cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is CPP therapy beneficial for all patients with high ICP

Induced blood pressure elevation has become a popular treatment for intracranial hypertension. However, there remains a concern that in some patients blood pressure elevation will further elevate ICP. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing MAP decreases ICP. A total of 47 studies were performed on 23 intubated patients with head injury. MAP and Sjv02 were continuously monitored. MAP was raised significantly by 13.8 (5.9) mmHg (t-test; p < 0.0001) using phenylephrine infusion. The percent change ICP per mmHg increase in MAP (%ΔICP/mm Hg MAP) was calculated. Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical evaluation. Increasing MAP resulted in a decrease in ICP in 38.3% and in an increase in ICP in 61.7% out of 47 studies. The following characteristics were seen in patients in whom a decrease in ICP was associated with an increase in MAP: High GCS (r = -0.61; p = 0.004) and low Sjv02 ((2 = 4.89; p = 0.027). In patients with lower GCS and high Sjv02 an increase in MAP resulted in an increase in ICP. We concluded that in the majority of studies increasing MAP was followed by an increase in ICP. CPP therapy has a selective indication in patients with high GCS, low Sjv02 and increased ICP.
Scintigraphic analysis of cell adhesion in oxygenators and internal organs

We studied dynamic platelet and neutrophil adhesion on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit surfaces and in internal organs by quantitative dual-isotope gamma scintigraphy. Microporous polypropylene oxygenators were allocated to four groups: uncoated (I) and siloxane/caprolactone coated (SMA) (II) Cobe Duo oxygenators (n = 8); or uncoated (III) and Carmeda heparin treated (IV) Medtronic Maxima oxygenators (n = 4). Pigs were subjected to 90min of normothermic CPB. During CPB, 4%–25% of the platelet and neutrophil populations deposited on oxygenator surfaces, in correlation with circulating cell numbers. Platelet deposits increased during the first 20–30 min of CPB in all groups; deposits stabilized, then declined slightly after 60min (I, III, IV). Deposits dropped sharply after 20min (II). Neutrophil deposits increased continuously (I, II) or stabilized (III), or were significantly reduced (IV). Post CPB, increased sequestered cell populations were observed in liver and lung, in correlation with decreased deposits of cells on circuit surfaces. Carmeda heparin treatment reduced neutrophil adhesion, but not platelet adhesion. SMA treatment reduced platelet adhesion, but not neutrophil adhesion.
Power Boxes: New Representation for Analyzing DC Circuits.

Power Boxes are a new representation to provide students with a conceptual resource to analyze direct current (DC) circuits and to build conceptual understanding of energy and power use in circuits. Power Boxes are designed to provide an intermediate, conceptual step between drawing a circuit diagram and solving calculations. In this paper, we describe Power Boxes, provide illustrative examples of how they can be used to analyze series and parallel DC circuits, and discuss the limitations of the representation.
Electronic and Geometric Structure, Optical Properties, and Excited State Behavior in Atomically Precise Thiolate-Stabilized Noble Metal Nanoclusters.

ConspectusLigand-protected noble metal nanoclusters are of interest for their potential applications in areas such as bioimaging, catalysis, photocatalysis, and solar energy harvesting. These nanoclusters can be prepared with atomic precision, which means that their stoichiometries can be ascertained; the properties of these nanoclusters can vary significantly depending on the exact stoichiometry and geometric structure of the system. This leads to important questions such as: What are the general principles that underlie the physical properties of these nanoclusters? Do these principles hold for all systems? What properties can be “tuned” by varying the size and composition of the system?In this Account, we describe research that has been performed to analyze the electronic structure, linear optical absorption, and excited state dynamics of thiolate-stabilized noble metal nanoclusters. We focus primarily on two systems, Au25(SR)18– and Au38(SR)24, as models for understanding the principles underlying the...
RESTING HEART RATE AND OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH HEMODYNAMICALLY SIGNIFICANT AORTIC REGURGITATION

Patients with significant aortic regurgitation (AR) tolerate bradycardia less well. 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline suggests to avoid medications that slow heart rate. However a lower resting heart rate (RHR) is associated with better outcomes in patients with heart failure. We studied the
Improved structural preservation and immunolocalization of the microtubule cytoskeleton in plant and animal cells by freeze substitution/fixation

Immunofluorescence localization is widely used to determine the distribution and organization of the microtubule (Mt) cytoskeleton in cells, with most protocols using conventional chemical fixation (CCF). However, concerns associated with CCF are slow rate of fixation, alteration of cell morphology, and redistribution of target antigens. Freeze substitution/fixation (FSF) is a method commonly used in electron microscopy to overcome these problems, but has not been exploited at the light microscopic level. Thus, techniques using FSF were investigated in three divergent cell types (tobacco suspension cultures, Tradescantia pollen tubes, and mouse myeloma cultures) and evaluations were made of cell morphology and immunofluorescence localization of the Mt cytoskeleton. Tobacco cells prepared by FSF exhibited an extensive network of Mts with consistent and strong labeling, while CCF preparations had disorganized and fuzzy Mts. Pollen prepared with FSF retained cytoplasmic details, and had continuous longitudinal arrays of cortical Mts. In contrast, CCF induced structural abnormalities in pollen characterized by swollen and ruptured tube tips with sinuous, nonuniformly labeled Mts. Likewise, in myeloma cells, Mt labeling was more uniform and stronger with less background with FSF versus CCF. CCF also caused myelomas to shrink. Advantages of FSF over CCF are that rapid freezing attains an instantaneous cessation of metabolism with better preservation of cellular structures, and enhanced and more consistent Mt labeling. The absence of numerous amendments used in CCF (e.g., buffers and osmotic reagents) may avoid interaction with target antigens. FSF preparations should be useful in critical immunofluorescence localizations of other antigens, especially those sensitive to CCF manipulations.
Afferent Activity in the Sinus Nerve of the Rabbit after Regeneration

Experiments observing respiratory reflexes or afferent activity in the regenerated sinus nerve when isolated from glomus cells (Kienecker, Knoche and Bingmann, 1978y: Mitchell, Sinha and McDonald, 1972: Smith and Mills, 1979: Verna, Roumy and Leitner, 1975: Zapata, Stensaas and Eyzaguirre, 1976), have failed to agree on the presence or absence of chemosensory activity in the free nerve endings. The first two groups of authors found chemosensory activity in the regenerated sinus nerve and suggested that the nerve endings themselves were chemosensitive and did not need to synapse with type I cells. This does not provide conclusive evidence that the nerve endings are the chemosensors since it is possible that chemosensitive fibres developed synaptic connections with miniglomera which exist along the common carotid artery (Matsuura, 1973).
P80 Mixed Methods Evaluation of Healthy Schools’ Healthy Students: Implementation and Outcomes From a School-Based Intervention

Objective To assess the implementation of the Healthy Schools, Healthy Students (HSHS) intervention and evaluate its impact on knowledge, fruit and vegetable (FV) attitudes, FV preferences, and MyPlate awareness. Use of Theory or Research Prior school based nutrition-education interventions have been shown to positively impact knowledge, FV attitudes, and FV preferences, which are important determinants of dietary intake. Target Audience The HSHS intervention targeted 4th grade students (n intervention = 567 and n control = 490) in a rural, Midwestern state during the 2017-2018 school year. Program Description HSHS was a multi-component intervention featuring classroom-based nutrition education using a modified version of the USDA's Serving Up MyPlate curriculum, cafeteria coaching with older students, and FV taste tests. Evaluation Methods We used a mixed methods evaluation featuring a cluster randomized controlled trial. We matched 20 schools on demographic characteristics and randomized them to intervention or control conditions. We used matched pre- and post-intervention surveys to evaluate quantitative impact, measuring knowledge, FV attitudes, FV preferences, and MyPlate awareness. We used student fixed effects regression models to estimate the intervention effect on post-intervention outcomes. To better understand implementation, we conducted in-depth interviews with project stakeholders and nutrition educators and focus groups with cafeteria coaches. Results For the quantitative evaluation, we observed a significant intervention effect for knowledge (β = 0.27, SE = 0.13, P = .04), taste test vegetable preferences (β = 0.25, SE = 0.09, P = .01), and MyPlate awareness (β = 0.21, SE = 0.05, P Conclusions The HSHS intervention was well received by the schools implementing it and had a modest impact on knowledge and vegetable preferences. Wider implementation of interventions like HSHS could positively impact students without overburdening schools.
Measuring Graduate Teaching Assistants' Climate Under a Pedagogical Change Initiative

An organization with high undergraduate enrollment, the College of Computing and Informatics atUNC Charlotte is undergoing a sustainable pedagogical shift. Our Graduate Teaching Assistants (GTAs) being a crucial part to sustain this change, are also facing a shift in their climate. We aim to present measurement to gauge our GTAs' climate under this pedagogical climate shift. For this purpose, we have analyzed 184 survey responses from GTAs and developed three constructs:Self-Competence, GTA-to-Faculty Relations andCommunity Belonging. Exploratory Factor Analysis was used to identify the underlying factors, exhibiting 13 items retaining to these three constructs with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.94. This measurement shows that with engaged classroom practices, we are also fostering an engaged climate for our GTAs.
Keeping the Learner at the Focal Point: The Use of Needs Assessment and Persona Construction to Develop an Instructional Resource Center for Instructional Designers

This design case shares how personas were utilized to create an online career resource center intended to help instructional design students in making informed career decisions. The outcome of this project has helped identify instructional opportunities to improve services currently provided to instructional design students and graduate student members of the Association for Education Communications and Technology (AECT ). By evaluating the mechanisms and supports already in place and contrasting those with the needs of the students who are seeking career guidance, the intent of the project was to bridge the gap between graduate student members’ career needs and the resources available to them within a professional association. We discuss how we gathered information through a needs assessment for the creation of a Career Resource Center to further educate and inform instructional design students of resources for career decision-making.
Cystic Fibrosis Acidic Microenvironment Determines Antibiotic Susceptibility and Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most prevalent bacterial species that contributes to cystic fibrosis (CF) respiratory failure. The impaired function of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator leads to abnormal epithelial Cl- / HCO3- transport and acidification of airway surface liquid. However, it remains unclear why Pseudomonas aeruginosa preferentially colonizes in the CF lungs. In this study, we carried out studies to investigate if lower pH helps Pseudomonas aeruginosa adapt and thrive in the CF-like acidic lung environment. Our results reveal that Pseudomonas aeruginosa generally forms more biofilm and induces antibiotic resistance faster in acidic conditions and that this can be reversed by returning the acidic environment to physiologically neutral conditions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa appears to be highly adaptive to the CF-like acidic pH environment. By studying the effects of an acidic environment on bacterial response, we may provide a new therapeutic option in preventing chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and colonization.
Bundles on with vanishing lower cohomologies

We study bundles on projective spaces that have vanishing lower cohomologies using their short minimal free resolutions. We partition the moduli according to the Hilbert function H and classify all possible Hilbert functions H of such bundles. For each H, we describe a stratification of by quotients of rational varieties. We show that the closed strata form a graded lattice given by the Betti numbers.
How nonprofits use Facebook to craft infrastructure

We present findings from interviews with 23 individuals affiliated with non-profit organizations (NPOs) to understand how they deploy information and communication technologies (ICTs) in their civic engagement efforts. Existing research about NPO ICT use is often critical, but we did not find evidence that NPOs fail to use tools effectively. Rather, we detail how NPOs assemble various ICTs to create infrastructures that align with their values. Overall, we find that existing theories about technology choice (e.g., task-technology fit, uses and gratifications) do not explain the assemblages NPOs describe. We argue that the infrastructures they fashion can be explained through the lens of moral economies rather than utility. Together, the rhetorics of infrastructure and moral economies capture the motivations and constraints our participants expressed and challenge how prevailing theories of ICT use describe the non-profit landscape.
Data-driven dynamic SEIIR model

In the early stages of a pandemic, doctors, researchers, and political decision makers mainly focus on symptomatic individuals and address those who require the most urgent medical attention. In the more advanced stages, the interest shifts towards mildly symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals who–by definition–are difficult to trace and likely to retain normal social and travel patterns. In the case of COVID-19, early antibody seroprevalence studies suggested that the number of asymptomatic cases outnumbered the symptomatic cases by an order of magnitude or more. Estimating the prevalence and contagiousness of these asymptomatic cases is critical to our understanding of the overall dimension and management of a disease. However, without broad seroprevalence testing, the effects of the asymptomatic population, its size, and its outbreak dynamics remain largely unknown. Mathematical modeling can illustrate the potential effects of asymptomatic transmission and visualize the dynamics of the asymptomatic population for various different scenarios. Knowing the exact dimension of the asymptomatic transmission is critical to estimate the true severity of the outbreak, its hospitalizations, and true mortality rates, and to reliably predict the success of surveillance and control strategies, contact tracing, and vaccination. The learning objectives of this chapter on data-driven modeling of asymptomatic transmission are to
How fast is the Greenland ice sheet melting

The Greenland Ice Sheet and the glacier-covered areas of Alaska and other Arctic lands are losing ice at an accelerating rate, contributing billions of tons of water to sea level rise.Ice loss from...
Design for the Environment at Texas Instruments' Defense Systems and Electronics Group

Texas Instruments' Defense Systems and Electronics Group (TI-DSEG) is executing a Design for the Environment (DFE) initiative in order to institutionalize the systematic consideration of life cycle environmental concerns and decision-making in its product development and management process. This initiative is part of TI-DSEG's continuing commitment to proactive, "source reduction" practices as the most effective method of pollution prevention.
Combinatorial channels from partially ordered sets

A combinatorial channel specifies a set of possible channel outputs for each channel input. A ranked partially ordered set, or ranked poset, gives us a notion of up errors and down errors. This allows us to define a variety of combinatorial channels. There is a family of channels that have the rank-n elements of the poset as the input, and introduce s total errors, each performing a different mixture of up errors and down errors. If a ranked poset has the “parallelogram property,” the family of channels all have the same confusion graph and thus the same codes. Furthermore, there is a natural metric on each rank of the poset. In the common confusion graph of the channel, vertices are adjacent if and only if their distance in this metric is at most 2s. Although all of the channels in the family have the same set of codes, each channel corresponds to a different integer linear program that characterizes the set of codes. Because each integer linear program has a different fractional relaxation, each leads to a different sphere-packing upper bound for the codes. We take advantage of this phenomenon by optimizing across the family of channels to obtain the best bound. This formulation includes many of classical error models, including erasures and substitutions in q-ary vectors, Hamming errors in constant weight binary codes, insertions and deletions in q-ary strings, the error model of subspace codes, the natural error model for compositions, and various errors models for permutations.
Supernova Remnants Resembling the Crab Nebula

While reviewing and systematizing the properties of the class of supernova remnants resembling the Crab Nebula it has been found that supernova remnants can be split into three morphological groups — Class S (shells), Class P (plerions), and Class C (combinations) — where the Class C objects appear to represent a new and especially interesting classification. In this overview, the identifying properties of all three classes are defined. Because the large Class S has been studied in detail many times previously, it is not discussed further here. For the smaller Classes P and C, the individual members and suspected members are presented and their properties reviewed. Finally, an origin and evolution for each class is suggested.
Personalized Web Knowledge Management

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for personalized Web knowledge management by incorporating dynamic (e.g., news articles) and static (e.g., technical papers) Web contents. We can integrate these two types of information by using intelligent crawling and metadata creation and provide a visual interface to personalize and navigate through the tailored information to an individual user.
Activity of centrally administered galanin fragments on stimulation of feeding behavior and on galanin receptor binding in the rat hypothalamus

Synthetic fragments of galanin 1-29 were administered intraventricularly or into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus for analysis of the critical amino acid sequence necessary to stimulate feeding behavior in rats. Galanin 1-29 and galanin fragment 1-16 significantly increased feeding at doses of 6 nmol microinjected into the lateral ventricles and 1 nmol microinjected into the hypothalamus. There was no significant effect of D-TRP2 galanin 1-16 microinjected into the hypothalamus, and no significant effect of galanin fragments 1-9, 10-20, 12-29, 17-29, or 21-29 microinjected intraventricularly, on food consumption. Synthetic fragments of galanin 1-29 were assayed for displacement of 125I-galanin 1-29 binding to rat hypothalamic membranes. The efficacies of the galanin fragments in the feeding paradigm were consistent with the relative affinities of these fragments for the hypothalamic galanin receptor in equilibrium binding experiments. The first 16 N-terminal amino acids appear to contain galanin agonist activity on increasing food consumption and to bind to the galanin receptor in the rat hypothalamus.
Oxygen exchange in muscle of young and old rats: muscle–vascular–pulmonary coupling

Sustained performance of muscular exercise is contingent upon increasing muscle O2 delivery (; the product of blood flow and arterial O2 content, i.e. ) and utilization () rapidly at exercise onset and sustaining necessary conductive and diffusive O2 fluxes throughout exercise. A tight co-ordination of pulmonary, cardiovascular and muscle system responses is therefore required to prevent muscle microvascular O2 pressures (PmvO2) from falling to levels that impair blood–muscle O2 exchange and/or impact metabolic control and reduce exercise tolerance. Microvascular O2 pressures are determined by the balance between and , and emerging evidence indicates that this balance is regulated differently across muscle fibre types and also in aged muscle. Moreover, disease states such as diabetes (type I and II) and chronic heart failure (CHF) also impact PmvO2. This brief review primarily examines evidence obtained in animals that ageing: (1) redistributes exercising away from highly oxidative muscles and muscle fibres; (2) alters muscle capillary haemodynamics; and (3) reduces the O2 pressure head within the microcirculation (PmvO2) that serves to facilitate blood–muscle O2 transfer. In many respects, these alterations found in healthy ageing animals bear a striking resemblance to those present in some chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes, CHF) and may help explain the compromised exercise tolerance present in aged individuals. Putative mechanistic insights are explored within the context of current knowledge and future investigative approaches.
Properties of rocks tested in one-dimensional compression

An apparatus has been developed and used to obtain static stress-strain data on rock and soil samples in one-dimensional compression. This paper describes the design and method of use, and reports test results obtained on several types of rock and sand specimens. A 4-in.-diam specimen with height up to 2 in. is contained in a thin-walled steel cylinder. This cylinder is contained in the main pressure vessel which has a pressure cavity surrounding the specimen. Load is applied through a load cell on top of the specimen by a hydraulic press. An operator maintains a constant zero balance on strain gages bonded to the thin, steel cylinder containing the specimen by pumping hydraulic fluid into the pressure cavity, thus nullifying the tendency of the test specimen to expand laterally as it is compressed axially. Axial load and deflection are recorded on anx−y plotter from signals received from the load cell and a deflectometer mounted on the load cell. This apparatus has been successfully used to obtain data on rocks to axial stresses of 75,000 psi and on sand to 30,000 psi. Test data for both rocks and sand are presented in this paper.
The Effects of Open Market Operations a Model of Intermediation and Growth

We examine a standard model of capital accumulation in which spatial separation and limited communication create a role for money and shocks to portfolio needs create a role for banks. In this context we examine the existence, multiplicity, and dynamical properties of monetary equilibria with positive nominal interest rates. Moderate levels of risk aversion can lead to the existence of multiple monetary steady states, all of which can be approached from a given set of initial conditions. In addition, even if there is a unique monetary steady state, monetary equilibria can be indeterminate, and oscillatory equilibrium paths can be observed. Thus financial market frictions are a potential source of both indeterminacies and enhanced economic volatility.We also consider the consequences of monetary policy actions that rearrange the composition of government liabilities. Contractionary monetary policy activities can have complicated consequences, depending especially on the nature of the steady state equilibrium that obtains when there are multiple steady states. Under plausible conditions, however, contractionary monetary policy activity raises both the nominal rate of interest and the rate of inflation. Output can either rise or fall.
Fish and Trips in the Baltic Sea - Prices, Management and Labor Supply

The essay discusses different aspects of the market for fish from the Baltic sea. The first chapter introduces the subject and discusses how the essay relates to fishery economics and gives a background of the development of the fisheries in the Baltic Sea. Prices of different attributes of Baltic cod is the topic of the second chapter. The results show that larger sized and better quality cod have higher prices and that these prices have increased over time. The chapter also shows that quantities have some effect on prices. The third chapter is about the effects on bargaining power when the management system was changed in the Swedish Baltic cod fishery in 2011. The results show that ex-vessel prices have increased due to increased bargaining power of fishers after the reform. The fourth chapter discusses a small-scale herring fishery in the western Baltic sea that was exempted from a system of tradable fishing concessions (TFC-system). The main conclusion is that it is important to build other institutions dealing with the problem of access to quota when exempting a fishery from a TFC-system. Finally, the fifth chapter investigates short run labor supply and the occurrence of revenue targets in the Swedish Baltic cod trawler fishery. The results suggest that there is not much support for fishermen aiming for revenue targets in this fishery.
Equilibrium and rate constants of immobilized concanavalin a determined by high-performance affinity chromatography

Equilibrium constants for the binding ofp-nitrophenyl α-D-mannopyranoside, 4-methylumbelliferyl α-D-mannopyranoside, and methyl α-D-mannopyranoside to immobilized concanavalin A were determined by high-performance affinity chromatography. Values obtained by zonal and frontal analysis on columns of variable concanavatin A coverage were in close agreement and were approximately two-fold greater than literature values from solution studies. The immobilized concanavalin A appeared to have only a slight heterogeneity. Sugars containing aromatic groups were found to be non-specifically adsorbed, but the retention was small under the conditions used for equilibrium and rate constant measurements. Dissociation rate constants for two of the sugars were determined by isocratic elution. Apparent changes in the rate constants with capacity factor were found to be due to errors in calculating the diffusional contributions to band-broadening as a function of retention. The more accurate low retention time data gave rate constants that were approximately one half of literature values.
Improving cubesat downlink capacity with active phased array antennas

Power budgets on small satellites are restricted by the limited surface area for solar panels. This limits the power available for radio communications, which constrains the downlink budget. The limited transmit power translates to low downlink data rates on small satellites. Antenna gain from directive antennas may be a power efficient way of improving the downlink budget, thereby increasing the downlink rate of small satellites. We have developed a prototype low-power, electrically-steered S-band phased array RF front-end suitable for a CubeSat that could efficiently increase the EIRP, permitting higher data rates. A prototype of the array has been constructed and tested in an anechoic chamber. The four element array provides a minimum gain of 2.5 dB and average gain of 5 dB compared to a single patch antenna element with a 5Wpower envelope across a range of up to 60 degrees from broadside of the array. Given the 100 mW overhead of each phased array element, the design is expected to scale to a 16 element array, which could fit on two 20 cm by 10 cm deployable panels on a 2U CubeSat. With a 10 watt average power budget for the transmitter, such an array would provide an estimated gain of 11 dB compared to a single omnidirectional antenna.
Inventory Control Methods in a Long-Term Care Pharmacy: Comparisons and Time-Series Analyses

Background: Current inventory theory is based on simulated data and unrealistic formulae. Inventory replenishment processes are therefore commonly disrupted, and out-of-stock (OOS) events are unnec...
Making an exhibition of her self: Mary “Perdita” Robinson and nineteenth‐century scripts of female sexuality

(2000). Making an exhibition of her self: Mary “Perdita” Robinson and nineteenth‐century scripts of female sexuality. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 271-304.
Lipid metabolism ofAgaricus bisporus (Lange) sing.: I. Analysis of sporophore and mycelial lipids

The lipid components of four strains ofAgricus bisporus (Lange) Sing., the cultivated mushroom, were analyzed. Both sporophore and mycelial samples were obtained from beds in normal production. A method for obtaining mycelium free of compost was developed. Neutral lipids were separated from polar lipids by silicic acid column chromatography. Each fraction was separated by thin layer chromatography. Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Sporophore extracts contained free sterol, free fatty acid, triglycerides, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. High amounts of linoleic acid were found in both neutral and polar lipid fractions. Mycelial extracts contained free fatty acids, triglycerides, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. No free sterol could be detected. Linoleic acid was also present in large amounts.
Emergency Care In California: Robust Capacity Or Busted Access?

ABSTRACT: Licensed emergency department (ED) capacity is a static measure that is inadequate to evaluate a system that the public and policymakers expect to respond dynamically to individual patien...
Presidential Address: “The Peoples of Asia”—Science and Politics in the Classification of Ethnic Groups in Thailand, China, and Vietnam

On a visit to a northern province in the 1950s, Ho Chi Minh, who had spent many years during the war with the French living with upland peoples in northern Vietnam, asked local authorities how many ethnic groups were found within the province. Professor Đang Nghiem Van, the doyen of ethnologists in Vietnam, has written that President Ho received the following response:The “scientific” project of ethnic classification undertaken for political purposes in Vietnam beginning in 1958 was comparable directly (and not unrelated) to a similar project undertaken in China in the 1950s.
Fin erosion in winter flounder

Abstract Diseased fish showing erosion of the fins have been recorded from polluted waters in several parts of the world. This article gives the results of a year's survey of fin erosion among fish in oceanic and estuarine waters of New York Bight. The pristine Great Bay was chosen as a control for the heavily contaminated Sandy Hook-Raritan Bay system. Almost all fin erosion was confined to demersal flat fish, particularly the winter flounder, a species which spends a long time in polluted estuaries near Sandy Hook.
Negative Magnetoresistance in Homogeneous Amorphous Superconducting Pb Wires

We report systematic magnetotransport measurements on a series of in situ grown homogeneous amorphous Pb wires. Corresponding to the broadening of the superconducting transitions as the wires cross over from 2D to 1D, we observe a negative magnetoresistance (MR) below the mean-field ${T}_{c}$ at low fields. Both the magnitude of the negative MR and the crossover field increase with decreasing ${T}_{c}$ and wire cross-sectional area. We speculate that these observations are the result of superfluid density fluctuations in sign as well as in magnitude along these wires close to the superconductor-insulator transition.
Clinical Spectrum of Capillary Malformation–Arteriovenous Malformation Syndrome Presenting to a Pediatric Dermatology Practice: A Retrospective Study

Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by RASA1 mutations. The prevalence and phenotypic spectrum are unknown. Evaluation of patients with multiple CMs is challenging because associated AVMs can be life threatening. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of children presenting with features of CM-AVM to an academic pediatric dermatology practice. After institutional review board approval was received, a retrospective chart review was performed of patients presenting between 2009 and 2012 with features of CM-AVM. We report nine cases. Presenting symptoms ranged from extensive vascular stains and cardiac failure to CMs noted incidentally during routine skin examination. All demonstrated multiple CMs, two had Parkes Weber syndrome, and two had multiple infantile hemangiomas. Seven patients had family histories of multiple CMs; three had family histories of large, atypical CMs. Six had personal or family histories of AVMs. Genetic evaluation was recommended for all and was pursued by six families; four RASA1 mutations were identified, including one de novo. Consultations with neurology, cardiology, and orthopedics were recommended. Most patients (89%) have not required treatment to date. CM-AVM is an underrecognized condition with a wide clinical spectrum that often presents in childhood. Further evaluation may be indicated in patients with multiple CMs. This study is limited by its small and retrospective nature.
Solubility Measurements of Crystalline Cu2O in Aqueous Solution as a Function of Temperature and pH

The equilibrium solubility of crystalline cuprous oxide, cuprite, was measured in liquid water and steam using two flow-through reactors and a conventional batch autoclave. These measurements were carried out from 20 to 400 °C. Different batches of pretreated cuprite were thoroughly characterized prior to and following each set of experiments. Metallic copper beads were added to the inlet end of the reactors and to the solid charge in the autoclave to preserve the Cu(I) oxidation state, although one series of experiments produced some results which were only compatible with CuO(cr) as the solubility limiting phase. Comparison of the solubility data for Cu2O(cr) in aqueous solution with those from the only available high-temperature dataset (Var’yash, Geochem. Int. 26:80–90, 1989) showed that in near-neutral solutions the new data are lower by about four orders of magnitude at 350 °C. Moreover, the dominant species in solution at temperatures ≥100 °C were found to be only Cu+ and \(\mathrm{Cu(OH)}_{2}^{-}\) with Cu(OH)0 occurring over a narrow pH range at ≤75 °C rather than the reverse trend reported previously. Solubility equations were developed as a function of temperature and pH, based on these new results, which showed increased solubility with temperature in acidic and basic solutions. The solubility of Cu2O(cr) in steam decreased slightly with temperature and as expected increased with increasing pressure to supercritical conditions where limited, compatible data were available in the literature. The solubility at subcritical conditions was on the order of one to several parts per billion, ppb. A simple empirical fit was derived for the solubility in steam as a function of temperature and pressure.
Conditioned contribution of peripheral cocaine actions to cocaine reward and cocaine-seeking.

Cocaine has actions in the peripheral nervous system that reliably precede—and thus predict—its soon-to-follow central rewarding effects. In cocaine-experienced animals, the peripheral cocaine signal is relayed to the central nervous system, triggering excitatory input to the ventral tegmental origin of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, the system that mediates the rewarding effects of the drug. We used cocaine methiodide, a cocaine analog that does not cross the blood–brain barrier, to isolate the peripheral actions of cocaine and determine their central and behavioral effects in animals first trained to lever-press for cocaine hydrochloride (the centrally acting and abused form of the drug). We first confirmed with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry that cocaine methiodide causes rapid dopamine release from dopamine terminals in cocaine hydrochloride-trained rats. We then compared the ability of cocaine hydrochloride and cocaine methiodide to establish conditioned place preferences in rats with self-administration experience. While cocaine hydrochloride established stronger place preferences, cocaine methiodide was also effective and its effectiveness increased (incubated) over weeks of cocaine abstinence. Cocaine self-administration was extinguished when cocaine methiodide or saline was substituted for cocaine hydrochloride in the intravenous self-administration paradigm, but cocaine hydrochloride and cocaine methiodide each reinstated non-rewarded lever-pressing after extinction. Rats extinguished by cocaine methiodide substitution showed weaker cocaine-induced reinstatement than rats extinguished by saline substitution. These findings suggest that the conditioned peripheral effects of cocaine can contribute significantly to cocaine-induced (but not stress-induced) cocaine craving, and also suggest the cocaine cue as an important target for cue-exposure therapies for cocaine addiction.
A description of the nicotine stimulus and tests of its generalization to amphetamine.

The discriminative stimulus properties of nicotine were investigated under a variety of conditions in three separate experiments. In each of these experiments the subject's performance was assessed using a two-lever operant procedure with liquid food reinforcement. In the first study rats were trained to discriminate between various doses of nicotine (100, 200, or 400 μg/kg) and saline under a VI-15 s schedule of reinforcement. The second experiment investigated discrimination between 400 μg/kg of nicotine and saline under different schedules of reinforcement (VI-15 s, FR-10, or DRL-10 s). Generalization of the nicotine stimulus (400 μg/kg) to the stimulus effects of several doses of d-amphetamine (60, 120, 240, 480, and 720 μg/kg) was investigated in the third study. Dose-generalization and time-duration studies of the stimulus effects of nicotine indicate that the sensitivity of the rats to the nicotine cue was directly related to the training dose under the VI-15 s schedule. Although response rates differed across the schedules of reinforcement, the rats' sensitivity to the stimulus effects of nicotine was not affected. Lack of complete generalization of the nicotine stimulus to d-amphetamine supports our previous findings that these drugs were qualitatively different in relation to their discriminative control of behavior. This research has, in addition, suggested approaches necessary to the proper evaluation of the stimulus properties of test compounds.
The development of software systems to aid in physical planning

Physical planning for geographic areas such as cities, counties, or regions can be greatly simplified if the planner can display the entity under consideration together with land-use and socioeconomic data and can interact easily with that data to modify the presentation and redisplay it. Presented in this paper are a system and a language to aid such physical planning and user experience with the system and language. Further research on gruphic presentation, the incorporation of models and statistical routines are also discussed.
Comments on a new parameterization of the attitude kinematics

Recently, a new formulation has been introduced for the description of attitude kinematics, which is based on two perpendicular rotations. The new parameterization bridges the gap between the Eulerangle (three rotations) and Euler-Rodrigues (one rotation) parameterizations and sheds new light on attitude kinematics. In this paper we present a slightly different derivation (again based on stereographic projection of a column of the rotation matrix) with a different choice of variables. We show the relation of the new parameterization to established formulations and cite examples in which the new description presents special advantages in deriving analytic solutions and in designing control laws.
Capsule Commentary on Taber et al., Why Do People Avoid Medical Care? A Qualitative Study Using National Data

Taber et al. identified four broad categories for why people avoid medical care. This commentary explores the dark side of one of them: unfavorable evaluations of seeking medical care, or “acceptability.”1 As clinicians and researchers, we have explored a variety of mechanisms to increase acceptability: e.g., improving patient–provider communication, focusing on patient preferences, and incorporating shared decision making. We are finding ways to incentivize primary care providers so that they have the time to develop relationships with patients; and we are exploring ways to create more primary care providers so that all patients can have quality time with their provider. These ideas can all help reduce the unfavorable evaluations of providers and the healthcare system. However, these efforts at improving acceptability only target the patient–health system interface. This may not be sufficient since many individuals voiced distrust and dissatisfaction generally: “low confidence in medicine,” “don’t trust doctors,” and “doctors care more about money than patients.” And one person said that they avoid going to the doctor “to stay healthy.”
“Strong objectivity”: A response to the new objectivity question

Where the old “objectivity question” asked, “Objectivity or relativism: which side are you on?”, the new one refuses this choice, seeking instead to bypass widely recognized problems with the conceptual framework that restricts the choices to these two. It asks, “How can the notion of objectivity be updated and made useful for contemporary knowledge-seeking projects?” One response to this question is the “strong objectivity” program that draws on feminist standpoint epistemology to provide a kind of logic of discovery for maximizing our ability to block “might makes right” in the sciences. It does so by delinking the neutrality ideal from standards for maximizing objectivity, since neutrality is now widely recognized as not only not necessary, not only not helpful, but, worst of all, an obstacle to maximizing objectivity when knowledge-distorting interests and values have constituted a research project. Strong objectivity provides a method for correcting this kind of situation. However, standpoint approaches have their own limitations which are quite different from the misreadings of them upon which most critics have tended to focus. Unfortunately, historically limited epistemologies and philosophies of science are all we get to choose from at this moment in history.
Tufted hair folliculitis in a woman treated with trastuzumab

Chemotherapeutic agents targeting the human epidermal receptor (HER) family are being used with increasing frequency for a variety of solid tumors. Cutaneous side effects are commonly reported with HER inhibitors, especially those agents that inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or HER1. However, inhibitors of HER2 are not associated with specific skin toxicity. We present a case of tufted hair folliculitis, an inflammatory scalp condition causing scaling and pruritus, in a woman being treated with trastuzumab, a selective HER2 inhibitor. This finding has not previously been reported as a side effect of trastuzumab therapy.
An Efficient Periodic Broadcast Technique for Digital VideoLibraries

We investigate a novel multicast technique, called Skyscraper Broadcasting (SB), for digital-video-library applications. We discuss the data fragmentation technique, the broadcasting strategy, and the client design. We also show the correctness of our technique, and derive mathematical equations to analyze its storage requirement. To assess its performance, we compare it to the latest designs known as Pyramid Broadcasting (PB) and Permutation-Based Pyramid Broadcasting (PPB). Our study indicates that PB offers excellent access latency. However, it requires very large storage space and disk bandwidth at the receiving end. PPB is able to address these problems. However, this is accomplished at the expense of longer access latency and more complex synchronization. With SB, we are able to achieve the low latency of PB while using only 20% of the buffer space required by PPB.
Strangulated intestinal hernia through a drain site.

Introduction Intra-abdominal drains have been widely used in order to prevent intra-abdominal fluid accumulation and detection of anastomotic leakage.
Seasonal variations in the atmospheric distribution of a reactive chlorine compound, tetrachloroethene (CCl2=CCl2)

Tropospheric mixing ratios of CCl2 = CCl2 were measured at remote surface locations in the Pacific between 71 deg N and 47 deg S during September and December of 1989, and March and June of 1990. The observed gradient of decreasing concentrations from the northern to the southern hemisphere, and very low concentrations in the southern hemisphere throughout the year, indicates a predominant input from the northern hemisphere. Seasonal measurements in the northern hemisphere showed maximum CCl2 = CCl2 concentrations occurring in the late summer. This distinct seasonal variation is strongly coupled to the atmompheric abundance of hydroxyl radical, the only important species responsible for CCl2 = CCl2 removal. With the estimated global CCl2 =CCl2 emissions, the lifetime is calculated to be about 5.4 months which is in good agreement with the 4.0 month estimate obtained from the inverse ratio of its measured hydroxyl reaction rate constant compared with that of methyl-chloroform CH3CCl3.
Mechanism of expiratory muscle activation during lower thoracic spinal cord stimulation

Lower thoracic spinal cord stimulation (SCS) may be a useful method to restore an effective cough mechanism. In dogs, two groups of studies were performed to evaluate the mechanism of the expirator...
Anatomic distribution and localization of immunocompetent cells in normal mouse endolymphatic sac.

The distribution and anatomic localization of immunocompetent cells in normal mouse en dolymphatic sac (ES) were examined by immunohistochemical methods. Antibodies against T cells (anti-Thy-1, -Lyt-1, -Lyt-2), macrophage (anti-Mac-1) and immunoglobulins (anti-IgM, -IgG, -IgA) were employed in an indirect technique utilizing strept-avidin-biotin com plex. In the normal mouse ES, each of these cells could be detected by a difference in its frequency and distribution within and around the ES. Thy-I positive (Thy-1+) cells are the most predominant in this tissue and can be seen throughout the ES. Lyt-1+ cells were found within the ES epithelium and in the perisaccular region, whereas Lyt-2+ cells were rarely present. Mac-1+ cells were present primarily in the lumen of the distal portion of the ES. IgM-bearing (IgM+) cells were seen in the subepithelial region, IgG+ cells were occasionally detected in the lumen and only a few IgA+ cells were present in the perisaccular region. This study re vealed that the ES...
Recovery of starch and protein from wet-milled corn fiber

ABSTRACT Physical and chemical methods were used to recover starch and protein from wet-milled corn fiber. A single milling of the fiber produced an 18% yield of mill starch. By separating the mill starch with a starch table, 68% of this material was recovered as starch with a protein contamination of 0.66%. Milling increased fine fiber from 4.5% in the starting material to 11.5% after a single grind. Successive additional milling passes modestly increased the mill starch and fine fiber yields with a corresponding decrease in the coarse fiber yield. Pretreatment with combinations of lactic and sulfurous acids had only a small effect on the distribution and composition of the recovered fractions.