cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of charge transport in electrode-confined N,N'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridinium polymers on the current-potential response for mediated, outer-sphere electron-transfer reactions

Mediated outer-sphere redox processes have been examined at rotating disk Pt/(PQ/sup 2+/+/)/sub n/)/sub surf/ electrodes. The ((PQ/sup 2+/+/)/sub n/)/sub surf/ is a redox polymer anchored to the surface and is formed from N,N'-bis((trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium, I. The polymer coverages for the electrodes selected for study are sufficiently great that Fe(phen)/sub 3//sup 3+/2+,E /sup 0/' = + 1.03 V vs. SCE, shows no electrochemical response near its E/sup 0/'. The mediated reduction of Fe(phen)/sub 3//sup 3 +/ and a number of other outer-sphere oxidants is mass-transport limited when the Pt/((PQ/sup 2+/+)/sub n/)/sub surf/ electrode is held approx. 100 mV more negative than E/sup 0/'((PQ/sup 2+/+)/sub n/)/sub surf/ = -0.45 V vs. SCE in CH/sub 3/CN/0.1 M (n-Bu/sub 1/N)ClO/sub 4/. However, contrary to theoretical expectations based only on the rate constant for reaction of Fe(phen)/sub 3//sup 3 +/ with a surface PQ/sup +/, the onset of current for the mediated reduction is at the onset for ((PQ/sup 2 +/)/sub n/)/sub surf/ ..-->.. ((PQ/sup +/)/sub n/)/sub surf/ reduction; in fact, the mediated reduction current in the onset region is directly proportional to the concentration of PQ/sup +/ in the surface-confined polymer. Data for Pt/((PQ/sup 2 +/ xFe(CN)/sub 6//sup 3-/4-/)/sub n/)/sub surf/ electrodes show directly thatmore » charge transport in the polymer can be a limitation to the maximum steady-state mediation current in aqueous electrolyte solution at the coverages of ((PQ/sup 2+/+)/sub n/)/sub surf/ that have been employed. The charge-transport properties of the polymer are concluded to control the current-potential profile, as has been reported previously for other surface-modified electrodes, for the large polymer coverages employed in these studies. 26 references, 13 figures, 1 table.« less
Expression of neurotrophins in the adult spinal cord in vivo.

Potential roles of trophins in the normal and injured spinal cord are largely undefined. However, a number of recent studies suggest that adult spinal cord expresses neurotrophin receptors and responds to the neurotrophins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 3 (NT3), particularly after injury. The data indicate that trophins may enhance regrowth after damage and may represent a new therapeutic approach to injury. Neurotrophins are reportedly present in the spinal cord, but the cellular localization is unknown. This information is critical to begin delineating mechanisms of actions. To approach this problem, we examined whether spinal cord glia express BDNF and NT3 in vivo and have begun to define cellular distribution. Specific antibodies directed against the neurotrophins were utilized to visualize neurotrophin protein. Initial studies indicated that small cells in the white matter of adult rat spinal cord express BDNF and NT3. Large neurotrophin-positive neurons were also identified in the ventral cord. To identify the neurotrophin-positive cells, co-localization studies were performed utilizing neurotrophin polyclonal antisera together with monoclonal antibodies directed against the astrocyte marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In the white matter of adult spinal cord, GFAP-positive and GFAP-negative cells expressed BDNF and NT3. Our study suggests that astrocyte and non-astrocyte cells provide trophic support to the adult spinal cord. J. Neurosci. Res. 56:1–7, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hierarchical smoothed round robin scheduling in high-speed networks

The hierarchical smoothed round robin (HSRR) packet scheduler that improves the performance of the smoothed round robin (SRR) for real-world packet scheduling scenarios is presented. The SRR suffers from an inability to fairly distribute service in highly skewed weight distributions where such distributions often occur in practice. As a result, the transmission behaviour of the SRR can be bursty and non-smooth for the high weighted (or high priority) flows. A novel aggregation strategy is proposed to reshape the sessions' weight distribution that aims to minimise the variance of the high-priority flows' intra-session service times. The aggregation scheme also provides a new capability that supports the provisioning of high-priority service to an arbitrary set of selected flows. The reshaped weight distribution results in guaranteed lower bound in maximum packet delay for the high-priority flows. Furthermore, empirical analyses show that the cumulative average packet delay and jitter of the high-priority flows are significantly reduced from the original SRR and also overall lower for all flows. Along with the enhanced performance in packet delays, the HSRR scheduler attains a worst-case time complexity of O(1).
Effect of Defect Clustering on Anomalous X-Ray Transmission

A theory of anomalous x-ray transmission for crystals containing defect clusters of radius much less than an extinction distance is developed in a way analogous to the treatment of the thermal vibrations. A statistical distribution of the clusters is assumed, and only the coherent wave is considered. Two cluster models are discussed. The first represents a "loose" cluster of point defects, the second a dislocation loop. The absorption consists of two parts, the photoelectric absorption and the diffuse-scattering absorption. The photoelectric absorption is essentially given by a Debye-Waller factor resulting from the static lattice displacements of the clusters. The diffuse-scattering absorption is mainly determined by the very intense diffuse scattering in the wings of the Bragg reflection. Whereas for small clusters the photoelectric absorption is most important, for very large clusters the diffuse-scattering absorption dominates. Compared to the case of isolated point defects, the absorption can increase by as much as a factor of ${10}^{5}$, if a given number of point defects cluster and, for instance, build dislocation loops.
The spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis

Aspergillus species can produce a wide range of pulmonary disorders. Classically, pulmonary aspergillosis has been categorized into invasive, saprophytic, and allergic forms, all of which differ in their manifestations and therapy. More recently, however, other types of infection by this fungus have been recognized that do not fit into these traditional categories; an example is semi-invasive (chronic necrotizing) aspergillosis. In fact, these forms have features that are intermediate between those of the invasive and saprophytic types. The various types of aspergillosis can be regarded as constituting a continuous spectrum, ranging from invasive disease in the severely immunosuppressed patient to hypersensitivity reactions such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (and bronchocentric granulomatosis) in the hyperreactive patient. Between these extremes are chronic necrotizing disease seen in midly immunocompromised hosts, and the noninvasive aspergilloma, which is due to saprophytic growth within a previously diseased area of lung in an otherwise normal host. Other intermediate forms may be encountered, their behavior being determined by the host immune status in combination with the underlying lung morphology. The radiographic and clinical features of these various forms of pulmonary aspergillosis are reviewed, including the more recently reported forms of infection such as Aspergillus tracheobronchitis and aspergillosis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cystic fibrosis. The proposed concept of a disease spectrum is emphasized.
Insulin receptor substrate 1 is required for insulin-mediated mitogenic signal transduction.

Abstract Insulin treatment of mammalian cells immediately stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of a cellular protein of 185 kDa referred to as pp185 or IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate 1). The potential role of the IRS-1 protein in insulin signaling has been examined by microinjecting affinity-purified antibodies into living cells. Stably transfected Rat-1 fibroblasts, which overexpress the human insulin receptor, were microinjected and subsequently stimulated with insulin or other growth factors. Progression through the cell cycle was monitored by using a single-cell assay, which employs bromodeoxyuridine labeling of DNA and analysis with immunofluorescence microscopy. Microinjection of anti-IRS-1 antibody completely inhibited incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into the nuclei of cells stimulated with insulin or insulin-like growth factor I but did not affect cells stimulated with serum or a variety of purified growth factors. These studies indicate that IRS-1 is a critical component of the insulin and insulin-like growth factor I signaling pathways, which lead to DNA synthesis and cell growth.
Design and statistical analysis of oral medicine studies: common pitfalls

Oral Diseases (2010) 16, 233–241 A growing number of articles are emerging in the medical and statistics literature that describe epidemiologic and statistical flaws of research studies. Many examples of these deficiencies are encountered in the oral, craniofacial, and dental literature. However, only a handful of methodologic articles have been published in the oral literature warning investigators of potential errors that may arise early in the study and that can irreparably bias the final results. In this study, we briefly review some of the most common pitfalls that our team of epidemiologists and statisticians has identified during the review of submitted or published manuscripts and research grant applications. We use practical examples from the oral medicine and dental literature to illustrate potential shortcomings in the design and analysis of research studies, and how these deficiencies may affect the results and their interpretation. A good study design is essential, because errors in the analysis can be corrected if the design was sound, but flaws in study design can lead to data that are not salvageable. We recommend consultation with an epidemiologist or a statistician during the planning phase of a research study to optimize study efficiency, minimize potential sources of bias, and document the analytic plan.
Respiratory syncytial virus infection: Clinical presentation and management

RSV infection continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Despite advances in the understanding of its pathogenesis, limited progress has been made in prevention and treatment of RSV infection. Based on the experiences thus far it seems that control of RSV infection will be a difficult and complex task.
Continuum Radiation in the X Ray and Visible Regions from a Magnetically Compressed Plasma (Scylla)

The identification of a sharp low-wavelength cutoff in the spectrum of x rays emitted from deuterium discharges in Scylla has resulted in the assignment of an electron temperature of 240\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40 ev at the time of peak magnetic field compression. Simultaneous time-resolved absolute intensity determinations in the visible continuum, when coupled with the temperature measurement, yield an upper limit electron number density of (5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ at peak compression. The absolute value of $\frac{\mathrm{dE}}{d\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ in the soft x ray region is two hundred times larger than bremsstrahlung from a pure deuterium plasma at the temperature and density quoted, and it is postulated that the large experimental $\frac{\mathrm{dE}}{d\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ is the result of recombination radiation from about 2% of oxygen contaminant from the discharge tube walls.
ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, AND GROWTH OF DIFFERENTIATING TRICHOBLASTS IN ELODEA CANADENSIS

Root hairs of Elodea canadensis develop only from cells which undergo a particular series of developmental steps. These cells, the trichoblasts, are formed as the smaller, proximal product of an asymmetric division, and immediately enter a prolonged phase of synthesis. Histochemical tests show that large amounts of RNA and protein accumulate in the vastly enlarged nucleolus and cytoplasm, while histone increases in the enlarging nucleus. Cytophotometry shows that DNA in the nucleus reaches polyploid levels. Throughout the synthetic phase, almost to the point of root hair initiation at 9.5 mm proximal to the meristem initials, vacuolation is delayed and the trichoblasts elongate less extensively. All results suggest that this synthesis is the type which normally follows cell division, but is greatly enhanced in the trichoblast. In contrast, the initially larger atrichoblasts only accumulate RNA, DNA, and protein in the region from 1 mm to 2 mm proximal to the meristem tip, and they
SIDE LOBES AND GRATING LOBES ARTIFACTS IN ULTRASOUND IMAGING

Side lobes and grating lobes are both unwanted parts of the ultrasound beam emitted off axis that produce image artifacts due to error in positioning the returning echo. The purpose of this study was to reproduce artifacts associated with side lobes and grating lobes in vitro using different transducer types and recognize these artifacts in vivo. A phantom, composed of a water bath, a metallic wire, and a wooden tongue depressor, was imaged using a linear array, a curved linear a vector array, and a sector mechanical transducer. When imaging the metallic wire in a transverse plane, an echogenic artifact was constantly seen on each side of the wire, with a shape and intensity variable with the transducer type. The artifact was curvilinear and concave (linear and curved linear arrays), or curvilinear and convex (vector array and the mechanical transducer). When the tongue depressor was imaged in a longitudinal plane, the artifact was a straight line (linear array), a curved convex line (curved array), a series of convex curvilinear echo (vector array) or a small convex curvilinear echo (mechanical transducer). In vivo situations similar to the phantom experiment were investigated using clinical patients. Artifacts produced in vitro were recognized in vivo when a highly reflective object (urinary bladder wall) was imaged adjacent to an anechoic region (urine). These artifacts corresponded to the principle of secondary ultrasound lobes, and were therefore interpreted as such.
Binocular addition of the visual evoked response at different cortical locations.

Abstract Average evoked responses were recorded from four locations on the scalp over the occipital area for 21 subjects during monocular and binocular stimulation at a 3 c/sec rate. The amount of increase in size from monocular to binocular responses was dependent on the cortical location, and the mean binocular responses ranged between 8 and 43 per cent larger than the mean monocular responses at the same location. In addition, three types of binocular-monocular interactions were found at one location only.
Verbal Working Memory in Schizophrenia from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) Study: The Moderating Role of Smoking Status and Antipsychotic Medications

Objectives Working memory impairment has been extensively studied in schizophrenia, but less is known about moderators of the impairment. Using the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia case-control study (COGS-2), we examined smoking status, types of antipsychotic medication, and history of substance as moderators for working memory impairment in schizophrenia.
Polypoid endometrioma of the rectosigmoid

Endometriosis of the bowel most often involves the sigmoid and rectosigmoid and appears as an intramural mass protruding into the lumen in a polypoid or constricting fashion. Occasionally there is an intraluminal mass without obvious intramural involvement. Endometriosis of bowel is rarely diagnosed at endoscopic biopsy. We present a patient with an intraluminal endometrioma with a positive endoscopic biopsy.
Enzymes of mercapturate synthesis and other drug-metabolizing reactions-specific localization in the eye

Distribution of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase activities in bovine ocular tissues indicates that the drug-metabolizing enzyme activities are highest in the ciliary body, followed by the pigmented epithelium-choroid and iris. Retina, lens and cornea show little or no activities. The activities of enzymes involved in mercapturate synthesis (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, cystine amino-peptidase, and N-acetyl transferase) are also associated with the microsomal fraction of these tissues. Isopycnic centrifugation of the microsomes indicates that glutathione S-transferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and cytine aminopeptidase, are associated with the same membrane, while N-acetyl transferase is not. The association of the drug-metabolizing enzymes with the ciliary body and pigmented epithelium-choroid, both being in contact with the uveal blood circulation, supports the view that these enzymes will play an important role in the detoxification of blood nutrients which are required for the specific functions of these tissues.
Value of methylene blue examination, dark-field microscopy, and carbol-fuchsin Gram stain in the detection of Campylobacter enteritis.

Etude prospective sur 88 prelevements de selles chez des sujets de 1 mois a 45 ans vus en consultation externe pour diarrhee aigue. La presence de leucocytes (de polynucleaires) facilement decelee par l'examen immediat au bleu de methylene, oriente vers des germes generateurs de processus inflammatoires; la ou Campylobacter est courant, la microscopie sur fond noir ou la coloration de Gram permettent de retrouver ses caracteristiques et d'instituer un traitement plus precoce qui limite la diffusion du germe
Developing IP telephony laboratory and curriculum with private cloud computing

Internet Protocol (IP) Telephony is growing rapidly in the telecommunication industry. Since IP Telephony curriculum is very new to IT education and also because of the high cost of laboratory equipment, there are very few universities that offer IP Telephony courses. The documentation on IP Telephony laboratory and curriculum is also under-developed. To meet the challenges of this new technology and the needs of IT students, in this paper, we explore how an IT Telephony laboratory can be built upon within the private cloud to serve the class. The main goal of this paper is to share our experience and solutions about building the private cloud computing infrastructure prototype for an IP telephony course. With private cloud computing, hardware resources are virtualized as a resource pool and are managed and maintained as a whole. As demands fluctuate, the CPU, storage, and memory will be dynamically allocated with cloud computing. The overall cost of installing and maintaining the laboratory was decreased considering licensing fees and hardware costs. This research can serve as a reference guide for other IT educators who want to deploy IP Telephony laboratory and curriculum in their institutions.
The Effect of Spatial Correlations on the Steady State Nucleation ofVoids

Abstract A commonly invoked procedure for calculating steady state nucleation rates employs a chemical kinetics argument in which the rate constants are assumed to be the same as in a so-called “constrained” equilibrium state of the system of interest. Such a procedure implicitly ignores the possibility that in some nonequilibrium nucleation processes spatial correlations among the reactants can cause the relevant rate constants to be different from their equilibrium values. Void nucleation is an example of a situation in which this phenomenon occurs. We show how to modify the usual theory to account for the local depletion of vacancies in the vicinity of a forming void. A numerical example illustrates the conclusion that the local depletion effect produces nucleation rates which can be very much smaller than those predicted by models in which there is complete spatial uniformity.
Sustainable structure and strategies to alleviate poverty: a case study of Self-Employed Women’s Association, a membership based organisation

Eradicating poverty, or even alleviating extreme poverty, has been a long-sought goal of governments, aid agencies, non-governmental organisations, the United Nations, and even the poor themselves. Doing something about extreme poverty became the number one target for the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals, and the United Nations has been encouraging and supporting public and private initiatives aimed at poverty eradication. In recent years, attention has moved from governmental-supported and even non-governmental-supported efforts to locally-supported efforts as a key for effective and sustainable poverty alleviation. One such local effort in South Asia is the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), a unique membership based organisation (MBO) that was established in 1971 as a trade union working to alleviate poverty at the local level by helping poor women obtain work, income and food security. The objective of this article is to examine the organisation, structure and strategy of SEWA as a way to learn what works best for locally-based organisations in their efforts to alleviate poverty. The conclusion is that SEWAs organisational structure and strategies are important reasons for its success, and that the more organisations like SEWA empower their beneficiaries and collaborate with other poverty alleviation-oriented organisation, the more likely they are to achieve success in poverty alleviation.
Seismic Response and Performance of Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames

As the use of buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) has increased in the United States, the need has grown for knowledge about member and system behavior under seismic loads and for implementing this knowledge into design provisions. In particular, methods for designing BRBFs and predicting seismic response require validation. To address this need, along with the need for experiments demonstrating system-level BRBF performance, a research program composed of numerical and large-scale experimental simulations was initiated at the ATLSS Center, Lehigh University. This paper describes the nonlinear dynamic analyses that were conducted as part of this research program. Numerical simulations of BRBF response were conducted using ground motion records scaled to two seismic hazard levels. The performance of the prototype BRBF was acceptable and performance objectives were met in terms of structural damage. It is shown that the currently accepted deflection amplification factor underestimates mean inelastic lateral displacements under design-level earthquakes and the system overstrength factor may be unconservative. The current method for predicting BRB maximum ductility demands is also shown to be unconservative and a more rigorous method for predicting BRB maximum ductility demands is provided.
Acoustic sensitivity of the noctuid tympanic organ and its range for the cries of bats.

The sensitivity of the A1 tympanic receptor of Caenurgina erechtea was measured by stimulation with artificial pulses 5 msec in duration and presented 10 times a second. The criterion response was 2–3 spike potentials per ultrasonic pulse. This response level required sound pressures of 0·02 to 0·03 dyn/cm2 when delivered at frequencies between 25 and 60 kHz (kc/s). Pressures +20 dB re this level were necessary below 15 and above 80 kHz. Levels of tympanic excitation approximating this criterion response are thought to cause naturally flying moths to turn and fly directly away from a source of faint ultrasonic pulses such as a distant bat. A field array, consisting of two microphones and a tympanic nerve preparation, was used to measure the maximum range of the tympanic organ of C. erechtea and Catocala spp. for the cries of approaching bats. The lower frequencies (25–30 kHz) in these sounds were detected by the moth ears up to ranges of 32 to 40 m. Data on the pulse structure and intensity of the cries made by bats flying in the field are discussed in relation to their reception at this range by the noctuid tympanic organ, and to the evasive tactics shown by moths flying in the field. The ability of this monoreceptor system to discriminate minimum signal from noise is compared with that of a hypothetical multireceptor system having similar receptor sensitivity.
Task-based language learning and teaching: An action-research study:

The creation, implementation, and evaluation of language learning tasks remain a challenge for many teachers, especially those with limited experience with using tasks in their teaching. This actio...
Short-term effects of fertilization on photosynthesis and leaf morphology of field-grown loblolly pine following long-term exposure to elevated CO2 concentration

We examined effects of a first nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on upper-canopy needle morphology and gas exchange in approximately 20-m-tall loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) exposed to elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO(2)]) for 9 years. Duke Forest free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) plots were split and half of each ring fertilized with 112 kg ha(-1) elemental N applied in two applications in March and April 2005. Measurements of needle length (L), mass per unit area (LMA), N concentration (N(l)) on a mass and an area basis, light-saturated net photosynthesis per unit leaf area (A(a)) and per unit mass (A(m)), and leaf conductance (g(L)) began after the second fertilizer application in existing 1-year-old foliage (F(O)) and later in developing current-year first-flush (F(C1)) and current-year second-flush (F(C2)) foliage. Elevated [CO(2)] increased A(a) by 43 and 52% in F(O) and F(C1) foliage, respectively, but generally had no significant effect on any other parameter. Fertilization had little or no significant effect on L, LMA, A or g(L) in F(O) foliage; although N(l) was significantly higher in fertilized trees by midsummer. In contrast, fertilization resulted in large increases in L, N(l), and A in F(C1) and F(C2) foliage, increasing A(a) by about 20%. These results suggest that, although both needle age classes accumulate N following fertilization, they use it differently-current-year foliage incorporates N into photosynthetic machinery, whereas 1-year-old foliage serves as an N store. There were no significant interaction effects of elevated [CO(2)] and fertilization on A. Elevated [CO(2)] increased the intercept of the A:N(l) relationship but did not significantly affect the slope of the relationship in either foliage age class.
The treatment of laryngeal dystonia (spasmodic dysphonia) with botulinum toxin injections

Spasmodic dysphonia is a neurologic voice disorder classified as a task-specific focal laryngeal dystonia. Botulinum toxin injection into affected musculature is the gold standard of treatment. The efficacy of this treatment practice has been supported in double-blind placebo-controlled trials. This technique is detailed in this monograph.
Depauperate parasite faunas in introduced populations of Podarcis (Squamata: Lacertidae) lizards in North America.

Abstract We surveyed all four extant North America populations of introduced Podarcis (Podarcis muralis and Podarcis sicula) for helminths and hematozoans; both parasite groups infect these lizards in their native European habitats. We found only small numbers of helminths and no hematozoans. We conclude that either these two Podarcis species did not bring many parasites with them, appropriate intermediate hosts are lacking, or that these populations have not been in North America long enough for new parasite faunas to become established.
Optimization of millimeter-wave glow-discharge detectors

A simplified theory that provides the basis for determining the optimum gas composition and pressure which maximize the responsivity of millimeter and submillimeter glow-discharge detectors at a given spectral frequency is presented together with experimental verification.
A simplified technique for adaptive MIMO, modulation, and coding

In this paper we develop a technique for adaptive configuration of multi-antenna systems including modulation, coding, and the multi-antenna scheme without channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) and with minimal feedback. Using a combination of theoretical and simulation-based models, we develop and verify a set of multi-antenna-scheme specific distance metrics for adaptation. Further, we integrate these MIMO distance metrics with standard distance metrics for adaptive modulation and coding (AMC). We show that with these simple metrics the adaptive scheme can achieve performance that is close to channel capacity and within a fraction of a dB of the best throughput achievable for the transmissions modes considered. The focus of this work is adaptation for a fixed BER while maximizing the spectral efficiency using minimal feedback.
Recognizing and engaging depressed Chinese Americans in treatment in a primary care setting

Objectives To examine the effectiveness of depression screening and the Engagement Interview Protocol (EIP) in identifying and engaging in treatment depressed Chinese Americans in a primary care setting. Methods Chinese American patients who attended a primary care clinic between 15 September, 2004 and 14 September, 2005 were screened for depression using the Chinese Bilingual version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (CB-PHQ-9). Patients who screened positive (CB-PHQ-9 ≥ 15) were evaluated using the EIP to establish psychiatric diagnosis and to engage patients in treatment. Results Three thousand eight hundred and twelve patients completed the CB-PHQ-9, of which 113 (3.2%) screened positive for MDD. Among those screening positive, six (5.3%) had been receiving psychiatric treatment for depression, 57 (50%) declined to receive a psychiatric interview or were unable to be contacted, and 50 (44%) agreed to be interviewed with the EIP. Out of the 50 patients interviewed, 44 (88%) had their MDD diagnosis confirmed; among them, 41 (93%) agreed to receive treatment for depression and three (7%) declined intervention. Conclusions Under-recognition and under-treatment of depressed Chinese Americans in primary care settings continue to be prevalent. Recognition of depression can be enhanced by using the brief CB-PHQ-9 to screen for depression. Half of the Chinese Americans who screened positive for MDD declined evaluation by a mental health professional. Most of the depressed Chinese Americans who were evaluated agreed to receive treatment. Enhanced cultural sensitivity with the use of the EIP in psychiatric assessment may have contributed to the success in engaging depressed Chinese Americans in treatment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early changes in natural killer cell function indicate virologic response to interferon therapy for hepatitis C.

Background & Aims Mathematical modeling of hepatitis C virus (HCV) kinetics indicated that cellular immune responses contribute to interferon (IFN)-induced clearance of HCV. We investigated a potential role of natural killer (NK) cells in this process. Methods Phenotype and function of blood and liver NK cells were studied during the first 12 weeks of treatment with pegylated IFN-alfa and ribavirin, the time period used to define the early virological response. Results Within hours of treatment initiation, NK cells of patients that had an early virological response increased expression of activating receptors NKG2D, NKp30, and CD16 and decreased expression of NKG2C and 2B4, along with inhibitory receptors SIGLEC7 and NKG2A, resulting in NK cell activation. NK cell cytotoxicity, measured by degranulation and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand production, peaked after 24 hours ( P P P + NK cells ( P P Conclusions IFN activates NK cells early after treatment is initiated. Their cytotoxic function, in particular, is strongly induced, which correlates to virologic response. Therefore, NK cell activation indicates responsiveness to IFN-α–based treatment and suggests the involvement of the innate immune cells in viral clearance.
External control in Markovian genetic regulatory networks: the imperfect information case

Probabilistic Boolean Networks, which form a subclass of Markovian Genetic Regulatory Networks, have been recently introduced as a rule-based paradigm for modeling gene regulatory networks. In an earlier paper, we introduced external control into Markovian Genetic Regulatory networks. More precisely, given a Markovian genetic regulatory network whose state transition probabilities depend on an external (control) variable, a Dynamic Programming-based procedure was developed by which one could choose the sequence of control actions that minimized a given performance index over a finite number of steps. The control algorithm of that paper, however, could be implemented only when one had perfect knowledge of the states of the Markov Chain. This paper presents a control strategy that can be implemented in the imperfect information case, and makes use of the available measurements which are assumed to be probabilistically related to the states of the underlying Markov Chain.
How is the balance between protein synthesis and degradation achieved

Unlike most substances that cells manufacture, proteins are not produced and broken down by a common series of chemical reactions, but by completely different (independent and disconnected) mechanisms that possess no intrinsic means of making the rates of the two processes equal and attaining steady state concentrations. Balance between them is achieved extrinsically and is often imagined today to be the result of the actions of chemical feedback agents. But however instantiated, chemical feedback or any similar mechanism can only rectify induced imbalances in a system previously balanced by other means. Those "other means" necessarily involve reversible mass action or equilibrium-based interactions between native and altered forms of protein molecules somewhere in time and space between their synthesis and degradation.
Claiming space for an engaged anthropology: spatial inequality and social exclusion.

ABSTRACT I use the concept of “engaged anthropology” to frame a discussion of how “spatializing culture” uncovers systems of exclusion that are hidden or naturalized and thus rendered invisible to other methodological approaches. “Claiming Space for an Engaged Anthropology” is doubly meant: to claim more intellectual and professional space for engagement and to propose that anthropology include the dimension of space as a theoretical construct. I draw on three fieldwork examples to illustrate the value of the approach: (1) a Spanish American plaza, reclaimed from a Eurocentric past, for indigenous groups and contemporary cultural interpretation; (2) Moore Street Market, an enclosed Latino food market in Brooklyn, New York, reclaimed for a translocal set of social relations rather than a gentrified redevelopment project; (3) gated communities in Texas and New York and cooperatives in New York, reclaiming public space and confronting race and class segregation created by neoliberal enclosure and securitization.
A Hierarchical Bayesian Approach to Ecological Count Data: A Flexible Tool for Ecologists

Many ecological studies use the analysis of count data to arrive at biologically meaningful inferences. Here, we introduce a hierarchical Bayesian approach to count data. This approach has the advantage over traditional approaches in that it directly estimates the parameters of interest at both the individual-level and population-level, appropriately models uncertainty, and allows for comparisons among models, including those that exceed the complexity of many traditional approaches, such as ANOVA or non-parametric analogs. As an example, we apply this method to oviposition preference data for butterflies in the genus Lycaeides. Using this method, we estimate the parameters that describe preference for each population, compare the preference hierarchies among populations, and explore various models that group populations that share the same preference hierarchy.
Human fibroblast commitment to a senescence-like state in response to histone deacetylase inhibitors is cell cycle dependent

Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) complete a limited number of cell divisions before entering a growth arrest state that is termed replicative senescence. Two histone deacetylase inhibitors, sodium butyrate and trichostatin A, dramatically reduce the HDF proliferative life span in a manner that is dependent on one or more cell doublings in the presence of these agents. Cells arrested and subsequently released from histone deacetylase inhibitors display markers of senescence and exhibit a persistent G1 block but remain competent to initiate a round of DNA synthesis in response to simian virus 40 T antigen. Average telomere length in prematurely arrested cells is greater than in senescent cells, reflecting a lower number of population doublings completed by the former. Taken together, these results support the view that one component of HDF senescence mimics a cell cycle-dependent drift in differentiation state and that propagation of HDF in histone deacetylase inhibitors accentuates this component.
The need for mixed-order representations with the locally corrected Nystrom method

The locally corrected Nystrom method can be used to discretize the electric field integral equation (EFIE) for scattering from conducting surfaces. Previous implementations of this technique have employed polynomial-complete representations of the surface current density. Results suggest, however, that polynomial-complete expansions yield inaccurate cross-polarization surface currents. Mixed-order expansions that provide a self-consistent representation of the equivalent charge density appear to alleviate the difficulty.
Neural-specific carbohydrate moiety shared by many surface glycoproteins in Drosophila and grasshopper embryos.

Antiserum against horseradish peroxidase (anti-HRP Ab) labels the surfaces of neurons in both Drosophila and grasshopper (Jan and Jan, 1982). Here we show that the anti-HRP Ab (1) immunoprecipitates at least 17 different membrane glycoproteins from the Drosophila embryo CNS (and a similar array from grasshopper), and (2) recognizes a neural- specific carbohydrate moiety expressed by most if not all of these proteins. Although the anti-HRP Ab stains all axon pathways, 2 of the anti-HRP glycoproteins, fasciclin I and II, are expressed on specific subsets of axon pathways in the grasshopper embryo.
Quantitative measurement of haptic perception

Development and evaluation of teleoperators and haptic virtual environment technologies require objective quantitative measures of haptic quality. In this paper a theoretical framework and experimental procedures are introduced for quantitative assessment of haptic perception. Human haptic perception of objects is distorted and uncertain as well. Perceptual distortion is defined to be a systematic bias of perception with respect to an objective standard. Perceptual uncertainty is defined to be a measure of statistical distribution of percepts. A set of mathematical tools is presented to quantify perceptual distortion and uncertainty. Two experiments are presented which apply these tools to investigate the fundamental structure of human haptic perception. >
Snap-and-go: helping users align objects without the modality of traditional snapping

Snapping is a widely used technique that helps users position graphical objects precisely, e.g., to align them with a grid or other graphical objects. Unfortunately, whenever users want to position a dragged object close to such an aligned location, they first need to deactivate snapping. We propose snap-and-go, a snapping technique that overcomes this limitation. By merely stopping dragged objects at aligned positions, rather than "warping" them there, snap-and-go helps users align objects, yet still allows placing dragged objects anywhere else. While this approach of inserting additional motor space renders snap-and-go slightly slower than traditional snapping, snap-and-go simplifies the user interface by eliminating the need for a deactivation option and thereby allows introducing snapping to application scenarios where traditional snapping is inapplicable. In our user studies, participants were able to align objects up to 138% (1D) and 231% (2D) faster with snap-and-go than without and snap-and-go proved robust against the presence of distracting snap targets.
An Appraisal of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy with Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Prevention of Cardiovascular Events

Combination antiplatelet therapy, typically with clopidogrel and aspirin, is commonly used for the prevention of cardiovascular events. When used for appropriate indications and duration, its benefits clearly outweigh its risks. However, it is not uncommon for the combination to be used outside of recommended indications or for longer than recommended durations. In these circumstances data are at best unclear and, at worst, indicative of harm. Furthermore, use for one of its indications-prevention of cardiac events after deployment of a coronary stent-is complicated by the type of stent used. This report reviews the evidence surrounding combination antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin, with an emphasis on identifying appropriate indications for and durations of therapy.
Three-Dimensional Fracture Analysis of a Thin Film on a Rigid Substrate

Three-dimensional failure behaviors of a thin film bonded onto a rigid substrate is analyzed with a full-field finite element method. The film is subjected to a biaxial residual tension and contains a surface-breaking crack which has penetrated to the film-substrate interface. The computational results show that the steady state prevails when the crack length is greater than twice the film thickness. Under steady state, the near crack front field and the stress intensity factor along the crack front are independent of the crack length. It has been also shown that the variation of stress intensity factor along the crack front is highly dependent on the shape of the crack front profile. Furthermore, when a partial delamination occurs between the film and the substrate, the stress intensity factor increases as the decohesion spreads near the crack. The interplay between the decohesion and the crack propagation is discussed in this paper.
Effects of Age and Practice on Attention and Stages of Information Processing Using CRT with Fixed and Variable Foreperiods

The results of previous investigations have found conflicting results on the locus of age-related slowing of reaction time using Additive Factors Method (Sternberg, 1969). This experiment was conducted to examine the differential effects of Additive Factors Method task manipulations using both fixed and variable foreperiod conditions with practice preceding a second day replication to quantify the interaction of these effects with skill. The results show that (1) practice is a major confounding for research involving RT tasks, (2) the locus of age effects may lie in the later response selection stage of processing, and (3) the effects of aging, practice and intra-task factors depend on the response-stimulus interval characterizing the RT task. This research has implications for improving research methodologies and understanding the nature of age-related slowing in central nervous system functions.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an infant.

A peculiar pulmonary disease of infants, usually called plasma cell pneumonia, has been recognized in Europe for many years. The clinical syndrome and lesions in the lungs seem to be specific. The pulmonary alveoli contain an acidophilic fibrillary material in which there are myriads of tiny bodies, and this finding led Dvorak and Jirovec and othersto implicate a parasite, Pneumocystis carinii, as the causal agent. Only 1 case that resembles this disorder has been previously described in the United States, but the alveolar exudate with the tiny bodies was apparently not observed in the tissues.
Formation of 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-nitrophenol during Combustion of Diesel Fuel Antioxidant Precursors

Alkylphenolic antioxidants are commonly used as additives to stabilize gasoline, jet, and diesel fuels. The use of antioxidants in diesel, in particular, has become more common because of increased blending of cracked gas oils and blending of biodiesel. Combustion of these phenolic compounds may have unintended consequences. Nitroaromatic compounds are of particular interest because many are listed as known or suspected carcinogens. During the analysis of previously published data, the identity of an unknown peak was confirmed as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nitrophenol (DBNP), an antioxidant derivative. To determine the source of DBNP, particulate matter samples from combustion of conventional diesel fuels spiked with two possible antioxidant precursors were collected and analyzed by electron monochromator–mass spectrometry. Results show fuel spiked with either 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol or 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol produced higher levels of DBNP than control samples. Because fuels require antioxidant additiv...
Attitudes of Players and Spectators toward Norm-Violation in Ice Hockey

Previous studies measuring attitudes toward norm-violation in sports have indicated that individuals tend to approve of rule-breaking behavior (Flory, 1958; McAffee, 1955). However, no effort has been undertaken in which players' and spectators' attitudes toward norm-violation in sports were tested or the relative strengths of such attitudes were compared. The present endeavor has attempted to make such an assessment. Ss were 18 college hockey players (Mag. = 20 yr.) and 4 6 hockey spectators-26 males (M.,. = 25) and 20 females (M.,,. = 26) . Just prior to the start of a game, Ss were administered a 4-item scale constructed to measure "attitude toward norm-violation." One item measured a general attitude toward rule-breaking. The remaining three items asked Ss to state the degree to which they thought that hockey player norm-violation was justified ( a ) if it would help the player's team win the game, ( b ) if it would allow a player to help a teammate who was being attacked by an opposing player, and (c ) if it would enable a player to "get even" with an opponent who had tried to harm him physically. Ss were asked to respond to each item using a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from "strongly disapprove of norm-violation" ( 1 ) to "strongly approve" ( 7 ) . S's score on the scale was the sum total of his responses, possible scores ranging from 4 to 28. T o test the degree to which players and spectators approved of norm-violation. Ss were grouped according to their scores into one of three caregories: high approval (score = 22 to 28) , medium approval (13 to 2 1 ) , and low approval ( 4 to 1 2 ) . T o test the relative strengths of spectators' vs players' attitudes, mean scale scores were computed for both groups and compared by t test. The findings suggested that both players and spectators generally approved of normviolation. For the players, 88.9% scored as h~ghly approving and 11.1% as having medium approval, while for spectators, 15 2 % scored high and 71 8 % medium. Subdivided by sex, 26.9% of the male spectators scored high and 57.7% medium, while no females scored high but 90% scored medium. Comparing strengths of attitudes toward rule-breaking, data indicated that players (mean score = 24) showed greater approval of norm-violation than spectators (M = 16.4; t = 5.13, df = 62, p < .001), than male spectators ( M = 18.4; t = 4.79, df = 42, p < .001), and than female spectators ( M = 13.8; r = 4.04, d f = 44, p < .001). Also, male spectators displayed greater approval o f norm-violation than female spectators ( t = 4.04, df = 44, p < .001).
Effects of Explicit and Implicit Achievement Standards on Performance

This study investigated effects of achievement standards—self-selected, explicitly imposed, and implicitly imposed—on performance in conditions where no tangible rewards were present. Subjects who had no standards performed significantly less than subjects who had standards. When subjects selected standards they performed significantly more than when experimenters explicitly imposed standards; no significant difference was found between subjects who selected standards and subjects who had standards implicitly imposed by experimenters.