cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photochemical Modeling of the Ozark Isoprene Volcano: MEGAN, BEIS, and Their Impacts on Air Quality Predictions

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) contribute substantially to atmospheric carbon, exerting influence on air quality and climate. Two widely used models, the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) and the Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS) are employed to generate emissions for application in the CMAQ air quality model. Predictions of isoprene, monoterpenes, ozone, formaldehyde, and secondary organic carbon (SOC) are compared to surface and aloft measurements made during an intensive study in the Ozarks, a large isoprene emitting region. MEGAN and BEIS predict spatially similar emissions but magnitudes differ. The total VOC reactivity of the emissions, as developed for the CB05 gas-phase chemical mechanism, is a factor of 2 different between the models. Isoprene estimates by CMAQ-MEGAN are higher and more variable than surface and aloft measurements, whereas CMAQ-BEIS predictions are lower. CMAQ ozone predictions are similar and compare well with measurements using either MEGAN or BEIS. However, CMAQ-MEGAN overpredicts formaldehyde. CMAQ-BEIS SOC predictions are lower than observational estimates for every sample. CMAQ-MEGAN underpredicts SOC ∼ 80% of the time, despite overprediction of precursor VOCs. CMAQ-MEGAN isoprene predictions improve when prognostically predicted solar radiation is replaced with the GEWEX satellite product. CMAQ-BEIS does not exhibit similar photosensitivity.
Effects of posttraining reinforcement upon retention of a passive avoidance task

Appetitive stimuli, aversive stimuli, or novel stimuli of relatively low affective value were presented to rats following one-trial passive avoidance training. When tested 24 h later, the groups did not differ in retention of the passive avoidance task. The results do not support the hypothesis of Huston, Mondadori, and Waser (1974) that posttraining stimuli directly reinforce memory processing. Alternative consequences of posttraining reinforcement are discussed.
Tunable, frequency narrowed Nd3+-doped fiber laser for excitation of the 5p 2P12-4d 2D32 transition in Sr+

Abstract A narrow linewidth, cw Nd3+ doped fiber laser is described for application to the excitation of the 1092 nm, 5p 2P 1 2 -4d 2 D 3 2 transition in Sr+. The laser incorporates a gradient-index lens as an intra-cavity beam collimator and employs a grating together with a series of etalons as frequency selective and tuning elements. Tunable laser output in the region of 940 nm is also described. A demonstration of excitation on the Sr+ transition is shown by observing the optical pumping of Sr+ in an optogalvanic discharge.
Suicidal behavior in twins: a replication.

Abstract Objective: Our two previous reports showed that monozygotic (MZ) twins were significantly more concordant for both completed suicide and attempted suicide than dizygotic (DZ) twins. We wished to replicate the finding that MZ co-twins showed greater concordance for suicidal behavior. Method: We collected a new series of 28 twin pairs in which one twin had committed suicide. Results: We found that 4 of the 13 MZ twin pairs were concordant for suicidal behavior compared with 0 of the 15 DZ twin pairs ( P =0.035). Conclusions: These data confirm our previous reports that MZ co-twins show greater concordance for suicidal behavior than DZ co-twins, consistent with genetic influence.
Quercetin selectively inhibits bioreduction and enhances apoptosis in melanoma cells that overexpress tyrosinase.

Abstract Tyrosinase is expressed in melanoma cells and catalyzes the formation of 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin) into reactive quinone species and subsequent glutathionyl adducts. Therefore, we examined the effect of quercetin metabolism on the glutathione (GSH) bioreduction pathway and cell viability in DB-1 melanoma cells that express varying levels of tyrosinase (Tyr+). In a cell-free system, GSH was significantly decreased by quercetin, which coincided with the formation of glutathionyl adducts. In Tyr+ clones, quercetin decreased bioreduction capacity and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) to a greater degree compared to control cells. The antioxidant/electrophile response element-induced enzymes, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate:quinone oxidoreductase 1 were expressed at high levels in Tyr+ cells and contributed to pro-oxidant quercetin metabolism. The basal level of ROS and apoptosis was higher in Tyr+ cells and were selectively incr...
Using jump lists to identify fraudulent documents

Abstract Jump lists show the file opening activity of a computer user. When a computer user wants to know the most recent file they opened, a jump list can provide that information. Windows 7 displays jump lists for recently used files, but more importantly for investigators, it also records hidden jump list artifacts. These hidden jump list artifacts reveal the complete trail a fraudster follows in creating fraudulent documents or to perform other illegal activities when using their computers. Such jump list artifacts can remain on the computer's drives for years. The paper describes a method that can be used to identify artifacts and their potential for use as forensic evidence in a financial fraud case.
Self‐renewal and differentiation capacity of bone marrow and fetal liver stem cells

An operational definition of the pluripotent stem cell (CFC-S) requires that it have both the capacity for self-renewal and the potential for differentiation into more than one class of formed blood elements. Because the CFC-S compartment is heterogeneous, younger stem cells would be expected to be less committed to differentiation and have a higher rate of self-renewal; whereas, older stem cells would be more committed to differentiation and have a lower rate of self-renewal. In this study, the self-renewal capacity versus the differentiation potential of adult bone marrow and fetal liver stem cells were compared. The self-renewal potential was estimated by determining the number of CFC-S which develop during growth in the spleen of femur of primary recipients. The differentiation potential was estimated by determining the total number of nucleated cells or committed progenitor cells (GM-CFU-C and BFU-E) which develop during growth in the spleen or femur of primary recipients. In order to circumvent possible differences in self-renewal or differentiation pressures due to the presence of differing numbers of CFC-S, an equivalent number of bone marrow and fetal liver CFC-S were allowed to seed the spleen and femur. While both adult bone marrow and fetal liver stem cells showed an extensive capacity for self-renewal, fetal liver CFC-S displayed a greater potential for self-renewal in both the spleen and femur and at all growth intervals measured when compared to adult bone marrow CFC-S. In contrast, no differences were seen in the number of nucleated cells or committed stem cells found per CFC-S when comparing adult bone marrow and fetal liver stem cells.
Torsion in Mixed K -Groups

Abstract We define generalized Milnor K-groups known as mixed K-groups and give explicit descriptions of these groups in simple cases. Our main result is a generalization of the theorem of Bass and Tate that the Milnor K-groups (k) are uniquely divisible when k is algebraically closed and n ≥ 2.
Sexual differentiation of androgen accumulation within the zebra finch brain through selective cell loss and addition

In zebra finches males, but not females, respond to gonadal androgens with the production of a stereotyped courtship song. Corresponding to this dimorphism in hormone sensitivity, two song-related neural regions, magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (MAN) and hyperstriatum ventralis pars caudalis (HVc), have more cells that accumulate androgens in males than in females. The early hormonal environment establishes these sex differences in the brain and behavior such that females treated with estradiol (E2) shortly after hatching have male-typical levels of androgen accumulation in MAN and HVc, and respond to adult androgen stimulation with male-typical song. Using autoradiographic procedures employing the androgen 3[H]-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the present study focused on whether E2 masculinizes androgen target cell numbers in MAN and HVc by inducing, or rather preserving, a male-typical number of androgen target cells. First, it was demonstrated that E2 treatment of females as late as 20 days after hatching increases the number of MAN and HVc cells accumulating 3[H]-DHT or its metabolites in adulthood to levels typical of males. Then the number of androgen target cells present within these nuclei in 20-day-old females was compared with the number present in adult females previously masculinized with E2 treatment on day 20. In MAN, E2 masculinizes androgen accumulation by preserving androgen target cell numbers in the face of massive overall cell loss, a result that suggests that E2 promotes the survival of androgen target cells during sexual differentiation. In HVc, however, E2 treatment on day 20 promotes an addition of androgen target cells, suggesting that during adolescence, E2 regulates the proliferation, migration, and/or survival of these cells.
CDC semi-plenary: “Robust adaptive control: The search for the Holy Grail”

The control system which can force any unknown time varying plant meet the performance requirements with adequate robustness properties is considered as the corresponding Holy Grail in control design. Adaptive control has often been viewed as one of the approaches that could meet this challenge or at least a step towards that direction. Despite the truly remarkable advances in the theory of adaptive control and successful applications there is no justification that we discovered such a miraculous control system. In this talk we present a brief history of the developments in adaptive control and applications over the last 30 years, discuss assumptions, advantages, disadvantages, status of the field today as well as present some of the most recent results. We will explain how the library of tools for practical control design is enriched by the adaptive control methodologies and how these methodologies are used to solve many practical problems without having to worry about the discovery of the ultimate control design which may or may not exist.
The effect of ribonuclease on ribosomal RNA and subsequent polypeptide synthesis.

Summary In order to ascertain the importance of intact ribosomal RNA to ribosomal function, mouse brain ribosomes were treated with pancreatic RNase for various lengths of time. After exposure to RNase the rRNA was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and the ability of the ribosomes to incorporate phenylalanine was measured. Even though dilute concentrations of RNase extensively hydrolyzed the 28S and 18S RNA components, ribosomal protein synthesis was little affected. RNase treatment of intact ribosomes for 20 to 30 minutes left only 2 percent of the rRNA intact although 80 to 90 percent of the ribosomal protein synthetic activity remained.
Reactive Electrospinning of Cross-Linked Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Nanofibers and Elastic Properties of Individual Hydrogel Nanofibers in Aqueous Solutions

Elastomeric nanofibers composed of cross-linked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) are synthesized via a reactive electrospinning process. In this process, the photoinduced polymerization and cross-linking of polymers take place simultaneously during the electrospinning process. The produced nanofibers are mostly within the diameter range of 100−500 nm in the dry state. When they are immersed in aqueous solution, the nanofibers exhibit remarkably large elastic properties characteristic of bulk hydrogel materials.
An unusual suppression of immune response: pretreatment with Poly(Glu60,Phe40) suppresses response to poly(Glu60,Phe40).

Abstract The synthetic random copolymer poly(Glu60,Phe40) (GPhe) is an excellent immunogen in SWR/J(H-2q) mice. The intravenous injection of soluble GPhe by itself led to antibody production and GPhe-specific T-lymphocyte proliferation. The proliferating lymphocyte was sensitive to anti-Thy 1.2 and anti-Ly 1 antisera. A subsequent immunization with GPhe should therefore lead to an enhanced response. Yet, a single intravenous injection of an aqueous solution of GPhe suppressed the immune response to a subsequent immunization with GPhe in CFA as measured by GPhe-specific plaque-forming colonies, ELISA, T-cell proliferation, and delayed-type hyper-sensitivity. The suppression was not transferable from pretreated mice into normal or irradiated syngeneic recipients with either sera or lymphoid cells. The antibody generated from the pre-treatment could not be responsible for the suppression as injection of SWR anti-GPhe antibody into SWR/J mice enhanced, rather than suppressed, the response to the subsequent immunization with GPhe. Pretreatment of mice with a rabbit anti-idiotypic antiserum produced against (SWR anti-GPhe antisera) had no effect on the immune response to GPhe. Thus, the suppression cannot be explained by a simple B-cell tolerance mechanism. This type of unusual suppression was observed only with mice of H-2q haplotype and not with mice of H-2 haplotypes a and k which are also responders to GPhe.
Algorithms for reducing rollbacks in concurrency control by certification

In this paper, we present concurrency control schemes, based on the optimistic approach, which aim at reducing the rate of rollbacks, tolerating higher degrees of conflict among transactions, and allowing more concurrency at the update phase. Both the single site and fully duplicated database networks are considered. Performance results of the proposed approach are presented. The protocols offer a good tool to improve the throughput of optimistic concurrency control methods and to widen their scope of applicability.
Optical properties of single crystal Bi4Ge3O12 from the infrared to ultraviolet

Optical properties in the form of the complex dielectric function spectra (e = e1 + ie2) of commercially produced single crystal bismuth germanate (Bi4Ge3O12) have been studied using spectroscopic ellipsometry from 0.033 to 6.478 eV. Transmission measurements have also been performed in order to more accurately obtain low values of the absorption coefficient close to the band edge. Critical point parameters have been determined by analyzing the interband transitions. Infrared extended measurements yield vibrational modes corresponding to chemical bonding environments and the lattice structure. The overall analysis yields e from 0.033 to 6.478 eV and provides information about the crystal such as the energy of the band gap at 4.16 ± 0.01 eV; interband transitions at 4.49, 4.75, 4.81, 5.08, 5.59, and 6.08 eV; transverse optical phonon modes at 283, 364, 395, 447, 702, 729, and 778 cm−1 and longitudinal optical phonon modes at 292, 386, 445, 458, 710, 779, and 817 cm−1.
Designing for collaborative reflection

A significant problem with electronic health records (EHRs) has been their failure to fit into existing workflows because they do not support informal documentation and communication. We used qualitative fieldwork and participatory design to investigate how EHRs could be designed to meet these needs. The contributions of this work are twofold: we identified and described the informal processes of documentation and communication that we refer to as collaborative reflection, and then developed design recommendations for EHRs to support these existing workflows. We studied treatment teams providing behavioral and mental health services as part of integrated school programs for children with special needs. To make ongoing treatment decisions, team members document progress daily and communicate frequently with one another. Based on our fieldwork findings, we describe this process of collaborative reflection as (1) unstructured, (2) mobile, (3) reciprocally interdependent, and (4) long-term. We engaged the treatment teams in a participatory design process to understand how EHRs could be designed to fit this process, culminating in seven design recommendations. Our work suggests that by supporting the process of collaborative reflection, EHR-related information technology could significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of treatment teams.
The Separation of the Enantiomers of a Variety of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Nsaids) as Their Anilide Derivatives Using a Chiral Stationary Phase

Abstract Widespread demand for accurate determinations of the enantiomenc purity of pharmaceutical used in synthetic and pharmacological research has increased the need for reliable and efficacious methods for separating the stereoisomers of a variety of biologically active compounds. Here we present a procedure for the separation of the enantiomers of a number of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as their anilide derivatives, by HPLC using chiral stationary phases. The chromatographic conditions the chiral stationary phase, and the choice of the derivitizing amine can be altered to accomodate various requirements.
Infection of human pancreatic beta cell cultures with mumps virus.

THE development of a diabetes-like syndrome in virus-infected animals, particularly in certain strains of mice infected with the M-variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus has recently been demonstrated1,2. The possibility that viruses might also cause diabetes mellitus in humans, particularly in juveniles, has been suggested periodically since the turn of the century1–6. The evidence, however, is largely circumstantial and comes from case reports showing a temporal relationship between the onset of certain viral infections, particularly mumps, and the subsequent development of diabetes. Although it has been known for some time that pancreatitis may be a complication of mumps7–10, specific involvement of the beta cells has never been demonstrated. Since it is not feasible to obtain pancreatic biopsies during the course of viral infections, we initiated experiments to determine if human pancreatic beta cells grown in culture were susceptible to mumps virus. We have used a double-label antibody technique, using fluorescein labelled anti-mumps antibody and rhodamine labelled anti-insulin antibody, and we show here for the first time that human beta cells can be infected with mumps virus.
Renormalization group approach to Sterman-Weinberg jets

A renormalization group approach is developed for single-jet Sterman-Weinberg cross sections. For small δ2, but large Q2δ2, the complete δ2, Q2 and ϵ dependence of the cross section for e+e− annihilation is shown to be calculable in QCD systematically in powers of α(Q2). ϵ is not assumed to be small.
Norman Vincent Peale, Smiley Blanton and the Hidden Energies of the Mind

This article on Norman Vincent Peale and Smiley Blanton, who cofounded the American Foundation of Religion and Psychiatry in 1937, focuses on books that they wrote in the 1950s: Peale’s The Power of Positive Thinking (1952) and Blanton’s Love or Perish (1956). Similarities between Peale’s problem-solving techniques and Milton E. Erickson’s psychotherapeutic methods are demonstrated, and Blanton’s indebtedness to psychoanalytic theories and methods is also shown. The Peale–Blanton collaboration suggests that pastoral counselors may legitimately employ these very different therapeutic approaches depending on the needs of the individual counselee. On the other hand, the fact that they subscribed to very different therapeutic approaches raises the question as to whether the two men shared anything in common as far as their professional work with individuals was concerned. The answer is that both believed that we humans possess an enormous reservoir of untapped energies that, when released and appropriately directed, are capable of effecting fundamental changes in an individual’s life.
Robust Self-Healing Concrete for Sustainable Infrastructure

This article introduces the concept of self-healing concrete for sustainable infrastructure through reduction of maintenance and repair in the use phase. To realize this goal, self-healing must observe at least six robustness criteria – long shelf life, pervasive, quality, reliable, versatile, and repeatable. Five broad categories of self-healing approaches, namely chemical encapsulation, bacterial encapsulation, mineral admixtures, chemical in glass tubing, and intrinsic healing with self-controlled tight crack width, are evaluated against the robustness criteria. It is suggested that while significant progress has been made over the last decade in laboratory studies, important knowledge gaps must be filled in all categories of self-healing approaches to attain the goal of smart sustainable infrastructures that possess self-repair capability in the field.
Perspectives from the History of Medicine Division of the United States National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

2011 marks the 175th anniversary of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) that traces its origins to 1836 and the commitment of the second US Army Surgeon General, Thomas Lawson (1789–1861), to purchase books and journals for active-duty medical officers.1 The occasion affords an opportunity to focus on the contributions of the NLM to the history of medicine and public health, and to look forward into the digital world of the twenty-first century as the NLM joins with like-minded institutions, scholars, educators, writers, students, and others to expand knowledge of medical and public health history for the advancement of scholarship across the disciplines and for the education of the general public.2 As more audiences become interested in medical and public health history, opportunities abound to broaden and deepen understanding of the past, present, and future of medicine and public health in order to help refine critical thinking about medicine and science, promote deeper understanding of medical and scientific concepts, and generally humanise medicine and public health by revealing the implications of disease and healthcare for individuals and communities in the United States and around the world.
Analysis of the Spatial Sensitivity of Conductance/Admittance Catheter Ventricular Volume Estimation

Conductance catheters are known to have a nonuniform spatial sensitivity due to the distribution of the electric field. The Geselowitz relation is applied to murine and multisegment conductance catheters using finite element models to determine the spatial sensitivity in a uniform medium and simplified left ventricle models. A new formulation is proposed that allows determination of the spatial sensitivity to admittance. Analysis of FEM numerical modeling results using the Geselowitz relation provides a true measure of parallel conductance in simplified left ventricle models for assessment of the admittance method and hypertonic saline techniques. The spatial sensitivity of blood conductance (Gb) is determined throughout the cardiac cycle. Gb is converted to volume using Wei's equation to determine if the presence of myocardium alters the nonlinear relationship through changes to the electric field. Results show that muscle conductance (Gm) from the admittance method matches results from the Geselowitz relation and that the relationship between Gb and volume is accurately fit using Wei's equation. Single-segment admittance measurements in large animals result in a more evenly distributed sensitivity to the LV blood pool. The hypertonic saline method overestimates parallel conductance throughout the cardiac cycle in both murine and multisegment conductance catheters.
Inverse formulation for geometrically exact stress resultant shells

The inverse elastostatics method tackles a class of problems in which the deformed geometry and the applied load are known, while the initial geometry and the stress in the deformed state are to be determined. The method is imperative for many biomechanics applications, particularly for image-based stress analysis of living organs as the geometry captured by imaging often correspond to a pre-deformed configuration [3,4]. The computational aspects of inverse elastostatics, i.e. the inverse formulations, have been established for general elastic solids [1, 2, 3]. In this work, the inverse formulation of thin-walled structures modeled as geometrically exact stress resultant shell [5] is presented. The inverse formulation builds on a fundamental assumption of the elastic media, that the stress depends on local relative motion of the body. If either the reference or the deformed configuration is given, the other can be found from the elastostatic equilibrium. The shell formulation follows the same logic, albeit involving shell kinematics and kinetics. Regardless of the additional assumptions introduced in the shell theory, the fundamental premise underlying inverse analysis remains the same. In the proposed formulation, the inverse problem is solved by using the standard week form of shell balance equations, which are yet parameterized and linearized in terms of the inverse motion. To facilitate an effective numerical computation, an invariant approached is used to formulate the constitutive equations. A consistent reduction from 3D energy function is also introduced. Numerical examples involving both isotopic and anisotropic materials are provided for validating the formulation. Applications to several biological thin-walled structures demonstrate the practical utility of the method.
MUTATIONS IN THE M1 REGION OF THE NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR ALTER THE SENSITIVITY TO INHIBITION BY QUINACRINE

1. Site directed mutagenesis was used to alter the structure ofTorpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and to identify amino acid residues which contribute to noncompetitive inhibition by quinacrine. Mutant receptors were expressed inXenopus laevis oocytes injected within vitro synthesized mRNA and the whole cell currents induced by acetylcholine (ACh) were recorded by two electrode voltage clamp.
Laryngeal chondrosarcomas: a clinicopathologic study of 11 cases, including two "dedifferentiated" chondrosarcomas.

Laryngeal chondrosarcomas are uncommon, and those that contain a distinct, nonchondroid, high'grade spindle cell sarcoma (the so'called “dedifferentiated” chondrosarcoma or chondrosarcoma with additional malignant mesenchymal component [CAMMC]) are extremely rare. Laryngeal CAMMC merit special attention, as CAMMC in other sites portends a poor prognosis. Eleven patients with laryngeal chondrosarcomas are reported on; 2 of these patients had CAMMC. On follow'up, 3 of the 11 patients had recurrences. The first had recurrence 4 and 11 years after tumor enucleation; that patient died disease free 2 years after salvage total laryngectomy. The second had recurrence 2 years after partial laryngectomy and was lost to follow'up after salvage total laryngectomy. The last patient recurred 13 years after partial laryngectomy and underwent salvage total laryngectomy; that patient was one of the two who developed CAMMC, and he also developed stomal recurrence of the “dedifferentiated” component 3 years after total laryngectomy. The other 8 patients are disease free after partial laryngectomy (6) or total laryngectomy (2) 10 months to 12 years later (mean: 51 months). This includes the 1 other patient with CAMMC, who is disease free 60 months after total laryngectomy. Laryngeal CAMMC has been shown, in at least one of the two patients, to be associated with a poor outcome. Patients with recurrent laryngeal chondrosarcomas do not have a poorer outcome after salvage total laryngectomy. The authors advocate partial laryngectomy if technically feasible.
Kinetic Effects in Outer Sphere Ion Clusters: Interactions of [Ru(NH3)5H2O]3+ with [Ru(CN)6]4-, [Fe(CN)6]4-, [Os(CN)6]4- and [Co(CN)6]3-

A study of the kinetics of substitution in [Ru(NH3)5H2O]3+ by the nucleophiles [Fe(CN)6]4-, [Ru(CN)6]4-, [Os(CN)6]4-, and [Co(CN)6]3- in the absence of indifferent electrolyte shows that k for substitution (in every case first order in cation concentration) increases as the ratio of the concentration of the nucleophile to the aquo ion increases, and then it abruptly becomes independent of this ratio. When the reaction medium is 1.5 × 10-2 M H+ (chosen to eliminate catalysis by the formation of [Ru(NH3)5H2O]2+ when [Fe(CN)6]4- is the nucleophile), the critical values of R are ca. 4 for [M(CN)6]4-, but 8 for [Co(CN)6]3-. In a reaction medium adjusted to pH = 3.1, the [M(CN)6]4- species are less fully protonated. Again, approximately constant values of k are reached as R increases, but now at higher values of R. Short of these values of R, maxima in k are observed, which, as in the case of earlier studies of oscillator strength of the intervalence absorption bands, are attributed to structural changes, the a...
Electron Probe Microanalysis of Cementum and Underlying Dentin in Young Permanent Teeth

The amount of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in human cementum and subjacent dentin of young permanent teeth was studied with the use of an electron probe microanalyzer and was correlated with morphology with the use of a scanning electron microscope. The mineral content of the cementum and the granular layer of Tomes was significantly lower than that of tubular dentin and the hypermineralized zone.
A novel synthesis of 4,6-dimethyl- and diphenyl-2,5-dihydro-1,3,5,2-triazaphosphorines

The synthesis of 2,5-dihydro-1,3,5,2-triazaphosphorines via the intramolecular cyclization of N,N'-phos-phinylacetamidines or benzamidines is described. These derivatives represent the sole examples of 4,6-dialkyl or diaryl substitutions of this ring system.
Simultaneous detection of laser-enhanced ionization and laser-induced fluorescence in flames: noise correlation studies

Abstract Random signal fluctuations of simultaneously detected laser-enhanced ionization (LEI) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) were investigated and analyzed for correlation with each other and with laser power fluctuations. A greater degree of noise correlation was found between LEI and LIF than between either technique and laser power fluctuations. A background correction method is proposed which subtracts the LIF signal of the background-inducing interfering element from the combined LEI signals from analyte and interferant. Noise correlation between LEI and LIF can be utilized to cancel the noise in the interfering background signal. Broadband spectral interference due to wing excitation of sodium LEI was used as an example to demonstrate the method. Excitation spectra and laser power dependencies of sodium LEI and LIF were also studied, and found to be identical.
Traumatic aortic valve injury sustained despite the deployment of an automobile air bag

Blunt chest trauma is a rare cause of aortic valve dysfunction. A case of the successful management of traumatic injury to the aortic valve is reported. The aortic valve injury was sustained in an automobile accident despite the use of a seat belt and the deployment of an air bag. The literature is briefly reviewed. Aortic valve injury remains a consideration in cases of automobile-associated chest trauma, even in automobiles equipped with seat belts and air bags.
Ustekinumab: an evidence-based review of its effectiveness in the treatment of psoriasis

Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting approximately 2% to 3% of the population worldwide. Discoveries over the past 3 to 5 years have significantly altered our view of psoriasis as primarily a T-cell mediated condition. The most recent research has demonstrated the essential role of specific cytokines in the development of this complex disease, including TNF-α, interleukin-23 (IL-23), and potentially, IL-22. These are all part of a newly defined autoimmune pathway directed by specialized T cells called Th17 helper T cells. Ustekinumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-12 and IL-23, thus targeting both Th1 and Th17 arms of immunity. It has a promising efficacy and safety profile that not only represents a valuable treatment alternative, but also a continuation in our constantly evolving understanding of this disorder.
Inconsistency of Cubic Boson-Boson Interactions

It is shown that there does not exist a ground state for a system of spin zero bose fields coupled only by local interactions involving three powers of the fields. Thus these interactions alone are not suitable for a model of interacting fields.
The Indian Adolescent: Psychosocial Tasks of the Plains Indian of Western Oklahoma.

Book reviewed in this article: Adolescence is generally viewed as a time of psychosocial turmoil. For the Native American Indian, this time of life brings forth problems of greater complexity than those of the adolescent of the dominant culture. This paper describes the dilemma of the Indian adolescent, who has moved from a nurturance by and among his own people, into a schooling under the authority of the white man, and must now find an identity somewhere between two worlds in which he cannot be whole.
Laparoscopy in trauma: An overview of complications and related topics

The introduction of laparoscopy has provided trauma surgeons with a valuable diagnostic and, at times, therapeutic option. The minimally invasive nature of laparoscopic surgery, combined with potentially quicker postoperative recovery, simplified wound care, as well as a growing number of viable intraoperative therapeutic modalities, presents an attractive alternative for many traumatologists when managing hemodynamically stable patients with selected penetrating and blunt traumatic abdominal injuries. At the same time, laparoscopy has its own unique complication profile. This article provides an overview of potential complications associated with diagnostic and therapeutic laparoscopy in trauma, focusing on practical aspects of identification and management of laparoscopy-related adverse events.
Imaging using ultrasound and near infrared diffusive light

We introduce a novel imaging technique that combines the best features of ultrasound and near infrared diffusive light imaging in breast cancer detection. The combined technique has been tested in phantoms and preliminary results have shown that it is feasible to implement both acoustic and optical sensors on the same transducer probe and obtain both acoustic and optical parameters of the same target.
Optimal trajectories and force distribution for cooperating arms

The optimization of trajectories and actuator torques for a dual arm manipulation system is considered. Given the starting and final configurations, we find the trajectories that minimize: (a) the integral of the norm of the vector of derivatives of the actuator forces; and (b) the integral of the norm of the actuator forces. In this way both kinematic and actuator redundancy are resolved. The optimization problem reduces to solving a two-point boundary valve problem for coupled, nonlinear differential equations. The effect of different parameters such as preload and inertia are investigated and the results are compared with those obtained using other well-known cost functions. >
Glyptopimpla Morley (Hymenoptera: Ichneu-Monidae: Banchinae) — a valid genus with descriptions of new species from the Orient

Abstract Glyptopimpla Morley, 1913 (Banchinae: Glyptini) is removed from synonymy with Teleutaea Foerster. It is considered a valid genus and a senior synonym of Zygo-glypta Momoi, 1965 and Orientoglypta Kuslitzky, 1973. The species occurring in India, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar are described.
The Spectral Line-Based Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases Model in Nonisothermal Nonhomogeneous Media

An approach is developed to extend the previously developed spectral-line weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (SLW) model to nonisothermal, nonhomogeneous media. The distinguishing feature of the SLW gas property model is that it has been developed for use in arbitrary solution methods of the radiative transfer equation (RTE). A spatial dependence of the gray gas absorption cross sections on local temperature, pressure, and mole fraction is introduced through the absorption-line blackbody distribution function. Incorporating this spatial dependence results in significant improvement over the use of spatially uniform gray gas absorption cross sections in comparisons with line-by-line benchmarks. 16 refs., 7 figs.
Subnanometer-sized Pt/Sn alloy cluster catalysts for the dehydrogenation of linear alkanes

The reaction pathways for the dehydrogenation of ethane, propane, and butane, over Pt are analyzed using density functional theory (DFT). Pt nanoparticles are represented by a tetrahedral Pt4 cluster. The objectives of this work were to establish which step is rate limiting and which one controls the selectivity for forming alkenes as opposed to causing further dehydrogenation of adsorbed alkenes to produce precursors responsible for catalyst deactivation due to coking. Further objectives of this work are to identify the role of adsorbed hydrogen, derived from H2 fed together with the alkane, on the reaction pathway, and the role of replacing one of the four Pt atoms by a Sn atom. A comparison of Gibbs free energies shows that in all cases the rate-determining step is cleavage of a C-H bond upon alkane adsorption. The selectivity to alkene formation versus precursors to coking is dictated by the relative magnitudes of the activation energies for alkene desorption and dehydrogenation of the adsorbed alkene. The presence of an adsorbed H atom on the cluster facilitates alkene desorption relative to dehydrogenation of the adsorbed alkene. Substitution of a Sn atom in the cluster to produce a Pt3Sn cluster leads to a downward shift of the potential energy surface for the reaction and causes an increase of the activity of the catalyst as suggested by recent experiments due to the lower net activation barrier for the rate limiting step. However, the introduction of Sn does not alter the relative activation barriers for gas-phase alkene formation versus loss of hydrogen from the adsorbed alkene, the process leading to the formation of coke precursors.
Synthesis and Characterization of Monolithic Carbon Aerogel Nanocomposites Containing Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

We report the synthesis and characterization for the first examples of monolithic low-density carbon aerogel (CA) nanocomposites containing double-walled carbon nanotubes. The CA nancomposites were prepared by the sol−gel polymerization of resorcinol and formaldehyde in an aqueous surfactant-stabilized suspension of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs). The composite hydrogels were then dried with supercritical CO2 and subsequently carbonized under an inert atmosphere to yield monolithic CA structures containing uniform dispersions of DWNTs. The microstructures and electrical conductivities of these CA nanocomposites were evaluated for different DWNT loadings. These materials exhibited high BET surface areas (>500 m2/g) and enhanced electrical conductivities relative to pristine CAs. The details of these results are discussed in comparison with theory and literature.
Rectification of multiscale data with application to life cycle inventories

The quality of life cycle inventory (LCI) data is crucial to the reliability of decisions made via life cycle analysis (LCA). However, many LCI data, be they from commercial software or public domain databases, violate the laws of thermodynamics due to errors, missing data, and other inconsistencies. The process engineering method of data rectification is appealing for improving the quality of LCI data, but applying this approach poses many new challenges that are not addressed in traditional rectification. One such challenge is due to the availability of life cycle data at multiple overlapping scales. This includes engineering data at the equipment and process scales, process LCA data at the value chain scale, and economic input–output and toxic release inventory data at the economy scale. This article develops a method for rectification of such multiscale data. Rectification is accomplished via a mixed integer optimization-based approach, and it is integrated with the existing computational methods for different types of traditional and hybrid LCA. The developed method may also be used for multiscale data from process engineering. It is applied to data for a caustic soda process from a public domain LCI database to illustrate the benefits of the proposed approach and identify further challenges. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
This is Sparta! Mediated Mythology as Pedagogy in 300

Popular films continue to replace history courses as the source of truth with regard to important events or eras. 300, in its interpretation of the Battle of Thermopylae, based on the graphic novel...
Allan Kaufman's contributions to plasma wave theory

A brief review is presented of the contributions of Allan Kaufman to the theory of plasma waves. These contributions have been rich and various, characterized by high quality and a sense of what makes a problem both interesting and important. We include a brief summary of work prior to the mid-1980's, but the primary emphasis will be on more recent work concerning the use of phase space methods in the theory of linear plasma waves and mode conversion. One goal of the paper is to place Allan's contributions in the wider context of semi-classical methods. We will emphasize the underlying intuitions rather than providing a detailed mathematical exposition which can be found in the literature cited.
Is Short-Term Mating the Maladaptive Result of Insecure Attachment? A Test of Competing Evolutionary Perspectives

Different evolutionary perspectives offer competing views on short-term mating and attachment. Some theories argue that short-term mating results from insecure attachment, particularly the maladaptive attachment features of low self-esteem, interpersonal distrust, social avoidance, and emotional instability. Other theories posit that short-term mating is adaptive, having evolved as an ecologically contingent reproductive strategy. In this view, short-term mating has multiple origins—developmental, heritable, and situational—and may not be associated with the maladaptive traits of insecure attachment. Across several different cultures, short-term mating was moderately associated with insecure attachment, and insecure attachment was strongly related to maladaptive personality. However, short-term mating was largely independent of maladaptive personality. In some cases, especially among young men, short-term mating was associated with adaptive personality traits, especially higher self-esteem. It is argued t...
Formylation of Pyrrole Derivatives

Abstract An improved procedure for the formylation of dipyrryl-methanes which are key intermediates in the synthesis of porphy-rins is described.
Modular Mappings and Data Distribution Independent Computations

This paper considers the problem of writing data distribution independent (DDI) programs in order to eliminate or reduce initial data redistribution overheads for distributed memory parallel computers. The functionality and execution time of DDI programs are independent of initial data distributions. Modular mappings, which can be used to derive many equally optimal and functionally equivalent programs, are briefly reviewed. Relations between modular mappings and input data distributions are then established. These relations are the basis of a systematic approach to the derivation of DDI programs which is illustrated for matrix-matrix multiplication (c = a × b). Conditions of data distributions for which it is possible to find a modular mapping that yields a programa as efficient as Cannon's algorithm are: (1) the first row of the inverse of pattern distribution of array 'a' should be equal to be equal to the second row of the inverse of pattern distribution of array 'b', (2) the second row of the inverse of pattern distribution of array 'a' should be linearly independent of the first row of the inverse of pattern distribution of array 'b', and (3) each pattern distribution of arrays 'a', 'b', and 'c' should have at least one zero entry, respectively.
Retrieval of Moisture from Slant-Path Water Vapor Observations of a Hypothetical GPS Network Using a Three-Dimensional Variational Scheme with Anisotropic Background Error

Abstract A three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) scheme is developed for retrieving three-dimensional moisture in the atmosphere from slant-path measurements of a hypothetical ground-based global positioning system (GPS) observation network. It is assumed that the observed data are in the form of slant-path water vapor (SWV), which is the integrated water vapor along the slant path between the ground receiver and the GPS satellite. The inclusion of a background in the analysis overcomes the under-determinedness problem. An explicit Gaussian-type spatial filter is used to model the background error covariances that can be anisotropic. As a unique aspect of this study, an anisotropic spatial filter based on flow-dependent background error structures is implemented and tested and the filter coefficients are derived from either true background error field or from the increment of an intermediate analysis that is obtained using an isotropic filter. In the latter case, an iterative procedure is involved. A set ...
Calcium and diabetic vascular dysfunction. Focus on “Elevated Ca2+ sparklet activity during acute hyperglycemia and diabetes in cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells”

DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia associated with either reduced insulin secretion (type I DM) or reduced target-cell insulin sensitivity (type II DM). The incidence of type II diabetes has risen sharply in Western countries in recent years—particularly in children and teenagers—as a result of lifestyle choices that promote obesity. Vascular dysfunction is a key phenotype of diabetes, and the resulting cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death in individuals with diabetes (2, 9). Vascular dysfunction is responsible not only for increased risk of stroke and heart attack, but also for diabetic end-organ damage, including retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Since vascular cells are the first to encounter the elevated levels of plasma glucose in diabetes, it follows that the vasculature is particularly vulnerable to diabetic injury. Hyperglycemia is associated with atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, and increased vascular tone in a variety of vas
Complications associated with the percutaneous insertion of fiducial markers in the thorax.

Purpose Radiosurgery requires precise lesion localization. Fiducial markers enable lesion tracking, but complications from insertion may occur. The purpose of this study was to describe complications of fiducial marker insertion into pulmonary lesions.
Global health, global health education, and infectious disease: the new millennium, part I.

In this second volume of Global Health, Global Health Education, and Infectious Disease: The New Millennium, thought leaders and opinion makers in global health continue the dialogue and discuss their experiences and visions for global health, global health education, research service, development, policy, and diplomacy to achieve Health for All in an equitable manner. I continue to be inspired by the exceptional membership of the Global Health Education Consortium (GHEC)—students, faculty and administrators, and institutions—who for 20 years have been deeply committed to changing the landscape of global health and global health education through networking between academic institutions, nongovernmental organizations, civil society, and other global partners. At the various global health conferences, student activism and leadership for global health continue to be very visible. For example, see the student perspective on the 17th
How Did We Get Here? A History of Yoga in America, 1800-1970

Yoga has been gaining acceptance in America. This acceptance rests, in large part, on the increase in medical research on Yoga. Despite the benefits of this research, the biomedical approach is often held accountable for America’s de-emphasis on the rich, spiritual dimensions of Yoga. This article reviews the academic literature of the 1800s-1970s to show that America’s focus on Yo ga’s health benefits is not new, but has been a part of the ongoing debate on how Yoga should be regarded.