cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competition between effective and ineffective bradyrhizobia nodulating peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

SUMMARY The competitive ability of effective and ineffective isolates of Bradyrhizobium to form nodules on four peanut (Arachis hypogaea) genotypes from which they were originally isolated was investigated in a greenhouse study. Pregerminated seeds of each genotype were inoculated with five ratios of ineffective effective bradyrhizobia: 104:0, 104:102 104:104 102:104 and 0:104. Plants were harvested 35 days after planting and nitrogenase activity, total nodule number per plant, plant shoot dry weight and the proportion of nodules formed by each Bradyrhizobium isolate were determined. Nodulation suppression occurred on plants inoculated with the mixed cultures, especially on those inoculated with the 104:102 ineffective effective inoculum ratio. More than 85% of the nodules on plants inoculated with the 104:104 and 102:104 ineffective effective Bradyrhizobium mixtures were formed by the effective isolates. The number of effective nodules per plant, nitrogenase activity and plant shoot dry matter production all increased with the proportion of the effective bradyrhizobia in the inocula.
A single-frequency approximation for interface-state density determination

Abstract Fast interface state densities in the SiSi 2 system can be determined by measurements of the MIS capacitor admittance. Traditional detailed analysis require elaborate frequency dependent techniques. The more commonly used approximation techniques are difficult to interpret for interface state densities less than 1 × 10 11 eV −1 cm −2 . We present here a new single frequency technique as an approximation method which provides quantitative criteria on the quality of such interfaces. The data required are a single high frequency capacitance vs voltage measurement and a corresponding conductance vs voltage measurement. The validity of this technique is best demonstrated in a three-dimensional plot of conductance, frequency and voltage. This also gives added insight into the relationship between the temporal and thermodynamic properties of interface electronic states. Comparison of results using this approximation to more detailed treatments demonstrates the validity of this new method for low surface state density determination in a range from 7 × 10 9 eV −1 cm −2 to 8 × 10 11 eV −1 cm −2 .
The role of endogenous interleukin-2 in proliferation of human carcinoma cell lines.

Interleukin (IL-2) and IL-2Rβ/γ have been shown to be expressed in human carcinomas in culture and in situ. Recently, expression of endogenous IL-2 and IL-2R in the cytoplasm was found to be up-regulated in tumour cells undergoing mitosis. This observation suggested that similar to its role in lymphocytes, the IL-2/IL-R pathway is involved in the regulation of carcinoma cell proliferation. Metabolic labelling followed by immunoprecipitation and Western blot results showed that IL-2 in carcinomas was identical to that in human lymphocytes. However, tumour cells did not secrete IL-2 detectable by immunoassays, although membrane-associated IL-2 was detectable on a proportion of these cells cultured in the absence of exogenous IL-2. Antibodies to IL-2 failed to inhibit proliferation of carcinoma cells, but antibodies specific for the ligand-binding site of the IL-2R were growth inhibitory. Growth of tumour cells was also inhibited by the immunosuppressive drugs, cyclosporin A (CsA), FK506 and rapamycin (RPA), known to interfere with the IL-2 pathway in lymphocytes. To further confirm the role of endogenous IL-2 in the growth of carcinomas, tumour cells were incubated with an IL-2-specific antisense oligonucleotide. The treatment was shown to transiently inhibit IL-2 mRNA and IL-2 protein expression as well as proliferation of tumour cells. Tumour cells treated with IL-2-specific antisense oligonucleotide demonstrated increased apoptosis in comparison to untreated or sense oligonucleotide-treated control cells. The data indicate that in human carcinomas, endogenous IL-2 promotes growth and protects tumour cells from apoptosis. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign
HATs and HDACs in neurodegeneration: a tale of disconcerted acetylation homeostasis

Gradual disclosure of the molecular basis of selective neuronal apoptosis during neurodegenerative diseases reveals active participation of acetylating and deacetylating agents during the process. Several studies have now successfully manipulated neuronal vulnerability by influencing the dose and enzymatic activity of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes regulating acetylation homeostasis within the nucleus, thus focusing on the importance of balanced acetylation status in neuronal vitality. It is now increasingly becoming clear that acetylation balance is greatly impaired during neurodegenerative conditions. Herein, we attempt to illuminate molecular means by which such impairment is manifested and how the compromised acetylation homeostasis is intimately coupled to neurodegeneration. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of reinstating the HAT–HDAC balance to ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases.
A dichromatic framework for balanced trees

In this paper we present a uniform framework for the implementation and study of balanced tree algorithms. We show how to imbed in this framework the best known balanced tree techniques and then use the framework to develop new algorithms which perform the update and rebalancing in one pass, on the way down towards a leaf. We conclude with a study of performance issues and concurrent updating.
SU‐E‐J‐174: Performance and Operation of a New Magnetic Resonance Simulator for Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To characterize system performance and describe clinical operation of a new magnetic resonance simulator for radiation therapy. Methods: Radiofrequency receiver coils consist of standard diagnostic and special coils for radiation therapy, including a flat indexed body coil and an immobilization device‐compatible head coil under development. The system performance of a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance (MR) simulator, SciMedix SM160, was characterized based on the acceptance testing and quality assurance procedures for MR imaging (MRI) described in the AAPM report No. 100, the MRI accreditation quality control manual of the American College of Radiology (ACR), and tests adapted from quality assurance programs for computed‐tomography simulators. Results: All test results of image quality met ACR acceptance criteria. B0 inhomogeneity measured over 45 cm diameter sphere was 8.8 ppm peak to peak. The B0 drift rate measured over 10 consecutive days after acceptance testing was 0.22 ppm/day. The maximum signal intensity was demonstrated with 90 degree spin nutation, indicating the transmitter gain was properly calibrated. Luminance non‐uniformity of the display monitor was 6%. TG18‐QC test patterns were resolved on the monitor. We have established routine quality assurance tests and facility safety checklists. Imaging protocols tailored to our unique patient population and tumor locations were built. Conclusion: The evaluated MR simulator demonstrated satisfactory system performance and suitable clinical image quality of anatomical imaging sequences. The patient couch is being redesigned to meet radiotherapy requirements of high positional accuracy. We have begun to utilize this system clinically for tumor and normal tissue delineation in treatment planning and for monitoring tumor volume change during the radiation therapy course.
Distributed Event Detection in Sensor Networks

This paper introduces a distributed event detection scheme for wireless sensor networks (WSN). Event signatures are disseminated throughout the WSN and, using a localized push-based strategy, nodes match their sensor readings against stored event signatures. The technique proposed is well-suited to large networks by reducing and load-balancing the network traffic generated.
Identification, characterization, and evolution of a primate β-defensin gene cluster

Defensins are members of a large diverse family of cationic antimicrobial peptides that share a signature pattern consisting of six conserved cysteine residues. Defensins have a wide variety of functions and their disruption has been implicated in various human diseases. Here we report the characterization of DEFB119–DEFB123, five genes in the human β-defensin cluster locus on chromosome 20q11.1. The genomic structures of DEFB121 and DEFB122 were determined in silico. Sequences of the five macaque orthologs were obtained and expression patterns of the genes were analyzed in humans and macaque by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expression was restricted to the male reproductive tract. The genes in this cluster are differentially regulated by androgens. Evolutionary analyses suggest that this cluster originated by a series of duplication events and by positive selection. The evolutionary forces driving the proliferation and diversification of these defensins may be related to reproductive specialization and/or the host–parasite coevolutionary process.
Representation and the Rules of the Game: An Electoral Simulation

it is often a difficult proposition for introductory American government stu- dents to comprehend different electoral systems and how the rules of the game affect the representation that results. I have developed a simulation in which different proportional- based electoral systems are compared with a single-member plurality electoral system. In addition, the simulation can also serve to illustrate other concepts commonly introduced in introductory courses. difficult concept for American students to grasp in political science courses is the importance of the mechanism by which a democracy translates votes into representation. American students are typi- cally surprised that there are multiple ways in which
Growth and Survival of the Blood Ark Anadara ovalis (Bruguière, 1789) Cultured in Mesh Bags on Soft‐Bottom Sediments in the Coastal Waters of Georgia

Annual growth and survival rates were measured for blood arks Anadara ovalis (Bruguiere 1789) cultured in mesh bags that were placed at the spring-low-water mark in soft-bottom sediments of the Skidaway River, Georgia. The feasibility of growing the arks to a marketable size using this technique was assessed by determining the effects of stocking density and biofouling on growth and survival. Two replicate densities of 190 (low) and 400 (high) arks per mesh bag (mean shell length 31.97 mm) were planted in early September 1999. In April 2000, the arks cultured at the lower density had a significantly larger size (44.99 mm) than at the higher density (43.83 mm), with growth rates of 1.85 mdmo, and 1.69 mm/mo, respectively. Growth decreased considerably in the subsequent months (low: 0.17 mm/mo; high: 0.30 mm/mo). There was no significant difference in ark size between treatments after a year's growth in late August 2000 (low: 45.76 mm, 1.15 mm/mo; high: 45.31 mm, 1.11 mm/mo). Similarly, no significant difference in annual survival rates between stocking densities occurred (low: 42.89%; high: 40.25%). The present findings indicate that this method of growing arks to market size has potential to contribute to future endeavors to develop an aquaculture fishery for the blood ark in the coastal waters of Georgia.
Experimental and theoretical studies of the structure of alkali halide clusters

We have investigated the structures and properties of alkali halide cluster ions produced by laser vaporization of solid samples. In many alkali halide cluster ions, we observe the appearances of bulk-like characteristics even at sub-nanometer sizes:fcc crystalline structures (including surface terraces), ionic binding, and a susceptibility to common bulk defects such as F and H color-centers. To understand the origins of cluster structures, we have made calculations of ground state energetics, high-temperature molecular dynamics, and the electronic structure of clusters having excess electrons.
Large multimicroprocessor systems

Abstract A tutorial look at multimicroprocessor systems with many microprocessors is presented. Various configurations and methods of interconnection are discussed and compared. Both hardware and software considerations are evaluated with computing power as the primary criterion, and reliability and flexibility as secondary criteria. A number of architectures are offered as being useful in particular types of systems, but the software necessary for the effective and efficient use of such systems is presently the limiting factor.
The Rotator Cable: Magnetic Resonance Evaluation and Clinical Correlation

The rotator cable is an extension of the coracohumeral ligament coursing along the undersurface of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons. The rotator cable is thought to play a role in the biomechanical function of the intact and torn rotator cuff. It can be seen on all the imaging planes used for the conventional magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder. Clinically, the integrity of the rotator cable can play a role in the treatment selection for patients with a rotator cuff tear.
An unusual fatigue phenomenon: duality of the S–N fatigue curve in the β-titanium alloy Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al

Abstract An unusual fatigue behavior, observed in the α + β microstructures of the β -titanium alloy, Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al, is reported. It is the duality of the S – N fatigue curve where the fatigue data of specimens failing from cracks nucleated at the surface and subsurface regions grouped in to two separate S – N curves. The microstructural factors causing this effect are analyzed.
Guiding IEP Teams on Meeting the Least Restrictive Environment Mandate

Two diametrically opposed beliefs are held concerning the meaning of the least restrictive environment (LRE) when determining the class placements of students with disabilities. One group adheres to the placement philosophy that the LRE is always the general education setting. The other group believes that the LRE is where the students’ needs may best be met. The controversy concerning placement has resulted in a number of court cases that can provide guidance to individualized education program (IEP) teams when discussion of the LRE occurs. A checklist for use in IEP meetings is offered.
SU-F-19A-11: Retrospective Evaluation of Thermal Coverage by Thermobrachytherapy Seed Arrangements of Clinical LDR Prostate Implants

Purpose: The superiority of a properly-administered combination of radiation therapy and hyperthermia over radiation alone in treatment of human cancers has been demonstrated in multiple studies examining radiobiology, local control, and survival. Unfortunately, hyperthermia is not yet a common modality in oncology practice, due in part to the technical difficulty of heating a deep-seated target volume to sufficient temperature. To address this problem, our group has invented a thermobrachytherapy (TB) seed based on a commonly-used low dose-rate permanent brachytherapy seed for implant in solid tumors. Instead of the tungsten radiographic marker of the standard seed, the TB seed contains one of a self-regulating ferromagnetic alloy. Placement of a patient implanted with such seeds in an oscillating magnetic field generates heat via induction of eddy currents. We present the results of studies of the capability of clinically-realistic TB seed arrangements to adequately heat defined target volumes. Methods: Seed distributions for several past LDR prostate permanent implant brachytherapy patients were reproduced in the finite element analysis software package COMSOL Multiphysics 4.4, with the difference that TB seeds were modelled, rather than the radiation-only seeds actually used for their treatments. The implant geometries were mainly of the modified peripheral loading type; a range of prostatic volumes and blood perfusion rates likely to be seen in a clinical setting were examined. Results: According to the simulations, when distributed to optimize radiation dose, TB seeds also produce sufficient heat to provide thermal coverage of the target given proper selection of the magnetic field strength. However, the thermal distributions may be improved by additional use of hyperthermia-only seeds. Conclusion: A dual-modality seed intended as an alternative to and using the same implantation apparatus and technique as the standard LDR permanent implant seed has been successfully evaluated for its ability to provide sufficient hyperthermia in clinically-realistic implants. This work was partially supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) STTR Grant No. R41 CA153631-01A1.
Incidence of new coding for dry eye and ocular infection in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension patients treated with prostaglandin analogs: Retrospective analysis of three medical/pharmacy claims databases

To investigate the clinical relevance of two different preservative formulations, we compared 1-year incidence rates of additional coding of dry eye, ocular infection, or ocular surface disease (either dry eye or ocular infection) in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension patients newly treated with latanoprost with benzalkonium chloride (BAK) or with travoprost-Z with SofZia®. This was a retrospective study of three U.S.-based patient-centric medical/pharmacy claims databases (MedStat, PharMetrics, i3-Ingenix). Patients were eligible if they filled a prescription for latanoprost or travoprost-Z between October 2006 and Q2 2008 (prescription date = index date) AND were continuously enrolled 6 months prior through 12 months after the index date AND had any open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension diagnosis within 90 days prior to the index date AND did not have an ocular surface disease diagnosis during the 180 days prior to the index date AND if they had not had a prescription for the index agent in the 180 days prior to the index date. Time to incidence of new coding for ocular surface disease in the first year post-index was estimated with a composite endpoint: diagnosis of dry eye or ocular infection by ICD-9-CM or Current Procedural Terminology code OR by prescription for cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion or ocular antibiotics. In all, 15,933 patients were treated with latanoprost and 7670 with travoprost-Z. Over 1 year, 4.3% of latanoprost and 4.5% of travoprost-Z patients were identified with dry eye (p = 0.28), and 10.9% and 11.1%, respectively, were identified with an ocular infection (p = 0.79). The 1-year incidence of new coding for ocular surface disease also was similar across treatments (13.9% vs 14.3%, respectively; p = 0.48). The retrospective analysis of three large prescription databases revealed that open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension patients newly treated with latanoprost preserved with BAK or travoprost-Z preserved with SofZia did not differ statistically in rates of dry eye, ocular infection, or ocular surface disease (either dry eye or ocular infection) during the first year post-index. Claims-based analyses are limited by nonrandomization and the inability to account for over-the-counter use or samples.
Ecological Chemistry and the Palatability Spectrum

A new bioassay for comparing the palatability to avian predators of monarch butterflies reared on various asclepiadaceous food plants containing cardiac glycosides indicates a palatability spectrum. The monarchs reared on one plant species are six times as emetic as those fed another, while those raised on an asclepiad which lacks cardiac glycosides are not emetic at all.
Influences of age and nociceptive reactivity on the analgesic actions of naltrexone in the rat

Abstract The actions of naltrexone on the tail avoidance reflex (TAR) was studied in female rats of differing ages (7–40 weeks). Naltrexone produced dose-related analgesia in younger (7–15 weeks) but not in older (19–40 weeks) rats. The age-related decrease in analgesic action was most demonstrable at higher doses of naltrexone. Naltrexone produced transient increases in tail surface temperatures in younger rats which may have diminished the observed analgesic actions. Negative correlations between thermal stimulus intensity and TAR latency were determined for all ages of rats studied. The slopes of these stimulus-response relationships became steeper with increasing age. These data suggest that the analgesic actions of naltrexone decrease with age and are associated with less nociceptive reactivity.
Presidents and the Economic Agenda

The president’s ability to influence the national policy agenda is an important component of presidential power. Although some maintain that presidents are favorably situated to set agendas, others demonstrate that the president’s agenda-setting skills vary considerably by policy area. What is more, scholars have yet to examine the impact presidents have had focusing attention on the economy, an issue of vital importance to their political success. Extending previous research on presidential agenda setting that did not address economic policy (Edwards and Wood 1999; Wood and Peake 1998), we test the impact that the president’s public statements on the economy have on media and congressional attention to the economy. Using Vector Autoregression (VAR), we demonstrate that although presidents have some influence over the economic agenda, presidents are primarily responsive to media coverage of the economy.
Analysis of the mechanical systolic performance of an ovine model of left ventricular aneurysm using magnetic resonance imaging tissue tagging

anteriorly to fit the ventricles and the dog weaned off dobutamine. Five untreated HF dogs served as controls. LV end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic (ESV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF) were measured from angiograms performed before (PRE) and 3 months after (POST) implantation. Average myocyte length and width, measures of hypertrophy, were determined at 3 months in isolated myocytes from both groups and compared to normal (NL) dogs (n 5 5).
Heat-Transfer Coefficient for a Long Fin Cooled by Convection and Radiation

Nomenclature Aeff = effective surface area, π DLeff, m2 D = diameter, mm g = acceleration of gravity, m/s2 h = combined heat-transfer coefficient, hc + hr , W/m2-K hc = natural convection heat-transfer coefficient, W/m2-K hr = radiation heat-transfer coefficient, W/m2-K h = average combined heat-transfer coefficient, W/m2-K k = thermal conductivity of fin, W/m-K k f = thermal conductivity of fluid, W/m-K L = length, m Leff = effective length, m m = dimensionless fin parameter m = average dimensionless fin parameter NuD = Nusselt number, hc D/k f P = perimeter, m Pr = Prandtl number, ν/α Q = rate of heat transfer, W RaD = Rayleigh number, gβ(T − T∞)D/να T = temperature along the fin, ◦C T f = mean film temperature, (T + T∞)/2, ◦C U = uncertainty x = axial coordinate, m α = thermal diffusivity, m2/s = emissivity θ = excess temperature, T − T∞, ◦C ν = kinematic viscosity, m2/s σ = Stefan–Boltzmann constant, W/m2-K4 χ = dimensionless axial coordinate, x/L
Photoneutron spectra and cross sections for 12C and 16O

Abstract Partial (γ, n) cross sections have been measured for two self-conjugate nuclei 12 C and 16 O by measuring the spectral intensity of emitted neutrons in conjunction with a determination of the time-integrated absolute photon flux. The maximum-energy photoneutrons which leave the residual nuclei in their ground state were isolated from other transitions, making it possible to study individual excited levels in 12 C and 16 O. By measuring the neutron spectra at several angles and taking advantage of the use of self-conjugate target nuclei, these isolated levels in 12 C and 16 O were found to be due to electric dipole photo-absorption with subsequent emission of d-wave neutrons.
The first passage time distribution of brownian motion and its applications

Abstract This paper traces the development of the first passage time distribution of Brownian motion (inverse Gaussian) together with its various applications in inventory problems, usage and storage times, detection theory, labor turnover, money supply, purchasing models, hospital inpatient stay times, strikes duration, biology, … etc. Besides, since the inverse Gaussian distribution arises as the distribution of first passage time of Brownian motion, its applicability to lifetime modeling is a natural consequence. The general characteristics of the inverse Gaussian model which make it attractive for various applications are also identified.
The effect of gap junctional distribution on defibrillation

We summarize a mathematical theory for direct activation and defibrillation of cardiac tissue. We show that the direct stimulus and defibrillation thresholds are likely to be strongly affected by the gap junctional distribution and density, suggesting an indirect experimental test of the theory.
Mineral matter effects on the rapid pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis of a bituminous coal. 1. Effects on yields of char, tar and light gaseous volatiles

Abstract The effects of minerals on product compositions from rapid pyrolysis of a Pittsburgh Seam bituminous coal were investigated. Whole, demineralized, and mineral treated samples of pulverized coal were heated in 100 KPa helium or 6.9 MPa hydrogen at 1000 K s −1 to temperatures of up to 1300 K. Yields of char, tar and individual gaseous products were determined as a function of time-temperature conditions. Clays, iron-sulphur minerals, and quartz had few effects on pyrolysis in helium. Calcium minerals decreased yields of hydrocarbon products and increased yields of CO in helium pyrolysis. Calcite and clays decreased yields of CH 4 from hydropyrolysis, whereas iron-sulphur minerals had little effect on pyrolysis at 6.9 MPa H 2 . Whole coal results were similar to demineralized coal results under all conditions.
A proton and carbon NMR spectral study of 4‐substituted and 4,6‐disubstituted dibenzothiophenes

The proton and carbon NMR spectra of several 4-substituted- and 4,6-disubstituted-dibenzothiophenes have been measured, and their chemical shifts assigned employing spin decoupling and COSY and HETCOR two-dimensional techniques. This work rectifies several literature misassignments of 13C chemical shifts of 4-substituted dibenzothiophenes and also examines the effects of substituents on the chemical shifts. Hence this study will be useful in the future structure determinations of mono- and multisubstituted dibenzothiophenes.
Low-loss polysilicon waveguides fabricated in an emulated high-volume electronics process

We measure end-of-line polysilicon waveguide propagation losses of ~6-15 dB/cm across the telecommunication O-, E-, S-, C- and L-bands in a process representative of high-volume product integration. The lowest loss of 6.2 dB/cm is measured at 1550 nm in a polysilicon waveguide with a 120 nm x 350 nm core geometry. The reported waveguide characteristics are measured after the thermal cycling of the full CMOS electronics process that results in a 32% increase in the extracted material loss relative to the as-crystallized waveguide samples. The measured loss spectra are fit to an absorption model using defect state parameters to identify the dominant loss mechanism in the end-of-line and as-crystallized polysilicon waveguides.
Idiopathic neutropenia: antineutrophil antibodies and clinical correlations.

Abstract purpose: The present study was done to evaluate the clinical characteristics of a large series of adult patients with chronic idiopathic neutropenia, and correlate the presence of antineutrophil antibodies, their class (IgG or IgM), and their ability to fix complement with clinical parameters, including other hemocytopenias, splenomegaly, and infections. patients and methods: One hundred twenty-one adult patients with chronic idiopathic neutropenia were studied. Serum neutrophil-binding antibodies were measured using paraformaldehyde-fixed granulocytes (PFGs) from normal volunteers as target cells. 125 I-labeled staphylococcal protein A was used to detect IgG antibodies while IgM antibodies were detected by using 125 I-labeled mouse monoclonal anti-IgM antibody. Sera containing antineutrophil antibodies were tested for their ability to fix complement on donor PFGs by using 125 I-labeled monoclonal antibody to the third component of complement. results: Of the 121 patients with chronic idiopathic neutropenia, 71 patients had isolated neutropenia, while 50 had neutropenia combined with either anemia and/or thrombocytopenia. Among the 71 patients with isolated neutropenia, there were 51 females (72%), compared with 28 females (56%) among the 50 patients with combined hemocytopenias (p = 0.083). Patients with multiple hemocytopenias were significantly older (p conclusions: Approximately one third of adult patients with idiopathic neutropenia have IgG and/or IgM antineutrophil antibodies demonstrable in their serum. There is a subset of patients with idiopathic neutropenia with multiple hemocytopenias who tend to be older, less likely to show female predominance, more likely to have splenomegaly and infections, and more likely to have antineutrophil antibodies, especially mixed IgG-IgM and complement-fixing antibodies.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects of In Vitro Interphase Transfer of Sulfonamides I: Influence of Methyl Group Substitution on Transfer of Unionized Sulfonamides

The influence of methyl group substitution on the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the interphase transfer of three unionized sulfonamides was studied in a two-phase in vitro system composed of an aqueous pH 4.3 buffer and n-octanol. By applying the theory of absolute reaction rates to the interphase transfer process, the forward parameters (kf, ∆Hf*, and ∆Sf*) increased but the back parameters (kb, ∆Hb*, and ∆Sb*) decreased as the lipophilic nature of the sulfonamides increased. In terms of the net thermodynamic parameters for the process, both ∆H and ∆S increased as the lipophilicity increased. The entropic energy contribution (T∆S) dominated the ∆H contribution, however. Thus, the observed increase in the ratio of kf/kb, with increased lipophilicity appeared to be due to an increase in ∆S for transfer from aqueous to alcohol phases resulting from substitution of the methyl group. Based upon these kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, possible mechanisms for the interphase transfer of unionized sulfonamides were proposed.
Much More than Money: Remittances and Human Development

Migrant Remittances and Development in the Global Economy. By Orozco Manuel. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2013. 249 pp., $59.95 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-1-588-26871-6). In Migrant Remittances and Development in the Global Economy, Manuel Orozco analyzes “the ways that migrant remittances operate worldwide and the implication of these inflows for developing countries” (p. 1). He defines development broadly defining it as “a condition that enables individuals and society to enjoy a healthy quality of life, be free, have opportunities for upward mobility, and improve their material circumstances” (p. 5). Orozco aptly argues that the regulations that shape marketplaces and financial service access in both the host and home states also shape remittances' impact on development. Orozco supports his claim using comparative analyses of four major remittance corridors: the United States to Latin America and the Caribbean; Japan to Southeast Asia; Russia to Central Asia and the Caucasus; and Europe to Western Africa. Remittances and Development is empirically and theoretically strong in the sense that it employs a variety of original studies to identify and describe how remittances have a positive impact on human lives. Its description of remittance trends and the myriad of regulations that shape them is a particular strength. Orozco also covers an impressive range of subjects regulations and remittance trends, …
Structure of a protein superfiber: spider dragline silk.

Abstract Spider major ampullate (dragline) silk is an extracellular fibrous protein with unique characteristics of strength and elasticity. The silk fiber has been proposed to consist of pseudocrystalline regions of antiparallel beta-sheet interspersed with elastic amorphous segments. The repetitive sequence of a fibroin protein from major ampullate silk of the spider Nephila clavipes was determined from a partial cDNA clone. The repeating unit is a maximum of 34 amino acids long and is not rigidly conserved. The repeat unit is composed of three different segments: (i) a 6 amino acid segment that is conserved in sequence but has deletions of 3 or 6 amino acids in many of the repeats; (ii) a 13 amino acid segment dominated by a polyalanine sequence of 5-7 residues; (iii) a 15 amino acid, highly conserved segment. The latter is predominantly a Gly-Gly-Xaa repeat with Xaa being alanine, tyrosine, leucine, or glutamine. The codon usage for this DNA is highly selective, avoiding the use of cytosine or guanine in the third position. A model for the physical properties of fiber formation, strength, and elasticity, based on this repetitive protein sequence, is presented.
Automated modeling of stochastic reactions with large measurement time-gaps

Many systems, particularly in biology and chemistry, involve the interaction of discrete quantities, such as individual elements or molecules. When the total number of elements in the system is low, the impact of individual reactions becomes non-negligible and modeling requires the simulation of exact sequences of reactions. In this paper, we introduce an algorithm that can infer an exact stochastic reaction model based on sparse measurements of an evolving system of discrete quantities. The algorithm is based on simulating a candidate model to maximize the likelihood of the data. When the likelihood is too small to provide a search gradient, the algorithm uses the distance of the data to the model's estimated distribution. Results show that this method infers stochastic models reliably with both short time gaps between measurements of the system, and long time gaps where the system state has evolved qualitatively far between each measurement. Furthermore, the proposed metric outperforms optimizing on likelihood or distance components alone. Traits measured on the search novelty, age, and bloat suggest that this algorithm scales well to increasingly complex systems.
On the Structure of Analytic Renormalization

A direct proof is given that analytic renormalization has an additive structure and hence may be implemented by counterterms in the Lagrangian.
Telomeres in T and B cells

Telomeres are the structures at the ends of linear chromosomes. In mammalian cells, they consist of hexanucleotide (TTAGGG) repeats, together with many associated proteins. In the absence of a compensatory mechanism, dividing cells undergo gradual telomere erosion until a critical degree of shortening results in chromosomal abnormalities and cell death or senescence. For T and B cells, the ability to undergo extensive cell division and clonal expansion is crucial for effective immune function. This article describes our current understanding of telomere-length regulation in lymphocytes and its implications for immune function.
Assessing the Ensemble Spread-Error Relationship

AbstractThe potential ability of an ensemble prediction system (EPS) to represent its own varying forecast error provides strong motivation to produce an EPS over a less expensive deterministic forecast. Traditionally, this ability has been assessed by correlating the realized forecast error with the ensemble's dispersion. This paper revisits the limitations of the skill–spread correlation, but uses aspects of the correlation to introduce two metrics to assess an EPS's capacity to provide a reliable likelihood of its own error. Using a perfect EPS, skill–spread correlation is shown to be limited by its dependence on how “skill” and “spread” are defined and, perhaps most fatally, by its inability to distill the skill–spread reliability from the stability properties of the physical system being modeled. Building from this, it is argued there are two aspects of an ensemble's dispersion that should be assessed. First, is there enough variability in the dispersion to justify the expense of the EPS? The factor ...
Dynamical analyses of marine atmospheric boundary layer structure near the Gulf Stream oceanic front

The effects of the sea surface temperature (s.s.t.) front at the edge of the Gulf Stream on the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) are investigated using a numerical model to study the modification effects of an oceanic front on the MABL structure. The situation simulated is flow from over cold shelf water to over the warm water of the Gulf Stream. The initial temperature and humidity profiles of the air are specified to be near neutral over the cold water and are therefore typical of undisturbed conditions. The differential in s.s.t. across the oceanic front creates a horizontal variation in the surface perturbation pressure and the stability. The surface perturbation pressure and turbulent fluxes modulate the flow and produce horizontal variations in horizontal wind components with associated vertical motions. A thermally direct cell is produced as a result of the s.s.t. difference across the front. The isotherms slope upward towards the warm water. Entrainment of inversion layer air and upward vertical motion over the warm water cause the MABL to be deeper there. A layer of cloud forms over warm water and is associated with mixed layer deepening rather than lowering of the condensation level. Turbulent fluxes in the MABL show considerable spatial variation. Surface stress is much larger over the front and over the warm water than over the cold water. This is mostly caused by wind speed changes associated with the front. Changes in the drag coefficient due to changes in surface roughness and stability are much less important. Mean budgets for temperature and total water indicate that there is a balance between horizontal advection and turbulent flux divergence. The U momentum budget shows that once the geostrophic balance terms are subtracted, the balance is mainly between the pressure gradient force associated with the induced temperature field and turbulent friction, with horizontal advection and the Coriolis force acting on the geostrophic departure playing minor roles. The V momentum budget shows a balance between horizontal advection, Coriolis force and friction. Although there are few data for comparison, the results are in qualitative agreement with observations in the area. This study shows that the s.s.t. front at the Gulf Stream edge produces marked local changes in the nearby atmospheric surface layer.
Sources of metals and bromine-containing particles in Milwaukee

Abstract An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS) was deployed in summer 2010 in central Milwaukee as part of a study to understand the sources of primary and secondary aerosol in the non-attainment area of Southeast Wisconsin. Measurements were made continually from mid-July to mid-August, collecting time, size, and chemical composition data on aerosol particles. Trace metals including Se, Cd, Mo, and Sb were detected in the particles. These metals were found to be related and provided information on source types in Milwaukee, generally located southwest of the sampling site, from plumes that appear to originate from point sources. Additionally, Br was detected in individual particle mass spectra during this study, the first such observation at an inland site. Particles that contained Br were found in two different size modes, each of which had a different representative chemical composition. In combination with an analysis of wind direction, the data suggest that the two different size modes of Br-containing particles originate from chemically distinct sources.
Visualization of downwellings in 3-D spherical mantle convection

Abstract Although the Amira visualization package has been available since 1999, not much effort has been made to use this powerful package for addressing the challenging problem that geodynamicists have in visualizing 3-D features of cold downwellings in spherical mantle convection simulations with high spatial resolution. In this paper, we present three approaches that exploit the functionalities of Amira to meet the needs of visualizing the complexity of these dynamic processes. The first task is to use the multiple isosurfaces combined with different colors and transparencies for showing the large-scale features from a global perspective. The second task is to localize the small-scale features of interest by cutting off the rest or splitting off a small part of image from the entire picture so that the details can be viewed locally. The third one is the use of multiple windows simultaneously for showing different portions of the same set data in different displaying formats from various angles of view. We will also present new geophysical findings based on these visualization approaches.
Neural network methods for error canceling in human-machine manipulation

A neural network technique is employed to cancel hand motion error during microsurgery. A cascade-correlation neural network trained via extended Kalman filtering was tested on 15 recordings of hand movement collected from 4 surgeons. The neural network was trained to output the surgeon's desired motion, suppressing erroneous components. In experiments this technique reduced the root mean square error (rmse) of the erroneous motion by an average of 39.5%. This was 9.6% greater than the reduction achieved in earlier work, which followed the complementary approach of estimating the error rather than the desired component. Preliminary results are also presented from tests in which training and testing data were taken from different surgeons.
Dietary salt and essential hypertension

Abstract Dietary intake of sodium chloride was studied in 717 patients with essential hypertension and 819 unequivocally normotensive patients. In the normotensive group 21.2 percent (174 of 819) stated that they added salt to food before tasting it, whereas 22.7 percent (163 of 717) of the hypertensive group had this habit. Of 43 hypertensive women who added salt to food before tasting it, 17 (39.5 percent) had diastolic blood pressure greater than 120 mm Hg, compared to 56 (17.2 percent) of 325 hypertensive women who did not add salt before tasting the food (P Hypertension was more prevalent among patients with a family history of hypertension than among those without such a history. No significant differences were found between hypertensive and normotensive patients in regard to dietary history of salt consumption. However, dietary salt consumption may play a role in determining the severity of hypertension once it has developed.
Predation On Mexican Free-Tailed Bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) By Merlin (Falco columbarius)

Falco columbarius (merlin) was observed attacking and feeding on Tadarida brasiliensis (Mexican free-tailed bat) in downtown Abilene, Texas. The number of bats, time of emergence, the number of attacks by merlin, and success of merlin capturing bats were recorded. This study also documents techniques used by bats to avoid predation. To our knowledge, this study documents the first known predation of Mexican free-tailed bat by merlin and is one of the few that shows sustained predation on Mexican free-tailed bat by any species of bird of prey.
Mechanism and energetics of dissociative adsorption of SiH3 on the hydrogen-terminated Si(0 0 1)-(2×1) surface

Abstract A comprehensive theoretical study is presented of the adsorption mechanism and energetics of the silyl (SiH3) radical on the Si (0 0 1) -(2×1) surface terminated by one monolayer of hydrogen atoms. SiH3 adsorbs on the surface dissociatively through an insertion reaction that involves breaking of the Si–Si surface dimer bond and subsequent transfer of an H atom from the radical to an atom of the broken dimer, thus leading to formation of two surface dihydride (SiH2) species. The structure and energies of the corresponding equilibrium and transition-state configurations are presented, as well as detailed energetics along the reaction pathway.
Modeling Intracerebral Hemorrhage Growth and Response to Anticoagulation

The mechanism for hemorrhage enlargement in the brain, a key determinant of patient outcome following hemorrhagic stroke, is unknown. We performed computer-based stochastic simulation of one proposed mechanism, in which hemorrhages grow in ‘‘domino’’ fashion via secondary shearing of neighboring vessel segments. Hemorrhages were simulated by creating an initial site of primary bleeding and an associated risk of secondary rupture at adjacent sites that decayed over time. Under particular combinations of parameters for likelihood of secondary rupture and time-dependent decay, a subset of lesions expanded, creating a bimodal distribution of microbleeds and macrobleeds. Systematic variation of the model to simulate anticoagulation yielded increases in both macrobleed occurrence (26.9%, 53.2%, and 70.0% of all hemorrhagic events under conditions simulating no, low-level, and high-level anticoagulation) and final hemorrhage size (median volumes 111, 276, and 412 under the same three conditions), consistent with data from patients with anticoagulant-related brain hemorrhages. Reversal from simulated high-level anticoagulation to normal coagulation was able to reduce final hemorrhage size only if applied relatively early in the course of hemorrhage expansion. These findings suggest that a model based on a secondary shearing mechanism can account for some of the clinically observed properties of intracerebral hemorrhage, including the bimodal distribution of volumes and the enhanced hemorrhage growth seen with anticoagulation. Future iterations of this model may be useful for elucidating the effects of hemorrhage growth of factors related to secondary shearing (such as small vessel pathology) or time-dependent decay (such as hemostatic agents).
Origin and Truth: Young Children's Understanding of Imaginary Mental Representations

In 2 studies, we address young children's understanding of the origin and representational relations of imagination, a fictional mental state, and contrast this with their understanding of knowledge, an epistemic mental state. In the first study, 54 3- and 4-year-old children received 2 tasks to assess their understanding of origins, and 4 stories to assess their understanding of representational relations. Children of both ages understood that, whereas perception is necessary for knowledge, it is irrelevant for imagination. Results for children's understanding of representational relations revealed intriguing developmental differences. Although children understood that knowledge represents reality more truthfully than imagination, 3-year-olds often claimed that imagination reflected reality. The second study provided additional evidence that younger 3-year-olds judge that imaginary representations truthfully reflect reality. We propose that children's responses indicate an early understanding of the distinction between mental states and the world, but also a confusion regarding the extent to which mental contents represent the physical world.
A current control implementation based on a clamping one-cycle control strategy

Application of One-cycle Control (OCC) technique for power factor control in three phase boost rectifiers has been successful. This includes operation with one phase of the converter clamped reducing switching losses. It features great simplicity, high performance, and excellent stability. In addition, the Hybrid PWM (HPWM) technique establishes a simple algebraic approach to generate Discontinuous PWM, DPWM, resulting in phase clamping. In previous works Clamping OCC is based on low pass filters (LPF) and utilizes a multiplexer circuit to clamp the phase currents. This paper combines the simplicity of both methods, introducing an OCC clamping technique with the help of the HPWM technique. Moreover, the proposed OCC technique utilizes a lead-lag compensator instead of conventional LPF as well as an input resistance controller to improve dynamic response. It also establishes a relationship between the proposed technique and a hysteresis current controller with clamping technique. Simulation and DSP based experimental results confirm the proposed approach.