cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black and White Young Adults' Support to Midlife Parents.

Objectives Prior research suggests that midlife adults in Black and non-Hispanic White families differ in support patterns to aging parents. It is unclear whether such racial differences exist in young adulthood. We examined Black and White young adults' support to their midlife parents and underlying mechanisms to explain within-racial group, family-level differences. Method Young adults (aged 18-30; Black n=107 and White n=351) from the Family Exchanges Study 2 reported how often they provided tangible (practical) and intangible (emotional support and advice) support to each parent. Participants also reported beliefs about obligation to support parents, rewards from helping, and parental needs. Results On average, Black young adults provided more tangible and intangible support than White young adults. Feelings of reward predicted why young adults in some Black and White families gave more support than those in other families. Parental needs explained tangible support in Black families and intangible support in White families. Within families, rewards and parental needs drove Black offspring to give more intangible support than their siblings, while obligation motivated White offspring. Discussion Consistent with support patterns evident in older adulthood, Black young adults gave more tangible and intangible support to their midlife parents compared to White young adults. Within-race support patterns were explained by different factors informed by the Multidimensional Intergenerational Support Model. Findings suggest psychological factors contribute to between and within racial patterns of exchanges.
A Method for Identification of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Using a Microscope Sampling Device with Fourier Transform Infrared (FT/IR) Spectroscopy

The identification of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has posed an analytical challenge for forensic science laboratories. In those cases in which a few doses are seized, only microgram quantities are available, often in forms which make isolation of the miniscule amount of LSD difficult. A method is described which yields small crystals of pure LSD in a form well-suited for analysis using a microscope sampling device with a Fourier transform infrared (FT/IR) spectrometer. These crystals produce excellent spectra from samples containing less than 50 µg of LSD. Distinguishing between LSD, iso-LSD, and lysergic acid N-methylpropylamide (LAMPA) poses no problem with the spectra obtained. This scheme combines preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) followed by wick evaporation, an old but not well-known technique for separating soluble components from high-solid mixtures without filtration.
An update on mortality and morbidity in patients with very low postoperative hemoglobin levels who decline blood transfusion (CME)

Background Severely anemic patients for whom blood transfusion is not an option provide highly valuable information on risks of anemia and alternative management strategies. Study Design and Methods This is a retrospective study of consecutive patients at least 18 years old who could not be transfused, had surgery at a patient blood management center between 2003 and 2012, and had at least one hemoglobin (Hb) measurement of not more than 8 g/dL during the postoperative period. The primary outcome measure was mortality, occurring anytime in the period after the surgery until discharge or 30th day after the surgery, whichever was sooner. Postoperative morbidities included the occurrence of any of sepsis, pneumonia, myocardial infarction, deep wound infection, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmia. Results A total of 293 patients (including 288 who self-identified as “Jehovah's Witness”) were eligible and enrolled. The mean ± SD age of the patients was 61.5 ± 16.9 years and 74.1% were female. Overall mortality rate was 8.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5%-11.3%). Unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of death per each 1 g/dL decrease in the nadir postoperative Hb was 2.04 (95% CI, 1.52-2.74); OR of death after adjustment for other significant factors (urgency, American Society of Anesthesiology score, and age) was 1.82 (95% CI, 1.27-2.59). Conclusion Our study confirms the previously reported low risk of mortality in upper nadir Hb ranges of 7 to 8 g/dL and much higher risk in lower ranges, albeit the number of patients reaching extremely low Hb levels were lower than previous report, possibly suggestive of improved management strategy of these patients.
Nonasymptotic upper bounds on the probability of the /spl epsi/-atypical set for Markov chains

For a stationary, irreducible and aperiodic Markov chain with finite alphabet A, starting symbol X/sub 0/=/spl sigma/, transition probability matrix P, stationary distribution /spl pi/, support S(/spl pi/,P)={(j,k):/spl pi//sub j/P/sub k|j/>0} and for a function f such that M=/spl Delta/E/sub /spl pi/P/f(X/sub 1/,X/sub 2/) 0/{K/sub n//(1+K/sub n/)}/spl epsiv//(max/sub j,k:P(k|j)/>0|f(j,k)|]/sup 2/ where K/sub n/=(1-|A|max/sub j,k/|P/sub k|j//sup n/-/spl pi//sub k/)/n). Under the conditions stated, the set over which the sup is taken is nonempty and therefore the sup exists and is positive; it is also shown that the sup is attained at a finite value of n. A nonasymptotic version of this result is also given based on the method of Markov types.
Reflexes Controlling Circulatory, Ventilatory and Airway Responses to Exercise

The sections in this article are: 1 Reflex Cardiovascular Responses to Muscular Contraction in Anesthetized and Decerebrate Animals 1.1 Sensory Innervation of Skeletal Muscle 1.2 Reflex Autonomic Responses to Stimulation of Muscle Afferents in Anesthetized Animals 1.3 Discharge Properties of Group III and IV Muscle Afferents 1.4 The Site of the First Synapse—The Dorsal Horn 1.5 Role of Spinal Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators in the Exercise Pressor Reflex 1.6 Pathways Ascending from the Dorsal Horn 1.7 The Ventrolateral Medulla 1.8 Other Central Neural Structures 1.9 Final Common Pathways 1.10 Interaction Between the Arterial Baroreflex and the Exercise Pressor Reflex in Anesthetized and Decerebrate Animals 2 Evidence for the Exercise Pressor Reflex in Humans and Conscious Animals 2.1 Feedback from Contracting Limb Skeletal Muscle in Humans and Conscious Animals 2.2 The Nature of the Stimulus Evoking the Exercise Pressor Reflex 3 Contribution of Peripheral Afferents to the Exercise Hyperpnea 3.1 Afferents from the Exercising limbs 3.2 The Carotid Chemoreceptor Afferents 3.3 Role in Hyperventilation During Heavy Exercise 3.4 The Pulmonary Afferents 3.5 Cardiac Afferents 3.6 Respiratory Muscle Afferents 3.7 Mediation of the Exercise Hyperpnea by Multiple Mechanisms 4 Summary and Conclusions 4.1 Peripheral Afferent Contribution to Circulatory Responses to Exercise 4.2 Peripheral Afferent Contribution to Ventilatory Responses to Exercise
Intraluminal Pressures Generated During Esophageal Bougienage

Although esophageal bougienage is a widely used palliative procedure for both benign and malignant esophageal strictures, little is known about the pressure generated or applied to the esophageal wall during this procedure. Accordingly, water-perfused catheters were radially implanted into Maloney dilators to monitor esophageal wall pressure in 13 patients undergoing bougienage for reflux-induced lower esophageal strictures. Maximal pressure generated in this group ranged from a low of 25 to a high of 830 mmHg and was generally higher in individuals with newly dilated strictures and with use of larger bougies. In a control group of 11 patients, resting esophageal wall pressure during dilation was 5 mmHg, a value similar to that measured in stricture patients. Maximal pressure occurred in the area of the lower esophageal sphincter and was not statistically higher than sphincter pressure measured with standard rapid pull-through technique. These studies help to define esophageal wall response to bougienage and the pressures generated at the time of esophageal dilation.
Dark Matter in the Milky Way's Dwarf Spheroidal Satellites

The Milky Way's dwarf spheroidal satellites include the nearest, smallest and least luminous galaxies known. They also exhibit the largest discrepancies between dynamical and luminous masses. This article reviews the development of empirical constraints on the structure and kinematics of dSph stellar populations and discusses how this phenomenology translates into constraints on the amount and distribution of dark matter within dSphs. Some implications for cosmology and the particle nature of dark matter are discussed, and some topics/questions for future study are identified.
Autoionization emission from transition metals by electron impact

Intense gain satellites associated with the ${M}_{2,3}\mathrm{VV}$ Auger transition have been observed for representative $3d$ transition metals. The satellites have line shapes and intensities that resemble those of the ${M}_{2,3}$ electron-energy-loss and resonant photon-excited spectra of these materials and are identified as being due to autoionization electron emission. This identification satisfies the expectation that the Fano effect should be manifest in both absorption and emission experiments, whether photon or electron excited.
HÆMOGLOBIN A1: AN INDICATOR OF THE METABOLIC CONTROL OF DIABETIC PATIENTS

The level of the minor glycosylated haemoglobins (HbA1) in ambulatory diabetic patients correlated closely with their physicians' ratings of the degree of control and their fasting plasma-glucose levels. In patients admitted to hospital for more detailed study, HbA1 correlated significantly with the mean fasting glucose, mean daily glucose, and highest daily glucose values. HbA1 measurement is a simple, rapid, and objective procedure to assess diabetic control and may serve both as a screening test for uncontrolled diabetes and as an indicator of the efficacy of various therapeutic regimens.
Time Effects Relate to Crushing in Sand

Based on previously obtained experimental results, a mechanistic picture of time effects in granular materials is presented. Accordingly, time effects are caused by grain crushing, which in turn is time dependent, as indicated by static fatigue of brittle materials. Triaxial compression tests have been performed on Virginia Beach sand at high pressures, where grain crushing is prevalent, to study effects of initial loading strain rates on subsequent amounts of creep and stress relaxation. Grain size distribution curves were determined after each test and the amount of crushing, as characterized by Hardin's breakage factor, is related to the energy input to the triaxial specimens. A pattern emerges that indicates the importance of crushing for the axial and volumetric strains, while rearrangement and frictional sliding between intact grains play much smaller roles in the stress-strain and volume change behaviors of granular materials at high stresses and shear strains. Because particle crushing is a time-dependent phenomenon described as static fatigue or delayed fracture, the close relation between time effects and crushing in granular materials is established.
Global Identification of EVI1 Target Genes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

The ecotropic virus integration site 1 (EVI1) transcription factor is associated with human myeloid malignancy of poor prognosis and is overexpressed in 8–10% of adult AML and strikingly up to 27% of pediatric MLL-rearranged leukemias. For the first time, we report comprehensive genomewide EVI1 binding and whole transcriptome gene deregulation in leukemic cells using a combination of ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq expression profiling. We found disruption of terminal myeloid differentiation and cell cycle regulation to be prominent in EVI-induced leukemogenesis. Specifically, we identified EVI1 directly binds to and downregulates the master myeloid differentiation gene Cebpe and several of its downstream gene targets critical for terminal myeloid differentiation. We also found EVI1 binds to and downregulates Serpinb2 as well as numerous genes involved in the Jak-Stat signaling pathway. Finally, we identified decreased expression of several ATP-dependent P2X purinoreceptors genes involved in apoptosis mechanisms. These findings provide a foundation for future study of potential therapeutic gene targets for EVI1-induced leukemia.
Smad7: Licensed to Kill β-Catenin

Elevated levels of inhibitory Smad7 are detected in several pathologic skin conditions; however the functional consequences of this expression have been unclear. A recent study shows that Smad7 overexpression in transgenic mouse epidermis at levels comparable to those seen in pathologic states is insufficient to block TGFβ or BMP signaling, but instead produces striking phenotypes due to degradation of β-catenin through a novel mechanism involving Smad7 and Smurf2.
Glucocorticoid regulation of human eosinophil gene expression.

Molecular analysis of steroid-regulated gene expression in freshly isolated human eosinophils is difficult due to the inherent high rate of spontaneous apoptosis and elevated levels of endogenous ribonucleases. To circumvent these limitations, we determined if the human eosinophilic cell line EoL-1 could serve as an in vitro model of glucocorticoid signaling. We found by optimizing growth conditions in low serum-containing media that dexamethasone (Dex) treatment of EoL-1 cells induced an apoptotic pathway that was inhibited by interleukin-5 (IL-5). Moreover, gene expression profiling using RNA from untreated EoL-1 cells and from freshly isolated human eosinophils identified 380 commonly expressed genes, including the eosinophil markers granule major basic protein, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. Expression profiling was performed using EoL-1 cells that had been treated with dexamethasone for 0, 4, 12, 24 and 48 h identifying 162 genes as differentially expressed. Two of the most highly upregulated genes based on expression profiling were the transcription factor Ets-2 and the MHC Class II genes (Q, R, and P). Expression of these genes in EoL-1 cells was shown to be dexamethasone-induced at the RNA and protein levels which is consistent with the known function of Ets-2 in controlling cell cycle progression and the role of MHC Class II antigens in mediating eosinophil functions.
Organic matter remineralization predominates phosphorus cycling in the mid-Bay sediments in the Chesapeake Bay.

Chesapeake Bay, the largest and most productive estuary in the U.S., suffers from varying degrees of water quality issues fueled by both point and nonpoint nutrient sources. Restoration of the Bay is complicated by the multitude of nutrient sources, their variable inputs, and complex interaction between imported and regenerated nutrients. These complexities not only restrict formulation of effective restoration plans but also open up debates on accountability issues with nutrient loading. A detailed understanding of sediment phosphorus (P) dynamics provides information useful in identifying the exchange of dissolved constituents across the sediment-water interface as well as helps to better constrain the mechanisms and processes controlling the coupling between sediments and the overlying waters. Here we used phosphate oxygen isotope ratios (δ(18)O(P)) in concert with sediment chemistry, X-ray diffraction, and Mossbauer spectroscopy on sediments retrieved from an organic rich, sulfidic site in the mesohaline portion of the mid-Bay to identify sources and pathway of sedimentary P cycling and to infer potential feedbacks on bottom water hypoxia and surface water eutrophication. Authigenic phosphate isotope data suggest that the regeneration of inorganic P from organic matter degradation (remineralization) is the predominant, if not sole, pathway for authigenic P precipitation in the mid-Bay sediments. This indicates that the excess inorganic P generated by remineralization should have overwhelmed any pore water and/or bottom water because only a fraction of this precipitates as authigenic P. This is the first research that identifies the predominance of remineralization pathway and recycling of P within the Chesapeake Bay. Therefore, these results have significant implications on the current understanding of sediment P cycling and P exchange across the sediment-water interface in the Bay, particularly in terms of the sources and pathways of P that sustain hypoxia and may potentially support phytoplankton growth in the surface water.
Transforming growth factor-β inhibits cellular adenylate cyclase activity in cultured human arterial endothelial cells

Stimulation of human arterial endothelial cells with heparin-binding growth factor-1 (HBGF-1) resulted in a 40% to 60% increase in the cellular adenylate cyclase activity and intracellular cAMP content. The stimulatory effect of HBGF-1 was effectively suppressed by pretreating the cells with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), an endothelial cell growth inhibitor. The inhibition of the adenylate cyclase activity precedes growth inhibition by at least 24 h. The half maximal inhibitory dose was calculated to be 0.2 ng/ml for the inhibition of both cyclase activity and cell growth. The possible role of the adenylate cyclase suppression in growth inhibition by TGF-β is discussed.
Refractive micro-optics fabrication with a 1-D binary phase grating mask applicable to MOEMS processing

We present a new photomask technology capable of forming a continuous rotationally symmetric microstructure in thick photoresist. This technique eliminates many of the drawbacks of grayscale and half-tone masking technology. A binary phase grating of pi phase depth on a transparent quartz mask plate is fabricated in PMMA resist using an e-beam direct writing technique. When the phase mask is used in the stepper, an analog intensity profile is created on the wafer. The period is constrained, allowing for control of the zero-order in the stepper. The duty cycle of the phase gratings can be varied in such a way to provide the proper analog intensity profile for a wide range of micro-optics on the photoresist. The design, analysis, and fabrication procedures of this technique are discussed. This processing technique can be applied to many MOEMS devices that require refractive elements for optical processing. The method greatly simplifies the device process, reducing the cost and improving the device yield.
Survival impact of multiple bowel resections in patients undergoing primary cytoreductive surgery for advanced ovarian cancer: A case–control study

Abstract Objective. To evaluate clinicopathological factors and survival outcome of patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma undergoing multiple bowel resections to achieve optimal (≤ 1 cm) cytoreduction. Methods. A case–control study was performed identifying patients undergoing optimal primary cytoreductive surgery with ≥ 2 bowel resections between 10/1997 and 2/2006. The two control groups consisted of (1) patients undergoing optimal cytoreduction with ≤ 1 bowel resections matched [1:2] for age and stage and (2) patients left with suboptimal disease. Cox proportional hazards model were used to evaluate the effects of demographic and surgico-pathologic factors on survival outcome. Results. A total of 34 patients underwent ≥ 2 bowel resections. Sixty-eight patients underwent ≤ 1 bowel resections. All patients had optimal cytoreduction and 40/102 patients (39.2%) underwent complete cytoreduction. Patients undergoing multiple bowel resections experienced a higher EBL (700 v 500 mL, p = 0.01) and longer LOS (10 v 7 days, p = 0.01) compared to patients with ≤ 1 bowel resections. Multivariate analysis revealed the amount of residual disease to be a statistically significant and radiation therapy to the right pelvic sidewall and cul-de-sac independent predictor of overall survival. The median overall survival time for patients undergoing ≥ 2 bowel resections was 28.3 months, which was comparable to patients undergoing ≤ 1 bowel resections, (37.8 months, p = 0.09) but statistically significantly superior to patients left with suboptimal residual disease (12 months, p = 0.02). Conclusions. Although primary surgery that includes ≥ 2 bowel resections is associated with longer LOS and a higher EBL, such extensive procedures are warranted if they will contribute to an overall optimal residual disease state.
Optimistic expectations and survival after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Abstract An optimistic attitude is hypothesized to be beneficial when facing a life-threatening medical condition. However, the actual relationship of high expectations for treatment success and medical outcome is controversial. Using a prospective cohort of 313 autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients enrolled July 1996 through November 1999, we tested whether patient-reported expectations before transplantation were associated with survival and quality of life following the procedure. Before transplantation, patients with higher expectations that the transplant procedure would go well had better mental and emotional functioning, but similar physical status and medical condition to patients with less optimistic expectations. In the first 2 months after transplantation, optimistic expectations were associated with better survival (92% v 84%; relative risk for mortality 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.22–0.92; P=.03) controlling for other physical and mental characteristics. However, by 6 months posttransplantation, survival and quality of life were indistinguishable between patients with initially higher and lower expectations. Our data suggest an association between more optimistic expectations and early survival following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but this association is not present by 6 months posttransplantation.
Interpretation of Impact Penetration Measurements in Soft Clays

The need for obtaining estimates of undrained shear strength of shallow seafloor sediments often arises in offshore engineering practice. Impact penetrometers offer a promising means of obtaining strength estimates in such sediments. However, variable conditions of embedment and velocity require careful consideration in the interpretation of impact penetration tests. This paper presents an analysis of the expendable bottom penetrometer (XBP), a device that measures acceleration during impact penetration. The analyses indicate that acceleration measurements can be reasonably related to undrained shear strength of soft clays. Further, acceleration measurements can be integrated to obtain velocity and embedment depth data at any point during the penetration analysis, thereby providing a basis for accounting for rate and embedment effects. Applying the proposed analysis to data from a series of test sites in the Gulf of Mexico indicate satisfactory agreement between XBP and reference strength profiles in soft clays.
Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Biotinylated Opioid Derivatives as Novel Probes to Study Opioid Pharmacology

A generally applicable strategy of chemically labeling (-)-morphine (1) is described. The synthesis starts from commercially available starting materials and can be completed in two steps with an overall yield of 23%. In silico simulation and NMR results show that the binding of (-)-morphine to one of its molecular targets, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), was not affected by the modification. Secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter assay results demonstrate that C(3) biotinylated and unmodified (-)-morphine show similar biological activities in live cells. To our knowledge, these studies provide the first practical and concise method to label various opioid derivatives, a group of important therapeutics in pain management, for biochemical/pharmacological studies.
A model of coagulation in dust clouds during grain charging

Abstract Initially uncharged grains in space and laboratory plasma environments become charged due to currents driven by potential differences in the dusty plasma. Certain macroscopic effects such as coagulation of smaller grains into larger ones or fluffy aggregates can be affected during this initial grain charging phase. The charging profiles of micron- and submicron-sized dust grains immersed in such plasma environments are strongly size- and temperature-dependent, and under certain conditions, the dust cloud can have various configurations of charged grains. Using a standard grain charging model along with a modified Barnes–Hut tree code for calculating grain dynamics, this paper examines the effect of including initial grain charging in coagulation of clouds of negative grains, positive grains, and a mixture of oppositely charged grains. The immediate application to coagulation during transient dusty plasma conditions is discussed.
Entry deterrence through credit denial

Abstract Firms in oligopoly can use debt to commit to a strategic position that negatively affects rival firms and improves profitability. In this paper, I show that an incumbent firm can deter entry by using debt to commit to such a low price that an entrant's lender will not finance entry, even if the entrant's expected profit from entry is positive. Empirical evidence shows that concentration and debt are positively related in several industries, indicating that debt may be used to reduce competition.
Determinants of Intentions to Purchase Unhealthy Food and Beverage Options: A Dual-Process Theoretical Perspective

Research evinces that both cognitions and emotions illuminate consumer decision-making processes; however, quantitative examination of such factors concomitantly as antecedents (i.e., dual-process theory) of unhealthy food and beverage purchases is deficient. To address this research fissure, survey data from undergraduate business students (N = 268) at a southwest U.S. university were collected during regularly scheduled classes to help explain corn-fed beef and soft drink purchase processes. Specifically, self-expression via food consumption, organic food brand tribalism, nutrition seeking, attitude toward the corn sweetener industry, and emotional response toward ranchers that raise their cattle on a corn diet, among others, were modeled as determinants of intentions to purchase corn-fed beef and soft drinks. Data collected for this model support dual-process theory in a food and beverage consumption context; mediating factors are also uncovered. Implications and future research directions are offered.
Integration of the analytic hierarchy process and integer programming with linear constraints for long range product planning

Managing long range product development is a complex and difficult task. Many factors must be considered, both within and outside the corporation. Internally, projects must be completed within capital and engineering manpower constraints. Outside the company, the activities of the competition must be considered. These activities are considered during initial planning stages but can and often do change throughout the lifetime of the long range plan. It then becomes necessary to modify the planned product development schedule in order to respond to unanticipated actions by the competition. Speeding up development on one project may lead to delays in other projects due to manpower and capital constraints. This paper describes a computer-based decision making tool by which engineering managers may not only determine the impact of long range plan changes on other projects, but also identify which projects should be delayed in order to make optimal use of available resources to minimize that impact. A methodology which integrates the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with binary integer programming and linear constraints is presented. AHP is used to determine the relative impact of project delays, which serve as the values of the objective function coefficients. A spreadsheet facilitates user input and interpretation of output from the AHP and linear programming modules. Results are presented which indicate that integration of the AHP resulted in superior solutions.
Does technology use moderate the relationship between parental alcoholism and adolescent alcohol and cigarette use

The primary goals of this study were to examine the associations between technology use and alcohol and cigarette use during adolescence and to explore whether technology use moderates the relationship between parental alcoholism and substance use (alcohol and cigarette use). The sample included 328 14-16 year-old adolescent boys and girls. The adolescents completed a battery of self-report questionnaires which included measures that assessed their substance use, their use of technology, and their parents' alcohol use (including alcoholism). Results indicated that adolescents who had an alcoholic parent reported relatively higher levels of alcohol consumption. Heavier use of technology (particularly text messaging, e-mailing/IMing, and watching television) also was related to earlier and heavier substance use during adolescence. Moreover, these effects tended to be more pronounced in adolescents with an alcoholic parent. Results from this study suggest that high levels of technology use during adolescence may be related to an increased risk of alcohol and cigarette use, particularly for children of alcoholic parents (COAs).
Mutations in 16S rRNA in Escherichia coli at methyl-modified sites: G966, C967, and G1207.

Abstract Mutations were constructed at three sites in 16S rRNA in E. coli by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, and cloned into the rrnB operon on either pKK3535 or pNO2680. The mutated bases, G966, C967, and G1207, are located in the 3' major domain of 16S rRNA and are sites post-transcriptionally modified by methylation. We constructed a deletion mutation at C967 (delta 967) and three substitution mutations at each of the following sites: G966, C967, and G1207. By maxicell analysis, we found that all of the mutations were processed normally and incorporated into 30S subunits and 70S ribosomes. We found that delta 967 was a dominant lethal mutation while the substitution mutations at G966 and C967 had no effects on cell growth rate. The mutants C1207 and U1207 were shown to have dominant lethal phenotypes while A1207 had no effect on cell growth rate. These results help to establish the importance of methyl-modified regions to ribosome function.
Regional patterns of brain metabolites in AIDS dementia complex.

The relationship of the cellular changes in the HIV-infected brain to the onset and progression of AIDS dementia complex (ADC) remains uncertain. We undertook an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) study and used factor analysis to identify specific cellular and regional brain changes that may serve as metabolic markers of ADC. The ratio of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and myoinositol (MI) over creatine (Cr), markers of neuronal and glial cell metabolism, were measured in the basal ganglia, centrum semiovale, and parietal cortex from 100 subjects with and without ADC. Three metabolic patterns were identified, which we termed “inflammatory” (mainly MI/Cr elevations in all three regions plus Cho/Cr increases in the centrum semiovale and parietal cortex), “basal ganglia” (mostly NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr elevations in the basal ganglia), and “neuronal” (primarily NAA/Cr reductions in the centrum semiovale and the parietal cortex). Logistic regression analysis revealed that, adjusted for age, basal ganglia and neuronal pattern scores were strongly associated with ADC but inflammatory levels were not. We conclude that by using factor analysis, we are able to combine multiple metabolites across brain regions in a biologically plausible manner and construct a predictive model of ADC adjusting for relevant factors such as age.
OmniSpect: An Open MATLAB-Based Tool for Visualization and Analysis of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization and Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Images

We present omniSpect, an open source web- and MATLAB-based software tool for both desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) that performs computationally intensive functions on a remote server. These functions include converting data from a variety of file formats into a common format easily manipulated in MATLAB, transforming time-series mass spectra into mass spectrometry images based on a probe spatial raster path, and multivariate analysis. OmniSpect provides an extensible suite of tools to meet the computational requirements needed for visualizing open and proprietary format MSI data.
Dynamic adhesion behavior of micrometer-scale particles flowing over patchy surfaces with nanoscale electrostatic heterogeneity.

Abstract The dynamic adhesion behavior of micrometer-scale silica particles is investigated numerically for a low Reynolds number shear flow over a planar collecting wall with randomly distributed electrostatic heterogeneity at the 10-nanometer scale. The hydrodynamic forces and torques on a particle are coupled to spatially varying colloidal interactions between the particle and wall. Contact and frictional forces are included in the force and torque balances to capture particle skipping, rolling, and arrest. These dynamic adhesion signatures are consistent with experimental results and are reminiscent of motion signatures observed in cell adhesion under flowing conditions, although for the synthetic system the particle–wall interactions are controlled by colloidal forces rather than physical bonds between cells and a functionalized surface. As the fraction of the surface (Θ) covered by the cationic patches is increased from zero, particle behavior sequentially transitions from no contact with the surface to skipping, rolling, and arrest, with the threshold patch density for adhesion ( Θ crit ) always greater than zero and in quantitative agreement with experimental results. The ionic strength of the flowing solution determines the extent of the electrostatic interactions and can be used to tune selectively the dynamic adhesion behavior by modulating two competing effects. The extent of electrostatic interactions in the plane of the wall, or electrostatic zone of influence, governs the importance of spatial fluctuations in the cationic patch density and thus determines if flowing particles contact the wall. The distance these interactions extend into solution normal to the wall determines the strength of the particle–wall attraction, which governs the transition from skipping and rolling to arrest. The influence of Θ, particle size, Debye length, and shear rate is quantified through the construction of adhesion regime diagrams, which delineate the regions in parameter space that give rise to different dynamic adhesion signatures and illustrate selective adhesion based on particle size or curvature. The results of this study are suggestive of novel ways to control particle–wall interactions using randomly distributed surface heterogeneity.
Reduced fecundity by one invader in the presence of another: A potential mechanism leading to species replacement

Abstract As invasive species proliferate and expand their ranges, they often interact either with natives or with other invasives across a broad geographic range. Moreover, because geographic ranges span a diversity of environments, the outcome of interactions between species pairs may vary spatially. The European green crab Carcinus maenas and the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus are both introduced species in North America where they co-occur over a large portion of the Atlantic coast. While interactions between the two crabs in the southern portion of this range within Long Island Sound resulted in the elimination of C. maenas within 2–3 years of H. sanguineus' arrival, species replacement appears to be taking much longer in northern areas within the Gulf of Maine. Previous work implicates predation by H. sanguineus on C. maenas recruits as the mechanism underlying species replacement. Here we explore an alternative or additional mechanism underlying this species replacement that can also account for the observed spatial variation in the timescale of species replacement between northern and southern areas. Specifically, we demonstrate that a previously documented shift in C. maenas diet which occurs in the presence of H. sanguineus can cause a reduction in C. maenas fecundity. This, combined with near-shore current patterns may explain the regional differences in the outcome of this species interaction.
Acetylcholine Receptor: Covalent Attachment of Depolarizing Groups at the Active Site

Following reduction of the acetylcholine receptor in the electroplax with dithiothreitol, the quaternary ammonium compounds bromoacetylcholine bromide and the p-nitrophenyl ester of (p-carboxyphenyl) trimethylammonium iodide react near the active site probably with a sulfhydryl group. The covalently attached quaternary ammonium moieties additionally interact with the active site noncovalently to activate the receptor and cause depolarization of the cell.
Hybridization in the genus Glycine subgenus glycine willd. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae)

The genus Glycine is composed of two subgenera, Glycine and Soja. Soja includes the cultivated soybean, G. max, and its wild annual counterpart G. soja, while Glycine includes seven wild perennial species. Hybridization was carried out within and between wild perennial species of the subgenus Glycine. The success rate (pods set/flowers crossed) was 11% for intraspecific and 8% for interspecific crosses. A total of 220 F1 hybrids was examined morphologically and cytologically where possible. Hybrids within G. canescens (2n = 40) and G. latifolia (2n = 40) were fertile as expected. Glycine clandestina (2n = 40) was morphologically separable into at least three groups, which produced fertile hybrids within each group. One cross between two groups gave vegetatively vigorous but sterile hybrids. The majority of crosses within G. tabacina (2n = 80) were fertile, except that extremely narrow-leaved forms gave sterile hybrids in combination with more usual forms. Sterility was also encountered in G. tomentella when aneuploids (2n = 78) from New South Wales, Australia, were crossed with tetraploids (2n = 80) from either Queensland, Australia, or Taiwan; crosses between the latter two populations resulted in seedling lethality. Cytological behavior of sterile hybrids followed a similar pattern, whether at the diploid or tetraploid level. The frequency of chromosome pairing was approximately half that expected if genomes showed full pairing homology. Bivalent disjunction at anaphase I was usually followed by precocious division of the majority of univalents. Telophase I and II were characterized by lagging chromosomes and micronuclei, so that resulting pollen was misshapen and sterile. Chromosome pairing data from sterile intraspecific hybrids at the tetraploid level may indicate a polyphyletic origin of tetraploids, whereby different diploid populations were involved in their formation. Similarly, chromosome pairing in sterile intraspecific diploid hybrids may indicate that the various diploid groups arose independently of one another. Both 40and 80-chromosome forms are fully diploidized, however, and if they are of ancient origin, divergence since that time could have resulted in the chromosomal differentiation which becomes apparent when intraspecific hybridization is effected. Diploid (2n = 40) interspecific hybrids G. falcata X G. canescens, and G. falcata X G. tomentella grew poorly and did not reach flowering stage. Diploid (2n = 40) crosses between G. latifolia and G. tomentella produced inviable seedlings. Tetraploid (2n = 80) hybrids between G. tomentella and G. tabacina were vegetatively vigorous but sterile owing to low chromosome pairing at meiosis, indicating little pairing homology between the two species. Diploid hybrids between G. canescens and G. clandestina, however, showed almost complete chromosome pairing at diakinesis and partial fertility. Although morphologically distinct, these two species have not diverged sufficiently to prevent hybridization and possible gene exchange through
Asbjørn Følling and the discovery of phenylketonuria.

In 1934, the Norwegian biochemist and physician Asbjorn Folling described an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by severe intellectual impairment, motor problems, and skin abnormalities. He found that affected individuals could be identified by the abnormal excretion of phenylpyruvic acid in their urine. The disorder, which Folling initially termed imbecillitas phenylpyrouvica, would later come to be known as phenylketonuria or PKU. The present paper focuses on the story of Folling's discovery and his subsequent contributions to the area of study. In the years that have followed, research on PKU has continued to play a major role in the neurosciences, shaping our understanding of genetic disorders, human metabolism, and brain development.
A new apparatus for analog modeling of clay smears

An apparatus has been developed for analog modeling of clay smears. This rather simple apparatus compliments the more sophisticated but less common geotechnical engineering ring shear apparatus that has been used in previous studies of clay smear formation. The new apparatus provides analog modelers with the ability to view and record soil deformation and formation of clay smears. The laboratory produced deformations and clay smears are very similar to those found in nature. A complete deformation history and clay smear formation process is documented.
The influence of health factors on psychological variables predicting complications of pregnancy, labor and delivery

Abstract Psychological and health data were obtained by questionnaire from 717 private obstetrical patients. Psychological variables discriminated between both primigravidae and multigravidae who later experienced complications. When the data were reanalyzed eliminating variance due to health problems before and during pregnancy and age, several of the psychological variables continued to discriminate multigravidae with and without complications, but none of the psychological variables discriminated between the two groups of primigravidae.
Selective surgical localization of axillary lymph nodes containing metastases in patients with breast cancer: a prospective feasibility trial.

Importance Nodal ultrasonography with needle biopsy of abnormal lymph nodes helps to define the extent of breast cancer before neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A clip can be placed to designate lymph nodes with documented metastases. Targeted axillary dissection or selective removal of lymph nodes known to contain metastases (clip-containing nodes) as well as sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) may provide more accurate assessment of the pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Objective To determine the feasibility of image-guided localization and resection of lymph nodes containing known metastases. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective feasibility trial performed at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, included 12 patients with axillary nodal metastases confirmed by results of fine-needle aspiration biopsy who had a clip placed in the lymph node targeted for biopsy from December 1, 2012, through November 30, 2013. Interventions Preoperative targeting of the clip-containing lymph node under ultrasonographic guidance consisting of wire localization in 2 patients and placement of radioactive iodine I 125 ( 125 I)–labeled seeds in 10 patients. Surgeons removed the localized lymph node before completion axillary lymph node dissection and used radiography of the specimen to confirm removal of the clip-containing lymph node and seed. Main Outcomes and Measures Confirmation of the removal of the clip-containing lymph node. Results Image-guided localization and selective removal were successful in all 12 patients. Five patients underwent SLN dissection in addition to removal of the clip-containing lymph node. Placement of 125 I seeds did not interfere with lymphoscintigraphy or intraoperative identification of SLNs. In 4 of the 5 patients (80%), the clip-containing lymph node was one of the SLNs. Ten patients completed neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery. Of the 9 patients who underwent lymph node dissection, 4 (44%) had residual nodal disease after chemotherapy; all had disease identified in the clip-containing lymph node. Conclusions and Relevance Axillary lymph nodes marked with a clip can be localized and selectively removed to accomplish targeted axillary dissection, which is technically possible after chemotherapy and is easily performed with other axillary surgery, such as SLN dissection. The ability to add selective removal of the clip-containing lymph nodes to SLN dissection may identify patients for limited nodal surgery after chemotherapy with increased accuracy for determining residual disease compared with SLN identification alone.
Traffic Mobility Impact of Mileage-Based User Fees on Traveler Route Choice Behavior and Network Performance

User fees based on vehicle miles traveled (VMT) are receiving much attention in policy debates as a means of financing the road infrastructure by eventually replacing the current funding model that uses fuel user fees. By focusing on partially modeling driver response to VMT user fees, this paper aims to investigate the potential traffic mobility effects of such fees from a traffic operational point of view under user equilibrium conditions. On the basis of a nonlinear optimization-based conceptual framework, the proposed traffic assignment model is evaluated by assuming heterogeneous values of time. A simple corridor with a single origin-destination pair is first used to demonstrate the sensitivity of network performance to the VMT user fees in a deterministic capacity environment. The effects of VMT user fees depend significantly on the characteristics of the underlying transportation network, such as the relative length of the alternative paths, the overall traffic demand level, and of course the milea...
Neuromuscular dysfunction acquired in critical illness: a systematic review

To determine the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of critical illness neuromuscular abnormalities (CINMA). Systematic review. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library were searched for reports on adult ICU patients who were evaluated for CINMA clinically and electrophysiologically. Studies were included if they contained sufficient data to quantify the association between CINMA and relevant exposures and/or outcome variables. CINMA was diagnosed in 655 of 1421 [46% (95% confidence interval 43–49%)] adult ICU patients enrolled in 24 studies, all with inclusion criteria of sepsis, multi-organ failure, or prolonged mechanical ventilation. Diagnostic criteria for CINMA were not uniform, and few reports unequivocally differentiated between polyneuropathy, myopathy, and mixed types of CINMA. The risk of CINMA was associated with hyperglycemia (and inversely associated with tight glycemic control), the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction, renal replacement therapy, and catecholamine administration. Across studies, there was no consistent relationship between CINMA and patient age, gender, severity of illness, or use of glucocorticoids, neuromuscular blockers, aminoglycosides, or midazolam. Unadjusted mortality was not increased in the majority of patients with CINMA, but mechanical ventilation and ICU and hospital stay were prolonged. The risk of CINMA is nearly 50% in ICU patients with sepsis, multi-organ failure, or protracted mechanical ventilation. The association of CINMA with frequently cited CINMA risk factors (glucocorticoids, neuromuscular blockers) and with short-term survival is uncertain. Available data indicate glycemic control as a potential strategy to decrease CINMA risk.