cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intratumoral and Combination Therapy in Melanoma and Other Skin Cancers

Skin cancer, as the most physically accessible malignancy, allows for the greatest variety in treatment innovation. The last 2 decades have seen striking increases in the life expectancies of those diagnosed with malignant melanoma. However, many cases remain in which disease prevails against standard treatment, and those patients rely on continuing ingenuity. Drugs that can be injected directly into patients’ tumors have become increasingly promising, not least for the reduction in side effects observed. Intratumoral therapy encompasses a wide array of agents, from chemotherapeutic drugs to cancer vaccines. While each show some efficacy, those agents which regulate the immune system likely have the greatest potential for preventing disease progression or recurrence. Recent research has highlighted the importance of the presence of cytotoxic T cells and of keeping regulatory T cells in check. Thus, manipulating the tumor microenvironment is a need in skin cancer therapy, which intratumoral delivery can potentially address. In order to find the best approach to each person’s disease, more studies are needed to test intralesional agents in combination with currently approved therapies and with each other.
PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM SOLID ORGANIC WASTES THROUGH ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

Anaerobic digestion treatments have often been used for biological stabilization of solid wastes. These treatment processes generate biogas which can be used as a renewable energy sources. Recently, anaerobic digestion of solid wastes has attracted more interest because of current environmental problems, most especially those concerned with global warming. Thus, laboratory-scale research on this area has increased significantly. In this study, the production of biogas from solid wastes according to its origin via various anaerobic technologies was presented. Food, agriculture, garbage and chicken manure were investigated for producing biogas production under mesophlilc conditions. Animal manure was added as a starter to facilitate the anaerobic digestion process. The obtained results show that, the biogas produced ranged between 23.32.to50.11.L/L. The highest biogas yield was observed with chicken manure waste to50.11.L/L compared to other wastes.
A novel hyperspectral-based approach for identification of maize kernels infected with diverse Aspergillus flavus fungi

Near infrared hyperspectral imaging over the spectral range of 900–2500 nm was investigated for its potential to identify maize kernels inoculated with aflatoxigenic fungus (AF13) from healthy kernels and kernels inoculated with non-aflatoxigenic fungus (AF36). A total of 900 kernels were used with 3 treatments, namely, each 300 kernels inoculated with AF13, AF36 and sterile distilled water as control, separately. One hundred kernels from each treatment of 300 kernels were incubated for 3, 5 and 8 days, to obtain diverse samples. Based on the full mean spectra extracted from the same kernel side(s), the best mean overall prediction accuracies achieved were 96.3% for the 3-class (control, non-aflatoxigenic and aflatoxigenic) classification and 97.8% for the 2-class (aflatoxigenic-negative and -positive) classification using the partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) method. The 3-class and 2-class models using the full mean spectra extracted from different kernel sides had the best mean overall prediction accuracies of 91.5% and 95.1%. Using the most important 30, 55 and 100 variables determined by the random frog (RF) algorithm, the simplified type I-RF-PLSDA models achieved the mean overall prediction accuracies of 87.7%, 93.8% and 95.2% for the 2-class discrimination using different kernel sides’ information. Among the most important 55 and 100 variables, a total of 25 and 67 variables were consistently selected in the 100 random runs and were therefore used further for establishing the type II-RF-PLSDA models. Using these 25 and 67 variables, the type II-RF-PLSDA models obtained the mean overall prediction accuracies of 82.3% and 94.9% separately.
Investigation of the Self-Calibration Function for IrO x -based pH Sensors

This paper explores a potential performance control strategy for the uses of a self-calibrating, remotely-accessible, electrodeposited iridium oxide-based (IrO x ) pH sensing system. Previous works have investigated deposition parameters, onboard thick film reference electrodes, and embedded applications for electrodeposited IrO x pH sensors on flexible and biocompatible polyimide substrates as applied to passive wireless systems. As complete devices have been demonstrated, the logical next step is to investigate performance improvements. To that end, a self-calibration scheme is investigated herein to enhance longevity and performance, where potentiostatic control is used to return the thin film to a specific material state. This method can be coupled with the aforementioned passive wireless system, to be miniaturized and applied to a variety of applications. The method investigated provides design methodologies towards the ultimate goal of a long-term, self-calibrating IrO x pH sensing system, operated and monitored remotely.
Estimating the Impact of Expulsions, Suspensions, and Arrests on Average School Proficiency Rates in Ohio using Fixed Effects

Student removal became an increasingly utilized form of discipline since the implementation of zero-tolerance policies during the early 1990s. Evaluative studies have consistently found negative re...
Performance analysis of facial recognition: A critical review through glass factor.

COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing urge a reliable human face recognition system in different abnormal situations. However, there is no research which studies the influence of glass factor in facial recognition system. This paper provides a comprehensive review of glass factor. The study contains two steps: data collection and accuracy test. Data collection includes collecting human face images through different situations, such as clear glasses, glass with water and glass with mist. Based on the collected data, an existing state-of-the-art face detection and recognition system built upon MTCNN and Inception V1 deep nets is tested for further analysis. Experimental data supports that 1) the system is robust for classification when comparing real-time images and 2) it fails at determining if two images are of same person by comparing real-time disturbed image with the frontal ones.
Sexually Transmitted Infection Epidemiology and Care in Rural Areas: A Narrative Review.

BACKGROUND Although rural areas contain approximately 19% of the US population, little research has explored sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk and how urban-developed interventions may be suitable in more population-thin areas. Although STI rates vary across rural areas, these areas share diminishing access to screening and limited rural-specific testing of STI interventions. METHODS This narrative review uses a political ecology model of health and explores 4 domains influencing STI risk and screening: epidemiology, health services, political and economic, and social. Articles describing aspects of rural STI epidemiology, screening access and use, and intervention utility within these domains were found by a search of PubMed. RESULTS Epidemiology contributes to risk via multiple means, such as the presence of increased-risk populations and the at-times disproportionate impact of the opioid/drug use epidemic. Rural health services are diminishing in quantity, often have lesser accessibility, and may be stigmatizing to those needing services. Local political and economic influences include funding decisions, variable enforcement of laws/statutes, and systemic prevention of harm reduction services. Social norms such as stigma and discrimination can prevent individuals from seeking appropriate care, and also lessen individual self-efficacy to reduce personal risk. CONCLUSIONS Sexually transmitted infection in rural areas is significant in scope and facing diminished prevention opportunities and resources. Although many STI interventions have been developed and piloted, few have been tested to scale or operationalized in rural areas. By considering rural STI risk reduction within a holistic model, purposeful exploration of interventions tailored to rural environments may be explored.
Nowcasting-Nets: Deep Neural Network Structures for Precipitation Nowcasting Using IMERG.

Accurate and timely estimation of precipitation is critical for issuing hazard warnings (e.g., for flash floods or landslides). Current remotely sensed precipitation products have a few hours of latency, associated with the acquisition and processing of satellite data. By applying a robust nowcasting system to these products, it is (in principle) possible to reduce this latency and improve their applicability, value, and impact. However, the development of such a system is complicated by the chaotic nature of the atmosphere, and the consequent rapid changes that can occur in the structures of precipitation systems In this work, we develop two approaches (hereafter referred to as Nowcasting-Nets) that use Recurrent and Convolutional deep neural network structures to address the challenge of precipitation nowcasting. A total of five models are trained using Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) precipitation data over the Eastern Contiguous United States (CONUS) and then tested against independent data for the Eastern and Western CONUS. The models were designed to provide forecasts with a lead time of up to 1.5 hours and, by using a feedback loop approach, the ability of the models to extend the forecast time to 4.5 hours was also investigated. Model performance was compared against the Random Forest (RF) and Linear Regression (LR) machine learning methods, and also against a persistence benchmark (BM) that used the most recent observation as the forecast. Independent IMERG observations were used as a reference, and experiments were conducted to examine both overall statistics and case studies involving specific precipitation events. Overall, the forecasts provided by the Nowcasting-Net models are superior, with the Convolutional Nowcasting Network with Residual Head (CNC-R) achieving 25%, 28%, and 46% improvement in the test ...
Bolt Newspapers: Is There a Future in Print Media?

Jane Darcy is the editor of Bolt, a free daily newspaper in Richmond, Virginia, and she has been working since January 2007 to build a devoted readership. Published Monday through Friday, Bolt features topics such as local news and sports and is written in a snappy style to appeal to readers between 18 and 34 years old. Advertising has been steadily climbing, but Bolt's parent company is suffering, and the free paper might therefore be on the chopping block. What can Darcy do to save her beloved paper? Excerpt UVA-ENT-0191 Rev. Apr. 30, 2019 Bolt Newspapers: Is There a Future in Print Media? Introduction Jane Darcy stared in dismay at the spreadsheet. As the editor of Bolt, a free daily newspaper in Richmond, Virginia, Darcy had been working since January 2007 to build a devoted readership. Published Monday through Friday, Bolt featured topics such as local news and sports and was written in a snappy style for readers between 18 and 34 years old. Advertising had been steadily climbing. Everywhere Darcy went, she heard: “I love Bolt!” A few advertisers told her that their teenage kids were reading a newspaper for the first time. Darcy thought Bolt was on its way to success. But the economy had not cooperated. It was November 2008, and over the past year, as businesses had tightened their budgets, newspaper advertising declined. The pace was frightening: Newspaper advertising was down an estimated 14% in a single year. Bolt's advertising had been slowly growing, but its parent company was suffering. And that meant it might not be able to support fledging publications created to capture future readers. . . .
The predictive utility of the 22-item sino-nasal outcome test (SNOT-22): A scoping review.

BACKGROUND The 22-item sino-nasal outcome test (SNOT-22) is a widely used and powerful patient-reported outcomes measure for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). More recently; however, the SNOT-22 has been evaluated as a predictive tool for multiple conditions. The objective of this scoping review is to investigate the extent to which SNOT-22 is used in this manner and present this information in a way useful for clinicians. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was performed. Studies that evaluated SNOT-22s predictive utility were considered for eligibility in this scoping review. RESULTS A total of 39 studies met eligibility. The SNOT-22 was found to be used as a predictive tool in three broad categories: (1) to predict a diagnosis, (2) to predict an outcome of an intervention, and (3) to predict a patient treatment preference. Thirteen studies were included in the diagnosis category, which made up ten different individual predictions. Twenty-four studies were included in the outcomes category and investigated 17 different individual predictions. Finally, two studies were included in the patient preferences category, which together made one prediction. CONCLUSIONS The SNOT-22 is a versatile tool that has the potential to be used in predicting various diagnoses, outcomes, and patient preferences. However, care must be taken in applying these predictions to clinical practice, as further research must be done in validating these predictions based on SNOT-22 responses.
A 30-Year-Old Immune Deficient Woman With Persistent Cough and Shortness of Breath.

Case Presentation A 30-year-old woman was referred with increasing shortness of breath and cough in the setting of GATA2 deficiency. She initially presented 9 years previously with recurrent episodes of pneumonia and sinusitis. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous GATA2 mutation (c.988C>T). She has since had multiple infections that have included necrotizing fasciitis of the right thumb, recurrent pilonidal infections (which required 23 procedures), esophageal candidiasis, and human papillomavirus-positive high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion of the cervix. Serial bone marrow biopsy specimens showed persistent hypocellularity (20% to 60%) with intermittent erythroid atypia and variable detection of trisomy 8, which were concerning for evolving myelodysplastic syndrome. One year before the current admission, she was diagnosed with disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex and was treated with rifabutin, ethambutol, and azithromycin. She was taking voriconazole, acyclovir, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis.
Perceptions from the Field: Effective STEM Practices in Texas Middle Grades Schools

In an effort to keep pace with an expanding knowledge-based economy, K-12 schools across the U.S. are increasingly shifting their STEM teacher professional learning programs to help teachers foster...
Automated Methods to Maintain Aircraft Separation

The air traffic control system in the United States has a great track-record for safety. As more aircraft enter the system at a given time, the situation becomes more complex though. Researchers at NASA are attempting to leverage advances in many fields including optimization, data mining, and numerical modeling of systems to improve the air-transportation system maintaining safety while increasing throughput and reducing delays. This talk will give a brief overview of the research at NASA towards modernizing the air-transportation system. It will then focus on the specific area of automation tools for maintaining physical separation between aircraft known as Separation Assurance.
Studies of the primary oxygen intermediate in the reaction of fully reduced cytochrome oxidase.

The formation and disappearance of a photosensitive species during the reaction of reduced cytochrome c oxidase (putatively a3II.O2), EC 1.9.3.1, has been followed by (a) mixing a3II.CO with O2 in a stopped flow apparatus; (b) initiating the oxygen-oxidase reaction by removing CO with a laser flash; (c) probing the reaction mixture for photosensitivity with a second laser flash. Photosensitivity appears in the reaction mixture after the first laser flash, reaches a maximum after 50-60 microseconds ([O2] greater than 100 microM), and disappears in a further 50-100 microseconds. The kinetics can be represented by the scheme [formula: see text]. In species B, O2 is associated with the protein, possibly CuB, but not with the heme. Species C is the photosensitive a3II.O2 complex, and in D, a3 iron has been oxidized. The formation of species C is responsible for the rapid phase of absorbance change in the oxidase-oxygen reaction. The rate of reaction with oxygen approaches the limit of 35,000 s-1 at high oxygen. Nitric oxide, however, reacts with FeII oxidase with a rate of 1 x 10(8) M-1 s-1, which is accurately maintained up to an observed rate of 10(5) s-1. In flash photolysis experiments, approximately half of the photodissociated nitric oxidase recombines in a biphasic geminate reaction with rates of 1 x 10(8) s-1 and 1 x 10(7) s-1.
A Note on Dynamic Data Driven Wildfire Modeling

A proposed system for real-time modeling of wildfires is described. The system involves numerical weather and fire prediction, automated data acquisition from Internet sources, and input from aerial photographs and sensors. The system will be controlled by a non-Gaussian ensemble filter capable of assimilating out-of-order data. The computational model will run on remote supercomputers, with visualization on PDAs in the field connected to the Internet via a satellite.
Traditional and Non-Traditional Robotic Sensors

The state of the art on robotic sensors is presented in this book, which contains the written record of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) held in Maratea, Italy, August 28 - September 1, 1989, within the special programme on Sensory Systems for Robotic Control. Research in the area of robotic sensors is necessary in order to support a wide range of applications, including industrial automation, space robotics, image analysis, microelectronics, and intelligent sensors. This workshop focused on the role of traditional and non-traditional sensors in robotics. In particular, the following three topics were explored: - sensor development and technology, - multisensor integration techniques, - application area requirements which motivate sensor development directions. The workshop brought together experts from NATO countries to discuss recent developments in these three areas.
Evolution of multiple-antibiotic-resistance plasmids mediated by transposable plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid sequences.

Abstract Two plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid sequences mediating multiple antibiotic resistance transposed in vivo between coexisting plasmids in clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens. This event resulted in the evolution of a transferable multiresistance plasmid. Both sequences, designated in Tn1699 and Tn1700, were flanked by inverted deoxyribonucleic acid repetitions and could transpose between replicons independently of the Excherichia coli recA gene function. Tn1699 and Tn1700 mediated ampicillin, carbenicillin, kanamycin, and gentamicin resistance but differed in the type of gentamicin-acetyltransferase enzymes that they encoded. The structural genes for these enzymes share a great deal of polynucleotide sequence similarity despite their phenotypic differences. The transposition of Tn1699 and Tn1700 to coresident transferable plasmids has contributed to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among other gram-negative bacteria. These organisms have recently caused nosocomial infections in epidemic proportions.
Smallholder land ownership in Kenya: Distribution between households and through time

This study uses panel data to demonstrate two dimensions of land ownership: the distribution between households at a given time and changes within a household over time. We note that recognizing the latter dimension is only possible when analyzing rare long-term panel data. We estimate a model for land ownership using a version of the correlated random effects estimator to uniquely identify the determinants of both dimensions amongst Kenyan smallholders. We find life cycle effects are a key determinant of both distributions, and identify important ways in which initial conditions such as inheritance and off-farm income relate to the dynamics of ownership. We find that population density is a key determinant of differences between households, but also that a given household's land ownership is not affected in the short term as population density increases around them. Controlling for population density, households own more land when they are closer to road networks where the economic value of land is higher. We find important vulnerabilities for the land security of widows, but this vulnerability is geographically heterogeneous.
Conversation exchange dynamics for real-time network monitoring and anomaly detection

We present a model for real-time network monitoring and anomaly detection that provides a holistic view of network conversation exchanges. We argue that monitoring and anomaly detection are necessary mechanisms for ensuring secure and dependable network computing infrastructure. The model for network traffic exchange is based on a modified Ehrenfest urn model. The motivation for the model is heavily influenced by the success of statistical physics to provide macrostate descriptions of physical systems when the exact microstate parameters of each element in the system precludes understanding from first principles. The conversation exchange dynamics model for real-time network monitoring and anomaly detection is formally described. The model induces a unique real-time visualization capability for network monitoring and detection of anomalous events. An implementation of the model and visualization capability is presented along with laboratory tests and successful detection of real world events, including a Code Red worm attack.
Verbal processing deficits in schizophrenia

The authors reported that a subgroup of schizophrenic patients performed well on a tone serial position task but was impaired on an auditory word serial position task (Wexler, Stevens, Bowers, Cerniak, & Goldman-Rakic, 1998). This study assessed 30 schizophrenic and 32 controls (matched for comparable tone discrimination) on 4 versions of the verbal serial position tasks and 2 tone serial position tasks. Patients performed poorly on all verbal tasks but performed comparably to controls when tones served as stimuli. Proactive interference and visual presentation further compounded the verbal deficits. Deficits persisted with pronounceable nonword stimuli. These findings provide evidence of specific deficits in language-related processing, although the authors could not rule out the possibility that the differential effects that were observed between the tone and word tasks, and particularly among the verbal tasks, may result from differing discriminating power of the different tests.
Observations of Naphthalene Scintillations Due to Tritium Beta Rays

It seems desirable to report here some preliminary observations on the scintillations produced in commercial naphthalene by the beta rays from tritium and by the bremsstrahlung coming from tritium occluded in tantalum. Of immediate interest is the lower limit set on the conversion efficiency from beta ray to visible light energy. A small amount of gaseous tritium was put in direct contact with finely powdered naphthalene crystals in a 15 cu cm glass Kjeldahl flask, an identical flask but without tritium being used as a control, to find the direct action of the betas. A tantalum disk containing tritium occluded throughout its volume was placed near a solid piece of naphthalene to investigate the effect of soft x-rays since this is almost a pure source of such radiation. Both sources produced scintillations which were observed with a 1P21 photomultiplier, the pulses amplified by a Los Alamos Model 501 amplifier. The photomultiplier was not refrigerated. The rise time and total pulse length, easily observed on a 248A Dumont scope were respectively 0.05 microsecs and 0.2 microsecs. The gas concentration was not well known because the initially too high counting rates necessitated two depletions.
Functional Mapping of the Auditory Midbrain during Mate Call Reception

We examined patterns of neural activity as assayed by changes in gene expression to localize representation of acoustic mating signals in the auditory midbrain of frogs. We exposed wild-caught male Physalaemus pustulosus to conspecific mating calls that vary in their behavioral salience, nonsalient mating calls, or no sound. We measured expression of the immediate early gene egr-1 (also called ZENK, zif268, NGFI-A, and krox-24) throughout the torus semicircularis, the auditory midbrain homolog of the inferior colliculus. Differential egr-1 induction in response to the acoustic stimuli occurred in the laminar, midline, and principal nuclei of the torus semicircularis, whereas the ventral region did not show significant effects of stimulus. The laminar nucleus differentially responded to conspecific mating calls compared with nonsalient mating calls, whereas the midline and principal nuclei responded preferentially to one of two conspecific calls. These responses were not explained by simple acoustic properties of the stimuli, and they demonstrate a functional heterogeneity of auditory processing of complex biological signals within the frog midbrain. Moreover, using analyses that assess the ability of the torus semicircularis as a whole to discriminate among acoustic stimuli, we found that activity patterns in the four regions together provide more information about biologically relevant acoustic stimuli than activity in any single region.
Syntheses and coordination studies of 2-(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine N,P dioxide with Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ tetrafluoroborate

Abstract Several new coordination complexes of Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ were synthesized by the reaction of their corresponding tetrafluoroborate salts with 2-(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine N,P dioxide, L. All structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography showing an octahedral environment around the metal centers. Single crystals of M(BF4)2L2(S)2 (M = Co2+, Ni2+ or Zn2+; S = MeOH or CH3CN) were obtained at −5 °C by slow diffusion of ether into solutions of these complexes. When these crystals were re-dissolved in methanol and allowed to grow again at room temperature using the same technique and solvent system, the product obtained presented a 3:1 ratio ligand-to-metal. The complex [Cu(BF4)2L2(MeOH)](BF4), exhibits two units of L, one molecule of MeOH and one counter-anion coordinated to the Cu2+ center. This can be attributed to the steric restrictions generated by the lower symmetry in this complex, a product of significant Jahn–Teller effects, which favors a long range interaction between the metal center and a less coordinative counter-anion, compared to a MeOH unit. A 1:1 ligand-to-metal ratio complex of Ni2+ was also obtained by allowing the starting materials to react for only a short time. Attempts to obtain single crystal of complexes of Co2+, Cu2+ or Zn2+ in a 1:1 ratio were not successful. The resulting 3:1 ligand-to-metal products were fully characterized by elemental analysis, UV–Vis spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy.
Dual-EMI system for object classification

Two vehicle mounted metal detector arrays are used in conjunction to perform object classification. The first array (Vallon VMV-16) contains small coils for detecting shallow targets. The second array (Minelab STMR II) contains receive coils of roughly the same size, but a single large transmitter for detecting deep targets. These two sensors are used together to classify objects as: "SHALLOW and LARGE","DEEP and LARGE", or "SHALLOW and SMALL". SHALLOW/DEEP implies the depth of the object; SMALL/LARGE implies the metal content. These object classes are further specified within the paper. An experiment is performed using unexploded ordnance (UXO) and shallow buried calibration objects. The UXO ranges in depth from flush buried to 48". The calibration targets consist of metallic cylinders ranging in depth from flush buried to 12". The strength of each sensor is described and a fusion algorithm is developed. A detection performance curve is shown illustrating the benefit of multi-sensor fusion for UXO detection.
Ultrastructure of the pineal gland of the brush mouse ( Peromyscus boylei ): Influence of long and short photoperiod

The ultrastructure of the pineal gland of wild-captured brush mice (Peromyscus boylei) was examined. A homogeneous population of pinealocytes was present in the pineal gland of this species. The Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, dense-core vesicles, vacuoles containing fluocculent material, clear vesicles, microtubules and glycogen particles were consistent components of the pinealocyte cytoplasm; infrequently-observed organelles included centrioles, “synaptic” ribbons, subsurface cisternae, multivesicular bodies, lipid droplets and annulate lamellae-like structures. Quantitative comparison of pinealocyte ultrastructure revealed larger cross-sectional areas of cytoplasm, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and vacuoles containing flocculent material as well as higher number of dense-core vesicles in the animals kept in short photoperiod (LD 8∶16) as compared to those in animals kept in long photoperiod (LD 16∶8). These observations suggest that restricting the amount of light to which animals are exposed activated the pinealocytes of brush mice.
Emerging power management tools for processor design

Power management is an increasing concern for processor design. In this paper, we presented an overview of traditional power simulation tools and discussed two emerging power management design technologies: power distribution integrity analysis and standby current measurement and optimization. We present methods for accurate peak current simulation, which is needed for power grid integrity analysis, and discuss the generation and compression of the simulation vectors. Also, static approaches for calculating an upper-bound on the maximum peak current are presented. Standby leakage current is state dependent and we present methods for calculating both the average and maximum leakage current. Finally, optimization methods for minimizing the leakage current by either assigning a standby state to the circuit or by using a dual-Vt process are discussed.
Political Exceptionalism In Sunbelt Cities

ABSTRACT: Several scholars have argued that politics in Sunbelt cities in the decades around the turn of the century and after World War II clearly differed from the pattern of politics in Snowbelt cities. This paper evaluates the views of these authors, suggests that the themes presented about Sunbelt exceptionalism are overstated, and urges further research relying on the regime perspective.
Children's comprehension of presupposed information: Logical and pragmatic inferences to speaker belief☆

Abstract This study explored the ability of young children (5 and 8 years old) to make presuppositional inferences to a speaker's belief in uttering a sentence. Presuppositional information is the information a speaker believes to be common between himself and the hearer. The information is cued by a speaker either logically, by the use of specific lexical items, or pragmatically, by the use of an utterance in violation of conventional rules of conversation. Comprehension of the information may require a reading of the context of utterance. Kindergarten and thirdgrade children and adults were read paragraphs containing both logical and pragmatic presuppositional information, as well as a sentence that could be treated in a logical or a pragmatic manner depending on the context of utterance. The results showed that both groups of children and the adults could make presuppositional inferences to a speaker's belief, and that the responses of the children and adults were context sensitive.
Cancellation is exponentially powerful for computing the determinant

By defining a notion of cancellation in algebraic circuits, we study the power of negation at a finer granularity than previously considered. Our result is that in the absence of cancellation, computing the determinant requires exponential circuit size. Previous work shows that cancellations are essential for efficiently computing certain monotone (all coefficients positive) polynomials. The work presented in this paper extends that to the computation of non-monotone polynomials and shows that it is the cancellative aspect of negation that allows efficient computation of even certain non-monotone polynomials. We present the first example of a non-monotone polynomial for which cancellations lead to exponential savings in circuit size: determinant.
Thermal Loss Determination for a Small Internal Combustion Engine

Abstract : Three analysis techniques were used to measure the heat rejection of a 55 cc air-cooled two-stroke engine. This study was performed as part of a larger e ort aimed at extending range and endurance limitations of Group 1 & 2 Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA). The engine selected for the study was a 55 cc gasoline-fueled, carbureted, spark-ignition engine made by 3W-Modellmotoren and is representative of RPA engines in these groups. With a surface area to volume ratio of 1.48 1 cm, the engine is in a size region where thermal losses begin to dominate engine e ciency and thermal e ciencies of less than 20% are common. The rst measurement method was an energy balance between the fuel energy entering the system and the various avenues for energy to leave the system. The second method used an enclosure around the engine and measured the enthalpy increase of the air owing past the cooling ns. The third method used heat ux gauges placed on the cylinder head to measure the heat ux at those locations. The energy balance method estimated heat rejection at approximately 30-40% of the total fuel energy for full and partial power settings. As part of the energy balance method, the engines tested achieved a maximum thermal e ciency of 13.7% and a maximum brake power value of 2.9 kW. The engine enclosure method measured heat rejection values to be approximately 2 kW at full and partial power settings. This equates to 8-11% of the fuel energy at full power and 20-26% at a 25% power setting. The heat ux gauge method measured heat ux values of up to 33 kW m2 . Applying the heat ux values over the surface area of the cylinder resulted in 1.2-2.1 kW of heat loss. As a percent of total fuel energy this represents 7-13% at full power and 22-30% at a 25% power setting.
Comparative excreta analysis on various neotropical cockroaches and a leaf mantid

Abstract 1. 1. Thirty one additional cockroach species have been examined with respect to external voiding of uric acid. Eight of them, belonging to the subfamily Plectopterinae, void formed-urate pellets sparingly. 2. 2. Two species of Ischnoptera void urates admixed with feces at the rate of 2% by weight. 3. 3. The leaf mantid voids urates admixed with feces at the rate of about 20% by weight. 4. 4. The ability of adult female Parcoblatta fulvescens to avoid urate pellets can be altered by varying dietary nitrogen levels. 5. 5. The importance of these results to understanding the various nitrogen strategies found among cockroaches is discussed.
Early Results with Use of the Midfoot Fusion Bolt in Charcot Arthropathy

Charcot neuroarthropathy is a complicated condition affecting up to 1 in 680 diabetic patients that can rapidly cause severe destruction of the bony architecture in the foot, with resultant gross instability and frank deformity. Conservative care is not always successful at maintaining an intact soft tissue envelope of the foot; therefore, surgical reconstruction is often attempted in an effort to salvage the limb. The goal is to create a stable, plantigrade foot that can be placed in a shoe or simple brace. However, this effort is dramatically more challenging because of the pathologic bone biology, the inelasticity of the connective tissues, and the difficulty in maintaining non-weightbearing status during the postoperative period. Various forms of internal and external fixation have been described in published studies for use in this setting, all of which have been accompanied by complications such as nonunion, dehiscence, and implant failure. Although the concept of beaming the longitudinal columns of the foot is not new, it has previously been described with the use of cannulated screws. Cannulated screws are inherently weaker than solid-core screws and thus subject to failure at lesser loads. The midfoot fusion bolt offers a technical advantage compared with other forms of fixation in these challenging cases. We present our limited experience with 4 patients who had this device used as a part of the surgical approach and the short-term results. All patients went on to successful union of all fusion sites and were able to return to ambulation in diabetic shoe gear and appropriate bracing.
Pre-College Influences and College Major Choice: Gender, Race/Ethnicity and Nativity Patterning

This paper gives a comprehensive examination on patterns of the initial college major choice for gender, racial/ethnic and nativity groups. I focus on the influence of three aspects of pre-college experiences: achievement, attitude and course taking in both math and English. I find math matters more than English in determining college major choice. Math attitude remains as the most important factor in contributing to gender differences in college major choice. Racial minorities share the tendency in choosing more lucrative college majors than whites. [Article copies available for a fee from The Transformative Studies Institute. E-mail address: journal@transformativestudies.org Website: http://www.transformativestudies.org ©2009 by The Transformative Studies Institute. All rights reserved.]
Balloon-borne infrared measurements of the vertical distribution of N 2 O in the atmosphere*

The variation with altitude of the infrared solar spectrum in the 4.5-µm region was observed with a balloon-borne spectrometer. Line-by-line–layer-by-layer analysis of the N2O absorption lines in this region yields a detailed N2O mixing-ratio altitude profile up to ~20 km. The results show a nearly constant mixing ratio of ~0.33 ppm from 3 to 12 km followed by a gradual decrease to ~0.15 ppm near 19 km. The mixing ratio is estimated to be <0.01 ppm above 20 km.
Supreme Court Disengagement from the Exclusionary Rule: The Impact of Stone v. Powell:

This study focuses on the United States Supreme Court case of Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465 (1976), and the impact this case has had on the procedures of state supreme courts. Also of concern are changes infederal-state court relations resulting from this decision.The research centers around a survey sent to the 312judges sitting on courts of last resort hearing criminal appeals in all 50 states. The results indicate that although Stone v. Powell can be viewed along two dimensions a substantive dimension applying the case as a Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule decision and a broader, policy dimension of judicial federalism most state supreme court judges see the decision in terms of the narrower, substantive context. The implication is that state supreme courts have not moved into criminal procedure areas vacated by the United States Supreme Court.
Breast masses in a teenage patient.

Patient is a 13-year-old girl who presents to the gynecology clinic with a three-month history of growing bilateral breast masses. She noticed the start of breast development about one year ago and she has not started her menses. She describes her breasts as firm and nontender and she denies any discharge. She thought this was normal breast development but did mention it to her mother who notified her nephrologist. Her past medical history reveals that she has end-stage renal disease due to nephrotic syndrome and underwent a renal transplant two years ago. She has otherwise no complaints. Her current medications include cyclosporin and prednisone. There is no family history of breast cancer. (excerpt)
Genotype — hatch interactions as a source of bias in estimating genetic components of variance for eight-week weight in poultry

Data on 16,557 chicks from 198 sire groups were analyzed to determine the importance of genotype-hatch interactions as sources of bias in the estimation of genetic parameters for eight-week weight in poultry. Estimates of heritability for eight-week weight obtained from a paternal half-sib correlation were .27±.04 and .29±.04 for males and females respectively when the sire component of variance was unconfounded with the sire-hatch interaction variance. If the sire-hatch interaction effects were confounded with the sire effects in an intra-hatch analysis the corresponding estimates of heritability would be .30 and .35 for males and females respectively. No attempt was made to artificially create differences in the hatch environments. The ratio of the dam-hatch interaction variance to the dam component of variance as compared with the sire-hatch interaction variance to the sire component gave a slight indication of a greater degree of importance of the interaction of non-additive genetic-environment effects than additive x environmental effects in the male progeny but not in the female progeny.
Diurnal variation for inhibition of eating by bombesin in the rat

Abstract Sprague-Dawley male albino rats ate sweet milk at the midpoint of the day or night phase of a 12:12 light/dark cycle 1 min after IP 0.9% NaCl or synthetic bombesin (BBS; 2–32 μg/kg) following 24-hr food deprivation. Exogenous BBS inhibited food intake in a dose-related manner during the day; a linear regression line accounted for 85% of the total variance for percentage suppression of food intake by BBS in 30 min. In contrast, inhibition of eating by BBS at night was not dose-related; a linear regression line accounted for only 16% of the variance. Rats were tested under identical conditions following 3-hr food deprivation. Exogenous BBS (4–64 μg/kg) inhibited food intake in a dose-related manner at night; a linear regression line accounted for 92% of the total variance. In contrast, inhibition of eating by BBS during the day was not as orderly; a linear regression line accounted for only 44% of the variance. The 8 μg/kg dose was twice as potent for inhibition of eating of 25% GIBCO 116EC liquid diet than it was for inhibition of eating sweet milk at the midpoint of the day phase. These results describe diurnal variation in potency of exogenous BBS for inhibition of food intake in the rat. Whether BBS is more or less potent at night than during the day depends upon the particular dose, degree of hunger of the rat, and probably the type of food being eaten.
Newborn Weight Change and Breastfeeding Practice During First Days of Life

Newborn Care Paper Presentation Objective To determine a natural weight loss for breastfed, exclusive, and nonexclusive newborns that are not exposed to common medical interventions in a hospital setting. Design Retrospective. Setting A freestanding, nonprofit birth center in Northeastern Ohio. Sample Healthy, breastfeeding (BF) mothers who were 18 years and older with uncomplicated vaginal deliveries. Healthy, full‐term singleton infants with no apparent facial deformity/malformations and 5‐minute APGARS > 7 were included. Methods Random charts were selected from 2009 to 2010. Variables of interest during first days postdelivery included elimination patterns (number of voids and number of stools), weight change (birth weight and a subsequent weight measurement within first days), and mothers documented number of BF episodes. Data regarding medication and intravenous fluids during labor were also collected. Results A total of 110 randomly selected charts were reviewed, 69 infants had a weight measurement within the first 24 hours, and 36 were exclusively breastfed. During the first 24 hours, the mean percent of weight loss was 2.9% for exclusively breastfed infants and 2.5% for nonexclusively breastfed infants. Infants breastfed an average of eight times and were provided supplemental feedings twice. At discharge (44‐45.9 hours post birth), the mean weight loss was 5.1% for exclusively breastfed infants and 4.9% for nonexclusively breastfed infants. Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice Weight changes in the newborn during the initial days after delivery are scrutinized by the medical birthing facilities. Weight gain or more commonly weight loss drive the need for supplementation of the breastfed newborn. Having an initial weight loss of 7% or more during the first days of life is reason to give artificial milk to breastfed newborns. There is very limited literature that determines how a 7% weight loss was used as the guideline to supplement for weight loss. Breastfed newborns do lose weight in the first days of life when there are minimal medical interventions available in the birthing environment. This study is a first step in establishing a baseline for weight loss in exclusively breastfed newborns. More studies are needed to better understand the weight change patterns and BF practices in infants born in environments with minimal medical interventions versus nonminimal medical interventions t within the first days post birth.
Coronal element abundances derived from solar energetic particles

The large gradual solar-energetic-particle (SEP) events, where abundances are commonly measured, are produced when coronal mass ejections (CMEs) drive shock waves through the corona and the interplanetary medium. The shock accelerates particles from the highly-ionized, approximately 1.5 MK, plasma in a manner that depends only weakly upon the Q/A of the ion, except at very high energies. Averaging the approximately 1 MeV/amu abundances over many events compensates for the acceleration effects to produce abundances that appear to correspond directly to those in the coronal source for all observed elements, including H. The resulting abundances reflect the 4 x enhancement of ions with low values of first ionization potential (FIP) arising from ion-neutral fractionation that occurs as the atoms are transported up from the photosphere. A different pattern of fractionation is found for ions that are shock-accelerated from the high speed solar wind emerging from coronal holes.
Recovery of atmospheric water vapor total column abundance from imaging spectrometer data around 940 nm - Sensitivity analysis and application to Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data

Two simple techniques (Continuum Interpolated Band Ratio, CIBR, and Narrow/Wide ratio, N/W) to retrieve path precipitable water from AVIRIS high spectral resolution radiance data using the 940 nm water absorption band are compared. A sensitivity analysis was performed using the radiative transfer code LOWTRAN 7 to determine which one of these two approaches will provide a better estimate over land and water areas. The CIBR proved to be the technique less sensitive to perturbing effects, except for errors in visibility estimate. Both techniques were applied to AVIRIS radiance data acquired over Salton Sea, California. Resulting images confirmed that the use of a constant gray reflectance in the model led to a higher overestimation of the amount of water retrieved for N/W over vegetated areas. Validation was performed through comparison between an independent estimate of water vapor from concurrent Reagan sunphotometer measurements and AVIRIS estimates. Amounts retrieved using the N/W approach match more closely in situ measurements, even after adjusting model parameters for background reflectance, viewing geometry, and type of aerosol at the site.
Pharmacokinetic Consequences and Toxicologic Implications of Endogenous Cosubstrate Depletion

(1982). Pharmacokinetic Consequences and Toxicologic Implications of Endogenous Cosubstrate Depletion. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 1009-1020.