cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pleistocene snowlines and glaciation of the Hawaiian Islands

Abstract High volcanoes on two of the southeastern Hawaiian Islands experienced Pleistocene ice-cap glaciations. Drifts of three glaciations on the upper slopes of Mauna Kea (4206 m) are interstratified with lavas. During marine isotope stage (MIS) 2, an ice cap (70.5 km2) formed when the snowline fell ca. 930 m to an altitude of ca. 3785 m. Drifts of MIS 4 and 6 age, largely buried by hawaiite lavas, record a snowline about 100 m lower. Holocene lavas bury the upper slopes of Mauna Loa (4169 m), the summit of which likely intersected the snowline during the last glaciation. The reconstructed history of snowline variations and glaciation on Maui's Haleakala (3055 m) relies on evidence of the island's growth, isostatic subsidence, and tilting. The snowline may first have intersected Haleakala about 800,000 years ago; ice caps waxed and waned during the next ca. 400,000 years (MIS 22-12) until subsidence and diminishing eruptive activity brought the summit below the snowline. Erosional morphology and thick diamictons indicative of subglacial eruptions are consistent with repeated summit glaciations. Whereas Haleakala's glacial history has ended, ice caps likely will regenerate on Mauna Kea ca. 60,000 and 100,000 years in the future, after which the summit will subside below the glacial-age snowline.
The solar X-ray corona

The solar corona, and the coronae of solar-type stars, consist of a low-density magnetized plasma at temperatures exceeding 106 K. The primary coronal emission is therefore in the UV and soft x-ray range. The observed close connection between solar magnetic fields and the physical parameters of the corona implies a fundamental role for the magnetic field in coronal structuring and dynamics. Variability of the corona occurs on all temporal and spatial scales—at one extreme, as the result of plasma instabilities, and at the other extreme driven by the global magnetic flux emergence patterns of the solar cycle.
Rational manipulation of oxygen delivery.

Abstract Background. Optimization of oxygen delivery remains the best method to prevent and the only way to treat common intensive care unit syndromes such as sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction, and acute lung injury. This paper reviews the elements of oxygen delivery, describes how clinical interventions work through those elements to alter oxygen delivery, reviews theoretical and empirical data relating to manipulation of each element, and distinguishes between therapeutic means and clinical endpoints in the care of the critically ill. Materials and methods. Recent literature is reviewed. Relevant equations are detailed. Computer models and patient data illustrate key points. Results. Clinical interventions intended to improve oxygen delivery all work through at least one of seven variables (oxygen saturation, hemoglobin concentration, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, end-diastolic volume, and ejection fraction). Because interventions that increase oxygen delivery are always accompanied by physiologic costs, cavalier application of any therapy in the intensive care unit may actually decrease oxygen delivery, harming the critically ill patient. Various clinical indicators may be used as endpoints to guide therapy. Conclusions. While a systematic consideration of the elements of oxygen delivery reveals weaknesses in experimental evidence guiding optimal treatment of shock, reasonable strategies as well as avoidable pitfalls emerge from the data. Furthermore, facility with each of the elements of oxygen delivery makes ICU management easier to teach and to apply.
Iontophoretic delivery of drugs: Fundamentals, developments and biomedical applications

Abstract Iontophoretic drug delivery implies the delivery of ionic (charged) drugs into the body by the use of electric current. The technique is not new and has been used clinically in delivering medication to surface tissues for several decades. However, its potential is recently being rediscovered for transdermal systemic delivery of ionic drugs including peptide/protein drugs which are normally difficult to administer except by parenteral route. The technique has been observed to enhance the transdermal permeation of ionic drugs severalfold, and this can expand the horizon of transdermal controlled drug delivery for systemic medication. However, miniaturization of iontophoretic devices and electrodes and prevention of any possibility of skin burns are required to make this technique useful for biomedical applications. While the literature on iontophoretic systemic drug delivery is relatively recent and not extensive, the published results on clinical usage and other related aspects can be quite informative and could stimulate and assist the readers to explore other biomedical applications. This article is intended to review old as well as very recent literature on the technique, methodology, clinical findings, influencing factors, relevant electronics and other related aspects of iontophoretic drug delivery, and to provide the readers a comprehensive overview of the state-of-art of this potential new area of biomedical research.
Factors controlling intracellular levels of estrogens in human endometrium.

Abstract The levels of estradiol 17β-dehydrogenase activity have been found to be more than 10 times higher in secretory human endometrium than in proliferative tissue. Since in vitro experiments indicated that the bulk of estradiol (E 2 ) entering endometrial cells is released back to the medium as estrone (E 1 ), the effect of changes in the E 2 17β-dehydrogenase activity on the intracellular concentrations of E 2 and E 1 could be predicted and verified experimentally. In the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle E 2 presented to endometrium contributes less to the intracellular E 2 pool and more to the E 1 pool than an equal amount of E 2 presented to endometrium in the proliferative phase. Estradiol and not E 1 showed tight binding to nuclear pellets after the incubation of slices of endometrium with labeled estrogens. The observed competitive effect of E 1 on the binding of E 2 could be accounted for by the intracellular conversion of E 1 to E 2 . The total amount of estradiol receptor levels was found to be drastically reduced during the luteal phase. Preliminary in vivo experiments indicated that progesterone is responsible for this reduction and for the increase of the 17β-dehydrogenase activity. These observations point to means of regulating E 2 receptor levels and E 2 intracellular concentrations in normal tissue and possibly in endometrial cancer.
Pointwise redundancy in lossy data compression and universal lossy data compression

We characterize the achievable pointwise redundancy rates for lossy data compression at a fixed distortion level. "Pointwise redundancy" refers to the difference between the description length achieved by an nth-order block code and the optimal nR(D) bits. For memoryless sources, we show that the best achievable redundancy rate is of order O(/spl radic/n) in probability. This follows from a second-order refinement to the classical source coding theorem, in the form of a "one-sided central limit theorem". Moreover, we show that, along (almost) any source realization, the description lengths of any sequence of block codes operating at distortion level D exceed nR(D) by at least as much as C/spl radic/(nloglogn), infinitely often. Corresponding direct coding theorems are also given, showing that these rates are essentially achievable. The above rates are in sharp contrast with the expected redundancy rates of order O(log n) reported by various authors. Our approach is based on showing that the compression performance of an arbitrary sequence of codes is essentially bounded below by the performance of Shannon's random code. We obtain partial generalizations of the above results for arbitrary sources with memory, and we prove lossy analogs of "Barron's Lemma" (Barron 1985).
The Occupational Opportunist: an Update on Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Infection, Disease Pathogenesis, and Microbiology

Abstract The genus Erysipelothrix currently consists of four named species, the most clinically significant of which is E. rhusiopathiae. E. rhusiopathiae is found ubiquitously in the environment, with worldwide prevalence. The organism is identified as both a pathogen and a saprophyte for diverse hosts, ranging from fish and amphibians to birds, mammals, and insects. E. rhusiopathiae is recognized as the etiological agent of swine erysipelas, a disease of significant economic consequence. Human clinical infections are generally the result of occupational zoonotic exposure to infected animal tissues or by-products. Although rare, three distinct clinical forms of human E. rhusiopathiae disease are recognized: a localized cutaneous cellulitis (human erysipeloid), a disseminated cutaneous infection, and an infectious endocarditis that is usually secondary to sepsis. Diagnosis of E. rhusiopathiae infection can be complicated, particularly with limited clinical history; therefore, the microbe may be under-recognized. From a laboratory perspective, diagnostic challenges include the bacterium's Gram stain variability and variable cellular and colony morphologies that can occur during identification. While the disease is treatable with routine antimicrobials, empiric therapeutic interventions can be hampered due to intrinsic vancomycin resistance. The recent availability of the E. rhusiopathiae genome will strengthen our understanding of the organism's disease pathogenesis and expand our knowledge about the spectrum of E. rhusiopathiae infections.
Ballistic heat transport and associated frequency dependence of thermal conductivity in semiconductor alloys

Pump-probe time-domain thermoreflectance is commonly used for thermal characterisation of thin films. Lock-in detection at the pump modulation frequency provides in-phase and out-of-phase components of the temperature oscillations. The thermal conductivity is then obtained by fitting this signal to a diffuse heat spreading model. In 2007, Koh and Cahill reported a significant reduction of thermal conductivity with modulation frequency in semiconductor alloys. They attributed this effect to the assumption that phonons with mean free path longer than the thermal penetration length do not contribute to the measured conductivity. The effect has been successfully reproduced but remained poorly understood. We propose a model that incorporates ballistic transport as internal heat source for the diffusive channel. The results show frequency dependent behaviour similar to the experimental data, even for a given mean free path (MFP). Moreover, the ballistic single pulse response shows accelerated decays compared to the the diffuse one but yet the extracted apparent conductivity is reduced at high modulation frequencies. This strongly suggests that the reduction of apparent conductivity can be mostly attributed to pulse accumulation effects and the fitting procedure.
ENERGY TRANSFER IN SELF‐ASSEMBLED CHLOROPHYLL a SYSTEMS *

Computer deconvolution of the optical absorption spectra has been used to follow the formation and transformation of various chlorophyll species formed by lowering the temperature in solutions of toluene or methylcyclohexane containing a hydrogen-bonding nucleophile such as ethanol. At cryogenic temperatures the self-assembled chlorophyll a-ethanol species has optical properties similar to those of special pair photoreaction center chlorophyll. Analysis of the absorption and fluorescence behavior of the self-assembled species suggests that chlorophyll-chlorophyll species are also formed in the self-assembly process. Fluorescence lifetime measurements indicate that the pathways for dissipation of excitation energy in these multicomponent systems are complex. Selective optical excitation at wavelengths corresponding to absorption of monomer, oligomer, etc. chlorophyll a species has been used to demonstrate the heterogeneous nature of these self-assembled systems.
Transfer RNA post-transcriptional processing, turnover, and subcellular dynamics in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are essential for protein synthesis. In eukaryotes, tRNA biosynthesis employs a specialized RNA polymerase that generates initial transcripts that must be subsequently altered via a multitude of post-transcriptional steps before the tRNAs beome mature molecules that function in protein synthesis. Genetic, genomic, biochemical, and cell biological approaches possible in the powerful Saccharomyces cerevisiae system have led to exciting advances in our understandings of tRNA post-transcriptional processing as well as to novel insights into tRNA turnover and tRNA subcellular dynamics. tRNA processing steps include removal of transcribed leader and trailer sequences, addition of CCA to the 3′ mature sequence and, for tRNAHis, addition of a 5′ G. About 20% of yeast tRNAs are encoded by intron-containing genes. The three-step splicing process to remove the introns surprisingly occurs in the cytoplasm in yeast and each of the splicing enzymes appears to moonlight in functions in addition to tRNA splicing. There are 25 different nucleoside modifications that are added post-transcriptionally, creating tRNAs in which ∼15% of the residues are nucleosides other than A, G, U, or C. These modified nucleosides serve numerous important functions including tRNA discrimination, translation fidelity, and tRNA quality control. Mature tRNAs are very stable, but nevertheless yeast cells possess multiple pathways to degrade inappropriately processed or folded tRNAs. Mature tRNAs are also dynamic in cells, moving from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and back again to the cytoplasm; the mechanism and function of this retrograde process is poorly understood. Here, the state of knowledge for tRNA post-transcriptional processing, turnover, and subcellular dynamics is addressed, highlighting the questions that remain.
Iran: Change in Islam; Islam and Change

In discussing the intellectual and religious history of the modern Muslim world, the attention of both Western and Middle Eastern scholars has hitherto focused on those who were, directly or indirectly, heavily influenced by Western thought and practices. For Egypt, the center of Arab intellectual life, we have studies of at-Tahtawi, Abduh, Rida, Mustafa Kamil, Lutfi as-Sayyid, and those close to them; for Turkey studies of the Young Ottomans, the Young Turks, Zia Gokalp, and those influenced by Ataturk's Turkish nationalism; and for Iran of Malkum Khan, Afghani, various Babis, Al-e Ahmad, Shariati, and other Western-influenced thinkers. Naturally, there are large differences in the thought of those qualified here as Western-influenced; even the most traditional aiim usually reflects Western influence in a mediated way. The point is, however, that there has been little analysis of thinkers and leaders who appear to be primarily traditional, whether they be ulama educated entirely in madrasas and carrying out primarily traditional functions, or heads of Sufi orders operating mainly within their own traditions. This concentration by Western and Middle Eastern intellectuals on leaders who were able to a large degree secularized and Westernized has been based on certain generally unspoken assumptions about progress and development. The assumptions are that progress and development include Westernized, secularized educational systems and an increasingly Western lifestyle with a decreased role for both ulama and Sufis, whom it is not particularly important for one concentrating on trends with a viable future to study or understand. Even those who did study “traditionalist” movements such as the Egyptian Muslim Brethren tended to see them as a trend with no future.
Fasciectomy and Dupuytren's disease: A comparison between the open-palm technique and wound closure

An analysis of 153 patients treated surgically for Dupuytren's disease is presented. One hundred fifteen patients were treated with the closed-palm technique, while 38 patients were treated with the open-palm technique. The groups were comparable in terms of preoperative metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joint involvement, as well as the total number of rays involved. The patients were analyzed in terms of average pre- and post-operative total active motion (TAM) in the digital joints. The patients in the closed-palm group had a 10% improvement in TAM surgery, while those in the open-palm group had a 17% improvement ( p
Architectural Transcription Factors and the SAGA Complex Function in Parallel Pathways To Activate Transcription

Recent work has shown that transcription of the yeast HO gene involves the sequential recruitment of a series of transcription factors. We have performed a functional analysis of HO regulation by determining the ability of mutations in SIN1, SIN3, RPD3, and SIN4 negative regulators to permit HO expression in the absence of certain activators. Mutations in the SIN1 (=SPT2) gene do not affect HO regulation, in contrast to results of other studies using an HO:lacZ reporter, and our data show that the regulatory properties of an HO:lacZ reporter differ from that of the native HO gene. Mutations in SIN3 and RPD3, which encode components of a histone deacetylase complex, show the same pattern of genetic suppression, and this suppression pattern differs from that seen in a sin4 mutant. The Sin4 protein is present in two transcriptional regulatory complexes, the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme/mediator and the SAGA histone acetylase complex. Our genetic analysis allows us to conclude that Swi/Snf chromatin remodeling complex has multiple roles in HO activation, and the data suggest that the ability of the SBF transcription factor to bind to the HO promoter may be affected by the acetylation state of the HO promoter. We also demonstrate that the Nhp6 architectural transcription factor, encoded by the redundant NHP6A and NHP6B genes, is required for HO expression. Suppression analysis with sin3, rpd3, and sin4 mutations suggests that Nhp6 and Gcn5 have similar functions. A gcn5 nhp6a nhp6b triple mutant is extremely sick, suggesting that the SAGA complex and the Nhp6 architectural transcription factors function in parallel pathways to activate transcription. We find that disruption of SIN4 allows this strain to grow at a reasonable rate, indicating a critical role for Sin4 in detecting structural changes in chromatin mediated by Gcn5 and Nhp6. These studies underscore the critical role of chromatin structure in regulating HO gene expression.
Early postoperative epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition: Safety and effectiveness in inhibiting microscopic residual of oral squamous cell carcinoma in vivo

Background. The local-regional failure of advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) after surgery results from the regrowth of residual tumor cells that may be stimulated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands during the wound healing process. Methods. The level of EGFR ligands in human drain fluids (DFs) from OSCC resection and remote flap donor site were determined. A mouse model of microscopic residual OSCC was established and treated with cetuximab to measure tumor growth, survival, and cervical lymph node metastases. A mouse model of wound healing was also established to assess the effect of an EGFR antibody on the wound healing process. Results. EGFR ligands are found in sites from OSCC resection. EGFR targeted therapy can delay tumor regrowth in a microscopic residual disease model of OSCC without significant effects on local wound healing. Conclusion. These results provide a strong rationale for clinical evaluation of this approach to treat patients with local-regionally advanced OSCC. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: 321-328, 2013
In Search of A Lost Avant-Garde: An Anthropologist Investigates the Contemporary Art Museum (Bunzl)

This work is a book review considering the title In Search of A Lost Avant-Garde: An Anthropologist Investigates the Contemporary Art Museum by Matti Bunzl.
Geologic Evolution of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming. Part 6. Cathedral Peak Area, Montana

The Cathedral Peak area encompasses 35 square miles in the Precambrian core of the Bear-tooth Mountains in Montana, and is bounded by the Stillwater complex on the northeast. The major rock type is granitic gneiss consisting of quartz-feldspar rocks with a wide range in ratio of plagioclase to microcline and having a color index less than 20. Included in the gneiss are small, generally conformable lenses of biotite schist, amphibolite, and other metamorphic rocks, all having assemblages typical of amphibolite facies. Field relationships suggest that the granitic gneiss was formed by metasomatism. A thick aureole of contact metamorphosed rocks, the inner part graded to pyroxene-hornfels facies, underlies the Stillwater complex. Igneous and metamorphic rocks are altered locally to assemblages of greenschist facies along fault zones. Foliation and compositional layering of metasedimentary rocks (presumably representing original bedding) and foliation of granitic gneiss all show monoclinic symmetry. The macroscopic fabric and outcrop pattern indicate a series of open folds with axes trending north-northwest. Directions of mineral elongation and minor fold axes parallel the B-axis of the major fold system. In the southern part of the area, fold axes plunge 10°–15° N., but the plunge increases to 40 degrees near the base of the Stillwater complex. West of the Cathedral Peak area, the plunge is 10°–15° S. Postulated major events of geologic history are: (1) deposition of a sedimentary sequence, (2) formation of open folds, (3) regional metamorphism, granitization, and pegmatite formation, (4) emplacement of Stillwater complex, (5) regional metamorphism and pegmatite formation about 2700 m.y. ago, (6) intrusion of late Precambrian dolerite dikes, and (7) Laramide orogeny.
Spin dynamics in molecular nanomagnets at intermediate temperatures: an NMR and [mu]SR investigation

We report susceptibility and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements in a dodecanuclear polyoxovanadate cluster with the formula complex (NHEt3)[VgV4 Asg04o(H20)]H20 =(V12) [2]. The susceptibility of this cluster can in a first, good approximation be described by considering only its central square of localized V4+ ions and treated by an isotropic Heisenberg Hamiltonian of four spins 1/2 coupled by nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic interaction with J ~ 17.6K. In this simplified description the ground state is nonmagnetic with Sy = 0. The 1H NMR line width (FWHM) data depends on both the magnetic field and temperature, and is explained by the dipolar interaction be­ tween proton nuclei and V4+ ion spins. The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate Tf1 (NSLR) behavior in the temperature range (4.2-300K) is similar to the behavior of yT vs T and it does not show any peak at low temperature contrary to previous observations in AFM rings with higher spin values. The results are explained in terms of a simple phenomenological model which is shown to be obtained from the exact starting formula of Tj-1 under certain approximation. From the T dependence of T^1 at low T (2.5K a field dependent gap which obeys a simple linear law ANMR = AQ — Q^BH with the gap Ao — 17.6K in agreement with the susceptibility data. Below 2.5K the proton T^1 contains 1 Primary researcher and author
FEDERAL FOREST‐FIRE POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES

Forest-fire policy of U.S. federal agencies has evolved from the use of small patrols in newly created National Parks to diverse policy initiatives and institutional ar- rangements that affect millions of hectares of forests. Even with large expenditures and substantial infrastructure dedicated to fire suppression, the annual area burned by wildfire has increased over the last decade. Given the current and future challenges of fire man- agement, and based on analytical research and review of existing policies and their im- plications, we believe several changes and re-emphases in existing policy are warranted. Most importantly, the actual goal of fuels-management projects should be the reduction of potential fire behavior and effects, not the simple reduction of fuels. To improve safety and economic efficiency, fire-suppression policies should recognize differences in the charac- teristics of wildfires, and strategies should be tailored to better respond to the unique demands of each fire. Where forest fires are burning large areas, as in the western United States, reducing the trend of increased amounts of burned area may require a diversity of treatments, including prescribed burning, mechanical fuels treatment, and increased use of the Wildland Fire Use Policy. Assessment of how fire is affecting forests would be enhanced if land-management agencies reported the area burned by low-, mixed-, and high-severity fire and what proportion is outside the desired trend or range of conditions for each forest type. Congress should provide an improved budgetary process for fire and fuels manage- ment, with a larger annual federal fire-suppression budget. Additionally, reducing annual area burned will require long-term coordinated efforts by federal and state governments, with robust partnerships between land-management agencies and the public in collaborative planning and stewardship. Research and adaptive management are essential in allowing fire-hazard-reduction projects to move forward where proposed projects are met with un- certainty and mistrust. While legislative reform may be desirable, a strategy that is not entirely dependent on new legislation is needed. Building on existing programs that are consistent with a science-based strategy will enable land-management agencies to better utilize information in pursuit of the overall objective of reducing uncharacteristically severe wildfires. Key words: fire hazard; fire suppression; forest policy; fuels management; U.S. government
First Clues to the Existence of Two Input Languages: Pragmatic and Lexical Differentiation in a Bilingual Child.

While it is now commonly accepted that simultaneous bilingual children can differentiate their two languages from very early in development, it is still not very well understood how they come to understand that there are two languages in their input. The purpose of this study was to examine how a bilingual child might come to an understanding of the existence of two languages in terms of pragmatic differentiation (use of the appropriate language for the context) and lexical differentiation (use of translation equivalents). Using data from a Portuguese-English bilingual child from 1;0 to 1;6, this study showed that the child showed evidence of pragmatic differentiation before lexical differentiation. If these results are replicated, they suggest that bilingual children's understanding of the appropriate social use of their two languages may lead to an understanding that the translation equivalents in their vocabulary belong to two distinct input languages.
Petroleum geology of Fiji

Abstract Most petroleum exploration in Fiji has been directed towards the shallow-water sedimentary basins around and extending onto Viti Levu, the Bligh Water and Bau Waters Basins. A large amount of commercial multi-channel seismic-reflection data has been acquired across these basins since 1971 and five deep wells were drilled offshore and on Viti Levu from 1980 to 1982. All the wells were dry, although some had minor shows of gas and oil fluorescence. The wells penetrated over 2500 m of sedimentary rocks largely of Miocene and younger age, but some Oligocene or older volcanogenic rocks were also intersected. The well sections comprise mainly volcaniclastics, and Lower to Middle Miocene shallow-water limestones, which were the primary targets, were not encountered. A large amount of recently released commercial seismic data from around Viti Levu is interpreted here to enable an assessment of petroleum potential to be made. Up to about 4 km and 2 km of Late Miocene and younger strata are interpreted in the Bligh Water and Bau Waters Basins, respectively, but strata underlying an angular unconformity, believed to be of Late Miocene age, are not seismically resolved and thus the total sedimentary thickness is unknown. The sedimentary sequences off Viti Levu are cut by large faults, and pre-Pliocene rocks are affected by folding which is locally quite intense. No source rocks have been identified in the deep wells nor in tests of outcrop and stratigraphic borehole material from Viti Levu and vanua Levu, but anomalous amounts of pentane in seabed sediments off northern Viti Levu suggest that some thermogenic hydrocarbons have been generated. Information on subsurface reservoirs is sparse, but limestones are generally considered to have better reservoir potential than coarse volcaniclastics and are the more desirable targets. Because of the limited seismic resolution, no traps with Lower to Middle Miocene shallow-water limestone facies can presently be identified in the basins offshore Viti Levu. Late Miocene and younger sequences contain numerous structurally formed potential traps, and several Pliocene reef-like seismic mounds also occur in the western Bligh Water Basin and form potential traps. Mudstones are widespread in the offshore basins and seals are likely to be good, although some relatively recent faulting may have breached some potential traps. Commercial and non-commercial reconnaissance geophysical surveys have also been conducted across other sedimentary basins in Fiji, including the deep-water Suva and Baravi Basins and basins around vanua Levu and on the Lau Ridge.
Quantifying drug induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease patients using standardized videos

This paper presents a video based method to quantify drug induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Dyskinetic movement in standard clinical videos of patients is analyzed by tracking landmark points on the video frames using non-rigid image registration. The novel application of Point Distribution Models (PDM) allows geometric variations and covariations of the landmark points to be captured from each video sequence. The PDM parameters represent quantifiable information that can be used to rate dyskinesia effectively, analogously to a neurologist's strategy of assessing the movement of multiple body parts simultaneously to effectively rate dyskinesia. A heuristic decision function is then developed using the PDM parameters to quantify the severity of the dyskinesia. The severity score using our decision function showed a high correlation to the dyskinesia rating of a neurologist on the corresponding patient videos.
Periplasmic Transit and Disulfide Bond Formation of the Autotransported Shigella Protein IcsA

ABSTRACT The Shigella outer membrane protein IcsA belongs to the family of type V secreted (autotransported) virulence factors. Members of this family mediate their own translocation across the bacterial outer membrane: the carboxy-terminal β domain forms a β barrel channel in the outer membrane through which the amino-terminal α domain passes. IcsA, which is localized at one pole of the bacterium, mediates actin assembly by Shigella, which is essential for bacterial intracellular movement and intercellular dissemination. Here, we characterize the transit of IcsA across the periplasm during its secretion. We show that an insertion in the dsbB gene, whose gene product mediates disulfide bond formation of many periplasmic intermediates, does not affect the surface expression or unipolar targeting of IcsA. However, IcsA forms one disulfide bond in the periplasm in a DsbA/DsbB-dependent fashion. Furthermore, cellular fractionation studies reveal that IcsA has a transient soluble periplasmic intermediate. Our data also suggest that IcsA is folded in a proteinase K-resistant state in the periplasm. From these data, we propose a novel model for the secretion of IcsA that may be applicable to other autotransported proteins.
Combining measurements from three anatomical areas for glaucoma diagnosis using Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography

Aims To improve the diagnostic power for glaucoma by combining measurements of peripapillary nerve fibre layer (NFL), macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) and disc variables obtained with Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) into the glaucoma structural diagnostic index (GSDI). Methods In this observational, cross-sectional study of subjects from the Advanced Imaging of Glaucoma Study, GCC and NFL of healthy and perimetrical glaucoma subjects from four major academic referral centres of the Advanced Imaging of Glaucoma Study were mapped with the RTVue FD-OCT. Global loss volume and focal loss volume parameters were defined using NFL and GCC normative reference maps. Optimal weights for NFL, GCC and disc variables were combined using multivariate logistic regression to build the GSDI. Glaucoma severity was classified using the Enhanced Glaucoma Staging System (GSS2). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by sensitivity, specificity and the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). Results We analysed 118 normal eyes of 60 subjects, 236 matched eyes of 166 subjects with perimetrical glaucoma, and 105 eyes from a healthy reference group of 61 subjects. The GSDI included composite overall thickness and focal loss volume with weighted NFL and GCC components, as well as the vertical cup-to-disc ratio. The AUC of 0.922 from leave-one-out cross validation was better than the best component variable alone (p=0.047). The partial AUC in the high specificity region was also better (p=0.01), with a sensitivity of 69% at 99% specificity, and a sensitivity of 80.3% at 95% specificity. For GSS2 stages 3–5 the sensitivity was 98% at 99% specificity, and 100% at 95% specificity. Conclusions Combining structural measurements of GCC, NFL and disc variables from FD-OCT created a GSDI that improved the accuracy for glaucoma diagnosis. Trial registration number NCT01314326.
Light scattering and viscosity studies on poly‐4‐vinylpyridine

Seven fractionated and three unfractionated samples of poly-4-vinylpyridine, ranging in molecular weight from about 7 × 104 to 2 × 106, were investigated by light scattering and viscosity studies at 25°C. Intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationships in 86:14 butanone-isopropanol and in 92.01 weight per cent ethanol were [η] = 3.80 × 10−4M0.57 and [η] = 1.20 × 10−4M0.73, respectively. Flory's constant K, defined by the relation [η]θ = KM0.5, was determined by two independent methods to be 8.1 × 10−4. The close agreement of this value with that obtained for polystyrene confirms Flory's hypothesis that the unperturbed molecular dimensions are controlled by steric effects. The relationship between molecular dimensions and second virial coefficient is in fair agreement with recently proposed theoretical relations. The negative temperature coefficient of the solubility of poly-4-vinylpyridine in tert-butanol-benzene mixtures indicates strong solvation through hydrogen bonding between pyridine and hydroxyl groups.
Making Verb Argument Adjunct Distinctions in English

In natural language processing, identifying a verbs argument structure is important for many tasks including parsing, text simplification, and semantic role labeling. However, while most formal theories of grammar generally agree that there is a distinction between constituents that are arguments and those that are adjuncts, linguists do not yet agree on how to define what it means to be an argument or an adjunct. Nevertheless, these efforts have been fruitful in gaining a general understanding of some of the characteristics of arguments and adjuncts. This paper will explore the distinct approaches taken by the linguistics community, focusing on verb argument and adjunct distinctions. This paper explores the reasons behind why this distinction is such a difficult issue in both the semantic and syntactic community.
A universal hardware API for authenticated ciphers

In this paper, we propose a universal hardware Application Programming Interface (API) for authenticated ciphers. In particular, our API is intended to meet the requirements of all algorithms submitted to the CAESAR competition. Two major parts of the API, the interface and the communication protocol, were developed with the goal of reducing any potential biases in benchmarking of authenticated ciphers in hardware. Our highspeed implementation of the proposed hardware API includes universal, open-source pre-processing and post-processing units, common for all CAESAR candidates and the current standards, such as AES-GCM and AES-CCM. Apart from the full documentation, examples, and the source code of the pre-processing and post-processing units, we have made available in public domain a) a universal testbench to verify the functionality of any CAESAR candidate implemented using our hardware API, b) a Python script used to automatically generate test vectors for this testbench, c) VHDL wrappers used to determine the maximum clock frequency and the resource utilization of all implementations, and d) RTL VHDL source codes of highspeed implementations of AES and the Keccak Permutation F, which may be used as building blocks in implementations of related ciphers. We hope that the existence of these resources will substantially reduce the time necessary to develop hardware implementations of all CAESAR candidates for the purpose of evaluation, comparison, and future deployment in real products.
Viruria and Viraliquoria in the Dog After Intravenous Injection of T5 Bacteriophage.

SummaryAfter intravenous injection of T5 bacteriophage, small amounts of virus were recovered in urine (viruria) and cere-brospinal fluid (viraliquoria) of anesthetized dogs. The quantitative ratio of virus particles in blood to that in either of these fluids was similar (approximately 102 or 103:1).
INFLUENCE OF LESION LOCATION ON THE DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF ADENOSINE-FREE CORONARY PRESSURE WIRE MEASUREMENTS: THE CONTRAST (CAN CONTRAST INJECTION BETTER APPROXIMATE FFR COMPARED TO PURE RESTING PHYSIOLOGY?) SUBSTUDY

Several adenosine-free coronary pressure wire indices have been proposed to assess the functional significance of coronary artery lesions; however, there is a theoretical concern that lesion location and the amount of myocardium interrogated may affect diagnostic performance. In a total of 763
Tundra vegetation of three cirque basins in the northern San Juan Mountains, Colorado

The vegetation of three alpine cirque basins in the northern San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado was inventoried and analyzed for the degree of specificity shown by vascular plant communities for certain types of habitats identified as representative of the basins. A total of 197 vascular plant species representing 31 families was inventoried. Growth forms of all species were noted and a growth form spectrum for all of the communities was derived. The caespitose monocot and erect dicot growth forms are the most important growth forms among the community dominants. The most common growth form among all species is the rosette dicot.
The inherent dynamics of isotropic- and nematic-phase liquid crystals

The geodesic (shortest) pathways through the potential energy landscape of a liquid can be thought of as defining what its dynamics would be if thermal noise were removed, revealing what we have called the “inherent dynamics” of the liquid. We show how these inherent paths can be located for a model liquid crystal former, showing, in the process, how the molecular mechanisms of translation and reorientation compare in the isotropic and nematic phases of these systems. These mechanisms turn out to favor the preservation of local orientational order even under macroscopically isotropic conditions (a finding consistent with the experimental observation of pseudonematic domains in these cases), but disfavor the maintenance of macroscopic orientational order, even in the nematic phase. While the most efficient nematic pathways that maintain nematic order are indeed shorter than those that do not, it is apparently difficult for the system to locate these paths, suggesting that molecular motion in liquid-crystal formers is dynamically frustrated, and reinforcing the sense that there are strong analogies between liquid crystals and supercooled liquids.
Electrical breakdown paths in crystals

Offenbacher and Callen (1) have shown that the orientation of electrical breakdown paths may be due to the existence of asymmetrical electron scattering from the borders of the Brillouin zone for lattice vibrations. Observations of the orientation of electrical breakdown paths in the alkali halide crystals indicate that other sources of anisotropic electron scattering are present. This additional anisotropy may be due, for example, to the existence of non-spherical electronic energy surfaces within the Brillouin zone. Further details regarding the nature of anisotropic electron scattering are obtained from breakdown studies in more complex crystal systems. Some of the implications of these studies will be considered.
Potential Medical Applications of Nucleic Acid Analog Polymers

Numerous research groups have prepared polymers which can be considered as synthetic nucleic acid analogs. These have included polymers with a nucleic base on a vinyl backbone, a poly(peptide) backbone or poly(methacrylate) backbones. The synthetic chemistry of these systems is reviewed and some potential medical and non-medical applications of these systems are discussed. The main thrust of this talk will, however, center on the potential application of these pseudo-nucleic acid polymers in cancer therapy. Within this area, the main emphasis will be on poly(methacrylate) polymers with pendant nucleic bases, and related compounds, which could prove useful in chemotherapy. These copolymers show a zero-order release (constant drug level) of the 5-fluorouracil drug unit whereas monolithic dispersions of this drug are released with a declining dosage pattern. Other potential biomedical applications discussed include chromatographic analysis substrates, HIV virus detection, and genetic deficiency disease correction.
Affection Deprivation Is Associated With Physical Pain and Poor Sleep Quality

Social bonds are necessary for human survival and affectionate communication is paramount for their formation and maintenance. Consequently, affection deprivation—the condition of receiving less affectionate communication than desired—is associated with social pain, and contemporary research indicates that social pain has substantial neurological overlap with physical pain. Thus, it was proposed that affection deprivation would be associated with the sensation of physical pain as well as with poor-quality sleep. Three studies involving a total of 1,368 adults from nearly all U.S. states and several foreign countries revealed significant associations between affection deprivation, physical pain, and multiple facets of disturbed sleep.
Impact of haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation conditioning intensity on the incidence and severity of post-transplantation viral infections.

Impact of haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation conditioning intensity on the incidence and severity of post-transplantation viral infections
BRAF signals to pro-apoptotic BIM to enhance AraC cytotoxicity induced in AML cells by Vitamin D-based differentiation agents

Vitamin D has so far not fulfilled its early promise as an antineoplastic agent, in spite of compelling in vitro data. With the aim of bringing vitamin D or its derivatives (VDDs) effectively to the clinic, we developed a two-pronged approach. First, by adding the plant-derived Carnosic Acid (CA) to a vitamin D2 derivative Doxercalciferol we increased its differentiation potency without increasing it hypercalcemic properties. Second, we added these two agents together to AML cells already treated with Cytarabine (AraC), the standard drug for the treatment of patients with AML. We now report that BRAF, a part of the MAPK signaling pathway, is required for the optimally increased cell death in this system and acts upstream of BIM, the regulator of the caspase cascade that leads to cell death by apoptosis. It is proposed that this therapeutic regimen should be tested in a clinical trial.
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Simulated Heat-Affected Zones in Cast Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steels 17-4 and 13-8+Mo

Cast precipitation-hardened (PH) stainless steels 17-4 and 13-8+Mo are used in applications that require a combination of high strength and moderate corrosion resistance. Many such applications require fabrication and/or casting repair by fusion welding. The purpose of this work is to develop an understanding of microstructural evolution and resultant mechanical properties of these materials when subjected to weld thermal cycles. Samples of each material were subjected to heat-affected zone (HAZ) thermal cycles in the solution-treated and aged condition (S-A-W condition) and solution-treated condition with a postweld thermal cycle age (S-W-A condition). Dilatometry was used to establish the onset of various phase transformation temperatures. Light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were used to characterize the microstructures, and comparisons were made to gas metal arc welds that were heat treated in the same conditions. Tensile testing was also performed. MatCalc thermodynamic and kinetic modeling software was used to predict the evolution of copper (Cu)-rich body center cubic precipitates in 17-4 and β-NiAl precipitates in 13-8+Mo. The yield strength was lower in the simulated HAZ samples of both materials prepared in the S-A-W condition when compared to their respective base metals. Samples prepared in the S-W-A condition had higher and more uniform yield strengths for both materials. Significant changes were observed in the matrix microstructure of various HAZ regions depending on the peak temperature, and these microstructural changes were interpreted with the aid of dilatometry results, LOM, SEM, and EDS. Despite these significant changes to the matrix microstructure, the changes in mechanical properties appear to be governed primarily by the precipitation behavior. The decrease in strength in the HAZ samples prepared in the S-A-W condition was attributed to the dissolution of precipitates, which was supported by the MatCalc modeling results. MatCalc modeling results for samples in the S-W-A condition predicted uniform size of precipitates across all regions of the HAZ, and these predictions were supported by the observed trends in mechanical properties. Cross-weld tensile tests performed on GMA welds showed the same trends in mechanical behavior as the simulated HAZ samples. Welding in the S-W-A condition resulted in over 90 pct retention in yield strength when compared to base metal strengths. These findings indicate that welding these PH stainless steels in the solution-treated condition and using a postweld age will provide better and more uniform mechanical properties in the HAZ that are more consistent with the base metal properties.
Combat Breasts and Intimate Citizenship: Media Coverage of Breastfeeding Women in the U.S. Air Force

The photographs of two U.S. Air Force women breastfeeding in public while dressed in military uniform sparked online controversy in 2012. An analysis of media reaction to the photographs served as a representative anecdote, and public online perceptions of breastfeeding military women were evaluated. Using Plummer's (2003) intimate citizenship as the theoretical backdrop, contradictory perceptions about breastfeeding in the public and private spheres emerged. Tensions of intimate citizenship related to who is included or excluded in the public sphere were noted in the following themes: (1) tensions about public and private breastfeeding, (2) tensions about separating motherhood from military work, and (3) tensions about breastfeeding in the revered military uniform. The findings provide a snapshot of the online public's perceptions of women who breastfeed in military uniform and in hypermasculinized environments. The photographs of the breastfeeding Air Force women challenged the poised, masculine imagery...