cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expansion of the surrogate method to measure the prompt fission neutron multiplicity for Pu 241

Fission neutron multiplicity data are imperative for nuclear models that support criticality safety, nuclear nonproliferation, and stockpile stewardship. This work presents the first experimental measurement to determine the average neutron multiplicity ($\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$) and the neutron multiplicity distribution using a surrogate reaction. $^{241}\mathrm{Pu}$ has a short half-life of 14.3 yr. To circumvent experimental difficulties, inelastic scattering of 53.96-MeV $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles on $^{242}\mathrm{Pu}$ served as a surrogate for $^{241}\mathrm{Pu}(n,f)$. The present text reports and discusses the average neutron multiplicity, in addition to the neutron multiplicity moments and distribution for equivalent neutron energies up to 20 MeV. The $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ measured in this experiment agrees with previous measurements until 12 MeV, where discrepancies arise due to preequilibrium neutron emission.
Africa at the Football World Cup, 1934–2018: defining moments and memories on the field

This article looks at the memorable and defining moments that shaped the history of Africa’s participation in the World Cup. In this context ‘memorable’ refers to moments in the tournament that wer...
Temporal Attitudes in Four Negro Subcultures

Similar attitudes toward time are found in the Negro subcultures of low socioeconomic status in West Africa, Brazil, the Caribbean, and the Unites States. Contributing and interrelated factors in the formation of these temporal attitudes are traditional West African cosmology and religious practices, the priority given to communal activities, and the absence of delayed reinforcement in child-rearing. In addition, colonial subjugation or slavery has influenced the selection of defense mechanisms which reduce the pressure of time through denial, rationalization, and compensation. In these four Negro subcultures, temporal attitudes appear in the temporal arts, the nature of festivity, the ephemeral materialism, the access to spontaneity, and the sensitivity to social resonance.
Bioanalytical method development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of β-lapachone in human plasma.

Abstract The purpose of this work was to develop and validate a rapid, sensitive and robust liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for the quantification of β-lapachone in human plasma and to use that method to analyze human clinical samples. Sample preparation for the developed method involved liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate for extraction of β-lapachone and cryptotanshinone (internal standard) from human plasma. Chromatographic resolution was achieved on a Kinetex C18 column using a gradient elution and a chromatographic flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The retention times of β-lapachone and cryptotanshinone were 1.98 and 2.28 min, respectively, and the method had a total run time of 4 min. Bioanalytical method validation was conducted in accordance with the United States Food and Drug Administration regulatory guidelines. The method was validated over 2 calibration ranges in order to support high- and low-dose clinical studies. Calibration curve-1 covered the range of 0.25–50 ng/mL and calibration curve-2 covered the range of 50–2000 ng/mL. The method was determined to be accurate (percent relative errors between −1.07 to 5.36 %), precise (percent relative standard deviations less than 7.4), and sensitive (LLOQ 0.25 ng/mL). β-lapachone was determined to be stable (% change from time = 0 between −11.6 and 12.6 %) across the autosampler, benchtop, freeze/thaw and long-term (63 days) stability studies. The validated bioanalytical method was employed to determine β-lapachone concentrations in human plasma samples from a clinical study.
New insights into testicular granulosa cell tumors (Review)

Testicular granulosa cell tumors (TGCTs) are rare tumors of sex cord-stromal origin. TGCTs are mostly benign and can be classified into the adult type and the juvenile type. Due to the rarity of clinical cases and limited research efforts, the mechanism underpinning the development of TGCTs remains poorly understood. A landmark study has identified a forkhead box L2 mutation (C134W) in nearly all adult ovarian GCTs, but its implications in TGCTs are unclear. The present study focuses on reviewing the major signaling pathways (e.g., the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway) critical for the development of TGCTs, as revealed by genetically modified mouse models, with a goal of providing new insights into the pathogenesis of TGCTs and offering directions for future studies in this area. We posit that a comparative approach between testicular and ovarian GCTs is valuable, as granulosa cells and Sertoli cells arise from the same progenitor cells during gonadal development. Developing pre-clinical mouse models that recapitulate TGCTs will help answer the remaining questions around this type of rare tumor.
Regional Analgesia and Its Role in the PICU

Regional anesthesia is a valuable analgesic technique for pediatric patients in the ICU. While the majority of patients who will benefit from nerve block are postsurgical, the utility of regional anesthesia in the ICU is by no means confined to postoperative patients; there are certainly opportunities for nonsurgical intensive care patients to benefit from these techniques, which are arguably underutilized in many ICUs. Close cooperation between intensive care, anesthesia, and pain service professionals will result in many benefits for ICU patients, such as reduced ICU stay, early mobilization, and improved pain control.
646 Telehealth in Burn Rehabilitation: Virtual Objective Measures

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic thrusted many burn therapists into the world of telehealth overnight While telehealth has been widely utilized since and has played a vital role in burn care overall, adaptation of platform has been minimal amongst burn therapists As more hospital systems integrate telehealth as a service delivery mode, there is a need for guidelines on how to capture data collection and recommended documentation language which indicates progress and justifies therapy Methods The following virtual visit documentation and objective data collection guidance form was created in an effort to capture ability, disabilities, limitations and barriers of the burn survivor participating in the burn rehabilitative virtual visits The guidance form is intended to demonstrate examples of data collection can be captured in the virtual environment along with pointers to enhance the experience and recommended documentation language It is not all inclusive, nor are all the tests listed necessarily required for a successful virtual interaction (Attachment A) Results Despite the inability to perform formal standardized objective measurements, a burn therapist is still able to measure and document gains and losses Posture, gait, range of motion, skin integrity, strength, motor control, body mechanics, coordination, adl's, functional mobility, transfers are a few of the many categories which a burn therapist can focus their documentation Conclusions When appropriately administered and thoroughly documented telehealth can not only provide quality care to burn survivors but also demonstrate gains to optimal outcome goals and return to baseline levels of independence with ADLs, IADL's, mobility, transfers, range of motion, strength and sensation
Inpatient Telehealth and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outcomes: Experiences in Alabama

Background: During the early months of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, hospitals were concerned about preserving personal protective equipment. UAB Hospital Medicine designed a st...
Predictors of Premature Discontinuation of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment in the United States

Abstract Over the last few decades, opioid use disorder (OUD) and overdose have dramatically increased. Evidence shows that treatment for OUD, particularly medication for OUD, is highly effective; however, despite decreases in barriers to treatment, retention in OUD treatment remains a challenge. Therefore, understanding key risk factors for OUD treatment discontinuation remains a critical priority. We built a machine learning model using the Treatment Episode Data Set – Discharge (TEDS-D). Included were 2,446,710 treatment episodes for individuals in the U.S. discharged between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018 (the most recent available data). Exposures contain 32 potential risk factors, including treatment characteristics, substance use history, socioeconomic status, and demographic characteristics. Our findings show that the most influential risk factors include characteristics of treatment service setting, geographic region, primary source of payment, referral source, and health insurance status. Importantly, several factors previously reported as influential predictors, such as age, living situation, age of first substance use, race and ethnicity, and sex had far weaker predictive impacts. The influential factors identified in this study should be more closely explored to inform targeted interventions and improve future models of care.
The Shaymaran: Philosophy, Resistance, and the Defeat of the Lost Goddess of Kurdistan

This article analyzes the myth of Shaymaran, represented as a half-human and half-serpent. The significance of this representation is, I argue, two-fold: it is significant for her recognition as a goddess, and it is an important testament to the existence of polytheistic religious traditions of goddess-worship among the people of Kurdistan. I analyze the content of such myth that supplies us with important non-material archaeological evidence, particularly relating to the ideology and practice of goddess-worship. By deconstructing this representation and analyzing the content of this myth using a comparative approach vis-a-vis the Abrahamic genesis, I offer important information on the often-overlooked parts of unwritten history of goddess worship, which is continuously sustained through the circulation of this myth and the image. The myth of Shaymaran can therefore also be considered as a counter-narrative, one forged by the oppressed, to a post-colonial dominant monotheistic history and philosophy.
Application of EXAFS and XANES Spectroscopy to Problems in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

Mineralogy and geochemistry have long used conventional diffraction and spectroscopic methods to structurally characterize natural crystalline phases [1] and silicate glasses [2]. However, the relatively new spectroscopic methods made available by high intensity synchrotron sources have been utilized only recently by a few geochemists and mineralogists [3,4]. In particular, EXAFS and XANES spectroscopies are capable of yielding unique structural information about most elements of geochemical importance (most of the periodic table), whether they occur as trace (0.1 Wt.%), minor (0.1–1.0 Wt.%), or major elements in crystalline or amorphous solids, aqueous electrolyte solutions, or organic matter such as coal. This paper is a brief survey of EXAFS and XANES results we have obtained recently on a variety of earth materials intended to illustrate the utility of these methods in addressing problems of geologic importance. The topics considered include: Structural characterization of local environments of Al and Na in glasses in the system Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2; the study of Fe site partitioning and Fe/Mg clustering in minerals; the characterization of transition metal complexes (Fe and Zn) in aqueous chloride solutions; and the study of structural changes accompanying amorphitization of mineral phases such as zircon (ZrSiO4).
Canonical and non-canonical Notch ligands

Notch signaling induced by canonical Notch ligands is critical for normal embryonic development and tissue homeostasis through the regulation of a variety of cell fate decisions and cellular processes. Activation of Notch signaling is normally tightly controlled by direct interactions with ligand-expressing cells, and dysregulated Notch signaling is associated with developmental abnormalities and cancer. While canonical Notch ligands are responsible for the majority of Notch signaling, a diverse group of structurally unrelated noncanonical ligands has also been identified that activate Notch and likely contribute to the pleiotropic effects of Notch signaling. Soluble forms of both canonical and noncanonical ligands have been isolated, some of which block Notch signaling and could serve as natural inhibitors of this pathway. Ligand activity can also be indirectly regulated by other signaling pathways at the level of ligand expression, serving to spatiotemporally compartmentalize Notch signaling activity and integrate Notch signaling into a molecular network that orchestrates developmental events. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying the dual role of Notch ligands as activators and inhibitors of Notch signaling. Additionally, evidence that Notch ligands function independent of Notch is presented. We also discuss how ligand posttranslational modification, endocytosis, proteolysis, and spatiotemporal expression regulate their signaling activity.
APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY IN AN AGE OF RENEWABLES

In this editorial the author proposes that scientists and technologists can play essential roles in the selection of technological alternatives that are appropriate to people’s long-term needs. Lessons learned in the 1970s and 80s, involving the design of simple and reliable mechanical systems for underdeveloped regions, can have relevance today in an increasingly interdependent, crowded, and polluted world. Specialists can help in two ways to promote technologies that make sense, providing for future well-being, and minimizing risks. First, we can exercise personal judgment in our work, as we pursue technological progress. We need to consider whether the likely products of our work are compatible with the world that we want to leave for our grandchildren. Second, we can provide guidance to our fellow citizens, as society grapples with the political and economic choices associated with progress.
Two-Valued Logic Programs

We define a nonmonotonic formalism that shares some features with three other systems of nonmonotonic reasoning—default logic, logic programming with strong negation, and nonmonotonic causal logic—and study its possibilities as a language for describing actions.
Mutation in Shigella flexneri Resulting in Loss of Ability to Penetrate HeLa Cells and Loss of Glycerol Kinase Activity

A colonial variant of a virulent Shigella flexneri 2a has lost both virulence and glycerol kinase activity. It also has several other altered characteristics: lowered ability to oxidize tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, increased electrophoretic mobility, and decreased sensitivity to sodium lauryl sulfate. Genetic analysis has revealed that the gene governing glycerol kinase activity in Shigella has a different chromosomal locus than that from Escherichia coli. Furthermore, transduction of the Shigella glycerol kinase gene (glp K) into the avirulent Shigella strain can restore the ability to penetrate HeLa cells, whereas the gene from E. coli cannot. About half of the glp K mutants lose this ability, and only about half of the revertants of an avirulent glp K mutant regain it. This indicates that more than one gene affects glycerol kinase activity in Shigella, only one of which is associated with penetration. Glycerol kinase activity is closely correlated with changes in electrophoretic mobility, but does not appear to have any relationship to sodium lauryl sulfate sensitivity nor to the oxidation of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.
Human milk oligosaccharides protect bladder epithelial cells against uropathogenic E. coli and Streptococcus agalactiae infections (38.5)

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is primarily caused by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and sometimes Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS). Recurrent infection that can progress to life-threatening renal failu...
ANTIBODIES TO MULTIPLE TICK-BORNE PATHOGENS OF BABESIOSIS, EHRLICHIOSIS, AND LYME BORRELIOSIS IN WHITE-FOOTED MICE

Serum samples from Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse), collected in Connecticut (USA) in 1983, 1985, and during 1990 to 1993, were analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining methods for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi (strain 2591), Babesia microti, Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Arkansas strain), and Ehrlichia equi (MRK strain). Of the 294 serum samples tested, 160 (54%) contained immunoglobulins to one or more of these pathogens. There were antibodies to two or more etiologic agents in 77 (48%) of the seropositive mice. Although it was uncommon to detect coexisting antibodies to all four pathogens (n = 5 positive mice), E. chaffeensis-reactive antibodies or immunoglobulins to E. equi were present along with those produced to B. burgdorferi and B. microti in 24 other mice. These rodents carry antibodies to several tick-borne pathogens at numerous sites in Connecticut and may play a role in the epizootiology of ehrlichiosis as well as babesios...
A fluorometric assay for the biotin-avidin interaction based on displacement of the fluorescent probe 2-anilinonaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid

Avidin and biotin can be sensitively and accurately quantitated using the fluorescent probe 2-anilinonaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (2,6-ANS). In the presence of avidin, the fluorescence of 2,6-ANS is blue shifted with a large increase in quantum yield. Biotin binding causes complete displacement of the bound fluorophore with concomitant quenching of the fluorescence. The fluorometric monitoring of the displacement of 2,6-ANS can be used as a facile method of measuring the biotin-avidin interaction. 2,6-ANS displacement gives the same stoichiometry as the method using 4'-hydroxyazobenzene-2-carboxylic acid. Our initial studies of an affinity-purified avidin revealed that, of the four binding sites on the avidin tetramer, a mean of three remain available for biotin (or dye) binding; this finding highlights a caveat concerning the use of affinity-purified oligomeric-binding proteins with multiple sites. As compared with previous fluorescence methods, the use of 2,6-ANS gives high sensitivity without the necessity of preparing and purifying a covalent avidin conjugate. In addition, the present method;:is potentially more sensitive than those based on optical absorbance; uses a probe that has increased stability and a larger Stokes shift compared with fluorescein; is not subject to protein interference; and gives accurate results over a wide range of 2,6-ANS and avidin concentrations.
Improved Assessment of Coronary Flow Impairment Using N-13 Ammonia Positron Emission Tomography

Non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) is achieved using rest and stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) techniques. Currently, the MPI technique that is a standard of care is the Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). However, comparatively accurate and reliable MPI diagnostic test known as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is also available and gaining increasing popularity. In this study, a comparison is made between the impairments and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) reported by SPECT and PET. In addition, using PET data, flow defects were quantified using coronary flow reserve (CFR: ratio of flow at stress to the rest) in four coronary territories, left ventricle (LV), left circumflex (LCX), right coronary artery (RCA) and left anterior descending (LAD). Three patients with previous SPECT and suspected CAD were consented and further assessed with a PET cardiac N-13 ammonia scan according to the study protocol. The comparisons of the two imaging modalities showed discordance for patients 1 and 2 while they concurred for the patient 3. More importantly, quantification of the extent of defect showed an abnormal CFR value (< 2) of 1.67 (LCX) and 1.57 (RCA) for the patient 1 and 1.67 (LAD) and 1.75 (RCA) for patient 2. For the third patient, CFR value was abnormal at 0.85 for the RCA. Therefore, in contrast to SPECT, quantification of flow impairment using PET MPI in individual coronary territories will aid in better diagnosis of CAD.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Gradient elution electrochromatography with a flow-injection analysis interface.

A flow-injection analysis-capillary electrochromatography interface is used for gradient elution capillary electrochromatography giving purely electroosmotic flow through the analytical column. Solvent gradients were generated with a micro-LC system connected to the interface. Injections were carried out on-line using an inert rotary LC valve controlled by an electric actuator. Gradient shape was measured from acetonitrile (5% acetone)-water (50:50, v/v) to (100:0) in open tubular experiments. When compared to conventional instrumentation, peak tailing and peak width increased slightly using the interface. A test mixture of nine solutes was evaluated in isocratic and gradient elution modes. Using the interface, a gradient of MeCN-water (60:40) to (90:10) provided baseline separation of all nine solutes in under 18 min with good band spacing. Reproducibility of retention times in eight replicate injections was found to be better than 2% R.S.D. for all solutes. This interface also allows use of autoinjectors and dramatically lessens movement of the packed column, improving column lifetime.
Mutual Aid Theory and Human Development: Sociability as Primary

Mutual aid theory emerged as a model for evolution in pre-revolutionary Russia, roughly parallel to the rise of evolutionary theory in England. Perhaps the most well known exponent of mutual aid theory was the sociobiologist and political theorist Petr Kropotkin. In his writings Kropotkin embraced the general framework of Darwin's ideas, but stressed the issue of social cooperation, as opposed to egoistic competition, as the keystone of species development. Kropotkin suggested that sociability, the desire of members of a species to be in relationship with their own, and the quality of life they get from these relationships, is primary; and that all species development flows from this sociability. Sociability is developed over the course of evolution through a process of natural selection: organisms with greater capabilities for social organization based on mutual aid have far greater chances for survival across a wide spectrum of ecological conditions. Kropotkin's theory of sociability is both unique and scientifically valid, and it calls into question some of the basic pre-suppositions of not only current, dominant models of sociobiology, but much human development theory and research. The final part of this paper suggests some of the ways mutual aid theory might lead the field to rethink issues concerning culture and human development.
Selecting patients for acute normovolemic hemodilution during hepatic resection: a prospective randomized evaluation of nomogram-based allocation.

Background Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) decreases transfusion rates but adds to the complexity of anesthetic management during hepatectomy. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to determine if selecting patients for ANH using a transfusion nomogram improves management and resource use compared with selection using extent of resection. Study Design One hundred fourteen patients undergoing partial hepatectomy were randomized to a clinical arm (ANH used for resection of ≥3 liver segments) or a nomogram arm (ANH used for predicted probability of transfusion ≥50% based on a previously validated nomogram). The primary end point was appropriate management, defined as avoidance of ANH in patients at low risk or use of ANH in patients at high risk for allogeneic red blood cell transfusions. Results Between September 2009 and May 2011, 58 patients were randomized to the clinical arm and 56 to the nomogram arm. Demographics, diagnoses, extent of resection, blood loss, and incidence and grade of complications did not differ between the 2 groups. There were no differences in perioperative transfusions or laboratory values. Nomogram-based allocation did not change appropriate management overall (80% vs 76% in the clinical arm; p = 0.65), but did result in comparable perioperative outcomes and a trend toward decreased ANH use (30% vs 47%; p = 0.09), particularly in low blood loss (estimated blood loss ≤400 mL) cases (12% vs 25%; p = 0.04). Conclusions Although allocation of intraoperative management using a transfusion nomogram did not improve appropriate management overall, it more effectively identified low blood loss cases and reduced ANH use in patients least likely to benefit.
Diffusion of carbon nanotubes with single-molecule fluorescence microscopy

Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are a promising gene and drug delivery system since their physical dimensions mimic nucleic acids. Towards this aim, the hydrophobicity of SWNTs was averted by coating with ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymer [poly(rU)] or bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the consequent diffusion of these synthetic-biomolecular hybrids was studied by single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. The diffusion coefficient for SWNT-poly(rU) was measured at 0.374±0.045μm2∕s and for SWNT-BSA it was 0.442±0.046μm2∕s. Our diffusion study provides a fundamental guidance to gene delivery using SWNT as transporters.
Comparative analysis of the surface exposed proteome of two canine osteosarcoma cell lines and normal canine osteoblasts

Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common primary bone tumor of dogs and carries a poor prognosis despite aggressive treatment. An improved understanding of the biology of OSA is critically needed to allow for development of novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools. The surface-exposed proteome (SEP) of a cancerous cell includes a multifarious array of proteins critical to cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, adhesion, and inter-cellular communication. The specific aim of this study was to define a SEP profile of two validated canine OSA cell lines and a normal canine osteoblast cell line utilizing a biotinylation/streptavidin system to selectively label, purify, and identify surface-exposed proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Additionally, we sought to validate a subset of our MS-based observations via quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot and semi-quantitative immunocytochemistry. Our hypothesis was that MS would detect differences in the SEP composition between the OSA and the normal osteoblast cells. Shotgun MS identified 133 putative surface proteins when output from all samples were combined, with good consistency between biological replicates. Eleven of the MS-detected proteins underwent analysis of gene expression by PCR, all of which were actively transcribed, but varied in expression level. Western blot of whole cell lysates from all three cell lines was effective for Thrombospondin-1, CYR61 and CD44, and indicated that all three proteins were present in each cell line. Semi-quantitative immunofluorescence indicated that CD44 was expressed at much higher levels on the surface of the OSA than the normal osteoblast cell lines. The results of the present study identified numerous differences, and similarities, in the SEP of canine OSA cell lines and normal canine osteoblasts. The PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry results, for the subset of proteins evaluated, were generally supportive of the mass spectrometry data. These methods may be applied to other cell lines, or other biological materials, to highlight unique and previously unrecognized differences between samples. While this study yielded data that may prove useful for OSA researchers and clinicians, further refinements of the described techniques are expected to yield greater accuracy and produce a more thorough SEP analysis.
Analysis of Bioheat Transport Through a Dual Layer Biological Media

A comprehensive analysis of bioheat transport through a double layer and multilayer biological media is presented in this work. Analytical solutions have been developed for blood and tissue phase temperatures and overall heat exchange correlations, incorporating thermal conduction in tissue and vascular system, blood-tissue convective heat exchange, metabolic heat generation, and imposed heat flux, utilizing both local thermal nonequilibrium and equilibrium models in porous media theory. Detailed solutions as well as Nusselt number distributions are given, for the first time, for two primary conditions, namely, isolated core region and uniform core temperature. The solutions incorporate the pertinent effective parameters for each layer, such as volume fraction of the vascular space, ratio of the blood, and the tissue matrix thermal conductivities, interfacial blood-tissue heat exchange, tissue/organ depth, arterial flow rate and temperature, body core temperature, imposed hyperthermia heat flux, metabolic heat generation, and blood physical properties. Interface temperature profiles are also obtained based on the continuity of temperature and heat flux through the interface and the physics of the problem. Comparisons between these analytical solutions and limiting cases from previous works display an excellent agreement. These analytical solutions establish a comprehensive presentation of bioheat transport, which can be used to clarify various physical phenomena as well as establishing a detailed benchmark for future works in this area.
Evolution of coherent islands during strained-layer Volmer-Weber growth of Si on Ge(111)

Deposition of Si on Ge(111) at growth temperatures of $450--500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ by molecular beam epitaxy produces high densities $(g{10}^{11} {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2})$ of small (width $\ensuremath{\approx}10 \mathrm{nm})$ coherent three-dimensional Si islands. At intermediate temperatures, $550--600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C},$ islands become incoherent with the Ge(111) substrate when their widths exceed $\ensuremath{\approx}18 \mathrm{nm}.$ The activation energy for the maximum island density prior to coalescence is $\ensuremath{\approx}1.7 \mathrm{eV}$ over a wide temperature range $450--650\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}.$
Probabilistic verification of a biodiesel production system using statistical model checking

Biochemical system designers are increasingly using formal modelling, simulation, and verification methods to improve the understanding of complex systems. Probabilistic models can incorporate realistic stochastic dynamics, but creating and analysing probabilistic models in a formal way is challenging. In this work, we present a stochastic model of biodiesel production that incorporates an inexpensive test of fuel quality, and we validate the model using statistical model checking, which can be used to evaluate simple or complex temporal properties efficiently. We also describe probabilistic simulation and analysis techniques for stochastic hybrid system (SHS) models to demonstrate the properties of our model. We introduce a variety of properties for various configurations of the reactor as well as results of testing our model against the properties.
Optimism, pessimism, and postpartum depression

This study examined the role of dispositional optimism versus pessimism as a moderator of the tendency to become depressed after a specific stressful life change: the birth of a child. The optimism-pessimism dimension was operationally defined as generalized expectancies for favorable versus unfavorable life outcomes. Both optimism and depressive mood were assessed several weeks before childbirth. Depressive mood was measured again three weeks postpartum. Even after statistically controlling for initial dysphoria, optimism was inversely correlated with subsequent dysphoria. The effect of optimism was most pronounced among women who initially were not depressed, suggesting that optimism confers resistance to the development of depressive symptoms. Discussion centers on the relation between optimism and attributional style, and on the self-regulatory functions of optimism.
CAPITAL CHOICES: CHANGING THE WAY AMERICA INVESTS IN INDUSTRY

The Project on Capital Choices, sponsored by the Harvard Business School and the Council on Competitiveness, initially set out to determine the extent to which the competitiveness of American industry is being undermined by a short time horizon. The project has since evolved into a broader examination of how private capital is allocated in the United States, Japan, and Germany and an assessment of the relative effectiveness of the American corporate governance system. Eighteen research papers were prepared by 25 prominent scholars in a wide range of disciplines. Professor Porter's paper, from which the following article is excerpted, develops an overall framework for understanding national investment systems and their consequences, drawing on the project papers and his own research. The complete paper is available through the Council on Competitiveness. A book containing all the project papers will be published by the Harvard Business School Press.
Alumina-Assisted Basic Hydrolysis of Esters1

Abstract “Anhydrous hydroxide” formed by reaction of 2 equiv of potassium tert-butoxide with 1 equiv of water in dry ether serves as a useful reagent for hydrolyzing esters and tertiary amides at ambient temperatures.2 During the course of our studies dealing with alumina as a support and as a catalyst for solid-liquid biphase reactions, we have discovered that potassium hydroxide crushed together with neutral alumina (reagent 1) provides the basis for an equally effective means for carrying out ester hydrolysis.3,4 Moreover, isolation of the alcohol is readily accomplished by simple filtration and solvent evaporation.
Autologous breast reconstruction: preoperative magnetic resonance angiography for perforator flap vessel mapping.

Background Selection of a vascular pedicle for autologous breast reconstruction is time consuming and depends on visual evaluation during the surgery. Preoperative imaging of donor site for mapping the perforator artery anatomy greatly improves the efficiency of perforator selection and significantly reduces the operative time. In this article, we present our experience with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for perforator vessel mapping including MRA technique and interpretation. Methods We have performed over 400 MRA examinations from August 2008 to August 2013 at our institution for preoperative imaging of donor site for mapping the perforator vessel anatomy. Using our optimized imaging protocol with blood pool magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, multiple donor sites can be imaged in a single MRA examination. Following imaging using the postprocessing and reporting tool, we estimated incidence of commonly used perforators for autologous breast reconstruction. Results In our practice, anterior abdominal wall tissue is the most commonly used donor site for perforator flap breast reconstruction and deep inferior epigastric artery perforators are the most commonly used vascular pedicle. A thigh flap, based on the profunda femoral artery perforator has become the second most used flap at our institution. In addition, MRA imaging also showed evidence of metastatic disease in 4% of our patient subset. Conclusion Our MRA technique allows the surgeons to confidently assess multiple donor sites for the best perforator and flap design. In conclusion, a well-performed MRA with specific postprocessing provides an accurate method for mapping perforator vessel, at the same time avoiding ionizing radiation.
Grandparent caregivers' perception of the stress of surrogate parenting

Abstract This paper examined the relationship between sociodemo-graphic factors, Stressors, and resources, and the perception of stress by grandparents caring for their grandchildren. A sample of 129 grandparents had face-to-face interviews. A hierarchical block regression analysis produced a model that accounted for 49 percent of the variance. For the first block (sociodemographic factors) younger age and being white were significant, but in the context of the second block, these variables disappeared and being employed, having conflict with the grandchildren's parent, and grandchild problems were significant. The final block, in which resources were added, found that being employed, having conflict with the children's parent, grandchild problems, and lack of family resources were associated with high perception of stress. These findings suggest strategies for social work intervention.
Historical perspectives of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery: Fred A. Crawford, Jr.

Fred A. Crawford, Jr, the 83rd president of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS), was born in Columbia, SC, on October 17, 1942, in the middle of World War II, the only child of Scotch–Irish parents. His father’s ancestors had arrived in Charleston, SC, by boat from Ireland in the late 1700s; his mother’s family had already settled in South Carolina by then. Dr Crawford’s parents were educators who both taught the value of education and provided education. His mother was his grammar school principal, and his father was his high school principal. Dr Crawford grew up in the Low Country of South Carolina, 10 miles from Holly Hill, SC (population of 1400). As a child, he learned to love the outdoors, an interest that continued throughout his life. His father was an excellent athlete and was also his coach in several sports.
Crystal structure at −35°C of carboxycobaltocenium hexafluorophosphate

The crystal structure of carboxycobaltocenium hexafluorophosphate has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques using three-dimensional data gathered at −35°C by counter methods. Bright yellow prismatic crystals are triclinic, space group P, a 7.7343(8), b 12.294(2), c 7.0316(7) A, α 100.20(1), β 92.92(1), γ 98-91(1)°; dm 1.93 g cm−3, dc 1.938 g cm−3, with two formula weights of [(C5H5)(C5H4COOH)Co]PF6 per unit cell. At convergence of full-matrix least-squares refinement, the conventional R index (on [|F|) is 0.051 for the 3346 symmetry-independent reflections with Io > 2.0σ(Io). The crystal structure consists of hydrogen bonded dimers of [(C5H5)(C5H4COOH)Co]+ ions and discrete PF6− anions. The cobalt ions are sandwiched between pairs of π-bonding carbocycles so as to attain a staggered ring configuration such as that observed for cobaltocene. Both rings are planar, and nearly parallel to one another (dihedral angle, 1.6°). Although the ring CC distances in the [(C5H5)(C5H4COOH)Co]+ species agree with those determined in cobaltocene, the mean CoC(Cp) distance here (2.029(9) A) appears to be shorter than in cobaltocene (2.096(8) A). This difference in metal—Cp distances is rationalized in terms of the concept of imbalance in electronic configuration of the sandwich complexes.
An integration by parts formula in submanifolds of positive codimension

We prove a general integration by parts formula for first-order differential operators on submanifolds of arbitrary codimension of a given Riemannian manifold. The differential operators in question are assumed to satisfy a suitable tangentiality condition. Several particular cases, particularly relevant to applications to PDE arising in mathematical physics are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cracking the walnut: Using a computer game to impact cognition, emotion, and behavior of highly aggressive fifth grade students

Three fifth grade highly aggressive students participated in a study examining effects of an aggression intervention game. Using single-subject multiple baseline research design, the effect of the game was measured across three domains: attribution of peer intent (cognitive), emotional response (affective) and behavior response (behavioral). The results indicate that, while there were observable individual differences, the game had an immediate impact on attribution of peer behavior across all participants, had a less predictable impact on reported behavioral reactions, and had no discernable impact on reported emotional response. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.
N-Substituted (β-d-galactopyranosylmethyl)amines, and C-β-d-galactopyranosylformamides, and related compounds

Abstract A series of N -substituted (β- d -galactopyranosylmethyl)amines, a series of N -substituted C -β- d -galactopyranosylformamides, and other C -β- d -galactopyranosyl compounds have been synthesized and characterized. Most were prepared from β- d -galactopyranosyl cyanide via C -β- d -galactopyranosylformic acid.
Polygamy and the evolution of human longevity.

Abstract An alternative to previous explanations of the rapid increase in man's longevity and intelligence during the several million years of his recent evolution from pre-hominid, clearly shorter-lived and less intelligent, primate ancestors is presented. The general thesis is that a very greatly accelerated rate of incorporation of favorable genes or gene combinations can be achieved in surprisingly few generations among social animals provided that dominant males become the patriarchs of many descendents by virtue of their partial or complete monopoly on available females. The conclusion is that man probably differs from his ancestors of 0.5 to 5 million years ago by many thousands of genes (both structural and regulatory) rather than the dozens or few hundreds that have been postulated on the basis of more classical treatments of selection pressures, gene frequency changes and mutation rates. The concepts developed here formally apply only to two alternative alleles, rather than to groups of genes which segregate independently, or to characters determined by multiple alleles. The appropriate mathematical treatment of the latter real situation is not readily visualized; nor is account taken of the likelihood that different tribes of pre-humans developed different specializations via the above mechanisms which were then (later) combined into an emerging human stock through matings between members of different tribes. The very great variability both in longevity and in intelligence between different races of animals such as dogs, which have been the objects of deliberate genetic selection by humans for particular heritable traits, may parallel our own recent history, even though the selection mechanism (deliberate human selection vs. polygamous dominance) is quite different in the two cases. The onset of civilizations consisting of amalgums between smaller, previously competing tribes, together with the humanitarian responsibilities to each other we share as a species, ironically has probably arrested further evolution of human longevity (an perhaps of intelligence) in the modern world. Possibly even retrogressive changes are occurring, except in those rare sub-populations in which special social and cultural practices tend to favor selective perpetuation of characteristics which are usually viewed as beneficial.
ANG II stimulates PKC-dependent ERK activation, DNA synthesis, and cell division in intestinal epithelial cells

PKC, a major target for the tumor-promoting phorbol esters, has been implicated in the signal transduction pathways that mediate important functions in intestinal epithelial cells, including prolif...
Culture and clinical care. Folk illness beliefs and behaviors and their implications for health care delivery.

This article presents an approach to the evaluation of patient-held beliefs and behaviors that may not be concordant with those of biomedicine. Physicians and patients often hold discrepant models of health and illness that may affect the effectiveness of communication during the clinical visit. An extreme example of such a discrepancy exists when the patient feels that he or she has an illness that is not defined within the biomedical paradigm. These are commonly referred to as folk illnesses. An example of such an illness is provided in order to discuss the effects of folk beliefs on patient-held perceptions of health and sickness, treatment-seeking behavior, clinical care, and physician-patient communication. Guidelines for addressing clinical issues surrounding folk beliefs and behaviors in a culturally sensitive way are discussed. ( JAMA . 1994;271:690-694)
Hazard area and recurrence rate time series for determining the probability of volcanic disruption of the proposed high-level radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA

The post-12-Ma volcanism at Yucca Mountain (YM), Nevada, a potential site for an underground geologic repository of high-level radioactive waste in the USA, is assumed to follow a Poisson process and is characterized by a sequence of empirical recurrence rate time series. The last ten time series are used as a prediction set to check the predictive ability of the candidate model produced by a training sample using autoregressive integrated moving average modeling techniques. The model is used to forecast future recurrence rates that, in turn, are used to develop a continuous mean function of the volcanic process, which is not only required to evaluate the probability of site disruption by volcanic activity but accommodates a long period of compliance. At the model validation stage, our candidate model forecasts a mean number of 6.196 eruptions for the prediction set which accounts for seven volcanic events of the 33 post-12-Ma eruptions at the YM site. For a full-scaled forecasting, our fitted model predicts a waning volcanism producing only 3.296 new eruptions in the next million years. We then present the site disruption probability as the chance that a new eruption will occur in the “hazard area” based on a model developed for licensing commercial space launch and reentry operations in the space transportation industry. The results of the site disruption probability and sensitivity analysis are summarized with a numerical table generated from a simple equation sufficient for practical use. We also produce three-dimensional plots to visualize the nonlinearity of the intensity function associated with the underlying model of a nonhomogeneous Poisson process and emphasize that the interpretation of site disruption probability should always be accompanied by a compliance period.
An on-demand minimum energy routing protocol for a wireless ad hoc network

A minimum energy routing protocol reduces the energy consumption of the nodes in a wireless ad hoc network by routing packets on routes that consume the minimum amount of energy to get the packets to their destination. This paper identifies the necessary features of an on-demand minimum energy routing protocol and suggests mechanisms for their implementation. We highlight the importance of efficient caching techniques to store the minimum energy route information and propose the use of an 'energy aware' link cache for storing this information. We compare the performance of an on-demand minimum energy routing protocol in terms of energy savings with an existing on-demand ad hoc routing protocol via simulation. We discuss the implementation of Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol using the Click modular router on a real life test-bed consisting of laptops and wireless Ethernet cards. Finally we describe the modifications we have made to the DSR router to make it energy aware.
Testing Homogeneity of Uniform Scale Distributions against Two-Sided and One-Sided Alternatives

Abstract Consider the model where Xij, i = 1, 2, …, k; j = 1, …, n i are independent uniform random variables with scale parameter θ i > 0. Test H 0: θl = ··· = θ k versus H 2: not H 0. Also consider the alternative H 1: θl ≤ ··· ≤ θ k . For H 0 versus H 2 and n i = n, we obtain a complete class of constant-size permutation invariant tests and show that each test in the class is unbiased. The likelihood ratio test and others are in this class. For H 0 versus H 1 we obtain a complete class of constant-size tests based on a set of variables that is a transformation of the sufficient statistics. Again we show that each test in the class is unbiased. The likelihood ratio test is in this class. We derive the exact and asymptotic distribution of the likelihood ratio test. All results also hold for testing homogeneity of location parameters of exponential distributions. This latter case is of considerable practice importance in reliability.