cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chlamydia Infection Across Host Species Boundaries Promotes Distinct Sets of Transcribed Anti-Apoptotic Factors.

Chlamydiae, obligate intracellular bacteria, cause significant human and veterinary associated diseases. Having emerged an estimated 700-million years ago, these bacteria have twice adapted to humans as a host species, causing sexually transmitted infection (C. trachomatis) and respiratory associated disease (C. pneumoniae). The principle mechanism of host cell defense against these intracellular bacteria is the induction of cell death via apoptosis. However, in the “arms race” of co-evolution, Chlamydiae have developed mechanisms to promote cell viability and inhibit cell death. Herein we examine the impact of Chlamydiae infection across multiple host species on transcription of anti-apoptotic genes. We found mostly distinct patterns of gene expression (Mcl1 and cIAPs) elicited by each pathogen-host pair indicating Chlamydiae infection across host species boundaries does not induce a universally shared host response. Understanding species specific host-pathogen interactions is paramount to deciphering how potential pathogens become emerging diseases.
Partial differential approximants and the elucidation of multisingularities

A partial differential approximant, or PDA, F(x,y), can accurately approximate a two-variable function, f(x,y), on the basis of its power series expansion even near a multisingular point where the function is intrinsically nonanalytic in both variables. This brief review argues that multisingularities occur frequently in two-variable functions arising in practical situations. Partial differential approximants are defined and it is shown why they can approximate multisingularities. The invariance of PDAs under a change of variables is discussed and new results are presented concerning functions exactly representable by PDAs. Finally, several applications of PDAs are mentioned.
Rapid 2D incoherent mirror fabrication by laser interference lithography and wet etching for III-V MQW solar cells

Optimization of non-planar antireflective coating and back- (or front-) surface texturing are widely studied as advanced light management approach to further reduce the reflection losses and increase the sunlight absorption path in solar cells. Rear reflectors have been developed from coherent mirrors to incoherent mirrors in order to further increase light path, which can significantly improve the efficiency and allow for much thinner devices. A Lambertian surface, which has the most random texture, can theoretically raise the light path to 4n 2 times that of a smooth surface. It’s a challenge however to fabricate ideal Lambertian texture, especially in a fast and low cost way. In this work, a method is developed to overcome this challenge that combines the use of laser interference lithography (LIL) and selective wet etching. This approach allows for a rapid (10 min) wafer scale (3 inch wafer) texture processing with sub-wavelength (nano)-scale control of the pattern and the pitch. The technique appears as being particularly attractive for the development of ultrathin III-V devices, or in overcoming the weak sub-bandgap absorption in devices incorporating quantum dots or quantum wells. The structure of the device is demonstrated, without affecting active layers.
Punishing health care fraud--is the GSK settlement sufficient?

The Department of Justice has announced the largest settlement ever in a health care fraud case: GlaxoSmithKline will plead guilty to three criminal counts and settle civil charges, paying $3 billion to the federal and state governments. But is that sufficient?
Effects of Acute and Chronic DDT Administration on Hepatic Microsomal Drug Metabolism in the Rat.

SummaryDDT, 500 ppm, was fed in a lab chow diet to rats. Hexobarbital sleeping times and in vitro assays were measured after 2 weeks, 1, 2, 3 and 4 months on the diet to observe the effects of DDT on hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme activity. With the exception of aniline, which was not different from control at 2 weeks, 3 and 4 months, significant increases in rate of drug enzyme activity were seen at all times on the diet for the drugs studied. Shortened sleeping times paralleled these increases. Acute treatment of rats with DDT at 3 dose levels, each for 3 days, produced significant stimulatory effects on drug metabolism in vitro at both 1 and 8 days. Sleeping times were depressed at both times, although this depression was significant only at 1 day. In mice, acute injection of a single dose of DDT did not shorten hexobarbital sleeping times even at 3 days after treatment. Several of the organophosphorous insecticides were screened acutely with sleeping times in mice and produced either no e...
Abstract P4-08-07: Correlation of Oncotype Dx Recurrence Score and Luminal Subtypes of Breast Cancer

Background: Molecular subtypes of breast cancer have been characterized by gene expression analysis. Luminal subtypes are hormone receptor (HR) positive and Her2/neu negative. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been used as a surrogate test for gene expression. Ki67 is a proliferation marker that identifies high-risk subtype of luminal breast cancer. Recently, the proposed Ki67 index (KI) of 14% was suggested as a cut-off to distinguish between luminal A and luminal B tumors (JNCI. 2009;101:736-750). The oncotype dx (ODx) is a 21- gene test that provides prognostic and predictive information in early stage HR-positive breast cancer patients. The test is reported as low ( 30) risk recurrence scores (RS) Design: We investigated the relationship between ODx RS and luminal subtypes of breast cancers using the KI of 14% as the cut-off for distinguishing luminal A and B tumors. Biomarker analysis (ER, PR, Her2/neu, Ki67 and p53) was performed as part of the diagnostic work-up using standard IHC procedures. Scoring was done by automated image analysis. Her2/neu FISH was performed on all IHC 2+ and 3 + results. Pathologic parameters such as, tumor size, grade, and presence of LVI were evaluated. Ploidy was performed by the Autocyte system (Tripath) on Feulgen stained paraffin sections. Results: We identified 106 patients with HR positive breast cancer who were tested for ODx from February 2006 to May 2010. 85/106 had Ki67 data available for analysis. 46/85 (54%) were luminal A and 39/85 (46%) luminal B tumors. The mean KI in luminal A was 6.93% versus 31.1% in luminal B (P Conclusion: Ki67 is a useful marker that showed significant correlation with RS by ODx. Luminal A tumors are more likely to be low grade, diploid with low RS compared to luminal B tumors. Ki67 in conjunction with other pathologic parameters may serve as a surrogate marker for the ODx RS. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-08-07.
Analysis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 surveillance data in Henan province,2005 to 2009

Objective To determine the presence and virulence genes of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli(EHEC)O157∶H7 in diarrhea patients and host animals in Henan province in order to identify the cause and related risk factors.Methods Suspicious samples collected at surveillance sites from 2005 to 2009 were subjected to serological detection and PCR,and tested for stx1,stx2,eaeA,hlyA virulence genes.Results Of the 10 732 serum samples,255(2.38%) were positive for O157∶H7 strains.The detection rate in animal stool samples was 6.31%(8.04% for sheep and 7.20% for cows).Different detection rates were observed in different years.Most EHEC O157∶H7 strains were from sheep,cattle and chicken feces.A combination of virulence genes stx2,eaeA,hlyA was predominant.Conclusion EHEC O157∶H7 existed in the population and various animals in Henan province.The most important animal hosts were sheep and cows.Contaminated food during processing was a possible cause and might lead to potential outbreaks.
Effect of Wild Island Survival Training on College Students' Psychology

The present study investigated the effect of three traditional sports activities(aerobics,basketball and table tennis) and wild island survival training on the subjects' achievement motivations,social adaptability and willpower.The findings show that wild island survival training contributes positively to the elevation of the subjects' achievement motivations,social adaptability and willpower: the wild island survival training is better than the traditional sports activities in elevating the social adaptability,and superior to the traditional basketball playing in promoting the willpower.
Iatrogenic Dilatation of the Upper Urinary Tract During Radiographic Evaluation of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury

Patients with upper and lower motor neuron spinal cord injuries were observed to determine whether cystography immediately before excretory urography induced iatrogenic dilatation of the upper urinary tract that was indistinguishable from true pathological dilatation. Evidence is given that such dilatation occurs. This iatrogenic dilatation is not seen in patients with normally innervated urinary tracts and appears to be caused by exaggerated bladder reflexes in patients with upper motor neuron lesions. Bladder spasms precipitated by cystographic contrast material also may create vesicoureteral obstruction and lead to dilatation of the upper urinary tract. Consequently, it is suggested that cystography should not immediately precede excretory urography. When such a sequence is necessary, room or body temperature contrast medium should be used for the cystogram, the bladder should be emptied before the excretory urogram is started and a 1-hour interval should be allowed between the 2 procedures. The findings also suggest that any factors that induce repeated or continuing bladder spasms may contribute to progressive dilatation of the upper urinary tract.
Image registration and segmentation in longitudinal MRI using temporal appearance modeling

With increasing use of subject-specific longitudinal imaging for assessment of development, degeneration and disease progression, there is a clear need for image analysis segmentation/registration tools dedicated to 4D image time series. Previous work has mostly focused on temporal modeling of geometric deformations and shape changes, assuming that image intensity changes can be normalized. However, in studies of early infant development or aging, e.g., we encounter low contrast and appearance alterations due to tissue property changes which pose challenges to temporal registration and 4D segmentation. The two problems are linked since registration can be solved if appearance changes are accounted for, but 4D segmentation requires registration of image time series. In this paper, we propose to integrate a temporal appearance change model into diffeomorphic registration thus accounting for such variations, where voxel-wise intensity model parameters are calculated jointly with temporal image coregistration. Moreover, we demonstrate novel 4D segmentation of co-registered images that uses local intensity change rather than intensity itself via Gaussian mixture model. Both methods can be seen as two stages of an integrated registration/segmentation framework for 4D time-discrete image data making use of the same underlying model of longitudinal appearance changes. We demonstrate feasibility of the new approach with verification on longitudinal, multimodal pediatric MRI of infants in the age range neonates to 24 months.
Activation of β-Catenin Signaling in CD133-Positive Dermal Papilla Cells Drives Postnatal Hair Growth

The hair follicle dermal papilla (DP) contains a unique prominin-1/CD133-positive (CD133+) cell subpopulation, which has been shown to possess hair follicle-inducing capability. By assaying for endogenous CD133 expression and performing lineage tracing using CD133-CreERT2; ZsGreen1 reporter mice, we find that CD133 is expressed in a subpopulation of DP cells during the growth phase of the murine hair cycle (anagen), but is absent at anagen onset. However, how CD133+ DP cells interact with keratinocytes to induce hair regenerative growth remains unclear. Wnt/β-catenin has long been recognized as a major signaling pathway required for hair follicle morphogenesis, development, and regeneration. Nuclear Wnt/β-catenin activity is observed in the DP during the hair growth phase. Here we show that induced expression of a stabilized form of β-catenin in CD133+ DP cells significantly accelerates spontaneous and depilation-induced hair growth. However, hair follicle regression is not affected in these mutants. Further analysis indicates that CD133+ DP-expressed β-catenin increases proliferation and differentiation of epithelial matrix keratinocytes. Upregulated Wnt/β-catenin activity in CD133+ DP cells also increases the number of proliferating DP cells in each anagen follicle. Our data demonstrate that β-catenin signaling potentiates the capability of CD133+ DP cells to promote postnatal hair growth.
Complete Genome Sequences of Three Historically Important, Spatiotemporally Distinct, and Genetically Divergent Strains of Zika Virus: MR-766, P6-740, and PRVABC-59

ABSTRACT Here, we report the 10,807-nucleotide-long consensus RNA genome sequences of three spatiotemporally distinct and genetically divergent Zika virus strains, with the functionality of their genomic sequences substantiated by reverse genetics: MR-766 (African lineage, Uganda, 1947), P6-740 (Asian lineage, Malaysia, 1966), and PRVABC-59 (Asian lineage-derived American strain, Puerto Rico, 2015).
C9orf72 binds SMCR8, localizes to lysosomes and regulates mTORC1 signaling

Hexanucleotide expansion in an intron of the C9orf72 gene causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. However, beyond bioinformatics predictions that suggested structural similarity to folliculin, the Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome tumor suppressor, little is known about the normal functions of the C9orf72 protein. To address this problem, we used genome-editing strategies to investigate C9orf72 interactions, subcellular localization, and knockout (KO) phenotypes. We found that C9orf72 robustly interacts with SMCR8 (a protein of previously unknown function). We also observed that C9orf72 localizes to lysosomes and that such localization is negatively regulated by amino acid availability. Analysis of C9orf72 KO, SMCR8 KO, and double-KO cell lines revealed phenotypes that are consistent with a function for C9orf72 at lysosomes. These include abnormally swollen lysosomes in the absence of C9orf72 and impaired responses of mTORC1 signaling to changes in amino acid availability (a lysosome-dependent process) after depletion of either C9orf72 or SMCR8. Collectively these results identify strong physical and functional interactions between C9orf72 and SMCR8 and support a lysosomal site of action for this protein complex.
High Prevalence of Medication Discrepancies Between Home Health Referrals and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Home Health Certification and Plan of Care and Their Potential to Affect Safety of Vulnerable Elderly Adults

Objectives To describe the prevalence of discrepancies between medication lists that referring providers and home healthcare (HH) nurses create. Design The active medication list from the hospital at time of HH initiation was compared with the HH agency's plan of care medication list. An electronic algorithm was developed to compare the two lists for discrepancies. Setting Single large hospital and HH agency in the western United States. Participants Individuals referred for HH from the hospital in 2012 (N = 770, 96.3% male, median age 71). Measurements Prevalence was calculated for discrepancies, including medications missing from one list or the other and differences in dose, frequency, or route for medications contained on both lists. Results Participants had multiple medical problems (median 16 active problems) and were taking a median of 15 medications (range 1–93). Every participant had at least one discrepancy; 90.1% of HH lists were missing at least one medication that the referring provider had prescribed, 92.1% of HH lists contained medications not on the referring provider's list, 89.8% contained medication naming errors. 71.0% contained dosing discrepancies, and 76.3% contained frequency discrepancies. Conclusion Discrepancies between HH and referring provider lists are common. Future work is needed to address possible safety and care coordination implications of discrepancies in this highly complex population.
Neuroception and Attunement in Dance/Movement Therapy with Autism

During the 51st annual American Dance Therapy Association conference, this author participated in a cross-disciplinary panel “Polyvagal-informed Therapy for Trauma, Attachment and Autism” with Dr. C. Sue Carter, Executive Director of the Kinsey Institute and Rudy Professor of Biology at Indiana University and Dr. Stephen Porges, Distinguished University Scientist at the Kinsey Institute at Indiana University Bloomington and Research Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The following article reprints the author’s remarks on this panel, focusing on the intersections between autism spectrum disorder treatment and the activation of the social engagement system through attuned mobilization in dance/movement therapy.
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of vitamin D.

Despite the plethora of studies discussing the benefits of vitamin D on physiological functioning, few mathematical models of vitamin D predict the response of the body on low-concentration supplementation of vitamin D under sunlight-restricted conditions. This study developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model utilizing published human data on the metabolic cascade of orally derived, low-concentration (placebo, 5 μg and 10 μg) supplementation of vitamin D over the course of 28 days in the absence of sunlight. Vitamin D and its metabolites are highly lipophilic and binding assays of these compounds in serum may not account for binding by lipids and additional proteins. To compensate for the additional bound amounts, this study allowed the effective adipose-plasma partition coefficient to vary dynamically with the concentration of each compound in serum utilizing the Hill equation for binding. Through incorporating the optimized parameters with the adipose partition coefficient adaptation to the PBPK model, this study was able to fit serum concentration data for circulating vitamin D at all three supplementation concentrations within confidence intervals of the data. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Note to My Doctor: Lessons from Fifty Years of Distracted Driving Research

While research on the effects of technological distractions on doctoring may be relatively new, research on the effect of technological distractions on driving is not. The purpose of this chapter is to translate what we know from traffic safety into medical safety. Both have one very important aspect in common: the human brain. This chapter will provide a simple framework for understanding the cognitive processes that are affected by distraction. It will make a convincing case that the research consistently shows sharing attention between two seemingly simple tasks can have a deadly impact on performing one of them. A case will be made that this problem will continue to grow. The chapter will briefly explore the reasons we convince ourselves that we can do two things at once. And in conclusion, the chapter will offer some suggestions for solving the problem.
Cannibalism and the Legitimacy of Just War in the Era of Independence

RESUMO No inicio do seculo XIX, os esforcos do Estado portugues para dominar os povos indigenas independentes se concentraram na Mata Atlântica que ligava o leste de Minas Gerais ao litoral. O presente artigo atribui aos nativos a contencao das tendencias mais violentas desse projeto, depois que a Coroa portuguesa lhes declarou guerra em 1808. Acusados de canibalismo, os indios Botocudo, entre outros, enfrentaram o exterminio. Depois de muitos anos, contudo, a Coroa passou a adotar uma politica de incentivo a troca material com esses cacadores e coletores. Essa reviravolta foi uma resposta a capacidade dos nativos de evitar a conquista mediante uma combinacao eficaz de contra-ataques, recuos e, acima de tudo, de comprometimento estrategico com os invasores coloniais, o que levou a dispersao do conflito. Ao convencer alguns funcionarios quanto a sua humanidade, os indios debilitaram a politica belica da Coroa, mesmo quando enfrentaram outra ameaca a sua sobrevivencia - a crescente violencia privada.
Trends and racial/ethnic disparities in antibiotic prescribing practices of dentists in the United States.

Objective The aim of this study was to examine trends and racial/ethnic disparities in antibiotic prescribing practices of dentists in the United States. Methods The US Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data for 1996-2013 was analyzed. Information on patient sociodemographic characteristics, dental visits, receipt of dental procedures, and type of antibiotics prescribed following visits was obtained. Descriptive statistics were calculated separately for each year. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify associations during the period with and without adjustment for dental procedures and sociodemographic characteristics. Survey weights were incorporated to handle the sampling design. Results Nationally, the number of antibiotic prescribed at dental visits was estimated to be higher by 842,749 (0.4 percent) at year 2013 compared to the prescription level at 2003 were the population sociodemographic distribution kept at 2013 level. On average, the odds of prescribing antibiotics following dental care increased with each decade of study (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: [1.04, 1.17]) after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and receipt of dental procedures. Compared to Whites, Blacks had 21 percent (95% CI: 11%, 31%) higher odds of receiving a prescription for antibiotics from a dentist after adjusting for dental procedure and other sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusions The prescription of antibiotics following dental visits increased over time after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and dental procedure. The probability of being prescribed antibiotics by dentists was higher for Blacks compared to Whites.
Museum Collections are the Key to Studying Lemurs’ Diet: Gastrointestinal Morphology of Cheirogaleus major

This study reports the first description of the gastrointestinal (GIT) morphology of a lemur species (Cheirogaleus major E. Geoffroy, 1812) of the family Cheirogaleidae using a museum collection de...
The godly re-presentation of Alexander Nyndge: two versions of a Protestant dispossession narrative

ABSTRACTThe sixteenth-century account of Alexander Nyndge’s dispossession saw republication in 1615. Yet this was not a mere reprint: alterations included passages borrowed from notable puritan aut...
Grain Production Trends in Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan in the Context of the Global Climate Variability and Change

Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan are the three major grain producers in Central Eurasia. In the context of the current food-price crisis, these countries might be presented with a window of opportunity to reemerge as the major grain exporters if they succeed in increasing their productivity. Global grain production is highly sensitive to a combination of internal and external factors, such as institutional changes, land-use changes, climate variability, water resources, and global economic trends. Agroecological scenarios driven by climate models suggest that land suitability in this region is likely to change in future, due to impacts of climate change, such as CO2 fertilization, changes in the growing season, temperature, precipitation, frequency, and timing of droughts and frosts. Grain production in Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan grew steadily between 2002 and 2010 following a 10-year long depression caused by collapse of the USSR. However, in the summer of 2010 Russia and its neighbors experienced an unprecedented heat wave, accompanied by severe wild fires. As news of this disaster became known international grain prices increased dramatically. The future of grain production in this region will be determined by the interplay of climatic variability and multiple non-climatic factors and is likely to have significant impact on both global and regional food security over the coming decades.
Comparative mapping of human alphoid satellite DNA repeat sequences in the great apes

Heterochromatic regions of chromosomes contain highly repetitive, tandemly arranged DNA sequences that undergo very rapid variation compared to unique DNA sequences that are predominantly conserved. In this study the chromosomal basis of speciation has been looked at in terms of repeat sequences. We have hybridized twenty-one chromosome-specific human alphoid satellite DNA probes to metaphase spreads of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) to investigate the evolutionary relationship of heterochromatic regions among such hominoid species. The majority of the probes did not hybridize to their corresponding equivalent chromosome but presented hybridization signals on non-corresponding chromosomes. Such observations suggest that rapid changes may have occurred in the ancestral alphoid satellite DNA sequence, resulting in divergence among the great ape species.
The Anatomy and Physiology of Cornea

Cornea is an avascular, transparent tissue that is an important component of the ocular refractive system. It is one of the most densely innervated tissues in the body. It consists of five layers: epithelium, stroma, and endothelium and two interface layers consisting of Bowman’s membrane and Descemet’s membrane. Corneal stroma is composed of cellular (keratocytes) and extracellular components. Cornea is an immune-privileged tissue due to the absence of blood and lymphatic vessels. Although normal cornea is an avascular, many conditions can cause neovascularization, scarring, and corneal blindness.
300 Cases of Core Decompression with Bone Grafting for Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head

Today we do not have a completely satisfactory method for treating avascular necrosis of the femoral head. One of the more popular approaches for treatment in the early stages is core decompression. Reports in the literature have varied considerably concerning the effectiveness of this treatment. Unfortunately, many of the reported studies have significant shortcomings, and it is difficult to compare the results reported by different authors.
Controllable and Observable Subspaces in Computational Fluid Dynamics

The concepts of controllability and observability are explored for computational fluid dynamic (CFD) applications. Identification of a balanced subspace which accounts for both controllability (inputs) and observability (outputs) can be performed using the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and the concepts of primal and dual state-space systems. Conventional model reduction approaches in CFD consider only controllability and do not take account of engineering outputs of interest. For a two-dimensional, inviscid flow problem, the balanced reduced-order model is shown to have superior performance, implying that the underlying CFD model is unbalanced with respect to the chosen input and output.
A physics-based earthquake simulator replicates seismic hazard statistics across California

Seismic hazard models are important for society, feeding into building codes and hazard mitigation efforts. These models, however, rest on many uncertain assumptions and are difficult to test observationally because of the long recurrence times of large earthquakes. Physics-based earthquake simulators offer a potentially helpful tool, but they face a vast range of fundamental scientific uncertainties. We compare a physics-based earthquake simulator against the latest seismic hazard model for California. Using only uniform parameters in the simulator, we find strikingly good agreement of the long-term shaking hazard compared with the California model. This ability to replicate statistically based seismic hazard estimates by a physics-based model cross-validates standard methods and provides a new alternative approach needing fewer inputs and assumptions for estimating hazard.
The Foundation Fighting Blindness Plays an Essential and Expansive Role in Driving Genetic Research for Inherited Retinal Diseases.

The Foundation Fighting Blindness leads a collaborative effort among patients and families, scientists, and the commercial sector to drive the development of preventions, treatments, and cures for inherited retinal diseases (IRDs). When the nonprofit was established in 1971, it sought the knowledge and insights of leaders in the retinal research field to guide its research funding decisions. While the Foundation’s early investments focused on gaining a better understanding of the genetic causes of IRDs, its portfolio of projects would come to include some of the most innovative approaches to saving and restoring vision, including gene replacement/augmentation therapies, gene editing, RNA modulation, optogenetics, and gene-based neuroprotection. In recent years, the Foundation invested in resources such as its patient registry, natural history studies, and genetic testing program to bolster clinical development and trials for emerging genetic therapies. Though the number of clinical trials for such therapies has surged over the last decade, the Foundation remains steadfast in its commitment to funding the initiatives that hold the most potential for eradicating the entire spectrum of IRDs.
Honda–Kaneko congruences and the Mazur–Tate p-adic σ-function

Abstract Several years ago, Honda and Kaneko experimentally discovered remarkable congruences for Fourier coefficients of a certain weakly holomorphic modular form. The congruences attracted interest, and have been proved since then using various approaches. In this paper, we suggest yet another approach to these congruences. Specifically, the very existence of the p-adic σ-function constructed by Mazur and Tate allows us to prove and expand the congruences.
The ambulatory care burden of nail conditions in the United States

Background Millions of Americans seek medical care for their nail conditions each year, consulting physicians of many different specialties. Purpose To characterize the burden of ambulatory nail disease in the United States from 2007 to 2016. Methods The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) provided data on physician visits relating to nail complaints and nail diagnoses from 2007 to 2016. Results Across the estimated 21.1 million outpatient visits for nail conditions from 2007 to 2016, the ratio of females to males diagnosed with each condition was between 45.1% and 52.2%. Whites comprised over 80% of each nail diagnosis. Age group differences varied by nail diagnosis, but overall, patients aged 25-64 presented most frequently with nail complaints. The specialty consulted also varied by nail diagnosis, primarily including dermatology, family medicine, and pediatrics. Limitations We were limited by the accuracy of diagnosis and the specialties included in NAMCS data collection. Conclusions Patients of all ages, races, and sexes consulted physicians for the treatment of nail conditions. Onychomycosis was the most frequently diagnosed nail condition, and consultations were split between dermatologists, pediatricians, and general practitioners.
ENHANCED DEBRIEFINGS: A Toothless Mandate?

This short piece discusses the (alleged) manner in which the Department of Defense (DoD) conducted the disappointed offeror's post-award debriefing following the award of the $10 billion, $10-year Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) cloud computing contracting opportunity. While the quality of DoD’s debriefing is unlikely to alter the outcome in the pending protest litigation, it seems inconsistent with policy, the current trend favoring greater transparency, and the recent Congressional mandate for “enhanced debriefings.” The piece suggests that, consistent with decades of study and experience, debriefings make sense, but only if they are informative or, more to the point, responsive. Conversely, formalistic debriefings serve no purpose, waste government resources, and frustrate private sector offerors that invested valuable resources preparing lengthy proposals.
3 – Binary Operations

Publisher Summary The sets of numbers used in arithmetic are important as the operations, namely, addition, subtraction, and multiplication can be used to combine numbers to get other numbers. Such operations are called binary operations. The study of arithmetic by children in elementary school is for a large part the study of the properties of the binary operations addition and multiplication on the various systems of numbers they encounter. This chapter describes the notion of binary operation to provide teachers with an understanding of and an appreciation for the complexity of the concept. A binary operation on a set may have additional properties. There are two in particular that are of interest in arithmetic: commutativity and associativity.
The battle for goods: Consumption in Anna Muylaert’s The Second Mother

This article discusses how Anna Muylaert’s film Que horas ela volta? [The Second Mother] represents shifts in Brazilian society tied to governmental actions that stimulated consumption as a path to...
Ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer in conjugated polyelectrolyte–acceptor ion pair complexes

Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) are a promising class of materials for photovoltaic and sensing applications due to their ability to undergo efficient photoinduced electron transfer (ET). Although water-soluble poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) polyelectrolytes have been synthesized for various applications, no reports have clearly revealed the dynamics of the photoinduced ET process and charge transfer state of PPE-type CPE/electron acceptor systems. Herein, we investigated photoinduced ET from a water-soluble PPE based CPE functionalized with alkyl sulfonate (R–SO3−) as side groups to three cationic electron acceptors. Steady-state absorption studies showed a bathochromic shift of the absorption band for all CPE/acceptor mixtures compared to CPE as a result of the suppression of the conformational changes in the polymer caused by the ion–pair interaction. Stern–Volmer (SV) fluorescence quenching studies revealed that all of the cationic electron acceptors efficiently quenched the fluorescence of CPE with SV constants (KSV) in excess of 106 M−1. Picosecond transient absorption (TA) studies of a CPE/methyl viologen mixture revealed the absorption feature of the cation radical state (CPE˙+) of the polyelectrolyte. Kinetic measurements established that the forward electron transfer in the polyelectrolyte/acceptor mixtures occurs with rate constant kf > 1 × 1012 s−1 and the return ET occurs with kb = 3 × 1011 s−1. We also demonstrated that the electron transfer between a PPE-type polyelectrolyte and an acceptor in their assemblies could be modulated by a supramolecular approach, which revealed that the nature of the acceptor–supramolecule host–guest complexes dictates the kinetics of the electron transfer process.
Teaching STEM Entrepreneurship With Societal Significance: Building on the Small Business Innovation Research Program:

Undergraduate students are aware of problems with societal significance, but few have tacit knowledge on how to address them through entrepreneurship or how to research the multidisciplinary techni...