cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in femoral head size and growth rate in young children with severe developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is known to result in smaller femoral head size in toddlers; however, alterations in femoral head size and growth have not been documented in infants. To determine with ultrasound (US) whether femoral head size and growth are altered in infants (younger than 1 year of age) with severe DDH. We identified all patients at our tertiary care children’s hospital from 2002 to 2014 who underwent US for DDH. We included studies with at least one hip with severe DDH, defined as <25% coverage of the femoral head, and excluded teratological DDH. We constructed a control group of randomized patients with normal US studies. Two pediatric radiologists blinded to diagnosis measured bilateral femoral head diameter. Inter-reader variability and femoral head diameter difference between dislocated and contralateral normal femoral heads were evaluated. Mean femoral head diameters were compared across types of hip joint; femoral head growth rates per month were calculated. Thirty-seven children with DDH (28 female) were identified (median age: 33 days). The control group contained 75 children (47 female) with a median age of 47 days. Fifty-three of the 74 hips in the study group had severe DDH. Twenty-four children with DDH had completely dislocated hips (nine bilateral, five with contralateral severe subluxations). Thirteen other children had severe subluxation, two bilaterally. There was good inter-reader agreement in the normal femoral head group and moderate agreement in the severe DDH group. In the study group, severe DDH femoral head diameter was significantly smaller than their contralateral normal hip. Severe DDH femoral head diameter was significantly smaller than normal femoral head diameter in the control group. The severe DDH femoral head growth rate was slightly less but not significantly slower than normal femoral head growth rate in the study group. On US during infancy, femoral head size is significantly reduced in severe cases of DDH.
Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX)

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of bile acid synthesis caused by mutations in the cytochrome P450 CYP27A1 gene that result in production of a defective sterol 27-hydroxylase enzyme. CTX is associated with abnormally high levels of cholestanol in the blood and accumulation of cholestanol and cholesterol in the brain, tendon xanthomas, and bile. Hallmark clinical manifestations of CTX include chronic diarrhea, bilateral cataracts, tendon xanthomas, and neurologic dysfunction. Although CTX is a rare disorder, it is thought to be underdiagnosed, as presenting signs and symptoms may be nonspecific with significant overlap with other more common conditions. There is marked variability in signs and symptoms, severity, and age of onset between patients. The disease course is progressive and potentially debilitating or fatal, particularly with respect to neurologic presentations that can include intellectual disability, autism, behavioral and psychiatric problems, and dementia, among others. Treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA; chenodiol) is the current standard of care. CDCA can help restore normal sterol, bile acid, bile alcohol, and cholestanol levels. CDCA also appears to be generally effective in preventing adverse clinical manifestations of the disease from occurring or progressing if administered early enough. Improved screening and awareness of the condition may help facilitate early diagnosis and treatment.
Space Observation of Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure at Ocean Surface

We have developed and validated a statistical model to estimate the partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide at the sea surface from space-based observations of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll, and salinity. More than a quarter million in situ measurements coincident with satellite data were compiled. A portion of the data was randomly selected to train and validate the model. We have produced and made accessible nine years (2002–2011) of the partial pressure at 0.5° and daily resolutions over the global oceans. The outputs are found to be sensitive to variability from intraseasonal to interannual time scales and from the equatorial to high-latitude oceans. They can capture known phenomena, such as, annual spring blooms at high latitudes, interannual episodes of El Nino, and westward propagation of tropical instability waves. The feasibility of using a single algorithm to map the partial pressure over global oceans for all seasons is demonstrated. The result is important for characterizing the sources and sinks of atmospheric greenhouse gas and ocean biogeochemistry. We discuss the significance of the Advanced Scanning Microwave Radiometer in the consistent measurement of sea surface temperature, which is the main driver of ocean carbon dioxide change, in cold and warm waters, under clear and cloudy sky. The continuous and consistent coverage of the partial pressure over global ocean using space-based data is discussed.
Task-based Information Seeking in Different Study Settings

Existing studies have presented the relationships between task characteristics and individuals» information seeking and searching behaviors. Some task characteristics are found to have predictable influences on information seeking behaviors. However, most studies took place in lab settings and focused on individuals» interactions with information systems. How a laboratory environment affects individuals» natural information seeking behaviors is open to question. This paper proposes a study investigating the differences between information seeking behaviors in a lab setting where individuals» activities and resources are controlled and in naturalistic settings where individuals have access to all types of sources.
Human Death and the Destruction of the Neocortex

Up until the past two decades, there was little debate or discussion about definitions of human death. When a human being’s heart stopped beating or his breathing failed, consciousness, internal integration, and the life of individual organs, tissues, and even cells ceased — quickly, inevitably, and permanently.
Relationship-Based Instrument Mapping of Multi-Point Data Streams Using a Trackpad Interface

Multi-point devices are rapidly becoming a practical interface choice for electronic musicians. Interfaces that generate multiple simultaneous streams of point data present a unique mapping challenge. This paper describes an analysis system for point relationships that acts as a bridge between raw streams of multi-point data and the instruments they control, using a multipoint trackpad to test various configurations. The aim is to provide a practical approach for instrument programmers working with multi-point tools, while highlighting the difference between mapping systems based on point coordinate streams, grid evaluations, or object interaction and mapping systems based on multi-point data relationships.
Directed assembly of anisotropic particles under external fields

Abstract Our knowledge of bottom-up assembly at the molecular level is limited by the difficulty in observing and characterizing the in situ processes at sufficiently small length and time scales. Unlike atoms, the size of colloids can be conveniently tailored so that they are large enough to be probed individually. In addition, the effective range and strength of colloidal interactions can be modulated over several orders of magnitude especially with the help of externally applied fields. Therefore, directed assembly of colloids can help us understand the fundamental questions in materials science including both equilibrium phase behaviors and kinetic processes. Thanks to the advancement of chemical synthesis and physical deposition, a wide range of colloidal particles with anisotropic geometric, interfacial, and compositional properties are readily available now. The orientation-dependent and site-specific interactions developed between anisotropic particles typically lead to structures with complex symmetry or enhanced directionality, which can interact with a broad range of electromagnetic waves in unique ways and exhibit collective photonic, electronic, and magnetic properties that are not manifested at the level of single particles. In this chapter, we will review the recent progresses in directed assembly of anisotropic particles under electric, magnetic, optical, and flow fields and discuss their interplay with different types of particle anisotropy. We will also discuss a few future directions for this emerging research topic.
Im Trend: Die füllerlose Lackierung

Die PSA Gruppe hat im letzten Jahr die fullerlose Lackierung eingefuhrt — doch abgesehen von diesem Schritt gab es in Europa im Jahr 2009 kaum Entwicklungssprunge in der Autolackierung. Der Blick nach Amerika und insbesondere nach Asien zeigt dagegen grose Veranderungen. Hier sind es neue beziehungsweise umgerustete Anlagen mit Wasserlacken und integrierten Lackierprozessen, die einen weltweiten Umbruch ankundigen.
A child’s trilingual language practices in Korean, Farsi, and English: from a sustainable translanguaging perspective

Increased international marriages and transnational mobility have prompted more children to grow up learning more than two languages simultaneously. However, despite well-known benefits of multilingualism, helping a growing number of trilingual children to reach their full potential has been challenging in the US, as prevalent monolingual policies and biases inhibit home language maintenance and development. The current study aims to describe rich language practices of a trilingual child from birth to age six in communicating meaning across three home languages: Korean, Farsi, and English. This ethnographic study utilised the translanguaging as well as sustainable translanguaging frameworks. The findings show that the trilingual child engaged over time in complex, nuanced, and sophisticated language practices, namely translation and codeswitching, that are unique to trilingual practices. He did so to accomplish different communicative functions by meeting and contradicting needs and practices of his audiences. The study also discusses unique contributions to translanguaging research as well as important implications for home language development for immigrant parents and teachers who work with multilingual learners in schools.
Spatially varying relationships between risk factors and child diarrhea in West Africa, 2008-2013

ABSTRACTDiarrhea is a major contributor to child morbidity and mortality in West Africa. Non-spatial regression and geographically weighted Poisson regression applied to data from 10 Demographic an...
Molecular Mechanochemistry: Engineering and Implications of Inherently Strained Architectures

Mechanical activation of chemical bonds is usually achieved by applying external forces. However, nearly all molecules exhibit inherent strain of their chemical bonds and angles as a result of constraints imposed by covalent bonding and interactions with the surrounding environment. Particularly strong deformation of bonds and angles is observed in hyperbranched macromolecules caused by steric repulsion of densely grafted polymer branches. In addition to the tension amplification, macromolecular architecture allows for accurate control of strain distribution, which enables focusing of the internal mechanical tension to specific chemical bonds and angles. As such, chemically identical bonds in self-strained macromolecules become physically distinct because the difference in bond tension leads to the corresponding difference in the electronic structure and chemical reactivity of individual bonds within the same macromolecule. In this review, we outline different approaches to the design of strained macromolecules along with physical principles of tension management, including generation, amplification, and focusing of mechanical tension at specific chemical bonds.
(Re)tracing la Pastorela: Performance, policy, pedagogy and power

The Texas State Board of Education has recently approved and is implementing new state adopted standards. One segment of the standards, titled Historical and Cultural Relevance articulates the expe...
The 2010 and 2016 Highway Capacity Manual Signalized Intersection Methodology

The 2010 HCM (Highway Capacity Manua in Special report 209, Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., [1]) signalized intersection methodology completely changed the organization and emphasis of the chapter on isolated signalized intersections. Previous versions of the signalized intersection chapter presented a pretimed methodology, with an appendix added in 1997 containing an outline for determining an average cycle length and phase times for an actuated controller. The 2010 and 2016 HCMs are organized to present the methodology for an actuated signal, with pretimed signal phasing handled as a subset of the actuated controller methodology by setting all the recall settings to maximum.
(Re)membering Basic Writing at a Public Ivy: History for Institutional Redesign.

This essay offers a history of a basic writing course that began at a public ivy campus in the 1970s. Relying on principles of universal design and on insights derived from his school's studio program about ways the institution's selective functions can impact cur- ricular matters, the author describes how the basic writing course was merely retrofitted to an English Department's goals, rather than integrated into its mainstream business. In turn, the author suggests that historical studies such as this can help basic writing teachers excavate and reinvigorate democratic reform efforts often backgrounded in light of a school's elite reputation.
Bed and Sofa-Related Injuries to Young Children Treated in US Emergency Departments, 2007-2016

OBJECTIVE: Young children are often left on bed or sofa by parents with strong belief that it is safe and not dangerous. The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiologic characteristics and secular trends of bed and sofa-related injuries among children aged <5 years treated in US emergency departments. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission from 2007 through 2016 by using sample weights to estimate national …
Individual Chemical Profiles in the Leach’s Storm-Petrel

Avian chemical communication, once largely overlooked, is a growing field that has revealed the important role that olfaction plays in the social lives of some birds. Leach's storm-petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) have a remarkable sense of smell and a strong, musky scent. This long-lived, monogamous seabird relies on olfaction for nest relocation and foraging, but whether they use scent for communication is less well studied. They are nocturnally active at the breeding colony and yet successfully reunite with their mate despite poor night-vision, indicating an important role for non-visual communication. We investigated the chemical profiles of Leach's storm-petrels to determine whether there is socially relevant information encoded in their plumage odor. To capture the compounds comprising their strong scent, we developed a method to study the compounds present in the air surrounding their feathers using headspace stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We collected feathers from Leach's storm-petrels breeding on Bon Portage Island in Nova Scotia, Canada in both 2015 and 2016. Our method detected 142 commonly occurring compounds. We found interannual differences in chemical profiles between the two sampling years. Males and females had similar chemical profiles, while individuals had distinct chemical signatures across the two years. These findings suggest that the scent of the Leach's storm-petrel provides sociochemical information that could facilitate olfactory recognition of individuals and may inform mate choice decisions.
Local politics as a context for polarizing cues

There is adequate research demonstrating that source cues (such as prominent politicians or interest groups) can move public support for some policies, however, most of the research on source cues ...
Group 14 effects in alkynyl acene small molecule semiconductors

Silyl ethynyl groups have become commonplace in functionalizing organic semiconductors, where they improve solubility and stability. The identity of the side chain also dictates the molecular organization in the solid state, and thus heavily influence bulk material properties such as charge mobility. Germanium-containing side chains show the same propensity to form favorable solid state packing motifs, but carbon analogs remain mostly unexplored. Here we present a general synthesis of carbon alkynes, changes in molecular properties of acenes functionalised with these alkynes, and a rich variety in crystal packing motifs that have rarely been observed with silicon or germanium side chains.
The η meson

The η meson (sometimes called the χ) was discovered by Pevsner et al. (1961) by looking at the interactions of pions of momentum 1.23GeV/c in a deuterium bubble chamber.
Death by influenza virus protein

The identification of a new influenza virus protein PB1-F2, which localizes to mitochondria and causes cell death, may offer important insights into pathogenicity, as well as providing another example of how the virus can expand the coding capacity of its genome using overlapping reading frames. ( pages 1306–1312 )
The solidification of inoculated aluminum ingots

The macrostructures of aluminum and its alloys solidified with inoculants are reexamined here by comparing structures produced through normal solidification with those produced by the external force fields of steady-state mold oscillation. The inoculation reaction of one specific commercial product shows how foreign additions used for nucleation interact with the thermal and fluid flow fields to modify structure. A special combination of rotation and oscillation within the selfsame ingot allows discrimination between the grain refinement produced by an inoculant and that produced by any usual alloying element.
Particle size distributions and the vertical distribution of suspended matter in the upwelling region off Oregon

Various methods of presenting and mathematically describing particle size distribution are explained and evaluated. The hyperbolic distribution is found to be the most practical but the more complex characteristic vector analysis is the most sensitive to changes in the shape of the particle size distributions. A method for determining onshore-offshore flow patterns from the distribution of particulates was presented. A numerical model of the vertical structure of two size classes of particles was developed. The results show a close similarity to the observed distributions but overestimate the particle concentration by forty percent. This was attributed to ignoring grazing by zooplankton. Sensivity analyses showed the size preference was most responsive to the maximum specific growth rates and nutrient half saturation constants. The verical structure was highly dependent on the eddy diffusivity followed closely by the growth terms.
Client-Friendly Classification over Random Hyperplane Hashes

In this work, we introduce a powerful and general feature representation based on a locality sensitive hash scheme called random hyperplane hashing. We are addressing the problem of centrally learning (linear) classification models from data that is distributed on a number of clients, and subsequently deploying these models on the same clients. Our main goal is to balance the accuracy of individual classifiers and different kinds of costs related to their deployment, including communication costs and computational complexity. We hence systematically study how well schemes for sparse high-dimensional data adapt to the much denser representations gained by random hyperplane hashing, how much data has to be transmitted to preserve enough of the semantics of each document, and how the representations affect the overall computational complexity. This paper provides theoretical results in the form of error bounds and margin based bounds to analyze the performance of classifiers learnt over the hash-based representation. We also present empirical evidence to illustrate the attractive properties of random hyperplane hashing over the conventional baseline representation of bag of words with and without feature selection.
The two-day wave in EOS MLS temperature and wind measurements during 2004--2005 winter

[1] Two-day wave observations during January–March 2005 are reported using the recently launched Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard NASA's Earth Observing System Aura mission. Wave-induced disturbances in temperature, water vapor, carbon monoxide, and MLS line-of-sight wind appear in early January, peak near the end of January, and persist until late February. Temperature and wind amplitudes as large as 9 K and 50 m/s are observed near 90 km. The wave disturbance is initially confined in the mid to low summer latitudes where the climatological summer easterly jet exhibits strong shear. The wave then develops features akin to the third Rossby-gravity global normal mode, with a weak temperature disturbance in the winter hemisphere (anti-symmetric about the equator) and wind disturbance over the equator. Strong wind perturbation episode around 17–23 January 2005 in the mid-latitude Southern hemisphere coincides with a particularly intense solar proton event.
Mitochondrial ribosome assembly in Neurospora. Preparation of mitochondrial ribosomal precursor particles, site of synthesis of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins and studies on the poky mutant.

Mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs in Neurospora are transcribed in tandem as a32 S precursor molecule which is subsequently cleaved and trimmed to yieldthe mature 19 S and 25 S RNA species ( Kuriyama & Luck,1973 a ). As part of a study of mitochondrial ribosome assembly and the poky (mi-1) mutant, procedures were developed for isolating mitochondrial ribosomal precursor particles which consist of 32 S RNA and 15 or more newly synthesized large and small subunit protiens.The precursor particles comprise less than 5% of the total mitochondrial ribonucleprotein and were initially identified in pulse-labeling experiments by cosedimentation (approx. 30 S)of peaks containing newly synthesized RNA and protein.Although not yet completely free of mature ribosomal subunits, the precursor particles could be studied in pulse and pulse-chase experiments combined with electrophoretic analysis of RNA and protein. Such experiments provided strong evidence that the precursor particles are formed in vivo by specific association of the RNA and protein species. The pulse-labeling experiments led to additional information about mitochondrial ribosome processing. Several small subunit proteins were identified which have exceptionally small free pools (as judged by high specific activity of pulse-label in mature small subunits), and which may thus control the rate of mitochondrial ribosome assembly. Experiments using inhibitors of protein synthesis (anisomycin and chloramphenicol) showed that one of these protiens, S-4a (apparent M r =52,000), is synthesized inside the mitochondria, whereas all other mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are synthesized in the cytosol. Finally, studies on poky , a non-Mendelian mutant with defective mitochondrial ribosome assembly( Rifkin & Luck, 1971 ) suggested that poky small subunits are deficient in several proteins, possibly including S-4a. These several lines of evidence are discussed in light of the possiblity that S-4a is the site of the primary defect in poky .
Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adrenocortical Secretion of 5α-Reduced Metabolites of Corticosterone in the Rat

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of gonadal hormones on adrenal steroid secretion in vivo in both male and female rats. Following orchiectomy, corticosterone secretion declined despite an increase in adrenal wt. Secretion of 5α—dihydrocorticosterone (DHB) and 3β— 5α—tetrahydrocorticosterone (Compound R) increased significantly. Each of these effects of orchiectomy was reversed by replacement with testosterone. Ovariectomy also produced a fall in corticosterone output concomitant with increases in DHB and Compound R secretion. Secretion of DHB exceeded that of Compound R in castrates of both sexes. Estradiol administration reversed the effects of ovariectomy. The effects of gonadal hormones on steroid secretion paralleled in vitro changes in adrenal 5α—reductase activity. These observations establish the functional importance of 5α—reductase activity as a site at which the gonadal hormones influence the composition of adrenocortical secretory products in vivo. (Endocrinology 91: 1523, 1972)
Psychological Aspects of Racism in Organizations

In this study a multilevel conceptual framework is developed for the study of racism in organization as seen by African-Americans. Three levels are defined: institutional racism, racial climate, an...
Filtering of weather radar imagery using steerable Gaussian smoothers

Large-scale weather radar signatures are easier to identify compared to smaller-scale events. The location of such signatures can be predicted and tracked. Thus, large-scale signatures are useful in forecasting. Identification of these signatures in radar imagery can be facilitated through the use of smoothing filters. In particular, processing of radar imagery using directional smoothers has been shown to be more effective in retaining the storm front characteristics compared to isotropic smoothers. Moreover, efficient directional smoothing techniques have been developed that are capable of quickly processing large amounts of data. An advantage of smoothers operating in the spatial domain is that they are capable of involving logical operations in order to determine which pixels should be processed or neglected. This paper extents a recently introduced computationally efficient separable/steerable Gaussian-based smoothing technique in three aspects. First, the technique is generalized so that computationally efficient filters having shapes other than Gaussian with respect to their main orientation can be designed. Second, it is shown that the technique presented in this work is more efficient that the commonly used angular harmonic expansion. Third, a technique that combines directional and isotropic filtering is introduced. The technique is capable of revealing directional structures hidden in large-scale signatures, and thus be employed as a preprocessing step in forecasting applications.
Mitral valve surgery and acute renal injury: port access versus median sternotomy

Abstract Background Many outcomes and complications of minimally invasive and conventional cardiac surgery await comparison. Patients undergoing mitral valve surgery commonly sustain renal injury. Using peak postoperative fractional change of serum creatinine as a marker of renal injury, we tested the hypothesis that mitral valve surgery with port access minithoracotomy (Port) and conventional surgery with a median sternotomy (MS) incision are associated with different degrees of acute renal injury. Methods We evaluated data from all isolated mitral valve operations by a single surgeon between 1990 and 2000 (MS = 90, Port=227). We also performed a secondary analysis of mitral valve surgeries performed by both MS and Port approaches in a concurrent period from 1996 to 2002 (MS = 93, Port=240). Univariable and multivariable tests were used to determine the association of surgical technique with peak postoperative creatinine (Cr max Post) and peak postoperative fractional change in creatinine (%ΔCr); p less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results In our analysis that accounted for the date of surgery, we observed a highly significant independent association between surgical approach and %ΔCr, indicating a greater risk of acute renal injury in the MS group (F value 13.33; p = 0.0003). Similar findings were noted in the secondary (time-concurrent) analysis of %ΔCr (F value 12.65; p = 0.0176). Conclusions We present retrospective evidence of reduced acute renal injury associated with the port access technique in mitral valve surgery patients. Our findings suggest that a port access minithoracotomy approach to mitral valve surgery may be preferable to conventional methods for patients with high renal risk.
CRETACEOUS PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM BORNHOLM AND THEIR ZOOGEOGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE

Late Cretaceous formations exposed along the south coast of Bornholm Island, Denmark, contain well preserved assemblages of planktonic foraminifera, which are described and illustrated. Two taxa, Whiteinella baltica and Hedbergella bornholmensis, are described as new. The oldest assemblage, Middle to early Upper Cenomanian in age, is essentially monospecific and indicative of a restricted pelagic environment. The overlying Lower Senonian faunules are diverse, contain large populations which are associated with other pelagic microfossils, and provide a more typical example of Boreal planktonic foraminiferal associations. Taxonomically the assemblages are largely composed of species of Hedbergella, Whiteinella, Archaeoglobigerina, Globigerinelloides, and Heterohelix and double-keeled species of Globotruncana, particularly G. marginata. These species are widely distributed in space and time. Thus Bornholm assemblages have a cosmopolitan aspect, which can be identified in microfaunas from the Western Interior of North America and Alaska. Because of the lower diversity, lack of restricted stratigraphic markers, Lower Senonian correlations between Bornholm, and probably Boreal pelagic microfaunas generally, coeval Tethyan assemblages are less precise than within the Tethys.
Effects of educational intervention in waiting room on patient satisfaction.

This study examines the effects of a low-cost educational intervention designed to occupy the waiting time in the clinic on patient satisfaction with the clinic visit. Patients waiting for appointments were randomly assigned to two groups: (1) educational intervention in the clinic waiting room (n = 160) and (2) usual clinic care (no structured education during the waiting time in the clinic; n = 160). There were significant negative correlations between satisfaction with the visit overall and the time patients waited in the clinic waiting room (r = -.17, p = .003) and their total wait time (r = -.16, p = .005). Patients who were taught while they waited in the clinics were more satisfied with their education than the control group (t = 4.26, df = 318, p < 0.001).
Severe spinal cord compression due to extramedullary hematopoiesis.

A 70-year-old man with a medical history of myelodysplastic syndrome diagnosed 3 years ago presented with progressive ataxia and bilateral lower extremity weakness for 5 days. Neurological examinat...
Statistical analysis of astronomical data containing upper bounds - General methods and examples drawn from X-ray astronomy

Statistical procedures taken from the field of survival analysis have been adapted to astronomical usage and have been applied to a sample of stars in the B-V color range between 0.1 and 0.5 with measured soft X-ray luminosities and projected equatorial velocities. The two-sample problem and linear regression problem with arbitrarily censored data were studied. A new method for determining the linear regression between two random variables in the presence of arbitrary censoring has been developed which can also be used for a likelihood-ratio test for the independence of two random variables and for principal-component analysis in the presence of arbitrary censoring. The required numerical computations can be carried out straightforwardly and rapidly.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Annulation of Alkynes

Palladium readily catalyzes the cross-coupling of functionally substituted aryl or vinylic halides and alkynes to afford a wide variety of heterocycles and carbocycles in one efficient step. Terminal alkynes presumably initially generate aryl (vinylic) alkynes, which under the reaction conditions are rapidly cyclized by the palladium or copper salts employed in the first step to produce the final product. Internal alkynes apparently react by carbopalladation of the alkyne and subsequent intramolecular nucleophilic substitution of the palladium moiety to generate the observed products. A variety of other closely related processes have also been reported, including the simultaneous annulation of alkynes and carTop Organomet Chem (2005) 14: 147–182 DOI 10.1007/b104130 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 bon monoxide to produce carbonyl products. The reactions generally tolerate considerable functionality, proceed in good yields, and generate a wide variety of heteroand carbocyclic products, making these processes extremely valuable in organic synthesis.
Recombination and trapping of carriers in germanium

Synopsis The dependence of carrier lifetime on temperature has been investigated for n-type and p-type germanium. It is found that with decreasing temperature the lifetime decreases, but much faster in n-type than in p-type. The results are discussed in terms of recombination through trapping states. At sufficiently low temperatures photoconductivity and carrier injection experiments show signs of minority carrier trapping in n-type samples and occasionally in p-type samples. The phenomena observed are discussed and the properties of the trapping states are deduced. These particular trapping states are shown to be not the major cause of recombination. Doping with copper or thermally quenching n-type samples gives rise to trapping as well as enhances recombination. In comparison, thermal quenching can produce more effect on the lifetime with less effect on the sample resistivity.
Role of Aluminum Salts in the Synthesis of Polymer-Templated Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas

The effect of trivalent aluminum salts as well as mono- (KCl) and divalent (CaCl2) salts was investigated in the synthesis of periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs), ethane-silica, and benzene-silica, carried out in the presence of poly(ethylene oxide)-containing nonionic triblock copolymers. Poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(dl-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PLGA-PEO) triblock copolymer was employed as a soft template and aluminum chloride (AlCl3), sodium aluminate (NaAlO2), and aluminum butoxide (Al(OsBt)3) were used as auxiliary aluminum compounds. For comparison, analogous PMOs were prepared by using KCl and CaCl2. It was shown that among additives used sodium aluminate had a pronounced effect on the porosity of 2D hexagonal (p6mm) ethane-silica mesostructures when adequate Al/ethane molar ratio (about 0.25) was used; namely, the mesopore diameter, BET surface area, and pore volume increased from 8.62 to 9.27 nm, from 897 to 1072 m2 g−1, and from 1.23 to 1.72 cm3 g−1, respectively, ...
History of sterile compounding in U.S. hospitals: learning from the tragic lessons of the past.

Purpose The evolution of sterile compounding in the context of hospital patient care, the evolution of related technology, past incidents of morbidity and mortality associated with preparations compounded in various settings, and efforts over the years to improve compounding practices are reviewed. Summary Tightened United States Pharmacopeial Convention standards (since 2004) for sterile compounding made it difficult for hospitals to achieve all of the sterile compounding necessary for patient care. Shortages of manufactured injections added to the need for compounding. Non-hospital-based compounding pharmacies increased sterile compounding to meet the needs. Gaps in federal and state laws and regulations about compounding pharmacies led to deficiencies in their regulation. Lapses in sterility led to injuries and deaths. Perspectives offered include potential actions, including changes in practitioner education, better surveillance of sterile compounding, regulatory reforms, reexamination of the causes of drug shortages, and the development of new technologies. Conclusion Over the years, there have been numerous exhortations for voluntary better performance in sterile compounding. In addition, professional leadership has been vigorous and extensive in the form of guidance, publications, education, enforceable standards, and development of various associations and organizations dealing with safe compounding practices. Yet problems continue to occur. We must engage in diligent learning from the injuries and tragedies that have occurred. Assuming that we are already doing all we can to avoid problems would be an abdication of the professional mission of pharmacists. It would be wrong thinking to assume that the recent problems in large-scale compounding pharmacies are the only problems that warrant attention. It is time for a systematic assessment of the nature and the dimensions of the problems in every type of setting where sterile compounding occurs. It also is time for some innovative thinking about ensuring safety in sterile compounding.
Dosage values obtained following pre‐plant fumigation for perennials. 1.1,3‐dichloropropene nematicides in eleven field situations

The movement of 1,3-dichloropropene nematicides in 11 different field situations was monitored. The eventual dosages of 1,2-dichloropropane and 1,3-dichloropropene achieved at various positions in the soil profile are reported. Soil moisture, temperature, texture and profile differences are indicated for each experiment. The influence of soil profile modification, surface sealing techniques and various methods and rates of application are reported.
The biocultural context of very high fertility among the Bekaa Bedouin

This research report explores some of the biocultural dimensions of maximum or near maximum fertility among Bedouin tribes in the Bekaa Valley Lebanon. The Bedouin case substantiates that very high fertility (completed family size [CFS] greater than 8.0) is found among peripheral peoples in frontier situations generated by major political-economic shifts. While the Bedouin maintained high fertility (CFS > 6.5) for approximately sixty years (1899-1960) very high fertility--linked to greater historical reliance on agriculture--was of shorter duration (1934-60). Comparisons with other very high fertility populations indicate that at the proximate level maximum fertility is associated with early weaning low rates of primary sterility and high rates of marital stability. Results also point to low subadult mortality in Bedouin society. Low mortality is best attributed to the availability of modern medical care facilities and high-quality weaning foods. (authors)
In vivo biotransformation of 17α‐methyltestosterone in the horse revisited: identification of 17‐hydroxymethyl metabolites in equine urine by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

The in vivo phase I biotransformation of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone in the horse leads to the formation of a complex mixture of regio- and stereoisomeric C(20)O(2), C(20)O(3) and C(20)O(4) metabolites, excreted in urine as glucuronide and sulphate phase II conjugates. The major pathways of in vivo metabolism are the reduction of the A-ring (di- and tetrahydro), epimerisation at C-17 and oxidations mainly at C-6 and C-16. Some phase I metabolites have been identified previously by positive ion electron ionisation capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/EI + MS) mainly from the characteristic fragmentation patterns of their methyloxime-trimethylsilyl ether (MO-TMS), enol-TMS or TMS ether derivatives. Following oral administration of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone to two castrated thoroughbred male horses, the glucuronic acid conjugates excreted in post-administration urine samples were selectively hydrolysed by E. coli beta-glucuronidase enzymes. Unconjugated metabolites and the steroid aglycones obtained after enzymatic deconjugation were isolated from urine by solid-phase extraction, derivatised as MO-TMS ethers and analysed by GC/EI + MS. In addition to some of the known metabolites previously identified from the characteristic mass spectral fragmentation patterns of 17 alpha-methyl steroids, some isobaric compounds exhibiting a diagnostic loss of 103 mass units from the molecular ions with subsequent losses of trimethylsilanol or methoxy groups and an absence of the classical D-ring fragment ion were detected. From an interpretation of their mass spectra, these compounds were identified as 17-hydroxymethyl metabolites, formed in vivo in the horse by oxidation of the 17-methyl moiety of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone. This study reports on the GC/EI + MS identification of these novel 17-hydroxymethyl C(20)O(3) and C(20)O(4) metabolites of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone excreted in thoroughbred horse urine.
Ca2+ regulates calmodulin binding to IQ motifs in IRS-1

IRS-proteins couple the receptors for insulin and various cytokines to signalling proteins containing Src homology 2 (SH2) domains. Here we demonstrate that calmodulin, a mediator of Ca(2+)-dependent physiological processes, associates with IRS-1 in a phosphotyrosine-independent manner. IRS-1 coimmunoprecipitated with calmodulin from lysates of Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing IRS-1. The interaction was modulated by Ca2+, and calmodulin binding to IRS-1 was enhanced by increasing intracellular Ca2+ with A23187. In contrast, trifluoperazine, a cell-permeable calmodulin antagonist, decreased binding of calmodulin to IRS-1. Insulin stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1, but did not significantly alter the interaction between calmodulin and IRS-1. IQ-like motifs occur between residues 106-126 and 839-859 of IRS-1. Synthetic peptides based on the these sequences inhibited the association between IRS-1 and calmodulin. These data demonstrate that calmodulin binds to IRS-1 in intact cells in a Ca(2+)-regulated manner, providing a molecular link between the signalling pathways.
Management of the Greenbug on Grain Sorghum. 2. Testing Seed and Soil Treatments for Greenbug and Corn Leaf Aphid Control

Monocrotophos treatments to grain sorghum seed were not effective against Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). Seed-furrow treatments of aldicarb were effective when placed in the seed furrow in direct contact with seed at planting but were not effective when banded 1/2 inch above seed. Seed-furrow treatments of granular or liquid disulfoton gave season-long control of pest and about, six weeks' control of the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch). Sidedress treatments of granular or liquid disulfoton also were effective against green bugs, but a period of 2-:3 weeks after application was required for best control. Combination treatments of disulfoton, seed-furrow + sidedress application, or seed-furrow + foliar spray application, were highly effective against the green bug and provided season-long control. Phorate granules applied in direct contact with seed in the seed furrow at planting provided several weeks of residual control of both green bugs and corn leaf aphids but caused a significant reduction in plant stand. Combination seed-furrow + foliar spray treatments of phorate gave season-long green bug control. Some of the insecticidal treatments caused a significants reduetion in populations of insect and spider predators and hymenopterous parasites. some insecticidal treatments increased grain sorghum seed yields significantly over the nontreated checks, but these in creases apparently over the nontreated checks, but these increases apparently were not entirely due to green-bug or corn leaf aphid control. Aphid damage to the aerial portions of the plants was not significantly greater in the nontreated checks than in the insecticidal-treated grain sorghum. There was no evidence of increased test weight or seed size of harvested grain resulting from insecticidal treatment, and the percent of lodged sorghum plants at harvest was not related to earlier green bug infestations
Acoustic and electromagnetic quasimodes in dispersed random media

A generalized coherent-potential-approximation (GCPA) approach is developed for the identification of quasimodes in dispersed random media and the calculation of their dispersion relations. Application of this approach to colloidal suspensions of solid spheres yields the prediction of two acoustic modes in excellent agreement with the observations of a recent Brillouin-scattering experiment [J. Liu, L. Ye, D. A. Weitz, and P. Sheng, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2602 (1990)]. We show that whereas the high-frequency mode is associated with the solid-sphere antiresonances, the low-frequency mode arises from the coupling of the internal resonances between neighboring spheres. Our theory yields quantitative agreement with the measured dispersion relations with no adjustable parameters, and provides a theoretical explanation for the observed frequency gaps in the excitation spectra. Application of the GCPA to the electromagnetic wave in dispersed random media is also described.
Acute toxicity and anticholinesterase action of O,O-diethyl O-p-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl phosphorothioate (DMSP) and some related compounds☆

The acute toxicity of O,O-diethyl O-p-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl phosphorothioate (DSMP; Bayer 25141) was measured. By the intraperitoneal route the LD50 values ranged from 1.5 mg/kg to 10.5 mg/kg for rats, guinea pigs, and mice. When given orally the LD50 values were 2.2 mg/kg for female rats, 10.5 mg/kg for male rats, and 9 mg/kg for male guinea pigs. The sulfone derivative of DMSP exhibited toxicity similar to that of DMSP and the sulfide derivative was somewhat less toxic. The oxygen analogs of the phosphorothioates were all more toxic than the corresponding parent compounds. All the compounds included in this study exerted a strong anticholinesterase action in vivo. Maximum inhibition of the enzyme activity occurred in about an hour and the activity returned to nearly normal in about 5 days when equivalent fractions of the LD50 (58) were given.
Enzymic hydrolysis of rhizobial 4-O-methyl-d-glucurono-l-rhamnan

Abstract A Bacillus sp. obtained from soil-enrichment culture excretes a depolymerase that degrades rhizobial 4-O-methylglucuronorhamnan. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity. According to SDS gel electrophoresis, it is a polypeptide chain of Mr ∼ 210,000. As determined by methylation analysis and n.m.r. spectroscopy, the sole product of enzymolysis is the linear tetrasaccharide 4-O-Me-β- d -GlcpA-(1→3)-α- l -Rhap-(1→3)-β- l -Rhap- (1→4)- l -Rha.
Inappropriate Days of Care in A Pediatric Hospital 49

To assess the extent of inappropriate hospital use in pediatric inpatients the “Pediatric Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol” was applied to 1,400 children, randomly admitted during one year in the bigest pediatric department in Greece, with a total of 6,450 days hospitalization .Results: The mean length of stay in hospital was found 4.6±4.4 days. Almost half of them (3.167 days, 49%) namely 2.26 days per child were found to be medically inappropriate. Factors significantly associated with inappropriate hospital use such as demographic and social characteristics, nature of disease, type of primary care offered to the child, process of hospital admission and medical intervantions during hospitalization were thrown into multiple regression model. It appeared that the number of tests done and the number of specialists examined the child attribute to increased inappropriate days. Children with infections disease, to divorced parents and non insured were more likely to fall into this category. Less inappropriate hospital days are associated with: the number of tests performed the day of admission: the flexibility of clinical hospital practice; the poor physical condition of the child and the admission in emergency at night .In conclusion, since social status and nature of disease are not changable better coordination of hospital diagnostic and therapeutic intervantions may reduce inappropriate hospital use and its consequences.
Microenterprise, global poverty and social development

EnglishMicroenterprise and microfinance are widely promoted today as comprising an important anti-poverty strategy. While they have a role to play, this article shows that claims about their succes...