cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Come, Let Us Pray! or, Modern Public Administration Has Failed

Abstract By turning inwards and not using our collective expertise to become advocate “Cassandras” and “Jeremiahs,” who voice strongly and collectively that our society is in trouble in both the short and long run, our field of public administration has failed in its overall mission and has lost faith with the early public administrationists who were action-oriented rather than ivory-tower-oriented and who still managed to do a fair amount of publishing.
Hydrogen-induced strain localization and failure of austenitic stainless steels at high hydrogen concentrations

Mechanical behavior and fractography of hydrogen-austenitic stainless steelsolid solutions were studied to determine the microstructural origins of hydrogen-assisted fracture. AISI 310S and 304 stainless steels containing hydrogen in homogeneous solid solution in concentrations up to approximately 15 at.% resulted in an increase in flow stress by more than a factor two. The loss in ductility increased with increasing hydrogen content and was accompanied by an increasing frequency of “brittle” secondary cracks. The 304 alloy was embrittled at lower concentrations than was the 310S. In the polycrystalline austenitic stainless steels “brittlw” cracking was predominantly intergranular, although there was evidence of shear crack formation along operating slip planes. Intensely localized shear along active slip planes was found on both fracture surface and on polished side surfaces on specimens containing solute hydrogen. Shear localization in the hydrogen-austenitic stainless steel solid solutions appeared to result from the limitation of the number of active slip systems by increasing the local stress to operate dislocation sources. In this study there was no evidence that hydrogen lowered the strength of internal interfaces, rather fracture was found to result from an extreme localization of slip into narrow slip bands and increased difficulty in slip transfer across interfaces.
Biobanks and biomarker research in cardiovascular disease.

PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to describe biobank processes and the sociocultural and nursing challenges of these processes. The article will present ways that thinking genetically can challenge cardiovascular nurses and help in the development of biobanks for cardiovascular research. It will emphasize the importance of the contributions of nursing to the development of biobanks and biobanking research. CONCLUSIONS The influence of cardiovascular nurses on the development of biobanks for research in cardiovascular disease will result in accelerated discoveries that will lead to innovative, safe, effective therapeutics (translational research and personalized healthcare). The challenge is to educate and encourage clinicians to think genetically and use biobanks for research.
Suspended‐material transportation under non‐equilibrium conditions

Our knowledge in regard to suspended-material transportation has been greatly increased in the last few years due to our more thorough understanding of the mechanics of turbulent flow. The vertical distribution of suspended material in rivers under equilibrium-conditions, that is when there is no appreciable settling or scour, can be quite accurately predicted by the theory presented by O'Brien [see 1 of “References” at end of paper]. This theory permits the calculation of the total suspended material transported in a vertical section if the concentration at some one point, the velocity-distribution, and the hydraulic characteristics of the river are known. The correctness of this equation for vertical distribution of suspended material under equilibrium-conditions has been experimentally checked for artificial turbulence by Rouse [2]. Also, various data for natural rivers verify the theory quite well.
Numerical simulation of fluid–particle hydrodynamics in a rectangular spouted vessel

Abstract A three-dimensional, Eulerian simulation was developed to describe isothermal, two-phase flow of the continuous (water) and dispersed (solid particles) phases in a rectangular spouted vessel. The mass and momentum conservation equations for each phase were solved using the finite volume technique, which treats each phase separately, while coupling them through drag, turbulence, and energy dissipation due to particle fluctuations. Particle–particle interactions via friction were also included. Model results in terms of fluid and solid flow properties, such as volume fraction, pressure and velocity fields were validated with experimental results obtained in a rectangular spouted vessel apparatus. The effects of inlet jet velocity, particle loading, particle diameter, and density on solids volume fraction distributions, pressure field, and particle recirculation rate were investigated with the resultant model. The model is shown to be able to successfully predict the experimentally observed phenomenon of particle “choking” where the particle recirculation rate remains constant with increasing particle loading once a “critical loading” is achieved. Simulations also confirmed the manner in which particle size, density, loading, and inlet jet velocity affect solids circulation. This investigation was motivated by the need for hydrodynamic information related to the development of spouted bed electrolytic reactors (SBER) as moving bed cathodes for metals recovery.
the medicalization of healing cults in Latin America

This paper examines the healing cults of two Latin American doctors—Dr. Moreno Canas of Costa Rica and Dr. Jose Gregorio Hernandez—through a symbolic analysis of the doctors' life histories, the creation of myths about their lives, and the process of cult formation and transformation. The symbolic images of the two doctors are compared based on the doctors' individual characteristics and cultural meanings, the sociopolitical and historical context of the healing cults, and the structure of the myths as heroic tales. These analyses suggest that the ongoing medicalization of religious healing cults in Latin America and the increasing power of the medical sector to control and direct individual lives—particularly the lives of the poor and the politically marginal classes in Latin America—is reproduced in the generation of new symbolic images. The doctor/saint symbol that combines both the folk Catholic and Spiritist traditions of religious healing and the “high-tech” imagery of the modern physician is a reflection of the medicalization/demedicalization and secular/sacred dialectic of Latin American healing cults. [healing cults, medicalization, Latin America, popular saints, symbolic analysis, doctors]
Imaging and Spectroscopy of Single InAs Self-Assembled Quantum Dots using Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy.

Single InAs self-assembled quantum dots buried spatially beneath a Au/GaAs interface are probed for the first time using the imaging and spectroscopic modes of ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM). BEEM images show enhanced current through each dot. Spectra taken with the tip positioned on a dot show shifted current thresholds when compared with the off dot spectra, which are essentially the same as those of Au on bulk GaAs. Shifts in the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $L$ conduction band thresholds are attributed to strain in the GaAs cap layer. Fine structure below the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ threshold is consistent with resonant tunneling through zero-dimensional states within the quantum dots.
Synergistic Ordering of Side‐Group Liquid Crystal Polymer and Small Molecule Liquid Crystal: Order and Phase Behavior of Nematic Polymer Solutions

Addition of a small-molecule liquid crystal (5CB) to a cyanobiphenyl-based side-group liquid crystal polymer (SGLCP) stabilizes nematic order, increasing the isotropization temperature (T NI ) more than 15°C. Despite synergistic ordering at high concentration, small amounts of polymer destabilize nematic order. Even though T NI (SGLCP) is 27 °C greater than T NI (5CB), 2 H NMR shows that the order parameter of the SGLCP is less than that of 5CB at concentrations for which mono-domains were accessible (<10 wt.-%). The results imply that nematic order is frustrated in the bulk polymer and addition of small molecule LC relaxes this frustration by allowing greater configurational freedom. Conversely, adding small amounts of polymer to the bulk 5CB introduces frustration, resulting in the strong asymmetry of the phase diagram.
p‐Xenylsemicarbazide as a reagent for the identification of aldehydes and ketones

p-Xenylsemicarbazide, prepared by the condensation of p-xenylurea with hydrazine hydrate, was found to be a very good reagent for the preparation of derivatives suitable for the identification of carbonyl compounds. Twenty-eight p-xenylsemicarbazones, made by the interaction of the reagent and various types of aldehydes and ketones, are reported in this paper.
Analysis of simulation of output data

The problem of analysis of simulation output data is motivated and put in the context of related methodological problems. Examples are given to indicate why this problem is important, and why it is difficult.
MR imaging features of pelvic mucinous carcinomas.

Mucinous carcinomas in the pelvis differ from non-mucinous tumors because of the differences in clinical outcome and imaging appearance. Mucinous rectal carcinomas, for example, are known to be higher in stage at the time of the diagnosis because they are more likely to be infiltrative and show a greater tendency for recurrence. These factors may lead to a poorer prognosis in patients with the mucinous as compared with non-mucinous carcinomas. Mucinous carcinomas of all types typically show high signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images, and therefore mimic other conditions such as necrotic tumors, fluid collections, cysts, or liver hemangiomas. To familiarize readers with the MRI appearance, and to avoid pitfalls, this paper illustrates the MRI features of the mucinous adenocarcinomas in various pelvic organs.
Age changes in bone mineralization, cortical thickness, and haversian canal area.

Age-related changes in femoral cortical bone were quantified in an age-graded series of human cadavers. Variables included in this study were cortical thickness, bone mineral content, cortical bone density, summed Haversian canal area, Haversian canal number, and mean Haversian canal area. Females showed significant (P<0.05) decreases in cortical thickness, bone mineral content, and cortical bone density when plotted against age. Males exhibited slight nonsignificant declines for cortical thickness, bone mineral content, and cortical bone density. Both males and females exhibited significant (P<0.05) age-related increases in summed Haversian canal area values and Haversian canal number. Females as a group were found to exhibit significantly (P<0.05) larger mean Haversian canal area values compared with males, but the male group exhibited more Haversian canals per unit area of cortical bone compared with females.
Effects of L-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate on hepatic adenosine triphosphate levels in the ethionine-treated rat.

Abstract L-2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate, the lactam of L-glutamate, when given at the same time as DL-ethionine to female rats largely prevents the decrease in hepatic ATP brought about by this methionine analogue. Pyrrolidone carboxylate does not interfere with the “trapping” of ATP by ethionine, since the levels of S -adenosylethionine are similar to those receiving ethionine alone. The effect of pyrrolidone carboxylate was found to be primarily on the synthesis de novo of adenine nucleotides. This compound was found to produce a 70 per cent increase in this biosynthetic pathway as measured by the incorporation of 2- 14 C-glycine. The increase in ATP concentration was largely prevented by hadacidin. Furthermore, pyrrolidone carboxylate exerted no effect on the ATP levels several hours after ethionine administration. At this time the levels of ATP are decreased 80–85 per cent and are too low to support the de novo -synthetic pathway.
Diabetic Urethropathy Compounds the Effects of Diabetic Cystopathy

Purpose: The effects of short-term and long-term diabetes mellitus on urethral function were investigated to determine the contribution of urethral dysfunction to diabetes mellitus voiding dysfunction.Materials and Methods: Isovolumetric bladder pressure, urethral perfusion pressure and external urethral sphincter electromyography were measured in urethane anesthetized, female Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts) 5 or 10 weeks after streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus. Urethral responses to serial administration of the skeletal muscle blocker α-bungarotoxin, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine and the α-adrenergic agonist L-phenylephrine were determined in diabetes mellitus and age matched controls.Results: Peak bladder pressures and contraction amplitudes were significantly decreased in diabetes mellitus rats. Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia occurred in approximately 30% of diabetes mellitus rats but never in controls. α-Bungarotoxin caused a...
Undercooling and Nucleation during Solidification

Undercooling of liquids is a common occurrence in solidification. The level of undercooling influences both the microstructural development by controlling phase selection during nucleation and the morphological evolution during the growth phase of solidification. The development of large liquid undercooling is linked to kinetic control of solidification processes including suppression of heterogeneous nucleation during slow cooling and constrained growth during rapid quenching. The deepest undercoolings have been measured in droplet samples and approach 0.3-0.4·Tm. At high undercooling, solidification can yield metastable product structures, whose constituents are the result of kinetic competition which usually is determined during the nucleation phase and controlled by heterogeneous nucleation. Recently, theoretical, experimental and simulation advances have led to a better understanding of nucleation catalysis reactions and the influence of thermal history during processing at high and low undercoolings. Detailed analysis of the kinetic competition process during solidification along with novel experiments have probed the limits of nucleation theory in both size and time scales and have stimulated new developments in theoretical modeling and computer simulation studies.
A novel system for storage of sera frozen in small aliquots.

Abstract A novel sample storage system involves the storage of frozen sera and other fluids within small heat-sealed segments of Tygon® tubing. Each series of attached segments comprises one sample divided into small aliquots and protected by a cellulose acetate butyrate tube situated in a specially constructed rack in a low-temperature freezer. This storage system offers several benefits including elimination of repeated freezing and thawing, protection against contamination of bulk samples, simplicity in keeping inventory records, ease of retrieving samples, and elimination of the need to return samples to storage. It is efficient, economical and applicable to a variety of liquid specimens, and greatly increases the length of potential storage life.
Existential family treatment with an Urban-Appalachian adolescent

The Urban-Appalachian family often requests treatment for an adolescent member of the family who is manifesting difficulties adjusting to life in the city. Often the adolescent's adjustment problems serve as a symbol for total family difficulties in adjusting to the city as well as the adolescent's normal developmental issues which are intensified by the family's migration experience. In this article, the authors describe and outline an existential treatment approach to working with Urban-Appalachian adolescents and their families. A case illustration is provided to demonstrate the described treatment approach.
HIV infection in children.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children has emerged as a major, rapidly growing public health problem. The majority of children become infected by perinatal transmission of the virus from an infected mother. The disease is frequently associated with progressive neurologic dysfunction and with opportunistic infections. The cutaneous manifestations of pediatric HIV infection include a wide variety of fungal, bacterial, and viral infections of the skin. These diseases tend to be less responsive to conventional therapies than in the healthy child. In addition, severe seborrbeic dermatitis, vasculitis, and drug eruptions are sometimes signs of HIV infection.
GOES solar x-ray imager: overview and operational goals

The first solar x-ray imager (SXI) will provide a major advance in real-time, continuous monitoring of solar- terrestrial conditions. This instrument, which will fly on a Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), will provide full-disk images of the Sun once a minute in the 0.6-6 nm range with 5 arcsec pixels. SXI's images will complement x-ray fluxes from the disk-integrating GOES x-ray sensor and optical images from ground-based observatories. THe automated sequence of SXI images will make it easy for forecasters, researchers, and image processing algorithms to interpret the images. SXI is being built to meet five operational goals for real-time prediction of solar- terrestrial disturbances: 1) SXI will provide clear evidence of x-ray coronal holes that are associate with recurrent geomagnetic storms. 2) SXI will provide flare locations that are used to estimate the magnitude and timing of energetic particle events, including flares from regions behind the solar limb that are not visible at other wavelengths. 3) SXI could provide a significant improvement in forecasting geomagnetic disturbances if CME-associated brightenings can be readily observed. 4) SXI images will show the complexity of the active regions, which will be used to estimate each region's flare potential.
Evolutionary biology of prolactins and somatotropins II. Electrophoretic comparison of tetrapod somatotropins

Proteins of the adenohypophyses of representatives of all four classes of tetrapods were separated by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. These were tested for somatotropic activity in the toad, Bufo boreas, using increases in linear growth as the criterion for somatotropic activity. In all species examined, somatotropic activity was associated with prominent, slow-migrating adenohypophysial proteins. However, some prolactins also exhibit somatotropic activity. Ovine and bovine prolactins (NIH) had somatotropic activity that cannot be accounted for by growth hormone contamination: these prolactins are considerably less potent than mammalian growth hormone. In two turtles, Pseudemys scripta and Chrysemys picta, proteins which previously had been identified as prolactins were as potent as growth hormones with respect to their somatotropic activity in the Bufo. Thus, these chelonians contained two distinct and prominent adenohypophysial proteins with somatotropic activity. Prolactin from a toad (Bufo marinus) may also have somatotropic activity but is less potent than the homologous growth hormone. Our results clearly indicate that in all tetrapod species examined, prolactins and somatotropins are separate molecular entities, the prolactin always having the higher electrophoretic mobility. However, the results with the turtles, toad, and with purified ovine and bovine prolactin indicate that, as in primates, adenohypophysial proteins may have both prolactin and somatotropic activities. Human placental lactogen (=chorionic somatomammotropin) was ineffective in the toad growth test. Estimation of the concentration of prolactin and growth hormone in adenohyphphyses by densitometry revealed that mammals had relatively high growth hormone levels in comparison to prolactin. Avian and reptilian glands showed lower concentrations of both hormones, with no appreciable differences between them. In amphibians, several species had unusually high prolactin levels and relatively low growth hormone concentrations: growth hormone could not be detected in the salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). Electrophoretic identification of somatotropins of these tetrapods should permit meaningful studies to be undertaken to elucidate the physiology of this hormone in nonmammalian species.
Mutation accumulation of the transcriptome.

A microarray-based study of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans offers a first glimpse of the effect of mutation accumulation on transcriptional variation. One major conclusion is that stabilizing selection must constrain the divergence of gene expression profiles in natural populations.
Demonstration, characterization and localization of opioid binding sites in the midgut of the insectLeucophaea maderae (Blattaria)

Abstract The demonstration in the midgut of the insect Leucophaea of specific high affinity binding sites for a synthetic opioid represents the first report on neuropeptide binding in the digestive system of an invertebrate. Binding of the enkephalin analog DAMA ( d -Ala 2 , Met 5 -enkephalinamide) is monophasic, saturable with respect to the concentration of the radioligand used, and stereospecific. Binding of the opiate antagonist naloxone to midgut homogenates is also monnophasic, saturable, and stereospecific. The binding site density for DAMA is reduced by sodium and increased by manganese. By contrast, binding of naloxone is enhanced by sodium and unaffected by manganese. Lithium is equipotent with sodium in altering these values. Prolonged exposure of the organ to naloxone increases its binding capacity for DAMA. In midguts deprived of their autonomic innervation by severance of the recurrent nerve the binding capacity for the synthetic opioid is lower than in controls. Also, such ‘denervated’ organs are no longer affected by prolonged naloxone treatment. Results of tests for the presence in the midgut of non-peptidergic neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine) possibly operating in response to enkephalinergic signals, have thus far been negative. The results strongly suggest the existence in the digestive tract of this invertebrate of opioid receptors comparable to those in analogous mammalian systems.
Navier-Stokes simulation of transonic afterbody flows with jet exhaust

Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes simulations have been made for the transonic flow past a nonaxisymmetric nozzle typical of those advocated for advanced fighter airplanes. Jet exhaust simulation is evaluated as are the Baldwin-Lomax (1978) and Goldberg (1986) turbulence models. Solutions are presented for Mach numbers of 0.80 and 0.94 at 0-deg angle of attack and a Reynolds number of 20 x 10 to the 6th. The numerical results are compared to wind-tunnel data. They show that including the jet exhaust in the calculations gives the most accurate solution near the nozzle exit. Also, the two turbulence models predict considerably different flow fields.
Chemical selectivity in the dissociative ionization of organic molecules by low-energy positrons.

The ionization and dissociation, induced by positrons having kinetic energies in the range 0.3--3 eV, of a large number of organic molecules have been studied. The required energies for ionization and dissociation are supplied through the annihilation of electrons by the positrons. Cross sections for these interactions are strong functions of molecular size, molecular structure, and bond type. Fragmentation usually occurs between atoms linked by {sigma} bonds. Multiple bonds tend to stabilize the molecules against fragmentation. Fragmentation induced under the low-energy process occurs preferably in the linear groups of molecules rather than in ring structures. Ionization and dissociation cross sections of large alkane molecules are higher than those of smaller molecules. A possible explanation of the fragmentation phenomena is that positrons annihilate electrons in energy levels below the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), leaving the molecules in excited states. Multiple bonds in molecules tend to promote higher populations near the HOMO state; annihilation of electrons near the HOMO state does not result in fragmentation.
Leading-particle effect from heavy-quark recombination.

The leading particle effect in charm hadroproduction is an enhancement of the cross section for a charmed hadron $D$ in the forward direction of the beam when the beam hadron has a valence parton in common with the $D$. The large ${D}^{+}/{D}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ asymmetry observed by the E791 experiment is an example of this phenomenon. We show that the heavy-quark recombination mechanism provides an economical explanation for this effect. In particular, the ${D}^{+}/{D}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ asymmetry can be fit reasonably well using a single parameter whose value is consistent with a recent determination from charm photoproduction.
16S gut community of the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort

Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are major public health concerns worldwide, and their prevalence has only increased in recent years. Mexican Americans are disproportionately afflicted by obesity and T2D, and rates are even higher in the United States-Mexico border region. To determine the factors associated with the increased risk of T2D, obesity, and other diseases in this population, the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort was established in 2004. In this study, we characterized the 16S gut community of a subset of 63 subjects from this unique cohort. We found that these communities, when compared to Human Microbiome Project subjects, exhibit community shifts often observed in obese and T2D individuals in published studies. We also examined microbial network relationships between operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC) and three additional datasets. We identified a group of seven genera that form a tightly interconnected network present in all four tested datasets, dominated by butyrate producers, which are often increased in obese individuals while being depleted in T2D patients. Through a combination of increased disease prevalence and relatively high gut microbial homogeneity in the subset of CCHC members we examined, we believe that the CCHC may represent an ideal community to dissect mechanisms underlying the role of the gut microbiome in human health and disease. The lack of CCHC subject gut community segregation based on all tested metadata suggests that the community structure we observe in the CCHC likely occurs early in life, and endures. This persistent ‘disease’-related gut microbial community in CCHC subjects may enhance existing genetic or lifestyle predispositions to the prevalent diseases of the CCHC, leading to increased attack rates of obesity, T2D, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and others.
Classification and ordination of the mire vegetation of Stormyra near Tynset, S Norway

The vegetation of Stormyra, a flat fen at Tynset, in Hedmark province, Southern Norway is classified by cluster analyses into seven different plant communities, all of a nonfixed hierarchical, low rank as follows: (1) Scorpidium scorpioides comm., (2) Campylium stellatum - Drepanocladus revolvers comm., (3) Carex rostrata - Calliergon giganteum comm., (4) Sphagnum papillosum - S. subfulvum comm., (5) Homalothecium nitens - Sphagnum warnstorfii comm., (6) Pinus sylvestris - Sphagnum angustifolium comm. and (7) Empetrum hermaphroditum - Sphagnum fuscum comm. A DCA-ordination showed that the samples were distributed mainly along a hummock - mud-bottom vegetational gradient, reflecting the local groundwater level. The range of the plant communities in terms of the traditional poor - rich and mire expanse - mire margin vegetational gradients is also dealt with. The vegetation and its relationship to such environmental factors as the ground-water level, and its seasonal fluctuations, the supply or absence of running surface water, the pH and electrical conductivity, are also discussed.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Manifestations and the Role of Neurostimulation in Its Management

Abstract The hallmark of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is excruciating pain (aching, burning, pricking, or shooting). Diagnosis should be established as soon as possible, as response to treatment is adversely affected by any delay. Treatment of CRPS is aimed at improving function, using an interdisciplinary, time-dependent, patient-dependent approach that encompasses rehabilitation, psychological therapy, and pain management. If no response to conventional treatment (e.g., pharmacotherapy) is noted within 12–16 weeks, a more interventional technique such as spinal cord stimulation (SCS) should be used. SCS has been shown to be highly effective in the treatment of CRPS type I, resulting in a significant, long-term reduction in pain and improvement in quality of life. SCS is particularly effective at helping to restore function in affected extremities, especially if applied early in the course of the disease. SCS is also cost effective and improves health-related quality of life.
The effects of channel estimation errors on a nonlinear precoder for multiple antenna downlink channels

The effects of channel estimation errors on the performance of a system employing Tomlinson-Harashima precoding and the QR decomposition, operating over multiple antenna frequency-flat fading channels with decentralized receivers, is evaluated. The QR decomposition of the channel matrix is employed to arrive at an equivalent channel where successive interference cancellation at the transmitter can be used to remove the effect of the multiuser interference. However, in the case of imperfect channel estimation, it is not possible to remove the effect of the multiuser interference due to a mismatch between the precoder and the channel. Consequently, it is necessary to include the estimation error in deriving the probability of symbol error. We also provide simulations to corroborate the analytical results.
Science and engineering design projects: Integrating the freshman experience

In the fall of 1992 the Indiana Institute of Technology implemented an integrated freshman program in the engineering curriculum which seeks to address the lack of connectivity between the topics in basic science and introductory engineering courses. This program utilizes a five-hour Graphics and Design semester and a five-hour Science semester. The Science semester integrates parts of four courses: General Chemistry, General Chemistry Lab, Introduction ot Engineering, and Graphics & Communications. The Graphics and Design semester integrates parts of three courses: Graphics and Communications, Introduction to CADD, and Introduction to Engineering. The types of projects which are being developed to meet the requirements of a holistic approach to freshman engineering are addressed. >
Design and Analysis of a Distributed Multi-leg Stock Trading System

We present the design, optimization and analysis of a highly flexible and efficient multi-leg stock trading system. Automated electronic multi-leg trading allows atomic processing of consolidated orders such as "Buy 200 shares of IBM and sell 100 shares of HPQ". While the expressive power of multi-leg trading brings significant value to investors, it also poses major challenges to stock exchange architecture design, due to additional complexities introduced in performance, tradability, and fairness. Performance can be significantly worse due to the need to coordinate transactions among multiple stocks at once. This paper studies the performance of multi-leg trading under different fairness constraints and variability in order price and order quantity. We identify the major performance bottlenecks when using traditional atomic commitment protocols such as 2-Phase Commit (2PC), and propose a new look-ahead algorithm to maximize transaction concurrency and minimize performance degradation. We have implemented a base-line 2PC prototype and a look-ahead optimized prototype on IBM z10 z Series e Server mainframes. Our experimental results show that the look-ahead optimization can improve throughput by 58% and reduce latency by 30%.
Using a qualitative sketch to control a team of robots

In this paper, we describe a prototype interface that facilitates the control of a mobile robot team by a single operator, using a sketch interface on a tablet PC. The user sketches a qualitative map of the scene and includes the robots in approximate starting positions. Both path and target position commands are supported as well as editing capabilities. Sensor feedback from the robots is included in the display such that the sketch interface acts as a two-way communication device between the user and the robots. The paper also includes results of a usability study, in which users were asked to perform a series of tasks
EVALUATION OF ETA MODEL FORECASTS AS A BACKUP WEATHER SOURCE FOR CTAS

Knowledge of present and future winds and temperature is important for air traffic operations in general, but is crucial for Decision Support Tools (DSTs) that rely heavily on accurately predicting trajectories of aircraft. One such tool is the CenterTRACON Automation System (CTAS) developed by NASA Ames Research Center. The Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) system is presently the principal source of weather information for CTAS.' RUC provides weather updates on an hourly basis on a nationwide grid with horizontal resolution of 40 km and vertical resolution of 25 mb in pressure. However, a recent study of RUC data availability showed that the NWS and NOAA servers are subject to frequent service interruptions. Over a 210 day period (4/19/0011/11/00), the availability of two NOAA and one NWS RUC server was monitored automatically. It was found that 60 days (29%) had periods of one hour or more where at least one server was out, with the longest outage lasting 13 hours on 9/21/00. In addition, there were 9 days (4%) for which all three servers were simultaneously unavailable, with the longest outage lasting 6 hours on 5/7/00. Moreover, even longer outages have been experienced with the RUC servers over the past several years. RUC forecasts are provided for up to 12 hours, but these are not currently used in CTAS as back up sources (except that the 1 or 2 hour forecasts are used for the current winds to compensate for transmission delays in obtaining the RUC data). Since RUC outages have been experienced for longer than 12 hours, it is therefore necessary to back RUC up with another weather source providing long-range forecasts. This paper examines the use of the Eta model forecasts as a back-up weather source for CTAS. A specific *This work was performed for the Federal Aviation Administration under Air Force Contract No. F19628-00-C-0002. tCopyright © 2001 by M.I.T. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission. output of the Eta 32 km model, namely Grid 104, was selected for evaluation because its horizontal and vertical resolution, spatial extent and output parameters match most closely those of RUC. While RUC forecasts for a maximum of 12 hours into the future, Eta does so for up to 60 hours. In the event that a RUC outage would occur, Eta data could be substituted. If Eta data also became unavailable, the last issued forecasts could allow CTAS to continue to function properly for up to 60 hours. The approach used for evaluating the suitability of the Eta model and RUC forecasts was to compare them with the RUC analysis output or 0 hour forecast file, at the forecast time. Not surprisingly, it was found that the RUC model forecasts had lower wind magnitude errors out to 12 hours (the limit of the RUC forecasts) than the Eta model had. However, the wind magnitude error for the Eta model grew only from 9 ft/s at 12 hours (comparable with RUC) to 11 ft/s at 48 hours. We therefore conclude that RUC forecasts should be used for outages up to 12 hours and Eta model forecasts should be used for outages up to 60 hours.
A Stimulator-Regulated Rapid-Freeze Clamp for Terminating Metabolic Processes of the Heart During Normal Physiological Working Conditions

A stimulator-regulated rapid-freeze clamp has been developed by which squeezing action is used to forge the physiologically functioning rat heart into a 0.5 mm thick wafer, thereby freezing (-80°C) the entire heart, and thus terminating metabolic processes in 5 ms ±0.5 ms at any defined point in the contraction cycle. The pneumatic cylinders contain large ports and frictionless seals. 80 psi of compressed air drives the anvils at an overall rate of 0.14 in/ms.
External-memory pattern databases using structured duplicate detection

A pattern database is a lookup table that stores an exact evaluation function for a relaxed search problem, which provides an admissible heuristic for the original search problem. In general, the larger the pattern database, the more accurate the heuristic function. We consider how to build large pattern databases that are stored in external memory, such as disk, and how to use an external-memory pattern database efficiently in heuristic search. To limit the number of slow disk I/O operations needed to construct and query an external-memory pattern data-base, we adapt an approach to external-memory graph search called structured duplicate detection that localizes memory references by leveraging an abstraction of the state space. We present results that show this approach increases the scalability of heuristic search by allowing larger and more accurate pattern database heuristics.
Effect of whey on milk composition and rumen volatile fatty acids in restricted-roughage rations.

Abstract In two trials lactating Holstein cows were fed rations of 16% hay and 84% concentrate at 120% of the Morrison Standard for energy. Concentrates contained varying amounts of partially delactosed whey (PDW) and dried whole whey (DWW). Per cent fat in milk was maintained at pretreatment levels when as little as 10% PDW was incorporated into the concentrate. At the 30% level, the DWW was not as effective in maintaining milk fat as was PDW. Neither milk SNF nor protein was consistently affected by addition of whey. Milk yields were depressed when the concentrate contained 60% of either whey, but not at 30%. All concentrates were readily consumed by the cows. Molar per cent of rumen butyrate was increased by addition of both kinds of whey at all levels tested. These increases were probably due to the lactose in whey. Rumen propionate was decreased and acetate-to-propionate ratios increased by addition of PDW, but not by DWW. The increased rumen butyrate and acetate-to-propionate ratios, as well as the decrease in rumen propionate, were associated with maintenance of normal milk fat percentages in groups fed rations containing PDW.
Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pygiopsyllomorpha) of Papua New Guinea and Papua Province, Indonesia. Part I. Striopsylla (Stivaliidae: Stivaliinae) and Miscellaneous Pygiopsyllid Fleas

ABSTRACT Flea holdings from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History and more recent field collections from Papua New Guinea by the junior author (ERE) contained three new species of Striopsylla Holland, 1969, and are described herein: Striopsylla bifurcata, new species; Striopsylla clarki, new species; and Striopsylla flanneryi, new species (Pygiopsylloidea: Stivaliidae, Stivaliinae). New host and distribution records are given for two additional known species of Striopsylla: S. rugata (Jordan, 1937) and S. vandeuseni Holland, 1969. A generic diagnosis is provided, host/parasite relationships are discussed for all species of Striopsylla examined, and a key is provided for all known species of Striopsylla. Miscellaneous records of other flea species belonging to the genera Acanthopsylla Jordan and Rothschild, 1922, Papuapsylla Holland, 1969, and Pygiopsylla Rothschild, 1906, are provided. Pygiopsylla spinata Holland, 1969, is proposed as a junior synonym of Pygiopsylla hoplia Jordan and Rothschild, 1922. Wi...
Tarazu: optimizing MapReduce on heterogeneous clusters

Data center-scale clusters are evolving towards heterogeneous hardware for power, cost, differentiated price-performance, and other reasons. MapReduce is a well-known programming model to process large amount of data on data center-scale clusters. Most MapReduce implementations have been designed and optimized for homogeneous clusters. Unfortunately, these implementations perform poorly on heterogeneous clusters (e.g., on a 90-node cluster that contains 10 Xeon-based servers and 80 Atom-based servers, Hadoop performs worse than on 10-node Xeon-only or 80-node Atom-only homogeneous sub-clusters for many of our benchmarks). This poor performance remains despite previously proposed optimizations related to management of straggler tasks. In this paper, we address MapReduce's poor performance on heterogeneous clusters. Our first contribution is that the poor performance is due to two key factors: (1) the non-intuitive effect that MapReduce's built-in load balancing results in excessive and bursty network communication during the Map phase, and (2) the intuitive effect that the heterogeneity amplifies load imbalance in the Reduce computation. Our second contribution is Tarazu, a suite of optimizations to improve MapReduce performance on heterogeneous clusters. Tarazu consists of (1) Communication-Aware Load Balancing of Map computation (CALB) across the nodes, (2) Communication-Aware Scheduling of Map computation (CAS) to avoid bursty network traffic and (3) Predictive Load Balancing of Reduce computation (PLB) across the nodes. Using the above 90-node cluster, we show that Tarazu significantly improves performance over a baseline of Hadoop with straightforward tuning for hardware heterogeneity.
Adjuvant Therapy: Melanoma

With an incidence that is increasing at 2–5% per year, cutaneous melanoma is an international scourge that disproportionately targets young individuals. Despite much research, the treatment of advanced disease is still quite challenging. Immunotherapy with high-dose interferon-α2b or interleukin-2 benefits a select group of patients in the adjuvant and metastatic settings, respectively, with significant attendant toxicity. Advances in the biology of malignant melanoma and the role of immunomodulatory therapy have produced advances that have stunned the field. In this paper, we review the data for the use of interferon-α2b in various dosing ranges, vaccine therapy, and the role of radiotherapy in the adjuvant setting for malignant melanoma. Recent trials in the metastatic setting using anticytoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (anti-CTLA-4) monoclonal antibody therapy and BRAF inhibitor therapy have demonstrated clear benefit with prolongation of survival. Trials investigating combinations of these novel agents with existing immunomodulators are at present underway.
An embedded waveguide lens with anti-reflection layer

A low-index waveguide of lens shape is embedded in a high-index Ga/sub .72/Al/sub .28/As/Ga/sub .59/Al/sub .41/As host waveguide with anti-reflection layer incorporated at the lens boundaries to reduce reflections. An improvement factor of 1.25 in the throughput efficiency of the lens is achieved by the inclusion of AR layer. At an f-number of 1.8 and a wavelength of 1.152 /spl mu/m, a focal spot size of 2.1 /spl mu/m and a sidelobe level of /spl minus/13 dB were measured. The angular field of view measured in the host waveguide is 11/spl deg/. >
A new standard for industrial control languages

Abstract There exists a need and an opportunity to develop industrial control languages that take advantage of the powerful facilities offered by modern microcontrollers. Developing a fundamental systems description is a prerequisite to writing such high-level control languages. Such a fundamental systems description requires building and experimenting with alternative hardware/software architectures, and gathering empirical data in actual manufacturing environments. A 3-year project is initiated in the Industrial Research Laboratory at the University of Florida to investigate the various aspects of controller architectures, operating systems and languages. This report summarizes our approach and outlines the progress to date.
TWO PORTRAITS OF SPENCE

A response to H. H. Kendler's (2001) comments on D. B. Wiseman's (2000) original article about Kenneth Spence's human learning research is presented. Specifically addressed are distinctions between objectivity and subjectivity and Kendler's view about Spence. The current response also describes a contrast between Spence's (a) philosophical views about science as formally expressed to psychologists outside of the University of Iowa and (b) behavior when conducting his experimental research within the Iowa classical conditioning laboratory.
Deliverance: A Study of Medicaid and Managed Care

From 1989 to 1992, the increases in Medicaid spending were the largest since the program began in. Enrollment in Medicaid by AFDC families grew from 3.8 million in 1990 to 4.4 million in 1992, almost a nine percent annual increase. During this period, states were also experiencing the ffects of a nationwide recession. Rapidly rising expenditure levels stretched revenue streams to their limits.
Temperature-sensitive loop parallelization for chip multiprocessors

In this paper, we present and evaluate three temperature-sensitive loop parallelization strategies for array-intensive applications executed on chip multiprocessors in order to reduce the peak temperature. Our experimental results show that the peak (average) temperature can be reduced by 20.9/spl deg/C (4.3/spl deg/C) when averaged over all the applications tested, incurring small performance/power penalties.
Sputter yields of ammonium chloride and solid glycerol

We have measured the sputtering yields of ammonium chloride and of frozen glycerol films under 8 keV Ar+˙ bombardment using a thin film depth profiling technique. The sputtering yield of ammonium chloride was 34±3 molecules (NH4Cl)/ion; for frozen glycerol the sputter yield was 54±9 molecules/ion. The results constrain possible mechanisms of damage suppression in organic secondary ion mass spectrometry.
Cumulus cloud transport of transient tracers

A theoretical framework is developed for including cumulus cloud transport, rainout of water soluble gases, and aqueous phase chemistry into gas phase photochemical models. Cloud populations are represented as ensemble distributions of individual clouds of various heights. An individual cloud is represented as a one-dimensional, steady state plume with height-independent radius entraining air from the boundary of the cloud. The model is applied to several hypothetical atmospheric tracers to show how clouds may affect the tropospheric distributions of ozone, NO(y), SO2, peroxyacetylnitrate, hydrocarbons, and other gases. Although the numerical experiments were based on cloud mass fluxes from diagnostic studies in the tropics and thus are not representative of the entire globe, it was found that an increasing mixing ratio with height in the free troposphere can be produced for some gases with only a surface source when clouds are present. This suggests that some reactive tropospheric species with primarily surface sources may play a somewhat more important role in tropospheric chemistry than is presently believed depending on the global distribution of cloud mass fluxes. Deficiencies in existing photochemical models due to the way clouds are typically treated are discussed.
Detection of Rickettsia, Borrelia, and Bartonella in Carios kelleyi (Acari: Argasidae)

Carios kelleyi (Colley & Kohls 1941), a tick associated with bats and bat habitats, has been reported to feed on humans, but there is little published data regarding the presence of vector-borne pathogens in these ticks. C. kelleyi nymphs and adults were collected from residential and community buildings in Jackson County, Iowa, and tested by polymerase chain reaction for Rickettsia, Borrelia, Bartonella, Coxiella, and Anaplasma. Rickettsia DNA was detected in 28 of 31 live ticks. Sequences of the 17-kDa and rOmpA genes suggest that this agent is a novel spotted fever group Rickettsia. Transstadial and transovarial transmission of this Rickettsia were demonstrated. The flagellin gene of a Borrelia, closely related to B. turicatae, was detected in one of 31 live ticks. The 16S-23S intergenic spacer region of Bartonella henselae also was detected in one of 31 live ticks. Coxiella or A. phagocytophilum DNA were not detected in these ticks.