cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proper Names: Semantic Aspects

Proper names are given to individuals and groups, especially persons and places, but also to animals and many inanimate objects, e.g., organizations, shops, events, and automobile makes and models. In English most given names are taken from a name inventory and have no meaning, but in many languages names have meanings that constrain their application. Names for shops, organizations, cars, events, etc. are typically based on descriptions, and the meaning of the words chosen are expected to be appropriate. Sometimes the meaning is ironic, as with some nicknames and the names of rock bands.
On the Utility of Covert Action

Covert actions are as old as political man. The subversive manipulation of others is nothing new. It has been written about since Sun Tzu and Kautilya. People and nations have always sought the use of shadowy means to influence situations and events. Covert action has even become a staple of the state system. A dark and nefarious tool often banished to philosophical and intellectual exile, covert action is in truth an oft-used method of achieving political utility overlooked by conventional academics. Modern scholars contend that for political utility to be achieved, activities such as war and diplomacy must be conducted transparently. This paper illustrates the shortsighted naivety of the current conceptualization of political utility predicated largely on moral and ethical conceptualizations rather than the primacy of mathematics. Political utility is not the transparent achievement of political ends instead it is best thought of in its original economic intent, a measure satisfaction. Covert action is, and has always been, a tool aimed at achieving positive utility for political leaders. As with its overt counterparts it is not always successful, however this lack of success does not diminish its ability in many circumstances to achieve political utility.
Microspatial Differences in Soil Temperature Cause Phenology Change on Par with Long-Term Climate Warming in Salt Marshes

Phenology studies mostly focus on variation across time or landscapes. However, phenology can vary at fine spatial scales, and these differences may be as important as long-term change from climate warming. We used high-frequency “PhenoCam” data to examine phenology of Spartina alterniflora, a foundation species native to salt marshes on the US East and Gulf coasts, and a common colonizer elsewhere. We examined phenology across three microhabitats from 2013 to 2017 and used this information to create the first spring green-up model for S. alterniflora. We then compared modern spatial variation to that exhibited over a 60-year climate record. Marsh interior plants initiated spring growth 17 days earlier than channel edge plants and spent 35 days more in the green-up phenophase and 25 days less in the maturity phenophase. The start of green-up varied by 17 days among 3 years. The best spring green-up model was based on winter soil total growing degree days. Across microhabitats, spring green-up differences were caused by small elevation changes (15 cm) that drove soil temperature variation of 0.8°C. Preliminary evidence indicated that high winter belowground biomass depletion triggered early green-up. Long-term change was similar: winter soil temperatures warmed 1.7 ± 0.3°C since 1958, and green-up advanced 11 ± 6 days, whereas contemporary microhabitat differences were 17 ± 4 days. Incorporating local spatial variation into plant phenology models may provide an early warning of climate vulnerability and improve understanding of ecosystem-scale productivity. Microscale phenology variation likely exists in other systems and has been unappreciated.
A Survey on Applications of Machine Learning for Optimal Power Flow

Optimal power flow (OPF) is at the heart of many power system operation tools and market clearing processes. Several mathematical and heuristic approaches have been presented in literature to solve OPF. The recent flourish of machine learning (ML) algorithms and advancement of computational resources, with unforeseen data availability, has motivated the power system community to embrace ML. Although many papers are published on the applications of ML for solving various power system problems, in case of OPF, the same research orientation is still in its early days. This paper presents a survey of recent studies that have applied ML to solve OPF-related problems and provides readers with visions on potential research directions in this field. The surveyed literature is categorized according to the type of studied OPF problems.
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Alcohol Use Disorder.

Background and aims Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with microbial alterations that worsen with cirrhosis. Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) could be a promising approach. Approach and results In this phase 1, double-blind, randomized clinical trial, patients with AUD-related cirrhosis with problem drinking (AUDIT-10 > 8) were randomized 1:1 into receiving one placebo or FMT enema from a donor enriched in Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. Six-month safety was the primary outcome. Alcohol craving questionnaire, alcohol consumption (urinary ethylglucuronide/creatinine), quality of life, cognition, serum IL-6 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, plasma/stool short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and stool microbiota were tested at baseline and day 15. A 6-month follow-up with serious adverse event (SAE) analysis was performed. Twenty patients with AUD-related cirrhosis (65 ± 6.4 years, all men, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease 8.9 ± 2.7) with similar demographics, cirrhosis, and AUD severity were included. Craving reduced significantly in 90% of FMT versus 30% in placebo at day 15 (P = 0.02) with lower urinary ethylglucuronide/creatinine (P = 0.03) and improved cognition and psychosocial quality of life. There was reduction in serum IL-6 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and increased butyrate/isobutyrate compared with baseline in FMT but not placebo. Microbial diversity increased with higher Ruminococcaceae and other SCFAs, producing taxa following FMT but not placebo, which were linked with SCFA levels. At 6 months, patients with any SAEs (8 vs. 2, P = 0.02), AUD-related SAEs (7 vs. 1, P = 0.02), and SAEs/patient (median [interquartile range], 1.5 [1.25] vs. 0 [0.25] in FMT, P = 0.02) were higher in placebo versus FMT. Conclusions This phase 1 trial shows that FMT is safe and associated with short-term reduction in alcohol craving and consumption with favorable microbial changes versus placebo in patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis with alcohol misuse. There was also a reduction in AUD-related events over 6 months in patients assigned to FMT.
Research in nursing education and the institutional review board/ethics committee

Abstract Background Institutional review board (IRB) or research ethics committee approval is intended to protect the rights of human subjects. Assurance that ethical standards are met is essential for educational research and quality improvement (QI) projects involving human subjects. Purpose The purposes were to describe the requirements of nursing journals for educational studies and QI projects related to education to be reviewed by an IRB or a research ethics committee and to identify the types of statements of approval or exemption to be included in manuscripts. Method The investigators employed an electronic survey sent to members of the International Academy of Nursing Editors list serve. Responses representing 64 nursing journals were received. Results The majority of journals that publish academic educational studies (n = 32, 86.5%) always required IRB or other ethics committee review, and 17 (45.9%) required the same for QI projects related to education. An IRB or research ethics committee review was always required by journals for educational studies (n = 24, 88.9%) and for QI projects (n = 14, 51.9%) involving the professional development of nurses. Conclusions Educational studies that involve human subjects should be reviewed by an IRB or other type of research ethics committee before implementing the study. Any determination of exemption should be made by the IRB or research ethics committee, not by the investigator.
Vapor Phase Infiltration Doping of the Semiconducting Polymer Poly(aniline) with TiCl4 + H2O: Mechanisms, Reaction Kinetics, and Electrical and Optical Properties

This study reports on the optical and electronic properties of organic–inorganic hybrid semiconductors synthesized via vapor phase infiltration (VPI) of poly(aniline) (PAni) with TiCl4 and H2O. Thi...
Supplying Insulin while Evading Immunity.

Islet Transplants — Turning the Table on PD-1 The immune inhibition mediated by PD-1 receptor and its ligand, PD-L1, is targeted for suppression by drugs to treat cancer. Could augmenting this inhi...
Christianity and Violence

How Christian people have framed the meaning of violence within their faith tradition has been a complex process subject to all manner of historical, cultural, political, ethnic and theological contingencies. As a tradition encompassing widely divergent beliefs and perspectives, Christianity has, over two millennia, adapted to changing cultural and historical circumstances. To grasp the complexity of this tradition and its involvement with violence requires attention to specific elements explored in this Element: the scriptural and institutional sources for violence; the faith commitments and practices that join communities and sanction both resistance to and authorization for violence; and select historical developments that altered the power wielded by Christianity in society, culture and politics. Relevant issues in social psychology and the moral action guides addressing violence affirmed in Christian communities provide a deeper explanation for the motivations that have led to the diverse interpretations of violence avowed in the Christian tradition.
The Joint Pricing of Volatility and Liquidity

We evaluate the joint pricing of market volatility and market liquidity. Combining recent advances in continuous-time econometrics with no-arbitrage arguments, we extract novel proxies for market volatility and market illiquidity from a single time-series of high-frequency SPIDERS transaction prices. When considered individually, illiquidity and volatility shocks are shown to be strongly negatively correlated with market returns as well as with the returns on the size, book-to-market, and momentum portfolios. Shocks to illiquidity and shocks to volatility are found to be individually negatively priced. In joint specifications, shocks to volatility drive out shocks to illiquidity leading to a drastic reduction in the statistical significance of the illiquidity factor loadings. While innovations in illiquidity and innovations in volatility may still be jointly negatively priced, as is shown for our data, the factor loadings associated with volatility shocks provide a more accurate assessment of risk. When interpreting shocks to illiquidity and shocks to volatility as proxies for a more fundamental distress factor, this result is suggestive of the superior robustness of the latter.
Effect of Race and Ethnicity on In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with COVID-19.

Objective: To identify differences in short-term outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) according to various racial/ethnic groups. Design: Analysis of Cerner de-identified COVID-19 dataset. Setting: A total of 62 health care facilities. Participants: The cohort included 49,277 adult COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized from December 1, 2019 to November 13, 2020. Methods: We compared patients’ age, gender, individual components of Charl­son and Elixhauser comorbidities, medical complications, use of do-not-resuscitate, use of palliative care, and socioeconomic status between various racial and/or ethnic groups. We further compared the rates of in-hos­pital mortality and non-routine discharges between various racial and/or ethnic groups. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortali­ty. The secondary outcome was non-routine discharge (discharge to destinations other than home, such as short-term hospitals or other facilities including intermediate care and skilled nursing homes). Results: Compared with White patients, in-hospital mortality was significantly higher among African American (OR 1.5; 95%CI:1.3-1.6, P<.001), Hispanic (OR1.4; 95%CI:1.3-1.6, P<.001), and Asian or Pacific Islander (OR 1.5; 95%CI: 1.1-1.9, P=.002) patients after adjustment for age and gender, Elixhauser comorbidities, do-not-resuscitate status, palliative care use, and socioeconomic status. Conclusions: Our study found that, among hospitalized patients with COVID-2019, African American, Hispanic, and Asian or Pacific Islander patients had increased mortality compared with White patients after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, and do-not-resuscitate/pallia­tive care status. Our findings add additional perspective to other recent studies. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(3):389-398; doi:10.18865/ed.31.3.389
A NEW ANNUAL SPECIES OF CHAENACTIS (COMPOSITAE) FROM THE CENTRAL DESERT OF BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

A new yellow-flowered annual pincushion, Chaenactis kyhosii B.G.Baldwin, is described from the Central Desert of Baja California, Mexico. This desert taxon has been confused with C. glabriuscula DC. sensu lato (s. l.), a species complex of the California Floristic Province and desert periphery. Chaenactis kyhosii (2n = 5II) is evidently allopatric with C. glabriuscula s. l. (2n = 6II) and is distinct chromosomally. It differs morphologically from other yellow-flowered members of Chaenactis, including C. glabriuscula s. l., by the character-state combination of having non-glandular hairs sparse or lacking, main stem branches concentrated at or near base, leaves mostly basal or proximal on stems, leaf blades entire and filiform or once-pinnate with filiform lobes, peduncles and involucres densely glandular, corollas of marginal florets only slightly enlarged, cypselae sparsely white-strigose to ± glabrate, and pappi uniseriate, of four well-developed, generally unequal, and often obtuse scales. Chaenactis kyhosii is more closely related to the white-flowered, primarily desert-dwelling annual C. fremontii A.Gray, also with 2n = 5II, and the southern lineages of C. glabriuscula s. l. than to the northern lineages of C. glabriuscula s. l.
Relationship between inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis and DNA replication in activated lymphocytes

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between inhibition of DNA replication and reduced polyamine levels in bovine lymphocytes using several different inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis and various administration regimens. Dose-response curves for inhibition of DNA synthesis by methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) failed to provide evidence for an intracellular inhibitory site of this drug aside from polyamine biosynthesis. Experiments with two analogs of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) showed a correlation between inhibition of DNA replication and lowered levels of spermidine and spermine. A new inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, α-difluoromethylornithine, which irreversibly inhibits ornithine decarboxylase and is structurally unrelated to methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), specifically inhibited DNA replication without altering the number of cells in S phase or the rates of protein and RNA synthesis. This physiological response was identical to that observed previously when polyamine synthesis was blocked with methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone). We conclude that the observed inhibition of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation was due to depressed intracellular polyamine levels and not to other pharmacological effects of the inhibitors that were unrelated to inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis. In the polyamine-deficient cells, inhibition was also observed when [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation was measured under conditions where de novo deoxythymidine 5′-phosphate synthesis was inhibited by amethopterin. It therefore appears that the observed inhibition was due to a depressed rate of DNA replication rather than to altered specific radioactivity of the intracellular DNA precursor, deoxythymidine 5′-triphosphate. Under the polyamine-deficient conditions, a lowered intracellular pool of deoxythymidine 5′-triphosphate was observed. However, it is concluded that this could not bring about the defects in replication observed and that polyamine deficiency probably induces defects in the nuclear replication machinery per se .
Cooperative cumulants-based Modulation Classification under flat Rayleigh fading channels

Automatic Modulation Classification is a key technology in Cognitive Radio Networks. Blind identification of the modulation scheme of an unknown detected signal has various commercial and military applications. Performance of Automatic Modulation Classifiers degrades severely under low Signal-to-Noise ratios and fading channel scenarios. Cooperative classification is presented as a means to enhance the classification performance as well as to relax the computational constraints on individual nodes. In this work, the performance of cooperative cumulants-based modulation classification is studied under flat Rayleigh fading channels. The degradation in performance of a single node under flat Rayleigh fading is first presented in comparison to Additive White Gaussian Noise channels. Next, performance improvement obtained through cooperative combining of classification data from several nodes is presented. Analytical results as well as simulations show that cooperation will improve the overall performance of modulation classifiers, overcoming the performance loss due to fading and reaching classification results comparable to the AWGN scenario.
Revisiting the freshman "15": assessing body mass index in the first college year and beyond.

AbstractPurpose:The purpose of this study was to examine body mass index (BMI) of college freshmen and compare with BMI in senior or graduate year of school.Data sources:A convenience sample was drawn from health records of students at a small private university in the northeast United States. BMIs
A CMOS 5 GHz phase-compensated quadrature coupler

A quadrature hybrid coupler implemented in a 0.18 /spl mu/m 6-metal RF CMOS process is presented. The 3 dB coupler uses on-chip lumped passive elements and provides a 90/spl deg/ phase shift at 5.4 GHz. It exhibits less than 0.7/spl deg/ phase and 0.3 dB amplitude I/Q mismatches over a bandwidth of 220 MHz. The measured figure-of-merit is 45 dB at 5.4 GHz.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE EXOSPORIUM ENVELOPING SPORES OF BACILLUS CEREUS

Gerhardt, Philipp (The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), and Edgar Ribi. Ultrastructure of the exosporium enveloping spores of Bacillus cereus . J. Bacteriol. 88: 1774–1789. 1964.—Structural details in the outer envelope of spores, such as those of Bacillus cereus and B. anthracis , were studied by electron microscopy and by X-ray diffraction analysis. Procedures were developed for isolating homogeneous fragments of the membrane with minimal damage to or germination of the spore proper. Exosporium of B. cereus appeared to embody two main layers. An outer layer was made up of a nap of hairlike projections, irregularly distributed and about 250 A deep; these arose from an intermediate covering, about 60 A in depth and similarly lead-stainable. An inner basal layer had a hexagonally perforate surface pattern of holes, averaging 76 A from center to center, and was made up of four lamellae, which could fragment into crystal-like elements. The intact basal membrane was about 190 A thick and the thinnest elements, 45 A. Microscopic observations of a crystal-like nature of the exosporium basal membrane were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis; the pattern of reflection lines in powder diagrams of exosporium fragments or paracrystals, or intact spores, corresponded to a hexagonal, close-packed crystal structure. The unit cell was calculated to have dimensions of 7.6 A along the a axis and 11.9 A along the c axis of the space lattice. Images
An open form of syntaxin bypasses the requirement for UNC-13 in vesicle priming

The priming step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis is thought to require the formation of the SNARE complex, which comprises the proteins synaptobrevin, SNAP-25 and syntaxin. In solution syntaxin adopts a default, closed configuration that is incompatible with formation of the SNARE complex. Specifically, the amino terminus of syntaxin binds the SNARE motif and occludes interactions with the other SNARE proteins. The N terminus of syntaxin also binds the presynaptic protein UNC-13 (ref. 5). Studies in mouse, Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans suggest that UNC-13 functions at a post-docking step of exocytosis, most likely during synaptic vesicle priming. Therefore, UNC-13 binding to the N terminus of syntaxin may promote the open configuration of syntaxin. To test this model, we engineered mutations into C. elegans syntaxin that cause the protein to adopt the open configuration constitutively. Here we demonstrate that the open form of syntaxin can bypass the requirement for UNC-13 in synaptic vesicle priming. Thus, it is likely that UNC-13 primes synaptic vesicles for fusion by promoting the open configuration of syntaxin.
Effect of the pseudogap on the transition temperature in the cuprates and implications for its origin

An argument by contradiction shows that the pseudogap state in the high-temperature superconducting cuprates is due to the superconducting pairing rather than being an independent or even competing state.
Reaction of Chloroacetamide with the Sulfhydryl Group of Papain

Abstract The kinetics of the reaction of the essential sulfhydryl group of papain with chloroacetamide was studied over a wide range of conditions. The variation of the second order rate constant (k2) with pH, at temperatures from 15.0–39.5°, is described by simple S-shaped curves at 0.50 ionic strength, characteristic for alkylation of a normal sulfhydryl anion. The k2-pH profiles are S-shaped at 0.07 ionic strength also (4.5–30.5°), although the values of k2 at low pH values are higher than those expected for simple ionization curves; this increase is eliminated by raising the ionic strength from 0.07 to 0.50. The pH dependence for the rates of inhibition are described by formulations relating the apparent rate constants with the states of ionization of the sulfhydryl group and another pH-dependent event. On the basis of these formulations, pK' values and absolute rate constants were obtained which appear to be intrinsic parameters characteristic for the sulfhydryl group. Thermodynamic and activation constants described by these sulfhydryl-specific parameters were also calculated.
Comprehensive Immigration Reform: Becoming Americans - U.S. Immigrant Integration

In this statement to a House Hearing on comprehensive immigration reform focusing on immigrant integration, English and foreign language competencies, preferences and use among immigrants and their children in the United States are examined, based on both historical and contemporary census and survey data. The findings of key studies measuring inter-generational language change are summarized, including longitudinal and cross-generational analyses. Data are then presented from research measuring the “linguistic life expectancies” of immigrant languages in Southern California, the region of main immigrant settlement in the U.S. - that is, the generational point at which an immigrant language (Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Tagalog, Vietnamese) effectively “dies” and is replaced by English language preference and use. Responses are also provided to these post-hearing questions posed by House members: “Is there such a thing as too much immigration? Legal immigration? Illegal immigration? How many immigrants are too many? Is there a limit to how many immigrants we can successfully assimilate? What are the criteria? What are the consequences if the wrong judgment is made about how many immigrants we can assimilate? How did previous generations of immigrants learn English without federal programs?”
The roles of top and intermediate predators in herbivore suppression: contrasting results from the field and laboratory

Intraguild predators can have unpredictable effects in food webs: they can either disrupt or enhance herbivore suppression, depending on their direct effects on herbivores. Furthermore, intraguild predation is not always unidirectional, with top predators eating more effective intermediate predators. In a vineyard field experiment and a series of laboratory experiments, the effect of intraguild interactions between a likely top predator (the spider Cheiracanthium mildei) and an intermediate predator (the spider Anyphaena pacifica) on suppression of their shared leafhopper prey (Erythroneura spp.) was examined. In the field experiment, C. mildei drove the suppression of leafhoppers while reducing numbers of the other spider A. pacifica. The results of laboratory experiments confirmed the predatory impacts of C. mildei on both leafhoppers and A. pacifica. As a top intraguild predator, C. mildei appears to dominate predator–prey interactions in the vineyard ecosystem, although results indicate that its impact may be dampened by cannibalism. By contrast, A. pacifica preyed on leafhoppers and smaller C. mildei in laboratory experiments, but had no measurable impacts in the field experiment. The larger average size and wide-ranging hunting mode of C. mildei may provide a predatory advantage in the field that did not emerge over short time periods in small laboratory cages. These results highlight the pitfalls of extrapolating from the controlled setting of the laboratory to more heterogeneous conditions in the field.
A cellular based mobile location tracking system

We propose a cellular-based location tracking system to make the best use of the range measurements and the supplementary information obtainable in cellular systems. The tracking system employs a Kalman filter for its flexibility in taking intermittent measurements and auxiliary information. Past location estimates and sector information are used to relax the minimum number of range measurements required, and therefore broaden the location coverage area. We analyze the probability of resolving the ambiguity when only two range measurements are available. A non-line-of-sight (NLOS) mitigation algorithm developed by Pi-Chun Chen (see IEEE WCNC, 1999) is used to improve erroneous location estimates corrupted by NLOS errors. The performance of the proposed cellular based location tracking system is evaluated through simulations.
Multiple window time-frequency analysis

We propose a robust method for estimating the time-varying spectrum of a non-stationary random process. Our approach extends Thomson's powerful multiple window spectrum estimation scheme to the time-frequency and time-scale planes. The method refines previous extensions of Thomson's method through optimally concentrated window and wavelet functions and a statistical test for extracting chirping line components.
Single crystal X-ray study of the superstructure modulation and long-range order in V2D

A large vanadium single crystal is loaded with deuterium (D) to V2D and cooled to form a multidomain ordered crystal. The ordered state and ordering transition are studied with X-ray scattering revealing a D-induced modulation of the vanadium lattice which produces X-ray peaks at the D superlattice positions. The disordering is monitored using this modulation peak together with a careful measurement of the temperature variation of the tetragonal lattice parameters. These values of c and a are fit with a phenomenological expression incorporating the order parameter, the thermal expansion, and the volume dilat iondue to tetrahedral and octahedral D occupancy in V. The transition is shown unambiguously to be first order with some hysteresis. Ein groser Vanadiumkristall wird mit Deuterium (D) zu V2D versetzt und abgekuhlt, wobei ein geordneter Vieldomanenkristall entsteht. Der geordnete Zustand und die Ordnungsubergange werden mit Rontgenstreung untersucht und dabei eine D-induzierte Modulation des Vanadingitters gefunden, die Rontgenmaxima an den D-Ubergitterplatzen hervorruft. Die Fehlordnung wird mit diesen Modulationsmaxima verfolgt, zusammen mit einer sorgfaltigen Messung der Temperaturanderung der Parameter des tetragonalen Gitters. Die Werte von c und a werden an einen phanomenologischen Ausdruck angepast, der den Ordnungsparameter. die thermische Ausdehnung und die Volumendilatation durch tetraedrische und oktaedrische D-Besetzung in V einschliest. Es wird zweifelsfrei gezeigt, das der Ubergang von erster Ordnung mit merklicher Hysterese ist.
The Relationship Between Working Memory and Mathematical Problem Solving in Children at Risk and Not at Risk for Serious Math Difficulties

This study identified cognitive processes that underlie individual differences in working memory (WM) and mathematical problem-solution accuracy in elementary school children at risk and not at risk for serious math difficulties (SMD). A battery of tests was administered that assessed problem solving, achievement, and cognitive processing in children in first (N = 130), second (N = 92) and third grades (N = 131). The results were that (a) younger children and children at risk for SMD performed poorer on WM and problem-solving tasks, as well as measures of math calculation, reading, semantic processing, phonological processing, and inhibition, than older children and children not at risk for SMD and (b) WM predicted solution accuracy of word problems independent of measures of fluid intelligence, reading skill, math skill, knowledge of algorithms, phonological processing, semantic processing, speed, short-term memory, and inhibition. The results support the notion that the executive system is an important predictor of children's problem solving.
Stress relaxation of a eutectic alloy in the superplastic condition

Abstract Stress relaxation experiments on fine-grained samples of the SnPb eutectic alloy exhibit precipitous decreases in strain rate at nearly constant stress. However, comparison with creep results on the same material demonstrates that this behavior does not reflect any threshold stress for creep deformation. The relaxation behavior is well described by a mechanical analog model which incorporates an anelastic element similar to reported “superanelasticity” in this alloy. Creep of this material at a low stress can be described by a power law, with the strain rate proportional to the third power of stress, or by the influence of a threshold stress about an order of magnitude smaller than the false threshold of the stress relaxation experiments.
Surface modification of Ti6Al4V surgical alloy by plasma source ion implantation

Abstract Plasma source ion implantation (PSII) was applied to Ti6Al4V surgical alloy to improve its tribological properties. Nitrogen implantation at room temperature produced an improvement in wear resistance. Implantation at an elevated temperature (approximately 600 °C) resulted in a substantially thicker modified surface layer with sustained wear resistance. The best results were obtained by a two-step process wherein elevated temperature implantation was followed by room temperature implantation. The tribological properties resulting from this two-step process surpassed those of the CoCr alloy and were comparable with those obtained by ion nitriding. The base material properties remained unchanged after the PSII treatments. The surface properties were characterized using low-road microhardness measurements, pin-on-disk wear testing and Auger spectroscopy.
Toward a long-range map of human chromosomal band 22q11.

Abstract Human chromosome band 22q11 is involved in numerous chromosomal rearrangements. A long-range molecular map of this region would allow the more precise localization of the various breakpoints of these rearrangements. Toward this goal we have constructed a genomic DNA library that allows the isolation of DNA clones that are directly adjacent to NotI sites. NotI was chosen because it is a restriction enzyme that digests infrequently in the human genome. The genomic DNA used in this library was from a human/hamster hybrid cell line that has a chromosome 22 as the only visible human chromosome. Two clones were isolated and mapped to different regions of 22q11 using a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel. A long-range restriction map flanking the NotI site of each of these two clones was produced using NotI and other infrequently cutting enzymes. Both NotI sites analyzed were located in HTF islands, regions often associated with the 5′ end of genes. Thus, the NotI map of 22q11 may also aid in the cloning of undiscovered genes, giving a starting point for the study of duplication/deficiency syndromes of the region.
Inhibition by aspirin of ribose conjugation in the metabolism of histamine

Abstract In man and rats, aspirin and sodium salicylate inhibit the conjugation of ribose to imidazole acetic acid, one of the reactions in the metabolism of histamine. Inhibition occurs with small, therapeutic doses of aspirin but does not occur with the administration of non-salicylate anti-inflammatory agents. Aspirin appears to affect specifically ribose conjugation; the formation of glucuronide and ethereal sulfate derivatives of estrone and morphine are not blocked by aspirin. Since therapeutic levels of salicylates are known to block glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, ansb essential enzyme in the synthesis of ribose, salicylates may inhibit ribose conjugation by interfering in the production of ribose and its nucleotides.
VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA AND STRUCTURE FROM AB INITIO CALCULATIONS OF TETRAFLUORODIPHOSPHINE

Abstract Ab initio calculations have been carried out for tetrafluorodiphosphine, P2F4, up to the MP2/6-311 + G∗ level. The harmonic force constants and vibrational frequencies along with infrared and Raman intensities for the most stable trans conformer have been obtained from these calculations which provide a basis for the vibrational assignment. Several reassignments of the fundamentals from those previously given were required from these data. The calculations indicate that the gauche conformer should be a stable rotamer but more than 800 cm−1 (2.3 kcal/mol) higher in energy which helps explain why this conformer has not been observed in the vibrational spectrum of the sample at ambient temperature. The predicted P-F distances from the MP2/6-311 + G∗ calculations are more than 0.031 A longer than the experimentally determined values. The potential function governing conformer interchange and the change in geometric parameters with internal rotation have been predicted from the ab initio calculations. The results are compared to the corresponding results from similar molecules.
Promoting Self-Discipline in Young Children.

(1985). Promoting self‐discipline in young children. Early Child Development and Care: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 281-289.
Pulmonary Deposition of Calcium Phosphate Crystals as a Complication of Home Total Parenteral Nutrition

A patient on home total parenteral nutrition (TPN) developed a diffuse granulomatous interstitial pneumonitis secondary to calcium phosphate deposition. Calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the TPN formula were not unusually high, indicating that other factors contributed to calcium phosphate crystallization. The effects of duration of storage of the TPN formulation, solution temperature, pH, and magnesium concentration on calcium phosphate precipitation are discussed.
Lack of benefit of intravenous immune globulin in a murine model of group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis.

Penicillin, clindamycin, and intravenous immune globulin (Venoglobulin-S; IVIG) alone and in combination were studied in a murine model of group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis. As assessed by bacterial clearance, treatment with IVIG was not significantly different from no treatment. All treatment regimens that contained penicillin or clindamycin were more effective (P <.05) than no treatment or treatment with IVIG alone. No significant differences were detected among results of treatment with penicillin, penicillin/clindamycin, penicillinl IVIG, clindamycin/IVIG, or all agents combined. Clindamycin alone was less effective than penicillin/IVIG (P =.02), penicillin/clindamycin (P =.009), clindamycin/IVIG (P =.04), or all agents combined (P =.02). No antagonism was observed with the addition of clindamycin or IVIG to penicillin.
Structural vs. contractile protein remodeling and myocardial stiffness in hypertrophied rat left ventricle

Left ventricular pressure overload will result in the hypertrophic growth of the myocardium and in the rat may include a remodeling of both the structural and contractile proteins. As a result, an adaptive rise in active stiffness, or the force generating capacity of the myocardium, may occur. The relative importance of structural vs. contractile protein remodeling to the hypertrophic response and active stiffness is unclear. Accordingly, we monitored the ratio of V1/V3 isomyosin and the fibrillar nature and volume fraction of myocardial collagen, together with the developed systolic stress-strain relation of the intact myocardium in the adult male Wistar rat after 8 weeks of abdominal aorta banding. In comparison to controls and for the 20% increase in left ventricular mass obtained with banding we found: (a) collagen volume fraction had increased significantly (6.2 +/- 2.0 vs. 3.6 +/- 1.0%) while the V1/V3 ratio did not change; (b) interstitial compartment remodeling included a perivascular accumulation of collagen around small intramyocardial coronary arteries and the appearance of more extensive fibrillar collagens; and (c) active stiffness increased significantly. Thus, the increase in active stiffness of the hypertrophied adult rat myocardium, seen with abdominal aorta banding, appears to be related to interstitial fibrosis and not a conversion of myosin isoforms.
The intracavitary electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly.

Abstract The simultaneously recorded intracavitary electrocardiographic patterns and pressures in three cases of Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve have been described. The following findings are diagnostic of Ebstein's anomaly: 1. (1) Typical right ventricular intracavitary patterns with simultaneously obtained low atrial type pressure curves. 2. (2) Intracavitary right ventricular monophasic waves produced by pressure of the catheter tip against the wall of the distal portion of the low pressure chamber. The production of right ventricular extrasystoles by pressure of the catheter tip against the wall of the distal portion of the low pressure chamber is highly suggestive of this condition.
Inbred rat strains mimic the disparate human response to rift valley fever virus infection

Abstract : Rift Valley fever virus (RFFV) has long been a major pathogen of domestic animals and humans in sub-Saharan Africa. In the last 5 years it has been recognized that this agent not only causes a self-limited febrile illness in humans but may also lead to fatal hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis. In 1977 the disease invaded Egypt for the first time in recorded history, resulting in an extensive epizootic/epidemic and threatening additional spread into the Middle East. Because of this unprecedented geographical extension and the florid human disease associated with it, we have studied the pathogenicity of an Egyptian isolate (Zagazig Hospital 501) for laboratory animals. During the course of these studies, inbred rat strains were found to have three distinct patterns of response. Wistar-Furth and Brown Norway rats were exquisitely susceptible to the virus and died with extensive hepatic necrosis 3 to 5 days after inoculation of only 5 plaque-forming units (pfu). Lewis, Buffalo, DA, and Fischer 344 rats resisted subcutaneous infection with 5 x 10 (expn 5) pfu. ACI and Maxx rats were moderately susceptible to the lethal effects of 5 x 10 (expn 3) to 5 x 10 (expn 5) pfu of the virus and died within 2 to 3 weeks with encephalitis. These findings suggest that the genetic susceptibility of the host is responsible for the markedly different evolution of RVF in the rats. The clinical and virologic events following rat inoculation resembled the course of benign, encephalitic, or fulminant human disease. The inbred rat model may be useful in defining the critical determinants of severe human RVF and suggests that more attention should be directed to host genetic factors.
Emulating and/or embodying the ideal: The gendering of temporal frameworks and Islamic role models in Shi‘i Lebanon

In this article, I discuss two of the major temporal frameworks that pious Shi‘i Muslims in Lebanon draw on, as seen through the example of the Battle of Karbala, its annual commemoration during Ashura, and the work that the religious figures Imam Husayn and Sayyida Zaynab do in linking history to the contemporary moment. I suggest that, to fully understand how these two temporalities work, it is necessary to attend to the ways in which they are differently gendered. I conclude by proposing explanations for that gendering that take into account both the Ashura history itself and contemporary local and transnational political contingencies. [temporality, gender, Islam, Shi‘ism, narrative, role models, transnationalism]
Using in-line equipment condition and yield information for maintenance scheduling and dispatching in semiconductor wafer fabs

Yield is one of the most important measures of manufacturing performance in the semiconductor industry, and equipment condition plays a critical role in determining yield. Researchers and practitioners alike have traditionally treated the problems of equipment maintenance scheduling and production dispatching independently, ignoring how equipment condition may affect different product types or families in different ways. This paper addresses the problem of how to schedule maintenance and production for a multiple-product, multiple-stage production system. The problem is based on the situation found in semiconductor wafer fabrication where the equipment condition deteriorates over time, and this condition affects the yield of the production process. We extend a recently developed Markov decision process model of a single-stage system to account for the fact that semiconductor wafers have multiple layers and thus make repeated visits to each workstation. We then propose a methodology by which the single-stage results can be applied in a multi-stage system. Using a simulation model of a four-station wafer fab, we test the policies generated by the model against a variety of other maintenance and dispatching policy combinations. The results indicate that our method provides substantial improvements over traditional methods and performs better as the diversity of the product set increases. In the scenarios examined, the reward earned using the policies from the combined production and maintenance scheduling method was an average of more than 70% higher than the reward earned using other policy combinations such as a fixed-state maintenance policy and a first-come, first-serve dispatching policy.
Identifying discriminatory information content within the iris

The iris contains fibrous structures of various sizes and orientations which can be used for human identification. Drawing from a directional energy iris identification technique, this paper investigates the size, orientation, and location of the iris structures that hold stable discriminatory information. Template height, template width, filter size, and the number of filter orientations were investigated for their individual and combined impact on identification accuracy. Further, the iris was segmented into annuli and radial sectors to determine in which portions of the iris the best discriminatory information is found. Over 2 billion template comparisons were performed to produce this analysis.
Parallel pathways for habituation in repetitively stimulated PC12 cells

Habituation was investigated in neuronally differentiated PC12 cells by measuring the decrease in cellular secretion of norepinephrine with repetitive stimulation by either membrane depolarization or acetylcholine. When these two types of repetitive stimulation were applied to the same cells, habituation occurred independently to each, showing that two pathways for habituation can be utilized simultaneously in single cells. The two pathways apparently process stimuli in parallel, without competition between common intermediates.
PPAR-γ: A nuclear receptor with affinity for cannabinoids

An increasing number of cannabinoid actions are being reported that do not appear to be mediated by either CB1 or CB2, the known cannabinoid receptors. One such example is the synthetic analog ajulemic acid (AJA), which shows potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in rodents and humans. AJA binds weakly to CB1 only at concentrations many fold higher than its therapeutic range, and is, therefore, completely free of psychotropic effects in both normal subjects and pain patients suggesting the involvement of a target site other than CB1. AJA as well as several other cannabinoids appear to have profound effects on cellular lipid metabolism as evidenced by their ability to transform fibroblasts into adipocytes where the accumulation of lipid droplets can be readily observed. Such transformations can be mediated by the activation of the nuclear receptor PPAR-gamma. A variety of small molecule ligands including AJA have been shown to induce the activation of PPAR-gamma and, in some cases this has led to the introduction of clinically useful agents. It is suggested that PPAR-gamma may serve a receptor function for certain actions of some cannabinoids.
Outcomes and Resource Utilization for Patients with Prolonged Critical Illness Managed by University-based or Community-based Subspecialists

We studied 118 patients with prolonged critical illness to determine if there would be a difference in outcome between patients managed by university-based (UB) or community-based (CB) intensivists. Patients consecutively admitted to a long-term acute care hospital were assigned in an arbitrary manner to the UB service or CB service. Patient survival, length of stay, and success and length of time required for liberation from mechanical ventilation (MV) were compared using survival analysis, logistic regression, and analysis of variance techniques. Patients on the UB service were liberated from MV in 32% fewer days (39 versus 57 d, p = 0.02) and were marginally more likely to be liberated from MV (46% versus 30%, p = 0.14). UB physicians were more likely to write do not resuscitate orders (59% versus 33%, p < 0.01) and to withdraw life-sustaining therapy (12% versus 2%, p = 0.09). There were no detectable differences in survival between the two groups. Estimated reimbursement for CB physicians ($6,797/pat...
Assessing Hypermetabolism and Hypometabolism in the Postoperative Critically III Patient

To determine whether a patient is hypermetabolic or hypometabolic, measured resting energy expenditure is compared with estimated (or predicted) energy expenditure. The latter is calculated using equations derived from measurements made in groups of healthy individuals. Body weight or body surface area are among the variables used in these equations. Yet, in critically ill patients, body weight often rises because of fluid resuscitation. This study examined the difference between using preoperative, postoperative, and ideal body weights on the determination of hypermetabolism and hypometabolism in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients. When the elevated postoperative weights were used instead of the preoperative ones to predict energy expenditure, the degree of hypermetabolism was underestimated. Subtracting the weight of the cumulative net fluid balance from the postoperative weight was found to accurately reflect preoperative weight. The influence of various predictive equations on the magnitude of hypermetabolism was also explored. In conclusion, it is important, when determining hypermetabolism or hypometabolism, to consider the influence of the specific predictive equation used and the effect of resuscitation fluid. (Chest 1992; 102:1566-71)