cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genotypic and Phenotypic Evaluation of Off-Type Grasses in Hybrid Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] Putting Greens using Genotyping-by-Sequencing and Morphological Characterization

Interspecific hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] is one of the most widely used grasses on golf courses, with cultivars derived from ‘Tifgreen’ or ‘Tifdwarf’ particularly used for putting greens. Many bermudagrass cultivars established for putting greens can be genetically unstable and lead to the occurrence of undesirable off-type grasses that vary in phenotype. The objective of this research was to genetically and phenotypically differentiate off-type grasses and hybrid cultivars. Beginning in 2013, off-type and desirable hybrid bermudagrass samples were collected from golf course putting greens in the southeastern United States and genetically and phenotypically characterized using genotyping-by-sequencing and morphology. Genotyping-by-sequencing determined that 11% (5) of off-type and desirable samples from putting greens were genetically divergent from standard cultivars such as Champion, MiniVerde, Tifdwarf, TifEagle, and Tifgreen. In addition, genotyping-by-sequencing was unable to genetically distinguish all standard cultivars from one another due to their similar origin and clonal propagation; however, over 90,000 potentially informative nucleotide variants were identified among the triploid hybrid cultivars. Although few genetic differences were found in this research, samples harvested from golf course putting greens had variable morphology and were clustered into three distinct phenotypic groups. The majority of off-type grasses in hybrid bermudagrass putting greens were genetically similar with variable morphological traits. Off-type grasses within golf course putting greens have the potential to compromise putting surface functionality and aesthetics.
Chapter 5 – Anti-Gal B Cells Are Tolerized by α-Gal Epitopes in the Absence of T Cell Help

The immune response to large (complex) carbohydrate antigens such as the α-gal epitope differs from the immune response to protein antigens in that these carbohydrate antigens are not capable of activating T cells. Therefore, activation of both naive and memory anti-Gal B cells requires Th cell help from T cells that are activated by immunogenic peptide antigens (e.g., xeno-peptides). However, in vivo exposure of naive and memory anti-Gal B cells to α-gal epitopes without T cell help for prolonged periods (2–4 weeks) results in the deletion of these B cells and induction of immune tolerance to the α-gal epitope. Thus, administration into GT-KO mice of syngeneic WT bone marrow cells, WT lymphocytes, or WT heart grafts, all presenting multiple α-gal epitopes, results within 2–4 weeks in tolerance induction to this epitope. The tolerized mice do not produce anti-Gal even after several immunizations with PKM homogenates. Anti-Gal B cells exposed in vivo to α-gal epitopes for a period of ~7 days prior to T cell activation, are induced to produce noncytolytic accommodating anti-Gal antibodies that bind to α-gal epitopes on endothelial cells of WT syngeneic heart but do not reject the graft. The tolerance induction also can be achieved by autologous cells engineered to present α-gal epitopes. Transduction of GT-KO mouse lymphocytes with replication defective adenovirus containing the α1,3GT gene (AdαGT) results in presentation of α-gal epitopes on these lymphocytes. Administration of AdαGT transduced GT-KO lymphocytes into GT-KO mice tolerizes both naive and memory anti-Gal B cells. It is suggested that this method may be applicable for tolerance induction to blood group antigens in patients receiving ABO incompatible allografts. Such tolerance induction may be performed with autologous mononuclear cells transduced by replication-defective adenovirus containing the gene of the glycosyltransferase synthesizing the corresponding incompatible blood group antigen. In such a hypothetical protocol, the transduced mononuclear cells may be administered several times to the patient only after effective removal of the antibody to the incompatible blood group antigen and under T cell suppression.
Electron Spin Resonance Investigations on Perovskite Solar Cell Materials Deposited on Glass Substrate

In this article, we report low-temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) investigations carried out on solution processed three-layer inverted solar cell structures: PC61BM/CH3NH3PbI3/PEDOT:PSS/Glass, where PC61BM and PEDOT:PSS act as electron and hole transport layers, respectively. ESR measurements were conducted on ex-situ light (1 Sun) illuminated samples. We find two distinct ESR spectra. First ESR spectra resembles a typical powder pattern, associated with gx = gy = 4.2; gz = 9.2, found to be originated from Fe3+ extrinsic impurity located in the glass substrate. Second ESR spectra contains a broad (peak-to-peak line width ~ 10 G) and intense ESR signal appearing at g = 2.008; and a weak, partly overlapped, but much narrower (peak-to-peak line width ~ 4 G) ESR signal at g = 2.0022. Both sets of ESR spectra degrade in intensity upon light illumination. The latter two signals were found to stem from light-induced silicon dangling bonds and oxygen vacancies, respectively. Our controlled measurements confirm that these centers were generated during UV-ozone treatment of the glass substrate –a necessary step to be performed before PEDOT:PSS is spin coated. This work forms a significant step in understanding the light-induced- as well as extrinsic defects in perovskite solar cell materials.
Diamond family of colloidal supercrystals as phononic metamaterials

Colloidal crystals provide a versatile platform for designing phononic metamaterials with exciting applications for sound and heat management. New advances in the synthesis and self-assembly of anisotropic building blocks such as colloidal clusters have expanded the library of available micro- and nano-scale ordered multicomponent structures. Diamond-like supercrystals formed by such clusters and spherical particles are notable examples that include a rich family of crystal symmetries such as diamond, double diamond, zinc-blende, and MgCu2. This work investigates the design of phononic supercrystals by predicting and analyzing phonon transport properties. In addition to size variation and structural diversity, these supercrystals encapsulate different sub-lattice types within one structure. Computational models are used to calculate the effect of various parameters on the phononic spectrum of diamond-like supercrystals. The results show that structures with relatively small or large filling factors (f > 0.65 or f f > 0.45). The double diamond and zinc-blende structures render the largest bandgap size compared to the other supercrystals studied in this paper. Additionally, this article discusses the effect of incorporating various configurations of sub-lattices by selecting different material compositions for the building blocks. The results suggest that, for the same structure, there exist multiple phononic variants with drastically different band structures. This study provides a valuable insight for evaluating novel colloidal supercrystals for phononic applications and guides the future experimental work for the synthesis of colloidal structures with desired phononic behavior.Colloidal crystals provide a versatile platform for designing phononic metamaterials with exciting applications for sound and heat management. New advances in the synthesis and self-assembly of anisotropic building blocks such as colloidal clusters have expanded the library of available micro- and nano-scale ordered multicomponent structures. Diamond-like supercrystals formed by such clusters and spherical particles are notable examples that include a rich family of crystal symmetries such as diamond, double diamond, zinc-blende, and MgCu2. This work investigates the design of phononic supercrystals by predicting and analyzing phonon transport properties. In addition to size variation and structural diversity, these supercrystals encapsulate different sub-lattice types within one structure. Computational models are used to calculate the effect of various parameters on the phononic spectrum of diamond-like supercrystals. The results show that structures with relatively small or large filling factors (f > 0...
Rehabilitation in haemophilic children with inhibitors using recombinant activated factor VII

INTRODUCTION. During invasive and orthopaedic procedure of the joints, physical therapy is a necessary modality for successful recovery, especially in patients with haemophilia. These patients require concurrent substitution therapy. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) has been successfully used in treating haemophilia with inhibitor, especially during preoperative preparation. Nevertheless, optimal substitution therapy during perioperative physical therapy has been poorly defined. CASE OUTLINE. In our paper, we review the literature and the course of perioperative rehabilitation after synovectomy in a 16-year-old haemophilic patient with high-titre inhibitor, treated with rFVIIa. Rehabilitation was started on day 3 after surgery, with rFVIIa substitution lasting ten days and followed by intermittent dosages during episodes of pain. After concluding physical treatment, a significantly better function of the operated joint was recorded, which led to the recovery of walking without orthopaedic aid. CONCLUSION. Patients with inhibitors require individualized approach of a multidisciplinary team in order to achieve optimal results in elective orthopaedic procedures.
The Webster County Blues: An Exploration of the Educational Attitudes of a Poor Appalachian Community.

I conducted a survey in order to determine whether or not the cultural values shared by parents from a poor mountain town in West Virginia discourage high school students from pursuing a college education. The results suggest that the persistence of poverty in rural Webster County can be attributed to the region’s traditional set of cultural values, which discourage the importance of higher education.
Virtual reality calibration and preview/predictive displays for telerobotics

A virtual reality VR calibration technique of matching a virtual environment of simulated three-dimensional 3-D graphic models with actual camera views of the remote site task environment has been developed. This VR calibration enables high-fidelity preview/predictive displays with calibrated graphics overlay on live video. Reliable and accurate calibration is achieved by operator-interactive camera calibration and object localization procedures based on new linear/nonlinear least-squares algorithms that can handle multiple-camera views. Since the object pose becomes known through the VR calibration, the operator can now effectively use the semiautomatic computer-generated trajectory mode in addition to the manual teleoperation mode. The developed VR calibration technique and the resultant high fidelity preview/predictive displays were successfully utilized in a recent JPL/NASA-GSFC Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Goddard Space Flight Center telerobotic servicing demonstration. Preview/predictive displays were very useful for both noncontact and contact tasks, providing an effective VR interface with immediate visual prediction/verification to the operator. The positioning alignment accuracy achieved using four-camera views in inserting a tool into the ORU hole was 0.51 cm on the average with a 1.07 cm maximum error at 95% confidence level. Results also indicate that the object localization with two well-chosen, e.g., near orthogonal camera views, could be nearly as accurate as that with four-camera views.
In Search of Controlled Evidence for Health Care Quality Improvement

The purpose of this study was to measure the efficiency of simple searches in retrieving controlled evidence about specific primary health care quality improvement interventions and their effects. Searches were conducted to retrieve evidence on seven interventions and seven effect variables. Specific words and the closest Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) recommended by professional librarians were used to search the MEDLINE database. Searches were restricted to the MeSH publication type “randomized controlled trial.” Two reviewers independently judged retrieved citations for relevancy to the selected interventions and effects. In selecting MeSH terms, the average agreement among librarians was 64.3% (±26.1) for interventions and 57.1% (±19.9) for effects. Analysis of the 755 retrieved reports showed that MeSH term searches had an overall recall rate of 58% while the same rate for textword searches was significantly lower (11%, p < .001). The difference in overall precision rates was nonsignificant (26% versus 33%, p e .15). In the group of MeSH searches, overall precision and recall was significantly lower for effects than for interventions (12% versus 52%, p < .001 and 41% versus 69%, p < .001). Two textwords appeared in more than 25% of the benchmark collection: reminder (25.7%) and cost (25.0%). The results of this study indicate that information needs for health care quality improvement cannot be met by simple literature searches. Certain MeSH terms and combinations of textwords yield moderately efficient recall and precision in literature searches for health care quality improvement. Clinicians and physician executives gaining direct access to bibliographic database could probably be better served by structured indexing of critical aspects of randomized controlled clinical trials: design, sample, interventions, and effects.
Spilogale putorius (Spotted skunk)

One of the largest autosomal pairs bears a deep secondary constriction in the middle. Identification of the sex elements is not difficult.
Physiologic widening of the medial clear space: What's normal?

Abstract Background Literature has validated the use of stress radiographs for evaluation of ankle stability. However, to our knowledge no study has reported the amount of physiological widening that occurs with manual external rotation stress test in uninjured ankles. The purpose of this study was to assess the amount of medial clear space widening that occurs with a manual external rotation stress test in uninjured ankles. Methods A cohort of adult patients undergoing operative fixation of unstable ankle fractures were prospectively enrolled to have their contralateral ankle undergo manual external rotation stress examination. Fluoroscopic images of the unaffected ankle were performed in the OR. A non-stressed mortise view and manual external rotation stress view were obtained with a standardized marker to correct for magnification differences. The images were de-identified, presented in a randomized order and reviewers who were blinded. Each reviewer measured the medial clear space. Results Thirty fluoroscopic images on fifteen patients were obtained. The mean medial clear space on the non-stressed mortise view was 3.1 mm (SD-0.69; Range 1.9 to 4.2, 95% CI [2.75, 3.45]) versus a mean of 3.2 mm (SD-0.71; Range 2.0 to 4.7, 95% CI [2.94, 3.66]) in the stressed mortise view group. Inter-rater reliability was excellent between all observers for medial clear space (ICC-0.88; CI [0.78, 0.94]). Conclusions Our results support the previous literature and allow us to advocate for ankle fractures with >5 mm medial clear space after external rotational stress to be considered unstable. Additionally, ankles with a medial clear space between 4 and 5 mm, instability should be considered only if lateral shift is > 2 mm on stress examination. Our data shows that no physiologically healthy ankles widened beyond these established cut-offs before or after the manual external rotation stress.
G300(P) Global health partnerships: role of nursing collaborations in education and quality improvement

We describe a model of collaborative nurse-led initiatives to drive education and quality improvement in a global health partnership between a tertiary children’s hospital in UK and a children’s hospital in Malawi. A key aim of the partnership is to sustainably improve local health systems by strengthening education and training and enabling leadership in all disciplines. Nurses from UK and from Malawi worked as partners in designing and implementing a series of joint initiatives including Simulation training, Paediatric assessment courses and Infection control. Simulation training was jointly designed by the nurses and specifically addressed the traditional inter-disciplinary boundaries and vertical hierarchy which exists between medical and nursing professions in Malawi. The simulation scenarios empowered the nurses in acquiring communication skills to constructively challenge medical colleagues, contribute to clinical decision making and advocate for patients in the multi-professional team. Paediatric assessment courses have previously been undertaken by Malawian nurses. They are now trained to be trainers to deliver the course which is attended by UK colleagues too. Feedback from the UK and Malawi nurses indicated that the leadership, time-management and organisational skills they acquired through this trainer-trainee venture served as incentives to both groups to advance their personal leadership journey. Infection control quality initiatives included joint exploration of culturally acceptable and implementable infection control practices, sourcing locally available antiseptics and nomination of an infection control nurse champion who led the team in educating patients and professionals on hand washing and evaluating the outcomes. The project implementation and working together enabled a collective educational experience with better understanding of global health issues. Our experience indicates that an explicit focus on nursing collaboration in delivering education and quality improvement projects plays an integral role in aligning key colleagues and drives ownership and self-determinism in global health partnerships.
Bootstrap Multigrid for the Laplace-Beltrami Eigenvalue Problem

This paper introduces bootstrap two-grid and multigrid finite element approximations to the Laplace-Beltrami (surface Laplacian) eigen-problem on a closed surface. The proposed multigrid method is suitable for recovering eigenvalues having large multiplicity, computing interior eigenvalues, and approximating the shifted indefinite eigen-problem. Convergence analysis is carried out for a simplified two-grid algorithm and numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the basic components and ideas behind the overall bootstrap multigrid approach.
8 – Discriminant Analysis

Publisher Summary Discriminant analysis is a powerful descriptive and classificatory technique to describe characteristics that are specific to distinct groups and classify cases into pre-existing groups based on similarities between that case and the other cases belonging to the groups. The mathematical objective of discriminant analysis is to weight and linearly combine information from a set of p-dependent variables in a manner that forces the k groups to be as distinct as possible. This chapter provides a thorough and complete discussion of what investigators need to know and do to use discriminant analysis properly. It begins with a layout of the specific steps and procedures necessary to conduct a descriptive discriminant analysis. This is followed by a more detailed discussion of each step. Information about how to properly interpret the results of a descriptive discriminant analysis is provided, followed by a discussion of predictive discriminant analysis. Finally, it describes reporting requirements for publishing results of either a descriptive or predictive discriminant analysis.
Understanding the Munchies.

In this issue of Neuron, Thoeni et al. (2020) demonstrate that both food restriction and a high-fat diet cause an endocannabinoid-dependent inhibition of D1 medium spiny neuron terminals in the lateral hypothalamus that promotes overeating.
Abdominal Pain, Vomiting, and Hematuria in an 8-year-old Boy.

1. Brina V. Bui* 2. Raymond Parlar-Chun, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas John P and Katherine G McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX An 8-year-old African American boy presents with a 1-day history of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria. He experienced diffuse abdominal pain and vomited 10 to 15 times. He presents to the emergency department after he noticed his urine was tinged with blood. He denies trauma, fever, dysuria, a history of urinary tract infections (UTIs), a history of kidney stones, and recent upper respiratory tract infections. His medical history and family history are negative except for “kidney problems on father’s side.” His physical examination shows hypertension (blood pressure of 142/87 mm Hg), but otherwise the vital signs are within normal limits. The patient is in moderate distress with 9/10 abdominal tenderness in all 4 quadrants and bilateral flank pain. There is no evidence of edema. Initial laboratory tests show abnormal findings on urinalysis, with a white blood cell (WBC) count of 6 to 10 per high-power field, red blood cell count greater than 100 per high-power field, protein level greater than 0.3 g/dL (30 g/L), glucose level of 100 mg/dL (5.55 mmol/L), positive leukocyte esterase, positive nitrites, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of 31 mg/dL (11.07 mmol/L), and creatinine level of 1.45 mg/dL (128.2 µmol/L). The other values in the complete blood cell count and basic metabolic panel (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, and calcium) are otherwise normal. An abdominal radiograph does not show evidence of intestinal obstruction, and retroperitoneal ultrasonography shows bilateral mild hydronephrosis without evidence of stones. Given the patient’s acute abdomen and persistent vomiting, he is admitted to the surgical service for further evaluation. Despite a normal saline bolus and maintenance intravenous fluids, the patient becomes anuric since his initial presentation to the emergency department. Two straight catheter attempts are unsuccessful and do not produce any urine. The repeated laboratory tests show worsening of the BUN level …
A Technology-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer (Fit2ThriveMB): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Increased incidence and life expectancy have resulted in a growing population of patients with metastatic breast cancer, and these patients experience high rates of morbidity and premature mortality. Increased physical activity (PA) is consistently associated with improved health and disease outcomes among early-stage survivors. However, there is a paucity of research on PA in patients with metastatic breast cancer, and existing PA interventions have exhibited low feasibility because of their focus on intense PA and/or requirement of on-site visits. Mobile health (mHealth)–based PA interventions may be particularly useful for patients with metastatic breast cancer because they allow for remote monitoring, which facilitates individual tailoring of PA recommendations to patients’ abilities and may minimize participant burden. However, no studies have examined mHealth PA interventions in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Objective: We aim to address these critical research gaps by testing a highly tailored technology-based intervention to promote PA of any intensity (ie, light, moderate, or vigorous) by increasing daily steps in patients with metastatic breast cancer. The primary aim of this study is to test the feasibility and acceptability of the Fit2ThriveMB intervention. We will also examine outcome patterns suggesting the efficacy of Fit2ThriveMB on symptom burden, quality of life, and functional performance. Methods: The Fit2ThriveMB trial is a two-arm pilot randomized controlled trial that will compare the effects of a smartphone-delivered, home-based PA intervention and an attention-control education condition on PA and quality of life in low-active female patients with metastatic breast cancer. A subsample (n=25) will also complete functional performance measures. This innovative trial will recruit 50 participants who will be randomized into the study’s intervention or control arm. The intervention will last 12 weeks. The Fit2ThriveMB intervention consists of a Fitbit, coaching calls, and the Fit2ThriveMB smartphone app that provides self-monitoring, a tailored goal-setting tool, real-time tailored feedback, app notifications, and a group message board. Assessments will occur at baseline and post intervention. Results: The Fit2ThriveMB study is ongoing. Data collection ended in February 2021. Conclusions: Data from this study will provide the preliminary effect sizes needed to assemble an intervention that is to be evaluated in a fully powered trial. In addition, these data will provide essential evidence to support the feasibility and acceptability of using a technology-based PA promotion intervention, a scalable strategy that could be easily integrated into care, among patients with metastatic breast cancer. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04129346; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04129346
The Rate of Intrapartum Cesarean Delivery Based on Estimated Fetal Weight in Comparison to Previous Child's Birth Weight.

Objective: To examine whether an estimated fetal weight of the current pregnancy greater than previous birth weight is associated with increased odds of intrapartum cesarean delivery. Study design: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all women who had more than one singleton pregnancy at 23 weeks’ gestation or greater at a single Labor and Delivery unit. We only analyzed the second pregnancy in the dataset. We excluded women who had preterm birth in the second pregnancy. Women were categorized according to the difference between estimated fetal weight and previous birth weight - estimated fetal weight close to previous birth weight within 500 grams (Similar Weight Group); estimated fetal weight significantly (more than 500 grams) greater than previous birth weight (Larger Weight Group); and estimated fetal weight significantly (more than 500 grams) lower than previous birth weight (Smaller Weight Group). The primary outcome was intrapartum cesarean delivery. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) after adjusting for predefined covariates. Results: Of 1,887 women, there were 1,415 (75%) in the Similar Weight Group, 384 (20%) in the Greater Weight Group, and 88 (5%) in the Smaller Weight Group. Individuals in the Larger Weight Group compared to those in the Similar Weight Group had higher odds of undergoing intrapartum cesarean delivery (11.2% vs. 4.5%; aOR 2.91; 95%CI 1.91-4.45). The odds of intrapartum cesarean delivery in the Smaller Weight Group compared to those in the Similar Weight Group were not increased (3.4% vs. 4.5%; crude OR 0.75; 95%CI 0.23-2.42). Conclusion: The difference between current estimated fetal weight and previous birth weight plays an important role in assessing the risk of intrapartum cesarean delivery.
Personalizing over-the-counter hearing aids using pairwise comparisons

Abstract Over-the-counter hearing aids enable more affordable and accessible hearing health care by shifting the burden of configuring the device from trained audiologists to end-users. A critical challenge is to provide users with an easy-to-use method for personalizing the many parameters which control sound amplification based on their preferences. This paper presents a novel approach to fitting hearing aids that provides a higher degree of personalization than existing methods by using user feedback more efficiently. Our approach divides the fitting problem into two parts. First, we discretize an initial 24-dimensional space of possible configurations into a small number of presets. Presets are constructed to ensure that they can meet the hearing needs of a large fraction of Americans with mild-to-moderate hearing loss. Then, an online agent learns the best preset by asking a sequence of pairwise comparisons. This learning problem is an instance of the multi-armed bandit problem. We performed a 35-user study to understand the factors that affect user preferences and evaluate the efficacy of multi-armed bandit algorithms. Most notably, we identified a new relationship between a user’s preference and presets: a user’s preference can be represented as one or more preference points in the initial configuration space with stronger preferences expressed for nearby presets (as measured by the Euclidean distance). Based on this observation, we have developed a Two-Phase Personalizing algorithm that significantly reduces the number of comparisons required to identify a user’s preferred preset. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm can find the best configuration with a median of 25 comparisons, reducing by half the comparisons required by the best baseline. These results indicate that it is feasible to configure over-the-counter hearing aids using a small number of pairwise comparisons without the help of professionals.
Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis: Income Distribution and Labor Relations

The multinational enterprise's relationship to wages and income distribution raises questions at two levels of analysis. In general equilibrium, the MNE reallocates capital between nations. That transfer can alter the income distribution within the source and host countries. In the individual industry (partial-equilibrium analysis), the MNE can affect the labor-management bargain. We shall take up these two levels of analysis in turn; the concluding section will suggest some propositions about the relationship between them. Income Distribution in General Equilibrium In the early 1970s, U.S. labor unions campaigned strenuously to restrict foreign investment by U.S. corporations, in the name of saving American jobs. Nearly two decades later Glickman and Woodward (1989) argued that, while U.S. investment abroad destroys American jobs, foreign MNEs' investments in the United States do not create very many. Similar issues arise periodically in other countries, as in Japan's concern in the 1980s that foreign investment was “hollowing out” its manufacturing sector. Economic analysis does not accept the popular view that foreign investment permanently changes the level of unemployment, but it does affirm that short-run changes in unemployment and permanent changes in real wages can result. Exactly what changes are predicted depends sensitively on assumptions about the nature of direct investment and the structure of the economy. We start with the long-run effects on income distribution and wages and then treat employment effects as their short-run counterparts. Theoretical Models International-trade theory offers several models that relate international factor movements to the distribution of income.
Inside Information and the Exercise of Employee Stock Options: New Evidence

Owners of employee stock options can convert future stock appreciation from ordinary income to long-term capital gains if they exercise their options and subsequently hold the acquired shares for one year and one day. This provides an incentive for the early exercise of employee stock options if the owner is sufficiently optimistic about future stock performance. We examine the period 1997-2000 for Form 4 filings in which officers and directors exercised employee stock options more than one year before expiration and then held a majority of the acquired shares. We find statistically significant positive abnormal returns in the months subsequent to the option exercise suggesting that favorable private information guided the timing of the exercise.
The Effectiveness of Integrating Humor into Imagery Techniques during Psychotherapy: Outcome Assessment

This paper reports on the development of a new psychotherapeutic method, the Humorous Imagery Situation. It is a method resulting from integrating the directed daydream technique with the psychologically beneficial effects of humor appreciation. Humor has been repeatedly reported as effective in reducing conflicts and creating adaptive coping skills, but the systematic utilization of humor in the therapeutic setting has been limited. Developed by the author, the Humorous Imagery Situation technique focuses on two processes during therapy: the patient’s ability to develop humorous outcomes to imagery situations and the infusing of incongruity into imagery situations by the therapist. Results with the Humorous Imagery Situation technique have demonstrated its usefulness with a number of anxiety reactions and life crises. Images developed during Humorous Imagery Situations appear to form a three stage phenomenon. These stages can be defined in terms of the humor content generated in the imagery situations. The therapeutic and diagnostic properties of the images are discussed.
Metal marking of dinnerware glaze: Correlation with friction and surface roughness

Although metal marking behavior of dinnerware glaze has been a persistent problem in the industry, a clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains elusive. Metal marks are defined as dark lines, often accompanied by damage in the glaze, caused by the deposition of metal during the use of metal utensils. It has been reported that certain types of glazes metal mark to a greater degree than other glazes. In this study, the mechanism of metal marking generation is proposed based on microstructural observations and friction measurements of matte, gloss, and zircon-opacified gloss glazes. Zircon crystallization was also evaluated to verify the effects of crystallization on the glaze properties including surface roughness and friction against metal. Severe metal marking was found in the zircon-opacified glaze; no glaze damage was observed in the matte and gloss glazes. Zircon increases the glaze's coefficient of friction, by the presence of protruding micron-sized zircon particles, resulting in crack formation on the glaze surface and allowing metal particles to be imbedded.
Kinetics of Ligand-binding and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions of Cytochrome c from Horse Heart and Candida krusei

Abstract Reactions of cytochromes c from horse heart and Candida krusei (a yeast) were studied at 25° under pseudo-first order conditions by a flow technique. The rate law for the reduction of C. krusei by Cr(II) (pH 6.0, µ = 1.0 m) in chloride is kobs = a[Cr(II)]/(l + b[Cr(II)]), where a and b are 1.0 x 104 m-1 s-1 and 167 ± 38 m-1, respectively. The binding of imidazole (Im) to C. krusei conforms to the rate law kobs = kr + kf[Im] (kr = 1.65 ± 0.15 s-1, kf = 16.4 ± 0.3 m-1 s-1 at 695 nm, pH 7.1, µ = 1.00 m) which is consistent with the reaction C. krusei + Im (kf)/rlarr2;/(k↑) C. krusei-Im. Under the same conditions the equilibrium constant for formation of the C. krusei-imidazole complex determined from absorbance changes is 11.0 ± 0.6 m-1 which, within experimental error, is identical with the ratio kf/kr = 9.9 ± 0.9 m-1. For reduction of ferricytochrome c by pentaamminebenzimidazoleruthenium(II) (Ru(II)) and oxidation of ferrocytochrome c by ferricyanide (Fe(III)), the rate laws are of the form kobs = k[X], which is consistent with the simple process, cyt + X (k)/→ products. For C. krusei and horse heart, respectively, the rate constants (k) measured are as follows: X = Ru(II), k = (1.0 ± 0.3) x 106 m-1 s-1, 4.7 x 1O5 m-1 s-1 (pH 6.1, µ = 1.00 m); X = Fe(III), k = (2.1 ± 0.2) x 107 m-1 s-1, 1.2 x 107 m-1 s-1 (pH 7.2, µ = 0.10 m). The rate law found for the reduction of cyanoferricytochrome c by dithionite (pH 6.4, µ = 1.00 m) is kobs = k'[S2O42-]1/2, where k' = 9.2 m-1/2 s-1 (C. krusei) and 25.9 m-1/2 s-1 (horse heart). This rate law is consistent with a rate-determining reduction by SO2- formed in a rapidly established preequilibrium dissociation of S2O42- into SO2- radicals. The immediate products of the dithionite reduction of the cyanoderivatives are the cyanoferrocytochromes c. Their conversion to the native ferrocytochromes c, monitored by conventional techniques, was found to be a first order process (pH 6.4, µ = 1.0 m) with rate constants 6.8 x 10-3 s-1 (C. krusei) and 5.0 x 10-3 s-1 (horse heart). As might have been predicted from their structural similarities, the cytochromes from the two species exhibit no major reactivity differences.
Performance analysis of deflection routing in the Manhattan Street network

The deflection routing strategy is similar to the 'hot-potato' technique and has been proposed for high-speed networks. An analytic model has been developed to study the performance of unbuffered and buffered deflection routing in regular networks, like the Manhattan Street network. This model is extremely accurate, as can be seen from the comparison with simulation results. The results show that the Manhattan Street network performs well under a heavy load; the introduction of a few buffers improves the throughput and delay in the network to a great extent. >
Renal and intestinal absorptive defects in mice lacking the NHE3 Na + /H + exchanger

NHE3 is one of five plasma membrane Na+/H+ exchangers and is encoded by the mouse gene Slc9a3. It is expressed on apical membranes of renal proximal tubule and intestinal epithelial cells and is thought to play a major role in NaCl and HCO3- absorption. As the distribution of NHE3 overlaps with that of the NHE2 isoform in kidney and intestine, the function and relative importance of NHE3 in vivo is unclear. To analyse its physiological functions, we generated mice lacking NHE3 function. Homozygous mutant (Slc9a3-/-) mice survive, but they have slight diarrhoea and blood analysis revealed that they are mildly acidotic. HCO3- and fluid absorption are sharply reduced in proximal convoluted tubules, blood pressure is reduced and there is a severe absorptive defect in the intestine. Thus, compensatory mechanisms must limit gross perturbations of electrolyte and acid-base balance. Plasma aldosterone is increased in NHE3-deficient mice, and expression of both renin and the AE1 (Slc4a1) Cl-/HCO3- exchanger mRNAs are induced in kidney. In the colon, epithelial Na+ channel activity is increased and colonic H+,K+-ATPase mRNA is massively induced. These data show that NHE3 is the major absorptive Na+/H+ exchanger in kidney and intestine, and that lack of the exchanger impairs acid-base balance and Na+-fluid volume homeostasis.
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor is a Critical Regulator of Tissue Factor Stability and an Antithrombotic Target in Uremia

Patients with CKD suffer high rates of thrombosis, particularly after endovascular interventions, yet few options are available to improve management and reduce thrombotic risk. We recently demonstrated that indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a potent CKD-specific prothrombotic metabolite that induces tissue factor (TF) in vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs), although the precise mechanism and treatment implications remain unclear. Because IS is an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), we first examined the relationship between IS levels and AHR-inducing activity in sera of patients with ESRD. IS levels correlated significantly with both vSMC AHR activity and TF activity. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that IS activates the AHR pathway in primary human aortic vSMCs, and further, that AHR interacts directly with and stabilizes functional TF. Antagonists directly targeting AHR enhanced TF ubiquitination and degradation and suppressed thrombosis in a postinterventional model of CKD and endovascular injury. Furthermore, AHR antagonists inhibited TF in a manner dependent on circulating IS levels. In conclusion, we demonstrated that IS regulates TF stability through AHR signaling and uncovered AHR as an antithrombotic target and AHR antagonists as a novel class of antithrombotics. Together, IS and AHR have potential as uremia-specific biomarkers and targets that may be leveraged as a promising theranostic platform to better manage the elevated thrombosis rates in patients with CKD.
STUDENTS WHO CHOOSE AND THE SCHOOLS THEY LEAVE: Examining Participation in Intradistrict Transfers

Data from one urban school district is analyzed to examine equity-based arguments about school choice as they pertain to intradistrict transfer policies. We specifically examine which factors influence the propensity for parents to participate in choice, and how choice schools differ from the schools that students are zoned to attend. We find that advantaged and disadvantaged parents make similar choices in that they are both likely to choose more affluent schools with better academic records than the schools they are zoned to attend. However, these choices operate in different spheres, as advantaged parents choose the most affluent schools with the best academic records, and disadvantaged parents choose away from the least affluent schools with the worst academic records to schools that are slightly better.
Jewish Americans and the Holocaust

When my father first arrived in the United States in 1946 after surviving Auschwitz and other concentration camps, no one, not even Jewish relatives, was particularly interested in hearing about his ordeal. People would say things like, “We suffered too. Did you know that we couldn't get sugar [during the war] and that gasoline was rationed?” So my father and other survivors like him stopped talking about their experiences.
Contested Codes: The Social Construction of Napster

Abstract In the 5 years since its inception, some interpretations of the software program known as Napster have been inscribed into laws, business plans, and purchasing decisions while others have been pushed to the fringes. This article examines how and why certain assumptions about Napster have gained greater currency while others have not. Our analytical approach involves an examination of discourse about Napster in several arenas—legal, economic, social, and cultural—and is informed by a conceptualization of Napster as an ongoing encounter between, rather than the accomplishment of, inventor(s), institution(s), and interest(s). While we recognize the value of empirical examinations of Napster's impact on firms and markets, as well as the proscriptive advice which it supports, we opt here for providing a contextualized understanding of the technology that complements rather than substitutes for empirical analyses of it.
The transition of the mentally retarded from school to work: The implications of structural unemployment☆

Abstract The recent federal policy initiative placing a national priority on the transition of individuals with disabilities from school to working life has focused a great deal of attention on issues of employment of the disabled. However, most of the discussion and activities have concentrated on the supply side of the equation: training for employment, job design, and the social and economic value of work. Relatively little attention has been paid to the question of demand for workers with disabilities or the nature of the labor market they face. This paper examines the question of employment for one group of disabled, those with mental retardation. We analyze the factors influencing the ability of the economy to absorb these new workers and make a series of recommendations for policy research needed to facilitate the success of the transition policy.
Increased level of prolactin gene sequences in bromodeoxyuridine treated GH cells.

Abstract The 5-bromodeoxyuridine-resistant (BrdUrdr) derivative (F1BGH12C1) of prolactin nonproducing (PRL-) rat pituitary tumor cell-subclone GH12C1, synthesize prolactin (PRL) in the presence of the drug. Analysis of nuclear RNA isolated from BrdUrd treated F1BHG12C1 cells demonstrated several high molecular weight RNA PRL sequences, similar to those observed in the nuclear RNA fraction of PRL producing (PRL+) GH3 cells. No such RNAPRL sequences could be detected in nuclear RNA fraction of untreated F1 BGH12C1 cells. PRL sequences in the genome of GH3 (PRL+), GH12C1 (PRL-) and F1BGH12C1 (PRL-, BrdUrdr) GH cells could be identified by blot analysis in 4.8-5.2kb fragment of restriction endonuclease, Hind III digested DNA. Both PRL+ and PRL- cells seem to have approximately the same level of PRL gene sequences in total cell DNA. However Hind III digested DNA of BrdUrd treated F1BGH12C cells revealed the presence of significantly higher levels of PRL gene sequences, in comparison, to that observed in total DNA of untreated cells. The increased level of PRL gene sequences was dependent on the period of drug treatment and a parallel increase in the cytoplasmic RNAPRL sequences was also observed.
Dynamics of the Translational Machinery

The recent growth in single molecule studies of translation has provided an insight into the molecular mechanism of ribosomal function. Single molecule fluorescence approaches allowed direct observation of the structural rearrangements occurring during translation and revealed dynamic motions of the ribosome and its ligands. These studies demonstrated how ligand binding affects dynamics of the ribosome, and the role of the conformational sampling in large-scale rearrangements intrinsic to translation elongation. The application of time-resolved cryo-electron microscopy revealed new conformational intermediates during back-translocation providing an insight into ribosomal dynamics from an alternative perspective. Recent developments permitted examination of conformational and compositional dynamics of the ribosome in real-time through multiple cycles of elongation at the single molecule level. The zero-mode waveguide approach allowed direct observation of the compositional dynamics of tRNA occupancy on the elongating ribosome. The emergence of single molecule in vivo techniques provided insights into the mechanism and regulation of translation at the organismal level.
Teachers' attunement to students' peer group affiliations as a source of improved student experiences of the school social–affective context following the middle school transition

Abstract A randomized control trial examined the impact of a professional development program on rural teachers' attunement to student social dynamics, and the influence of teacher attunement on students' school experiences. In intervention schools serving Latino and White rural early adolescents, teachers (N = 14) received training on social dynamics and aspects of early adolescent adjustment; control school teachers (N = 12) received no training. Social cognitive mapping procedures assessed and compared students' and teachers' perceptions of peer groups; structured observations assessed teachers' management of social dynamics. Students (N = 225) self-reported their perceptions of the school social–affective context. Intervention and control schools differed on teacher attunement and management of the social environment. Students whose teachers were more attuned to peer group affiliations evidenced improved views of the school social environment. Findings are discussed in terms of attunement as an element of teachers' invisible hand, and for teachers' role in promoting productive contexts for students during the middle school transition.
Self-consciousness, role discrepancy, and depressive affect

Abstract Two studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that depressive affect is a joint function of private self-consciousness and the extent to which an individual's self-concept is discrepant from the requirements of a significant role. In the first study, the role of college student was empirically defined using a technique developed by Burke and Tully (1977). As predicted, the discrepancy between this role definition and subjects' self-ratings was a more significant predictor of depressive affect among high than low private self-conscious individuals. In the second study, measurements were taken at two time periods that were spaced six weeks apart. In a replication of the results of Study 1, the discrepancy between the role definition and subjects' self-ratings was a more significant predictor of depressive affect at Time 1 among high than low self-conscious individuals. In addition, discrepancy at Time 1 was a significant predictor of depression at Time 2 among high but not low self-conscious in...