cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexual Transgressions of Clergy

The sexual exploitation of patients or clients by health professionals has attracted much attention during the last decade, alarming professionals and public alike. The violation of generally agreed upon boundaries between counselor (physician, therapist) and counselee is paralleled by similar violations of the accepted and acceptable roles of the clergy. The public seems to be even more offended by violations of sacramental vows than by breaches of conduct set forth in the Oath of Hippocrates.
Legal responses in the United States to biodiversity loss and climate change

The greatest vectors of biodiversity loss today are climate change, habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, population, and overkill. Climate change, habitat destruction, and alien invasive species should figure more prominently than overkill and the marketing of products derived from endangered species. The law, however, imposes its clearest, harshest sanctions precisely where the drivers of extinction are weakest: when humans consciously capture or kill other living things. More helpfully, the Endangered Species Act has been adapted to address habitat destruction on private land and to mitigate climate change.
The Metaxology of the Divine Names

Metaphysics is the lifeblood of theology, and metaxology has been a spectacular instrument for contemporary theologians to escape the clutches of deconstructive and other anti-metaphysical ways of thinking (see, also, Simpson and Sammon, William Desmond and Contemporary Theology. Notre Dame University Press, South Bend, 2017). In that spirit, reflection on this aspect of metaxology opens with a contribution by Brendan Sammon, who points out the similarities between Desmond’s philosophical theology and the divine name tradition of Dionysius the Areopagite. These names have a tendency to name and un-name at the same time, appreciating the constitutive difference between God and creation.
Satellite galaxies in the Illustris-1 simulation: anisotropic locations around relatively isolated hosts

We investigate the locations of satellite galaxies in the z = 0 redshift slice of the hydrodynamical Illustris-1 simulation. As expected from previous work, the satellites are distributed anisotropically in the plane of the sky, with a preference for being located near the major axes of their hosts. Due to misalignment of mass and light within the hosts, the degree of anisotropy is considerably less when satellite locations are measured with respect to the hosts' stellar surface mass density than when they are measured with respect to the hosts' dark matter surface mass density. When measured with respect to the hosts' dark matter surface mass density, the mean satellite location depends strongly on host stellar mass and luminosity, with the satellites of the faintest, least massive hosts showing the greatest anisotropy. When measured with respect to the hosts' stellar surface mass density, the mean satellite location is essentially independent of host stellar mass and luminosity. In addition, the satellite locations are largely insensitive to the amount of stellar mass used to define the hosts' stellar surface mass density, as long as at least 50% to 70% of the hosts' total stellar mass is used. The satellite locations are dependent upon the stellar masses of the satellites, with the most massive satellites having the most anisotropic distributions.
Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G titers do not predict reactivation risk in immunocompetent hosts

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation occurs in roughly one-third of immunocompetent patients during critical illness, and is associated with worse outcomes. These outcomes have prompted consideration of early antiviral prophylaxis, but two-third of patients would receive unnecessary treatment. Tissue viral load has been associated with risk of reactivation in murine models, and recent work has suggested a relationship between immune responses to CMV and underlying viral load. We, therefore, sought to confirm the hypothesis that serum CMV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) correlates with tissue viral load, and might be used to predict the risk of reactivation during critical illness. We confirm that there is a good correlation between tissue viral load and serum CMV-specific IgG after laboratory infection of inbred mice. Further, we show that naturally infected outbred hosts have variable tissue viral DNA loads that do not correlate well with serum IgG. Perhaps as a consequence, CMV-specific IgG was not predictive of reactivation events in immunocompetent humans. When reactivation did occur, those with the lowest IgG levels had longer durations of reactivation, but IgG quartiles were not associated with differing peak DNAemia. Together our data suggest that CMV-specific IgG titers diverge from tissue viral loads in outbred immunocompetent hosts, and their importance for the control of reactivation events remains unclear.
A simple genotyping method to detect small CRISPR-Cas9 induced indels by agarose gel electrophoresis

CRISPR gene editing creates indels in targeted genes that are detected by genotyping. Separating PCR products generated from wild-type versus mutant alleles with small indels based on size is beyond the resolution capacity of regular agarose gel electrophoresis. To overcome this limitation, we developed a simple genotyping method that exploits the differential electrophoretic mobility of homoduplex versus heteroduplex DNA hybrids in high concentration agarose gels. First, the CRISPR target region is PCR amplified and homo- and hetero-duplexed amplicons formed during the last annealing cycle are separated by 4–6% agarose gel electrophoresis. WT/mutant heteroduplexes migrate more slowly and are distinguished from WT or mutant homoduplexes. Heterozygous alleles are immediately identified as they produce two distinct bands, while homozygous wild-type or mutant alleles yield a single band. To discriminate the latter, equal amounts of PCR products of homozygous samples are mixed with wild-type control samples, subjected to one denaturation/renaturation cycle and products are electrophoresed again. Samples from homozygous mutant alleles now produce two bands, while those from wild-type alleles yield single bands. This method is simple, fast and inexpensive and can identify indels >2 bp. in size in founder pups and genotype offspring in established transgenic mice colonies.
Genic Control of Meiosis and Some Observations on the Synaptonemal Complex in Drosophila melanogaster

Beginning with the work of Sandler et al. (1968) and Lindsley et al. (1968), a systematic attack on the genie control of meiosis in Drosophila melanogaster has been undertaken. Several successful screens for mutants that disrupt meiosis (meiotic mutants) have been reported (Sandler et al., 1968; Sandler, 1971; Baker and Carpenter, 1972); to date, the term “meiotic mutant” has been operationally restricted to those mutants that disrupt genetically detectable parameters of chromosome behavior (e.g. disjunction and recombination). The effects of many of these, as well as previously known meiotic mutants, have been examined in detail (D. G. Davis, 1969; Robbins, 1971; B. K. Davis, 1971; Hall, 1972; Carpenter, 1973; Parry, 1973; Carpenter and Sandler, 1974; reviewed by Baker and Hall, 1974). There are at this time at least 40 loci whose wild-type alleles are necessary to ensure a normal meiosis in Drosophila males or females (Sandler and Lindsley, 1974).
Medicine and Health for Sexual Minorities

Over the course of the last 40 years, lesbian health has been an evolving concept. Emerging from the alleged neglect of lesbians in the women's health movement, lesbian health has become an institutional specialty, a research subject, and a social movement. Although lesbian health has gained a great deal of attention, just who counts as a lesbian remains in flux.
The Developing Brain and Trauma

This chapter explores on brain development, potential insults to normal development, and behavioral correlates. When the brain is ready to develop in a certain area, but the needed stimulus is not present, then normal development does not happen. We examine emerging studies that have demonstrated the impact of the external environment (experienced as stress) on genes, brain development, and behavior. Factors like maternal inflammation, poverty, poor nutrition, racism, toxic stress, and substance use have been shown to negatively impact brain development. If every system that served youth from the pediatrician’s office, schools, juvenile justice, families, health care, etc. considered factors that support healthy brain development, they could powerfully change and shape behavior.
Vitamin D Deficiency and Heart Failure Risk: Not so Black and White?

In the past decade, interest in vitamin D has blossomed, driven in large part by epidemiologic studies linking low vitamin D status with a variety of adverse health outcomes. The association of vitamin D deficiency with cardiovascular disease has generated particular attention, and for good reason,
(010) $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 Metal Oxide Catalyzed Epitaxy (MOCATAXY) growth and Sn doping in plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Metal Oxide Catalyzed Epitaxy (MOCATAXY) of (010) $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 was investigated using In as a catalyst in plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Expansion of the (010) $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 growth regime to higher growth temperatures and Ga fluxes was demonstrated. A maximum growth rate of 5 nm/min was achieved, doubling that of conventional growth. Smooth surface morphology of a $1.6\ \mu \mathrm{m}$ film with root mean squared roughness of 0.12 nm was shown. Sn doping of MOCATAXY (010) $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 was demonstrated up to concentrations of $4\ \mathrm{x}\ 10^{18}\ \mathrm{cm} ^{-3}$ .
The 3-D Spectrally-Hyperviscous Navier-Stokes Equations on Bounded Domains with Zero Boundary Conditions

We develop a mathematically and physically sound definition of the spectrally-hyperviscous Navier-Stokes equations (SHNSE) on general bounded domains \Omega with zero (no-slip) boundary conditions prescribed on \varGamma=\partial\varOmega. Previous successful studies of the SHNSE have been limited to periodic-box domains. There are significant theoretical obstacles to overcome in extending the SHNSE beyond this case. We solve them with the help of the Helmholtz decomposition, and with our new formulation of the SHNSE on general bounded domains in hand we then establish foundational results, beginning with the existence of globally regular solutions. Given that the SHNSE is meant to approximate the NSE for small \mu or large m, we establish this rigorously in the general case by adapting the weak subsequence convergence results of [5] to hold here. On intervals [0,T] with a common H^{1}-bound we deepen this sense of approximation by obtaining strong convergence. First, by using estimates depending only on the common H^{1}-bound to maximize computational applicability we show that SHNSE solutions converge uniformly in H^{1} to the NSE solution as either \mu\rightarrow0 or m\rightarrow\infty. Then in cases in which bootstrapped higher-order bounds can be readily used we show that higher-order convergence results hold. Our final results use the Stokes-pressure methodology developed in [29], [30] to recast the SHNSE in a form which like the NSE reformulation in [29], [30] is more adaptable to computation and the specification of boundary values for the pressure.
Site-selective halogenation of mixed-valent vanadium oxide clusters

Here, we expand on the synthesis and characterization of chloride-functionalized polyoxovanadate-alkoxide (POV-alkoxide) clusters, to include the halogenation of mixed-valent vanadium oxide assemblies. These findings build on our previously disclosed results describing the preparation of a mono-anionic chloride-functionalized cluster, [V6O6Cl(OC2H5)12]1−, by chlorination of [V6O7(OC2H5)12]2− with AlCl3, aimed at understanding the electronic consequences of the introduction of halide-defects in bulk metal oxides (e.g. VO2). While chlorination of the mixed-valent POV-ethoxide clusters was not possible using AlCl3, we have found that the chloride-substituted oxidized derivatives of the Lindqvist vanadium-oxide clusters can be formed using TiCl3(thf)3 with [V6O7(OC2H5)12]n (n = 1−, 0) or WCl6 with [V6O7(OC2H5)12]0. Characterization of the chloride-containing products, [V6O6Cl(OC2H5)12]n (n = 0, 1+), was accomplished via1H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and elemental analysis. Electronic analysis of the redox series of Cl-doped POV-alkoxide clusters via infrared and electronic absorption spectroscopies revealed all redox events are localized to the vanadyl portion of the cluster, with the site differentiated VIII–Cl moiety retaining its reduced oxidation state across a 1.9 V window. These results present new synthetic routes for accessing chloride-doped POV-alkoxide clusters from mixed-valent vanadium oxide precursors.
[Acute appendicitis after bone grafting from the right anterior iliac crest-difficult differential diagnosis].

Zur knochernen Defektauffullung wird regelhaft Knochen vom vorderen Beckenkamm entnommen. Typische Komplikationen sind postoperatives Hamatom, Nervenverletzungen, Infektionen oder Schmerzen an der Entnahmestelle. Wir beschreiben einen Fall, in dem es nach Knochenentnahme am rechten Beckenkamm bei einem jungen Patienten als Koinzidenz zu einer akuten Appendizitis kam. Durch die durchgefuhrte Knochenentnahme kam es zu einer erschwerten Diagnosestellung, die nur durch eine differenzierte klinische Untersuchung und daraufhin eingeleitete laborchemische und apparative Diagnostik moglich war.
The Cuban Hustle: culture, politics, everyday life: by Sujatha Fernandes, Durham and London, Duke University press, 2020, 184 pp., $24.95 (paperback), ISBN 9781478009641

For any reader who is curious about the embodiment of Cuban life over the past two decades, Fernandes skilfully provides lucid accounts of ordinary Cubans, who, through pure resourcefulness and inn...
Anti-CRISPRs go viral: The infection biology of CRISPR-Cas inhibitors

Bacteriophages encode diverse anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins that inhibit CRISPR-Cas immunity during infection of their bacterial hosts. Although detailed mechanisms have been characterized for multiple Acr proteins, an understanding of their role in phage infection biology is just emerging. Here, we review recent work in this area and propose a framework of "phage autonomy" to evaluate CRISPR-immune evasion strategies. During phage infection, Acr proteins are deployed by a tightly regulated "fast on-fast off" transcriptional burst, which is necessary, but insufficient, for CRISPR-Cas inactivation. Instead of a single phage shutting down CRISPR-Cas immunity, a community of acr-carrying phages cooperate to suppress bacterial immunity, displaying low phage autonomy. Enzymatic Acr proteins with novel mechanisms have been recently revealed and are predicted to enhance phage autonomy, while phage DNA protective measures offer the highest phage autonomy observed. These varied Acr mechanisms and strengths also have unexpected impacts on the bacterial populations and competing phages.
External validation of an opioid misuse machine learning classifier in hospitalized adult patients

Opioid misuse screening in hospitals is resource-intensive and rarely done. Many hospitalized patients are never offered opioid treatment. An automated approach leveraging routinely captured electronic health record (EHR) data may be easier for hospitals to institute. We previously derived and internally validated an opioid classifier in a separate hospital setting. The aim is to externally validate our previously published and open-source machine-learning classifier at a different hospital for identifying cases of opioid misuse. An observational cohort of 56,227 adult hospitalizations was examined between October 2017 and December 2019 during a hospital-wide substance use screening program with manual screening. Manually completed Drug Abuse Screening Test served as the reference standard to validate a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier with coded word embedding features from the clinical notes of the EHR. The opioid classifier utilized all notes in the EHR and sensitivity analysis was also performed on the first 24 h of notes. Calibration was performed to account for the lower prevalence than in the original cohort. Manual screening for substance misuse was completed in 67.8% (n = 56,227) with 1.1% (n = 628) identified with opioid misuse. The data for external validation included 2,482,900 notes with 67,969 unique clinical concept features. The opioid classifier had an AUC of 0.99 (95% CI 0.99–0.99) across the encounter and 0.98 (95% CI 0.98–0.99) using only the first 24 h of notes. In the calibrated classifier, the sensitivity and positive predictive value were 0.81 (95% CI 0.77–0.84) and 0.72 (95% CI 0.68–0.75). For the first 24 h, they were 0.75 (95% CI 0.71–0.78) and 0.61 (95% CI 0.57–0.64). Our opioid misuse classifier had good discrimination during external validation. Our model may provide a comprehensive and automated approach to opioid misuse identification that augments current workflows and overcomes manual screening barriers.
Algorithmic or Human Source? Examining Relative Hostile Media Effect With a Transformer-Based Framework

The relative hostile media effect suggests that partisans tend to perceive the bias of slanted news differently depending on whether the news is slanted in favor of or against their sides. To explore the effect of an algorithmic vs. human source on hostile media perceptions, this study conducts a 3 (author attribution: human, algorithm, or human-assisted algorithm) x 3 (news attitude: pro-issue, neutral, or anti-issue) mixed factorial design online experiment ( N = 511). This study uses a transformer-based adversarial network to auto-generate comparable news headlines. The framework was trained with a dataset of 364,986 news stories from 22 mainstream media outlets. The results show that the relative hostile media effect occurs when people read news headlines attributed to all types of authors. News attributed to a sole human source is perceived as more credible than news attributed to two algorithm-related sources. For anti-Trump news headlines, there exists an interaction effect between author attribution and issue partisanship while controlling for people’s prior belief in machine heuristics. The difference of hostile media perceptions between the two partisan groups was relatively larger in anti-Trump news headlines compared with pro-Trump news headlines.
Bricks: a configurable coordination service with multiple consistency models

We present Bricks, a configurable coordination service that provides a set of features as building blocks. The developers then select and integrate those building blocks into components for their distributed applications. For example, multiple consistency models are realized by composing consistency components, which can be dynamically activated and deactivated. Bricks' APIs are backward-compatible with ZooKeeper's APIs.
Monoclonal Antibodies Reactive with the neu Oncogene Product Inhibit the Neoplastic Properties of neu-Transformed Cells

The past decade has seen major advances in our understanding of the molecular events involved in malignant transformation. Studies of RNA tumor viruses initially identified specific genes that were able to confer neoplastic properties on cells in tissue culture and that were responsible for tumor formation in vivo.(1) These genes were termed oncogenes. Subsequently, it was shown that genes closely related to retroviral oncogenes (protooncogenes) exist in the genomes of all eukaryotic cells. These protooncogenes have been highly conserved in evolution and are likely to play important roles in normal growth and development.(1,2) It is now clear that retroviruses have acquired their oncogenes by retroviral transduction of cellular protooncogenes. It is thought that elevated expression and/or structural alterations of protooncogenes within the retroviral genome are responsible for the abilities of some retroviruses to cause neoplastic transformation.
Acid–base equilibria of multilayered pseudo-polyelectrolytes

Abstract The use of weak polyelectrolytes in multilayer polymer systems provides a means of altering the physicochemical properties of these thin films. Previously, we have examined the limits of the polyanions by incorporating the pseudo-polyelectrolytes (pPE's), poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVPh) and poly[5-(2-trifluoromethyl-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)-2-norbornene] (PNBHFA). These pPE's, although being polyacids, should have p K a values in the basic versus acidic pH range. In order to determine the p K a(app) value of these polymers, once multilayered onto Snowtex silica particles with the weak polyelectrolyte, poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), we employed zeta potential. PVPh demonstrated p K a(app) values ranging from 10.55 to 11.08 which varied based upon assembly pH conditions as well as layer number. PAH yielded p K a(app) values ranging between 9.81 and 10.99 when multilayered with PVPh and 9.91–11.04 when partnered with PNBHFA. However, from our study it would appear that PNBHFA does not interact with PAH electrostatically, but rather via H-bonding, and therefore should actually not be classified as a pPE.
The LANL Neutron Science Center TOF/PSD module: status and progress

This paper describes the progress and current status of a joint collaboration between Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Manuel Lujan Neutron Science Center (MLNSC) to develop and implement a time-of-flight/position-sensitive-detector (PSD) VXI-based C-size neutron-event data-collection module. The LANL module, based on the ANL-developed hardware which uses field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and analog-input-signal conditioning modules for a flexible topology capable of accepting either eight or 16 input channels, has been reprogrammed and modified to incorporate more LANL-specific features such as improved peak detection, 24-bit time stamps, and 16-bit channel identification numbers which are all part of a 64-bit event record (2 by 32-bits wide). Using a backplane 10-MHz clock, timing resolution is /spl plusmn/50 ns. The module uses two frame FIFOs, each 2-kwords deep, to accumulate event data at up to. 330 kEvents/sec during a frame until the host CPU can read it out. One FIFO is read while the other is being filled. The module does not use the ANL token-passing configuration for accessing data. Rather, it uses direct logical-address and register-based addressing modes. To interface with analog signals from the neutron detectors, the module incorporates eight 72-pin SIM-size interface modules which contain differential receivers, analog threshold comparators, and 8-bit analog-to-digital converters. A total of 16-analog channels are available if used in TOF mode, or eight channels if used in PSD mode. The FPGAs have been programmed to interface, control, and read data from the interface modules.
A Fusion of Rough Sets, Modified Rough Sets, and Genetic Algorithms for Hybrid Diagnostic Systems

A hybrid classification system is a system composed of several intelligent techniques such that the inherent limitations of one individual technique be compensated for by the strengths of another technique. In this paper, we investigate the outline of a hybrid diagnostic system for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) in children. This system uses Rough Sets (RS) and Modified Rough Sets (MRS) to induce rules from examples and then uses our modified genetic algorithms to globalize the rules. Also, the classification capability of this hybrid system was compared with the behavior of (a) another hybrid classification system using RS, MRS, and the “dropping condition” approach, (b) the Interactive Dichotomizer 3 (ID3) approach, and (c) a basic genetic algorithm.
Crawler 2.0: A search tool to assist law enforcement with investigations

Over the past few years, the internet has been evolving rapidly and a new paradigm in web development has taken shape. Often referred to as Web 2.0, it is a shift in web development which focuses on sharing information and allowing user interaction. The sharing of information by users has resulted in a new location for law enforcement to discover evidence. However, the process of locating this evidence is often a tedious one. Crawler 2.0 is a tool with law enforcement’s needs in mind. It is a web crawler and parser with Web 2.0 technology in mind. Given a Web 2.0 page as a starting point, it will interpret known content types and provide a basis for keyword searches. Crawler 2.0 is intended to be expandable for the addition of new, updated, or custom sites and technologies.
The dignity of legislation

Jeremy Waldron here attempts to restore the good name of legislation in political theory. Focused in particular on the writings of Aristotle, Locke and Kant, this book recovers and highlights ways of thinking about legislation that present it as a dignified mode of governance and a respectable source of law. The focus is particularly on legislation by assemblies, large gatherings of representatives who air their disagreements in ferocious debate and make laws by deliberation and voting. Jeremy Waldron has published extensively in law, philosophy and political theory. Here he presents a unique study of the place of legislation in the canon of political thought - a study which emphasises the positive features of democracy and representative assemblies. The Dignity of Legislation is original in conception, trenchantly argued and very clearly presented, and will be of interest to a wide range of scholars and thinkers.
Heterosis in Plant Breeding

In this review, a selected group of investigations undertaken throughout this century into the genetic, physiological and biochemical basis of heterosis are outlined, and results of recent investigations are discussed. Information is presented in sections considering: a historical perspective; genetic theories of heterosis; physiological and biochemical basis of heterosis; heterosis in population crosses; hybrid predictions for maize, rapeseed, small grains and other crops (groundnuts, tomatoes and rice); and genetics and enhancement of heterosis using molecular markers.
Enhancement of Shape Perception by Surface Reflectance Transformation.

1 Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, 1501 Page Mill Rd, Palo Alto, Ca. 94304 2 School of Religion, University of Southern California, Taper Hall of Humanities, Rm 328, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Ca., 90089-0355. * To whom all correspondence should be addressed/ Email: malzbend@hpl.hp.com The visual system interprets the shape of an object through a number of cues such as shading, occlusion and motion parallax. We present a simple imaging method that can provide improved perception of the surface shape of objects by enhancing shading cues. This allows physical samples such as ancient artifacts and fossils to be photographed with a conventional digital camera and then redisplayed with a new set of material properties more conducive to the interpretation of surface shape and detail.
Suture and wound care training program for emergency nurses.

Ih e care of patients with minor soft tissue wounds, burns, and small abscesses has traditionally been the responsibi1it.y of the physician. In the last decade, however, programs for teaching former military corpsmen and nurse practitioners to suture lacerations have a risen.le3 At the University of Cincinnati Emergency Care Center, a minor wound care training program for nurses was initiated 8 years ago. Much of the suturing at the university hospital had previously been done by paid medical students. (The medical coverage in the emergency care center consists of emergency physicians and residents and fellows in emergency medicine.) After the training program, nurses took that responsibility. To date, there are 14 nurses on staff who are trained in comprehensive minor wound care. They are paid by the nursing department. During the especially busy summer months, there is usually 24-hour coverage by the nurses, who are kept busy caring for the minor wounds alone. At other times of the year, coverage ranges between 8 and 14 hours per day, with particular attention to providing adequate personnel for the evening shift. The emergency care center sees an average of 250 patients a day.
Ecology of the Zanzibar red colobus monkey : Demographic variability and habitat stability

We examined the Zanzibar red colobus' (Procolobus kirkii) social structure and population dynamics in relation to the density, diversity and dispersion of food resources in ground-water forest and agricultural land, which we characterized in terms of red colobus food species density, diversity, basal area and dispersion. We used transect sampling and group follows to describe population dynamics and social systems. Two agricultural areas, SJF Shamba and Pete Village, had higher densities and more uniformly dispersed red colobus food tree species than those of the ground-water forest. Red colobus at these two sites had greater population densities and natality, and smaller home ranges than red colobus in the ground-water forest. However, these findings apply to a very small area of agricultural land (approximately 18 ha) that is contiguous with an area of the forest reserve having a high density of red colobus. It is not representative of agricultural areas elsewhere on Zanzibar which support much lower densities or no red colobus. Although agricultural areas contiguous with the forest reserve had high densities of red colobus, they appear to be very unstable. Within the agricultural areas, we observed higher intergroup variation in group size and composition, study groups that decreased dramatically in size and disappeared from the study site, significantly lower levels of juvenile recruitment, and red colobus food trees that exhibited definite signs of overbrowsing. This apparent instability in the subpopulation of red colobus utilizing agricultural systems probably reflects the lower basal area of food trees and the greater fragmentation of suitable habitat and floristic dynamics due to human activities in these areas. A fusion-fission social system occurred only in the ground-water forest subpopulation, which we hypothesize to be due to highly clumped food resources.
A Fuzzy Public Choice Model

Public choice models can be a powerful tool for the explanation and prediction of political phenomena in the discipline of political science. However, the predictions of such models depend to a considerable extent on whether the preferences of political actors can be properly estimated. Fuzzy mathematics offers one possibility for dealing with this challenge. A fuzzy approach permits us to consider the preferences of individuals as ambiguous, marked by a considerable degree of indifference related to actors’ uncertainty about the exactitude of their ideal points. Moreover, fuzzy sets also permit us to reconsider approaches to making predictions on the basis of those fuzzy preferences. One particularly interesting possibility is offered by a fuzzy maximal set.
Human Ileal Ion Transport In Vitro: Changes with Electrical Field Stimulation and Tetrodotoxin

To determine whether or not nerves lying in the lamina propria and submucosa affect ion transport by the human intestine, we studied the effects of electrical field stimulation on ion transport across the isolated ileum stripped of muscularis propria. Electrical field stimulation increased transmural electrical potential difference and the short-circuit current, and by increasing the serosal to mucosal movement of chloride (JsmCl), reduced the absorption of Cl (JnetCl). The movement of sodium and the residual ion movement (JnetR) were not affected. The neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin prevented all of the changes caused by electrical field stimulation, but did not prevent the responses to aminophylline, implying that tetrodotoxin affected electrically excitable cells rather than epithelial cells. Aminophylline increased the potential difference and shortcircuit current, reduced tissue conductance (G), and eliminated chloride absorption. In tissues treated with tetrodotoxin, aminophylline also reduced JmsNa, JnetNa, and JnetR; while increasing JsmCl, it augmented the reduction in JmsCl and caused chloride secretion. Atropine reduced baseline short-circuit current and reduced the short-circuit current response to electrical field stimulation. It was concluded that acetylcholine and other chemical transmitters that affect ion transport are released in the submucosa or lamina propria of the human ileum. The identity of the noncholinergic transmitters and the sequence of events leading to their liberation remain to be determined.
Autocorrelation Peaks in Congruential Pseudorandom Number Generators

One of the desirable properties of a pseudorandom number generator is that the sequence of numbers it generates should have very low autocorrelation for all shifts except for zero shift and those that are multiples of its cycle length. Due to the simple methods of constructing random numbers via modulo arithmetic, the ideal is often not quite fulfilled. The results of this paper were obtained by the simple method of examining the complete correlation structure of several generators of the same type and small cycle length. Once the regularities were discovered, the mathematical relationships were derived which describe the regular behavior for all generators of the same class. As examples, it is shown in this paper that high correlation exists in mixed and multiplicative congruential random number generators and prime moduli Lehmer generators for shifts a fraction of their cycle lengths.
Tobacco Use Characteristics Among Rural Ohio Appalachians

Appalachians remain at high risk for cancer, heart and lung disease, in part because of their high prevalence of tobacco use; yet, information about their tobacco consumption patterns is limited. The purpose of this study was to describe tobacco consumption variables among rural adult Appalachian tobacco users. Subjects, aged 18 and older (N = 249), participated in a face-to-face interview about tobacco consumption variables and knowledge regarding the health effects of tobacco at fairs in two rural Ohio Appalachian counties. The majority of participants were categorized as precontemplators, although 21 percent were classified in preparation stage of change. Mean age of initiation was 16.6 years and number of cigarettes smoked per day (cpd) was significantly higher for men, as compared to women. One-third of males reported the use of smokeless tobacco. The majority had not tried to quit for more than a year and the average number of previous quit attempts was low. One-half of the sample had been advised in the past to quit by their physician. Few had used nicotine replacement with past quit attempts but greater than half would consider this approach with future attempts. Knowledge about the health effects of smoking indicated that most were aware of the relationship between smoking and cancer but less than one-half recognized its association with heart disease. Those with less education were less informed about the health effects to self and non-smokers. While a sizeable portion expressed interest in quitting, knowledge about the health effects of smoking is lacking, especially with regard to heart disease and among those with less education.
Medical consumer education.

The need for health promotion programs in the workplace is more important today than ever before in these times of increased costs of health care. It is essential for corporations to develop efficient and effective health programs which will reduce the costs of employee health services while providing quality care. Occupational therapists can make significant contributions to the development and implementation of health promotion and health education programs in the corporate world. The Medical Marketplace project described was a federally funded research project designed to assess the effectiveness of a health consumer education and training program on the reduction of health care costs. The training was intended to increase the knowledge and skills of employees, making them wise and informed consumers of health services; to improve the quality of health care by helping consumers find appropriate care more quickly and directly; and to reduce employee health costs by eliminating the use of unnecessary or ...
A Submillimetric 3-DOF Force Sensing Instrument With Integrated Fiber Bragg Grating for Retinal Microsurgery

Vitreoretinal surgery requires very fine motor control to perform precise manipulation of the delicate tissue in the interior of the eye. Besides physiological hand tremor, fatigue, poor kinesthetic feedback, and patient movement, the absence of force sensing is one of the main technical challenges. Previous two degrees of freedom (DOF) force sensing instruments have demonstrated robust force measuring performance. The main design challenge is to incorporate high sensitivity axial force sensing. This paper reports the development of a submillimetric 3-DOF force sensing pick instrument based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. The configuration of the four FBG sensors is arranged to maximize the decoupling between axial and transverse force sensing. A superelastic nitinol flexure is designed to achieve high axial force sensitivity. An automated calibration system was developed for repeatability testing, calibration, and validation. Experimental results demonstrate a FBG sensor repeatability of 1.3 pm. The linear model for calculating the transverse forces provides an accurate global estimate. While the linear model for axial force is only locally accurate within a conical region with a 30° vertex angle, a second-order polynomial model can provide a useful global estimate for axial force. Combining the linear model for transverse forces and nonlinear model for axial force, the 3-DOF force sensing instrument can provide sub-millinewton resolution for axial force and a quarter millinewton for transverse forces. Validation with random samples show the force sensor can provide consistent and accurate measurement of 3-D forces.
Cardiac memory during rather than after termination of left bundle branch block

An 83-year-old woman with chronic left bundle branch block and remote history of pacemaker implantation for intermittent AV block was hospitalized for fatigue and leg swelling. She had no cardiac complaints. Routine 12-lead electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with left bundle branch block. There were diffuse negative T waves in the inferior and anterolateral leads that were concordant with the QRS complexes. Echocardiogram was normal and nuclear perfusion heart scan showed no abnormality. It was noted that the negative T waves during left bundle branch block were in the exact same leads as were the deep negative QRS complexes during ventricular pacing. The electrocardiographic changes were consistent with cardiac memory. This case is unique because cardiac memory in patients with intermittent left bundle branch block typically occurs when the QRS complexes normalize and not during left bundle branch block itself. Our findings indicate that memory Ts can develop not only after normalization of wide complex rhythms but also with alternating wide complex rhythms as in the presented case where a ventricular paced rhythm was replaced by left bundle branch block.
Influence of nutrient availability, stand age, and canopy structure on isoprene flux in a Eucalyptus saligna experimental forest

[1] Eucalyptus plantations occupy approximately 10 million ha of land in the tropics and, increasingly, afforestation and reforestation projects are relying on this genus to provide rapid occupation of degraded sites, large quantities of high-quality wood products, and high rates of carbon sequestration. Members of the genus Eucalyptus are also very high emitters of isoprene, the dominant volatile organic compound emitted by trees in tropical ecosystems, which significantly influences the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. While fertilization growth response of these trees has been intensively studied, little is known about how fertilization and tree age alter isoprene production from plantations of these trees. Here we examined the effects of fertilization and tree age on leaf-level isoprene flux from 2- and 6-year-old trees in a Eucalyptus saligna experimental forest in Hawaii. Leaf-level emission at a given canopy height did not differ between fertilized and unfertilized 6-year-old trees likely because leaf nitrogen content did not vary with fertilization. Across treatments, however, the standardized emission rate of isoprene (emission at a standard light and temperature) followed patterns of leaf N content and declined with canopy depth. Although leaf nitrogen content was similar between 2-year and 6-year fertilized trees, leaf-level emission rates declined with stand age. Surprisingly, despite differences in stand leaf area and leaf area distribution, modeled canopy-level isoprene flux was similar across stands varying in fertilization and tree age. Model results suggest that leaf area index was high enough in all treatments to absorb most of the light penetrating the canopy, leading to similar canopy flux rates despite the very different sized canopies.
An upward measure separation theorem

Abstract It is shown that almost every language in ESPACE is very hard to approximate with circuits. It follows that P ≠ BPP implies that E is a measure 0 subset of ESPACE.
Laser melt injection of BN powders on tool steels I:Microhardness and structure

Abstract A 5 kW continuous wave CO2 gas laser, operating in an oscillating square beam mode, was utilized to melt inject hexagonal BN powders into the surfaces of AISI T1 and M2 tool steels. Optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, Auger spectroscopy and Vickers' microhardness tests were employed to characterize the melt layers. Both the hardness and the BN concentration of laser-processed layers were increased with an increase in the number of superimposing laser passes. A Vickers hardness of 2150 HV (maximum) was obtained in the specimen that was BN injected ten times. Microstructural features included fine cellular-dendritic structures and complex precipitates of metal boronitrides. The melt layers were nearly free from cracks and pores.
Repair of stiction-failed surface-micromachined polycrystalline silicon cantilevers using pulsed lasers

A technique for repairing stiction-failed, surface- micromachined polycrystalline silicon cantilevers using pulsed lasers has been developed and demonstrated. Microcantilevers, which adhered to the substrate during the chemical sacrificial layer etch and drying processes, were irradiated with either a 800 nm Ti:sapphire or a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser and successfully freed from the substrate. The feasibility of the laser process was first shown with a Ti:sapphire laser system irradiating undoped, polycrystalline silicon microcantilevers. The repair yields for the Nd:YAG laser process were up to 100 percent for 10 micrometers wide beams as long as 1 mm for laser fluences of 70 mJ/cm2. The sample age and initial release quality affect the laser process yield, with newer samples and those with high quality initial releases having the highest number of microcantilevers being repaired.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Anaphylaxis Due to Chloramphenicol

A patient with group B Streptococcal meningitis and a history of penicillin allergy sustained an anaphylactic reaction following intravenous chloramphenicol. The purity of the infusate was confirmed by reverse-phase high-speed liquid chromatography. Anaphylaxis is a rare event following chloramphenicol administration, but physicians should be aware of this complication, especially in patients with prior exposure to the drug.
Some optimization considerations in chopper inelastic neutron scattering experiments

It has been common in the chopper inelastic neutron scattering experiments using a pulsed source to assume a certain experimental layout, such as the flight paths, chopper opening time and sample size etc., and calculate the expected counting rate together with the energy and momentum transfers and their widths (ϵ, Q, Δϵ, ΔQ). We start here, on the contrary, by setting ϵ, Q, Δϵ, and ΔQ to some predefined values, and then find out the instrument parameters that cam yield the optimum counting rate. Two main cases were studied: (1) the case when the sizes of moderator, sample and detector width were taken to be adjustable to make the counting rate optimum; (2) taking the moderator width fixed, the optimum sizes of sample and detector were calculated. In both cases, the expected characteristics of the IPNS pulsed neutron source were assumed.
The Evolving Politics of the Common Core: Policy Implementation and Conflict Expansion

The Common Core State Standards Initiative was adopted by forty-five states and heralded by supporters from both sides of the political aisle. Four years later, several states have rescinded their support and dozens more have introduced legislation to reconsider or limit participation. While standard explanations for opposition have focused on Republican state legislators and conservative ideological groups and emphasized concerns about a perceived loss of local control, our analysis reveals that opposition to the standards shifted considerably over time, engaging these groups and issues initially but expanding to include Democratic policymakers and their allies as implementation proceeded. A range of issues that were largely ignored when the initiative was adopted, including concerns over cost, teacher evaluation, accountability, and student privacy were brought to the fore as the policy had to be reconciled with existing systems and institutions. This analysis has implications for scholars tracing policy change in a federal system by revealing the centrality of implementation to understanding how political conflict evolves over time.
Sensitivity analysis and optimization of nodal point placement for vibration reduction

A method is developed for sensitivity analysis and optimization of nodal point locations in connection with vibration reduction. A straightforward derivation of the expression for the derivative of nodal locations is given, and the role of the derivative in assessing design trends is demonstrated. An optimization process is developed which uses added lumped masses on the structure as design variables to move the node to a preselected location - for example, where low response amplitude is required or to a point which makes the mode shape nearly orthogonal to the force distribution, thereby minimizing the generalized force. The optimization formulation leads to values for added masses that adjust a nodal location while minimizing the total amount of added mass required to do so. As an example, the node of the second mode of a cantilever box beam is relocated to coincide with the centroid of a prescribed force distribution, thereby reducing the generalized force substantially without adding excessive mass. A comparison with an optimization formulation that directly minimizes the generalized force indicates that nodal placement gives essentially a minimum generalized force when the node is appropriately placed.
An elastic half-space containing a flat inclusion under a harmonic surface load

Abstract The plane strain problem for an elastic half-space containing a flat inclusion is considered. It is assumed that the medium is subjected to a harmonic surface load of given frequency. The inclusion is approximated by an inextensible or an elastic membrane. The problem is reduced to a complex integral equation with the interfacial shear stress as the unknown function. In addition to the interfacial shear and the stress intensity factors, the components of the displacement vector on the free boundary are calculated. The results provide a limited contribution to the assembly of inverse solutions that are needed in non-destructive testing and evaluation studies.
Military Service by Twentieth-century Generations of American Men

A cohort perspective contrasting four historical generations of American men reveals sharp differences in the extent to which each generation served on active military duty, in the share of that se...