cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Emergency Medical Dispatch Systems for Performance of Telecommunicator-Assisted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Among 9-1-1 Callers With Limited English Proficiency.

Importance Increasing bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among racial/ethnic minority groups and culturally underserved populations is a key strategy in improving health care disparities in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Objective To ascertain whether implementation of the Los Angeles Tiered Dispatch System (LA-TDS) was associated with improved performance of telecommunicator-assisted CPR (T-CPR) among 9-1-1 callers with limited English proficiency in the City of Los Angeles. Design, setting, and participants This cohort study compared emergency medical services-treated, nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest calls using the Medical Priority Dispatch System (MPDS) from January 1 to March 31, 2014, with calls using LA-TDS from January 1 to March 31, 2015. Trained data abstractors evaluated all 9-1-1 audio recordings for the initiation of T-CPR and the elapsed time to predefined events. Data were analyzed between January and December 2017. Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was the prevalence of T-CPR among 9-1-1 callers with limited English proficiency for field-confirmed nontraumatic cardiac arrests. Additional outcomes included T-CPR among callers with English proficiency and the elapsed time until key events in the call. Results Of the 1027 emergency medical services calls during the study periods, 597 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 289 calls (48%) were made using MPDS (263 callers with English proficiency, and 26 callers with limited English proficiency), and 308 calls (52%) were made using LA-TDS (273 callers with English proficiency, and 35 callers with limited English proficiency). No differences between MPDS and LA-TDS cohorts were found in age, sex, known comorbidities, arrest location (private vs public), or witnessed status. The prevalence of T-CPR among callers with limited English proficiency was significantly greater using LA-TDS (69%) vs MPDS (28%) (odds ratio [OR], 5.66; 95% CI, 1.79-17.85; P = .003). For callers with English proficiency, the prevalence of T-CPR improved from 55% using MPDS to 67% using LA-TDS (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.15-2.41; P = .007). With LA-TDS, callers with limited English proficiency had a significant decrease in time to recognition of cardiac arrest (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.41-0.84; P = .005) and dispatch of resources (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.94; P = .02). Conclusions and relevance The LA-TDS compared with MPDS was associated with increased performance of T-CPR for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests involving 9-1-1 callers with limited English proficiency. Further studies are needed in communities with a predominance of people with limited English proficiency to characterize bystander response, promote activation of the chain of survival, and clarify the precise elements of LA-TDS that can improve T-CPR performance.
Predictive stochastic programming

Several emerging applications call for a fusion of statistical learning and stochastic programming (SP). We introduce a new class of models which we refer to as Predictive Stochastic Programming (PSP). Unlike ordinary SP, PSP models work with datasets which represent random covariates, often refered to as predictors (or features) and responses (or labels) in the machine learning literature. As a result, these PSP models call for methodologies which borrow relevant concepts from both learning and optimization. We refer to such a methodology as Learning Enabled Optimization (LEO). This paper sets forth the foundation for such a framework by introducing several novel concepts such as statistical optimality, hypothesis tests for model-fidelity, generalization error of PSP, and finally, a non-parametric methodology for model selection. These new concepts, which are collectively referred to as LEO, provide a formal framework for modeling, solving, validating, and reporting solutions for PSP models. We illustrate the LEO framework by applying it to a production-marketing coordination model based on combining a pedagogical production planning model with an advertising dataset intended for sales prediction.
Fermi surface mapping using a third generation light source

The electronic states at the Fermi surface determine diverse properties such as magnetism, chemical bonding, and phonon-electron coupling. Using a conventional hemispherical analyzer at the ultraESCA beamline 7.0 of the Advanced Light Source, the authors have measured Fermi contours of the bulk and surface states of Cu(001) and Ag(001). For bulk states, the authors used uniform sampling in k-space by varying both the electron takeoff angle as well as the photon energy. Three-dimensional plots (in k-space) of bulk and surface states at the Fermi level can easily be achieved within one or two synchrotron shifts. Surface states, whose momentum is independent of k-perpendicular, are easily mapped if sufficiently dense angular sampling is performed. The states crossing the Fermi level at {bar X} in the surface Brillouin Zone of Cu(100) and Ag(100) are presented as examples.
Microstructural development of directionally solidified Hg 1−x Zn x Se alloys

Hg(1-x)Zn(x)Se alloys have been studied as an alternative to Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Te for the detection of electromagnetic radiation, because the shorter ZnSe and HgSe bonds have been predicted to improve lattice stability. Several ingots with x = 0.1 were directionally solidified using a modified Bridgman-Stockbarger method; one was grown in an applied magnetic field, which greatly reduced radial compositional variations. A method was developed to reduce wetting. This, combined with the convex liquid-solid interface shape, produced boules that were single crystalline after growing about 3.5 cm. Observed surface features indicated ampoule wetting was eliminated using a graphite getter. Microstructural characteristics were greatly improved over HgCdTe alloys. In six boules, a total of only one twin was observed. A method for polishing and producing dislocation etch pits was developed for these alloys, revealing dislocation etch pit densities one to two orders of magnitude less than HgTe-based alloys. A kink in the thermal profile during processing of one boule generated more dislocations than did lattice mismatch due to compositional variations. This alloy has improved microstructural properties and resistance to dislocation formation compared with similar II-VI alloys.
Evaluation of Coeducational Physical Activity Classes.

(1979). Evaluation of Coeducational Physical Activity Classes. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 68-69.
Involvement of Support Networks in Treatment

Alcohol dependence and abuse are biopsychosocially determined and ameliorated. However, social factors involved in effecting treatment outcomes continue to be understudied as a context in which psychological and biological factors are researched and also as a treatment focus in their own right. Yet the client’s social setting and relationships during and after treatment are more important forces in the recovery process than formally defined alcohol treatment interventions. Though this has been so historically, it is even more likely now in managed care environments where treatments are highly circumscribed. This suggests that treatment interventions refocus toward targeting changes in the patient’s social environment.
RADIOLIGAND BINDING STUDIES OF ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the radioligand binding studies of adrenergic receptors. Earlier, the concept of adrenergic receptors had been that of relatively static entities on the cell, the sole function of which was to act as an input receiver for the hormonal or drug signal. However, direct radioligand binding studies have revealed that a host of physiological and pathophysiological factors appear to regulate the characteristics and numbers of the adrenergic receptors on cells. It seems likely that these alterations in adrenergic receptor number and properties are mediating important alterations in tissue sensitivity to catecholamine action. Recently developed direct radioligand binding techniques have provided many new insights into the physiology and biochemistry of the important receptor structures. They give researchers the means for directly probing the receptors for understanding more about the receptor subtypes and their regulation by a variety of physiological factors. The biological actions of catecholamines are among the most varied of any known class of drug or hormone. As with most other drugs and hormones, the effects of the catecholamines are initiated by their interaction with specific receptor binding sites that appear to be located in the plasma membranes of responsive cells. These receptors are generally classified in two major types: (1) alpha-adrenergic receptors and (2) beta-adrenergic receptors. Catecholamines are also capable of interacting with a third type of receptor that is called a dopaminergic receptor. This type of receptor found in certain regions of the central nervous system and in the renal vasculature is characterized by the fact that it recognizes dopamine with even higher affinity than the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Investigating the effects of problem format and task related experience on evidential reasoning

Recent studies of human decision-making have criticized traditional decision-making research for using inexperienced participants and "single-shot" judgment tasks with no feedback. These studies, based on naturalistic and adaptive approaches, have suggested that the poor performance typically demonstrated by traditional research is due not to failures on the part of the human, but failures of the empirical studies to test performance in representative situations. In particular, some researchers have studied how experience in an uncertain environment, or a task format that is more representative of naturally-occurring environments, can improve performance on evidential reasoning tasks. This paper describes research designed to test the effect of both differing task formats and environmental experience on performance on such tasks. Participants performed an evidential reasoning task in one of two formats, before and after receiving related experience in the task environment. As expected, we found that task-related experience did improve performance; however, the effect of task format was not consistent with earlier research.
Flight Safety Assessment and Management for Takeoff Using Deterministic Moore Machines

This paper presents a novel flight safety assessment and management augmentation to the flight management system designed to assist a flight crew in avoiding or recovering from impending loss-of-control situations. Nominally, this system serves as a passive monitor but, in high-risk situations, warnings and (ultimately) override actions are initiated to mitigate the high-risk situation. In this work, flight safety assessment and management is applied to the task of preserving safety during takeoff, which is one of the highest-risk phases of flight. Flight safety assessment and management is specified as a deterministic Moore machine that can ultimately be certified using existing software certification processes. To facilitate understanding and to reduce state-space complexity, flight safety assessment and management’s state machines are split into longitudinal and lateral-directional submachines that identify and mitigate loss-of-control contributing factors associated with aircraft dynamics and control ...
The origin of the Girvan-Ballantrae beerbachites

Beerbachite (pyroxene-hornblende granulite) occurs associated with serpentinized peridotite in the Girvan-Ballantrae area on the west coast of Scotland. The beerbachites are contact-altered basic lavas and intrusions which were part of a series of Ordovician volcanic rocks. The peridotite was intruded into the base of the lavas and metamerphosed them so that they now appear as inclusions in the peridotite. Chemical analyses are included.
Regeneration patterns in southern rata (Metrosideros umbellata) — kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa) forest in central Westland, New Zealand

Abstract The regeneration modes of the dominant tree species, in the highland conifer-broadleaved forests of central Westland, South Island, New Zealand especially southern rata (Metrosideros umbellata) and kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa), are inferred from detailed analyses of stand structures in the Taramakau area. Both species regenerate intermittently and sparsely beneath canopy gaps in old-growth stands as well as abundantly on sites devastated by extensive natural disturbances such as landslides. The numerous evenaged rata-kamahi stands in Westland reflect the importance of the catastrophic regeneration mode for these 2 species. The eventual synchronous senescence of many of the trees which established at approximately the same time on sites bared by natural disturbances may be an important contributory factor in the canopy tree mortality which is widespread in the region.
Regional anomalies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; comparison with acid air pollution particulate characteristics.

Mortality rates due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for males and females in standard metropolitan statistical areas are highest in two broad regions of the U.S. One is the southeast, with age-adjusted rates high in Georgia and north Florida but decreasing toward south Florida; the other is the western plains, with rates high in Colorado and north Texas but decreasing toward south Texas. Rates are generally low in the northeast, upper midwest, and far west, as well as in the largest cities of these regions. These geographic patterns suggest that atmospheric environmental conditions may contribute to the risk of COPD. Based on measured aerosol characteristics and atmospheric chemical reasoning, it is argued that ambient air in the high COPD regions may be especially irritating to the respiratory tract because of fine particles that contain the reaction products of acid air pollutants. In the southeast, sulfuric acid aerosol concentrations are high, apparently because of a sunny warm humid climate that favors rapid oxidation of sulfur dioxide as well as the region's proximity to large primary air pollution sources further north. Particulate sulfur is also associated with soil mineral constituents. In the western plains, concentrations of alkaline dust are high because of soil erosion during windy dry conditions. Acid air pollutants can be scavenged to mineral particle surfaces and form chemical reaction products that may include solubilized mineral aluminum. These may be inhaled and deposited in the respiratory tract so as to contribute to COPD mortality risk.
Stimulation of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and TNF-β secretion in IL-2-activated T cells: Costimulatory roles for LFA-1, LFA-2, CD44, and CD45 molecules

Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells are peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) that possess the ability to kill target cells in a non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted manner. Both NK and T cells can be stimulated with interleukin-2 (IL-2) to become LAK cells. We previously reported that the interaction of LAK cells with tumor cells also induces the secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The NK subset of LAK (LAK-NK) cells is stimulated by tumor cells to secrete IFN-gamma in a non-MHC-restricted manner while the T cell subset of LAK (LAK-T) cells is stimulated to secrete IFN-gamma upon cross-linking of the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex. We here report that LAK-T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 mAbs and tumor cells secrete two additional cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNF-beta/lymphotoxin (TNF-beta). In addition, we demonstrate that at least four other structurally unrelated molecules, in addition to the TCR-CD3 complex, on LAK-T cells participate in the stimulation of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and TNF-beta production. These molecules are the lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), lymphocyte function associated antigen-2 (LFA-2), CD44, and CD45. LFA-1 is an integrin, LFA-2 is a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family, CD44 is homologous to the cartilage link proteins, and CD45 is a tyrosine phosphatase. Ligands to three of these molecules have been identified; ICAM-1, LFA-3, and hyaluronic acid binding to LFA-1, LFA-2, and CD44, respectively. LFA-1, LFA-2, and CD44 are reported to function both as adhesion molecules and as costimulators in resting T cells. Our data suggest that these three molecules enhance IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and TNF-beta production by augmenting LAK-T cell to tumor cell adhesion and also by functioning as costimulators.
A Reevaluation of Impact Melt Production

The production of melt and vapor is an important process in impact cratering events. Because significant melting and vaporization do not occur in impacts at velocities currently achievable in the laboratory, a detailed study of the production of melt and vapor in planetary impact events is carried out with hydrocode simulations. Sandia's two-dimensional axisymmetric hydrocode CSQ was used to estimate the amount of melt and vapor produced for widely varying initial conditions: 10 to 80 km/sec for impact velocity, 0.2 to 10 km for the projectile radius. Runs with different materials demonstrate the material dependency of the final result. These results should apply to any size projectile (for given impact velocity and material), since the results can be dynamically scaled so long as gravity is unimportant in affecting the early-time flow. In contrast with the assumptions of previous analytical models, a clear difference in shape, impact-size dependence, and depth of burial has been found between the melt regions and the isobaric core. In particular, the depth of the isobaric core is not a good representation of the depth of the melt regions, which form deeper in the target. While near-surface effects cause the computed melt region shapes to look like “squashed spheres” the spherical shape is still a good analytical analog. One of the goals of melt production studies is to find proper scaling laws to infer melt production for any impact event of interest. We tested the point source limit scaling law for melt volumes (μ = 0.55–0.6) proposed by M. D. Bjorkman and K. A. Holsapple (1987,Int. J. Impact Eng.5, 155–163). Our results indicate that the point source limit concept does not apply to melt and vapor production. Rather, melt and vapor production follows an energy scaling law (μ = 0.67), in good agreement with previous results of T. J. Ahrens and J. D. O'Keefe [1977, inImpact and Explosion Cratering(D. J. Roddy, R. O. Pepin, and R. B. Merrill, Eds.), pp. 639–656, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY]. Finally we tested the accuracy of our melt production calculation against a terrestrial dataset compiled by R. A. F. Grieve and M. J. Cintala (1992,Meteorities27, 526–538). The hydrocode melt volumes are in good agreement with the estimated volumes of that set of terrestrial craters on crystalline basements. At present there is no good model for melt production from impact craters on sedimentary targets.
A Bayesian Maximum Entropy approach to address the change of support problem in the spatial analysis of childhood asthma prevalence across North Carolina.

Abstract The spatial analysis of data observed at different spatial observation scales leads to the change of support problem (COSP). A solution to the COSP widely used in linear spatial statistics consists in explicitly modeling the spatial autocorrelation of the variable observed at different spatial scales. We present a novel approach that takes advantage of the nonlinear Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) extension of linear spatial statistics to address the COSP directly without relying on the classical linear approach. Our procedure consists in modeling data observed over large areas as soft data for the process at the local scale. We demonstrate the application of our approach to obtain spatially detailed maps of childhood asthma prevalence across North Carolina (NC). Because of the high prevalence of childhood asthma in NC, the small number problem is not an issue, so we can focus our attention solely to the COSP of integrating prevalence data observed at the county level together with data observed at a targeted local scale equivalent to the scale of school districts. Our spatially detailed maps can be used for different applications ranging from exploratory and hypothesis-generating analyses to targeting intervention and exposure mitigation efforts.
Immunological and chemical studies on porcine submaxillary mucins

Summary Porcine submaxillary mucins (PSM) were classified as A, H, AH, and — types according to their ability to inhibit the hemagglutination of human blood group systems. Of 210 glands examined, the following blood group distribution was observed: 35% A, 35% H, 1% AH, and 29%—. The A-type mucin was an effective inhibitor at microgram concentrations, whereas the H-types showed considerably weaker hemagglutination inhibition. Rabbit antisera to the A and H mucins could be used for typing of human blood groups A and H; no cross-reactivity was observed with the other types. The A-type PSM antisera were adsorbed by human red blood cells of the A type only. Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic studies of rabbit antisera to crude mucins revealed many antigenic components, but antisera to purified mucin preparations usually developed only two precipitin bands, one of which showed up only after staining for proteins. PSM was prepared from individual glands of known blood group types by a slight modification of a previously described method. Chemical analyses showed that the variation in composition of individual glands within a given blood group type was larger than could be attributable to experimental error. In addition, chemical variations were also observed among mucins of A, H, and — blood group types.
Tribological Impact of SiC Encapsulation of Released Polycrystalline Silicon Microstructures

A method for coating released polysilicon microstructures with thin, uniform and conformal coatings of SiC derived from the single source precursor, 1,3-disilabutane (DSB) has been developed. This coating method has been successfully applied to micromechanical test devices which allow evaluation of friction and wear properties of the coating. Here, data on the coefficient of static friction of SiC coatings produced from DSB is presented. Also, a comparative wear study for devices which have been oxidized, treated with an anti-adhesion coating, and SiC coated is shown. Wear is examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on devices which have been cycled repetitively under a nominal load. It is found that the application of a few nanometers-thin SiC coating provides exceptional wear resistance as well as significant reduction in friction on the microscale.
Endocrine Control of Clutch Size in Reptiles. VIII. Antiestrogenic Effects of Clomiphene Citrate in the Lizard Anolis carolinensis

The influence of clomiphene citrate on follicle-stimulating-hormone (FSH) and estradiol-induced growth of ovarian follicles and oviducts in the lizard A. carolinensis was studies. In Experiment 1 lizards received 14 daily injections of either saline clomiphene (1 10 or 20 mcg) or FSH (1 or 10 mcg) or combined clomiphene-FSH treatment. In Experiment 2 adult lizards with hypertrophied vitellogenic ovaries and enlarged oviducts weres adenohypophysectomized and treated with a daily dose of .05 ml of either saline saline plus 5 mcg clomiphene saline plus 10 mcg FSH saline plus 10 mcg estradiol-17beta or FSH plus clomiphene or estradiol plus clomiphene. FSH increased follicle size in previtellogenic ovaries. Injection of 1 mcg clomiphene reduces the effects of FSH. 20 mcg clomiphene given alone stimulated the growth of larger follicles. Clomiphene blocked FSH-induced appearance or maintenance of large (less than 2.0 mm) vitellogenic follicles. It blocked FSH gains in oviductal weight and well as stimulated growth of small previtellic follicles. Estradiol-induced follicular and oviductal growth was uneffected by clomiphene. While low doses of clomiphene are antiestrogenic they are unable to combat the effects of high dose estradiol.
Secular-invariant relationships among internal geomagnetic field coefficients

Some features of the secular variation of the geomagnetic field are examined. Contours encircling constant magnetic flux (third adiabatic invariant), corresponding to a shell of field lines in secular motion, reveal a general westward drift that is longitude and latitude dependent (with minima in the north Pacific and south Atlantic areas). Some invariant relationships appear among the field coefficients in the tilted, centered dipole (geomagnetic) coordinate system.
Multiple P450alk (cytochrome P450 alkane hydroxylase) genes from the halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii

Abstract The halotolerant alkane-assimilating yeast Debaryomyces hansenii was examined for P450 alkane hydroxylase genes known to be required for alkane assimilation in Candida. Four distinct P450alk gene segments and an allelic segment were isolated using PCR based on degenerate primers derived from the CYP52 family of alkane-inducible P450 genes. A screen of a genomic library (15–20 kb inserts) constructed for this study, using a probe based on the PCR-isolated segments, yielded seven clones. This has led to the isolation and sequence of two full-length genes DH-ALK1 and DH-ALK2. These genes, each with an ORF of 1557 bp (519 aa), contained no apparent introns and showed 64% nucleotide sequence homology (61% based on the deduced amino acid sequences). The deduced proteins had predicted molecular weights of 59,254 Da (DH-ALK1) and 59,614 Da (DH-ALK2) and have been designated CYP52A12 and CYP52A13 by the P450 Nomenclature Committee. Phylogenetic analysis based on Neighbor Joining Tree showed that DH-ALK1 and DH-ALK2 constitute new genes located on two distinct branches and are most related to the gene CYP52A3 (60% deduced aa homology) and are least related to the gene CYP52C2 (41% deduced aa homology), both of C. maltosa. The isolated genes will provide tools to better understand the diversity of the P450alk family in eukaryotic microorganisms adapted to varied environmental conditions.
CORONARY RADIOGRAPHY AND ENDARTERECTOMY: POSTMORTEM STUDY OF FEASIBILITY OF SURGERY.

Postmortem angiography, kerosene perfusion, latex mass-injection radiographic studies and the conventional methods of anatomic pathology have been used in a study of coronary artery disease in 189 hearts, 88 of which had myocardial infarction associated with coronary arteriosclerosis. Analysis was directed to ascertain whether sclerotic lesions appeared to be amenable to surgical removal and whether such removal is likely to result in an increased flow of blood to the myocardium. Affirmative conclusions to these questions were reinforced by 42 postmortem coronary resections done in 31 cases. Fluidtight closures permitted follow-up perfusion studies in 25 successful resections done for the relief of coronary luminal narrowing, and in 16 of these significant increase in the perfusion rate resulted. Twelve of these 25 were endarterectomies, and increased perfusion rates were achieved in 10 of them. From the logical standpoint, direct relief such as appears mechanically feasible through surgical endarterectomy offers an attractive therapeutic approach to myocardial ischemia from coronary arteriosclerosis. The presence of multiple main-vessel lesions and of distal small-branch disease does not preclude significant improvement; these are not contraindications to such surgery. In view of the frequency and mortality of coronary arteriosclerosis and because of the inadequacies of other methods of therapy in use today, the clinical trial of a direct attack upon the occluding lesion appears to be warranted. Current clinical failures provide opportunities while external artificial circulation and other methods for left ventricular assistance or bypass pumping provide means for gaining surgical experience and offering at least a slim chance to patients whose lives would otherwise be lost. Radiographic studies of the coronary system will be essential to any surgical attack likely to succeed.
Promotion of neurite outgrowth by protein kinase inhibitors and ganglioside GM1 in neuroblastoma cells involves MAP kinase ERK1/2

To investigate mechanisms of neurite outgrowth, murine Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells were exposed to ganglioside GM1 in the presence or absence of specific protein kinase inhibitors. Isoquinolinesulfonamide (H-89), an inhibitor of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA), and bisindolylmaleimide I (BIM), which inhibits protein kinase C, each stimulated neurite outgrowth in a dose-dependent manner in the absence of exogenous GM1. Minimally effective (threshold) concentrations of H-89 or BIM potentiated outgrowth when they were used in combination with GM1. To search for a shared component in the mechanisms of GM1, H-89 and BIM, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was examined. Inhibition of the activation of extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK1/2) by U0126, prevented neuritogenesis of Neuro-2a by all the three agents. Pretreatment of serum-depleted Neuro-2a cultures with GM1 or BIM enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation when the serum level was restored to 10%. In contrast, H-89 did not alter the serum-mediated response. In cells exposed to GM1 or BIM without additional serum, a transitory decrease in ERK phosphorylation occurred. These data suggest that GM1 influences two neuritogenic pathways, one modulated by PKC and the other regulated by PKA. Therefore, GM1 may have the potential to stimulate alternate pathways resulting in outgrowth.
Stereoselective construction of functionalized bicyclic carbocycles through metal-halogen exchange-initiated sequential conjugate addition reactions

Abstract Rapid metal-halogen exchange reactions have been used to initiate the stereoselective formation of transbicyclo[4.3.0]nonane and strained trans-bicyclo[3.3.0]octane derivatives through sequential intramolecular conjugate addition reactions. Stereoselectivity has been controlled in anionic olefin addition reactions as well as in corresponding radical cyclizations through control of acceptor olefin stereochemistry.
On Bias Reduction in Estimation

Abstract A general procedure for reducing the bias of point estimators is introduced. The technique includes the “jackknife” as a special case. The existing notion of reapplication is shown to lack a desirable bias removal property for which it was originally designed. Proper reapplication is proposed to conform to the general notion of higher order bias elimination and an interesting algorithm for the correct method is defined. Illustrative examples are drawn from ratio estimation, reliability and truncated distributions. The reduced mean square error which attracted some attention to the jackknife is present in the generalization for some applications.
Development and validation of an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity-reporter gene assay

Humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the fastest growing class of biological therapeutics that are being developed for various medical indications, and more than 30 mAbs are already approved and in the market place. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an important biological function attributed to the mechanism of action of several therapeutic antibodies, particularly oncology targeting mAbs. The ADCC assay is a complicated and highly variable assay. Thus, the use of an ADCC assay as a lot release test or a stability test for clinical trial batches of mAbs has been a substantial challenge to install in quality control laboratories. We describe here the development and validation of an alternate approach, an ADCC-reporter gene assay that is based on the key attributes of the PBMC-based ADCC assay. We tested the biological relevance of this assay using an anti-CD20 based model and demonstrated that this ADCC-reporter assay correlated well with standard ADCC assays when induced with...
Destruction of aflatoxins in peanut protein isolates by sodium hypochlorite.

Sodium hypochlorite has been tested for destruction of aflatoxins during the preparation of peanut protein isolates from raw peanuts and defatted peanut meal. The treatments were evaluated by determination of the aflatoxins in the products by thin layer chromatography. Effects of sodium hypochlorite concentration, reaction pH, temperature, and time were studied. Results show that both the sodium hypochlorite concentration and pH are important factors in reducing the concentration of aflatoxins in the protein isolates to nondetectable levels. The treatment with 0.4% sodium hypochlorite at pH 8 produced protein isolates with trace amounts of aflatoxins B1 and B2 from ground raw peanuts containing 725 ppb aflatoxin B1 and 148 ppb aflatoxin B2, whereas untreated protein isolates contained 384 ppb aflatoxin B1 and 76 ppb aflatoxin B2. At pH 9, 0.3% sodium hypochlorite reduced the aflatoxin B1 content in the protein isolates from 300 ppb to below detectable quantities and the aflatoxin B2 content from 52 ppb to 2 ppb. Similar results were obtained at pH 10 for 0.3% sodium hypochlorite concentration. In the case of defatted peanut meal which contained 136 ppb aflatoxin B1 and 36 ppb aflatoxin B2, 0.25% sodium hypochlorite concentration at pH 8 (0.20% at pH 9; 0.15% at pH 10) reduced both the aflatoxin B1 and B2 contents to below detectable quantities in protein isolates as compared to aflatoxin levels of ca. 75 ppb B1 and 17 ppb B2 in the untreated protein isolates. Reaction temperature and time did not affect the destruction of aflatoxins significantly.
An Observational and Modeling Study of the Interaction of Low-Level Southwesterly Flow with the Olympic Mountains during COAST IOP 4

Abstract This paper presents an observational and modeling study of the three-dimensional flow and precipitation around the Olympic Mountains of northwest Washington State for a case of relatively steady south-southwesterly flow. This study utilized data from COAST IOP 4 (the fourth intensive observing period during the Coastal Observation and Simulation with Topography field experiment) that took place during 9–10 December 1993. One of the most important data sources was the NOAA P-3 aircraft, which provided flight-level data, reflectivity, and Doppler winds as it flew around the Olympics. Features that were mapped successfully with the NOAA P-3 included flow splitting around the windward pressure ridge, strong southeasterlies (to approximately 25 m s−1) northeast of the Olympics caused by downgradient acceleration into the lee trough, the rapid transition from strong southeasterlies to lighter easterlies (5–10 m s−1) in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, strong downslope flow and a hydraulic jump-like transiti...
Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli

Absolute metabolite concentrations are critical to a quantitative understanding of cellular metabolism, as concentrations impact both the free energies and rates of metabolic reactions. Here we use LC-MS/MS to quantify more than 100 metabolite concentrations in aerobic, exponentially growing Escherichia coli with glucose, glycerol or acetate as the carbon source. The total observed intracellular metabolite pool was approximately 300 mM. A small number of metabolites dominate the metabolome on a molar basis, with glutamate being the most abundant. Metabolite concentration exceeds K(m) for most substrate-enzyme pairs. An exception is lower glycolysis, where concentrations of intermediates are near the K(m) of their consuming enzymes and all reactions are near equilibrium. This may facilitate efficient flux reversibility given thermodynamic and osmotic constraints. The data and analyses presented here highlight the ability to identify organizing metabolic principles from systems-level absolute metabolite concentration data.
Application note: SafeDriving: A mobile application for tractor rollover detection and emergency reporting

This paper introduces a tractor rollover detection and emergency reporting software application, SafeDriving, developed for iOS-based mobile electronic devices (smartphones and tablet computers). The SafeDriving application uses a mathematical model to calculate the stability of a tractor using the physical parameters of the tractor and the data from the inbuilt sensors of the mobile electronic devices or the data from the external sensors attached to the tractor. When the SafeDriving application detects an accident, it sends automated email and phone messages with the GPS location, date, time and other critical information. The functions of the SafeDriving application were tested on a small-scale model tractor in laboratory conditions and on a 45 HP utility tractor in field conditions. The field-upset tests with the utility tractor were conducted for 10 times at 10.8km/h and 21.6km/h. During all of the tests, the application successfully monitored the vehicle stability and reported the accidents to the emergency contacts when a rollover accident happened.
Mechanisms for the atmospheric corrosion of carbonate stone

The physical and chemical phenomena responsible for the atmospheric corrosion of carbonate stone are presented. Corrosion product formation, morphology, and chemical makeup are discussed in the context of calcium-containing minerals and other crystalline structures that thermodynamics and kinetics suggest are likely to be present. Formation pathways for the minerals most often reported to occur in carbonate corrosion layers are shown in schematic diagrams. The dominant corrosion products are sulfates and oxalates, the former resulting from interactions with atmospheric sulfur dioxide or sulfate ions, the latter from oxalate secretions from the biological organisms. present (and perhaps to some extent from oxalate deposited from the atmosphere). The degradation processes are enhanced by the catalytic action of transition metal ions present in the stone and of soot deposited from the atmosphere.
Basal secretion of Pavlov pouch dogs as influenced by oxygen want

The chlorides, acids and pH of the basal secretion of the Pavlov pouch are not appreciably affected by oxygen want within ranges compatible with consciousness in the unacclimatized dog. The volume of basal secretion is not affected by moderate ranges of oxygen want as much as is the secretion provoked by food. The more severe degrees of oxygen want, however, depress the basal secretion the same as it does the secretion caused by the stimulating action of food. The work suggests that the basal secretion of the gastric glands has a low oxygen requirement. Finally, it is of clinical interest to know that even moderately severe degrees of oxygen want have no appreciable affect on the basal gastric secretion.
The obsessive-compulsive spectrums

The obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum is a fascinating concept that has captured the interest of researchers and clinicians alike. Although it has compelling merits, it is also controversial and bedeviled by many unresolved questions. For example, what disorders should be included in this spectrum? Should the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) be reorganized to include a section of OC spectrum disorders (OCSDs) that includes obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and putative spectrum disorders? How should we treat these disorders’ delusional variants? This article addresses treatment approaches implied by this spectrum concept and the pros and cons of including this putative grouping of disorders in future editions of DSM. It also addresses two hypothesized spectrums that might be considered “subspectrums” of this OC spectrum. One spectrum, the compulsive/impulsive spectrum, views the OC spectrum along a dimension that ranges from compulsivity to impulsivity. The other is the delusionality spectrum, which is highly relevant to conceptualizations of the OC spectrum and other disorders (eg, the mood disorders). It has received far less attention than the OC spectrum itself or the compulsivity/impulsivity spectrum, however. The delusionality spectrum poses particularly interesting classification dilemmas that will be addressed during the DSM-V process, and it has important and surprising implications for the treatment of OCD and certain OCSDs. Although other OC spectrums and subspectrums have been proposed, such as a “cognitive-motoric” dimension, which is a subspectrum that conceptualizes OCSDs as ranging from primarily obsessional to primarily motoric [1], these spectrums and subspectrums have received less attention than the others and are not discussed in this article. The following case highlights the clinical relevance of the spectrum concepts on which this article focuses and some of the theoretical and scientific issues they raise.
Symmetric observation of a buried target using multipolarimetric reverse-time migration

ABSTRACT Unlike natural objects, man-made objects, including landmines, tend to be symmetric in shape. By means of symmetricargument, a symmetric object observed by radar will have a predictable response. This paper describes the concept of usingsets of hi-static multipolarimetric radar observations to detect the presence of a landmine by exploiting the symmetricproperties of the landmine. The study begins with simulating the response of a symmetrical target in a sandbox using theFinite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) algorithm. The simulated data is divided into several observation sets designed todetect the plane of symmetry of the buried target. A three-dimensional (3D) FDTD-based Reverse-Time Migration (RTM)method is used to synthesize the data sets to obtain sets of independent images. First, all images will be used to determine thepresence of a target. Then, the images are configured in-group to detect the presence of the plane of symmetry. 1. INTRODUCTION There are an estimated 100 million uncleared landmines scattered over 60 nations, and about 15000 civilians are killed or
Scavenging ant foraging behavior and variation in the scale of nutrient redistribution among semi-arid grasslands

The scavenging of arthropod carrion by ants can be an important mechanism of nutrient redistribution in grasslands. By removing materials to nests over different sized areas, scavenging ants may contribute to differences in ecosystem patchiness. We asked how variation in overall ant foraging activity among three desert/grassland Long-Term Ecological Research sites creates differences in the distances that scavenged material is laterally redistributed. Generally, species with large-bodied workers and thermophilic species removed baits the farthest. Overall, this resulted in a positive relationship between removal distance and vapor pressure deficit. Mean removal distance across all ants increased from the shortgrass steppe to the Chihuahuan desert grassland, creating a seven-fold variation in the spatial scale of nutrient concentration by ants. The dominant species creating this pattern are inconspicuous and little-known when compared to the harvester ants that have been emphasized in ecosystem studies.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sae2- and Tel1-dependent single-strand DNA formation at DNA break promotes microhomology-mediated end joining

Microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) joins DNA ends via short stretches [5–20 nucleotides (nt)] of direct repeat sequences, yielding deletions of intervening sequences. Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and single-strand annealing (SSA) are other error prone processes that anneal single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) via a few bases ( 20 nt). Although the genetic components involved in MMEJ are largely unknown, those in NHEJ and SSA are characterized in some detail. Here, we surveyed the role of NHEJ or SSA factors in joining of double-strand breaks (DSBs) with no complementary DNA ends that rely primarily on MMEJ repair. We found that MMEJ requires the nuclease activity of Mre11/Rad50/Xrs2, 3′ flap removal by Rad1/Rad10, Nej1, and DNA synthesis by multiple polymerases including Pol4, Rad30, Rev3, and Pol32. The mismatch repair proteins, Rad52 group genes, and Rad27 are dispensable for MMEJ. Sae2 and Tel1 promote MMEJ but inhibit NHEJ, likely by regulating Mre11-dependent ssDNA accumulation at DNA break. Our data support the role of Sae2 and Tel1 in MMEJ and genome integrity.
Cellular and physical mechanisms of branching morphogenesis

Branching morphogenesis is the developmental program that builds the ramified epithelial trees of various organs, including the airways of the lung, the collecting ducts of the kidney, and the ducts of the mammary and salivary glands. Even though the final geometries of epithelial trees are distinct, the molecular signaling pathways that control branching morphogenesis appear to be conserved across organs and species. However, despite this molecular homology, recent advances in cell lineage analysis and real-time imaging have uncovered surprising differences in the mechanisms that build these diverse tissues. Here, we review these studies and discuss the cellular and physical mechanisms that can contribute to branching morphogenesis.
Polymorphism of human cytomegalovirus glycoproteins characterized by monoclonal antibodies

Abstract Monoclonal antibody panels selected in this and preceeding studies were employed to begin to characterize the properties of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) glycoproteins. The results were as follows. (i) Four antigenically distinct CMV glycoproteins designated as gA, gB, gC, and gD have been identified. (ii) gA; gC, and gD each form several bands when immune precipitated from infected cell extracts by the corresponding monoclonal antibodies and electrophoretically separated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. In contrast, gB migrated at one broad band with an apparent molecular weight in the range of 116,000 to 123,000. Bands with different molecular weights were shown to share antigenic determinants by reactivity of monoclonal antibodies with electrophoretically separated polypeptides immobilized on nitrocellulose. (iii) A panel of 16 monoclonal antibodies to gA precipitated a family of glycoproteins 160,000–148,000, 142,000, 138,000, 123,000–107,000, 95,000, and 58,500 in apparent molecular weight designated as gAl through gA6, respectively. (iv) To identify partially glycosylated precursors of gA, infected cells were treated with tunicanlycin or deoxyglucose and reacted with different monoclonal antibodies. Tunicamycin-treated infected cells labeled for a short pulse or longer intervals contained only gA5. Whereas cells treated with deoxyglucose during a pulse contained gA4, those labeled for a longer interval contained gA6 and an additional band approximately 56,500 in apparent molecular weight designated gA7. (v) Precipitates of gA from infected cells labeled for a short pulse contained gA2 and gA3 which appear to be products of rapid glycosylation. After a chase, trace amounts of gAl and gA6 were also precipitated suggesting that these are products of slow post-translational processing. (vi) Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H was used to identify the forms of gA which contain high-mannose oligosaccharide chains. After treatment, the electrophoretic mobility of gA2, gA3, and gA6 increased significantly suggesting that these forms contain high-mannose chains cleaved by the enzyme. A hypothesis for processing gA is presented.