cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of MAC protocol components for HFC networks

The IEEE 802.14 standard group is aimed at defining the physical and medium access control (MAC) layer protocols of a bi-directional cable TV network using hybrid fiber/coaxial (HFC) cables. Several MAC protocol proposals have been submitted to the 802.14 working group that has started the evaluation process in order to conceive a single MAC protocol satisfying all the HFC requirements. One can think of a MAC protocol as a collection of components each performing a certain number of functions. An HFC MAC protocol can be broken into the following set of components: ranging or acquisition process, frame format, support for higher layer traffic classes, bandwidth allocation, bandwidth request, contention resolution mechanism. Ranging is the phase during which the round trip delay time to the headend is calculated and the station synchronization to the downstream timing is performed. The frame format element of the MAC defines the upstream and downstream frames and describes their contents. If the MAC needs to provide support for ATM, it also needs to differentiate between different classes of traffic supported by ATM, such as constant bit rate (CBR), variable bit rate (VBR), and available bit rate (ABR). Bandwidth allocation represents an essential part of the MAC and controls the grating of requests at the headend. Finally, the contention resolution mechanism which is maybe the most important aspect of the MAC consists of a backoff phase and a retransmission phase. This paper examines two of the MAC elements mentioned above, namely the contention resolution and the bandwidth allocation mechanisms. Different solutions for each component are considered and evaluated. Performance is measured in terms of request delay, mean access delay and access delay probability distribution. Simulation results for configurations and scenarios of interest are also presented.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Asian and European American Cultural Values, Bicultural Competence, and Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help among Asian American Adolescents.

The authors examined the extent to which Asian American adolescents who were living in Hawaii adhered to Asian and European American cultural values in relation to mental health variables including collective self-esteem (membership, private, public, importance to identity), cognitive flexibility, general self-efficacy, and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Results and implications for counselors are discussed. Los autores examinaron hasta que medida los adolescentes Asiaticoamericanos residentes en Hawai se adhieren a los valores culturales Asiaticos y Euroamericanos en relacion a ciertas variables de salud mental que incluyen la autoestima colectiva (pertenencia, privada, publica, su importancia para la identidad), flexibilidad cognitiva, autoeficacia general y actitudes hacia la busqueda de ayuda psicologica profesional. Se discuten los resultados y las implicaciones para los consejeros.
Sensitive diffusion tensor imaging quantification method to identify language pathway abnormalities in children with developmental delay.

Objective To investigate whether abnormal regional white matter architecture in the perisylvian region could be used as an easy and sensitive quantitative method to demonstrate language pathway abnormalities in children with developmental delay (DD). Study design We performed diffusion tensor imaging in 15 DD subjects (age, 61.1 ± 20.9 months) and 15 age-matched typically developing (TD) children (age, 68.4 ± 19.2 months). With diffusion tensor imaging color-coded orientation maps, we quantified the fraction of fibers in the perisylvian region that are oriented in anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions, and their ratio (AP/ML) was calculated. Results The AP/ML ratio was more sensitive than tractography in characterizing perisylvian regional abnormalities in DD children. The AP/ML ratio of the left perisylvian region was significantly lower in DD children compared with TD children ( P = .03). The ML component of bilateral perisylvian regions was significantly higher in DD children compared with TD children ( P = .01 [left] and P = .004 [right]). No significant difference was found in the AP component in the two groups. A significant negative correlation of the left ML component with Vineland communication skills was observed (r = −0.657, P = .011). Conclusions The AP/ML ratio appears to be a sensitive indicator of regional white matter architectural abnormalities in the perisylvian region of DD children.
Intimate Communities: Representation and Social Transformation in Women's College Fiction, 1895-1910

The many popular representations of student life at women s colleges produced in the United States during the Progressive Era are examined. The college woman was described and defined in a period when women s higher education was still socially suspect. While other scholars have argued that the Progressive Era was the golden age for women s single-sex education, pointing to the many positive depictions of the women s college student, Inness suggests that these representations actually helped to perpetuate the status quo and did little to advance women s social rights."
Fuel cell power plants for electric utilities and hydrogen

Abstract Phosphoric acid fuel cell power plants are nearing commercial status as multimegawatt electric power generators. These power plants are being designed to use a wide range of utility fuels that are converted to hydrogen within the power plant. This paper explores the status of fuel cell power plants and the prospects for pure hydrogen as the fuel.
Decay of neutron deficient Eu, Sm and Pm isotopes near the proton drip line

Abstract The β-delayed proton and γ-ray decays of the two new isotopes 134,135 Eu and of 136 Eu, 134,135,136 Sm, 134,135,136 Pm and 135 Nd were studied This is the flrst observation of β-delayed proton decay in europium isotopes. On-line mass separation and X-ray coincidences were used for isotope identification. Half-lives of 0.5 ±0.2 s and 1.5 ±0.2 s were measured for 134 Eu and 135 Eu respectively. For 136 Eu evidence for two isomers with half-lives of 3.7 ±0.3 s and ~3.0 s was obtained. Betadelayed proton emission was assigned to the decays of 134 Eu, 135 Sm and 136 Eu based on proton K X-ray coincidences and mass separation. Proton branching ratios of (9±3) × 10 −4 for 136 Eu and (2±1) × 10 −4 for 135 Sm were measured. Beta-delayed proton emission to the 0 + ground and to the 2 + excited states in 134 Nd was observed following the 135 Sm decay. The 135 Eu activity was identified by Sm K α X-rays from its electron-capture decay, and one γ-ray was assigned to this decay. Fast allowed Gamow-Teller 0 + → 1 + β-transitions to the 118.9keV level in 134 Pm and 114.4keV level in 136 Pm were identified. The low-spin β-decays of 136 Pm and 135 Nd were studied without significant interference from the high-spin decays, and decay schemes were constructed for 134,135,136 Sm, 134,135,136 pm and 136 Eu
Biosynthesis of methanopterin.

The biosynthetic pathway for the generation of the methylated pterin in methanopterins was determined for the methanogenic bacteria Methanococcus volta and Methanobacterium formicicum. Extracts of M. volta were found to readily cleave L-7,8-dihydroneopterin to 7,8-dihydro-6-(hydroxymethyl)pterin, which was confirmed to be a precursor of the pterin portion of the methanopterin. (methylene{sup 2}H)-6-(hydroxymethyl)pterin was incorporated into methanopterin by growing cells of M. volta to an extent of 30%. Both the C-11 and C-12 methyl groups of methanopterin originate from (methyl-{sup 2}H{sub 3})methionine. Cells grown in the presence of (methylene-{sup 2}H)-6-(hydroxymethyl)pterin, (ethyl-{sup 2}H{sub 4})-6-(1 (RS)-hydroxyethyl)pterin, (methyl-{sup 2}H{sub 3})-6-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methylpterin, (ethyl-{sup 2}H{sub 4}, methyl-{sup 2}H{sub 3})-6-(1 (RS)-hydroxyethyl)-7-methylpterin, and (1-ethyl-{sup 3}H)-6-(1 (RS)-hydroxyethyl)-7-methylpterin showed that only the non-7-methylated pterins were incorporated into methanopterin. Cells extracts of M. formicicum readily condensed synthetic (methylene-{sup 3}H)-7,8-H{sub 2}-6-(hydroxymethyl)pterin-PP with methaniline to generate demethylated methanopterin, which is then methylated to methanopterin by the cell extract in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine. These observations indicate that the pterin portion of methanopterin is biosynthetically derived from 7,8-H{sub 2}-6-(hydroxymethyl)pterin, which is coupled to methaniline by a pathway analogous to the biosynthesis of folic acid. This pathway for the biosynthesis of methanopterin represents the first example of the modification of the specificity of a coenzyme through amore » methylation reaction.« less
Antisecretory effects of Modaline sulfate

Abstract Modaline sulfate (2-methyl-3-piperidinopyrazinesulfate, W3207B) and atropine sulfate were compared in terms of antisecretory activity and side effects in a crossover experimental design in six normal subjects. Atropine and Modaline sulfate produced significant antisecretory effects 1 to 2 hours after administration. This was evidenced by a reduction in volume and free acid with a concomitant rise in pH. A return toward control values was observed 3 to 4 hours after drug administration. On the basis of results obtained, Modaline sulfate was not considered to be a clinically useful antisecretory agent since, even at maximally tolerated doses, the pH of gastric secretions was not elevated above 3.5 to 4.0 (where essentially no free acid or peptic activity occurs). Atropine produced similar results.
Simultaneous learning of motion discrimination in two directions.

We take issue with theories about the direction specificity in perceptual learning of motion discrimination. Trials of motion discrimination in two opposite directions were interleaved in uneven proportions (2:1). Human subjects improved faster in the direction with less frequent trials, indicating that learning transferred from the more frequent to the less frequent direction.
Novel non-squalenoid photoaffinity labels for mammalian squalene epoxidase

Abstract Specific affinity labeling of the squalene binding site of squalene epoxidase remains an elusive goal. We wish to report here the design and synthesis of six novel, non-squalenoid, photoaffinity labels for squalene epoxidase, based on the potent inhibitor NB-598 ( 3 ).
Is it where you go or who you know? On the relationship between students, Ph.D. program quality, dissertation advisor prominence, and early career publishing success

Abstract Previous research finds that both Ph.D. program quality and relative dissertation advisor prominence are positively related to early-career publishing success. We provide insight into the relative importance of those factors by estimating early-career research productivity functions that: (1) allow relative dissertation advisor prominence to vary while holding Ph.D. program quality constant and (2) allow Ph.D. program quality to vary while holding relative dissertation advisor prominence constant. Results for a sample of 2983 economics Ph.D. recipients suggest that: (1) the estimated marginal effects of relative dissertation advisor prominence do not vary systematically within top Ph.D. programs and (2) students graduating from a program-switching advisor's higher-ranked program publish significantly more than those graduating from his or her lower-ranked program. Combined, these results might suggest that the observed correlation between dissertation advisor prominence and early-career publishing results more from students working with prominent advisors possessing the higher innate potential required to gain admission to top programs rather than strictly because they work with the more prominent advisor.
THE EFFECT OF RELAXIN ON PARATHYROID HISTOLOGY IN THE MOUSE.

In the normal parathyroid gland of the mouse there is only one type of cell which is small with a large nucleus and small amount of cytoplasm. In order to investigate the effect of relaxin on parathyroid histology, mice were injected with relaxin, the degree of pubic separation was measured by the x-ray technique, and the parathyroid glands were studied histologically. After one day of relaxin injection, the pubic symphysis showed a distinct separation and in part of the parathyroid gland the cells were larger and stained lighter and pinker than the normal cells with hematoxylin, eosin, and azur II. After four days of relaxin treatment, the whole gland had changed so that all the cells were of the second type. Glands of pregnant mice near term also were composed of cells of this type. These results indicate a relationship between relaxin and the parathyroid gland.
Pressure-broadened linewidths of ethylene☆

Abstract Self-Broadened and foreign-gas (N 2 and O 2 ) broadened linewidths of C 2 H 4 at 300°K have been calculated using the Anderson-Tsao-Curnutte theory of line broadening for a wide range of quantum numbers J and K α , for all three types of bands. The molecular quadrupole moment tensor of C 2 H 4 is taken from Mulder and Huiszoon. Air-broadened linewidths of ethylene at 200°K have also been computed, so that the temperature dependence can be estimated.
Group counselling in schools: effective or not?

Suggests taht group counselling in schools can be a valuable experience for children. Argues that it allows them to develop social skills and practise behaviours with peers as well as receiving feedback. Examines the literature on the effectiveness of group counselling in schools and provides guidance for the development of school policy for the delivery of counselling to school age students.
Middle-Level Reform in High- and Low-Performing Middle Schools: A Question of Implementation?

(2004). Middle-Level Reform in High- and Low-Performing Middle Schools: A Question of Implementation? The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 153-159.
Aneurysmal Degeneration of Deep Lower Extremity Vein Conduits Used for Vascular Reconstruction

Background:Successful outcomes have been reported with the use of femoropopliteal vein (FPV) grafts as arterial conduits. We identified 2 patients with a rare complication, true, nonanastomotic aneurysmal degeneration.Methods:Patients from 1997 through 2009 that utilized FPV grafts for revascularization were analyzed. We contacted survivors by phone and conducted a literature search of FPV aneurysms.Results:Of the total of 14 patients in our practice whose FPV was used as a conduit during the study period, 2 developed nonanastomotic FPV graft aneurysms. The mean follow-up time was 33.44 months. Literature review uncovered only 1 previously published case of FPV aneurysmal degeneration.Conclusions:Our experience suggests that nonanastomotic aneurysms of FPV grafts may occur more often than those suspected previously. Our study represents the first reports of aneurysmal degeneration affecting FPV grafts when used for vascular reconstructions.
Language as a Source of Evidence for Theories of Spatial Representation

David Marr's metatheory emphasized the importance of what he called the computational level of description--an analysis of the task the visual system performs. In the present article I argue that this task should be conceived of not just as object recognition but as spatial understanding, and that the mental representations responsible for spatial understanding are not exclusively visual in nature. In particular, a theory of the visual system must interact with a theory of the language faculty to explain how we talk about what we see--and how we see all the things we talk about as though they are part of the perceived world. An examination of spatial language both raises the bar for theories of vision and provides important hints for how spatial understanding is structured.
Comparison of the impact of a neem seed-kernel extract formulation, 'Margosan-O' and chlorpyrifos on non-target invertebrates inhabiting turf grass

Several laboratory studies have indicated that neem seed-kernel extracts, or the neem insecticide azadirachtin, are active against certain types of pestiferous insects but do not harm several types of beneficial arthropods. The abundance of several groups of invertebrates inhabiting a turf grass ecosystem was determined in 1991 after application of a neem-based insecticide formulation, “Margosan-O®” (MO; W. R. Grace & Co., Columbia, Maryland, USA) containing 3.0 g litre−1 azadirachtin, and chlorpyrifos. MO was less detrimental than chlorpyrifos to most of the invertebrates studied. However, oribatid mites were more sensitive to MO than to chlorpyrifos. Sminthurid and non-sminthurid collembola were also susceptible to MO, although less so than to chlorpyrifos. MO had no significant effect on non-oribatid mites and spiders. Environmental implications of using selective versus broad-spectrum insecticides in agriculture are discussed.
Association and diffusion of nutrition and physical activity policies on the state and district level.

BACKGROUND: School district wellness policies designed to reduce obesity and promote student health and well-being often lack specific requirements or any mandate that schools comply with the policy. Researchers, educators, and policymakers have called for states to take an active role in shaping district policies. The objective of this study was to determine if states with strong school-based nutrition and physical activity (PA)-related policies have stronger district wellness policies, and explore the direction of policy diffusion between states and districts. METHODS: State policies and nationally representative samples of district policies for the 2006–2007 and 2008–2009 school years were obtained across 5 domains—competitive foods, school meals, nutrition education, physical education (PE), and PA—and were classified as “strong” or “weak,” based on policy language, in each grade level (elementary, middle, high). Linear models estimated the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between state and district policies. RESULTS: In 2006–2007 and 2008–2009, district elementary school competitive food policies were stronger in states with strong policies. For policies governing competitive foods in high schools and school meals at all grade levels, mean district policy strength increased from 2006–2007 to 2008–2009 in states with strong 2006–2007 policies. States that strengthened their PE policies from 2006–2007 to 2008–2009 saw an increase in mean district PE policy strength. Across all domains, states that had weak 2006–2007 policies and made no changes saw little increase in district policy strength. CONCLUSION: District competitive food, school meal, and PE policies are stronger in states that have developed strong policies in these domains.
Evaluation of Bis-Benzimidazoles in the Treatment of Murine Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infections

Seventy percent of the mice receiving (S,S)-1,2-bis(5-methoxy-2-benzimidazolyl)-1,2-ethandiol (A36683) in their drinking water lived at least four times longer than control mice when infected with 10 or 100 mean lethal doses of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain UBC. In the next 4 months, most of the survivors died with lymphocytic choriomeningitis-like symptoms. Drug treatment during the first 7 days after infection was found to have no significant effect on virus titers in various organs. The sparing effect of the drug is discussed in terms of immunosuppression.
Urine testing in methadone maintenance treatment: applications and limitations.

We consider here the applications and limitations of urine testing schedules used in methadone maintenance treatment programs. We show that for patients attending clinic daily, any practical testing schedule will only reliably detect those who are using heroin or other illicit drugs very frequently (e.g., daily). For patients with take-home privileges no testing schedule can effectively detect either skipped doses or use of illicit drugs. Consequently, whether for patients attending clinic daily or for patients with take-home privileges, some programs, as measured by urine test results, may actually be less successful than they appear to be.
A reversible fluorescent logic gate for sensing mercury and iodide ions based on a molecular beacon

A simple, rapid, and reversible fluorescent DNA INHIBIT logic gate has been developed for sensing mercury (Hg2+) and iodide (I−) ions based on a molecular beacon (MB). In this logic gate, a mercury ion was introduced as the first input into the MB logic gate system to assist in the hybridization of the MB with an assistant DNA probe through the thymine–Hg2+–thymine interaction, which eventually restored the fluorescence of MB as the output. With this signal-on process, mercury ions can be detected with a limit of detection as low as 7.9 nM. Furthermore, when iodide ions were added to the Hg2+/MB system as the second input, the fluorescence intensity decreased because Hg2+ in the thymine–Hg2+–thymine complex was grabbed by I− due to a stronger binding force. Iodide ions can be detected with a limit of detection of 42 nM. Meanwhile, we studied the feasibility and basic performance of the DNA INHIBIT logic gate, optimized the logic gate conditions, and investigated its sensitivity and selectivity. The results showed that the MB based logic gate is highly selective and sensitive for the detection of Hg2+ and I− over other interfering cations and anions.
Botox in the management of bilateral vocal cord synkinesis

Botox is a non-invasive treatment option to improve glottic laryngeal opening in the case of laryngeal synkinesis.
The Rhetoric of Memory-Making: Lessons from the UDC's Catechisms for Children

This article analyzes five of the United Daughters of the Confederacy's catechisms for the Children of the Confederacy dating from 1904 to 1934. Of particular interest are the ways the women constructed collective memories for their young readers. It is my contention that the UDC crafted four collective memories of the South's past by drawing on the mythical rhetorical context of the post-war era and by employing eight interdependent rhetorical strategies. Identifying the material and strategies of collective memory illuminates the rhetorical choices that must take place in order for memories to become successfully employed in public discourse.
A Qualitative Analysis of the Effects of Water Vapor on Multi-Component Vapor-Phase Carbon Adsorption

The effects of water vapor on binary vapor adsorption of toluene and methylene chloride by activated carbon were investigated on a bench-scale experimental system. Three levels of relative humidity (15, 65 and 90 percent) in conjunction with different concentrations of individual adsorbates (from 400 to 1200 ppmv) were tested by tracing the breakthrough curves of each adsorbate eluted from a fixed-bed adsorber. The adsorption capacities of the activated carbon tested for each adsorbate under the various conditions were obtained from calculations based on area integration of the breakthrough curves. It was found that with increasing relative humidity, the shape of breakthrough curves was asymmetrically distorted and the width of the breakthrough curves was broadened for toluene and steepened for methylene chloride. The adsorption capacities for both toluene and methylene chloride were decreased with the increase of relative humidity. The magnitude of the effect of water vapor is greater at the lower toluen...
Separation of tripalmitin from its hydrolysis products by simple isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

An isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid-chromatographic method was developed for monitoring the lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of solid triglycerides in supercritical carbon dioxide. The reaction products obtained consist of free fatty acids, monoglycerides, diglycerides, and unreacted triglycerides. For the method, developed with tripalmitin, a mobile phase of acetonitrile/chloroform/acetic acid (50:50:1, vol/vol/vol), a C18 column, and refractive index detection were used. Analysis time is 7 min. Response factors were determined for each neutral lipid class, which permitted quantitation of the hydrolysis product mixture.
Motion and capture in the presence of cooperative trap interactions II: Exact calculations for perfect absorbers in one dimension

Exact calculations are presented for the survival fraction and other capturerelated observables in a problem involving migration on a one-dimensional lattice containing perfectly absorbing traps whose placement within the crystal is determined by explicit interactions among the trap molecules. These interactions, which are treated exactly in a lattice-gas model, may be attractive, in which case they lead to trap cluster formation and a reduction of the trapping efficiency, or they may be repulsive thus leading to increased separation of the trap molecules and an enhancement of the trapping process.
Pairwise assembly determines the intrinsic potential for self-organization and mechanical properties of keratin filaments.

Most type I and II keratin genes are spatially and temporally regulated in a pairwise manner in epithelial tissues, where they represent the major structural proteins. Epithelia can be partitioned ...
Biochemical and Histochemical Studies on Δ5-3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity in the Adrenal Glands and Ovaries of Diverse Mammals

Quantitative biochemical assays and histochemical studies of Δ5-3β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in adrenals and ovaries from animals of various mammalian orders lend support to the thesis of a pathway of steroid biosynthesis that is common to both organs and to all the species, that is, via oxidation of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroids to Δ4-3-ketosteroids. However, differences exist among the species in the levels of enzymic activity. There are also several interesting species differences in the locations of this activity.
Wear analysis of a retrieved hip implant with titanium nitride coating

There is increasing interest in using surface modification technology to improve the wear properties of titanium alloy and limit articular surface wear of metal and polyethylene components. This report details the in vivo wear performance of titanium nitride coating on a retrieved hip implant obtained postmortem from a low demand patient 1 year after total hip arthroplasty. Analysis of the well-functioning implant revealed that wear debris can originate from a titanium nitride coated femoral head, as delaminated surface asperities, and manifest as adhesive wear on the articular surface. The wear observed on this implant indicates that rigorous testing and evaluation of titanium nitride coating technology should be conducted prior to widespread use on total joint implants.
Carbon dioxide for control of an insect infestation in stored corn (maize)

Abstract A silo containing 958·1 kl of shelled corn (maize) was treated for 99 hr with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) for control of a potential natural infestation of stored-product insects. Cost of treatment was 0·429 U.S. $/kl. Corn samples were taken immediately before and following treatment and examined 1, 30 and 60 days after collection. The dead insects were removed from the samples at each examination, and the live insects were returned to the samples. Samples taken before treatment and held 60 days contained an average of 144·4 live and 59·8 dead insects, and samples taken after CO 2 and held 60 days contained an average of 0·1 live and 1·1 dead insects. Damage to the corn averaged 16·3 per cent in samples taken before treatment and held 60 days; damage averaged 0·6 per cent in samples taken after treatment and held for this period.
Zachary Taylor on Jackson and the Military Establishment, 1835

A RECENT biographer of Zachary Taylor, discussing the period during which he was in command at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, Michigan Territory, says that "he had been favorably disposed toward the Jackson Administration early in i829 but now vehemently sympathized with the opposition."' The latter part of this statement is fully documented by a letter from Taylor to John J. Crittenden,2 dated at Fort Crawford, November 17, I835. The original letter, filling six pages, is among the miscellaneous collections of the Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, and has not been published previously. The entire statement is interesting for its light on the state of public affairs and military matters in the I830's and on Zachary Taylor's views on Jackson, Cass, and Van Buren before he himself became a national figure. A general in the field who wrote such a letter today would spend the rest of his military career hoping that the discretion of the recipient would consign its text to the archives to be found, like this one, over a century later.
Properties of chloroplast membrane-bound ferredoxin--NADP + reductase during cold hardening of wheat. No indication of qualitative membrane changes during cold hardening.

Kinetic parameters of the chloroplastbound ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase from two varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum), hardy Kharkov 22 MC (winter wheat) and less hardy Rescue (spring wheat), were followed during induction of frost hardiness as a means of examining possible changes in chloroplast membranes during hardening. No changes were found in the Michaelis constants for NADPH and 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol, inhibition constants for p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate, and activation energy values of the enzyme in either variety. The data suggest that no qualitative changes occurred in the properties of wheat chloroplast membranes related to ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase during cold hardening.
RpoS impacts the lag phase of Salmonella enterica during osmotic stress

Salmonella enterica can survive harsh environmental conditions, including hyperosmotic stress. It is well established that the alternative sigma factor, σs (RpoS), is required for maximal survival of enteric pathogens, including S. enterica . Although RpoS levels are greatest during stationary phase or stress conditions, RpoS can be found in S. enterica during growth. However, its activity during growth is poorly characterized. In this study, the impact of RpoS levels on the growth of S. enterica in LB supplemented with 6% NaCl (LB-NaCl) was examined. Cells in stationary phase prior to inoculation into LB-NaCl had a shorter lag phase than did exponential-phase cells. In addition, the deletion of rpoS from S. enterica Typhimurium M-09 (M-09 Δ rpoS ) increased the length of lag phase in LB-NaCl relative to the parental strain. Complementation of M-09 Δ rpoS in trans by an inducible plasmid encoding rpoS reduced the length of lag phase. The length of lag phase in both the rpoS mutant and complemented strain was independent of their growth phase prior to inoculation of LB-NaCl. The results from this study demonstrate that the level of RpoS influences the length of lag phase and the growth of S. enterica in hyperosmotic growth conditions.
Analysis of factors impacting operability in stage IV ovarian cancer: rationale use of a triage system.

Abstract Objectives Determine impact of tumor distribution and surgery on prognosis in patients with stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Methods Retrospective analysis of stage IV EOC patients undergoing primary surgery between 1994 and 1998. Simple statistics, univariate and multivariable analysis were performed. Results Forty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria and entered the study. Five-year overall survival (OS) was 18.2%. Residual disease (RD) and radical surgical procedures (RSP) independently predicted survival (p Conclusions Based on patient factors and extent of disease, a high risk group of patients can be identified with a poor prognosis and low probability of optimal debulking. It appears justified in these patients to first exclude those with unresectable pleural disease and then perform laparoscopic assessment to determine extent of disease to triage patients to alternative strategies such as neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Hospitalizations during pregnancy among managed care enrollees.

Abstract Objective: To describe the prevalence of hospitalizations during pregnancy, the reason for hospitalization, the length of stay, and the associated costs. Methods: We analyzed data from a national managed care organization and determined the occurrence of hospitalizations for 46,179 women who had a live birth or a pregnancy loss in 1997. Results: Overall, 8.7% of women were hospitalized during their pregnancy. Of these, 5.7% were hospitalized and discharged while pregnant, 0.8% experienced extended stays before a live birth or pregnancy loss, and 2.1% experienced pregnancy loss. Hospitalizations were more common among younger women, women with multiple gestations, and women in the northeastern United States. Women who had a live birth were primarily hospitalized for preterm labor (24%), hyperemesis (9%), hypertension (9%), kidney disorders (6%), and prolonged premature rupture of membranes (6%). Charges totaled over $36 million. Conclusion: Antenatal hospitalizations are common.
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Mortality, 1981–1998

Purpose Our objectives were to 1) assess the long-term trend of, and 2) identify risk factors for traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) mortality. Methods This analysis utilized hospital discharge data and multiple cause of data from the TSCI surveillance system in South Carolina from the years 1981–1998. ICD-9 codes 806 and 952 were used to identify TSCI cases. A total of 4,353 persons sustained a TSCI, with 1,726 resulting in death. Poisson regression was used to examine trend, and multiple logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for TSCI mortality. Results The rate of TSCI mortality was 27.4 per million population between 1981–1998. A 3% annual decrease in the TSCI mortality rate was found from 1981 through 1998 (p Conclusion Although rate is decreasing, TSCI mortality, especially MVC-related, is still a significant problem, with South Carolina having higher rates of TSCI mortality than the U.S. The association between gender and in-hospital mortality needs further exploration.
A concise history of acoustics in warfare

Abstract This article provides a concise history of how acoustics has been applied to warfare. Going back to the earliest recorded events and tracing developments to the twentieth century, the article places special emphasis on World War I, the interwar years, World War II, and the post-1945 era to the 1980s. Acoustical applications in warfare have had a significant impact through a cumulative process, especially in such areas as communications, detection, weaponry, navigation, measurements, and ancillary disciplines.
The Demand and Supply of Norwegian Atlantic Salmon in the United States and the European Community

A simultaneous-equation model of the demand and supply of Norwegian Atlantic salmon in the United States and the European Community is constructed, and sensitivity analyses are conducted to measure the effects of changing exchange rates, the Norwegian supply of Atlantic salmon, and prices of North American Pacific salmon. Using monthly statistics from January 1983 through March 1987, the demand for Norwegian Atlantic salmon is found to be highly seasonal, and highly price and income elastic in the United States and the European Community. Chinook is found to be a weak substitute for Norwegian Atlantic salmon in the U.S., and frozen chinook, sockeye and coho in the European Community are also found to be weak substitutes for Norwegian Atlantic salmon. Nous avons elabore un modele a equations simultanees de la demande et de ľapprovisionnement pour le saumon de ľAtlantique provenant de Norvege, aux Etats-Unis et dans la Communaute europeenne, et nous avons precede a des analyses de sensibilite afin de mesurer les effets de la variation des taux de change, des approvisionnements de saumon de ľAtlantique de Norvege et des prix du saumon du Pacifique provenant ďAmerique du Nord. En nous fondant sur les statistiques mensuelles recueillies de Janvier 1983 a mars 1987, nous avons constate que la demande de saumon de ľAtlantique provenant de Norvege est extremement saisonniere et qu'elle est elastique par rapport aux prix et aux revenus, aux Etats-Unis et dans la Communaute europeenne. Le saumon quinnat (chinook) s'est avere un pietre produit de remplacement du saumon de ľAtlantique provenant de Norvege dans la Communaute europeenne.
A Comparison of Two Conditioning Procedures in The Use of Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA).

This study compared the effects of two conditioning procedures in the use of visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) with 1- and 2-year-old high-risk infants. One conditioning procedure used a relati...
The value of thallium and three-phase bone scans in the evaluation of bone and soft tissue sarcomas

Thirty-seven patients with newly diagnosed or treated sarcomas had 47 sets of sequential thallium scans (TS) followed by three-phase bone scan (TPBS) on the same day. The diagnosis in all patients was verified by biopsy (n=40) or long-term follow-up studies (n=7). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of TS and TPBS in detecting sarcomatous lesions was calculated: TS sensitivity was 88%, specificity 69%, and accuracy 83%; blood flow (BF) and blood pool (BP) sensitivity was 91%, specificity 54%, and accuracy 81 %; delayed bone scan (DB) sensitivity was 88%, specificity 38%, and accuracy 74%. In 17 studies the flow and blood pool parts of the TPBS and TS demonstrated the soft tissue component of sarcomas, which would have been missed if only the delayed bone scan had been performed. The TS lesion to normal tissue ratio alone was not very helpful in differentiating sarcomas from benign conditions because some benign lesions are highly cellular and vascular while some malignant lesions, such as chondrosarcoma, have poor vascularity and a less cellular chondroid matrix. However, when the thallium ratio was correlated with similar ratios calculated from yhe BP image, it was found that if the TS lesion to normal tissue ratio exceeded the BP lesion to normal tissue ratio (12 patients), the specificity for detecting sarcomatous lesions was 100%. Nevertheless, the reverse was not true. The positive predictive value of this observation was 100% and the negative predictive value was 37%.
Carvedilol for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy in Patients With Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) are two conditions that commonly coexist in men 60 years and older. Carvedilol is the only β-adrenergic blocker approved for HF that also has additional α1-adrenergic blockade. As α1-adrenergic blockers are used in the treatment of BPH, it is intuitive that carvediolol could improve BPH symptoms. We present a case where carvedilol was replaced with bisoprolol resulting in acute urinary retention. When carvediolol was reinstituted, the patient's symptoms of BPH resolved. Benign prostatic hypertrophy was later diagnosed by digital rectal exam. Six month after reinstituting the carvediolol, the patient remains free of his BPH symptoms. This case suggests that carvedilol may be considered for the management of HF with systolic dysfunction in patients with concomitant BPH thus eliminating the need for an α1-adrenergic blockers.
The necessity of form to the poetry of Louise Bogan

(1977). The necessity of form to the poetry of Louise Bogan. Women's Studies: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 137-149.
Changes in Science Content Knowledge and Attitudes toward Science Teaching of Educators Attending a Zoo-based Neuroscience Professional Development

Abstract Informal learning environments often host teachers for learning opportunities, but little is known about the impact of these experiences on teacher professional development (PD). This article describes a unique collaborative PD experience between zoological park personnel and university faculty, examining the impact on teacher content knowledge, attitudes, and classroom lessons. Our findings suggest that the PD improved science content, but made no impact on already high attitudes toward science. In light of the high level of self-reported satisfaction and high frequency of teacher lesson plan use, we propose that the PD had other positive outcomes such as pedagogical knowledge and authentic learning experiences.
Magnetic protein A microspheres: a rapid method for cell separation.

Abstract Magnetic albumin microspheres (1 μm average diameter) containing Staphylococcal protein A have been synthesized and used as solid carriers for IgG. Because protein A is known to specifically bind the Fc portion of IgG, antisera can be coupled to the microspheres after very brief incubation at 37°C without the use of chemical coupling agents. Either rabbit anti-chicken RBC or rabbit anti-rat Ig was coupled to microspheres. Subsequent incubation of the IgG-bearing microspheres with heterogeneous cell populations resulted in the magnetic removal of 97.8% of the chicken RBCs and 99.5% of the Ig-bearing splenocytes. This method represents a more rapid and efficient method for cell fractionation than has previously been described.
Oxygen-Inducible Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase as Protective Switch Transforming Neurotoxic Glutamate to Metabolic Fuel During Acute Ischemic Stroke

This work rests on our previous report (J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 30: 1275–1287, 2010) recognizing that glutamate (Glu) oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) is induced when brain tissue hypoxia is corrected during acute ischemic stroke (AIS). GOT can metabolize Glu into tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and may therefore be useful to harness excess neurotoxic extracellular Glu during AIS as a metabolic substrate. We report that in cultured neural cells challenged with hypoglycemia, extracellular Glu can support cell survival as long as there is sufficient oxygenation. This effect is abrogated by GOT knockdown. In a rodent model of AIS, supplemental oxygen (100% O2 inhaled) during ischemia significantly increased GOT expression and activity in the stroke-affected brain tissue and prevented loss of ATP. Biochemical analyses and in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy during stroke demonstrated that such elevated GOT decreased Glu levels at the stroke-affected site. In vivo lentiviral gene delivery of GOT minimized lesion volume, whereas GOT knockdown worsened stroke outcomes. Thus, brain tissue GOT emerges as a novel target in managing stroke outcomes. This work demonstrates that correction of hypoxia during AIS can help clear extracellular neurotoxic Glu by enabling utilization of this amino acid as a metabolic fuel to support survival of the hypoglycemic brain tissue. Strategies to mitigate extracellular Glu-mediated neurodegeneration via blocking receptor-mediated excitotoxicity have failed in clinical trials. We introduce the concept that under hypoglycemic conditions extracellular Glu can be transformed from a neurotoxin to a survival factor by GOT, provided there is sufficient oxygen to sustain cellular respiration. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 14, 1777–1785.
Time‐base modulation for the correction of cyclotron frequency shifts observed in long‐lived transients from fourier‐transform ion‐cyclotron‐resonance mass spectrometry of electrosprayed biopolymers

The occurrence of small shifts in the cyclotron frequency during the acquisition of very long transients (in excess of 80 s) has been observed to be a limiting factor for ultrahigh-resolution mass measurements of protein ions performed with electrospray-ionization Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectrometry. Resolution measurements were restricted to values less than 106 because of the frequency shifts. Measurements of the frequency shifts, performed by sequentially transforming small segments of the transient, allowed the shift to be characterized and fitted to a 4th-order equation. The sampling rate of the acquired transient was then modulated (at a rate equal to the reciprocal of the rate for the frequency shift) to allow ultrahigh resolution, greater than 2 × 106, and improved mass measurement and precision to be achieved for a small protein.
The pattern of topical corticosteroid prescribing in the United States, 1989–1991

Abstract Background: Topical corticosteroids are widely used in the treatment of skin diseases. These preparations vary greatly in potency. They are available in both brand name and generic formulations, as well as in combination products. Objective: Our purpose was to determine the pattern of topical corticosteroids prescribing in the United States and the relation of patient and prescriber attributes to the type of corticosteroid preparation prescribed. Methods: Data from the 1989 to 1991 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were used to estimate the number of visits with a topical corticosteroid preparation prescribed and to identify prescribers with specific characteristics. Results: In the United States, topical corticosteroids are prescribed or recommended at an average of 14 million visits per year to office-based health practitioners. Forty percent of these visits were to dermatologists. Dermatologists were 3.9 times more likely to prescribe very high potency steroids than were other physicians. Physicians other than dermatologists were 8.4 times more likely than dermatologists to prescribe combination agents containing moderate- or high-potency topical corticosteroids and an antiinfective agent. Conclusion: The pattern of topical corticosteroid prescribing is substantially different for dermatologists and other physicians. These differences may reflect differences in severity or complexity of the disease or differences in prescribing habits. The importance of these differences to the outcome of treated patients is not established.
The Polarized Infrared Spectra of Hydroxyl Ion in Fluorapatite

The major components of the ir spectra of fluorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6F2] and hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] have been observed and analyzed by many investigators. In the present investigation, the polarized ir spectra of thin crystal sections of geological fluorapatite have been obtained in the region from 4000 to 1800 cm−1. On the basis of these spectra, the orientation of impurity hydroxyl ions trapped within the fluorapatite lattice has been suggested.
Agenda Setting and the Blogosphere: An Analysis of the Relationship between Mainstream Media and Political Blogs

This paper asks: what is the relationship between the mainstream media and blog agendas? To be more precise, this paper tracks media coverage and blog discussion of 35 issues during the 2004 presidential campaign to test the hypothesis that the mainstream media agenda exerts a substantial impact on the blog agenda against the increasingly popular hypothesis that the blog agenda exerts a strong influence on the mainstream media agenda. Using a computer-assisted, quantitative content analysis of ten randomly selected A-list political blogs and 50 randomly selected, less popular political blogs over the five-month period from July 1 to November 30, 2004, the author finds that on the vast majority of issues there was a complex, bidirectional relationship between mainstream media coverage and blog discussion rather than a unidirectional media or blog agenda-setting effect.
Global assemblages, resilience, and Earth Stewardship in the Anthropocene

In this paper, we argue that the Anthropocene is an epoch characterized not only by the anthropogenic dominance of the Earth's ecosystems but also by new forms of environmental governance and institutions. Echoing the literature in political ecology, we call these new forms of environmental governance “global assemblages”. Socioecological changes associated with global assemblages disproportionately impact poorer nations and communities along the development continuum, or the “Global South”, and others who depend on natural resources for subsistence. Although global assemblages are powerful mechanisms of socioecological change, we show how transnational networks of grassroots organizations are able to resist their negative social and environmental impacts, and thus foster socioecological resilience.