cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Female nutritional status across the life-span in sub-Saharan Africa. 1. Prevalence patterns.

A review of nutritional studies from sub-Saharan Africa that provide gender-disaggregated data indicated that the nutritional status of women in this region is poorer than that of women in Eastern or Southern Africa. The available data are biased toward preschool children and women of reproductive age however. The two most prevalent nutritional deficiencies among women in sub-Saharan Africa are iron deficiency anemia and protein-energy malnutrition. Iodine deficiency disorders are prevalent in many inland parts of sub-Saharan Africa and vitamin A deficiency is widespread in rural Sahelian communities where diet fluctuates by season. In terms of food availability Eastern and Middle Africa are the two most food-insecure parts of the region. In both subregions more than half of the countries have a daily per capita energy supply below 2100 kcal. Female malnutrition seems to be greatest in Western Africa. More than 10% of infants in 10 of the 13 West African countries for which data are available are low birth weight and the number of women dying exceeds 500/100000 live births in six of these countries. Although there is no consistent pattern of a higher prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition among females than males small-scale studies from a few sub-Saharan African countries have found evidence of discrimination against or disadvantage experienced by women in breast feeding and dietary patterns.
Effect of vitamin B12 on work capacity.

The effect of Vitamin B12 supplementation consisting of daily 50 μg. oral doses was studied in three normal, healthy, young male adults. No effect was observed on grip strength, pulse rate recovery following a standard exercise, or maximum work on a bicycle ergometer.
Geometry Strikes Again

Last Sunday I was leisurely reading the May 1984 issue of MATHEMATICS MAGAZINE. Coming to the "Philatelists take note" item (on page 187) about the stamp issued by East Germany to mark the bicentennial of Euler's death, I remembered that the same stamp was used on a recent request for reprints I received from East Germany. So I retrieved that postcard and washed off the stamp. It turned out that I was lucky, and the stamp was much less marred by cancellation marks than the one reproduced in MATHEMATICS MAGAZINE. Contemplating the stamp I noticed that the drawing of the regular icosahedron shown in it (and I have no doubt that it was meant to show a regular icosahedron) is wrong. This is not a question of which kind of perspective or projection was used, it is just a logical error (repeated twice): if three of the five vertices of a plane pentagon project into one line, then the other two vertices must project into the same line. In FIGURE 1 the offending drawing is enlarged and the misaligned vertices are easily picked out. Recalling how highly precision draftsmanship used to be valued in European education, I could not help snickering at the low level to which the East Germans have fallen. Full of condescension I closed my issue of the MAGAZINE. But the heavier outer cover of the issue opened by itself, and revealed to my horrified and unbelieving eyes another fallacious rendition of the regular icosahedron, in the upper left corner of the title page, IN THE LOGO OF THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA!!! Under any reasonable projection, parallel segments either remain parallel or lie on concurrent lines-but in the logo three easily discernible pairs (see FIGURE 2) of such segments do neither. Quickly grabbing the recent issue of "Focus," and then the last issue of the Monthly, I saw that the drawing in the MAGAZINE is no isolated distortion. The official symbol of the Association, appearing on all its publications, proclaims louder than words that we have eyes and look but do not see, that those who shouted "Down with Euclid" achieved their goal much faster and much more thoroughly than they had any right to expect-that good old Geometry is dead! Thumbing through back issues of the Monthly, the time of death can be determined with precision. The previous logo was discarded after the December 1971 issue, and the defective new one has been
A consequence mitigation model for water networks subject to intentional physical attacks

This paper presents a mitigation model which can reduce or minimize adverse consequences when a water network suffers from significant water shortage resulting from physical destruction of critical facilities in water network. The model optimizes the water supply plan for water customers utilizing the information regarding the priority of water customers. Two different implementation engines based on Branch and Bound (BnB) and Genetic Algorithms (GA) are developed and evaluated using two representative water networks. BnB is a general search method for solving discrete and combinatorial optimization problem, which guarantees a global optimal solution while GAs are heuristic search algorithms in which the global optimality of the solution is not assured. A hydraulic network solver, EPANET2.0 is linked with these two optimization tools to test the hydraulic feasibility of candidate solutions. The performance of the two different engines is evaluated in terms of the quality of solutions and computational efficiency. The findings of this study indicate that the proposed optimization model can successfully reduce the consequences while meeting hydraulic constraints in water networks. In addition, as the size of the network increases, the use of the GA engine is preferred because it takes significantly less computation time than the BnB approach, while providing reliable levels of accuracy.
The double-edged sword: How evolution can make or break a live-attenuated virus vaccine.

Even students who reject evolution are often willing to consider cases in which evolutionary biology contributes to, or undermines, biomedical interventions. Moreover, the intersection of evolutionary biology and biomedicine is fascinating in its own right. This review offers an overview of the ways in which evolution has impacted the design and deployment of live-attenuated virus vaccines, with subsections that may be useful as lecture material or as the basis for case studies in classes at a variety of levels. Live-attenuated virus vaccines have been modified in ways that restrain their replication in a host so that infection (vaccination) produces immunity but not disease. Applied evolution, in the form of serial passage in novel host cells, is a “classical” method to generate live-attenuated viruses. However, many live-attenuated vaccines exhibit reversion to virulence through back-mutation of attenuating mutations, compensatory mutations elsewhere in the genome, recombination or reassortment, or changes in quasispecies diversity. Additionally, the combination of multiple live-attenuated strains may result in competition or facilitation between individual vaccine viruses, resulting in undesirable increases in virulence or decreases in immunogenicity. Genetic engineering informed by evolutionary thinking has led to a number of novel approaches to generate live-attenuated virus vaccines that contain substantial safeguards against reversion to virulence and that ameliorate interference among multiple vaccine strains. Finally, vaccines have the potential to shape the evolution of their wild-type counterparts in counter-productive ways; at the extreme, vaccine-driven eradication of a virus may create an empty niche that promotes the emergence of new viral pathogens.
A specific, transmembrane interface regulates fibroblast activation protein (FAP) homodimerization, trafficking and exopeptidase activity

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a cell-surface serine protease which promotes invasiveness of certain epithelial cancers and is therefore a potential target for cancer drug development and delivery. Unlike dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), FAP exhibits prolyl endopeptidase activity and is active as a homodimer with specificity for type I collagen. The mechanism that regulates FAP homodimerization and its relation to prolyl endopeptidase activity is not completely understood. Here, we investigate key residues in the FAP TM domain that may be significant for FAP homodimerization. Mutations to predicted TM interfacial residues (G10L, S14L, and A18L) comprising a small-X3-small motif reduced FAP TM-CYTO dimerization relative to wild type as measured using the AraTM assay, whereas predicted off-interface residues showed no significant change from wild type. The results implied that the predicted small-X3-small dimer interface affect stabilization of FAP TM-CYTO homodimerization. Compared with FAPwild-type, the interfacial TM residue G10L significantly decreased FAP endopeptidase activity more than 25%, and also reduced cell-surface versus intracellular expression relative to other interfacial residues S14L and A18L. Thus, our results suggest FAP dimerization is important for both trafficking and protease activity, and is dependent on a specific TM interface.
Reduction of operating and recovery room times and overnight hospital stays with interscalene blocks as sole anesthetic technique for rotator cuff surgery.

BACKGROUND The effort to decrease hospital stays and to increase operating room efficacy has become an important consideration in the practice of anesthesia. METHODS Fifty-three patients who underwent shoulder rotator cuff repair in the sitting position were divided into four groups according to the anesthesia technique used: Group 1 (general anesthesia), Group 2 (interscalene block), Group 3 (interscalene combined with general anesthesia) and Group 4 (general anesthesia combined with local injection of local anesthetics). Interscalene blocks were performed preoperatively, using a nerve stimulator. After appropriately locating the brachial plexus, a mixture of 40 ml of 2% lidocaine and 0.5% bupivacaine (v/v) was injected. RESULTS As compared to general anesthesia, the use of an interscalene block alone reduced the following operating room times: 1) from the patient's arrival in the operating room to the beginning of surgery and 2) from the end of surgery to the patient's departure from the operating room. Use of the interscalene block also resulted in a reduction of recovery time when compared to Groups 1, 3 and 4 by 40, 56 and 66%, respectively. Compared to Group 1, this anesthesia technique was furthermore associated with a 64% decrease in the number of patients hospitalized overnight. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that the interscalene block as sole anesthesia technique is safe and effective and can contribute to shorten the hospital length of stay of patients undergoing shoulder rotator cuff surgery.
Do checkpoint inhibitors rely on gut microbiota to fight cancer

The field of gut microbiota is of growing interest, especially in the recent discoveries of its interaction with host immune responses, which when disrupted, can further alter immunity. It also plays a role in cancer development, its microenvironment and response to anticancer therapeutics. Several recently published experimental studies had explored the efficacy of modifying microbiota to enhance the response of checkpoint inhibitors, suggesting its beneﬁcial function in cancer management and potential to be targeted as a therapeutic agent to enhance efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors. Here we review available evidence, mechanisms and hypotheses of its use to enhance cancer response.
Patient-Centered Outcomes and Treatment Preferences Regarding Sexual Problems: A Qualitative Study Among Midlife Women

Abstract Background Sexual dysfunction is common in midlife women and can have a significant negative impact on quality of life. Although treatments exist, there is little research on which sexual function outcomes and treatments midlife women prefer. Aim To better understand the sexual function outcomes that were most important to sexually active women 45 to 60 years old and the types of treatments they would prefer from individual interviews and focus groups. Methods Twenty individual interviews and three focus groups (N = 39) were led by a trained facilitator, audio recorded, and transcribed. Two investigators developed a codebook, and the primary investigator coded all data. A second investigator coded five randomly selected interviews to ensure intercoder reliability. Codes relating to outcomes and treatment preferences were examined to identify central themes. Results The mean age was 52.8 years (range = 45–59). When asked what they would want a sexual dysfunction treatment to do, women sought solutions to specific sexual problems: low desire, vaginal pain and dryness, and decreased arousal or ability to achieve orgasm. However, when asked about the most important aspect of their sex life, most women indicated emotional outcomes, such as enhanced intimacy with their partner, were most important to them. Most women preferred behavioral over pharmaceutical treatments, citing concerns about side effects. These women felt that behavioral treatments might be better equipped to address physical and psychological aspects of sexual problems. Clinical implications This study highlights the importance of considering not only physical but also emotional outcomes when evaluating and treating sexual dysfunction in midlife women. It also emphasizes the importance of developing behavioral treatments in addition to pharmaceutical treatments. Strengths and Limitations By using a qualitative approach, this study allowed women the time and space to speak their own words about their experiences with sexuality at midlife. In addition, different racial and ethnic groups and menopausal statuses were represented. Limitations include limited generalizability, as is true for most qualitative research. In addition, although most women did endorse sexual problems, we did not exclude women with no sexual complaints. Conclusions Midlife women value physical and emotional outcomes with regard to sexual function. Many midlife women in this sample expressed a preference for behavioral approaches over pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Thomas HN, Hamm M, Hess R, et al. Patient-Centered Outcomes and Treatment Preferences Regarding Sexual Problems: A Qualitative Study Among Midlife Women. J Sex Med 2017;XX:XXX–XXX.
Misattribution of Teacher Value Added

The federal Race to the Top competition provided significant impetus for states to adopt value-added models as a part of their teacher evaluation systems. Such models typically link students to the...
Graphene and black phosphorus for infrared optoelectronics

In this talk, I will review the recent developments in the understanding of the infrared optoelectronics processes in graphene and black phosphorus, and their possible application space. The infrared spectrum (−1mm–1 um) presents many opportunities for photonics applications. For example, silicon photonics has been a very vibrant field of research the past decade due to its potential for telecom and datacom applications, and operates at the 1.55 mm wavelength. There are also many applications for mid-infrared (25–2.5 mm) integrated nanophotonics. Most prominent example is for chemical and biosensing, in which such technology could enable lab-on-a-chip integrated sensors (1,2). In addition, mid-infrared integrated nanophotonics also offers the tantalizing prospect of exploiting an inherent mid-infrared transparency window in the atmosphere for high speed data communications (3). New materials continue to play a critical role in advancing these developments (4,5).
Pazopanib for renal cell carcinoma leads to elevated mean arterial pressures in a murine model.

BACKGROUND In the setting of metastatic RCC (mRCC), pazopanib is approved as first line therapy. Unfortunately treatment may lead to cardiotoxicity such as hypertension, heart failure, and myocardial ischemia. OBJECTIVE Define the in vivo role of pazopanib in the development of cardiotoxicity. METHODS Wild type mice were dosed for 42 days via oral gavage, and separated into control and treatment (pazopanib) groups. Baseline ECG's, echocardiograms, and blood pressures were recorded. At the conclusion of the study functional parameters were again recorded, and animals were used for pathological, histological, and protein analysis. RESULTS After 2 weeks of dosing with pazopanib, the treatment group exhibited a statistically significant increase in mean arterial pressure compared to control mice (119 ± 11.7 mmHg versus 108 ± 8.2 mmHg, p = 0.049). Treatment with pazopanib led to a significant reduction in the cardiac output of mice. CONCLUSION Our findings in mice clearly demonstrate that treatment with pazopanib leads to a significant elevation in blood pressure after 2 weeks of dosing and this persists for the duration of dosing. The continued development of the cardio-oncology field will be paramount in providing optimal oncologic care while simultaneously improving cardiac outcomes through further investigation into the mechanisms of CV toxicity.
Operation and challenges of home-based medical practices in the US: findings from six aggregated case studies

Home-based primary care (HBPC) is a multidisciplinary, ongoing care strategy that can provide cost-effective, in-home treatment to meet the needs of the approximately four million homebound, medically complex seniors in the U.S. Because there is no single model of HBPC that can be adopted across all types of health organizations and U.S. geographic regions, we conducted a six-site HBPC practice assessment to better understand different operation structures, common challenges, and approaches to delivering HBPC. Six practices varying in size, care team composition and location agreed to participate. At each site we conducted unstructured interviews with key informants and directly observed practices and procedures in the field and back office. The aggregated case studies revealed important issues focused on team composition, patient characteristics, use of technology and urgent care delivery. Common challenges across the practices included provider retention and unmet community demand for home-based care services. Most practices, regardless of size, faced challenges around using electronic medical records (EMRs) and scheduling systems not designed for use in a mobile practice. Although many practices offered urgent care, practices varied in the methods used to provide care including the use of community paramedics and telehealth technology. Learnings compiled from these observations can inform other HBPC practices as to potential best practices that can be implemented in an effort to improve efficiency and scalability of HBPC so that seniors with multiple chronic conditions can receive comprehensive primary care services in their homes.
Scalable and reusable micro-bubble removal method to flatten large-area 2D materials

Bubbles generated during electro-delamination and chemical etch during large-area two-dimensional (2D) material transfer has been shown to cause rippling, and consequently, results in tears and wrinkles in the transferred film. Here, we demonstrate a scalable and reusable method to remove surface adhered micro-bubbles by using hydrophobic surfaces modified by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Bubble removal allows the 2D film to flatten out and prevents the formation of defects. Electrical characterization was used to verify improved transfer quality and was confirmed by increased field-effect mobility and decreased sheet resistance. Raman spectroscopy was also used to validate enhanced electrical quality following transfer. The bubble removal method can be applied to an assortment of 2D materials using diverse hydrophobic SAM variants. Our studies can be integrated into large scale applications and will lead to improved large-area 2D electronics in general.
Why and How to Request an Electrodiagnostic Examination and What to Expect in Return

The author discusses the reasons one might request electrodiagnosis and what one can expect to receive from the electromyographer. The value of electrodiagnosis as a prognostic tool suggests the need for repeated examinations during the course of management of many patients.
Primary hyperparathyroidism: recognition and management.

Many cases may be missed, particularly those that are normocalcemic. The disease should be considered in all older patients with chronic mental or behavioral disturbances, nonspecific neuromuscular or GI complaints, and arthralgias--not only because hyperparathyroidism is eminently curable but also because it is virtually impossible to predict when the disease will become life threatening. 13 refs.
NF-kappaB2/p52 in Prostate Cancer

The NF-κB transcription factor family members play pivotal roles in ­several biological and molecular processes. Two pathways of activation of NF-κB family members exist: a classical pathway involving a sequence of events leading to nuclear translocation of p65:p50 heterodimers and a non-canonical pathway involving the partial signal-induced processing of NF-κB2/p100 and the nuclear translocation of p52-containing heterodimers. NF-κB proteins are involved in a variety of lymphoid and epithelial cancers as well as prostate cancer. In this chapter, the role of classical NF-κB is briefly described while the novel role of NF-κB2/p52 in prostate cancer is discussed in detail. Activated STAT3 mediates enhanced processing of p100 leading to higher levels of p52 in prostate cancer. NF-κB2/p52 is overexpressed in prostate cancer, interacts with the androgen receptor in prostate cancer, and enhances ligand-independent growth and survival of prostate cancer cells. In addition, p52 regulates a wide variety of target genes that are involved in metastasis and angiogenesis. Downregulation of endogenous p52 in prostate cancer cells inhibits prostate cancer growth. NF-κB2/p52 is strongly implicated in the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer, suggesting that targeting this transcription factor may have beneficial effects in therapy of this disease.
Organizational Cultures and Place-Based Conservation

Organizational cultures are important to individuals and to groups because they offer guidelines about how to act and deal with change, and they provide internal logic for “why things are the way they are.” Analysis of the cultural aspects of organizational behavior can lead to a more complete understanding of how conservation agencies develop and use culture strategically, particularly in conceptualizing and managing resource places. Drawing examples from public lands management, this chapter considers how research about organizational culture can provide insights about place-based conservation.
Maximizing Explanatory Power in Stereological Data Collection: A Protocol for Reliably Integrating Optical Fractionator and Multiple Immunofluorescence Techniques

With the promise of greater reliability and replicability of estimates, stereological techniques have revolutionized data collection in the neurosciences. At the same time, improvements in immunohistochemistry and fluorescence imaging technologies have facilitated easy application of immunofluorescence protocols, allowing for isolation of multiple target proteins in one tissue sample. Combining multiple immunofluorescence labeling with stereological data collection can provide a powerful tool to maximize explanatory power and efficiency, while minimizing tissue use. Multiple cell classes, subtypes of larger populations, or different cell states can be quantified in one case and even in one sampling run. Here, we present a protocol integrating stereological data collection and multiple immunofluorescence using commonly employed widefield epifluorescence filter sets, optimized for blue (DAPI), green (FITC), and far red (CY5) channels. Our stereological protocol has been designed to accommodate the challenges of fluorescence imaging to overcome limitations like fixed filter sets, photobleaching, and uneven immunolabeling. To enhance fluorescence signal for stereological sampling, our immunolabeling protocol utilizes both high temperature antigen retrieval to improve primary antibody binding and secondary antibodies conjugated to optimally stable fluorophores. To illustrate the utility of this approach, we estimated the number of Ctip2 immunoreactive subcerebral projection neurons and NeuN immunoreactive neurons in rat cerebral cortex at postnatal day 10. We used DAPI (blue) to define the neocortex, anti-NeuN (far red) to identify neurons, and co-labeling of anti-Ctip2 (green) and anti-NeuN (far red) to isolate only subcerebral projection neurons. Our protocol resulted in estimates with low sampling error (CE 0.98) that fall within the range of published values, attesting to its efficacy. We show our immunofluorescence techniques can be used to reliably identify other cell types, e.g., different glial cell classes, to highlight the broader applications of our approach. The flexibility of the technique, increasingly reduced costs of fluorescence technologies, and savings in experimental time and tissue use make this approach valuable for neuroscientists interested in incorporating stereology to ask precise neurophysiological and neuroanatomical questions.
Duplicating nodes or arcs in green vehicle routing: A computational comparison of two formulations

Abstract This study addresses a family of green vehicle routing problems. A unified framework incorporating several key modeling aspects such as mixed fleets, refueling at customer and non-customer locations, and refueling policies into two competing formulations, namely node- and arc-duplicating is provided. Additionally, both formulations are strengthened via (i) two label setting algorithms to tighten the bounds of common variables, and (ii) improved lower bound on the number of routes. Through computational experiments based on two testbeds from the literature, the study concludes that the less common arc-duplicating formulation outperforms the more common node-duplicating formulation.
The Emotional Eating Scale Adapted for Children and Adolescents (EES-C): development and preliminary validation of a short-form

The 25-item Emotional Eating Scale for children and adolescents (EES-C) is a psychometrically sound instrument that measures the extent to which youth eat in response to negative emotions. Nonethel...
Processing of Non-Speech Auditory Stimuli in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Impact of Stimulus Characteristics

Abstract Several theoretical models propose a dissociation in the processing of simple versus complex sensory stimuli in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with simple stimuli resulting in intact (or enhanced) processing and complex stimuli resulting in processing impairments. In the auditory domain, atypical neural and behavioral responses to complex speech stimuli in ASD are reported relatively consistently. However, whether processing of more simple, nonspeech auditory stimuli is, in fact, intact in ASD remains less clear. Thus, this review sought to clarify how well the hypothesized simple–complex stimulus processing dissociation fits existing data in the auditory domain. To do this, the review focused exclusively on the processing of nonspeech stimuli. Specifically, we examined whether specific acoustic properties are associated with atypical processing in ASD. The review highlights that, whereas pitch processing has been studied often in ASD, there is a relative paucity of literature examining the impact of intensity, timing, and filtering demands on the integrity of auditory processing. Though reviewed studies offer substantial evidence for intact behavioral performance on pitch-related tasks, neurophysiological studies reveal atypicalities in the neural correlates of pitch processing. Moreover, this review found limited support for the oft-cited pitch processing enhancement in ASD. In contrast, responses to increasing stimulus intensity appear abnormal in ASD, as do responses indexing encoding and perception of timing aspects of auditory stimuli. Individuals with ASD also appear to have marked difficulty in filtering competing auditory stimuli. Taken together, findings reviewed here yield substantial evidence indicating that nonspeech auditory stimuli often elicit aberrant neural and behavioral responses in individuals with ASD. Further, these deficits encompass both pure tone and more spectrally complex stimuli. Additional research regarding auditory processing outside of the speech domain is clearly needed.
Brief of Amici Curiae Takings and Federal Courts Scholars in Support of Respondents, Knick V. Township of Scott, No. 17-647 (U.S.)

The question presented in this case is whether a property owner may file a federal taking claim in federal court without first seeking compensation under state law in state court. This brief responds to two points in the United States’ brief as amicus curiae. The Solicitor General suggests that the Court should exercise jurisdiction over petitioner’s state-law inverse condemnation claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. The Court should reject this suggestion. This case is not in the “special and small category of cases” in which a state law cause of action is held to “arise under” federal law. See Gunn v. Minton, 568 U.S. 251, 258 (2013) (quoting Empire Healthchoice Assurance, Inc. v. McVeigh, 547 U.S. 677, 699 (2006)). The Solicitor General also raises the possibility that petitioner may pursue a claim directly under the Fourteenth Amendment in federal court. The Court should not decide this complex question here because it was not aired in the lower courts and because Pennsylvania law provides petitioner a statutory cause of action to recover compensation. See 26 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 502(c) (2006). If the Court opts to address this issue, it should hold that petitioner may not pursue a cause of action directly under the Fourteenth Amendment. Implying a cause of action under Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment would conflict with Section 5, which delegates authority to enforce the Amendment to Congress. Even if Section 1 provides a cause of action in some circumstances, it does not in cases like the one at bar in which state law provides an adequate means of redress.
Development and validation of the Dental Nutrition Knowledge Competency Scale for low-income women.

OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a Dental Nutrition Knowledge Competency Scale to assess dental health-related nutrition knowledge of low-income women. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study. A literature search for foods/dietary practices related to dental caries was conducted and the items were incorporated into an initial questionnaire. A panel of ten nutrition experts evaluated it for its content, readability and relevance, and a focus group of six low-income women determined its readability and comprehension. Then the questionnaire was administered to 150 low-income women. Construct validity was evaluated by item difficulty, item discrimination and factor analysis. Internal consistency reliability was tested via Cronbach's α. In a sub-sample of forty women, test-retest reliability was established. Paired-sample t tests were conducted to examine differences between test scores at the two time points, 2 weeks apart. SETTINGS Community centres in low-income housing in Central Texas, USA. PARTICIPANTS A total of 150 low-income women, aged 18-50 years; annual household income <250 % of the federal poverty level. RESULTS Item difficulty and discrimination analysis resulted in elimination of eight questions. Factor analysis identified twenty-four items that loaded on three factors related to knowledge. These included foods/dietary practices that affect dental caries, added sugars in foods and on food labels, and recommended frequency of oral hygiene practices. The subscales and the completed scale exhibited good internal consistency (mean 0·7 (sd 0·97)) and test-retest reliability (mean 0·8 (sd 0·013)). CONCLUSIONS The Dental Nutrition Knowledge Competency Scale is a validated and reliable instrument to assess nutrition knowledge related to dental health in low-income women.
Assessment and procedural guidance with echocardiography for transcatheter tricuspid regurgitation devices

Abstract Echocardiographic imaging is an integral part of characterizing patients with tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and helps in determining the timing of intervention and procedural guidance for transcatheter interventions. The rapid advances in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging however have facilitated the development and deployment of novel transcatheter devices to address the unmet need for patients with symptomatic severe TR.
Making the Final Cut: Filmmaking and Complicating National Identity in Qatar and the GCC States

While media has thrived in Qatar since the 1990s, attempts at creating a systematic film industry have only recently come into being with the establishment of Northwestern University in Qatar and the Doha Film Institute. This chapter highlights how the creation of a local Qatari film industry presents one facet of a larger strategic national agenda of representing Qatari national identity—one that is scripted, edited, packaged, and exhibited. Even as the film industry purports to commit to film what it means to be Qatari, the country’s extraordinary demographic makeup, 88 percent of which is foreign, will necessarily be reflected in the workforce of this industry as well as in the creative content of the films being produced. Even as they are in service of promoting Qatari culture, these cosmopolitan cinematic collaborations serve to create connections between the different communities and encourage a hybrid merging of disparate cultural knowledge. This chapter shows how the budding Qatari film industry answers to, complicates, or negates the overarching national vision.
Variable Macro X Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Retains the Ability to Bind ADP-ribose

ABSTRACT The virus that causes COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, has a large RNA genome that encodes numerous proteins that might be targets for antiviral drugs. Some of these proteins, such as the RNA-dependent RNA polymers, helicase and main protease, are well conserved between SARS-CoV-2 and the original SARS virus, but several others are not. This study examines one of the most novel proteins encoded by SARS-CoV-2, a macrodomain of nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3). Although 26% of the amino acids in this SARS-CoV-2 macrodomain differ from those seen in other corona-viruses, the protein retains the ability to bind ADP-ribose, which is an important characteristic of beta coronaviruses, and potential therapeutic target.
The role of suvorexant in the prevention of delirium during acute hospitalization: A systematic review.

Abstract Purpose To assess the efficacy and safety of suvorexant for the prevention of delirium during acute hospitalization. Materials and methods Pubmed (1946 to December 2019) and Embase (1947 to December 2019) were queried using the search term combination: delirium, confusion, cognitive defect, encephalopathy, critically ill patient, critical illness, or hospitalization and suvorexant or orexin receptor antagonist. Studies analyzed for relevance evaluated clinical outcomes of patients treated with suvorexant for prevention of delirium. Studies appropriate to the objective were evaluated, including two randomized controlled trials and four retrospective studies. Results In acutely hospitalized patients, treatment with suvorexant 15 to 20 mg alone or in combination with ramelteon resulted in a reduction in development of delirium, time until delirium onset, and length of hospital stay. When assessed, suvorexant was well tolerated and adverse effects were no worse than placebo. Conclusion Based on the reviewed literature, suvorexant has shown positive outcomes in the prevention of delirium during an acute hospitalization. Larger trials comparing the efficacy of suvorexant to other sleep modulating options are necessary to further delineate its role for the prevention of delirium.
EFFICIENT ESTIMATION OF INTEGRATED VOLATILITY FUNCTIONALS UNDER GENERAL VOLATILITY DYNAMICS

We provide an asymptotic theory for the estimation of a general class of smooth nonlinear integrated volatility functionals. Such functionals are broadly useful for measuring financial risk and estimating economic models using high-frequency transaction data. The theory is valid under general volatility dynamics, which accommodates both Ito semimartingales (e.g., jump-diffusions) and long-memory processes (e.g., fractional Brownian motions). We establish the semiparametric efficiency bound under a nonstandard nonergodic setting with infill asymptotics, and show that the proposed estimator attains this efficiency bound. These results on efficient estimation are further extended to a setting with irregularly sampled data.
A Learning-based Approach to Modeling and Control of Inkjet 3D Printing

This paper presents a learning-based approach to modeling and control of inkjet 3D printing. First, we propose and experimentally validate a learning-based model for inkjet 3D printing. The proposed model uses a physics-based model paradigm that has been reformulated into a neural-network-like structure. This formulation enables back-propagation and the associated benefits of data-driven model identification while retaining physical interpretation of the learned model itself. Next, we propose and demonstrate a predictive control algorithm that leverages the neural-network-like structure of the model. Back-propagation is used for efficient gradient calculations to determine optimal control inputs, namely droplet patterns for subsequent layer(s), to optimize a quadratic cost function.
Compensation of Temperature Effects on Lamb Waves Using Mode Decomposition and a Nonlinear Model

Active Lamb-wave-based structural health monitoring techniques have been widely studied to inspect large structures using permanently installed arrays of sensors and actuators. Most of these methods depend on comparing baseline signals recorded from the structure before going into service and test signals acquired during inspection. Temperature changes affect the propagation of the wave in a nonlinear and mode-dependent manner. As a result, baseline comparison methods fail when the test and baseline signals are acquired at vastly different temperatures. Approximate methods that compensate for the effects of temperature on the waves using signal stretch models have been introduced in the literature. These methods are effective when the temperature changes are small and the propagation distances are short. However, they perform poorly when these conditions are not satisfied. Consequently, there is a need for better temperature compensation algorithms than presently available. This article presents a data-driven approach that separately compensates for the effects of temperature on different mode components of the sensor signals. The performance of the temperature compensation algorithm of this article is compared with that of a commonly used baseline signal stretch (BSS) algorithm using experimental signals measured from an aluminum panel and a unidirectional composite panel. Analysis results indicate that the method of this article outperforms the BSS algorithm for large temperature differences. The usefulness of the temperature compensation algorithm is further validated by demonstrating the ability of compensated signals to accurately reconstruct anomaly maps associated with damaged composite structures.
Letter concerning: Clewell (2019) incorporation of in vitro metabolism data and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in a risk assessment for chloroprene.

Clewell et al. presented a risk assessment for chloroprene that incorporates physiologically based pharmacokentic (PBPK) modeling to opine that the inhalation-based cancer risk from exposure to chl...
High-Throughput In-Memory Computing for Binary Deep Neural Networks With Monolithically Integrated RRAM and 90-nm CMOS

Deep neural network (DNN) hardware designs have been bottlenecked by conventional memories, such as SRAM due to density, leakage, and parallel computing challenges. Resistive devices can address the density and volatility issues but have been limited by peripheral circuit integration. In this work, we present a resistive RAM (RRAM)-based in-memory computing (IMC) design, which is fabricated in 90-nm CMOS with monolithic integration of RRAM devices. We integrated a $128\times 64$ RRAM array with CMOS peripheral circuits, including row/column decoders and flash analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), which collectively become a core component for scalable RRAM-based IMC for large DNNs. To maximize IMC parallelism, we assert all 128 wordlines of the RRAM array simultaneously, perform analog computing along the bitlines, and digitize the bitline voltages using ADCs. The resistance distribution of low-resistance states is tightened by an iterative write-verify scheme. Prototype chip measurements demonstrate high binary DNN accuracy of 98.5% for MNIST and 83.5% for CIFAR-10 data sets, with 24 TOPS/W and 158 GOPS. This represents $22.3\times $ and $10.1\times $ improvements in throughput and energy–delay product (EDP), respectively, compared with the state-of-the-art literature, which can enable intelligent functionalities for area-/energy-constrained edge computing devices.
Perioperative Blood Management in Cardiac Surgery

Although patients who undergo cardiac surgery require more transfusions than most other hospitalized patients, evidence-based practice supported by large clinical trials suggests that “less is more” for transfusion. Methods of blood conservation for cardiac surgery are being refined, and blood utilization overall is decreasing. Tolerating lower hemoglobin levels is becoming more acceptable, and laboratory-based decision-making for the “yellow products” (plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate) appears to reduce overall transfusion requirements. By following data-driven, evidence-based transfusion algorithms, we can reduce unnecessary transfusions along with their associated risks and costs, thus increasing the value of care provided to our patients.
Liquidity constraints and debts: Implications for the saving behavior of the middle class

Savings are essential for families to respond to risks against adverse financial shocks and reduce costs of uncertainties in the future. However, personal savings have been decreasing among US households. This study analyzes the determinants of liquidity constraints and savings for the relatively understudied middle class. The study finds evidence of substantial liquidity constraints—Eighty percent of households in the middle class are liquidity constrained. Furthermore, the results suggest that high‐debt payments and high‐interest‐rate credit cards amplify the effects of liquidity tightness and hinder savings for children's education, a first‐home purchase, or later‐on‐in‐life medical spending.
Jaaru: efficiently model checking persistent memory programs

Persistent memory (PM) technologies combine near DRAM performance with persistency and open the possibility of using one copy of a data structure as both a working copy and a persistent store of the data. Ensuring that these persistent data structures are crash consistent (i.e., power failures) is a major challenge. Stores to persistent memory are not immediately made persistent --- they initially reside in processor cache and are only written to PM when a flush occurs due to space constraints or explicit flush instructions. It is more challenging to test crash consistency for PM than for disks given the PM's byte-addressability that leads to significantly more states. We present Jaaru, a fully-automated and ultra-efficient model checker for PM programs. Key to Jaaru's efficiency is a new technique based on constraint refinement that can reduce the number of executions that must be explored by many orders of magnitude. This exploration technique effectively leverages commit stores, a common coding pattern, to reduce the model checking complexity from exponential in the length of program executions to quadratic. We have evaluated Jaaru with PMDK and RECIPE, and found 25 persistency bugs, 18 of which are new. Jaaru is also orders of magnitude more efficient than Yat, a model checker that eagerly explores all possible states.
Fatal Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia Due to Sézary Syndrome

Sezary syndrome (SS) is a form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), demonstrating leukemic involvement of malignant T-cells. Known systemic sequelae of SS include hemophagocytic syndrome-induced anemia, normocytic anemia secondary to bone marrow infiltration, and pancytopenia. We report a patient with SS, initially demonstrating widespread morbilliform eruption, who presented with malignancy-related microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA). Our findings represent a novel presentation of SS that will inform the differential diagnosis and treatment of future SS patients presenting with anemia and thrombocytopenia.
Why birth cohorts commit crime at different rates

Abstract Crime rates respond to age shifts in the population and to changes in current social conditions. A flexible generalization of the characteristic solution to the age-period-cohort problem shows that they also respond to differences in birth cohorts. I used age-arrest data for a representative panel of 16 states to estimate annual differences in cohort effects, then regressed them on 21 covariates spanning a wide range of social, economic, and environmental conditions. Cohort effects explained both the 1960–1990 crime increase and the post-1990 crime drop about as effectively as current conditions; the covariates explained about half of these effects. Cohort criminality was primarily affected by three conditions: relative cohort size; the prevalence of crime during childhood; and the capacity of families and neighborhoods to socialize children. Because all of these characteristics are trending in favorable directions, cohort effects – and crime rates – will probably continue to decline.
Half-a-Century of Terrorist Attacks: Weapons Selection, Casualty Outcomes, and Implications for Counter-Terrorism Medicine.

Background: High profile terrorist attacks in major capital cities have seemingly become a regular occurrence and the resultant mass-casualty events continue to challenge health care systems. Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) addresses unique terrorism-related issues relating to the mitigation, preparedness, and response measures to asymmetric, multi-modality terrorist attacks. This study is an epidemiological examination of all terrorism-related events sustained from 1970-2019, analyzing historical weapon types used and the resulting fatal injuries (FI) and non-fatal injuries (NFI) sustained. Methods: The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all attacks from 1970-2019. Attacks met inclusion criteria if they fulfilled the three terrorism-related criteria, as set by the GTD codebook. Ambiguous events were excluded. State-sponsored terrorist events do not meet the codebook’s definition, and as such, are excluded from the study. Available counts of FI and NFI in each incident were then sorted and aggregated by weapon type to enable mean and standard deviation calculations. Results: In total, 168,003 events were recorded from the years 1970-2019. Explosives, bombs, and/or dynamite (E/B/D) were the most commonly used weapon type and accounted for 48.78% of all terrorism events, followed by the use of firearms in 26.77% of events. A total of 339,435 FI and 496,225 NFI resulted from all terrorism events that occurred during the study period. Combined, E/B/D and firearms accounted for 75.55% of all events, 67.1% of all FI, and 79.3% of all NFI. Each individual terrorism event inflicted a mean FI rate of 2.14 FI per event (SD = 10.2) and a mean NFI rate of 3.22 NFI per event (SD = 45.19). Conclusions: Although terrorism is complex and does not solely rely on death tolls as a measure of success, this analysis shows a historic mean FI rate of 2.14 and NFI rate of 3.22 per event over the past 50 years. Proven weapons such as E/B/D and firearms combine to account for over 75% of weapon types used in all events. Use of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) such as chemical, biological, radiation, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons has been rare (0.2%), yet has extreme high potential to inflict mass casualties with mean NFI rates of 49.62 and 28.75 for chemical and biological weapons, respectively.