cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical modeling of microstructured liquids: a simple thermodynamic approach

A new method is presented for accounting for microstructural features of flowing complex fluids at the level of mesoscopic, or coarse-grained, models by ensuring compatibility with macroscopic and continuum thermodynamics and classical transport phenomena. In this method, the microscopic state of the liquid is described by variables that are local expectation values of microscopic features. The hypothesis of local thermodynamic equilibrium is extended to include information on the microscopic state, i.e., the energy of the liquid is assumed to depend on the entropy, specific volume, and microscopic variables. For compatibility with classical transport phenomena, the microscopic variables are taken to be extensive variables (per unit mass or volume), which obey convection-diffusion-generation equations. Restrictions on the constitutive laws of the diffusive fluxes and generation terms are derived by separating dissipation by transport (caused by gradients in the derivatives of the energy with respect to the state variables) and by relaxation (caused by non-equilibrated microscopic processes like polymer chain stretching and orientation), and by applying isotropy. When applied to unentangled, isothermal, non-diffusing polymer solutions, the equations developed according to the new method recover those developed by the Generalized Bracket [J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 23 (1987) 271; A.N. Beris, B.J. Edwards, Thermodynamics of Flowing Systems with Internal Microstructure, first ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994] and by the Matrix Model [J. Rheol. 38 (1994) 769]. Minor differences with published results obtained by the Generalized Bracket are found in the equations describing flow coupled to heat and mass transfer in polymer solutions. The new method is applied to entangled polymer solutions and melts in the general case where the rate of generation of entanglements depends nonlinearly on the rate of strain. A link is drawn between the mesoscopic transport equations of entanglements and conformation and the microscopic equation describing the configurational distribution of polymer segment stretch and orientation. Constraints are derived on the generation terms in the transport equations of entanglements and conformation, and the formula for the elastic stress is generalized to account for reversible formation and destruction of entanglements. A simplified version of the transport equation of conformation is presented which includes many previously published constitutive models, separates flow-induced polymer stretching and orientation, yet is simple enough to be useful for developing large-scale computer codes for modeling coupled fluid flow and transport phenomena in two- and three-dimensional domains with complex shapes and free surfaces.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPECIFICITY OF BACTERIAL ALLERGY TO CERTAIN OF THE NEISSERIAE

By means of the reaction to intracutaneous inoculation with bacterial suspensions in amounts of 0.2 cc., bacterial allergy was demonstrated in rabbits into which had been implanted agar foci containing either gonococci, meningococci, M. catarrhalis, or Bact. lepisepticum. The criterion of hypersensitiveness was the relative size and intensity of reaction evoked by an identical dose in "agar focus" and control rabbits. Rabbits sensitized to gonococci or meningococci usually reacted indistinguishably to either of these organisms, but were less allergic to M. catarrhalis. Similarly, animals sensitized to M. catarrhalis gave moderate but not maximal responses to the two former organisms. Cross-reactions did not occur between Bact. lepisepticum and any of the three Neisseriae. Animals sensitized to the four organisms mentioned reacted no more intensely than did controls to hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, and rough pneumococci. The hypersensitive state was found to begin early in the 2nd week and to end usually by the 4th week, being at its height in most instances on the 10th to 12th days. The number of organisms contained in the agar focus determined the success of the sensitization only to this extent, that very small and very large inocula failed to evoke the allergic state. Rabbits immunized by intravenous injection of live organisms developed cutaneous reactions indistinguishable from those in controls. The "secondary rise" of Andrewes, Derick, and Swift was rarely observed.
Intraspecies Genomic Variation

Genomic variation is obviously the primary source of evolutionary change, however at present two major issues stand in the way of understanding its full significance: first, we know little yet about the kinds and amounts of variation; second, we need to identify the minor fraction of the variation which affects genes and their regulatory systems. Nevertheless genomic variation is fascinating, both because so little is known and because the data we do have shows unexpectedly large variation. In addition silent or non-coding variation is very much larger than amino acid replacement variation in coding regions of the DNA of the three species for which comparisons can now be made, indicating that selection retards the change of most amino acids in most proteins.
The prognostic implications of circulating tumor cells in patients with breast cancer.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been of interest to the medical and research communities for over a century ([1]). These cells represent an important link to the process of metastasis, and inve...
Campylobacter jejuni-Stimulated Secretion of Interleukin-8 by INT407 Cells

Incubation of INT407 cells with various clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni resulted in secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) at levels ranging from 96 to 554 pg/ml at 24 h. The strains which produced the highest levels of IL-8 secretion were 81-176 and BT44. Induction of IL-8 secretion required live cells of 81-176 and was dependent on de novo protein synthesis. Site-specific mutants of 81-176, which were previously shown to be defective in adherence and invasion, resulted in reduced levels of secretion of IL-8, and cheY mutants of strains 81-176 and 749, which are hyperadherent and hyperinvasive, resulted in higher levels of IL-8 secretion. Another mutant of 81-176, which adheres at about 43% of the wild-type levels but is noninvasive, also showed marked reduction in IL-8 levels, suggesting that invasion is necessary for high levels of IL-8 secretion. When gentamicin was added to INT407 cells at 2 h after infection with 81-176, IL-8 secretion 22 h later was equivalent to that of controls without gentamicin, suggesting that the events which trigger induction and release of IL-8 occur early in the interactions of bacteria and eukaryotic cells.
Identification of Overlapping Functional Modules in Protein Interaction Networks: Information Flow-based Approach

Recent computational analyses of protein interaction networks have attempted to understand cellular organizations, processes and functions. Various topology-based clustering methods have been applied to the protein interaction networks. However, they have been in difficulties due to unreliable interaction data and the specific features of the networks such as small-world and scale-free properties. In this paper, we present an information flow-based approach for analyzing the weighted protein interaction networks, which are integrated with other biological knowledge. Our approach is designed to identify overlapping functional modules. The algorithm selects a small number of informative proteins based on the weighted connectivity, and simulates the information flow through the network from each informative protein. Our experimental results show that the modules generated by our algorithm correspond to real functional associations of proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our approach outperforms other previous methods in terms of accuracy.
Added Benefit of Raxibacumab to Antibiotic Treatment of Inhalational Anthrax

Although antibiotics treat bacteremia in inhalational anthrax, pathogenesis is mainly driven by bacterial exotoxins. Raxibacumab, an IgG1 monoclonal antibody, binds the protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis, thus blocking toxin effects and leading to improved survival in the rabbit and monkey models of inhalational anthrax. To assess raxibacumab's added benefit over levofloxacin (LVX) alone, rabbits surviving to 84 h after a challenge with 200 times the median (50%) lethal dose of B. anthracis spores were randomized to receive 3 daily intragastric LVX doses of 50 mg/kg of body weight, with the first LVX dose administered just prior to administration of a single intravenous dose of placebo or 40 mg/kg raxibacumab. The percentages of animals alive at 28 days following the last LVX dose were compared between the 2 treatment groups using a two-sided likelihood-ratio chi-square test. The 82% survival rate for the LVX-raxibacumab combination was higher than the 65% survival rate for LVX alone (P = 0.0874). There were nearly 2-fold fewer deaths for the combination (7 deaths; n = 39) than for LVX alone (13 deaths; n = 37), and the survival time was prolonged for the combination (P = 0.1016). Toxin-neutralizing-activity titers were similar for both treatment groups, suggesting that survivors in both groups were able to mount a toxin-neutralizing immune response. Microscopic findings considered consistent with anthrax were present in animals that died or became moribund on study in both treatment groups, and there were no anthrax-related findings in animals that survived. Overall, raxibacumab provided a meaningful benefit over antibiotic alone when administered late in the disease course.
Narrow-Bandwidth, Subnanosecond, Infrared Pulse Generation in PPLN Pumped by a Fiber Amplifier–Microchip Oscillator

Narrow-bandwidth, 0.5 ns IR pulses were achieved in a periodically poled lithium niobate optical parametric generator (PPLN OPG). The OPG was pumped at 7.14 kHz by a Yb-doped fiber amplifier and a microchip Nd:YAG oscillator. Bandwidth was reduced from 3.6 nm to 55 pm using a continuous-wave (CW) 1.5-mum seed beam guided through the fiber amplifier.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation in Random Coefficient Models

Abstract Previous Monte Carlo studies examining properties of estimators in random coefficient models have been hindered in part by computational difficulties. In particular, determination of maximum likelihood estimators appears sensitive to the computational algorithm used. In a small Monte Carlo experiment, several distinctly motivated algorithms are examined with respect to accuracy and cost in searching for global and local maximum likelihood parameter estimates. A noncalculus oriented approach offers promise. When compared with other estimators, maximum likelihood estimators, so determined, appear to be statistically relatively efficient.
Tailoring Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors to Fit the Lung Cancer Genome

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been in use as cancer therapeutics for nearly a decade, and their utility in targeting specific malignancies with defined genetic lesions has proven to be remarkably effective. Recent efforts to characterize the spectrum of genetic lesions found in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) have provided important insights into the molecular basis of this disease and have also revealed a wide array of tyrosine kinases that might be effectively targeted for rationally designed therapies. The findings of these studies, however, also provide a cautionary tale about the limitations of single-agent therapies, which fail to account for the genetic heterogeneity and pathway redundancy that characterize advanced NSCLC. Emergence of drug resistance mechanisms to specific TKIs, such as gefitinib and erlotinib, suggests that more sophisticated chemotherapeutic paradigms that target multiple pathways at the same time will be required to effectively treat this disease.
Design Space Exploration of Typical STT MTJ Stacks in Memory Arrays in the Presence of Variability and Disturbances

High leakage power in sub-100-nm memory technology nodes drives the need for nonvolatile memory devices to reduce power consumption and enhance battery life. Spin-transfer torque magnetic tunneling junction (STT-MTJ) is a promising nonvolatile memory device with comparable read and write performances as SRAM and eDRAM with almost zero standby power. In this paper, we present a simulation framework that can solve transport [using nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism] and magnet dynamics [using Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation] self-consistently to study the read and write performances of STT-MTJ. Due to process variations, thermal disturbances, and stray fields, the performance of STT-MTJ degrades and results in one transistor-one STT-MTJ (IT-ISTTMTJ) memory failures. A thorough memory design space investigation can help us to reduce such failures. Hence, we present a design space exploration framework for IT-ISTTMTJ memory, which consists of magnetic materials with different RAPA products, different genres of MTJ stacks, and a transistor. A comprehensive study based on critical memory performance metrics such as tunneling magnetoresistance, JC, and write cycle shows the relative merits and demerits of each MTJ stack for embedded memory applications. Finally, the benefits of synthetic antiferromagnet free layer in providing immunity against stray fields are shown illustrating the need for coupled free-layer stacks in scaled technology nodes.
Concussion Symptoms and Neurocognitive Performance of High School and College Athletes Who Incur Multiple Concussions

Background:Multiple concussions have been associated with prolonged symptoms, recovery time, and risk for future concussions. However, very few studies have examined the effect of multiple concussions on neurocognitive performance and the recently revised symptom clusters using a large database.Purpose:To examine concussed athletes with a history of 0, 1, 2, or ≥3 concussions on neurocognitive performance and the recently revised symptom clusters.Study Design:Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2.Methods:The independent variables were concussion group (0, 1, 2, and ≥3 concussions) and time (baseline, 3 days, and 8 days). The dependent variables were neurocognitive test scores as measured by the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) neurocognitive test battery (verbal and visual memory, processing speed, and reaction time) and 4 concussion symptom clusters (migraine-cognitive-fatigue, affective, somatic, and sleep). All concussed athletes (n = 596) were administered t...
Planungsrechnungen in freigemeinützigen und privaten Krankenhäusern

In den einschlagigen Rechtsvorschriften finden sich, von Ausnahmen abgesehen (vgl. § 26 Abs. 5 KRG Rheinland-Pfalz), keine Vorschriften uber Planungsrechnungen in freigemeinnutzigen und privaten Krankenhausern. Die in den ersten Entwurfen zur KHBV vorgesehenen Passagen uber Planungsrechnungen wurden wieder gestrichen. Die Verpflichtung der Krankenhauser zur wirtschaftlichen Betriebsfuhrung (vgl. § 17 Abs. 1 KHG) setzt jedoch die Nutzung von problemadaquaten Planungsinstrumenten voraus. Da rechtliche Normierungen fehlen, sind die einzelnen Krankenhauser in der Wahl und Ausgestaltung ihrer Planungsrechnungen weitgehend frei, so das individuelle, umweltbezogene, auf die Bedurfnisse der einzelnen Krankenhauser abgestimmte Planungsrechnungssysteme entwickelt und eingesetzt werden konnen. Nach dem Planungsobjekt lassen sich Rechnungen zur Erfolgsplanung und Rechnungen zur Finanzplanung unterscheiden, wobei die einzelnen Teilplane interdependent und entsprechend konsistent aufeinander abzustimmen sind.
Random telegraph noise and resistance switching analysis of oxide based resistive memory

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices (e.g. “memristors”) are widely believed to be a promising candidate for future memory and logic applications. Although excellent performance has been reported, the nature of resistance switching is still under extensive debate. In this study, we perform systematic investigation of the resistance switching mechanism in a TaOx based RRAM through detailed noise analysis, and show that the resistance switching from high-resistance to low-resistance is accompanied by a semiconductor-to-metal transition mediated by the accumulation of oxygen-vacancies in the conduction path. Specifically, pronounced random-telegraph noise (RTN) with values up to 25% was observed in the device high-resistance state (HRS) but not in the low-resistance state (LRS). Through time-domain and temperature dependent analysis, we show that the RTN effect shares the same origin as the resistive switching effects, and both can be traced to the (re)distribution of oxygen vacancies (VOs). From noise and transport analysis we further obtained the density of states and average distance of the VOs at different resistance states, and developed a unified model to explain the conduction in both the HRS and the LRS and account for the resistance switching effects in these devices. Significantly, it was found that even though the conduction channel area is larger in the HRS, during resistive switching a localized region gains significantly higher VO and dominates the conduction process. These findings reveal the complex dynamics involved during resistive switching and will help guide continued optimization in the design and operation of this important emerging device class.
Experimental results from a visible nulling interferometer

Direct detection of planets around nearby stars requires the suppression of the parent starlight to many orders of magnitude (9 orders for visible, 6 for the MidIR). Myriad techniques have been proposed to accomplish this task including: pupil masking, coronagraphy and nulling interferometry. All of these techniques are currently undergoing rapid development. Nulling interferometry in the visible part of the spectrum is viewed as particularly difficult for two reasons: 1) fundamentally, the planet/star contrast is greater by roughly three orders of magnitude and 2) practically speaking, the expected residual fabrication errors produce larger phase error at shorter wavelengths. For these reasons, nulling interferometry experiments are currently planned for 7-12 /spl mu/m, where both of these factors are mitigated. However, progress may not be smooth at these mid IR wavelengths due to the lack of readily available components, and the difficulty of working with a large thermal background. Therefore, nulling interferometry in the visible continues to be compelling, particularly if it can be done deeply. Our team has proposed an instrument known as a visible nulling coronagraph. This instrument resides behind a single aperture and provides deep and stable interferometric nulls that are consistent with the requirements for direct detection. Its two key components are a nulling interferometer and a single mode fiber array (for reducing scattered light after the interferometer). In this paper, we first summarize the benefits of a nulling coronagraph. We subsequently show experimental measurements made with the visible nulling interferometer. We have demonstrated the feasibility of the shearing nulling concept, and are the first to control the null with a (laser) metrology system. As a result of these experiments, the visible nulling coronagraph continues to be a compelling technique for planet detection and spectroscopy.
Induction of IFN-β and the Innate Antiviral Response in Myeloid Cells Occurs through an IPS-1-Dependent Signal That Does Not Require IRF-3 and IRF-7

Interferon regulatory factors (IRF)-3 and IRF-7 are master transcriptional factors that regulate type I IFN gene (IFN-α/β) induction and innate immune defenses after virus infection. Prior studies in mice with single deletions of the IRF-3 or IRF-7 genes showed increased vulnerability to West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Whereas mice and cells lacking IRF-7 showed reduced IFN-α levels after WNV infection, those lacking IRF-3 or IRF-7 had relatively normal IFN-b production. Here, we generated IRF-3−/−× IRF-7−/− double knockout (DKO) mice, analyzed WNV pathogenesis, IFN responses, and signaling of innate defenses. Compared to wild type mice, the DKO mice exhibited a blunted but not abrogated systemic IFN response and sustained uncontrolled WNV replication leading to rapid mortality. Ex vivo analysis showed complete ablation of the IFN-α response in DKO fibroblasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, and cortical neurons and a substantial decrease of the IFN-β response in DKO fibroblasts and cortical neurons. In contrast, the IFN-β response was minimally diminished in DKO macrophages and dendritic cells. However, pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB and ATF-2/c-Jun, the two other known components of the IFN-β enhanceosome, strongly reduced IFN-β gene transcription in the DKO dendritic cells. Finally, a genetic deficiency of IPS-1, an adaptor involved in RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated antiviral signaling, completely abolished the IFN-β response after WNV infection. Overall, our experiments suggest that, unlike fibroblasts and cortical neurons, IFN-β gene regulation after WNV infection in myeloid cells is IPS-1-dependent but does not require full occupancy of the IFN-β enhanceosome by canonical constituent transcriptional factors.
Performance modeling of Signaling System No. 7 network

The authors develop a computer simulation model of common channel signaling networks based on the Signaling System No. 7 (SS No. 7) protocol with the objective of performance evaluation in congestion, signaling link, and processor failures. In this model, the implemented protocol is accurately aligned with the CCITT specifications of Signaling System No. 7. Generic models for signaling nodes which consider the current hardware/software implementations are derived. SS No. 7 signaling network simulation software (SS7SIM) is described. Some results on call setup and call teardown delays for basic and advanced services calls obtained by several runs of SS7SIM for call control traffic are presented. >
SELF-INTEREST AND PUBLIC OPINION TOWARD SMOKING POLICIES; A REPLICATION AND EXTENSION

Numerous studies report that self-interest has a nonsignificant influence upon various political and social attitudes. In contrast, a recent article by Green and Gerken (1989) reports a California study showing that cigarette smokers are significantly more opposed than nonsmokers to public smoking restrictions and tobacco sales tax increases. The present article replicates and extends this analysis with data from two different statesIllinois (in 1984, N = 458) and North Carolina (in 1985, N = 488)-and using analysis techniques that differ from and expand upon the California study. Despite these methodological differences, self-interest is again shown to have a significant influence on opinions concerning public smoking restrictions and taxation, as well as on several additional issues relating to smoking and tobacco.
Automated Detection of 3D Landmarks for the Elimination of Non-Biological Variation in Geometric Morphometric Analyses

Landmark-based morphometric analyses are used by anthropologists, developmental and evolutionary biologists to understand shape and size differences (eg. in the cranioskeleton) between groups of specimens. The standard, laborintensive approach is for researchers to manually place landmarks on 3D image datasets. As landmark recognition is subject to inaccuracies of human perception, digitization of landmark coordinates is typically repeated (often by more than one person) and the mean coordinates are used. In an attempt to improve efficiency and reproducibility between researchers, we have developed an algorithm to locate landmarks on CT mouse hemi-mandible data. The method is evaluated on 3D meshes of 28-day old mice, and results compared to landmarks manually identified by experts. Quantitative shape comparison between two inbred mouse strains demonstrate that data obtained using our algorithm also has enhanced statistical power when compared to data obtained by manual landmarking.
Giant epicranial neurofibroma--case report.

The authors describe a case of giant epicranial neurofibroma unassociated with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. The tumor, which was situated in the occipital region, gradually enlarged over a 14-year period, while the two skull defects beneath it increased in size over a period of 3 years. On angiography the tumor exhibited marked hypervascularity. It was fed mainly by the bilateral occipital arteries and drained into the transverse sinus. After its embolization and total excision the pathological diagnosis was plexiform neurofibroma. This and two similar reported cases have features in common with those of von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis.
Reproductive Behavior and Spawning Microhabitat of the Flagfin Shiner Pteronotropis signipinnis

Abstract The reproductive behavior and spawning microhabitat of the flagfin shiner, Pteronotropis signipinnis, was described from aquarium observations, instream observations and microhabitat specific seining collections. Based upon aquarium observations, P. signipinnis is a broadcaster and exhibits a spawning clasp. Although spawning was never observed in nature, a high frequency of spawning related behavioral acts was observed in shallow, densely vegetated habitats (“vegetated riffles”). The spatial distribution of males and females with gonads in advanced stages of development was additional indirect evidence that vegetated riffles were an important microhabitat for reproduction. The physical characteristics of vegetated riffles may enhance the males' ability to clasp females, increase the survival of eggs and provide refuge from predation for spawning adults. Behavior related to foraging was frequently observed in “vegetated runs”, indicating that P. signipinnis relies upon different habitat types to ...
Chapter 16 The cyclical behavior of prices and costs

Abstract Because inputs are scarce, marginal cost is an increasing function of output. Diminishing returns, costs of increasing employment as well as the increasing marginal disutility of working when hours worked and effort rise all contribute to make this function steep. Without changes in this function relating marginal cost to output, aggregate output can vary if and only if the markup of price to marginal cost (the inverse of real marginal cost for typical firms) varies. We first study whether, empirically, real marginal cost does rise in cyclical expansions. Average real labor cost is not very procyclical but, for several reasons, marginal labor cost is more procyclical than average labor cost. These include the presence of overhead labor and adjustment costs as well as differences between the marginal and the average wage. These corrections results in procyclical measures of real marginal cost. Measures of marginal costs based on materials costs and inventories also appear procyclical. We show that these procyclical movements in marginal cost may, depending on how costs are modeled, account for a substantial fraction of cyclical output movements. Finally, we survey models of variable markups. These include both models of sticky prices (in which markups vary because firms cannot all costlessly charge the markup they desire) and models in which firms' desired markup varies over time. This set of models allows a rich set of variables to affect output even if these variables do not shift the marginal cost schedule.
My Daughter the Scientist? Mothers’ Perceptions of the Shift in Their Daughter’s Personal Science Identities

This study reports on the perspective of mothers whose daughters underwent an extensive inquiry-focused interactive one-week science camp, which involved female middle school students and university scientists. This study focused on nine mother’s perceptions of the impact the camp had on their daughter’s science identities. Following the camp, parents were interviewed and reported that, among other things, their daughters had shifted to a much keener appreciation for science as a discipline, had a greater awareness of who scientists are, where their work, and what they do, as well as a broadened and more focused interest in science careers. Key to this paper is the profound ripple effect that these experiences with scientists had on the girls’ science identities once returning to a school setting. Based on data collected, these experiences with scientists prompted students to participate more in school science and express more interest in science for as much as a year following the camp. The reflections shared by parents following their daughters’ camp participation provide important insight for parents, teachers and informal educators in terms of how girls internalize these experiences in a way that effects their own perceptions of scientists and becomes incorporated into their individual science identities.
Nonsmoker Exposure to Secondhand Cannabis Smoke. III. Oral Fluid and Blood Drug Concentrations and Corresponding Subjective Effects

The increasing use of highly potent strains of cannabis prompted this new evaluation of human toxicology and subjective effects following passive exposure to cannabis smoke. The study was designed to produce extreme cannabis smoke exposure conditions tolerable to drug-free nonsmokers. Six experienced cannabis users smoked cannabis cigarettes [5.3% Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Session 1 and 11.3% THC in Sessions 2 and 3] in a closed chamber. Six nonsmokers were seated alternately with smokers during exposure sessions of 1 h duration. Sessions 1 and 2 were conducted with no ventilation and ventilation was employed in Session 3. Oral fluid, whole blood and subjective effect measures were obtained before and at multiple time points after each session. Oral fluid was analyzed by ELISA (4 ng/mL cutoff concentration) and by LC-MS-MS (limit of quantitation) for THC (1 ng/mL) and total THCCOOH (0.02 ng/mL). Blood was analyzed by LC-MS-MS (0.5 ng/mL) for THC, 11-OH-THC and free THCCOOH. Positive tests for THC in oral fluid and blood were obtained for nonsmokers up to 3 h following exposure. Ratings of subjective effects correlated with the degree of exposure. Subjective effect measures and amounts of THC absorbed by nonsmokers (relative to smokers) indicated that extreme secondhand cannabis smoke exposure mimicked, though to a lesser extent, active cannabis smoking.
Observations on Certain Lepidopterous and Hymenopterous Parasites of Polistes Wasps

In an article entitled “Studies in the Ecology and Behavior of Polistes Wasps” (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 33: 224–235, 1938, and 34:36–44, 1939) I state that Lepidopterous parasites, Dicymolomia pegasalis emerged from a nest of Polistes pallipes . This statement brought an inquiry from a friend who wanted to know what the moth had fed upon in its larval stage. Did it, he asked, feed upon the wasp-larva itself, or the larval excrement plastered against the ceiling of the cell or was it perhaps upon the papery material of the nest? This moth belongs to the family Pyralididae, a few of whose members, like those of the Tineidae and a few other families of small moths, have acquired strange and unusual feeding habits. Many species have strayed so far from the generally accepted vegetarian habits of Lepidoptera as to be nothing short of astonishing. Mr. H. I. O'Byrne has called my attention to a few of the most outstanding examples. For example, there are two species belonging to the family Pyralididae, Cryptoses choloepi [1][1] and Bradipodicola hahneli [2][2] which inhabit the fur of living sloths, living continuously in it and causing its matted condition. Then there are two species of moths, Tinea vastella [3][3] and T. orientalis [4][4] that have been bred from the horns of cattle, where they feed upon the horny tissue. The larvae of Zenodochium coccivorella [5][5] and of Euclemensia bassettella [6][6] are internal parasites of the females of Kermes (Coccidae). The caterpillar of the latter species cuts a lid in the Kermes' gall so that it may easily emerge when it becomes adult. Tinea fuscipunctella (Forbes, ibid. , p. 126) breeds in the trash of pigeon nests and Triohophaga tapetzella (Forbes, ibid. , p. 131) is a clothes moth and general scavenger often breeding in owl pellets; while the larvae of Monopis crocicapitella (Forbes, ibid. , p. 132) breed in seeds of absinth and in refuse, and have also been taken in caves in association with bats. The larvae of Valentinia glandulella (Forbes, ibid. , p. 310) are scavengers on acorn weevils, while V. quaintancella (Forbes, ibid. , p. 327) are known to feed on mummy-apples, i. e. , apples entirely black and shriveled up from disease. Pyroderous rileyi (Forbes, ibid. , p. 327) feeds on mummy fruits, rotten cotton-balls and stored corn. We must not forget the notorious wax moths, Galleria mellonella and Achroia grisella which are scavengers in the comb and the wax of the honey-bee, and finally we have certain species such as Aphomia sociella and Vitula edmandsii whose larvae are found in the nests of bumble bees (Forbes, ibid. , p. 631). [1]: #fn-1 [2]: #fn-2 [3]: #fn-3 [4]: #fn-4 [5]: #fn-5 [6]: #fn-6
Thin Films: Stress Measurement Techniques

Thin films are in widespread use in a variety of applications, for example, for interconnections in semiconductor devices, as optical coatings, and as protective layers on high temperature alloys. The stresses in these films often play an important role in the functioning and reliability of the products. Methods are needed for the measurement of these stresses.
Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of typhus in Henan,China from 2004 to 2010

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of typhus in Henan province from 2004 to 2010,in order to provide evidence for developing typhus prevention and control strategies.Methods Descriptive epidemiological method and circular distribution method were used to analyze the surveillance data of typhus in Henan province from 2004 to 2010.Results In all 172 cases were reported from 2004 to 2010.The cumulative incidence rate was 0.1822 per 105.The lowest and highest incidence rates were 0.0116 per 105 in 2010 and 0.0385 per 105 in 2008,respectively.There were significant differences for the incidence of typhus among different years(χ2=17.71,P0.05).The cases were mainly sporadic.There were no outbreaks and deaths.Most cases were distributed in central and northern areas of Henan province.The peak epidemic period was from July to September.Most cases were farmers and students.Conclusion The cases of typhus in Henan were mainly sporadic.Comprehensive prevention and control measures such as killing mice,fleas,lice,improving environmental health and monitoring host animals should be taken to control typhus effectively.
Holistic Mentoring and Coaching to Sustain Organizational Change and Innovation

Collaborative problem solving, creativity, innovation, and continuously improved performance outcomes are the normative expectations for organizations in the early 21st century. At the same time, workers seek not only equitable compensation for their efforts, but also opportunities for professional growth and development as well as acknowledgement and valuing of their contributions. As a result, more than ever, leaders face the challenge of creating learning organizations, communities of practice, and systems that promote the full potential of each worker, while attaining or exceeding organizational expectations and goals. An integrated, holistic model of mentoring and coaching consisting of four well researched theoretical frames is described: strengths based leadership, Emotional Intelligence, courageous conversations, and Appreciative Inquiry. The rarely acknowledged, imperceptible, but significant and indelible, neurological and biochemical links that connect the theoretical frames as well as the impact of self-efficacy beliefs and the thoughts and emotions of both mentor/coach and mentee/coachees are discussed. Recommendations for practice and implementation are presented.
Operative management of locally advanced, differentiated thyroid cancer.

Background The majority of differentiated thyroid cancer tends to present with limited locoregional disease, leading to excellent long-term survival after operative treatment. Even patients with advanced local disease may survive for long periods with appropriate treatment. The aim of this study is to present our institutional experience of the management of locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer and to analyze factors predictive of outcome. Methods We reviewed our institutional database of 3,664 previously untreated patients with differentiated thyroid cancer operated between 1986 and 2010. A total of 153 patients had tumor extension beyond the thyroid capsule that invaded the subcutaneous soft tissues, recurrent laryngeal nerve, larynx, trachea, or esophagus. Details on extent of operation and adjuvant therapy were recorded. Disease-specific survival and locoregional recurrence-free probability were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method. Factors predictive of outcome were determined by multivariate analysis. Results The median age of the 153 patients with tumor extension beyond the thyroid capsule was 55 years (range 11–91 years). Eighty-nine patients (58.2%) were female. Twenty-three patients (15.0%) were staged as M1 at presentation, and 122 (79.7%) had pathologically involved lymph nodes. The most common site of extrathyroidal extension was the recurrent laryngeal nerve (51.0%) followed by the trachea (46.4%) and esophagus (39.2%). Sixty-three patients (41%) required resection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve due to tumor involvement. After surgery, 20 patients (13.0%) had gross residual disease (R2), 63 (41.2%) had a positive margin of resection (R1), and 70 (45.8%) had complete resection with negative margins (R0). With a median follow-up of 63.9 months, 5-year, disease-specific survival, when stratified by R0/R1/R2 resection, was 94.4%, 87.6%, and 67.9%, respectively ( P = .030). The data do not demonstrate a statistical difference in survival between R0 versus R1 ( P = .222). The 5-year distant recurrence-free probability for M0 patients was 90.8%, 90.3%, and 70.7% ( P = .410). The locoregional recurrence-free probability was 85.8% for R0 patients and 85.5% for R1 patients ( P = .593). Conclusion With an appropriate operative strategy, patients with locally advanced thyroid cancer with an R0 or R1 resection have excellent survival outcome.
High-resolution telomere fluorescence in situ hybridization reveals intriguing anomalies in germ cell tumors

Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is the most common malignancy of young men. Most patients are completely cured, which distinguishes these from most other malignancies. Orchiectomy specimens (n=76) were evaluated using high-resolution (single-cell discriminative) telomere-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with simultaneous Oct4 immunofluorescence to describe telomere length phenotype in TGCT neoplastic cells. For the first time, the TGCT precursor lesion, germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) is also evaluated in depth. The intensity of the signals from cancerous cells was compared to the same patient's reference cells-namely, healthy germ cells (defined as "medium" length) and interstitial/somatic cells (defined as "short" telomere length). We observed short telomeres in most GCNIS and pure seminomas (P=.006 and P=.0005, respectively). In contrast, nonseminomas displayed longer telomeres. Lesion-specific telomere lengths were documented in mixed tumor cases. Embryonal carcinoma (EC) demonstrated the longest telomeres. A fraction of EC displays the telomerase-independent alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) phenotype (24% of cases). Loss of ATRX or DAXX nuclear expression was strongly associated with ALT; however, nuclear expression of both proteins was retained in half of ALT-positive ECs. The particular distribution of telomere lengths among TGCT and GCNIS precursors implicate telomeres anomalies in pathogenesis. These results may advise management decisions as well.
Acting into New Ways of Thinking

Late and exhausted, after a full day’s work with her third grade students and after being stranded on the subway platform waiting for a disabled train to be removed, Mary Ann finally arrived in her graduate class. Instead of finding an empty seat in the back of the room, she was taken aback as she saw chairs pushed against the walls, and her classmates standing in a circle taking turns clapping out the rhythm of their names.
DD78: Der Wohlstand und das dritte Lotka-Volterra-Gesetz (Dezember 2008)

Es gibt ein Gesetz aus der Biologie, das eine Aussage uber die Zeit nach Katastrophen macht. Oder auch eine fur Finanzkrisen? Wenn alles daniederliegt, scheinen sich die Guten schneller wieder zu erholen als die Bosen? Konnte das so sein?
Unsaturated Flow Induced by Evaporation and Transpiration

This paper reviews theoretical analyses of water flow in the unsaturated zone induced by evaporation and water uptake by plants. The governing equation for such flows is usually taken to be the Richards equation, although there are times when consideration also of vapor or air-flow effects is more realistic. Numerous analytical solutions of various steady and transient boundary-value problems are available for predictions and for verification of more general models. There also exist approximate techniques for linking together in time the analytical descriptions of individual events. Problems of spatial variability can be partially addressed by using some existing analytical results for heterogenous profiles and by performing direct areal integration over variable areas. Problems of water uptake by roots are most easily solved using the quasi-linear analysis and the time-dependent linear analysis.
Impact of distributed generation on voltage regulation by LTC transformer

Distributed Generator (DG) can cause over-voltages as well as under-voltages, depending on several factors including DG size and location, and method of voltage regulation. This paper addresses possible under-voltages when installing a DG on a feeder whose voltage is regulation by a LTC (load-tap changing) transformer with LDC (line drop compensator). Simple analytical expressions of voltage drop on a radial feeder with uniformly distributed load, and containing a DG unit, are derived. The analysis is illustrated by a numerical example that validates the accuracy of the analytical expressions.
Partially Miscible Water-Triethylamine Solutions and Their Temperature Dependence

A simple and straightforward demonstration of the temperature dependence of partial miscibility is described. The Gibbs phase rule, temperature–composition phase diagrams, and the lever rule serve as the basis for interpretation of the demonstration. The water–triethylamine system is miscible in all mixing ratios at temperatures less than 18 °C, but separates into two immiscible phases for a wide range of bulk compositions as temperature increases through 19–24 °C. A procedure is described in which a range of bulk compositions simultaneously experience an increase in temperature. Students are able to see differences in the temperature of phase separation, plus the evolving compositions and volumes of the separated phases.
Epistemic friction, affect and learning to know patients well: setting new norms for medical education

Medical education takes seriously the centrality of treating the person and not just the illness. This paper engages with previous work on epistemic and ethical challenges to person-centered care. The aim of the paper is to identify some missing components that medical education must focus on if it wants to inculcate proper epistemic, ethical and affective skills in treating patients well. The argument has four parts: after introducing the problem and providing a background for this paper, I explain the relationship between objectivity and trust. In section II, I inquire into the conditions under which trust in physicians and in the medical establishment can be fostered. I explain the everyday realities of social situatedness that, I argue, must be taken into consideration in order to foster the right kind of objectivity and trust in medical fields. Section III builds on the previous sections by addressing problems of silencing that are systematic and harmful, especially to people from marginalized and minority groups. I draw on Kristie Dotson’s work of testimonial quieting and testimonial smothering in this section and apply it to patients in order to show how important it is to good doctoring practices that physicians learn to develop skills and virtues that address the epistemic problems this essay identifies. Section IV develops the main positive argument. Drawing upon Medina’s account of epistemic vices and virtues that are socially situated and systemically reproduced, I show what a thick notion of epistemic and ethical responsibility would look like. In particular, I argue that physicians need to know how to engage with, rather than remain detached from, epistemic friction in their encounters with patients and that such engagement requires affective sensibilities as well as epistemic and ethical ones. Coming full circle, I return to the starting point of the relationship between objectivity and trustworthiness and argue that struggles to develop a thick notion of physician responsibility in oneself simultaneously is epistemic, ethical, affective, social and political.
Abstract WP260: The Dramatic Alteration of Microvascular Complexity and Endothelial Cell Gene Expression in Mice With Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction: Obesity is a leading public health problem in the US. More than one-third of adult are obese. It is closely related to development of the metabolic syndrome, which produces various va...
Abstract P231: Inhibition of Mir-762 Prevents and Reverses Ang II Induced Aortic Stiffening

We and others have shown that hypertension (HTN) is linked with striking fibrosis in the aortic adventitia. This leads to aortic stiffening, leading to organ damage. Through a screen of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the aorta, we found that miR-762 is the most upregulated miRNA in Ang II hypertensive mice. qRT-PCR confirmed that miR-762 is upregulated 6.35±1.22 (p=0.03) fold in Ang II-infused mice compared to controls. To study the role of miR-762 in HTN, we administered a locked nucleic acid inhibitor of miR-762. MiR-762 inhibition normalized stress-strain relationships and aortic systolic energy storage (ASE) (Table). Moreover, miR-762 inhibition in the last 2 weeks of Ang II infusion reversed aortic stiffness in mice treated with 4 wk of Ang II (ASE, 4 wk Ang II [51±5.18 kPa] vs 4wk Ang II + LNA-762 (last 2 wk) [20±1.76 kPa], p
Do infants in the neonatal intensive care unit diagnosed with urinary tract infection need a routine voiding cystourethrogram

Objective: To determine if infants diagnosed with urinary tract infection (UTI) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) require a routine voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG).Study design: Retrospect...
Direct Observations of a Dynamically Driven Phase Transition with in situ X-Ray Diffraction in a Simple Ionic Crystal.

We report real-time observations of a phase transition in the ionic solid ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$, a model $A{B}_{2}$ structure in high-pressure physics. Synchrotron x-ray diffraction coupled with dynamic loading to 27.7 GPa, and separately with static compression, follows, in situ, the fluorite to cotunnite structural phase transition, both on nanosecond and on minute time scales. Using Rietveld refinement techniques, we examine the kinetics and hysteresis of the transition. Our results give insight into the kinetic time scale of the fluorite-cotunnite phase transition under shock compression, which is relevant to a number of isomorphic compounds.