cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Temperature Vapor Phase Lubrication Using Carbonaceous Gases

Following the pioneering work of Prof. James Lauer, the ability to provide continuous solid lubrication through vapor phase delivery of carbonaceous gases has been successfully demonstrated on a pin-on-disk contact at the temperatures of 650 °C. Results from tribological experiments under 2 N normal load and 50 mm/s sliding speed showed an over 20× reduction in friction coefficient. The samples were silicon nitride (pin) versus CMSX-4 (disk) and the experiments when run in a nitrogen environment with acetylene admixtures. Two repeat experiments gave average friction coefficients of μ = 0.03 and μ = 0.02. The process was robust and provided low friction for the entire 500 m of sliding. Using focused ion-beam milling, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and confocal Raman spectroscopy, the resulting solid lubricant was found to be oriented microcrystalline graphite.
Varieties of Radicalism: Attwood, Cobden and the Local Politics of Municipal Incorporation

In 1837 leading reformers in a number of England's rapidly growing but still archaically governed industrial cities began to agitate for the incorporation of their boroughs in accordance with the provisions of the Municipal Corporations Act passed two years before. Up until then little interest had been shown in the subject in the provinces, an attitude which is rather easier to understand than the sudden belated burst of enthusiasm. For, even after it had become clear in 1835 that the great reform bill had made some sort of municipal reform inevitable, Tory opponents of the measure had not given way without a struggle. By strictly limiting the powers of the reformed borough councils, by creating a property qualification for councillors, and by requiring the inhabitants of unincorporated cities to petition the Privy Council for a charter rather than, say, providing for automatic incorporation of parliamentary boroughs, they hoped to emasculate what they dared not destroy. In this they were remarkably successful. The borough councils remained hobbled for years because the powers of the variety of trusts which existed in most cities to take care of such things as paving, water supply, cleaning and general improvements were not handed over to the municipal authorities. And largely because of this even many reformers in the proud industrial cities of the north and midlands were often less than enthusiastic about getting a charter for their city. The prospect of replacing narrowly selected Court Leets and Boroughreeves with semi-democratically elected borough councils and mayors was appealing, but it had to be balanced against the fact that these councils would not supersede but merely take their place alongside already existing boards and commissions, with the result that the cost of local government was likely to go up. Looked at in this way there did not seem to be much in it, or at least not enough to make incorporation worth the fighting that would probably be necessary to secure it.
Adipokines vaspin and omentin-1 are up-regulated in large for gestational age infants at term

Abstract Objective Large- (LGA) and appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) infants differ in body fat mass and metabolic/endocrine mechanisms. We aimed to investigate in LGA and AGA infants possible alterations in cord blood levels of insulin and the adipokines vaspin and omentin-1 which are secreted by the adipose tissue and are implicated in insulin resistance/metabolic syndrome. Methods Cord blood vaspin, omentin-1 and insulin levels were prospectively measured in 61 LGA and 36 AGA singleton full-term infants. Of the LGA group 13 infants were born from diabetic and 48 from non-diabetic mothers. Results Cord blood vaspin and omentin-1 levels were significantly higher in LGA compared with AGA neonates ( p = 0.021 and b = 0.115, SE 0.037, p = 0.002, respectively). Umbilical cord omentin-1 levels were significantly decreased in neonates delivered vaginally ( b = −0.075, SE 0.031, p = 0.016), after controlling for group. Insulin levels increased in proportion to the customized centiles of the infants ( b = 0.004, SE = 0.001, p = 0.009). Finally, in the LGA group vaspin levels correlated with omentin-1 serum levels ( r = 0.318, p = 0.013). Conclusions The increased levels of vaspin observed in LGA infants compared with AGA ones, possibly represent a defensive mechanism against insulin/glucose dysregulation, commonly seen in the former. In addition, the increased omentin-1 levels in the LGA group could possibly reflect the amount of developing adipose tissue in the early stages of life in this group. Alternatively, these levels could reflect the growth-promoting effect of omentin-1 in the fetus. The inflammation associated with vaginal deliveries may account for the lower cord blood omentin-1 levels in neonates delivered by this mode.
TRANSIENT NEONATAL DIABETES MELLITUS TREATED WITH INSULIN INFUSION PUMPS AND PANCREATIC BETA CELL FUNCTION FOLLOWED BY URINARY C-PEPTIDE EXCRETION

JM was a 1928 gram, 36-week small for gestation age male infant born to a Grav.-III, Para-0 mother. Hyperglycemia of 340 mg % was identified on arrival to the nursery. Conventional approach changing from regular to NPH insulin proved unsatisfactory. Thus regular S.C. insulin (U20) was administered every 3 hrs pre-formula feeding based on Glucometer blood heel stick glucose using a sliding scale insulin dosage of 0.1 to 0.5 units. Pen-Pump (U20 regular insulin) was utilized with manual administered pre-meal doses. Insulin syringes were refilled every 12 to 24 hrs and needle sites changed every 2 to 3 days. A trial on CPI Model 9100 ambulatory infusion pump was shown feasible with continuous insulin of 3 units/24 hr rate (U10 insulin). JM was discharged at 1 month of age on a Pen-Pump with home glucose monitoring pre-meals and sliding dose regular insulin. An infusion site staph aureus cellulitis resulted in rehospitalization. A new trial of NPH (U10) b.i.d. proved effective in management by six weeks of age in the range of 2.2 units b.i.d. As the NPH insulin dose decreased from 2.2 U b.i.d. to 0.3 U b.i.d. from 3 to 6 mos. of life, home glucose monitoring, hemoglobin A1C and urine C-peptide were helpful guidelines. Urine C-peptide proved an effective means of following residual pancreatic beta cell function with recovery of diabetes by 6 mos. of age. Timed measured urine samples every 2 weeks showed a rise from nil C-peptide to 4.0 ng/ml with return of pancreatic beta cell function.
My language, your culture: whose communicative competence?

: The paper examines the notion of ‘communicative competence’ specifically with reference to transplanted varieties of English (e.g. Indian English) used in various non-Western sociocultural contexts in the world. It is claimed that the notion of communicative competence that relies on the traditional notion of ‘competence’ of a native speaker is misleading for understanding and interpreting English texts written in these contexts by, for example, Indians and Africans. The examples presented here show that the judgements of native speakers with regard to deviations (or innovations) in such varieties of English are as much based on attitudinal factors, as on genuine expectations in the context of verbal interaction. The concepts intelligibility and interpretability are viewed from the perspective of the conventions (literary, cultural and so on) developed in the institutionalized non-native varieties of English. The examples are taken from written texts, and several theoretical and methodological questions are raised.
A dynamic model of bioavailability of metals in constructed wetland sediments

Abstract Constructed wetlands used for stormwater treatment accumulate metals primarily in their sediment. This sediment has the potential to produce toxic effects in benthic or aquatic organisms. Bioavailability of metals in sediments is directly linked to pore water metal activity. The mechanisms that influence pore water metal activity include physical, chemical, and biological processes. A system dynamics model was developed to represent these processes and the major influences affecting pore water metal activity in a treatment wetland receiving stormwater influent. The model structure and behavior were tested and validated using several system dynamics validation techniques. The model was run using metal specific parameter values typical of metals commonly found in stormwater runoff. Simulation results demonstrate that chemical processes of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and organic carbon in binding metal in reduced sediments are the greatest influences in controlling metal bioavailability. The effect of bioturbation, as represented in the model, was negligible. The amount of organic carbon in the sediment plays the biggest role in controlling metal bioavailability in the long run.
The Osteological Paradox 20 Years Later: Past Perspectives, Future Directions

More than 20 years ago, Wood et al. (Curr Anthropol 33:343–370, 1992) published “The Osteological Paradox: Problems of Inferring Prehistoric Health from Skeletal Samples,” in which they challenged bioarchaeologists to consider the effects of heterogeneous frailty and selective mortality on health inferences in past populations. Here, we review the paper’s impact on bioarchaeology and paleopathology, focusing on recent advancements in studies of ancient health. We find the paper is often cited but infrequently engaged in a meaningful way. Despite an initial decade of limited progress, numerous researchers are now addressing components of the Paradox in more informed ways. We identify four areas of fruitful research: (1) intrasite, contextual perspectives, (2) subadults, (3) associating stress markers with demographic phenomena, and (4) skeletal lesion-formation processes. Although often seen as a problematic assumption, understanding the sources of heterogeneous frailty within human populations is a worthy research question in and of itself, and one that clearly links past and present health research within a global framework.
Locational dependence of maximum installable PV capacity in LV networks while maintaining voltage limits

We assess the effects that size and locations of photovoltaic (PV) arrays in a low-voltage (LV) electric power grid have on the maximum installable capacity. The objective is to place and control PVs without violating voltage limits and not require interventions by utilities. Multi-modal control is suggested whereby the PVs deviate from unity power factor and begin to supply reactive power if the voltage limits are approached; the installed capacity need not ever be disconnected. Given such multi-modal control, it is shown that the best location of a large PV farm is at the load located furthest away from the medium voltage step-down transformer. Furthermore, we show that the maximum installable capacity increases if the capacity is distributed as many smaller “rooftop” PVs.
Embedding Information Security into the Organization

Risk and business have always been inseparable, but new information security risks pose unknown challenges. How should firms organize and manage to improve enterprise security? Here, the authors describe how chief information security officer (CISOs) are working to build secure organizations.
Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England

Alfred's Wessex memories of childhood, 848-858 scourges of God, 858-868 a very great warrior, 869-879 king of the anglo-saxons, 880-891 defence of the realm the reign of Solomon the practice of kingship triumph and death, 892-899 conclusion - "my memory in good works".
THE VAN HOVE SINGULARITY IN HIGH Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS

Experimental indications for the role of the van Hove singularity (vHs) in the electronic density of states of high Tc superconductors are discussed. It is argued that (i) like the resistivity, the measured temperature and doping dependences of the normal state electronic specific heat of YBCO are consistent with the existence of a vHs and (ii) the doping dependence of Tc in the underdoped and optimally doped regimes may be accounted for mainly by a vHs. Further, we discuss the suppression of the quasiparticle scattering rate below Tc, and the coherence lengths in the hole-doped materials and NCCO. Assuming that the same mechanism for superconductivity operates in the electron-doped and the hole-doped cuprates, we argue that the bosonic mode that causes the superconductivity is strongly influenced by the doping in the overdoped regime. We further argue that this boson involves an energy scale larger than that of phonons and is only weakly coupled to the charge carriers.
Acute abdominal pain: value of non-contrast enhanced ultra-low-dose multi-detector row CT as a substitute for abdominal radiographs

The aim of this study was to evaluate a non-enhanced ultra-low-dose (ULD) abdominal-pelvic multi-detector row computerized tomography (MDCT) to assess patients with acute abdominal pain who would otherwise undergo three-view abdominal X-ray series. Institutional review board approval was obtained with waiver of informed consent. This study was Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant. One hundred and sixty-three patients (mean age, 51 years; range, 19-82 years, M/F = 110:53) who underwent ULD MDCT were included in the study. Two subspecialty radiologists independently reviewed the images for abnormal findings and image quality parameters. The effective radiation dose was calculated for each patient and compared to standard-dose computed tomography (CT) scans of 50 matched controls. Findings were confirmed by reviewing the patients' medical records, and statistical analysis was performed. ULD MDCT showed a high sensitivity (100%), specificity (98.5%), and positive predictive value (91.7%) for detection of free air, stones, and intestinal obstruction. For other sources of abdominal pain, the overall sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value were 86%, 96%, and 95%, respectively. Mean effective radiation dose from this study was 2.10 mSv (range of 0.67 to 6.64 mSv) with a 78% mean dose reduction compared to standard-dose CT. There was good inter-observer agreement (=0.4 to 0.81). ULD abdominal-pelvic MDCT provides rapid and reasonably accurate diagnostic information in patients with acute abdominal pain at a very low radiation dose.
Gender Differences in the Relationship of Language Development to Disruptive Behavior and Peer Relationships in Preschoolers

The present study examined whether there are gender differences among preschoolers in how language development is related to disruptive behavior and peer relationships. Participants were 185 largely minority, preschool children from low income families and their 16 teachers. Videotaped observations were coded to assess disruptive and off-task behavior in group learning situations. Teachers rated disruptive behavior and the quality of peer relationships and they provided information about service referrals. Language skills were assessed with standardized tests. Lower levels of language skills were more strongly associated with disruptive behavior and poor peer relationships for boys than for girls. Disruptive behavior was related to the probability that a child would be referred for services. Language development difficulties tended to be seen by teachers only when paired with behavior problems.
Responses of three genetically different stocks of the honeybee to a virus from bees with hairless-black syndrome

Abstract Test samples, each of 50 honeybees ( Apis mellifera ), from three different stocks (hairless-black resistant, hairless-black susceptible, and commercial) were fed over a 3-day period a total dose per bee of 4 × 10 9 , 4 × 10 7 , 4 × 10 6 , 4 × 10 4 , or 0 virus particles in sucrose syrup. Mortality differences due to dose and stock variables were observed. By the last day of the experiment, mortality in control groups of all three stocks averaged less than 4%, whereas samples of susceptible, commercial, and resistant stocks receiving 4 × 10 9 virus particles per bee averaged 94, 60, and 40%, respectively. The responses to other doses reflected the same trends.
Evidence that protein kinase Cα interacts with and regulates the glial glutamate transporter GLT‐1

Many of the sodium-dependent neurotransmitter transporters are rapidly (within minutes) regulated by protein kinase C (PKC), with changes in activity being correlated with changes in transporter trafficking to or from the plasma membrane. Our recent studies suggest that one of the classical subtypes of PKC, PKCα, may selectively mediate redistribution of the neuronal glutamate transporter, excitatory amino acid carrier (EAAC)1, and show that PKCα can be co-immunoprecipitated with EAAC1. When the glial glutamate transporter GLT-1a is transfected into C6 glioma cells, this transporter is internalized in response to activation of PKC, but the PKC subtype involved in this regulation is unknown. In the present study, expression of the phorbol ester-activated subtypes of PKC was examined in C6 glioma transfected with GLT-1. Of the classical subtypes, only PKCα was detected, and of the non-classical subtypes, PKCδ and PKCe were detected. In this system, phorbol ester-dependent internalization of GLT-1 was blocked by a general inhibitor of PKCs (bisindolylmaleimide II) and by concentrations of Go6976 that selectively block classical PKCs, but not by an inhibitor of PKCδ (rottlerin). PKCα immunoreactivity was found in GLT-1 immunoprecipitates obtained from transfected C6 cells and from crude rat brain synaptosomes, a milieu that better mimics in vivo conditions. The amount of PKCα in both types of immunoprecipitate was modestly increased by phorbol ester, and this increase was blocked by a PKC antagonist. These studies suggest that PKCα may be required for the regulated redistribution of GLT-1.
Characterization of Olive Oil by Carbon Isotope Analysis of Individual Fatty Acids: Implications for Authentication

The fatty acids of olive oils of distinct quality grade from the most important European Union (EU) producer countries were chemically and isotopically characterized. The analytical approach utilized combined capillary column gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and the novel technique of compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) through gas chromatography coupled to a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) via a combustion (C) interface (GC/C/IRMS). This approach provides further insights into the control of the purity and geographical origin of oils sold as cold-pressed extra virgin olive oil with certified origin appellation. The results indicate that substantial enrichment in heavy carbon isotope (13C) of the bulk oil and of individual fatty acids are related to (1) a thermally induced degradation due to deodorization or steam washing of the olive oils and (2) the potential blend with refined olive oil or other vegetable oils. The interpretation of the data is based on principal compone...
Pulsatile left ventricular assist device support as a bridge to decision in patients with end-stage heart failure complicated by pulmonary hypertension

Background Severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) in heart failure (HF) is a risk factor for adverse outcomes after heart transplantation (HTx). Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) improve pulmonary hemodynamics, but our understanding of the degree of improvement and the effect on outcomes is still evolving. Methods We reviewed invasive pulmonary hemodynamics from 58 consecutive patients receiving LVAD support as a bridge to HTx from 1996 to 2003. The primary outcome was change in baseline transpulmonary gradient (TPG) during LVAD support and after HTx/recovery. The secondary outcome was post-HTx survival. Results All patients (age, 49 ± 14 years, 79% male, 40% ischemic) received a pulsatile LVAD (median support, 97 days; interquartile range [IQR], 31–222). Hemodynamic measurements were obtained at baseline (median, 1 day; IQR, 1–3), during early (median, 1 day; IQR, 0–4) and late (median, 75 days; IQR, 24–186) LVAD support, and after HTx/recovery (median, 28 days; IQR, 17–40). Improvement in TPG occurred throughout LVAD support and was sustained after HTx/recovery. Levels of TPG reductions in patients with a baseline TPG in the highest quartile (14.1–26.0 mm Hg) were 8.6 ± 3.5 vs 6.5 ± 3.1 mm Hg in the lowest quartile (2.0–7.7 mm Hg) during LVAD support ( p = 0.102), with 90% vs 100% 30-day post-HTx survival ( P = 0.113). Conclusion Pulmonary hemodynamics and post-HTx survival were similar after pulsatile LVAD support in patients with and without pre-implant PH. LVAD support may be a useful strategy to reverse PH in carefully selected patients, thus improving candidacy for HTx.
Exit charge state dependence of convoy electron production in heavy-ion solid collisions

Abstract The dependence of the yield of convoy electrons emitted near the forward direction in collisions involving fast ions and thin solid targets on the emergent projectile charge state is presented and described in terms of primary electron loss events in the solid. The data include a large array of projectiles, projectile energies and charge states, as well as targets ranging in thickness from the nonequilibrium well into the equilibrium thickness region. The description presented is consistent with other experimental and theoretical results indicating that the convoy electron production is closely linked to the ELC process observed in binary ion-atom collisions, with the dominant contribution to the convoy yield stemming from excited states of the projectile.
Philosophy of Mathematics in the Twentieth Century: Selected Essays

The second volume of Charles Parsons’ selected papers, dedicated to Solomon Feferman, Wilfred Sieg, and William Tait, collects eleven mainly historical essays and reviews on philosophy and philosop...
Diabetes resilience: A model of risk and protection in type 1 diabetes

Declining diabetes management and control are common as children progress through adolescence, yet many youths with diabetes do remarkably well. Risk factors for poor diabetes outcomes are well-researched, but fewer data describe processes that lead to positive outcomes such as engaging in effective diabetes self-management, experiencing high quality of life, and achieving in-range glycemic control. Resilience theory posits that protective processes buffer the impact of risk factors on an individual’s development and functioning. We review recent conceptualizations of resilience theory in the context of type 1 diabetes management and control and present a theoretical model of pediatric diabetes resilience. Applications to clinical care and research include the development of preventive interventions to build or strengthen protective skills and processes related to diabetes and its management. The ultimate goal is to equip youths with diabetes and their families with the tools to promote both behavioral and health-related resilience in diabetes.
To see a world in 80 kilograms of rock

Out of the thousands of meteorites that have fallen to earth, 12 are known to have come from Mars. In his Perspective, Treiman discusses our current understanding of these martian specimens, in particular, recent results presented at the 27th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference held in March.
Frontal dynamics in a California Current System shallow front: 1. Frontal processes and tracer structure

[1] The three-dimensional dynamics in a shallow front are examined using density and current data from two surveys 100 km offshore of Monterey Bay, California. Survey 1 is forced by down-front winds, and both surveys have considerable cross-front density gradients and flow curvature. The maximum Rossby numbers on the dense side reached maxima of +0.60 in survey 1 and +0.45 in survey 2. Downwelling occurs in regions of confluence (frontogenesis) associated with potential vorticity (PV) change and thermal wind imbalance. Streamers of particulate matter and PV are advected southeastward by the frontal jet and downward. Nonlinear Ekman currents advect dense water over light water in the presence of down-front winds, which leads to upwelling along the front and downwelling on the light side of the front. At sites of active ageostrophic secondary circulation (ASC), induced by frontogenesis or Ekman effects, the observed cross-front ageostrophic velocity is consistent with the diagnosed vertical velocity. Furthermore, in survey 2, ageostrophic divergence may play an important role at the curved front, presumably counteracting quasi-geostrophic frontogenesis due to isopycnal confluence. Downward frictional vertical PV flux below the surface extracts PV from the pycnocline and reinforces the frontogenetic vertical PV flux. PV destruction at the surface is inferred from a low PV anomaly below the mixed layer in survey 2. Since the magnitude of the frontogenetic ASC is only twice the magnitude of Ekman suction, external forcing may have a considerable impact on the vertical heat and PV fluxes.
Strained Allenes as Dienophiles in the Diels-Alder Reaction: An Experimental and Computational Study.

Strained allenes, such as 1,2-cyclohexadiene, undergo facile Diels−Alder reactions with otherwise unreactive dienes. Substituted cyclohexa-1,2-dienes add to furan via a Diels−Alder reaction, forming only two of four possible regioisomers and stereoisomers. Alkyl cyclohexa-1,2-diene carboxylates yield the nonconjugated endo adduct as the major product. However, chiral cyclohexa-1,2-dienecarboxylates, such as l-menthyl and l-bornyl cyclohexa-1,2-dienecarboxylate, show no diastereoselectivity in [4 + 2] cycloadditions. DFT (B3LYP/6-31G*) calculations were performed in order to explain these results. A comparison to the calculated B3LYP/6-31G* transition structures and intermediates along the reaction paths of 1,2-cyclohexadiene with 1,3-butadiene and with furan (as well as propadiene with butadiene) show that the diradical stepwise pathways are preferred over the concerted paths. At the same time, the concerted transition structures are extremely asynchronous. A QM/MM study indicates a minimal influence of t...
New Perspectives on the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) Component: An Evolving Tool in Cognitive Neuroscience

The Mismatch Negativity (MMN) component of event-related brain potentials has become an important tool for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying auditory perception, memory, attention, speech and music. The interest in MMN as a tool of investigation in Cognitive Neuroscience, and its clinical and scientific applications has been steadily growing during the recent years. The successful use of this non-invasive technique has led to an ever-expanding range of areas of study, including the development of auditory perception and cognition across the lifespan, and impairment of auditory cognition observed in a wide range of disorders, such as specific language impairment, dyslexia, central auditory processing disorders, autism, schizophrenia, aphasia, coma, to name only a few. Increased interest in using MMN as a research tool, and increased focus on its clinical use in detecting and monitoring cerebral and psychological dysfunctions has led to investigations aimed at gaining greater clarification of its neural substrate, and underlying mechanisms, using neuropharmacology and animal models. The papers in this special issue represent a small collection of talks given at the Sixth International Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Application held May 1–4, 2012 in New York City, reflecting recent advances and theories of MMN.
After Neoliberalism: The Politics of Reregulation in Mexico

Neoliberal economic reforms, rather than unleashing market forces, can result in new institutions for market governance. By vacating institutionalized policy domains, neoliberal reforms can trigger two-step reregulation processes, as first, political entrepreneurs launch projects to build support coalitions by reregulating markets, and second, societal groups respond to these projects by mobilizing to influence the terms of reregulation. Depending on the strengths and strategies of politicians and societal groups, reregulation processes result in varied institutions for market governance. The article develops this argument by analyzing how neoliberal reforms in Mexico led to the construction of distinct institutions for market governance across four states (Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Puebla). The findings from Mexico highlight the importance of moving beyond the questions of why developing countries choose neoliberal policies and how they implement them. Students of the political economy of development should shift their attention instead to understanding the kinds of new institutions that replace those destroyed or displaced by neoliberal reforms.
Glucose- and time-dependence of islet amyloid formation in vitro.

Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is a normal product of the pancreatic β-cell. Human, but not rodent, IAPP is capable of forming amyloid deposits, which are associated with loss of both β-cell mass and normal islet function [1, 2]. Models have been developed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the deleterious effects of amyloidogenesis. Initially, these involved the extracellular application of human IAPP (hIAPP) to immortalized cells [3], or the transfection of cells that lack the sophisticated secretory machinery that is typical of the β-cell [4]. While cell death and/or impaired insulin secretion were demonstrated, these models do not depict what is occurring in humans. Advancement of transgene technology has enabled a more informative approach to studying amyloidogenesis, where hIAPP could be targeted to rodent β-cells and use of various strategies could induce the deposition of islet amyloid (reviewed in [5]). In our model, we have observed that hIAPP transgenic mice develop light microscopy-visible amyloid after 12–16 months on a 9% fat diet [6]. This occurs predominantly in male mice, as female mice are protected by ovarian products [7]. The utility of our mouse model and others like it [8, 9] has been somewhat limited since studies typically take a year to perform and it is not possible to discern a direct role of a given intervention on islet amyloid formation. Furthermore, female mice are generally not useful for in vivo studies due to the low incidence of amyloid deposition. Of note, an improved system has been developed to study islet amyloid using isolated islets but this relies on labour-intensive electron microscopy to detect amyloid deposition [10–12]. For these reasons, we sought to develop a rapid model of islet amyloid formation, where amyloid can be easily visualized by light microscopy. In the present study, we have utilized an in vitro approach, namely culture of isolated islets from our male and female hIAPP transgenic mice. Our findings provide insight into the potential role of islet amyloid in the progression of type 2 diabetes.
Automatic Remeshing Scheme for Modeling Hot Forming Process

Proposition d'un modele permettant une simulation des interactions complexes intervenant lors du formage a chaud
Speech Recognition Thresholds for Multilingual Populations.

An omnibus survey conducted in 1994 by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association reported that 85% of audiologists were monolingual English-speakers. Speech audiometry is typically conducted with English materials. However, a large and growing segment of the U.S. population is from non-English-speaking families. In the current climate, monolingual English-speaking audiologists who serve a rapidly growing minority population are ethically and legally challenged to develop valid speech audiometry tests. This article traces the development of speech audiometry in the United States and reports on the current status, focusing on the needs of a multilingual population in terms of measuring speech recognition threshold.
Exacerbation of radiocontrast nephrotoxicity by endothelin receptor antagonism

Exacerbation of radiocontrast nephrotoxicity by endothelin receptor antagonism. Background Endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of radiocontrast nephrotoxicity. Endothelin antagonists may reduce the renal hemodynamic abnormalities following radiocontrast administration. Methods One hundred fifty-eight patients with chronic renal insufficiency [mean serum creatinine ± SD=2.7 ± 1.0 mg/dL (242.3 to ± 92.8 μmol/L)] and undergoing cardiac angiography were randomized to receive either a mixed endothelin A and B receptor antagonist, SB 290670, or placebo. All patients received intravenous hydration with 0.45% saline before and after radiocontrast administration. Serum creatinine concentrations were measured at baseline, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 3 to 5 days after radiocontrast administration. The primary end point was the mean change in serum creatinine concentration from baseline at 48 hours; the secondary end point was the incidence of radiocontrast nephrotoxicity, defined as an increase in serum creatinine of ≥0.5 mg/dL (44 μmol/L) or ≥ 25% from baseline within 48 hours of radiocontrast administration. Results The mean increase in serum creatinine 48 hours after angiography was higher in the SB 209670 group [0.7 ± 0.7 mg/dL (63.5 ± 58.6 μmol/L)] than in the placebo group [0.4 ± 0.6 mg/dL (33.6 ± 55.1 μmol/L), P = 0.002]. The incidence of radiocontrast nephrotoxicity was also higher in the SB 209670 group (56%) compared with placebo (29%, P = 0.002). This negative effect of SB 209670 was apparent in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Adverse effects, especially hypotension or decreased blood pressure, were more common in the SB 209670 group. Conclusions In patients with chronic renal insufficiency who were undergoing cardiac angiography, endothelin receptor antagonism with SB 209670 and intravenous hydration exacerbate radiocontrast nephrotoxicity compared with hydration alone.
SLC4 base (HCO3−, CO32−) transporters: classification, function, structure, genetic diseases, and knockout models

In prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, biochemical and physiological processes are sensitive to changes in H+ activity. For these processes to function optimally, a variety of proteins have evolv...
Identification of family-determining residues in PHD fingers

Histone modifications are fundamental to chromatin structure and transcriptional regulation, and are recognized by a limited number of protein folds. Among these folds are PHD fingers, which are present in most chromatin modification complexes. To date, about 15 PHD finger domains have been structurally characterized, whereas hundreds of different sequences have been identified. Consequently, an important open problem is to predict structural features of a PHD finger knowing only its sequence. Here, we classify PHD fingers into different groups based on the analysis of residue-residue co-evolution in their sequences. We measure the degree to which fixing the amino acid type at one position modifies the frequencies of amino acids at other positions. We then detect those position/amino acid combinations, or 'conditions', which have the strongest impact on other sequence positions. Clustering these strong conditions yields four families, providing informative labels for PHD finger sequences. Existing experimental results, as well as docking calculations performed here, reveal that these families indeed show discrepancies at the functional level. Our method should facilitate the functional characterization of new PHD fingers, as well as other protein families, solely based on sequence information.
Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid Increases Adiponectin and Normalizes IUGR-Induced Changes in Rat Adipose Deposition

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) predisposes to obesity and adipose dysfunction. We previously demonstrated IUGR-induced increased visceral adipose deposition and dysregulated expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ2 (PPARγ2) in male adolescent rats, prior to the onset of obesity. In other studies, activation of PPARγ increases subcutaneous adiponectin expression and normalizes visceral adipose deposition. We hypothesized that maternal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a PPARγ agonist, would normalize IUGR adipose deposition in association with increased PPARγ, adiponectin, and adiponectin receptor expression in subcutaneous adipose. To test these hypotheses, we used a well-characterized model of uteroplacental-insufficiency-(UPI-) induced IUGR in the rat with maternal DHA supplementation. Our primary findings were that maternal DHA supplementation during rat pregnancy and lactation (1) normalizes IUGR-induced changes in adipose deposition and visceral PPARγ expression in male rats and (2) increases serum adiponectin, as well as adipose expression of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in former IUGR rats. Our novel findings suggest that maternal DHA supplementation may normalize adipose dysfunction and promote adiponectin-induced improvements in metabolic function in IUGR.
Diffusion of [2-14C]Diazepam Across Hairless Mouse Skin and Human Skin

The objectives of this study were to investigate the absorption of diazepam applied topically to the hairless mouse in vivo and to determine the diffusion of diazepam across isolated hairless mouse skin and human skin. [14C]Diazepam was readily absorbed after topical administration to the intact hairless mouse, a total of 75.8% of the 14C-label applied being recovered in urine and feces. Diazepam was found to diffuse across human and hairless mouse skin unchanged in experiments with twin-chambered diffusion cells. The variation in diffusion rate or the flux for both human and mouse tissues was greater among specimens than between duplicate or triplicate trials for a single specimen. Fluxes for mouse skin (stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis) were greater than for human skin (stratum corneum and epidermis): 0.35-0.61 microgram/cm2/h for mouse skin vs 0.24-0.42 microgram/cm2/h for human skin. The permeability coefficients for mouse skin ranged from 1.4-2.4 X 10(-2)cm/h compared with 0.8-1.4 X 10(-2)cm/h for human skin. Although human stratum corneum is almost twice the thickness of that of the hairless mouse, the diffusion coefficients for human skin were 3-12 times greater (0.76-3.31 X 10(-6) cm2/h for human skin vs 0.12-0.27 X 10(-6) cm2/h for hairless mouse) because of a shorter lag time for diffusion across human skin. These differences between the diffusion coefficients and diffusion rates (or permeability coefficients) suggest that the presence of the dermis may present some barrier properties. In vitro the dermis may require complete saturation before the diazepam can be detected in the receiving chamber. [14C]Diazepam was not detected in the receiving chamber of the Franz cell apparatus in experiments with human skin. This indicated that the rate of diffusion was less than 0.09 microgram/cm2/h. Since this diffusion technique more closely resembles topical administration to humans, these results appear to indicate that achieving therapeutic concentrations in humans may be difficult. In addition, the hairless mouse may not be a suitable model for predicting percutaneous absorption of diazepam in humans.
Metformin mitigates apoptosis in ischemic myocardium.

Abstract Background Epidemiologic data has shown that metformin confers a survival advantage in patients with cardiovascular disease. Although the underlying cardioprotective mechanism is unclear, it appears to be independent of metformin's insulin-sensitizing effect. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of metformin on the apoptosis pathway in the ischemic and nonischemic cardiac tissue in a swine model of metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods Ossabaw miniswine were fed either a regular diet (Ossabaw control, n = 8), a high-cholesterol diet (Ossabaw high cholesterol, n = 8), or a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with metformin (Ossabaw high-cholesterol metformin, n = 8). After 9 wk, all animals underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor to the left circumflex coronary artery to induce chronic ischemia. Seven weeks after ameroid placement, animals underwent cardiac harvest. Results In the chronically ischemic myocardium, metformin significantly upregulates prosurvival proteins: extracellular signal-regulated kinases, nuclear factor κB, phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and P38. Metformin also significantly inhibits or downregulates proapoptosis proteins: FOXO3 and caspase 3. Metformin decreased the percent apoptotic cells in the ischemic and nonischemic myocardium. There was no difference in arteriolar density, capillary density, intramyocardial fibrosis, or collagen deposition in the ischemic or nonischemic myocardium. Conclusions Metformin selectively alters the apoptosis pathway by inhibiting FOXO3 and decreasing the active form of caspase 3, cleaved caspase 3. Metformin also upregulates mitogen-activated kinase proteins p38 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2, which are considered cardioprotective during ischemic preconditioning. Perhaps, the altered activation of the apoptosis pathway in ischemic myocardium is one mechanism by which metformin is cardioprotective.
Pitting corrosion in CVD SiC at 300 °C in deoxygenated high-purity water

Abstract SiC is a candidate for nuclear applications at elevated temperatures but has not been fully studied under typical light-water reactor operating conditions, such as moderate temperatures and high pressures. Coupons of high-purity chemical vapor deposited SiC were exposed to deoxygenated, pressurized water at 573 K and 10 MPa for up to 5400 h. Ceramographic examination of the exposed SiC surfaces revealed both embryonic and large, d > 300 μm, pits on the surface after initial exposure for 4000 h. The pits were characterized using scanning electron microscopy for structure and chemistry analysis. Pit densities were also determined by standard counting methods. The chemical analysis revealed that the pits are associated with the formation of silica and subsequent loss of Si, which is expected due to several suggested reactions between SiC and water. Subsequent exposure under nominally identical water chemistry conditions for an additional 1400 h removed the pits and the samples exhibited general corrosion with measurable loss of Si from the surface.
Transfer optimized dry development process of sub-32nm HSQ/AR3 BLR resist pillar from low-K etcher to metal etcher

The optimized dry development condition of low-k etcher obtained before is transferred to and optimized in DPSII metal etcher in this study to avoid resist pillar collapse, etch residual magnification, process continuity and tool simplicity. Three key process parameters of oxygen flow rate, bottom power and e-chuck temperature are studied for vertical pillars with various pattern densities. HSQ pillar patterning is transferred from diluted Fox-12 to commercialized XR1541-002 where the film thickness and patterned CD are matched. LTN hard mask (HM) of 100 nm thick above RRAM film stack is deposited for reducing proximity effect of XR1541-002 and improving etch resistance. Experimental results are summarized below. Highest AR of ~3.9 for HSQ/AR3 BLR semi-dense L/S=1/3 pillar with vertical profile is obtained with optimized dry develop condition of O2, N2, flow rates, chamber pressure and temperature, top and bottom power of 8, 5, sccm, 3 mTorr, 80oC, 200 and 100 watts respectively. AR is lower for looser pattern density. Oxygen flow rate and bottom power are the most critical process parameters for obtaining high AR BLR pillar and most vertical profile of pillar, just like the case of low-k etcher. E-chuck temperature is critical in profile control. Etch residual is magnified to broaden LTN pillar CD and degrade CD uniformity (CDU) if its etch process is not immediately continued after dry development process.
The science teacher as the organic link

This study began as an exploration of the following questions: What do individual science teachers bring into their teaching that frames and mediates their teaching philosophy and of what, if any, value is it in science education? Drawing from a life history case study of Anna, an in-service science teacher, I show that her moral beliefs, perceptions, experiences, and interests dialectically frame and mediate her views of science teaching. Anna brings into her classroom her personal philosophy of teaching and learning. This is in contrast to studies concluding that different aspects of teachers’ personal philosophies, such as their understanding of the nature of science and their behavior and pedagogical decisions are not connected and may be neatly segregated from one another. In the “transmission” [Transmission is presented in quotes because in this manuscript it is used dialectically, as opposed to a one-directional and “objective” process. The science teacher is not just a “lens” for the transmission of cultural capital; the cultural capital “transmitted” though Anna is seen as existing in a state of creation/recreation.] of cultural capital, Anna embodies dialectical relationships and processes, not just as a mediator of culture, but also as an organic entity that contributes to how culture is created, recreated and exchanged in a science classroom, and as such, is referred to here as an organic link. Science teacher identity and science teaching philosophy are thus seen as much closer to the human experience—merging the intellectual, the personal, the cultural, the political, and the environmental with the relationships and the processes that connect each to the others and to the whole. They are viewed as, at once, being mediated by as well as mediating one another. I argue that the total of what science teaching is exceeds the sum of its commonly “measurable” parts, like content and pedagogical knowledge. Although the designing and framing of this study was initially a life history investigation, a dialectical approach and analysis were found to be necessary to develop the theoretical conceptualization of the emerging interwoven themes, illustrating how the researcher’s own philosophy and development are dialectically intertwined with, and at once affect and are effects of the research process and outcomes.
Is there a role for helminths in the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease

Helminth parasites mostly have been eliminated in industrialized parts of the world, where the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the highest. The authors propose that helminths protect the bowel by downregulating inflammatory responses. Evidence for the immune regulatory effect of helminths in animal models of colitis and in human IBD is discussed.
Expression and demethylation of germinally-transmitted BALB/c mouse mammary tumor virus DNA in Abelson MuLV B-lymphoid cell lines

Murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV) RNA expression, DNA organization and DNA demethylation were examined in BALB/c B-lymphoid cell lines produced by transformation with the Abelson murine leukemia virus (AbMuLV). The MMTV DNA sequences in AbMuLV B cell lines, based on restriction mapping with EcoRI, PstI, BglII, BamHI and SacI and molecular hybridization with cloned probes of the MMTV LTR, gag-pol or env gene regions, were identical to the germinally-transmitted MMTV DNA complement of BALB/c mice. Several AbMuLV B cell lines expressed MMTV poly(A+)-RNA at detectable levels. MMTV poly(A+)-RNA for the env gene, 3.8 kb, and the long terminally redundant (LTR) region, 1.7 kb, were detected in some AbMuLV B cell lines. MMTV DNA sequences in the AbMuLV B cell lines were at least partially sensitive to digestion by the methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases HhaI and HpaII. HhaI-sensitive sites were present in Units I, II and III of the germinally-transmitted MMTV DNA and were localized specifically near the 5' end of the 5' and 3' LTRs of both Units II and III. HpaII-sensitive sites were localized near the 3' end of the 3' LTRs of Units II and III, and at a cellular site 2.1 kbp 5' to the 5' LTR. These observations demonstrate that the germ line MMTV DNA sequences of BALB/c mice are expressed in cells of B lymphocyte origin, and suggest a correlation between MMTV RNA expression and selective demethylation in the LTR regions of germinally-transmitted MMTV DNA sequences.