cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Catalytic Properties of 25-Atom Gold Nanospheres and Nanorods

The catalytic properties of two nanocluster catalysts with atomically precisely known structures, icosahedral two-shelled Au25(SC2H4Ph)18 nanospheres and biicosahedral Au25(PPh3)10(SC2H4Ph)5Cl2 nanorods, were compared. Their catalytic performance in the two reactions of the selective oxidation of styrene and chemoselective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated benzalacetone was investigated. The catalytic activities of icosahedral Au25(SC2H4Ph)18 nanospheres were superior to those of the bi-icosahedral Au25(PPh3)10(SC2H4Ph)5Cl2 nanorods for both reactions. The better catalytic performance of the Au25(SC2H4Ph)18 nanospheres can be attributed to their unique core-shell (Au13/Au12) geometric structure that has an open exterior atomic shell and to their electronic structure with an electron-rich Au13 core and an electron-deficient Au12 shell.
Efficient modeling and inference for event-related fMRI data

Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (efMRI) has emerged as a powerful technique for detecting brains' responses to presented stimuli. A primary goal in efMRI data analysis is to estimate the Hemodynamic Response Function (HRF) and to locate activated regions in human brains when specific tasks are performed. This paper develops new methodologies that are important improvements not only to parametric but also to nonparametric estimation and hypothesis testing of the HRF. First, an effective and computationally fast scheme for estimating the error covariance matrix for efMRI is proposed. Second, methodologies for estimation and hypothesis testing of the HRF are developed. Simulations support the effectiveness of our proposed methods. When applied to an efMRI dataset from an emotional control study, our method reveals more meaningful findings than the popular methods offered by AFNI and FSL.
The use of nitrous oxide in the treatment of children: results of a controlled study

The sequential analysis of behavior has begun to show that the behavior of the dentist is a major influence on the fear-related behaviors of children, even when N2O is used. The moment-to-moment behaviors of the dentist influence the child's behaviors. Certain behaviors of dentists, such as distraction, appear to be effective especially when the N2O is being administered.
An alternate test of the Tiebout hypothesis

This paper has presented an indirect test of the Tiebout hypothesis that does not require explicit consideration of the interaction between the markets for housing and local public services. The results suggest that, at least in the case of elementary and secondary education, when allowed to choose from a selection of jurisdictions, individuals locate so as to minimize the allocative inefficiency that results from collective provision of local services.
Calcineurin Signaling Regulates Neural Induction through Antagonizing the BMP Pathway

SUMMARY Development of the nervous system begins with neuralinduction,whichiscontrolledbycomplexsignaling networks functioning in concert with one another. Fine-tuning of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway is essential for neural induction in the developing embryo. However, the molecular mechanisms by which cells integrate the signaling pathways that contribute to neural induction have remained unclear. We find that neural induction is dependent on the Ca 2+ -activated phosphatase calcineurin (CaN). Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-regulated Ca 2+ entry activatesCaN,whichdirectlyandspecificallydephosphorylatesBMP-regulatedSmad1/5proteins.Genetic and biochemical analyses revealed that CaN adjusts the strength and transcriptional output of BMP signaling and that a reduction of CaN activity leads to an increase of Smad1/5-regulated transcription. As a result, FGF-activated CaN signaling opposes BMPsignalingduringgastrulation,therebypromoting neural induction and the development of anterior structures.
SECRETORY DIARRHEA IN AN ANIMAL MODEL: REVERSAL BY GUM ARABIC-CONTAINING ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS (ORS). 756

SECRETORY DIARRHEA IN AN ANIMAL MODEL: REVERSAL BY GUM ARABIC-CONTAINING ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS (ORS). 756
THE HANTHORNE SITE (14LT335), A LATE WOODLAND SITE IN SOUTHEAST KANSAS

In 1946, Albert C. Spaulding, while at the University of Kansas, investigated a mound in southeast Kansas. The mound, composed of earth and fire-cracked rock contained artifacts and several burials. Based largely on the presence of cord marked ceramics, the mound can probably be assigned to the Late Woodland, perhaps ca. A.D. 700 to 900. The mound may be an incipient burned rock midden, possibly related to the gathering and processing of nut mast, particularly acorns, in autumn and possibly too the processing tubers, roots, or bulbs in spring. Buried within mound fill were several inhumations, indicating that it also served a mortuary function. An unconfirmed report of a projectile point embedded in one human vertebra hints at violence. Description of the site and the excavations are based on Spaulding’s notes, while the small collection of artifacts from the site, curated by the Museum of Anthropology at the University of Kansas, was analyzed. The limited data from the investigation is herein compared to other, similar sites in the region.
Endogenous IL-10 regulates IFN-γ and IL-5 cytokine production and the granulomatous response in Schistosomiasis mansoni-infected mice

In murine Schistosomiasis mansoni circumovum, granuloma formation is regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Among the latter, interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been shown to regulate the inflammatory response. In this study we examined the role of endogenously produced IL-10 in T-helper 1 (Th1)- and Th2-type cytokine production and granuloma formation. The dynamics of IL-10 production through the course of the infection were different in granuloma versus splenic cells. In the former, production peaked during the early developmental stage (6 weeks of infection) of the granuloma and then declined. In splenocytes production peaked at 12 weeks, before down-modulation of the granuloma response. In the developing granuloma both macrophages and T cells secreted IL-10. In anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-supplemented granuloma cell cultures endogenous IL-10-mediated regulation of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was manifest only at 6 weeks; that of IL-2 continued throughout the infection (6-20 weeks). IL-4 production was unaffected, but IL-5 production was regulated at the 6 and 8 weeks time point. Splenocytes showed regulation of IFN-gamma and IL-2 production at the peak of the granulomatous response (8 weeks). IL-4 production was not regulated, whereas IL-5 production was regulated only at 6 weeks. Repeated injections of anti-IL-10 mAb given to mice at 6, 12 or 20 weeks of the infection significantly enhanced liver and lung granuloma growth, tissue eosinophilia, and IFN-gamma, IL-5 production at the early developmental phase (6 weeks) of the lesions. Thus, in schistosome-infected mice endogenous IL-10 is shown to regulate Th1- and Th2-type cytokine production and granuloma formation during the early Th0/Th1 phase of the immune response.
Roles of the N-domains of the ClpA unfoldase in binding substrate proteins and in stable complex formation with the ClpP protease.

The hexameric cylindrical Hsp100 chaperone ClpA mediates ATP-dependent unfolding and translocation of recognized substrate proteins into the coaxially associated serine protease ClpP. Each subunit of ClpA is composed of an N-terminal domain of ∼150 amino acids at the top of the cylinder followed by two AAA+ domains. In earlier studies, deletion of the N-domain was shown to have no effect on the rate of unfolding of substrate proteins bearing a C-terminal ssrA tag, but it did reduce the rate of degradation of these proteins (Lo, J. H., Baker, T. A., and Sauer, R. T. (2001) Protein Sci. 10, 551-559; Singh, S. K., Rozycki, J., Ortega, J., Ishikawa, T., Lo, J., Steven, A. C., and Maurizi, M. R. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 29420-29429). Here we demonstrate, using both fluorescence resonance energy transfer to measure the arrival of substrate at ClpP and competition between wild-type and an inactive mutant form of ClpP, that this effect on degradation is caused by diminished stability of the ClpA-ClpP complex during translocation and proteolysis, effectively disrupting the targeting of unfolded substrates to the protease. We have also examined two larger ssrA-tagged substrates, CFP-GFP-ssrA and luciferase-ssrA, and observed different behaviors. CFP-GFP-ssrA is not efficiently unfolded by the truncated chaperone whereas luciferase-ssrA is, suggesting that the former requires interaction with the N-domains, likely via the body of the protein, to stabilize its binding. Thus, the N-domains play a key allosteric role in complex formation with ClpP and may also have a critical role in recognizing certain tag elements and binding some substrate proteins.
EFFECTS OF CHANNEL WIDTH AND LEWIS NUMBER ON THE MULTIPLE FLAME REGIMES AND PROPAGATION LIMITS IN MESOSCALE

The effects of channel width and Lewis number on the propagation limits and flame transition between multiple flame regimes in mesoscale combustion were studied experimentally and numerically using methane and propane-air mixtures. The experimental results showed that both methane and propane-air flames have multiple flame regimes. It was also shown that there existed non-monotonic dependence of flame speeds on equivalence ratio. Moreover, the results also showed that there are two different flame transitions, a direct transition and an extinction transition, depending on the channel width, Lewis number, and flow velocity. For the first time, a two-dimensional numerical simulation was conducted to predict the transition between different flame regimes and to examine the effects of channel width, Lewis number, and flow rates. The results showed that flame stretch had a significant effect on the extinction limit and the flame bifurcation. The predicted results agreed qualitatively well with the experiment.
Boeckh and dilthey: The development of methodical hermeneutics

Many passages in Dilthey leave the reader with the impression that Dilthey’s critique of historical reason, and his general theory of understanding and the construction of the historical work, is as such not a contribution to methodical hermeneutics. He distinguishes between a general theory of understanding and methodical hermeneutics. It seems to be the case that he himself has nothing to add to the latter which has as its last outstanding theorist for Dilthey in Boeckh.1 Dilthey’s concern as the philosopher of the human sciences is rather to deliver the critical groundwork which shows that the claims made in the development of hermeneutics, beginning with Flacius and culminating in Schleiermacher and Boeckh, are valid claims. Likewise he seems to assume that Boeckh’s own rudimentary reflections on the critical level and on the relation between philosophy and philology are consistent with his own approach.2 A closer consideration can. however, show that Dilthey has made — in the period in which the development of methodical hermeneutics attracted his special attention3 — proposals which imply significant changes in the system of methodical hermeneutics which are connected with Dilthey’s general theory of understanding, Dilthey has in these passages, and nowhere else, given an account of Boeckh’s system and his understanding of that system.
Generalized-ensemble simulations of all-atom protein models

Abstract We review recent progress in generalized-ensemble simulations of proteins. Focusing on the formation of secondary structure, we show how these techniques can lead to a deeper understanding of the folding mechanism in proteins.
The Isotopes of Oxygen

I HAVE recently been studying the vibrational energy functions of molecules, in connexion with a recalculation of heats of dissociation, and have noticed that the equation given by Dieke and Babcock (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 13, 670; 1927) for the upper level of the atmospheric bands of oxygen has an unusually large coefficient for the n3 term. This, I now find, is due to an arithmetical error of 2 cm.-1 in their location of the origin of the O – O band. The correct figure should be 13,120.97 cm.-1, instead of their 13,122.97. The correction not only leads to the expected small coefficient for n3, but also brings their data into good agreement with the older constants, as given on p. 232 of the “Report on Molecular Spectra in Gases”. The resulting corrected equation is
Asset pricing from primitives: closed form solutions to asset prices, consumption, and portfolio demands

Abstract We derive closed-form solutions to asset prices, consumption, and portfolio demands in a discrete time, infinite horizon, incomplete markets, multiple agent economy. The closed-form solutions are in terms of the primitives, i.e., endowments, dividend, preference parameters, and exogenous probabilities. We assume individuals have constant absolute risk aversion utility, endowments and the dividend processes follow random walks with drifts, and the shocks to these processes are normally distributed. We evaluate how changes to primitives affect the equity premium, Sharpe ratio, and risk-free interest rate. A short calibration section ensues to evaluate the model.
Diet-Induced Changes in Trough Theophylline Concentrations in an Elderly Asthmatic Patient

A 66-year old obese man with asthma was given a hypocaloric (1100 Kcal) and low protein (35 g) diet for nine days. While receiving theophylline (Theodur), 200 mg bid , his morning trough theophylline concentrations rose from 3.40 μg/ml to 12.7 μg/ml by day 9 of this diet. Following discontinuation, his theophylline concentration fell to 5.95 μg/ml by day 6 on home diet. The patient lost 3.67 kg during the nine-day study. Thus, a brief exposure to a hypocaloric, low protein diet in this elderly patient with asthma caused a dramatic rise in trough theophylline concentrations.
Structural Basis of G Protein-coupled Receptor-Gi Protein Interaction: FORMATION OF THE CANNABINOID CB2 RECEPTOR-Gi PROTEIN COMPLEX*

In this study, we applied a comprehensive G protein-coupled receptor-Gαi protein chemical cross-linking strategy to map the cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2)- Gαi interface and then used molecular dynamics simulations to explore the dynamics of complex formation. Three cross-link sites were identified using LC-MS/MS and electrospray ionization-MS/MS as follows: 1) a sulfhydryl cross-link between C3.53(134) in TMH3 and the Gαi C-terminal i-3 residue Cys-351; 2) a lysine cross-link between K6.35(245) in TMH6 and the Gαi C-terminal i-5 residue, Lys-349; and 3) a lysine cross-link between K5.64(215) in TMH5 and the Gαi α4β6 loop residue, Lys-317. To investigate the dynamics and nature of the conformational changes involved in CB2·Gi complex formation, we carried out microsecond-time scale molecular dynamics simulations of the CB2 R*·Gαi1β1γ2 complex embedded in a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine bilayer, using cross-linking information as validation. Our results show that although molecular dynamics simulations started with the G protein orientation in the β2-AR*·Gαsβ1γ2 complex crystal structure, the Gαi1β1γ2 protein reoriented itself within 300 ns. Two major changes occurred as follows. 1) The Gαi1 α5 helix tilt changed due to the outward movement of TMH5 in CB2 R*. 2) A 25° clockwise rotation of Gαi1β1γ2 underneath CB2 R* occurred, with rotation ceasing when Pro-139 (IC-2 loop) anchors in a hydrophobic pocket on Gαi1 (Val-34, Leu-194, Phe-196, Phe-336, Thr-340, Ile-343, and Ile-344). In this complex, all three experimentally identified cross-links can occur. These findings should be relevant for other class A G protein-coupled receptors that couple to Gi proteins.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of the renal cortex. Characterization of basal-lateral membrane activities.

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in the basal-lateral segment of plasma membranes from proximal tubule cells of the rabbit renal cortex was studied and compared to that in the brush border segment of the plasma membrane. Both adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate were hydrolyzed by the basal-lateral membrane, but activity varied differently with the two substrates in a complex concentration-dependent manner. Activity with adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate was greater than, equal to, or less than with guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, at concentrations of 1000, 100, and 10 to 1 μm, respectively. Basal-lateral membrane phosphodiesterase activities at 1 and 500 μm substrate exhibited differential responses to pH, metals, heat, and a heat stable inhibitor. Stimulation by guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and inosine 3′,5′-monophosphate of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate hydrolysis was found in basal-lateral but not in brush border membranes. This stimulation was potentiated by ethyleneglycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)N,N′-tetraacetic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetate, inhibited by Triton X-100, and totally blocked by Zn2+. The findings indicate that multiple forms of phosphodiesterase are present in the basal-lateral segment and these differ from the activities in the brush border region of the plasma membrane. The characteristics of (i) allosteric, guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-sensitivity of adensoine 3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase, and (ii) relatively high guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity, in basal-lateral membranes, which are also enriched in adenylate and guanylate cyclase, suggest an important physiological role for these phosphodiesterases in the regulation of net production of cyclic nucleotides in the renal cortex.
SHIFTR: a user-directed, link-based system for ad hoc sensemaking of large heterogeneous data collections

We present a novel method and prototype system to help users make sense of and reorganize large amounts of heterogeneous information. Our work is grounded in theories of categorization from cognitive psychology and is designed for ad hoc sensemaking; that is, supporting people's shifting goals and flexible mental representations of concepts. Shiftr adapts a carefully chosen Belief Propagation algorithm from large-scale graph mining to efficiently assist users in interactively clustering information of arbitrary types. The system functions effectively with few human-labeled examples, and supports the use of both positive and negative examples. We demonstrate Shiftr's utility through sensemaking scenarios, one of which uses the DBLP bibliography dataset, which contains more than 1.7 million author-paper relationships.
Contemporary conservatism and medievalism ‘Nothing new under the sun’?

This article explores the historical and sociological relations between contemporary conservatism and medievalism. It first registers the reemergence and increasing prominence of conservatism in contemporary society, most notably in America during the late 20th and the early 21st centuries. It then places conservatism and medievalism and their relationship within a historical-comparative framework. The article concludes that modern conservatism originates in and continues, with some adaptations or innovations, medievalism seen as the ‘golden past’, becoming the original and persisting conservative ideal and model of society and history.
Buseckite, (Fe,Zn,Mn)S, a new mineral from the Zakłodzie meteorite

Buseckite (IMA 2011-070), (Fe,Zn,Mn)S, is the Fe-dominant analog of wurtzite, a new member of the wurtzite group discovered in Zaklodzie, and an ungrouped enstatite-rich achondrite. The type material occurs as single-crystal grains (4–20 μm in size) in contact with two or more of enstatite, plagioclase, troilite, tridymite, quartz, and sinoite. Low-Ni iron, martensitic iron, schreibersite, keilite, cristobalite, and graphite, which are also present in the type sample, are not observed to be in contact with buseckite. Buseckite is black under diffuse illumination and nearly opaque grayish brown in transmitted light. The mean chemical composition of buseckite, as determined by electron microprobe analysis of the type material, is (wt%) S 35.84, Fe 28.68, Zn 23.54, Mn 10.04, Mg 1.18, sum 99.28, leading to an empirical formula calculated on the basis of 2 atoms of (Fe_(0.46)Zn_(0.32)Mn_(0.16)Mg_(0.04))_(Σ0.99)S_(1.01). Electron backscatter diffraction patterns of buseckite are a good match to that of synthetic (Zn_(0.558)Fe_(0.442))S with the P6_3mc structure, showing a = 3.8357, c = 6.3002 A, V = 80.27 A3, and Z = 2. Buseckite is likely derived from the breakdown of high-temperature pyrrhotite to form troilite and buseckite following the solidification of sulfide-rich liquids produced during impact melting of an enstatite-rich rock.
Detached Eddy Simulation of Atmospheric Flow About a Surface Mounted Cube at High Reynolds Number

Modeling high Reynolds number (Re) flow is important for understanding wind loading on structures, transport and dispersion of airborne contaminants, and turbulence patterns in urban areas. This study reports a high fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulation of fiow about a surface mounted cube for a Reynolds number sufficiently high to represent atmospheric flow conditions. Results from detached eddy simulations (DES) and zonal DES that compare well with field experiment data are presented. A study of reducing grid resolution indicates that further grid refinement would not make a significant difference in the flow field, adding confidence in the accuracy of the results. We additionally consider what features are captured by coarser grids. The conclusion is that these methods can produce high fidelity simulations of high Reynolds number atmospheric flow conditions with a modest grid resolution.
Effects of discrete visual feedback on the electrodermal control of a stressful situation

Two groups of human volunteers received three sessions of discriminated avoidance and punishment with the skin resistance response (SRR) as the operant. During each session one group (feedback) received three 6–8-min periods of Sidman avoidance of a 1.5-mA shock (R-S=40 sec, S-S=35 sec) mixed with three periods of punishment with a 20-sec time-out after each period. The avoidance and punishment periods were signaled by red and green lights, and a circle appeared superimposed on the discriminative stimuli for the duration of a criterion response. A second group (no feedback) received the same conditions as the feedback group except that no circle appeared. Instructions to the subject were not informative regarding experimental events. Subjects made significantly more SRR's during avoidance, a contingency in which responding prevented shock, than during punishment, a contingency in which responding produced shock. A reliable four-way interaction suggested that the feedback stimulus curtailed a tendency for avoidance response rate to diminish within and between experimental sessions. The data are considered as evidence for electrodermal (autonomic) control of two different stressful situations, and the potential value of the paradigm for establishing tonic autonomic arousal and suppression is considered.
An experimental study of heat of immersion of coal

Abstract The heats of immersion of six coals were measured at 303 K in water with a Setaram C-80 microcalorimeter. The effects of coal rank, surface oxidation state, moisture content, and petrographic constituents on the wetting characteristics and surface properties were investigated. The six coals and four other solids (pyrite, kaolin, slate, and graphite) were characterized in terms of relative hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity via the comparison of heat of immersion measurements in water and in methanol. Heat of immersion measurements were also made of coal in surfactant solutions (Aerosol OT, Triton X-114, and dodecylpyridinium chloride) of varying concentrations. The results of the various experiments were found to correlate well with independent flotation and vacuum filtration tests.
Effects of Cocaine on Fixed-Ratio Responding of Rats: Modulation by Required Response Force

Abstract The effects of acute cocaine administrations (5.6–32 mg/kg) were determined in rats responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 15 (FR 15) FR 15 schedule of food delivery. The minimum response effort required in one schedule component was 25 g, whereas in the other component it was 200 g. Cocaine produced generally dose-dependent decreases in rate of responding and increases in preratio pause time under each component. There was, however, a significant interaction between force and drug dose, and drug effects were larger in the component requiring 200 g for lever operation. Although a number of other parameters have been shown previously to modulate the effects of cocaine on schedule-controlled responding, the present data constitite the first demonstration that minimum response effort does so.
Rapid infusion of magnesium sulfate obviates need for intubation in status asthmaticus

Rapid infusion of intravenous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) was given to two young adults with impending respiratory failure caused by status asthmaticus. The infusion of 2 g of MgSO4 during a 2-minute period was associated with an immediate, dramatic reversal of their severe bronchospasm. This treatment obviated the need for intubation. Continuous beta 2-agonist therapy was performed simultaneously, taking advantage of the MgSO4-induced bronchodilation to deliver the beta 2-agonist to the target tissues. Rapid infusion of intravenous MgSO4 has been documented as safe in standard obstetric literature. Previous reports of MgSO4 therapy for acute asthma have used slow infusion. This is the first report of rapid infusion of MgSO4 for the emergency department management of asthma. In both cases, this therapy obviated the need for endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation.
Screening for Oral Premalignancy and Cancer: What Platform and Which Biomarkers?

This perspective on the report by Pattani et al. in this issue of the journal (beginning on page 1093) examines the utility of detecting hypermethylation of the candidate tumor suppressor genes endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB) and kinesin family member 1A (KIF1A) as a means of oral cancer or premalignancy screening. The data discussed here raise the possibility that saliva-based hypermethylation studies may hold promise as a cancer screening platform. This perspective also discusses some of the challenges and current limitations of developing biomarkers to screen not only for oral premalignancy and early cancer but for human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal neoplasia as well.
Deformable robot motion planning in a reduced-dimension configuration space

Motion planning of deformable objects is challenging due to the high degrees-of-freedom inherent in deformation as well as the computational cost of producing physically accurate deformations. This paper develops a method for fast, physically plausible deformations using a sampling-based planner in a reduced dimensionality configuration space containing position, orientation, and a reduced deformation space produced using principal component analysis. A key element of the presented approach is the use of energy constraints in the configuration space designed to remove implausible deformations that may be produced by the principal component analysis dimension reduction process. This approach is tested on several deforming robot planning tasks, such as a sphere fitting through slots, a bendable bar in a maze, and a deforming plate in tunnels, with collision free paths using plausible deformations found in a few minutes.
The Perils of Global Transparency: Why the Information Revolution May Not Lead to Security, Democracy, or Peace

The Perils of Global Transparency: Why the Information Revolution May Not Lead to Security, Democracy, or Peace. By Kristin M. Lord. Albany: SUNY Press, 2006. $65.00 cloth, $21.95 paper. Kristin M. Lord's book title sums up her provocative and thought-provoking main arguments. The conventional wisdom is that transparency usually reduces unwarranted fears and worst-case assumptions, and reduces corruption in government and business. Transparency can thereby calm arms races, prevent wars, and promote understanding, democracy, wealth generation, and justice. Lord's clearly written book is the single most pointed attack on these widely held views. This is its major contribution, and it builds on her work with Bernard I. Finel with whom she coedited Power and Conflict in the Age of Transparency (2002). (See also James Marquardt, “Why Transparency in International Relations is not What it Appears to Be,” Ph.D. diss.,University of Chicago, 1998.)
Pulmonary Complications of Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a common monogenetic disorder with high associated morbidity and mortality. The pulmonary complications of SCD are of particular importance, as acute chest syndrome and pulmonary hypertension have the highest associated mortality rates within this population. This article reviews the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of clinically significant pulmonary manifestations of SCD, including acute chest syndrome, asthma, and pulmonary hypertension in adult and pediatric patients. Clinicians should be vigilant in screening and treating such comorbidities to improve patient outcomes.
Segmentation via manipulation

A paradigm of iterative, interactive scene segmentation and simplification of random heaps of unknown objects via vision and manipulation is introduced. The scene simplification is based on the graph operations of vertex and edge removal. These operations are defined isomorphic to the pick and push manipulation actions. Sensors are used as graph generators and the manipulator is used as the decomposing mechanism of the graphs. The model is a nondeterministic finite-state Turing machine. A vision system, a manipulator, and force/torque and other sensory input are integrated into a robot work cell. Experiments conducted to test convergence and error recovery of four different strategies are discussed. It is found that under certain conditions the strategies can tolerate errors in the sensory data, recover from pathological states, and converge. >
Re: Modified Monorail Technique for Insertion of Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters

his right arm swelling had significantly improved with heparin, and he had undergone adequate anticoagulation for 1 week. After consultation with the Hematology and Respirology services, the decision was made to remove the filter. The filter was removed from a right femoral approach with use of the Recovery Cone Removal System (C.R. Bard) required to remove the Recovery filter. Before removal, an SVC angiogram was obtained to exclude any trapped clot within the filter. The filter was found to be in the position in which it was placed, with no evidence of migration toward the heart (Fig 2). Although there are two large series describing the safety and efficacy of permanent filters in the SVC (1,4), long-term safety of filters in this location has not been sufficiently determined. One report has described symptomatic thrombosis of the SVC after placement of an SVC filter (5). Only two case reports regarding the safety of the Gunther Tulip retrievable inferior vena cava filter (Cook, Bloomington, IL) within the SVC have been reported (6,7). We have presented a case of the Bard Retrievable filter successfully placed and retrieved from the SVC. No migration occurred during the 6-day period of implantation and no particular difficulties in retrieval with the cone device were noted. Although this represents a single case, this experience indicates that implantation and retrieval of the Bard Retrievable filter within the SVC is possible.
Characterization of the trans-activation properties of equine herpesvirus 1 EICP0 protein.

The EICP0 protein of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an early, viral regulatory protein that independently trans-activates EHV-1 immediate-early (IE), early, γ1 late, and γ2 late promoters. To assess whether this powerful trans-activator functions in conjunction with three other EHV-1 regulatory proteins to activate expression of the various classes of viral promoters, transient cotransfection assays were performed in which effector plasmids expressing the EICP22, EICP27, and IE proteins were used either singly or in combination with an EICP0 effector construct. These analyses revealed that (i) independently, the EICP0 and IE proteins are powerful trans-activators but do not function synergistically, (ii) the IE protein inhibits the ability of the EICP0 protein to trans-activate the IE, γ1 late, and γ2 late promoters, (iii) the EICP22 and EICP0 proteins do not function together to significantly trans-activate any EHV-1 promoter, and (iv) the EICP27 and EICP0 proteins function synergistically to trans-activate the early and γ1 late promoters. A panel of EICP0 truncation and deletion mutant plasmids was generated and used in experiments to define the domains of the 419-amino-acid (aa) EICP0 protein that are important for the trans-activation of each class of EHV-1 promoters. These studies revealed that (i) carboxy-terminal truncation mutants of the EICP0 protein exhibited a progressive loss of trans-activating ability as increasing portions of the carboxy terminus were removed, (ii) the amino terminus of the EICP0 protein containing the RING finger (aa 8 to 46) and the acidic region (aa 71 to 84) was necessary but not sufficient for activation of all classes of EHV-1 promoters, (iii) the RING finger was absolutely essential for activation of EHV-1 promoters, since deletion of the entire RING finger motif (aa 8 to 46) or a portion of it (aa 19 to 30) completely abrogated the ability of these mutants to activate any promoter tested, (iv) the acidic region contributed to the ability of the EICP0 protein to activate the early and γ1 late promoters, and deletion of the acidic region enhanced the ability of this mutant to activate the IE promoter, (v) the carboxy terminus (aa 325 to 419), which is rich in glutamine residues, was dispensable for the EICP0 trans-activation function, (vi) a motif resembling a nuclear localization signal (aa 289 to 293) was unnecessary for the EICP0 protein to trans-activate promoters of any temporal class, and (vii) the EICP0 protein was phosphorylated during infection, and deletion of the serine-rich region (aa 210 to 217), a potential site for phosphorylation, reduced by more than 70% the ability of the EICP0 protein to activate the γ2 late class of promoters.
Effects of Chemoradiation on Tumor-Host Interactions: The Immunologic Side

Their comprehensive review ofthe available clinical evidence compels the reader to abandon thisinvestigational paradigm.Wewouldliketosuggestanadditionalhypothesistoexplaintheconsistentlyinferiorresultswhenneoadjuvantplatinum-basedchem-otherapy precedes radiation or a chemoradiotherapy regimen com-paredwithaﬁrst-lineapproachofconcurrentchemoradiation.Preclinical and clinical evidence support an immune-mediatedcomponent as part of the process of tumor cell death induced byradiotherapy and the most common chemotherapy agents.
Lactose digestion from yogurt: influence of a meal and additional lactose

Lactose in yogurt is better digested than lactose in other dairy foods by lactase-deficient individuals, in part because of intraintestinal activity of yogurt microbial /3-galactosidase (fl-gal). The survival and activity of yogurt (3-gal depend on gastrointestinal transit, pH, and viability ofthe yogurt culture. To evaluate the ability of yogurt /3-gal to digest lactose when yogurt is consumed with food or with additional lactose, 22 healthy lactose-maldigesting individuals were fed 10 test meals. Results of breath-hydrogen expiration, incidence of symptoms, and enzyme and lactose content ofgastric aspirates indicate that the consumption of a meal with yogurt does not inhibit, and may slightly improve, lactose digestion from yogurt. However, yogurt ff1-gal appears unable to assist in the digestion of additional lactose beyond that normally present in yogurt. Am J C/in Nutr 199l;53:l253-8.
Both central command and exercise pressor reflex reset carotid sinus baroreflex.

In decerebrate unanesthetized cats, we determined whether either “central command,” the exercise pressor reflex, or the muscle mechanoreceptor reflex reset the carotid baroreflex. Both carotid sinu...
IN VIVO ROLE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS IN BAROTRAUMA VASCULAR REPAIR AND FIBROSIS

To determine the important repair events leading to vascular collagen accumulation following barotrauma,in vivochanges were assessed during dexamethasone (DEX) treatment, as well as physiological healing. Hypercholesterolemic rabbits underwent bilateral iliac artery endothelial denudation, followed by angioplasty. Messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) (procollagen types I, III and transforming growth factor [TGF]β1), and bio-histometric composition of iliac arteries of animals treated with DEX (2, 7 and 7 days; 1 mg/kg1/day1), were compared to that in controls 2, 7 and 30 days after angioplasty. Type I and III procollagen mRNA transcripts were up-regulated following injury in either group. Similarly, TGFβ1mRNA levels were also elevated; however, treatment with DEX led to down-regulation at day 30 post-angioplasty. Linear regression and correlation of the densitometric ratios of procollagenα1(I) and TGFβ1mRNA during repair were observed significantly in either group (DEX-treated,r2=0.84; non-treated,r2=0.79). Biochemically derived total vascular RNA concentration decreased transiently (7 days), with DEX-treatment (P=0.003). Arterial lumen cross-sectional area was reduced between days 2 and 30 (P=<0.02), accompanied by an increase in fibrillar collagen concentration in both groups of animals post-angioplasty. These results suggest that during barotrauma repair, administration of DEX (1 week), does not affect vascular intimal hyperplasia or fibrosis, and that despite treatment, significant production of type I procollagen mRNA continues, influencing subsequent collagen deposition. The data also confirm a strong correlation between TGFβ1and type I procollagen mRNA expression, and modestly with type III procollagen during post-angioplasty repair.
Silica-Scaled Chrysophytes (Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae) from New Zealand Freshwaters. II. Additions to the Flora

Eight species of silica-scaled chrysophytes were observed from collections made between December 1988 and February 1989. The species are cosmopolitan with the exception of one new species, Paraphysomonas preisigii Wujek, described here. Siliceous scales of the colorless free-living flagellate Gyromitus disomatus were also observed.
Colour tuning in human visual cortex measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging.

The primate retina contains three classes of cones, the L, M and S cones, which respond preferentially to long-, middle- and short-wavelength visible light, respectively. Colour appearance results from neural processing of these cone signals within the retina and the brain. Perceptual experiments have identified three types of neural pathways that represent colour: a red–green pathway that signals differences between L- and M-cone responses; a blue–yellow pathway that signals differences between S-cone responses and a sum of L- and M-cone responses; and a luminance pathway that signals a sum of L- and M-cone responses1,2,3. It might be expected that there are neurons in the primary visual cortex with response properties that resemble these three perceptual pathways, but attempts to find them have led to inconsistent results4,5,6,7. We have therefore used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine responses in the human brain to a large number of colours. In visual cortical areas V1 and V2, the strongest response is to red–green stimuli, and much of this activity is from neurons receiving opposing inputs from L and M cones. A strong response is also seen with blue–yellow stimuli, and this response declines rapidly as the temporal frequency of the stimulus is increased. These responses resemble psychophysical measurements, suggesting that colour signals relevant for perception are encoded in a large population of neurons in areas V1 and V2.
An evaluation of post-hurricane recovery of oil and gas platforms destroyed in the 2004-2005 Gulf of Mexico hurricane seasons

Hurricanes Ivan, Katrina, and Rita passed through the Gulf of Mexico during 2004 and 2005 and resulted in the largest number of destroyed and damaged offshore structures in the history of Gulf operations. In the final official government assessment, a total of 120 platforms were destroyed and over 183 structures were identified as having extensive damage. One deepwater floating structure, Chevron's mini tension-leg platform Typhoon, was destroyed. According to Minerals Management Service production data, 21 destroyed platforms have restarted production, but by December 2008, only two of these structures were still producing. Gas structures appear more successful than oil structures in redevelopment and apparently present better economics and production potential. Eleven of the 14 redevelopment plans on leases that contained destroyed infrastructure are for gas structures. We review pre- and post-hurricane production, revenue, and drilling characteristics for the collection of destroyed structures that have been redeveloped and compare against structures that have not submitted redevelopment plans. We present a screening tool to assess the redevelopment potential of producing structures and estimate the percentage of remaining reserves that have been captured during post-hurricane recovery. We estimate that 60% of the 63 MMBOE of reserves impacted by the hurricanes will be recovered. [Received: April 08, 2009; Accepted: May 26, 2009]
Interoperability of single-mode and multimode data links for data center and optical backplane applications

We show that a multimode fiber can support both single-mode “Si-Photonics” and multimode VCSEL technologies. This allows designers of data centers and optical backplanes to install one fiber infrastructure that is compatible with both technologies.
Assessing Green IT Initiatives Using the Balanced Scorecard

By expanding the balanced scorecard to incorporate sυstainability perspectives, the authors analyze current green IT initiatives to explore how IT can contribute to enterprise-wide sustainability performance.
NOVEL CDC34 (UBC3) UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME MUTANTS OBTAINED BY CHARGE-TO-ALANINE SCANNING MUTAGENESIS

CDC34 (UBC3) encodes a ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzyme required for transition from the G1 phase to the S phase of the budding yeast cell cycle. CDC34 consists of a 170-residue catalytic N-terminal domain onto which is appended an acidic C-terminal domain. A portable determinant of cell cycle function resides in the C-terminal domain, but determinants for specific function must reside in the N-terminal domain as well. We have explored the utility of "charge-to-alanine" scanning mutagenesis to identify novel N-terminal domain mutants of CDC34 that are enzymatically competent with respect to unfacilitated (E3-independent) ubiquitination but that nevertheless are defective with respect to its cell cycle function. Such mutants may reveal determinants of specific in vivo function, such as those required for interaction with substrates or trans-acting regulators of activity and substrate selectivity. Three of 18 "single-scan" mutants (in which small clusters of charged residues were mutated to alanine) were compromised with respect to in vivo function. One mutant (cdc34-109, 111, 113A) targeted a 12-residue segment of the Cdc34 protein not found in most other E2s and was unable to complement a cdc34 null mutant at low copy numbers but could complement a null mutant when overexpressed from an induced GAL1 promoter. Combining adjacent pairs of single-scan mutants to produce "double-scan" mutants yielded four additional mutants, two of which showed heat and cold sensitivity conditional defects. Most of the mutant proteins expressed in Escheria coli displayed unfacilitated (E3-independent) ubiquitin-conjugating activity, but two mutants differed from wild-type and other mutant Cdc34 proteins in the extent of multiubiquitination they catalyzed during an autoubiquitination reation-conjugating enzyme function and have identified additional mutant alleles of CDC34 that will be valuable in further genetic and biochemical studies of Cdc34-dependent ubiquitination.
Storage and secretion of β-NAD, ATP and dopamine in NGF-differentiated rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells

In nerve-smooth muscle preparations beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD) has emerged as a novel extracellular substance with putative neurotransmitter and neuromodulator functions. beta-NAD is released, along with noradrenaline and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), upon firing of action potentials in blood vessels, urinary bladder and large intestine. At present it is unclear whether noradrenaline, ATP and beta-NAD are stored in and released from common populations of synaptic vesicles. The answer is unattainable in complex systems such as nerve-smooth muscle preparations. Adrenal chromaffin cells are thus used here as a single-cell model to examine mechanisms of concomitant neurosecretion. Using high-performance liquid chromatography techniques with electrochemical and fluorescence detection we simultaneously evaluated secretion of dopamine (DA), ATP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, adenosine, beta-NAD and its immediate metabolites ADP-ribose and cyclic ADP-ribose in superfused nerve growth factor-differentiated rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. beta-NAD, DA and ATP were released constitutively and upon stimulation with high-K(+) solution or nicotine. Botulinum neurotoxin A tended to increase the spontaneous secretion of all substances and abolished the high-K(+)-evoked release of beta-NAD and DA but not of ATP. Subcellular fractionation by continuous glycerol and sucrose gradients along with immunoblot analysis of the vesicular marker proteins synaptophysin and secretogranin II revealed that beta-NAD, ATP and DA are stored in both small synaptic-like vesicles and large dense-core-like vesicles. However, the three substances appear to have different preferential sites of release upon membrane depolarization including sites associated with SNAP-25 and sites not associated with SNAP-25.
Abscisic acid physiology and biosynthesis in higher plants

Abscisic acid (ABA) has been postulated to modulate several aspects of plant growth and development. While it is tempting to attribute changes in growth and development to a specific hormone such as ABA, the reality is that these processes are complex and poorly understood. Since there is so little known about basic biochemical events that occur during growth and development, it is difficult ot unambiguously assign a role for ABA in any process. Becuse of this, many of the cited effects of ABA on growth and development have not been conclusively demonstrated. Howver, it is clear that ABA has a function in ameliorating water-stress and preventing vivipary. The roles of ABA in bud dormancy and growth still remain unclear. With the use of biosynthesis inhibitors and mutants which block ABA accumulation, it has been shown that ABA does not play a role in gravitropism. Knowledge of how the levels of any particular growth regulator are modulated is essential for the understanding of its physiology. The use of mutants, inhibitors and heavy isotopes suggests that ABA may be derived from a carotenoid rather than directly from farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), and that the cleavage of a carotenoid is the rate limiting step. However, the relative contribution of each pathway (and the role of xanthoxin) in ABA biosynthesis remain unknown.