cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying Risk Factors for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders Using the International HIV Dementia Scale

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist despite great advancements in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The gold standard for diagnosing cognitive impairment consists of a time-consuming neuropsychological battery of tests given by a trained neuropsychologist, however in the outpatient HIV clinic this is not feasible. The International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) was developed to help identify individuals with cognitive impairment in the outpatient setting. The IHDS is moderately sensitive for detecting more symptomatic forms of HAND but sensitivity has been shown to be poor in mild impairment. The IHDS has not been evaluated in developed countries in large cohort populations. We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study of only HIV+ individuals in an urban clinic and evaluated the prevalence of HAND and associated risk factors for cognitive impairment using the IHDS. A total of 507 HIV+ individuals participated in the study of which the majority were male (65 %) and African American (68 %); and 41 % had cognitive impairment. On multivariate analysis, African American race (p = 2.21), older age (p = 1.03), high school education or less (p = 2.03) and depression (p = 1.05) were associated with cognitive impairment. The high prevalence of HAND in this group suggests that more severe forms of HAND persist despite cART. Identified risk factors were non-HIV-related and suggest that environmental and sociodemographic factors have a significant impact on cognitive functioning and should be given more attention. The IHDS should be further evaluated in large cohort HIV+ and HIV- populations in the United States, as there remains a significant need to identify an effective brief screening tool for cognitive impairment.
The oxidation of a reduced pyridine nucleotide analog by flavins

Abstract The kinetics of the non-enzymic hydrogen transfer from 1-propyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide to riboflavin have been studied. The riboflavin anion does not react, but the cation formed by protonation of the isoalloxazine nucleus is estimated to react 10 4 times faster than neutral riboflavin. Oxidation rates with several other flavins are compared. Substituents on the ring nitrogen of the dihydronicotinamide which decrease the electron density of the ring cause a decrease in the oxidation rate. Oxidation is more rapid the more polar the solvent, and the higher the ionic strength. The rate of oxidation of the 4-deuterated 1-propyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide is 3.2 times slower than that of the diprotiated form. Thus a hydrogen atom is removed in the rate limiting step of the oxidation. The results are consistent with oxidation by a hydride ion transfer mechanism.
Approximate identification and digital simulation of the respiration-heartrate system

This paper considers the problem of determining a digital computer model for the heart rate system that includes nonrespiratory as well as respiratory effects on the heart rate. A sampled-data model is shown to be exact in certain cases and can be used with some errors for other cases. Several methods are developed for finding the model transfer function parameters as well as the parameters of a signal added to the system output. Linear and nonlinear models are considered.
A discussion of the secondary-minimum hypothesis for spontaneously fissioning isomers

Abstract On the basis of the usual assumption of a secondary minimum in a one-dimensional potential barrier, we derive a relationship between the half-life of a spontaneously fissioning isomer, its excitation energy, the fission-barrier height and the half-life for ground-state spontaneous fission. For 241 Am, there is no inconsistency between the experimental values for these four quantities, but the computed half-life for the ground-state spontaneous fission of 242 Am is considerably larger than the measured value. On the basis of this discrepancy, we discuss the possibility that the potential-energy surface may be more complicated than previously supposed and contain both a high thin barrier through which ground-state spontaneous fission proceeds and a thicker two-peaked barrier in which the isomer is located and through which induced fission proceeds. Such a two-dimensional potential-energy surface is consistent with both the isomer data and the recently observed intermediate structure in fission cross sections. To help decide whether such a potential-energy surface is indeed responsible for the observed discrepancy for 242 Am, we suggest that for large deformations near tge symmetrical saddle-point shapes the nuclear potential energy be calculated as a function of reflection-asymmetrical “P 3 - like ” deformations.
Type of instruction, abstractness, and mnemonic system

Two experiments were conducted to determine if the effect of manipulating imagery instructions and peg list abstractness depends on whether a paired-associate or one-bun technique is used. It appears that the paired-associate and one-bun techniques yield comparable results regarding the effectiveness of imagery instructions and peg list abstractness.
The persistence in the human circulation of horse and human tetanus antitoxins.

Summary Human subjects were passively immunized with either horse-globulin tetanus antitoxin or human gamma globulin tetanus antitoxin. The homologous antitoxin persisted at higher levels and for a much longer period of time than the heterologous. The horseglobulin antitoxin decreased very sharply after the first week, and, thereafter, followed a straight-line curve to its preimmunization level.
Effective child support policy for low-income families: evidence from street level research

Since 1984, policymakers have increasingly turned their attention to reforming the child support system. Despite this attention, the child support system has often failed to increase the economic security of single-parent families. This article analyzes findings from recent qualitative studies to explain why the child support system breaks down for so many low-income families. This research suggests that parents often prefer informal arrangements of support and do not comply with child support regulations they perceive to be unfair, counterproductive, or punitive. It also suggests that there is a mismatch between the premises and goals of child support policy and what low-income parents desire from the system. This mismatch impedes low-income parents' willingness and ability to comply with existing policy, even when they wish to do so, and will make reform difficult. © 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Targeting of cancer cells with ferrimagnetic ferritin cage nanoparticles.

Protein cage architectures such as virus capsids and ferritins are versatile nanoscale platforms amenable to both genetic and chemical modification. Incorporation of multiple functionalities within these nanometer-sized protein architectures demonstrate their potential to serve as functional nanomaterials with applications in medical imaging and therapy. In the present study, we synthesized an iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticle within the interior cavity of a genetically engineered human H-chain ferritin (HFn). A cell-specific targeting peptide, RGD-4C which binds αvβ3 integrins upregulated on tumor vasculature, was genetically incorporated on the exterior surface of HFn. Both magnetite-containing and fluorescently labeled RGD4C-Fn cages bound C32 melanoma cells in vitro. Together these results demonstrate the capability of a genetically modified protein cage architecture to serve as a multifunctional nanoscale container for simultaneous iron oxide loading and cell-specific targeting.
Flash evoked potentials from rat superior colliculus.

Abstract In view of reports that the superior colliculus evoked potential from rats is uniquely sensitive to toxic gases, the present study characterized normal flash evoked potentials from unanesthetized rats. The waveform was complex, with at least 5 positive and 5 negative peaks. The waveform originated in the SGS layer, and some components were stable over time if conditions of light intensity, stimulus frequency and dark adaption were held constant. The greater complexity of the waveforms reported here compared to those described by others can be attributed to both an intense flash stimulus and unanesthetized preparation.
Limit shape of a random integer partition with a bounded max-to-min ratio of parts sizes

We consider an integer partition @l"1>=...>[email protected]"@?, @?>=1, chosen uniformly at random among all partitions of n such that @l"1/@l"@? does not exceed a given number k>1. For k=2, Igor Pak had conjectured existence of a constant a such that the random function m"n^-^[email protected]"@?"x"m"""n"@?, [email protected]?[0,1] (m"n=an^1^/^2), converges in probability to y=f(x)>=1, f(0)=2, f(1)=1, whose graph is symmetric with respect to y=x+1. We confirm a natural extension of Pak's conjecture for k>1, and show that the limit shape y=f(x) is given by w^x^+^1+w^y=1, where w^k+w=1. In particular, for k=2, w is the golden ratio (5-1)/2.
Flexible coupling of a waveguide detector with a microscale field flow fractionation device

This paper describes a simple packaging method to fabricate microfluidic channels and obtain an optical detection interface for micro analysis systems. Specifically, this work reports on efforts to develop new methods for simple, fast and reliable design and fabrication of microscale field flow fractionation (FFF) based biological analysis systems. This modular detector interface results in a 38 nl detection region. Detector characterization is carried out to evaluate important figures of merit such as sensitivity, S/N ratio, and limit of detection. Plate height, a primary performance criterion for field flow fractionation is determined and compared with an on-chip detector. The developed system allow for a plug-and-play approach to the optical interface has resulted in flexibility in operation and increased robustness of the micro device.
Integrating maintenance and production decisions in a hierarchical production planning environment

Abstract This article presents a three-part model to evaluate an organization’s maintenance policy. In stage one, an aggregate production plan is generated using a linear programming formulation suggested by Chung and Krajewski (Operations Management 1984;4:389–406). In stage two, a master production schedule is developed to minimize the weighted deviations from the goals specified by the aggregate production plan. In stage three, work center loading requirements, determined through rough cut capacity planning using resource profiles, are used to simulate equipment failures during the aggregate production planning horizon. Several experiments are used to test the significance of various factors for maintenance policy selection. These factors include the category of maintenance activity, maintenance activity frequency, failure significance, maintenance activity cost, and aggregate production policy. Scope and purpose In order to resolve often conflicting objectives of system reliability and profit maximization, an organization should establish appropriate maintenance guidelines that take into consideration (1) costs associated with performing production activities, (2) costs associated with performing maintenance activities, and (3) the various costs associated with equipment failure and the resulting interruptions to the production plan. In currently prevailing practices, maintenance policy often is determined at the operational level in a political test between production and maintenance management. The resulting policy often is not optimal for the organization’s overall objectives.
An ethnoarchaeological perspective on textile categories of identification and function

This paper examines from an ethnoarchaeological perspective how an object class, skirts, is differently categorized for the purposes of identification and function by two subgroups of southern Lao women. We discuss the use of several different testing procedures to discover and confirm the different kinds of attributes which weavers and nonweavers use to categorize their skirts. We found that study of category attributes facilitates insight into some aspects of southern lowland Lao values and concepts of ethnicity as well as provides guidelines for criteria to use in textile category formation of archaeological materials.
A novel hybrid low cost controller for maintaining low input current harmonic over wide range of load conditions for power factor corrected boost AC to DC converter

With growing usage of switching power supplies, there has been excessive injection of current harmonics on AC power supply networks. Various agencies world-wide have framed benchmark for maintaining current harmonic distortion. Boost power factor corrected (PFC) converter is the most popular front end converter in power supplies. For medium to high power applications, average current mode control technique is used for controlling boost PFC converter. This technique works very well at near rated load conditions; however, if load drops down to a fraction of rated load, input current harmonic distortion increases considerably. A novel hybrid controller is proposed here which maintains low input current harmonic distortion over wide range of load conditions. The proposed hybrid controller dynamically switches between average current mode and transition or critical mode control (CRM) depending upon load conditions. The proposed hybrid controller provides a cost effective solution for applications having space and weight constraints, using low cost commercial off the shelf (COTS) integrated circuits (IC). Implementation of the proposed hybrid controller is illustrated here and experimental test results are recorded.
A low energy magnetic pion spectrometer

Abstract A QD magnetic spectrometer has been designed to detect pions of energy 5–15 MeV. The spectrometer has a 1 m flight path, a 30 msr solid angle, and moderate energy resolution (2–4%).
Faulty Premise, Premature Conclusion: That Money Was Extraneous to the Research Ethics of the TGN1412 Study

The premise of Emanuel and Miller's analysis in “Money and Distorted Ethical Judgments about Research: Ethical Assessment of the TeGenero TGN1412 Trial” (2007) was outlined in Emanuel, Wendler and ...
Biodiesel Fueled Engine Generator With Heat Recovery

Carnegie Mellon University’s departments of Architecture and Mechanical Engineering have teamed with Milwaukee School of Engineering’s Mechanical Engineering department to design and install a biodiesel fueled engine-generator with heat recovery equipment to supply electric and thermal power to an office building on campus, the Intelligent Workplace (IW). The installation was completed in early September 2007, and is currently being commissioned. Full scale testing will begin in early 2008. The turbocharged diesel engine-generator set is operated in parallel with the local electric utility and the campus steam grid. The system is capable of generating 25 kW of electric power while providing 18 kW of thermal power in the form of steam from an exhaust gas boiler. The steam is delivered to a double-effect Li-Br absorption chiller, which supplies chilled water to the IW for space cooling in the summer or hot water for space heating in the winter. Furthermore, the steam can be delivered to the campus steam grid during the fall and spring when neither heating nor cooling is required in the IW. Additionally, thermal energy will be recovered from the coolant to provide hot water for space heating in the winter, and for regenerating a solid desiccant dehumidification ventilation system in summer. All relevant temperatures, pressures, and flows for these systems are monitored via a building automation system. Pressure versus time measurements can be recorded in each cylinder of the engine. Emissions of nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (NO2 ), Particulate Matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) are also monitored. Upon completion of this installation and the system performance testing, the operation of the engine generator with its heat recovery components will be integrated with the other HVAC components of the IW including a parabolic trough solar thermal driven LiBr absorption chiller, a solid desiccant dehumidification ventilation system, and multiple types of fan coils and radiant heating and cooling devices. This energy supply system is expected to reduce the IW’s primary energy consumption by half in addition to the 75% energy savings already realized as compared to the average US office space.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The climate crisis: An introductory guide to climate change

[1] Human-induced climate change, sometimes called “global warming,” has, unfortunately, become a “hot” topic, embroiled in controversy, misinformation, and claims and counterclaims. It should not be this way, because there are many scientific facts that provide solid information on which to base policy. There is a very strong observational, theoretical, and modeling base in physical science that underpins current understanding of what has happened to Earth's climate and why and what the prospects are for the future under certain assumptions. Moreover, these changes have impacts, which are apt to grow, on the environment and human society. To avoid or reduce these impacts and the economic and human effects of undesirable future climate change requires actions that are strongly opposed by those with vested interests in the status quo, some of whom have funded misinformation campaigns that have successfully confused the public and some politicians, leading to paralysis in political action. Without mitigation of climate change, one would suppose that at least society would plan sensibly for the changes already happening and projected, but such future adaptation plans are also largely in limbo. The implication is that we will suffer the consequences. All of these aspects are addressed in this informative and attractive book, which is written for a fairly general but technically informed audience. The book is strongly based upon the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and therefore has a solid scientific basis. Many figures, graphs, and maps come from the three IPCC working group reports, although the captions often do not explain the detail shown. Given that the IPCC reports totaled nearly 3000 pages, to distill the complex material down to 249 pages is no mean task, and the authors have succeeded quite well.
A new method for delivering alkanes to mammalian cells: preparation and preliminary characterization of an inclusion complex between β-cyclodextrin and pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane)

Abstract Pristane (2,6,10,14-teramethylpentadecane) is an isoalkane which induces plasma cell tumorigenesis in genetically susceptible strains of mice. Attempts to study the biological activity of pristane on cells in vitro have been hindered by the extreme hydrophobicity and hence complete immiscibility of the compound in aqueous cell culture media. In comparing different solubilization protocols such as using organic solvents, liposomes, and molecular encapsulation into β-cyclodextrin (β-CyD), it was found that β-CyD/pristane inclusion complexes were optimal for delivery of the hydrocarbon to cells. After solubilization in β-CyD, pristane was cytotoxic ( 51 Cr release assay) to murine B lymphocyte lines in culture (P388, NSF-1, and SJL-4) and inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced stimulation of splenic B lymphocyte proliferation and blast formation (Coulter counter analysis) when added in the micromolar concentration range. Moreover, sub-toxic concentrations of β-CyD/pristane inclusion complexes were found to have a small but reproducible mitogenic effect ([ 3 H]thymidine incorporation) on SJL-4 and 308 (murine initiated keratinocyte) cells in culture but not on P388 cells. The results indicate that molecular encapsulation of pristane into β-CyD provides a new and effective method for delivering low concentrations of alkanes to mammalian cells in vitro.
The dynamics of a discrete population model with threshold

Abstract The dynamics of the discrete, scalar population model xk + 1 = ax2k(1 – xk) are investigated. In addition to density dependence, which has been studied previously by many, this equation models the threshold phenomenon. Some similarities to and differences from previous models are observed. In particular, for large a values this model exhibits chaos which is restricted to a nowhere dense Cantor set of measure 0. In order to explain this, a piecewise linear simplification of the model is considered. Other models exhibiting similar dynamics are also mentioned.
Register file partitioning and recompilation for register file power reduction

Register files in modern embedded processors contribute a substantial budget in the energy consumption due to their large switching capacitance and long working time. For some embedded processors, on average 25p of registers account for 83p of register file accessing time. This motivates us to partition the register file into hot and cold regions, with the most frequently used registers placed in the hot region, and the rarely accessed ones in the cold region. We employ the bit-line splitting and drowsy register cell techniques to reduce the overall register file accessing power. We propose a novel approach to partition the register in a way that can achieve the largest power saving. We formulate the register file partitioning process into a graph partitioning problem, and apply an effective algorithm to obtain the optimal result. We evaluate our algorithm for MiBench and SPEC2000 applications on the SimpleScalar PISA system, and an average saving of 58.3p and 54.4p over the nonpartitioned register file accessing power is achieved. The area overhead is negligible, and the execution time overhead is acceptable (5.5p for MiBench 2.4p for SPEC2000). Further evaluation for MiBench applications is performed on Alpha and X86 system.
Sonographic diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with cardiac arrest without major dilation of the right ventricle or direct sign of lower limb venous thrombosis

Giovanni Volpicelli, MD, FCCP, Alessandro Mussa, MD, Mauro F. Frascisco, MDDepartment of Emergency Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Torino, ItalyReceived 2 February 2011; accepted 12 June 2011ABSTRACT: Bedside focused echocardiography diag-nosis of massive pulmonary embolism during cardiacarrest is mainly based on the detection of a dilatedright ventricle, while the lack of compressibility of adeep vein of the lower limbs conﬁrms diagnosis indoubtful cases. We describe a case of unusual sono-graphic signs in a young woman with cardiac arrestdue to massive pulmonary embolism showing sponta-neous blood echogenicity in the inferior vena cava(‘‘sludge sign’’) and nonmodulated (‘‘ﬂat’’) Dopplerwaveform in the left lower limb veins, suggesting iso-lated iliac vein thrombosis.
Calcium-dependent regulatory protein of cyclic nucleotide metabolism in normal and transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts

Abstract The concentration of a calcium-binding protein modulator of 3':5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.17; 3':5'-cyclic-nucleotide 5'-nucleotidohydrolase) activity is increased in chicken embryo fibroblasts upon transformation by Rous sarcoma virus. This modulator protein from fibroblasts, which has roughly the same molecular size, charge, and functional properties as that isolated from chicken brain, comprises approximately 1.32% of the soluble protein in homogenates of fibroblasts infected and transformed by Rous sarcoma virus. In comparison, the modulator comprises approximately 0.30% of the soluble protein in homogenates of normal fibroblasts from confluent cultures and 0.36% of the soluble protein in homogenates of fibroblasts infected with a transformation-defective mutant of Rous sarcoma virus. Modulator levels in normal fibroblasts at subconfluent cell densities are 0.42-0.76% of the homogenate soluble protein, i.e., between that found in confluent normal fibroblasts and in fibroblasts transformed by Rous sarcoma virus. These observations suggest that the levels of the modulator protein are elevated under conditions in which chicken embryo fibroblasts are undergoing rapid growth and have decreased adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate levels.
Microbial incorporation of 13C-labeled acetate at the field scale: detection of microbes responsible for reduction of U(VI).

A field-scale acetate amendment experiment was performed in a contaminated aquifer at Old Rifle, CO to stimulate in situ microbial reduction of U(VI) in groundwater. To evaluate the microorganisms responsible for microbial uranium reduction during the experiment, 13C-labeled acetate was introduced into well bores via bio-traps containing porous activated carbon beads (Bio-Sep). Incorporation of the 13C from labeled acetate into cellular DNA and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers was analyzed in parallel with geochemical parameters. An enrichment of active δ-proteobacteria was demonstrated in downgradient monitoring wells: Geobacter dominated in wells closer to the acetate injection gallery, while various sulfate reducers were prominent in different downgradient wells. These results were consistent with the geochemical evidence of Fe(III), U(VI), and SO42- reduction. PLFA profiling of bio-traps suspended in the monitoring wells also showed the incorporation of 13C into bacterial cellular lipids. Co...
Spns2, a transporter of phosphorylated sphingoid bases, regulates their blood and lymph levels, and the lymphatic network

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a ligand for 5 specific receptors, is a potent lipid mediator that plays important roles in lymphocyte trafficking and immune responses. S1P is produced inside cells and therefore must be secreted to exert its effects through these receptors. Spinster 2 (Spns2) is one of the cell surface transporters thought to secrete S1P. We have shown that Spns2 can export endogenous S1P from cells and also dihydro-S1P, which is active at all cell surface S1P receptors. Moreover, Spns2 mice have decreased levels of both of these phosphorylated sphingoid bases in blood, accompanied by increases in very long chain ceramide species, and have defective lymphocyte trafficking. Surprisingly, levels of S1P and dihydro-S1P were increased in lymph from Spns2 mice as well as in specific tissues, including lymph nodes, and interstitial fluid. Moreover, lymph nodes from Spns2 mice have aberrant lymphatic sinus that appeared collapsed, with reduced numbers of lymphocytes. Our data suggest that Spns2 is an S1P transporter in vivo that plays a role in regulation not only of blood S1P but also lymph node and lymph S1P levels and consequently influences lymphocyte trafficking and lymphatic vessel network organization.
ON THE ADAN–WEISS LOSS MODEL HAVING SKILL-BASED SERVERS AND LONGEST IDLE ASSIGNMENT RULE

We consider a queueing loss system with heterogeneous skill based servers with arbitrary distributions. We assume Poisson arrivals, with each arrival having a vector indicating which of the servers are eligible to serve it. Arrivals can only be assigned to a server that is both idle and eligible. We assume arrivals are assigned to the idle eligible server that has been idle the longest and derive, up to a multiplicative constant, the limiting distribution for this system. We show that the limiting probabilities of the ordered list of idle servers depend on the service time distributions only through their means. Moreover, conditional on the ordered list of idle servers, the remaining service times of the busy servers are independent and have their respective equilibrium service distributions. We also provide an algorithm using Gibbs sampler Markov Chain Monte Carlo method for estimating the limiting probabilities and other desired quantities of this system.
Tracer kinetic modeling by morales-smith hypothesis in hepatic perfusion CT

Most of the existing tracer kinetic models for dynamic contrast-enhanced CT or MRI do not fully describe the principles of intra- and transcapillary transport of tracers. One point is to disregard the concentration profiles between the inlets and outlets of capillaries, which may cause a biased estimation of tissue parameters by a systematic error. The Morales-Smith hypothesis enables one to resolve this ambiguity by assuming that the difference between arterial and venous concentrations is proportional to the difference between the arterial and capillary concentrations. If the backflow of administered tracer into the plasma compartment is negligible compared to its outflow into the interstitial compartment during the initial enhancement phase after tracer administration, the capillary concentration can be considered to fall exponentially along the capillary from the arterial concentration to the venous concentration by the Renkin-Crone model, i.e., unidirectional extraction fraction, which can be incorporated in the concept of the Morales-Smith hypothesis. In this study, we reformed the mass-balance equations and mathematical solutions of several representative and well-known tracer kinetic models so that the Morales-Smith hypothesis could be incorporated into their compartment tracer kinetics, considering a tissue-specific factor independent of time as proposed by Brix et al. [5]. The tissue-specific factor was applied to a liver tumor case study in perfusion CT to illustrate the potential effectiveness of the Morales-Smith hypothesis. The proposed scheme was shown to be potentially useful for more consistent and reliable estimation of physiologic tissue parameters.
Macrophage migration arrest due to a winning balance of Rac2/Sp1 repression over β-catenin-induced PLD expression

Monocytes and neutrophils infiltrate into tissues during inflammation and stay for extended periods of time until the initial insult is resolved or sometimes remain even longer in the case of chronic inflammation. The mechanism as to why phagocytes become immobilized after the initial cell migration event is not understood completely. Here, we show that overexpression or hyperactivation of Rac2 decreases sustained chemotactic responses of macrophages to MCP-1/CCL2. The resulting leukocyte arrest is not caused by a diminished availability of the cytokine receptor CCR2 that remains intact during MCP-1 stimulation. We show a novel mechanism that links the Rac2-dependent arrest of chemotaxis to decreased expression of PLD2 through the transcription regulator Sp1. Prolonged Rac2 activity leads to nuclear overactivation of Sp1, which acts as a repressor for PLD2. Also, another signaling component plays a regulatory role: β-catenin. Although early times of stimulation (≈ 20 min) with MCP-1/CCL2 resulted in activation of β-catenin with a positive effect on PLD2, after ≈ 3 h of stimulation, the levels of β-catenin were reduced and not able to prevent the negative effect of Rac2 on PLD2 activity. This is a novel molecular mechanism underlying immobilization of monocyte/macrophage migration that is important for the physiological maintenance of leukocytes at the site of inflammation. If this immobilization is prolonged enough, it could lead to chronic inflammation.
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION OF BACKCALCULATED MODULI AND DEFLECTIONS USING LINEAR VISCOELASTICITY AND TIME-TEMPERATURE SUPERPOSITION

New analytical procedures for temperature correction of backcalculated asphalt concrete moduli and surface deflections were developed based on the theory of linear viscoelasticity and the time-temperature superposition principle and verified using falling weight deflectometer data and field temperature measurements. The new correction procedures explicitly utilize the thermorheological properties of the asphalt mixture. The resulting temperature-modulus correction factors depend only on the relaxation modulus and time-temperature shift factor of the mixture. The temperature-deflection correction factor depends on both the material properties and the layer thicknesses of the pavement section. Emphasis has been placed on the analytical description of the mixture's thermoviscoelasticity responsible for temperature effects on mixture modulus and pavement deflection. A mechanistic framework for dealing with temperature correction problems for asphalt pavement has been introduced.
Computable embeddings and strongly minimal theories

Here we prove that if T and T' are strongly minimal theories, where T' satisfies a certain property related to triviality and T does not, and T' is model complete, then there is no computable embedding of Mod(T) into Mod(T'). Using this, we answer a question from [4], showing that there is no computable embedding of VS into ZS. where VS is the class of infinite vector spaces over Q. and ZS is the class of models of Th (Z, S). Similarly, we show that there is no computable embedding o? AC F into ZS, where ACF is the class of algebraically closed fields of characteristic 0. ?
Development of a Regional Stock–Recruitment Model for Understanding Factors Affecting Walleye Recruitment in Northern Wisconsin Lakes

Abstract We used data from 162 lakes in northern Wisconsin during 1990–1999 to develop a stock–recruitment model for walleye Stizostedion vitreum and to identify important factors affecting recruitment. We used the linear version of the Ricker stock–recruit model and regression tree analysis to model age-0 walleye density, which ranged from 0.24 to 505 per km of shoreline (mean = 51.2). Adult walleye density ranged from .040 to 5.9 per surface hectare (mean = 1.5). The density of adult (sexually mature) walleyes, calendar year, and angling harvest rate of yellow perch Perca flavescens were significant descriptors of age-0 walleye density. Adult walleye density explained 10% of the variation in age-0 walleye abundance, which exhibited significant compensatory density dependence. Calendar year and yellow perch density explained nearly 32% of the residual variation in age-0 walleye density. The average age-0 walleye density in high-recruitment years (1991, 1994, and 1995) was 74.2/km, whereas the average age...
Who are the marital experts

We asked whether professional training or personal experience with marriage predicted accuracy in judging (a) marital satisfaction and (b) marital stability. Nine groups of participants viewed 3-minute videotaped conversations of 10 married couples and rated each on level of marital satisfaction and whether they were likely to divorce in the future. Group differences were found in accuracy of marital satisfaction judgments. Those for whom marriage held high personal meaning (satisfied and dissatisfied long-term marriages, newlyweds, recent divorce[e]s), as rated by a panel of judges, were more accurate than those with professional training (pastoral counselors, clinical psychology graduate students, marital therapists, marital researchers). Neither professional training nor personal experience was associated with the ability to predict divorce.
Classification of gene microarrays by penalized logistic regression

Classification of patient samples is an important aspect of cancer diagnosis and treatment. The support vector machine (SVM) has been successfully applied to microarray cancer diagnosis problems. However, one weakness of the SVM is that given a tumor sample, it only predicts a cancer class label but does not provide any estimate of the underlying probability. We propose penalized logistic regression (PLR) as an alternative to the SVM for the microarray cancer diagnosis problem. We show that when using the same set of genes, PLR and the SVM perform similarly in cancer classification, but PLR has the advantage of additionally providing an estimate of the underlying probability. Often a primary goal in microarray cancer diagnosis is to identify the genes responsible for the classification, rather than class prediction. We consider two gene selection methods in this paper, univariate ranking (UR) and recursive feature elimination (RFE). Empirical results indicate that PLR combined with RFE tends to select fewer genes than other methods and also performs well in both cross-validation and test samples. A fast algorithm for solving PLR is also described.
Analysis of phagosomal proteomes: From latex-bead to bacterial phagosomes

Phagosomal proteome characterization has contributed significantly to the understanding of host-pathogen interaction and the mechanism of infectious diseases caused by intracellular bacteria. The latex bead-containing phagosome has been widely used as a model system to study phagosomal proteomes at a global level. In contrast, the study of bacteria-containing phagosomes at a similar level has just begun. A number of intracellular microbial species are studied for their proteomes during the invasion of a host, providing insight into their metabolic adaptation in host cells and interaction with host-cell antimicrobial environments. In this review, we attempt to summarize the most recent advancements in the proteomic study of microbial phagosomes, especially those originating from mouse or human cells. We also briefly describe the proteomics of latex bead-containing phagosomes because they are often used as model phagosomes for study. We provide descriptions on major biological and technological components in phagosomal proteome studies. We also discuss the role of phagosomal proteome study in the broader horizon of systems biology and the technological challenges in phagosomal proteome characterization.
Ultralow thermal conductivity of multilayers with highly dissimilar Debye temperatures.

Thermal transport in multilayers (MLs) has attracted significant interest and shows promising applications. Unlike their single-component counterparts, MLs exhibit a thermal conductivity that can be effectively engineered by both the number density of the layers and the interfacial thermal resistance between layers, with the latter being highly tunable via the contrast of acoustic properties of each layer. In this work, we experimentally demonstrated an ultralow thermal conductivity of 0.33 ± 0.04 W m −1 K −1 at room temperature in MLs made of Au and Si with a high interfacial density of ∼0.2 interface nm −1 . The measured thermal conductivity is significantly lower than the amorphous limit of either Si or Au and is also much lower than previously measured MLs with a similar interfacial density. With a Debye temperature ratio of ∼3.9 for Au and Si, the Au/Si MLs represent the highest mismatched system in inorganic MLs measured to date. In addition, we explore the prior theoretical prediction that full phonon dispersion could better model the interfacial thermal resistance involving materials with low Debye temperatures. Our results demonstrate that MLs with highly dissimilar Debye temperatures represent a rational approach to achieve ultralow thermal conductivity in inorganic materials and can also serve as a platform for investigating interfacial thermal transport.
Stream hydrogeomorphology as a physical science basis for advances in stream ecology

AbstractThe disciplines of geomorphology, hydrology, and hydrogeology have had a marked influence on the evolution of systems thinking in stream ecology. The River Continuum Concept was an explicit attempt to “translate the energy equilibrium theory from the physical system of geomorphologists into a biological analog” (Vannote et al. 1980, p. 131). A subsequent view of rivers as corridors evolved from an improved understanding of hydrologic linkages between rivers and their catchments and among channels, alluvial aquifers, and riparian zones/floodplains. More recently, the importance of channel network topology and dynamic, 3-dimensional hydrologic connectivity across fluvial landscapes has been emphasized by stream ecologists. This progression of ecological thinking provides a useful framework for understanding the role of fluvial geomorphology, channel hydrology, and hyporheic hydrology in shaping fundamental concepts of stream ecosystem science. This progression also defines a trajectory for understan...
Zum chemischen Strukturbeweis der hexagonalen, leichtflüchtigen Modifikation des Phosphor(V)‐oxydes. II. Die Solvolyse des Phosphor(V)‐oxydes mit Isopropyläther

Aus der leichtfluchtigen Modifikation des Phosphor(V)-oxydes bildet sich, wie schon fruher fur den Athylather gezeigt, bei Anlagerung von Isopropylather ein iso- Propylestergemisch von rund 70% iso-Tetrametaphosphorsaure- und rund 30% Tetrametaphosphorsaureester, woraus sich, auch rein chemisch, die tetraedrische Struktur der P4O10-Molekel ergibt. Es wird erklart, warum die Ester kondensierter Phosphorsauren solvolytisch sehr viel leichter gespalten werden als die entsprechenden Salze.
The flock: mote sensors sing in undergraduate curriculum

We integrate wireless sensor networks in an undergraduate embedded systems course that exposes students to an important emerging technology in the core of the computer-engineering curriculum.
Improving the precision of high-rate GPS

[1] In order to improve the accuracy of high-rate (1 Hz) displacements for geophysical applications such as seismology it is important to reduce systematic errors at seismic frequencies. One such GPS error source that overlaps with seismic frequencies and is not currently modeled is multipath. This study investigates the frequencies and repetition of multipath in high-rate GPS time series in order to maximize the effectiveness of techniques relying upon the geometric repeatability of GPS satellite orbits. The implementation of the aspect repeat time adjustment (ARTA) method described here uses GPS position time series to estimate time-varying and site-dependent shifts. As demonstrated for high-rate GPS sites in southern California this technique significantly reduces positioning noise at periods from 20 to 1000 s. For a 12-hour time series, ARTA methods improve the standard deviation of the north component from 8.2 to 5.1 mm and the east component from 6.3 to 4.0 mm. After applying ARTA corrections, common mode errors are removed by stacking. This method further improves the standard deviations to 3.0 and 2.6 mm for the north and east components, respectively.
Shiga Toxin as a Bacterial Defense against a Eukaryotic Predator, Tetrahymena thermophila

Bacterially derived exotoxins kill eukaryotic cells by inactivating factors and/or pathways that are universally conserved among eukaryotic organisms. The genes that encode these exotoxins are commonly found in bacterial viruses (bacteriophages). In the context of mammals, these toxins cause diseases ranging from cholera to diphtheria to enterohemorrhagic diarrhea. Phage-carried exotoxin genes are widespread in the environment and are found with unexpectedly high frequency in regions lacking the presumed mammalian “targets,” suggesting that mammals are not the primary targets of these exotoxins. We suggest that such exotoxins may have evolved for the purpose of bacterial antipredator defense. We show here that Tetrahymena thermophila, a bacterivorous predator, is killed when cocultured with bacteria bearing a Shiga toxin (Stx)-encoding temperate bacteriophage. In cocultures with Tetrahymena, the Stx-encoding bacteria display a growth advantage over those that do not produce Stx. Tetrahymena is also killed by purified Stx. Disruption of the gene encoding the StxB subunit or addition of an excess of the nontoxic StxB subunit substantially reduced Stx holotoxin toxicity, suggesting that this subunit mediates intake and/or trafficking of Stx by Tetrahymena. Bacterially mediated Tetrahymena killing was blocked by mutations that prevented the bacterial SOS response (recA mutations) or by enzymes that breakdown H2O2 (catalase), suggesting that the production of H2O2 by Tetrahymena signals its presence to the bacteria, leading to bacteriophage induction and production of Stx.
Enhanced eosinophil luminol-dependent chemiluminescence in allergic rhinitis

Abstract Eosinophils were isolated from patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, and their functional activity was evaluated by their luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) response to opsonized zymosan and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). We found that eosinophils from patients with allergic rhinitis produced a significantly greater CL response to opsonized zymosan than did normal cells. Eosinophils from both subjects with allergic rhinitis and control subjects were isolated to a purity of 95% and elicited peak values of 1,101, 901 ± 133,708 cpm/5 × 10 5 cells (n = 7) and 17,278 ± 25,910 cpml5 × 10' cells (n = 5), respectively. The enhanced eosinophil CL to zymosan was found at times when the patients were maximally symptomatic with hay fever symptoms to ragweed pollen and again when they were asymptomatic. Eosinophils from these patients with allergic rhinitis also had enhanced CL to PMA (0.01 mcglml), but this increased activity was largely limited to times of hay fever symptoms. No correlation was found between enhanced eosinophil CL activity and the number of circulating eosinophils in allergic individuals. In contrast to the increased eosinophil activity, neutrophil CL to zymosan and PMA was similar in allergic and normal individuals throughout the study. These data provide evidence for the existence of enhanced oxidative metabolic function in eosinophils from patients with allergic rhinitis and raise the possibility that this particular activity is important in hay fever.
Development of a Conservative Model Validation Approach for Reliable Analysis

Abstract : Simulation models are approximations of real-world physical systems. Therefore, simulation model validation is necessary for the simulation-based design process to provide reliable products. However, due to the cost of product testing, experimental data in the context of model validation is limited for a given design. When the experimental data is limited, a true output PDF cannot be correctly obtained. Therefore, reliable target output PDF needs to be used to update the simulation model. In this paper, a new model validation approach is proposed to obtain a conservative estimation of the target output PDF for validation of the simulation model in reliability analysis. The proposed method considers the uncertainty induced by insufficient experimental data in estimation of predicted output PDFs by using Bayesian analysis. Then, a target output PDF and a probability of failure are selected from these predicted output PDFs at a user-specified conservativeness level for validation. For validation, the calibration parameter and model bias are optimized to minimize a validation measure of the simulation output PDF and the conservative target output PDF subject to the conservative probability of failure. For the optimization, accurate sensitivity of the validation measure is obtained using the complex variable method (CVM) for sensitivity analysis. As the target output PDF satisfies the user-specified conservativeness level, the validated simulation model provides a conservative representation of the experimental data. A simply supported beam is used to carry out the convergence study and demonstrate that the proposed method establishes a conservatively reliable simulation model.
Operation of water resources systems and reservoirs for flood control

The objective of water resource system operation for flood control is to reduce downstream flood damage. Average annual flood damage is usually the preferred measure of flood control project performance because it can be compared with annual costs to determine the most economically efficient system. Expected annual flood damage computations require the estimation of the flood frequency curves with and without the proposed flood control projects.