cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disordered Eating Behaviors Are Not Increased by an Intervention to Improve Diet Quality but Are Associated With Poorer Glycemic Control Among Youth With Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE This study examines whether participation in an 18-month behavioral intervention shown previously to improve overall diet quality inadvertently increases disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) in youth with type 1 diabetes and investigates the association of DEB with multiple measures of glycemic control and variability. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants reported DEB and diabetes management at baseline and 6, 12, and 18 months; masked continuous glucose monitoring, HbA1c, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) were obtained concurrently. Linear mixed models estimated the intervention effect on DEB, the association of DEB with diabetes adherence and measures of glycemic control and variability, and whether DEB modified glycemic trajectories. RESULTS There was no intervention effect on DEB (P = 0.84). DEB was associated with higher HbA1c (P = 0.001), mean sensor glucose (P = 0.001), and percent sensor glucose values >180 mg/dL (P = 180 mg/dL (P = 0.04). Participants reporting less DEB had a developmentally expected deterioration in glycemic control throughout the study. Participants reporting more DEB had poor glycemic control at baseline that remained poor throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS Findings show a potential to improve diet quality without increasing DEB and indicate an association of DEB with persistent hyperglycemia but not hypoglycemia or glycemic variability.
Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in multistaged Tesla valves

The use of Tesla valves for flow control and rectification in mini and microfluidic applications is appealing due to their passive operation and no-moving-parts design. The effectiveness of such va...
Thoracolumbar kyphosis and lumbosacral hyperlordosis in achondroplastic children

The thoracolumbar (TL) kyphosis is present at birth, or is noticed within the first 6 months in about 95% of newborns. The curve becomes more pronounced and gains its maximal expression when the child becomes a sitter, between 6 and 18 months of age (Fig. la,b). It noticeably improves or even disappears in most children with the advent of stance and gait, simultaneously with the development of lumbosacral lordosis. Some infants, however, develop vertebral wedging of the apical vertebra that insures the permanence of a residual structural curve. Many other achondroplasts adopt a kyphotic posture while sitting throughout life even if they do not have a structural, clinically appearing kyphosis when standing.
Insulin-like growth factor-I promotes myelination of peripheral sensory axons.

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in vivo or in the presence of other permissive factors can promote myelination in the central nervous system. In the current study, we examine the role of IGF-I in the myelination of peripheral nerves. In rat cocultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and Schwann cells (SC) grown in serum- and insulin-free defined medium, IGF-I induces a dose dependent upregulation in myelin proteins such as P 11 , corresponding to maximal SC ensheathment. Furthermore, IGF-I is essential in promoting a dose-dependent, long-term myelination of DRG sensory axons. In the absence of IGF-I, axons and SC survive, but fail to myelinate. In the presence of 10 nM IGF-I, 59% of axons are myelinated at 21 days, whereas in the absence of IGF-I myelination fails to occur. Maximum SC ensheathment occurs 48 hours after addition of IGF-I. If IGF-I is withdrawn at 48 hours, axon segregation by SC persists, however, most axons and SC do not exhibit a one-to-one relationship and little myelination is observed. IGF-I is important in myelination and is critical not only for initial SC ensheathment of the axon and upregulation of myelin proteins, but also for sustained myelination. Furthermore, IGF-I associated axonal size is not the sole determinant for myelination.
Robust Charge Transfer Plasmons in Metallic Particle–Film Systems

Understanding how the plasmonic response of a metallic nanoparticle is modified by its coupling with a metallic film is a fundamental research problem relevant for many applications including sensing, solar energy harvesting, spectroscopy, and photochemistry. Despite significant research effort on this topic, the nature of the interaction between colloidal nanoparticles and metallic films is not fully understood. Here, we investigate, both experimentally and theoretically, the optical response of surface ligand-coated gold nanorods interacting with gold films. We find that the scattering cross section of these systems is dominated by a charge transfer plasmon mode, for which charge flows between the particle and the film. The properties of this mode are dictated by the characteristics of the particle–film junction, which makes the frequency of this charge transfer plasmon far less sensitive to the nanoparticle size and geometry than a typical dipolar plasmon mode excited in similar nanorods placed directl...
Job Strain, Time Strain, and Well-Being: A Longitudinal, Person-Centered Approach in Two Industries

The notion of constellations is central to many occupational health theories; empirical research is nevertheless dominated by variable-centered methodologies. Guided by the job demands-resources framework, we use a person-centered longitudinal approach to identify constellations of job demands and resources (task-based and time-based) over time that predict changes in well-being. We situate our research in two dissimilar, but growing, industries in the United States-information technology (IT) and long-term care. Drawing on data collected over 18 months, we identify five patterned, stable constellations of job demands/resources using group-based multi-trajectory modeling: (1) high strain/low hours, (2) high strain/low hours/shift work, (3) high strain/long hours, (4) active (high demands, high control) and (5) lower strain (lower demands, high control). IT workers are overrepresented in the lower-strain and active constellations, whereas long-term care providers are more often in high-strain constellations. Workers in the lower-strain constellation experience increased job satisfaction and decreased emotional exhaustion, work-family conflict and psychological distress over 18 months. In comparison, workers in high-strain job constellations fare worse on these outcomes, as do those in the active constellation. Industrial contexts matter, however: Compared with long-term care workers, IT workers' well-being is more at risk when working in the "high strain/long hours" constellation. As the labor market continues to experience structural changes, scholars and policy makers need to attend to redesigning the ecological contexts of work conditions to promote workers' well-being while taking into account industrial differences.
Patient stakeholder engagement in research: A narrative review to describe foundational principles and best practice activities.

Background Health research is evolving to include patient stakeholders (patients, families and caregivers) as active members of research teams. Frameworks describing the conceptual foundations underlying this engagement and strategies detailing best practice activities to facilitate engagement have been published to guide these efforts. Objective The aims of this narrative review are to identify, quantify and summarize (a) the conceptual foundational principles of patient stakeholder engagement in research and (b) best practice activities to support these efforts. SEARCH STRATEGY, INCLUSION CRITERIA, DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: We accessed a publicly available repository of systematically identified literature related to patient engagement in research. Two reviewers independently screened articles to identify relevant articles and abstracted data. Main results We identified 990 potentially relevant articles of which 935 (94.4%) were excluded and 55 (5.6%) relevant. The most commonly reported foundational principles were "respect" (n = 25, 45%) and "equitable power between all team members" (n = 21, 38%). Creating "trust between patient stakeholders and researchers" was described in 17 (31%) articles. Twenty-seven (49%) articles emphasized the importance of providing training and education for both patient stakeholder and researchers. Providing financial compensation for patient stakeholders' time and expertise was noted in 19 (35%) articles. Twenty articles (36%) emphasized regular, bidirectional dialogue between patient partners and researchers as important for successful engagement. Discussion and conclusions Engaging patient stakeholders in research as partners presents an opportunity to design, implement and disseminate patient-centred research. This review creates an overarching foundational framework for authentic and sustainable partnerships between patient stakeholders and researchers.
Cooperative Extremum Seeking Control via Sliding Mode for Distributed Optimization

In this paper, a cooperative distributed optimization method via sliding mode extremum seeking (ES) control for a class of large-scale interconnected systems is presented. In this approach, a consensus algorithm is exploited to communicate the value of the global cost function to the ES controllers. Then, each sliding mode ES controller is designed such that a multivariable cost function is optimized in a cooperative fashion. The stability and convergence conditions for the ES controllers are determined and sufficient conditions for the distributed scheme to converge to the vicinity of the optimal points are driven. The application of the proposed scheme to a real-world example is investigated and simulations are provided to illustrate the theoretical results and demonstrate their potential use.
A review of the development and functions of cat play, with future research considerations

Abstract Although attention to domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) behavior and cognition has increased in recent years, numerous questions remain regarding their play. Few studies have included play as a variable of interest, and to the best of our knowledge no behavioral studies focusing on cat play have been published in the last 15 years, and there is no recent review of our current understanding of its development, behavioral components, function, or outstanding research questions. This is despite the accessibility of the cat as a convenient model for more difficult to study members of the Carnivora, as recognized by pioneering studies of cat play in the 1970s and 1980s. We address this gap by reviewing and synthesizing the existing literature on play development, identifying and discussing eliciting factors and possible functions of play in cats. Additionally, we conducted an extensive review of the literature to identify how play has been operationalized in peer-reviewed publications (N = 46). We identified 138 behaviors measured in these studies, with 84 of them unique behavioral labels. Our findings demonstrate the diversity—and sometimes commonalities—of descriptions of play behavior across these studies, while highlighting the challenge of inconsistent operationalization of cat play in the literature. We conclude by proposing and exploring several open questions and offering suggestions for future research, particularly related to pet cats.
An Approach to Mental Health in Asian Americans

Asian Americans are a diverse and rapidly growing group within the US population. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate how Asian Americans may understand mental health conditions and to help mental health clinicians, educators, and researchers develop a thoughtful and flexible approach to evaluating and working with Asian American patients. This approach will involve consideration of each person’s unique health beliefs, culture, language, family, religion, narrative, genetics, pharmacological history, and relevant life experience. While cultural beliefs and research about particular issues and trends within the population will be reviewed, Asian Americans cannot be treated as a monolithic group.
Hip Septic Arthritis in a Pediatric Patient

Pediatric septic arthritis of the hip is a serious condition that can present in children of all ages. Frequently the infection occurs due to hematogenous spread and not any direct trauma that would cause inoculation of the joint. Many children have a history of previous bacterial infection such as otitis media. It can clinically resemble transient toxic synovitis. Therefore, it must be distinguished from this condition as delay in diagnosis of septic arthritis may have significant deleterious long-term effects on the condition of the articular cartilage and hip development.
Evaluation of the rewarding effects of mitragynine and 7‐hydroxymitragynine in an intracranial self-stimulation procedure in male and female rats

Abstract Background Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) has been used in Southeast Asia for hundreds of years to increase energy, for relaxation, and to diminish opioid withdrawal. Kratom use has recently spread to Western countries. Kratom could potentially be used for the treatment of opioid withdrawal and pain, but more insight is needed into its abuse potential. Therefore, we investigated the rewarding properties of the primary kratom alkaloid mitragynine and its active metabolite 7-hydroxymitragynine, and morphine as a reference drug in male and female rats. These compounds have agonist activity at mu-opioid receptors. Methods The compounds were tested in an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure, which allows for the evaluation of the rewarding/aversive and sedative effects of drugs. Rewarding doses of drugs decrease the brain reward thresholds, and aversive drug doses have the opposite effect. Results Mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and morphine affected the brain reward thresholds. A high dose of 7-hydroxymitragynine (3.2 mg/kg) increased the brain reward thresholds, whereas an intermediate dose of morphine (10 mg/kg) decreased the reward thresholds. 7-Hydroxymitragynine and morphine affected the response latencies. Five mg/kg of morphine increased response latencies. 7-Hydroxymitragynine tended to increase the response latencies, but the post hoc analyses did not reveal a significant effect. There were no sex differences in the effects of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and morphine on the reward thresholds and the response latencies. Conclusions These initial findings indicate that mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are not rewarding in the ICSS procedure. The present results suggest that these kratom alkaloids do not have abuse potential.
The spatio-temporal landscape of lung pathology in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Recent studies have provided insights into the pathology and immune response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 1-8 . However thorough interrogation of the interplay between infected cells and the immune system at sites of infection is lacking. We use high parameter imaging mass cytometry 9 targeting the expression of 36 proteins, to investigate at single cell resolution, the cellular composition and spatial architecture of human acute lung injury including SARS-CoV-2. This spatially resolved, single-cell data unravels the disordered structure of the infected and injured lung alongside the distribution of extensive immune infiltration. Neutrophil and macrophage infiltration are hallmarks of bacterial pneumonia and COVID-19, respectively. We provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infects predominantly alveolar epithelial cells and induces a localized hyper-inflammatory cell state associated with lung damage. By leveraging the temporal range of COVID-19 severe fatal disease in relation to the time of symptom onset, we observe increased macrophage extravasation, mesenchymal cells, and fibroblasts abundance concomitant with increased proximity between these cell types as the disease progresses, possibly as an attempt to repair the damaged lung tissue. This spatially resolved single-cell data allowed us to develop a biologically interpretable landscape of lung pathology from a structural, immunological and clinical standpoint. This spatial single-cell landscape enabled the pathophysiological characterization of the human lung from its macroscopic presentation to the single-cell, providing an important basis for the understanding of COVID-19, and lung pathology in general.
Bifunctional M13 Bacteriophage Nanospheroids for the Synthesis of Hybrid Noncentrosymmetric Nanoparticles

Noncentrosymmetric nanostructures are composed of two different materials displayed on spatially distinct surface regions. These nontrivial building blocks facilitate self-assembly of hierarchical ...
Ideology, Discourse, and Alliance Structures: Explaining Far-Right Political Violence in Turkey in the 1970s

During the 1970s, Turkey’s radical nationalist youth were ideologically and culturally shaped by their involvement in the idealist (ulkucu) movement. The idealists also played a significant role on...
Treatment of diaphragmatic dystonia with pallidal deep brain stimulation.

We present the case of a 70-year-old woman with treatment-refractory diaphragmatic dystonia. Patient initially presented with blepharospasms followed by development of involuntary inspiratory spasms during speech. Her symptoms were drug-refractory, and she therefore underwent awake bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation with microelectrode recording. No intraoperative or postoperative complications or adverse events occurred, and there were no undesired effects of stimulation. Using contacts in bilateral dorsal globus pallidus interna and ventral globus pallidus externa, symptoms alleviated after a latency period of 2–4 weeks. At 5-month follow-up, the patient maintained a 16.5-point reduction in Burke-Fahn-Marsden movement scale (from 20/120 to 3.5/120) with resolution of blepharospasm, irregular inspirations and broken and irregular speech.
COVID-19 and the effects on pulmonary function following infection: A retrospective analysis.

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been identified in over 110 million people with no studies comparing pre-infection pulmonary function to post-infection. This study's aim was to compare pre-infection and post-infection pulmonary function tests (PFT) in COVID-19 infected patients to better delineate between preexisting abnormalities and effects of the virus. Methods This was a retrospective multi-center cohort study. Patients were identified based on having COVID-19 and a pre- and post-infection PFT within one year of infection during the time period of March 1, 2020 to November 10, 2020. Findings There was a total of 80 patients, with an even split in gender; the majority were white (n = 70, 87·5%) and never smokers (n = 42, 52·5%). The majority had mild to moderate COVID-19 disease (n = 60, 75·1%) with 25 (31·2%) requiring hospitalization. There was no difference between the pre- and post-PFT data, specifically with the forced vital capacity (FVC) (p = 0·52), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)(p = 0·96), FEV1/FVC(p = 0·66), total lung capacity (TLC) (p = 0·21), and diffusion capacity (DLCO)(p = 0·88). There was no difference in the PFT when analyzed by hospitalization and disease severity. After adjusting for potential confounders, interstitial lung disease (ILD) was independently associated with a decreased FEV1 (-2·6 [95% CI, -6·7 to - 1·6] vs. -10·3 [95% CI, -17·7 to -2·9]; p = 0·03) and an increasing age (p = 0·01) and cystic fibrosis (-1·1 [95% CI, -4·5 to- 2·4] vs. -36·5 [95% CI, -52·1 to -21·0]; p Interpretation This study showed that there is no difference in pulmonary function as measured by PFT before and after COVID-19 infection in non-critically ill classified patients. There could be a relationship with certain underlying lung diseases (interstitial lung disease and cystic fibrosis) and decreased lung function following infection. This information should aid clinicians in their interpretation of pulmonary function tests obtained following COVID-19 infection. Funding No funding was obtained for this study.
Immunotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

ABSTRACT Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of mammary carcinoma. A subset of TNBC is immune activated, suggesting that immunotherapy may be a viable treatment strategy. Phase III clinical trials have shown that atezolizumab or pembrolizumab is well-tolerated in combination with chemotherapy, with progression-free survival benefit in metastatic programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)-positive TNBC patients treated first line. Based on IMpassion130, the combination of atezolizumab and nab-paclitaxel is now considered a standard of care for the treatment of PD-L1-positive advanced TNBC. In early TNBC, pembrolizumab and atezolizumab have been tested in combination with standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy, resulting in a higher complete pathologic response rate than standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone, regardless of disease PD-L1 status. These findings establish proof of principle for immunotherapy in both early and advanced TNBC. High priorities for the field include developing more active immunotherapy combination regimens and more refined biomarkers that optimally identify patients most likely to benefit from immunotherapy.
Elements of Analysis

This chapter will be limited for the most part to consideration of real functions of a real variable-for the complex variable case, see Chapter 5. The only exceptions will be in certain topics in sequences and series where the extension to complex numbers is immediate, and will be so noted.
Relative Effects of Littoraria irrorata and Prokelisia marginata on Spartina alterniflora

Spartina alterniflora salt marshes along the southeastern United States are some of the most productive and well studied ecosystems in the world. The role of physicochemical forces in regulatingSpartina growth is well understood, while the importance of grazers remains less clear. Recent studies have shown that the abundant marsh periwinkle,Littoraria irrorata, can exert strong control overSpartina through its grazing activities, but relatively little is known about its relative effects in comparison to other marsh plant consumers. To test the relative importance of snail and insect consumers onSpartina biomass, we conducted a 7-mo field experiment testing top-down regulation ofSpartina with all combinations ofL. irrorata (removed, control, c. 215 periwinkles m−2) andSpartina planthopper,Prokelisia marginata (removed, control). Snail removal resulted in a 50% increase inSpartina biomass while removal of planthoppers had no detectable effect. Planthopper density also increased by 50% when snails were excluded. In this South Carolina marsh,L. irrorata exerts a stronger top-down control ofSpartina thanP. marginata. These results indicate trophic cascade regulation ofSpartina salt marsh is more likely to occur through the predator(s)-Littoraria-plant interaction than through the predator(s)-Prokelisia-plant relationship.
Bed and breakfast industries: successful marketing strategies.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the types of marketing strategies and the perceived success of these strategies by bed and breakfast owners/operators. In order to identify marketing strategies involved in operating bed and breakfasts, a descriptive study was conducted. The sampling frame included the 1,140 bed and breakfast owners/operators listed in the Texas Hotel Occupancy Tax Accounts Report. A simple random sample of 775 of this population was chosen and a response rate of 36% was obtained. Three primary marketing strategies were found to be used most frequently by bed and breakfast operations: word-of-mouth (98.9%), Chambers of Commerce (94.7%), and brochures (89.7%). In addition, word-of-mouth marketing was considered as the most successful marketing strategy.
Moving On Up: South Asian Women and Higher Education by Yasmin Hussain and Paul Bagguley: (2007). Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books, 154 pp. (paperback).

Moving On Up explores the educational experiences and aspirations of young Bangladeshi, Indian, and Pakistani women in the United Kingdom. The authors' intent is to add greater depth to the literat...
Educational characteristics of tumor conferences in teaching and non-teaching hospitals.

Abstract Hospital tumor conferences (tumor boards) were observed and evaluated over an 18‐month period to determine their organizational and educational characteristics as well as their impact on conference participants. In conjunction with a previous nationwide survey of tumor conferences, this study was designed to identify features that would facilitate the learning that occurs in conference sessions. Study investigators observed a regional sample of 43 tumor boards in 37 participating hospitals, which included 513 sessions at general (hospital‐wide) conferences and 198 sessions at specialty conferences. A total of 1,866 tumor cases were presented during these 711 conferences. Participants completed questionnaires to supplement the investigators’ evaluations. Session observations revealed several ways in which tumor boards could increase their educational impact on participants, including combining case presentations with presentations of related didactic material and using the method of progressive di...
A Search for Variations in the Intensity of the Optical Pulses from NP 0532

A search for short-time variability of NP 0532 using the 82 and 107 in. telescopes at McDonald Observatory is described. Observations were made of the mean intensity, the mean square of the intensity and the mean autocorrelation function of the pulsar light. Limits are placed on the variability of the optical pulsar.
The effect of photobleaching on PLIF

Organic dyes commonly used for planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) are susceptible to photobleaching under laser excitation. Previous work has shown that photobleaching can induce significant errors in laser-induced fluorescence measurements made with single-point techniques. This paper presents an analytical model and experimental results that quantify the extent of photobleaching in the more common planar configuration of the technique. Experimental results for two common dyes, fluorescein and Rhodamine 6G, agree well with analytical predictions for typical PLIF parameters. Results indicate that even dyes such as fluorescein that have large photobleaching constants can be used with little error in many PLIF experiments.
Molecular cloning and expression of the human deoxythymidylate kinase gene in yeast.

Abstract (Deoxy)thymidylate (dTMP) kinase is an enzyme which phosphorylates dTMP to dTDP in the presence of ATP and magnesium. This enzyme is important in cellular DNA synthesis because the synthesis of dTTP, either via the de novo pathway or through the exogenous supply of thymidine, requires the activity of this enzyme. It has been suggested that the activities of the enzymes involved in DNA precursor biosynthesis, such as thymidine kinase, thymidylate synthase, thymidylate kinase, and dihydrofolate reductase, are subjected to cell cycle regulation. Here we describe the cloning of a human dTMP kinase cDNA by functional complementation of a yeast dTMP kinase temperature-sensitive mutant at the non-permissive temperature. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned human cDNA is predicted to encode a 24 KD protein that shows considerable homology with the yeast and vaccinia virus dTMP kinase enzymes. The human enzyme activity has been investigated by expressing it in yeast. In this work, we demonstrate that the cloned human cDNA, when expressed in yeast, produces dTMP kinase activity.
Secular trends in stroke mortality in African Americans: the role of urbanization, diabetes and obesity.

The decline in stroke mortality rates in African Americans has slowed to that seen in the 1960s; rates remain higher than in European Americans. Rates are higher in the southeastern US and in nonmetro
Toleration and Persecution in England, 1660–89

During the years of their greatest tribulation, English Protestant dissenters were steadily buoyed up by numerous efforts in their behalf; stemming from various sources, these efforts were inspired by motives equally various. Gestures toward a peaceful settlement actually began before Charles II ascended the throne. Little persecution marked the Cromwellian regime and although the Establishment had possessed a Presbyterian tinge, organized Presbyterianism had made little headway. The Church was rather an assemblage of congregations than a compact hierarchy. While Episcopalians had been forced from their livings, many did not appear vindictive, and as the Restoration approached, a tolerant mood seemed uppermost.
Assessment of Social Competence of Boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Problematic Peer Entry, Host Responses, and Evaluations

Anecdotally and empirically, there is clear evidence that children with the Combined subtype of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) experience disturbed peer relations, yet the field has not clearly established the origin of these difficulties. This is the first known investigation to examine the role of peer entry as a means to determine the social competence of boys with ADHD as they joined lab-based games played by age-mates who were good friends but unfamiliar with entry boys. Observational data of entry boys and their hosts, plus coders’ ratings, indicate that 7- to 12-year-old boys with and without ADHD did not differ in the use of competent entry strategies known to lead to acceptance from peers. However, boys with ADHD relied more heavily on incompetent entry strategies (e.g., disruptive attention-getting) known to exacerbate negative peer reputation. In addition, they failed to apply a frame-of-reference that was relevant to host boys’ ongoing activity. As such, host boys considered boys with ADHD less likeable as they spent more time with them. This pattern of findings has theoretical implications and informs the foci of social skills interventions for children with ADHD.
Tenure Tensions: Out in the Enchanted Forest

The tenure track in higher education represents a path shrouded in a fair degree of mystery. This essay provides the perspective of a middle-aged, second-career tenure track faculty member on the vagaries of progressing down the track as an out lesbian. Three dialectics that build tension into the process — covering-creating, evaluation-liberation, and alienation-authenticity — are discussed.
Energy-per-bit advantages of chip-scale hybrid-integrated optical interconnects using surface-normal electro-aborption MQW modulators

A hybrid MQW/EAM-based chip-scale photonic interconnect concept is projected to achieve significantly lower energy-per-bit performance than monolithically integrated Si-Photonic and directly-modulated VCSEL approaches - enabling bandwidth density to scale with foreseeable high performance computing CMOS technology.
More on the dynamics of a stirred tank with consecutive reactions

Abstract The literature on the stirred tank reactor with consecutive reactions is reviewed and a census of multiplicity diagrams, bifurcation diagrams and phase portraits is given. The location of the organizing centre, introduced by Balakotaiah and Luss, and some features of the butterfly singularity are discu particularly with reference to variations in the ratio of activation energies. The forms that the regions of attraction of the various steady states ma take in the three-dimensional state space are also discussed.
Electron distribution function in a low-pressure inductively coupled plasma.

A method is presented for solution of the spatially inhomogeneous Boltzmann equation in the two-term approximation for low-pressure inductively coupled plasmas (ICP). The total electron energy \ensuremath{\varepsilon}=w-e\ensuremath{\varphi} (the sum of kinetic energy w and potential energy e\ensuremath{\varphi} in an electrostatic field) is used as an independent variable in the kinetic equation. Two energy ranges are distinguished. In the elastic energy range w${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ is the first excitation energy, the problem is effectively reduced to one variable (total electron energy) by performing an appropriate spatial average. The electron distribution function (EDF) in this energy range is a function solely of \ensuremath{\varepsilon} and does not depend explicitly on the coordinates. In the inelastic energy range, the kinetic equation in the variables (r,z,\ensuremath{\varepsilon}) (two spatial coordinates and the total energy) is solved for trapped and free electrons in a cylindrically symmetric ICP with a given spatial distribution of electric fields. The EDF and the spatial distributions of the electron current density and the ionization rate are calculated as functions of pressure, plasma density, and the profile of the electrostatic field. Explanations of some available experimental observations are given.
In situ observations of the scale-size of plasma turbulence in the asteroid belt /1.6-3 astronomical units/

Pioneer 10 observations from the Ames Research Center Plasma Analyzer experiment between 1 and 3 AU in 1972 have been used to estimate the power spectra of the streaming speed of solar wind protons. A power-law spectrum is obtained in the 10,000 to 0.001 Hz frequency range which is similar to that obtained for the solar wind proton number density and streaming speed at 1 AU in 1965 December and 1966 January. The power spectra indicate that significant turbulence on the scale of about 1,000,000 km or more is present throughout this range of heliocentric distances, implying the importance of the role of large-scale turbulence between 1 and 3 AU. The power spectra also present qualitatively information concerning the cosmic-ray diffusion tensor at these extended distances.
Silicon-based molecular nanotechnology

One potential application of molecular nanotechnology is the integration of molecular electronic function with advanced silicon technology. One step in this process is the tethering of individual molecules at specific locations on silicon surfaces. This paper reports the fabrication of arrays of individual organic molecules on H-passivated Si(100) surfaces patterned with an ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunnelling microscope (STM). Feedback controlled lithography (FCL) is used to create templates of individual silicon dangling bonds. Molecules introduced in the gas phase then spontaneously assemble onto these atomic templates. Norbornadiene (NBE), copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), and C60 molecular arrays have been made by this technique and studied by STM imaging and spectroscopy. Both NBE and CuPc molecules appear as depressions in empty states images, whereas in filled states images they are nearly indistinguishable from Si dangling bonds. Furthermore, the fourfold symmetry and central copper atom of CuPc are clearly observed at positive sample bias. Spatial tunnelling conductance maps of CuPc illustrate charge transfer from the surrounding substrate when the molecule is bound to the surface via its central copper atom. On the other hand, when the CuPc molecule interacts with the substrate via an outer benzene ring, molecular rotation is observed. C60 molecules display intramolecular structure in topographic images and spectroscopic data. The local density of states of C60 clearly shows the location of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, which suggests that the highest occupied molecular orbital is located within 0.3 eV of the fermi level.
Estimating the magnitude of anxiety from speech.

The main purpose of this investigation was to determine how much, if any, information is lost towards estimating the amount of anxiety in speech by using only content or lexical variables in speech as compared with the measures of anxiety obtained when vocal properties as well as content variables are employed. A set of twelve free-associative five-minute tape recordings of speech produced by twelve different people were rated with respect to the magnitude of the anxiety by 16 judges (11 psychiatrists and 5 psychologists) following the anxiety rating scale of the Overall and Gorham Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. The judges first rated the typescripts of the verbal samples and one month later the judges again estimated the magnitude of the anxiety in these speech samples by listening to the tape recordings of the verbal samples while reading the typescripts. Since the problem of quantitative assessment of anxiety involves, necessarily, the problem of validity of the construct being measured, and validity in turn depends in part on reliability of measurement, reliability of ratings of anxiety was calculated. Raters were less able to differentiate the verbal samples, differed considerably more in their average ratings, and had greater error variance when using the typescripts alone than when using typescript plus sound recording. The product-moment correlation between these two sets of anxiety scores, calculated from the covariance and variance of the sums of the ratings over the 16 judges, was 0.846. Correcting this correlation for attenuation, due to the imperfect reliabilities of the separate anxiety ratings under the two conditions, gave an estimated correlation of 0.913. Consequently, 16.6 percent of a universe of anxiety scores derived from typescripts plus sound recordings would not be predictable from anxiety scores derived from typescripts alone. Product-moment correlations were also obtained between anxiety scores derived from a content analysis method applied to only the typescripts of the five-minute verbal samples (the Gottschalk-Gleser method) and the two sets of anxiety ratings of the verbal samples obtained by the Overall-Gorham scale. These correlations were as follows: (1) anxiety rating by Overall-Gorham scale, using typescript plus sound recording, and Gottschalk-Gleser anxiety scores = 0.86; (2) anxiety rating by Overall-Gorham scale, using typescript alone, and Gottschalk-Gleser anxiety scores = 0.78. These findings indicate that there is negligible information lost with respect to assessing anxiety, when using either the Overall-Gorham or Gottschalk-Gleser anxiety scales, if typescripts alone are used or typescripts plus sound recordings are used. Moreover, the findings tend to support a theory of the redundancy of lexical and vocal factors rather than an additive theory in the expression and communication of the intensity of affects in speech.
Sociodemographic correlates of overall quality of dietary intake of US adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between selected sociodemographic variables and overall quality of dietary intake of US adolescents. The Healthy Eating Index, an instrument designed to measure adherence to the US Dietary Guidelines, was used to measure overall quality of dietary intake. Healthy Eating Index scores were computed for a sample of US adolescents (N = 1504) who participated in the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. A proportional odds model for an ordered polytomous response was used to assess the relationships between adolescent Healthy Eating Index scores and selected sociodemographic factors. The sociodemographic factors found to be significantly related to overall quality of dietary intake of US adolescents were age, ethnicity, urbanization, region of residence, and education level of household head. The findings of this study suggest that nutrition research and intervention programs relating to US adolescents should include evaluation of sociodemographic/environmental factors.
The functional interaction of visual-perceptual and response mechanisms during selective attention in young adults, young-old adults, and old-old adults

A response compatibility paradigm was employed to address how the perceptual and response activation processes functionally interact during selective attention and how they may be influenced by aging. The results showed that increasing the visual similarity of targets within response sets reduced the magnitude of the interference effect, but only with a narrow interletter distance. In a dissimilar condition, the magnitude of the interference effect did not vary with age. However, in a similar condition, the magnitude of the interference effect was larger for both young (18–30 years) and young-old adults (55–79 years) than for old-old adults (≥80 years). In contrast, all three groups showed similar facilitation effects. These results failed to provide support for the notion that enhanced spatial filtering of the target from the flankers produces a corresponding decrease in response competition. Rather, the decrease in the interference effect can be attributed to a functional interaction between the perceptual availability of partial information and the magnitude of response competition. The results also suggest that age does not impair response activation but that advanced age diminishes the availability of local, but not global, feature information.
Absence of phase separation for fluids in three dimensions.

It is demonstrated that for short-range forces the density profile of the planar interface between fluid phases in three dimensions does not exist in the absence of a macroscopic external field such as gravity. This result holds for all nonzero values of the temperature and implies the absence of a roughening transition in continuous fluid interfaces in three dimensions, in contrast to the existence of such a transition in interfaces of three-dimensional lattice gases.
1-D Acousto-Optic Processing Of 2-D Data

Various new 1-D processing techniques for handling typically 2-D data problems are advanced. These include synthetic aperture radar, spotlight synthetic aperture radar, and pattern recognition. Quantitative data for 2-D optical character recognition using 1-D processing is detailed. Perfect recognition of all 26 characters is obtained using only 1-D processing. Acousto-optic signal processing architectures are emphasized since they are typically the most attractive and fastest 1-D optical processing units. We conclude with attention to new architectures to achieve image interpolation and subtraction for new target tracking applications.
Chemometric approach to fatty acid profiles in Runner-type peanut cultivars by principal component analysis (PCA)

Abstract The fatty acid profiles of commercially-grown Runner-type peanut cultivars (i.e., 10 cultivars, n = 151) collected over two production years (2005 and 2006) were determined by gas–liquid chromatography. Eight major fatty acids were identified in the sample set including palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1, ω9), linoleic (C18:2, ω6), arachidic (C20:0), gondoic (C20:1, ω9), behenic (C22:0), and lignoceric (C24:0) acids. Based on the oleic to linoleic acid (O/L) ratio, these cultivars were denoted as normal, mid-, and high-oleic peanut types. Correlation coefficients (r) between the eight major fatty acids identified were generated and revealed an inverse association between oleic and linoleic acids (r = –0.997, P
Concern-Worry Associated with Commission of Type I and II Errors as a Function of Prescribed Alpha Level.

(1969). Concern-Worry Associated with Commission of Type I and II Errors as a Function of Prescribed Alpha Level. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 163-169.
Apoptosis in early development of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Apoptosis provides metazoans remarkable developmental flexibility by (1) eliminating damaged undifferentiated cells early in development and then (2) sculpting, patterning, and restructuring tissues during successive stages thereafter. We show here that apoptotic programmed cell death is infrequent and not obligatory during early embryogenesis of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. During the first 30 h of urchin development, fewer than 20% of embryos exhibit any cell death. Cell death during the cleavage stages consists of necrotic or pathological cell death, while cell death during the blastula and gastrula stages is random and predominantly caspase-mediated apoptosis. Apoptosis remains infrequent during the late blastula stage followed by a gradual increase in frequency during gastrulation. Even after prolonged exposure during the cleavage period to chemical stress, apoptosis occurs in less than 50% of embryos and always around the pre-hatching stage. Embryonic suppression of apoptosis through caspase inhibition leads to functionally normal larvae that can survive to metamorphosis, but in the presence of inducers of apoptosis, caspase inhibition leads to deformed larvae and reduced survival. Remarkably, however, pharmacological induction of apoptosis, while reducing overall survival, also significantly accelerates development of the survivors such that metamorphosis occurs up to a week before controls.
Coexistence, Stability, and Limiting Behavior in a One-Predator-Two-Prey Model

Abstract This paper considers a reaction-diffusion system that models the situation in which a predator feeds on two prey species. The existence of a positive steady-state solution as well as the existence and stability of various semitrivial steady-state solutions is obtained in terms of the natural growth rates of the three species. The present paper also gives some explicit information on the limiting behavior of the time-dependent solution to these steady states.
Promoting breast cancer screening among Asian American women: the Asian grocery store-based cancer education program.

Asian American women's historically low breast cancer mortality rate has remained constant as rates decreased for all other races. From 2000 to 2004, a randomized controlled trial explored the Asian grocery store-based breast cancer education program's impact on Chinese, Filipino, Korean, and Vietnamese women (n = 1,540). Women aged 40 and older and non-adherent for annual screening mammograms were more likely to schedule a mammogram after receiving the breast cancer education program than women randomized to the prostate cancer program (X 2 = 3.85, p = 0.05). With the right program ingredients, late adopters of breast cancer screening can be prompted to change.
The effect of thiamine deficiency on the pyruvate decarboxylase system of the central nervous system

Abstract The activity of pyruvate decarboxylase (2-oxo-acid carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.1) has been compared in homogenates prepared from tissues of normal, pair-fed control and thiamine-deficient rats. Despite severe symptoms of deficiency the enzymic activity remained essentially normal in cerebral cortex, cerebellum and spinal cord and decreased by only 20% in brain stem. In contrast, the ability of heart, liver and kidney homogenates to decarboxylate pyruvate decreased by about 60%. In the normal central nervous system enzymatic activity is about the same in cortex, cerebellum and brain stem, but substantially lower in spinal cord. While transketolase ( D -sedoheptulose-7-phosphate: D -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycolaldehydetransferase, EC 2.2.1.1), another thiamine-dependent enzyme, appears to be most active in myelinated tracts, pyruvate decarboxylase activity is highest in neuronal aggregates. The former enzyme may reflect oligodendroglial and the latter neuronal oxidative metabolism. In rat brain, transketolase is more susceptible to thiamine deprivation than pyruvate decarboxylase. It is therefore postulated that the principal “biochemical lesion” of the athiaminotic state consists of a failure in the transketolase system which may be responsible for initiating the clinical and pathological changes. The abnormality of pyruvate metabolism may play a secondary role.