cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of energy-efficient, adaptable throughput systems at near/sub-threshold voltage

Voltage scaling has been a prevalent method of saving energy for energy-constrained applications. However, current technology trends which shrink transistors sizes exacerbate process variation effects in voltage-scaled systems. Large variations in transistor parameters result in high variation in performance and power across the chip. These effects, if ignored at the design, stage, will result in unpredictable behavior when deployed in the field. In this article, we leverage the benefits of voltage scaling methodology for obtaining energy efficiency and compensate for the loss in throughput by exploiting parallelism present in the various DSP designs. We show that such a hybrid method consumes 8p--77p less power, compared to simple dynamic voltage scaling over different throughputs. We study this system architecture in two different workload environments: static and dynamic. We show that to achieve the highest level of energy efficiency, the number of cores and the operating voltages vary widely between a BASE design versus a process variation-aware (PVA) design. We further demonstrate that the PVA design enjoys an average of 26.9p and 51.1p reduction in energy consumption for the static and dynamic designs, respectively. Since different cores will have a wide range of speeds at operating voltages close to near/sub-thresholds due to process variation, we gather characteristic behavior of each core. With knowledge of the core speeds, we can further increase the energy efficiency. Furthermore, in this article, we show that of this methodology will be 49.3p more energy efficient, compared to that building the system with no knowledge about the characteristics of each core.
Consumption of niche sports: understanding which product attributes predict consumption across different levels of team identification.

Niche sports seldom command the sponsorship or media dollars of their mainstream counterparts, depending instead on direct revenues generated from their fan bases to sustain their business. Given niche sports’ consumer bases are often comprised of a significant percentage of lesser-identified customers, the purpose of this study was to examine differences in perceptions of niche sport attributes between highly identified and lesser-identified sport consumers. Specifically, this study examined which niche sport specific attributes were most predictive of consumption (frequency of attendance, media consumption, and merchandise consumption) for each segment. Using a sample of 410 minor league baseball consumers, this study found that accessibility predicted consumption for both consumer segments. The primary differences were that player similarity predicted consumption for lesser-identified respondents, while star power predicted consumption for highly identified fans. Affordability was negatively related to media and merchandise consumption for the lesser-identified spectators.
Pemphigus vulgaris and internal malignancy.

Five patients with pemphigus vulgaris representing 12% of the total cases seen at the University of California at Los Angeles Center for the Health Sciences were found to have associated internal malignancies. Three patients developed internal malignancy after receiving corticosteroid therapy for periods of 2-108 months. In approximately 54% of patients surveyed in the literature with this association, the malignancy involved the lymphoid or reticuloendothelial systems. Pemphigus and internal malignancies or thymomas may be related through some intervening variables such as immunosuppressive therapy, the antigenic and cross-reacting nature of the primary tumor, or as an immunologic consequence of associated autoimmune disease, which occurred in 48% of the cases reviewed. Our observation of five patients with pemphigus and internal malignancies greatly exceeds chance expectations for the Los Angeles area. A review of the literature indicates that pemphigus and internal malignancies are causally related by the criteria employed by Curth.12 Cancer 33:1091-1099,1974.
Avicenna's Eastern (“Oriental”) Philosophy: Nature, Contents, Transmission

The purpose of the article is to present further information about Avicenna's work on Eastern philosophy, supplementing what was written in the author's Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition (Leiden, 1988), pp. 115-30. In view of the prevalent but unfounded notions among some students of Avicenna that the Eastern philosophy is mystical or illuminationist, an initial section traces the history of the development of these tendentious ideas first to Ibn T[dotu]ufayl and then to the followers of his interpretation in the West in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Further sections discuss the title of the book, list its contents insofar as they can be reconstructed from Avicenna's statements and the extant portions, and provide additional information about its manuscripts and transmission. The style of the work is then analyzed and compared with that of the sifā' in order to verify Avicenna's claim in the Preface to the latter work that the difference between the two was merely stylistic. A final section gives a table of concordance between the contents of the extant part on physics and the corresponding sections in the sifā', establishing the direct relationship and verbal congruity between the two works.
Statistical constancy between binormal parameters in reader populations

Medical Imaging 2003: Image Perception, Observer Performance, and Technology Assessment,Dev P. Chakraborty, Elizabeth A. Krupinski, Editors, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5034 (2003)© 2003 SPIE · 1605-7422/03/$15.00225Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/spiep/7395/ on 04/11/2017 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/termsofuse.aspx
Terminology and Classification of Seizures and Epilepsy in Veterinary Patients

The classification of epileptic seizures and epilepsy is a controversial and dynamic topic that has undergone many iterations in human medicine. The International League against Epilepsy is a multinational organization that has formed a number of task forces and subcommittees to study this issue, and has ratified several reports outlining recommended terminology and classification schemes for human patients. Veterinary publications on this issue have generally adapted these schemes to fit small animal patients, but a formally endorsed system to classify seizures and epilepsy has never been developed for veterinary patients. This review outlines the classification systems that have been published for human patients and summarizes previous efforts by veterinary authors to utilize these methods. Finally, a set of definitions and terminology for use in veterinary patients is proposed, which includes a glossary of descriptive terminology for ictal semiology and a diagnostic scheme for classification of individual patients. This document is intended as a starting point of discussion, which will hopefully eventually result in a formally ratified document that will be useful for communication between health professionals, the design of clinical trials and for guiding treatment decisions and prognostication for veterinary patients with seizures.
Nucleotide sequence of a Bacillus circulans xylanase gene.

A 4.3 kb EcoRI fragment of Bacillus circulans DNA was inserted into pUCl9 and cloned in Escherichia coli. The insert of the resulting chimeric plasmid, pBCX-549R3, was subcloned and one subclone, pBCX-600, was subjected to dideoxy-sequencing from both strands (1). The sequence has an open-reading frame for a protein of 213 amino acid residues. Partial N-terminal peptide sequence analysis revealed that the protein consists of a 28-residue signal peptide and a 185-residue mature enzyme. A comparison of its primary structure with that of other xylanases showed more than 50% homology (2,3). The 5'-flanking sequence contains a modified promotor sequence (boxed) and two pairs of tandem repeats (underlined) resembling some animal virus enhancer elements (4). The 3'-flanking sequence contains a pair of inverted repeats (arrows) which have been proposed as transcription termination signals (5).
Hydroxyurea for treatment of polycythemia secondary to right-to-left shunting patent ductus arteriosus in 4 dogs

Four adult dogs with polycythemia secondary to reversed patent ductus arteriosus (rPDA) were treated with hydroxyurea, a myelosuppressive agent, for 6-22 months. Regardless of initial hematocrit, clinical signs attributed to the presence of polycythemia improved with hydroxyurea treatment. Chronic hydroxyurea therapy (40-50 mg/kg PO q48h) was well tolerated in this group of animals; mild, clinically silent thrombocytopenia and leukopenia were detected in some animals but resolved with decreased dosage or dose frequency. Chronic hydroxyurea therapy may provide an alternative to repeated phlebotomy for therapy of polycythemia secondary to rPDA.
Current Problems in Devices Evaluation: Some Solutions

Medical devices and their component materials are potential sources of toxins that may produce undesirable local or systemic effects when used clinically. Federal regulations thus require manufacturers to establish the safety of their products. Until 1987, FDA provided few specific guidelines for testing medical devices, although many standardized testing methods had been placed in use by industry. Now, proposed guidelines exist, but device manufacturers still face significant problems that are similar to those encountered when testing drugs and chemicals: (1) a strategy for testing must be established to make best use of screening methods, to develop parallel information about various families of products, and to make best use of resources, (2) test articles must be selected to represent finished products, not prototype formulations, (3) sample preparation must be appropriate and relate to product use conditions, (4) test methods that are inappropriate based on end use of a product must be avoided, (5) a...
Dynamic computed tomography with known motion field

We investigate how to achieve image reconstruction when the density map changes in time according to a known continuous motion field. We present here an ART iterative algorithm with a projection operator and a backprojection operator that are matched to ensure fast convergence and are both computationally efficient. This algorithm applies to arbitrary continuous motion fields provided there is conservation of mass. Successful reconstruction results from computer-simulated data are presented. We also propose a method for evaluating the su±ciency of the data and predicting image quality of the reconstruction based on both the acquired angular range and the known motion field. We suggest a method of selecting an angular acquisition range to deal with periodic motion and give it as a hypothesis that this method ensures data sufficiency. Simulation results are given to substantiate this hypothesis.
Trust in elites and protest orientation: An integrative approach

The consensus based hypothesis that trust in political authorities is a major determinant of system stability has received less empirical support in the protest literature than its theoretical appeal once promised. We propose a major revision of the leadership-trust approach—one which integrates the conflict and consensus approaches by considering both public trust in established elites and public trust in challenging elites. Recognizing the importance of opposition leadership, we reason that thedifference between these two types of trust, which we conceptualize astrust differential, should explain protest orientation better than other trust-variable alternatives. The new trust differential variable suggests a distinctive typology of trust orientations which predict the degree of protest endorsement somewhat differently than the traditional authority-trust model. Using survey data collected in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1973, we test the integrative differential approach against and controlling for its classic competitors and find it to be a more powerful, independent predictor of protest orientation.
The influence of microelectrophoretically introduced metabolites on pyridine nucleotide reduction in giant tissue culture ascites cells

Abstract When intermediates of glucose metabolism such as glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are introduced microelectrophoretically into EL2 giants there is a diffuse increase in extramitochondrial (cytoplasmic and nuclear) pyridine nucleotide fluorescence, but little change in mitochondrial fluorescence. The response to phosphogluconate shows that the TPN-linked pentose phosphate pathway is operative in the EL2 giant in addition to the DPN-linked Embden Meyerhof pathway. In glucose-fed cells with a high redox potential of the extramitochondrial pyridine nucleotides, ADP increases the fluorescence and ATP has little effect, while in cells with low redox potential both ATP and ADP decrease the fluorescence. Cyclic AMP has no detectable effect. The response to G6P + ADP differs in starved, amytalized and glucose-treated cells. In the first two there is a consistent increase of extramitochondrial fluorescence, while in glucosetreated cells the response is correlated to the redox potential of the extramitochondrial pyridine nucleotides. With the combination FDP + ADP + Pi an increase of extramitochondrial fluorescence of comparable magnitude is recorded in both glucose-fed and starved cells. The mitochondria of starved cells respond by an active fluorescence increase to glutamate, malate, α-ketoglutarate and succinate + ATP. The mitochondrial response to glutamate can be controlled by microelectrophoretically introduced adenine nucleotides. In glucose-fed cells the mitochondrial response to glutamate is negligible, but there is an extramitochondrial increase of fluorescence. The fluorescence increase which follows addition of malate is of approximately comparable magnitude in the mitochondrial and extramitochondrial spaces.
Molecular dynamics modeling of microstructure evolution during growth of amorphous carbon films

Amorphous carbon films approximately 20 nm thick are used throughout the computer industry as protective coatings on magnetic storage disks. As storage densities increase, the role of the overcoat becomes increasingly important because of smaller spacings between the recording head and the spinning disk. Furthermore, future-generation disks call for an overcoat thickness of 5 nm or less. These small length scales and the high speed of the spinning disk (10-30 m/s) suggest that a molecular dynamics (MD) model might provide useful insight into friction and wear mechanisms when the head and disk make contact. One of the necessary inputs required to carry out such an MD model is a specification of the position of all the atoms in the simulation, i.e. a detailed model of the material microstructure. Such a detailed understanding of the microstructure of amorphous carbon overcoats does not presently exist. Neutron and electron diffraction studies demonstrate that the material is amorphous. Previous classical MD simulations yield pair distribution functions in qualitative agreement with the diffraction studies, but they all differ in detail. More recent, quantum-mechanical tight-binding MD (TBMD) studies give a better description of the interatomic interactions and the chemical hybridization (sp{sup 2}-graphite-like versus sp{sup 3}-diamond-like). However, these studies are presently limited to rather small system sizes and rapid quench rates. In this paper we present molecular dynamics simulations of the growth of amorphous carbon films deposited onto a diamond substrate using a bond-order potential model. This classical potential mimics the quantum mechanics allowing carbon to form strong chemical bonds with a variety of hybridizations. It was found that the system formed unphysical bonding configurations without an added torsional energy between sp{sup 2} hybridized carbon atoms. This torsional energy was included for all results presented here. 18 refs., 3 figs.
Forecasting Performance Evaluation: Does a Complicated Model Outweigh a Simple One?

A wide variety of alternatives are available to forecast future outcomes; methods range from intuitive to systematic processes. Forecasting construction volume should be an interest for all stakeholders in the construction marketplace. Contractors, especially, will benefit because they will be making management decisions and planning for future market trends on a short-term basis. Thus in this study, the authors compare the forecasting performance of two methods, simple and complicated models, and provide a decision support tool for short-term construction volume forecasting. Various forecast evaluation methods explored in this study include: Mincer and Zarnowitz’s method; Theil’s U and U2 statistic; Mean Square Forecasting Errors (MSFE); and turning point errors. Forecasting realization diagrams are also utilized to compare the degree of error deviations. Furthermore, advantages of a combined forecasting method are discussed. In conclusion, the authors recommend using a simple method in forecasting future construction volumes because it is comparable to the complicated model in forecasting performance.
Goddard Atmospheric Composition Data Center: Aura data and services in one place

The Goddard Atmospheric Composition Data and Information Services Center (AC-DISC) is a portal to the atmospheric composition specific, user driven, multi-sensor, on-line, easy access archive and distribution system employing data analysis and visualization, data mining, and other user requested techniques for the better science data usage. It provides convenient access to atmospheric composition data and information from various remote-sensing missions, from TOMS, UARS, MODIS, and AIRS, to the most recent data from Aura OMI, MLS, HIRDLS (once these datasets are released to the public), as well as atmospheric composition datasets residing at other remote archive sites.
Initial hematocrit predicts the use of blood transfusion in the pediatric trauma patient

Abstract Purpose Initial hematocrit (Hct) is generally not considered a marker of acute blood loss because it is assumed that physiologic response of fluid conservation to hemorrhage is delayed. We challenged this idea by theorizing that admission Hct correlates with conventional signs of shock and predicts the use of blood transfusion during resuscitation of pediatric trauma patients. Methods Data from 1928 pediatric admissions ( Results Overall mortality rate was 3.5%, with a transfusion rate of 10.7%. Factors significantly associated with transfusion were initial Hct, Glasgow Coma Score, base deficit, and injury severity score (all p Conclusions Initial Hct correlates significantly with conventional signs of shock and is a strong independent predictor for blood transfusion with better predictability than other clinical factors.
High-Resolution Crossover Maps for Each Bivalent of Zea mays Using Recombination Nodules

Recombination nodules (RNs) are closely correlated with crossing over, and, because they are observed by electron microscopy of synaptonemal complexes (SCs) in extended pachytene chromosomes, RNs provide the highest-resolution cytological marker currently available for defining the frequency and distribution of crossovers along the length of chromosomes. Using the maize inbred line KYS, we prepared an SC karyotype in which each SC was identified by relative length and arm ratio and related to the proper linkage group using inversion heterozygotes. We mapped 4267 RNs on 2080 identified SCs to produce high-resolution maps of RN frequency and distribution on each bivalent. RN frequencies are closely correlated with both chiasma frequencies and SC length. The total length of the RN recombination map is about twofold shorter than that of most maize linkage maps, but there is good correspondence between the relative lengths of the different maps when individual bivalents are considered. Each bivalent has a unique distribution of crossing over, but all bivalents share a high frequency of distal RNs and a severe reduction of RNs at and near kinetochores. The frequency of RNs at knobs is either similar to or higher than the average frequency of RNs along the SCs. These RN maps represent an independent measure of crossing over along maize bivalents.
Olfactory Learning Deficits in Mutants for leonardo, a Drosophila Gene Encoding a 14-3-3 Protein

Abstract Studies of Drosophila and other insects have indicated an essential role for the mushroom bodies in learning and memory. The leonardo gene encodes a Drosophila protein highly homologous to the vertebrate 14-3-3ζ isoform, a protein well studied for biochemical roles but without a well established biological function. The gene is expressed abundantly and preferentially in mushroom body neurons. Mutant alleles that reduce LEONARDO protein levels in the mushroom bodies significantly decrease the capacity for olfactory learning, but do not affect sensory modalities or brain neuroanatomy that are requisite for conditioning. These results establish a biological role for 14-3-3 proteins in mushroom body–mediated learning and memory processes, and suggest that proteins known to interact with them, such as RAF-1 or other protein kinases, may also have this biological function.
Liquid-feeding performances of ants (Formicidae): ecological and evolutionary implications

Disparities in liquid-feeding performances of major ant taxa have likely been important to resource partitioning among ants, to the nature and composition of ant partnerships with plants and sap-feeding trophobionts, and to ecological and evolutionary diversification of ant taxa. We measured performance volumetrically for individual workers of 77 ant species from lowland rain forests of Amazonia and Borneo and three key North American taxa. In trials with 9% sucrose solution, performances were strongly related to body size (and alitrunk length) and to proventricular structure at generic to subfamilial levels. Highly modified proventriculi were associated with disproportionately large load sizes in Formicinae and certain small-bodied Dolichoderinae. These same taxa also ingested liquids more rapidly during foraging than did similar-sized species with plesiomorphic proventriculi. Secondarily reduced foraging performances of several formicines likely reflect ecological or evolu- tionary trade-offs related to dietary specialization or anti- predator defenses. Across formicines and dolichoderines, performances differed by functional group. Relatively small loads and slow uptake characterized species tending trophobionts (mainly Hemiptera) day and night in large worker aggregations. Large loads and rapid uptake typified solitary, diurnal "leaf-foragers." Intermediate feeding performances characterized a few species that both tended trophobionts in small aggregates and frequently foraged alone.
Determinants of Negotiated Agreements for Public School Teachers.

In this article, the determinants of agreements between school boards and teachers' associations are examined. The objective is to test the hypothesis that variations in collective bargaining agreements and major contract areas can be explained by the economic and institutional environments in which negotiations occur. A model of bargaining outcomes is developed and tested by regression anaylsis.
Overweight and Obesity Are Increased in Childhood-Onset Cerebrovascular Disease

The objective of this work was to determine whether overweight/obesity is a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease in children. The study included 53 children with non-neonatal-onset cerebral sinovenous thrombosis or arterial ischemic stroke. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was compared between this cohort and healthy children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. In addition, cerebral sinovenous thrombosis patients were compared to a group of matched hospitalized controls. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was significantly higher in the cerebral sinovenous thrombosis cohort (55%), but not the arterial ischemic stroke cohort (36%), relative to national controls (32%; P = .04 and P = .81, respectively). Similarly, the prevalence of overweight/obesity was significantly higher in the cerebral sinovenous thrombosis cohort than in Colorado controls (25%; P = .02). In conclusion, the prevalence of overweight/obese was significantly increased in cerebral sinovenous thrombosis patients as compared to both national and local controls. Results should be evaluated in a larger multi-institutional cohort.
Spontaneous seizures in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

Approximately 50% of the Mongolian gerbils in our colony were observed to display an epileptiform seizure when placed in a novel area. Forty-six percent of the susceptible animals were descended from two pairs of animals. Stimulus quality seemed to have little bearing on the response, but stimulus intensity was important. Daily exposure to novelty resulted in a progressive loss of seizure activity until no seizures were observed by the fifth day. The peak seizure time was at the height of diurnal behavioral activity. Dilantin, a common anticonvulsant drug used in human epilepsy completely eliminated the seizure as did reserpine. Brain histologies revealed nothing peculiar about the seizing animals. Neither dietary deficiencies nor infections seemed to be involved. The seizure pattern and the conditions under which it occurred suggest a variable genetic threshold response contingent on central nervous system excitation.
Sensitivity analysis for non‐linear constrained elastostatic systems

Adjoint and direct differentiation methods are used to formulate design sensitivities for non-linear constrained elastostatic systems. Variations of a general response functional are expressed in explicit form with respect to all design field variations, including shape. The response functional is expressed over the undeformed configuration; however, the displacement gradient is included so that field quantities that are defined over the deformed configuration, such as Cauchy stress, may be modelled. The finite element method is used to evaluate the sensitivities in an example problem.
Ultradian endocrine rhythms are altered by a circadian mutation in the Syrian hamster

A single gene defect of the circadian clock (tau mutation) has recently been described that results in a shortening of the circadian activity cycle of the Syrian hamster. In the homozygous animal, free running activity is shortened by 4 h, resulting in a circadian period of approximately 20 h. Here, we examine the effect of the tau mutation on noncircadian oscillators by comparing the frequency of episodic secretion of LH and cortisol in normal period wild-type (approximately 24-h circadian rhythm) and tau mutant (approximately 20-h circadian rhythm) castrate females. Animals were ovariectomized at 14 weeks of age and maintained thereafter under conditions of constant illumination. Wheel-running records were obtained, and only those animals exhibiting clear single bouts of circadian activity were used in the experiment. Two days after intraatrial cannulation, blood samples were collected for a 5-h period every 5 min during the subjective day at the same relative phase of the circadian cycle. Deconvolution analysis revealed that LH pulse frequency was significantly reduced in the tau mutant females (33.3 +/- 2.25- and 28.7 +/- 2.0-min interpulse intervals for tau and normal period females, respectively). Cortisol pulse frequency also exhibited significant differences, with a reduced pulse frequency (32.8 +/- 3.6- and 27.8 +/- 1.4-min interpulse intervals for tau and wild-type females, respectively). There were no significant differences with respect to secretory pulse amplitude, hormone half-life or estimated burst amplitude, or mass of hormone secreted per burst for either hormone. We conclude that a genetic defect that affects the circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus may have a more general effect on neural oscillators, including those controlling episodic hormone secretion.
Solution‐processed Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 absorber yielding a 15.2% efficient solar cell

The remarkable potential for inexpensive upscale of solution processing technologies is expected to enable chalcogenide-based photovoltaic systems to become more widely adopted to meet worldwide energy needs. Here, we report a thin-film solar cell with solution-processed Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) absorber. The power conversion efficiency of 15.2% is the highest published value for a pure solution deposition technique for any photovoltaic absorber material and is on par with the best nonvacuum-processed CIGS devices. We compare the performance of our cell with a world champion vacuum-deposited CIGS cell and perform detailed characterization, such as biased quantum efficiency, temperature-dependent electrical measurement, time-resolved photoluminescence, and capacitance spectroscopy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Of Frog Wines and Frowning Watches: Semantic Priming, Perceptual Fluency, and Brand Evaluation

Three experiments show that semantic primes can enhance perceptual fluency, resulting in higher liking of the perceived product. Specifically, semantic primes that cue the visual identifier of one of two products (e.g., a bottle of wine with a frog shown on the label) increase preference of the prime-compatible target over another target (e.g., a wine without a frog on the label). This is observed even when exposure to the target is limited to levels associated with perceptual encoding of the target (experiment 1). Semantic priming of constructs compatible with perceptual features of the target increases liking of the target (experiments 2 and 3), and increased liking of the target is mediated by the target's increased visual appeal (experiment 3).
Evaluation of the Effect of Heating on Alfalfa Honey

SummaryFlavour, colour and sugar content of honey samples were assessed after processing at 44°. 49° and 71°C for 30 min, and flash heating to 79°C followed by immediate cooling. No significant differences in flavour or colour were found according to the temperature used. The only consistent variation in contents for fructose, glucose and sucrose was a slightly greater content of sucrose at 79° than at 44°.
Abstract W P31: Does Portable CT Imaging in a Mobile Stroke Treatment Unit (MSTU) Provide Adequate Quality for Early Critical Decision Making?

BACKGROUND: Our hospital implemented a Mobile Stroke Treatment Unit (MSTU) on July 18, 2014 involving a pre-hospital delivery of stroke thrombolysis. The MSTU team evaluates potential IV tPA candidates using a portable CT head (pCTH) scan in the field. OBJECTIVE: To determine adequacy of MSTU CT quality for early ischemic changes and IV tPA administration. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients approached by MSTU who received a pCTH (CereTom, Neurologica, Danvers, MA). Assessment of quality, artifacts, physician confidence and findings (intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), early ischemic changes using Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS)) was performed. Two neurologists with ASPECTS certification and blinded to patient history reviewed images independently. Inter-rater agreement and Spearman’s correlation of numeric variables between the two reviewers were compared. For comparison inter-rater reliability, control CT scans performed in emergency department (ED) for early stroke evaluation in different sets of 20 patients were assessed by two reviewers. RESULTS: A total of 23 patients underwent pCTH in the MSTU since initiation. Two patients were found to have ICH, later confirmed by a standard hospital CT scan. The remaining 21 patients did not have any evidence of ICH, 10 (48%) of whom had a subsequent hospital CT or MRI confirming absence of ICH. pCTH quality was assessed to be adequate in 18 (85%) subjects by both reviewers to make decisions on thrombolysis treatment. CT artifacts were noted in 15 (71%) scans by reviewer 1 and 16 (76%) scans by reviewer 2 (k 0.4, p=0.2). ASPECTS on pCTH did not have high correlation between two raters (spearman’s rho=0.3, p=0.1). Confidence of ASPECTS was low in both reviewers (52% reviewer 1 vs 66% reviewer 2). In comparison, correlation between ED controls was better between the two reviewers (spearman’s rho= 0.6, p=0.01). Confidence of ASPECT score was high for both reviewers in the control group (95% reviewer 1; 100% reviewer 2). Artifacts were noted in few scans of controls (n=5, 25% reviewer 1; n=3, 15%, reviewer 2). CONCLUSION: The quality of pCTH on the MSTU is adequate for thrombolysis contraindications, but artifacts are common and subtle early ischemic changes are difficult to assess.
Foreword: The Promise and Peril of Biotechnology

Recent years have seen unprecedented growth in biotechnology and its potential applications to human health. Yet the promise of biotechnology will also bring challenges – challenges to the medical, scientific, and patient communities, and to the legal and regulatory structures that govern the development and commercialization of these new biological tools. The authors in this Symposium address challenges posed in the health care fraud, regulatory and patent protection contexts. While recognizing the enormous potential for medical advances, each author acknowledges the ways in which biotechnology stretches the boundaries of traditional health care and intellectual property regulation. Finding the proper balance is a difficult task: lack of regulation may leave millions of patients vulnerable to abuse, while overly restrictive laws pose the risk of freezing the industry in an undeveloped state. The suggestions made by these authors, and their careful analyses of the problems, will go far toward helping us achieve that balance.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN HIV-RELATED SELF-REPORTED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIORS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

A survey of 265 college students was conducted to determine HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and perceived self-efficacy with regard to engaging in HIV-protective behaviors. A self-administered 52-item survey was completed by 265 college students (60% response rate). Resident advisors in college dormitories distributed the survey, returned anonymously. Data were analyzed using SPSS to identify differential responses by gender. Although HIV knowledge was high, perceived self-efficacy differed significantly by gender, with men describing themselves as less able to insist upon condom use (P < .00001). Men were also significantly more likely to report using drugs or alcohol in situations likely to lead to a sexual encounter (P < .001) and to having lower self-efficacy in relation to HIV protection than women in such situations (P < .02). Men were also significantly more likely to believe that monogamy obviates the need to use condoms (P < .01). A substantial number of men (13) and women (14.6) say they do not use condoms because they are protected from unwanted pregnancy by pill. Gender-specific HIV education and skills-building programs may improve the success of AIDS prevention efforts by confronting and addressing gender differences. The reliance on hormonal methods of birth control alone may be a barrier to condom use for both male and female adolescents and young adults. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): AIDS; HIV; knowledge, attitudes, and practice; gender; condoms; birth control; family planning; teenage pregnancy.
Behavioral Function of the Components and the Blend of the Sex Pheromone of the Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni

Individual male cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni , were tested in a sustained-flight tunnel to the sex pheromone, a 93:7 blend of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and dodecyl acetate. Two experimental procedures were used to investigate the interaction of the two components in the upwind flight response of males. In the first test, chemical components were selectively removed from the moths' flight path at two distances from the source, corresponding to areas of the tunnel in which the blend was or was not active in increasing the number of upwind flights. In the second test, males were offered a choice between plumes, in their normal flight path, which contained different components. Results of both tests showed that males were unresponsive to dodecyl acetate alone at all phases of the flight response, responses to the blend were dependent on the two components being mixed in the same plume, and response to the blend altered the males subsequent flight response to Z7–12:Ac alone.
Effect of Prolonged Exposure to 15% CO2 on Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism.

Summary(1)During chronic respiratory acidosis, produced by prolonged exposure of guinea pigs to 15% CO2, plasma calcium was found to increase and plasma phosphorus to decrease significantly. (2) These changes appear to be related to an increased parathyroid activity as evidenced by an increased urinary phosphorus excretion. (3) Ultrafiltrable calcium increased only slightly during the period of uncompensated respiratory acidosis with the greatest pH changes, and rose much higher during the period of compensated respiratory acidosis where pH changes were smaller. During the latter period plasma inorganic phosphorus values were much lower, supporting the hypothesis of Brown1 concerning the inverse relationship of ultrafiltrable calcium and inorganic phosphorus. 4 Histological studies showed a significant renal calcification in guinea pigs exposed for prolonged periods to 15% CO2.
Recent Estimates of the Avogadro Constant

The first microscopic information on the Avogadro constant came in 1910 (1) from the oil drop e which could be combined with the relatively well known electrochemical Faraday to obtain a value for NA. The claimed accuracy for this route ultimately reached 1000 ppm in 1916 (2).
Urea Cycle (Krebs-Henseleit Ornithine Cycle)

: Although amino acids are metabolized extensively throughout the body, urea synthesis occurs primarily in the liver, with minor amounts also formed in astrocytes of the brain. Portal-caval shunts and acquired or inherited defects in urea cycle enzymes promote hyperammonemia. Aspartate serves as a nitrogen donor in the cytoplasmic phase of hepatic urea formation. Mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate formation is rate-limiting in hepatic urea formation. A mitochondrial citrulline-ornithine antiporter exists in the inner mitochondrial membrane of periportal hepatocytes. Fumarate, generated in the cytoplasmic portion of the urea cycle, can either be reutilized therein, or it may leak away into the TCA cycle. Urea nitrogen is used by rumen microbes for protein biosynthesis. Arginase is a liver-specific enzyme.
Building Antitrust Agency Capacity in Context

Since the early 1990s, the world has seen the establishment of comprehensive antitrust regimes in the Eastern European transitional economies, Latin America, China, and India. The growth of new and revitalized antitrust regimes around the world has focused attention on how to build effective and helpful competition law institutions. In many respects, this is a novel challenge because the need and impulse for antitrust had previously been associated with mature market economies. Technical assistance as currently supplied in the world predominantly takes the form of experts from senior antitrust institutions in developed countries making recommendations to new or newer antitrust regimes in emerging economies. Because of the incongruity of this fit, technical assistance may be aimed at the problems it seeks to find, rather than the most pressing problems. As this brief essay for an online symposium discusses, attention to the context of regulation and the nature of enforcement authority will be critical to effective technical assistance.
Tools of Academic Library Assessment: the User Survey

ABSTRACT Academic libraries are taking a closer look at how well they are serving the needs of their users. As a result assessment activities become more important. In this column, the authors will focus on and describe one major tool of assessment—the user survey.
Nature-Inspired Algorithms and Systems

Disciplines such as evolutionary computation, neural computation, artificial immune systems, swarm intelligence, and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) draw their inspiration from nature for new problem-solving techniques. Cellular automata, epidemic algorithms, genetic algorithms, ACO algorithms, swarm intelligence, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) computing, quantum information processing, and membrane computing are then presented. A discussion of the scope and limitations of nature-inspired algorithms and realistic expectations from DNA computing and quantum information processing concludes the chapter.
Learning to navigate the American retail servicescape: Online forums as consumer acculturation platforms and consumer gift systems

Abstract With consumer mobility on the rise, marketers need to understand how to best serve the increasing number of immigrants, expatriates, and foreign nationals. We examine an independent (non-corporate, brand agnostic) online forum that operates as a consumer acculturation platform and a consumer gift system, where Chinese-speaking consumers assist one another with navigating and even exploiting the American retail servicescape. Forum participants bestow the gift of experience on the collective to enhance the market-oriented communicative competence of forum participants necessary to master the American retail environment. Consumers on the platform systematically employ American English to reference brands and describe retail marketing promotions in a forum dominated by Chinese language. Specifically, we find that code switching, typically expected in early stages of language acquisition, becomes a robust norm to communicate specifically about American retail phenomena (metaphorical code switching) and bridge the gulf between home and host cultures. We offer firms four tactical strategies to attract and retain Chinese-language consumers.
Fate of Listeria monocytogenes During the Manufacture and Ripening of Blue Cheese.

The ability of Listeria monocytogenes to grow during the manufacture of blue cheese and to survive during its ripening was examined. Pasteurized skim milk was standardized to a milk fat content of 3.7% by addition of pasteurized homogenized cream (35% milk fat), was inoculated to contain ca. 1.0-2.0 × 103 L. monocytogenes [strain Scott A or California (CA)] cfu/ml, and was made into blue cheese according to the modified Iowa method. Blue cheese was ripened at 9-12°C and a relative humidity of 90-98% for 84 d, and then cheese was stored at 4°C. Duplicate samples of milk, curd, whey, and cheese were tested for pH and for numbers of Listeria by surface plating of appropriate dilutions [made in Tryptose Broth (TB) with 2% sodium citrate] on McBride Listeria Agar (MLA). Initial TB dilutions were stored at 4°C and surface-plated on MLA after 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, if the pathogen was not quantitated in the original sample. Selected Listeria colonies were confirmed biochemically. L. monocytogenes was entrapped in curd during cheese-making with the population in curd before hooping being ca. 1.0 log10 cfu/g greater than in the inoculated milk; whey contained an average of 3.6% of the cells in the initial inoculum. L. monocytogenes in cheese increased in numbers by 0.58 to 1.22 log10 cfu/g during the first 24 h of the cheese-making process. Only modest growth (0.12 to 0.30 log10 cfu/g) was noted in two lots with rapid acid production. Growth of L. monocytogenes ceased when the pH of cheese dropped below 5.0. Populations of both strains of the pathogen decreased significantly (P≤ 0.005) during the first 50 d of ripening, by an average of 2.68 log10 cfu/g compared to populations of 1-d-old cheese. From days 50 to 120 the environment of blue cheese became more favorable (pH of cheese increased because of growth by Penicillium roqueforti ), and this resulted in improved survival but no growth of the pathogen. Strain Scott A survived without any more substantial decrease in numbers during days 50 to 120 of storage. Strain CA survived during days 50 to 80, and then populations of the pathogen decreased gradually so that direct plating at 110 d (one trial) and 120 d gave negative results, but the same samples gave positive results after cold enrichment.
Weight features for predicting future model performance of deep neural networks

Deep neural networks frequently require the careful tuning of model hyperparameters. Recent research has shown that automated early termination of underperformance runs can speed up hyper-parameter searches. However, these studies have used only learning curve for predicting the eventual model performance. In this study, we propose using weight features extracted from network weights at an early stage of the learning process as explanation variables for predicting the eventual model performance. We conduct experiments on hyper-parameter searches with various types of convolutional neural network architecture on three image datasets and apply the random forest method for predicting the eventual model performance. The results show that use of the weight features improves the predictive performance compared with use of the learning curve. In all three datasets, the most important feature for the prediction was related to weight changes in the last convolutional layers. Our findings demonstrate that using weight features can help construct prediction models with a smaller number of training samples and terminate underperformance runs at an earlier stage of the learning process of DNNs than the conventional use of learning curve, thus facilitating the speed-up of hyperparameter searches.
Spontaneous Self‐Assembly and Micellization of Random Copolymers in Organic Solvents

Spontaneous self-assembly of random and statistical copolymers in solution, especially in organic solvents, is unusual due to the structural irregularity of the copolymer chain and close proximity of short incompatible segments. This study describes the first observation of supramolecular structures such as micelles and vesicles formed by a random copolymer in organic solvents. Upon dissolution in methanol or tetrahydrofuran, the random copolymer poly(trifluoroethyl methacrylate-random-methacrylic acid) forms small spherical micelles, worm-like assemblies, and large vesicles spontaneously. Self-assembly is driven by the high incompatibility between the fluorinated and acidic repeat units. Micelle size can also be altered by the addition of metal ions, which interact with the carboxylic acid groups of methacrylic acid through complexation or Coulombic forces. These findings demonstrate an easy, single-step approach to creating nanoscale structures with tunable size and morphologies in organic solvents from easily synthesized random copolymers, with potential applications in coatings, selective membranes, catalysis, and drug delivery.