cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data envelopment analysis with heterogeneous data: an application

The effects of data heterogeneity on the efficiency estimate by data envelopment analysis are evaluated here in terms of empirical applications in the computer industry. Scale or size variations of firms and heteroscedasticity are the two forms of heterogeneity considered here. Our empirical results show that the adverse effects of data heterogeneity can be considerably reduced by the methods suggested here.
Application of the method of steepest descents to x-ray structure analysis.

Although the Fourier method of synthesis has enjoyed a long and justified supremacy in the armoury of techniques for X-ray structure analysis, the time is rapidly approaching when its use will be limited by the complexity of the structures investigated. In the absence of any universally applicable method of obtaining phase angles, Fourier refinement can be applied only to those structures which are sufficiently simple for an accurate estimate of their parameters to be made. It is an unfortunate fact that the Fourier refinement process converges only if the trial parameters are reasonably close to the true ones, and the region of convergence is roughly that of the differential method1.
Flywheel batteries come around again

Today's flywheel batteries, embody technological advances, and they are serious contenders for a variety of important energy-storage applications. They are, for example, competitive with chemical batteries in applications like transportation or improving power quality, which involve many charge-discharge cycles and little in the way of long-term storage. Progress in power electronics, particularly in high-power insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and field-effect transistors (FETs), underlies higher-power flywheel operation. While the stored energy is determined by the speed, mass, and geometry of the wheel, the limits on input and output power are in general set by the power electronics. With these higher power devices, fewer individual components are needed, so the power electronics package can be comparable in size to the flywheel plus motor-generator combination. This paper describes the main features of flywheel energy storage systems and space, hybrid electric vehicle, and combat vehicle applications.
Effect of tunneling motions on the quadrupole hyperfine structure of hydrazine

Abstract Quadrupole hyperfine structure is described in hydrazine (H 2 NNH 2 ), a molecule which exhibits significant tunneling splittings as a result of large amplitude inversion and internal rotation motions, but which still has a well-defined equilibrium configuration. In this approach the complete quadrupole Hamiltonian for the two nitrogen atoms is expressed as a function of the three large amplitude coordinates needed to describe the eight equivalent equilibrium configurations of the molecule. The mean value of this quadrupole operator is calculated for each tunneling-rotational state, and expressed in terms of all five elements of the equilibrium electric field gradient tensor (2 q zz — q xx — q yy , q xx — q yy , q xz , q yz , and q xy ) at each nitrogen atom. For non-degenerate A or B -type tunneling-rotational levels in the molecular symmetry group G 16 (2) only the sum of the two electric field gradient tensors occurs, while for doubly degenerate E -type levels the difference as well as the sum appears. Since the sum involves only the first three tensor components in parentheses above, while the difference involves only the last two, hyperfine patterns for nondegenerate and degenerate levels show significant qualitative differences. Results of the present treatment are used to perform a least squares global fit of the quadrupole hyperfine structure of selected transitions recorded on our Fourier transform microwave instrument, allowing us to determine the two diagonal quadrupole coupling constants as well as the nondiagonal xy component of this tensor. The possibility is pointed out of drawing erroneous conclusions concerning molecular geometry from a rigid-molecule treatment of hyperfine patterns in molecules exhibiting tunneling motions.
High‐risk behaviors and drinking‐to‐cope as mediators of lifetime abuse and PTSD symptoms in clients with severe mental illness

Face-to-face interviews with 276 community mental health clients (56.2% women; 42.8% men) diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (44.6%) and major mood disorders (55.4%) were used to examine mediating relationships among physical and sexual abuse, high-risk behaviors, drink-to-cope motives, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Structural equation modeling revealed that both high-risk behaviors and drinking-to-cope significantly mediated the relationship between lifetime abuse and PTSD symptom severity with an excellent fit of model to data. Alternative models using PTSD symptom level as mediator were also tested, but did not meet optimal goodness-of-fit standards. Implications of findings call for vigilant screening for trauma, substance abuse, and high risk behaviors in clients with severe mental illnesses to inform treatment, and the need for longitudinal studies to test causal pathways.
Membrane Topology Of Human ASBT (SLC10A2) Determined By Dual Label Epitope Insertion Scanning Mutagenesis. New Evidence For Seven Transmembrane Domains

The membrane topology of the human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (hASBT) remains unresolved. Whereas N-glycosylation analysis favors a 7 transmembrane (TM) model, membrane insertion scanning supports a 9TM topology. In order to resolve this controversy, we used dual label epitope insertion to systematically examine the topological framework of hASBT. Two distinct epitopes, hemagglutinin (HA) and FLAG, were individually inserted by inverted PCR mutagenesis at strategic positions along the hASBT sequence. Cell surface biotinylation and immunoblotting with epitope-specific and anti-hASBT antibodies confirmed expression and trafficking of the mutants to the plasma membrane. Confocal microscopy confirmed membrane localization of epitope-tagged hASBT in saponin-treated (permeabilized) and nonpermeabilized transfected COS-1 and MDCK cells. Tags at positions 116, 120, 186, 270, and 284 were accessible to the epitope antibodies in nonpermeabilized cells, indicative of the extracellular localization of loops 1 (99-130), 2 (180-191), and 3 (253-287). The corresponding positions in the 9TM model were predicted to be intracellular or membrane bound. Epitope mutants at residues 56, 92, 156, and 221 were only detected after treatment with saponin, indicating the intracellular localizations of loops 1 (50-73), 2 (150-160), 3 (215-227) as predicted by a 7TM model. Our results also confirm the exofacial and cytosolic localization of N- and C-terminal tails, respectively. With the exception of constructs inserted at position 120, epitope mutants displayed active, sodium-dependent taurocholate uptake. Consequently, our study strongly supports a 7TM topology for hASBT and refutes the previously proposed 9TM model.
Primes in a Sparse Sequence

Abstract In this paper, we consider the sequence 1 1 , + 1 1 + 2 2 , 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 , ... and prove some of its congruence properties. Surprisingly, this sequence is uniformly distributed in the residue classes (mod m ) where m ≢ 0 (mod 4). Using these results and Selberg′s sieve, we obtain an upper hound for the number of primes in the sequence which are ≤ x .
Predicting Western North Pacific Ocean Climate

Abstract It is shown that wintertime sea surface temperature anomalies in the confluence region of the Kuroshio–Oyashio Currents in the western North Pacific can be skillfully predicted at lead times of up to 3 yr. The predictions are based on the history of the wind stress over the North Pacific and oceanic Rossby wave dynamics. The predictions may be exploitable in fisheries research and other ecological applications.
Regulation of neonatal pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation by nitric oxide † 1451

Nitric oxide (NO) regulates pulmonary vascular tone and may play a role in neonatal pulmonary vascular remodeling. We investigated the role of exogenous and endogenous NO in regulating neonatal pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell(SMC) proliferation in vitro. The effect of exogenous NO was evaluated by a NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine(SNAP), and a NO scavenger, Carboxy-PTIO (CPTIO). Endogenous NO was evaluated by an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor,S-(2-Aminoethyl)isothiourea (AETU), and iNOS stimulators, lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and interleukin-1β (IL1β). SMC plated with different additive dilutions were counted at 72 hours by Coulter counter. The effect of hypoxia on endogenous NO was evaluated by estimating cyclic GMP(cGMP) by ELISA in SMC exposed to 2, 7, and 20% O2 for 48 hours. SNAP inhibited SMC proliferation (p<0.005 by ANOVA) while CPTIO, AETU, LPS, and IL1β did not significantly alter SMC counts. Levels of cGMP were similar at different O2 levels (cGMP/106cells: 2%O2: 69±10pg; 7%: 52±6pg; 20%: 54±9pg). These results suggest that exogenous NO(e.g. endothelial derived) affects SMC proliferation but that iNOS probably does not modify SMC proliferation under basal conditions, during hypoxia, or by stimuli known to activate iNOS such as LPS and IL1β.Figure
Contextual Effects in Infant Visual Perception

A familiarization/preference technique was used to assess the ability of three- and four-month-old infants to discriminate line segments that differed in orientation. Discrimination was found to be significantly better, as evidenced by a greater preference for the novel stimulus, when the line segments were embedded in a redundant contextual frame than when they were presented alone. However this effect could not always be unambiguously interpreted; under some stimulus conditions, a strong stimulus preference may have caused the novelty effect. It is concluded that perception in infants is, at least in part, organized and, as in adults, involves more than a simple feature-by-feature analysis of information.
Diffusion of water in float glass melts

Abstract The kinetics of the reactions of water vapor with float glass melts to form hydroxyl in the glass have been determined between 1000 and 1400°C. This study presents the first direct measurements of such reactions for silicate melts. The results indicate that the rate of hydroxyl formation has a non-Arrhenian temperature dependence. Additional studies of the dehydroxylation of melts initially equilibrated with one atmosphere of water vapor at 1350°C yield an Arrhenian temperature dependence for the removal of hydroxyl, which is in agreement with the results of studies of similar melts. The rates of hydroxylation and dehydroxylation are identical at and above 1200°C, but the rate of hydroxylation becomes significantly greater than that for dehydroxylation as the temperature decreases to 1000°C.
A Profile of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren as a Result of Parental Military Deployment

There is a growing number of grandparents faced with the need to raise their grandchildren as a result of the military deployment of their own child. This is a descriptive study that examines the experiences of 23 grandmothers who are providing full time child care to their grandchildren. Results suggest that these grandparents are experiencing problematic levels of stress as well as changes in both intimate and social relationships.
A diurnal plasma vasopressin rhythm in rats

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to determine whether there is a diurnal plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) rhythm in rats. Using an AVP radioimmunoassay, plasma AVP levels were determined at frequent intervals throughout a 24-hour period in adult male rats. Our data revealed a diurnal rhythm in plasma AVP levels, with mid-afternoon and early evening levels significantly greater than those in the morning and late evening.
There is more to thinking than propositions

We are big fans of propositions. But we are not big fans of the "propositional approach" proposed by Mitchell et al. The authors ignore the critical role played by implicit, non-inferential processes in biological cognition, overestimate the work that propositions alone can do, and gloss over substantial differences in how different kinds of animals and different kinds of cognitive processes approximate propositional representations.
Resistance of a polyetherimide to environmental stress crazing and cracking

The environmental stress crazing and cracking (ESC) behavior of an aromatic polyetherimide (PEI) has been characterized in a wide spectrum of organic liquids and compared to the behavior of several other glassy thermoplastics. PEI's response is qualitatively similar to that of the other resins for each of which ESC resistance reaches a minimum in solvents having solubility parameters close to that of the resin. Taken as a whole, the ESC resistance of PEI is found to be quantitatively superior to that of any other glassy resin for which similar data are available for comparison.
Simultaneous conduction and radiation in a two-dimensional participating cylinder with anisotropic scattering

Simultaneous conduction and radiation in a two-dimensional absorbing, emitting and anisotropic scattering gray hollow and solid cylinder with gray surfaces is investigated. The radiation part of the problem is solved by the S6 method and the finite difference method is used to solve the energy equation. The effects of various parameters on the temperature distribution and the heat flux are discussed.
A comparison of landscape metrics for conservation planning

This study examined the extent to which commonly used and easily obtained landscape metrics contribute to a conservation planning process that must be completed rapidly and economically. Specifically, we aimed to determine if landscape metrics could be used to guide the prioritization process when the importance of sites to conservation portfolios is measured in terms of irreplaceability, as measured by the probability that a particular site will be required in conservation reserve network. This question was examined in the context of a flexible planning process where the size of a conservation portfolio may vary over time. We used avian survey data from 35 riparian forest sites in central Ohio to calculate irreplaceability scores for each site. Landscape composition within a 1-km radius of each site was measured as the number of buildings and the percent forest, agriculture, roads, pavement and mowed surfaces. Multinomial logistic regression models were created and compared using Akaike Information Criterion. Results suggest that when predicting the irreplaceability value of a site, a simple yet effective method involves the use of forest coverage at the landscape-level plus one metric measuring human disturbance. This result appears to hold across a range of portfolio sizes and is therefore useful even in the context of a planning process that varies in scope over time.
The Influence of Low Protein Grower Diets on Spring Housed Pullets

Abstract Two experiments were conducted using Leghorn-type pullets, hatched in November and December, to study the influence of level of protein (9, 14, and 21%) fed from 8 to 20 weeks of age on performance in the laying house. Feeding the diet containing 9% protein resulted in decreased body weight at 20 weeks of age compared to weight of those birds fed the two higher protein levels. The lighter body weight persisted throughout the laying period. Throughout the laying period the birds of lighter weight laid less eggs of lower weight.
Exploring Ramifications of the Equation E ( Y | X ) = X

The simple conditional linear equation E(Y | X ) = X, has numerous applications. It forms a basis and motivation for not only the regression and analysis of variance, but leads to classes of (weak) martingale problems opening up new and interesting areas. Some of these are detailed here, explaining the possibilities for future investigations.
Structure and function of a potent agonist for the semi-invariant natural killer T cell receptor.

Natural killer T cells express a conserved, semi-invariant αβ T cell receptor that has specificity for self glycosphingolipids and microbial cell wall α-glycuronosylceramide antigens presented by CD1d molecules. Here we report the crystal structure of CD1d in complex with a short-chain synthetic variant of α-galactosylceramide at a resolution of 2.2 A. This structure elucidates the basis for the high specificity of these microbial ligands and explains the restriction of the α-linkage as a unique pathogen-specific pattern-recognition motif. Comparison of the binding of altered lipid ligands to CD1d and T cell receptors suggested that the differential T helper type 1–like and T helper type 2–like properties of natural killer T cells may originate largely from differences in their 'loading' in different cell types and hence in their tissue distribution in vivo.
Quantum mechanical calculations on biological systems.

Abstract Improvements in quantum chemical methods have led to increased applications to biological problems, including the development of potential energy functions for molecular mechanics and modeling of the reactive chemistry in enzyme active sites, with particularly interesting progress being made for metal-containing systems. An important direction is the development and application of hybrid quantum chemical—molecular mechanics methods.
Reactions of actinide ions with ethylene oxide

Naked and oxo-ligated actinide (An) monopositive ions were reacted with ethylene oxide, cyclo-C(2)H(4)O (EtO). Along with An = U, Np, Pu and Am, ions of two lanthanide (Ln) elements, Ln = Tb and Tm, were studied for comparison. Metal and metal oxide ions, M(+), MO(+) and MO(2)(+), were generated by laser ablation and immediately reacted with EtO. Unreacted and product ions were detected by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. It was apparent that the overall reaction cross-sections decreased in the order U(+) > or = Np(+) > Pu(+) > Am(+). A primary reaction channel for each studied metal was the formation of MO(+) from M(+), in accord with the expected exothermicity of oxygen abstraction from EtO. For U, Np and Pu, the dioxides were also major products, indicating OAn(+)--O dissociation energies of at least 350 kJ mol(-1), the energy required for O-atom abstraction from EtO. For Am, Tb and Tm, the dioxides were only very minor products, reflecting the stabilities of the trivalent states and resistance to oxidation to higher valence states; the structures/bonding in these MO(2)(+) are intriguing given that the formal pentavalent bonding state is effectively unattainable. It was demonstrated that EtO, unlike more thermochemically favorable but kinetically restricted O-donors, is effective at achieving facile oxidation of actinide metal ions to the monoxide, and to the dioxide if the second O-abstraction reaction is exothermic. Several intriguing minor products were also identified, most of which incorporate metal--oxygen bonding and are attributed to the oxophilicity of the f-block elements; the contrast to the behavior of first-row d-block transition elements is striking in this regard. Particularly noteworthy was the formation of MH(4)(+) (and MOH(4)(+)), evidently via abstraction of all four H atoms from a single C(2)H(4)O molecule; the structures/bonding in these novel 'hydride' species are indeterminate and warrant further attention.
PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF RESTING BLOOD PRESSURE AND BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSE DURING VASODILATOR STRESS RB-82 POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING

A drop in blood pressure (BP) or blunted BP response is an established high-risk marker during exercise myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI); however, data are sparse regarding the prognostic value of resting BP and BP response in patients undergoing vasodilator stress Rubidium-82 (Rb-82) Positron
Demonstration of a tenfold variation of light transmission through scattering media by wavefront shaping

We used wavefront shaping to enhance/suppress the transmission of coherent light through open highly scattering media. The total transmission was varied by one order of magnitude as a result of mesoscopic correlations of coherent transport.
REM latency in Alzheimer's disease

Latency to the first episode of rapid eye movement sleep (REML) has been proposed as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we compared REML values from 28 AD patients and 28 age- and sex-matched controls. We employed multiple definitions of REML and multiple cutoffs to classify patients and controls. Results indicated that the best REML definition and optimal cutoff criterion resulted in only 65% correct classifications. We discuss the longer REML in AD patients relative to controls in terms of both overall sleep disturbance and selective deterioration of the REM-cholinergic system. As REML may be relatively short in other forms of psychopathology (e.g., affective disorders), REML may still hold promise in the differential diagnosis of dementia and pseudodementia.
An everywhere two-to-one map

We construct an example of an everywhere two-to-one map on a simply connected polyhedron. Such a map cannot be a local homeomorphism. We also consider the dynamics of map.
Experimental evidence for kinetic effects on B/Ca in synthetic calcite: Implications for potential B(OH) 4 − and B(OH) 3 incorporation

Abstract The boron to calcium ratio (B/Ca) in biogenic CaCO3 is being increasingly utilized as a proxy for past ocean carbonate chemistry. However, B/Ca of cultured and core-top foraminifers show dependence on multiple physicochemical seawater properties and only a few of those have been inorganically tested for their impacts. Accordingly, our understanding of the controls on foraminiferal B/Ca and thus how to interpret B/Ca in fossil shells is incomplete. To gain a clearer understanding of the B incorporation mechanism, we performed inorganic calcite precipitation experiments using a pH-stat system. As previously reported, we confirm that B/Ca in calcite increases with both fluid pH and total B concentration (denoted as [BT], where [BT] = [B(OH)3] + [B(OH)4−]). We provide the first evidence that B/Ca also increases with the concentration of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and calcium ion. With the exception of the [BT] experiments, these chemical manipulations were accompanied by an increase in calcite saturation, and accordingly precipitation rate (denoted as R). But when pH and [Ca2+] were jointly varied at a fixed saturation level to maintain relatively constant R at different pH and [Ca2+] combinations, B/Ca was insensitive to both pH and [Ca2+] changes. These experimental results unequivocally suggest kinetic effects related to R on B/Ca. Furthermore, with a suite of chemical manipulations we found that the B/Ca variability is explicable by just R and the [BT]/[DIC] ratio in the parent fluids. This observation was particularly robust for relatively rapidly precipitated samples, whereas for relatively slowly precipitated samples, it was somewhat ambiguous whether the [BT]/[DIC] or [B(OH)4−]/[HCO3−] ratio provides a better fit to the experimental data. Nonetheless, our experimental results can be considered as indirect evidence for incorporation of both B(OH)4− and B(OH)3 into calcite. We propose a simple mathematical expression to describe the mode of B incorporation into synthetic calcite that depends only on the fluid [BT]/[DIC] ratio and the precipitation rate R. This novel finding has important implications for future calibrations and applications of the B/Ca proxy as well as the δ11B paleo-pH proxy.
High-resolution assessment of blood flow in murine RIF-1 tumors by monitoring uptake of H217O with proton T1ρ-weighted imaging

Perfusion parameters, such as blood flow, are critical properties of tumors related to angiogenesis, drug delivery, radiosensitivity, bioenergetic status, and steady state levels of metabolites, such as lactate, that have been proposed as indices of tumor response to therapy. The existing MR methods for measuring tumor blood flow (TBF) have limitations related to sensitivity, spatial resolution, or dependence on other physiological properties such as vascular permeability. To address many of these difficulties, this study introduces the use of an 17O-enriched tracer in conjunction with high-resolution, indirect MRI to measure TBF. To demonstrate the advantages of this technique, relative TBF was measured in subcutaneous RIF-1 tumors in C3H mice by monitoring the uptake of H217O with a resolution of 0.16 × 0.31 × 3 mm in 13 sec. At this resolution, tumor heterogeneity with respect to blood flow is clearly visible. Measurement of the tracer arterial input function, which is necessary for determination of absolute blood flow, may be facilitated with improved temporal resolution. Magn Reson Med 49:1–6, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effects of social desirability bias on applied measures of goal orientation

This research examined the extent to which social desirability responding influences two measures of goal orientation tailored to work (VandeWalle, 1997) and academic (Midgley et al., 1998) domains. Method bias analyses indicated a significant negative influence of social desirability on responses to learning goal items, and a significant positive influence of social desirability responding on performance-avoid goal items, with the VandeWalle scale showing larger effects than the Midgley et al. scale. Performance-approach goal items showed minimal effects of social desirability responding. Results are discussed with respect to the use of these measures in larger models of motivation and performance.
Inhibition of protein synthesis does not block physiological responses to odors in the frog over the short term.

Abstract 1. 1. Frog olfactory mucosae were stimulated with an odorant every 60 sec and electro-physiological responses (electroolfactograms or EOGs) were monitored continuously—before, during, and after treatment with puromycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor. 2. 2. Repeated administration of puromycin at 4 hr intervals over a 36 hr period failed to suppress EOG responses. 3. 3. In an alternative approach, olfactory responses were inhibited with ethyl bromoacetate, a vaporous alkylating agent. EOG responses failed to reappear over a 72 hr period. 4. 4. We conclude that receptor turnover is not readily influenced by stimulation, and that the turnover time of frog olfactory receptor proteins is of the order of days or longer.
Designing white‐light LED lighting for the display of art: A feasibility study

When displaying art, several criteria must be balanced when designing illumination including the artist's intention, damage, energy efficiency, viewing experience and understanding, and for commercial galleries and sales. The most common lighting for art includes natural daylight and incandescent spotlights. Neither source is optimal for all criteria; thus there is considerable interest in the use of white-light light-emitting diode (LED) lighting. A feasibility study was conducted to address two questions. First, was it possible to design a three-primary LED source that yielded the same color rendering as common museum lighting? Second, could one design the lighting to achieve specific color appearance attributes? Three-primary lights using a Gaussian function were optimized matching the chromaticity of D65 and minimizing color differences for a set of acrylic dispersion paints. The optimal wavelengths depended on bandwidth. Lights were also optimized that either maximized or minimized average chroma. A set of real LEDs was selected that produced similar results when evaluated computationally. A source that increases chroma may be useful when used to illuminate works of art with high light sensitivity: very low illuminances are necessary and such a source will compensate for the reduction of colorfulness and visual clarity. A source that decreases chroma may be used to render art in similar fashion to low-light conditions such as churches and caves. In general, white LED lighting is advantageous for art conservation because they do not emit UV and IR radiation and their visible radiation is reduced when compared with their continuous spectrum equivalent. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011
Urine calcium/citrate ratio in children with hypercalciuric stones.

Hypercalciuria is a common cause for stone formation in children. The aim was to delineate the role of urinary citrate in hypercalciuric children for protection against calcium stone formation. We evaluated random urine calcium, citrate, and creatinine in 149 controls, 78 hypercalciuric nonstone formers, and 34 hypercalciuric children with stone. Urine citrate/creatinine was highest in hypercalciuric nonstone formers 899 ± 351 compared with controls 711 ± 328 and stone formers 595 ± 289 (p < 0.01 vs. both). Calcium/creatinine ratio was similar in hypercalciuric stone and nonstone formers, but significantly higher than controls. Consequently, urine Calcium/citrate ratio (mg/mg) increased from control 0.17 ± 0.17 to 0.41 ± 0.23 (p < 0.001) in hypercalciuric nonstone formers, and to 0.65 ± 0.46 in stone formers (p < 0.001 compared with other groups). Area under receiver operating characteristic curve combined with multilevel risk analyses found calcium/citrate ratio of 0.326 to provide good discrimination between control and stone formers. We found 5th percentile for random urine citrate/creatinine ratio in school-aged children to be 176 mg/g, elevated urinary citrate excretion in hypercalciuric children to be protective against stone formation, and urine calcium/citrate ratio to be a good indicator for risk of stone formation. Whether intervention in hypercalciuric children to lower urine calcium/citrate <0.326 will provide protection against stone formation needs to be studied.
Antiswing crane with anticreep variable-speed hoisting

When a crane is carrying radioactive, thermally hot, or other hazardous materials, it is dangerous for riggers to prevent the load from swaying. Servomechanism feedback techniques have been applied to the carriage drive to stop the swinging and to the hoist drive to obtain variablespeed hoisting.
Relationship of polyoma virus and tumor in vivo.

Abstract The results of a serum protection test in newborn hamsters infected with polyoma virus indicated that tumor induction took place rapidly and directly. Protection against tumor induction occurred only if antibody was present at the time of virus inoculation. Even at that time, some animals developed subcutaneous sarcomas at the site of virus inoculation and most of these tumor-bearing animals did not produce hemagglutinin-inhibiting (HI) antibodies. Although the virus was necessary for tumor induction, direct evidence that it was required for tumor maintenance was lacking. A previously established transplantable hamster tumor in its thirteenth passage showed virus in the tumor and antibody in the host, whereas all other passages were negative. This transplant line was not induced to produce virus by in vivo treatment with X-ray, cortisone, or starvation, nor by X-ray and ultraviolet irradiation of tissue cultures made from the tumor. Two transplantable tumor lines were established in C57 BL mice from subcutaneous sarcomas developing as the result of virus inoculation of newborns. In one line, tumors were consistently negative for virus and donor adults negative for antibody. The other line was consistently positive for virus. Cells in tissue cultures of either line were susceptible to virus challenge.
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: changing patient populations and novel indications.

As the experience with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) grows, expanded use in new patient populations and for novel indications can be anticipated. There are however, many as yet unsolved clinical issues that need to be addressed before unbridled, expanded application into lower risk patients is warranted. For example, paravalvular leak occurs to some degree in the majority of patients receiving a transcatheter aortic valve. There is increasing evidence that even mild paravalvular leak is associated with increased mortality at 2 years.1 As indications for TAVI expand to younger and lower risk patients with a longer life expectancy, this issue will carry greater importance. Similarly, valve durability has hitherto not been an issue of significant clinical consequence. The long term durability of catheter delivered valves is as yet unknown. With TAVI use in populations with longer life expectancy post implant, this issue will also carry greater importance. In this article, we will first discuss some of the unsolved technical and clinical issues with TAVI and update the progress that has been made in addressing them. We will then discuss expanded and novel indications including TAVI in lower risk patients, patients with previously implanted surgical bioprostheses and in those patients with concomitant coronary artery disease. Lastly, we will survey the landscape of next generation valves and the novel ancillary technology that is being developed to both facilitate the procedure as well as address some of the current shortcomings. This technology includes access devices for both transfemoral and transapical approaches, cerebral protection devices, and measures to minimise paravalvular leak. ### TAVI-in-TAVI Placement of a second or on rare occasions even a third transcatheter valve at the time of initial implant is a relatively unusual event, occurring in 38 of 2208 (1.8%) of patients in a recently reported meta-analysis.2 The usual indications for TAVI-in-TAVI …
The crystal structure of ADP-L-glycero-D-mannoheptose 6-epimerase: catalysis with a twist.

Abstract Background: ADP-l-glycero-d-mannoheptose 6-epimerase (AGME) is required for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis in most genera of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. It catalyzes the interconversion of ADP-d-glycero-d-mannoheptose and ADP-l-glycero-d-mannoheptose, a precursor of the seven-carbon sugar l-glycero-d-mannoheptose (heptose). Heptose is an obligatory component of the LPS core domain; its absence results in a truncated LPS structure resulting in susceptibility to hydrophobic antibiotics. Heptose is not found in mammalian cells, thus its biosynthetic pathway in bacteria presents a unique target for the design of novel antimicrobial agents. Results: The structure of AGME, in complex with NADP and the catalytic inhibitor ADP-glucose, has been determined at 2.0 A resolution by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) phasing methods. AGME is a homopentameric enzyme, which crystallizes with two pentamers in the asymmetric unit. The location of 70 crystallographically independent selenium sites was a key step in the structure determination process. Each monomer comprises two domains: a large N-terminal domain, consisting of a modified seven-stranded Rossmann fold that is associated with NADP binding; and a smaller α/β C-terminal domain involved in substrate binding. Conclusions: The first structure of an LPS core biosynthetic enzyme leads to an understanding of the mechanism of the conversion between ADP-d-glycero-d-mannoheptose and ADP-l-glycero-d-mannoheptose. On the basis of its high structural similarity to UDP-galactose epimerase and the three-dimensional positions of the conserved residues Ser116, Tyr140 and Lys144, AGME was classified as a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. This study should prove useful in the design of mechanistic and structure-based inhibitors of the AGME catalyzed reaction.
COMPOSITION OF HOP OIL

Preliminary separation of hop oil (from Humulus lupulus L. var. Bullion) by physical and chemical methods, followed by programmed gas-chromatography analysis of the individual fractions, revealed the presence of approximately 200 components. The hydrocarbon fraction (70% of the total oil) contained myrcene (30%), caryophyllene (20%), and humulene (40%), plus some 20 minor componentl (10%). The oxygenated fraction contained a complex mixture of alcohols (2-methys butanol, linalool, nerol, geraniol, nerolidol, etc.), carbonyls (methylnonyl ketone and numerous other methyl ketones, citral and other aldehydes), and esters of carboxylic acids having straight chains, branched chains and unsaturated straight and branched chains. Most of the identifications are based on gas chromatographic retention times and are tentative.
Differential effects of interleukin-12 treatment on gene expression by allostimulated T cells from young and aged mice

Abstract Alloantigen stimulation was used to examine the effect of interleukin (IL-12) treatment of stimulated cells from young and aged mice on the expression of mRNAs for perforin and granzyme B, two proteins known to be intimately involved in an important lytic pathway used by CTL, and mRNA for interferon (IFN)-γ, production of which is highly stimulated by IL-12 As reported previously, IL-12 augmented the lytic activity by cells from both young and aged mice, although the relative increase was greater for the latter. The mRNAs encoding perforin and granzyme B were both marginally enhanced at early time points (for cells from young mice) or throughout the stimulation (for cells from aged mice) following allo-stimulation in the presence of IL-12. The levels of augmentation of these mRNAs was consistent with the augmentation of lytic activity. In contrast, mRNA encoding IFN-γ was markedly enhanced throughout stimulation in cells from animals of both age groups, corresponding to the more substantial increase in interferon protein in response to IL-12.
Size estimation of sweet onions using consumer-grade RGB-depth sensor

Abstract Size estimation is an important aspect of the postharvest handling of onions. This study applied the RGB-depth (RGB-D) sensor to measure the maximum diameter and volume of sweet onions, and estimated the density of onions using measured parameters. RGB-D images were acquired when onions were placed at six different orientations. The maximum diameter was calculated using both the color and depth images. The volume was estimated using the depth images. The onion diameter estimated by depth images achieved a higher average accuracy and robustness (RMSE = 2 mm) than those calculated by color images (RMSE = 3.4 mm). The predicted volume of onions showed a RMSE of 18.5 cm3 and an accuracy of 96.3%. Results also demonstrated that it is promising to nondestructively estimate the onion density based on its depth image. The proposed methods can be applied to improve the efficacy and efficiency of size estimation in onion phenotyping and postharvest sorting/grading.
Increased personality disorders and Axis I comorbidity in atypical depression.

Objective: Comparison of patients with and without atypical depression on comorbid Axis I and I disorders to determine whether atypical depression is associated with a higher comorbidity. Method: Twenty-nine major depressive disorder patients with and without atypical depression were compared on clinical measures using multiple regression analyses. Results: Atypical depression predicted the presence of comorbid Axis I (100% vs 33%), Axis II (90% vs 35%), and both Axis I and II (65% vs 8.14%) disorders. Personality disorders did not mediate the relationship between atypical depression and Axis I comorbidity. Conclusions: The high prevalence of Axis I and II comorbidity in major depression may be explained, at least in part, by the presence of atypical depression. Our findings also suggest that the increased Axis I comorbidity observed in atypical depression is independent of the effects of personality disorders and is probably a direct effect of atypical depression subtype. Future research should confirm whether clinical findings associated with atypical depression are independent of their association with personality disorders in a larger sample of depressed patients and also examine treatment implications in atypical depression other than a preferential monoamine oxidase inhibitor responsivity.
Instrumented fingernails: a haptically unobstructive method for touch force input

A new type of touch sensor for detecting contact pressure at human fingertips is presented. Fingernails are instrumented withminiature LEDs and photodetectors in order to measure changes in the nail color when the fingers are pressed against asurface. Unlike traditional electronic gloves, in which sensor pads are placed between the fingers and the environmentsurface, this new sensor allows the fingers to directly contact the environment without obstructing the human's natural hapticsenses. The finger force is detected by measuring changes in the nail color; hence the sensor is mounted on the nail siderather than the finger pad. Photo-reflective plethysmography is used for measuring the nail color. A prototype fingernailsensor and is constructed and used to create a fingertip-free electronic glove. Using these new touch sensors, a novel human-machine interface, termed "virtual switch," is developed and applied to robot programming. The virtual switch detectshuman intention of pressing a switch by measuring the finger touch signal and the hand location. Instead of embedding aphysical switch in a wall or panel, the virtual switch requires merely an image of a switch posted on the surface, and hencecan be placed on any surface where one wants to place switches.Keywords: fingernails, fingertip, photoplethysmograph, photo-reflective, touch input, touch sensors, touch force, virtualswitch, electronic gloves, haptics
RETHINKING EARLY PALEOLITHIC TYPOLOGIES IN CHINA AND INDIA

The concept of a technological "line" separating eastern Asia from western Asia, Africa, and Europe was first proposed by Hallam L. Movius over forty years ago. Despite the fact that other features of Movius' model have since required revision, his interpretation continues to be widely followed. Recent studies on the rate and extent of gene flow or cultural contact between Early Pleistocene hominid populations in eastern and western Asia have resuscitated Movius' classificatory scheme to support arguments inferring hierarchical sociobehavioral abilities between these two hominid populations. It is our contention that Movius' classificatory scheme provides no objective basis for ranking the tool traditions of eastern Asia and the rest of the world. This study offers an approach to the analysis and classification of Early Paleolithic tools that provides relatively objective criteria for comparing tool traditions. This approach is based upon replication of typologies and technologies for eight Early Paleolithic assemblages in Asia using local sources of raw material. By determining the stages of the tool manufacturing process present, the quality of the raw material, and the range of forms for each site, this approach provides a standard basis for comparison among tool traditions and variations within those traditions.
Microsaccadic opsoclonus: an idiopathic cause of oscillopsia and episodic blurred vision.

Purpose To describe the clinical presentation and results of three-dimensional video-oculography of a patient with idiopathic microsaccadic opsoclonus. Design Observational case report. Methods Neuro-ophthalmologic examination and video-oculographic recording of horizontal, vertical, and torsional eye movements. Results A 67-year-old man with intermittent blurred vision and oscillopsia, which persisted with monocular occlusion, over a five year period was found to have high frequency, small amplitude back-to-back multivectorial saccadic movements which were visible with slit lamp biomicroscopy and direct ophthalmoscopy. Video-oculography showed a 20 Hz, 0.2 to 1 degree pattern of horizontal, vertical, and torsional microsaccades. This microsaccadic disorder has persisted for five years with no etiology. Conclusions Microsaccadic opsoclonus is an idiopathic disorder that presents with oscillopsia and intermittent blurred vision. The diagnosis can be confirmed with three-dimensional eye movement recordings.
Acute multifocal CNS demyelination as first presentation of systemic malignancy

We present a patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung, without CNS metastases, who developed progressive quadreparesis like that seen in the paraneoplastic syndrome acute necrotic myelopathy.1 Pathologic examination revealed only areas of brainstem and spinal cord demyelination resembling the acute lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS). A 66-year-old man was hospitalized after 4 weeks of persistent cough and 10 days of weakness and paresthesias of the legs. Over the next 5 days, his weakness progressed to paralysis of all extremities, dysphagia, and respiratory failure. He developed bilateral Babinski signs. Cognition and vision were unaffected and the sensory examination remained normal despite paresthesias. Chest CT scan revealed a hilar mass and abnormal masses in the liver and an adrenal gland, but biopsies of the hilar mass and the liver nodule were nondiagnostic. MRI of the brain and cervical spinal cord showed increased T2 signal in the medulla, extending into the upper cervical cord and a separate focus of T2 hyperintensity in the spinal cord …
Differential-Pulse-Position-Modulation (DPPM) in OCDMA Networks to Achieve Higher Data-Rate/User

We have experimentally demonstrated the use of differential-pulse-position-modulation (DPPM) format in OCDMA networks. We have achieved 3 users at 5 Gb/s data rate that is 8 times faster than conventional OCDMA for 16-chip OCDMA codes.
Making sense of accountability: Conceptual perspectives for northern and southern nonprofits

This article examines the concept of accountability from various disciplinary lenses in order to develop an integrated understanding of the term. Special attention is devoted to principal—agent perspectives from political science and economics. An integrated framework is developed, based on four central observations. (1) Accountability is relational in nature and is constructed through inter- and intraorganizational relationships. (2) Accountability is complicated by the dual role of nonprofits as both principals and agents in their relationships with other actors. (3) Characteristics of accountability necessarily vary with the type of nonprofit organization being examined. (4) Accountability operates through external as well as internal processes, such that an emphasis on external oversight and control misses other dimensions of accountability essential to nonprofit organizations. The analysis draws from the experiences of both Northern and Southern nonprofits, that is, organizations based in wealthy industrialized regions of the world (the global North) and those in economically poorer areas (the South).
HyPursuit: a hierarchical network search engine that exploits content-link hypertext clustering

HyPursuit is a new hierarchical network search engine that clusters hypertext documents to structure a given information space for browsing and search act ivities. Our content-link clustering algorithm is based on the semantic information embedded in hyperlink structures and document contents. HyPursuit admits multiple, coexisting cluster hierarchies based on different principles for grouping documents, such as the Library of Congress catalog scheme and automatically created hypertext clusters. HyPursuit’s abstraction functions summarize cluster contents to support scalable query processing. The abstraction functions satisfy system resource limitations with controlled information 10SS. The result of query processing operations on a cluster summary approximates the result of performing the operations on the entire information space. We constructed a prototype system comprising 100 leaf WorldWide Web sites and a hierarchy of 42 servers that route queries to the leaf sites. Experience with our system suggests that abstraction functions based on hypertext clustering can be used to construct meaningful and scalable cluster hierarchies. We are also encouraged by preliminary results on clustering based on both document contents and hyperlink structures.