cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GramAlign: fast alignment driven by grammar-based phylogeny

Multiple sequence alignment involves identifying related subsequences among biological sequences. When matches are found, the associated pieces are shifted so that when sequences are presented as successive rows-one sequence per row-homologous residues line-up in columns. Exact alignment of more than a few sequences is known to be computationally prohibitive. Thus many heuristic algorithms have been developed to produce good alignments in an efficient amount of time by determining an order by which pairs of sequences are progressively aligned and merged. GRAMALIGN is such a progressive alignment algorithm that uses a grammar-based relative complexity distance metric to determine the alignment order. This technique allows for a computationally efficient and scalable program useful for aligning both large numbers of sequences and sets of long sequences quickly. The GRAMALIGN software is available at http://bioinfo.unl.edu/gramalign.php for both source code download and a web-based alignment server.
COLONIC NITRITE AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN G CONCENTRATIONS IN DOGS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Objective To evaluate lavage analytes as markers of mucosal inflammation in healthy dogs and dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Design Case control study. Animals 9 healthy dogs and 10 dogs with IBD. Procedure A polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution was administered into the dogs colons via a rectal balloon catheter prior to colonoscopy. Lavage solution was allowed to remain intraluminally for 30 minutes and then was withdrawn. Lavage supernatant samples were immediately analyzed for total protein, IgG, and nitrite concentrations and myeloperoxidase activity. Mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained from the descending colon and histologically reviewed. Results All dogs with IBD had mild to severe lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis, whereas 8 of 9 healthy dogs did not have substantial mucosal inflammation. Myeloperoxidase activity was not detected in lavage samples from healthy dogs or dogs with IBD. Total protein concentration was not significantly different between groups. Mean nitrite and IgG concentrations were significantly higher in samples from dogs with IBD (1.83 nmol/ml and 46 mg/dl, respectively), compared with samples from healthy dogs (0.245 nmol/ml and undetectable concentrations, respectively). Severity of lesions was not correlated with nitrite or IgG concentration. Clinical implications Assay of nitrite and IgG concentrations in colonic lavage fluid is a simple, objective means of evaluating mucosal inflammation in dogs with IBD. Potential uses include monitoring response to treatment and evaluation of complex cases of chronic intestinal inflammation.
Tracing our roots: the broadening horizons of clinical laboratory practice (1945-62).

OBJECTIVE To describe how the field of clinical laboratory science responded to the shortage of qualified laboratory personnel in the 1950s, and to review educators' responses to the changes in clinical laboratory practice. DESIGN A survey of literature on the history of clinical laboratory science was conducted. References consulted include various books and professional journals. CONCLUSION Between 1945 and 1962, the demand for certified medical technologists grew as a result of public demand for more health services, including laboratory testing. The shortage of qualified laboratory personnel, coupled with the introduction of new, more complex methods of analysis and the addition of different types of tests gave rise to specialization in each of the clinical laboratory disciplines. These developments also stimulated a renewed interest in creating another class of laboratory worker, the laboratory assistant, who could be assigned to perform simple procedures under the supervision of a certified medical technologist. The broadening horizons of clinical laboratory practice created new opportunities and new challenges for medical technologist educators.
Vascular Disorders of the Cerebellum in Children

Key differences exist in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of vascular lesions of the cerebellum in children versus adults. An understanding of these differences and an appreciation of the distinct imaging features of these lesions aid in distinguishing normal vascular variations from pathology, in predicting lesion etiology, and in directing effective treatment strategies. This paper reviews the embryogenesis of the normal vascular system of the cerebellum and brainstem and then discusses the clinical and imaging features of the common vascular lesions affecting these structures in the pediatric population.
Principles and Techniques

Basic principles and techniques behind the design and analysis of experiments are discussed briefly in this chapter. Replication and blocking are introduced as design tools for decreasing variability. Randomization is introduced as a tool for eliminating systematic and personal biases. A brief distinction between exploratory and confirmatory analysis is provided.
Integral Transforms Controlled by Maximal Functions

The paper characterizes the kernel functions on ℝn with the property that the associated convolution operators are controlled by certain maximal operators.
Prognosis of Encephalitis

A population based, controlled follow-up study of the general outcome of 73 children followed for 2 to 12 years after the acute phase of childhood encephalitis is reported from the University of Oulu, Finland.
A novel intuitionistic fuzzy set approach for segmentation of kidney MR images

This paper presents a novel algorithm, which uses intuitionistic fuzzy sets and rough set theory to segment the renal components in kidney MR images. A new membership function is proposed and then is used to obtain an intuitionistic fuzzy model of the image to compensate the inherent heterogeneity present among the different renal tissue classes. In addition, a new method, which uses Hamming distance is proposed to calculate the histon. The histon is then used to compute intuitionistic fuzzy roughness measure which yields optimum valley points for image segmentation. The proposed algorithm segments the kidney MR images into medulla, cortex, and blood vessels. The quantitative performance evaluation indicates better performance of the proposed algorithm over a competing technique.
Panel: Trustworthy Data Science

Much of the research that our community publishes is based on data. However, an open question remains: are the results of data science trustworthy, and how can we increase our trust in data science? Accomplishing this goal is difficult, as we must trust the inputs, systems, and results of data science. This panel will discuss the current state of trustworthy data science, and explore possible technical, legal, and cultural solutions that can increase our trust in the input, systems, and results of data science.
Automatic feature learning using multichannel ROI based on deep structured algorithms for computerized lung cancer diagnosis

This study aimed to analyze the ability of extracting automatically generated features using deep structured algorithms in lung nodule CT image diagnosis, and compare its performance with traditional computer aided diagnosis (CADx) systems using hand-crafted features. All of the 1018 cases were acquired from Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC) public lung cancer database. The nodules were segmented according to four radiologists markings, and 13,668 samples were generated by rotating every slice of nodule images. Three multichannel ROI based deep structured algorithms were designed and implemented in this study: convolutional neural network (CNN), deep belief network (DBN), and stacked denoising autoencoder (SDAE). For the comparison purpose, we also implemented a CADx system using hand-crafted features including density features, texture features and morphological features. The performance of every scheme was evaluated by using a 10-fold cross-validation method and an assessment index of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The observed highest area under the curve (AUC) was 0.8990.018 achieved by CNN, which was significantly higher than traditional CADx with the AUC=0.8480.026. The results from DBN was also slightly higher than CADx, while SDAE was slightly lower. By visualizing the automatic generated features, we found some meaningful detectors like curvy stroke detectors from deep structured schemes. The study results showed the deep structured algorithms with automatically generated features can achieve desirable performance in lung nodule diagnosis. With well-tuned parameters and large enough dataset, the deep learning algorithms can have better performance than current popular CADx. We believe the deep learning algorithms with similar data preprocessing procedure can be used in other medical image analysis areas as well.
Minimax robust optimal control of multiscale linear-quadratic systems

With a growing system complexity in the IoT framework, many networked cyber-physical systems work in a hierarchical fashion. Layers of information outputs and command inputs are available. An active area of research is in optimizing the design of policies and control command that influence information flow for such multi-layered systems. Our focus in current research is to first formulate the control command flow for hierarchical systems in the form of multiscale state-space models on a tree, and then the design of an optimal control law under constraints that relate the states of information across the system layers. We propose a game-theoretic formulation of a robust optimal controller for the broad class of multiscale systems having underlying hierarchical structure. The optimization gives an H∞ controller similar to that for a discrete-time system but with scale as the horizon. We motivate the usage of this work using a layered building temperature control example, and discuss steady-state behavior, convergence, and finally a comparison of our method with the standard LQR control formulation giving supportive simulation results.
Data set on the effects of conifer control and slash burning on soil carbon, total N, organic matter and extractable micro-nutrients

Conifer control in sagebrush steppe of the western United States causes various levels of site disturbance influencing vegetation recovery and resource availability. The data set presented in this article include growing season availability of soil micronutrients and levels of total soil carbon, organic matter, and N spanning a six year period following western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis spp. occidentalis) reduction by mechanical cutting and prescribed fire of western juniper woodlands in southeast Oregon. These data can be useful to further evaluate the impacts of conifer woodland reduction to soil resources in sagebrush steppe plant communities.
Methane-oxidizing seawater microbial communities from an Arctic shelf

Abstract. Marine microbial communities can consume dissolved methane before it can escape to the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. Seawater over the shallow Arctic shelf is characterized by excess methane compared to atmospheric equilibrium. This methane originates in sediment, permafrost, and hydrate. Particularly high concentrations are found beneath sea ice. We studied the structure and methane oxidation potential of the microbial communities from seawater collected close to Utqiagvik, Alaska, in April 2016. The in situ methane concentrations were 16.3 ± 7.2 nmol L −1 , approximately 4.8 times oversaturated relative to atmospheric equilibrium. The group of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) in the natural seawater and incubated seawater was > 97 % dominated by Methylococcales ( γ -Proteobacteria). Incubations of seawater under a range of methane concentrations led to loss of diversity in the bacterial community. The abundance of MOB was low with maximal fractions of 2.5 % at 200 times elevated methane concentration, while sequence reads of non-MOB methylotrophs were 4 times more abundant than MOB in most incubations. The abundances of MOB as well as non-MOB methylotroph sequences correlated tightly with the rate constant ( kox ) for methane oxidation, indicating that non-MOB methylotrophs might be coupled to MOB and involved in community methane oxidation. In sea ice, where methane concentrations of 82 ± 35.8 nmol kg −1 were found, Methylobacterium ( α -Proteobacteria) was the dominant MOB with a relative abundance of 80 %. Total MOB abundances were very low in sea ice, with maximal fractions found at the ice–snow interface (0.1 %), while non-MOB methylotrophs were present in abundances similar to natural seawater communities. The dissimilarities in MOB taxa, methane concentrations, and stable isotope ratios between the sea ice and water column point toward different methane dynamics in the two environments.
Smart Energetics: Sensitization of the Aluminum‐Fluoropolymer Reactive System

The development of smart energetics is at the forefront of the research community. The desire is to have energetics that could have ON/OFF capability, tunable performance, and/or targeted energy delivery. Therefore, efforts have been focused on designing systems that respond to stimuli in a controlled manner. In this paper, nanoscale aluminum (nAl)/fluoropolymer reactive systems are studied and the piezoelectric nature of the fluoropolymers is used as a means to sensitize the system. Using a capacitor type setup, and drawing on our previous efforts, three fluoropolymer/nAl systems are studied and their sensitivities upon application of a DC voltage are quantified using BAM drop weight as the indicator. It is found, upon application of 1.0 kV, that for all three fluoropolymer/Al systems the sensitivity is greatly increased. For example, for the THV221/nAl system the impact energy required for ignition is reduced from 63 to 10 J. Further increasing the applied voltage is shown to further increase the sensitivity for all systems studied. The role of electroactive phase content and sensitization time is also discussed.
Heart Transplantation: Indications, Outcome, and Long-Term Complications

Advances in medical therapy of congestive heart failure, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and angiotensin receptor antagonists, improved patient survival from 43% to 52% at 5 years after the onset of symptoms.1 However, the mortality for patients with refractory end-stage heart failure at 2 years may be as high as 80% (see Chapter 63).2,3 In contrast, the estimated 1-year survival after heart transplantation is 85% and nearly 70% at 5 years after surgery (Fig. 64.1).4 Heart transplantation has revolutionized the treatment of selected patients with end-stage heart failure. Not only is survival far superior with transplantation, but also the functional capacity and quality of life that are possible with this procedure far exceed the severe exertional limitations usually associated with medial therapy. As a result, the number of patients referred for consideration of candidacy for heart transplantation has increased dramatically over the past 10 years.
Subsidized Housing and the Transition to Adulthood

Despite abundant evidence about the effect of children's socioeconomic circumstances on their transition to adulthood, we know much less about the effect of social policy programs aimed at poor families with children in facilitating how and when children become adults. This issue is particularly important for the U.S. federal subsidized housing program given its long history of placing subsidized units in some of the poorest and most racially segregated neighborhoods. Using counterfactual causal methods that adjust for the length of receipt of subsidized housing, I estimate the effect of subsidized housing on teenage parenthood, household formation, and educational attainment. I find that the subsidized housing program has either null or positive effects on the transition to adulthood and that these effects vary by both race and gender. These results underscore the importance of considering whether social programs have differential effects on the life chances of individuals based on both race and gender.
Greek ladders via linear algebra

Theon's ladder is an ancient method for easily approximating nth roots of a real number k. Previous work in this area has focused on modifying Theon's ladder to approximate roots of quadratic polyn...
Unifying Mechanism Involving Physiological Activity of Spices: Electron Transfer, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants, Redox Chemistry, and Foods

This review deals with mode of action of spices. Those studied, involving principal ones and parent substances, together are the following; capsaicin (pepper, tabasco, jalapeA±o), curcumin (tumeric, ginger, curry), anethole (anise, fennel), myresticin (nutmeg, parseley, dill), sesamin (sesame) and piperine (pepper). These are in the phenolic and phenolic ether class, whereas allicin alone is in the disulfide category. Evidence supports the unfying mechanism of electron transfer, reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress for the seven. The disulfide is closely related via redox reaction without electron transfer.Â This review is an extension in relation to the unifying mode of action. Physiological and medical effects are treated
Mechanisms that lead to violent geysers in vertical shafts

ABSTRACTSupported with laboratory observations, this paper describes the mechanisms that lead to violent eruptions in stormwater and combined sewer systems. This paper also derives the upper limit ...
Questions for Caroline M. Eastman

You basically were emphasizing how you would take computer science people and teach them to do research in software engineering. You alluded to some of the problems of needing to know a lot about statistics and experimental design and so on. I’ve noticed the opposite problem, where a lot of research in this area is being done by people who are social scientists, who don’t have a lot of knowledge about computer science. This suggests that the right approach in many areas is to have more interdisciplinary teams of people doing this SE research.
Mutational analysis implicates the amyloid fibril as the toxic entity in Huntington's disease

Abstract In Huntington disease (HD), an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ > 37) sequence within huntingtin (htt) exon1 leads to enhanced disease risk. It has proved difficult, however, to determine whether the toxic form generated by polyQ expansion is a misfolded or avid-binding monomer, an α-helix-rich oligomer, or a β-sheet-rich amyloid fibril. Here we describe an engineered htt exon1 analog featuring a short polyQ sequence that nonetheless quickly forms amyloid fibrils and causes HD-like toxicity in rat neurons and Drosophila. Additional modifications within the polyQ segment produce htt exon1 analogs that populate only spherical oligomers and are non-toxic in cells and flies. Furthermore, in mixture with expanded-polyQ htt exon1, the latter analogs in vitro suppress amyloid formation and promote oligomer formation, and in vivo rescue neurons and flies expressing mhtt exon1 from dysfunction and death. Thus, in our experiments, while htt exon1 toxicity tracks with aggregation propensity, it does so in spite of the toxic construct's possessing polyQ tracts well below those normally considered to be disease-associated. That is, aggregation propensity proves to be a more accurate surrogate for toxicity than is polyQ repeat length itself, strongly supporting a major toxic role for htt exon1 aggregation in HD. In addition, the results suggest that the aggregates that are most toxic in these model systems are amyloid-related. These engineered analogs are novel tools for mapping properties of polyQ self-assembly intermediates and products that should similarly be useful in the analysis of other expanded polyQ diseases. Small molecules with similar amyloid inhibitory properties might be developed into effective therapeutic agents.
Implementation of machine learning techniques into the Subset Simulation method

Abstract A hybrid reliability analysis procedure that combines the advantages of the Subset Simulation method, the application of surrogate models and clustering techniques is proposed to efficiently assess the failure probability of complex structural systems that may exhibit multiple failure modes. The proposed procedure, herein called SS-KK, integrates the Kriging surrogate modeling technique, K-means clustering algorithm into the original Subset Simulation (SS) method. The approach is found to not only improve the efficiency of the Subset Simulation method in finding the reliability of a structural system but to also help identify the important failure modes and controlling random variables. This information is important to aid engineers optimize the structural design process by focusing on the critical failures modes and design variables. The method consists of first constructing a relatively coarse global Kriging model at each subset level of SS by applying an appropriate active learning strategy. Subsequently, the initial global Kriging model is partitioned into several local Kriging models that coincide with the important failure modes identified by the K-means clustering algorithm. This partitioning, which helps identify the important failure modes, also gives a better representation of the entire failure region leading to improved estimates of the system reliability. Finally, FORM is implemented for each local Kriging to rank the importance of each identified failure mode based on its Hasofer-Lind reliability index and to use the associated design point and sensitivity coefficients to identify the most critical random variables. Several examples extracted from the available literature are analyzed to illustrate the advantages of the proposed SS-KK methodology and demonstrate its accuracy and efficiency.
Exploring Political Journalism Homophily on Twitter: A Comparative Analysis of US and UK Elections in 2016 and 2017

The tendency of political journalists to form insular groups or packs, chasing the same angles and quoting the same sources, is a well-documented issue in journalism studies and has long been criticized for its role in groupthink and homogenous news coverage. This groupthink attracted renewed criticism after the unexpected victory of Republican candidate Donald Trump in the 2016 US presidential election as the campaign coverage had indicated a likely win by the Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. This pattern was repeated in the 2017 UK election when the Conservative party lost their majority after a campaign in which the news coverage had pointed to an overall Tory victory. Such groupthink is often attributed to homophily, the tendency of individuals to interact with those most like them, and while homophily in the legacy media system is well-studied, there is little research around homophily in the hybrid media system, even as social media platforms like Twitter facilitate the development—and analysis—of virtual political journalism packs. This study, which compares Twitter interactions among US and UK political reporters in the 2016 and 2017 national elections, shows that political journalists are overwhelmingly more likely to use Twitter to interact with other journalists, particularly political journalists, and that their offline tendencies to form homogenous networks have transferred online. There are some exceptions around factors such as gender, news organizations and types of news organization—and important distinctions between types of interactions—but overall the study provides evidence of sustained homophily as journalists continue to normalize Twitter.
Free-breathing cine imaging with motion-corrected reconstruction at 3T using SPiral Acquisition with Respiratory correction and Cardiac Self-gating (SPARCS).

PURPOSE To develop a continuous-acquisition cardiac self-gated spiral pulse sequence and a respiratory motion-compensated reconstruction strategy for free-breathing cine imaging. METHODS Cine data were acquired continuously on a 3T scanner for 8 seconds per slice without ECG gating or breath-holding, using a golden-angle gradient echo spiral pulse sequence. Cardiac motion information was extracted by applying principal component analysis on the gridded 8 × 8 k-space center data. Respiratory motion was corrected by rigid registration on each heartbeat. Images were reconstructed using a low-rank and sparse (L+S) technique. This strategy was evaluated in 37 healthy subjects and 8 subjects undergoing clinical cardiac MR studies. Image quality was scored (1-5 scale) in a blinded fashion by 2 experienced cardiologists. In 13 subjects with whole-heart coverage, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) from SPiral Acquisition with Respiratory correction and Cardiac Self-gating (SPARCS) was compared to that from a standard ECG-gated breath-hold balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) cine sequence. RESULTS The self-gated signal was successfully extracted in all cases and demonstrated close agreement with the acquired ECG signal (mean bias, -0.22 ms). The mean image score across all subjects was 4.0 for reconstruction using the L+S model. There was good agreement between the LVEF derived from SPARCS and the gold-standard bSSFP technique. CONCLUSION SPARCS successfully images cardiac function without the need for ECG gating or breath-holding. With an 8-second data acquisition per slice, whole-heart cine images with clinically acceptable spatial and temporal resolution and image quality can be acquired in <90 seconds of free-breathing acquisition.
Enhanced Metabolic Degradation: The Last Evolved Glyphosate Resistance Mechanism of Weeds?

For the past two decades, glyphosate has been the most used herbicide worldwide, resulting in prolonged, extreme selection pressure for glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds. Glyphosate’s only target as a herbicide is 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), an enzyme of the shikimate
Missing the mark(er): pseudogenes identified through whole mitochondrial genome sequencing provide new insight into invasive lionfish genetics

As documented marine invasions rise, determining the underlying molecular mechanisms of successful invasions is an immediate concern to management, but the relevance of such genetic studies hinges upon choosing the right markers. Most invasive lionfish phylogeography studies have used only the mitochondrial D-loop marker. For this study, three markers were targeted in invasive lionfish (n = 148): D-loop (mitochondrial), cytochrome oxidase I (mitochondrial), and S7 ribosomal intron-1 (nuclear). Using both mitochondrial and nuclear markers showed evidence of hybridization. At the D-loop marker, all sequences grouped with the Pacific Ocean lineage represented by Pterois volitans. At the S7 intron-1, all sequences grouped with the Indian Ocean S7 intron-1 haplotype associated with the Indian Ocean lineage represented by Pterois miles, showing discordance between the mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Further, at the COI marker, three out of 163 individuals sequenced matched P. miles. High throughput sequencing of the entire mitochondrial genome (n = 7) revealed that incongruence between mtDNA markers may be due to the insertion of mitochondrial DNA from P. volitans into the nuclear genome of fish genetically identified as P. miles. These data suggest hybridization and demonstrate that careful marker choice is important in future studies of lionfish genetics and invasive species in general.
WOLFF-PARKINSON-WHITE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DANON DISEASE IS A MARKER OF DISEASE SEVERITY

Danon Disease is a rare X-linked myopathy associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. The prevalence of WPW in Danon Disease is unclear. This study examined the prevalence of WPW and associated outcomes in a cohort of Danon Disease patients. EKGs of 28
Clinical Trials in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Hurdle in the Path of Remedy

Human clinical trials seek to ameliorate the disease states and symptomatic progression of illnesses that, as of yet, are largely untreatable according to clinical standards. Ideally, clinical trials test "disease-modifying drugs," i.e., therapeutic agents that specifically modify pathological features or molecular bases of the disease and would presumably have a large impact on disease progression. In the case of Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, this approach appears to have stalled progress in the successful development of clinically useful therapies. For the last 25 years, clinical trials involving AD have centered on beta-amyloid (Aβ) and the Aβ hypothesis of AD progression and pathology. According to this hypothesis, the progression of AD begins following an accumulation of Aβ peptide, leading to eventual synapse loss and neuronal cell death: the true overriding pathological feature of AD. Clinical trials arising from the Aβ hypothesis target causal steps in the pathway in order to reduce the formation of Aβ or enhance clearance, and though agents have been successful in this aim, they remain unsuccessful in rescuing cognitive function or slowing cognitive decline. As such, further use of resources in the development of treatment options for AD that target Aβ, its precursors, or its products should be reevaluated. The purpose of this review was to give an overview of how human clinical trials are conducted in the USA and to assess the results of recent failed trials involving AD, the majority of which were based on the Aβ hypothesis. Based on these current findings, it is suggested that lowering Aβ is an unproven strategy, and it may be time to refocus on other targets for the treatment of this disease including pathological forms of tau.
Chapter 6 – Binomial Probability

We introduce the concept of a discrete random variable and its role on binomial trials. The usefulness of the binomial (Bernoulli) probability distribution is developed, along with its expected value and variance. Emphasis is placed on the tremendous importance of the Binomial probability distribution to answer some extremely relevant problems that we encounter in our daily lives.
An Incidental Finding of Paratesticular Malignant Mesothelioma During Operation for Hydrocelectomy

Paratesticular malignant mesothelioma is a rare and potentially aggressive malignancy, accounting for approxi- mately 0.3-1.4 percent of all malignant mesotheliomas. The tumor presents as a painless scrotal mass associated with recurrent hydrocele. We report an incidental case of paratesticular malignant mesothelioma in a 73-year- old man that was found during an operation to remove a progressively enlarging, symptomatic hydrocele. During the procedure the surgeon noted multiple, irregular, extratesticular masses, and subsequently submitted a sam- ple for frozen section analysis. Frozen section assessment revealed a papillary-appearing, malignant tumor and the surgeon proceeded with a radical orchiectomy. Examination of the orchiectomy specimen revealed multiple, yellow-white, papillary, exophytic excrescences that tracked along the hydrocele and coursed up the tunica vagi- nalis of the spermatic cord. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of papillary fronds and nests of malignant cells with enlarged, hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei. Pankeratin and calretinin immunohistochemical stains strongly highlighted the tumor cells, supporting the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Suspicion of malignant mesothelioma as a differential diagnosis in the setting of enlarging hydrocele is imperative, as the care of the patient is dramatically altered to address the aggressive nature of the disease and the unfavorable outcome.
A corpus study of child heritage speakers’ Spanish gender agreement:

Objectives:This study investigates (a) whether child heritage speakers produce more gender mismatches in Spanish (un piedra “a-masc. stone-fem.”) than monolingual children, (b) whether older child ...
Recent developments in metal-oxide-metal detector technology

Recent progress in the use of the M-O-M detector as an optical or submillimeter nonlinear element is summarized. The theory of behavior will be considered, and a complete bibliography of M-O-M research and applications papers covering the 18 years since first disclosure will be made available.
Detecting participant noncompliance across multiple time points by modeling a longitudinal biomarker.

Introduction:Participant noncompliance, in which participants do not follow their assigned treatment protocol, has long complicated the interpretation of randomized clinical trials. No gold standar...
Motion Sensor‐Acquired Reachable Workspace Correlates with Patient‐Reported Upper Extremity Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Function in Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy

BACKGROUND This study examines the correlation, and clinical meaningfulness, between reachable workspace outcome and reported activities of daily living (ADL) function of individuals with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD). METHODS Twenty-one FSHD subjects with various disease severity (clinical severity scores 1-4) underwent reachable workspace evaluation and completed the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (NeuroQoL) upper extremity questionnaire. Spearman and receiver operator curve analyses were performed. RESULTS Moderate correlation was found between NeuroQoL scores and total (ρ = 0.7609; P < .01), and upper-quadrants relative surface areas (RSAs) (ρ = 0.6969; P < .01). Five specific items (ie, shirt on, shirt off, use spoon, pull on pants, pick-up clothes) demonstrated even higher correlations with total (ρ = 0.8397; P < .01) and above shoulder (ρ = 0.8082; P < .01) RSAs. A total RSA cuffoff value of 0.70 would achieve 100% sensitivity and 94% specificity (area under the curve = 0.975). CONCLUSIONS Reachable workspace values identify when individuals have difficulties performing ADLs at home. This information improves patient monitoring, and clinical decision making by enabling more timely recommendations for medications, assistive devices, or considerations for clinical trial enrollments.
Ultrahigh Doping of Graphene Using Flame-Deposited MoO 3

The expected high performance of graphene-based electronics is often hindered by lack of adequate doping, which causes low carrier density and large sheet resistance. Many reported graphene doping schemes also suffer from instability or incompatibility with existing semiconductor processing. Here we report ultrahigh and stable ${p}$ -type doping up to $\sim 7\times 10 ^{13}$ cm−2 ( $\sim 2\times 10 ^{21}$ cm−3) of monolayer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. This is achieved by direct polycrystalline MoO3 growth on graphene using a rapid flame synthesis technique. With this approach, the metal-graphene contact resistance for holes is reduced to $\sim 200~\Omega \cdot \mu \text{m}$ . We also demonstrate that flame-deposited MoO3 provides over $5\times $ higher doping of graphene, as well as superior thermal and long-term stability, compared to electron-beam deposited MoO3.
Large and efficient unidirectional plane-wave–surface-wave metasurface couplers based on modulated reactance surfaces

Planar metasurfaces for efficient unidirectional conversion of a plane wave into a surface wave are presented. They are designed as a reciprocal device of a decoupler or leaky-wave antenna based on spatially modulated reactance surfaces. In a surface wave-to-leaky wave conversion, the surface reactance is determined from optimization of the complete aperture field over the propagating and evanecent spectra such that the conversion surface becomes locally and globally passive and lossless, while the desired wave conversion is achieved. The coupling efficiency is given by the aperture efficiency of the reciprocal antenna, which can closely approach unity for large apertures. The optimized surface reactance is spatially discretized and translated into physical metasurfaces, comprising an array of subwavelength inclusions. In TM polarization, three lossless metasurface design examples of 40 and 80 wavelengths are provided with performance validation using full-wave simulations: a metallic groove array, a thickness-modulated grounded dielectric substrate, and a width-modulated grounded dielectric ridge array. Deviations of the surface reactance from the optimized distribution reduce the conversion efficiency, but high coupling efficiencies in excess of 98% for the metallic structure and 60% for dielectric structures are predicted.
Molina Jiménez, I. y Díaz Arias, D., eds. (2021). El héroe de la discordia. Juan Rafael Mora Porras y la cultura costarricense. San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica/CIHAC.

El heroe de la discordia: Juan Rafael Mora Porras y la cultura costarricense, editado por Ivan Molina y David Diaz, es un libro muy rico, asi que hay muchas maneras de analizarlo. Es cierto que el libro se centra en la figura de Juan Rafael Mora Porras. Pero al situar Mora en su contexto historico y explorar las politicas de memoria que rodean su figura desde el siglo XIX hasta el presente, el libro ofrece una vision fascinante de la historia moderna de Costa Rica. Y el libro destaca no solo por su amplio recorte temporal, sino tambien por sus diversos enfoques metodologicos, ya que tiene cosas importantes que decir sobre la historia politica, la historia social, la historia literaria, y los estudios de la memoria.
Mayoral leadership, immigrant sanctuary, and multilevel policy dynamics in San Francisco

This article analyses immigrant sanctuary policies and practices in San Francisco between 1985 and 2018 to theorise about the role of mayors in developing, defending, and adjusting city efforts to ...
Modeling adaptation in multi-state resource systems

A current concern in the economics of natural resources is the role of adaptation in moderating the economic impact of exogenous changes in the resilience of natural resource systems. We develop a bioeconomic model of the exploitation of a renewable resource that can exist in multiple states. We then use this to consider the value of adaptive over non-adaptive policies when there is a change in state, and there are fixed costs of starting or stopping extraction. We take adaptive policies to be those that base extraction on the current state of the system, and the conditioning effect that has on the expected future state of the system. We take non-adaptive policies to be those that base extraction on the long run average state of the system. We find that whether adaptive or non-adaptive policies dominate depends on the fixed costs of starting or stopping extraction. If the fixed costs of closure are very low, non-adaptive policies dominate. However, if the fixed costs of closure are high, adaptive policies are preferred. We use a numerical example based on the Peruvian anchoveta fishery to illustrate the results.
Effects of unequal distances and handedness on timing patterns for simultaneous movements of arms and legs.

Abstract Previous research on the ability of people to perform simultaneous movements involving speed and accuracy showed a consistent movement pattern whenever the two limbs moved unequal distances. It was not clear whether the pattern was a function of handedness or the greater distance moved by the preferred hand. The purpose of the present experiment was to study the effect of distance and handedness on movement patterns. Five movement tasks using two simultaneous movements of arms and/or legs were used. The data indicated that for the tasks involving unequal distances the limb having the greater distance to move starts first and finishes last. Also, individual variability for contact time difference (failure to finish the two parts of the movement simultaneously) was greater than that for starting time difference (failure to start both parts together).
Stock Market Predictability

This survey reviews the findings of the empirical work concerning stock market predictability. It reviews the studies suggesting that future returns can be predicted on the basis of such fundamental variables as dividend yields, price earnings, price-to-book-value ratios, measures of systematic risk, and market capitalization (size). It also examines evidence that future prices exhibit short-term momentum and longer run mean reversion. The survey concludes by arguing that whatever predictable patterns do exist are unlikely to provide investors with a method to obtain extraordinary returns.
Vehicle-borne Scanning for Detailed 3D Terrain Model Generation

Three-dimensional models of real world terrain have application in a variety of tasks, but digitizing a large environment poses constraints on the design of a 3D scanning system. We have developed a Mobile Scanning System that works within these constraints to quickly digitize large-scale real world environments. We utilize a mobile platform to move our sensors past the scene to be digitized – fusing the data from cm-level accuracy laser range scanners, positioning and orientation instruments, and high-resolution video cameras – to provide the mobility and speed required to quickly and accurately model the target scene.
Multifunctional Dendritic Nanocarriers: The Architecture and Applications in Targeted Drug Delivery

In this chapter, promising dendritic systems are highlighted and theirlimitations are discussed; recent approaches to overcoming these drawbacks are also outlined. Important architectural parameters used torationally design various dendritic materials are provided, while dendritic structure-related toxicity, biodistribution, cellular uptake, and multivalency are also described in detail. Using several examples, it is shown how dendrimers and dendrons havebeen designed and used as targeted drug delivery vehicles for cancer diagnosis andtreatments in particular. Dendritic materials possessing multifunctionalarchitectures are expected to have a significant impact on the way cancer isprevented, diagnosed, treated, and ultimately cured in the future. Keywords: multifunctional dendritic nanomaterial; dendritic structure-related toxicity; biodistribution; cellular uptake; multivalency; dendrimer; dendron
Perturbation theory and coupling constant analyticity in two-dimensional field theories

One obvious question to ask if one has a family of honest field theories obtained from Lagrangian models is the relation of the theory to the Feynman perturbation series. One is interested in this question for two reasons. First, one would like to understand why perturbation theory is such a good guide; put differently, one would like to show that perturbation theory “determines” the theory in some way. Secondly, one hopes to prove rigorously that some (or all) of the theories are non-trivial. If one could show a Feynman series is asymptotic for a truncated four-point Green’s function, one would know some theories are nontrivial in that their S-matrix is nonzero (modulo the proof of a mass gap and the existence of one particle states).
Dolphins Whistle a Signature Tune

Dolphins are remarkably intelligent creatures renowned for their ability to imitate manmade sounds and for producing individual signature whistles that enable them to recognize each other. Now, in his Perspective, Tyack discusses new findings showing that vocal imitation is important for communication among bottlenose dolphins in the wild (Janik). Apparently, bottlenose dolphins, when they are separated in the wild, address each other by matching each other9s whistles.
Case study: Unattended ground sensor phenomenology and signal processing

In the fall of 1995, a unique unattended ground sensor experiment was conducted at the Nevada Test Site. In the experiment, a variety of electro-mechanical equipment was operated, while data was gathered using a number of different types of unattended sensors at different locations. The sensors in this study included seismometers, accelerometers, electric dipole sensors, magnetometers and microphones. In this paper, the authors present some key results form the signal processing of the data from this experiment. The goal of the signal processing was to quantify some of the effects of range on signal propagation, and to determine the ability to detect signals from the equipment, to identify the equipment and to locate the equipment. Some of the physical phenomenon which can affect unattended ground sensor performance will be discussed. The paper will also include a discussion of how the geophysical site characteristics can affect the performance of unattended ground-deployed sensors. While data from a number of different types of sensors were gathered in this experiment, in this paper the authors concentrate on physical phenomenon which can affect seismic sensors and the processing of seismic data.
DETERMINISTIC ESTIMATION OF A WAVELET USING IMPEDANCE TYPE TECHNIQUE

A new deterministic technique for estimating a wavelet suggested by Loewenthal and Jakubowicz requires measurement of both pressure and vertical particle velocity. Through construction of the impedance function a deterministic estimation of the wavelet and the reflectivity can be obtained. This idea is tested for a one-dimensional model. The test is carried out by forming a synthetic seismogram of both pressure and particle velocity and checking the formulas for obtaining the estimated wavelet under noisy conditions.
Nicotine production by hairy root cultures of Nicotiana rustica: fermentation and product recovery

The production of nicotine by cultures ofNicotiana rustica transformed withAgrobacterium rhizogenes has been examined in a packed bed fermenter as a two-stage batch/continuous-flow system. A substantial proportion of the nicotine synthesised in the batch phase may be subsequently harvested from the medium. The possibility of improving product recovery using macroreticular adsorbents is considered.
The relationship between vocational interests and job satisfaction: Reconciliation of divergent results

Abstract It was hypothesized that congruency of vocational interests with present occupation would be positively related to job satisfaction for long job-tenured employees, and would be unrelated to satisfaction for short job-tenured employees. In two samples of 54 and 47 middle managers, the hypothesis was supported for satisfaction with work and supervision. This differential pattern of correlations may help explain the inconsistent relationship between vocational interests and job satisfaction obtained in past studies.
Perturbations of the distal heme pocket in human myoglobin mutants probed by infrared spectroscopy of bound CO: correlation with ligand binding kinetics.

Abstract The infrared spectra of CO bound to human myoglobin and myoglobin mutants at positions His-64, Val-68, Asp-60, and Lys-45 on the distal side have been measured between 100 and 300 K. Large differences are observed with mutations at His-64 and Val-68 as well as with temperature and pH. Although distal His-64 is found to affect CO bonding, Val-68 also plays a major role. The variations are analyzed qualitatively in terms of a simple model involving steric interaction between the bound CO and the distal residues. A strong correlation is found between the final barrier height to CO recombination and the CO stretch frequency: as compared to wild type, the barrier is smaller in those mutants that have a higher CO stretch frequency (vCO) and vice versa. Possible reasons for this correlation are discussed. It is emphasized that the temperature and pH dependence of both the kinetics and the infrared spectra must be measured to obtain a consistent picture.