cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated toxic potency of dissolved lipophilic organic contaminants collected from Lincoln Creek, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, to PLHC-1 (Poeciliopsis lucida) fish hepatoma cells

Lincoln Creek is a severely degraded urban stream located in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, USA. As part of a comprehensive study on effects of urban storm water runoff on the stream biota, an in vitro bioassay with PLHC-1 (Poeciliopsis lucida) fish hepatoma cells was used to assess potential toxic potency of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-active compounds, collected by semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) exposed to Lincoln Creek water. Dialysates from SPMDs exposed to Lincoln Creek water caused marked cytochrome P4501A induction in PLHC-1. Toxic potency of dialysates, expressed as bioassay-derived 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ) ranged from 1,300 to 6,600 pg TCDD-EQ/g SPMD for 14-d exposures. Dialysates from SPMDs exposed to stream water at base flow had potencies consistently lower than those exposed to storm-flow (high-flow) events that occurred during the same 14-d period. Polychlorinated biphenyls were not detectable in the dialysates. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as major contaminants in the dialysates. A log-log correlation of total PAHs and TCDD-EQ yielded an r2 of 0.802. Empirical evidence suggests that AhR-active PAHs can account for about 20 to 50% of the potency observed.
Loss-of-function mutations in the maize homeobox gene, knotted1, are defective in shoot meristem maintenance

The product of the maize homeobox gene, knotted1 (kn1), localizes to the nuclei of cells in shoot meristems, but is absent from portions of the meristem where leaf primordia or floral organs initiate. Recessive mutant alleles of kn1 were obtained by screening for loss of the dominant leaf phenotype in maize. Mutant kn1 alleles carrying nonsense, splicing and frame shift mutations cause severe inflorescence and floral defects. Mutant tassels produce fewer branches and spikelets. Ears are often absent, and when present, are small with few spikelets. In addition, extra carpels form in female florets and ovule tissue proliferates abnormally. Less frequently, extra leaves form in the axils of vegetative leaves. These mutations reveal a role for kn1 in meristem maintenance, particularly as it affects branching and lateral organ formation.
Synonymy and Sameness of Meaning: An Introductory Note

Introduction to Thematic Issue of the International Journal of Lexicography, ed. F. Dolezal
Embedding fields: A theory of learning with physiological implications

Abstract A learning theory in continuous time is derived herein from simple psychological postulates. The theory has an anatomical and neurophysiological interpretation in terms of nerve cell bodies, axons, synaptic knobs, membrane potentials, spiking frequencies, transmitter production and release, etc. In particular, a new hypothesis concerning transmitter production is presented. Backward learning, a connection between reaction times and learning speeds, learning without neural reverberation, and the variation through time of contexts in response to shifting environmental demands are discussed. Some qualitative connections with the work of Guthrie, Hull, Pavlov, and the Gestaltists are noted. Linear vs nonlinear, as well as Markovian vs non-Markovian properties of the theory's mathematical formalism are mentioned.
The Contrast Medium

During the second world war, barium was the generally accepted contrast medium for examination of the small intestine. The 40-year-old custom of mixing nutrients with the contrast medium was abandoned since this appeared to be the main reason that good mucosal patterns could not be obtained. The importance of fine demonstration of anatomical detail had become paramount since the morphological examination of the small intestine had replaced the functional examination. The omission of nutrients, however, did not improve the characteristics of the contrast medium to an extent such that it could be regarded as ideal and satisfactory for everyone.
Closed Normal Subgroups of the Automorphism Group of a Saturated Model of Peano Arithmetic

In this paper we discuss automorphism groups of saturated models and boundedly saturated models of PA. We show that there are saturated models of PA of the same cardinality with nonisomorphic automorphism groups. We then show that every saturated model of PA has short saturated elementary cuts with nonisomorphic automorphism groups.
Disintegration of Li 6 by Deuterons

The cross sections of the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d,\ensuremath{\alpha})\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d,p){\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$, ${*\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}}^{7}$ reactions have been measured up to energies of 1600 kev. Evidence of a resonance level in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ for 347 kev deuterons is presented. The angular distribution of the two proton groups has been observed at 400, 600, 1000, and 1400 kev. The complexity of the angular distribution increases with bombarding energy, requiring a ${P}_{6}$ term in the Legendre polynomial expansion at the highest bombarding energy.
Concomitant TMJ Total Joint Replacement and Orthognathic Surgery

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders/pathology and dentofacial deformities commonly coexist. The TMJ pathology may be the causative factor of the jaw deformity or develop as a result of the jaw deformity, or the two entities develop independent of each other. This chapter will focus on the most common TMJ pathologies that are indicated for total TMJ replacement (TMJ TJR) as well as orthognathic surgery. The health and stability of the TMJ are dependent on the structural integrity, position, and presence or absence of disease or injury affecting the articular disk, condyle, fossa, and associated soft tissues. The TMJ hard and soft tissue components may become degenerated, arthritic, and non-salvageable with any of these following TMJ pathologic conditions: (1) long-standing articular disk dislocation, (2) adolescent internal condylar resorption (AICR), (3) reactive arthritis, (4) ankylosis, (5) congenital deformation or absence of the TMJ, (6) trauma, (7) connective tissue and autoimmune diseases, (8) previously failed TMJ surgery, and (9) other end-stage TMJ disorders [1–4]. All are often associated with dentofacial deformities, malocclusion, TMJ pain, headaches, myofascial pain, TMJ and jaw functional impairment, ear symptoms, sleep apnea, etc. Patients with these conditions may benefit from corrective surgical intervention including TMJ reconstruction with TMJ TJR devices, orthognathic surgery, and other adjunctive procedures. Many clinicians may have difficulty identifying the presence of a TMJ condition, diagnosing the specific pathology, and selecting the proper management for the condition. This chapter should improve the clinician’s diagnostic and management planning skills particularly in the end- stage TMJ conditions requiring TMJ TJR.
Management For The 21st Century: Link-ing The Generation Gap

This paper will give insight to the managers of today for the need to bridge the generation gap between Generation Xers (people born between 1965 and 1980) and the Baby Boomers (people born between 1946 and 1964). “Linking the gap” allows for greater understanding of the differences between the two major groups in today’s workforce and provides opportunities for business success by promoting cooperation. Common misconceptions about Generation Xers as well as their wants and needs from their employers are discussed. The paper’s emphasis is on understanding how Generation Xers and Baby Boomers may come together to benefit the company.
Nature of Hyaline Membrane in Fertilized Egg of Sea Urchin.

The inner or hyaline membrane of the fertilized egg of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, which serves to hold the blastomeres together, is rendered permanent by keeping the developing eggs in a solution composed of 35 cc. sea water + 15 cc. 3/8 M Ca Cl2. Such cultures show the following facts: (1) The outer or fertilization membrane around the inert blastula disappears normally, i. e., within 24 hrs. It is therefore not broken by the hatching blastula, as is generally supposed. (2) So long as the larvae remain within the Ca-membrane they retain the form of blastulae, but segmentation goes on, and eventually the blastocoel is filled with mesenchyme cells; invagination does not occur. (3) After 3 to 5 days the larvae burst the membranes by pressure; the point of breaking has no reference to the axis of the animal. (4) After escape, the larvae invaginate and form more or less abnormal plutei; the insoluble membranes lie about on the bottom of the dish. The fertilized eggs of the sand urchin, Den...
Novel Application of Gels as Potential Carriers for Beneficial Insects

Seven agricultural gels were tested as potential carriers for the eggs of 2 predators, Perillus bioculatus (F.) and Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Gels were tested for their effects on egg hatch in petri dishes, covered and uncovered, using 3 viscosities. Egg hatch in petri dishes was generally higher in polyacrylamide gels (Aquastore F and Terra-sorb GB) and starch-based gels (SGP 104K and Waterlock B-100) than in hydroxycellulose-based N-Gel or alginate-based Keltose. Egg hatch was lower in covered versus uncovered dishes, and also lower in high viscosity versus low or medium viscosity gels; however, high viscosities were necessary to stick eggs to plant leaves. Four gels from the petri dish trials were tested on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the greenhouse using both predators. The polyacrylamide gels (Aquastore F and Terra-sorb GB) consistently resulted in the highest percentage batch: hatch rates using these gels were equivalent to the control for P. maculiventris on eggplant, and 19-46% lower than controls on other predator-plant combinations. Hatch data from eggs stored with and without Aquastore F or Terra-sorb GB at 5, 10, or 15°C for 5, 10, or 15 d were compared with those stored at 25°C, with and without gel. Eggs stored in gel did not hatch. Percentage hatch of eggs of both predators stored without gel was lowered by increased storage duration, but was less affected by temperature. Gel amendments (H 2 O 2 and spreader/stickers) decreased hatch rates in gels. Possible explanations for the varying effects of the gels on egg hatch are discussed. Delivery of predator eggs in gels in the future may have practical use in augmentative biological control programs.
The application of GPSRTK technique used in three dimension data capturing in the tube net of prosperous city area

The application of GPSRTK technique which is used in three dimension data capturing became more and more extensive,but it is deemed a impassable gulf that is used in the prosperous city area.It is strong occlusion,the interference of electromagnetic wave,excessive routing problems and precision that make people flinched.By the application building project with GPSRTK technique used data capturing in the tap water tube net of prosperous area of Shenyang city,the purpose is that if only people pay attention to the problems,GPSRTK technique may be used in the prosperous city area with satisfied precision.
Partially Understanding Pynchon

Understanding Thomas Pynchon. By Robert D. Newman. Columbia: U of South Carolina, 1966. pb $9.95.
The utilization of opiates in pain management: use or abuse.

Background Despite governmental regulations, opiate medications continue to be abused in some populations. Some clinicians have advocated non-opioid therapy for pain patients that suffer from non-malignant conditions; while others have suggested that chronic benign pain conditions may successfully be managed with opiates in non-escalating dosages. Aim The aim of this paper was to review the literature regarding opiate utilization in the acute and chronic pain population. Design Review. Setting Europe and United States. Population Acute and chronic adult pain patients. Methods A computer-aided search of several databases--MEDLINE (1966 to July 2012); EMBASE (Elsevier BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), 1982 to present; CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EBSCO Industries, Glendale, CA), 1982 to July 2012; and all EBM (Evidence-Based Medicine) reviews was performed. The search terms were pain, opioid, opiate and narcotic. Results It is generally accepted that WHO step III opioids are indicated and appropriate in malignant conditions, however the utilization of opiates in non-malignant chronic conditions remains controversial. Conclusion Limited data does support the utilization of non-escalating dosages of opiates in patients that are closely monitored in non-malignant conditions. Education in opiate utilization and pain management is insufficient in its current form. Clinical rehabilitation impact Studies demonstrating functional improvements with the utilization of opiate medications are also lacking. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation researchers therefore have an ideal opportunity to positively influence education, regulation and patient care in this field.
Issues in the design and analysis of AIDS clinical trials

The AIDS epidemic has provoked a massive response from the worldwide scientific community. To address the need for rapid evaluation of new treatments for the primary viral infection and related opportunistic infections, malignancies, and other illnesses, the Federal Government established the largest publicly-sponsored program of clinical trials ever undertaken. As intended, these resources made it possible to enlist many gifted academic and government scientists in the effort, including biostatisticians and other clinical trialists. There have been advances in connection with several aspects of clinical trial design and analysis, and the body of this chapter highlights a few of these. Before beginning, however, we consider the question of why it is necessary, or at least useful, to focus on advances in methodology for AIDS clinical trials.
Library management in disruptive times

Changing budgets, government politics, demographics, and user needs are straining the limits of library structures and services. The strategies libraries and librarians employ to respond to these f...
Osteoporosis in Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, and Hepatic Diseases

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes the bone disease resulting from vitamin D and calcium malabsorption that complicates disorders in the hepato-gastrointestinal tract. Many of these disorders result in both osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Clearly, one disease may impact adversely on bone by several mechanisms involving aberrations in vitamin D and calcium absorption, metabolism, or function, and the systemic effects of the disease or its treatment may aggravate the abnormalities in vitamin D and calcium absorption, metabolism, or function. For example, chronic illness may limit the ability of the patient to get outdoors into the sunlight, thus decreasing the epidermal production of vitamin D. If this patient were also intolerant of milk products or had a condition in which malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D were present, the stage would be set for vitamin D deficiency. Glucocorticoid therapy is used for a number of conditions discussed in this discussion. Glucocorticoid therapy by itself leads to osteoporosis, and when used to treat a disease which has already jeopardized skeletal integrity because of an abnormality in calcium and vitamin D absorption, such therapy can be especially detrimental. Hypogonadism may accompany gastrointestinal, hepatic, and pancreatic diseases and potentiate their deleterious actions on bone. In this chapter, specific disease entities are discussed individually even though different diseases may impact on bone by similar or identical mechanisms.
Conclusions: The Process of Indebted Development

This study has utilized an analytical framework which, by focusing on strategic interaction and bargaining, examines the two major economic crises facing Third World states in the 1980s and continuing into the 1990s: economic adjustment and debt management. In contrast to most other studies, this one considers these economic crises as two sides of the same coin; one that I have characterized as indebted development. Nearly all debtor regimes are faced with the near impossible task of accumulating scarce resources and of distributing funds in sufficient quantities in an attempt to satisfy domestic constituents (via economic adjustment strategies) and foreign financial interests (via debt management strategies). The state, considered from this two-sided perspective, stands at the center of a very difficult and controversial relationship with domestic and foreign groups.
Discovering Patterns in Brain Signals Using Decision Trees

Even with emerging technologies, such as Brain-Computer Interfaces BCI systems, understanding how our brains work is a very difficult challenge. So we propose to use a data mining technique to help us in this task. As a case of study, we analyzed the brain’s behaviour of blind people and sighted people in a spatial activity. There is a common belief that blind people compensate their lack of vision using the other senses. If an object is given to sighted people and we asked them to identify this object, probably the sense of vision will be the most determinant one. If the same experiment was repeated with blind people, they will have to use other senses to identify the object. In this work, we propose a methodology that uses decision trees DT to investigate the difference of how the brains of blind people and people with vision react against a spatial problem. We choose the DT algorithm because it can discover patterns in the brain signal, and its presentation is human interpretable. Our results show that using DT to analyze brain signals can help us to understand the brain’s behaviour.
Two-Dimensional Compact Variational Mode Decomposition

Decomposing multidimensional signals, such as images, into spatially compact, potentially overlapping modes of essentially wavelike nature makes these components accessible for further downstream analysis. This decomposition enables space---frequency analysis, demodulation, estimation of local orientation, edge and corner detection, texture analysis, denoising, inpainting, or curvature estimation. Our model decomposes the input signal into modes with narrow Fourier bandwidth; to cope with sharp region boundaries, incompatible with narrow bandwidth, we introduce binary support functions that act as masks on the narrow-band mode for image recomposition. $$L^1$$L1 and TV terms promote sparsity and spatial compactness. Constraining the support functions to partitions of the signal domain, we effectively get an image segmentation model based on spectral homogeneity. By coupling several submodes together with a single support function, we are able to decompose an image into several crystal grains. Our efficient algorithm is based on variable splitting and alternate direction optimization; we employ Merriman---Bence---Osher-like threshold dynamics to handle efficiently the motion by mean curvature of the support function boundaries under the sparsity promoting terms. The versatility and effectiveness of our proposed model is demonstrated on a broad variety of example images from different modalities. These demonstrations include the decomposition of images into overlapping modes with smooth or sharp boundaries, segmentation of images of crystal grains, and inpainting of damaged image regions through artifact detection.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for focal leptomeningeal disease in patients with brain metastases.

Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is well described in patients with brain metastases, presenting symptomatically in approximately 5% of patients. Conventionally, the presence of LMD is an indication for whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and not suitable for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the local control and overall survival of patients who underwent SRS to focal LMD. We reviewed our prospective registry and identified 32 brain metastases patients with LMD, from a total of 465 patients who underwent SRS between 2013 and 2015. Focal LMD was targeted with SRS in 16 patients. The median imaging follow-up time was 7 months. The median volume of LMD was 372 mm3 and the median margin dose was 16 Gy. Five patients underwent prior WBRT. Histology included non-small cell lung (8), breast (5), melanoma (1), gastrointestinal (1) and ovarian cancer (1). Follow-up MR imaging was available for 14 patients. LMD was stable in 5 and partially regressed in 8 patients at follow-up. One patient had progression of LMD with hemorrhage 5 months after SRS. Seven patients developed distant LMD at a median time of 7 months. The median actuarial overall survival from SRS for LMD was 10.0 months. The 6-month and 1-year actuarial overall survival was 60% and 26% respectively. Six patients underwent WBRT after SRS for focal LMD at a median time of 6 months. Overall, focal LMD may be may be treated successfully with radiosurgery, potentially delaying WBRT in some patients.
Preventability of Hospital Onset Bacteremia and Fungemia: A Pilot Study of a Potential New Indicator of Healthcare-Associated Infections

Background Central-line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) are a subset of hospital-onset bacteremia and fungemia (HOB), a potential indicator of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) that can be objectively and directly obtained from electronic health records. We undertook a pilot study to elucidate the causes and determine the preventability of HOB.
DRNG: DRAM-based random number generation using its startup value behavior

True Random Number Generators (TRNG) are used in a variety of applications including cryptographic algorithms, communication systems, simulations, etc. From a security perspective, TRNGs are particularly important because they can produce random output bits that are fully unpredictable and unbiased. Random sources are not often apparent and it is useful to have intrinsic hardware-based random number sources to generate highly random bit sequences. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of DRAM startup values to produce a TRNG. Previous work [1] has shown that DRAM startup values have potential as a physical unclonable function (PUF). However, in our tests using a newer DDR2 DRAM, we demonstrate that the startup values are not suitable for device authentication but they do have use for creating random keys. We have developed an approach to extract random numbers from the DRAM startup values. Finally, we assessed and tested the randomness of selected data by applying the NIST Statistical Test.
Expanded Retinal Disease Spectrum Associated With Autosomal Recessive Mutations in GUCY2D

Purpose GUCY2D has been associated with autosomal recessive Leber congenital amaurosis and autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy. This report expands the phenotype of autosomal recessive mutations to congenital night blindness, which may slowly progress to mild retinitis pigmentosa. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Multicenter study of 5 patients (3 male, 2 female). Results All patients presented with night blindness since childhood. Age at referral was 9–45 years. Length of follow-up was 1–7 years. Best-corrected visual acuity at presentation ranged from 20/15 to 20/30 and at most recent visit averaged 20/25. No patient had nystagmus or high refractive error. ISCEV standard electroretinography revealed nondetectable dark-adapted dim flash responses and reduced amplitude but not electronegative dark-adapted bright flash responses with similar waveforms to the reduced-amplitude light-adapted single flash responses. The 30 Hz flicker responses were relatively preserved. Macular optical coherence tomography revealed normal lamination in 3 patients, with abnormalities in 2. Goldmann visual fields were normal at presentation in children but constricted in 1 adult. One child showed loss of midperipheral fields over time. Fundus appearance was normal in childhood; the adult had sparse bone spicule–like pigmentation. Full-field stimulus testing (FST) revealed markedly decreased retinal sensitivity to light. Dark adaptation demonstrated lack of rod-cone break. Two patients had tritanopia. All 5 had compound heterozygous mutations in GUCY2D . Three of the 5 patients harbor the Arg768Trp mutation reported in GUCY2D -associated Leber congenital amaurosis. Conclusions Autosomal recessive GUCY2D mutations may cause congenital night blindness with normal acuity and refraction, and unique electroretinography. Progression to mild retinitis pigmentosa may occur.
Immediate Physical Therapy Initiation in Patients With Acute Low Back Pain Is Associated With a Reduction in Downstream Health Care Utilization and Costs.

Background Physical therapy is an important treatment option for patients with low back pain (LBP). However, whether to refer patients for physical therapy and the timing of initiation remain controversial. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of receiving physical therapy and the timing of physical therapy initiation on downstream health care utilization and costs among patients with acute LBP. Design The design was a retrospective cohort study. Methods Patients who had a new onset of LBP between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2013, in New York State were identified and grouped into different cohorts on the basis of whether they received physical therapy and the timing of physical therapy initiation. The probability of service use and LBP-related health care costs over a 1-year period were analyzed. Results Among 46,914 patients with acute LBP, 40,246 patients did not receive physical therapy and 6668 patients received physical therapy initiated at different times. After controlling for patient characteristics and adjusting for treatment selection bias, health care utilization and cost measures over the 1-year period were the lowest among patients not receiving physical therapy, followed by patients with immediate physical therapy initiation (within 3 days), with some exceptions. Among patients receiving physical therapy, those receiving physical therapy within 3 days were consistently associated with the lowest health care utilization and cost measures. Limitations This study was based on commercial insurance claims data from 1 state. Conclusions When referral for physical therapy is warranted for patients with acute LBP, immediate referral and initiation (within 3 days) may lead to lower health care utilization and LBP-related costs.
Deriving confidence from artificial neural networks for navigation

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are increasingly used in modeling and prediction due to advances in deep learning architecture and training. As ANNs become a viable option for making state or measurement predictions in navigation algorithms, special care must be taken in order to determine the confidence (covariance) of the predictions. A special kind of ANN called a Mixture Density Network (MDN) approximates the prediction distribution with a mixture of distributions such as Gaussian distributions. This allows the MDN to output a full Probability Distribution Function (PDF) rather than just a mean estimate. The prediction mixtures can also be converted into other forms for processing by a filter. In this paper, MDN are trained to model a measurement equation which converts measurements to state estimates represented as a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). The GMM distributions are simplified into a single Gaussian distribution for each measurement for inclusion into an EKF. An experiment was conducted using magnetic field measurements and Very Low Frequency (VLF) signals to estimate position using an EKF with measurements from a MDN. This method shows a performance improvement using the MDN covariance estimate to determine measurement noise when compared to using static estimates for measurement noise. Thus, the MDN output allows the modeling and prediction power of ANN to be used in standard navigation filters with minimal changes to the filter.
Forging Partnerships, Experiential Learning, and Community Impact: Capacity Building Matters

Capacity building can be an important step in working to help more Native American engineering students to earn degrees. The success of educational programs is often evaluated by quantitative data such as matriculation rates. However, we make the case that a broader view of success in the early years of program development with tribal college pre-engineering partner schools may include capacity building as a form of qualitative assessment. If continued funding of such initiatives is withheld because of quantitative assessment alone, coalitions with tribal colleges may not reach their true potential because capacity building is often crucial, and it can take years to mature. In this paper, one co-author interviewed the other three co-authors, using a questionnaire designed to qualitatively assess the successes of the program in regards to capacity building on several levels. Thus, while all the authors are the researchers, three of the co-authors are the research subjects. All are engineers and scientists at the doctoral level. In the resulting essays, the interviewees expressed their opinions about capacity building in their roles in an NSF-sponsored pre-engineering alliance between two mainstream universities and a tribally controlled college. Those interviewed describe their unique qualifications to assess capacity building in this instance. From the perspective of one of the mainstream universities in the alliance, they address categories of capacity building at the following levels: the tribal college; the two participating mainstream universities; the reservation hosting the summer camp; student and faculty participants; tribal, State, and Federal agencies; and STEM disciplines in general. We present common themes in all three essays that reportedly encouraged capacity building, including: (1) building coalitions, (2) engaging in experiential learning, and (3) emphasizing improving the quality of life on Pine Ridge Reservation. We present secondary themes and nonconsensus opinions as additional support for the merits of qualitative assessment.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Pregnancy

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease of unknown etiology that affects young and middle-aged woman with greater frequency than the rest of the population (1). It is characterized by an elevation in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and a decrease in cardiac output (CO) that results in right-sided heart failure and reduced exercise capacity. Without treatment, it usually progresses to right heart failure and death. Recently developed therapies have improved exercise capacity and prolonged survival, but a cure for this debilitating disease does not yet exist. Fortunately, the disease is extremely rare. Unfortunately it usually strikes without warning and occurs most often in women who are otherwise healthy.
New Concepts of Bone Remodeling: A Unified Spatial and Temporal Model with Physiologic and Pathophysiologic Implications

For many years bone physiology has been thought of in terms of two opposing but otherwise unrelated kinds of cell, often depicted as sitting on either side of a seesaw. The assumption that osteoclasts and osteoblasts are independent still dominates the field, although it was demolished over 30 years ago by (1973), who recognized that the production and activity of these cells were coordinated in time and space in different modes for different biological purposes, the major modes being redistribution, repair, and replacement (Table 1.1). During growth, bone is formed in one location and soon after resorbed in a location that is different relative to the increased size and altered shape of the bone, not because there is anything wrong with it, but because it is no longer needed at that location. As bones grow in length, bone formed at the junction between the growth plate and the metaphysis is resorbed at the junction between the metaphysis and the diaphysis. As bones grow in width, bone formed beneath the periosteum is resorbed at the endosteum. At these various relative locations, resorption and formation continue with only brief interruptions for extended periods; the cells are operating in the modeling mode (Parfitt, 1997). In fracture healing, damaged bone is removed and callus in the form of woven bone is laid down; the prime consideration is speed of production while the quality of the bone is of lesser importance.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the urinary tract.

Muscarinic receptors comprise five cloned subtypes, encoded by five distinct genes, which correspond to pharmacologically defined receptors (M1–M5). They belong to the family of G-protein-coupled receptors and couple differentially to the G-proteins. Preferentially, the inhibitory muscarinic M2 and M4 receptors couple to Gi/o, whereas the excitatory muscarinic M1, M3, and M5 receptors preferentially couple to Gq/11. In general, muscarinic M1, M3, and M5 receptors increase intracellular calcium by mobilizing phosphoinositides that generate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), whereas M2 and M4 receptors are negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Muscarinic receptors are distributed to all parts of the lower urinary tract. The clinical use of antimuscarinic drugs in the treatment of detrusor overactivity and the overactive bladder syndrome has focused interest on the muscarinic receptors not only of the detrusor, but also of other components of the bladder wall, and these have been widely studied. However, the muscarinic receptors in the urethra, prostate, and ureter, and the effects they mediate in the normal state and in different urinary tract pathologies, have so far not been well characterized. In this review, the expression of and the functional effects mediated by muscarinic receptors in the bladder, urethra, prostate, and ureters, under normal conditions and in different pathologies, are discussed.
Probability models for data-Driven global sensitivity analysis

Abstract This paper presents a probability model-based global sensitivity analysis (PM-GSA) framework, to compute various Sobol’ indices when only input-output data are available. The PM-GSA framework consists of two main elements, namely data extraction and probability model training. The data extraction step extracts data of the variables of interest (VoI) and quantity of interest (QoI) from an input-output data matrix. Following that, a probability model is built to approximate the joint probability density function between the VoI and QoI. The learned probability model is then used to compute various Sobol’ indices. The implementation of the PM-GSA framework is investigated through three probability models including Gaussian copula model, Gaussian mixture model, and a new Gaussian mixture copula model. The number of dimensions of the probability model in the PM-GSA framework, is independent of the number of input variables and is always N + 1 (e.g. 2 for the first-order index), where N is the order of the Sobol’ index. In addition, the PM-GSA framework is applicable to global sensitivity analysis with not only independent input variables, but also with dependent input variables and for sets of variables. Four numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the different probability models.
Dual Domain Learning of Optimal Resource Allocations in Wireless Systems

We consider the problem of finding optimal resource allocations subject to system constraints in a generic class of problems in wireless communications. These problems are inherently challenging due to functional optimization and potential non-convexities. However, these problems can be observed to take the form of a regression problem, although one in which the statistical loss function appears as a constraint. This motivates the use of machine learning model parameterizations. To apply gradient-based solution algorithms that do not require model knowledge, we convert the constrained optimization problem to an unconstrained one using Lagrangian duality. Despite the non-convexity in the problem, we formally show that the sub-optimality of the dual domain problem is small when the learning parameterization is sufficiently dense. We then present a primal-dual learning algorithm that looks for solutions to the dual problem using model-free gradient estimates. In a numerical simulation, we demonstrate the near-optimality of the proposed model-free algorithm using a neural network parametrization for a capacity maximization problem.
Current practices in deceased organ donor management.

Purpose of reviewOptimizing the management of deceased organ donors focuses on providing critical care that prevents, mitigates, or repairs the pathophysiologic sequelae of brain death. This review discusses protocol-based care; approaches to monitoring, resuscitation, hormone replacement therapy, a
Impact of an Information Technology-Enabled Quality Improvement Initiative on Timeliness of Patient Contact and Scheduling of Screening Mammography Recall

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an information technology-enabled quality improvement initiative on timeliness of patient contact and scheduling of screening mammography recall. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study was conducted in a screening practice (two ambulatory centers, A and B; two hospitals, C and D) that uses offline batch results (A, B, C) and same-day results (D) with on-site (A, C, D) or off-site (B) coordinators scheduling recalls. Before the intervention, radiologists at sites A, B, and C conveyed recalls via paper lists to coordinators after batch interpretation. At site D, coordinators received recall lists several times a day. In March 2017 an electronic alert system was implemented to notify coordinators of recall at report signing with required closed-loop acknowledgment once recall was scheduled. Mean time (hours, excluding weekends) to schedule diagnostic evaluation was compared for 4-month periods before and after intervention by two-tailed t test and statistical process control analyses. RESULTS. Recall rates were 9.5% (1356/14,315) before and 8.9% (1432/16,034) after the intervention (p = 0.10). Mean time to schedule screening decreased after the intervention as follows: site A from 86 to 65 hours (-24.4%, p = 0.01); site B, 116 to 70 hours (-39.7%, p < 0.0001); site C, 98 to 65 hours (-33.7%, p = 0.002); and site D, 49 to 42 hours (-14.3%, p = 0.21). Statistical process control analysis showed significant sustained improvements at sites A, B, and C in mean time to patient contact and scheduling of diagnostic evaluation. CONCLUSION. An information technology-enabled quality improvement initiative to notify coordinators of screening recalls in real time with required patient contact and scheduling acknowledgment reduced time to diagnostic scheduling in a multisite practice. The greatest impact was found at the site with off-site coordinators, the least at the site performing same-day interpretation.
Trigeminal Pain Responses in Obese ob/ob Mice Are Modality-Specific

How obesity exacerbates migraine and other pain disorders remains unknown. Trigeminal nociceptive processing, crucial in migraine pathophysiology, is abnormal in mice with diet induced obesity. However, it is not known if this is also true in genetic models of obesity. We hypothesized that obese mice, regardless of the model, have trigeminal hyperalgesia. To test this, we first evaluated trigeminal thermal nociception in leptin deficient (ob/ob) and control mice using an operant thermal assay. Unexpectedly, we found significant hypoalgesia in ob/ob mice. Because thermal hypoalgesia also occurs in mice lacking the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel (TRPV1), we tested capsaicin-evoked trigeminal nociception. Ob/ob and control mice had similar capsaicin-evoked nocifensive behaviors, but ob/ob mice were significantly less active after a facial injection of capsaicin than were diet-induced obese mice or lean controls. Conditioned place aversion in response to trigeminal stimulation with capsaicin was similar in both genotypes, indicating normal negative affect and pain avoidance. Supporting this, we found no difference in TRPV1 expression in the trigeminal ganglia of ob/ob and control mice. Finally, we assessed the possible contribution of hyperphagia, a hallmark of leptin deficiency, to the behavior observed in the operant assay. Ob/ob and lean control mice had similar reduction of intake when quinine or capsaicin was added to the sweetened milk, excluding a significant contribution of hyperphagia. In summary, ob/ob mice, unlike mice with diet-induced obesity, have trigeminal thermal hypoalgesia but normal responses to capsaicin, suggesting specificity in the mechanisms by which leptin acts in pain processing.
Chemotherapy and Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Cancer: A Comparative Case Analysis.

Objective: Individuals with diabetes who develop cancer have a worse 5-year overall survival rate and are more likely to develop an infection and/or be hospitalized when compared to those without diabetes. Patients with diabetes and cancer receiving chemotherapy have an increased risk for developing glycemic issues. The relationship between chemotherapy and glycemic control is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between glycemic control, symptoms, physical and mental function, development of adverse events, and chemotherapy reductions or stoppages in adults with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cancer. Methods: A prospective 12-week longitudinal cohort study recruited 24 adults with T2D, solid tumor cancer, or lymphoma receiving outpatient intravenous chemotherapy. Eighteen individuals completed baseline data and were included in the analysis. A comparative case analysis was performed to analyze the results. Results: Potential predictors of occurrence of an adverse event include sex (relative risk [RR] = 1.5), treatment with insulin (RR = 2.17), years with diabetes (RR = 3.85), and baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.67). Baseline body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.16) and HbA1c (OR = 1.61) were potentially predictive of a chemotherapy stoppage. Conclusions: Level of glycemic control at the time an individual begins treatment for cancer appears to contribute to the occurrence of an adverse event, developing an infection and/or being hospitalized during treatment, and the increased risk of having a chemotherapy reduction or stoppage. Clinicians working with patients receiving chemotherapy for a solid tumor cancer who have pre-existing diabetes, need to be aware of how the patients glycemic level at the start of treatment may impact successful treatment completion.
Security-Constrained Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning with Risk of Contingencies

In a centralized generation and transmission expansion planning (G&TEP) framework, a central planner, e.g., the independent system operator, determines the plan that has the highest profit for the whole system. In this paper, we propose a security-constrained G&TEP model with respect to the risk of possible $\pmb{N}-1$ contingencies. Using the concept of risk, nonidentical probability and severity of individual contingencies are modeled in the proposed G&TEP model. A linearization technique is developed to make the model a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. The numerical studies on the RTS 24-bus test system illustrates the efficacy of the proposed model.
Decoupled-Cell Quantum Monte Carlo: How Should We Calculate the Energy?

An alternative and more general method for calculating the energy in a Decoupled Cell Monte Carlo simulation is presented. Examining this method on the one-dimensional XY model, the energy calculated from the cell energies is found to be well behaved in the low temperature limit, unlike the traditional energy calculation based on spin-spin correlations. In addition, the cell energies scale with the cell size, and thus can be extrapolated to infinite cell size to further remove errors arising from the finite size of the cell in the Monte Carlo.
Multi-Site Optical Monitoring of Spinal Cord Ischemia during Spine Distraction

Optimal surgical management of spine trauma will restore blood flow to the ischemic spinal cord. However, spine stabilization may also further exacerbate injury by inducing ischemia. Current electr...
A hyperspectral projector for simultaneous 3D spatial and hyperspectral imaging via structured illumination

Both 3D imaging and hyperspectral imaging provide important information of the scene and combining them is beneficial in helping us perceive and understand real-world structures. Previous hyperspectral 3D imaging systems typically require a hyperspectral imaging system as the detector suffers from complicated hardware design, high cost, and high acquisition and reconstruction time. Here, we report a low-cost, high-frame rate, simple-design, and compact hyperspectral stripe projector (HSP) system based on a single digital micro-mirror device, capable of producing hyperspectral patterns where each row of pixels has an independently programmable spectrum. We demonstrate two example applications using the HSP via hyperspectral structured illumination: hyperspectral 3D surface imaging and spectrum-dependent hyperspectral compressive imaging of volume density of participating medium. The hyperspectral patterns simultaneously encode the 3D spatial and spectral information of the target, requiring only a grayscale sensor as the detector. The reported HSP and its applications provide a solution for combining structured illumination techniques with hyperspectral imaging in a simple, efficient, and low-cost manner. The work presented here represents a novel structured illumination technique that provides the basis and inspiration of future variations of hardware systems and software encoding schemes.
Critical event debriefing: a checklist for the aftermath.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Millions of perioperative crises (e.g. anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest) may occur annually. Critical event debriefing can offer benefits to the individual, team, and system, yet only a fraction of perioperative critical events are debriefed in real-time. This publication aims to review evidence-based best practices for proximal critical event debriefing. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence-based key processes to consider for proximal critical event debriefing can be summarized by the WATER mnemonic: Welfare check (assessing team members' emotional and physical wellbeing to continue providing care); Acute/short-term corrections (matters to be addressed before the next case); Team reactions and reflections (summarizing case; listening to team member reactions; plus/delta conversation); Education (lessons learned from the event and debriefing); Resource awareness and longer term needs [follow-up (e.g. safety/quality improvement report), local peer-support and employee assistance resources]. A cognitive aid to accompany this mnemonic is provided with the publication. SUMMARY There is growing literature on how to conduct proximal perioperative critical event debriefing. Evidence-based best practices, as well as a cognitive aid to apply them, may help bridge the gap between theory and clinical practice. In this era of increased attention to burnout and wellness, the consideration of interventions to improve the quality and frequency of critical event debriefing is paramount.