cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance comparison of classic and fuzzy logic controllers for communication airships

Communication is vital in order to coordinate rescue and clean up efforts should an event eliminate the most common infrastructure, such a cell tower and phone lines, in a region. One of the most effective ways to set up an alternative communication system without relying on traditional methods would be to attach a temporary system to airships floating above the region. However, an inherent problem with airships is keeping them in the desired area with the correct orientation. This paper compares two different airship control methods, namely fuzzy logic and classic controllers, to navigate the balloon while hovering over a region in order to reestablish communication. A dynamical model of the airship in the presence of air friction is shown, and simulations are done using MATLAB Simulator.
Individual Rights and Transnational Networks

Transnational regulatory networks have become increasingly powerful over the past decades. For public law scholars, one of the most pressing questions raised by transnational networks is whether they respect the constitutional and administrative principles that have been developed within the context of the nation state. Although the focus of recent scholarship has been the democratic accountability of networks tasked with agenda-setting and rule-making powers, certain networks are also responsible for individualized decision-making and carry the risk of undermining liberal rights. Examples include the UN Sanctions Committee, Europol, and the administration of EU customs and agricultural policy. This contribution identifies some of the challenges of protecting rights in the radically fragmented universe of network governance and offers reflections on how these challenges might be met based on the longstanding experience of the European Court of Justice.
Intracellular Na+, K+ and Cl− activities in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells

Abstract Ehrlich ascites tumor cell membrane potential ( V m ) and intracellular Na + , K + and Cl − activities were measured under steady-state conditions in normal saline medium (Na + = 154, K + = 6, Cl − = 150 mequiv./l). Membrane potential was estimated to be −23.3 ± 0.8 mV using glass microelectrodes. Intracellular ion activities were estimated with similar glass electrodes rendered ion-selective by incorporation of ion-specific ionophores. Measurements of V m and ion-activity differences were made in the same populations of cells. Under these conditions the intracellular Na + , K + and Cl − activities are 4.6 ± 0.5; 68.3 ± 8.0; and 43.6 ± 2.1 mequiv./l, respectively. The apparent activity coefficients for Na + and K + are 0.18 ± 0.02 and 0.41 ± 0.05 respectively. These are significantly lower than the activity coefficients expected for the ions in physiological salt solutions (0.71 and 0.73, respectively). The activity coefficient for intracellular Cl − (0.67 ± 0.03), however, is close to that of the medium (0.73), and the transmembrane electrochemical potential difference for Cl − is not different from zero. The results establish that the energy available from the Na + electrochemical gradient is much greater than previously estimated from chemical measurements.
Heritability of Face Shape in Twins: A Preliminary Study using 3D Stereophotogrammetry and Geometric Morphometrics

Introduction: Previous research suggests that aspects of facial surface morphology are heritable. Traditionally, heritability studies have used a limited set of linear distances to quantify facial morphology and often employ statistical methods poorly designed to deal with biological shape. In this preliminary report, we use a combination of 3D photogrammetry and landmark-based morphometrics to explore which aspects of face shape show the strongest evidence of heritability in a sample of twins. Methods: 3D surface images were obtained from 21 twin pairs (10 monozygotic, 11 same-sex dizygotic). Thirteen 3D landmarks were collected from each facial surface and their coordinates subjected to geometric morphometric analysis. This involved superimposing the individual landmark configurations and then subjecting the resulting shape coordinates to a principal components analysis. The resulting PC scores were then used to calculate rough narrow-sense heritability estimates. Results: Three principal components displayed evidence of moderate to high heritability and were associated with variation in the breadth of orbital and nasal structures, upper lip height and projection, and the vertical and forward projection of the root of the nose due to variation in the position of nasion. Conclusions: Aspects of facial shape, primarily related to variation in length and breadth of central midfacial structures, were shown to demonstrate evidence of strong heritability. An improved understanding of which facial features are under strong genetic control is an important step in the identification of specific genes that underlie normal facial variation. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
Too Big to Fail?: Recasting the Financial Safety Net

Government safety nets in the United States and abroad focus, anachronistically, on problems of banks and other financial institutions, largely ignoring financial markets which have become major credit sources for consumers and companies. Besides failing to protect these markets, this narrow focus encourages morally hazardous behavior by large institutions, like AIG and Citigroup, that are "too big to fail." This paper examines how a safety net should be recast to protect financial markets and also explains why that safety net would mitigate moral hazard and help resolve the too-big-to-fail dilemma.
Inpatient Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa: Review and Recommendations

Inpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa, difficult and at times complex, has been shown to promote enduring change. An integrated treatment approach that includes medical, psychological, nursing, and social interventions can restore patients to a healthy weight, improve abnormal eating behaviors, and ameliorate many of the central psychopathological attitudes and illness-driven behaviors characteristic of the disorder. This article reviews inpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa, evaluating empirical studies and providing a critique of their methodology and potential applicability, combining available published studies with clinical experience to suggest a comprehensive pragmatic treatment approach, and noting research needs for the future. More controlled double-blind studies are urgently needed to assess virtually every aspect of inpatient care, especially methods for promoting safe and rapid weight restoration. Comparative studies on the efficacy of behavioral, psychotherapeutic, and pharmacological approaches and determination of the optimum step-wise preparation for discharge into a weight-preoccupied society are also needed.
Are self-reported symptoms of executive dysfunction associated with objective executive function performance following mild to moderate traumatic brain injury?

Background and objective: We examined the relationship between self-reported pre- and post-injury changes in executive dysfunction, apathy, disinhibition, and depression, and performance on neuropsychological tests of executive function, attention/processing speed, and memory in relation to mood levels and effort test performance in individuals in the early stages of recovery from mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). Method: Participants were 71 noncombat military personnel who were in a semiacute stage of recovery (<3 months post injury) from mild to moderate TBI. Pre- and post-TBI behaviors were assessed with the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe; Grace & Malloy, 2001) and correlated with levels of depressive symptoms, effort test performance, and performance on objective measures of attention, executive function, and memory. Results: Self-reported symptoms of executive dysfunction generally failed to predict performance on objective measures of executive function and memory, although they...
History of automatic vehicle monitoring (AVM)

The development of automatic vehicle monitoring (AVM) technology is traced from the PULSE conference of 1968 to the present. Examples of nonautomated vehicle monitoring from the past and present are cited along with a glimpse of the improvements that AVM promises. A perspective for the current AVM development activities is provided.
Fast max-margin clustering for unsupervised word sense disambiguation in biomedical texts.

Background We aim to solve the problem of determining word senses for ambiguous biomedical terms with minimal human effort.
Simplified [18F]FDG image-derived input function using the left ventricle, liver, and one venous blood sample

A relatively simple, almost entirely noninvasive imaging-based method is presented for deriving arterial blood input functions for quantitative ( 18 F)2-fl uoro-2-deoxy- D -glucose (FDG) positron emission tomographic (PET) studies in rodents. It requires only one venous blood sample at the end of the scan. MicroPET images and arterial blood time-activity curves (TACs) were downloaded from the Mouse Quantitation Program database at the University of California, Los Angeles. Three-dimensional regions of interest were drawn around the blood-pool region of the left ventricle and within the liver to derive their respective TACs. To construct the "hybrid" image-derived input function (IDIF), the initial part of the left ventricle TAC, containing the peak concentration of ( 18 F)FDG in the arterial blood, was corrected for spillout (ie, partial-volume effect yielding a recovery coeffi cient < 1) and then joined to the liver TAC (normalized to the 60-minute arterial blood sample) immediately after it peaks. To validate our method, the ( 18 F)FDG infl ux constant (K i ) was estimated using a two-tissue compartment model and compared to estimates of K i obtained using measured arte- rial blood TACs. No signifi cant difference in the K i estimates was obtained with the arterial blood input function and our hybrid IDIF. We conclude that the normalized hybrid IDIF can be used in practice to obtain reliable K i estimates.
Clinical Decision Support Tools: Personal Digital Assistant versus Online Dietary Supplement Databases

Background:Clinical decision support tools (CDSTs) on personal digital assistants (PDAs) and online databases assist healthcare practitioners who make decisions about dietary supplements.Objective:To assess and compare the content of PDA dietary supplement databases and their online counterparts used as CDSTs.Methods:A total of 102 question-and-answer pairs were developed within 10 weighted categories of the most clinically relevant aspects of dietary supplement therapy. PDA versions of AltMedDex. Lexi-Natural, Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, and Natural Standard and their online counterparts were assessed by scope (percent of correct answers present), completeness (3-point scale), ease of use, and a composite score integrating all 3 criteria. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, including a χ2 test, Scheffe's multiple comparison test, McNemar's test, and the Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to analyze data.Results:The scope scores for PDA databases were: Natural Medicines Compr...
Semicontinuous, middle-vessel distillation of ternary mixtures

The operation of a semicontinuous, middle-vessel column (SCMVC) that separates a nearly-ideal ternary mixture is analyzed. MVCs have a large vessel between the rectification and stripping sections. In traditional batch rectification or stripping, a still is charged and distillate or bottoms products are removed, leaving heavy or light concentrates in the still, respectively. In contrast, the middle vessel of an MVC is charged, and, similar to a continuous process, both distillate and bottoms products are withdrawn. The process separates nearly-ideal ternary mixtures into three nearly-pure species, with the intermediate-boiling species concentrating in the middle vessel, and the light and heavy species concentrating in the distillate and bottoms products, respectively. Shortcut methods are adapted to determine the minimum number of trays and minimum reflux ratio. Alternative control configurations are considered to achieve suitable performance throughout the campaign. Two DB configurations are shown to be suitable for this process, with the middle vessel decoupling the composition control loops and permitting dual-composition control with little interaction. Simulations confirm that difficulties encountered when using a DB configuration for the dual-composition control of a continuous column do not occur for a SCMVC.
The 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a new paradigm supported by more evidence

Aims The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol guideline was a major paradigm shift and heavily criticized by some experts. A better understanding of the methodology used to develop the guideline, the guideline recommendations, and the evidence supporting them addresses many of criticisms. Methods and results An extensive body of evidence from randomized clinical trials supports the new risk-based approach. The emphasis is on the appropriate intensity of statin therapy in patients most likely to benefit. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines have taken a similar approach. Recent studies have found the 2013 guideline outperforms earlier cholesterol guidelines recommending low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) treatment thresholds and targets. The 2013 cholesterol guideline better identifies high-risk patients with a greater burden of atherosclerosis and avoids treating those at lower risk with little atherosclerosis; its application would prevent up to 450 000 more atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events over 10 years. The 2013 cholesterol guideline also recommends regularly monitoring LDL-C levels to assess adherence to lifestyle and drug therapy, and adjusting treatment based on response to therapy and adverse events. Non-statins shown to reduce ASCVD events when added to statin therapy, and that have an acceptable margin of safety in randomized, controlled clinical trials, are preferred. Ezetimibe has now been shown to meet this standard. Conclusions The concept of net benefit introduced in the 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline identifies patients most likely to benefit from statin therapy to reduce ASCVD risk. Net benefit, incorporating the absolute ASCVD risk of a patient and the relative reduction in ASCVD risk based on the magnitude of LDL-C reduction from the addition of a non-statin, can be used when considering whether to add ezetimibe or another LDL-C lowering drug.
Spontaneous and Driven Responses of Semicircular Canal Primary Afferents in the Unanesthetized Pigeon

Spontaneous activity from 120 vestibular semicircular canal (SC) primary afferents and driven responses from 20 SC primary afferents to 2.3-decade bandwidth (0.029-6.152 Hz) sum of sinusoidal angular rotations were characterized in 10 unanesthetized pigeons. The results were compared with those previously gathered from barbiturate anesthetized pigeons. The average spontaneous mean firing rate (MFR) of SC primary afferents in unanesthetized pigeons was found to be 168 impulses per second (I/s), n = 120, and is approximately 80% higher than that for SC primary afferents in anesthetized pigeons [93 I/s, n = 149 (Ref. 9) and 92 I/s, n = 124 (Ref. 22)]. The spontaneous discharge of SC primary afferents from unanesthetized pigeons was classified according to the coefficient of variation (CV) of 512-1,024 interspike intervals (ISIs) into regular (CV less than 0.1), intermediate (0.1 less than or equal to CV less 0.4), and irregular (0.4 less than or equal to CV) categories. The percentages of SC primary afferents falling within each CV category were similar for unanesthetized and anesthetized pigeons (22). The relation between the spontaneous mean ISI and its standard deviation (SD) for SC primary afferents in the unanesthetized pigeon is best described by a power function model, which provides a significantly better fit than does a linear model. The parameters of this power function model are similar for SC primary afferents in unanesthetized and anesthetized pigeons (10). The spontaneous ISIs of individual SC primary afferents in the unanesthetized pigeon were found to be distributed either normally, log-normally, or according to the first passage time of the Wiener-Levy (WL) process. The gain of anterior SC primary afferents at 0.25 Hz is similar for anesthetized (2.93 I X s-1 X deg-1 X s-1, n = 14) (11) and for unanesthetized (3.01 I X s-1 X deg-1 X s-1, n = 14) pigeons. Bode plots constructed from the responses to sum sinusoidal angular accelerations reveal that SC primary afferents in unanesthetized pigeons display a phase lead and gain enhancement at frequencies between 0.6 and 6 Hz.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Revenue optimization against strategic buyers

We present a revenue optimization algorithm for posted-price auctions when facing a buyer with random valuations who seeks to optimize his γ-discounted surplus. In order to analyze this problem we introduce the notion of e-strategic buyer, a more natural notion of strategic behavior than what has been considered in the past. We improve upon the previous state-of-the-art and achieve an optimal regret bound in O(log T + 1/log(1/γ)) when the seller selects prices from a finite set and provide a regret bound in O(√T + T1/4/ log(1/γ)) when the prices offered are selected out of the interval [0,1].
Myth Serves the War Effort

Although the party had officially denounced Pokrovskii’s ideology and issued specific directives on the future approach to history, members of the Pokrovskii group did not give up the ghost without persistent attempts to reassert their former influence.
New Maps, New Information: Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys

Abstract A highly detailed digitized map depicts 22 benthic habitats in 3140.5 km2 of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Dominant are a seagrass/lime-mud zone (map area 27.5%) throughout Hawk Channel and seagrass/carbonate-sand (18.7%) and bare carbonate-sand (17.3%) zones on the outer shelf and in The Quicksands. A lime-mud/seagrass–covered muddy carbonate-sand zone (9.6%) abuts the keys. Hardbottom communities (13.2%) consist of bare Pleistocene coralline and oolitic limestone, coral rubble, and senile coral reefs. Smaller terrestrial (4.0%) and marine habitats, including those of live coral (patch reefs, 0.7%), account for the rest (13.7%) of the area. Derived from aerial photomosaics, the seabed dataset fits precisely when transposed onto a newly developed National Geophysical Data Center hydrographic-bathymetry map. Combined, the maps point to new information on unstudied seabed morphologies, among them an erosional nearshore rock ledge bordering the seaward side of the Florida Keys and thou...
LYAPUNOV SEMI-ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL WITH AN MR FLUID ACTUATOR

The objective of this paper is to analyze Lyapunov semi-active vibration control laws which will allow magnetorheological (MR) fluid actuators to provide good overall vibration control performance with reduced power consumption in flexible structures. In this paper two Lyapunov semi-active control methods are developed in which the general approach is to dissipate energy of a vibrating structure and/or to suppress structural deflection. One is designed based on the system energy level. The other is designed based on the rate of system energy change. In comparing the Lyapunov semi-active control laws with the fully-on control law, the results clearly show that one can maintain significant performance while reducing power requirements.
Hematologic side effects of drugs.

Bone marrow and peripheral blood cells may be adversely affected by drugs. Although the risk from most drugs is very small, many cases are reported because of the millions of doses of drugs taken each year by the population. Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, and macrocytic anemia are the commonest effects, in that order. Aplastic anemia is rare, but very serious when it does occur. Adverse effects may be produced by a direct toxic action of the drug or its metabolites on the bone marrow or, less often, on circulating cells. Antineoplastic drugs and chloramphenicol are examples. Most drugs produce their adverse effects through an immunological mechanism. The drug may act as a hapten or may affect the immune system leading to the production of antidrug antibodies and sometimes autoantibodies. Hemolytic anemia may result. Penicillins may behave in this manner. Some drugs act on erythrocytes with enzyme defects, e.g. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) abnormalities, to produce hemolysis. In many cases, the mechanism underlying the adverse effect is unknown. The paper lists the drugs reported to have caused some hematological adverse effect and describes the mechanisms in those cases where they are known.
Color Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in children experience

Objective To investigate the value of color Doppler ultrasound in diagnosis of congenital heart disease in children.MethodsIn ourhospitalin 2009 September-2012 year in February treated 68 cases of children with congenital heart disease,clinical analysis and the actual situation of all children,and the children by color Doppler ultrasound heartbeat graph for diagnosis,in order to diagnose patients. All cases were confirmed by operation method. Results All the patients were diagnosed by color Doppler results with the operation findings basically meets for the diagnosis of patients with significant effect. Conclusion The clinical application of color Doppler ultrasound in children with congenital heart disease diagnosis effect is significant,the diagnostic accurate rate is higher,therefore,it is worthy of popularization and application.
Mental Retardation and Blindness: A Complex and Relatively Unexplored Dyad:

Aspects of the multiple disability of mental retardation and blindness are reviewed. Discussion includes assessment, prevalence estimates, some typical behavioral characteristics, theoretical inter...
Mechanisms of Biologic Aging

The authors outline the progression of thought on the mechanism of the aging process, giving emphasis to environmental factors that influence genetic events. Discussion is limited to those theories that explain fundamental causes of aging and have a firm thermodynamic basis. The authors propose that the cumulative result of continual oxidative stress and other thermodynamic processes (such as aminoacid racemization and nonenzymatic glycosylation), resulting in altered function and increasing the net entropy of living systems, governs the rate of the aging process.
Detailed placement for modern FPGAs using 2D dynamic programming

In this paper, we propose a 2-dimensional dynamic programming (DP) based detailed placement algorithm for modern FPGAs for wirelength and timing optimization. By tuning a control parameter, our algorithm can perform fast heuristic or exact optimization. Our algorithm further enables us to solve the single row placement problem optimally which was not possible with the previous DP approaches, while also reducing it's complexity to Θ(p.N.2N) from the naive Θ(p.N!) (where p is the average degree of a net). Experiments on industrial-scale benchmarks show promising results.
The effect of Hedgehog signaling on in vivo neuronal morphogenesis.

The effect of Hedgehog signaling on in vivo neuronal morphogenesis. Leana Ramos and Alexis Tapanes-Castillo. School of Science, Technology, and Engineering Management St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, FL 33054 Neurons exhibit complex and diverse morphologies. The shape of a neuron has important functional implications, as it determines what signals a neuron receives and how these signals are integrated into neuronal circuits. Pharmacological data from mammalian neurons revealed that Hedgehog signaling activity regulates neurite length and branching (arborization) in vitro. Based on these findings, we are striving to understand how the Hedgehog signaling pathway regulates neuronal morphogenesis in vivo. As a model system, we are studying the multi-dendritic, epidermal sensory neurons of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, an organism with evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of neuronal growth and circuit formation. We hypothesize that if we experimentally manipulate Hedgehog signaling activity, we will observe a change in dendritic arborization. Using Sholl Analysis, we are comparing dendritic arborization in larvae with reduced, increased, and control (wild type) levels of Hedgehog signaling.
Neuronal Imaging and Reverse Remodeling

Disorders in cardiac autonomic function have been implicated in several cardiac diseases. Use of positron emission tomography (PET)-based radiotracers to quantify changes in cardiac autonomic innervation has provided insights into the effect and impact of these alterations on disease pathophysiology and long-term implications. Understanding the use of different radiotracers to evaluate autonomic innervation requires an understanding of the biochemical components of the cardiac autonomic system (Fig. 5.1).
3D Packaging Architectures and Assembly Process Design

In this chapter, the advantages and limitations of 3D architectures are discussed to provide context for why 3D stacking has become a key area of interest for product architects, why it has generated broad industry attention, and why its adoption has been tenous. The primary focus of this chapter is on 3D architectures that use Through Silicon Vias (TSVs), while other System In Package (SIP) architectures that do not rely on TSVs are discussed for completeness. The key elements of a TSV-based 3D architecture are described, followed by a description of the three methods of manufacturing wafers with TSVs (i.e., Via-First, Via-Middle, and Via-Last). An analysis of the different assembly process flows for 3D structures, broadly classified as (a) Wafer-to-Wafer (W2W), (b) Die-to-Wafer (D2W), and (c) Die-to-Die (D2D) assembly processes, is covered. Key design, assembly process, test process, and materials considerations for each of these flows are described. The chapter concludes with a discussion of current and anticipated challenges for 3D architectures.
Sunpatiens compact hot coral: memristors in flowers

Leon Chua postulated the theory of a memristor – a resistor with memory – in 1971, and the first solid-state memristor was built in 2008. Memristors exist in vivo as components of plasma membranes in plants, fruits, roots and seeds. A memristor is a nonlinear element; its current-voltage characteristic is similar to that of a Lissajous pattern. Here, we found memristors in flowers. Electrostimulation by bipolar periodic sinusoidal or triangular waves of an androecium, a spur, petals and a pedicel in Sunpatiens flowers induces hysteresis loops with a pinched point at low frequencies between 0.1 mHz and 1 mHz. At high frequencies, the pinched hysteresis loop transforms to a non-pinched hysteresis loop instead of a single line I = U/R for ideal memristors because the amplitude of electrical current depends on capacitance of a flower’s tissue and electrodes, frequency and direction of scanning. The discovery of memristors in Sunpatiens (Impatiens spp.) creates a new direction in the modelling and understanding of electrophysiological phenomena in flowers.
Generalized Schrödinger quantization

Schrodinger's original quantization procedure is extended to include observables with classical counterparts described in generalized coordinates and momenta. The procedure satisfies the superposition principle, the correspondence principle, Hermiticity requirements, and gauge invariance. Examples are given to demonstrate the derivation of operators in generalized coordinates or momenta. It is shown that separation of variables can be achieved before quantization.
A linear matrix inequality approach to synthesizing low-order suboptimal mixed ℓ1/Hp controllers

Abstract Mixed objective control problems have attracted much attention lately since they allow for capturing different performance specifications. However, optimal multiobjective controllers may exhibit some undesirable properties such as arbitrarily high order. This paper addresses the problem of designing stabilizing controllers that minimize an upper bound of the l1 norm of a certain closed-loop transfer function, while maintaining the H 2 norm (mixed l 1 / H 2 ), or the H ∞ norm (mixed l 1 / H ∞ ), of a different transfer function below a prespecified level. The main results show that these suboptimal controllers have the same order as the generalized plant and can be synthesized by a two-stage process, involving an LMI optimization problem and a line search over (0, 1) .
Probing protein flexibility reveals a mechanism for selective promiscuity

Many proteins need to interact with other proteins to carry out their various tasks in cells. Such interactions are essential for almost all biological processes and are often disrupted in disease. Cells have thousands of different types of proteins and each has a unique shape that determines which other proteins it can bind to. It was previously thought that two proteins bind to each other in a manner similar to that of a lock and a key, in which the rigid shape of one protein meshes perfectly with the rigid shape of its partner. However, many proteins are flexible and adopt different shapes depending on whether they are attached to their partner, or not. Moreover, an individual protein may also bind to several different partners, each requiring that protein to adopt several different shapes. These observations have challenged the lock and key model and suggest that flexibility in the structure of a protein plays a key role in its binding to other proteins. However, it is not clear how structural flexibility enables a protein to bind to several different partners while being selective enough to prevent the protein from binding to the wrong ones. A protein called PD-1 is involved in immune responses in humans and is an emerging target for drugs to treat cancer. Pabon and Camacho used computer simulations to model PD-1’s structural flexibility and to find out how this enables the protein to form different shapes when it binds to different partners. The experiments show that the region of PD-1 that binds to other proteins adopts a different shape in the absence and presence of its partners. The binding partners make initial contact with PD-1 via specific features that they share in common. This causes PD-1 to change shape, uncovering a surface of PD-1 that is flexible and is able to accommodate a variety of partners. After this, the binding partners form additional contacts with PD-1 that are specific to each partner. These findings suggest that the ability of a protein to bind to several different partners is unlocked by certain structures that are present in the binding partners. These structures are found in proteins produced by many different organisms, suggesting that this mechanism is likely to be widespread in nature. This work may open up new avenues for designing drugs to target PD-1 and other proteins that contribute to disease but have so far been impossible to target with drugs.
Learning of Meaningful and Nonmeaningful Material by Three Methods of Presentation

An experiment by Miller and Selfridge has been considered a demonstration that some “nonsense” material is learned as well as meaningful material. A partial replication and expansion of this earlier study subjects the effects of material, method of presentation and order of list presentation to a tridimensional analysis of variance, using data collected from 54 Ss. Significant differences between material were obtained (p<.01). The bulk of the variance between materials is found in one of the two methods of visual presentation employed. The characterization of some material as “nonsense” and the universality of Miller and Selfridge’s findings are challenged.
Evaluation of the Foraminiferal genera Conglobatoides and Conglophragmium

Saidova (1981), in her systematic review of Cainozoic benthic foraminifera, established the genus Conglobatoides with Trochammina conglobata Brady, 1884, as type species. The same species had, however, been earlier selected by Bermudez and Rivero (1963) as the type species for their new genus Conglophragmium. The species Trochammina conglobata Brady, 1884, should be retained in the genus Conglophragmium Bermudez and Rivero (ICZN Art. 67e) and the genus Conglobatoides Saidova recognized as a junior objective synonym of Conglophragmium Bermudez and Rivero (ICZN Art. 61b). We thank W. H. Akers for reading this note, S. Kirsch and K. L. Finger for technical assistance, and Chevron Oil Field Research Company for publication permission.
The Urgent Imperative of Peace

This essay challenges the prevailing view of much recent use of force scholarship in the United States that supports the use of a self-defense exception to justify U.S. military action all over the world since 9/11, arguing that instead the traditional framework of the UN Charter provides the appropriate legal framework. The essay notes the slide by US Presidents since 9/11, including Barack Obama, into increasingly aggressive and unmoored understandings of constraints on jus ad bellum rules, and the tendency of the current US President, Donald Trump, to threaten to -- and use -- force unlawfully in violation of international law and with potentially catastrophic consequences. The essay takes issue with scholars arguing that this "perpetual war" is now the new standard and discusses efforts to push back against this slide into unlawfulness including the activation of the aggression amendments of the International Criminal Court Statute, and the adoption of a new treaty banning the use and possession of nuclear weapons, which opened for signature on September 20, 2017.
Mapping Fire-Induced Vegetation Mortality Using Landsat Thematic Mapper Data: A Comparison of Linear Transformation Techniques

Abstract Forests in the U.S. southwest experience large, intense wildfires. Fire severity maps can assist management of such fire-scarred landscapes. Remote sensing appears suitable for wildfire mapping, provided data have sufficient spatial, radiometric, and spectral resolutions. Using a 1995 Thematic Mapper (TM) post-fire scene of the 8900 ha Rattlesnake Fire in southeastern Arizona as a case study, two linear transformation techniques, the Kauth–Thomas (KT) and principal components analysis (PC) transforms were invoked to enhance Thematic Mapper data prior to supervised classification. The KT and PC transformations were selected to enhance fire-related brightness, greenness, and wetness variations in the image, detecting the extent of different fire severities. The KT transform produced 17% higher overall classification accuracies than the PC transform. The higher accuracy recorded by the KT transform results from brightness, greenness, and wetness variations which, in this case, are associated with fire severity.
Ex Machina: Copyright Protection for Computer-Generated Works

A professor in France claims to have written a million books using his computer software platform. Many of the sports and financial news stories available on the Internet are written by computers. Computers also draw, paint, and compose music. Is their output copyrightable? Copyright law requires an identifiable human author because authors own copyrights and computers do not possess the personhood necessary to own property. The Copyright Office and some courts and commentators go further, requiring for copyright not only an identifiable human author, but also human authorship of the protected work. They demand, in other words, that the copyrightable expression in a work emanate from a human being. If a person uses a computer to assist in the manipulation of expression created by the user, the result is copyrightable. If a user's interaction with a computer prompts it to generate its own expression, the result is excluded from copyright. This is a tenuous and ultimately counter-productive distinction. It denies the incentive of copyright to an increasingly large group of works that are indistinguishable in substance and value from works created by human beings. The copyright statute does not define "author" and the constitutional interpretation of that concept is sufficiently broad to include a human being who instigates the creation of a work. A computer user who initiates the creation of computer-generated expression should be recognized as the author and copyright owner of the resulting work. A number of foreign countries have already taken this step. The United States should join them.
Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography-Supervised Biopsy.

BACKGROUND Currently, only skin biopsy can provide definitive histological confirmation for the diagnosis of skin diseases. To improve the diagnostic accuracy and to assist the dermatologist, various imaging techniques have been added to the examination of skin. Among all these techniques, the recent advances in optical coherence tomography (OCT) have made it possible to image the skin up to 2 millimeters in depth. OBJECTIVE To testify the feasibility of OCT imaging in skin biopsy, the authors investigated the OCT imaging for real-time visualization of needle insertion and punch biopsy techniques in both a tissue phantom and biological tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS A swept-source OCT with 1,305-nm central wavelength was used in this study. The euthanized mouse was used for real-time visualization of needle insertion. A gelatin phantom with India ink was used to demonstrate the punch biopsy using OCT. RESULTS Optical coherence tomography can provide guidance for skin injections as well as real-time imaging to assist in the performance of punch biopsy. CONCLUSION Optical coherence tomography holds potential not only as a diagnostic tool in dermatology. It can also allow for visualization for more accurate drug delivery, and noninvasively assess the response to treatment.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Arranged Media

Although the transfer of an electron is an elementary chemical event, its consequence on the reactivity of the reagents involved in the exchange is profound, inverting the normal electron demand of each participant. Photoinduced electron transfer provides a sensitive probe for excited state dynamics and the influence of the environment of the excited molecule on the course of both the primary photoinduced electron exchange and on the all-important thermal back electron transfer between members of the electron donor-acceptor pair. A non-homogeneous medium provides a unique arena in which sensitive environmental effects can be probed and altered. As practical applications of photoinduced electron transfer come increasingly to the fore, exploitation of these arranged media in providing order at the molecular level will be ever more important. The lessons to be learned from thorough studies of such photoinduced electron transfer reactions will be of significance not only to physical, organic, and inorganic photochemists but also to materials scientists and engineers. This article has provided but a brief summary of how self-assembled systems can be used, either alone or in conjunction with a molecular photosensitizer or semiconductor photocatalyst, as vehicles to enhance supramolecular interactions and observable chemistry. Many fascinating questions still remain.
Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with gastric cancer.

Background: Helicobacter pylori has generated public health interest since its identification in 1983. Past studies have suggested that the bacterium plays a role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. More recent studies support the conclusion that the association of H. pylori with gastric cancer is causal. The purpose of this article is to review the available evidence supporting the association of H. pylori with gastric cancer. Methods: We performed a critical review of the relevant literature published in the English language on H. pylori and gastric cancer using MEDLINE, Index Medicus for the years 1985 to 1997. The reference lists of selected articles also were reviewed to capture citations for further pertinent studies. Results : H. pylori is thought to be the major cause of chronic atrophic gastritis. H. pylori gastritis is worldwide in distribution. H. pylori is now categorized by the International Agency for Cancer Research as a group 1 carcinogen, i.e., an agent that is carcinogenic to humans. Several reports from the United States have found the highest frequencies of gastric cancer in geographic areas and populations with the highest rates of acquisition of H. pylori infection. The high prevalence of H. pylori infection has been documented most notably in blacks and Hispanics, who also are at high risk for gastric cancer. Conclusions: New studies that focus on the epidemiology and pathology of H. pylori improve our understanding of its relationship with gastric cancer and advance the development of gastric cancer prevention and control strategies that are proposed.
Duldungs- und Anscheinsvollmacht im kaufmännischen Rechtsverkehr

Die vorstehenden Ausfuhrungen haben den Boden bereitet fur die Erorterung der gesetzlich nicht geregelten Scheinvollmachten des Handelsrechts. Diese kann an dieser Stelle kurz ausfallen, da in weitem Umfang auf die entsprechenden Darlegungen zum burgerlichen Recht verwiesen werden kann; dies gilt insbesondere fur den objektiven Scheintatbestand1. Klarungsbedurftig sind aber noch zwei Zurechnungsprobleme. So fragt sich hinsichtlich der Duldungsvollmacht, ob auch im handelsrechtlichen Rechtsverkehr ein Irrtum uber die Konkludenz des Duldens beachtlich ist. Und in Bezug auf die Anscheinsvollmacht, die im burgerlichen Recht allenfalls zu einer anfechtbaren Bindung des Geschaftsherrn an die vom Scheinvertreter getatigten Rechtsgeschafte fuhrt, ist zu klaren, ob ein Kaufmann trotz mangelnder Kenntnis vom Auftreten seines vorgeblichen Vertreters an die Rechtsgeschafte endgultig gebunden ist, die jener in seinem Namen abgeschlossen hat.
Good Image Priors for Non-blind Deconvolution

Most image restoration techniques build “universal” image priors, trained on a variety of scenes, which can guide the restoration of any image. But what if we have more specific training examples, e.g. sharp images of similar scenes? Surprisingly, state-of-the-art image priors don’t seem to benefit from from context-specific training examples. Re-training generic image priors using ideal sharp example images provides minimal improvement in non-blind deconvolution. To help understand this phenomenon we explore non-blind deblurring performance over a broad spectrum of training image scenarios. We discover two strategies that become beneficial as example images become more context-appropriate: (1) locally adapted priors trained from region level correspondence significantly outperform globally trained priors, and (2) a novel multi-scale patch-pyramid formulation is more successful at transferring mid and high frequency details from example scenes. Combining these two key strategies we can qualitatively and quantitatively outperform leading generic non-blind deconvolution methods when context-appropriate example images are available. We also compare to recent work which, like ours, tries to make use of context-specific examples.
The Multiple Roles Required to Conduct High-Quality Quantitative Research

There are some misconceptions about quantitative research that persist in the music education profession. This situation should bother those of us who aspire to conduct high quality research from a quantitative perspective, as well as those of us who advocate greater pluralism in music education research. When carried out most effectively, quantitative research functions to gather evidence. This orientation is an alternative to simply adhering to a system of the rules and conventions of behavioral science. In this essay, I will address some of the misconceptions, drawing on my own experiences as a researcher, an advisor of doctoral dissertations and a board member for the Journal of Research in Music Education, as well as a contracted reviewer for the journals Psychology of Music and Musicae Scientiae. In this essay I discuss four misperceptions, presented here not as precise examples of wording that I’ve heard in the field, but rather as the unspoken thoughts that seem to underlie particular poor practices: (1) Because quantitative research is objective, the researcher is detached and unable to influence the results; (2) Because quantitative research is formulaic, the researcher need not be a strong narrative writer; (3) Researcher casual observations and un-analyzed participant responses can be passed off as qualitative handling of data; and (4) Good quantitative research should comply with the basic rules and conventions we learned in graduate school while writing the dissertation. In taking on these misperceptions, I take much inspiration from the book Statistics as Principled Argument, by Robert P. Abelson (Abelson, RP. Statistics as principled argument. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (1995)). Describing the overall purpose of quantitative research, Abelson asserted, “In making his or her best case, the investigator must combine the skills of an honest lawyer, a good detective, and a good storyteller.” (p. 16) Similarly, in order to improve quantitative research in music education, I suggest that music educators must better apply the multiple roles of teacher, artist, scholar, and human being to their research efforts, in addition to Ableson’s recommendations.
Service Philosophy Statements in Academic Libraries: A Qualitative Content Analysis

Some academic libraries use service philosophy statements to strengthen the quality of their service culture. A service philosophy statement communicates directly to users what they can—and should—...
Creation and Value of Synthetic High-Frequency Solar Inputs for Distribution System QSTS Simulations

Methods and initial results are presented for creating synthetic high-frequency solar simulations with unique profiles for each interconnection point on a distribution system feeder using low-frequency input data. The three steps to synthetic sample creation are to develop a relationship between high and low frequency data, create high-frequency timeseries based on this relationship, and then to generate unique samples for different spatial locations. The simulation results for a distribution system voltage regulator demonstrate the value of unique high-frequency samples for distributed PV compared to a single PV profile used at all interconnection points.
Anal Fissure and Anal Stenosis

While fissuring is a common anal disorder, typically treated medically in its acute phase, patients with chronic fissure often require operative intervention. While sphincterotomy is highly effective at curing chronic fissures, the risk to function must be carefully assessed in each patient as some patients will benefit from muscle-sparing treatment. Anal stenosis, a potentially debilitating complication most commonly due to hemorrhoidectomy, can be avoided in most patients by adhering to proper anal surgery techniques. Patients who require operative intervention for stenosis may undergo a variety of anoplasty procedures.
Daily Interactions with Cynical Coworkers Affect Employee Energy and Behavior

Employee cynicism is on the rise, and thus is increasingly part of the social fabric in modern workplaces. In this paper, we investigate whether interactions with cynical others may produce undesir...
Approach to Pediatric Voice Therapy

Voice therapy is frequently used as a primary treatment modality or in conjunction with medical and/or surgical management of voice disorders in children. Advances over the past decade have seen improved delivery of voice therapy to children, and it has been found to be an effective treatment for dysphonia associated with a variety of disorders.