cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-esteem in childhood and adolescence: Vaccine or epiphenomenon?

Abstract Recent accounts of the adaptive significance of self-esteem during childhood and adolescence have varied dramatically and fueled the emergence of a “self-esteem debate.” On one side of the debate, self-esteem is portrayed as a powerful positive influence on youth adjustment. By contrast, the other side has argued that hypothesized effects of self-esteem do not exist at all. A review of empirical findings suggests that both views are oversimplified and inaccurate. The adaptive implications of self-esteem during childhood and adolescence instead appear to be complex and differentiated, ranging from highly beneficial to possibly even negative. Recent results indicate the importance of considering (a) multiple, distinct facets of self-esteem; (b) the moderating influence of youth characteristics, environmental experiences, and processes in the formation and maintenance of self-esteem; and (c) bidirectional, recursive linkages between self-esteem and adaptive functioning throughout development. The adaptive implications of self-esteem for children and adolescents also appear to be most usefully investigated within the context of broader frameworks that allow for consideration of the role of self-esteem as an intervening or mediational process and its interdependent relationships with other aspects of the developing self-system. Implications for interventions designed to enhance youth self-esteem are discussed.
Injuries in Commercial Whitewater Rafting on the New and Gauley Rivers of West Virginia

Objective To describe the rates, patterns, and likelihood of injuries in commercial whitewater rafting on the New and Gauley rivers, West Virginia. Methods Standardized injury report forms developed by the West Virginia Whitewater Commission were reviewed for years 2005–2010 to provide a statistical account of injuries reported by licensed commercial rafting outfitters operating on the New and Gauley rivers. Results Overall, musculoskeletal injuries (sprains/strains, 21.1%; dislocations, 13.8%; fractures, 12.2%) comprised the majority (47.4%) of incidents followed by injuries to soft tissue (lacerations, 29.0%; abrasions, 13.3%; contusions, 2.3%). Almost one half (44.3%) of injuries were to the head, neck, and shoulders followed by the lower extremities (foot/ankle/leg/knee/hip, 33.9%) and upper extremities (hand/wrist/arm, 14.3%). Data analyzed using the Somers' D statistic revealed the likelihood of an injury occurring inside the raft is P = .55, and P = .39 when passengers are ejected from the raft into the river. The most likely injuries to occur to passengers are a laceration ( P = .51) or a sprain ( P = .20). The main probabilities for the risks of injuries were found to be to the head ( P = .24), shoulder ( P = .16), and face ( P = .13) of the passenger. Conclusions By knowing what injuries are common, their likelihood of occurrence, and the settings in which they happen, commercial outfitters can initiate practices to reduce injury rates.
Chemistry of aqueous mineral carbonation for carbon sequestration and explanation of experimental results

In aqueous mineral carbonation for carbon sequestration, high-pressure CO2 is injected into water or sodium bicarbonate solution mixed with olivine or serpentine to produce magnesium carbonate. Thus, CO2 gas is fixed in a solid carbonate for sequestration. Such reactions are generally slow, and a significant amount of research was conducted to increase the reaction rate. This article is an initial effort using basic thermodynamic analysis to understand this complicated heterogeneous chemical process, and to explain some experimental results. The approach started with decomposing the process into two basic steps: magnesium ion dissolution from the olivine or serpentine, and magnesite precipitation. Thermodynamic calculation then is used to assess two important parameters for each of these two steps: the pH and carbonic ion concentration. The calculations explain the roles of increased CO2 pressure, elevated temperature, and adding sodium bicarbonate for enhancing the carbonation reaction, and these results agreed well with the experimental data. The analysis also indicates that for reaction routes in which leaching magnesium silicate and forming magnesium carbonate occur in the same reactor, lowering the pH helps dissolve magnesium ions from silicate, but it lowers carbonic ion concentration and limits precipitation of magnesite; careful balance of these two steps is critical. Further improvement may be built upon this model. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006
Factorizations of operator matrices

Abstract This note gives explicit factorizations of a 2 × 2 operator matrix as a product of an upper triangular operator matrix and an involutory, unitary, or J-unitary operator matrix. A pattern is given for construction of factorizations of this kind.
The effects of ego involvement on responses to editorial satire

This study examined the role of satire in immunizing receivers to counterarguments. The results indicated that satire was an effective means of changing attitudes in low ego involved subjects, but this effect is not maintained in the presence of counterarguments.
Binary Mixtures of UO2 and Other Oxides

The phase diagrams of the binary systems containing UO2 and the oxides MgO, Al2O3, and BeO have been constructed using (1) the laws of ideal solutions and (2) the approximation that the entropy of fusion of polyatomic molecules is N R, where N is the number of atoms per molecule. Reasonable values of the eutectic composition and temperature and satisfactory agreement with experiment have been obtained.
Testing the water: Molecular tools for microbial assays

Over the past two decades, molecular technologies have been developing rapidly for clinical applications. Recently these tools have begun making significant impacts on environmental monitoring programs. The ability to replicate specific genes using PCR is the most powerful tool to date and has already improved the capability of environmental analysis in order to address emerging societal needs. These tools can be applied for microbial source tracking, analysis of emerging pathogens, disaster responses, and prevention of infectious disease within an integrated risk assessment framework that will enhance decision making within the current limited economic constraints.
Weeding: A quantitative and qualitative approach

This approach to weeding an academic library collection combines recorded use, checking of lists and bibliographies, the expertise of librarians and faculty members, and accessibility to develop a model weeding procedure. The results and benefits of using this approach in a medium-sized university are described and discussed.
Presence of a reversible inhibitor for human lymphoid cell DNA synthesis in the extracts of human peripheral lymphocytes

Abstract An endogenous inhibitor of human lymphocyte DNA synthesis contained in extracts of purified human peripheral lymphocytes is described. It was found that the peripheral lymphocyte extract inhibits the DNA synthesis of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes, lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte culture, and human lymphoid cells in a long-term culture (PGLC-33H). This extract did not inhibit the DNA synthesis of nonlymphoid cells including HeLa and human embryonic lung. The effects of the inhibitor were reversible and noncytotoxic. Initial characterization showed the inhibitor to be thermolabile, DNase resistant, trypsin sensitive, and stable in a pH range 5.4–8.4. It appears that the inhibitor contained in the purified human peripheral lymphocyte extract is similar to a previously described inhibitor extracted from a human lymphoid cell line (PGLC-33H). Quantitation of the inhibitor in various lymphoid cell populations showed the amount of inhibitor per cell to be higher in resting peripheral lymphocytes than in PHA stimulated peripheral lymphocytes or human lymphoid cells in long-term culture (PGLC-33H). This data suggest that the inhibitor described may play a regulatory role in lymphocyte metabolism.
Chromium deficiency after long-term total parenteral nutrition

A 63-year-old female developed unexplained hyperglycemia and glycosuria during administration of a total parenteral nutrition regimen on which she had been stable for several months. Because the patient had no history of diabetes or evidence of an infection, chromium deficiency was considered. Plasma chromium level was 0.1 μg/dl (laboratory reference interval: 1.8–3.8 μg/dl). Fourteen days of supplemental intravenous chromium chloride (200 μg/day) allowed complete withdrawal of exogenous insulin with no further hyperglycemia or glycosuria. Correction of unexplained glucose intolerance following vigorous chromium supplementation indicates that the patient had chromium deficiency. Subsequent plasma chromium levels remained unchanged, possibly reflecting the sensitivity limits of the assay that was used, the uncertainty that exists regarding appropriate reference intervals for this element, and the fact that plasma levels do not always correlate with total body stores. The patient did not manifest peripheral neuropathy, which was present in one of the two previously reported cases, nor encephalopathy, which was reported in the other. We conclude that this patient developed chromium deficiency as a result of inadequate administration of chromium in the parenteral formula (6 μg/day) plus excessive enteric losses, and she presented with glucose intolerance as the only clinical manifestation of the deficiency. Caution should be exercised when interpreting plasma chromium in patients with suspected deficiency.
Research Note: Sauerkraut Brine: a Potential Substrate for Production of Yeast β-Glucosidase

Abstract Sauerkraut brine could serve as a substrate for production of extracellular β-glucosidase by Candida yeasts. Of the four species examined, Candida wickerhamii and Candida molischiana produced significantly more β-glucosidase activity at 95% confidence level than Candida lipolytica and Candida utilis . pH had a profound effect on yeast β-glucosidase production. Candida wickerhammii yielded the highest level of β-glucosidase activity (768±4.03 units/L) after 48 h of growth at pH 3.8, and the enzyme had a specific activity of 24 units/mg protein.
Studies of pelagic-benthic coupling extended onto the Soviet continental shelf in the northern Bering and Chukchi seas

Abstract Studies of pelagic-benthic coupling and benthic carbon cycling in the northern Bering and Chukchi seas were extended onto the Soviet continental shelf as part of the third U.S.A.-U.S.S.R. Oceanographic Expedition to the Bering and Chukchi seas in 1988. High sediment oxygen uptake rates (an indicator of food supply to the benthos) and benthic biomass were observed in the western shelf regions of the Gulf of Anadyr, Chirikov Basin and southern Chukchi Sea. Low sediment respiration and faunal biomass were observed in the central and slope areas of the Gulf of Anadyr and near the Alaska coastline. Both high sediment respiration and benthic biomass were related to regions of high carbon deposition to the benthos and sediment organic carbon content. Preliminary studies of sediment accumulation, measured using organic carbon content and atmospherically-derived 210 Pb values in surface sediments, were low in the sandy regions of the northern Bering Sea, with higher sediment accumulation zones occurring in the silt and clay regions in the central Gulf of Anadyr and southern Chukchi Sea. Hydrodynamics have a major influence on organic carbon loading and sediment composition, which in turn influences benthic community structure, biomass and sediment respiration in this Arctic region.
RACE, CLASS, AND ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY: An Ecological Analysis

The US has 1 of the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing in the industrialized world--and the highest rates in the US are found among low-income black adolescents. This paper addresses the problem via a 4-part theoretical framework based on an ecological developmental model. Variables that contribute to adolescent pregnancy in the black community are examined at the individual family sociocultural and social structural levels. In terms of social policy considerations this ecological framework provides a conceptual basis for the claim that the problem of joblessness among both males and females should be a salient issue on any agenda that focuses on reducing black adolescent pregnancy. The potential utility of this framework is discussed and suggestions are offered for research and programmatic intervention. (authors modified)
Teacher‐Student Racial Congruence, Teacher Perceptions, and Test Performance*

Objective. This research explores the seldom-addressed question of whether teacher-student racial congruence conditions the impact of teacher perceptions on performance. Methods. Multipopulation LISREL models (utilizing data from the NELS) compare the effect of white teachers' perceptions on African-American standardized test performance to the corresponding effect among white students. Parallel models compare the impact of African-American teacher perceptions across races. Preliminary models gauge whether the match/mismatch of teacher's and student's race shapes teacher perceptions of African-American and white students. Results. The impact of teachers' perceptions on test performance shows signs of being especially pronounced in the racially dissonant white teacher-black student context—the very context where teacher perceptions seem especially likely to be unfavorable. Conclusions. This research provides new insight on the relevance of teacher perceptions to the black-white performance gap. Racial congruence seems primarily consequential to African-American test performance—shaping both teacher perceptions and (somewhat less so) the impact of such perceptions on performance.
Survival characteristics after neodymium: YAG laser photoresection in advanced stage lung cancer.

In order to assess the long-term clinical benefits of palliative Nd:YAG laser photoresection, we studied 69 patients with obstructing exophytic tracheobronchial lesions treated with this modality between Oct 25, 1984 and May 8, 1989. In 55 patients, there was greater than 75 percent restoration of the luminal caliber (“successful”), and this group was compared to 14 patients in whom the lumen was not restored (“unsuccessful”). Stratifying for squamous cell carcinoma (squamous) alone vs other lung histologic cell types (nonsquamous) demonstrated a significant survival benefit for “successful” squamous vs “unsuccessful” squamous and for “successful” squamous vs “successful” nonsquamous (p ie , radiation or chemotherapy or both). Although only six of 24 of the “successfully” photoresected patients with squamous cell carcinoma survived for one year, only one patient with inoperable mucoepidermoid carcinoma in the nonsquamous group survived beyond ten months. Karnofsky indices improved in both “successful” (p
Naturalistic use of cell phones in driving and context-based user assistance

A field study has been conducted to investigate the naturalistic use of cell phone applications in driving, home, work, and school and during daytime and nighttime. GPS coordinates are used to determine whether cell phone users are driving. The frequency and duration of use of various cell phone applications such as incoming or outgoing voice calls, music player, calendar, SMS, camera, and the Internet are analyzed separately for driving and non-driving. The present results provide fundamental data for adequately assessing the distraction potential of mobile devices and guiding the design of context-based assistance systems.
The Frequency of Unsuspected Minor Illness or Injury in Intoxicated Patients

Objective: To determine the frequency of unsuspected minor illness or injury in a group of patients frequently seen in the ED for acute intoxication. Methods: The medical records of the 20 patients seen most frequently in the ED for acute intoxication in 1993 were reviewed for the number of ED visits for intoxication, the number of associated documented episodes of minor trauma or illness, the extent of ED workup of discovered illness or injury, and patient disposition from the ED. Results: The 20 study patients were evaluated in the ED 1,858 times in 1993 for acute intoxication, a mean of 92.5 visits/patient (±26.6). The most frequent injury was minor trauma above the neck, occurring a mean of 9 times (±3.6) in each of the study patients during 1993. Evaluation included repeated neurologic examinations and frequent radiography of the cervical spine (n = 80), skull (n = 5), facial bones (n = 6), and mandible (n = 5). A limited number of head CT scans also were done (n = 8). The most frequent minor illnesses were gastritis (n = 7), managed with hydration, and mild hypothermia (n = 6), managed with passive rewarming. Conclusions: The incidence of unsuspected minor illness or injury in this patient group was substantial. While most unsuspected medical problems had little clinical significance, some were potentially dangerous, and some necessitated hospitalization (e.g., hypothermia, hematemesis, and respiratory depression).
The effect of age on rate of functional recovery after intracarotid amobarbital injection.

Summary: Purpose: The duration of the drug effect during the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) is an important factor when considering the prioritization of behavioral testing during the IAP. Previous studies of thiopental, a barbiturate similar to sodium amobarbital, found that age and gender significantly affect the dose required to induce anesthesia, such that younger patients require higher dosage. Methods: A total of 55 patients who underwent the IAP procedure at Johns Hopkins Hospital were included in the study (110 hemispheric injections). The patient group included 30 female and 25 male patients, ranging in age from 11 to 50 years. To determine if a higher dose of sodium amobarbital was needed for younger patients during the IAP, we analyzed the time to return to preinjection EEG baseline status and time to return to 5/5 strength as a function of patient age and gender. Results: We found that younger patients (11–20 years old) returned to preinjection baseline EEG status and full (5/5) strength faster than older patients. No gender difference was found. Conclusions: The sodium amobarbital effect during IAP dissipates faster in young patients. Consideration of this difference in rate of recovery in 11-to 20-year-old patients has important clinical implications in terms of prioritizing behavioral testing.
Plasma synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals for nanoelectronics and luminescence applications

Functional nanocrystals are widely considered as novel building blocks for nanostructured materials and devices. Numerous synthesis approaches have been proposed in the solid, liquid and gas phase. Among the gas phase approaches, low pressure nonthermal plasmas offer some unique and beneficial features. Particles acquire a unipolar charge which reduces or eliminates agglomeration; particles can be electrostatically confined in a reactor based on their charge; strongly exothermic reactions at the particle surface heat particles to temperatures that significantly exceed the gas temperature and facilitate the formation of high quality crystals. This paper discusses two examples for the use of low pressure nonthermal plasmas. The first example is that of a constricted capacitive plasma for the formation of highly monodisperse, cubic-shaped silicon nanocrystals with an average size of 35 nm. The growth process of the particles is discussed. The silicon nanocubes have successfully been used as building blocks for nanoparticle-based transistors. The second example focuses on the synthesis of photoluminescent silicon crystals in the 3–6 nm size range. The synthesis approach described has enabled the synthesis of macroscopic quantities of quantum dots, with mass yields of several mg/hour. Quantum yields for photoluminescence as high as 67% have been achieved.
Gelation Kinetics of β-Hairpin Peptide Hydrogel Networks

The gelation kinetics of self-assembled hydrogels consisting of the β-hairpin peptide MAX1 are investigated using microrheology and far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The intramolecular f...
Has spring snowpack declined in the Washington Cascades

Abstract. Our best estimates of 1 April snow water equivalent (SWE) in the Cascade Mountains of Washington State indicate a substantial (roughly 15–35%) decline from mid-century to 2006, with larger declines at low elevations and smaller declines or increases at high elevations. This range of values includes estimates from observations and hydrologic modeling, reflects a range of starting points between about 1930 and 1970 and also reflects uncertainties about sampling. The most important sampling issue springs from the fact that half the 1 April SWE in the Cascades is found below about 1240 m, altitudes at which sampling was poor before 1945. Separating the influences of temperature and precipitation on 1 April SWE in several ways, it is clear that long-term trends are dominated by trends in temperature, whereas variability in precipitation adds "noise" to the time series. Consideration of spatial and temporal patterns of change rules out natural variations like the Pacific Decadal Oscillation as the sole cause of the decline. Regional warming has clearly played a role, but it is not yet possible to quantify how much of that regional warming is related to greenhouse gas emissions.
Tropical determinant of integer doubly-stochastic matrices

Abstract Let D ( m , n ) be the set of all the integer points in the m -dilate of the Birkhoff polytope of doubly-stochastic n × n matrices. In this paper we find the sharp upper bound on the tropical determinant over the set D ( m , n ) . We define a version of the tropical determinant where the maximum over all the transversals in a matrix is replaced with the minimum and then find the sharp lower bound on thus defined tropical determinant over D ( m , n ) .
Regulation of chick dorsal root ganglion growth cone filopodia by protein kinase C.

Abstract Growth cone filopodia function both as structural and sensory devices during neuronal pathfinding and their presence is important for correct growth cone navigation. It is assumed that a growth cone can adjust the area of the environment it can explore by regulating the length and number of its filopodial sensors, and in several cell types, these parameters are controlled by the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ). In the present report, we address the question whether [Ca 2+ ] i is a general regulator of growth cone filopodia, or whether different cell types utilize different second-messenger systems for this purpose. We show that increasing [Ca 2+ ] i in growth cones of chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons does not affect average filopodial length in this cell type, suggesting that this parameter is not controlled by [Ca 2+ ] i in chick DRG neurons. Further, we demonstrate that the second-messenger protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in the regulation of filopodial length in chick DRG neurons. Activation of PKC with the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate-13-acetate (PMA), caused filopodial shortening, whereas inhibition of PKC with either bisindolylmaleimide I or calphostin C caused a significant elongation of filopodia. Although the pathway through which PKC mediates its effect on growth cone filopodia in chick DRG neurons remains to be identified, our results indicate that filopodial regulation by [Ca 2+ ] i , though clearly important in several other neuronal cell types in vitro, appears to be less important in chick DRG neurons. Rather, we find that in chick DRG neurons, filopodial parameters are controlled by PKC.
Ixodes ricinus as vector and reservoir of Borrelia burgdorferi in an urban environment

As specific arthropods, ticks in urban environments transmit the agents of dangerous contagious diseases endangering human and animal health. They are vectors of numerous infective agents that cause serious diseases of animals such as babesiosis and ehrlichiosis. Tick populations maintain and transmit an increas­ing number of different infective agents. In regard to the human population, they transmit the agents of tick encephalitis, Omsk hemorrhagic disease, Crim-Congo hemorrhagic disease, Kyasa-nur forest fever, ixodid fever, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, Siberian tick typhus and Lyme disease the last of which according to acarological references has become the dominant zoonosis in over 140 of the world's countries. In urban environments ticks represent problem both for their epidemiological significance and as organisms whose presence disturbs people during their work and rest. In Europe, the two most fre­quent species and Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus. Both species have a wide spectrum of hosts.
PARTIES, POLITICS, AND REGULATION: EVIDENCE FROM CLEAN AIR ACT ENFORCEMENT

Does local Federal regulation respond to the preferences of local Congressional representatives? For example, do Republican Congressmen reduce local enforcement of Clean Air laws in their districts? We use facility-level panel data on Clean Air Act inspections over 1989–2005 to study the causal effect of a Congressman's party affiliation on local enforcement. Random assignment of electoral outcomes is obtained with a Regression Discontinuity design. We find that new Republican (vs. Democratic) Representatives significantly depress inspection rates for local polluting facilities in the first year after their election. (JEL D73, Q52, Q53)
Analytic formulae for the refractive indices and the propagation angles in biaxial and gyrotropic media

An exact analytic solution is found to the dispersion equation in optically biaxial and gyrotropic structures. Explicitly simple expressions are derived for the refractive indices and the propagation directions of the optical eigenwaves.
Women's Advertising in Developing Nations: An Analysis of the Thematic and Information Content of Indian Magazine Advertisements

ABSTRACT India has experienced both economic growth and growth in advertising since opening its doors to multinational corporations. This growth has also given rise to questions regarding the appropriateness of using western advertising themes in a culture with significantly different values. An area of particular concern pertains to gender stereotyping in advertising. This study examines issues surrounding gender stereotyping in women's advertising within the broader context of advertising in developing nations. Results suggest that advertising directed at women in India is generally less informative than that which is directed at a broader audience. Furthermore, women's advertising tends to be more stereotypical in terms of the themes and appeals used as well as the products advertised
Cloning of the cDNA for murine von Willebrand factor and identification of orthologous genes reveals the extent of conservation among diverse species.

Interaction of von Willebrand factor (VWF) with circulating platelets promotes hemostasis when a blood vessel is injured. The A1 domain of VWF is responsible for the initial interaction with platelets and is well conserved among species. Knowledge of the cDNA and genomic DNA sequences for human VWF allowed us to predict the cDNA sequence for murine VWF in silico and amplify its entire coding region by RT–PCR. The murine VWF cDNA has an open reading frame of 8,442 bp, encoding a protein of 2,813 amino acid residues with 83% identity to human pre-pro-VWF. The same strategy was used to predict in silico the cDNA sequence for the ortholog of VWF in a further six species. Many of these predictions diverged substantially from the putative Reference Sequences derived by ab initio methods. Our predicted sequences indicated that the VWF gene has a conserved structure of 52 exons in all seven mammalian species examined, as well as in the chicken. There is a minor structural variation in the pufferfish Takifugu rubr...
A behavioral analysis of the offspring of “Haloperidol-sensitive” and “haloperidol-resistant” gerbils

The first generation (F 1 ) offspring of haloperidol-sensitive (HS) and haloperidol-resistant (HR) gerbils were compared in a battery of motor (“catalepsy”) tests, a novel cardboard-shredding (oro-facial stereotypy) test, and a holeboard (exploration) test. The F 1 HS gerbils were more “cataleptic” than the F 1 HR gerbils after haloperidol (1 and 3 mg/kg). The F 1 HR gerbils showed more oro-facial stereotypy and more exploratory behavior than did F 1 HS gerbils in undrugged tests. The F 1 HS and F 1 HR groups did not differ in “general activity” as measured by line crossings in an open field or by an electromagnetic monitor in the home cage. These results are preliminary behavioral evidence for a difference between HS and HR gerbils in dopaminergic or related functions.
Beyond Over- and Under-Control: Behavioral Observations of Shelter Children

A review of the available research on child witnesses of family violence reveals inconsistent results. It is proposed that this is due in part to varying methodologies including oversimplified data categories and unreliable sources of report. The current study utilizes a longitudinal naturalistic observation format of 75 children in 5 women's shelters. Results show first, the complexity of behaviors, second, fluctuating positive behaviors, third, the overall decline of negative behaviors, and fourth, the shelter worker's role as the victims' primary object. Conclusions emphasize the importance of early childhood development, the need for clinical support to child victims of violence, and the need for counselling models to facilitate the changes in child victims' behaviors.
Preirradiation of host (monkey) cells mitigates the effects of UV upon simian virus 40 DNA replication.

We are examining the effects of preirradiation of host (monkey) cells upon the replication of UV-damaged SV40. Control cells and cells preirradiated with low fluences (5 or 10 J/m2) of UV were infected with undamaged SV40, and the immediate effects of a subsequent irradiation were determined. UV inhibited total SV 40 DNA synthesis (incorporation of thymidine into viral DNA) in both preirradiated and control cells, but the extent of inhibition was less in the preirradiated cells. A test fluence of 60 J/m2 to SW40 replicating in preirradiated cells reduced synthesis only as much as a test fluence of 25 J/m2 in control cells. The fraction of recently replicated SV40 molecules that re-entered the replication pool and subsequently completed one round of replication in the first 2 h after UV was also decreased less in the prerradiated cells. Thus preirradiation of the host cell mitigates the immediate inhibitory effects of a subsequent UV exposure upon SV40 replication.
Theory of diffusion-limited precipitation

Abstract A simple theory for diffusion-limited general precipitation from a supersaturated solution upon an array of particles is described. We calculate the time-dependence of the unprecipitated fraction of the excess solute for small spherical, spheroidal, and cylindrical particles. This fraction has the form exp(—btn) for small t. If the particles grow from initially negligible dimensions with constant eccentricity, and the growth is entirely diffusion-limited, we find n = 3 2 for all spheroids, including rods and disks as well as spheres. This contrasts with earlier evaluations, which gave n = 5 2 for disks and n = 2 for rods and which are incorrect. We find n = 1 for cylindrical particles. Also, n is 1 for small disks and rods, of finite initial dimensions, that remain highly eccentric and do not alter their longer dimensions appreciably during growth. Regardless of particle shape, the unprecipitated fraction is given approximately by [G exp(—at)] when the fraction is less than 1 2 . We also give an exact solution of the time-dependent diffusion equation for the growth of a spheroidal particle in an infinite medium, and we show that under strictly diffusion-limited conditions the particle grows with constant eccentricity and that its dimensions are proportional to √t.
Mobile Sounding Observations of a Tornadic Storm near the Dryline: The Canadian, Texas Storm of 7 May 1986

Abstract On 7 May 1986 thunderstorms formed during the afternoon near a dryline in the Texas Panhandle under weak synoptic-scale forcing. Five tornadoes and large hail were produced by one storm near Canadian, Texas. The focus of the paper is the analysis of soundings obtained by a storm-intercept crew. A sounding launched into the wall cloud of the storm just after the fourth tornado indicated a nearly pseudomoist adiabatic lapse rate, a temperature excess of 10°C over the environment at 500 mb, and an updraft speed of almost 50 m s−1 near 6 km AGL, in reasonable agreement with parcel theory.
Hyporeninemic Hypoaldosteronism in Two Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and hyperkalemia were studied. The hyperkalemia was disproportionate to the degree of renal excretory impairment. The usual causes of hyperkalemia were excluded. Basal levels of plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PAC) were low. The responses of PRA and plasma aldosterone to the combined stimulus of ambulation and furosemide were blunted. Plasma levels of 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OH-B) were normal. The hyperkalemia in both patients could be attributed to hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism (HH). In one patient, the hyperkalemia was corrected by the administration of fludrocortisone. In the second patient, treatment of lupus nephritis with azathioprine, prednisone, and plasmapheresis normalized both the serum creatinine and the serum potassium.
Randomized flow model and centrality measure for electrical power transmission network analysis

Commonly used centrality measures identify the most important elements in networks of components, based on the assumption that flow occurs in the network only along the shortest paths. This is not so in real networks, where different operational rules drive the flow. For this reason, a different model of flow in a network is considered here: rather than along shortest paths only, it is assumed that contributions come essentially from all paths between nodes, as simulated by random walks. Centrality measures can then be coherently defined. An example of application to an electrical power transmission system is presented.
A Randomized Trial of Intravenous Streptokinase Versus Tissue Plasminogen Activator for the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results Using an Aggressive Approach

Seventy-six patients presenting within 6 hours of the onset of an acute myocardial infarction were randomized to either treatment with 1.5 million units of Streptokinase or 100 mg of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator intravenously. Patients not demonstrating clinical reperfusion within 1 hour were taken emergently for “salvage” angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery. Those patients demonstrating clinical reperfusion underwent early (12 to 72 hours) elective angiography and either elective angioplasty or bypass surgery. The mean time from pain onset to treatment was 149 minutes in the Streptokinase group and 134 minutes in the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator group (P = NS). There were no statistical differences between groups with regard to prior myocardial infarction, infarct location, prior coronary bypass surgery and Killip classification. Clinical reperfusion was demonstrated in 56% of the Streptokinase group and 53% of the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator group (P - NS). Angiographic patency was demonstrated in 70% of the Streptokinase group and 66% of the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator group (P = NS). Left ventricular ejection fraction at discharge was no different: 47% in the Streptokinase group and 43% in the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator group (P = NS). Recurrent ischemic events were found more often in the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator group, 18%, versus the Streptokinase group 3% (P = 0.05). Treatment outcomes did not differ between groups. There was one (3%) death in the Streptokinase group versus two (6%) deaths in the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator group (P = NS). There was a trend toward a greater need for emergent coronary bypass surgery after attempted angioplasty in the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator group, four of 18 patients (22%) versus one of 23 patients (4%) in the Streptokinase group (P = 0.14). In summary, in the setting of acute myocardial infarction treated by thrombolysis, those patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator experienced significantly more recurrent ischemic events and required emergent coronary bypass surgery more frequently for failed angioplasty compared to those treated with Streptokinase. The results suggest there may be agent specific increases in complications dependent upon the thrombolytic agent of choice when salvage or early coronary angioplasty is used.
León, Fidel de. El Español del Suroeste y el Español Standard

La aŭtoro ofertas programitan instrulibron, kiu permesos al la leginto identigi la trajtojn de la hispana lingvo en la sud-okcidenta Usono. Temas cefe pri angla fono-logia influo, konfuzo inter simil-aspektaj sed alisignifaj vortoj en la angla kaj hispana, kaj sangoj de la gramatika genro de substantivoj.La metodologio de la instrulibro estas tiu de unuopa elekto de rapideco, kun antau-testo kaj posttesto de ciu ero. La testoj estas de tri tipoj. La aŭtoro atendas, ke la uzanto de la verko estu dulingvano, hispanlingva usonano, 'cikano'. Li do jam parolas kaj komprenas unu formon de la hispana. La celo de la libro de F. de Leon estas igi lin legi kaj skribi la norman hispanan lingvon. La aŭtoro provizas, interalie, vortaron de cikanismoj, kun ties norm-hispanaj ekvivalentoj.Por leganto de LPLP, la intereso de la libro ne estas ties metodo au lingvajo, sed la socilingvistika signifo de gia apero en la nuna epoko kaj nuna formo. La libro implic-as la ekziston de dulingva, dudialekta legantaro en kolegioj kaj gimnazioj. La lingvoj estas la angla (la reganta lingvo, car la libro mem estas verkita en gi) kaj la hispana, pli precize, sud-okcident-usona au 'cikana' lingvoformo. Tiu lingvajo estas sangiganta kaj ja devas sangigi, car temas pri vivanta, vigla regiono de lingva kaj kultura kontakto. De Leon celas reteni la hispanan lingvon en Usono, ne forigi gin, car gi estas valora lingva ricajo. La eldono de tiaspeca edukilo konsistigas rekonon, ke Usono estas mult-etna, plureca socio.Oni eble kritikus de Leon pro lia distingo inter norma hispana lingvajo kaj 'cikana' dialekto. Sed tio ne implicas, ke la cikana lingvajo estas malpli valora. Maie, la prestigo de iu dialekto estas fakte prijugo de la socia prestigo de ties parolantoj. Unuj asertas, ke dudialekteco povas esti kultura kaj sperta ricajo, dum aliaj maie argumentas, ke programoj celantaj la instruadon de norma lingvo kun samtempa reteno de ne-norma dialekto estas nur sajnludo, kiu igas la koncernan popolgrupon malatenti la verajn fontojn de diskriminacio, la verajn soci-ekonomiajn fortojn de la generala socio.La fakto, ke la lernolibro estas verkita por uzo en la lernejoj levas la demandon , kian rolon la fako de instruado de fremdlingvoj ludas en la lingvo-planado. Guitart (1976) pesimisme sed prave notis, ke la lingvo-planado en la nuntempa Usono - entute mal-multa - trovigas ce la dulingva edukado. Gi gajnas nenion el la fremdlingva instruado. Krome, Valdes-Iallis notis, ke estas dubinde, cu eblas instrui duan dialekton en klas-cambro. Kaj en tiu klascambro la lernantoj ofte ekdubas, cu valoras reteni sian de-naskan lingvon.La apero de la unika libro de F. de Leon konvinke montras la mankojn de la lingvo-plana politiko de Usono, rilate al la reteno de ties ignoritaj kulturaj ricajoj. Krome, gi montras la nekapablon au rifuzon de la fremdlingv-instruaj fakoj partopreni en socie grava funkcio - guste en epoko de forta profesia malkontento, de negativa sinteno kaj malapero de lernantoj! Se oni kaptus tiajn novajn klientojn, kiuj ekvekigas al sia etncco, ambaŭ flankoj gajnus.
In the nickel of time

Although reports on the use of nickel can be traced back to 3,500 BC, Catherine Drennan points to a resurgence of interest in nickel-based chemistry in the energy and environmental areas.
Promoting Equity and Access in 2-Year College Intercollegiate Athletic Programs

ABSTRACT Over 40% of the institutions of higher education in the United States are 2-year colleges that enroll over 10 million students annually. Over 1/2 of the students enrolled in 2-year colleges are women. Many 2-year colleges sponsor intercollegiate sport programs. Athletic participation is an important part of the educational process, instilling important lessons about discipline and teamwork. Thus, equity and access to sport should be vital issues of concern for leaders at 2-year institutions. The issues of equity and access to sport are important not only because they increase opportunities for young women to participate in athletics and fitness-related activity, but also because they provide young women with increased educational opportunities. Title IX was enacted to address the historic lack of access and opportunity for women and girls to participate in athletics. This article provides background information about gender equity in intercollegiate athletics, as well as specific strategies for a...
Use of the Outdoor Classroom and Nature-Study to Support Science and Literacy Learning: A Narrative Case Study of a Third-Grade Classroom

A case study of an exemplary third grade teacher’s use of the outdoor classroom for meeting both state science and language arts standards is described. Data from the researcher’s field journal, teacher lesson plans, and teacher interviews document how this teacher used nature-study to bridge outdoor classroom experiences with the state science and language arts curriculum. This teacher’s early life experiences supported her strong interest in science and nature in the outdoors and experiencing it with her children. Children interacted with the outdoor classroom throughout the day as a context for science and literacy learning. All but one child successfully met Annual Yearly Progress (AYP) goals in reading at the end of the school year.
Quantifying Human Mobility Perturbation and Resilience in Hurricane Sandy

Human mobility is influenced by environmental change and natural disasters. Researchers have used trip distance distribution, radius of gyration of movements, and individuals' visited locations to understand and capture human mobility patterns and trajectories. However, our knowledge of human movements during natural disasters is limited owing to both a lack of empirical data and the low precision of available data. Here, we studied human mobility using high-resolution movement data from individuals in New York City during and for several days after Hurricane Sandy in 2012. We found the human movements followed truncated power-law distributions during and after Hurricane Sandy, although the β value was noticeably larger during the first 24 hours after the storm struck. Also, we examined two parameters: the center of mass and the radius of gyration of each individual's movements. We found that their values during perturbation states and steady states are highly correlated, suggesting human mobility data obtained in steady states can possibly predict the perturbation state. Our results demonstrate that human movement trajectories experienced significant perturbations during hurricanes, but also exhibited high resilience. We expect the study will stimulate future research on the perturbation and inherent resilience of human mobility under the influence of hurricanes. For example, mobility patterns in coastal urban areas could be examined as hurricanes approach, gain or dissipate in strength, and as the path of the storm changes. Understanding nuances of human mobility under the influence of such disasters will enable more effective evacuation, emergency response planning and development of strategies and policies to reduce fatality, injury, and economic loss.
Preparation of Acyclic α-Methylene Ketones: Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Acid Chlorides with Organotin Reagents

Abstract The reaction of organotin reagents with acid chlorides, catalyzed by palladium (0), provides a general entry to α-substituted unsaturated ketones.
The DASH prototype: implementation and performance

The fundamental premise behind the DASH project is that it is feasible to build large-scale shared-memory multiprocessors with hardware cache coherence. While paper studies and software simulators are useful for understanding many high-level design trade-offs, prototypes are essential to ensure that no critical details are overlooked. A prototype provides convincing evidence of the feasibility of the design allows one to accurately estimate both the hardware and the complexity cost of various features, and provides a platform for studying real workloads. A 16-processor prototype of the DASH multiprocessor has been operational for the last six months. In this paper, the hardware overhead of directory-based cache coherence in the prototype is examined. We also discuss the performance of the system, and the speedups obtained by parallel applications running on the prototype. Using a sophisticated hardware performance monitor, we characterize the effectiveness of coherent caches and the relationship between an application's reference behavior and its speedup.
Coherent communications, imaging and targeting

Laboratory and field demonstration results obtained as part of the DARPA-sponsored coherent communications, imaging and targeting (CCIT) program are reviewed. The CCIT concept uses a phase conjugation engine based on a quadrature receiver array, a hologram processor and a spatial light modulator (SLM) for high-speed, digital beam control. Progress on the enabling MEMS SLM, being developed by a consortium consisting of LLNL, academic institutions and small businesses, is presented.
Resolving Anonymous Routers in Internet Topology Measurement Studies

Internet measurement studies utilize traceroute to collect path traces from the Internet. A router that does not respond to a traceroute query is referred to as an anonymous router and is represented by a '*' in the traceroute output. Anonymous router resolution refers to the task of identifying the occurrences of '*'s that belong to the same router in the underlying network. This task is an important step in building traceroute-based topology maps and obtaining an optimum solution is shown to be NP-complete. In this paper, we use a novel technique from graph data mining field to build an efficient solution. The results of our experiments on both synthetic and genuine topologies show a significant improvement in accuracy and effectiveness over the existing approaches.