cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Migrants in Australia: An Exploratory Study of Adjustment

Abstract In the literature on American migration to Australia, there is a debate concerning the ease and degree of post-migration social-psychological adjustment. In this paper a model of migrant adjustment is derived from the literature; relationships among social psychological measures of adjustment (alienation, work orientations, amicability, isolation, and missing family and friends) and socio-demographic variables are analyzed using path analysis. Results tend to support a complex view of migrant adjustment based on differences in socio-demographic characteristics. Certain modifications to existing literature are recommended, and avenues for further research are suggested.
Effects of Oxygen on Biofilm Formation and the AtlA Autolysin of Streptococcus mutans

The Streptococcus mutans atlA gene encodes an autolysin required for biofilm maturation and biogenesis of a normal cell surface. We found that the capacity to form biofilms by S. mutans, one of the principal causative agents of dental caries, was dramatically impaired by growth of the organism in an aerated environment and that cells exposed to oxygen displayed marked changes in surface protein profiles. Inactivation of the atlA gene alleviated repression of biofilm formation in the presence of oxygen. Also, the formation of long chains, a characteristic of AtlA-deficient strains, was less evident in cells grown with aeration. The SMu0629 gene is immediately upstream of atlA and encodes a product that contains a C-X-X-C motif, a characteristic of thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases. Inactivation of SMu0629 significantly reduced the levels of AtlA protein and led to resistance to autolysis. The SMu0629 mutant also displayed an enhanced capacity to form biofilms in the presence of oxygen compared to that of the parental strain. The expression of SMu0629 was shown to be under the control of the VicRK two-component system, which influences oxidative stress tolerance in S. mutans. Disruption of vicK also led to inhibition of processing of AtlA, and the mutant was hyperresistant to autolysis. When grown under aerobic conditions, the vicK mutant also showed significantly increased biofilm formation compared to strain UA159. This study illustrates the central role of AtlA and VicK in orchestrating growth on surfaces and envelope biogenesis in response to redox conditions.
Feedback delays : How can decision makers learn not to buy a new car every time the garage is empty ?

Decision makers in dynamic environments (e.g., stock trading, inventory control, and firefighting) learn poorly in experiments where feedback about the outcomes of their actions is delayed. In searching for ways to mitigate these effects, this paper presents two computational models of learning with feedback delays and contrasts them against human decision-makers' performance. The no-memory model hypothesizes that decision makers always perceive feedback as immediate. The with-memory model hypothesizes that, over time, decision makers are able to develop internal representations of the task that help them to perform with delayed feedback. As borne out by human subjects, both models predict that a display of past history improves learning with delay and that increasing delay increasingly degrades performance. Even though the length of training in this task exceeds that used in many laboratory-based dynamic tasks, neither the two models nor the subjects are able to effectively learn without decision aids when faced with feedback delays. When given an amount of training that more closely approximates that provided in functioning dynamic environments, the with-memory model predicts that human decision makers may learn without decision aids over the long term if feedback delays are simple. These results raise several issues for continued theoretical investigation as well as potential suggestions for training and supporting decision makers in dynamic environments with feedback delays.
How the US Food and Drug Administration can solve the prescription drug shortage problem

Drug shortages are threatening care quality and cost-containment efforts. I describe the pharmaceutical marketplace changes that have caused the problem, and propose new policies to solve it, through changing incentives for producers and purchasers. I propose a grading scheme for the Food and Drug Administration when it inspects manufacturing facilities in the United States and abroad. The inspections’ focus would change from closing unsafe plants to improving production process quality, reducing the likelihood that plants will be closed—the most frequent cause of drug shortages.
Immunoassayable insulin in carcinoma of the cervix associated with hypoglycemia.

Immunoassayable insulin was elevated in the plasma and in the primary and metastatic lesions of a patient with carcinoma of the cervix. The release of insulin from the tumor tissue could have been the important factor in precipitating acute episodes of hypoglycemia in this patient.
Effectiveness of permethrin-treated clothing to prevent tick exposure in foresters in the central Appalachian region of the USA.

Outdoor workers are at risk from mosquito and tick bites and the extent to which exposures are linked to vector-borne disease is not understood. This pilot study characterizes for ester exposure to mosquitoes and ticks, and assesses effectiveness of permethrin-treated clothing for prevention of tick bites. Foresters (N = 34) from Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia were placed into treatment (permethrin-treated clothing) or control (untreated clothing) groups. Foresters completed questionnaires about work-related tick/mosquito exposure and 454 ticks were collected/identified from May to June 2013. A time-weighted analysis based on information submitted by foresters about time working outdoors showed that control participants received a lower rate of tick exposure (0.15 tick bites/hour; 13 bites/person) compared to treatment participants (0.27 bites/hour; 21 bites/person). However, more control participants (85 %) received at least one tick bite compared to treatment part...
Vanadium oxide as new charge recombination blocking layer for high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract Vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) was used as a novel blocking layer in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), leading to a significant efficiency increase from 8.78% to 9.65%. The addition of V 2 O 5 layer to nanocrystalline (nc)-TiO 2 increased peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) from~80% to ~88–89%. Cyclic Voltammetry analysis indicated a positive shift of Fermi-level in case of TiO 2 /V 2 O 5 based cells supported by an increase of its capacitance comparing to bare TiO 2 based cells. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results exhibited a ~5 times higher charge recombination resistance ( R CT ) in V 2 O 5 layer modified DSCs than conventional cells, which indicated that back charge transfer from TiO 2 to tri-iodide in the electrolyte was substantially suppressed. Transient photovoltage measurements on conventional and V 2 O 5 layer modified cells were conducted and their decays were fitted to calculate the electron recombination lifetime ( τ n ), which increased by a factor of ~3 in V 2 O 5 -based DSCs. This indicated that V 2 O 5 significantly reduced the recombination rate at TiO 2 /electrolyte interface, further supporting that V 2 O 5 functioned as a new effective surface passivation layer.
What makes some language theory problems undecidable

In the theory of automata and formal languages, the undecidability of various properties has been studied for specific classes of languages. Here we abstract the essence of various proofs of undecidability and find wide classes of properties and general conditions on families of languages such that these proofs of undecidability hold. The paper also illustrates the manner in which the degree of undecidability of a property changes as we consider more and more complicated families of languages.
Estimating Invertible Domains of Diffeomorphisms

In this paper, we use continuation technique to obtain estimates on the domain of invertibility for a diffeomorphism. We then apply these estimates to implicit function theorems. Our estimates are more feasible and sharper than those known in the literature.
A new method for the determination of radium-228, thorium-228, and radium-224 in groundwaters via thoron (radon-220)

Current techniques for determining low levels of dissolved thorium involve chemical separations, generally by coprecipitation with a carrier cation, purification by ion exchange procedures, electroplating and, finally, alpha counting by alpha spectrometry. Similarly, measurements of low228Ra and224Ra activities requires concentration, by coprecipitation with barium sulfate, followed by gamma counting. An improved method for determining radium and thorium from the232Th decay series has been developed which measures the activity of220Rn as an assay of its parents. Although some ingrowth corrections and minor separation procedures for Th are required, the results to date show that the dynamic counting of220Rn via de-emanation and alpha counting by the alpha-scintillation method is a preferable approach for determining these radium and thorium isotopes accurately and efficiently. The method for lower limit detection depends on the emanation rate, which depends on purge-gas flow rate and sample volume analyzed. Using 50-cc and 1000-cc bubblers, and maximum effective purge gas flow rate, a lower limit of detection of 0.4 and 0.06 pCi/L220Rn can be obtained, respectively.
Personal renewal and professional growth for teachers: a study of meaningful learning in an interdisciplinary environment

Abstract This research examines the experiences of mid-career teachers who were selected as Fellows in the Stokely Institute for Liberal Arts Education, an interdisciplinary residential university program. The annual 5-week summer programs were convened for 12 successive summers between 1983 and 1994. The purpose of the Institute was to immerse teachers in interdisciplinary learning through intensive readings-based seminars, collegial discussions, guest lectures, and community activities. This article explores the supportive, challenging, open, and integrative learning communities that emerged from the interactions among university faculty, Fellows, and the Stokely program of study. The findings indicate that participants experienced significant personal renewal, professional growth, and new or revived interests in transformative learning.
Simultaneous two-dimensional mapping of species concentration and temperature in turbulent flames.

A new technique has been developed that permits simultaneous two-dimensional mapping of two scalar components (e.g., species and temperature) in a turbulent reacting flow. The technique uses two optical multichannel analyzers, each of which detects light scattered by a different mechanism (e.g., Rayleigh and Raman) and thus provides different information. The technique has been applied to both premixed and nonpremixed flames, and results are reported for each. The simultaneous information obtained in these experiments should provide new data on the interaction of turbulence and combustion in these chemically reacting flows.
Ritonavir inhibition of calcium-activated neutral proteases.

Abstract Calpains (EC 3.4.22.17) are intracellular calcium-activated cysteine proteases that mediate tissue injury following post-ischemic and post-traumatic stress. Both human HIV protease and calpains share a similar secondary structure, where the active site is flanked by hydrophobic regions. The present study demonstrates that ritonavir, a hydrophobic HIV protease inhibitor, also inhibits calpain activity. In PC12 cell extracts assayed for calpain at maximal activity (2 mM calcium), ritonavir exhibited competitive inhibition with a K i of 11±7.0 μM. Experiments with purified enzymes showed inhibition for both m- and μ-calpain isoforms (m-calpain, K i =9.2±1.2 μM; μ-calpain, K i =5.9±1.4 μM). Ritonavir also inhibited calcium-stimulated calpain activity in PC12 cells in situ . These results suggest that ritonavir or analogues of the drug should be investigated as cytoprotective agents in conditions where cell death or injury is mediated via calpain activation.
Incubation of human fecal homogenates with 4-14-C-cholesterol.

Fresh fecal homogenates from nine subjects consuming solid diets have been incubated for seven days at 37 C with 4-14C-cholesterol. One series of incubations was conducted under nitrogen, another under air. The extent of bacterial modification of cholesterol to known fecal metabolites varied considerably among the subjects, as expected, but when present such bacteria were shown to be highly active in the conditions used. Production of14CO2 was essentially zero in all incubations. Recovery of added14C from the incubated homogenates following extraction with chloroformmethanol (2∶1 v/v) and evaporation to dryness was quantitative in all cases. About 4% of the labeled cholesterol added appeared to be present in acidic components following incubation. It is concluded that in the incubation system used vigorous bacterial conversion of 4-14C-cholesterol to metabolites known to be produced in the human intestine could occur readily, in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. However, CO2 or other small, relatively volatile fragments labeled with14C could not be detected.
Peltaster fructicola: A new species in the complex of fungi causing apple sooty blotch disease

Peltaster fructicola sp. nov., associated with sooty blotch disease of apple fruit (Malus x domestica) in North Carolina, is described. The fungus produces dark, irregular shaped colonies with pycn...
Administered protection for workers: an analysis of the trade adjustment assistance program

Abstract One of the strongest justifications for the existence of the trade adjustment assistance (TAA) program is that it reduces workers’ lobbying efforts against trade liberalization. This paper tests the proposition that the government uses TAA to compensate workers for lost tariff protection. Consistent with this argument, a decline in tariffs over the previous year raises workers’ chances of receiving adjustment assistance in some specifications of the model. Equity and efficiency considerations also affect whether workers receive adjustment assistance. Workers from industries with high tariffs, high unemployment rates, and low wages are more likely to be approved for trade adjustment assistance.
Convergence of a finite element method for the approximation of normal modes of the oceans

This paper gives optimal order error estimates for the approximation of the spectral properties of a variant of the shallow water equations by a finite element procedure recently proposed by Platzman. General results on the spectral approximation of unbounded, selfadjoint operators are also given in this paper.
Secondary household production of food: the influence of home meal preparation on food expenditures and reported adequacy

A path model was tested to ascertain the relationships between certain socio-economic and demographic variables, the percentage of household meals prepared and eaten at home (secondary household production), food expenditures, and the household's reported adequacy of food consumed. Significant positive predictors of secondary household production of food were the age of the head and household size. Negative predictors were education of the head, income of the head(s) and number of hours worked by the household head(s). By far the most important predictor was the number of hours worked. The strongest predictor of food expenditures was household size. Other positive predictors were income of the head(s), number of household heads and the degree of urbanization. Negatively affecting food expenditures was secondary household production of food, indicating the ‘saving’ effect of preparing meals at home. The household's reported adequacy of their food was predicted by the positive effect of education of the head, age of the head, tenure, hours worked by the head(s) and number of household heads. Although the number of hours the heads are employed decreased the percentage of meals prepared at home, and the percentage of meals at home negatively affected expenditures, the number of employment hours had no effect on food expenditures.
A review of empirical research on manufacturing flexibility

Abstract Manufacturing flexibility is widely recognized as a critical component to achieving a competitive advantage in the marketplace. A comprehensive look at the empirical research pertaining to manufacturing flexibility highlights the very fragmented nature of this body of work. We present a comprehensive contingency-based framework for examining the content related issues involving the relationships and variables included in past studies. We also examine several important research design/methodology issues (e.g., sampling, data collection and measurement) and propose solutions to some identified problems.
Reaction network governing diphosphine-protected gold nanocluster formation from nascent cationic platforms

We identify the reaction network governing gold monolayer protected cluster (MPC) formation during the reduction of Au(PPh3)Cl and L5 (L5 = 1,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane) in solutions. UV-vis spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) monitored the formation of ligated Aux: 6 ≤ x ≤ 12 clusters, which comprise the reaction intermediates and final products. Initially, predominantly [Au2L52]2+ complexes form through dissolution of Au(PPh3)Cl. These complexes control the reduction and nucleation reactions that form nascent phosphine-ligated Au8 and Au10 ionic clusters. [Au10L54]2+ is an observed growth platform for ligated Au11 and Au12 clusters. The data for syntheses of Au : L5 systems evidence that the nascent reaction products (t < 3 days) are less dependent on the chosen reducing agent (borane tert-butylamine complex or NaBH4); instead, after reduction ceases, subsequent solution phase processing provides greater control for tuning cluster nuclearity.
TRH potentiates excitatory actions of acetylcholine on cerebral cortical neurones

ANTAGONISM of barbiturate-induced sleeping time in experimental animals1 is one of the interesting pharmacological properties of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline amide) which are independent of its effects on endocrine function. Moreover, this effect of TRH is reduced or inhibited by atropine, suggesting that cholinergic mechanisms contribute to some of the effects of TRH (ref. 1). It can be shown that general anaesthetics (barbiturates in particular) selectively reduce the sensitivity of cerebral cortical neurones to the excitatory actions of iontophoretically applied acetylcholine2–4. This anaesthetic interference with cholinergic, muscarinic excitations has been postulated to participate in the regulation of levels of consciousness5. In view of these considerations it might be predicted that TRH would alter the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on cortical neurones and the experiments described below were designed to test this hypothesis. The results indicate that TRH potentiates the excitatory actions of ACh on cortical neurones.
New techniques in the construction of patient-management problems

Summary A structured interview was tested as a means of constructing patient management problems (PMPs). Three paediatric cardiologists and three medical students were each interviewed separately to collect information to construct PMPs. Four PMPs—two devised by cardiologists and two by students—were constructed. The PMPs were administered to other doctors and medical students. No difference in performance or user reaction were found between the PMPs authored by doctors or those by students. We believe PMPs can be developed by a time-saving technique of a structured interview, and that senior medical students can provide a reservoir for realistic PMPs.
Solvation Dynamics of the Hydrated Electron Depends on Its Initial Degree of Electron Delocalization

We investigate the time scale for hydrated electron solvation as a function of the initial configuration of the electron/water system. The experiments employ various 2-pulse and 3-pulse femtosecond pulse sequences that allow for controllable preparation of the various optically excited and precursor states of the equilibrated hydrated electron. We observe that the conduction band electron, which is produced by detrapping of the hydrated electron, has the slowest time scale for electron solvation with an average solvation time constant of 400 fs. In contrast, the solvation dynamics are significantly faster for electrons that are produced in “pre-solvated” environments. These latter examples include the excited p-state of the hydrated electron and the precursor states involved in UV femtosecond multiphoton ionization of water.
Usefulness of an Exaggerated Systolic Blood Pressure Response to Exercise in Predicting Myocardial Perfusion Defects in Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract The clinical importance of an exaggerated systolic blood pressure (BP) response to exercise, or exercise hypertension, is unclear. We have previously reported that exercise hypertension is associated with less severe angiographic coronary artery disease. This study sought to examine the association between exercise hypertension and ischemic “burden,” as assessed by thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography. The cohort was comprised of consecutive adults (2,216 men, 1,229 women) referred for symptom-limited exercise thallium testing to evaluate known or suspected coronary artery disease. The main variable measured was exercise hypertension, defined as a peak systolic BP ≥210 mm Hg in men and ≥190 mm Hg in women. Thallium perfusion defects were described as: (1) any perfusion abnormality, (2) reversible abnormalities, and (3) any abnormality in ≥3 of 12 myocardial segments (“extensive abnormalities”). Exercise hypertension was present in 1,319 subjects (39%). Patients with exercise hypertension were less likely to have any thallium perfusion abnormality (16% vs 25%, odds ratio [OR] 0.58, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.49 to 0.69, p
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support in Severe Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Associated With Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in an Infant of a Diabetic Mother

A male infant was delivered at 37 weeks of gestation via cesarean delivery because of minimal fetal heart tone variability and late fetal decelerations to a 31-year-old mother whose pregnancy was complicated by maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic hypertension. Fetal echocardiography had been performed at 20 weeks of gestation, which showed a structurally normal heart without ventricular hypertrophy (Figure 1 and Movie IA and IB in the online-only Data Supplement). The mother had been treated previously with insulin, and during pregnancy, had hemoglobin A1c of 7.9% (diabetic patients with adequate glycemic control have values <7% to 8%).1 The birth weight was 4.8 kilograms. The infant developed respiratory failure within the first 15 minutes of life, requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. The umbilical cord venous blood gas demonstrated a pH of 7.16 and partial pressure of oxygen of 31 mm Hg. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was performed following the patient’s admission to the neonatal intensive-care unit because of auscultation of a grade-IV/VI harsh systolic ejection murmur heard throughout the precordium. TTE showed severe biventricular hypertrophy, mild right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with a …
Synthesis of 4-triazolopyrimidinone nucleotide and its application in synthesis of 5-methylcytosine-containing oligodeoxyribonucleotides

Abstract 5'-0-Dimethoxytritylthymidine (2) was phosphorylated and base-modified simultaneously to yield the 4-triazolopyrimidinone nucleotide (3). Coupling between (3) and other common deoxyribonucleotides gave a fully protected nonamer (4). Deblocking under different conditions yielded the nonamer as phosphodiester with concomitant conversion of 4-triazolopyrimidinone to 5-methylcytosine (aqueous ammonia) or thymine (N1,N1,N3,N3-tetramethyl-guanidinium syn-4-nitrobenzaldoximate solution).
ABL beam control segment

The U.S. Air Force Airborne Laser consists of four primary subsystem segments; aircraft, battle management and C4I, laser device, and beam control segment (BCS). The BCS performs two major function, beam control and fire control, using three primary products, turret assembly, beam transfer assembly, and fire control hardware and software. The fire control sequence involves slewing the turret to the target coordinates as received from the battle management segment, centering the target in the acquisition sensor, acquiring the plume in the coarse track sensor, acquiring the hard body of the missile with the track illuminator laser, and establishing active tracking of the nose of the target theater ballistic missile. The beam control sequence begins after established active nose track by firing another beacon illuminator laser (BILL) to establish the aim point on the missile for the high energy laser. The resulting spot on the missile is imaged in the wavefront sensor and compared with the outgoing sample of the BILL. By applying the conjugate of the wavefront difference from the beacon to a deformable mirror then the atmosphere serves to correct the arriving wavefront on target. At this point the HEL is fired along the same path with similar wavefront correction, and dwells on target until the missile skin is weakened and rips open or buckles.
Sox4 B-lymphocyte progenitors

In this issue of Blood , Mallampati et al provide mechanistic insight into the functions of the transcription factor Sox4 in pro-B lymphocytes using both gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches combined with global gene expression and genome-wide transcription factor binding analysis.[1][1
Is BEACOPP better than ABVD

The majority of patients with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma are cured with currently available therapy, such as ABVD (Adriamycin [doxorubicin], bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine). However, almost 20% of patients fail to achieve a complete remission and almost 40% relapse with prolonged follow-up. BEACOPP (bleomycin, etoposide, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) was developed by the German Hodgkin's Study Group to improve on standard therapy by intensifying treatment and substituting the active agent etoposide for vinblastine and dacarbazine. Promising results led to the HD9 trial, in which escalated BEACOPP was superior to COPP/ABVD (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, procarbazine/ABVD). Nevertheless, escalated BEACOPP is myelosuppressive and is associated with an increased risk of secondary malignancies. Modifications of BEACOPP have been developed in an attempt to increase efficacy and reduce the adverse effects. Whether BEACOPP should be selected in preference to ABVD may be determined by clinical stage, patient age, and other risk factors. The answer to whether escalated BEACOPP is superior to ABVD will require the results of an ongoing randomized trial.
Effects of wetting agents on water infiltration into poorly wettable sand, dry sod and wettable soils

Six commercial wetting agents (three nonionic and three anionic compounds) were tested for their effects on water infiltration into poorly wettable sand, a layer of dry bermudagrass sod, and two wettable soils. The poorly wettable sand and the sod of dormant bermudagrass were obtained from an old lawn area, and the wettable soils (silty clay, and saline sodic silty clay loam) from a pecan orchard and a cotton field. The infiltration of tap water (salinity of 0.8 dS m−1 and a sodium adsorption ratio of 5) was measured in laboratory columns using air-dried soil (or sod) samples after initial soil application of wetting agents at rates equivalent to 12 and 24 L ha−1. The stem of the dormant bermudagrass exuded a brownish substance, and was found to be strongly water-repellent. Application of wetting agents markedly improved initial water infiltration into both the poorly wettable sand and the sod. The effect persisted for the entire test period of four irrigations using a total of 10 cm of water. Effectiveness, however, varied significantly among the tested compounds: polyoxyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol ether and sulfosuccinate compounds were more effective than linear sulfonate or ethoxolated alcohol. The water-repellency of the poorly wettable sand was reduced substantially without wetting agents after two irrigations (using 5 cm of water), and that of the dormant sod after three irrigations (7.5 cm of water). Water infiltration into the air-dried wettable soils also increased significantly in the 1st irrigation (using 10 cm of water) showing 10 to 25% reductions in infiltration time with the application of polyoxyethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol ether.
Trigger-Based Language Modeling using a Loss-Sensitive Perceptron Algorithm

Discriminative language models using n-gram features have been shown to be effective in reducing speech recognition word error rates. In this paper we describe a method for incorporating discourse-level triggers into a discriminative language model. Triggers are features identifying re-occurrence of words within a conversation. We introduce triggers that are specific to particular unigrams and bigrams, as well as "back off" trigger features that allow generalizations to be made across different unigrams. We train our model using a new loss-sensitive variant of the perceptron algorithm that makes effective use of information from multiple hypotheses in an n-best list. We train and test on the switchboard data set and show a 0.5 absolute reduction in WER over a baseline discriminative model which uses n-gram features alone, and a 1.5 absolute reduction in WER over the baseline recognizer.
Complexes of 1,8-naphthyridines. X. Complexes of 1,8-naphthyridine with rare earth nitrates☆

Abstract Rare earth nitrate complexes of the type M(napy) 3 (NO 3 ) 3 where M = La-Nd and napy is 1,8-naphthyridine, and M(napy) 2 (NO 3 ) 3 where M = Y, Sm-Yb have been synthesized. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments, and infrared (4000–200 cm −1 ) spectra. The molar conductance and infrared spectral data show that all nitrate groups are coordinated. Both nitrate and napy are known to produce complexes which exhibit high coordination numbers, and there is crystallographic evidence of twelve-coordination in Ce(NO 3 ) 6 3− . Therefore, the M(napy) 3 (NO 3 ) 3 complexes appear to be twelve-coordinate, and the M(napy) 2 (NO 3 ) 3 complexes are apparently ten-coordinate.
Strange brew: T cells in the liver

Abstract The liver is a meeting place for thymus-dependent circulating T cells and thymus-independent T cells with natural-killer (NK)-cell markers. Here, Nick Crispe and Waj Mehal argue that interactions between these two T-cell pools might account for the distinctive immunological role of the liver as a focus of peripheral tolerance induction.
A Direct Assessment of the Relation Between Shared Knowledge and Communication in a Referential Communication Task

The present paper introduces a way to document quantitatively the changing relation between shared knowledge and communication over time. It is often assumed that people engaged in prolonged interaction come to share more knowledge over the course of interaction, and, further, it is assumed that this increase in shared knowledge enables them to communicate more efficiently with each other. In Experiments 1 and 2, this assumption was evaluated by monitoring the participants' knowledge of the experimental stimuli and their estimates about each other's knowledge periodically during several trials of a referential communication task. The results confirmed that participants developed more shared knowledge over the course of interaction, and that their estimates about shared knowledge become more accurate over successive trials. Experiment 3 was conducted in order to examine whether the use of intervening questionnaires in the earlier experiments prompted the participants to behave differently than they otherwise would. Although the use of the questionnaires encouraged a more active exchange of information, the overall pattern of behavior exhibited by the participants was not affected by this procedure.
Prostatic Neoplasia: In Search of a Treatment

Introduction: Complete prostatectomy with healing and normal urinary function is reported for some prostatic diseases. However incontinence rates of up to 100% for neoplasia-affected dogs have dampened surgeons’ enthusiasm for performing prostatectomies. Hypothesizing that incontinence following prostatectomy for prostatic cancer is related to extensive dissection associated with advanced invasion, it is proposed that there exists a subset of dogs with prostatic cancer that require minimal dissection and have the potential for quality survival for pet and owner. Materials and Methods: Dogs that received prostatectomy for neoplasia were qualitatively reviewed for commonalities associated with an outcome viewed as successful by owner and veterinarian. Results: Early diagnosis (prostatomegaly-castrated population, high index of suspicion, ultrasound guided cytology) with referral center staging (ultrasound, contrast CT) enabled selection of appropriate surgery (urinary drainage, stent, prostatic enucleation, extrapelvic urethral anastomosis, cystoprostatourethrectomy with ureterocolonic anastomosis) for several dogs. Conclusions: A massive demographic shift toward castrated dogs and widespread availability of abdominal u/s can distinguish dogs that may benefit from advanced staging technology and treatment for locally confined prostatic neoplasia. Application: Step one is local control. Though based on a dribble of cases, it is clear that some dogs with prostatic cancer can be cured and live high quality lives. We wanted to leak these results so that oncologists will encourage early aggressive investigation and referral for prostatomegaly in castrated dogs.
The roles of degranulation and superoxide anion generation in neutrophil aggregation.

Human neutrophils when exposed to appropriate stimuli aggregate, generate O(2) and secrete lysosomal constituents. To determine whether a causal relationship may exist between these responses neutrophils were exposed to either N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, phorbol myristate acetate, or the two calcium ionophores, A23187 and prostaglandin Bx. Each agent elicited all of the above responses. The concentrations required to elicit the aggregation of 30 . 10(6) neutrophils/ml were comparable to that required for O(2) generation or lysozyme release. In a series of experiments designed to dissociate these responses, cells were suspended in a concentration too dilute (3 . 10(6) neutrophils/ml) to permit aggregation to occur. O(2) generation and lysozyme release was measurable and varied in a dose-dependent fashion to the concentration of stimulus. In a second series of experiments, neutrophils were treated with 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid to inhibit degranulation without affecting O(2) generation. Aggregation was inhibited in a parallel fashion with lysozyme release. When detectable O(2) was removed from the medium by superoxide dismutase and catalase, aggregation and lysozyme release unaffected showing that aggregation can not be due to the presence of O(2) or its products in the extracellular medium. Neither aggregation of resting cells nor augmentation of fMet-Leu-Phe-induced aggregation was observed when cells were exposed to either supernatants of degranulated neutrophils or constituents of specific granules (lysozyme, lactoferrin). Kinetic analysis showed that in the absence of cytochalasin B degranulation preceded aggregation, while in its presence aggregation preceded degranulation.
Nuclear Factor I Family Members Regulate the Transcription of Surfactant Protein-C

Transcription of the surfactant protein-C (SP-C) gene is restricted to Type II epithelial cells in the adult lung. We have shown previously that the 0.32-kilobase pair (kb) mouse SP-C promoter is functional in transient transfection assays of the lung epithelial cell-derived cell line, MLE-15, and that thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) transactivates promoter activity. The 0.32-kb SP-C promoter can be separated into a proximal promoter region (-230 to +18) and an enhancer region (-318 to -230). Three DNase I footprints were mapped in the promoter region (C1 through C3) and two in the enhancer region (C4 and C5). We now show that nuclear factor I (NFI) family members bind to both individual NFI half-sites in footprints C1, C3, and C5, and to a composite site in footprint C4 by competition gel retardation and antibody supershift analyses. Mutational analysis of the 0.32-kb mouse SP-C promoter and transient transfection of MLE-15 cells demonstrated that the NFI binding sites are required for promoter activity in this cell type. Site-specific mutation of the proximal or distal NFI sites drastically reduced transactivation by a co-transfected NFI-A expression vector in HeLa cells. These data indicate that NFI family member(s), binding to sites in both the promoter and enhancer regions, regulate SP-C gene expression in a process independent of TTF-1.
Outbreak of Pseudoinfection with Tsukamurella paurometabolum Traced to Laboratory Contamination: Efficacy of Joint Epidemiological and Laboratory Investigation

From January 1988 to May 1989, one hospital in South Carolina reported 12 isolates of Tsukamurella paurometabolum from 10 patients. There were no common risk factors among the patients. Case-control studies revealed that the positive specimens were significantly more likely to have been processed in the TB/fungal room, to have been tissue samples, and to have been handled by one technician. Typing on the basis of biochemical, antimicrobial resistance, Southern blot, and ribotype profiles showed that the isolates from the outbreak were essentially identical and that they were distinguishable from each of two isolates obtained after the outbreak and from two type strains. These findings support the hypothesis of a common-source outbreak of pseudoinfection. There are reasons to believe that T. paurometabolum is present both in the environment and as a culture contaminant more often than has been recognized and that it is very rarely the true cause of infection in humans. Typing results show differences between one type strain and all of the other isolates studied in terms of colonial morphology, biochemistry, antimicrobial susceptibility, and ribotyping; these differences suggest that the nomenclature of T. paurometabolum may require further clarification.
A Study of Workplace Substance Abuse Programs in the Hotel and Motel Industry

It is estimated that 12% of the American workforce has a substance abuse problem. One method of combating substance is the utilization of employee assistance programs (EAP's). This paper presents findings of a survey at the corporate level of the hospitality industry to determine the availability and variety of EAP's. The paper classifies and categorizes existing EAP's, including managers' perceptions of substance abuse problems in the hospitality industry. lt concludes with the reactions and plans for those companies not currently using an EAP approach to substance abuse.
Pay procedures—what makes them fair?

Instrumental and value-expressive models of procedural justice were the basis of a field study with 612 employees of a large county government. The purpose was to identify the standards used to assess the fairness of pay procedures, and to determine the extent to which instrumental and value-expressive models of procedural justice explain procedural assessments. Results support the inference that both instrumental and value-expressive evaluation standards are used for fairness judgments of pay procedures. Results also indicate that the relevance of instrumental and value-expressive standards is dependent upon the component of the pay process being evaluated and the criterion referent.
Nipped in the bud: how the AMSH MIT domain helps deubiquitinate lysosome-bound cargo.

Recruitment of the K63-linkage specific deubiquitinating enzyme AMSH is an important step in ESCRT-dependent membrane protein sorting. In this issue of Structure, Solomons et al. now reveal an extraordinarily high affinity complex between the "MIM4" region of one ESCRT-III subunit, CHMP3, and the MIT domain of AMSH.
Moduli Spaces and Topological Quantum Field Theories

Generally covariant field theories have observables which are metric independent. Hence they are global invariants. Recently, a new class of such theories, the so called topological quantum field theories (TQFTs’), were introduced by E.Witten. Originally they were affiliated with Yang-Mills instantons (TYM), [1] sigma models (TSM)[2], and gravity (TG)[3]. Later on they enveloped other domains of physical systems [5-8]. The main question is obviously whether the TQFT’s probe some physical phenomena or are they merely mathematical tools to study topological properties of certain bundles? The answer to this question is two-fold: (i) The observables of the TQFT span the cohomology ring on certain moduli spaces. These moduli spaces may be intimately related to physics. An example familiar to string theorists is the moduli space of Riemann surfaces. Another example is the moduli space of instantons. (ii) The possibility that the TQFT’s describe a generally covariant phase of some physical systems [1,8]. In this work we follow the first direction.
Conic mixed-integer rounding cuts

A conic integer program is an integer programming problem with conic constraints. Many problems in finance, engineering, statistical learning, and probabilistic optimization are modeled using conic constraints. Here we study mixed-integer sets defined by second-order conic constraints. We introduce general-purpose cuts for conic mixed-integer programming based on polyhedral conic substructures of second-order conic sets. These cuts can be readily incorporated in branch-and-bound algorithms that solve either second-order conic programming or linear programming relaxations of conic integer programs at the nodes of the branch-and-bound tree. Central to our approach is a reformulation of the second-order conic constraints with polyhedral second-order conic constraints in a higher dimensional space. In this representation the cuts we develop are linear, even though they are nonlinear in the original space of variables. This feature leads to a computationally efficient implementation of nonlinear cuts for conic mixed-integer programming. The reformulation also allows the use of polyhedral methods for conic integer programming. We report computational results on solving unstructured second-order conic mixed-integer problems as well as mean–variance capital budgeting problems and least-squares estimation problems with binary inputs. Our computational experiments show that conic mixed-integer rounding cuts are very effective in reducing the integrality gap of continuous relaxations of conic mixed-integer programs and, hence, improving their solvability.
Dynamic aperture effects due to linear coupling

The studies described show that the stability limit, A/sub SL/, depends on the starting location around the ring. This variation in A/sub SL/ around the ring can be correlated with the variation in the betatron distortion for particles starting at different places around the ring. It is proposed that the average of the A/sub SL/ found by starting at each of the QF, the focusing quadrupoles in the arcs, can be taken as a measure of the dynamic aperture. It is found that the average A/sub SL/ is reduced by about 15% by the random skew quadrupole field error multipoles expected in the RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider). >
The Aggregation and Interactions of Tributyl Phosphate and Tricaprylmethylammonium Nitrate in Hexane by Osmometry

Abstract The dimerization constant of tributyl phosphate in hexane has been determined by vapor pressure osmometry and was found to be in agreement with the values in the literature obtained by infrared spectroscopy. The tributyl phosphate-tricapryl-methylammonium nitrate extractants strongly associate with each other. The addition of varying concentrations of tricaprylmethylammonium nitrate to a constant concentration of tributyl phosphate results in a linear relationship of the average degree of aggregation of the mixture with the initial concentration of tricaprylmethyl-ammonium nitrate. Varying the tributyl phosphate concentration results in a series of straight lines intersecting at one point. Extrapolation of the tributyl phosphate concentration to zero allows estimation of aggregation constants of tricaprylmethyl-ammonium nitrate in hexane by the linear regression technique.
Macroeconomic Conditions, Voter Turnout, and the Working-class/Economically Disadvantaged Party Vote in Developing Countries:

Working and lower status citizens are more sensitive to macroeconomic fluctuations than their better-off counterparts in the developing world, due to the higher personal stakes involved. This heightened sensitivity affects fluctuations in voter turnout and voter choice across developing democracies. Macroeconomic downturns result in increased voter participation as more lower status voters express their grievances at the polls. This benefits political parties and coalitions with expressly working- and lower-class appeals. This article describes the impact of shifts in voter turnout on party support, the impact of macroeconomic shifts on voter turnout, and the impact of macroeconomic shifts on support for parties that are working-class/economically disadvantaged oriented using regression analysis of aggregate pooled time-series data from 10 countries in Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia. Although increased turnout primarily helps parties that are working-class/economically disadvantaged orient...
Product mass transfer resistance directly determined during freeze-drying cycle runs using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) and pore diffusion model

The pore diffusion model is used to express the dry layer mass transfer resistance, [Formula: see text], as a function of the ratio r(e)/?, where r(e) is the effective pore radius and ? is the tortuosity factor of the dry layer. Using this model, the effective pore radius of the dry layer can be estimated from the sublimation rate and product temperature profiles measured during primary drying. Freeze-drying cycle runs were performed using the LyoStar II dryer (FTS Systems), with real-time sublimation rate profiles during freeze drying continuously measured by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS). The formulations chosen for demonstration of the proposed approach include 5% mannitol, 5% sucrose, 5% lactose, 3% mannitol plus 2% sucrose, and a parenteral nutrition formulation denoted VitaM12. The three different methods used for determination of the product resistance are: (1) Using both the sublimation rate and product temperature profiles, (2) using the sublimation rate profile alone, and (3) using the product temperate profile alone. Unlike the second and third methods, the computation procedure of first method does not need solution of the complex heat and mass transfer equations.