cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspective on mutagenesis and repair: the standard model and alternate modes of mutagenesis.

ABSTRACTThe basic ideas of replication, mutagenesis, and repair have outlined a picture of how point mutations occur that has provided a valuable framework for theory and experiment, much as the Standard Model of particle physics has done for our concept of fundamental particles. However, alternative modes of mutagenesis are being defined that are changing our perspective of the “Standard Model” of mutagenesis, requiring an expanded model. The genome is now envisioned as being in dynamic equilibrium between a multitude of forces for mutational change and forces that counteract such change. By maintaining a delicate balance between these forces, cells avoid unwanted or excessive mutations. Yet, cells allow mutagenesis to occur under certain conditions. We can define an emerging paradigm. Namely, mechanisms exist that can direct point mutations to specific designated genes or regions of genes. In some cases, this is achieved by specific enzymes, and in other cases high mutability is programmed into the sequ...
Copolymerization of butadiene‐styrene by means of an oxygen, dodecyl mercaptan, and iron and cobalt pyrophosphates system

Copolymerization of butadiene-styrene in soap emulsion can be initiated by the interaction of oxygen and mercaptans catalyzed by traces of ferrous pyrophosphate and cobalt salts. A recipe is described which effects conversions of 53% within 36 hours at −1°. The resulting rubber is very soluble in benzene and has an intrinsic viscosity in the range of 3.5–4.36.
Dynamics of Field-Induced Droplet Ionization: Time-Resolved Studies of Distortion, Jetting, and Progeny Formation from Charged and Neutral Methanol Droplets Exposed to Strong Electric Fields

We recently reported that strong electric fields may be employed to directly extract positive and negative ions for mass analysis, including intact proteins, from neutral droplets. The present study investigates the dynamics of this process using switched high electric fields to enable time-resolved studies of droplet distortion, Taylor cone formation, and charged progeny droplet extraction from neutral and charged 225 μm methanol droplets. After a specific time in the field, a flashlamp is triggered to record droplet distortions using shadow photography. At a critical field strength Ec0 corresponding to the Taylor limit, neutral droplets exhibit a prolate elongation along the field axis forming symmetric cone-jets of positive and negatively charged progeny droplets, approximately 10 μm in diameter. This process is termed field-induced droplet ionization (FIDI). Because the time scale of FIDI is related to the frequency of shape oscillations that occur below the Taylor limit, models of field-dependent oscillation become an important predictor of the time scale for progeny jet formation. Droplets with a net charge q distort into asymmetric tear shapes and emit a single charged jet of progeny at a critical field Ecq that is less than Ec0. The measured decrease in droplet stream charge indicates that total charge loss can be greater than the original charge on the droplet, resulting in oppositely charged droplets. Interestingly, above Ec0, charged droplets sequentially emit a jet of the same polarity as the net charge followed by a jet of reverse polarity emitted in the opposite direction. For both neutral and charged droplets, increasing the electric field decreases the time to form jets and the combination of net charge and higher-than-critical fields has a compound effect in accelerating progeny formation. The implications of our results for using switched fields in FIDI-mass spectrometry for on-demand ion sampling from neutral and charged droplets are discussed.
Procedural justice and local democracy

Abstract Contemporary research on American local government has generally emphasized its role in public service provision. However, evidence that the provision of services has become increasingly characterized by locational conflict has led many geographers and other social scientists to question theory. Critical examination of the theory of American local democracy illustrates inconsistency stemming from its failure to distinguish a theory of government from a theory of electoral process. Our critical examination of this theory suggests that local democratic institutions must be operated and implemented in a manner consistent with a concept of social justice that is derived from societal knowledge and conditions yet is immune from influence by state institutions. This view implies that the achievement of procedural justice is of paramount importance in the reform of local state institutions. It is argued that a methodology modified from the public choice theory of constitutions but not implying an a priori conception of social justice can contribute effectively to empirical knowledge of what constitutes justice in procedure. In the last half of the paper, this methodology is applied experimentally to the resolution of two local state conflicts of contemporary importance: urban school budget retrenchment and water management. The results confirm that achieving procedural justice is indeed of central importance in the resolution of these conflicts and suggest what might constitute appropriate standards of procedural justice in these contexts.
Charge structure of 3He investigated by means of e-3He elastic scattering☆

Abstract Theoretical results are presented for the charge density distribution and the charge form factor of 3 He. The investigation of this latter variable has been extended to values of momentum transfer k 2 ≈ 55 fm −2 where there appears to be a second diffraction minimum. The contributions from the Δ-nucleon resonance in the three-body wave function and those from meson-exchange currents to the nuclear current, evaluated with momentum-dependent meson-nucleon vertices, have been calculated. The overall agreement with existing experimental data is extremely good.
Sequential porphyroblast growth during deformation in a low‐pressure metamorphic terrain, Orrs Island–Harpswell Neck, Maine

Poikiloblastic index minerals in pelitic rocks from the Orrs Island–Harpswell Neck area of coastal Maine contain inclusion textures that indicate sequential growth of progressively higher grade metamorphic minerals during development of a near-vertical crenulation foliation. The sequence of zones in the field is garnet, staurolite, staurolite–andalusite, staurolite–sillimanite and sillimanite. Inclusion fabrics characteristic of different stages in crenulation cleavage development indicate that index minerals nucleated and grew sequentially: biotite began to grow before deformation, garnet began to grow during early stages of crenulation cleavage development, staurolite grew during intermediate stages, and andalusite grew relatively late, when transposition of the foliation was nearly complete. Muscovite pseudomorphs and sillimanite were mainly post-kinematic. The fact that metamorphic index minerals grew sequentially in individual rocks in the same order in which they appear across the field area indicates that the high temperature part of the pressure–temperature path was similar to the metamorphic field gradient. Metamorphism in the Orrs Island–Harpswell Neck area is consistent with the magmatic heating model that has been proposed for western Maine. Sequential development of index minerals in pelitic rocks in the Orrs Island–Harpswell Neck area apparently resulted from sequential nucleation after substantial overstepping of mineral-forming reactions. Once nucleation of an index mineral had taken place, initial growth was rapid and poikiloblasts preserved inclusion trails characteristic of the prevailing stage of crenulation cleavage development. Because nucleation of sillimanite may have required more overstepping of the andalusite–sillimanite reaction than nucleation at dehydration reactions, determination of metamorphic conditions for rapidly heated rocks such as these by comparison with a petrogenetic grid is problematic. Garnet zoning patterns in these rocks should reflect the fact that growth of garnet interiors occurred early during metamorphism in equilibrium with a low-grade assemblage. Only garnet rims would be expected to record the subsequent pressure–temperature path.
Reheat temperature in supersymmetric hybrid inflation models

The allowed range of parameters for supersymmetric hybrid inflation and its extensions are investigated. The lower bound on the reheat temperature ${T}_{r}$ in these models with hierarchical right-handed neutrinos is found to be $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$. (${T}_{r}$ as low as 100 GeV is possible for quasidegenerate right-handed neutrinos.) We also present revised estimates for the scalar spectral index and the symmetry breaking scale associated with inflation.
The 18‐kDa lectin‐binding protein of Chlamydia trachomatis is different from the 18‐kDa histone‐like protein

Five proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis at the 18000 (18-kDa) molecular mass region were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Three proteins at 18.2 kDa, pI 6.9, 18.0 kDa, pI 6.3, and 17.9 kDa, pI 6.4 were shown to bind lectin. A fourth protein of 18.0 kDa at pI 10 was the histone-like protein. The fifth protein at 17.9 kDa, pI 7.0 was not characterized.
Some errors estimates for the box method

We define and analyze several variants of the box method for discretizing elliptic boundary value problems in the plane. Our estimates show the error to be comparable to a standard Galerkin finite element method using piecewise linear polynomials.
Discriminating roles of desmosomal cadherins : Beyond desmosomal adhesion

Summary The desmosomal cadherins, which include desmogleins and desmocollins, are Ca2+-dependent adhesion molecules that cooperate to make up the adhesive core of intercellular junctions known as desmosomes. The roles of desmosomal cadherins in epidermal integrity and as targets in human cutaneous disease have been well established. However, the molecular basis of these disorders is still poorly understood, due in part to a lack of fundamental knowledge about the organization of the adhesive interface and molecular machinery that dictates the proper presentation of desmogleins and desmocollins on the cell surface. Further, the diversity of the desmosomal cadherin family, and their individualized expression patterns within complex tissues, suggests that these adhesion molecules may have differentiation-specific functions that transcend their roles in intercellular adhesion. Here we will review the most recent data from our own group and others that are beginning to unveil the diverse properties and functions of this complex family of adhesion molecules.
Capacitative calcium entry and TRPC channel proteins are expressed in rat distal pulmonary arterial smooth muscle.

Mammalian homologs of transient receptor potential (TRP) genes in Drosophila encode TRPC proteins, which make up cation channels that play several putative roles, including Ca2+ entry triggered by ...
Transient global amnesia

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a memory dysfunction characterized by a sudden onset of dense anterograde amnesia (AA) that gradually resolves across several hours. TGA is typically accompanied by repeated questions (concerning present circumstances) with retrograde amnesia for events preceding the attack, and it usually strikes individuals in their late 50s and early 60s. The etiology of TGA remains unclear, although it probably reflects a temporary disruption of the blood supply to the temporal lobe. The physical and psychological events preceding the attack are diverse, but they often include acute emotional and physical stressors. TGA appears to be benign, with low risk for recurrence or residual complications. While systematic memory research on TGA patients is rare, these individuals present a unique opportunity to study amnestic behaviors in otherwise normal individuals. A guide to conducting future research is provided.
Cerebral Palsy Diagnosis and Management: The State of the Art

C erebral palsy, or static encephalopathy, is defined as a primary abnormality of movement and posture secondary to a nonprogressive lesion of a developing brain. It actually represents a group of disorders rather than a single disease entity. Abnormal motor control and tone in the absence of an underlying progressive disease is the clinical hallmark of cerebral palsy. By definition, all neurodegenerative and metabolic conditions, which may initially mimic the disorder, are excluded from this diagnostic category. In 1862, William James Little, an orthopedic surgeon, provided the first description of “spastic rigidity” related to prematurity and birth complications, referring to the condition as Little’s disease. William Osler later introduced the term “cerebral palsy” in 1888. Subsequently, Sigmund Freud observed that antepartum and postpartum factors might be causally related to cerebral palsy. Since the earliest definition of cerebral palsy, many others have attempted to establish a unified description of the disorder. Controversy and confusion result when we attempt to relate causal factors to the physical and functional characteristics of cerebral palsy. Currently, cerebral palsy has been described as an “umbrella term” to refer to children with a wide range of static cerebral disorders with associated motor impairment. Inclusion and exclusion criteria useful for making the diagnosis of cerebral palsy have been written for the purpose of maintaining disease registries, such as the Western Australian Cerebral Palsy Register. Before the availability of modern laboratory techniques, some partial trisomies, chromosomal deletions, and x-linked hydrocephalus syndrome were included in the diagnosis of cerebral palsy. Although it is recommended that these nonprogressive cerebral abnormalities associated with motor impairments continue to be included in the diagnostic grouping of cerebral palsy, consistency among practitioners is lacking. It is well recognized that very low birth weight infants are at risk for cerebral palsy. Recent attention has focused on the outcomes of very low birth weight infants who survived the neonatal period without severe intraventricular hemorrhage or periventicular leukomalacia. It is estimated that the academic achievement of 30% to 50% of these children falls in the subnormal range. Furthermore, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is diagnosed in 20% to 30% and psychiatric disorders in 25% to 30% by adolescence. Perhaps the vulnerable premature brain is harmed during a critical period of development by stressful environmental conditions, including infant-provider interactions, constant noise, and bright lights. The impact of chronic lung disease, recurrent apnea and bradycardia, hyperbilirubinemia, and other physiologic stressors on the developing infant are poorly understood. However, if these at-risk children do not have abnormalities of motor function, they are not included in the diagnostic grouping of cerebral palsy.
Quantifying changes in regional myocardial perfusion with aortic contrast echocardiography.

We developed a technique to assess regional myocardial perfusion by quantifying echocardiographic myocardial contrast appearance and intensity after aortic root injection of an agitated diatrizoate meglumine solution. The technique was validated by comparing digitized echocardiographic contrast parameters to regional perfusion m the circumflex bed determined by calibrated Doppler flow probe and antemortem monastral blue staining. Regional perfusion was altered by circumflex stenosis, occlusion, and reactive hyperemia. Contrast effects were measured in an initial subset of six dogs by peak intensity change, time to peak intensity, maximal rate of intensity rise, and mean intensity change integrated over 1, 2, or 3 seconds after contrast appearance (MI1, MI2, MI3). MI2 and MI3 best predicted regional perfusion (r = 0.93, standard error of the estimate [SEE] 0.32 ml/gm/min for each). These findings were confirmed in a second subset of six dogs (r = 0.84, SEE=0.70 ml/gm/min). Although there was a relatively broad standard error for the prediction of absolute perfusion for the pooled data, for individual dogs data were internally consistent so that each had r > 0.88 for its varied flow states. The hyperemic ratio calculated by contrast echocardiography correlated well with the Doppler value (r = 0.85). Observer and study-to-study predictive variabilities were small (SEE 0.19 to 0.32 ml/gm/min). No alterations were seen in hemodynamics or reactive hyperemia after 25 consecutive injections over a 90-minute period. Contrast echocardiography with aortic root contrast injection tracks changes in regional blood flow. This approach can assess regional coronary reserve and detect changes in regional myocardial perfusion during acute ischemia and drug intervention.
Preoptic lesions increase the display of lordosis by male rats

Male rats do not normally show feminine patterns of sexual behavior even when injected with the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone. We find that brain lesions which damage the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic continuum augment the display of lordosis in hormone-treated male rats. The most effectively feminizing brain lesions are ones which bilaterally destroy a substantial portion of the medial preoptic area encompassing the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA). Males with particularly large preoptic lesions are receptive following estrogen treatment and show a progesterone facilitation of receptivity. In this respect, they cannot be behaviorally distinguished from females. Thus, axons originating in and/or passing through the preoptic area apparently inhibit the display of feminine sexual behaviors in males. Preoptic development and lordosis are each predictably affected by perinatal stimulation by testicular hormones, and hormone-stimulated preoptic development may form the neurological basis for some of the defeminizing effects of perinatal hormonal exposure. Our results raise the possibility that the site of this behavioral defeminization is the SDN-POA.
Evaluation of a Surface Exploration Traverse Analysis and Navigation Tool

SEXTANT is an extravehicular activity (EVA) mission planner tool developed in MATLAB, which computes the most efficient path between waypoints across a planetary surface. The traverse efficiency can be optimized around path distance, time, or explorer energy consumption. The user can select waypoints and the time spent at each, and can visualize a 3D map of the optimal path. Once the optimal path is generated, the thermal load on suited astronauts or solar power generation of rovers is displayed, along with the total traverse time and distance traveled. A field study was conducted at the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) in Utah to see if there was a statistical difference between the SEXTANT-determined energy consumption, time, or distance of EVA traverses and the actual output values. Actual traverse time was significantly longer than SEXTANTpredicted EVA traverse time (n=6, p<0.01), traverse distance was not significantly different than SEXTANT-predicted distance, and explorer energy consumption was significantly greater than SEXTANT-predicted energy consumption (n=5, p<0.01). A second study was done to see if mission re-planning, or contingency planning, was faster and less work when using SEXTANT in the habitat or in the field using an iPad. Time and workload measurements were collected for each subject under both conditions. Contingency planning in the habitat was not significantly different than contingency planning in the field. There was no significant workload difference when contingency planning in either location, however there was a trend that suggested contingency planning was faster in the habitat (n=3, p=0.07). Every subject commented that it was a hassle to carry the mission planner in the field and it was difficult to see the screen in the sunlight. To determine if gloves were a factor in the difference between mission re-planning time, subjects were asked to plan a contingency indoors with and without gloves. Performance and workload were not significantly different when re-planning with and without the gloves. The SEXTANT mission planner will continue to be improved according to the results and the recommendations of subjects in this study.
Dynamic integrated scheduling of hard real-time, soft real-time, and non-real-time processes

Real-time systems are growing in complexity and real-time and soft real-time applications are becoming common in general-purpose computing environments. Thus, there is a growing need for scheduling solutions that simultaneously support processes with a variety of different timeliness constraints. Toward this goal we have developed the resource allocation/dispatching (RAD) integrated scheduling model and the rate-based earliest deadline (RBED) integrated multi-class real-time scheduler based on this model. We present RAD and the RBED scheduler and formally prove the correctness of the operations that RBED employs. We then describe our implementation of RBED and present results demonstrating how RBED simultaneously and seamlessly supports hard real-time, soft real-time, and best-effort processes.
THE EFFECTS OF HERBIVORY AND POLLEN LIMITATION ON A DECLINING POPULATION OF TRILLIUM GRANDIFLORUM

In long-lived organisms, it is often difficult to determine which environmental factors will have the largest effects on population dynamics. In this study, I incorporated the results of short-term experiments and observations into a demographic matrix model to determine the effects of both herbivory and pollen limitation on the dynamics of a declining population of the perennial herb Trillium grandiflorum. While pollen supple- mentation experiments in both 1999 and 2000 revealed that plants produce fewer seeds as a result of pollen limitation, this pollen limitation had almost no effect on the growth rate of the population. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) consumed nearly half of the reproductive plants in this population in 2000 and 2001. Herbivory causes reproductive and large nonreproductive plants to regress in stage and have lower fecundity. In the absence of herbivory, demographic projections suggest that the population would shift from de- clining to growing, the proportional representation of new recruits would rise, and plants in larger stage classes would have higher reproductive values. Such shifts in the reproductive values and stable stage distribution result in shifts in elasticities. A life table response experiment demonstrated that, while herbivory affected six vital rates, two of these con- tributed disproportionately to the change in the population growth rate: reproductive plants remaining reproductive and large nonreproductive plants remaining nonreproductive. In this population, herbivores contribute more to its decline than pollinators. Thus, active long-term management of deer populations appears necessary for the conservation of un- derstory herbs such as Trillium grandiflorum.
A semiconductor process for cointegration of BAW thin-film piezoelectrics with microwave BJTs

A compatible process for the monolithic integration of the BAW (bulk acoustic wave) piezoelectric thin-film resonator with silicon BJTs (bipolar junction transistors) is presented. The process uses RIE (reactive ion etching) trench-isolated BJTs cointegrated with high-Q AlN resonators which do not use the p/sup +/ etch stop. Dielectrically assisted liftoff is used for AlN definition. The process is used for the design of a semicustom ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) palette consisting of resonators, BJTs, resistors, and digitally weighted MOS capacitors. This ASIC palette is then used for the design of 1-GHz oscillators. To facilitate the use of SPICE and S-parameter techniques, resonator equivalent circuit elements are obtained using TOUCHSTONE optimization routines. >
The streaming current detector : A quantitative model

moves up and down. These charged particles are momenThe streaming current detector (SCD) is an instrument used tarily immobilized on the surfaces of the piston and the for continuous characterization of colloidal surface charge. It mea- cylinder. As the fluid motion forces mobile counterions in sures the alternating current generated by mobile countering when the double layer past these immobile particles, half-reactions charged material momentarily adheres to cylinder and piston walls at the electrodes generate the streaming current as an alterwhile the piston reciprocates. The utility of the SCD for coagulant nating current which is directly related to the charge on control is generally accepted, as evidenced by the estimated one the particles ( 3, 10 ) . Electrical circuitry capable of phasethousand units in service in North America. However, one drawsensitive amplification and rectification of the current can back to this device has been the lack of an exact quantitative model explaining its functioning. This paper provides such a description, then provide a continuous reading that characterizes the porelating the generated current to the zeta potential of the charac- larity and magnitude of colloidal charge in the sample. terized material as a function of instrument parameters and solu- The device differs from the classical means of measuring tion chemistry. The model, programed in Mathematica, agrees streaming potential or current in that the dead-ended chamclosely with an earlier analytical solution under many conditions. ber provides electrical isolation of the cell while still Its inclusion of an inertial term, however, allows behavior of the allowing particle exchange with fresh sample on a continuSCD to be simulated under a more general range of conditions. ous basis. These attributes allow characterization of particle q 1996 Academic Press, Inc.
A stepwise transition from microporosity to mesoporosity in metal–organic frameworks by thermal treatment

A Cd MOF with twisted partially augmented the net was synthesized. Activation at increasing temperatures revealed an unprecedented stepwise transition from microporosity to mesoporosity. This thermal treatment may serve as an alternative approach for the preparation of mesoporous MOFs.
Functional MRI of calcium-dependent synaptic activity: cross correlation with CBF and BOLD measurements.

Spatial specificities of the calcium-dependent synaptic activity, hemodynamic-based blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) fMRI were quantitatively compared in the same animals. Calcium-dependent synaptic activity was imaged by exploiting the manganese ion (Mn 11 ) as a calcium analog and an MRI contrast agent at 9.4 T. Following forepaw stimulation in a-chloralose anesthetized rat, water T1 of the contralateral forepaw somatosensory cortex (SI) was focally and markedly reduced from 1.99 6 0.03 sec to 1.30 6 0.18 sec (mean 6 SD, N 5 7), resulting from the preferential intracellular Mn 11 accumulation. Based on an in vitro calibration, the estimated contralateral somatosensory cortex [Mn 11 ] was ;100mM, which was 2‐5-fold higher than the neighboring tissue and the ipsilateral SI. Regions with the highest calcium activities were localized around cortical layer IV. Stimulus-induced BOLD and CBF changes were 3.4 6 1.6% and 98 6 33%, respectively. The T1 synaptic activity maps extended along the cortex, whereas the hemodynamic-based activation maps extended radially along the vessels. Spatial overlaps among the synaptic activity, BOLD, and CBF activation maps showed excellent co-registrations. The center-of-mass offsets between any two activation maps were less than 200 mm, suggesting that hemodynamic-based fMRI techniques (at least at high field) can be used to accurately map the spatial loci of synaptic activity. Magn Reson Med 43:383‐392, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Urban predator–prey association: coyote and deer distributions in the Chicago metropolitan area

We examined how predator or prey presence, as well as local and landscape factors, influence the distribution of coyotes (Canis latrans) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Chicago metropolitan area. We collected data for 2 years at 93 study sites along 3 transects of urbanization using motion-triggered cameras. Our primary objective was to determine the relationship among coyote and deer spatial and temporal distribution, habitat characteristics, and human activity using multi-season patch occupancy models. Coyote occupancy was most strongly linked to rates of site visitation by humans and dogs, and was more likely farther from the urban center, with coyote colonization of sites inversely related to road density, housing density, and human and dog site visitation. Deer more frequently occupied sites with high canopy cover near water sources and colonized smaller sites with reduced housing density and human and dog presence. Expected predator–prey dynamics were altered in this highly urban system. Though we predicted deer would avoid coyotes on the landscape based on an “ecology of fear” framework, deer and coyote occupancy showed a strong positive association. We suggest that a scarcity of quality habitat in urban areas may cause the species to co-occupy habitat despite potential fawn predation. Modifying human foot traffic in green spaces may represent a useful tool for management and conservation of large urban mammals.
Genome-wide binding map of the histone deacetylase Rpd3 in yeast.

We describe the genome-wide distribution of the histone deacetylase and repressor Rpd3 and its associated proteins Ume1 and Ume6 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using a new cross-linking protocol, we found that Rpd3 binds upstream of many individual genes and upstream of members of gene classes with similar functions in anabolic processes. In addition, Rpd3 is preferentially associated with promoters that direct high transcriptional activity. We also found that Rpd3 was absent from large sub-telomeric domains. We show by co-immunoprecipitation and by the high similarity of their binding maps that Ume1 interacts with Rpd3. In contrast, despite the known role of Ume6 in Rpd3 recruitment, only a limited number of the genes targeted by Rpd3 are also enriched for (or targeted by) Ume6. This suggests that Rpd3 is brought to many promoters by alternative recruiters, some of which may bind the putative cis-regulatory DNA elements that we have identified in sets of Rpd3 target genes. Finally, we show that comparing the genome-wide pattern of Rpd3 binding with gene expression and histone acetylation in the rpd3Δ mutant strain reveals new sites of Rpd3 function.
Advances and Prospects in Alumina Technology

The needs of the alumina industry that have dictated its recent technological activities are reviewed. The categories considered are industry growth, capital needs and costs, bauxite availability, energy, automation, and environment. Recycling has emerged as a dominant positive factor in the aluminum industry, but it reduces the need for additional alumina. Slow growth, increased costs, and environmental pressures point out the necessity for the alumina industry to improve its technology to the highest degree possible in existing facilities.
The Expert Witness

Abstract The rewards for suits for medical negligence have generated a service industry for plaintiff's lawyers. The provision of "experts" for a contingency fee and the solicitation of plaintiff's attorneys by some physicians to serve as “experts” for large fees may result in highly biased and inaccurate testimony. Ethical expert witness testimony involves knowledge of the commonly accepted principles of treatment at the time of the alleged negligence, recognition of possible multiple accepted avenues of therapy, and testimony that educates the court and jury rather than obfuscates and distorts for personal gain.
Die Frage nach den Beziehungen Zwischen den Drei Verschiedenen Begriffen von Urteil und den Drei Verschiedenen Einstellungen im Urteilen

Ebenfalls ist die Antwort auf die Frage danach, wie sich die drei verschiedenen Begriffe von Urteil einerseits und die drei verschiedenen Einstellungen im Urteilen andererseits zueinander verhalten, schon durch den Versuch, festzustellen, um welche Begriffe von Urteil und um welche Einstellungen im Urteilen es sich bei den drei verschiedenen Begriffen von Urteil und bei den drei verschiedenen Einstellungen im Urteilen im Sinne der Dreischichtung der formalen Logik als formaler Apophantik bzw. apophantischer Analytik uberhaupt handelt — aber auch durch die Antwort auf die Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Stufen bzw. Schichten der Apophantik und den drei verschiedenen Begriffen von Urteil sowie durch die Antwort auf die Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Stufen bzw. Schichten der Apophantik und den drei verschiedenen Einstellungen im Urteilen —, weitgehend vorweggenommen worden und last sich also folgendermasen zusammenfassen: In der Tat gibt es keine genaue „eins-zu-eins-correspondentia“ zwischen einerseits dem verworrenen Urteil, dem deutlichen Urteil und dem klaren Urteil und andererseits der Einstellung der Formenlehre, der Einstellung der Konsequenzlehre bzw. -logik und der Einstellung der Wahrheitslogik; vielmehr stimmen, erstens, der weiteste Urteilsbegriff bzw. das Urteil im weitesten Sinne und die Einstellung auf Urteile im Sinne der reinen Formenlehre der Urteile, zweitens, das deutliche Urteil bzw. der Begriff des deutlichen Urteils und die Einstellung auf Urteile im Sinne der puren Konsequenzlehre bzw. -logik oder der Logik der blosen Widerspruchslosigkeit und, drittens, das klarea Urteil bzw. der Begriff des klarena Urteils und die Einstellung auf Urteile im Sinne der formalen Logik der moglichen Wahrheit miteinander uberein, und darin besteht auch die echte correspondentia zwischen den drei verschiedenen Begriffen von Urteil und den drei verschiedenen Einstellungen im Urteilen, die der Dreischichtung der apophantischen Analytik zugrunde liegt.
Triclosan has endocrine-disrupting effects in male western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis

Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent used in a variety of personal care and industrial products. Triclosan and its environmentally transformed derivative, methyl-TCS, have been detected in waters receiving effluent from public wastewater treatment plants. Previous studies have demonstrated that TCS has the potential to act as an endocrine disruptor. The present study tested the hypothesis that TCS acts as an endocrine-disrupting agent in fish. Mature male western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, were exposed to TCS concentrations of 100, 200, and 350 nM (29.0, 57.9, and 101.3 microg/L) for 35 d by the static renewal method. Induction of the normally female-limited vitellogenin gene expression and reduction in sperm count were quantified as biomarkers of endocrine disruption. Vitellogenin mRNA expression was significantly elevated in the 350 nM TCS treatment. Sperm counts in the same treatment group were significantly decreased. The mean hepatosomatic index in the 350 nM treatment group was significantly increased. This study demonstrates that TCS has the potential to act as an endocrine disruptor in male mosquitofish.
Mesh data structure selection for mesh generation and FEA applications

The data structure representing a mesh and the operators to create and query such a database play a crucial role in the performance of mesh generation and FE analysis applications. The design of such a database must balance the conflicting requirements of compactness and computational efficiency. In this article, 10 different mesh representations are reviewed for linear tetrahedral and hexahedral meshes. A methodology for calculating the storage and computational costs of mesh representations is presented and the 10 data structures are analysed. Also, a system for ranking different data structures based on their computational and storage costs is devised and the various mesh representations are ranked according to this measure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of transmission problems on Lipschitz boundaries in stronger norms

We concentrate on a model diffusion equation on a Lipschitz simply connected bounded domain with a small diffusion coef£cient in a Lipschitz simply connected subdomain located strictly inside of the original domain. We study asymptotic properties of the solution with respect to the small diffusion coef£cient vanishing. It is known that the solution asymptotically turns into a solution of a corresponding diffusion equation with Neumann boundary conditions on a part of the boundary. One typical proof technique of this fact utilizes a reduction of the problem to the interface of the subdomain, using a transmission condition. An analogous approach appears in studying domain decomposition methods without overlap, reducing the investigation to the surface that separates the subdomains and in theoretical foundation of a £ctitious domain, also called embedding, method, e.g., to prove a classical estimate that guaranties convergence of the solution of the £ctitious domain problem to the solution of the original Neumann boundary value problem. On a continuous level, this analysis is usually performed in an H 1=2 norm for second order elliptic equations. This norm appears naturally for Poincar´ e-Steklov operators, which are convenient to em- ploy to formulate the transmission condition. Using recent advances in regularity theory of Poincar ´ Steklov operators for Lipschitz domains, we provide, in the present paper, a similar analysis in an H 1=2+α norm with α > 0; for a simple model problem. This result leads to a convergence theory of the £ctitious domain method for a second order elliptic PDE in an H 1+α norm, while the classical result is in an H 1 norm. Here, α < 1=2 for the case of Lipschitz domains we consider.
Consciousness and the Brain

The goal of this paper is to explore the basic assumption that largescale, temporal coincidence of specific and nonspecific thalamic activity generates the functional states that characterize human cognition.
Using Priming Techniques to Facilitate Health Behaviours

The present study used a priming technique to facilitate individuals' health behaviours in their everyday environment. Forty-eight young adults completed a “language proficiency task” which would either activate a healthy lifestyle schema in the experimental condition or a neutral schema in the control condition. Participants in the experimental condition were more likely than the control group to use stairs, instead of elevators, to move up one floor to attend another unrelated study. The results of this study suggested that the priming technique, an unconscious effortless process, was at least partially effective in facilitating individuals' health behaviours in their everyday environment.
Integrating psychiatry and primary care improves acceptability to mental health services among Chinese Americans

The objective of this study was to investigate whether integrating psychiatry and primary healthcare improves referral to and treatment acceptability of mental health services among Chinese Americans. The "Bridge Project," a program to enhance collaboration between primary care and mental health services for low-income Chinese immigrants was implemented at South Cove Community Health Center in Boston. The project consisted of conducting training seminars to primary care physicians to enhance recognition of common mental disorders, using a primary care nurse as the "bridge" to facilitate referrals to the Behavioral Health Department of the same facility, and co-locating a psychiatrist in the primary care clinic to provide onsite evaluation and treatment. The rate of mental health service referrals and successful treatment engagement before and during the project were compared. During the 12-month period of the Bridge Project, primary care physicians referred 64 (1.05% of all clinic patients) patients to mental health services, a 60% increase (chi(2)=4.97, P<.05) in the percentage of clinic patients referred in the previous 12 months. Eighty-eight percent of patients referred during the project showed up for psychiatric evaluation, compared to 53% (chi(2)=15.3, P<.001) in the previous 12 months. Integrating psychiatry and primary care is effective in improving access to mental health services and in increasing treatment engagement among low-income immigrant Chinese Americans.
Composition and structure of the InP{100}-(1×1) and -(4×2) surfaces

Abstract The composition and structure of an InP{100} surface in both the (1 × 1) and the reconstructed (4 × 2) phases, prepared by ion bombardment and annealing, have been examined by time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry (TOF-SARS) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) . Time-of-flight spectra of scattered and recoiled neutrals plus ions were collected as a function of crystal azimuthal rotation angle δ and primary beam incident angle α. Compositional analyses of the surfaces were obtained from 4 keV Ar+ scattering and recoiling spectra. Structural analyses of the phases were obtained from the azimuthal anisotropy of the δ-scans and the features of the polar incident α-scans using 4 keV Ne+ scattering from In atoms and 4 keV Kr+ for recoiling of P atoms. These azimuthal δ-scans and incident a-scans were simulated by means of a shadow cone focusing model and a modified version of the MARLOWE code, respectively. The totality of this data leads indubitably to a model in which every fourth In 〈011〉 row is missing, the In atoms are trimerized along the 〈011〉 azimuth, and the 2nd-layer P atoms exposed in the 〈011〉 troughs are dimerized. This In missing-row-trimer P dimer model (MRTD) is consistent with all of the data, is autocompensated, and has In intratrimer spacings of 3.65 ± 0.20 A and P intradimer spacings of 2.95 ± 0.20 A. The results of the simulations suggest that the two end In atoms of the trimers are relaxed downward by a minimum of 0.15 A. Two other models were considered: (1) An In missing-row (MR) model without trimers or dimers in which every fourth In 〈011〉 row is missing. (2) An In missing-row-dimer (MRD) model, similar to that proposed for the GaAs (4 × 2) structure, in which every fourth In 〈011〉 row is missing and In dimers form along 〈011〉. These MR and MRD models are inconsistent with large portions of the experimental data and the simulations.
TWO KINDS OF VACILLATION IN ROTATING LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

Abstract Two types of vacillation are distinguished in a rotating differentially heated annulus of fluid: (1) Tilted-trough vacillation, which has been discussed in a number of previous papers in the literature, is characterized by periodic changes in the wave shapes, in which the waves first tilt “north-west” to “south-east”, and later “north-east” to “south-west”, relative to the rotating annulus. (2) Amplitude vacillation, which was first observed by the authors in a series of student demonstrations conducted at the Lamont Geological Observatory, is characterized by periodic expansions and contractions of the wave pattern with no noticeable change in the tilt of the disturbances. It is suggested that the details of the energy conversions are different in the two cases. Some speculations are also presented concerning the role of viscosity in limiting the number of degrees of freedom available for vacillation.
Terminal Shape of a Shallow Liquid Front

Shallow liquid front attains terminal shape and velocity short time after liquid is introduced into open channel; equations for shape of such front; simplified differential equation for turbulent front is presented with numerical solutions obtained by high speed computer for various values of relative roughness parameter; experimental investigations with oil and water verify equations.
Cytopathology of Soft Tissue and Bone Lesions Containing Giant Cells

There are varieties of soft tissue and bone lesions that are ­characterized by a prominence of multinucleated giant cells. The giant cells can be reactive or tumorous. The presence of bland-appearing giant cell nuclei does not indicate benign lesions, since certain high-grade malignancies such as giant-rich osteosarcoma and osteoclast-like giant cell pleomorphic carcinoma may contain reactive osteoclastic giant cells that appear cytologically bland.1,2 However, the presence of giant cells with significant nuclear atypia only seen in malignant conditions. The differential diagnoses of soft tissue and bone with prominence giant cells include 1–-3 benign lesions, low-grade malignant tumors, and high-grade malignant tumors (see Table 4.1). The benign conditions include giant cell tumor of tendon sheath, giant-cell reparative granuloma, fat necrosis, pigmented villonodular synovitis, and brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism. The low-grade malignant tumors include giant cell tumor of bone, soft tissue giant cell tumor of low malignant potential, and myxoid low-grade malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). The high-grade malignant tumors include chondroblastoma, anaplastic MFH, giant cell-rich osteosarcoma, pleomorphic high-grade sarcoma (rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma), giant cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (see Table 4.1).
E-057 Risk factors influencing duration of Cerebral Angiography: A single centre study.

Introduction/Purpose Cerebral angiography is an invasive procedure used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in cerebral atherosclerotic diseases. Prolonged duration of procedures has been linked with higher likelihood of complications. A better understanding of the factors that influence procedure duration is required to enhance patient safety, as they have important implications for both reimbursements and patient care. Materials and Methods Data were retrospectively collected over a two month period for a cohort of patients undergoing diagnostic cerebral angiography at our centre. Medical charts were reviewed and data were collected for patients regarding diagnoses of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, and tobacco abuse. We also recorded age, gender, weight and height for calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI), number of vessels studied, and procedure start and end time. Regression analysis was used to determine the factors that were most strongly associated with the duration of procedure. The variables included in this analysis were hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, tobacco abuse, age, BMI>30, and the total number of vessels studied during the procedure. We also looked at correlation of total number of risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, tobacco abuse, BMI>30, and age>65) with the procedure duration in each patient. Results A total of 38 charts including 22 females and 16 males were identified and reviewed. The age of our patients ranged from 27 to 88 years with mean age 56.76 years, S.D = 14.2. Frequencies of various risk factors for the total sample were: hypertension (60%), hyperlipidaemia (45%), diabetes (9%), tobacco abuse (42%), BMI >30 (32%) and age>65 (26%). Using stepwise regression, we found that BMI>30 (p=0.010) and then age (p=0.021) were the strongest predictors of procedure length, and both in combination accounted for 30% of the total variance (p=.003). Correlational analysis showed a significant relationship between total number of risk factors and procedure duration (r=0.57, p=0.001). Surprisingly, total number of vessels studied during each procedure did not correlate with the procedure time (r= -0.043, p=.80). Conclusion Patient characteristics such as BMI and age are associated with prolonged duration of procedures. These risk factors does play an important role in the patient care and hence with the reimbursements of such procedures. Further large prospective studies are required to corroborate with our findings. Disclosures K. Malhotra: None. C. Schramke: None. A. Ku: None.
A Note on Resistance and Rapport in Psychological Tests of Young Children

* Accepted for publication by Leta S. Hollingworth of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office on January 12, 1937.