cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics and clustering of IRE1α during ER stress

Cellular integrity is critically dependent on maintaining protein homeostasis. Proteotoxic stresses challenging this balance elicit regulated protective responses essential for organismal fitness. Approximately one-third of synthesized proteins are secreted from cells and undergo biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Upon import into the ER, these proteins are engaged by chaperone systems to facilitate either folding or triage and removal through pathways of ER quality control (1). The activity of ER quality control is precisely regulated in response to protein folding stress through the unfolded protein response (UPR) (2). The UPR relies on three transmembrane signaling proteins, IRE1, PERK, and ATF6, each of which senses protein misfolding in the ER through a luminal domain and transmits to the cytoplasm and nucleus in order to induce the expression of distinct subsets of ER chaperones and other factors that ameliorate ER stress (3). In PNAS, Belyy et al. (4) employ advanced quantitative imaging strategies to reveal the intricacies of the regulation of IRE1 during ER stress in the cellular context. The most conserved of the three UPR sensors is IRE1, which is present in organisms from yeast to mammals. IRE1 is a transmembrane protein composed of three distinct domains, a sensing domain in the ER lumen, connected through a transmembrane segment to a cytosolic regulatory kinase domain, and finally a C-terminal RNase domain. Upon ER stress, IRE1 is activated to ultimately result in the noncanonical splicing of the mRNA encoding the transcription factor XBP1. After translation, the resulting XBP1-spliced transcription factor drives the expression of ER chaperones and lipid biosynthesis genes as a part of transcriptional program to resolve protein misfolding in the ER (2). In higher eukaryotes, IRE1 also down-regulates translation of ER-targeted proteins through direct cleavage of ER-associated mRNAs in a process known as RIDD (5). Evidence from yeast and mammalian … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: jfrydman{at}stanford.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Quantitative blood flow imaging with time-resolved C-arm cone-beam CT imaging

In recent years, it has been shown that it is possible to achieve time-resolved cone-beam CT imaging using a Carm cone-beam CT system equipped with a back-and-forth multi-sweep data acquisition mode. A reconstruction algorithm which has been referred to as SMART-RECON has demonstrated to achieve better than 1.0 frame per second (fps) temporal resolution. Recently, another innovation was introduced into SMART-RECON to achieve 7.5 fps, this innovation opens up a whole new opportunity to extract other physiological information besides the well-known cone-beam CT perfusion. In this work, we study the feasibility to obtain quantitative blood flow information from high temporal resolution time-resolved cone beam CT angiography. This new possibility would enable physicians to more accurately pinpoint occlusion sites and provide the needed image guidance to plan for endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke patients as an example. Numerical simulations with ground truth and preliminary clinical case studies have been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of blood flow quantification from time-resolved CBCT angiography.
Practical estimation of cloud storage costs for clinical genomic data.

Abstract Background Laboratories performing clinical high-throughput sequencing for oncology and germline testing are increasingly migrating their data storage to cloud-based solutions. Cloud-based storage has several advantages, such as low per-GB prices, scalability, and minimal fixed costs; however, while these solutions tout ostensibly simple usage-based pricing plans, practical cost analysis of cloud storage for NGS data storage is not straightforward. Methods We developed an easy-to-use tool designed specifically for cost and usage estimation for laboratories performing clinical NGS testing ( https://ngscosts.info ). Our tool enables quick exploration of dozens of storage options across three major cloud providers, and provides complex cost and usage forecasts over 1–20 year timeframes. Parameters include current test volumes, growth rate, data compression, data retention policies, and case re-access rates. Outputs include an easy-to-visualize chart of total data stored, yearly and lifetime costs, and a “cost per test” estimate. Results Two factors were found to markedly decrease the average cost per test: 1) reducing total file size, including through the use of compression, 2) rapid transfer to “cold” or archival storage. In contrast, re-access of data from archival storage tiers was not found to dramatically increase the cost of storage per test. Conclusions Steady declines in cloud storage pricing, as well as new options for storage and retrieval, make storing clinical NGS data on the cloud economical and friendly to laboratory workflows. Our web-based tool makes it possible to explore and compare cloud storage solutions and provide forecasts specifically for clinical NGS laboratories.
Women and War: Women’s Rights in Post-Civil War Society

To what extent do women’s rights change in a post-civil war society, and what explains these changes? To address these questions, a number of studies emphasise the disruptions to daily home, work, ...
Activation of the 5-HT7 receptor but not nitric oxide synthase is necessary for chronic 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced hypotension.

New findings What is the central question of this study? What mechanisms account for the hypotension observed during chronic elevations in circulating 5-hydroxytryptamine in rats? What is the main finding and its importance? Chronic 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced hypotension requires continued activation of the 5-HT7 receptor subtype but does not require NO, an outcome that resolves previous conflicting results. Therapeutic interruption of the hypotensive actions of 5-HT under pathophysiological conditions can only be achieved through blockade of the 5-HT7 receptor. Abstract Low dose infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) to rats causes both an acute and a chronic fall in arterial blood pressure. The 5-HT7 receptor subtype plays a critical part in the observed hypotension. Acute (minutes to hours) 5-HT infusion shows no depressor role for nitric oxide (NO), but 5-HT depressor responses under chronic conditions suggest that NO production may be critical. We test the hypothesis that NO contributes to the chronic, but not the acute, depressor response to 5-HT. We compared the role of NO and 5-HT7 receptors in 5-HT-induced hypotension under acute and chronic conditions in the same animal. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were measured by radiotelemetry in conscious rats during 5 days of saline or 5-HT (25 μg kg-1 min-1 ; osmotic pump) infusion and for 2 days after infusion was stopped. To quantify the contributions of NO and the 5-HT7 receptor to 5-HT-induced hypotension, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor l-NAME or the selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-267790 were given at 1, 3 and 5 days of chronic infusion, and 1 day after 5-HT infusion pumps were removed. Nω -Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) caused a pressor response of the same magnitude in the absence or presence of 5-HT infusion. Conversely, SB-269970 did not affect mean arterial pressure in the absence of 5-HT infusion and reversed the 5-HT-induced depressor response at each time point. Our findings demonstrate that acute and chronic 5-HT-induced hypotension does not require NOS activation but does require continued activation of the 5-HT7 receptor.
Effects of left ventricular assist device on pulmonary functions and pulmonary hemodynamics: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Given current evidence, the effect of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation on pulmonary function tests remains controversial. AIM To better understand the factors contributing to the changes seen on pulmonary function testing and the correlation with pulmonary hemodynamics after LVAD implantation. METHODS Electronic databases were queried to identify relevant articles. The summary effect size was estimated as a difference of overall means and standard deviation on a random-effects model. RESULTS A total of four studies comprising 219 patients were included. The overall mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and diffusion lung capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) after LVAD implantation were significantly lower by 0.23 L (95%CI: 0.11-0.34, P = 00002), 0.18 L (95%CI: 0.03-0.34, P = 0.02), and 3.16 mmol/min (95%CI: 2.17-4.14, P < 0.00001), respectively. The net post-LVAD mean value of the cardiac index was significantly higher by 0.49 L/min/m2 (95%CI: 0.31-0.66, P < 0.00001) compared to pre-LVAD value. The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were significantly reduced after LVAD implantation by 8.56 mmHg (95%CI: 3.78-13.35, P = 0.0004), and 0.83 Woods U (95%CI: 0.11-1.55, P = 0.02), respectively. There was no significant difference observed in the right atrial pressure after LVAD implantation (0.61 mmHg, 95%CI: -2.00 to 3.32, P = 0.65). Overall findings appear to be driven by studies using HeartMateII devices. CONCLUSION LVAD implantation might be associated with a significant reduction of the spirometric measures, including FEV1, FVC, and DLCO, and an overall improvement of pulmonary hemodynamics.
Long-term effects of a toddler-focused caries prevention programme among Northwestern US tribal children: The TOTS-to-Tweens study.

Objectives We sought to determine whether American Indian tribe-based interventions that successfully prevented toddler dental caries in a 2005 cohort study (the Toddler Overweight and Tooth Decay Prevention Study, or TOTS) influenced the prevalence of dental caries in children ages 11 to 13 in the same communities ten years later (the TOTS-to-Tweens study). Methods We recruited original TOTS participants and conducted school- and community-based dental screenings at tribal communities that received family plus community-wide interventions (F + CW), community interventions only (CW) or were control communities. We also enrolled children who did not participate in TOTS, but were exposed to CW interventions or to the control environment. Trained clinicians examined children's teeth and recorded whether each tooth was decayed, missing or filled (DMFT). We calculated DMFT scores for each child and evaluated differences in DMFT incidence rate ratios (IRR) and components of DMFT by intervention group. Results We observed lower age- and sex-adjusted DMFT scores among F + CW children (a mean of 2.1 DMFT; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-2.7) and among CW children (2.2; 95% CI: 1.9-2.6), than control children (3.0; 95% CI: 2.3-3.7). The F + CW group had 32% lower DMFT scores than control children (IRR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.46-1.01), and CW children had 26% lower DMFT scores than control (IRR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55-1.00). The proportion of children with filled teeth was higher in control than intervention communities (37.9% in F + CW, 47.1% in CW, and 67.1% in control, P = .002). Conclusions Our findings suggest modest yet significant long-term effects of interventions that prevented toddler dental caries on the DMFT scores of tweens evaluated ten years later. Further study of effective interventions and their sustainability is clearly warranted among tribal children, who remain at high risk for dental caries.
Centralized Borrower and Lender Matching under Uncertainty for P2P Lending

Motivated by recent applications of sequential decision making in matching markets, in this paper we attempt at formulating and abstracting market designs for P2P lending. We describe a paradigm to set the stage for how peer to peer investments can be conceived from a matching market perspective, especially when both borrower and lender preferences are respected. We model these specialized markets as an optimization problem and consider different utilities for agents on both sides of the market while also understanding the impact of equitable allocations to borrowers. We devise a technique based on sequential decision making that allow the lenders to adjust their choices based on the dynamics of uncertainty from competition over time and that also impacts the rewards in return for their investments. Using simulated experiments we show the dynamics of the regret based on the optimal borrower-lender matching and find that the lender regret depends on the initial preferences set by the lenders which could affect their learning over decision making steps.
A Realignment of the Catholic Church in the United States: A Tale of Four US Cities

The official, parish-identified, Catholic population in the United States over the past forty years (1980 to 2019) has grown 40 percent, from about 48 million to over 67 million. Such a hearty rate...
The Children’s Hospital of Michigan Quality and Safety Journey: Making Safety First and Making It Last

Quality improvement, while commonplace in manufacturing for decades, is a newer concept in health over the past 10–15 years. Accountability and transparency of patient care quality and safety metrics are becoming expectations of hospitals today. There is an increasing emphasis on the provision of quality care in the most cost effective manner, thereby yielding the highest value to our consumers (patients and families). The delivery of value is also highly desired by third party payers.
The dynamic, emergent, and multi-phasic nature of on-site wilderness experiences.

Feelings and cognitions of leisure may not only be dynamic during the course of the total outdoor recreation engagement, they may be dynamic, emergent, and multi-phasic during the on-site phase. Ex...
Electronic transition in La 1-x Sr x TiO 3

The transition with increasing x in ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{TiO}}_{3}$ from an antiferromagnetic, p-type polaronic conductor to an n-type metal with an enhanced Pauli paramagnetism was investigated by monitoring changes in structure, magnetic properties, and, under different hydrostatic pressures, the resistance and thermoelectric power of ceramic samples. We conclude that ${\mathrm{LaTiO}}_{3}$ is an itinerant-electron antiferromagnet and the transition is first order with a phase separation associated with cooperative oxygen-atom displacements that segregate strongly correlated states from Fermi-liquid states. The N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\approx}145\mathrm{K}$ decreases precipitously to 100 K at the phase limit $x=0.045\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005;$ the two-phase domain extends over the compositions $0.045l~xl~0.08.$
BCL index and Fredholm tuples

In this paper we will prove that the BCL index for C*-algebras generated by two essentially doubly commuting isometries is equal to the index of the Fredholm tuples formed by these two isometries. We will then compute this index for certain sub-Hardy modules over the bidisk. Some interesting corollaries are also listed.
Lysis of antibody-coated human red cells by peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Altered effector cell profile after treatment of target cells with enzymes

Abstract Type O Rh positive human red blood cells (HRBC), native or treated with one of three enzymes (papain, trypsin, or neuraminidase), were labeled with 51Cr and then sensitized with anti-Rh immune globulin. These cells served as targets in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) for unfractionated human mononuclear cells (MC), MC depleted of monocytes by adhesion to plastic, and MC enriched for monocytes. Enzyme-treated HRBC were lysed with greater efficiency in ADCC than native HRBC. This was explained by the finding that the enzyme modified HRBC were lysed both by lymphocytes and monocytes, whereas native HRBC were lysed only by monocytes. The lysis of native HRBC was strongly inhibited by small amounts of human serum or free IgG. In contrast, the lysis of enzyme-treated HRBC was considerably more resistant to inhibition by human serum or free IgG. The enhanced lysis of enzyme-treated HRBC could not be the result of increased binding of antibody to the target cells, since augmented lysis was observed both for HRBC sensitized before neuraminidase treatment as well as for HRBC sensitized after neuraminidase treatment. These results suggest that the surface charge on target cells plays a critical role in determining which classes of leukocytic effector cells are active in ADCC systems.
An ATP-dependent ligase catalyzes the fourth ring cyclization in tetracycline biosynthesis

Abstract Cyclization steps in biosynthesis of aromatic polyketides are typically directed by specific enzymes known as cyclases. The fourth ring cyclization step that forms the fully aromatic pretetramid during tetracycline biosynthesis has not been resolved. Herein we report in vitro and in vivo studies on the fourth ring cyclization step in biosynthesis of SF2575 and related tetracyclic natural products. We demonstrate that an enzyme belonging to the ATP-dependent acyl-CoA ligase family catalyzes the C1–C18 Claisen condensation step that forms the A ring and yields the linear, tetracyclic aromatic compound that is the precursor to tetracyclic natural products. The enzyme, SsfL2, is well-conserved in all tetracycline biosynthetic gene clusters discovered to date. It is proposed that SsfL2 directly adenylates the tricyclic carboxylic acid to facilitate the final carbon-carbon bond formation, and coenzyme A is not required.
The role of lipids in ischemia/reperfusion-induced changes in mucosal permeability in developing piglets

This study determined which nutrient component of formula may be responsible for changes in ischemia/reperfusion-induced mucosal permeability, as quantitated by the plasma-to-lumen clearance of 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, in newborn piglets. Loops of jejunoileum in 1-day-old and 1-month-old piglets were perfused with predigested and bile acid-solubilized solutions of formula, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, delipidated formula, or fatty acid during 1 hour each of control, ischemia, and reperfusion. Luminal perfusion with formula or lipid led to significantly greater increases in mucosal permeability during reperfusion in newborn intestine than did carbohydrate or protein, whereas mucosal permeability in older animals was not different among solutions. Removal of all lipids from the formula abolished the increased mucosal permeability associated with reperfusion in newborn animals. Perfusion with oleate, a monounsaturated dietary fatty acid, led to still greater increases in reperfusion-associated permeability in newborn but not older intestine. The oleate and lipid perfusions also caused significantly increased mucosal permeability in the absence of ischemia. Thus, it appears that a lipid component of formula, probably a fatty acid, is responsible for the increase in mucosal permeability induced by ischemia/reperfusion in newborn intestine and also leads to increased mucosal permeability in the absence of ischemia/reperfusion. Investigation of the mechanism of these lipid-associated changes in mucosal permeability may provide a rationale for dietary modifications that may decrease the risk of mucosal injury during feeding and ischemic stress in immature intestine.
A circle packing measurable Riemann mapping theorem

We prove a circle packing version of the Measurable Riemann Mapping Theorem in the spirit of Rodin and Sullivan's Circle Packing Riemann Mapping Theorem. We also construct circle packing maps of the plane onto itself with prescribed dilatation.
Models of technology transfer. (A dialectical case study)

Three underlying models of technology transfer emerged from an analysis of interviews with 55 aerospace managers using a dialectic method. One called for the transfer of experts, another for better communication, and the third required the technologies be on the shelf. The models were based on conflicting assumptions and were self-contradictory when pushed to an extreme. Together, they encompassed critical issues of technology transfer. A composite team organization was proposed which successfully met project, R&D, and technology transfer requirements. >
Plasmon enhanced optical absorption in silicon nanohole arrays for thin film solar cells applications

The surface plasmon effect of gold (Au) nanoparticles in combination with the silicon nanohole (SiNH) arrays texture surface is studied via simulation for light absorption enhancement for the thin film silicon solar cells application. It is found that the ultimate efficiency of an optimized silicon nanohole (SiNH) arrays texture surface in combination with the surface and bottom-of-a-trench Au nanoparticle arrays described herein, is 39.67%, which compares favorably with the ultimate efficiency of 31.11% for an optimized silicon nanohole arrays texture surface without Au nanoparticles. Detailed balanced analysis is carried out for the limiting values of short circuit current density (J SC ), open circuit voltage (V OC ), and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the proposed solar cells geometries.
The Effect of Crystal Orientation on the Scattering of Slow Neutrons

Abstract : The transmission of slow neutrons through microcrystalline materials has been the subject of several investigations. However, the effect of nonrandom orientations of the microcrystals on neutron scattering has not been considered in detail. We shall develop a simplified scheme for taking account of the orientation effect when only a single symmetry axis needs to be considered. A comparison is made with the measurements of the transmission of slow neutrons through randomly oriented and extruded graphite. It is possible to obtain an estimate of the amount of crystal orientation in this instance.
Stereoselective Synthesis of the C9–C19 Fragment of Lyngbyaloside B and C via Ether Transfer

A stereoselective synthesis of the C9–C19 fragment of lyngbyaloside B and C highlighted, by an extension of our ether transfer methodology, enables the formation of tertiary ethers. 2-Naphthylmethyl ethers have been shown to proceed efficiently through ether transfer with high stereoselectivity and are easily deprotected by DDQ oxidation. Variation of the workup conditions results in the stereoselective formation of syn-1,3-diol mono- or diethers.
Signal averaging the human somatosensory evoked response: a focal evoked response?

The aim of this study was to compare stimulus-time-locked electrical activity obtained from two widely separated cranial sites. Simultaneous records were signal-averaged from human scalp over postcentral gyrus and from three different orbital derivations, during repetitive, controlled mechanical indentation of the contralateral finger pad. Precautions were taken to exclude known sources of extra-cranial stimulus-time-locked artifacts. Reliable somatosensory evoked responses (SERs) appeared in the parietal derivation; one of the orbital derivations showed more variable, but repeatable, activity, having always a broad negativity similar to that of the SER, and sometimes an early positive of shorter latency than the first positive of the SER. Such orbital activity may originate from the corneo-retinal potential or from the frontal eye fields of the cortex, and is not necessarily stimulus-time-locked, since it appeared in the absence of programmed stimulation, when no SER was recorded. Data derived by other workers directly from the middle frontal gyrus are cited.
Modularity and genericness in plant and ecosystem models

Abstract In this paper, we present definitions of modularity and genericness that are based on sets of criteria and rules for model design and which encompass the goal of developing an efficient and flexible structure for plant and ecosystem models. Model structure should be based on modules that (1) relate directly to real world components or processes; (2) have input and output variables that are measurable values; and (3) communicate solely via these input and output variables. Such a model structure has the advantage that it can be incrementally improved by simply replacing one module with another that has the same input and output variables. The underlying mechanism in the replacement module can be different, which facilitates the incorporation of the latest experimental research results and allows modelers to readily test alternative hypotheses about mechanisms. Thus, modularity and genericness open models to contributions from many authors, facilitate the comparison of alternative hypotheses, and extend the life and utility of simulation models.
Modal discourse and fourteenth-century French song: A ‘medieval’ perspective recovered?

Writing about a late-fourteenth-century ballade in honour of Mathieu de Foix, Howard Mayer Brown candidly aired his uncertainty about the proper theoretical perspective from which to engage the music. ‘How should we in the twentieth century interpret this music: from the point of view of emerging tonality, as an example of polyphonic modality, or of the influence the extended system of hexachords had on compositional decisions, or should we use some other conceptual framework?’ In his catalogue of choices, Brown alludes to a variegated lot of modern approaches that range across appropriation (sometimes formal, sometimes casual) of terms from functional tonality, modal descriptions founded on octave species and finals, mappings of hexachordal areas, empirical observation of pitch emphases and tonal orientations.
Directed Growth of Fibroblasts into Three Dimensional Micropatterned Geometries via Self-Assembling Scaffolds

We describe the use of conventional photolithography to construct three dimensional (3D) thin film scaffolds and direct the growth of fibroblasts into three distinct and anatomically relevant geometries: cylinders, spirals and bi-directionally folded sheets. The scaffolds were micropatterned as two dimensional sheets which then spontaneously assembled into specific geometries upon release from the underlying substrate. The viability of fibroblasts cultured on these self-assembling scaffolds was verified using fluorescence microscopy; cell morphology and spreading were studied using scanning electron microscopy. We demonstrate control over scaffold size, radius of curvature and folding pitch, thereby enabling an attractive approach for investigating the effects of these 3D geometric factors on cell behaviour.
Compact model to efficiently characterize TSV-to-transistor noise coupling in 3D ICs ☆

Abstract A methodology is proposed to characterize through silicon via (TSV) induced noise coupling in three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuits. Different substrate biasing schemes (such as a single substrate contact versus regularly placed substrate contacts) and TSV fabrication methods (such as via-first and via-last) are considered. A compact π model is proposed to efficiently estimate the coupling noise at a victim transistor. Each admittance within the compact model is approximated with a closed-form expression consisting of logarithmic functions. The methodology is validated using the 3D transmission line matrix (TLM) method, demonstrating, on average, 4.8% error. The compact model and the closed-form expressions are utilized to better understand TSV induced noise as a function of multiple parameters such as TSV type, placement of substrate contacts, signal slew rate and voltage swing. The effect of differential TSV signaling is also investigated. Design guidelines are developed based on these results.
Diuranium Inverted Sandwiches Involving Naphthalene and Cyclooctatetraene

Treatment of IU(DME)(NC[tBu]Mes)3 (2-I-DME) with 4 equiv of KC8 and 0.5 equiv of naphthalene in DME allowed the isolation of a naphthalene-bridged compound, K2(μ-η6,η6-C10H8)[U(NC[tBu]Mes)3]2 (K2-22-μ-C10H8), in 60% yield as a dark brown powder. The twelve U−C distances are rather short, varying from 2.565(11) to 2.749(10) A. Treatment of M2-22-μ-C10H8 (M = Na, K) with 2 equiv of 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene afforded a mixture of two products: M-2-COT and 22-μ-COT. Compound 22-μ-COT can be assembled independently in 90% yield by salt elimination upon reaction of M-2-COT with iodide 2-I-DME. The U−Carene distance in compound 22-μ-COT is longer than that in its naphthalene counterpart K2-22-μ-C10H8 (2.822 vs 2.634 A), in accord with bonding considerations. A DFT study performed on model compounds for both M2-22-μ-C10H8 and 22-μ-COT indicates that the δ bonds present in the former compound show better covalent overlap.
A credible approach for measuring inframarginal participation in energy efficiency programs

Abstract Economists have long argued that many recipients of energy-efficiency subsidies may be “non-additional,” getting paid to do what they would have done anyway. Demonstrating this empirically has been difficult, however, because of endogeneity concerns and other challenges. In this paper we use a regression discontinuity analysis to examine participation in a large-scale residential energy-efficiency program. Comparing behavior just on either side of several eligibility thresholds, we find that program participation increases with larger subsidy amounts, but that most households would have participated even with much lower subsidy amounts. The large fraction of inframarginal participants means that the larger subsidy amounts are almost certainly not cost-effective. Moreover, the results imply that about half of all participants would have adopted the energy-efficient technology even with no subsidy whatsoever.
Improved sparse fourier approximation results: faster implementations and stronger guarantees

We study the problem of quickly estimating the best k-term Fourier representation for a given periodic function f: [0, 2?] ? ?. Solving this problem requires the identification of k of the largest magnitude Fourier series coefficients of f in worst case k 2 · log O(1) N time. Randomized sublinear-time Monte Carlo algorithms, which have a small probability of failing to output accurate answers for each input signal, have been developed for solving this problem (Gilbert et al. 2002, 2005). These methods were implemented as the Ann Arbor Fast Fourier Transform (AAFFT) and empirically evaluated in Iwen et al. (Commun Math Sci 5(4):981---998, 2007). In this paper we present a new implementation, called the Gopher Fast Fourier Transform (GFFT), of more recently developed sparse Fourier transform techniques (Iwen, Found Comput Math 10(3):303---338, 2010, Appl Comput Harmon Anal, 2012). Experiments indicate that GFFT is faster than AAFFT. In addition to our empirical evaluation, we also consider the existence of sublinear-time Fourier approximation methods with deterministic approximation guarantees for functions whose sequences of Fourier series coefficents are compressible. In particular, we prove the existence of sublinear-time Las Vegas Fourier Transforms which improve on the recent deterministic Fourier approximation results of Iwen (Found Comput Math 10(3):303---338, 2010, Appl Comput Harmon Anal, 2012) for Fourier compressible functions by guaranteeing accurate answers while using an asymptotically near-optimal number of function evaluations.
Trace Metals and Metalloids in Forest Soils and Exotic Earthworms in Northern New England, USA.

Abstract Trace metals and metalloids (TMM) in forest soils and invasive earthworms were studied at 9 sites in northern New England, USA. Essential (Cu, Mo, Ni, Zn, Se) and toxic (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, U) TMM concentrations (mg kg −1 ) and pools (mg m −2 ) were quantified for organic horizons (forest floor), mineral soils and earthworm tissues. Essential TMM tissue concentrations were greatest for mineral soil-feeding earthworm Octolasion cyaneum . Toxic TMM tissue concentrations were highest for organic horizon-feeding earthworms Dendobaena octaedra , Aporrectodea rosea and Amynthas agrestis . Most earthworm species had attained tissue concentrations of Pb, Hg and Se potentially hazardous to predators. Bioaccumulation factors were Cd > Se > Hg > Zn > Pb > U > 1.0 > Cu > As > Mo > Ni. Only Cd, Se, Hg and Zn were considered strongly bioaccumulated by earthworms because their average bioaccumulation factors were significantly greater than 1.0. Differences in bioaccumulation did not appear to be caused by soil concentrations as earthworm TMM tissue concentrations were poorly correlated with TMM soil concentrations. Instead, TMM bioaccumulation appears to be species and site dependent. The invasive A. agrestis had the greatest tissue TMM pools, due to its large body mass and high abundance at our stands. We observed that TMM tissue pools in earthworms were comparable or exceeded organic horizon TMM pools; earthworm tissue pools of Cd were up 12 times greater than in the organic horizon. Thus, exotic earthworms may represent an unaccounted portion and flux of TMM in forests of the northeastern US. Our results highlight the importance of earthworms in TMM cycling in northern forests and warrant more research into their impact across the region.
Benefits and cost of flexibility—Short-lead-time power plants

Abstract Electric utilities face unprecedented uncertainties that complicate long-term resource planning. As a consequence, many utilities emphasize small resources that can be constructed quickly. However, insufficient data and analysis exist to adequately assess this risk-reduction strategy. This paper compares the benefits of such flexible resources (including energy-efficiency and load-management programs) with their costs, relative to large, long-lead-time power plants. The program flexibility benefits computed for various examples amount to 2–20 per cent. Cost estimates from the Northwest Power Planning Council suggest that these benefits are generally not enough to justify the higher costs of small power plants. However, the benefits are more than sufficient to justify the incremental costs associated with expansion of simple-cycle combustion turbines to combined-cycle operation. Also, the benefits amply justify application of the Council's option-and-build strategy. The first stage of their strategy involves the time-consuming but inexpensive activities of siting, designing, and licensing the plant. Then, the plant can be constructed, the site can be held as an option for several years, or the plans can be terminated. This strategy permits the second stage (construction) to be timed to match changes in load growth at very little cost. Utility conservation and load-management programs can provide substantial flexibility benefits. These benefits are a consequence of the ease with which such programs can be adjusted to match load growth. Relative to construction of a single 600 MW power plant, implementing the demand-side program described here cuts electricity price by 10 per cent, 50–100 per cent more than do small, short-lead-time power plants.
The Number of Solutions of Bounded Height to a System of Linear Equations

Abstract We Count the number of solutions with height less than or equal to B to a system of linear equations over a number field. We give explicit asymptotic estimates for the number of such solutions as B goes to infinity, where the constants involved depend on the classical invariants of the number field (degree, discriminant, class number. etc.). The problem is reformulated as an estimate for the number of lattice points in a certain bounded domain.
Superior mesenteric venous injuries: to ligate or to repair remains the question.

Background Superior mesenteric vein injuries are rare and incur high mortality. Given their low incidence, little data exist delineating indications for when to institute primary repair versus ligation. The purposes of this study are to review our institutional experience, to determine the additive effect on mortality of associated vascular injuries, to correlate mortality with the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-Organ Injury Scale (AAST-OIS) for abdominal vascular injury and to examine and define the indications and outcomes for primary repair versus ligation. Material Retrospective 156 months study (January 1992 through December 2004) in a large Level I urban trauma center of all patients admitted with superior mesenteric vein injuries. Patients were stratified, according to surgical technique employed to deal with their injuries, into those undergoing primary repair versus ligation to determine outcomes and define the surgical indications of these methods. The main outcome measure was overall survival. Cases of survival were stratified according to surgical method: primary repair versus ligation. Results There were 51 patients with a mean Injury Severity Score of 25 +/- 12. Mechanism of injury was penetrating for 38 (76%), blunt for 13 (24%), and patients undergoing emergency department thoracotomy for 4 (8%). Surgical management was ligation for 30 (59%), primary repair for 16 (31%), and 5 (10%) patients were exsanguinated before repair. The overall survival rate was 24/50 (47%). The survival rate excluding patients undergoing emergency department thoracotomy was 51%. The survival rate excluding patients that sustained greater than 3 to 4 associated vessels injured was 65%. The survival rates of patients with superior mesenteric vein and superior mesenteric artery was 55% and superior mesenteric vein and portal vein (PV) was 40%. The survival rate of patients with isolated superior mesenteric vein injuries was 55%. Mortality stratified to AAST-OIS grade III, 44%; grade IV, 42%; and grade V, 42%. Survival rates stratified to method of management consisted of primary repair (60%) versus ligation (40%). Conclusions SMV injuries are highly lethal. Multiple associated vessel injuries increase mortality. Mortality correlates well with the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-Organ Injury Scale for abdominal vascular injuries. Patients undergoing primary repair have higher survival rates (63%) and lesser numbers of associated vascular and nonvascular injuries; whereas those undergoing ligation have a smaller survival rate (40%) and higher number of associated vascular and nonvascular injuries. Ligation appears to be safe and should be selected for hemodynamically unstable patients with a large number of associated injuries.
A Field Study of Conflict in Psychological Exchange: The California Taxpayers' Revolt

The present research applied an exchange analysis to the confrontation between California renters and landlords after the passage of a property tax initiative (Proposition 13). The inability of renters to leave the exchange intensified perceived inequities. As a result, both parties sought solutions to perceived inequities by changing the existing relationship. As predicted, renters and landlords disagreed on the relative importance of exchange inputs and the actions needed to restore equity to their relationship. Relationships examined were consistent with a psychological contract in which renters were blocked from leaving. This interpretation suggests that changes in the intrinsic nature of the psychological contract may be needed to avoid future conflict.
A hybrid symbolic-numerical method for integrating ordinary differential equations

Abstract A novel method for integrating ordinary differential equations (ODEs), based on the Taylor series concept, was developed by the authors inter alia. In this paper the basic concept is explained and some examples of its use are provided. The formulation is indicated for both fixed and variable step size versions. The performance of the method with respect to speed and accuracy is compared to a general-purpose Bulirsch-Stoer scheme for a variety of non-linear equations, and the results indicate that the method is a viable and attractive alternative to standard numerical integration.
Correction of shape-induced artifacts in spectroscopic imaging of biological media

Imaging spectroscopy results are often biased by the surface structure of the imaged object. A combination of software and experimental tools has been designed to study and minimize this effect
Long-term memory for concepts by squirrel monkeys

Memory for concepts learned previously in three separate experiments was assessed: (1) oddity and dimension-abstracted oddity after a 2.33-year interval, (2) conditional discrimination with conceptual simultaneous and successive cues after a 1.33-year interval, and (3) numerous-ness discrimination involving 2 versus 7 “dots” after a 5-year interval. The strongest evidence for LTM was seen in the monkey retested on the 2 versus 7 dots problem on which he responded correctly on 80% of the first 40 trials. He also met criterion (36 of 40 correct) in 80 trials compared with 300 for his earlier training and with 240 and 360 trials for two monkeys being trained for the first time. There was also evidence that some other monkeys showed significant retention on some oddity and DAO tasks, but the evidence was less clear that a third set of monkeys had shown significant retention for the conditional discrimination task. Discussion considers the confounding of retention measures with the possibility for learning in LTM tasks as well as the need for more information on animals’ LTM for concepts.
Application of a velocity-split Navier-Stokes solution technique to external flow problems

A method for solving the Navier-Stokes equations based on splitting the velocity vector into its rotational and irrotational parts has recently been applied successfully to internal flow computations. In this paper, the applicability of the method to external flows is examined by studying two model problems; laminar incompressible flow over semiinfinite and finite flat plates. For these problems the procedure accurately reproduces the known solutions and is computationally very efficient even at high Reynolds numbers. Computational aspects of the method are discussed along with the possibility of using the procedure to retrofit a viscous capability into existing transonic potential flow codes.
Fetal Cardiovascular Physiology

The cardiovascular system of the fetus is physiologically different than the adult, mature system. Unique characteristics of the myocardium and specific channels of blood flow differentitate the physiology of the fetus from the newborn. Conditions of increased preload and afterload in the fetus, such as sacrococcygeal teratoma and twin-twin transfusion syndrome, result in unique and complex pathophysiological states. Echocardiography has improved our understanding of human fetal cadiovasvular physiology in the normal and diseased states, and has expanded our capability to more effectively treat these disease processes.
Significance of tertiary conformation of otoconial matrix proteins – clinical implications

Conclusion: Co-option of the enzyme secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and adoption of tertiary conformation are essential factors in the multifunctionality of otoconin 90 (OC90) and homologous mod...
Alanine: Then There Was Water

An ab initio study of the addition of successive water molecules to the amino acid l-alanine in both the nonionized (N) and zwitterionic (Z) forms are presented. The main focus is the number of waters needed to stabilize the Z form and how the solvent affects conformational preference. The solvent is modeled by ab initio electronic structure theory, the EFP (effective fragment potential) model, and the isotropic dielectric PCM (polarizable continuum method) bulk solvation techniques. The EFP discrete solvation model is used with a Monte Carlo algorithm to sample the configuration space to find the global minimum. Bridging structures are predicted to be the lowest energy Z minima after 3-5 discrete waters are included in the calculations, depending on the level of theory. Second-order perturbation theory and PCM stabilize the Z structures by approximately 3-6 and 7 kcal/mol, respectively, relative to the N global minimum through the addition of up to 8 waters. Subsequently, the contributions of each are approximately 1 kcal/mol relative to the N global minimum. The presence of 32 waters appears to be close to converging the N-Z enthalpy difference, DeltaH(N-Z).
Influence of protein reserves on nephrectomized and renal artery ligated dogs.

Summary and ConclusionsRenal artery ligation as well as nephrectomy was carried out in 2 groups of dogs, one maintained prior to the operation on a carbohydrate, the other on a protein diet. Following either operative procedure the nitrogen catabolism was more rapid, the toxic symptoms more severe, and the survival time shorter in protein pre-fed animals as compared with the carbohydrate group. In the former the contrasting results of renal artery ligation and nephrectomy are marked. It may be concluded both that substances derived from the ischemic kidney stimulate catabolism of protein reserves and that the toxic symptoms following renal artery ligation are associated with accelerated nitrogen catabolism.
How the participants talk about “participation” in Mid-Atlantic fisheries management

Abstract The present paper asks how participants in the management discourse refer to industry participation. The analysis is based on 173 documents including interviews with participants, transcripts of the meetings of management agencies, articles, letters, memos, and postings on a recreational fisheries Internet chat room. Six groups of interpretations are suggested. “Working Together” draws on the idea that participation means pulling together to make management work. “Source of Accountability” means that because of participation people must be ready to explain their actions. “Mobilization” consists of the ways people talk about participation as mobilizing people who share their management goals. “Distrust” suggests that participation is a source of obstruction to the management process or, conversely, it is the co-optation of the industry by the management system. “Proper Process” suggests that participation should involve open communications or, conversely, that participation comes through proper channels. Finally, “Representation” suggests that participation should mean that the “will of the majority” prevails or, conversely, participation is the activity of those who have established credible claims to speak on behalf of interest groups. The paper outlines each of these categories in detail and provides illustrations. It concludes with a discussion of the relationship between participation and legitimacy.
Chaotic mixing via streamline jumping in quasi-two-dimensional tumbled granular flows

We study, numerically and analytically, the singular limit of a vanishing flowing layer in tumbled granular flows in quasi-two-dimensional rotating containers. The limiting behavior is found to be identical under the two versions of the kinematic continuum model of such flows, and the transition to the limiting dynamics is analyzed in detail. In particular, we formulate the no-shear-layer dynamical system as a piecewise isometry. It is shown how such a discontinuous map, through the concordant mechanism of streamline jumping, leads to the physical mixing of granular matter. The dependence of the dynamics of Lagrangian particle trajectories on the tumbler fill fraction is also established through Poincare sections, and, in the special case of a half-full tumbler, chaotic behavior is shown to disappear completely in the singular limit. At other fill levels, stretching in the sense of shear strain is replaced by spreading due to streamline jumping. Finally, we use finite-time Lyapunov exponents to establish the manifold structure and understand “how chaotic” the limiting piecewise isometry is.