cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
H2O and CO2 in magmas from the Mariana arc and back arc systems

We examined the H2O and CO2 contents of glasses from lavas and xenoliths from the Mariana arc system, an intraoceanic convergent margin in the western Pacific, which contains an active volcanic arc, an actively spreading back arc basin, and active behind-the-arc cross-chain volcanoes. Samples include (1) glass rims from Mariana arc, Mariana trough, and cross-chain submarine lavas; (2) glass inclusions in arc and trough phenocrysts; and (3) glass inclusions from a gabbro + anorthosite xenolith from Agrigan (Mariana arc). Glass rims of submarine arc lavas contain 0.3-1.9 wt % H2O, and CO2 is below detection limits. Where they could be compared, glass inclusions in arc phenocrysts contain more H2O than their host glasses; most arc glasses and phenocryst inclusions contain no detectable CO2, with the exception of those from a North Hiyoshi shoshonite, which contains 400-600 ppm. The glass inclusions from the Agrigan xenolith contain 4-6% H2O, and CO2 is below the detection limit. Glasses from the cross-chain lavas are similar to those from the arc: H2O contents are 1.4-1.7 wt %, and CO2 is below detection limits. Volatile contents in Mariana trough lava glass rims are variable: 0.2-2.8 wt % H2O and 0-300 ppm CO2. Glass inclusions from through phenocrysts have water contents similar to the host glass, but they can contain up to 875 ppm CO2. Volatile contents of melt inclusions from trough and arc lavas and from the xenolith imply minimum depths of crystallization of ~1-8 km. H2O and CO2 contents of Mariana trough glasses are negatively correlated, indicating saturation of the erupting magma with a CO2-H2O vapor at the pressure of eruption (~400 bars for these samples), with the vapor ranging from nearly pure CO2 at the CO2-rich end of the glass array to nearly pure H2O at the H2O-rich end. Degassing of these magmas on ascent and eruption leads to significant loss of CO2 (thereby masking preeruptive CO2 contents) but minimal disturbance of preeruptive H2O contents. For submarine Mariana arc magmas, depths were low enough that degassing on ascent and eruption led to loss of both H2O and CO2; as a result, H2O contents are positively correlated with water depth for these samples. The H2O contents of primitive Mariana trough magmas richest in the slab-derived component (i.e., the most "arc-like" magmas) are ~2 wt %. Although evolved glasses with up to 4-6 wt % H2O are present among Mariana arc samples, we interpret the glass inclusion data as indicating that primitive Mariana arc liquids contain 1-3 wt % H2O. The preeruptive H2O contents of primitive cross-chain seamount liquids are >1-2 wt %.
Norepinephrine inhibits neurons of the intermediate subnucleus of the lateral septum via α2-adrenoceptors

The physiological and pharmacological actions of norepinephrine (NE) on neurons of the intermediate subnucleus of the lateral septum (LSI) were examined using intracellular recordings in rat brain-slices. Bath-applied NE inhibited 72.5%, excited 5.5% and had no effect on 22% of LSI neurons tested; this study focused on the inhibitory effects of NE. In current clamp recordings, 100 microM NE produced a hyperpolarization of 10.82+/-0.72 mV (n=84) with a decrease in input resistance. In voltage-clamp, NE produced a direct, post-synaptic outward current of 206.8+/-22 pA (n=37) with a 64. 3+/-4.9% increase in input conductance (IC50-17.7+/-4 microM). The NE-induced inhibition was mimicked by the alpha2-agonist, UK14,304, but not by the alpha1- or beta-adrenoceptor agonists. The alpha2-agonist, clonidine, had a weak effect in LSI neurons. Interestingly, the magnitude of the UK14,304-induced response varied between cells (ranging from 29.5 to 320% of the maximal NE inhibition), possibly suggesting the involvement of alpha2A-(high affinity for UK14,304) and non-alpha2A (low affinity for UK14,304) adrenoceptor subtypes. While the alpha2-antagonists, yohimbine, rauwolscine and idazoxan blocked NE-induced inhibition in all neurons tested, the prototypical alpha1-antagonist, prazosin produced a variable degree of block (9-58%), further indicating the possible involvement of alpha2A (prazosin-insensitive) and non-alpha2A (prazosin-sensitive) receptors. However a lack of more selective pharmacological tools precludes definitive classification of the alpha2-receptor-mediated responses into different subtypes. The alpha2-receptor-mediated current in LSI neurons displayed Ba2+-sensitive inward rectification, reversed polarity near EK and was sensitive to external K+. In conclusion, NE inhibits LSI neurons via alpha2-adrenoceptor subtypes.
Teaching Quality and Cost in the Tumultuous Era of Health-Care Reform

The passage of the 2010 Affordable Care Act has not ended bitter debates around the policies and practice patterns required to appropriately balance access, quality, and cost in the U.S. health-care system. While many physicians have asked simply "to be left alone" to continue practicing as they see fit, this is an increasingly untenable position, given the notably high costs and very mixed clinical outcomes in the United States relative to other developed nations. A new multi-author text on Medical Quality Management stresses physician involvement in health-care quality, safety, and efficiency and lays out key concepts to help readers better understand many of the national challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. This essay extends lessons from this book and the national debate on health-care reform and suggests promising areas for clinician engagement in the ongoing evolution of the U.S. health-care system.
Isolation and characterization of coaggregation-defective (Cog-) mutants of Streptococcus gordonii DL1 (Challis)

Streptococcus gordonii DL1 (Challis) bears coaggregation-mediating surface adhesins which recognize galactoside-containing surface polysaccharides on Streptococcus oralis 34, Streptococcus oralis C104, and Streptococcus SM PK509. Fifty-nine spontaneously-occurring coaggregation-defective (Cog-) mutants of S. gordonii DL1 unable to coaggregate with partner streptococci were isolated. Six representative Cog- mutants were characterized by their coaggregation properties with four Actinomyces naeslundii strains (T14V, PK947, PK606, PK984), Veillonella atypica PK1910, and Propionibacterium acnes PK93. The six representative Cog- mutants showed altered coaggregation with their streptococcal partners, A. naeslundii PK947, and P. acnes PK93. Based on the coaggregation phenotypes of these mutants, a model for the lactose-inhibitable coaggregation between S. gordonii DL1 and its partner bacteria is proposed. The potential use of these mutants in studies of oral biofilms is discussed.
EVIDENCE FOR QUADRUPOLE INTERACTION OF Fe$sup 57$m, AND INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL BINDING ON NUCLEAR GAMMA-RAY ENERGY

The recoil-free emission and resonant absorption (Mossbauer effect) of the 14.4-kev gamma ray of Fe/sup 57/ were used to determine the quadrupole coupling for the 3/2-excited state of Fe/sup 57/ bound in Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/, and to measure the energy shift of the gamma ray. The internal magnetic field at the Fe/sup 57/ nucleus bound in Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was also measured. The source was Co/sup 57/ plated onto stainless steel (Cr 25%, Ni 20%), and the absorber was Fe/ sub 2/O/sub 3/ enriched approximately 30% in Fe/sup 57/; both were kept at 25 deg C during experiments. The results give an indication of a small quadrupole moment for Fe/sup 57m/ snd an energy shift of 1.26 plus or minus 0.15 x 10/sup - 8/ ev between stainless steel and Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/. An internal magnetic field of 5.15 x 10/sup5/ gauss is calculated for Fe/sup 57/ in Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/. Diff erences in the chemical environment which could have caused the energy shift are discussed. The importance of having both the source and absorber identical chemically for Mossbauer effect studies is stressed. (D.L.C.)
Transverse impedance of axially symmetric tapered structures

We determine the low frequency transverse impedance of axially symmetric tapered structures. Higher-order perturbation theory is used to improve previous estimates due to Yokoya and Stupakov. For linear tapers, accurate numerical results are obtained using the ABCI electromagnetic simulation code. Based upon insight gained from the perturbation calculations, we introduce a simple parametrization that provides an excellent fit to all of our ABCI data---including cases with gradual and steep tapers as well as large and small change in cross section.
An optical approach for quantitative characterization of slug bubble interface profiles in a two-phase microchannel flow

Abstract A new measurement technique is developed for quantitatively mapping the liquid–gas interface profiles of air bubbles in an adiabatic microchannel slug flow environment. Water seeded with 0.5 μm-diameter fluorescent polystyrene particles is pumped through a single acrylic microchannel of 500 μm × 500 μm square cross section. A periodic slug flow is achieved by the controlled injection of air into the channel. Particles are constrained to the liquid phase, and their distribution in the flow is visualized through an optical microscope in an epifluorescent configuration with pulsed laser illumination to resolve the instantaneous liquid–gas interface profile to within ±2.8 μm in the focal plane. This approach is able to identify the interface profile within individual focal planes at various depths within the channel, unlike conventional backlit optical profile detection approaches that can only resolve the interface at the midplane. A similar particle-tracking technique was previously demonstrated for interface reconstruction in annular flows; however, the additional noise within images due to the reflection and refraction of background light at the compound-curvature interfaces characteristic of slug bubbles requires texture-based image analysis to obtain interface profiles. The varying interface profile of the slug bubbles in the streamwise direction also greatly complicates the tracking procedures for achieving a three-dimensional reconstruction of slug bubbles based on the measured two-dimensional interface profiles, which requires spatial alignment of the streamwise position of liquid–vapor interfaces realized at varying depths within the channel. This is addressed during reconstruction by using the measured mid-plane slug bubble cap curvature to assign the relative streamwise positions of interface profiles obtained at other measured depths. The characterization of two different selected bubble morphologies presented here demonstrates a critical improvement in metrological capability which can provide greater insight into microchannel flow phenomena in the slug-flow regime.
Assessment of Lung Injury Produced by Particulate Emissions of Space Heaters Burning Automotive Waste Oil

Abstract Used crankcase oil from automobiles is being used as a heating fuel in space heaters. Since automobile waste oil (AWO) contains heavy metals, such as lead and zinc, emissions from these burners could cause lung injury. We therefore tested the in vivo pulmonary toxicity of respirable particles from an air atomizing waste oil space heater using AWO. Hamsters were exposed by intratracheal instillation to 0.15, 0.75, or 3.75 mg/100 g body weight AWO particles. At 1 day post-exposure the animals were sacrified, their lungs washed with 12 × 3-ml washes of 0.9% NaCl, and their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) analysed for cellular and biochemical indicators of damage. Animals were also sacrified at 4, 7, and 14 days after exposure to 3.75 mg/100g body weight. The results were compared with responses produced by exposure to the same quantities of alpha-quartz, a highly toxic mineral dust, and to iron oxide, a non-toxic mineral dust. One day after exposure to AWO there was extensive pulmonary injury. For example, at the 3.75 mg/100g dose level, albumin levels, a measure of oedema, were very elevated (↑60 ×), as were extracellular levels of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, ↑13 ×). Pulmonary macrophage phagocytosis of gold particles was inhibited (↓65%). The injury was greater than that produced by alpha-quartz. Assays of BAL at 4, 7 and 14 days post-AWO exposure demonstrated that most indicators rapidly appproached control values. In contrast, alpha-quartz caused a more persistent response as indicated by a prolonged influx of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and a persistent elevation in LDH. These results suggest that an acute exposure to AWO is less likely to cause chronic pulmonary disease than alpha-quartz. To determine the characteristics of the toxic constituents, AWO particulate suspensions in saline were centrifuged to yield samples of leachates (L) and leached particles (LP). Animals were instilled with high dose (3.75 mg/100 g body weight) equivalents of L and LP and the 1 day response was assessed. Both the L and LP preparations were highly toxic, although LP elicited a somewhat stronger response than L. Because the AWO sample contained high levels of certain metals (e.g., Pb 0.8% by weight), we added 10 mM disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA) to chelate divalent cations. Addition of EDTA to L reduced all reponses, although only in situ macrophage phagocytosis returned to control values. In contrast, addition of EDTA to LP reduced only some toxic responses (oedema, bleeding, and inhibition of macrophage phagocytosis). Thus, metals play a greater role in the toxicity of L than of LP. We conclude that combustion of AWO in space heaters produces emissions which could pose a public health problem.
The Flora of the Bahamas, Donovan Correll, and the Miami University Connection

The Flora of the Bahama Archipelago was published in 1982 by Donovan and Helen Correll and included illustrations by Priscilla Fawcett as well as others. This treatment included 1,350 species incorporated in 660 genera and 144 families. The Flora replaced the dated 1920 The Bahama Flora published by Britton and Milspaugh. A flora is an ever changing entity and although it is only 30 years since the publication the Corrells’ work much has changed. One unfortunate omission from the Corrells’ flora was an adequate treatment of the work of William T. Gillis (1933–1979) who produced many important papers that were already in the literature at the time (Kass & Eshbaugh, 1993). Subsequent to the publication of the Flora of the Bahama Archipelago individuals affiliated with Miami University published a plethora of scholarly works on the flora of the Bahamas. This contribution attempts to set forth a record of the relationship and impact of Miami University and its affiliated scholars, both students and instructors, who with their work have transformed and updated our knowledge of the flora of the Bahamas. This is a continual process that will be ongoing into the foreseeable future.
Multiphoton ionization dynamics of barium Rydberg states in intense femtosecond pulses

We have investigated multiphoton ionization of Ba 6snl Rydberg states by intense 200-fs laser pulses. Specifically, we have excited Ba atoms to the 6sns and 6snd 15{lt}n{lt}{infinity} states using two nanosecond lasers. The atoms were then irradiated with the fs pulses produced by a mode-locked, regeneratively amplified Ti:sapphire laser that is stepwise-tunable between 790 and 850 nm. We have used both the fundamental light and the second harmonic (395{endash}425 nm) to investigate the ionization dynamics in these two wavelength regions. In contrast to previous experiments, in which laser pulses 5 ps or longer were used, our results indicate that excitation of Ba{sup +} Rydberg states and Ba{sup 2+} photoions is relatively insensitive to the femtosecond laser wavelength. In addition, we find that, as the Kepler orbital period of the Ba Rydberg electron becomes comparable to this very small laser pulse width, the inner electron ionization process no longer appears to be instantaneous to the outer electron, and the outer electron is not projected onto Ba{sup +} Rydberg states. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Electron detachment in Br − +He collisions: Potential energies for Br He − and BrHe

Self-consistent-field calculations have been performed for the X /sup 1/..sigma.. state of Br/sup -/ + He and the X /sup 2/..sigma.. and A /sup 2/Pi states of Br + He. The potential-energy curves indicate a threshold for electron detachment of 7.2 +- 1.2 eV. No indication of a collision mechanism for detachment at lower energies is found.
Mentor relationships and the career development of pregnant and parenting African-American teenagers.

The influence of natural mentor relationships on the career outlook of African-American pregnant and parenting teenagers was examined. More than half of the participants nominated adults they considered to be mentors. A path model indicated that mentor support was associated with increased life optimism, beyond its indirect effects on career activities and beliefs about the opportunity structure. These findings suggest that natural mentors are an important resource in the career development of pregnant and parenting African-American adolescents.
Correlation inequalities and quark confinement in lattice gauge theories

Abstract Some inequalities for the Wilson loop for Z 2 and U( N ) lattice gauge theories are derived. They are used to show the area decay of the Wilson loop above a certain temperature. Possible use of such inequalities to prove the absence of a phase transition for the SU(2) case is discussed.
Double dissociation of short-term and long-term memory for nonverbal material in Parkinson's disease and global amnesia. A further analysis.

The traditional concept of memory disorder is deficiency of the long-term (LTM) but not short-term (STM) component of memory. STM impairment with LTM sparing is seldom reported. The present study investigated STM and LTM for nonverbal material in three neurological conditions associated with memory impairment: bilateral medial temporal lobe lesions (patient H.M.), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Subjects received 3 tests of nonverbal memory: forward block span, immediate and delayed recall of the Wechsler Memory Scale drawings, and immediate and delayed recognition of abstract designs. Compared with the normal control group, the patient groups displayed different patterns of sparing and loss of the two components of memory: in PD, only STM was impaired; in medial temporal lobe amnesia, only LTM was impaired; and in AD, STM and LTM were both impaired. The contrasting patterns of sparing and loss of STM and LTM in PD and global amnesia were present for both recognition and recall. These results provide evidence that STM and LTM are dissociable processes and are served by separate neurological systems: STM depends upon intact corticostriatal systems, whereas LTM depends upon intact medial temporal lobe systems.
ESCA: A new semi-empirical correlation between core-electron binding energy and valence-electron density☆

Abstract The Siegbahn formula for correlating K-electron chemical shifts with valence-electron density is theoretically derived. A new semi-empirical formula for correlating shifts to 2s- and 2p-orbital populations rather than gross atomic population is proposed and tested.
Calcium-mediated protein secretion potentiates motility in Toxoplasma gondii

Apicomplexans such as Toxoplasma gondii actively invade host cells using a unique parasite-dependent mechanism termed gliding motility. Calcium-mediated protein secretion by the parasite has been implicated in this process, but the precise role of calcium signaling in motility remains unclear. Here we used calmidazolium as a tool to stimulate intracellular calcium fluxes and found that this drug led to enhanced motility by T. gondii. Treatment with calmidazolium increased the duration of gliding and resulted in trails that were twice as long as those formed by control parasites. Calmidazolium also increased microneme secretion by T. gondii, and studies with a deletion mutant of the accessory protein m2AP specifically implicated that adhesin MIC2 was important for gliding. The effects of calmidazolium on gliding and secretion were due to increased release of calcium from intracellular stores and calcium influx from the extracellular milieu. In addition, we demonstrate that calmidazolium-stimulated increases in intracellular calcium were highly dynamic, and that rapid fluxes in calcium levels were associated with parasite motility. Our studies suggest that oscillations in intracellular calcium levels may regulate microneme secretion and control gliding motility in T. gondii.
Intraframe And Interframe Adaptive Transform Coding

This paper describes work performed as an extension of the techniques of transform coding with block quantization. These techniques have been very well defined theoretically with implementation of the predicted optimum results. The purpose of this work was to examine the techniques in practice and to define adaptive coding techniques which could be practically applied to the coding of still and moving pictures.
Direct measurements of the compressive properties of single proteoglycan aggregates.

Abstract Proteoglycan aggregate is a major component of the extracellular matrix in articular cartilage and is considered to be responsible for the resistance to compression of this tissue. The reduced stiffness of articular cartilage due to the loss of proteoglycan aggregate has been reported in osteoarthritis. In order to understand the mechanical properties of extracellular matrix in articular cartilage at molecular level, the compressive properties of 36 single molecules of proteoglycan aggregate were directly measured using a laser tweezers/interferometer system. The proteoglycan aggregates showed resistance when compressed to ∼30% of their contour length. The stiffness of proteoglycan aggregates increased non-linearly from 2.6 ± 3.8 pN/μm (compressed to 30–35% of their contour length) to 115.5 ± 30.9 pN/μm (compressed to 2.5–5% of their contour length).
Test anxiety and childhood anxiety disorders in African American and white school children

Abstract Recent data suggest that a substantial percentage of test-anxious white children suffer concurrently from social phobia or overanxious disorder. However, there are no data on the relationship among these conditions in African American children. This study compared the relationship of test anxiety, a common childhood complaint, to other DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in samples of African American and white elementary school children. As expected, the results indicated that there were significant differences between test anxious and nontest anxious children on self-report and behavioral assessment data. Differences in race were found for pulse rate and systolic blood pressure during the behavioral task, where the white children had significantly higher increases. In addition, a substantial percentage of both test-anxious groups (white and African American) met DSM-III-R criteria for an anxiety disorder, and significantly more African American than white children met criteria for social phobia. The results are discussed in terms of the comorbidity of test anxiety and other anxiety disorders in both groups, and the similarities and differences in their expression across race.
On the mechanical equilibrium states of cylindrical blood vessels

Abstract The simple theoretical notions of Burton concerning the role in vascular activity of critical closure and blow-out mechanisms are extended by examining these instabilities from the viewpoint of the theoretical mechanics of finite deformation of extended and distended elastic membranous cylinders. The confined blow-out mechanism is shown to be possible only for nonlinearly elastic vessel walls and then to be critically dependent on the particular representation of finite elasticity employed. The linear, neo-Hookean, Mooney and an exponential material are compared and their relevance to biological soft tissues discussed. The elastic properties of the vascular bed are shown to powerfully affect the critical conditions of both closure and blow-out; the relative magnitude of the stress-free radius and the pressure-free radius of the vessel play a similar role. Other mechanisms of instability under active vasoconstriction not hitherto discussed are outlined, and it is conjectured that they may be relevant to vasomotion and circulatory control. They comprise the instabilities inherent in any isolated system of discrete but interconnected membranous lobes (with which are associated, also, polystable configurations allowing mutual interchanges of sizes) as well as that inherent to single cylinders of peculiar geometry. These phenomena become possible only under conditions of volume constancy; the marked differences in stability controlled, respectively, by constant pressure and constant volume are emphasized. The implication of this for the venous and arterial subsystems is hypothesized.
Korean and American Children's Concepts of Adult and Peer Authority

The primary purpose of this research was to examine Korean children's concepts of authority. Children's judgments about commands of persons with varying age, social position, and knowledge were assessed. 48 subjects from the first, third, and fifth grades were presented with portrayals of persons giving children commands regarding two types of events: fighting and a game rule dispute. Subjects evaluated the legitimacy of commands and chose between different persons giving opposing commands. With regard to a command to stop fighting, subjects accepted the legitimacy of adult and peer authorities, as well as an adult without a position of authority. Subjects rejected commands that failed to prevent harm even when given by an adult authority. With regard to a game rule dispute, subjects most heavily weighted knowledge in evaluating the authority commands. The findings show that Korean children do not have a unitary orientation to adult authority, and have implications for an understanding of individuals' conceptions in the context of a cultural ideology emphasizing reverence for authority. A second study, with a group of fifth graders from the United States, was conducted to determine how the game event task or cultural influences accounted for some differences between previous findings in the U.S. and the findings with the Korean children. The second study showed that whereas the U.S. children mainly respond in ways similar to the Korean children, the U.S. children gave more priority to pragmatic considerations; the Korean children gave more priority to the attribute of the authority's knowledge.
Random-Medium Propagation Theory Applied To Communication And Radar System Analyses

Atmospheric electromagnetic wave propagation plays a crucial role in determining the performance of communication and radar systems that operate at millimeter through visible wave-lengths. Theoretical treatments of atmospheric wave propagation draw upon work on the micrometeorology of the medium, and feed work on the design and performance analysis of communications and radar systems. This paper will illustrate some of the features of the foregoing hierarchy, focusing on the interaction between the propagation and system analyses. Specific examples include: optical communication through atmospheric turbulence, coherent laser radar operation in atmospheric turbulence, and millimeter-wave communication through rain.
Concept learning and feature interpretation

Models of categorization often assume that people classify new instances directly on the basis of the presented, observable features. Recent research, however, has suggested that the coherence of a category may depend in part on more abstract features that can link together observable features that might otherwise seem to have little similarity. Thus, category learning may also involve the determination of the appropriate abstract features that underlie a category and link together the observable features. We show in four experiments that observable features of a category member are often interpreted as congruent with abstract features that are suggested by observable features of other highly available category members. Our discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for future research.
Mechanical properties of miscible polycarbonate-copolyester blends

Abstract Miscible blends of polycarbonate and the copolyester based on 1,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol and a mixture of terephthalic and isophthalic acids were melt processed into film and injection moulded into test bars. Wholly amorphous specimens of each type were mechanically tested directly after fabrication and after a variety of annealing conditions. As processed blends exhibited nearly additive responses versus blend composition for modulus, strength, elongation at failure, and notched lzod impact strength. Various annealing protocols caused maxima to appear in plots of modulus versus composition. Similar responses were observed for blend density, and good correlations were noted between density and modulus as both composition andhistory were varied. Sub- T g annealing of injection moulded specimens was demonstrated to involve simultaneous relaxations of volume and molecular orientation. The individual effects of this combined process were separated by sequential super- T g (or T m ) and sub- T g annealing steps.
Coordinate release of myosin and a high molecular weight microtubule-associated protein from PC12 cytoskeletons by ATP

The association of two high molecular weight (HMW) structural proteins with the cytoskeletons of rat pheochromocytoma cells, PC12, is regulated by ATP and other nucleotides. Exposure of PC12 cytoskeletons to ATP resulted in the selective solubilization of two HMW proteins, identified as myosin and a 280 kD microtubule-associated protein. These two proteins were rapidly released from the cytoskeleton following incubation with ATP, GTP, CTP, and ADP; non-hydrolysable ATP analog caused protein release to a less marked extent. The effect of the latter two nucleotides indicated that the release of the myosin and the HMW microtubule-associated protein was likely to be the result of nucleotide-induced conformational changes in one or both proteins. Myosin and the HMW microtubule-associated proteins interact with actin in vitro in a nucleotide-sensitive manner. The present data demonstrate that similar interactions are likely to exist within the intact cytoskeleton and suggest that the associations of these structural proteins with the cytoskeleton are regulated by common mechanisms. The results also suggest that the cells may differentially regulate the stability of a subset of these structural proteins in their interactions with other cytoskeletal elements.
Genetic variability associated with hovering time in Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart (Diptera: Tabanidae).

The salt marsh horse fly, Tabanus nigrovittatusMacquart, exhibits two nonoverlapping daily periods of hovering and mating activity, which are correlated with different environmental temperatures. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of hovering males collected during the two periods were compared by electrophoresis of three polymorphic enzyme loci. Approximately 26% of early-hovering males possessed a Pgmallozyme that was absent in our sample of late-hovering males. However, based on other allozyme loci, we found no evidence for reproductive isolation between early and late hoverers. All the genetic data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Pgmpolymorphism is associated with behaviorally and physiologically distinct groups of males that, by all other criteria, form a single Mendelian population.
Effects of executive departures on the performance of acquired firms

Using a sample of 96 acquisitions that occurred between 1980 and 1984, this study concludes that the departure of executives from acquired firms is harmful to post acquisition performance. The negative effects of departures of the highest ranking executives (such as CEOs, Presidents, and Chairmen) appear to be most severe. Acquisition relatedness, contrary to hypothesis, did not moderate the departure-performance relationship. Finally we find that providing one or more executives with top management team status in the newly combined firm leads to better postacquisition performance. Our study implies that executives from acquired firms are an intrinsic component of the acquired firm's resource base, and that their retention is an important determinant of postacquisition performance. Our evidence supports the view that executives are important to postacquisition performance, and we believe that this evidence extends to other restructuring contexts as well.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells enhance the anabolic effects of platelet-rich plasma on anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts.

Use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has shown promise in various orthopaedic applications, including treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. However, various components of blood, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), are removed in the process of making PRP. It is yet unknown whether these PBMCs have a positive or negative effect on fibroblast behavior. To begin to define the effect of PBMCs on ACL fibroblasts, ACL fibroblasts were cultured on three-dimensional collagen scaffolds for 14 days with and without PBMCs. ACL fibroblasts exposed to PBMCs showed increased type I and type III procollagen gene expression, collagen protein expression, and cell proliferation when the cells were cultured in the presence of platelets and plasma. However, addition of PBMCs to cells cultured without platelets had no effect. The increase in collagen gene and protein expression was accompanied by an increase in IL-6 expression by the PBMCs with exposure to the platelets. Our results suggest that the interaction between platelets and PBMCs leads to an IL-6 mediated increase in collagen expression by ACL fibroblasts. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:29–34, 2012
Mechanisms of nucleation and growth of protein crystals

Abstract The nucleation and growth of a model protein, lysozyme, was investigated. Theoretical models were developed and checked against experimental results.
Extension of the relational database semantic processing model

A data model consists of three parts: (1) a data definition that represents the information in an understandable manner; (2) a definition of the constraints that must hold for the information to be valid; and (3) a definition of operations that can be performed on the information. Current database management systems do not allow explicit specification of all three parts of the data model. This paper gives an approach that extends current database management systems through a technique called pre-precompilation.
Mechanochemical strengthening of a synthetic polymer in response to typically destructive shear forces

High shear stresses are known to trigger destructive bond-scission reactions in polymers. Recent work has shown that the same shear forces can be used to accelerate non-destructive reactions in mechanophores along polymer backbones, and it is demonstrated here that such mechanochemical reactions can be used to strengthen a polymer subjected to otherwise destructive shear forces. Polybutadiene was functionalized with dibromocyclopropane mechanophores, whose mechanical activation generates allylic bromides that are crosslinked in situ by nucleophilic substitution reactions with carboxylates. The crosslinking is activated efficiently by shear forces both in solvated systems and in bulk materials, and the resulting covalent polymer networks possess moduli that are orders-of-magnitude greater than those of the unactivated polymers. These molecular-level responses and their impact on polymer properties have implications for the design of materials that, like biological materials, actively remodel locally as a function of their physical environment.
Atmospheric absorption near 2400 cm-1

Abstract Theoretical atmospheric absorption spectra between 2385 and 2425 cm-1 are shown to give excellent agreement with high resolution observations. Most of the atmospheric absorption in this region arises from continuum features due to absorption of N2 and the wings of distant CO2 lines. The treatment of each of these factors is discussed.
Cumulative Deficit in IQ of Blacks in the Rural South.

The cumulative deficit hypothesis with respect to age decrement in IQ between the ages of 5 and 18 was investigated in large samples of white and black school children in rural Georgia. Age decrement in verbal and nonverbal IQ was measured by the average IQ difference between younger and older siblings. It was found that blacks (but not whites) showed significant and substantial decrements in both verbal and nonverbal IQs as a linear function of age in the rank from about 5 to 16 years of age. An environmental interpretation of the age decrement in IQ seems reasonable in view of the comparative lack of such a decrement in a parallel study of California blacks whose environmental circumstances are markedly better than those of the black sample from rural Georgia. The cumulative deficit hypothesis is in- in a California school district and found a tended to explain the increasing decrement in mental test scores, relative to population norms, as a function of age in groups considered environmentally deprived. According to the hypothesis, the decrement is a result of the cumulative effects of environmental disadvantages on mental development. The history of the cumulative deficit hypothesis and its theoretical and methodological problems have been reviewed by Jensen (1974a). It was concluded that most of the studies of the phenomenon are seriously flawed by methodologica l deficiencies. The majority of studies have found no evidence of an age-related IQ decrement in blacks. Jensen (1974a) proposed investigating IQ decrement by the sibling method; that is, using the difference in standardized test scores between younger and older siblings within the same family as an indicator of IQ decrement. If there is a true IQ decrement, older siblings should obtain lower test scores than their younger siblings, and there should be a positive correlation between sibling age difference and IQ difference. Jensen applied the sibling method to large samples of whites and blacks of ages 5 to 12
Education and Training in Clinical Psychology: Correcting Some Mistaken Beliefs

Survey data reported by Norcross and Karpiak (2012) help to correct three mistaken beliefs that have implications for education and training in clinical psychology. Most Society of Clinical Psychology respondents are satisfied with their career choice, which tempers concerns that becoming a clinical psychologist is a pathway to career disappointment. Most respondents are both contributing to the literature and engaging in clinical practice, which negates convictions that the Boulder scientist–practitioner model has ceased to be a viable guide for graduate education. The majority of respondents are engaged in diagnosis/assessment, which dispels impressions that assessment is no longer of importance in the preparation of clinical psychologists. Psychological assessment is currently a thriving area of research and practice that is receiving less attention than it should in graduate programs.
Diel nitrate cycles observed with in situ sensors predict monthly and annual new production

We report on a direct and autonomous measure of new production based on time series observations with ISUS nitrate sensors deployed for several years on oceanographic moorings offshore of Monterey Bay, California. The amplitude of diel cycles of surface nitrate is correlated with rates of primary production measured by 14C uptake. The drawdown of nitrate averaged over a year is about 70% of the fixed nitrogen needed for biomass production. Phytoplankton biomass predicted from the diel nitrate uptake and a fixed rate constant for nitrate loss (grazing and export) matched observations over the annual cycle. New production rates determined with the moored sensors are highly correlated with nitrate concentration and the intensity of upwelling. The implication is that arrays of moorings with chemical sensors can now be used to estimate new production of biomass and ecosystem processes over multiple temporal and spatial scales.
Selective association of lipid-rich R-like lipopolysaccharide subunits with murine spleen cells.

SDS-PAGE was used to analyze the subunit composition of 125I-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the cell-associated and supernatant fractions of murine spleen cells after culture with radiolabeled LPS from the smooth strain of E. coli 055:B5. Quantitative estimates from densitometric scans of autoradiographs indicated that certain R-like subunits were selectively enriched in cell-associated fractions by a factor of 2.8 as compared to native 055 LPS. Coincident with this selective enrichment was a 57% decrease in these subunits in supernatant fractions. In contrast, the level of polysaccharide-containing subunits in cell-associated fractions was equivalent to or less than the corresponding subunit in native LPS. LPS bound at 37°C was capable of eliciting a significant B-lymphocyte proliferative response in responder spleen cells. However, this selective binding of lipid-rich R-like subunits to splenocytes is insufficient, by itself, to initiate a triggering event since it is both quantitatively and qualititatively indistinguishable in lymphoid cells from the LPS responder (C3HeBFeJ) mouse and the LPS non-responder (C3HHeJ) mouse.
Improving the Retirement Prospects of Lower-Wage Workers in a Defined-Contribution World

Lower-wage workers have always faced challenges in saving for their retirement years. As U.S. businesses increasingly adopt defined-contribution pension plans and emphasize individual responsibility and choice, what is the impact of this shift on the working poor? Lack of pension coverage is a significant concern because Social Security alone will not assure a comfortable retirement for lower-income workers. Our survey of more than 300 lower-wage service workers revealed that significant predictors of retirement savings behavior included greater financial literacy as well as greater job stability, stronger workforce attachment, and higher income. Employer-sponsored pension plans were the most frequently used savings option. Based on the findings, we explore the potential impacts of the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (PPA) on lower-wage workers' retirement security and propose policy steps to reduce the risk of poverty being recycled into postretirement years.
α-particle branching ratios for neutron-deficient astatine isotopes☆

Abstract The ratio of the number of α-particle disintegrations to the total numberof disintegrations (α-branching ratio) has been measured for the isotopes 202–206At. The values of these ratios are 0·120 for 202At, 0·138 for 203At, 0·0452 for 204At, 0·184 for 205At and 0·0088 for 206At. The over-all half-lives measured for these isotopes are in agreement with previously reported values except for that of 206At, which was found to have a half-life of 29·5 min rather than the reported 22 min.
Ethanol and arachidonic acid synergize to activate Kupffer cells and modulate the fibrogenic response via tumor necrosis factor α, reduced glutathione, and transforming growth factor β–dependent mechanisms

Because of the contribution of ethanol and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to alcoholic liver disease, we investigated whether chronic ethanol administration and arachidonic acid (AA) could synergistically mediate Kupffer cell (KC) activation and modulate the stellate cell (HSC) fibrogenic response. Results: (1) the effects of ethanol and AA on KC and HSC were as follows: Cell proliferation, lipid peroxidation, H2O2, O2·−, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form (NADPH) oxidase activity, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were higher in KCethanol than in KCcontrol, and were enhanced by AA; HSCethanol proliferated faster, increased collagen, and showed higher GSH than HSCcontrol, with modest effects by AA. (2) AA effects on the control co-culture: We previously reported the ability of KC to induce a pro-fibrogenic response in HSC via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent mechanisms; we now show that AA further increases cell proliferation and collagen in the control co-culture. The latter was prevented by vitamin E (an antioxidant) and by diphenyleneiodonium (a NADPH oxidase inhibitor). (3) Ethanol effects on the co-cultures: Co-culture with KCcontrol or KCethanol induced HSCcontrol and HSCethanol proliferation; however, the pro-fibrogenic response in HSCethanol was suppressed because of up-regulation of TNF-α and GSH, which was prevented by a TNF-α neutralizing antibody (Ab) and by L-buthionine-sulfoximine, a GSH-depleting agent. (4) Ethanol plus AA effects on the co-cultures: AA lowered TNF-α in the HSCcontrol co-cultures, allowing for enhanced collagen deposition; furthermore, AA restored the pro-fibrogenic response in the HSCethanol co-cultures by counteracting the up-regulation of TNF-α and GSH with a significant increase in GSSG and in pro-fibrogenic transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Conclusion: These results unveil synergism between ethanol and AA to the mechanism whereby KC mediate ECM remodeling and suggest that even if chronic ethanol consumption sensitizes HSC to up-regulate anti-fibrogenic signals, their effects are blunted by a second “hit” such as AA. (HEPATOLOGY 2008;48:2027-2039.)
The effect of modifications of lecithin and cholesterol on the micellar solubilization of cholesterol.

Abstract 1. 1. Differences in the degree of unsaturation of lecithin and lysolecithin had little effect on the quantity of cholesterol solubilized by micellar solutions of bile salts and lecithin or lysolecithin. A lecithin containing 83% unsaturated fatty acids was isolated from cabbage. This lecithin, when added to solutions containing 180 mM sodium taurocholate, solubilized 0.35 ± 0.02 mmole of cholesterol per mmole of lecithin; an amount similar to that solubilized by egg lecithin (0.37 ± 0.02 mmole) and human bile lecithin (0.39 ± 0.04 mmole) which contain only 50% unsaturated fatty acids. 2. 2. Cabbage lysolecithin contained 61% unsaturated fatty acids. This lysolecithin, when added to solutions containing 180 mM sodium taurocholate, solubilized as much cholesterol (0.20 ± 0.01 mmole) as the lysolecithin from egg (0.19 ± 0.01 mmole) which contains only saturated fatty acids. 3. 3. Solutions of taurocholate and lecithin solubilized less cholestanol (0.29 ± 0.01 mmole) than cholesterol (0.37 ± 0.02 mmole) and considerably less cholesteryl acetate (0.04 ± 0.01 mmole).
Rapid Room-Temperature 11C-Methylation of Arylamines with [11C]Methyl Iodide Promoted by Solid Inorganic Bases in DMF.

[11C]Methyl iodide is the most widely used reagent for labeling radiotracers with carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) for molecular imaging with positron emission tomography. However, some substrates for labeling, especially primary arylamines and pyrroles, are sluggishly reactive towards [11C]methyl iodide. We found that insoluble inorganic bases, especially Li3N or Li2O, effectively promote rapid reactions (≤ 10 min) of such substrates with no-carrier-added [11C]methyl iodide in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at room temperature to give 11C-methylated products in useful radiochemical yields. In particular, we discovered that some primary arylamines in Li3N/DMF were converted into their corresponding formanilides, and that these were readily N-methylated with [11C]methyl iodide, which preceded easy basic hydrolysis to the desired [11C]N-methyl secondary arylamines. The use of a solid base permitted selective reaction at an arylamino group and, in some cases, avoided undesirable side reactions, such as ester group hydrolysis. An ultrasound device proved useful to provide remote and constant agitation of the radioactive heterogeneous reaction mixtures but imparted no ultrasound-specific chemical effect.