cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wolff and Müller: fundamental eponyms of embryology, nephrology and urology.

Purpose: Kaspar Friedrich Wolff and Johannes Petrus Muller, German physicians in the 18th and 19th centuries, respectively, contributed significantly to the study of the biological sciences, specifically embryology and the development of the genitourinary tract. Their eponyms are a part of daily conversation in medical education, practice and research. We reviewed their lives and works.Materials and Methods: Commentaries on the works of these scientists as well as available English translations of their works were analyzed.Results: Wolff and Muller were pioneers in their fields. Wolff gained renown for his Theoria Generatonis, a great embryological treatise, produced in 1759. Muller performed significant studies in the fields of anatomy, pathology, physiology and embryology. In 1834 he became editor of the physiology journal that later came to be known as Muller’s Archiv.Conclusions: Studies of and inferences about the development of the urogenital system a century apart by these 2 men contributed greatly...
Pulsing of dendritic cells with cell lysates from either B16 melanoma or MCA-106 fibrosarcoma yields equally effective vaccines against B16 tumors in mice.

Background and Objectives: Dendritic cells (DC) pulsed in vitro with a variety of antigens have proved effective in producing specific antitumor effects in vivo. Experimental evidence from other laboratories has confirmed that shared antigens can be encountered in histologically distinct tumors. In our experiments, we set out to evaluate the immunotherapeutic potential of vaccines consisting of DC pulsed with MCA-106 fibrosarcoma or B16 melanoma cell lysates and to determine whether a cross-reactivity exists between the two tumors. Methods DC were prepared from the bone marrow of C57BL/6 (B6) mice by culturing progenitor cells in murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). They were separated into three equal groups and were either pulsed with B16 melanoma cell lysates (BDC), pulsed with tumor extract from the syngeneic fibrosarcoma MCA-106 (MDC), or left unpulsed (UDC). DC were then used to immunize three groups of mice, with all mice receiving two weekly intravenous (IV) doses of 1 × 106 DC from their respective preparations on days −14 and −7. A fourth group of control mice were left untreated. On day 0, all mice were challenged with subcutaneous injections of 1 × 105 B16 and 1 × 105 MCA tumor cells, administered in the left and right thighs, respectively. After the inoculations, the mice were monitored closely with respect to tumor growth and survival. Results The MDC mice developed specific cellular immunity directed against not only MCA-106 tumor cells, but also against B16 melanoma, as measured through chromium-release assays of splenocyte preparations, while remaining ineffective at killing both L929 fibroblasts and CT26 tumor cells. By day 30 after tumor inoculations, control mice manifested the largest B16 tumor volumes at a mean of 2185 mm3, followed by the UDC, MDC, and BDC groups at 92 mm3 (P = 0.00008), 3 mm3 (P = 0.000002), and 2 mm3 (P = 0.00004), respectively. The survival data mirrored this pattern, with control animals displaying the shortest mean survival time (37.1 ± 4.0 days), followed by UDC (44.8 ± 6.6), MDC (56.2 ± 14.7), and BDC (56.4 ± 18.3) animals. No significant differences were noted between MCA-106 and B16 cell lysate-pulsed DC vaccines with respect to their abilities to inhibit B16 tumor growth and to prolong survival. These findings were confirmed using a B16 pulmonary metastasis model. Likewise, vaccination with interferon-γ gene-modified MCA-106 tumor cells was shown to be effective at protecting against a subsequent subcutaneous B16 tumor challenge in 3 of 4 mice observed. Conclusions These results demonstrate that immunization with antigen-pulsed DC confers cellular immunity, retards tumor growth, and prolongs the survival of tumor-challenged mice. The ability of MCA-106 cell lysate-pulsed DC vaccines to inhibit the growth of subcutaneous B16 tumors also suggests the presence of shared tumor-associated antigens between these two histologically distinct tumors. J. Surg. Oncol. 1998;68:79–91. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On foundations of the theory of elastic media with microstructure

Abstract A critical analysis of foundations and domain of applicability of the theory of elastic media with microstructure and nonlocal elasticity is given.
Fc receptors and the common γ‐chain in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaRs), composed of a ligand-binding alpha-chain (FcRalpha) sometimes associated with the homodimeric, cell-signaling common gamma-chain (FcRgamma), comprise an important family of effector molecules linking humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immunity and regulating innate immunity. In peripheral autoimmune diseases, FcgammaRs contribute to inflammation and tissue damage through inappropriate activation of macrophages and neutrophils, release of cytokines and oxidants, and destruction of autoantibody-opsonized cells. In the central nervous system (CNS), the role of FcgammaRs in autoimmune disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS) remains largely unexplored despite extensive documentation of CNS-specific antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and plaques. Several studies have now examined the role of FcgammaRs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for MS, using mice genetically deficient in one or more FcgammaRs or in FcRgamma. These studies indicate that none of the FcgammaR alpha-chains are critical for EAE development and progression. In contrast, it is unequivocal that FcRgamma contributes to EAE, and surprisingly it seems that this effect is independent of FcgammaRs. Recent studies now indicate that FcRgamma expression in gammadelta T cells, most likely as a component of the TCR/CD3 signaling complex, is a critical requirement for EAE development. These studies support previous evidence implicating a pathogenic role for gammadelta T cells in EAE.
The reciprocal links between school engagement, youth problem behaviors, and school dropout during adolescence

Drawing on the self-system model, this study conceptualized school engagement as a multidimensional construct, including behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement, and examined whether changes in the three types of school engagement related to changes in problem behaviors from 7th through 11th grades (approximately ages 12–17). In addition, a transactional model of reciprocal relations between school engagement and problem behaviors was tested to predict school dropout. Data were collected on 1,272 youth from an ethnically and economically diverse county (58% African American, 36% European American; 51% females). Results indicated that adolescents who had declines in behavioral and emotional engagement with school tended to have increased delinquency and substance use over time. There were bidirectional associations between behavioral and emotional engagement in school and youth problem behaviors over time. Finally, lower behavioral and emotional engagement and greater problem behaviors predicted greater likelihood of dropping out of school.
Death in Potassium Deficiency Report of a Case Including Morphologic Findings

Autopsy of a patient with the sprue syndrome dying in hypokalemia revealed the myocardial and renal lesions of potassium deficiency. Similar renal changes are described under various names in the recent literature. It is suggested that they result from potassium deficiency since they occurred in patients who died with disorders commonly associated with electrolyte imbalance.
THE INITIATION OF GROWTH OF CERTAIN FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES AS RELATED TO OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROCESSES IN THE MEDIUM.

The growth of many pathogenic organisms in plain meat infusion broth is possible only when a large inoculum is used. This requirement is much less strict when the broth cultures are incubated ( a ) under anaerobic conditions, ( b ) in fresh media very recently boiled or autoclaved, ( c ) in fresh media reduced by means of hydrogen, or to which small amounts of cysteine or of blood have been added. It is suggested that these findings can be accounted for by assuming that the bacterial species under consideration can multiply only in media the oxidation potential of which is below a critical value. The favorable growth conditions obtained by the procedures enumerated above may be attributed to the establishment of a proper reduction potential in the medium; the same result is obtained by using a large inoculum, owing to the reducing properties of bacterial cells.
Topological sigma models

A variant of the usual supersymmetric nonlinear sigma model is described, governing maps from a Riemann surfaceΣ to an arbitrary almost complex manifoldM. It possesses a fermionic BRST-like symmetry, conserved for arbitraryΣ, and obeyingQ 2=0. In a suitable version, the quantum ground states are the 1+1 dimensional Floer groups. The correlation functions of the BRST-invariant operators are invariants (depending only on the homotopy type of the almost complex structure ofM) similar to those that have entered in recent work of Gromov on symplectic geometry. The model can be coupled to dynamical gravitational or gauge fields while preserving the fermionic symmetry; some observations by Atiyah suggest that the latter coupling may be related to the Jones polynomial of knot theory. From the point of view of string theory, the main novelty of this type of sigma model is that the graviton vertex operator is a BRST commutator. Thus, models of this type may correspond to a realization at the level of string theory of an unbroken phase of quantum gravity.
Cholinesterase activity of isolated giant synapses

Isolated single giant synapses from the squid stellate gangalion, analyzed for cholinesterase activity with the microgasometric magnetic diyer method had a high activity compared to that of pieces of pre- and postsynaptic axons.
Identification and Structural Characterization of a Legionella Phosphoinositide Phosphatase

Bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, which is associated with intracellular replication of the bacteria in macrophages of human innate immune system. Recent studies indicate that pathogenic bacteria can subvert host cell phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism by translocated virulence effectors. However, in which manner Legionella actively exploits PI lipids to benefit its infection is not well characterized. Here we report that L. pneumophila encodes an effector protein, named SidP, that functions as a PI-3-phosphatase specifically hydrolyzing PI(3)P and PI(3,5)P2 in vitro. This activity of SidP rescues the growth phenotype of a yeast strain defective in PI(3)P phosphatase activity. Crystal structure of SidP orthologue from Legionella longbeachae reveals that this unique PI-3-phosphatase is composed of three distinct domains: a large catalytic domain, an appendage domain that is inserted into the N-terminal portion of the catalytic domain, and a C-terminal α-helical domain. SidP has a small catalytic pocket that presumably provides substrate specificity by limiting the accessibility of bulky PIs with multiple phosphate groups. Together, our identification of a unique family of Legionella PI phosphatases highlights a common scheme of exploiting host PI lipids in many intracellular bacterial pathogen infections. Background: Controlling host phosphoinositide metabolism is critical in bacterial infection. Results: A Legionella effector, SidP, has been identified as a phosphoinositide phosphatase, and its crystal structure was determined. Conclusion: SidP is a PI(3)P phosphatase, which may play a role in controlling bacterial phagosomal lipid composition. Significance: Identification of a novel PI phosphatase suggests the importance of exploiting host PI lipids in many bacterial infections.
MAGNETIC MOMENTS OF EVEN-ODD NUCLEI

The deviations of nuclear magnetic moments from the Schmidt limits are interpreted in terms of a failure of $L\ensuremath{-}S$ coupling, and a simple interpolation procedure is applied to compute the statistical weight of the components with $L=I+\frac{1}{2}$ and $L=I\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}$. The results below odd $N$ or $Z=53$ are sufficiently regular to be used to compute the magnetic moments of several odd neutron nuclei.
Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller for a Flexible Single-Link Robotic Manipulator

Two robust non-linear controllers have been developed in this study to control the rigid and flexible motions of a single-link robotic manipulator. The controllers consist of a conventional sliding...
Steady state multiplicity in surface reactions with coverage dependent parameters

Abstract Surface reaction rates may not be unique even when gas pressure and composition above an isothermal catalytic surface are constant. In this paper we examine general ways of obtaining necessary and sufficient conditions for multiple reaction rates for mechanisms that include coverage dependent rate parameters, surface heterogeneity or formation of a complex compound between two reactants or between a reactant and a product. It is shown that variations of the reaction activation energy or heat of adsorption with coverage can enlarge regions of rate multiplicity. Several numerical examples are studied in detail.
Stepwise refolding of acid-denatured myoglobin: evidence from electrospray mass spectrometry

Application of electrospray mass spectrometry (ES/MS) to a protein refolding study was demonstrated. Acid denaturation of equine myoglobin was reversed by adding various amounts of ammonium hydroxide to the protein that was unfolded in 10% acetic acid. The protein refolding process was followed by ES/MS, in which both the changes in the protein charge-state distribution and mass were monitored. The ES/MS results show that the pH-dependent renaturation of the acid-denatured myoglobin is stepwise, consisting of two major steps. The unfolded polypeptide chain first refolds to establish a compact nativelike structure, without the assistance of the heme prosthetic group. The newly formed binding cavity then retains the heme group by noncovalent interactions. It is also shown that inclusion of a stabilizing buffer, such as ammonium acetate, in the protein solution is greatly beneficial to the ES/MS detection of intact noncovalent globin/heme complex.
Beam profile of gated field emitters

Vacuum microelectronics is an emerging technology which relies heavily on solid state microfabrication techniques and the phenomenon of field emission. A whole new class of high frequency devices may become available by combining state-of-the-art fabrication techniques with the superiority of vacuum as a transport medium for electrons. An experiment has been designed to enhance understanding of stable operation of single tips as well as multiple arrays of field emitters and to provide correlation with theory and simulation. The quality of performance of an electron gun has two major factors: energy distribution, and the intensity of the electron beam. The energy distribution is to be measured by manipulating a microfabricated detector within an UHV environment. The detector is in the form of a Faraday cup with multiple apertures. The location of the detector is determined via laser interferometry.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pharmacotherapy in Medicare Beneficiaries With Atrial Fibrillation

Background There are limited data regarding national patterns of pharmacotherapy for atrial fibrillation (AF) among older patients. Drug exposure data are now captured for Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in prescription drug plans. Objective To describe pharmacotherapy for AF among Medicare beneficiaries. Methods By using a 5% national sample of Medicare claims data, we compared demographic characteristics, comorbidity, and treatment patterns according to Medicare Part D status among patients with prevalent AF in 2006 and 2007. Results In 2006, 27,174 patients (29.3%) with prevalent AF were enrolled in Medicare Part D. In 2007, enrollment increased to 45,711 (49.1%). Most enrollees were taking rate-control agents (74.0% in 2007). β-Blocker use was higher in those with concomitant AF and heart failure and increased with higher CHADS 2 scores ( P P Conclusion Pharmacotherapy for AF varied according to comorbidity and underlying risk. Amiodarone was the most commonly prescribed antiarrhythmic agent. Postmarketing surveillance using Medicare Part D claims data linked to clinical data may help inform comparative safety, effectiveness, and net clinical benefit of drug therapy for AF in older patients in real-world settings.
Positive and Negative Affect and Health Functioning Indicators among Older Adults with Chronic Illnesses

Emotional states have been linked with physical and mental health outcomes. In this study the role of positive and negative affect was investigated as determinants of health functioning for a community-dwelling sample of 153 older adults (age 60 or older) with chronic illnesses. High positive affect and low negative affect were found to be associated with lower levels of symptom distress, fewer depressive symptoms, higher daily activity scores, and higher perceived physical and mental health-related quality of life. These results have important clinical implications for the use of positive and negative affect as an indicator of life functioning among older adults. The relationship of positive and negative affect to reported health functioning found in this study suggests that measuring affect can provide a valuable means for understanding how individuals view their mental health as well as their symptoms of illness.
Private child welfare agency managers' perceptions of the effectiveness of different performance management strategies

Abstract In all states, public and private child welfare agencies partner in an effort to deliver effective and accountable services to children and families (Collins-Camargo, Ensign, & Flaherty, 2008). While anecdotal information suggests that managers in competitive markets have incentives to carefully select and implement performance management strategies (McBeath, Briggs, & Aisenberg, 2009; Smith, 2010), little is known about the effectiveness of these strategies. This paper explores managerial perceptions regarding the usefulness of three techniques for performance management: supervisory review within the human resources model; priority review within internal processes; and outcomes management within the rational goal model. Managerial perceptions of the effectiveness of these efforts are examined in relation to organizational characteristics, capacity, and interagency competition.
Medical pluralism and homoeopathy: a geographic perspective.

Abstract This paper examines homoeopathy in India within the broader framework of growing scholarly interest in medical pluralism in the developing countries. It is argued that the entry of Western medicine in India, which included homoeopathy in the nineteenth century, has significantly contributed to medical pluralism. The spatial dimension of homoeopathy in India in relation to other medicine systems has been examined. Thus, some observations have been made about the spread of homoeopathy, the role of the Bengalis in it, and the manner in which homoeopathy has become part of the process of medical pluralism.
Near-Earth phase risk comparison of human Mars campaign architectures

A risk analysis of the launch, orbital assembly, and Earth-departure phases of human Mars exploration campaign architectures was completed as an extension of a probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) originally carried out under the NASA Constellation Program Ares V Project [1]. The objective of the updated analysis was to study the sensitivity of loss-of-campaign risk to such architectural factors as composition of the propellant delivery portion of the launch vehicle fleet (Ares V heavy-lift launch vehicle vs. smaller/cheaper commercial launchers) and the degree of launcher or Mars-bound spacecraft element sparing. Both a static PRA analysis and a dynamic, event-based Monte Carlo simulation were developed and used to evaluate the probability of loss of campaign under different sparing options. Results showed that with no sparing, loss-of-campaign risk is strongly driven by launcher count and on-orbit loiter duration, favoring an all-Ares V launch approach. Further, the reliability of the all-Ares V architecture showed significant improvement with the addition of a single spare launcher/payload. Among architectures utilizing a mix of Ares V and commercial launchers, those that minimized the on-orbit loiter duration of Mars-bound elements were found to exceed the reliability of no spare all-Ares V campaign if unlimited commercial vehicle sparing was assumed.
Fate and Speciation of Gasoline-Derived Lead in Organic Horizons of the Northeastern USA

Although legislation in the late 1970s significantly reduced atmospheric lead (Pb) inputs to ecosystems in North America, organic (O) horizons in forests of the northeastern USA still contain up to 30 kg of gasoline-derived Pb ha{sup -1}. The residence time, geochemical behavior, and fate of this contaminant Pb in soils is poorly understood. Here we use forest floor time series data and synchrotron-based X-ray techniques to examine the mobility and speciation of Pb in O horizons collected from remote sites across the northeastern USA. At high elevation (>800 m) sites in Vermont and New York, samples collected from similar locations in 1980, 1990, and early 2000 had indistinguishable Pb contents, ranging ({+-}1{sigma}) from 11 to 29 kg Pb ha{sup -1}. However, at lower elevation and lower latitude sites with mixed vegetation, significant decreases in Pb amount were observed during the two-decade study period. Lower elevation sites ranged from 10 to 20 kg Pb ha{sup -1} in 1980, and from 2 to 10 kg Pb ha{sup -1} 20 yr later. Lead-enriched soil grains were determined to be amorphous with microfocused X-ray diffraction, and Pb concentrations correlated well with Fe on maps generated via microfocused X-ray fluorescence. Bulk Pb L{sub III}-edge X-raymore » absorption spectroscopy of coniferous O horizon samples indicate that Pb is binding to iron-rich soil particles by inner-sphere complexes, most likely to amorphous Fe oxides. Based on our paired regional and microscopic observations, we conclude that Pb is strongly retained in well-drained O horizons, and mobility is governed by decomposition and colloidal transport.« less
Introduction: The expanding past

L'A. examine les grandes contributions sociologiques concernant l'analyse de la memoire. Il insiste sur les travaux de Durkheim, de Mauss et surtout ceux de M. Halbwachs. Il montre que ce dernier s'est efforce de concilier une analyse phenomenologique de la memoire et la perspective durkheimienne qui etudie l'origine sociale des categories de la pensee. Il envisage l'apport, en ce domaine, de la sociologie de la connaissance elaboree par Mannheim et qui prend pour principe que tout point de vue est socialement situe. Il s'interesse enfin aux theories de la memoire developpees dans les annees 1960, 1970 : le multiculturalisme, le post-modernisme et enfin la theorie de l'hegemonie
Optical fiber evanescent wave sensor for oxygen deficiency detection

Abstract We have designed and developed an optical fiber based evanescent sensor for oxygen deficiency detection. The sensing dye, methylene blue, was immobilized in the substitutional cladding using sol–gel process. The sensing properties of the optical sensor to gaseous oxygen at room temperature were characterized. The response of the sensor is logarithmic linear within the oxygen concentration range between 0.6% and 20.9%. This newly developed oxygen deficiency sensor has significant advantages over the currently available oxygen sensors such as fast response and recovery, good reversibility and repeatability, and minimal temperature influence. The change of temperature from 21 to 35 °C seems not affecting the system sensing properties such as response and recovery time. Particularly, even though the spectrum intensities at the fixed wavelength 636 nm shifted with the temperature increase from 21 to 35 °C, the degree of the relative evanescent absorbance originated from oxygen kept unchanged. Compared with the optical oxygen sensors based on dynamic luminescence quenching, the optical fiber oxygen sensor we developed here is based on the evanescent field absorption and should be more straightforwardly responding to the change of oxygen concentrations.
New approaches for anticoagulation in extracorporeal therapy.

The need to fully heparinize patients undergoing extracorporeal therapy often leads to hemorrhagic complications. Two approaches have been used to solve this problem. The first involves full heparinization of blood entering the extracorporeal device followed by the elimination of heparin from the blood returned to the patient using an immobilized heparinase reactor system. Animal studies have demonstrated the successful elimination of heparin's anticoagulant activity using this reactor. The second approach uses very low molecular weight (VLMW) heparins with improved properties. Although low molecular weight heparins and heparinoids have been successfully used in hemodialysis, these preparations are polydisperse mixtures. New VLMW heparins are described which are pure, monodisperse, structurally defined drugs and show improved pharmacokinetics and greater specificity than heparin. The separation of ATIII and HCII mediated activity against factors IIa and Xa may permit extracorporeal therapy with only parti...
Serval: an end-host stack for service-centric networking

Internet services run on multiple servers in different locations, serving clients that are often mobile and multihomed. This does not match well with today's network stack, designed for communication between fixed hosts with topology-dependent addresses. As a result, online service providers resort to clumsy and management-intensive work-arounds--forfeiting the scalability of hierarchical addressing to support virtual server migration, directing all client traffic through dedicated load balancers, restarting connections when hosts move, and so on. In this paper, we revisit the design of the network stack to meet the needs of online services. The centerpiece of our Serval architecture is a new Service Access Layer (SAL) that sits above an unmodified network layer, and enables applications to communicate directly on service names. The SAL provides a clean service-level control /data plane split, enabling policy, control, and in-stack name-based routing that connects clients to services via diverse discovery techniques. By tying active sockets to the control plane, applications trigger updates to service routing state upon invoking socket calls, ensuring up-to-date service resolution. With Serval, end-points can seamlessly change network addresses, migrate flows across interfaces, or establish additional flows for efficient and uninterrupted service access. Experiments with our high-performance in-kernel prototype, and several example applications, demonstrate the value of a unified networking solution for online services.
Integrated gene and species phylogenies from unaligned whole genome protein sequences

Motivation: Most molecular phylogenies are based on sequence alignments. Consequently, they fail to account for modes of sequence evolution that involve frequent insertions or deletions. Here we present a method for generating accurate gene and species phylogenies from whole genome sequence that makes use of short character string matches not placed within explicit alignments. In this work, the singular value decomposition of a sparse tetrapeptide frequency matrix is used to represent the proteins of organisms uniquely and precisely as vectors in a high-dimensional space. Vectors of this kind can be used to calculate pairwise distance values based on the angle separating the vectors, and the resulting distance values can be used to generate phylogenetic trees. Protein trees so derived can be examined directly for homologous sequences. Alternatively, vectors defining each of the proteins within an organism can be summed to provide a vector representation of the organism, which is then used to generate species trees. Results: Using a large mitochondrial genome dataset, we have produced species trees that are largely in agreement with previously published trees based on the analysis of identical datasets using different methods. These trees also agree well with currently accepted phylogenetic theory. In principle, our method could be used to compare much larger bacterial or nuclear genomes in full molecular detail, ultimately allowing accurate gene and species relationships to be derived from a comprehensive comparison of complete genomes. In contrast to phylogenetic methods based on alignments, sequences that evolve by relative insertion or deletion would tend to remain recognizably similar. Availability: Both the program used to convert properly formatted sequence files into sparse n-gram matrices (aacode3) and the program used to generate PHYLIP compatible pairwise distance matrices from the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) output (cosdist) are available at http://mama.indstate.edu/user/stuart. The SVD package is available at http://www.netlib.org/svdpack/index.html, ∗ To whom correspondence should be addressed. and the PHYLIP package is available at http://evolution.
Comparison of in Vitro and in Vivo Measurements of Dietary Ca Exchangeability and Bioavailability

An in vitro method for measuring dietary mineral exchangeability (miscibility with an extrinsic isotopic tracer) was tested by comparison with in vivo measurements in rats. Collards, spinach and soybeans, intrinsically labeled with 45Ca, were fed to rats together with extrinsically added 47Ca. Absorption of both tracers was determined by measuring their concentrations in the femur 2 days after consumption of the labeled test meals. The same intrinsically and extrinsically labeled foods were digested in vitro for estimation of Ca exchangeability and solubility after peptic-pancreatic digestion. Corresponding in vivo and in vitro estimates of exchangeability agreed closely for the three foods tested. Solubility after in vitro peptic-pancreatic digestion (potential bioavailability) showed discrepancies. In vitro values were somewhat higher for collards than in vivo fractional absorption. The reverse was true for Ca in soybeans and spinach. Thus, the in vitro procedure appears adequate for measuring intrinsic dietary Ca exchangeability but requires modification if it is to be a reliable substitute for in vivo measurements of Ca bioavailability.
A Combined Molecular Dynamics, Rigidity Analysis Approach for Studying Protein Complexes

Proteins form complexes when they bind to other molecules, which is often accompanied by a conformation change in one or both interacting partners. Details of how a compound associates with a target protein can be used to better design medicines that therapeutically regulate disease-causing proteins. Experimental and computational techniques for studying the binding process are available, however many of them are time and money intensive, or are computationally expensive, and hence cannot be done on a large dataset. In this work, we present a hybrid, computationally efficient approach for studying the stability of protein complex. We use short Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to generate a small ensemble of protein-complex conformations, whose flexibility we then analyze using an efficient graph-theoretic method implemented in the KINARI software. For our dataset of proteins, we show that our combined MD-rigidity analysis approach provides information about the stability of the protein-complex that would not be attained by either of the two methods alone.
Acute Loading and Aging Effects on Myostatin Pathway Biomarkers in Human Skeletal Muscle After Three Sequential Bouts of Resistance Exercise

To determine the influence of age and resistance exercise on myostatin pathway-related genes, younger (n = 10; 28 ± 5 years) and older (n = 10; 68 ± 6 years) men underwent four testing conditions (T1-T4). A baseline (T1) muscle sample was obtained, whereas the second and third biopsies were obtained 48 hours following the first and second training sessions (T2, T3), and a final biopsy was taken 24 hours following T3. The training sessions consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions (80% of one repetition maximum) on leg press, hack squat, and leg extension exercises. Follistatin (FST) messenger RNA was greater in older compared with younger men at T1 and T2 (p < .05). Follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3) messenger RNA was greater in older compared with younger men at T1 and T4 (p < .05). In older men, there was a significant decrease in myostatin (MSTN) messenger RNA at T4 (p < .05). Older men contained less active (Ser-425 phosphorylated) SMAD3 (p-SMAD3) protein than younger men at T3 and T4 (p < .05).Although it is well known that younger individuals possess a greater hypertrophic potential to resistance exercise, it appears that older individuals may paradoxically possess a more favorable resistance exercise response regarding myostatin pathway-related genes and a protein marker of pathway activity. Future research is warranted to examine the physiological significance of this age-dependent mechanism.
Activity of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against Legionella isolates: in vitro activity, intracellular accumulation and killing in macrophages, and pharmacokinetics and treatment of guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia.

The activity of trovafloxacin against 22 clinical Legionella isolates was determined by broth microdilution susceptibility testing. The trovafloxacin concentration required to inhibit 90% of strains tested was 2 log10 CFU/ml, without regrowth, under drug-free conditions over a 3-day period; trovafloxacin was significantly more active than ofloxacin or erythromycin (0.25 to 1 microgram/ml) in this assay. Single-dose (10 mg of prodrug CP-116,517-27 per kg of body weight given intraperitoneally [i.p.], equivalent to 7.5 mg of trovafloxacin per kg) pharmacokinetic studies performed in guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia revealed peak serum and lung trovafloxacin levels to be 3.8 micrograms/ml and 5.0 micrograms/g, respectively, at 0.5 h and 4.2 micrograms/ml and 2.9 micrograms/g, respectively, at 1 h. Administration of a lower prodrug dose (1.4 mg of trovafloxacin equivalent per kg i.p.) gave levels in lung and serum of 0.4 microgram/g and 0.4 microgram/ml, respectively, 1 h after drug administration. The terminal half-lives of elimination from serum and lung were 0.8 and 1.1 h, respectively. All 15 infected guinea pigs treated for 5 days with CP-116,517-27 once daily (10 mg/kg/day i.p., equivalent to 7.5 mg of trovafloxacin per kg/day) survived for 10 days after antimicrobial therapy, as did all 15 guinea pigs treated with ofloxacin once daily (10 mg/kg/day i.p.) for 5 days. None of 13 animals treated with saline survived. In a second experiment with animals, trovafloxacin (1.4 mg/kg/day i.p. for 5 days) protected all 16 guinea pigs from death, whereas all 15 animals treated with saline died. Trovafloxacin is an effective antimicrobial agent against Legionella in vitro and in vivo, with the ability to concentrate in macrophages and kill intracellular organisms.
Interpreting cortical bone adaptation and load history by quantifying osteon morphotypes in circularly polarized light images

Birefringence variations in circularly polarized light (CPL) images of thin plane-parallel sections of cortical bone can be used to quantify regional differences in predominant collagen fiber orientation (CFO). Using CPL images of equine third metacarpals (MC3s), R.B. Martin, V.A. Gibson, S.M. Stover, J.C. Gibeling, and L.V. Griffin. (40) described six secondary osteon variants ('morphotypes') and suggested that differences in their regional prevalence affect fatigue resistance and toughness. They devised a numerical osteon morphotype score (MTS) for quantifying regional differences in osteon morphotypes. We have observed that a modification of this score could significantly improve its use for interpreting load history. We hypothesized that our modified osteon MTS would more accurately reveal differences in osteon MTSs between opposing "tension" and "compression" cortices of diaphyses of habitually bent bones. This was tested using CPL images in transverse sections of calcanei from sheep, deer, and horses, and radii from sheep and horses. Equine MC3s and sheep tibiae were examined as controls because they experience comparatively greater load complexity that, because of increased prevalence of torsion/shear, would not require regional mechanical enhancements provided by different osteon morphotypes. Predominant CFO, which can reliably reflect adaptation for a regionally prevalent strain mode, was quantified as mean gray levels from birefringence of entire images (excluding pore spaces) in anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral cortices. Results showed that, in contrast to the original scoring scheme of Martin et al., the modified scheme revealed significant anterior/posterior differences in osteon MTSs in nearly all "tension/compression" bones (p<0.0001), but not in equine MC3s (p=0.30) and sheep tibiae (p=0.35). Among habitually bent bones, sheep radii were the exception; relatively lower osteon populations and the birefringence of the primary bone contributed to this result. Correlations between osteon MTSs using the scoring scheme of Martin et al. with CFO data from all regions of each bone invariably demonstrated weak-to-moderate negative correlations. This contrasts with typically high positive correlations between modified osteon MTSs and regional CFO. These results show that the modified osteon MTS can be a strong correlate of predominant CFO and of the non-uniform strain distribution produced by habitual bending.
Democratic Theory and Political Science: A Pragmatic Method of Constructive Engagement

This article develops two conceptual tools to synthesize democratic theory and the empirical study of institutions. The first is a standard to assess conceptions of democracy called pragmatic equilibrium. A conception of democracy is in pragmatic equilibrium just in case the consequences of its institutional prescriptions realize its values well and better than any other feasible institutional arrangements across a wide range of problems and contexts. Pragmatic equilibrium is a kind of Rawlsian reflective equilibrium. The second is a method of practical reasoning about the consequences of alternative institutional choices that brings conceptions of democracy closer to pragmatic equilibrium. These two ideas are then applied to four conceptions of democracy—minimal, aggregative, deliberative, and participatory—and to two governance problems—deciding rules of political structure and minority tyranny—to show how each conception can improve through reflection on the empirical consequences of various institutional arrangements.
Demonstration of Two Cryptic Plasmids in Salmonella pullorum MS53

Abstract Two cryptic plasmids designated PO-1 and PO-2 that had molecular weights of 1.5 × 106 and 45 × 106 daltons, respectively, were isolated from Salmonella pullorum MS53. A 150 to 1 ratio of PO-1 to PO-2 plasmids was estimated to occur.
Separate but not equal: differential mechanical roles for Myosin isoforms.

ated knockdown of nonmuscle myosin IIA to provide the first insights into its role relative to NMM-IIB in regulating cellular mechanics. The authors used retrovirus-mediated expression of shRNA targeted against NMM-IIA to generate clonal cell lines with the protein knocked down by as much as 80%. Using these cell lines, they first examined whether loss of NMM-IIA affected the magnitude of traction forces generated by cells against an underlying sensor that was made of an array of elastomeric posts. It was previously shown that the deflections of such posts could be used to report traction forces (4,5). The authors showed that whereas knockout of NMM-IIB led to a loss of 30% of traction force-generating capacity in fibroblasts (confirming previous studies (6)), knocking down NMM-IIA resulted in a 60% loss in force. They further showed that knocking down NMM-IIA in the NMM-IIB null cells results in 85% loss in force,
Application of a New Adjoint Newton Algorithm to the 3D ARPS Storm-Scale Model Using Simulated Data

The adjoint Newton algorithm (ANA) is based on the first- and second-order adjoint techniques allowing one to obtain the ‘‘Newton line search direction’’ by integrating a ‘‘tangent linear model’’ backward in time (with negative time steps). Moreover, the ANA provides a new technique to find Newton line search direction without using gradient information. The error present in approximating the Hessian (the matrix of second-order derivatives) of the cost function with respect to the control variables in the quasi-Newton-type algorithm is thus completely eliminated, while the storage problem related to storing the Hessian no longer exists since the explicit Hessian is not required in this algorithm. The ANA is applied here, for the first time, in the framework of 4D variational data assimilation to the adiabatic version of the Advanced Regional Prediction System, a threedimensional, compressible, nonhydrostatic storm-scale model. The purpose is to assess the feasibility and efficiency of the ANA as a large-scale minimization algorithm in the setting of 4D variational data assimilation. Numerical results using simulated observations indicate that the ANA can efficiently retrieve high quality model initial conditions. It improves upon the efficiency of the usual adjoint method employing the LBFGS algorithm by more than an order of magnitude in terms of both CPU time and number of iterations for test problems presented here. Numerical results also show that the ANA obtains a fast linear convergence rate.
Media Hegemony: A Failure of Perspective

Numerous studies of TV news have been published since Gans's (1972) call for more research on the mass media. A central issue underlying much of this research is control and dominance of the news process. This essay analyzes the logical and empirical adequacy of media hegemony as an explanation of ideological dominance. Analysis of recent research shows that some researchers have uncritically adapted the "dominant ideology thesis" of media hegemony to studies of TV news and have overlooked findings which challenge their claims about (1) the socialization and ideology of journalists, (2) whether news reports perpetuate the status quo, and (3) the nature and extent of international news coverage. Despite the shortcomings of the concept of media hegemony, efforts should continue to develop an empirically sound theoretical perspective for locating the news process in a broader societal context. David L. Altheide is Professor in the Center for the Study of Justice, Arizona State University, and Field Research Director, Center for Urban Studies. The author gratefully acknowledges the comments of John M. Johnson, Kurt Lang, and anonymous reviewers. Another version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, September 1982. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 48:476-490 ?) 1984 by the Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc 0033-362X/84/0048-476/$2.50 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.117 on Sun, 23 Oct 2016 04:28:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms MEDIA HEGEMONY: A FAILURE OF PERSPECTIVE 477 systematically supported. Data will be presented to indicate that (1) journalists are not uniformly socialized into the dominant ideology, nor are most elite journalists supportive of conservative values and ideology; (2) journalistic reports do not routinely perpetuate the status quo, but have been agents of change in a number of instances; and (3) foreign affairs reporting on television is more extensive than has been assumed, and many of these reports are sympathetic with Third World movements as well as critical of the role the United States has played in these countries. Hegemony and Critical Theory As recently articulated by Antonio Gramsci (1971), media hegemony refers to the dominance of a certain way of life and thought and to the way in which that dominant concept of reality is diffused throughout public as 'well as private dimensions of social life. The contemporary definition of hegemony is conceptually rooted in the Marxist view of the economic foundations of a society as the most important shapers of culture, values, and ideology; the ruling classes who control the economic structures and institutions of society also control its political and primary ideological institutions (Marx and
A geometrical formulation of the dynamical equations describing kinematic chains

A general expression for the kinetic energy associated with a kinematic chain is developed and it is used to derive the dynamical equations. In the authors' expression for the kinetic energy, the dependence on the chain's parameters is particularly transparent. Such a representation is desirable in applications such as adaptive control and robot calibration. The kinetic energy is expressed using standard geometric operations, e.g., group multiplication, exponentiation, and adjoint mappings. Lie-theoretic identities are used to simplify the expressions for those derivatives of the inertia matrix which appear in Lagrange's equations. An elegant expression for the Coriolis terms is provided. The equations of motion for a serial chain are written in a general form which requires no adaptation for specific problems. This representation to classify dynamically balanced chains. >
Analysis of the Self-Concepts of Handicapped Students:

The phenomenal and nonphenomenal self-concepts of 120 handicapped students (emotionally disturbed, educable mentally retarded, learning disabled, speech/language impaired) were compared to those of 30 nonhandicapped students. The Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, a self-reporting instrument, was used to assess phenomenal (conscious) attitudes toward the self. The Human Figure Drawing Test, a projective measure, was administered to assess nonphenomenal (unconscious) attitudes regarding the self. The results indicated that handicapped students had significantly more negative phenomenal and nonphenomenal self-concepts; higher anxiety levels; more negative perceptions of their intellectual abilities, school status, and popularity; and more emotional feelings of insecurity, inadequacy, guilt, impulsivity, and immaturity than nonhandicapped students.