cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling mechanisms over the internet

ABSTRACTThe internet, widely available throughout the world, can be used to control robots, machine tools, and other mechanisms. This paper will describe a low-cost virtual collaborative environment (VCE) which will connect users with distant equipment. The system is based on PC technology, and incorporates off-line-programming with on-line execution. A remote user programs the system graphically and simulates the motions and actions of the mechanism until satisfied with the func- tionality of the program. The program is then transferred from the remote site to the local site where the real equipment exists. At the local site, the simulation is run again to check the program from a safety standpoint. Then, the local user runs the program on the real equipment. During execution,a camera in the real workspace provides an image back to the remote user through a teleconferenc- ing system. The system costs approximately $12.5K, and represents a low-cost alternative to theSandia National Laboratories VCE.Keywords: internet, robot control, distance learning, virtual collaborative environment, off-lineprogramming,1. INTRODUCTIONThe ability to control equipment over the internet offers some significant benefits. First, it re-duces capital equipment costs as well as maintenance costs for the remote user. Second, it allowsresearchers to contribute from their areas of strength and not worry about the system integrationaspects which prove time consuming in any project. This produces higher quality, better tested re-search results. Third, it provides local users with integrated software, ready for evaluation, allow-ing technology at the local site to increase more rapidly as a function of time. Finally, the systemcan be used for distance learning where students can get hands-on experience with technologyfrom arbitrary distances. This approach can be used for training factory workers in new technolo-gy, for lab experiments at colleges in remote locations, or even for elementary school students toexperience first hand the excitement of science and technology.This paper describes a low-cost version of a system called the Virtual Collaborative Environ-
Theological warrants for genocide: Judaism, Islam and Christianity

Religious differences between victimizers and their victims are a common characteristic of genocides and genocidal massacres. Often the significance of these religious differences is very clear, as in the religious persecutions of the Middle Ages, the Armenian genocide, the Holocaust, the root and branch annihilation of settlements during the partition of India, the massacres of Hindus in East Pakistan (Bangladesh), the threatened genocide against the Baha'is in Iran, and the seemingly interminable conflicts in the southern Sudan. At other times, the influence of religious difference is more indirect, compounded with many other elements, for example in Uganda under Amin, or the massacres of Ibos in Northern Nigeria. This article concentrates on one aspect of religious differentiation, the theological warrants for genocide in the sacred texts in the interrelated religions of Judaism, Islam and Christianity. The influence of these texts is analyzed in historical perspective, with emphasis on the broad socie...
Abscisic acid – an intraleaf water-stress signal

Physiological aspects of abscisic acid (ABA) as a drought signal directed specifically at guard cells are topical research foci. Most investigations concentrate on the importance of remote sources of ABA against the background knowledge that leaves are also a source of ABA, Foliar compartmentation of ABA and water-stress-induced release of cellular ABA into the apoplast imply additional levels of complexity. In the present study, we established that the pre-existing foliar ABA pool can be moved to guard cells. We detached leaflets of Vicia faba L, to eliminate an external source of ABA. The leaflets were then pretreated with cycloheximide (CHI), an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis that abolished ABA accumulation in the leaflets. Next, the leaflets were water stressed. After incubation, leaflets were snap-frozen and freeze-dried. Guard cells were individually dissected from the leaflets; such guard-cell samples contain both apoplastic and symplastic ABA. The ABA content of guard cells of CHI-treated, water-stressed leaflets was less than that of control water-stressed leaflets, but higher than that of control water-sufficient leaflets, indicating that guard cells are targets of intraleaf ABA redistribution under stress.
Americans’ Attitudes Toward Premarital Sex and Pornography Consumption: A National Panel Analysis

National panel data gathered in 2008 (T1) and 2010 (T2) from 420 Black and White US adults aged 18–89 years (M = 45.37, SD = 15.85) were employed to assess prospective associations between pornography consumption and premarital sex attitudes. Premarital sex attitudes were indexed via a composite measure of perceptions of the appropriateness of adults and teenagers having premarital sex. Wright’s (2011) sexual script acquisition, activation, application model (3AM) of media sexual socialization was used as the guiding theoretical framework. The 3AM maintains that sexual media may be used by consumers to inform their sexual scripts but that attitude change from exposure to sexual media is less likely when media scripts are incongruent with consumers’ preexisting scripts. Consistent with these postulates, the association between pornography consumption at T1 and more positive attitudes toward premarital sex at T2 was strongest for younger adults, who are less oppositional to premarital sex than older adults. Contrary to the position that associations between pornography consumption and premarital sex attitudes are due to individuals who already have positive attitudes toward premarital sex selecting content congruent with their attitudes, premarital sex attitudes at T1 did not predict pornography consumption at T2.
Mechanisms of cytokinesis in budding yeast

Cytokinesis is essential for cell proliferation in all domains of life. Because the core components and mechanisms of cytokinesis are conserved from fungi to humans, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as an attractive model for studying this fundamental process. Cytokinesis in budding yeast is driven by two interdependent cellular events: actomyosin ring (AMR) constriction and the formation of a chitinous cell wall structure called the primary septum (PS), the functional equivalent of extracellular matrix remodeling during animal cytokinesis. AMR constriction is thought to drive efficient plasma membrane ingression as well as to guide PS formation, whereas PS formation is thought to stabilize the AMR during its constriction. Following the completion of the PS formation, two secondary septa (SS), consisting of glucans and mannoproteins, are synthesized at both sides of the PS. Degradation of the PS and a part of the SS by a chitinase and glucanases then enables cell separation. In this review, we discuss the mechanics of cytokinesis in budding yeast, highlighting its common and unique features as well as the emerging questions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Control of a directly excited structural dynamic model of an F-15 tail section using positive position feedback

We investigated the use of positive position feedback (PPF) to suppress high-amplitude vibrations of a structural dynamic model of a twin-tail assembly of the F-15 fighter when subjected to primary resonance excitations. We developed the nonlinear differential equations of motion and obtained an approximate solution using the method of multiple scales. Then, we conducted bifurcation analyses for the open- and closed-loop response of the system and investigated theoretically the performance of the control strategy. The theoretical findings indicate that the control law leads to an effective vibration suppression and bifurcation control. We conducted experiments to verify the theoretical analysis. We built a digital control system that consists of the SIMULINK modeling software and a dSPACE controller installed in a personal computer, and we used actuators made of piezoelectric ceramic material. The experimental results show that PPF is effective in suppressing the steady-state vibrations.
Intrinsic location functionals of stationary processes

This research was partially supported by the ARO grant W911NF-07-1-0078, NSF grant DMS-1005903 and NSA grant H98230-11-1-0154 at Cornell University.
Inhibition of serine/threonine protein phosphatases by secretagogues in insulin-secreting cells

Reversible protein phosphorylation is considered to be an important and versatile mechanism by which cells transduce external signals into biological responses. Cellular levels of protein phosphorylation are determined by the balanced actions of both protein kinases and protein phosphatases (PPases). Compared with protein kinases, however, serine/threonine PPases have received less attention. In the present study, the effects of known insulin secretagogues and some intracellular second messengers on the activities of serine/threonine PPases in insulin-secreting RINm5F insulinoma cells were investigated. The stimulation of intact RINm5F cells with the insulin secretagogues L-arginine, L-glutamine, KCl, or ATP elicited time-dependent changes in PPase activities with an early (1 min) decrease in type 1-like and/or type 2A-like PPase activity that gradually returned to normal levels. Addition of cAMP, cGMP, or prostaglandins E2 and F1 alpha at widely different concentrations to RINm5F cell homogenates failed ...
Cochlear implant electrode configuration effects on activation threshold and tonotopic selectivity.

Abstract The multichannel design of contemporary cochlear implants (CIs) is predicated on the assumption that each channel activates a relatively restricted and independent sector of the deaf auditory nerve array, just as a sound within a restricted frequency band activates a restricted region of the normal cochlea The independence of CI channels, however, is limited; and the factors that determine their independence, the relative overlap of the activity patterns that they evoke, are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluate the spread of activity evoked by cochlear implant channels by monitoring activity at 16 sites along the tonotopic axis of the guinea pig inferior colliculus (IC). “Spatial tuning curves” (STCs) measured in this way serve as an estimate of activation spread within the cochlea and the ascending auditory pathways. We contrast natural stimulation using acoustic tones with two kinds of electrical stimulation either (1) a loose fitting banded array consisting of a cylindrical silicone elastomer carrier with a linear series of ring contacts; or (2) a space-filling array consisting of a tapered silicone elastomer carrier that is designed to fit snugly into the guinea pig scala tympani with a linear series of ball contacts positioned along it Spatial tuning curves evoked by individual acoustic tones, and by activation of each contact of each array as a monopole, bipole or tripole were recorded. Several channel configurations and a wide range of electrode separations were tested for each array, and their thresholds and selectivity were estimated. The results indicate that the tapered space-filling arrays evoked more restricted activity patterns at lower thresholds than did the banded arrays. Monopolar stimulation (one intracochlear contact activated with an extracochlear return) using either array evoked broad activation patterns that involved the entire recording array at current levels 1 mm), the activity patterns became broader and evoked patterns with two distinct threshold minima, one associated with each contact.
Constructing British industrial relations

One can identify the construction and transformation of three distinct systems of industrial relations in Britain over the last century. In contrast to the view that the state has been largely abstentionist in the sphere of industrial relations, or that, where intervention has taken place, it has been ad hoc, incoherent and reactive, this article makes two arguments in explaining this pattern of institutional construction. First, that the British state has been a central actor in the construction and ‘embedding’ of industrial relations institutions. Secondly, that broad processes of economic restructuring have created the context and trigger for state action. It is the timing and character of economic restructuring which explain the distinctive evolution of British industrial relations.
Three-dimensional silicon integration

Three-dimensional (3D) silicon integration of active devices with through-silicon vias (TSVs), thinned silicon, and silicon-to-silicon fine-pitch interconnections offers many product benefits. Advantages of these emerging 3D silicon integration technologies can include the following: power efficiency, performance enhancements, significant product miniaturization, cost reduction, and modular design for improved time to market. IBM research activities are aimed at providing design rules, structures, and processes that make 3D technology manufacturable for chips used in actual products on the basis of data from test-vehicle (i.e., prototype) design, fabrication, and characterization demonstrations. Three-dimensional integration can be applied to a wide range of interconnection densities (<10/cm2 to 108/cm2), requiring new architectures for product optimization and multiple options for fabrication. Demonstration test structures, which are designed, fabricated, and characterized, are used to generate experimental data, establish models and design guidelines, and help define processes for future product consideration. This paper 1) reviews technology integration from a historical perspective, 2) describes industry-wide progress in 3D technology with examples of TSV and silicon-silicon interconnection advancement over the last 10 years, 3) highlights 3D technology from IBM, including demonstration test vehicles used to develop ground rules, collect data, and evaluate reliability, and 4) provides examples of 3D emerging industry product applications that could create marketable systems.
A review of test results on solar thermal power modules with dish-mounted Stirling and Brayton cycle engines

This paper presents results of development tests of various solar thermal parabolic dish modules and assemblies that used dish-mounted Brayton or Stirling cycle engines for production of electric power. These tests indicate that early modules achieve net efficiencies up to 29 percent in converting sunlight to electricity, as delivered to the grid. Various equipment deficiencies were observed and a number of malfunctions occurred. The performance measurements, as well as the malfunctions and other test experience, provided information that should be of value in developing systems with improved performance and reduced maintenance.
An evaluation of protein requirements in methylmalonic acidaemia

A 3-month-old girl and a 13-month-old boy with vitamin B12-unresponsive methylmalonic acidaemia were studied to determine responses to varying levels of protein intake of growth, nitrogen balance and organic acid metabolism. A linear increase in the excretion of methylmalonic acid was observed in both patients above a critical level of protein intake. The inflection point was judged to reflect a ceiling above which amino acid intake exceeded requirements and catabolism was initiated. Below this point in each infant there was a plateau of minimal excretion of methylmalonic acid. Within this plateau level a reasonable rate of growth and metabolic stability were achieved at intakes between 0.70 and 0.75 and between 0.75 and 1.17 g protein kg−1, respectively, indicating that there is a range of protein tolerance and the importance of an individual approach to the provision of protein in patients with methylmalonic acidaemia. In the 3-month-old infant, nitrogen equilibrium was achieved at protein intakes above 0.6 g kg−1 and modest nitrogen retention was attained at a protein intake of 0.75 g kg−1, a level at which the excretion of methylmalonic acid was minimal and weight gain satisfactory. A protein intake of 1.25 g kg−1 was required to achieve a level of nitrogen retention often considered optimal for normal growth; however, this infant demonstrated an elevated excretion of methylmalonic acid and was close to clinical illness at this level of protein intake. The 13-month-old infant demonstrated a normal level of nitrogen retention, minimal excretion of methylmalonic acid, and a satisfactory rate of growth at protein intakes of 1.0–1.17 g kg−1. The values should prove useful guidelines for the management of infants requiring minimal intakes of protein. In studies carried out at 18–20 months of age, supplementation of the basic diet containing 0.75 g kg protein−1 with a mixture of amino acids not containing the precursors of methylmalonic acid was associated with increase of retention of nitrogen and increased concentrations of some essential amino acids in plasma, but effects on growth and the excretion of methylmalonic acid were not significant.
Abatement of gaseous and particulate contamination in a space instrument

Methods to prevent the ingestion of external contaminants into the instrument and to limit the effect of the self-generated contaminants during ground, launch, orbiting and landing phases of flight were investigated. It is proposed that a positive pressure and purging flow of clean gas inside the instrument be maintained while on the ground, during launch, and for a period of time in orbit. The pressure to be maintained and the required purging flow are examined in terms of the effectiveness in preventing gaseous and particulate contaminants ingestion and the abatement of the self-generated contaminants. Considerations have been given to the venting requirements for the structural integrity of the instrument during launch, the limitations on the volume and the pressure of the purging gas to be carried along in orbit, and the required venting area is established based on the internal volume of the instrument, the allowable pressure differential, and the rate of external pressure change during launch. Previously announced in STAR as N83-23350
Metal-directed protein self-assembly.

Proteins are nature’s premier building blocks for constructing sophisticated nanoscale architectures that carry out complex tasks and chemical transformations. Some 70%−80% of all proteins are thought to be permanently oligomeric; that is, they are composed of multiple proteins that are held together in precise spatial organization through noncovalent interactions. Although it is of great fundamental interest to understand the physicochemical basis of protein self-assembly, the mastery of protein−protein interactions (PPIs) would also allow access to novel biomaterials with nature’s favorite and most versatile building block. In this Account, we describe a new approach we have developed with this possibility in mind, metal-directed protein self-assembly (MDPSA), which utilizes the strength, directionality, and selectivity of metal−ligand interactions to control PPIs. At its core, MDPSA is inspired by supramolecular coordination chemistry, which exploits metal coordination for the self-assembly of small mo...
Wildland Fire Management as Conservation-Based Development: An Opportunity for Reservation Communities?

This article explores the economic and cultural development potential of wildland fire management for American Indian communities. Wildland fire management provides opportunities to engage in “conservation-based development”—helping communities to strengthen their connections with the land, improve ecosystem health, stimulate small-business development, and reduce their risk from fire. Indian communities—many of which are rural and dependent on natural resources for their cultural, spiritual, and economic livelihood—are an important example of the potential of wildland fire management for conservation-based development. To examine this potential we asked the question: What are the opportunities and issues for fire-management activities to augment tribal economies, providing jobs and small-business development opportunities while restoring the ecosystem and providing opportunities for cultural development? To answer the question we interviewed representatives of all federally recognized tribes in the Pacif...
Cost-of-living indexes and demographic change.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) although not without problems is the most often used mechanism for adjusting contracts for cost-of-living changes in the US. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics lists several problems associated with using the CPI as a cost-of-living index where the proportion of 2-worker families is increasing population is shifting and work week hours are changing. This study shows how to compute cost-of-living indexes which are inexpensive to update use less restrictive assumptions about consumer preferences do not require statistical estimation and handle the problem of increasing numbers of families where both the husband and wife work. This study attempts to how widely in fact the CPI varies with alternative true cost-of-living varies with alternative true cost-of-living indexes although in the end this de facto cost-of-living measure holds up quite well. In times of severe price inflation people change their preferences by substitution necessitating a flexible cost-of-living index that accounts for this fundamental economic behavior.
Self-reactive repertoire of tight skin (TSK/+) mouse : immunochemical and molecular characterization of anti-cellular autoantibodies

The tight skin (TSK/+) mouse has been proposed as an experimental model for progressive systemic sclerosis because of the biochemical alterations in collagen synthesis and pathological similarities to the human disease. Here, we report the analysis of tight skin mice sera for the presence of anti-cytoplasmic and anti-nuclear autoantibodies and determination of the frequency of hybridomas producing anti-cellular autoantibodies. The binding specificity of TSK mAbs to nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens such as keratin, actin, vimentin, and mitochondria was determined. Of 71 monoclonal antibodies that we have studied, only 3 appear to bind to foreign as well as self-antigens, indicating that the majority of these antibodies do not belong to the class of natural autoantibodies. Our results also showed that the frequency of hybridomas producing anti-nuclear and anti-cytoplasmic antibodies was higher in TSK mice than in C57BL/6 pa/pa, the control mouse strain, used in these studies. The results of the analysis of V gene usage showed that the majority of anti-cytoplasmic and anti-nuclear antibodies are encoded by genes from a restricted number of VH and VK genes families. In the sera of TSK mice we have detected the presence autoantibodies specific for cytoplasmic antigens in addition to anti-nuclear and anti-topoisomerase I antibodies which are characteristic of scleroderma. Since the presence of anti-cytoplasmic antibodies has not been described in scleroderma, the significance of their production in tight skin mice is not clear. However, the presence of such autoantibodies in the animal model provides a basis for investigation of this type of antibodies in human disease.
How to Pick a Graduate Advisor

In this NeuroView, I provide a guide for young scientists on how to select a graduate advisor or postdoctoral advisor. Good mentorship is not only pivotal for career success, but it is pivotal for driving innovation and for the health of our universities. Universities need to do much more to teach faculty how to mentor and to ensure mentoring quality. I propose an M-index to measure mentoring quality. I also call here for better studies of what great mentorship entails, better reward for great mentors, and more consideration of mentoring quality when awarding prizes and grants.
ELECTROPHILE-FUNCTIONALIZED METALLOCENE INTERMEDIATES. APPLICATION IN THE DIASTEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF A TETRAMETHYLDISILOXANE-BRIDGED C2-SYMMETRIC ANSA-ZIRCONOCENE DIBROMIDE

The reactivity of group 4 zirconocene dichlorides incorporating (1-trimethylsilyl)-η5-indenyl (Me3SiInd) and η5-1-(trimethylsilyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl (Me3SiTHI) ligands toward boron tribromide was investigated. Whereas the reaction of (Me3SiInd)CpZrCl2 (1) with BBr3 in CH2Cl2 immediately cleaved the indenyl ligand from the metal, (Me3SiTHI)CpZrCl2 (3) reacted with BBr3 in CH2Cl2 at 70 °C for 2 days to obtain [1-(BrSiMe2)THI]CpZrBr2 (6) in 49% yield. The reaction of (Me3SiInd)Li (2 equiv) with ZrCl4(THF)2 afforded pure rac-(Me3SiInd)2ZrCl2 (2) in 60% yield. Hydrogenation of (2) (50 bar, PtO2 catalyst) afforded rac-(Me3SiTHI)2ZrCl2 (4) in 81% yield. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 4 showed that the Zr atom lies on a crystallographic C2 axis with the C4H8 annelated rings projecting into the ZrCl2 hemisphere of the pseudotetrahedral coordination environment. The reaction of 4 with MeLi in toluene afforded rac-(Me3SiTHI)2ZrMe2 (5) in 62% yield. 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis confirmed the rac ...
Preferential Shunting of Venous Return From Normally Connected Left Pulmonary Veins in Secundum Atrial Septal Defect

In the 1950’s, distinctive patterns of left to right shunting of pulmonary venous return in primum, secundum and sinus venosus atria1 septal defects and in partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection were demonstrated by indicator-dilution techniques.‘$ Injection of indicator dye in the left and right pulmonary arteries or veins with sampling in a peripheral artery revealed that in an ostium primum defect the proportion of pulmonary venous return being shunted was approximately equal on both sides, whereas in a secundum defect, a considerably greater proportion of pulmonary venous return from the right lung than from the left lung was shunted across the defect.2 If a secundum or sinus venosus atria1 septal defect was associated with anomalously connected right pulmonary veins, the dye curve after injection into the right pulmonary artery usually showed a delayed appearance and a large left to right shunt whereas that from the left pulmonary artery was nearly normal. If the left pulmonary veins were anomalously connected, a greater left to right shunt would be shown on that side. We recently studied six patients with secundum atria1 septal defect who had normal pulmonary venous drainage as determined by angiographic studies and observations at open heart surgery. Yet in these patients, greater venous shunting from the left than from the right pulmonary veins was demonstrated by standard indicator-dilution techniques. In this communication we present this paradoxical hemodynamic finding, suggest a possible explanation and discuss its clinical relevance.
Positive angle kappa in albinism

Abstract Background Albinism is an inherited disorder of deficient melanin production. There is a high prevalence of strabismus in patients with albinism. We investigated the prevalence of a positive angle kappa in patients with albinism and report its effect on assessment of binocular alignment. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 207 consecutive patients with the diagnosis of albinism seen at the University of Minnesota between 1984 and 2002. Angle kappa and alignment using prism and alternate-cover test (PACT) and Krimsky measurements were recorded. Results In 99.6% of our patients with albinism, angle kappa was noted to be positive. The mean difference between PACT and Krimsky measurements was 17.11 prism diopters in the more exotropic (or less esotropic) direction per Krimsky test. Because of the high prevalence of a positive angle kappa, esodeviations often appeared less and exodeviations appeared greater than when measured using PACT. Conclusions Positive angle kappa can be considered another clinical feature of albinism. Consideration should be given to the effect of positive angle kappa on alignment as observed by Krimsky measurement when planning extraocular muscle surgery, particularly when preoperative sensory testing suggests binocular potential.
Reply to Harris

Contrary to Harris' comment, I explicitly do not reject a cost/benefit approach, do not claim that only benefits intended by the actors can be regarded as causes of their activities, do not hold a brief for "arbitrary sentiments, desires, intentions, etc." as explanantia, and do not demand "precise metrical measurement" to support all explanations. When cost/benefit explanations are justified and when they are not is in fact the main question with which much of my article is concerned. Intentional action to secure the benefits is put forward as only one of four mechanisms whereby benefits may affect the adoption, spread, or persistence of a practice; the operation of the three other mechanisms (natural selection, reinforcement, and the mechanism like natural selection) does not require the benefits in question to be intended ones. In the case of reinforcement, my referring to the possible enhancement of cow love and beef avoidance by the "feelings of pleasure or satisfaction which poor farmers got from eating dairy products or from having their fields well plowed by their oxen" (rather than, to use Harris' examples, from grooming and seeing their animals) is not arbitrary. What I am indicating is that the satisfaction derived from specific benefits may reinforce the actions resulting in those benefits even if the actions are not intentionally undertaken to secure those benefits and satisfactions (cf. Elster, 1983, p. 107). With respect to including the intentions, purposes, knowledge, and beliefs of the actors in the explanantia for their actions, I state clearly that all of these many themselves be made objects of explanation, and I cite Harris himself not only on the religious and political ideas and aims behind beef aversion but also on the sources and development of the ideas. This hardly bears out his view that necessarily arbitrary or inexplicable ideas are endorsed by me for explaining actions. As for my criticizing Harris for not having better measurements, this is done only because of his claims for the causal
Isolation and characterization of the erythrocyte surface membrane of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis.

Abstract 1. 1. The plasma membrane of the dogfish erythrocyte is characterized. 2. 2. Surface membranes were isolated from dogfish red cells. 3. 3. Cells suspended in a hypotonic zinc chloride buffer (0.5 mM ZnCl2, 5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) tended to enucleate spontaneously. 4. 4. By gentle homogenization relatively high yields of red cell “ghosts” were formed; these were purified using discontinuous gradients of sucrose and of glycerol solutions. Analyses of protein, carbohydrates and lipids were carried out. 5. 5. There did not appear to be marked overall differences in the composition of the surface membrane of the nucleated dogfish erythrocyte compared to those of other species.
Charged vacancies in ferroelectric PbTiO 3 : Formation energies, optimal Fermi region, and influence on local polarization

First-principles density-functional calculations are used to study the charged vacancies in ferroelectric perovskite PbTiO${}_{3}$. We systematically determine the vacancy formation energies of ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{Pb}}$, ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{Ti}}$, ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}1}$, and ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}2}$ as a function of the Fermi energy ${E}_{F}$ of the electron reservoir and as a function of the chemical potentials of the atomic reservoirs. The study reveals (i) the stability of different charged states for each type of vacancy and the vacancy specie that is most likely to exist at a given Fermi energy, and (ii) the optimal Fermi energy that may simultaneously minimize the concentrations of all four types of vacancies and is thus good for the growth of PbTiO${}_{3}$ crystal. Our calculations further reveal two hidden rules in the defect physics of ferroelectric PbTiO${}_{3}$, namely, (iii) it is possible to grow high-quality PbTiO${}_{3}$ crystal even in an oxygen-poor environment, provided that the Fermi energy is wisely chosen, and (iv) the formation energies of two key vacancies (${{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{Pb}}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}}}^{2+}$) in the optimal Fermi-energy region are nearly independently of the choice of the oxygen chemical potential and are constrained to $\ensuremath{\sim}$1.3 eV. Furthermore, we reveal, as well as provide microscopic insight on, how the presence of different vacancies may affect the local polarization in PbTiO${}_{3}$. We find that ${{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{Pb}}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ is benign, but ${{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}1}}^{2+}$ and ${{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}2}}^{2+}$ are detrimental, to ferroelectricity.
Computer Programmed Least-Cost Diets Limited to Arginine, Glycine, Methionine, Methionine + Cystine, Lysine and Tryptophan for Turkey Poults from 3–8 Weeks

Abstract INTRODUCTION COUCH et al. (1969) reported on the use of the IBM 704 computer in formulating linear programmed least-cost diets to study the amino acid requirement of turkey poults from 0–3 weeks of age. These authors used a method in formulating rations similar to that of Maddy et al. (1962, 1963). The same approach was used in the experiments reported herein to determine the amino acid requirements for the growing turkey from 3–8 weeks of age. The computerized formulas used in these experiments were provided through the courtesy of the Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri. PROCEDURE An IBM 704 computer was used to calculate turkey starter rations to be fed to turkey poults from 3–8 weeks of age. There were no restrictions placed on the amount of protein the diets were to contain, but restrictions were placed on the amino acids, arginine, glycine, methionine, methionine plus cystine,…
Testicular Ca++ ATPase activity in mice: Effects of age and gonadotropin administration

Abstract These studies describe a high affinity calcium (Ca++- dependent ATPase in pueified testicular plasma membranes, which exhibits increased activity from weaning age to adulthood. Administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG;5 IU) increased enzyme activity in 21-day old and pubertal (35 to 40-day old), but not in adult mice. In pubertal mice, these increases in testicular Ca++-ATPase activity were dose-related and evident 60 min after hCG administration. A second challenge dose of 5 IU hCG administered either 24, 48 hrs, or 5 days later, had no additional effect on Ca++ ATPase in purified testicular plasma membranes in these pubertal animals. The present findings indicate that testicular plasma membrane Ca++ ATPase activity exhibits a developmental pattern concomittant with increased testicular steroidogenic activity during sexual maturation. Furthermore, enzyme activity is increased by gonadotropic stimulation and exhibits a refractoriness similar to that of androgen biosynthesis to repeated hCG stimulation.
THE MAGNETIC AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CR3(CH3COO) 6(OH)2 C1.8H20, A SYSTEM OF CLUSTERS OF THREE CR+++ IONS'.

Abstract : The paramagnetic susceptibility and magnetic specific heat of the complex salt (Cr3(CH3COO)6 (OH)2)Cl .8H2O are examined theoretically in the light of recently obtained knowledge of its crystal structure. Each unit cell contains four isolated triangular clusters of three Cr(+++) ions. The crystal properties may be calculated from the Hamiltonian of a single cluster. The structural evidence neither confirms nor excludes clearly the long-conjectured possibility that a cluster has less than trigona symmetry. In an attempt to construct possible alternatives to Kambe's theory which requires cluster distortion, the energy levels of a cluster have been calculated assuming equal isotropic exchange interaction. In order to split the two Kramers doublets comprising the ground state as required by experiment and retain the cluster symmetry a higher order spin interaction is required. Fitting the low temperature specific heat and susceptibility one finds J sub zero = 30k and J'=0.9k, with a slightly smaller value of J' required to fit the susceptibility at higher temperatures. The plausibility of such a novel interaction is considered as is the ordered spin arrangement within a cluster at low temperatures.
Double jeopardy for the mentally ill: higher cardiovascular risk and reduced frequency of certain interventional procedures.

Evaluation of: Kisely S, Smith M, Lawrence D et al.: Inequitable access for mentally ill patients to some medically necessary procedures. CMAJ 176[6], 779–784 [2007]. This observational database study utilized data from three administrative databases to determine the relative effect of psychiatric disease status on mortality and utilization of in-patient procedures for cardiovascular conditions. The study results indicated that psychiatric patients exhibit significantly greater mortality compared with other groups of patients, despite adjustments for relevant socioeconomic and clinical factors. Compounding the problem, the authors further determined that cardiovascular medical procedures were underutilized in this population. This important study reveals significant public health implications for a patient population already at elevated risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to lifestyle, medical comorbidities and certain antipsychotic therapies. This study now offers supportive evidence that...
A SCREEN FOR MUTATIONS THAT PREVENT LETHALITY CAUSED BY EXPRESSION OF ACTIVATED SEVENLESS AND RAS1 IN THE DROSOPHILA EMBRYO

Ras1 plays a critical role in receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signal transduction pathways that function during Drosophila development. We demonstrate that mis-expression of constitutively active forms of Ras1 (Ras1V12) and the Sevenless (Sev) RTK (SevS11) during embryogenesis causes lethality due to inappropriate activation of RTK/Ras1 signaling pathways. Genetic and molecular data indicate that the rate of SevS11/sev-Ras1V12 lethality is sensitive to the expression level of both transgenes. To identify genes that encode components of RTK/Ras1 signaling pathways or modulators of RNA polymerase II transcription, we took advantage of the dose-sensitivity of the system and screened for second site mutations that would dominantly suppress the lethality. The collection of identified suppressors includes the PR55 subunit of Protein Phosphatase 2A indicating that downstream of Sev and Ras1 this subunit acts as a negative regulator of phosphatase activity. The isolation of mutations in the histone deacetylase RPD3 suggests that it functions as positive regulator of sev enhancer-driven transcription. Finally, the isolation of mutations in the Trithorax group gene devenir and the characterized allelism with the Breathless RTK encoding gene provides evidence for Ras1-mediated regulation of homeotic genes.
Language: Structure, Processing, and Disorders

This theoretical guide for speech-language pathologists, neuropsychologists, neurologists, and cognitive psychologists describes the linguistic and psycholinguistic basis of aphasias that are a result of acquired neurological disease. Caplan first outlines contemporary concepts and models in language processing and then shows in detail how these are related to language disorders. Chapters are organized around basic linguistic processes such as spoken word recognition, semantics, spoken word production, reading and writing of single words, and more complex processes such as sentence production and discourse structures. Caplan's summary of the major concepts and results in both linguistics and psycholinguistics provides a solid basis for understanding current studies of language disorders as well as those likely to be discussed in the future. Considerable emphasis is placed on studies of language processing that measure what representations a subject is computing while he or she is in the middle of accomplishing a language-related task. These "on-line" studies provide the most reliable guide to the nature of many psycholinguistic processes. Throughout the book, Caplan's goal is to present material at an introductory level so that readers can become informed about the work of linguistically and psycholinguistically oriented researchers who study normal and disordered language and put this work to use in clinical practice.
Fluorescent determination of chloride in nanoliter samples

Fluorescent determination of chloride (Cl - ) in nanoliter samples. Background Measurements of Cl - in nanoliter samples, such as those collected during isolated, perfused tubule experiments, have been difficult, somewhat insensitive, and/or require custom-made equipment. We developed a technique using a fluorescent Cl - indicator, 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl) quinolinium (SPQ), to make these measurements simple and reliable. Methods This is a simple procedure that relies on the selectivity of the dye and the fact that Cl - quenches its fluorescence. To measure millimolar quantities of Cl - in nanoliter samples, we prepared a solution of 0.25 mM SPQ and loaded it into the reservoir of a continuous-flow ultramicrofluorometer, which can be constructed from commercially available components. Samples were injected with a calibrated pipette via an injection port, and the resultant peak fluorescent deflections were recorded. The deflections represent a decrease in fluorescence caused by the quenching effect of the Cl - injected. Results The method yielded a linear response with Cl - concentrations from 5 to 200 mM NaCl. The minimum detectable Cl - concentration was approximately 5 mM. The coefficient of variation between 5 and 200 mM was 1.7%. Resolution, defined as two times the standard error divided by the slope, between 10 and 50 mM and between 50 and 200 mM was 1 mM and 2.6 mM, respectively. Furosemide, diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid and other nonchloride anions (HEPES, HCO 3 , SO 4 , and PO 4 ) did not interfere with the assay, whereas 150 mM NaBr resulted in a peak height greater than 150 NaCl. In addition, the ability to measure Cl - did not vary with pH within the physiological range. Conclusion We developed an easy, accurate, and sensitive method to measure Cl - concentration in small aqueous solution samples.
Collagenous colitis in children and adolescents: study of 7 cases and literature review

The aim of this study is to examine the clinical and pathologic characteristics of collagenous colitis (CC) in children and adolescents. Seven patients (five females and two males, median age: 13 years, ranging from 4 to 16) were included. Four (of 7, 57%) patients presented with non-bloody watery diarrhea, one with alternating constipation and diarrhea with rectal prolapse, one with constipation, and one with normal bowel movement. Abdominal pain and weight loss were manifested in 80 and 40% patients, respectively. Two patients had celiac disease in remission. None of the patients took non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents. All patients had normal colonoscopy, but had typical histologic features of CC in colon biopsies. Four patients had clinical follow-up (24–75 months duration, median 54 months): three patients had no gastrointestinal symptoms upon follow-up, but one patient had continued symptoms of alternating diarrhea and constipation. Two patients had follow-up biopsies: one showed persistence of CC, and one had complete histologic resolution. We conclude that while CC is rare in children and adolescents, the clinical presentation is similar to adults, with a female preponderance, presentation with diarrhea and abdominal pain, and an association with celiac disease and other autoimmune disorders. However, compared with adults, children and adolescents are more likely to have weight loss and an atypical presentation including alternating constipation and diarrhea, constipation alone or normal bowel movements. Treatment is less standardized in children and adolescents with CC.
Mitochondria in Allomyces under experimental conditions

Abstract 1. 1. The vegetative hyphae of aquatic fungi are described as favorable material for the study of mitochondria in the living state, particularly when observed with phase contrast optics. 2. 2. Immobilization of mitochondria without morphological change was realized by treatment of hyphal cells with 1 per cent solution of OsO 4 . 3. 3. When hyphae were mounted in isotonic NaCl, the mitochondria, being as sensitive to mechanical shock as they were when the hyphae were in water, disintegrated under pressure. In hypertonic saline, cells were at first plasmolysed, but recovered. Mitochondria in plasmolysed cells changed shape, fragmented, became vesiculated, and disappeared after becoming pale and non-refractive. 4. 4. In cells treated with 0.88 M sucrose, which has been useful in isolating mitochondrial particles from animal tissues, the fungal mitochondria quickly fragmented into spheres about 1 micron in diameter. 5. 5. A solution of 10 −2 M KCN in 10 −2 M glutamic acid, at pH 7.0, caused cessation of movement of mitochondria and inhibited staining by Janus green B. No evidence of mitochondrial damage was apparent. 6. 6. Temperatures of 8 °–45 ° C. had no visible effect on mitochondria. At higher temperatures, the results were as follows: 50 ° C., mitochondria became slender, and almost invisible; at 65 ° C., all mitochondrial motion ceased; at 75 ° C., mitochondria broke up into beads which became hollow spheres and disappeared. 7. 7. Mitochondrial orientation is determined more by the direction of protoplasmic streaming than by direction of diffusion. 8. 8. Small granules, never positively identified as normal mitochondria, were “stained” red after 48 hours with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride when the salt was incorporated in the medium at a concentration of 0.005 per cent. Higher concentrations were lethal. The sites at which reduction of the tetrazolium was most active were in the fat droplets. 9. 9. Because of the diversity of behavior and function of the particles referred to as mitochondria, it is suggested that many cytoplasmic particles, even though they do accumulate Janus green, are scarcely comparable to one another.
Home visit safety.

Working in the community offers home care nurses opportunities for caring in unique and creative settings. Nurses who stay with home care come to appreciate the positive health influence they have on the household and community at large. However, the community and home can be unpredictable environments with the potential for violence. Therefore home care nurses always should consider how best to maintain their personal safety when out in the field. The following safety precautions should be considered when making home visits. 1'2
MOlecular Systems for Nonlinear Optical Applications

Abstract Organic nonlinear optical materials have developed to the point where applications in practical devices may now be contemplated. For second order nonlinear systems, these applications fall into two classes: frequency doubling and electro-optic switching and modulation. Chromophores already exist with values of the second order molecular hyperpolarizability β large enough for electro-optic applications. The situation for frequency doubling is not nearly as promising. The absorption maximum of the chromophore and the magnitude of β cannot be independently optimized within a given class of chromophores (e.g. benzenes, stilbenes, tolanes). Large values of β seem to be correlated with absorption maxima that are shifted to long wavelengths. This means that those chromophores that are the most efficient for frequency doubling will also be the most likely to absorb photons generated at the second harmonic wavelength. This relationship can be easily understood, at least in principle, by referring to a sim...