cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Edge Role Discovery via Higher-Order Structures

Previous work in network analysis has focused on modeling the roles of nodes in graphs. In this paper, we introduce edge role discovery and propose a framework for learning and extracting edge roles from large graphs. We also propose a general class of higher-order role models that leverage network motifs. This leads us to develop a novel edge feature learning approach for role discovery that begins with higher-order network motifs and automatically learns deeper edge features. All techniques are parallelized and shown to scale well. They are also efficient with a time complexity of \(\mathcal {O}(|E|)\). The experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our model for a variety of ML tasks such as improving classification and dynamic network analysis.
Form of Dietary Methylmercury does not Affect Total Mercury Accumulation in the Tissues of Zebra Finch

Exposure to mercury in humans, other mammals, and birds is primarily dietary, with mercury in the methylated form and bound to cysteine in the tissues of prey items. Yet dosing studies are generally carried out using methylmercury chloride. Here we tested whether the accumulation of total mercury in zebra finch blood, egg, muscle, liver, kidney or brain differed depending on whether dietary mercury was complexed with chloride or cysteine. We found no effect of form of mercury on tissue accumulation. Some previous studies have found lower accumulation of mercury in tissues of animals fed complexed mercury. Much remains to be understood about what happens to ingested mercury once it enters the intestines, but our results suggest that dietary studies using methylmercury chloride in birds will produce similar tissue accumulation levels to those using methylmercury cysteine.
President-Shopping for a New Scalia: The Illegitimacy of ‘McConnell Majorities’ in Supreme Court Decision-Making

Through a posture of determined inaction, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Senate Republicans refused even to acknowledge President Barack Obama's nomination of Circuit Judge Merrick Garland to succeed the late Justice Antonin Scalia on the U.S. Supreme Court. The tactic held the Scalia vacancy open for over a year in order to allow Obama's Republican successor, President Donald Trump, to choose a more conservative nominee for the position. The tactic amounted to "President-shopping," in which the Senate held open the vacancy until the election of a more ideologically compatible nominator. McConnell defended this tactic of president-shopping through determined inaction on two grounds: precedent and populism, but neither ground supports the tactic. The historical practice undercuts any attempt to infer some sort of principled policy of holding election-year vacancies for the next President to fill. The populism rationale — that voters should have indirect input on the nomination — is ultimately incoherent for a several reasons. The use of this tactic threatens the integrity of the Court and should be opposed. The tactic has the potential for seriously impairing the confirmation process and the staffing of the Court. It also threats the legitimacy of the Court and any decision whose outcome turns on the vote of a justice who owes his appointment to ideological president-shopping. To mitigate the harm of this tactic, the Senate should adopt an explicit norm that limits the expansion of the practice. To deal with the use of the tactic by McConnell, the legal community should quarantine and carefully identify Court decisions whose outcome depends on a "McConnell majority," a judgment that could not have been rendered but-for the vote of a justice whose appointment is directly traceable to the use of this tactic. The most obvious examples are 5-4 decisions in which the vote of Justice Gorsuch was necessary to the outcome. These decisions should be regarded as equivalent to dicta and should be viewed as lacking legitimate precedential status.
Illegal Designs? Enhancing Cultural and Genetic Resource Protection through Design Law

Just a decade ago, a requirement that a designer disclose the origin of traditional cultural expressions, traditional knowledge, and biological or genetic resources used in creating a design in an industrial design application was virtually unheard of in national or regional protection systems. But as awareness of the many ways in which cultural and genetic resource use and misappropriation can occur is evolving, some developing countries have begun exploring the appropriateness of—and in some cases even instituting—such a requirement. These developments have taken center stage in the negotiations of a draft Design Law Treaty (DLT) in the World Intellectual Property Organization Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs, and Geographical Indications, which is expected to make it easier for applicants to obtain design protection globally by limiting domestic design registration requirements. Currently, a controversy exists over an African Group proposal to allow policy space in the draft DLT for countries to be able to require design applicants to disclose the origin of traditional cultural expressions, traditional knowledge, and biological or genetic resources used in creating protectable designs. This paper focuses on that controversy. It highlights possible justifications countries may have for desiring the flexibility to impose disclosure requirements on design protection applicants; and opines on the broader ramifications of the dispute for policy coherence and mutual supportiveness goals in relation to cultural and genetic resource protection issues.
The Curious Case of Bughaybigha, 661–883: Land and Leadership in Early Islamic Societies

During the lifetime of the Prophet Muḥammad and the expansion of the young Islamic empire immediately after his death, a number of land tracts were distributed to his Companions and Family members. One of them was a fertile farm called Yanbuʿ, located northwest of Medina. Having acquired the land, the Prophet’s cousin, son-and-law, caliph-to-be ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib discovered a spring that he named Bughaybigha, which fed what was to become a much-coveted date-palm orchard. He immediately turned it into a charitable endowment to be managed by his heirs. But when ʿAlī was killed in a struggle for the caliphate, chaos and confusion ensued—one feature of which was a generations-long battle over the land. For the next one hundred fifty years, Umayyad and ʿAbbāsid rulers episodically wrested the land from ʿAlī’s descendants each time the latter succeeded in securing its return. At one point in the midst of the political contestation, the affair ended up in court. There, the case turned on the judge’s creative interpretation of and choice between conflicting procedural rules. The outcome was a split decision that gave only a partial win to the caliph and a partial win to the ʿAlid descendant who had been cultivating the land. Judicial discretion and procedure, it turns out, was instrumental to resolving hotly contested issues of Islamic law, land, and legitimate rule. In fact, the case vividly displays how judges like the one at the center of this case helped construct Islamic law through their interpretive approaches to such issues that lay at the heart of disputes like Bughaybigha.
Fictional geographies and repetitive identities: Imagining Cuba as an archipelago in the works of Ana Menéndez

By definition, the experience of exile is one of separation, and one of the ways this experience is articulated is through nostalgia. Ana Menendez’s works complicates this definition by focusing on...
Causes of Congenital Malformations.

Background Many different causes of malformations have been established. The surveillance of a consecutive population of births, including stillbirths and elective terminations of pregnancy because of fetal anomalies, can identify each infant with malformations and determine the frequency of the apparent etiologies. This report is a sequel to the first such analysis in the first 10 years of this Active Malformations Surveillance Program (Nelson and Holmes, ). Methods The presence of malformations was determined among 289,365 births over 41 years (1972-2012) at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. The abnormalities were identified from the review of the examination findings of the pediatricians and consultants and diagnostic testing for the live-born infants and the autopsies of the fetuses in elective terminations and stillbirths. Results A total of 7020 (2.4%) infants and fetuses with one or more malformations were identified with these apparent etiologies in 26.6%: Mendelian disorders, including infants with postaxial polydactyly, type B; chromosome abnormalities; vascular disruption; complications of monozygous twinning; and environmental factors. The malformations of unknown etiology were a much larger group. Conclusion While several causes of malformations have been identified, many remain unexplained. Combining the ascertainment in a future surveillance programs with genome sequencing and chromosome microarray analysis will increase significantly the number of malformations attributed to genetic mechanisms. Birth Defects Research 110:87-91, 2018.© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Males missing their sexually selected weapon have decreased fighting ability and mating success in a competitive environment

Intraspecific competition over access to females has led to a large diversity of animal weapons. Generally, the relative size (and presence) of these weapons is positively correlated with mating success, as individuals with the largest weapons often obtain most of the mates. Despite their importance, individuals in some species can lose their weapons. For example, a crab’s claw can be dropped to escape life-threatening situations and a beetle’s horn can break if it exceeds its mechanical limit. Previous research has shown that individuals missing their weapons are less successful at male-male competition, but few studies have investigated how weapon loss translates to changes in mating behavior and mating success. Here, we investigated how weapon loss affected fighting ability and mating success in the leaf-footed cactus bug Narnia femorata Stal (Hemiptera: Coreidae). In this study, males who lost their sexually selected weapons fought in the same manner as intact males, but were five times less likely to establish dominance. Despite this decrease in dominance, 34% of the weaponless males were still able to access females, and the lack of weaponry did not affect a female’s willingness to mate. Still, weapon loss ultimately decreased mating success by 37% in a competitive environment. Sexually selected weapons are important for securing access to mates. Thus, it is often assumed that the permanent loss of a sexually selected weapon dramatically reduces, or even eliminates, an individual’s ability to secure matings. In our study, we tested this commonly held assumption. We found that weapon loss decreased both fighting ability and mating success. The observed difference in mating success was not due to female rejection, but instead was likely due to competitive male interactions. These results provide us with a better understanding of the costs associated with permanently losing a sexually selected weapon.
Property, Intellectual Property, and Free Riding

Courts and scholars have increasingly assumed that intellectual property is a form of property, and have applied the economic insights of Harold Demsetz and other property theorists to condemn the use of intellectual property by others as "free riding." In this article, I argue that this represents a fundamental misapplication of the economic theory of property. The economics of property is concerned with internalizing negative externalities - harms that one person's use of land does to another's interest to it, as in the familiar tragedy of the commons. But the externalities in intellectual property are positive, not negative, and property theory offers little or no justification for internalizing positive externalities. Indeed, doing so is at odds with the logic and functioning of the market. From this core insight, I proceed to explain why free riding is desirable in intellectual property cases except in limited circumstances where curbing it is necessary to encourage creativity. I explain why economic theory demonstrates that too much protection is just as bad as not enough protection, and therefore why intellectual property law must search for balance, not free riders. Finally, I consider whether we would be better served by another metaphor than the misused notion of intellectual property as a form of tangible property.
Race and Ethnicity in the Medical Setting: Psychological Implications

The effects of race and ethnicity in the medical setting are addressed in terms of the psychological implications for optimal treatment. The face of the world, and especially that of the United States, is changing. As the ethnic and racial demographics of the country change, it is important for psychologists in medical settings to be aware of what this means to us. We must be able to understand what a person brings to the setting when they are seeking medical and psychological care. The focus of this special issue is to get an understanding of some of the differences among people and how to utilized this knowledge, manuscripts are included discussing adolescents to geriatrics. The topics of sickle cell disease, cancer, weight management, etc., are addressed.
Discovery activities with area and perimeter

Examine the polygons in figure 1. How many sides does each have? How many angles does each have? Are there congruent sides in any of the figures? Are there congruent angles in any of the figures? In figure 1, what is the perimeter of HI? Of H2? Of H3? Of H4? Of H5? What is the area of HI? What is the area of H2? What would you guess is the area of H3? Of H4? Of H5? What is the area of H3, H4, and of H5? Students will find that each of the hexa-
Methods for Position Control and Beach Face Profiling

Accurate, repetitive surveying of the subaerial beach and shallow nearshore out to depths of about −1 m relative to Mean Sea Level (MSL) was performed as part of Task 4E of the Nearshore Sediment Transport Study (NSTS). This surveying was used to measure changes in beach shape and volume caused by cross-shore and longshore sediment transport during the inter-survey periods. The surveys also provided a daily measurement of the height of surf zone instrumentation above the sand bottom. Because accuracies of better than 5 cm were required for this task, the survey technique selected was similar to that described by Nordstrom and Inman (1975). A self-leveling engineers level and fiberglass, extendable survey rod were used for measuring vertical changes in the beach profile. The self-leveling level had a standard deviation of approximately ±2 mm over 1.6 km of double-run leveling. It was water resistant, with a magnification of about 32x and minimum focus distance of about 2 m. The leveling rods were graduated in 0.01 foot increments, with a linear accuracy of better than 1 in 4000. The fiberglass construction insured that the rod did not swell when wet and affect instrument accuracy. The survey line was a thin, plastic-sheathed steel line graduated at 3.0 meter increments. The construction of the line minimized stretching/contraction which would detract from survey accuracy. The maximum separation between level and rod was maintained at less than 60 m where possible; the primary exception to this occurred in the seaward portions of the profile when the level could not be relocated in the swash zone.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and cardiovascular events among 1.6 million California pregnancies

Abstract Background Cardiovascular complications during and soon after pregnancy present an opportunity to assess risk for subsequent cardiovascular disease. We sought to determine whether peripartum cardiomyopathy and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy subtypes predict future myocardial infarction, heart failure, or stroke independent of one another and independent of other risks like gestational diabetes, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction. Methods and Results The California Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database was used to identify all hospitalized pregnancies from 2005-2009, with follow-up through 2011, for a retrospective cohort study. Pregnancies, exposures, covariates and outcomes were defined by ICD-9 codes. Among 1.6 million pregnancies (mean age 28y; median follow-up time to event 2.7y), 558 cases of peripartum cardiomyopathy, 123,603 cases of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, 107,636 cases of gestational diabetes, 116,768 preterm births, and 23,504 cases of intrauterine growth restriction were observed. Using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, peripartum cardiomyopathy was independently associated with a 13.0-fold increase in myocardial infarction [95%CI, 4.1-40.9], a 39.2-fold increase in heart failure [95%CI, 30.0-51.9], and a 7.7-fold increase in stroke [95%CI, 2.4-24.0]. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were associated with a 1.4 [95%CI, 1.0-2.0] to 7.6 [95%CI, 5.4-10.7] fold higher risk of myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke. Gestational diabetes, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction had more modest associations with CVD. Conclusions These findings support close monitoring of women with cardiovascular pregnancy complications for prevention of early subsequent cardiovascular events and further study of mechanisms underlying their development.
Multistate Markov Analysis in Reliability Evaluation and Life Time Extension of DC-DC Power Converter for Electric Vehicle Applications

Reliability of power train in electric/hybrid vehicles is one of the important research topics. DC-DC converter plays a crucial role in the electric power train by boosting or chopping voltage levels between the battery storage and the dc link. Consequently, reliability and efficiency of the DC-DC converter is important for safe and efficient vehicle operation. In this paper, multistage Markov analysis has been used for reliability evaluation. This analysis provides accurate insight to MOSFET degradation progression over time. Moreover, an adaptive control algorithm is developed for extending the life time of the DC- DC converter maintaining high efficiency and low cost. Reliability models for interleaved converter using conventional Markov model as well as multistage Markov model are discussed in this work. The mean time to failure (MTTF) of each configuration is explained in detail with experiment results of laboratory prototypes. Results revealed that life time of the converter can be increased which significantly reduces the cost of the converter over a period by carefully monitoring the junction temperature and adjust the control of the converter in adaptive manner.
Teeth Whitening Agents

In this chapter we consider our “need” for perfect teeth and the role teeth whitening agents play in our thinking about our teeth. We consider the ideas of a cosmetic dentist about the need for perfect teeth if one is to succeed in the business world—because people “read” teeth as signifiers of one’s status. We also consider the matter of the natural color of teeth, which are described in some advertisements as “stained.” There is also a kind of narcissism involved in desiring gleaming white teeth.
Dynamics of Juvenile Ageism

Juvenile ageism permits having laws and social policies in which the loving, competent mother-father model is being replaced with the idea that babies, children, and adolescents can do well with any caregivers…after all they can and must adapt to our adult world. This idea flies in the face of the developmental needs and rights of children.
Hybrid Propulsion Technology Development for a Potential Near- Term Mars Ascent Vehicle

A technology development program for a potential hybrid Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) is currently underway to enable its infusion into a potential Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign as early as 2026. A NASA team from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and Ames Research Center (ARC) is leading and coordinating this program. A new propellant combination: the wax-based fuel, SP7, and MON-30 were proposed for a hybrid option for the MAV propulsion system several years ago. Since that time, hotfire testing with a similar propellant combination (SP7/MON-3) has been completed and a pathway to achieving high performance with the flight propellant combination is currently being pursued. Highlights of the progress to date and plans for risk reduction and the next steps in hybrid technology will be presented.
238 U/ 235 U measurement in single-zircon crystals: implications for the Hadean environment, magmatic differentiation and geochronology

Owing to the challengingly small amounts of uranium (U) they contain, the isotopic composition (238U/235U) of single zircon grains has never been measured. Leveraging methods we designed for analysis of small sample amounts and modern MC-ICPMS instruments, we show that precise (±0.04 to ±0.25‰) single-zircon 238U/235U measurements are now possible. We report data for 31 single grains from the Jack Hills conglomerate, and 3 reference zircon localities (FC-1, R33 and Temora). Consistent with the reducing conditions implied by the small Ce anomalies of many Hadean zircon, Jack Hills grains display only small δ238U variations (from −0.60 to −0.12‰). The distribution is centered on the average chondritic and bulk continental crust value, arguing against the widespread existence of Oklo-type reactors in the early Earth. The subtle δ238U variations in Jack Hills zircons are more plausibly explained by a small (∼0.10%) mass-dependent equilibrium isotope fractionation between at least one U-bearing accessory mineral and silicate melts, during magmatic differentiation under reducing conditions. In contrast, the large δ238U difference between pooled titanite and pooled zircon fractions from the Fish Canyon Tuff sample suggests larger isotope effects during igneous fractional crystallization under oxidizing conditions (∼QFM+2), with preferential removal of 235U from the melt and into zircon, and/or other accessory phases. We estimate that ∼50% of zircon dated by the CA-ID-TIMS method would be amenable to single-grain U isotope measurements, making this method widely applicable to future studies. This would enable (i) improvements in precision and accuracy of U–Pb and Pb–Pb dates, (ii) accurate investigation of U-series disequilibrium contribution to U–Pb discordance, and (iii) accurate re-evaluation of U decay constants.
Exceptional subgenome stability and functional divergence in the allotetraploid Ethiopian cereal teff

Teff (Eragrostis tef) is a cornerstone of food security in the Horn of Africa, where it is prized for stress resilience, grain nutrition, and market value. Here, we report a chromosome-scale assembly of allotetraploid teff (variety Dabbi) and patterns of subgenome dynamics. The teff genome contains two complete sets of homoeologous chromosomes, with most genes maintaining as syntenic gene pairs. TE analysis allows us to estimate that the teff polyploidy event occurred ~1.1 million years ago (mya) and that the two subgenomes diverged ~5.0 mya. Despite this divergence, we detect no large-scale structural rearrangements, homoeologous exchanges, or biased gene loss, in contrast to many other allopolyploids. The two teff subgenomes have partitioned their ancestral functions based on divergent expression across a diverse expression atlas. Together, these genomic resources will be useful for accelerating breeding of this underutilized grain crop and for fundamental insights into polyploid genome evolution. Teff is an indigenous cereal critical to food security in the Horn of Africa. Here, the authors report an improved genome assembly and observe the surprisingly low levels of large-scale structural rearrangement, homoeologous exchanges, or bias gene loss after the formation of this tetraploid species.
Hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila virilis results in clusters of mitotic recombination and loss-of-heterozygosity but leaves meiotic recombination unaltered.

Transposable elements (TEs) are endogenous mutagens and their harmful effects are especially evident in syndromes of hybrid dysgenesis. In Drosophila virilis, hybrid dysgenesis is a syndrome of incomplete gonadal atrophy that occurs when males with multiple active TE families fertilize females that lack active copies of the same families. This has been demonstrated to cause the transposition of paternally inherited TE families, with gonadal atrophy driven by the death of germline stem cells. Because there are abundant, active TEs in the male inducer genome, that are not present in the female reactive genome, the D. virilis syndrome serves as an excellent model for understanding the effects of hybridization between individuals with asymmetric TE profiles. Using the D. virilis syndrome of hybrid dysgenesis as a model, we sought to determine how the landscape of germline recombination is affected by parental TE asymmetry. Using a genotyping-by-sequencing approach, we generated a high-resolution genetic map of D. virilis and show that recombination rate and TE density are negatively correlated in this species. We then contrast recombination events in the germline of dysgenic versus non-dysgenic F1 females to show that the landscape of meiotic recombination is hardly perturbed during hybrid dysgenesis. In contrast, hybrid dysgenesis in the female germline increases transmission of chromosomes with mitotic recombination. Using a de novo PacBio assembly of the D. virilis inducer genome we show that clusters of mitotic recombination events in dysgenic females are associated with genomic regions with transposons implicated in hybrid dysgenesis. Overall, we conclude that increased mitotic recombination is likely the result of early TE activation in dysgenic progeny, but a stable landscape of meiotic recombination indicates that either transposition is ameliorated in the adult female germline or that regulation of meiotic recombination is robust to ongoing transposition. These results indicate that the effects of parental TE asymmetry on recombination are likely sensitive to the timing of transposition.
Pneumatic nozzle printed lead halide perovskite transistor

Increasing demand for low-cost devices has directed attention to developing simple methods for the deposition of solution-based semiconductors thin layers on various substrates. In recent years, 3D printing technologies have been known as a rapid, cost-effective technique for the deposition of a variety of materials. Here we employed pneumatic nozzle printing to make low-defect thin films of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite. The process parameters were optimized to control the crystallization condition. By using top-gate bottom-contact configuration, perovskite transistor on the silicon substrate was developed. The electrical properties of the fabricated transistor were measured under ambient light.
Free, prior and informed consent: Addressing political realities to improve impact

Indigenous and tribal peoples’ right to free, prior and informed consent has transformative potential: potential to safeguard a variety of rights specific to indigenous and tribal peoples and potential to transform the power relations between peoples, governments, and extractives companies. Yet, this potential is far from being realized in the countries studied for this report. This gap between intention and reality is no coincidence. The most powerful entities within governments, when it comes to the fate of these issues, are those with the mandates to attract and develop the extractives sectors. It is these entities that are calling the shots on whether and how the state recognizes FPIC. They, in turn, appear to be driven in part by what they perceive to be the interests and preferences of extractives investors (which in the extreme version can resemble a capture dynamic). Within extractives companies, the most influential actors seem to be those whose interests are not well-aligned with the spirit of FPIC, further stacking the odds against recognition and operationalization of FPIC. Fears of projects being delayed, costs increasing or deals collapsing generate disincentives, which are not adequately counterbalanced by incentives for compliance from legal requirements or perceived benefits. As a result, prior consultation processes are being implemented in place of recognizing FPIC and operationalizing FPIC processes. Even these prior consultation processes are carried out in ways that diminish the potential for meaningful indigenous participation in decision-making, clearly skewed toward advancing the interests of powerful actors in government and the private sector. To the extent to which there are some occasional benefits being realized by those being consulted, these consultations tend to typically reflect male perspectives and lead to gendered outcomes.260 Thus, multiple layers of political realities converge to significantly limit the breadth and depth of efforts to advance FPIC and prior consultation processes. There is growing recognition in the broader development fields focusing on governance that politics matters. This report, and the project in which it is situated, was conceived to shed light on the ways that political realities impact the governance of extractive industries in order to offer practical insights, strategies, and tangible guidance for practitioners focused on addressing implementation gaps, which can be explained in no small part by political realities. This project highlights the importance of politics in the context of FPIC specifically, but some lessons drawn from the research are equally applicable to the field of extractives governance more broadly.
On the Feasibility of Automating Stock Market Manipulation

This work presents the first findings on the feasibility of using botnets to automate stock market manipulation. Our analysis incorporates data gathered from SEC case files, security surveys of online brokerages, and dark web marketplace data. We address several technical challenges, including how to adapt existing techniques for automation, the cost of hijacking brokerage accounts, avoiding detection, and more. We consolidate our findings into a working proof-of-concept, man-in-the-browser malware, Bot2Stock, capable of controlling victim email and brokerage accounts to commit fraud. We evaluate our bots and protocol using agent-based market simulations, where we find that a 1.5% ratio of bots to benign traders yields a 2.8% return on investment (ROI) per attack. Given the short duration of each attack (
Dunkle Materie und dunkle Energie

Die Zusammensetzung des Himmels war ein groses Ratsel, bis die spektroskopischen Entdeckungen Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts zeigten, dass die chemischen Elemente in den Sternen die gleichen sind wie auf der Erde (Kap. 6).
Hiking during the COVID-19 pandemic: Demographic and visitor group factors associated with public health compliance

During the COVID-19 pandemic, compliance with public health guidelines to reduce the coronavirus spread became a focal point for park managers. Because parks were among the few spaces open to the p...
The Cocaine Diastereoisomers

In the past, it has been argued in court, from a theoretical basis, that the techniques available to the forensic chemist would differentiate the “cocaines.” This work has moved that argument from the realm of the theoretical into that of experimental fact. The techniques of infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) will unequivocally identify the racemic cocaine diastereoisomer. In addition, this work shows that the enantiomeric form of cocaine can be assigned by crystal tests, IR, and melting point techniques. The pure enantiomers of allococaine and pseudoallococaine were not isolated. This does not create a problem because the techniques of NMR and MS, as performed in this study, will not differentiate enantiomers. Therefore, the logical sequence of first identifying the diastereoisomer (via IR, MNR, or MS) and then determining the chirality by crystal tests, IR, melting points, or optical rotation measurements is valid.
Global Maps of Sea Ice Concentration, Age and Surface Temperature Derived from Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer Data: A Case Study

The prelaunch version of the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (Nimbus-7/SMMR) sea ice algorithm was utilized to prepare global maps of the sea ice coverage for a test period coincident with the NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory underflights in October-November 1978. Selected areas from the north polar map projections of the sea ice parameters were compared with data obtained concurrently with the Nimbus-7/SMMR simulator and other instruments on board the NASA CV-990, and were found to be in disagreement. This is attributed to offsets in the radiance values used as inputs, as has also been observed in retrieving ocean/atmosphere geophysical parameters from Nimbus-7/SMMR data. As of this writing, in-orbit calibration adjustments are in progress. Some displays of the adjusted radiances, using interim adjustment values, are discussed. Of particular interest is the observation of larger variation in the polarization differences for a given ice type than was anticipated. This will have to be taken into account in the ongoing fine-tuning of the sea ice algorithms.
A High Resolution Barium Fluoride Calorimeter

A high speed and highly radiation-resistant barium fluoride crystal array is under development by the Caltech group in collaboration with the Brookhaven National Lab, the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics in China, the KEK in Japan and the AccSys Technology Inc. in California. The barium fluoride array will serve as a prototype for a high precision electromagnetic calorimeter at the SSC, which has a unique capability in detecting the Higgs particles in the mass region between 80 to 180 GeV. The research and development program involves 3 aspects: (1) production of barium fluoride crystals with very large size (800 cm3) and high radiation resistance (10 MRads); (2) development of a fast readout system with an optical and electrical suppression on the slow component; and (3) development of an effective precision calibration system based on radiative capture of a pulsed proton beam from an Radio Frequency Quadruploe accelerator on a calcium fluoride target.
The Independence Number for the Generalized Petersen Graphs

Abstract : Given a graph G, an independent set I(G) is a subset of the vertices of G such that no two vertices in I(G) are adjacent. The independence number alpha(G) is the order of the largest set of independent vertices. In this paper, we study the independence number for the Generalized Petersen graphs, finding both sharp bounds and exact results for subclasses of the Generalized Petersen graphs.
Preliminary Physical Orbit of the HD 98800 B System

As a part of a larger program to measure physical properties of PMS binary systems, we have observed the PMS quadruple system HD 98800 (aka TW Hya 4A) with the Keck Interferometer (KI), and resolved the two separate spectroscopic binary components of the system. In particular we have observed the HD 98800 North (B) binary component on multiple epochs, and integrating our data with the double-lined spectroscopic orbit from Torres et al [15]s has allowed us to estimate a physical orbit for the B system. This orbit in turn yields relatively accurate (8%) mass estimates of the component stars, and an independent system distance and component luminosity estimates. Comparisons between the estimated physical parameters for the low-mass HD 98800 B components with mass-luminosity models of PMS stars, and implications for the age of HD 98800 are discussed.
KIR-HLA class I combinations in JIA-associated uveitis

Purpose HLA class I-specific killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) gene and HLA gene combinations have been associated with autoimmune uveitis (e.g., birdshot chorioretinopathy (BCR) and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKH)). In oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), uveitis is one of the most serious complications, affecting approximately 20% of patients. Multiple studies suggest there are HLA Class II associations with chronic anterior uveitis in JIA; however, there is a paucity of evidence demonstrating Class I associations. Given the importance of HLA Class I and KIR gene combinations in other forms of autoimmune uveitis, we hypothesized that an interplay between these genes may contribute to the pathogenesis of uveitis in JIA. To test this hypothesis, we are: 1) determining HLA Class I and KIR gene associations in children with JIA with and without uveitis and comparing them with healthy controls, and 2) determining associations between clinical course and HLA Class I KIR gene associations.
Limited Powers in the Looking-Glass: Otiose Textualism, and an Empirical Analysis of Other Approaches, When Activists in Private Shopping Centers Claim State Constitutional Liberties

This Article examines closely a narrow range of highly factually analogous cases, in which state constitutional rights are asserted despite a clear lack of entitlement to assert any federal constitutional claim. Specifically, the cases selected are those in which private persons assert a right to conduct expressive activity, including electoral activity, in private shopping centers during hours when the properties are held open to the general public. These cases may be referred to colloquially as “the mall cases.” Selected here are only those which were decided after the federal question became clear. The Article first inquires into the role of textualism in these cases. The Article then examines other interpretivist modes besides textualism, namely originalism, structuralism, and precedentialism, as well non-interpretivist public policy arguments. The purpose of this inquiry is to clarify the role of interpretivism in state courts’ decisions on whether to expand the scope of their state constitutional protections for individual rights.
Racial Separation Influences on the Demography of Urban Small Firms

This study develops and estimates a model of residential segregation influences on demographic patterns in minority-owned firms. The prime hypothesis is that minority-owned firms in metropolitan areas with higher segregation will have a higher likelihood of hiring and servicing members of their own racial groups. Using data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality (MCSUI), the paper's primary hypotheses were supported. Results show that diversity in a firm's workforce and customers varies inversely with the level of residential segregation in the area in which the firm is located.
Understanding HIV risk behaviors in prison: a qualitative study among recently released inmates

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore HIV risk behaviors of inmates during incarceration and gain an in-depth understanding of the context within which these behaviors occur. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 47 recently released ex-offenders participated in focus group discussions that explored the contexts surrounding inmate engagement in HIV risk behaviors in prison. Data were analyzed using NVivo 7 and results were organized into themes. Findings – Inmates engaged behaviors that could predispose them to HIV infection. These behaviors include unprotected sexual intercourse, transactional sex, injection drug use, tattooing, and body piercing. The results of this study show that the contexts within which risk behaviors occur among inmates are complex, involving inmates, corrections staff, and visitors. The reasons why inmates engage in risk behaviors are also myriad: finance; addiction; boredom; deprivation; prison culture; slack security and monitoring; indifference by correctional off...
Decreased Citrate Improves Iron Availability from Infant Formula: Application of an In Vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Cell Culture Model

We have applied an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model to the assessment of iron availability from human milk and a generic cow's milk-based infant formula. Experiments were designed to determine the availability of iron from human milk relative to infant formula and whether known promoters of iron absorption would increase Caco-2 cell iron uptake and availability from the infant formula. In addition, we sought to determine if decreasing the citrate concentration in the infant formula would increase the iron uptake. Although approximately twice as much iron was in solution from digests of the infant formula relative to that of human milk, smaller or equal amounts of iron were taken up from the infant formula relative to the human milk digest. These results are qualitatively similar to in vivo studies. Addition of known iron uptake promoters to infant formula did not enhance Caco-2 cell iron uptake from the infant formula digest, indicating that the iron in the infant formula existed predominantly in a tightly bound unavailable form(s). Enzymatic pretreatment of the infant formula with citrate lyase and oxalacetate decarboxylase decreased the citrate concentration by 67% and resulted in a 64% increase of iron in solution, which corresponded to a 46% increase in the cell iron uptake. Iron uptake from the "low citrate" formula plus cysteine was 102% greater relative to the nontreated formula. The results indicate that too much citrate can reduce iron uptake, particularly if it is present at concentrations greater than promoters such as ascorbic acid and cysteine.
Hankel operators on the Bergman spaces of strongly pseudoconvex domains

We characterize functions f∈L2(D) such that the Hankel operators Hf are, respectively, bounded and compact on the Bergman spaces of bounded strongly pseudoconvex domains.
Vision Guided Compression on low-bit rate channels

Full motion video (FMV) in unreliable, low-bit rate network channels suffers from quality issues such as jitter and block artifacts. In this paper, we introduce Vision Guided Compression (VGC), as a pre-processing technology that can be coupled with standards-based video coding, to provide FMV at low-bit rates. VGC utilizes computer vision algorithms to track salient features and keep them sharp, while non-salient features are lowpass filtered. With this approach, VGC provides an additional spatial parameter to gracefully tune the QoS, while providing FMV and preserving salient visual information.
The effect of age on the electrocardiogram

Abstract There are significant electrocardiographic age trends in adult healthy populations from the third to the fifth decade in QRS and T amplitudes (decrease with age) and direction (left axis shift with age) in conventional electrocardiographic leads, which flatten out after age 50. The decrease of amplitudes is more pronounced in men than in women. Age trends of intervals are absent or small. However, the incidence of premature supraventricular and ventricular beats increases with age. Overweight accelerates the age trends. Diagnostic implications are discussed, particularly for recognition of left ventricular hypertrophy. Magnitudes and directions of maximal spatial QRS and T vectors show age trends similar to comparable conventional electrocardiographic items. Initial spatial 20 msec vectors also decrease with age; therefore, “poor progression of the R wave in the anterior chest leads”, often interpreted as compatible with anterior wall myocardial infarction, is a normal age trend. In the majority of studies, the effect of age is more pronounced in populations with high prevalence of coronary artery disease than in populations with low incidence. Coronary artery disease, as long as the resting electrocardiogram is normal, accelerates the age trends. The frequency of ischemic response to exercise is greater, with more pronounced age trends, in populations with high prevalance of coronary artery disease. It is concluded that the electrocardiographic age trends in asymptomatic populations are to a large extent due to latent coronary artery disease.
Does "It Get Better" for Depressed Sexual Minority Youth in Young Adulthood?

Abstract Purpose To examine depressive symptoms and suicidality in adolescence and adulthood in a sample of depressed adolescents in five sexual identity groups (heterosexual, mostly heterosexual, bisexual, mostly gay, and gay). Methods Depressed adolescents (N = 1,591) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were examined again in young adulthood. Results Paired t -tests revealed that depressive symptoms declined significantly in all five sexual identity groups. McNemar chi-square tests revealed that the percentage of participants reporting suicidal ideation decreased significantly in all groups except for the mostly gay group. The percentage of participants reporting suicide attempts declined in all groups except the bisexual group. Conclusions Within-group differences are important to consider in delivering effective mental health services. Although depressive symptoms diminished in young adulthood in all groups, suicidality did not. Mostly gay and bisexual young adults did not report the same significant declines as their peers.
Rearing Three Species of Cereal Aphids on Artificial Diets

Techniques were developed and several artificial diets tested for use in rearing 3 species of cereal aphids. A diet was found which supported survival and reproduction of the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) over a 3-week period. The English grain aphid, Macrosiphum avenae (F), and the oat bird-cherry aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), were less successfully sustained on the diet.
Correlation of myocyte lengthening to chamber dilation in the spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rat.

Chronic congestive heart failure of various etiologies is characterized by progressive chamber dilation. Although myocyte lengthening is involved, it is not known if this cellular change can account for all of the chamber dilation. The controversy is due largely to technical limitations in collecting data on chamber circumference, myocyte length, and sarcomere length simultaneously. To address this issue, the contributions of myocyte and sarcomere lengthening to progressive chamber dilation in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rats was examined using a new approach. Female SHHF rats (n=31) were examined at various time points between 2 months of age and the onset of end-stage heart failure (18 months or older). A new method enabled simultaneous collection of data on myocyte length, sarcomere length, and chamber circumference using formalin-fixed tissue. Reliability of cellular measurements was confirmed with an alternate method. LV myocyte length increased linearly between 2 and 24 months of age due to series addition of sarcomeres. Myocyte length increased in direct proportion to chamber circumference during this period (r=0.93,P<0.001). Results suggest that myocyte lengthening alone can account for chamber dilation in the progression to heart failure. Excessive myocyte lengthening is a slow, progressive change that begins long before clinical signs and symptoms of heart failure appear in this model of hypertension and failure. Since myocyte remodeling in hypertensive humans with and without failure is known to resemble that in SHHF rats, these data should provide important insight into chamber dilation and the progression of heart failure in humans.