cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current medical and surgical management of sleep related breathing disorders.

Since the time of early man, we have gathered information on the endless psychologic and emotional observations of the mysterious state of sleep. Concurrent with the onset of the millennium is a renewed zeal in our quest for increased illumination on the matter of sleep. Thanks to sleep research pioneers such as Dr. William Dement, sleep medicine is now recognized as a specialty by the American Medical Association (1996). Through the avenues of scientific investigation and dramatic advances in technology, our knowledge and understanding of the dynamics of sleep is rapidly increasing. Even so, Americans continue to move in the wrong direction. We have reduced our average sleep time by 30% since Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. We have increased our annual working and commuting time by more than150 hours. Yet, the ideal amount of sleep remains the same: onethird of the average life span or approximately 24 years. Americans are paying a price for insufficient sleep both financially and otherwise. Tens of billions of dollars are expended every year in lost productivity, accidents, and other byproducts of sleep deprivation. Too little sleep delivers a devastating impact on the quality of human life. The immeasurable misery of excessive daytime drowsiness, family dysfunction, loss of life and property, disabilities secondary to psychologic and behavioral malfunction, and cerebrovascular and gastrointestinal complications is an all too real fact of life in the world of sleep deprivation. The gentle prod to ‘‘sleep tight’’ is obviously not granted automatically. We are simply not biologically prepared to handle interruptions in sleep. So, with increased awareness of the importance of sufficient sleep, more Americans than ever are seeking treatment for sleep disorders. As a surgeon, the gratification of treating patients with sleep-related breathing disorders is incomparable to any other aspect of my practice. To witness the restoration of a patient’s quality of life is a gift to a surgeon; as I listen to a patient’s expression of gratitude I am struck by how significant a role medicine has played in that person’s literal reawakening to the full spectrum of life enjoyment. Thus, the term ‘‘sleep surgeon’’ gives added dimension to a microsubspecialty that is indeed a multidisciplinary culling from numerous surgical specialties. The evolution of the sleep-related breathing disorder surgeon is still in progress. It is clear that future data collection is imperative to continued surgical success. As surgical techniques evolve, it is incumbent upon each surgeon to share and disseminate knowledge to perfect the interdisciplinary expertise that is necessary to advance the field. This publication coalesces a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The commitment of the authors to unify their
Relationship of skeletal pattern and nasal form

This article investigates the relationship of skeletal facial pattern and soft-tissue nasal form. The case sample comprises 123 white female subjects, aged 11.0 to 20.6 years, with no histories of pathology, trauma, surgical intervention, or orthodontic treatment. Measurements were made from cephalometric radiographs, posteroanterior radiographs, and the physioprint photographs. Skeletal classifications were based on the relationship of the maxilla to the mandible; the three classifications were straight profile, retrusive chin profile, and prognathic profile. Pearson product--moment correlation coefficients were used to test intercorrelations of all quantitative variables (including age) with each other. Correlations were highly significant for age, the three profile measurements, and two of the frontal measurements. Hence, noses and skeletal structures showed, as expected, increases with age. Also, profile measurements were highly significantly correlated; larger noses were larger in all profile dimensions. A stepwise discriminant analysis was used to study nonquantitative categories of nasal shape (straight, convex, and concave). This analysis indicated that more than 86% of patients in the sample of 123 demonstrated a correlation of nasal shapes with specific skeletal groupings. Patients with straight profiles tended to have straight noses; convex profiles accompanied convex nasal shapes; and concave profiles were found with concave nasal shapes. The clinical significance of this research is to emphasize the importance of total facial harmony (especially nasal shape) during orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
Some thoughts about AIDS.

THE AREA I AM particularly interested in is the subjective personal and emotional reactions of people who work with patients with AIDS. ] became interested when-I ha0 a patient with AIDS referred to me early in 1982, when AIDS was still known as GRID, and I was obliged to work out my own personal reactions to dealing with that patient. First, I went through the stage of disbelief that such a disease really existed and that it could be so devastating and fatal. I had hoped it was only a bad dream that would soon go away. Then a patient from Payne Whitney Hospital , hospitalized as a hypomanic and then recovered, was now referred to me for help in dealing with the rest of his life. I treated him for only six weeks as he was already too ill physically. He was a window designer who had lost so much of his vision that he was nearly run over coming to my office. He had been unable to see well enough to press the right elevator buttons, and had to ask other people on the elevator to press the buttons for him. I was alarmed for him, but I also discovered that I was becoming alarmed for myself. I had conquered fears of having him in my office, but I began to worry about what other people would say about an AIDS patient coming into the building, if they knew that I had such a patient. I knew one physician in New York, an immunologist , had been threatened with loss of his office because he was seeing AIDS patients. I thought this could also happen to me. Then one of my other patients saw this patient and recognized him as possibly having AIDS. He began to ask me if I was taking care of myself and what dangers he might be undergoing. So I had been plunged right into the middle of this. I began to see how tremendously fearful I became myself and I had to learn how to deal
VectorSLU: A Continuous Word Vector Approach to Answer Selection in Community Question Answering Systems

Continuous word and phrase vectors have proven useful in a number of NLP tasks. Here we describe our experience using them as a source of features for the SemEval-2015 task 3, consisting of two community question answering subtasks: Answer Selection for categorizing answers as potential, good, and bad with regards to their corresponding questions; and YES/NO inference for predicting a yes, no, or unsure response to a YES/NO question using all of its good answers. Our system ranked 6th and 1st in the English answer selection and YES/NO inference subtasks respectively, and 2nd in the Arabic answer selection subtask.
Carl Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism: Antinomies of Technical Thought: Attempting to Transcend Weber's Categories of Modernity

In his cultural-political treatises from the years 1916 to 1923, Schmitt attempts to formulate a critique of modernity that properly apprehends technology's role within it, without either aesthetically valorizing or fearfully fleeing from it – responses characteristic of many of his contemporaries. His first effort at this, in his commentary on the poem “Northern Lights” in 1916, is followed by another socioliterary study from 1919, Political Romanticism . He then takes up this task more rigorously in Roman Catholicism and Political Form in 1923. Schmitt confronts the problem that modernity seems to have two opposite intellectual poles: the one, economic-technical thought, the abstractly formal rationality associated with economics, technology, and positivism; the other, the many strands of romanticism, the highly subjective and aesthetic enrapture with specifically concrete objects. For the early Schmitt, the task of a rationality not beholden to either one of these particular opposites of modernity would be one that understands their interrelatedness in the specific historical moment of the present and attempts to move beyond them in practice, as we will see, in a particular understanding of political practice. It is noteworthy that in the same year as the publication of Roman Catholicism and Political Form , the centerpiece of Schmitt's early cultural-political confrontation with technology, Georg Lukacs published History and Class Consciousness , a Marxian attempt to deal with much the same problem. Yet the relationship between the two works and the two authors themselves is generally overlooked.
P-type ZnS, ZnSe, CdS and CdSe thin films growth by pulsed laser deposition

II–VI compound semiconductors, ZnS, ZnSe, CdS and CdSe, are well known for their important applications on a wide range of optoelectronic devices including light emitting diode and solid state laser operating in the visible spectrum range. The major difficulty of making optical devices by these materials is the fact that it cannot be easily doped to p-type. Actually the extensive efforts to make p-type materials have been continued more than thirty years. Until recently, the ZnS and ZnSe became possible to dope p-type with carrier concentration at the range of 1017–1018 cm−3 so that the efficient blue light laser was produced.1,2 High quality p-type CdS and CdSe thin films still cannot be produced although there are some reports on p-type CdS:Cu amorphous-like thin films.3,4
Cell surface-associated growth inhibitory proteins: Evidence for conservation between mouse and human cell lines

Abstract The ability of the normal human fibroblast line (IMR91) to exhibit density-dependent regulation of growth has been examined. The line exhibits density-dependent regulation of growth; saturation density in 15% fetal bovine serum is 2 × 10 5 cells/cm 2 . Membranes prepared from confluent monolayers of these cells contained growth inhibitory factors to both exponentially growing IMR91 and Swiss 3T3 cells. This factor(s) appears to be similar to a previously described factor found on the surface of Swiss 3T3 cells [14]. The inhibition of DNA synthesis in growing IMR91 cultures by membranes was both time- and concentration-dependent. The effect was reversible by high serum. Specificity experiments utilizing membranes prepared from Swiss 3T3 cells indicated some species specificity for inhibition by membranes, but this specificity was no longer exhibited by solubilized membrane preparations. These results are compatible with the suggestion that both the growth inhibitory factors and their receptors are conserved through evolution.
On the Relations between Taizhou Dialect and Wu Dialect

How to categorize Taizhou dialect in Wu Dialect has been a problem bewildering dialectologists for 20 years.This paper compares the characteristics of linguistic items in pronunciation,vocabulary,grammar and finds that Taizhou dialect is more similar to the Southern Wu dialect than to the northern Wu Dialect.From a geographical and historical point of view,Taizhou is closer to the south of Zhejiang than to the North of Zhejiang.Taizhou dialect should be an independent part in the Wu Dialect and it would be more justified to classified Taizhou dialect into the South Wu Dialect rather than in the North.
Historical Perspective: Henry H. Bohlman (1937-2010): The Father of Contemporary Spine Surgery

The incredible career of Henry H. Bohlman, MD, spanned over four decades at University Hospitals Case Medical Center. He was an innovator and pioneer, designing several techniques for the management of several spinal pathologies while advocating the anterior approach to the spine. Dr. Bohlman's legacy is preserved in his fellows who have become leaders in spine surgery throughout the world.
Natural Killer Cells in Transplantation:Friends or Foes?

Natural killer (NK) cells, a population of cells representing about 10-15% of the circulating lymphocytes in humans, were first described based on their ability to lyse certain target cells (TC)in vitrousually K562, in an MHC-unrestricted manner and without prior sensitizations2. Moreover, NK cells were described as “null” cells, a non-flattering description referring to an unsophisticated cell, expressing few if any antigen-specific receptors3, a Within the past 5 years, however, our understanding of the potential role played by NK cells in health and disease has literally exploded, and the complex mechanisms used by these cells to regulate the functions of other cells and destroy certain unwanted ones is slowly unraveling. For a number of years, the characterization of NK receptors remained elusive but recent developments have revolutionized our understanding of how NK cells scrutinize a variety of cellsin vivogliding effortlessly around friendly cells, and unleashing their wrath against the enemy, namely virally infected cells, tumor cells, aberrant cells, and null cells.
The Binding Site Barrier Elicited by Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts Interferes Disposition of Nanoparticles in Stroma-Vessel Type Tumors

The binding site barrier (BSB) was originally proposed to describe the binding behavior of antibodies to cells peripheral to blood vessels, preventing their further penetration into the tumors. Yet, it is revisited herein to describe the intratumoral cellular disposition of nanoparticles (NPs). Specifically, the BSB limits NP diffusion and results in unintended internalization of NPs by stroma cells localized near blood vessels. This not only limits the therapeutic outcome but also promotes adverse off-target effects. In the current study, it was shown that tumor-associated fibroblast cells (TAFs) are the major component of the BSB, particularly in tumors with a stroma-vessel architecture where the location of TAFs aligns with blood vessels. Specifically, TAF distance to blood vessels, expression of receptor proteins, and binding affinity affect the intensity of the BSB. The physical barrier elicited by extracellular matrix also prolongs the retention of NPs in the stroma, potentially contributing to the ...
A Multidisciplinary Predictive Model for Managing Critical Infrastructure Disruptions

When communities are subjected to disruptive events, their response structure is composed of two interconnected systems: (i) a formal professional system that includes emergency services and auxiliary services professionals; and (ii) an ad hoc system formed by community members when the professional response is delayed or is inadequate. The community system typically persists until the professional system is able to take over completely. As the role of the community as responder is not well understood, community systems are often underutilized or even discouraged; this reduces the overall response efficacy. Improved understanding of the interplay between these systems could help ensure an effective overall response to disruptions.
Structural Approach to Subset Sum Problems

We discuss results obtained jointly with Van Vu on the length of arithmetic progressions in $$\ell $$l-fold sumsets of the form $$\begin{aligned} \ell \mathcal {A}=\{a_1+\dots +a_\ell ~|~a_i\in \mathcal {A}\} \end{aligned}$$lA={a1+ź+al|aiźA}and $$\begin{aligned} \ell \mathcal {A}=\{a_1+\dots +a_\ell ~|~a_i\in \mathcal {A}\text { all distinct}\}, \end{aligned}$$lA={a1+ź+al|aiźAall distinct},where $$\mathcal {A}$$A is a set of integers. Applications are also discussed.
Youth and Families with Promise: A Multi-Component Youth Development Program

Integrating mentoring into existing youth programs has been suggested as a promising approach to youth development. This article discusses a theoretical rationale underlying the integration of one-on-one mentoring into established youth development programs. From an ecological perspective, the addition of mentoring into traditional programs should theoretically enhance the youth development experience. Mentoring, in addition to programs like 4-H, enriches the context in which developing youth are supported and encouraged by non-parental adults to develop competencies, to take on leadership responsibilities, and to integrate into positive peer groups (i.e., 4-H clubs). A multi-component program that involves at-risk youth in both mentoring and 4-H activities is highlighted. Results from at-risk youth and their parents indicate that Utah’s 4-H/ Mentoring: Youth and Families with Promise program strengthens the protective factors of academic achievement, social competence, and family bonds.
1996 Conservation Behavior

Conservation behavior is the use of results from studies of animal behavior in making decisions about conservation strategies.
European trade policy in interesting times

AbstractThis article draws out the implications of the other contributions to this special issue and reflects on their implications for the development of the European Union’s trade policy. It makes three main arguments. First, intense popular opposition to (some) trade agreements has disrupted the EU’s efforts to manage the tensions among the objectives of policy-making efficiency, policy effectiveness and political legitimacy. Second, public opposition to trade agreements is profoundly shaped by how the threat from trade has been framed. Third, the politics of different free trade agreements are even more interconnected than has been previously acknowledged. Taken together these arguments mean that EU trade policy is being made in particularly ‘interesting times’ and is, therefore, especially challenging.
Study of sub-pixel position resolution with time-correlated transient signals in 3D pixelated CdZnTe detectors with varying pixel sizes

Abstract We evaluated the sub-pixel position resolution achievable in large-volume CdZnTe pixelated detectors with conventional pixel patterns and for several different pixel sizes: 2.8 mm, 1.72 mm, 1.4 mm and 0.8 mm. Achieving position resolution below the physical dimensions of pixels (sub-pixel resolution) is a practical path for making high-granularity position-sensitive detectors, μ m, using a limited number of pixels dictated by the mechanical constraints and multi-channel readout electronics. High position sensitivity is important for improving the imaging capability of CZT gamma cameras. It also allows for making more accurate corrections of response non-uniformities caused by crystal defects , thus enabling use of standard-grade (unselected) and less expensive CZT crystals for producing large-volume position-sensitive CZT detectors feasible for many practical applications. We analyzed the digitized charge signals from a representative 9 pixels and the cathode, generated using a pulsed-laser light beam focused down to 10 μ m (650 nm) to scan over a selected 3 × 3 pixel area. We applied our digital pulse processing technique to the time-correlated signals captured from adjacent pixels to achieve and evaluate the capability for sub-pixel position resolution. As an example, we also demonstrated an application of 3D corrections to improve the energy resolution and positional information of the events for the tested detectors.
Living Lesbian Lands and Women-Led Experiential Living: Outdoor Learning Environments for Gaian Flourishing

This chapter synthesizes and makes meaning of descriptive research findings regarding lesbian and women’s lands and women-led projects as ecofeminist sustainability learning centres through living in outdoor learning environments. Through treks, ceremonies, land-based sustainable living experiments, small-scale farming, permacultural householding, collective creative ventures, and feminist culture genesis, women’s lands and women-led adventures incubated effective, local, small-scale learning alternatives to industrial domination education. Women-led outdoor experiential learning environments offered open spaces for slowing and presence that affirm sufficiency, emergence-from-within, strengths-based skills, opportunities, and sanctuary-towards. Grounded in compassion and an ecofeminist ethic of care, these outdoor experiences nurtured creativity within and amongst learners and the land. They catalysed regenerative ripples and generative webs and networks of Gaian flourishing that further nurture and liberate other educational and cultural contexts. Decolonizing perspectives can further strengthen the offerings.
A Staged Framework for the Recovery and Rehabilitation of Troubled is Development Projects

Many information system development projects are delivered significantly behind schedule, drastically over budget and do not adequately meet customer specifications. These projects are generally in...
Transforming between propositions and features: bridging the gap

It is notoriously difficult to simultaneously deal with both probabilistic and structural representations in A.I., particularly because probability necessitates a uniform representation of the training examples. In this paper, we show how to build fully-specified probabilistic models from arbitrary propositional case descriptions about terrorist activities. Our method facilitates both reasoning and learning. Our solution is to use structural analogy to build probabilistic generalizations about those cases. We use these generalizations as a framework for mapping the structural representations, which are well-suited for reasoning, into features, which are well-suited for learning, and back again. Finally, we demonstrate how probabilistic generalizations are an excellent bridge for joining reasoning and learning by using them to perform a traditional machine learning technique, Bayesian network modeling, over arbitrarily high order structural data about terrorist actions, and further, we discuss how this might be used to facilitate automatic knowledge acquisition.
The Historical Development of the Principle of Free and Informed Consent

In medical ethics there are two basic contexts in which one commonly speaks of informed consent: the first is the context of treatment, while the second is that of research. Informed consent in both these contexts demonstrates no essential dissimilarities, yet it differs in regard to its “original recognition, evolution and development” as well as its “means of enforcement” (Nelson-Marten and Rich 1999, 82). Indeed, “despite apparent similarities … informed consent in the research setting has evolved quite separately from informed consent to treatment.” The latter “is largely a creature of case law, with some subsequent statutory modifications” whereas the former “has been shaped by professional codes, statutes, and administrative regulations with the courts playing a less important role” (Berg et al. 2001, 249; see also Beauchamp and Faden 2004, 1274).
THE ROLE OF NERVES IN ACCESSORY LIMB DEVELOPMENT

Accessory limbs are a type of ectopic supernumerary growth that may develop after trauma in urodeles. In the experiments described here, the removal of a patch of skin plus the reflection of a large nerve constituted the trauma that induced high proportion of growths in young axolotls. The regenerating axons of the reflected nerve supplied the necessary neurotrophic factor, and the Schwann cells of the same nerve may supply the mitotic cells for blastema formation.
MRI of the Fetal Body

This chapter discusses the performance and interpretation of MRI studies of the fetal body (MRI of fetal neurological abnormalities is discussed separately in the neuroradiology sections of this text). The aim of this chapter is to allow the reader to recognize normal and abnormal MRI findings in the fetal body, and to understand the current indications for such studies. It should be noted that MRI of the fetal body is a less mature application than MRI of fetal neurological abnormalities is, and that the indications remain relatively anecdotal or based on small case series. Despite this, the management impact with respect to parental counseling and discussion of treatment options can be substantial. Accordingly, such cases can be both clinically challenging and clinically rewarding as far as the role of the radiologist may be of critical importance in pregnancy outcome.
From Heineken with Love: James Bond Product Promotion

The producers of the newest James Bond film, Spectre, had a difficult sponsorship decision to make before filming of the movie began in one month. Up for consideration was a highly lucrative product promotion with Heineken, which offered both a sizable contribution to the film as well as a high-budget advertising campaign. The studio was looking for any way it could to reduce the cost of the film (which was nearing $250 million), but the producers were concerned about the negative backlash they had unwittingly unleashed when they'd shown Bond drinking a Heineken in Skyfall, as opposed to his usual vodka martini. How should the producers approach the Heineken deal? How could they assess the benefits and risks of associating Bond with a Dutch beer? This potential tension between brand cultures allows for a rich discussion. Furthermore, the case introduces the concept of "cool" and challenges the students to dive deeper into understanding its four dimensions to answer questions such as "What makes James Bond cool?" "Can James Bond be uncool?" and "How can the brand sustain its coolness in partnership with potentially conflicting brands?"This case is appropriate for use both in a first-year marketing course as well as a higher-level elective with MBAs and executives. This case would be most impactful if taught along with the technical note "A General Theory of Coolness" (UVA-M-0953), as the framework therein could be applied to expand the current discussion. Excerpt UVA-M-0952 Rev. Dec. 6, 2017 From Heineken with Love: James Bond Product Promotion The producers of the newest James Bond film, Spectre, had a difficult decision to make before filming began in one month. Expectations for the follow-up to Skyfall, the most successful Bond film ever at the box office, were incredibly high among fans and the film industry. Spectre would have to be bigger and better, with a larger budget as well. While Bond was a fan favorite, not every Bond movie had done well in the theaters, and Spectre's budget of around $ 250million made it hugely expensive and potentially risky. The studio was looking for any way it could to reduce the cost of the film without sacrificing the audience experience. Up for consideration was a highly lucrative product promotion. Heineken was hoping to continue its long-running sponsorship of the series. In return for featuring its beer in Spectre, it was willing to make a sizeable contribution to the film. It would also pledge to spend $ 100million to cross-promote its beer and the movie with a flashy advertising campaign. Nevertheless, the producers were concerned about the negative backlash they had unwittingly unleashed when they'd shown Bond drinking a Heineken in Skyfall, as opposed to his usual vodka martini. How should the producers approach the Heineken deal? How could they assess the benefits and risks of associating Bond with a Dutch beer? . . .
Gait Dysfunction in Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome.

BACKGROUND Motoric cognitive risk (MCR) syndrome is a cognitive-motor syndrome associated with increased risk of transition to dementia. The clinical phenotype of MCR is not yet established. OBJECTIVE To systematically assess clinical gait abnormalities in older adults with MCR. METHODS Of the 522 community-dwelling non-demented adults aged 65 and older enrolled in the Central Control of Mobility in Aging study, 43 were diagnosed with MCR (47% women) based on presence of cognitive complaints and slow gait velocity (MCRv). Four additional subtypes of MCR were defined by substituting slow gait with short stride length (MCRsl, n = 41), slow swing time (MCRsw, n = 21), high stride length variability (MCRslv, n = 24), and high swing time variability (MCRswv, n = 25). The prevalence of clinical gait abnormalities (neurological or non-neurological) in MCR overall (n = 81) and subtypes was studied. We also examined if gait abnormalities predicted further cognitive and functional decline in MCR cases. RESULTS Most clinical gait abnormalities were mild (walked without assistance) in the five MCR subtypes (44 to 61%). Neurological (range 24 to 46%) and non-neurological gait abnormalities (33 to 61%) were common in all MCR subtypes. Neurological gaits were most frequent in MCRsl (46%) and non-neurological gaits in MCRv (61%). Over a median 3.02 years of follow-up, presence of gait abnormality in MCR cases at baseline predicted worsening disability scores (estimate 0.17, p-value = 0.033) but not decline on cognitive scores (p-value = 0.056). CONCLUSION Clinical gait abnormalities are common in MCR syndrome and its subtypes, and are associated with accelerated functional decline.
Selective acculturation among low-income second-generation West Africans

Prior research on the acculturation processes of the children of Black immigrants has focused on adult children from middle-class backgrounds. This raises questions about the experiences of adolesc...
BeamSniff: Enabling Seamless Communication under Mobility and Blockage in 60 GHz Networks

Recently, millimeter-wave (mmWave) is augmenting popularity in wireless communications since it provides multi-Gbps throughput by exploiting the broad unlicensed 60 GHz spectrum. Highly directional adaptive beamforming antennas are inherently employed in 60GHz to counteract the severe propagation and penetration losses experienced in this spectrum. Compared to traditional omnidirectional antennas, beamforming introduces critical challenges in medium access control, especially in link establishment and maintenance. In particular, node mobility and object blockage become crucial, which necessitates frequent beam steering to re-establish links. The state-of-the-art protocols fail to jointly address both the mobility and blockage challenges. Their approaches trigger exhaustive beam search to pair antenna sectors on every link failure which produces an excessive delay that conceivably disrupts communication and lowers the quality-of-service(QoS). In this paper, we propose BeamSniff, a novel protocol that resolves the mobility and blockage issues jointly while sustaining a seamless communication. Upon link failure, it intelligently estimates the possible cause of link failure and instantly foresees plausible paths to recover the broken link, thereby eliminating the frequent exhaustive beam search which results in reducing the overhead for link maintenance. BeamSniff is assessed extensively in our custom-built 60GHz system platform with a ray-tracing based simulator under various indoor environments. The evaluation manifests the efficiency of the protocol in sustaining seamless communication along with multi-fold throughput gain compared to state-of-the-art protocols. We observe up to 14× throughput increase in typical scenarios involving motion and blockage.
Taking causing out of Bennett's Making Things Up

ABSTRACTIn Making Things Up, Bennett defends the intriguing idea that causation should be included among the building (grounding) relations. I critique Bennett’s arguments for inclusion, and claim ...
Comparison of Locked Plating of Varus Displaced Proximal Humeral Fractures With and Without Fibula Allograft Augmentation.

Objective To compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes between patients treated with fibula allograft-augmented locking compression fixation and patients treated with locking compression fixation alone for 2- and 3-part proximal humeral fractures with varus displacement. Design Retrospective review. Setting Level 1 trauma center. Patients/participants One hundred two patients treated with locking plate fixation ± fibular allograft augmentation confirmed intraoperatively by visual inspection to have varus-angulated, 2- and 3-part proximal humerus fractures with at least 45 degrees of varus angulation at the neck/shaft and at least 1 cm of displacement. Intervention Proximal humerus locking plate (PHILOS; Synthes, Paoli, PA) with or without fibula allograft augmentation. Main outcome measurements Statistical analysis to determine the differences between fractures treated with locking compression fixation ± fibula allograft augmentation regarding complications, shoulder reported outcome measures, and patient ROMs (Visual Analog Score (VAS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand, and Simple Shoulder Test scores). Medical comorbidities as potential risk factors for complication from surgery were also evaluated. Results Of 102 surgical cases, 27 were augmented with fibula allograft and 75 were not. Postoperatively, there were 16 noncatastrophic varus collapses of the fracture, 6 catastrophic varus collapses, and 5 deaths. Addition of fibula allograft did not significantly affect postoperative varus collapse, shoulder ROM, pain, or PROMs. Conclusion Addition of fibula allograft to patients sustaining varus-angulated, 2- and 3-part proximal humeral fractures conferred no benefit to patient outcomes at our institution. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Risk factors for repeat hernia repair in women of childbearing age.

Herniorrhaphy is a source of substantial cost and morbidity. Although women are a substantial proportion of patients seeking repair, gender-specific data, including the influence of childbirth on hernia recurrence, are lacking. Our objective was to estimate the rate and identify risk factors for repeat herniorrhaphy in reproductive-aged women. Retrospective cohort study of women who underwent herniorrhaphy during June 2000–December 2014 in the United States. Women aged 18–50 who underwent umbilical, incisional/ventral, or inguinal/femoral herniorrhaphy in the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters database were included. Women without a hernia diagnosis or multiple/concurrent index herniorrhaphy types were excluded. Primary outcome of interest was second herniorrhaphy. Of 123,674 women, 13% had a second herniorrhaphy within 10 years; increasing age, comorbidities, childbirth, smoking, obesity, and inpatient procedure were independently associated with increased risk. Cesarean delivery before umbilical herniorrhaphy (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.34, 1.92) and both vaginal (HR 2.57, 95% CI 1.98, 3.34) and cesarean delivery (HR 2.95, 95% CI 2.25, 3.87) after umbilical herniorrhaphy were associated with increased risk of second herniorrhaphy. Both vaginal (HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.13, 2.43) and cesarean delivery (HR 2.72, 95% CI 2.09, 3.53) after incisional/ventral herniorrhaphy and vaginal delivery after inguinal/femoral herniorrhaphy (HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.22, 2.51) were associated with increased risk of second herniorrhaphy. Among reproductive-aged women, childbirth, increasing age, comorbidities, smoking, and obesity increase risk of subsequent herniorrhaphy. Risk of second herniorrhaphy is higher with cesarean delivery compared to vaginal delivery, and higher for delivery occurring after initial hernia repair compared to before.
The influence of social media on acne treatment: A cross-sectional survey

Background/objectives Social media use has been suggested to worsen psychiatric health among adolescents, especially those with visible skin lesions including acne. However, little is known about social media's impact on acne treatment. The purpose of the study sought to characterize the influence of social media use on acne treatment. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of West Virginia University ambulatory patients whose chief complaint was acne was conducted. The survey collected sociodemographics and queried whether individuals accessed social media for acne treatment advice or not, whether changes to acne care were made based on social media, and whether these changes aligned with the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) clinical guidelines for acne management. Results Of 130 respondents, 45% consulted social media for acne treatment advice (54% of women vs 31% of men). 41% of adolescents and 51% of adults consulted social media. The most used platforms were YouTube and Instagram (58% each). Social media users often tried an OTC treatment (81%) or dietary modification (40%). However, only 31% of participants consulting social media made changes fully aligned with AAD clinical guidelines. Conclusions Social media-influenced acne treatment advice is prevalent, especially among women, adolescents, and young adults. This treatment advice frequently does not align with AAD guidelines, with notably 40% of respondents choosing dietary modification for acne management. These results suggest that dermatologists should inquire about social media acne treatment advice and directly address misinformation.
Comparison of testers used to evaluate unadapted maize populations

Evaluation of the many unadapted maize (Zea mays L.) accessions in the world's gene banks is a monumental task. Testcrossing accessions to a tester or series of testers has been proposed as a procedure for evaluating them for quantitative traits, such as grain yield. The objec­ tive of this study was to compare eight testers and accessio'ns per se for evaluating unadapted maize accessions as sources of favorable genes for enhancing grain yield and other traits. Testers included the populations BS13 and BS26, the single crosses B14xB37 and Oh43xMol7, and the inbreds B37, B14, Oh43, and Mol7. The germplasm populations (PICs) were a di­ verse array of 34 accessions collected from Yugoslavia. The 272 testcrosses from crossing 34 PICs by eight testers and the 34 PICs per se were evaluated in a series of randomized complete block designs with each block containing a set of either testcrosses within each tester, or the PICs per se. Field experiments were conducted at three locations in Iowa over three years (1985-1987). Significant variation occurred among testcrosses or PICs within sets for grain yield, grain moisture, root lodging, stalk lodging, days to anthesis, plant height, and ear height. Testcrosses with B14xB37, B14, Oh43, and Mol7 did not interact with environments for grain yield. Testcrosses with BS13 and BS26 had the highest root lodging, and those with B14xB37 and B14 had the lowest stalk lodging. Testers rank the PICs somewhat similarly for grain yield, but extreme differences in ranking by different testers also occurred. The most extreme differences in ranking
Chapter 11 – Quantum Impedance of Electrons

Publisher Summary In the electromagnetic case, the wave nature leads to a wave impedance of free space which is purely real. The wave impedance of waveguides is different, depending on the propagation constants. The characteristic impedance of a waveguide contains further geometrical factors. These three are all different, yet share the same origin, the wave nature of photons. The chapter derives the wave impedances for electrons in free space, in a quantum wire, or in electron quantum waveguide (EQW), for both open and closed systems. This chapter identifies the so-called universal conductance as the input conductance from a contact to a structure, whether a section of a Qwire, a quantum well , or a quantum dot . It explores why experimental data give unity for the transmission. At low temperatures, different modes from different transverse degree of freedoms are truly independent. As soon as mixing of the longitudinal and transverse mode is presented, longitudinal and transverse momenta are mixed, and these equal steps of conductance are smeared.
Facilitating Artificial Intelligence and Block Chain Systems, Partnerships and Technologies: Emerging Global Actors and Players in the Financial Reporting Framework

With ever expanding possibilities for innovative advances and technological breakthroughs, the need for facilitating techniques to ensure that economic and corporate governance measures can match or rather keep up with such pace of development, is becoming more evident. Artificial Intelligence (AI), vertical integration and block chain systems and technologies will have increasing roles to play, particularly in respect of financial reporting. Challenges presented with Artificial Intelligence and Block Chain Systems incorporate the need for greater certainty and tested (and proven) procedures with controls and governance in respect of bionic collaborations between humans and technology. In their publication “Harnessing Innovation to Lead the Bionic Lending Revolution (© 2019 PwC)”, Pollini, Hernandez, Prescher and Shipley highlight the following in respect of the “Bionic Revolution”: “With the onset of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR), consumer lending organizations are facing altogether new questions about the future. The lending environment has already experienced vast change; yet, we are quickly seeing a transition into a marketplace of end-to-end home ownership offerings and financial health ecosystems that are likely to trigger a revolution rather than the next stage of evolution.” As well as illustrating and addressing certain questions and challenges which Artificial Intelligence and Block chain technologies face, possible steps forward, and why Blockchain technology, particularly, still has quite a way to go, this paper highlights how such technologies can play vital roles in respect of their impact on the concept of “internal controls over financial reporting.”
Best Subset Selection: Statistical Computing Meets Quantum Computing.

With the rapid development of quantum computers, quantum algorithms have been studied extensively. However, quantum algorithms tackling statistical problems are still lacking. In this paper, we propose a novel non-oracular quantum adaptive search (QAS) method for the best subset selection problems. QAS performs almost identically to the naive best subset selection method but reduces its computational complexity from $O(D)$ to $O(\sqrt{D}\log_2D)$, where $D=2^p$ is the total number of subsets over $p$ covariates. Unlike existing quantum search algorithms, QAS does not require the oracle information of the true solution state and hence is applicable to various statistical learning problems with random observations. Theoretically, we prove QAS attains any arbitrary success probability $q \in (0.5, 1)$ within $O(\log_2D)$ iterations. When the underlying regression model is linear, we propose a quantum linear prediction method that is faster than its classical counterpart. We further introduce a hybrid quantum-classical strategy to avoid the capacity bottleneck of existing quantum computing systems and boost the success probability of QAS by majority voting. The effectiveness of this strategy is justified by both theoretical analysis and extensive empirical experiments on quantum and classical computers.
Historically underrepresented college students and institutional natural mentors: An ecological analysis of the development of these relationships at predominantly White institutions

Despite studies examining outcomes associated with having a natural mentoring relationship with an institutional agent in a higher education setting, few studies have investigated the formation of these relationships among historically underrepresented college students. Institutional agents refer to any instructor, staff, or administrator on the college campus. This cross-sectional study used an ecological approach to explore the factors associated with natural mentoring relationships between historically underrepresented college students and institutional agents. Participants were 521 college students (75% female, Mage = 20.27) across two predominantly White institutions. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that older age, more positive help-seeking attitudes toward adults, stronger instructor relationships, having an off-campus mentor, and a higher sense of belonging on campus were associated with having an institutional natural mentor. Findings from this study contribute to the growing area of research on mentoring relationships of historically underrepresented college students. Implications are discussed.
Pelvic Lymph Node Anatomy

A good basic understanding of the anatomy and nomenclature of the inguino-pelvic nodal groups is essential for accurate staging of male and female urogenital pelvic neoplasms. Lymph nodes are not only crucial for staging and management but also important factors in prognosticating the disease.
Spatially Resolved Transcriptomic Analysis of Acute Kidney Injury in a Female Murine Model.

Background Single cell sequencing technologies have advanced our understanding of kidney biology and disease but the loss of spatial information in these datasets hinders our interpretation of intercellular communication networks and regional gene expression patterns. New spatial transcriptomic sequencing platforms make it possible to measure the topography of gene expression at genome depth. Methods We optimized and validated a female bilateral ischemia reperfusion injury model. Using the 10X Genomics Visium Spatial Gene Expression solution, we generated spatial maps of gene expression across the injury and repair time course, and applied two open-source computational tools, Giotto and SPOTlight, to increase resolution and measure cell-cell interaction dynamics. Results An ischemia time of 34 minutes in a female murine model resulted in comparable injury to 22 minutes for males. We report a total of 16,856 unique genes mapped across injury and repair time course. Giotto, a computational toolbox for spatial data analysis, enabled increased resolution mapping of genes and cell types. Using a seeded non-negative matrix regression (SPOTlight) to deconvolute the dynamic landscape of cell-cell interactions, we find that injured proximal tubule cells are characterized by increasing macrophage and lymphocyte interactions even at 6 weeks after injury, potentially reflecting the AKI to CKD transition. Conclusions In this transcriptomic atlas, we defined region-specific and injury-induced loss of differentiation markers and their re-expression during repair, as well as region-specific injury and repair transcriptional responses. Lastly, we created a data visualization web application for the scientific community to explore these results (http://humphreyslab.com/SingleCell/; login: humphreyslab_visium password: irivisium).
Respiratory syncytial virus infection triggers HMGB1 release from lung epithelial cells to promote inflammatory cytokine production (CAM1P.152)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. Oxidative stress is shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of lung inflammation. We have shown that RSV induces oxidative stress by rapid generation of reactive oxygen species and downregulation of antioxidant enzyme expression resulting in lung inflammation. High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a redox-sensitive multifunction protein that serves as both a chromatin protein and an extracellular signaling molecule. Although HMGB1 has been implicated in inflammatory diseases, there has been no report on its role in RSV related lung disease. The goal of this study is to dissect the mechanisms that induce the release of HMGB1 and associated cellular signaling in response to RSV infection. Human lung epithelial cells were infected with RSV and harvested over time to analyze HMGB1 expression by Western blot, immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. Our studies show for the first time that RSV infection induces the translocation of HMGB1 from cell nuclei to the cytoplasm and its subsequent release to the extracellular space demonstrating a novel mechanism of HMGB1 in the activation of cells to promote inflammatory cytokine release. Understanding of HMGB1 role in the setting of viral-induced oxidative stress may lead to the development of novel strategies to treat respiratory viral infections in pediatric and elderly population.