cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Applications of Simulated Annealing in Crystallographic Refinement

Over the last decade, developments in molecular biology, X-ray diffraction instrumentation, and computational methods have allowed nearly exponential growth of macromolecular structural studies. The analysis of data from these studies generally requires sophisticated computational procedures culminating in refinement and structure validation. These procedures can be formulated as the chemically-constrained or restrained non-linear optimization of a target function, which usually measures the agreement between observed data and data computed from an atomic model. The ultimate goal is to optimize the simultaneous agreement of an atomic model with observed data and with a priori chemical information.
A Brief Overview of Base Rates

The term “base rate” refers to the prevalence of an event, such as a symptom, sign or disorder, within a given population. For example, the base rate of dementia in the general population of individuals over age 85 is approximately 20% (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The base rate of self-reported memory problems at seven years post-injury in a sample of hospital patients admitted following closed head injury was 38% (Oddy, Coughlin, Tyerman, & Jenkins, 1985). The importance of base rates in the clinical sciences is fundamental. Variations and covariations in symptom base rates among various populations (including the lack of symptoms, or a base rate of 0%) inform the definitions and the diagnosis of diseases and disorders. This aspect of the application of base rate information in clinical decision-making is commonly recognized. Even if a clinician is not thinking “base rates” per se, he or she is aware that certain symptoms are more likely to be observed in certain disorders, whereas other symptoms typically are not associated with the disorder. There are, however, additional ways in which base rates can and should inform clinical decision-making that are less generally recognized or applied. These applications of base rate information are related to the interpretation of the significance of diagnostic test findings, such as the differentiation between findings of statistical versus clinical significance and the determination of the predictive value of diagnostic tests. This chapter will provide a brief overview of some of these considerations, but will begin with a brief discussion of symptom base rates, classification of diseases and disorders, and the process of clinical decision-making.
“This Machine Kills”: Guitars and Guns in America

Guitars and guns have been sharing imagery since 1916. This essay traces the associations between the two as they persisted through much of the twentieth century before becoming more explicit durin...
Plant toxicity and accumulation of biosolids-borne ciprofloxacin and azithromycin.

Abstract Trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) in land applied biosolids can cause phytotoxicities and contaminate human and animal food chains. Information on phytotoxicity and phytoaccumulation of environmentally relevant concentrations of two antibiotic TOrCs, ciprofloxacin (CIP) and azithromycin (AZ), from biosolids-amended soils is limited. Greenhouse studies were conducted to assess the plant toxicity and accumulation of a range of environmentally relevant concentrations of biosolids-borne CIP and AZ in biosolids-amended soils. Separate studies assessed phytotoxicity potential of soil-borne CIP and AZ (soils directly spiked with the target antibiotics without biosolids) at concentrations much greater than those of environmental relevance in biosolids-amended soils. Both the biosolids-borne and the soil-borne antibiotic studies involved three plants (radish (Raphanus sativus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and tall fescue grass (Festuca arundinacea)) of different morphologies, physiologies, and chemical exposure scenarios. Phytotoxicity and phytoaccumulation from the biosolids-borne antibiotics were minimal at environmentally relevant concentrations, even in sand. The separate phytotoxicity experiments involving the soil-borne antibiotics revealed no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) of 3.2 mg kg−1 (AZ) and 36.1 mg kg−1 (CIP) for the three plants grown in soils mimicking typical agricultural soils. These NOAEC values are about 100-fold greater than the antibiotic concentrations expected in biosolids-amended soils. NOAEC values under an unrealistic worst-case where the antibiotics were directly spiked to sand (NOAEC = 3.2 mg kg−1 for AZ; and ≥0.36 mg kg−1 for CIP) were also greater than the environmentally relevant concentrations of the biosolids-borne antibiotics. The results suggest that land application of biosolids-borne CIP and AZ pose De minimis risks to plants. Point estimates of plant bioaccumulation factors (dry weight basis) were 0.01 (CIP) and 0.1 (AZ), suggesting minimal impacts of the target TOrCs on human and/or animal food chains.
Head Start Teachers’ Attitudes and Perceived Competence Toward Inclusion

The purpose of this article is to share findings about Head Start teachers’ attitudes and perceived competence toward inclusion based on data gathered from 41 instructional professionals in 18 Head...
My Reflections on Understanding Animal Emotions for Improving the Life of Animals in Zoos.

Scientists are often reluctant to attribute emotions to nonhuman animals that are similar to human emotions. When the author published her early studies, reviewers prohibited the word fear. Fearful...
Evaluation analysis of NASA SMAP L3 and L4 and SPoRT-LIS soil moisture data in the United States

Abstract Soil moisture has a critical role in the development, frequency and persistence of climatic and hydrologic extremes such as drought, heat wave and flooding events. In situ soil moisture data are uneven and sparse in time and space. This highlights the need to utilize other soil moisture sources to fill this spatiotemporal gap. The goal of this study is to validate one satellite-based and two model-based soil moisture datasets with in situ data across the United States. Soil moisture information from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) enhanced level 3 (L3) (SMAP L3) and modeled level 4 (L4) (SMAP L4) data at 9-km resolution and Short-term Prediction Research and Transition-Land Information System (SPoRT-LIS) modeled at 3-km resolution were selected for evaluation. SPoRT-LIS is a near real-time, high resolution operational land analysis data. Ground-based data were obtained from the North American Soil Moisture Database (NASMD) for 362 stations. Seven statistical indicators including anomaly, Spearman, and Pearson correlation coefficients, the systematic error (Bias), root mean square error (RMSE), unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE), and normalized standard deviation (SDV) were used to evaluate the satellite- and model-derived soil moisture data. In addition, the triple collocation (TC) error model was used to measure the error among SMAP L4, SPoRT-LIS and ground-based data. This study assesses which satellite or modeled dataset is most appropriate for specific times and locations to use as a surrogate for in situ observations. Temporal and spatial analysis demonstrated that, overall, SMAP L4 performed better than SMAP L3 and SPoRT-LIS. Strong agreement was observed between SMAP L4 and in situ observations (ρ = 0.53, Bias = −0.006) in all seasons and most regions with various land covers, especially in winter and in the central regions of the United States. For croplands, SMAP L4 presented the best agreement with in situ data, analyzing all period (ρ = 0.60) and non-winter period (ρ = 0.61) separately.
Is There a Role for Testicular Biopsy in Men with Varicocele

Current studies suggest that infertile men with nonobstructive azoospermia and varicocele may benefit from varicocele repair, which may result in recovery of sperm in the ejaculate or improved surgical sperm retrieval rates. Testicular biopsy prior to repair has been advocated for these men on the basis that certain testicular histopathologic patterns (hypospermatogenesis and maturation arrest) may be more predictive of a favorable outcome than others (Sertoli cell-only). However, there are limitations of testicular biopsy, including the variation in technique and inability to predict the composition of the entire testis and the fact that results of biopsy may not change clinical management no matter the outcome. Ultimately, the decision to pursue or omit testicular biopsy for men with concurrent nonobstructive azoospermia and varicocele will depend on the goals and preferences of the couple.
Bendō and Benmei

Written as companion texts, the Bendō 弁道 (“Distinguishing the Way”) and the Benmei 弁名 (“Distinguishing Names”) present Ogyū Sorai’s most mature and comprehensive expression of his philosophical thought. Sorai modestly spoke of the texts in a letter to a student, Uno Shirō 宇野士朗 (1701–1732), calling them “my humble achievements” (funei no waza 不佞の業なり). In another letter to a student, Yamagata Shūnan 山県周南 (1687–1752), Sorai related that after a prolonged bout with ill-health, he feared passing like the morning dew. Therefore, he took up his writing brush and completed the two works. Sorai added that while more than a millennium had passed since Confucius’ death, the Way had only been clarified in recent times. Yet rather than boast of this, Sorai suggested that his hand in the process had been by heaven’s decree. With the two works, he added that even if he passed away soon, his life would not have been wasted.
Chapter 3 – Cellular Transport

Now that the structure and function of the cell membrane have been described, we turn to how molecules cross this barrier. Some molecules are able to gain access to the cytoplasm through channels, some are carried across via transmembrane proteins, and still others enter the cell as parts of the membrane itself pinch off to create vesicles. A specialized type of protein, the membrane receptor, is used by the cell to grab specific molecules from the outside of the cell for transport to the inside of the cell via these vesicles, a process known as endocytosis. The fates of the receptors and the molecules they carry will also be discussed.
Socioeconomic disparities in MGMT promoter methylation testing for glioblastoma patients.

7029Background: MGMT promoter methylation holds important prognostic and predictive implications for glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Herein we evaluate whether any barriers faced MGMT testing. Methods...
Identification of eukaryotic microalgal strains

Proper identification and documentation of microalgae is often lacking in publications of applied phycology, algal physiology and biochemistry. Identification of many eukaryotic microalgae can be very daunting to the non-specialist. We present a systematic process for identifying eukaryotic microalgae using morphological evidence and DNA sequence analysis. Our intent was to provide an identification method that could be used by non-taxonomists, but which is grounded in the current techniques used by algal taxonomists. Central to the identification is database searches with DNA sequences of appropriate loci. We provide usable criteria for identification at the genus or species level, depending on the availability of sequence data in curated databases and repositories. Particular attention is paid to dealing with possible misidentifications in DNA databases and utilizing current taxonomy.
Effects of Strain Rate and Dwell Time on Fatigue Damage Accumulation in Aerosol Jet Printed Nanosilver Traces on Flex

Sintering of aerosol jet printed nano-Ag traces leads to nanoporous structures that are macroscopically brittle, but the reduction in strain localization offered by the support of a flexible polyimide substrate means that the traces are still quite flexible and can withstand much higher strains than the free-standing structures. The resulting behavior under cyclic loading conditions is very different from what we are used to for conventional microelectronics interconnects. As a part of an ongoing systematic effort, the present work is focused on the effects of strain rates and brief dwells, either between loads or at the maximum strain. Lower strain rates led to more damage per cycle, but the effect of slower unloading was greater than the effect of slower loading. Interestingly, although ongoing work shows an hour-long dwell at zero loads to allow for some degree of recovery and, thus, longer life, dwells on the order of minutes led to more damage per cycle. In contrast, short dwells at the maximum strain led to less damage in subsequent cycling. All of this can be rationalized in terms of an emerging phenomenological picture.
Spontaneous Coronary-Artery Dissection.

Spontaneous Coronary-Artery Dissection Coronary-artery dissections account for less than 1% of acute myocardial infarctions, occur most commonly in women and most often between the ages of 47 and 5...
A Program Logic to Verify Signal Temporal Logic Specifications of Hybrid Systems: Extended Technical Report.

Signal temporal logic (STL) was introduced for monitoring temporal properties of continuous-time signals for continuous and hybrid systems. Differential dynamic logic (dL) was introduced to reason about the end states of a hybrid program. Over the past decade, STL and its variants have significantly gained in popularity in the industry for monitoring purposes, while dL has gained in popularity for verification of hybrid systems. In this paper, we bridge the gap between the two different logics by introducing signal temporal dynamic logic (STdL) -- a dynamic logic that reasons about a subset of STL specifications over executions of hybrid systems. Our work demonstrates that STL can be used for deductive verification of hybrid systems. STdL significantly augments the expressiveness of dL by allowing reasoning about temporal properties in given time intervals. We provide a semantics and a proof calculus for STdL, along with a proof of soundness and relative completeness.
Torsade De Pointes: A Nested Case Control Study in an Integrated Health Care Delivery System

Objectives: 1) To validate cases presenting with Torsade de Pointes (TdP) and compare these cases to age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity (2 to 1) matched-controls in order to identify modifiable risk factors; and 2) Describe the management strategies used for TdP and its prognosis in a real-world health care setting. Background: TdP is a form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia which develops in the setting of a prolonged QTc interval. There is limited data describing risk factors, treatment and outcomes of this potentially fatal arrhythmia. Results: Using the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Aging (GERA) cohort (n=110,266) and follow-up between 01/01/2005 and 12/31/2018, a total of 56 cases of TdP were confirmed (incidence rate= 3.6 per 100,000 persons/year. The average (SD) age of the TdP cases was 74 (13) years, 55 percent were female and 16 percent non-white. The independent predictors of TdP were prior history of heart failure (OR=5.7), supraventricular arrhythmias (OR=3.6) and potassium concentration < 3.6 mEq/L (OR=10). On average, TdP cases were preceded by 48 ms prolongation of the QTc. Exposure to furosemide and amiodarone were significantly greater in cases than in controls. The most common treatment for TdP was IV magnesium (78.6%) and IV potassium repletion (73.2%). The in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates for TdP cases were 10.7% and 25.0% percent, respectively. Conclusions: These findings may inform quantitative multivariate risk indices for the prediction of TdP and could guide practitioners on which patients may qualify for continuous ECG monitoring and/or electrolyte replacement therapy.
A Relationship Between Mortality and Eating Breakfast and Fiber.

Background: Recent studies suggest that intermittent fasting or skipping breakfast may be good strategies for weight loss and better health. The objective of this study was to determine whether regular breakfast is associated with overall or cardiovascular mortality. Methods: Cohort study with follow-up mortality data from the NHANES 1999–2002. National weighted sample. Outcomes were overall and cardiovascular mortality; secondary was fiber intake. Results: Out of 5761 participants, there were 4778 (82.9%) identified as breakfast eaters and 2027 deaths (35.2%); 469 (23.1%) deaths were due to cardiovascular diseases. The average daily intake of calories was 2015, and fiber was 16.3 g/day. A total of 17.7%, 66.0%, and 11.4% of participants had diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, respectively. Analysis showed breakfast eaters were older, had lower body mass index, and ate more calories and fiber daily than non-breakfast eaters. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses showed that compared to non-breakfast eaters, the breakfast eaters were less likely to experience mortality after multivariable adjustments (overall mortality: hazard ratio [HR], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.84 and cardiovascular mortality: HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.32-0.63). For the breakfast eaters, fiber intake >25 g/day was associated with 21% (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96) reduction in all-cause mortality after multivariable adjustments. Conclusions: Regular daily intake of breakfast appears to be associated with lower overall and cardiovascular mortality, particularly when consuming fiber >25 g/day. Further studies examining specific breakfast foods and the timing of foods would be helpful.
Coblation intra-capsular tonsillectomy: A prospective tertiary center trial.

Abstract Introduction There is a growing interest in intra-capsular coblation tonsillectomy (ICT) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children. Literature remains controversial regarding which intra-capsular tonsillectomy (IT) technique is most effective and with least morbidity. Therefore, the aims of this study are to objectively measure the post-operative morbidity and the effectiveness of the ICT technique. Materials and methods 107 children undergoing ICT (with or without adenoidectomy) for upper airway obstruction due to tonsillar hypertrophy at a tertiary center university hospital were prospectively enrolled from March 2016 to March 2018. Efficacy of the surgery was assessed by a pre-and post-operative Obstructive Sleep Apnea score (OSA-18). Post-operative morbidity was measured based on the Parent's Post-operative Pain Measure questionnaire (PPPM), type and duration of administered pain medication, time before resuming a full diet and a normal activity, readmission for dehydration and post-operative bleeding incidence. Results After a mean follow-up of 21.6 months, OSA-18 mean total score was 78.77 (SD = 15.74) before ICT and 23.7 (SD = 9.25) after surgery, with a significant difference between pre-operative and post-operative scores (p Conclusion Intra-capsular tonsillectomy by coblation is an effective and safe procedure that provides rapid post-operative recovery with minimal analgesic requirements, thus deserving a wider application in treating upper airway obstruction due to tonsillar hypertrophy in children.
Toward a Design Theory of Game-Mediated Social Experiences - A Study of Among Us

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected face-to-face social interaction with and among relational partners - relatives, friends, and others. Prior to the pandemic, many people relied on face-to-face social play experiences to help them maintain relationships and satisfy relatedness needs. However, growing coronavirus-related concerns have made such activities unwelcome or inaccessible, leading many to turn to technology-mediated experiences, as a safer alternative means of supporting recreational play with non-proximal relational partners. But how does one design technology-mediated recreational play experiences to satisfy a diverse range of user needs, interests, and preferences? To explore this area of interest we study the social experience afforded by the multiplayer game, Among Us. We conduct a diary study with students enrolled in an undergraduate HCI course and report on the findings of a post-study reflective activity. Our findings highlight that casual interdependent games that explicitly and implicitly foster social interaction among players, do provide opportunities for satisfying remote play social experiences when augmented by rich communication technologies.
2-Methoxyestradiol Ameliorates Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension by Inhibiting Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α Activity in Female Mice.

We tested the hypothesis that CYP1B1 (cytochrome P450 1B1)-17β-estradiol metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol protects against Ang II (angiotensin II)–induced hypertension by inhibiting group IV cPLA2α (cytosolic phospholipase A2α) activity and production of prohypertensive eicosanoids in female mice. Ang II (700 ng/kg per minute, SC) increased mean arterial blood pressure (BP), systolic and diastolic BP measured by radiotelemetry, renal fibrosis, and reactive oxygen species production in wild-type mice (cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+) that were enhanced by ovariectomy and abolished in intact and ovariectomized-cPLA2α−/−/Cyp1b1+/+ mice. Ang II–induced increase in SBP measured by tail-cuff, renal fibrosis, reactive oxygen species production, and cPLA2α activity measured by its phosphorylation in the kidney, and urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2 metabolites were enhanced in ovariectomized-cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+ and intact cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1−/− mice. 2-Methoxyestradiol and arachidonic acid metabolism inhibitor 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid attenuated the Ang II–induced increase in SBP, renal fibrosis, reactive oxygen species production, and urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2, and thromboxane A2 metabolites in ovariectomized-cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+ and intact cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1−/− mice. Antagonists of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2 receptors EP1 and EP3 and TP, respectively, inhibited Ang II–induced increases in SBP and reactive oxygen species production and renal fibrosis in ovariectomized-cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+ and intact cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1−/− mice. These data suggest that CYP1B1-generated metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol mitigates Ang II–induced hypertension and renal fibrosis by inhibiting cPLA2α activity, reducing prostaglandin E2, and thromboxane A2 production and stimulating EP1 and EP3 and TP receptors, respectively. Thus, 2-methoxyestradiol and the drugs that selectively block EP1 and EP3 and TP receptors could be useful in treating hypertension and its pathogenesis in females.
A Guide to Groups, Rings, and Fields

This Guide offers a concise overview of the theory of groups, rings, and fields at the graduate level, emphasizing those aspects that are useful in other parts of mathematics. It focuses on the main ideas and how they hang together. It will be useful to both students and professionals. In addition to the standard material on groups, rings, modules, fields, and Galois theory, the book includes discussions of other important topics that are often omitted in the standard graduate course, including linear groups, group representations, the structure of Artinian rings, projective, injective and flat modules, Dedekind domains, and central simple algebras. All of the important theorems are discussed, without proofs but often with a discussion of the intuitive ideas behind those proofs. Those looking for a way to review and refresh their basic algebra will benefit from reading this Guide, and it will also serve as a ready reference for mathematicians who make use of algebra in their work.
Post-Occupancy Evaluation and Implicit Theory: An Overview

The chapters in this section address the problem of usable knowledge. The ultimate goal of most building evaluations is to produce better buildings by supporting decisions about planning, design, construction or management of buildings. The seven chapters tackle these problems by arguing that we should refine theory and develop better, more standardized, methods. The authors draw on examples from several successful POE programs affecting billions of dollars of construction annually.
Do children have one third less peripheral vision than adults

The following report is a case study example of how problematic information can invade and percolate through the literature on forensic human factors and ergonomics. Initially, a highly doubtful assertion was used to bolster an argument made in a legal case of wrongful death. The assertion was supported through reference to a number of cited works. When the trail of evidence was pursued, however, it became clear that diverse citations had all branched from one, single, original and doubtful source. The fundamental issue, whether children have one third less peripheral vision than adults turns out to be much more complex than the original, simplistic spatial conception suggested. The case study illustrates the importance of ascertaining original citations and is yet another example of the frustration that often accompanies forensic activity where financial and legal concerns frequently over-ride the fundamental search for knowledge.
Suppression of Steroid Receptor‐Chromatin Interaction by Inhibitors Present in Ammonium Sulfate‐Fractionated Rat Testicular Androgen Receptor Preparations

Tritiated androgen receptor complex was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation at 15 to 37% saturation from rat testicular or prostatic cytosols. A greater amount of prostatic tritiated androgen receptor complex bound to rat Sertoli cell chromatin than tritiated testicular androgen receptor complex. However, the testicular androgen receptor complex was more potent in competing for binding of either tritiated androgen receptor complex preparation to the Sertoli cell chromatin. Combining equal amounts of tritiated testicular and prostatic androgen receptor complexes resulted in lower binding than that observed with tritiated prostatic androgen receptor complex alone, while doubling the concentration of tritiated prostatic androgen receptor complex led to a 2-fold increase in binding. It is conceivable that the partially purified testicular androgen receptor complex preparations contain factor(s) that inhibit the binding interaction of tritiated androgen receptor complex with chromatin, while there is no evidence for the presence of such inhibitors in tritiated prostatic androgen receptor complex preparations. Fractionation of testicular cytosol on DEAE-cellulose yielded a flow-through fraction with inhibitory activity and a bound fraction containing tritiated androgen receptor complex that was eluted with 0.3 M KCl and also showed inhibitory activity. These factors also inhibited the binding of tritiated estradiol receptor complex to chromatin. They were non-dialyzable and their inhibitory effect was abolished after heating at 60 C for 30 minutes. It is concluded that ammonium sulfate-fractionated rat testicular androgen receptor complex preparations contain inhibitors of steroid receptor-chromatin interaction. The inhibitory factors can be fractionated into two distinct fractions by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. They are nondialyzable and heat-labile. The precise chemical nature of the postulated inhibitor(s) remains to be determined.
Extending gastric emptying scintigraphy from two to four hours detects more patients with gastroparesis.

Gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) is usually performed for up to 2 hr to measure the gastric emptying (GE) of solids. Symptomatic patients, however, may have borderline results at 2 hr, making it difficult to determine whether a gastric motor disorder is present. The aim of this study was to assess whether extending GES to 4 hr is useful in evaluating patients for gastroparesis and to correlate the results of GES with patient symptoms. We studied 129 patients undergoing GES at Temple University Hospital between July 1998 and March 1999. Solid-phase GE was measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr after ingestion of a 99mTc sulfur colloid-labeled egg meal. Dyspeptic symptoms of upper abdominal discomfort, early satiety, postprandial abdominal bloating, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia were graded as none, mild, moderate and severe (0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively) with the sum representing a total symptom score. Of 129 patients, 86 had normal GE at 2 hr; 26 of the 86 normal scans at 2 hr were delayed at 3 hr. Six of the 60 scans normal at 2 and 3 hr were delayed at 4 hr. Of 43 patients with delayed GE at 2 hr, 39 were delayed at 3 hr and 35 were delayed at 4 hr. Overall, the percentage of patients with delayed GE increased from 33% at 2 hr only to 58% using the results of the 2-, 3-, and 4-hr scans (P < 0.05). There was a significantly greater symptom score in patients with delayed GE compared to patients with normal GE (8.4 ± 0.5 vs 7.1 ± 0.5; P < 0.05). Conclusion, prolonging GES after ingestion of a 99mTc-labeled egg meal from 2 to 4 hr increased the number of symptomatic patients found to have delayed GE. These results suggest that GES should be performed for up to 4 hrs when the 2-hr result is normal.
A predator prey approach to the network structure of cyberspace

In light of the rise of malicious attacks on the Internet and the various networks and applications attached to it, new approaches towards modeling predatory activity in networks is called for. Past research has simulated networks assuming that all nodes are homogenously susceptible to attack or infection. Often times in real world networks only subsets of nodes are susceptible attack or infection in a heterogeneous population of nodes. One approach to examining a heterogeneous network susceptible to attack is modeling cyberspace as a predator prey landscape. If each type of vulnerable device is considered a heterogeneous species what level of species diversification is needed to keep a malicious attack from a causing a catastrophic failure to the entire network. This paper explores the predator prey analogy for the Internet and presents findings on how different levels of species diversification effects network resilience. The paper will also discuss the connection between diversification, competition, anti-trust, and national security.
Embolie und Thrombose der Arteria pulmonalis, Lungeninfarkt und Venenthrombose

Die Lungenembolie ist bei Herzkrankheiten eine sehr haufige Komplikation, welche oft ubersehen und in Lehrbuchern und klinischen Erorterungen noch immer sehr vernachlassigt wird. Die Chirurgen wissen etwas mehr von der Bedeutung dieses Ereignisses, ihre Statistiken ergaben, das ungefahr 6 Prozent der postoperativen Todesfalle auf diese gefurchtete Komplikation zuruckzufuhren sind. Die Situation ist besonders tragisch, da oft Patienten betroffen werden, welche sich freiwillig einer erfolgreichen Operation unterzogen haben; eben haben sie die Erlaubnis erhalten, das Bett zu verlassen, sie warten mit Sehnsucht auf die vollige Genesung und baldige Entlassung aus dem Krankenhaus, da bricht plotzlich das Unheil herein.
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a proposal of a prognostic scoring system.

Abstract Background: The current staging system of hepatocellular carcinoma established by the International Union Against Cancer and the American Joint Committee on Cancer does not necessarily predict the outcomes after hepatic resection or transplantation. Study Design: Various clinical and pathologic risk factors for tumor recurrence were examined on 344 consecutive patients who received hepatic transplantation in the presence of nonfibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma to establish a reliable risk scoring system. Results: Multivariate analysis identified three factors as independently significant poor prognosticators: 1) bilobarly distributed tumors, 2) size of the greatest tumor (2 to 5 cm and > 5 cm), and 3) vascular invasion (microscopic and macroscopic). Prognostic risk score (PRS) of each patient was calculated from the relative risks of multivariate analysis. The patients were grouped into five grades of tumor recurrence risk: grade 1: PRS = 0 to 11.0 to 15.0; grade 4: PRS ≥ 15.0; and grade 5: positive node, metastasis, or margin. The proposed PRS system correlated extremely well with tumor-free survival after liver transplantation (100%, 61%, 40%, 5%, and 0%, from grades 1 to 5, respectively, at 5 years), but current pTNM staging did not. Conclusions: 1) Patients with grades 1 and 2 are effectively treated with liver transplantation, 2) patients with grades 4 and 5 are poor candidates for liver transplantation, and 3) patients with grade 1 do not benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
Growth Kinetics of Yaba Tumor Poxvirus After In Vitro Adaptation to Cercopithecus Kidney Cells

Abstract Yaba tumor poxvirus has been adapted to continuous in vitro cultivation in monolayers of cercopithecus kidney cells. At 35 C, the minimum replicative cycle, after synchronous infection of CV-1 cells with multiplicity of infection of 135 focusforming units per cell, was 35 hr; however, maximum virus yields were not obtained until 75 hr postinfection (PI). Cytoplasmic incorporation of 3H-thymidine [viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis] was detected 3 hr PI and was preceded by synthesis of nonstructural associated antigens (YS). Synthesis of YS antigens was not inhibited by the DNA inhibitor, arabinofuranosyl cytosine (ARA-C). Synthesis of at least two virion structural antigens, although not detected by immunofluorescence until 2 hr after the onset of DNA synthesis, occurred in the presence of ARA-C, indicating potential translation of these structural antigens from parental DNA. The first progeny DNA was completed by 20 hr PI but was not detected in infectious form until 35 hr PI. The maximum rate of progeny DNA completion occurred between 20 and 30 hr PI. DNA synthesis continued 45 to 50 hr PI. The adapted virus retained its oncogenicity and, like the wild type, replicated better at 35 C than at 37 C. A synthetic step associated with viral DNA synthesis appears to be temperature-sensitive.
Uniqueness criterion for solution of abstract nonlocal Cauchy problem

The aim of the paper is to prove an uniqueness criterion for a solution of an abstract nonlocal Cauchy problem. A dissipative operator in the nonlocal problem and an arbitrary functional in the nonlocal condition are considered. The paper is a continuation of papers [1]-[3] and generalizes some results from [4].
Short-cavity picosecond dye laser design

The design of a short-cavity dye laser is described. The laser produces a 2-psec pulse which is tunable in the range between 400 nm and 470 nm when pumped with an 8-psec 355-nm third-harmonic pulse from a mode-locked Nd+3:glass laser. The laser features a variable calibrated cavity length (10–500 μm), a dye cell through which dye can be continuously flowed, and a compact rugged design. The laser has been incorporated into several picosecond spectroscopy experiments and has proved to be a convenient and useful tunable blue source.
Cerebral oximetry does not correlate with electroencephalography and somatosensory evoked potentials in determining the need for shunting during carotid endarterectomy.

Objective Several reports in the literature have described the value of regional cerebral oximetry (rSO 2 ) as a neuromonitoring device during carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The use of rSO 2 is enticing because it is simpler and less expensive than other neuromonitoring modalities. This study was performed to compare the efficacy of rSO 2 with electroencephalography (EEG) and median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) in determining when to place a shunt during CEA. Methods From October 2000 to June 2006, 323 CEAs were performed under general anesthesia by six surgeons. Shunting was done selectively on the basis of EEG and SSEP monitoring under the auspices of an intraoperative neurophysiologist. All patients were retrospectively reviewed to see if significant discrepancies existed between EEG/SSEP and rSO 2 . Results Twenty-four patients (7.4%) showed significant discrepancies. Sixteen patients showed no significant EEG/SSEP changes, but profound changes occurred in rSO 2 , and no shunt was placed. In seven patients there was no change in rSO 2 but a profound change occurred in EEG/SSEP, and shunts were placed. In one patient early in the series, the EEG and SSEP were unchanged but the rSO 2 dropped precipitously, and a shunt was placed. In the 299 patients who showed no discrepancies, 285 were not shunted and 14 required a shunt. Two strokes occurred in the entire series (0.6%), none intraoperatively. Shunts were placed in 23 patients (7%). The sensitivity of rSO 2 compared with EEG/SSEP was 68%, and the specificity was 94%. This gave a positive-predictive value of 47% and a negative-predictive value of 98%. Conclusions Relying on rSO 2 alone for selective shunting is potentially dangerous and might have led to intraoperative ischemic strokes in seven patients and the unnecessary use of shunts in at least 16 patients in this series. The use of rSO 2 adds nothing to the information already provided by EEG and SSEP in determining when to place a shunt during CEA.
Faults greased at high speed

The dynamics of the tectonic faults that produce earthquakes remain puzzling. An inference from laboratory experiments could help: at high rates of slip, friction at the interface may fall dramatically.
Numbertheoretical endomorphisms with σ-finite invariant measure

A class of measurable transformations which serves as a model for severalf-expansions is discussed. Sufficient conditions for ergodicity and the existence of a σ-finite invariant measure are given.
Observation ward utilization

The observation ward in the Department of Emergency Health Services at Kansas City General Hospital and Medical Center is described as to policies, procedures and staffing. One thousand patients were studied retro-spectively for identification, patient utilization, abuse, and pitfalls. It should be stressed that the observation ward must be closely monitored to assure that it is fulfilling intended roles. Based on this study it was concluded that the observation ward has an important role in the operation of this emergency department.
Observation of strongly wave-vector-dependent Raman scattering by LO phonons in GaAs near the E 0 band gap

Stimulated Raman gain spectra were recorded for photon energies approaching the GaAs ${E}_{0}$ band gap. The method measures forward Raman scattering from bulk material, and therefore is restricted to low-momentum (q) phonons. For below-band-gap excitation, the new results are described by intrinsic deformation potential and q-dependent Fr\"ohlich scattering mechanisms, in contrast to the impurity mechanism previously proposed to explain strong, q-independent impurity backscattering observed above the gand gap. We observed weak bulk impurity scattering for near-band-gap resonant excitation. Calculations for bulk impurity scattering, scaled to match above-band-gap data, predict the observed impurity scattering.
Utilization of internet-based survivorship care plans by lung cancer survivors.

Abstract Background Persons living after lung cancer remain an important subset of the cancer survivor population who may be at risk for serious health consequences of lung cancer and its treatments. The Institute of Medicine recommends survivorship care plans for all cancer survivors. Materials and Methods A program for the creation of survivorship care plans, OncoLife , was made publicly accessible. Users responded to queries regarding demographics, diagnosis, and treatment and received comprehensive, individualized guidelines for future care addressing issues such as late toxicity, second malignancy, fertility, and tumor recurrence. Data were maintained anonymously with approval from the Institutional Review Board. Results From May 2007 to November 2008, 3343 individuals completed OncoLife surveys. Lung cancer survivors comprised 4% (n = 142), with a median age at diagnosis of 57 years and median current age of 59 years. Lung cancer survivors were 50% male and 83% Caucasian. Chemotherapy was used in the treatment of 78% of patients with lung cancer, radiation was used in 58%, and surgery was used in 38%. Most lung cancer survivors (62%) reported receiving follow-up care from only an oncologist, while 27% reported being monitored by a primary care provider (PCP) and an oncologist, and 6% saw only a PCP. Only 11% reported receiving survivorship information at the conclusion of therapy. Conclusion OncoLife represents the first Web-based program for the creation of survivorship care plans, and lung cancer survivors appear willing to use this type of tool. Most have received multimodality care, placing them at risk for treatment-related late effects. Most survivors do not report receiving routine care from a PCP, so attention to survivor healthcare needs by the oncology community is particularly important.
Oncogenic HRAS Activates Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Confers Stemness to p53-Deficient Urothelial Cells to Drive Muscle Invasion of Basal Subtype Carcinomas.

Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas of the bladder (MIUCB) exhibit frequent receptor tyrosine kinase alterations but the precise nature of their contributions to tumor pathophysiology is unclear. Using mutant HRAS (HRAS*) as an oncogenic prototype, we obtained evidence in transgenic mice that RTK/RAS pathway activation in urothelial cells causes hyperplasia that neither progresses to frank carcinoma nor regresses to normal urothelium through a period of one year. This persistent hyperplastic state appeared to result from an equilibrium between pro-mitogenic factors and compensatory tumor barriers in the p19-MDM2-p53-p21 axis and a prolonged G2 arrest. Conditional inactivation of p53 in urothelial cells of transgenic mice expressing HRAS* resulted in carcinoma-in-situ and basal-subtype MIUCB with focal squamous differentiation resembling the human counterpart. The transcriptome of microdissected MIUCB was enriched in genes that drive epithelial-mesenchyme transition, the upregulation of which is associated with urothelial cells expressing multiple progenitor/stem cell markers. Taken together, our results provide evidence for RTK/RAS pathway activation and p53 deficiency as a combinatorial theranostic biomarker which may inform the progression and treatment of urothelial carcinoma.
Horizontal versus vertical transmission of parasites in a stochastic spatial model.

A number of pathogens may be transmitted from parent to child at or before birth (vertically) or from one individual to another by contact (horizontally). A natural deterministic and non-spatial model, introduced by Lipsitch et al. [Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 260 (1995) 321] shows that an epidemic is possible if the vertical transmission or the horizontal transmission is high enough. In contrast, we introduce a stochastic spatial model that shows that, on a particular graph, if the vertical transmission is not high enough, then the infected individuals disappear even for very high horizontal transmission. This illustrates the fact that introducing space may greatly change the qualitative behavior of a model.
THE STRUCTURE OF ELASTIC TISSUE AS STUDIED WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Electron microscope examination of fragmented elastic tissue obtained from fish swim bladder, bovine ligamentum nuchae, and aortas of various mammals, including man, reveals characteristically formed fibers and much amorphous material. Boiling in dilute acid destroys the associated collagen but does not obviously alter the elastic tissue. Digestion in crystalline trypsin of either boiled or unheated tissue from any of the above-mentioned sources causes the release of thin threads ranging in length from 0.1 µ to many microns. A large proportion of these threads are evenly and tightly coiled double helices formed from at least two interlacing filaments and measuring about 120 A in width. The distance between coils ranges from about 470 to 590 A. The individual smooth filaments, many of which are present in parallel pairs, measure approximately 70 A in width. Raising the pH of a neutral suspension of threads from ligamentum nuchae lowers the ratio of helical threads to uncoiled filaments, whereas lowering the pH with acetic acid results in clumping of threads with complete loss of identity at about pH 3.6. Threads and filaments obtained from all sources studied were destroyed in the temperature range 75–85°C. at pH 7. It is concluded that the elastic fiber is a two component system composed of bundles of trypsin-resistant threads of characteristic form and size plus a trypsin-sensitive, heat-resistant "amorphous" binding matrix. The possible relationship of this structure to the elastic properties of the tissue is discussed.
An addendum on presence and absence of a mid-childhood spurt in somatic dimensions.

SummaryTanner and Cameron (1980) recently reported analyses of velocity data on London children for standing height, body weight, arm girth, calf girth, and two measures of skinfold thickness. Their purpose was to determine whether in mid-childhood (some time between ages six and nine years) these variables underwent slight ‘acceleration and deceleration’. The present report supplements this with velocity findings on Iowa City children for standing height, body weight, chest girth, arm girth, calf girth, and hip width.The London study showed no evidence of a mid-childhood spurt in standing height of girls, and clear evidence of a mid-childhood spurt in calf girth of boys. The Iowa City measures confirm the finding for standing height, but not that for calf girth. Other instances of agreement and discrepancy regarding a mid-childhood spurt are discussed, and additional relevant findings presented.The author joins Tanner and Cameron (1980) in recognizing the difficulties of reducing measurement and statisti...
Studies in chemical ionization mass spectrometry: 17‐hydroxy steroids

The chemical ionization mass spectra of several hydroxy steroids were obtained using methane as the reactant gas. The spectra are much less complex than the electron ionization spectra and little fragmentation of the steroid nucleus is observed. The major fragment ions involve the loss of water from [M + H]+. A 3-keto group in the steroids was characterized by an abundant [M + C2H5]+ ion. 5α- and 5β-Dihydrotestosterone could be distinguished by their spectra, with H2 as the reactant gas by marked differences in amounts of [M + H]+, [M + H − H2O]+ and [M + H − 2H2O]+. Substituted 3α-X-, 17 β-ol compounds, (X = Cl, Br) were also studied to obtain relative amounts of protonation at these sites.
Development of controller-based compensation for biodynamic feedthrough in a backhoe

Biodynamic feedthrough can occur in many types of human-controlled machines where the operator is also a passenger. The motion of the controlled machine excites motion of the human operator’s body,...