cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Culture or No Culture? A Latino Critical Research Analysis of Latino Persistence Research.

The recent literature on Latino persistence does not take into account these students’ distinct cultural backgrounds. Most researchers of Latino persistence use the self-designation “Latino” as a p...
Optical control and entanglement of atomic Schrödinger fields

We develop a fully quantized model of a Bose-Einstein condensate driven by a far off-resonant pump laser and interacting with a single mode of an optical ring cavity. This geometry leads to the generation of two condensate side modes that grow exponentially and are strongly entangled with the cavity mode. By changing the initial state of the optical field one can vary the quantum-statistical properties of the atomic side modes between thermal and coherent limits, as well as vary the degree of quantum entanglement.
Effect of donor–recipient cytomegalovirus serologic status on outcomes in simultaneous kidney–pancreas transplant recipients

Diabetic patients undergoing simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation (SKPT) may be at high risk for developing cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. To study this issue, we analyzed 297 SKPT patients enrolled into a multicenter trial of two daclizumab dosing strategies versus no antibody induction in combination with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids. Complete donor (D) and recipient (R) CMV serology values were available in 294 cases and were distributed as follows: 86 (29%) D+/R-. Eighty-six (29%) D+R+; 45 (16%) D-/R+; 77 (26%) D-/R-; CMV antiviral prophylaxis was center specific, but 98% of patients received either ganciclovir or acyclovir. No differences existed in demographic or transplant characteristics or immunosuppressive regimens among the four groups except that more African-American SKPT recipients were CMV positive at transplant (P <.001). At 6 months, no differences were seen in patient and graft survival rates (GSR) and the incidence of acute rejection (AR) among the groups. However, the CMV D+/R- group had a significantly higher incidence of CMV infection/disease (14%) than the other groups collectively (4%, P <.05). Most cases of CMV infection/disease occurred greater than 3 months posttransplant when prophylaxis was discontinued. In the D-/R- group, the pancreas GSR was higher (94% vs 86% in the remaining three groups) and the incidence of AR was lower (16% vs 25% in the remaining three groups, both P =.09). Primary CMV exposure remains a major risk factor for CMV infection/disease, but does not have an adverse impact on short-term outcomes. Conversely, protective CMV seronegative matching may have a beneficial effect on outcomes.
Activation of OX40 Augments Th17 Cytokine Expression and Antigen-Specific Uveitis

Uveitis is a major and common cause of visual disability. Recent studies have shown that Th17 cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of this serious intraocular disorder. Activated T cells express an inducible costimulatory molecule called OX40, and OX40 in turn promotes the activation and proliferation of these lymphocytes. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether OX40 plays a vital role in enhancing the effector function of Th17 cells as well as the severity of uveitis. In this study, we demonstrated an increase of OX40 transcription in ovalbumin-induced uveitis, whereas anti-OX40L antibody substantially inhibited the antigen-specific ocular inflammation. Next, results from flow cytometry showed that activated Th17 cells expressed OX40, and OX40-activating antibody significantly augmented the production of Th17 cytokines in vitro. To validate the impact of OX40 in vivo, we stimulated ovalbumin-specific T cells with the OX40-activating antibody. Compared to donor cells without OX40 activation, adoptive transfer of OX40-stimulated lymphocytes elicited more severe ocular inflammation. Furthermore, an interleukin-17-neutralizing antibody attenuated OX40-mediated uveitis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that activation of OX40 augments Th17 cell function and thereby contributes to ocular inflammation. This study thus enhances our knowledge of costimulatory molecule-mediated immunopathological mechanisms of uveitis and suggests a future therapeutic strategy to treat uveitis by the targeting of OX40.
Evolution of the biosynthesis of 3'-terminal C-C-A residues in T-even bacteriophage transfer RNAs.

Abstract We have characterized the 3′ termini of T-even bacteriophage transfer RNAs synthesized after infection of a cca mutant strain of Escherichia coli deficient in the enzyme ATP(CTP): tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (E.C. 2.7.7.25). Four of eight T4 tRNAs, two of eight T2 tRNAs and one of six T6 tRNAs lacked the 3′ C-C-A sequence after infection of the cca mutant strain. A purified preparation of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase was capable of synthesis of 3′ C-C-A onto the immature tRNAs in vitro . We concluded that under normal physiological conditions tRNA nucleotidyltransferase is required for the biosynthesis of these tRNA molecules. For the remaining tRNAs, the 3′ C-C-A residues apparently arise directly from the tRNA genes during transcription. Comparison of tRNAs induced by bacteriophages T2, T4 and T6 indicated that the biosynthetic origin of the 3′ C-C-A sequence of a given tRNA was usually the same in different bacteriophages. However, two examples were found where the 3′ C-C-A sequence of a given tRNA was formed by transcription in one bacteriophage and by tRNA nucleotidyltransferase in another bacteriophage. Based on these observations, we speculate that primitive tRNAs did not require 3′ C-C-A residues for their protein-synthetic functions, and propose a scheme whereby tRNA genes encoding these residues evolved.
Rejoice—RNAi for Yeast

An RNA silencing mechanism with broad regulatory capability has finally been demonstrated in one of the most widely used model organisms.
Health risk assessment at the Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center industrial wastewater treatment facility

During production and maintenance operations at the Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center (OC-ALC), industrial wastewater streams are generated which contain organic compounds (primarily phenol and methylene chloride). These streams result from both direct and indirect contact with organic compounds via chemical depainting operations, chemical cleaning processes, and electroplating operations. Organic materials in the combined wastewater are treated at the on-site industrial wastewater treatment facility (IWTF) with unit processes including open surface basins. Some of these treatment processes result in the release of semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the wastewater to the ambient air. Because emitted VOCs can create potential health risks for treatment facility workers and the general public in the immediate surrounding areas, Tinker AFB is required to quantify (and report) VOCs released into the atmosphere. Such regulatory reporting can encompass identifying VOC emission sources, estimating emissions from the IWTF, quantifying ambient air concentrations surrounding the facility via dispersion modeling, and evaluating computer-generated numerical concentration estimates with respect to discontinuous field data and an open-path optical remote monitoring system. The focus of this paper is to identify and quantify health risks associated with phenol and methylene chloride releases surrounding the IWTF. The risk assessment will include calculation of an equivalent human dose (based on animal mortality studies), the maximum risk for individuals in the general population, excess number of cases of cancer, the average excess number of cases of cancer generated per year, and loss of life expectancy for the general population. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrodynamic afterburner for the color glass condensate and the parton energy loss

Abstract We take hydrodynamic initial conditions in relativistic heavy ion collisions from the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) picture through the k T factorization formula. Gluon distributions produced from the CGC are found to provide good initial conditions for the hydrodynamic simulations in Au + Au collisions at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) energies. We reproduce the centrality, rapidity, and energy dependences of multiplicity within this approach. We also investigate the energy loss of high p T partons in the dense thermalized medium created from colliding two CGCs. We find that our results on the centrality dependence of nuclear modification factors for pions and back-to-back correlation for charged hadrons at midrapidity are consistent with the RHIC data up to semicentral events. Whereas, our approach in which jets are calculated from perturbative QCD 2 → 2 processes predicts less suppression at forward rapidity region compared to the BRAHMS data in Au + Au collisions at RHIC.
Tail recursion elimination in deductive databases

We consider an optimization technique for deductive and relational databases. The optimization technique is an extension of the magic templates rewriting, and it can improve the performance of query evaluation by not materializing the extension of intermediate views. Standard relational techniques, such as unfolding embedded view definitions, do not apply to recursively defined views, and so alternative techniques are necessary. We demonstrate the correctness of our rewriting. We define a class of “nonrepeating” view definitions, and show that for certain queries our rewriting performs at least as well as magic templates on nonrepeating views, and often much better. A syntactically recognizable property, called “weak right-linearity”, is proposed. Weak right-linearity is a sufficient condition for nonrepetition and is more general than right-linearity. Our technique gives the same benefits as right-linear evaluation of right-linear views, while applying to a significantly more general class of views.
Myoepithelioma of the palate. Report of a case with histochemical and electron microscopic observations.

A case of myoepithelioma of the palate is presented. Histologically, the tumor consisted of slender, spindle-shaped cells, arranged in closely packed interlacing bundles separated by slender sheets of collagenous stroma. Histochemical studies disclosed high levels of alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase activity. Ultrastructurally the cells contained many slender, longitudinally-oriented filaments approximately 60 A in diameter. Numerous mature desmosomes were present between tumor cells. The light microscopic, histochemical, and ultrastructural features are considered compatible with the diagnosis of benign myoepithelial cell tumor.
Specific Labeling of Isoprenylated Proteins: Application to Study Inhibitors of the Post-translational Farnesylation and Geranylgeranylation

Abstract Specific labeling of either farnesylated or geranylgeranylated proteins in human PC-3 prostate cancer cell line was obtained by suppression of mevalonic acid biosynthesis with lovastatin, 50 μM, followed by supplementation of cell culture medium with either [3H]farnesyl- or [3H]geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate. The immunoprecipitation of either a farnesylated (p21 ras) or geranylgeranylated (p21 rap 1) protein demonstrated that labeling was specific since proteins were detected only if the appropriate isoprenoid was added to the culture medium. TLC analysis indicated that no conversion of one isoprenoid to the other occurred in these conditions. The selective labeling of either farnesylated or geranylgeranylated proteins may be a valuable tool for the development of inhibitors of isoprenoid transferases as a potential new class of antitumor agents.
Two of the MADdest scientists: where Strangelove Meets Dr. No; or, unexpected roots for Kubrick's cold war classic

Although the script of Stanley Kubrick’s black comedy Dr. Strangelove (1964) was adapted from the cold-war thriller Red Alert, Kubrick and his writers were inspired by a wide range of cultural references in the course of their radical transformation of the original material. The essay shows how Kubrick’s vision of nuclear brinksmanship drew on such sources as specific issues of the journals Foreign Affairs and Playboy, the recent film version of Ian Fleming’s Dr. No , and the work of photo journalist Usher Fellig (Weegee).
Creating financial risk management framework for the service delivery of long-term service agreements

Long-term service agreements (LTSAs) spanning over 5-20 years offer a functional guarantee of the output of products, which are extremely sophisticated and need elaborated and extensive service infrastructure, over the entire contract period. Bound by the contract, the provider is responsible for maintaining the product for its customer by developing an efficient service operations strategy. Risks are very important for the provider. Some risks can be eliminated by adopting a carefully created service operations strategy. However, some risks, e.g., financial risks, cannot be totally eliminated by the service operations strategy alone. This paper develops a rigorous financial risk assessment and management framework allowing the provider to evaluate its current service operations and to create an appropriate hedging strategy based on the delivery strategy.
Disclosure or concern: A second look at liking for the norm breaker1

Chaikin and Derlega (1974a and b) maintain that social norms dictate reciprocal exchange of intimacy in dyadic interactions. A strong version of this normative hypothesis is that when personal information about self is revealed, only personal information in return from the recipient can satisfy the norm. But a more flexible view of the reciprocity norm might allow the hearer to acknowledge the intimate information received and express an interest or concern with its content in lieu of self-disclosure in return. An experiment was conducted in which perceptions of an individual responding to an initial disclosure were examined. Observer subjects read a brief description of a first encounter between two women. During the meeting one of the women made either an intimate or a nonintimate disclosure (low versus high initial intimacy). The other woman responded in one of five ways: with an intimate disclosure (high-return disclosure), a nonintimate disclosure (low-return disclosure), acknowledgment and sympathy (concern), concern-plus-high-return disclosure, or concern-plus-low-return disclosure. Regardless of initial intimacy, the most favorable impressions of the respondent were formed in the concern condition. When the respondent made a disclosure of her own, the interaction predicted by the normative hypothesis was replicated. In addition, perceptions of the intimacy of the initial discloser and the respondent were affected by each other: a contrast effect. The possibilities are discussed that a disclosure reciprocity norm may not apply to conversations and that there is a need for care in generalizing reciprocity results to settings in which respondents have other options than disclosure.
The neurobiology of addiction: Implications for voluntary control of behavior

There continues to be a debate on whether addiction is best understood as a brain disease or a moral condition. This debate, which may influence both the stigma attached to addiction and access to treatment, is often motivated by the question of whether and to what extent we can justly hold addicted individuals responsible for their actions. In fact, there is substantial evidence for a disease model, but the disease model per se does not resolve the question of voluntary control. Recent research at the intersection of neuroscience and psychology suggests that addicted individuals have substantial impairments in cognitive control of behavior, but this "loss of control" is not complete or simple. Possible mechanisms and implications are briefly reviewed.
No Sex, Please

Lost Sex The Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis Isa Schon, Koen Martens, and Peter van Dijk, Eds. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2009. 633 pp. $209, £144. ISBN 9789048127696. Contributors discuss theoretical and empirical perspectives on the fate of animal and plant groups in which sexual reproduction has been lost.
Neurotoxic effects of the alpha-ethyl homologue of MDMA following subacute administration.

Abstract The possible neurotoxic effects of the α-ethyl homologue of MDMA, N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine (MBDB), were examined following a regimen of twice daily dosing for four days. The levels of norepinephrine, serotonin and its metabolite 5-HIAA were quantitated by standard HPLC-EC techniques. In addition, the number of 5-HT uptake sites was estimated by examining the binding of [ 3 H]-paroxetine to rat cortex homogenate. With 20 mg/kg (IP) subacute dosing of MDMA, a nearly 60% reduction in 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and 5-HT uptake sites was found, with no change in NE, two weeks posttreatment. A behaviorally equipotent dose of MBDB (25 mg/kg, IP) also produced a significant decrease in the serotonergic markers, 5-HT, 5-HIAA and [ 3 H]-paroxetine binding sites. However, a comparison of the relative toxic effects of MDMA and MBDB indicates that MBDB may be slightly less neurotoxic. It was also found that MDMA but not MBDB caused a significant increase in dopamine levels at 3 hours following a single IP injection. The results are discussed in relation to the therapeutic index of MBDB and the relative importance of dopamine release in the neurotoxicity of MDMA.
A correlation for thermal conductivity of liquid n-alkanes based on the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher–Hesse equation

Abstract This paper demonstrates that thermal conductivity of liquid paraffin hydrocarbons of different molecular weights can be correlated properly and conveniently using the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher–Hesse equation. This approach is advantageous for applications of practical importance because it leads to a simpler effective correlation with fewer empirically determined parameters while providing twice better accuracy than a previous empirical correlation utilizing cubic-polynomial equations. This is illustrated by analyzing and correlating the thermal conductivity data of several liquid n-alkanes.
Continuous-mode dielectrophoretic gating for highly efficient separation of analytes in surface micromachined microfluidic devices

Here, we describe a dielectrophoretic (DEP) gating technique for preconcentrating and separating biological and non-biological particles in a microfluidic device. The microfluidic devices are surface-micromachined on silicon substrates and are fully encapsulated without substrate bonding procedures. DEP gates in the devices consist of embedded microelectrodes that are coupled to the fluid channels for analyte manipulation with electric fields. We consider several different microelectrode designs such as low and high radius-of-curvature edges, and we detail the time- and frequency-dependent preconcentration of particles. Simulations of the particle motion under the manipulation of DEP forces are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Experimental results show that bioparticles such as Penicillium brevicompactum (PBC), T-cells and Escherichia coli (E. coli) undergo positive DEP and are trapped in regions of large electric-field gradient adjacent to the DEP gate. In contrast to our previous demonstration of batch-mode separation of particles with different dielectric properties, here we perform a continuous-mode separation of latex particles and E. coli from a mixture.
Increased lung recoil during acute hypoxia in dogs.

Abstract Because hypoxia causes histamine release from intrapulmonary mast cells and mast cells are present in peripheral airways, the authors re-investigated the effect of acute hypoxia ( F l o 2 = 0.10 ) upon lung mechanics in anesthetized dogs. Transpulmonary pressure was monitored with an esophageal or a pleural catheter and respiratory flow rate with a pneumotachograph. Changes in lung volume were estimated from changes in expired ventilation. Beside the expected increase of airway resistance, hypoxia resulted in increased lung recoil (mean: +1.1 cm H 2 O S.D.: 0.4, P
Modeling Optimal Intervention Strategies for Cholera

While cholera has been a recognized disease for two centuries, there is no strategy for its effective control. We formulate a mathematical model to include essential components such as a hyperinfectious, short-lived bacterial state, a separate class for mild human infections, and waning disease immunity. A new result quantifies contributions to the basic reproductive number from multiple infectious classes. Using optimal control theory, parameter sensitivity analysis, and numerical simulations, a cost-effective balance of multiple intervention methods is compared for two endemic populations. Results provide a framework for designing cost-effective strategies for diseases with multiple intervention methods.
The Q-T Interval in Normal Infants and Children

Because of renewed clinical interest in the Q-T interval and because of a need of normal values for an accompanying investigation in rheumatic fever, the Q-T was studied in 517 normal infants and children from birth to 13 years of age. A mean K of 0.404 for Bazett's formula and of 0.378 for Ashman and Hull's formula was obtained. With Bazett's curve approximating the data more closely, a Bazett's scattergram of the normal Q-T at varying heart rates was constructed. Although no difference in K value was noted between the sexes, significant differences were observed in certain age groups.
Methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) in deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway: synthesis from an epoxide and mechanisms

In this communication, we reported another unique IspG-catalyzed transformation, the production of its substrate, MEcPP, from (2R,3R)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2,3-epoxybutanyl diphosphate (Epoxy-HMBPP) when reductants are excluded from the reaction mixture.
Fatigue testing of polysilicon––a review

Abstract Measurement of the mechanical properties of thin-film materials such as polysilicon is difficult because of the small sizes, forces, and displacements involved as well as the need for special techniques to prepare and handle the specimens. The situation is even more difficult when cyclic loading is involved, and this paper reviews the limited number of fatigue studies to date. New tension–tension test methods are presented along with some initial data. All of these measurements show an increase in life of polysilicon with decreasing applied cyclic stress.
Near-infrared spectral monitoring of Triton with IRTF/SpeX II: Spatial distribution and evolution of ices

Abstract This report arises from an ongoing program to monitor Neptune’s largest moon Triton spectroscopically in the 0.8 to 2.4 μm range using IRTF/SpeX. Our objective is to search for changes on Triton’s surface as witnessed by changes in the infrared absorption bands of its surface ices N 2 , CH 4 , H 2 O , CO, and CO 2 . We have recorded infrared spectra of Triton on 53 nights over the ten apparitions from 2000 to 2009. The data generally confirm our previously reported diurnal spectral variations of the ice absorption bands (Grundy and Young, 2004). Nitrogen ice shows a large amplitude variation, with much stronger absorption on Triton’s Neptune-facing hemisphere. We present evidence for seasonal evolution of Triton’s N 2 ice: the 2.15 μm absorption band appears to be diminishing, especially on the Neptune-facing hemisphere. Although it is mostly dissolved in N 2 ice, Triton’s CH 4 ice shows a very different longitudinal variation from the N 2 ice, challenging assumptions of how the two ices behave. Unlike Triton’s CH 4 ice, the CO ice does exhibit longitudinal variation very similar to the N 2 ice, implying that CO and N 2 condense and sublimate together, maintaining a consistent mixing ratio. Absorptions by H 2 O and CO 2 ices show negligible variation as Triton rotates, implying very uniform and/or high latitude spatial distributions for those two non-volatile ices.
Structure and content analysis for html medical articles: a hidden markov model approach

We describe ongoing research on segmenting and labeling HTML medical journal articles. In contrast to existing approaches in which HTML tags usually serve as strong indicators, we seek to minimize dependence on HTML tags. Designing logical component models for general Web pages is a challenging task. However, in the narrow domain of online journal articles, we show that the HTML document, modeled with a Hidden Markov Model, can be accurately segmented into logical zones.
A genetic fuzzy system for modeling mandatory lane changing

A Fuzzy Logic-based lane changing model was developed for mandatory lane changes at lane drops. Genetic Algorithm was used for optimizing the widths of membership functions. The Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) dataset of vehicle trajectories was used for model development and validation. The model performed better than a comparable binary Logit model in terms of predicting the merge and non-merge events. The model has applications in traffic simulation and driver assistance systems.
Asymptotic analysis of the structure of a steady planar detonation: Review and extension

The structure of a steady planar Chapman–Jouguet detonation, which is supported by a direct first-order one-step irreversible exothermic unimolecular reaction, subject to Arrhenius kinetics, is examined. Solutions are studied, by means of a limit-process-expansion analysis, valid for Λ, proportional to the ratio of the reaction rate to the flow rate, going to zero, and for β, proportional to the ratio of the activation temperature to the maximum flow temperature, going to infinity, with the product Λβ1/2 going to zero. The results, essentially in agreement with the Zeldovich–von Neumann–Doring model, show that the detonation consists of (1) a three-region upstream shock-like zone, wherein convection and diffusion dominate; (2) an exponentially thicker five-region downstream deflagration-like zone, wherein convection and reaction dominate; and (3) a transition zone, intermediate to the upstream and downstream zones, wherein convection, diffusion, and reaction are of the same order of magnitude. It is in this transition zone that the ideal Neumann state is most closely approached.
Aroclor 1016: Toxicity to and uptake by estuarine animals

Abstract Bioassays were conducted to determine the acute toxicities of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Aroclor 1016 in flowing sea water to American oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ), brown shrimp ( Penaeus aztecus ), grass shrimp ( Palaemonetes pugio ), and pinfish ( Lagodon rhomboides ), and to determine its chronic toxicity to, and uptake and retention by pinfish. Acute 96-hour EC50's or LC50's were: oysters, 10.2 μ/liter; brown shrimp, 10.5 μg/liter; grass shrimp, 12.5 μg/liter. The PCB was not toxic to pinfish at 100 μg/liter for 96 hours, but significant mortality occurred when pinfish were exposed to 32 μg/liter of Aroclor 1016 for 42 days. Pinfish exposed to 1 μg/liter for 56 days accumulated the chemical with maximum concentrations attained in whole-fish by 21 to 28 days. Maximum whole-body residue (wet weight) was 17,000 × the nominal concentration in test water. Tissue alterations, such as severe vacuolation in the pancreatic exocrine tissue surrounding the portal veins, occurred in pinfish exposed to 32 μg/liter of Aroclor 1016 for 42 days.
Evidence for random endonucleolytic cleavages between messages in decay of Escherichia coli trp mRNA.

The mechanism of decay of polycistronic trp messenger RNA in Escherichia coli was studied by size analyses of decaying populations. By measuring the sizes of only those molecules that contained the most proximal (E mRNA) of the five messages it was shown directly that cleavages occur, probably at intercistronic junctions, and each one does so independently of cleavages or decay at any other sites, i.e. occurs with random kinetics. The polycistronic fragments of less than full-length size did not arise from premature terminations within the operon. These results agree with earlier conclusions for the lac and gal operons and suggest that the basic mechanisms of decay of polycistronic mRNAs are probably the same with internal cleavages occurring only at the intercistronic junctions.
Mate inspection patterns in the female beaugregory damselfish ( Stegastes leucostictus )

We observed female beaugregory damselfish (Stegastes leucostictus) as they interacted with males to see whether their movements fit the predictions of different mate-search models. We established high-quality and low-quality groups with low variance in breeding site quality and a medium-quality, high-variance breeding site group and compared focal observations of female nonforaging forays in each group. Only 8% of 137 forays monitored resulted in spawning events. Eighty-nine percent of the forays were less than 240 s and were within 7 m of the focal female’s territory. Average foray times and straight-line foray distances did not differ for females traveling between males in each group. Females entered high-quality breeding sites at a higher rate than low-quality sites and round-trip distances were also greatest in high-quality groups, indicating that females were following a more convoluted path. We interpret these results to mean that (a) female beaugregories separate the tasks of mate assessment and mate choice by conducting information-gathering forays between mating events, (b) forays are energetically costly and therefore usually short in duration and overall distance traveled, (c) information collection takes approximately the same time for high-quality and low-quality mates, but (d) females will alter their foray patterns in high-quality areas to collect additional information. These data are also consistent with the hypothesis that females optimize their search by employing a tiered process of assessment during information-gathering forays, first using an adjustable threshold to accept or reject each male based on his courtship and subsequently a fixed threshold to assess the quality of each breeding site.
Proton-proton scattering at energies from 46 to 147 Mev

The angular distribution of the differential cross section and polarization in proton-proton scattering have been measured at 147, 118, 95, and 66 Mev; at the highest energy the angular range was 4 to 112 (center of mass), while at the other energies the region considered fell between about 20 and 80 . In each case the differential cross section is a few percent higher at 40 than at 90 , in disagreement with the receat results of Taylor at Harwell. The angular distribution of Pd sigma /d OMEGA indicates the necessity for F-waves in describing the interaction at 147 Mev, although these are not required at the lower energies. Measurements of the polarization at 45 , taken at 10-Mev intervals between 46 and 147 Mev, yield results about 20% higher than predicted by Gammel and Thaler. (auth)
Genetic heterogeneity of induced pluripotent stem cells: results from 24 clones derived from a single C57BL/6 mouse.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have tremendous potential as a tool for disease modeling, drug testing, and other applications. Since the generation of iPSCs “captures” the genetic history of the individual cell that was reprogrammed, iPSC clones (even those derived from the same individual) would be expected to demonstrate genetic heterogeneity. To assess the degree of genetic heterogeneity, and to determine whether some cells are more genetically “fit” for reprogramming, we performed exome sequencing on 24 mouse iPSC clones derived from skin fibroblasts obtained from two different sites of the same 8-week-old C57BL/6J male mouse. While no differences in the coding regions were detected in the two parental fibroblast pools, each clone had a unique genetic signature with a wide range of heterogeneity observed among the individual clones: a total of 383 iPSC variants were validated for the 24 clones (mean 16.0/clone, range 0–45). Since these variants were all present in the vast majority of the cells in each clone (variant allele frequencies of 40–60% for heterozygous variants), they most likely preexisted in the individual cells that were reprogrammed, rather than being acquired during reprogramming or cell passaging. We then tested whether this genetic heterogeneity had functional consequences for hematopoietic development by generating hematopoietic progenitors in vitro and enumerating colony forming units (CFUs). While there was a range of hematopoietic potentials among the 24 clones, only one clone failed to differentiate into hematopoietic cells; however, it was able to form a teratoma, proving its pluripotent nature. Further, no specific association was found between the mutational spectrum and the hematopoietic potential of each iPSC clone. These data clearly highlight the genetic heterogeneity present within individual fibroblasts that is captured by iPSC generation, and suggest that most of the changes are random, and functionally benign.
The Good, the Bad, And the Ugly: Stepping on the Security Scale

Metrics are both fashionable and timely: many regulations that affect cybersecurity rely upon metrics - albeit, of the checklist variety in many cases - to ascertain compliance. However, there are far more effective uses of security metrics than external compliance exercises. The most effective use of security metrics is to manage better, which may include: • Make a business case for needed change • Focus scarce resource on most pressing problems (with the biggest payoff for resolution) • Help spot problems early - or successes early • Address “outside” concerns or criticisms fairly and objectively A successful security metric should: • Motivate good/correct behavior (not promote evasive tactics just to make the numbers look good) ? Prompt additional questions (?Why? How??) to understand what is influencing the numbers ? Answer basic questions of goodness (e.g., “Are we doing better or worse?”) • Be objective and measurable, even if correlation may not equal causality This paper explores the qualities of good security metrics and their application in security vulnerability handling as well as a software assurance program.
A Substance Abuse Consultation Service

The authors review the literature on the high prevalence but underrecognition of substance abuse among hospitalized patients and the general unavailability of hospital-based substance abuse consultation services. They describe the development, clinical operations, staffing, and teaching activities of a large substance abuse consultation service in one urban academic medical center and detail the service's growth and changing utilization patterns over an 8-year period, reporting the clinical characteristics of 1,819 patients seen over a 1-year period. Differences in patient demographics, patterns of substance use, and diagnoses were highly significant from one referring service to another. The authors discuss the implications of such a service for patient care and teaching.
Defining the cell cycle for the tachyzoite stage of Toxoplasma gondii.

Tachyzoite endodyogeny is characterized by a three phase cell cycle comprised of major G1 and S phases with mitosis following immediately upon the conclusion of DNA replication. Cytokinesis, which begins with the formation of daughter apical complexes, initiates in late S phase and overlaps mitosis. There is no evidence to support an extended G2 period in these parasites. In all strains, parasites with a 2 N DNA content are a relatively small subpopulation and when tachyzoites expressing a fluorescent nuclear marker (green-fluorescent-protein fused to proliferating-cell-nuclear-antigen) were observed by time-lapse microscopy, there appeared to be little delay between S phase and mitosis. Measurements of the DNA content of RH parasites by flow cytometry demonstrated that the G1 and S periods were ≈60 and ≈30% of a single division cycle, although these phases were longer in strains that display a slower growth rate. The overall length of S phase was determined by [3H]-thymidine autoradiography using transgenic parasites expressing herpes simplex thymidine kinase and validated by Northern analysis of S phase specific genes during synchronous growth. The fraction of S phase parasites by flow cytometry paralleled autoradiography, however, within S phase, the distribution of parasites was bimodal in all strains examined. Parasites containing a 1–1.7 N DNA complement were a small fraction when compared to the major S phase population which contained a near-diploid (≈1.8 N) complement, suggesting parasites in late S phase have a slower rate of DNA replication. In lieu of a short or missing G2, where checkpoints are thought to operate in other eukaryotes, the bimodal replication of tachyzoite chromosomes may represent a distinct premitotic checkpoint associated with endodyogeny.
Post-War Government and Politics of the Philippines

Viewed as a whole, the Constitution of the Philippines reflects the iFilipino, Spanish, and American antecedents which have made the Filipino people what they are. The instrument is colored by the ideas which have become current in the United States since 1933 as well as by our traditional political philosophy. It bears the imprint of the revolutionary changes which have swept over many parts of Europe and reversed the political trend in Japan during the past twenty years. In form and substance it reveals the possession of a high degree of political capacity by those who drafted it. Although a product of the past, it is conspicuously an instrument of government for the troublous present and the uncertain future. Above all, it is a Filipino and not a foreign instmment and provides the constitutional foundation for a genuinely Filipino government.
Measuring Genomic Pre-Selection in Theory and in Practice

Potential biases from genomic pre-selection were estimated from actual selection and mating patterns of US Holsteins. Traditional models using only phenotypes and pedigrees do not adjust for average genomic merit of an animal’s parents, progeny, mates, or contemporaries. Positive assortative mating of elite young bulls to elite genotyped females and dams of highly selected sons will become primary sources of bias in the next few years unless methods of adjustment are introduced. However, deregression can remove some biases such as by crediting the dam for only her own records and not for those of her selected progeny. Diagonals of genomic and pedigree relationship matrices, their inverses, and their differences were examined. The animal’s own genotype provides a fourth source of information along with traditional information from parents, progeny, and own phenotype.
The Chemical Uniformity of High-z Damped Lyα Protogalaxies

We investigate chemical abundance variations along the sight lines through 13 damped Lysystems (DLAs). We introduce a technique designed to identify abundance variations in multiple velocity bins along the sight lines and perform a series of Monte Carlo simulations to derive quantitative limits and values. The majority of these DLAs have very uniform relative abundances: 95% c.l. upper limits of 0.2 dex dispersion along the sight line and best-fit values typically d0.1 dex. This surprising result indicates the gas comprising individual DLAs has similar enrichment history, nearly identical differential depletion, and small abundance variations relating to ionization corrections. This uniformity contrasts with stellar abundance variations observed within the Galaxy and with the differences in abundances observed between galaxies of the Local Group. It also contrasts with variations in differential depletion along sight lines through the SMC, LMC, and Milky Way. The results constrain the process of metal production and dust formation in the early universe and reflect on processes of galaxy formation. In terms of depletion the observations indicate a very low porosity of significantly depleted gas, substantially lower than the filling factor observed in present-day metal-poor galaxies. Finally, the observed chemical uniformity may present a difficult challenge to scenarios that assume individual DLAs are composed of multiple protogalactic clumps. Subject headings: galaxies: formation — intergalactic medium — quasars: absorption lines On-line material: color figures
Editor’s Perspective: Similia Similibus Curantur

In the present installment of the Teaching Rounds in Electrophysiology series, Atienza et al1 draw our attention to the need for an integrated and innovative approach to help patients with ventricular arrhythmias that involve the summit of the heart. They superbly outline the anatomic basis for both the difficulties encountered when mapping and ablating in this region, as well as the therapeutic options. The anatomic dissection presented in their article illustrates why there is a need for a nuanced and meticulous approach to ablation of arrhythmias in this region. Article see p e80 The highest point of the left ventricular myocardium, sometimes termed the summit, lies on the anterior mitral annulus epicardially just lateral and superior to the aortic annulus. The left coronary cusp is the most cranial of the aortic cusps, and abutting on the cusp superiorly, laterally, and anteriorly is typically thick myocardium constituting the summit. Because the ostium of the left main coronary artery also arises cranial to the cusp, the summit lies in immediate relationship to the 2 principal branches of the left main coronary artery: the left anterior descending and left circumflex arteries. The detailed and highly informative …
Correlation between anolis lizard dewlap phenotype and environmental variation indicates adaptive divergence of a signal important to sexual selection and species recognition

Although the importance of signals involved in species recognition and sexual selection to speciation is widely recognized, the processes that underlie signal divergence are still a matter of debate. Several possible processes have been hypothesized, including genetic drift, arbitrary sexual selection, and adaptation to local signaling environments. We use comparative analyses to investigate whether the remarkable geographic variation of dewlap phenotype in a Hispaniolan trunk Anolis lizard (A. distichus) is a result of adaptive signal divergence to heterogeneous environments. We recover a repeated pattern of divergence in A. distichus dewlap color, pattern, and size with environmental variation across Hispaniola. These results are aligned with ecological models of signal divergence and provide strong evidence for dewlap adaptation to local signaling environments. We also find that A. distichus dewlaps vary with the environment in a different manner to other previously studied anoles, thus expanding upon previous predictions on the direction dewlaps will diverge in perceptual color space in response to the environment.
Foreword: Adjudicating the Guilty Mind

In May 2011, a group of scholars gathered at Duke University School of Law for a conference on "Adjudicating the Guilty Mind." That discussion started from the premise that making dispositive mental state determinations in the criminal justice system requires greater sophistication with respect to both substance and procedure. The Symposium issue introduced in this Foreword seeks to bring different methodologies and perspectives to bear on the difficult question of how the public perceives culpability, how the law defines it, and how the justice system identifies it in a given case. Looking through various lenses — including social and cognitive psychology, moral philosophy, economics, and empirical studies of jury decisionmaking and judicial behavior — the authors offer new ideas about what the criminal law’s increasingly heavy reliance on mental state means and requires.
Influence of the Mature Portion of a Precursor Protein on the Mitochondrial Signal Sequence

Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized with an N-terminal signal sequence that targets these proteins to various compartments within the mitochondria. Signal sequences have been shown to be functional by fusing them to a nonmitochondrial passenger protein and observing import. In many cases, a signal sequence has been fused to passenger proteins, such as dihydrofolate reductase, and import occurred. There are, though, several unexplained instances in which a signal sequence was attached to a passenger protein and import was not observed. In this study, the N-terminal 23 residues of the matrix enzyme rhodanese could import several passenger proteins but were unable to import the mature form of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (mALDH). However, if these same 23 residues were fused to the middle portion of mALDH, import was recovered, suggesting that the rhodanese signal sequence and N terminus of mALDH were incompatible for import. Circular dichroism data indicated that a peptide corresponding to the region of fusion between rhodanese and mALDH had less structure than corresponding peptides from imported fusion proteins, suggesting that mALDH may alter the helix in the rhodanese signal sequence, thus preventing import.
The gastric argentaffin cell population of the rat.

The distribution and morphology of the argentaffin cell population within the stomach of the albino rat has been investigated histologically. The argentaffin cell's situation is restricted to and evenly distributed over the antrum, lying usually in the basal third of the mucosa among mucous cells. A band of mucosa, less than a millimeter wide, containing argentaffin cells, extends from the antrum and encircles the stomach just caudal to the forestomach. The argentaffin cell population is found in less than three-tenths of the total stomach by weight, a point for consideration in serotonin assay.
Inherent Issues and Challenges of Program Disturbance of 3D NAND Flash Cell

Program disturbance characteristics of 3D vertical NAND Flash cell array architecture have been investigated intensively. A new 'program Y disturbance' mode peculiar to 3D NAND Flash cell is defined. Swing characteristics of poly-Si channel and increased NOP (number of program) stress have been compared with 2D planar NAND Flash cell. In this paper, new program method pertinent to 3D NAND Flash memory was proposed to obtain program disturbance characteristics for MLC.
Mechanisms of particulate matter formation in spark-ignition engines. 2: Effect of fuel, oil, and catalyst parameters

A combined experimental and modeling effort was performed in order to understand how particulate matter (PM) is formed in spark-ignition (SI) internal combustion engines. Fuel type and fuel/air ratio strongly affect particle concentrations. PM emissions vary by up to 6 orders of magnitude between fuels at the same fuel/air ratio. Minimum PM concentrations are emitted at a global fuel/air ratio within 10% of stoichiometric, with the exact value depending on the particular fuel. Concentrations can increase by more than 3 orders of magnitude when the fuel/air ratio is either increased or decreased 30% from stoichiometric. Particles derived from oil consumption were found to be between 0 and 40% of the PM concentration for the oils used in the present experiments. Differences in PM emissions with and without the catalytic converter are not statistically significant. Particulate number and mass concentrations plus particle sizes are addressed in this paper, as is the correlation between PM and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions.