cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeting Melanoma with Small Molecules: Inhibitors of the Calcium-Binding Protein S100B

Long used as a prognostic indicator, the calcium binding protein, S100B, has been directly linked to Malignant Melanoma (MM). S100B binds the typically wild-type p53 tumor suppressor in MM and promotes its degradation. In order to restore p53 levels within MM along with its tumor suppressor and apoptotic activities, we have implemented a program for the discovery and optimization of S100B inhibitors (often referred to as SBiXs). In the process, we have uncovered and probed the three persistent binding sites within S100B. Liganding within these sites was characterized using structural biology techniques (NMR and X-ray crystallography) and inhibitor efficacy was evaluated using Fluorescent Polarization Competition Assays and cellular assays. Efforts to discover/synthesize and/or to improve existing inhibitors of S100B to restore p53 activity in human malignant melanoma are ongoing and SBiXs occupying the persistent binding Sites 1, 2, and 3 simultaneously are desired. Such compounds can then be examined for in vivo efficacy. The compounds presented offer potential bridging scaffolds between Sites 1, 2, and 3; and will act as the basis for the design of improved SBiXs. SBiXs may also have therapeutic value for treating other cancers with elevated S100B and wt p53 such as astrocytoma, renal tumors, and some forms of leukemia.
Self-complexed deep cavitands: alkyl chains coil into a nearby cavity.

A series of self-complexing tetrabenzimidazole cavitands have been synthesized. Alkyl chains appended to the rim helically coil into the cavity in competitive organic solvents. These “flexible arms” exchange with each other, a process shown by 2D NMR to proceed via an intermediate solvent-containing species.
Channel simulation and development of signal processing techniques for a scanner-based optical storage system

A scanner-based storage system employs a head mounted on a scanner which oscillates over the moving media. The head moves in an approximately sinusoidal path relative to the media at a high frequency, time-multiplexing the read/write signals of several tracks. The resulting multi-channel readback can yield higher data rates over a conventional system with a head that moves linearly relative to the media. Scanner-based storage systems are not commercially available at present. We are envisioning a system that uses an opto-electronic scanner, developed at CMU, in which the deflection of a laser beam is controlled by an input voltage. Since no mechanical motion is involved, this scanner has a high bandwidth which makes it well suited to our application.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Image-intensifier-based volume tomographic angiography imager: preliminary results

A GE 8800 CT system has been modified into a prototype of a volume tomographic angiography imager. The system consists of an x-ray tube and an image intensifier coupled to a TV camera. The source and detector can be rotated over 360 degrees. To explore the imaging performance of the system for reconstructing a three-dimensional (3-D) vascular structure, a set of nonsubtraction projections of a vascular phantom, acquired over 25 projection angles, were digitized. These data were reconstructed using an iterative algorithm specially designed for 3-D vascular structures. The results indicate that the system can offer adequate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for direct 3-D vascular reconstruction when only a few projections are used without subtraction procedure, assuming intra-arterial injection of contrast.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Deterrence failure revisited: The Indo‐Pakistani war of 1965

(1990). Deterrence failure revisited: The Indo‐Pakistani war of 1965. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 77-93.
Measuring Relatedness between Inbred Individuals

Genetic relatedness between individuals is an important measure in many areas of biology. However, some relatedness measures for use with molecular (allele) data assume that the individuals themselves are not inbred. Here, we present a new measure of relatedness based on the different modes of identity-by-descent for alleles that has an upper bound of 1 even when the individuals being compared are themselves inbred. This new measure is compared to several other measures of relatedness using several simple examples and pedigree data from the wolf population in Isle Royale National Park.
The tritium rate effect in tyrosinase-catalyzed hydroxylation.

Abstract A small tritium rate effect was found in the tyrosinase-catalyzed hydroxylation of 3,4-dimethylphenol. A rate effect is in agreement with current theories of aromatic electrophilic substitution. The small size of the effect indicates that the proton does not ionize off but is being pulled off by the enzyme.
Application of Thermistor to Measurement of Subcutaneous Temperatures During Hydrothermal Injury in the Rat.

SummaryA simple and sensitive thermoelectric device for the measurement of temperature has been described which incorporates the thermistor as the temperature-sensing element. As a needle-type thermometer, this apparatus has been used extensively in our laboratory to obtain continuous recordings of abdominal subcutaneous temperatures attained during the production of hydrothermal burns in rats. On the basis of the many advantages inherent in this apparatus, its further utilization for temperature measurements in biological studies is advocated.
Prediction of macrofracture properties using microfracture information, Mesaverde Group sandstones, San Juan basin, New Mexico

Abstract A better understanding of relationships between microfractures and macrofractures is prerequisite to the extrapolation of observed microfracture properties as a basis for inferring properties of associated macrofractures. The hypothesis that micro- and macrofractures represent different size fractions of the same fracture sets, and consequently have linked attributes, was tested on sandstones of the Mesaverde Group, San Juan basin, New Mexico. The use of a cathodoluminescence detector attached to a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) allowed observation of microfractures not readily visible using conventional microscopic techniques. The orientations of microfractures reproduce the orientations recorded at the macroscopic scale from cores and outcrops. Fracture size distributions are best modeled using power laws, and extrapolation of microfracture frequencies to the scale of macrofractures successfully predicts the macrofracture frequencies. Fracture-size distributions change at the length scale of the thickness of the mechanical layer, typically by increasing the exponent of their power-law distribution. This change is independent of censoring biases and reflects changes in sampling topology and/or fracture growth mechanisms.
Structure and tensile properties of Nanoclay–Polypropylene fibers produced by melt spinning

Nanocomposite fibers of polypropylene and montmorillonite-based organoclay were produced by a melt-spinning process, and their structures and mechanical properties were studied. The addition of nanoclay in polypropylene increased the rate of crystallization and altered the microstructures of the fibers. Increases in the crystal size and a reduction in the molecular orientation were observed in the nanoclay–polypropylene composite fibers. The tensile properties of nanoclay composite fibers were also studied, and decreases in the fiber modulus and tenacity and increases in the strain at break were observed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Transcontinental methane measurements: Part 1. A mobile surface platform for source investigations

Abstract The potent greenhouse gas, methane, CH4, originates from a wide range of anthropogenic and natural sources. A ground-based, satellite-scale, transcontinental (Florida to California) survey was conducted to understand better emissions from key sources including wetlands, forest fire, and geologic sources, as well as to acquire desert background values and lower atmosphere vertical profiling in the San Bernardino Mountains. A total of 6600 measurements along 7020 km of roadways were made by flame ion detection, gas chromatography (GC) onboard a recreational vehicle in 2010, and during a second survey with a cavity ring-down spectrometer system in Southern California in 2012. Significant vibration reduction efforts allowed near continuous mobile GC measurements. Nocturnal CH4 measurements tended to be higher compared to daytime values, sometime significantly, for similar sources and were concluded due to day/night meteorological differences. The lowest GC observations were 1.80 ppm, observed in the California desert, ∼60 ppb less than minimum desert CH4 observed in 2012. Thanks to smoke visualization of a brush fire plume, the flux from the fire was estimated at 0.15 kiloton day−1. Geologic CH4 emissions from the La Brea tar pit and surrounding areas were surprisingly strong, with peak concentrations of nearly 50 ppm and highly elevated CH4 concentrations extending over at least ∼100 km2, and accounting potentially for a significant fraction of the LA basin CH4 emissions. Geologic CO2 emissions also were observed.
A murine model of laparoscopic-assisted intervention

Background: In order to better investigate the effects of laparoscopic surgery, it is necessary to establish reliable, reproducible, and economical animal models of laparoscopic intervention. Here we describe a mouse model of laparoscopic-assisted colon resection. Methods: After successful induction of anesthesia the mouse is placed in Trendelenburg position and the peritoneal cavity is insufflated with carbon dioxide gas through an angiocatheter placed in the right upper quadrant. A 4-mm rigid scope with camera attachment is then inserted through a midline port created just caudal to the xiphoid. A second port is then created in the right lower quadrant to allow introduction of laparoscopic forceps into the peritoneal cavity. The cecum, which extends 1.5 cm beyond the ileocecal valve, is grasped with forceps and exteriorized through the operative port. Extracorporeally, the cecum is ligated and resected before the cecal stump is returned to the peritoneal cavity. The abdominal wall defects are then stapled closed. Results: This simple model can be mastered by individuals with very limited surgical experience. This laparoscopic model has been used successfully in our laboratory in a number of experiments with an intraoperative complication rate of 3.2% (3/94), which was similar to the open surgery group rate of 2.1% (2/95, p= 0.99 by chi square). We observed no postoperative leaks in either group. The only postoperative death occurred in the open resection group due to dehiscence of the laparotomy wound. Conclusions: We propose that this model may be useful for comparing the effects of open to laparoscopic surgery.
Effects of age on circadian rhythms are similar in wild-type and heterozygous Clock mutant mice

The amplitudes of many circadian rhythms, at the behavioral, physiological, cellular, and biochemical levels, decrease with advanced age. Previous studies suggest that the amplitude of the central circadian pacemaker is decreased in old animals. Recently, it has been reported that expression of several circadian clock genes, including Clock, is lower in the master circadian pacemaker of old rodents. To test the hypothesis that decreased activity of a circadian clock gene renders animals more susceptible to the effects of aging, we analyzed the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in young and old wild-type and heterozygous Clock mutant mice. We found that the effects of age and the Clock mutation were additive. These results indicate that age-related changes in circadian rhythmicity occur equally in wild-type and heterozygous Clock mutants, suggesting that the Clock mutation does not render mice more susceptible to the effects of age on the circadian pacemaker.
Scheme and scale dependences of leading electroweak corrections

The scheme and scale dependences of leading Mt-dependent contributions to Δg9, Δr and τ, which arise because of the truncation of the perturbative series, are investigated by comparing expressions in the on-shell and MS schemes of renormalization, and studying their scale variations. Starting from the conventional on-shell formulae, we find rather large scheme and scale dependences. We then propose a simple, physically motivated modification of the conventional expressions and show that it leads to a sharp reduction in the scheme and scale dependences. Implications for electroweak physics are discussed.
A generaliztion of an inequality of Stepanov

Abstract Let Γ n ( p ) denote a random graph with n vertices in which any two vertices, independently of the others, are connected by an edge with probability p = 1 − q where 0 ≤ q ≤ 1. Denote by Q n ( q ) the probability that Γ n ( p ) is connected. In 1970 V. E. Stepanov proved that Q n ( q ) ≤ (1− q n ) n −1 for n ≥ 1. In this paper a simple proof is given for a general inequality related to the connectedness of Γ n ( p ) which contains Stepanov's inequality as a particular case.
A Molecular Theory of General Anesthesia: Anesthesia is attributed to the formation in the brain of minute hydrate crystals of the clathrate type

During the last twenty years much progress has been made in the determination of the molecular structure of living organisms and the understanding of biological phenomena in terms of the structure of molecules and their interaction with one another. The progress that has been made. in the field of molecular biology during this period has related in the main to somatic and genetic aspects of physiology, rather than to psychic. We may now have reached the time when a successful molecular attack on psychobiology, including the nature of encephalonic mechanisms, consciousness, memory, narcosis, sedation, and similar phenomena, can be initiated. As one of the steps in this attack I have formulated a rather detailed theory of general anesthesia, which is described in the following paragraphs (1).
Human pituitary interstitial cell stimulating hormone: Primary structure of the α subunit

Abstract The primary structure of the α subunit of human ICSH has been deduced from amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides and the compositions of cyanogen bromide fragments as well as the known structure of ovine ICSH-α. The proposed structure is shown in Figure 1. It consists of 89 amino acids with the single isoleucine residue in position 22, and the three methionine residues in positions 26, 44 and 68.
Incentives for cooperative relaying in a simple information-theoretic model

Various cooperative communication schemes have been proposed as a means to increase the capacity of wireless networks. All such schemes assume that users in the network will cooperate perfectly. However, in a decentralized network this assumption is far from true. Users are selfish and care only about their own rates. They can strategically deviate from their agreed role in such cooperative communication schemes leading to a possible degradation for all. In this paper, we study the incentives for cooperative relaying in a simple model, namely the generalized Gaussian relay channel model (or MAC-GF). We characterize all the Nash equilibrium rates and compare it with the Pareto-optimal rates of the generalized Gaussian relay channel model. granted.
Optimization of Fiber Coatings to Minimize Stress Concentrations in Composite Materials

In this article we utilize a concentric cylinder model to analyze the stress state in a continuously reinforced coated fiber composite subjected to transverse loading. We incorporate this analysis ...
Diode Pumped Er:LiYF 4 Cw Laser At 2.8 µm With 10% Slope Efficiency

Highly efficient diode pumped solid state lasers at room temperature operating near the peak of the water absorption near 3 μm have many potential medical applications.' An excellent candidate for this type of laser is the 2.8 μm 4 I 11/2 → 4 I 13/2 laser Er:LiYF 4 (YLF). Laser diode pumping of an 8% Er:YLF sample producing continuous-wave laser emission at 2.8 μm was previously reported with a 0.7% slope efficiency and an absorbed power threshold of 60 mW. 2 In our current work we demonstrate a greatly reduced threshold for CW laser emission, 20 mW, and more than an order of magnitude increase in slope efficiency, 10%, in a 30% Er:YLF sample.
Foundations for object-oriented query processing

Abstract A minimal framework for an object-oriented query language standard should (1) include a formal definition of a high-level data model and the syntax and semantics of associated query languages, (2) provide the functionality of relational query languages, and (3) support proofs of correctness of transformations for logical query optimization. In this paper, a high-level conceptual model for object-oriented query processing is discussed; the model includes widely-used structural abstractions such as the isa relationship, associations (properties) between complex objects and complex objects/values, and inheritance of properties. A formal, algebraic query language for the model, inspired by relational algebra, is presented. Operators of the algebra allow queries based on values, queries that manipulate entire objects, and queries that construct new objects from existing objects/values. All queries retain connections to existing database objects, providing logical access paths to data. Each query result is a class, so the algebra has the closure property. The intensional and extensional results of query operators are summarized. Two forms of logical query optimization supported by the query algebra are outlined: algebraic transformations and classifier-based optimizations (optimizations which employ inclusion and exclusion dependencies between classes).
Combined participation of hydroxylase active site residues and effector protein binding in a para to ortho modulation of toluene 4-monooxygenase regiospecificity.

Toluene 4-monooxygenase (T4MO) is a diiron hydroxylase that exhibits high regiospecificity for para hydroxylation. This fidelity provides the basis for an assessment of the interplay between active site residues and protein complex formation in producing an essential biological outcome. The function of the T4MO catalytic complex (hydroxylase, T4moH, and effector protein T4moD) is evaluated with respect to effector protein concentration, the presence of T4MO electron-transfer components (Rieske ferredoxin, T4moC, and NADH oxidoreductase), and use of mutated T4moH isoforms with different hydroxylation regiospecificities. Steady-state kinetic analyses indicate that T4moC and T4moD form complexes of similar affinity with T4moH. At low T4moD concentrations, the steady-state hydroxylation rate is linearly dependent on T4moD−T4moH complex formation, whereas regiospecificity and the coupling efficiency between NADH consumption and hydroxylation are associated with intrinsic properties of the T4moD−T4moH complex. ...
Strongly Dipolar Polythiourea and Polyurea Dielectrics with High Electrical Breakdown, Low Loss, and High Electrical Energy Density

Dielectric materials with high electric energy density and low loss are of great importance for applications in modern electronics and electrical systems. Strongly dipolar materials have the potential to reach relatively higher dielectric constants than the widely used non-polar or weakly dipolar polymers, as well as a much lower loss than that of nonlinear high K polymer dielectrics or polymer–ceramic composites. To realize the high energy density while maintaining the low dielectric loss, aromatic polythioureas and polyureas with high dipole moments, high dipole densities, tunable molecular structures and dielectric properties were investigated. High energy density (>24 J/cm3), high breakdown strength (>800 MV/m), and high charge–discharge efficiency (>90%) can be achieved in the new polymers. The molecular structure and film surface morphology were also studied; it is of great importance to optimize the fabrication process to make high-quality thin films.
Automatic vehicle monitoring as applied in the mining industry

The technology necessary to locate a vehicle has been available for several years, although there have been very few systems that are really cost-efficient. This paper presents an enhanced AVM system specifically designed to improve productivity in open pit mining. The system includes a vehicle location sub-system that tracks the heavy haulage trucks that move ore from shovel to crusher, and gathers additional information from on-board sensors on the trucks and other devices. This information is processed in a real-time computer that manipulates the system via direct commands to the vehicles. The result is an automatic system that responds to changing demands in real time, to directly maximize operating effectivness of the mine.
Role of meprin A in renal tubular epithelial cell injury.

Meprins are zinc-dependent metalloproteinases that are highly expressed in the brush-border membranes of both the kidney and the intestines. Meprins are capable of proteolytically degrading extracellular matrix proteins, proteolytically processing bioactive proteins, and play a role in inflammatory processes. In this study, the function of meprin A in the acute kidney injury (AKI) model of cisplatin nephrotoxicity was examined. Normal linear localization of meprin A in the brush border membranes of proximal tubules was altered in AKI. The meprin A α- subunit was detected in the urine of both control and cisplatin-treated mice. A cleaved product of the meprin A β- subunit, undetected in the urine of control mice, was found to be significantly increased in the urine during the progression of cisplatin nephrotoxicity. The excretion of this β -fragment was found to be before the rise in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) suggesting usefulness as a biomarker for AKI. Pretreatment of mice with a meprin A inhibitor afforded protection from cisplatin nephrotoxicity as reflected by significant decreases in serum creatinine, BUN, and the excretion of kidney injury molecule-1. These decreases in serum and urine biomarkers were accompanied by significant decreases in histologic markers such as leukocyte infiltration and apoptosis. Meprin A appears to be an important therapeutic target and urinary excretion appears to be a potential biomarker of AKI.
Association phenomena. II. Theories of chain molecules and their application to hydrogen bonding in gaseous hydrogen fluoride

Abstract 1. 1. A theory of association with certain limiting assumptions is derived which gives the distribution spectra by number and weight and the average molecular weight of the substance once the equilibrium constant is known. 2. 2. This theory is compared with that of Blatz and Tobolsky and both theories are applied to data on the average molecular weight of gaseous hydrogen fluoride, the ΔH and Kp values being calculated by both theories.
Cytoplasmic dynein functions as a gear in response to load

Cytoskeletal molecular motors belonging to the kinesin and dynein families transport cargos (for example, messenger RNA, endosomes, virus) on polymerized linear structures called microtubules in the cell1. These ‘nanomachines’ use energy obtained from ATP hydrolysis to generate force2, and move in a step-like manner on microtubules. Dynein3,4,5 has a complex and fundamentally different structure from other motor families. Thus, understanding dynein's force generation can yield new insight into the architecture and function of nanomachines. Here, we use an optical trap6 to quantify motion of polystyrene beads driven along microtubules by single cytoplasmic dynein motors. Under no load, dynein moves predominantly with a mixture of 24-nm and 32-nm steps. When moving against load applied by an optical trap, dynein can decrease step size to 8 nm and produce force up to 1.1 pN. This correlation between step size and force production is consistent with a molecular gear mechanism. The ability to take smaller but more powerful strokes under load—that is, to shift gears—depends on the availability of ATP. We propose a model whereby the gear is downshifted through load-induced binding of ATP at secondary sites in the dynein head.
Anne Roe: the making of a scientist

In the 1950s Anne Roe published The Making of a Scientist and The Psychology of Occupations, in which she examined the impact of environmental influences during childhood on the individual's later career success. These books provide a perspective for examining Roe's life and career. Her experiences in Denver during the first quarter of the twentieth century formed a young woman who was independent, adaptive, and had “a love of high places.” Although much of her career was spent in the East, Roe's career achievements are uniquely linked to the cities, mountains, and deserts of the American West.
CHILD ABUSE AND EMBODIMENT FROM A THOMISTIC PERSPECTIVE

This essay will examine the phenominon of child abuse from the perspective of Thomas Aquinas' theory of embodiment. Language: en
Pregnancy Induces an Increase in the Expression of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Uterine Artery Endothelial Cells

OBJECTIVE We determined the effects of pregnancy on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression in ovine uterine and omental (systemic control) artery endothelial cells (UAEC, OAEC). We also determined in primary cultures of UAEC the effects of exposure to either exogenous nitric oxide (NO) or angiogenic growth factors (basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], and epidermal growth factor [EGF]) on UAEC GAPDH expression. METHODS We isolated UAEC to high purity from both nonpregnant (NP; n = 4) and pregnant ewes (P; 110-120 days' gestation, n = 4) by limited collagenase dispersion and immediately extracted total RNA. In additional experiments performed in vitro, ovine UAEC isolated from NP ewes and maintained in culture (n = 3) were exposed to 1) 100 mumol/L sodium nitro-prusside for 0, 6, 12, or 24 hours or 2) 10 ng/mL bFGF, VEGF, EGF, or vehicle for 24 hours. Total RNA was then immediately extracted. A partial ovine GAPDH (oGAPDH) cDNA was isolated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) and sequenced. A one-tube semiquantitative RT/PCR amplification assay was established, and GAPDH mRNA was subsequently quantified in all samples of total RNA. The PCR products were separated by size, quantified by Southern hybridization analysis, and normalized to 28S rRNA content. Expression of GAPDH protein was also measured by Western analysis of endothelium-derived protein from omental (n = 14) and uterine (n = 16) arteries from NP and P ewes. RESULTS Pregnancy was associated with a 4.5-fold increase in GAPDH mRNA levels in UAEC, although in vitro exposure of primary cultures of UAEC from NP ewes to NO or angiogenic growth factors did not significantly change GAPDH mRNA expression. A 1.6-fold increase in GAPDH protein was detected in the uterine artery endothelium of P versus NP ewes, but no corresponding increase was found in omental artery endothelium. CONCLUSION Pregnancy increases the expression of both GAPDH mRNA and protein in UAEC. Furthermore, the pregnancy-induced increase in GAPDH protein in the endothelium of the uterine artery appears specific, as it is not observed in the omental (systemic) artery. This induction is not, however, reproduced in vitro with exogenous NO or angiogenic growth factor treatment (up to 24 hours).
Harmonics in rotating machines

Abstract This paper provides a discussion of harmonics in rotating machines. The impacts of harmonics on rotating machines are examined. Formulae for the induced emf, pitch factor and distribution factor are extended to include the effect of harmonics, thus allowing the computation of voltage total harmonic distortion. Methods for reducing harmonics in rotating machines are discussed. Numerical examples are provided to show the effect of winding distribution and chording on the phase voltage waveform. The advantage of using distributed and chorded windings to reduce harmonics is demonstrated.
Coherent electron beam density modulator for driving X-ray free electron lasers

Abstract We propose a new compact scheme for a Free Electron Laser with more coherent properties for the X-ray beam. Higher FEL performance would be achieved using a train of electron bunches initially accelerated in a linear accelerator. Similar to the RF klystron concept, we propose developing an X-ray FEL which consists of two parts: an X-ray self-seeding electron beam density modulator and an output set of undulators. A density modulator consists of a low-Q X-ray cavity and an undulator, which is placed between the cavity mirrors. We use this undulator as a very high gain amplifier, which compensates the amplitude loss due to monochromatic X-ray reflections from the mirrors. Following the X-ray cavity, the density modulated electron beam is separated from the X-ray beam and then enters the output set of undulators. The frequency spectrum of the final X-ray beam is determined mainly by the bandwidth of the reflected elements in the X-ray cavity.
Characterization of bending EAP beam actuators

Electroactive polymers (EAP) are attractive actuation materials because of their large deformation, flexibility, and low density. The large deformation, especially in the bending mode, poses a challenge to the material and actuator characterization due to the geometric nonlinearity that is developed during the characterization. A CCD camera system was constructed to record the curved shapes of bending during the activation of EAP films and image-processing software was developed to digitize the bending curve s. A computer program was written to solve the inverse problem of cantilever EAP beams with a tip position limiter. Using the program and acquired curve images with and without a tip position limiter as well as the corresponding tip force, the performance of the beam under different applied voltages and tip force loads was determined. The experimental setup and the principles of the computer program are described and discussed in this paper.
Endovascular aortic repair or minimal incision aortic surgery: Which procedure to choose for treatment of high-risk aneurysms?

Background This study evaluates use of endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) and minimal incision aortic surgery (MIAS) for treatment of high-risk patients with infrarenal aneurysms. Methods A retrospective review of patients treated with EVAR or MIAS between 2000 and 2002 was performed. High-risk criteria included age older than 80 years, creatinine level greater than 3.0 mg/dL, recent myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hostile abdomen, or morbid obesity (body mass index greater than 30). Patient demographics, duration of stay, morbidity, and mortality were compared. Exclusionary criteria for EVAR treatment included neck less than 1.5 cm or greater than 26 mm in diameter, densely calcified iliac arteries less than 6 mm, or creatinine level greater than 3.0 mg/dL. Exclusionary criteria for MIAS included pararenal abdominal aortic aneurysm, aneurysm greater than 10 cm, and morbid obesity. Results Eighty-four patients were treated (61 EVAR, 23 MIAS). Average age for EVAR was 74 years and 72 years for MIAS. Average aneurysm size was 6 cm for both. American Society of Anesthesiologists score was 3.1 for EVAR and 3.0 for MIAS patients. Thirty-two of 61 EVAR patients (52%) had 2 risk factors, and 12 of 61 (20%) had 3 risk factors. Seven of 23 MIAS patients (30%) had 2 risk factors, and 7 had more than 3 risk factors (30%). There were 2 EVAR deaths (3%) from multiorgan failure and 1 MIAS death (4%) from myocardial infarction. Average duration of stay was 5.1 days for both EVAR and MIAS. Thirty-day morbidity was 18% for EVAR and 17% for MIAS patients. Conclusions EVAR and MIAS are comparable for the treatment of high-risk aneurysm patients.
“This is Not an Empty-Headed Man in a Dress”: Literacy Misused, Reread and Rewritten in Soulopoliz

This essay explores relationships between southern black queer experience, grassroots activism, and the literacies of southern culture through a case study of “Ella Mosley,” a 56-year-old black transgender woman activist living in the South. Out of the misuses of literacy—the ways oppressive agents appropriate literacy to the detriment of an individual or community—manifests a mandate and an occasion for social action, identity formation, and affirmation. The rhetorical strategies employed in Mosley's activism are linked to her literacies of southern culture and its impact on her sense of self, both of which she draws on in her resistance to anti-transgender rhetorics and policies effecting transgenders in her city, “Soulapoliz,” and throughout the United States. The essay also depicts the usefulness of literacy as a lens on everyday sites of black queer resistance and self-making.
The determinants of attitudes toward abortion in the American electorate.

IN RECENT YEARS, the amount of discussion regarding abortion as a public policy issue has increased. The Supreme Court Roe vs. Wade judgment of 1973 ruled that the decision to have an abortion was solely a matter between a woman and her physician with some state regulation permissible after the first trimester of pregnancy (Hansen 1980). Despite the Court ruling, public opinion has remained divided. Many within what could be termed the "womens' " or the "feminist" movement
Biochemical comparison of H-2K antigen isolated from C3HfB/HeN and C3H/HeN mice.

The H-2K glycoproteins were isolated from spleen cells of C3H/HeN and C3HfB/HeN mice and compared by tryptic peptide mapping techniques. The two antigens were found to be very similar in that more than 90 percent of detectable peptides appeared identical. However, two lysine-containing peptide present in tryptic digests of H-2K antigens isolated from C3H mice were absent from tryptic digests of H-2K antigens isolated from C3Hf mice. This was probably not the result of altered glycosylation since neuramindase digestion demonstrated that the disparate peptides were not glycopeptides but most probably resulted from substitution of one or two amino acids in the H-2K molecule of C3HfB/HeN mice. These differences were small but significant and demonstrated that H-2Kk (C3H) and H-2Kkv1 (C3Hf) antigens are structurally distinct. This is compatible with the observed reciprocal skin-graft rejection, MLR, and generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes between the two strains. The significance of this finding in conjunction with what is known about properties of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea-induced tumors of C3Hf mice is discussed.
Clutch size adjustment by a swallowtail butterfly

Because life-history characters such as breeding schedule, reproductive investment, and age-specific survivorship exhibit great variation in nature and are closely linked to individual fitness, the development of a theory of life-history evolution is a major focus of evolutionary biologists1–3. One life-history trait that has received much attention is clutch size, the number of eggs laid by a female during a round of reproduction. For parasitic organisms such as herbivorous insects and parasitoids, two models have been developed which describe the evolution of behaviour influencing clutch size4,5. These models both make two predictions: (1) that individuals should adjust clutch size so that larger clutches are laid on hosts that can support the growth of more offspring, and (2) that as time between oviposition bouts increases, as would occur when hosts become rarer, larger clutches should be laid on hosts of a given quality. We present here the first empirical test of these predictions and show that the pipevine swallowtail butterfly, Battus philenor, adjusts its clutch size in response to variation in both host quality and time since last oviposition.
Parameters favorable to intraprostatic radiation dose escalation in men with localized prostate cancer.

Purpose To identify , within the framework of a current Phase I trial, whether factors related to intraprostatic cancer lesions (IPLs) or individual patients predict the feasibility of high-dose intraprostatic irradiation. Methods and Materials Endorectal coil MRI scans of the prostate from 42 men were evaluated for dominant IPLs. The IPLs, prostate, and critical normal tissues were contoured. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy plans were generated with the goal of delivering 75.6 Gy in 1.8-Gy fractions to the prostate, with IPLs receiving a simultaneous integrated boost of 3.6 Gy per fraction to a total dose of 151.2 Gy, 200% of the prescribed dose and the highest dose cohort in our trial. Rectal and bladder dose constraints were consistent with those outlined in current Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocols. Results Dominant IPLs were identified in 24 patients (57.1%). Simultaneous integrated boosts (SIB) to 200% of the prescribed dose were achieved in 12 of the 24 patients without violating dose constraints. Both the distance between the IPL and rectum and the hip-to-hip patient width on planning CT scans were associated with the feasibility to plan an SIB ( p = 0.002 and p = 0.0137, respectively). Conclusions On the basis of this small cohort, the distance between an intraprostatic lesion and the rectum most strongly predicted the ability to plan high-dose radiation to a dominant intraprostatic lesion. High-dose SIB planning seems possible for select intraprostatic lesions.
Enhanced dissociation of pyruvate dehydrogenase from the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex following phosphorylation and regulatory implications.

We have shown that the active form of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHa) component exhibits at least a 9-fold greater affinity for sites on the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase core of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex than does the inactive (phosphorylated) form of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHb). Consistent with a higher rate of dissociation for PDHb than for PDHa, free PDHa rapidly replaces PDHb whereas, even at high levels, free PDHb only slowly replaces PDHa. Dissociation of newly formed PDHb, during phosphorylation by the immobile PDHa kinase, leads to an increased association of free PDHa as observed by protection against inactivation of the complex, even though PDHa kinase activity is increased.
Advancing the IT research agenda

The potential benefits of pursuing an intentional community-wide development of a research agenda for IT are discussed. Motivation to undertake this task arises from the continuing evolution of IT as a distinct discipline. There is an opportunity to mark progress by developing an IT research agenda that has broad involvement from the community. Alternative formats for an agenda are discussed and potential research topic areas are proposed, drawing upon prior contributions. To help inform the discussion, 24 other research agendas are profiled, providing useful examples of agenda-development processes and alternative formats for the recommended IT research agenda.
Metastable Mesoscopic Clusters in Solutions of Sickle-Cell Hemoglobin

Sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) is a mutant, whose polymerization while in deoxy state in the venous circulation underlies the debilitating sickle cell anemia. It has been suggested that the nucleation of the HbS polymers occurs within clusters of dense liquid, existing in HbS solutions. We use dynamic light scattering with solutions of deoxy-HbS, and, for comparison, of oxy-HbS and oxy-normal adult hemoglobin, HbA. We show that solutions of all three Hb variants contain clusters of dense liquid, several hundred nanometers in size, which are metastable with respect to the Hb solutions. The clusters form within a few seconds after solution preparation and their sizes and numbers remain relatively steady for up to 3 h. The lower bound of the cluster lifetime is 15 ms. The clusters exist in broad temperature and Hb concentration ranges, and occupy 10(-5)-10(-2) of the solution volume. The results on the cluster properties can serve as test data for a potential future microscopic theory of cluster stability and kinetics. More importantly, if the clusters are a part of the nucleation mechanism of HbS polymers, the rate of HbS polymerization can be controlled by varying the cluster properties.
The inhibition of [125I]ω-conotoxin GVIA binding to neuronal membranes by neomycin may be mediated by a GTP-binding protein

omega-Conotoxin GVIA (omega-CT) has been reported to block calcium currents at the L- and N-type calcium channels. In neuronal membranes omega-CT, and the aminoglycoside antibiotic neomycin, have been shown to inhibit [125I]omega-CT binding, presumably acting at the N-type calcium channel. We demonstrate here that the concentration curve for neomycin sulfate inhibition of [125I]omega-CT binding is shifted to the right by GTP analogues or fluoride, increasing the IC50 for neomycin. [125I]omega-CT binding is unaffected by these agents and in competition studies the potency of omega-CT, Ca2+, or La3+ is not modulated by GTP analogues or fluoride. These results indicate that the inhibition of [125I]omega-CT binding by neomycin may be mediated by a GTP binding protein.
Early Mesozoic rifting and fragmentation of the Cordilleran orogen in the western USA

New data make possible the precise definition of the truncated edge of the southern part of the Cordilleran orogen in California, and lead to the identification of possible ‘missing piece’ removed during the early Triassic. A probable reconstruction of the Palaeozoic Cordilleran orogen involving large scale lateral transport of major tectonic units is suggested.
Measurement of the LMM dielectronic recombination resonances of neonlike gold.

The {ital LMM} dielectronic recombination resonances of a neonlike ion (Au{sup 69+}) have been observed. The ions were produced and held in an electron-beam ion trap. The intensity of the {ital n}=3{r arrow}2 x rays resulting from dielectronic recombination was measured as a function of electron-beam energy with sufficient resolution to distinguish the structure of the {ital LMM} resonances. The measured resonance strengths for {ital LMM} resonances with a 2{ital p}{sub 3/2}{sup {minus}1} core are in good agreement with theoretical predictions, but there is some disagreement for the 2{ital p}{sub 1/2}{sup {minus}1} and 2{ital s}{sub 1/2}{sup {minus}1} core configurations.
Hazardous History: Researching the Dangerous Trades

In the early 1930s, during a prolonged, violent labor struggle over working conditions in the lead and zinc mines of northeast Oklahoma, Donald Cummings, a research scientist at the Saranac Laboratory, collected data on the prevalence of silicosis, a disabling occupational lung disease that was the focus of much of the conflict between labor and capital. After two years of work, as his project was nearing completion, an industry trade group, the TriState Zinc and Lead Ore Producers Association, refused him permission to publish his results. Despite the fact that the research had been jointly funded by the Producers Association, the U.S. Bureau of Mines, and the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, the mine owners, he was told, didn't want him to release any findings that might be "potentially damaging to the lead and zinc mine operators of this district." He appealed to Anthony Lanza, of Metropolitan Life, and one of the original researchers who had identified silicosis in this same region in 1917. How could his work have any negative impact on the companies since it would be published in a small circulation public health journal and thus "would not reach the hands of any except those interested in the more or less technical aspects of this disease?" Lanza empathized with Cummings' predicament. He, himself, had had to refrain from publishing his study of asbestosis because of industry objections. Unfortunately, the tremendous number of liability suits had caused companies to be extremely skittish about any kind of publicity: "In these troubled times [of Depression and labor conflict] we have to accept a certain amount of disappointment and set back."1 As Alan Derickson illustrates for the Western Federation of Miners, and Barry Castleman for asbestos, and Allard Dembe for repetitive stress syndrome, and David Rosner and myself for silicosis, Donald Cummings was not alone in his inability to remain independent of the industrial conflict that swirled around much occupational health research, and that workers had
The influence of intraoperative gallbladder perforation on long-term outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, gallbladder perforation with leakage of bile and/or gallstones into the abdominal cavity occurs frequently. When this occurs, our practice has been to lavage the operative field and retrieve as many gallstones as possible. We were concerned, however, that complications secondary to infection or adhesions might develop. To address this issue, our first 250 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were surveyed by postal questionnaire. In the 35–48 months (mean, 41 months) since operation, six patients (2.6%) died of nonbiliary causes. Of the 225 patients (90%) who completed the questionnaire, 73 (33%) suffered intraoperative gallbladder perforation. There were no late wound or intraabdominal infectious complications and no patient has required reoperation for intraabdominal sepsis or bowel obstruction. In the entire group, gastrointestinal symptoms were prevalent and included flatulence (40%), loose stools or fecal urgency (35%), belching (23%), and nausea (4%). The prevalence of these complaints was similar in patients with and without gallbladder perforation. Intraoperative gallbladder perforation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, therefore, does not cause adverse long-term complications when accompanied by operative lavage and stone removal.
The role of leukotriene B4 in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced ileitis in rats.

Background & Aims: Clostridium difficile toxin A is a potent intestinal inflammatory agent that has been shown to act at least partially by neurogenic mechanisms involving activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) (capsaicin) receptor. We tested the hypothesis that leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) mediates the effects of toxin A via activation of the TRPV1 receptor. Methods: Isolated rat ileal segments were pretreated with pharmacologic agents before intraluminal injection of toxin A or LTB 4 . After 3 hours, the treated segments were removed and inflammation was assessed by luminal fluid accumulation, myeloperoxidase activity, and histology. Results: LTB 4 caused ileitis similar to that caused by toxin A and antagonism of TRPV1 receptors but not LTB 4 receptors inhibited LTB 4 -induced inflammation. LTB 4 also stimulated TRPV1-mediated substance P release and pretreatment with a specific substance P-receptor antagonist blocked LTB 4 -induced substance P action and ileitis. Inhibition of the LTB 4 biosynthetic enzyme 5-lipoxygenase inhibited toxin A-induced increases in ileal LTB 4 levels and toxin A- but not LTB 4 -induced ileitis. Conclusions: LTB 4 mediates the inflammatory effects of toxin A via activation of TRPV1 receptors.
BREAKDOWN OF THE EXTREME STATISTICAL MODEL IN NEUTRON CAPTURE.

Abstract γ-ray intensities due to thermal neutron capture in 58 Ni can be predicted in terms of the valency neutron model in which an s -wave neutron is scattered “directly” into a low lying P 1 2 or P 3 2 orbit. in 59 Ni. Radiative width of the bound level at −28.5 ± 5 keV is determined to be 8.19 eV.
How different MR imaging criteria relate to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and its outcome

This article reviews the evolution of MR imaging criteria used to diagnose multiple sclerosis (MS) over the past decade and a half to help demonstrate how these changes have influenced the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing and treating patients with MS. The article discusses the benefits and drawbacks of making very specific diagnoses versus sensitive but less specific diagnoses. In addition, the application of these various diagnostic criteria to patient outcomes and clinical trials is reviewed.