cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design optimization for high-brightness surface-emitting photonic-crystal distributed-feedback lasers

A new time-domain Fourier-Galerkin (TDFG) theory is developed to simulate the near-field, far-field and spectral characteristics of surface-emitting photonic-crystal distributed-feedback (SE PCDFB) lasers. It is found that a properly-designed two-dimensional hexagonal or square-lattice grating should efficiently couple the output into a single SE mode that retains coherence for aperture diameters of up to /spl ap/1 mm. We identify lattice structures and precise conditions under which all components of the transverse electric or transverse magnetic polarized optical fields constructively interfere to produce a single-lobed, near-diffraction-limited circular output beam. The TDFG simulations predict that quantum efficiencies as high as 30% (60% if reflectors are built into the waveguide structure) should be attainable. A surprising conclusion is that diffractive coupling into the surface-emitting direction must be relatively weak, in order to assure selection of the desired symmetric in-phase mode. Furthermore, gain media with a moderate linewidth enhancement factor should produce the best SE PCDFB performance, whereas edge emitters nearly always benefit from a very small value.
ROC analysis of lesion descriptors in breast ultrasound images

Breast biopsy serves as the key diagnostic tool in the evaluation of breast masses for malignancy, yet the procedure affects patients physically and emotionally and may obscure results of future mammograms. Studies show that high quality ultrasound can distinguish a benign from malignant lesions with accuracy, however, it has proven difficult to teach and clinical results are highly variable. The purpose of this study is to develop a means to optimize an automated Computer Aided Imaging System (CAIS) to assess Level of Suspicion (LOS) of a breast mass. We examine the contribution of 15 object features to lesion classification by calculating the Wilcoxon area under the ROC curve, A W , for all combinations in a set of 146 masses with known findings. For each interval A, the frequency of appearance of each feature and its combinations with others was computed as a means to find an “optimum” feature vector. The original set of 15 was reduced to 6 (area, perimeter, diameter ferret Y, relief, homogeneity, average energy) with an improvement from A w =0.82m0.04 for the original 15 to A w =0.93m0.02 for the subset of 6, p=0.03. For comparison, two sub-specialty mammography radiologists also scored the images for LOS resulting in A z of 0.90 and 0.87. The CAIS performed significantly higher, p=0.02.
Use of A Uridine Nucleotide as an Affinity Handle and 5′ Phosphorylating Agent for Synthetic DNA

Abstract The 5′-(O-cyanoethyl N, N-diisopropyl phosphoramidite) of 2′,3′-O-bis(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)uridine can be used to attach a uridine residue through a 5′-5′ phosphodiester linkage to a synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide. This 5′-terminal structure allows the oligomer to be selectively retarded on a chromatographic support containing dihydroxyboryl substituents, and to be converted upon periodate oxidation and p-elimination to the form possessing a 5′ phosphate group.
Molecular Dynamics and Continuum Solvent Studies of the Stability of PolyG-PolyC and PolyA-PolyT DNA Duplexes in Solution

Molecular dynamics simulation in explicit solvent and continuum solvent models are applied to investigate the relative stability of A- and B-form helices for two DNA sequences, dA10-dT10 and dG10-dC10 in three structural forms. One structural form is based on an unrestrained molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory starting from a canonical B-DNA structure, the second is based on a MD trajectory starting in a canonical B-DNA structure with the sugars constrained to be C2'-endo and the third simulation started from a canonical A-DNA structure with the sugars constrained to C3'-endo puckers. For the energetic analysis, structures were taken as snapshots from nanosecond length molecular dynamics simulations computed in a consistent fashion in explicit solvent, applying the particle mesh Ewald method and the Cornell et al. force field. The electrostatic contributions to solvation free energies are computed using both a finite-difference Poisson-Boltzmann model and a pairwise Generalized Born model. The non-electrostatic contributions to the solvation free energies are estimated with a solvent accessible surface area dependent term. To estimate the gas phase component of the relative free energy between the various structures, the mean solute internal energies (determined with the Cornell et al. molecular mechanics potential including all pairwise interactions within the solute) and estimates of the solute entropy (using a harmonic approximation) were used. Consistent with experiment, the polyG-polyC (GC) structures are found to be much more A-phillic than the polyA-polyT (AT) structures, the latter being quite A-phobic. The dominant energy components responsible for this difference comes from the internal and van der Waal energies. A perhaps less appreciated difference between the GC and AT rich sequences is suggested by the calculated salt dependence which demonstrates a significantly enhanced ability to drive GC rich sequences towards an A-form structure compared to AT rich sequences. In addition to being A-phobic, the AT structure also has a noticably larger helical repeat than GC and other mixed sequence duplexes, consistent with experiment. Analysis of the average solvent density from the trajectories shows hydration patterns in qualitative agreement with experiment and previous theoretical treatments.
Springtime ice motion in the western Antarctic Peninsula region

Abstract Oscillatory motion of sea-ice is examined using two ice-drifting buoys separated by 1° latitude near 66°S during the winter to spring transition in the Marguerite Bay region west of the Antarctic Peninsula. The buoys’ motions exhibit spectrally distinct periods (12.87±0.04 and 13.03±0.04 h, respectively) despite highly correlated motion between them (r2 is 0.62 and 0.81 for u and v, respectively). The periods shift with latitude and nearly match the local inertial periods (13.00 and 13.10 h, respectively). The oscillations are further examined with respect to the kinematics involved in the breakup process of sea-ice. These include hourly resolved manifestations of circular trajectories, semi-circular oscillations with compressed trajectory cusps, and “accordion-like” compressions along straight-line trajectories. Oscillations are found in all trajectory types over the lifetime of both buoys (several months). Traditional circular and semi-circular oscillations are particularly prominent during two episodes, one of which is preceded by strong wind events and a substantial decrease in ice thickness and concentration. These episodes combine with seasonally warming temperatures to break up and melt the sea-ice cover. We discuss potential relationships between the degradation of the ice pack during spring breakup and the increase in energy at near-inertial frequencies including the appearance of a non-linear cascade of energy within the ice from the low frequencies (commensurate with storms and fortnightly tides) to semi-diurnal frequencies. We further comment on the implications this type of high-frequency motion has on local biological ecosystems. Specifically, we find that sea-ice semi-diurnal oscillations are at their peak during the final decay of sea-ice just before springtime primary productivity begins. Hence, the oscillatory motion of sea-ice not only serves as an effective mixing agent within the ice–ocean mixed layer, but also serves as an effective seeding platform for distributing phyto- and zooplankton overwintering within and around the ice floes.
A unified framework for incompressible and compressible fluid flows

A unified algorithmic framework to predict numerical solutions for flows that range from incompressible, weakly compressible to highly compressible is outlined along with a parallel multi-physics zone method. This computational method is designed for the simulation of general fluids with arbitrary equations of state and multiple component and multiple phases. The capabilities of the approach are demonstrated by a cavitating hydrofoil solution, the flow through converging-diverging nozzle with a back-step in the throat and a free-surface problem. The results show a variety of interesting physical phenomena that are introduced by the unique fluid physics. Due to the page limit, only the first case is briefed here.
Semantic memory for metaphor: The conceptual base hypothesis

The idea that people can encode and use an extremely abstract and general form of a complex linguistic (proverb) input—a conceptual base—was examined in two experiments. In Experiment I, each proverb was accompanied by either a conceptually related (good, mediocre, or poor) or an unrelated interpretation. The related interpretations were more effective recall prompts than were the unrelated interpretations, but only for high-imagery proverbs. In Experiment II, subjects wrote interpretations of the proverbs and then received either the proverb subject-noun or a brief story as a prompt. As was the case for the interpretations in Experiment I, the stories did not share any major vocabulary or propositional structure with their proverb source. Nonetheless, the stories were as effective as the nouns. Also, quality of proverb interpretation and of recall performance were positively related, with the correlations involving low-imagery proverbs, and stories, tending to be higher. Both experiments provided support for the conceptual-base notion, and underlined the importance of interpretive context, but more definitive evidence is needed.
Selenium incorporation into Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells: a study of different incorporation methods.

Aims: To study the effects of the selenium enrichment protocols in yeast at various points in the cell cycle, total selenium accumulation and the forms of selenium incorporated. Methods and Results: The use of selenized yeast as enriched selenium supplements in human nutrition has become a topic of increasing interest over the last decade. Four enrichment procedures have been evaluated using sodium selenite as the selenium source: enrichment during the growth phase; enrichment at the non-growth phase, both of these at different selenium levels; enrichment by seeding in a fermentable carbon source (glucose); Se-enrichment with a non-fermentable carbon source (glycerol). A nitric acid digestion of the yeast samples prepared under different conditions has been performed in order to evaluate the total selenium incorporated into the yeast cells. Also, an enzymatic digestion of the yeast samples with pepsin has been carried out as an initial step to begin the process of determining which of the different possible selenium species are formed. The cell count evaluations of the selenium-enriched yeast showed that the growth phase, seeding and the use of YEPG media is influenced by the addition of Se, while the non-growth phase is not. Total selenium incorporation studies showed that seeding the yeast permits more accumulation of selenium. Speciation studies of the enriched yeast showed that the growth phase increases the formation of L-Se-methionine. Conclusions: When the aim of enriching yeast with selenium is the formation of L-Se-methionine, the best enrichment procedure is using the growth phase with small concentrations of sodium selenite. Significance and Impact of the Study: The use of selenium supplements is widespread and most of the supplements use selenium-enriched yeast in their formulation. Studies made on supplements do not have the appropriate Se-species for optimal absorption in the human body. This study presents and compares methods for the best selenium yeast enrichment that could ultimately be used in selenium supplement formulations.
The New Federalism Game: Primacy Implementation of Environmental Policy

Federal environmental laws have substantially preempted state powers over pollution control. Many of these laws contain a unique implementation scheme called "primacy, " which offers a state the opportunity to become the primary enforcement agent for federal policies. Primacy relieves the federal government from enforcing laws within state boundaries even while it retains ultimate control over the policies involved and sets minimum standards. By and large, states have chosen to accept primacy. Characteristics of the units involved in the implementation process explain much of this success. Deviations from the expected patterns reveal how states can manipulate primacy to their own advantage. It is possible, however, that game playing by the states under primacy could undermine the ultimate goals of national environmental policies. A new federal relationship exists in many policy fields today, a relationship that can be described as centrally directed sharing. It is analogous to a game in which one of the players, the federal government, determines the rules for the other players, the states. One indication of this relationship is the number of mandates that have been imposed on the states by the federal government. Mandates are constraints or regulations placed on one unit of government by another. There are at least ninety-five major federal laws, executive orders, and court decisions that restrict state activity.' Mandates preempt state powers, predetermine state legislative and administrative responsibilities, and require that state compliance efforts be supervised by officials of the federal government. Although the Reagan administration's professed goal has been to return responsibility to the states, the number of direct order mandates has not been substantially reduced during Reagan's tenure.2 However, many of these mandates were imposed by the Congress or the Supreme Court and thus cannot be removed by executive fiat. Other mandates are based on constitutional
What Do Teachers Need to Know About Teaching? A Critical Examination of the Occupational Knowledge of Teachers.

ABSTRACT: Various attempts to specify the nature of professions in general and of teaching in particular in relation to the knowledge that is needed for practice are considered. It is argued that there is no epistemic or moral criterion of professionalism that will sustain the claim of teaching to be a profession. The nature of teachers’ knowledge is examined and the relationship between theory and application is seen to be both crucial to and problematic in our understanding of the nature of teachers’ work. The implications of the discussion for teacher education are assessed.
THE ECONOMIC THEORY OF REGULATION AND TRUCKING DEREGULATION -- SHIFTING TO THE STATE LEVEL

Federal deregulation of the trucking industry in 1980 created a general gain in economic welfare at the expense of the monopoly rents of powerful interests, leading some scholars to ponder the limitations of the economic theory of regulation. However, analyzing only the federal changes excludes evidence from the significant intrastate sector of the trucking industry, regulation of which remains largely unchanged from that prior to 1980. This paper argues that after a decade of clear federal policy success, truckers continue to capture most state regulators, sustaining monopoly rents in what would otherwise be an inherently competitive industry. Using data from the fifty states, we demonstrate the extent to which the economic theory is in fact consistent with trucking industry evidence.
Computing Alchemical Free Energy Differences with Hamiltonian Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics (H-REMD) Simulations.

Alchemical free energy calculations play a very important role in the field of molecular modeling. Efforts have been made to improve the accuracy and precision of those calculations. One of the efforts is to employ a Hamiltonian replica exchange molecular dynamics (H-REMD) method to enhance conformational sampling. In this paper, we demonstrated that the H-REMD method not only improves convergence in alchemical free energy calculations but also can be used to compute free energy differences directly via the Free Energy Perturbation (FEP) algorithm. We show a direct mapping between the H-REMD and the usual FEP equations, which are then used directly to compute free energies. The H-REMD alchemical free energy calculation (replica exchange free energy perturbation, REFEP) was tested on predicting the pKa value of the buried Asp26 in thioredoxin. We compare the results of REFEP with TI and regular FEP simulations. REFEP calculations converged faster than those from TI and regular FEP simulations. The final pr...
Studies of corrosion in power plant boiler tubes by measurement of oxygen isotopes and trace elements using secondary-ion mass spectrometry

Abstract Recent advances in secondary ionization mass spectrometry (SIMS) techniques allow the resolution of differences in the natural abundances of the isotopes of 18O and 16O, and their ratio in both conducting and insulating materials. These techniques have been used in this study to measure the oxygen isotope signatures and their spatial distribution in corrosion products formed during high-temperature oxidation of steel boiler tubes from fossil-fuel power plants. The data obtained in this study are interpreted in terms of oxygen isotope fractionation between the available oxygen reservoirs and oxides formed on or within the metal. Results are presented for three different corrosion scenarios: steamside/fireside corrosion, aqueous phosphate corrosion and corrosion due to H2 damage. Constant, but isotopically depleted values observed in magnetites formed during steamside corrosion and H2 damage are indicative of interaction with locally derived meteoric water (which constitutes the boiler feed water). In contrast, isotope distributions in maricite (NaFePO4) suggest equilibrium fractionation between this phase and precursor magnetite. Oxygen isotope patterns in fireside magnetites exhibit a complex zoning that requires at least two isotopically distinct species with significantly different transport rates.
Note on the formulation of the problem of the plate on an elastic foundation

The results of an earlier formulation of the problem of elastic plates on an elastic foundation are restated in more compact and explicit form. The earlier results are supplemented in an important way by giving transition conditions for the interior of the foundation layer along the cylindrical surface which separates loaded and unloaded portions of the foundation.
Twisting of an elastic plate containing a crack

The stress distribution caused by twisting an infinite plate containing a finite crack is analyzed in terms of Reissner's theory for the bending of thin plates. The singular character and the detailed structure of the stresses near the ends of the crack are determined in closed form. Numerical results are given for the magnitudes of the stress couples and stress resultants for a range of plate thicknesses.
Bladder cancer clinical trials

The urologic oncology community recognizes the importance of bladder cancer as a significant public health problem. As the fourth most common malignancy diagnosed in U.S. men and the ninth most common in women, bladder cancer is a highly prevalent cancer with an estimated 5-year prevalence of 490,000 patients in the U.S. (2001) and over 1,000,000 worldwide (2004). Bladder cancer is the most expensive cancer to diagnose and treat. Important clinical questions abound and there are a growing number of both NIH and industry funded clinical trials attempting to answer these questions. The EORTC has played a critical role in conducting phase II and large phase III randomized trials addressing critical questions in the management of non-muscle invasive and invasive bladder cancer. The present article reviews this important area of clinical trials research.
The hyperproliferative endothelial cell phenotype in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.

in this issue of ajp-lung , Masri and colleagues ([11][1]) report that pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) isolated from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) exhibit an unusual hyperproliferative potential, with decreased susceptibility to apoptosis. Interestingly,
A hypervelocity projectile launcher for well perforation

Abstract Current oil well perforation techniques use low- to medium-velocity gun launchers for completing wells in soft rock. Shaped-charge jets are normally used in harder, more competent rock. A launcher for a hypervelocity projectile to be used in well perforation applications has been designed. This launcher will provide an alternative technique to be used when the conventional devices do not yield the maximum well perforation. It is an adaptation of the axial cavity in a high explosive (HE) annulus design, with the axial cavity being filled with a low density foam material. Two configurations were tested; both had an HE annulus filled with organic foam, one had a projectile. Comparison of the two shots was made. A time sequence of Image Intensifier Camera photographs and sequential, orthogonal flash x-ray radiographs provided information on the propagation of the foam fragments, the first shock wave disturbance, the projectile motion and deformation, and the direct shock wave transmission from the main HE charge. Perforation tests of both device configurations (with and without the pellet) into steel-jacketed sandstone cylinders were made. Static radiographs of the cavities in the sandstone showed similar cavities, however, the perforation of the steel cap was larger in response to the pellet. DYNA2D calculations were made to assist in the interpretation of the experimental records. The preliminary results show promise that a useful perforating tool can be developed. Plans for an extended experimental program are outlined.
The direct and indirect effects of positive reinforcement on on-task behavior*

Classroom management literature often recommends that in order to orient a misbehaving student to on-task behavior, a teacher ignore the behavior of the first student, while praising the appropriate behavior of a nearby student who is on-task. Experiment 1 tested this recommendation. Following Baseline1, the teacher praised Vern's on-task behavior when Alice was off-task. In a later phase Alice received praise for being on-task when Vern was off-task. Contrary to the prior recommendation, the results showed that the second student did not improve when the first was praised. In fact, in one such phase, the second student's behavior deteriorated. The second experiment, which involved three pairs of students, included an additional phase in which the target student received token reinforcers for being on-task, while the second student was off-task. In these cases the indirect praise procedure improved the behavior of the second pupils in three out of six cases. The addition of tokens had no consistent effect. Even though the indirect praise procedure is sometimes effective, the authors recommend the use of a direct praise technique to maintain large improvements in behavior. The indirect reinforcement procedure might be used to initiate behavior change.
Dietary Intake of Participants With Peripheral Artery Disease and Claudication

We compared the dietary intake of participants with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and claudication with diet recommendations of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and dietary reference intake values recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academy of Sciences. Forty-six participants consumed a mean macronutrient composition of 17% protein, 51% carbohydrate, and 30% fat. Compared to the NCEP and IOM recommendations, few participants met the recommended daily intake for sodium (0%), vitamin E (0%), folate (13%), saturated fat (20%), fiber (26%), and cholesterol (39%). Participants with PAD and claudication have poor nutrition, with diets particularly high in saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol, and low in fiber, vitamin E, and folate intakes. Participants should be encouraged to reduce consumption of dietary fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium and to increase fiber and vitamin intakes to meet recommendations of the NCEP and IOM.
Intersection numbers of bipartite distance-regular graphs

Abstract Let l denote a bipartite distance-regular graph with diameter d ⩾2, and intersection numbers 1= c 1 , c 2 ,…, c d = k . For any integer i (1⩽ i ⩽ d −1), we find a collection of lower bounds for the quantity c i +1 −1− c i ( μ −1) where μ := c 2 . Our results imply that if kc i ( (μ−1)(μ−2)(c i −c i−1 −1) 2 +1) then c i +1⩾ c i ( μ −1)+1.
Merit pay in United States postsecondary institutions

Merit pay continues to be a sensitive and fairly common practice in the United States, although the prevalence of the practice has been closely linked to the state of the economy. Merit can be defined as fiscal rewards that are determined yearly on criteria that are designed for that purpose.
How industry matters in balancing the federal research portfolio

Abstract The evolution of the federal research portfolio over recent years has produced concern about its current balance of funding between different scientific fields. Substantial changes have also occurred in recent years in the magnitude of corporate support for US research, which now exceeds the funding provided by the Federal government. This change is described. Its implications for the “balance” of the federal research portfolio are considered with regards to funding levels, the time-evolution of these levels, and factors such as the production of trained scientists, and the needs of industry as a consumer of scientific knowledge. There are substantial difficulties associated with comparing federal and corporate support for research due to current definitions and data collection methodologies. Understanding these uncertainties is critical to understanding how federal and corporate support for research can complement each other.
Neither TEMPLES A Global Analysis Nor TOMBS of Large Dams

Abstract In the early 1950's, yearning to develop a newly independent India, then-Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru heralded dams as the “temples of modem India.” Proponents today continue to extoll the potential benefits of dams-including clean water, irrigation, and energy. However, critics have begun to denounce dams as “tombs,” citing adverse social and environmental impacts. This article makes the case that, throughout the world, the reality of large dam projects is far more complex and variable than the extreme positions in the debate would acknowledge.
Security protection technology of intelligent electricity selling terminal

In order to solve the problem of power user's difficulty for power-purchase, intelligent electricity selling terminal is widely used in power selling system. Data's secure transmission and storage is the bases for intelligent electricity selling terminal to implement its function, ensuring the security of data has become the key technologies to be resolved for intelligent electricity selling terminal. Based on the SIM1 data encryption technology, PKI digital certification authentication technology and SSL communication technology, this paper has proposed the realization mode of the data's safety protection technology between intelligent electricity selling terminal and power selling master station system.
Nonshrinking, photopolymerizable polycarbosiloxanes through ring-opening polymerization of disilaoxacyclopentane monomers

Shrinkage during polymerization and processing of silica and hybrid organic−inorganic xerogels prohibits net-shape fabrication and introduces stresses that often result in cracking. In this study, we have used a new class of hybrid organic−inorganic monomers based on the ring-opening polymerization of two strained disilaoxacyclopentyl groups bridged by alkylene or arylene groups to control the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting monolithic gels. Shrinkage is virtually eliminated by the ring-opening polymerization chemistry which, in contrast to that of alkoxysilane sol−gels, does not require water or solvent, or produce any condensation byproducts. The bridging group can be varied in length and flexibility and the bridged monomers can be copolymerized with the monomer 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-disila-1-oxacyclopentane, to permit molecular engineering of the glass transition temperature (Tg) and coefficient of thermal expansion in the resulting hybrid materials. Most importantly, we have demo...
Wittgenstein, Kant and the critique of totality

In this paper, I explore Wittgenstein's inheritance of one specific strand of Kant's criticism, in the Critique of Pure Reason, of reason's inherent pretensions to totality. This exploration reveals new critical possibilities in Wittgenstein's own philosophical method, challenging existing interpretations of Wittgenstein's political thought as `conservative' and exhibiting the closeness of its connection to another inheritor of Kant's critique of totality, the Frankfurt School's criticism of `identity thinking' and the reification of reason to which it leads. Additionally, it shows how Wittgenstein's linguistic philosophy offers to challenge and undermine, in a historically novel way, the metaphysical assumptions underlying some of our most characteristic and ubiquitous social practices.
Microtubule Network is Necessary to Direct and Maintain The Apical Localization of Slo1 Channels in Epithelial Cells

The cytoskeleton plays a key role in different cellular processes such as cell motility, muscle contraction, mitosis and maintenance of cell shape. In polarized cells, microtubules are involved mainly in the apical targeting of proteins. In MDCK cells, Slo1 channels are mainly expressed at the apical surface. Similarly, transiently transfected MDCK cells target Slo1 channels to their apical surface. To study the role of the microtubules on apical localization of Slo1 channels, we used a viral construct of Slo1 attached to EGFP (Slo1-EGFP) to induce the expression of Slo1. After 72 hrs of infection, cells were either treated with vehicle (control) or with 33 μM nocodazole to disrupt the microtubules. Cells were fixed and immunolabeled with anti α-tubulin to visualize the microtubule network. Using high-resolution confocal microscopy, we found that in control cells the microtubules are localized towards the apical surface, as Slo1. After nocodazole treatment, the microtubule network is completely disrupted and Slo1-EGFP is observed in both apical and basolateral surfaces. To further understand the mechanisms of Slo1 targeting in MDCK cells, we blocked protein synthesis with 1 μg/ml cycloheximide simultaneously with microtubule disruption. In these cells, Slo1-EGFP expression, although still localized at both surfaces, was less prominent at the basolateral surface than without cycloheximide. This result indicates that a part of Slo1-EGFP localized at the basolateral surface after microtubule disruption is redirected from the apical surface and a part of these proteins are newly synthesized. Thus, our results show that in MDCK cells the microtubule network plays an important role in Slo1 apical localization and that normal Slo1 traffic is likely transcytotic first reaching the basolateral surface, then traveling to the apical surface via the microtubule network. Supported by NIH.
Experimental studies of tumor radioimmunodetection using antibody mixtures against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and colon‐specific antigen‐p (CSAp)

Experiments with the GW-39 human colonic carcinoma growing in hamsters showed that injection of radioactive antibody to a colorectal-specific, tumor-associated antigen, CSAp, results in better tumor radiolocalization than was seen previously with radioantibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). However, a mixture of both radioactive antibodies resulted in potentiation of CEA-tumor radioimmunodetection without affecting CSAp-tumor radiolocalization. Hence, multi-marker antibody mixtures may be the method of choice in cancer radioimmunodetection.
The Roles of Tryptophans in Primer Synthesis by the DNA Primase of Bacteriophage T7

DNA primases catalyze the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides required for the initiation of lagging strand DNA synthesis. Prokaryotic primases consist of a zinc-binding domain (ZBD) necessary for recognition of a specific template sequence and a catalytic RNA polymerase domain. Interactions of both domains with the DNA template and ribonucleotides are required for primer synthesis. Five tryptophan residues are dispersed in the primase of bacteriophage T7: Trp-42 in the ZBD and Trp-69, -97, -147, and -255 in the RNA polymerase domain. Previous studies showed that replacement of Trp-42 with alanine in the ZBD decreases primer synthesis, whereas substitution of non-aromatic residues for Trp-69 impairs both primer synthesis and delivery. However, the roles of tryptophan at position 97, 147, or 255 remain elusive. To investigate the essential roles of these residues, we replaced each tryptophan with the structurally similar tyrosine and examined the effect of this subtle alteration on primer synthesis. The substitution at position 42, 97, or 147 reduced primer synthesis, whereas substitution at position 69 or 255 did not. The functions of the tryptophans were further examined at each step of primer synthesis. Alteration of residue 42 disturbed the conformation of the ZBD and resulted in partial loss of the zinc ion, impairing binding to the ssDNA template. Replacement of Trp-97 with tyrosine reduced the binding affinity to NTP and the catalysis step. The replacement of Trp-147 with tyrosine also impaired the catalytic step. Therefore, Trp-42 is important in maintaining the conformation of the ZBD for template binding; Trp-97 contributes to NTP binding and the catalysis step; and Trp-147 maintains the catalysis step.
Velocity-Stress Equations for Waves in Solids of Hexagonal Symmetry Solved by the Space-Time CESE Method

This paper reports an extension of the space-time conservation element and solution element (CESE) method to simulate stress waves in elastic solids of hexagonal symmetry. The governing equations include the equation of motion and the constitutive equation of elasticity. With velocity and stress components as the unknowns, the governing equations are a set of 9, first-order, hyperbolic partial differential equations. To assess numerical accuracy of the results, the characteristic form of the equations is derived. Moreover, without using the assumed plane wave solution, the one-dimensional equations are shown to be equivalent to the Christoffel equations. The CESE method is employed to solve an integral form of the governing equations. Space-time flux conservation over conservation elements (CEs) is imposed. The integration is aided by the prescribed discretization of the unknowns in each solution element (SE), which in general does not coincide with a CE. To demonstrate this approach, numerical results in the present paper include one-dimensional expansion waves in a suddenly stopped rod, two-dimensional wave expansion from a point in a plane, and waves interacting with interfaces separating hexagonal solids with different orientations. All results show salient features of wave propagation in hexagonal solids and the results compared well with the available analytical solutions.
Electrokinetic Microactuator Arrays and System Architecture for Active Sublayer Control of Turbulent Boundary Layers

Results are presented from development of microactuator arrays that function on the electrokinetic principle to provide active control of streamwise sublayer vortical structures in turbulent boundary layers. The electrokinetic microactuatorarraysinducevolumedisplacementsinthesublayerbyelectrokineticpumpingunderan impulsively applied electric e eld. These microactuator arrays consist of individual microchannels formed in a substrate and e lled with a 1- πm-scale doped porous polymer matrix that provides the required ‡ ‡-potential when wetted by the corresponding electrolyte. A system architecture is presented for large dense arrays of such microactuators that provides for greatly reduced control processing requirements within individual unit-cells containing a relatively small number of sensors and actuators. The resulting microactuator arrays have characteristics that make them potentially suited for practical sublayer control on full-scale aeronautical and hydronautical vehicles. Essentially loss-less frequency response of the electrokinetic microactuators has been demonstrated to 10 kHz. Several such microelectrokinetic actuator (MEKA) arrays have been fabricated from a basic three-layer design. A MEKA-5 full-scale hydronautical array, composed of 25,600 individual electrokinetic microactuators with 350- πm centerto-center spacings, arranged in a 40 £40 pattern of unit-cells, each composed of a 4 £ £4 matrix of actuators, was successfully fabricated in a 7 £7 cm 2 tile in 250-πm-thick Mylar substrate material. Microelectromechanical system design and fabrication processes were used to produce a top layer for the MEKA-5 hydronautical-scale array. DC performance tests indicate that the MEKA-5 array achieves the required e ow rates for active sublayer control on hydronautical vehicles with applied voltages of no more than 15‐ 20 V.
Online Parameterization of Lumped Thermal Dynamics in Cylindrical Lithium Ion Batteries for Core Temperature Estimation and Health Monitoring

Lithium ion batteries should always be prevented from overheating and, hence, thermal monitoring is indispensable. Since only the surface temperature of the battery can be measured, a thermal model is needed to estimate the core temperature of the battery, which can be higher and more critical. In this paper, an online parameter identification scheme is designed for a cylindrical lithium ion battery. An adaptive observer of the core temperature is then designed based on the online parameterization methodology and the surface temperature measurement. A battery thermal model with constant internal resistance is explored first. The identification algorithm and the adaptive observer is validated with experiments on a 2.3Ah 26650 lithium iron phosphate/graphite battery. The methodology is later extended to address temperature-dependent internal resistance with nonuniform forgetting factors. The ability of the methodology to track the long-term variation of the internal resistance is beneficial for battery health monitoring.
Decoding of non-systematic turbo codes for stationary memoryless and piecewise stationary memoryless sequences

Summary form only given. In this paper, we consider channel decoding of sequences generated by i.i.d. sources and piecewise stationary memoryless sources (PSMSs). We design a turbo decoder that utilizes compression techniques for PSMSs, and use codes that have the quick-look-in (QLI) property, where two parity sequences generated by one of the constituent recursive convolutional codes sum modulo-2 to the systematic message sequence. During the first decoding iterations, source statistics are obtained between iterations by segmentation of the PSMS data, estimation of the i.i.d. statistics in each segment, and then enhancement of these estimates by reversing the channel transition probabilities. Then, during later iterations, the extrinsic information can be used for the same algorithm without need to reverse the channel. To improve code performance, an interleaver, that diversifies the channel code from the PSMS structure, is included in the encoder between the source output and the channel code.
Child passenger safety: protecting your patients on every trip

Motor vehicle crashes continue to be the leading cause of death and acquired disability for children < 19 years old in the United States, 1 and road traffic injuries account for more than 260,000 pediatric deaths worldwide each year.2 Fortunately, for children who are too small for adult seat belts, child safety seats (CSS), in the form of either a harness-based restraint or belt-positioning booster seat, can significantly reduce the risk of injury and death 3-5 in a crash by helping to distribute forces over hard, bony surfaces and preventing ejection from the vehicle. Substantial increases in child restraint use in the United
Superselective Chemoembolization of HCC: Comparison of Short-term Safety and Efficacy between Drug-eluting LC Beads, QuadraSpheres, and Conventional Ethiodized Oil Emulsion.

Doxorubicin-delivering LC Beads, QuadraSpheres, and ethiodized oil emulsions appear to be equivalent in efficacy and toxicity when used for superselective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with C-arm cone-beam CT guidance in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Protein-network modeling of prostate cancer gene signatures reveals essential pathways in disease recurrence

Objective Uncovering the dominant molecular deregulation among the multitude of pathways implicated in aggressive prostate cancer is essential to intelligently developing targeted therapies. Paradoxically, published prostate cancer gene expression signatures of poor prognosis share little overlap and thus do not reveal shared mechanisms. The authors hypothesize that, by analyzing gene signatures with quantitative models of proteineprotein interactions, key pathways will be elucidated and shown to be shared. Design The authors statistically prioritized common interactors between established cancer genes and genes from each prostate cancer signature of poor prognosis independently via a previously validated single protein analysis of network (SPAN) methodology. Additionally, they computationally identified pathways among the aggregated interactors across signatures and validated them using a similarity metric and patient survival. Measurement Using an information-theoretic metric, the authors assessed the mechanistic similarity of the interactor signature. Its prognostic ability was assessed in an independent cohort of 198 patients with high-Gleason prostate cancer using KaplaneMeier analysis. Results Of the 13 prostate cancer signatures that were evaluated, eight interacted significantly with established cancer genes (false discovery rate <5%) and generated a 42-gene interactor signature that showed the highest mechanistic similarity (p<0.0001). Via parameter-free unsupervised classification, the interactor signature dichotomized the independent prostate cancer cohort with a significant survival difference (p¼0.009). Interpretation of the network not only recapitulated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/NF-kB signaling, but also highlighted less well established relevant pathways such as the Janus kinase 2 cascade. Conclusions SPAN methodolgy provides a robust means of abstracting disparate prostate cancer gene expression signatures into clinically useful, prioritized pathways as well as useful mechanistic pathways.
Medical information science as 'science'.

1. IntroductionThe essays and position papers presented at this workshop well illustrate the diverse interpretations that practitioners in this field have of its subject matter. This is not surpris...
Impact of DHEA(S) and cortisol on immune function in aging: a brief review.

A decline in the human immune system that occurs with aging is known as immunosenescence. Several factors are involved in the process, including reduced neutrophil function and cytotoxic capacity o...
How Effective Is the Minimum Wage at Supporting the Poor

This study investigates the antipoverty efficacy of minimum wage policies. Proponents of these policies contend that employment impacts are negligible and suggest that consumers pay for higher labor costs through imperceptible increases in goods prices. Adopting this empirical scenario, the analysis demonstrates that an increase in the national minimum wage produces a value-added tax effect on consumer prices that is more regressive than a typical state sales tax and allocates benefits as higher earnings nearly evenly across the income distribution. These income-transfer outcomes sharply contradict portraying an increase in the minimum wage as an antipoverty initiative.
Three-Dimensional Phase Diagram Representation

A computer program, 3DMAT, is described that displays surfaces in space. 3DMAT is an interactive expressions or mathematical models to display ternary and quaternary equilibrium surfaces in realistic perspective. In addition, the surfaces are displayed with full hidden line removal. The Gibbs energies and equilibrium surfaces for a variety of alloy systems are presented as examples: (1) Fe−Cu−Ni, including plots of Gibbs energy, activity coefficient, and the miscibility gap; (2) Gibbs energy surfaces for several III–V ternaries; (3) a solidus surface for one of the ternaries of the quaternary Mo−Nb−Ti−V system; and (4) the liquidus surfaces for the Al−Mg−Zn system.
Face recognition in multi-camera surveillance videos

Recognizing faces in surveillance videos becomes difficult due to the poor quality of the probe data in terms of resolution, noise, blurriness, and varying lighting conditions. In addition, the poses of probe data are usually not frontal view, contrary to the standard format of the gallery data. The discrepancy between the two types of the data makes the existing recognition algorithm less accurate in real-world data. In this paper, we propose a multi-camera video based face recognition framework using a novel image representation called Unified Face Image (UFI), which is synthesized from multiple camera feeds. Within a temporal window the probe frames from different cameras are warped towards a template frontal face and then averaged. The generated UFI is a frontal view of the subject that incorporates information from different cameras. We use SIFT flow as a high level alignment tool to warp the faces. Experimental results show that by using the fused face, the recognition performance is better than the result of any single camera. The proposed framework can be adapted to any multi-camera video based recognition method using any feature descriptors or classifiers.
A Compact and Accurate Temperature-Dependent Model for CMOS Circuit Delay

With ever increasing power density and temperature variations within chips, it is very important to correctly model temperature effects on the devices in a compact way. In this paper, it is first shown that the temperature dependencies of the mobility and the saturation velocity need to be treated separately in modeling the current with temperature effects. Then, a new compact temperature-dependent model is presented for the on-current and transient behavior of a CMOS inverter based on the alpha-power law. The proposed model is shown to have an excellent agreement with BSIM3.
Maintenance of Delayed Nidation in the Rat by Single Dose Injection of Depot 6α-Methyl-17-acetoxyprogesterone

6α-Methyl-17-acetoxyprogesterone was injected subcutaneously as a microcrystalline suspension in a single dose into rats which had been ovariectomized on day 4 after mating. Normal implantations could be induced by administration of estrogen when more than 0.5 mg of the progestin was given. The administration of 6α-methyl-17-acetoxyprogesterone in depot form can be substituted for the daily injection of progestin to maintain delay of nidation in the rat for at least 10 days. (Endocrinology 80: 218,1967)