cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational modeling and design of liquid crystal materials for applications in the terahertz regime

Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) are powerful tools for modeling the physical and optical properties of liquid crystals (LC’s). These computational methods have been shown to be equally effective for predicting the polarizability anisotropy and birefringence (Δe) of LC’s in the terahertz (THz) regime. This work describes a series of nematic and chiral nematic LC’s designed using molecular structural elements (e.g., perfluorination) expected to enhance performance in THz regime applications. TDDFT calculations employing Gaussian 09 with B3LYP, along with the Vuks equation, were used to predict the magnitude of Δe in the THz region for these materials as a function of terminal group perfluorination.
Effects of ASL Rhyme and Rhythm on Deaf Children's Engagement Behavior and Accuracy in Recitation: Evidence from a Single Case Design.

Early language acquisition is critical for lifelong success in language, literacy, and academic studies. There is much to explore about the specific techniques used to foster deaf children’s language development. The use of rhyme and rhythm in American Sign Language (ASL) remains understudied. This single-subject study compared the effects of rhyming and non-rhyming ASL stories on the engagement behavior and accuracy in recitation of five deaf children between three and six years old in an ASL/English bilingual early childhood classroom. With the application of alternating treatment design with initial baseline, it is the first experimental research of its kind on ASL rhyme and rhythm. Baseline data revealed the lack of rhyme awareness in children and informed the decision to provide intervention as a condition to examine the effects of explicit handshape rhyme awareness instruction on increasing engagement behavior and accuracy in recitation. There were four phases in this study: baseline, handshape rhyme awareness intervention, alternating treatments, and preference. Visual analysis and total mean and mean difference procedures were employed to analyze results. The findings indicate that recitation skills in young deaf children can be supported through interventions utilizing ASL rhyme and rhythm supplemented with ASL phonological awareness activities. A potential case of sign language impairment was identified in a native signer, creating a new line of inquiry in using ASL rhyme, rhythm, and phonological awareness to detect atypical language patterns.
National Trends and Waitlist Outcomes of Locoregional Therapy Among Liver Transplant Candidates With Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States.

Background & Aims Policy changes in the United States have lengthened overall waiting times for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated temporal trends in utilization of locoregional therapy (LRT) and associated waitlist outcomes among liver transplant (LT) candidates in the United States. Methods Data for primary adult LT candidates listed from 2003 to 2018 who received HCC exception were extracted from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database. Explant histology was examined, and multivariable competing risk analysis was used to evaluate the association between LRT type and waitlist dropout. Results There were 31,609 eligible patients with at least 1 approved HCC exception, and 34,610 treatments among 24,145 LT candidates. The proportion with at least 1 LRT recorded increased from 42.3% in 2003 to 92.4% in 2018. Chemoembolization remains the most frequent type, followed by thermal ablation, with a notable increase in radioembolization from 3% in 2013 to 19% in 2018. An increased incidence of LRT was observed among patients with tumor burden beyond Milan criteria, higher α-fetoprotein level, and more compensated liver disease. Receipt of any type of LRT was associated with a lower risk of waitlist dropout; there was no significant difference by number of LRTs. In inverse probability of treatment weighting–adjusted analysis, radioembolization or ablation as the first LRT was associated with a reduced risk of waitlist dropout compared with chemoembolization. Conclusions In a large nationwide cohort of LT candidates with HCC, LRT, and in particular radioembolization, increasingly was used to bridge to LT. Patients with greater tumor burden and those with more compensated liver disease received more treatments while awaiting LT. Bridging LRT was associated with a lower risk of waitlist dropout.
Freezing of Dilute Aqueous-Alcohol Nanodroplets: The Effect of Molecular Structure.

We investigate vapor-liquid nucleation and subsequent freezing of aqueous-alcohol nanodroplets containing 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, and their 3-isomers. The aerosols are produced in a supersonic nozzle, where condensation and freezing are characterized by static pressure and Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements. At fixed water concentrations, the presence of alcohol enables particle formation at higher temperatures since both the equilibrium vapor pressure above the critical clusters and the cluster interfacial free energy are decreased relative to the pure water case. The disappearance of a small free OH peak, observed for pure water droplets, when alcohols are added and shifts in the CH peaks as a function of alcohol chain length reveal varying surface partitioning preferences of the alcohols. Changes in the FTIR spectra during freezing, as well as changes in the ice component derived from self-modeling curve resolution analysis, show that 1-hexanol and 1-pentanol perturb freezing less than their branched isomers do. This behavior may reflect the molecular footprints of the alcohols, the available surface area of the droplets, and not only alcohol solubility. The presence of alcohols also lowers the freezing temperature relative to that of pure water, but when there is clear evidence for the formation of ice, the ice nucleation rates change by less than a factor of â¼2-3 for all cases studied.
Colour Enhancement of Black and White Diagrams

If ‘Google images’1 does not provide the perfect picture, digital photographs can be taken from books, journals (referencing and gaining permission from the original authors) and hand-drawings. • Make sure the page is flat; glossy pages give reflections • Do not use the flash but use natural light • If natural lighting is not available, then multiple light sources (minimum of 2) reduce reflections • For predominantly white diagrams, overexpose the shot to give a whiter white • Hold the camera at 90° to the page, and dodge any reflections • Use medium zoom to reduce lens curve • Fill the frame. Colour enhancement of black and white diagrams
Valuing Transmission: Reliability, Congestion, and Uncertainty

This paper investigates how the relationships between congestion, reliability, and uncertainty affect how electrical grid users value transmission system upgrades. The role that uncertainty plays in grid users' valuations of many of the congestion and reliability benefits of upgrades is emphasized. Why many popular methods of transmission system expansion do not properly value upgrades is demonstrated. Finally, the paper explains the need for a market structure that better captures how grid users actually value transmission.
How Valuable are Multichannel Customers? The Moderating Effects of Product Category on the Relationship between Channel Preference and Monetary Value

How does the monetary value of customer purchases vary by customer preference for purchase channels (e.g., catalog, store, Web, multichannel) and product category? We develop a conceptual model and hypotheses about the moderating effects of two key product category characteristics -- hedonic versus utilitarian nature of the product category and perceived risk -- on the channel preference-monetary value relationship. We test these hypotheses using two different studies, comprising a unique large scale empirically generalizable dataset and a timeseries cross-sectional dataset. Contrary to conventional wisdom that all multichannel customers are more valuable than single channel customers, our results show that multichannel customers are the most valuable segment only for hedonic product categories. They reveal that for utilitarian product categories perceived as high (low) risk, ‘Web (catalog or store) only’ shoppers constitute the most valuable segment. Our findings offer managers guidelines for targeting and migrating different types of customers for different product categories through different channels.
Statistics of Coulomb-blockade peak spacings for a partially open quantum dot

We show that randomness of the electron wave functions in a quantum dot contributes to the fluctuations of the positions of the conductance peaks. This contribution grows with the conductance of the junctions connecting the dot to the leads. It becomes comparable with the fluctuations coming from the randomness of the single-particle spectrum in the dot while the Coulomb-blockade peaks are still well-defined. In addition, the fluctuations of the peak spacings are correlated with the fluctuations of the conductance peak heights.
Output Feedback Controller Realizations for Open-loop Stable Nonlinear Processes

The purpose of this work is two-fold: 1. To establish a unified conceptual framework for the control of open-loop stable nonlinear processes (including those with deadtime and unstable inverse dynamics). 2. To develop reduced-order controller realizations for open-loop stable processes with deadtime or unstable inverse dynamics, and study the underlying controller structure. The first objective is motivated by the inadequacy of the classical error feedback control structure to provide a transparent analysis framework in the presence of deadtime or unstable inverse dynamics. The second objective arises from the obvious practical importance of reduced order controller realizations.
A dramaturgical view of the health care service encounter

Examines the “dramaturgical” view of the service encounter to understand the service consumption experience. Illustrates this by demonstrating how the drama metaphor is applicable and useful in understanding perceived quality in health care services. Presents a strategic model of the medical encounter. Suggests impression management guidelines and, from a practical standpoint, serves to stimulate the imaginations of physicians and health care administrators on managing evaluations by paying attention to certain characteristics of the medical encounter.
An Axiomatic Theory of Functions and Fluents

The topic of this paper is a theory of some basic applications of mathematics to science. Part I deals with concepts of pure mathematics such as the logarithm, the second power, and the product, and with substitutions in the realm of those functions. Part II is devoted to scientific material such as time, gas pressure, coordinates — objects that Newton called fluents. Part III formulates articulate rules for the interrelation of fluents by functions. Properly relativized, the latter play that connective role for which Leibniz originated the term function.
Bioethics and Sociology

Bioethics is an approach to medical morality that emerged in the mid-twentieth century. Unlike previous incarnations of medical ethics, all of which kept the oversight of physicians in the hands of the medical profession, bioethics introduced non-physicians, including social scientists, to the work of monitoring the morality of medical practice. Sociology has played an important role in understanding the organization, deployment, and reception of bioethics, but bioethicists have not always welcomed the work of sociologists. While the skills of social science are useful to understanding and resolving the moral quandaries of medicine, critical analyses of the place of bioethics vis-a-vis medicine suggest that bioethics, like earlier versions of medical ethics, may be more attuned to the interests of medicine than to the interests of patients and research subjects. Keywords: bioethics; ethics; socialization
FlexRadio: fully flexible radios and networks

When a wireless node has multiple RF chains, there are several techniques that are possible; MIMO, full-duplex and interference alignment. This paper aims to unify these techniques into a single wireless node. It proposes to make a wireless node fully flexible such that it can choose any number of its RF chains for transmission and the remaining for simultaneous reception. Thus, MIMO and full duplex are subset configurations in our design. Surprisingly, this flexibility performs better than MIMO or full duplex or interference alignment or multi-user MIMO. This paper presents the design and implementation of FlexRadio, the first system enabling flexible RF resource allocation. We implement FlexRadio on the NI PXIe 1082 platform using XCVR2450 radio front-ends. FlexRadio node networks achieves a median gain of 47% and 38% over same networks with full duplex and MIMO nodes respectively.
Parallel algorithms using unreliable broadcasts

Parallel computing on networks of workstations (NOWs) allows effective use of existing hardware and software. NOWs are often connected using a broadcast medium such as an Ethernet, so it is natural to use broadcast as a communication primitive. However, existing parallel programs usually rely on point-to-point protocols for performing broadcasts since native broadcast schemes (UDP broadcast) do not guarantee delivery. Thus the potential of the broadcast medium is lost. Instead of making the broadcast reliable, we design algorithms which use an unreliable broadcast. Our algorithms are correct regardless of the reliability of the broadcast, but are more efficient the higher the reliability. We provide experimental results which show that UDP broadcasts are quite reliable in practice and can be used to design efficient minimum spanning tree and load balancing algorithms for NOWs.
Preparation of Plasma Membranes From Line 10 and Line 1 Guinea Pig Hepatomas

Gentle homogenization followed by differential and density gradient centrifugation was used to purify line 10 and line 1 guinea pig hepatoma plasma membranes in the form of ghosts. Yields of 15--25% allowed enough membranes to be obtained from a single ascites tumor-bearing animal for immunologic and biochemical studies. Although the plasma membrane marker enzyme (Na+ + k+)atpase was present in normal concentrations in both line 10 and line 1 hepatomas, 5'-nucleotidase was reduced over 100-fold in both tumors and phosphodiesterase I was increased 210-fold in the line 10 hepatomas.
Unravelling the mysteries of virulence gene regulation in Salmonella typhimurium

Salmonella typhimurium, which causes gastroenteritis in calves and humans as well as a typhoid-like disease in mice, uses numerous virulence factors to infect its hosts. Genes encoding these factors are regulated by many environmental conditions and regulatory pathways in vitro. Many virulence genes are specifically induced at particular sites during infection or in cultured host cells. The complex regulation of virulence genes observed in vitro may be necessary to restrict their expression to specific locations within the host. In vitro and in vivo studies provide clues about how virulence genes might be regulated in vivo. Future studies must assess the actual environmental signals and regulators that modulate each virulence gene in vivo and determine how multiple regulatory pathways are integrated to co-ordinate the appropriate expression of virulence factors at specific sites in vivo.
Open repairs for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability.

Successful treatment of anterior instability of the shoulder requires a balance between restoring joint stability and minimizing loss of glenohumeral motion. The choice of treatment should be individualized on the basis of the patient's occupation and level of participation in sports, as well as on the degree of instability of the shoulder. Despite discussions to the contrary, there is no single “essential lesion,” as proposed by Bankart, that is responsible for recurrent anterior shoulder instability, although the Bankart lesion is by far the most important. The choice of operative treatment must be tailored to correct the abnormality that is identified at the time of surgery. A variety of promising arthroscopic techniques have been developed for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability; however, open stabilization remains the standard, especially for severe instabilities, revision procedures, and for athletes who participate in contact sports. This article will review the open surgical techniques ...
Negative Magnus forces in the critical Reynolds number regime.

A spinning two-dimensional cylinder experiences a negative Magnus lift force at small spin ratios (peripheral speed/freestream speed) in the critical Reynolds number regime in steady incompressible flow. A comprehensive explanation of this phenomenon is offered. A negative Magnus side force at a small spin ratio has been measured on an inclined, spinning ogive-cylinder at a certain subcritical cross-flow Reynolds number. Through use of the impulsive flow analogy, the two-dimensional explanation can be applied to the negative side force experienced by the inclined spinning ogive-cylinder if the effect of the body vortices is allowed for. At both critical and subcritical cross-flow Reynolds numbers, the body vortices produce a side force which is opposed to, and larger than, the side force associated with the cross-flow separation positions. The cross-flow separation positions are similar to those on a spinning two-dimensional cylinder. Starting with the measured separation and body vortex positions, a simple potential flow model is developed, which predicts total side forces in qualitative agreement with those measured.
Video compression algorithm with adaptive bit allocation and quantization

The emerging ISO MPEG video compression standard is a hybrid algorithm which employs motion compensation, spatial discrete cosine transforms, quantization, and Huffman coding. The MPEG standard specifies the syntax of the compressed data stream and the method of decoding, but leaves considerable latitude in the design of the encoder. Although the algorithm is geared toward fixed-bit-rate storage media, the rules for bit rate control allow a good deal of variation in the number of bits allocated to each picture. In addition, the allocation of bits within a picture is subject to no rules whatsoever. One would like to design an encoder that optimizes visual quality of the decoded video sequence subject to these bit rate restrictions. However, this is difficult due to the elusive nature of a quantitative distortion measure for images and motion sequences that correlates well with human perception. This paper describes an MPEG encoder designed to produce good quality coded sequences for a wide range of video source characteristics and over a range of bit rates. The novel parts of the algorithm include a temporal bit allocation strategy, spatially adaptive quantization, and a bit rate control scheme.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of palmitate on hepatic biosynthetic functions at hyperthermic temperatures

Abstract Livers of fasted rats were perfused for 80 min at 37°–43°C, supplemented with lactate, NH4Cl, and ornithine in the presence or absence of palmitate. Hepatic functional integrity was maintained from 37° to 42°C as assessed by gluconeogenesis, ureogenesis, and O2 consumption. Between 42° and 43°C a sharp decline in biosynthetic function occurred. The ratio of lactate disappearance to glucose formation increased progressively with increasing temperature when compared with the ratio obtained at 37°C. Exogenous palmitate significantly decreased the ratio of lactate disappearance to glucose formation at 43°C. Furthermore, palmitate attenuated the detrimental effects of hyperthermia on gluconeogenesis, ureogenesis, and O2 consumption found in the absence of palmitate. The 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio progressively decreased as the liver temperature was increased in the presence or absence of palmitate, indicating a more oxidized mitochondrial redox state. Palmitate significantly increased the 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio in the presence of gluconeogenic and ureogenic substrates at all temperatures examined. The data suggest that provision of fatty acid has a protective effect in thermally stressed liver. Moreover, palmitate may substitute for the increased energy requirements of the hyperthermic state.
Past Hurt, Future Hope: Professionalizing Indian Child Welfare in Undergraduate Social Work Education Through a Collaborative Understanding of Changing Values and Changing Practices

This article explores the shared history of values and practices that motivates American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) and non-AI/AN child welfare stakeholders in a small Midwestern city and several Tribal reservations, to utilize Children's Bureau child welfare workforce development funding to plan for a better future for AI/AN children and families at risk of poor outcomes, as well as to promote the professionalization of child welfare through support of culturally appropriate undergraduate social work education.
Taming the beast: Categorizing state welfare policies: A typology of welfare policies affecting recipient job entry

This paper presents an overall approach, statistical techniques, and a public-use database that can be used for understanding state welfare policies and measuring their relationship with key outcomes of interest, all while learning helpful statistical techniques. We use descriptive statistics and correlations to describe state policies. We find tremendous variation in the types of job entry-related policies states adopted, and that state time limit policies tended to be consistently lenient or strict in 1999. State work requirement and financial incentive policies, however, were less consistent. We use factor analysis to create three summary variables describing state time limit, work requirement, and financial incentive to work policies. We then use cluster analysis to group states into five clusters based on the summary variables. Factor analysis proves more fruitful than cluster analysis for future analysis linking policies to outcomes. © 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
The Linear Stability and Structure of Convection in a Circular Mean Shear

Abstract An investigation in made of the linear stability and structure of convection embedded in a mean shear flow with a circular hodograph. This can he considered an extension of Asai's work, but with emphasis on the rotational and helicity features of the disturbances. It also examines the relevance of the Beltrami flow solutions presented previously by Lilly and Davics-Jones, which could not be directly extended to consider the effects of buoyancy. The Boussinesq equations we applied to neutrally and unstably stratified fluids, with emphasis placed on the inviscid solutions. Upper and lower boundary conditions are free slip and rigid. Lateral conditions are periodic, which allows casting the disturbance equations into a horizontally periodic normal-mode structure. The growth rates and disturbance forms are generally fairly similar to the results presented by Asai, except that the most unstable modes are nearly always oriented transverse to the shear component at the channel center. The most rapidly g...
Theory-Guided Design of Organic Electro-Optic Materials and Devices

Integrated (multi-scale) quantum and statistical mechanical theoretical methods have guided the nano-engineering of controlled intermolecular electrostatic interactions for the dramatic improvement of acentric order and thus electro-optic activity of melt-processable organic polymer and dendrimer electro-optic materials. New measurement techniques have permitted quantitative determination of the molecular order parameters, lattice dimensionality, and nanoscale viscoelasticity properties of these new soft matter materials and have facilitated comparison of theoretically-predicted structures and thermodynamic properties with experimentally-defined structures and properties. New processing protocols have permitted further enhancement of material properties and have facilitated the fabrication of complex device structures. The integration of organic electro-optic materials into silicon photonic, plasmonic, and metamaterial device architectures has led to impressive new performance metrics for a variety of technological applications.
Automatic code generation for spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control

Government and commercial customers are increasingly interested in robust, reusable flight software. For many spacecraft, Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem (ADCS) contributes a significant portion of the FSW. Thus refinements to ADCS code pay dividends for code development and reuse. Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) has recently developed an ADCS model and code set that follows model based design techniques. It uses Simulink for algorithm design and verification, a modular parameter database to customize mission profiles, and automatic code generation to create production quality embedded software. The code will be used on a LEO Earth imaging nanosat. This paper presents an overview of the algorithms, model architecture, parameter database, and code generation process.
The ‘Fourfold Sense’: De Lubac, Blondel and Contemporary Theology

Henri de Lubac's contribution to Catholic theology is well-known. But the work of the latter part of his career on medieval exegesis has received less scholarly acclaim. Historians of exegesis find it apologetic and too theological, and thus unhelpful in their field, while most theologians, with a few exceptions, have seemed to find it too historical for their work. This article argues that de Lubac's Medieval Exegesis is an exercise in theology, but specifically a tradition-oriented historical theology. Drawing upon Maurice Blondel's philosophical definition of tradition, de Lubac aims to describe the ‘fourfold sense’ as a tradition, a theological mentalite, often implicit, that suffuses ancient and medieval Christian theology. It is the author' hope that the recognition of the proper genre and aim of de Lubac's magnum opus et arduum is the catalyst for further, properly theological, reflection upon its claims about scripture and tradition.
Theory to reality: a few issues in implementing problem-based learning

The success of an intervention depends not only upon its theoretical soundness, but also on proper implementation that reflects the guidelines derived from its theoretical conception. Debates surrounding the effectiveness of problem-based learning (PBL) have focused on its theoretical conception and students’ learning outcomes, but implementation is seemingly absent from the picture. This paper attempts to describe what research evidence is needed to fill in this missing information and provide a clearer picture of PBL. The author examines current PBL implementation practices and identifies potentially confounding variables that may play a role in inconsistent or conflicting research results in PBL. For example, various models of PBL have been developed and implemented to afford the specific instructional needs of the institution or learner population. These PBL models are in fact quite different in terms of the nature of problem solving and the degrees of self-directed learning, which theoretically, should result in different types of learning outcomes. Without distinguishing the models used, the results of comparative PBL research could have been confounded. Furthermore, human factors are another set of confounding variables that could influence the students’ learning processes and consequently affect PBL implementations and research results. To remedy these problems and reach PBL’s full potential, as well as obtain a more accurate picture of PBL as an instructional method and its effects on students’ learning, some fundamental changes are needed.
Yield and quality characteristics of edible broiler skin fat as obtained from five rendering methods

Abstract Broiler breast skins were obtained from a commercial poultry processing plant. Breast skin fat was rendered using microwave rendering, conventional oven baking, water cooking, griddle rendering, and deep-fat frying. The yield and quality of rendered fat was measured and compared. Microwave rendering of breast skin exhibited the highest fat yields (47.5%) followed by deep-fat frying (33.4%), conventional oven rendering (31.6%), griddle rendering (25.8%), and water cooking (24.8%). The moisture content of the rendered skin fat was highest for water cooked (1.43%) and lowest for conventional oven baked (0.19%). No differences (P>0.05) in free fatty acid contents were observed among the rendering methods. The fat from griddle rendering exhibited the highest (P 0.05) among fatty acid profiles were observed for the fats prepared from the five rendering methods.
Spectral Editing in 13C MAS NMR under Moderately Fast Spinning Conditions

Abstract Novel procedures for the spectral assignment of peaks in high-resolution solid-state 13 C NMR are discussed and demonstrated. These methods are based on the observation that at moderate and already widely available rates of magic-angle spinning (10–14 kHz MAS), CH and CH 2 moieties behave to a large extent as if they were effectively isolated from the surrounding proton reservoir. Dipolar-based analogs of editing techniques that are commonly used in liquid-state NMR such as APT and INEPT can then be derived, while avoiding the need for periods of homonuclear 1 H– 1 H multipulse decoupling. The resulting experiments end up being very simple, essentially tuning-free, and capable of establishing unambiguous distinctions among CH, CH 2 , and carbon sites. The principles underlying such sequences were explored using both numerical calculations and experimental measurements, and once validated their editing applications were illustrated on a number of compounds.
Function of CBFβ/Bro proteins

Mammalian core binding factor beta (CBFbeta) and Drosophila Brother (Bro) and Big-brother (Bgb) proteins are transcription factors that dimerize with mammalian Runx and Drosophila Runt and Lozenge proteins and augment their DNA binding affinity and transcriptional potency. CBFbeta is essential for development and sustenance of definitive hematopoiesis during mouse embryogenesis. Bro and Bgb are required for Runt/Lozenge functions in Drosophila development. CBFbeta contributes to leukemogenesis since the CBFB gene is specifically and consistently mutated by a chromosome 16 inversion found in patients with acute myeloid leukemia subtype M4Eo. The ubiquitous expression pattern of the CBFB gene suggests that it may play important roles in many other organ systems.
Hydrodynamic performance of a horizontal axis tidal turbine under steady flow conditions

Performance characteristics are presented for a two-bladed horizontal axis tidal turbine, representing a 1/25th scale operational turbine. The tests were conducted in a 116 m long tow tank facility at the United States Naval Academy. The performance characteristics of power and thrust coefficient are measured for the turbine for a range of tip speed ratios. The results of the model test are applicable to full scale due to Re number independence of the rotor blades for the tested conditions. A full uncertainty analysis is performed and major sources of uncertainty are identified. Uncertainty levels are 4% and 1% for power and thrust coefficient respectively, and 3% for the tip speed ratio.
DNA repair in lymphoblastoid cell lines established from human genetic disorders.

Abstract Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) established from chromosomal breakage syndromes or related genetic disorders have been used to study the effects of mutagens on human lymphoid cells. The disorders studied include xeroderma pigmentosum, ataxia telangiectasia, Fanconi's anemia, Bloom's syndrome and Cockayne's syndrome. Three approaches were used to assess the cells' ability to cope with a particular mutagen: (1) assaying recovery of DNA snythetic capabilities as measured by [ 3 H]thymidine (dT) incorporation; (2) measurements of classical excision DNA repair by isopyknic sedimentation of DNA density labeled with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU); (3) determining cell survival by colony formation in microtiter plates. LCLs established from xeroderma pigmentosum showed increased sensitivities to ultraviolet (354 nm) light and N -acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAAF) as determined by DNA synthesis or colony formation and had diminished levels of excision-repair. Cockayne's syndrome LCLs, on the other hand, had increased sensitivities to ultraviolet (UV) light, AAAF and N -methyl- N′ -nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) while showing near normal levels of DNA-repair after treatment with each agent. An LCL established from ataxia telangiectasia had decreased DNA repair synthesis and defective colony-forming ability following treatment with MNNG. LCLs, in addition to ease of establishment, appear likely to provide useful material for the study of DNA repair replication and its relationship to carcinogenesis.
Microwave Spectrum and Structure of the Acetylene−OCS Dimer

The rotational spectra of four isotopomers of the HCCH−OCS van der Waals dimer have been observed with a Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The rotational constants for the normal isotopomer were determined to be A = 5839.1071(20) MHz, B = 2055.4388(13) MHz, and C = 1514.9785(12) MHz. The rotational constants are consistent with a nearly parallel arrangement of the monomer subunits with a calculated RCM distance of 3.6062(13) A. A semiempirical model employing electrostatic, dispersion, and repulsion interactions was used to study the structure and binding of the system and reproduced the geometry of the dimer successfully. Comparisons with the model results for the closely related HCCH−CO2 and HCCH−N2O systems will also be presented.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide induces AP-1 activity by a PKA and c-fos-dependent mechanism in pre-B cells.

Abstract Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a sensory neuropeptide with regulatory influences on immune and inflammatory responses and early B lymphocyte differentiation. Little is known about its cellular mechanisms. These studies examined whether CGRP induces c- fos . CGRP induced a transient concentration-dependent increase in c- fos in a CGRP receptor expressing pre-B cell line, 70Z/3. CGRP did not induce c- jun , jun B or jun D. A protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor blocked c- fos induction by CGRP, suggesting that the mechanism depends on cAMP induction of PKA. CGRP induced AP-1 binding activity in the nucleus, indicating that CGRP regulates expression of specific target genes. CGRP also induced c- fos in B220 + enriched cells from bone marrow. These results suggest that regulatory influences of CGRP on early B cells and in other tissues can involve a cAMP/PKA, c- fos /AP-1-dependent pathway for regulation of specific genes.
The formation of Fe3O4 during unlubricated sliding of 4340 steel under both light and heavy contact pressures

Abstract Steel (4340) plates were subjected to two different types of unlubricated wear tests. In one case, in which a cylindrical slider and flat plate were used, the contact pressure was 0.13 MPa and the sliding speed was 0.08 m s −1 . Films of Fe 3 O 4 were found to grow from initial values of 2–4 nm to steady state values of 8–14 nm. These results occurred for test conditions in which (1) both the plate and the slider were hardened to Rockwell hardness 55–60 HRC, (2) both plate and slider were tempered to 7–9 HRC and (3) a hardened slider was used with a tempered plate. While most tests were conducted in air under ambient conditions, some testing was done under nitrogen to verify the validity of the analytical procedures. In another type of test, a bolted joint, fabricated from 4340 steel, was loaded to cause slip. Under these conditions, the contact pressure was 50 MPa and the sliding distance was 3.0 mm. The oxide film, again identified as Fe 3 O 4 , grew from an initial thickness of 5 nm to 7–10 nm after slip. The principal investigative technique was ellipsometry which is based on the measurement of changes in the polarization state of light reflected from a specimen surface. This technique permits the determination under ambient conditions of the film thickness in film-substrate systems. Little interference is found from the changes in reflectance caused by development of a wear scar or other locally severe surface damage.
A long-term evaluation of the modified mesh-plug hernioplasty in over 2,000 patients

Background A modified technique for mesh-plug hernioplasty is a long-term, safe and efficacious treatment for primary unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy.
International Technology Transfer, Climate Change, and the Clean Development Mechanism

AbstractAs the developed world begins efforts to limit its emissions of greenhouse gases, economic growth in developing countries is causing increased emissions from the developing world. Reducing ...
CO2 retention values in enhanced oil recovery

Carbon dioxide (CO2) retention is the fraction of the injected volume trapped in the subsurface as a result of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). CO2 retention is determined by multiple factors acting generally in combinations varying according to the geology of the reservoir and the implementation of the recovery. Primarily, the factors are the amount of CO2 remaining in the pore space connected to injection wells but not to the producer; dissolution into the formation water, subjacent aquifer, or both; accumulation in the pore space vacated by produced oil; chemical reaction with the minerals in the matrix; and loss to a thief zone. Accurate modeling of retention is important in the evaluation of the economics of reservoir development and in the assessment of potential CO2 sequestration. This contribution deals with 23 units containing information relating retention rates to the amount of CO2 injected in EOR operations. For all but two units, the flooding is miscible and all but two units are in the United States. Compilation of values reported in the literature shows a tendency for higher values of retention for carbonate than for siliciclastic reservoirs.
The functional dissection of human peripheral null cells with respect to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and natural killing

A null lymphocyte subpopulation was isolated from human peripheral blood using a combination of Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, chromatographic separation of immunoglobulin-bearing cells on Sephadex G-200-anti-human F(ab'), columns and E rosette sedimentation. Null cell recovery averaged 5% of total peripheral mononuclear cells with greater than 90% purity by surface marker analysis. The purified null subpopulation was markedly enriched for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural killing (NK) activity, while the Ig+′ and E' populations were virtually inactive. In the NK assay, the number of recovered lytic units in the null subpopulation was greatly increased over the total lytic units in unf ractionated cell populations, while enrichment in ADCC lytic units was strictly dependent on the concentration of null cells in effector populations. The null cell mediators of both ADCC and NK activity were shown to lack the Ia-like surface antigen, p 23, 30. The results suggest that both ADCC and NK are mediated by the same population of null cells comprising less than 5% of peripheral lymphocytes and which lack the Ia-like antigen p 23, 30, as well as mature T and B cell surface markers. The marked enrichment of NK activity in purified null populations suggests that E+ T cells may regulate NK by this subpopulation in vivo.
Situating corporate framings of child labor: Toward grounded geographies of working children in globalized agriculture

Abstract The expansion of multinational corporations into agricultural production around the world is resulting in new forms of engagement in specific places. In the context of neoliberal restructuring, these engagements are tied to shifting landscapes of societal, governmental and industry-based perceptions on the role of corporations in labor regimes. But how are these engagements developed and how do they connect to the everyday lives of workers? In India, when Monsanto expanded into hybrid cotton seed production in the early 2000s, the corporation came under pressure to address concerns over the widespread employment of children and young workers for seed pollination. In response, the corporation developed an approach to child labor that, I argue, works to reinforce generalized and problematic notions of childhood and work. Corporate engagements in global agriculture need to be situated in time and space, and alongside the experiences of workers. Children experience attempts to shape their patterns of work and mobility as a series of surmountable obstacles, disconnected from the process of deciding whether or not they will engage in this work. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork in Gujarat and Rajasthan, and documentary analysis of public documents, I outline the development of a corporate response to child labor and place it within the context of the rise of corporate social responsibility, global ideas of child labor, and in the specific case of cotton seed production in western India. I demonstrate that contextualized geographies of working children in globalized agriculture reveal the nature of multinational corporations’ engagements in specific places.
Decentralized and Efficient Control of Transboundary Pollution in Federal Systems

Abstract Decentralized control of transboundary pollution in federal systems can be efficient when population crowding is socially costly. In this paper, an upstream region abates pollution or makes an interregional income transfer to the downstream region with the sole intent of deterring immigration. Because either instrument, abatement expenditure or interregional income transfer, alone implements an efficient population distribution between the regions, interregional income transfers are unnecessary for efficiency. Without explicit income transfers, each region provides the efficient portion of the aggregate level of pollution abatement in the Nash equilibrium.
Relations between Young's natural and the Kazhdan-Lusztig representations of Sn

Abstract Our main result here is that, under a suitable order of standard tableaux, the classical representation of Sn introduced by Young (in “The Collected Papers of Alfred Young, 1873–1940,” Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto) (QSA IV), and usually referred as the Natural representattion, the the more recently discovered (Invent. Math.53 (1979), 165–184) Kazhdan-Lusztig (K-L) representation are related by an upper triangular integral matrix with unit diagonal elements. We have been led to this discovery by a numerical exploration. We noted it in each of the irreducible representations of Sn up to n = 6. The calculations in these cases were carried out by constructing the corresponding Kazhdan-Lusztig graphs from tables (M. Goresky, Tables of Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials, unpublished) of K-L polynomials. To extend the calculations to n = 7 we have used graphs obtained by means of an algorithm given by Lascoux and Schutzenberger (Polynomes de Kazhdan & Lusztig pour les Grassmanniennes, preprint). Remarkably, the same property holds also for these graphs. These findings appear to confirm the assertion made by these authors that their algorithm does indeed yield K-L graphs. For the case of hook shapes we have obtained an explicit construction of the transforming matrices, a result which was also suggested by our numerical data. For general shapes, the transforming matrices are less explicit and our proof is based on certain properties of the Kazhdan-Lusztig representations given in their article (Invent. Math.53 (1979), 165–184) and on a purely combinatorial construction of the natural representation.
The SCPP gene repertoire in bony vertebrates and graded differences in mineralized tissues

The vertebrate tooth is covered with enamel in most sarcopterygians or enameloid in chondrichthyans and actinopterygians. The evolutionary relationship among these two tissues, the hardest tissue in the body, and other mineralized tissues has long been controversial. We have recently reported that specific combinations of secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein (SCPP) genes are involved in the mineralization of bone, dentin, enameloid, and enamel. Thus, the early repertoire of SCPP genes would elucidate the evolutionary relationship across these tissues. However, the diversity of SCPP genes in teleosts and tetrapods and the roles of these genes in distinct tissues have remained unclear, mainly because many SCPP genes are lineage-specific. In this study, I show that the repertoire of SCPP genes in the zebrafish, frog, and humans includes many lineage-specific genes and some widely conserved genes that originated in stem osteichthyans or earlier. Expression analysis demonstrates that some frog and zebrafish SCPP genes are used primarily in bone, but also in dentin, while the reverse is true of other genes, similar to some mammalian SCPP genes. Dentin and enameloid initially use shared genes in the matrix, but enameloid is subsequently hypermineralized. Notably, enameloid and enamel use an orthologous SCPP gene in the hypermineralization process. Thus, the hypermineralization machinery ancestral to both enameloid and enamel arose before the actinopterygian-sarcopterygian divergence. However, enamel employs specialized SCPPs as structuring proteins, not used in enameloid, reflecting the divergence of enamel from enameloid. These results show graded differences in mineralized dental tissues and reinforce the hypothesis that bone-dentin-enameloid-enamel constitutes an evolutionary continuum.
Preliminary findings of the early assessment for exceptional potential project 1

This article examines the preliminary results of a three year effort to create and implement a model for the assessment of exceptional potential in students, kindergarted through grade three. In addition, the article examines the impact of the project on the first cohort of 33 primary classroom teachers attitudes and behaviors toward the identification of, and subsequent programming for, young minority and/or economically disadvantaged children of exceptional potential.
Structured operational semantics as a specification language

Standard specification languages have very limited abilities to define new operations on processes. We introduce the concept of a Protean specification language, with general definitional facilities supported by the appropriate theory. Protean languages allow elegant, readable, and useful specifications at all levels of abstraction. A good Protean specification language will admit methods of verifying that one specification is a refinement of another. We sketch a family of Protean specification languages (with references to the full details) which allow a vast amount of expressive power in defining operations, but nonetheless have all the essential theoretical and specification power of CCS and ACP.We illustrate these techniques by presenting several specifications of the job of protecting an arbitrary server by a checkpoint/backup scheme. The high-level specification of the protected server simply says, “It does everything it did before, and it doesn't crash.” The middle-level specification describes checkpointing cleanly and abstractly, without prescribing any particular implementation. The low-level specification is fairly close to an implementation. We show the high- and medium-level specifications equivalent by bisimulation relation techniques, and the medium- and low-level specifications equivalent by equational reasoning using automatically-generated equations. We also show that the operations expressing checkpointing behavior are not definable in standard process algebras.