cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concept Formation and Categorization of Complex, Asymmetric, and Impossible Figures

Impossible figures are striking examples of inconsistencies between global and local perceptual structures, in which the overall spatial configuration of the depicted image does not yield a coherent three-dimensional object. In order to investigate whether structural "impossibility" is an important perceptual property of depicted objects, we used a category formation task in which subjects were asked to divide pictures of shapes into groups that seemed most natural to them. Category formation is usually unidimensional, such that sorting is dominated by a single perceptual property, so this task can serve as a measure of which dimensions are most salient. In Experiment 1, subjects received sets of 12 line drawings consisting of six possible and six impossible objects. Very few subjects grouped the figures by impossibility on the first try, and only half did so after multiple attempts at sorting. In Experiment 2, we investigated other global properties of figures: symmetry and complexity. Subjects readily sorted objects by complexity, but seldom by symmetry. In Experiment 3, subjects were asked to draw each of the figures before sorting them, which had only a minimal effect on categorization. Finally, in Experiment 4, subjects were explicitly instructed to divide the shapes by symmetry or impossibility. Performance on this task was perfect for symmetry, but not for impossibility. Although global properties of figures seem extremely important to our perception, the results suggest that some of these cues are not immediately obvious or salient for most observers.
Parsing, Projecting & Prototypes: Repurposing Linguistic Data on the Web

Until very recently, most NLP tasks (e.g., parsing, tagging, etc.) have been confined to a very limited number of languages, the so-called majority languages. Now, as the field moves into the era of developing tools for Resource Poor Languages (RPLs)--a vast majority of the world's 7,000 languages are resource poor--the discipline is confronted not only with the algorithmic challenges of limited data, but also the sheer difficulty of locating data in the first place. In this demo, we present a resource which taps the large body of linguistically annotated data on the Web, data which can be repurposed for NLP tasks. Because the field of linguistics has as its mandate the study of human language--in fact, the study of all human languages--and has whole-heartedly embraced the Web as a means for disseminating linguistic knowledge, the consequence is that a large quantity of analyzed language data can be found on the Web. In many cases, the data is richly annotated and exists for many languages for which there would otherwise be very limited annotated data. The resource, the Online Database of INterlinear text (ODIN), makes this data available and provides additional annotation and structure, making the resource useful to the Computational Linguistic audience.
Spectrum of Mesons and Baryons with b Quarks

Abstract We present highlights of the spectrum of mesons and baryons calculated using NRQCD for heavy quarks and tadpole improved clover action for the light quarks.
Dynamical evolution of elliptical galaxies with central singularities

We study the effect of a massive central singularity on the structure of a triaxial galaxy using N-body simulations. Starting from a single initial model, we grow black holes with various final masses Mh and at various rates, ranging from impulsive to adiabatic. In all cases, the galaxy achieves a final shape that is nearly spherical at the center and close to axisymmetric throughout. However, the rate of change of the galaxy's shape depends strongly on the ratio Mh/Mg of black hole mass to galaxy mass. When Mh/Mg 0.3%, the galaxy evolves in shape on a timescale that exceeds 102 orbital periods, or roughly a galaxy lifetime. When Mh/Mg 2.5%, the galaxy becomes axisymmetric in little more than a crossing time. We propose that the rapid evolution toward axisymmetric shapes that occurs when Mh/Mg 2.5% provides a negative-feedback mechanism that limits the mass of central black holes by cutting off their supply of fuel.
Impact of Natural Site Variability on Nondestructive Test Deflection Basins

A series of nondestructive tests (NDT) using a falling‐weight deflectometer and Dynaflect was performed at 20 test locations in Arizona. Deflection basins were obtained at 10 ft (3 m) intervals over 90 ft (27 m) length of highway. A statistical analysis of site variability, based on NDT test data, was conducted. The variability in deflection basins was found to result primarily from spatial variability of the subgrade materials. Results from cone penetrometer tests conducted at NDT test locations showed considerable spatial variability of subgrade materials both vertically and horizontally. Variation in pavement system response resulting from pavement and subgrade material stress‐level‐induced nonlinearities was found to be insignificant. Recommendations for assessing the significance of natural site variability are made, and a procedure for selecting analysis sections for overlay design purposes is suggested. A technique is also suggested for selecting length of test sections for NDT that takes into cons...
Adiabatic Times for Markov Chains and Applications

We state and prove a generalized adiabatic theorem for Markov chains and provide examples and applications related to Glauber dynamics of the Ising model over ℤd/nℤd. The theorems derived in this paper describe a type of adiabatic dynamics for \(\ell^{1}(\mathbb{R}^{n}_{+})\) norm preserving, time inhomogeneous Markov transformations, while quantum adiabatic theorems deal with l2(ℂn) norm preserving ones, i.e. gradually changing unitary dynamics in ℂn.
The Rise of Hollywood East: Regional Film Offices as Intermediaries in Film and Television Production Clusters

Foster P., Manning S. and Terkla D. The rise of Hollywood East: regional film offices as intermediaries in film and television production clusters, Regional Studies. Prior research on project-based organizing in creative industries has emphasized the importance of regionally embedded institutions, creative networks and intermediaries in the development of regional project ecologies. Recently, film and television production in the United States has expanded beyond traditional clusters in Hollywood and New York to new locations in the United States, Canada and overseas, raising important questions about the dynamics of increasingly mobile creative project networks. Using data on the Massachusetts film and television industry between 1998 and 2010, it is argued that regional film offices play an increasingly important role as network intermediaries in connecting mobile creative professionals and project entrepreneurs from outside a cluster with labour pools, service providers and production locations inside ...
H-MODULATION FOR LONG ENDURANCE MARINE INERTIAL NAVIGATION

Current versions of sins (Ships Inertial Navigation System) are capable of providing accurate navigational data over periods of several days without the need for intervening position fixes. It is desirable to provide a similar accuracy performance level for periods of several weeks. A primary factor limiting such an extension of present capability is gyro drift, especially nonstationary (ramp-like) random components in the Z (vertical input axis) gyro. Tests have demonstrated that a gyro drift monitoring technique known as H-modulation (or wheel speed modulation) can be used to bound such components of system gyro drift to levels compatible with system accuracy goals. The key to successful H-modulation is to minimize gyro torque disturbance variations that may be induced by the required changes in wheel speed. This paper describes the H-modulation technique, the design of the associated equipment, and some test results and system accuracy simulations. System implementation and data processing configurations are also discussed. Applications of H-modulation other than in SINS are indicated. It is concluded that H-modulation is a cost effective approach for providing significant extensions of SINS performance.
Computing characteristic classes of projective schemes

We discuss an algorithm computing the push-forward to projective space of several classes associated to a (possibly singular, reducible, non-reduced) projective scheme. For example, the algorithm yields the topological Euler characteristic of the support of a projective scheme S, given the homogeneous ideal of S. The algorithm has been implemented in Macaulay2.
Quantum Kinetic Theory for a Bose-Einstein Condensed Alkali Gas

The most salient features of the Bose-Einstein condensation of a magnetically confined alkali vapor is the diluteness of the gas and the extremely weak effective interactions. From a theoretical point of view, the interesting aspect is the potential formulation of the many-body quantum theory for a non-uniform and potentially non-equilibrium system founded entirely on microscopic physics. The crucial postulate is the rapid attenuation of many particle quantum correlations in the dilute system which can be motivated from universal considerations. In principle, it will be possible to provide direct comparison between theory and experiment over all temperature scales with no phenomenological parameters — a challenge facing the theoretical community in the near future. The dilute gas experiments provide an exciting stage on which to build bridges linking the theory of complex and collective phenomena in superconducting and superfluid systems, with the single particle microscopic physics described in quantum optics and laser physics.
Applications of Coherent Population Transfer to Quantum Information Processing

Abstract We develop a theoretical framework for the exploration of quantum mechanical coherent population transfer phenomena, with the ultimate goal of constructing faithful models of devices for classical and quantum information processing applications. We begin by outlining a general formalism for weak-field quantum optics in the Schrodinger picture, and we include a general phenomenological representation of Lindblad decoherence mechanisms. We use this formalism to describe the interaction of a single stationary multilevel atom with one or more propagating classical or quantum laser fields, and we describe in detail several manifestations and applications of electromagnetically induced transparency. In addition to providing a clear description of the nonlinear optical characteristics of electromagnetically transparent systems that lead to ‘ultraslow light’, we verify that—in principle—a multi-particle atomic or molecular system could be used as either a low power optical switch or a quantum phase shift...
Optimal Length and Signal Amplification in Weakly Activated Signal Transduction Cascades

Weakly activated signaling cascades can be modeled as linear systems. The input-to-output transfer function and the internal gain of a linear system provide natural measures for the propagation of the input signal down the cascade and for the characterization of the final outcome. The most efficient design of a cascade for generating sharp signals is obtained by choosing all the off rates equal and a “universal” finite optimal length.
A size-frequency study of large Martian craters

Martian craters in the size range 10-250 km follow a log-normal size-frequency distribution law. Analysis techniques based on the log-normal model yield possible evidence for the size-frequency evolution of crater-producing bodies. Some regions on Mars display excessive depletions of either large or small craters; the most likely causes of the depletions are considered. Apparently, eolian sedimentation has markedly altered the population of small craters south of -30 deg latitude. The general effects of crater obliteration in the Southern Hemisphere appear to be confined to diameters of less than 20 km. A strong depletion of large craters in a large region centered at 35 deg latitude and 10 deg W longitude may indicate locations of subsurface ice.
Trading Horizons and the Value of Money

Abstract This paper shows that fiat money can be feasible and essential even if the trading horizon is finite and deterministic. The result hinges on two features of our model. First, individual actions can affect the future availability of productive resources. So, agents may be willing to sell for money, even if on that date they have no reason to accept it. This makes monetary trade feasible in all preceding dates. Second, agents are anonymous and direct their search for partners. So, gift-giving arrangements may be prevented because agents can misrepresent their consumption needs. This makes money essential in exploiting any gains from specialization and trade.
One-Parameter Families of Unit Equations

We study one-parameter families of S-unit equations of the form f(t)u+g(t)v=h(t), where f, g, and h are univariate polynomials over a number field, t is an S-integer, and u and v are S-units. For many possible choices of f, g, and h, we are able to determine all but finitely many solutions to the corresponding one-parameter family of S-unit equations. The results are obtained as consequences of some recent results on integral points on surfaces.
Distributed optimization via adaptive regularization for large problems with separable constraints

Many practical applications require solving an optimization over large and high-dimensional data sets, which makes these problems hard to solve and prohibitively time consuming. In this paper, we propose a parallel distributed algorithm that uses an adaptive regularizer (PDAR) to solve a joint optimization problem with separable constraints. The regularizer is adaptive and depends on the step size between iterations and the iteration number. We show theoretical convergence of our algorithm to an optimal solution, and use a multi-agent three-bin resource allocation example to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Numerical simulations show that our algorithm converges to the same optimal solution as other distributed methods, with significantly reduced computational time.
Parapharyngeal space neoplasms.

Background. Primary parapharyngeal space neoplasms are rare. Tumor distribution characteristics and long-term outcome have been quite variable in the recent literature. We report the results of a retrospective review of 172 patients with primary parapharyngeal space neoplasms treated surgically from 1960 to 1990 at a large multispecialty clinic and teaching hospital. Methods. Initially, 195 patients seen at our institution were found to have parapharyngeal space neoplasms. Twenty-three patients previously treated elsewhere were excluded. The remaining 172 patients (96 female and 76 male) were from 11.7 months to 91.5 years of age. All patients were treated surgically; the transparotid-cervical approach was most widely used. Results. One hundred thirty-seven tumors (80%) were benign and 35 (20%) were malignant. High-resolution computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging was essential in the diagnosis and presurgical planning. Fineneedle aspiration specimens were accurate in the diagnosis of 8 of 9 cases. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common neoplasm (40%), followed by paraganglioma (20%), neurogenic tumor (14%), malignant salivary gland tumor (13%), miscellaneous malignant tumors (7%), and miscellaneous benign tumors (6%). Mandibulotomy was required for only 6% of all tumors; its use was reserved for malignant lesions and large skull base tumors when risk of tumor rupture was high. Recurrent or persistent disease was recorded in 27 patients with malignant tumors; of these, 24 (89%) are likely to die of disease. Conclusions. The transparotid-cervical approach is the preferred procedure for most parapharyngeal tumors and can be combined with midline mandibulotomy for large vascular or selected malignant tumors. Recurrence after removal of pleomorphic adenomas is only 4%. Recurrent or persistent malignant disease is nearly always fatal. Perioperative mortality is zero, and morbidity is most often associated with cranial nerve neuropathy. © 1995 Jons Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Effect of Liquid-Fuel Preparation on Gas Turbine Emissions

The emissions of liquid-fuel fired gas turbine engines are strongly affected by the fuel preparation process that includes atomization, evaporation, and mixing. In the present paper, the effects of fuel atomization and evaporation on emissions from an industrial gas turbine engine were investigated. In the engine studied, the fuel injector consists of a coaxial plain jet airblast atomizer and a premixer which consists of a cylindrical tube with four mixing holes and swirler slits. The goal of this device is to establish a fully vaporized, homogeneous fuel/air mixture for introduction into the combustion chamber and the reaction zone. In the present study, experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure and room temperature as well as at actual engine conditions (0.34 MPa, 740 K) both with and without the premixer. Measurements included visualization, droplet size, and velocity. By conducting tests with and without the premixing section, the effect of the mixing holes and swirler slit design on atomization and evaporation was isolated. The results were also compared with engine data and the relationship between premixer performance and emissions was evaluated. By comparing the results of tests over a range of pressures, the viability of two scaling methods was evaluated with the conclusion that spray angle correlates with fuel to atomizing air momentum ratio. For the injector studied, however, the conditions resulting in superior atomization and vaporization did not translate into superior emissions performance. This suggests that, while atomization and the evaporation of the fuel are important in the fuel preparation process, they are of secondary importance to the fuel/air mixing prior to, and in the early stages of the reaction in, governing emissions.
Recognition of zinc-deficiency syndrome.

A syndrome occurring in males, characterized by severe iron-deficiency anemia, hypogonadism, dwarfism, hepatosplenomegaly, and geophagia, has been observed in villagers in Iran suffering from malnutrition. Eleven such patients, studied in detail, are described. Despite hepatosplenomegaly, results of the liver function tests were uniformly normal except for the serum alkaline phosphatase, which was consistently elevated. The anemia was not associated with blood loss, hookworm infestation, or intestinal malabsorption, and patients responded promptly to oral iron therapy. Although the diet contained adequate amounts of iron, it is believed that the predominantly wheat diet, with its high phosphate content, interfered with absorption because of the formation of insoluble iron complexes. Correction of the anemia resulted in marked decrease in the size of the liver and spleen. Prolonged follow-up of patients receiving a well balanced diet indicates that the endocrine abnormalities of growth and sexual development are reversible. The relationship of geophagia (which occurred in nearly all patients) to this syndrome is not clear and is discussed. The possibility of zinc deficiency is considered as an explanation of hypogonadism, dwarfism, and changes in alkaline phosphatase.
A Surprising Reversal of Temperatures in the Brown Dwarf Eclipsing Binary 2MASS J05352184?0546085

The newly discovered brown dwarf eclipsing binary 2MASS J05352184-0546085 provides a unique laboratory for testing the predictions of theoretical models of brown dwarf formation and evolution. The finding that the lower mass brown dwarf in this system is hotter than its higher mass companion represents a challenge to brown dwarf evolutionary models, none of which predict this behavior. Here we present updated determinations of the basic physical properties of 2M0535-05, bolstering the surprising reversal of temperatures with mass in this system. We compare these measurements with widely used brown dwarf evolutionary tracks, and find that the temperature reversal can be explained by some models if the components of 2M0535-05 are mildly non-coeval, possibly consistent with dynamical simulations of brown dwarf formation. Alternatively, a strong magnetic field on the higher mass brown dwarf might explain its anomalously low surface temperature, consistent with emerging evidence that convection is suppressed in magnetically active, low-mass stars. Finally, we discuss future observational and theoretical work needed to further characterize and understand this benchmark system.
The IBM type 705 autocoder

The 705 Autocoder is a system of automatic coding for use with the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) EDPM type 705. However, before description of the system, the distinction between automatic programming and automatic coding will be emphasized. This will help to place the Autocoder (which, of course, is "automatic coder") in its proper perspective.
Solvation and hydration of proteins and nucleic acids: a theoretical view of simulation and experiment.

Many theoretical, computational, and experimental techniques recently have been successfully used for description of the solvent distribution around macromolecules. In this Account, we consider recent developments in the areas of protein and nucleic acid solvation and hydration as seen by experiment, theory, and simulations. We find that in most cases not only the general phenomena of solvation but even local hydration patterns are more accurately discussed in the context of water distributions rather than individual molecules of water. While a few localized or highresidency waters are often associated with macromolecules in solution (or crystals from aqueous liquors), these are readily and accurately included in this more general description. The goal of this Account is to review the theoretical models used for the description of the interfacial solvent structure on the border near DNA and protein molecules. In particular, we hope to highlight the progress in this field over the past five years with a focus on comparison of simulation and experimental results.
Reaction of lithium alkynolates with acid chlorides: A conventional approach to the preparation of ynol esters

Lithium alkynolates (R-CCOLi, R = CH3, n- C4H9, t-C4H9, Ph), generated in situ from dibromomethylketones and a strong base, react with electrophiles (diethyl chlorophosphate or benzoyl chloride) with the formation of the corresponding ynol esters.
Direct measurement of the transport properties of a single DNA molecule.

A fluorescently labeled DNA molecule is end tethered to a small magnetic bead and pulled by a calibrated magnetic force through a solution of unlabeled DNA molecules to monitor the transport coefficients of the chain. From the force velocity diagram $F\ensuremath{-}V$, we report the first direct measurement of the friction coefficient $\ensuremath{\zeta}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}F/V$ of a single DNA molecule. $\ensuremath{\zeta}$ is found to be highly velocity dependent due to sharp conformational transitions for increasing velocities in agreement with a recent model by Ajdari et al. [Physica (Amsterdam) 204A, 17 (1994)].
A Class of Strongly Homotopy Lie Algebras with Simplified sh-Lie Structures

Abstract Given a complex that is a differential graded vector space, it is known that a single mapping defined on a space of it where the homology is non-trivial extends to a strongly homotopy Lie algebra (on the graded space) when that mapping satisfies two conditions. This strongly homotopy Lie algebra is non-trivial (it is not a Lie algebra); however we show that one can obtain an sh-Lie algebra where the only non-zero mappings defining it are the lower order mappings. This structure applies to a significant class of examples. Moreover in this case the graded space can be replaced by another graded space, with only three non-zero terms, on which the same sh-Lie structure exists.
A pulse-step model of accommodation dynamics in the aging eye

We have developed a dynamic model of accommodation that combines independent phasic-velocity and tonic-position neural signals to control position, velocity and acceleration properties of accommodative step responses. Phasic and tonic signals were obtained from neural integration of a fixed-height acceleration-pulse and variable-height velocity-step respectively to control independent acceleration and velocity properties of the step response. Duration and amplitude of the acceleration-pulse are increased with age to compensate for age-related increases of visco-elastic properties of the lens to maintain youthful velocity. The model illustrates a neural control strategy that is similar to the classical neural control model of step changes by the saccadic and vergence systems.
Origin of lunar high-titanium ultramafic glasses: A hybridized source?

Abstract Two new hypotheses for the origin of the lunar high-Ti ultramafic glasses are considered in this study. These new models are motivated by experimental results on a model hybridized lunar magma ocean cumulate composition and by the failure of current models to adequately account for the processes that lead to the origin of these unique lunar ultramafic magmas. In the first model we propose that the observed compositional variability at the high-Ti end of the glass spectrum is created by melting of compositionally heterogeneous source materials produced during the late stages of magma ocean crystallization. The lunar hybridized source composition that we have investigated can broadly reproduce the major element compositional characteristics of the Apollo 17 orange glass and is saturated with olivine and orthopyroxene as residual phases in the source. Models of high-Ti glass generation that include fractional crystallization and/or melting involving olivine and orthopyroxene are attractive because all lunar ultramafic melts show evidence of high-pressure multiple saturation with these phases. Crystallization of olivine and orthopyroxene in the proportions indicated from high-pressure experimental results however, will not produce the entire spectrum of high-Ti glasses. Perhaps the compositional variability is caused by heterogeneity in the proportions of phases stored as late stage cumulate residues. In the second model, low-degree partial melts of the hybridized magma ocean source are segregated during partial melting and sink into and interact with underlying hotter olivine + orthopyroxene cumulates by reactive porous flow, giving rise to the compositional spectrum observed in the high-Ti ultramafic glasses. In this model, the Apollo 17 high-Ti orange glass is produced by the highest degree of melting of the hybridized source. Higher-Ti ultramafic glasses (e.g. Apollo 15 red and Apollo 14 black glasses) are produced by smaller degrees of melting of the hybridized source when olivine + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene are still present as saturating phases. In this model, the depth of segregation of the high-Ti ultramafic magma is determined by the change in buoyancy brought about by the reactive dissolution of olivine + orthopyroxene cumulates. As the high-Ti melt dissolved these phases, its density decreases, until it becomes neutrally or positively buoyant.
Devaluation with Contract Redenomination in Argentina

This study offers the first empirical microeconomic analysis of the effectiveness of dollar debt and contract redenomination policies to mitigate adverse financial and relative price consequences from a large devaluation. An analysis of Argentina’s policy of devaluation with redenomination in 2002, in contrast to Mexico’s policy of devaluation without debt redenomination in 1994–1995, shows that devaluation benefited tradables firms, and that dollar debt redenomination in Argentina benefited high-dollar debtors, as shown in these firms’ investment behavior, especially non-tradables firms whose revenues in dollar terms were adversely affected by devaluation. That investment behavior contrasts with the experience of Mexican firms in the aftermath of Mexico’s large devaluation, in which non-tradables producers with high dollar debt displayed significant relative reductions in investment. Stock return reactions to Argentine debt redenomination indicate large, positive, unanticipated effects on high-dollar debtors from debt redenomination. Energy concession contract redenomination likewise increased investment by high energy users in Argentina, and that benefit was apparent also in positive stock returns of those firms.
Detecting the Rise and Fall of 21 cm Fluctuations with the Murchison Widefield Array

We forecast the sensitivity with which the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) can measure the 21 cm power spectrum of cosmic hydrogen. The MWA is sensitive to roughly a decade in scale (wavenumbers of -->k ~ 0.1-1 h Mpc−1). This amounts primarily to constraints on two numbers: the amplitude and the slope of the 21 cm power spectrum on the scales probed. We find, however, that the redshift evolution in these quantities can yield important information about reionization. We examine a range of theoretical models, spanning uncertainties in the nature of the ionizing sources and the abundance of minihalos during reionization. Although the power spectrum differs substantially among these models, a generic prediction is that the amplitude of the 21 cm power spectrum on MWA scales ( -->k ~ 0.4 h Mpc−1) peaks near the epoch when the intergalactic medium (IGM) is 50% ionized. Moreover, the slope of the 21 cm power spectrum flattens as the ionization fraction increases and the sizes of the H II regions grow. With regards to detection sensitivity, we show that the optimal MWA antenna configuration for power spectrum measurements would pack all 500 antenna tiles as closely as possible in a compact core. Detecting the characteristic redshift evolution of our models will help to confirm that observed 21 cm fluctuations originate from the IGM, and not from foregrounds, and will provide an indirect constraint on the evolution of the volume-filling factor of H II regions during reionization. After two years of observations, the MWA can constrain the filling factor at an epoch when --> ~ 0.5 to within roughly ± -->δ ~ 0.1 at 2 σ confidence.
Recent Trends in Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Atomic absorption spectroscopy is reviewed especially as to the effect of developments in the past few years on analytical applications. Sources and sampling devices are given special attention. Atomic absorption, flame emission, and atomic fluorescence are compared as to their detection limits and their applicability to analysis. It is shown that the three methods are in many ways complementary rather than competing. The potentialities of resonance spectroscopy are examined and instrument systems utilizing resonance methods are described.
The sales effect of word of mouth: a model for creative goods and estimates for novels

Weekly sales of creative goods—like music records, movies, or books—usually peak shortly after release and then decline quickly. In many cases, however, they follow a hump-shaped pattern where sales increase for some time. A popular explanation for this phenomenon is word of mouth among a population of heterogeneous buyers, but previous studies typically assume buyer homogeneity or neglect word of mouth altogether. In this paper, I study a model of new-product diffusion with heterogeneous buyers that allows for a quantification of the sales effect of word of mouth. The model includes Christmas sales as a special case. All parameters have an intuitive interpretation. Simulation results suggest that the parameters are estimable for data that are not too volatile and that cover a sufficiently large part of a title’s life cycle. I estimate the model for four exemplary novels using scanner data on weekly sales.
THE PRACTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS

Scientific Boo7ks:Cannon on the Mechanical Factors of Digestion: DR. JOHN AUER. Chemical Textbooks: PROFESSOR J. E. GILPIN. Baskerville and Estabrook on Progressive Problems in General Chemistry. Somerville's Bibliography of Non-Euclidean Geometry: DR. ARTHUR RANUM. Cockayne on the Dune Areas of New Zealand: PROFESSOR RAYMOND J. POOL. Zahm's Aerial Navigation: PROFESSOR A. LAWRENCE ROTCH 693
Silicon nanoelectronics for the 21st century

The advancement of device technology and the growth of the electronics market were intertwined in the past and probably will continue to be in the future. This observation suggests a new approach to predicting the potentials and the limitations of the scaling of MOSFETs using both technological and economic considerations. It is proposed that silicon CMOS technology can serve the electronics needs of at least most of the 21st century. This analysis also provides a backdrop for evaluating the need for unconventional devices. One current effort to develop 25 nm MOSFETs is described. There appear to be many opportunities and challenges in finding novel device structures and new processing techniques, and in understanding the physics of future devices.
Controller Design for Flexible Systems With Friction: Pulse Amplitude Control

Accounting for friction is important when designing controllers for precision motion control systems. However, the presence of the friction and the flexibility in the system yields undesirable behaviors such as residual vibration and stick-slip oscillation near the reference value. In the proposed development, a pulse amplitude modulated controller with user-specified pulse width, is used to initiate the motion so as to permit the system to coast to the desired final position after the final pulse, with zero residual vibrations. The proposed technique is illustrated on the floating oscillator benchmark problem, where friction acts on the first mass. Numerical simulation illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Limits on achievable dimensional and photon efficiencies with intensity-modulation and photon-counting due to non-ideal photon-counter behavior

An ideal intensity-modulated photon-counting channel can achieve unbounded photon information efficiencies (PIEs). However, a number of limitations of a physical system limit the practically achievable PIE. In this paper, we discuss several of these limitations and illustrate their impact on the channel. We show that, for the Poisson channel, noise does not strictly bound PIE, although there is an effective limit, as the dimensional information efficiency goes as e-ePIE beyond a threshold PIE. Since the Holevo limit is bounded in the presence of noise, this illustrates that the Poisson approximation is invalid at large PIE for any number of noise modes. We show that a finite transmitter extinction ratio bounds the achievable PIE to a maximum that is logarithmic in the extinction ratio. We show how detector jitter limits the ability to mitigate noise in the PPM signaling framework. We illustrate a method to model detector blocking when the number of detectors is large, and illustrate mitigation of blocking with spatial spreading and filtering. Finally, we illustrate the design of a high photon efficiency system using state-of-the-art photo-detectors and taking all these effects into account.
Axions from wall decay

Abstract We discuss the decay of axion walls bounded by strings and present numerical simulations of the decay process. In these simulations, the decay happens immediately, in a time scale of order the light travel time, and the average energy of the radiated axions is 〈ω a 〉 ≅ 7 m a for v a m a ≅ 500 . 〈ωa〉 is found to increase approximately linearly with ln ( v a m a ). Extrapolation of this behavior yields 〈ωa〉 ≅ 60 ma in axion models of interest.
Reliability Considerations and Fault-Handling Strategies for Multi-MW Modular Drive Systems

Shunt-interleaved electrical drive systems consisting of several parallel medium-voltage back-to-back converters enable power ratings of tens of MVA, low current distortions, and a very smooth air-gap torque. To meet stringent reliability and availability goals despite the large parts count, the modularity of the drive system needs to be exploited and a suitable fault-handling strategy that allows the exclusion and isolation of faulted threads is required. This avoids the shutdown of the complete system and enables the drive system to continue operation. If full power capability is also required in degraded mode operation, redundancy on a thread level needs to be added. Experimental results confirm that thread exclusion allows the isolation of the majority of faults without affecting the mechanical load. As the drive system continues to run, faulted threads can be repaired and then added on-the-fly to the running system by thread inclusion. As a result, the downtime of such a modular drive system is expected to not exceed a few hours per year.
Predicting equilibrium states with Reynolds stress closures in channel flow and homogeneous shear flow

Turbulent channel flow and homogeneous shear flow have served as basic building block flows for the testing and calibration of Reynolds stress models. A direct theoretical connection is made between homogeneous shear flow in equilibrium and the log-layer of fully-developed turbulent channel flow. It is shown that if a second-order closure model is calibrated to yield good equilibrium values for homogeneous shear flow it will also yield good results for the log-layer of channel flow provided that the Rotta coefficient is not too far removed from one. Most of the commonly used second-order closure models introduce an ad hoc wall reflection term in order to mask deficient predictions for the log-layer of channel flow that arise either from an inaccurate calibration of homogeneous shear flow or from the use of a Rotta coefficient that is too large. Illustrative model calculations are presented to demonstrate this point which has important implications for turbulence modeling.
Projection on Segre varieties and determination of holomorphic mappings between real submanifolds

It is shown that a germ of a holomorphic mapping sending a real-analytic generic submanifold of finite type into another is determined by its projection on the Segre variety of the target manifold. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for a germ of a mapping into the Segre variety of the target manifold to be the projection of a holomorphic mapping sending the source manifold into the target. An application to the biholomorphic equivalence problem is also given.
Quantum Mechanical Computers

The physical limitations, due to quantum mechanics, on the functioning of computers are analyzed.
Deterministic Hypergraph Coloring and Its Applications

Given a hypergraph and a set of colors, we want to find a vertex coloring to minimize the size of any monochromatic set in an edge. We give a deterministic polynomial time approximation algorithm with performance close to the best bound guaranteed by an existential argument. This can be applied to support divide and conquer approaches to various problems. We give two examples. For deterministic DNF approximate counting, this helps us explore the importance of a previously ignored parameter, the maximum number of appearances of any variable, and we construct algorithms that are particularly good when this parameter is small. For partially ordered sets, we are able to constructivize the dimension bound given by Furedi and Kahn [Order, 3 (1986), pp. 15--20].
Approximating the critical values of Cramér-von Mises tests in general parametric conditional specifications

A numerical approximation of the critical values of Cramer-von Mises (CvM) tests is proposed for testing the correct specification of general conditional location parametric functionals. These specifications include conditional mean and quantile models. This method is based on estimation of the eigenelements of the covariance operator associated with the CvM test, and it has the advantage that it requires the practitioner to estimate the model only one time under the null hypothesis. A Monte Carlo experiment shows that the proposed approximation compares favorably with respect to the subsampling method in terms of size accuracy, power performance and computational time.
Experimental Study of Crowdfunding Cascades: When Nothing is Better than Something

The rise of crowdfunding marketplaces, online platforms that enable fundraisers to easily aggregate even small contributions to reach a publicly announced fundraising goal, have begun to change the...
The Coronal-dimming Footprint of a Streamer-Puff Coronal Mass Ejection: Confirmation of the Magnetic-Arch-Blowout Scenario

In this paper, for a CME of the particular variety recently identified by Bemporad et al (2005), we present new evidence that strengthens the conclusion of Bemporad et al that for these CMEs the pre-eruption magnetic field that explodes to drive the CME is laterally far offset from the radial path of the full-blown CME in the outer corona. In CMEs of the particular variety of those found by Bemporad et al, the flare-site field that explodes is much more compact than the flare-site fields that explode in most major flares and large CMEs, and is located in a flank of the base of a streamer. After presenting our new evidence for how CMEs of this variety are produced, we cite and discuss examples of larger flare-producing magnetic explosions that are not necessarily in a flank of a streamer but occur together with a large CME that in the outer corona is laterally far offset from the flare. We conclude that there is a broad class of CMEs that come from flare-producing magnetic explosions of various sizes and that are laterally far offset from the flare. We propose that all CMEs of this broad class are produced in basically the same way as those of the particular variety of the one that we present in this paper. In this paper, it is therefore convenient and useful to refer to this broad class of CMEs (regardless of the pre-eruption size of the offset field that explodes and whether or not this field is in the flank of a streamer), as "over-and-out" CMEs. Because the lack of recognition of this class of CMEs has contributed to the confusion and controversy regarding the relation between flares and CMEs (e.g., Kahler 1992; Gosling 1993; Hudson et al 1995), it is important that this class of CME have an explicit name. We adopt the name over-and-out CME because it is a needed descriptive term, especially for the purpose of this paper.
Online Semantic Knowledge Management for Product Design Based on Product Engineering Ontologies

This paper formulates an approach to use the semantic web for knowledge management in the product design domain to provide enhanced capabilities of authoring/updating, querying/reasoning, searching, and visualization of information. Engineering has unique challenges, due to the pervasive use of CAD models and underlying interoperability and integration issues. The authors propose a distributed model composed of a host hybrid-data repository, external public linked data sources, a semantic data management engine, and a web-based user interface layer. The hybrid-data repository consists of ontologies to preserve knowledge for the product design domain and a conventional product data base to utilize legacy design data. Near full integration with a web based environment is achieved. The importance of accessing product related CAD data that has been instantiated in ontology models, querying them, and then displaying the data on a web interface in real time with other legacy data, such as hand sketches and notes that have been scanned and relevant information from conventional rational databases public linked data sites, is a useful and transformational capability. The system clearly facilitates design and information management beyond traditional CAD capabilities and creates a foundation for important capability improvements in the domain.
Ab initio approach for many-electron systems without invoking orbitals: An integral formulation of density-functional theory.

A new approach for the calculation of ground states of many-electron systems is proposed via an integral formulation of the Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham density-functional theory. Only equations for the total electron density are involved; orbitals are not employed. Exchange and correlation effects are incorporated. In place of the set of single-electron equations, the total electron density is explicitly expressed in terms of the Kohn-Sham effective local potential through multidimensional integrations. The development is based on the first-order density matrix as obtained from the one-body Green's function in polygonal and Fourier path-integral representations. This might open up the possibility of ab initio calculations for molecules with very many electrons. It also provides explicit solutions to two long-standing problems: electron kinetic energy and momentum density as functionals of the total electron density. The formulation can also be used in calculations for general fermions.
Invasive squamous carcinoma of the vulva in young patients

Abstract Over a 30-year period, 17 patients below the age of 35 with invasive squamous carcinoma of the vulva were identified, 8 of whom (47.1%) had "microinvasive" disease. Venereal diseases and condyloma accuminata were not predisposing factors. Immunosuppression was a contributory factor in 2 patients. Although carcinoma in situ was antecedent in only 1 patient, it was an associated lesion in 87.5% of patients with "microinvasive" and 22.2% of patients with invasive carcinoma. The nature and course of this disease in young patients do not differ from the elder counterpart. Prolonged follow-up of these patients has revealed increased susceptibility of the perineum, vagina, and cervix to multiple neoplasms.