cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THREE FUNDAMENTAL DĽNAMIC PRINCIPLES OF THE MENTAL APPARATUS AND OF THE BEHAVIOR OF LIVING ORGANISMS1

Resume Dans ce bref expose qui sľstematise, complete ou corrige certaines suggestions eparses dans ľœuvre de Freud, le Dr Alexander formule les trois principes dľnamiques fondamentaux qui lui paraissent gouverner le comportement des etres vivants: I. Principe de Stabilite (Fechner, Freud, Claude Bernard et Cannon) visant au maintien de ľequilibre homeostatique de ľorganisme. Cet equi-libre est assure sur le plan Psychologique par ľego integrant les donnees des sensations externes et internes de facon a declencher les actes ?execution et ?adaptation souhaitables. II. Principe ?Economie et ?Inertie (Freud). Les actes ?adaptation au monde externe doivent etre appris par essais et erreurs. lis tendent ensuite a se repeter automatiquement au prix de la moindre depense ?energie. Ľavantage est evident en cas de conditions exterieures constantes. Si ces conditions viennent a changer, ľautomatisme perd son role adaptatif et se cristallise en fixations et regressions, generatrices de troubles nevrotiques. La plasticite souhaitable en pareils cas suppose ľintervention ?un troisieme principe. III. Principe de ľEnergie de Surplus. Quand ils ont parea tous leurs besoins, les etres vivants disposent ?un surplus ?energie qu'ils depensent librement sous forme ?experimentation ludique et de jeu. Le jeu sert aeprouver et a stabiliser les fonctions, dont il rend possible le deploiement utilitaire ulterieur. II donne au comportement sa plasticite et sa possibilitľe de faire face a des situations neuves. II procure ?autre part un plaisir eArotique qui est fondamentalement de meme nature que le plaisir liea la sexualite. En effet, dans la sexualite adulte, ľorganisme aftecte son surplus ?energie a la production ?un nouvel etre, distinct des geniteurs. Dautre part, les satisfactions erotiques dispersees de ľenfance viennent confluer et s'unir dans le plaisir de ľorgasme.
Duplex development and abandonment during evolution of the Lewis thrust system, southern Glacier National Park, Montana

The westernmost duplex (Brave Dog Mountain) includes the low-angle Brave Dog roof fault and Elk Mountain imbricate system, and the easternmost (Rising Wolf Mountain) duplex includes the low-angle Rockwell roof fault and Mt. Henry imbricate system. The geometry of these duplexes suggests that they differ from previously described geometric-kinematic models for duplex development. Their low-angle roof faults were preexisting structures that were locally utilized as roof faults during the formation of the imbricate systems. Crosscutting of the Brave Dog fault by the Mt. Henry imbricate system indicates that the two duplexes formed at different times. The younger Rockwell-Mt. Henry duplex developed 20 km east of the older Brave Dog-Elk Mountain duplex; the roof fault of the former is at a higher structural level. Field relations confirm that the low-angle Rockwell fault existed across the southern Glacier Park area prior to localized formation of the Mt. Henry imbricate thrusts beneath it. These thrusts kinematically link the Rockwell and Lewis faults and may be analogous to P shears that form between two synchronously active faults bounding a simple shear system. The abandonment of one duplex and its replacement by another with a new and higher roof fault may have been caused bymore » (1) warping of the older and lower Brave Dog roof fault during the formation of the imbricate system (Elk Mountain) beneath it, (2) an upward shifting of the highest level of a simple shear system in the Lewis plate to a new decollement level in subhorizontal belt strata (= the Rockwell fault) that lay above inclined strata within the first duplex, and (3) a reinitiation of P-shear development (= Mt. Henry imbricate faults) between the Lewis thrust and the subparallel, synkinematic Rockwell fault.« less
THE NIX OLYMPICA PROBLEM: AN EXERCISE IN PLANETARY PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Normal analytical photogrammetric methods are applied to Mariner 9 A pictures of the Martian volcano identified with the spot known as Nix Olympica in the classical Mars maps. The positions on the television-type images are determined by counts of rows and columns rather than by comparator measures. The method shown in this paper is general and may be used to survey a planetary body with a known rotation period. The small image scale and narrow field characteristics impose definite limits on the precision attained, despite some redundancy. Radii are determined to ± 20 km and relative altitudes to ± 4 km. The solutions based on the use of the telemetered camera orientations, without use of the correspondence conditions, are as good as the photogrammetric solutions. The results indicate the need for larger scales (larger focal lengths) and more convergence. Nix Olympica rises about 20 km to 23 km above the surrounding plain and is encircled by a basal cliff about 3 km high. Resume On decrit l'application des methodes de la photogrammetrie analytique a l'exploitation des cliches Mariner 9 A du volcan martien qui coincide avec la tache baptisee Nix Olympica sur les cartes classiques. Les coordonnees des points-image sont determinees par comptage de rangs et de colonnes plutot que par mesures-comparateur. La methode decrite est generale et peut s'appliquer a la cartographie de tout corps planetaire de periode de rotation connue. La tres petite echelle des cliches, et l'etroitesse du champ limitent l'exactitude obtenue, a± 20 km pour les distances et ± 4 km pour les denivelees. Les solutions basees sur Vemploi des elements connus de l'orientation externe des cameras et non plus sur la notion des points-image homologues sont ici aussi satisfaisantes que les solutions classiques. On conclut qu'il faudrait des cliches a plus grande echelle (focale plus longue) et plus de convergence. Le volcan domine la plaine de 20 a 23 km; il est entourea sa base d'une falaise haute de 3 km environ. Zusammenfassung Die bekannten Verfahren der analytischen Photogrammetrie wurden auf Mariner 9 A Photos des Martian Vulkans angewendet, der mit Hilfe des in klassischen Marskarten als Nix Olympica bekannten hellen Fleckes identifiziert wurde. Die Positionen der Fernsehbilder wurden durch Auszahlen von Zeilen und Spalten und nicht durch Komparatormessungen bestimmt. Die in diesem Artikel dargestellte Methode ist allgemein und kann zur Vermessung eines planetaren Korpers mit bekannter Rotationsperiode verwendet werden. Der kleine Bildmassstab und die Schmalwinkel-Charakteristika begrenzen die erreichbare Prazision trotz einer gewissen Redundanz. Die Radien werden auf ± 20 km und relative Hohen auf ± 4 km bestimmt. Die Losungen, die auf der Verwendung telemetrisch bestimmter Kammerorientierungen ohne Verwendung von Schnittbedingungen basieren, sind dem photogrammetrischen ebenburtig. Die Ergebnisse besagen, dass grossere Massstabe (langere Brennweiten) und bessere Konvergenz benotigt werden. Nix Olympica erhebt sich 20 km bis 23 km uber die umgebende Ebene und wird von einem etwa 3 km hohen Felsriff umgeben.
Implementing scientific-based research: learning from the history of the reading first program

The No Child Left Behind Act requires that educators at all grade levels use Scientifically Based Research (SBR) instructional practices. Researchers constructed a literature-based model to examine the predictive relationship between a state’s comprehensiveness of planned implementation and its capacity to implement the plan. An approach comprised survey research, and content analysis was employed to test the model and determine factors predicting SBR implementation. Findings indicated that cross functional linkages, consequential loss of funding, and inter-organizational partnerships were predictors of the comprehensiveness of implementation.
Parents' Perceptions of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program (DARE)

ABSTRACT Responses from 420 parents of fifth- and sixth-grade DARE students in a Midwestern county were examined to determine the parents' perceptions of the impact of DARE on their children's and their own attitudes and behavior. Major findings indicated that most parents did not see an impact on their child's school performance or overall attendance. Most perceived program impact with respect to the child's improved understanding and ability to resist drug use and improved perception of police officers. Most parents themselves reported increased awareness of substance abuse problems and increased conversation with their children about drug use as a result of DARE. Relevance of the findings to describing the perceived value and utility of DARE for parents as a stakeholder group is discussed.
Characterization of the cell of origin for small cell lung cancer

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a neuroendocrine subtype of lung cancer that affects more than 200,000 people worldwide every year with a very high mortality rate. Here, we used a mouse genetics approach to characterize the cell of origin for SCLC; in this mouse model, tumors are initiated by the deletion of the Rb and p53 tumor suppressor genes in the lung epithelium of adult mice. We found that mouse SCLCs often arise in the lung epithelium, where neuroendocrine cells are located, and that the majority of early lesions were composed of proliferating neuroendocrine cells. In addition, mice in which Rb and p53 are deleted in a variety of non-neuroendocrine lung epithelial cells did not develop SCLC. These data indicate that SCLC likely arises from neuroendocrine cells in the lung.
An analytical gradient plasticity solution for mode III

The purpose of this note is to examine the situation in the case where plasticity is involved at the crack tip. The simplest possible gradient modification of Hencky deformation theory is adopted in this work
DNA sequence organization in the soybean plant.

The arrangement of repetitive and nonrepetitive DNA sequences in the soybean genome was ascertained by a comparison of the reassociation kinetics of short (250 nucleotides) and long (2700 nucleotides) DNA fragments, the size distribution of S-1 nuclease resistant repetitive duplexes, and a direct assay of the spectrum of DNA sequences present on long DNA fragments enriched in repetitive DNA. These measurements reveal the following: (1) The 1N genome size of the soybean plant is 1.97 pg. (2) Approximately 40% of the soybean genome consists of nonrepetitive or single-copy DNA sequences, while 60% is repetitive DNA. (3) The repetitive DNA is partitioned into three discrete classes termed “very fast,” “fast,” and “slow,” containing DNA sequences repeated an average of 290,000, 2800, and 19 times each. (4) Approximately 35–50% of the soybean genome is arranged in a short-period interspersion pattern of 250 nucleotide slow sequences and single-copy DNA averaging up to 2700 nucleotides in length. (5) From 30% to 45% of the soybean genome is organized into long stretches of repetitive DNA at least 1500 nucleotides in length. (6) Minimal interspersion of repetitive sequence classes occurs in soybean DNA.
The Informant Survey as a Method for Studying Irrigation Systems

Although informant surveys are probably as old as formal organization, the methodology has only recently been codified and standardized. In its present form, it consists of a questionnaire administered to one or several general (not "key" or specialized) informants, objective questions about the institutional aspects of the social systems under study, and statistical analysis oriented to explicating group-level properties. As such, it is a low cost and appropriate technique for surveying 50 or more communities, districts, bureaucracies, businesses, or other formal organizations. It is illustrated and explained here by two recent studies of communal irrigation systems. Its capacity is greatly enhanced, as is true of all research methods, by harnessing it to an appropriate theoretical frame of reference, and one approach to the study of irrigation systems is outlined.
The Prognostic Value of Intraoperative Pressure Gradients with Congenital Aortic Stenosis

Abstract Patients with congenital aortic stenosis are subject to sudden death without prior symptoms. Indications for operation are based on pressure gradients, but intraoperative evaluation of results after relief of obstruction can be subjective and arbitrary. Between September, 1981, and October, 1983, 21 patients underwent operation for relief of congenital aortic stenosis. Fifteen had valvular, 4 had supravalvular, and 2 had subvalvular stenosis. Seven patients were 1 year of age or younger, 2 being 3 days old. Preoperative inotropic support and emergency operation were necessary in 2 patients. Intraoperative pressure gradients were measured in all but the 2 patients who were 3 days old. All patients survived without complications. Intraoperative and postoperative pressure gradients were available in 16 patients. The average preoperative pressure gradient was 76 mm Hg. It was significantly lowered to 20 mm Hg ( p
Fibroid tumors are not a risk factor for adverse outcomes in twin pregnancies

Objective Uterine fibroid tumors have been associated with adverse outcomes in singleton pregnancies. We aimed to estimate risk for adverse obstetric outcomes that are associated with fibroid tumors in twin pregnancies. Study Design A retrospective cohort study of twin pregnancies with ≥1 fibroid tumor on second trimester ultrasound examination. Outcomes included small-for-gestational-age fetal growth, preterm delivery, preterm rupture of membranes, abruption, preeclampsia, and intrauterine fetal death. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to evaluate the impact of fibroid tumors on outcomes in twin pregnancies compared with twin pregnancies without fibroid tumors. Results Of 2378 nonanomalous twin pregnancies, 2.3% had fibroid tumors. Twin pregnancies with fibroid tumors were no more likely to have small-for-gestational-age growth (40.0% vs 36.0%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.7–2.0) or preterm delivery at 97% power to detect 2-fold differences in small for gestational age and preterm delivery at Conclusion In contrast to data that suggest an increased risk for adverse outcomes in singleton pregnancies with fibroid tumors, twin pregnancies with fibroid tumors do not appear to be at increased risk for complications compared with those pregnancies without fibroid tumors.
Modeling colloid transport and deposition in saturated fractures

A model is developed to describe the transport of colloids in a saturated fracture with a spatially variable aperture, accounting for colloid deposition onto fracture surfaces under various physicochemical conditions. The fracture plane is partitioned into unit elements with different apertures generated stochastically from a log-normal distribution. The model also accounts for colloid size exclusion from fracture elements with small apertures. Both equilibrium and kinetic colloid deposition onto fracture surfaces are investigated. Colloid surface exclusion is incorporated in the dynamics of kinetic deposition. The impact of deposited colloids on further colloid deposition is described by either a linear or a non-linear blocking function. The resulting system of governing partial differential equations is solved numerically using the fully implicit finite difference method. Model simulations illustrate the presence of preferential colloid transport in the fracture plane. It is shown that size exclusion increases the dispersion of colloids and leads to earlier breakthrough, especially for large-size particles. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that surface exclusion enhances colloid transport, and the assumption of clean-bed media may underestimate liquid-phase colloid concentrations.
Employment-based reinforcement of adherence to an FDA approved extended release formulation of naltrexone in opioid-dependent adults: A randomized controlled trial

Background Naltrexone provides excellent opioid blockade, but its clinical utility is limited because opioid-dependent patients typically refuse it. An injectable suspension of naltrexone for extended release (XR-NTX) was recently approved by the FDA for treatment of opioid dependence. XR-NTX treatment may require concurrent behavioral intervention to maximize adherence and effectiveness, thus we sought to evaluate employment-based reinforcement as a method of improving adherence to XR-NTX in opiate dependent adults.
Application of the Landsat Thematic Mapper to the identification of potentially active volcanoes in the central Andes

A systematic study of the potentially active volcanoes in the Central Andes (14 deg S to 28 deg S) was carried out on the basis of Landsat Thematic Mapper images which provided consistent coverage of the area. More than 60 major volcanoes were identified as potentially active, as compared to 16 that are listed in the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (Casertano, 1963; Hantke and Parodi, 1966). Most of these volcanoes are large (up to 6000 m in height) composite cones. Some of them could threaten nearby settlements, especially those in southern Peru, where the volcanoes rise above deep canyons with settlements along them.
Coordination of pricing and multi-period production for constant priced goods

This paper addresses the problem of jointly determining a single price and production schedule for a product with seasonal demand. Under the assumption that the ratio of the demands in any two periods does not depend upon the price at which the product is offered, we develop a procedure that guarantees an optimal solution. Perhaps more importantly, however, our model provides insight into the manner in which the firm's production cost increases with the intensity of total demand.
Picosecond Optical Nonlinearities and Stimulated Emission in Indirect AlxGa1-xAs

The nonlinear optical properties of indirect-gap AlxGa1−xAs in the presence of a dense electron-hole plasma are studied by picosecond luminescence and transient transmission spectroscopy. The fundamental X-band gap is found to be renormalized by exchange and correlation effects within the plasma. Higher-lying band gaps in the same sample are also renormalized but here the electron-exchange contribution to the narrowing is negligible. Strong plasma-induced nonlinearities like persistent bleaching of absorption, enhanced absorption, and large changes of the refractive index are observed at the direct absorption edge for lattice temperatures of 15 as well as 293 K. Stimulated emission from the indirect X-band is made possible by alloy-disorder induced band mixing. Die nichtlinearen optischen Eigenschaften von indirektem AlxGa1−xAs nach Erzeugung eines Elektron–Loch-Plasmas werden mit Hilfe von Lumineszenz- und Transmissionsspektroskopie mit Pikosekunden-Zeitauflosung untersucht. Es wird eine Renormierung der fundamentalen X-Band-kante durch Austausch- und Korrelationseffekte im Plasma beobachtet. Auch hoherliegende Band-kanten im selben Material werden renormiert, jedoch ist hier der Beitrag der Elektronen-Austausch-wechselwirkung vernachlassigbar klein. Starke optische Nichtlinearitaten werden gefunden, wie ein Ausbleichen der Absorption, erhohte Absorption und grose Anderungen des Brechungsindex an der direkten Absorptionskante sowohl bei 15 K als auch bei Raumtemperatur. Eine Band-mischung aufgrund von Legierungsunordnung ermoglicht die stimulierte Emission aus dem indirekten X-Band.
Focus on Molecules: Lumican

Like other SLRPs, lumican has a molecular weight of ~40 kDa comprised of four major domains: (1) a signal peptide of 16 residues; (2) a negatively charged N-terminal domain containing sulfated tyrosine and disulfide bond(s); (3) tandem leucine-rich repeats (LXXLXLXXNXLSXL)10 mediating binding to other extracellular components, e.g. collagen; (4) a carboxyl terminal domain of 50 amino acids containing two conserved cysteines 32 residues apart.
Nine Years of the Freebase Cocaine Epidemic in the Bahamas

Nine years after the beginning of the epidemic of freebase (crack) cocaine abuse in the Bahamas, this historical study was done to characterize the natural course of the epidemic and to estimate the effectiveness of control measures. The authors's data include the incidence of new cases at the only psychiatric hospital in the Bahamas and at the primary community psychiatric clinic in the nation. The Bahamian response included 1) demand reduction, 2) supply reduction, and 3) reduction of money laundering. The annual number of new cases of crack abuse presenting for treatment declined from 1987 to mid-1991 in both facilities, but in 1992 it began rising again in the inpatient setting only. The changes in recent years have been accompanied by an increase in violent crimes against persons, especially robberies.
Venus flyby a success; Next stop, Mercury

The first spacecraft to head to Mercury in more than 30 years performed its second successful flyby of Venus on 5 June, providing the first opportunity for testing all of the spacecraft's scientific instruments. NASA's MESSENGER (Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging) spacecraft left Earth in August 2004 and is expected to reach Mercury in March 2011. Along the way it has performed flybys of Earth and Venus and will perform three fly-bys of Mercury before settling into its final orbit. These flybys provide a gravity assist for the spacecraft; the one this month changed the direction of the spacecraft's path and decelerated it from 36.5 to 27.8 kilometers per second.
Matrix Inversion Using Parallel Processing

Two general methods of matrix inversion, Gauss's algorithm and the method of bordering, are analyzed from the viewpoint of their adaptability for parallel computation. The analysis is not based on any specific type of parallel processor; its purpose is rather to see if parallel capabilities could be used effectively in matrix inversion.It is shown that both methods are indeed able to make effective use of parallel capability. With reasonable assumptions on the parallelism that is available, the speeds of the two methods are roughly comparable. The two methods, however, make use of different kinds of parallelism.To implement Gauss's algorithm we would like to have (a) parallel transfer capability for n numbers, if the matrix is n X n, (b) the capability for parallel multiplication of the accessed numbers by a common multiplier, and (c) parallel additive read-in capability. For the method of bordering, we need, primarily, the capability of forming the Euclidean inner product of two n-dimensional real vectors. The latter seems somewhat harder to implement, but, because it is an operation that is fundamental to linear algebra in general, it is one that might be made available for other purposes. If so, then the method of bordering becomes of interest.
Analysis of Visual Dysfunctions in HIV-positive Patients Without Retinitis

Purpose To investigate visual dysfunctions in ophthalmoscopically normal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients and to correlate the results to the stage of HIV disease and neuropsychological status. Methods Fifty-one randomly selected eyes (26 right, 25 left) of 51 HIV-positive patients with visual acuity measurements of 20/20 or better and no ophthalmoscopically detectable disorders were prospectively examined using achromatic and short-wavelength automated perimetry, color vision testing, and contrast sensitivity testing. CD4 + T-lymphocyte count, presence of systemic infection, hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum β 2 -microglobulin levels, and results of neuropsychological testing were also analyzed. Results On achromatic automated perimetry, 21.6% (11/51) of patients performed abnormally according to the mean defect and 27.5% (14/51) according to the Glaucoma Hemifield Test; 29.4% (15/51) performed abnormally on short-wavelength automated perimetry according to the mean defect and 23.5% (12/51) according to the Glaucoma Hemifield Test. On contrast sensitivity, 5.9% (3/51) of patients performed abnormally in the 1.5-cycles per degree (cpd) line, 2.0% (2/51) in the 3-cpd line, 23.5% (12/51) in the 6-cpd line, 25.5% (13/51) in the 12-cpd line, and 33.3% (17/51) in the 18-cpd line. On the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test, 29.4% (15/51) of patients performed abnormally. After correction for multiple correlations, two statistically significant correlations were found: sum of log contrast sensitivity with achromatic automated perimetry and sum of log contrast sensitivity with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Conclusions A significant percentage of HIV-positive patients with visual acuity of 20/20 or better and no ophthalmologic evidence of retinitis performed abnormally on visual psychophysical tests. The severity of visual dysfunction was not correlated with the stage of HIV infection or the degree of neuropsychological dysfunction.
Predicting Variability in a Lake Ontario Phosphorus Model

Abstract The prediction of a model always has a degree of uncertainty. Because the level of uncertainty is inversely related to the value of information contained in the prediction, there is a need to quantify the uncertainty. One approach to estimate prediction uncertainty is first-order error analysis. In this method, the error in a characteristic (variable or parameter) is defined by its first nonzero moment (the variance). Errors are propagated through the model using first-order terms in the Taylor series, and the variances are then combined to yield the total prediction uncertainty. An alternative approach to model prediction error analysis is Monte Carlo simulation. In this technique, probability density functions are assigned to each characteristic (variable or parameter), reflecting the uncertainty in that characteristic. Then, values are randomly selected from the distribution for each term and inserted into the model, to calculate a prediction. Repeating this process a number of times produces a distribution of predicted values, which reflects the combined uncertainties. These two approaches (first-order error analysis and Monte Carlo simulation) are applied to Lake Ontario data using a steady state mass balance phosphorus model. Comparisons are made which suggest guidelines for the use of each.
Antide (Nal-Lys GnRH antagonist) suppression of pituitary-testicular function and sexual behavior in group-living rhesus monkeys.

The ability of a Nal-Lys gonadotropin releasing-hormone antagonist (Antide) to suppress pituitary-testicular function and male sexual behavior was studied in seven group-living adult male rhesus monkeys. Each male received a single 15 mg/kg b.wt. subcutaneous injection of Antide dissolved in equal volumes of propylene glycol and sterile water. Prior to Antide treatment, and at two, four, and eight weeks after Antide, males received an IV bolus of GnRH (50 ng/kg) to assess pituitary and testicular function. For four weeks before and eight weeks after Antide treatment, blood samples and behavioral observations were collected three times weekly in a 74-member heterosexual group. Antide levels increased to more than 150 ng/ml 24 h postinjection and remained above 15 ng/ml for 30 days postinjection. Circulating LH and T were significantly reduced within 24 h following Antide, and remained significantly lower than pretreatment levels in all males for 5 weeks after Antide. T levels rose above 1 ng/ml while Antide levels were still significantly elevated in four males. Both LH and T returned to pretreatment levels by seven weeks post-Antide and then showed a second significant decrease during the eighth study week. Pituitary responsiveness to exogenous GnRH was reduced by Antide and remained below pretreatment levels eight weeks after Antide treatment. Testosterone secretion in response to exogenous GnRH was significantly reduced at two and four weeks post-Antide, but was at pretreatment levels by eight weeks after Antide. Male sexual behavior declined significantly within one week after Antide treatment, almost ceased completely by four weeks after Antide, and returned to pretreatment levels by seven weeks post-Antide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Electromagnetic energy absorbed within a Mie sphere

The formulations of the extinction and scattering losses of an electromagnetic plane wave exciting a Mie sphere are well known in the literature. However the absorption loss does not have an expression of its own. In this study, an expression for the electromagnetic energy absorbed within a Mie sphere is derived directly from Ohms' law in terms of the inner field Mie coefficients. This expression is verified as the difference between the extinction and the scattering losses which are formulated in terms of the scattered field Mie coefficients. This absorbed energy expression can be used to check the accuracy of the calculated extinction and scattering losses of Mie spheres. Also, in reaching to the expression giving the difference between the extinction and scattering losses the relations between the inner and scattered field Mie coefficients are revealed.
Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy: An update on risk factors, clinical correlates and management

Abstract Introduction Valproate (VPA)-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy (VHE) is a serious drug-related adverse effect characterized by lethargy, vomiting, cognitive slowing, focal neurological deficits and decreased levels of consciousness ranging from drowsiness to coma. Methods We present a case series ( n =5) and also review previous cases of VHE ( n =30) in psychiatric patients to provide an update on risk factors, clinical correlates and management of VHE. Results To our knowledge, there are 30 (16 female, 14 male) previously reported VHE cases in psychiatric patients. Risk factors for VHE include VPA–drug interactions, mental retardation, carnitine deficiency and presence of urea cycle disorders. Length of VPA treatment, VPA dosage, serum VPA levels and serum ammonia levels do not appear to correlate with onset or severity of VHE.VPA discontinuation is the primary treatment of VHE, although, l-carnitine, lactulose and neomycin have been used adjunctively in some patients. Conclusion Clinicians should consider VHE in patients taking VPA who present with lethargy, gastrointestinal symptoms, confusion and decreased levels of drowsiness. VPA discontinuation is currently the mainstay of treatment for VHE, although more research is warranted to delineate the underlying risk factors for VHE and consolidate treatment modalities for this potentially life-threatening drug adverse effect.
The common ileal ureter: a new technique for compliant ureterocystoplasty.

Purpose: Ureterocystoplasty is an effective technique for bladder reconstruction in patients with megaureter. Initial reports were encouraging but later repeat augmentation with bowel was necessary in many patients. We evaluated whether repeat augmentation after ureterocystoplasty could be avoided using two-thirds of each megaureter.Materials and Methods: Ureterocystoplasty was performed in 6 patients using the distal two-thirds of the 2 ureters. Continuity was reestablished by anastomosis of the remaining proximal ureters to a tubularized and tapered piece of ileum, which was reimplanted in an antireflux manner into the reconstructed bladder. All patients underwent preoperative and postoperative evaluation with ultrasound, creatinine, voiding cystourethrogram, nuclear renal scan and videourodynamic testing.Results: Patient age at ureterocystoplasty was between 7 and 15 years with a median followup of 45.3 months. Preoperative videourodynamics demonstrated low capacity bladders with grade 5 vesicoureteral...
Introduction: Diversity Not Uniformity

Abstract This introduction endeavors to place Anthony F. C. Wallace's contributions to psychological anthropology in historical and disciplinary context. His theoretical and methodological advances led to the emergence of a more empirically oriented field of endeavor that is more properly designated psychological anthropology, rather than culture and personality. The four articles that compose this issue make effective use of Wallace's conception of “organization of diversity” and illustrate its utility across a wide range of issues. [Anthony F. C. Wallace, organization of diversity, theory, methodology, psychological anthropology]
Modeling vertical motion at ocean fronts: Are nonhydrostatic effects relevant at submesoscales?

Abstract Through a suite of three-dimensional, high-resolution numerical modeling experiments, we examine the role of nonhydrostatic effects on O(1 km) submesoscale processes at ocean fronts, with particular focus on the vertical velocity field. Several differences between nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic models are pointed out using a framework that enables precise comparison, but it is difficult to identify categorical differences between the model solutions at the grid resolutions afforded. The instantaneous vertical velocity structure is sensitive to the model choice and, even more so, to grid resolution, but the average vertical flux is similar in both hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic cases. When a frontal region with horizontal density gradients is perturbed by wind, a profusion of submesoscale, O(1 km), secondary circulation features develops in the upper 50 m. Narrow, elongated cells of intense up- and down-welling are found to occur close to the surface, overlying broader regions of weaker up- and down-welling associated with the mesoscale meanders of the baroclinically unstable front. The submesoscale down-welling is considerably stronger than up-welling and is concentrated in 1–2 km width filaments within which velocities can attain magnitudes as high as 200 m day−1. The submesoscale features are found to be robust at horizontal grid resolutions varying between 1 and 0.25 km and exist even in the hydrostatic model. Submesoscale circulation is difficult to observe or resolve in coarser resolution circulation models, but is likely to play a significant role in the exchange of energy and properties between the surface ocean and thermocline. Possible mechanisms for the generation of these features are investigated in a follow-on paper.
Knowledge Combustion: A Knowledge Chemistry Approach and a Description of the Process of Information Dissipation

Weaving concepts from the decision making, information systems, telemedicine, cognitive psychology, and epistemology literatures, we propose a knowledge combustion analogy to explain the relation between information, knowledge, and action. By linking these concepts to engine mechanics, which are well-understood physical systems, the knowledge combustion analogy provides a framework that might extend knowledge management theory. The analogy suggests that different knowledge types are used to extract value from information, which results in insight. This insight culminates in action, and this action produces new insights, to generate systematic action. Hence, the analogy provides a description of the process of information dissipation, which is not well understood. The paper presents specifications for four blends of knowledge, which rely on three types of pragmatic knowledge. Each knowledge blend is designed to fuel a different form of knowledge combustion, and each form of knowledge combustion permits the attainment of a different form of insight. Finally, each knowledge blend requires the application of a different cognitive force to permit its combustion, and we propose that these fuel and force specifications must be satisfied for the effective dissipation of information. In developing these fuel and force specifications, we introduce a new approach to knowledge management thinking, which we call knowledge chemistry, and provide a conceptual framework that highlights two characteristics of knowledge, its substance and its force. We believe that organizations can increase their knowledge capital by determining ways to take advantage of the different characteristics and functions of knowledge described in this paper.
Extrudates of Starch‐Xanthan Gum Mixtures as Affected by Chemical Agents and Irradiation

Mixtures of starch, xanthan gum and either polyvinyl alcohol, epichlorohydrin, valeric acid or adipoyl chloride were extruded. Properties of extrudates including apparent viscosity, water solubility, water absorption indices and exrudate expansion were measured for different proportions of xanthan gum, 70% amylose starch (with or without irradiation) and chemical agents. Extrusion with chemical agents and irradiation changcd physical properties of both starch and xanthan gum. Expansions of extrudates were higher than that of starch. Viscosity of extrudates increased with xanthan gum concentration. The addition of 1% (w/w) polyvinyl alcohol had the greatest effect of the chemical agents. Irradiation increased the apparent viscosity of starch-xanthan gum mixtures.
Oxygen diffusion in YBCO : an isothermal thermogravimetric study

Abstract The kinetics of oxygenation/deoxygenation in YBa2Cu3O7−δ has been studied with thermogravimetry. Experiments were conducted at various constatn temperatures on powder samples subjected to an abrupt change in ambient oxygen partial pressure. The processes are found to be diffusion-controlled, with an activation energy of 1.3 eV for samples with oxygen deficiencies δ near 0.1. The chemical diffusion coefficient at 500°C is determined as 10−10 cm2/s, two to three orders of magnitude smaller than values measured from sintered samples.
The rate-dependent deformation and localization of fully dense and porous Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract The rate-dependent deformations of the titanium alloy Ti-6A1-4V are investigated using a combination of standard testing machines and compression and torsional Kolsky bars. Both homogeneous and localized deformations of both non-porous (‘fully dense’) and porous (7.6% porosity) versions of the alloy are studied. The microstructures of the two materials were made similar through heat-treatment, with the primary difference being the presence of the porosity. The fully dense Ti-6Al-4V (for this Widmanstatten microstructure) is found to show negligible strain hardening in compression (either quasistatic or dynamic), while the porous Ti-6Al-4V shows significant strain hardening in compression (both quasistatic and dynamic). The difference is believed to be because of the progressive compaction of the pores with increasing compressive strain. Both the fully dense and porous Ti-6Al-4V are observed to be rate-sensitive, with an increase in flow stress of ~ 30% over a six decade increase in strain rate. The strength-reduction due to porosity is ~ 20% for both quasistatic and dynamic strain rates. The constitutive response of the fully dense Ti-6Al-4V alloy in torsion is consistent with data in the literature, and again shows negligible strain hardening. The porous Ti-6Al-4V also shows negligible strain hardening in torsion, in contrast with the strong hardening evident in the compression data. This influence of the stress state on the behavior of the porous metal is due to the sensitivity of the pores to the mean (hydrostatic) stress. Specimens of the fully dense Ti-6Al-4V develop a deformation instability (during compression) in the form of a localized shearing failure in a plane at about 45° to the compression axis. The localized shearing failure in the fully dense metal consists of ‘deformed’ shear bands 3–10 μm in width which develop after a critical strain of 8–10%. In contrast, the porous Ti-6Al-4V specimens never fail in compression, showing homogeneous deformation even up to 30% strain. The relative stability of the porous metal is believed to be a result of the hardening mechanism afforded by the progressive compaction of the pores with increasing compressive strain. Shear bands are developed in both the fully dense and porous Ti-6Al-4V alloys after dynamic torsion. The critical shear strains to failure are ~ 14% for the fully dense metal and ~ 7% for the porous metal. Thus, the presence of the porosity destabilizes the deformation in shearing, but appears to stabilize the deformation in compression.
What kind of people: obesity stigma and inequities.

One of the foundational lenses in the humanities is Aristotle’s great question: “What kind of people do we wish to be?” Although this framework is applicable to many topics in medicine, it is particularly important to disease stigma because stigma is a social process; it is inevitably people who stigmatize. The most widely studied cases of disease stigma in the United States pertain to infectious disease, which is not surprising given the nature of communicability and the overtly moral implications of contagion. Yet, the prevalence of chronic noncommunicable disease in the United States is approximately 50% of the total population. 1 Although the reasons for stigma vary with the disease, one risk factor common to many chronic illnesses is increasingly a focus for stigma: obesity. 2
The Rasch Model, the Law of Comparative Judgment and Additive Conjoint Measurement.

Relationships between the Rasch model and both the law of comparative judgment and additive conjoint measurement are discussed. The distance between the ability of Persona and the difficult of Itemi is, in the Rasch model, the baseline value corresponding to the probability thata will respond correctly toi, where this probability is interpreted as the area under a logistic curve (which is substantially equivalent to the normal curve) and is thus an application of the law of comparative judgment. Under certain assumptions, the Rasch model is also a special case of additive conjoint measurement and, properly reinterpreted, may be usefully applied in contexts other than individual differences.
A Diffraction Limited Fiber Optic Lens

One limitation of fiber optic bundles presently in use for relaying optical images from plane to plane is that the smallest resolvable area in the image plane is determined by the diameter of an individual fiber. The fiber optic relay system described here samples the wavefront radiated from the image to be relayed so that resolution is limited only by wavelength and the diameter of the entire fiber bundle at its ends. Consequently, the system can be used to relay or to combine images in a diffraction limited system as, for example, in a large multiple mirror telescope. The relay assembly is made up of a fiber bundle whose opposite ends are arranged to form concave spherical surfaces. The image to be relayed is positioned at the center of curvature of the first spherical surface and the resultant image appears at the center of curvature of the second sphere. The end faces of all fibers occupy corresponding locations on the two spherical surfaces. The fiber bundle consists of approximately 7000 single mode optical fibers whose optical paths have each been adjusted equal to NA t 1/20A, where A is the wavelength of in-terest and N is less than 10. Total fiber area is approximately 10 percent of the available spherical area so that wavefronts from a number of bundles may be combined. Spacing of fiber ends is irregular in order to eliminate any grating-like effects. Aberrations of this system are not easily described in the classical sense. The f/no can approach 0.5 but the T/no is always much slower, because the number of fibers used does not fill the available area. Diffraction ray trace data is presented for a specific relay system which models the output from a Michelson stellar interferometer.
Procoagulant phenotype of endothelial cells after coculture with biomaterial-treated blood cells.

Understanding endothelial cell (EC)/blood/biomaterial interactions is crucial for the advancement of cardiovascular devices that often fail because of the lack of nonthrombogenic biomaterials. To begin to assess these interactions, a static EC/blood cell/biomaterial model was used. Isolated blood cells were pretreated with model biomaterial beads with different surface chemistries: polystyrene (PS), and PS beads grafted with 3-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) with either a hydroxyl (PS-PEG-OH) or amine (PS-PEG-NH2) terminal group at 5.4 or 54 × 104 beads/mL. Biomaterial-treated monocytes, neutrophils, or platelets were applied to human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) for 5 or 24 h of static coculture, and the resultant procoagulant HUVEC phenotype was characterized using several methods. Flow cytometry was used to assess surface expression of tissue factor (TF), adenosine triphosphate diphosphohydrolase, phosphatidylserine, and thrombomodulin, a functional TF assay was used to assess TF activity, and a plasma recalcification assay examined clotting times on HUVECs. Static coculture of HUVEC with biomaterial-treated neutrophils induced a procoagulant phenotype as exemplified by upregulation of TF expression and total functional activity, and downregulation of adenosine triphosphate diphosphohydrolase and thrombomodulin expression. The plasma recalcification assay demonstrated that HUVECs cocultured with biomaterial-treated monocytes significantly shortened clotting times, with some effect of similarly treated neutrophils. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 72A: 269–278, 2005
Elongated chambers for field studies across atmospheric CO2 gradients.

Summary 1. We describe a field facility that controls CO 2 along continuous gradients from superambient to subambient concentrations. The facility consists of two transparent, tunnel-shaped chambers, each 1-m wide and tall and 60-m long. Pure CO 2 is injected into one chamber during daylight to initiate a superambient CO 2 gradient (550‐350 μ mol mol ‐1 ). Ambient air is introduced to the second chamber to initiate a subambient CO 2 gradient (350‐200 μ mol mol ‐1 ). CO 2 concentrations at night are regulated at 150 μ mol mol ‐1 above daytime values along each gradient. The CO 2 gradients are maintained by varying the rate and direction (day/night) of air flow. 2. Air temperature and vapour pressure deficit are regulated near ambient values by cooling and dehumidifying air at 5-m intervals along chambers. 3. Desired CO 2 gradients were regulated on grassland for virtually the entire 9month growing season in 1998, including a 6-month drought. Consistent CO 2 concentrations were maintained along gradients despite seasonal variation in species composition, leaf area, and temperature. 4. Daytime temperatures in chambers tracked the seasonal pattern in 1998. The polyethylene covering on chambers transmitted 90% of incident light, but usually increased the ratio of diffuse to direct light. 5. By enabling the study of trends in plant and ecosystem responses to CO 2 over both subambient and superambient concentrations, elongated chambers fill a void in CO 2 research facilities.
Can we be tricked into thinking that w is less than -1?

Dark energy candidates for which the equation-of-state parameter w is less than -1 violate the dominant energy condition, and are typically unstable. In scalar-tensor theories of gravity, however, the expansion of the universe can mimic the behavior of general relativity with w<-1 dark energy, without violating any energy conditions. We examine whether this possibility is phenomenologically viable by studying Brans-Dicke models and characterizing both the naturalness of the models themselves, and additional observational constraints from limits on the time-dependence of Newton's constant. We find that only highly contrived models would lead observers to measure w<-1.
Some polynomial solutions for the non-axisymmetric Boussinesq problem

Solutions to the Boussinesq problem for the circular punch without axial symmetry can be obtained from corresponding axisymmetric solutions by parametric differentiation. The method is applied to the problem of the tilted flat punch, originally solved by Green, and to the indentation of a cylindrical surface by a flat circular punch.