cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enforcing physically restricted access control for remote data

In a distributed computing environment, remote devices must often be granted access to sensitive information. In such settings, it is desirable to restrict access only to known, trusted devices. While approaches based on public key infrastructure and trusted hardware can be used in many cases, there are settings for which these solutions are not practical. In this work, we define physically restricted access control to reflect the practice of binding access to devices based on their intrinsic properties. Our approach is based on the application of physically unclonable functions. We define and formally analyze protocols enforcing this policy, and present experimental results observed from developing a prototype implementation. Our results show that non-deterministic physical properties of devices can be used as a reliable authentication and access control factor.
Atomistic Full-Band Design Study of InAs Band-to-Band Tunneling Field-Effect Transistors

Band-to-band tunneling field-effect transistors (BTBT FETs) are expected to exhibit a subthreshold swing (SS) better than the 60-mV/dec limit of conventional metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs at room temperature. Through atomistic modeling of a suite of realistically extended InAs p-i-n single-gate (SG) and dual-gate (DG) ultrathin-body (UTB) and gate-all-around nanowire (GAA NW) devices with a gate length of 20 nm, we demonstrate that such a reduced SS can only be achieved if the electrostatic potential under the gate contact is very well controlled. We find that GAA NWs keep an SS less than 60 mV/dec for diameters larger than 10 nm, while the bodies in DG and SG UTBs must be scaled down to 7 and 4 nm, respectively. Still, all the considered devices are characterized by an on current smaller than the ITRS requirements.
Cost effective and robust nickel silicidation process qualification and chamber matching in rapid thermal processing tools

A new technique in qualification of low temperature nickel silicide process is studied. Bare silicon wafers are first oxidized to form a thick film of thermal oxide, followed by nickel and titanium film stack deposition. The samples are then annealed at low temperature using a rapid thermal processing tool. It is shown that the nickel and titanium film stack forms an alloy above the thermal oxide layer. This alloy's sheet resistance depends on the nickel/titanium film thickness, nickel to titanium thickness ratio, annealing temperature and time. Using the high temperature sensitivity compared to that in conventional technique, this new technique offers an accurate, reliable, and cost effective approach for process qualification, rapid thermal annealing chamber matching and daily monitoring.
Quadratic mixing rules for equations of state: Origins and relationships to the virial expansion

Hall, K.R., Iglesias-Silva, G.A. and Mansoori, G.A., 1993. Quadratic mixing rules for equations of state. Origins and relationships to the virial expansion. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 91: 67-76. Quadratic mixing rules, originally proposed by van der Waals, are used extensively in mixture calculations involving equations of state. Several ways exist to derive such mixing rules from the principles of statistical mechanics or merely classical thermodynamic arguments. In this report we relate the quadratic mixing rules to the rigorous mixing rules for virial coefficients of mixtures. The virial equation of state having a precise basis in statistical mechanics provides theoretical guidance for formulations of equations of state. In addition, the mixture combining rules for the virial coefficients are rigorous. The thesis of this paper is that, if multibody interactions occur in certain ways, the mixing rules for all virial coefficients become identical to the quadratic mixing rule for the second virial coefficient. This implies that quadratic mixing rules should be universal for coefficients (or their combinations) of equations of state.
An ensemble strategy that significantly improves de novo assembly of microbial genomes from metagenomic next-generation sequencing data

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches rapidly produce millions to billions of short reads, which allow pathogen detection and discovery in human clinical, animal and environmental samples. A major limitation of sequence homology-based identification for highly divergent microorganisms is the short length of reads generated by most highly parallel sequencing technologies. Short reads require a high level of sequence similarities to annotated genes to confidently predict gene function or homology. Such recognition of highly divergent homologues can be improved by reference-free (de novo) assembly of short overlapping sequence reads into larger contigs. We describe an ensemble strategy that integrates the sequential use of various de Bruijn graph and overlap-layout-consensus assemblers with a novel partitioned sub-assembly approach. We also proposed new quality metrics that are suitable for evaluating metagenome de novo assembly. We demonstrate that this new ensemble strategy tested using in silico spike-in, clinical and environmental NGS datasets achieved significantly better contigs than current approaches.
Correctional Treatment and Intervention Theory: Bringing Sociology and Criminology Back in

This essay begins by noting the close ties between sociology and criminology, on the one hand, and correctional treatment, on the other, that existed for the first half of the 20th century in America. That period was followed by the "nothing works" era of the 1960s and 1970s. A considerable share of the analysis in this paper centers on the author's primer on correctional treatment, Changing the Lawbreaker. Many of the weaknesses and strengths of sociologically-based treatment theory in corrections are pointed up in that examination. Two major conclusions are warranted: diagnostic typologies have failed to reflect the diversity of offender behavior, and correctional theorizing by sociological criminologists has been unduly optimistic. At the same time, the "nothing works" or punitive approach to lawbreakers is also flawed. Reaffirmation of rehabilitation is called for, and finally, some new directions for correctional treatment, based on criminological knowledge, are explored.
Limb suction evoked during arterial occlusion causes systemic sympathetic activity in humans.

Venous saline infusions in an arterially occluded forearm evokes reflex increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and blood pressure (BP). We hypothesized that the application of suctio...
Frugality and Luxury: Morality, Market, and Consumption in Late Imperial China

This article contributes to a wider critique of the use of European capitalist, patterns of industrialization in studies of the economic history of modern China—patterns commonly assumed to be universally valid. This sort of analytical framework denies not only the value of alternative economic models, but also that of Chinese independent economic thought. In this context, the present article argues that most of the intellectual changes of seventeenth-century Europe that led to the formulation of liberal capitalism—resistance to government intervention, support for luxury consumption as well as a new understanding of the market and of the relationship between private interests and morality—had taken place in China more than a century earlier. The background against which the two processes emerged, however, varied significantly, leading to distinctive ramifications. Unprecedented population growth and a widening gap between hinterland and coastal economies led Chinese officials and intellectuals to discard ideas of free market and focus instead on solutions for increasing production, maximizing the circulation of resources, and fighting poverty. It was not, therefore, a lack of a “scientific” understanding of the economy that led China to turn away from European-style laissez fare , but rather an evaluation of the Empire’s circumstances, raising questions on whether the European model is indeed universally applicable regardless of local conditions.
Calcium channel activity increased by plasma from ischemic hindlimbs of rats : role of an endogenous NO synthase inhibitor

We tested the hypothesis that an endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor released from ischemic hindlimbs increases the activity of calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle, thus contributing to the increased contractile response to calcium agonists. Hindlimb ischemia was generated in rats by infrarenal aortic cross clamping for 5 h, after which plasma was obtained from femoral vein blood. Incubating naive aortic rings (endothelium intact) for 2 h in plasma collected from ischemic rats significantly reduced relaxation to acetylcholine in precontracted rings and increased contraction to the calcium channel agonist, BAY K 8644. However, in isolated smooth muscle cells (without endothelium) loaded with fura-2, no difference was noted in BAY K 8644-stimulated intracellular calcium concentration. The contractile responses to sodium fluoride, serotonin, and calcium ionophore A23187 were not different in either ischemic or control plasma-incubated rings. The augmentation of the contractile response to BAY K 8644 was significantly inhibited by nitroglycerin (10-8 M) and by exposure to calcium-free solution. N omega-nitro-L-arginine (without plasma incubation)-pretreated rings also demonstrated hyperresponsiveness to BAY K 8644. The increase in responsiveness to BAY K 8644 exhibited a negative correlation with the maximal relaxation to acetylcholine (r = -0.99), suggesting that the apparent increase in activity of calcium channels is mediated through inhibition of nitric oxide by an endogenous NOS inhibitor on endothelium.
Airway Protective Mechanisms, Reciprocal Physiology of the Deglutitive Axis

In the setting of shared embryonic origin and anatomical continuity, the upper airway, aerodigestive tract and the esophagus participate in an elaborate stimulatory mechanism that in response to either mechanical or acid stimulation enhances the barriers against entry of gastric content into the pharynx and trachea, clear the pharyngeal content and closes the glottis, and increases the tracheal mucus secretion whereby enhancing the airway protection. Parallel to this stimulatory mechanism there exist a number of inhibitory reflexes. This results in relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and inhibition of primary and secondary esophageal peristalsis potentially weakening the airway protection against aspiration of gastric contents. Overall balance of these mechanisms and conditions associated with the recruitment of involved reflexes comprise the reciprocal physiology of the upper airway and upper GI tract which are the topic of ongoing investigations.
Device Failures in Pressure Cooker Tests at 130°C

The results obtained from Moisture-Temperature-Bias testing of Power- MOSFET at 130°C and 85%RH are examined. A variety of packaging techniques were tested varying from plastic encapsulation materials/methods to fully hermetic. Unprotected devices were tested as controls. The predominant failure mechanism observed was aluminum corrosion, which was manifested initially as a leakage current increase and eventually as visually observable dissolution of aluminum and eventual open circuits. This paper examines the critical part that surface contamination plays in the corrosion process, particularly where condensed water films can form at the metal surface. The effectiveness of various plastic coating methods are viewed in the light of this concept. Aluminum lead bonds were more susceptable to corrosion than expected. A number of materials were identified that showed resistance to pressure cooker conditions.
Free electrophoresis of lipoproteins.

SummaryAnalyses by free electrophoresis have been made on the low density lipopro-teins obtained by centrifugation of serum at a solution density of 1.063. At pH 8.6 the lipo-proteins give a clear electrophoretic pattern showing concentration dependence, but no change in mobility with increase in concentration. Addition of this material to normal serum or lipoprotein-poor serum results primarily in an increase in the β-globulin peak. On the other hand, when the lipoproteins are removed from the serum a significant decrease in this peak is observed. This method is suggested for possible metabolic studies with these lipoproteins.
A Short Trauma Course for Physicians in a Resource-Limited Setting: Is Low-Cost Simulation Effective?

Introduction: Morbidity and mortality from intentional and unintentional injury accounts for a high burden of disease in lowand middle-income countries. In addition to prevention measures, interventions that increase healthcare capacity to manage injuries may be an effective way to decrease morbidity and mortality. A trauma curriculum tailored to low-resource settings was implemented in Managua, Nicaragua utilising traditional didactic methods and novel low-cost simulation methods. Knowledge gain in attending and senior residents was subsequently assessed by using preand postwritten tests, and by scoring preand post-simulation scenarios. Materials and methods: A 5-day trauma course was designed for Nicaraguan attending and senior resident physicians who practice at six hospitals in Managua, Nicaragua. On days 1 and 5, participants underwent preand post-training evaluations consisting of a 26-question written exam and 2 simulation cases. The written exam questions and simulations were randomly assigned so that no questions or cases were repeated. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare preand post-training differences in the written exam, and the percentage of critical actions completed in simulations. Time to critical actions was also analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 33 participants attended the course, including 18 (55%) attending and 15 (45%) resident physicians, with a 97% completion rate. After the course, overall written examination scores improved 26.3% with positive mean increase of 15.4% (p < 0.001). Overall, simulation scores based on the number of critical actions completed improved by 91.4% with a positive mean increase of 33.67 (p < 0.001). The time to critical action for completion of the primary survey and cervical spine immobilisation was reduced by 55.9% and 46.6% respectively. Conclusions: A considerable improvement in participants’ knowledge of trauma concepts was demonstrated by statistically significant differences in both preand post-course written assessments and simulation exercises. The participants showed greatest improvement in trauma simulation scenarios, in which they learned, and subsequently demonstrated, a standardised approach to assessing and managing trauma patients. Low-cost simulation can be a valuable and effective education tool in lowand middle-income countries. 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Infrared matrix-isolation and theoretical studies of the reactions of ferrocene with ozone.

The reactions between ferrocene (Cp2Fe) (2a) and ozone (O3) were studied using low-temperature matrix-isolation techniques coupled with theoretical density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Co-deposition of Ar/Cp2Fe and Ar/O3 gas mixtures onto a cryogenically cooled CsI window produced a dark-green charge-transfer complex, Cp2Fe–O3, that photodecomposed upon red (λ ≥ 600 nm) and infrared (λ ≥ 1000 nm) irradiation but was stable to green or blue irradiation. Products of photodecomposition were characterized by FT-IR, oxygen-18 labeling, and DFT calculations using the B3LYP functionals and the 6-311G++(d,2p) basis set. Likely, photochemical products included four structures having the molecular formula C10H10FeO, identified by DFT calculations based on their calculated infrared spectra and 18O isotope shifts. Each of these calculated molecules had one intact and fully coordinated η5-C5H5 cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ring and (1) an η5-C5H5O cyclic ether (pyran ring) (2b), (2) an η4-C5H5O linear aldehyde (2c), ...
Precise titanium isotope compositions of refractory inclusions in the Allende CV3 chondrite by LA-MC-ICPMS

Abstract We present here analyses of mass-independent effects in the Ti isotope ratios of 17 coarse-grained (compact Type A and Type B) calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) from the Allende CV3 chondrite utilizing a method developed for rapid measurement of Ti isotopes by laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS). Based on the analyses of the synthetic CMAS glasses doped with varying amounts of Ca, Cr and V, an empirical scheme for correction of potential isobaric interferences and matrix effects was developed. Using this scheme, mass-independent variations of the Ti isotope ratios 46Ti/47Ti, 48Ti/47Ti and 50Ti/47Ti were measured with external reproducibilities (2SD) of ± 0.4, ± 0.5, and ± 1.8 for e46Ti, e48Ti, and e50Ti, respectively, based on repeat measurements of standard glasses. The Ti isotope compositions of the 17 Allende refractory inclusions analyzed here show that most of these CAIs are “normal” with limited variation in their mass-independent Ti isotope composition. One CAI (designated as CMS-1) has a significantly larger mass-independent e50Ti anomaly and is identified as having Fractionation and Unidentified Nuclear (FUN) effects. The limited range in the Ti isotope compositions of normal CAIs (e50Ti excesses ranging from 2.9 to 11.4) suggests that they originated from a nebular reservoir that was relatively well-mixed, although not completely homogenized (at the level of precision of the analyses reported here), in its isotopic composition. The distinctive isotopic composition of the FUN CAI CMS-1 indicates that it formed from a reservoir in the protoplanetary disk that was spatially or temporally distinct from that from which the normal CAIs were formed.
Immunology, tumor markers, and breast cancer.

This article reviews clinically relevant studies of human breast cancer dealing with immunopathology, tumor-related markers, immunologic responses of patients, and immunotherapy.
A Drug Infusion Calculator for the Administration of Continuous IV Drugs

Computation of the rate parameters involved in the administration of intravenous drugs via infusion pump is an essential and frequently performed calculation in the ICU environment. Nurses and physicians are aware of the difficulty of reliably performing this seemingly simple computation. The arithmetic problem of converting among the various dosage unit systems involved is compounded by the pressures of a busy clinical environment. A pocket calculator does not appreciably alleviate the problem of unit conversions, and introduces an additional source of operator error.
A seeding-searching-ensemble method for gland segmentation in H&E-stained images

Glands are vital structures found throughout the human body and their structure and function are affected by many diseases. The ability to segment and detect glands among other types of tissues is important for the study of normal and disease processes and helps their analysis and visualization by pathologists in microscopic detail. In this paper, we develop a new approach for segmenting and detecting intestinal glands in H&E-stained histology images, which utilizes a set of advanced image processing techniques: graph search, ensemble, feature extraction, and classification. Our method is computationally fast, preserves gland boundaries robustly and detects glands accurately. We tested the performance of our gland detection and segmentation method by analyzing a dataset of over 1700 glands in digitized high resolution clinical histology images obtained from normal and diseased human intestines. The experimental results show that our method outperforms considerably the state-of-the-art methods for gland segmentation and detection. Our method can produce high-quality segmentation and detection of non-overlapped glands that obey the natural property of glands in histology tissue images. With accurately detected and segmented glands, quantitative measurement and analysis can be developed for further studies of glands and computer-aided diagnosis.
Technology beats corruption.

More than 1.9 billion individuals in the developing world benefit from social safety net programs: noncontributory transfer programs that distribute cash or basic in-kind products to the poor. But despite their importance, high levels of corruption often stifle the effectiveness of these programs. If cash transfer programs are particularly prone to graft, then in-kind programs should be preferred in practice. In a recent paper, Muralidharan et al. report evidence to the contrary by showing that use of a modern banking technology—biometric smart cards—can help to drastically reduce corruption in cash transfer programs ( 1 ).
Filters, reproducing kernel, and adaptive meshfree method

Reproducing kernel, with its intrinsic feature of moving averaging, can be utilized as a low-pass filter with scale decomposition capability. The discrete convolution of two nth order reproducing kernels with arbitrary support size in each kernel results in a filtered reproducing kernel function that has the same reproducing order. This property is utilized to separate the numerical solution into an unfiltered lower order portion and a filtered higher order portion. As such, the corresponding high-pass filter of this reproducing kernel filter can be used to identify the locations of high gradient, and consequently serves as an operator for error indication in meshfree analysis. In conjunction with the naturally conforming property of the reproducing kernel approximation, a meshfree adaptivity method is also proposed.
Perfect pulses for ambient backscatter communication

This paper explains how to construct perfect pulses - antipodal binary waveforms with extraordinary DC-nulling properties. Several methods for employing perfect pulses in digital modulation schemes, with particular emphasis on backscatter (and simply scatter) radio modulation, are demonstrated. These waveforms enable a completely new type of RF information exchange by piggy-backing useful information onto ambient wireless signals using low-powered electronics. A mathematical model of perfect pulses is shared as well as an overview of their spectral properties. Software simulations of perfect pulse enabled communications depict the creation of the channel waveforms, modulation onto a pseudo-random ambient carrier, and retrieval of the intended message data from the noisy and interference laden received signal. A robust receiver system is described which can be implemented via simple post-processing techniques in a software defined system or as a low-cost, low-power RF circuit using commercial-off-the-shelf components. Experimentally retrieved data is used to create a realistic estimate of bit rate errors using an actual FM radio station signal.
Organophosphate pesticides and PON1 L55M in Parkinson's disease progression

Abstract Background Parkinson's disease (PD) has motor and non-motor features that contribute to its phenotype and functional decline. Organophosphate (OP) pesticides and PON1 L55M, which influences OP metabolism, have been implicated in multiple mechanisms related to neuronal cell death and may influence PD symptom progression. Objective To investigate whether ambient agricultural OP exposure and PON1 L55M influence the rate of motor, cognitive, and mood-related symptom progression in PD. Methods We followed a longitudinal cohort of 246 incident PD patients on average over 5 years (7.5 years after diagnosis), repeatedly measuring symptom progression with the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and Geriatric Depressive Scale (GDS). OP exposures were generated with a geographic information system (GIS) based exposure assessment tool. We employed repeated-measures regression to assess associations between OP exposure and/or PON1 L55M genotype and progression. Results High OP exposures were associated with faster progression of motor (UPDRS β = 0.24, 95% CI = − 0.01, 0.49) and cognitive scores (MMSE β = − 0.06, 95% CI = − 0.11, − 0.01). PON1 55MM was associated with faster progression of motor (UPDRS β = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.08, 0.48) and depressive symptoms (GDS β = 0.07; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.13). We also found the PON1 L55M variant to interact with OP exposures in influencing MMSE cognitive scores (β = − 1.26, 95% CI = − 2.43, − 0.09). Conclusion Our study provides preliminary support for the involvement of OP pesticides and PON1 in PD-related motor, cognitive, or depressive symptom progression. Future studies are needed to replicate findings and examine whether elderly populations generally are similarly impacted by pesticides or PON1 55M genotypes.
Detecting Ad Hoc Rules for Treebank Development

We outline a method of detecting ad hoc, or anomalous, rules in treebank grammars, by exploiting the fact that such rules do not fit with the rest of the grammar. Ad hoc rules are rules used for specific constructions in one data set and unlikely to be used again. These include ungeneralizable rules, erroneous rules, rules for ungrammatical text, and rules which are not consistent with the rest of the annotation scheme. Based on the idea that valid rules should receive support from other rules in the grammar, we develop two methods for detecting ad hoc rules in flat treebanks and show they are successful in detecting such rules. Although one can put some linguistic knowledge into determining rule similarity and dissimilarity, the methods work best by using a simple, modified Levenshtein distance. We illustrate this on the English Wall Street Journal treebank and the German TIGER treebank. For the latter, we extend the method to formalisms incorporating discontinuous constituents, employing CFG-like rules for the comparisons.
Nonisothermal Shear Strength of Compacted Silt under High Suction Magnitudes

This study focuses on a preliminary evaluation of the peak shear strength of compacted silt under high suction magnitudes and temperatures, which are relevant conditions encountered when using heat exchangers to improve the mechanical response of compacted soil layers. Specifically, a series of constant water content triaxial tests were performed on specimens which had reached equilibrium with saturated salt solutions in insulated desiccators having controlled temperatures ranging from 24 to 65 °C. Results from these tests indicate that increased temperature leads to a slight increase in the peak shear strength of soils having a given initial total suction. The total suction has a greater impact on the peak shear strength of soils than temperature, which indicates that heat exchangers may be a suitable tool to increase the strength of compacted soils.
Definition and Changes in Nomenclature of Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy is by definition a brain dysfunction caused by liver insufficiency and/or PSS; it manifests as a wide spectrum of neurological or psychiatric abnormalities ranging from subclinical alterations to coma. It is related to brain dysfunction from a combination of ammonia, endotoxins, and other neurotoxins with the end result being neuro-inflammation. Given the vast spectrum of manifestations, the nomenclature is detailed with multiple components to address aspects such as etiology, severity, temporality, and precipitating factor. From a clinical perspective it is important to understand each aspect in order to determine the etiology of the episode and to plan for prevention of recurrence. A strong initial workup based on the nomenclature will ensure a more successful outcome for the patient in the long run.
Polyesters and Polyamides Containing Isomeric Furan Dicarboxylic Acids

A considerable amount of work has been done using furan, 1, derivatives to synthesize polyesters, polyamides, and various other polymeric materials.*** Much of this work has been completed in the last thirty years, with the majority of it dealing with 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid and its derivatives. 2,4-Furan dicarboxylic acid, and 3,4-furan dicarboxylic acid, and their derivatives have been less used as starting materials. Little or no polymer synthesis has been reported employing 2,3-furan dicarboxylic acid or its derivatives. This work is concerned with the preparation of polyesters and polyamides which contain repeat units derived from the isomeric furan dicarboxylic acids.
Evidenzbasiertes endoskopisches Management des Barrett-Ösophagus

Hintergrund Neue Studiendaten zum Barrett-Osophagus haben bisherige Uberwachungsstrategien und Empfehlungen infrage gestellt. Die Fachgesellschaften haben daher ihre Leitlinien uberarbeitet.
Reversed dorsal metatarsal artery flap for reconstruction of a soft tissue defect of the big toe.

Soft tissue defects of the great toe that include exposed tendon and bone present a reconstructive challenge for plastic surgeons. A distally based dorsalis pedis island flap based on the first dorsal metatarsal artery, which has been successfully used to cover the soft tissue defect following wide excision of melanoma of the big toe, is reported
Intensive Care Unit Admission Patterns for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the USA

Patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) are frequently admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU), but routine ICU use may be unnecessary. It is not clear to what extent this practice varies between hospitals. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Trauma Data Bank. Patients with at least one TBI ICD-9-CM diagnosis code, a head abbreviated injury score (AIS) ≤ 4, and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) ≥ 13 were included; individuals with only a concussion and those with a non-head AIS > 2 were excluded. Primary outcomes were ICU admission and “overtriage” to the ICU, defined by: ICU stay ≤ 1 day; hospital stay ≤ 2 days; no intubation; no neurosurgery; and discharged to home. Mixed effects multivariable models were used to identify patient and facility characteristics associated with these outcomes. A total of 595,171 patients were included, 44.7% of whom were admitted to an ICU; 17.3% of these met the criteria for overtriage. Compared with adults, children < 2 years were more likely to be admitted to an ICU (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.16–1.26) and to be overtriaged (RR 2.06, 95% CI 1.88–2.25). Similarly, patients with isolated subarachnoid hemorrhage were at greater risk of both ICU admission (RR 2.36, 95% CI 2.31–2.41) and overtriage (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.17–1.28). The probabilities of ICU admission and overtriage varied as much as 16- and 11-fold across hospitals, respectively; median risk ratios were 1.67 and 1.53, respectively. The likelihood of these outcomes did not vary substantially with the characteristics of the treating facility. There is considerable variability in ICU admission practices for mild TBI across the USA, and some of these patients may not require ICU-level care. Refined ICU use in mild TBI may allow for reduced resource utilization without jeopardizing patient outcomes.
Determinants of household fuelwood collection from mangrove plantations in coastal Bangladesh.

Abstract The Government of Bangladesh has been establishing mangrove plantations since 1960. This study analyzes results from a household survey across eight coastal villages to investigate how local rural communities utilize these resources. The predominant direct use by households is the extraction of combustible fuel. Econometric results suggest that determinants of the household decision to collect fuelwood include respondent occupation and village. Farmers are less likely to extract mangrove fuels due to the availability of substitutes such as agricultural residues, and are also less likely obtain non-mangrove fuelwood via market purchase. Collection quantities are positively correlated with degree of impoverishment, with poorer households significantly less likely to access non-mangrove fuelwood markets. These results are robust to selection bias, spatial lag dependence, and spatial error dependence, and have important policy implications for beneficiary selection for future mangrove plantations.
Interneurons: Learning on the Job.

In this issue, Wester et al. (2019) examine the obligate relationship between cortical interneurons and pyramidal neurons. By genetically converting superficial IT pyramidal cells into PT-like deep-layer pyramidal cells, they alter the position, connectivity, and gene expression within CGE-derived interneurons.
Chemistry at the Interface of α-Sexithiophene and Vapor-Deposited Ag, Al, Mg, and Ca: A Molecular View

Interfacial chemistry of thiophene-based polymers and oligomers in contact with low work function metals is of interest for organic electronic devices. Herein, interfacial reactions of the model thiophene-based oligomer, α-sexithiophene (α-6T), in ultrathin (5 ML) films with vapor-deposited Ag, Al, Mg, and Ca are investigated using surface Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Although typically considered an electron donor, results indicate that α-6T is reduced by Al and Ca. The reduction product with Al is the tetrahydrothiophene, whereas complete degradation of the thiophene cores occurs with Ca with the formation of calcium sulfide. In contrast, for the higher work function Ag, contact doping from α-6T to Ag nanoparticles is observed, inducing the formation of polaron states at the interface. Inter-ring torsion by the C–C bond rotation is also induced by electron sharing between α-6T and Ag. Mg, which is expected to undergo electron transfer in a ma...
Shame, guilt, and pride after loss: Exploring the relationship between moral emotions and psychopathology in bereaved adults.

Abstract Background Self-blame following bereavement has been implicated in the development of post-loss psychopathology. However, prior studies have not distinguished between the emotions of shame versus guilt. This study examined the cross-sectional associations among bereavement-related shame, bereavement-related guilt, and two mental disorders that commonly arise after bereavement: complicated grief and depression. In addition, exploratory analyses examined the associations between bereavement-related pride and post-loss psychopathology. Methods Participants included 92 bereaved adults who experienced the death of a family member at least one year prior to the study. Participants completed self-report measures of complicated grief symptoms, depression symptoms, shame, guilt, and pride. Results Shame and guilt were positively correlated with complicated grief and depression symptoms. When controlling for their shared variance, only shame remained a significant predictor of post-loss psychopathology. Follow-up analyses indicated that the effect of guilt on psychopathology depended on the level of shame, and vice versa. At low shame, guilt predicted psychopathology; however guilt did not predict psychopathology at moderate to high shame. At low to moderate guilt, shame predicted psychopathology; however shame did not predict psychopathology at high guilt. Pride negatively predicted depression symptoms, but not complicated grief symptoms, when we controlled for shame and guilt. Limitations Limitations include the cross-sectional design and modest sample size. Conclusions Our analyses identify shame as the more pathogenic moral emotion for bereaved adults. However, whereas guilt in the absence of shame is often considered adaptive, we found that guilt predicted greater psychological distress at low levels of shame in this sample.
Breaking the Barriers Between Specialties: Toward a Universal Understanding of Anatomy and Function

The solution to compartmentalization between the specialties described in Chap. 1 is the development of a concept of universality, where all specialists are equally aware of the knowledge of the others. Using this idealized concept, specialists would apply diagnosis and treatment not just according to the specifics of their specific procedural training but by seeing the bigger picture of the root cause of the physical causes of disease. While difficult to attain in the real-world, individual clinicians can help achieve this goal with as much exposure to others outside of their field as possible, not limiting their search to medicine and surgery alone. In this chapter, we take a critical eye to the established fields that treat the external facial skeleton, and the internal facial skeleton (airway and sinuses), and consider big-picture alternatives to conventional treatment.
Modern Applications of Aluminium Foams

The implementation of aluminium alloy foam has more and more attention. Application of closed cell aluminium foam has made an impact in automobile and aerospace applications where crash energy absorption, vibration and weight reduction are obligatory [1,2,3]. The aluminium alloy foam is an advanced lightweight material providing high strength and stiffness at relatively low density. The technological use of aluminium alloy foam is difficult with the currently available technologies. In the case of open cell aluminium foams, the most common research areas for application are heat exchanger components, filters and sound damping elements [3]. The manuscript focuses on the manufacturing techniques of the aluminium alloy foams according to the application areas. First step is the investigation of the requirements for the application: what are the loads and the circumstances and why can we use aluminium foams. Second step is the knowledge of the producing methods of the foam or the component. And the last step is the investigation of the possible testing methods.
Vitamin D: many questions remain unanswered

Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency not only results in disorders of skeletal system, but may also be associated with other nonskeletal diseases. Therefore, measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D has received more and more attentions. Common methods for 25-hydroxyvitamin D testing include vitamin D binding protein-based competitive assays, immunoassays, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Vitamin D binding protein-based assays and immunoassays can be performed on automated chemistry analyzers, permitting an easy and quick measurement with high throughput. However, significant variability exists among various assays. They cannot separate 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and D2 either. HPLC method can separate D3 and D2, but the sensitivity and specificity are not as good as mass spectrometry. LC-MS/MS is more specific and sensitive and it can measure D3 and D2 individually. However, the methodology is more complicated and its throughput is relatively low. Also, it requires special instrument and operators who need additional training. In addition, most LC-MS/MS methods are developed and validated by individual laboratories, so the standardization of the method is an urgent problem to be solved. Although the specificity of LC-MS/MS method is high, some metabolites may still interfere with the assay. The reference interval of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is still controversial and how to establish gender- and age-specific reference intervals remains debatable. Besides 25-hydroxyvitamin D, whether its metabolites and free 25-hydroxyvitamin D should be measured is still questionable. Although 25-hydroxyvitamin D testing is primarily used for the diagnosis and treatment of skeletal diseases, epidemiological studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency may be related to the development and prognosis of nonskeletal diseases. However, more evidence is needed in order to determine the causal relationship between them and the mechanism. (Chin J Lab Med, 2017, 40: 744-747) Key words: Vitamin D; Chromatography, liquid; Tandem mass sectrometry
Effect of colloid-size copper-based pesticides and wood-preservatives against microbial activities of Gram-positive Bacillus species using five-day biochemical oxygen demand test.

Abstract Copper-based pesticides and wood preservatives could end up in the environment during production, use, and end-of-life via different pathways that could cause unintended ecological and adverse health effects. This paper provides the effect of colloid-size Cu-based pesticides (CuPRO and Kocide), micronized Cu azole (MCA-1 and MCA-2) and alkaline Cu quaternary (ACQ) treated woods, Cu2+, Cu2+ spiked untreated wood (UTW), and CuCO3 solutions against Gram-positive Bacillus species using five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) standard test. The total Cu leached from MCA-1, MCA-2, and ACQ in Milli-Q water after 5 days were ~0.1, ~0.11, and ~0.64 g/kg of wood, respectively. However, the form of Cu leached from MCA woods was mostly ionic (> 90%). The total organic carbon (TOC) content of any tested wood (UTW/MCA-1/MCA-2/ACQ) was ~99% of its corresponding total carbon (TC) content, whereas the TOC of any tested wood sawdust exceeded that of its corresponding piece/block by > 300%. The dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption value in the presence of Cu2+, CuCO3, CuPRO, and Kocide solutions was significantly influenced by Cu particles/ions. However, the DO consumption value in the presence of UTW/MCA-1/MCA-2/ACQ woods was significantly influenced by organics leached from woods. On the other hand, the DO consumption of MCA sawdust was greater than (300%) that of MCA pieces/block. The findings of this study provide more insight into how organics leached from woods significantly reduce the toxic effects of Cu ions against Gram-positive Bacillus species.
Secondary Growth of 3-D Modes in Far-Wakes Through Tuned and Detuned Subharmonic Resonance

The simultaneous generation of phase-coupled plane TS waves and pairs of oblique waves with equal but opposite wave angles are used to study the first growth of three-dimensional modes in the far-wake region of a 2-D body. This was accomplished using a computer controlled array of elements which introduced time-periodic, spanwise-phasevarying v-component velocity perturbations. To quickly achieve far-wake conditions, a thin symmetric airfoil at a 0° angle of attack was used as the wake generating body. The disturbances were introduced on the surface of the airfoil using electro-magnetic actuators. The experiment was conducted at a wake Reynolds number, Re w = 560. The results document the resonant growth of the subharmonic 3-D mode. Comparisons to theory include mode amplification and eigenfunction modulus and phase. The effect of the nonlinear mode dynamics on the structure of the wake is also presented through velocity-tracer particle visualization. Contrasted to these results are the effects on the secondary mode growth when the initial modes are not harmonically related. Comparisons point to the role of so-called detuned resonance in this flow geometry.
High temperature symmetry breaking, SUSY flat directions, and the monopole problem

Supersymmetric flat directions allow a generic counterexample to the phenomenon of symmetry restoration at high temperatures. We show that (exponentially) large VEVs can be developed along these directions through temperature-induced `dimensional transmutation'. A minimum with broken gauge charges (e.g. electric charge) can exist at arbitrarily high temperatures. In such a scenario magnetic monopoles are never formed, independent of whether inflation occurs before or after the GUT phase transition, or whether it occurs at all.
Voltage-Dependency of the Dopamine Transporter in Rat Brain

Publisher Summary Results of biochemical studies from several labs suggest that two Na+ ions and one CI- ion are cotransported with each DA molecule. DA is also positively charged at physiological pH. The suggestion that DAT is an electrogenic transporter also predicts that the translocation of DA, or DA uptake, should be voltage-dependent. In cells such as Xenopus oocytes, membrane potential can be manipulated independently of ionic gradients. Using Xenopus oocytes expressing the cloned human (h) dopamikne transporter (DAT) and the two-electrode voltage clamp technique, researchers recently demonstrated that hDAT is an electrogenic transporter. opamine (DA) induces an inward, transport-associated current at potentials below - 20 mV. To address the question of whether DAT activity in the brain shows a voltage dependency similar to that expressed in the oocyte, measurement of DA clearance in an in vitro rat brain slice preparation containing substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) has begun. As the first approach to answering the question of whether DAT in the central nervous system is voltage-dependent, the patch-clamp method to monitor the change in the membrane potential of SNc neurons induced by elevating the concentration of KCI in the superfusion buffer has been used. Neurons were patched in SNc in the hemisphere opposite to that where DA clearance as measured. Strategies can be used to hyperpolarize, as well as depolarize, membrane potential. hDAT-expressing oocytes can be used to confirm that the effects of these various strategies are because of changes in membrane potential, as opposed to changes in ionic gradients and/or intracellular signaling.
Superior methodology for γ-lactone annulation: intramolecular

Abstract Metal hydride reduction of acetate groups adjacent on rings to exocyclic α,β-unsaturated nitriles generates alkoxyhydrides which perform stereospecific intramolecular hydride transfers to the β-position of the conjugated system; hydrolysis of the γ-hydroxynitriles so formed gives, after lactonization, trans -fused γ-butyrolactones whose relative stereochemistry is derived from the configuration of the original acetate.
Oligosaccharides of human milk. IV. Isolation and characterization of a new hexasaccharide, lacto-N-neohexaose.

Abstract A new hexasaccharide, “lacto- N -neohexaose,” with the probable structure has been isolated from human milk. In addition some fucosyl and sialyl derivatives of lacto- N-neo hexaose and a previously described hexaose, lacto- N -hexaose, have been partially characterized.
Osteoporosis in premenopause. When are screening and treatment prudent

PREVIEWOsteoporosis is considered a disorder of postmenopausal women because bone mineral loss and accompanying fragility fractures are common in this group. However, certain premenopausal women are also at risk for osteoporosis. Because of a lack of screening and treatment guidelines for premenopausal women, it can be difficult to determine whether a low bone mineral density correlates with a disease such as osteoporosis and to predict the potential risk of a fracture and formulate the correct course of action. In this article, Dr Derk identifies high-risk groups, presents an approach to judicious screening, and recommends prevention and treatment strategies.
Body position and obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome.

Introduction:Children with Down syndrome (DS) commonly have obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and may assume a unique sleeping position not systematically described previously. We describe th...
Economies of Scale

Economies of scale exist when increasing all inputs in production causes output to rise by more than the change in inputs. Keywords: average total cost; market structure; minimum efficient scale