cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aromatic-doped boron carbide films formed by PECVD of metacarborane and aniline or pyridine: Chemical and electronic structure

Abstract Closo-1, 7-dicarbadodecaborane (metacarborane) and aniline or pyridine have been used to fabricate semiconducting composite films by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Chemical and electronic structures of films with aniline/metacarborane or pyridine/metacarborane ratios of ~ 3:1 were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE), and first-principles density functional theory (DFT)-based electronic structure calculations. Aniline moieties are coordinated to carborane icosahedra by C B bond formation, whereas N B and possibly C B bonding was observed for pyridine/metacarborane films. The aniline/metacarborane film displayed indirect and direct band gaps of 1.0 eV and 2.9 eV, respectively, with corresponding values for the pyridine/metacarborane film of 1.4 eV and 3.3 eV. In contrast, the metacarborane film without aromatic doping exhibits indirect and direct band gaps of 2.6 and 4.9 eV, respectively. DFT results indicate that in both aniline/metacarborane and pyridine/metacarborane films, states near the valence band maximum are associated with the aromatic species, while states near the bottom of the conduction band are associated with either the aromatic or metacarborane moiety. These results indicate that aromatically-doped boron carbide films derived from metacarborane isomers exhibit very similar structures and characteristics to those formed by orthocarborane isomers. Due to the n-type (p-type) nature of boron carbide films formed by PECVD metacarborane (orthocarborane), the results reported here suggest that aromatic doped boron carbide p-n junctions are possible for neutron detection or other applications.
Wulf Segebrecht, Autobiographie und Dichtung. Eine Studie Zum Werk E. T. A. Hoffmanns: Stuttgart: J. B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1967. Pp. x, 240

(1970). Wulf Segebrecht, Autobiographie und Dichtung. Eine Studie Zum Werk E. T. A. Hoffmanns. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 59-60.
Comparison of the VTA and LC response to methylphenidate: a concomitant behavioral and neuronal study of adolescent male rats.

The same dose of 0.6, 2.5, and 10 mg/kg methylphenidate (MPD) elicits either behavioral sensitization or tolerance in adolescent rats. There is a direct correlation between the ventral tegmental ar...
¿Resolución Simbólica de Traumas? Tribunales de Crímenes de Guerra, Violencia Sexual, y la Performance Jurídica de la Curación (Resumen)

La tendencia cada vez mas notoria de considerar a los tribunales internacionales centrados en crimenes de guerra como instituciones que no solo proveen justicia sino tambien constituyen unos vehiculos para la resolucion del sufrimiento de las victimas de la violencia de guerra marca un cambio notable en la Legislacion Humanitaria Internacional (LHI). Este “giro terapeutico” de la LHI aparece claramente expresada en los procedimientos del Tribunal Internacional de Crimenes en la ex Yugoeslavia (1993) y el Tribunal Internacional para Ruanda (1994). Ambos tribunales lanzaron lo que ha sido llamada la “era de los tribunales”1, poniendo un enfasis sin precedentes en las victimas de atrocidades. Este articulo provee una exploracion critica de la adjudicacion de la violencia sexual como crimen de guerra en el contexto de este giro terapeutico. Usando como lente la concepcion de tribunales historicos propuesta por la experta en traumas Shoshana Felman, intento subrayar de que manera estos tribunales pueden bloquear o hacer imposible el tipo de catarsis que esta autora presupone. He elegido dos casos para ilustrar algunos de los costos imprevisibles que derivan de la promesa de una resolucion o cura legal: En primer lugar, el discurso mismo que promete una resolucion o alivio a las mujeres victimas de violencia sexual de hecho las reduce a una condicion de victima. En segundo lugar, las “otras” victimas de la violencia sexual de guerra (en este caso, los varones), suelen no ser reconocidas o vueltas invisibles en este paradigma de “cura” legal. Mi analisis de esos casos explora como las intervenciones terapeuticas-juridicas pueden socavar los objetivos que se proponen, a la vez que ocultar las relaciones de poder en las que se basan y que contribuyen a perpetuar.
Early Response Assessment on Mid-treatment Computed Tomography Predicts for Locoregional Recurrence in Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients Treated With Definitive Radiation Therapy.

Purpose To evaluate whether a response assessment using mid-treatment computed tomography (CT) scans during definitive radiation therapy (RT) for oropharyngeal head and neck cancer can predict for locoregional recurrence (LRR). Methods and Materials Head and neck cancer patients who receive RT at our institution undergo CT repeat scans at the 15th fraction, with treatment replanning in the case of an inadequate dose to gross disease or an increased dose to organs at risk. A retrospective cohort analysis was performed of 96 consecutive patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated from 2007 to 2015 with mid-treatment repeat CT scans available. The primary disease volume and involved lymph node volume were delineated on the pre- and mid-treatment CT scans. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to evaluate the efficacy of the mid-treatment reduction in tumor volume as a predictor of LRR. Risk stratification was performed by dichotomizing the patients into high- and low-risk groups according to the mid-treatment response and p16 status and smoking history. Results With a median follow-up of 34 months, 14 patients experienced LRR. The median reduction in the total tumor volume was 18.7% (interquartile range 8.4%-30.9%). A reduction in total tumor volume greater than the median was an independent predictor of LRR (hazard ratio 0.22, 95% confidence interval 0.05-0.89; P = .020). The reduction in primary tumor volume was an even stronger predictor of LRR (hazard ratio 0.11, 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.57; P = .002). Stratifying patients into a high-risk group for those with a reduction in the total tumor volume at mid-treatment at or less than the median, p16 negative status, and smoking status of >10 pack-years and a low-risk group for those without these factors, we found a clear separation in Kaplan-Meier curves, with actuarial 3-year locoregional control, progression-free survival, and overall survival rates for the high-risk patients of 45.7%, 38.2%, and 71.8% compared with 90.7%, 70.6%, and 89.8% for low-risk patients, respectively ( P ≤ .021 for all). Conclusions Our results have shown that the treatment response from an early assessment using mid-treatment CT scans is an independent predictor of LRR and can be used to effectively distinguish high- and low-risk patients, allowing for risk-adaptive treatment stratification at the midway point.
Modeling Categorical Factors with Two Levels

Often we need to consider the effects of categorical information in a regression model. Inclusion of categorical variables allow us to model the differences between two (today) or more groups (Class 7). When the categorical variable has two levels, the group membership is easily coded in a special numerical variable, known as a dummy variable. Since these dummy variables are numerical representations of qualitative, not quantitative, information, the coefficients of dummy variables require special interpretation. The testing methods of Class 5 are valuable tools for comparisons among models using qualitative factors.
Finite Element Analysis of Coupled Deformation and Fluid Flow in Porous Media

Application of tne finite element method to problems of coupled deformation and fluid flow in porous media is briefly reviewed. Equations governing the physical process, variational formulations appropriate for use with finite element methods, and finite element discretization as well as solution strategies are discussed. To illustrate various methods and procedures, darcy flow of an incompressible fluid in a linear elastic solid is considered in some detail. Other cases are occasionally referred to.
Lysosomal Cathepsin Protease Gene Expression Profiles in the Human Brain During Normal Development

Cathepsin protease genes are necessary for protein homeostasis in normal brain development and function. The diversity of the 15 cathepsin protease activities raises the question of what are the human brain expression profiles of the cathepsin genes during development from prenatal and infancy to childhood, adolescence, and young adult stages. This study, therefore, evaluated the cathepsin gene expression profiles in 16 human brain regions during development by quantitative RNA-sequencing data obtained from the Allen Brain Atlas resource. Total expression of all cathepsin genes was the lowest at the early prenatal stage which became increased at the infancy stage. During infancy to young adult phases, total gene expression was similar. Interestingly, the rank ordering of gene expression among the cathepsins was similar throughout the brain at the age periods examined, showing (a) high expression of cathepsins B, D, and F; (b) moderate expression of cathepsins A, L, and Z; (c) low expression of cathepsins C, H, K, O, S, and V; and (d) very low expression of cathepsins E, G, and W. Results show that the human brain utilizes well-defined, balanced patterns of cathepsin gene expression throughout the different stages of human brain development. Knowledge gained by this study of the gene expression profiles of lysosomal cathepsin proteases among human brain regions during normal development is important for advancing future investigations of how these cathepsins are dysregulated in lysosomal-related brain disorders that affect infants, children, adolescents, and young adults.
Association Between Cardiovascular Health and Cognitive Performance: A Twins Study.

Background/objective The 2020 Strategic Impact Goal introduced by the American Heart Association (AHA) aims at improving cardiovascular health (CVH) of all Americans by 20%. AHA defined ideal CVH across seven established modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Prior studies have indicated that ideal CVH also benefits brain health and cognitive aging, but it is possible that this association is explained by familial factors. Methods We examined 272 male monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs (total 544 subjects) free of overt cardiovascular disease and dementia from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Memory and learning were measured by Trail Making tests and Wechsler Memory Scale (Immediate and Delayed Memory tests and Visual Reproductive Test). Each of the seven CVH components (smoking, body mass index, physical activity, diet, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood glucose) was scored per established criterion. Results The mean age of the twins was 55 years, 96% were whites, and 61% monozygotic. When considering twins as individuals, for every unit increase in CVH score (indicating better cardiovascular health), twins demonstrated faster cognitive processing speed (Trail B: - 5.6 s, 95% CI - 10.3, - 0.9; p = 0.03) and better story recall, both immediate (0.35, 95% CI 0.06, 0.62; p = 0.02) and delayed (0.39, 95% CI 0.08, 0.70; p = 0.01). Conclusions Better CVH is associated with better cognitive health in several domains. As suggested by within-pair analysis, this association is largely explained by familial factors, implying that early life exposures are shared determinants of both brain health and cardiovascular health.
Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults

A history of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mandatory prerequisite for the diagnosis of adult type ADHD, for which no DSM criteria exists. Since the diagnosis must be made retroactively, tentative criteria have been designed to establish the presence of the childhood disorder. In the 1970s, I advanced the hypothesis that "minimal brain dysfunction" (as ADHD was called) might be produced by decreased catecholaminergic function. A total of over 300 ADHD patients have been included in treatment studies, including 224 patients who received stimulants in four double-blind, placebo-controlled trials: three of methylphenidate (N = 176) and one of pemoline (N = 48). An additional 79 patients have been included in open-label trials of pargyline, selegiline, bupropion, levodopa, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. Altogether, these studies have demonstrated the efficacy of methylphenidate, pemoline, and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors when administered to adult ADHD patients; a robust response was produced in 60% of the patients. Bupropion and selegiline were effective in the open-label studies and should be systematically evaluated. A long-term study is being conducted with methylphenidate maintenance; patients have been followed for as long as 5 years, and little, if any, drug tolerance has been observed. Treatment of adult patients who have ADHD is symptomatic, not curative, but the combination of medication and psychotherapy may offer life-changing opportunities to individuals who suffer from the disorder.
Long term outcomes of total humeral replacement for oncological reconstructions: A single institution experience.

Author(s): Bernthal, Nicholas M; Upfill-Brown, Alexander; Burke, Zachary DC; Greig, Danielle; Hwang, Richard; Crawford, Brooke; Eckardt, Jeffrey J | Abstract: BackgroundThere is a paucity of data on long-term survivorship and outcomes for total humerus replacements (THR) with only two series reporting 10-year survival.Patients and methodsA review of 769 consecutive, prospectively collected endoprosthetic reconstructions for oncological diagnoses at a single-center between 1980 and 2019 was performed. Patients with THRs were isolated and analyzed for outcomes, complications, and modes of failure.ResultsEighteen patients with 20 THR implants were identified. The median follow-up for surviving patients was 148 months (interquartile range [IQR] = 74-194) and 60 months (IQR = 17-155 months) for all patients. Two prostheses required revision for failure, both for symptomatic shoulder dislocation. There were three local recurrences. Revision-free survival at 5, 10, and 15 years was 100%, 86% and 86%, respectively. There were no cases of ulnar component failure, radial nerve palsy, or periprosthetic infection.ConclusionsTHR prosthesis survivorship is comparable to the previous series, with a longer follow-up than has previously been reported. Symptomatic shoulder instability was common (25%), and was the only cause of revision. Reverse total shoulder could be an important way to address this in the future. Local recurrence rates were high, as has been reported elsewhere for THR.
Understanding of multiple resistance states by current sweeping in MoS 2 -based non-volatile memory devices.

Recently, various two-dimensional materials have been reported to exhibit non-volatile resistance switching phenomenon. The atomristors, featuring memristor effect in atomically thin nanomaterials such as monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides and hexagonal boron nitride, have drawn much attention due to the extremely thin active layer thickness with the advantages of forming-free characteristic, large on/off resistance ratio and fast switching speed. To investigate the switching mechanisms in the 2D monolayers, we introduced an electrical characterization method by current sweeping to illustrate the detailed information hidden in the commonly used voltage-sweep curves. Multiple transition steps have been observed in the SET process of MoS2-based resistance switching devices. The different behaviors of transition steps were attributed to the number of defects or vacancies associated with the switching phenomenon, which is consistent with the previously reported conductive-bridge-like model for 2D atomristors. This work provides an approach using current sweeping to precisely characterize the resistance switching effect and inspires further research to optimize the defect distribution in 2D materials for the applications in multi-bit non-volatile memory and neuromorphic computing.
Evaluation of Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance for Machine Learning and Computer Vision under Neutron Radiation

In the past decade, there has been a push for deployment of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) avionics due in part to cheaper costs and the desire for more performance. Traditional radiation-hardened processors are expensive and only provide limited processing power. With smaller mission budgets and the need for more computational power, low-cost and highperformance COTS solutions become more attractive for these missions. Due to the computational capacity enhancements provided by COTS technology, machine-learning and computer-vision applications are now being deployed on modern space missions. However, COTS electronics are highly susceptible to radiation environments. As a result, reliability in the underlying computations becomes a concern. Matrix multiplication is used in machine-learning and computer-vision applications as the main computation for decisions, making it a critical part of the application. Therefore, the large time and memory footprint of the matrix multiplication in machine-learning and computer-vision applications makes them even more susceptible to single-event upsets. In this paper, algorithm-based fault tolerance (ABFT) is investigated to mitigate silent data errors in machine learning and computer vision. ABFT is a methodology of data error detection and correction using information redundancy contained in separate data structures from the primary data. In matrix multiplication, ABFT consists of storing checksum data in vectors separate from the matrix to use for error detection and correction. Fault injection into a matrix-multiplication kernel was performed prior to irradiation. Irradiation was then performed on the kernel under wide-spectrum neutrons at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center to observe the mitigation effects of ABFT. Fault injections targeted towards the general-purpose registers show a $48 \times$ reduction in data errors using data-error mitigation with ABFT with a negligible change in run-time. Cross-section results from irradiation show a $5.3 \times$ improvement in reliability of using ABFT as opposed to no mitigation with a $> 99.9999$ confidence level. The results of this experiment demonstrate that ABFT is a viable solution for run-time error correction in matrix multiplication for machine-learning and computer-vision applications in future spacecraft.
Distinct T cell receptor repertoire diversity of clinically defined high-grade serous ovarian cancer treatment subgroups

Summary In patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), it is unclear which genomic features are related to complete gross resection (R0), which is typically associated with better clinical outcomes, or response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). In this study, we evaluated T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire diversity in primary and metastatic tumor samples (n = 90) from clinically well-annotated patients with HGSC who achieved R0 or received NACT with excellent or poor response based on a laparoscopic triage algorithm. TCR sequencing followed by an integrative analysis with comprehensive multi-omics data identified higher TCR diversity (e.g., higher number of unique productive sequences and less clonal relatedness) in the R0 than NACT groups. We found enrichment of specific TCRβ genes usage, distinct mutual exclusiveness and co-occurrence pattern of TCRβ genes among the groups. We also found significantly positive correlations between clonal relatedness and neoantigens, copy number variations, and mutation load in the groups.
The Politics of Publishing: A National Conversation With Scholars Who Use Their Research About Black Women to Address Intersectionality:

What does it mean to expand the epistemological terrain in education research to improve educational equity? This feature article attends to this question by opening a national conversation with ed...
Reciprocal redox interactions of lithium cobalt oxide nanoparticles with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and glutathione (GSH): toward a mechanistic understanding of nanoparticle-biological interactions

Among high-valence metal oxides, LiCoO2 and related materials are of environmental importance because of the rapidly increasing use of these materials as cathodes in lithium ion batteries. Understanding the impact of these materials on aqueous environments relies on understanding their redox chemistry because Co release is dependent on oxidation state. Despite the critical role that redox chemistry plays in cellular homeostasis, the influence of specific biologically relevant electron transporters such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and glutathione (GSH) on the transformation of engineered nanoparticles has not been widely considered previously. Here we report an investigation of the interaction of LiCoO2 nanoparticles with NADH and GSH. Measurements of Co release using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) show that exposing LiCoO2 nanoparticles to either NADH or GSH increases solubilization of cobalt, while corresponding spectroscopic measurements show that NADH is concurrently oxidized to NAD+. To demonstrate that these effects are a consequence of the high-valence Co(III) in LiCoO2 nanoparticles, we performed control experiments using Co(II)-containing Co(OH)2 and LiCoPO4, and dissolved Co2+/Li+ ions. Additional experiments using molecules of similar structure to NADH and GSH, but that are not reducing agents, confirm that these transformations are driven by redox reactions and not by chelation effects. Our data show that interaction of LiCoO2 with NADH and GSH induces the release of Co2+ ions and alters the redox state of these biologically important transporters. Observation of NADH binding to LiCoO2 using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggests a surface catalyzed reaction. The reciprocal reduction of LiCoO2 to enable release of Co2+ and corresponding oxidation of NADH and GSH as model redox-active biomolecules has implications for understanding the biological impacts of high-valence metal oxide nanomaterials.
Canonical Equation K59 and Universality Law for Random Matrices (A + UB)(A + UB)*. Arcsine Law

In this chapter we apply the REFORM method for the deduction of the system of canonical equations for normalized spectral functions of the matrices (A n + U n B n )(A n + U n B n )*, where A n and B n are nonrandom matrices and U n is a random unitary matrix from the class of matrices C11. The limit distribution function of normalized spectral functions of some matrices A n + B n U n can be found on the basis of these equations and the regularized V(Victory)- transform $$ \frac{1}{n}\;1n det [{I_n}\alpha \; + ({A_n}\;{\rm{ + }}{U_n}{B_n} - {I_n}\tau )\;({A_n}\;{\rm{ + }}{U_n}{B_n} - {I_n}\tau )*] , \alpha > 0, \;\tau = t + is, $$ where α > 0 and τ is a complex number.
A Nonlinear Reduced Order Method for Prediction of Acoustic Fatigue

The goal of this investigation is to assess the quality of high-cycle-fatigue life estimation via a reduced order method, for structures undergoing geometrically nonlinear random vibrations. Modal reduction is performed with several different suites of basis functions. After numerically solving the reduced order system equations of motion, the physical displacement time history is obtained by an inverse transformation and stresses are recovered. Stress ranges obtained through the rainflow counting procedure are used in a linear damage accumulation method to yield fatigue estimates. Fatigue life estimates obtained using various basis functions in the reduced order method are compared with those obtained from numerical simulation in physical degrees-of-freedom.
Basic patterns of social interaction

Natural selection imposes behavioral patterns on us in order to ensure that certain crucial adaptive tasks will be carried out effectively. Intrinsic mechanisms arouse emotions urging the individual to accomplish these tasks. This inborn biogrammar is at the subjective roots of the organism’s behavior and neuroendocrine state (Tiger and Fox, 1972). Three such major patterns can be discerned in all mammals. The first is the recognition of leadership. It is not only in the human social system that distinctions between individuals and between their control of access to desiderata, such as food, water, and shelter, are found. Even in the simple rodent society, an order of precedence usually permits discrimination of dominants from subordinates. When such precedence is accepted by various members of a mammalian group, a stable social order ensues. When each knows his place, role competition wasteful to the species is avoided.
Chapter 19 Protein phosphorylation in the nerve growth cone

Publisher Summary The nerve growth cone is the irregularly shaped terminal enlargement of a growing neurite. It is its leading edge that is endowed with the capacity of finding the path to the appropriate target area and forming a synapse with an appropriate target cell. Experimental findings indicate that growth cones contain protein kinase activities that resemble those of synaptosomes qualitatively. However, major quantitative differences exist. Particularly striking is the simple pattern of major substrates of calcium-dependent kinases. Three of these substrates, pp40, pp46, and pp80, and/or their phosphorylation are developmentally regulated. Thus, they are candidates for the molecules involved in growth regulation. The prominent role of protein kinase C in the phosphorylation of growth cone proteins is of further significance. Protein kinase C has been implicated in a number of growth-regulatory processes, as well as leukocyte chemotaxis. These functions can be expected to have equivalents in the nerve growth cone because the primary growth factor effects appear to occur at this site, at least in the case of nerve growth factor-sensitive peripheral neurons.
Multicast Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Multi-Hop Optical Networks

This paper addresses multicast routing in multi-hop optical networks employing wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). We consider a model in which multicast communication requests are made and released dynamically over time. A multicast connection is realized by constructing a multicast tree which distributes the message from the source node to all destination nodes such that the wavelengths used on each link and the receivers and transmitters used at each node are not used by existing circuits. We show that although the routing and wavelength assignment in this model is NP-complete, the wavelength assignment problem can be solved in linear time.
Mechanisms of Steroid Oxidation by Microorganisms VIII. 3,4-DIHYDROXY-9,10-SECOANDROSTA-1,3,5(10)-TRIENE-9,17-DIONE, AN INTERMEDIATE IN THE MICROBIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF RING A OF ANDROST-4-ENE-3,17-DIONE

Abstract 3,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione has been synthesized by a combination of chemical and microbiological methods. While this 3,4-catechol has not yet been isolated as a metabolic product, all of the data suggest that it is an intermediate in the degradation of the aromatic ring of 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione with the eventual formation of 3aα-H-4α[3'-propionic acid]-7aβ-methylhexahydro-1,5-indanedione. When this catechol was incubated with cell-free extracts of Nocardia restrictus, it was rapidly and completely metabolized to 3aα-H-4α-[3'-propionic acid]-7aβ-methylhexahydro-1,5-indanedione. Under similar conditions, 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione and 3,19-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione were very slowly and incompletely metabolized.
Reactive adsorption of hydrogen sulfide by promoted sorbents Cu‐ZnO/SiO2: active sites by experiment and simulation

In the Cux-Zn(1-x)O/SiO2 sorbents for ultradeep adsorptive removal of H2S from gaseous fuel reformates for fuel cells at room temperature, Cu promoter sites significantly increase sulfur uptake capacity of the sorbents. We report characterization of the family of Cux-Zn(1-x)O/SiO2 sorbents for reactive adsorption of H2S using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, electron spin resonance (ESR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and calculations by the density functional theory (DFT). Both the supported ZnO phase and Cu promoter sites in the Cux-Zn(1-x)O/SiO2 sorbents are nano-dispersed, as shown by XRD. The Cux-Zn(1-x)O/SiO2 sorbents contain Cu promoter as the Cu2+ site of octahedral geometry, as found by the complementary ESR and UV–vis DRS. Mechanism of the promoter effect of the Cu2+ site in the Cux-Zn(1-x)O/SiO2 sorbents in reaction with H2S is proposed based on DFT calculations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total quality manufacturing at the RIT integrated circuit factory

RIT has received a five year grant from IBM through an IBM Total Quality Management (TQM) Competition. Among the several projects funded by this grant is a project entitled "Six Sigma Process Capability in Student-Run Integrated Circuit Factory". The process capability baseline has been obtained from data collected for the past several years of student-run factory operation. A methodology to improve the quality of the student-run factory was implemented and is described in detail. The baseline study found that none of processes had process capability (Cpk) greater than one (3 sigma). However, action plans for improving these processes have been implemented and improvements have been measured. Today several processes show Cpk>1. The student run integrated circuit factory at RIT has made significant progress toward achieving six-sigma manufacturing goals.
Head‐twitch response in rodents induced by the hallucinogen 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodoamphetamine: a comprehensive history, a re‐evaluation of mechanisms, and its utility as a model

Two primary animal models persist for assessing hallucinogenic potential of novel compounds and for examining the pharmacological and neurobiological substrates underlying the actions of classical hallucinogens, the two-lever drug discrimination procedure and the drug-induced head-twitch response (HTR) in rodents. The substituted amphetamine hallucinogen, serotonin 2 (5-HT(2) ) receptor agonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) has emerged as the most popular pharmacological tool used in HTR studies of hallucinogens. Synthesizing classic, recent, and relatively overlooked findings, addressing ostensibly conflicting observations, and considering contemporary theories in receptor and behavioural pharmacology, this review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive synopsis of DOI and the HTR model, from neural mechanisms to utility for understanding psychiatric diseases. Also presented is support for the argument that, although both the two-lever drug discrimination and the HTR models in rodents are useful for uncovering receptors, interacting proteins, intracellular signalling pathways, and neurochemical processes affected by DOI and related classical hallucinogens, results from both models suggest they are not reporting hallucinogenic experiences in animals.
Herpetic stromal keratitis in the reconstituted scid mouse model.

Infections of the cornea with herpes simplex virus type 1 cause inflammatory lesions which frequently lead to blindness. The disease is suspected to be immunopathological in nature. To establish this point and to study possible mechanisms involved, corneal infections in C.B-17 scid/scid and cell-reconstituted scid mice were investigated. Whereas unreconstituted scid mice failed to develop herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) and died of encephalitis, mice reconstituted with T lymphocytes generated severe lesions. T cells of the CD4+ subset were found to be essential mediators of the HSK lesion, while T cells of the CD8+ subset protected mice from lethality. The results confirm that HSK is an immunopathological disease and that scid mice provide a convenient model that should prove valuable in establishing the biochemical mechanisms by which HSK is mediated.
Student Swirl at a Single Institution: The Role of Timing and Student Characteristics.

Back-and-forth enrollment at different institutions—student swirl—and concurrent enrollment at two or more institutions—double-dipping—have become common experiences for students in the United States. However, empirical studies explaining student mobility are rather rare. This study examines how student departures from and returns to a single institution are affected by college attendance elsewhere. The model presented here demonstrates that departure rates are higher for students concurrently attending another college. Return rates, on the other hand, are substantially lower for those students who attend other colleges after departure from the study institution. The effect of multi-institutional attendance differs by college type, with the effect of 4-year out-of-state institution attendance being most pronounced. The simultaneous analysis of departures and returns provides the study institution with a more accurate and complete picture of student mobility.
Private sector solutions to the Latin American debt problem

This text shows how Latin America and foreign banks, firms, and investors helped to reduce the crisis nature of the debt problem in Latin America. It explains how and why the firms reacted decisively to protect their capital.
The in vitro inflation response of mouse sclera

The purpose of this research was to develop a reliable and repeatable inflation protocol to measure the scleral inflation response of mouse eyes to elevations in intraocular pressure (IOP), comparing the inflation response exhibited by the sclera of younger and older C57BL/6 mice. Whole, enucleated eyes from younger (2 month) and older (11 month) C57BL/6 mice were mounted by the cornea on a custom fixture and inflated according to a load-unload, ramp-hold pressurization regimen via a cannula connected to a saline-filled programmable syringe pump. First, the tissue was submitted to three load-unload cycles from 6 mmHg to 15 mmHg at a rate of 0.25 mmHg/s with ten minutes of recovery between cycles. Next the tissue was submitted to a series of ramp-hold tests to measure the creep behavior at different pressure levels. For each ramp-hold test, the tissue was loaded from 6 mmHg to the set pressure at a rate of 0.25 mmHg/s and held for 30 min, and then the specimens were unloaded to 6 mmHg for 10 min. This sequence was repeated for set pressures of: 10.5, 15, 22.5, 30, 37.5, and 45 mmHg. Scleral displacement was measured using digital image correlation (DIC), and fresh scleral thickness was measured optically for each specimen after testing. For comparison, scleral thickness was measured on untested fresh tissue and epoxy-fixed tissue from age-matched animals. Comparing the apex displacement of the different aged specimens, the sclera of older animals had a statistically significant stiffer response to pressurization than the sclera of younger animals. The stiffness of the pressure-displacement response of the apex measured in the small-strain (6-15 mmHg) and the large-strain (37.5-45 mmHg) regime, respectively, were 287 ± 100 mmHg/mm and 2381 ± 191 mmHg/mm for the older tissue and 193 ± 40 mmHg/mm and 1454 ± 93 mmHg/mm for the younger tissue (Student t-test, p<0.05). The scleral thickness varied regionally, being thickest in the peripapillary region and thinnest at the equator. Fresh scleral thickness did not differ significantly by age in this group of animals. This study presents a reliable inflation test protocol to measure the mechanical properties of mouse sclera. The inflation methodology was sensitive enough to measure scleral response to changes in IOP elevations between younger and older C57BL/6 mice. Further, the specimen-specific scleral displacement profile and thickness measurements will enable future development of specimen-specific finite element models to analyze the inflation data for material properties.
Human papillomavirus infection is inhibited by host autophagy in primary human keratinocytes

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is severely limited in its natural host, primary human keratinocytes. Our data show HPV infectivity in primary keratinocytes is over 100- and 1,000-fold lower than in established keratinocyte cell lines NIKS and HaCaT, respectively. Here, we show that the basal level of autophagy in primary human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) is higher than in immortalized keratinocytes, and that HPV16 virions significantly induce autophagy in HFKs. Interestingly, HPV16 infectivity is dramatically enhanced by knockdown of essential autophagy genes as well as biochemical inhibition of autophagy. The increase in HPV16 infectivity by autophagy inhibition is most significant in HFKs, showing an inverse correlation with basal HPV16 infectivity in HFK, NIKS, HaCaT, and 293FT cells. Further, inhibition of autophagy delays degradation of HPV16 capsid proteins during virus trafficking, indicating that host autophagy induced by HPV16 virions inhibits infection of primary keratinocytes through rapid degradation of viral capsid proteins.
Potent Dipeptide Inhibitors of the pp60c-src SH2 Domain

The design, synthesis, and evaluation of dipeptide analogues as ligands for the pp60c-src SH2 domain are described. The critical binding interactions between Ac-Tyr-Glu-N(n-C5H11)2 (2) and the protein are established and form the basis for our structure-based drug design efforts. The effects of changes in both the C-terminal (11−27) and N-terminal (51−69) portions of the dipeptide are explored. Analogues with reduced overall charge (92−95) are also investigated. We demonstrate the feasibility of pairing structurally diverse subunits in a modest dipeptide framework with the goal of increasing the druglike attributes without sacrificing binding affinity.
Verapamil in chronic stable angina: amelioration of pacing-induced abnormalities of left ventricular ejection fraction, regional wall motion, lactate metabolism and hemodynamics.

Abstract The effects of intravenously administered verapamil (bolus dose of 0.145 mg/kg body weight, followed by continuous infusion at 0.005 mg/kg per min) on myocardial ischemia induced by incremental coronary sinus pacing were investigated in 12 patients with coronary artery disease undergoing diagnostic angiography. The effects were determined with respect to differences between changes under control pacing conditions and after verapamil in the transmyocardial gradients of lactate, systemic hemodynamics and in left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion abnormalities measured with gated radionuclide ventriculography. Control and drug data could not be matched for four patients because of the development of atrioventricular (A-V) Wenckebach block at lower pacing rates during verapamil infusion. In the remaining eight patients, under control conditions, pacing to a mean maximal heart rate of 120.6 ± 10.8 beats/min produced moderate to severe chest pain in all; the left ventricular ejection fraction decreased from 0.59 ± 0.08 to 0.47 ± 0.07 (−20.2 percent, p The overall data, demonstrating that verapamil, when given under steady state conditions of drug administration, prevents or greatly attenuates the ischemic consequences of incremental coronary sinus pacing in patients with coronary artery disease, provide objective evidence for the clinical utility of the compound in exertional angina. Controlled clinical trials during oral therapy with the drug are therefore indicated.
Occurrence of gamma-guanidinobutyric acid.

IN the course of studies on soluble nitrogenous extractives from various sources using paper chromatography, γ-guanidinobutyric acid was found to be rather widely distributed in Nature. Using paper chromatography, we have identified this guanidine compound in some insects, in various edible fruits and in the tissues and body fluids of higher mammals, and we have isolated it from cattle brains.
The FDA Funding Crisis

The role of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is to ensure the safety of prescription and nonprescription drugs, dietary supplements, and the food supply, representing more than 20% of US consumer spending. The increased need to monitor imported drugs, drug products and foods, drug shortages, and compounding pharmacies bring the adequacy of FDA funding into question. Performing even at status quo cannot be accomplished if responsibilities increase without equitable funding increases: both from the federal government and fees imposed on FDA-regulated industries. Additionally, scientific advancement, new legislation, and new industries are continually increasing the FDA workload, necessitating commensurate budget increases.
The Male Supremacist Complex: Discovery of a Cultural Invention

Norton, in the preceding comment ("The Male Supremacist Complex: Discovery or Invention?") makes the following charges about Divale and Harris (1976): (1) they discarded census data from earlier publications which did not support their argument, and (2) "the lumping together of discrete populations to derive average sex ratio data is questionable as it does not reflect the great variety of sex ratios actually found in the censuses." From these she concludes "that Divale and Harris' male
Using environmental assessment and operant procedures to build integrated behaviors in schizophrenics

Abstract This study reports the use of an environmental assessment, as well as contingency management and response chaining procedures, in order to identify and establish integrated behaviors in hospitalized schizophrenic patients. The subjects were 17 patients who resided on an experimental ward of a state mental hospital and who had been continuously hospitalized for over 2 yr. A behavioral analysis determined that integrated behavior chains were the appropriate target behaviors and combined operant procedures were the most effective intervention techniques. Three target behaviors (work, bed-making, and grooming) which represented an integrated chain were sequentially conditioned using the lunch meal as contingent reinforcement. The results suggested that an integrated behavior pattern could be conditioned with minimal program changes.
Single crystal elastic constants of tungsten monocarbide

The elastic constants of single crystal tungsten monocarbide were determined using highfrequency (20 to 50 mHz) ultrasonic pulse-echo measurements. The measured values from this study are a full order of magnitude lower than the previously reported values estimated from X-ray elastic constants. The elastic modulus of polycrystalline tungsten carbide was also measured to verify the accuracy of the ultrasonic method used.
Seeing Media as Group Members: An Evaluation of Partisan Bias Perceptions

Drawing upon research on ingroup and outgroup perceptions, 2 studies examine citizen perceptions of media bias. Study 1 examines how citizens think about media bias across multiple sources. Consistent with the phenomenon of outgroup homogeneity, citizens' political leanings influence how much variation they perceive; politically dissimilar media are seen as having a more uniform partisan bias and politically similar media are seen as having more diverse partisan biases. Study 2 examines whether familiarity, one explanation for outgroup homogeneity, accounts for the patterns. Results demonstrate that familiarity does account for the findings; however, how it does so varies between sources seen as conservative and sources seen as liberal. The study discusses implications relating to theories about media perceptions.
Long-wavelength cutoff filters of a new type

A method for the design of cutoff filters is proposed that is based on the use of light at nonnormal angles of incidence and on the use of coating materials with a large dispersion of the optical constants. The optical constants are presented of several films made from indium tin oxide—a material that satisfies this requirement. The filtering is due to absorption, critical angle effects, or both. The theory of this type of filter is described, and the calculated performance of two long-wavelength cutoff filters based on the use of indium tin oxide films is given. The angular performance and the producibility of one of these filters are examined. Some applications for these filters are considered, and the feasibility of producing similar filters for other spectral regions is discussed.
Sequence homology of group a streptococcal Pep M5 protein with other coiled-coll proteins

Group A streptococcal Pep M5 protein, an antiphagocytic determinant of the bacteria, is an alpha-helical coiled-coil molecule, and exhibits significant sequence homology with tropomyosin and myosin, but to a lesser degree with other coiled-coil proteins. Moreover, Pep M5 is more homologous to myosin than to tropomyosin, and the homologies are more numerous between the C-terminal domain of the Pep M5 protein and the S2 fragment of myosin. The C-terminal domain of the Pep M5 protein exhibits extensive sequence identity with the C-terminal region of Pep M6 molecule, another M protein serotype. Thus, regions within two M protein serotypes are homologous to the S2 region of the myosin molecule. These observations are consistent with the immunological findings of other investigators and thus may explain some of the previously reported immunological cross-reactions between antigens of the group A streptococcus and mammalian heart tissue.
One-step conversion of terminal acetylenes into terminally functionalized (E)-3-methyl-2-alkenes via zircomium-catalyzed carboalumination. A simple and selective route to terpenoids

1-Heptin (I) reagiert mit Trimethylaluminium in Gegenwart von Dicyclopentadien-zirkondichlorid zum Addukt (II), das mit Chlorkohlensaureester zu (III) substituiert wird.
A Two-Compartment Model of VEGF Distribution in the Mouse

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis – the growth of new microvessels from existing microvasculature. Angiogenesis is a complex process involving numerous molecular species, and to better understand it, a systems biology approach is necessary. In vivo preclinical experiments in the area of angiogenesis are typically performed in mouse models; this includes drug development targeting VEGF. Thus, to quantitatively interpret such experimental results, a computational model of VEGF distribution in the mouse can be beneficial. In this paper, we present an in silico model of VEGF distribution in mice, determine model parameters from existing experimental data, conduct sensitivity analysis, and test the validity of the model. The multiscale model is comprised of two compartments: blood and tissue. The model accounts for interactions between two major VEGF isoforms (VEGF120 and VEGF164) and their endothelial cell receptors VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and co-receptor neuropilin-1. Neuropilin-1 is also expressed on the surface of parenchymal cells. The model includes transcapillary macromolecular permeability, lymphatic transport, and macromolecular plasma clearance. Simulations predict that the concentration of unbound VEGF in the tissue is approximately 50-fold greater than in the blood. These concentrations are highly dependent on the VEGF secretion rate. Parameter estimation was performed to fit the simulation results to available experimental data, and permitted the estimation of VEGF secretion rate in healthy tissue, which is difficult to measure experimentally. The model can provide quantitative interpretation of preclinical animal data and may be used in conjunction with experimental studies in the development of pro- and anti-angiogenic agents. The model approximates the normal tissue as skeletal muscle and includes endothelial cells to represent the vasculature. As the VEGF system becomes better characterized in other tissues and cell types, the model can be expanded to include additional compartments and vascular elements.