cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uphill Photooxidation of NADH Analogues by Hexyl Viologen Catalyzed by Zinc Porphyrin-Linked Fullerenes†

In the absence of oxygen, the photolytically generated C60•- moiety in ZnP•+−C60•- and ZnP•+−H2P−C60•- radical ion pairs undergoes one-electron oxidation by hexyl viologen (HV2+), whereas the ZnP•+ moiety is reduced by NADH analogues (1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide and 10-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridine). Thus, both ZnP−C60 and ZnP−H2P−C60 donor−acceptor ensembles act in benzonitrile as efficient photocatalysts for the uphill oxidation of NADH analogues by HV2+. In the case of ZnP−C60, the quantum yield of the photocatalytic reaction increases with increasing concentration of HV2+ or an NADH analogue to reach a limiting value of 0.99. The limiting quantum yields of ZnP−C60 and ZnP−H2P−C60 agree well with the quantum yields of radical ion pair formation, ZnP•+−C60•- and ZnP•+−H2P−C60•-, respectively. In the presence of oxygen, the lifetimes of the radical ion pairs are, however, markedly reduced because of an oxygen-catalyzed back electron transfer process between C60•- and ZnP•+. Such an impact on the radic...
The standard model and proton-antiproton colliders in the ACOL/TEV I era

collider physicists must in the near future face the question: Is there life after Tristan, SLC, LEP, and HERA? We review the main topics of collider physics (jets, weak bosons, and heavy quarks) concentrating on physics issues unique to hadron colliders. We emphasize the search for top. After reviewing indirect information on the top mass (from electroweak radiative corrections, ratio of W(→eν) and Z(→e+e−) events and mixing) we discuss the unique opportunity to search a large fraction of the expected range 25 GeV<mt<200 GeV in higher energy (TEV I) and higher luminosity (ACOL) experiments.
Heuristics for minimizing maximum lateness on a single machine with family-dependent set-up times

We address the problem of scheduling a single machine subject to family-dependent set-up times in order to minimize maximum lateness. We present a number of local improvement heuristics based on the work of previous researchers, a rolling horizon heuristic, and an incomplete dynamic programming heuristic. Extensive computational experiments on randomly generated test problems compare the performance of these heuristics. The rolling horizon procedures perform particularly well but require their parameters to be set based on problem characteristics to obtain their best performance.
The Male Factor: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV4 Vaccine Acceptance Among African American Young Men

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STD) in the United States. In the U.S., racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionality affected by STDs. In 2009 the Food and Drug Administration approved the HPV4 vaccine for young men. It is necessary to understand African American young men's HPV knowledge, health beliefs, and perceived risk in relation to HPV4 vaccine acceptance. To date, there remains paucity in the literature regarding African American young men's HPV knowledge and HPV4 vaccine acceptance. The current study was a non-probability convenience sample of 68 African American college students. This study was part of a larger project of HPV4 vaccine acceptance. Participants completed a 68-item questionnaire about personal characteristics, HPV, and the HPV4 vaccine. A majority of the young men had heard about HPV (85%, n = 58), however, only 38% (n = 26) new about the HPV4 vaccine for women. Only 12.2% (n = 9) of the respondents knew of an HPV4 vaccine for men. The top three barriers to HPV4 vaccination were that insurance would not cover the vaccine; they would have to pay a lot for the vaccine and worrying that the vaccine is not safe. Study findings suggest that HPV and HPV4 education programs, and low or no cost HPV4 vaccinations for African American young men are needed.
Fertility and mortality estimation from the Panama Retrospective Demographic Survey, 1976

Summary Data from the Retrospective Demographic Survey of Panama offer a unique opportunity to test a wide range of methods for estimating indirectly basic demographic parameters from inaccurate and incomplete data. Our primary emphasis is to evaluate methods for estimating adult mortality from information on widowhood and orphanhood, though estimates of childhood mortality obtained from information on sibling and child survivorship are assessed as well. The results for most of the estimating procedures are consistent; this finding is encouraging because it lends support to the hypothesis that the techniques can provide good estimates of mortality. Methods which produce results which are inconsistent provide valuable lessons. In particular, methods for providing unconditional estimates of values ofl x for adults by combining directly information on childhood mortality and adult mortality are shown to produce estimates which predominantly reflect the level of childhood mortality employed. Furthermore, with...
Toughening of dimethacrylate resins by addition of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particles

Abstract The effects of the addition of UHMWPE particles, of nominal 〈80 μm〉 size, on the fracture toughness, flexural modulus and strength of composites made with dimethacrylate resins (60/40 wt/wt BisGMA–TEGMA) were investigated as a function of volume fraction of UHMWPE (0–60 vol%) and particle surface treatment. Interfacial shear strengths ( τ ) were measured via microbond shear strength tests using Spectra900™ (UHMWPE) fibers and BisGMA–TEGMA beads. τ increased by a factor of 4 compared with untreated UHMWPE, and surface treated particles improved the mechanical properties of the composite. Fracture toughness ( K IC ) and flexural modulus ( E ) increased with increased volume fraction of UHMWPE, with maximum K IC / E increases (at 60 vol%) of 238%/25% compared with the neat resin. SEM images showed debonding as well as yielding and fibrillation of the UHMWPE particles, suggesting that these were significant toughening mechanisms.
The theory of Raman effect in crystals

A theoretical discussion of the theory of Raman scattering by phonons in crystals is given. The hamiltonian is taken as H = H0 + H1 where H0 is: the hamiltonian of the photons, HR ; plus the hamiltonian of the phonons, H L ; plus the electron hamiltonian HE. The interaction term is H1, which is the sum of electron-radiation hamiltonian HER, plus the electron-lattice hamiltonian HEL. Either one particle Bloch basic states, or exciton basic states can be used for HE ; the harmonic approximation is used for HL. Thus : H = HR + HL + HE + HER + HEL. The operators are written in second quantized form. By performing suitable canonical transformations the interaction term is eliminated, in lowest order. The remaining hamiltonian can then be transformed using quasi particle creation-destruction operators. Raman scattering can then be calculated using first order time dependent perturbation theory, taking the appropriate higher order commutators as the (transformed) perturbing hamiltonian, and evaluating certain matrix elements. More simply (in lower order) the product eigenstates of H0 can be used to describe Raman scattering, taking the appropriate matrix-element of the transformed, perturbing, hamiltonian. Comparison can then be made with the results of Loudon [1]. This method enables us to deal also with the case in which HEL is larger than HER. For example, if HEL were a first order perturbation, while HER was second order (as perhaps in an ionic crystal such as CaF2 where the Frohlich electron-lattice interaction may be relevant). Differences between this case, and the former case in which HEL and HER are of same order will be discussed. Other applications of this method will be presented for example spin-flip (magnetic dipole) Raman-lattice scattering will be proposed as a novel process in heavy ion ionic crystals.
Quantitative analysis of current density distributions from magneto-optical images of superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films

The magneto-optical imaging technique is applied to YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) thin film coated conductors, providing a visual investigation of sub-millimetre aberrations and fracture defects. The further application of post-processing techniques provides a quantitative analysis of varying patterns resulting from field penetration in the YBCO coated conductor investigations. Application of theory provides critical current information for geometries where the conduction path is perpendicular to the applied field in micro-bridge samples. A Maxwell curl calculation is performed on the intensity distribution of various images. These calculations reveal boundaries for current paths via relative screening current determination and striations.
Pulmonary Infiltration with Eosinophilia: Recurrence in an Asthmatic Patient Treated with Beclomethasone Dipropionate

We present the findings in a young woman diagnosed as having pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia and asthma who was treated with beclomethasone dipropionate. Although the aerosol corticosteroid controlled bronchospasm, it did not prevent recurrent pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia when the patient was not receiving oral therapy with corticosteroids. It is postulated that when administered in the usual dosage, an adequate amount of beclomethasone dipropionate does not reach the alveoli or interstitium to prevent or resolve the process of pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia. This case suggests that patients with pulmonary infiltration and eosinophilia who are treated with inhaled corticosteroids for asthma must be closely observed physiologically or roentgenographically for pulmonary infiltration. These patients may need to be protected from recurrent pulmonary infiltration by the concurrent oral use of corticosteroids.
Comparison of laparoscopic versus open partial nephrectomy in a pediatric series.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Recent advances in laparoscopic surgery as well as increasing experience with these techniques have led to the selection of laparoscopic surgery for many urological procedures. A lesser number of pediatric laparoscopic surgical studies have been reported. Few pediatric comparative laparoscopic versus open surgical procedure studies have been published. We compared 2 groups of similar pediatric patients who underwent partial nephrectomy via the laparoscopic or open technique.Materials and Methods: A total of 22 consecutive partial nephrectomies were performed in pediatric patients 3 months to 15 years old. Of these procedures 11 chosen according to surgeon preference were performed laparoscopically and 11 were done by the open technique. Clinical data were obtained by chart review and compared retrospectively in the 2 groups. Demographic data, operative time and blood loss, the perioperative complication rate, hospital stay and costs, postoperative analgesic use and followup findings were ...
Tropical precipitation, SSTs and the surface energy budget: a zonally symmetric perspective

The relative importance of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and the surface energy budget to tropical precipitation is examined by comparing models with zonally symmetric climates, both fixed SST and coupled to a slab mixed layer ocean. Two models are considered with differing surface flux formulations and in each case solutions that are symmetric about the equator are perturbed to create interhemispheric asymmetry. When SSTs are prescribed in the two models with different flux formulations, the magnitude of tropical precipitation response to identical SST anomalies is significantly different, but the differences can be understood in terms of the altered surface fluxes. In contrast, when the net surface energy fluxes are constrained to be identical in mixed layer simulations of the two different models, the response of tropical precipitation to perturbations in the surface energy balance is very similar. Both perspectives predict qualitatively the same precipitation response, but the energy budget better predicts the magnitude of the precipitation response. Thus, we argue that the atmospheric energy budget, controlled in these experiments primarily by the surface energy budget, is more fundamental to the control of tropical precipitation than the SSTs, in these simulations with axisymmetric climates. We touch briefly on a complication in the interpretation of the model results due to the fact that fixed SST and slab-ocean versions of the model can produce different Hadley cell strengths for the same SSTs.
Rapid Analysis of Volatile Flavor Compounds in Apple Fruit Using SPME and GC/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), time-compressed chromatography (TCC), and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) were examined for their suitability and compatibility for rapid sampling, separation, and detection of apple flavor volatiles. Flavor-contributing volatile compounds were found to have relatively high partition coefficients on a 100 μm thick coating of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on a SPME fiber. The time required to saturate the PDMS coating was highly volatile-dependent, varying from less than 2 min to greater than 30 min. However, the response of this system was linear in the ppb to ppm range when the adsorption duration was standardized. The speed of the TOF mass spectrometer permitted identification and quantification of compounds having chromatographic peak widths of only a fraction of a second. The unskewed nature of fragmentation patterns obtained allowed individual component spectral characterization of unknown compounds even when not fully chromatographically separated. Thus, th...
Gender differences in health care provider-patient communication: are they due to style, stereotypes, or accommodation?

This article examines gender differences in health care provider-patient communication within the framework of an ecological model of communication in the medical encounter. The ecological perspective posits that, although health care provider-patient interactions are situated within a number of contexts (e.g. organizational, political, cultural), the interpersonal domain is the primary context within which these interactions unfold. Hence, gender may influence provider-patient interaction to the extent that it can be linked to the interactants' goals, skills, perceptions, emotions, and the way the participants adapt to their partner's communication. The evidence reviewed in this essay indicates that gender differences in medical encounters may come from several sources including differences in men's and women's communicative styles, perceptions of their partners, and in the way they accommodate their partner's behavior during the interaction. However, because gender is but one of many personal and partner variables (e.g. age, ethnicity, personal experiences) that can influence these processes, gender differences are often quite modest (if apparent at all) when examined across a population of health care providers and patients. Implications for future research and communicative skill training are discussed.
Diffusion of Antigen into Antibody-charged Agar in Wintrobe Hæmatocrit Tubes accelerated by Centrifugation

THE methods of immunodiffusion and precipitation in gel media offer, over precipitation in fluid media or in interfaces, the advantage of creating automatically self-diluting gradients of concentrations of one or the two reactants, and thus, in a single tube or plate, the optimal conditions for reaction and aggregation (zone of equivalence). The chances of detecting a reaction in a single tube by the ring precipitation method are dependent on the pre- or post-zonal conditions since excess of one reactant dissolves the precipitate of antigen–antibody complex. Hence the need for serial dilutions even for qualitative evaluation.
Solution Conformation of the His-47 to Ala-47 Mutant of Pseudomonas stutzeri ZoBell Ferrocytochrome c-551.

In the cytochrome c-551 family, the heme 17-propionate caboxylate group is always hydrogen bonded to an invariant Trp-56 and conserved residues (His and Arg mainly, Lys occasionally) at position 47. The mutation of His-47 to Ala-47 for Pseudomas stutzeri ZoBell cytochrome c-551 removes this otherwise invariant hydrogen bond. The solution structure of ferrous H47A has been solved based on NMR-derived constraints. Results indicate that the mutant has very similar main chain folding compared to wild-type. However, less efficient packing of residues in the mutant surrounding the heme propionates leads to more solvent exposure for both propionate groups, which may account for decreased stability of the mutant. The mutant has a reduction potential different from wild-type, and furthermore, the pH dependence of this potential is not the same as for wild-type. The structure of the mutant suggests that these changes are related to the loss of the residue-47 propionate hydrogen bond and the loss of charge on the side chain of residue 47.
Pine needle abortion in cattle: analysis of isocupressic acid in North American gymnosperms

Isocupressic acid is a labdane resin acid found in Pinus ponderosa needles and causes abortion in late term pregnant cattle. A chemical survey was conducted to determine the phytochemical distribution of isocupressic acid in selected North American shrub and tree species with possible association with cattle abortions. A method of analysis for the evaluation of total available isocupressic acid (including hydrolysed acetyl and succinyl derivatives) was developed based on a base/acid extraction of dry, ground plant material, followed by detection and quantitative determination using capillary gas chromatography of the di-(trimethylsilyl)-derivative. Samples from 23 different species were collected throughout the western and southern regions of the United States and analysed. Isocupressic acid was detected in 15 species, and significant concentrations (>0.5% dry weight) were found in Pinus ponderosa, P. jeffreyi, P. contorta, Juniperus scopulorum, and J. communis. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power Estimates: The Effect of Dependent Variable Reliability on the Power of One-Factor Anovas

The literature indicates that the power of a statistical test is influenced by the reliability of the dependent variable; however the authors disagree about the direction and strength of this effect. The purpose of this study was to quantify and to tabulate the degree to which reliability affects the power of the one-factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) by taking into account sample size, level of significance, and true score effect size. True score effect size is defined as the difference between means in true score standard deviation units without variation due to the inconsistency of an instrument or lack of its reliability. Results confirm that the impact on power is substantial, particularly when sample sizes are less than 100 per group and/or when small or moderate effect size differences are expected. It is suggested that the influence of reliability is of considerable interest to those who include subtest analyses in their work as well as those who study low incidence populations. The tables provid...
Probing Spatiotemporal Regulation of Signal Transduction in Living Cells

Jin Zhang, Departments of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205The complexity and specificity of many forms of signal transduction are widely suspected to require spatial microcompartmentation and dynamic modulation of the activities of signaling molecules, such as protein kinases, phosphatases and second messengers. I will present studies where we combined genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors, targeted biochemical perturbations, mathematic modeling and superresolution imaging to probe the spatiotemporal regulation of signaling molecules such as cAMP, Protein Kinase A, calcineurin and Protein Kinase B.
Lunar tide in the F 2 layer of the ionosphere near the geomagnetic equator

IT is well known that the maximum in the lunar tide variation of f0F2 occurs at about 10 lunar hours at moderate geomagnetic latitudes and at about 04 lunar hours near the geomagnetic equator1,2. Recent analyses of the lunar variations at Singapore, Ibadan and Bombay have indicated non-agreement in the phases of the variation at stations having the same geomagnetic latitudes.
On the theory of the potential and voltage step relaxation techniques for the investigation of fast electrode reactions

Abstract The errors of electrode kinetic measurements carried out with the potential and voltage step techniques (for single and double pulses) are calculated for several graphical and numerical data analysis methods. The following errors are examined: the random, experimental errors caused by the uncertainties of the potential, current, time, electrode area, and ir compensation; and the systematic errors caused by the inadequacies of the mathematical treatments and by the neglect of the slow rise time of a real potentiostatic system. The errors are presented as a function of the reaction resistance and of the rate constant parameter. The latter, which is defined as is equal to 632 k 0 under simplified conditions. For a maximum tolerable error of ±20 per cent in the determination of the exchange current density, the limitation of the techniques can be summarized as follows. The classical potentiostatic technique with exact ir compensation can be used to a rate constant parameter of about 200 ( k 0 ≈ 0.3 cm s −1 ). The useful range can be extended to about 1000 ( k 0 ≈ 1.5 cm s −1 ) by using a numerical data evaluation method which takes into consideration the rise time of the potential. For the voltage step technique and the potentiostatic technique with uncompensated resistance, the limits of applicability can be significantly lower than the above values, depending on the ratio of reaction resistance to total cell resistance.
Enumeration of Perfect Matchings in Graphs with Reflective Symmetry

A plane graph is called symmetric if it is invariant under the reflection across some straight line. We prove a result that expresses the number of perfect matchings of a large class of symmetric graphs in terms of the product of the number of matchings of two subgraphs. When the graph is also centrally symmetric, the two subgraphs are isomorphic and we obtain a counterpart of Jockusch's squarishness theorem. As applications of our result, we enumerate the perfect matchings of several families of graphs and we obtain new solutions for the enumeration of two of the ten symmetry classes of plane partitions (namely, transposed complementary and cyclically symmetric, transposed complementary) contained in a given box. Finally, we consider symmetry classes of perfect matchings of the Aztec diamond graph and we solve the previously open problem of enumerating the matchings that are invariant under a rotation by 90 degrees.
Inhibition of long-chain ACYL-CoA synthetase by the peroxisome proliferator perfluorodecanoic acid in rat hepatocytes

Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) is a potent peroxisome proliferator and is known to affect hepatic lipid metabolism in rats. The effects of PFDA on fatty acid utilization were examined in isolated rat hepatocyte suspensions and in rat liver mitochondria and microsomes. PFDA inhibited the oxidation of palmitic acid but not octanoic or pyruvic acids when hepatocytes were incubated with 1 mM PFDA. At this PFDA concentration the esterification of palmitic acid into triacylglycerols was also reduced. The activity of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), an enzyme essential for both oxidation and esterification of fatty acids, was reduced in hepatocytes incubated with 1 mM PFDA. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT), an important enzyme for the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, was not altered in hepatocytes incubated with this PFDA concentration. In rat liver mitochondria, palmitate oxidation and ACS activity were reduced significantly (P less than 0.01) at a PFDA concentration that had no effect on CPT activity. The inhibition of ACS by PFDA was similar in liver mitochondria and microsome preparations. In mitochondria incubated with PFDA, the inhibition of ACS appears to be noncompetitive for the substrates palmitic acid and CoA. However, the ACS inhibition by PFDA appeared to be competitive for the ATP binding site of the enzyme. Several chain length perfluorinated fatty acids were examined for their ability to inhibit mitochondrial ACS. Short-chain perfluorinated fatty acids (perfluoroproprionic and -butyric acid) did not inhibit ACS activity. However, medium-chain perfluorinated acids (perfluorooctanoic, -ananoic and -decanoic acid) were found to be potent inhibitors of ACS in isolated mitochondria. Whether ACS inhibition is causally related to PFDA-induced peroxisome proliferation and altered lipid metabolism seen in vivo is yet to be determined.
Involvement of CD36 and intestinal alkaline phosphatases in fatty acid transport in enterocytes, and the response to a high-fat diet.

The vertebrate intestine is notable for its plasticity in response to environmental, pathologic, reproductive, and dietary challenges. The molecular mechanisms of intestinal adaptations typically involve both morphologic and functional changes. In response to chronic ingestion of a high-fat diet, for example, the mammalian small intestine quickly adapts to efficiently accommodate increased transport of long-chain fatty acids across the mucosa. Whereas this may be adaptive in the short term, in the long term it may contribute to the pathologies associated with chronic high-fat diets in humans and other mammals. This review focuses on some of the known and putative mechanisms by which fatty acids are transported across the intestinal epithelium in addition to simple diffusion, and how these mechanisms may be regulated in part by a high-fat diet. A model is proposed in which two key proteins, CD36 and the enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase, work in a coordinated manner to optimize fatty acid tranport across enterocytes in mice.
Factors contributing to NIMBY attitudes

Abstract Most discussions about public resistance to hazardous waste facility siting assume that opponents to the projects—those evincing “not-in-my-backyard” (NIMBY) attitudes—have strong environmental values, insufficient or inaccurate knoeledge, and can be assuaged by managerial input or economic benefits. Yet our findings suggest that a person's orientation towards the environment is not a significant factor in opposing these facilities, and that knowledge generally works to polarize differences rather than collapse them. Prescriptions for dilemma revolve around three strategies: education, economic incentives, and inclusion in management. Yet these prescriptions generally do not work as expected, and siting is delayed or scrapped. We propose that the foregoing assumptions are in some ways inaccurate or wrong, and that NIMBY attitudes have a stronger basis in core cultural values than more immediate instrumental considerations. The case of nuclear power is used as an analogy, since research has shown clearly that presentation of the issue as one of deficient public accountability by capitalist institutions has proved more effective than alternative explanations evoking environmental quality or economic efficiency. Technical issues, such as those involving nuclear power and hazardous waste, require intermediaries for most people to understand and interpret the issues and relate them to their core values. But while there are many continuities between the two issues, we find that there are still opportunities for public attitudes toward hazardous waste to develop differently.
Molecular motors: how to make models that can be used to convey the concept of molecular ratchets and thermal capture

A wide variety of cellular processes use molecular motors, including processive motors that move along some form of track (e.g., myosin with actin, kinesin or dynein with tubulin) and polymerases t...
Multiple anti-cytokine activities secreted from tanapox virus-infected cells

Abstract Tanapox virus (TPV) produces a mild disease in humans characterized by transient fever, one or more nodular skin lesions and regional lymphadenopathy. We demonstrate that TPV-infected cells, but not mock-infected cells, secrete an early 38 kDa glycopeptide that, unlike any other known protein, binds to human (h) interferon-γ, hIL-2 and hIL-5. In concomitant experiments this polypeptide failed to bind to hIL-Iα, hIL-3, hIL-4, hIL-6, hIL-7, hIL-8 or hIL-10. Inhibition of hIL-2 and hIL-5 biological activities were demonstrated using a hIL-2-dependent mouse T cell line (HT-2) and a hIL-5-dependent erythroleukemia cell line (TF-1), respectively. The 38 kDa polypeptide also inhibited the bioactivity of interferon-γ. Taken together, our results suggest that TPV has evolved multiple pathways to disarm both T H 1 cell mediated (IL-2 and interferon-γ) and T H 2-associated (IL-5) immune responses for its infectivity with remarkable genetic economy.
On the variability of case-deletion importance sampling weights in the Bayesian linear model

Abstract I consider a standard specification of the Bayesian linear model and derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the variance of the case-deletion importance sampling weights to be finite. The conditions have an intuitive interpretation in terms of familiar frequentist measures of leverage and influence and are easy to verify. I present two real data examples in which the necessary conditions fail to hold for some observations and the corresponding importance sampling estimates are highly unreliable.
Sex Guilt and Receptivity to Condom Advertising

The personal and social costs of unintended pregnancy and HIV infection point to the need for ongoing research designed to enhance the effectiveness of preventive advertising particularly to those segments at greatest risk. One segment that appears to be at significant risk is comprised of individuals who experience high levels of guilt about sex. This study seeks to determine whether high sex-guilt (SG) individuals are unique in their processing recall and evaluative responses to advertising for condoms. 252 college-aged men and women were randomly assigned to two versions of a condom advertisement that differed in terms of self-referencing vs. other-referencing in the message copy. A 2 x 2 x 3 (Gender x Self- Versus Other-Referencing Message Copy x High Moderate and Low Sex Guilt) between-subjects ANOVA design was used to test hypothesized relationships. For female but not male participants high SG was inversely related to depth of processing recall positive thoughts about the ad and perceived credibility of the ad. For both genders high SG was inversely related to perceived ad informativeness attitude toward the ad and attitude toward the brand. Message design interacted with SG and gender on an important outcome measure--purchase intention. Study implications are discussed and avenues for future research are suggested. (authors)
Characteristics of adults seeking medical marijuana certification

Background Very little is known about medical marijuana users. The present study provides descriptive information on adults seeking medical marijuana and compares individuals seeking medical marijuana for the first time with those renewing their medical marijuana card on measures of substance use, pain and functioning. Methods Research staff approached patients (n=348) in the waiting area of a medical marijuana certification clinic. Chi-square and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to compare participants who reported that they were seeking medical marijuana for the first time (n=195) and those who were seeking to renew their access to medical marijuana (n=153). Results Returning medical marijuana patients reported a higher prevalence of lifetime cocaine, amphetamine, inhalant and hallucinogen use than first time patients. Rates of recent alcohol misuse and drug use were relatively similar between first time patients and returning patients with the exception of nonmedical use of prescription sedatives and marijuana use. Nonmedical prescription sedative use was more common among first time visitors compared to those seeking renewal (p Conclusions Study results indicate that differences exist between first time and returning medical marijuana patients. Longitudinal data are needed to characterize trajectories of substance use and functioning in these two groups.
From Grammar to Science: New Foundations for General Linguistics

1. Preface 2. 1. People, Sound Waves, and Illusions 3. 2. Traditions of Grammar and Science 4. 3. Should We Study Language or People? 5. 4. The Problem with Theories of Language 6. 5. The Depth Hypothesis 7. 6. How Can We Know What to Believe? 8. 7. Opportunities in the Physical Domain 9. 8. Standard Science 10. 9. Plans for Emigrating to the New World 11. 10. Linguistic Theories of People 12. 11. Properties in Theories of People 13. 12. Laws of Communicative Behavior 14. 13. A Scientifically Justified Notation 15. 14. Linguistic Theories of Groups 16. 15. Relations between Individuals and Groups 17. 16. The Group in Its Environment 18. 17. Types of Interaction between Groups 19. 18. The Structure of Communities 20. 19. Notations for the Control of Selection 21. 20. Notations for the Control of Sequence 22. 21. Evidence for the Structure of Context 23. 22. How Individuals Cope in Communities 24. Summary 25. Notes 26. References 27. Index
Decreasing Network Power with on-off Links Informed by Scientific Applications

As the tapering off of Moore's Law produces the need for more parallelism in high-performance applications, the parallel programming model becomes central to achieving and maintaining performance per watt on current and future computer architectures. In order for a programmer to exploit parallelism in a power-efficient way, a close interaction with an abstract machine model is necessary to remain cognizant of important power-performance tradeoffs. This work introduces Asynchronous Circuit Programming (ACP), a way of explicitly identifying application communication as circuits to allow the underlying hardware to better execute code, and for a programmer to pipeline the allocation of communication hardware resources with computation. We provide a case study in using a preliminary C++ implementation of ACP with multiple scientific applications that illustrates how hardware can make use of application knowledge, keeping up to 75% of links in a low-power state.
App-Scale Science

If US agencies continue to steadily reduce scientific funding, how might it affect scientific work?
Analytical framework for the characterization of the space-time variability of soil moisture

Abstract Hydrologic processes that are components of regional water balance occur on scales considerably smaller than the region itself. Evapotranspiration and percolation during interstorm periods are hydrologic processes whose rates depend on conditions that vary significantly in space due to soil and vegetation heterogeneity as well as moisture redistribution under topography. Infiltration and runoff during storm periods also vary significantly in space due to the spatial variability in surface moisture conditions. In time, these hydrologic processes are switching between climate-limited and soil-controlled regimes during both storm and interstorm periods. The space and time dependence inherent in these components of water balance limit the applicability of lumped or averaged models. These simplified models appear in hydrologic applications whose objectives are to estimate regional water balance. They are also present in the hydrologic parametrization of atmospheric models. In this paper an analytical model of soil-water balance that is distributed in space and time is developed. In order to retain analytical tractability, it is assumed that the space-time variability is statistically homogeneous and isotropic. The surface hydrology is forced with a stochastic model of rainfall that phenomenologically captures the arrival of intense precipitating cells within clusters that are imbedded in squall lines and rainbands. An analysis of the spatial and temporal fluctuations in both the rainfields and soil moisture fields are made in frequency-domain. The effects of averaging operations on these fields are delineated and the consequences for hydrologic and atmospheric models that use lumped water balance expressions are quantified.
Estimating the kth coefficient of (f(z))n when k is not too large

Abstract We derive asymptotic estimates for the coefficient of z k in ( f ( z ) ) n when n → ∞ and k is of order n δ , where 0 δ 1 , and f ( z ) is a power series satisfying suitable positivity conditions and with f ( 0 ) ≠ 0 , f ′ ( 0 ) = 0 . We also show that there is a positive number e 1 (easily computed from the pattern of non-zero coefficients of f ( z ) ) such that the same coefficient is positive for large n and e δ 1 , and admits an asymptotic expansion in inverse powers of k. We use the asymptotic estimates to prove that certain finite sums of exponential and trigonometric functions are non-negative, and illustrate the results with examples.
Tensile deformation of aluminum single crystals at low temperatures

Abstract Tension tests on aluminum single crystals of approximately [001], [111], [112] and [123] axial orientations were made at 4.2, 77, 200 and 273°K. It was a general observation that the hardening rate passed through a maximum and then decreased continuously with increasing stress, the decrease being less rapid at the lower temperatures. There were no findings, under any circumstance, of a constant stage II slope in the stress-strain curves. At 273°K, after initially rapid hardening, [001] crystals deformed primarily by operation of two slip systems with conjugate relationship; multiple necks were formed but the accompanying lattice rotation prevented failure by necking until large strains. At lower temperatures all four stressed slip directions were active in the [001] crystals and hardening continued to higher stresses. With the four directions, two perpendicular sets of Lomer-Cottrell barriers could form, as contrasted to one set at 273°K, thus producing greater hardening. Slip markings at the lower temperatures tended to follow {110} traces, but this may be explained by a fine mixture of cross slip on two {111} planes, necessary to avoid the barriers. In [111] crystals, approximately equal operation of the three favored directions at all temperatures prevented lattice rotation and maintained a high hardening rate.
Balancing inventory generated from a disassembly line: mathematical approach

Product recovery is a new trend that many manufacturers practice to minimize the fast depletion of virgin resources and to realize economical benefits from recovering end-of-life (EOL) products. However, the practice of recovering components and materials is challenging as it often requires disassembly. There are many distinctive complications associated with the disassembly process. One of the complications stems from the disassembly line balancing problem (DLBP). DLBP has recently been actively researched in the literature and several heuristic models have been introduced to provide near optimal work contents at each workstation of the disassembly line. However, due to the disparity between demands for parts and their yields, there are many inventory problems that arise during the disassembly line balancing process. In this paper, we identify the issue of unbalanced inventories generated at various workstations of a disassembly line and discuss how to overcome this. A case example involving a personal computer (PC) is considered for discussion. In order to provide a full analysis of the problem, measures of performances are defined. Measures of performances reflect the state of the system and the ability to meet the demand while maintaining consistent flow of parts. We also discuss and compare various issues associated with the assembly systems and the disassembly systems. While it is clear that the inventory issues surrounding the disassembly line offer a new challenge, the understating that we have gained from solving the traditional inventory problems, nevertheless, provide helpful insights in overcoming this new challenge.
Differential drinking patterns of family history positive and family history negative first semester college females

Objective This study compares the natural drinking patterns of family history positive and family history negative women during their first semester of college, a transitional period known to coincide with considerable alcohol-related risks.
Critique and comment. The logic of “symbolic psycho‐logic”

The consistency and scientific usefulness of a proposed logical model, and an emendation, to represent affective aspects of attitudes, are examin.
Creating Public Spaces and Practiced Places for Democracy, Discourse, and the Emergence of Civil Society

A question before us in the process of creating public spaces and practiced places for democracy and civil society concerns what democracy means for civil society and what civil society means for democratization of the national state in a globalizing world? In this article the author discusses the meaning of democracy and civil society, and the relation each shares. Following, the author examines the nature of space through the work of [Lefebvre H (1991) The production of space. (Trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith). Blackwell, Oxford, Cambridge, Mass] drawing on the work of the French theorist to construct a tripartite model of public space. As well, the author examines the notion of creating practiced places for democracy civil society, drawing on the work of [de Certeau M (1984) The practice of everyday life. University of California Press, Berkeley] to understand the interplay of discourse in reconfiguring space as a practiced place. The author also examines social space and power-geometry as it relates to creating public spaces and practiced places for democracy and civil society. In the final section, the author provides reflections on the work that lies ahead for democratization of the nation-state and the emergence of democratic civil society.
RhoH plays distinct roles in T-cell migrations induced by different doses of SDF1α

Hematopoietic-specific RhoGTPase RhoH displays an important role in regulating T-cell development, a process that is accompanied by ordered and directed migration of progenitors through thymus. While RhoGTPases are key regulators of cytokinesis, the precise role of RhoH in T-cell migration is unknown. Here, by using Jurkat cell migration as a model, we found that RhoH is required for cell migration in response to the high concentration of SDF1 alpha but displays inhibitory roles in regulating migration in the absence of SDF1 alpha or in the range of low concentrations. We further found that RhoH-mediated migration requires PAK1 but not ITK. Indeed, both the low and high concentrations of SDF1 alpha activate PAK1 but only the high concentration-induced activation of PAK1 requires RhoH. Further study of the RhoH-PAK interaction revealed that RhoH is able to bind and activate PAK1, indicating that RhoH plays a positive role in response to the high concentration of SDF1 alpha. In contrast, at rest, RhoH indirectly inhibits Slp76/ITK activity through its modulation on TCR signaling, supporting a negative regulatory role for RhoH when SDF1 alpha is insufficient to activate the RhoH-PAK1 pathway. Together, our study uncovered a dual role for RhoH in SDF1 alpha signaling in T-cell responses.
Theorems on Inclusion for Multivalued Mappings

The paper is devoted to the investigation of some properties of multivalued mappings in Euclidean spaces. Fixed-point theorems are proved for multivalued mappings whose restrictions to a certain subset in the closure of a domain satisfy a “coacute angle condition” or a “strict coacute angle condition.” Similar results for the restrictions of multivalued mappings satisfying certain metric conditions are also obtained.
Low oxygen tension increases mRNA levels of alpha 1 (I) procollagen in human dermal fibroblasts

Dermal fibroblasts exposed to low oxygen tension show upregulated synthesis of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), an established stimulatory peptide in the formation of extracellular matrix proteins. In this report, procollagen synthesis was measured in cultures of confluent adult human dermal fibroblasts exposed to either standard (20%) or low (2%) oxygen tension. By Northern blot analysis the steady state levels of alpha 1 (I) procollagen mRNA were increased by 75 to 150% of control (standard oxygen) as early as 12 hours and more than 200% 96 hours after exposure of cells to low oxygen. Similar increases in procollagen mRNA levels were obtained in hypoxic fibroblast cultures in a collagen lattice. The stimulatory effect of hypoxia on procollagen mRNA levels in fibroblast monolayers was diminished by antibodies to TGF-beta, and could not be augmented further by the addition of TGF-beta 1, evidence that hypoxic fibroblasts may already be maximally stimulated by TGF-beta 1. We conclude that low oxygen tension enhances Steady state mRNA levels of alpha 1 (I) procollagen, and that this effect is mediated at least in part by TGF-beta 1. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Placement driven synthesis case studies on two sets of two chips: hierarchical and flat

In this paper I describe two sets of two large ASIC chips that have recently been processed from netlist to final design by the Semi-Custom Design Team part of IBM's World-Wide Design Center. I address issues such as why the parts were selected for special handling, the issues with the designs that required custom engineering, and the special techniques used in placement driven synthesis that enabled successful completion of the designs.
Development of kidney tubular basement membranes.

Kidney basement membranes serve several critical functions. First, the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and tubular basement membrane (TBM) are adhesive substrates that anchor the basal plasma membranes of attached cells. In the glomerulus, endothelial cells are attached to the innermost or vascular surface of the peripheral loop GBM, whereas the podocytes are attached to the opposite, outer surface. This unique arrangement is due, at least in part, to the apparent fusion of a thin basement membrane beneath immature endothelial cells with a somewhat thicker basement membrane beneath developing podocytes during initial formation of the glomerular capillary wall [reviewed in 1]. Throughout the rest of the nephron, tubule epithelial cells are attached to the TBM that overlies the subjacent interstitial connective tissue. The disruption of cell-basement membrane adhesion results in loss of cell orientation, abnormal cell function, and can lead to tissue destruction. The second important role played by kidney basement membranes involves the well-established permselective barrier properties of the GBM [reviewed in 2 and 3]. These barrier properties are undoubtedly not limited to the GBM, however, and the TBM probably also restricts to some extent the bidirectional passage of macromolecules between the tubule and interstitium. Abnormalities in basement membrane stucture occurring as a result of inflammatory damage, or due to changes in biosynthesis and turnover, would clearly affect the abilities of the GBM and TBM to establish functional barriers. A third important function for basement membranes is linked to the first two and deals with the crucial role played by the extracellular matrix in embryonic development and organogenesis [reviewed in 4 and 5]. Once again, errors in basement membrane structure can clearly affect normal tissue development and repair. This article will summarize some of the current information regarding basement membrane structure and mechanisms for assembly during nephrogenesis, paying particular attention to development of the TBM.
Prolonged multi-channel intraluminal impedance and pH measurement for the detection of gastroesophageal reflux in frequently fed infants: a comparison of acidic and formula feedings

Prolonged multi-channel intraluminal impedance and pH measurement for the detection of gastroesophageal reflux in frequently fed infants: a comparison of acidic and formula feedings