cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influenza Illness and Hospitalizations Averted by Influenza Vaccination in the United States, 2005–2011

Context: The goal of influenza vaccination programs is to reduce influenza-associated disease outcomes. Therefore, estimating the reduced burden of influenza as a result of vaccination over time and by age group would allow for a clear understanding of the value of influenza vaccines in the US, and of areas where improvements could lead to greatest benefits. Objective: To estimate the direct effect of influenza vaccination in the US in terms of averted number of cases, medicallyattended cases, and hospitalizations over six recent influenza seasons. Design: Using existing surveillance data, we present a method for assessing the impact of influenza vaccination where impact is defined as either the number of averted outcomes or as the prevented disease fraction (the number of cases estimated to have been averted relative to the number of cases that would have occurred in the absence of vaccination). Results: We estimated that during our 6-year study period, the number of influenza illnesses averted by vaccination ranged from a low of approximately 1.1 million (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6–1.7 million) during the 2006–2007 season to a high of 5 million (CI 2.9–8.6 million) during the 2010–2011 season while the number of averted hospitalizations ranged from a low of 7,700 (CI 3,700–14,100) in 2009–2010 to a high of 40,400 (CI 20,800–73,000) in 2010–2011. Prevented fractions varied across age groups and over time. The highest prevented fraction in the study period was observed in 2010–2011, reflecting the post-pandemic expansion of vaccination coverage. Conclusions: Influenza vaccination programs in the US produce a substantial health benefit in terms of averted cases, clinic visits and hospitalizations. Our results underscore the potential for additional disease prevention through increased vaccination coverage, particularly among nonelderly adults, and increased vaccine effectiveness, particularly among the elderly.
Health Promotion for Individuals with Disabilities

Health promotion programs that are offered in the general community often present physical, attitudinal and knowledge barriers that limit participation by those with disabilities. These environmental barriers and the lack of information on how to overcome them make it difficult for individuals with disabilities to engage in health-promoting behaviors. This paper presents a brief overview of health promotion for individuals with disabilities in the areas of exercise, nutrition and health education, and describes a service delivery model that addresses the needs of this important subgroup. The primary emphasis of the model is to provide instructional guidance to those with disabilities in the supportive transitional setting that will assist them in overcoming environmental barriers to participation in their community (i.e. home or Wellness facility). The supportive transitional setting is used to empower people with disabilities to adopt healthier lifestyles and manage various secondary conditions related to their disability (e.g. fatigue, weakness, and pain). A sample program conducted in this setting is described.
A solution for a class of stochastic cooperative games

A method is presented here for the solution of a two-person, dynamic, multi-stage cooperative game problem where the two players have only imperfect knowledge of each other's state. For the case where the dynamics of the players is linear, we obtain the optimal control and transmission signal for each of the players. The optimal filters for information gathering are also defined An example is included to illustrate the operation of the procedure and its application to space rendezvous problems.
Constructing texts/understanding texts: Lessons from antiquity and the middle ages

Abstract During the present shift from print to computer-mediated communication (CMC) literacy, much scholarship has taken a short view, looking at the history of the Internet, for example, rather than at other eras of major change in communication technology, such as the development of the alphabet or the shifts from the scroll to the codex to the printed book. This era of CMC resembles other ages—particularly manuscript eras—when changes in communication media restructured human thought, how communicators and teachers conceived of and constructed texts, and the processes by which they made sense of texts and imparted them with authority. By studying the areas of similarity between the rabbinic and medieval manuscript eras and our own time, technical communicators may come to an understanding of how changes in technology sparked shifts in the social and intellectual dynamics of text construction. And by looking at these earlier traditions and the environments in which texts were studied, we may develop a deeper understanding of some of the intellectual, ethical, and educational implications of texts in this CMC era.
The value of experiential education in dietetics.

Abstract A survey was sent to 2000 Registered Dietitians (RD) who passed the national registration exam between 1996 and 1999. RDs were asked to self-report their perceived value of professional preparation attained from four areas of dietetic education: didactic program, supervised practice, work experience , and continuing education . Five questions in the survey asked RDs to estimate the contribution of these four areas, in percentage, to their ability, confidence, knowledge, skills and competence as an RD. Analysis of the data included descriptive statistics and two-way correlation. The return rate for the survey was 45.0%. The dietetic internship consistently received the highest mean response for all five aspects of professional development. Knowledge (31.3%) was the highest contribution from the didactic program. The internship contributed the most to skill development (44.8%). Confidence (32.5%) was the greatest contribution from work experience, and knowledge (8.6%) from continuing education. When asked to indicate their first area of practice, 63.5% of the participants reported working in a clinical position, 19.2% reported community/public health, 13.8% reported other, 12.6% reported food service/management and 3.5% reported entrepreneurial/business. Participants' responses indicate that the internship is a critical aspect of dietetics education in order to develop ability, confidence, knowledge, skills, and competence to practice as an RD. However, each component of dietetic education contributed a unique aspect of professional development that is necessary in the preparation of an entry-level dietitian. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:1458–1460 .
Introduction of an Aliphatic Ketone into Recombinant Proteins in a Bacterial Strain that Overexpresses an Editing-Impaired Leucyl-tRNA Synthetase

Like leucine? A leucine analogue containing a ketone has been incorporated into proteins in E. coli. Only E. coli strains overexpressing an editing-deficient leucyl-tRNA synthetase were capable of synthesizing proteins with the aliphatic ketone amino acid. Modification of ketone-containing proteins under mild conditions has been demonstrated.
Characterization of CO2CH4H2O fluid inclusions by microthermometry and laser Raman microprobe spectroscopy: Inferences for clathrate and fluid equilibria

Microthermometry (MT) and laser Raman microprobe (LRM) spectroscopy (at room temperature and at about 0°C) were done on 33 synthetically produced CO2CH4H2O fluid inclusions in quartz (from R. Bodnar and M. Sterner). At room temperature, the inclusions consist of an aqueous liquid, a CO2CH4 supercritical carbonic fluid and (in most cases) graphite. In all these inclusions, the melting temperature for solid CO2 is less than that for the homogenization of the vapor bubble in the carbonic fluid. A method is described whereby MT data for CO2CH4H2O inclusions can be projected within the CO2CH4 binary phase diagram to infer CO2:CH4 ratios in the carbonic fluid ( 35 mole% CH4 in the inclusions under study). This method takes into account the formation of CO2CH4 clathrate hydrate during MT analysis. Unless clathrate formation is properly considered, errors arise in the determination of the bulk CO2CH4 ratio. For the inclusions in our study, these errors are on the order of 5 to 8 mole% CH4. Our interpretation of the MT data indicates that CH4 is preferentially partitioned into the clathrate over the coexisting carbonic fluid, in contradiction to the prediction from Parrish and Prausnitz's (1972) model for clathrate equilibria. Comparison of LRM analyses on the bulk carbonic fluid (in the absence of clathrate) and the residual carbonic fluid (in the presence of clathrate) confirm the preferential partitioning of CH4 into the clathrate. LRM analyses of the clathrate itself indicate that CH4 occupies both types of cage sites in the clathrate structure, whereas CO2 may only occupy one site. Two by-products of the combined LRM and MT analyses of the same inclusions are derivation of empirical ratios of Raman quantification factors for high-density CO2CH4 fluids and the ability to determine CO2:CH4 ratios of inclusions whose MT data lie near the critical region for CO2CH4. Thus, the joint use of LRM and MT techniques provides information that could not be obtained by either technique alone.
Crosstalk measures for analyzing biological networks in breast cancer

Understanding the interaction and crosstalk between pathways is important for understanding the function of both physiological and pathological biological systems. We have taken a computational approach to explore interactions among modules within biological networks by comparing and contrasting various topological measures which may be useful in the identification and prediction of critical connectivity points between modules. Node degree, betweenness, bridges, and articulation points may define connections among modules with distinct functions. Structural holes are another topological feature of networks which are important in identifying the role of nodes in the relationships among subclusters of graphs. Structural holes separate non-redundant sources of information, sources that are more additive than overlapping. We explore the performance of these among protein-protein interactions in yeast, then apply them to gene networks derived from a cohort of early stage breast cancer patients in whom different levels of IGF ligand have been associated with differing outcomes. We compare the different approaches to identifying and ranking genes based on these measures to reveal clues about cross-talk and feedback mechanisms and their role in mediating communication and coordination among modules.
Synthesis and metabolism of cellular transcripts in HSV-1 infected cells

The effects of productive herpes simplex virus infection on host gene expression were examined by measuring the rates of synthesis and subsequent fates of several Vero cell mRNAs. The rates of transcription of actin, beta-tubulin, and histone-3 and-4 RNAs were measured by pulse-labeling of intact cells as well as by run-on transcription in isolated nuclei. At both early (2 hr) and late (6 hr) times, the relative rates of transcription of these RNAs were greater than in uninfected cells. Kinetic labeling experiments performed at late times also revealed increased turnover rates of nuclear RNAs. That the rate of appearance of these RNAs in the cytoplasm was also reduced suggests that these cellular RNAs are being specifically retained and degraded in the nucleus. Levels of pre-existing cytoplasmic RNAs as measured by Northern blot analysis declined rapidly after infection though the nuclear steady-state levels of these RNAs increased up to 3 hr postinfection and then declined between 3 and 10 hr postinfection. At no time was the accumulation of processing intermediates detectable. Finally, we also determined that, consistent with the decline in levels of histone mRNA, rates of histone protein synthesis declined rapidly after infection.
Chemical Stability of Indomethacin in the Solid Amorphous and Molten States

It is shown that the decomposition of an amorphous substance at temperatures close to the melting point of the stable, crystalline modification equals in order and activation parameters that of the molten substance.
The Definition of Death in Islam: Can Brain Death Be Used as a Criteria of Death in Islam?

In recent years, the two most natural human experiences of birth and death have become problematic. Not long ago, it was the case that when a severely handicapped infant was born, or when death approached the elderly, nature took its course. Now we can engineer changes in life, we can sustain life that, hitherto, could not be sustained. Even definition of death is in dispute. Merely possessing the ability to do something, be it genetic engineering, or organ transplants, does not, of course require us to do it. But having the ability requires us to choose. One of the ironies of our century is that the hard sciences have developed much more rapidly than our human ability to accelerate the development of new bioethical structures to guide us in making these difficult decisions.
Application of LANDSAT imagery to flood studies in the remote Nahanni karst, Northwest Territories, Canada

Abstract LANDSAT imagery has provided important new data about the spectacular hydrology of the Nahanni north karst, one of the most complex subarctic karst landscapes known. Images have revealed that prior to spring snowmelt the three poljes and other depressions in the north karst are dry. When snow and ice melts in May, several depressions flood because their ponor systems are blocked by ice. Spring snowmelt is not the major hydrologic event of the year, the most intense hydrologic activity results from heavy rainfall in the months June—August. Nahanni depressions flood when there is above-average rainfall in any of these months. In years with no unusually high monthly precipitation, depressions may remain dry or suffer only minor inundation. Continuation of the LANDSAT program of earth resource data acquisition provides a means of monitoring hydrologic conditions in the north karst in the future.
A multipole expansion for the field of vacuum chamber eddy currents

Analytic formula for the multipole coefficients of a single current filament between two infinitely-permeable iron plates are obtained. These are applied to the eddy currents generated in a two-dimensional conducting surface, such as a synchrotron vacuum chamber, when it is exposed to a rapidly varying magnetic field. We find that the sextupole component, b{sub 2}, is insensitive to the chamber shape and depends only on the gap between the plates, if the width of the chamber is much larger than the height. Higher multipoles, b{sub n} decrease rapidly with increasing chamber width. The radius of convergence for the multipole expansion, at least up to n = 10, is about 80% of the width of the chamber. 3 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.
Full-Scale Magnetorheological Fluid Dampers for Heavy Vehicle Rollover

A unique magnetorheological fluid (MRF) bypass damper for heavy vehicle controllable suspension systems is designed, fabricated, and tested. The damper can generate nearly 8000 N which meets the maximum force requirement for preventing heavy vehicle rollover under certain crucial circumstances. A dynamic simulation of the rollover performance of a heavy vehicle incorporated with four MRF dampers is carried out using a vehicle dynamic software. Emergency maneuver and rollover scenario are simulated. The results show that the MRF dampers could achieve better performance for protection from the vehicle rollover. It is estimated that the roll angle can be reduced by 45% compared to the regular original equipment manufacturer (OEM) passive dampers.
Director’s Forum - Developing Patient-Centered Services, Part 3: The Ohio State University Medical Center

The Director's Forum series is edited by Robert J. Weber and Scott M. Mark and is designed to guide pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health systems. This month's article continues the theme of practice model development. This focus is mainly a result of health-system pharmacy's emphasis on changing pharmacy practice by moving pharmacists closer to patients and by utilizing technicians to ensure optimal quality control of the medication use system. This article gives the pharmacy director another example of a practice model that employs a hybrid approach. These examples can be used as a foundation for growing patient-centered pharmacy services in your organization.
Synthesis of chemoreversible prodrugs of ARA-C

Abstract The synthesis of N 4 -peptidyl- derivatives of ara -C ( 1 ) is described. In these derivatives, the active drug is released by an intramolecular cyclization process with formation of a six-membered heterocycle. No enzymatic or solvolytic conversion is necessary. NMR studies of the rates of cyclization is basic and acidic environment are discussed.
Limits on tunneling theories of strong-field ionization.

It is shown that tunneling theories of ionization by lasers are subject to upper and lower bounds on the Keldysh parameter $\ensuremath{\gamma}$. The tunneling limit, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, applies to ionization by quasistatic electric fields, but not by laser fields. For lasers, the $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ limit requires a relativistic treatment. Bounds on the applicability of tunneling theories depend on parameters other than $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, confirming the rule that strong-field phenomena require more than one dimensionless parameter for scaling.
Fuel-Optimal Trajectory Generation for Persistent Contrail Mitigation

A future air traffic management system capable of rerouting aircraft trajectories in real time in response to transient and evolving events would result in increased system efficiency, better use of the airspace, and decreased environmental impact. Persistent contrail formation is thought to be responsible for a significant portion of the environmental impact of aviation, and this impact is expected to grow over time. Therefore, it is important to explore a method to reduce the impact of persistent contrail formation. Mixed-integer linear programming is used within a receding horizon framework to form aircraft trajectories that mitigate persistent contrail formation while seeking a minimum fuel solution. A novel path-planning approach is presented, which uses a penalty approach within a receding horizon framework. In a single-flight scenario, 48% of persistent contrails are eliminated with a 0.5% increase in fuel consumption. This is compared to a 6.2% increase in fuel consumption for absolute contrail av...
Lie to Me: Deceit detection via online behavioral learning

Inspired by the the behavioral scientific discoveries of Dr. Paul Ekman in relation to deceit detection, along with the television drama series Lie to Me, also based on Dr. Ekman's work, we use machine learning techniques to study the underlying phenomena expressed when a person tells a lie. We build an automated framework which detects deceit by measuring the deviation from normal behavior, at a critical point in the course of an investigative interrogation. Behavioral psychologists have shown that the eyes (via either gaze aversion or gaze extension) can be good “reflectors” of the inner emotions, when a person tells a high-stake lie. Hence we develop our deceit detection framework around eye movement changes. A dynamic bayesian model of eye movements is trained during a normal course of conversation for each subject, to represent normal behavior. The remaining conversation is broken into sequences and each sequence is tested against the parameters of the model of normal behavior. At the critical points in the interrogations, the deviations from normalcy are observed and used to deduce verity/deceit. An analysis on 40 subjects gave an accuracy of 82.5% which strongly suggests that the latent parameters of eye movements successfully capture behavioral changes and could be viable for use in automated deceit detection.
Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks

The endogenous two-break unit root test of Lumsdaine and Papell is derived assuming no structural breaks under the null. Thus, rejection of the null does not necessarily imply rejection of a unit root per se, but may imply rejection of a unit root without break. Similarly, the alternative does not necessarily imply trend stationarity with breaks, but may indicate a unit root with breaks. In this paper, we propose an endogenous two-break Lagrange multiplier unit root test that allows for breaks under both the null and alternative hypotheses. As a result, rejection of the null unambiguously implies trend stationarity.
Mode-Locking Using $\chi ^{(2)}$ Waveguide Arrays

It is demonstrated theoretically that the use of a χ(2) waveguide array in conjunction with a fiber laser cavity is capable of producing self-starting, robust, and stable mode-locking. The χ(2) waveguide array takes advantage of several key effects to enhance the mode-locking stability and effective saturable absorption, including the nonlinear mode-coupling in the waveguide array and the phase-sensitivity of the amplifier. Specifically, the mode-locked pulse phase is locked and stabilized by the pump field upon successive cavity round-trips. The combined advantages of these mode-locking conditions make the χ(2) waveguide-array-based mode-locked laser a technologically attractive photonic device warranting further experimental and theoretical invesgation.
Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Indinavir and the Effect of Food

Indinavir sulfate is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor indicated for treatment of HIV infection and AIDS in adults. The purpose of this report is to summarize single-dose studies which characterized the pharmacokinetics of the drug and the effect of food in healthy volunteers. Indinavir concentrations in plasma and urine were obtained by high-pressure liquid chromatography and UV detection assay methods. The results indicate that indinavir was rapidly absorbed in the fasting state, with the time to the maximum concentration in plasma occurring at approximately 0.8 h for all doses studied. Over the 40- to 1,000-mg dose range studied, concentrations in plasma and urinary excretion of unchanged drug increased greater than dose proportionally. The nonlinear pharmacokinetics were attributed to the dose-dependent oxidative metabolism of first-pass metabolism as well as to metabolism in the systemic circulation. Renal clearance slightly exceeded the glomerular filtration rate, suggesting a net tubular secretion component. At high concentrations in plasma, tubular secretion appeared to be lowered because there was a trend for a decreased renal clearance. Administration of 400 mg of indinavir sulfate following a high-fat breakfast resulted in a blunted and decreased absorption (areas under the concentration-time curves [AUCs], 6.86 microM.h in the fasted state versus 1.54 microM.h in the fed state; n = 10). However, two types of low-fat meals were found to have no significant effect on the absorption of 800 mg of indinavir sulfate (AUCs, 23.15 microM.h in the fasted state versus 22.71 and 21.36 microM.h, respectively, in the fed state; n = 11). Immediately following dosing, the concentrations of indinavir in urine often exceeded its intrinsic solubility. To reduce the risk of nephrolithiasis, it is recommended that indinavir sulfate be administered with water.
Diffusion LMS-based distributed detection over adaptive networks

We consider the problem of distributed detection, where a set of nodes are required to decide between two hypotheses based on their measurements. In diffusion implementations, nodes communicate with their neighbors and no fusion center is needed. In previous work we proposed a distributed detection scheme which was based on diffusion least-squares techniques. In this work we consider the case where nodes utilize diffusion LMS techniques instead. The proposed detector is capable of tracking changes in the active hypothesis. We analyze the performance of the detector, and provide simulation results comparing with other cooperation schemes.
Inhibition of Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake Affects Phasic Release From Motor Terminals Differently Depending on External [Ca2+]

We investigated how inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake affects stimulation-induced increases in cytosolic [Ca2+] and phasic and asynchronous transmitter release in lizard motor terminals in 2 ...
Asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an important problem in the elderly, our fastest growing age group. Asthma in the elderly is sometimes underdiagnosed and undertreated. The elderly asthmatic has a poorer quality of life, is hospitalized more often and is more likely to die. Comorbid conditions are much more common in the elderly and impact greatly on the diagnosis and management of asthma in this age group. While allergy is less common in the elderly than in younger age groups, it should still be considered in any patient with asthma. The management of asthma in the elderly must take into consideration comorbid conditions, polypharmacy and the increased probability of adverse reactions from medications.
Conducting economic evaluations of screening and brief intervention for hazardous drinking: Methods and evidence to date for informing policy

Issues. Many policy review articles have concluded that alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) is both cost-effective and cost-beneficial. Yet a recent cost-effectiveness review for the United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence suggests that these conclusions may be premature.Approach.This article offers a brief synopsis of the various types of economic analyses that may be applied to SBI, including cost analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis, cost-benefit analysis and other types of economic evaluation. A brief overview of methodological issues is provided, and examples from the SBI evaluation literature are provided.Key Findings, Implications and Conclusions.The current evidence base is insufficient to draw firm conclusions about the cost, cost-effectiveness or cost-benefit of SBI and about the impact of SBI on health-care utilisation.[Cowell AJ, Bray JW, Mills MJ, Hinde JM. Conducting economic evaluations of screening and brief intervention for hazardous drinking: Methods and evidence to date for informing policy. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010;29;623–630]
Absorption, distribution and excretion of 14C-meglumine in rats and dogs after administration of 14C-meglumine salicylate

Abstract Meglumine labeled with carbon‐14 was administered orally as 14 C‐meglumine salicylate to rats and dogs to study its distribution and excretion. The compound was incompletely absorbed; that which was absorbed was rapidly excreted in the urine. Peak blood levels were about 5–10 μ g/ml in rats and 2‐8 μ g/ml in dogs. Tissue levels were negligible at the end of the experimental periods. No evidence for N ‐demethylation or oxidation to carbon dioxide was obtained.
BPC permutations on the OTIS-Mesh optoelectronic computer

We show that the diameter of an N/sup 2/ processor OTIS-Mesh is 4/spl radic/(N-3). Two possible embeddings of an N/spl times/N mesh onto an OTIS-Mesh are evaluated. OTIS-Mesh algorithms for some commonly performed permutations-transpose, bit reversal, vector reversal, perfect shuffle, unshuffle, shuffled row-major, and bit shuffle-are developed. We also propose an algorithm for general BPC permutations.
HSIS: A BDD-Based Environment for Formal Verification

Functional and timing verification are currently the bottlenecks in many design efforts. Simulation and emulation are extensively used for verification. Formal verification is now gaining acceptance in advanced design groups. This has been facilitated by the use of binary decision diagrams (BDDs). This paper describes the essential features of HSIS, a BDD-based environment for formal verification: 1. Open language design, made possible by using a compact and expressive intermediate format known as BLIF-MV. Currently, a synthesis subset of Verilog is supported. 2. Support for both model checking and language containment in a single unified environment, using expressivefairness constraints. 3. Efficient BDD-based algorithms. 4. Debugging environment for both language containment and model checking. 5. Automatic algorithms for the early quantification problem. 6. Support for state minimization using bisimulation and similar techniques. HSIS allows us to experiment with formal verification techniques on a variety of design problems. It also provides an environment for further research in formal verification.
Palinspastic reconstruction of Proterozoic basement-related aeromagnetic features in north-central New Mexico: Implications for Mesoproterozoic to late Cenozoic tectonism

Aeromagnetic maps from north-central New Mexico show east-northeast–trending linear features that are offset dextrally across the north-striking Picuris-Pecos, TusasPicuris, and (possibly) Nacimiento fault systems. Geologic structures that correspond to these regional aeromagnetic lineaments, where exposed in Phanerozoic uplifts, are major ductile shear zones of Proterozoic age that juxtapose folded metasedimentary rocks associated with areas of low aeromagnetic value with metavolcanic and metaplutonic rocks associated with areas of high aeromagnetic value. Regional aeromagnetic lineaments serve as piercing lines that suggest at least ~55 km and perhaps as much as ~90 km of net dextral separation since 1.4 Ga. The restored aeromagnetic lineaments are interpreted to represent a series of east-northeast– striking, dominantly north-vergent, thrustsense shear zones that formed initially during the ca. 1.65 Ga Mazatzal orogeny and were variably reactivated during the ca. 1.4 Ga magmatic and deformational event. There is no direct evidence for Proterozoic strike or dip slip on the Picuris-Pecos fault, although such slip is possible. The lack of mylonites and other ductile deformation along the Picuris-Pecos fault indicates that it is not older than ca. 1.2–0.9 Ga, the age when the basement rocks of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains last cooled through temperatures characteristic of the lower limits of ductile deformation (300–250 oC). The ~55–90 km net dextral separation on major north-striking faults in northern New Mexico is the cumulative result of numerous tectonic events, not all of them dextral. The directions of horizontal shortening and/or extension were analyzed for the six major deformations that have affected the region since peak metamorphism at ca. 1.4 Ga. For each of these tectonic episodes, the resolved lateral shear sense on north-striking faults in northern New Mexico was inferred from regional deformation patterns. Grenville (ca. 1.1 Ga) and Neoproterozoic (ca. 0.7 Ga) slip potentially had sinistral components. Cambrian slip accompanying the opening of the southern Oklahoma aulacogen potentially had a small dextral component (a few kilometers). Lateral slip during the late Mississippian–Early Permian Ancestral Rocky Mountain orogeny was probably dextral and possibly of large magnitude. Laramide fault slip was dextral and probably of large magnitude (tens of kilometers). The lateral slip component during the main phase of Rio Grande rifting (Miocene) was sinistral, but of small magnitude. The Ancestral Rocky Mountain and Laramide events thus appear to have been largely responsible for the dextral separations seen today. The relative importance of dextral contributions by these two orogenies, however, has not yet been determined.
A Platform for Characterizing Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Breakdown Products by 2D Chromatography and Top-Down Mass Spectrometry

With the growing commercialization of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies developed for the treatment of various diseases comes the need for increased analytical scrutiny of the impurity components contained within such drug products. Traditionally, relatively low performance and throughput analytical techniques were employed for elucidating the product-related breakdown components derived from the original molecule, including N-terminal Edman sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Although N-terminal sequencing provides a definitive starting point of an unknown breakdown product, the resolution and mass accuracy of MALDI-TOF instruments are often insufficient for unambiguous sequence characterization. Described here is the implementation of existing advanced analytical technologies, including high-performance mass spectrometry (LTQ-Orbitrap XL-ETD) and a chip-based nanoelectrospray autosampling robot (TriVersa NanoMate), for the thorough identification and characterization of breakdown products derived from a force-degraded monoclonal antibody. Many anticipated breakdown products were identified, including Fab fragment (48,325 Da) and heavy chain polypeptide hydrolysis product (15,521 Da). Using high-resolution collisionally induced and electron transfer dissociation methods, additional identifications were made with specific localization of unpredicted modifications. As examples, a modified Fab fragment (N- and C-terminal cyclization, 47,902 Da) and a hydrolyzed free light chain impurity components (23,191 Da) were identified with a high degree of confidence (E value, <1e-5). This work describes the approach for top-down characterization of breakdown products and is readily applicable to additional monoclonal antibodies (mAb) characterization experiments, including charge isoform characterization and aggregate analysis, for a more thorough understanding of therapeutic mAb drug products.
Population cycles of small rodents are caused by specialist predators: or are they?

Abstract Predation by specialist mammalian predators has been hypothesized to be the primary cause of multi-annual density fluctuations (‘population cycles') in voles. Using a series of replicated field experiments, Isla Graham and Xavier Lambin have now shown that specialist mammalian predators are neither necessary nor sufficient to drive field vole Microtus agrestis population cycles. These findings conclusively contradict the specialist predator hypothesis. The search for the mechanisms underlying the spectacular dynamics of cyclic vole populations must, therefore, continue.
Chapter 18 Geology and petroleum potential of the Timan–Pechora Basin Province, Russia

Abstract The Timan–Pechora Basin Province represents the northeastern-most cratonic block of Eastern European Russia. More than 16 billion barrels of oil (BBO) and 40 trillion cubic feet of gas (TCFG) have been discovered in this basin. Three geological assessment units (AU) were defined for assessing the potential for undiscovered oil and gas resources. The NW Izhma Depression AU encompasses all potential structures and reservoirs in the northwestern part of the Izhma–Pechora Depression, but this part of the basin contains little source and reservoir rocks and so was not assessed quantitatively. The Main Basin Platform AU includes all structures and reservoirs that developed in the central part of the basin where the tectonic evolution and development of petroleum systems were complex. The Foredeep Basins AU includes all potential reservoirs within the thick sedimentary section of the foredeep basins developed during the Permo-Triassic Uralian Orogeny. For the Timan–Pechora Basin Province, the estimated means of undiscovered resources are 3.3 BBO, 17 TCFG and 0.3 billion barrels of natural gas liquids (BBNGL). For the areas of the AUs north of the Arctic Circle in the Timan–Pechora Basin Province, the estimated means of undiscovered resources are 1.7 BBO, 9.0 TCFG and 0.2 BBNGL. The Pechora Sea was assessed with the South Barents Sea Province and is not included in this assessment. Supplementary material: Supplementary Appendices 1–3 are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18474.
Potassium buffering in the central nervous system

Rapid changes in extracellular K+ concentration ([K+](o)) in the mammalian CNS are counteracted by simple passive diffusion as well as by cellular mechanisms of K+ clearance. Buffering of [K+](o) can occur via glial or neuronal uptake of K+ ions through transporters or K+-selective channels. The best studied mechanism for [K+](o) buffering in the brain is called K+ spatial buffering, wherein the glial syncytium disperses local extracellular K+ increases by transferring K+ ions from sites of elevated [K+](o) to those with lower [K+](o). In recent years, K+ spatial buffering has been implicated or directly demonstrated by a variety of experimental approaches including electrophysiological and optical methods. A specialized form of spatial buffering named K+ siphoning takes place in the vertebrate retina, where glial Muller cells express inwardly rectifying K+ channels (Kir channels) positioned in the membrane domains near to the vitreous humor and blood vessels. This highly compartmentalized distribution of Kir channels in retinal glia directs K+ ions from the synaptic layers to the vitreous humor and blood vessels. Here, we review the principal mechanisms of [K+](o) buffering in the CNS and recent molecular studies on the structure and functions of glial Kir channels. We also discuss intriguing new data that suggest a close physical and functional relationship between Kir and water channels in glial cells.
Online Mapping: Theoretical Context and Practical Applications

This chapter discusses the emerging area of maps and online mapping capabilities via the World Wide Web. As several other contributors to this book point out (for example, Krygier, Taylor) the most important aspect of contemporary cartography is not the technology per se, but rather how it impacts what kinds of questions and answers we come up with as geographers and cartographers. In other words, what are the implications of online mapping, and into what cartographic context can it be placed in order to understand it best?
The young unwed primipara: A study of 100 cases with 5 year follow-up

A study was conducted at the Yale-New Haven Medical Center in New Haven Connecticut of 123 unwed patients who were delivered of their 1st child between January 1 1959 and December 30 1960. Findings are presented on a sample of 100; 23 patients were lost to follow-up. The hospital records of these 100 adolescents who became pregnant before age 18 were used to follow the patients. A 5-year follow-up was available. Only 5 of the 100 did not have a repeat pregnancy. The remainder produced 340 children although only 9 were marred 5 years after the 1st pregnancy. 60% of the group are supported by state welfare. The contraceptive record in this series of patients is practically nonexistent. A program which provides special care for teenage unwed mothers has been initiated in the New Haven area. The program aims to educate the patient provide intensive medical supervision and coordinate community activity or the educational and/or vocational training of the adolescent. The obstetrician can play a significant role in helping the teenage unwed mother by offering specialized prenatal care intrapartum support and postpartum contraception.
The Cyclical Nature of the Productivity Distribution

Using plant-level data, I show that the dispersion of total factor productivity in U.S. durable manufacturing is greater in recessions than in booms. This cyclical property of productivity dispersion is much less pronounced in non-durable manufacturing. In durables, this phenomenon primarily reflects a relatively higher share of unproductive firms in a recession. In order to interpret these findings, I construct a business cycle model where production in durables requires a fixed input. In a boom, when the market price of this fixed input is high, only more productive firms enter and only more productive incumbents survive, which results in a more compressed productivity distribution. The resulting higher average productivity in durables endogenously translates into a lower average relative price of durables. Additionally, my model is consistent with the following business cycle facts: procyclical entry, procyclical aggregate total factor productivity, more procyclicality in durable than non-durable output, procyclical employment and countercyclicality in the relative price of durables and the cross section of stock returns.
Predictors of inactivation and reasons for participant inactivation during a skin cancer chemoprevention study.

Maintaining good compliance is a major challenge in long-term cancer chemoprevention trials. Minimizing the number of inactive participants during a trial is an important factor in maximizing compliance. Identifying reasons for and predictors of inactivation is the first step in being able to reduce participant inactivation. In this skin cancer chemoprevention trial, the 2,297 participants were randomized to receive 25,000 IU of retinol daily or a placebo. Median follow-up time was 3.8 years. The reason for inactivation was determined for each participant who stopped taking the study capsules. Six hundred and seventy-seven (29.7%) participants became inactive during the 5-year study. There was no significant difference between the number of participants inactivating by treatment group or sex. The most common reasons for inactivation were illness of subject, spouse, or a close relative (18.6%) and experience of a clinical symptom consistent with vitamin A ingestion (17.1%). Participants in the vitamin A group (10.1%) more frequently cited symptoms coded as “not consistent with vitamin A” as the reason for inactivation compared with those in the placebo group [5.4% ( P < 0.05)]. The inactivation rate was highest in the first month of the trial and declined thereafter. A low education level (hazard ratio, 1.59) and unmarried status (hazard ratio, 1.29) were the only significant predictors of inactivation. These findings may be useful in developing targeted strategies to decrease inactivation and thereby increase compliance in future chemoprevention trials. However, these findings need to be confirmed because published research in this area is very limited.
An All Fiber Front-end System for the National Ingition Facility

The 192 laser beams that converge on the target at the output of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) originates from an all fiber laser system in the Master Oscillator Room (MOR). The architecture, design and performance of the NIF Master Oscillator Room will be presented.
Control mechanisms for trauma induced DLSH reaction (decrease in mouse liver non-protein sulfhydryl).

SummaryA DLSH reaction (statistically significant decrease in liver NPSH) was secured in mice by administration of very large amounts of insulin, epinephrine or nor-epinephrine, or tourniquet traumatization. Trauma was as effective in inducing a DLSH reaction in alloxan diabetic or adrenal demedullated mice as in normal mice; hence the trauma induced DLSH reaction was not attributable to endogenous insulin or adrenal medullary hormones. The trauma induced DLSH reaction was practically abolished by either adrenalectomy or administration of the ganglion blocking drug chlorisondamine dimethochloride. This indicates that both adrenal cortical and sympathetic nervous system activities are required for the reaction.
Comparative studies on coagulation activities in normal plasmas and their mixtures

By single factor exchange test experiments it was proved that mixtures of normal plasmas usually have the coagulation activity that can be concluded from the single activities of the used plasmas. In individual cases, however, normal plasmas influence each other in the mixture to the effect that coagulation is increased or decreased. This has to be considered when plasma pools for standard curves are established.
Determination of Protocatecheuic Acid in the Fruit of Illiciaceae Plants by HPLC

The research aims to establish a method for determining the concentration of protocatecheuic acid in Illicium fruits and uses HPLC with DiamonsilTMC18 column as stationary phase,methanol-water(including 0.8% glacial acetic acid) as mobile phase and λ 260nm as detection wavelength.The research findings show that the method has a linear calibration curve,high in precision and satisfactory in repeatability;the average recovery is 99.11%;the concentration of protocatecheuic acid in the fruit of Illicium majus and Illicium simonsii is higher than others and Illicium fruit can serve as a source of protocatecheuic acid.
A Journey of Mutual Growth: Mental Health Awareness in the Muslim Community

Backed by both religious training and psychiatric training, Dr. Rania Awaad describes her journey addressing the mental health needs of the Muslim community residing in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, United States. The synchrony between community partnerships and academic support proves to be a key ingredient in working in a faith-based community typically averse to “Western” mental health services.
Evaluating a surgeon led training program: Targeting kidney disease in Vietnam

Abstract Background An educational program consisted of lectures and simulation training designed to provide knowledge and skills to improve the delivery of care to patients with kidney disease was delivered in Hue, Vietnam. A follow-up study to validate the efficacy and durability of the education and training was done one year later. Methods The course was validated using Kirkpatrick's four levels of evaluation: (i) pre- and post-course interviews reflecting initial reaction; (ii) training quality assessment on simulated scenarios; and (iii) follow-up questionnaires, interviews, and on-site observation of clinical care delivery. Results Reaction to the course was uniformly positive. Multidisciplinary design and emphasis was rated highly. The combination of evidence-based didactics and simulation training provided an assessment of application of learned material. Structured debriefing demonstrated a high degree of understanding. Predicted language and cultural barriers were reduced using simulation. Follow-up identified that course material had been put into practice, including communication, crew resource management, and a systems approach to the management of complications. Observation of clinical care identified systems changes that improved ability to deliver care in a cost-effective manner. Conclusions The curriculum improved multidisciplinary team performance in the short and long term. Course design provided a structured training framework, and enhanced the learning. The methods used to deliver the educational material and simulation training overcame potential language and cultural barriers. Follow-up demonstrated a sustained acceptance and application of the training in the care of complex kidney disease patients. The Kirkpatrick evaluation method assisted in determining the effectiveness of this training methodology. Using this platform for education and training can foster improvements in patient outcomes effectiveness.
LOW-FREQUENCY SHELF-ESTUARINE EXCHANGE PROCESSES IN MOBILE BAY AND OTHER ESTUARINE SYSTEMS ON THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO

Abstract Two years of data from Mobile Bay show that subtidal shelf-estuarine exchanges at periods of 2 to 4 days are driven by the cross-shelf along-estuary wind stress. At periods of 3 to 20 days, coastal Ekman convergence/divergence, driven by the alongshore wind stress, becomes important in driving the exchanges. Such a situation is common to many estuaries around the northern rim of the Gulf of Mexico. At seasonal scales, river runoff becomes important to both the barotropic and baroclinic exchanges.