cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Form of the compensatory stepping response to repeated laterally directed postural disturbances

A compensatory stepping response (CSR) is a common strategy to restore dynamic stability in response to a postural disturbance. Currently, few studies have investigated the CSR to laterally directed disturbances delivered to subjects during quiet standing. The purpose of this study was to characterize the CSR of younger adults following exposure to a series of similar laterally directed disturbances for which no instructions were given with regard to the recovery response. We hypothesized that in the absence of externally applied constraints to the recovery response, subjects would be equally as likely to perform a crossover step as a sidestep sequence (SSS). We further hypothesized that there would be an asymmetry in arm abduction that would be dependent on the disturbance direction. Finally, we were interested in characterizing the effect of practice on the CSR to repeated disturbances. Ten younger adults were exposed to thirty laterally directed platform disturbances that forced a stepping response. Subjects responded by primarily utilizing a SSS that differs from previously reported results. Further, five of the ten subjects utilized a different recovery response that was dependent on the direction of the disturbance (i.e., left or right). Greater arm abduction was characterized for the arm in the direction of the external disturbance in comparison with the contralateral arm. Lastly, subjects modified their recovery response to this task within 12 disturbances. Taken together, these results suggest that recovery responses to laterally directed disturbances can be quickly modified but can be quite variable between and within subjects.
Circumspection, preemption and personal constructs

According to personal construct theory the personality is shaped by the constructs the person uses in anticipating events. In this study grid measures of logically inconsistent construction and preemptive or reductionistic construction are compared with scores from the 16 P.F. Questionnaire. Logical inconsistency was correlated with several traits suggesting neuroticism. Preemption was correlated with several traits suggesting an incredulous approach to life. These results are in agreement with the theoretical assertions of personal construct psychology.
Computation of attached three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers

Abstract In conventional calculation schemes for turbulent flow near walls, a substantial number of mesh points are required to resolve the intense profile variations in the near-wall region. In the present method, the velocity distribution across the entire wall layer is represented by analytic embedded functions; the outer-layer flow is calculated subject to the condition that the numerical solution blends smoothly into the embedded wall-layer functions. As the computation proceeds downstream, the wall shear stress and the wall skew angle are obtained from algebraic formulae derived from a general asymptotic analysis. It is shown that on the order of a 50% reduction of mesh points may be realized without any degradation in the accuracy of the computed results. The present methodology is very robust and capable of calculating bi-directionally skewed cross-stream velocity profiles.
CFD Challenge: Solutions Using the Commercial Finite Volume Solver Fluent on Tetrahedral and Polyhedral Meshes

Research by the Malek Computational Hemodynamics Laboratory has focused on using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) tools to gain an improved insight of the mechanical environment faced by endothelial cells in and around cerebrovascular atherosclerotic and aneurysmal lesions. More recently, we have been interested in studying the effect of endovascular therapies such as aneurysm-occluding coils and intravascular stents on local microhemodynamics.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
DETERMINATION OF HUMAN NEONATAL MEAN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE PRIOR TO UMBILICAL CORD CLAMPING AND PREDICTABLE SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN THE FIRST HOUR OF LIFE

Non-invasive mean arterial blood pressure determinations in twenty-five normal term unmedicated newborn infants from the moment of birth until the end of the first hour of life were performed by a semi-automated electronic oscillometric method. The infants were divided into two groups: A-19 infants with cord clamped at mean = 80 seconds and B-6 infants with cord damped at a mean = 10.3 seconds. Mean arterial blood pressure curves plotted vs. time demonstrated four phases: (1) Primary rise-first 1-2 minutes, (2) Early fall-second to tenth minutes, (3) Secondary rise-tenth to fifteenth minutes, (4) Stabilization after fifteen minutes. The sequence demonstrated is highly suggestive of a functioning autonomic nervous system with chemoreceptor and baroreceptor input from birth. Early clamped infants consistently demonstrated lower pressures after the third minute of life.
Program efficiency and data structures

Program efficiency is usually considered from the point of view of optimizing code. Selecting a proper data structure can have a remarkable effect on the efficiency of the final program. In this paper it is shown how one problem can be solved in several ways using several different data structures. The efficiency of the programs depend on the data structures selected.
Morphological domains of Lewis-X/FORSE-1 immunolabeling in the embryonic neural tube are due to developmental regulation of cell surface carbohydrate expression.

The Lewis-X (LeX) carbohydrate epitope, recognized by the FORSE-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), shares expression boundaries with neural regulatory genes and may be involved in patterning the neural tube by creating domains of differential cell adhesion. The present experiments focus on the question of what determines the expression pattern of LeX in embryonic rat brain. Comparisons of FORSE-1-positive glycolipid and protein antigens in embryonic, early postnatal, and adult tissues show that the LeX epitope is carried primarily by glycolipids during embryonic development and by a proteoglycan and glycoproteins in postnatal and adult tissue. Immunohistochemistry using FORSE-1 and an antibody to the proteoglycan phosphacan, which carries LeX, shows that the distribution of LeX is more restricted than phosphacan. These observations suggest that the precise spatial regulation of FORSE-1 binding in the embryonic forebrain is due to the expression pattern of the LeX carbohydrate on glycolipids, rather than to the transcriptional regulation of a carrier protein.
Oxidative phosphorylation and respiration by rat liver mitochondria from aspirin-treated rats.

Respiration and oxidative phosphorylation by liver mitochondria isolated from rats fed 0.2% dietary aspirin for 31 days were studied polarographically with pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate and succinate as substrates. There was an increase in the state 3 respiration with pyruvate (50 per cent), α-ketoglutarate (38 per cent) and succinate (20 per cent). A significant (P < 0.05) increase in state 4 respiration with all three substrates was found. The ADP/O ratios were significantly decreased with pyruvate (P < 0.025), α-ketoglutarate (P < 0.005) and succinate (P < 0.01). There were no changes in the mitochondrial ATPase activity. Addition of aspirin in vitro to isolated mitochondria decreased state 3 respiration with pyruvate (P < 0.05), α-ketoglutarate (P < 0.05) and succinate (P < 0.01). The state 4 respiration was significantly (P < 0.025 to P < 0.001) increased with all three substrates. The oxidative phosphorylation was decreased with all substrates. It is suggested that, in vivo, the uncoupling by aspirin was not due to an increase in the ATPase activity.
Application of CALINE4 to roadside NO/NO2 transformations

Abstract The CALINE4 roadway dispersion model has been applied to concentrations of NO x and NO 2 measured near Gandy Boulevard in Tampa, FL (USA) during May 2002. A NO x emission factor of 0.86 gr mi −1 was estimated by treating NO+NO 2 (NO x ) as a conserved species and minimizing the differences between measured and calculated NO x concentrations. This emission factor was then used to calculate NO 2 concentrations using the NO/NO 2 transformation reactions built into CALINE4. A comparison of measured and calculated NO 2 concentrations indicates that for ambient O 3 concentrations less than 40 ppb the model under-predicts the chemical transformation of NO. The enhanced transformation of NO may be due to reactions of NO with oxidants such as peroxy radicals that are present either in the atmosphere or in vehicle exhaust.
Early volume expansion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Objective: To determine if hemodynamic parameters, return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and short term survival are improved by volume expansion during resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Design: Randomized protocol. Setting: Animal research laboratory. Participants: 18 conventional swine. Interventions: Ventricular fibrillation was electrically induced after instrumentation. All swine fibrillated without intervention for 5 min and received 13 min of mechanical high-impulse (HICPR) prior to randomization. The resuscitation protocol included either epinephrine (0.014 mg/kg) alone (Group A) or epinephrine with a fluid bolus (4 cc/kg) of hypertonic saline-dextran (HSD) solution (Group B). Measurements and Main Results: Group A had 69 and Group B had 59 swine achieve ROSC and 29 vs. 49 swine survived 30 min, respectively (P = NS). Coronary perfusion pressures (CPP) measured during HICPR at 60, 90, and 120 s after infusion were not significantly different for the two groups. At 1 min after ROSC, CPP, aortic systolic blood pressure (AoSBP), and aortic diastolic pressure (AoDBP) were all significantly greater in Group B than in Group A (P < 0.05). Arterial and venous blood gases measured at 1 min after ROSC revealed a significantly lower pH and higher PCO2 in Group B animals. Conclusion: Early volume expansion with epinephrine during HICPR does not improve CPP, rate of ROSC, or rate of short term survival from VF arrest in this porcine model. HSD volume expansion does improve systemic hemodynamics after ROSC with increased CPP, AoDBP, and AoDBP. Improved tissue perfusion in Group B animals after ROSC is suggested by a decreased pH and increased Pco2 presumably secondary to enhanced mobilization of lactate and Pco2 from tissues.
Galileo Magnetometer Measurements: A Stronger Case for a Subsurface Ocean at Europa

On 3 January 2000, the Galileo spacecraft passed close to Europa when it was located far south of Jupiter's magnetic equator in a region where the radial component of the magnetospheric magnetic field points inward toward Jupiter. This pass with a previously unexamined orientation of the external forcing field distinguished between an induced and a permanent magnetic dipole moment model of Europa's internal field. The Galileo magnetometer measured changes in the magnetic field predicted if a current-carrying outer shell, such as a planet-scale liquid ocean, is present beneath the icy surface. The evidence that Europa's field varies temporally strengthens the argument that a liquid ocean exists beneath the present-day surface.
Ceramide Inactivates Cellular Protein Kinase Cα

Abstract Ceramide mediates the effects of extracellular agents on cellular growth, differentiation and apoptosis. In this study, we explored the mechanisms by which ceramide induces its cellular effects. In Molt-4 cells, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) phosphorylation, and ceramide inhibited this effect, suggesting an inhibitory effect of ceramide on the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, the primary target of PMA. Molt-4 cells contained primarily PKCα and βII isoforms of PKC. To determine the effects of ceramide on PKC, we developed an immunoprecipitation assay for PKCα activity. Exposure of Molt-4 cells to C6-ceramide resulted in a concentration and time-dependent inhibition of immunoprecipitated protein kinase Cα (PKCα). Initial inhibition was observed as early as 4.5 h after treatment of cells with C6-ceramide, and the activity was completely lost by 13 h. Inhibition of PKCα activity was seen at concentrations of ceramide as low as 5 μM with maximal effects occurring at a concentration of 15 μM. Both C2 and C6-ceramide were inhibitory, but C2 and C6 dihydroceramides were not. Ceramide did not directly inhibit PKCα in vitro or modulate the levels of PKCα protein, suggesting that ceramide acted indirectly. Moreover, ceramide did not inhibit PMA-induced translocation of PKCα. Taken together, these results suggested that ceramide caused inactivation of PKCα. Since PKC requires phosphorylation for activity, we determined the effects of ceramide on phosphorylation of PKCα. C6-ceramide inhibited basal and PMA-induced phosphorylation of PKCα. In addition, okadaic acid, a potent phosphatase inhibitor, slightly stimulated PKC activity and blocked the effects of ceramide on PKCα inhibition. These results demonstrate that ceramide causes inhibition/inactivation of PKCα and suggest these effects of ceramide may be mediated by a protein phosphatase.
Cholecystokinin acts on the hypothalamic “noradrenergic system” involved in feeding

Abstract In male long Evans rats, microinjection cannulae were stereotaxically positioned to rest in sites in the preoptic area and medial hypothalamus. After the rats were satiated on wet mash, norepinephrine (NE) was infused in a dose of 2.5 μg and a volume of 0.75 μl into these diencephalic sites. At loci in six animals, NE evoked spontaneous feeding of 5.0 gms or more of wet mash. Cholecystokinin (CCK) infused prior to the NE microinjection either intraperitoneally (0.5–1.0 μg/kg) or at the NE-sensitive hypothalamic sites (75–150 ng) significantly attentuated or blocked the rat's feeding response to NE. The intake of water was unaffected by CCK in both instances. Thus, CCK may act on the diencephalic noradrenergic feeding system indirectly, through vagal afferent pathways, or directly within the animal's hypothalamus.
Integer optimization methods for non-MSE data compression for emitter location

The location of an emitter is estimated by intercepting its signal and sharing the data among several platforms to measure the time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) and the frequency-difference-of-arrival (FDOA). A common compression approach is to use a rate-distortion criterion where distortion is taken to be the mean-square error (MSE) between the original and compressed versions of the signal. However, we show that this MSE-only approach is inappropriate for TDOA/FDOA estimation and then define a more appropriate, non-MSE distortion measure. This measure is based on the fact that in addition to the dependence on MSE, the TDOA accuracy also depends inversely on the signal's RMS (or Gabor) bandwidth and the FDOA accuracy also depends inversely on the signal's RMS (or Gabor) duration. The form of this new measure must be optimized under the constraint of a specified budget on the total number of bits available for coding. We show that this optimization requires a selection of DFT cells to retain that must be jointly chosen with an appropriate allocation of bits to the selected DFT cells. This joint selection/allocation is a challenging integer optimization problem that still has not been solved. However, we consider three possible sub-optimal approaches and compare their performance.
Biomarker Validation: Common Data Analysis Concerns

Biomarker validation, like any other confirmatory process based on statistical methodology, must discern associations that occur by chance from those reflecting true biological relationships. Validity of a biomarker is established by authenticating its correlation with clinical outcome. Validated biomarkers can lead to targeted therapy, improve clinical diagnosis, and serve as useful prognostic and predictive factors of clinical outcome. Statistical concerns such as confounding and multiplicity are common in biomarker validation studies. This article discusses four major areas of concern in the biomarker validation process and some of the proposed solutions. Because present-day statistical packages enable the researcher to address these common concerns, the purpose of this discussion is to raise awareness of these statistical issues in the hope of improving the reproducibility of validation study findings.
Microwave facilitation of domperidone antagonism of apomorphine‐induced stereotypic climbing in mice

The dopaminergic agonist apomorphine produced dose-dependent stereotypic climbing behavior in mice housed in cages with vertical bars. This drug effect was competitively inhibited by systemic pretreatment with the centrally acting dopaminergic antagonist haloperidol but not by microwave irradiation (2.45 GHz, 20 mW/cm2, CW, 10 min) nor by systemic pretreatment with domperidone, a dopaminergic antagonist that only poorly penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Yet when mice were systemically pretreated with domperidone and then subjected to microwave irradiation (as above), the apomorphine effect was significantly reduced. Microwave irradiation also facilitated antagonism of the apomorphine effect by low and otherwise ineffective systemic pretreatment doses of haloperidol. Apomorphine-induced stereotypic climbing behavior was also reduced by domperidone administered intracerebrally, which bypassed the BBB. Exposure of intracerebral domperidone-pretreated animals to microwave irradiation failed to increase the degree of antagonism. These findings indicate that microwave irradiation can facilitate central effects of domperidone, a drug which acts mainly in the periphery. One possible explanation for these findings is that microwave irradiation alters the permeability of the BBB and increases the entry of domperidone to central sites of action.
Child neglect: A study of the perceptions of mothers and child welfare workers

Abstract This study explored the perceptions of the seriousness of specific components of child neglect by mothers from three cultural groups and of child welfare workers who perform two different functions. It then compared the perceptions of the mothers to the workers. Using a factor analysis to specify four dimensions of child neglect, the findings confirm that judgements of the seriousness of child neglect vary by the subject's role and relationship to children, the mother's cultural group, and the worker's function. The mother's judgements of all categories of child neglect were more serious than those of the workers. White mothers rated all dimensions of child neglect as less serious than African American or Hispanic mothers (although only two of these differences were statistically significant), and investigative workers rated all dimensions of child neglect as more serious than service caseworkers. Comparisons to previous research and implications are drawn.
Derivation of the Momentum Transport Equations

In the analysis of fluid flow problems, the equation of continuity (material balance) is usually the initial principle invoked. The information gleaned from the equation of continuity is then applied to the equation of motion. From the equation of motion and the fluid properties, the velocity profiles, average velocities, and energy loss can be calculated.
FHA: Achieving Excellence Through Cooperative Learning

Vocational student organizations do more than teach students about a potential career field. They also teach the skills of leadership and cooperation that are vital in our soci ety.
Heartbeats: a methodology to convey interpersonal distance through touch

Individuals who are blind are at a disadvantage when interacting with sighted peers given that nearly 65% of interaction cues are non-verbal in nature [3]. Previously, we proposed an assistive device in the form of a vibrotactile belt capable of communicating interpersonal positions (direction and distance between users who are blind and the other participants involved in a social interaction). In this paper, we extend our work through use of novel tactile rhythms to provide access to the non-verbal cue of interpersonal distance, referred to as Proxemics in popular literature. Experimental results reveal that subjects found the proposed approach to be intuitive, and they could accurately recognize the rhythms, and hence, the interpersonal distances.
Between Convergence and Divergence: Reformatting Language Purism in the Montreal Tamil Diasporas

This article examines how ideologies of language purism are reformatted by creating interdiscursive links across spatial and temporal scales. I trace convergences and divergences between South Asian and Quebecois sociohistorical regimes of language purism as they pertain to the contemporary experiences of Montreal's Tamil diasporas. Indian Tamils and Sri Lankan Tamils in Montreal emphasize their status differences by claiming that the former speak a modern “vernacular” Tamil and the latter speak an ancient “literary” Tamil. The segregation and purification of these social groups and languages depend upon the intergenerational reproduction of scalar boundaries between linguistic forms, interlocutors, and decentered contexts. [Tamils, Quebec, diaspora, linguistic purism, spatiotemporal scales]
LIBERTAD POSITIVA Y NEGATIVA

Este articulo desafia la idea de que podemos distinguir facilmente entre dos tipos o nociones de libertad politica y social: la negativa y la positiva. El argumento no es que alguna de estas concepciones sea la unica, la mas verdadera o la mas valiosa, sino mas bien que la distincion entre ellas nunca ha sido lo suficientemente clara; que esta esta basada, en parte, en una seria confusion, y que ademas ha desviado la atencion de aquello que realmente debe ser tenido en cuenta si se quieren entender las diferencias que separan a filosofos, ideologias y movimientos sociales en relacion con la libertad. El correctivo aqui aconsejado yace en considerar la libertad, siempre, como una y la misma relacion triadica –de tres terminos variables-, aunque reconociendo que las partes involucradas siempre estaran en desacuerdo en cuanto a la concepcion de los rangos de los terminos de dicha relacion. Acercarse de esta manera al tema de la libertad permite liberarse de la perspectiva predominante pero poco fructifera de la necesaria existencia de “tipos” de libertad, al igual que volver la atencion hacia las cuestiones que son realmente importantes en esta area de la filosofia social y politica.
Guidance-based quantification of arm impairment following brain injury: a pilot study

Reports the design and preliminary testing of a device for evaluating arm impairment after brain injury. The assisted rehabilitation and measurement (ARM) Guide is capable of mechanically guiding reaching and retrieval movements across the workspace and of measuring constraint forces and range of motion during guidance. The authors tested the device on four hemiplegic brain-injured individuals and four unimpaired control subjects. During guided movement, the brain-injured subjects generated distinct spatial patterns of constraint force with their impaired arms that were consistent with the standard flexion and extension "synergies" described in the clinical literature. In addition, the impaired arms exhibited well-defined workspace deficits as measured by the ARM Guide. These results suggest that constraint force and range of motion measurements during mechanically guided movement may prove useful for precise monitoring of arm impairment and of the effects of treatment techniques targeted at abnormal synergies and workspace deficits.
Perturbations in Molecules and The Theory of Predissociation and Diffuse Spectra

It has been recognized for some time that, when the discrete vibration rotation absorption bands connected with transitions to a certain final electronic state of a molecule overlap the continuous region for the transitions to another final electronic state, some of the discrete bands may be diffuse, i.e., the rotation lines may be broad and blur into each other. The broadness of the lines has previously been assumed to be connected with the short life period of a molecule in a discrete state, when there is the possibility of its making a radiationless transition to a state of dissociation. In this paper a calculation is made of the width directly. One starts with a wave equation which represents approximately the state of a molecule, and which has continuous and discontinuous groups of eigenfunctions. Then the extra terms in the exact wave equation may be treated in the usual manner as a perturbation, and the perturbed eigenfunctions may be expressed as a linear function of the unperturbed ones. The energy range over which the properties of a given discrete state may influence the properties of the perturbed eigenfunctions is determined in terms of the perturbation matrix components, and from this is found the width of the line and the total absorption over its width.
Influence of leader behaviors on the leader‐member exchange relationship

Purpose – Many studies have examined outcomes and antecedents of leader‐member exchange (LMX), but few studies have explored how LMX is related to specific types of leadership behaviors. The purpose of this paper is to examines a more comprehensive set of leader behaviors than any previous study on LMX.Design/methodology/approach – This paper reports the result of a survey study with a sample of 248 respondents from a diverse set of industries, organizations, and occupations. Respondents rated specific behaviors of their manager and the quality of the exchange relationship.Findings – Four of the five relations‐oriented behaviors (supporting, recognizing, consulting, and delegating) were strongly related to LMX. The task‐oriented behaviors (clarifying, planning, monitoring) were not significantly related to LMX. Results for the transformational behaviors were mixed. The relations‐oriented aspects of transformational leadership appear to have more influence on LMX than the change‐oriented aspects.Originalit...
Suitability studies of inland well waters for Litopenaeus vannamei culture

The inland farming of penaeid shrimp in low-salinity waters is now de facto in many regions of the world, yet there is little information pertaining to the suitability of waters with various ionic compositions for shrimp culture. In the present study, short-term (48 h) survival of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae (PL), and long-term (4 weeks) growth and survival of juvenile L. vannamei in various inland saline ground waters were evaluated. A correlation between survival and growth of PLs and the ionic composition of the waters was performed. Short-term bioassays were conducted on 10-, 15- and 20-day-old postlarvae using waters from various wells. Salinitywasdecreasedatarateof4ppth 1 usingfreshwaterfrom24pptuntilasalinityof2pptabove the target salinity was reached. Water in the containers was then slowly exchanged with water from inland saline wells. Survival of the PLs was evaluated 48 h after the start of acclimation. In the second study, four replicates of 15 juveniles were placed in 144-l square tanks containing various saline well watersfromwestAlabama.Growthandsurvivalwereevaluatedafter4weeks.Theionicmakeupofthe various inland well waters from Alabama, Florida, Mississippi and Texas was analyzed to characterize each source. Survival of PL10 shrimp in some of the waters was similar to survival in the low-salinity reconstituted seawater control andwas significantly differentfrom the control in other waters. Survival of PL15 was greater than survival of PL10 but similar to PL20. Some waters were unsuitable for shrimp culture at all PL stages tested. Survival and growth of the juveniles paralleled results of the short-term bioassays. Shrimp survived and grew well in waters in which more than 90% of the postlarvae acclimated andsurvivedin.Juvenile survivalandgrowth wereintermediate andlowin watersinwhich PL acclimation was intermediate and low, respectively. Survival appears to be positively correlated with ions such as K, Mg and SO4 and negatively correlated with a high concentration of iron. D 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Physical compact modeling and analysis of velocity overshoot in extremely scaled CMOS devices and circuits

A compact physics-based velocity-overshoot model is developed, implemented in metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) circuit models, verified based on measured current-voltage data and Monte Carlo-simulation results, and demonstrated in performance projections for 25 nm bulk-Si complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS). The demonstration, involving predicted current-voltage characteristics and ring-oscillator propagation delays, reveals a significant benefit of velocity overshoot, or quasi-ballistic transport, in extremely scaled nMOS and even pMOS devices, although the on-state currents are well below the ballistic limits. Physical insight afforded by the model reveals why the ballistic limits are not being reached in scaled bulk-Si CMOS technologies.
Cross-Equatorial Influence of Winter Hemisphere Subtropical Cold Surges

Abstract Two case studies are presented of winter hemisphere cold surges affecting the summer hemisphere tropics. One case has been chosen from each of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In both instances, the subtropical rise in pressure is tracked equatorward. This leads to a pressure rise at the equator and the establishment of a west–east pressure gradient at low latitudes in the opposite hemisphere. These effects lead in turn to an enhanced cross-equatorial component of flow and enhanced monsoon westerly flow in the summer hemisphere. Both enhanced wind flow effects are observed through a deep layer from the surface up to at least 500 mb. In both cases, the sequence of events also includes the development of a tropical cyclone in the summer hemisphere monsoon trough. The generality of the above sequence of events is investigated with time series data for several seasons. It is shown that day-to-day changes in equatorial pressure are significantly correlated to pressure changes in the winter hemis...
Role of catecholamines in mediating fetal blood volume decrease during acute hypoxia

Hypoxia was induced in chronically catheterized sheep fetuses at 133 days gestation (term = 145-150 days) by lowering the O2 content of air inspired by the ewe while supplementing with 1-3% CO2. Control fetal arterial oxygen tension (PO2) averaged 22.5 +/- 0.4 (SE) mmHg. During 30 min of mild hypoxia (PO2 decrease less than 6 mmHg) in normal fetuses, fetoplacental blood volume decreased by 4.7 +/- 0.4% and fetal PO2 by 4.3 +/- 0.7 mmHg. In fetuses with alpha- plus beta-receptor blockade, no change in blood volume occurred during mild hypoxia even though PO2 decreased by 3.4 +/- 0.5 mmHg. During severe hypoxia (PO2 decrease greater than or equal to 6 mmHg), fetal blood volume decreased by 9.2 +/- 1.4% and PO2 by 10.4 +/- 0.4 mmHg in normal fetuses. After adrenergic receptor blockade, blood volume decreased by 7.6 +/- 2.5% when PO2 decreased by 8.0 +/- 0.8 mmHg. Fetal arterial and venous pressure were unchanged during mild hypoxia. Vascular pressures increased significantly during severe hypoxia in normal and blocked fetuses, but these were significantly delayed following adrenergic blockade. Thus, although the catecholamines appear to mediate the decrease in fetal blood volume during mild hypoxia, they appear to have little effect on the blood volume decrease that occurs during severe hypoxia. In addition, the changes in blood volume are not directly correlated with the changes in arterial and venous pressures.
NOTES: Common Complications and Management

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) may have potential advantages when compared with traditional transabdominal or transthoracic surgical approaches. These include better cosmesis, fewer incisional hernias, decreased postoperative pain, and quicker return to full function. Human NOTES procedures performed worldwide thus far seem to confirm these benefits.
Does Long-Term Furosemide Therapy Cause Thiamine Deficiency in Patients with Heart Failure? A Focused Review

Diuretic therapy is a cornerstone in the management of heart failure. Most studies assessing body thiamine status have reported variable degrees of thiamine deficiency in patients with heart failure, particularly those treated chronically with high doses of furosemide. Thiamine deficiency in patients with heart failure seems predominantly to be due to increased urine volume and urinary flow rate. There is also evidence that furosemide may directly inhibit thiamine uptake at the cellular level. Limited data suggest that thiamine supplementation is capable of increasing left ventricular ejection fraction and improving functional capacity in patients with heart failure and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction who were treated with diuretics (predominantly furosemide). Therefore, it may be reasonable to provide such patients with thiamine supplementation during heart failure exacerbations.
A (Hetero)Topology of Rhetoric and Obama’s African Dreams

ABSTRACTThe emplacements of rhetoric are manifold and the inquiries into the topologies of rhetoric are ways of understanding developments in rhetorical theory. To these ends, I contrast in this article the invocations of place in rhetorical theory old and new. In this long view, the spatiality of rhetoric appears to be multifaceted. I show that in Greco-Roman rhetorical theory, spatiality is topical, figured metaphorically and literally, and functions as a precedent condition for rhetoric. I argue that modern/postmodern theories differ from traditional theories of rhetoric not because they rely more or less on the materiality or immateriality of place, but because of their orientations to place as heterotopic, that is, as fluid and contingent. I then offer an account of how heterotopic rhetoric challenges orders of knowledge allowing for ever-new articulations through a close reading of Barack Obama’s Dreams from my Father. The heterotopology of rhetoric proposed here expands understandings of the heuris...
The role of higher education in equitable human development

As developing countries continue to battle poverty despite strong economic growth, understanding the relationship between equity and human development becomes increasingly important. In this context, equity is not equivalent to equality for any specific outcome such as health status, education or income. It is an objective ideal whereby people’s achievements are increasingly dependent upon personal effort, choice and initiative rather than predetermined characteristics such as race, gender and socioeconomic background. As such, equity becomes an issue of moral equality based on the belief that people should be treated as equals, with equal access to life chances. This ideal pursues equal access to public services, infrastructure and rights for all citizens, including the right to education. While evidence suggests that education builds healthier, richer, more equitable societies, research on this has focused predominantly on primary and secondary schooling. The authors of this paper begin with an extensive review of existing research and relevant literature. In the second part of their article, they then report on their own study which furthers the discussion by exploring connections between tertiary education and development using equity as a reflection of human development – a holistic extension of economic development. After extracting relevant data from a number of available world reports by the United Nations, the World Bank and other organisations, they carried out a cross-national statistical analysis designed to examine the relationship between tertiary enrolment levels and a composite equity variable. Their results indicate a strong association between higher post-secondary education levels and higher levels of social equity.
P-015 A New Grading System for Predicting Angiogram Negative Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

Introduction Angiogram negative subarachnoid haemorrhage (AN-SAH) account for about 15% of all non-traumatic SAH cases. In this paper we developed a new CT based grading system for distinguishing AN-SAH vs. aneurysmal SAH (a-SAH). Methods A new CT grading classification was developed based on the Hijdra system. Patterns of SAH in 13 cisterns were scored between 0–2 depending on the amount of haemorrhage (0 = No blood; 1 = partial; 2 = full). The patterns of blood in the interpeduncular, pre-pontine and pre-medullary cisterns were scored in one category: P score (range 0–6); the total amount of blood in the entire 13 cisterns was scored under T score (range 0–26). Initial CT scans from 148 consecutive AN-SAH and 180 a-SAH patients were reviewed and scored by two independent blinded neurosurgeons. Patients with pure cortical or traumatic SAH or those with CT scan performed >72 h after the SAH ictus were excluded. All performed angiograms (1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd look, if performed) were reviewed for presence of aneurysms. Results In patients with CT scan scores between P0-1;T > 9, the performed angiograms were positive in 92% (23 a-SAH vs. 2 AN-SAH), whereas in those scoring P0-1;T x between 2–6), the angiograms were negative in 94.6% of cases (3 a-SAH vs. 53 AN-SAH), and in a subset of this category (P4-6; T x+7( x between 2–6) the scores were not predictive of angiogram results (65% a-SAH vs. AN-SAH 35%). Conclusion The new CT scan scoring provides an estimate for the likelihood of a negative angiogram in patients with SAH. Significant blood in the pre-brainstem cisterns with minimal or modest blood in the remaining cisterns best predicts absence of aneurysm or vascular lesion on initial and follow-up angiography. Disclosures I. Darie: None. T. Rayan: None. S. Amin-Hanjani: None. X. Du: None. V. Aletich: None. F. Charbel: None. A. Alaraj: None.
Flip Chip Attach Technology for Fine Pitch Connection by In Alloy Solder

市販のワイヤボンディング用チップを, 樹脂系プリント配線板上にフリップチップァタッチ接続する, OMB/FCA (Other Metal Bump/Flip Chip Attach) 実装技術を開発した。本方式では, チップ側に形成された金バンプと基板上に形成されたIn系はんだを接合させることにより接続を得る。基板側のはんだにIn-40Sn-20Pb (wt%) 三元はんだを用いると, 金とはんだの境界部にはAu-In系の金属間化合物相が形成される。このAu-In系の化合物相は, 反応速度の速いAu-Sn反応を抑制するバリヤ層として働き, 接続部の信頼性を高めていることがわかった。In-40Sn-20Pbはんだを用いたOMB/FCA実装方式を用いることにより, 複数の供給元からなる多品種チップによるMCM-L (Multi Chip Module-Laminate) の構築を可能にした。
Sex bias in CNS autoimmune disease mediated by androgen control of autoimmune regulator.

Males are less susceptible to autoimmune diseases due to immunomodulatory effects of androgen. Here the authors show that androgen receptor upregulates Aire and Aire-dependent transcription in the thymic epithelium, and that Aire is required for androgen-mediated suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalitis.
APPLICATION OF DRILLING FLUID TECHNOLOGY IN KENKYAK OILFIELD

The reservoirs in Kenkyak oilfield are deep and high pressured reservoirs with complicated geological condition. The main characteristics of formation are :the salt formation is so developed that may reach about to 3000 meter thickness in Permian above main area of salt dome .Reservoir pore pressure coefficient of Carboniferous system is up to 1.90-1.94. Because carbonate rock which is the main reservoir developed many cracks that caused not only mud loss but also well kicked, and the safety density window of drilling fluid was narrow, first lost circulation then well blowout was easily happened. In the past thirty years ,many drilling accidents such as well blowout, mud loss, well slough, stick pipe were often happened .The obvious characteristic of drilling engineering was to have many accidents ,slowly pace and lower successful rate .It seriously influenced drilling works that many drilling accident happened by the complicated geological condition causing .Based on these characteristics of formation ,a series drilling fluid technologies for preventing accidents were developed by South-west petroleum institute(SWPI) ,and then used in 9 wells in Kenkyak oilfield successfully during 2002 and 2003 year. By adopting these technologies ,the remarkable application effects have been achieved ,such as the drilling accident rate greatly reduce, the drilling pace obviously improved, drilling successful rate was up to 100%.
Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndromes Presenting in Childhood

Maintaining mitochondrial DNA content and integrity is essential for normal mitochondrial function. A growing number of childhood-onset mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes have been described where the processes that typically function to ensure adequate mitochondrial DNA content are impaired. Here, we present an illustrative clinical case of an infant with a mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. We also review the various molecular defects that can underlie this group of conditions and summarize important clinical considerations in their diagnosis and management.
Suppression of Inhibitor Formation to F.IX in Gene Transfer through Immune Deviation Induced by Mucosal Peptide Administration.

Gene therapy is a promising novel strategy for treatment of the X-linked bleeding disorder hemophilia B (deficiency in factor IX, F.IX). However, immune responses to the F.IX transgene product pose a concern. Previously, we demonstrated induction of immune tolerance to human F.IX (hFIX) by hepatic, adeno-associated (AAV) vector-mediated gene transfer. However, not all strains of mice can be tolerized by this protocol (JCI 111:1347). Hemophilia B mice (with a large F.IX gene deletion) on a C3H genetic background form inhibitory antibodies to hF.IX after hepatic gene transfer. Using a peptide library spanning the entire hF.IX protein, we identified a peptide containing an immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitope for hemophilia B C3H/HeJ mice. Since inhibitor formation is dependent on activation of CD4+ T cells, we attempted to induce tolerance by mucosal administration of this hF.IX-derived peptide. We chose nasal administration, which does not need to overcome the proteolytic barriers present in the digestive system. The hF.IX peptide (25 μl of PBS containing 100 μg peptide, n=10) or saline control (n=16) was administered into both nostrils of hemophilia B C3H/HeJ mice twice a week, starting 2 weeks before hepatic gene delivery of AAV-hFIX vector (1x10 11 vg/mouse). Mouse plasma samples were collected up to 20 weeks after vector administration. All control mice formed inhibitors (40% had Bethesda titers of 1–2 BU, 60% showed 2–6 BU). Antibodies were mostly IgG1, while IgG2a and IgG2b responses were also measured. In contrast, peptide-treated mice did not develop anti-hF.IX (50%) or had only low-titer antibodies (1–2 BU, 50%). Interestingly, 70–75% of both experimental groups had circulating hF.IX antigen following gene transfer. However, aPTT coagulation times of control mice were either uncorrected, 87% (>50 sec) or mildly corrected, 13% (48–50 sec), while 60% of peptide-treated mice clearly had partial correction of coagulation (40–46 sec compared to 20–30 sec in normal mice). These data suggest that anti-hF.IX inhibited hF.IX activity in mice that did not receive peptide therapy. Furthermore, cytokine release assay indicated that lymphocytes isolated either from nasal draining lymph nodes (superficial cervical lymph nodes) or spleen showed increased production of cytokine IL-10 and TGF-β in peptide treated animals, while levels of interferon-γ production were decreased compared to mice that were not treated with peptide. In vivo adoptive T cell transfer experiments showed that CD4+CD25+ cells from peptide tolerized mice, but not CD4+CD25- cells suppressed anti-hF.IX IgG formation following immunization. Compared to controls, antibody titers were 3-fold lower, with statistical significance of p
Mice with hyperbilirubinemia due to Gilbert’s syndrome polymorphism are resistant to hepatic steatosis by decreased serine 73 phosphorylation of PPARα

Gilbert’s syndrome in humans is derived from a polymorphism (TA repeat) in the hepatic UGT1A1 gene that results in decreased conjugation and increased levels of unconjugated bilirubin. Recently, we...
Solute concentration effects on reaction thermodynamics in steam cycle fluids

Publisher Summary While the central role of chemical reactions in steam-cycle chemistry is clear, the effect of solute concentration on these reactions, and hence on steam-cycle chemistry is less widely considered. A number of factors contribute to this situation. In the formation of crevice fluids, high-heat flux in a confined space can lead to concentration of solutes through boiling to levels orders of magnitude larger than in the bulk fluid. In such cases, the formation of multiple fluid phases or precipitates can accelerate corrosion in the crevices or cause hide-out of treatment chemicals. The chapter reviews the definitions and conventions used in describing the effects of concentration on the thermodynamic properties of species in solution and their reaction thermodynamics. The most fundamental composition scale is the mole fraction scale. As with composition scales, different standard or reference states of solution components can be adopted. These reference states are generally assigned for convenience based on the properties of the system under consideration. The chapter describes the models for moderately concentrated solutions, which include Ion-Interaction Treatment, Modified Meissner Model, and some other methods. The models for very concentrated solutions aimed primarily at the representation and interpolation of experimental results at concentrations to a few moles per kilogram in water.
Do CT features predict the behavior of treatment-naive gastric GIST?

10548 Background: Risk stratification of gastric GIST is currently based on size and mitotic count. Patients with large primary tumors often undergo neoadjuvant treatment with imatinib which limits...
Confronting dilemmas posed by three-dimensional classroom assessment: Introduction to a virtual issue of Science Education

Wide-scale adoption of the Next Generation Science Standards has raised new challenges for classroom teachers as they learn not only how to engage students in this new vision of science learning, but also how to assess students' engagement in that learning. This paper introduces a virtual special issue of Science Education focused on dilemmas of three-dimensional science assessment raised by the current wave of reform. Drawing on the author's extensive secondary science classroom research experiences, the paper identifies five dilemmas facing science teachers as they have learned about three-dimensional classroom assessment. It matches each of these dilemmas with an article previously published in Science Education that provides framing and insight to inform the issues involved with that dilemma. The introduction closes with questions for the field raised by these problems of practice, and makes suggestions for researchers as they support teachers in designing, adapting, enacting, and using information from assessments linked to the Next Generation Science Standards.