cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multidisciplinarity, Interdisciplinarity, and Bridging Disciplines: A Matter of Process

Bridging disciplines have much to teach us about how to combine analytical tools to tackle problems and questions that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries. This article uses examples from the older bridging disciplines of geography and anthropology in order to consider what the relatively young undertaking labeled “interdisciplinary studies” can learn from their long existence. It explains what is meant by the fallacy of nomothetic claim and considers the fruitful production of answers and solutions by viewing process (methodology) not domain (academic turf), as the key to interdisciplinary success. Staking claim to interdisciplinarity is shown to be unproductive while finding the need for interdisciplinary approaches and following the mandates of that need in the pursuit of solutions to problems and questions strengthens both the disciplines and the development of interdisciplinary studies.
Electronic Text Analysis and Nineteenth-Century Newspapers: TokenX and the Richmond Daily Dispatch

����� ��� Early in Graphs, Maps, Trees: Abstract Models for a Literary History, Franco Moretti asks, “What would happen if literary historians, too, decided to ‘shift their gaze’ . . . ‘from the extraordinary to the everyday, from exceptional events to the large mass of facts’? What literature would we find, in ‘the large mass of facts’?” (3). Although Moretti considers these questions in relation to the European novel, they are intriguing ones to ask in regard to other textual forms and genres as well. For the literary historian, what is more everyday—literally, figuratively—than the daily newspaper, where, in the nineteenth century, poetry and fiction existed alongside news ar ticles, advertisements, editorials, and an array of other texts, including death and marriage announcements, weather reports, and public notices? Poems could tell the news, and sometimes the news was fiction; genres blurred. When posed of newspapers and their literature, then, Moretti’s question—“What literature would we find, in ‘the large mass of facts’?”— takes on additional nuance. By and large, literary historians have not turned their gaze to the newspaper, and the number of literary scholars treating the nineteenthcentury newspaper in any of its varied incarnations (daily, weekly, local, national, illustrated, story, religious, political, ethnic, multilingual, and so on) is small. Several factors have kept attention focused elsewhere, among them long-prevalent models of literary scholarship, which have tended to privilege authors, forms, and genres not represented in nineteenth-century newspapers. Difficulties in gaining access to the materials, whether print originals or facsimiles, have hindered research. And when you find them, the sheer abundance of their text is daunting. Recently, however, newspapers have appeared in a variety of contexts in American literary studies. Scholars have turned to newspapers in projects on women writers, reader response and reception, fiction in late-nineteenth-century papers, and the
Using Multimedia with Navajo Children: An Effort to Alleviate Problems of Cultural Learning Style, Background of Experience, and Motivation.

Native American students have performed far below national norms on tests of reading ability. Researchers' explanations have included a lack of schema for the kinds of materials (and tests) that the children are asked to read, lack of immediate purpose for academic learning, and cultural differences in learning styles. To address these difficulties, we developed multimedia programs in the Tuba City Boarding School on the Navajo Reservation. Using IBM's Link Way, reading improvement programs were developed with familiar content. Further, students were taught to use Link Way to develop their own productions. Thus an attempt is being made to address (1) the problem of unfamiliar content, (2) the cooperative, noncompetitive nature of the Navajo learning style, and (3) the problem of lack of immediate purpose.
Solution of Partial Differential Equations on Vector and Parallel Computers

In this work we review the present status of numerical methods for partial differential equations on vector and parallel computers. A discussion of the relevant aspects of these computers and a brief review of their development is included, with particular attention paid to those characteristics that influence algorithm selection. Both direct and iterative methods are given for elliptic equations as well as explicit and implicit methods for initial-boundary value problems. The intent is to point out attractive methods as well as areas where this class of computer architecture cannot be fully utilized because of either hardware restrictions or the lack of adequate algorithms. A brief discussion of application areas utilizing these computers is included.
On the Bloch Heuristic Principle, normality, and totally ramified values

Guided by the Bloch Heuristic Principle, we give a characterization of entire functions of order ≦ 1 with two totally ramified values, a normality criterion for analytic functions in plane domains, and a Picard type theorem. The results are complemented by various examples for completeness.
Acute success of cryoablation of left-sided accessory pathways: a single institution study.

Objective: To compare the acute success and recurrence rate of cryoablation for left-sided accessory pathways (AP) with controls who underwent radiofrequency ablation (RFA) at the same institution. Background: Catheter cryoablation of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is considered to be a safer alternative a compared with RFA. At our institution, cryoablation has become the primary interventional modality for all APs. The reported success rates of cryoablation for AP-mediated tachycardia have generally been less favorable than for RFA. However, the location of AP may influence cryoablation outcome. Furthermore, there are little data available on cryoablation of left-sided pathways. Methods: A chart review was performed for all patients undergoing cryoablation between August 2005 and August 2007. Twenty-nine patients (mean age 13 years, range 6–18 years) were identified with SVT secondary to left-sided AP. The data collected included patient age, height, weight, date of procedure, mapping, ablation and procedure time, pathway location, success, and recurrence. Cryoablation was performed via a transseptal approach. Procedural success and recurrence rate were compared with our most recent 28 patients undergoing RFA ablation. Results: Procedural success was achieved in 97% of patients in the cryoablation group, compared with 100% in the RFA control group. Recurrence rate in the cryoablation group was 1 of 24 (4.2%) patients compared with 4 of 28 (14%) patients in the RFA group over 12 months. Conclusion: Cryoablation can be safely and effectively used in the treatment of left-sided AP. Long-term outcomes remain to be seen.
Modeling coagulation kinetics incorporating fractal theories: a fractal rectilinear approach

Abstract Conventional coagulation kinetic models are usually based on Smoluchowski’s work, which employs the coalesced sphere assumption. Much evidence, however, has recently been provided that particle aggregates from natural waters and engineered systems have fractal structures. Consequently, the traditional models should be modified to include the fractal nature of aggregates. This paper describes a modeling approach that simulates changes in particle size distribution (PSD) due to coagulation by incorporating recently proposed fractal mathematics and introducing a new conceptual framework called the coalesced fractal sphere (CFS) assumption. The developed modeling method, which includes the traditional Euclidean case as a subset, was applied to a 2-m settling column system with estuarine sediment particles, and a one-dimensional numerical model was developed. Model simulations were conducted varying the fractal dimension ( D F ) and the collision efficiency factor ( α ). For the conventional Euclidean case, the model indicated that coagulation played an important role in the vertical transport of the estuarine sediment particles. The simulations with the fractal cases indicated that both D F and α significantly affected the evolution of PSD, and that with lower values of D F and α , the model predicted a trend of PSD similar to that of the Euclidean case. This finding may be interpreted as dependence of α on the assumed collision models (or D F ), that seems to leave a new challenge to our understanding of α . The developed model may be used in various particle aggregation systems.
Polarization of Conversion Electrons following β Decay

The beta particle polarization analysis entails conversion of longitudinal to transverse polarization and the consequent loss of intensity. An alternative procedure which may offer some advantages, particularly for beta transitions followed by moderately low-energy conversion electrons, is discussed. This involves the measurement of the polarization of the conversion electrons in coincidence with the beta. (W.D.M.)
Pressure-induced amorphization and reduction of T-Nb2O5.

Energy dispersive x-ray diffraction measurements show that the T phase of ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ becomes x-ray amorphous at a pressure of 19.2 GPa at 300 K. This pressure-induced amorphization is novel since the oxide is simultaneously reduced as it becomes amorphous. The amorphization occurs because the pressure-induced reduction T-${\mathrm{Nb}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{5}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}crystalline ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{12}$${\mathrm{O}}_{29}$ is kinetically impeded. A consideration of the ambient pressure atomic mechanism of the oxidation of ${\mathrm{NbO}}_{\mathit{x}}$ compounds (x2.5) suggests that the pressure-induced amorphous state is formed by oxygen defects in the T-${\mathrm{Nb}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ lattice.
Alternans of the ST Segment in Variant Angina: Incidence, Time Course and Relation to Ventricular Arrhythmias during Ambulatory Electrocardiographic Recording

The ST alternans was recorded during at least one ischemic attack with ST elevation in nine of 65 patients with variant angina. The magnitude and duration of ST elevation during ischemic attacks were significantly greater in patients with than in those without ST alternans. It always appeared during the occlusion phase and disappeared during the reperfusion phase of ischemic attacks. In patients with episodic ST alternans, the ischemic attacks showed a greater ST elevation and a longer duration in the presence of ST alternans than in its absence. The incidence of occlusion phase ventricular arrhythmias was greater in patients with than in those without ST alternans; the incidence of reperfusion phase ventricular arrhythmias was similar in the two groups. The ST alternans always preceded the onset of occlusion phase arrhythmias. Thus, in variant angina, ST alternans represents an index of the severity of ischemia and a precursor of ventricular arrhythmias.
The 1H NMR spectra of trivinylborane and its lewis acidbase adducts with NH3, N(CH3)3 and P(CH3)3

Abstract The 1 H NMR spectra, with 11 B noise decoupling, of B(C 2 H 3 ) 3 and its Lewis acidbase adducts with NH 3 , N(CH 3 ) 3 and P(CH 3 ) 3 are reported. The broadening of the vinyl regions of the coupled spectra arises predominantly as the result of isotropic J ( 11 B 1 H) coupling and is not a manifestation of quadrupolar effects
Thermal activation of photoactivatable urocanase from Pseudomonas putida.

Abstract The dark inactivation of urocanase from Pseudomonas putida is caused by the formation of a sulfite adduct of the tightly bound coenzyme, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Photodissociation of this adduct by UV radiation restores the enzyme activity. Based on cold exhaustive dialysis the modification reaction appeared to be irreversible. However, we now report that sulfite modification of urocanase is reversible at higher temperatures. An Arrhenius plot of the thermal activation is linear (20–38 °C). The activation energy for the enzyme activation is 114 kJ mol −1 . The substance that is photodissociated from inactive urocanase reacts with urocanase to reform the modified enzyme indicating that sulfite is not oxidized, or otherwise changed through these processes. Nucleophiles (sulfite, hydroxylamine, hydride, cyanide) are known to inhibit urocanase by forming adducts with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Urocanase inactivated by hydride or cyanide is not reactivated thermally or photochemically. Urocanase inactivated by hydroxylamine and by glycylglycine can be reactivated by a thermal reaction. In conclusion, sulfite-modified urocanase, which is formed in cells, can be reactivated not only by sunlight but also at physiological temperatures.
Genetics of Parkinson's Disease

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the genetics of Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkinsonism is clinically characterized by the triad of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. PD is the most common cause of Parkinsonism and the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. Earlier, PD was thought to have no genetic basis, and epidemiological data appeared to support this view. Cross-sectional studies also suggested that either there is no genetic basis, or that it is only evident in early-onset PD. Differing disease concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins in longitudinal studies including those using 18F-dopa positron emission tomography support heritability in PD. Studies show that Parkin mutations usually occur either as homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations (with different mutations in both alleles). However, many have been reported in which, despite extensive screening, only one of the alleles appears to be mutated. This chapter starts with a discussion on genetics of familial Parkinson's disease and then explains the term Parkinsonism-plus genes. The chapter concludes with explaining sporadic PD, genetic associations, and familial genes.
The Church-State Patterns in the Thought of John Knox

John Knox is well-known for his theory of resistance to constituted political authority and for his opposition to female rule. These subjects have been the object of considerable scholarly investigation.1 In this process, however, other aspects of Knox's political thought have received scant treatment.2 Consequently, this article will focus on the two church-state patterns that emerge in Knox's writings: one, the Christian commonwealth, that is, a Christian society in which both the civil and ecclesiastical powers cooperate in the cultivation of "true religion" and in promoting the common welfare of the body politic; and two, a version of the disestablished church based on both the godly remnant in Old Testament Israel and the model of the first-century church. To use either the words pattern or model is not to superimpose twentieth-century terminology on a sixteenth century reformer. Rather, the intent is to increase the focus on what can be regarded as developments or trends that Knox indicated both
Transmissi ons and Transformations: Global Peace Movements between the Hague Conferences and World War I

The meetings of the Hague Peace Conference and the Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration at the turn of twentieth century stimulated renewed interest in organizations such as the American Peace Society, and inspired the formation of the Cosmopolitan Club on university campuses. Around 1910, the European Corda Fratres joined forces with the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs. Hu Shi, president of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club in 1913, became a convert to the cause of peace, and defended his pacifism in war-stricken China throughout his life. In the same period, the Japan Peace Society worked closely with many American peace organizations. From Europe to America to Asia, most peace proponents advocated arbitration, conciliation, international laws, the establishment of an international court and an international congress. Their shared language of the discourse on pacifism demonstrates vividly an instance of the transmigration of ideas across spatial and cultural boundaries.
Synthesis and Properties of Linear Poly(ether sulfone)s with Hyperbranched Terminal Groups

Linear−dendritic ABA copolymers, where A and B are hyperbranched and linear polymers, respectively, were synthesized by growing hyperbranched poly(ether ketone)s onto the ends of fluoro-terminated poly(ether sulfone)s. The unreacted fluoro-terminal groups of the hyperbranched polymers were capped by tert-butylphenol. The reactions were carried out at 90 °C to suppress ether cleavage. The results from NMR and SEC showed that multiple tert-butylphenol units were successfully attached to the terminal segments of the polymers. Analogous systems with sulfonated end groups were also synthesized by capping the fluoro terminal groups with a sulfonated phenol. This synthetic method is a versatile way to introduce multiple functional groups onto the ends of poly(ether sulfone)s.
Cerebral control for speech in right-handers and left-handers: An analysis of the views of Paul Borca, his contemporaries, and his successors

According to several recent historical accounts, Broca (1865a) stated that left-handers are the mirror-reverse of right-handers for cerebral control of speech, with the right hemisphere being dominant in left-handers, and the left hemisphere dominant in right-handers. The same accounts then note Broca's error in light of current evidence that the majority of left-handers are left-dominant for speech just as are nearly all right-handers. Eling (1984) has called such statements misrepresentations of Broca's position and has argued that Broca's analysis actually was more compatible with the current view that there is a disjunction, meaning an absence of an intimate anatomical relationship, between cerebral control for handedness and speech. The current paper looks again at Broca's work, describes the context in which his views were first articulated, and traces the development of the mirror-reversal principle. The conclusion is reached that, judged by a narrow reading of the 1865 paper, Broca's views could indeed be construed as an anticipation of the modern disjunction principle. However, judged by a broader reading, by consideration of his other writing, and in the context of the philosophical and scientific tradition that shaped his work, it is suggested that it was the mirror-reversal principle to which Broca was actually disposed.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Treatment of Adenocarcinoma of Pancreas in Elderly Patients

full 3D motion of CTV. A prototype Hexamotion 6D motion platform was used in the validation study. It was used to simulate patient specific tumor motion pattern. The platform moves with input at every 20 ms. Three different VMAT plans were delivered with movement and compared with static measurements. In addition, each of the VMAT plans was also delivered with a sinusoidal motion pattern with peak to peak amplitudes of 1, 2 and 3 cm and target period of 3.5 seconds. All the measurements were performed using a 3D dosimeter with each of the VMAT plan irradiated 3 times, each irradiation starting at a random point in respiratory cycle. The average monitor units (MU) per plan was 2910 MU, the average number of segments per plan was 191 with 2 MU being minimum MU per control point. Results: All static plans passed with local gamma at 99.6% and 96.8% at 3%, 3mm and 2%, 2mm threshold criteria respectively. The average passing rate for local gamma with patient specific tumor motion was 96.7 % and 90% at 3%, 3mm and 2%, 2mm threshold criteria respectively. The average passing rate at 3% 3mm threshold criteria was 97.2% with 2cm peak to peak sinusoidal motion in the superior-inferior (SI) direction and 76.7% for the 3 cm peak to peak SI amplitude sinusoidal motion pattern. Conclusion: Dosimetry measurements using 3D and Hexamotion 6D platform indicate that single arc VMAT plans can be accurately delivered and that interplay effect is not significant for target amplitudes less than or equal to 2cm. The interplay effect is low because of the larger averaging effect associated with increased dose per fraction (1000 cGy) delivered during at least 90 breathing cycles. Author Disclosure: R. Varadhan: None. S. Way: None. C. Overbeck: None. K. Nisi: None.
Effects of atmospheric river landfalls on the cold season precipitation in California

Effects of atmospheric river (AR) landfalls in the California coast on the cold-season precipitation in California are examined for the cold seasons of 10 water years (WYs) 2001–2010 using observed data and regional modeling in conjunction with AR-landfall inventory based on visual inspections of precipitable water vapor (PWV) from remote sensing and reanalysis. The PWV in the SSM/I and SSMIS retrievals and the ERA-Interim reanalysis shows 95 AR-landfall days in the California coast that are almost evenly split between the northern and southern coasts across 37.5N. The CPC/NCEP gridded daily precipitation analysis shows that 10–30% of the cold-season precipitation totals in California have occurred during these AR landfalls. The analysis also reveals that the percentage of precipitation and the precipitation intensity during AR landfalls in California are characterized by strong north-to-south gradient. This north–south contrast in the AR precipitation is reversed for the non-AR precipitation in the coastal range. The frequency of AR landfalls and the cold-season precipitation totals in the Sierra Nevada region are only marginally correlated. Instead, AR landfalls are closely related with the occurrence of heavy precipitation events. The freezing-level altitudes are systematically higher for AR wet days than non-AR wet days indicating warmer low-troposphere during AR storms. Cold season simulations for the 10 WYs 2001–2010 show that the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model can reasonably simulate important features in both the seasonal and AR precipitation totals. The daily pattern correlation coefficients between the simulated and ERA-Interim upper-air fields exceed 0.9 for most of the period. This suggests that the simulated temporal variations in the atmospheric circulation agree reasonably with the reanalysis over seasonal time scales, characteristics critical for reliable simulations of regional scale hydrologic cycle. The simulated seasonal and AR precipitation totals also agree reasonably with the CPC/NCEP precipitation analysis. The most notable model errors include the overestimation (underestimation) of the season-total and AR precipitation in the northern (southern) California region. The differences in the freezing-level altitudes during the AR- and non-AR wet days in the simulation agree with those from the ERA-Interim reanalysis. The freezing level altitudes are systematically overestimated in the simulations, suggesting warm biases in the low troposphere. Overall, WRF appears to perform reasonably in simulating the key features in the cold season precipitation related with AR landfalls, an important capability for assessing the impact of global climate variations and change on future hydrology in California.
Characterization of a Low Molecular Mass Autophosphorylating Protein in Cultured Sugarcane Cells and Its Identification as a Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase

A low molecular mass (18 kD) phosphoprotein (pp18) was characterized and purified from cultured sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cell line H50–7209. Autophosphorylation assays were used to detect pp18 after separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Only pp18 was detected by a brief in situ phosphorylation method, whereas additional putative protein kinases were detected by an extended method. pp18 was present in both microsomal membrane and soluble fractions and exhibited anomalous turnover of 32p label during in vitro phosphorylation experiments with highest levels present at shorter incubation times. Two major isoforms of the protein were identified in two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/SDS-PAGE of crude extracts and microsomal fractions. The levels of pp18 were enhanced approximately 4-fold by heat shock at 36[deg]C and the elevated pp18 decayed after heat shock was discontinued. pp18 was purified to apparent homogeneity, could be phosphorylated on serine residues, and also exhibited kinase-like activity toward histone H1. The amino acid sequence obtained from a cyanogen bromide digest was greater than 80% identical to nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases from a variety of organisms. Biochemical analysis of the purified protein confirmed the identity as NDP kinase. Thus, NDP kinase appears to be modulated by heat shock in plants.
Dissociation of an autolytic enzyme-cell wall complex by treatment with unusually high concentrations of salt.

Abstract Definitive proof that the autolytic enzyme of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 is not covalently linked to the cell wall was obtained. The autolysin appears to be bound to the wall by an electrostatic interaction which requires unusually high salt concentrations (e.g., 4 to 10 M LiCl) for disruption. The active form.is even more firmly bound to the wall than the latent (proteinase-activatable) form. This unusually strong electrostatic interaction may play some role in controlling the cellular localization as well as action of this potentially dangerous enzyme on its extraprotoplasmic substrate.
Prospects for detecting stellar activity through asteroseismology

Long and continuous space-based observations of stellar pulsations will be made available in a few years. We investigate the signature of localized magnetic activity in the spectrum of the global modes of oscillation of a Sun-like star. Using Monte-Carlo simulations, we estimate the precision that can be achieved on the measurement of the even splitting coefficient a2. It is found that, under certain conditions, some information can be retrieved about the surface distribution of stellar magnetic activity.
Falsifying Merton's Macro-Level Anomie Theory of Profit-Motivated Crime: A Research Note

The objective of our article is straightforward. We seek to derive, and to confront with data, an empirical model of Robert K. Merton's macro-level, anomie theory of profit-motivated crime. We use Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression equations to estimate the joint effects of measures of the acceptance of material success goals and absolute and relative deprivation, respectively, on cross-national rates of drug trafficking. Consistent with the predictions derived from Mertonian anomie theory, the coefficients for the product terms (the acceptance of success goals × absolute deprivation and the acceptance of success goals × relative deprivation) are significant and positive. This investigation provides what we believe is the first evaluation of the Mertonian proposition that the cultural (goals) and structural (means) components of social systems operate together to increase the level of profit-motivated crime. What is missing, of course, is a measure of anomie. We are forced to infer that anomie is the...
Plasma molybdenum concentrations in children with and without phenylketonuria.

Plasma molybdenum concentrations were determined in children, ages two to 12 yr, with and without phenylketonuria (PKU). Mean plasma molybdenum concentrations did not differ significantly between the children with PKU (1.33±0.5 μg/L) and without PKU (1.75±0.8 μg/L). Plasma molybdenum concentrations in both groups of children ranged from <1 to 3 μg/L. When data from all children were combined and then separated based on gender, mean plasma molybdenum levels did not differ significantly between 9 females (1.56±0.68 μg/L) and 12 males (1.58±0.76 μg/L). Data were also combined and mean (±SD) plasma molybdenum concentrations calculated for age groups. Two children aged 1 to <4 yr had plasma molybdenum concentrations of 1.0 μg/L, and six children aged 4 to <7 yr had mean (±SD) plasma molybdenum concentrations of 1.5±0.8 μg/L. Eleven children aged 7 to <11 yr had a mean plasma molybdenum concentration of 1.7±0.7 μg/L, and two children 11 to <14 yr had plasma molybdenum concentrations of 1 μg/L and 2 μg/L. Plasma molybdenum concentrations did not differ significantly among children in the age groups.
A quantitative electron microscopic study of myelination in the pyramidal tract of rat.

The ultrastructure of fibers during myelin formation in the pyramidal tract of rats is described. The distribution of fiber classes based on counts of myelin lamellae was determined for newborn, young and mature rats. In newborn rats (2–12 days), growth of the axon was extremely rapid in fibers undergoing early myelination, resulting in greater variation in the relation between axon circumference and sheath thickness and, also, in the presence of myelin sheaths that were unusually thin in relation to the size of the axons. In young rats (12 days to 8 weeks), the numbers of myelin lamellae present in the sheaths increased in proportion to the increase in axon circumference. In adult rats, the numbers of myelin lamellae present in the sheaths was in linear relation to axon circumference for all sizes of myelinated fibers. Approximately 20% of the fibers were nonmyelinated. The number of glia cells per axon at the onset of myelination was approximately 20% of the adult ratio. During growth, myelination gliosis resulted in a steady increase in the number of glia cells per axon until adult levels were ultimately achieved. Our observations suggest that formation of myelin lamellae by oligodendroglia cells may be controlled by the caliber of the axon.
Uniporters and anion antiporters

The past year has seen a flurry of activity in the area of protein-mediated hexose uniport. Topics of interest covered here include: structure-function studies; the interaction of glucose carriers with glycolytic enzymes; regulation of cell surface glucose-carrier concentrations by insulin and the signalling mechanisms involved; and the role of the glucose-carrier isoform, GLUT2, in pancreatic beta-cell glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Nucleoside uniport and Glu-Asp antiport are also discussed briefly.
Unsteady Flowfield Around Tandem Cylinders as Prototype Component Interaction in Airframe Noise

The current effort characterizes the details of flow interactions and wake interference effects between two cylinders in a tandem configuration. This setup is representative of several component-level flow interactions that occur when air flows over the main landing gear of aircraft. Such interactions are likely to have a significant impact on the noise radiation associated with the undercarriage. This paper focuses on two-dimensional, time-accurate flow simulations of two distinct tandem cylinder flow regimes, associated with short and intermediate separation distances between the two cylinders. Unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulations using a two-equation turbulence model run at a Reynolds number of 1.66 x 10 5 and a Mach number of 0.166 are presented. Emphasis is placed on understanding both the time-averaged and unsteady flow features between the two cylinders and in the wake of the rear cylinder. Predicted mean-flow quantities and vortex shedding frequencies show reasonable agreement with measured data for both cylinder spacings. Computations for the short separation distance exhibit a nonphysical decay of flow unsteadiness with time; however, the predicted sensitivity of the mean lift coefficient to small variations in the upstream flow angularity explains the asymmetric flowfield observed in the present and previous measurements.
Investigation of the water-vapor continuum in the THz region using a multipass cell

Abstract Laboratory absorption measurements of the water-vapor continuum in the far infrared region from 12 to 55 cm - 1 (0.4 – 1.83 THz) were obtained using a multipass absorption cell, a Fourier transform spectrometer and a liquid-He-cooled bolometer detector. Measurements were made at a temperature, T = 297 K with water vapor and nitrogen pressures up to 2.2 and 81 kPa , respectively. The effects of the choice of lineshape function and far-wing cut-off factors on the reported continuum absorption are analyzed by modeling the resonant water-vapor spectrum using van Vleck–Weisskopf and Lorentzian lineshapes. Comparisons with available microwave data and model calculations are also presented.
Tests on oil-impregnated paper-III fluid flow

IN TWO previous papers1,2 we have described some of the results of life-test studies of miniature cable specimens started in 1934. One of the general observations resulting from a large number of tests is that all specimens made with high-density paper and standard-viscosity oil or specimens made with standard-density paper and high-viscosity oil have had short life at 30 kv whereas many specimens made with standard viscosity impregnant but otherwise identical have had very long life under the same conditions.
A simple preparation of several new 2,3- and 1,2,3-substituted buta-1,3-dienes form 1,4-dichlorobutyne

Abstract Addition of (psesudo) halogens across the triple bond of 1,4-dichlorobut-2-yne, followed by a 1,4-elimination, provides a very simple preparation of ten novel butadienes.
The US Intelligence Community's Mathematical Ideology of Technical Communication

ABSTRACTReading historical intelligence community documents primarily through the lens of Kenneth Burke's essay “Semantic and Poetic Meaning,” this article explores the history and stakes of the intelligence community's ongoing commitment to a problematic model of language use. The essay argues that the intelligence community's pursuit of a “mathematical” ideology of language is an attempt to render language “neutral” and to divorce rhetoric from ethics in ways that Burke anticipated, and with negative consequences for the generation of written intelligence reports and national policy decisions.
Reply by the Authors to Yurij P. Ulybyshev

S points are raised by Ulybyshev in the preceding Technical Comment. He correctly points out two typographical errors in the printed version of the article. These were introduced in the typesetting process and evaded proofreading. The assertion is also made that Marinescu was the first to present an analytical solution for the optimal thrust acceleration in the HillClohessy-Wiltshire (often called CW) gravitational model in 1976. Whereas it is true that in Ref. 1 three earlier related conference papers in French are cited in the period 1965-68, Gobetz' presented the solution for the optimal thrust for this problem in 1964—65. Reference 3 is cited by Marinescu but utilizes orbital elements, whereas Ref. 2 utilizes the CW equations of motion. Solution using optimal control theory is straightforward because it is a linear-quadratic problem. Ulybyshev points out in his Comment and in a previous comment on Lembeck and Trussing that the vector constants in the various forms of the solutions are related by linear transformations, which is of course true. Perhaps the simplest way of obtaining the optimal trajectory is to combine the equation of motion and the necessary conditions for optimality as in Ref. 6 to obtain a single, fourth-order differential equation for the position vector on an optimal trajectory. For a linear system, such as Hill-Clohessy-Wiltshire, the equation of motion describing the position vector r is of the form
Computed tomography angiography of lower extremities in the emergency room for evaluation of patients with gunshot wounds

To assess the role of CT angiography in the evaluation of patients with lower extremity gunshot wounds in the emergency room. Eighty patients (73 male, 7 female, mean age 26 years) underwent CT angiography for the evaluation of lower extremity gunshot injuries. Imaging was conducted on the basis of standardized protocols utilizing 16-slice and 64-slice multidetector systems and images were qualitatively graded and assessed for various forms of arterial injury. CT angiography findings indicative of arterial injury were observed in 24 patients (30 %) and a total of 43 arterial injuries were noted; the most common form was focal narrowing/spasm (n = 16, 37.2 %); the most common artery involved was the superficial femoral artery (n = 12, 50 %). In qualitative assessment of images based on a 4-point grading system, both readers considered CT angiography diagnostically excellent (grade 4) in most cases. Surgical findings were consistent with CT angiography and follow-up of patients’ medical records showed no arterial injuries in patients with normal findings on initial imaging. Our findings demonstrate that CT angiography is an effective imaging modality for evaluation of lower extremity gunshot wounds and could help limit more invasive procedures such as catheter angiography to a select group of patients. • CT angiography efficiently evaluates lower extremity gunshot wounds. • CT angiography provides image quality sufficiently reliable for assessment of gunshot injuries. • CT angiography could help limit invasive procedures to select patients.
Depression and anxiety symptoms among women who carry the FMR1 premutation: impact of raising a child with fragile X syndrome is moderated by CRHR1 polymorphisms

The fragile X mental retardation gene, FMR1, contains a polymorphic CGG repeat in the 5′-untranslated region of exon 1. Once unstable, this repeat is capable of expansion across generations. Women who carry a premutation allele (55–199 repeats) are at risk of passing on a full mutation allele (>200 repeats) to their offspring. A full mutation leads to the most common form of inherited intellectual disability, fragile X syndrome (FXS). Mounting evidence suggests that premutation carriers may be vulnerable to symptoms of anxiety and depression. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that among women who carry a premutation, the stress of raising a child with FXS would be moderated by genetic factors influencing endogenous cortisol responses, which could in turn modulate anxiety and depression symptoms. To this end, we genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the corticotrophin releasing hormone receptor 1 locus (CRHR1) in 460 women. Participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing symptoms of depression [Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD)], anxiety [State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI)], and mood [Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)]. Results indicate a statistically significant interaction between CRHR1 genotype and the status of raising a child with FXS to predict social anxiety symptoms reported on the SPAI (rs7209436, P = 0.0001). Our data suggest that genetic variants in CRHR1 that associate with differential cortisol activation may also modulate levels of anxiety related to the stress of raising a child with FXS among women who carry an FMR1 premutation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temporal changes in magnetic resonance imaging in the mdx mouse.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized clinically by severe, progressive loss of skeletal muscle. The phenotype is much less severe in the mdx mouse model of DMD than that seen in patients with DMD. However, a “critical period” has been described for the mdx mouse, during which there is a peak in muscle weakness and degeneration/regeneration between the 2nd and 5th weeks of life. A number of studies have employed small animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine skeletal muscle in various dystrophic models, but such studies represent a snapshot in time rather than a longitudinal view. The in vivo cross-sectional T2-weighted image of the healthy (wild type, WT) muscles is homogeneously dark and this homogeneity does not change with time, as there is no disease. We, and others, have shown marked changes in MRI in dystrophic muscle, with multiple, unevenly distributed focal hyperintensities throughout the bulk of the muscles. Here we monitored an mdx mouse using MRI from 5 to 80 weeks of age. Temporal MRI scans show an increase in heterogeneity shortly after the critical period, at 9 and 13 weeks of age, with a decrease in heterogeneity thereafter. The 4.3-fold increase in percent heterogeneity at week 9 and 13 is consistent with the notion of an early critical period described for mdx mice. Age is a significant variable in quantitative MR studies of the mdx mouse. The mdx mouse is typically studied during the critical period, at a time that most closely mimics the DMD pathology, but the preliminary findings here, albeit based on imaging only one mdx mouse over time, suggest that the changes in MRI can occur shortly after this period, when the muscles are still recovering.
Human iPS Cell-Derived Insulin Producing Cells Form Vascularized Organoids under the Kidney Capsules of Diabetic Mice

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Transplantation of cadaveric pancreatic organs or pancreatic islets can restore normal physiology. However, there is a chronic shortage of cadaveric organs, limiting the treatment of the majority of patients on the pancreas transplantation waiting list. Here, we hypothesized that human iPS cells can be directly differentiated into insulin producing cells (IPCs) capable of secreting insulin. Using a series of pancreatic growth factors, we successfully generated iPS cells derived IPCs. Furthermore, to investigate the capability of these cells to secrete insulin in vivo, the differentiated cells were transplanted under the kidney capsules of diabetic immunodeficient mice. Serum glucose levels gradually declined to either normal or near normal levels over 150 days, suggesting that the IPCs were secreting insulin. In addition, using MRI, a 3D organoid appeared as a white patch on the transplanted kidneys but not on the control kidneys. These organoids showed neo-vascularization and stained positive for insulin and glucagon. All together, these data show that a pancreatic organ can be created in vivo providing evidence that iPS cells might be a novel option for the treatment of T1D.
Some efforts beyond the local density approximation

The exchange-correlation density functional can be expressed as a many-body perturbation series in terms of the Coulomb interaction using the exact Kohn-Sham orbitals as the basis. A self-consistent equation is derived for the exact exchangecorrelation potential. This perturbation approach forms a basis for going beyond the local density approximation (LDA). The discontinuity in the exchange-correlation potential for semiconductors calculated by the perturbative approach gives a good account of the discrepancy of the band gap calculated in LDA. The discontinuity also plays an important role in the interface band diagrams. A theory to account for the interaction effects of localized d or f orbitals is reviewed and the physics of the applications to a model test, to some 3d transition metals, and to heavy fermions is discussed. The perturbative approach to improvement beyond LDA tends to be computation-intensive and to be system-specific. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interaction of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase with 2-carboxyhexitol 1,6-bisphosphates.

Abstract 2-C-Carboxy- d -glucitol 1,6-bisphosphate (CGBP) and 2-C-carboxy-D-mannitol 1,6bisphosphate (CMBP) have been synthesized, isolated, and the structures of these compounds and the derived lactones elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and periodate oxidation. Both carboxyhexitol bisphosphates, which are homologs of the transition state analog 2-C-carboxy- d -arabinitol 1,5-bisphosphate, exhibit competitive inhibition of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.9) isolated from spinach (Spinacia oleracea), with respect to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. CMBP was a more potent inhibitor (100-fold) displaying an inhibition constant (Ki at pH 8.0 and 30 °C) of 1–2 μ m with enzymes from spinach, barley (Hordeum vulgare), and Chromatium vinosum. In contrast the Rhodospirillum rubrum enzyme was inhibited about 40-fold more weakly (Ki = 53 μm at pH 8.0 and 30 °C). Both CGBP and CMBP potentiated activation of RuBP carboxylase from spinach and R. rubrum.
Health care reform--why so much talk and so little action?

Victor Fuchs writes that, in pursuing comprehensive health care reform, President-elect Obama should be aware of four major reasons why, in the past, we heard so much talk and saw so little action.
Effect of light and temperature on germination of two accessions ofLimnanthes alba seed

The effect of light and temperature on germination of two accessions ofLimnanthes alba Benth. seed, a potential source of seed oil, were determined. Seed were germinated on a two-way thermogradient plate and in plastic dishes. Temperatures on the thermogradient plate ranged from 5 to 25 C and the temperature gradients were changed on an 8–16 hr cycle. Germination occurred over all treatments when averaged over a constant temperature range of 5 to 17 C. However, maximum germination at constant temperatures occurred at 9 to 13 C. Light suppressed germination on the thermogradient plate at temperatures which were not optimum for germination. Maximum germination and seedling growth were observed at an alternating temperature of 10 C for 16 hr and 15 C for 8 hr in continuous dark conditions.
Comparative cost analysis of prostaglandin analogues dinoprostone and misoprostol as labor preinduction agents

Objective: To compare the relative cost efficacy of three commercially available prostaglandin analogues, misoprostol (Cytotec®, PGE1), dinoprostone gel (Prepidil®, PGE2), and dinoprostone pessary (Cervidil®, PGE2), as labor preinduction agents. Methods: The investigation was conducted as a prospective randomized, blinded phase III clinical trial. One hundred twelve gravid females undergoing induction of labor with an unfavorable cervix (Bishop score ≤5) were enrolled and randomized to receive either Cytotec® 50 μg q6 hours × 2 doses, Prepidil® 0.5 mg q6 hours × 2 doses, or Cervidil® 10 mg × 1 intravaginally. Twelve hours after initial treatment, cervical Bishop score was reassigned by the same blinded initial examiner and oxytocin induction initiated per standardized protocol. Therapeutic efficacy and cost of the labor preinduction/induction with the study treatments were compared. Statistical comparisons between groups were made using ANOVA with Bonferroni post test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and χ2 test. Results: The three study groups did not differ significantly with respect to parity, gestational age, indication for induction, or initial cervical Bishop score. A significantly greater proportion of patients had a favorable cervix (Bishop score ≥6) after the initial preinduction interval in the Cytotec® (79.0%) and Cervidil® groups (60.5%) as compared to Prepidil® (40.0%) (P < .05). The average relative cost per patient for prostaglandin preinduction was significantly less with Cytotec® ($0.42) as compared to both Cervidil® ($168.00) and Prepidil® ($184.17) (P < .0001). A greater percentage of patients treated with Cytotec® (42.1%) achieved active labor and delivered without the use of oxytocin when compared to Cervidil® (15.8%) or Prepidil® treatment groups (2.9%) (P < .05). Additionally, time to delivery (±SD) was significantly shorter in the Cytotec® group (24.0 ± 10.8 h) as compared to the Cervidil® (32.2 ± 14.7 h) or Prepidil® groups (33.9 ± 16.2 h) (P < .05). This reduction in time resulted in a significantly lower overall mean cost per patient incurred by labor induction in the Cytotec® group ($723.66) as compared to the Cervidil® ($1058.90) or Prepidil® treatment ($1124.84) (P < .01). No significant differences were noted with respect to rate of cesarean delivery. Conclusion: Misoprostol is more cost-effective than the comparable commercial dinoprostone prostaglandin preparations as an adjuvant to labor induction in patients with an unfavorable cervix.