cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeting bacteria via iminoboronate chemistry of amine-presenting lipids

Synthetic molecules that target specific lipids serve as powerful tools for understanding membrane biology and may also enable new applications in biotechnology and medicine. For example, selective recognition of bacterial lipids may give rise to novel antibiotics, as well as diagnostic methods for bacterial infection. Currently known lipid-binding molecules primarily rely on noncovalent interactions to achieve lipid selectivity. Here we show that targeted recognition of lipids can be realized by selectively modifying the lipid of interest via covalent bond formation. Specifically, we report an unnatural amino acid that preferentially labels amine-presenting lipids via iminoboronate formation under physiological conditions. By targeting phosphatidylethanolamine and lysylphosphatidylglycerol, the two lipids enriched on bacterial cell surfaces, the iminoboronate chemistry allows potent labelling of Gram-positive bacteria even in the presence of 10% serum, while bypassing mammalian cells and Gram-negative bacteria. The covalent strategy for lipid recognition should be extendable to other important membrane lipids.
Treatment of drug addiction: past myths and present problems.

Summary Drug addiction has recently become a major mental health and public health problem in the United Slates as well as in other parts of the world. Large scale heroin addiction among minority groups in the United States, notably blacks and Puerto Ricans, can be dated from World War II, while wide-spread drug abuse among the youth, whites, and middle class is less than jive years old. In recent years, as addiction has spread in these latter groups, treatment efforts have doubled and redoubled. This article examines some of the past myths and current problems associated with drug addiction.
Occurrence of ipsdienol in floral fragrances

Abstract Ipsdienol is a major component of the floral fragrance of several species of orchids and one aroid that are pollinated by male euglossine bees. Racemic ipsdienol attracts various species of euglossine bees in field bioassays.
Motivation to Learn Science: Differences Related to Gender, Class Type, and Ability

Abstract Motivation differences of gender, science class type (biological vs. physical), and ability level of 242 high school students were investigated. High achievers and physical science students had higher scores than did low achievers and biological science students on academic goals, valuing science, and perceived ability. Boys had higher scores than did girls on perceived ability and stereotyped views of science. For only a subset of variables, these main effects were moderated by class type using achievement-level interaction. The class type main effect was moderated by gender in only one instance. Gender did not interact with achievement level for any variable. Instructional implications are discussed.
I h and HCN Channels in Murine Spiral Ganglion Neurons: Tonotopic Variation, Local Heterogeneity, and Kinetic Model

One of the major contributors to the response profile of neurons in the auditory pathways is the Ih current. Its properties such as magnitude, activation, and kinetics not only vary among different types of neurons (Banks et al., J Neurophysiol 70:1420–1432, 1993; Fu et al., J Neurophysiol 78:2235–2245, 1997; Bal and Oertel, J Neurophysiol 84:806–817, 2000; Cao and Oertel, J Neurophysiol 94:821–832, 2005; Rodrigues and Oertel, J Neurophysiol 95:76–87, 2006; Yi et al., J Neurophysiol 103:2532–2543, 2010), but they also display notable diversity in a single population of spiral ganglion neurons (Mo and Davis, J Neurophysiol 78:3019–3027, 1997), the first neural element in the auditory periphery. In this study, we found from somatic recordings that part of the heterogeneity can be attributed to variation along the tonotopic axis because Ih in the apical neurons have more positive half-activation voltage levels than basal neurons. Even within a single cochlear region, however, Ih current properties are not uniform. To account for this heterogeneity, we provide immunocytochemical evidence for variance in the intracellular density of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel α-subunit 1 (HCN1), which mediates Ih current. We also observed different combinations of HCN1 and HCN4 α-subunits from cell to cell. Lastly, based on the physiological data, we performed kinetic analysis for the Ih current and generated a mathematical model to better understand varied Ih on spiral ganglion function. Regardless of whether Ih currents are recorded at the nerve terminals (Yi et al., J Neurophysiol 103:2532-2543, 2010) or at the somata of spiral ganglion neurons, they have comparable mean half-activation voltage and induce similar resting membrane potential changes, and thus our model may also provide insights into the impact of Ih on synaptic physiology.
Critical comparisons of responses between side impact MDB and pole test modes

This paper describes in detail the comparison of structural responses and their effect on occupant responses between the moving deformable barrier and oblique pole test modes, including the test protocol, dummies and injury metrics. The temporal sequence of events that takes place in each of these test modes are presented in light of the primary momentum exchanges and the underlying physics. Furthermore, the key factors that affect dummy responses in each of these test modes are identified and summarised. Additionally, a brief conceptual framework to understand overall vehicle and occupant dynamics is presented. Vehicle crash dynamics covers the analyses of vehicle effective mass, vehicle lateral stiffness and structural analysis using momentum and energy conservation, for design and development of vehicle structure and simulation of structural responses using sub-system test/CAE methodology. Occupant dynamics focuses on analysis of dummy's body regions including head, neck, thorax, pelvis and upper leg to develop countermeasures and better understand the effectiveness of side restraints such as airbags.
Wetland Fire Scar Monitoring and analySiS USing archival landSat data For the evergladeS

The ability to document the frequency, extent, and severity of fires in wetlands, as well as the dynamics of post-fire wetland land cover, informs fire and wetland science, resource management, and ecosystem protection. Available information on Everglades burn history has been based on field data collection methods that evolved through time and differ by land management unit. Our objectives were to (1) design and test broadly applicable and repeatable metrics of not only fire scar delineation but also post-fire land cover dynamics through exhaustive use of the Landsat satellite data archives, and then (2) explore how those metrics relate to various hydrologic and anthropogenic factors that may influence post-fire land cover dynamics. Visual interpretation of every Landsat scene collected over the study region during the study time frame produced a new, detailed database of burn scars greater than 1.6 ha in size in the Water Conservation Areas and post-fire land cover dynamics for Everglades National Park fires greater than 1.6 ha in area. Median burn areas were compared across several landscape units of the Greater Everglades and found to differ as a function of administrative unit and fire history. Some burned areas transitioned to open water, exhibiting water depths and dynamics that support transition mechanisms proposed in the literature. Classification tree techniques showed that time to green-up and return to pre-burn character were largely explained by fire management practices and hydrology. Broadly applicable as they use data from the global, nearly 30-year-old Landsat archive, these methods for documenting wetland burn extent and post-fire land cover change enable cost-effective collection of new data on wetland fire ecology and independent assessment of fire management practice effectiveness.
Gender and Economic Change in the United States and Mexico, 1900-2000

This article investigates the relationship between changing gender definitions and economic development in the United States and Mexico over the course of a century. On the basis of historical research and fieldwork, the author highlights the role played by the national state in both countries in defining the proper ambit and behavior of men and women. She maintains that gender is a central vector in the organization of class hierarchies. Then, the author discusses the effects of global economic integration on gender definitions, arguing that the present era is characterized by the virtual disappearance of the family wage and growing atomization of the labor force in terms of gender. Finally, she provides an analysis of strategic sectors differentiated in terms of gender, race, and national background. Included are women working in export-processing zones, a new technocratic class residing in global cities, displaced White workers, and radicalized urban populations.
Variation in radical decay rates in epoxy as a function of crosslink density

A study was made of the behavior of radicals generated by Co-60 gamma radiation in the epoxy system tetraglycidyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) cured with 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS). The molar ratio of TGDDM to DDS was varied in the epoxy samples, and they were prepared under the same curing conditions to obtain various extents of crosslinking. ESR spectrometry data suggest that the rate of decay of radicals is related to inhomogeneities in the resin, with radicals in the highly crosslinked regions having long decay times. The inhomogeneities are thought to be due to statistical variation associated with the complex crosslinking reactions or to difficulties in mixing the reactants.
Daubechies-4 wavelets system-on-chip for classifications of mixed-chemical

Wavelet transforms are favorably used for compressing and filtering complex signals from chemical sensors for classifications. The Daubechies 4 (D4) transform is used and found to be more accurate especially with chemical mixtures, fairly simple to implement, and effective at pre-processing data from 32 sensors. The resulting output of this system is sent to a Spiking Neural Network processing chip for chemical classification. The system features a SPI bus for data input and output. It accepts a 32 bit fixed point value inputs for faster processing using bit shifts and adds to implement multiplication. The system is designed to be modular and capable of being used on other potential applications. Experimental measurements of mixed gases, including IEDs, are presented. This paper presents the design evaluated on a VHDL platform, to be implemented on a Si chip for fabrication through MOSIS 0.5 um CMOS technology. D4 has more capability than Haar transform, especially with gas mixtures such as 0.1% of TATP/HMTD in Acetonitrile. This high precision system design occupies a silicon chip area of less than 2 mm2. Experimental results are presented with good sensitivity, stability, and tolerance.
Measuring the Appraisal of Ad-Based Affect with Ad Promises

Abstract To address the need for improved measures of affective response to ads, and for measures of key selling ideas, this study presents a new set of multi-item scales called Ad Promises. These scales result from the methodological proposal made by Lazarus (1991a) to measure affect by asking respondents for their appraisal of affect-related person-environment situations. In an empirical study with a sample size of 430 respondents, high reliability and unidimensionality were found for these Ad Promises. In addition, two covariance structure models gave initial evidence for the convergent, discriminant, and construct validity of the Ad Promises scales. While focusing on recognizing the source of emotion appraisal of person-environment relationships, Ad Promises allow multiple “key ideals” or purchase motivations to be identified. For many television advertisers struggling to fashion a selling message within an attention-riveting presentation, Ad Promises offer increased power to gauge the intended effectivenss of their commericals.
Sorafenib, a dual Raf kinase/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor has significant anti-myeloma activity and synergizes with common anti-myeloma drugs

Multiple myeloma is characterized by increased bone marrow neovascularization driven in part by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In addition, the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is critical for the proliferation of myeloma cells and is often upregulated. Sorafenib (Nexavar) is a novel multi-kinase inhibitor that acts predominantly through inhibition of Raf-kinase and VEGF receptor 2, offering the potential for targeting two important aspects of disease biology. In in vitro studies, sorafenib-induced cytotoxicity in MM cell lines as well as freshly isolated patient myeloma cells. It retained its activity against MM cells in co-culture with stromal cells or with interleukin-6, VEGF or IGF; conditions mimicking tumor microenvironment. Examination of cellular signaling pathways showed downregulation of Mcl1 as well as decreased phosphorylation of the STAT3 and MEK/ERK, as potential mechanisms of its anti-tumor effect. Sorafenib induces reciprocal upregulation of Akt phosphorylation; and simultaneous inhibition of downstream mTOR with rapamycin leads to synergistic effects. Sorafenib also synergizes with drugs such as proteasome inhibitors and steroids. In a human in vitro angiogenesis assay, sorafenib showed potent anti-angiogenic activity. Sorafenib, through multiple mechanisms exerts potent anti-myeloma activity and these results favor further clinical evaluation and development of novel sorafenib combinations.
A Dataflow Graphical Query Language Based on a Functional Paradigm

Abstract In this paper we discuss a functional graphical language for specifying queries. The basic concepts of the object relationship (OR) model are reviewed and the process to convert OR diagrams into query graphs is shown. Both the primitive database relationship sets and the primitive computational relationship sets are described. The methods of defining non-recursive and recursive non-primitive relationship sets are analyzed.
Question form analysis in discourse agreement between a mother and a language-learning child

This study analyzed the question form used in discourse between a mother and her language-learning child. Spontaneous taped data of mother-child interactions were collected at three different time periods. Initially the child was 2;3 and data collection stopped at 2;5. Analysis of dialogue units based on protocols of discourse proposed by Mishler (1974) was conducted. Results indicated that question chaining occurred most frequently in discourse, followed by arching, then embedding. All question forms except one were initiated by the mother. Evidence also indicated that the subject did not have the linguistic competence of allwh-question forms by 2;5. This study indicated that question chaining was the most frequent type of discourse analysis with this dyad.
Quantitative identification of ankle equinus with applications for treatment assessment

Abstract A quantitative, objective technique has been developed to assist the clinician in the diagnosis and treatment of ankle equinus deformity. Gait patterns were analysed using a tibial nerve block (TNB) to assist in isolating the passive contributions to the ankle plantar flexor torque from the active. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected prior to and following a TNB, which were used to help identify the primary aetiology (i.e. spasticity or contracture) of equinus for each case. Several key gait parameters were investigated both for the subjects without foot deformities and those with equinus. The results demonstrated several statistically significant differences between the subjects with and without equinus. These differences involved: (1) the relative contribution of passive properties to internal ankle moment during walking, (2) the transfer of weight along the length of the foot, and (3) the angular displacement of the ankle from initial foot contact to early peak plantar flexion. Furthermore, two patients with ankle equinus were evaluated with this protocol both prior to and following surgical Achilles tendon lengthening procedures. Substantial changes in the walking patterns of these individuals were observed following surgery.
The Distribution of Sex and Age Among Victims of Homicide a Cross-National Study

Lester (1982) examined the distribution of suicides by sex and age for the countries of the world and found very different patterns. Females completed suicide at a relatively higher rate in Asian countries. The peak age for suicide was over 75 in almost all nations (except for females alone in the poorest countries where the peak was in those aged 15-24).The present study explores the distribution of victims of homicide by sex and age, since preliminary indications indicated interesting trends. For the sex ratio, Verkko (1951) hypothesized that the ratio of the male to female homicide rates would be higher in countries with the higher homicide rates, that is, the presence of a very high homicide rate in a country is primarily accounted for by a very high male homicide rate.For the age distribution of homicide victims, it appeared that in some countries young adults were killed at the highest rates, whereas in many other countries, babies in the first year of life were most at risk for homicide. This promi...
Validation of a New Test of Locus of Control: The Internal Control Index

A new locus of control test, the Internal Control Index (ICI), was examined. 259 subjects completed the ICI, the Rotter Internal-External Scale of locus of control, the Beck Depression Inventory, t...
Immunohistochemical localization of leucine-enkephalin in the spinal cord of the cat: enkephalin-containing marginal neurons and pain modulation.

This study examined the spinal cord distribution of the endogenous opioid peptide leucine-enkephalin in the cat using immunohistochemical techniques. The distribution of nerve processes was studied in untreated cats; colchicine was administered to study the distribution and morphology of spinal enkephalin-containing perikarya. Enkephalin immunoreactive processes were greatest in laminae I and II (marginal layer and substantia gelatinosa) of the superficial dorsal horn. In many sections, the outer substantia gelatinosa (SG), lamina IIa, was discernibly less immunoreactive than I or IIb. Laminae III and IV were relatively devoid of staining. Laminae V and VII had moderate enkephalin-immunoreactivity, lamina VI somewhat less. Enkephalin immunoreactivity in lamina X, around the central canal, was very dense. Enkephalin-containing beaded varicosities coursed throughout the ventral horn. Although previous studies in the rat emphasized the enkephalin-somata of the SG, we found that in the cat the majority of superficial dorsal horn enkephalinsomata are in the marginal layer. These enkephalin-containing marginal cells were morphologically similar to a population of marginal neurons which project to the brainstem and/or the thalamus. Some light staining small SG neurons were also identified; many were located at the lamina I-II border. Considerably more cells were found ventral to the SG, in lamina III, and at the IV-V border. These latter cells had dendrites coursing dorsally, toward the SG. Numerous immunoreactive cells were found in lamina VII, in a band across the intermediate gray. These cells fused medially with cells of lamina X. Enkephalin cells were also found in the sacral autonomic nucleus and encircling the central cervical nucleus, Clarke's column, and Stilling's nucleus. Although surrounded by labeled cells, the latter regions were devoid of enkephalin-immunoreactive processes. Many of these spinal enkephalin neurons are morphologically similar to and distributed in regions known to contain projection neurons. Thus it is suggested that many spinal enkephalin neurons, generally thought to be local circuit neurons, project rostrally, to other spinal levels and perhaps to brainstem and/or thalamus.
The molecular, physical and mechanical properties of highly plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes

Abstract Highly plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes (200 parts per hundred resin, phr) form the basis of ion-selective electrodes. The effects that five different plasticizers with different chemical structures, polarities and molecular weights M w have on modified mechanical properties such as strength, secant stiffness, toughness and ductility were examined by puncture testing. As a function of membrane thickness, strength, toughness, and secant stiffness increase, while ductility remains constant. For maximal membrane strength and toughness, plasticizer M w should be roughly 1000. The optimal ratio of experimental plasticization level ( phr exp = 200) to the minimal level required for complete plasticization ( phr min ) was found to be ∼ 2. A ‘tube’-like model for plasticizer interaction with polymer chains is proposed to explain the vast differences in the mechanical properties of membranes.
Interaction of Smad3 with a proximal smad-binding element of the human α2(I) procollagen gene promoter required for transcriptional activation by TGF-β

Transcription of the α2(I) collagen gene (COL1A2) in fibroblasts is potently induced by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Smad family proteins function as intracellular signal transducers for TGF-β that convey information from the cell membrane to the nucleus. In the present study, we establish the functional requirement for endogenous Smad3 and Smad4 in TGF-β–stimulated COL1A2 transcription in human skin fibroblasts in vitro. Furthermore, using transfections with a series of 5′ deletions of the human COL1A2 promoter, we identify a proximal region between −353 and −148 bp, which is required for full stimulation of transcription by a constitutively active TGF-β type I receptor. This region of the COL1A2 promoter contains a CAGA motif also found in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Substitutions disrupting this sequence decreased the binding of nuclear extracts or recombinant Smad3 to the CAGACA oligonucleotide, and markedly reduced the transcriptional response to TGF-β or overexpressed Smad3 in transient transfection assays. The insertion of tandem repeats of CAGACA conferred TGF-β stimulation to a heterologous minimal promoter–reporter construct. Inhibition of endogenous Smad expression in fibroblasts by antisense oligonucleotides or cDNA against Smad3 or Smad4, and transfection of COL1A2 promoter constructs into Smad4-deficient breast adenocarcinoma cells, indicated the critical role of Smads for the full TGF-β response. The importance of Smad binding to the CAGACA box of COL1A2 was further established by transcriptional decoy oligonucleotide competition. Taken together, the results identify a functional Smad-binding element of the COL1A2 promoter harboring a CAGACA consensus sequence that is both necessary and sufficient for stimulation by TGF-β, and demonstrate that interaction of this Smad-binding element with endogenous Smads is required for the full TGF-β response in fibroblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 183:381–392, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Approach for Multi-Stage Security-Constrained Transmission Expansion Planning

The transmission expansion planning (TEP) problem in modern power systems is a large-scale, mixed-integer, non-linear and non-convex problem. Although remarkable advances have been made in optimization techniques, finding an optimal solution to a problem of this nature can still be extremely challenging. Based on the linearized power flow model, this paper presents a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approach that considers losses, generator costs and the N - 1 security constraints for the multi-stage TEP problem. The losses and generator cost are modeled as piecewise linear functions of the line flows and the generator outputs, respectively. The IEEE 24-bus system is used to compare the lossy and the lossless model. The results show that the lossy model provides savings in total cost in the long run. The selection of the best number of piecewise linear sections L is also shown. Then a complete planning framework is presented and a multi-stage TEP is performed on the IEEE 118-bus test system. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is accurate and efficient, and has the potential to be applied to large-scale power system planning problems.
EFFECTS OF UNANTICIPATED SELF‐DISCLOSURE ON RECIPIENTS OF VARYING LEVELS OF SELF‐ESTEEM: A RESEARCH NOTE

Assuming that another's self-disclosure can be rewarding, it was hypothesized that attraction for one who disclosed a relatively high amount of personal information would be greater than attraction for a low discloser when the disclosure was perceived as being appropriate. Also, it was hypothesized that persons of high self-esteem may be more attracted to a high discloser than persons of moderate or low self-esteem. An experiment examined the effects of a confederate's self-disclosure (high or low degree of personal content) on a recipient. Greater attraction was demonstrated toward the confederate in the low disclosure condition, and her behavior was perceived to be more appropriate in this condition. Persons who participated in each of the experimental conditions were divided into three self-esteem categories. Those with intermediate levels of self-esteem were found to be the most receptive to a disclosing other, followed by subjects of low, and finally high self-esteem.
Prognostic significance of posttransfusion hepatitis and chromosomal abnormalities in adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

Abstract In a retrospective analysis, we studied the effects of postransfusion hepatitis (non-A, non-B) and chromosomal abnormalities upon the overall survival times of adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Seventy-two patients treated at the University of Chicago from 1970 to 1981 were evaluable. The complete remission (CR) rate for the entire group of patients was 33%, and the median survival was 246 days. Twenty-eight patients (39%) developed hepatitis, and 42 (61%) did not. The CR rate of the patients with hepatitis was 54%, and the median survival of this group was 615 days. In comparison, the CR rate for those who did not develop hepatitis was 20%, and their median survival was 136 days ( p
SU‐E‐J‐27: Effects of Metal Artifacts of KV and MV CT Images on Structure Delineation and Tissue Electron/Mass Density Calculation

Purpose: To quantitatively evaluate effects of image artifacts of hip prostheses on the accuracy of structure delineation and tissue density calculation on kV and MV CTimages.Methods: Five hip prostheses made of stainless steel, titanium and cobalt chrome alloys were positioned inside a water tank and scanned respectively on a Philips CT and a Tomotherapy Hi‐Art unit. Prostheses were positioned to mimic single and bilateral implantations. Rods of tissue materials of lung, water and bone were placed at locations next and distal to metal implants near femoral head, neck and stem of prostheses. kV and MV CT scans were repeated for each placement. On CTimages, cross‐sectional outlines of metal implants and tissue rods were delineated. Densities of rod materials were determined and compared to the true values. Results: Metal artifacts were severe on kV CTs and minimal on MV CTs. Cross‐sectional outlines of metal implants and tissue rods on kV CTs were severely distorted by artifacts while those on MV CTs remained clearly identifiable. For kV CTs, deviations of measuredtissue density from true value were up to 51.3%, 30.6% and 40.9% respectively for lung, bone and solid water. The magnitude of deviation was generally larger at locations closer to metal implants and greater with bilateral implants than single implant. For MV CTs, deviations of measured density from true value were less than 6% for all three tissue materials either with single or bilateral implants. Magnitude of deviation appeared to be uniform and independent of locations relative to metal implants. Conclusions: High Z metal artifacts on kV CTs can have severe impact on the accuracy of structure delineation and tissue density calculation, while on MV CTs, the impact is substantially less and insignificant. MV CTs should be considered for treatment planning on patients with high Z metal implants.
Hermes: clustering users in large-scale e-mail services

Hermes is an optimization engine for large-scale enterprise e-mail services. Such services could be hosted by a virtualized e-mail service provider, or by dedicated enterprise data centers. In both cases we observe that the pattern of e-mails between employees of an enterprise forms an implicit social graph. Hermes tracks this implicit social graph, periodically identifies clusters of strongly connected users within the graph, and co-locates such users on the same server. Co-locating the users reduces storage requirements: senders and recipients who reside on the same server can share a single copy of an e-mail. Co-location also reduces inter-server bandwidth usage.We evaluate Hermes using a trace of all e-mails within a major corporation over a five month period. The e-mail service supports over 120,000 users on 68 servers. Our evaluation shows that using Hermes results in storage savings of 37% and bandwidth savings of 50% compared to current approaches. The overheads are low: a single commodity server can run the optimization for the entire system.
Quantifying the heat flux and outflow rate of hot springs using airborne thermal imagery: Case study from Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska

Abstract In undertaking heat loss studies of geothermal systems, it is important to consider the heat flux associated with the outflow of thermal waters at hot springs, which may account for over 50% of the total natural surface heat loss. Conventional in-situ methods for quantifying hot spring heat flux may not always be feasible if there are low rates of flow or thermal waters are not confined to well-defined drainage channels. This paper describes the use of high spatial resolution airborne thermal infrared (TIR) imagery for quantifying the heat flux and corresponding outflow rate of hot springs using a case study of the Pilgrim Hot Springs geothermal system in western Alaska. The approach is based upon the use of a simplified, steady-state, heat budget model that describes the heat gains and losses from areas of thermal water to calculate the hot spring heat flux required to maintain the temperature of these waters above ambient conditions. Inputs to the model include calibrated surface temperature maps for areas of thermal water derived from processing of airborne TIR imagery acquired using a broadband forward looking infrared (FLIR) camera as well various atmospheric variables relevant to the thermodynamics of water bodies. The model is applied on a per-pixel basis to provide maps of the hot spring heat flux for the thermal waters. The total hot spring heat flux, representing the sum of the per-pixel heat fluxes, is used to calculate a corresponding hot spring outflow rate assuming a fixed hot spring temperature. This approach has been applied to TIR imagery acquired during two surveys over Pilgrim Hot Springs in Fall 2010 and Spring 2011. Although the heat budget model is particularly sensitive to wind speed, the results provide conservative estimates of the hot spring heat flux and outflow rates (at 81.3 °C) of ~ 4.7–6.7 MW thermal energy, and ~ 976–1400 l/min, respectively. These results are 2–3 times higher than field-based estimates of the hot spring heat flux derived using direct measurements of the flow rate in streams draining part of the thermal catchment at the site. This result is consistent with the synoptic capabilities of the airborne TIR data that map all areas of thermal water. This approach has significant potential as a rapid and repeatable method for quantitative investigations of spring-dominated geothermal systems in support of resource assessment, and long-term monitoring.
Morphogenesis of the avian trunk neural crest: use of morphological techniques in elucidating the process.

Morphological data generated from light and electron microscopy form the basis of our understanding of avian morphogenesis. Because chicken embryos are readily and cheaply obtained and are easily accessible for experimental manipulation, morphogenetic processes have been studied extensively in this species. Such studies have allowed us to identify the cells involved during morphogenesis, observe the shape changes or cellular translocations that accompany a morphogenetic process, and determine the timing of these events. Elucidation of the molecular basis of morphogenesis has awaited the integration of several additional approaches. Among these are experimental embryology, which has allowed us to understand cellular behavior associated with morphogenesis; immunocytochemistry, which has identified the macromolecular cues that regulate cell movements and the environmental factors that control them; and molecular techniques, which will permit us eventually to clarify the genetic regulation of morphogenesis. Although current research in development is heavily biased towards molecular biology, morphological studies continue to frame the questions that are now being addressed using molecular techniques. This review focuses on the cells of the neural crest as a model system where questions of avian morphogenesis have been profitably addressed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clinical experience with power-injectable PICCs in intensive care patients.

Introduction: In the ICU, peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) may be an alternative option to standard central venous catheters, particularly in patients with coagulation disorders or at high risk for infection. Some limits of PICCs (such as low flow rates) may be overcome with the use of power-injectable catheters. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all of the power-injectable PICCs inserted in adult and pediatric patients in the ICU during a 12-month period, focusing on the rate of complications at insertion and during maintenance. Results: We collected 89 power-injectable PICCs (in adults and in children), both multiple and single lumen. All insertions were successful. There were no major complications at insertion and no episodes of catheter-related bloodstream infection. Non-infective complications during management were not clinically significant. There was one episode of symptomatic thrombosis during the stay in the ICU and one episode after transfer of a patient to a non-intensive ward. Conclusion: Power-injectable PICCs have many advantages in the ICU: they can be used as multipurpose central lines for any type of infusion including high-flow infusion, for hemodynamic monitoring, and for high-pressure injection of contrast media during radiological procedures. Their insertion is successful in 100% of cases and is not associated with significant risks, even in patients with coagulation disorders. Their maintenance is associated with an extremely low rate of infective and non-infective complications.
People with lumbar disc herniation and associated radiculopathy benefit more from microdiscectomy than advice in the short term, although there is no difference in the long term

Commentary on: AJ Hahne, JJ Ford, JM McMeeken. Conservative management of lumbar disc herniation with associated radiculopathy: a systematic review. Spine2010;35:E488–504.
Preliminary In Vivo Capsule Crawler Mobility

Despite revolutionary advances in many fields of medicine, there are no active mobile in vivo devices commercially available, or in use, today. Several research groups are actively looking at a number of mobility methods in a number of lumens, but little commercial work has been done. While robotic surgery is available today thanks to robots such as the da Vinci surgical system, these methods are very expensive, require heavy external equipment, and are still constrained by entry incisions. An alternative approach may be to place the robot completely inside the patient. Such devices may enable non-invasive imaging and diagnostics. These devices may be significantly less expensive than current minimally invasive methods, without extensive support equipment, which may allow them to be also used routinely in the ER/trauma sites and remote locations. This paper explores using mobile capsule crawlers inside the body. Preliminary designs are discussed, and current research efforts into providing contact locomotion using micro-tread tracks are explored including initial drawbar force generation experimental results.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
THE STRANGENESS CHANGING ANTINEUTRINO REACTION ${\bar\nu}_L+P\longrightarrow\Lambda+L^+$

We obtain the cross sections for the reactions where L is a massive lepton, i.e. a muon or a tau lepton. We do this from near threshold to relativistic energies. We further obtain the contributions of various form factors and interference terms to the cross section with a view to discovering if the contributions from hard to observe form factors such as the weak pseudoscalar form factor, FP, and the weak electric form factor, FE might be obtained via these reactions. The form factor FE is particularly interesting as in the more usually observed p↔n transition it is a second class current and forbidden by G-parity. However in the p↔Λ transition it is not forbidden and it would be desirable to learn if it is present. Finally we discuss our results and prospects for these experiments.
Cocaine Levels in Sweat Collection Patches Vary by Location of Patch Placement and Decline Over Time

Sweat collection patches are used for drug abuse monitoring. We investigated the effect of sweat patch location (back and shoulder) on cocaine levels after controlled intravenous cocaine exposure (210 mg/70 kg) in 12 subjects (Experiment 1). Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses show cocaine and metabolites levels in Pharmchek trade mark patches were eightfold higher on the back than those on the shoulders. To assess the mechanisms for possible loss of cocaine from patches during wear, 48 sweat patches with a small amount of cocaine-d(5) (100 ng as base/patch) were placed on the backs of eight cocaine-naive volunteers for up to 72 h (Experiment 2). Drug-free patches were applied over eight of the cocaine-d(5) (100 ng) containing patches to measure loss through the patch. Cocaine levels in spiked patches declined over time (p = 0.002), with levels at 48 h postapplication 30% less than control, consistent with possible drug reabsorption. Cocaine was detectable (> 2 ng/patch, LOQ) in four of eight initially cocaine-free patches placed on top of the cocaine-containing patches, indicating transfer through the patch outer membrane. Conversion to benzoylecgonine was detectable but at low levels (< 2%). Reabsorption (back transfer), degradation or hydrolysis, and loss of cocaine to the environment may account for substantial loss of cocaine from skin sweat collection patches during patch wear.
Feedback regularization and control of nonlinear differential-algebraic-equation systems

The feedback control of nonlinear high-index differential-algebraic-equation systems for which the underlying algebraic constraints among the system variables involve the manipulated inputs is addressed in this work. A state-space realization of such systems cannot be derived independently of the controller design. In view of this fact, a two-step methodology is proposed for the control of such systems. The first step involves the derivation of a dynamic state-feedback compensator such that in the resulting system, the underlying constraints are independent of the new inputs. In the second step, a state-space realization of the feedback modified system is derived and used as the basis for a state-feedback controller synthesis. Application of the developed control methodology is demonstrated on an interconnection of a two-phase exothermic reactor and a condenser.
Biogenic amines modulate synaptic transmission between identified giant interneurons and thoracic interneurons in the escape system of the cockroach

In the escape system of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, a population of uniquely identifiable throacic interneurons (type A or TIAs) receive information about wind via chemical synapses from a population of ventral giant interneurons (vGIs). The TIAs are involved in the integration of sensory information necessary for orienting the animal during escape. It is likely that there are times in an animal's life when it is advantageous to modify the effectiveness of synaptic transmission between the vGIs and the TIAs. Given the central position of the TIAs inthe escape system, this would greatly alter associated motor outputs. We tested the ability of octopamine, serotonin, and dopamine to modulate synaptic transmission between vGIs and TIAs. Both octopamine and dopamine significantly increased the amplitude of vGI-evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in TIAs at 10−4−10−2M, and 10−3M, respectively. On the other hand, serotonin significantly decreased the vGI-evoked EPSPs in TIAs at 10−4−10−3M. These results indicate that octopamine, serotonin, and dopamine are capable of modulating the efficacy of transmission of important neural connections within this circuit. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is a LDL-like particle consisting of an ApoA moiety linked to one molecule of ApoB100. Recent data from large-scale prospective studies and genetic association studies provide highly suggestive evidence for a potentially causal role of Lp(a) in affecting risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in general populations. Patients with Type 2 diabetes display clustered metabolic abnormalities and elevated risk of CVD. Lower plasma Lp(a) levels were observed in diabetic patients in several recent studies. Epidemiology studies of Lp(a) and CVD risk in diabetic patients generated inconsistent results. We recently found that Lp(a)-related genetic markers did not predict CVD in two diabetic cohorts. The current data suggest that Lp(a) may differentially affect cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients and in the general population. More prospective studies, Mendelian randomization analysis and functional studies are needed to clarify the causal relationship of Lp(a) and CVD in diabetic patients.
Discretization of hybrid VSIE using mixed mesh elements with zeroth-order Galerkin basis functions

The hybrid volume and surface integral equation approach is applied to solve electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems involving conducting and/or dielectric objects. To flexibly and accurately model the complex structures and reduce the number of unknowns, mixed mesh scheme is developed to discretize the object. In this scheme, the triangles and quadrangles are used to discretize the conducting part of the object, and the tetrahedrons, hexahedrons, prisms and pyramids are used to model the dielectric volumes of the scatterer. Numerical results showed the solution accuracies from the mixed element meshes are of the same level compared with the single element meshes, but uses much less number of unknowns. This leads to flexibility for mesh generating and reduces the use of computing resources.
Effect of dissolved nutrients on two aquatic hyphomycetes growing on leaf litter

Concentrations of potassium nitrate, potassium phosphate, or calcium chloride were varied in stream-simulating microcosms containing leaf discs colonized by the aquatic hyphomycetes Anguillospora filiformis or Lunulospora curvula. Cumulative conidium production of the fungi determined from rates of sporulation at 2 d intervals was stimulated by increasing concentrations of both potassium nitrate and potassium phosphate but not by calcium chloride. Leaf weight loss was also stimulated by increasing concentrations of potassium nitrate and potassium phosphate. The amount of fungal biomass (determined as ATP concentrations) associated with leaf discs increased significantly only in the treatments in which A. filiformis received increasing concentrations of potassium nitrate. These results indicate that as aquatic hyphomycetes grow on leaf litter, they can obtain at least a portion of their inorganic nutrition from the water flowing over the leaves. They also suggest that sporulation is more sensitive to changes in nutrient concentrations than growth.
Borderline Personality Disorder as a Female Phenotypic Expression of Psychopathy

Evidence suggests that the combination of the interpersonal-affective (F1) and impulsive-antisocial (F2) features of psychopathy may be associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD), specifically among women (e.g., Coid, 1993; Hicks, Vaidyanathan, & Patrick, 2010). However, empirical research explicitly examining gendered relationships between BPD and psychopathy factors is lacking. To further inform this area of research, we investigated the hypothesis that the interplay between the two psychopathy factors is associated with BPD among women across two studies. Study 1 consisted of a college sample of 318 adults (51% women), and Study 2 consisted of a large sample of 488 female prisoners. The interpersonal-affective (F1) and impulsiveantisocial psychopathy (F2) scores, measured with self-report and clinician-rated indices, respectively, were entered as explanatory variables in regression analyses to investigate their unique contributions to BPD traits. Across two independent samples, results indicated that the interaction of high F1 and F2 psychopathy scores was associated with BPD in women. This association was found to be specific to women in Study 1. These results suggest that BPD and psychopathy, at least as they are measured by current instruments, overlap in women and, accordingly, may reflect genderdifferentiated phenotypic expressions of similar dispositional vulnerabilities.
A comparison of the hydraulic efficiency of a palm species (Iriartea deltoidea) with other wood types.

a highly efficient hydraulic system. This preset nature, along with the decoupling of hydraulic and mechanical functioning to different cell types, may allow palms to have a more efficient hydraulic system than dicotyledonous trees. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the efficiency of the hydraulic system in the palm Iriartea deltoidea (Ruiz & Pav.) and compare this efficiency with other tree forms. We measured cross-sectional areas of roots, stems and fronds as well as leaf areas of I. deltoidea saplings. Likewise, cross-sections were made and vessel diameters and frequencies measured. This allowed for the calculation of theoretical specific conductivity ( KS,calc), theoretical leaf-specific conductivity ( KL,calc), and vessel diameter and vessel number ratios between distal and proximal locations in the palms. Iriartea deltoidea palms were found to have the largest, least frequent vessels that diverged most from the square packing limit (maximum number of vessels that fit into a given area) compared with other major tree forms, and they therefore invested the least space and carbon into water transport structures. Likewise, conduits tapered by ~1/3 between ranks (root, bole and petiole), which represents an efficient ratio with regard to the trade-offs between safety and efficiency of the conducting system. Conduits also exhibited a high conser vation of the sum of the conduit radii cubed (Σr 3 ) across ranks, thereby approximating Murray’s law patterning. Therefore, our results indicate that the palm I. deltoidea has a very efficient hydraulic system in terms of maintaining a large conducting capacity with a minimal vascular investment. This efficiency may allow palms to compete well with dicotyledonous trees in tropical and subtropical climates but other developmental factors largely restrict palms from regions that experience prolonged freezing temperatures.