cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Tagging with Bilingual Graph-Based Projections

We describe a novel approach for inducing unsupervised part-of-speech taggers for languages that have no labeled training data, but have translated text in a resource-rich language. Our method does not assume any knowledge about the target language (in particular no tagging dictionary is assumed), making it applicable to a wide array of resource-poor languages. We use graph-based label propagation for cross-lingual knowledge transfer and use the projected labels as features in an unsupervised model (Berg-Kirkpatrick et al., 2010). Across eight European languages, our approach results in an average absolute improvement of 10.4% over a state-of-the-art baseline, and 16.7% over vanilla hidden Markov models induced with the Expectation Maximization algorithm.
Lower Bounds on Error Probability in the Presence of Large Intersymbol Interference

A lower bound on the symbol error probability achieved by any estimator of a digital pulse-amplitude-modulated sequence in the presence of white Gaussian noise and intersymbol interference is presented. The bound reduces to the well-known single-pulse error probability bound when intersymbol interference is small, but is tighter when interference is large. For example, on the singlepole ( RC ) channel, the effective signal-to-noise ratio for any estimator is shown to decrease by at least 3 dB for every doubling in pulse rate T-1as T \rightarrow 0 and, on the double-pole channel, by at least 9 dB, thus disproving a recent conjecture [2] on the performance of nonlinear receivers.
CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME BEGINNING SUDDENLY OCCURS SEASONALLY OVER THE YEAR

The fact that many patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have an infectiouslike sudden onset to their illness has led to the hypothesis that CFS is a medical illness. If CFS were, on the other hand, a psychiatric disorder related to symptom amplification, one would expect illness onset to occur randomly over the calendar year. This study tested that hypothesis with 69 CFS patients whose illness was on the more severe side of the illness spectrum; all patients reported sudden illness onset with the full syndrome of sore throat, fatigue/malaise, and diffuse achiness developing over no longer than a 2-day period. Date of illness onset was distinctly nonrandom. It peaked from November through January and was at its lowest from April through May. These data support the hypothesis that an infectious illness can trigger the onset of CFS. (Chronobiology International, 17(1), 95–99, 2000).Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a medically unexplained illness characterized by fatigue, pain, and cognitive complain...
Some applications of M&#246;ssbauer spectroscopy to the study of magnetic oxides

Mossbauer spectroscopy is a useful tool for characterizing certain properties of magnetic materials. Much of the information available from Mossbauer spectroscopy requires a detailed analysis of hyperfine parameters; a brief discussion of this analysis for Fe57in the presence of mixed magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole interactions is given. Several examples of experimental studies on iron containing magnetic oxides are discussed which illustrate some of the more common uses of Mossbauer spectroscopy in applied magnetism. Experimental studies related to phase analysis, phase transitions, relative site populations, determination of magnetic ordering temperatures, and magnetic structure investigations are included.
IL-10 plasma levels are elevated after LPS injection in splenectomized A/J mice.

Background Splenectomy is clinically indicated in certain cases of hypersplenism and splenic trauma. However, it is associated with serious complications, in particular, reduced clearance of encapsulated organisms and a high incidence of sepsis, which has been coined overwhelming post-splenectomy sepsis (OPSS). In addition to the role of the spleen in the clearance of microorganisms, this organ may be involved in regulation of the inflammatory response. We investigated the effect of splenectomy on the inflammatory process induced by LPS in a murine model that resembles, in part, the pathophysiological aspects of sepsis. Materials and methods Male mice (8-weeks-old) from different inbred strains were randomized into three groups: splenectomized (SPX), sham operated (SHAM), and non-operated controls (NoOp). After 9 days of recovery, mice were injected with LPS (15 mg/kg) and cytokine plasma levels were measured by ELISA at 1.5 or 6 h after injection. Peritoneal macrophages (PMφ) were isolated from the three groups, and cytokine production was evaluated after incubation with LPS in culture conditions. Results IL-10 plasma levels were elevated in SPX A/J mice (6.7 ± 0.4 μg/ml) after injection of LPS (15 mg/kg) compared to NoOp A/J mice (4.2 ± 0.2 μg/ml, P < 0.05). Similar elevation in IL-10 plasma levels was detected in SPX DBA/2J mice as compared to NoOp DBA/2J mice, but not in C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice. In contrast, SPX AKR mice displayed lower IL-10 levels than NoOp mice. PMφs from SPX A/J mice produced elevated levels of IL-10 compared to PMφs from SHAM or NoOp A/J mice, mimicking the in vivo observations. Conclusion Our data suggest that the spleen plays an important role in modulating the inflammatory process induced by LPS, extending beyond passive clearance of encapsulated organisms. In addition, the contribution of the spleen to the inflammatory process may be influenced by the genetic background.
Riming Electrification as a Charge Generation Mechanism in Thunderstorms

Abstract Riming electrification was studied in cold room experiments simulating thunderstorm conditions. When both ice crystals and supercooled droplets coexist in the experimental chamber, high electric charge occurs on the riming probes. Both the sign and magnitude of riming electrification are highly dependent on the temperature and cloud water content. Electric charge of the order of 10−4 esu (33 fC) is separated on riming with each ice crystal collision under conditions typical of the in-cloud environment of continental thunderstorms. This amount of charge is sufficient to produce the high electrification required for lightning discharge within reasonably short periods of time. The effect of the electrical field on charge separation during the riming and effect of the freezing potential of drops of rime also were examined. It appears that these effects play only a secondary role for charge separation in thunderstorms. Three different physical mechanisms of charge separation during riming are proposed...
Radiation and Energy Storage Current Modes on Conducting Structures

The method of moments (MoM) impedance matrix is decomposed into three matrix operators related to stored energies and radiated power. The eigenvalue problems associated with each of these operators are solved in order to obtain three unique sets of modal currents and their corresponding eigenvalues. Projecting a general current into one of the three basis sets provides a convenient means of identifying currents which contribute to stored energies and radiated power. An electrically small antenna mounted to a larger ground plane is analyzed using these new methods.
Cryosphere: Order in Antarctic ice streams

Ice streams transport ice rapidly from the interior of the Antarctic ice sheet to the coast. An analysis of surface flow convergence suggests that ice flow and geometry are intricately linked within these ice streams.
Mapping the Bovine Albino Locus

The albino, beta-hemoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) loci comprise a highly conserved syntenic group in those mammals in which the three loci have been genetically mapped. In this study, we used a tyrosinase probe to map the bovine albino locus, using a panel of bovine-hamster hybrid cells in which HBB, LDHA, and a number of other loci had previously been mapped. The probe was a human tyrosinase cDNA clone (Pme134) which has been mapped to the c (albino) locus in mice. Although beta-hemoglobin is linked to the albino locus in mice, rats, cats, and rabbits, the two loci are not syntenic in cattle. The tyrosinase probe, however, dose hybridize to a fragment that is syntenic with lactate dehydrogenase A in cattle. Since HBB is syntenic with catalase (CAT) in both humans and cattle, while catalase is asyntenic with HBB in mice, at least two chromosomal rearrangements are required to account for the chromosomal relationships of HBB, CAT, LDHA, and the albino locus in these three species.
Accelerometer body sensor network improves systolic time interval assessment with wearable ballistocardiography

Systolic time intervals (STI) are non-invasive measures of cardiac function. Due to the fact that STI can be measured noninvasively outside the clinic, STI are a promising method for long-term monitoring of patients with cardiovascular disease. In particular, the pre-ejection period (PEP) has been measured successfully from body vibrations of the beating heart, a technique called ballistocardiography (BCG), using a weighing scale. Similar measurements can be made with on-body accelerometers, however these wearable BCG signals are typically more challenging to interpret than whole-body BCG. In this paper, we conducted a small pilot study with four subjects to investigate whether a body sensor network of four accelerometers positioned on the wrist, arm, sternum, and head could improve beat-by-beat PEP prediction beyond that of each sensor alone. Linear models were fitted from the R-J and R-I intervals of the four BCG signals to PEP measured with impedance cardiography from 5-minute recordings after isometric lower-body exercise. Specifically, we found that (i) the RMS error of PEP estimation from the wearable BCG sensors can be reduced by using double integration, (ii) the standard deviation of PEP estimates from R-I intervals was smaller than from R-J intervals, and (iii) linear models combining both R-J and R-I measurements from all sensors resulted in the best average correlation (r2 = 0.96 ± 0.01) and lowest average root mean square error (2.5 ± 0.8 ms) from 5×2-fold cross validation.
Applying firm attention theory to assess the antecedents of firm participation in regulatory processes

This study applies firm attention theory to explain how factors including regulatory inspection ratings, media coverage of regulatory issues, new regulations, and the political activities of opposing interest groups influence firm participation in regulatory processes. Findings suggest that firm political participation is driven by factors that attract firm attention to political processes as well as by factors that threaten to draw stakeholder attention to political processes and firm operations. These relationships are explored by examining automobile manufacturer participation in National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration rulemaking comment periods.
Control of Mole Crickets in Pasturegrass

The southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus acletus Rehn and Hebard, and the changa, S. vicinus Scudder, are major pests of pasture in the southeastern United States. Eight candidate toxic baits were evaluated for control of mole crickets in pasture. The data indicate that 2% baits of chlorpyrifos, propoxur, and malathion would be most likely to control mole cricket populations at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 lb AI/acre, respectively. At these rates, chlorpyrifos is 5.7–8.0 times more effective, propoxur is 8.1–11.4 times more effective, and malathion 6.0–8.4 times more effective than trichlorfon at its labeled application rate.
Molecular dynamics investigation of the fracture behavior of nanocrystalline α -Fe

We carried out classical atomistic studies of crack propagation in fully three-dimensional nanocrystalline $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Fe (body-centered cubic structure) to examine the influence of temperature and average grain size on the fracture mechanisms and properties. Digital samples with grain sizes ranging from 6 to 12 nm are reported at temperatures ranging from 100 K to 600 K using atomistic simulations. For all grain sizes, a combination of intragranular and intergranular fracture is observed. Mechanisms such as grain boundary accommodation, grain boundary triple junction activity, grain nucleation and grain rotation are observed to dictate the plastic deformation energy release. Intergranular fracture is shown to proceed by the coalescence of nanovoids formed at the grain boundaries ahead of the crack. The simulations also show that at an atomistic scale the fracture resistance and plastic deformation energy release mechanisms increase with increasing temperature. The observed fracture toughness increases with decreasing grain size.
Examining ‘willingness to participate’ in community-based water resource management in a transboundary conservation area in Central America

Operationalizing integrated water resource management (IWRM) often involves decentralization of water management via community-based management (CBM). While attention has been given to the components leading to successful CBM, less is known about what factors motivate people9s willingness to participate ( WTP ) in such programs. This study analyzed factors that influence household WTP in CBM in a transboundary watershed located where El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras converge – the Trifinio Region. Several variables were hypothesized to influence WTP : sense of community ( SOC ), dependence on water resources, level of concern for water resources, and socio-economic characteristics. In 2014, quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 62 households in five communities. Most respondents reported high levels of WTP in future CBM initiatives, and multivariate regression analysis revealed that SOC was the most important predictor of WTP , with wealth and perceptions of watershed management also statistically significant. Qualitative analyses revealed water availability was more concerning than water quality, and perceptions of inequitable access to water is an important constraint to developing CBM strategies. Taken together, these results suggest that enhancing SOC and relationships between local and regional levels of governance prior to establishing community-based projects would facilitate more success in implementing IWRM.
Eigenvalue Sensitivity and Its Application in Power System Small Signal Stability

With the development of power systems,especially the appearance and extension of large-scale interconnected power grid,the small signal stability becomes more noteworthy. To meet the demand of analysis on small signal stability,three calculation methods of eigenvalue sensitivities,i.e.,the sensitivity of eigenvalue to component parameters,transfer function and operating parameters,are presented and their applications in the analysis of small signal stability of power systems are analyzed. The three kinds of sensitivities can remedy the defects of existing analysis methods,effectively guide the parameter design and location of some devices or systems and adjust operation modes of power systems to improve small signal stability and suppress the occurrence of low-frequency oscillation. By means of allocating generator output reasonably,the generation rescheduling based on sensitivity can maximize power transmission capacity restrained from small signal stability under accidents,so it is one of the effective manners to solve the small signal stability. Thus,it is very necessary and urgent to add the function of rapidly computing eigenvalue sensitivity in existing small signal stability analysis program.
Acrolein Is a Pathogenic Mediator of Alcoholic Liver Disease and the Scavenger Hydralazine Is Protective in Mice

Background & Aims Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, with no Food and Drug Administration–approved therapy. Chronic alcohol consumption causes a pro-oxidant environment and increases hepatic lipid peroxidation, with acrolein being the most reactive/toxic by-product. This study investigated the pathogenic role of acrolein in hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, steatosis, and injury in experimental ALD, and tested acrolein elimination/scavenging (using hydralazine) as a potential therapy in ALD. Methods In vitro (rat hepatoma H4IIEC cells) and in vivo (chronic+binge alcohol feeding in C57Bl/6 mice) models were used to examine alcohol-induced acrolein accumulation and consequent hepatic ER stress, apoptosis, and injury. In addition, the potential protective effects of the acrolein scavenger, hydralazine, were examined both in vitro and in vivo. Results Alcohol consumption/metabolism resulted in hepatic accumulation of acrolein-protein adducts, by up-regulation of cytochrome P4502E1 and alcohol dehydrogenase, and down-regulation of glutathione-s-transferase-P, which metabolizes/detoxifies acrolein. Alcohol-induced acrolein adduct accumulation led to hepatic ER stress, proapoptotic signaling, steatosis, apoptosis, and liver injury; however, ER-protective/adaptive responses were not induced. Notably, direct exposure to acrolein in vitro mimicked the in vivo effects of alcohol, indicating that acrolein mediates the adverse effects of alcohol. Importantly, hydralazine, a known acrolein scavenger, protected against alcohol-induced ER stress and liver injury, both in vitro and in mice. Conclusions Our study shows the following: (1) alcohol consumption triggers pathologic ER stress without ER adaptation/protection; (2) alcohol-induced acrolein is a potential therapeutic target and pathogenic mediator of hepatic ER stress, cell death, and injury; and (3) removal/clearance of acrolein by scavengers may have therapeutic potential in ALD.
Coronary Blood Flow in Reperfused Myocardium

The factors which determine coronary blood flow in myocardium subjected to ischemia and reperfusion are numerous, complex, and interrelated. They can be conveniently, if arbitrarily, divided into three broad categories. First, cellular and protein elements of the coronary perfustate, such as the leukocyte and fibrinogen, may affect coronary blood flow through effects on the microvasculature and on blood rheological properties, respectively. Second, the coronary conduit itself, the blood vessel, can also be affected by ischemia and reperfusion, particularly in its endothelial component and the associated vascular responses. Finally, the environment in which the coronary vessel finds itself, determined by characteristics of the myocyte and the interstitial space, can affect coronary flow by itself being profoundly changed after ischemia and reperfusion. While ischemia and reperfusion affects all three of these major determinants of coronary blood flow, whether or not coronary blood flow responses following reperfusion have a role in producing myonecrosis is unclear at this time.
Distal Myopathies: Case Studies

About 15% of myopathies present with distal weakness. Lack of sensory deficit, and preservation of sensory responses and deep tendon reflexes, favors a myopathic cause for distal weakness. Electromyogram confirms this diagnosis. Profuse spontaneous discharges are common in inflammatory, metabolic, and myofibrillar myopathy (MFM). If the clinical picture indicates a specific disease such as facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), genetic testing provides the quickest diagnosis. Otherwise, muscle biopsy can distinguish specific features. The common causes of myopathic distal weakness are FSHD, myotonic dystrophy, and inclusion body myositis. Other causes include MFM, distal muscular dystrophies, metabolic myopathies, and congenital myopathies.
Hormonal and metabolic responses to upper temperature extremes in divergent life-history ecotypes of a garter snake

Extreme temperatures constrain organismal physiology and impose both acute and chronic effects. Additionally, temperature-induced hormone-mediated stress response pathways and energetic trade-offs are important drivers of life-history variation. This study employs an integrative approach to quantify acute physiological responses to high temperatures in divergent life-history ecotypes of the western terrestrial garter snake ( Thamnophis elegans ). Using wild-caught animals, we measured oxygen consumption rate and physiological markers of hormonal stress response, energy availability, and anaerobic respiration in blood plasma across five ecologically relevant temperatures (24, 28, 32, 35, and 38° C; 3-hour exposure). Corticosterone, insulin, and glucose concentrations all increased with temperature, but with different thermal response curves, suggesting that high temperatures differently affect energy-regulation pathways. Additionally, oxygen consumption rate increased without plateau and lactate concentration did not increase with temperature, challenging the recent hypothesis that oxygen limitation sets upper thermal tolerance limits. Finally, animals had similar physiological thermal responses to high-temperature exposure regardless of genetic background, suggesting that local adaptation has not resulted in fixed differences between ecotypes. Together, these results identify some of the mechanisms by which higher temperatures alter hormonal-mediated energy balance in reptiles and potential limits to the flexibility of this response.
Behavioral and Psychosocial Interventions for Individuals with ASD

This chapter provides a current overview of behavioral and psychosocial treatments for individuals with ASD. The approaches include empirically based methods as well as popular interventions designed to address core and associated symptoms. The chapter includes reviews of major comprehensive treatment programs and educational programs designed for young children with ASD, as well as targeted treatments to improve core deficits. Interventions designed to reduce problem behaviors, and alternative treatments commonly used in ASD are also addressed. Finally, trends and directions for future behavioral and psychosocial treatment research including a focus on implementation in community settings and designing treatments for older individuals with ASD are discussed.
Bifurcation from Equilibria

In Chapter 6 we studied the behavior of solutions of an ODE near a hyperbolic equilibrium point. In this chapter we turn to behavior near nonhyperbolic equilibria.
Topics in Elementary Particle Physics

It is nearly thirty years since Yang and Mills invented non-Abelian gauge theory. We have come a long way since then. Today, all of the elementary particle interactions (strong, weak, and electromagnetic) are expressed in terms of such quantum field theories. The conjunction of electroweak SU(2)×U(1) and color SU(3) acting upon the new periodic table of quarks and leptons comprises what is known as the standard theory. In terms of a certain number of numerical parameters (E.g., the Cabibbo angle, the fine-structure constant, the tau-electron mass ratio), the standard theory offers a complete and correct description of all known elementary particle phenomena. What were the relevant problems of particle physics when I was a graduate student have, in large measure, been solved.
Modeling Stem Cell Myogenic Differentiation

The process of stem cell myogenesis (transformation into skeletal muscle cells) includes several stages characterized by the expression of certain combinations of myogenic factors. The first part of this process is accompanied by cell division, while the second part is mainly associated with direct differentiation. The mechanical cues are known to enhance stem cell myogenesis, and the paper focuses on the stem cell differentiation under the condition of externally applied strain. The process of stem cell myogenic differentiation is interpreted as the interplay among transcription factors, targeted proteins and strain-generated signaling molecule, and it is described by a kinetic multi-stage model. The model parameters are optimally adjusted by using the available data from the experiment with adipose-derived stem cells subjected to the application of cyclic uniaxial strains of the magnitude of 10%. The modeling results predict the kinetics of the process of myogenic differentiation, including the number of cells in each stage of differentiation and the rates of differentiation from one stage to another for different strains from 4% to 16%. The developed model can help better understand the process of myogenic differentiation and the effects of mechanical cues on stem cell use in muscle therapies.
Easy Proofs of Hard Inequalities

Many inequalities are difficult to discover but easy to prove, just as many proofs are difficult to motivate but easy to follow. Ignoring the problems of discovery and motivation, we give simple new proofs for a variety of important inequalities.
Selective Hydrogenation of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes Over Supported Ru

Abstract The hydrogenation of 3-methyl 2-butenal over Ru was investigated to study the influence of alkali promoters and of the type of support on the activity and selectivity. Alkali species increased selectivity of Ru to the unsaturated alcohol, an effect which was observed both for alkali-promoted Ru/SiO 2 and for Ru supported on Y zeolites with different alkali compensating cations. The gas-phase reactions were strongly diffusion limited over the zeolite-supported Ru catalysts.
Photodocumentation of Endoscopic Findings

This chapter deals with four issues relative to the documentation and recording of endoscopic findings during both upper and lower endoscopic procedures. The first section addresses the major aspects of current flexible endoscopic image documentation. The videochip, analogue to digital image conversion, image storage systems, image terminology, color systems, and magnification endoscopy with narrow band imaging are all discussed. The second section of the chapter deals with the topic of actual measurement of endoscopic findings. Sections on the Vienna classification of Barrett’s esophagus and the correct grade of hemorrhoids, focused sections on those classification systems, complete the chapter.
Imaging Properties of the Soft X-ray Photon

X-ray microscopy uses photons in the approximate wavelength range 1 to 10nm (soft x-ray photons) as imaging particles. In this article we describe first the basic properties of these particles which are relevant to this use; next, the characteristics of the microscopy which result; third, the several different forms which the microscopy can take; and finally some considerations concerning soft x-ray sources for x-ray microscopy. The article is intended as a brief introduction to x-ray microscopy and to the subsequent articles in this book.
Management of the Adnexa

The vaginal approach to hysterectomy is generally confined to patients in whom there is no suspicion of adnexal pathology. Removal of normal or nonadherent ovaries abdominally is straightforward, requiring little additional operative time or blood loss. Transvaginal adnexectomy is often considerably more difficult and not infrequently technically prohibitive. This chapter describes techniques for removal of the adnexa through the vagina. A laparoscopy-assisted technique is described for completeness, and the incidental finding of an ovarian tumor at the time of vaginal hysterectomy is discussed. For the transvaginal approach to adnexectomy, emphasis is placed on good surgical judgment. The surgeon not only should be able to apply a technique of adnexectomy that best suits the individual situation but must also recognise when adnexal removal is likely to be hazardous and best not attempted.
Multistage model of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity involving NKCF as soluble cytotoxic mediators.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the possible mechanism of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in which the soluble cytotoxic mediators natural killer cytotoxic factors (NKCF) are implicated. The chapter investigates the characteristics of the NK cytotoxic system and its relationship to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)-mediated cytotoxicity. Studies proposed in the chapter for the NK cytotoxic system may be applicable to other cytotoxic systems mediated by non NK effector cells. The availability of recombinant, purified lymphotoxin (LT) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the possible availability of recombinant cytolysin or perforin in conjunction with NKCF enable establishing the relationship among various cytotoxins and their role in the mechanism of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. It is reasonable to develop approaches that can either enhance susceptibility of tumor cells to lysis by NK cells or NKCF or to consider treatments that can restore functional NK activity where it is defective.
Unmasking the Mystery of Sex and Gender between the Bidirectional Relationshipof Work-Family Conflict and Job Satisfaction

Sex has been the most commonly investigated variable in the extant work–family literature; however, findings have been inconsistent. This study focuses on comparing sex (male, female) and gender [expressivity (akin to femininity), instrumentality (akin to masculinity)], as moderators between the bidirectional relationship of work–family conflict (work-to-family conflict, family-to-work conflict) and job satisfaction. Utilizing a sample of matched pairs of 182 men and 182 women, the results of the moderated regression analysis revealed that only gender moderated the relationship between work– family conflict and job satisfaction for these full-time employees. We discuss suggestions for implications, limitations, and future research.
Sociocognitive Foundations of Educational Measurement

Several key developments challenge the field of educational measurement today: demands for tests at larger scales with higher stakes, an improved understanding of how people develop capabilities, and new technologies for interactive digital assessments. Sociocognitive Foundations of Educational Measurement integrates new developments in educational measurement and educational psychology in order to provide researchers, testing professionals, and students with an innovative sociocognitive perspective on assessment. This comprehensive volume begins with a broad explanation of the sociocognitive perspective and the foundations of assessment, then provides a series of focused applications to major topics such as assessment arguments, validity, fairness, interactive assessment, and a conception of "measurement" in educational assessment. Classical test theory, item response theory, categorical models, mixture models, cognitive diagnosis models, and Bayesian networks are explored from the resulting perspective. Ideal for specialists in these areas, graduate students, developers, and scholars in both educational measurement and fields that contribute to a sociocognitive perspective, this book consolidates nearly a decade of research into a fresh perspective on educational measurement.
Direct observation of crystallization and melting with colloids

We study the kinetics of crystal growth and melting of two types of colloidal crystals: body-centered cubic (BCC) crystals and face-centered cubic (FCC) crystals. A dielectrophoretic "electric bottle" confines colloids, enabling precise control of the motion of the interface. We track the particle motion, and by introducing a structural order parameter, we measure the jump frequencies of particles to and from the crystal and determine from these the free-energy difference between the phases and the interface mobility. We find that the interface is rough in both BCC and FCC cases. Moreover, the jump frequencies correspond to those expected from the random walk of the particles, which translates to collision-limited growth in metallic systems. The mobility of the BCC interface is greater than that of the FCC interface. In addition, contrary to the prediction of some early computer simulations, we show that there is no significant asymmetry between the mobilities for crystallization and melting.
Parallel transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with Viatorr® stents for primary TIPS insufficiency: Case series and review of literature.

Parallel transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with Viatorr® stents for primary TIPS insufficiency: Case series and review of literature
Resources for Transgender Individuals: Transgender Organizations and Services

Individuals who identify as transgender are often faced with social, economic, medical, and political barriers that require guidance from knowledgeable organizations. Such organizations have experience in providing medical care, counseling, support groups, legal assistance, and social services. We have therefore compiled a list of some of the notable national and international resources for transgender individuals. Here we describe some of these in more detail.
Residual Tumor Volume and Location Predict Progression After Primary Subtotal Resection of Sporadic Vestibular Schwannomas: A Retrospective Volumetric Study

Background Preservation of functional integrity during vestibular schwannoma surgery has become critical in the era of patient-centric medical decision-making. Subtotal tumor removal is often necessary when dense adhesions between the tumor and critical structures are present. However, it is unclear what the rate of tumor control is after subtotal resection (STR) and what factors are associated with recurrence. Objective To determine the rate of residual tumor growth after STR and identify clinical and radiographic predictors of tumor progression. Methods A single-institution retrospective study was performed on all sporadic vestibular schwannomas that underwent surgical resection between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2015. Clinical charts, pathology, radiology, and operative reports were reviewed. Volumetric analysis was performed on all pre- and postoperative MR imaging. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of the primary endpoint of tumor progression. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to compare progression free survival between 2 groups of residual tumor volumes and location. Results In this cohort of 66 patients who underwent primary STR, 30% had documented progression within a median follow up period of 3.1 yr. Greater residual tumor volume (OR 2.0 [1.1-4.0]) and residual disease within the internal auditory canal (OR 3.7 [1.0-13.4]) predicted progression on multivariate analysis. Conclusion These longitudinal data provide insight into the behavior of residual tumor, helping clinicians to determine if and when STR is an acceptable surgical strategy and to anchor expectations during shared medical decision-making consultation with patients.
Smart Real-Time Motion Control Framework for 2-DOF Helicopters: A Teleoperation Approach

In this paper, we propose a modular and cost-effective smart real-time motion control framework for a group of two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) helicopters. The aerial configuration of a 2-DOF helicopter is formed by its pitch and yaw angles. The current framework mimics a teleoperation system in the sense that a human operator sends a command signal (desired pitch and yaw angles) to a group of helicopters from a smart mobile device. Each helicopter receives the command signal through a customized single-board computer interfaced with it and then executes an optimal control strategy [here, a linear quadratic regulator (LQR)] for it to follow the command signal. The proposed framework is tested using a smart mobile device running an Android operating system and two 2-DOF helicopters available in the market. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the smart real-time motion control framework.
Advanced urothelial cancer: a radiology update

The recent genomic characterization of urothelial carcinoma by the Cancer Genome Atlas Project, made possible by the introduction of high throughput, reduced cost, and sequence analysis, has shed new insights on the biology of advanced disease. In addition, studies on imaging of advanced urothelial carcinoma have widened the knowledge on disease presentation and on pattern of metastatic spread and their correlation with the underlying biology of urothelial carcinoma. The wide range of treatments for advanced urothelial cancer, including combined chemotherapy regimens and immune checkpoint inhibitors, each result in treatment class-specific patterns of response and adverse events. Results of studies point to the need for a reliable biomarker, perhaps with imaging, that predicts prognosis and treatment response to systemic treatment, and can be used to select the most effective treatment while minimizing toxicity. This review of advanced urothelial cancer introduces the latest advances in genetic profiling, the current role of imaging, the radiographic appearance of treatment response and their toxicities, and details potential future areas of imaging research.
Comparison of Single-Event Transients in SiGe HBTs on Bulk and Thick-Film SOI

A comparison of heavy-ion-induced single-event transients (SETs) in silicon–germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors (SiGe HBTs) fabricated on both bulk and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates is presented. Experimental heavy-ion data show a reduction of sensitive volume of $\approx 350\times $ for the SiGe HBTs fabricated on SOI compared to those on a bulk substrate. Furthermore, the results indicate that the sensitive volume of the SOI SiGe HBTs is confined to the intrinsic device. These results have been confirmed using pulsed laser data and TCAD simulations. Limiting the charge collection depth of SiGe HBTs by fabricating them on SOI facilitates correlation of ion and laser results. The improved ease of correlation is a result of suppressing diffusive charge collection mechanisms that are difficult to replicate with the charge deposition profile generated by two-photon absorption using a tightly focused laser beam. However, a potential issue with pulsed laser testing is determining the loss of the pulse energy through the buried oxide, which requires detailed knowledge of the semiconductor platform. Overall, the reduction of sensitive volume for the SOI SiGe HBTs compared to those on a bulk substrate is a clear advantage from a single-event upset vulnerability perspective.
Do ML Experts Discuss Explainability for AI Systems? A discussion case in the industry for a domain-specific solution.

The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in different domains are becoming mandatory for all companies wishing to excel in their industries. One major challenge for a successful application of AI is to combine the machine learning (ML) expertise with the domain knowledge to have the best results applying AI tools. Domain specialists have an understanding of the data and how it can impact their decisions. ML experts have the ability to use AI-based tools dealing with large amounts of data and generating insights for domain experts. But without a deep understanding of the data, ML experts are not able to tune their models to get optimal results for a specific domain. Therefore, domain experts are key users for ML tools and the explainability of those AI tools become an essential feature in that context. There are a lot of efforts to research AI explainability for different contexts, users and goals. In this position paper, we discuss interesting findings about how ML experts can express concerns about AI explainability while defining features of an ML tool to be developed for a specific domain. We analyze data from two brainstorm sessions done to discuss the functionalities of an ML tool to support geoscientists (domain experts) on analyzing seismic data (domain-specific data) with ML resources.
Potential Applications of PET-Based Novel Quantitative Techniques in Pediatric Diseases and Disorders

The progress made in hybrid PET imaging during the past decades has significantly expanded the role of this modality in both clinical and research applications. Semi-quantitative PET/CT has been the workhorse of clinical PET/CT due to its simplicity and availability. In addition to semi-quantitative PET/CT, volumetric PET and global metabolic activity have recently shown promise in a more accurate assessment of various diseases. PET/CT has been widely used in pediatric oncologic and non-oncologic diseases. Here we have highlighted few of the pitfalls in the quantitative PET/CT and their potential remedies which have potential in PET/CT evaluation of pediatric diseases.
JAK2 regulates Nav1.6 channel function via FGF14Y158 phosphorylation.

Abstract Background Protein interactions between voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels and accessory proteins play an essential role in neuronal firing and plasticity. However, a surprisingly limited number of kinases have been identified as regulators of these molecular complexes. We hypothesized that numerous as-of-yet unidentified kinases indirectly regulate the Nav channel via modulation of the intracellular fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14), an accessory protein with numerous unexplored phosphomotifs and required for channel function in neurons. Methods Here we present results from an in-cell high-throughput screening (HTS) against the FGF14: Nav1.6 complex using >3000 diverse compounds targeting an extensive range of signaling pathways. Regulation by top kinase targets was then explored using in vitro phosphorylation, biophysics, mass-spectrometry and patch-clamp electrophysiology. Results Compounds targeting Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) were over-represented among HTS hits. Phosphomotif scans supported by mass spectrometry revealed FGF14Y158, a site previously shown to mediate both FGF14 homodimerization and interactions with Nav1.6, as a JAK2 phosphorylation site. Following inhibition of JAK2, FGF14 homodimerization increased in a manner directly inverse to FGF14:Nav1.6 complex formation, but not in the presence of the FGF14Y158A mutant. Patch-clamp electrophysiology revealed that through Y158, JAK2 controls FGF14-dependent modulation of Nav1.6 channels. In hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, the JAK2 inhibitor Fedratinib reduced firing by a mechanism that is dependent upon expression of FGF14. Conclusions These studies point toward a novel mechanism by which levels of JAK2 in neurons could directly influence firing and plasticity by controlling the FGF14 dimerization equilibrium, and thereby the availability of monomeric species for interaction with Nav1.6.
Pose-aware C-Arm Calibration and Image Distortion Correction for Guidewire Tracking and Image Reconstruction

Image intensifiers, also known as C-arms, are important and low-cost tools for surgeons to guide minimally-invasive procedures. However, image intensifiers suffer from several distortions that can impede their ability to provide accurate guidance. These distortions can be misleading during an automated minimally-invasive surgery where the accurate shape-estimation of the robot is essential. Since the distortion strongly depends on the orientation of the C-arm during image acquisition, we propose an approach for distortion correction in combination with a calibration procedure to precisely estimate its orientation. To estimate an accurate distortion correction function, we take images of a calibration grid in 258 different C-arm orientations and apply polynomial regression on these images. The C-arm is calibrated using an external camera along with optical flow and point-correspondence-based matching to allow sufficient pose estimation. Our C-arm tracking algorithm estimates the pose of the C-arm with a mean absolute deviation of 0.2° and 0.3° for 5° and 10° relative motion. The proposed C-arm calibration procedure allows the positioning of the C-arm within an error range of 0.5°. The resulting distortion correction leads to a mean pixel displacement of 0.30 pixel.
Transmission Spectroscopy of Exoplanet XO-2b Observed with Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS

Spectroscopy during planetary transits is a powerful tool to probe exoplanet atmospheres. We present the near-infrared transit spectroscopy of XO-2b obtained with Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS. Uniquely for NICMOS transit spectroscopy, a companion star of similar properties to XO-2 is present in the field of view. We derive improved star and planet parameters through a photometric white-light analysis. We show a clear correlation of the spectrum noise with instrumental parameters, in particular the angle of the spectral trace on the detector. An MCMC method using a decorrelation from instrumental parameters is used to extract the planetary spectrum. Spectra derived independently from each of the three visits have an rms of 430, 510, and 1000 ppm, respectively. The same analysis is performed on the companion star after numerical injection of a transit with a depth constant at all wavelengths. The extracted spectra exhibit residuals of similar amplitude as for XO-2, which represent the level of remaining NICMOS systematics. This shows that extracting planetary spectra is at the limit of NICMOS's capability. We derive a spectrum for the planet XO-2b using the companion star as a reference. The derived spectrum can be represented by a theoretical model including atmospheric water vapor or by a flat spectrum model. We derive a 3σ upper limit of 1570 ppm on the presence of water vapor absorption in the atmosphere of XO-2b. In the Appendix, we perform a similar analysis for the gas giant planet XO-1b.
Ab Initio modeling of Near-Edge EELS spectra for chemisorbed molecules.

Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) has recently been applied to probe chemisorbed molecules on metal nanostructures, but a fundamental understanding of the correlation between these spectra and the electronic structures of the adsorbates has been limited. We report here on the insights afforded by time-dependent density functional theory to decipher the energy loss near edge structure (ELNES) of EELS spectra associated with chemisorption. These first-principles calculations simulate the ELNES-EELS spectra for chemisorbed CO on various facets of Au and Pt. Computational predictions of key signatures such as the 'red shift' and reductions in the peak intensity of the 2π* and 6σ* peaks, as compared to free CO in the gas phase, are validated in comparison to experimentally collected EELS spectra. These signatures are revealed to arise from changes in the electronic structure in terms of unoccupied density of states associated with the chemisorption process. They are consistent with a Blyholder model that incorporates donation and back-donation of electrons. They are also characteristic of the chemisorption process, such as the choice of metal, site of adsorption and the coverage and distribution of adsorbates. Our simulations thus provide guidelines for the use of ELNES-EELS to characterize the atomic structure and adsorption property of nanostructured surfaces and facilitate the development of advanced nanomaterials for catalytic applications.