cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Sugar Transport in Eukaryotic Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the control of passive transport of sugar in erythrocytes, muscle, adipose tissue, and other tissues. Transport is passive in the sense that under ordinary conditions, the sugar moves from a region of higher to one of lower concentration. Transport is a major rate-limiting step for glucose uptake in a large variety of eukaryotic cells. Existing kinetic data are compatible with a simple carrier model for passage of the sugar through the membrane. Nonhormonal control of transport is the most basic type of regulation, because it is present in both unicellular organisms and in cells of mammalian tissues. The conditions involved in this type of regulation are decreased energy production, increased energy expenditure, or utilization of other substrates. These conditions are brought about by anoxia and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, by increased ATP consumption from muscle contraction and greater rates of ion pumping, and by providing fatty acids as substrates. The anoxic effect on transport is related to ATP depletion, but the effect cannot be considered to be due to ATP levels alone. Insulin is the major hormone that accelerates transport in muscle and adipose tissue. Growth hormone modifies insulin sensitivity, as does cortisol. The inhibitory effect of cortisol in adipose tissue, diaphragm, and thymocytes may involve synthesis of an inhibitory protein. Epinephrine increases sugar transport in heart, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and avian red blood cells.
Fundamentals of Biomass Pretreatment at Low pH

A wide variety of conversion processes can be used to generate fuels and chemicals from biomass, with many including a hydrolysis and/or dehydration reaction at low pH as an initial stage. In the case of acid hydrolysis of biomass prior to enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, this step is called pretreatment. Due to the diversity of conversion processes, it is difficult to define a single set of objectives; the general goals however are to generate reactive intermediates in high yields for subsequent conversion to final products and minimize generation of compounds that interfere with downstream operations. For example, if lignocellulosic biomass is to be converted to ethanol through dilute acid pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation, the objectives of pretreatment are to produce high yields of hemicellulose sugars, improve the enzymatic digestibility of the remaining solids to realize high yields of glucose, and avoid generating biological inhibitors such as furfural and acetic acid. On the other hand, if lignocellulosic biomass is to be converted into jet fuel alkanes through cellulose hydrolysis to levulinic acid followed by catalytic processing of levulinic acid to alkanes, the objectives are to generate levulinic acid in high yields and avoid solid catalyst poisons such as mineral acids. Two of the primary advantages of low-pH reactions are the ready availability of catalysts such as H2SO4 and SO2 and high product yields. However, the capital costs of reactors and associated equipment used for low-pH reactions are high due to the need for expensive, corrosion-resistant materials. In addition, the solid and liquid streams resulting from low-pH pretreatment often require washing or neutralization. Both of
Standing on the shoulders of giants: improving medical image segmentation via bias correction

We propose a simple strategy to improve automatic medical image segmentation. The key idea is that without deep understanding of a segmentation method, we can still improve its performance by directly calibrating its results with respect to manual segmentation. We formulate the calibration process as a bias correction problem, which is addressed by machine learning using training data. We apply this methodology on three segmentation problems/methods and show significant improvements for all of them.
Comparison of polar motion data from the 1980 project MERIT short campaign

Polar motion coordinates obtained during the MERIT short campaign by various techniques, as well as their variations, have been compared directly and through a smoothing procedure. In the direct comparison, values at selected dates were differenced in all combinations and the rms values computed. Through the smoothing procedure the amplitudes of the annual and Chandler motions as well as the centers of the polhodes were estimated and compared with predicted values based on the previous six years of polar motion data. The results are somewhat inconclusive, mainly due to the shortness of the campaign and the (practically) real time data reduction techniques. To resolve the issue of possible systematic differences, the proposed MERIT main campaign seems an absolute necessity.
CMOS design techniques for 10 Gb/s optical transceivers

This paper presents design techniques used for high-speed CMOS broadband circuits operating at high bit rates. Optimal design and biasing of CMOS CML structures are discussed, and the method of shunt-peaking is presented. Designs of 10 Gb/s multiplexer and demultiplexer are described.
Crystallization kinetics and glass-forming ability of bulk metallic glasses Pd 40 Cu 30 Ni 10 P 20 and Zr 41.2 Ti 13.8 Cu 12.5 Ni 10 Be 22.5 from classical theory

Due to their scientific significance and potential engineering applications, bulk metallic glasses are among the most intensively studied advanced materials. Understanding the glass-forming ability (GFA) of these metallic alloys is a long-standing subject. While a large number of empirical factors have been proposed to correlate with GFA of the alloys, a full understanding of GFA remains a goal to achieve. Since glass formation is a competing process against crystallization, we have performed a systematic analysis on the crystallization kinetics of two known best metallic glass-formers Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 (in at. %) and Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 based on classical nucleation and growth theory. Our results show that there is a dramatic difference between the two alloys in their nucleation behavior although they possess comparable GFA. Particularly, an extremely sharp nucleation peak (~10^18/m^3 s) is found for Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 around 632 K with a very small half maximum width of 42 K, implying that this alloy is an excellent candidate for nanocrystallization studies. Moreover, we have also found that the GFA of these alloys can be calculated to a high accuracy and precision based on the classical theory, suggesting that the classical theory may be sufficient to account for glass formation mechanism in these metallic alloys.
Temperature gradients in turbulent gas streams: Investigation of the limiting value of total prandtl number

Measurements of the total viscosity and total conductivity were made as a function of position and Reynolds number for the flow of air between two parallel plates with a separation of approximately 0.7 in. The temperature of the upper plate was 130.0°F. and that of the lower plate 70.0°F. The investigations were carried out at Reynolds numbers from 40,000 to 100,000 and were in good agreement with earlier data obtained at Reynolds numbers up to 40,000. The results obtained indicate little change in the total Prandtl number with increasing Reynolds number from the value of the molecular Prandtl number.
The effect of metal removal, steel cleanliness and wheel load on the fatigue life of rail

Abstract This paper reviews the most significant fatigue defect occurrence appropriate to rail in service in North America. It illustrates how metallurgical factors and wheel loads are predicted and have been observed to affect the initiation and growth of shells and transverse defects, and how wear (metal removal) can interact with the fatigue process. In curved track where life is prolonged by lubrication, the processes of wear and fatigue can compete as causes of rail removal. However, under some circumstances where very effective lubrication can be achieved, wear in the form of grinding may prove to be beneficial in extending the rail fatigue life.
Homocysteine stimulates MAP kinase in bovine aortic smooth muscle cells.

Abstract Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia is recognized as a risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. However, the mechanism of homocysteine effects on smooth muscle cell proliferation, which is a hallmark of atherosclerosis, is unknown. The object of this study was to test the effects of homocysteine on smooth muscle cell proliferation, and to examine the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2, that are known to be involved in cell proliferation. Methods: For the proliferation study, bovine aortic smooth muscle cells (BASMC, 10,000/well) were allowed to grow for 2 days before 2 mmol/L D,L -homocysteine was added for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days to simulate the clinical hyperhomocysteinemic condition. For the MAP kinase study, quiescent BASMC were exposed to 2 mmol/L D,L -homocysteine for 1.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes, and the active forms of MAP kinase were detected with Western immunoblotting. The degree of phosphorylation of MAP kinase was determined by densitometry. Results: D,L -homocysteine stimulated BASMC proliferation by 20% by day 8. MAP kinase phosphorylation was activated as much as six fold by D,L -homocysteine, with a peak at 30 minutes. PD98059, an inhibitor of MAP kinase phosphorylation, inhibited the homocysteine-induced MAP kinase phosphorylation and attenuated the increase in BASMC proliferation. Conclusions: These data are consistent with the hypothesis that D,L -homocysteine stimulation of BASMC proliferation involves MAP kinase activation. (Surgery 2000;128: 59-66.)
Application of organo-ceramic adsorbents functionalized with imidazole for noble metal separations

Imidazole-functionalized organo-ceramic adsorbents are synthesized by sol-gel processing to selectively extract noble metals. For the synthesis of these materials, N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-di...
Clinicopathologic presentation and diagnostic imaging of jugular foramen tumors

The jugular foramen is particularly susceptible to surgical trauma of cranial nerves during resection of skull base tumors, both benign and malignant. Treatment decisions rely heavily on accurate diagnosis and knowledge of the relevant anatomic structures. This article describes the clinical presentation of jugular foramen tumors, and discusses the roles of imaging and laboratory tests in diagnosis.
Avoidance Behavior of the Cat as a Function of Shock Intensity and Training Schedule

A shuttle-box avoidance of shock was acquired and extinguished in 38 cats, distributed in five treatment groups according to US level (1, 2, 4 ma.) and trials per day (5, 10, 20 trials). Performance on six behavioral measures indicated that 2 ma. was the optimal current level and five shock-trials per day the optimal training schedule. The group trained at both preferred values was superior in acquisition speed, extinction speed, trial of first avoidance and trials to criterion acquisition. Emotionality ratings were highest for Ss trained at 4 ma. Body weight correlated .45 with trials to acquisition. Intercorrelations between the behavioral measures are discussed, along with the shock-trials schedule and methodological problems associated with shock-avoidance technique.
Different roles of ERK and p38 MAP kinases during tube formation from endothelial cells cultured in 3-dimensional collagen matrices

In a two-dimensional (2D) culture dish, the major activity of endothelial cells is proliferation with limited morphological change. When cultured in a three-dimensional (3D) collagen gel matrix, endothelial cells undergo a series of morphological changes starting with development of intracellular vacuoles and followed by cell elongation. Adjacent cells then coalesce to form tube-like structures. This process mimics the steps of capillary formation during angiogenesis. Using this model, we investigated the roles of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAP kinase (p38) in the tube formation from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Proliferating HUVEC gradually lost their ability to divide after being transferred to 3D collagen matrices, where differentiation became the dominant cellular activity. The transition from proliferation to the differentiation state was accompanied by a drastic reduction of cyclin-dependent kinases CDC2, CDK4, and retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, but the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27kip1, was increased. Inhibition of p38 by SB203580 partially prevented these changes and increased the proliferation rate of HUVEC. However, cells under this condition exhibited unusually elongated cell bodies, and they were unable to coalesce to form tube structures. Inhibition of ERK neither affected the cell proliferation rate nor the expression levels of cell cycle regulators, but it completely blocked tube formation by inducing apoptosis, a finding different from the best-known role of ERK in cell proliferation in the 2D cell culture systems. We conclude that the major function of ERK is to maintain cell viability while p38 plays multiple roles in controlling cell proliferation, viability, and morphogenesis during tube formation.
The effect of population density, road network density, and congestion on household gasoline consumption in U.S. urban areas

Abstract This paper applies both semiparametric and parametric approaches to explore the effect of population density, freeway road density, and congestion on household gasoline consumption in U.S. urban areas while controlling for household demographic and economic characteristics. Regression results indicate that households living in those urban areas with higher freeway densities, higher levels of congestion, or lower population densities consume more gasoline.
Growth achievement in low-birth-weight premature infants: relationship to neurobehavioral outcome at one year.

Previously published studies present conflicting conclusions about the growth of small, premature infants. To provide further data on these infants, a well-defined group of 86 premature infants appropriate for gestational age, weighing
Hemispherectomy and diaschisis: Rapid improvement in cerebral functions after right hemispherectomy in a six year old child

Neuroradiological, neurological, and neuropsychological studies before and after hemispherectomy for seizures of a six year old boy with left hemiplegia at birth revealed striking postoperative improvement. Seizures ceased and have not recurred. Preoperative EEC studies from seven months of age revealed increasing pathological involvement of the left as well as right hemisphere. Postoperatively, normal tracings over the left hemisphere documented marked and continuing improvement. In contrast to markedly subnormal preoperative WISC-R IQs, retest at 19 months postoperatively showed WISC-R IQs within the normal range, with similar improvement in other tests of cognitive, motor and sensory functions. The arrest and reversal of the preoperative pattern of increasing deterioration and disappearance of pathological involvement of left as well as right hemisphere functions following surgery is consistent with the disappearance of diaschisis as described by von Monakow in 1914, and has conceivably significant clinical as well as theoretical implications.
Eastward extent of the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene onset of deformation across the northern Andes: constraints from the northern portion of the Eastern Cordillera fold belt, Colombia

Abstract New geologic information supports an interpretation of the initiation of tectonic uplift in the eastern margin of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and the onset of deformation across the northern Andes during the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene. The eastern edge of Late Eocene–Early Oligocene deformation was located at the present site of the eastern margin of the Eastern Cordillera. This uplift can be linked to tectonic events already described for the western margin of the Eastern Cordillera. On the basis of an interpretation of geologic maps, a new regional balanced cross-section across the region, seismic reflection profiles, remote sensing images, and biostratigraphic data, three major deformation events are invoked to describe the evolution of this fold belt. The first event occurred early during the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene and formed a NE-vergent imbricate fan. This imbricate fan was eroded and covered by Late Oligocene deposits, which formed a major angular unconformity. A subsequent compressional event in Miocene–Pliocene times (Andean orogeny) reactivated preexisting thrust faults and created new ones that folded those formed during the earlier event. These younger thrust faults also offset and folded the angular unconformity. Finally, a more recent tectonic event refolded the structures from the previous events. The thin-skinned thrust system of the northeastern margin of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia can be linked to a foot wall shortcut of the inverted Servita fault formed during the Late Eocene–Recent inversion of a Jurassic–Cretaceous extensional basin.
The Versatile Mirror Drawing Apparatus

The mirror drawing apparatus (MDA) is presented as a versatile cool for providing an experiential activity to emphasize key points and generate discussion, and it serves to introduce laboratory equipment to the classroom. Three specific applications of the MDA for general psychology, educational psychology, and recruiting are described in detail. Introductory lecture material, observed class reactions, and sample discussion topics are presented. Other potential uses for the MDA are also offered. Finally, some cautions are noted, and readers are urged not to be constrained by any equipment's designed purpose, but to seek creative applications.
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 3/10

The cover picture features the hallmark set of scales representing the balancing of opinions in our Viewpoint series, with the cells representing the various immune components affected by altered inflammasome activation. The schematic is taken from the article by Meng and Strober (pp. 649–653), which examines the role of Nlrp3 mutations in murine models of autoinflammatory diseases.
Solar Radiation in Summertime Arctic Stratus Clouds.

Abstract The results are reported of pyranometric measurements of solar radiation in Arctic stratus decks made from aircraft flights over the Beaufort Sea during late July 1975. The reflectance of these cloud layers was nearly constant over the range of cloud thicknesses investigated, indicating the importance of the high surface reflectivity. The following ranges of reflectance are obtained: over the total solar spectrum, 60–750%; visible spectrum, 70–85%; near–infrared, 50–65%. Transmittances for the cloud layers are presented as a function of cloud geometrical depth, and the bulk absorptance averaged over all cloud decks was 7% in the total solar spectrum, and 5% and 9% in the visible and near–infrared, respectively. Additional cloud parameters, namely, single scatter albedo ω˜vand absorption optical depth τv, are derived by fitting the upward and downward flux profiles from each flight to a two–stream approximation to estimate the absorption optical depth. By assuming a linear relation between absorpt...
Design for flexibility: Evaluating the option to extend service life in preliminary structural design

In this paper, a new type of real options analysis is used to evaluate the worth of an option to extend the service life (ESL options) of an aluminum structure from twenty to twenty-five years. It is an early application of prospect theory-based real options analysis (PB-ROA) in naval design. PB-ROA abstracts the principles of real options analysis to suit naval design applications where the assets do not generate cash flows, and therefor one cannot define value in monetary terms. Instead, the example in this paper defines the utility of a structural design based on three components: structural availability, cargo capacity, and producibility. The utility is contingent on risk factors like the time to crack initiation of a welding detail which is included using stochastic fatigue analysis. From an entire Pareto front of optimal structural designs, the options analysis exposes a partition in the design space which could be valuable in a design setting. The partitioning reveals the conditions in which certain candidate designs maximize the present value of future flexibility. Ultimately, this paper demonstrates a new approach to valuing flexibility in preliminary structural design that may generate useful insight for early stage decision makers.
Emerging views on the distinct but related roles of the main and accessory olfactory systems in responsiveness to chemosensory signals in mice

In rodents, the nasal cavity contains two separate chemosensory epithelia, the main olfactory epithelium, located in the posterior dorsal aspect of the nasal cavity, and the vomeronasal/accessory olfactory epithelium, located in a capsule in the anterior aspect of the ventral floor of the nasal cavity. Both the main and accessory olfactory systems play a role in detection of biologically relevant odors. The accessory olfactory system has been implicated in response to pheromones, while the main olfactory system is thought to be a general molecular analyzer capable of detecting subtle differences in molecular structure of volatile odorants. However, the role of the two systems in detection of biologically relevant chemical signals appears to be partially overlapping. Thus, while it is clear that the accessory olfactory system is responsive to putative pheromones, the main olfactory system can also respond to some pheromones. Conversely, while the main olfactory system can mediate recognition of differences in genetic makeup by smell, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) also appears to participate in recognition of chemosensory differences between genetically distinct individuals. The most salient feature of our review of the literature is that there are no general rules that allow classification of the accessory olfactory system as a pheromone detector and the main olfactory system as a detector of general odorants. Instead, each behavior must be considered within a specific behavioral context to determine the role of these two chemosensory systems. In each case, one system or the other (or both) participates in a specific behavioral or hormonal response.
Zora: a graphical multi-user environment to share stories about the self

Zora is a narrative-based graphical multi-user environment purposefully design to help people understand and affect the ways in which identity and values are actively constructed by both an individual and a community. Zora engages young people in building artifacts as representations of their complex self and creating communities in which values and attitudes are put to the test. It supports 1) creation of a virtual city with its different spaces, objects and interactive characters, 2) communication between the users, and 3) introspection about role models, personal and community values. This paper describes the theoretical framework that conceives identity as dynamically constructed by putting together diverse and conflicting elements and values. Based on this framework, Zora's design principles are presented, as well as preliminary results from a pilot experience in which young people used Zora to learn about identity and values in a hands-on, constructionist way.
Caveolin-1 : a critical regulator of pulmonary vascular architecture and nitric oxide bioavailability in pulmonary hypertension

caveolae are 50- to 100-nm ω-shaped invaginations of the cell surface plasma membrane enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol that occur in a variety of cell types including epithelial and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and adipocytes ([1][1]). These structures
Biological Sciences: Reduction of Catechol-O-methyl-transferase Activity by Chronic L -Dopa Therapy

THE use of large doses of L-dopa, the immediate precursor of dopamine, in the symptomatic treatment of Parkinsonism has prompted investigation of the effects of this amino-acid on enzymes involved in catecholamine metabolism. It has been found that the activity of enzymes mediating the synthesis of catecholamines, such as tyrosine hydroxylase1 and aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase (personal communication with W. Dairman and S. Udenfriend), diminishes during prolonged L-dopa administration. Conversely, monoamine oxidase, one of the enzymes involved in catecholamine degradation, has been found to increase in the tissues of animals given L-dopa2 as well as in the serum of patients treated with this drug3. We now report a substantial decline in the activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), another enzyme important in mediating catecholamine catabolism, in the red blood cells of Parkinsonian patients receiving chronic L-dopa treatment.
Matrix cracking behavior of K3B/IM7 composite laminates subject to static and fatigue loading

Abstract The matrix cracking behavior of a new high-performance thermoplastic composite material, K3B/IM7, was systematically investigated. Laminates in various grouped thickness and ply stacking sequences, [0 2 /90 2 /0 2 ], [0 2 /90 4 /0 2 ], and a quasi-isotropic laminate [+45/0/−45/90] s were tested under static and tension–tension fatigue loading. Depending on the stacking sequence of the laminates and the type of loading, various matrix cracking behavior were found. Under static loading, the matrix cracks were mainly close to the specimen edges. A few cracks were found to penetrate the specimen width, even when the load was large enough to break the specimen. However, under fatigue cyclic load, the edge initiated cracks propagated fully across the specimen width. Combined with the fatigue Paris Rule and considering the ply thickness and stacking sequence, the energy release rate method was applied to predict the relations between the loading strain amplitude and fatigue cycles for matrix cracking failure.
The effect of oxidation on the degradation of photocrosslinkable alginate hydrogels

Recently, we reported on a new photocrosslinkable alginate-based hydrogel, which has controllable physical and cell adhesive properties. The macromer solution containing cells can be injected in a minimally invasive manner into a defect site and crosslinked while maintaining high cell viability. The number of hydrolyzable ester bonds in the formed crosslinks may be controlled by altering the degree of methacrylation on the alginate polymer backbone. However, the degradation rate of the hydrogels has been found to be slower in vivo than in vitro. The purpose of this study was to develop photocrosslinked alginate hydrogels with an increased range of biodegradation rates for more rapid in vivo biodegradation in regenerative medicine and bioactive factor delivery applications. Therefore, we oxidized alginate prior to methacrylation to change the uronate residue conformations to an open-chain adduct, which makes it more vulnerable to hydrolysis. Here, we demonstrate that the swelling behavior, degradation profiles, and storage moduli of photocrosslinked hydrogels formed from oxidized, methacrylated alginates (OMAs) are tunable by varying the degree of alginate oxidation. The OMA macromers and photocrosslinked OMA hydrogels exhibited cytocompatibility when cultured with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs). In addition, hMSCs derived from bone marrow or adipose tissue photoencapsulated within these hydrogels remained viable, and their proliferation rate was a function of alginate oxidation level and initial hydrogel weight fraction. Oxidation permits a wider range of photocrosslinked OMA hydrogels physical properties, which may enhance these therapeutic materials' utility in tissue engineering and other biomedical applications.
Rapid detection of group B streptococcal colonization by a direct immunofluorescent antibody technique

DES P I T E T H E well-documented potential hazards of group B streptococcal (GBS) colonization in parturient women and neonates, a rapid method for detecting colonized individuals has not been established. Identifying the mother and infant at high risk for GBS infections would be helpful and may permit antepartum antibiotic therapy to be used. ~. 2 In earlier research, culture surveys with a selective broth medium 3-~ and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) techniques 4 proved to be effective tools for studying the epidemiology of GBS infections, but they have not been adapted for rapid detection of the colonized patient. We conducted a study to evaluate IFA for rapid identification of GBS colonization in women in labor and their infants.
Immunodeficiency in childhood.

Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) continue to illuminate mechanisms of human immunity and hypersensitivity. New discoveries in common variable immunodeficiency, the most enigmatic of PID syndromes, reveal molecular pathways of importance in human antibody production. FOXP3 mutations demonstrate the essential role that T-regulatory cells play in controlling autoantibody formation and disease. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 deficiency emphasizes the key role that innate immunity plays in the defense of bacterial disease occurring early in life. With respect to therapy, subcutaneous immunoglobulin treatment may indeed be a better treatment than intravenous immunoglobulin for many patients with antibody deficiency. Finally, PIDs remain in the vanguard for the treatment of inherited disorders by gene therapy. Gene therapy has cured patients with chronic granulomatous disease and severe combined immunode ficiency, but not without morbidity and mortality. Into the 21st century, PIDs continue to instruct us in human health and disease.
Effect of food prices on the prevalence of obesity among young adults

Abstract Objective To examine the extent to which various food prices were associated with the obesity status of young adults. Study design Retrospective cohort study of 6537 men and 5324 women in the USA using panel data from the Monitoring the Future Surveys (1992–2003), which were merged with two food-at-home and one food-away-from-home price measures from the American Chamber of Commerce Researchers Association. Methods Longitudinal individual random effect and fixed effect models were estimated. Results This study found that food prices did not have a significant effect on the prevalence of obesity among young female adults. For young adult men, an individual random effect estimator suggested that a 10% increase in the price of fast food was associated with a 13.2% decrease in the probability of obesity, but this effect lost its economic and statistical significance once individual fixed effects were controlled for in the estimation. Conclusions Overall, the results imply that observed time-varying individual characteristics, such as working status, marital status and school enrolment status, may over-ride the effect of changes in food prices for young adults. More research employing longitudinal data is necessary to determine if food subsidies or taxes, particularly soft drink and fast food taxes or subsidies for fruit and vegetables, could be effective policy measures to curtail the increasing prevalence of obesity among young adults.
Evaluation of the Green Manure Potential of Austrian Winter Peas in Northern Idaho

(...) Winter wheat yields, spring barley yields, and inorganic soil N were not significantly affected by rotation × N fertilizer interactions. Winter wheat yield averages following GMP, SP, SF, and SB were 6.6, 6.4, 6.3, and 4.7 Mg ha -1 , respectively. Average N fertilizer equivalent values of 94, 75, and 68 kg ha -1 were provided by GMP, SP, and SF, respectively, to the following winter wheat crop. Yield differences resulting from crop rotation or N fertilization rate were not observed in the third year of the cropping sequence (...)
Perceived Family Environment and Symptoms of Emotional Disorders: The Role of Perceived Control, Attributional Style, and Attachment

Findings from decades of research suggest that a perceived lack of parental care and overprotection are positively related to later symptoms of emotional disorders in children and adolescents. The present study used a cross-sectional design to evaluate models investigating reported family environment during childhood, current attachments, control-related cognitions, and current symptoms of emotional disorders in adolescence. It was hypothesized the effect of a perceived controlling and rejecting family environment during childhood would influence current depression and anxiety, and that these effects would be partially accounted for by the quality of current attachments, perceived control, and attributional style. A sample of 234 university students was assessed. Regression analyses of variables, including analyses of indirect effects, were conducted. As predicted, current attachment, perceived control, and attributional style helped to account for relationships between some family variables, and depression and anxiety. Findings are discussed with respect to the interplay of family variables and models of emotional disorders.
Under cover: the hidden costs of infiltration.

C onsider the movie The Sting. In that lighthearted film, Paul Newman and Robert Redford (or, rather, the characters they acted) devised a "Big Con," outwitting the gambler played by Robert Shaw. They created an entire reality-a Chicago betting parlor-for Shaw's observation, even if not for his benefit. As viewers we took delight in knowing what Shaw did not-that nothing was as it appeared to be, and that he was about to pay a big price for his faith in what Erving Goffman has helped us to recognize as "normal appearances."1 Now think of the well-known social science experiments carried out by Stanley Milgram. Two people come to a psychology laboratory-one is designated a "teacher" and the other a "learner." The experimenter explains that the research is concerned with the effects of punishment on learning. The "teacher" believes that he is inflicting everincreasing electric shocks on the "learner," when he responds incorrectly to questioning. But the "learner" is not just another subject, but an actor, who receives no shock at all yet protests his pain vehemently to the naive subject/ "teacher." This kind of con game has been justified as leading to important knowledge about the psychology of obedience.2 Finally, consider this familiar scene, which was replayed frequently on television screens. A white-robed "sheik" sits in a hotel room talking to a parade of elected officials, describing his problem in obtaining legal entry into the United States and offering cash in return for help. His story elicits boastful promises and eager offers of assistance. The "sheik," of course, was no Arab but an FBI undercover agent. The Abscam operation is yet another example of a con game, this one justified by its potential to expose corrupt public servants. Yet what if Newman and Redford had gained their revenge by beating up their victim instead of outwitting him? Or, what if the "learner" in Milgram's experiment had actually received the purported electric shocks, so that at least one importantly deceptive aspect of the experiment had become altogether genuine? And, finally, what if the "sheik" had kidnapped one of the official's children (or even pets) in an effort to see if the ransom might include betrayal of public confidence? Presumably we would feel differently about these revised situations, though it is worthwhile to ask why. Is physical
An Investigation of the Steady Creep of a Spherical Cavity in a Half Space

The stability of a spherical cavity in a half space of a creeping material is investigated. The finite-element method with a nearly incompressible formulation and a stable method of time stepping is used to predict the steady creep state from an initial elastic state. Applications are made to thermal creep problems involving pure halite which obeys a well-documented creep law of the Weertman form. For a spherical cavity in a half space of halite various steady motions are observed depending on the depth, the temperature field, and the internal pressurization of the cavity. 6 figures, 2 tables.
CV3: DO SHORT-ACTING OPIATES IN OFF-PUMP BYPASS SURGERY REDUCE LENGTH OF STAY OR TOTAL HOSPITAL COSTS?

OBJECTIVES: The cost of remifentanil, a short-acting opiate, is approximately 10 times higher than fentanyl, a longer-acting opiate. Short-acting opiates, however, have the potential to reduce time to extubation (TTE) and may, therefore, decrease length of stay (LOS) and hospital costs. Remifentanil was added to our institution's formulary for use during off-pump bypass surgery. The objective of this analysis was to compare TTE, LOS and total hospital costs between patients who received remifentanil and fentanyl during off-pump bypass surgery. METHODS: The study was prospective and observational in design. Consecutive patients who underwent off-pump cardiac bypass surgery and received either remifentanil or fentanyl from September 1998 to August 1999 were included. Patient charges were converted to costs using cost-to-charge ratios. The percent of patients extubated in the operating room (OR), LOS and hospital costs were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Baseline demographics, including age, female patients, co-morbidities and intraoperative variables were similar between the remifentanil (n = 39) and fentanyl (n = 20) groups. Patients given remifentanil during surgery were significantly more likely to be extubated in the OR than patients given fentanyl (64% vs. 15%; p 0.05). The total cost was $15,272 ± 5,556 and $15,616 ± 4,169 in the remifentanil and fentanyl groups, respectively (p = 0.81). CONCLUSION: Remifentanil, when used in off-pump bypass surgery, increases the likelihood of extubation in the OR. However, LOS and total hospital costs remain unchanged.
Synthesis of male sterile, triazine-resistant Brassica napus by somatic hybridization between cytoplasmic male sterile B. oleracea and atrazine-resistant B. campestris

Fusion of leaf protoplasts from an inbred line of Brassica oleracea ssp. botrytis (cauliflower, n=9) carrying the Ogura (R1) male sterile cytoplasm with hypocotyl protoplasts of B. campestris ssp. oleifera (cv “Candle”, n=10) carrying an atrazine-resistant (ATR) cytoplasm resulted in the production of synthetic B. napus (n=19). Thirty-four somatic hybrids were produced; they were characterized for morphology, phosphoglucose isomerase isoenzymes, ribosomal DNA hybridization patterns, chromosome numbers, and organelle composition. All somatic hybrids carried atrazine-resistant chloroplasts derived from B. campestris. The mitochondrial genomes in 19 hybrids were examined by restriction endonuclease and Southern blot analyses. Twelve of the 19 hybrids contained mitochondria showing novel DNA restriction patterns; of these 12 hybrids, 5 were male sterile and 7 were male fertile. The remaining hybrids contained mitochondrial DNA that was identical to that of the ATR parent and all were male fertile.
Fusing Multimodal Human Expert Data to Uncover Hidden Semantics

Problem solving in complex visual domains involves multiple levels of cognitive processing. Analyzing and representing these cognitive processes requires the elicitation and study of multimodal human data. We have developed methods for extracting experts' visual behaviors and verbal descriptions during medical image inspection. Now we address fusion of these data towards building a novel framework for organizing elements of expertise as a foundation for knowledge-dependent computational systems. In this paper, a multimodal graph-regularized non-negative matrix factorization approach is developed and used to fuse multimodal data collected during medical image inspection. Our experimental results on new data representation demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed data fusion approach.
EGF and TPA stimulate de novo synthesis of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 through different signal transduction pathways

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) as well as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA) stimulate de novo synthesis of PGHS (prostaglandin H synthase)-1 and PGHS-2 mRNA, resulting in increased production of PGE2 in rat tracheal epithelial cells (RTE, EGV-6 cells). Stimulation of PGE2 production by TPA is more potent than that by EGF. Staurosporine and H-7, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, suppressed the increase of mRNA and PGE2 levels caused by TPA, but not that caused by EGF. On the other hand, methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), suppressed the increase of mRNA and PGE2 levels caused by EGF, but not that caused by TPA. These results indicate that EGF stimulates de novo synthesis of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 mRNA through a signal transduction pathway which is independent from PKC-associated mechanisms but dependent upon the tyrosine kinase activity of the EGF receptor.
Preclinical safety and efficacy of a new recombinant FIX drug product for treatment of hemophilia B

Baxter has developed a new recombinant factor IX (rFIX) drug product (BAX326) for treating patients with hemophilia B, or congenital FIX deficiency. An extensive preclinical program evaluated the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of BAX326 in different species. The efficacy of BAX326 was tested in three mouse models of primary pharmacodynamics: tail-tip bleeding, carotid occlusion, and thrombelastography. The pharmacokinetics was evaluated after a single intravenous bolus injection in mice, rats, and macaques. Toxicity was assessed in rats and macaques, safety pharmacology in rabbits and macaques, and immunogenicity in mice. BAX326 was shown to be efficacious in all three primary pharmacodynamic studies (P ≤ 0.0076). Hemostatic efficacy was dose related and similar for the three lots tested. Pharmacokinetic results showed that rFIX activity and rFIX antigen concentrations declined in a bi-phasic manner, similar to a previously licensed rFIX product. BAX326 was well tolerated in rabbits and macaques at all dose levels; no thrombogenic events and no adverse clinical, respiratory, or cardiovascular effects occurred. BAX326 was also shown to have a similar immunogenicity profile to the comparator rFIX product in mice. These results demonstrate that BAX326 has a favorable preclinical safety and efficacy profile, predictive of a comparable effect to that of the previously licensed rFIX in humans.
Design Criteria for Integral Web and Universal Angle Buses

Design criteria are given for the comparatively new integral web and universal angle buses. The data include strength and loading limitations, continuous current-carrying capacity, radio interference, and corona measurements applicable to each bus type. Basic requirements are given for joining and making connections in an economical manner with further resultant savings because of a reduction in the number of items and type of material stocked for substation construction.
Modeling dark fermentation for biohydrogen production: ADM1-based model vs. Gompertz model

Abstract Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation in batch reactors was modeled using the Gompertz equation and a model based on Anaerobic Digestion Model (ADM1). The ADM1 framework, which has been well accepted for modeling methane production by anaerobic digestion, was modified in this study for modeling hydrogen production. Experimental hydrogen production data from eight reactor configurations varying in pressure conditions, temperature, type and concentration of substrate, inocula source, and stirring conditions were used to evaluate the predictive abilities of the two modeling approaches. Although the quality of fit between the measured and fitted hydrogen evolution by the Gompertz equation was high in all the eight reactor configurations with r2 ∼0.98, each configuration required a different set of model parameters, negating its utility as a general approach to predict hydrogen evolution. On the other hand, the ADM1-based model (ADM1BM) with predefined parameters was able to predict COD, cumulative hydrogen production, as well as volatile fatty acids production, albeit at a slightly lower quality of fit. Agreement between the experimental temporal hydrogen evolution data and the ADM1BM predictions was statistically significant with r2 > 0.91 and p-value
156. The relation between depression symptoms and cardiovascular disease associated inflammatory markers varies across race, sex, and poverty status

Depression is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined relations of depressive symptoms to CVD- related inflammatory biomarkers as a function of sociodemographic characteristics. Participants were 2459 African Americans and Whites (average age = 48, 56.5% female) enrolled in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Lifespan (HANDLS) study who completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), subscales of negative affect (NA), positive affect (PA), somatic complaints (SC), and interpersonal problems (IP). Inflammatory biomarkers included C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count (WBC), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. Sex stratified multiple regressions examined relations between CES-D subscales (analyzed separately), interactions of CES-D subscales with race and/or poverty status, and inflammatory biomarkers. Covariates included age, CVD diagnosis, smoking status, and BMI. Results revealed significant interactions of IP, race, and poverty status for WBC count in women ( p p
The half-life and decay of 189Au☆

Abstract The half-life of 189 Au has been positively identified as 29.7 min by a combination of chemical and mass fractionation techniques. The principal transitions accompanying the decay of 189 Au have been incorporated into a rudimentary level scheme for 189 Pt.
Business and Society in Japan and the United States

This essay discusses various aspects of corporate organization in Japan and the United States. First it examines some concrete empirical questions, such as relative differences in decentralization of decision-making, and in outsourcing. Next it turns to more theoretical and historical questions to do with the meaning of embeddedness (in what sense are companies embedded in national contexts) and with the process of organizational change. It analyzes the role played by institutions and social norms in determining the rate and direction of economic change in Japan and the United States. The essay is for a book symposium on The Embedded Corporation.
On the localization of plastic flow in glassy polymers

Abstract The problem of strain localization in a tensile specimen is revisited in three dimensions for materials exhibiting rate-dependent behavior typical of amorphous glassy polymers. Finite element analysis is used to this end, employing a macromolecular constitutive model. Emphasis is laid on the effects of stress state on the onset and evolution of localization. Comparisons with previous analytical and numerical treatments for axisymmetric and plane-strain loadings, respectively, are made in terms of the nature of neck transition fronts and global response. New results are then obtained for three-dimensional specimens with a focus on specimen thickness effects. In particular, the interaction of one or multiple propagating necks with shear bands is studied in connection with global response and surface smoothness of the cold-drawn polymer. In thin specimens, it is shown that the kinetics of neck propagation is markedly different from what had been previously predicted. In thick specimens, analyzed in the plane strain limit, material softening is shown to affect the response and surface finish, in qualitative agreement with experimental reports but in contrast with previous simulations.
Detection latencies of X and Y type cells of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

The latencies of visually-evoked responses from X- and Y-type neurons of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were measured in a manner that takes account of the inherent variability of discharge in these cells. Latencies measured in this way vary from trial to trial in one cell (and also between cells) by tens to as much as hundreds of milliseconds. This variability in the time for generation of reliable responses suggests that the much emphasized conduction advantage of the Y pathway plays a minor role in the detection of visual stimuli by the cat.