cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Should Latinas go blond?’ Media representation and the regulation of Latina bodies and Latinas’ social and cultural practices in a beauty magazine

In the United States, ‘Latinas’ is an ethnic category that includes a very diverse population. Since second- and third-generation Latinxs tend to be Englishdominant speakers, it is common to see publications in English that target this group. This study analyses how one of these publications, a beauty magazine for Latinas, uses different linguistic devices in their interviews and beauty advice columns to create a racially/ethnically homogeneous image of this community. My analysis focuses on this publication’s articles about hair, with particular attention to metaphors, the use of Spanish, and the indexicality of the term Latina itself. It shows that while characteristics of, and stereotypes about, Latinas are praised and celebrated, the advice offered contains instructions to regulate the Latina body to conform to beauty norms that are more valued in the United States, those associated with White women. Also, my analysis shows how this publication establishes different levels of Latinidad (Latinity) in which being too Latina represents traditional and primitive values that seem to be part of these Latinas’ imagined community’s heritage but not their own. I argue that these advice articles are intended to discursively create a Latina body acceptable to mainstream America; that while attempting to create a homogeneous image of Latinas, the publication paints a picture of tolerance toward Latinas that many of them do not experience; and that the articles do not take into account racial, social, ethnic and sexual differences among Latinas. I show how instead this publication seeks to regulate the Latina body and establish which Latinas’ social and cultural practices are acceptable for White America, so that they do not disrupt the predominant social order.
Retroarticular Core Decompression with Biologic Augmentation for Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee

Abstract Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee is a rare condition of subchondral bone that has secondary effects on articular cartilage as the condition advances. Traditional treatment for early-stage OCD involves different types of drilling procedures that work to stimulate healthy bone formation via creeping substitution. This article describes a technique that involves a complete removal, or decompression of an early-stage OCD, while preserving the overlying articular cartilage that is augmented with bone grafting and bone marrow aspirate concentrate. This allows for quicker and more reliable healing of early-stage OCD and can minimize the chance for reoperation.
HIGH-ACCURACY QUARTIC FORCE FIELD CALCULATIONS FOR THE SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS AND VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF 11 A′ l-C3H–: A POSSIBLE LINK TO LINES OBSERVED IN THE HORSEHEAD NEBULA PHOTODISSOCIATION REGION

It has been shown that rotational lines observed in the Horsehead nebula photodissociation region (PDR) are probably not caused by l-C3H+, as was originally suggested. In the search for viable alternative candidate carriers, quartic force fields are employed here to provide highly accurate rotational constants, as well as fundamental vibrational frequencies, for another candidate carrier: 1 1 A' C3H?. The ab initio computed spectroscopic constants provided in this work are, compared to those necessary to define the observed lines, as accurate as the computed spectroscopic constants for many of the known interstellar anions. Additionally, the computed D eff for C3H? is three times closer to the D deduced from the observed Horsehead nebula lines relative to l-C3H+. As a result, 1 1 A' C3H? is a more viable candidate for these observed rotational transitions. It has been previously proposed that at least C6H? may be present in the Horsehead nebular PDR formed by way of radiative attachment through its dipole-bound excited state. C3H? could form in a similar way through its dipole-bound state, but its valence excited state increases the number of relaxation pathways possible to reach the ground electronic state. In turn, the rate of formation for C3H? could be greater than the rate of its destruction. C3H? would be the seventh confirmed interstellar anion detected within the past decade and the first C n H? molecular anion with an odd n.
Life in Space: Galina Rymbu, trans. Joan Brooks. Brooklyn, NY: Ugly Duckling Presse, 2020. vii and 225 pp. $22.00 paper (ISBN 9781946433329).

In his introduction to the English-language translation of Russian feminist poet Galina Rymbu’s Life in Space, Russian-American poet and translator Eugene Ostashevsky cites a statement from Rymbu o...
Over-expression Screen of Interferon-Stimulated Genes Identifies RARRES3 as a Restrictor of Toxoplasma gondii Infection

Toxoplasma gondii is an important human pathogen infecting an estimated 1 in 3 people worldwide. The cytokine interferon gamma (IFN{gamma}) is induced during infection and is critical for restricting T. gondii growth in human cells. Growth restriction is presumed to be due to the induction interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) that are upregulated to protect the host from infection. Although there are hundreds of ISGs induced by IFN{gamma}, their individual roles in restricting parasite growth in human cells remain somewhat elusive. To address this deficiency, we screened a library of 414 IFN{gamma} induced ISGs to identify factors that impact T. gondii infection in human cells. In addition to IRF1, which likely acts through induction of numerous downstream genes, we identified RARRES3 as a single factor that restricts T. gondii infection by inducing premature egress of the parasite in multiple human cell lines. Overall, while we successfully identified a novel IFN{gamma} induced factor restricting T. gondii infection, the limited number of ISGs capable of restricting T. gondii infection when individually expressed suggests that IFN{gamma} mediated immunity to T. gondii infection is a complex, multifactorial process.
Reactions of Silver (I) salts in potassium halide matrices: A differential scanning calorimetry study

Abstract Reactions of AgCl, AgSO 4 , and Ag 2 CO 3 in and with pressed KCl, KBr, and KI disks as well as those of unpressed mixtures were followed by TG and DSC. Except for Ag 2 CO 3 and Ag 2 SO 4 in KI, the curves obtained were readily interpreted in terms of eutectic melting, decomposition, and complex formation.
Distinct Substrate Specificity and Catalytic Activity of the Pseudoglycosyltransferase VldE

The pseudoglycosyltransferase (PsGT) VldE is a glycosyltransferase-like protein that is similar to trehalose 6-phosphate synthase (OtsA). However, in contrast to OtsA, which catalyzes condensation between UDP-glucose and glucose 6-phosphate, VldE couples two pseudosugars to give a product with an α,α-N-pseudoglycosidic linkage. Despite their unique catalytic activity and important role in the biosynthesis of natural products, little is known about the molecular basis governing their substrate specificity and catalysis. Here, we report comparative biochemical and kinetic studies using recombinant OtsA, VldE, and their chimeric proteins with a variety of sugar and pseudosugar substrates. We found that the chimeric enzymes can produce hybrid pseudo-(amino)disaccharides, and an amino group in the acceptor is necessary to facilitate a coupling reaction with a pseudosugar donor. Furthermore, we found that the N-terminal domains of the enzymes not only play a major role in selecting the acceptors, but also control the type of nucleotidyl diphosphate moiety of the donors.
Neuropsychologie affektiver Störungen

Der 46-jahrige Herr M. ist an einer schweren depressiven Storung erkrankt. Er wird in eine psychiatrische Klinik aufgenommen und erfolgreich pharmako- und psychotherapeutisch behandelt. Nach der Entlassung kehrt Herr M. an seinen Arbeitsplatz als Diplomingenieur zuruck. Doch schon bald stellen sich erneut Probleme ein. Obwohl Herr M. weitgehend ausgeglichener Stimmung ist, fallt es ihm schwer, sich auf seine Tatigkeit zu konzentrieren. Die Namen neuer Kunden der Firma kann er sich kaum merken. Den Arbeitskollegen fallt insbesondere auf, dass Herr M. ausergewohnlich viel Zeit dafur benotigt, sich auf neue Arbeitsschritte einzustellen. Da Herr M. sein Arbeitspensum nicht termingerecht schafft, ist sein Chef unzufrieden. Herr M. fuhlt sich unter Druck gesetzt und verursacht in der Folge wiederholt Fehler. Er entwickelt erneut starke Selbstzweifel und ist bald darauf zu einer strukturierten Arbeit mit festen Arbeitszeiten nicht mehr in der Lage. Sechs Monate nach Wiederaufnahme seiner Tatigkeit wird Herr M. erneut in die psychiatrische Klinik aufgenommen.
WebCT as an E-Learning Tool: A Study of Technology Students' Perceptions

Introduction Educators today are using distance education and Internet-based learning as methods for delivering courses. There are many software packages specifically designed for electronic learning (e-learning), such as WebCT, Blackboard, and Prometheus. Before Internet access became widely available, instructors delivered asynchronous instruction via telephone, cable TV, videotape, or printed materials to distance learning students (Hazari, 1998). In recent years, universities have moved to Internet-based courses to attract students not able to attend traditional classes for various reasons. In the majority of cases, students enroll in Internet-based classes because of convenience while working toward a diploma or enhancing professional skills that may result in a promotion or career change (Hazari, 1998). Teaching styles have to be adapted to this new environment because the Internet is a different medium. Faculty and students have to adjust to the pedagogy that uses instructional technology as an integral component in teaching. Many faculty who have not used instructional technology to accomplish course objectives in the past now have to be trained to do so, and they very often include a component in the course that provides information to students about the technology itself (Hazari, 1998). Students must be trained to work with instructional technology in order to be successful with online learning classes. This study sought to determine students’ interest in using WebCT as a tool for completing courses online. It also sought to determine students’ familiarity with WebCT. WebCT was selected because of its use by the university being studied. Two industrial technology courses were selected. Students were surveyed at the end of the course after they used WebCT for a variety of assignments and electronic interaction. The goal of this article is to inform those considering online education about students’ perceptions of using WebCT. While some statistics are available for online programs as a whole, little research has been done in the area that focuses on a specific software package such as WebCT. __________________________
Data Access Services That Make Remote Sensing Data Easier to Use

This slide presentation reviews some of the processes that NASA uses to make the remote sensing data easy to use over the World Wide Web. This work involves much research into data formats, geolocation structures and quality indicators, often to be followed by coding a preprocessing program. Only then are the data usable within the analysis tool of choice. The Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center is deploying a variety of data access services that are designed to dramatically shorten the time consumed in the data preparation step. On-the-fly conversion to the standard network Common Data Form (netCDF) format with Climate-Forecast (CF) conventions imposes a standard coordinate system framework that makes data instantly readable through several tools, such as the Integrated Data Viewer, Gridded Analysis and Display System, Panoply and Ferret. A similar benefit is achieved by serving data through the Open Source Project for a Network Data Access Protocol (OPeNDAP), which also provides subsetting. The Data Quality Screening Service goes a step further in filtering out data points based on quality control flags, based on science team recommendations or user-specified criteria. Further still is the Giovanni online analysis system which goes beyond handling formatting and quality to provide visualization and basic statistics of the data. This general approach of automating the preparation steps has the important added benefit of enabling use of the data by non-human users (i.e., computer programs), which often make sub-optimal use of the available data due to the need to hard-code data preparation on the client side.
Alternate Dispute Financing and Legal Ethics: Free the Lawyers!

As is the case for many of our entitlements, our rights of action are protected by a less-than-full property rule. As a result, financing of litigation has been limited. The recent rise of alternate dispute financing has raised serious ethical problems. In this Article, I discuss those problems, dismiss some (but not all) of them, and suggest that pushing the protection of our entitlement to sue closer to a property rule might alleviate those problems that remain.
The role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of bovine theilerioses in East Africa.

The Theileriidae of East African wild mammals are reviewed. Three species of wild Bovidae were captured in East Africa. They were African Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and eland (Taurotragus oryx), and all were found to be naturally infected with Theileria species. These animals were studied to determine the transmissibility and pathogenicity of their theilerial infections to cattle. Adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks, which had engorged as nymphs on buffalo, transmitted fatal Theileria lawrencei infections to cattle. African buffalo were shown to be continually infective for ticks over a period of many months, demonstrating that buffalo can remain a carrier of T. lawrencei. In contrast, attempts to transmit the Theileria of wildebeest and eland to cattle through rhipicephalid ticks failed, despite the establishment of these parasites of the ticks. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the epidemiology of bovine theilerioses. During t...
Platelet-rich Plasma and Plantar Fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain and can prove difficult to treat in its most chronic and severe forms. Advanced cases of plantar fasciitis are often associated with ankle stiffness, heel spurs, and other conditions and can lead to extensive physical disability and financial loss. Most available traditional treatments, including orthoses, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and steroid injections have a paucity of supportive clinical evidence. More invasive treatments, ranging from corticosteroid and botulinum-A toxin injections to shockwave therapy and plantar fasciotomy, have demonstrated varying clinical success in severe cases but carry the potential for serious complication and permanent disability. Platelet-rich plasma has recently been dem- onstrated to be helpful in managing chronic severe tendinopathies when other techniques have failed. This review examines the pathophysiology, diagnostic options, nonoperative treatment modalities, and surgical options currently used for plantar fasciitis. It also focuses on the clinical rationale and available evidence for using autologous platelet-rich plasma to treat severe refractory chronic plantar fasciitis.
Korean Adoptees' Retrospective Reports of Intrusive Interactions: Exploring Boundary Management in Adoptive Families

The current study examines family communication surrounding Korean adult adoptees' reported experiences with intrusive interactions. These interactions, exemplified by questions such as “Is she adopted?” or “Are your daughters real sisters?” result from outsiders' observations of racial difference within some adoptive families. Past research has examined these interactions from the perspective of adoptive parents (Suter, 2008; Suter & Ballard, 2009; Tessler, Gamache, & Liu, 1999), but research on adoptees' perspectives on these interactions has been lacking. This study examines retrospective reports of intrusive interactions and uses discourse dependency (Galvin, 2006) to examine family members' responses to them. Participants reported different types of interactions, including relational comments/questions, compliments, stares, mistaken identities, and adoptee-only interactions. Generally, these interactions elicited embarrassment or frustration, as adoptees desired to “blend in” and not be pitied. Paren...
The statistics of sputtering

Abstract The MARLOWE program was used to study the statistics of sputtering, on the example of 1 to 100 keV Au atoms normally incident on static {001} and {111} Au crystals. The yield of sputtered atoms was examined as a function of the impact point of the incident particles (“ions”) on the target surfaces. There were variations on two scales. The effects of the axial and planar channeling of the ions could be traced, the details depending on the orientation of the target and the energies of the ions. Locally, the sputtering yield was very sensitive to the impact point, small changes in position often producing large changes in yield. The results indicate strongly that the sputtering yield is a random (“chaotic”) function of the impact point.
Reuse, CORBA, and knowledge-based systems

By applying recent advances in the standards for distributed computing, we have developed an architecture for a CORBA implementation of a library of platform-independent, sharable problem-solving methods and knowledge bases. The aim of this library is to allow developers to reuse these components across different tasks and domains. Reuse should be cost-effective; therefore, the library will include standard problem-solving methods whose semantics are well understood and are described with a language for stating the requirements and capabilities of a component. In addition, when a developer needs toadapta component to a new task, the adaptation costs should be minimal. Thus, we advocate the use of separate mediating components that isolate these adaptations from the original component. We demonstrate our approach with an example: an implementation of a problem-solving method, a knowledge-base server, and mediating components that adapt the method to different knowledge bases and tasks.
Anticenters and antimedians of a network

This paper presents methods for the optimal location of facilities in a network when the traditional criteria of minimizing distance is replaced by maximization.
Political Party Linkages to Presidential Popularity: Assessing the "Coalition of Minorities" Thesis

S ince John Mueller (1970) published his pathbreaking article, a huge literature has emerged to assess the impact of political (Sigelman 1979) and economic (Monroe 1984) conditions on presidential popularity. Mueller attributed the decline in presidential popularity to a "coalition-of-minorities" effect; a president's electoral coalition is unstable because it represents dissimilar minority-voter blocs rather than a true majority mandate. A replication study by James Stimson (1976) employed a curvilinear function, since incumbents showed a general "surge" of popularity before reelection. Stimson reasoned that people lacking political knowledge and partisanship rally behind a new president based on "unrealistic expectations," which eventually give rise to "inexorable disillusionment" and a decline in presidential popularity. In his critique, Samuel Kernell (1978) countered that popular reactions are "experiential and incremental" because "peace and prosperity" are the foundations of presidential popularity. These scholars operate on different assumptions about public opinion. Mueller finds a body politic factionalized into autonomous voter blocs and interest groups; Stimson focuses on that segment of the electorate who are fickle; and Kernell views a public opinion reacting uniformly to presidential leadership. But they do not consider a fourth model of public opinion mobilized by political party identifications. Our research note evaluates this party cleavage model relative to the coalition-of-minorities and "consensus" models to determine which best explains the trend of presidential popularity over time.
Sanger DNA-sequencing reactions performed in a solid-phase nanoreactor directly coupled to capillary gel electrophoresis

A miniaturized, solid-phase nanoreactor was developed to prepare Sanger DNA-sequencing ladders which was directly interfaced to a capillary gel electrophoresis system. A biotinylated fragment of the rat brain actin gene (1 kbp) was amplified by PCR and attached to the interior wall of an (aminoalkyl)silane-derivatized fused-silica capillary tube via a biotin/streptavidin/biotin linkage. Coverage of the capillary wall with the biotinylated DNA averaged 77 ± 10%. Stability of the anchored template under pressure (33 nL/s) and electroosmotic flows (11.3 nL/s) were favorable, requiring rinsing for >150 h to reduce the surface coverage by only 50%. In addition, the immobilized template was stable toward temperatures required for preparing sequencing ladders, even under cycling conditions. Standard Sanger dideoxynucleotide termination performed in a large-volume (∼8 μL) solid-phase reactor using the thermally stable polymerase enzymes Taq and Vent and the polymerases T7 and Bst with off-line slab gel electropho...
Substituent effects on the stability of 1,4-dihydropyridines

Water addition across the 5,6-double bond of 1,4-dihydropyridines easily occurs in neutral or acidic media. The influence of substituents in positions N-1 and C-3 on this reaction has been theoretically investigated. The AM1 molecular orbital approximation was used for both simulated gas-phase and aqueous effects (COSMO modeling method). Since experimental evidence has shown that the rate-determining step of the reaction is a proton transfer from the general and to the C-5 position of the substrate, calculated proton affinities were used as reactivity indexes. The results indicated that electron-donating (+ I) substituents favor the water addition, while electron-withdrawing (− I) groups stabilize dihydropyridines toward this process. The important role of solvation factor versus gas-phase behavior, reflected in a modified order of the basicity and reactivity of the compounds in the examined series, was revealed.
Scintillation properties of CsBa2Br5:Eu2+

Abstract In this study, the scintillation properties of Eu 2+ activated CsBa 2 Br 5 are reported. It is an analog of Eu 2+ doped CsBa 2 I 5 scintillator that exhibits excellent scintillation properties. Microcrystalline powder samples of this compound were synthesized by reaction in the molten state of cesium bromide, barium bromide and europium bromide. The concentration of an Eu was varied from 0% to 10%. The luminescence was studied under UV and X-ray excitation. The light output is strongly Eu 2+ concentration dependent, reaching an estimated maximum of about 92,000 photons/MeV at 2% Eu under X-ray excitation. About 50% of the scintillation light decays in less than 1 μs. CsBa 2 Br 5 :Eu 2+ exhibits a complex concentration dependent emission centered around 435 nm.
Coagulation of a polymer solution: Effect of initial dispersion of polymer in solvent

Modeling results indicate that a moderate increase in coarseness of the initial dispersion of the polymer in solution leads to a faster coagulation rate and to the formation of a more uniform structure. Such an increase in coarseness can be obtained either by bringing the polymer solution close to the solubility limit or by increasing the stiffness of the polymer chains. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 36: 2493–2497, 1998
Format-agnostic adaptation using the MPEG-21 DIA framework

Part 7 of MPEG-21 entitled Digital Item Adaptation (DIA), is an emerging metadata standard defining protocols and descriptions enabling content adaptation for a wide variety of networks and terminals, with attention to format-independent mechanisms. The descriptions standardized in DIA provide a standardized interface not only to a variety of format-specific adaptation engines, but also to format-independent adaptation engines for scalable bit-streams. A fully format-independent engine contains a decision-taking module operating in a media-type and context independent manner, cascaded with a bit-stream adaptation module that models the bit-stream adaptation process as an XML transformation operating on a high-level syntax description of the bit-stream, with parameters derived from decisions taken. In this paper, we describe the DIA descriptions and underlying mechanisms that enable such fully format-independent scalable bit-stream adaptation. Further, a new model-based, compact and lightweight transformation language for scalable bit-streams is described for use in the bit-stream adaptation module. Fully format-independent adaptation mechanisms lead to universal adaptation engines that substantially reduce adoption costs for new media types and formats because the same delivery and adaptation infrastructure can be used for different types of scalable media, including proprietary and encrypted content.
Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance imaging–guided therapy for brain tumors

Since their introduction into surgical practice in the mid 1990s, intraoperative MRI systems have evolved into essential, routinely used tools for the surgical treatment of brain tumors in many centers. Clear delineation of the lesion, "under-the-surface" vision, and the possibility of obtaining real-time feedback on the extent of resection and the position of residual tumor tissue (which may change during surgery due to "brain-shift") are the main strengths of this method. High-performance computing has further extended the capabilities of intraoperative MRI systems, opening the way for using multimodal information and 3D anatomical reconstructions, which can be updated in "near real time." MRI sensitivity to thermal changes has also opened the way for innovative, minimally invasive (LASER ablations) as well as noninvasive therapeutic approaches for brain tumors (focused ultrasound). Although we have not used intraoperative MRI in clinical applications sufficiently long to assess long-term outcomes, this method clearly enhances the ability of the neurosurgeon to navigate the surgical field with greater accuracy, to avoid critical anatomic structures with greater efficacy, and to reduce the overall invasiveness of the surgery itself.
Accuracy in tooth positioning with a fully customized lingual orthodontic appliance

Introduction To understand orthodontic tooth movement, a method of quantification of tooth position discrepancies in 3 dimensions is needed. Brackets and wires now can be fabricated by CAD/CAM technology on a setup made at the beginning of treatment, so that treatment should produce a reasonably precise duplicate of the setup. The extent of discrepancies between the planned and actual tooth movements can be quantified by registration of the setup and final models. The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a CAD/CAM lingual orthodontic technique. Methods Dental casts of 94 consecutive patients from 1 practice, representing a broad range of orthodontic problems, were scanned to create digital models, and then the setup and final models for each patient were registered individually for the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. Individual tooth discrepancies between the setup and actual outcome were computed and expressed in terms of a six-degrees-of-freedom rectangular coordinate system. Results Discrepancies in position and rotation between the setup and outcome were small for all teeth (generally less than 1 mm and 4°) except for the second molars, where some larger discrepancies were observed. Faciolingual expansion in the posterior teeth was greater in the setup than in the final models, especially at the second molars. Linear mixed models showed that age, type of tooth, jaw, initial crowding, time in slot-filling wire, use of elastics, days in treatment, interproximal reduction, and rebonding, were all influences on the final differences, but, for most of these factors, the influence was small, explaining only a small amount of the discrepancy between the planned and the actual outcomes. Conclusion These fully customized lingual orthodontic appliances were accurate in achieving the goals planned at the initial setup, except for the full amount of planned expansion and the inclination at the second molars. This methodology is the first step toward understanding and measuring tooth movement in 3 dimensions.
Nonthermal infra-red radiation from exploding wire plasmas

Measurements have been made of the infra-red emission from 0.6 to 30 mu m of exploding wire (CH2, Cu, W) plasmas produced by Gamble II generator. These measurements show that most of the plasma radiates as a blackbody in the infra-red region of the spectrum with the addition of intense narrow band radiation near omega pe( lambda =10 mu m). Particularly, intense nonthermal emission correlates with intense pinch formation, while less intense nonthermal emission correlates with the presence of electron beam-target X-radiation from the wire plasmas. As the initial wire size or atomic number of the wire is reduced, the intensity of the nonthermal emission increases.
Reduced fecundity in mice on tannic acid diet.

Abstract 1. White mice fed a continuous diet of 8 per cent tannic acid in laboratory chow produced litters of smaller number, slower growth rate, and lower body-weight plateau. 2. Females on this tannic acid diet required a longer time to become impregnated.
A spatial frequency analogue to Mach bands.

Abstract An apparent shift in spatial frequency, analogous to the apparent change in brightness evidenced in Mach bands, was investigated as a function of the steepness of the spatial frequency gradient. An apparent increment in bar width was observed which showed systematic variations in magnitude as the steepness of the gradient increased. An apparent decrement in bar width was found, but only for the steepest gradient. The findings support the operation of lateral inhibitory interactions between spatial frequency channels, suggesting that the bandwidth of such spatial frequency channels might be broader than ± 1 octave.
Upper airway abnormalities in Canavan disease.

Objective: To describe upper airway anatomical abnormalities associated with Canavan disease. Methods: Retrospective case report. Results: Physical examination and laryngoscopy demonstrated oropharyngeal narrowing, macroglossia, and bronchial asymmetry in a child with Canavan disease. Tracheostomy decreased problems with chronic aspiration and obstructive sleep apnea. Conclusions: Oropharyngeal obstruction and bronchial asymmetry are previously undescribed upper airway abnormalities found in an individual with Canavan disease. Tracheostomy is an effective method of managing chronic aspiration and obstruction in these patients.
Psychotropic medications and other non-hormonal treatments for premenstrual disorders:

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors have well-established efficacy for severe premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Efficacy has been reported with both continuous dosing (all cycle) and intermittent or luteal phase dosing (from ovulation to menses). Efficacy may be less with intermittent dosing, particularly for premenstrual physical symptoms. The efficacy of symptom-onset dosing (medication taken only on luteal days when symptoms occur) needs further systematic study. Women going through the menopausal transition may need to adjust their antidepressant dosing regimen due to the change in frequency of menstruation. Anxiolytics, calcium, chasteberry and cognitive-behaviour therapy may also have a role in the treatment of premenstrual symptoms.
Cycling between vice and virtue: Assessing the informal sector's awkward role under neoliberal reform

ABSTRACT The rise of informal labour activities in Latin America in the era of neoliberal reform has necessitated a revision of earlier accounts which argued that low-paying informal work resulted primarily from excessive government regulation of product and factor markets. Under market-oriented adjustment and stabilization policies that promoted trade and capital market reform; altered the relative prices of capital and labour; and fostered greater degrees of labour market ‘flexibility’, the informal sector grew. In response, the revisionist argument transformed informal activity from an indication of systemic vice to that of systemic virtue. In the presence of growing structural unemployment, rising income inequality, and stagnant or falling real wages for many, the argument that proceeded from virtue is found wanting and marked by mis-specification and contradiction. Instead, and given the discrepancy between the progress of labour productivity and the weakening of real wages in both the formal and inf...
Towards the clinical implementation of iterative low-dose cone-beam CT reconstruction in image-guided radiation therapy: cone/ring artifact correction and multiple GPU implementation.

Purpose: Compressed sensing (CS)-based iterative reconstruction (IR) techniques are able to reconstruct cone-beam CT (CBCT) images from undersampled noisy data, allowing for imaging dose reduction. However, there are a few practical concerns preventing the clinical implementation of these techniques. On the image quality side, data truncation along the superior–inferior direction under the cone-beam geometry produces severe cone artifacts in the reconstructed images. Ring artifacts are also seen in the half-fan scan mode. On the reconstruction efficiency side, the long computation time hinders clinical use in image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). Methods: Image quality improvement methods are proposed to mitigate the cone and ring image artifacts in IR. The basic idea is to use weighting factors in the IR data fidelity term to improve projection data consistency with the reconstructed volume. In order to improve the computational efficiency, a multiple graphics processing units (GPUs)-based CS-IR system was developed. The parallelization scheme, detailed analyses of computation time at each step, their relationship with image resolution, and the acceleration factors were studied. The whole system was evaluated in various phantom and patient cases. Results: Ring artifacts can be mitigated by properly designing a weighting factor as a function of the spatial location on the detector. As for the cone artifact, without applying a correction method, it contaminated 13 out of 80 slices in a head-neck case (full-fan). Contamination was even more severe in a pelvis case under half-fan mode, where 36 out of 80 slices were affected, leading to poorer soft tissue delineation and reduced superior–inferior coverage. The proposed method effectively corrects those contaminated slices with mean intensity differences compared to FDK results decreasing from ∼497 and ∼293 HU to ∼39 and ∼27 HU for the full-fan and half-fan cases, respectively. In terms of efficiency boost, an overall 3.1 × speedup factor has been achieved with four GPU cards compared to a single GPU-based reconstruction. The total computation time is ∼30 s for typical clinical cases. Conclusions: The authors have developed a low-dose CBCT IR system for IGRT. By incorporating data consistency-based weighting factors in the IR model, cone/ring artifacts can be mitigated. A boost in computational efficiency is achieved by multi-GPU implementation.
High-Resolution Fast-Neutron and Gamma Digital Radiography

The fast neutron hodoscope at TREAT can be modified for high resolution radiography. Time-resolved radiography normally performed by the hodoscope with coarse spatial resolution may be traded for good space definition at the expense of time resolution, allowing the hodoscope to become a dual purpose instrument. The modifications require remote motorized scanning of the collimator and simultaneous 334-channel data collection over extended intervals of time. By doing so, it becomes possible to generate digital radiographs without the necessity for mechanical disturbance of the object being viewed. Furthermore, separate and distinct images of fuel and steel may be produced.
Financial risk of the Biotech Industry versus the Pharmaceutical Industry

The biotech industry now accounts for a substantial and growing proportion of total R&D spending on new medicines. However, compared with the pharmaceutical industry, the biotech industry is financially fragile. This article illustrates the financial fragility of the biotech and pharmaceutical industries in the US and the implications of this fragility for the effects that government regulation could have on biotech firms. Graphical analysis and statistical tests were used to show how the biotech industry differs from the pharmaceutical industry. The two industries' characteristics were measured and compared, along with various measures of firms' financial risk and sensitivity to government regulation. Data from firms' financial statements provided accounting-based measures and firms' stock returns applied to a multifactor asset pricing model provided financial market measures. The biotech industry was by far the most research-intensive industry in the US, averaging 38% R&D intensity (ratio of R&D spending to total firm assets) over the past 25 years, compared with an average of 25% for the pharmaceutical industry and 3% for all other industries. Biotech firms exhibited lower and more volatile profits and higher market-related and size-related risk, and they suffered more negative stock returns in response to threatened government price regulation. Biotech firms' financial risks increase their costs of capital and make them more sensitive to government regulations that affect their financial prospects. As biotech products grow to represent a larger share of new medicines, general stock market conditions and government regulations could have a greater impact on the level of innovation of new medicines.
High density culture of mammalian cells with dynamic perfusion based on on-line oxygen uptake rate measurements

In a continuous culture with cell retention the perfusion rate must be adjusted dynamically to meet the cellular demand. An automated mechanism of adjusting the perfusion rate based on real-time measurement of the metabolic load of the bioreactor is important in achieving a high cell concentration and maintaining high viability. We employed oxygen uptake rate (OUR) measurement as an on-line metabolic indicator of the physiological state of the cells in the bioreactor and adjusted the perfusion rate accordingly. Using an internal hollow fiber microfiltration system for total cell retention, a cell concentration of almost 108 cells/mL was achieved. Although some aggregates were formed during the cultivation, the viability remained high as examined with confocal microscopy after fluorescent vital staining. The results demonstrate that on-line OUR measurement facilitates automated dynamic perfusion and allows a high cell concentration to be achieved.
Relative contributions of the lower extremity joint moments to forward progression and support during gait

Abstract A method, which was found to be accurate within 0.54 m/s 2 , was developed to estimate the relative contributions of the net joint moments to forward progression and support in the gait of five normal subjects. Forward progression was produced primarily by the ankle plantar flexors with a significant assist from the knee extensors. Support was produced largely by the plantar flexors during single limb support and by a combination of ankle plantar flexors, knee extensors and hip extensors during double limb support.
Laser Cooled Strontium Ion Source

We present a cold strontium ion source consisting of a magneto-optical trap (MOT) modified to create a Low Velocity Intense Source (LVIS). The slow beam of atoms is photo-ionized to produce a velocity-tunable ion source.
Some effects of colchicine on the metamorphosis of culex pipiens linn.

1. The normal metamorphosis of the ileum of Culex pipiens begins about the fourth hour of pupal life. By a series of somatic reduction divisions the large polyploid cells of the ileac epithelium form a much larger number of much smaller cells which form the new epithelium. 2. The colon epithelium disintegrates and is replaced by cells which arise by multiplication and migration into the colon from the posterior end of the ileum and the anterior end of the rectum. 3. Normal metamorphosis occurred in the hind-gut of pupae treated with Buck's modification of Ringer solution, which was the solvent for the colchicine used in this investigation. 4. In pupae treated with a 0.25 per cent solution of colchicine before metamorphosis began, the metamorphosis of the ileum was inhibited and the ilea remained in the premetamorphic condition. The epithelial tissue of the colon underwent normal disintegration but the ingrowth of the new tissue was inhibited. 5. In pupae treated with a 0.25 per cent solution of colchicine during metamorphosis the metamorphosis of the ileum was arrested at the stage of development in which it was when the treatment began. Disintegration of the colon continued but the development of the new epithelium was arrested at the stage in which it was when the treatment began. 6. Anaphase stages of division were absent in all treated material. 7. Initial evidence from the prevalence of 16n and 8n cells in both normal and treated ilea, the absence of any appreciable increase in the diameter of the nuclei in treated specimens and the failure of the cells to initiate another division cycle after inhibition by colchicine indicate a different effect of colchicine in multiple complexes of the hind-gut of the mosquito and in plants. In the latter polyploidy is induced while in the former no polyploidy is induced but somatic reduction is prevented. This is very similar to the effect of colchicine on meiosis where meiotic reduction is inhibited but no polyploidy induced. 8. It is suggested that the failure of the colchicine to induce higher degrees of polyploidy after the division of the SA-regions in the multiple complex cells is probably due to a lack of any further duplication of the chromosomes during interphase. 9. The effect of colchicine on the metamorphosis of the ileum is dependent on the time when the treatment is applied and not on the duration of the treatment. 10. The spindle is an essential element for the completion of the metamorphosis of the hind-gut. Its inhibition by colchicine leads to a corresponding inhibition of the metamorphic process. This adds further confirmation to the theory of somatic reduction as the mechanism whereby the metamorphosis of the ileum is accomplished.
Ovarian hormones regulating sexual and social behaviors in female prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster

In the induced ovulator, Microtus ochrogaster (the prairie vole), daily injections of estradiol benzoate (EB 0.5 μg or 5.0 μg) facilitated high levels of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized females withing 48 hr of the onset of treatment. A lower level of EB (0.05 μg) with or without progesterone (0.5 mg) for five days did not induce lordosis. Four hr after sexually receptive EB-primed females received progesterone (0.5 mg) they either continued to show lordosis (EB 5.0 μg group) or showed an inhibition of lordosis (EB 0.5 μg group). Within 24 hr lordosis was markedly reduced in both groups. Progesterone-associated inhibitions were no longer apparent 48 hr after progesterone was discontinued. This general pattern of response to ovarian hormones is consistent with data described for other induced ovulators.
Reforming Bureaucracy: The Politics of Institutional Choice

Shows how modern public bureaucracies share a common set of institutional rules determining the internal patterns of decision-making and external relationships with other political factors.
Guilt about first intercourse: an antecedent of sexual dissatisfaction among college women.

Abstract First sexual intercourse is often viewed as a rite of passage to adulthood. While one's initial coital experience may lead to affirmation of self identity, it is disappointing for many, resulting an feelings of guilt and shame. If guilt feelings do emerge, the likelihood of future sexual dissatisfaction is greatly increased. In particular, women with high leuels of sexual guilttend to perceive less sexual arousal, resulting in less enjoyment from their sexual encounters. The purposes of this investigation were to identify those factors crrelated with feeling guilty about first sexual intercourse and to examine the injuence of guilt about first intercourse on current sexual satisfaction. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to never–married collegewomen, with the subsample for this investigation consisting of 570 women. Significant variables correlated with guilt at first sexual intercourse include uncommunicative mother and father figures, overstrict father figures, uncomfortabkness with s...
Distribution of members of the PSD-95 family of MAGUK proteins at the synaptic region of inner and outer hair cells of the guinea pig cochlea.

PDZ-domain containing proteins of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) family target, anchor, and cluster receptors and channels to subcellular sites. Among the MAGUK proteins, the members of the PSD-95 family (MAGUKs: PSD-95, PSD-93, SAP-97, and SAP-102) target and anchor glutamate receptors to the synaptic terminals. Associations of glutamate receptors with MAGUKs have been described in the brain but not in the cochlea. In this study, RT-PCR, immunofluorescence microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy were used to investigate the presence and distribution of MAGUK proteins in the organ of Corti. The presence of the mRNA for PSD-95, PSD-93, SAP-97, and SAP-102 in the organ of Corti was confirmed by RT-PCR. Immunocytochemistry using a “pan-MAGUK” antibody, which recognizes all four MAGUK proteins, and selective antibodies against these proteins revealed that all four MAGUKs are present within the base of inner hair cells while all except SAP-97 are found within the base of the outer hair cells. In addition, PSD-93 and PSD-95 are found in postsynaptic afferent terminals on inner hair cells, while postsynaptic afferent terminals on outer hair cells have PSD-93. Synapse 40:258–268, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The use of a simple a.c. potentiometer for the precision testing of instrument transformers

The paper opens with a description of a simple form of co-ordinate a.c. potentiometer which requires little power to operate and is very light and portable. Its application to the measurement of the ratio and phase errors of a voltage-transformer follows. It may also be used to measure the errors of current-transformers, and several methods are described which avoid the difficulties inherent in the more usual “spill current” methods. Brief notes of the construction of an oil- cooled, shielded resistor for 33 kV, and of two standard current-transformers, are given.