cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redesigning Hilltop House

There were several practical matters that required special consideration immediately as initial steps in considering the design of new construction. There was the Victorian mansion of Hilltop House and the extent to which it might be used, the siting of a new building on our new tract, the heating system, the water supply, the sewage treatment issue, the contours of the land, and the questions surrounding energy supply and uses, not to speak of the landscaping, the forest land (figure 3.1), and the interests of neighbors.
The Vanishing Messiah: The Life and Resurrections of Francis Schlatter

Review of: "The Vanishing Messiah: The Life and Resurrections of Francis Schlatter", by David N. Wetzel.
Social Media Modeling of Human Behavior in Natural Emergencies

During natural emergencies (e.g., hurricanes, tornadoes, storms), individuals can choose to avoid or leave areas of risk. Yet, often people choose to stay or travel to danger areas. Some may underestimate the danger; others may want to protect their property or families. Widespread social media use by these individuals can help us understand their motives and quantify their likelihood to engage in risky travel or decisions to stay. Social media data in such situations is not unlike sensor data; by tracking where individuals go and what they tweet about we can discover both temporal and spatial trends in human emotion and behavior during weather events.In this paper, we describe our extensible, distributed, real-time data collection and analysis pipeline that combines public streaming data from the National Weather Service and Twitter for subsequent exploration and analysis, including risk behavior modeling. Our pipeline leverages the open-source Apache Storm framework and the ELK (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana) stack to process, filter, augment and index this streaming data for subsequent efficient retrieval. This work, which can be expanded to other social media (Facebook, Flickr, Instagram) is pathbreaking in several respects; first, it represents a novel integration of weather and social media data; second, our pipeline can be easily adapted to other analyzes by adding or removing processing components; and finally, this work represents the first (to our knowledge) quantification of human risk behavior using social media data in the form of average vectors and individual risk behavior indicators.
Differential gene expression during tumor promotion and progression in the mouse skin model.

The boundary between promotion and progression in experimental carcinogenesis can be operationally defined as long as stable intermediate stages of tumor formation can be identified. Once operational definitions have been made, investigators can and should pursue questions of molecular mechanisms to explain phenotypic changes that occur during promotion and progression. This paper deals with the identification and characterization of molecular markers (i.e., differentially expressed cellular genes) that identify different stages of mouse skin tumor formation. These marker genes whose steady state levels of messenger are elevated at specific stages in skin tumor formation can serve to define the stages of promotion and progression. There is also the possibility that overexpression of one or a number of these genes actually plays a functional role in tumor formation.
Influence of river plumes on the distribution and composition of nearshore Lake Michigan fishes

Abstract River plumes form in coastal areas where tributaries mix with their receiving waters. Plume waters are enriched with terrestrial-derived nutrients from their watersheds creating hotspots of biological productivity. The biological importance of plumes scales with the size and persistence of the plume; therefore, large, persistent plumes are more important than small, transient plumes. To date, most studies of plumes have focused on assimilation of terrestrial-derived energy by aquatic species or lower-level food web effects, primarily in marine systems. Few studies have described fish communities near plume habitats and compared them to non-plume areas, especially for the numerous small plumes in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Here we demonstrate that small plumes in the main basin of Lake Michigan enhance local primary productivity and influence distribution and abundance of nearshore Great Lakes fishes. We found that plume fish communities were relatively depauperate and did not support higher biological diversity of fishes compared to non-plume areas. However, individual species including rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, spottail shiner Notropis hudsonius, and white sucker Catostomus commersonii were more abundant around plumes. Our results demonstrate that small plumes in the main basin of Lake Michigan support highly localized hotspots of biological productivity and fish abundance, primarily within 2 km of river mouths.
Fabrication of ODS Austenitic Steels and CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloys by Spark Plasma Sintering for Nuclear Energy Applications

Candidate materials for advanced nuclear energy systems, i.e., oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) austenitic steels and CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs), have been fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Microstructures of ODS alloys have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction, revealing that Y-Ti-O particles with an average particle size of 7.6 nm are homogeneously distributed in the austenite steel matrix with an average grain size of 985 nm. The fine microstructure of ODS austenitic steels is thermally stable after annealing at up to 1100°C. The high strength and hardness of ODS austenitic steels may be attributed to grain boundary strengthening as well as dispersion strengthening. The effect of powder processing and SPS parameters on the microstructural formation in CoCrFeNi HEAs has also been investigated. CoCrFeNi HEAs have a single-phase face-centered cubic (FCC) structure and a homogeneous distribution of four metal elements. The mechanical alloying powders have a mixture of FCC and body-centered cubic phases, which is transformed to FCC phase after SPS at 900–1000°C. CoCrFeNi HEAs fabricated from mechanical alloying powders have a smaller grain size and higher concentration of chromium- and oxygen-rich precipitates than those fabricated from gas-atomized powders, resulting in a higher hardness.
The hunger vital sign identifies household food insecurity among children in emergency departments and primary care

This study aimed: (1) to examine the sensitivity and specificity of the 2-item Hunger Vital Sign against the 18-item Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) in identifying young children in food insecure households in emergency department and primary care sites and (2) to examine associations between food insecurity and adverse health conditions. We conducted cross-sectional surveys from 2009-2017 among 5039 caregivers of children age <48 months. We measured adverse child health by caregiver-reported perceived health, prior hospitalizations, and developmental risk (Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status). Analyses were conducted using covariate-adjusted logistic regression. Sensitivity and specificity of the Hunger Vital Sign against the HFSSM were 96.7% and 86.2%. Using the HFSSM, children in the emergency department had a 28% increase in the odds of experiencing food insecurity, compared to children in primary care, aOR = 1.28, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.08-1.52, p = 0.005. Using the Hunger Vital Sign, the increase was 26%, aOR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.08-1.46, and p = 0.003. The odds of children's adverse health conditions were significantly greater in food insecure households, compared to food secure households, using either HFSSM or the Hunger Vital Sign. Screening for food insecurity with the Hunger Vital Sign identifies children at risk for adverse health conditions in both primary care and emergency department sites, and can be used to connect families with resources to alleviate food insecurity.
New Antidiabetes Agent Targeting Both Mitochondrial Uncoupling and Pyruvate Catabolism: Two Birds With One Stone.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are emerging as global epidemics and impose huge burdens on patient families as well as society. They are leading causal factors for cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, cancer, and kidney disease and negatively impact health span and life span. However, treatment options are limited, and there is an unmet need for developing effective and safe medications. In this issue of Diabetes , Jiang et al. (1) report a new treatment strategy and a new antidiabetes agent. Obesity arises from energy imbalance, and excessive energy is stored as triacylglycerol in fat (2). Mitochondria are an essential organelle responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. Mitochondria oxidize free fatty acids (FFAs) and glucose to produce ATP (referred to as oxidative phosphorylation). The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) contains an electron transport chain composed of the complexes I, II, III, IV, and V. Burning of FFAs and glucose produces high-energy electrons that are transported from complex I or II to complexes III and IV, where electron-carried energy is released to pump out protons, generating proton gradients across the IMM (Fig. 1). The IMM proton gradients drive ATP synthesis by complex V. The IMM also contains uncoupling proteins (UCPs) that mediate proton influx, thus suppressing ATP synthesis. UCPs release free energy as heat (thermogenesis) and are engaged in body temperature homeostasis. Brown adipose tissue UCP1 plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of body …
A Preliminary Evaluation on the Performance of Diffuser-Augmented Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to assess whether adding a stationary diffuser, known as wind lens, can improve the power performance of vertical axis wind turbines. Transient, two-dimensional simulations were conducted using a dynamic mesh and the Shear-Stress Transport (SST) \( k - \omega \) model to calculate the generated torque. Blades were set to rotate at a constant angular velocity to maintain an optimal TSR (tip speed ratio) at the studied freestream wind speed. The product of this angular velocity (in rad/s) and the calculated torque (in Nm) was assumed to be the mechanical power harvested by the turbine. The simulation setup was validated using experimental data. It was found that a properly designed wind lens enhances power production in two ways. First, it collects and guides a larger air flow into the turbine (the inlet effect). Second, it induces a flow separation along its trailing edge, which leads to a reduced pressure zone downwind of the outlet of the lens (the outlet effect). The enhanced pressure difference between upstream and downstream regions drives a larger flow into the turbine, which increases power generation. It was also found that if the throat of the diffuser is not sufficiently large, the shear caused by its inner walls decelerates the blades. This negative impact can dominate the above-described inlet/outlet effects, which leads to a net reduction in power production. Although no rigorous optimization was conducted to identify an optimal geometry for the diffuser, the proposed lens was found to improve power production of the turbine by more than 400%. It is shown that substituting the augmented turbine with a large open turbine with a swept area equal to the maximum cross-sectional area of the lens is a more effective strategy (increases power production by 600%), however, it may cost considerably more.
Dynamic post-activation potentiation protocol improves rowing performance in experienced female rowers.

Post-activation potentiation likely acutely improves power-based performance; however, few studies have demonstrated improved endurance performance. Forty collegiate female rowers performed isometr...
The US Army and Male Rape during the Second World War

While most victims of sexual offences perpetrated by US servicemen during the Second World War were women and girls, rape and sexual assault of men and boys were not uncommon. 75 such cases are exa...
Family Versus Institutional Involvement in Restructuring: Evidence From the Communications Equipment Industry:

The prospect of restructuring can be seen as a mixed gamble that creates tensions between family owners and institutional investors in publicly traded firms. Both sides diverge in their reference p...
Blindsight ethnography and exceptional moments

In this essay we outline two conceptual frameworks that may help ethnographers do their research and analysis during Covid-19 First, we develop the concept of «blindsight ethnography», a means through what ethnographers may be able to detect that which they cannot see Second, we turn to Ermakoff's (2014) conceptualization of «the exceptional» - cases that stand apart due to their peculiar nature, but which allow for classificatory, paradigmatic, and heuristic innovation Drawing upon Hidalgo's experience of doing ethnographic research in the wake of Covid-19, we outline some ways to navigate and even leverage this current moment, and articulate three practical steps ethnographers can take in these exceptional times © 2020 Societa Editrice il Mulino All rights reserved
Place vs. Response Learning: History, Controversy, and Neurobiology

The present article provides a historical review of the place and response learning plus-maze tasks with a focus on the behavioral and neurobiological findings. The article begins by reviewing the conflict between Edward C. Tolman's cognitive view and Clark L. Hull's stimulus-response (S-R) view of learning and how the place and response learning plus-maze tasks were designed to resolve this debate. Cognitive learning theorists predicted that place learning would be acquired faster than response learning, indicating the dominance of cognitive learning, whereas S-R learning theorists predicted that response learning would be acquired faster, indicating the dominance of S-R learning. Here, the evidence is reviewed demonstrating that either place or response learning may be dominant in a given learning situation and that the relative dominance of place and response learning depends on various parametric factors (i.e., amount of training, visual aspects of the learning environment, emotional arousal, et cetera). Next, the neurobiology underlying place and response learning is reviewed, providing strong evidence for the existence of multiple memory systems in the mammalian brain. Research has indicated that place learning is principally mediated by the hippocampus, whereas response learning is mediated by the dorsolateral striatum. Other brain regions implicated in place and response learning are also discussed in this section, including the dorsomedial striatum, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex. An exhaustive review of the neurotransmitter systems underlying place and response learning is subsequently provided, indicating important roles for glutamate, dopamine, acetylcholine, cannabinoids, and estrogen. Closing remarks are made emphasizing the historical importance of the place and response learning tasks in resolving problems in learning theory, as well as for examining the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of multiple memory systems. How the place and response learning tasks may be employed in the future for examining extinction, neural circuits of memory, and human psychopathology is also briefly considered.
Sex, sexual arousal, and sexual decision making: An evolutionary perspective

Abstract Sexual arousal is conceptualized as a motivational system that prioritizes mating and minimizes the perceived risks associated with sex. Previous studies show that when sexually aroused, individuals are more likely to endorse engaging in risky sexual behaviors. A majority of these studies examine a restricted number of sexual behaviors or do not test evolutionarily-relevant sex differences. Due to gender asymmetries in the minimum obligatory costs of parental investment, the costs of injudicious sexual decisions tend to be greater for women. As such, men and women may respond in disparate ways when sexually aroused. We extend previous research by investigating the effect of experimentally manipulated sexual arousal on sexual decision-making in men and women (N = 140). We found no significant difference between individuals exposed to neutral or erotic stimuli on the willingness to engage in experimental or coercive sex. Being male and having higher arousal in response to erotic stimuli, however, was associated with a greater willingness to engage in coercive sex. Results suggest that individual differences in sexual arousal following exposure to erotic stimuli may be critical for understanding sexual strategies, particularly those pertaining to sexual coercion.
Language, culture and institutions: Evidence from a new linguistic dataset☆

Kashima and Kashima's (1998) linguistic dataset has played a prominent role in the economics of culture, providing the instrumental variables used in two seminal works to identify the causal effect of culture on institutional quality. However, for economists, this dataset has a number of weaknesses, including poor overlap with a key cultural dataset and reliance on sources of linguistic information of uneven quality. We address these issues by constructing a new linguistic dataset based on an authoritative source of linguistic information, the World Atlas of Language Structures. The resulting dataset has greater overlap with key sources of cultural information, is arguably less subject to selection bias, and provides more refined information regarding key dimensions of linguistic variation. We show that the variables in this dataset are significantly correlated with commonly used measures of individualism and egalitarianism. In addition, we reexamine the key results from the literature on culture and institutions, showing the causal relationship between culture and institutions is robust to the use of the new linguistic instruments.
Energy gain in a two-gap RF cavity

Velocity of a deeply non-relativistic particle can change during its acceleration inside an RF cavity significantly enough to cause a deviation of the energy gain from a linear model. This paper derives formulae for corrections to the energy gain in a two-gap RF cavity calculated by taking into account this velocity change in the next approximation. Then, the results are compared with direct particle tracking of an HWR cavity used at the PIP2IT test accelerator. The formulae significantly extend the range of parameters where analytical calculations work with a good accuracy. The approach is applied to two aspects of cavity phasing.
Citrus Consumption and Risk of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer in the UK Biobank

Background: Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) incidence has been dramatically increasing worldwide. Psoralen, a known photocarcinogen, is naturally abundant in citrus products, leading to the hypothe...
National Ignition Facility preamplifier update

Summary form only given. The National Ignition Facility (NIF) preamplifier is an intermediate stage of amplification between the fiber oscillator and the main Nd:glass slab multipass amplifiers. The preamplifier module (PAM) will amplify the light from approximately 1 nJ up to a maximum injection energy of 17 J before the beam is split into four beamlines that provide a final 1.053-/spl mu/m energy of 20 kJ/beamline. In this high-gain regime the PAM is a two-stage amplifier with a regenerative amplifier in the first stage producing 15-20 mJ at 1 Hz. This energy is then amplified again to the higher energies when needed through a four-pass 5-cm Nd:glass rod amplifier. The PAM is a line replaceable unit made to be rugged enough to operate for an extended period of time without maintenance. During this extended period of semi-autonomous, computer controlled operation the PAM must be capable of amplifying a variety of temporal and spatial pulse shapes while always meeting a stringent set of temporal, spatial, wavefront, and pointing requirements.
Spin Waves: History and a Summary of Recent Developments

We review experimental and theoretical studies of spin waves in ferromagnets, with emphasis on the 3d ferromagnets along with films and multilayers formed from these materials. Keywords: spin waves; 3d ferromagnets; ultrathin films; ferromagnetic resonance; Brillouin light scattering; neutron scattering; spin polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy; SPEELS
Brown's Battleground: Students, Segregationists, and the Struggle for Justice in Prince Edward County, Virginia

The fiddler came to Farmville in 1951, demanding payment for generations of neglect. The largest community in rural Prince Edward County, located at the northern tip of Virginia's Black Belt. Farmville was a segregated town. Privileged white men controlled the banks, the businesses, and the school, as their fathers had before them. Raised in a world defined by the principle of separate and unequal, they reserved the best jobs and schools for whites, congratulating themselves for their generosity in laying aside the leftovers for blacks. Jim Crow set the parameters of life in Prince Edward County, and until 1951 it was a quiet life. But everything changed one April morning. The young people rebelled, overthrowing the community's old model of race relations and setting in motion a chain of events that thrust Prince Edward into the national spotlight. On April 23, 1951, the student body at Robert Russa Moton High School the county's only black high school went on strike. Demanding an expanded curriculum, an end to overcrowding, and increased local commitment to black education, the student immediately sent a letter to the NAACP special counsel in Virginia, asking for legal assistance in their fight for a new school. Oliver Hill and Spottswood Robinson, the pillars of the Richmond NAACP office, were the force behind a massive statewide litigation campaign against the inequality of Jim Crow. Under their leadership, the Richmond office was a beehive of activity, at one time simultaneously pursuing actions in seventy-five different school districts. The two were initially dismissive of the Moton action, but they agreed to make a brief trip to Farmville, fully intending to encourage the students to return to school. [excerpt]
Bacteriophage SPO1 genes 33 and 34. Location and primary structure of genes encoding regulatory subunits of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase.

Abstract Bacteriophage SPO1 gene 33 and 34 products are required for SPO1 late gene transcription. Both proteins bind to the core RNA polymerase of the Bacillus subtilis host to direct the recognition of SPO1 late gene promoters, whose sequences differ from those of SPO1 early and middle gene promoters. We have located and cloned the genes for these two regulatory proteins, and have engineered their expression in Escherichia coli by placing them under the control of the bacteriophage λPL promoter. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that genes 33 and 34 overlap by 4 base-pairs and encode highly charged, slightly basic proteins of molecular weight 11,902 and 23,677, respectively.
Distributed, Collaborative Data Analysis from Heterogeneous Sites Using a Scalable Evolutionary Technique

This paper documents an early effort to develop an experimental, collaborative data analysis technique for learning classifiers from a collection of heterogeneous datasets distributed over a network. The proposed technique makes use of a scalable evolutionary algorithm, called the GEMGA to classify datasets. This paper describes the developed technique and the results of the use of this technique through the application of this system for several domains, including distributed fault detection in an electrical power distribution network.
EXPLAINING THE ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES IN THE UNITED STATES

ABSTRACT:Using a large national sample of U.S. cities the authors create an environmental policy index to explore the factors that explain the adoption and implementation of environmental policies at the local level. Using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods, these data indicate that cities with higher populations, more highly educated citizens, higher percentages of Hispanic residents, located in the West (and more specifically California), and that are central cities are more likely to engage in environmental policies. Furthermore, this article finds evidence of differences in engagement based upon the subarea of environmental protection examined.
Comparison of assessment techniques: plasma lipid and lipoproteins related to the metabolic syndrome.

Background The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of analytical method on reported concentrations of plasma lipids and lipoproteins, and to determine if there are clinical implications of any potential differences on identification of the metabolic syndrome dyslipidemia, CVD risk stratification and classification of LDL subclass phenotype.
Morphological and biochemical alterations in foetal rat brain cells cultured in the presence of monobutyryl cyclic AMP.

I HAVE found that several aspects of the morphology and biochemistry of cultured foetal rat brain cells can be altered by N-monobutyryl-cyclic 3′,5′ monophosphate (N-but cyclic AMP). Dispersed cell cultures of foetal rat brain were grown for 15 days in the presence of 10−3 M N-but cyclic AMP and compared with similar untreated cultures. N-but cyclic AMP, prepared from dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Sigma) as previously described1, was used because of its expected greater activity than cyclic AMP in an intact cell preparation2. It is more stable than the dibutyryl form which may release appreciable quantities of butyric acid1.
A balancing act: how can intelligent computer-generated feedback be provided in learner-to-learner interactions?

Task-based synchronous computer-mediated communication (CMC) may represent an optimal psycholinguistic environment for form-meaning connections, but learners do not receive feedback from a trusted authority. Intelligent computer-assisted language learning (ICALL) provides feedback, but the encouragement of communicative interaction remains largely unexplored. To combine the benefits of ICALL and CMC, we are designing a parser-based system that provides feedback on particle usage for first-year L2 Korean learners while they chat in CMC. Both to facilitate the use of a new orthography by beginning learners and to make processing feasible for the ICALL system, we guide the content of the activity by using picture-based information-gap tasks and a game record, and we control the range of allowable learner input by using a word bank. These constraints enable the system to address L2 errors in meaningful, goal-driven interactions.
Ab initio study of Pb antisite defects in PbZrO 3 and Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3

We report an ab initio study of Pb antisite defects in ${\text{PbZrO}}_{3}$ (PZ) and $\text{Pb}(\text{Zr},\text{Ti}){\text{O}}_{3}$ (PZT) perovskites. Also, we calculated the enthalpy of formation of PZ. Our results show that, under strong oxidizing conditions, Pb on the Zr-site antisite defects are unavoidable in PZ. Moreover, a positive enthalpy of formation (0.15 eV) of PZ is found. This indicates that PZ is metastable for low temperature and may help explain the difficulty in synthesizing high-quality Zr-rich PZT crystals. The Pb antisite defects in PZT alloys have low formation energies. This result is in agreement with experiments, which report the predominance of this defect in PZT films. We find that the Pb antisite defect produces electron traps 0.2--0.8 eV below the conduction-band edge.
The inhibition of nuclear DNA polymerizing activity by captan

Abstract A study was conducted concerning the inhibition of calf thymus nuclear DNA synthesis by captan. Captan was shown to be toxic to the in vitro incorporation of [ 3 H]dTTP into calf thymus DNA, with an ID 50 value of 0.16 m M being measured. This inhibition was determined to be independent of Mg 2+ concentration. Although intact nuclear activities were affected, the soluble DNA polymerizing activity isolated from calf thymus nuclei exhibited no inhibition when exposed to captan. Treatment of purified calf thymus DNA with 10 −5 and 10 −4 M captan caused an elevation of the T m by 2 and 6°C, respectively. The inhibitory characteristic of captan on DNA polymerizing activities and the influence of this compound on the thermostability of DNA indicate a mechanism of inhibition which is located in the nucleus and is possibly related to the template function of DNA and/or with the nuclear DNA polymerizing enzymes.
Discussion: Methodologies in human behavior genetics.

(1973). Discussion: Methodologies in human behavior genetics. Social Biology: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 276-279.
Survey of human cancer patient sera for adenovirus "T" antibody by immunofluorescence.

Serum from 126 patients with various types of cancer and from 63 normal controls was examined by immunofluorescence for adenovirus 12 “t” antibody. Fourteen per cent of the cancer patients and 11% of the normals had antibody reactive with the adenovirus-12-infected green monkey kidney cells. The types of cancer which seemed most often to be associated with positively reacting sera were brain tumors, breast cancer and colon cancer. Recherche des Anticorps des Adenovirus Dans le Serum de Cancereux Pour la Technique de L'immunofluorescence On a examine par fluorescence le serum de 126 malades atteints de differents types de cancer et de 63 temoins normaux pour deceler la presence d'anticorps de l'adenovirus 12 “t”. Quatorze pour cent des cancereux et 11 pour cent des sujets normaux presentaient des anticorps reagissant avec les cellules renales de singe vert infectees par l'adenovirus 12. Les types de cancer qui paraissaient le plus souvent associes a une reaction positive etaient ceux du cerveau, du sein et du cǒlon.
Social influences on substance-use behaviors of gay, lesbian, and bisexual college students: findings from a national study

A variety of social factors are expected to contribute to health behaviors among college students. The goal of this paper is to describe the relationships of two different aspects of the campus social environment, namely the campus resources for gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) students and the campus-wide behavioral norms of substance use, to the individual substance-use behaviors of college students with same-sex experiences. Individual-level data come from 630 college students reporting same-sex experience, who were part of a national random sample returning questionnaires. Current cigarette smoking and binge drinking were examined. College-level data regarding the campus resources designed for GLB students were collected and used with campus-wide substance-use norms to predict individual substance use in logistic regression analyses. One-third to one-half of students reported current smoking and binge drinking, by sex and sex-partner category. The presence of GLB resources was inversely associated with women's smoking and directly associated with men's binge drinking behaviors. The proportion of students reporting same-sex behavior on campus was directly associated with these same outcomes, and behavioral norms were not associated with either outcome. Findings provide a glimpse into the influence of the social environment on the use of two of the most widely used substances at American colleges, and suggest that contextual approaches to explaining and controlling substance use may be important.
The effects of low-protein diet and testosterone on sex hormone-binding globulin capacity in male rabbits.

The effects of a low-protein high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diet (8% protein 65% to 72% carbohydrate) were compared to those of regular rabbit chow (14% to 16% protein 57% to 64% carbohydrate) on sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) capacity in 12 male rabbits. The six rabbits who were fed the LPHC diet for 8 weeks showed a significant increase in their mean SHBG capacity (mean +/- SE: from 70 +/- 16 nmol/L to 332 +/- 45 nmol/L, P less than .01) whereas the six rabbits fed the standard diet showed a slight decrease (from 106 +/- 22 nmol/L to 76 +/- 20 nmol/L, NS). These changes in SHBG capacity were mirrored by a decrease in percent-free T (from 2.64 +/- 0.26% to 1.64 +/- 0.16%, P less than .01) in the LPHC diet group and no change in percent-free T in the regular diet group (from 2.36 +/- 0.21% to 2.19 +/- 0.10%). The changes in SHBG capacity and percent-free T were not associated with significant changes in testosterone (T), free T, estradiol (E2), thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroxine-binding globulin, or cortisol binding globulin levels. In a subsequent experiment, testosterone cyclopentyl propionate (TCP) was administered to six male rabbits while on regular rabbit chow and again after 6 weeks of the LPHC diet. TCP administration did not cause any significant change in the SHBG capacity, but the LPHC resulted again in a significant (P less than .05) increase in SHBG capacity from 80 +/- 18 nmol/L. to 198 +/- 22 nmol/L.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Efficient registration in the compressed domain

This paper describes an efficient system for the registration of Range maps in the compressed wavelet domain. A feature-based approach is taken to reduce the computational burden involved in the registration search process. Efficient and accurate registration of range or depth maps is an important problem in military, medical and manufacturing applications. The techniques described can be applied not only to 3D data but also to 2D images. We illustrate registration results on a range of real scenes.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interaction between repetitive nerve stimulation and twitch-potentiating agents at the neuromuscular junction.

THE indirectly developed maximal twitch tension of vertebrate muscle is sometimes augmented after periods of tetanic nerve stimulations an effect generally called post-tetanic potentiation. This effect is further increased by the administration, prior to tetanic conditioning, of physostigmine in doses which in themselves are too small to facilitate twitch tension1. Physostigmine2 and also other agents which elicit twitch potentiation, for example neostigmine3 and m-hydroxy phenyltrialkylammonium ions4, have been shown to possess an action on motor nerve terminals which is revealed by bursts of repetitive antidromic nerve discharge appearing after single orthodromic volleys. Furthermore, this presynaptic activity is greatly facilitated by tetanic conditioning of the motor nerve5. Within the context of these observations, it seemed important to compare drug-induced twitch potentiation before and after periods of repetitive motor nerve stimulation.
Detailed study of a purified urinary aldosterone fraction.

Extensive purification of an aldosterone fraction obtained after two chromatographic separations (Zaffaroni's propylene glycol/toluene system and Bush C system) from crude neutral extract is descri...
Randomized double-blind comparison of three dose levels of intravenous ondansetron in the prevention of cisplatin-induced emesis.

The selective 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5HT3) antagonist ondansetron has been shown to be an effective antiemetic in patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy. This double-blind study compared the efficacy and safety of three doses of intravenous ondansetron in the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with high-dose (≥100 mg/m2) cisplatin chemotherapy. A total of 125 patients were randomized (1∶1∶1) to receive 0.015, 0.15, or 0.30 mg/kg every 4 h for a total of 3 doses. All patients were monitored for emetic episodes, adverse events, and laboratory safety parameters for 24 h following cisplatin administration. The 0.15-mg/kg dose was superior to the 0.015-mg/kg dose with respect to the median number of emetic episodes (P=0.033) and complete response (no emetic episodes,P=0.005). No statistically significant difference was found between the 0.15 and the 0.30-mg/kg groups. The most common adverse event was headache. Three 0.15-mg/kg doses of intravenous ondansetron are safe, effective, and adequate for the control of cisplatin-induced emesis.
Molecular mapping of an apical branching gene of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).

Commercial hybrids of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) are obtained by crossing a cytoplasmic male sterile line (A-line) with a restorer pollinator (R-line). The incorporation of a recessive branching trait to extend the pollination period of R-lines during hybrid seed production is laborious and time-consuming. By using target region polymorphism (TRAP) and bulked segregant analysis (BSA), we identified 15 TRAP markers linked to the b1 (branching) locus in a population of 229 F2 plants derived from a cross between nonbranched (HA 234) and branched (RHA 271) lines. TBr4-720 and TBr8-555 markers were linked to the b1 gene in the coupling phase at 0.5 cM (0.004 recombination frequency). The Tbr20-297 and Tbr20-494 markers flanked the b1 locus in the repulsion phase at genetic distances of 7.5 and 2.5 cM, respectively. Tbr19-395, also in the repulsion phase, mapped at 3.8 cM from the b1 locus and on the opposite side of the marker Tbr20-297. The 8A1 and 15B3 restriction fragment length polymorphic (RFLP) markers of linkage group (LG) 16 of the RHA 271 × HA 234 cultivated sunflower map anchored the b1 LG onto the RFLP map. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based markers tightly linked to the recessive b1 gene have been developed. Their identification and the incorporation of the LG containing the b1 locus onto an RFLP map will be useful for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding programs and provide the bases for map-based cloning of this gene.
A high-resolution spectral study of Li3Eu(2,6-pyridinedicarboxylato)3

Several electronic levels of Li3Eu(2,6-pyridinedicarboxylato)3 have been studied through the use of low-temperature high-resolution single- and two-photon excitation emission spectroscopy. The observed shifts in the emission spectrum are described. The spectrum obtained exhibits the emission transitions characteristic for a EuIII ion in a distorted D3h symmetry site.
Promoting computer-mediated communications in community coalitions

SUMMARY Community coalition participants are adopting new communication tools. This article identifies issues involving adoption of one type of communication tool, computer-mediated communications (CMC), based on a review of relevant literature and a recent exploratory research study of CMC adoption by community coalitions. Suggestions for aiding adoption and anticipating problems are presented and some social justice and professional value issues are highlighted. Human service professionals whose work involves community coalitions may find the theoretical background and practical advice useful in anticipating and responding to CMC changes in coalitions.
Rapid Regeneration of Protochlorophyllide650

The rate of regeneration of protochlorophyllide650 was examined spectrophotometrically after a saturating light flash using 8- to 9-day-old dark-grown bean leaves. The regeneration occurred to the extent of 15% with a half rise time of about 20 seconds. Feeding δ-aminolevulinic acid to the excised leaves in the dark increased protochlorophyllides635 but not the absorption at 650 nanometers, suggesting that the holochrome was normally saturated with protochlorophyllide and that the holochrome protein was not controlled by the level of protochlorophyllide. After a light flash, the excess protochlorophyllide, formed from exogenous δ-aminolevulinic acid, readily combined to regenerate the 650 nanometer absorbing species; the regeneration occurred to the extent of 60 to 80% with a half rise time of about 50 seconds. Regeneration was blocked at 0°, suggesting that there was some enzymic process required for regeneration, possibly the formation of a reductant component of the protochlorophyllides650 holochrome.
Thermoregulatory responses of Holstein and Brown Swiss heat-stressed dairy cows to two different cooling systems.

Thirty-seven Holstein and 26 Brown Swiss dairy cows were used to evaluate the effect of two different cooling systems on physiological and hormonal responses during the summer. A control group of cows had access only to shade (C). A second group was cooled with spray and fans (S/F) and the third group was under an evaporative cooling system called Korral Kool (KK). The maximum temperature humidity index during the trial was from 73 to 85. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates of the C group were higher (P < 0.05) than those of the S/F and KK groups in both Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. Triiodothyronine levels in milk were higher (P < 0.05) in the KK group than in the S/F and C groups, while cortisol levels were lower (P < 0.05) in the C group than in S/F and KK. There was no significant difference in the hormonal response of the two breeds. These results demonstrate that both cooling systems may be used increase the comfort of Holstein and Brown Swiss cows during summer in hot, dry climates.
A theory of coupled transport in cells.

Abstract 1. 1. Simple physical descriptions of living cells involving only binding enzymes and semipermeable membranes lead to a diffusion and confined reaction description of coupled transport in cells. Diffusive fluxes, such as those of Na + and glycine or alanine, are strongly coupled when the diffusion occurs through regions of confined chemical reactions. 2. 2. A general theory of the diffusion of chemical species through a region of confined chemical reactions containing a multiple binding enzyme is developed. An equilibrium assumption is made such that an analytical function can be obtained for the flux of transferring species through the region of confined reaction. This function depends upon the concentrations of transferring chemical species at the boundaries of the confined reaction region. 3. 3. The theory is applied to experimental data from the literature. In particular, it is applied to the coupling of Na + and alanine in rabbit ileum and to the coupling of Na + and glycine in pigeon red cells. The agreement of the theory to these data, as well as other reported data, indicates that confined reactions are possibly the cause of flux coupling in living systems.
Analogy between mass and heat transfer in beds of spheres: Contributions due to end effects

Mass- and heat-transfer data obtained by the vaporization of water from porous spheres were used to calculate j-factors. Strict adiabatic conditions were employed for the attainment of solely fluid to particle transfer. Fixed beds of several void fractions were constructed using short lengths of fine rigid wire to hold the spheres in regular geometrical orientations. In addition, the entrance and exit effects were eliminated by extending the ends of each bed with layers of inactive solid plastic spheres. The resulting mass- and heat-transfer factors possessed a good correspondence indicating the existence of an analogy for these transfer processes. It was found that for the same Reynolds number the transfer factor,j, increased with the elimination of entrance and exit effects. The j-factors and the void fractions of the several beds, for which end effects were eliminated, produced with the Reynolds number the relationship, e1.19j = 0.539Re0.437 in the range 185 < Re < 8500. This relationship is somewhat higher than that resulting from the data of Gamson, Thodos and Hougen and definitely lower than that proposed in 1963 by Sen Gupta and Thodos. Explanations for these differences are advanced.
PRISM: Improving the Performance of Inverse-Multiplexed TCP in Wireless Networks

Multi-homed mobile hosts in physical proximity may spontaneously team up to form a community and run high-bandwidth applications by pooling their low wireless widearea network (WWAN) bandwidths together for communication with a remote application server. Utilizing their high-bandwidth wireless local-area network (WLAN), the thus-teamed mobile hosts can aggregate and distribute the application content among themselves. This paper first justifies the need for such a mobile collaborative community (MC2), or a community, to improve user-perceived network bandwidth and utilization. Then, existing one-to-one communication protocols like TCP are shown to suffer significant performance degradation due to frequent out-of-order packet deliveries. To address this TCP problem, we propose a proxy-based inverse multiplexer, called PRISM, that enables TCP to efficiently utilize the community members' WWAN connections while avoiding the performance degradation. PRISM runs at the proxy's network layer as a routing component and stripes each TCP flow over multiple WWAN links by exploiting the transport-layer feedback information. Moreover, it masks a variety of adverse effects specific to each WWAN link via an intelligent ACK-control mechanism. Finally, PRISM enables TCP to respond correctly to dynamically-changing network states through a sender-side enhancement of congestion control. PRISM has been evaluated with experimentation on a testbed as well ns-2-based simulation. Our experimental evaluation has shown PRISM to improve TCP's performance by up to 310% even with two collaborative mobile hosts. Our in-depth simulation study has also shown that PRISM delivers a near-optimal aggregated bandwidth in the community, and improves network utilization significantly
Retroviral gene transfer inXenopus cell lines and embryos

A new class of retroviral vector pseudotypes have an expanded host species range and can be concentrated to high titers by ultracentrifugation. These pantropic vectors contain the genome of the murine leukemia virus-based vectors and the envelope protein of vesicular stomatitis virus substituted for the amphotropic envelope protein. We tested (a) the ability of pseudotyped (pantropic) and unmodified (amphotropic) vectors to stably infect three diffeentXenopus laevis cell lines, including one derived from the embryonic retina; and (b) the ability of the concentrated pseudotyped virus to infect embryos and to mediate foreign gene expression in the embryonic CNS. Expression of the neomycin phosphotransferase gene and single copy integration of the provirus into the genome of the cell lines was demonstrated. Surprisingly, the amphotropic and pantropic vectors generated neomycin-resistant clones with similar efficiency. PCR amplification of genomic DNA from single stage 10, 20, and 25 embryos microinjected in the blastocoel or neural tube cavities with concentrated pantropic vector (108 cfu/ml) revealed proviral DNA. Microinjection of a concentrated pantropic vector containing the coding sequence for the β-galactosidase gene into the neural tube lumen of 24-h embryos yielded β-galactosidase expressing cells in the brain. Thus, retroviral vectors provide an additional approach to existing strategies for gene transfer inXenopus embryos and cell lines.
Teaching students to understand large programs by understanding historical context

Program comprehension is one of the most important challenges that new software developers face. Educators have sought to prepare students for this challenge through hands-on software development projects. These projects teach students effective software engineering principles. But, students often struggle to see the value of these principles in class projects, and therefore struggle to recognize them outside the classroom. The inevitable result is that these students have difficulty comprehending large programs after graduation. In this paper, we argue that a remedy to this problem is to teach the history of how software development principles were created. In this collaborative work with the Notre Dame Department of History, we present a course that blends a discussion of this history with a hands-on software project. We present a summary of the history covered in our course, and reflect on our teaching experience.