cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital analysis of optical transforms and correlations

Abstract Hardware, applications and experimental results for an interface from an optical processor to a digital computer are described. The interface analyzes the contents of the Fourier transform and correlation planes of an optical processor displays and stores various representations of the data in these planes, controls the format and contents of the input and matched spatial filter planes of the optical processor, and by digital feedback controls the throughput and operation of the optical processor. A hybrid optical/digital processor and a programmable optical processor result. Much of the interface is constructed from existing computer modules.
Seeking greener pastures? The relationship between career satisfaction and the intention to emigrate: a survey of Ghanaian physicians.

BACKGROUND A significant number of physicians from developing nations emigrate to developed nations in search of better career opportunities. In addition to crippling the health systems of developing nations, the emigration of physicians from sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries results in a loss of return on investment to these nations. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between career satisfaction and the intention of active Ghanaian physicians to leave the country within the next 5 years. METHODS This study was a cross-sectional correlational study using data from a survey of practicing physicians in Ghana. The primary independent variables examined were dimensions of career satisfaction, assessed using an abridged form of the Physician Work Life Survey. RESULTS Data from the multivariate ordered logistic regression model indicated that physicians who were house officers or medical officers and those who reported dissatisfaction with their compensation were more likely to report that they were thinking about leaving Ghana within the next 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Health policies aimed at increasing monetary compensation and providing junior physicians with the resources needed to excel in their careers may improve the retention of physicians in Ghana.
Polarographic methods of monitoring addition agents in the electroplating of Sn-Pb solders

The electrochemical techniques typically used to monitor organic addition agents in electroplating baths work poorly in Sn-Pb solder plating baths. These electrochemical monitoring methods are based on the principle that additives act through their effects on the kinetics of the metal-deposition reaction, and thus the reaction Mn+ + ne- → M can be used as a probe to determine the additive concentration. The heavy metal ions in solder plating baths readily poison probe electrodes, however, and thus electrochemical methods on solid electrodes are irreproducible and unreliable in these systems. A polarographic technique, which uses a renewable Hg drop electrode, can be used for the quantitative analysis of addition agents in solder plating solutions, even though the chemical identity of these species may not be known to the user of the plating solution.
THE OCCURRENCE OF FREE L-PYRROLIDONE CARBOXYLIC ACID IN BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES

Received 9 May 1973 1. Introduction Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA) has been known as a cyclic derivative of glutamic acid for more than 90 years [ 11. An enzyme designated y-glutamyl cyclo- transferase (y-glutamyl lactamase) was found in mam- malian tissues [2] that catalyzes the conversion of L- y-glutamyl amino acids to L-PCA and free amino acids. This reaction represents probably the main route of formation of L-PCA in mammals [3,4]. L-PCA was found at the N-terminus of a number of peptides and proteins (for a review see [5]), and this compound was also postulated to be an intermediate of the y-glu- tamyl cycle, which was proposed as a transport system for amino acids [6]. Although these considerations in- dicate that L-PCA is an active metabolite, there are no reports demonstrating its presence as a normal constit- uent of body fluids and tissues. Indeed screening meth- ods in which gas chromatographic procedures were used for the determination of PCA as the methyl ester, failed to detect this compound in normal body fluids 171. We report the finding of siginificant amounts of PCA in tissues and body fluids by the application of a gas liquid chromatographic procedure, utilizing elec- tron capture detection. Analysis of the optical config- uration of glutamate derived by acid hydrolysis from PCA has shown that all of the PCA present in the cerebrospinal fluid is of the L-configuration and that a substantial fraction of the PCA in urine has the D- configuration.
Conservative Critiques of African-American Culture: Anthropological and Philosophical Perspectives on the Claim of False Consciousness

This essay discusses a set of interlinked criticisms of black-American culture that have been put forward by commentators who are commonly associated with American conservatism. It looks in particu...
Relationship of glucose tolerance to prevalence of ECG abnormalities and to 5-year mortality from cardiovascular disease: findings of the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry.

Abstract Among the 40,000 employed men and women screened in Chicago industry, 7841 white men age 40–59 formed the cohort studied to determine significance of asymptomatic hyperglycemia for coronary disease. In cross-sectional analysis of frequency of ECG abnormalities, those in the upper 2 1 2 % of the glucose distribution had higher rates of such abnormalities than the rest of the group, and men in the highest quintile likewise had higher rates of ECG abnormalities than were seen in the lowest quintile. Analysis of these data using the multiple logistic showed inconsistent positive association of glucose with prevalence of ECG abnormalities defined by the Whitehall and Pooling Project criteria, but no association with definite MI, on ECG. In 5-yr mortality follow-up, while men with overt diabetes experienced coronary death rates 2–3 times higher than those without such a diagnosis, similar univariate analysis that excluded diagnosed diabetics showed no association between glucose level and coronary mortality. In multivariate analysis as well, no association between initial glucose and subsequent coronary or cardiovascular mortality was seen, although all causes mortality rates were significantly related to glucose levels. The inconsistent results between univariate and multivariate analyses, as well as between cross-sectional and prospective findings, do not support a conclusion that asymptomatic hyperglycemia is a major coronary risk factor.
Comparison of Ocean Surface Solar Irradiance in the GLA General Circulation Model and Satellite-based Calculations

A global, 7-year satellite-based record of ocean surface solar irradiance (SSI) is used to assess the realism of ocean SSI simulated by the nine-layer Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres (GLA) General Circulation Model (GCM). January and July climatologies of net SSI produced by the model are compared with corresponding satellite climatologies for the world oceans between 54 deg N and 54 deg S. This comparison of climatologies indicates areas of strengths and weaknesses in the GCM treatment of cloud-radiation interactions, the major source of model uncertainty. Realism of ocean SSI is also important for applications such as incorporating the GLA GCM into a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM. The results show that the GLA GCM simulates too much SSI in the extratropics and too little in the tropics, especially in the summer hemisphere. These discrepancies reach magnitudes of 60 W/sq m and more. The discrepancies are particularly large in the July case off the western coast of North America. Positive and negative discrepancies in SSI are shown to be consistent with discrepancies in planetary albedo.
The distribution of polyphosphoinositides in lipid films.

Ž. Fluorescence microscopy of Langmuir films is used to determine the effect of polyphosphoinositides PPIs on the structure of phosphatidylcholine-containing monolayers. Dramatic alterations in the texture of these films occur as the fraction of PPI in the film is altered. These changes depend on the ionic strength of the underlying subphase and can be accounted for by considering the electrostatic interactions among PPIs. Surface adsorption of a fluorescent peptide derivative based on the PPI binding site of the protein gelsolin co-localizes with PPI-rich domains. Localization of polyphosphoinositides in domains within the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane is proposed to be a key element in some aspects of intracellular signaling, and these data have implications for explaining the cause of restructuring of such domains. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is strongly associated with sarcopenic obesity in patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplant evaluation

Background Sarcopenia is the most common complication of cirrhosis and adversely affects quality of life and outcomes before, during, and after liver transplantation. We studied predictors of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplant (LT) evaluation. Methods A retrospective analysis of 207 adult cirrhotic patients that underwent LT from January 2008 to December 2013 was performed at our institution. Results Two hundred seven patients were evaluated, 68% were male with a mean age of 54 ± 8 years. The most common etiology of cirrhosis was alcoholic liver disease (38.6%), followed by chronic hepatitis C (38.2%), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (21.7%), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (24.6%). The mean body mass index of the cohort was of 30.1 ± 5.7 kg/m2. Forty-eight percent of these patients were obese. Of the 207 patients, 88% had computed tomographic (CT) scans within 90 days before transplant; of these, 59% had sarcopenia found during LT evaluation. Of the patients with pretransplant sarcopenia, 59 had CT scan at 6 months posttransplant and 56 (95%) remained sarcopenic. Of the 56 patients who had sarcopenia at 6 months, 31 had available CT scans at 1 year, and 100% persisted with sarcopenia. These 31 subjects had a mean skeletal muscle index of 35 at 6 months and 36 at 1 year. SO was found in 41.7% of our patients. On multivariable regression analysis, obesity and age were found to be independently associated with pretransplant sarcopenia after controlling for gender and alcohol liver disease diagnosis (P = 0.00001, odds ratio [OR] 0.22, and P = 0.008, OR 2.0, respectively). A multivariable logistic regression analysis found that NASH as cause of cirrhosis and model of end-stage liver disease score are independent predictors of sarcopenic obesity after controlling for age, gender, alcoholic liver disease diagnosis, and HCC (P = 0.014 and 0.038, respectively; 95% confidence interval, 1.44–25.26 and 1.00–1.15, respectively; OR 6.03, 1.08, respectively). Conclusions Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity is seen in a significant number of patients with cirrhosis undergoing LT evaluation. Sarcopenia progresses after LT initially and does not recover at least within the first year after surgery. Obesity is an independent predictor of pretransplant sarcopenia and NASH was associated with 6-fold increased risk of having sarcopenic obesity in cirrhotic patients in our cohort.
Feedback distortion to augment controllability of human limb motion

Virtual robotic rehabilitation is beginning to show its efficacy in motor function recovery for stroke survivors. However, due to the lack of understanding in the potential danger imposed by large energetic actuators safety for intimate interaction is typically not taken into account beyond software. For this reason the ability to extend virtual robotic rehabilitation to hospital or domestic settings is limited. Our group has constructed a safer, purely dissipative, robotic device for rehabilitation of large whole body movements. Consequently, shifting to passive actuation fundamentally changes common control strategies that work well for active devices. In this paper, we present a method that distorts visual feedback to the subjects as a first step to achieve the desired controllability hereto limited by passivity constraints. With visual distortion we demonstrate how a subjectpsilas arm trajectory can be altered in a way that passive actuation alone cannot. Our results show that subjects involuntarily changed their path motion up to 30% with distortion applied; this ability to steer userpsilas movements can be harnessed to offset controllability issues.
Complex Deleterious Interactions Associated with Malic Enzyme May Contribute to Reproductive Isolation in the Copepod Tigriopus californicus

Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities can result from the interactions of more than a single pair of interacting genes and there are several different models of how such complex interactions can be structured. Previous empirical work has identified complex conspecific epistasis as a form of complex interaction that has contributed to postzygotic reproductive isolation between taxa, but other forms of complexity are also possible. Here, I probe the genetic basis of reproductive isolation in crosses of the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus by looking at the impact of markers in genes encoding metabolic enzymes in F2 hybrids. The region of the genome associated with the locus ME2 is shown to have strong, repeatable impacts on the fitness of hybrids in crosses and epistatic interactions with another chromosomal region marked by the GOT2 locus in one set of crosses. In a cross between one of these populations and a third population, these two regions do not appear to interact despite the continuation of a large effect of the ME2 region itself in both crosses. The combined results suggest that the ME2 chromosomal region is involved in incompatibilities with several unique partners. If these deleterious interactions all stem from the same factor in this region, that would suggest a different form of complexity from complex conspecific epistasis, namely, multiple independent deleterious interactions stemming from the same factor. Confirmation of this idea will require more fine-scale mapping of the interactions of the ME2 region of the genome.
Introducing Tablet PCs into Synchronous Distributed Learning Environments

Distributed education is becoming an integral part of the programs at Georgia Tech. However, the traditional mode of synchronous distributed learning (DL) classes has typically suffered from several challenges that hinder effective teaching and learning practices. This paper is a case study that outlines work on a project to implement Tablet PCs into the design of DL courses to enhance their effectiveness in synchronous deployment. Feedback from students and faculty were collected as a means of assessing the potential impact of the Tablet PC modality in synchronous DL environments. Results indicate that this modality has several distinct advantages over more traditional DL modalities from the perspective of both students and faculty.
Of sentiment, science and myth: shifting metaphors of racial inclusion in twentieth-century Brazil

Over the course of the twentieth century, the phrase ‘racial democracy’ came to denote a particularly Brazilian brand of racial inclusiveness based on the celebration of a history of widespread rac...
Tumor suppressor gene, PTEN, regulates activity of phospholipase C (PLC) and phospholipase D (PLD)

5473 PTEN is an ubiquitously expressed tumor suppressor which plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of many types of sporadic solid tumors, including breast cancer, and hematologic malignancies. Additionally, germline PTEN mutations cause Cowden syndrome which is characterized by a high risk of breast and thyroid cancers. PTEN is unique by being a dual specificity phosphatase, which is consequently linked to multiple growth related signaling pathways. The lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN decreases phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-P3 which antagonizes the proliferative PI3K/Akt pathway. Beyond the Akt pathway, however, there has been minimal examination of the role PTEN may play in lipid derived cellular signaling. To explore this, we examined the ability of PTEN to regulate phospholipase C (PLC) and phospholipase D (PLD). Using an inducible PTEN expression vector in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, we observed that PLD appeared to regulate PTEN. In the MCF-7 cells, overexpression of PTEN results in 2 fold decrease in phosphatidylcholine levels and, concomitantly, a 50% increase in phosphatidic acid. Further, there was a 30% increase in PLD activity in unstimulated cells, and approximately 1.5 fold decrease in both lipid phosphatase-dead and pan-phosphatase dead lines suggest that the lipid phosphatase domain of PTEN was responsible for this increase. In the presence of estrogen, PTEN activity was also found to be necessary for PLD activation as a 1.45 fold increase in PLD activity was observed in wild type cells compared to control MCF-7 cells. With the seeming link between PTEN and PLD, we decided to examine PTEN’s possible upstream role by examining PLC subcellular translocation: upon PTEN overexpression, PLC moved from the cytosol to the membrane where it is functionally active. Corroborating this observation, in cells that overexpressed functionally inactive PTEN (pan phosphatase dead or lipid phosphatase dead), this translocation was not observed. Our data demonstrate that PTEN may regulate lipid-signaling events mediated by both PLC and PLD, thus suggesting that PTEN is involved in lipid signaling beyond the scope of the PI3K/Akt pathway with implications for cellular signaling, growth, and proliferation. The fact that PTEN signals through lipid transduction pathways beyond PI3K/Akt could also lead to the creation of novel targets for cancer therapy and prevention.
Stable Magnetic Remanence in Antiferromagnetic Goethite

Goethite, known to be antiferromagnetic, acquires thermoremanent magnetization at its Neel temperature of 120 degrees C. This remanence, extremely stable, is due to the presence of unbalanced spins in the antiferromagnetic structure; the spins may result from grain size, imperfections, or impurities.
Modified multiband excitation model at 2400 bps

This paper presents the modified multiband excitation model used for speech coding. In many MBE model coders, speech quality is degraded when incorrect voicing decisions are made, particularly for high-pitched female speakers. The MMBE addresses this issue with a modified voiced/unvoiced decision algorithm and a more robust pitch estimate. The listening quality of speech produced using the MMBE model is superior to the FS-1016 CELP coder and is at least comparable with the new 2400 bps MELP coder chosen as the new 2400 bps Federal Standard.
De-noising by soft-thresholding

Donoho and Johnstone (1994) proposed a method for reconstructing an unknown function f on [0,1] from noisy data d/sub i/=f(t/sub i/)+/spl sigma/z/sub i/, i=0, ..., n-1,t/sub i/=i/n, where the z/sub i/ are independent and identically distributed standard Gaussian random variables. The reconstruction f/spl circ/*/sub n/ is defined in the wavelet domain by translating all the empirical wavelet coefficients of d toward 0 by an amount /spl sigma//spl middot//spl radic/(2log (n)/n). The authors prove two results about this type of estimator. [Smooth]: with high probability f/spl circ/*/sub n/ is at least as smooth as f, in any of a wide variety of smoothness measures. [Adapt]: the estimator comes nearly as close in mean square to f as any measurable estimator can come, uniformly over balls in each of two broad scales of smoothness classes. These two properties are unprecedented in several ways. The present proof of these results develops new facts about abstract statistical inference and its connection with an optimal recovery model. >
Putting usable intelligence into multimedia applications

Traditionally usability holds the status of an art applied by limited, highly expert scientists and engineers intended to enhance the design of hardware and software for the ultimate benefit of the end user. In the creation of human computer interfaces, the usability engineer (or should we say interface artist) has at her disposal a number of techniques ranging from Wizard of Oz experiments to cognitive complexity analyses to help determine the ideal interface to an application. In this position paper, we claim two basic points. First, that systems are rapidly increasing in complexity and breadth of use that even interface artists are no longer able to predict the range and contexts of uses of these systems and thus have an increasingly difficult task of creating interfaces to serve a range of users and situations. Secondly, we claim that increasing intelligence in both the interface and applications will ultimately wield this application complexity. We illustrate this with examples from intelligent multimedia interfaces and an innovative multimedia news understanding domain. We conclude by sketching a new approach to interface instrumentation and evaluation currently being explored at MITRE that promises a methodology for advancement.
Load-induced changes in bone stiffness and cancellous and cortical bone mass following tibial compression diminish with age in female mice

The vertebrate skeleton is an adaptive structure that responds to mechanical stimuli by increasing bone mass under increased mechanical loads. Although experimental animal models have shown the anabolic cortical bone response to applied load decreases with age, no consensus exists regarding whether this adaptive mechanism is affected by age in cancellous bone, the tissue most impacted by age-related bone loss. We used an established murine in vivo tibial loading model to characterize the load-induced cancellous, cortical and whole-bone responses to mechanical stimuli in growing and mature female mice at 6, 10 and 16 weeks of age. The effects of applied load on tibial morphology and stiffness were determined using microcomputed tomography and in vivo bone strains measured at the medial tibial midshaft during applied loading. At all ages, 2 weeks of applied load produced larger midshaft cortical cross-sectional properties (+13-72%) and greater cancellous bone volume (+21-107%) and thicker trabeculae (+31-68%) in the proximal metaphyses of the loaded tibiae. The relative anabolic response decreased from 6 to 16 weeks of age in both the cancellous and cortical envelopes. Load-induced tibial stresses decreased more in 6-week-old mice following loading, which corresponded to increased in vivo tibial stiffness. Stiffness in the loaded tibiae of 16-week-old mice decreased despite moderately increased cortical cross-sectional geometry, suggesting load-induced changes in bone material properties. This study shows that the cancellous and cortical anabolic responses to mechanical stimuli decline with age into adulthood and that cortical cross-sectional geometry alone does not necessarily predict whole-bone functional stiffness.
Elevation of angiotensin converting enzyme by 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine in cultured endothelial cells: A possible role for calmodulin

Incubation of cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells with 200 microM of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) for 24 hr produced a five- to tenfold increase in cellular angiotensin converting enzyme activity (ACE) above that of untreated control cells. A lesser increase was observed in medium ACE. Other methylxanthines produced a similar, but less marked, effect. The elevation of ACE seemed to require de novo protein synthesis since it was reduced by 0.1 microgram/ml cycloheximide. Elevation of cellular cAMP was detected at 30 min after introduction of IBMX, then rapidly returned to control levels at 1 hour, while elevation in cellular ACE at 24 hr required contact with IBMX for at least 2 hr. Hence, the transient elevation in cAMP is unlikely to be the cause of the elevation of ACE. Phorbol ester and synthetic diacyl glycerol OAG, activators of protein kinase C, did not elevate ACE. Indomethacin, at a concentration known to inhibit cyclooxygenase activity, had no effect on the elevation of ACE. The elevation of ACE by IBMX was not affected by the calcium channel blocker verapamil or the calcium chelator EGTA. In contrast, the effect of IBMX was totally abolished by the calmodulin inhibitors trifluoperazine and calmidazolium. The data show that IBMX elevates endothelial cell ACE and suggest that the elevation is mediated by a calcium-calmodulin complex. The studies demonstrate a novel effect of methylxanthines on endothelial cells in culture.
The evolution of surgery for the treatment and prevention of stroke. The Willis Lecture.

Thomas Willis, the man for whom this lecture is named, was an Englishman and a leading neuroanatomist of the 17th century. Born in 1621, he attended Oxford University, graduating from Christ Church College in 1639. While still at Oxford, he became Sedleian Professor of Natural History in 1660. He did much experimental work with his associate Richard Lower. He performed injection experiments on cadavers and noted that if he injected the carotid artery on one side, the dye solution would come forth from the carotid on the opposite side. In 1664 Willis published his monumental work Cerebri Anatome , the most complete and accurate account of the nervous system that had hitherto appeared. In it he contributed the term “neurology” to medicine, a word derived from the Greek, meaning “sinew,” “tendon,” or “bowstring.” The word was translated and introduced into the English language in 1681 in Samuel Pordage's translation of Willis' work. Cerebri Anatome contains a classification of the cerebral nerves, the first description of the eleventh nerve, and a description of the hexagonal network of arteries at the base of the brain that we know as the circle of Willis. Although others had described the circle before Willis, he was the first to grasp its physiological and pathological significance. He records the clinical histories of two patients in whom he suggests that the anatomic configuration of the arteries at the base of the brain could prevent apoplexy. The book was illustrated by Christopher Wren, an associate of Willis at Oxford, later to become England's leading architect and designer of St Paul's Cathedral, numerous other English churches, and many historic secular buildings. Willis moved to London in 1666 and acquired the largest fashionable practice of his day. He continued his careful clinical observations and made a number of other important …
Diversity and distribution of stream bryophytes: does pH matter?

AbstractBryophytes can strongly influence biodiversity and ecosystem function in low-order streams. Mosses and liverworts have substantial biodiversity and biomass in streams, yet few investigators have examined which factors influence bryophyte species distributions, and fewer have examined assemblages across a wide pH gradient. We examined bryophyte assemblages across a pH gradient in 26 southeastern New York (USA) streams. We recorded bryophyte species richness, diversity, and abundance, in conjunction with pH, width, depth, canopy cover, substratum size, temperature, dissolved O2, turbidity, conductivity, current velocity, dissolved organic C, dissolved Ca, Mg, Fe, NH4+, NO3−, soluble reactive P (SRP), and abundance of other autotrophs. pH ranged from ∼4 to 7 and corresponded to the type of underlying bedrock. Nearly all streams had low or undetectable concentrations of SRP. Several species, e.g., Hygrohypnum eugyrium and Codriophorus aduncoides, were apparent pH generalists, whereas others were pH sp...
Border Control and Sexual Policing: White Slavery and Prostitution along the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands, 1903–1910

This article argues that the convergence of immigration law and morals purity movements, beginning in 1907, constructed the U.S. southern border as a site of gender and sexual exclusions. At the turn of the twentieth century, policing the U.S.-Mexico border was a gendered and sexualized project of the American state that sought to prohibit the admission of “alien” women and girls practicing prostitution and those who procured them. This work joins a growing body of scholarship that places the origins of the U.S. immigration regime and its use of deportation and surveillance strategies before the Immigration Act of 1917.
Potency of Barbiturates in Inhibition of Frog Gastric Secretion

Previously Saidman et al. (1) found a correlation between anesthetic potency and the oil/gas partition coefficient. Their measure of potency was the MAC, i.e., the minimum anesthetic concentration required to prevent a muscular response to a skin incision in 50% of the subjects to whom the anesthetic was administered. Schwartz and MacKrell (2) showed that the percentage of anesthetic needed to produce a given decrease in the H+ secretory rate of frog gastric mucosa in vitro was proportional to the MAC in man and on this basis predicted the MAC values for chloroform and Compound 347 (Ethrane). These results suggested lipid solubility as a factor influencing the potency of anesthetics in inhibition of acid secretion.In the work above (2) on frog gastric mucosa the anesthetics had molecules with no more than four carbon atoms. Mullins (3) points out that for compounds with more than four carbon atoms the anesthetic potency declines and that by the time one reaches a compound of C10 or C12 an anesthetic serie...
On Composite Numbers P Which Satisfy The Fermat Congruence aP-1≡1 Mod P

(1912). On Composite Numbers P Which Satisfy The Fermat Congruence aP-1≡1 Mod P. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 22-27.
Observation on the efficacy of four ultraviolet lights against mosquitoes

Objective To analyze and compare the trapping efficacy of mosquitoes by four ultraviolet lights,then select the most effective one. Methods Luring the mosquitoes into a trap,then killing them. Results The trapping rates of the four ultraviolet lights BWD-9,HDQ,DM-1 and an ordinary type were 73.2%,62.8%,49.3% and 3.3% respectively.Conclusion There were notable differences in the effectiveness of four ultraviolet lights in trapping mosquitoes(P0.005) light.BWD-91 was the most effective one.
DNA Transposition at Work

DNA transposons are defined segments of DNA that are able to move from one genomic location to another. Movement is facilitated by one or more proteins, called the transposase, typically encoded by the mobile element itself. Here, we first provide an overview of the classification of such mobile elements in a variety of organisms. From a mechanistic perspective, we have focused on one particular group of DNA transposons that encode a transposase with a DD(E/D) catalytic domain that is topologically similar to RNase H. For these, a number of three-dimensional structures of transpososomes (transposase–nucleic acid complexes) are available, and we use these to describe the basics of their mechanisms. The DD(E/D) group, in addition to being the largest and most common among all DNA transposases, is the one whose members have been used for a wide variety of genomic applications. Therefore, a second focus of the article is to provide a nonexhaustive overview of transposon applications. Although several non-tran...
Erythroid homograft following leukocyte transfusion in a patient with acute leukemia. II. Serologic and immunochemical studies.

THE APPEARANCE of female Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosomes in a male patient of blood group O who had received a transfusion of leukocyte-rich plasma from a female of blood group A with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), made it possible to conduct a study of blood groups during induction, growth and rejection of a hematopoietic graft. The recipient was being treated for acute lymphocytic leukemia. Observations were made on red cell, white cell and platelet antigens and their corresponding antibodies as well as the serum gamma globulin (Gm and Inv) groups. Only the data on red cell systems were conclusive. After the recipient showed doubling of his red cell mass, 85 per cent of these red cells were of the donor group A. Despite the presence of group A cells some free anti-A agglutinin was present throughout most of the two month graft life. Anti-B agglutinins appeared in very high titer. When the graft was rejected, immune anti-A hemolysin appeared and the cells of donor group A were rapidly destroyed.
Plato and Followers

The question of knowledge about knowledge in the Charmides, the Republic, and in the treatment in the Apology of the ignorance of Socrates. The problem of Plato’s development. Dialectic and contradiction in the Sophist and the Parmenides as they relate to foundational thinking.
CHAPTER 302 – Finding Genes That Affect Signaling and Toleration of DNA Damage, Especially DNA Double-Strand Breaks

The total response of an organism to DNA perturbations is determined by many factors, including the nature of the lesions, ability to detect and tolerate the lesions, and status of the cell cycle at the time the damage occurs. The responses require transduction of damage information into cellular changes as well as processes for directly modifying the damaging effects of the lesions. The information can be transduced into a series of effectors that could direct a host of processes including apoptosis, replication inhibition, cell cycle arrest, lesion bypass, and repair. Some examples of elaborate DNA damage transducing systems are the ATM-p53 network of mammalian cells or the RecA-LexA system from bacteria. Lesions are sensed through the ATM or RECA pathway, leading to posttranslation modifications of the p53 or the LEXA transducer proteins. Modifications of the transducer result in an orchestrated change in expression of more than 20 effector genes involved in many aspects of cell growth, repair, and even cell death in the case of p53. Studies of DSBs have provided insights into signaling networks that deal with DNA lesions. Many kinds of lesions can produce signals that are transduced into biological effects and the responses are often lesion dependent.
Simultaneous road profile estimation and anomaly detection with an input observer and a jump diffusion process estimator

This paper investigates the problem of simultaneous road profile estimation and anomaly detection. A front half-car model is used to capture the dynamics of vehicle-road interaction where road excitations at the two wheels are treated as inputs. A multi-input observer is exploited to estimate the inputs to obtain road profile. To implement the input observer, a jump diffusion process estimator is developed to estimate the states and shown to have better performance than the Kalman filter when jumps such as potholes and bumps are present. Furthermore, a real-time road anomaly detection algorithm is designed to detect and label road anomalies such as potholes, speed bumps or road joints. The algorithms are implemented in real time on a test vehicle and experimental results are analyzed with promising performance.
Miniaturized Integrated Micro-Supercapacitors as Efficient Power Sources for Wearable and Biocompatible Electronic Devices

We present a novel approach to fabricate the biocompatible and stretchable micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) as energy storage units in electronic devices. The interdigital micro-patterns were embedded into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate via a combination of microelectronic fabrication techniques. Graphene, as a biocompatible form of carbon, was used as the electrode material due to its high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and excellent mechanical strength. The integrated MSC delivered a high stack capacitance of 1.95 F/cm3, excellent rate performance, and unique cycling stability (
Family Communication Patterns, Self-Esteem, and Depressive Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Direct Personalization of Conflict

This study examined personalizing conflict as a mediator in the relationship between family communication patterns and psychological health factors. Data were collected from 249 participants, who completed measures of conversation orientation, conformity orientation, direct personalization of conflict, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem. Results showed significant indirect effects from conformity orientations to both depressive symptoms and self-esteem through direct personalization of conflict. Also, results showed a significant indirect effect from conversation orientation to depressive symptoms through direct personalization of conflict. These findings suggest that personalizing conflict interactions is one way in which family communication patterns and psychological health are linked.
Identity Issues Specific to Women and US Citizens Graduating from International Medical Schools: A Perspective

International medical graduate (IMG) physicians are a diverse group, hailing from many different cultures and countries. There are two subgroups of IMG physicians that warrant special attention, both because of the unique challenges they face and because they are fast-growing groups: women and US citizens who graduate from international medical schools (USIMG physicians). In this chapter we explore the challenges women IMG physicians and USIMG physicians face and discuss practical tips and pathways for their success.
Storying the classroom: storytelling and teacher evaluation

Purpose This essay uses the author’s experience with teacher evaluation as a point of departure to consider how narrative methods might be used to complicate contemporary trends in teacher evaluation. Ultimately, this piece hopes to contribute to a discussion about how storytelling might be implemented as a model of teacher evaluation that could speak back to instrumentalist or technical practices in schools that undermine the complexity of the teaching profession. Design/methodology/approach This piece uses narrative inquiry to consider teacher evaluation. Findings This piece uses narrative inquiry to consider more complex implementations of teacher evaluation. Originality/value This piece is an original consideration of the potential forms of teacher evaluation.
3D Printing Variable Stiffness Foams Using Viscous Thread Instability

Additive manufacturing of cellular structures has numerous applications ranging from fabrication of biological scaffolds and medical implants, to mechanical weight reduction and control over mechanical properties. Various additive manufacturing processes have been used to produce open regular cellular structures limited only by the resolution of the printer. These efforts have focused on printing explicitly designed cells or explicitly planning offsets between strands. Here we describe a technique for producing cellular structures implicitly by inducing viscous thread instability when extruding material. This process allows us to produce complex cellular structures at a scale that is finer than the native resolution of the printer. We demonstrate tunable effective elastic modulus and density that span two orders of magnitude. Fine grained cellular structures allow for fabrication of foams for use in a wide range of fields ranging from bioengineering, to robotics to food printing.
Abstract 4139: Role of Akt2 in cell survival and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells

Background: Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the second highest cause of cancer related deaths in United States. Metastatic dissemination of CRC cells to distant organs (primarily to the liver and lungs) makes the disease more lethal and incurable. Inappropriate cell survival signaling mechanisms contribute to successful colonization of cells at metastatic sites. Akt is a major cell survival-signaling node, which undergoes aberrant activation in various types of cancer. The Akt family has three members: Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3 which share structural homology and have similar mechanism of activation; however, differences in the phenotype of Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3 knock out mice suggest that they have non-redundant functional characteristics. Recently Akt2 has been identified as a significant contributor to colon cancer malignancy in addition to Akt1. Earlier reports have shown that knockdown of Akt2 results in reduced liver metastasis of CRC cells, however there are no studies related to the mechanism responsible for the reduction in metastasis. We observed a significant increase in the expression of Akt2 (microarray analysis) in liver metastatic samples formed by highly metastatic IGF1R-dependent CRC cells in comparison to the primary tumor. This was further confirmed by western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. Additionally, correlative studies using human primary colon carcinoma and corresponding liver metastatic samples showed a significant (p Materials and Methods: IGF1R-dependent CRC cells (GEO and CBS) were used for the study. Two doxycycline inducible shRNAs for Akt2 were introduced by lentiviral transfection. Non-Targeting shRNA was used as control. Results: shRNA-mediated knockdown of Akt2 led to reduction in the expression of XIAP and survivin. We and others have shown that these IAPs (XIAP and survivin) are implicated to play an important role in cancer cell survival and metastasis. Furthermore, loss of Akt2 resulted in loss of pBad (S136), which is an essential cell survival marker. Loss of pBad results in increased cell death by PARP activation. Akt2 knockdown also affects cell survival by increasing p21 and decreasing the expression of cyclin E. PCR array analysis for metastatic genes revealed that a metastatic suppressor gene MTSS1 was 9 fold increased on knockdown of Akt2. It has been shown that MTSS1 inhibits metastasis by affecting cell junction assembly and stability. Conclusion: We have shown that loss of Akt2 promotes cell death and inhibits cell proliferation. This is the first study, which suggests the mechanism of Akt2 mediated cell death by XIAP and survivin downregulation. These results suggest that Akt2 inhibits metastasis by increasing the expression of MTSS1. Citation Format: Ekta Agarwal. Role of Akt2 in cell survival and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4139. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4139
Policy History: Origins

‘Origins’ connotes both the beginnings of a process and the constituent elements of what comes next. Modern public policy, developed in tandem with the complex, and continuing, process of state formation (and de-formation) begun in late medieval and early modern Europe, designates what governments do as they transact with civil society, the economy, and states within a global state system and refers to the creation and deployment of knowledge about these sites of authoritative transactions. Treating the origins of public policy regarding these sites, the essay focuses primarily on two formative moments in the West: the early modern period marked by the growing concentration of state sovereignty over territory and people, and the mid-19th through early 20th century when the ‘social question’ and unaccustomed levels forms of international violence pressed to the fore. The results of decisions taken at these critical junctures set in motion developmental pathways that have further defined the contours of modern public policy.
Predicting Expressive Bow Controls for Violin and Viola

Though computational systems can simulate notes on a staff of sheet music, capturing the artistic liberties professional musicians take to communicate their interpretation of those notes is a much more difficult task. In this paper, we demonstrate that machine learning methods can be used to learn models of expressivity, focusing on bow articulation for violin and viola. First we describe a new data set of annotated sheet music with information about specific aspects of bow control. We then present experiments for building and testing predictive models for these bow controls, as well as analysis that includes both general metrics and manual examination.
Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation from Microemulsions Using Metallosurfactant Catalysts and Oxalic Acid

A unique microemulsion-based photocatalytic water reduction system is demonstrated. Iridium- and rhodium-based metallosurfactants, namely, [Ir(ppy)2(dhpdbpy)]Cl and [Rh(dhpdbpy)2Cl2]Cl (where ppy = 2-phenylpyridine and dhpdbpy = 4,4′-diheptadecyl-2,2′-bipyridine), were employed as photosensitizer and proton reducing catalyst, respectively, along with oxalic acid as a sacrificial reductant in a toluene/water biphasic mixture. The addition of 1-octylamine is proposed to initiate the reaction, by coupling with oxalic acid to form an ion pair, which acts as an additional surfactant. Concentration optimizations yielded high activity for both the photosensitizer (240 turnovers, turnover frequency (TOF) = 200 h–1) and catalyst (400 turnovers, TOF = 230 h–1), with the system generating hydrogen even after 95 h. Mechanistic insights were provided by gas-phase Raman, electrochemical, and luminescence quenching analysis, suggesting oxidative quenching to be the principle reaction pathway.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in primary care.

Abstract:The accurate assessment and appropriate management of blood pressure (BP) is critical for primary care physicians. Traditional office-based BP measurement has limitations that can be addressed, in part, through the use of ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). Because BP readings are provided at
The VSPA Foot: A Quasi-Passive Ankle-Foot Prosthesis With Continuously Variable Stiffness

Most commercially available prosthetic feet do not exhibit a biomimetic torque-angle relationship, and are unable to modulate their mechanics to assist with other mobility tasks, such as stairs and ramps. In this paper, we present a quasi-passive ankle-foot prosthesis with a customizable torque-angle curve and an ability to quickly modulate ankle stiffness between tasks. The customizable torque-angle curve is obtained with a cam-based transmission and a fiberglass leaf spring. To achieve variable stiffness, the leaf spring’s support conditions can be actively modulated by a small motor, shifting the torque-angle curve to be more or less stiff. We introduce the design, characterize the available torque-angle curves, and present kinematics from a transtibial amputee subject performing level-ground walking, stair ascent/descent, and ramp ascent/descent. The subject exhibited a more normative range of motion on stairs and ramps at lower stiffness levels, and preferred different stiffness levels for each task. Paired with an appropriate intent recognition system, our novel ankle prosthesis could improve gait biomechanics during walking and many other mobility tasks.
Data Storage and Disaster Recovery

The storage and retrieval of ePHI is a multifaceted function ranging from within the healthcare facility and related off-site practices to the referring physician’s office to the patient and eventually to regional and national depositories.
Schizophrenia and Related Disorders

Andreasen (1982) developed the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) to measure negative schizophrenic symptoms, including affective blunting, alogia (impoverished thinking and speaking), avolition, anhedonia, and attentional impairment. She developed the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) to measure positive schizophrenic symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, formal positive thought disorder, bizarre behavior, and inappropriate affect (Andreasen, 1984; Andreasen, 1990). Together the scales provide a fairly comprehensive set of schizophrenia-symptom ratings.