cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The intermediary language for multilanguage translation

This paper discusses some basic notions involved in designing, developing, and implementing the Intermediary Language (IL) for Machine Translation applied to a set of languages. The stages for the design of the IL would include the independent analysis and synthesis of each language in its own terms. Then each could be mapped once into the IL dictionary and grammar, creating the IL text. From the IL text the transfer routine would synthesize the target text for a particular language. It is assumed that the IL text would have algebraic representation of the variables to be instantiated in the target language on the basis of the IL text information. The IL should contain all the information occurring in the set of languages plus such generalizations as might be justified on the basis of inductive implications and/or deductively oriented postulates to be verified by adding new languages for testing the capacity of the IL. Given five languages spoken by more than a hundred million people, if N equals 5 for the pairwise translation (say, into English), N2−N, we get 20 programs, and for the IL translation 2N+1, we can manage with eleven programs, yielding a significant gain. The IL metalanguage, ideally, should have the capacity to function as an algebraic representation of both paradigmatic units (the selection axis) and their relationships (the contiguity axis). Both should be correlated with the extralinguistic fragments in terms of determiners, quantifiers, and classifiers. The structure of the IL grammar contains four components: dictionary, context-free information providing the nonterminal dictionary (i.e., classification), parser/synthesizer, and the initial string.
Comparative Activities of Maleyl, Fumaryl, and Succinyl Dicholine: A Correction of the Literature

Abstract A reinvestigation of the synthesis and structure of “dicholine maleate” reported by an earlier worker has shown that the cis ‐double bond was isomerized to the trans ‐form. An alternate synthesis for dicholine maleate has been repeated and has been found to give rise to the correct structure. Contrary to literature reports, there are marked differences in biological potency between maleyl and fumaryl dicholines compared with succinyl dicholine.
Mechanism of the localization of manganese (III) mesotetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine i in mice bearing L1210 tumors

Abstract In accordance with earlier work the manganese (III) derivative of meso-tetra-(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (TPPS 4 ) is found to accumulate in the tumors of L1210-bearing mice. The tumor/liver ratio of porphyrin extends from 1.5 to 3.6 over a range of dose and time periods. The subcellular distribution of porphyrin in L1210 tumor and liver, and the tissue distribution (cellular, stromal, soluble) in L1210 tumor indicates that the porphyrin tends to be located predominantly in soluble and stromal fractions. These data are interpreted in terms of the physiology and composition of neoplastic tissue to formalize a mechanism for the localization of Mn(III)TPPS 4 in L1210 tumor and a general working hypothesis for the localization of porphyrins in neoplastic tissue. The in vivo stability of Mn(III)TPPS 4 is also addressed and is found to be demetallated to a degree of approximately 1% in liver and kidney.
Capillary electrophoretic study of small, highly sulfated, non-sugar molecules interacting with antithrombin.

Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) was used to study interactions of small, highly sulfated, aromatic molecules with antithrombin (AT). The high charge density of the small molecules induces differential migration of the complex resulting in a versatile method of assessing binding affinities, nature of interactions and site of binding on the inhibitor. Scatchard analysis of the interaction of three tetrahydroisoquinoline-based multiply sulfated molecules with AT results in monophasic profiles with affinities in the range of 40 – 60 μM in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. For a pentasulfated molecule, a biphasic profile with affinities of 4.7 μM and 30 μM was observed. Measurement of KD as a function of ionic strength of the medium indicated that ionic and non-ionic forces contribute 2.4 and 1.9 kcal/mol, respectively, at pH 7.4 and 100 mM NaCl. Competitive binding studies show that the tetrahydroisoquinoline-based molecules do not compete with a high-affinity heparin pentasaccharide. In contrast, the affinity of these tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives decreases dramatically in the presence of an extended-heparin binding site ligand. Overall, ACE analysis of small, sulfated aromatic molecules interacting with AT is relatively easy and obviates the need for an external signal, e.g., fluorescence, for monitoring the interaction. In addition to affording biochemical knowledge, the small sample requirement and fast analysis time of ACE could be particularly advantageous for high throughput screening of potential anticoagulants.
Effect of nerve stump length on cholinesterase in denervated rat diaphragm

Abstract The effect of nerve stump length on cholinesterase activity was examined in denervated rat diaphragm. Nerve stump length had a substantial effect on end-plate cholinesterase but no effect on background cholinesterase. The denervation-induced decrease in end-plate cholinesterase occurred earlier in muscle having a short stump. End-plate cholinesterase in muscle with a short stump was significantly less than in muscle with a long stump 15 to 48 h after denervation. This difference vanished by 72 h. Control experiments indicate that the substantial effect of stump length on end-plate cholinesterase cannot be attributed to a more rapid loss of the small amount of nerve-associated cholinesterase in the shorter nerve stump. The results of these experiments support the concept that the influence of nerve on background cholinesterase is mediated primarily by the activity generated in muscle by nerve, whereas the influence on end-plate cholinesterase is mediated by an activity-independent mechanism.
Simulation of water and chemicals in macropore soils Part 2. Application of linear filter theory

Description of flow in soils with macropores is difficult, yet quite important in describing the dynamics of field soils. Recognizing the two structural domains of the macropore and matrix, and possible water-flow situations, three flow regions have been suggested: matrix, macropore, and transaction. The matrix and the macropore are the two domains, and the transaction represents the exchange of water between the matrix and the macropore. As a beginning point for the description of such systems, linear filter theory is applied to the Richards equation to obtain a general set of analytical solutions for water and contaminant movement in unsaturated soil in which there are no macropores. To develop these solutions, a unique relationship between water flux (q) and water content (0) is demonstrated by executing a numerical simulation based on the Richards equation. By piece-wise curve fitting of q(0), it is possible to establish and obtain a set of equations which describe water flow and chemical movement in soil, and which take the form of linear filter systems, providing analytical solutions by convolution. A two-domain approach applies equations for homogeneous soil to describe the matrix domain, with the macropore domain described with coefficients obtained by applying the Poiseuille and Chezy equations. These equations are analytically solved in correspondence with the three flow situations, resulting in a model, LASOMS (linear analytical solutions of macropore soils). Simulations, data and model comparisons of LASOMS have shown the above solutions to be reasonable under several conditions.
Effects of visible and ultraviolet radiation on the ultrastructure of zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium sp.) in culture and in situ

Quantitative ultrastructural studies on the effects of visible and ultraviolet radiation on zooxanthellae in culture and in situ showed an inverse relationship between the volume fraction of chloroplast and irridiance. An independent effect of ultraviolet radiation was detected in cultured zooxanthellae only. The volume fraction of chloroplasts in cultured zooxanthellae and zooxanthellae in situ were the same, while the surface density of thylakoid lamellae relative to chloroplast volume in cultured zooxanthellae was less than in zooxanthellae in situ for all irradiances. Additionally, zooxanthellae in situ showed an effect of ultraviolet radiation on surface density of thylakoid lamellae. The response to different irradiances suggests a limit to photoadaptation by means of changing chloroplast volume, and that changes in thylakoid density are responsible for the continued photoadaptive plasticity observed. Flow cytometry and stereological studies show that the volume fraction of accumulation bodies within zooxanthellae increases with irradiance and ultraviolet radiation. Ultrastructurally, accumulation bodies do not resemble plant peroxisomes or glyoxysomes, while other inclusions observed in this stydy are suggestive of peroxisomes. This evidence suggests that accumulation bodies are not peroxisomes, but does support the previous assumptions concerning their role in autophagic processes.
An examination of diffusion-influenced fluorescence quenching by nearest quenching neighbors in liquids

Abstract The exclusive quenching of a potentially fluorescent species in solution by its nearest quenching neighbor imposes a finite upper integration limit to the flux equation and provides a modified version, i.e. of the Smoluchowski-Collins-Kimball formulation of the Stern-Volmer equation. This is applied to data reported for the fluorescence quenching of two anthraquinone derivatives byN,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine in acetonitrile solutions of different (pressure-induced) viscosities. Values of the relative fluorescence quantum yields I0/I(c) calculated from the above equation, using recovered values of the encounter diameter ϱ, the intrinsic quenching rate constant k0 and the viscosity-dependent diffusion coefficient D, agree with experimental data with an overall average deviation (2.7% for 53 data points) well within a reported experimental uncertainty of ±8%.
Evaluation of a model that determines the stability limits of dynamic balance

A recent model of balance control has revealed two types of boundaries describing stability limits for center of mass (CM) dynamics: torque boundaries and state boundaries. The purpose of this study was to determine if these boundaries correctly characterize empirical data. We analyzed 2367 trials from 10 subjects who recovered their balance after they voluntarily pulled on a handle. We hypothesized that if model predictions were valid, both types of boundaries should encompass the empirical trajectories. We also hypothesized that each trajectory's nearest distance to the torque boundaries (the torque safety margin) would be correlated with the center of pressure (COP) safety margin, defined as the COP's nearest distance to the edge of the feet. The results supported the accuracy of the model-derived boundaries, with torque boundaries encompassing 100% and state boundaries encompassing 99.8% of the trials. Moreover, torque safety margins were highly correlated with COP safety margins, supporting the use of COP safety margins for estimating relative stability in dynamic tasks where balance is maintained. The distributions of the trajectories also suggested that a safety margin-oriented control strategy might be a robust alternative to the hypothesis that the central nervous system strives to optimize motion. The distinctions among different safety margins are discussed.
A factor causing stable stimulation of juvenile hormone synthesis by Diploptera punctata corpora allata in vitro.

Abstract Co-incubation of corpora allata (CA) from the cockroach, Diploptera punctata, with ovaries, fat body or muscle but not brain or testis, leads to a substantial increase in juvenile hormone synthesis. Incubation of the glands in medium pre-conditioned with ovaries also stimulates JH synthesis. The ovary was used as a convenient source of stimulatory factor for a detailed analysis of its physiological effects on the CA. The increase in JH synthesis is stable, maintained over 24 h after exposure to the stimulatory factor. Stimulation is dose-dependent, and the corpora allata show an exquisite relationship between sensitivity to this factor and developmental stage. Day 0 and day 1 glands, as well as glands from post-vitellogenic females, are sensitive to stimulation, whereas glands from vitellogenic females are not sensitive. Corpora allata attached to the brain do not respond to the stimulatory factor, and denervation in vivo leads to an increase in JH synthesis by the glands and a loss in sensitivity to the factor. These data suggest that glands from pre- and post-vitellogenic females are inhibited by their nervous connection to the brain. In contrast, glands from vitellogenic females are normally responding to the endogenous stimulatory factor and are thus no longer stimulated in vitro. Co-incubation of CA with allatostatin and conditioned medium still leads to a stimulation of JH synthesis, suggesting that the restraining effect of the nervous connections to the brain is not caused by allatostatin. The CA cell number increases between emergence and day 2, then remains stable until after oviposition. The stimulatory factor accelerates the increase in cell number in young adult females. The results are interpreted as providing evidence for a constitutive change in CA activity caused by a humoral factor produced by various tissues including the ovary, and modulated by nervous connections to the brain.
Adaptive sensing for target tracking in covert operations

ABSTRACT Multisensor applications rely on eectively managing sens or resources. In particular, next-generation multi-functional agile radars demand innovative resource management techniques to achieve a common sensing goalwhile satisfying resource constraints. We consider an active sensing platform where multiple waveform-agileradars scan a hostile surveillance area for targets. A central controller adaptively selects which transmittersshould be active and which waveforms should be transmitted. The controllers goal is to choose the sequenceof (transmitter, waveform) pairs that yields the most accurate tracking estimate. We formulate this problem asa partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), and propose a novel two-level scheduling schemethat uses two distinct schedulers: (1) at the lower level, a myopic waveform scheduler; and (2) at the upperlevel, a non-myopic transmitter scheduler. Scheduling d ecisions at these two levels are carried out dierently.While waveforms are updated at every radar scan, a new set of transmitters only becomes active if the overalltracking accuracy falls below a give n threshold, or if the detection ris k is exceeded, given by a limit on thenumber of consecutive scans during which a set of transmitters is active. By simultaneously exploiting myopicand non-myopic scheduling schemes, we benet from trading o short-term for long-term performance, whilemaintaining low computational costs. Moreover, in certain situations, the myopic scheduling of waveforms ateach radar scan improves on non-myopic actions taken in the past. Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluatethe performance of the proposed adaptive sensing scheme in a multitarget tracking setting.Keywords: Adaptive sensing, sensor scheduling, waveform scheduling, POMDP, target tracking
Essential Amino Acids Regulate Both Initiation and Elongation of mRNA Translation Independent of Insulin in MAC-T Cells and Bovine Mammary Tissue Slices

Current nutrient requirement models assume fixed efficiencies of absorbed amino acid (AA) conversion to milk protein. Regulation of mammary protein synthesis (PS) potentially violates this assumption by changing the relationship between AA supply and milk protein output. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of essential AA (EAA) and insulin on cellular signaling and PS rates in bovine mammary cells. MAC-T cells were subjected to 0 or 100% of normal EAA concentrations in DMEM/F12 and 0 or 100 μg insulin/L in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Lactogenic bovine mammary tissue slices (MTS) were subjected to the same treatments, except low-EAA was 5% of normal DMEM/F12 concentrations. In MAC-T cells, EAA increased phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR; Ser2448), ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1; Thr389), eIF4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1; Thr37/46), and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1; Ser1101), and reduced phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2; Thr56) and eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2-α (Ser51). In the presence of insulin, phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473), mTOR, S6K1, 4EBP1, and IRS1 increased in MAC-T cells. In MTS, EAA had similar effects on phosphorylation of signaling proteins and increased mammary PS rates. Insulin did not affect MTS signaling, perhaps due to inadequate levels. Effects of EAA and insulin were independent and additive for mTOR signaling in MAC-T cells. EAA did not inhibit insulin stimulation of Akt phosphorylation. PS rates were strongly associated with phosphorylation of 4EBP1 and eEF2 in MTS. EAA availability affected translation initiation and elongation control points to more strongly regulate PS than insulin.
Nutritional Requirements of an Aging Population with Emphasis on Subacute Care Patients

Life expectancy in the United States has increased dramatically during the past century, creating a large population of people with potentially compromised nutritional status. Although requirements were previously believed to decline with aging, recent data suggest that requirements for protein and energy often do not decline and may actually increase during disease exacerbations. Optimal intake of vitamins and minerals is also under reevaluation, and significant segments of the population may have deficiencies based on limited intake or absorption. Social and psychological factors and difficulty chewing and swallowing may interfere with adequate intake. At the end of a hospital stay, many patients need continued skilled transitional care before discharge home. Many patients who have existing nutritional deficits, including weight loss, decreased serum proteins and pressure ulcers are admitted to subacute nursing facilities. Careful initial and periodic reassessment of nutritional status and aggressive nutritional management must be used to prepare patients for optimal independence after discharge. Improved clinical outcome can be achieved with prevention of malnutrition and timely correction of nutritional problems.
Prediction of Total Dietary Fiber by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy in Cereal Products Containing High Sugar and Crystalline Sugar

Crystalline sugar has unique spectral characteristics that influence the near-infrared (NIR) region of the spectrum often used to assess product composition. The current study investigated the potential of expanding an existing NIR spectroscopic calibration for the prediction of total dietary fiber in cereal products to include products with high sugar and crystalline sugar content. Using AOAC Procedure 991.43 as the reference method, an NIRSystems monochromator and ISI software for scanning and data analysis, and a selection algorithm to select representative high-sugar samples, a sugar-expanded partial least-squares model (n = 100) was developed for prediction of dietary fiber. The standard error of cross-validation, R2, standard error of performance (n = 45 independent validation samples), and r2 were 1.88%, 0.98, 1.40%, and 0.99, respectively. The NIR model for prediction of total dietary fiber in cereal products was, thus, expanded to include samples with high sugar and crystalline sugar content. Key...
Explanation of Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction in N 14 "Spherical" Atomic Ground State

The explicit incorporation of the Breit interaction in relativistic many-body perturbation theory provides an explanation of the recent experimental value of 1.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 Hz for the nuclear quadrupole interaction constant in the spherical $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ atom. The theoretical value including the Breit and other mechanisms is 1.7 Hz.
Medium-range vertical acoustic Doppler current profiling from submerged buoys

Abstract An intercomparison experiment with two buoy-mounted upward-looking acoustics Doppler current profilers (ADCP's) was carried out during 7–11 January 1986 in the Florida Current at a water depth of 670 m. A 75 kHz profiler with 30° beam angle was moored at 610 m depth in one mooring and a second profiler, working at 150 kHz and a beam angle of 20° and located at 470 m depth was moored about 800 m upstream. Directly underneath both systems, Aanderaa current meters (ACM's) were moored for comparison. Acoustic profiling was in time intervals of 10 min, with 400 pings per ensemble using 4.3 m bin width at the 150 kHz system, and 200 pings and 8.0 m bin width at the 75 kHz system. The 75 kHz system gave significant echo amplitudes over the full depth range of 600 m, and the 150 kHz system to about 330 m above the trandsducer. Near the surface, Doppler current speeds were biased towards low values by side-lobe returns traveling straight up to the surface and back. This biasing was extended to greater depth in periods of strong mooring inclination by the method of bin number reassignment which is used to assure that Doppler currents are calculated from approximately the same depth level regardless of the inclination of individual beams. Current speeds measured by both ADCP systems in the depth range 470-300 m differed by only 1.4 ± 2.4 cm s−1; while ACM current speeds were about 3–5 cm s−1 lower. The overall result was that ADCP's mounted on top of subsurface moorings can be used for current profiling over vertical ranges of hundreds of meters; but special precautions must be taken to obtain good data from near the surface.
Effect of repeated oral propoxyphene administration on analgesia, toxicity and microsomal metabolism in the mouse

Induction of hepatic propoxyphene N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities resulted following repeated oral administration of 25, 50 and 100 mg d-propoxyphene hydrochloride per kg daily in the mouse over a six-day period. A significant elevation in both enzyme activities was noted after a single dose of propoxyphene (100 mg/kg). A dose-related response characterized the observed induction of each microsomal enzyme activity. Pentobarbital sleeping times (a measure of in vivo microsomal activity) also exhibited dose-related decrements in hypnosis with increasing doses of propoxyphene. These effects appeared to correlate with the development of tolerance to both the analgesic and lethal properties of propoxyphene. Pretreatment with SKF-525A, a potent microsomal enzyme inhibitor, abolished this tolerance in each case. Furthermore, a lack of central nervous system cellular tolerance was demonstrated by the finding that intracerebroventricular LD50 values for propoxyphene in propoxyphene- and water-treated mice were identical to the value derived from naive mice. Thus, the observed tolerance seems to be the result of dispositional (metabolic) and not central nervous system tolerance.
Cardiovascular manifestations of tricyclic antidepressant overdose

Abstract The cardiotoxicity of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) was studied in 35 patients admitted to Yale-New Haven Hospital for an acute overdose; 23 patients had amitriptyline overdose and 12 patients had imipramine overdose. Twenty-seven patients were female and eight were male. Their ages ranged from 13 to 73 years. Twenty patients were receiving TCA chronically, and none had prior cardiovascular disorders. Amitriptyline blood levels ranged from 180 to 1,560 ng./ml. and imipramine blood levels ranged from 150 to 1,732 ng./ml. Tachycardia occurred in 71% and systemic hypotension occurred in 51% of patients. The observed tachycardias were not corrected upon normalization of fluid and blood pressure derangements. Systemic hypotension was related to relative intravascular fluid depletion and peripheral vascular dilatation. Myocardial failure was not seen clinically or hemodynamically in studied patients. Electrophysiologic manifestations were those of conduction and repolarization abnormalities: prolonged PR interval in 11%, prolonged QRS complex in 29%, and prolonged QT c interval in 86% of the patients. No malignant ventricular arrhythmias were documented, and only 13 patients had ventricular premature beats, which were successfully suppressed with lidocaine infusions. All cardiovascular manifestations of TCA overdose disappeared when blood levels of TCA reached therapeutic range. Only supportive therapy was utilized in these 35 patients, and all patients recovered without complications.
The mechanism of ventricular defibrillation

A summary is presented of findings about the mechanisms by which a shock succeeds or fails in halting ventricular fibrillation. It is shown that earliest activations following a subthreshold defibrillation shock occur in regions of low potential gradient generated by the shock. Activation fronts after subthreshold shocks are not continuations of fronts present just before the shock. An upper limit exists to the strength of shocks that induce fibrillation during the vulnerable period of regular rhythm and correlates with the defibrillation threshold. The response to shocks during regular rhythm just below the upper limit of vulnerability is similar to the response to subthreshold defibrillation shocks. To defibrillate, a shock must not only halt the activation fronts of fibrillation, but it must also not give rise to new activation fronts that reinduce fibrillation. >
Data Acquisition for super colliders

This paper describes simulation studies undertaken at the Superconducting Super Collider, in which the behavior of different Data Collection protocols was investigated as a function of input data variations, bandwidth fluctuations, and input channel correlations. We have sent three kinds of input data through our models of DAQ architectures: fixed size data (every channel carries the same amount of data), exponential distributed data sizes with means coming from physics and detector simulations, and physics data directly. We find differences in the performance, depending on the input data and the DAQ-architecture we study. We conclude that DAQ models should use input data distributions which are as close as possible to reality.
Re-Os isotope systematics and weathering of Precambrian crustal rocks: implications for the marine osmium isotope record

The effects of weathering of freshly exposed Precambrian rocks on the mobility of osmium were studied on soils developed on a chronosequence of glacial moraines from the western Wind River Range in Wyoming. The Os budget of the Precambrian granitoid source rocks is dominated by Os-rich trace phases, such as magnetite. Amongst the major silicates, biotite, or a trace phase in biotite, carries most of the Os and Re and is also the most radiogenic mineral with 187Os/186Os of ∼113 and 187Re/186Os of ∼2,000. Re-Os isotope systematics of source rocks and soils indicate that rapid oxidation of magnetite mobilizes Os with an isotopic composition similar to the isotopic composition of the bulk soils. A very radiogenic fraction of Os is mobilized through preferential weathering of biotite. Radiogenic runoff from Precambrian shields, inferred from osmium isotope analyses of freshwater Fe-Mn-nodules suggests that high-latitude Precambrian shields are important source areas of radiogenic Os in seawater. We propose that glacial scouring and weathering of glacial tills exposed after deglaciation of Precambrian shields surrounding the North Atlantic provides a mechanism for the slightly more radiogenic nature of North Atlantic seawater compared to other seawater masses. Glacial-interglacial variations in the osmium isotopic composition of seawater seem plausible and may be triggered by changes in weathering regimes on glacial-interglacial time scales in high-latitude shield areas surrounding the North Atlantic.
The effect of crustacean eye stalk extract on the endogenous respiration of selected mammalian tissues.

Abstract 1. 1. Eyestalk extract obtained from crayfish and lobster significantly increased endogenous respiration of brain and kidney homogenates of the rat and mouse respectively. 2. 2. Liver and heart homogenates were not similarly stimulated.
Mitochondrial Inhibition and Oxidant Production Differs Between Pharmacologic Models of Parkinson's Disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction is now clearly implicated in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. This is evidenced by the fact that mitochondrial inhibitors cause PDlike symptoms in rodent models and humans (1, 2). Inhibition of mitochondrial function may be caused by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Alternatively, increased ROS production may be caused by inhibition of mitochondrial function. The cause/effect relationship is unclear. To determine if PD-like symptoms are caused by a common mechanism in pharmacologic models of PD, cultured, intact, dopaminergic cells were treated with the PD mimetics 1-methyl-4phenylpyridinium (MPP+), rotenone, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and paraquat. We hypothesized that there would be no direct relationship between inhibition of mitochondrial function and increased production of ROS in these models of PD.
Alu sequences are processed 7SL RNA genes

7SL RNA is an abundant cytoplasmic RNA which functions in protein secretion as a component of the signal recognition particle. Alu sequences are the most abundant family of human and rodent middle repetitive DNA sequences (reviewed in ref. 2). The primary structure of human 7SL RNA consists of an Alu sequence interrupted by a 155-base pair (bp) sequence that is unique to 7SL RNA. In order to obtain information about the evolution of the Alu domain of 7SL RNA, we have determined the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA copy of Xenopus laevis 7SL RNA and of the 7SL RNA gene of Drosophila melanogaster. We find that the Xenopus sequence is 87% homologous with its human counterpart and the Drosophila 7SL RNA is 64% homologous to both the human and amphibian molecules. Despite the evolutionary distance between the species, significant blocks of homology to both the Alu and 7SL-specific portions of mammalian 7SL RNA can be found in the insect sequence. These results clearly demonstrate that the Alu sequence in 7SL RNA appeared in evolution before the mammalian radiation. We suggest that mammalian Alu sequences were derived from 7SL RNA (or DNA) by a deletion of the central 7SL-specific sequence, and are therefore processed 7SL RNA genes.
Trustworthiness of Identity Attributes

Individuals declare their identities to online network providers with credentials such as usernames, passwords, and email addresses. To obtain these credentials from providers, users enroll by providing identity attributes, or collections of personal identifiable information (PII), such as phone numbers. Credentials vary in trustworthiness, and thus, so do identities. In search of better methods for increasing trustworthiness, we present a computational model of identity attributes described as an Identity Ecosystem to determine which are most vulnerable to malicious users. Using existing data from the U.S. Army and Department of Defense, wecmodel relationships between attributes as transition probabilities and analyze the long-run probability of all connected attributes being affected by one compromised attribute. This approach allows the provider to determine how best to weight relationships between attributes and thereby become more secure.
The sequence of a human mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-encoding cDNA

Abstract A 2618-bp cDNA that encodes the human mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase has been isolated from a HeLa cell cDNA library and the nucleotide sequence determined. An open reading frame encodes a protein of 727 amino acids that is 96% similar to the rat protein and, like the rat protein, contains sites homologous to the Ca2+ -binding sites of calmodulin, as well as FAD- and putative glycerol-phosphate-binding sites.
Optimizing Cholangiography When Performing Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

Since its introduction during the late 1960s, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has greatly advanced the field of gastroenterology by allowing direct luminal access to the biliary tree. It has allowed for rapid changes in the diagnosis and treatment of choledocholithiasis, benign and malignant biliary strictures, and biliary tumors. Initially used as diagnostic tool, the advent of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and multi-detector computed tomography (CT) has shifted ERCP toward a therapeutic procedure. 1,2 In this review, we focus on the role of cholangiography and techniques to optimize the acquisition of cholangiographic images during ERCP. We will avoid any discussion of pancreatography, recognizing, however, that this represents a significant component of only some endoscopy practices. Our aim is to provide practical advice for performing optimal cholangiography to both the experienced advanced endoscopist as well as the practicing gastroenterologist who only occasionally performs this procedure.
Unravelling mRNA export.

Precise spatial regulation of mRNA remodelling is crucial for proper gene expression. One way this is accomplished is through activation of the DEAD-box helicase Dbp5 at the cytoplasmic fibrils of the nuclear-pore complex, by the nucleoporin Gle1 and the soluble inositol polyphosphate InsP6.
Deformation behavior of undoped and In-doped GaAs in the temperature range 700-1100 °C

Compressive deformation of undoped and In‐doped GaAs single crystals has been carried out in [001] and [123] orientations in the temperature range 700–1100 °C. Indium additions, at levels of 1–2×10^(20) atoms cm^(−3), result in critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) values that are about twice as large as the undoped crystals in the temperature range of 700–1100 °C. The CRSS was weakly dependent on temperature in the temperature range investigated as expected for a model of athermal solid solution hardening. The CRSS value of 3.3 MPa for the In‐doped crystal is sufficient to eliminate profuse dislocation formation in a 75‐mm‐diam crystal on the basis of current theories for the magnitude of the thermal stress experienced during growth. The results also suggest that the process of dislocation climb is slowed appreciably by In doping.
On some questions of Erdős and Graham about Egyptian fractions

In this paper it is proved that, for x sufficiently large, every integer m withcan be written as m = Σ1≤n≤xen/n, where ei, = 0 or 1.
Probing the low-temperature chain-branching mechanism of n-butane autoignition chemistry via time-resolved measurements of ketohydroperoxide formation in photolytically initiated n-C4H10 oxidation

Abstract Ketohydroperoxide formation in Cl-atom initiated low-temperature (550–700 K) oxidation of n-butane was investigated using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and either tunable synchrotron radiation or a H2 discharge for photoionization. Experiments were performed at 1–2 atm pressure using a new high-pressure reactor and also at ∼5 Torr pressure for comparison. Direct kinetic observations of ketohydroperoxide formation qualitatively agree with previous atmospheric pressure jet-stirred reactor studies of Battin-Leclerc et al. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 49 (2010) 3169–3172) where the maximum ketohydroperoxide signal was observed near 600 K. Oxidation of partially deuterated n-butanes provided additional information on the QOOH radical intermediates that proceed to form ketohydroperoxides. The photoionization spectrum of the observed ketohydroperoxide is independent of pressure and is the same when using different deuterium substituted n-butanes, suggesting that one ketohydroperoxide isomer dominates in n-butane oxidation. We conclude that 4-hydroperoxy-2-butyl + O2 is the main reaction leading to ketohydroperoxide and 3-hydroperoxybutanal is the sole ketohydroperoxide that is observed.
An investigation of the creep processes in tin and aluminum using a depth-sensing indentation technique

Constant load creep experiments were conducted using a depth-sensing indentation instrument with indentation depths in the submicron range. Experiments were conducted on polycrystalline Sn and sputtered Al films on Si substrates. The results show that the plastic depth versus time curves and the strain rate versus stress plots from these experiments are analogous to those obtained from conventional creep experiments using bulk specimens. The value of the stress exponent for Sn is close to the reported values from uniaxial creep tests. Tests on Al films showed that the stress exponent is dependent on the indentation depth and is governed by the proximity to the film/substrate interface. Load change experiments were also performed and the data from these tests were analyzed. It is concluded that indentation creep experiments may be useful in elucidating the deformation properties of materials and in identifying deformation mechanisms.
Improved monitoring and discrimination of batch processes using correspondence analysis

Correspondence analysis (CA) has recently been proposed as a superior alternative to PCA for the tasks of monitoring and early event detection [3]. Some of the key merits of CA include improved discrimination due to the inherent nonlinear scaling as well as the ability to capture and elegantly represent the joint variable-sample associations, which make it amenable to accommodate serial correlations in the data. In this paper, we propose an extension of the CA algorithm to address some of the key problems associated with monitoring of batch processes. The task of batch process supervision is fraught with problems of serial nonlinear correlations in addition to the need to accommodate variable run lengths of the batches. It is shown in the paper that the differential weighting of points in CA offers a unique advantage of representation of the row (sample) and column (variable) points on the same plot (“Bi-plot”), which reveals the prevailing association structure between them. This joint display of observations and variables facilitates the fault diagnosis step and helps to discriminate the batches based on their performance. The paper also uses the traditional DTW for batch synchronization and a simple Euclidean distance based future data filling method during on-line monitoring. The efficacy of the proposed offline and online monitoring method is validated through a simulation study of a penicillin fed-batch fermentation process.
An Activist Approach to Debunking FC

Facilitated Communication (FC), a controversial educational intervention touted for persons with autism and other non-communicative conditions, has reemerged as a viable educational option despite a number of earlier empirical studies that unequivocally identified the facilitator as the author of any communication and not the client. Several intersecting vectors including a current dearth of new empirical studies debunking the practice, the proliferation of questionable research favorable to FC, and the increased acceptance by academic journals of the legitimacy of FC have fueled this resurgence. I suggest a series of activist approaches to counter the acceptance of FC as legitimate educational practice.
The antithrombin activity of α-I-protease inhibitor: The antitrypsin activity of antithrombin III

Abstract Antithrombin III and α-I-protease inhibitor (α-I-antitrypsin) were purified from human plasma and the cross-reactivities of the two inhibitors were examined. The α-I-protease inhibitor was found to have no antithrombin III or antithrombin II (heparin cofactor) activity nor did it modify in any way the antithrombin activity of antithrombin III. Antithrombin III was found to possess some antitrypsin activity but was a much less efficient inhibitor than was α-1-protease inhibitor.
Coupled squeeze film analysis by Reissner–Mindlin plate elements

Squeeze film damping effects naturally occur if structures are subjected to loading situations such that a very thin film of fluid is trapped within structural joints, interfaces, etc. An accurate ...
Valganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a sight-threatening illness that results from the reactivation of CMV in the retina of patients with end-stage AIDS. Valganciclovir, a prodrug of ganciclovir, is indicated as induction therapy at a dose of 900 mg twice daily for 3 weeks, and maintenance therapy at a dose of 900 mg once daily for CMV retinitis in patients with AIDS. After oral administration, valganciclovir is rapidly absorbed and extensively hydrolyzed to ganciclovir by intestinal and hepatic esterase enzymes. The bioavailability of ganciclovir after oral administration of valganciclovir is tenfold higher than oral ganciclovir. At a dose of 900 mg once daily, valganciclovir provides systemic exposure of ganciclovir comparable to intravenous ganciclovir (5 mg/kg daily). The most common adverse events of valganciclovir are myelosuppression and gastrointestinal symptoms. Prolonged valganciclovir administration could lead to the emergence of ganciclovir-resistant CMV. The use of highly active antiretroviral ...
Accomplishing Knowledge: A Framework for Investigating Knowing in Organizations

This article proposes a shift in how researchers study knowledge and knowing in organizations. Responding to a pronounced lack of methodological guidance from existing research, this work develops a framework for analyzing situated organizational problem solving. This framework, rooted in social practice theory, focuses on communicative knowledge-accomplishing activities, which frame and respond to various problematic situations. Vignettes drawn from a call center demonstrate the value of the framework, which can advance practice-oriented research on knowledge and knowing by helping it break with dubious assumptions about knowledge homogeneity within groups, examine knowing as instrumental action and involvement in a struggle over meaning, and display how patterns of knowledge-accomplishing activities can generate unintended organizational consequences.
Sparse inverse preconditioning of multilevel fast multipole algorithm for hybrid Integral equations in electromagnetics

In computational electromagnetics, the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is used to reduce the computational complexity of the matrix vector product operations. In iteratively solving the dense linear systems arising from discretized hybrid integral equations, the sparse approximate inverse (SAI) preconditioning technique is employed to accelerate the convergence rate of the Krylov iterations. We show that a good quality SAI preconditioner can be constructed by using the near part matrix numerically generated in the MLFMA. The main purpose of this study is to show that this class of the SAI preconditioners are effective with the MLFMA and can reduce the number of Krylov iterations substantially. Our experimental results indicate that the SAI preconditioned MLFMA maintains the computational complexity of the MLFMA, but converges a lot faster, thus effectively reduces the overall simulation time.
‘They come here to work’: an evaluation of the economic argument in favor of immigrant rights

Advocates commonly highlight the exploitation that hard-working undocumented immigrants commonly suffer at the hands of employers, the important contribution they make to the US economy, and the fiscal folly of border militarization and enhanced immigration enforcement policies. In this paper, I unpack these economic rationales for expanding immigrant rights, and examine the nuanced ways in which advocates deploy this frame. To do so, I rely on statements issued by publicly present immigrant rights groups in six places: California, Florida, Illinois, New York, Texas, and Washington, DC. I also draw on interviews with immigrant advocates in San Jose, CA and Houston, TX, press releases from two alternative national immigrant rights organizations, and an ethnographic photo-documentation of immigrant rights mobilizations in 2012–2014. Economic rationales, I emphasize, can be found in each of these contexts, but are not mutually exclusive to other justifications, including narratives about civil, human, and fa...
Mechanical Properties of the Posterolateral Structures of the Knee

Background: The individual biomechanical strength properties of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon have not been well elucidated by previous studies. To define the necessary strength requirements for a posterolateral knee reconstruction, these properties for the main individual structures of the posterolateral knee need to be defined. Hypothesis: The biomechanical failure properties of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon can be determined by cadaveric testing. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Each structure was individually isolated in 8 fresh-frozen, nonpaired cadaveric knees and loaded to failure at more than 100%/s. Results: The mean ultimate tensile strength of the fibular collateral ligament was 295 N, the popliteofibular ligament was 298 N, and the popliteus tendon was 700 N. The mean cross-sectional areas of these same structures at their midpoints were 11.9 mm 2 , 17.1 mm 2 , and 21.9 mm 2 , respectively. Although the stiffness of the fibular collateral ligament (33.5 N/m) was similar to that of the popliteofibular ligament (28.6 N/m), the popliteus tendon was significantly stiffer than both (83.7 N/m). Conclusion: The popliteofibular ligament, fibular collateral ligament, and popliteus tendon can resist fairly large loads before failure. Knowledge of the strengths of the main native posterolateral knee stabilizers will assist with reconstructive graft choices for these structures.
Escaping the endoplasmic reticulum: why does a molecular chaperone leave home for greener pastures?

Molecular chaperones reside in nearly every organelle within a eukaryotic cell, and in each of these compartments, they ensure that protein homeostasis (or proteostasis) is maintained. In this issue, Wiseman and colleagues find that an ER lumenal chaperone escapes this compartment when a specific stress pathway is activated. The chaperone, an Hsp40 homolog known as ERdj3, transits through the secretory pathway to the extracellular space. During this journey, ERdj3 can escort an aggregation-prone protein or it can identify aggregation-prone proteins extracellularly, thereby functioning outside of its normal environment.
Fast learning in symbolic/neural models using external constraints and automatic re-structuring

The author has developed an effective method for modelling very complex systems, called n-port symbolic neural (NPSN) modeling. Both production-rule sets and back-propagation multilayer neural nets are used as building blocks. This method is effective for the development of 'trained' models of real physical systems both for simulation of the system as built (with possible faults), and for the modeling of human control behavior. Methods have been devised to speed up the notoriously slow learning process in back-propagation networks. It is shown that if large networks are broken down into architectures of smaller networks to make the input-output data of each subnetwork strictly monotonic, this speeds up the training process. An NPSN model is being created to model the pilot in controlling an airplane in instrument-flying situations. The nature of NPSN models is described, and an example NPSN design cycle is considered. >
Partially Precomputed A $^{\ast}$

A* is a commonly used technique for finding shortest paths for navigation in video games. We propose partially precomputed A* (PPA*), which is much faster than A* at runtime, and uses much less memory than completely precalculating all shortest paths with an algorithm such as Floyd-Warshall. At runtime, PPA* is very similar to A*, so it is simple and safe to integrate into existing video game code bases.