cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microsecond Time-Resolved Circular Dichroism of Rhodopsin Photointermediates

Time-resolved circular dichroism measurements, over a spectral range from 300 to 700 nm, were made at delays of 5, 100 and 500 μs after room temperature photoexcitation of bovine rhodopsin in lauryl maltoside suspension. The purpose was to provide more structural information about intermediate states in the activation of rhodopsin and other G protein-coupled receptors. In particular, information was sought about photointermediates that are isochromic or nearly isochromic in their unpolarized absorbance. The circular dichroism spectrum of lumirhodopsin, obtained after correcting the 5 μs difference CD data for the rhodopsin bleached, was in reasonable agreement with the lumirhodopsin CD spectrum obtained previously by thermal trapping at -76°C. Similarly, the metarhodopsin II spectrum obtained at 500 μs delay was also in agreement with the results of previous work on the temperature trapped form of metarhodopsin II. However, the CD of the mixture formed at 100 μs delay after photoexcitation, whose only visible absorbing component is lumirhodopsin, could not be accounted for near 480 nm in terms of the initially formed, 5 μs lumirhodopsin CD spectrum. Thus, the CD spectrum of lumirhodopsin changes on the time scale from 5 to 100 μs, showing reduced rotational strength in its visible band, possibly associated with either a process responsible for a small spectral shift that occurs in the lumirhodopsin absorbance spectrum at earlier times or the Schiff base deprotonation-reprotonation which occurs during equilibration of lumirhodopsin with the Meta I380 photointermediate. Either explanation suggests a chromophore conformation change closely associated with deprotonation which could be the earliest direct trigger of activation.
Shear-induced orientation in polymer/clay dispersions via in situ X-ray scattering

Abstract We report in situ X-ray scattering measurements of shear-induced orientation in polymer–clay dispersions. Two different organically modified clays, montmorillonite and fluorohectorite, are dispersed in a low molecular weight, viscous polymer melt, facilitating studies at room temperature. Orientation measurements are performed in the flow-gradient plane, allowing characterization of both the average degree and direction of particle orientation during shear. In all cases, the orientation angle is finite, indicating systematic misalignment of the particle long axes relative to the flow direction. In concentrated fluorohectorite and montmorillonite dispersions, anisotropy and orientation angle are roughly independent of shear rate, and negligible relaxation is observed upon flow cessation. Conversely, a lower concentration montmorillonite sample exhibits orientation that is more responsive to shear flow, and partially relaxes upon flow cessation. In this sample, the orientation behavior is interpreted in light of rotational diffusion of the clay particles. This same sample exhibits oscillatory structural dynamics upon shear flow reversal, attributed to tumbling rotations of the disk-like clay particles in shear. Large-amplitude oscillatory shear is similarly demonstrated to be capable of inducing significant particle orientation; the degree of orientation is principally determined by the applied strain amplitude. Complementary measurements of rheological properties exhibit many characteristics commonly reported in polymer–clay nanocomposites. Based on the structural measurements reported here, the rheological phenomena are interpreted to arise from a combination of flow-induced particle orientation and rate- and time-dependent destruction or reformation of particle networks.
Optimal Allocation of CHP-Based Distributed Generation on Urban Energy Distribution Networks

The continuing penetration of combined heat and power (CHP)-based distributed generation (DG) has made urban electricity, water, and natural gas distribution networks increasingly interconnected. This paper analyzes the optimal network capacity and distribution of the CHP-based DG based on urban energy distribution networks by introducing an integrated system dispatch model. The electricity, water, and gas network models were designed and developed individually. The CHP-based DG model was developed to couple these energy distribution systems. The results indicate the optimal allocation of CHP-based DG by analyzing multiple factors and mutual impacts on operational performances of the CHP-based DG units and energy distribution networks. The designed typical gas system is capable of supplying sufficient natural gas for DG normal operations, whereas the present water system cannot support the complete recovery of the exhaust heat from large CHP-based DG penetration.
Stress, Personal Relationships, and Immune Function: Health Implications

The invitation to present the Norman Cousins Memorial Lecture to the Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society is a distinct honor; this recognition is clearly shared by my primary collaborator, Ronald Glaser, who has had equal responsibility for the design of our studies and whose laboratory generated most of the immunological data I will describe. We have addressed a number of questions since we initiated our joint research program in 1982: How do commonplace, everyday stressors affect the immune response? What are the health consequences of stress-related immunological changes? Does a chronic stressor promote persistent immunological dysregulation? Does age pose an additional risk factor? I will address each of these topics briefly; however, as a clinical psychologist, the studies of greatest interest to me are those that have examined the links between close personal relationships and immune responses and, in turn, how these elements are translated into important health outcomes. Thus, these issues will be my primary focus.
The control ofEigenmannia's pacemaker by distributed evaluation of electroreceptive afferences

This study analyzes the algorithm by which a distributed system of neurons evaluates specific features in sensory feedback and thereby controls a behavioral response.
CAMERA: introducing memory concepts via visualization

CAMERA, Cache and Memory Resource Allocation, is a collection of workbenches for cache mapping schemes (including direct, fully associative, and set associative) and virtual memory (including paging and TLBs). Its goals are to provide users with interactive tutorials and simulations to help them better understand the fundamental concepts of memory management. Implemented in Java Swing, these workbenches allow users to observe the processes of memory to cache mapping, and virtual memory using paging. The workbenches have proven useful in both introductory architecture classes and operating system classes. Students find CAMERA easy to use, even without the supplied user's guide. In the paper, we compare CAMERA to various existing systems and explore the software's features in detail in addition to discussing future enhancements.
Microstructural Features in Aged Erbium Tritide Films

Erbium is used as a storage medium for tritium. Microstructural study of helium bubble generation from tritium decay in erbium tritide can provide an unusual example of bubble development with negligible radiation damage. Aged erbium tritide film specimens were found to contain five distinctly different microstructural features. The general structure was of large columnar grains of ErT2. But on a fine scale, precipitates believed to be erbium oxy-tritides and helium bubbles could be identified. The precipitate size was in the range of ∼10 nm and the bubbles were of an unusual planar shape on {111} planes with an invariant thickness of ∼1 nm and a diameter on the order of 10 nm. Also, an outer layer containing no fine precipitate structure and only a few helium bubbles were present on the films. This layer is best described as a denuded zone which probably grew during aging in air. Finally, large embedded Er2O3 particles were found at low density and nonuniformly distributed, but sometimes extending through the thickness of the film. A failure mechanism allowing the helium to escape is suggested by observed cracking between bubbles closer to end of life.
Child Neurology: Tick paralysis A diagnosis not to miss

A 4-year-old girl presented to our tertiary care hospital with a complaint of lower extremity weakness and unsteady gait for 2 days. She was able to pull herself to stand but could not stand unsupported. She had no sensory symptoms or pain. She did not complain of any weakness in her arms, trunk, face, or neck. She had no bowel or bladder incontinence or retention. On presentation to the emergency department, she had minimal antigravity strength of the lower extremities but normal strength elsewhere. In addition, she was areflexic in both lower extremities and had a wide-based, unsteady gait but no appendicular dysmetria or titubation. Sensory examination was normal.
Physiological consequences of experimentally altering the population structure of Peromyscus maniculatus in the field.

Abstract 1. 1. Cycles in breeding and adaptive endocrine responses of Peromyscus maniculatus follow seasonal climatic changes. 2. 2. Randomly cropped and undisturbed populations followed parallel spring and autumn peaks in adrenal-pituitary, gonadal-pituitary, breeding and density. 3. 3. There was a midsummer reduction of breeding, recruitment and density followed by declines in adrenal response. 4. 4. Prevention of juvenile recruitment and emergence through selective cropping increased the productivity of resident adults and extended the autumn breeding cycle. 5. 5. Juvenile cropping also attenuated the adrenal secretory response to reduced day length and cold without impairing adrenal-pituitary responsiveness. 6. 6. Winter breeding occurred in the manipulated population even though most animals in the population showed a reduction in pituitary-gonadal activity in response to winter conditions.
Does Method Matter? A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Training Method on Older Learner Training Performance:

Training the older learner has been the topic of considerable discussion but there is no consensus on which instructional methods are associated with higher observed training performance. We use random factors meta-analysis to explore the effects of three instructional methods (lecture, modeling, and active participation) and four instructional factors (materials, feedback, pacing, and group size) on observed training performance. The results reveal that all three instructional methods and two instructional factors, self-pacing and group size, explain unique variance in observed training performance. Self-pacing explained the greatest proportion of the observed variance. Implications of these results are discussed.
Long-term toughness of photopolymerizable (meth)acrylate networks in aqueous environments.

Abstract Photopolymerizable (meth)acrylate networks are potentially advantageous biomaterials due to their ability to be formed in situ, their fast synthesis rates and their tailorable material properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate how immersion time in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) affects the toughness of photopolymerizable methyl acrylate (MA)–co-methyl methacrylate–co-poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate networks containing various concentrations of MA. Stress–strain behavior was determined by performing tensile strain to failure testing after soaking in PBS for different periods (1 day up to 9 months). In tandem, differential scanning calorimetry and PBS content measurements were undertaken at each time point in order to determine whether time-dependent changes in toughness were related to changes in T g or PBS absorption. The effect of immersion time on network toughness was shown to be dependent upon composition in a manner related to the viscoelastic state of the polymer upon initial immersion in PBS. The results demonstrate that tough acrylate-based materials may not maintain their toughness after several months in PBS. In addition, decreasing the PBS content by changing the network hydrophobicity resulted in better toughness maintenance after 9 months. The results provide a possible means to toughen various amorphous acrylate-based implant materials that are being explored for load-bearing biomedical applications, beyond the systems considered in this work.
SINGLE LAYER RESISTS WITH ENHANCED ETCH RESISTANCE FOR 193nm LITHOGRAPHY

The quest for a high performance positive chemically amplified (CA) resist for 193nm lithography is a significant challenge. We have recently developed the first high resolution positive resist for 193nm lithography.[1] Our work now centers on improving etch resistance while maintaining imaging quality. In this paper we will discuss structure/property relationships of methacrylate polymers with increased etch resistance over our first generation resist. Modifications which improve etch resistance often negatively impact aqueous solubility and polymer thermal properties. Several approaches will be discussed whichattempt to address competing considerations in positive resist design.
Detection of kidney damage by malathion impurities using a microdissection technique.

Abstract O,O,S-Trimethylphosphorothioate (OOS-Me) and O,S,S-trimethylphosphorodithioate (OSS-Me) are impurities in technical grade malathion and related insecticides which have been shown to cause delayed death in rats following a single oral dose of 40–60 mg/kg. In connection with studies on the mode of action of these compounds, work on the microdissection and examination of nephrons was carried out. Nephrons from impurities-treated rats showed swelling, distortion and distension of glomeruli, as well as narrowing of the first part of the proximal tubule (swan neck). These results were similar to those observed from kidney tissue obtained from cadmium-chloride-treated rats and are indicative of OOS-Me and OSS-Me-induced kidney tubule damage.
An Epidemiological Description of Lightning-Related Deaths in the United States

To better quantify and update the health impact of lightning and to compare potential sources of information, we reviewed data from the National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) database for 1968 through 1985 and from the North Carolina Medical Examiner (NCME) computerized database for 1972 through 1984. We epidemiologically characterized all lightning-related deaths identified in these databases. Results of our analysis are presented together with previously published information from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. In the US, Wyoming has the highest average annual lightning-related death rate (0.196/100,000), whereas Florida has the largest cumulative incidence of deaths (200) for this 18-year period. Death rates are the highest for males and for people 10-19 years old. There is a tendency toward a slight, but steady, decrease in the yearly incidence of lightning-related deaths. One-third of the fatalities are job-related. Both the NCHS and NCME databases are limited in describing the circumstances and aetiologies of these deaths. Language: en
Reissert compound studies. XXXI. Emetine analogs based on the reaction of the reissert anion with 1,3,4,6,7,11b‐hexahydro‐9, 10‐dimethoxybenzo[a] quinolizin‐2‐ones

Reaction of the Reissert anion with the carbonyl group of 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxybenzo[a]quinolizin-2-one and with 3-ethyl-1,2,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-11bH-benzo[a]quinolizin-2-carboxaldehyde give emetine analogs. This anion does not react with the carbonyl group of 3-aIkyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxybenzo[a]quinolizin-2-one but instead gives a rearrangement product and the benzoquinolizinone cyanohydrin.
Empirical Relations Between Seasonal Changes in Meridional Temperature Gradients and Meridional Fluxes of Heat

Abstract The correlation of the zonal mean meridional flux of heat in the atmosphere-ocean system and of its various components with the zonal mean 1000 mb meridional temperature gradient are calculated from analyses of the mean seasonal changes in these quantities. The correlations for the total atmospheric flux and its dominant components are typically 90% or more. The correlation of the eddy flux with the temperature gradient is particularly high (typically 97%) but only if the transient and stationary components are added together. There appears to be no correlation between the ocean flux and the temperature gradient in low latitudes. In cases where the correlation is high, the seasonal changes are used to derive empirical relations between the fluxes and the gradient. Seasonal changes in the total flux in the atmosphere-ocean system are twice as strong as would be implied by a linear diffusion law. The empirical relations for the seasonal changes in the eddy flux of sensible heat indicate that it is ...
Cataloging CD-ROMs at the Ohio State University

Wang is serials cataloger at the Ohio State University Libraries in Columbus, Ohio. The new information storage and distribution medium CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory) has changed the Ohio State University Libraries in a visible way. Since October 1986, seven departmental libraries have provided CD-ROM workstations for public access to various CD-ROM databases to which the libraries subscribe. The bibliographic information for these databases is also accessible in the online public access catalog, the Library Control System (LCS). It is a challenge :to catalog this versatile medium, CD-ROM, for it requires an ongoing effort to keep abreast of the product's technical characteristics and specifications. The technology is developing so rapidly that some producers provide a new version of software with each quarterly cumulative disk. The system requirements are constantly changing because of system enhancements, and so are the cataloging rules. In October 1986, we cataloged according to Chapter 9 of the second edition of the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR2), the Guidelines for Using AACR2 Chapter 9 for Cataloging Microcomputer Software, and the first edition of the Machine-Readable Data Files Format. Presently, we catalog according to the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, Second Edition. Chapter 9, Computer Files (Draft Revision) and the second edition of Machine-Readable Data Files Format (MRDF). The changes prescribed by Chapter 9 (draft revision) are not included, however, in the revision pages of the second edition of the MRDF format, which were issued in March 1987. The multiple variations of hardware and software of this volatile medium present problems for bibliographic control. Much has been written on the
Structure study of oxygen-adsorbed Ni(111) surface by high energy ion scattering

Abstract Surface atomic structures of clean, oxygen-adsorbed, and oxidized (111) nickel have been studied quantitatively by using MeV ion scattering in combination with AES and MEED. We show that; the clean (111) nickel surface has the bulk-like structure with reconstruction or relaxation less than 0.02 A, the surface thermal vibration amplitude is enhanced by ~20% compared to the bulk value, adsorbed oxygen results in surface lattice expansion by ~0.15 A which is closely correlated to the p(2 × 2) or (√3 × √3) R30° superstructure, and oxidation at room temperature saturates at a stage which incorporates ~ 3 monolayers of nickel in a stoichiometric amorphous film of NiO whereas at temperatures higher than ~200° C thicker oxide films are produced. Our study indicates that each oxygen atom adsorbed on the Ni(111) surface interacts with and relaxes three nearest neighbor nickel atoms, and after saturation of the relaxation, oxidation of three monolayers takes place abruptly after which the oxide layer on the surface apparently blocks further reaction.
The Effect of Prereading, Rhetorically-Oriented Frameworks on the Recall of Two Structurally Different Expository Texts

Research in both first and second language reading has undertaken the study of discourse structure and the influence of the rhetorical organization of the text on readers' passage comprehension. A considerable amount of research has also examined the effect of text adjuncts of various kinds on passage comprehension. The present study explored the effect of providing novice foreign language readers information about the rhetorical structure of an expository text as a text adjunct. Two passages were tested under each of three conditions: no framework, minimal framework, and expanded framework. Results indicate that an expanded framework is an effective text adjunct for the comprehension of expository prose.
A STUDY OF HIGHER ORDER NEED STRENGTH AND JOB SATISFACTION IN SECONDARY PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS

It was the purpose of this study to identify areas of teacher motivation by determining teacher needs and their relationship to job satisfaction. This objective was pursued by applying the concept of higher and lower order need strength to secondary public school teachers. This concept was first developed and applied in business administration as a means of measuring worker motivation. It is based on the assumption that a match between the needs experienced by the individual and the needs fulfilled by the job bring greater job satisfaction and thus an increase in job productivity. While a predominance of higher order needs in secondary school teachers was found, the correlation of need strength and job satisfaction varied by school district. Apparently teaching in some schools is more satisfying to teachers with lower order needs while teaching in other schools is more satisfying to teachers with higher order needs.
First Report of Bentgrass Seed Gall Nematode, Anguina agrostis, in Virginia and Minnesota

On August 24, 2003, during a foray for grasses infected with fungi, redtop creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) was collected on Butt Mountain Lookout near an abandoned fire tower with coordinates 80°37'40.3″ W and 37°22'14.0″N at an altitude of 1,284 m overlooking the New River between the towns of Pembroke and Ripplemead, VA. Seed heads with very elongated glumes, lemmas, and paleas were very common, and the incidence rate was nearly 95% on the basis of symptomatic plants in the immediate area surrounding the tower comprising more than 5 ha of a grassy meadow. Close examination revealed the occurrence of elongated, blackish galls replacing the ovaries and containing Anguina agrostis (Steinbuch, 1799) Filipjev, 1936. Nematode cultures were established and maintained on red top creeping bentgrass (A. stolonifera) in a greenhouse. Identification was based on morphology and measurements of juveniles L = 407 + 22 (376-418) μ, stylet L = 18.5 + 1.7 (17.0-21.3) μ males L = 351 + 17 (339-367) μm; and females L = 455 + 33. Examination of specimens collected previously by C. Roane revealed that another population of Anguina agrostis was also found on August 9, 1990 parasitizing the same host growing along Echo Trail near Big Lake Lodge Rd. in St. Louis County, MN. The infestation at the Virginia site may have been from sowing infested seeds at the disturbed construction site for the fire lookout tower and other buildings. However, the occurrence at the Minnesota site is less likely to be anthropogenic. Voucher specimens from both locations were placed in the Virginia Tech Nematode Collection, and voucher cultures are maintained in the Virginia Tech Nematode Culture Collection.
The Obama Effect: Patterns of Geographic Clustering in the 2004 and 2008 Presidential Elections

This paper investigates patterns of geographic clustering in the county vote for the presidential elections of 2004 and 2008. Using local indicators of spatial association (LISA), the statistically significant areas of Democratic and Republican support are identified for both elections, thereby uncovering major sources of spatial autocorrelation in recent presidential voting. Most interestingly, the change in the presidential vote from 2004 to 2008 appears to be significantly more spatially dependent than the raw vote itself, suggesting that the so-called “Obama Effect” also exhibits a high degree of geographic clustering.
Gaussian decomposition of two-dimensional shapes : a unified representation for CAD and vision applications

Abstract A new parametric representation for two-dimensional (2D) shapes is introduced using Gaussians as basis functions. In this representation, to design a shape, the parameters of the Gaussians are specified. To recognize a shape, the shape is decomposed into Gaussians and the parameters of the Gaussians are used as features. Methods to design free-form shapes in CAD applications and recognize shapes in vision applications are described using the proposed representation.
Classroom understanding: An expanded notion of teacher clarity

The purpose of this paper is to expand and clarify the construct of teacher clarity. In doing so, this paper summarizes the findings on teacher clarity, points out two neglected areas, and presents an instrument that incorporates both content and process clarity. This study posits that clarity must be incorporated as a goal of general classroom understanding which includes content and process messages and that teacher clarity is a relational variable. The development of this instrument will allow future scholars to measure teacher clarity as it relates to other communication variables from a relational perspective. Also, the items on this expanded instrument will help teachers to become aware of and identify, more inclusively, the behaviors that constitute teacher clarity.
A novel carbohydrate structure in bovine and ovine luteinizing hormones.

Abstract Bovine and ovine lutropins (bLH and oLH) have three similar asparagine-linked carbohydrate units made up of Fuc, Gal (present only in oLH), Man, GlcNAc and GalNAc. The structural analyses of these carbohydrate units were performed on the oligosaccharides obtained by the alkaline borohydride treatment of the hormones and on the native hormones. The determination of intersugar and anomeric linkages, monosaccharide sequences and the polypeptide-carbohydrate linkage was carried out by methylation, periodate oxidation and deamination techniques and treatment with exoglycosidases. Based on these studies the structure for the oligosaccharide of bLH and oLH is proposed.
Carbon Nanotube Nanoreservior for Controlled Release of Anti-inflammatory Dexamethasone

On demand release of anti-inflammatory drug or neurotropic factors have great promise for maintaining a stable chronic neural interface. Here we report the development of an electrically controlled drug release system based on conducting polymer and carbon nanotubes. Drug delivery research using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has taken advantage of the ability of CNTs to load large amounts of drug molecules on their outer surface. However, the utility of the inner cavity of CNTs, which can increase the drug loading capacity, has not yet been explored. In this paper, the use of multi-wall CNTs as nanoreserviors for drug loading and controlled release is demonstrated. The CNTs are pretreated with acid sonication to open their ends and make their outer and inner surfaces more hydrophilic. When dispersed and sonicated in a solution containing the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone, experiments show that the pretreated CNTs are filled with the drug solution. To prevent the unwanted release of the drug, the open ends of the drug-filled CNTs are then sealed with polypyrrole (PPy) films formed through electropolymerization. The prepared electrode coating significantly reduced the electrode impedance, which is desired for neural recording and stimulation. More importantly, the coating can effectively store drug molecules and release the bioactive drug in a controlled manner using electrical stimulation. The dexamethasone released from the PPy/CNT film was able to reduce lipopolysaccharide induced microglia activation to the same degree as the added dexamethasone.
Modulated release of bioactive protein from multilayered blended PLGA coatings.

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop a poly( d,l -lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based coating system for producing biologically-inspired delivery profiles. Protein-loaded microspheres were made from PLGA (50:50) terminated with carboxylic acid groups (PLGA-2A) blended either with more hydrophobic PLGA (50:50) having lauryl ester endcaps (PLGA-LE) or with the more hydrophilic Pluronic F-127 (PF-127). Dense coatings were formed by pressure-sintering the microspheres. Altering hydrophobicity changed the water concentration within coatings, and consequently the time to onset of polymer degradation and protein release was modulated. After blending up to 8% Pluronic, degradation by-products began accumulating immediately upon incubation in saline, whereas, degradation was delayed for up to 14 days with blending of up to 30% PLGA-LE. Primary protein release peaks from one-layer coatings could be created from 7 to 20 days using 8% PF-127 or 30% PLGA-LE blends, respectively. Multilayered coatings of different blends generated several release peaks, with their temporal occurrence remaining approximately the same when layers of other hydrophobicity were added above or below. To allow design of coatings for future use, results were used to construct a model based on Fourier analysis. This polymer blend system and model can be used to mimic temporally varying profiles of protein expression.
Distributed distance estimation for manifold learning and dimensionality reduction

Given a network of N nodes with the i-th sensor's observation x i ∈ RM, the matrix containing all Euclidean distances among measurements ||x i − x j || ∀i, j ∈ {1,…, N} is a useful description of the data. While reconstructing a distance matrix has wide range of applications, we are particularly interested in the manifold reconstruction and its dimensionality reduction for data fusion and query. To make this map available to the all of the nodes in the network, we propose a fully decentralized consensus gossiping algorithm which is based on local neighbor communications, and does not require the existence of a central entity. The main advantage of our solution is that it is insensitive to changes in the network topology and it is fully decentralized. We describe the proposed algorithm in detail, study its complexity in terms of the number of inter-node radio transmissions and showcase its performance numerically.
Previous agonistic experience determines both foraging behavior and territoriality in the limpet Lottia gigantea (Sowerby)

Lottia gigantea, the owl limpet, is an algal gardener. Territorial individuals actively defend gardens, which consist of cleared areas in the intertidal zone upon which a thick algal film develops and upon which the territory holder feeds. Smaller, nonterritory holders raid these gardens and graze the algal film. Territorial individuals must obtain an adequate ration without compromising the productivity of the garden. In contrast, a nonterritory holder grazing on another limpet’s territory must obtain an adequate ration before it contacts the territory holder and is driven off. In the laboratory, replicate sets of 10 limpets were trained to behave territorially and nonterritorially. Training mimicked natural encounters between territorial and nonterritorial L. gigantea. Limpets given territorial training left significantly (t 4.92, df 9, p .00041) more algal cover behind when grazing (on average 71%) than did limpets trained to be nonterritorial (on average 50%). Territorial limpets seldom grazed over the same area more than once (4% of the grazed area). In contrast, nonterritorial limpets frequently foraged over an area more than once; of the area grazed, 20% had been visited more than once. Previous agonistic experience determines both territorial behavior and foraging strategies, two of the critical behaviors necessary for successful gardening behavior. Nonterritorial limpets maximize consumption per unit area, whereas territorial limpets appear to forage prudently, leaving a significantly greater proportion of the plant biomass behind. Key words: foraging, gardening, grazing, limpets, Lottia gigantea, territoriality. [Behav Ecol 13:467–471 (2002)]
Evidence for the Cardioprotective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

OBJECTIVE:To review available literature regarding the cardiovascular effects of marine-derived ω-3 fatty acids and evaluate the benefit of these fatty acids in the prevention of coronary heart disease.DATA SOURCES:Biomedical literature accessed through a MEDLINE search (1966–April 2002). Search terms included fish oil, omega-3 fatty acid, sudden death, hypertriglyceridemia, myocardial infarction, and mortality.DATA SYNTHESIS:Following an early 1970's observational investigation that ω-3 fatty acids may reduce the occurrence of myocardial infarction—related deaths in Greenland Eskimos, additional trials have been conducted that support this finding. Epidemiologic and clinical trial data suggest that ω-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of cardiovascular-related death by 29–52%. In addition, the risk of sudden cardiac death was found to be reduced by 45–81%. Possible mechanisms for these beneficial effects include antiarrhythmic properties, improved endothelial function, antiinflammatory action, and reducti...
Examining predictors of reaction times in children with ADHD and normal controls

A microanalysis of task events in a common go/no-go task was completed to examine how task events impact individual reaction times. Predictors of long reaction times were analyzed in order to better understand increased intra-individual variability (IIV) among children with ADHD compared to normal controls. 65 children with ADHD and 65 normal controls matched on gender, ethnicity, age completed a go/no-go task. Children across both groups were slower before and after omission errors than all other trials. They were also slower on the trial before successfully inhibiting their response to no-go trials. Children with ADHD exhibited a pronounced slowing on trials prior to omission errors and trials prior to successful inhibitions compared to the normal control group. Pre-error slowing in children with ADHD may represent the beginning stages of attentional disengagement that subsequently results in the absence of responding (i.e., errors of omission or successful inhibition). While these event-related increases in RT explain some of the increased IIV observed in children with ADHD, the removal of these trials did not remove the pronounced between-group differences in IIV suggesting that additional unmeasured processes are contributing to IIV in children with ADHD.
The Problem of Form and Matter

The conception of logic which we have found in FL and S2, along with the other logical novelties in these works, were bound to be controversial. The most significant review of these writings was written by Henry L. Mansel and published in 1851. It claimed that most of De Morgan’s innovations in FL fall outside the domain of formal logic. The chief offender was the doctrine of the abstract copula, for it erred in both its analysis of judgment and its theory of reasoning. It recognized any number of copulas, whereas traditional logic had always insisted on only one affirmative copula. Furthermore, transitivity is not a valid form of inference since it only applies to some relations and not to others; “is joined to” is transitive, while “touches” is not.
Fast-switching adaptive bandwidth frequency synthesizer using a loop filter with switched zero-resistor array

Secondary glitches caused by the switching of bandwidth in adaptive-bandwidth frequency synthesizers, are studied and a simple solution based on stepped-bandwidth switching is proposed to reduce their effects on the switching time of the synthesizer. Behavioral simulations using GSM specifications indicate nearly 35% improvement in switching time using the proposed solution.
Toward a role for dreams and images in a spiritual emergence process: a case study

BACKGROUND: Lukoff¹ advanced religious/spiritual problems as conditions that may be the focus of therapy. One such problem/condition has been termed spiritual emergence². OBJECTIVES: This case study explored the role of dreams and images in spiritual emergence processes. METHODS: Methodology involved a single case study and a literature review. Sources of data included six cases, reduced to three that exemplified contemporary experiences of spiritual emergence and/or spiritual emergency, and further limited to a single case due to space constraints. Similarities and differences between the case and literature were used in interpreting the role of dreams and dream-like experiences in spiritual emergence processes. Data spanned written, semi-structured interviews, published literature, historical documents, biographical narratives, and content analysis. Analysis included thematic, conceptual, and descriptive methods. Comparison of the case with findings from the literature review helped identify and validate various roles of dreams and images. RESULTS: A primary role of dreams and images in spiritual emergence seems to be to act as signs, with secondary roles as providing direction, or at least information. DISCUSSION: Implications of the findings are supportably applicable to spiritually emerging populations and to therapy where dream work is used.
Transmembrane Potentials of Osteoblasts

Transmembrane potentials were recorded in situ from osteoblasts on the parietal bones of albino rat pups, 3 to 24 days of age. Osteoblasts exhibit a uniquely low polarization of their cell membranes (3.93 mV, inside negative). Osteoblasts respond rapidly, but transiently, to parathyroid hormone by depolarization, and to thyrocalcitonin by hyperpolarization.
A simplified method for bacterial nutritional status based on the simultaneous determination of phospholipid and endogenous storage lipid poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate

Abstract The bacterial endogenous storage lipid poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) can be recovered from environmental samples by extraction with boiling chloroform or after treatment with sodium hypochlorite. In the study the determination of PHA after extraction with a one-phase chloroform:methanol solvent is shown to be as effective as the boiling chloroform method which is quantitative for PHA added to environmental samples. The one-phase chloroform:methanol extraction also quantitatively recovers the ester-linked fatty acids of the phospholipids (PLFA). The lipid extracts is then partitioned on a disposable silicic acid column with quantitative elution of neutral lipids with chlorofom, glycolipids and PHA with acetone, and phospholipids with methanol for analysis of each component. This extraction and simple column fractionation method for determination of PHA and PLFA simplifies previous methods for the assessment of the ratio of rates of formation of PHA and PLFA after a brief exposure to [14C]acetate which has been shown to be an sensitive measure of the nutritional status of bacteria in the environment.
Enhanced change detection performance reveals improved strategy use in avid action video game players

Recent research has shown that avid action video game players (VGPs) outperform non-video game players (NVGPs) on a variety of attentional and perceptual tasks. However, it remains unknown exactly why and how such differences arise; while some prior research has demonstrated that VGPs' improvements stem from enhanced basic perceptual processes, other work indicates that they can stem from enhanced attentional control. The current experiment used a change-detection task to explore whether top-down strategies can contribute to VGPs' improved abilities. Participants viewed alternating presentations of an image and a modified version of the image and were tasked with detecting and localizing the changed element. Consistent with prior claims of enhanced perceptual abilities, VGPs were able to detect the changes while requiring less exposure to the change than NVGPs. Further analyses revealed this improved change detection performance may result from altered strategy use; VGPs employed broader search patterns when scanning scenes for potential changes. These results complement prior demonstrations of VGPs' enhanced bottom-up perceptual benefits by providing new evidence of VGPs' potentially enhanced top-down strategic benefits.
Use of a reference tissue and blood vessel to measure the arterial input function in DCEMRI.

Accurate measurement of the arterial input function is critical for quantitative evaluation of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging data. Use of the reference tissue method to derive a local arterial input function avoided large errors associated with direct arterial measurements, but relied on literature values for Ktrans and ve. We demonstrate that accurate values of Ktrans and ve in a reference tissue can be measured by comparing contrast media concentration in a reference tissue to plasma concentrations measured directly in a local artery after the 1–2 passes of the contrast media bolus—when plasma concentration is low and can be measured accurately. The values of Ktrans and ve calculated for the reference tissue can then be used to derive a more complete arterial input function including the first pass of the contrast bolus. This new approach was demonstrated using dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging data from rodent hind limb. Values obtained for Ktrans and ve in muscle, and the shape and amplitude of the derived arterial input function are consistent with published results.
Influence of new late effects on quality of life over time in Hodgkin lymphoma Survivors: a longitudinal survey study

Background: Long-term Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survivors are known to have diminished quality of life (QoL). However, limited data are available on temporal changes in QoL and factors associated with the changes. Methods: In 2010, we conducted a follow-up questionnaire study on 273 HL survivors who participated in a 2003 questionnaire study on late effects after HL. The questionnaire items were limited to new late complications and reassessment of QoL and fatigue level, using the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue instruments, respectively. We compared the results from the 2003 and the 2010 questionnaires, and QoL score changes between survivors with and without new late complications during the 7-year period. Results: There was a significant decline in the SF-36 Physical Component Summary score (median change, �1.8; P< 0.0001) over the time period. The decline was significantly greater among survivors with a new cardiac (P= 0.005) or pulmonary (P< 0.0001) complication, compared with those without any new complications. The survivors reporting new cardiac complications also experienced significantly greater worsening of fatigue scores (P = 0.004). Conclusion: The significant association between the development of new cardiopulmonary complications and decline
Ritz Series Analysis of Rotating Machinery Incorporating Timoshenko Beam Theory

A shaft with attached rigid disks is modeled as a rotating Timoshenko beam supported by general compliant, nonconservative bearing supports. The continuous shaft-disk system is described with kinetic and potential energy functionals that fully account for transverse shear, translational and rotatory inertia, and gyroscopic coupling. Ritz series expansions are used to describe the flexural displacements and cross-sectional rotations about orthogonal fixed axes. The equations of motion are derived from Lagrange’s equations and placed in a state-space form that preserves the skew-symmetric gyroscopic matrix, as well as the cross-coupling displacement and velocity coefficient matrices describing the effects of bearings. Both the general and adjoint eigenproblems for the nonsymmetric equations are solved. Bi-orthogonality conditions lead to the ability to evaluate dynamic response via modal analysis. Two examples, which show close agreement with prior analyses of critical speeds, demonstrate the ease with which the method may be applied.© 2001 ASME
Neuroeconomics: Using Neuroscience to Make Economic Predictions*

Neuroeconomics seeks to ground economic theory in detailed neural mechanisms which are expressed mathematically and make behavioural predictions. One finding is that simple kinds of economising for life-and-death decisions (food, sex and danger) do occur in the brain as rational theories assume. Another set of findings appears to support the neural basis of constructs posited in behavioural economics, such as a preference for immediacy and nonlinear weighting of small and large probabilities. A third direction shows how understanding neural circuitry permits predictions and causal experiments which show state-dependence of revealed preference – except that states are biological and neural variables.
Sodium salicylate rescues inflammation-associated decrease in phosphorylated-eNOSser1177 in human aortic endothelial cells through an AMPK dependent mechanism (LB706)

Obesity is associated with impaired nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vascular endothelial function (VEF). Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, may contribute to reduced VEF in part through a direct r...
Astrophysics of CAI formation as revealed by silicon isotope LA-MC-ICPMS of an igneous CAI

Silicon isotope ratios of a typical CAI from the Leoville carbonaceous chondrite, obtained in situ by laser ablation MC-ICPMS, together with existing 25 Mg/ 24 Mg data, reveal a detailed picture of the astrophysical setting of CAI melting and subsequent heating. Models for the chemical and isotopic effects of evaporation of the molten CAI are used to produce a univariant relationship between PH2 and time during melting. The result shows that this CAI was molten for a cumulative time of no more than 70 days and probably less than 15 days depending on temperature. The object could have been molten for an integrated time of just a few hours if isotope ratio zoning was eliminated after melting by high subsolidus temperatures (e.g., N1300 K) for ∼500 yr. In all cases subsolidus heating sufficient to produce diffusion-limited isotope fractionation at the margin of the solidified CAI is required. These stable isotope data point to a two-stage history for this igneous CAI involving melting for a cumulative timescale of hours to months followed by subsolidus heating for years to hundreds of years. The thermobarometric history deduced from combining Si and Mg isotope ratio data implicates thermal processing in the disk, perhaps by passage through shockwaves, following melting. This study underscores the direct link between the meaning of stable isotope ratio zoning, or lack thereof, and the inferred astrophysical setting of melting and subsequent processing of CAIs. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Accounting for Victimization: Male Professors’ Ideological Positioning in Stories of Sexual Harassment

Ideologies constrain and shape the sense that people make of sexual harassment experiences in the workplace. Victims, harassers, and witnesses are all influenced by the discourse that informs the d...