cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Fabrication of DNA Origami Mechanisms and Machines

The goal of this paper is to introduce scaffolded DNA origami as a viable approach to the design of nanoscale mechanisms and machines. Resembling concepts of links and joints in macro scale mechanisms and machines, we propose the concept of DNA Origami Mechanisms and Machines (DOMM) that are comprised of multiple links connected by joints. Realization of nanoscale machines would pave the way for novel devices and processes with potential to revolutionize medicine, manufacturing, and environmental sensing. The realization of nanoscale machines and robots will enable scientists to manipulate and assemble nano objects in a more precise, efficient and convenient way at the molecular scale. For example, DNA nanomachinery could potentially be used for nano manufacturing, molecular transport in bioreactors, targeting cancer cells for drug delivery, or even repairing damaged tissue. As a proof of concept, we build a nanoscale spatial Bennett 4-bar mechanism that can be completely folded and unfolded with a specified kinematic motion path. The links comprise a 16 double stranded DNA (dsDNA) helices bundled in a 4 by 4 square cross-section yielding a high mechanical stiffness. The joints (in this case hinges) are designed using single strand DNA (ssDNA) connections between the links. This DOMM was designed within caDNAno, a recently developed computer-aided DNA origami design software, and then fabricated via a molecular self-assembly process. The resulting structure was imaged by transmission electron microscopy to identify structural conformations. Our results show that the designed DNA origami Bennett mechanism closely follows the kinematics of their rigid body counterparts. This research has the potential of opening a new era of design, analysis and manufacture of nanomechanisms, nanomachines and nanorobots.
Professional Medical Associations and Divestiture from Industry: An Ethical Imperative for Pain Society Leadership.

Professional medical associations (PMAs) play an essential role in maintaining and promoting the quality of medical care. They educate and set practice standards for members through certification processes, publication of medical journals, annual conferences, continuing medical education, diagnostic and treatment guidelines, and ethical codes. At the same time, they represent the public face of medicine. In the political realm, they speak for their members and for patients alike. They advocate on issues ranging from physician payment policies to national health insurance. Their agenda is so wide-ranging, involving almost all aspects of medicine, that scientific integrity, objectivity, and independence are essential. In light of this mission, one of the most …
Aspirin-induced gastric injury in the rat: histologic changes and sucralfate cytoprotection.

AbstractThe effect of pretreatment with intragastric sucralfate on aspirin acid-induced gastric mucosal lesions in the rat was studied. The finding by others that sucralfate is cytoprotective and that this cytoprotective effect probably is mediated, at least in part, by stimulation of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis was confirmed. In addition, a time course study revealed that the maximum cytoprotective effect was present 1 min after sucralfate administration and persisted for at least 6 hr. Microscopic evaluation of histologic sections revealed that sucralfate significantly decreased aspirin-induced deep mucosal erosions (those extending into the parietal cell area) but not superficial mucosal damage. Superficial mucosal damage (surface cell injury and erosions involving the mucous neck cell area) could not be detected grossly. The lesions seen grossly were deeper erosions involving the parietal cell area of the mucosa.
Compatibility of Insecticides and Fungicides for Treatment of Seed Rice

Germination, emergence, and small-plot tests were conducted with seed rice treated with various insecticides and fungicides alone and in combination with each other. Although significant difference between the various treatments was noted in some tests, the data indicated that the insecticides and fungicides tested are compatible for use as seed treatments on rice.
Isolation and Characterization of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O113, O121, O145, and O157 Shed from Range and Feedlot Cattle from Postweaning to Slaughter

Cattle are the main reservoirs for Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains. E. coli O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 are among the STEC serogroups that cause severe foodborne illness and have been declared as adulterants by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. The objectives of this study were (i) to estimate the prevalence of non-O157 STEC and E. coli O157 in naturally infected beef cows and in steer calves at postweaning, during finishing, and at slaughter and (ii) to test non-O157 STEC isolates for the presence of virulence genes stx1, stx2, eaeA, and ehlyA. Samples were collected from study animals during multiple sampling periods and included fecal grabs, rectal swabs, and midline sponge samples. Laboratory culture, PCR, and multiplex PCR were performed to recover and identify E. coli and the virulence genes. The prevalence of non-O157 STEC (serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O113, and O145) fecal shedding ranged from 8% (4 of 48 samples)...
Hijab in a Changing Tajik Society

This article investigates Islamic veiling (hijab), an issue that has occupied center stage in the public debate in Tajikistan. State officials and institutions view it as alien (begona), while proponents argue it is a religious obligation (farz) to be fulfilled by every pious woman, especially outside of her domestic settings. I detail the limitations and functionalities that hijab offers for women in contemporary Tajikistan. In particular, as women experience increased pressure to seek employment outside of the home, there appears to be a need to construct new, socially acceptable, mechanisms to manifest conformity to patriarchy and to protect female purity (iffat) and honor (nomus): hijab and (pious) Islamic identity can potentially offer both. This study is based upon analysis of the existing literature on veiling in diverse contexts and the author’s field research in Tajikistan.
Dynamic characteristics analysis of derrick structure for offshore drilling rig

The dynamic characteristics analysis is made for the derrick structure of the offshore drilling rig in some well drilling companies. This paper mainly deals with simulation and stability analysis and simplifies each member as three-dimensional beam unit with finite element method. The result shows that two columns in front of the derrick are the weak part of the bearing capacity; the low oscillation mode reveals the whole vibration form of the derrick, the buckling modality is its losing steady in the form of leaning forward wholly. When the derrick is under its critical loading capacity, disequilibrium will occur in the derrick structure.
203 EFFECT OF LOCALLY PRESENT CELL CHARACTERISTICS ON OSTEOINDUCTIVITY OF BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN IN SPINAL FUSION.

Background/Objectives Previous work has demonstrated that recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) can significantly aid in spinal fusion. Further findings have indicated that the presence of various constituents from the physical environment surrounding the cellular fusion bed, including muscle tissue and vertebral disk cells, may inhibit the osteoinductivity of rhBMP-2. However, the specific cellular conditions responsible for this inhibition have not been described. The goal of this study was to determine (1) which cellular and biochemical agents play a direct role in the inhibition of rhBMP-2 mediated fusion and (2) the overall nature of this inhibition. Methods Fibroblasts, annulus fibrosus (AF), nucleus pulposus (NP), and muscle cells were harvested from Lewis rats and cultured in DMEM. Separate rats underwent a posterolateral intertransverse process L4-L5 fusion using 0.032 mg/mL of rhBMP-2 in absorbable collagen sponge combined with 5 × 106 of the various aforementioned cell types. Other Lewis rats underwent a similar procedure, but this time 1.25 × 106 inorganic, inactive polyethylene beads were implanted. In vivo and ex vivo radiographs were taken every 2 weeks. Rats were sacrificed at 8 weeks. Fusion was measured by manual palpation. Results At 8 weeks, fusion was significantly inhibited when rats had been implanted with AF (1/6), NP (0/6), fibroblasts (0/6), or muscle cells (0/6). Rats with polyethylene beads showed bone formation at 4 weeks and at 6 weeks; spinal fusion was clearly observed. Conclusions Only living cells could largely inhibit fusion, while inactive beads did not inhibit bone formation or spinal fusion. Results point towards an active, biochemical mechanism of fusion inhibition. These data show for the first time that simple physical mass presence of debris may not inhibit fusion.
Shilla Growth Guidance for Early-Onset Scoliosis: Results After a Minimum of Five Years of Follow-up.

Background: The Shilla growth guidance technique was developed to allow growth during treatment of a child’s spinal deformity without requiring repeated surgery for lengthening procedures. Dual stainless-steel rods are fixed posteriorly to the corrected apex via pedicle screws with a limited fusion at the apex and are combined with sliding pedicle screws to allow vertebral growth in a cephalad and caudad direction. Methods: A retrospective study of the original forty patients treated with the Shilla method for a severe deformity of a growing spine was performed to determine the efficacy of the procedure. Results: The etiology of the spinal deformity in the forty patients was idiopathic in nine, congenital in one, neuromuscular in sixteen, and syndromic in fourteen. The average age at the index surgery was six years and eleven months, and the average duration of follow-up for the thirty-three eligible patients was seven years (range, four years and nine months to ten years and nine months). The curves averaged 69° (range, 40° to 115°) preoperatively and 38.4° (range, 16° to 74°) at the time of the most recent follow-up or prior to definitive spinal instrumentation and fusion. Complications included secondary infections (six patients), alignment issues (eight patients), and implant-related problems (twenty-four patients), with some patients experiencing more than one complication. Conclusions: The Shilla growth guidance technique is a method of scoliosis treatment that allows spinal growth while controlling the deformity without scheduled repeated surgical procedures. The complication rate is high (73%) but acceptable, and children with a wide variety of diagnoses can be safely treated with the Shilla procedure. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Interventricular septal defects from penetrating injuries of the heart: a report of 12 cases and review of the literature.

In the past 7 years, 1967 through 1973, 12 patients who had interventricular septal defects from penetrating stab wounds of the thorax were treated at Detroit General Hospital. In 10, the defects were confirmed by cardiac catheterization. Four of the 12 patients were symptomatic and required surgery. Two of these patients had pulmonary-to-system flow ratios less than 2:1. Both these patients had left ventricular dysfunction as a result of coronary artery and myocardial damage from the penetrating trauma to the left ventricle. One of the 4 patients had an injury to the tricuspid valve; this is the first reported case of a traumatic interventricular septal defect associated with a left ventricle-right atrium shunt and tricuspid valve insufficiency. Another patient had a laceration of the left anterior descending coronary artery, in addition to the interventricular septal defect. Ligation of the injured artery resulted in a left ventricular aneurysm. Three patients had “multiple defects” in the muscular septum which proved to be a single interventricular septal defect in which the left to right shunt was divided into multiple jets by the trabeculae carneae of the right ventricle.
Same-site Trabeculectomy Revision for Failed Trabeculectomy: Outcomes and Risk Factors for Failure

Purpose To evaluate long-term tonometric outcomes of same-site trabeculectomy revision with mitomycin C (MMC) after failure of an initial trabeculectomy, and to identify risk factors for failure in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods One-hundred and seventeen patients (130 eyes) with primary open-angle, pseudoexfoliation, or pigmentary glaucoma, who failed a first trabeculectomy and who were ≥40 years of age at the time of same-site trabeculectomy revision, were included. Three levels of success criteria were defined: (A) intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤18 mm Hg and IOP reduction of 20%; (B) IOP ≤15 mm Hg and IOP reduction of 25%; and (C) IOP ≤12 mm Hg and IOP reduction of 30%. The primary outcome was the qualified Kaplan-Meier success rate (with or without medications) for each criterion. Cox multivariate regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for failure. Results The success rates (± standard error) at the first, third, and fifth years of follow-up for criterion A were 69.7% (± 4.1%), 58.2% (± 4.6%), and 51.1% (± 5.0%); for criterion B these were 60.9% (± 4.4%), 47.8% (± 4.7%), and 44.0 (± 4.8%); and for criterion C, 44.6% (± 4.5%), 29.7% (± 4.4%), and 25.8% (± 4.3%). Mean follow-up was 5.2 (± 3.6) years. A time interval between the first and the same-site trabeculectomy revision of Conclusions Given the long-term tonometric success rates along with significant medication reduction, same-site trabeculectomy revision with MMC should be considered as a viable option to achieve reasonable IOP targets after a first failed trabeculectomy in open-angle glaucoma patients.
Chains of the Constitution: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and the “Political Metaphysics” of Strict Construction

There is arguably no one among the founding generation more closely associated with a particular mode of constitutional interpretation than is Thomas Jefferson with the theory of “strict construction.” Yet that association is not without its complexities. Jefferson's understanding of constitutionalism tended to be an “evolving” one, often seemingly shaped as much by pressing political necessity as by antecedent philosophical commitment. During the time the Philadelphia Convention was meeting and during the ratification battle, for example, Jefferson's constitutional thought was largely devoid of deep and abiding concerns about the sanctity of state sovereignty and what might be the potential dangers posed to it by the reach of the new federal government. On the whole, he thought the handiwork of the Convention went far toward remedying the most serious defects of the existing confederation. It was the period from 1788 until 1800 that became the crucible in which the ideological fires of Federalism would cause his Republican beliefs in states' rights and strict construction both to form and to harden. But then, after the so-called revolution of 1800, there were occasions when President Jefferson seemed willing to embrace views at odds with the strict tenets of Republicanism he had expressed in the past, causing even some of his most devoted followers to wonder. Jefferson began as a moderate critic of the Articles of Confederation, arguing as early as 1785 that the failure of that first constitution to grant a federal power to Congress to regulate commerce among the several states was one of its more glaring imperfections.
Design and synthesis of nanofibers of self-assembled de novo glycoconjugates towards mucosal lining restoration and anti-inflammatory drug delivery

The medical practice for IBD is solely based on anti-inflammatory drugs, but the outcome is far from ideal. Our long-term research goal is to seek a better clinical outcome by combining the anti-inflammatory therapy with physical mucus layer restoration. As the first step towards that objective, we choose to develop self-assembled hydrogels of de novo glycoconjugates that consist of anti-inflammatory drugs and glycopeptides. By covalently linking peptides (e.g., nap-phe-phe-lys), saccharides (e.g., glucosamine), and an anti-inflammatory drug (i.e., olsalazine), we have demonstrated that the obtained molecules self-assemble in water to form hydrogels composed of 3D networks of the nanofibers under acidic conditions. We also confirmed that the resulting glycoconjugates are cell compatible. However, the preliminary assessment of the efficacy of the hydrogels on the murine model is inconclusive, which warrants further investigation and molecular engineering.
The Normal Electrocardiogram

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart. It is an important tool in the care of many patients with potential cardiovascular disease. Learning ECG interpretation logically starts with knowing the normal ECG and its normal variants. The cardiovascular system changes, like most biological systems do as the child grows towards adulthood. This chapter reviews the normal behavior of electrical changes throughout the cardiac cycle and the expected normal ECG findings of various ages as well as the variants of normal ECG.
Spiral vortex flow over a swept-back wing

An experimental investigation has been performed to study the formation and development of spiral vortex flow over a swept-back wing. An aerofoil section with three alternative leading edge shapes was tested at sweep angles ranging from 0° to 56° for unit Reynolds numbers of 1 × 106/m and 2 × 106/m. The principal diagnostic tool was the surface oil-flow visualisation technique supplemented by pressure distribution measurements in certain cases. No spiral vortex flow was observed for sweep angles of 0° and 15° but at higher sweep angles the oil-flows indicated that there were three different mechanisms for the formation of spiral vortices. The angle of incidence at the onset of vortex flow, and the mechanism responsible for its formation, were found to depend upon the sweep angle, the leading edge shape and the Reynolds number. It was also noted that the larger the leading edge radius the greater the dependence upon Reynolds number. However, comparison with other work suggests that Reynolds number, incidence and sweep angle alone are insufficient to determine the type of spiral vortex flow occurring on a given wing.
Medical Costs Over the Long Run: 1850-2050

The creation of modern medicine was both costly and valuable, raising spending (from 4% of GDP to 15%) and longevity (from 47 to 78 years) during the last century. Examination of events over 10 or 20 years is not sufficient to understand a “medical transformation” that arose from a demographic transition and industrial revolution that took centuries to unfold, nor to forecast the likely path of spending over the next 50 years.
Neutron scattering data acquisition and control upgrades at the Lujan Center

The Lujan Center at the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) is a spallation neutron source where research in materials, physics, and biological sciences is conducted on time-of-flight neutron scattering spectrometers. Execution of an experiment on a Lujan Center neutron spectrometer involves measurement of the neutrons scattered from the sample and the control of the associated sample environment and beam line equipment. The present data acquisition and control architecture was developed in the late 1990s and put into production in 2001. We have recently reevaluated our present systems and architecture and embarked on upgrades in several key areas. These upgrades include moving from a Windows/VxWorks data acquisition environment to a uniform Linux-based environment for both host and distributed processors. We abandoned our previous higher-level xUML-based software development methodology and moved to a more conventional approach based on open source tools. Finally, we have begun to migrate the control software for our sample environment equipment from Labview to EPICS to take advantage of the stability and networking integration it provides. The upgrades were used initially on three instruments in 2008 and expanded to five instruments in 2009. We plan a phased roll out to the remaining instruments over the next two years.
Modeling Student Interest in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

This paper presents preliminary results of a Raytheon project that uses systems engineering techniques to understand the intricacies of the U.S. educational system and to assist in the evaluation of proposed system changes with a goal of doubling the numbers of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) college graduates by 2015. Specifically, a system dynamics model has been developed, the initial version of which targets increasing the number of students both capable and interested in pursuing careers in STEM disciplines. To examine student interest and capabilities in STEM, the flow of students through the education system and the workforce are modeled. Separate flows delineate students that are interested and uninterested in STEM. Of those interested, the model further separates the students into those interested in teaching STEM, and those who are interested in STEM careers in industry. A few scenarios have been analyzed that examine changes for improving student capabilities. These scenarios investigate how teacher competency affects student interest and capability in STEM. Variations in teachers' capabilities caused by changes in teacher salary, class size, and tenure and retention policies are examined. The structure of the model allows it to be easily adapted to test new scenarios. For example, it is possible to separate out the career paths of specific groups, such as engineers, rather than looking at all STEM disciplines at once. Initial results provide insight into the value and viability of a few proposed changes and indicate that with continued research, model development, and analysis it will be possible to further assess proposed improvements in the U.S education system. Once effective improvements are identified, a roadmap can be created to provide policy makers with direction for future action. The ultimate goal of this project is to make the model available as an open source for use by a broad community of researchers. While much remains to be done, the systems engineering techniques and system dynamics model presented here provide a starting point for understanding the U.S. education system.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Nonneoplastic Musculoskeletal Pathologies in the Pelvis

Musculoskeletal pathologies in the pelvis encompass a wide variety of lesions including femoroacetabular impingement, athletic pubalgia, ischiofemoral impingement, and apophyseal avulsion injuries. Magnetic resonance imaging is the noninvasive imaging modality of choice for the diagnosis and management of these lesions. In this article, the authors discuss the nonneoplastic musculoskeletal lesions in the pelvis, with illustrations and relevant case examples.
Viral Vectors and Other Modulatory Biologics

The overarching aim of neuromodulation is to provide clinicians the ability to control defined neural pathways in order to effectively treat neurological disorders. Gene-based neuromodulation uses vector-mediated gene expression to modulate synaptic neurotransmission for development of cutting edge therapeutic interventions. This chapter will discuss the current viral and nonviral vector systems characterized for therapeutic development to combat neurological disorders. Additionally, current neuromodulation approaches will be described with special attention to those studies that have been advanced to human clinical trials. Upon completion of this chapter, the reader should attain a working knowledge of the available vector systems and their characteristics; understand how they have been applied to treat neurological disease in preclinical and clinical studies; and become aware of the obstacles that delay the advancement of these vector systems into therapeutic reality.
Three-Dimensional Photovoltaic Devices Based on Vertically Aligned Nanowire Array

The development and application of nanotechnology in renewable energy has opened up new ways to pursue next-generation solar cells which can deliver high efficiency at an economically viable cost [1–2]. A number of nano-photovoltaic (PV) concepts based on semiconductor nanowires have been developed or proposed in recent years, with either inorganic–organic hybrid [3–6] or all-inorganic approaches [7–11]. Among these concepts, of great importance is the use of quasi-one-dimensional nanowire/nanorod array to construct three-dimensional architectures as building blocks for solar light harvesting. For photogenerated carrier collection, the quasi-one-dimensional system structure is perhaps the optimized choice for optoelectronic devices such as solar cells and photodetectors, because it allows for maximally taking the advantages of reduced dimensionality while retaining the last and only needed conduction channel. Besides the possibility of exploring quantum effects when reaching the nanoscopic scale [9–10], even in the mesoscopic scale where the lateral size falls below the carrier diffusion length, the quasi-one-dimensional system could be superior to the bulk material, for instance, by reducing the non-radiative recombination and carrier scattering loss [12–13], through elimination of the unnecessary lateral transport and the resulting recombination loss [14–15].
RNA viruses drove adaptive introgressions between Neanderthals and modern humans

Neanderthals and modern humans came in contact with each other and interbred at least twice in the past 100,000 years. Such contact and interbreeding likely led both to the transmission of viruses novel to either species and to the exchange of adaptive alleles that provided resistance against the same viruses. Here, we show that viruses were responsible for dozens of adaptive introgressions between Neanderthals and modern humans. We identify RNA viruses, specifically lentiviruses and orthomyxoviruses, as likely drivers of introgressions from Neanderthals to Europeans. Our results imply that many introgressions between Neanderthals and modern humans were adaptive, and that host genetic variation can be used to understand ancient viral epidemics, potentially providing important insights regarding current and future epidemics.
A Politeness Theory Analysis of Cell-Phone Usage in the Presence of Friends

Politeness theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987) provided the framework for analyzing focus-group transcripts in which college students discussed their perceptions of cell-phone use by friends while in o...
Factors associated with long-term weight-loss maintenance following bariatric surgery in adolescents with severe obesity.

Bariatric surgery produces robust weight loss, however, factors associated with long-term weight-loss maintenance among adolescents undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery are unknown. Fifty adolescents (mean±s.d. age and body mass index (BMI)=17.1±1.7 years and 59±11 kg m−2) underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, had follow-up visits at 1 year and at a visit between 5 and 12 years following surgery (Follow-up of Adolescent Bariatric Surgery at 5 Plus years (FABS-5+) visit; mean±s.d. 8.1±1.6 years). A non-surgical comparison group (n=30; mean±s.d. age and BMI=15.3±1.7 years and BMI=52±8 kg m−2) was recruited to compare weight trajectories over time. Questionnaires (health-related and eating behaviors, health responsibility, impact of weight on quality of life (QOL), international physical activity questionnaire and dietary habits via surgery guidelines) were administered at the FABS-5+ visit. Post hoc, participants were split into two groups: long-term weight-loss maintainers (n=23; baseline BMI=58.2 kg m−2; 1-year BMI=35.8 kg m−2; FABS-5+ BMI=34.9 kg m−2) and re-gainers (n=27; baseline BMI=59.8 kg m−2; 1-year BMI=36.8 kg m−2; FABS-5+ BMI=48.0 kg m−2) to compare factors which might contribute to differences. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations adjusted for age, sex, baseline BMI, baseline diabetes status and length of follow-up. The BMI of the surgical group declined from baseline to 1 year (−38.5±6.9%), which, despite some regain, was largely maintained until FABS-5+ (−29.6±13.9% change). The BMI of the comparison group increased from baseline to the FABS-5+ visit (+10.3±20.6%). When the surgical group was split into maintainers and re-gainers, no differences in weight-related and eating behaviors, health responsibility, physical activity/inactivity, or dietary habits were observed between groups. However, at FABS-5+, maintainers had greater overall QOL scores than re-gainers (87.5±10.5 vs 65.4±20.2, P<0.001) and in each QOL sub-domain (P<0.01 all). Long-term weight outcomes for those who underwent weight-loss surgery were superior to those who did not undergo surgical treatment. While no behavioral factors were identified as predictors of success in long-term weight-loss maintenance, greater QOL was strongly associated with maintenance of weight loss among adolescents who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery surgery.
Standardized Assessment Accommodations for Individuals with Intellectual Disability.

Standardized cognitive and educational assessments of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) provide crucial information for parents, researchers, and educators. Understanding the unique developmental strengths and challenges of an individual with ID is imperative to determining appropriate educational placements, developing intervention plans, and measuring growth. However, challenges associated with ID in areas such as communication, attention, and self-regulation can interfere with the validity of test results and lead to students being labeled “untestable.” Unfortunately, there is a paucity of research regarding administrative procedures that yield valid standardized assessment results with this population. This paper outlines best practices in standardized assessment accommodations based on a literature review, professional standards, legal precedence, and extensive field research. A model for assessment will be proposed, consisting of an iterative four-stage cycle of planning, administration, evaluation, and reporting. Practical ideas for accommodations will inform school psychologists so they can obtain valid and useful scores when administering standardized assessments with students with ID.
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND NURSING PRACTICE: THE MAGNET RECOGNITION PROGRAM® AS A FRAMEWORK FOR POSITIVE CHANGE

ABSTRACT The American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) established the Magnet Recognition Program® (MRP) with the goal of identifying excellence in the delivery of nursing services. Magnet Recognition® is an organizational credential earned by achieving performance-driven standards. The standards, called “sources of evidence,” are organized in a framework that can be used to assess or improve an organization's culture and the impact of its nursing services. This article describes the Magnet® framework and reviews the research evidence linking organizational culture, nursing practice, and patient outcomes. While experience with the MRP outside of the United States is limited, early reports suggest that it is positive. The authors conclude that over 30 years of incremental research findings support the benefits of the Magnet® framework, and that the journey to fulling the Magnet® requirements can have rewards both internal and external to healthcare organizations.
A conceptual framework for teaching management accounting

Abstract This paper proposes a conceptual framework for teaching management accounting. The framework is rooted in distinguishing organizations from markets and draws on the fast-developing field of “organizational economics.” Market clearing prices, infinitely divisible commodities, and regime of private property rights are three aspects that can theoretically characterize market transactions. This paper argues for conceptualizing the subject matter of management accounting as a response to the relative absence of these aspects of market transactions within organizations. Specifically, management accounting procedures can be classified as instruments that: coordinate the demand and supply of resources in the absence of prices; measure resource consumption given indivisibilities in the cost function; and control resource use when the ownership of assets is separated from its control. This conceptual framework not only lends intellectual coherence to the subject matter of management accounting but also permits its diverse topics to be arranged in a logically articulated manner.
Adductor Canal Block Compared with Periarticular Bupivacaine Injection for Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Trial.

Background:In the last decade, the widespread use of regional anesthesia in total knee arthroplasty has led to improvements in pain control, more rapid functional recovery, and reductions in the length of the hospital stay. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of adductor canal blocks (
Heavy Higgs Bosons

The possibility that weak and electromagnetic interactions are described, in a unified manner, by a spontaneously broken SU(2)L × U(1) gauge theory1 has gained wide experimental support over the past decade. However, one of the least satisfactory aspects of this theory is its reliance on elementary scalar fields to spontaneously break the gauge symmetry and, via the Higgs mechanism, generate masses for the vector bosons.
PynqCopter - An Open-source FPGA Overlay for UAVs

FPGAs are a computing platform that excel in performing signal processing, control, networking, and security in a high performance and power efficient manner. This makes FPGAs attractive for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) especially as they require smaller payloads and are processing multiple high data rate input sources (e.g. cameras, lidar, radar, gyroscopes, accelerometers). Unfortunately, FPGAs are notoriously difficult to program and they require significant hardware design expertise. However, there are newly released design tools aimed at making FPGAs easier to use, which drove the initial hypothesis for this paper: could three undergraduates program an FPGA to control a UAV in 10 weeks? The result of the experiment is PynqCopter – an open source control system implemented on an FPGA. We created and tested a UAV overlay which is able to run multiple computations in parallel, allowing for the ability to process high amounts of data at runtime.
The Fundamental Solution of a Linear Elliptic Differential Equation with Analytic Coefficients

Denote by L[u] a differential operator of the form $$L[u]\, = \,\sum\limits_{k = 0}^m {\,\,\sum\limits_{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{i_1},..,{i_k}} \\ { = 1,...,n} \end{array}} {\,\,{A_{{i_1}}}{{...}_i}_{_k}} } \,(x)\,\frac{{{\partial ^k}u}}{{\partial {x_{{i_1}}}...\partial {x_{{i_k}}}}}$$ (3.1) .
Abbreviated-protocol screening MRI vs. complete-protocol diagnostic MRI for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: An equivalence study using LI-RADS v2018.

Background The high operational cost of MRI limits its utility for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening. Abbreviated-protocol dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (aMRI) may help lower cost while maintaining the high accuracy of complete-protocol diagnostic MRI (cMRI). Purpose To compare aMRI to cMRI for HCC detection in cirrhosis patients. Study type Cross-sectional study. Study population Cirrhosis patients undergoing MRI for suspected HCC. Field strength/sequence 1.5T and 3T; aMRI (coronal T2 -weighted, axial dynamic contrast-enhanced T1 -weighted fat-suppressed sequences); cMRI (aMRI sequences and unenhanced axial T2 -, T1 -, and diffusion-weighted sequences). Assessment From each cMRI, an abbreviated exam was created by extracting only the aMRI sequences. Five radiologists independently reviewed aMRI and cMRI and assigned per-patient screening results by the presence/absence of any actionable observation per Liver Imaging and Reporting Data System v2018 (LI-RADS 4, 5, M, or TIV categories). Per-patient HCC status was determined by the composite reference standard of histopathology, follow-up imaging, consensus expert panel imaging review, and clinical follow-up. Statistical tests Interreader agreement between aMRI and cMRI was compared with that of cMRI and tested for interchangeability against a tolerance margin of 0.05. Per-patient screening sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were compared between aMRI and cMRI and tested for equivalence against a tolerance margin of 0.05. Results In 93 cirrhosis patients, five radiologists recorded on average 121 liver observations. Interreader screening agreement probability (and 95% confidence interval confidence interval [CI]) was 0.914 [0.900, 0.926] between aMRI and cMRI, and 0.927 [0.908, 0.942] for cMRI; their difference was within the 0.05 margin for interchangeability. In 86 patients in whom a final HCC status could be determined, the detection sensitivity and specificity of aMRI was 0.921 [0.864, 0.956] and 0.886 [0.844, 0.918], within the 5% equivalence margin to cMRI, 0.936 [0.881, 0.965] and 0.883 [0.840, 0.915], respectively. Data conclusion Abbreviated-protocol screening MRI is interchangeable with, and equivalent to, complete-protocol diagnostic MRI for per-patient HCC detection in cirrhosis. Level of evidence 4 Technical Efficacy: Stage 6 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:415-425.
Ultimate Monolithic-3D Integration With 2D Materials: Rationale, Prospects, and Challenges

As a possible pathway to continue Moore’s law indefinitely into the future as well as unprecedented beyond-Moore heterogeneous integration, we examine the prospects of building monolithic 3D integrated circuits (M3D-IC) with atomically-thin or 2D van der Waals materials in terms of overcoming the major drawbacks of current 3D-ICs, including low process thermal budget, inter-tier signal delay, chip-overheating, and inter-tier electrical interference problems. Our holistic evaluation includes consideration of the electrical performance, thermal issues, and electromagnetic interference as well as attention to the synthesis methods necessary for low-temperature transfer-free 2D materials growth in M3D fabrication. Both in-plane and out-of-plane heat-dissipation in 3D-ICs made with 2D materials are evaluated and compared with those of bulk materials. Electrostatic and high-frequency electric-field simulations are conducted to assess the screening effect by graphene and effect of scaling down the inter-layer dielectric (ILD) thickness. Our analysis reveals for the first time that the 2D-based M3D integration can offer >ten-folds higher integration density compared with through-silicon-via (TSV)-based 3D integration, and >150% integration density improvement with respect to conventional M3D integration. Therefore, 2D materials provide a significantly better platform, with respect to bulk materials (such as Si, Ge, GaN), for realizing ultra-high-density M3D-ICs of ultimate thinness for next-generation electronics.
On the Fairness of Wi-Fi and LTE-LAA Coexistence

With both small-cell LTE and 802.11 networks now available as alternatives for deployment in unlicensed bands at 5 GHz, investigation into their coexistence is a topic of great interest. ETSI Rel. 14 has standardized LTE licensed assisted access (LAA) that seeks to make LTE more coexistence friendly with Wi-Fi by incorporating listen before talk. However, the fairness of Wi-Fi and LTE-LAA sharing is a topic that has not been adequately explored. In this paper, we first investigate the 3GPP definition of fair coexistence via new analytical models. By tuning the LTE-LAA parameters, we exemplify scenarios when the 3GPP notion of fairness is achieved and conversely, when not achieved. The formal notions of access and proportional fairness is then considered for these scenarios to compare and contrast with the 3GPP definition.
Awakened silence: a projected performance

Awakened Silence appropriates techniques of performance, installation and film to memorialize lives lost in recent mass shootings, reveal humanity's fixed relationship to technology and subvert the effects of media overload. It draws from the experience of first responders hearing the incessant sounds of phones after appearing on the scene. The project involves the video and audio recording of hundreds of cell phones turning on after a 24-hour period of silence. The resulting film captures a compilation of messages and notifications, which are composed into a projected performance of darkness and silence gradually awakened by a crescendo of light and sound.
Toward Absolute Phase Change Recovery With InSAR: Correcting for Earth Tides and Phase Unwrapping Ambiguities

Radar interferograms provide a map of the phase difference between the reference and repeat acquisitions modulo ${2\pi }$ . Under ideal conditions, the phase can be unwrapped to provide an absolute phase connection across the map, although there is always an unknown integer phase ambiguity (i.e., ${N2\pi }$ ) for the entire map. Here, we demonstrate a practical time series method to solve for these integer ambiguities in order to recover the absolute phase change between the first and last SAR images. An important first step is to correct the phase of each SAR image for the well-known solid earth tide, which typically produces a line of sight offset ±150 mm, as well as, trends along and across each image of ~20 mm. This tide correction significantly reduces the noise in the InSAR time series, especially at the L-band. These tidally corrected interferograms are then unwrapped and used to solve for a set of integer ambiguities that achieves phase closure when summing around loops in the stack. There is an infinite number of ambiguity combinations that achieve loop closure; thus, regularization is required. In contrast to previous studies that use a least-squares approach to find the ambiguities, we adopt an ${L}_{1}$ -norm approach to find the minimum number of ambiguity corrections needed to achieve loop closure. We note that the split-spectrum ionospheric correction can introduce ${N\pi }$ ambiguities and suggest two approaches for correcting both ${N2\pi }$ and ${N\pi }$ ambiguities.
Concepts in the neurosurgical care of patients with spinal neural tube defects: An embryologic approach.

Background The neural tube defects (NTDs) are a heterogeneous group of structural birth defects that arise from a complex array of multiple genetic and environmental factors and adversely affect the structure and function of the brain and spinal cord. Spinal NTDs are clinically more common than cranial NTDs. There remains a significant gap in linking the multiple NTD phenotypes to current genomic understanding. Methods This article summarizes the neurosurgical clinical approach to spinal NTDs by correlating each step of embryonic development of the human nervous system with key management concepts for defects that arise at that step. Results The NTDs are broadly classified as open or closed. Open defects include myelomeningocele (MMC), encephalocele, and anencephaly. Closed defects are also known as occult spinal dysraphism and are characterized by intact skin over the spinal defect. They are more common and often cause neurologic decline from tethered cord syndrome. Failure of primary neurulation gives rise to open myelomeningocele (MMC). Surgical closure of an open MMC focuses on realigning the tissue layers that failed to separate during neurulation. In utero closure is a promising recent technique. Chronic neurosurgical management largely focuses treating hydrocephalus. The Chiari II malformation is uniformly present in MMC patients and may cause brainstem dysfunction. Tethered spinal cord may progressively impair normal neurologic function but typically responds well to surgical untethering. Conclusions Surgical closure of MMC centers on approximated realignment of embryologically disordered neural tissue. Clinical surgical management decisions in the spinal NTDs remains challenging but standardized principles have emerged.
Green Tea Extract Treatment in Obese Mice with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Restores the Hepatic Metabolome in Association with Limiting Endotoxemia-TLR4-NFκB-Mediated Inflammation.

Scope Catechin-rich green tea extract (GTE) alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by lowering endotoxin-TLR4 (Toll-like receptor-4)-NFκB (nuclear factor kappa-B) inflammation. This study aimed to define altered MS-metabolomic responses during high-fat (HF)-induced NASH that are restored by GTE utilizing livers from an earlier study in which GTE decreased endotoxin-TLR4-NFκB liver injury. Methods and results Mice are fed a low-fat (LF) or HF diet for 12 weeks and then randomized to LF or HF diets containing 0% or 2% GTE for an additional 8 weeks. Global MS-based metabolomics and targeted metabolite profiling of catechins/catechin metabolites are evaluated. GTE in HF mice restores hepatic metabolites implicated in dyslipidemia insulin resistance, and inflammation. These include 122 metabolites: amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, vitamins, bile acids, flavonoids, xenobiotics, and carbohydrates. Hepatic amino acids, B-vitamins, and bile acids are inversely correlated with biomarkers of insulin resistance, liver injury, steatosis, and inflammation. Further, phosphatidylcholine metabolites are positively correlated with biomarkers of liver injury and NFκB inflammation. Thirteen catechin metabolites are identified in livers of GTE-treated mice, mostly as phase II conjugates of parental catechins or microbial-derived valerolactones. Conclusion The defined anti-inflammatory/metabolic interactions advance an understanding of the mechanism by which GTE catechins protect against NFκB-mediated liver injury in NASH.
Accessibility in an educational software system: Experiences and Design Tips

Accessibility has been recognized as a key aspect of using technology for education. Yet educational software, including web-based systems, and even the main web-pages of top institutions often do not meet accessibility standards. When addressing accessibility issues, some creators of educational technology attempt to merely retrofit accessibility. Such an approach of “accessibility as an afterthought" often leads to low quality or even ineffective user interfaces (UI) and degraded user experience (UX) for all users. In order to avoid the aforementioned common pitfalls, we pursued an agile development process with an accessibility expert integrated into the process. The agile method has been used to develop a web-based automatic testing and grading software system called CODE. This paper presents our agile method and experiences with designing and developing an accessible software system. We discuss the software design and the some of the accessibility improvements recommended to meet accessibility standards. We present statistical analysis of 3,300 submissions from 47 students and their experiences. Our experience shows that even if software tools are able to identify accessibility issues, they are not effective in suggesting appropriate solutions to address them. A key “lesson learned" is that integrating an accessibility expert into software development teams is an effective approach to ensure effective and accessible UI/UX for educational technologies.
DYNAMICAL METEOROLOGY | Kinematics

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 3, pp 1072–1079, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd.