cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paschen-Back Effect of Hyperfine Structure and Polarization of Resonance Radiation. Cadmium (6 1 P 1 - 5 1 S 0 )

Because of the Paschen-Back effect of the hyperfine structure of the odd isotopes, the polarization of cadmium $\ensuremath{\lambda}2288\mathrm{A}$ resonance radiation excited by plane polarized incident light changes from 76.7 percent in zero field to 100 percent in a strong field parallel to the electric vector of the exciting light. The experimental results agree very closely with computations based on Goudsmit's modification of Darwin's theory of the Paschen-Back effect and give for the separation of the two levels into which the $6^{1}P_{1}$ level of Cd (odd-isotopes) is split a value of 12.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. From this result and Sch\"uler's measurements of the hyperfine separations of the triplet lines $6^{3}P_{0,1,2}\ensuremath{-}6^{3}S_{1}$ the constants $a$ and $b$ giving the interactions of the $p$ and $s$ electrons, respectively, from Goudsmit's equation $A(J)=a(2\ensuremath{-}g)\ensuremath{-}a\frac{6\ensuremath{\Gamma}(2\ensuremath{-}g)\ensuremath{-}2(g\ensuremath{-}1)L(L+1)}{(2L\ensuremath{-}1)(2L+3)}+b(g\ensuremath{-}1)$ are found to be $a=8.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and $b=225.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
A competition for consciousness

Abstract Experiments with awake subjects to generate sensory experience by direct electrode stimulation are interpreted in terms of the electrical energy required to turn such sensory experience on, and the requisite electrical power to keep it on. The former condition is most naturally explained in terms of competitive network activity, and a candidate for the latter is suggested. This model is extended to explain data from Libet and colleagues on backward referral in time, and a list of specific predictions made to test the extended model. An appendix gives a simplified form of neural competition which supports the competitive model.
Patterns of relapse in stage I–II uterine papillary serous carcinoma treated with adjuvant intravaginal radiation (IVRT) with or without chemotherapy

Abstract Objective To evaluate patterns of relapse in early stage uterine papillary carcinoma (UPSC) patients receiving adjuvant intravaginal radiotherapy (IVRT) with or without chemotherapy. Methods From 1/1996 to 12/2010, 77 women with stage I–II UPSC underwent surgery followed by IVRT (median 21Gy). Stage IA patients without residual disease at surgery were excluded. IVRT and chemotherapy (carboplatin/taxane) was given to 61 (79%) patients and IVRT alone to 16 (21%). The median follow-up was 62months for surviving patients. Results Of the 77 patients, 11 (14%) relapsed as follows: vaginal 2 (3%), pelvic 5 (6%), para-aortic 5 (6%), peritoneal 6 (8%), and other distant sites 8 (10%). Of the 5 pelvic relapses, 2 were isolated and were salvaged. In those treated without chemotherapy, only 1/16 developed recurrence (mediastinal). The 5-year vaginal, pelvic, para-aortic, peritoneal, and distant recurrence rates were 2.7% (C.I. 0–6.2%), 5.8% (C.I. 0.6–11.0%), 5.4% (C.I. 0.6–10.1%), 5.3% (C.I. 0.5–10.1%) and 6.6% (C.I. 1.4–11.8%), respectively. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were 88% (C.I. 81–95%), and 91% (C.I. 84–97%), respectively. The only predictor of worse 5-year pelvic control was stage (96.2% stage IA vs 87.7% for stage IB-II, p =0.043). Conclusions In stage I–II UPSC patients who predominantly receive adjuvant chemotherapy, IVRT as the sole form of adjuvant RT provides excellent locoregional control. The risk of isolated pelvic recurrence is too low to warrant routine use of external pelvic RT.
Persistent IGF-I overexpression in skeletal muscle transiently enhances DNA accretion and growth

Adult transgenic mice with muscle-specific overexpression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I have enlarged skeletal muscles. In this study, we; 1) characterized the development of muscle hypertrophy with respect to fiber type, age, and sex; 2) determined the primary anabolic process responsible for development of hypertrophy; and 3) identified secondary effects of muscle hypertrophy on body composition. Transgene expression increased with age and was present only in fibers expressing type IIB fast myosin heavy chain. Muscle masses were greater by 5 wk of age, and by 10 wk of age the differences were maximal despite continued transgene expression. Total DNA and RNA contents of the gastrocnemius muscle were greater for transgenic mice than for nontransgenic littermates. The differences were maximal by 5 wk of age and preceded the increase in protein mass. The accelerated protein deposition ceased when the protein/DNA ratio attained the same value as in nontransgenic controls. Despite localization of IGF-I expression to muscle without changes in plasma IGF-I concentrations, genotype also modified the normal age and sex effects on fat deposition and organ growth. Thus, enhanced DNA accretion by IGF-I was primarily responsible for stimulating muscle growth. In turn, secondary effects on body composition were incurred that likely reflect the impact of muscle mass on whole body metabolism.
Application of Asymmetric Rolling to Texture Control of Silicon Steel

The influences of different rolling modes and speed ratios on cold rolling texture development, and the characteristics of recrystallization textures after ordinary annealing as well as magnetic annealing have been investigated for non-oriented silicon steel. Results show that the through-thickness deformation textures were effectively changed by asymmetric cold rolling even in the case of small speed ratios, and the recrystallization textures were modified with the enhanced favorable {100} and η (//RD) texture components by magnetic annealing. Much improved magnetic properties can be obtained through optimization of asymmetric rolling and annealing parameters. Thus, application of asymmetric cold rolling and magnetic annealing might open up new possibilities for texture control in high-grade silicon steel production.
Computer-aided structure elucidation for arylene-bridged polysilsesquioxanes

Abstract Phenylene- and terphenylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane networks are modeled using computer-aided structure elucidation and molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations. The models are matched with analytical results such as elemental analysis, solid-state 29 Si NMR, and gas-sorption porosimetry. Models which are cross-linked in every direction in three-dimensional space do not contain pore volume and are rejected. Models which are cross-linked in only two dimensions fit well with all analytical data. In conclusion, the bridged polysilsesquioxane networks seem to be formed by an aggregation of two-dimensional structures covalently or hydrogen bonded together.
T Cell Turnover in SIV Infection

In their report of 20 February 1998 ([1][1]), H. Mohri et al . analyze the proliferation and death of T cells in normal macaques and in those infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). With the use of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label proliferating cells, they observed that the uptake of
THE DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE OF BLUE ANTIGENIC AZOPROTEINS IN THE TISSUES OF MICE

Intensely blue dye-azoproteins have been prepared by diazotization and coupling of the highly indiffusible blue dye T-1824, Evans blue, with various serum proteins and egg albumin. The products, whether purified by precipitation with alcohol or by chromatography, have a constant dye-to-protein ratio and tests have shown them to be essentially free from unlinked dye. An extremely diffusible dye, echt-saure-blau, has also been coupled to bovine γ-globulin. These materials are adapted to physiological experimentation. They seem to behave in the bodies of mice like other proteins; they fail to appear in either the bile or urine of normal animals, and they are strongly antigenic. When these soluble antigenic azoproteins are injected into the blood stream of mice for the first time they enter reticulo-endothelial cells in almost every organ of the body; the final distribution is like that of intravenously injected, finely divided particulate matter. The azoproteins appear in the cells which classical immunological studies have shown to be active in removing particulate antigenic materials or bacteria from the blood or body fluids. The Kupffer cells of the liver and sinus and reticular cells in lymph nodes, especially the great mesenteric node, are particularly active in the removal of the blue antigens from the blood, but many other R-E cells are active to a lesser degree. The storage of the antigenic material is in the cytoplasm only; it has not been seen within nuclei, nor has it been seen within cells of the brain. Serological methods disclose that the blue material seen within Kupffer cells of the liver after as long a period as 2 days is still antigenic in its reactions. The blue azoproteins, therefore, serve excellently as tracer antigens, especially since they can be seen directly in fresh and fixed tissue preparations and in the body fluids.
Construction and application of a cold on-column injection system for capillary gas chromatography

A cold on-column injection system for capillary gas chromatography (GC) applications was constructed. It was based upon a conventional split/splitless capillary GC inlet, which in turn was a modification of a conventional packed GC column inlet. The heart of the laboratory constructed cold on-column inlet design was a disposable pyrex micro-sampling pipet, which functioned as a needle guide for sample injection. The sample was injected through a traditional GC septum. Construction of the injection system is described and applications are illustrated by separations of a variety of complex mixtures.
The belief-function approach to aggregating audit evidence

In this article, we present the belief-function approach to aggregating audit evidence. The approach uses an evidential network to represent the structure of audit evidence. In turn, it allows us to treat all types of dependencies and relationships among accounts and items of evidence, and thus the approach should help the auditor conduct an efficient and effective audit. Aggregation of evidence is equivalent to propagation of beliefs in an evidential network. The paper describes in detail the three major steps involved in the propagation process. The first step deals with drawing the evidential network representing the connections among variables and items of evidence, based on the experience and judgment of the auditor. We then use the evidential network to determine the clusters of variables over which we have belief functions. The second step deals with constructing a Markov tree from the clusters of variables determined in step one. The third step deals with the propagation of belief functions in the Markov tree. We use a moderately complex example to illustrate the details of the aggregation process.
Observations of Ionospheric Heating During the Passage of Solar Coronal Hole Fast Streams

[1] Using ionospheric temperature measurements made continuously by the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) and EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) during the International Polar Year (IPY), we provide evidence for directly driven ionospheric heating associated with the solar wind corotating interaction region (CIR). Both ESR and PFISR operated almost continuously during the IPY, which began on 1 March 2007. During this period 55 CIR events occurred and when ISR observations were available during these events ionospheric heating was observed. This study is the first comprehensive observation of ionospheric heating by CIRs demonstrated through case study comparisons and statistically over the 1-year IPY period. These multiple-day heating events are present in both the auroral and polar regions. The quantitative one-to-one correlation between ACE-CIR observations and ISR-ionosphere observations leads to a database that will enable the ionospheric heating efficiency of CIR events to be determined.
Inhibition of rat uterine estradiol receptor by aurintricarboxylic acid.

Abstract Estradiol-receptor complex from rat uterus has been shown to have an affinity for DNA-cellulose and ATP-Sepharose. This DNA and ATP binding of estradiol receptor was observed to be sensitive to low concentrations (0.01–0.2mM) of aurintricarboxylic acid. The inhibitor was more effective when added to preparations that contained activated estradiol-receptor complex. Steroid binding properties of the receptor remained intact under the above conditions as judged by charcoal adsorption assays and sucrose gradient analysis. In addition, a 40% inhibition in the nuclear translocation of cytosol estradiol receptor was observed when rat uteri were incubated with 10nM [ 3 H] estradiol under an atmosphere of 95% O 2 and 5% CO 2 in the presence of aurintric-carboxylic acid. Our results suggest that aurintricarboxylic acid is an effective inhibitor of rat uterine estradiol receptor and that it may be acting by interfering with site(s) on the estradiol receptor which may be exposed upon activation and are subsequently involved in processes such as ATP binding, nuclear uptake and DNA binding.
MEMS for cell mechanobiology

Living organisms generate and respond to mechanical forces and these forces are sensed and created by specialized cells in the body. Force generation and sensing, or more broadly the mechanobiology coupling tissue (cell) mechanics and biology, are essential in normal development, wound healing, and tissue homeostasis. Our mechanical senses of hearing and touch allow us to navigate our environment and interact with one another, yet they remain the least understood of our perceptive senses. Basic life sustaining functions such as breathing, circulation, and digestion are driven autonomously by coordinated contraction of specialized muscle cells, yet how these functions incorporate active feedback via force sensing at the cellular level is an area of active study. Meanwhile, a variety of specialized stretch activated receptors and mechanically mediated biochemical signaling pathways have been identified in recent years. Importantly, defects in proteins of these mechanically mediated pathways and receptors have been implicated in disease states spanning cardiovascular disease, cancer growth and metastasis, neuropathy, and deafness. Thus, understanding the mechanical basis of homeostasis (health) and defective cell renewal function (disease) increasingly requires us to consider the role of mechanics. To study how cells and tissues integrate mechanical signals, we and others have developed specialized cell cultures systems and micromachined tools to stimulate and measure forces and displacements at the scale of proteins and cells. A key feature of such experiments is the ability to observe cell outputs such as morphological changes, protein expression, electrophysiological signaling, force generation and transcriptional activity in response to mechanical stimuli. (Figure 1.)
Capitalizing on Speaking Skill of EFL Learners for the Language Literacy

This study aims at grabbing the attention of EFL /ESL teachers, trainers, and administrators towards the importance of teaching speaking skill to enhance overall language proficiency of EFL learners. Comprehensive research done in the field of applied linguistics and English Language Teaching (ELT) establishes a positive correlation of speaking skill with the overall language proficiency. Despite this obvious significance of speaking skill in language learning process, it has not gained sufficient attention in the ELT or the assessments in Oman. Relying on the available literature on the importance of the speaking skill and its effective role in enhancing other language macro skills (listening, reading, and writing), this exploratory research analyzes the currents status of speaking skill in ELT and assessments at the General Foundation Programme (GFP) in Oman. As many GFP’s have IELTS (International English Language Testing System) exam as their programme exit examination, the study begins with measuring the correlation of speaking skill grades with other macro skill in order to accentuate the positive impact of speaking skill on other language skills. Secondly, it presents the statistics of time devoted to teaching and weights that speaking skill hold in the GFP in Oman. Finally, the study suggests the ways to optimize speaking skill opportunities to create successful literacy experience among adult EFL learners.
Implicit Memory and Word Ambiguity

Abstract Previous research has indicated that in the cued recall task, words with few preexisting associates are more likely to be recalled than words with many preexisting associates. Since this research has avoided using ambiguous words as stimuli, it was unclear if this set size effect would generalize to ambiguous words. In a series of three experiments, the set size effect was demonstrated using ambiguous words. The magnitude of the effect was reduced for homographs relative to nonhomographs and more apparent when dominant, rather than subordinate, meanings were accessed by the retrieval cues. These results indicate that meaning can be selected at retrieval by the retrieval cue, and that the associates of the dominant meaning play a more critical role in retrieval than do the associates of the subordinate meaning. Additionally, the effect of encoding context was consistent across experiments and demonstrated that, when the encoding context biased the to-be-tested meaning of the homograph, performance was facilitated relative to when the encoding context biased a different meaning.
Erectile function and bulbospongiosus EMG activity in estrogen-maintained castrated rats vary with behavioral context

Electromyographic (EMG) activity in the bulbospongiosus muscles (BS) was recorded to monitor potential castration-induced alterations in muscle activity during copulation and reflexive erections. EMG recordings were made from intact male rats and from castrated rats maintained from 7 to 50 days on estradiol benzoate (300 micrograms/day) or testosterone (200 micrograms/day). Despite a 40-50% postcastration reduction in the weight of the BS and accessory sexual glands in estrogen-treated rats, the pattern of EMG activity during copulation was similar across groups. In estradiol-treated males, the EMG burst frequency during mounts and burst duration during intromissions exceeded the parameters of intact males and of castrated males maintained on testosterone. Between intromissions, and following ejaculatory patterns, estrogen-treated males displayed spontaneous muscle bursts accompanied by visually confirmed erection of the glans penis, but these males quickly lost the capacity for reflexive erections. These data demonstrate that despite castration-induced atrophy of the penile muscles and, presumably, their spinal motor nuclei, the motor output to these muscles is maintained following androgen removal. The capacity for substantial penile erection is retained during copulation long after reflexive erections have diminished.
A randomized clinical trial evaluating metabolism of colostral and plasma derived immunoglobulin G in Jersey bull calves.

Background Intravenous plasma administration has been recommended in healthy or sick calves with failure of passive immunity. Hypothesis IV administered plasma-derived immunoglobulin G (IgG) undergoes increased catabolism as reflected by a rapid decrease in serum IgG concentration with an increase in fecal IgG concentrations within 48 h. Animals Thirty newborn Jersey calves. Fifteen were fed colostrum (CL group) and 15 were given bovine plasma IV (PL group). Materials and Methods Randomized clinical trial. Calves in the CL group were fed 3 L of colostrum once, by oroesophageal tubing. Calves in the PL group were given plasma IV at a dosage of 34 mL/kg. Serum and fecal samples were collected at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 48 h, 5 d, and 7 d. Serum and fecal IgG concentrations were determined by radial immunodiffusion. Results Calves in the CL group maintained serum IgG concentrations consistent with adequate transfer of immunity (≥1,000 mg/dL) throughout the study period. Calves in the PL group achieved median IgG concentrations of ≥1,000 mg/dL at 6 h but the concentrations were .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Catabolism of plasma derived IgG occurs rapidly during the first 12 h after transfusion. Fecal excretion did not explain the fate of the plasma derived IgG.
Effects of Missing Data on Estimates of Monthly Mean General Circulation Statistics.

Abstract To assess the impact of missing data on general circulation statistics, an analysis has been carried out on the effect of systematically decreasing the amount of available data. Thus the accuracy of monthly mean analyses of a variety of parameters including means, variances, and covariances is determined from ECMWF data as a function of the number of twice-daily analyses included in the monthly mean. Because the standard error of a monthly mean depends on the standard deviation of the daily values and the effective number of independent observations during each month, results have been expressed as the ratio of the root-mean-square error (RMSE) in the monthly mean to the daily standard deviation, thus allowing fairly universal relationships to be developed for application to many parameters, and to different season latitudes and longitudes. Results are indeed dependent upon the numbers of observations and the autocorrelation within each series, but could be modeled sufficiently well, for this pur...
Competing isomeric product channels in the 193 nm photodissociation of 2-chloropropene and in the unimolecular dissociation of the 2-propenyl radical

This paper presents product translational energy spectroscopy measurements of the primary photofragmentation channels of 2-chloropropene excited at 193 nm and of the unimolecular dissociation of the 2-propenyl radical. Tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization of the products allows us to distinguish between the various product isomers formed in these processes. The data show evidence for three significant primary reaction channels in the dissociation of 2-chloropropene: An excited-state C–Cl fission channel producing fast Cl atoms, a C–Cl fission channel producing slow Cl atoms, and HCl elimination. A minor C–CH3 fission channel contributes as well. The measured branching of the major primary product channels is: [fast C–Cl]:[slow C–Cl]:[HCl elimination]=62%:23%:15%. The experiments also allow us to resolve selectively the product branching between the unimolecular dissociation channels of the 2-propenyl radical, a high energy C3H5 isomer; we measure how the branching ratio between the two competi...
The Image of Africa in Our Classrooms

(1995). The Image of Africa in Our Classrooms. The Social Studies: Vol. 86, No. 6, pp. 245-247.
Every Acronym Should Be Defined When It First Appears in a Publication

To the Editor: I read the recent article on the ENTIRE trial1 several times, each time more carefully and thoroughly than the previous time, in an attempt to find out what the acronym ENTIRE stood for. I could never …
Nonlinear QED effects in strong field magnetohydrodynamics

We examine wave propagation and the formation of shocks in strongly magnetized plasmas by applying a variational technique and the method of characteristics to the coupled magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and quantum-electrodynamic (QED) equations of motion. In sufficiently strong magnetic fields such as those found near neutron stars, not only is the plasma extremely relativistic but the effects of QED must be included to understand processes in the magnetosphere. As Thompson and Blaes find, the fundamental modes in the extreme relativistic limit of MHD coupled with QED are two oppositely directed Alfv\'en modes and the fast mode. QED introduces nonlinear couplings which affect the propagation of the fast mode such that waves traveling in the fast mode evolve as vacuum electromagnetic ones do in the presence of an external magnetic field. The propagation of a single Alfv\'en mode is unaffected but QED does alter the coupling between the Alfv\'en modes. These processes may have important consequences for the study of neutron-star magnetospheres especially if the typical magnetic field strength exceeds the QED critical value ${(B}_{\mathrm{QED}}\ensuremath{\approx}4.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{13}\mathrm{G})$ as is suspected for soft-gamma repeaters and anomalous x-ray pulsars.
The Cost of Prenatal Care Attendance and Pregnancy Outcomes in Low-Income Working Women

Objective To examine personal costs (dollar costs and time spent) associated with prenatal care (PNC) attendance and outcomes (gestation length, PNC adequacy, and birth weight) for low-income, working women (N = 165). Design Prospective, descriptive study. Setting Participants were recruited from a prenatal clinic located at an inner city tertiary care center. Participants A convenience sample of 165 low-income, working women. Main Outcome Measures Personal costs were measured as dollar costs and time spent associated with PNC attendance. Perinatal outcomes were measured as gestation length, PNC adequacy, and birth weight. Results Per visit, the mean cost associated with PNC was $33.31 (range $1-$125.60, SD=$32.33) and the time needed to attend care was 228 min (20–720, SD=205). Women delivered at 37.8 (18–42) weeks; 17.6% of the women received inadequate PNC, and 17.0% of the women delivered low-birth-weight newborns. Conclusions The findings indicated that personal costs associated with PNC attendance were not associated with inadequate care attendance
Chemokines and chemokine receptors in leukocyte trafficking

Chemokines regulate inflammation, leukocyte trafficking, and immune cell differentiation. The role of chemokines in homing of naive T lymphocytes to secondary lymphatic organs is probably the best understood of these processes, and information on chemokines in inflammation, asthma, and neurological diseases is rapidly increasing. Over the past 15 years, understanding of the size and functional complexity of the chemokine family of peptide chemoattractants has grown substantially. In this review, we first present information regarding the structure, expression, and signaling properties of chemokines and their receptors. The second part is a systems physiology-based overview of the roles that chemokines play in tissue-specific homing of lymphocyte subsets and in trafficking of inflammatory cells. This review draws on recent experimental findings as well as current models proposed by experts in the chemokine field.
Synthesis and characterization of p- and n- dopable polymers. Electrochromic properties of poly 3-(p-trimethylammoniumphenyl)bithiophene

Abstract 3-(p-trimethylammoniumphenyl)bithiophene was synthesized. The corresponding polymer was made by electropolymerization and characterized using cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry and the quartz crystal microbalance. The polymer underwent both p- and n-doping and exhibited distinct color changes upon doping. The quartz crystal microbalance showed that anions are primarily involved in the doping process.
Study of Plasma Detachment in a Simplified 2D Geometry using UEDGE

A generic plasma in a two-dimensional slab geometry has been used to study the location of the ionisation front in dependence of the core plasma density and input heating power. The ratio of the recombination to ionisation current and the volumetric momentum losses in the computational domain have been used to quantify the degree of detachment. Contours of constant ratio of these parameters in the core plasma density - heating power parameter space indicate that high volumetric momentum losses can be achieved at high heating power and even low core plasma density. High fractions of recombination to ionisation, however, at high heating power also require high core densities to sufficiently separate the plasma from the target plate.
A numerical method to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics directly from disc-diffusion susceptibility tests

Abstract A computational is presented for directly determining the minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics from a disc-diffusion susceptibility assay. The method is based on a numerical solution of a mathematical equation describing inhibition zones. An interactive simulation program was developed making the computations for determining MICs easy to carry out. In order to run the program one has to prepare a data file containing the values of the toxic radii and the appropriate parameters. Three of the parameters are fitted via the program itself. The method was tested with gramicidin S as the antibiotic and Bacillus subtilis as the microorganism. For this case the MIC was determined to be 1.55 μg/ml, which is similar to the MICs of gramicidin S for other bacili as determined by a liquid bioassay. Since the method is fast, efficient, and inexpensive, it could be used for the routine determination of MICs.
Fluorescence properties of uranyl nitrates

Abstract Fluorescence spectra of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate, trihydrate, and dihydrate at 77 K were recorded. Those of the hexahydrate and trihydrate were similar but were different from that of the dihydrate. Fluorescence lifetimes of the hexahydrate, trihydrate, and dihydrate at 77 K were observed to be 699, 838 and 499 μs, respectively. The difference between these lifetimes was explained by considering the interaction between the uranyl ion and its adjacent water molecules. Composite hydrates were formed by allowing the dihydrate and trihydrate crystals to absorb water vapor in the atmosphere. These composites contained only hexahydrate in addition to the original hydrate. Fluorescence lifetimes of the composites were determined and analyzed. The fluorescence lifetime of a hexahydrate crystal at temperatures ranging from 115 to 220 K showed drastic changes at about 140 and 205 K. These changes were attributed to structural phase transitions in the crystal.
Sensitivity Analysis Applied to Coburn-Forster-Kane Models of Carboxyhemoglobin Formation

When mathematical model predictions disagree with the behavior of the physiological system modeled, blame is generally placed on the inadequacy of the model. It was shown using the Coburn-Forster-Kane (CFK) models of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) formation as illustrations, that a sensitivity analysis of the model can provide estimates of the effects of data variability and inaccuracy on model predictions. Sensitivity functions were derived for each variable in the model, and families of them were plotted as functions of time with work level as a parameter. The sensitivity plots identify the variables which can contribute the most to disparities between model and system behavior and illustrate how the relative importance of the error in each variable changes with both time and work level. For example, with exposure to a constant concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) at a constant level of exercise, errors in blood volume determination, initial [COHb], and total hemoglobin concentration do not affect the calcul...
Context-aware design and interaction in computer systems

As the human-computer interface becomes more pervasive and intimate, it will need to explicitly draw upon cognitive science as a basis for understanding what people are capable of doing. User experience and situation should be integrated into the computer system design process. Situational awareness can be used to reduce the amount of explicit input a person is required to give a computer. Contextual information of what and where the user task is, what the user knows, and what the system capabilities are, can greatly simplify the user scenario. Such use of contextual models in computers can also reduce the teaching needed for the user to accomplish tasks. An approach to a framework for design of contextual computing is illustrated through examples.
Location-Specific Coverage in Heterogeneous Networks

Cellular networks are taking on a more heterogeneous character with the introduction of low power nodes. Besides the aggregate performance over the entire network, it is also of interest to evaluate the coverage probability conditioning on a specific user location in a cell. This letter proposes a method to compute the location-specific coverage probability inside the inscribing ball of a weighted Voronoi cell in heterogeneous networks. Simulations show that the proposed closed-form approximation accurately characterizes the coverage probability at locations of interest inside the inscribing ball. Moreover the expression can also be applied to evaluate the performance at locations outside the inscribing ball with minor loss.
Ecological Complexity and the Success of Fungal Biological Control Agents

Fungal biological control agents against plant pathogens, especially those in soil, operate within physically, biologically, and spatially complex systems by means of a variety of trophic and nontrophic interspecific interactions. However, the biocontrol agents themselves are also subject to the same types of interactions, which may reduce or in some cases enhance their efficacy against target plant pathogens. Characterization of these ecologically complex systems is challenging, but a number of tools are available to help unravel this complexity. Several of these tools are described here, including the use of molecular biology to generate biocontrol agents with useful marker genes and then to quantify these agents in natural systems, epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy to observe their presence and activity in situ, and spatial statistics and computer simulation modeling to evaluate and predict these activities in heterogeneous soil habitats.
The Relationship Between Self-Directed Learning Readiness and Life Satisfaction Among Older Adults

Readiness for self-directed learning and perceived life satisfaction were explored among a sample of 64 adults at least 60 years of age. A statistically significant positive relationship was found ...
Glycerol production: A pilot‐plant investigation for continuous fermentation and recovery

A pilot plant was built to evaluate the economic potentialities of producing glycerol from sugar by the bisulphite fermentation process. The design of this small unit was based on information collected from bench-scale studies of the fermentation and recovery processes taking advantage of new separation techniques. A beer containing 5 per cent of glycerol is produced in a continuous fermentation in which the free bisulphite level is automatically controlled. The effluent from the fermentor is centrifuged, and the yeast is returned to the fermentation. The dilute clarified beer is acidified; sulphur dioxide, acetaldehyde, and alcohol are removed; and the stripped solution is neutralized and concentrated until it contains 45 per cent of glycerol. This concentrated glycerol stock is purified by using a combination of ion-exclusion and ion-exchange. Good fermentation control results in a beer that has a low solids–to–glycerol ratio, low organic acid content, and low residual sugar. The method of glycerol purification results in a high glycerol recovery, since no distillation of glycerol is involved. The sulphur dioxide removed from the beer is recycled through the fermentation so that the chief raw materials used in the process are sugar, sulphuric acid, and sodium carbonate. The yields of products based on sugar charged are: glycerol, 25 per cent; alcohol, 17 per cent; and acetaldehyde, 11 per cent. The economic success of the process depends to a large extent upon the price of sugar. Under present conditions it is felt that the process is competitive.
Numerical Solution of Steady Navier-Stokes Problems Using Integral Representations

Steady-state incompressible Navier-Stokes and continuity equations are recast into integral representations for the velocity and the vorticity vector using the concept of fundamental solutions. Integrals are discretized using finite Fourier series approximations. An efficient iterative procedure is established for the numerical solution of internal flow problems in two dimensions. The iteration loop in this procedure is composed of a kinetic step and a kinematic step. Explicit computations are utilized in each step. Boundary vorticity values required for the kinetic step are determined from constraint equations obtained from the kinematic aspect of the problem expressed in the integral representation form. Several flow problems are studied numerically for various Reynolds numbers. Flow structures are determined from numerical results obtained. A Bachelor's flow model of constant vorticity is verified numerically for high Reynolds number closed streamline flows inside a circle.
Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis: a long-term complication of bisphosphonate treatment

We present current knowledge of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis, a new oral complication in oncology. It was first described in 2003, and hundreds of cases have been reported worldwide. The disorder affects patients with cancer on bisphosphonate treatment for multiple myeloma or bone metastasis from breast, prostate, or lung cancer. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis is characterised by the unexpected appearance of necrotic bone in the oral cavity. Osteonecrosis can develop spontaneously or after an invasive surgical procedure such as dental extraction. Patients might have severe pain or be asymptomatic. Symptoms can mimic routine dental problems such as decay or periodontal disease. Intravenous use of pamidronate and zoledronic acid is associated with most cases. Other risk factors include duration of bisphosphonate treatment (ie, 36 months and longer), old age in patients with multiple myeloma, and a history of recent dental extraction. We also discuss pathobiology, clinical features, management, and future directions for the disorder.
Cochannel uplink interference in PN spread QPSK satellite systems

The effect of a bandpass limiter in code division multiple access quadriphase shift keying (QPSK) satellite spread spectrum communication systems is investigated. The case of a cochannel interferer on the uplink is analyzed in detail. The nonlinear characteristics of the bandpass limiter result in the generation of intermodulation products which become narrowband signals after the despreading process in the spread spectrum receiver. These intermodulation products and the cochannel interference affect system performance. The assumptions made in deriving the theoretical performance of the system were checked by simulating the entire system using the Block Oriented Systems Simulator (BOSS) software package. The results of the simulation show good agreement with the theoretical calculations, within 1 to 2 dB in signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, by means of simulation, it was possible to explore some features of the system that could not be addressed analytically, such as the effect of processing gain and unbalanced codes on system performance. >
Advances in ultra-high speed optical TDM networking

Summary form only given. OTDM networks based on the terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD) will enable construction of crossbar interconnect systems with aggregate capacities approaching 1 Tb/s. The synchronicity inherent in an OTDM system can be exploited to implement efficient arbitration and control methods that scale linearly with the number of attached nodes. OTDM based interconnect systems challenge the current generation of switching fabrics that use electronic routers by offering low latencies, high bandwidth, and globally visible event ordering. Furthermore, nodes are connected to a central switching hub in a star-like fashion where each node requires two optical fiber connections, independent of the system size. Recent experimental demonstrations of both ultrafast demultiplexing and high-speed time slot tuning will be presented that demonstrate a 100 node network with an aggregate capacity of 100 Gb/s is achievable.
Properties of Numbers

All of discrete mathematics—and, in fact, all of mathematics—rests on the foundations of set theory and numbers. The first section covers some basic definitions and notations, including the basic number sets, factors, and factorization and prime numbers. Sums and summation notations are treated in the second section.
Linking Micro- to Macro-level Behavior in the Aggressor-Defender-Stalker Game

In many multiagent systems, small changes in individual-level rules may lead to very large changes at the group-level. This phenomenon is striking in the "aggressor-defender game," a simple participative game in which each participant randomly selects two others from the group (A and B). In the aggressor game, everyone tries to position themselves so that A is always between themselves and B. In the defender game everyone tries to position themselves between A and B. Despite these exceedingly simple rules and the seemingly small difference between them, the two games exhibit very different dynamics. The aggressor game produces a highly dynamic group that rapidly expands over time whereas the defender game quickly collapses to a tight knot. I analyze these games and provide some insight as to how these two group level behaviors arise, thereby linking the micro- and macro-levels. I also introduce and analyze a new, related and simpler game, the stalker game, in which each participant selects and pursues a single participant, and which also produces a collapsing group. It is suggested that such a geometrical analysis may be applicable for other multiagent systems such as insect societies and collective robotics.
Beyond Corporate Social Responsibility: Public Value and the Business of Politics

Recent accounts of the changing role of business have identified a shift from corporate social responsibility to specifically political roles. This paper examines the relevance of Mark Moore’s theory of Public Value (1995) as a decision-making framework for these new roles. After providing an account of the original theory, we explore how it can be deployed as a prescriptive tool based upon Moore’s (1995) account of public goods, virtue ethics and an account of civic virtue we derive from the theory. The discussion invites critical reflection upon the changing roles of business, specifically the distinction between public and private organisations.
Plasticity constrained: over-generalized induction cues cause maladaptive phenotypes

The adaptive value of phenotypic plasticity depends upon the degree of match achieved between phenotype and environment. This match is governed in part by how well organisms discern environmental states (e.g. presence or absence of particular predators). To examine the specificity with which organisms use cues to induce defensive phenotypes, we raised freshwater snails, Physella virgata, with either molluscivorous or non-molluscivorous sunfish species (Lepomis cyanellus, L. gibbosus, L. macrochirus, L. megalotis, L. microlophus, Micropterus salmoides). Regardless of the predator class with which they were raised, snails exhibited two induced responses: (1) reduced growth and (2) development of rotund shells. Reduced growth typically results from predator avoidance behaviours and so is associated with a net survival benefit in environments containing molluscivores. Rotund shells increase crush resistance and so increase both handling time and rejection rates by molluscivorous sunfish. Despite the adaptive nature of these responses to molluscivorous species, responding unnecessarily to non-molluscivores is maladaptive. Growth reduction limits fecundity and prevents snails from attaining size refugia for most predators. Rotund shells increase vulnerability to shell-entry predators, which are typically more common than shell-crushing predators. Thus the induced responses entail costs but award no advantages in the presence of non-molluscivorous sunfish. Lack of specificity in use of cues (e.g. all sunfish treated alike) may be a major constraint on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, these induced responses may produce trait-mediated indirect effects that cascade throughout the food web.
Swift Fox Response to Prescribed Fire in Shortgrass Steppe

Swift foxes (Vulpes velox) are shortgrass specialists and as a result are heavily dependent upon grassland disturbance regimes to maintain high-quality habitat. To better understand this relationship, we monitored the move- ment and spatial ecology of resident swift foxes before and after a 2005 prescribed burn in southeastern Colorado. We hypothesized that foxes would shift home ranges into and increase foraging activity within the prescribed burn area. Foxes did appear to alter their space-use patterns in response to the burn, although the response was constrained by ter- ritoriality. Foxes whose core-use areas overlapped the burn increased their use of the burn area for foraging and den- ning, but we did not observe shifts of individual home ranges to encompass more of the burned area. Foxes whose core- use areas did not overlap the burn did not alter their space use or change home range boundaries in response to the burn. Because we observed only positive or neutral responses to prescribed burning, we recommend this tool as an appropriate method to maintain high-quality swift fox habitat.
The "tryphê" of the Sybarites: a historiographical problem in Athenaeus

A large number of the most informative fragments of the Hellenistic Greek historians are transmitted by Athenaeus. Unlike the frequently jejune evidence provided by scholiasts, lexicographers and the like, these texts allow us to draw historiographical conclusions about lost writers: on this basis, scholars have posited, for example, the place of a given author in the Hellenistic ?schools? of history. The importance of Athenaeus as a source for history-writing between Xenophon and Diodorus calls for detailed study of the Deipnosophist?s method of citing these lost authors. The present article focuses on Athenaeus? testimony concerning the downfall of Archaic Sybaris through luxury and excess in order to show that certain phrases, sentence patterns and even trains of thought can be reliably identified as belonging to Athenaeus rather than the cited authority. This discovery entails surprising results: traditions ascribing the destruction of Sybaris to morally corrosive luxury are late and of little historical value. More generally, the debilitating effects of luxury cannot serve as an exemplum supporting the claim that Hellenistic writers tended to explain historical events through moral causes; apparent evidence for this causal nexus is better assigned to Athenaeus than to the historians he names. In view of these conclusions, a cautious reassessment of all Athenaeus? testimony on fragmentary historians is appropriate.
Integrated ultrasonic/interferential current system for injured bones, muscles, and nerve therapy

In this paper the design and implementation of an integrated system, for healing nerve, muscles, bones, and joints injuries, are discussed. In this system, ultrasound waves and interferential-current can be applied separately or concurrently, based on the recommendation of the healthcare specialist. This flexibility is expected to optimize, improve, and quicken the healing progress and recovery. The system was built using off the shelf components, and this will result in substantial cost reduction.