cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative myocardial perfusion SPECT

In recent years, there has been much interest in the clinical application of attenuation compensation to myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with the promise that accurate quantitative images can be obtained to improve clinical diagnoses. The different attenuation compensation methods that are available create confusion and some misconceptions. Also, attenuation-compensated images reveal other image-degrading effects including collimator-detector blurring and scatter that are not apparent in uncompensated images. This article presents basic concepts of the major factors that degrade the quality and quantitative accuracy of myocardial perfusion SPECT images, and includes a discussion of the various image reconstruction and compensation methods and misconceptions and pitfalls in implementation. The differences between the various compensation methods and their performance are demonstrated. Particular emphasis is directed to an approach that promises to provide quantititve myocardial perfusion SPECT images by accurately compensating for the 3-dimensional (3-D) attenuation, collimator-detector response, and scatter effects. With advances in the computer hardware and optimized implementation techniques, quantitatively accurate and highquality myocardial perfusion SPECT images can be obtained in clinically acceptable processing time. Examples from simulation, phantom, and patient studies are used to demonstrate the various aspects of the investigation. We conclude that quantitative myocardial perfusion SPECT, which holds great promise to improve clinical diagnosis, is an achievable goal in the near future.
1339 MATURATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF PREMATURELY BORN INFANTS

Each of 12 AGA premature infants (birth weight 0.84-1.48 kg) was studied once weekly for 3 to 6 weeks beginning at age 4-10 d. Each week metabolic heat production (M) and body temperatures were measured for 1-1.5 h after equilibration at each of four abdominal skin temperatures (Ts) (35.5, 36.0, 36.5, 37.0°C) in a single-walled incubator (Air-Shields C-86H) operated by skin temperature servocontrol. The neutral skin temperature (nTs) was determined as that at which M was minimal while rectal temperature (Tr) was normal (36.5-37.5°C). The modal nTs was 36.0 or 36.5°C at all ages. The rectalskin gradient at neutrality (nTr - nTs), the neutral metabolic rate (Mn), and the metabolic response to cold (M35.5 - Mn) all increased with age. Mean values are shown in the table below: At 1 week, M was independent of Ts; Tr varied with Ts but was always 0.5°C higher. After week 1, M was highest at Ts 35.5°C. M increased with age regardless of Ts. Defense against cold improved, as skinfold thickness and the capabilities for vasoconstriction and raising M all increased with age. Metabolic heat production of these small premature infants depended more on age (from 1 to 6 weeks) than on skin (or environmental) temperature.
On-Line Flank Wear Estimation Using an Adaptive Observer and Computer Vision, Part 2: Experiment

An on-line flank wear estimation system, using the integrated method presented in Part 1 of the paper, is implemented in a laboratory environment, and its performance is evaluated through turning experiments. A computer vision system is developed using an image processing algorithm, a commercially available computer vision system, and a microscopic lens. The developed algorithm is based on the difference between the intensity of the reflected light from a flank wear surface and that from the background. The difference is very significant and an appropriate selection of the intensity threshold level yields an acceptable binary image of the flank wear. This image is used by the vision computer for the calculation of the flank wear. The flank wear model parameters that need to be known a priori are determined through several preliminary experiments, or from data available in the literature. Cutting conditions are selected to satisfy the assumptions made on the design of the adaptive observer presented in Part 1. The resulting cutting conditions are typical of those used in finishing cutting operations. The integrated method is tested in turning experiments under both constant and time varying cutting conditions, and yields very accurate on-line estimation of the flank wear development.
ALPHATST: Testing for Differences in Values of Coefficient Alpha:

In many research contexts, differences in the internal consistency of measures may be important to examine. Methods for the statistical comparison of sample estimates of Cronbach's (1951) alpha coefficient have been developed and tested for cases involving estimates from several independent groups or for different tests administered to the same sample presented a useful summary and analysis of available methods for testing hypotheses about coefficient alpha. The ALPHATST program incorporates formulas presented in Feldt et al. (1987) to allow for the testing of hypotheses about the equivalence of values of coefficient alpha
Nitrogen oxide formation in flames: The roles of NO2 and fuel nitrogen

Flat methane flames were probed in the presence and absence of nitrogen-containing compounds (referred to as fuel-N). Methylamine, pyridine and piperidine at about 120 ppm were added to the flames. The data, based on detailed NO and NO2 profiles, for flames with and without the fuel-N additives, indicate a sequence of reactions consistent with the folowing mechanism, NH and/or CH+O2=NO+OH and/or CO (1) NO+HO2=NO2+OH (2) NO2+O=NO+O2 (3) Spectroscopic data indicate that NH and CN are present in the visible flame. The NO produced from the N-containing radicals is rapidly consumed in the visible flame region by HO2 radicals, producing NO2 in accordance with step 2 of the mechanism. The NO−HO2 kinetics appear to be sufficiently rapid since NO was detected in the visible flame region only when fuel-N was added to the flames, i.e., only after saturation of Reaction 2. This is further supported by the fact that NO added to methane flames is also rapidly removed in the preflame region. The NO2 produced in the flame was subsequently converted to NO to varying degrees in a narrow reaction zone in the near postflame region where the O-atom concentration was rapidly increasing to its maximum level [Reaction (3)]. The extent to which NO2 was consumed depended on the oxygen content of the flame—complete consumption of NO2 occurring only in the fuel-rich flames. Profiles of the fuel-N compounds obtained from the probings indicate that methylamine produces more NO2 and NO in the combustion process than pyridine or piperidine. Piperidine however appeared least stable in terms of NO and NO2 produced via the preflame reactions. The relative stability of the three fuel-N compounds in the flames appeared to be pyridine, the most stable, followed by methylamine and piperidine. The fuel-N materials produce a thermally stable, as yet unidentified, intermediate during oxidation, which reacts readily with the O-atoms in the flame.
Effects of multiple applications of benzalkonium chloride and nonoxynol 9 on the vaginal epithelium in the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina)

Abstract Objective: Safe and effective vaginally applied microbicides could help to control the continuing spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Study Design: This study used nonhuman primates to test the effects of multiple applications of nonoxynol 9, benzalkonium chloride, or a combination on vaginal flora and lower reproductive tract tissues. Fourteen monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) received daily vaginal applications of nonoxynol 9, benzalkonium chloride, or both for 3 to 4 days. Vaginal microflora and colposcopic observations were made at baseline and during and after completion of treatments. Cervical biopsy specimens were collected from a subset of animals. Results: Cervical erythema and vaginal erythema were observed in all 3 treatment groups. Cervical papillae and epithelial disruption were present in both the nonoxynol 9 and the nonoxynol 9 plus benzalkonium chloride groups. Vaginal epithelial disruption was noted in both the benzalkonium chloride and the nonoxynol 9 plus benzalkonium chloride groups. Cervical biopsy specimens from each group revealed acute inflammatory infiltrates with occasional plasma cells and lymphoid follicles. Detection of most microorganisms, including viridans streptococci, decreased in the benzalkonium chloride and the nonoxynol 9 plus benzalkonium chloride groups. Detection of Lactobacillus species decreased in the benzalkonium chloride group. All microflora levels recovered after several days without microbicide use. Conclusions: Although nonoxynol 9 is currently the only microbicide approved for use as a spermicide in the United States, its repeated use may be detrimental to the epithelial tissues of the female reproductive tract. Benzalkonium chloride, currently approved for use in other countries, not only may damage epithelial tissues but also appears to reduce the population of potentially protective Lactobacillus species in the vagina. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1080-7.)
Peripheral nicotine administration increases rubral firing rates in the urethane-anesthetized rat.

Abstract The presence of cholinergic input to the red nucleus (RN) in the cat is demonstrated by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) staining; however, it is unclear what effect this cholinergic input has on neurons of the RN. Further, the presence of cholinergic neurons in the rat RN has been the subject of controversy. The present study examined the effects of intravenous injections of S (−)-nicotine tartrate (62.5–250 μg/kg) on the firing rate of rubral neurons. Dose-dependent increases in firing rates were observed which were blocked by pre-treatment with the nicotinic antagonist, mecamylamine hydrochloride. Smaller consistent increases were found after pretreatment with 62.5 μg/kg) or 125 μg/kg) doses of nicotine than were observed following the initial administration, suggesting a desensitizing response typical of nicotinic receptors.
Efficient striping techniques for variable bit rate continuous media file servers

Abstract The performance of striped disk arrays is governed by two parameters: the stripe unit size and the degree of striping. In this paper, we describe techniques for determining the stripe unit size and degree of striping for disk arrays storing variable bit rate continuous media data. We present an analytical model to determine the optimal stripe unit size in redundant and non-redundant disk arrays. We then use the model to study the effect of various system parameters on the optimal stripe unit size. To determine the degree of striping, we first demonstrate that striping a continuous media stream across all disks in the array causes the number of clients supported to increase sub-linearly with increase in the number of disks. To overcome this limitation, we propose a technique that partitions a disk array and stripes each media stream across a single partition. We then propose an analytical model to determine the optimal partition size and maximize the number of clients supported by the array.
Surface Structure in Corundum: II, Dislocation Structure and Fracture of Deformed Single Crystals

The dislocation structure in plastically deformed single crystals of corundum (α-A12O3) was studied by etching and optical techniques. A special method of deformation was used which encouraged the participation of both the basal (0001), (1120) and the prismatic (1210), (1010) slip systems concurrently. This deformation resulted in highly stressed crystals which fractured spontaneously once the outside surface was scratched. Incoherent surface like imperfections, accompanied by distinctive dislocation arrays, were found embedded in the deformed crystals. These “surfaces” appeared as discontinuities, on each side of which dislocations etched differently. A possible origin of observed failure making use of the dislocation reaction ± [1010] = 3=1/3[2110] ± 1/3[1120] is suggested. A mechanism for the observed strain hardening in prismatic bending is presented.
Judicial Role Orientations, Attitudes and Decision Making: a Research Note

UDICIAL role orientations are judges' measurable attitudes regarding the legal and political functions of courts, and their perceptions of the institutional norms governing judicial decision making. Role orientations have received considerable attention from researchers interested in the judicial process (see, e.g., Becker 1965, 1966; Berry 1974; Flango, Wenner, and Wenner 1975; Galanter, Palen, and Thomas 1979; Gibson 1978, 1981, 1983; Glick 1971; Glick and Vines 1969; Howard 1977; Ish 1975; James 1968; Jaros and Mendelsohn 1967; Scheb 1984; Scheb and Ungs 1987; Ungs and Baas 1972; Vines 1969; Wold 1974). J. Woodford Howard (1977) has defined judicial role orientations as "normative expectations shared by judges and related actors regarding how a given judicial office should be performed" (p. 916). Similarly, but more succinctly, James Gibson (1983) defines judicial role orientations as what judges "think they ought to do" (pp. 9, 17). Gibson sees role theory as "a means of moving beyond an exclusive focus on individuals to consider the influence of institutional constraints on
Chart review of rate of weight gain in eating disorder patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine

Abstract 1. 1. The rate of weight gain in 20 hospitalized underweight female patients meeting criteria for anorexia nervosa or anorexia nervosa with bulimic features and major depression was compared retrospectively. 10 patients were treated with fluoxetine and 10 with tricyclic antidepressants (nortriptyline or desipramine). In addition, all subjects followed a standardized eating disorders protocol. 2. 2. The eating disorder protocol specified the total number of calories consumed daily, measurement of weight three times per week, and close observation to prevent intentional weight loss behaviors. 3. 3. Results were that there were no differences in rate of weight gain over 21 days between the two groups of patients when data were adjusted for daily caloric intake.
Neddylating the Guardian: Mdm2 Catalyzed Conjugation of Nedd8 to p53

The tumor suppressor and transcriptional regulator p53 is perhaps one of the most regulated proteins in the cell nucleus and is acted upon by a variety of protein kinases, acetylases, ubiqutin ligases and hydrolases, and SUMO-conjugating enzymes. Now new work suggests a role for an additional modification-neddylation-in negative regulation of p53 transcriptional activity.
Clinical comparison of radiolocalization of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the TAG-72 antigen.

Ten patients with colorectal cancer metastases received 125I-B72.3 and 131I-CC49 prior to laparotomy (five patients received 1 mg, and five 20 mg of each mAb). Tumor:serum ratios of 131I-CC49 were better than those of 125I-B72.3 (P < 0.01 at 1 mg; P = 0.05 at 20 mg; P < 0.01 at both doses). All known lesions ⩾ 1 cm in diameter were visualized at the 20 mg dose. There was no difference in absolute tumor uptake of 125I-B72.3 or 131I-CC49. We conclude that mAb CC49 has better relative uptake in colorectal cancers than mAb B72.3.
The real marketplace of ideas

Abstract “The marketplace of ideas” is a powerful legal and political metaphor—a bulwark of an open, liberal society—that suggests a positivistic debate utilizing reason and evidence. In reality, however, the marketplace of ideas often consists of illogic and bad evidence, producing clutter and confusion. The parallel with scientific research is misinformed. Evidence from collective decision‐making and small group studies cast grave doubts on the “marketplace's” ability to maximize truth.
Parathyroid hormone and bone histology: Response to hypocalcemia in osteitis fibrosa

Abstract Parathyroid hormone and bone histology: Response to hypocalcemia in osteitis fibrosa. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) response to hypocalcemia was studied in 18 hemodialysis patients with osteitis fibrosa, and the relationship with PTH and bone histology in 26 hemodialysis patients. Hypocalcemia was produced during hemodialysis by the use of a dialysate devoid of calcium. Both amino (N) (P 2 , and endosteal fibrosis (P Hormone parathyroidienne et histologie osseuse: Reponse a l'hypocalcemie dans l'osteite fibreuse. La reponse de l'hormone parathyroidienne (PTH) a l'hypocalcemie a ete etudiee chez 18 malades hemodialyses avec une osteite fibreuse, et la relation entre la PTH et l'histologie osseuse chez 26 malades hemodialyses. L'hypocalcemie etait produite pendant l'hemodialyse par l'emploi d'un dialysat depouvu de calcium. Les PTH amino (N) (P 2 , et la fibrose endosteale (P
Sleep disorders and secondhand smoke exposure in the U.S. population

Introduction Sleep disorders in the United States are pervasive and have been linked to increased risk of injury, morbidity, and mortality. Smoking is a known risk factor for sleep disorders; the association between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and sleep disorders is less clear. We sought to examine the relationship between SHS exposure and sleep disorders among a representative sample of U.S. adults (n = 4,123). Methods Data were from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between both smoking and SHS exposure with two measures of sleep disorder (i.e., self-reported health care provider diagnosis and self-report of two or more sleep symptoms). SHS exposure status was based on a combination of self-report and serum cotinine levels. Results Relative to nonsmokers without SHS exposure, smokers were significantly more likely to have been diagnosed with a sleep disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 1.73 [95% CI = 1.16-2.60]) and more likely to report at least two sleep disorder symptoms (OR = 1.42 [95% CI = 1.09-1.84]). SHS-exposed nonsmokers were not significantly more likely to report a sleep disorder or sleep symptoms (OR = 1.43 [95% CI = 0.79-2.57] and OR = 1.03 [95% CI = 0.83-1.27]), respectively. Discussion Although smoking appears to play an important role in the prevalence of sleep disorders in the U.S. adult population, the role of SHS exposure is inconclusive and warrants further investigation.
Kindergartners' Understanding of Additive Commutativity within the Context of Word Problems.

Abstract Baroody and Gannon (1984) proposed that children's understanding of additive commutativity progresses through several levels of understanding based on a unary view of addition (change meaning) before developing a “true” level of understanding based on a binary conception (part-whole meaning). Resnick (1992) implied that children have both a unary and a binary conception of additive commutativity from the earliest stages of development. Fifty-three 5- and 6-year-old (M = 6-0) kindergartners' unary and binary understanding of additive commutativity was investigated using performance on tasks involving change-add-to and part-part-whole word problems, respectively. The data were inconsistent with the predictions of both models and suggest three alternate theoretical explanations. Moreover, the data indicate that success on a task involving change-add-to problems may be a more rigorous test of understanding of additive commutativity than that involving part-part-whole problems.
Effect of an extract of nereis virens on mammalian spermatozoa

Epididymal sperm of the mouse, rat, and guinea pig and ejaculated sperm of rabbits are cleaved at the head-tail junction by an extract of Nereis virens. Annelids are extracted with water and the extract is purified by ion exchange chromatography. Electron microscopy shows that the extract acts on the filaments connecting the capitulum of the tail with the basal plate lining the nuclear envelope. Following detachment, the basal plate remains with the head. The extract contains proteases as indicated by hydrolysis of tosyl arginine methyl ester (TAME), benzoyl arginine ethyl ester (BAEE), and Azocoll, a general protease substrate. The hydrolysis of TAME is inhibited by tosyl lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), a trypsin inhibitor, but TLCK does not prevent head-tail separation by the Nereis extract. Similarly tosyl phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), a chymotrypsin inhibitor, and phosphoramidon and leucyltryptophan, both thermolysin and acrolysin inhibitors — singly or in combination — do not prevent hydrolysis of Azocoll. Head-tail separation activity of the extract was inhibited by dithiothreitol, which reduces disulfide bonds, and phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride, an inhibitor of serine proteases. These results indicate that the extract is a mixture of proteases, one being a serine protease similar to trypsin. Digestion of the connecting filaments with the pure proteases, trypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, has yielded the following information on the proteins of the filaments. The accessibility of arginine and/or lysine peptide bonds to enzyme action is highest in rat sperm filaments, whereas those in the filaments of mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig sperm are less accessible than in the rat. Another possibility is that the total content of arginine and/or lysine varies between the species. The most dramatic difference is the enzymatic action on glutamyl peptide bonds of the filaments, the order being: mouse 〉 rat 〉 rabbit, with guinea pig sperm filaments completely resistant over the time course of the experiment.
Sorting of Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 to the Regulated Secretory Pathway Confers the Somatodendritic Exocytosis of Monoamines

The release of monoamine neurotransmitters from cell bodies and dendrites has an important role in behavior, but the mechanism (vesicular or nonvesicular) has remained unclear. Because the location of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) defines the secretory vesicles capable of monoamine release, we have studied its trafficking to assess the potential for monoamine release by exocytosis. In neuroendocrine PC12 cells, VMAT2 localizes exclusively to large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs), and we now show that cytoplasmic signals target VMAT2 directly to LDCVs within the biosynthetic pathway. In neurons, VMAT2 localizes to a population of vesicles that we now find undergo regulated exocytosis in dendrites. Although hippocampal neurons do not express typical LDCV proteins, transfected chromogranins A, B, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) colocalize with VMAT2. VMAT2 thus defines a population of secretory vesicles that mediate the activity-dependent somatodendritic release of multiple retrograde signals involved in synaptic function, growth, and plasticity.
Kinetics of reactions of CN with chlorinated methanes

Abstract The kinetics of reactions of CN with the chlorinated methanes CH 3 Cl, CH 2 Cl 2 , CHCl 3 and CCl 4 were investigated over the temperature range 298–573 K, using laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy. At 298 K, rate constants of 9.0 ± 0.3 × 10 −13 , 8.8 ± 0.4 × 10 −13 , 9.0 ± 0.5 × 10 −13 and 4.3 ± 0.6 × 10 −13 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 were measured, respectively. A small positive temperature dependence was observed, as well as kinetic isotope effects of k H / k D ∼ 2.14–2.25. These data along with product detection experiments strongly suggest that hydrogen abstraction dominates these reactions.
Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in relation to the concentration of membrane-bound diacylglycerols of rat lung microsomes.

Abstract Different concentrations of membrane-bound diacylglycerol were generated in vitro in rat lung microsomes by treatment with CMP. Diacylglycerol concentrations of between 16 (endogenous content) and 48 nmol/mg of microsomal protein were obtained. The relative proportion of the disaturated species of diacylglycerol remained constant at all diacylglycerol concentrations. Choline- and ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity was determined in relation to the diacylglycerol concentrations of microsomes. The activity of both phosphotransferases increased. The relative proportion of disaturated phosphatidylcholine synthesized at each diacylglycerol concentration was nearly the same and corresponded to the relative proportion of the disaturated species in the diacylglycerol. Disaturated phosphatidylethanolamine was not formed. The affinities of the choline- and ethanolaminephosphotransferases for the diacylglycerol substrate were different. We conclude that the Cholinephosphotransferase is generally non-selective for the diacylglycerol substrate. The available diacylglycerol pattern seems to govern the species pattern of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The kinetics of the phosphotransferases regulate the mass proportion of these phospholipids.
MALDI-TOF Characterization of Highly Cross-Linked, Degradable Polymer Networks

Multifunctional anhydride monomers were synthesized and photopolymerized to form highly cross-linked, degradable networks. The networks were synthesized from monomers and oligomers of dimethacrylated sebacic acid of varying molecular weight, as well as under varying reaction conditions. The cross-linked polymers were subsequently degraded in phosphate buffered saline, and the degradation products, sebacic acid and poly(methacrylic acid), were isolated. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used to characterize the absolute molecular weight distribution of the linear poly(methacrylic acid) degradation product, especially as a function of the network evolution (i.e., double-bond conversion), rate of initiation, and monomer size. MALDI-TOF results, supported by 1H NMR, showed that the distribution of kinetic chain lengths was relatively narrow, with average lengths shorter than calculated from experimentally measured rate data, indicating the influenc...
A comparative analysis of jails in the United States and Bangladesh

There are comparative analyses in the current criminal justice literature but few focus on Asian cultures and even fewer compare Muslim countries with the United States. While comprehensive comparative studies are needed, preliminary studies that correlate the functional similarities and differences are also necessary. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of the jails in Bangladesh and the United States. The data for this study are taken directly from Bangladesh population summary reports and a matched sample of American Jails from the Bureau of Justice Statistics Jail Census (1990). The comparative data are key functional measures from each country and are used as the basis for classifying the jails into two groups. The findings indicate that there are key differentiating variables (crowding and population turnover) that allow one to classify the jails in the two nations. Although this study provides clear evidence for the differences between American and Bangladeshi jail...
Evaluating a Trend-Following Commodity Index for Multi-Period Asset Allocation

The Mt. Lucas index provides a systematic approach for capturing a portion of the return of trend-following commodity traders. In this article the authors analyze the Mt. Lucas Index across different historical periods, evaluating its performance within a multi-period asset allocation framework. Their results indicate that the index improves the overall return/risk characteristics of the multi-period asset allocation model. They show that the total return consists of: 1) T-bill returns on marginable assets, 2) static returns from trend-following futures markets, and 3) rebalancing gains. The importance of the third element is emphasized.
Scalable Variational Integrators for Constrained Mechanical Systems in Generalized Coordinates

We present a technique to implement scalable variational integrators for generic mechanical systems in generalized coordinates. Systems are represented by a tree-based structure that provides efficient means to algorithmically calculate values (position, velocities, and derivatives) needed for variational integration without the need to resort to explicit equations of motion. The variational integrator handles closed kinematic chains, holonomic constraints, dissipation, and external forcing without modification. To avoid the full equations of motion, this method uses recursive equations, and caches calculated values, to scale to large systems by the use of generalized coordinates. An example of a closed-kinematic-chain system is included along with a comparison with the open-dynamics engine (ODE) to illustrate the scalability and desirable energetic properties of the technique. A second example demonstrates an application to an actuated mechanical system.
A Moral Equivalent of Consent of the Governed

Though genuine (voluntary, deliberate) consent of the governed does not occur in modern states, political legitimacy still requires something that does what consent does. Dereification of the state (recognizing that citizens continually create their state), combined with a defensible notion of moral responsibility, entails citizens' moral responsibility for their state. This implies that we may treat citizens morally as if they consented to their state, yielding a moral equivalent of consent of the governed, and a conception of political legitimacy applicable to modern states thought legitimate. It implies that legitimate states have a moral right to rule, and their citizens have a prima facie moral obligation to obey the law.
TESTING CHAOS OF TIME SERIES: PORTMANTEAU STATISTICS UNDER AN ORDER TRANSFORMATION

This paper studies several portmanteau test statistics with a nonparametric order transformation for distinguishing independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random processes from noisy chaotic time series. These portmanteau test statistics are asymptotically distributed as a chi-square random variable under the null hypothesis of i.i.d. Gaussian series. In this Letter, we show that the asymptotic distributions of these portmanteau test statistics on the transformed series are still chi-square under the null hypothesis. The simulations indicate that direct use of these portmanteau test statistics yields low power in identifying chaos. However, with the proposed order transformation, the simulations show that these test statistics are still effective for identifying noisy low dimensional chaos in some cases.
The Tie that Binds: Evidence-Based Practice, Implementation Science, and Outcomes for Children.

A primary effort in early intervention and early childhood special education (EI/ECSE) is to use science to discover the most effective approaches for promoting positive outcomes for infants and young children with disabilities and their families. Syntheses of the literature are identifying practices having empirical support, but a gap still exists between evidence-based practice and the actual practices practitioners use in EI/ECSE programs. In this article, implementation is proposed as the link between evidence-based practices and positive outcomes. Strategies for promoting implementation through “enlightened professional development” are proposed.
Texture properties of high and low acyl mixed gellan gels

The strength, deformability, and firmness of high acyl (H) and low acyl (L) mixed gellan gels were studied by compression tests. The gels were prepared with total polymer concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% at H/L weight ratios of 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and calcium concentrations 2‐80 mM. The mixed gels were much more deformable, with failure normal strains ranging from 0.6 to 1.5, but had similar strength compared to low acyl gellan gels. Both H/L ratio and total polymer concentration affected the textural properties, but H/L ratio was a more important factor. Maximum synergistic interaction was observed at H=La 50=50: The mixed gels exhibited excellent texture properties compared to other common food gels. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Differences in Employee Attitudes and Behaviors Based on Rotter's (1966) Internal-External Locus of Control: Are They All Valid?

Rotter's (1966) Internal-External Locus of Control (LOC) has been widely used to explain differences in many employee attitudes and behaviors. A review of organization studies employing Rotter's LOC scale reveals, however, that researchers used different strategies for classifying employees as “internals” and “externals,” and different statistical techniques and research designs to test hypothesized internal-external (I-E) differences. The present study examined the influence these variations in research method and design have on expected (I-E) differences in a blue-collar and a professional sample. Results showed that findings regarding expected 1-E differences varied by research method and design and were more likely to be supported: (1) when they were tested with I-E subgroups formed with only employees scoring at the extremes on Rotter's LOC scale, (2) when they were examined in a cross-sectional rather than a longitudinal research design, (3) when they were based on self-report rather than behavioral...
Targets for cancer therapy in childhood sarcomas

Development of chemotherapeutic treatment modalities resulted in a dramatic increase in the survival of children with many types of cancer. Still, in case of some pediatric cancer entities including rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma, survival of patients remains dismal and novel treatment approaches are urgently needed. Therefore, based on the concept of targeted therapy, numerous potential targets for the treatment of these cancers have been evaluated pre-clinically or in some cases even clinically during the last decade. This review gives an overview over many different potential therapeutic targets for treatment of these childhood sarcomas, including receptor tyrosine kinases, intracellular signaling molecules, cell cycle and apoptosis regulators, proteasome, hsp90, histone deacetylases, angiogenesis regulators and sarcoma specific fusion proteins. The large number of potential therapeutic targets suggests that improved comparability of pre-clinical models might be necessary to prioritize the most effective ones for future clinical trials.
Nonlinear signal processing in receiving arrays

An analysis of the beam formation of receiving arrays employing signal limiting and sampling is performed. It is found that the effect of limiting and sampling with one signal present and the effect of limiting alone when more than one signal is present is to introduce new side lobes into the beam pattern that may be confused with signals. It is pointed out that by a suitable distribution of receiving transducers both of these effects can be reduced to a degree that becomes negligible and the performance of the array becomes similar to the one without the processing.
Language as Symbolic Action: A Burkean Analysis of Césaire’s Cahier d’un retour au pays natal

This paper sets out to put Kenneth Burke’s thought on language as representative of symbolic action into conversation with Aime Cesaire’s epic poem, Cahier d’un retour au pays natal . The paper is divided into three main sections that set the stage for Burke and Cesaire’s work to converse. The first section lays out an overview of Kenneth Burke’s thought on language paying particular attention to his definition of man, understanding of symbolism and symbolic action, and thoughts on poetry and poetics. The second section provides a working history of African philosophy, the Negritude movement, Cesaire as a philosopher, politician, and poet, and provides an overview of main themes and intentions present in Cahier. The third section works to put Burke and Cesaire into conversation by using Burke’s understanding of symbolic action and his notion of order and identification to examine key passages from Cesaire’s Cahier . The paper works to present an informative and textured engagement between the work of Kenneth Burke and Aime Cesaire.
Atmospheric Tomography with a Rotating Mirror Sensor

Ionospheric phenomena have an impact on terrestrial technology, affecting navigation, communication, and radio astronomy. in order to closely study these phenomena, we are developing an ionospheric sounder featuring a rotating lens system. This rotating lens provides multiple views of the same volume of space, which can be used to provide tomographic images of the ionosphere. Tomography is expressed here using the natural pixel representation. Key to this representation is the computation of the elements of the Gram matrix, which is complicated by the ongoing orbital motion and rotation of the sensor. A discussion of the point spread function is presented, followed by some tomographic reconstructions from simulated data.
Repeat Offending, Victim Gender, and Extent of Victim Relationship in Catholic Church Sexual Abusers: Implications for Risk Assessment

Despite wide reports of sexual abuse in the Catholic Church, empirical data on Catholic Church sexual abuse have not been readily available. The present study examines factors associated with sex-offender risk assessment along three criteria (repeat offending, victim gender, and victim relationship) on a sample of sexual abusers in the Catholic Church. Data from 4,392 priests with documented allegations of child sexual abuse were used. Logistic regression analysis resulted in significant predictive models for all comparisons. Factors consistently found to be significant predictors across comparisons included victim age, cleric age, all male victims, and history of victimization. Results suggest that risk predictors for Catholic Church sexual abusers are similar to those used in the general sex-offender population.
Family and Abuse Characteristics of Gang-Involved, Pressured-to-Join, and Non-Gang-Involved Girls

Objective: Gang membership among adolescent girls is an understudied phenomenon, despite the fact that these young girls are on a pathway to continued involvement in antisocial behavior. Using a large school-based sample, this was one of the first studies to contrast risk factors of female gang involvement for girls who are pressured to join but resist gang membership versus those who are gang-involved. Method: Female adolescents from a Midwestern county (n 7,513; 7th – 12th grades) self-reported whether they were currently or had been a member of a gang, whether they had been pressured but resisted gang involvement, or whether they had no current or past gang involvement. Self-report measures assessed family conflict, family gang involvement, delinquency, aggression, a history of sexual/physical abuse, and whether they had run away or had been kicked out of their home. Results: Females involved in gangs reported a significantly greater history of running away from home, family gang involvement, and greater levels of aggressive and delinquent behaviors than girls with no gang involvement. Gang-involved girls experienced greater levels of sexual abuse, family conflict, and less parental monitoring compared with the pressured-to-join group. Conclusions: Sexual abuse, family conflict, and low parental monitoring appear to differentiate girls who join a gang versus those girls who are recruited but resist. Thus, adults and professionals working with girls who are at-risk for gang involvement should assess potential sexual abuse and family conflict in the home. Professionals working directly with gang-involved girls should provide opportunities for these young women to safely address their trauma history before engaging in efforts to change behaviors.
Evaluation of Bully-Proofing Your School as an Elementary School Antibullying Intervention.

Bully-Proofing Your School (BPYS), a school-based intervention program designed to reduce bullying and school violence, is evaluated for its impact on bullying and related aggressive behaviors in a multiple nonequivalent control group, pretest-posttest design with ex ante selection of treatment and comparison groups. Outcome measures included perceptions of school safety, perceived discouragement of aggression at school, and physical and relational aggression victimization and perpetration. Over a span of 5 years (1 pretest year, 3 intervention years, and 1 postintervention year) a total of 3,497 students were surveyed. The results suggest that BPYS led to (a) students recognizing that bullying was being discouraged in the school, (b) reduced bullying and related behaviors, and (c) weakly, perceptions of increased safety at school. These results tended to become weaker once schools implemented the program without technical assistance from program staff.
Effect of ganglionic blocking agents upon blood flow and resistance in the superior mesenteric artery of the dog.

The response of the mesenteric vascular circuit of anesthetized dogs to a group of ganglionic blocking agents has been studied. The results demonstrate that these agents produce a decrease in blood pressure, blood flow and vasomotor activity of the mesenteric bed and either no change or a decrease in mesenteric resistance. When the perfusing pressure to the mesenteric artery was maintained at control levels an increase in flow with a concomitant decrease in mesenteric resistance followed the injection of the blocking agents. The present report presents experimental evidence that our preliminary report was in error.
Highly stressed: stressful and traumatic experiences among individuals with HIV/AIDS in the Deep South

Abstract A history of traumatic and/or stressful experiences is prevalent among HIV-infected individuals and has been consistently associated with poorer health outcomes. However, little is known about incident stressful experiences and the factors that predict these experiences among HIV-infected individuals. Data from a longitudinal study of 611 HIV-infected individuals in the Southeastern USA were used to examine the frequency and types of incident stress reported in a 27-month period and to determine predictors associated with three incident stress measures (all stressful events, severe stressful events, and traumatic events such as physical assault). Incident stressful experiences frequently occurred among study participants, as 91% reported at least one stressful experience (median=3.5 experiences) and 10% of study participants reported traumatic stress in any given nine-month reporting period. Financial stressors were the most frequently reported by study participants. Greater emotional distress, s...
Census and preliminary observations on the ecology of the black‐faced black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus chamek) in Manu National Park, Peru

The black-faced black spider monkey, Ateles paniscus chamek, was studied at Cocha Cashu, Manu National Park, Peru, from June to August 1982. The density of independently locomoting individuals was found to be 31/km2, and the average party size was 3.15. Data on age and sex compositions of parties, activity patterns, and diet composition are presented. The spider monkeys spend approximately 30% of observed time feeding, 44% resting, and 25% moving. They ate 80% fruit and 17% new leaves. Spider monkeys appear to be important seed dispersers. The best dispersal observed was for fruits with few, relatively large seeds. A rough day-range of 2,400 m was estimated from measured travel times and distances. The social system of Ateles is discussed.
Data Engineering for the Analysis of Semiconductor Manufacturing Data

We have analyzed manufacturing data from several different semiconductor manufacturing plants, using decision tree induction software called Q-YIELD. The software generates rules for predicting when a given product should be rejected. The rules are intended to help the process engineers improve the yield of the product, by helping them to discover the causes of rejection. Experience with Q-YIELD has taught us the importance of data engineering — preprocessing the data to enable or facilitate decision tree induction. This paper discusses some of the data engineering problems we have encountered with semiconductor manufacturing data. The paper deals with two broad classes of problems: engineering the features in a feature vector representation and engineering the definition of the target concept (the classes). Manufacturing process data present special problems for feature engineering, since the data have multiple levels of granularity (detail, resolution). Engineering the target concept is important, due to our focus on understanding the past, as opposed to the more common focus in machine learning on predicting the future.
A longitudinal analysis of chronic MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa co-infection in cystic fibrosis: A single-center study

Abstract Background Few studies have examined the association between chronic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) co-infection and health outcomes despite evidence that these pathogens alone contribute to higher morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). This study examines outcomes among CF patients with chronic MRSA and PA co-infection compared with patients with either or neither of these organisms. Methods CF patients attending the care center in Atlanta, GA from 2007–2013 comprised the study cohort. Chronic co-infection was defined as >50% PA+ cultures and >50% MRSA+ cultures and modeled as time-varying. The rate of decline in lung function (FEV 1 ) and the rate of IV treatments were the main outcomes. Results Among all patients (N=354), chronic co-infection was associated with a significantly more rapid rate of FEV 1 decline compared with patients with chronic PA alone [adjusted difference: −0.60% predicted/year (−1.13, −0.08)] and chronic MRSA alone [adjusted difference: −0.89% predicted/year (−1.56, −0.22)]. Rate of IV treatments was significantly higher among patients with chronic co-infection compared with patients with chronic PA alone [adjusted IRR: 1.24 (1.01, 1.52)] and chronic MRSA alone [adjusted IRR: 1.34 (1.03, 1.74)]. Conclusions Data from the Atlanta Care Center suggest that chronic MRSA and PA co-infection may be associated with increased rate of lung function decline and rate of intravenous antibiotics compared with patients with either pathogen alone.
Juveniles and Cyber Stalking in the United States: An Analysis of Theoretical Predictors of Patterns of Online Perpetration

The purpose of the present study is to contribute to the gap within the literature by investigating the cyber stalking behaviors of adolescents under the age of 18, and examine the predictors of these behaviors. In order to better understand the predictors of cyber stalking behaviors in young people, we will be utilizing two criminological theories: General Theory of Crime and Social Learning Theory. Using data collected from high school students in a rural county in western North Carolina, United States, results indicated that low self-control and deviant peer association were in fact associated with cyber stalking behaviors of juveniles.