cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Subsidies in Microsoft Excel.

Applying the budget line/indifference curve apparatus to policy issues reveals important and sometimes counterintuitive policy implications. Also, it provides practice in using the apparatus. The author applies these tools to subsidies. The analysis follows textbook treatments but is extended at some points. In particular, the present analysis explicitly models consumer behavior when the consumer is also the taxpayer. The approach uses Microsoft Excel workbooks to depict a variable-quantity subsidy (housing) and a fixed-quantity subsidy (schooling). In each case, a Cobb-Douglas utility function represents consumer preferences. The budget sets reflect the policy being analyzed. With housing, the model shows the effect of providing a variable-quantity subsidy, including demonstrating that the consumer would prefer a lump-sum cash payment to a subsidy. It then removes the transfer effect by requiring that the consumer pay a tax equal to the subsidy. To do this the consumer must be simultaneously on the real budget line and on the apparent budget line created by subsidy. Excel shows students the nature of the constraints involved. Analyzing schooling shows that for three classes of consumers, a fixedquantity subsidy reduces schooling for two. Both types of consumers would choose more than the politically determined quantity. One type opts for the zeropriced, government-provided schooling. The other chooses to purchase schooling outside the government-operated system but buys less than before because paying for the government-operated schooling reduces income. The analysis also shows that a voucher program replicates the laissez-faire outcome for these two classes of consumers. For the third class, those who would buy less than the politically determined level, the voucher system yields the same quantity that the consumer would choose when schooling is offered free of charge.
Dynamics and Statistical Properties of Disordered Proteins

To understand the full picture of protein folding, structural and dynamic properties of the unfolded ensemble of a protein under folding conditions need to be elucidated. This could give clues to the early stages and events in the folding process. In this work, we examined the end-to-end intramolecular contact formation rates by the technique of tryptophan triplet quenching by cysteine, and numerically modeled the conformational distributions that agree with the experimental results using Szabo, Schulten and Schulten (SSS) theory, which treats intramolecular diffusion as diffusion on a one dimensional potential of mean forces. We performed numerous all-atom implicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations with different stating configurations. The preliminary results performed in AMBER9 using the ff99 force field suggests a rather non-ergodic conformational space sampling by protein L and a relatively ergodic sampling by apocytochrome C. This observation appears to be consistent with our results of experimental data analysis and the calculated diffusion coefficients for protein L and apocytochrome C.
Abscisic Acid Accumulation Maintains Maize Primary Root Elongation at Low Water Potentials by Restricting Ethylene Production

Previous work showed that primary root elongation in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings at low water potentials (ψw) requires the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) (R.E. Sharp, Y. Wu, G.S. Voetberg, I.N. Saab, M.E. LeNoble [1994] J Exp Bot 45: 1743–1751). The objective of the present study was to determine whether the inhibition of elongation in ABA-deficient roots is attributable to ethylene. At a ψw of −1.6 MPa, inhibition of root elongation in dark-grown seedlings treated with fluridone to impose ABA deficiency was largely prevented with two inhibitors of ethylene synthesis (aminooxyacetic acid and aminoethoxyvinylglycine) and one inhibitor of ethylene action (silver thiosulfate). The fluridone treatment caused an increase in the rate of ethylene evolution from intact seedlings. This effect was completely prevented with aminooxyacetic acid and also when ABA was supplied at a concentration that restored the ABA content of the root elongation zone and the root elongation rate. Consistent results were obtained when ABA deficiency was imposed using the vp5 mutant. Both fluridone-treated and vp5 roots exhibited additional morphological symptoms of excess ethylene. The results demonstrate that an important role of ABA accumulation in the maintenance of root elongation at low ψw is to restrict ethylene production.
Beyond Malthusianism: Demography and Technology in John Stuart Mill's Stationary State

In his evaluation of the major social reform movements of his era, Mill chastised well-meaning reformers for their reluctance to elevate Malthusianism to a position of prominence in their efforts. He was convinced that the key to the material, mental, and moral improvement of the poor and the workers lay in a reduction of their physical numbers and in the behavioural modifications entailed by such a diminution, whereas most other reformers looked elsewhere for solutions. A favourite assumption about the proper means for effecting social reform was that economic growth served as an effective and almost automatic instrument for improving society. Then, as now, an unquestioned faith in the capacity of a progressive economy to stimulate gains in per capita income for the lower classes set the terms for the discussion.1 However, by suggesting that broader and more intensive economic development without a corresponding reduction in the rate of population increase would not generate material gains for those living in indigence, let alone the broader socio-cultural progress that was to have followed closely upon its heels, Mill casts aspersions upon the ‘false ideal’ of economic growth which informed many grand programmes for social progress.
A test of the coincidence and duration models of melatonin action in Siberian hamsters: the effects of 1-hr melatonin infusions on testicular development in intact and pinealectomized prepubertal Phodopus sungorus.

The pineal hormone melatonin is known to play an important role in mediating photoperiodic messages to the reproductive system in seasonal breeding animals. Our goal was to test, in a single experimental paradigm, two hypotheses that have been forwarded to describe how the circadian rhythm of pineal melatonin transmits photoperiodic information to the reproductive system: 1) induction, i.e., a short-day effect, occurs when secreted melatonin and a circadian rhythm of sensitivity to melatonin coincide in time; 2) induction occurs following exposure to elevated circulating melatonin levels for a prescribed duration. In order to determine the relative validity of these hypotheses, we investigated the testicular maturation response to 1-hr daily infusions of 10, 25, and 50 ng of melatonin in pinealectomized intact and prepubertal Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Animals received, beginning on day 15 of life, programmed subcutaneous infusions of melatonin or vehicle at one of five time points (19:00 20:00, 20:00-21:00, 21:00-22:00, 24:00-01:00, and 03:00-04:00 hr) for 15 days. In animals gestated and raised in a long photoperiod (LD16:8 = 16L, where L is the duration of light in hours, and D that of dark), melatonin infusion right after lights off (20:00-21:00 hr) significantly retarded gonadal maturation; this dose was ineffective at other times tested. Doses of 10 and 25 ng melatonin were ineffective at all time points. Identical results were obtained in prepubertal hamsters gestated in a short photoperiod (LD10:14 = 10L) and raised in 16L; these results were independent of the presence or absence of the pineal gland. In animals gestated and raised in 10L, melatonin infusions failed to suppress testicular development beyond that induced by the photoperiod; testicular development was maximally suppressed in all groups. The results of these investigations are best explained under the experimental conditions employed here: I ) the photoperiodic gonadal response in juvenile Siberian hamsters is regulated by the coincidence in time of exogenously administered melatonin with an intrinsic rhythm of sensitivity to melatonin, which, under the constraints imposed by our experimental design, occurred at 20:00-21:00 hr; and 2) the duration of the melatonin signal alone, equal in all groups, cannot explain the results.
Health-Related Quality of Life Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

It is common knowledge that an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) will have an enormous impact on the lives of transplant recipients and their families. Once an appropriate donor is identified, the curative potential of this treatment often drives the decision to proceed knowing that there will be intense physiologic toxicities and adverse effects on health-related quality of life (HRQL). Twenty-five years ago, HRQL was identified as an efficacy parameter in the evaluation of new anticancer drug therapy. Overall, the evidence suggests that an allogeneic HSCT has a significant impact on the overall HRQL of recipients, which is a result of decrements across all dimensions, including a significant symptom profile. The degree of impact on overall HRQL and the multiple dimensions varies across the transplant trajectory. Specific HRQL dimensions, such as physical function and symptoms, are easily incorporated into a clinician's assessment whereas other dimensions (eg, psychosocial) are less commonly integrated. The translation of HRQL results to improve clinical practice is not well established. Clinicians are often uncertain when to assess the scope of HRQL and how to interpret the information in a clinically meaningful way. The purpose of this review is to highlight the quality-of-life effects of allogeneic HSCT and discuss application into clinical practice.
Alternative Polyadenylation of Adeno-Associated Virus Type 5 RNA within an Internal Intron Is Governed by both a Downstream Element within the Intron 3′ Splice Acceptor and an Element Upstream of the P41 Initiation Site

Adeno-associated virus type 5 (AAV5) has a linear, single-stranded DNA genome of ca. 5 kb and an overlapping transcription profile featuring multiple promoters and a single intron in the center of the genome. Unlike the situation for the prototype AAV2, AAV5 RNAs transcribed from upstream promoters at map units 7 (P7) and 19 (P19), which encode the viral Rep proteins, are predominantly polyadenylated at a site within the intron [(pA)p]. RNAs generated from the AAV5 capsid gene promoter P41, which is only 78 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the intron donor, and 281 nt upstream of (pA)p, primarily readthrough (pA)p, are polyadenylated at a more distal site at the 3' end of the genome [(pA)d] and ultimately spliced. The intron contains the core sequences sufficient for polyadenylation at (pA)p, which is governed by a G/U-rich downstream element that overlaps with the intron 3' A2 splice acceptor. In addition, polyadenylation of P7- and P19-generated RNAs at (pA)p is influenced by an upstream element that lies 5' to the start of the P41 transcript. Our results also suggest that splicing and polyadenylation of P41-generated RNA can compete for the same pool of precursor pre-mRNA molecules. The cis-acting signals within the A2 3' splice site that govern polyadenylation and splicing of AAV5 RNAs must be optimized to program both (i) the levels of polyadenylation of P7- and P19-generated RNA at (pA)p required to generate the proper levels of the essential Rep proteins and (ii) the splicing of P41-generated RNAs to generate the proper ratio of capsid proteins during AAV5 infection.
Observations on the incidence and distribution of the common cold in a rural community during 1948 and 1949.

A study of the occurrence of the common cold in a Wiltshire village during the years 1948 and 1949 showed that, in this community, school children experienced about three times as many colds as adults living in households without schoolchildren, and that the presence of schoolchildren in. the household approximately doubled the numbers of colds experienced by both adults and infants under 5 years of age.
Aerosols Created by Some Surgical Power Tools: Particle Size Distribution and Qualitative Hemoglobin Content

Abstract Prompted by concerns about exposure to blood and other body substances, the possible generation of blood-containing aerosols in orthopaedic surgical practice was investigated. Common surgical power tools were operated in the laboratory to simulate the aerosols typically generated in common orthopaedic procedures. A bone saw, a Hall drill, a Shea drill, and an electrocautery were used on bone or tendon while blood was slowly dripped over the operative surface. Particle size distribution was evaluated with a low-pressure cascade impactor, and the presence of hemoglobin in inspirable particles was evaluated with the aid of a midget impinger. Particle size distribution depended on the type of power tool used, but most of the particles collected were in the respirable range. Hemoglobin was detected in all samples. Personal sampling is indicated to determine whether inspirable blood aerosols are present in the surgeon's breathing zone during an operation.
Flexible Polymer‐Embedded Si Wire Arrays

Arrays of Si rods are embedded in PDMS and removed from the rigid growth substrate, resulting in a composite material that merges the benefits of single-crystalline silicon with the flexibility of a polymer. With this technique, solar cell absorber materials with the potential to achieve high efficiency can be prepared by high-temperature processing and transformed into a flexible, processable form.
Switching control of accommodation: experimental and simulation responses to ramp inputs

The irregular staircase appearance of the accommodation response to a ramp stimulus, i.e. slow movement of a target toward the subject's eye, suggests a switching between different states of control. Experiments and model simulations indicate that blur processing by the retina and cortex underlies threshold triggering of the switch. The ON state consists of a fairly high gain, closed-loop control system that minimizes error. The OFF state provides for a quasi-open loop state and slow drift to a bias level, under the influence of a leaky integrator. >
A group-mediated, home-based physical activity intervention for patients with peripheral artery disease: effects on social and psychological function.

Background PAD is a disabling, chronic condition of the lower extremities that affects approximately 8 million people in the United States. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an innovative home-based walking exercise program for patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) improves self-efficacy for walking, desire for physical competence, satisfaction for physical functioning, social functioning, and acceptance of PAD related pain and discomfort.
Spatial resolution enhancement of SSM/I data

One of the limitations in using Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data for land and vegetation studies is the relatively low-spatial resolution. To ameliorate this limitation, resolution-enhancement algorithms can be applied to the data. In this paper, the Backus-Gilbert inversion (BGI) technique and the scatterometer image-reconstruction (SIR) algorithm are investigated as possible methods for creating enhanced resolution images from SSM/I data. The two algorithms are compared via both the simulation and the actual SSM/I data. The algorithms offer similar resolution enhancement, though SIR requires significantly less computation. Sample results over two land regions of South America are presented.
La capacitación de ventas basada en inventarios críticos como determinante del apalancamiento operativo en farmacia comunitaria

En el presente documento se cuantifican los efectos de la capacitacion de ventas basada en inventariossobre el apalancamiento operativo de una organizacion de retail farmaceutico. Se seleccionaron productosy temas de capacitacion basandose en inventarios criticos de clasificacion ABC, ordenados por margenesde contribucion. Los efectos de la capacitacion fueron medidos por la optimizacion de la magnitud delgrado de apalancamiento operativo, y por la correlacion lineal de los componentes de resultados y ven-tas que conforman el parametro. El caso evidencia que la capacitacion de ventas en productos criticoscontribuye a optimizar el apalancamiento operativo de un retail de farmacia comunitaria en magnitud yvolatilidad de sus constituyentes, lo que puede ser extrapolable a otros sectores del comercio.
Orientalism and Islam: The Oriental Despotic Universe of Montesquieu

A truth almost universally acknowledged, reiterated in Chapter 3, is that Aristotle's Politics has profoundly influenced all political thinkers engaged in comparative analysis. Using multifarious political and social empirical data and differentiating the systems and societies he examined, Aristotle postulated a number of concepts, including those of tyranny and despotism. He was the first major thinker to compare his West, the land of the Greeks, with the East, that of the Persians and non-Hellenes. Building on Aristotle's theories, Western European writers increasingly went beyond treating the concepts of tyranny and despotism as abstractions, and attempted to relate those concepts more specifically to the real political structures, rules, and social and cultural behavior in Western and non-Western, essentially Oriental regimes. Gradually, a concept, if unsystematic, of Oriental despotism, usually in Islamic societies, emerged to depict a specific type of political system and a set of relationships between the ruling power and the ruled that was distinguishable from concepts of tyranny or autocracy, forms of government long familiar in Europe. Niccolo Machiavelli contrasted the Ottoman state with West European monarchies, Jean Bodin differentiated Western monarchies from Eastern despotism, Francis Bacon wrote of the different kind of aristocracies in Western and Eastern systems, Algernon Sidney discussed the idea of virtu in Eastern systems, and James Harrington analyzed and compared, in general, the economic foundations of political systems.
A 2-D Phase-Detecting/Heterodyne-Scanning Retrodirective Array

A 2-D retrodirective array based on phase detection and heterodyne scanning is presented. The system integrates two single voltage-controlled oscillator phase-shifting networks that are autonomously controlled via a phase-detecting array and control circuit that eliminates the R4 path loss typical of other retrodirective arrays. Retrodirectivity is reported for angles of 0deg, +15deg, and -15deg at a transmitting frequency of 6.5 GHz.
Recent trends in the export performance of US machine tool companies

Abstract This paper examines the export characteristics of US companies in the machine tool (MT) industry. Aggregate data on the international competitiveness of this sector are compared with firm-specific data collected from a sample of 81 exporting firms. The results suggest that export performance correlates strongly with applied research and development (R&D) activity. The survey results also show that successful exporters are more likely to create new manufacturing jobs than their counterparts that treat foreign markets as secondary. Successful exporters are also found to exhibit faster rates of company growth. Despite the steady decline of the American MT industry since 1945, there is evidence that this sector is beginning to experience a technological and commercial recovery. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the long-term resiliency of this rebound.
Highly reliable A/D converter using analog voting

Analog and digital circuits are both prone to failure due to transient upsets, variations, etc. Redundancy techniques, such as N-tuple Modular Redundancy, has been widely used to correct faulty behavior of components and achieve high reliability for digital circuits, whereas, not much has been done on the analog side. In this paper, we propose a redundancy based fault-tolerant methodology to design a highly reliable analog to digital converters (ADC). Our methodology employs redundant analog blocks and chooses the best result using an innovative analog voter. Experimental results are reported to verify the concepts, measure the systempsilas reliability and tradeoff reliability versus cost and power.
Robust stabilization of the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model via bilinear matrix inequalities

Quadratic stability has enabled, mainly via the linear matrix inequality framework, the analysis and design of a nonlinear control system from the local matrices of the system's Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model. It is well known, however, that there exist stable differential inclusions, hence T-S fuzzy models whose stability is unprovable by a globally quadratic Lyapunov function. At present, literature in the broader area of stability analysis suggests piecewise-quadratic stability as a means to avoid such conservatism. This paper generalizes the idea and proposes a framework that supports less conservative sufficient conditions for the stability of the T-S model by using piecewise-quadratic generalized Lyapunov functions. The advocated approach results in the formulation of the controller synthesis, which, herein, aims for robust stabilization, as a problem of bilinear rather than linear matrix inequalities. Simulation studies, which include an algorithm for solution of bilinear matrix inequalities, demonstrate the proposed method.
In situ Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy and Imaging of Wheat Kernels and Other Grains

Revealing the chemical microstructure of wheat kernels and other plant material on a cellular and subcelllular level is the subject of this chapter. The past two decades have been an exciting period involving the technology-driven emergence of FT-IR microspectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging. Early spectra were obtained from spatially resolved, localized, single spots within various tissues. Line mapping across borders between botanical parts with a motorized stage revealed distinct differences in their respective chemical populations. The first single aleurone cell 3D imaging and that of its cell walls was an important milestone. Baseline correction imaging software enabled distinction between absorbance and light-scatter attenuation. Subsequent focal plane array detection provided accelerated data acquisition for imaging and mapping with confocal small image plane-masked microspectroscopy using the synchrotron, provided spatially resolved detailed images at the diffraction limit. All of these instrumental improvements used in the context of cereal chemistry, an important part of food science, bring the reader to the current state of the art via numerous practical applications that encourage future exploitation of these techniques to satisfy their curiosity. Keywords: FT-IR microspectroscopy; synchrotron infrared microscopy; hyperspectral imaging; cereal grains; plant material
Mechanisms of fracture in an oriented polystyrene

Fracture surfaces of an oriented polystyrene (by stretching 150% at 280°F) show many of the same features observed in the fracture of ordinary polystyrene: craze formation followed by quasi-viscous separation of the craze layer or by quasi-brittle fracture along the craze boundary. In cleavage fracture along the direction of orientation, advance fractures are initiated in flat areas covered, if at all, by an extremely thin layer of craze: the initiation of the “crazeles” fractures appears to arise from the orientation of the molecules rather than the presence of impurity particles.
Coordinating turn-taking with gaze

Explores the role of gaze in coordinating turn-taking in mixed-initiative conversation, and specifically how gaze indicators might be usefully modeled in computational dialogue systems. We analyzed about 20 minutes of videotape of eight dialogues by four pairs of subjects performing a simple face-to-face cooperative laboratory task. We extend previous studies by explicating gaze patterns in face-to-face conversations, formalizing the most frequent pattern as a computational model of turn-taking and testing the model through an agent-based simulation. Prior conversation simulations of conversational control acts relied on abstract speech-act representations of control. This study advances the computational account of dialogue through simulation of direct physical expression of gaze to coordinate conversational turns.
Scope and methodology of twin studies.

The use of twins as a research tool is still proving its worth both by the number of scientists engaged in twin research and by the significance of their results. Old, familiar research designs are finding new applications, and new research designs are appearing. Of greatest current interest are the epidemiological studies made possible by the assembly and the aging of large numbers of twins in twin registries. As an outgrowth partly of the twin registries, partly of conceptual and mathematical progress, new methods have emerged for diagnosis of twin types and for analysis of twin data. One line of development started with the questionnaire method of zygosity diagnosis and has given rise most recently to zygosity diagnosis by principal component analysis. Another line started with probability calculations and has led to the use of generalized distance and noncentral chi-square. The appropriateness of these methods in different contexts needs to be critically considered. Also of importance are the psychologists' new methods of extracting genetic “factors”. The greatest weakness of twin studies, long recognized, is their dependence on the assumption that DZ pairs provide an adequate control on the environmental differences within MZ pairs. This may be valid with respect to environmental influences that are highly self-selected. It is debatable for self-selected influences that differ among families, and clearly untenable for most influences imposed by the social environment peculiar to twins.
Pathology of Prostate Cancer: What Has Changed in the Last 30 Years

Over the last 30 years there have been dramatic changes in the manner in which we diagnose and manage prostate cancer. With prostate cancer screening efforts there has been a shift towards smaller, more clinically localized tumors. Prostate cancers are often multifocal and display heterogeneity of grade and molecular features between tumor foci and even within individual tumors. Pathologic evaluation of tissue obtained by needle biopsy is necessary for diagnosis and to determine the extent and biologic aggressiveness of prostate cancer. However, random needle biopsy sampling protocols are limited by tumor sampling. Pathologic grading of prostate cancer remains one of the strongest predictors of tumor aggressiveness. There have been several refinements in prostate cancer grading using the Gleason grading system over the years due to shifts in grading practices among genitourinary pathologists. The advent of new molecular technologies may offer improved prognostication for cancers diagnosed by needle biopsy. Newer biopsy techniques such as template-guided mapping biopsies will improve tumor sampling to better account for tumor heterogeneity and multifocality. Maximizing the amount of information that can be gleaned from the biopsy is paramount in order to identify those patients that may be candidates for active surveillance or targeted focal therapy. Continued refinements in our ability to recognize the histologic and molecular features of cancer that contribute to its aggressiveness will ultimately improve the predictive accuracy of prostate biopsies.
Load Carrying and Slip Length

Slipping and falling is a major economic problem. Past research has concentrated on the relationship between the shoe and the floor surface while more recent research has extended into the human factors of slipping. The measurement of slipperiness, as opposed to the coefficient of friction, depends on a thorough understanding of why slips start and how the human ends or avoids them. Strandberg identified the ratio of the horizontal force to the vertical force in determining the limiting point in slip prevention. One implication would be that if the vertical force were increased, for example, by load carrying then the tendency to slip would be decreased. This appears counter intuitive and an experiment was performed to investigate it. Five subjects were exposed to a slippery surface while protected from falling. Three conditions were evaluated; no-load, back mounted load, and front mounted load which were designed to minimize any gait changes. The addition of the load significantly increased the average sl...
Chiral matrix model of the semi-QGP in QCD

Previously, a matrix model of the region near the transition temperature, in the ``semi''quark gluon plasma, was developed for the theory of $SU(3)$ gluons without quarks. In this paper we develop a chiral matrix model applicable to QCD by including dynamical quarks with $2+1$ flavors. This requires adding a nonet of scalar fields, with both parities, and coupling these to quarks through a Yukawa coupling, $y$. Treating the scalar fields in mean field approximation, the effective Lagrangian is computed by integrating out quarks to one loop order. As is standard, the potential for the scalar fields is chosen to be symmetric under the flavor symmetry of $SU(3{)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(3{)}_{R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}Z(3{)}_{A}$, except for a term linear in the current quark mass, ${m}_{\mathrm{qk}}$. In addition, at a nonzero temperature $T$ it is necessary to add a new term, $\ensuremath{\sim}{m}_{\mathrm{qk}}{T}^{2}$. The parameters of the gluon part of the matrix model are identical to those for the pure glue theory without quarks. The parameters in the chiral matrix model are fixed by the values, at zero temperature, of the pion decay constant and the masses of the pions, kaons, $\ensuremath{\eta}$, and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. The temperature for the chiral crossover at ${T}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}=155\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$ is determined by adjusting the Yukawa coupling $y$. We find reasonable agreement with the results of numerical simulations on the lattice for the pressure and related quantities. In the chiral limit, besides the divergence in the chiral susceptibility there is also a milder divergence in the susceptibility between the Polyakov loop and the chiral order parameter, with critical exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}1$. We compute derivatives with respect to a quark chemical potential to determine the susceptibilities for baryon number, the ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{2n}$. Especially sensitive tests are provided by ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{4}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{2}$ and by ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{6}$, which changes in sign about ${T}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$. The behavior of the susceptibilities in the chiral matrix model strongly suggests that as the temperature increases from ${T}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$, that the transition to deconfinement is significantly quicker than indicated by the measurements of the (renormalized) Polyakov loop on the lattice.
A Reward/Measurement Model of Organizational Buying Behavior:

A new model of the organizational buying process is presented. The ontological framework of the model is based on the assumption that organizational buying behavior is essentially a form of work be...
Vague Theory and Model Uncertainty in Macrosociology

Vague macrosociological theory generates uncertainty about statistical models. As a result, statistical inferences in macrosociology-where data sets are small and collinear-may carry considerably more error than is indicated by the conventional estimation and testing methods. I describe a Bayesian approach that propagates uncertainty about statistical models through to the final results. This approach is illustrated in a model of cross-national welfare state development and a pooled cross-sectional analysis of strike activity. These examples show that classical inferences can be seriously misleading when vague theory weakly guides the model specification. These ideas are considered in relation to recent methodological debates in macrosociology.
Current irritability robustly related to current and prior anxiety in bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background Although current irritability and current/prior anxiety have been associated in unipolar depression, these relationships are less well understood in bipolar disorder (BD). We investigated relationships between current irritability and current/prior anxiety as well as other current emotions and BD illness characteristics. Methods Outpatients referred to the Stanford Bipolar Disorders Clinic during 2000–2011 were assessed with the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for BD (STEP-BD) Affective Disorders Evaluation. Prevalence and clinical correlates of current irritability and current/prior anxiety and other illness characteristics were examined. Results Among 497 BD outpatients (239 Type I, 258 Type II; 58.1% female; mean ± SD age 35.6 ± 13.1 years), 301 (60.6%) had baseline current irritability. Patients with versus without current irritability had significantly higher rates of current anxiety (77.1% versus 42.9%, p Limitations Limited generalizability beyond our predominately white, female, educated, insured American BD specialty clinic sample. Conclusions In BD, current irritability was robustly related to current/prior anxiety. Further studies are warranted to assess longitudinal clinical implications of relationships between irritability and anxiety in BD.
The Impact of Women Legislators on Introduction of Social Legislation into a Southern State House

The study investigated the interest of male and female legislators in social legislation as measured by the number of bills each group introduced. Legislators included in the study were the entire female population of the North Carolina General Assembly House of Representatives serving between January and July 1981, and an equal number of their male colleagues randomly selected. Comparisons of the female and male legislators in the study criteria such as number of legislative terms served, relative power of committees on which they served, number of committee chairpersonships and independent rankings and effectiveness by colleagues, lobbyists and the media revealed that the male legislators lead by significant margins on all criteria. Results of the study were that the women introduced more bills and more social legislation. Of the 159 bills introduced by the women, 64 percent were identified as social legislation, while of the 111 bills introduced by the men, only 37 percent were identified as social legislation. The designations of social legislation or non-social legislation were submitted to a jury of experts for validation. Recommendations were made for further study of the interests of male and female legislators in more specific content areas.
Persona-lly Appealing: Benjamin Franklin’s Poor Richard and Authorial Self-Representation

While scholarship on Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography describes his use of persona in nuanced terms, scholarship on Franklin’s earlier writings tends to characterize his use of persona as simply a device he used to eliminate personal details from his texts. This article, focused on Franklin’s Poor Richard persona, argues that he conceived of literary persona not simply as a tool to protect his anonymity, but also as a means of self-promotion and self-representation. Franklin used Poor Richard to make a space for himself in the literary marketplace, build a readership for the almanac, and create a positive public reputation for himself. Franklin’s early experiments in performing sincerity and authenticity through an invented personality prefigure the performances of identity he would deploy through his authorial persona in The Autobiography . Thus, by examining Franklin’s construction of identity in Poor Richard’s Almanack , we learn more about how he crafted a public identity for himself.
Introduction to PS methods via finite differences

Both periodic and nonperiodic PS methods can be seen as high-accuracy limits of FD methods. This alternative approach to PS methods provides both generalizations and insights. Orthogonal polynomials and functions lead only to a small class of possible spectral methods, whereas the FD viewpoint allows many generalizations. For example, all classical orthogonal polynomials cluster the nodes quadratically toward the ends of the interval – this is often, but not always, best. An FD viewpoint offers a chance to explore intermediate methods between low-order FD and PS methods. One might consider procedures of not quite as high order as Chebyshev spectral methods, and with nodes not clustered quite as densely – possibly trading some accuracy for stability and simplicity. Two separate ways to view any method will always provide more opportunities for analysis, understanding, and improvement. Many special enhancements have been designed for FD methods. Viewing PS methods as a special case of FD methods often makes it easier to carry over such ideas. Examples include staggered grids, upwind techniques, boundary techniques, polar and spherical coordinates, etc. (see Chapters 5 and 6). Comparisons between PS and FD methods can be made more consistent. Sections 3.1 and 3.2 contain some general material on FD approximations, allowing us in Section 3.3 to discuss different types of node distributions. The relation between these types and the accuracy that polynomial interpolation provides (at different locations over [–1, 1]) is clarified in Section 3.4.
Integrated Navigation Systems for the Very Large Crude Carrier

Abstract Many advanced “systems” are in use onboard VLCC’s, including positioning, collision avoidance, speed logs, and docking systems. However, the coming generation of VLCC are to use integrated systems that incorporate all today’s “systems” as subsystems. The integrated system utilizes dual computers with common interface to all subsystems. The results are improved operator information and system availability. System availability as high as 98 percent of ship operating time has been guaranteed with properly designed systems. This paper describes several of today’s primary subsystems and an Integrated Navigation System being delivered to Scandinavian Ship operators. The concept of availability and requirements for high system availability are also reviewed.
Toward Understanding Mental Health Concerns for the Latinx Immigrant Student: A Review of the Literature:

This article focuses on reviewing the most recent publications relating to immigration and helps raise educator awareness of mental health concerns for immigrant students, which is even more pressi...
A contact and sliding interface algorithm for the combined particle-element method

Abstract This article presents a new contact and sliding interface algorithm for the Combined Particle-Element Method (CPEM) as applied to intense loading computations that include severe distortions. The CPEM is a recent development that allows for conversion of distorted elements into meshless particles. The advantages of this method are that the lower-strained particles (stress points) are computed with a fast and accurate finite-element formulation, and the higher-strained particles are computed with a meshless-particle formulation that can handle severe distortions. Furthermore, the meshless-particle algorithm, with Moving Least Squares (MLS) strain rates and Element-Free Galerkin (EFG) weak-form forces, is consistent and does not exhibit tensile instabilities. It is also well suited for conversion of finite elements into variable-connectivity meshless particles because the conversion does not require deletion of elements and addition of particles. Instead there is simply a branch point based on equivalent plastic strain. The basic approach can also be used for the element algorithm only or the particle algorithm only. Unfortunately, the CPEM has some characteristics that can introduce significant inaccuracies when used with existing contact/sliding algorithms. This article identifies and evaluates these issues, it provides a new and improved algorithm, and it demonstrates the capabilities and accuracy of the new algorithm with example computations.
14 – AUTOMATED RADIOCHEMICAL SEPARATION, ANALYSIS, AND SENSING

Automation in radiochemical analysis offers many significant advantages, including reduced worker exposure to radioactivity, increased reliability, improved safety, and more consistent analytical protocols. Automation is particularly important in addressing the requirements for carrying out radiochemical separations prior to detecting or quantifying the radionuclides of interest. These aspects of radiochemical analysis can be particularly time consuming and costly. Classical sample preparation methods in radiochemistry entail tedious manual separations such as precipitations and extractions. Modern radiochemical separations carried out on solid phase separation materials have considerable advantages, and are suitable for automation.
Using Discord to Understand and Moderate Collaboration and Teamwork: (Abstract Only)

This lightning talk describes our current effort to implement and use Discord - a new tool to facilitate group work that an instructor can use to moderate the level of group participation of students. By utilizing Discord's features to their full extent, an instructor can actively moderate the group's interactions, keep track of who is/isn't participating, and even send messages to student groups. Instructors have the ability to create a Discord server, which acts as a virtual classroom, and then use the server to store student accounts, sort students into groups, and enable group chatrooms. Within these chatrooms, the instructor can observe for language, how well teams are keeping on task, and most importantly, level of participation. This tool keeps students accountable for how often they collaborate with the team by using a chat log with timestamps that the instructor can audit. A goal of implementing Discord is to introduce a user-friendly tool that instructors can use to moderate group interactions and hold students accountable for their level of participation within their groups. A second goal of this project is to utilize the ability to programmatically access the communications in an effort to automate content and sentiment analysis to determine team effectiveness.
Over-expression of PD-1 Does Not Predict Leukemic Relapse after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation.

ABSTRACT Blockade of the T-cell exhaustion marker PD-1 to re-energize the immune response is emerging as a promising cancer treatment. Relapse of hematologic malignancy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation limits the success of this approach, and PD-1 blockade may hold therapeutic promise. However, PD-1 expression and its relationship with post-transplant relapse is poorly described. Because the donor immunity is activated by alloresponses, PD-1 expression may differ from nontransplanted individuals, and PD-1 blockade could risk graft-versus-host disease. Here we analyzed T-cell exhaustion marker kinetics and their relationship with leukemia relapse in 85 patients undergoing myeloablative T-cell-depleted HLA-matched stem cell transplantation. At a median follow-up of 3.5 years, 35 (44%) patients relapsed. PD-1 expression in CD4 and CD8 T cells was comparably elevated in relapsed and nonrelapsed cohorts. Helios+ regulatory T cells and CD8 effector memory cells at day 30 emerged as independent predictors of relapse. Although leukemia antigen-specific T cells did not overexpress PD-1, single-cell analysis revealed LAG3 and TIM3 overexpression at relapse. These findings indicate that PD-1 is an unreliable marker for leukemia-specific T-cell exhaustion in relapsing patients but implies other exhaustion markers and suppressor cells as relapse biomarkers.
Short-term postoperative outcomes following robotic versus laparoscopic ileal pouch-anal anastomosis are equivalent.

Minimally invasive approaches have become the standard of care for ileal pouch-anal anastomoses (IPAA). There are few reports comparing outcomes following a laparoscopic versus robotic approach. Our aim was to determine if there were any differences in the 30-day postoperative outcomes following IPAA performed laparoscopically versus robotically. A retrospective chart review of all laparoscopic and robotic IPAA performed between January 1, 2015 and June 30, 2018 was carried out. Patients included were adult patients who underwent a proctectomy and IPAA utilizing either a laparoscopic or robotic approach. Data collected included patient demographics, operative variables, and 30-day postoperative outcomes. A total of 132 patients had a minimally invasive IPAA; 58 were performed laparoscopically and 74 robotically. Less than half the patients were female (n = 55; 41.7%) with a median age of 37 years (range 18–68 years). The majority of patients had a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (n = 103; 78.0%) with medically refractory disease (n = 87; 65.9%). A greater proportion of patients in the laparoscopic cohort had a prolonged length of stay (n = 27; 46.6% versus n = 18; 24.3%; p < 0.001) and a two-stage approach (n = 56; 96.6% versus n = 37; 50%; p < 0.001), but there were no differences in the rates between the laparoscopic versus robotic cohorts of superficial surgical site infection (6.9% versus 6.8%; p = 0.99), peripouch abscess (15.5% versus 6.8%; p = 0.11), anastomotic leak (6.9% versus 2.7%; p = 0.21), pelvic abscess (15.5% versus 6.8%; p = 0.11), and pelvic sepsis (15.5% versus 6.8%; p = 0.11), readmission (24.1% versus 17.6%; p = 0.35) or reoperation (6.9% versus 5.4%; p = 0.72). On multivariable analysis, only male sex remained predictive of prolonged length of stay, and a robotic approach trended toward a decreased rate of prolonged length of stay. Laparoscopic and robotic IPAA have equivalent postoperative morbidity underscoring the safety of the continued expansion of the robotic platform for pouch surgery.
The Scottish Idealists: Absolute Idealism and Personal Idealism

From the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century British Idealism was a leading school of philosophical thought and the Scottish Idealists made important contributions to this philoso...
Harnessing Water Chemistry to Address Complex Water Challenges for a Thirsty World

Harnessing the photochemistry of chloramines can provide a promising approach for water reuse and treatment.
Multiple intertwined pairing states and temperature-sensitive gap anisotropy for superconductivity at a nematic quantum-critical point

The proximity of many strongly correlated superconductors to density-wave or nematic order has led to an extensive search for fingerprints of pairing mediated by dynamical quantum-critical (QC) fluctuations of the corresponding order parameter. Here we study anisotropic s-wave superconductivity induced by anisotropic QC dynamical nematic fluctuations. We solve the non-linear gap equation for the pairing gap $$\Delta (\theta ,{\omega }_{m})$$ and show that its angular dependence strongly varies below $${T}_{{\rm{c}}}$$ . We show that this variation is a signature of QC pairing and comes about because there are multiple s-wave pairing instabilities with closely spaced transition temperatures $${T}_{{\rm{c}},n}$$ . Taken alone, each instability would produce a gap $$\Delta (\theta ,{\omega }_{m})$$ that changes sign $$8n$$ times along the Fermi surface. We show that the equilibrium gap $$\Delta (\theta ,{\omega }_{m})$$ is a superposition of multiple components that are nonlinearly induced below the actual $${T}_{{\rm{c}}}={T}_{{\rm{c}},0}$$ , and get resonantly enhanced at $$T={T}_{{\rm{c}},n}\ <\ {T}_{{\rm{c}}}$$ . This gives rise to strong temperature variation of the angular dependence of $$\Delta (\theta ,{\omega }_{m})$$ . This variation progressively disappears away from a QC point.