cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transfer of learning in choice reactions: contributions of specific and general components of manual responses.

Manifestations of learned skills and knowledge are known to be context-dependent. However, a study of perceptual-motor learning [Tagliabue, M., Zorzi, M., & Umilta, C. (2002). Cross-modal re-mapping influences the Simon effect. Memory and Cognition, 30, 18–23] reported context-independent transfer of a learned stimulus–response (S–R) mapping to a task in which the mapping is no longer relevant. Although similar results were observed in subsequent studies, these studies also provided an indication that the transfer is context-dependent. The present study investigated the issue of context-dependence of the transfer of a learned S–R mapping. In experiment 1, groups of participants performed choice-reaction tasks with either the same or different response modes (keypresses or joystick movements) in the practice and transfer sessions. Smaller transfer effects were observed for those who switched response mode in the transfer session than for those who did not, indicating that transfer of the learned mapping is context-dependent. However, transfer also occurred for the former group, indicating that the transfer effect is dependent on both general and specific response components. In experiment 2, the same task conditions were examined, but with action effects consistent across the practice and transfer sessions, which were assumed to introduce a contextual feature that was common to the two sessions. The influence of action effects on transfer depended on the practiced response. The results are discussed in terms of feature overlap between the learning and test contexts, and an association network model of learning and response selection.
Temporary atrial standstill

Abstract Temporary atrial standstill is a relatively rare event requiring intraatrial electrogram recordings for its documentation. Previous reports have emphasized its relationship to drug intoxication, infarction, the immediate post open-heart surgery period, or the premorbid state; significant impairment of atrial excitability is usual. The occurrence of atrial standstill in the presence of intact atrial excitability suggests “electrical isolation” of the atria. The three patients we describe manifested temporary atrial standstill while maintaining atrial excitability. Diffuse conduction system disease and drug effects played a contributory role.
Outcomes of simultaneous liver/kidney transplants are equivalent to kidney transplant alone: a preliminary report.

Background. With adoption of Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, the number of simultaneous liver-kidney transplants (SLK) has greatly increased. A recent registry study questioned the equity of allocating kidney transplants (KTx) simultaneously with liver transplantation due to poor outcomes (Locke et al., Transplantation 2008; 85: 935). Methods. To investigate outcome of KTx in SLK, all SLK (n=36) performed at our center from January 2000 to December 2007 were reviewed and KTx outcomes compared with those of kidney transplant alone (KTA) performed during that period (n=1283). We also reviewed whether pretransplant panel reactive antibody and donor-specific antibody affected KTx outcome in SLK. Results. One- and 3-year KTx and patient survival were not different between KTA and SLK regardless of sensitization level. There were 348 (27%) KTx failures in KTA vs. 6 (17%) in SLK (NS). Overall freedom from acute cellular rejection (ACR) and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in SLK was 93 and 96% at 3 years, compared with 72 and 78% in KTA (P=0.0105 and P=0.0744, respectively). Sensitized KTx recipients had more ACR and AMR (32 and 38%) at 3 years compared with nonsensitized recipients (28 and 20%) (P=0.23 and 0.0001, respectively). No differences in ACR and AMR were observed when SLK was divided and level of sensitization compared (P=0.17 and 0.65, respectively). Conclusion. SLK is a life-saving procedure with excellent patient and graft survival. AMR incidence in the KTx appears reduced in SLK compared with KTA regardless of level of preoperative panel reactive antibody. A high level of donor-specific antibody should not preclude simultaneous transplantation when clinically indicated.
Epstein-Barr virus-associated leiomyosarcoma with cutaneous involvement in an African child with human immunodeficiency virus: a case report and review of the literature.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated smooth muscle tumors (SMTs) are infrequently encountered lesions restricted to immunocompromised patients. However they represent the second most common tumor in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We report a case of a progressively enlarging abdominal mass with cutaneous involvement in an HIV-infected 4-year-old African girl in Malawi with clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Analysis of an excisional specimen revealed a well-differentiated leiomyosarcoma and subsequent studies revealed diffuse nuclear positivity for Epstein-Barr virus early RNAs in lesional cells. We present a report of this case and provide a summary of the literature regarding SMTs in pediatric HIV-infected patients. In addition we draw attention to the cutaneous manifestations of SMTs in immunosuppressed populations. We highlight EBV-related SMTs as a potential cutaneous complication of HIV infection in children and immunosuppressed patients populations as a whole.
Contrast statistics for foveated visual systems: Contrast constancy and fixation selection

The human visual system combines of wide field of view with a high resolution fovea and uses high speed ballistic eye movements to direct the fovea to potentially relevant locations in the visual scene. This strategy is sensible for a visual system with limited neural resources. However, for this strategy to be effective, the visual system needs to employ sophisticated central mechanisms that exploit the varying spatial resolution of the retina. To gain insight into some of the design requirements of these central mechanisms, we have analyzed the effects of variable spatial resolution on local RMS contrast in 300 calibrated natural images. Specifically, for each retinal eccentricity e (which produces a certain effective level of blur), and for each value of local RMS contrast c observed at that eccentricity, we measured the probability distribution of the local RMS contrast in the unblurred image. These conditional probability distributions can be regarded as posterior probability distributions for the “true” (unblurred) contrast, given an observed contrast at a given eccentricity. We find that the mode of the posterior probability distribution of the unblurred contrast (i.e., the MAP estimate cest) is given by cest = kce + c, the standard deviation by σ = kce + σ0, and the differential entropy by h = 0.5log2[2πe(kce + σ0)], where k and σ0 are constants. The formula for the MAP estimate of contrast suggests a simple rule the visual system could exploit to achieve approximate contrast constancy across eccentricity. Our results also suggest a potentially efficient algorithm/model for selecting fixation locations when the goal is to encode images as well as possible (maximally reduce uncertainty) with just a few fixations. We find that the algorithm works very well at reducing total contrast uncertainty, and also works well at reducing the mean squared error between the original image and the image reconstructed from the multiple fixations.
Comparison of Marine and College Women's HIV/AIDS‐Relevant Sexual Behaviors1

The authors previous research indicates that women in recruit training for the Marine Corps and women in their freshman year at college have significantly different patterns of sexual and contraceptive behavior. This study compares the heterosexual risk behaviors perceptions of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and predictors of condom use between samples of women in each of these groups. 432 sexually experienced female Marines of mean age 19.7 years and 205 sexually experienced female college freshmen of mean age 18.6 were surveyed about their recent sexual behavior. The Marines were 68% white 22% black and 6% Hispanic while the students were 83% white 5% black and 9% Hispanic. Enlisted in the only recruit training station for women Marines women in the military sample were from many parts of the US. The female students were from three large universities in each of Iowa New York and Florida; two state institutions in rural areas and one private university in an urban area. All subjects in both samples were high school graduates. The college women had an average of 3.9 total sex partners compared to 5.2 sex partners among the Marines. College women had sexual intercourse an average 6.0 times per month compared to 9.1 times among the Marines while 38% of students and 16% of Marines used a condom at last intercourse. Moreover the Marines had less knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission compared to the students. The Marines sexual behavior therefore put them at greater risk of contracting HIV than the college students. College students displayed a larger illusion of unique invulnerability than the Marines. It was also found that generally women who had more sex partners and more frequent sexual intercourse were less likely to report regularly using condoms. These data support Weinstein and Nicholichs recent suggestion that the relation between risk perception and risk behavior is different for different groups of people.
Observations of He+ concentrations in the topside ionosphere under equinox conditions near solar maximum: Morningside morphology

[1] Average He+ concentrations are examined for solar maximum conditions at equinox using data from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) flights F13 and F15. The DMSP spacecraft have Sun-synchronous orbits at 800 km altitude. F13 data were taken under presunrise conditions, while F15 data were taken at midmorning local times. Data are averaged for 31 days centered on the northern spring and fall equinoxes between ±40° magnetic latitude. Both the He+ concentration and He+ fraction show significant longitudinal and latitudinal variation, which can be accounted for by neutral wind induced ion drag. The He+ fraction can reach as much as 40% of the total plasma density in the presunrise hours, but 10% or less of the total plasma density at midmorning. While the He+ concentrations before sunrise and at midmorning have comparable magnitudes, the midmorning values of the He+ fraction are much more uniform than in the presunrise data. Examination of the F10.7 cm solar flux and geomagnetic activity implies solar flux has a much greater influence on He+ concentrations. The level of solar flux as well as the amount of variability in the solar flux appear to influence the average He+ concentrations and fractions.
A two-dimensional mesh generator for variable order triangular and rectangular elements

Abstract An improved method is presented for generating variable order elements by superelement generation. This method is simple to apply and requires less execution time in comparison with other variable order mesh generators. Depending on geometrical complexity and material variation, the superelements are manually determined to be refined into high or low order elements. Different mesh generation subroutines are employed to generate elements of different orders. The refined elements of different orders are finally patched to form a hybrid mesh. A FORTRAN program is given to generate finite element meshes of linear and quadratic triangular and rectangular elements automatically.
On Bifurcation in Finite Elasticity: Buckling of a Rectangular Rod

Although there is an extensive literature on the linearization instability of the nonlinear system of partial differential equations that governs an elastic material, there are very few results that prove that a second branch of solutions actually bifurcates from a known solution branch when the known branch becomes unstable. In this paper the implicit function theorem in a Banach space setting is used to prove that the quasistatic compression of a rectangular elastic rod between rigid frictionless plates leads to the buckling of the rod as is observed in experiment and as first predicted by Euler.
The invention of the transistor

Arguably the most important invention of the past century, the transistor is often cited as the exemplar of how scientific research can lead to useful commercial products. Emerging in 1947 from a Bell Telephone Laboratories program of basic research on the physics of solids, it began to replace vacuum tubes in the 1950s and eventually spawned the integrated circuit and microprocessor—the heart of a semiconductor industry now generating annual sales of more than $150 billion. These solid-state electronic devices are what have put computers in our laps and on desktops and permitted them to communicate with each other over telephone networks around the globe. The transistor has aptly been called the “nerve cell” of the Information Age.
Performance evaluation of distributed iSCSI RAID

iSCSI is a newly emerging protocol with the goal of implementing the storage area network (SAN) technology over TCP/IP, which brings economy and convenience whereas it also raises performance and reliability issues. This paper identifies the performance bottleneck of iSCSI, and then proposes a distributed iSCSI RAID to improve the performance by stripping data among iSCSI targets (S-iRAID) and improve the reliability by using rotated parity for data blocks (P-iRAID). Numerical results using popular benchmark have shown dramatic performance gain. S-iRAID improves the average throughput from 11.7MB/s to 46.1 MB/s by striping data among only three iSCSI targets. S-iRAID and P-iRAID can speed up the iSCSI performance by a factor of up to 6.6 and 2.17, respectively.
Light neutrinos from the quark condensate

Abstract Small neutrino masses may arise from a dimension-six operator after quark chiral flavor symmetry is broken by the quark condensate. This requires the introduction of an additional symmetry which keeps the neutrinos and up quark massless after electroweak symmetry breaking. Simple models implementing this idea for Dirac and Majorana masses are presented.
Parent Involvement in Infant and Preschool Programs

An analysis of parent involvement in early intervention programs was conducted as part of a review of literature on the efficacy of early intervention with disadvantaged, at-risk, and handicapped preschoolers. The evidence to date suggests that there is little support for the position that involvement of parents leads to more effective intervention programs. The meta-analysis also demonstrated that there is little research which addresses the issue of parental involvement with handicapped children. Suggestions for future research are included.
SU-E-T-420: Impact of Different Prescription Isodose Lines On Plan Quality for Brain Metastases Using Multiplan System

Purpose: With the sequential optimization algorithm in MultiPlan system, clinical objectives (homogeneity, PTV coverage, conformity, normal tissue protection) can be optimized in sequence. However, the prescription isodose line (RxIDL) varies widely among institutions, which can influence the optimized dose distribution. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of different prescription isodose lines on plan quality for the treatment of brain metastases using CyberKnife Multiplan system. Methods: Ten patients with multiple metastases were selected for this study. Four plans were generated for each patient such that 100% of the target volume receives the prescribed dose of 18 Gy, which was 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% prescription Isodose line, separately. The prescription isodose was calculated as the ratio of the prescription dose and the maximum dose in target volume. The dosimetric parameters, including PTV coverage, conformity index (CI), gradient index (GI) and the volume covered by 12 Gy (V12Gy) were analyzed. The plan Monitor Units (MU) and treatment time were also compared. Results: All plans can provide the same target coverage (100%) and similar conformity index (1.26, 1.30, 1.32, and 1.29 on average for 80%, 70%, 60%, and 50% RxIDL plans, separately); there was no difference in critical structure dose. The 50% RxIDL plans have much lower GI (4.21±1.79 for 50% and 5.56±2.92 for 80% RxIDL plans) and V12Gy (13.36±10.31cc for 50% and 15.87±11.85cc for 80% RxIDL plans). The variation in estimated treatment delivery time was insignificant. Conclusion: The dose falloff is much faster for the lower RxIDL plans in terms of GI and V12Gy. For 50% RxIDL plans, the average V12Gy decreases by 16% compared to 80% RxIDL plans, which indicates that the normal tissue can be better protected by decreasing the prescription Isodose line.
The neurological organization of pathways between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in old world and new world primates

Pathways between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and visual cortex in Old World (Macaca, Papio, Erythrocebus, Cercopithecus) and New World (Saimiri, Cebus) primates were studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase and H3 or S35 amino acids into the dLGN or visual cortex. Trans-synaptic autoradiography was also used to study these pathways after an injection of H3 proline-fucose into one eye. The subsequent autoradiographs of visual cortex showed that Old World primates have separate eye inputs (ocular dominance columns) in striate cortex, whereas New World monkeys have overlapping or non-separated eye inputs. In both primate groups the geniculocortical input to layer IVA formed a pattern which resembled a honeycomb in tangential sections, unlike the solidly labeled layer IVC. Also common to the two primate groups was a projection from dLGN to layer VI. There was no dLGN projection to any prestriate area in any of the primates. However, after an injection limited to the prestriate cortex of Macaca, light autoradiographic labeling was seen in the interlaminar zones and the magnocellular and S laminae, demonstrating a prestriate-dLGN pathway. Our results indicate that the primate visual system differs significantly from the cat in having no dLGN projection to area 18. There are also significant differences between primates in the level at which the possibility of binocularity (of an excitatory nature) first occurs in the striate cortex because in the species studied thus far with neuroanatomical methods, Old World primates have ocular dominance columns in layer IV but most New World monkeys lack them.
Naringin and Limonin Production in Callus Cultures and Regenerated Shoots from Citrus sp.

Summary Limonin, limonoate A-ring monolactone, and naringin levels in Citrus paradisi Macf. and Citrus sinensis Osbeck were monitored during initiation of callus from hypocotyl sections and during shoot regeneration. The results show that the callus material contained substantially reduced levels of each of these compounds and that shoot development was accompanied by an increase in naringin and limonoate A-ring monolactone. Callus initiated from albedo explants showed a rapid decrease in limonin and naringin during the first three weeks of culture and by week 42 contained an average of 0.1 % of the original naringin and 0.06 % of the original limonin levels. Less than 1.5 % of the original naringin and limonin was lost to the culture medium. Limonin and naringin were still detectable in callus from different explant sources which had been in culture for over 3 years and a wide range of concentrations (over 10 fold) was found.
Juggling multiple racial identities: Malleable racial identification and psychological well-being.

The authors examined the link between malleable racial identification and psychological well-being among self-identified multiracial adults. Malleable racial identification refers to the tendency to identify with different racial identities across different social contexts. Results across three studies suggested that malleable racial identification was associated with lower psychological well-being. Study 2 found that unstable regard (i.e., fluctuating private regard about their multiracial background) was the mechanism through which malleable racial identification predicted lower psychological health. Results of Study 3 suggested that dialectical self-views played an important moderating role that determines whether malleability is associated with negative psychological outcomes. The present studies uniquely show that malleable racial identification among multiracial people is maladaptive for psychological health, but that this may depend on whether or not people have tolerance for ambiguity and inconsistency in the self.
Optimized Maintenance Scheduling for Budget-Constrained Distribution Utility

This work proposes a two-step approach to minimizing radial distribution maintenance cost while ensuring that the performance of a utility is as close as possible to desired reliability benchmarks. The maintenance cost is first optimized within the required reliability level. The System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) is used as the reliability measure. If budget constraints do not allow the required maintenance, or if a component degrades beyond its expected level, then components are derated and system is reconfigured to prolong component life and raise system reliability. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate this method.
Characterization of SIV-specific CD4+ T-helper proliferative responses in macaques immunized with live-attenuated SIV

Analysis of immune responses generated by live-attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains may provide clues to the mechanisms of protective immunity induced by this approach. We examined SIV-specific T-helper responses in macaques immunized with the live-attenuated SIV strains SIVmac239deltanef and SIVmac239delta3. Optimization of the concentration and duration of antigenic stimulation resulted in the detection of relatively strong SIV-specific proliferative responses, with peak stimulation indices of up to 84. SIV-specific proliferative responses were mediated by CD4+ T cells and were major histocompatibility (MHC) class II restricted. Limiting dilution analysis revealed SIV-specific T-helper precursor frequencies of up to 96 per 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Intracellular flow-cytometric analysis demonstrated the production of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma, RANTES and macrophage inhibitory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) by T lymphocytes from SIVmac239deltanef-vaccinated animals following SIV p55 stimulation. Induction of strong SIV-specific T-helper responses by live-attenuated SIV vaccines may play a role in their ability to induce protective immunity.
Experimental Otitis Media Due to Streptococcus pneumoniae: Immunopathogenic Response in the Chinchilla

Acute otitis media was produced in 110 chinchillas by inoculation of type 23 Streptococcus pneumoniae directly into the middle ear cavity by tympanotomy. During the first three days after inoculation, inflammatory cells were seen in the mucoperiosteum of the middle ear. After four to seven days, there was purulent exudation in the middle ear cavity, and 40% of the animals had pneumococcal meningitis and/or bacteremia. The middle ears were sterile in five of 28 animals sacrificed during the second week and in six of seven animals sacrificed at six weeks, although subepithelial changes persisted in the mucoperiosteum. Levels of antibody to S. pneumoniae in serum were measured by radioimmunoassay; mean values were 6.1 ng of pneumococcal antibody nitrogen/ml in 28 uninfected control animals and 16.5 ng of antibody nitrogen/ml in 29 animals sacrificed two weeks after inoculation (P less than 0.025). Opsonic activity of serum against S. pneumoniae was evaluated in infected and uninfected chinchillas. The opsonic titer was significantly higher in infected animals sacrificed at six weeks than in uninfected controls. Although pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen was found by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in 25 of 30 middle ear effusions, it could not be detected in the serum from infected animals. Methods for infection and sacrifice of chinchillas yielded reproducible results. This model should permit evaluation of the pathologic response to other serotypes of S. pneumoniae and possibly to prophylactic and therapeutic regimes.
High-Speed Optical Modulation Techniques

In this paper, transmitter and receiver components for microwave fiber optic links are reviewed. Present link signal to noise limitations imposed by the performance of these components are analyzed, and promising trends in component development are discussed.
Commercial Associations and the Creation of a National Economy: The Demand for Federal Bankruptcy Law

Throughout the nineteenth century, merchants and manufacturers involved in interstate commerce sought federal bankruptcy legislation to overcome diverse and discriminatory state laws that raised the cost of credit and impeded interstate trade. In the last two decades of the nineteenth century, they formed a national organization to lobby for bankruptcy legislation. While many scholars have seen the passage of federal bankruptcy legislation as a response to the economic depression of the 1890s, this article shows that it was the formation of this national organization, rather than the economic crisis, that was the primary force behind the Bankruptcy Act of 1898.
A posteriori error analysis for a transient conjugate heat transfer problem

We consider the accuracy of an operator decomposition finite element method for a transient conjugate heat transfer problem consisting of two materials coupled through a common boundary. We derive accurate a posteriori error estimates that account for the transfer of error between components of the operator decomposition method as well as the errors in solving the iterative system. We address a loss of order of convergence that results from the decomposition, and show that the order of convergence is limited by the accuracy of the transferred gradient information. We extend a boundary flux recovery method to transient problems and use it to regain the expected order of accuracy in an efficient manner. In addition, we use the a posteriori error estimates to adaptively compute the recovered boundary flux only within the domain of dependence for a quantity of interest.
A tall tower study of Missouri winds

Abstract This paper summarizes the results of a study of wind speeds observed at heights up to 150 m above ground level around Missouri. This is an amalgamation of four projects that allowed a total of eleven tall communication towers to be instrumented with wind observation equipment across the State of Missouri. This provided an assessment of the wind resource and the characteristics of the seasonal and diurnal cycles of wind in different areas of Missouri at the heights of utility scale wind turbines. Comparisons were also made to wind speeds predicted at these levels from a previously published wind map. The main finding was that the observed winds at each tower were smaller than those presented in the wind map. The discrepancy is most likely to be due to underestimation of the surface roughness and turbulence leading to an overestimation of near-surface wind shear. However, the wind shear, as expressed by the shear parameter was consistently greater than the ‘standard’ value of 1.4. The reconciliation of these two apparently contradictory findings is that the shear varies with the height at which it is measured. In wind resource assessment, wind shear is usually observed below 50 m and is tacitly assumed to be constant with height when used to extrapolate winds to higher levels. The author advocates the use of the friction velocity as a measure of shear in wind power applications in preference to the shear parameter that is usually used. This is because the shear parameter has a velocity bias that can also manifest as a bias with height or season. As wind power resource assessment is starting to use taller towers than the standard 50 m, intercomparison of site resources and extrapolation to turbine heights can be compromised if the shear parameter is used.
Altered response of stressed rats to hypercholesterolemic diets

Rats were stressed for 2 weeks by restriction of movement, then fed a diet containing cholesterol, cholic acid, and calciferol for 2 weeks. The prestressed rats developed higher levels of plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis than did unstressed controls. Plasma cholesterol increased in prestressed rats when the diet was supplemented with 250, 500, and 2000 U.S.P. units of calciferol. The degree of atherosclerosis was not directly related to the degree of hypercholesterolemia in all cases.
Security Kernel validation in practice

A security kernel is a software and hardware mechanism that enforces access controls within a computer system. The correctness of a security kernel on a PDP-11/45 is being proved. This paper describes the technique used to carry out the first step of the proof: validating a formal specification of the program with respect to axioms for a secure system.
The structure of the H3O+ (hydronium) ion

Abstract Near Hartree-Fock level ab initio molecular orbital calculations on H 3 O + and a minimum energy structure with θ(HOH) = 112.5° and r (OH) = 0.963 A and an inversion barrier of 1.9 kcal/mole. By comparing these results to calculations on NH 3 and H 2 O, where precise experimental geometries are known, we estimate the “true” geometry of isolated H 3 O + to have a structure with θ(HOH) = 110-112°, r (OH) = 0.97–0.98 A and an inversion barrier of 2–3 kcal/mole. Our prediction for the proton affinity of water is ≈ 170 kcal/mole, which is somewhat smaller than the currently accepted value.
Theory of quadratic response

While the theory of linear response fimctions in many body theory has developed into a substantial lore over the past decades, rather little is known about the properties and behavior of higher order (quadratic, etc.) response functions of many body systems. In this poster we first review essential elements of quadratic response theory such as the quadratic fluctuation dissipation theorems and sum rules for the quadratic density response function. Next we show how the correlational local field G(k,ω) in the linear response is fundamentally linked to the quadratic response function which opens a way to a non-perturbational analysis of the former. We proceed to present the results of the explicit calculation of the quadratic density response of 2D and 3D electron gas. Both, real and imaginary part of the latter reveal an extremely rich behavior. Of particular interest is the comparison between the two- and the three-dimensional case.
Intraguild Predation Among Larval Treehole Mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae), in Laboratory Microcosms

We compared the tendency for 4th-instar larvae to prey on newly hatched larvae, and the vulnerability of those 1st instars to such predation for Aedes triseriatus (Say), Ae. aegypti (L.), and Ae. albopictus (Skuse), all container-breeding mosquitoes. The latter 2 species were introduced to North America and are now sympatric with Ae. triseriatus, a native species in eastern North America. The experiment also enabled the assessment of species-specific influences of food supplements and spatial heterogeneity on predatory behavior. Ae. triseriatus was substantially more predatory and less susceptible to attack than the other 2 species. These differences were amplified in food-deprived and spatially simple conditions, indicating that Ae. triseriatus predatory behavior may have important retarding effects on the colonization of occupied treehole habitats by Ae. albopictus. Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were similar in imposing little ( Ae. aegypti ) or almost no ( Ae. albopictus ) predation on 1st instars and in being susceptible to predation by Ae. triseriatus. The general lack of species-specific differences between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus indicates that interspecific predation is not a likely explanation for the rapid displacement of Ae. aegypti by Ae. albopictus in domestic containers in the southeastern United States.
Restraint stress delays solid gastric emptying via a central CRF and peripheral sympathetic neuron in rats

Central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) delays gastric emptying through the autonomic nervous system. CRF plays an important role in mediating delayed gastric emptying induced by stress. Howev...
Ion-gating phenomena of self-assembling glutathione films on gold piezoelectrodes

Abstract The adsorption of glutathione (GS) on a gold coated quartz crystal resonator surface was investigated to evaluate the saturation surface excess of GS, solvent content in the glutathione films on gold (AuSG), and conformational transitions in these films induced by interactions of AuSG with metal cations. It has been found that the resonant frequency shift recorded during the GS self-assembly agrees well with the resonator response predicted on the basis of molecular modeling of a GS film with GS molecules in the closed-gate conformation. The association interactions of AuSG film with Ba2+ ions lead to a transformation of GS molecule to the open-gate conformation which is characterized by an elongated shape and results in solvent uptake by AuSG film. Other metal ions able to form carboxylate complexes, Pb2+ and Ni2+, were also found to be able to cause conformational transformation of GS molecule and open the ion gates in AuSG film. The film permeation by Pb2+ ions is followed by Pb0 deposition in the open channels and formation of nuclei at the film ∣ solution interface. In the case Ni2+, the ion transport through the gates is followed by discharge and formation of a wedged interlayer between the Au substrate and the adsorbed GS molecules. Some organic compounds including neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin and cationic drugs such as chlorpromazine, can also open the ion gates in AuSG films but conformational changes in the GS molecule are less reversible due to the partial retention of organic compounds in the film after medium exchange.
Evidence of a Wall Friction Effect in the Consolidation of Beds of Packing Materials in Chromatographic Columns

Abstract Experimental observations demonstrate the intensity of the friction between the bed of a packed chromatographic column and its wall. The wall supports the bed but, in the process, causes the strong radial heterogeneity of the bed which has been previously reported and is now well documented. Friction against the wall is not entirely harmful, however. Without wall friction, the bed would contract with increasing head pressure. the bed in a typical analytical column would be a few mm longer in the absence of mobile phase flow than under standard operation conditions. Experiments demonstrate the existence of bed friction against the column wall in an axial compression column. They show that the friction coefficient depends on the nature of the solvent, the axial compression stress applied to the bed, and the bed length.
115: Aprotinin use and primary allograft dysfunction following off-pump bilateral orthotopic lung transplantation

APROTININ USE AND PRIMARY ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTION FOLLOWING OFF-PUMP BILATERAL ORTHOTOPIC LUNG TRANSPLANTATION K.R. Balsara, S.T. Morozowich, E.L. Bush, B. Phillips-Bute, M. Hill, R.D. Davis, S.S. Lin, I.J. Welsby, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia and Critical Care, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Imunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
Exploring the corporate university phenomenon: Development and implementation of a comprehensive survey

This study explores and advances the understanding of the corporate university phenomenon. In order to do that, a three-step approach was taken. First, a comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken to develop an aggregated view of corporate university literature. Second, a survey was developed based on the results of the literature review. Third, a survey was implemented about corporate universities to gain a perspective on prominent processes of corporate universities. A total of 210 corporate universities participated in the study in the North America region. The findings revealed five prominent processes of corporate universities based on a factor analysis. The five processes are: alignment and execution, developing skills that support business needs, using technology to support the learning function, learning and performance evaluation, and partnership with academia.
Directed energy active illumination for near-Earth object detection

On 15 February 2013, a previously unknown ~20 m asteroid struck Earth near Chelyabinsk, Russia, releasing kinetic energy equivalent to ~570 kt TNT. Detecting objects like the Chelyabinsk impactor that are orbiting near Earth is a difficult task, in part because such objects spend much of their own orbits in the direction of the Sun when viewed from Earth. Efforts aimed at protecting Earth from future impacts will rely heavily on continued discovery. Ground-based optical observatory networks and Earth-orbiting spacecraft with infrared sensors have dramatically increased the pace of discovery. Still, less than 5% of near-Earth objects (NEOs) ≥100 m/~100 Mt TNT have been identified, and the proportion of known objects decreases rapidly for smaller sizes. Low emissivity of some objects also makes detection by passive sensors difficult. A proposed orbiting laser phased array directed energy system could be used for active illumination of NEOs, enhancing discovery particularly for smaller and lower emissivity objects. Laser fiber amplifiers emit very narrow-band energy, simplifying detection. Results of simulated illumination scenarios are presented based on an orbiting emitter array with specified characteristics. Simulations indicate that return signals from small and low emissivity objects is strong enough to detect. The possibility for both directed and full sky blind surveys is discussed, and the resulting diameter and mass limits for objects in different observational scenarios. The ability to determine both position and speed of detected objects is also discussed.
Interaction of photons with Pb 208 and neighboring isotopes at energies below the neutron emission threshold

Average elastic photon scattering cross sections were measured for $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$, $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$, Tl and Hg at excitation energies between 4.5 MeV and the neutron emission threshold, with an energy resolution in the range between 50 and 150 keV. This resolution was sufficient to determine the strengths of most of the strong levels in this energy region for $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$; there are concentrations of strength in a few levels near 5.5 and 7 MeV with the sum of $B(E1)\ensuremath{\uparrow}$ values equal to about 0.84 and 0.65 ${e}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{fm}}^{2}$, respectively; each of these two groups of levels corresponds to only about 0.63% of the electric dipole sum rule. In the neighboring isotopes, approximately the same amount of strength is distributed among many more energy levels; although this strength is spread in energy more than it is in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, it remains relatively localized.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Average $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\gamma},\ensuremath{\gamma})$ measured for $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$, $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$, Tl and Hg; $\ensuremath{\theta}=135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$; ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ between 4.5 MeV and neutron threshold.
Electron impact excitation of C60 adducts; fluorescence from C60OH and C60H species

An investigation concerning possible visible and UV photon emissions by gas phase C(sub 60) ( and C(sub 70)) samples under electron impact excitation was caried out in the 180-750 nm spectral region. Radiation resembling OH (A (sup 2)pi {leads to}X (sup 2){summation}) emission bands and H Balmer series was observed. Based on our investigations, it is concluded that none of the observed emission was associated with the fullerene molecule itself but with the C(sub 60)OH and C(sub 60)H adducts (which are present in the fullerene samples). We also conclude that in these adducts, simultaneous ionization and excitation take place under electron impact and the excited ionic species (C(sub 60)+OH* and C(sub 60)+H*) decay by radiation which was observed in our experiments. These surprising results reveal an interesting new character of buckyball adducts.
Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of ε-Co nanocrystalline thin films and annealing effects

Cobalt (Co) nanocrystalline thin films consisting of Co nanocrystals (NCs) embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix were directly synthesized at ambient temperature by codeposition of Co and carbon using high vacuum dual electron-beam evaporation. In the as-deposited films, Co was identified to have a cubic e-Co structure (with a controllable particle size). After annealing at 360 °C for 2 h, the Co NCs with a particle size of 5 nm in the as-deposited film were transformed into hexagonal α-Co (8 nm in size), whereas, the as-deposited Co NCs of 3 nm in size had a tendency to coalesce and interconnect to each other, forming a face-centered-cubic β-Co network. While the e-Co NCs of 3 nm in size showed superparamagnetism at room temperature, the e-Co NCs of 5 nm in size exhibited a ferromagnetic state due to coupling interaction or local interparticle connections. The saturation magnetization and coercivity substantially increased after annealing compared to the as-deposited films due to coarsening of Co NCs.
Intensive Exercise Training During Bed Rest Attenuates Deconditioning

Intensive exercise training during bed rest attenuates deconditioning. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 207-215, 1997. A 30-d 6 deg head-down bed rest project was conducted to evaluate variable high-intensity, short-duration, isotonic cycle ergometer exercise (ITE) training and high-intensity intermittent resistive isokinetic exercise (IKE) training regimens designed to maintain peak VO2 and muscle mass, strength, and endurance at ambulatory control levels throughout prolonged bed rest. Other elements of the deconditioning (adaptive) syndrome, such as proprioception, psychological performance, hypovolemia, water balance, body composition, and orthostatic tolerance, were also measured. Major findings are summarized in this paper. Compared with response during bed rest of the no exercise (NOE) control group: the ITE training regimen (a) maintained work capacity (peak VO2), (b) maintained plasma and red cell volumes, (c) induced positive body water balance, (d) decreased quality of sleep and mental concentration, and (e) had no effect on the decrease in orthostatic tolerance; the IKE training regimen (f) attenuated the decrease in peak VO2 by 50%, (g) attenuated loss of red cell volume by 40% but had no effect on loss of plasma volume, (b) induced positive body water balance, (i) had no adverse effect on quality of sleep or concentration, and 0) had no effect on the decrease in orthostatic tolerance. These findings suggest that various elements of the deconditioning syndrome can be manipulated by duration and intensity of ITE or IKE training regimens and that several different training protocols will be required to maintain or restore physiological and psychological performance of individuals confined to prolonged bed rest.
The Vibration-Rotation Energies of Polyatomic Molecules Part II. Accidental Degeneracies

The first- and second-order corrections to the vibration-rotation energies of polyatomic molecules are dealt with in instances where two or more vibration frequencies are accidentally degenerate. The method of the contact transformation employed in Part I is extended and made applicable to the two types of first-order resonance interactions, i.e., the Fermi-Dennison type and the Coriolis type. The components of the energy matrix are evaluated in general, and examples are considered to demonstrate how the actual energies may be evaluated.
Hydrodynamic coarsening of binary fluids

By suitable interpretation of results from the linear analysis of interface dynamics, it is found that the hydrodynamic growth of the size $L$ of domains that follow spinodal decomposition in fluid mixtures scales with time as $L\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, with $\ensuremath{\alpha}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}4/7$ in the inertial regime. The previously proposed exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2/3$ is shown to indicate only the scaling of the oscillatory frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}2/3}\ensuremath{\sim}L$ of the largest structures of the system. The viscous dissipation in the system occurs within a layer of thickness ${L}_{d}$ that also follows a power law of the form ${L}_{d}\ensuremath{\sim}{L}^{3/4}$ in the inertial regime. In the viscous regime the growth is linear in time $L\ensuremath{\sim}t$ and the dissipative region remains constant ${L}_{d}\ensuremath{\sim}{L}^{0}$.
Physical activity and pre-diabetes—an unacknowledged mid-life crisis: findings from NHANES 2003–2006

The prevalence of pre-diabetes (PD) among US adults has increased substantially over the past two decades. By current estimates, over 34% of US adults fall in the PD category, 84% of whom meet the American Diabetes Association’s criteria for impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Low physical activity (PA) and/or sedentary behavior are key drivers of hyperglycemia. We examined the relationship between PD and objectively measured PA in NHANES 2003–2006 of 20,470 individuals, including 7,501 individuals between 20 and 65 yrs.We excluded all participants without IFG measures or adequate accelerometry data (final N = 1,317). Participants were identified as PD if FPG was 100–125 mg/dL (5.6–6.9 mmol/L). Moderate and vigorous PA in minutes/day individuals were summed to create the exposure variable “moderate-vigorous PA” (MVPA). The analysis sample included 884 normoglycemic persons and 433 with PD. There were significantly fewer PD subjects in the middle (30.3%) and highest (24.6%) tertiles of PA compared to the lowest tertile (35.5%). After adjusting for BMI, participants were 0.77 times as likely to be PD if they were in the highest tertile compared to the lowest PA tertile (p < 0.001). However, these results were no longer significant when age and BMI were held constant. Univariate analysis revealed that physical activity was associated with decreased fasting glucose of 0.5 mg/dL per minute of MVPA, but multivariate analysis adjusting for age and BMI was not significant. Overall, our data suggest a negative association between measures of PA and the prevalence of PD in middle-aged US adults independent of adiposity, but with significant confounding influence from measures of BMI and age.
Decoupling of rotational and translational diffusion in supercooled colloidal fluids

We use confocal microscopy to directly observe 3D translational and rotational diffusion of tetrahedral clusters, which serve as tracers in colloidal supercooled fluids. We find that as the colloidal glass transition is approached, translational and rotational diffusion decouple from each other: Rotational diffusion remains inversely proportional to the growing viscosity whereas translational diffusion does not, decreasing by a much lesser extent. We quantify the rotational motion with two distinct methods, finding agreement between these methods, in contrast with recent simulation results. The decoupling coincides with the emergence of non-Gaussian displacement distributions for translation whereas rotational displacement distributions remain Gaussian. Ultimately, our work demonstrates that as the glass transition is approached, the sample can no longer be approximated as a continuum fluid when considering diffusion.