cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skeletal muscle chemoreflex in exercise ventilatory control.

The mechanisms by which minute ventilation (VE) is tightly linked to the metabolic demands of exercising skeletal muscle remain uncertain. The idea that by-products of exercising muscle metabolism could stimulate peripheral afferent nerves communicating with regions of the central nervous system important in cardiorespiratory regulation (the skeletal muscle chemoreflex) is most compelling for the pressor response to exercise, but a growing body of literature suggests it is important in the control of ventilation as we.
Glucometrics and Measuring Blood Glucose in Critically Ill Patients

Glucose homeostasis is dysregulated in critical illness, and “stress hyperglycemia” carries significant morbidity and is an independent risk factor for poor outcome after ICU admission. Clinicians, various regulatory organizations, and clinical societies have therefore drafted guidelines for the management of hyperglycemia in the critically ill. The institution of “tight glycemic control” utilizing insulin infusions to achieve blood glucose levels of 80–110 mg/dl was widely accepted following the publication of improved outcomes in critically ill patients in the initial Van den Berghe study in 2001. Many studies following, however, were unable to reproduce the outcomes realized in the first study and raised concern regarding increased frequency of hypoglycemia on intensive insulin therapy regimens. The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate the various methodologies utilized in ICUs to measure glucose levels that are then used to make treatment decisions regarding management of the hyperglycemia of critical illness. A comparison of point-of-care (POC) testing with glucose meters, arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements, and central laboratory (CLM) testing is explored with a focus on how measurements are made, accuracy, cost, and convenience.
Nonnegative Hall Polynomials

The number of subgroups of type μ and cotype ν in a finite abelian p-group of type λ is a polynomial g_{\mu \nu}^\lambda(p) with integral coefficients. We prove g_{\mu \nu}^\lambda(p) has nonnegative coefficients for all partitions μ and ν if and only if no two parts of λ differ by more than one. Necessity follows from a few simple facts about Hall-Littlewood symmetric functionss sufficiency relies on properties of certain order-preserving surjections p that associate to each subgroup a vector dominated componentwise by λ. The nonzero components of p(H) are the parts of μ, the type of Hs if no two parts of λ differ by more than one, the nonzero components of λ − p(H) are the parts of ν, the cotype of H. In fact, we provide an order-theoretic characterization of those isomorphism types of finite abelian p-groups all of whose Hall polynomials have nonnegative coefficients.
Evaluation of the New Compound Oxathiapiprolin for Control of Downy Mildew in Basil

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate a new chemical, oxathiapiprolin, as a seed treatment and foliar application for control of downy mildew of basil, caused by Peronospora belbahrii, and ...
Peroxisome biogenesis, membrane contact sites, and quality control

Peroxisomes are conserved organelles of eukaryotic cells with important roles in cellular metabolism, human health, redox homeostasis, as well as intracellular metabolite transfer and signaling. We review here the current status of the different co-existing modes of biogenesis of peroxisomal membrane proteins demonstrating the fascinating adaptability in their targeting and sorting pathways. While earlier studies focused on peroxisomes as autonomous organelles, the necessity of the ER and potentially even mitochondria as sources of peroxisomal membrane proteins and lipids has come to light in recent years. Additionally, the intimate physical juxtaposition of peroxisomes with other organelles has transitioned from being viewed as random encounters to a growing appreciation of the expanding roles of such inter-organellar membrane contact sites in metabolic and regulatory functions. Peroxisomal quality control mechanisms have also come of age with a variety of mechanisms operating both during biogenesis and in the cellular response to environmental cues.
The Middle Road Less Taken: Electronic-Structure-Inspired Design of Hybrid Photocatalytic Platforms for Solar Fuel Generation

ConspectusThe development of efficient solar energy conversion to augment other renewable energy approaches is one of the grand challenges of our time. Water splitting, or the disproportionation of H2O into energy-dense fuels, H2 and O2, is undoubtedly a promising strategy. Solar water splitting involves the concerted transfer of four electrons and four protons, which requires the synergistic operation of solar light harvesting, charge separation, mass and charge transport, and redox catalysis processes. It is unlikely that individual materials can mediate the entire sequence of charge and mass transport as well as energy conversion processes necessary for photocatalytic water splitting. An alternative approach, emulating the functioning of photosynthetic systems, involves the utilization of hybrid systems wherein different components perform the various functions required for solar water splitting. The design of such hybrid systems requires the multiple components to operate in lockstep with optimal ther...
Dostoevsky, Existential Therapy, and Modern Rage: On the Possibility of Counseling the Underground Man

It is often said today that we live in the “Age of Rage.” This article explores the phenomenon of modern rage through an analysis of the psychic conflicts of Dostoevsky’s “underground man,” as he t...
Maintenance claw trimming in cattle with special emphasis on the Dutch method.

Application of the Dutch claw trimming method requires understanding of horn structure and function including growth and wear as well as the biomechanics of weight bearing. The shape and weight bearing surface of normal claws can be described as follows: The normal weight bearing area of the claw includes the heel, wall, and the white line as well as the sole.6 It is important to note that the abaxial wall is weight bearing along its entire length from the abaxial heel wall junction to the toe.6 The axial wall and white line is only weight bearing for a short distance up to a point where they diverge proximally in the interdigital space.6 The sole is weight bearing along its entire surface except at its innermost portion directly adjacent to the interdigital space. Here the sole is sloped for approximately one-third of the width of the sole in that area.6
Normal and Pathological Tau Uptake Mediated by M1/M3 Muscarinic Receptors Promotes Opposite Neuronal Changes.

The microtubule associated protein tau is mainly found in the cell’s cytosol but recently it wasalso shownin the extracellular space. In neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), pathological tau spreads from neuron to neuron enhancing neurodegeneration. Here we show that HEK293 cells and neurons in culture uptake extracellular normal and pathological Tau. Muscarinic receptor antagonists atropine and pirenzipene block 80% this uptake. CHO cells do not express these receptors therefore cannot uptake tau, unless transfected with M1 and/or M3 receptor. These results strongly suggest that muscarinic receptors mediate this process. Uptake of normal tau in neurons enhances neuronal process formation but a pseudophosphorylated form of tau (pathological human tau, PH-Tau) disrupts them and accumulates in the somatodendritic compartment. AD hyperphosphorylated tau (AD P-Tau) has similar effects as PH-Tau on cultured neurons. Addition of either PH-Tau or AD P-tau to neuronal cultures induced microglial activation. In conclusion, uptake of extracellular tau is mediated by muscarinic receptors with opposite effects: normal tau stabilizes neurites; whereas pathological tau disrupts this process leading to neurodegeneration.
On a selection of the applications of thermodynamics

Abstract Thermodynamics is a rich and diverse branch of physics. It is a subject concerned with the storage and flow of energy. The use of thermodynamics dates back to before it was formalized as a part of physics. It is nonetheless an approximation science that allows us to characterize the performance and limitations of real engineered systems. Key problems facing the world today and for the foreseeable future are dwindling energy resources, increasing environmental pollution, both of which are related to fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, turbulence, and thermodynamics among many other relations, and sustainability, that is, the optimal use of resources for a more sustainable environment. While these issues can be displaced through significant uptake of renewable forms of energy, another approach is improving dramatically the efficiency of energy generation and utilization systems for which the fundamentals of thermodynamics are applied. In this regard, we survey and discuss selected applications of thermodynamics.
Understanding Action Recognition in Still Images

Action recognition in still images is closely related to various other computer vision tasks such as pose estimation, object recognition, image retrieval, video action recognition and frame tagging in videos. This problem is focused on recognizing a person's action or behavior using a single frame. Unlike action recognition in videos - a relatively very well established area of research where spatio-temporal features are used, these are not available for still images, making the problem more challenging. In the present work only actions that involve objects are considered. A complex action is broken down into components based on semantics. The importance of each of these components in action recognition is systematically studied.
Super-resolution microscopy on a photonic chip

Using a photonic chip to generate the patterns of light needed for structured illumination microscopy could reduce the cost and complexity of super-resolution imaging.
Corrigendum to “Coupled optoelectronic simulation and optimization of thin-film photovoltaic solar cells” [J. Comput. Phys. 407 (2020) 109242]

Abstract Three typographical errors in our recently published paper Anderson et al. (2020) [1] are corrected, and a non-standard choice of units is addressed.
Integrating chemical fuels and artificial muscles for untethered microrobots

Continued development of untethered insect-scale robots will require codesigned power and actuation strategies.
Prevalence of Xerostomia Among Cochlear Implant Recipients.

This cross-sectional study examines the prevlance of xerostomia in adult cochlear implant recipients.
Designing a parallel Feel-the-Way clustering algorithm on HPC systems:

This paper introduces a new parallel clustering algorithm, named Feel-the-Way clustering algorithm, that provides better or equivalent convergence rate than the traditional clustering methods by op...
Generalised Boosted Forests.

This paper extends recent work on boosting random forests to model non-Gaussian responses. Given an exponential family $\mathbb{E}[Y|X] = g^{-1}(f(X))$ our goal is to obtain an estimate for $f$. We start with an MLE-type estimate in the link space and then define generalised residuals from it. We use these residuals and some corresponding weights to fit a base random forest and then repeat the same to obtain a boost random forest. We call the sum of these three estimators a \textit{generalised boosted forest}. We show with simulated and real data that both the random forest steps reduces test-set log-likelihood, which we treat as our primary metric. We also provide a variance estimator, which we can obtain with the same computational cost as the original estimate itself. Empirical experiments on real-world data and simulations demonstrate that the methods can effectively reduce bias, and that confidence interval coverage is conservative in the bulk of the covariate distribution.
Chapter 10 – Protein bioinformatics

Publisher Summary The protein information resource (PIR) is an integrated bioinformatics resource supporting genomic and proteomic research efficiently. PIR is a member of the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), the world's most comprehensive catalog of information on proteins, which unifies the previously separate PIR, Swiss-Prot, and TrEMBL databases. The core resources and bioinformatics framework for large-scale proteomic data mining at PIR include: the UniProtKB of all known proteins; iProClass database integrating information from over 90 biological databases; PIRSF classification-driven and rule-based system for protein functional annotation; iProLINK literature mining resource; and some new tools for proteomics data analysis and target identification. Further progress on integration of a wider array of literature, data, and analysis tools requires community-wide efforts to develop and utilize common standards for data exchange, software architecture, and interoperability. A number of such community efforts are underway in data exchange standards for both genomics and proteomics, including the microarray Gene Expression Data (MGED) Society, which aims to facilitate the sharing of microarray data generated by functional genomics experiments, and the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) Protein Standards Initiative (PSI) for Proteomics (HUPO PSI), which is trying to define community standards for data representation in proteomics.
Epidemiology of gastrointestinal bleeding in adult patients on extracorporeal life support.

Dear Editor, Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is associated with high mortality in critically ill patients [1]. Stress ulcer prophylaxis has reduced its incidence; however, some patients remain at risk. There are few data about GI bleeding during adult extracorporeal life support (ECLS).We performed a retrospective cohort study to determine its incidence and impact on mortality. The institutional review board approved our study. A total of 132 patients were included over 3.5 years. Fifty-four patients had veno-arterial (VA) ECLS, 64 patients had veno-venous (VV) ECLS, and 14 patients had sequential therapy. The median number of ECLS days was 7. GI bleeding was defined as hematemesis, melena, or hematochezia. Anticoagulation was with heparin and anticoagulation goals were an activated clotting time (ACT) of 180–200 s or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of 60–80 s for VA ECLS and an ACT of 140–160 s or aPTT of 45–55 s for VV ECLS. Eighteen patients (13.6 %) experienced GI bleeding. These patients had longer ECLS courses (12 days vs. 7 days, p = 0.002) and higher inhospital mortality (83.3 vs. 43.9 %, p = 0.002) (Table 2 in the supplementary material). The median presentation day was 8 with most patients (n = 10, 55.6 %) having coffee ground emesis. Details of the bleeds are listed in Table 3 in the supplementary material. Esophagogastroduodenoscopywas performed in seven patients and the most frequent diagnosis was stress gastritis. Most patients were managed with transfusion, hematocrit monitoring, and proton pump inhibitors. Three patients had their anticoagulation temporarily held. GI bleeding was independently associated with in-hospital mortality (OR 5.91; 95 % CI 1.44, 24.25; p = 0.01) after controlling for important confounders (Table 1). GI bleeding may be more frequent in ECLS patients as a result of multifactorial coagulopathy, generation of systemic inflammation, and nonpulsatile blood flow during VA ECLS, which can lead to reduced gastric perfusion and pH [2–5]. Future prospective studies would be helpful in confirming our findings.
Multiple-task transfer effects in perceptual-motor learning.

Abstract An apparatus was devised which enabled subjects to practice one or more tasks varying in degree of difficulty on a distance dimension. Selected multiple- and single-task practice conditions were introduced, trials were held constant; this was followed by a test for differential transfer effects. Multiple-task practice of relatively easy practice tasks increased transfer, whereas single-task practice of relatively difficult tasks was most advantageous. A test also was made for summation effects when transfer was measured at a point intermediate between various practice tasks. The amount of transfer expected from practice of relatively easy tasks did not combine in a linear summation with the amount of transfer expected from practice of relatively difficult tasks.
Money and the U.S. business cycle

Abstract This paper uses a VAR to examine the impact of the money supply on disaggregated U.S. industrial production. A significant relationship emerges for many industries that is not sensitive to the inclusion of an interest rate in the model.
Financial Data at Corporate Web Sites: Does User Sophistication Matter?

This study investigates companies' decisions to disseminate financial information at their corporate Internet Web sites. We expect that companies tailor the selection of data items presented at their sites to the relative sophistication of their user base. Based on prior literature, we predict which financial information items are likely to be preferred by analysts, proxying for sophisticated users, or by retail investors, who are generally less sophisticated users. Consistent with our hypotheses, the results suggest that the information provided at Web sites varies systematically with companies' levels of analyst following and retail ownership. Higher levels of analyst following are associated with relatively objective, more extensive data, and higher levels of retail ownership are associated with relatively subjective, more abbreviated information.
Variation in winter survival of the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) across the eastern United States.

The hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) is a small, aphid-like insect native to East Asia and western North America. First documented in the eastern United States in Richmond, VA, in 1951, it has spread to at least 17 states, where it causes increased mortality among both eastern and Carolina hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis Carriere and T. caroliniana Engelmann., respectively). Previous work has suggested low temperatures may limit northward spread of the adelgid. Using recent surveys of A. tsugae mortality across the infested latitudinal gradient of the eastern United States, we show there is a significant positive relationship between minimum winter temperatures and winter survival at the landscape scale. The strength and nature of this relationship, however, varies through time, with absolute minimum winter temperatures explaining almost one half of the tree-level variance in survival in the spring of 2004 but only 9% in 2003. Post hoc analyses of the data suggest the explanatory power of temperature can be improved in ongoing studies by examining seasonal temperature profiles. Previous studies have also suggested adelgid survival may be density dependent, and although these data support this observation, contemporary density is a poor predictor of adelgid survival at the landscape scale. Using landscape estimates of minimum winter temperature, we show two simple methods of estimating landscape-scale adelgid survival rates. Both methods suggest much of the range of T. canadensis in the eastern United States, and the entire range of T. caroliniana falls in areas where winter temperatures will not impose critical limits on A. tsugae populations.
The oxygen and sulfide binding characteristics of hemoglobins generated from methemoglobin by two erythrocytic systems.

Methemoglobinemia induced in mice and other animals protects against death from inhaled hydrogen sulfide or injected sodium sulfide. Equivalent circulating levels of methemoglobin impart equivalent degrees of protection irrespective of the agent used to induce the methemoglobinemia (nitrite, p -aminopropiophenone, or hydroxylamine). In each case 2-4 moles of sulfide are apparently inactivated in vivo for each available ferric heme group. The ferric iron of methemoglobin is one site available for hydrosulfide anion binding. No information is available about the nature of the additional sulfide binding sites, but they are inferred to be associated with the globin moiety. Protection against sulfide poisoning is not demonstrable in mice after methemoglobin levels have been reduced to normal concentrations by spontaneous methemoglobin reductase activity. However, if methemoglobin reductase activity is increased by methylene blue, a ferrous hemoglobin which retains significant sulfide-inactivating properties exists transiently in vivo . This protective effect is also lost after a time interval equivalent to that required for spontaneous activity to reduce methemoglobin levels to normal in the absence of methylene blue. In mouse erythrocytes exposed to sodium nitrite the nonmethemoglobin heme produced as a result of methylene blue-induced reductase activity has only one-tenth of the oxygen capacity of normal mouse hemoglobin or the product of normal mouse methemoglobin reductase activity. A fully functional mouse hemoglobin in terms of its oxygen capacity is eventually generated in the presence of both methylene blue and nitrite if enough time is allowed for the spontaneous reductase to act. Similarly, the total ferrous hemoglobin products of methylene blue-induced reductase activity in nitrited human cells have less than half the oxygen-binding capacity of normal human hemoglobin. These findings suggest that spontaneous reductase activity restores a fully functional hemoglobin whereas methylene blue-induced reductase activity only reduces the heme iron. The methylene blue therapy of methemoglobinemia bears reexamination in terms of these findings. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS These studies were supported in part by Research Grant AP 00260, Division of Air Pollution, USPHS. We are grateful to Professor G. E. Likens, Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, for allowing us use of his atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Mrs. Jean Williams assisted in many of these experiments.
Markov-based modeling of wireless local area networks

Errors introduced by a wireless medium are more frequent and profound than contemporary wired media. Some of these errors, which are not corrected by the physical layer, result in Medium Access Control (MAC) layer bit errors and packet losses. Design of wireless protocols and applications can benefit substantially from a thorough understanding of these MAC layer impairments. This paper evaluates and proposes Markov-based stochastic chains to model the 802.11b MAC-to-MAC channel behavior for both bit errors and packet losses. We introduce an Entropy Normalized Kullback-Leibler measure to evaluate the performance of existing and new bit error and packet loss models. Based on the proposed measure, and contrary to recent results for mobile networks, we demonstrate that the traditional two-state Markov chain provides a very suitable model for the 802.11b MAC-to-MAC packet loss process. However, this simple model is not adequate for bit errors observed at the MAC layer of wireless local area networks. Consequently, we evaluate three other Markov-based chains for modeling these errors: full-state, hidden, and hierarchical Markov chains. Among these chains, we illustrate that the full-state Markov bit error model, evaluated under a wide range of order values, renders the best performance.
Timing of symptom improvement after parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism.

Background The timing of symptom improvement after parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has not been well characterized. Methods This prospective study involved administering a questionnaire to patients with PHPT who underwent curative parathyroidectomy over an 11-month period. The questionnaire evaluated the frequency of 18 symptoms of PHPT on a 5-point Likert scale and was administered preoperatively and 1 week, 6 weeks, and 6 months postoperatively. Results Of 197 eligible patients, 132 (67%) participated in the study. The questionnaires were completed at a rate of 91%, 92%, and 86% at 1 week, 6 weeks, and 6 months postoperatively, respectively. The most commonly reported preoperative symptoms were fatigue (98%), muscle aches (89%), and bone/joint pain (87%). Improvement in symptom severity occurred across all symptoms and was separated into three categories based on the timing of improvement. Fatigue and bone/joint pain demonstrated “Immediate Improvement” (>50% of patients reporting improvement by post-operative week 1), whereas the majority of symptoms showed peak improvement at 6 weeks (“Delayed Improvement”). Symptoms categorized as “Continuous Improvement” were those showing progressive improvement up to 6 months postoperatively (polydipsia, headaches, and nausea/vomiting). Conclusion Symptom improvement was most prominent 6 weeks postparathyroidectomy, although some symptoms showed continued improvement at 6 months.
Concurrent consideration of product usability and functionality: Part III – customising and validating design guidelines for a subassembly of a complex consumer product (automobile automatic transmission)

In the case study presented in this paper, the integrated generic design guidelines developed in part 1 of the paper for usability and functionality were applied to a subassembly of a complex consumer product. The subassembly considered was the automatic transmission used in automobiles. Unlike the mountain touring bike, which is directly used by consumers, automatic transmission has little direct contact with the users. The users of the product are relatively unaware of its functions owing to the complexity of the product (automobile) and its limited user interface elements. The challenge was to elaborate on the customer requirements for this product. The generic guidelines were customised and validated by surveying users of the product. Statistical tests were carried out to evaluate the customised guidelines.
Electron pairing in high-Tc superconductors

For Cu-O systems, there may be considerable deviations from conventional antiferromagnetism when E(d)-E(p) is of about 0. When holes are introduced, then these systems may become superconductors because of the attractions between electron pairs.
Pumice from thera (santorini) identified from a greek mainland archeological excavation.

Pumice fragments recovered from an archeological excavation on the Greek mainland have been correlated by means of index of refraction measurements with the Late Bronze Age volcanic eruption on the island of Thera (Santorini) in the Aegean Sea. Pottery from the strata containing the pumice dates from the 15th century B.C.
Primary intracranial plasma cell granulomas presenting as malignant neoplasms

Plasma cell granuloma (PCG) is an uncommon non-neoplastic mass lesion of unknown etiology. It is characterized by a polyclonal proliferation of chronic inflammatory cells, mostly mature plasma and other mononuclear cells. PCGs arising in the central nervous system are particularly rare. We report two additional cases of intracranial PCG exclusively involving the brain parenchyma. A 47 year-old woman, presenting with partial motor seizures and fluent aphasia, underwent complete excision of a well-demarcated, enhancing left parietal mass. The second patient was a 56 year-old man presenting with headaches and right-sided weakness who underwent stereotactic biopsy of an ill-defined, heterogeneously enhancing lesion in the left basal ganglia. Immunohistochemical analysis of surgical specimens showed polyclonal plasma cells and mature lymphocytes but no etiological agent. A histopathologic diagnosis of intracranial PCG was made in both cases. PCG should be part of the differential diagnosis of enhancing mass lesions of the brain. The etiology and natural history of these tumor-like lesions is not fully understood. Complete surgical excision appears to be curative. Lesions where total resection is not possible may benefit from adjuvant treatment including corticosteroids and possibly radiation therapy.
Computational Study of Molecular Complexes Based on Ammonia Alane for Chemical Hydrogen Storage

Electronic structure calculations at the CCSD(T) level with the aug-cc-pVnZ and aug-cc-pV(n+d)Z basis sets (n = D, T, and Q) were employed to construct the potential energy surfaces for H2 release from a series of derivatives of ammonia alane. H2 production from AlH3NH3 is facilitated by the addition of alane, which plays the role of a Lewis acid bifunctional catalyst. H2 release is not competitive from the combination of two AlH3NH3 monomers in the form of a stable dimer. An alternative route involves the reactions of one AlH3NH3 monomer with two separated molecules of AlH3 and NH3, in two successive steps: (i) an initial condensation of AlH3NH3 with NH3 leads to a stable linear NH3AlH3NH3 species, and (ii) a subsequent combination of the latter with AlH3 gives rise to a bicycle framed by dihydrogen bonds. From the new bicyclic form, H2 production becomes a facile process. Condensation of dialane (Al2H6) with two separated ammonia molecules (2NH3) is also a potential route for H2 release. The reaction en...
Keeping the Body in Mind: The Influence of Body Esteem and Body Boundary Aberration on Consumer Beliefs and Purchase Intentions

This research explores the influence of consumers’ body-related information on beliefs and purchase intentions toward products for which the consumption experience is significantly and directly determined by body-related information (e.g., feel, fit, sense of safety) when the products are bought in body-absent purchase environments such as the Internet. We examine the effects of consumers’ body esteem (i.e., like or dislike of one's body) and body boundary aberration (variation in the perceived location of the edges of one's body) in the context of apparel purchases that are made on the Internet. Body esteem had a positive influence on involvement with apparel, and body boundary aberration had a negative influence on consumers’ overall concern with the fit of apparel. Involvement with apparel and overall concern with fit, in turn, significantly influenced consumers’ intentions to purchase apparel online. Consequently, consumers with high body esteem were less likely to buy on the Internet and those with high body boundary aberration were more likely to buy.
Geochemical speciation as related to the mobility of F, Mo and Se in soil leachates

Abstract Chemical speciation of soil leachates is necessary for evaluating a number of processes including solid phase controls, leaching potentials and toxicity problems. The objectives of this study were to examine chemical composition of soil leachates, potential solid phase controls of F, Mo and Se and evaluate their mobility in a calcareous soil. A typical calcareous soil was sampled at 10-cm increments from the surface to a depth of 70-cm. Soil leachates were extracted with distilled deionized H2O and subjected to speciation studies. As depth of the soil increased, concentrations of F and Mo increased from 0.77 to 6.74 mg/1 and 0.06 to 0.15 mg/1, respectively. Selenium concentration increased slightly (0.002—0.005 mg/1) but showed highest levels at intermediate soil depths. Chemical speciation indicated soil leachates were dominated by F−, MgMoO°4 and MgSeO°3 species. The F and Mo concentrations, at lower depths, indicated a close approach to saturation with respect to fluorite (CaF2) and powellite (PbMo4), respectively. Results obtained in this study suggest that as soil depth increases, the mobility of F, Mo and Se is increased due to the chemical form in which these elements are present in the soil leachates.
Selective electron-capture sensitization

Abstract When nitrous oxide is added to nitrogen carrier gas, certain compounds can be detected with much greater sensitivity than is normally possible. This selective sensitization can be attributed to ion-molecule reactions between analytes being eluted and O− and NO− generated in situ in electron-capture detectors when the carrier gas contains nitrous oxide. The enhancement of response for various compounds by selective electron-capture sensitization (SECS) using nitrous oxide-doped nitrogen carrier gas has been observed for methane, ethane, n-propane, n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, benzene, ethanol, methylisobutylketone, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. With SECS, it becomes possible to detect picogram levels of several hydrocarbons with electron-capture detectors. For carbon dioxide the response is sensitized by a factor of 5000 in the presence of nitrous oxide; for methane the peaks are about 10 times larger; and for hydrogen the enhancement is about 40-fold greater than in the absence of nitrous oxide. Examination of the degree of sensitization (or desensitization, in the case of chlorofluorocarbons) may be useful as an indication of the identity of unknown peaks in a chromatogram if identical samples are detected in the presence and absence of a sensitizing gas such as nitrous oxide. Detector stability is not adversely affected by injection of microliter volumes of solvents. SECS has been used to detect hydrogen and methane at the 1-ppm level in samples of ambient air and human breath.
ONTOGENY OF CARDIAC RATE REGULATION AND BROWN FAT THERMOGENESIS IN GOLDEN HAMSTERS (MESOCRICETUS AURATUS)

It was shown previously in infant rats (Rattus norvegicus) that the ability to produce heat in the cold using brown adipose tissue (BAT) is closely related to the ability to maintain cardiac rate. When the limits of BAT thermogenesis were exceeded, interscapular temperature (which reflects the temperature of the interscapular BAT depot) and cardiac rate fell together. As an extension of this earlier study, the relation between BAT thermogenesis and cardiac rate was examined here in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), a species whose young do not exhibit BAT thermogenesis until the end of the 2nd week postpartum. It was found that 3 to 12-day-old hamsters were unable to increase shivering or nonshivering thermogenesis in the cold and exhibited decreases in cardiac rate that proceeded in lock-step with decreases in interscapular temperature. In contrast, as the thermogenic capability of hamsters increased after 12 days of age, cardiac rate was maintained within narrow limits across a wide range of air temperatures. These results support the hypothesis that heat produced by BAT helps to warm the heart and thus aids in the maintenance of cardiac rate during cold exposure.
X-ray diffraction from solids under nonhydrostatic compression—some recent studies

Diamond anvil cells have been extensively used to generate pressures up to a few hundred gigapascals. A fine X-ray beam from a synchrotron source permits recording of diffraction patterns from the pressurized samples. Such high pressures (stresses) however are not hydrostatic. Modeling of the stress state and resulting lattice strains in the sample give information on the compression behavior of solids. It is possible to derive the hydrostatic equation of state, shear strength and single-crystal elastic moduli by suitably interpreting the line shift data from powder diffraction patterns taken under nonhydrostatic compression. Nonhydrostatic compression leads to the broadening of diffraction lines. The analysis of temperature dependence of line-widths gives information on rheology of solids. The developments in the field are reviewed. The origins of line-shift and line-width are discussed using a generalized approach.
Autocrine regulation of airway smooth muscle responsiveness

Abstract Bronchial asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, exaggerated airway narrowing to bronchoconstrictor agonists, and attenuated beta-adrenoceptor-mediated airway relaxation. Various cytokines/chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the airway inflammatory response, and certain cytokines, most notably including specific Th2-type cytokines and IL-1β, have been shown to directly regulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) responsiveness. Recent evidence supports the concept that the ASM itself has the capacity to endogenously express a number of these cytokines under specific conditions of ASM sensitization. Moreover, these cytokines were found to act in an autocrine manner on the ASM to evoke the ‘pro-asthmatic’ phenotype of altered airway responsiveness. This cytokine-driven autocrine signaling mechanism in ASM may be triggered by either Fc receptor activation in the atopic (IgE-mediated) sensitized state or by ASM exposure to specific viral respiratory pathogens, most notably including rhinovirus. Furthermore, the autocrine-induced changes in ASM responsiveness are attributed to altered receptor-coupled transmembrane signaling in the sensitized ASM, resulting in perturbed expression and release of second messenger molecules that regulate ASM contraction and relaxation. Collectively, this evidence identifies mechanisms intrinsic to the ASM itself, including autocrine pro-inflammatory signaling and altered receptor/G protein-coupled second messenger activation, that importantly contribute to phenotypic expression of the changes in ASM responsiveness that characterize the asthmatic state.
Merits of coincident observation of energetic cosmic events by astronomical and gravity wave observatories

Presently there are six interferometric gravitational wave detectors in the commissioning or construction phase in North America, Europe, and Japan. Once completed this worldwide network of detectors will be capable of detecting gravitational waves with unprecedented detail and sensitivity. Their ambition reaches well beyond the first direct detection of gravitational waves; they promise the dawn of a new field, the gravitational wave astronomy. One of the major goals of interferometric gravity wave detectors is to develop and exploit gravitational wave detection in conjunction with other conventional observational techniques, which are capable of observing the same astronomical process using different methods. The most promising areas are the optical, GRB and neutrino searches for energetic processes. Coincident observation of astronomical events shall revolutionize the way we understand energetic processes and will provide a new window on compact and difficult to study astronomical objects such as stellar cores. We will discuss the status, the potential future, and benefits of collaboration amongst gravitational wave detector networks and astronomical/GRB/neutrino networks and some of the practical experiences with the LIGO detectors.
General practitioners and orthodontics

W e practice in stressful times. In many communities, in the courts, and in the editorial and letters columns of many dental journals, the antagonism between orthodontists and general practitioners who perform comprehensive orthodontic treatment is intense. W. H. Howard, in a 1984 editorial in General Dentistry. ’ has suggested that orthodontists have been more resistant than any other dental specialty group in providing general practitioners with continuing education and other information regarding their specialty, and more aggressive in advertising and in seeking restrictive clauses in third-party programs. I have no doubt that these generalizations are true. General practitioners interested in providing orthodontic treatment tend to see these behaviors ,311 the part of orthodontists as defensive, damaging to the dental profession, and either bordering on or being outright unethical and illegal. Most orthodontists see these actions as necessary, appropriate, and impeccably ethical. Clearly, what we have here, at the very least, is a major failure in communication. Individual general practitioners have been more active and effective than orthodontists in making the basis for their position known. Although the orthodontic specialty, primarily through the activities of the American Association of Orthodontists, has taken a number of actions that seem to have as an underlying rationale the position that general dentists should not perform comprehensive orthodontic treatment, we have been hesitant to state this fact bluntly and to defend it. The purpose of this essay is to provide one perspective on why, indeed, general practitioners should not be undertaking full treal:ment orthodontics. The 1979 guidelines for predoctoral dental education in orthodontics” state that “the general dentist should be able to recognize and treat uncomplicated localized orthodontic problems . . . . The usual tooth movement should be accomplished by simple tipping movements of selected teeth.” This is further qualified by the specific statement that “the student will not de-
Redox Activation of Alkene Ligands in Platinum Complexes with Non-innocent Ligands

The reactivity of metal olefin complexes with non-innocent ligands (NILs) was examined. Treatment of PtCl2(diene) with the deprotonated catechol or aminophenol ligands afforded the corresponding Pt(NIL)(diene) complexes. The Pt(tBAFPh)(COD), Pt(tBAFPh)(nbd), and Pt(O2C6H2tBu2)(COD) (H2tBAFPh = 2-(2-trifluoromethyl)anilino-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol, H2O2C6H2tBu2 = 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol) complexes were examined by cyclic voltammetry. Treatment of Pt(tBAFPh)(COD) or Pt(tBAFPh)(nbd) with AgPF6 afforded the imino-semiquinones [Pt(tBAFPh)(COD)]PF6 or [Pt(tBAFPh)(nbd)]PF6, respectively. The [Pt(tBAFPh)(COD)] complex was unreactive toward nucleophiles, whereas the oxidized derivative, [Pt(tBAFPh)(COD)]PF6, rapidly and stereospecifically added alkoxides at the carbon trans to the phenolate. The Pt(tBAFPh)(COD), [Pt(tBAFPh)(COD)]PF6, Pt(tBAFPh)(C8H12OMe), and [Cp2Co][Pt(tBAFPh)(C8H12OMe)] complexes were characterized crystallographically.
Fatigue Life Prediction of Nonlinear Plates Under Random Excitations

An efficient method is presented for estimating the high cycle fatigue life of nonlinear structures under random excitations. The procedure is based on an application of the method of equivalent linearization for constructing the response of the stress of the structure in time domain. Fatigue estimates are obtained by processing the time domain signal using the Rain-Flow cycle counting scheme in conjunction with the linear accumulative damage theory. The estimated average fatigue life of a nonlinear plate under random excitations by the present method is compared with the result obtained by direct Monte Carlo simulations of the original nonlinear modal equations. The agreement is excellent for a wide range of levels of nonlinearity. The present method has the advantage of being much more computationally efficient than direct numerical simulations of nonlinear systems. The computational effort required of the present method for a nonlinear system is nearly the same as that for a linear system and is not affected much by the type and level of nonlinearity in the structure. The present method offers a practical means for predicting high cycle fatigue lives of complex nonlinear structures.
Power-Law Spectra of Incipient Gas-Curtain Turbulence

We investigate the evolution of a thin curtain of heavy gas (SF{sub 6} ) embedded in a lighter gas (air) and accelerated with a Machthinspthinsp1.2 planar shock wave. The Richtmyer-Meshkov instability leads to growth of the initial perturbations of the curtain and eventually to transition to turbulence. We visualize a time sequence of images of a section of the flow illuminated with a laser sheet. The SF{sub 6} is premixed with tracer (glycol fog), so the intensity of the light scattered off the curtain grows with the local density. As the curtain evolves towards a fully mixed state, real-space correlations of the density, inferred from scattered light intensity, show the emergence of a power-law behavior, indicative of transition to turbulence. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society }
Evaluation of objective and perceived mental fatigability in older adults with vascular risk

Abstract Objectives Mental fatigability refers to the failure to sustain participation in tasks requiring mental effort. Older adults with vascular risk are at particular risk for experiencing mental fatigability. The present study (1) tested a new way of measuring objective mental fatigability by examining its association with perceived mental fatigability; and (2) identified associated psychological, physiological, and situational predictors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 49 community-dwelling participants aged 75 + years with vascular risk. A 20-minute fatigability-manipulation task was used to induce mental fatigability and develop objective and perceived mental fatigability measures. Objective fatigability was calculated by the change of reaction time over the course of the task. Perceived fatigability was calculated by the change of fatigue self-reported before and after the task. A set of potential psychological, physiological, and situational predictors were measured. Results There was a significant increase in reaction time and self-reported fatigue to the fatigability manipulation task, indicating occurrence of objective and perceived mental fatigability. Reaction time and self-reported fatigue were moderately, but significantly correlated. Higher levels of executive control and having a history of more frequently engaging in mental activities were associated with lower objective mental fatigability. None of the examined factors were associated with perceived mental fatigability. Conclusion Objective and perceived mental fatigability were sensitive to our fatigability-manipulation task. While these two measures were correlated, they were not associated with the same factors. These findings need to be validated in studies with a more heterogeneous sample and a greater variety of fatigability-manipulation tasks.
Security and provenance in M3GS for cross-domain information sharing

Modern military activities involve significant data sharing across security domains. We present the concepts and architecture of a Mission-oriented Multi-domain Multi-level security Graphics Server (M3GS) in the environment of GIG 2.0 and cloud computing. M3GS aims at providing information support for a dynamic team collaborating on a mission of warfighting, intelligence, anti-terrorism, or rescue and disaster relief; information providers input data (with various security labels in different security domains) into M3GS, and through M3GS, those data are displayed with proper widgets on the screens of information clients permitted to access; what data can flow to which screen is governed by security policies. While the Bell-LaPadula model is used to enforce traditional mandatory access control, a new challenge is that the data shared have different owners from different security domains, and are subject to their own security policies. We address this problem by using dynamic provenance-dependent attribute-based policies.
A new signed rank test based on slopes of vectors for bivariate location problems

Abstract The proposed test is based on the slopes obtained by using two vectors. The test statistic does not depend on the covariance structure of the population, and is scale-invariant and robust to outliers. The asymptotic relative efficiency of the proposed test statistic with respect to Hotelling’s T 2 indicates superior performance of the proposed test statistic under heavy-tailed distributions. A complete comparison of the proposed test with some of the existing test statistics is also provided. For non-normal distributions, a Monte Carlo simulation study shows that the proposed test statistic performs better than most of the existing test statistics compared here for almost all the shifts in the location. Application of the test is also illustrated using a real-life bivariate data set.