cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new role for computer-mediated communication in engaging teacher learning within informal professional communities

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) implementations, in particular among teachers, have not lived up to public expectations. This study examines some reasons for this and outlines a conceptual and methodological framework for characterizing the engagement of experienced and novice teachers in informal network-based professional learning communities. I postulate sustainability to positively correlate with what I term "CMC engagement." This study addresses three key research questions: (1) What properties constitute CMC engagement in professional learning e-communities? (2) Why do some CMC groups sustain themselves, whereas others do not? (3) How might the communicative structures of network-based CMC enhance or constrain the development of their e-communities, and in turn, pertain to CMC engagement? I argue that both the dialogicality of utterances (Bakhtin, 1986) and the use of texts as "thinking device[s]" for generating new meanings (Lotman, 1990; Wertsch, 1991) are essential for engaging practitioners' professional life. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, longitudinal discursive data from public teacher email lists are subject to microgenetic, discourse, and ethnographic analyses, resulting in a novel taxonomy of e-communities and a characterization of CMC engagement. The findings provide a new formulation for sustainable learning in CMC-based professional teaching and learning environments, in both informal and formal settings.
Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase: distribution in discrete areas of the rat limbic system

Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase have been measured in 34 discrete areas and nuclei of the limbic system of the rat. Both enzymes showed an uneven distribution in this system. The ratio between tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities showed a significant correlation when compared with the ratio of dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations for the areas studied. The results strongly suggest that dopaminergic terminals are present in discrete areas of the limbic cortex, and several septal and amygdaloid nuclei, and allow the precise localization of dopaminergic and noradrenergic areas in the limbic system.
Reliability of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis assessment methods for use in population-based studies

Population-based studies have been hampered in exploring hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) activity as a potential explanatory link between stress-related and metabolic disorders due to their lack of incorporation of reliable measures of chronic cortisol exposure. The purpose of this review is to summarize current literature on the reliability of HPA axis measures and to discuss the feasibility of performing them in population-based studies. We identified articles through PubMed using search terms related to cortisol, HPA axis, adrenal imaging, and reliability. The diurnal salivary cortisol curve (generated from multiple salivary samples from awakening to midnight) and 11 p.m. salivary cortisol had the highest between-visit reliabilities (r = 0.63–0.84 and 0.78, respectively). The cortisol awakening response and dexamethasone-suppressed cortisol had the next highest between-visit reliabilities (r = 0.33–0.67 and 0.42–0.66, respectively). Based on our own data, the inter-reader reliability (rs) of adrenal gland volume from non-contrast CT was 0.67–0.71 for the left and 0.47–0.70 for the right adrenal glands. While a single 8 a.m. salivary cortisol is one of the easiest measures to perform, it had the lowest between-visit reliability (R = 0.18–0.47). Based on the current literature, use of sampling multiple salivary cortisol measures across the diurnal curve (with awakening cortisol), dexamethasone-suppressed cortisol, and adrenal gland volume are measures of HPA axis tone with similar between-visit reliabilities which likely reflect chronic cortisol burden and are feasible to perform in population-based studies.
Experimental evidence that the introduced fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, does not competitively suppress co‐occurring ants in a disturbed habitat

1. The fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is a globally distributed invasive ant that is largely restricted to disturbed habitats in its introduced range. For more than half a century, biologists have believed its success results from superior competitive abilities relative to native ant species, as well as an escape from their natural enemies. 2. We used large volumes of hot water to kill fire ant colonies, and only fire ant colonies, on experimental plots in pastures, and found that populations and diversity of co-occurring ants did not subsequently increase. 3. These results are contrary to classical predictions and indicate that S. invicta is not a superior competitor that suppresses native ants, and that the low diversity and abundance of native ants in degraded ecosystems does not result from interaction with fire ants. Instead, other factors such as prior disturbance and recruitment limitation may be the primary limiting factors for native species in these habitats.
Cities of Violence Sacrifice, Power and Urbanization in the Andes

Sacrifice and related forms of ritual violence were deeply rooted cultural practices in the Andes, fundamental principles of cosmology that framed conceptions of the natural and social world and ph...
Thalamic projections to the posteromedial cortex in the macaque

The medial parietal, posterior cingulate, and retrosplenial cortices collectively constitute a region of cortex referred to as the posteromedial cortices (PMC). In an effort to shed light on the neuroanatomical organization of the PMC, we undertook a study to identify and analyze the thalamocortical connections of these cortices. Retrograde tracer injections were placed in the posterior cingulate (PCC), retrosplenial (RSC), medial parietal cortices (MPC), and posterior cingulate sulcus (PCS), and the labeling patterns within the thalamus were analyzed. Three afferent projection patterns were observed to the PMC from the thalamus: a PCC/RSC pattern that involved the anterior thalamic nuclei, an MPC pattern that involved the lateral posterior and pulvinar nuclei, and a PCS pattern that involved the ventral thalamic nuclei. Additionally, a shared pattern of projections from the anterior intralaminar nuclei (AILN) and posterior thalamic nuclei (PTN) to all cortical regions of the PMC was observed. Our findings suggest that distinct regions within the PMC are supplied by distinctive patterns of thalamic input, but also share common projections from intralaminar and posterior thalamic sources. In addition, we relate our findings to functional abnormalities in aging and dementia, and address a domain-like pattern of thalamocortical labeling of the PMC that is drawn selectively and collectively from multiple thalamic nuclei.
Donor Deferral Registries

In the last half of this century, donor deferral registries have grown in size, scope, and importance for blood collection organizations and regulatory agencies. This has occurred despite the lack of direct evidence that, when used with all other methods, they contribute meaningfully to the safety of the blood supply. Any decrease in the perceived benefit of deferral registries has been a result of the introduction of a panoply of serological testing of donor blood intended to detect transmissible disease. As the sensitivity of serological testing improves, the relative merit of the subjective methods used for blood supply safety diminish. Although computers have become a mainstay in the management of deferral registries, accurate and consistent donor identification, good manual systems, and quality control of data bases are key features to their successful management. As with the other subjective methods used in maintaining blood supply safety, techniques must be developed to determine the value of the many features of donor deferral registries. Efforts must be made to simplify these processes and focus on those elements that provide important contributions to blood supply safety. Today, donor deferral registries are major activities in most blood centers and are believed to play a significant role in blood supply safety. It is time for their role to be carefully reexamined.
Projections of 3-polytopes

Given any 3-dimensional convex polytopeP, and any simple circuitC in the 1-skeleton ofP, there is a convex polytopeP′ combinatorially equivalent toP, and a direction such that ifP′ is projected orthogonally in this direction, then the inverse image of the boundary of the projection is the circuit inP′ corresponding to the circuitC inP.
Nationalism without Nation: State-building in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine

The history of Israel and Palestine reveal widely divergent examples of nation-building. Israel's example has resulted in the establishment of a powerful state, a resurrected ancient language and a...
Vascular wall shear rate measurement using coded excitation techniques

Wall shear rate (WSR) is the derivative of blood velocity with respect to vessel radius at the endothelial surface. The product of WSR and blood viscosity is the wall shear stress (WSS) that must remain relatively high to maintain normal endothelial cell function, arterial health and prevent plaque formation. Accurate WSR estimation requires the lowest possible variance and bias for blood velocity estimates near the wall. This situation is achieved for conditions where the echo signal-to-noise ratio (eSNR) and spatial resolution for velocity are high. We transmitted coded pulses, i.e., those with time-bandwidth product greater than 1, to increase eSNR from weak blood scatter without increasing instantaneous power or reducing spatial resolution. This paper is a summary of WSR measurements from a flow phantom where a variety of acoustic pulses were transmitted: frequencymodulated (FM) codes and phase-modulated (PM) codes were compared with uncoded broadband and narrow band pulse transmissions. Both simulation and experimental results show that coded-pulse excitation increases accuracy and precision in WSR estimation when compared to standard pulsing techniques. Additionally, PM codes can reduce WSR errors more than FM codes for equal pulse energy. This reduction in WSR error could greatly extend the application of ultrasound in the study of cardiovascular disease.
Marathon monologues of a three-year-old

Abstract Unelicited half-hour monologues, obtained from tape-recorded sessions of a boy at age 42 months and again at 47 months, were analyzed for their unique content and delivery. The performances are discussed with reference to the characteristics of egocentric speech.
Constituents of the Cotton Bud. XVI. The Attractancy Response of the Boll Weevil to the Essential Oils of a Group of Host and Nonhost Plants

When the essential oils of several host and nonhost species within the Malvaceae family and some angiosperms and gymnosperms were tested for attractancy to Anthonomus grandis Boheman, the oils were as attractive as cotton oil. Moreover, the insect actually favored essential oils of 2 alternate host plants, Hibiscus Militaris Cav. and H. lasiocarpus Cav., in comparative preference tests with cotton oil. Thus, in the laboratory, the essential oils in plants did not control insect preference exclusively. Morphological and environmental conditions may influence the concentrations of volatile components released by the plants to the atmosphere.
Two-dimensional feature extraction and beam fanning suppression using acousto-optics

We review the role of acousto-optic (AO) Bragg modulators in spatial filtering. For lowpass spatial filtering, we use the Bragg-scattered beam, whereas for highpass filtering, we employ the forward scattered beam. Using the forward-scattered beam results in cross-derivative operation applications when two orthogonally oriented AO Bragg modulators are used. Using the Bragg-scattered beam, we propose suppression of beam fanning countered in nonlinear optics. In most cases our theory is verified by experimental results and computer simulations.
The Role of Cognition, Motivation, and Emotion in Explaining the Mathematics Achievement Gap between Hispanic and White Students.

The authors investigated the relationships between cognitive, motivational, and emotional variables across Hispanic and White students to predict mathematics performance. A theoretically based stru...
Intensity-dependent peak shift in cochlear transfer functions at the cellular level, its elimination by sound exposure, and its possible underlying mechanisms.

Abstract Our systematic study of cochlear transfer functions has confirmed earlier results that, in a normal cochlea, the cochlear AC responses at any given cochlear location do not have a fixed best frequency at which the response is maximal. The best frequency depends on sound intensity, shifting to lower frequencies as the intensity is increased. This phenomenon may account for the so called ‘half-octave shift’ of maximum cochlear damage relative to the frequency of the damaging sound observed in studies of auditory noise exposure. Our experimental results combined with the results of others and with our model studies bring us to the conclusion that, at low to moderate sound intensities, the dependence of the best frequency on sound intensity is due to an effect of the active feedback, which decreases as sound intensity increases. Consequently, the feedback, when present, must shift the best frequency upward.
Urea Index and Other Predictors of Hemodialysis Patient Survival

The mortality of dialysis patients in the United States has been a concern since the US Renal Data System 1989 report, which showed a lower survival rate in the United States compared with Europe. The differences were thought to be multifactorial, including case mix, malnutrition, and adequacy of dialysis. We reviewed the Regional Kidney Disease Program's 1976 to 1989 database for the pattern of co-morbidity, dialysis therapy, and low serum albumin in 1,082 nondiabetic and 691 diabetic patients followed to September 15, 1991. The number of patients over 60 years of age has increased by 15% to 20% per year since 1982. The primary renal diagnoses for nondiabetic patients have shifted from 26% glomerulonephritis,18% vascular and hypertension, and 15% interstitial kidney disease cases during the period from 1976 to 1982 to 19% glomerulonephritis, 35% vascular and hypertension, and 10% interstitial disease cases during the period from 1986 to 1989. Co-morbidity as single and multiple conditions has increased from 66% to 85% in diabetic patients and from 57% to 66% in nondiabetic patients. The number of patients with two or more co-morbid conditions has increased 1.5-fold in nondiabetic patients and twofold in diabetic patients from the 1976 to 1982 period to the 1986 to 1989 period. Urea index and albumin were determined for these patients and were averaged as a risk factor. A Cox regression analysis was used to determine the relative risk of death of such characteristics as age, renal diagnosis, co-morbidity, urea index (KT/V), and albumin in nondiabetic and diabetic patients. Urea index was divided into ranges of less than 1.0 (mean, 0.9), 1.0 to less than 1.2, 1.2 to less than 1.4, and ±1.4 (mean, 1.6). The relative risk of death in nondiabetic patients was 0.65 ( P = 0.0012) for KT/V 1.2 to less than 1.4 and 0.67 ( P = 0.0029) for KT/V ± 1.4 (mean, 1.6) compared with 1.0 to less than 1.2 as the baseline. In the diabetic patients, the relative risk of death was 0.70 ( P = 0.009) for KT/V 1.2 to less than 1.4 and 0.59 ( P = 0.0001) for KT/V ± 1.4 (mean, 1.6) compared with 1.0 to less than 1.2. In the diabetic patients, KT/V ± 1.4 also was significantly different from 1.2 to less than 1.4 as it impacted on death rates. A low serum albumin ± 3.5 g/dL was also a risk factor at 1.83 for diabetic patients and at 2.07 for nondiabetic patients. We conclude that co-morbidity, diabetes, hypertension, and renal vascular disease are increasing in the dialysis population. Dialysis therapy contributes to the survival of hemodialysis patients, and optimal treatment for nondiabetic patients appears to be a KT/V of 1.2 to 1.4 and for diabetic patients, a KT/V of ± 1.4 (mean, 1.6).
Carbon and Nitrogen Storage in a Typic Albaqualf as Affected by Assessment Method

Accurate quantification of soil organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) concentrations are necessary to ascertain the effects of land use, crop rotation systems, and management practices on soil C and N sequestration potential. Soil OC and total N were determined by various methods in a Typic Albaqualf under native tallgrass prairie and agricultural soil cropped to a rice (Oryza sativa L.)–soybean (Glycine max L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/soybean rotation that has been annually cultivated for 15, 26, and 44 years. Two wet-oxidation methods, the Walkley-Black (WB) and modified Walkley-Black (mod WB), and high-temperature combustion using a Carlo-Erba and LECO analyzer were used to determine the effects of assessment method on soil OC concentration, while the high-temperature combustion method using the Carlo-Erba and LECO analyzer were used to determine the effects of assessment method on total soil N concentration. Soil OC and total N concentrations determined by high-temperature dry combustion using the...
Inheritance of the equine Tf F3 allele.

Summary. The inheritance of the equine Tf F3 allele was examined in 39 parentoffspring combinations. For 26 of the cases the allele inherited by the offspring from the heterozygous parent could be determined. The proportion of individuals that inherited the F3 variant compared to the alternative allele was exactly 1: 1. In five cases the parental phenotype was identical to that of the offspring. For the remaining eight cases the parent was homozygous for the F3 allele and all offspring had the F3 allele. The results were consistent with Mendelian inheritance.
Characterization of ovarian follicular cysts and associated endocrine profiles in dairy cows.

It is generally accepted that ovarian follicular cysts (cysts) are nonovulatory follicular structures that contribute to extended calving intervals. Follicle/cyst dynamics and the etiology of cysts are unclear. The present study was conducted to characterize follicle/cyst dynamics and to define endocrine changes (etiology) associated with cyst development. Thirty-two dairy cows were studied: controls (n = 6), cows with spontaneously occurring cysts (n = 14), and cows in which cysts were induced by exogenous steroid treatment (n = 12). Ovaries of cows were scanned daily by ultrasonography to record follicle/cyst dynamics. Blood was collected to determine endocrine changes associated with follicle/cyst life span. Three ovarian responses in cows with cysts were observed: persistence of cysts, turnover of cysts, or spontaneous recovery (self-recovered; turnover of cysts and replacement with a follicle that ovulated). Mean maximum size of cysts was larger (p < 0.05) than that of ovulatory follicles (2.80 + 0.19 vs. 1.60 0.05 cm). Mean interval from initial detection of follicle/ cyst wave to detection of a new follicle/cyst wave in cows with cysts was longer (13.0 1.1 days; p < 0.05) and more variable (6 to 26 days; p < 0.05) than in controls (8.5 0.5 days and 6-14 days, respectively). Cysts grew at the same rate as follicles but continued to grow for an additional period of time. A transient increase in FSH preceded detection of all follicle/cyst waves. Concentrations of LH (p < 0.01) and estradiol-170 (p < 0.05) were greater in cows with cysts than in cows in ovulatory cycles around the time of wave detection and around the time of ovulation or at the time when cysts reached a diameter equivalentto that of follicles that ovulated. In conclusion, cysts and follicles are dynamic structures, with cysts having longer intervals between wave detections compared to the interval in cows with normal estrous cycles. Greater concentrations of estradiol-17B and LH, but not FSH, were associated with development and persistence of cysts.
The Role of Perspective Taking and Empathy in Children's Machiavellianism, Prosocial Behavior, and Motive for Helping

Abstract Fourth- and fifth-grade children (N = 117) were categorized into high- and low-empathy and affective-perspective-taking (APT) groups based on their scores on the Bryant (1982) empathy scale and a modified version of the Rothenberg (1970) and Silvern, Waterman, Sobesky, and Ryan (1979) APT measures. Children in the low-empathy/high-APT group had significantly higher Machiavellianism scores on Braginsky's (1970) measure than did children in the other empathy/APT groups. Highly empathic children were rated by their teachers as more helpful under certain circumstances and cited other-oriented reasons for their own helping behavior more frequently than did less empathic children.
The Sanford Underground Research Facility at Homestake (SURF)

Abstract The former Homestake gold mine in Lead, South Dakota is being transformed into a dedicated laboratory to pursue underground research in rare-process physics, as well as offering research opportunities in other disciplines. A key component of the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) is the Davis Campus, which is in operation at the 4850-foot level (4300 m.w.e) and currently hosts three projects: the LUX dark matter experiment, the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment and the Berkeley and CUBED low-background counters. Plans for possible future experiments at SURF are well underway and include long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments, future dark matter experiments as well as nuclear astrophysics accelerators. Facility upgrades to accommodate some of these future projects have already started. SURF is a dedicated facility with significant expansion capability. These plans include a Generation-2 Dark Matter experiment and the US flagship neutrino experiment, LBNE.
Low-temperature magnetothermal conductivity of pyrolytic graphite

The basal plane thermal conductivity of three highly oriented pyrolytic graphite samples was measured in the temperature region between 0.36 and 4.2 K in various magnetic fields up to 23 kG. Analysis shows that the measured thermal conductivity is simply the sum of the electronic and the lattice contributions. The lattice thermal conductivity does not depend on the external magnetic field. The phonon mean free path is limited only by the crystallite boundaries. This evidence suggests that the electron-phonon interaction is very weak. Both magnitude and temperature dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity can be explained by Komatsu's semicontinuum model. The electronic thermal conductivity has a strong magnetic field dependence and is proportional to the absolute temperature. The magnitude of the electronic thermal conductivity can be related to the electrical resistivity by the free-electron Lorenz number.
Variation in Xi chromatin organization and correlation of the H3K27me3 chromatin territories to transcribed sequences by microarray analysis.

The heterochromatin of the inactive X chromosome (Xi) is organized into nonoverlapping bands of trimethylated lysine-9 of histone H3 (H3K9me3) and trimethylated lysine-27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3). H3K27me3 chromatin of the Xi is further characterized by ubiquitylated H2A and H4 monomethylated at lysine-20. A detailed examination of the metaphase H3K9me3 pattern revealed that banding along the chromosome arms is not a consistent feature of the Xi in all cell lines, but instead is generally restricted to the centromere and telomeres. However, H3K9me3 does form a reproducible band centered at Xq13 of the active X. In contrast, H3K27me3 banding is a feature of all Xi, but the precise combination and frequency of bands is not consistent. One notable exception is a common band at Xq22–23 that spans 12–15 Mb. The detailed examination of the chromatin territory by microarray analysis refined the H3K27me3 band as well as revealed numerous less extensive clusters of H3K27me3 signals. Furthermore, the microarray analysis indicates that H3K27me3 bands are directly correlated with gene density. The reexamination of the chromosome wide banding indicates that other major H3K27me3 bands closely align with regions of highest gene density.
Kant’s Project of Perpetual Pacification

Richard Tuck locates a conundrum in the Hobbesian world view. Whereas the nation-state is desired to effect the pacification of the domestic sphere, a world state and the promise of global pacification is feared. Kant’s strong program for perpetual peace is presented as a moral imperative to establish through legal means a world republic based on reason and individual autonomy. Kant emphasizes the empirical impossibility of a world republic and hence advocates the weaker program of a world federation of states. This essay argues not the empirical but the logical impossibility of Kant’s strong program and by extension any program of perpetual peace that claims to be essentially different from ‘mere’ peace as truce. In so doing this essay distinguishes between political theory based on the assumption of the ontological priority of peace and political theory based on the assumption of the ontological priority of violence and argues for the necessity of thinking the latter.
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND FARM MANAGEMENT ECONOMICS IN SHRIMP FARMING

Agricultural economists and computer programmers have tended to overlook the practical managerial needs of aquacultural farmers and managers. As a result, the latter have been unable to tap the potential made available by dramatically reduced computer costs, by new programming languages, micro-computers and simple economic optimization techniques. This paper describes a computer system developed to aid the management of a moderate size shrimp farm. In addition to being useful and relatively inexpensive, this system is designed so as to be understood and used by non-programmer managers and their staff.
976-14 Immediate Heart Rate Response to Orthostatic Stress During β-blocker Therapy for Vasodepressor Syncope

Although β-blockers are preferred agents for therapy of vasodepressor syncope (VDS), they are not uniformly effective and their mechanism of action is incompletely understood. Since we have previou...
The “ventriloquist effect”: Visual dominance or response bias?

The interaction between vision and audition was investigated using a signal detection method. A light and tone were presented either in the same location or in different locations along the horizontal plane, and the subjects responded with same-different judgments of stimulus location. Three modes of stimulus presentation were used: simultaneous presentation of the light and tone, tone first, and light first. For the latter two conditions, the interstimulus interval was either 0.7 or 2.0 sec. A statistical decision model was developed which distinguished between the perceptual and decision processes. The results analyzed within the framework of this model suggested that the apparent interaction between vision and audition is due to shifts in decision criteria rather than perceptual change.
Therapeutic Plasmapheresis and Plasma Exchange

Plasma exchange is a process in which large volumes of plasma, usually equivalent to one plasma volume, are exchanged with donor plasma or a plasma substitute. This permits the removal of antibody, immune complexes, inflammatory mediators, paraproteins, drugs, toxins, and other plasma constituents. Plasma exchange may also have an effect on the immune system by enhancing the function of the reticuloendothelial system, removing blocking antibody, increasing clearance of tumor cells, and making lymphocytes more vulnerable to immunosuppressive drugs. Over 100 diseases have been treated with plasma exchange with variable success. Results of controlled studies are less dramatic than those of earlier uncontrolled case reports. Reports of complications and even death have tempered initial enthusiasm. Now, over a decade since the initial promising reports began to appear in the literature, the role of plasma exchange remains undefined.
Teachers as Agents of Reception: An Analysis of Teacher Preference for Immigrant-Origin Second Language Learners

Scholarship on immigrant integration often examines immigrant characteristics and the host society's contexts of reception. This article explores how teachers fit within this framework by presenting findings on teachers' preferences to teach immigrant-origin youth who are classified as “English learners” (ELs) within separate content courses known as “sheltered instruction” (SI). Drawing from an interview sample of 20 mathematics, science, and social studies teachers in urban California high schools as well as survey data (N = 39) that also include English teachers, this article presents evidence that teachers' preferences vary and that preferences are linked to academic subject contexts as well as the underlying structure of the teaching profession.
Inhomogeneous broadening and the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition.

Torsional-oscillator studies of very thin $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ films have found nonuniversal behavior of the superfluid response as a function of coverage. The temperature width of the superfluid transition region is nonmonotonic in the areal density n and exhibits cusplike variations at half of the layering period. We explore the assumption that this additional broadening is caused by macroscopic inhomogeneities in the substrate potential; such a theory for inhomogeneous broadening can be constructed from the Kosterlitz-Nelson relation between the superfluid areal density ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{s}}$ and the transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ by determining the theoretical ``sensitivity'' S of ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{s}}$ to variations in the strength of the substrate potential. For substrate models that are atomically uniform, a simple microscopic hypernetted-chain calculation (without either ``elementary diagrams'' or three-body correlations, but with an optimized Jastrow function) finds this sensitivity always to be of the same sign, and yields reasonable order-of-magnitude agreement with experiment. However, models for which the sensitivity does not change sign appear to be incapable of yielding either the cusps or the half-periodicity of the data. We suggest that these properties may occur with a more recently developed (and more sophisticated) version of hypernetted-chain theory, wherein ``elementary diagrams'' and three-body correlations are incorporated.
Discussion: “Clement-Desormes Measurements in Low-Pressure Superheated Steam” (Potter, J. H., 1972, ASME J. Eng. Ind., 94, pp. 956–958)

Acknowledgments The writer wishes to express his thanks to Mr. M. O. Kabir, who collected most of the data on the Clement-Desormes apparatus. The Dow Chemical Company was kind enough to supply the Dowtherm-A used in the experiment. Gpecial thanks are in order for the computer evaluation of the 7 values from the 1967 ASME Steam Table equations. This work was done by Mr. C. A. Meyer and his colleagues at the Large Turbine Division of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation.
Spatio-Temporal Properties of IP3 Receptor-Mediated Ca Release in Cardiac Myocytes

In cardiac myocytes cytosolic Ca increase and subsequent cell contraction are mainly determined by ryanodine receptor (RyR) mediated Ca release. However atrial cells are also equipped with IP3 receptors (IP3Rs), a second type of Ca release channels. We investigated IP3R-mediated Ca release events and their subcellular spatio-temporal properties in single membrane-permeabilized rabbit atrial myocytes. Local Ca release events were detected by confocal microscopy (fluo-4, longitudinal line scan mode). Local IP3R-mediated Ca release events were evoked by exposure to inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) in the presence of tetracaine to inhibit RyR-mediated Ca spark activity, and could be inhibited by the IP3R blocker 2-APB. We classified IP3R-mediated Ca release events as subsarcolemmal, perinuclear (events 5μm) or nuclear. Nuclear events were considered membrane associated when occurring at a distance <1μm from the nuclear envelope or membranes of the nucleoplasmic reticulum. With tetracaine the Ca spark frequency decreased to 0.7±0.3 (from 8.8±1.2 in control), whereas the frequency of events detected after subsequent addition of IP3 increased to 2.9±1.3 (events/100μm/s). Subsequent exposure to 2-APB reduced the frequency to 1.8±0.8. Compared to Ca sparks, local Ca release events in the presence of IP3 were lower in amplitude, prolonged in duration and had a slower rise time. The increase in frequency of local Ca release events was particularly pronounced in the perinucler regions compared to the cytosol or the subsarcolemmal space. Furthermore, IP3-mediated Ca release events could also be detected within the nucleus. These nuclear events occurred at a higher incidence at locations that were closely associated with membrane structures of the nuclear envelope or the nucleoplasmic reticulum. In conclusion, in atrial myocytes IP3R-mediated Ca release is spatially inhomogeneous and preferentially occurs in the nuclear and perinuclear regions.
The reaction of acetylene with Ni(100) and Ni(110) surfaces at room temperature

Abstract Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy using hv = 21.2 eV and filtered 40.8 eV radiation as well as temperature programmed thermal desorption spectroscopy are used to investigate the chemical reaction of acetylene with Ni(100) and Ni(110) surfaces at room temperature. Striking crystallographic effects and several coexisting phases are observed and found to be coverage and temperature dependent. A methodology is described and used to predict the relative energy levels for a variety of adsorbed hydrocarbon fragments on Ni surfaces. Such levels together with the thermal desorption spectra are used to identify the observed species. In particular, CH and CCH species are isolated on Ni(100) and Ni(110) surfaces, respectively, via low temperature adsorption and subsequent pulsed sample warming experiments. The room temperature adsorption phases are deduced using these ionization levels together with those of chemisorbcd acetylene, atomic hydrogen and carbon. At room temperature on Ni(100), H, C, CH and C 2 H 2 species form together below 2 L exposure while CH species form thereafter, up to a saturation exposure of ~10 L. On Ni(110), H and CCH species form below 1.5 L exposure followed by the formation of CH 2 and likely CH species. The relative stabilities of these species at elevated temperatures is: C 2 H 2 2 . A model for the bonding of acetylene and its reaction to form CCH species on Ni(110) is proposed.
Oxygen isotope analysis of California mussel shells: seasonality and human sedentism at an 8,200-year-old shell midden on Santa Rosa Island, California

To evaluate coastal settlement and land use strategies among maritime hunter-gatherers, we analyzed oxygen isotope (δ18O) data from 131 marine carbonate samples from 21 California mussel (Mytilus californianus) shells obtained from a large ∼8,200-year-old shell midden (CA-SRI-666) on California’s Santa Rosa Island. Seasonal distributions of the isotopic data were assigned using a paleo-sea surface temperature model created by comparing modern sea surface temperatures (SST) to a fully profiled ∼8,200-year-old shell. For 20 additional shells, we used two sampling strategies to compare season-of-harvest inferences and explore whether the Early Holocene site occupants were sedentary. Estimated season-of-harvest differed by 35 % between the two sampling methods, corroborating recent isotope analysis of an 8,800-year-old shell midden on San Miguel Island. Shellfish appear to have been collected year-round at CA-SRI-666 from intertidal or subtidal water temperatures similar to modern SST in the vicinity of eastern Santa Rosa Island. The isotope results are consistent with other evidence from CA-SRI-666 that suggest that the site served as a residential base for relatively sedentary maritime people.
Effect of probenecid on free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) and its sulphate in human cerebrospinal fluid.

Abstract In a mixed group of 46 patients with affective disorder, or with various neurologic disorders, high doses of probenecid (100 mg/kg over 18 hr) produced a significant increase in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG), the major metabolite of norepinephrine centrally. This increase (averaging 60%) is modest in comparison to probenecid induced increases in homovanillic acid (HVA) or 5-hydroxyindo-leacetic acid (5-HIAA). Analysis for free MHPG and its sulfate showed no significant differences for either compound after nine hours. After 18 hours of treatment significant increases in free MHPG and small but not significant increases of MHPG.SO4 were found. These results suggest that a probenecid sensitive active transport mechanism for MHPG.SO4 of the degree demon-strated for HVA and 5-HIAA in humans, and for MHPG.SO4 in rats, does not occur in human CSF.
Causal theories of dissipative relativistic fluid dynamics for nuclear collisions

Nonequilibrium fluid dynamics derived from the extended irreversible thermodynamics of the causal M\"uller-Israel-Stewart theory of dissipative processes in relativistic fluids based on Grad's moment method is applied to the study of the dynamics of hot matter produced in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. The temperature, energy density, and entropy evolution are investigated in the framework of the Bjorken boost-invariant scaling limit. The results of these second order theories are compared to those of first order theories due to Eckart and to Landau and Lifshitz and those of zeroth order (perfect fluid) due to Euler. In the presence of dissipation perfect fluid dynamics is no longer valid in describing the evolution of the matter. First order theories fail in the early stages of evolution. Second order theories give a better description in good agreement with transport models. It is shown in which region the Navier-Stokes-Fourier laws (first order theories) are a reasonable limiting case of the more general extended thermodynamics (second order theories).
Magnetic ordering in Dy(BrO3)3·9H2O and Tb(BrO3)3·9H2O☆

Abstract Dipolar ferromagnetic ordering in two pseudo-hexagonal rare earth bromates (RBR) has been investigated calorimetrically above ∼ 0.09 K. In DyBR a λ-anomaly has been observed in C p at T c = 0.161 K . Ordering in non-Kramers TbBR at 0.125 K is that of an electron-nucleus system in the mixed regime.
Reliance on self-reporting underestimates pregnancy smoking rates in Scotland, with more than 2400 pregnant smokers estimated to be missed annually.

Commentary on: D Shipton, DM Tappin, T Vadiveloo, et al.. Reliability of self reported smoking status by pregnant women for estimating smoking prevalence: a retrospective, cross sectional study. BMJ2009;339:b4347.
Fourier transform ir reflection techniques for characterization of polyimide films on copper substrates

Abstract The interaction of polyimide and copper at elevated temperatures is poorly understood, despite the fact that this system is of great importance for various microelectronic devices. In this study, we have used Fourier transform IR spectroscopy to study the copper-catalyzed degradation of polyimide and its precursor, polyamic acid. We have examined this system in both air and nitrogen and with both copper and chromium as test substrates. Also discussed in this paper is the application of two new spectroscopy techniques: surface electromagnetic wave spectroscopy and grazing-angle-incident metal overlayer attenuated total reflection spectroscopy. The increased sensitivity offered by these techniques is far and above that of traditional reflection-absorption spectroscopy. We are also able to study the different interfaces that exist between the copper and the polyimide with the metal overlayer technique. The combined use of all three experimental methods allows us to examine the interfacial regions of the polyimide/copper system fully.
A Highly Ca2+-sensitive Pool of Granules Is Regulated by Glucose and Protein Kinases in Insulin-secreting INS-1 Cells

We have used membrane capacitance measurements and carbon-fiber amperometry to assay exocytosis triggered by photorelease of caged Ca2+ to directly measure the Ca2+ sensitivity of exocytosis from the INS-1 insulin-secreting cell line. We find heterogeneity of the Ca2+ sensitivity of release in that a small proportion of granules makes up a highly Ca2+-sensitive pool (HCSP), whereas the bulk of granules have a lower sensitivity to Ca2+. A substantial HCSP remains after brief membrane depolarization, suggesting that the majority of granules with high sensitivity to Ca2+ are not located close to Ca2+ channels. The HCSP is enhanced in size by glucose, cAMP, and a phorbol ester, whereas the Ca2+-sensitive rate constant of exocytosis from the HCSP is unaffected by cAMP and phorbol ester. The effects of cAMP and phorbol ester on the HCSP are mediated by PKA and PKC, respectively, because they can be blocked with specific protein kinase inhibitors. The size of the HCSP can be enhanced by glucose even in the presence of high concentrations of phorbol ester or cAMP, suggesting that glucose can increase granule pool sizes independently of activation of PKA or PKC. The effects of PKA and PKC on the size of the HCSP are not additive, suggesting they converge on a common mechanism. Carbon-fiber amperometry was used to assay quantal exocytosis of serotonin (5-HT) from insulin-containing granules following preincubation of INS-1 cells with 5-HT and a precursor. The amount or kinetics of release of 5-HT from each granule is not significantly different between granules with higher or lower sensitivity to Ca2+, suggesting that granules in these two pools do not differ in morphology or fusion kinetics. We conclude that glucose and second messengers can modulate insulin release triggered by a high-affinity Ca2+ sensor that is poised to respond to modest, global elevations of [Ca2+]i.
A Pipeline for Rapidly Incorporating Real Objects into a Mixed Environment

A method is presented to rapidly incorporate real objects into virtual environments using laser scanned 3D models with color-based marker tracking. Both the real objects and their geometric models are put into a mixed environment (ME). In the ME, users can manipulate the scanned, articulated real objects, such as tools, parts, and physical correlates to complex computer-aided design (CAD) models. Our aim is to allow engineering teams to effectively conduct hands-on assembly design verification. This task would be simulated at a high degree of fidelity, and would benefit from the natural interaction afforded by a ME with many specific real objects.
High mobility Ge and III–V materials and novel device structures for high performance nanoscale MOSFETS

In order to continue the scaling of silicon-based CMOS and maintain the historic progress in information processing and transmission, innovative device structures and new materials have to be created. A channel material with high mobility and therefore high injection velocity can increase on current and reduce delay. Currently, strained-Si is the dominant technology for high performance MOSFETs and increasing the strain provides a viable solution to scaling. However, looking into future scaling of nanoscale MOSFETs it becomes important to look at higher mobility materials, like Ge and III-V materials together with innovative device structures and strain, which may perform better than even very highly strained Si. For both Ge and III-V devices problems of leakage need to be solved. Novel heterostructure quantum-well (QW) FETs will be needed to exploit the promised advantages of Ge and III-V based devices.
Opiate Recidivism in a Drug-Treatment Program: Comparison of Hair and Urine Data

The objective of this preliminary study was to determine whether hair can be used as an adjunct specimen for the monitoring of opiate use in a drug-treatment program. Subjects (n = 10) initiating clinical therapy for opiate addiction were monitored for up to 17 weeks with hair and urinalysis. Questionnaires were administered weekly to document hair cuts and chemical treatments. Hair specimens were collected weekly by cutting at the scalp and segmented into 1-cm lengths prior to analysis. Codeine (COD), morphine (MOR), and 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) concentrations in hair were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [limit of detection (LOD): 20 pg/mg for COD and 6-MAM; 50 pg/mg MOR]. Urine specimens were analyzed by semiquantitative radioimmunoassay (25-ng/mL cutoff) and LC-MS for codeine (COD), morphine (MOR), morphine-3beta-glucuronide (M3G), morphine-6 beta-glucuronide (M6G), and 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM). The LOD and limit of quantitation (LOQ) in urine for COD, M3G, M6G, and 6-MAM were 10 ng/mL and 25 ng/mL for MOR. Interpretation of the segmental hair data in this study was complex and generally was not in agreement with urine data in most cases. Evaluation of hair data suggested that 6 of 10 subjects discontinued opiate use by the end of the study, whereas 3 of 10 appeared to have reduced their use. One subject appeared not to have used opiates throughout the entire study. In contrast, evaluation of urine data suggested that only 4 of 10 subjects significantly reduced use, and 6 of 10 continued drug use on at least an intermittent basis. Urine appeared to be a more sensitive indicator of changes in the pattern(s) of drug use during the course of clinical drug treatment.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) Concentration in 150-Kilodalton Complexes Containing Human IGF-Binding Protein-3 (hIGFBP-3) after Intravenous Injection of Adult Rats with hIGFBP-3

After iv injection into adult rats, human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (hIGFBP-3) forms 150-kDa complexes with excess endogenous rat acid-labile subunit (ALS) within 2 min (Lewitt et al., 1993, Endocrinology 133:1797). Because their previous in vitro studies indicated that hIGFBP-3 only bound to ALS in the presence of IGF-I, and because little free IGF-I is present in plasma, the authors postulated that IGF-I had been mobilized to the circulation to saturate the 150-kDa hIGFBP-3 complexes. We examined this hypothesis by determining whether the hIGFBP-3 that appears in 150-kDa complexes 2 min after iv injection is accompanied by an increase in IGF-I. Within 2 min, some of the injected hIGFBP-3 (∼30% as much as endogenous intact rat IGFBP-3) is present in complexes that are cleared slowly from the circulation and presumed to be 150-kDa complexes. Gel filtration and immunoprecipitation studies performed on blood collected 2 min after injection confirmed that the injected hIGFBP-3 (46–82% as m...