cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal stress in pregnancy: Considerations for fetal development

There is significant current interest in the degree to which prenatal exposures, including maternal psychological factors, influence child outcomes. Studies that detect an association between prenatal maternal psychological distress and child developmental outcomes are subject to a number of interpretative challenges in the inference of causality. Some of these are common to many types of prenatal exposures that must necessarily rely on observational designs. Such challenges include the correlation between prenatal and postnatal exposures and the potential role of other sources of shared influence, such as genetic factors. Others are more specific to this area of research. These include confounding between maternal report of child outcomes and the maternal psychological attributes under study, difficulties in distinguishing maternal stress from more ubiquitous aspects of maternal personality, and the lack of association between cortisol and measures of maternal psychological stress. This article considers these methodological issues and offers an additional methodology focused on fetal neurobehavior for discerning potential mechanisms that may mediate associations between maternal psychological functioning and the developing fetal nervous system.
Late intrascrotal metastases from renal cell carcinoma

A case of bilateral epididymal metastases appearing sixteen years after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma is reported. A literature review of intrascrotal metastases from renal cancer reveals that they are uncommon. The possible mechanisms of spread are discussed.
Structural analyses of the 7SK ribonucleoprotein (RNP), the most abundant human small RNP of unknown function.

Abstract The human 7SK ribonucleoprotein (RNP) has been analyzed to determine its RNA secondary structure and protein constituents. HeLa cell 7SK RNA alone and within its RNP have been probed by chemical modification and enzymatic cleavage, and sites of modification or cleavage have been mapped by primer extension. The resulting secondary structure suggests that structural determinants necessary for capping (a 5' stem followed by the sequence AUPuUPuC) and nuclear migration (the sequence AUPuUPuC) of 7SK RNA may be similar to those for U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). It also supports existence of a 3' stem structure which could serve to self-prime cDNA synthesis during pseudogene formation. Oligonucleotide-directed RNase H digestion indicated regions of 7SK RNA capable of base pairing with other nucleic acids. Antisense 2'-O-methyl RNA oligonucleotides were used to affinity select the 7SK RNP from an in vivo 35S-labeled cell sonic extract and identify eight associated proteins of 83, 48, 45, 43, 42, 21, 18, and 13 kDa. 7SK RNA has extensive sequence complementarity to U4 snRNA, within the U4/U6 base pairing domain, and also to U11 snRNA. The possibility that the 7SK RNP is an unrecognized component of the pre-mRNA processing machinery is discussed.
The New Kind of Hospital Volunteer Ethics Within a Not-For-Profit Organization

While experts agree the U.S. recession is over, many employees feel that they are still being asked to do more work for less pay. This concept of less compensation for employees is not surprising, but no one has addressed how volunteers in organizations might also be affected by the economy. Are volunteers also expected to do more work for (literally) no monetary compensation? This case study explains how the duties asked of hospital volunteers are evolving and ends with a discussion of ethics relating to the volunteer descriptions used at a not-for-profit organization.
Transcriptional Control of Early T and B Cell Developmental Choices

T and B cells share a common somatic gene rearrangement mechanism for assembling the genes that code for their antigen receptors; they also have developmental pathways with many parallels. Shared usage of basic helix-loop-helix E proteins as transcriptional drivers underlies these common features. However, the transcription factor networks in which these E proteins are embedded are different both in membership and in architecture for T and B cell gene regulatory programs. These differences permit lineage commitment decisions to be made in different hierarchical orders. Furthermore, in contrast to B cell gene networks, the T cell gene network architecture for effector differentiation is sufficiently modular so that E protein inputs can be removed. Complete T cell-like effector differentiation can proceed without T cell receptor rearrangement or selection when E proteins are neutralized, yielding natural killer and other innate lymphoid cells.
Technical Requirements and Identification of Pralidoxime Chloride and its Determination in Biological Material

Pralidoxime chloride, commonly known as 2-PAM chloride, has been classified as standard type by the Medical Services, Department of Defense, for use in the therapy of nerve agent casualties. Chemical and physical data, ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectra, identification tests, and acute toxicity data of highly purified pralidoxime chloride are presented; analytical procedures for the quantitative determination of the oxime in blood plasma, feces, and urine are outlined. A safety test, developed for the item to insure the absence of toxic impurities, is given.
Genomic Comparison of Bacterial Species Based on Metabolic Characteristics

In this work, we developed a novel method to generate comparison trees based on characteristics collected from metabolic networks of bacteria. We characterize each bacterial genome’s metabolism by the occurrence frequencies of various chemical reactions classified by enzyme commission numbers, and by the correlation of the reaction types for any two consecutive reactions in pathways present in the networks. In hypothesizing that species physiologically close to each other should show high similarity in these characteristics, we quantitatively measure the similarity using Pearson correlation coefficient, and build comparison trees using the Neighbor-Joining algorithm. These Metabolic Characteristics (MC) based comparison trees cluster the bacteria according to their functional groups and reveal the relationship between different organisms from a physiological perspective yielding new insights about the organisms.
Speeding Up Batch Alignment of Large Ontologies Using MapReduce

Real-world ontologies tend to be very large with several containing thousands of entities. Increasingly, ontologies are hosted in repositories, which often compute the alignment between the ontologies. As new ontologies are submitted or ontologies are updated, their alignment with others must be quickly computed. Therefore, aligning several pairs of ontologies quickly becomes a challenge for these repositories. We project this problem as one of batch alignment and show how it may be approached using the distributed computing paradigm of MapReduce. Our approach allows any alignment algorithm to be utilized on a MapReduce architecture. Experiments using four representative alignment algorithms demonstrate flexible and significant speedup of batch alignment of large ontology pairs using MapReduce.
Agra, arboreal beetles of Neotropical forests: erythropus group systematics (Carabidae)

Abstract. This paper is the second in a series designed to cover taxonomi-cally all species-groups of Agra, whose cumulative ranges extend from southernmost Texas to northernmost Argentina. A clear understanding of their phylo-geny and distribution may provide very good data with which to test recently proposed hypotheses of tropical species richness and endemism, particularly the forest refugium and flood-zone hypothesis. New methods of description are used in the series to cover the several hundred species in less time and space, to provide a consistent numerical data base for those who choose to use it, and to use more efficiently and effectively the descriptive process. Four names are presented in new combinations: Agra baccii (Straneo), Agra platyscelis (Chaudoir), Agra guy anensis (Chaudoir) and Agra semiviridis (Straneo). All these species were originally placed in Agridia. One synonymy was detected; Agra clangoris Liebke is a junior synonym at A. guy anensis (Chaudoir). Sixteen new species of Agra are described from the following type-localities: howdenorum (Simla, 5.0 miles north of Arima, Trinidad, West Indies), ecaligis (Rio Bobonanza, Mentalva, Ecuador), yodella (Gourdonville, French Guiana), limulus (Tarapoto, Peru), tumatumari (Rio Potaro, Tumatumari, Guyana), varzeicola (Parana Costa da Ilha de Curari (Rio Solimoes), Amazonas, Brazil), ariasi (Reserva Ducke, 26.0 km northeast of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil), oliven-cana (Sao Paulo d'Olivenija, Amazonas, Brazil), iquitosana (Iquitos, Peru), tarapotoana (Tarapoto, Peru), titan (type area - French Guiana), seabrae (Mangabeira, near Mocajuba, Para, Brazil), caliga (Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Republic of Panama), yeti (Rosario Oeste, Minas Gerais, Brazil), sasquatch (Bele'm, Para, Brazil), azureipennis (type area – Northern Venezuela). Twenty-one species arrayed in three subgroups are fully discussed. Their cumulative range extends from Panama south to Bolivia, east to the mouth of the Amazon River and north along the coast of the Guyanas; most species are very locally distributed. A dot map illustrates the range of each taxon. Distribution and relationships are discussed in general, but detailed cladistic analysis is deferred until taxonomy of the five groups of Section Erythropus is completed. Species distributions correspond to pleistocene refuges suggested by other authors based on other classes of organisms.
Initiation of the great Mw 9.0 Tohoku–Oki earthquake

Abstract We determined the location, size, mechanism, and the frequency content of the first 4.0 s of the 2011 Tohoku–Oki earthquake. Since the beginning of this earthquake is very small, we develop a comparative approach against a near-by reference earthquake, the master event. We first determined the water depth near the master event using the differential timing between the water phase pwP reflected from the air–water interface and the depth phase pP reflected from the water–crust interface. Then we located the master event using the well-known ocean bathymetry in the area. After calibrating teleseismic arrays (Δ = 30° to 90°) at short periods for timing and amplitude with respect to the master event, we were able to determine the initiation of the main event. It began as a small (M w = 4.9) thrust event located at 38.19°N, 142.68°E at a depth of 21 km, and, a few seconds later, evolved into a slower extremely large slip event up-dip.
Probabilistic Climate-Model Diagnostics for Hydrologic and Water Resources Impact Studies

Abstract The use of information from climate model ensemble simulations for regional hydrologic and water resources impact studies necessitates the development of diagnostic measures of utility for this information on regional scales with account for uncertainty. Formulated are probabilistic measures of the effectiveness of monthly climate-model ensemble simulations of an indicator variable for discriminating high versus low regional observations of a target variable. The formulation uses the significance probability of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for detecting differences in the sample probability distribution of the conditioned high versus low regional observations of the target variable. Estimators that account for climate-model ensemble simulations and spatial association between the indicator and target variables are formulated. Generalizations for the cases of vector indicator and target variables are discussed. The methodology is exemplified for the case of a single climate-model indicator variable...
Influences of the El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the timing of the North American spring

Detrended, modelled first leaf dates for 856 sites across North America for the period 1900-2008 are used to examine how the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) separately and together might influence the timing of spring. Although spring (mean March through April) ENSO and PDO signals are apparent in first leaf dates, the signals are not statistically significant (at a 95% confidence level (p <0.05)) for most sites. The most significant ENSO/PDO signal in first leaf dates occurs for El Nino and positive PDO conditions. An analysis of the spatial distributions of first leaf dates for separate and combined ENSO/PDO conditions features a northwest-southeast dipole that is significantly (at p <0.05) different than the distributions for neutral conditions. The nature of the teleconnection between Pacific SST's and first leaf dates is evident in comparable composites for detrended sea level pressure (SLP) in the spring months. During positive ENSO/PDO, there is an anomalous flow of warm air from the southwestern US into the northwestern US and an anomalous northeasterly flow of cold air from polar regions into the eastern and southeastern US. These flow patterns are reversed during negative ENSO/PDO. Although the magnitudes of first leaf date departures are not necessarily significantly related to ENSO and PDO, the spatial patterns of departures are significantly related to ENSO and PDO. These significant relations and the long-lived persistence of SSTs provide a potential tool for forecasting the tendencies for first leaf dates to be early or late.
Record in Pictures of Yasukuni Jinja: Yushukan

Record in Pictures of Yasukuni Jinja: Yushukan. Tokyo: Yasukuni Shine, 2009. 95 pp. (Supervised by John Breen) The Yasukuni Jinja in central Tokyo has become a focus of war memory and controversy i...
Environmental Vertical Wind Shear with Hurricane Bertha (1996)

Abstract Hurricane Bertha (1996) was influenced by vertical wind shear with highly variable direction and magnitude. The paper describes a unique method for determining the vertical tilt of a tropical cyclone vortex using satellite and aircraft data. Hurricane Bertha's vortex tracks at three levels are shown during a period of intensification just prior to landfall. During this period, the hurricane vortex becomes more closely aligned in the vertical. Changes in asymmetries of satellite infrared (IR) cold cloud areas are shown to be related to the vortex alignment. Environmental vertical shear measurements throughout Hurricane Bertha's life cycle are presented using IR cloud asymmetries and numerical model analyses. Intensification periods are associated with more symmetric IR cloud measurements. The directions of the IR cloud asymmetric orientations are compared with numerical-model-derived vertical shear directions. The changes in the vertical shear analyses are discussed with respect to observed intens...
Music activities as a meaningful context for teaching elementary students mathematics: a quasi-experiment time series design with random assigned control group

The purpose of the current research was to examine the effects of a sequence of classroom activities that integrated mathematics content with music elements aimed atproviding teachers an alternative approach for teaching mathematics. Two classes ofthird grade students (n=56) from an elementary school in the west coast of the United States participated in the research. A random assignment pretest-posttest controlgroup design was used to examine students' changes in mathematical ability betweenthe two groups. A quasi-experiment time series design with multiple pretests, midtests and posttests was utilized for investigating the effects of music-mathematics lessonson students' mathematics process ability level. The results demonstrated that theintervention of music-mathematics integrated lessons had statistically significantimprovement on the music group students' mathematical abilities.
Shape of chondrocytes within articular cartilage affects the solid but not the fluid microenvironment under unconfined compression.

Abstract Metabolic activity of the chondrocytes in articular cartilage is strongly related to their zone-specific shape and the composition and mechanical properties of their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). However the mechanisms by which cell shape influences the response of the ECM microenvironment to mechanical loading is yet to be elucidated. This relationship was studied using a biphasic multiscale finite element model of different shaped chondrocytes in the superficial and deep zones of the ECM during unconfined stress relaxation. For chondrocytes in the superficial zone, increasing the cell’s initial aspect ratio (length/height) increased the deformation and solid stresses of the chondrocyte and pericellular matrix (PCM) during the loading phase; for chondrocytes in the deep zone the effect of the cell shape on the solid microenvironment was time and variable dependent. However, for superficial and deep zone chondrocytes the cell shape did not affect the fluid pressure and fluid shear stress. These results suggest that mechanotransduction of chondrocytes in articular cartilage may be regulated through the solid phase rather than the fluid phase, and that high stresses and deformations in the solid microenvironment in the superficial zone may be essential for the zone-specific biosynthetic activity of the chondrocyte. The biphasic multiscale computational analysis suggests that maintaining the cell shape is critical for regulating the microenvironment and metabolic activity of the chondrocyte in tissue engineering constructs. Statement of significance We investigated the effect of chondrocyte shape on the cellular microenvironment using a biphasic multiscale finite element analysis. Our study showed that cell shapes affects the solid but not the fluid microenvironment of the chondrocyte, and that maintaining the cell shape is critical for regulating the microenvironment and metabolic activity of the chondrocyte in native cartilage and tissue engineering constructs. As far as we know, this is the first study on the mechanotransduction mechanisms by which cell shape influences the response of the microenvironment to mechanical loading. This study is important for understanding cell mechanobiology, not only for regulation of cell phenotype in tissue engineered constructs but, as important, for understanding changes in normal chondrocyte function after post-traumatic injury and in the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis.
Malignant transformation of synovial chondromatosis of the shoulder to chondrosarcoma. A case report.

Primary synovial chondromatosis is a proliferation of cartilaginous bodies within the synovial membrane, bursa, or tendon sheath. Historically, it has been characterized as a rare, monoarticular, benign arthropathy of uncertain etiology, typically involving a single large joint in a young adult. Males are affected more commonly than females1. The knee is involved most frequently, followed by the hip, elbow, shoulder, ankle, and wrist2-4; however, smaller joint involvement, including that of the spine, foot, and hand, has been reported5-8, as has involvement of the acromioclavicular, temporomandibular, and sternoclavicular joints9-12. The Massachusetts General Hospital tumor database contains eighty-six recorded cases of synovial chondromatosis; these cases include involvement of the knee (thirty-three cases), the hip (sixteen cases), the shoulder (eight cases), the ankle (seven cases), the foot (seven cases), the elbow (five cases), and miscellaneous locations (ten cases). Malignant degeneration of synovial chondromatosis into chondrosarcoma is a described, but extremely rare, event. We describe a unique case of synovial chondromatosis in the shoulder, which, following multiple recurrences with a repeatedly benign histologic appearance but abnormal results on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) flow cytometry, ultimately demonstrated histologic evidence of malignant transformation. The aneuploid DNA of this specimen distinguishes it from all other cases of synovial chondromatosis in the Massachusetts General Hospital tumor database. Our patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. A forty-seven-year-old man presented in February of 1999 with a two-year history of right shoulder pain and generalized shoulder discomfort that was most frequently related to activity. In addition, the patient reported that lying on the shoulder at night caused pain. The patient had not experienced trauma or any other inciting event, nor did he have any motor or sensory deficits or any additional …
Repetition of Persuasion

The effect of repeated exposures to a persuasive communication upon opinion formation was studied experimentally rather than by analysis of the mass media. Half the Ss were exposed to the communica...
Long Directional Interactions (LDIs) in Oligomeric Cofacial Silicon Phthalocyanines and Other Oligomeric and Polymeric Cofacial Phthalocyanines

Crystal structures have been determined for the three-member set of cofacial silicon phthalocyanines, ((n-C6H13)3SiO)[SiPcO]1–3(Si(n-C6H13)3). The staggering angles between adjacent rings in the dimer and trimer of this set are ∼16°. The interactions leading to these angles have been investigated by the atoms-in-molecules (AIM) and reduced-density-gradient (RDG) methods. The results show that long directional interactions (LDIs) are responsible for these angles. A survey of the staggering angles in various cofacial phthalocyanines described in the literature has revealed the existence of significant LDIs in a number of them. It is apparent that in many cases the ability of LDIs to dominate the forces giving rise to the staggering angles observed in cofacial phthalocyanines depends on their inter-ring separations.
Full title: Evolution and coexistence in response to a key innovation in a long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli

Evolution of a novel function can greatly alter the effects of an organism on its environment. These environmental changes can, in turn, affect the further evolution of that organism and any coexisting organisms. We examine these effects and feedbacks following evolution of a novel function in the long-term evolution experiment (LTEE) with Escherichia coli. A characteristic feature of E. coli is its inability to consume citrate aerobically. However, that ability evolved in one of the LTEE populations. In this population, citrate-utilizing bacteria (Cit+) coexisted stably with another clade of bacteria that lacked the capacity to utilize citrate (Cit−). This coexistence was shaped by the evolution of a cross-feeding relationship in which Cit+ cells released the dicarboxylic acids succinate, fumarate, and malate into the medium, and Cit− cells evolved improved growth on these carbon sources, as did the Cit+ cells. Thus, the evolution of citrate consumption led to a flask-based ecosystem that went from a single limiting resource, glucose, to one with five resources either shared or partitioned between two coexisting clades. Our findings show how evolutionary novelties can change environmental conditions, thereby facilitating diversity and altering both the structure of an ecosystem and the evolutionary trajectories of coexisting organisms.
Challenges of Regional Development

Economic development strategies often have a very important spatial dimension. Many strategies target a particular region within the country, to develop the economy of that region, to move people from other regions to the target region, or both. This chapter focuses on the potential consequences of explicit, large-scale efforts to develop the economies of target regions. Overt resettlement strategies, by which the government requires or strongly promotes the relocation of populations from particular regions, are the focus of chapter 10, while recognizing that any regional development strategy discussed in this chapter can prompt migrations into the target region.
TH-B-207B-01: Optimizing Pediatric CT in the Emergency Department

This imaging educational program will focus on solutions to common pediatric image quality optimization challenges. The speakers will present collective knowledge on best practices in pediatric imaging from their experience at dedicated children’s hospitals. One of the most commonly encountered pediatric imaging requirements for the non-specialist hospital is pediatric CT in the emergency room setting. Thus, this educational program will begin with optimization of pediatric CT in the emergency department. Though pediatric cardiovascular MRI may be less common in the non-specialist hospitals, low pediatric volumes and unique cardiovascular anatomy make optimization of these techniques difficult. Therefore, our second speaker will review best practices in pediatric cardiovascular MRI based on experiences from a children’s hospital with a large volume of cardiac patients. Learning Objectives: 1. To learn techniques for optimizing radiation dose and image quality for CT of children in the emergency room setting. 2. To learn solutions for consistently high quality cardiovascular MRI of children
Does Chaos Tell a Story

Steven Weinberg, in Dreams of a Final Theory, asserts that ‘we’ are not likely to find an ‘interested God in the final laws of nature.’ The laws are more likely to lead inexorably toward a ‘chilling impersonality.’ It is better to avoid the cheap consolations of religion by courageously embracing the resistance of science.1 Where the Christian theologian encounters the world as gift, others believe that the determinist laws of nature promote resignation to the reality principle. Within the impervious cycles of nature, creativity and the availability of a hopefully different future appear impossible. It is an ‘almost irresistible temptation to believe’ that there must be ‘something for us outside,’ beyond; ‘The honor of resisting this temptation is only a thin substitute for the consolations of religion, but it is not entirely without satisfactions of its own.’2 To Weinberg’s credit, a humane stoicism may be the only authentic alternative to religious piety in our postmodern world.
The Development of Causal Structure without a Language Model.

ABSTRACTAcross a diverse range of languages, children proceed through similar stages in their production of causal language: their initial verbs lack internal causal structure, followed by a period during which they produce causative overgeneralizations, indicating knowledge of a productive causative rule. We asked in this study whether a child not exposed to structured linguistic input could create linguistic devices for encoding causation and, if so, whether the emergence of this causal language would follow a trajectory similar to the one observed for children learning language from linguistic input. We show that the child in our study did develop causation-encoding morphology, but only after initially using verbs that lacked internal causal structure. These results suggest that the ability to encode causation linguistically can emerge in the absence of a language model, and that exposure to linguistic input is not the only factor guiding children from one stage to the next in their production of causa...
Structure-Activity Relationship Study of QL47: A Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agent.

Here we report the structure–activity relationship (SAR) investigations of QL-XII-47 (QL47), a compound that possesses broad-spectrum antiviral activity against dengue virus and other RNA viruses. A medicinal chemistry campaign initiated from QL47, a previously reported covalent BTK inhibitor, to derive YKL-04-085, which is devoid of any kinase activity when screened against a panel of 468 kinases and with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Both QL47 and YKL-04-085 are potent inhibitors of viral translation and exhibit cellular antiviral activity at 35-fold lower concentrations relative to inhibition of host-cell proliferation.
Trends and outcomes of cardiac resynchronization therapy upgrade procedures: A comparative analysis using a United States National Database 2003–2013

Background While outcomes after de novo cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) implantations have been reported, there are limited data on CRT upgrade procedures. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine trends and in-hospital outcomes of patients undergoing CRT upgrade procedures by using a large national inpatient database. Methods Using the National Inpatient Sample database, we identified all patients undergoing CRT upgrade and de novo CRT implants between 2003 and 2013. Rates of in-hospital adverse events such as death, cardiac perforation, pneumothorax, and lead revision were examined. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to compare outcomes after CRT upgrade and those after de novo CRT implant procedures. Results Between 2003 and 2013, 19,546 CRT upgrade procedures and 464,246 de novo CRT implants were recorded. Rates of in-hospital mortality of patients undergoing CRT upgrade were significantly higher than those of patients undergoing de novo CRT implant (1.9% vs 0.8%; P Conclusion In a large national inpatient cohort, CRT upgrade procedures were associated with higher rates of in-hospital mortality and procedural complications as compared with de novo CRT implants.
Monstrosities in the 2016 Presidential Election and Beyond: Centering Nepantla and Intersectional Feminist Activism

In the 2016 election for president of the United States, most millennials, first-time voters, women, and people of color voted for the Democratic Party nominee, Hillary Clinton, and she won the pop...
Diffuse non-midline glioma with H3F3A K27M mutation: a prognostic and treatment dilemma.

Author(s): Lopez, Giselle; Oberheim Bush, Nancy Ann; Berger, Mitchel S; Perry, Arie; Solomon, David A
Frequency of Bone Health Presentations at National Hand Meetings.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency with which osteoporosis topics (screening, medical treatment, and fracture prevention) are presented at national hand surgery meetings. This was compared with the frequency of the same topics presented at the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) annual meetings. Methods The annual meeting programs for the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH), the American Association for Hand Surgery (AAHS), and the OTA from the previous 10 years (2007–2016) were searched for presentations that covered bone health at each of these meetings. We categorized the presentations as either instructional or research. Results There were 2 bone health instructional presentations at hand surgery meetings in contrast to 13 presentations at OTA meetings over the last 10 years. For the last 9 years, the OTA has featured at least 1 instructional presentation on bone health every year. We identified 11 research presentations at the hand surgery meetings compared with 16 at the OTA meetings. Conclusions Osteoporosis and bone health are infrequently presented instructional topics at national hand meetings compared with OTA meetings. The cause of the difference is unclear and likely multifactorial, varying each year with different program chairs and committees. The level of involvement of hand surgeons in osteoporosis management is controversial; however, incorporation of this topic may stimulate discussion and help identify solutions for this controversy. Clinical relevance It may benefit hand surgeons to place more importance on osteoporosis screening and treatment. We believe that there should be an annual instructional course on this topic at the ASSH and AAHS meetings.
Neural Lattice Search for Domain Adaptation in Machine Translation

Domain adaptation is a major challenge for neural machine translation (NMT). Given unknown words or new domains, NMT systems tend to generate fluent translations at the expense of adequacy. We present a stack-based lattice search algorithm for NMT and show that constraining its search space with lattices generated by phrase-based machine translation (PBMT) improves robustness. We report consistent BLEU score gains across four diverse domain adaptation tasks involving medical, IT, Koran, or subtitles texts.
Integrating Computational Science Tools into a Thermodynamics Course

Computational tools and methods have permeated multiple science and engineering disciplines, because they enable scientists and engineers to process large amounts of data, represent abstract phenomena, and to model and simulate complex concepts. In order to prepare future engineers with the ability to use computational tools in the context of their disciplines, some universities have started to integrate these tools within core courses. This paper evaluates the effect of introducing three computational modules within a thermodynamics course on student disciplinary learning and self-beliefs about computation. The results suggest that using worked examples paired to computer simulations to implement these modules have a positive effect on (1) student disciplinary learning, (2) student perceived ability to do scientific computing, and (3) student perceived ability to do computer programming. These effects were identified regardless of the students’ prior experiences with computer programming.
Why Does the Exercise Cardiac Output Fall During Altitude Residence and Is It Important

“…..on Pike’s Peak the rate of introduction of oxygen into the body (could) not keep the oxygen tension in the blood reaching the tissues sufficient during moderately severe work; in Oxford the limits of oxygen supply were determined by the capacity of the circulation to transport oxygen to the tissues” Douglas, Haldane, Henderson, Schneider 1913 (see reference (12).
The Changing Nature of Cultural Capital

Pierre Bourdieu’s cultural capital theory is frequently cited throughout the educational literature. Previous scholarship has noted the limitations of this framework, such as the predominant focus on highbrow culture as a quantitative measure as well as the lack of consideration of cultural capital in nondominant cultures. Based on a review of research that uses this framework, the authors suggest that the predominant applications in educational literature conceive of cultural capital in static ways. The analytical shortcomings of these works propose structural determinism, limit students’ agency, and promote a culture of poverty. After discussing these shortcomings, the authors consider ways educational analyses of cultural capital might foment what they call cultural integrity, praxis, and voice. The authors argue that employing the concept of cultural capital in a way that does not simply reproduce social inequality requires considering the dynamic nature of capital. While social structures are reproductive according to the theory, research applications of cultural capital theory that acknowledge capital as fluid may empower marginalized groups.
Investigation of sensory thresholds in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with and without Chiari-like malformations and syringomyelia.

Background Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) suffer pain associated with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia (CMSM). People suffer from a similar condition and describe numerous sensory abnormalities. Sensory changes have not been quantified in affected CKCS. Objectives To use quantitative sensory testing (QST) to quantify thermal and mechanical thresholds in CKCS and to compare QST in dogs with and without syringomyelia (SM). Animals Forty-four CKCS. Methods Prospective study. Dogs underwent neurological examinations and craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thermal testing was performed over the humerus and thorax (n = 32); mechanical testing was performed on the paw and neck (n = 44). Latencies, thresholds, and response rates were compared with presence and severity of SM on MRI, presence of pain reported by the owner and pain identified on examination. Results Thirty dogs had SM, 30 were painful on examination, 29 were owner-reported symptomatic. Thermal and mechanical variables were not significantly different based on presence or severity of SM. Dogs with pain on examination had decreased mechanical thresholds on the paw (0.38 kg, SD = 0.18) and neck (2.05 kg, SD = 0.74) compared to thresholds of dogs without pain on examination on the paw (0.60 kg, SD = 0.30) and neck (2.72 kg, SD = 0.57; P = .021). Conclusions and clinical importance Mechanical and thermal sensitivity does not appear to be related to the presence of SM, but mechanical sensitivity appears to be related to the presence of pain and clinical signs. Mechanical testing may be useful for assessing sensory abnormalities during clinical trials.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Demonstrates a Pre-fibrotic and Premalignant Molecular Signature

Metabolic syndrome contributing to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can lead to hepatic dysfunction, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we tested whether diet-induced fatty liver in a mouse model physiologically mimicked human NAFLD, and whether transcriptional alterations in mouse fatty liver signified risk for the development of hepatitis, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. SAMP6 strain mice were fed a low-fat diet or high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 months. Mouse livers were isolated and subjected to histology, immunohistochemistry, and whole transcriptome RNA sequencing. Sequences were aligned to the mouse reference genome, and gene expression signatures were analyzed using bioinformatics tools including Cufflinks, Pathview, Cytoscape, ClueGO, and GOstats. Consistent with NAFLD, livers from HFD-fed mice demonstrated steatosis, high levels of inflammation, an up-regulation of genes encoding proteins associated with the complement pathway and immune responses, and down-regulation of those associated with metabolic processes. These livers also showed an up-regulation of genes associated with fibrosis and malignant transformation but no histological evidence of either pathobiology or DNA damage. HFD-fed mice exhibited NAFLD that had incompletely transitioned from fatty liver to NASH. Importantly, bioinformatics approaches identified pre-fibrotic and premalignant signatures, suggesting that the pathogenesis of both fibrosis and cancer may initiate in fatty livers well before associated histological changes are evident.
The Examination of Cognitive Empowerment Dimensions on Intrapersonal Psychological Empowerment, Psychological Sense of Community, and Ethnic Identity Among Urban Youth of Color

The purpose of this investigation is to examine heterogeneity and membership with subgroups of cognitive empowerment among youth of color. Within this heterogeneity, this study hopes to identify the relationship each of these subgroups of youth have with conceptually related variables including intrapersonal psychological empowerment, psychological sense of community (SOC), and ethnic identity. The participants were 383 urban youth of color in grades 9 through 12. The results showed significant variation between profile groups of youth and the association higher levels of cognitive empowerment have with intrapersonal psychological empowerment, psychological SOC, and ethnic identity; albeit, some variation was present. This study is explorative in nature and an effort to highlight the complexity of empowerment and cognitive empowerment. Findings are significant as these outcomes provide valuable insight into the intricacies of cognitive empowerment and highlight the importance of youth experiencing high levels of cognitive empowerment on domains related to civic engagement and critical awareness.
The tragic core of criminal justice: Coercive social control and the loss of innocence

Abstract Practitioners and academics in Criminal Justice are engaged in tragic work. The core defining aspect of criminal justice is using coercion, or the threat of it, to ensure social control. As noted by many writers, force to compel others taints the character of the compeller who cannot remain both good and innocent, even when force is used for good ends, I argue that a tragic sense of life, which accepts the impossibility of being both good and innocent, is the practical and conceptual glue that defines criminal justice as a discipline.
The non-market benefits of early and partial gains in managing threatened salmon

Threatened species are increasingly dependent on conservation investments for persistence and recovery. Information that resource managers could use to evaluate investments-such as the public benefits arising from alternative conservation designs-is typically scarce because conservation benefits arise outside of conventional markets. Moreover, existing studies that measure the public benefits of conserving threatened species often do not measure the benefits from partial gains in species abundance that fall short of official recovery, or the benefits from achieving gains in species abundance that happen earlier in time. We report on a stated preference choice experiment designed to quantify the non-market benefits for conservation investments aimed at threatened Pacific Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) along the Oregon Coast (OC). Our results show that a program aimed at increasing numbers of returning salmon can generate sizable benefits of up to $518 million/y for an extra 100,000 returning fish, even if the species is not officially declared recovered. Moreover, while conservation investment strategies expected to achieve relatively rapid results are likely to have higher up-front costs, our results show that the public attaches substantial additional value of up to $277 million/y for achieving conservation goals quickly. Our results and approach can be used to price natural capital investments that lead to gains in returning salmon, and as inputs to evaluations of the benefits and costs from alternative conservation strategies.
Human Odour Coding in the Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

Insects use their olfactory systems to obtain chemical information on mating partners, oviposition sites and food. The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, an important vector of human infectious diseases, shows strong preference for human blood meals. This study investigated the chemical basis of host detection by characterizing the neuronal responses of antennal olfactory sensilla of female Ae. aegypti to 103 compounds from human skin emanations. The effect of blood feeding on the responses of olfactory sensilla to these odorants was examined as well. Sensilla SBTII, GP, and three functional subtypes of SST (SST1, SST2, and SST3) responded to most of the compounds tested. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) ‘A’ and ‘B’ in the trichoid sensilla, either activated or inhibited, were involved in the odour coding process. Compounds from different chemical classes elicited responses with different temporal structures and different response patterns across the olfactory sensilla. Except for their increased responses to several odorants, blood-fed mosquitoes generally evoked reduced responses to specific aldehydes, alcohols, aliphatics/aromatics, ketones, and amines through the SST1, SST2, SBTI, SBTII and GP sensilla. The odorants eliciting diminished responses in female mosquitoes after blood feeding may be important in Ae. aegypti host-seeking activity and thus can be candidates for mosquito attractants in the process of this disease vector management.
The effect of different stretching protocols on vertical jump measures in college age gymnasts.

Background Gymnastics is a sport that requires rapid display of explosive power expressed through the vertical jump. Recent studies have shown that a static-stretching based warm-up is ineffective for explosive power development. The aim of this study was to compare different stretching protocols and their effect on vertical jump measures. Methods Eleven gymnasts (9 males, 2 females; 23.18±2.52 yrs) participated in this randomized crossover study. Participants were measured on the countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SQJ), and depth jump (DJ) at baseline (no warm-up). Participants were then randomly placed into one of four stretching protocols: Static (ST), dynamic (DY), static + dynamic (ST+DY), and dynamic + static (DY+ST) and tested on the CMJ, SQJ, and DJ. A photoelectric cell device was used to measure vertical jump height (VJH), flight time (FT), power output (PO), and Reactive Strength Index (RSI). The non-parametric Friedman test was used to test differences between stretching protocols. Results The DY protocol showed significant improvements in VJH, FT, and PO in the CMJ. The ST, ST+DY, and DY+ST protocols did not show any significant improvements. Conclusions A warm-up consisting of dynamic movements that resemble those used in the sport of gymnastics can improve vertical jump measures, as reflected through the CMJ.
Effects of blocking mGluR5 on primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortical neuronal firing and working memory performance.

Metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor (mGluR5) antagonists are under development for treating cognitive disorders such as Fragile X syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease, largely based on success in mouse models, where post-synaptic mGluR5 stimulation weakens synaptic functions in hippocampus. However, human trials of mGluR5 antagonists have yet to be successful. This may be due in part to the differing effects of mGluR5 in hippocampus vs. prefrontal cortex, as mGluR5 are primarily post-synaptic in rodent hippocampus, but are both pre- and post-synaptic in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortical (dlPFC) circuits known to subserve working memory. The current study examined the effects of the selective mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator, MTEP (3-((2-Methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride), on neuronal firing and working memory performance in aging rhesus monkeys with naturally occurring impairments in neuronal firing and cognitive performance. We found that iontophoresis of MTEP directly onto dlPFC “Delay cells” had an inverted U dose-response, where low doses tended to enhance task-related firing, but higher doses suppressed neuronal firing. Similar effects were seen on cognitive performance following systemic MTEP administration (0.0001–0.1 mg/kg), with MTEP producing erratic dose-response curves. In the subset of monkeys (50%) that showed replicable improvement with MTEP, co-administration with the mGluR5 PAM, CDPPB (3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide), blocked MTEP beneficial effects, consistent with mGluR5 actions. The mixed effects of MTEP on cognitive performance may arise from opposing actions at pre- vs. post-synaptic mGluR5 in dlPFC. These data from monkeys suggest that future clinical trials should include low doses, and identification of potential subgroup responders.