cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liver Doppler Findings in Pediatric Patients After Total Pancreatectomy and Islet Autotransplantation

OBJECTIVES This study was intended to establish normal values for velocities in the hepatic artery and portal veins in pediatric patients after total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation (TPIAT). METHODS A retrospective review was performed of liver Doppler studies in pediatric patients after TPIAT over 6 years at an academic children's hospital. Doppler velocities in the liver vasculature and the hepatic artery resistive index were recorded. RESULTS Sixty-five pediatric patients were evaluated. There were no cases of portal vein thrombosis or other hepatic vascular complications. The mean hepatic artery peak systolic velocity was 157.6 cm/s (SE, 60.9 cm/s), with a mean resistive index of 0.57 (SE, 0.09). The mean main portal vein velocity was 31.9 cm/s (SE, 12.9 cm/s). CONCLUSIONS Portal vein thrombosis is rare in pediatric patients after TPIAT. A wide range of hepatic artery and portal vein velocities are encountered in children immediately after TPIAT without hepatic vascular complications and can be considered normal.
Effects of consonant context on the perception of French vowels

Abstract: American English vowels have been found to be more accurately identified in consonantal context than in isolation. One might, however, expect different results for French because phonological and phonetic characteristics of French vowels are different from those of English. Native French listeners identified stressed oral vowels produced by native speakers in /t/-vowel and isolated vowel contexts more accurately than vowels produced in vowel-/t/ and /t/-vowel-/t/ contexts. In categorial discrimination, native French, non-native speakers of French, and non-speakers of French perceived isolated French vowels more accurately than vowels in TVT context, arguing against phonological appropriateness as the determinant of context effect differences between languages. American non-native speakers of French and non-speakers of French were significantly less accurate than native French in identification and discrimination of French vowels in all contexts, especially front rounded vowels which do not occur in English. Acoustical analyses of the French vowels showed less diphthongization than for English vowels in the same syllabic contexts, making vowel “targets” more reliable as sources of information for French vowel identity.
Light Scattering and Fluorescence in the Approach to Resonance — Stronger Probing Processes

For some time there has been hope that many of the desirable qualities of Raman scattering for probing gas systems can be retained with orders of magnitude intensity enhancement by tuning the incident light near or into absorption regions. In this paper we present some of the results along this line obtained at GE and elsewhere. Calculations indicate that strong enhancement of electronic Raman scattering may be observed for many monatomic species upon excitation in near resonance; there is a good chance that similar results will be obtained for free radicals such as OH in flames. Moderately strong scattering has been observed from halogen molecules excited in absorption regions above their dissociation limits in the visible; it is likely that even stronger scattering will be observed from ozone through this process. Strong fluorescence from NO2, SO2 and I2 (below the dissociation limit) can be observed even at atmospheric pressure. The probe-relevant characteristics of these re-emission processes are discussed along with some potential applications.
Within-Semester Stability and Adjustment Correlates of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale

Subscale scores from R. O. Frost, P. Marten, C. Lahart, and R. Rosenblate's (1990) Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale were found to be moderately stable over a 10-week period. Associations betwee...
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy in Food Science: A Comprehensive Review.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a robust method, which can rapidly analyze mixtures at the molecular level without requiring separation and/or purification steps, making it ideal for applications in food science. Despite its increasing popularity among food scientists, NMR is still an underutilized methodology in this area, mainly due to its high cost, relatively low sensitivity, and the lack of NMR expertise by many food scientists. The aim of this review is to help bridge the knowledge gap that may exist when attempting to apply NMR methodologies to the field of food science. We begin by covering the basic principles required to apply NMR to the study of foods and nutrients. A description of the discipline of chemometrics is provided, as the combination of NMR with multivariate statistical analysis is a powerful approach for addressing modern challenges in food science. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of recent and key applications in the areas of compositional analysis, food authentication, quality control, and human nutrition is provided. In addition to standard NMR techniques, more sophisticated NMR applications are also presented, although limitations, gaps, and potentials are discussed. We hope this review will help scientists gain some of the knowledge required to apply the powerful methodology of NMR to the rich and diverse field of food science.
Public Understanding of Cigarette Smoke Chemicals: Longitudinal Study of US Adults and Adolescents.

INTRODUCTION The US Food and Drug Administration has increased communication efforts that aim to raise public awareness of the harmful constituents (ie, chemicals) in cigarette smoke. We sought to investigate whether the public's awareness of these chemicals has increased in light of such efforts. METHODS Participants were national probability samples of 11 322 US adults and adolescents recruited in 2014-2015 (wave 1) and 2016-2017 (wave 2). Cross-sectional telephone surveys assessed awareness of 24 cigarette smoke chemicals at both timepoints. RESULTS The proportion of US adults aware of cigarette smoke chemicals did not differ between waves 1 and 2 (25% and 26%, p = .19). In contrast, awareness of chemicals among adolescents fell from 28% to 22% (p < .001), mostly due to lower awareness of carbon monoxide, arsenic, benzene, and four other chemicals. Belief that most of the harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke come from burning the cigarette also fell from waves 1 to 2 (adults: 31% vs. 26%; adolescents: 47% vs. 41%, both ps < .05). Participants were more likely to be aware of cigarette smoke chemicals if they had been exposed to anti-smoking campaign advertisements (p < .05) or had previously sought chemical information (p < .05). Cigarette smoke chemical awareness did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers. CONCLUSION Awareness of cigarette smoke chemicals remains low and unchanged among adults and decreased somewhat among adolescents. The association of chemical awareness with information exposure via campaigns and information seeking behavior is promising. More concerted communication efforts may be needed to increase public awareness of cigarette smoke chemicals, which could potentially discourage smoking. IMPLICATIONS Awareness of the toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke may contribute to quitting. The US Food and Drug Administration is making efforts to increase public awareness of these chemicals. Two national surveys (2014-2017) found that chemical awareness was low among adults and adolescents. Although awareness did not change among adults, awareness among adolescents dropped over time. In addition, exposure to anti-smoking campaigns and chemical information seeking behavior were associated with higher awareness of chemicals in cigarette smoke. Campaigns and other efforts may be needed to increase awareness of cigarette smoke chemicals.
Vortex flaps - Advanced control devices for supercruise fighters

Prompted by the extensive experience obtained with vortex lift-generating leading edges in the SR-71, Concorde and F-16 supersonic aircraft, development efforts have recently been made toward the use of variable incidence angle delta wing leading edge 'vortex flaps' for supersonic cruise and maneuvering performance improvements in fighter aircraft. Vortex lift flaps have been wind tunnel tested on scale models, and it has been noted that a variety of effects can be obtained through the use of folding, hinged, and tabbed flap designs. Flap planforms can, moreover, be varied in length and in total area, as well as segmented, to yield unique combinations of drag reduction, vortex generation, longitudinal stability, and vortex flow reattachment. It is speculated that the vortex flap may be applicable to multimission fighters, and promote STOL performance.
Re-inventing the Heart of Darkness for the Twenty-First Century: African Studies and the War on Terror Since 9/11

At the beginning of November 2007, a group of scholars studying the Middle East and Africa announced the creation of a new scholarly organization, the Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA). ASMEA is the starkest example, but its creation signaled a larger shift, or split, in the study of Africa in the United States after the attacks of September 11, 2001. Although existing scholarly organizations continued to study the same topics and employ the same methodologies as they had before 9/11, increased US government funding for African studies and the creation of new organizations have pushed the field toward a focus on security and military issues, much to the deficit of the issues that the leading figures in African studies had deemed worthwhile in the preceding years.
External Fixation for Elbow Instability

The use of static external fixators in the setting of elbow instability is a rare but important tool in orthopedic surgeons’ armamentarium. They can be applied in a variety of clinical settings for added stabilization in the management of acute, complex, or chronic instability. Hinged external fixators offer the added benefit of early range of motion but are technically difficult to place perfectly. Complications are common and are mostly related to issues with pin sites. When inserting the pins, great care is required to protect the neurovascular structures.
Comparison of Text Mining Feature Extraction Methods Using Moderated vs Non-Moderated Blogs: An Autism Perspective

Online social media is being widely used by social scientists to study human behavior. Researchers have explored different feature extraction (FE) and classification techniques to perform sentiment analysis, topic identification, etc. Most studies tend to evaluate FE and classification methods using only one particular class of datasets---well-defined with little/no noise or with well-defined noise. For instance, when the datasets under study have different noise characteristics, various FE and/or classification methods may fail to identify a given topic. In this paper, we fill this gap by quantitatively comparing multiple FE methods and classifiers using three different datasets (two moderator-controlled blogs and one single-authored personal blogs) related to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Our result shows that no particular combination of FE and classifier is the best overall, but choosing the right ones can improve accuracy by over 30%.
Synthesis, characterization and antifungal activities of eco-friendly palladium nanoparticles

Palladium is a versatile catalyst, but the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) is usually attained at a high temperature in the range of 160 °C to 200 °C using toxic reducing agents such as sodium borohydride. We report the synthesis of PdNPs using a low-cost and environmentally-friendly route at ambient temperatures. Quercetin diphosphate (QDP), a naturally-derived flavonoid, was employed as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent. The effect of temperature was optimized to produce perfectly spherical PdNP nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 microns in diameter. At relatively higher concentration of QDP, significantly smaller particles were produced with a size distribution of 1–7 nm. Perfectly spherical PdNP nanoparticles are a rare occurrence, especially under ambient room temperature conditions with fast reaction time. The formation of the nanoparticles was confirmed using UV-vis, TEM, EDS, and XRD. HRTEM demonstrated the lattice structure of the PdNPs. The synthesized PdNPs were also tested for their antifungal properties against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Fusarium oxysporum. Results showed that the size of the PdNPs played a critical role in their antifungal activity. However, for F. oxysporum, other factors beyond size could affect the antifungal activity including fine-scale, nutrient composition, and target organisms.
New Combinations in Neotropical Archipini and Atteriini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae), with the Description of a New Genus

Five Neotropical tortricine species which currently lack meaningful generic assignment (i.e., “Archipini unplaced”) are assigned to genera. The following new combinations and synonymies are proposed: Argyrotaenia telemacanaRazowski and Becker, 2010, new synonymy, as a junior synonym of Argyrotaenia tristriata (Meyrick, 1931); Teras jamaicanaWalker, 1863, new synonymy, as a junior synonym of Pandemis heparana ([Denis and Schiffermuller], 1775); Raisapoana parana (Busck, 1911), new combination; Archipimima mansueta (Meyrick, 1924), new combination; Sisurcana biforata (Meyrick, 1930) new combination, including Sisurcana validaRazowski and Becker, 2011, new synonymy; Sisurcana recurvana (Zeller, 1866), new combination; and Sisurcana clivigera (Meyrick, 1932), new combination. In addition, Farragona Austin and Dombroskie, new genus is proposed to accommodate two species: Tortrix cratistaWalsingham, 1914 and Tortrix cremnobatesWalsingham, 1914 (the latter currently placed in Clepsis Guenee); the former of which has a lectotype and paralectotype designated. This results in F. cratista (Walsingham, 1914), new combination and F. cremnobates (Walsingham, 1914), new combination.
Financial impact of adapting robotics to a thoracic practice in an academic institution.

Background: In the current healthcare environment there is increasing pressure to deliver high quality care to more people at less cost. Robotic assisted thoracic surgical procedures (RATS) have been shown by some to be more expensive than conventional endoscopic or open surgery. We initiated this study to assess the financial impact of RATS compared to robotic non-thoracic surgery in an academic institution. Methods: A retrospective study was performed for all patients who underwent any robotically assisted surgical procedure at Temple University Hospital (TUH) in fiscal year 2015. Surgical volume, operative time, length of stay (LOS), case mix index (CMI), direct and indirect costs, hospital charges, surgical charges, contribution margin (CM) and net margin (NM) were collected for the thoracic surgery service in addition to other services which performed more than 20 robotic cases a year. We analyzed the data according to the following strategy: (I) financial performance for both inpatient and outpatient robotic procedures for the entire hospital; (II) compared financial data for robotic and non-robotic surgeries in the thoracic surgery division; (III) compared thoracic surgery data with the STS database for the same time period in order to calculate any potential cost saving (PCS). Results: In FY15, a total of 696 robotic procedures were performed by the various services at TUH with a mean of 58 cases each month. Although CM was highest for cardiovascular surgery, the highest NM was by thoracic surgery. Despite having the highest volume and a positive CM, the mostly outpatient urology service showed a negative NM in FY15. A CMI-adjusted comparison on 208 of the 589 robotic procedures where there was a comparable group of inpatients who had open procedures, the mean direct cost for non-robotic procedures was $6,239, 9% less than for robotic procedures. The mean total cost for non-robotic procedures was only 3.64% ($435) less than that for robotic procedures ($11,502 vs. $11,937). When compared with the UHC expected LOS, the robotic group had a lower LOS while the non-robotic group had a higher LOS. The mean total direct costs were $3,510 less for the robotic procedures ($16,502 vs. $20,012). When compared to similar cases reported to the STS in FY 2015, the length of stay, conversion rate, transfusion rate, post-operative complications and OR time compared favorably. Using calculations based on published data, the potential cost savings are in the 1 to 2 million dollar range compared to traditional endoscopic or open procedures reported to the STS. Conclusions: High acuity services such as Thoracic Surgery drive higher CM per case as long as variable costs especially LOS are kept low. Procedures with lower CMI may not provide a high enough CM to offset the fixed and variable costs. Robotic surgical cases performed in the outpatient setting may incur significant losses as the reimbursement does not cover the direct costs. Hospitals should preferentially allocate robotic resources to inpatient procedures with higher CMI and work to decrease overall LOS.
Trauma Care for Justice-Involved Persons

The USA has a larger incarcerated population than any other country in the world. In recent years, investigators have explored the health needs of the incarcerated population, which exceed those of the non-incarcerated population. This needs assessment has focused on primary medical and psychiatric care. As appreciation of the unique health needs of the incarcerated has grown, so too has the field of corrections medicine, which is primarily focused on meeting the primary medical and mental healthcare needs of the incarcerated population. In contrast, there is a paucity of data regarding surgical and trauma needs among the incarcerated. Data that do exist suggest that the prevalence of traumatic injury among incarcerated persons is high. Moreover, experiences of trauma may confer an increased lifetime risk of incarceration.
A probabilistic graphical model for system-wide analysis of gene regulatory networks.

Motivation The inference of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) from DNA microarray measurements forms a core element of systems biology-based phenotyping. In the recent past, numerous computational methodologies have been formalized to enable the deduction of reliable and testable predictions in today's biology. However, little focus has been aimed at quantifying how well existing state-of-the-art GRNs correspond to measured gene-expression profiles. Results Here, we present a computational framework that combines the formulation of probabilistic graphical modeling, standard statistical estimation, and integration of high-throughput biological data to explore the global behavior of biological systems and the global consistency between experimentally verified GRNs and corresponding large microarray compendium data. The model is represented as a probabilistic bipartite graph, which can handle highly complex network systems and accommodates partial measurements of diverse biological entities, e.g. messengerRNAs, proteins, metabolites and various stimulators participating in regulatory networks. This method was tested on microarray expression data from the M3D database, corresponding to sub-networks on one of the best researched model organisms, Escherichia coli. Results show a surprisingly high correlation between the observed states and the inferred system's behavior under various experimental conditions. Availability and implementation Processed data and software implementation using Matlab are freely available at https://github.com/kotiang54/PgmGRNs. Full dataset available from the M3D database.
Comparison of Three Isoelectronic Multiple-Well Reaction Systems: OH + CH2O, OH + CH2CH2, and OH + CH2NH.

Methylenimine (CH2NH) has been predicted to be a product of the atmospheric photo-oxidation of methylamine, but its atmospheric reactions have not been measured. In this paper, we report potential energy surfaces (PESs) and rate constants for OH + CH2NH and its isoelectronic analogues OH + CH2O and OH + CH2CH2, which are more fully understood. The PESs were computed using the BHandHLYP/aug-cc-pVTZ and CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ levels of theory. Canonical variational transition state theory and Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus and master equation modeling were used to calculate temperature- and pressure-dependent rate constants, with particular emphasis on the OH + reactant entrance channels and the effects of prereactive complexes. The computed results are in reasonable agreement with experimental data where they can be compared and also with the results of previous theoretical calculations. The results show that to some extent OH radicals both add to the carbon center double bond in CH2NH and abstract methylene h...
Managing the gap between disruptive innovation and people's perceptions: the case of wearable devices

This study examines the relationship between social benefits, perceived risk, privacy assurance mechanisms, and self-disclosure of wearable devices data. Self-disclosure of wearable was hypothesised to be positively affected only by social benefits and not by perceived privacy risks. The findings of this study suggest that people perceive wearable devices as a new mean to interact with their social groups and not as a potential threat to their medical information. As expected, privacy concerns do not significantly affect the self-disclosure, while privacy assurance mechanisms do significantly affect self-disclosure. In addition, younger people are more likely to share online their wearable device's data. Given the sensitive nature of wearable device data, potential issues and concerns are discussed.
Mahsatī of Ganja’s Wandering Quatrains: Translator’s Introduction

Mahsati of Ganja, whose name combines the old Persian words for moon (mah) and lady (sati), is among the most famous of all classical Persian woman poets. Born in early twelfth century Ganja, at that time the literary capital of Azerbaijan, Mahsati pioneered the rubā’iyyāt (quatrain) form. Best known to an Anglophone reading public from Edward Fitzgerald’s translations of Omar Khayyām (d. 1131), rubā’iyyāt is the plural of rubā’i (“four”), an Arabic word denoting two verses bound together by an aaba rhyme scheme. The rhyme scheme admits of variations, such as aaaa (employed in four out of the ten poems translated here). Mahsati shares much in common with the elder poet-astronomer: a pessimistic orientation to life, distaste for organized religion, impatience with social mores, a predilection for transgressing convention through wine-drinking, and a preference for authorial anonymity, which has accounted for many misattributed poems in the case of both poets (see Sharma 2007; Davidson 2004). Mahsati is distinguished from Omar Khayyām, and, for that matter from most of her Persian predecessors and contemporaries, by one major biographical detail: alone of the major medieval Persian poets, she was a woman. Scholars will always debate the relevance of gender to Mahsati’s literary output. Some will decide it is better to foreground her seemingless gender-free genius for poetic form; others will regard this as evasion, but that Mahsati’s body inflected her words no less than Marina Tsvetaeva inflected hers cannot be denied. The question is how the gendered inflection affected her verse. Persian does not distinguish grammatically between male and female, even for pronouns, so, context aside, there is no way to determine whether the lover or speaker in any Persian text is male or female. For a true connoisseur of this tradition, this difficulty is in fact the point: you are not supposed to know; ambiguity is classical Persian poetry’s highest aesthetic value (see Davis 2004). Gender ambiguity does however create a challenge for the translator; American and British poets, especially in the modern age, tend to prefer to concrete rhythms of daily life, just as their readers assume that the more literal the poetry, and the more obvious its referents, the better. The closest approximation in American literature to Mahsati’s aesthetic preference for “telling it slant” may be the studied indeterminacy of Wallace Stevens, or Emily Dickinson. Mahsati’s rubā’iyyāt will fare best in English when read with a non-literalistic aesthetic, and without any attempt to reduce her multivalent texts to singular meanings. Mahsati’s poems deal with sex, divinity, death, and love all at once, even and especially when they seem to be occupied with other subjects. This is thematically and formally true;
NUCLEIC TRANSFORMER: DEEP LEARNING ON NUCLEIC ACIDS WITH SELF-ATTENTION AND CONVOLUTIONS

Much work has been done to apply machine learning and deep learning to genomics tasks, but these applications usually require extensive domain knowledge and the resulting models provide very limited interpretability. Here we present the Nucleic Transformer, a conceptually simple but effective and interpretable model architecture that excels in a variety of DNA/RNA tasks. The Nucleic Transformer processes nucleic acid Much work has been done to apply machine learning and deep learning to genomics tasks, but these applications usually require extensive domain knowledge and the resulting models provide very limited interpretability. Here we present the Nucleic Transformer, a conceptually simple but effective and interpretable model architecture that excels in a variety of DNA/RNA tasks. The Nucleic Transformer processes nucleic acid sequences with self-attention and convolutions, two deep learning techniques that have proved dominant in the fields of computer vision and natural language processing. We demonstrate that the Nucleic Transformer can be trained in both supervised and unsupervised fashion without much domain knowledge to achieve high performance with limited amounts of data in Escherichia coli promoter classification, viral genome identification, and degradation properties of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine candidates. Additionally, we showcase extraction of promoter motifs from learned attention and how direct visualization of self-attention maps assists informed decision making using deep learning models.
Heat shock protein vaccines against glioblastoma: from bench to bedside

Current adjuvant treatment regimens available for the treatment of glioblastoma are widely ineffective and offer a dismal prognosis. Advancements in conventional treatment strategies have only yielded modest improvements in overall survival. Immunotherapy remains a promising adjuvant in the treatment of GBM through eliciting tumor specific immune responses capable of producing sustained antitumor response while minimizing systemic toxicity. Heat shock proteins (HSP) function as intracellular chaperones and have been implicated in the activation of both innate and adaptive immune systems. Vaccines formulated from HSP-peptide complexes, derived from autologous tumor, have been applied to the field of immunotherapy for glioblastoma. The results from the phase I and II clinical trials have been promising. Here we review the role of HSP in cellular function and immunity, and its application in the treatment of glioblastoma.
High-frequency fibre-optic magnetometer with 70 fT/ square root (Hz) resolution

Using a cylindrical, DC field biased magnetostrictive transducer in a fibre-optic magnetometer we demonstrate 70 fT/√(Hz) resolution near 34 kHz. This represents 30 dB improvement over previous results. Resolution is limited by interferometric phase noise and is free from upconverted lowfrequency noise and residual signal effects.
Biofilms and Device-Related Infections

The study of bacterial biofilms is more advanced in the engineering field than in the medical field, but the simple realization that biofilms are involved in chronic infections opens the way for a massive transfer of valuable information from the engineering realm to the medical realm and for its application to the treatment of infectious diseases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa first came to the attention of biofilm microbiologists because it predominates in cold alpine streams and grows predominantly (99.99%) in biofilms in this natural habitat. The Center for Biofilm Engineering (CBE) has established the fact that most biofilms assume this microcolony and water channel structure, including all biofilms formed by the few grampositive species examined to date, and the most significant consequence of this new observation is that we must now explain how these elaborate structures are established and maintained. If we try to imagine the bacterial survival strategies that would have been effective in the earliest stages of the development of life on this planet, growth in stationary biofilms that were protected from unfavorable conditions would prevent bacteria from being swept into acid or boiling downstream pools and from surges of threatening water from upstream sources. The role of host defenses in controlling biofilm infections is discussed in the chapter. There is a growing conviction that antibiotics are losing their ability to control bacterial infections because the bacteria have mobilized all of their survival strategies in the face of this frontal attack.
Outcomes Assessment in International Education

Due to the growing trend in higher education accountability, many postsecondary institutions are now measuring student learning outcomes, including ones related to global or intercultural learning (de Wit, 2009; Deardorff & van Gaalen, 2012; Green, 2012; Egron-Polak & Hudson, 2014). However, a closer look is required at those assessment efforts which, although growing in popularity, are not always designed well, executed effectively, or leveraged to maximum effect.
Chlorothiazide as a prophylaxis against toxemia of pregnancy. A double-blind study.

Abstract Five hundred and nineten patients received various doses of chlorothiazide in a double-blind study. All received instructions for a nutritious diet low in sodium. Seventy-four patients were removed from the study for various reasons. Those receiving the placebo and the lowest dose of the diuretic were generally removed because of fluid retention and excessive weight gain while patients receiving the highest dose of chlorothiazide were removed because of side effects. There were apparently no instances of hyponatremia or hypokalemia in the study of a small sample. Four hundred and forty-five patients completed the study; 284 took more than 80 per cent of their prescribed medication. The mean weight gain during the last trimester for those patients completing the study was 0.47 pounds per week while the total weight gain for the pregnancy was between 15 and 18 pounds. The incidence of toxemia among patients who received 500 or 750 mg. of chlorothiazide was 2.6 per cent. However, the lowest incidence and the mildest type of toxemia occurred in patients who took 80 per cent or more of their medication. The perinatal mortality rate for patients completing the study was 20.2; it was 3.5 for patients in Group I and 50 for patients in Group II. The incidence of prematurity was 6 per cent in both groups. However, the difference in perinatal mortality rates of the 2 groups was due to the higher perinatal mortality rate among prematures in mothers who took less than 80 per cent of their medication.
Lippmann photography and the glory of frozen light: eternal photographic color real and false

Lippmann photography is a 110-year old process that offers full color images on black and white recording media. The process was never commercialized. The author reviews the history of the process, its historical context, current work on the process and some of the problems encountered with it. The author suggests a number of applications which take advantage of the Lippmann process characteristics within its limitations. Examples of historic and recent images are shown.
Role of Corynebacterium parvum in the activation of peritoneal macrophages: II. Identification of distinguishable anti-tumor activities by macrophage subpopulations

Abstract Two different mechanisms of murine macrophage (MP) antitumor activity are described in this report. C. parvum-activated peritoneal MPs were tested for cytotoxic and cytostatic activity 4 days after ip immunization. Cytotoxic activity could be distinguished from cytostatic activity using two different assay protocols. When MPs were separated by 1g velocity sedimentation, cytotoxic MPs were confined to high velocity fractions. In contrast, cytostatic MPs were found in cell fractions with velocities as low as 5.2 mm/hr. These two MP activities were also distinguishable by culturing at 37 °C for 24 hr. Cytotoxicity was abrogated when MPs were incubated in MEM, or MEM supplemented with lymphokine (LK) or indomethacin. In contrast, cytostasis remained at high levels when the cells were incubated with LK or indomethacin. Cytotoxicity was not retained after overnight culture even if LPS was present, or if various spleen or nonadherent peritoneal exudate cells were cocultured with the cytotoxic effector cells. Assays done to determine the presence of suppressor cells failed to find any inhibitory cell type. The phagocytic index, acid phosphatase activity, and H2O2 secretion were also measured before and after overnight culture. Acid phosphatase and phagocytic activities did not decline whereas H2O2 secretion declined significantly. These data indicate that in response to C. parvum, at least two different effector cell types with distinct antitumor activities are generated. Cytotoxicity, like the ability of cells to secrete H2O2, is found to be a short-lived function of CP stimulated MPs. In contrast, cytostasis is a function retained longer by MPs in culture.
Role for DNA-protein interaction in activation of the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D gene.

Abstract On the basis of experiments with mutant virus and transfection with isolated genes, the herpes simplex virus immediate-early gene product ICP4 is known to positively regulate the transcription of viral early and late genes and negatively regulate expression from its own promoter. Binding of ICP4 to DNA sequences in several viral genes has been reported, yet the significance of ICP4-DNA interaction in transcriptional activation remains unclear. We have studied this problem by using the early glycoprotein D (gD) gene, which possesses a binding site at approximately -100 relative to the RNA initiation site. We linked this promoter and various mutant constructs to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in order to measure promoter activity in transient transfections both in the presence and in the absence of an ICP4-encoding plasmid. The natural promoter was activated 3.3-fold, and a deletion construct lacking the binding site was activated minimally (1.7-fold). Constructs containing multiple tandem repeats of the binding site (three or five inserts) demonstrated higher expression in the presence of ICP4 than did the natural promoter while retaining low levels of expression when unstimulated. Gel mobility shift assays and DNase I footprinting analyses indicated that ICP4 associated with multiple binding sites. In vitro transcription from a gD promoter construct containing multiple binding sites showed increased RNA synthesis in the presence of partially purified ICP4. These data provide the first direct evidence that binding of ICP4 to a specific DNA sequence in the gD gene contributes to activation of transcription.
Socioeconomic (SES) differences in language are evident in female infants at 7months of age.

Abstract Background Language skills, strongly linked to academic success, are known to differ by socioeconomic status (SES), with lower SES individuals performing less well than higher SES. Aims To examine the effect of SES on infant language at 7 months of age and the relationship between maternal vocabulary skills and infant language function. To determine if the relationships between SES and infant language are mediated by maternal vocabulary skills. Study design Longitudinal follow-up of healthy term female African American infants born to mothers in two SES groups: Low SES (income-to-needs ≤ 1, no education beyond high school) and Higher SES (Income-to-Needs > 1, at least a high school diploma). Subjects 54 infants tested at 7 months of age; 54 mothers tested at infant age 7 months. Outcome measures Preschool Language Scale-5 (PLS-5), Vocabulary and Matrix Reasoning subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV. Results Low SES infants (n = 29) performed less well than Higher SES (n = 25) on PLS-5 Total Language, Auditory Comprehension, and Expressive Communication (p ≤ 0.012). Maternal Vocabulary subtest scores were lower in Low SES than Higher SES (p = 0.002), but not related to infant PLS Language scores (p ≥ 0.17). Maternal vocabulary did not mediate the relationship between SES and infant language skills at age 7 months. Conclusions In this single sex and race cohort of healthy, term, female infants, lower SES exerted negative effects on infant language by 7 months of age. While maternal vocabulary scores showed no relation with infant language skills at 7 months, continued study of the relations between SES, infant outcomes and maternal characteristics is needed to determine how low SES conditions impact early language. These findings underscore the importance of early interventions, as well as policies designed to improve socioeconomic conditions for infants and families.
AUV positioning using bathymetry matching

A research concern in AUV positioning is the constraint of INS error growth; approaches to this include surfacing for GPS fixes, terrain matching methods and acoustic transponder systems. The paper presents a positioning technique for AUV's that exploits existing bathymetric data in an operation area. Unlike many terrain matching approaches, which do positioning using distinct ocean bottom features, this method generates a position estimate by comparing the in-situ measured depth at the position of the AUV with available bathymetry data in the immediate area. This builds on contemporary AUV INS/VL navigation systems by incorporating a maximum likelihood estimate of position. Particular emphasis is placed on the design of the maximum likelihood estimator module which produces point-wise position estimates and typically contains a large error component with many outliers. This estimate is merged with the output of the AUV's INS/VL system which constrains the INS drift. Further position accuracy and faster convergence to the correct position can be achieved by incorporating a single slant range measurement from the AUV to a fixed location. The slant range is used as external constraint on both the INS and the MLE. The paper describes the implementation of this approach and the results of simulation studies.
GENETIC EFFECTS OF ACUTE SPERMATOGONIAL X-IRRADIATION OF THE LABORATORY RAT

The genetic effects of one generation of spermatogonial X-irradiation in rats, by a single dose of 600r in one experiment and by a fractionated dose of 450r in another, were measured in three generations of their descendants. Estimates of dominant lethal mutation rates—(2 to 3) x 10 -4/gamete/r—from litter size differences between irradiated and nonirradiated stock were consistent with previous estimates from rats and mice. Similar consistency was found for estimates of sex-linked recessive mutation rates—(1 to 2) x 10-4 chromosome/r—from male proportions within strains; however, when measured in crossbreds the proportion of males was higher in the irradiated than in the nonirradiated lines. This inconsistency in results is in keeping with the contradictory results reported for recessive sex-linked lethal mutation rates in mice. The effects used to estimate recessive lethal mutation rates which were unusually high—(2 to 14) x 10-4/gamete/r—were not significant. Other factors that could have contributed to the observed effects are postulated.
Volume and Freshwater Flux Observations from Nares Strait to the West of Greenland at Daily Time Scales from 2003 to 2009

AbstractTime series observations of velocity, salinity, pressure, and ice draft provide estimates of advective fluxes in Nares Strait from 2003 to 2009 at daily to interannual time scales. Velocity and salinity are integrated across the 36-km-wide and 350-m-deep channel for two distinct multiyear periods of sea ice cover. These observations indicate multiyear mean fluxes that range from 0.71 ± 0.09 to 1.03 ± 0.11 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1 = 31 536 km3 yr−1) for volume and from 32 ± 5.7 to 54 ± 9.3 mSv (1 mSv ≡ 103 m3 s−1) for oceanic freshwater relative to a salinity of 34.8 for the first (2003–06) and second (2007–09) periods, respectively. Advection of ice adds another 8 ± 2 mSv or 260 ± 70 km3 yr−1 to the freshwater export. Flux values are larger when the sea ice is mobile all year. About 75% of the oceanic volume and freshwater flux variability is correlated at daily to interannual time scales. Flux variability peaks at a 20-day time scale and correlates strongly with along-channel pressure gra...
Cultural Influences on Ethical Decisions of Students Enrolled in European Hospitality Programmes

This study focuses on how students at European hotel schools respond to ten ethical scenarios. Participants indicated whether the action posed was ethical, not ethical or not a question of ethics. Further, they indicated several factors influencing their ethical beliefs. Responses from students from European countries were compared to responses of students from Asian countries. The top three factors influencing both groups were parents, close friends and management courses. Only two of the ten scenarios were evaluated differently by the two groups.
Reactor stress analysis in nuclear engineering education

Abstract The objectives, conduct and content of a sequence of graduate-level courses on Reactor Stress Analysis applied to various nuclear-reactor components is introduced. Radiation damage, radiation effects and high temperatures change the nuclear, physical and mechanical properties of reactor materials appreciably. Consequently, the combined radiation, thermal and mechanical stress analysis for reactor components is also quite different from the purely mechanical stress analysis for conventional structures.
Experimental observations of tensile fracture in unidirectional boron filament reinforced aluminum sheet.

Results are presented from an experimental study of the tensile fracture process in unidirectional boron filament reinforced aluminum sheet. The tensile strength of the material was apparently limited by a noncumulative fracture mechanism which involved the initiation and sustenance of a chain reaction of filament fractures at a relatively low stress level. Matrix fracture followed in a completely ductile manner. The minimum filament stress for initiation of the fracture mechanism was shown to be approximately 170 ksi for well bonded composite having a pure aluminum matrix. This value appeared to be independent of filament diameter, number of filament layers, and filament volume fraction within the range investigated (0.2 to 0.5). Several commonly observed features of tensile fracture surfaces were explained in terms of the observed noncumulative fracture mechanism.
Highly efficient immunoliposomes prepared with a method which is compatible with various lipid compositions

Monoclonal antibody was conjugated to N-glutaryl-phosphatidylethanolamine in the presence of octylglucoside by using N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide as a carboxyl-activation reagent. The conjugated antibody was then incorporated into liposomes by a simple dialysis method. The method is mild and is compatible with various lipid compositions of the liposomes. We have prepared immunoliposomes containing a lung endothelium-specific monoclonal antibody and showed excellent target binding (approximately 75% injected dose) of the immunoliposomes in mouse. Immunoliposomes can be prepared to contain other acidic lipids such as phosphatidylserine and various amounts of cholesterol. The presence of 20% or more cholesterol in liposomes resulted in high level of target binding. We have used in these experiments a new radioactive lipid-phase marker, 111In-DTPA-SA, which was very stable in vivo. The halflife of clearance in mouse exceeded 3 weeks.
First-principles total-energy calculation for a single adatom on a crystal.

The energy versus position of a single Si adatom on a two-dimensionally infinite Al(001) substrate is calculated. The only physical approximations made are the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and the use of a local exchange-correlation potential. Computed binding energies, force constants, and bond charges for two different bonding geometries confirm earlier more approximate calculations for the Si/Al adsorption system.
Metal, Bond Energy, and Ancillary Ligand Effects On Actinide-carbon σ-bond Hydrogenolysis: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study

A kineticmechanistic study of actinide hydrocarbyl ligand hydrogenolysis (An-R + H/sub 2/ ..-->.. An-H + RH) is reported. For the complex Cp'/sub 2/TH(CH/sub 2/-t-Bu)(O-t-Bu)(Cp' = eta/sup 5/-Me/sub 5/C/sub 5/), the rate law is first-order in organoactinide and first-order in H/sub 2/, with k/sub H2/k/sub D2/ = 2.5 (4) and k/sub THF/k/sub toluene/ = 2.9 (4). For a series of complexes, hydrogenolysis rates span a range of ca. 10/sup 5/ with Cp'/sub 2/ThCH/sub 2/C(CH/sub 3/)/sub 2/CH/sub 2/ approx. = Cp'/sub 2/U(CH/sub 2/-t-Bu) (too rapid to measure accurately) > Cp'/sub 2/Th(CH/sub 2/-t-Bu)(OCH(t-Bu)/sub 2/) = Cp'/sub 2/Th(CH/sub 2/-t-Bu)(O-t-Bu) > Cp'/sub 2/Th(CH/sub 2/-t-Bu)(Cl) > Me/sub 2/Si(Me/sub 4/C/sub 5/)/sub 2/Th(n-Bu)/sub 2/ > Cp'/sub 2/Th(n-Bu)/sub 2/ approx. = Cp'/sub 2/ThMe/sub 2/ > Cp'/sub 2/Th(Me)(O/sub 3/SCF/sub 3/) > Cp'/sub 2/Th(n-Bu)(OCG(t-Bu)/sub 2/) approx. = Cp'/sub 2/Th(Me)(OSiMe/sub 2/(t-Bu)) > Cp'/sub 2/ZrMe/sub 2/ = Cp'/sub 2/Th(rho-C/sub 6/H/sub 4/NMe/sub 2/)(O-tu-Bu) > Cp'/sub 2/Th(Ph)(O-t-Bu) > Cp'/sub 2/U(Me)(OCH(t-Bu)/sub 2/) > Cp'/sub 2/Th(Me)(OCH(t-Bu)/sub 2/). In the majority of cases, the rate law is cleanly first-order in organoactinide over 3 or more half-lives. However, for Cp'/sub 2/ThMe/sub 2/ ..-->.. (Cp'/sub 2/ThH/sub 2/)/sub 2/, an intermediate is observe by NMR that is probably (Cp'/sub 2/Th(Me)(..mu..-H))/sub 2/. For Cp'/sub 2/Th(Me)(O/sub 3/SCF/sub 3/), a follow-up reaction, which consumesmore » Cp'/sub 2/TH(H)(O/sub 3/SCF/sub 3/) is detected. Variable-temperature kinetic studies yield ..delta..H** = 3.7 (2) kcalmol and ..delta..S double dagger = -50.8 (7) eu for Cp'/sub 2/Th(CH/sub 2/-t-Bu)(O-t-Bu) and ..delta..H double dagger = 9 (2) kcalmol and ..delta..S double dagger = -45 (5) eu for Cp'/sub 2/U(Me)(OCH(O-t-Bu)/sub 2/).« less
A medieval kingdom: Leader-follower styles of preschool play

Abstract Three studies were conducted to determine the validity and utility of a leader—follower preschool social style classification system developed by Adcock and Segal (1983) called the Medieval Kingdom. In their system, preschool children were classified as Lords, Bishops, Vassals, and Serfs as a function of their leader—follower styles. In Studies 1 and 2 children were designated as one of these social types based on global descriptions of the types, and their play behaviors were compared during classroom free play (Study 1) in a mixed age, 2- to 4-year-old group and during playground free play (Study 2) in a same age 4-year-old group. The Lords and Bishops exhibited more frequent leadership behaviors (organization/maintenance of play), while Serfs showed more follower-type behaviors (nondirective and peripheral play behaviors). Vassals' behaviors fell between those of the Lords/Bishops and the Serfs. Finally, a case study (Study 3) investigated the utility of pairing leaders-followers to reduce the aggressive behavior of followers in the classroom. Verbal reinforcement of the dyadic play of paired leaders and followers facilitated a reduction in aggressive behavior.
Substrate-Dependent Air-Wound Inductor Model in the DC-4 GHz Range

This paper describes the development of an equivalent circuit model for air coil inductors in the DC-4 GHz frequency range which includes substrate-dependent characteristics. The presented model is applicable to microstrip-mounted components. Limitations of the model are discussed as well as characteristics intrinsic to the inductors that greatly influence model extraction. A comparison of measured data and simulated responses is presented for the model.