cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Designing for People With and Without Disabilities Shapes Student Design Thinking

Despite practices addressing disability in design and advocating user-centered design (UCD) approaches, popular mainstream technologies remain largely inaccessible for people with disabilities. We conducted a design course study investigating how student designers regard disability and explored how designing for both disabled and non-disabled users encouraged students to think about accessibility throughout the design process. Students focused on a design project while learning UCD concepts and techniques, working with people with and without disabilities throughout the project. We found that designing for both disabled and non-disabled users surfaced challenges and tensions in finding solutions to satisfy both groups, influencing students' attitudes toward accessible design. In addressing these tensions, non-functional aspects of accessible design emerged as important complements to functional aspects for users with and without disabilities.
Comparison of amino acids, biogenic amines and ammonium ion of wines made of different types of fruits

Summary Amino acids, biogenic amines and ammonium ion are the primary nitrogen sources in fruit wines. Compared to grape wines, our knowledge to their profile in wines made of other fruits is very lack. Fourteen wines made of nine kinds of fruits together with seven grape wines were selected to compare their nitrogen component profile. White grape wines possessed the highest level of total amino acids, followed by red grape wines and then the wines made of the other fruits. Red grape wines contained the highest level of biogenic amines, followed by white grape wines and the wines made of the other fruits. Ammonium ion was also found to be higher in the wines made of grapes. Principal component analysis revealed that the obvious separations existed among the wines made from different types of fruits, indicating that these nitrogen compounds could be served as the indicators to differentiate different types of fruit wines.
Personal identity is the philosophical penumbra in which capacity must be assessed

Summary There is a temptation in the clinical world to transform capacity into a technical concept that can be tested objectively, usually by calling for a psychiatric consult. This is a classic example of medicalization. In this article, I argue that this is a mistake, not just unnecessary but wrong, and explain how to return capacity assessment to a normal part of the medical encounter. Part of how many physicians started down this path was from confusing the concepts of competence and capacity. While returning to a less technical approach to capacity assessment may seem like it should not be difficult, a tremendous amount of scholarship confusing competence and capacity has given many physicians the false opinion that psychiatry is needed for a capacity assessment, and it has become a commonly accepted hospital practice or even policy in some hospitals to request psychiatric consultation to assess a patient's decision-making capacity. The goal of this article is to return the concept of capacity to its proper historical origins in patient's rights, informed consent, and the philosophical idea of authenticity. Thus, in this chapter, I argue that personal identity is essential to the concept of decision-making capacity. Personal identity is a notion of continuity of core values and personality; consistency over time. One doesn’t act a certain way because one remembers being that way in the past, or because you can give reasons to be that way, but because acting that way comes naturally to that person as a reflection of her beliefs and values. It is a decision that represents the patient's authentic self, or reflects his (or her) true self. Hence capacity assessment, if properly understood, does not require a scientific test of a properly functioning inner psychological process, or of accurate memories of past events or actions, but a humanistic social interpersonal interaction to ascertain personal identity or consistency over time. Thus, personal identity is more important to capacity assessment and informed consent than either memory or reasoning ability. This leads to interesting results, such as the person best able to assess a patient's capacity must be someone who knows the patient's past, including (but not limited to) past medical decisions. Hence, a primary care doctor or a family member may be the best person to consult, rather than a psychiatrist meeting a patient for the first time. And there might be reason to encourage ethics consultants to include capacity assessment as a professional skill for some cases as well.
TEST METHODS FOR MEASURING MINIMUM HOLDING TIMES IN CONTINUOUS EGG PASTEURIZERS1

Two test methods that may be used in commercial egg pasteurizers while in normal operation are described. Either may be used without damage to the product and with almost no disturbance to regular plant procedures. These tests have been needed to help determine the degree of compliance with pasteurization requirements. The first method requires injection of a cold shot into the flow stream entering the holding tube and determination of the time required for the first of this material to arrive at the outlet of the holding tube. The cold shot is introduced into the line by use of a by-pass loop. The arrival of the cold shot at the end of the holding tube is detected by use of a sensitive recorder to indicate the temperature change. The second method is based on the use of a fluorocarbon compound as a tracer. The compound is dissolved in yolk, which is injected into the flow stream entering the holding tube. Samples taken at the end of the holding tube are checked with a fluorocarbon leak detector of the ty...
Airway and Pulmonary β2-Adrenergic Vasodilatory Function in Current Smokers and Never Smokers

Background Cigarette smoking has been associated with diminished vasodilatory function in the airway circulation. It is possible that cigarette smoking similarly affects the pulmonary circulation before resting pulmonary circulatory abnormalities become manifested. The aim of this study was to compare the acute effect of inhaled albuterol on airway and pulmonary hemodynamic function as an index of β 2 -adrenoceptor-mediated vasodilation in smokers and never smokers. Methods In 30 adults, airway and pulmonary vascular function was assessed before and 15 min after albuterol inhalation (270 μg). From mean systemic arterial pressure, cardiac output, airway blood flow, and mean pulmonary arterial pressure, airway vascular resistance (AVR) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were derived. Results Albuterol induced a substantial drop in mean (± SE) PVR (–67.2% ± 5%), with no difference between groups. In contrast, the albuterol-induced decrease in AVR was significantly greater in never smokers than in smokers (–28.6% ± 3% vs –3.1% ± 6%; P Conclusions These results are consistent with a dysfunction in a β 2 -adrenergic signaling pathway mediating vasorelaxation in the airway circulation of current smokers. The vasodilatory deficit in the airway circulation but not in the pulmonary circulation could be related to local differences in the impact of cigarette smoke on the vascular endothelium.
Roles of Ileal ASBT and OSTα-OSTβ in Regulating Bile Acid Signaling

Background: In addition to their classical role as detergents, bile acids function as signaling molecules to regulate gastrointestinal physiology, carbohydrate an
Nanofluids for Enhanced Economics and Safety of Nuclear Reactors: An Evaluation of the Potential Features, Issues, and Research Gaps

Nanofluids are engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in water and exhibit a very significant enhancement (up to 200%) of the boiling critical heat flux (CHF) at modest nanoparticle conc...
Let’s Play (While Far Away)! Using Technology to Mediate Remote Playdates for Children with Autism

Play is an essential social, emotional, and intellectual developmental activity for children, including those with autism. Parents, educators, and therapists of autistic children strive to create opportunities for children to engage in mutual play with peers. Among other benefits, play enables children to develop the ability to see the world through someone else’s eyes, a process described by the “Theory of Mind” (ToM), a concept formulated by developmental psychologists. This awareness of another’s perspective has been identified as particularly challenging for people with autism. To examine the potential for technology to support play and ToM skills, we interviewed parents of children with autism about their current play practices. We found that parents struggle to implement in-person playdates due to the challenges of finding appropriate nearby peers and busy schedules filled with medical and therapy appointments. To explore alternatives to in-person playdates, we conducted an exploratory study in which pairs of autistic and neurotypical children interacted via two remote technologies: Microsoft Skype and Microsoft IllumiShare, a shared surface system. Our interaction analysis revealed that, through embodied interaction with real and virtual objects, the children engaged in mutual and parallel play. However, at times, the constraints of the technology impeded joint attention and perspective-taking. We contribute empirical findings based on interaction analysis of neurodiverse playmates playing remotely with tangible objects in a shared surface environment. We recommend design considerations for remote technologies to support mutual play and ToM skills.
The influence of inflammation on mammographic breast density in women at increased risk of breast cancer.

1566 Background: Mammographic density is an important risk factor for breast cancer but the etiology of density is not well understood. Studies suggest that inflammation may play a role in density....
Modeling, measurement, and management of conducted EMI and common-mode behavior in shipboard power systems: Part III: EMI characterization, compliance, and mitigation methods

History / Background of EMI Standardization MIL-STD-461 Details (esp. CE101, CE102) EMI Characterization Needs of Future Systems — Bandwidth Impact of WBG — EMI Platform Design — EMI Platform Implementation.
An optically transparent capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) fabricated using SU-8 or BCB adhesive wafer bonding

This paper describes an optically transparent capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) fabricated with two indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass wafers bonded together using adhesive wafer bonding. Both SU-8 photoresist and photosensitive benzocyclobutene (BCB) were investigated as the adhesive layer, which also helps define the cavities and form the insulation layer in the CMUT structure. The CMUT was designed as a single transducer on a 100-mm-diameter glass wafer. The key feature of the device is a thin glass top plate with an ITO electrode, coated with an SU-8 or BCB insulation layer, adhesively bonded onto cavities that are formed by patterning SU-8 or BCB on an ITO-coated glass substrate. The fabricated CMUTs using both bonding materials demonstrated an optical transmittance of 70%–80% in the full visible wavelength range. Vacuum sealing of the device was confirmed by the atmospheric deflection of 2.8 urn in the center of a CMUT cell. The electrical input impedance was measured after establishing the electrical connections using silver epoxy. The fabricated CMUTs showed a resonance frequency of approximately 62 kHz in air and the series resistance was measured as approximately 30 Ω.
Interpersonal conflict: strategies and guidelines for resolution

Historically, management theorists have recommended the avoidance or suppression of conflict. Modern management theorists recognize interpersonal conflict as an inevitable byproduct of growth and change. The issue is no longer avoidance of conflict but the strategy by which conflict is resolved. Various strategies of conflict resolution and the consequences of each are discussed in this article, along with guidelines for the effective use of confrontation strategy.
ESR and Molecular Dynamics

The development of ESR for the study of spin-relaxation and molecular dynamics of organic radicals and spin labels in fluids is reviewed from a historical perspective.
Other On/Off Control Case Studies

Chapters 5 and 6 illustrate that the BOXES methodology works very well in prolonging the duration of motion of a freely hinged pole that is attached to a constantly moving cart driven by a theoretically instantly reversible motor. The algorithm reads the state variables and issues one of two possible control signals connected to the motor control system thus enforcing right/left motion. There are many other dynamic systems that are controlled in a bang-bang fashion and consequently, candidates for the BOXES methodology. This chapter describes three case studies focusing on applications in which the BOXES system learns to switch a process variable on or off based on a signature table that is populated by appropriate learning laws. The applications described in this chapter are a fedbatch bioreactor, a trash to steam plant, and a system that learns to reverse a tractor trailer.
Dilantin® Sodium (Parke-Davis)

Phenytoin, chemically related to the barbiturates, is an anticonvulsant drug. Its site of action is the motor cortex where the spread of seizure activity is inhibited by the drug; this is accomplished possibly by promoting sodium efflux from neurons, hence stabilizing the threshold against hyperexcitability caused by excessive stimulation or environmental changes that are capable of reducing the membrane sodium gradient.
Tensile Overload and Stress Intensity Shielding Investigations by Ultrasound

Growth of a fatigue crack is modified according to the development of contacts between the crack faces [1,2] creating shielding, thus canceling a portion of the crack driving force. These contacts develop through a number of mechanisms, including plastic deformation, sliding of the faces with respect to each other and the collection of debris such as oxide particles [3]. Compressive stresses are created on either side of the partially contacting crack faces resulting in opening loads that must be overcome in order to apply a driving force at the crack tip. In this way, the crack tip is shielded from a portion of the applied load, thus creating the need for modification [1] of the applied stress intensity range from ΔK = KImax − KImin to ΔKeff = KImax − KIsh. Determination of the contact size and density in the region of closure from ultrasonic transmission and diffraction experiments [4] has allowed estimation of the magnitude of Kish on a crack grown under constant ΔK conditions. The calculation has since [5] been extended to fatigue cracks grown with a tensile overload block. The calculation was also successful in predicting the growth rate of the crack after reinitiation had occurred. This paper reports the further extension to the effects of a variable ΔK on fatigue crack growth. In addition, this paper presents preliminary results on detection of the tightly closed crack extension present during the growth retardation period after application of a tensile overload as well as an observation of the crack surface during reinitiation of growth that presents some interesting questions.
Inducing Predictive Models for Decision Support in Administrative Adjudication

Administrative adjudications are the most common form of legal decisions in many countries, so improving the efficiency, accuracy, and consistency of administrative processes could significantly benefit agencies and citizens alike. We explore the hypothesis that predictive models induced from previous administrative decisions can improve subsequent decision-making processes. This paper describes three datasets for exploring this hypothesis: motion-rulings, Board of Veterans Appeals (BVA) decisions; and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) domain name dispute decisions. Three different approaches for prediction in these domains were tested: maximum entropy over token n-grams; SVM over token n-grams; and a Hierarchical Attention Network (HAN) applied to the full text. Each approach was capable of predicting outcomes, with the simpler WIPO cases appearing to be much more predictable than BVA or motion-ruling cases. We explore several approaches to using predictive models to identify salient phrases in the predictive texts (i.e., motion or contentions and factual background) and propose a design for incorporating this information into a decision-support tool.
Variability in intensive care unit length of stay after liver transplant: Determinants and potential opportunities for improvement

Abstract Purpose Recovery after liver transplant (LT) requires extensive resources, including prolonged intensive care unit stays. The objective of this study was to use an assessment tool to determine if LT recipients remain in ICU beyond designated indications. Methods Records from 100 consecutive LTs performed in a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. An admission, discharge, and triage screening (ADT) tool was utilized to assess the indications for each ICU day. Data collected included demographics; pre-, intra-, and post-operative course; and complications. Days not meeting ADT criteria were considered additional ICU days. Results 100 patients: mean age 55 years (range 24–78 years) and mean MELD score 30 (range 6–47). Three recipients who died within one week were excluded. Forty-eight (49.5%) patients had a total of 75 additional days on initial ICU stay. Univariate analysis revealed no significant differences between patients with and without additional days. 12/97 (12.4%) patients returned to ICU including 5/48 and 7/49 with and without additional days. Conclusion Nearly half of the LT recipients remained in ICU an average of 1.6 additional days. Monitoring of organ function appeared to be the most common reason. Opportunities to improve resource utilization could include transfer to an intermediate/progressive care (“step-down”) unit.
The Characteristics of Informal Cancer Caregivers in the United States.

Objective To review characteristics and experiences of informal cancer caregivers. Data Sources Recent empirical studies and review papers on informal cancer caregiving. Conclusion Increasing cancer prevalence and shifts toward outpatient care place substantial burden on caregivers. Cancer progression, treatment, and individual characteristics influence the caregiving experience. Longitudinal research and the development, testing, and implementation of effective interventions for cancer caregivers are needed. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses play key roles in efforts to support cancer caregivers. Nursing interventions that incorporate caregiver preparation, support, and training in caregiving tasks are warranted.
A novel assay to isolate and quantify third-stage filarial larvae emerging from individual mosquitoes

Background: Mosquitoes transmit filarial nematodes to both human and animal hosts, resulting in worldwide health and economic consequences. Transmission to a vertebrate host requires that ingested microfilariae develop into infective third-stage larvae capable of emerging from the mosquito proboscis onto the skin of the host during blood feeding. Determining the number of microfilariae that successfully develop to infective third-stage larvae in the mosquito host is key to understanding parasite transmission potential and to developing new strategies to block these worms in their vector. Methods: We developed a novel method to efficiently assess the number of infective third-stage filarial larvae that emerge from experimentally infected mosquitoes. Following infection, individual mosquitoes were placed in wells of a multi-well culture plate and warmed to 37 &degC to stimulate parasite emergence. Aedes aegypti infected with Dirofilaria immitis were used to determine infection conditions and assay timing. The assay was also tested with Brugia malayi infected Ae. aegypti. Results: Approximately 30% of Ae. aegypti infected with D. immitis and 50% of those infected with B. malayi produce emerging third-stage larvae. Once D. immitis third-stage larvae emerge at 13 days post infection, the proportion of mosquitoes producing them, and the number produced per mosquito remain stable until at least day 21. The prevalence and intensity of emerging third-stage B. malayi were similar on days 12-14 days post infection. Increased uptake of D. immitis microfilariae increases the fitness cost to the mosquito but does not increase the number of emerging third-stage larvae. Conclusions: We provide a new assay with an associated set of infection conditions that will facilitate assessment of the filarial transmission potential of mosquito vectors and promote preparation of uniformly infectious L3 for functional assays. The ability to quantify infection outcome will facilitate analyses of molecular interactions between vectors and filariae, ultimately allowing for the establishment of novel methods to block disease transmission.
Being/becoming professional online: Wayfinding through networked practices and digital experiences:

Social media platforms and digital networks have enabled professionals to communicate with colleagues, disseminate information, and co-create knowledge. As the Internet has grown up and social netw...
Do Female Politicians Face Stronger Backlash for Corruption Allegations? Evidence from Survey-Experiments in Brazil and Mexico

The recent world-wide trend of female chief executives struggling to maintain public support while facing corruption allegations and scandals poses the question of whether female politicians face stronger backlash for corruption than their male counterparts. Even though corruption scandals and allegations are not exclusive to countries led by female incumbents, notable figures such as former Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff and former Chilean President Michele Bachelet seem to have experienced more dramatic drops in public support when targeted by corruption allegations in comparison to male incumbents from their region. This paper tests whether beliefs about women’s higher honesty and purity can lead voters to punish perceived transgressions by female politicians more harshly than when those are performed by men. Using survey-experiments conducted in Brazil and Mexico, the analyses find support for the gender-related backlash in Mexico and no evidence for it in Brazil. However, the backlash observed in Mexico is not larger among subjects holding views about women as less corrupt than men. Overall, the results suggest that the differential gender-related backlash against incumbents depends on individual and contextual-level factors.
Ehrlichiosis in a recent kidney transplant recipient: The repellent that did not repel! A case report and literature review of ehrlichiosis in solid organ transplant patients.

Ehrlichiosis has been infrequently reported in immunosuppressed patients such as solid organ transplants (SOT). We report a case of Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in an immunosuppressed woman four months after deceased donor kidney transplantation. The diagnosis was confirmed by PCR testing in serum, and the patient responded promptly to treatment with doxycycline. To supplement our Case Report, a literature review encompassing 1995 to present was also performed using PubMed as the search vehicle. Search terms that were utilized include: ehrlichiosis, HME, E chaffeensis, kidney transplant(ation), renal transplant(ation), solid organ transplant(ation), and immunosuppression. The diagnosis of ehrlichiosis can be challenging in SOT patients since ehrlichiosis is not a classic opportunistic infection in SOT. Transplant physicians must have a high clinical suspicion for the diagnosis in patients with an acute febrile illness accompanied by headache, worsening cytopenias, and transaminitis who live in endemic areas, especially if they have tick exposure.
Efficient and Accurate Multiple-Phenotypes Regression Method for High Dimensional Data Considering Population Structure

A typical GWAS tests correlation between a single phenotype and each genotype one at a time. However, it is often very useful to analyze many phenotypes simultaneously. For example, this may increase the power to detect variants by capturing unmeasured aspects of complex biological networks that a single phenotype might miss. There are several multivariate approaches that try to detect variants related to many phenotypes, but none of them consider population structure and each may result in a significant number of false positive identifications. Here, we introduce a new methodology, referred to as GAMMA, that could both simultaneously analyze many phenotypes as well as correct for population structure. In a simulated study, GAMMA accurately identifies true genetic effects without false positive identifications, while other methods either fail to detect true effects or result in many false positive identifications. We further apply our method to genetic studies of yeast and gut microbiome from mouse and show that GAMMA identifies several variants that are likely to have a true biological mechanism.
Preparation and Reactivity of Bimetallic (pincer)Ir Complexes

A new pincer ligand framework based on the commonly used “POCOP” (POCOP = κ3-C6H3-1,3-(OPR2)2, R = tBu, iPr) motif is reported, in which two POCOP units are tethered using an anthracene linker to s...
Before Ballet Shoes: Noel Streatfeild’s The Children’s Matinée

This article explores eight short plays by Noel Streatfeild (1895–1986), seven of which a cast of children and adults performed as a fundraiser in an Eastbourne, East Sussex home, probably in early...
What and when to explain? A survey of the impact of explanation on attitudes towards adopting automated vehicles

Automated vehicles (AV) have the potential to decrease driving-related accidents and traffic congestion and to reduce fuel consumption and carbon emissions. However, because of a lack of trust and acceptance, their widespread adoption is far from certain. One approach researchers have taken to promote trust and acceptance of AVs is to decrease the uncertainty associated with their actions by providing explanations. AV explanations are the reasons the AV provides to make its actions easier to understand. There is now a nascent but rapidly growing body of research on AV explanations. Yet, answers to basic questions like whether or when AV explanations are effective still elude us. To better understand what has been done and what should be done with regard to AV explanations, we present a review of the literature, discuss the findings and identify several important future research directions.
The Role of Rules for Derivatives

Publisher Summary This chapter presents two projects—expanding house and expanding economy—exemplifying the role of rules for derivatives. The projects in this chapter are completely independent. The expanding house requires no calculus until the very end where it is related to the chain rule, while the expanding economy is a practical illustration of the product rule. The expanding economy project is a small project or big exercise that illustrates the idea of the product rule for differentiation. The expanding house project problem illustrates a number of basic ideas that are generalized in symbolic differentiation formulas.
Plasma—Hydrodynamic Analogy for Waves and Vortices in Shear Flows

A physical analogy between resonant wave-particle interactions in plasma and in fluid mechanics is considered in details. Numerous examples show that the plasma-hydrodynamical analogy is a powerful tool for classification of known phenomena, clarifying their physical nature, discovering new unexpected effects and inventing new devices. The analogy shows up both in plane parallel and in circular shear flows.
The Drama of Corporate Law: Narrator between Citizen, State and Corporation

The allure of a narrative of business law continues to prove irresistible. It is even more so in a contemporary regulatory context in which the separation between politics and economics, law and governance, and political and economic actors becomes fuzzier. Within this dynamic context, spinning a narrative of economic collectives can serve as an important source of the constitution of social institutions, like corporations. This essay reviews David A. Westbrook’s recent contribution to this endeavor, Between Citizen and State: An Introduction to the Corporation (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press, 2007). Westbrook seeks to situate the corporation between property and institution, and then again between social and political institutions inside the framework of American law and policy. That American framework, for Westbrook, is fundamentally ambiguous, melding elements suggesting corporations as autonomous social organs that have unsettled relationships with both individuals who have legally recognized stakes in them and with the organs of the political state which simultaneously assert legally recognized regulatory stakes. Westbrook queries what he describes as a weakness of our political thought that produces a deeply traditional academic corporate law, which an essentially conforming and conservative community of legal academics seeks to theorize away. This review essay examines this deeply conservative and tightly focused narrative world within the larger narrative of unconventional corporate entities and markets - the mafia and the yakuza. Westbrook’s call for a dramatic understanding of law in the American narrative context becomes a promising analytic method that reveals not so much the weakness of political thought as a play within a play without a script. Westbrook’s narrative offers elaborate tales of domestication and privatization of that portion of the economic sector that is capable of governance, of property that is animated - like the creation of Frankenstein - and of entities that are better understood as beyond citizen and state. The narrative of yakuza and mafia suggest both the limits and character of the conventional narrative of the American corporation so masterfully recounted by Westbrook. The three stories together constitute a wider universe of power-reality that also emphasizes the malleability of reality and the power inherent in controlling the parameters of narrative. The managerial character of narrative in the legitimating context of law stories becomes the great moral of Westbrook’s tale as much as the autonomy of human activity, and its complex inter-connections, is from the yakuza and mafia stories.
High score!: motivation strategies for user participation in virtual human development

Conversational modeling requires an extended time commitment, and the difficulty associated with capturing the wide range of conversational stimuli necessitates extended user participation. We propose the use of leaderboards, narratives and deadlines as motivation strategies to persuade user participation in the conversational modeling for virtual humans. We evaluate the applicability of leaderboards, narratives and deadlines through a user study conducted with medical students (n=20) for modeling the conversational corpus of a virtual patient character. Leaderboards, narratives and deadlines were observed to be effective in improving user participation. Incorporating these strategies had the additional effect of making user responses less reflective of real world conversations.
EXTERNALIZED BORDERS AND THE INVISIBLE REFUGEE

This Article undertakes a comparative analysis of external border enforcement measures in the European Union and the United States, with particular emphasis on the efforts of both to curtail migration by sea. Nations around the world are moving the locus of border enforcement efforts beyond their terrestrial borders into the sea or onto territories of foreign countries, in an effort to halt the flow of refugees. In the European Union, some Member States have begun to externalize the EU borders by using the EU joint external border guard agency (FRONTEX) to intercept and repatriate thousands of migrants caught at sea. EU Member States with borders in close proximity to Africa have entered into agreements with nations with large emigrant populations in order to shift responsibility for refugee flows onto already overburdened developing nations. Nations with large emigrant populations have little choice but to enter into immigration agreements with EU Member States, since development funding or visa-allotment is often tied to acceptance of these agreements. I argue that the global focus on securitization and enforcement has weakened the refugee protection regime. Because the European Union is bound by a number of human rights and European Community conventions beyond the Refugee Convention, it offers a particularly fertile ground for analyzing border externalization actions and reconceptualizing the needs of - and obligations to - the modern day refugee. I propose a framework for accountability and increased refugee protection that goes beyond the Refugee Convention and draws upon other international laws. I argue that just as a nation should not escape liability when it sends a person in its custody to a nation that is known to engage in torture, so too must a nation be liable for human rights violations that occur as a result of outsourcing refugee protection and the externalizing of borders. Although sovereign nations have a right to control entry into their territories, this right is not absolute and must be carried out in harmony with international human rights obligations. States cannot refuse to respect these rights either by blocking access to a receiving country or by partnering with third countries to block individuals from leaving their homelands. Border security functions should not be floated out to sea or delegated to third countries without also ensuring that the concomitant international protection obligations are carried out fully. In order for the Refugee Convention to have meaning, it must be interpreted within the context of the broader international human rights framework; those in need of protection must be afforded true access. Nations that commit human rights abuses must be held accountable - whether the abuses occur at home or abroad.
The potential of nucleic acid repair in functional genomics

Chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides have been used successfully to correct point and frameshift mutations in cells as well as in animal and plant models. This approach is one of several nucleic acid repair technologies that will help elucidate the function of newly discovered genes. Understanding the mechanisms by which these different technologies direct gene alteration is essential for progress in their application to functional genomics.
The visual art of contemporary artists with epilepsy.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents examples from a collection organized by the apparent connection between the pictorial subject and epilepsy as currently understood from a medical perspective. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders encountered in clinical practice, affecting approximately 1 of 50 children and 1 of 100 adults in developed countries, with a higher prevalence in developing countries. Epilepsy is called a hidden disability because people with the condition usually appear normal between seizures. The works of contemporary artists with epilepsy offer insightful perspectives into the varied experiences of people with this disorder through the expression of epilepsy-related experiences and demonstration that people with epilepsy can contribute to culture. This chapter investigates questions and answering these questions with further study may help in understanding the meaning of the art of contemporary artists with epilepsy.
Rational subsets of finite groups

We characterize the rational subsets of a finite group and discuss the relations to integral Cayley graphs‎.
The social structure of urban adolescent peer groups.

In a field investigation of adolescent peer groups, five hierarchies of groups were located in suburban areas, each hierarchy consisting of two or three crowds. Each crowd was an association of from two to four cliques. The network of cliques within a hierarchy was maintained through a system of reciprocal role relationships between clique leaders and crowd leaders, who were objects of identification for their followers. In the crowd two distinct, mutuallysupportive central roles were differentiated-crowd leader and sociocenter. The leader set the pace of social development while the sociocenter relieved the tension created by this pressure toward achievement of heterosexuality. Together the two roles preserved the equilibrium of the crowd system while maximizing the rate at which members learned a mature heterosexual role.
Control of Uncertain Discrete-Time Systems

We consider the problem of obtaining stabilizing memoryless state feedback controllers for a class of uncertain systems described by difference equations (discrete-time systems). Based on Lyapunov functions, controllers are presented which yield the desired behavior.
Designing Dreams or Constructing Contradictions? European Union Multifunctional Policies and the Polish Organic Farm Sector*

Analysts have heralded the principle of “multifunctionality” undergirding the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy “Second Pillar” support mechanisms as a “new . . . and strong paradigm” for agriculture (van der Ploeg and Roep 2003), with the potential to re-embed social, environmental, and ethical concerns into the structure of the agricultural system. Multifunctionality-inspired agrienvironmental policies arguably represent an alternative to the productivist-focused structural forces driving global industrialized agriculture. Yet few empirical studies interrogate the links between the assumed benefits of these policies and farmer experiences. This article examines the introduction of European Union multifunctional agrienvironmental policies in Poland, specifically incentives and supports for certified organic farming, and demonstrates that while favorable incentive subsidies have promoted increased entry into the organic farming sector, inattention to contextual factors has generated barriers to entry and access, creating unanticipated vulnerabilities for Poland's organic farmers and subsequent contradictions in policy implementation. Furthermore, this article demonstrates that, although specific organic certification standards have changed little since Poland's accession to the European Union, the processes associated with new EU multifunctional policies have shifted toward greater institutionalization and bureaucratization, potentially thwarting the efficacy of multifunctional incentives for organic agriculture in the Polish context.
Highway Construction Cost Forecasting Using Vector Error Correction Models

AbstractHighway construction costs are subject to significant variations over time. These fluctuations are apparent in trends of indices, such as the national highway construction cost index (NHCCI). These variations are problematic for highway contractors because they can result in bid loss or profit loss. They are also problematic for owner organizations, such as State Departments of Transportation (State DOTs), because they can result in hidden price contingencies, delayed or cancelled projects, inconsistency in budgets, and unsteady flow of projects. These problems can be prevented if highway construction costs are forecasted accurately. Existing literature lacks appropriate models to accurately forecast NHCCI. The objective of this research is to identify the leading indicators of NHCCI (i.e., the explanatory variables of NHCCI that are useful to predict NHCCI), and create appropriate multivariate time series models for forecasting NHCCI through utilizing information available from the identified lea...
Kalman filter estimation for valuing nontrading securities, with applications to the MMI cash-future spread on October 19 and 20, 1987

The Kalman filter is proposed as a method for estimating the value of nontrading securities during periods when other securities are trading. The method also provides confidence intervals that indicate the degree of uncertainty regarding estimated value. The method is applied to the Major Market Index during the principal days of the 1987 stock market crash. Our results indicate that nonsynchronous trading explains a small but significant portion of the cash-futures spread that prevailed during these days.
Robust optimal deployment of mobile sensor networks

A common algorithm for deployment of a mobile sensor network in a bounded domain moves each sensor toward the centroid of its Voronoi cell. This algorithm is optimal for a particular cost function that is expressed as a sum over Voronoi cells, where the placement of a sensor in its own cell has no effect on cost in other cells. We provide a probabilistic interpretation of this “partitioned” cost function in the context of a target detection task, where each sensor has a chance of seeing the target that decreases monotonically with distance and where the goal is to minimize the total probability of missed detection. We show that the partitioned cost function is exactly the probability of missed detection given that a sensor can only see a target in its own Voronoi cell. We derive the probability of missed detection in the general case—where each sensor might see the target anywhere—and show that optimal sensor placement changes. Finally, we derive the probability of missed detection given the possibility of sensor failure, producing a robust measure of cost with respect to which optimal sensor placement is different yet again. Our results are illustrated by several examples in simulation.
Growth Characteristics, Protein Synthesis, and Protein Degradation in Muscles From Fast and Slow-Growing Chickens

Abstract Developmental changes in muscle growth were studied in Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) and broiler-type (B) chickens. The extensor digiti communus (EDC) and ulnaris lateralis (UL) muscles were chosen for study because these muscles can be maintained in vitro, permitting the direct measurement of the fractional rate of protein synthesis (FSR) and the fractional rate of degradation (FDR). These muscles were removed from chicks at 1, 5, 10, and 20 days of age. Muscles for B were heavier, grew at a faster rate, and had greater fractional rates of growth than muscles from SCWL. Muscle protein concentrations were similar for SCWL and B. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentrations were greater in EDC muscles from SCWL than B at all time periods. Concentrations of DNA were greater in UL muscles from SCWL than B after Day 1. The FSR and FDR were measured in muscles incubated in vitro. At 9 days of age, FSR in broiler and SCWL chicks was not significantly different in either muscle. The FDR was 12 and 19% lower in broiler EDC and UL muscles, respectively, demonstrating that broiler EDC and UL muscles accrete protein at a greater rate and more efficiently than SCWL muscles because of a slower rate of protein degradation. The FSR and FDR were also compared in B and SCWL chicks of 8 and 11 days, respectively, with equal DNA unit sizes. The FSR in B was 27 and 13% greater in EDC and UL muscles, respectively, demonstrating that protein synthesis per nucleus is greater in B chicks.
Hydrogen atom under a sequence of static multipole perturbations: Wave-function corrections.

A closed-form expression is obtained for 〈r\ensuremath{\Vert}${G}^{j}$V\ensuremath{\Vert}${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}$〉, where ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}$ is the nonrelativistic hydrogenic ground state, V is a sum of static multipole perturbations of the form ${A}_{\mathrm{Ll}}$${r}^{L}$${P}_{l}$, L\ensuremath{\ge}l, G=Q(${E}_{0}$-${H}_{0}$${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$Q is the projected static Green operator, and Q=1-\ensuremath{\Vert}${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}$〉〈${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\Vert} is the pro- jection operator. This method can be used iteratively to obtain the solution for ... \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{0}$〉, where {${V}_{m}$,${V}_{m\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$,...,${V}_{1}$} is a set of static multipole perturbations. This quantity is of great interest in the computation of sum rules, high-order wave-function corrections due to multipole perturbations, and the adiabatic and nonadiabatic potentials in the scattering of a charged particle by a hydrogenic ion and in the interaction between a Rydberg electron and the core ion in high Rydberg states of heliumlike ions.
Isolation and characterization of a cysteine proteinase gene of Plasmodium falciparum

We have previously identified a 28-kDa cysteine proteinase of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites that appears to be an essential malarial hemoglobinase and a potential target for antimalarial chemotherapy. The trophozoite cysteine proteinase (TCP) shares a number of biochemical properties with the lysosomal cysteine proteinase cathepsin L. To isolate the gene encoding TCP, we synthesized degenerate oligonucleotides based on two amino acid sequences of cathepsin L that are well conserved among papain-family cysteine proteinases, and used the oligonucleotides to prime the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with P. falciparum genomic DNA. A 549-bp DNA fragment was amplified by PCR. This fragment was used as a hybridization probe to screen a lambda gt11 library of P. falciparum genomic DNA and isolate a 1.8-kb genomic clone (C1.8) that encoded an intact malarial cysteine proteinase gene. The sequence of C1.8 predicted a 67-kDa protein containing a typical signal sequence, a large pro sequence, and a 26.8-kDa mature proteinase with 37% amino acid identity to cathepsin L. Antisera directed against a peptide encoded by C1.8 recognized a 28-kDa trophozoite protein on immunoblots. In a Northern analysis, C1.8 hybridized predominantly with RNA from rings, the life-cycle stage immediately preceding the trophozoite stage. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the P. falciparum cysteine proteinase gene we have isolated and characterized encodes TCP.
Partially coherent cyclostationary pulses in Young’s interference experiment

Young's interference experiment is used to analyze the statistical properties of a certain class of spatially partially coherent, cyclostationary, optical fields.
Asthma research: The real action is in children

Many adult diseases have their roots in infancy or even prenatally. If events that initiate these diseases, as opposed to those that propagate the disease state, are to be understood, then the difficult area of how ethically to research problems in infancy must be tackled. Furthermore, the predisposition to archetypally 'pure' adult problems such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, may lie antenatally, the effects being masked until the lung starts to age. An additional factor is that the success of paediatricians, for example in ensuring the survival of extremely premature, low birth weight infants leads to adult survivors with potentially a whole new morbidity. The first prerequisite to making progress is a sound understanding of the development of the normal lung and how adverse environmental and genetic influences, such as exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and maternal atopy, respectively, may affect growth. This paper focuses on three key areas: the implications of different pre-school wheezing phenotypes for adult disease; the importance of very early life events in cystic fibrosis; and the long term consequences of chronic lung disease of prematurity. Finally, the ethical principles that must underpin future research in pre-school children is discussed, as well as the means we might use to further our understanding of the relevant early disease processes.