cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children's hedonic response to the smell of alcohol: effects of parental drinking habits.

Background: Previous research in our laboratory revealed that during the first year of life, infants who had more exposure to alcohol, as inferred from questionnaires about parental alcoholism and alcohol intake, mouthed an ethanol-scented toy more compared with less exposed infants. The present study focused on older children (3.8–6.0 years) to determine whether their hedonic response to the odor of alcohol was related to the drinking habits of their parents. Methods: Age-appropriate, game-like tasks that were fun for children and minimized the impact of language development were used to examine their preferences and identification of a variety of odors, one of which was beer. Results: The children's preference for the odor of beer varied as a function of the escape drinking of their mothers alone or both parents. That is, children who lived in a household in which one or both parents drank alcohol to escape were significantly more likely to dislike the odor bottle that contained alcohol when compared with children whose parents did not drink to escape. This difference between the groups was odor specific. Additional analyses also revealed that the fathers of children who rejected the beer odor reported drinking significantly more than the fathers of those who liked the odor. Conclusions: These findings suggest that some early learning about alcohol is based on sensory experiences and anchor it to children's experiences at home and the emotional context in which their parents experience alcohol.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS : X. THE IMMUNIZING EFFECTS IN RABBITS OF SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF KILLED CULTURES OF BACTERIUM PNEUMOSINTES.

A series of rabbits was subcutaneously injected with three measured doses of killed cultures of two strains of Bacterium pneumosintes derived from the nasopharyngeal secretions of influenza patients. These rabbits were subsequently tested for the development of serum antibodies and for the presence of an induced immunity to the living organisms, with the following results. The serum of eleven of fifteen rabbits, tested from 10 to 27 days after the final subcutaneous injection, specifically agglutinated Bacterium pneumosintes, whereas normal rabbit serum did not. Nineteen vaccinated rabbits were subjected to protection experiments. Two of them were unaffected by an intratracheal injection of Bacterium pneumosintes, contained in the lung tissues of previously infected animals, in a dose which typically affected the control rabbits. Fifteen of the other seventeen proved to be completely resistant when tested by intratracheal injections of Bacterium pneumosintes cultures that produced typical infections in the controls. Ten of these fifteen rabbits were injected intravenously with living cultures of pneumococcus, Streptococcus hamolyticus, or Bacillus pfeifferi in doses which were non-infective under normal conditions, but infective, as experience has shown, in the presence of a primary lesion caused by Bacterium pneumosintes. In none of these animals did infection develop. The two remaining rabbits of the seventeen were not protected against Bacterium pneumosintes by the vaccination, and they further developed a secondary pulmonary infection with Bacillus pfeifferi after its intravenous injection. Control rabbits similarly injected intratracheally with Bacterium pneumosintes, and then intravenously with the pneumococcus, streptococcus, or Bacillus pfeifferi in doses that had proved non-infective for normal rabbits, uniformly developed a secondary infection with these organisms. The mildness of the local reactions and the absence of general signs, following vaccination with Bacterium pneumosintes, indicate that similar injections would be well tolerated in man. There is no evidence that the subcutaneous injection of large doses of the heat-killed organisms reduces the resistance of the animal body to infections with other bacteria. In single rabbit experiments the resistance to intravenously injected pneumococci, streptococci, or Bacillus pfeifferi has been found unreduced immediately after vaccination with Bacterium pneumosintes.
An Experimental Investigation of Soot Formation During Nonpremixed Turbulent Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels

Although practical combustion devices involve turbulent conditions, crucial soot investigations have generally been based on the data obtained from laminar flames with relatively limited number of studies in the literature on turbulent flames. Motivated by the need for data that can allow proper characterization of soot properties within the fuel-rich regions of turbulent flames, optical experiments were carried out within hydrocarbon-fueled nonpremixed turbulent jet flames. Specifically, two gaseous fuels, ethylene and acetylene, were burned at relatively high Reynolds numbers in air at atmospheric pressure. In-situ diagnostics included laser scattering and extinction techniques to determine the soot field at various axial and radial positions in these flames. The findings are relevant not only to developing advanced computational models for accurate predictions of radiative transfer but also to controlling and predicting performance and pollutant emissions in combustion systems.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A Coxiella burnetii gene encodes a sensor-like protein

Two-component regulatory systems play important roles in the adaptive responses of many bacteria to environmental changes. The sensor proteins of these systems are highly conserved near their C-termini. We exploited this feature to isolate a gene encoding a putative sensor component from the obligate intracellular rickettsial parasite Coxiella burnetii (Cb). Using degenerate primers and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we isolated a DNA fragment from a genomic library of Cb containing an open reading frame (ORF), sufficient to encode a 48-kDa protein. Sequence comparison revealed that the deduced protein shared high homology to members of the bacterial sensor protein family, particularly at three conserved regions of the C terminus. When the Cb sensor-like gene was cloned into a high-copy-number vector and introduced into an E. coli strain (phoM, phoR), the mutant expressed low levels of alkaline phosphatase activity, suggesting that the gene functioned as a sensor protein in E. coli. Consequently, we designated this gene qrsA (for Q fever agent regulatory sensor-like gene). Because two-component regulatory systems have been implicated in a variety of cellular processes, including virulence determinants in some pathogenic bacteria, the identification of qrsA in Cb may shed light on how the pathogen adapts to extracellular changes during infection, as it proliferates in the phagolysosome.
Tumour promoter alone induces neoplastic transformation of fibroblasts from humans genetically predisposed to cancer

Neoplastic transformation is a multi-phase process apparently caused by carcinogens and subject to the influence of promoters. The naturally occurring phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) are potent tumour promoting agents. Through the use of phorbol esters a two-stage process of malignant transformation has been demonstrated in the mouse skin model and, more recently, in cell culture systems. Studies in vitro suggest that TPA reversibly inhibits terminal differentiation in most, but not all model systems, and that its function is presumably to increase the probability of expression of the malignant phenotype. We have studied the effects of TPA on mutant human fibroblast cell strains derived from individuals with hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR), an autosomal dominant trait. We have previously demonstrated in these fibroblasts abnormal phenotypic expressions which often appear in transformed cells. In these studies, we have assumed that the ACR cell exists in an "initiated state" due to a dominant mutation and that expression of the malignant state might only require treatment with a promoting agent. This single experimental protocol provided a novel system for the study of cancer promotion in vitro. We have now demonstrated, for the first time, the growth in vivo of human mutant cells exposed to TPA alone.
Dynamic Fatigue of a Machinable Glass‐Ceramic

To assess the stress corrosion susceptibility of a machinable glass-ceramic, its dynamic fatigue behavior was investigated by measuring its strength as a function of stress rate. Fracture mechanics techniques were used to analyse the results for the purpose of making lifetime predictions for components of this material. This material was concluded to have only moderate resistance to stress in ambient conditions. The effects of specimen size on strength were assessed for the material used in this study: it was concluded that the Weibull edge-flaw scaling law adequately describes the observed strength-size relationship.
Ensuring confidence in radionuclide-based sediment chronologies and bioturbation rates

Abstract Sedimentary records of naturally occurring and fallout-derived radionuclides are widely used as tools for estimating both the ages of recent sediments and rates of sedimentation and bioturbation. Developing these records to the point of data interpretation requires careful sample collection, processing, analysis and data modeling. In this work, we document a number of potential pitfalls that can impact sediment core records and their interpretation. This paper is not intended as an exhaustive treatment of these potential problems. Rather, the emphasis is on potential problems that are not well documented in the literature, as follows: (1) the mere sampling of sediment cores at a resolution that is too coarse can result in an apparent diffusive mixing of the sedimentary record at rates comparable to diffusive bioturbation rates observed in many locations; (2) 210 Pb profiles in slowly accumulating sediments can easily be misinterpreted to be driven by sedimentation, when in fact bioturbation is the dominant control. Multiple isotopes of different half lives and/or origin may help to distinguish between these two possible interpretations; (3) apparent mixing can occur due simply to numerical artifacts inherent in the finite difference approximations of the advection diffusion equation used to model sedimentation and bioturbation. Model users need to be aware of this potential problem. Solutions to each of these potential pitfalls are offered to ensure the best possible sediment age estimates and/or sedimentation and bioturbation rates can be obtained.
Simulation of communication systems

When both a complex system and a complex channel model are encountered, the result is typically a design or analysis problem that cannot be solved using traditional (pencil and paper) mathematical analysis. Computer-aided techniques, which usually involve some level of numerical simulation, can be a very valuable tool in these situations. The purpose of this article is to provide a tutorial review of some of the basic techniques of communication system simulation. The authors consider the basic techniques used to represent signals, generate signals, and model linear systems, nonlinear systems, and time-varying systems within a simulation. They consider the important problem of using a simulation to estimate the performance of a communication system. >
Quantitative Profiling of Endogenous Retinoic Acid in Vivo and in Vitro by Tandem Mass Spectrometry

We report an improved tandem mass spectrometric assay for retinoic acid (RA) applicable to in vitro and in vivo biological samples. This liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) a...
A Modification to Improve the Performance of Small One Stroke Micropipets

Flameless atomic absorption techniques have greatly extended the capabilities of analytical chemists to determine metallic elements in a wide variety of sample types. However, regardless of the technical excellence of the particular commercially available or homemade atomizer used, the reliability of the analytical work depends upon how well the tiny volumes of sample and standard solutions can be pipetted. Generally the most accepted method of solution handling has been the use of spring-loaded micropipets used with disposable plastic tips. This author has had experience with three examples of these pipets. Two of these utilized two-stage plungers (i.e., the plunger is depressed to the first level for aspiration of a measured amount of solution and pressed to another stop to express and "blow out" the pipet) and were satisfactory. The third type, a popular, inexpensive, single stroke system was found to be unsatisfactory as received for use in flameless atomic absorption atomizer applications. The reasons for this and a suggested cure for these problems are discussed in this communication.
Instructional Technology and Radiologic Education

As one of the most technology-intensive fields in medicine, radiologic educators have moved quickly to embrace the recent burst of innovation in instructional technology (IT). Whole new imaging modalities have been made possible with the development of ever more powerful and cheaper information processing, including spectacular advances in ultrasonography (US), computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. In the same way that information technology has revolutionized the clinical practice of radiology, the proponents of IT-assisted education predict that it will revolutionize radiologic education (2). They have argued that the old ways of training radiologists, including reliance on textbooks and an “apprenticeship” model of oneon-one interaction, need to be updated. By using such IT tools as computers and the Internet, they argue, it is possible to develop more effective and efficient means of teaching radiology. IT may prove to be an important adjunct to current educational practice, but IT is not the final solution for education. If we rely too much on IT, we are in danger of diminishing the vital human element in education, such as teacherstudent interaction, face-to-face seminars, and teaching at the reading board. IT may replace the textbook but not the teaching radiologist.
The acquisition of indirect reference: Functional motivations for continued language learning in children

Abstract This paper explores the question of how and why children learn names for things. The acquisition of reference is set within a broader discussion of linguistic representation, which defines language as a system functioning modulo the individual language user, the world of experience, and the social community. It is argued that the essential function of human language is to allow indirect (rather than direct) reference, and hypotheses are presented on how the child's motivation, his assumptions about what language is for, and his level of linguistic consciousness determine the role of indirect reference in children's learning of names. In an experiment eliciting indirect reference, four naming strategies were hypothesized: overgeneralization of a real (but incorrect) name, frustration, description, and made-up names. Twelve Ss between the ages of 3;1 and 4;4 were presented strange and novel items in picture and object contexts and asked to name those items once the stimuli were removed. The least mature Ss used mostly overgeneralized names. More mature Ss showed some frustration and used both overgeneralization and description. The most mature Ss showed an increased number of descriptions and used made-up names as well.
Undergraduate Student Awareness of Issues Related to Preconception Health and Pregnancy

Objectives To assess undergraduate student awareness of issues related to preconception health and pregnancy and to investigate gender differences. Methods Two-hundred forty-one undergraduate students (137 females, 104 males) completed a questionnaire designed to assess awareness of issues related to preconception health and pregnancy. Results Overall, students demonstrated a low to moderate level of awareness, correctly answering 64% of items. Individual student scores varied a great deal, ranging from 33% to 89% correct. Students who had previously taken a course containing information on pregnancy and/or child development correctly answered a greater percentage of items than those who had not taken such a course. Females had slightly, but statistically significantly, higher awareness scores than males. Students self-reported ratings of awareness of behaviors that are dangerous during pregnancy were associated with their composite scores on the questionnaire. Awareness across individual items varied a great deal. Students demonstrated a high level of awareness for substance use, a moderate level of awareness for sexually transmitted diseases and preconception care, and lower levels of awareness for folic acid, prenatal development, health, and pregnancy spacing. Conclusions Efforts to improve preconception health should include increasing awareness of reproductive issues for both males and females. Existing efforts to provide information on reproductive health to students need to be expanded and new strategies developed. Particular attention should be paid to increasing awareness of the benefits of family planning, the early onset and rapid rate of organogenesis, the benefits of folic acid, and the importance of addressing health-related issues.
Antiviral Treatment for Patients Hospitalized with 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1)

With the 2009 H1N1 pandemic well under way, many clinicians are providing care to patients with influenza. Previously, although antiviral treatment was recommended,1,2 clinicians may not always have prescribed it to patients hospitalized with seasonal influenza, perhaps because of a perception that antiviral treatment had limited benefit. Controlled trials conducted among outpatients with uncomplicated seasonal influenza reported a reduction of approximately 1 day in the duration of illness and reduced severity when antiviral treatment was initiated within 48 hours of illness onset, as compared with placebo. However, evidence from observational studies supports the benefit of neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir or . . .
Vitreoretinal traction is a major factor in causing the haemorrhagic retinopathy of abusive head injury?--yes.

Vitreoretinal traction is a major factor in causing the haemorrhagic retinopathy of abusive head Injury? – Yes
Individual Differences in Learning Disabled Students' Use of Contextual Cuing.

This study was designed to examine individual differences among learning disabled poor readers in their use of contextual cuing to aid word identification. Words were presented to the subjects in both connected text and in isolation. The study employed a reversal design in which half the subjects read the words in the following order: context, isolation, context, isolation (ABAB). The other half of the subjects were presented with the conditions in the opposite order. Subject errors in each of the four conditions were recorded. Group statistical analysis found a significant effect favoring context over isolation. Subjects made fewer errors in the context than in the isolation conditions. An individual analysis of the subject errors using the reversal design, however, revealed that three of the subjects made consistently fewer errors in isolation than in context. This effect indicates that for some students, at least, context does not facilitate word identification.
THE INCIDENCE AND THE RESULTS OF ACTIVE TREATMENT OF ACUTE RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA

Over a four year period three hundred and thirty-nine (339) "at risk" premature neonates were examined, and sixty-five (65) cases of acute R.L.F. (19%) were detected. The overall observed incidence of acute R.L.F. in these surviving babies under 1000 gms birthweight was 47%, in those whose birthweight was 1001-1500 gms the incidence was 22%. The incidence of acute R.L.F., in those babies whose birthweight was greater than 1501-2000 gms was 4.0%. Most of the cases of acute R.L.F. that were detected occurred in those infants with a birth weight less than 1500 gms. Seventy-eight per cent (78%) of these cases of acute R.L.F. were mild and resolved spontaneously. Severe cases occurred only in those babies with a very low birthweight (less than 1100 gms). Active treatment with cryopexy or photocoagulation was undertaken in 15 eyes of 9 infants. Thirteen (13) of the fifteen (15) eyes treated resolved, and there were no blind patients in the series at the end of the study.
Patterns and Rates of Ground‐Water Flow on Long Island, New York

Increased ground-water contamination from human activities on Long Island has prompted studies to define the pattern and rate of ground-water movement. A two-dimensional, fine-mesh, finite-element model consisting of 11,969 nodes and 22,880 elements was constructed to represent ground-water flow along a north-south section through central Long Island. The model represents average hydrologic conditions within a corridor approximately 15 miles wide. The model solves discrete approximations of both the potential and stream functions. The resulting flownet depicts flow paths and defines the vertical distribution of flow within the section. Ground-water flow rates decrease with depth. Sixty-two percent of the water flows no deeper than the upper glacial (water-table) aquifer, 38 percent enters the underlying Magothy aquifer, and only 3.1 percent enters the Lloyd aquifer. The limiting streamlines for flow to the Magothy and Lloyd aquifers indicate that aquifer recharge areas are narrow east-west bands through the center of the island. The recharge area of the Magothy aquifer is only 5.4 miles wide; that of the Lloyd aquifer is less than 0.5 miles. The distribution of ground-water traveltime and a flownet are calculated from model results; both are useful in the investigation of contaminant transport or the chemical evolution of ground water within the flow system. A major discontinuity in traveltime occurs across the streamline which separates the flow subsystems of the two confined aquifers. Water that reaches the Lloyd aquifer attains traveltimes as high as 10,000 years, whereas water that has not penetrated deeper than the Magothy aquifer attains traveltimes of only 2,000 years. The finite-element approach used in this study is particularly suited to ground-water systems that have complex hydrostratigraphy and cross-sectional symmetry.
Sensitizing stimulation causes a long-term increase in heart rate in Aplysia californica.

These studies show that cutaneous stimulation that evoked body wall contraction elicited a concurrent disruption of cardiovascular function. A pinch or test shock to the tail caused a 10- to 30-s increase in diastolic pressure and variability in pulse pressure. Sensitizing cutaneous stimulation which produced enhancement of the tail withdrawal reflex caused no enhancement of the evoked cardiovascular responses. At 20 min post-sensitization training a gradual increase in heart rate was observed and at 60 min post-sensitization training, heart rate was 111 ± 4.3% presensitization values. These long-term changes in cardiovascular function appear to be mediated by the central nervous system. Chemical blockade of conduction at P9 or the pleural-abdominal connectives prevented the sensitization-induced increase in heart rate.
Nephrotic Syndrome After Bevacizumab: Case Report and Literature Review

Bevacizumab, or avastin, is a monoclonal hybrid antibody that binds to and neutralizes vascular endothelial growth factor. It has shown promising efficacy in the adjunctive treatment of patients with several cancers. Recent reports indicated that bevacizumab therapy often was associated with the development of proteinuria, but rarely nephrotic syndrome. In this report, we describe a patient who developed new-onset hypertension and nephrotic syndrome in association with bevacizumab treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer. Renal biopsy showed an immune-complex–mediated focal proliferative glomerulonephritis. Nephrotic syndrome and hypertension resolved after discontinuation of bevacizumab therapy. The mechanism of bevacizumab-induced glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome is unknown and requires additional investigation. Clinicians should be aware of the potential reversible nephrotoxicity of bevacizumab and should monitor blood pressure and urine protein excretion closely during therapy with this agent.
Orientational optical nonlinearity of nematic liquid crystals for image conversion and optical limiting

We present a review of the basic mechanisms for laser induced refractive index changes associated with director axis reorientation in nematic liquid crystals. In methyl-red doped nematic liquid crystal, an index change coefficient of more than 10 cm2/GW has been obtained, allowing us to perform image conversion and optical limiting processes at very low optical intensities. In particular, we demonstrated a very large dynamic range twisted nematic liquid crystal limiter that will protect sensor from cw or long-pulse laser jamming.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Endovascular brachytherapy to inhibit coronary artery restenosis: an introduction to the SCRIPPS Coronary Radiation to Inhibit Proliferation Post Stenting trial.

This year is the 100th anniversary of the use of ionizing radiation to treat disease. Since the turn of the century, many benign and malignant diseases have been treated with radiation therapy (RT). Through the decades, however, the application of RT in the treatment of benign diseases has largely disappeared-supplanted by other medical or surgical therapies. RT has most recently been committed to the treatment of malignancies to such a degree that the specialty was renamed radiation oncology. However, a continued. though very limited, role for RT has persisted in the treatment of certain benign hyperplastic disorders. RT significantly inhibits excessive fibroblast activity. Judicious clinical use of low-dose RT is highly effective in inhibiting such benign conditions as conjunctival pterygia. keloid scars. and aggressive fibromatosis. Excessive bone formation by the osteoblast, a derivative of the fibroblast. is successfully inhibited by low-dose RT and thereby inhibits heterotopic ossification. Although such benign hyperplasia disorders are significant clinical entities, the main thrust of RT continues to be the treatment of malignancies. With the coming millennium, a new therapeutic application of RT in benign disease promises to open new vistas previously unimagined. Studies have just begun in using RT to prevent vascular restenosis. RT may provide a powerful tool to solve what has become a vexing problem in vascular disease. In this review, we shall discuss early preclinical evidence that endovascular brachytherapy may inhibit coronary artery restenosis. We shall also introduce and describe the Scripps Clinic’s ongoing trial of endovascular RT in the prevention of coronary artery restenosis. The Scripps Coronary Radiation to Inhibit Proliferation Post Stenting trial (SCRIPPS) is the first attempt to use catheter-based intracoronary ionizing radiation in a prospective double-blinded randomized study. The study’s objective is to determine the initial safety and efficacy in reversing and preventing coronary artery restenosis by adding lowdose RT to today’s optima1 conventional cardiovascular therapy. This review will hopefully also provide a basis to understand the rationale and some of the potential benefits of applying radiation in the treatment of coronary artery restenosis.
A rapid attenuation of muscarinic agonist stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis precedes receptor sequestration in human SH-SY-5Y neuroblastoma cells

Agonist occupancy of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in human SH-SY-5Y neuroblastoma cells elicited two kinetically distinct phases of phosphoinositide hydrolysis when monitored by either an increased mass of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, or the accumulation of a total inositol phosphate fraction. Within 5s of the addition of the muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine-M, the phosphoinositide pool was hydrolyzed at a maximal rate of 9.5%/min. This initial phase of phosphoinositide hydrolysis was short-lived (t1/2=14s) and after 60s of agonist exposure, the rate of inositol lipid breakdown had declined to a steady state level of 3.4%/min which was then maintained for at least 5–10 min. This rapid, but partial, attenuation of muscarinic receptor stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis occurred prior to the agonist-induced internalization of muscarinic receptors.
Flowsheet development, process simulation and economic feasibility analysis for novel suspension ironmaking technology based on natural gas: Part 1 – Flowsheet and simulation for ironmaking with reformerless natural gas

AbstractA novel gas–solid suspension ironmaking process with much less energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions than the current blast furnace technology is under development at the University of Utah. The proposed process is based on flash reduction of iron ore concentrate with a gaseous reagent, such as hydrogen, syngas and/or natural gas. This series of papers reports on the results of process simulation for the proposed process operated with natural gas. This Part 1 deals with simulation of a commercial scale reformerless ironmaking process with heat recovery and hydrogen recycling steps. Ironmaking was simulated in one-step and two-step process configurations. The results indicated that the proposed process would, depending on the process configuration, reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 39–51% and energy consumption by 32–44% compared with the average blast furnace process (61–66% if the lower heating value of natural gas is used). The sensitivity of the energy requirement to operating condit...
STUDIES OF A NEW GENETIC DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY A DEFICIENT PMN LEUKOCYTE SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN(S)

STUDIES OF A NEW GENETIC DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY A DEFICIENT PMN LEUKOCYTE SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN(S)
Conviction, Confrontation, and Risk in New Teachers' Advocating for Equity.

Despite frustration with school constraints, new teachers who graduated from a program focused on advocacy for equity spoke for students in need in school forums and spoke up about issues of equity. Speaking for students, driven by convictions about equitable access to resources and a responsibility to act, often helped garner support and affected attitudes and school practices. However, this did not occur cost‐free. Despite apparently strong preparation to advocate for equity, teachers reported that advocacy required persistence and sometimes confrontation with colleagues and administrators, some describing an assessment of risk, often feeling vulnerable in new jobs. A case of one teacher's advocacy for special needs students and for one boy in particular illustrates these issues. Suggestions are offered for ways teacher education can prepare teachers to speak for students in need and speak up and against practices and policies that impede equity.
Baseline exploratory activity predicts anxiolytic responsiveness to diazepam in five mouse strains

Inbred mouse strains showing variability in spontaneous exploratory behaviors displayed differential responsiveness to diazepam in an anxiety-related exploration model. C57B1/6J, BALB/cJ, Swiss Webster/NIH, Swiss Webster/Harlan Sprague-Dawley, and CF-1 mice demonstrated a significant correlation between baseline exploratory activity and maximal percentage increase in exploratory behavior induced by diazepam. No correlation was seen between those behavioral responses and the characteristics of brain benzodiazepine binding sites in the different strains. Anti-anxiety responsiveness appears to be a function of some genetically-determined substrate for spontaneous exploratory behaviors which may have multiple neurochemical substrates.
Perceived motivational arousal as a mediator of the magnitude of goal valence

Two experiments were conducted to test the proposition that goal valence is a direct function of perceived motivational tension. In the first, subjects read short passages that were either erotic (high excitatory potential/positive affect), violent (high excitatory potential/negative effect), or educational (low excitatory potential/positive affect) just prior to being confronted with an avoidance motivational circumstance. It was predicted that once subjects were in the avoidance situation, residual arousal from the high excitement passages would be interpreted motivationally and would result in an enhanced (negative) valence of the outcome being avoided. Passage affect was expected to have no impact upon subjects' perception of the potential negative outcome. Results confirmed both expectations. Because of a weak arousal manipulation check in the violent passage condition, and the possibility that the results could potentially be explained in terms of misattribution of fear, the second experiment was conducted. The results of that study replicated the primary findings in Experiment 1, showed stronger evidence of arousal elicited by the violent passage, and revealed no significant differences in fear. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Differential use of available genetic tests among primary care physicians in the United States: results of a national survey

Purpose: This study assesses primary care physicians' experience ordering and referring patients for genetic testing, and whether minority-serving physicians are less likely than those serving fewer minorities to offer such services. Methods: Survey of a random sample of 2000 primary care physicians in the United States (n = 1120, 62.3% response rate based on eligible respondents) conducted in 2002 to assess what proportion have (1) ever ordered a genetic test in general or for select conditions; (2) ever referred a patient for genetic testing to a genetics center or counselor, a specialist, a clinical research trial, or to any site of care. Results: Nationally, 60% of primary care physicians have ordered a genetic test and 74% have referred a patient for genetic testing. Approximately 62% of physicians have referred a patient for genetic testing to a genetics center/counselor or to a specialist, and 17% to a clinical trial. Minority-serving physicians were significantly less likely to have ever ordered a genetic test for breast cancer, colorectal cancer, or Huntington disease, or to have ever referred a patient for genetic testing relative to those serving fewer minorities. Conclusions: Reduced utilization of genetic tests/referrals among minority-serving physicians emphasizes the importance of tracking the diffusion of genomic medicine and assessing the potential impact on health disparities.
The determinants of the choice between public and private production of a publicly funded service

The public choice literature contains little formal analysis of the bureaucratic choice of production modes — public or private — of publicly funded services. An important question to be addressed is why some governmental bodies choose to provide a publicly funded service with publicly owned and operated production units whereas other governmental bodies contract with private firms to provide the same publicly funded service. This paper is the first formal attempt to remedy this gap in the literature. We develop a theoretical explanation of the government decision maker's choice between public and private production modes based on utility maximizing behavior. We then examine empirically this choice employing logit analysis. The empirical results, which include several tests for robustness, confirm our theoretical explanation. The results are significant and suggest that non-monetary constraints are an important factor affecting this choice of production modes and that monetary constraints are less influential.
Intra-CSF Administration of Chemotherapy Medications

Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis is a devastating complication of cancer and is likely increasing in incidence. The combination of widespread neuro-axial spread based on CSF flow and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) has favored immediate local delivery of antineoplastic agents. With the BBB, the leptomeninges can be a sanctuary site to systemic cancers and goal of therapy includes preventing involvement in this space. Current therapies with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval are limited to treat hematologic cancers. Although lacking FDA guidance, a wider array of therapies is available to treat solid tumors. We provide an updated examination on both well-established intra-CSF chemotherapies as well as agents having limited data, but reports of therapeutic benefit.
Free Convection Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Melt Water Layer

An experimental study was conducted on the formation of a water layer containing a maximum density, its effect on the onset of convection, and the heat transfer characteristics of such a system. This water layer was formed by one-dimensional melting (either from below or above) of a cylinder of bubble-free ice. For melting from above, with a melting rate measurement, the warm plate temperature Th varied from 4.16 to 13.09°C with initial ice temperatures T0 of −6.5 and −13°C, respectively. For experiments with a measurement of temperature profile, Th varied from 11.75 to 39.90°C with T0 at −12 and −15°C. For melting from below with a melting rate measurement, Th ranged from 7.70 to 25.50°C with four T0 ’s from −4.8 to −22°C. The layer depth at the onset of convection was determined by locating the inflection point on the water layer depth versus time curve, and was compared with layer depth calculated from a linear stability analysis of an identical problem. The results were compared with the analytical work of Veronis and were found to be in excellent agreement. Formation of a constant temperature layer was observed by measuring the water temperature distribution as melting progressed. The constant temperature was found to be dependent on Th for melting from below but was a constant for melting from above. The heat flux to the melting surface increased linearly with Th for melting from below, but had a weaker dependence for melting from above. Non-dimensional mean temperature profiles of the water layer were found to be in good agreement with those by Adrian for melting from above. In the case of melting from below, the mean temperature profile also fell into a single line with a somewhat higher value in the convection layer.
MicroSPE-nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS Using 10-μm-i.d. Silica-Based Monolithic Columns for Proteomics

Silica-based monolithic capillary columns (25 cm × 10 μm i.d.) with integrated nanoESI emitters have been developed to provide high-quality and robust microSPE-nanoLC-ESI-MS analyses. The integrated nanoESI emitter adds no dead volume to the LC separation, allowing stable electrospray operation at flow rates of ∼10 nL/min. In an initial application with a linear ion trap MS, we identified 5510 unique peptides that covered 1443 distinct Shewanella oneidensis proteins from a 300-ng tryptic digest sample in a single 4-h LC−MS/MS analysis. The use of an integrated monolithic ESI emitter provided enhanced resistance to clogging and provided good run-to-run reproducibility.
The aging face.

Aging is an inevitable process. Most patients identify the concept of self-image in their facial appearance. The face is also our interface with the outside world. Changes in the face secondary to aging are the most apparent. Some aspects of aging are fairly uncontrollable, and these are largely based on hereditary factors. Other factors are somewhat controllable and are largely the result of exposure to the elements and harmful habits. The processes of facial aging are slowly becoming understood. Although different patients appear to age at different rates, biologic aging does not seem necessarily to follow chronologic aging in the same fashion in different individuals. However, a fundamental pattern as well as sequence in aging is fairly predictable and describable. The effects of ultraviolet radiation and involutional changes are manifested in the skin as wrinkles. Involutional changes in the suspensory structures in the face result in skin laxity and dependency. In this article, the various factors involved in aging are reviewed. The effects of these factors in different regions are discussed, with representative illustrations to represent concepts.
Factors directing the expression of sympathetic nerve traits in cells of neural crest origin.

It has been assumed that the phenotype expressed by a particular cell of neural crest origin is determined by the tissues comprising the final site of that crest cell. To test this premise as it applies to differentiation of sympathetic ganglioblasts, the future site of the primary sympathetic ganglia was ablated from embryonic axial trunks and the remaining tissues including the migrating crest cells were grown on chorioallantoic membranes of host chicks. Despite removal of the ultimate site of the primary sympathetic chains, catecholamine-containing cells, identified by a fluorescent test, differentiated ectopically. These results suggest that tissues along the migratory route rather than the tissues comprising the definitive site direct catecholamine synthesis in crest cells. To test this possibility, segments of neural tubes containing neural crest were grown alone or combined with somites on the chorioallantoic membrane. It was found that sympathoblast differentiation requires the presence of somitic mesoderm. In addition, ablation of the ventral neural tube drastically reduces the quantity of sympathetic nervous tissue formed in the presence of somites. Whether the ventral neural tube affects the crest cells directly or affects the capacity of the somites to influence crest cell differentiation is as yet undetermined. Control experiments indicate that mesoderm from other sources will not substitute for the somites in eliciting differentiation of sympathoblasts. These experiments support the hypothesis that neural crest cells give rise to sympathetic neurons in response to conditions imposed while the cells migrate ventrally.
Light-induced retinal damage in mice carrying a mutated SOD I gene.

Transgenic mice expressing mutated mouse Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD I), corresponding to a mutation associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, develop a fatal motorneuron degeneration that resembles the human disease. The biochemical properties of some mutant SOD I enzymes indicate that a gain of catalytic functions, (such as increased peroxidase activity) may be the pathologic factor(s). However, at the present time there is little in vivo evidence that a mutation-induced change in the catalytic activity of SOD I is directly involved in neuronal cell death or that vulnerability to cell death is related to the level of functional/metabolic activity of cells carrying mutated SOD I. In pigmented mice carrying the G86R mutation of mouse SOD I, exposure to constant bright light for 20 days caused a diminution of electroretinographic activity and specific degeneration of photoreceptor cells, while no pathological effects were seen in transgenic littermates not exposed to bright light or in light exposed non-transgenic littermates. These findings are the first to indicate that one mechanism for neuronal cell death by mutated SOD I is use-dependent and/or related to metabolic activity, and therefore may be due to a gain in function of catalytic activities involving superoxide/hydrogen peroxide. The light-exposure pathology in this transgenic mouse model indicates an essential role for SOD I in the protection of photoreceptors from light-damage.
Bohr topologies and compact function spaces

Abstract We consider (discrete) structures, A , for a countable language. A # denotes A with its Bohr topology. Let Y be a compact Hausdorff space. Then Y is homeomorphic to a subspace of some A # iff Y is Talagrand compact.
Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training for Treating Binge Eating Disorder: The Conceptual Foundation

This paper reviews the conceptual foundation of mindfulness-based eating awareness training (MB-EAT). It provides an overview of key therapeutic components as well as a brief review of current research. MB-EAT is a group intervention that was developed for treatment of binge eating disorder (BED) and related issues. BED is marked by emotional, behavioral and physiological disregulation in relation to food intake and self-identity. MB-EAT involves training in mindfulness meditation and guided mindfulness practices that are designed to address the core issues of BED: controlling responses to varying emotional states; making conscious food choices; developing an awareness of hunger and satiety cues; and cultivating self-acceptance. Evidence to date supports the value of MB-EAT in decreasing binge episodes, improving one's sense of self-control with regard to eating, and diminishing depressive symptoms.
Retinal synaptic arrays: Continuing development in the adult goldfish

We report a light- and electron-microscopic examination of the inner plexiform layer of the central retina of young (c. 1 year) and old (3-4 year) goldfish. There were no new neurons added to this region during the growth period. Nonetheless, there were substantially more synapses (per cell, per mm2, or per degree2) in the older retinas. This result is discussed in the con- texts of retinal function and neural development. The retinas of vertebrates grow by adding new neurons. In mammals and birds, this neu- rogenesis stops before, or soon after, the eye begins to function (Sidman, '61; Fujita and Horii, '63; Kahn, '741, but in fish and amphibi- ans, retinal growth continues well beyond that time (Muller, '52; Hollyfield, '68; Gaze and Watson, '68; Chung et al,,, '75; Johns and Easter, '77; Easter et al., '77; Johns, '77). The numbers are quite impressive; a small goldfish, 4 cm long and less than a year old, has about 3 million retinal cells, while a 23 cm fish, four to five years old, has about 20 mil- lion in a very much larger retina. These new cells are all added at the retinal margin (Johns, '77), with the result that the oldest neurons are generally located centrally, the younger ones toward the periphery (Muller, '52; Johns, '77; Morest, '70). The marginal ret- ina is therefore analogous to embryonic tissue in other animals, and, not surprisingly, shows many of the same features, such as immature photoreceptor outer segments (Muller, '52). Concurrently with this marginal neuro- genesis, the older central retina is also chang- ing. Radially, it thickens slightly. Tangen- tially, the cells move apart, but not propor- tionately in all layers, with the result that the ratios of various cell types differ in large and small retinas (Johns and Easter, '77). The magnification factor, defined as the number of micrometers on the retinal surface per degree in the visual field, increases (Easter et al., '77). If the number of synapses in the central retina remained constant, an increase in reti- nal thickness would be expected to lower the number of synapses per unit volume. If, how- ever, new synapses appeared, a different re- sult would be predicted. The work reported