cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colocalization of Human Papillomavirus Type 11 E1^E4 and L1 Proteins in Human Foreskin Implants Grown in Athymic Mice

Abstract The most abundant viral mRNA species in tissues infected with HPV 11 consists of two exons, joining a short segment of open reading frame (ORF) E1 to ORF E4, potentially encoding an E1^E4 protein of 10 kDa. E4 gene products have previously been identified by immunohistochemistry in human tissues infected with HPV 1 and HPV 16, and in HPV 11-infected raft cultures. The E1^E4 mRNA is produced in abundance in HPV 11-infected human foreskin implants grown in athymic mice. In contrast, the L1 mRNA is present at low levels and appears late in the course of infection. To characterize the relationship of these proteins, polyclonal rabbit antisera were produced against bacterially expressed HPV 11 trpE/E1^E4 and trpE/L1 fusion proteins and tested in an immunohistochemical assay of paraffin-embedded sections of HPV 11-infected human foreskin tissue fixed with 10% buffered formalin phosphate or zinc formalin. In sections fixed with either fixative, the anti-L1 serum stained nuclei of cells in the upper spinous and granular layers. In contrast, the anti-E1^E4 serum stained the cell membrane and, to a lesser degree, the cytoplasm of cells in the upper spinous and granular layers of tissue fixed with zinc formalin, but not 10% buffered formalin phosphate. In sections treated with both the E1^E4 and L1 antisera, cell membrane staining occurred in the same cells that exhibited nuclear staining The HPV 11 E1^E4 protein appears to be a cell membrane-associated protein. Expression of the HPV 11 E1^E4 and L1 proteins may be influenced by similar factors in differentiating cells.
A posteriori error estimation and error control for finite element approximations of the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract We present an approach to estimate numerical errors in finite element approximations of the time-dependent Navier–Stokes equations along with a strategy to control these errors. The error estimators and the error control procedure are based on the residuals of the Navier–Stokes equations, which are shown to be comparable to error components in the velocity variable. The present methodology applies to the estimation of numerical errors due to the spatial discretization only. Its performance is demonstrated for two-dimensional channel flows past a cylinder in the periodic regime.
On the Travel Emissions of Sustainability Science Research

This paper presents data on carbon emissions generated by travel undertaken for a major sustainability science research effort. Previous research has estimated CO2 emissions generated by individual scientists, by entire academic institutions, or by international climate conferences. Here, we sought to investigate the size, distribution and factors affecting the carbon emissions of travel for sustainability research in particular. Reported airline and automobile travel of participants in Maine’s Sustainability Solutions Initiative were used to calculate the carbon dioxide emissions attributable to research-related travel over a three-year period. Carbon emissions varied substantially by researcher and by purpose of travel. Travel for the purpose of dissemination created the largest carbon footprint. This result suggests that alternative networking and dissemination models are needed to replace the high carbon costs of annual society meetings. This research adds to literature that questions whether the cultural demands of contemporary academic careers are compatible with climate stabilization. We argue that precise record keeping and routine analysis of travel data are necessary to track and reduce the climate impacts of sustainability research. We summarize the barriers to behavioral change at individual and organizational levels and conclude with suggestions for reducing climate impacts of travel undertaken for sustainability research.
Childhood sexual abuse moderates the relationship between obesity and mental health in low-income women

We examined whether a history of self-reported childhood sexual abuse (CSA) moderates the relationship between obesity and mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder) in an ethnically diverse sample of low-income women. A community sample of 186 women completed self-report measures and had their weight and height measured. Body mass index and CSA had an interactive effect on all mental health measures, such that obese women with a CSA history reported substantially higher levels of all symptoms. These results give greater specificity to the obesity–mental health link reported in previous studies and provide possible directions for targeted intervention.
Operation Scheduling: Algorithms and Applications

Operation scheduling (OS) is an important task in the high-level synthesis process. An inappropriate scheduling of the operations can fail to exploit the full potential of the system. In this chapter, we try to give a comprehensive coverage on the heuristic algorithms currently available for solving both timing and resource constrained scheduling problems. Besides providing a broad survey on this topic, we focus on some of the most popularly used algorithms, such as List Scheduling, Force-Directed Scheduling and Simulated Annealing, as well as the newly introduced approach based on the Ant Colony Optimization meta-heuristics. We discuss in details on their applicability and performance by comparing them on solution quality, performance stability, scalability, extensibility, and computation cost.Moreover, as an application of operation scheduling, we introduce a novel uniformed design space exploration method that exploits the duality of the time and resource constrained scheduling problems, which automatically constructs a high quality time/area tradeoff curve in a fast, effective manner.
Oxomanganese complexes for natural and artificial photosynthesis

The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II (PSII) is an oxomanganese complex that catalyzes water-splitting into O2, protons and electrons. Recent breakthroughs in X-ray crystallography have resolved the cuboidal OEC structure at 1.9 A resolution, stimulating significant interest in studies of structure/function relations. This article summarizes recent advances on studies of the OEC along with studies of synthetic oxomanganese complexes for artificial photosynthesis. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics hybrid methods have enabled modeling the S1 state of the OEC, including the ligation proposed by the most recent X-ray data where D170 is bridging Ca and the Mn center outside the CaMn3 core. Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations have explored the structural/functional roles of chloride, suggesting that it regulates the electrostatic interactions between D61 and K317 that might be critical for proton abstraction. Furthermore, structural studies of synthetic oxomanganese complexes, including the [H2O(terpy)MnIII(μ-O)2MnIV(terpy)OH2]3+ (1, terpy=2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) complex, provided valuable insights on the mechanistic influence of carboxylate moieties in close contact with the Mn catalyst during oxygen evolution. Covalent attachment of 1 to TiO2 has been achieved via direct deposition and by using organic chromophoric linkers. The (III,IV) oxidation state of 1 attached to TiO2 can be advanced to (IV,IV) by visible-light photoexcitation, leading to photoinduced interfacial electron transfer. These studies are particularly relevant to the development of artificial photosynthetic devices based on inexpensive materials.
Comparison of PET-CT and conventional imaging in staging pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma.

Background Over the past decade, PET–CT has been used to assess rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in children. However, the role of PET–CT in staging RMS is unknown. Procedure Thirty subjects with RMS, median age 7.3 years, underwent PET–CT before therapy. PET–CTs and conventional imaging (CI) were independently reviewed by two radiologists and two nuclear medicine physicians to determine the presence of metastases. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of PET–CT for detecting metastases were compared to CI using biopsy and clinical follow-up as reference standards. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of primary tumors, lymph nodes, and pulmonary nodules were measured. Results Primary tumors had an average SUVmax of 7.2 (range, 2.5–19.2). Accuracy rates for 17 subjects with nodal disease were 95% for PET–CT and 49% for CI. PET–CT had 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity for nodal disease. Of seven pulmonary nodules detected by CI, three were not identified by PET–CT, two were indeterminate, and one was malignant with a SUVmax (3.4) > twice that of benign nodules. Two subjects had bone disease; both were identified by PET–CT but only one by CI. Four subjects had bone marrow disease, two had positive PET–CTs but none had positive CI. Two subjects had soft tissue metastases detected by PET–CT but not CI. Conclusions PET–CT performed better than CI in identifying nodal, bone, bone marrow, and soft tissue disease in children with RMS. CI remains essential for detection of pulmonary nodules. We recommend PET–CT for staging of children with RMS. CI with Tc99m bone scan can be eliminated. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 1128–1134. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predictors of 30-day readmission following hysterectomy for benign and malignant indications at a tertiary care academic medical center

Background Hospital readmissions are costly, frequent, and increasingly under public scrutiny. With increased financial constraints on the medical environment, understanding the drivers of unscheduled readmissions following gynecologic surgery will become increasingly important to value-driven care. Objective The current study was conducted to identify risk factors for 30-day readmission following hysterectomy for benign and malignant indications. Study Design A retrospective cohort study was conducted from 2008 through 2010 of all nongravid hysterectomies at a single tertiary care academic medical center. Clinical, perioperative, and physician characteristics were collected. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of 30-day readmission, stratified by malignant and benign indications for hysterectomy. Results Among 1649 women who underwent a hysterectomy (1009 for benign indications and 640 for malignancy), 6% were subsequently readmitted within 30 days (8.9% for malignancy vs 4.2% for benign; P P = .004). The most common reasons for readmission were gastrointestinal (38%) and infectious (34%) etiologies, and 11.6% of readmitted patients experienced a perioperative complication. Among women undergoing hysterectomy for benign indications, a history of a laparotomy, including cesarean delivery (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–4.25; P = .03), as well as a perioperative complication (AOR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.00–6.04; P = .05) were both associated with a >2-fold increased odds of readmission. Among women undergoing hysterectomy for malignancy, an American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification of III or IV (AOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.05–3.50; P = .03), a longer length of initial hospitalization (3 days AOR, 7.83; 95% CI, 1.33–45.99; P = .02), and an estimated blood loss >500 mL (AOR, 3.29; 95% CI, 1.28–8.45; P = .01) were associated with a higher odds of readmission; however, women who underwent a laparoscopic hysterectomy (AOR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.12–0.86; P = .02) and who were discharged on postoperative day 1 (AOR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03–0.82; P = .02) were at a decreased risk of readmission. Physician and operative characteristics were not significant predictors of readmission. Conclusion This study found that malignancy, perioperative complications, and prior open abdominal surgery, including cesarean delivery, are significant risk factors for consequent 30-day readmission following index hysterectomy. It may be possible to identify patients at highest risk for readmission at the time of hysterectomy, which can assist in developing interventions to reduce such events.
Seasonal Patterns of Intraguild Predation and Size Variation among Larval Salamanders in Ephemeral Ponds

Abstract Predation among potential competitors, or intraguild predation (IGP), is dependent on size disparities between competing predators and prey and strongly influences the ecology of larval amphibians in ephemeral ponds. Although intraguild prey are hypothesized to exhibit faster growth rates than intraguild predators and, therefore, outgrow predation risk through time, intraguild predation also is associated with significant increases in predator growth rates that are hypothesized to increase the potential for future predation. Given these conflicting hypotheses, how predation among amphibian larvae early in development should influence size disparities and ontogenetic shifts in predation risk is unclear. To clarify the effects of intraguild predation on predator and prey growth, we quantified size variation among larval salamanders (Ambystomatidae) in forested ephemeral ponds while concurrently monitoring seasonal patterns of intraguild predation through gut content analyses. Intraguild predation h...
Nanoparticle-enhanced x-ray therapy for cancer

Photothermal therapies of nanophotohyperthermia and nanophotothermolysis utilize the light absorptive properties of nanoparticles to create heat and free radicals in a small localized region. Conjugating nanoparticles with various biomolecules allows for targeted delivery to specific tissues or even specific cells, cancerous cells being of particular interest. Previous studies have investigated nanoparticles at visible and infrared wavelengths where surface plasmon resonance leads to unique absorption characteristics. However, issues such as poor penetration depth of the visible light through biological tissues limits the effectiveness of delivery by noninvasive means. In other news, various nanoparticles have been investigated as contrast agents for traditional X-ray procedures, utilizing the strong absorption characteristics of the nanoparticles to enhance contrast of the detected X-ray image. Using X-rays to power photothermal therapies has three main advantages over visiblespectra wavelengths: the high penetration depth of X-rays through biological media makes noninvasive treatments very feasible; the high energy of individual photons means nanoparticles can be heated to desired temperatures with lower beam intensities, or activated to produce the free radicals; and X-ray sources are already common throughout the medical industry, making future implementation on existing equipment possible. This paper uses Lorenz-Mie theory to investigate the light absorption properties of various size gold nanoparticles over photon energies in the 1-100 keV range. These absorption values are then plugged into a thermal model to determine the temperatures reached by the nanoparticles for X-ray exposures of differing time and intensity. The results of these simulations are discussed in relation to the effective implementation of nanophotohyperthermia and nanophotothermolysis treatments.
Evaluation of (14C)aminopyrine clearance for determination of gastric mucosal blood flow.

ConclusionThis study has demonstrated high correlation between the radiometric and spectrophotometric determinations of gastric mucosal aminopyrine clearance. The radiometric method is technically easier, allows a larger number of samples to be determined and is safer to the subject. The clearance of small amounts of [14C]aminopyrine was unaffected by large doses of unlabeled aminopyrine showing that mucosal extraction is not concentration limited. Small amounts of [14C]aminopyrine may provide an excellent tool for examining the role of mucosal blood flow in the pathogenesis of gastric disease in man.
Reticular Telangiectatic Erythema After Total Knee Replacement Surgery: A Report of Two Cases.

In 1981, Gensch and Schmitt described a case of reticular telangiectatic erythema (RTE) associated with a cardiac pacemaker device1. RTE is clinically characterized by an asymptomatic or mildly pruritic cutaneous eruption that presents as a blanching redness in a netlike or blotchy pattern on or near the site of an implant. The occurrence of RTE in association with nonorthopaedic devices such as cardiac pacemakers has previously been reported, mostly in the dermatology literature2-16. In these reports, the appearance of RTE often occurred after the implantation of the devices, with a time frame ranging from fifteen days to four years. We report two cases of RTE that were associated with orthopaedic implants. RTE of the knee after joint replacement surgery is a benign skin reaction that can be mistaken for cellulitis, infection associated with the prosthesis, tinea corporis (ringworm), or allergic contact dermatitis to the metallic or nonmetallic components of the medical prosthesis. The patients were informed that data concerning their cases would be submitted for publication, and they both provided consent. Case 1. A sixty-six-year-old man presented with a red rash on the inferolateral aspect of the left knee near a surgical scar. He had previously undergone a total left knee arthroplasty with the P.F.C Sigma Revision Knee System (DePuy Orthopaedic, Warsaw, Indiana) for severe degenerative osteoarthritis changes with varus knee deformity. Six months after the knee surgery, what appeared to be a red skin rash was observed adjacent to the surgical scar. The involved area was mostly asymptomatic other than being “more red” after a warm shower. The patient reported that he has had a “metal allergy all of my life.” Physical examination demonstrated …
A Theoretical Approach to Ensuring Instructional and Curricular Coherence in the Flipped Classroom Model of a Differential Equations Course

Over the past two decades, the flipped classroom model has gained traction in post-secondary educational settings. However preliminary studies indicate that students perceive a disconnect between out-of-class components and in-class components (Bowers and Zazkis 2012) which may be amplified by the flipped classroom model. The purpose of this paper was to present students’ perceptions of instructional and curricular coherence in a flipped version of a Differential Equations course for 80 undergraduate engineering students. The course was designed to address cognitive obstacles (Herscovics 1989) and to reduce the perceived disconnect between in-class and out-of-class activities. Students’ perceptions of the course suggested that our model for flipped classroom design did circumvent many of the instructional problems reported in prior studies of flipped classrooms.
Disruptions of network connectivity predict impairment in multiple behavioral domains after stroke

Deficits following stroke are classically attributed to focal damage, but recent evidence suggests a key role of distributed brain network disruption. We measured resting functional connectivity (FC), lesion topography, and behavior in multiple domains (attention, visual memory, verbal memory, language, motor, and visual) in a cohort of 132 stroke patients, and used machine-learning models to predict neurological impairment in individual subjects. We found that visual memory and verbal memory were better predicted by FC, whereas visual and motor impairments were better predicted by lesion topography. Attention and language deficits were well predicted by both. Next, we identified a general pattern of physiological network dysfunction consisting of decrease of interhemispheric integration and intrahemispheric segregation, which strongly related to behavioral impairment in multiple domains. Network-specific patterns of dysfunction predicted specific behavioral deficits, and loss of interhemispheric communication across a set of regions was associated with impairment across multiple behavioral domains. These results link key organizational features of brain networks to brain–behavior relationships in stroke.
How the comforting process works: Alleviating emotional distress through conversationally induced reappraisals

Publisher Summary For everyday hurts and hassles, the informal communicative assistance one receives from the network of personal relationships can be effective at helping one overcome various forms of distress. This chapter discusses the features of more and less effective comforting messages; reviews the appraisal theories of emotion focusing particularly on how affective distress is conceptualized by appraisal theories; and then presents a reformulation of the comforting process from the perspective of appraisal theory, specifying how supportive conversations can assist distressed persons in coping with their emotions. Analyses of emotional distress, the comforting process, and, especially, psychological effects of comforting efforts can be developed most productively in the context of appraisal theories of emotion. Associated with each particular emotion is a core relational theme, a specific appraisal pattern, and a distinct action tendency. The chapter also describes how a variety of conversational behaviors and message strategies can help accomplish critical functions in constituting and conducting effective supportive interactions.
Breast Thermography as an Adjunct to Clinical Evaluation of the Breasts

It is estimated that 44% of breast carcinomas and 20% of breast carcinoma deaths occur in women less than 50 years old.1 Earlier diagnosis of breast carcinomas is rewarded by improved survival rates and by wider choice of therapy.2
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Including Microinvasive Carcinoma, Tubular Carcinoma, and Cribriform Carcinoma

Invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (IDC, NOS), also referred to as invasive breast carcinoma, no special type, (IBC, NST), is the most common invasive carcinoma. It is a diagnosis of exclusion conferred when the tumor cannot be classified as a specific type of breast carcinoma. Consistent with the no special type classification, IDC shows marked heterogeneity in morphology, grade, hormone receptor (HR) and HER2 expression, and prognosis. Invasive tubular and cribriform carcinomas are special types of IBC that are low-grade, invariably HR positive and HER2 negative, and have an excellent prognosis. Microinvasive carcinoma, defined as invasion 1 mm or less in greatest dimension, is usually found in association with carcinoma in situ and shows an overall prognosis similar to ductal carcinoma in situ. Although gene-expression profiling has segregated tumors into different subtypes, classification based on morphologic features is invaluable for some of these special types of breast carcinomas as it determines prognosis and guides treatment options.
School Sponsored Extracurricular Activities and Math Achievement among Hispanic Students

Differences in math achievement between Hispanic eighth grade students who participated in school sponsored extracurricular activities and Hispanic eighth grade students who did not participate in school sponsored extracurricular activities at an inner-city campus in the State of Texas were examined for the 2008-2009 academic year. The Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) Math exam served as the measure of student achievement. Hispanic eighth grade students who were involved in extracurricular activities had statistically significantly higher scores as well as higher passing percentages than did Hispanic eighth grade students who were not involved in extracurricular activities on the TAKS Math exam. Implications are presented and recommendations for future research are made.
Advanced analysis techniques for cross-product coverage

Coverage analysis is used to monitor the quality of the verification process. Reports provided by coverage tools help users identify areas in the design that have not been adequately tested. Because of their sheer size, the analysis of large coverage models can be an intimidating and time-consuming task. This paper presents two new techniques for coverage analysis. The first technique, coverage query, allows users that concentrate on a single uncovered event to find larger phenomena (e.g., hole) that contains this event. The second technique, quasi-hole analysis, automatically identifies large areas in the coverage space that are lightly covered. The proposed techniques provide additional means for extracting relevant, useful information, thereby improving the quality of the coverage analysis. A number of examples are provided showing how the proposed method improved the verification of actual designs.
Modeling of the growth of GaAs–AlGaAs core–shell nanowires

Heterostructured GaAs-AlGaAs core-shell nanowires with have attracted much attention because of their significant advantages and great potential for creating high performance nanophotonics and nanoelectronics. The spontaneous formation of Al-rich stripes along certain crystallographic directions and quantum dots near the apexes of the shell are observed in AlGaAs shells. Controlling the formation of these core-shell heterostructures remains challenging. A two-dimensional model valid on the wire cross section, that accounts for capillarity in the faceted surface limit and deposition has been developed for the evolution of the shell morphology and concentration in Al x Ga1-x As alloys. The model includes a completely faceted shell-vapor interface. The objective is to understand the mechanisms of the formation of the radial heterostructures (Al-rich stripes and Al-poor quantum dots) in the nanowire shell. There are two issues that need to be understood. One is the mechanism responsible for the morphological evolution of the shells. Analysis and simulation results suggest that deposition introduces facets not present on the equilibrium Wulff shapes. A balance between diffusion and deposition yields the small facets with sizes varying slowly over time, which yield stripe structures, whereas deposition-dominated growth can lead to quantum-dot structures observed in experiments. There is no self-limiting facet size in this case. The other issue is the mechanism responsible for the segregation of Al atoms in the shells. It is found that the mobility difference of the atoms on the {112} and {110} facets together determine the non-uniform concentration of the atoms in the shell. In particular, even though the mobility of Al on {110} facets is smaller than that of Ga, Al-rich stripes are predicted to form along the {112} facets when the difference of the mobilities of Al and Ga atoms is sufficiently large on {112} facets. As the size of the shell increases, deposition becomes more important. The Al-poor dots are obtained at the apices of {112} facets, if the attachment rate of Al atoms is smaller there.
Enhancing the Electrooptic Effect Using Modulation Instability

The high-frequency increase in modulator half-wave voltage contradicts the reduction in voltage swing of electronics. We show a solution whereby modulation side-bands are amplified, at the expense of the carrier, using controlled modulation instability.
Death of an Ex-Spouse: Lessons in Family Communication about Disenfranchised Grief

The death of a loved one is an emotional-laden experience, and while grief and mourning rituals are less formal today in many communities, there remain some social norms for individuals to process loss. The death of an ex-family member, such as a former spouse, is more complicated and expectations for how to respond are fraught with uncertainty. While grief has been studied and is primarily understood as an individual cognitive process, scholars in sociology and communication are considering the ways in which grief and mourning are social and take place in dialogue with others. This manuscript explores Kenneth Doka’s concept of disenfranchised grief, which is “grief that is experienced when loss cannot be openly acknowledged, socially sanctioned, or publicly mourned” through the author’s experience of the death of her ex-husband. The narrative will recount how the author learned about her ex-husband’s death (via text message), and will challenge definitions of family and family communication about death and grief, particularly the communication strategies used to cope with this unique type of loss.
Gestational Inhalation of Indoor Air Pollution Alters Neonatal Reflex Development and Fetal Hematology

Although most studies have traditionally focused on the health effects of outdoor air, it is now apparent that elevated air pollution of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are common in indoor air. Carbon monoxide has numerous sources in the home and the office (Caceres et al. 1983; Cox and Wichelow 1985; Nagda and Koontz 1985; Samet et al. 1987; Sterling et al. 1981). Offices may be contaminated by outdoor CO because of building design problems (Wallace 1983). Furthermore, indoor CO levels in buildings are usually related to nearby outdoor CO levels (Yocom 1982); they increase more slowly than outdoor levels, but once built up, they remain higher for longer periods (Yocom 1982).
Process window discovery from mask inspection for hotspot analysis and verification

A new technology transforms mask inspection images through focus into 3D lithography images in resist. This enables early detection and ranking of hotspots, and distinguishes mask-induced and process-induced hotspots. The results can be used in several ways including: 1) feed back to OPC teams to improve process window; 2) feed forward to the litho team for scanner adjustment; and, 3) feed forward to wafer inspection in the form of care areas to reduce time to result for wafer-based process window discovery.
Structural holes and bridging in two-mode networks

Abstract Social networks are often structured in such a way that there are gaps, or “structural holes,” between regions. Some actors are in the position to bridge or span these gaps, giving rise to individual advantages relating to brokerage, gatekeeping, access to non-redundant contacts, and control over network flows. The most widely used measures of a given actor’s bridging potential gauge the extent to which that actor is directly connected to others who are otherwise not well connected to each other. Unfortunately, the measures that have been developed to identify structural holes cannot be adapted directly to two-mode networks, like individual-to-organization networks. In two-mode networks, direct contacts cannot be directly connected to each other by definition, making the calculation of redundancy, effective size, and constraint impossible with conventional one-mode methods. We therefore describe a new framework for the measurement of bridging in two-mode networks that hinges on the mathematical concept of the intersection of sets. An actor in a given node class (“ego”) has bridging potential to the extent that s/he is connected to actors in the opposite node class that have unique profiles of connections to actors in ego’s own node class. We review the relevant literature pertaining to structural holes in two-mode networks, and we compare our primary bridging measure (effective size) to measures of bridging that result when using one-mode projections of two-mode data. We demonstrate the results of applying our approach to empirical data on the organizational affiliations of elites in a large U.S. city.
Solute Transport in Heterogeneous Field Soils

The purpose of this paper is to briefly review current approaches to quantifying (modeling) solute transport in the unsaturated (vadose) zone of field soils. Much progress has been attained in the analytical and numerical description of vadose zone transfer processes. A variety of mathematical models are now available to describe and predict water flow and solute transport between the land surface and the groundwater table. The most popular models remain the classical Richards’ equations for unsaturated flow and the Fickian-based convection-dispersion equation for solute transport. While deterministic solutions of these equations remain useful tools in both fundamental and applied research, their practical utility for predicting actual field-scale water and solute distributions is increasingly being questioned. Problems caused by preferential flow through soil macro-pores, spatial and temporal variability in the soil hydraulic properties, various nonequilibrium processes affecting chemical transport, and a lack of progress in improving our field measurement technology, have contributed to some disillusionment with the classical models. A number of alternative deterministic and stochastic approaches have been proposed to better deal with field-scale heterogeneities. These models have greatly increased our quantitative understanding of field-scale flow and transport processes, and in some cases also resulted in better practical tools for management purposes.
Educational Gerontology: The State Of The Art.

Educational gerontology is a field of study and practice that has recently developed at the interface of adult education and social gerontology. The parameters of the field are defined as including...
Ultrastructure of fiber cells and multilamellar inclusions in experimental diabetes.

Purpose. The goal of this ultrastructural study was to examine fiber cell shape and intercellular junctions during the early stages of fiber cell breakdown and edema in diabetic rabbit lenses. Methods. Lens abnormalities were recorded with a slit lamp. Between 6-10 mo after drug treatment, diabetic lenses and untreated control lenses were freshly enucleated and sectioned with a vibrating knife microtome. The thick tissue sections were chemically fixed and processed for thin-section electron microscopy
Conormal Regularity after Nonlinear Interaction

When more than a pair of characteristic hypersurfaces carrying conormal singularities for a solution to a nonlinear problem intersect transversally in a lower dimensional manifold, new singularities can form, even for a second order equation. An example exhibiting this phenomenon was constructed in Rauch-Reed [60], with singularities as indicated in Figure 4.1. The solution u to a semilinear wave equation □u = f(t,x,y,u) in two space dimensions is conormal in the past with respect to a triple of characteristic hyperplanes which intersect transversally at the origin. A new singularity is present at later times on the surface of the light cone over the origin. The nature of this singularity will be analyzed in detail below. Its presence is not surprising: any definition of conormal space for this geometry would include functions with wavefront sets over the origin having (τ, ξ,η) projections which include three linearly independent directions. An algebra of such functions would include u for which WF(u)⊃ {(0,0,0, τ, ξ,η): (τ, ξ,η) ≠ 0}. Hormander’s Theorem would then allow for the propagation of such singularities onto the surface of the forward light cone. These are the only such singularities which arise, and they are also conormal, as shall also be established.
DNS of a Gravity Current Propagating over a Free-Slip Boundary

The frontal structure of gravity currents depends on the nature of the boundary condition applied to the surface along which the current propagates. Experiments and numerical calculations have focused on the no-slip case, such as when heavy fluid spreads underneath a lighter fluid over a solid surface. Soon after the commencement of the flow, a three-dimensional instability develops (lobe-and-cleft instability, see, e.g. [3]) along the foot of the front. This instability, which appears as lobes protruding from the frontal region and racing each other, is due to the unstable stratification that develops as the foremost point of the gravity current (the nose) is lifted up from the no-slip boundary. Under the lifted nose lighter fluid remains trapped and becomes convectively unstable.
An Examination of Vietnam and Space

Abstract Vietnam is slowly expanding its presence in space and to better understand where Vietnam is going in the future, a thorough examination that incorporates several factors must be completed. This article examines Vietnam's history in space, its space strategy, the organizational structure of its space program, how Vietnam is expanding its presence in space, and how Vietnam plans to use space for national security purposes. The article also reviews Vietnam's cooperation with other space nations where they are substantially benefiting from programs aimed at advancing the capabilities of emerging space nations. The article ends with potential areas that Vietnam and the United States can cooperate to advance both states capabilities in space while at the same time limiting Chinese influence in Vietnam.
Identification of a SiCL1 gene controlling leaf curling and capsule indehiscence in sesame via cross-population association mapping and genomic variants screening

Leaf shape can affect plantlet development and seed yield in sesame. The morphological, histological and genetic analyses of a sesame mutant cl1 (cl) with curly leaf and indehiscent capsule traits were performed in this study. In order to clone the cl1 gene for breeding selection, genome re-sequencing of the 130 individuals of cl1 × USA (0)-26 F2 population and a bulked segregation analysis (BSA) pool was carried out. The genome re-sequencing data of the 822 germplasm with normal leaf shape were applied. For cl1 mutant, the adaxial/abaxial character of the parenchyma cells in the leaf blades is reduced. Results proved that the leaf curling trait is controlled by a recessive gene (Sicl1). Cross- population association of the F2 population of cl1 × USA (0)-26 indicated that the target cl locus was located on the interval C29 between C29_6522236 and C29_6918901 of SiChr. 1. Further regional genome variants screening determined the 6 candidate variants using genomic variants data of 822 natural germplasm and a BSA pool data. Of which, 5 markers C29_6717525, C29_6721553, C29_6721558, C29_6721563, and C29_6721565 existed in the same gene (C29.460). With the aid of the validation in the test F2 population of cl1 × Yuzhi 11 and natural germplasm, the integrated marker SiCLInDel1 (C29: 6721553–6721572) was determined as the target marker, and C29.460 was the target gene SiCL1 in sesame. SiCL1 is a KAN1 homolog with the full length of 6835 bp. In cl1, the 20 nucleic acids (CAGGTAGCTATGTATATGCA) of SiCLInDel1 marker were mutagenized into 6 nucleic acids (TCTTTG). The deletion led to a frameshift mutation and resulted in the earlier translation termination of the CL gene. The Sicl1 allele was shortened to 1829 bp. SiCL1 gene was expressed mainly in the tissues of stem, leaf, bud, capsule and seed. SiCL1 encodes a transcription repressor KAN1 protein and controls leaf curling and capsule indehiscence in sesame. The findings provided an example of high-efficient gene cloning in sesame. The SiCL1 gene and the cl1 mutant supply the opportunity to explore the development regulation of leaf and capsule, and would improve the new variety breeding with high harvest mechanization adaption in sesame.
Jumping to the Head of the Invisible Line: Queuing and Waiting in Electronic Ticket Systems:

Research on queuing and waiting has demonstrated how these practices exemplify tacit norms of social organization and how the dynamics of deference embedded in waiting (re)produce the status of the...
Parallel Methods for Finding $k$ k -Mismatch Shortest Unique Substrings Using GPU

$k$ k -mismatch shortest unique substring (SUS) queries have been proposed and studied very recently due to its useful applications in the subfield of computational biology. The $k$ k -mismatch SUS query over one given position of a string asks for a shortest substring that covers the given position and does not have a duplicate (within a Hamming distance of $k$ k ) elsewhere in the string. The challenge in SUS query is to collectively find the SUS for every position of a massively long string in a both time- and space-efficient manner. All known efforts and results have been focused on improving and optimizing the time and space efficiency of SUS computation in the sequential CPU model. In this work, we propose the first parallel approach for $k$ k -mismatch SUS queries, particularly leveraging on the massive multi-threading architecture of the graphic processing unit (GPU) technology. Experimental study performed on a mid-end GPU using real-world biological data shows that our proposal is consistently faster than the fastest CPU solution by a factor of at least 6 for exact SUS queries ( $k=0$ k = 0 ) and at least 23 for approximate SUS queries over DNA sequences ( $k>0$ k > 0 ), while maintaining nearly the same peak memory usage as the most memory-efficient sequential CPU proposal. Our work provides practitioners a faster tool for SUS finding on massively long strings, and indeed provides the first practical tool for approximate SUS computation, because the any-case quadratical time cost of the state-of-the-art sequential CPU method for approximate SUS queries does not scale well even to modestly long strings.
Pleural fluid glucose testing using a finger stick glucometer: a novel bedside test.

Background Pleural fluid glucose (PFG) has diagnostic and therapeutic implications for the management of pleural effusion. The literature examining point-of-care testing of PFG is limited, and no studies exist for the bedside measurement of PFG using a glucometer (B-PFG). In this study, we compared the accuracy of B-PFG measurement to standard in-lab measurement (Lab-PFG). Methods Patients undergoing thoracentesis or thoracostomy were enrolled. PFG was measured at the bedside with a finger stick blood glucometer (ACCU-CHEK® Inform II, Roche) and in the laboratory. Two consecutive measurements were taken using the glucometer, and their mean was compared to the glucose concentration measured in the laboratory. Pearson correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman Plot analysis were used to compare the two measurements. Results Sixty patients were included. Mean age was 64.1 years. Forty-nine patients had exudative effusions (41% malignant, 26% parapneumonic, and 33% others). There was a significant correlation between the B-PFG and the Lab-PFG (r=0.98, 95% CI of 0.97 to 0.99; P<0.0001). There was good agreement between the B-PFG and the Lab-PFG with a mean difference of 14.8 mg/dL [95% limit of agreement (LOA) of -2.2 to 31.8 mg/dL]. This agreement was even better at glucose values less than 80 mg/dL. Conclusions PFG measured at the bedside with a glucometer closely correlates with the laboratory measurement. Further studies are needed prior to incorporating this test in clinical practice.
A CASE ILLUSTRATION OF “SPONTANEOUS” THERAPY PREEMPTING PLANNED THERAPY*†

It has long been known that “spontaneous” therapeutic events complicate studies of specific methods of therapy. A case is reported in which plans for therapeutic change were dramatically superseded by unscheduled events that brought about the required change in a way parallel to that which had been planned.
Topology Learning of Linear Dynamical Systems with Latent Nodes using Matrix Decomposition

In this article, we present a novel approach to reconstruct the topology of networked linear dynamical systems with latent nodes. The network is allowed to have directed loops and bi-directed edges. The main approach relies on the unique decomposition of the inverse of power spectral density matrix (IPSDM) obtained from observed nodes as a sum of sparse and low-rank matrices. We provide conditions and methods for decomposing the IPSDM of the observed nodes into sparse and low-rank components. The sparse component yields the moral graph associated with the observed nodes, and the low-rank component retrieves parents, children and spouses (the Markov Blanket) of the hidden nodes. The article provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the unique decomposition of a given skew symmetric matrix into sum of a sparse skew symmetric and a low-rank skew symmetric matrices. It is shown that for a large class of systems, the unique decomposition of imaginary part of the IPSDM of observed nodes, a skew symmetric matrix, into the sparse and the low-rank components is sufficient to identify the moral graph of the observed nodes as well as the Markov Blanket of latent nodes. For a large class of systems, all spurious links in the moral graph formed by the observed nodes can be identified. Assuming conditions on hidden nodes required for identifiability, links between the hidden and observed nodes can be reconstructed, resulting in the retrieval of the exact topology of the network from the availability of IPSDM. Moreover, for finite number of data samples, we provide concentration bounds on the entry-wise distance between the true IPSDM and the estimated IPSDM.
Teachers’ responses to harmful sexual behaviour in primary school – findings from a digital survey among primary school teachers

Existing research points to a gap in knowledge regarding what teachers in primary schools know about harmful sexual behaviour, and about how they react and deal with this behaviour in the school se...
Prediction of Large-for-Gestational-Age Neonates by Different Growth Standards.

OBJECTIVE Compare the accuracy of the Hadlock, the NICHD, and the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) charts to detect large-for-gestational-age (LGA) and adverse neonatal outcomes (as a secondary outcome). METHODS This is a secondary analysis from a prospective study that included singleton non-anomalous gestations with growth ultrasound at 26-36 weeks. LGA was suspected with estimated fetal weight > 90th percentile by the NICHD, FMF, and Hadlock charts. LGA was diagnosed with birth weight > 90th percentile. We tested the performance of these charts to detect LGA and adverse neonatal outcomes (neonatal intensive care unit admission, Ph < 7.1, Apgar <7 at 5 minutes, seizures, and neonatal death) by calculating the area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. RESULTS Of 1054 pregnancies, 123 neonates (12%) developed LGA. LGA was suspected in 58 (5.5%) by Hadlock, 229 (21.7%) by NICHD standard, and 231 (22%) by FMF chart. The NICHD standard (AUC: .79; 95% CI: .75-.83 vs. AUC .64; 95%CI: .6-.68; p = < .001) and FMF chart (AUC: .81 95% CI: .77-.85 vs. AUC .64; 95%CI: .6-.68; p = < .001) were more accurate than Hadlock. The FMF and NICHD had higher sensitivity (77.2 vs. 72.4 vs. 30.1%) but Hadlock had higher specificity for LGA (97.5 vs. 88.5 vs. 85.4%). All standards were poor predictors for adverse neonatal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The NICHD and the FMF standards may increase the detection rate of LGA in comparison to the Hadlock chart. However, this may increase obstetrical interventions.
Premature Years of Life Lost Due to Cancer in the United States in 2017.

Background: Burden of cancer mortality is often measured by death counts or mortality rates, but potential years of life lost (PYLL) and PYLL per death may be more useful to estimate the impact of cancer-related deaths occurring at younger ages. Methods: We used U.S. national death certificate data. A total of 45 categories of common cancers were grouped for cancer-specific calculations of PYLL and PYLL per death. PYLL was defined as the sum of the total years of life lost prior to age 75 years. Results: The largest number of PYLL in 2017 was due to deaths from cancers of the lung/bronchus (891,313; 20.8%), colon/rectum (409,538; 9.6%), and breast (400,643; 9.4%). Cancers with the highest PYLLs generally also caused the largest number of deaths and had the highest mortality rates, with the exception of prostate cancer (5.1% of deaths, 2.0% of PYLL). In contrast, PYLLs per death were greatest for deaths due to cancers of testis (mean = 34.0 years), bones/joints (26.4), and other endocrine sites including thymus (25.2). Conclusions: Although PYLLs generally reflect mortality rates, they more heavily weigh cancers that occur at younger ages. In contrast, PYLL per death, which is an average quantification of life years lost for individual patients with cancer, shows a different pattern. Impact: Mortality rates, PYLL, and PYLL per death are complementary measures of the burden of deaths due to cancer that should be considered in tandem to prioritize public health interventions focused on preventing premature mortality.