cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Growth of Copper Hydroxy Double Salt Films and Their Conversion to Nanostructured p-Type CuO Photocathodes

New electrochemical synthesis methods were developed to produce copper hydroxy double salt(Cu-HDS) films with four different intercalated anions (NO3–, SO42–, Cl–, and dodecyl sulfate (DS)) as pure crystalline films as deposited (Cu2NO3(OH)3, Cu4SO4(OH)6, Cu2Cl(OH)3, and Cu2DS(OH)3). These methods are based on p-benzoquinone reduction, which increases the local pH at the working electrode and triggers the precipitation of Cu2+ and appropriate anions as Cu-HDS films on the working electrode. The resulting Cu-HDS films could be converted to crystalline Cu(OH)2 and CuO films by immersing them in basic solutions. Because Cu-HDS films were composed of 2D crystals as a result of the atomic-level layered structure of HDS, the CuO films prepared from Cu-HDS films have unique low-dimensional nanostructures, creating high surface areas that cannot be obtained by direct deposition of CuO, which has a 3D atomic-level crystal structure. The resulting nanostructures allowed the CuO films to facilitate electron–hole sep...
A cost-benefit analysis to select the most effective method for positional cloning: genotyping by sequencing versus allele-specific PCR

Next-generation sequencing technologies have enabled the rapid generation of high-resolution genetic maps to enable the identification of genomic regions associated with traits of interest. In certain cases these regions of interest need to be narrowed down via fine mapping to increase resolution to the level of the individual gene. In those cases, there is a choice of genotyping options, whereby cost, time, and information content need to be considered. We developed detailed, customizable models to compare the cost of genotyping by sequencing and allele-specific PCR for fine-mapping genomic regions of interest. The models were validated experimentally with data from a fine-mapping experiment designed to identify candidate genes within a 3.2-Mb disease resistance locus in the cereal crop sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.). Moench), which has a sequenced genome. The size of the mapping population, genetic diversity of the parental lines, choice of reagents, and labor cost were shown to influence the overall cost of the two methods, and, consequently, which method would be most cost-effective for a given experiment. The model can be easily customized to reflect experiments with different species, genetic populations, experimental and personnel costs to determine the most cost-effective procedure for a new positional cloning project.
Have outcomes improved in trauma patients age 90 years and older over the past decade: Experience at a level II trauma center.

Abstract Introduction Managing trauma in the elderly is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary team approach. The aim of this study is to characterize and compare outcomes in patients 90 years and older in the last two decades. Methods Retrospective review of trauma patients 90 years and older admitted from 1996 to 2015. The patients were divided into two groups: Early Decade (ED) and Late Decade (LD). Results A total of 1697 patients were recorded, 551 (ED) and 1146 (LD). The mean age was 92.92 ± 8(90–108)[ED] and 92.9 ± 2.7(90–105)[LD] years. The most common mechanism and type of injury was falls and extremity trauma. Hospital length of stay (LOS) was shorter in the LD. There was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality or ICU LOS. Conclusion Trauma admission has increased in the last decade. However, in-hospital mortality remains low. It is important for multidisciplinary teams to allocate resources to treat this elderly population.
Design, Maintenance, and the Menstruating Body

In this submission, I discuss my research on the maintenance of public restrooms and, more specifically, the distribution and stratification of menstrual resources throughout the city of Seattle. Through interviews, technology development, and field engagements, I show how digital artifacts-such as those connected to the Internet of Things-structure experiences of hygiene access and help expose the socioeconomic logics undergirding infrastructures of public life. I use design interventions to further examine the role of technology to cultivate and maintain collective responsibility and forms of participatory infrastructure.
NetSynth: a framework for synthesizing customized network protocols using genetic programming

Given the advances in areas such as home automation, agricultural networks, smart cities, designers often need to design protocols that utilize the features of that network while dealing with its limitations. Utilizing standardized protocols for such networks may not be appropriate as they may not address limitations of the network such as heterogeneous nodes or limited capability of some nodes. While designing a customized protocol for that network would be desirable, it is extremely time-consuming unless we can automate the development of the required protocol. In this paper, we present NetSynth, a GP based mechanism to develop customized protocols for the given network. NetSynth lets us conveniently describe a network using an XML file, and it synthesizes protocols that suit the input network by considering the characteristics specific to the given network.
Chapter II. 8 – Biocompatibility of Tissue Engineered Implants

Publisher Summary The term “biocompatibility” is defined as the ability of a material, prosthesis, artificial organ, or biomedical device to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application. The terms “biocompatibility assessment” and “safety assessment” are generally considered to be synonymous. The safety assessment of biomaterials, prostheses, artificial organs, and other medical devices is generally considered to be the determinant of the biological interactions of the medical device in an in vivo environment. The goal of safety testing is to evaluate if a medical device presents potential harm to the patient or user under conditions simulating use. In considering tissue engineering, a tissue engineered implant may be defined as a biologic–biomaterial combination in which some component of tissue has been combined with a biomaterial to create a device for the restoration or modification of tissue or organ function. Biocompatibility assessment may be considered to be a measure of the degree (magnitude) and extent (duration) of adverse alteration in homeostatic mechanisms. The physiological and other biomedical parameters, i.e., homeostatic mechanisms, that are important in a specific application determine the host response.
Constitutional Rights in Two Worlds, South Africa and the United States: Introduction Chapter

The South African Constitutional Court has issued internationally prominent decisions abolishing the death penalty, enforcing socioeconomic rights, allowing gay marriage, and promoting equality. These decisions are striking given the country's apartheid past and the absence of a grand human rights tradition. By contrast, the U.S. Supreme Court has generally ruled more conservatively on similar questions. This book examines the Constitutional Court in detail to determine how it has functioned during South Africa's transition and compares its rulings to those of the U.S. Supreme Court on similar rights issues. The book also analyzes the scholarly debate about the Constitutional Court taking place in South Africa. It furthermore addresses the arguments of those international scholars who have suggested that constitutional courts do not generally bring about social change. In the end, the book highlights a transformative pragmatic method of constitutional interpretation - a method the U.S. Supreme Court could employ.
Worldwide Infant Formula Sales, Markets, and Industry Structure

A corporation’s response to the external environment is conditioned by a variety of factors. One of the most important of these factors is the way an industry is structured: the extent of concentration in both global and individual markets, the ease of entry into and exit from individual country markets, the composition of competitors in terms of their investment and market objectives, and their propensity to take risk. Industry structure influences both the intensity and mode of competition and, through it, market stability and corporate profitability. The presence of a dominant firm influences the types of options available to local governmental authorities for regulating the activities of various firms in a particular industry.1
2. The Boy in Boulder

One could barely make out the tiny figure moving slowly down the thin east face of the sandstone spire, which rose like a tooth out of the canyon south of Boulder. Very slowly, the climber descended in a straight line as deep dusk started to obscure all details. Then he seemed to disappear into a tiny depression on the right side of the face, about two-thirds of the way down. Silence reigned as darkness set in.
On the Chromatic Polynomial and Counting DP-Colorings.

The chromatic polynomial of a graph $G$, denoted $P(G,m)$, is equal to the number of proper $m$-colorings of $G$. The list color function of graph $G$, denoted $P_{\ell}(G,m)$, is a list analogue of the chromatic polynomial that has been studied since 1992, primarily through comparisons with the corresponding chromatic polynomial. DP-coloring (also called correspondence coloring) is a generalization of list coloring recently introduced by Dvořak and Postle. In this paper, we introduce a DP-coloring analogue of the chromatic polynomial called the DP color function, denoted $P_{DP}(G,m)$, and ask several fundamental open questions about it, making progress on some of them. Motivated by known results related to the list color function, we show that while the DP color function behaves similar to the list color function for some graphs, there are also some surprising differences. For example, Wang, Qian, and Yan recently showed that if $G$ is a connected graph with $l$ edges, then $P_{\ell}(G,m)=P(G,m)$ whenever $m > \frac{l-1}{\ln(1+ \sqrt{2})}$, but we will show that for any $g \geq 3$ there exists a graph, $G$, with girth $g$ such that $P_{DP}(G,m) < P(G,m)$ when $m$ is sufficiently large. We also study the asymptotics of $P(G,m) - P_{DP}(G,m)$ for a fixed graph $G$. We develop techniques to compute $P_{DP}(G,m)$ exactly and apply them to certain classes of graphs such as chordal graphs, unicyclic graphs, and cycles with a chord. Finally, we make progress towards showing that for any graph $G$, there is a $p$ such that $P_{DP}(G \vee K_p, m) = P(G \vee K_p , m)$ for large enough $m$.
Histological and blood chemistry examination of the rodent kidney after exposure to flash-replenishment ultrasound contrast imaging.

Abstract The purpose of this work is to investigate whether imaging sequences of flash-replenishment contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) of the kidney result in chronic or acute bioeffects. Kidneys of female Fischer 344 rats were imaged using the flash-replenishment technique. Animals were separated into four groups (N = 31). Imaging was conducted with a 4C1 probe, driven by an Acuson Sequoia system with Definity microbubbles as the ultrasound contrast agent. During the flash phase of the imaging sequence, one kidney in each animal was exposed to either a mechanical index (MI) of 1.0 or 1.9. For each MI, half of the animals were sacrificed shortly after imaging (4 h) or after 2 weeks. A blinded veterinary nephropathologist reviewed the histopathology of both the imaged and control (non-imaged) kidney. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was measured for each animal prior to imaging and at the time of necropsy. Histopathology assessments in both the 1.0 and 1.9 MI groups revealed no signs of hemorrhage at either the 4-h or 2-week time point. BUN showed minor but statistically significant elevations in both the 1.0 and 1.9 MI groups, but no significant difference was present at the 2-week time point in the 1.0 MI group. All BUN levels (at both time points) remained in the normal range. In conclusion, CEUS with flash-replenishment imaging sequences did not result in kidney bioeffects observable with histology at early or late time points. Increases in BUN levels were observed after imaging, but were minimized when using a moderate MI (1.0).
Maltol- and Allomaltol-Derived Oxidopyrylium Ylides: Methyl Substitution Pattern Kinetically Influences [5 + 3] Dimerization versus [5 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions

Oxidopyrylium ylides are useful intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry because of their capability of forming structurally complex cycloadducts. They can also self-dimerize via [5 + 3] cycloaddition, which is an oft-reported side reaction that can negatively impact [5 + 2] cycloadduct yields and efficiency. In select instances, these dimers can be synthesized and used as the source of oxidopyrylium ylide, although the generality of this process remains unclear. Thus, how the substitution pattern governs both dimerization and cycloaddition reactions is of fundamental interest to probe factors to regulate them. The following manuscript details our findings that maltol-derived oxidopyrylium ylides (i.e., with ortho methyl substitution relative to oxide) can be trapped prior to dimerization more efficiently than the regioisomeric allomaltol-derived ylide (i.e., with a para methyl substitution relative to oxide). Density functional theory studies provide evidence in support of a sterically (kinetically) controlled mechanism, whereby gauche interactions between appendages of the approaching maltol-derived ylides are privileged by higher barriers for dimerization and thus are readily intercepted by dipolarophiles via [5 + 2] cycloadditions.
Consecration and Sacrifice in Ambrose and the Roman Canon

Ambrose’s interpretation of his eucharistic prayer played a foundational role in the developing theology of consecration in the West. Medieval commentators conflated Ambrose’s prayer and ritual con...
Comparative Analysis of Means of Communication on Wireless Sensor Networks

This report describes, by means of a comparative analysis, the different types of monitoring and information transfer systems, depending on the communication environment. Criteria were evaluated such as: price, scope and coverage of each of the data transmission systems, rapid use of exchange and consumption of need. The application of technical means of communication in wireless sensor networks (WSN) are examined. Communications can be accomplished through GPRS/GSM, AIS (VHF), LoRaWAN, Inmarsat Data Pro, WiFi, Bluetooth - each of these tools has been described and analyzed as a data medium in wireless sensor networks.
AMPA receptor subunit localization in schizophrenia anterior cingulate cortex

Abstract The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that altered glutamatergic transmission occurs in this illness, although precise mechanisms of dysregulation remain elusive. AMPA receptors (AMPARs), a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor, are the main facilitators of fast, excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, and changes in AMPAR number or composition at synapses can regulate synaptic strength and plasticity. Prior evidence of abnormal expression of transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) in schizophrenia suggests defective trafficking of AMPARs, which we propose could lead to altered AMPAR expression at excitatory synapses. To test this hypothesis, we isolated subcellular fractions enriched for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and synapses from anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) from schizophrenia (N = 18) and comparison (N = 18) subjects, and measured glutamate receptor subunits (GluA1, GluA2, GluA3, GluA4, NR1, NR2A, NR2B, and NR3A) and TARP member γ2 (stargazin) in homogenates and subcellular fractions by western blot analysis. We found decreased expression of stargazin and an increased ratio of GluA2:stargazin in ACC homogenates, while in the synapse fraction we identified a decrease in GluA1 and reduced ratios of GluA1:stargazin and GluA1:GluA2 in schizophrenia. The amount of stargazin in the ER fraction was not different, but the relative amount of ER/Total stargazin was increased in schizophrenia. Together, these findings suggest that associations between stargazin and AMPA subunits are abnormal, potentially affecting forward trafficking or synaptic stability of GluA1-containing AMPARs. These data provide evidence that altered interactions with trafficking proteins may contribute to glutamate dysregulation in schizophrenia.
Resilience compromised: Producing vulnerability to climate and market among quinoa producers in Southwestern Bolivia

Abstract Climate change is already affecting rural communities along the high Andean plateau, but it is just one of many stresses that Andean people experience on a regular basis. This paper examines the experiences of quinoa farmers in Southwestern Bolivia as they faced the overlapping crises of protracted drought and market disruption in 2017. Drawing on political ecologies of resilience, this paper argues that the ability of rural people to cope with this double exposure was already compromised by ecological and social vulnerabilities produced through the development trajectories of the previous two decades. These development strategies generated three overlapping processes: 1) neoliberal entanglements involving specialization in quinoa production, marketization, and individualization of livelihoods in ways that undermined collective action; 2) new relationships of debt that tied households to monetized response paths and undermined flexibility; and 3) the degradation of soils through extensification, overproduction, and industrialization of quinoa production. This paper argues that while climate and market disruptions are not to be dismissed, we must historicize the double exposure to also ask how resilience and vulnerability to such challenges are generated in the first place.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Drug Discovery [Internet]

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of age-related dementia. Alzheimer’s disease presents with irreversible cognitive decline, which commences as insidious short-term memory dysfunction and gradually spreads to other cognitive domains, rendering patients mute and non-ambulatory after 10-15 years of progressive course. Unfortunately, there are neither effective preventive measures nor efficacious treatments available for this devastating disease. Such a situation undoubtedly calls for the diversification of druggable targets for Alzheimer’s disease and a search for poly-targets or drug combination therapeutic strategies. Contributed by an assembly of clinicians and translational and basic research scientists, this book intends to provide an overview of the current state and future perspectives of Alzheimer’s disease drug discovery. It covers the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease and provides a review of Aβ amyloid- and τ protein-targeted immunotherapies, and peptide inhibitors for anti-Aβ amyloidosis. In addition, it also examines therapeutic potentials of various Alzheimer’s disease drug targets such as brain metal homeostasis, protein kinase C, the blood-brain barrier, epigenetic therapies, as well as discusses chimeric conjugates, multifunctional ligands, and natural products as interventional approaches. This book will be valuable to healthcare professionals caring for patients, researchers and interested readers as it will provoke thoughts about identifying novel and more efficacious therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias.
Machine learning driven tools in orthopaedics and spine surgery: Hype or reality? Applications and perception of 31 physician opinions

Abstract This narrative review focusses on the applications and implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in spine surgery. We present examples of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) applications, illustrating the potential of AI-derived technologies in supporting orthopaedic surgery, clinical decision making and educational purposes. We also describe the clinical hurdles that AI applications face. Finally, we present results from a survey evaluating the opinions of orthopaedic surgeons concerning the future of implementing AI-driven tools into orthopaedic and spine surgery.
Network externalities and consolidation in the dating website industry

Network externalities—i.e., effects on consumers' alternative-specific pay-offs of other consumers' decisions—arise in many economic settings. This paper considers the identification of discrete-choice models featuring network externalities and then uses such a model to analyze how network externalities in the market for dating websites in the United States contribute to the effects of consolidation in that industry. My identification analysis shows that discrete-choice models with network externalities are generally not identified with market-level data alone, but that microdata allows the researcher to construct instrumental variables that identify the model. Using rich online browsing data, I estimate a model of consumer choice of dating website and find evidence of considerable network externalities. In my preferred specification, an inframarginal user of a site values a 10% increase in the site's usership at $11.11/month, which is about one third of the most popular site's price. I use my estimates to assess whether the observed extent of network externalities imply that increased market concentration would benefit consumers. I find that welfare losses from decreased variety and increased prices outweigh the gains from network externalities associated with a move from the observed market structure to monopoly. Platform differentiation may explain why platform integration has not followed consolidation in the dating websites industry.
Clinical Characteristics and Management Outcomes of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments Due to Retinal Dialysis

Purpose:This work assesses the clinical characteristics and outcomes of various treatment methods in managing rhegmatogenous retinal detachments secondary to retinal dialysis.Methods:In this retros...
A perturbation-based acceleration for Monte Carlo – Thermal Hydraulics Picard iterations. Part II: Application to 3D PWR-based problems

Abstract This paper focuses on the application and demonstration of the GTF-based acceleration introduced in the first part of the article to three-dimensional problems. Two novelties are here introduced over the state-of-the-art. First, an operative definition of generalized transfer functions for three-dimensional distributions is introduced. Second, the GTF-based acceleration is used to speed up the Picard iteration scheme applied to 3D problems based on Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) designs. Consistently with the mono-dimensional results presented in Part I of this article, the GTF-based acceleration allows to achieve convergence within a lower number of iterations, with a speed-up factor up to 5.5, compared to the original Picard iteration.
BREAKOUT GROUP: Elevating Parents In College: Fostering Success For Mason's Student-Parents

Session LOCATION: George's (3rd floor of Johnson Center) Student-parents are often overlooked as a distinct, high-need student population in higher education. As a result, faculty may be unaware of structural barriers impacting student-parents in their courses, from course policies to student access of campus services and resources, and how Title IX policies apply to pregnant and parenting students in higher education. Student-parents are often overlooked as a distinct, high-need student population in higher education. As a result, faculty may be unaware of structural barriers impacting student-parents in their courses, from course policies to student access of campus services and resources, and how Title IX policies apply to pregnant and parenting students in higher education. In this breakout discussion, faculty will be challenged to consider student-parents as a distinct high-need student population, and that Mason can do more to support our student-parents both inside and outside of the classroom. Participants will learn from Masonâs student-parent population and identify supports, needs, and resource gaps. Faculty will receive an overview of services and resources available for student-parents at Mason, a primer on Title IX as it pertains to pregnant and parenting students, discuss strategies to enhance equity for student-parents, and review best practices to build student-parent social capital and accessibility. Faculty will also hear from current student-parents on the challenges they face in balancing education and parenthood, and how faculty can help our student-parents thrive at Mason.
How Sad is your Mission Statement? The Moderating Effect of Mission Statement Polarity on Performance

We examine the impact of the emotional polarity of a nonprofit organization’s mission statement on fundraising success. We confirm that spending more money on fundraising correlates with more funds raised, then demonstrate that this relationship is moderated by the emotional polarity of the organization’s mission statement. A nonprofit mission statement with more positive sentimentality correlates with an increase in overall fundraising revenue for dollars invested in fundraising – as long as fundraising expenses remain below approximately $1.25 million. For an organization that spends even more on fundraising activity, the relationship reverses. Our study explores this phenomenon in nonprofit organizations in the United States serving the homeless population.
Clock Distribution for Fast Networks-on-Chip

As mentioned in first Chapter, high speed, low-jitter and low-power clock distribution is a major challenge in designing a fast Network-on-Chip (NoC). In this chapter, we propose several techniques to address the issue of distributing a high-speed, low power, low jitter clock across an IC. We focus our attention primarily on resonant ring-based standing wave oscillators (SWOs) which have recently emerged as a promising technique for high-speed, low power clock generation. In Sect. 2.1, we describe the basics of resonant ring-based oscillators. In Sect. 2.2, we present a novel low-jitter, low-power clock generation and distribution methodology which uses resonant standing wave oscillators (SWOs). We also present an all-digital control loop to phase-lock the SWOs to an external reference clock. Experimental results demonstrate that the jitter of our approach is dramatically lower (by \(\sim4.6\times\)) than existing schemes, while the power consumption is significantly lower (by \(\sim2\times\)) as well. Next, in Sect. 2.3, we present a dynamic programming based approach to synthesize a minimum cost buffered H-tree for clock distribution. Our primary goal is to minimize the end-to-end jitter of the synthesized H-tree, while the secondary goal is to minimize power as well. Compared to a manually constructed buffered H-tree network, our approach is able to reduce both jitter (by as much as 28 %, and power by as much as 46 %). Finally, in Sect. 2.4, we present a tiled SWO structure with a plurality of ring-based SWO tiles arranged in a 2D fashion, oscillating at a high frequency. We validate that in this manner, an SWO approach can be used to practically implement a high-frequency, low-power clocking approach with high and uniform area coverage over an IC. Our simulations indicate that this tiled structure can oscillate at about 7.25 GHz, with low power (about 68 mW per SWO tile) and low jitter (about 3.1 % of the nominal clock period)
Method of Direct Solution to Inverse Problems

The objective of this paper is to present a method of solution which will account for the discretization errors in the solution. The technique will be compared to the present method of solution which has been used in many cases for an acceptable solution.
Associations between Parity, Hair Hormone Profiles during Pregnancy and Lactation, and Infant Development in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Studies examining hormones throughout pregnancy and lactation in women have been limited to single, or a few repeated, short-term measures of endocrine activity. Furthermore, potential differences in chronic hormonal changes across pregnancy/lactation between first-time and experienced mothers are not well understood, especially as they relate to infant development. Hormone concentrations in hair provide long-term assessments of hormone production, and studying these measures in non-human primates allows for repeated sampling under controlled conditions that are difficult to achieve in humans. We studied hormonal profiles in the hair of 26 female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta, n=12 primiparous), to determine the influences of parity on chronic levels of cortisol (hair cortisol concentration, HCC) and progesterone (hair progesterone concentration, HPC) during early- to mid-pregnancy (PREG1), in late pregnancy/early lactation (PREG2/LACT1), and in peak lactation (LACT2). We also assessed infants’ neurobehavioral development across the first month of life. After controlling for age and stage of pregnancy at the first hair sampling period, we found that HCCs overall peaked in PREG2/LACT1 (p=0.02), but only in primiparous monkeys (p<0.001). HPCs declined across pregnancy and lactation for all monkeys (p<0.01), and primiparous monkeys had higher HPCs overall than multiparous monkeys (p=0.02). Infants of primiparous mothers had lower sensorimotor reflex scores (p=0.02) and tended to be more irritable (p=0.05) and less consolable (p=0.08) in the first month of life. Moreover, across all subjects, HCCs in PREG2/LACT1 were positively correlated with irritability (r(s)=0.43, p=0.03) and negatively correlated with sensorimotor scores (r(s)=-0.41, p=0.04). Together, the present results indicate that primiparity influences both chronic maternal hormonal profiles and infant development. These effects may, in part, reflect differential reproductive and maternal effort in mothers with varied caretaking experience. In addition, infant exposure to relatively higher levels of maternal cortisol during the late fetal and early postnatal periods is predictive of poorer developmental outcomes.
Purification and Properties of a Protein Kinase from Bovine Corpus Luteum That Is Stimulated by Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate and Luteinizing Hormone

Abstract A protein kinase has been purified from the bovine corpus luteum by acid precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxylapatite columns. The enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 159,000. DEAE-cellulose chromatography resolved the protein kinase activity into two peaks, designated as KI and KII. Both peaks possessed adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-binding activities and both kinase activities were stimulated in vitro by cyclic AMP. The extent of stimulation of KII by cyclic AMP was greater than that of KI. (Km for cyclic AMP, 2.0 x 10-8 m.) KII was further purified by chromatography on hydroxylapatite. In addition to stimulation by cyclic AMP, the enzyme recovered from hydroxylapatite was also stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) in vitro. The response to LH was concentration dependent and specific. Other pituitary hormones were ineffective. The effects of LH and cyclic AMP were not additive and the binding of cyclic [3H]AMP to the hydroxylapatite-treated enzyme was not inhibited by the presence of LH. It is concluded that LH may have a direct control on the activity of protein kinase in the corpus luteum that is independent of cyclic AMP.
Was Southampton a Poet? A Verse Letter to Queen Elizabeth [with text]

AbstractThis essay investigates the authorship of “The Earle of Southampton prisoner, and condemned. to Queen Elizabeth,” a 74‐line poem found in British Library Manuscript Stowe 962. Supposedly composed by Henry Wriothesley, third Earl of Southampton, this poem appears to be a scribal copy of a verse epistle pleading for the Queen's mercy after Southampton was convicted for treason with the Earl of Essex following his 1601 uprising. Because references in the poem point to its author's awareness of intimate details of Southampton's career, health, and writing style, relevant matters from his life prior to Elizabeth's commutation of his death sentence are considered. The manuscript context for the only known copy of this poem is explored, for the miscellany's high level of accuracy regarding attributions enhances the likelihood that this ascription to Southampton is accurate. (L. M. C.)
Future bandwidth for the future force through laser communications

Current on-the-move network applications rely heavily on RF solutions to maintain mobility while providing adequate voice, video and data solutions. These applications demand the ability to quickly establish a network infrastructure and to be able to break down and move on when required. While existing RF technologies allow the user to remain mobile in the field, the future of on-the-move communications will demand a higher bandwidth than the current RF solutions can handle. This paper will explore the current efforts being made by the Army in the exploration of laser communications as a solution for these high bandwidth applications.
The role of ionized physical vapor deposition in integrated circuit fabrication

Publisher Summary The chapter overviews the role of ionized physical vapor decomposition in integrated circuit fabrication. Ionized physical vapor deposition (I-PVD) is a deposition process in which the depositing species are initially vaporized by physical mechanisms. In addition, the flux of depositing species must be composed of >50% ions. Two other common deposition techniques using ions are known as ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) and ion-assisted deposition (lAD). These methods cobombard a film deposited from neutral atoms with inert gas ions. While the ratio of ion flux to the flux of depositing neutrals may be quite large in IBAD and lAD, the depositing species are primarily low-energy neutrals. The key distinction is that I-PVD seeks to deposit the film from ions. The main application for I-PVD is the formation of metal and nitride thin films into the deep, narrow trenches and vias that are found in modern integrated circuits (ICs). I-PVD methods suitable for IC fabrication are discussed in the chapter. Sputtering is preferred because it is relatively easy to create the large, uniform flux of metal needed to coat 200- to 300-mm-diameter wafers.
Modulation of TNF release by choline requires alpha7 subunit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated signaling.

The α7 subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is an essential component in the vagus nerve-based cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway that regulates the levels of TNF, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and other cytokines during inflammation. Choline is an essential nutrient, a cell membrane constituent, a precursor in the biosynthesis of acetylcholine, and a selective natural α7nAChR agonist. Here, we studied the anti-inflammatory potential of choline in murine endotoxemia and sepsis, and the role of the α7nAChR in mediating the suppressive effect of choline on TNF release. Choline (0.1–50 mM) dose-dependently suppressed TNF release from endotoxin-activated RAW macrophage-like cells, and this effect was associated with significant inhibition of NF-κB activation. Choline (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) treatment prior to endotoxin administration in mice significantly reduced systemic TNF levels. In contrast to its TNF suppressive effect in wild type mice, choline (50 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to inhibit systemic TNF levels in α7nAChR knockout mice during endotoxemia. Choline also failed to suppress TNF release from endotoxin-activated peritoneal macrophages isolated from α7nAChR knockout mice. Choline treatment prior to endotoxin resulted in a significantly improved survival rate as compared with saline-treated endotoxemic controls. Choline also suppressed HMGB1 release in vitro and in vivo, and choline treatment initiated 24 h after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced polymicrobial sepsis significantly improved survival in mice. In addition, choline suppressed TNF release from endotoxin-activated human whole blood and macrophages. Collectively, these data characterize the anti-inflammatory efficacy of choline and demonstrate that the modulation of TNF release by choline requires α7nAChR-mediated signaling.
The case study evaluation: A means for managing organizational and political tensions☆

Abstract This study of evaluation utilization identified organizational, political, and practical arrangements which facilitated wide use of The Interim Report Evaluation in policy making for California's Early Childhood Education program. In a program fraught by tensions, where evaluations had been political tools, this evaluation was special. The research used a field study approach. Analysis was guided by literature on organizations, policymaking, and evaluation utilization. It identified techniques for maintaining political support, marshalling organizational resources, and designing and disseminating an evaluation that used an ethnographic approach and that was directly applied to policy deliberations. Such techniques have significance when evaluators and researchers need to convince policymakers of their worth. This case study adds to knowledge of the research/policy intersect, on ethnographic evaluation, and on state education policymaking .
A Novel Candidate Gene for Mouse and Human Preaxial Polydactyly with Altered Expression in Limbs of Hemimelic extra-toes Mutant Mice ☆

Abstract Polydactyly is a common malformation of vertebrate limbs. In humans a major locus for nonsyndromic preaxial polydactyly (PPD) has been mapped previously to 7q36. The mouse Hemimelic extra-toes (Hx) mutation maps to a homologous chromosome segment and has been proposed to affect a homologous gene. To understand the molecular changes underlying PPD, we used a positional cloning approach to identify the gene or genes disrupted by the Hx mutation and a closely linked limb mutation, Hammertoe (Hm). High-resolution genetic mapping identified a small candidate interval for the mouse mutations located 1.2 cM distal to the Shh locus. The nonrecombinant interval was completely cloned in bacterial artificial chromosomes and searched for genes using a combination of exon trapping, sample sequencing, and mapping of known genes. Two novel genes, Lmbr1 and Lmbr2, are entirely within the candidate interval we defined genetically. The open reading frame of both genes is intact in mutant mice, but the expression of the Lmbr1 gene is dramatically altered in developing limbs of Hx mutant mice. The correspondence between the spatial and temporal changes in Lmbr1 expression and the embryonic onset of the Hx mutant phenotype suggests that the mouse Hx mutation may be a regulatory allele of Lmbr1. The human ortholog of Lmbr1 maps within the recently described interval for human PPD, strengthening the possibility that both mouse and human limb abnormalities are due to defects in the same highly conserved gene.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Transgenic model and novel neuroprotective agent

The discovery of mutations in the human SOD1 gene encoding (Cu, Zn SOD) in patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has made possible the development of etiological models of the disease. Expression of mutant SOD1 genes in transgenic mice (FALS mice) causes progressive paralytic disease whose general features resemble ALS in humans. Extensive studies strongly suggest that Cu, Zn SOD mutations cause an adverse gain of function that results in enhanced generation of damaging oxygen radicals. Mitochondria are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, and mitochondrial swelling and vacuolization are among the earliest pathologic features in the FALS mice harboring the SOD mutations. Mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to ATP depletion, which may contribute to cell death. Creatine buffers against ATP depletion and inhibits the opening of the mitochondrial transition pore, a complex of proteins implicated in apoptosis. We found that oral administration of creatine to FALS mice expressing the G93A mutation produced a dose-dependent improvement in motor performance, extended survival and protected against loss of motor neurons and substantia nigra neurons. Additionally creatine protected against increases in biochemical indices of oxidative damage. The development of the FALS mice enables drug discovery studies in ALS.
Nucleosome Stability is Controlled by the Charge of its Globular Core: Implications for the Biological Function

The ability of the cell to selectively alter the strength of the association between the DNA and the histone core in the nucleosomes is vital for biological function of the chromatin.Yet the exact mechanism of the control is unclear.We propose that alteration of the charge state of the globular histone core is one mechanism for control of the nucleosome stability. The wrapping/unwrapping transition in the nucleosome is first studied by a simplified physical model which reveals the general principle. Then, we switch to a detailed description based on the available atomic structures of the nucleosome complex, and models of several partially assembled states of the nucleosome, including the tetrasome. It is shown that while the nucleosome itself is much more stable than a typical protein, its peculiar shape dictates that even small changes in the charge of the globular histone core can significantly loosen the core-DNA association. All possible single site acetylations and phosphorylations (PTMs) in the globular core are investigated, and their effect on the nucleosome stability is quantified; good agreement with the available experimental points is achieved. While no single charge-altering PTM can completely unwrap the DNA off the histone core, some PTMs destabilize the nucleosome considerably. These correlate with known lethal phenotypes in previous in-vivo studies. On the other hand, many possible PTMs have negligible effect on the nucleosome stability, suggesting their potential role as neutral markers. The proposed “map” of the nucleosome stability by charge altering PTMs can be used to plan future experiments and rationalize existing ones.
Altered cerebral energy utilization in late life depression

Background: Global and regional changes in cerebral energy utilization are reported to characterize late life depression. Methods: Twenty seven subjects with late life depression (9 prior to starting medication, 18 after starting) and 27 matched controls were evaluated with cordance, a quantitative EEG measure that reflects cerebral energy utilization. Results: Global and focal (anterior and centrotemporal) differences were present in theta-band cordance between unmedicated depressed and control subjects. Depressed subjects receiving treatment had cordance patterns similar to controls. Conclusions: The presence of both diffuse and focal disturbances in energy utilization prior to initiating treatment indicates that cordance detects altered cerebral physiology in depressed patients, and that this measure may also be sensitive to treatment interventions.
Future integrated broadband fiber, wireless, and satellite networks

With the increasing technical maturity in fiber, wireless and satellite communication technologies, new horizons are becoming feasible for future broadband networks, providing economical data rates well in excess of Gbps for stationary and mobile users as well as novel applications these advanced network services will permit. This talk explores the future architecture possibilities of such a network using new and radical technology building blocks such as: free space laser communications, multiple access multi-beam data satellite communications, novel all-optical network transport/switching and analog transmission and processing over optical carriers that support coherent distributed platform sensing and communications. We will articulate why we have to design this new network across layers from the Physical Layer to the Network and Transport Layers (even the Application Layer). Not only can future network performance and cost undergo quantum-leap improvements; such a network can have profound transforming effects on space and terrestrial system architectures for sensing, healthcare, early warning systems, disaster relief, research collaborations and other new commercial applications.
Geographic clustering of brain tumors in Kentucky.

Study was made of 612 brain tumors in Kentucky. A geographic cluster was revealed in the eastern section of the state when the tumors were grouped according to county and adjusted for population. The incidence of gliomas within these six counties was 4.4 times that expected. Within the counties, 66.1% of cases were located along major tributaries of the Kentucky and Licking Rivers. The possibility of contamination of water with chemical carcinogens is suggested as an environmental factor in the production of primary intracranial neoplasms.
Evolution of Nanoporous Pt–Fe Alloy Nanowires by Dealloying and their Catalytic Property for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

The short life and high cost of carbon-supported Pt nanoparticle catalysts (Pt/C) are two main problems with proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Porous Pt alloy nanowires have more durability and catalytic activity than Pt/C. Dealloying is a facile way to make nanoporous Pt. However, the process of porosity formation is difficult to control. In this paper, electrospinning and chemical dealloying techniques are used to make long, thin and yet nanoporous Pt–Fe alloy nanowires. The evolution of nanoporosity is observed and studied. It is found that non-uniform composition in the precursor PtFe5 alloy nanowires helps the formation of nanoporous structure. The overall wire diameter is about 10–20 nm and the ligament diameter only 2–3 nm. These porous long nanowires interweave to form a self-supporting network with a high specific activity, 2.3 times that of conventional Pt/C catalysts, and also have better durability.
Heat capacity of Ni-Pd alloys

Abstract Heat capacity measurements in the liquid helium temperature range have been made for pure palladium and for alloys of palladium containing approximately 20, 40, 60 and 80 at. % nickel. Calculated electronic specific heat coefficients (γ-values) are 9.38, 10.66, 8.54, 7.82 and 7.52 mJ mole°K 2 , respectively. Calculated Debye temperatures are 272, 295, 305, 330.5, and 388°K, respectively. The implications of the present results are discussed in regard to other work on Ni-Pd alloys and in regard to the band structure of this system.
435 BILE ACID (BA) TRANSPORT DEFECT: ONE CAUSE OF REFRACTORY INFANTILE DIARRHEA (R.I.D.)

A 5 3/4 year old white male with R.I.D. required parenteral alimentation for 27 months. Watery diarrhea (mean fecal wt. 542 gm.) and steatorrhea (mean fecal fat 15.4 gm./day), persistently low serum cholesterol averaging 72 mg% and vitamin B12 malab-sorption have been present since birth. Small intestinal morphology is normal by lipid histochemical and electron microscopic examination. Surgical exploration revealed normal anatomy. Mean intraluminal BA after meal stimulation are 3.70 mM/L for the first meal and 1.01 mM/L for the third meal of the day. Fecal excretion of oral cholic-carboxyl-14C at 20 months was 58% for the first 24 hours vs. 4.8% ± 1.0 in 5 normal controls. Mean fecal aqueous supernatant BA are 1102 μM/24 hours vs. 100.2 μM ± 35.3/24 hours in 5 normal controls. Cholic acid kinetic studies at 64 and 68 months revealed a fractional turnover rate (FTR) of 1.78 and 2.55 days−1, pool size of 21.8 and 49.1 mg/m2 and synthetic rate was 38.9 and 125.2 mg/m2/day respectively. At 64 mos. the chenodeoxycholic pool size was 48.2 mg/m2, FTR was 0.82 days−1 and the synthetic rate was 39.4 mg/m2/day. No secondary BA were present. Very rapid BA turnover, contracted pool sizes, low intraluminal bile salt concentrations, elevated fecal bile salts, absence of secondary BA and abnormal B12 absorption strongly suggests that failure of BA reabsorption and consequent BA deficiency cause this child's R.I.D. and constitute a specific congenital metabolic defect.