cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Methods Used to Delineate Capture Zones of Wells: 2. Stratified‐Drift Buried‐Valley Aquifer

Analytical, semianalytical, and numerical models of the flow system in a stratified-drift buried-vailey aquifer were used with particle-tracking/stream-function programs to delineate traveltime-related capture zones of a municipal wellfield and to assess conceptual errors imposed by requisite assumptions associated with each flow model. The analytical flow model uses the Theis equation describing two-dimensional transient drawdown surrounding a well in a fully confined aquifer and superposition of a nonuniform regional flow field. The semianalytical flow model implicitly uses the Thiem equation describing two-dimensional steady-state drawdown surrounding a well in a fully confined aquifer and superposition of a uniform regional flow field. The numerical flow model uses a three-dimensional steady-state finite-difference solution and incorporates four model layers, specified-flux and head-dependent flux boundary conditions, spatially variable recharge, and head-dependent leakage to and from streams. The predictive ability of the flow models is based on comparison of mean absolute errors and root mean squared errors between measured and simulated heads as well as comparison of pathline distributions defining the one-year capture zones. The comparisons show that the uniform flow field and uniform transmissivity required of the semianalytical flow model cause it to be less accurate than the analytical and numerical flow models. The inability of the analytical flow model to incorporate spatial variations in transmissivity causes it to be less accurate than the numerical flow model. These conceptual errors associated with use of the analytical and semianalytical flow models in this hydrogeologic setting cause their one-year capture zones to be less reasonable than those from the numerical flow model.
Continuation of solutions of constrained extremum problems and nonlinear eigenvalue problems

Abstract In this paper we continue our investigations, begun in the previous paper, of describing the solution sets of a constrained extremum problems inf f(u), uϵt− 1 (p) where f and t are twice continuously differentiable functionals on a reflexive Banach space V, and t-1(p) denotes the level set of the functional t with value p ϵ R. Considering p as a parameter in (∗) we obtain results concerning the continuation of solutions of (∗) and consequently also concerning specific solution branches of the nonlinear eigenvalue problem f′(u) = μt′(u) The general results are applied to functionals which lead to nonlinear eigenvalue problems of a semilinear elliiptic type and in particular we cosider a specific example for which there occurs “bending” of a solution curve (u,μ) of (∗∗).
Abstract B102: Salivary markers, demographic, and risk factor data in head and neck cancer: Towards a new combined approach to predict head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) affects 50,000 people in the United States and 600,000 people world-wide each year. The primary risk factors are tobacco and alcohol use. Early detection tests are needed because the majority of patients present in late stage when cure rates reach only 40%. Furthermore, minority patients and those of low socioeconomic status (SES) suffer disproportionately from this disease. Our group has developed a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive diagnostic test based on soluble CD44 (solCD44) and total protein levels that distinguishes cancer patients from controls with up to 85% accuracy. The test appears to be particularly promising for detection of HNSCC in blacks. Our study uses a case-control design to evaluate soluble markers for HNSCC in 123 HNSCC patients and 78 controls frequency matched for age, gender, race, ethnicity, tobacco use and socioeconomic status (SES). There were no significant differences between cases and controls for Hispanic ethnicity, education, income, health care status, tobacco use or oral health. There are significant differences with respect to age (cases are older, mean 58.9 versus 55.6 years, p=0.026), gender (cases are more likely male, 78% vs. 64%, p=0.031), race (cases are more likely white, 83% vs. 60%, p=0.001). SolCD44 shows that levels are elevated in cases compared to controls (p Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B102.
Mucopolysaccharides of serum and pleural fluid.

THE use of paper electrophoresis has enabled several investigators to establish the presence of acid mucopolysaccharide components in various tissue extracts1,2 and urine3. Two such substances, staining with toluidine blue, were found in human aortic tissue4; concentrated human urine contained three components which stained with alcian blue5. The latter all appeared to migrate more rapidly than the albumin fraction, with the fastest component having the same mobility as chondroitin sulphate A. In the present work, which is primarily concerned with the electrophoretic characteristics of various body fluids in agar, a component was noted in the perchloric–phosphotungstic acid precipitate of both serum and pleural fluid which possessed staining and electrophoretic properties similar to those of acid mucopolysaccharide in urine.
Acoustic absorption measurement of human hair and skin within the audible frequency range.

Utilizing the two-microphone impedance tube method, the acoustic absorption of human skin and hair is measured in the frequency range 1–6 kHz. Various locations on a number of human subjects are measured to determine if the presence of bone or an air pocket affects the acoustic absorption of human skin. The absorption coefficient of human hair is also measured. Additional techniques are utilized to minimize errors due to sample mounting methods. Techniques are employed to minimize potential errors in sensor and sample locations. The results of these measurements are compared to relevant historical papers on similar investigations. Results for skin measurements compare well with previous work. Measured hair absorption data do not agree with previous work in the area but do coincide with expected trends, which previous works do not.
Anharmonic dynamics of intramolecular hydrogen bonds driven by DNA breathing.

We study the effects of the anharmonic strand-separation dynamics of double-stranded DNA on the infrared spectra of the intramolecular base-pairing hydrogen bonds. Using the extended Peyrard-Bishop-Dauxois model for the DNA breathing dynamics coupled with the Lippincott-Schroeder potential for $\mathrm{N}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{H}$$\ensuremath{\cdots}$N and $\mathrm{N}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{H}$$\ensuremath{\cdots}$O hydrogen bonding, we identify a high-frequency ($\ensuremath{\sim}$96 THz) feature in the infrared spectra. We show that this sharp peak arises as a result of the anharmonic base-pair breathing dynamics of DNA. In addition, we study the effects of friction on the infrared spectra. For higher temperatures ($\ensuremath{\sim}$300 K), where the anharmonicity of DNA dynamics is pronounced, the high-frequency peak is always present irrespective of the friction strength.
Modulation of the Heteromeric Kir4.1-Kir5.1 Channel by Multiple Neurotransmitters via Gαq-coupled Receptors

The heteromeric Kir4.1–Kir5.1 channel is a candidate sensing molecule for central CO2 chemoreception. Since central CO2 chemoreception is subject to neural modulations, we performed studies to test the hypothesis that the Kir4.1–Kir5.1 channel is modulated by the neurotransmitters critical for respiratory control, including serotonin (5-HT), substance-P (SP), and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). The heteromeric Kir4.1–Kir5.1 channel was strongly inhibited by SP, TRH, and 5-HT when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, whereas these neurotransmitters had no effect on the homomeric Kir4.1 channel. Such an inhibition was dose-dependent and relied on specific Gαq-protein-coupled receptors and protein kinase C (PKC). No direct interaction of the channel with G-proteins was found. Channel sensitivity to CO2/pH was not compromised with the inhibition by these neurotransmitters, as the channel remained to be inhibited by acidic pH following an exposure to the neurotransmitters. The firing rate of CO2-sensitive brainstem neurons cultured in microelectrode arrays was augmented by SP or a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, which was blocked by PKC inhibitors suggesting that PKC underscores the inhibitory effect of SP and 5-HT in cultured brainstem neurons as well. Immunostaining showed that both Kir4.1 and Kir5.1 proteins were co-localized in the cultured brainstem neurons. These results therefore indicate that the heteromeric Kir4.1–Kir5.1 channel is modulated by the neurotransmitters critical for respiratory control, suggesting a novel neuromodulatory mechanism for the chemosensitivity of brainstem neurons to elevated PCO2 and acidic pH. J. Cell. Physiol. 214:84–95, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The chemical classification of iron meteorites—II. Irons and pallasites with germanium concentrations between 8 and 100 ppm

Abstract We report the concentrations of Ni, Ga, Ge and Ir in sixty-one iron meteorites and six pallasites having 8–100 ppm Ge, and eight irons having less than 8 ppm Ge. A new resolved chemical group is described, which is composed of irons which appear to be genetically related. It has two distinct branches, which are designated IIIA (twenty-four irons) and IIIB (fourteen irons). Arguments are given which indicate that the pallasites form an additional resolved group. Three new members of group IVA and a single new member of group IVB are also reported. The remaining meteorites (including four studied previously) are classified into a tentative group of four irons, five doublets, sixteen apparently unique irons, and one mislabelled iron which had been studied previously. Strong correlations are found between the concentrations of the different elements within subgroups IIIA and IIIB. The former shows a positive correlation between Ge (or Ga) and Ni, whereas the latter shows a negative correlation. The compositional differences within resolved groups are discussed in terms of possible fractionation processes. It seems likely that the variations in composition within each group are associated with the original radial distribution within the parent body. The cosmic-ray ages of groups IIIA and IIIB are similar within each subgroup and between the subgroups, with no correlation between age and variations in chemical composition. Short discussions are given regarding the number of parent bodies, and the interpretation of available evidence on cooling rates.
Radiological Environmental Monitoring - The EPA Approach

Environmental monitoring is a necessity in this Nuclear Age. Monitoring programs, however, must be designed so that needed information is obtained in a cost-effective manner without redundancy among Federal, State, and local agency programs. The approach of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to monitoring is discussed, with emphasis on dose computation utilizing source data, environmental models, and minimal monitoring for validation. The compatible role of State and local agency monitoring programs is also presented.
Photonic crystals for energy transfer experiments

Incorporation of two dyes into polystyrene beads was achieved through a core-shell emulsion free polymerization. The beads consisted of a central core, a dye containing emissive layer, and an overcoat layer. The overcoat layer thickness determined the final size of the nanospheres. The nanospheres were monodisperse and spherical. The nanospheres were used to asemble two photonic crystals. One in which the stop band overlapped with the dye emission of the donor dye, and one which had no overlap. The crystals formed were characterized by photoluminescence and reflectance studies. The crystal's emission was suppressed where the stop band overlapped the emission. This suppression shows the expected angular dependence and contributes to changes in the efficiency of energy transfer from Coumarin 334 to Nile Red. Suppression of emission and energy transfer impart an angular dependence of the color of emission to the crystal. This results in a material that is tunable with angle of both its reflectivity and its emission.
Terrestrial and extraterrestrial sources of molecular homochirality

The unique chirality of biomolecules is reviewed, and the prebiotic requirement for the absolute chiral homogeneity of such molecules prior to their capability of self-replication is emphasized. Biotic and abiotic theories embracing both chance and determinate mechanisms which have been proposed for the origin of terrestrial chiral molecules are briefly summarized and evaluated, as are abiotic mechanisms for the subsequent amplification of the small enantiomeric excesses (e.e.s) in the chiral molecules which might be formed by such processes. While amplification mechanisms are readily validated experimentally and are potentially viable on the primitive Earth, it is concluded that all terrestrial mechanisms proposed for the origin of chirality have one or more limitations which make them either intrinsically invalid or highly improbable in the chaotic and turbulent environment of the prebiotic Earth. To circumvent these difficulties we have proposed an extraterrestrial scenario for the production of terrestrial chirality in which circularly polarized synchrotron radiation from the neutron star remnant of a supernova interacts with the organic mantles on interstellar grains, producing chiral molecules by the partial asymmetric photolysis of racemic constituent in the mantles, after which the interstellar grains with their enantiomerically enriched mantles are transported to Earth either by direct accretion or through cometary impact. At this point one of the known terrestrial e.e. enrichment mechanisms could promote the small extraterrestrially produced e.e.s. into the state of chiral homogeneity required for self-replicating biomolecules.
The institutional autonomy of education

This paper develops a liberal contextualist account of schooling that balances institutional autonomy with public accountability under conditions of reasonable pluralism. First a conceptual obstacle is discussed: the tendency to conceive educational autonomy according to the false dilemma of instrumentalism versus non-instrumentalism. Then an alternative is advanced-the contextualist picture-that places education's institutional autonomy in its proper light. The conclusion raises and then responds to important objections to the contextualist picture.
Discriminating Semantic from Episodic Relatedness in Young and Older Adults

ABSTRACT The ability of young (aged 18–30) and older (aged 60–80) adults to discriminate pre-experimental (semantic) from experimental (episodic) associations was examined. Participants studied a list containing semantically related and unrelated word pairs and then made either associative recognition (Experiments 1a and b) or semantic relatedness (Experiment 2) judgments at various response deadlines. For associative recognition judgments, both young and older adults benefited from semantic relatedness, leading to more hits for related than unrelated pairs, and at the long response deadline, older adults' performance on those pairs matched that of young participants. Also, both young and older adults demonstrated superior discrimination for unrelated lures whose members had originally been studied in related pairs – evidence for recall-to-reject processing in both age groups. In making semantic relatedness judgments, both young and older adults showed an episodic priming effect. When older adults can rel...
A general strategy for random insertion and substitution mutagenesis: substoichiometric coupling of trinucleotide phosphoramidites.

Abstract Results from a number of recent studies suggest that amino acid insertion mutations may provide an important alternative to substitution mutations for modifying protein structures and functional activities. To facilitate the use of single-amino acid insertions, we have developed a general strategy for inducing random, in-phase codon insertions across a defined segment of a cloned gene. In brief, a mixture of blocked and protected trinucleotide phosphoramidites is coupled at substoichiometric levels after every third monomer coupling on a conventional solid-state synthesizer. From the heterogeneous mixture of oligonucleotide sequences thus generated, those oligonucleotides that have acquired a single additional codon are purified by urea/PAGE. By using equimolar amounts of GCT and GGT trinucleotides in the oligonucleotide synthesis plus standard oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis techniques, we have induced as many as 13 different single alanine and glycine insertion mutations into the gene for staphylococcal nuclease in one experiment. On replacement of the 5'-dimethoxytrityl blocking group on the trinucleotide phosphoramidite with an acid-stable blocking group, such as levulinate or fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), this same strategy of substoichiometric couplings at codon boundaries should permit the synthesis of complex pools of oligonucleotides for the introduction, with constant efficiency, of every type of amino acid substitution at each codon across a gene segment.
Regional planning regulation in the United States

Abstract The relationship between the public—and private sectors of any ‘mixed’ economy, and the means necessary to develop an ‘appropriate’ relationship for the particular social/political environment, continue to be questions of major significance for all economies. This article examines one aspect of this problem, the management of regulatory commissions in the United States.
The effect of the oral leukotriene antagonist, ICI 204,219, on leukotriene D4 and histamine-induced cutaneous vascular reactions in man☆

Abstract Eighteen normal male subjects were recruited for a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, two-period crossover study to determine the effects of a new, potent, highly selective, oral peptide leukotriene antagonist (ICI 204,219) on cutaneous vasculture. Skin testing for leukotriene D 4 (LTD 4 ) and histamine was performed at three different time intervals after receiving ICI 204,219 or placebo. The LTD 4 threshold dose responses were recorded in duplicate to verify reproducibility. These data confirm known remarkable dose-response variation of cutaneous vascular reactions to LTD 4 since some subjects reacted to a dose as low as 0.001 fmol. Twelve subjects (67%) demonstrated a more than one-half log increase in their threshold response after receiving ICI 204,219. Five of these 12 subjects (28%) had >1 log-dose response after ICI 204,219. Two of these subjects (11.1%) had a 5 or 10 log increase in their threshold response after receiving ICI 204,219. Given the role of leukotrienes as potentially important mediators in immediate-type reactions, our results raise the possibility for additional investigation of the antagonistic effect of ICI 204,219 in nonallergic and allergic cutaneous diseases.
Evidence for a novel flavin prosthetic group associated with NADH dehydrogenase from Peptostreptococcus elsdenii.

Abstract 1. 1. NADH dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.99.3) has been purified from the strictly anaerobic rumen bacterium Peptostreptococcus elsdenii. The purified protein is specific for NADH as electron donor; it can use 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP), cytochrome c , K3FE(CN)6 or flavodoxin as electron acceptor. It has a molecular weight of about 63 000. The absorption spectrum shows maxima at 475, 375, 356, 318, and 273 nm. It has shoulders at 425, 460, and 510 nm. The protein is fluorescent with an emission maximum at 550 nm. 2. 2. The chromophore is released from the NADH dehydrogenase by either heat treatment or extraction with trichloroacetic acid. The free chromophore shows an increase of absorption in the visible spectrum and a shift of the maximum to 470 nm. The fluorescence emission maximum is shifted to 530 nm, but the intensity is unchanged. 3. 3. Hydrolysis of the free chromophore with phosphodiesterase causes a 12% increase in the visible absorption and a 2-fold increase in the fluorescence (exciting light at 480 nm). The chromatographic behavior is also affected by this treatment. 4. 4. The hydrolysed chromophore is bound by apoflavodoxin with 95% quenching of the fluorescence and an 18% decrease in the visible absorption. The complex of apoflavodoxin and the unknown chromophore is reduced by light irradiation in the presence of EDTA to an intermediate similar to flavodoxin semiquinone but with a distinctively different absorption spectrum. It is concluded that the chromophore in the NADH dehydrogenase is a flavin dinucleotide similar to FAD but modified in the isoalloxazine ring.
Antenna array directional patterns

The author describes a computer system to map or draw graphs, on a line printer, of the responses of arrays as a function of incident angle. He discusses digital storage requirements
Preparation and Proton Conductivity of Sulfonated Polymer-Modified Sintered and Self-Assembled Silica Colloidal Crystals

We prepared sintered self-assembled nanoporous silica colloidal crystals modified with poly(3-sulfopropyl-methacrylate) and poly(stryrenesulfonic acid) brushes covalently attached to the nanopore surface. The resulting robust membranes possess temperature and humidity-dependent proton conductivity of ∼2 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 30 °C and 94% RH, ∼1 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 85 °C and 60% RH, and water uptake of approximately 20 wt % at room temperature. We also prepared proton conductive membranes by self-assembly of silica nanospheres modified with poly(3-sulfopropylmethacrylate) and poly(stryrenesulfonic acid) brushes of different thickness. These membranes showed a slightly higher proton conductivity and water uptake but poor mechanical properties.
Operative mechanisms of noncontingent reinforcement at varying magnitudes and schedules.

In order to examine the mechanism(s) responsible for response reductions from noncontingent reinforcement (NCR), multiple magnitudes and densities of NCR were superimposed on a variable ratio (VR) 3 schedule of contingent reinforcement for the performance of an arbitrary manual response. Data were collected on responding that occurred during access to the reinforcer separately from responding that occurred between reinforcer access intervals (i.e., when the participant did not have access to the reinforcer). Higher magnitudes and denser schedules of NCR produced greater reductions in responding than did lower magnitudes and leaner schedules. Within-session response patterns suggested that decrements in responding were primarily a function of the increased amount of reinforcer access time associated with higher magnitudes and denser schedules of NCR. That is, it appeared that the participant consumed reinforcers (regardless of whether they were delivered contingently or noncontingently) when they were available and responded for contingent reinforcers primarily when reinforcers were absent.
Effect of Knowledge of Results on Anticipation Timing by Young Children

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of knowledge of results on anticipatory timing and subsequently on motor planning by 18 first and 28 third grade children. The study was designed as a 2 (grades 1 and 3) × 2 (treatment groups—knowledge and no knowledge of results) × 3 (trial blocks—5 trials per block) factorial with repeated measures on the last factor. Absolute, constant, and variable errors were analyzed. Knowledge of results improved absolute errors associated with anticipatory timing in both age groups. First graders showed little improvement in timing without knowledge of results, while the third graders showed more improvement by reducing absolute errors. The third graders were more consistent in reducing timing errors than first graders. Conclusions support the prediction that knowledge of results influences anticipatory timing by both age groups.
An industry analysis of developer beliefs about object-oriented systems development

Object-oriented systems development (OOSD) is a recent innovation in software development that is often cited as a viable solution to many of the ills plaguing this critical industry. However, some express doubt about the potentially over-hyped claims of OOSD. While there are many accounts of the successful application of OOSD, widespread acceptance has not been achieved, implying that OOSD may not be viewed as positively by industry as the literature would suggest.To address this dilemma, the present study examines a wide variety of specific beliefs about OOSD as provided by a survey of 150 systems developers. Using Ajzen's (1988) theory of planned behavior as a foundation, an exploratory factor analysis is performed to determine which specific beliefs about OOSD are indeed salient indicators of three fundamental concepts that should influence acceptance: the usefulness of OOSD, social pressure to use OOSD, and the ease of using OOSD. The results of the study reveal that while many specific beliefs about OOSD are indeed salient indicators of these more fundamental, potentially influential factors, many other beliefs are not. This study should prove helpful to practitioners who are considering the adoption or continued use of OOSD, and to researchers who are interested in the diffusion of innovations in general
Composition of milk of the pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)

Abstract 1. 1. A 315cm lactating female pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps , accompanied by a 156cm female calf stranded on south Miami Beach, Dade County, Florida, on 13 March 1974, were used in the experiment. 2. 2. A sample of milk from the lactating female contained less fat and more lactose than most cetecean milks previously analyzed. 3. 3. Palmitic and oleic acids predominated in Kogia milk fat and long chain unsaturated fatty acids were lacking. 4. 4. Kogia milk protein contained several unidentified constituents. 5. 5. The chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the milk were (ppb, wet weight): total DDT—1670; dieldrin—37; PCB—1203.
Contact melting during sliding on ice

Abstract This paper describes the water film that is formed as ice melts under a two-dimensional solid slider. The analysis is based on the contact melting theory, and accounts for the coupling between the heat transfer across the water film and the fluid mechanics of the film. The competition between pressure melting and frictional melting in the creation of the film, and the effect of slider thermal boundary conditions (isothermal vs adiabatic) are documented. The dimensionless groups that govern the film behavior are identified. The film thickness increases in the downstream direction. The water leaves the relative-motion area through the front opening and through the trailing opening. The slenderness ratio (thickness/length) of the water film depends on water properties and contact length, and is fairly insensitive to changes in the applied normal force. It is shown that if the presence of ice asperities is taken into account, the contact melting theory may anticipate the trend and order of magnitude of the coefficient of friction determined experimentally.
Template synthesis of metal nanowires containing monolayer molecular junctions.

Metal nanowires containing in-wire monolayer junctions of 16-mercaptohexanoic acid were made by replication of the pores of 70 nm diameter polycarbonate track etch membranes. Au was electrochemically deposited halfway through the 6 μm long pores and a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid was adsorbed on top. A thin layer of Au was then electrolessly grown to form a metal cap separated from the bottom part of the wire by the SAM. Electron micrographs showed that the bottom and top metal segments were separated by an approximately 2 nm thick organic monolayer. Current−voltage measurements of individual nanowires confirmed that the organic monolayer could be contacted electrically on the top and bottom by the metal nanowire segments without introducing electrical short circuits that penetrate the monolayer. The values of the electrical properties for zero-bias resistance, current density, and breakdown field strength were within the ranges expected for a well-ordered alkanethiol SAM...
Evidence that galanin is a parasympathetic, rather than a sympathetic, neurotransmitter in the baboon pancreas.

To determine whether galanin is a pancreatic sympathetic neurotransmitter regulating insulin secretion in the baboon, as it is in the dog, we evaluated galanin for inhibitory effects on insulin secretion in conscious baboons, determined if baboon pancreatic islets are innervated by galaninergic fibers using immunohistochemistry, and measured galanin content in the major sympathetic ganglion supplying the pancreas. Surprisingly, infusion of galanin (1 μg/kg per min) had no effect on arginine-stimulated secretion of either insulin (71 ± 14 vs. 88 ± 17 μU/ml; P = NS) or glucagon (104 ± 12 vs. 94 ± 9 pg/ml; P = NS). By contrast, growth hormone secretion was markedly increased during galanin infusion. In the baboon celiac ganglion, no galanin immunoreactivity was detectable in sympathetic neuronal cell bodies by immunostaining and their content of galanin-like immunoreactivity, determined by radioimmunoassay, was only 3% of that in dog celiac ganglion (5.2 ± 0.8 vs. 158 ± 13 pmol/g; P < 0.001). By contrast, galanin immunoreactivity was observed in many nerve fibers in the baboon exocrine pancreas and occasionally in baboon pancreatic islets. Moreover, galanin content of the baboon pancreas was similar to that of dog (8.7 ± 1.5 vs. 5.5 ± 1.2 pmol/g; P = NS). The finding of galanin immunoreactivity in many neuronal cell bodies in baboon intrapancreatic ganglia suggests a parasympathetic source for these galaninergic fibers in the baboon. Together these data demonstrate that galanin is likely to be a parasympathetic neurotransmitter in the baboon pancreas, without major effects on insulin or glucagon secretion.
RESIDENCE BACKGROUND, MIGRATION, AND FERTILITY

This paper attempts to clarify confusion concerning residence background and migration, and to demonstrate that each of these factors exerts an independent effect on fertility. Basic premises underlying the direction of the effect of these variables on fertility are examined. Data from the 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity indicate that migration and residence background do have independent effects. It is concluded that present generalizations as to the direction of their influence should be submitted to closer scrutiny with additional data in the future. In addition, an index of rural exposure is developed to test the proposition that fertility varies directly with degree of rural experience. The data only partially support this hypothesis. Moreover, rural-to-urban migrants are found to have only slightly higher fertility than the receiving urban-origin population.
The Existence of Cuticular Structures on Human Teeth

An external covering over the completed enamel surface is described in the literature as a cuticular formation (1), an amorphous pellicle (2), a hornlike substance (3), or a combination of an organic membrane which may be calcified and keratinous cuticle (4). This covering is presented as consisting of a single layer (3), and as consisting of two layers (1, 5, 6). Its origin is attributed to the ameloblasts (3), the entire enamel organ (1, 5), and a combination of ameloblasts and epithelial attachment (6). It has been termed "Nasmyth's membrane", "enamel cuticle" (3), or "primary" and "secondary enamel cuticle". An additional cuticle which is frequently found covering the cementum has been described as a continuation of the secondary enamel cuticle and a derivation of the epithelial attachment. It has been termed the "dental cuticle" (6). A study of approximately 1400 decalcified sections of 64 erupted teeth in situ in human adult jaws offered an opportunity to establish more definitely whether or not cuticular structures actually exist in relation to the teeth and periodontal tissues. Three unerupted teeth completely embedded in the maxilla were included in the series studied. In general, the histological technique used in the preparation of the material was that presented in a previous publication (7). The term cuticle when used here refers to a thin, strandlike, non-cellular structure with a clear eosin-staining matrix of varying widths enclosed within smooth linear margins.
Sample size problems in ANOVA Bayesian point of view

Abstract In this paper we discuss the sample size problem for balanced one-way ANOVA under a posterior Bayesian formulation of the problem. Using the distribution theory of appropriate quadratic forms we derive explicit sample sizes for prespecified posterior precisions. Comparisons with classical sample sizes are made. Instead of extensive tables, a mathematica program for sample size calculation is given. The formulations given in this article form a foundational step towards Bayesian calculation of sample size, in general.
A quantum of natural selection

The modern evolutionary synthesis, which marries Darwin's theory of natural selection with Mendel's genetics, was developed around the same time as quantum mechanics. Is there any connection between the two?
Performing New Orleans: Toward a Political Poetics

This essay documents an embodied model for doing scholarship in and about post-Katrina New Orleans. It suggests lived experience as human capital that provides a public good for rebuilding communities. Specifically, a research-based performance (“Performance and New Orleans: Citizenship, Identity and Housing”) serves as a case study for situating scholarship between theory and practice as a “political poetics.” The essay draws on performance theory and the values of public scholarship to negotiate the challenges of authenticity and motive that confront scholars working in New Orleans. The essay also argues for performance as a means of reaffirming human value and exposing the complexity that surrounds the problems of African American citizenship, identity, and housing in New Orleans 5 years after the storm.
System identification for estimation of flutter derivatives

Abstract Identification of aeroelastic parameters (e.g., flutter derivatives) is necessary to predict the response of long-span bridge structures to wind loading. Traditional methods have enabled the estimation of the so-called direct derivatives, but extraction of the cross-derivatives has proven somewhat difficult. With the increased use of cable-stayed bridges, and new analyses involving multimode motion models, the importance of the role of these derivatives has been brought to the fore. This paper describes the development of a system identification procedure designed to estimate all the derivatives simultaneously. Numerical simulations and reduction of the experimentally obtained direct derivatives are presented, indicating the reliability of the method.
Risk and International Parity Conditions: A Synthesis from Consumption Based Models

Built on a consumption-based capital asset pricing model, this paper presents a coherent theoretical framework from which the main international parity conditions are derived. These conditions represent market equilibria characterized by the equality of gross returns after adjustment for risk premia. The spectrum of assets treated is broadened to include equity markets. The parity conditions obtained from the model are then used to characterize the relationships for the pricing of risks encountered in international finance. Only two fundamental types of aggregate risk matter when pricing any asset: equity risk and foreign exchange rate risk. The relative riskiness of an asset can then be approximately measured by a linear combination of equity and foreign exchange risk premia. [F30, G12]
Surge protection with metal oxide (ZnO) surge arresters in multi-line underground power systems

Abstract Surge protection is intended to provide protection against overvoltages in power systems. In order for a system to have adequate surge protection, transient phenomena studies must be carried out and a surge protection scheme must be designed using the data obtained from the studies. The degree of accuracy of these studies will vary with the quality of modeling and simulation. System models to be used in the studies should include station busbars since stations constitute substantial parts of the systems. This paper discusses a transient phenomena study which was performed on an operative 138 kV multi-line underground power distribution system to investigate how the most effective surge protection scheme for the system may be implemented using ZnO surge arresters. Emphasis is stressed on modeling the busbar at the substation of the system.
Regulation of synthase phosphatase and phosphorylase phosphatase in rat liver.

Abstract Using substrates purified from liver, the apparent Km values of synthase phosphatase ([UDPglucose—glycogen glucosyltransferase- d ] phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.42) and phosphorylase phosphatase (phosphorylase a phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.17) were found to be 0.7 and 60 units/ml respectively. The maximal velocity of phosphorylase phosphatase was more than a 100 times that of synthase phosphatase. In adrenalectomized, fasted animals there was a complete loss of synthase phosphatase but only a slight decrease in phosphorylase phosphatase when activity was measured using endogenous substrates in a concentrated liver extract. When assayed under optimal conditions with purified substrates, both activities were present but had decreased to very low levels. Mixing experiments indicated that synthase D present in the extract of adrenalectomized fasted animals was altered such that it was no longer a substrate for synthase phosphatase from normal rats. Phosphorylase a substrate on the other hand was unaltered and readily converted. When glucose was given in vivo, no change in percent of synthase in the I form was seen in adrenalectomized rats but the percent of phosphorylase in the a form was reduced. Precipitation of protein from an extract of normal fed rats with ethanol produced a large activation of phosphorylase phosphatase activity with no corresponding increase in synthase phosphatase activity. Despite the low phosphorylase phosphatase present in extracts of adrenalectomized fasted animals, ethanol precipitation increased activity to the same high level as obtained in the normal fed rats. Synthase phosphatase and phosphorylase phosphatase activities were also decreased in normal fasted, diabetic fed and fasted, and adrenalectomized fed rats. Both enzymes recovered in the same manner temporally after oral glucose administration to adrenalectomized, fasted rats. These results suggest an integrated regulatory mechanism for the two phosphatase.
Highly efficient, polarization insensitive terahertz metamaterial perfect absorber and imaging

In recent years a great amount of research has been focused on metamaterials, initially for fabrication of left-handed materials for use in devices such as superlenses or electromagnetic cloaking. Such devices have been developed and demonstrated in regimes from the radio frequency all the way to infrared and near optical frequencies. More recently, it has been shown that by careful adjustment of e andμ, near perfect absorbers can be realized High absorption occurs when transmission and reflection are simultaneously minimized. With some clever engineering of the electric and magnetic responses, the electric energy as well as the magnetic energy can be absorbed by a structure. By quick examination of the reflection coefficient relation, equation it can be seen that by adjusting e and μ such that the effective impedance of the metamaterial is matched to that of free space (Zeff(ω0)= Z0(ω0)), the reflection at ω0 can be minimized.
Endoleak management following endovascular aneurysm repair.

Endoleaks continue to be a challenge in the endovascular approach to aneurysm repair, both in the abdominal and thoracic aorta. Some of these leaks are related to anatomic factors and patient selection, others are device related, and some (especially type II leaks) appear intrinsic to the endovascular approach. Certain endoleaks require treatment as soon as they are detected due to continued pressurization of the aneurysm sac, while the need for treatment of others remains controversial. Using endovascular techniques, the vast majority of these problems can be successfully addressed without the need for open surgery. This paper reviews our 14 year experience in the management of endoleaks and summarizes our current approach to these patients
Lack of association between excretion of sorafenib in sweat and hand-foot skin reaction.

Study objective To determine if sweat excretion of sorafenib is associated with hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR).
Jc degradation of YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductors sintered in CO2/O2

Abstract The stability of YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) towards reactions with CO2 in CO2/O2 gas mixtures has been studied during sintering of phase-pure YBCO powders as a function of CO2 partial pressure. The zero-field critical current density, Jc, in the sintered samples decreased with increasing CO2 partial pressure in the mixtures. Up to certain amount of CO2 partial pressure, the Jc values dropped to zero while the bulk of the samples was still largely superconducting, as determined by Meissner effect measurements. The microstructure and composition of the samples was investigated by TEM, AEM, and SIMS. Microbeam SIMS indicated segregation of C to grain boundaries (GBs). TEM images showed second phases at a minority of the grain boundaries. These second phases were identified as BaCuO2 and BaCu2O2. Near some grain boundaries without obvious second phases, the structure was tetragonal within several tens of nm to the boundaries, while the interior of the grains remained orthorhombic. At high CO2 partial pressure, the YBCO superconducting phase was completely decomposed to BaCO3, Y2BaCuO5, and CuO. The Jc degradation will be discussed in terms of the dominant GB microstructures.
Trace elements and radioactivity in lunar rocks: implications for meteorite infall, solar-wind flux, and formation conditions of moon.

Lunar soil and type C breccias are enriched 3-to 100-fold in Ir, Au, Zn, Cd, Ag, Br, Bi, and Tl, relative to type A, B rocks. Smaller enrichments were found for Co, Cu, Ga, Pd, Rb, and Cs. The solar wind at present intensity can account for only 3 percent of this enrichment; an upper limit to the average proton flux during the last 4.5 x 109 years thus is 8 x 109 cm-2 yr-1. The remaining enrichment seems to be due to a 1.5 to 2 percent admixture of carbonaceous-chondritelike material, corresponding to an average influx rate of meteoritic and cometary matter of 2.9 x 10-9 g cm-2 yr-1 at Tranquility Base. This is about one-quarter the terrestrial rate. Type A, B rocks are depleted 10-to 100-fold in Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, In, Tl, and Bi, relative to terrestrial basalts. This suggests loss by high-temperature volatilization, before or after accretion of the moon. Positron activities due mainly to 22Na and 26Al range from 90 to 220 β+ min-1 kg-1 in five small rocks or fragments (9 to 29 g). The higher activities presumably indicate surface locations. Th and U contents generally agree with those found by the preliminary examination team.
Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and childhood sources of infection: A population-based study among pre-adolescents in the United States.

Abstract Background Among pre-adolescents, the importance of different sources of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is unclear. Objective To assess the importance of several CMV sources among pre-adolescent children. Study design We used data from a United States population-based sample conducted from 1988 to 1994: 4–10-year-old participants ( n = 3386) of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We tested available sera for CMV-specific-IgG and assessed CMV prevalence differences by surrogates for exposure to childhood CMV sources (maternal CMV serostatus, breast-feeding, older sibling CMV serostatus, and child care center attendance). Results CMV infection was more prevalent (70%) among Mexican American children with foreign-born householders than among children with native-born householders (31% non-Hispanic White, 39% non-Hispanic Black, and 37% Mexican American children). Child's serostatus was associated with their mother's (prevalence difference range (PDR) = 33–40%) and older sibling's serostatus (PDR = 39–50%). Breast-feeding was associated with CMV in some racial/ethnic and householder groups (PDR = −5.1% to 22.7%). There was little difference in CMV seroprevalence by child care center attendance (PDR = −6.5% to −0.4%). Conclusions This study expands understanding of CMV by identifying the importance of householder nativity and demonstrating the importance of family transmission among the general population of pre-adolescents.
Diagnostic calculation of the sources of the ferrel cell

A diagnostic study of the relative importance of the eddy transport of sensible heat and of the eddy transport of zonal momentum for the forcing of the Ferrel mean meridional circulation in the northern hemisphere is done by using Oort and Rasmusson’s set of data, related to the five years’ period starting in May 1958. A nonhomogeneous second-order partial differential equation for the verticalp-velocity ω, obtained from the quasi-geostrophic vorticity and thermodynamic equations, is used. This equation is then zonally averaged and the solution, found in the hypothesis of adiabatic and frictionless flow, is expressed as a series of even Legendre polynomials along the latitude and as a series of sines along the vertical. The computation is carried on with the simplified boundary conditions ω=0 at the top and bottom of the atmosphere, then the influence of the real boundary values of the vertical velocity ω on the solution is studied. The results related to the general structure, strength and location of the Ferrel mean meridional circulation are in good agreement with those of previous studies; differences are found in the contributions of the two different forcing functions on the solution; it is pointed out that the two forcings are quite comparable, while, in previous studies, the contribution due to the eddy transport of zonal momentum seemed to be about twice that due to the eddy transport of sensible heat.
Hormone therapy does not affect depression severity in older women

Objective Although estrogens are thought to have a beneficial effect on menopausal symptoms, the role of estrogen in the etiology and treatment of depression in older women remains unclear. The authors examined the relationship between hormone therapy (HT) use and depressive symptom severity. Methods Authors report the findings from a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Improving Mood: Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT) Study, using data from 1,160 women age 60 years and older. Results Women who were taking HT were likely to be younger, White, married, and to have had at least some college education. They were also more likely to report good or better health and to have taken antidepressant medications in the past 3 months. Although HT use was associated with more severe depressive symptoms in the unadjusted analysis, it was not associated with depression severity in adjusted analyses. Although there was a trend for a differential effect of college education with HT use on depression scores, no significant interaction was found between HT and race. Conclusion There was no evidence to suggest that women HT users differ from non-HT users in depressive symptom severity.