cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distribution and magnitude of subglacial erosion on millennial timescales at Engabreen, Norway

We quantify the magnitude of millennial-scale glacial erosion at Engabreen, a temperate glacier in coastal northern Norway, using the in situ cosmogenic nuclides carbon-14 (14C) and beryllium-10 (10Be) in bedrock exposed recently by glacial retreat. Nuclide concentrations show no dependence on distance down or across the valley. As such, resulting Holocene erosion depths along two transects perpendicular to glacier flow are highly variable with no systematic distribution, ranging from 0.10 to 2.95 m. We observed 14C–10Be ratios elevated above the production ratio in samples of abraded bedrock, which is counter to the expectation for surfaces covered during the Holocene and exposed only recently. Muon reactions produce nuclides at greater depths than do spallation reactions and 14C at production rates at higher than those of 10Be, resulting in 14C–10Be ratios that increase with depth. Therefore, elevated 14C–10Be ratios indicate that sampled sites were deeply plucked during recent cover, the Little Ice Age in this case, and then rapidly abraded prior to retreat. Our results suggest that, while glacial erosion can generate a u-shaped valley profile over long periods of time (e.g., 105–107 years), the discontinuous nature of glacial plucking produces spatially variable patterns of erosion over shorter millennial timescales.
The Undoing of a Semi-authoritarian Regime: The Term Limit Debate and the Fall of Blaise Compaoré in Burkina Faso

After twenty-seven years in power, a wave of popular protest against an expected effort to change constitutional term limit provisions forced President Blaise Compaore of Burkina Faso to resign and flee the country in late 2014. In this chapter, we argue that the surprising collapse of Compaore’s seemingly well-entrenched semi-authoritarian regime was the outcome of long processes of institutional debates and incremental reform, which ultimately undermined Compaore’s control. A quarter century of political debate about the establishment of functioning democratic institutions raised expectations and contributed to the gradual erosion of the foundations of the regime. When the debate about presidential term limits emerged as the key catalyst for the mobilization of popular disenchantment, the regime proved unable to withstand the pressures. The case of Burkina Faso under Compaore provides insight into the processes by which electoral-authoritarian regimes may lose control of efforts to manage “democratic” processes, resulting in a gradual erosion of popular and internal-party support. Such regimes then become susceptible to collapse when a highly politicized issue such as the modification of presidential term limits galvanizes the populace into action.
Strategic Information Operation in YouTube: The Case of the White Helmets

Strategic information operations (e.g. disinformation, political propaganda, and other forms of online manipulation) are critical concerns for researchers in social cyber security. Two strategies, spoofing and astroturfing, are often employed in disinformation campaigns to discredit truthful narratives, confuse audiences, and manipulate opinions by censoring critics’ voices or using one-sided testimonials. This study analyzes patterns of spoofing and astroturfing on YouTube regarding narratives about the White Helmets, a Syrian civil volunteer organization active in the long armed conflict in the country.
The effects of time-varying temperature on delayed gene networks

Delays in gene networks result from the sequential nature of protein assembly. However, it is unclear how models of gene networks that use delays should be modified when considering time- dependent changes in temperature. This is important, as delay is often used in models of genetic oscillators, such as circadian oscillators, that can be entrained by periodic fluctuations in tem- perature. Here, we analytically derive the time dependence of delay distributions in response to time-varying temperature changes and use these results to examine a model of a synthetic gene oscillator. We demonstrate that, under a common Arrhenius scaling alone, the frequency of the oscillator is sensitive to changes in the mean temperature but robust to changes in the frequency of a periodically time-varying temperature. When a mechanism for temperature compensation is included in the model, however, we show that the oscillator is entrained by periodically varying temperature even when maintaing insensitivity to the mean temperature.
Gene Expression Analysis of Three Putative Copper-Transporting ATPases in Copper-Tolerant Fibroporia radiculosa.

Copper tolerance of brown-rot basidiomycete decay fungi can lessen the efficacy of copper-containing wood preservatives for wood products in-service. The purpose of this study was to evaluate wood mass loss and differential expression of three genes that have putative annotations for copper-transporting ATPase pumps (FIBRA_00974, FIBRA_04716, and FIBRA_01430). Untreated southern pine (SP) and SP treated with three concentrations of ammoniacal copper citrate (CC, 0.6, 1.2, and 2.4%) were exposed to two copper-tolerant Fibroporia radiculosa isolates (FP-90848-T and L-9414-SP) and copper-sensitive Gloeophyllum trabeum isolate (MAD 617) in a 4-week-long standard decay test (AWPA E10-19). Decay of copper-treated wood was inhibited by G. trabeum (p = 0.001); however, there was no inhibition of decay with increasing copper concentrations by both F. radiculosa isolates. Initially, G. trabeum and one F. radiculosa isolate (L-9414-SP) highly upregulated FIBRA_00974 and FIBRA_04716 on copper-treated wood at week 1 (p = 0.005), but subsequent expression was either not detected or was similar to expression on untreated wood (p = 0.471). The other F. radiculosa isolate (FP-90848-T) downregulated FIBRA_00974 (p = 0.301) and FIBRA_04716 (p = 0.004) on copper-treated wood. FIBRA_01430 expression by G. trabeum was not detected, but was upregulated by both F. radiculosa FP-90848-T (p = 0.481) and L-9414-SP (p = 0.392). Results from this study suggest that all three test fungi utilized different mechanisms when decaying copper-treated wood. Additionally, results from this study do not provide support for the involvement of these putative gene annotations for copper-transporting ATPase pumps in the mechanism of copper-tolerance.
Mediating roles of psychological factors and physical and social environments between socioeconomic status and dietary behaviors among African Americans with overweight or obesity.

The study aim was to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and dietary behaviors through psychological and environmental mediators among African Americans with overweight or obesity. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 225 African American men and women. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with bootstrapping procedures. In the multiple mediation model, SES had a significant indirect effect on dietary behaviors through psychological and environmental factors (β = -.27; p = .01; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.59--0.10), but it had no significant direct effect on dietary behaviors (β = .06; p = .70; 95% CI = -0.21-0.39). SES had significant direct effects on psychological (β = .52; p = .01; 95% CI = 0.31-0.77) and environmental factors (β = -.40; p = .03; 95% CI = -0.53--0.25). Psychological (β = -.31; p = .02; 95% CI = -0.68--0.04) and environmental factors (β = .26; p = .01; 95% CI = 0.04-0.47) also showed significant direct effects on dietary behaviors. Thus, psychological and environmental factors mediated the relationship between SES and dietary behaviors in African Americans with overweight or obesity. Interventions that enhance psychological and environmental factors such as self-efficacy, perceived barriers to healthy eating, health perceptions, and physical and social environments may improve dietary behaviors among socioeconomically disadvantaged African Americans.
Delta L: An Apparatus for Measuring Macromolecule Crystal Growth Rates in Microgravity

Strongly diffracting high quality macromolecule crystals of suitable volume are keenly sought for X-ray diffraction analysis so that high-resolution molecular structure data can be obtained. Such data is of tremendous value to medical research, agriculture and commercial biotechnology. In previous studies by many investigators microgravity has been reported in some instances to improve biological macromolecule X-ray crystal quality while little or no improvement was observed in other cases. A better understanding of processes effecting crystal quality improvement in microgravity will therefore be of great benefit in optimizing crystallization success in microgravity. In ground based research with the protein lysozyme we have previously shown that a population of crystals grown under the same solution conditions, exhibit a variation in X-ray diffraction properties (Judge et al., 1999). We have also observed that under the same solution conditions, individual crystals will grow at slightly different growth rates. This phenomenon is called growth rate dispersion. For small molecule materials growth rate dispersion has been directly related to crystal quality (Cunningham et al., 1991; Ristic et al., 1991). We therefore postulate that microgravity may act to improve crystal quality by reducing growth rate dispersion. If this is the case then as different, Materials exhibit different degrees of growth rate dispersion on the ground then growth rate dispersion could be used to screen which materials may benefit the most from microgravity crystallization. In order to assess this theory the Delta L hardware is being developed so that macromolecule crystal growth rates can be measured in microgravity. Crystal growth rate is defined as the change or delta in crystal size (defined as a characteristic length, L) over time; hence the name of the hardware. Delta L will consist of an optics, a fluids, and a data acquisition sub-assemblies. The optics assembly will consist of a video microscope camera mounted on three axis computer controlled translation stages. The fluids assembly consists of macromolecule and precipitant reservoirs, a temperature controlled growth cell and waste container, The data acquisition is achieved by using a frame-gabber, with images being stored on a hard drive. In operation, macromolecule and precipitant solution will be injected into the temperature controlled growth cell. As macromolecule crystals grow, the video microscope camera controlled by the translation stages, will be used to locate and record images of individual crystals, returning to the same crystals at specific time intervals. The images will be stored on the hard drive and used to calculate the crystal growth rate. To prevent vibrations interfering in the crystal growth rate measurements (Snell et al., 1997) Delta L will be used in connection with the Glovebox Integrated Microgravity Isolation Technology (g-LIMIT) inside the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG), onboard the International Space Station (ISS).
Development of Nystagmus With the Absence of MYOD Expression in the Extraocular Muscles.

Purpose Myoblast determination protein 1 (MYOD) is a critical myogenic regulatory factor in muscle development, differentiation, myofiber repair, and regeneration. As the extraocular muscles significantly remodel their myofibers throughout life compared with limb skeletal muscles, we hypothesized that the absence of MYOD would result in their abnormal structure and function. To assess structural and functional changes in the extraocular muscles in MyoD-/- mice, fiber size and number and optokinetic nystagmus reflex (OKN) responses were examined. Methods OKN was measured in MyoD-/- mice and littermate wild-type controls at 3, 6, and 12 months. The extraocular muscles were examined histologically for changes in mean myofiber cross-sectional area, total myofiber number, and nuclei immunostained for PAX7 and PITX2, markers of myogenic precursor cells. Results The MyoD-/- mice developed nystagmus, with both jerk and pendular waveforms, in the absence and in the presence of moving visual stimulation. At 12 months, there were significant losses in mean myofiber cross-sectional area and in total number of orbital layer fibers in all rectus muscles, as well as in global layer fibers in the superior and inferior rectus muscles. Haploinsufficient mice showed abnormal OKN responses. PITX2-positive cell entry into myofibers of the MyoD-/- mice was significantly reduced. Conclusions This study is the first demonstration of the development of nystagmus in the constitutive absence of expression of the muscle-specific transcription factor MYOD. We hypothesize that myofiber loss over time may alter anterograde and/or retrograde communication between the motor nerves and extraocular muscles that are critical for maintaining normalcy of extraocular muscle function.
Rediscovering Values: Coming to Terms with Postmodernism

While government provides the structure of public leadership, governance is the art of public leadership. This timely book examines current trends in metropolitan governance issues. It analyzes specific cases from thirteen major metropolitan regions in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, all woven together by an overall framework established in the first three chapters. The distinguished contributors address such governance issues as city-county consolidation, local-federal coordination, annexation and special districting, and private contracting, with special attention to lessons learned from both successes and failures. As urban governance innovations have clearly outpaced urban government structures in recent years, the topics covered here are especially relevant.
Direct writing and electro-mechanical characterization of Ag micro-patterns on polymer substrates for flexible electronics

Abstract There is currently a great interest in developing flexible electrodes. Such components are used in most electronic devices from displays to solar cells to flexible sensors. To date most of them are fabricated using expensive vacuum techniques, and are based on transparent conducting oxides. These oxides are not entirely compatible with flexible substrates under the application of mechanical stresses, due to their brittle nature. Therefore, there is a need to explore novel low-cost, large-area fabrication methods to deposit alternative conducting materials with enhanced electro-mechanical performance. This work focuses on Ag patterns fabricated at low temperatures (below 150 °C) on flexible polyethylene naphthalate utilizing a robotic printing approach. Such lithography-free method minimizes material waste by printing exact amounts of inks on digitally predefined locations. Additionally, it allows a broad feature size range, from a few μm to a few mm, and a variety of ink viscosities for better pattern control. We investigate the synthesis and direct writing of Ag particle-based inks, patterned-on-flex as lines and grids in the μm scale. We report on a high-yield ink synthesis method (~ 61.6%) with controlled particle size. It is found that the electrical resistivity (1.75 ∗ 10− 4 Ω cm) of the patterns is in the same range with similar particle-based conductive components. The correlation between annealing temperature, microstructural evolution, and electrical performance is established. Also, the optical transmittance of the patterns can be controlled to meet specific application requirements by regulating the substrate surface area covered. Finally, the mechanical behavior under both monotonic and cyclic conditions shows a superior performance compared to brittle counterparts and underlines the potential of such metallic micro-patterns to be utilized in a wide range of flexible electronic applications. It is believed that direct writing of Ag patterns on compliant substrates may hold the key in developing the next generation of truly flexible devices.
Discovery of Human Zinc Deficiency and Marginal Deficiency of Zinc

The importance of zinc for human health was first documented in 1963. During the past twenty five years, deficiency of zinc in humans due to nutritional factors and several disease states has now been recognized.
Soil Aeration and Plant Growth

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the physical processes, by which O 2 and CO 2 move, within the soil-plant systems, and some factors that affect their concentrations and rates of movement. It also discusses the interrelation of soil aeration, with other soil properties, such as soil strength, hydraulic properties, and nutrient status. Measuring and characterizing the aeration status of soils in terms of plant behavior is sometimes called the “problem of soil aeration.” The importance of O 2 resides in its role as the final electron acceptor in respiration. In some way, oxidative phosphorylation is coupled to the electron transfer chain and energy is conserved in the form of nucleotides, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or high-energy intermediates. Oxygen controls respiration in the roots of intact plants as well as in individual cells or tissues. CO 2 deficiency may limit the incorporation of NH 4 + into amino acids. This may be due to limited formation of carbamyl phosphate that appears to be a major pathway for biological fixation of CO 2 and NH 4 + , with energy from ATP.
Catching up with technoscience studies

Chasing Technoscience: Matrix for Materiality, edited by Don Ihde and Evan Se linger, is well-suited for at least two specific audiences: those familiar with the technoscience studies literature and looking for the current research of major au thors, and those new to the field looking for material to supplement core readings. The book proceeds with special focus on four key technoscience figures: Donna Haraway, Don Ihde, Bruno Latour, and Andrew Pickering. An interview with each of these authors, comparative essays written by technoscience scholars, and an ori ginal article by each of the four primaries are included. The editors' claim that Chasing Technoscience represents "a state of the art" look at the field is justified since, as I show below, the original pieces written by the four key figures represent samples of those authors' major contemporary projects. This book fits into the catalogue of the small but growing field of technoscience studies, where researchers combine philosophical and sociological methods to investigate the roles technologies play in scientific research. Key issues in this field include the ethics of science and technology, and the effects of technology on the directions of science and on our lives more generally. The editors organize the book around the general issue of how the material world figures into scientific study, but all of the main issues of technoscience studies can be seen at work within the volume. For students of this field, such as those in an upper-level or graduate seminar, Chasing Technoscience presents material ideally suited to supplement reading of core texts, especially those written by the four authors focused upon here (e.g., Haraway's Simians, Cyborgs and Women (1991) or her Modest Witness (1997), Ihde's Technology and the Lifeworld (1990) or his Instrumental Realism (1991), Latour's Science in Action (1987) or his We Have Never Been Modern (1993), and Pickering's The Mangle of Practice (1995)). The book provides less a general introduction to the field, than a contemporary review for the already-initiated. The introduction and the interviews will help students to situate the four key figures
Telomere looping permits gene activation by a downstream UAS in yeast

In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), transcriptional activators, such as Gal4 and Gal4–VP16, work ordinarily from sites located in the upstream activating sequence (UAS) positioned about 250 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site1. In contrast to their behaviour in mammalian cells, however, such activators fail to work when positioned at distances greater than ∼600–700 base pairs upstream2, or anywhere downstream3,4 of the gene. Here we show that, in yeast, a gene bearing an enhancer positioned 1–2 kilobases downstream of the gene is activated if the reporter is linked to a telomere, but not if it is positioned at an internal chromosomal locus. These observations are explained by the finding that yeast telomeres form back-folding, or looped, structures. Because yeast telomeric regions resemble the heterochromatin found in higher eukaryotes, these findings might also explain why transcription of some higher eukaryotic genes depends on their location in heterochromatin.
Uptake of 125I-Phloridzin by Tubules Isolated from the Renal Cortex of the Rat

Abstract The preparation of 125I-phloridzin is described. This compound is rapidly taken up by cortical tubules prepared from rat kidney. Evidence was found for two sites for phloridzin uptake; one is a relatively nonspecific site with a high Km. The other, a low Km site, shows marked specificity for transport of glucose and related sugars. The marked effect of anaerobiosis and metabolic inhibitors is taken as evidence that phloridzin at this site is actively transported into the cell. The high Km, low affinity site is heat-stable and unaffected by anoxia and metabolic inhibitors. d-Glucose causes only slight inhibition at this site.
Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block

The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is used to produce a dermatomal sensory block of the lower thoracic and upper lumbar afferents. With ultrasound imaging, the muscle layers are visible from the rectus medially through the aponeurotic area at the edge of the rectus to the three distinct layers of external, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis in the lateral abdominal wall. Installation of local anesthetics in this plane anesthetizes the anterior abdominal wall on this side. This block can be used as a diagnostic tool or as a therapeutic modality via a continuous indwelling catheter for postoperative lower abdominal pain or chronic pain syndromes arising from the anterior abdominal wall.
L’épistémologie cinétique de la traduction : catalyseur d’éthique

Tant dans sa pratique que sa reflexion, la traduction genere un savoir et un savoir-faire pluriels et eparpilles. A ce titre, ils empechent la continentalisation de la traductologie et l’implantation d’une metatheorie predominante. La dispersion des theories heterogenes de la traduction, leur mouvement migratoire, participe d’une epistemologie cinetique, selon laquelle il n’est que de situations et de positions, qu’elles soient polysystemiques, sociologiques, feministes, postcolonialistes, hermeneutiques ou poetiques. Le geste meme d’admettre sa situation, sa position, temoigne d’un comportement ethique.
Quantifying the subjective brightness of retroreflective material using magnitude estimations

Ten small patches of retroreflective material were evaluated using a method of magnitude estimation to quantify the effect of changing the coefficient of retroreflection (RA) on brightness perception. Seventeen undergraduates participated. The results show that brightness is tightly linked with RA. Brightness was influenced more by changes in lower RA than changes in higher RA and follows Steven’s power law for brightness. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Association of Adolescent Physical and Emotional Health With Perceived Severity of Parental Substance Abuse

PURPOSE. This study aims to examine the association between adolescent health, including physical complaints, mood, and social adjustment, and perceived severity of parental substance abuse. DESIGN AND METHODS. Baseline data from a study of school-based support groups for adolescents with substance-abusing family members (n = 121) were used to examine the relationship between the severity of substance abuse and adolescent health. RESULTS. Participants were divided into three groups on the basis of severity of parental substance abuse. The high-severity group had significantly more medical conditions, physical symptoms, and negative moods than those in the low- or moderate-severity groups (p < .02). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Nurses can use the Children of Alcoholics Screening Tool to assess severity of parental substance abuse and its impact on adolescents’ physical and emotional health.
Icelike Water Monolayer Adsorbed on Mica at Room Temperature

The structure of a water film formed on mica at room temperature, in equilibrium with water vapor at various relative humidities (RH), was studied using sum-frequency-generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and scanning polarization force microscopy (SPFM). Analysis of the O-D stretch modes in the SFG spectra of D{sub 2}O on mica indicates that as RH increases, the submonolayer water structure evolves into a more ordered hydrogen-bonding network. At full monolayer coverage ({approximately} 90{percent} RH) , the SFG spectrum suggests an icelike film with no dangling O-D groups, in agreement with a recent molecular dynamics simulation. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Extracellular hemoglobin of the clam, Cardita borealis (conrad): An unusual polymeric hemoglobin

Abstract 1. 1. The extracellular hemoglobin of the heterodont clam Cardita borealis has been purified and resembles other hemoglobins with respect to its absorption spectrum. 2. 2. The pigment chromatographs on Sepharose 4B with an apparent molecular weight of about 12 × 10 6 between pH 5.7 and 8 in the presence of Mg 2+ . The broad elution peak suggests heterogeneity with respect to molecular weight. Cardita hemoglobin can be dissociated at high pH (9.0–10.5) into a submultiple fraction which shows a broad peak on Sepharose 4B with an apparent molecular weight of about 1.4 × 10 6 . 3. 3. In the electron microscope, the 12 × 10 6 molecular weight hemoglobin molecules appear as rod shaped particles with approximate dimensions of 210 and 365 A in width and ranging in length from about 365 to 1200 A. This rod-like structure is not present in micrographs of the dissociated hemoglobin. 4. 4. The smallest subunit molecular weight of the hemoglobin as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis is 290,000 ± 10,000. Cardita hemoglobin contains one heme per 22,000 g protein. 5. 5. The amino acid composition of this pigment is presented.
Programming the HP 48 Calculator to Control the Lab Works Interface

While the balanced chemical equations for a multireaction system are generally not unique, the minimum number of independent equations, R, is a characteristic property of the system. Deleting one nonspectator species from the system leads to a system with R reduced by one. In this way each system can be reduced to a single-reaction system and ultimately to a no-reaction system. The least number of chemical species that can be deleted to obtain a no-reaction system equals R. Every multireaction system, therefore, can be reduced to a number of single-reaction equations which can be balanced by any one of the standard techniques. Some examples are given where balancing by inspection is employed.
Development of nonlinearity in a growing self-excited dust-density wave

The development of nonlinearity is observed in a naturally occurring planar dust-density wave. As it propagates through a dusty plasma, the wave grows and harmonics are generated. The amplitudes, wave numbers, and growth rates are measured for the fundamental and its harmonics. The energy in the harmonic modes exhibits a strong exponential increase with diminishing gas pressure, until it levels off at lower gas pressures. The wave numbers and growth rates for the harmonics are near integer multiples of those for the fundamental.
Kinetics of the dehydration of calcium oxalate trihydrate crystals in aqueous solution

Abstract The dehydration of calcium oxalate trihydrate to the stable thermodynamic monohydrate form has been studied in aqueous solutions at various supersaturations in the temperature range 25–40°C. Following growth and agglomeration of the trihydrate crystals, solid state nucleation and growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate occurs. The concluding processes involve solution growth and ageing of the newly formed monohydrate crystals and the overall dehydration process has an approximate activation energy of 45 kcal mol −1 . Calcium oxalate dihydrate was not involved in the transformation process. Sodium pyrophosphate and certain diphosphonates inhibited the solid state formation of calcium oxalate monohydrate and, alternatively, the stability and dissolution of the trihydrate crystals were found to be important factors. The relevancy of these processes to urinary calculi formation is discussed.
Predictions on π - +p-->ρ 0 +n and Some Related Processes Using Vector-Meson Dominance

In the usual application of vector-meson dominance to analyze the process ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}+n$, only the amplitudes for transversely polarized $\ensuremath{\rho}$ are related to single-pion photoproduction. In this paper, it is shown that both the longitudinal and the transverse amplitudes for the process ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}+n$ can be obtained from single-pion photoproduction amplitudes by assuming that the off-shell Ball amplitudes not only satisfy the constraints imposed by current conservation, but also are smooth in the vector-meson mass. The smoothness assumption is discussed in particle-exchange models in detail. We also extend our predictions to somewhat larger $|t|$ than in our previous work, and comparison is made with recent 15-GeV SLAC data on ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}+n$. We also apply the same assumptions to analyze some related processes such as the electroproduction of a charged pion.
Can decentralized planning really achieve first-best in the presence of environmental spillovers?

Abstract It is generally accepted that decentralized policy choice in the presence of interjurisdictional spillovers is inefficient. Strikingly, Ogawa and Wildasin (2009) find that in a model with heterogenous jurisdictions, interjurisdictional capital flows, and interjurisdictional environmental damage spillovers, decentralized planning outcomes are equivalent to that under a centralized planner. We first show the critical importance of two key assumptions (no retirement of capital, fixed environmental damages per unit of capital) in obtaining this result. Second, we consider a more general model allowing for capital retirement and abatement activities and show that the outcome of a decentralized market generally differs from the solution of a centralized planner׳s social welfare-maximizing problem.
An analysis of the thermal decomposition of tetraethoxysilane by gas chromatography

Abstract The principle products of the thermal decomposition of tetraethoxysilane in a flowing system are acetaldehyde, ethanol, ethylene, and ethane. Acetal is found as a secondary reaction product formed by the addition of collected ethanol to acetaldehyde. Although the same products are produced by the thermal decomposition of diethyl ether at the same temperature, no ether has heen found in the reaction products of the silane compound. The products are probably derived directly from the silane molecule.
Dyshomeostasis of Serum Sodium Concentration in Congestive Heart Failure

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the most common discharge diagnosis in the United States and accounts for greater than 1 million hospital discharges annually. CHF is associated with many serum electrolyte abnormalities, the most common and perhaps most significant of which is hyponatremia. CHF with hyponatremia makes the already high morbidity and mortality of CHF even more unfavorable. Further, the usual treatment for CHF with diuretics usually aggravates hyponatremia. Hyponatremia may result in impaired cognition and neurologic performance in a large number of patients, which is usually reversible with correction. The high morbidity and mortality with CHF and hyponatremia are not improved with the usual treatment with diuretics or ultrafiltration. This article provides an overview of the pathophysiology of hyponatremia in CHF. In addition, the authors will explore the various treatment options that are available and the evidence to support their utility.
Accidental Truth and Accidental Justification

L'A. defend la these selon laquelle l'accidentalite peut entrer dans la justification d'une croyance, d'une part, et que ce type d'accidentalite est potentiellement plus dommagable que celle qui participe de la verite de la croyance, d'autre part. Soulignant la coincidence et l'independance de la formation et de l'explication de la croyance, l'A. indique que la croyance vraie accidentelle releve du hasard et non pas de la connaissance. Verifiant les sources de la justification que sont le temoignage, l'environnement, l'evidence, l'A. montre que l'acceptation accidentelle d'une source a des consequences plus graves dans le cas des alternatives contrefactuelles que dans celui des exemples de Gettier.
Passing Through the Eye of the Needle: High-Achieving Chicanas.

This article deals with a study of 17 Mexican American women between the ages of 28 and 40 years who came from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, yet succeeded in completing J. D., M. D., and Ph. D. degrees. The researcher investigated 10 areas of the women's backgrounds ranging from child-rearing practices used by the parents to peer and school variables. The objective of the study was to identify background factors and experiences held in common by the women that may have contributed to their extraordinary educational accomplishments. Among the things found to be most important for these women were the strong models their mothers provided, the emotional support of their families, and the fact that they had attended highly integrated schools.
The effects of acetylmethadol on motor activity and schedule-controlled responding

Abstract The effects of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) on locomotor activity and operant behavior were examined in rats. LAAM increased locomotor activity when given intraperitoneally (IP) at doses of 1 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg, but 10 mg/kg produced a slight decrease in motor activity over the 10-hour period. The largest increases and decreases in locomotor activity occurred 6–8 hours after administration of the drug. Other rats were trained to lever press for food pellets under a fixed-interval 90-second, fixed-ratio 10-response multiple schedule. LAAM only decreased rates of responding under the multiple schedule. Marked decreases in rates of responding under both components of the schedule occurred when LAAM was administered IP either 3 or 6 hours before the session at doses of 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg. The rate-decreasing effects of LAAM became greater the longer the interval between administration of the drug and initiation of the session.
Heterotic Effects in Topcrosses of Modern and Obsolete Cotton Cultivars

Historically, reselection, pedigree, and massselection breeding methods have been used to develop open-pollinated cultivars of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). As a result, modern cotton cultivars should have accumulated additive genetic effects with time, while also possessing fewer nonadditive gene effects than obsolete cultivars. A topcross test was conducted to compare the heterotic effects of obsolete and modern cultivars for yield, yield components, and fi ber quality. Signifi cant differences were detected between heterosis values for the modern and obsolete cultivar groups for seed cotton yield, lint yield, lint percentage, and boll weight. No signifi cant heterotic effects were detected for fi ber quality. The obsolete group of cultivars showed average lint yield heterosis values of 34% compared with 23% for the modern cultivars. Both cultivar groups displayed signifi cant, but similar heterosis values for the number of bolls per square meter (17 and 15%, respectively). The major yield component associated with lint yield heterosis for both groups was bolls per square meter, although boll weight heterosis also contributed to lint yield heterosis for the obsolete cultivars. Although modern cultivars produced considerable heterotic effects for yield, this study demonstrates that obsolete cultivars may provide an additional source of nonadditive genetic effects that can be exploited in a hybrid production system.
Numerical and compact models to predict the transient behavior of cross-flow heat exchangers in data center applications

Hybrid air/liquid cooling systems used in data centers enable localized, on-demand cooling, or “smart cooling” using various approaches such as rear door heat exchangers, overhead cooling systems and in row cooling systems. These systems offer the potential to achieve higher energy efficiency by providing local cooling only when it is needed, thereby reducing the overprovisioning that is endemic to traditional systems. At the heart of all hybrid cooling systems is an air to liquid cross flow heat exchanger which regulates the amount of cooling that the system provides by modulating the liquid or air flows or temperatures. Understanding the transient response of the heat exchanger is crucial for the precise control of the system. The aim of this work is the development of a rear door heat exchanger compact model using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The transient behavior of the heat exchanger is studied using a Finite Difference (FD) model. Different temperatures perturbations are introduced in the heat exchanger model to study its transient response. The finite different results are then used to train an ANN compact model. Both models are compared in terms of accuracy and computational resources.
Molecular basis of heritable connective tissue disease.

The family of collagens represents a series of highly vulnerable gene-protein systems. This can be explained by the fact that both the folding of the pro alpha chains and the assembly of collagen monomers into fibrils highly depend on the principle of nucleated growth, in which every subunit of the system must have the correct structure. DNA analysis showed that over 90% of patients with OI have mutations in one of the two structural genes for type I procollagen, that many patients with severe chondrodysplasias apparently have mutations in the gene for type II procollagen, and that most patients with the potentially lethal type IV variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have mutations in the gene for type III procollagen. The incidence of such genetic diseases varies from 1:100,000 births for lethal forms of OI to 1:25,000 births for mild forms (48). Mild chondrodysplasias such as the Stickler syndrome may have an incidence of 1:10,000 births. It is the subject of current investigation whether some mutations in the genes for type I, II, and III procollagen can also cause some of the common diseases of later onset, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, or familial aneurysms. These genes have been demonstrated to be mutated in at least some subsets, and further analysis of the exceptionally large genes for most collagens is underway to resolve these questions. Rapid DNA analysis techniques, which are developed independently in several laboratories and in a concerted effort through the human genome project, will soon make it possible to screen a population for genetic defects and identify people at risk for developing connective tissue disease. As vulnerable as the collagen gene-protein system might be, the multimeric collagens may prove nevertheless to be accessible to gene therapy, as the suppression of defective alleles, e.g., through antisense strategies, may be much easier to accomplish than the gene augmentation necessary to correct other genetically determined diseases.
Changes in rem dream content during the night: implications for a hypothesis about changes in cerebral dominance across rem periods.

REM dream content was scored for categories suggesting the predominant influence of the left hemisphere, e.g., good ego functioning, verbalization, or the right hemisphere, e.g., music, spatial salience, bizarreness. Data from 5 samples of college men showed consistent evidence of an increase in the prominence of left-, but not right-, related categories from earlier to later REM periods. These data suggest there is an increase in left hemisphere control/dominance across the REM periods during the night. Two sets of predictions based on this hypothesis (using more direct estimates of the hypothesized change) yielded supportive evidence. First, as predicted, there was a positive relation between change in percentage of right eye movement (R%) and (a) temporal position of the REM period and (b) change in left-related categories; greater R% was associated with later REM periods and with more prominent left- (but not right-) hemisphere categories. Second, as predicted, there was a positive relation between the diminution of the ratio of left to right EEG amplitudes (L/R) and (a) temporal position of the REM period and (b) prominence of verbal activity. As expected, this relation was attenuated for those subjects showing a preference for left-handedness. Two possible explanations for the inferred increase in left-hemispheric influence during the night are suggested.
The Relation of Myopia and Astigmatism in Developing Eyes

The relation of astigmatism and myopia was analyzed in 298 myopic children, ages birth to 10 years. The mean spherical equivalent, determined by cyclopentolate retinoscopy, for the entire group was--2.9 diopters and did not change significantly with age. However, in 3-year-old children and younger, myopia progressed in eyes with greater than or equal to 1 diopter of cylinder and tended to increase through age 8 years in those having greater than or equal to 3 diopters of cylinder. Also, astigmatic errors greater than or equal to 1 diopter, especially of oblique orientation, were associated with higher degrees of myopia than nonastigmatic errors. These data from myopic children suggest that uncorrected astigmatism during a period of visual immaturity influences the course of myopia. Thus, naturally occurring astigmatic errors, that are frequent among infants and young children, appear to have a role similar to the vision blurring perturbations that trigger the development of myopia in young animals. Ascertainment and full correction of these refractive errors in young children may be important in assuring the best possible vision.
Ultrastructure of identified fast excitatory, slow excitatory and inhibitory neuromuscular junctions in the locust.

The specialized jumping muscle of the locust, the metathoracic extensor tibiae (ETi), is innervated by four physiologically different motoneurons, including FETi, a phasic excitor, SETi, a tonic excitor, and CI, a tonic common inhibitor. FETi neuromuscular junctions were examined in three phasic ETi bundles innervated by FETi. FETi terminals were characterized by patchy contacts on to granular sarcoplasm. The ETi accessory extensor, innvervated by both SETi and CI, contains two morphologically different types of axon ending. When this muscle was soaked in horseradish peroxidase, stimulation of SETi led to selective uptake in vesicles in terminals similar to those of FETi axons but containing smaller vesicles, while stimulation by CI caused increased uptake into terminals with more extensive contact directly on to fibrillar sarcoplasm. As has been observed in excitatory and inhibitory synapses in some crustacean and vertebrate nervous systems, the synaptic vesicles in the locust excitatory endings are round and electron-lucent while those in the inhibitory endings are more irregular in shape. The tonic neuromuscular junctions, SETi and CI, are more densely packed with vesicles, larger in cross-sectional area and appear to be of more complex shape than the smaller, vesicle-sparse, phasic FETi terminals. Following long duration stimulation at 10 Hz, the tonic neuromuscular junctions showed little morphological change. FETi endings, which fatigue within minutes at the same stimulation frequency, showed a 20% decrease in synaptic vesicle density and an increase in irregularly shaped membrane inclusions.
Pediatric Palliative Care

1. David N. Korones, MD* 1. *Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Oncology, and Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY For those of us who grew up in medicine a generation ago, the focus of training often was more about diseases than about children. The primary objectives were to fix problems and make diseases go away. Since that time, the explosive increase in our understanding of diseases, the dazzling imaging studies designed to track illnesses, and the remarkable array of sophisticated medications to treat diseases have only served to fuel this approach to care. On the whole, this progression has been beneficial; the cure rate for childhood cancer, virtually incurable in 1960, now approaches 80%. Cystic fibrosis, once a disease confined to children, is now a disease of adults because affected children so often survive into adulthood. Infection, once a major cause of mortality, now is a rare cause of death in children. Sometimes, however, there are limits to what technology can do, and despite our best efforts and best technology, patients slip from our grasp. As this happens, a different kind of care is required–care that targets not the disease, but rather the comfort and well-being of the child. Care that focuses on the comfort and well-being of the child and family is the essence of pediatric palliative care. It is not a new concept in pediatrics. Pediatricians always have been responsive to the needs of children and their families throughout the course of a child's illness. However, the management of the dying child or the child who is experiencing intractable pain can be daunting, even for the most experienced pediatrician. The emergence of pediatric palliative care as a subspecialty has given birth to a cadre of pediatricians who have expertise in this difficult realm and can assist other health-care practitioners in the care of these very ill children. The overall goal of this review is to provide the …
Polymer-drug conjugates: Manipulation of drug delivery kinetics

Three methods of manipulating the kinetics of hydrolysis of polymer conjugates were evaluated. It was demonstrated that either first-order, zero-order or S-shaped kinetic profiles could be achieved by systematic changes in the chemical composition of several series of model side-chain substituted polyacrylates. The changes in kinetics were shown to arise from an increase in the rate constant during solvolysis, resulting from predictable changes in either the water content, secondary structure, or LCST of the polymer conjugate.
Multimodality image fusion to guide peripheral artery chronic total arterial occlusion recanalization in a swine carotid artery occlusion model: Unblinding the interventionalist

Objectives To demonstrate the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to x-ray fluoroscopy (XRF) image fusion to guide peripheral artery chronic total occlusion (CTO) recanalization.
NONLINEAR NETWORK STRUCTURES FOR FEEDBACK CONTROL

A framework is given for controller design using Nonlinear Network Structures, which include both neural networks and fuzzy logic systems. These structures possess a universal approximation property that allows them to be used in feedback control of unknown systems without requirements for linearity in the system parameters or finding a regression matrix. Nonlinear nets can be linear or nonlinear in the tunable weight parameters. In the latter case weight tuning algorithms are not straightforward to obtain. Feedback control topologies and weight tuning algorithms are given here that guarantee closed-loop stability and bounded weights. Extensions are discussed to force control, backstepping control, and output feedback control, where dynamic nonlinear nets are required.