cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct and charge-transfer scattering of keV-energy H + and He + projectiles from rare-gas atoms to obtain small-angle absolute differential cross sections

Measurements of absolute differential cross sections for direct and charge-transfer scattering of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ by the rare gases have been made. Direct scattering cross sections are reported at 1.5 keV for collisions of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ with Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe over the laboratory angular range 0.03\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--1.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Charge-transfer cross sections are reported for the laboratory scattering angles below 1.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$-Ar, Kr at 0.5, 1.5, and 5.0 keV, for ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$-Xe at 5.0 keV, and for ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$-Ne at 1.5 keV. The data exhibit a wealth of structure over the experimental angular range, and cross sections have been integrated over angle to provide absolute integral cross sections.
Carbon and nitrogen analysis of soils by automated combustion techniques

Abstract Studies with 20 soils containing from 7 to 204 g kg‐1 total carbon and from 0.5 to 16.9 g kg‐1 total nitrogen indicated that the Leco CR‐12 Carbon Determinator and the Leco CHN‐600 Elemental Analyzer are satisfactory for routine analysis of soils for total carbon and that the Leco CHN‐600 Elemental Analyzer is also satisfactory for routine analysis of soils for total nitrogen. The two Leco instruments evaluated are automated analyzers in which the sample under analysis is combusted by heating it to a high temperature by a resistance furnace in a stream of purified oxygen. In both instruments, the CO2 produced by combustion is measured by a selective, solid state, infrared detector. In the Leco CHN‐600 instrument, the N2 produced by combustion is measured by a thermal conductivity cell. With all 20 soils analyzed, the results of total carbon analysis by the Leco CR‐12 and CHN‐600 instruments agreed closely with those obtained by the wet‐combustion method of Allison, and the results of total nitrog...
Biomantling and bioturbation by colonies of the Florida harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex badius.

In much of the world, soil-nesting ants are among the leading agents of biomantling and bioturbation, depositing excavated soil on the surface or in underground chambers. Colonies of the Florida harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex badius excavate a new nest once a year on average, depositing 0.1 to 12 L (3 L average) of soil on the surface. Repeated surveys of a population of about 400 colonies yielded the frequency of moves (approximately once per year), the distance moved (mean 4 m), and the direction moved (random). The area of the soil disc correlated well with the volume and maximum depth of the nest, as determined by excavation and mapping of chambers. The population-wide frequency distribution of disc areas thus yielded the frequency distribution of nest volumes and maximum depths. For each surveyed colony, the volume of soil excavated from six specified depth ranges and deposited on the surface was estimated. These parameters were used in a simulation to estimate the amount of soil mantled over time by the observed population of P. badius colonies. Spread evenly, P. badius mantling would create a soil layer averaging 0.43 cm thick in a millennium, with 10–15% of the soil deriving from depths greater than 1 m. Biomantling by P. badius is discussed in the context of the ant community of which it is a part, and in relation to literature reports of ant biomantling.
The contributions of Otfrid Foerster (1873-1941) to neurology and neurosurgery.

BEST REMEMBERED FOR his description of the dermatomes in man, Otfrid Foerster was also an adept neurosurgeon and an innovative experimental neurophysiologist. As a neurologist, his contributions included conceptualizing rhizotomy as a cure for spasticity, anterolateral cordotomy for pain, the hyperv
Slip, stick, and reverse slip characteristics during dynamic fibre pullout

Inertial effects in the mechanism of fibre pullout (or push-in) are examined, with emphasis on how the rate of propagation of stress waves along the fibre, and thence the pullout dynamics, are governed by friction and the propagation of companion waves excited in the matrix. With a simple shear lag model (assuming zero debond energy at the fibre/matrix interface), the effect of uniform frictional coupling between the fibre and the matrix is accounted for in a straightforward way. Analytical solutions are derived when the pullout load increases linearly in time. The process zone of activated material is generally divided into two or three domains along the axis of the fibre. Within these domains, slip in the sense implied by the load, slip in the opposite sense (reverse slip), and stick may be observed. The attainable combinations define three regimes of behavior, which are realized for different material parameter values. The elastodynamic problem is also solved more accurately using a plane stress finite element method, with friction represented by an interfacial cohesive zone. The predictions of the shear lag theory are broadly confirmed.
Snoopy cache test-and-test-and-set without execessive bus contention

This paper analyzes the burst of bus traffic that occurs when a lock is released that is being waited for in a test-and-test-and-set spinloop. It is typically O (N) and can be O (N2), depending on assumptions about system behaviour, where N is the number of processors. Supporting a single feature in the bus interface, abandoning pending lock requests, reduces this to O (1). Such a feature is already possible on some systems and busses, but has not been applied to synchronization.
Flexible Bronchoscopic Management of Airway Foreign Bodies in Children

Objectives: To evaluate experience with the flexible bronchoscopic management of tracheobronchial foreign bodies (TFBs) in children (age < 16 years). Design: All pediatric bronchoscopies performed by the bronchoscopy section at Mayo Clinic Rochester from 1990 through June 2001 for the suspicion of TFBs were reviewed. Information analyzed included the types of bronchoscope (rigid vs flexible) and techniques used, success rates of extraction of TFBs, and complications. Results: Of the 94 children suspected of having TFBs, 39 children (28 boys and 11 girls; mean age, 47.3 months) were found to have 40 TFBs. The flexible bronchoscope was used exclusively to extract TFBs in 24 patients, and in 2 patients in whom the rigid bronchoscopic procedure was unsuccessful. Flexible bronchoscopy was performed through an endotracheal tube in 19 children. In the other five children, the procedure was accomplished through a laryngeal mask airway (LMA). In two additional patients in whom the rigid bronchoscopic procedure was unsuccessful, the instrument served as a conduit for the passage of the flexible bronchoscope. The extraction instruments employed included ureteral stone baskets and stone forceps. Since 1994, all extractions of TFBs were successfully accomplished with the flexible bronchoscope. Complications occurred in four patients who underwent rigid bronchoscopy, and included postbronchoscopy laryngeal edema manifested by stridor, cough, and respiratory distress. These resolved quickly with medical therapy. Conclusions: Flexible bronchoscopic extraction of pediatric TFBs can be performed safely with minimal risks and complications. In our experience, it was successful in all children in whom it was employed. Nevertheless, we caution that provisions be made to provide immediate rigid bronchoscopic management, should the attempts at flexible bronchoscopic extraction fail. (CHEST 2002; 121:1695–1700)
Manufacturing Process Models for Thermoplastic Composites

Models were developed which simulate the processing of thermoplastic matrix composites. The models relate the applied temperature, pressure, speed, and time to the temperature, crystallinity, consolidation, interlaminar bonding, and residual stresses and strains inside the composite. The formulations follow the models proposed by Springer, Loos, and their coworkers for manufacturing plates in a press or in an autoclave, but were extended to include cylindrical geometries, variations in the applied temperatures and pressures with position and time, and rapid bonding. These extensions make the models applicable to the manufacture of plates by tape laying and to filament winding of cylinders. These models were incorporated into a user friendly computer code which can be used to generate numerical results and to select the appropriate processing conditions for processing thermoplastic composite plates 1) in an autoclave, 2) in a press, or 3) by tape laying, and 4) for filament winding thermoplastic composite ...
Communication self-efficacy, perceived conversational difficulty, and renal patients' discussions about transplantation.

Abstract Objective Many patients with chronic and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have reported difficulties initiating and managing discussions about kidney transplantation, particularly live donor transplantation (LDT). Limited communication has demonstrable impact on patients’ access to transplantation, the duration of dialysis treatments, and the length of time awaiting a transplantable kidney. This formative study sought to identify the specific communicative and conversational elements impeding ESRD patients’ discussions about transplantation to inform the design of an educational program facilitating transplant-related discussions. Methods From March to July 2012, semi-structured telephone interviews (n = 63) were conducted with ESRD patients waitlisted for kidney transplantation at one mid-Atlantic transplant center. Results Although 85.7% (n = 54) of patients reported holding discussions about transplantation, qualitative analyses of open-ended responses revealed that the majority (66.7%) had limited conversations. Patients reported difficulties managing a variety of logistical and content-related aspects of LDT discussions. Moderate levels of communication self-efficacy were also found (mean = 19.2 out of 28); self-efficacy was highest among respondents having held discussions and was significantly related to perceived magnitude of difficulty handling conversational aspects. Conclusion Results support comprehensive communication skills training for ESRD patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Practice implications Potential topics to be included in such training are discussed.
THE LUNG VOLUME IN HEART DISEASE

The lung volumes in a group of individuals suffering from chronic cardiac disease have been studied by a method which is applicable to patients suffering from dyspnea. In a number of instances the same patients were investigated during various stages of decompensation and compensation. The values found have been compared with those determined in a group of normal subjects. Lung volumes have been considered from three points of view: (1) relative lung volumes or subdivisions of total lung volume expressed as percentage of total lung volume; (2) the absolute lung volumes of patients with heart disease have been compared with lung volumes calculated for normal individuals having similar surface areas or chest measurements; and (3) in individual cases absolute lung volumes have been measured in various stages of compensation and decompensation. (1) In patients with heart disease it has been observed that the vital capacity forms a portion of the total lung volume relatively smaller than in normal individuals, and that the mid-capacity and residual air form relatively larger portions. When the patient progresses from the compensated to the decompensated state these changes become more pronounced. (2) When the absolute lung volumes determined for patients are compared with volumes of the same sort, as calculated for normal individuals of the same surface areas and chest measurements, the following differences are found. The vital capacities are always smaller in the patients and the volumes of residual air are always larger. There is a tendency for middle capacity and total capacity to be smaller, though, when the patients are in a compensated state, these volumes may approximate normal. (3) When decompensation occurs the absolute lung volumes undergo changes as follows: (a) vital capacity, mid-capacity, and total capacity decrease in volume; and (b) the residual air may either increase or decrease according to the severity of the state of decompensation. The significance of these changes has been discussed and an explanation offered for the occurrence of a residual air of normal volume in patients with heart disease. It results from a combination of two tendencies working in opposite directions: one to increase the residual air—stiffness of the lungs (Lungenstarre); the other to decrease it—distended capillaries (Lungenschwellung), edema, round cell infiltration.
Backpack Usage and Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Discomfort in University Students

This study investigated the prevalence of self-reported musculoskeletal discomfort and pain in university students and examined its association with the type of backpack, backpack load, time spent carrying loads and the student's body mass index (BMI). A high prevalence (85%) of the university students self-reported musculoskeletal discomfort and pain; and 84% of the participants reported knowledge of the potential consequences of incorrect backpack usage. An emerging trend between musculoskeletal symptoms and time spent carrying backpacks (mean = 2.3 hr for subjects with pain, 3.4 hr for subjects with discomfort, and 4.8 hr for subjects with no symptoms) was also found. Future research should focus on educating university students on proper backpack selection and usage to prevent self-reported musculoskeletal discomfort.
Control of prothrombin and factor VII biosynthesis by vitamin K.

Abstract The production of the plasma proteins, prothrombin and factor VII, which are essential in the blood clotting process, is dependent on the action of vitamin K. In intact vitamin K-deficient rats, administration of actinomycin D did not block the vitamin K-induced increase in plasma prothrombin. An isolated perfused rat liver preparation that released factor VII activity to the perfusate in response to vitamin K administration was developed. The factor VII production in this system was inhibited by puromycin but not by actinomycin D. These data indicate that the site of action of the vitamin is at some in step protein biosynthesis subsequent to the formation of a specific messenger RNA and prior to release of the complete protein from the liver.
Estimating Sampling Effort for Biomonitoring of Nearshore Fish Communities in Small Central Minnesota Lakes

Abstract I estimated the sampling effort required to sufficiently describe the species richness and composition of fish inhabiting the nearshore (wadeable) zone of lakes and compared 10 species richness estimators in 56 similarly sized (small) central Minnesota lakes. A systematic sampling design was employed wherein 10 stations were equally spaced around each lake and the first station was selected randomly. Sampling methods consisted of a combination of backpack electrofishing and shoreline seining. Using sample-based rarefaction curves, eight sampling stations produced at least 90% of the sampled species in 96% of the study lakes. Less sampling effort (four to six stations) was needed to describe the composition of the nearshore fish assemblage, as measured by similarity of species composition or species relative abundances in cumulative samples. The effort needed to sufficiently describe nearshore species richness was not related to observed species richness but was negatively correlated with species ...
A treatise on the mathematical theory of elasticity

The present treatise is the outcome of a suggestion made to me some years ago by Mr R. R. Webb that I should assist him in the preparation of a work on Elasticity. He has unfortunately found himself unable to proceed with it, and I have therefore been obliged to take upon myself the whole of the work and the whole of the responsibility. I wish to acknowledge at the outset the debt that I owe to him as a teacher of the subject, as well as my obligation for many valuable suggestions chiefly with reference to the scope and plan of the work, and to express my regret that other engagements have prevented him from sharing more actively in its production. The division of the subject adopted is that originally made by Clebsch in his classical treatise, where a clear distinction is ill-awn between exact solutions for bodies all whose dimensions are finite and approximate solutions for bodies some of whose dimensions can be regarded as infinitesimal. The present volume contains the general mathematical theory of the elastic properties of the first class of bodies, and I propose to treat the second class in another volume. At Mr Webb's suggestion, the exposition of the theory is preceded by an historical sketch of its origin and development. Anything like an exhaustive history has been rendered unnecessary by the work of the late Dr Todhunter as edited by Prof Karl Pearson, but it is hoped that the brief account given will at once facilitate the comprehension of the theory and add to its interest. Readers of the historical work referred to will appreciate the difficulty of giving within a reasonable compass a complete account of all the valuable researches that have been made; and the aim of this book is rather to present a connected account of the theory in its present state, and an indication of the way in which that state has been attained, avoiding on the one hand merely analytical developments, and on the other purely technical details.
Instability and Abstractness Metrics Based on Responsibility

Over the last few decades, a lot of research has been done to measure software quality including using high-level design metrics to measure the quality of the design. R. C. Martin's metrics are some of the best-known software package metrics. Martin began with a set of object oriented design principles and designed his metrics based on these principles. In this paper we begin with Martin's principles and use them to modify his instability and abstractness metrics which were defined to identify poorly designed packages which are hard to maintain and reuse. We modify Martin's metrics based on the concept of responsibility, our motivation is that packages with different levels of responsibility should have different weights with respect to the instability and abstraction metrics. We present a case study to validate the modified metrics, the comparative study shows the differences between the proposed metrics and Martin's metrics. We found that the proposed instability and abstractness metrics are very promising and lead to improved results.
Analysis of data from viral DNA microchips

Viral DNA microchips, arrays of viral genes printed over a glass slide, are powerful tools for rapidly characterizing the expression pattern of these genes in an infection. The chips are exposed to a solution of fluorescently labeled cDNAs prepared from either mock or true infected human fibroblast cells and the expression levels of the various genes are recorded with the objective of detecting which viral genes are expressed to a significantly higher degree when exposed to the true infection as compared to the mock infection. The data were initially examined visually via image plots and scatterplots. These reveal that analysis of such data presents many challenges owing to, among other problems, high interchip and intrachip variability with low signal-to-noise ratio, differential intensity scales that have to be adjusted nonlinearly, nonGaussian data, data for a large number of genes with little replication, scratches and dark spots on the chips, dust, outliers, and an inability to quantitate intensities...
Enhancement of high-order harmonic generation in intense laser interactions with solid density plasma by multiple reflections and harmonic amplification

High order harmonic generation (HHG) from laser solid-density plasma interactions is considered as a promising way to generate bright and ultrashort burst of x-rays. One of the key issues for HHG is the low conversion efficiency due to a power law fall off in harmonic intensity. Here, we explore a possible mechanism for HHG enhancement by reflecting an intense laser pulse multiple times between two plasma surfaces. We find that HHG can be nonlinearly enhanced by orders of magnitude through multiple reflections compared with a single reflection. We argue this enhancement is due to the non-linear combination of the relativistically oscillating plasma mirror and the harmonic-rich pulse generated in preceding reflections. This mechanism should allow moderate power laser systems to efficiently generate coherent, ultrashort bursts of soft x-rays.
Regulation of immunity in Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

Immunity to T. cruzi is complex, involving among other components, antibody production, CD4+ helper cells, CD8+ T cells as both regulators and effecters of immunity, and possibly, double-negative T cells. In addition, several of these components have been implicated in pathogenesis in the chronic infection. Although the immuno-suppression observed in the infection seems quite severe, it also appears to provide for a sufficient level of immune responsiveness to control the infection in most hosts. At the same time, immunosuppression may provide the regulatory control necessary to prevent massive chronic pathogenesis in all hosts. Continued study of the relative roles of lymphocyte populations and the products they secrete in immunity and pathogenesis may provide the understanding necessary to enhance immunity to T. cruzi without the feared consequence of increased pathogenesis.
A Novel Assay Reveals a Role for SolubleN-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive Fusion Attachment Protein in Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor Transport from Endosomes to the Trans Golgi Network

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) attachment protein (α-SNAP) is a soluble protein that enables the NSF ATPase to associate with membranes and facilitate membrane trafficking events. Although NSF and α-SNAP have been shown to be required for many membrane transport processes, their role in the transport of mannose 6-phosphate receptors from endosomes to the trans Golgi network was not established. We present here a novel in vitro assay that monitors the transport of cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptors between endosomes and the trans Golgi network. The assay relies on the trans Golgi network localization of tyrosine sulfotransferase and monitors transport of mannose 6-phosphate receptors engineered to contain a consensus sequence for modification by this enzyme. Using this new assay we show that α-SNAP strongly stimulates transport in reactions containing limiting amounts of cytosol. Together with α-SNAP, NSF can increase the extent of transport. These data show that α-SNAP, a soluble component of the SNAP receptor machinery, facilitates transport from endosomes to the trans Golgi network.
Nonlinear finite amplitude vibrations of sharp-edged beams in viscous fluids

Abstract In this paper, we study flexural vibrations of a cantilever beam with thin rectangular cross section submerged in a quiescent viscous fluid and undergoing oscillations whose amplitude is comparable with its width. The structure is modeled using Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and the distributed hydrodynamic loading is described by a single complex-valued hydrodynamic function which accounts for added mass and fluid damping experienced by the structure. We perform a parametric 2D computational fluid dynamics analysis of an oscillating rigid lamina, representative of a generic beam cross section, to understand the dependence of the hydrodynamic function on the governing flow parameters. We find that increasing the frequency and amplitude of the vibration elicits vortex shedding and convection phenomena which are, in turn, responsible for nonlinear hydrodynamic damping. We establish a manageable nonlinear correction to the classical hydrodynamic function developed for small amplitude vibration and we derive a computationally efficient reduced order modal model for the beam nonlinear oscillations. Numerical and theoretical results are validated by comparison with ad hoc designed experiments on tapered beams and multimodal vibrations and with data available in the literature. Findings from this work are expected to find applications in the design of slender structures of interest in marine applications, such as biomimetic propulsion systems and energy harvesting devices.
Pose pooling kernels for sub-category recognition

The ability to normalize pose based on super-category landmarks can significantly improve models of individual categories when training data are limited. Previous methods have considered the use of volumetric or morphable models for faces and for certain classes of articulated objects. We consider methods which impose fewer representational assumptions on categories of interest, and exploit contemporary detection schemes which consider the ensemble of responses of detectors trained for specific posekeypoint configurations. We develop representations for poselet-based pose normalization using both explicit warping and implicit pooling as mechanisms. Our method defines a pose normalized similarity or kernel function that is suitable for nearest-neighbor or kernel-based learning methods.
Two mRNAs with different 3′ ends encode membrane-bound and secreted forms of immunoglobulin μ chain

During differentiation, B lymphocytes undergo a shift from expression of membrane-bound IgM to IgM secretion. The mu chains of membrane and secreted IgM, mum and mus, respectively, differ in the amino acid sequence of their carboxy terminal regions. In this paper, we demonstrate that mum and mus heavy chains are encoded by separate mRNAs of 2.7 and 2.4 kb, respectively. Restriction mapping and sequence analysis of mu cDNA clones from a myeloma tumor that produces both types of mu chain indicate that the mum and mus mRNAs are identical throughout the coding region up to the 3' end of the fourth constant region (Cmu 4) domain, but differ in their C terminal coding and 3' untranslated segments. From the nucleotide sequence of the mum cDNA clone, we predict the amino acid sequence of the 41-residue mum C terminal segment or "M" (membrane) segment. This sequence has characteristics consistent with its being a transmembrane peptide. Thus the mus chain has a 20-residue hydrophilic C terminal segment after the Cmu 4 domain, and the mum chain has a 41-residue C terminal segment containing a hydrophobic sequence. We propose that comparable C terminal segments also will be found in other membrane-bound immunoglobulin heavy chains.
A numerical method for acoustic oscillations in tubes

A numerical method to obtain the neutral curve for the onset of acoustic oscillations in a helium-filled tube is described. Such oscillations can cause a serious heat loss in the plumbing associated with liquid helium dewars. The problem is modelled by a second-order, ordinary differential eigenvalue problem for the pressure perturbation. The numerical method to find the eigenvalues and track the resulting points along the neutral curve is tailored to this problem. The results show that a tube with a uniform temperature gradient along it is much more stable than one where the temperature suddenly jumps from the cold to the hot value in the middle of the tube.
Tuning Fluorescence Direction with Plasmonic Metal-Dielectric- Metal Substrates.

Controlling the emission properties of fluorophores is essential for improving the performance of fluorescence-based techniques in modern biochemical research, medical diagnosis, and sensing. Fluorescence emission is isotropic in nature, which makes it difficult to capture more than a small fraction of the total emission. Metal–dielectric–metal (MDM) substrates, discussed in this Letter, convert isotropic fluorescence into beaming emission normal to the substrate. This improves fluorescence collection efficiency and also opens up new avenues for a wide range of fluorescence-based applications. We suggest that MDM substrates can be readily adapted for multiple uses, such as in microarray formats, for directional fluorescence studies of multiple probes or for molecule-specific sensing with a high degree of spatial control over the fluorescence emission.
Evaluation of Surface Fluxes from MM5 Using Observations

Abstract Direct observations of surface fluxes of momentum, sensible, and latent heat from towers and aircraft are compared to output from the NCAR-Penn State Mesoscale Model MM5. The model flux parameterization is seen to work well if appropriate values of the roughness length z0 and moisture availability parameter M are specified. Although the surface fluxes are quite sensitive to these parameters, as found by earlier investigators, it is not obvious how to select a value for M a priori. An initial estimate of M should take into account the rainfall and cloudiness history and probably other factors. Because temperature and humidity near the surface are quite sensitive to the fluxes, it is suggested that the difference between observed and calculated air temperatures could be used iteratively to guide the choice of M.
Liver and intestinal transplantation in children

The aim of this article is to provide essential information for pediatricians, regarding liver and intestinal transplantation. Indications for transplantation will be reviewed, as well as the process of evaluation and listing for transplantation. The continuum from pre-transplant to post transplant is covered, including waiting list challenges, types of transplant, immunosuppression, complications, long-term follow up, and outcomes.
Efficient state space generation of GSPNs using decision diagrams

Implicit techniques for representing and generating the reachability set of a high-level model have become quite efficient. However, such techniques are usually restricted to models whose events have equal priority. Models containing events with differing classes of priority or complex priority structure, in particular models with immediate events, have thus been required to use explicit reachability set generation techniques. In this paper, we present an efficient implicit technique, based on multi-valued decision diagram representations for sets of states and matrix diagram representations for next-state functions, that can handle models with complex priority structure. If the model contains immediate events, the vanishing states can be eliminated either during generation, by manipulating the matrix diagram, or after generation, by manipulating the multi-valued decision diagram. We apply both techniques to several models and give detailed results.
An Integer Linear Programming Approach for Topology Design in OWC Networks

Since the optical wireless communication (OWC), also known as free space optical (FSO), link can provide more than lGbps (e.g., 2.5 Gbps) bandwidth over a long distance, the OWC network is envisioned as an affordable alternative solution to satisfy the increasing bandwidth demand of streaming, multimedia, and gaming applications at home environments. Among the primary advantages of OWC system are the high data rate, unlicensed spectrum of operation, quick and inexpensive setup. Meanwhile, unique OWC features such as the node, link and bandwidth availability due to interferences from weather or others remain as the challenge for designing a robust and high-performance OWC network. In this paper, we propose new Integer Linear Programming formulations to model and optimize OWC topology design while taking into the node, link and bandwidth availability, and partial request accommodation into consideration. Our analysis and results provide valuable insights into designing robust and reconfigurable OWC networks.
Romantic Popularity and Mate Preferences: A Peer-Nomination Study

In their quest to understand romantic relationships, researchers have extensively examined mate preferences. Self-report methods have been most commonly employed. In this study, the authors used a methodology not employed in other studies to date. First, they used peer reports of dating popularity to assess the extent to which individuals of varying qualities are romantically pursued by opposite-sex individuals. Second, the authors obtained peer nominations of a variety of qualities that self-report studies of mate preferences indicate may be important. Results revealed that romantically popular men are physically attractive, outgoing, and seen as trendsetters. Romantically popular women were also viewed as physically attractive and as trendsetters. In contrast to the self-report literature, men who were seen as having most potential for financial success were not particularly popular. Results are discussed with respect to the self-reported preferences literature.
“Hitting Paydirt”: Capacity Theory and Sports Announcers’Use of Cliches

An examination of 34 college football telecasters suggests that, when the game is close, the outcome unexpected, or the teams prominent, announcers under stress rely on clinches in order to be able to maximize their attention to the game.
High clinical response rate of Sezary syndrome to immunomodulatory therapies: prognostic markers of response.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify response rates of Sezary syndrome (SS) to multimodality immunomodulatory therapy and to identify the important prognostic parameters that affect overall response to treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma clinic at The Hospital at the University of Pennsylvania. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-eight patients who met the revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) criteria for the diagnosis of SS and were seen over a 25-year period at the University of Pennsylvania. Intervention Patients were treated with at least 3 months of extracorporeal photopheresis and 1 or more systemic immunostimulatory agents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall response to treatment was the main measurement of outcome. RESULTS: A total of 73 patients had significant improvement with multimodality therapy: 30% had complete response, with clearing of all disease (n = 29), and 45% had partial response (n = 44). At baseline, the complete response group had a lower CD4/CD8 ratio than the nonresponse group (13.2 vs 44.2) (P = .04) and a lower median percentage of CD4(+)/CD26(-) cells (27.4% vs 57.2%) (P = .01) and CD4(+)/CD7(-) cells (20.0% vs 41.3%) (P < .01). Median monocyte percentage at baseline was higher for patients who had a complete response than for nonresponders (9.5% vs 7.3%) (P = .02). The partial response group did not have any statistically significant variables compared with the nonresponse group. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cohort study of patients with SS, a high clinical response rate was achieved using multiple immunomodulatory therapies. A lower CD4/CD8 ratio, a higher percentage of monocytes, and lower numbers of circulating abnormal T cells at baseline were the strongest predictive factors for complete response compared with nonresponse and warrant further examination in a larger cohort.
The threat of an avian influenza pandemic.

The greatest worry is that human-to-human transmission may begin to occur if there is a change in the viral genome. Even without genetic change, writes Dr. Arnold Monto, some inefficient spread among humans may now be expected.
An Epistemological Peregrination

Once upon a time, at a race track far, far away, a young bank teller named Peregrine was spending a pleasant evening watching and wagering on the trotters. Though Peregrine was not a frequent spectator at the track, he did enjoy scanning his racing form and trying to devise profitable betting techniques. But, alas, his strategies were hardly of the creative (nor, sad to say, lucrative) sort, and by about the sixth race he always found himself throwing strategy to the wind and simply placing his bet on the horse which looked best to his untrained eye. And thus it was as Peregrine was walking down to the rail that he made his unexpected discovery. For there by the fence, though partially hidden by a shrub, lay an old weather-beaten cardboard box. Removing it from the shrub and brushing off the top, he saw the words 'Open here' printed with an arrow pointing off to the side. Peregrine was not one to disobey directions when they were clearly given, so he followed the arrow off to the side and carefully opened the box. Peregrine did not know what to expect, but this uncertainty on his part did not diminish his surprise at finding, under several layers of white tissue paper, an amazingly well-preserved straw hat. Peregrine gave a small laugh, but his mirth quickly dissipated, for on turning the hat around he found, hanging from the brim by a string, a tag with the simple but singular inscription, 'Wear me'. Peregrine looked puzzled for a moment. Then he smiled and said, 'Oh well, I will try anything once!' (This brave boast was of course untrue, for as we have said, Peregrine was a bank teller.) So, removing the tag and scanning the crowd to make sure that he was among strangers, he placed the hat on his head. Peregrine expected no results from this bit of whimsy on his part, and thus he found what happened next especially curious. The horses were warming up for the sixth race, and as they passed in front of him, Peregrine found himself staring intently at Number Six. Looking at his racing form, Peregrine discovered that Number Six was named Rocking-horse Winner, was six years old, and had never won a race. He looked at the tote board; the odds against Rocking-horse Winner were 66 to i. He looked at the horse again. And suddenly, and quite unexpectedly, he found himself saying to himself, 'That horse is going to win. I don't know why I think so, but I firmly believe it.' Peregrine was quite befuddled by this situation, for he was not accustomed to entertaining uninvited beliefs. Nevertheless, time was short. So
Revised temperature‐formulae for predicting seasonal precipitation and runoff in California

Forecasts of seasonal precipitation in California based on observed ocean surface-temperatures at La Jolla during the midsummer upwelling-period correctly indicated an excess or deficit in practically three-fourths of the years from 1923 to 1931, but the divergence of computed and observed values in 1931–32 pointed to the need of a broader and more flexible index. Studies of the correlation between the precipitation or runoff and the ocean-temperatures of various months showed that a better fit might be secured by using values for certain months preceding as well as following the summer period.
Immigrant families coping with schizophrenia. Behavioral family intervention v. case management with a low-income Spanish-speaking population.

BACKGROUND This investigation compared the effectiveness and cross-cultural applicability of behavioural family management (BFM) and standard case management in preventing exacerbation of symptoms and relapse in schizophrenia. METHOD Forty low-income Spanish-speaking people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were randomly assigned to receive standard case management or behavioural family management after stabilisation with neuroleptic medication. RESULTS Survival analyses indicated that among the less acculturated patients BFM was significantly related to greater risk of exacerbation of symptoms. Among the more acculturated patients, risk of exacerbation could be predicted by medication compliance but not by type of intervention. In analyses of symptom severity and functional status at 1-year follow-up, the level of patient acculturation was found to be significantly related to various measures of treatment outcome. CONCLUSION Sociocultural factors affect responses to different types of intervention. The results did not support earlier findings of a beneficial effect of BFM when applied to a socioculturally diverse population.
Hot-carrier charge trapping and reliability in high-k dielectrics

This paper reports for the first time on hot-electron and hot-hole charge trapping in HfO/sub 2/ pFETs/nFETs and Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ nFETs. We find that, for equivalent injected charge, trapping due to substrate hot holes in pFETs is far more severe than from holes injected by cold tunneling. Enhanced trapping due to hot electrons in the nFETs is also observed, but only in the presence of illumination. These observations are consistent with a picture in which hot holes act as a precursor for trap creation.
Largemouth Bass Nest Site Selection in Small, North Temperate Lakes Varying in Littoral Coarse Woody Habitat Abundances

Abstract Coarse woody habitat (CWH) in the littoral zone is an important habitat feature in freshwater systems and has been suggested to influence nest density and nest site selection by black basses Micropterus spp. (e.g., largemouth bass M. salmoides and smallmouth bass M. dolomieu). To test for a relationship between nest site selection or nest density and the abundance of littoral CWH, we monitored largemouth bass nest site selection in the littoral zones of two small, northern Wisconsin lakes (comprising a total of three separated basins) for three consecutive spawning seasons. Our study sites varied in natural and manipulated abundances of CWH; spawning seasons before and after a whole-basin CWH reduction or a whole-basin CWH addition were examined. Within-basin analysis provided some evidence that local variation in CWH abundance influenced local nest density; however, this relationship was only significant for one basin in a single season. Among basins and across seasons, we observed a positive bu...
On scalability and robustness limitations of real and asymptotic confidence bounds in social sensing

This paper estimates new confidence bounds on source reliability in social sensing applications. Scalable and robust estimation of source reliability is a key challenge in social sensing where humans or human-operated sensors act as data sources. In order to assess correctness of data, the reliability of sources must first be assessed, yet this is complicated when sources are not a priori known and vetted, but rather can opt in at will, for example, by downloading a sensing application on their mobile device. In our previous work, we developed a maximum likelihood source reliability estimator and approximately quantified confidence in its estimation based on an asymptotic Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). In this paper we show that the asymptotic bound fails to track estimation performance when the number of sources is small. We derive the real CRLB to accurately characterize estimation performance for scenarios where the asymptotic bound fails. We study the limitations of the real and asymptotic CRLBs and show the trade-offs they offer between computational complexity and estimation scalability. We also evaluate the robustness of these bounds to changes in the number of sources. The results offer an understanding of attainable estimation accuracy of source reliability in social sensing applications that rely on un-vetted sources whose reliability is not known in advance.
Learning Ethics the Hard Way: Facing the Ethics Committee

This article describes an approach to enhancing the value of case study material in teaching professional ethics in psychology. The mock committee approach involves a series of hearings convened by students who rotate membership on a class ethics committee. Members of the class participate randomly as psychologists accused of various ethical violations. While the class observes, formal complaint hearings occur that result in official rulings and the setting of appropriate penalties and remedial requirements. The larger class then joins in active feedback and exchange with the committee to highlight and discuss salient ethical issues. We present and discuss student evaluation data for this technique and comment on the potential advantages of this teaching approach.
Inductive learning for fault diagnosis

There is a steadily increasing need for autonomous systems that must be able to function with minimal human intervention to detect and isolate faults, and recover from such faults. In this paper we present a novel hybrid Model based and Data Clustering (MDC) architecture for fault monitoring and diagnosis, which is suitable for complex dynamic systems with continuous and discrete variables. The MDC approach allows for adaptation of both structure and parameters of identified models using supervised and reinforcement learning techniques. The MDC approach will be illustrated using the model and data from the Hybrid Combustion Facility (HCF) at the NASA Ames Research Center.
Was the nebraska administrative code repudiated at last election

Nebraska elected a Republican legislatur epledged to support the code; and a Democratic governor who had promised to destroy it, in spite of the fact that increased efficiency secured by the code enabled Governor McKelvie to summon the legislature in January, 1922, to reduce appropriations in order that the savings might at once be reflected in lower taxes. Is the code an issue or a football?
Positive predictive value of albumin: globulin ratio for feline infectious peritonitis in a mid-western referral hospital population:

Low albumin to globulin ratio has been found previously to have a high positive predictive value for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats with clinical signs highly suggestive of the disease. However, FIP can have a more vague clinical presentation. This retrospective study found that the positive predictive value of an albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio of <0.8 and <0.6 was only 12.5% and 25%, respectively, in a group of 100 cats with one or more clinical signs consistent with FIP. The negative predictive value was 100% and 99% for an A:G ratio of <0.8 and A:G<0.6%, respectively. Therefore, when the prevalence of FIP is low, the A:G ratio is useful to rule out FIP but is not helpful in making a positive diagnosis of FIP.
Co-culture of osteoblasts and chondrocytes modulates cellular differentiation in vitro

Biological integration of cartilage grafts with subchondral bone remains a significant clinical challenge. We hypothesize that interaction between osteoblasts and chondrocytes is important in regenerating the osteochondral interface on tissue-engineered osteochondral grafts. We describe here a sequential co-culturing model which permits cell–cell contact and paracrine interaction between osteoblast and chondrocytes in 3-D culture. This model was used to determine the effects of co-culture on the phenotypic maintenance of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. It was found that while chondrocytes synthesized a type II collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) matrix, GAG deposition was significantly lower in co-culture. Alkaline phosphatase activity was maintained in osteoblasts, but cell-mediated mineralization in co-culture was markedly lower compared to osteoblast controls. These results collectively suggest that interactions between osteoblasts and chondrocytes modulate cell phenotypes, and the importance of these interactions on osteochondral interface regeneration will be explored in future studies.