate B-matrix elements for external rotations with application to the B-matrix internal coordinate molecular dynamics formalism

Abstract B-matrix elements for external rotations are conventionally computed by imposing the Casimir–Eckart condition (CEC). However, this results in matrix elements that not only depend on atomic masses but also on the choice of a moving coordinate frame. A new method to directly calculate the B-matrix elements for external rotations, which avoids these problems, is therefore introduced. An underlying symmetry relation is used to reduce the number of required computations. This method is applied to the dynamics equation in nonredundant generalized coordinates, which enhances the efficiency of the B-matrix internal coordinate molecular dynamics formalism.
APL and mastermind

A course in programming languages should teach students about the syntax and semantics of programming languages, as well as make them aware that a good choice of a programming language can often make a problem much easier to solve. This last point can best be made by giving students a problem that is much easier to solve in one language than in most others.The game of Mastermind is an excellent vehicle for doing this. It is easy to understand, fun to play, and wonderfully easy to program in APL. Mastermind has also been used to teach many concepts in combinatorics [5]. This paper outlines how to program the game of Mastermind in APL. It also presents a strategy which is extremely simple but surprisingly effective.
Images of Volunteer Organizations: A Positioning Approach

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to assess the images often volunteer organizations among people in a Southeastern community. Correspondence analysis is used as the analytical tool. Results of the study were helpful in determining relative positioning of attributes, volunteer organizations and the interrelationship among them. The implications of the results are discussed.
Self-assembled nanostructures from homopolymer induced by UV and solvent exposure

A simple method for creating self-assembled nanostructures using a single polymer system is reported. When spin-coated polystyrene thin films were irradiated with UV light and treated with toluene, unique nanostructures were observed, evolving from star-shaped networks to arrays of concentric circles. The nanostructure formation is a result of differential responses of crosslinked and oxidized products to the solvent by a combined effect of phase separation and solvent swelling. The nanostructures were observed for polymers of different molecular weights, films of different thicknesses, and on various substrates.
The value of forgetting suicidal thoughts and behavior.

This is a prospective longitudinal study examining recollections of suicidal content and correlates of accurate and inaccurate recollection. A primarily at-risk group of young adults (N = 78) who were initially assessed for suicidal ideation and behavior in adolescence, were asked to recall whether they had reported suicidal ideation or behavior about six years earlier. In recalling the previous interview, the majority of the participants provided consistent reports. However, with regard to those who had previously reported suicidal ideation or behavior, 38% failed to recall prior adolescent suicidal reports. Those who provided accurate reports of prior suicidal content were more symptomatic and were functioning more poorly than those who failed to recall past suicidal content. The implications for clinical assessment practices, research, and theory development are discussed.
Ion Solvation Thermodynamics from Simulation with a Polarizable Force Field

Thermodynamic measurements of the solvation of salts and electrolytes are relatively straightforward, but it is not possible to separate total solvation free energies into distinct cation and anion contributions without reference to an additional extrathermodynamic assumption. The present work attempts to resolve this difficulty using molecular dynamics simulations with the AMOEBA polarizable force field and perturbation techniques to directly compute absolute solvation free energies for potassium, sodium, and chloride ions in liquid water and formamide. Corresponding calculations are also performed with two widely used nonpolarizable force fields. The simulations with the polarizable force field accurately reproduce in vacuo quantum mechanical results, experimental ion-cluster solvation enthalpies, and experimental solvation free energies for whole salts, while the other force fields do not. The results indicate that calculations with a polarizable force field can capture the thermodynamics of ion solvation and that the solvation free energies of the individual ions differ by several kilocalories from commonly cited values.
Age of menarche in pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina): a cross-sectional survey of perineal tumescence.

Abstract A four-month survey of perineal tumescence in 131 young female pigtail monkeys ( Macaca nemestrina ) revealed that most females had begun to swell by the time they were 3 years old. Those that had not begun to swell by that time were generally of lower weight than their peers. Those that tumesced before they were 3 years old tended to be heavier than their peers, but were not necessarily heavier than older, nonswelling females.
The control of protein synthesis during heat shock in Drosophila cells involves altered polypeptide elongation rates

When Drosophila tissue culture cells are shifted from 25 to 36 degrees C (heat shocked) the pre-existing mRNAs (25 degrees C mRNAs) remain in the cytoplasm but their translation products are underrepresented relative to the induced heat shock proteins. Many of these undertranslated 25 degrees C mRNAs are found in association with polysomes of similar size in heat-shocked and control cells. Furthermore, the messages encoding alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin, and actin are found associated with one-third to one-half as many total ribosomes in heat-shocked cells as in cells incubated at 25 degrees C. Increased temperature should lead to increased output of protein per ribosome. However, the 25 degrees C proteins are actually synthesized at less than 10% of 25 degrees C levels in heat-shocked cells. Thus, the rates of both elongation and initiation of translation are significantly (15- to 30-fold) slower on 25 degrees C mRNAs than they are on heat shock mRNAs in heat-shocked cells.
Application of Whole Exome Sequencing to Identify Disease-Causing Variants in Inherited Human Diseases

The recent advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has dramatically changed the nature of biomedical research. Human genetics is no exception-it has never been easier to interrogate human patient genomes at the nucleotide level to identify disease-associated variants. To further facilitate the efficiency of this approach, whole exome sequencing (WES) was first developed in 2009. Over the past three years, multiple groups have demonstrated the power of WES through robust disease-associated variant discoveries across a diverse spectrum of human diseases. Here, we review the application of WES to different types of inherited human diseases and discuss analytical challenges and possible solutions, with the aim of providing a practical guide for the effective use of this technology.
Structural Empowerment and Professional Nursing Practice Behaviors of Baccalaureate Nursing Students in Clinical Learning Environments

This study examines the associations between professional behaviors of baccalaureate nursing students and student perceptions of select factors within the clinical learning environment, including the role of clinical faculty leadership. Participants (n=243) were recruited from a randomly selected list of 1000 members of the National Student Nurses Association (NSNA) among sixteen states within the Southern region of the United States. Results revealed a direct relationship exists between student perceptions of structural empowerment in their clinical learning environment and professional nursing practice behaviors among students. Also found was that relationships between variables in the model are significantly strengthened by student perceptions of strong leadership behaviors of clinical faculty. Findings from this study may assist nurse educators by contributing knowledge relevant to support/facilitate the transition of individuals from student nurses to professional registered nurses and, thus enhance the impact of professional nurses' contributions in healthcare delivery.
The Z-properties chart

Dynamic friction modeling has received considerable attention, and diverse models have been put forward. Some of the most widely applied models are state-variable models, which incorporate one or more internal states governed by nonlinear differential equations. As empirically motivated nonlinear differential equations, state-variable friction models exhibit a surprising variety of behavior. Most of these models are dissipative for motions on all scales, while others are nondissipative for very small motions; some show true sliding for very small applied forces, while others show purely elastic displacement under the same conditions; and some show hysteresis with nonlocal memory, while others do not. In this article the Z-properties chart is introduced. This chart provides a means for comparing and contrasting the properties of the state-variable friction models under the condition referred to as presliding, where the dynamics of the state variables play their greatest role. The friction state is often designated z(t) and thus the name "Z-properties chart".
Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic integration.

Experiments testing the self-serving bias (SSB; taking credit for personal success but blaming external factors for personal failure) have used a multitude of moderators (i.e., role, task importanc...
A direction for Value in Health.

V in Health is a new journal. We, the Editorin-Chief and the Scientific Editor, will assume responsibility for guiding Value in Health (VH) beginning with Volume 2 in 1999. Here we want to introduce potential contributors and readers to the kind of journal we want VH to be, and what we want it to accomplish. These views are not yet official policy. We welcome all reader comments and criticisms. Feedback from the ISPOR membership, officials, and the journal's own Editorial Advisory Board will be brought together to establish official Value in Health policies and procedures. Both of us are trained in academic economics, and though we have spent our careers in health economics-and, in the past few years, pharrnacoeconomics-our backgrounds inescapably bias our perceptions and convictions toward those of traditional economics. Insofar as this bias is unproductive, we will struggle with it. Our Editorial Advisory Board, which includes many non-economists, will undoubtedly assist in that effort. Of course, we are also available to the ISPOR membership through the usual routes of communication. We will respond constructively to reasoned criticism of our policies. Second, we know that many other journals invite and publish research in pharrnacoeconomics and health outcomes analysis. Indeed, Value in Health is a latecomer. The obvious question is what will be unique about VH. VH hopes to invest pharmacoeconornics and outcomes analysis with 1) higher levels of rigor than existing journals typically exhibit and 2) stronger theoretical bases than they now possess. Reviews of published costeffectiveness analyses (CEAs), for example, have concluded that many-perhaps the majority-of them are methodologically deficient. We believe that all research-not just that relating to CEAshould be fully rigorous. Careful peer review will
New methodologies for the preparation of porphodimethenes and their conversion to trans-porphyrins with functionalized naphthyl spacers.

The MacDonald [2 + 2]-type condensation of readily available 5-aryl-substituted dipyrromethanes with acenaphthenequinone leads to the trans-syn- and anti-porphodimethenes, which in turn can be converted to the α,α- and α,β-porphyrin atropisomers, respectively. Treatment of the metalated or unmetalated porphodimethenes with KOH or NaOMe in THF followed by protonation with HCl results in a ring opening of the acenaphthenone and formation of the trans-8-carboxynaphthylporphyrins or their esters (NaOMe) after oxidation. Alternatively, the porphyrin formation can be accomplished by reaction of the porphodimethenes with acids in the presence of water or methanol. Reaction with NaBH4 in a THF−methanol mixture yields the corresponding dialcohols in nearly quantitative yields. Sixteen different building blocks were prepared in order to evaluate the generality of this new synthetic approach, with Ar = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2; 2,6-Cl2C6H3; 2,6-F2C6H3; 3,4-tBu2C6H3; 3,4,5-(MeO)3C6H2; 4-BrC6H4; 4-MeC6H4; and 4-MeOOCC6H4 at the ...
Emulating an Optical Planetary Access Link with an Aircraft

Video imagery was streamed from the ground to an aircraft using a free-space laser communication link. The link operated at 270 Mb/s over slant ranges of 5-9 km in day and night time background conditions. The experiment was designed to demonstrate autonomous link acquisition and served as a first proof-of-concept for a planetary access link between a surface asset and an orbiter at Mars. System parameters monitored during the link demonstration including acquisition and tracking and communication performance are discussed.
Relationships Among Giving, Church Attendance, and Religious Belief: The Case of the Presbyterian Church (USA)

Using data from a survey of members and elders of the Presbyterian Church (USA), we estimate relationships among religious contributions, church attendance, and theological belief. Survey respondents indicated whether they were theologically conservative or liberal, and we hypothesized that the level and the composition of giving would be affected by theological belief. We found that conservative Presbyterians gave more in total, and gave more to the local church and to non-Presbyterian religious organizations than did more liberal Presbyterians, while more liberal Presbyterians gave more to secular charities than did conservative Presbyterians.
Perturbative Oscillation Criteria and Hardy‐Type Ineqalities

We prove a natural generalization of Kneser's oscillation and Hardy's inequality for Sturm-Liouville differential expressions. In Particular, assuming − d/dxp0(x)+q0(x), x ∈ a, b), −∞≦a<b≦∞, to be nonoscillatory near a (or b), we determine condition on q(x) such that − d/dxp0(x)+q0(x)+q(x) is nonoscillatory, respectively, oscillatory near a (or b)
Poster: 3D referencing for remote task assistance in augmented reality

We present a 3D referencing technique tailored for remote maintenance tasks in augmented reality. The goal is to improve the accuracy and efficiency with which a remote expert can point out a real physical object at a local site to a technician at that site. In a typical referencing task, the remote expert instructs the local technician to navigate to a location from which a target object can be viewed, and then to attend to that object. The expert and technician both wear head-tracked, stereo, see-through, head-worn displays, and the expert's hands are tracked by a set of depth cameras. The remote expert first selects one of a set of prerecorded viewpoints of the local site, and a representation of that viewpoint is presented to the technician to help them navigate to the correct position and orientation. The expert then uses hand gestures to indicate the target.
Thermal stability of a new insulating material used in traction motors

MODERN traction motors operate under severe conditions. The latest adopted standard for traction motors lists them as class B.1 This provides that the peak value by resistance of the armature shall not exceed 160 degrees centigrade (C), and the peak value for the fields shall not exceed 170 C. Modern traction motors on heavy Diesel-electric locomotives often exceed these temperature limits by 20 to 30 C. The temperatures in the hottest part of the armature and the hottest part of the field will exceed these average resistance measurements. Coupled with these high temperatures are severe vibration conditions, dust, water, varying humidity, highly variable maintenance, and shock. Most traction-motor equipment operates on 3,000 volts or less on direct current, or 1,500 volts or less on alternating current. The railroads expect and get long motor life coupled with a very high degree of dependability.
An Audience Flow Model of Television Viewing Choice

A model for the prediction and explanation of individual television viewing choice is presented, incorporating considerations of utility, audience flow, and audience segmentation. The proposed model provides a quantifiably explicit theoretical explanation of television viewing choice, and its validation on large-sample network viewing data provides a baseline degree of accuracy against which the performance of future television viewing models may be compared. Of direct relevance to advertising agencies and the television networks is the suitability of the model for estimating the comparative impact of alternative programs on the audience size and composition of competing programs in the immediate and subsequent time slots.
The relative salience of morphine and contextual cues as conditioned stimuli.

Two experiments were conducted to delineate further the properties of conditioning when morphine is used as a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the conditioned suppression of drinking paradigm. Experiment 1 used a test for overshadowing designed to compare the relative salience of contextual cues (metal box) and morphine induced cues (6 mg/kg, IP) as CSs when each was paired with a foot shock unconditioned stimulus (US) in water deprived rats. Six groups (six rats each) were exposed to conditioning procedures during which the conditioning context was present 19 h (groups 1 and 2), 90 min (groups 3 and 4), or 5 min (groups 5 and 6) before shock onset, and morphine (in groups 1, 3, and 5) or saline (in groups 2, 4, and 6) was injected 10 min before shock. Subsequently, the magnitude of suppression of drinking in response to morphine, to the metal box, and to morphine plus the metal box was measured. Only group 1 (19 h group) suppressed drinking in response to morphine, while groups 3–6 suppressed drinking whenever tested in the metal box. The results indicate that morphine cues acted as a CS that elicited suppression of drinking in group 1, and that contextual cues present up to 90 min before morphine cues overshadowed morphine. Experiment 2 showed that expression of the conditioned response to morphine was blocked by naloxone.
Analysis of intermittent timing fault vulnerability

Abstract Continuous scaling of transistor feature size rapidly increases the effect of intermittent faults. These faults manifest as timing violations due to the combined effects of process variation, circuit wear-out, and variation in environmental conditions. In this paper, we combine all critical sources of intermittent faults in a comprehensive framework. Our experiments with the MIPS-789 processor reveal that at the 22nm technology node, the combined effect of all the factors can degrade the delay by 2.5X. Such gross delay degradation extending more than two cycles can render many recently proposed time borrowing techniques ineffective. We analyze three architectural techniques to mitigate intermittent faults and evaluate them using full system architectural simulation.
Interpretation as Primordial Writing: Jubilees and Its Authority Conferring Strategies1

Cet article considere Le livre des Jubiles, ecrit de la periode du Second Temple relie, comme tous les ecrits de cette periode, a la Torah de Moise et a son autorite. L'A. examine ici le contexte plus vaste de la configuration complexe des Jubiles de strategies leur conferant l'autorite afin de comprendre la nature de l'exigence des Jubiles pour une autorite d'interpretation. Dans une premiere partie il propose des exemples qui montrent l'important role d'autorite de l'ecrit dans les Jubiles. Dans la deuxieme partie, il considere les quatre strategies distinctes qui conferent l'autorite, montrant comment chacune est dependante de l'autorite de l'ecrit.
A biological breadboard platform for cell adhesion and detachment studies

The dynamic nature of cell adhesion and detachment, which plays a critical role in a variety of physiological and pathological phenomena, still remains unclear. This motivates the pursuit of controllable manipulation of cell adhesion and detachment for a better understanding of cellular dynamics. Here we present an addressable, multifunctional, and reusable platform, termed the biological breadboard (BBB), for spatiotemporal manipulation of cell adhesion and detachment at cellular and subcellular levels. The BBB, composed of multiple gold electrodes patterned on a Pyrex substrate, is surface-modified with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid terminated thiol (RTT) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to achieve a cell-adhesive surface on the gold electrodes and a cell-resistive surface on the Pyrex substrate, respectively. Cell adhesion is regulated by the steric repulsion of PEG chains, while cell detachment is controlled by the reductive desorption of a gold-thiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) at an activation potential of −0.90 to −1.65 V. Experimental characterizations using NIH 3T3 fibroblasts are presented to demonstrate the utility of our device.
The Influence of the Leader Persona on Organizational Identity

Executive Summary The following discussion focuses on the leader persona and organizational identity. It offers a theoretical perspective based on conceptualizations ofleadership and the leader persona taken from a study of college and university presidents and provosts. This was a study of women's leader personas (Curry, 2000). In it, I suggest that there is a place for insights into self along with cognitive development associated with what Yekovich (1993) refers to as "domain related knowledge" (pp. 146-166). This is significant not only for leaders but also for consideration of the construction of organizational identity.
SEGREGATED CITY, SEGREGATED SUBURBS: TO WHAT EXTENT ARE THEY PRODUCTS OF BLACK-WHITE SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS?

This study uses the technique of indirect standardization to assess the extent to which 1980 housing segregation patterns in the St. Louis metropolitan area are the result of socioeconomic differences between blacks and whites. Previous studies have shown socioeconomic status to be relatively unimportant as a cause of black-white segregation, but, in the past, segregation has in large part taken the form of exclusion of blacks from the suburbs. In St. Louis in 1980, however, about half of the black population was suburban—considerably more than in the past and more than in most other metropolitan areas in 1980. In this context, racial segregation remains, but takes the form of segregation within both the city and its suburbs. Indirect standardizations based on housing cost show that (1) less than 25% of the segregation among census tracts in the metropolitan area and about 20% in the city are attributable to differences in housing cost; (2) despite the black suburbanization that has occurred, blacks remai...
Development of symbiosis-specific genes as biomarkers for the early detection of cnidarian-algal symbiosis breakdown.

Abstract Coral bleaching, i.e. the loss of dinoflagellate symbionts from cnidarian hosts, is occurring globally at increasing rates, scales, and severity. The significance of these bleaching events to the health of coral reef ecosystems is extreme, as bleached corals exhibit high mortality, reduced fecundity and productivity and increased susceptibility to disease. This decreased coral fitness leads to reef degradation and ultimately to the breakdown of the coral reef ecosystem. To date there has been little work describing the application of biomarkers to assess coral health. The most commonly applied biomarker is, in fact, the bleaching event itself. We are interested in developing early warning biomarkers that can detect coral stress before bleaching occurs. Recently, several genes that are likely to function in regulating interactions between cnidarians and their symbionts have been characterized, using the temperate sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima as a model species. One “symbiosis gene” identified from the host genome, sym32, is expressed as a function of anemone symbiotic-state, where sym32 expression is higher in symbiotic cf. aposymbiotic (symbiont-free) anemones. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR suggested that the level of sym32 expression was correlated with the abundance of algae in the host. Furthermore, laboratory exposures of anemones to low levels of cadmium (0, 20, 100 μg −1 CdCl 2 ; 14 days), which caused no change in algal cell numbers, resulted in a down-regulation of sym32 compared to controls, indicating that sym32 expression may serve as a new sensitive early warning biomarker of cnidarian–algal symbiosis breakdown.
The modified frailty index as a predictor of operative mortality and morbidity in lower extremity amputations

RESULTS: As the mFI increased from 0.27 to 0.73, 30-day operative mortality increased from 6.8% to 27.8%, the incidence of Clavian 4 and 5 complications also increased from 12.1% to 39.2% (p 0.001). Post-operative cardiac arrests occurred in 0.8 % of patients with a mFI of 0.18 compared to 3.7% of patients with a mFI of 0.45(p 0.001). Reintubation and failure to wean form the ventilator occurred twice as often in patients with a mFI of 0.45 compared to those with a mFI of 0.18 (p 0.001). The occurrence of sepsis, post-op pneumonia and superficial surgical site infectiondoubled in patients with a mFI of 0.45 compared to those with a mFI of 0.18 (p 0.001). Wound dehiscence also increased from 0.6% to 3.1% for a mFI of 0.17 and 0.73 respectively (p 0.001).
Hemodynamic Correlates of the Various Components of the First Heart Sound

Previous studies in this laboratory having demonstrated that AV valve closure is not directly responsible for the rapid vibrations of the first heart sound, the mechanism of production of this "sound" was studied further in 30 experiments in dogs. The experiments were performed with multiple pressure catheterization, and intracardiac phonocatheterization, and were compared with external phonocardiograms and electrocardiograms. In 10 experiments, the first derivatives of the left and right ventricular pressures were also recorded. In four experiments, direct epicardial and arterial sound tracings were obtained. These experiments revealed that three groups of vibrations, or components, were often visible in the external phonocardiogram, and in intracardiac and epicardial tracings. The first component follows the onset of left ventricular pressure rise and closure of the mitral valve but coincides with the rapid rise of the first derivative of LV pressure. The second component has no relationship with right heart events, occurs before aortic valve opening, and coincides with the sudden change of course of the first derivative of LV pressure. The third component occurs slightly after aortic valve opening, and seems related to sudden increase of aortic wall tension. It is probably the physiological equivalent of the aortic "ejection sound." Thus, the first two components are both left ventricular in origin while the third is of aortic origin.
Patterns of Physics Reasoning in Face-to-Face and Online Forum Collaboration around a Digital Game.

Students playing digital learning games in the classroom rarely play alone, even in digital games that are ostensibly “single-player” games. This study explores the patterns of physics reasoning that emerge in face-toface and online forum collaboration while students play a physics-focused educational game in their classroom. We observed five increasing levels of explicit articulation of physics reasoning across interactions in the face-toface and online forum interactions. Additionally, we found that students were much more likely to explicitly articulate formal physics reasoning in their online forum interactions than they were in their face-to-face interactions. We discuss multiple possible explanations for these patterns of articulation in terms of differences in timing of interactions, affordances of medium, classroom scripts, and social norms. The findings and discussion extend our understanding of the structuring and contributions of peer interactions to student learning in digital learning environments in the classroom.
Microsatellite DNA primers for the endangered vermilion darter, Etheostoma chermocki, and cross-species amplification in other darters (Percidae: Etheostoma)

The endangered vermilion darter (Etheostoma chermocki) is endemic to the Black Warrior River system in the Mobile Basin in Alabama. Restoration and conservation of this species require an understanding of its population genetic structure, which can be characterized using microsatellite DNA. Nine microsatellite loci were developed; eight loci were polymorphic. Although observed heterozygosity was lower than expected heterozygosity in most polymorphic loci, only one locus showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These nine markers were tested in an additional 24 species of Etheostoma and appear to have sufficient allelic variation to be useful in studies of population genetic structure.