cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patients Dismissed From the Hospital With a Diagnosis of Noncardiac Chest Pain: Cardiac Outcomes and Health Care Utilization

OBJECTIVE To determine the proportion of patients with noncardiac chest pain (NCCP) who see a gastroenterologist, the type and frequency of gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiac tests performed, and the frequency of cardiac death. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cohort of Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents presenting to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 1992, was identified through the Rochester Epidemiology Project. We assessed the frequency of ED, cardiology, and gastroenterology visits and corresponding tests after a diagnosis of NCCP (n=320). We also assessed the frequency of cardiac events. RESULTS During follow-up, 49% of patients sought care in the ED, 42% had repeated cardiology evaluations, and 15% were seen by a gastroenterologist. Thirty-eight percent underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy, but very few underwent manometry or a pH probe. Patients with NCCP of unknown origin had 3 times the rate of GI consultations as their counterparts with a GI disorder. Survival free of cardiac death in the subset with NCCP with a GI disorder was 90.2% at 10 years and 84.8% at 20 years, compared with 93.7% at 10 years and 88.1% at 20 years for the subset with NCCP of unknown origin. CONCLUSION The frequency of health care utilization in NCCP patients is high, but relatively few GI consultations and even fewer GI tests are performed. Patients dismissed from the hospital with NCCP continue to experience cardiac events, which may highlight a need for more aggressive cardiovascular risk factor management in this population.
740-4 Oxygen Kinetics in Patients with AV Block and Normal Sinus Node Function: Is the Sinus Node the Optimum Rate-Adaptive Sensor?

The normal heart rate (HR) is linearly related to oxygen consumption (VO2) during aerobic exercise and has been used as the gold standard for rate-adaptive pacing. However, at the onset of constant-workload exercise both VO2and the sinus HR increase exponentially before reaching their steady-state levels, producing oxygen and HR deficits. Whether the rate constants (k) for VO2and HR are related has not been proven. We hypothesized that an instantaneous increase in HR at the onset of exercise to the steady state value (k = ∞) would reduce oxygen deficit and increase the VO2rate constant as compared with normal sinus node function during treadmill exercise. 10 pts with rigorously-proven normal sinus node function and AV block with DDD pacemakers underwent maximal treadmill exercise to determine VCO2max. Oxygen kinetics were then measured during constant-workload exercise tests (6-min) at 50% VO2maxwith pacemakers programmed to 3 modes in random sequence: 1) DDD, with the sinus node controlling pacing rate; 2) Fastan instantaneous increase in HR at onset of exercise to the expected steady-state level for 50% VO2max; and 3) Max, an instantaneous increase to the age-predicted maximum at exercise onset. The O2deficit was lower in the Fast (434 ± 76 ml) than either the DDD (512 ± 74) (p = 0.01) or Max (503 ± 84) (p = 0.02) pacing modes. The VO2rate constant was highest in the Fast mode (2.85 ± 1.38 Fast vs 2.25 ± 0.63 DDD vs 2.38 ± 0.43 Max, p = 0.03). The median Borg perceived exertion score was also lowest in the Fast mode (7.5 Fast vs 8.5 DDD vs 9 Max). Thus, oxygen deficit is improved by an instantaneous increase in HR at the onset of exercise to the steady state level as compared with either the normal sinus node or an overly-aggressive pacing rate. The rate constant for VO2is directly related to that for HR.
Individual variability in parenting profiles and predictors of change: Effects of an intervention with disadvantaged mothers

Four components of a comprehensive, responsive parenting style (Responsiveness to Signals, Maintaining Attentional Focus, Rich Language, and Warmth) have been previously identified [Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., & Swank, P. R. (in press). Responsive parenting: Establishing early foundations for social, communication and independent problem solving. Developmental Psychology]. In the current study, Latent Class Analysis revealed classes (profile groups) of mothers who demonstrated 4 distinct patterns of skills across these parenting factors. Latent Transition Analysis revealed that mothers randomly assigned to a parenting intervention were more likely than comparison mothers to transition from weaker to stronger profile groups; e.g., 60% of comparison group mothers who were in the lowest profile group at pre-intervention remained in the lowest profile group at post-intervention, versus 17% of intervention group. Mental health symptoms, social support, and parenting beliefs individually predicted profile group membership prior to treatment, but only parenting beliefs predicted pre-intervention profile group membership using a multivariable model. Social support predicted positive change among intervention mothers. Implications include the potential importance of assessing parents' initial behavioral profiles and parenting beliefs to tailor interventions to individual strengths and weaknesses.
Process monitoring and control of low temperature reactively sputtered AlN

Abstract In this article we investigate the potential of controlling the sputtering of AlN using a combination of techniques such as target voltage analysis and ellipsometry. The growth processes for AlN are studied simultaneously at the target, as well as the substrate. Iterative optimization can be replaced almost entirely with in situ, real time process control/monitoring; reducing development time of a new process by more than an order of magnitude. To demonstrate this, AlN was reactively sputtered using an unbalanced magnetron onto 2024-Al, (100)Si, and stainless steel substrates and monitored by an in situ ellipsometer which indicated the index of refraction ‘n’ values of approximately 2.09–2.16 in the range 1.6–3 eV. Differing ion intensities were achieved by varying the bias on the substrate, and the effects were studied by X-ray diffraction, and profilometry. X-ray diffraction confirmed formation of hexagonal aluminum nitride with a preferred orientation of (001) by using a constant bias current substrate instead of a constant bias voltage. The profilometry tests indicated deposition rates of 38 nm/min. A detailed analysis of aluminum nitride formation with varying nitrogen flow was compared with the ellipsometric and target voltage versus nitrogen flow data to determine the optimal N2 flow rate. The sputtering rate of AlN was minimally 28% of the metal sputtering rate.
Latino Parents' Choice of Magnet School: How School Choice Differs across Racial and Ethnic Boundaries.

Historically, magnet schools have served predominantly Black and Anglo populations. Consequently, little research exists on Latino parent’s engagement in school choice and their patterns of participation. Magnet schools are increasingly part of the landscape for improving school achievement for all students. Yet Latino enrollment rates in magnet schools fall short of their representation within most urban populations as well the population as a whole. This article explores the factors that influence Latino parents’ participation in magnet school choice. The findings show that Latino parents who participate in school choice come from vastly different educational backgrounds, tend to be solidly middle income, are either second-generation immigrants or are married to one; the social networks of the most educated Latino parents do not include people with access to magnet schools. This study holds policy implications for similar cities in the new Latino South that are shifting to unitary status.
Application of ADIFOR for air pollution model sensitivity studies

Abstract Typical computational methods of sensitivity analysis are discussed. Automatic differentiation addresses the need for computing derivatives of large codes accurately, regardless of the complexity of the model. Automatic differentiation in FORTRAN (ADIFOR) is a source transformation technique that accepts FORTRAN coded program for the computation of a function and generates portable FORTRAN code for the computation of the derivatives of that function. ADIFOR is introduced and applied to a comprehensive atmospheric chemistry/transport/radiative-transfer model to study the sensitivity of photochemical ozone production with respect to aerosol. The modeling results indicate that aerosol interaction with ozone may be as important as NOx and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions in determining ozone production. The presence of scattering and/or absorbing aerosols in the atmosphere can cause significant differences in calculated ozone levels. Normalized sensitivity coefficients show that ozone and other photochemical oxidants are most sensitive to the aerosol single scattering albedo, which determines the scattering efficiency of the aerosol. ADIFOR is demonstrated to be an effective tool for sensitivity analysis in air pollution modeling.
Rare Δ Q = 0 , Δ S = 1 Decay Modes of Hyperons and K Mesons

The $\ensuremath{\Delta}Q=0$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=1$ component of the unitary spin current is used in interactions that are both weak and electromagnetic. The effective coupling constant is determined from the experimental decay rate ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+\ensuremath{\gamma}$. With the aid of symmetry arguments, the rare decay rates of the modes $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{B}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\ensuremath{\gamma}$, $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{B}^{\ensuremath{'}}+{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and $K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}+{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ are computed.
Root foraging elicits niche complementarity-dependent yield advantage in the ancient 'three sisters' (maize/bean/squash) polyculture

Background and Aims Since ancient times in the Americas, maize, bean and squash have been grown together in a polyculture known as the ‘three sisters’. This polyculture and its maize/bean variant have greater yield than component monocultures on a land-equivalent basis. This study shows that below-ground niche complementarity may contribute to this yield advantage.
An investigation of self‐perceived communication competence and personality orientations

On the basis of previous research the validity of self‐reports of communication competence is questioned. Results of two studies indicate that self‐perceptions of communication competence are strongly related to communication apprehension and have moderate relationships with self‐esteem, introversion, and sociability. Implications for future research are suggested and results are also interpreted with regard to pedagogical implications.
Abstract 5376: Systematic analysis of peptide linker length and liposomal polyethylene glycol coating on cellular uptake of peptide-targeted liposomal nanoparticles

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA In an effort to improve tumor targeting and cellular uptake of nanoparticle-based drug carriers, nanoparticles are functionalized with active targeting molecules such as antibodies, antibody fragments, small ligands, and peptides. However, active targeting approaches have not consistently shown successful outcomes. Nanoparticle design factors including: traditional methods of generating active targeting nanoparticles, PEG coatings, linkers used to conjugate targeting ligands, and various types of targeting ligands used further contribute to the inconsistencies observed with targeted nanoparticle therapies. In order to dissect the individual effects of these parameters, we employed a multifaceted synthetic strategy to prepare peptide-targeted liposomal nanoparticles with high purity, reproducibility, and precisely controlled stoichiometry of functionalities to evaluate the role of liposomal PEG coating, peptide EG-linker length, and peptide valency on cellular uptake in a systematic manner. We analyzed these parameters in two distinct disease models where the liposomes were functionalized with either HER2- or VLA-4-antagonistic peptides to target HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells or VLA-4-overexpressing myeloma cells, respectively. When targeting peptides were tethered to nanoparticles with an EG45 (∼PEG2000) linker in a manner similar to a more traditional formulation, their cellular uptake was not enhanced compared to non-targeted versions regardless of the liposomal PEG coating used. Conversely, reduction of the liposomal PEG to PEG350 and the peptide linker to EG12 dramatically enhanced cellular uptake by ∼9-fold in breast cancer cells, while an EG6 peptide linker enhanced cellular uptake by ∼150-fold in multiple myeloma cells. Uptake efficiency is highly dependent on peptide valency, reaching a maximum and a plateau with ∼2% peptide density in the breast cancer model. Taken together, these results demonstrate the significance of using the right design elements such as the appropriate peptide EG-linker length in coordination with the appropriate liposomal PEG coating and optimal ligand density in efficient cellular uptake of liposomal nanoparticles. Citation Format: Jared Stefanick, Jonathan Ashley, Tanyel Kiziltepe, Basar Bilgicer. Systematic analysis of peptide linker length and liposomal polyethylene glycol coating on cellular uptake of peptide-targeted liposomal nanoparticles. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5376. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5376
Effects of lime and applied Mn on plant Mn, growth and chlorophyll concentration of tifway IÏ bermudagrass

A glasshouse study was conducted to determine effects of lime and Mn applied to three Florida soils on plant Mn, growth, and chlorophyll concentration of Tifway II bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon transvaalensis). Four replications of three lime rates (0, 1000, and 2000 mg CaCO/sub 3//kg as dolomite and Ca(OH)/sub 2/ for Astatula fine sand and Pompano; 0, 2000, and 4000 mg CaCO/sub 3//kg as dolomite and Ca(OH)/sub 2/ for Myakka fine sand and three Mn applications (none, 10 mg Mn/kg as MnSO/sub 4/, and 5 mg Mn/kg as MnEDTA) were used in a randomized, complete block, factorial design. A wide range of plant Mn concentrations existed across treatments for each soil. Differences in plant Mn concentration did not cause significant differences in growth of chlorophyll concentration. The critical plant Mn concentration was not reached, but it appeared to be below 20 mg Mn kg for bermudagrass. Models for prediction of plant Mn concentration using soil pH and extractable soil Mn were obtained. The applications of MnSO/sub 4/ and MnEDTA each resulted in increased plant Mn under acidic soil conditions. Neither Mn application resulted in increased plant Mn concentration in grass grown on Pompano fine sand with soil pH valuesmore » of 7.0 or above.« less
Velocity-dependent dissipation from free vortices and bound vortex pairs below the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition.

We have developed a model for the onset of nonlinear dissipation in thin superfluid helium films below the static transition temperature ({ital T}{sub KT}) by extending the linear response theory of Ambegaokar, Halperin, Nelson, and Siggia to include flow velocity. Contributions from both vortex pairs and free vortices are included, the relative contributions of which are controlled by two weakly coupled adjustable parameters: the vortex diffusivity {ital D} and a free vortex creation time {tau}{sub {ital f}}. The model does not predict a critical velocity in the usual sense except at {ital T}=0; however, we define a characteristic velocity for the onset of nonlinear dissipation to compare with experiments. At {ital T}=0 we find a critical velocity given by the Feynman criterion, where the frequency-dependent diffusion length coincides with the zero in the vortex pair energy. Applications of this model to experiments with ac and dc flows are discussed.
Media Publicity and Civil Society: Nonprofit Organizations, Local Newspapers and the Internet in a Midwestern Community

Media attention to the voluntary sector depends mainly on organizational resources of nonprofit organizations that can influence organizations' positions in a local community power structure. Relying on the resource dependency theory (Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978) as a conceptual framework, this study examines to what extent various features of nonprofit organizations yield different levels of media publicity through local newspapers and the Internet in a Midwestern community. Data were collected using multiple research methods, including public archive analysis, telephone and e-mail surveys, news archive analysis, and hyperlink analysis (N = 218). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses reveal that financially resource-rich, locally embedded organizations and organizations with larger numbers of directors and volunteers tend to receive more newspaper coverage. Analyses also indicate that nonlocal groups tend to receive more hyperlinks from other Web sites. Implications for media and voluntary associations ...
Inspection and evaluation of dry fibers in thick composites

This paper presents the investigation of dry fibers in thick composites. Dry fibers can be defined as lack of epoxy in localized regions. These local regions act as potential defects in thick composites under compressive loads and act as an initiation point for defects such as matrix cracking and delamination. Detection and characterization of dryness in glass/epoxy composites, with thickness greater than one inch, is presented in this paper. One inch samples with dry fibers were fabricated and tested. Detection is carried out with the help of air coupled ultrasonics in both through transmission and singled sided inspection. To characterize the amount of epoxy, time of flight data was correlated with density and fiber volume fraction. Based on the observations a technique was developed for characterization of dryness.
Integrated pest management with stochastic birth rate for prey species.

X. Song and Z. Xiang [5] developed an impulsive differential equations model for a two-prey one- predator model with stage structure for the predator. They demonstrate the conditions on the impulsive period for which a globally asymptotically stable pest-eradication periodic solution exists, as well as conditions on the impulsive period for which the prey species is permanently maintained under an economically acceptable threshold. We extend their model by including stage structure for both predator and prey as well as by adding stochastic elements in the birth rate of the prey. As in [5], we find the conditions under which a globally asymptotically stable pest eradication periodic solution exists. In addition, we numerically show the relationship between the stochastically varying birth rate of the prey and the necessary efficacy of the pesticide for which the probability of eradication of the prey species is above 90%. This is significant because the model recognizes varying environmental and climatic conditions which affect the resources needed for pest eradication.
BILATERAL EYE INJURIES FROM MOTOR VEHICLE TRAUMA

Three patients admitted after motor vehicle accident trauma are presented. Each had bilateral eye injuries with significant but variable visual loss. Common features to each were alcohol intoxication and lack of use of seatbelts, and each was young and male. New microsurgical ophthalmological techniques as well as a multidisciplinary surgical approach to these types of injuries are emphasized.
Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life

The concept of happiness has been mistakenly identified with feelings of pleasure in recent studies of quality of life. This paper clarifies the meaning of the concept ‘happiness’ and establishes grounds for its proper use in scholarly research. In addition, an empirical test of four major accounts of happiness derived from a careful review of philosophical and empirical literature is undertaken to propose a theory of happiness. The theory suggests that happiness is primarily a product of the positive assessments of life situations and favorable comparisons of these life situations with those of others and in the past. The various personal characteristics of an individual and the resources in his command, such as sex, age and income, influence happiness mostly through their effects upon the two psychological processess of assessment and comparison.
Triazole Functionalized Sol-Gel Membranes, Effect of Crosslink Density and Heterocycle Content on Water Free Proton Conduction and Membrane Mechanical Properties

Freestanding, ion conducting, membranes were synthesized by incorporating triazole-containing tetracyclosiloxanes into a polyethylene glycol-tetraethyl orthosilicate (PEG-TEOS) based sol-gel matrix. These membranes show comparable or higher proton conductivities than their linear, liquid, polysiloxane analogs and fall within an order of magnitude of the target ion mobilities for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC's). The absence of any unbound PEG or cyclic siloxane was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), while the chemical structure and composition of the membranes was corroborated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the membranes are stable up to 180°C and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed complete suppression of PEG crystallization after incorporation of the triazole-functionalized cyclosiloxanes. An increase in the molecular weight of the PEG chains used to create the sol-gel matrix...
Innovative Instructional Design to Alleviate the Shortage of Clinical Practice Sites for Education Through the Use of a Simulated OB Experience

Leadership: Self-scheduling, peer interview team. Practice: Developed policies for unit practice changes: kangaroo care, cue-based feeding, and care of micropreemie. Professional development: Unit skills fair, “Policy of the Month” as continuing education. Service and Satisfaction: Neonatal intensive care unit parent support group, developed floating expectations for staff. Research: Cue-based feeding research project. Quality and safety: Because of a catheter associated blood stream infection initiative and a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus action plan, we have more than 1,000 days with no reported cases of catheter associated blood stream infection, and we have been methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusfree for almost 1 year.
p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulation of endothelial cell migration depends on urokinase plasminogen activator expression.

The migration of endothelial cells in response to various stimulating factors plays an essential role in angiogenesis. The p38 MAPK pathway has been implicated to play an important role in endothelial cell migration because inhibiting p38 MAPK activity down-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated migration. Currently, the signaling components in the p38 MAPK activation pathway and especially the mechanisms responsible for p38 MAPK-regulated endothelial cell migration are not well understood. In the present study, we found that p38 MAPK activity is required for endothelial cell migration stimulated by both VEGF and nongrowth factor stimulants, sphingosine 1-phosphate and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule. By using dominant negative forms of signaling components in the p38 MAPK pathway, we identified that a regulatory pathway consisting of MKK3-p38α/γ-MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 participated in VEGF-stimulated migration. In further studies, we showed that a minimum of a 10-h treatment with SB203580 (specific p38 MAPK inhibitor) was needed to block VEGF-stimulated migration, suggesting an indirect role of p38 MAPK in this cellular event. Most interestingly, the occurrence of SB203580-induced migratory inhibition coincided with a reduction of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) expression. Furthermore, agents disrupting uPA and uPA receptor interaction abrogated VEGF-stimulated cell migration. These results suggest a possible association between cell migration and uPA expression. Indeed, VEGF-stimulated migration was not compromised by SB203580 in endothelial cells expressing the uPA transgene; however, VEGF-stimulated migration was inhibited by agents disrupting uPA-uPA receptor interaction. These results thus suggest that the p38 MAPK pathway participates in endothelial cell migration by regulating uPA expression.
Synthesis of gamma-amino esters via Mn-mediated radical addition to chiral gamma-hydrazonoesters.

Highly stereoselective Mn-mediated couplings of alkyl iodides with chiral N-acylhydrazones bearing ester functionality afford a series of γ-hydrazino esters, including γ-substituted, α,γ-disubstituted, and α,α,γ-trisubstituted examples. In contrast to prior work with chiral N-acylhydrazones, high stereoselectivity was observed even in the absence of Lewis acid. Microwave-assisted acylation with trifluoroacetic anhydride and reductive N−N bond cleavage provided the γ-amino ester functionality in a synthetically useful N-TFA-protected form.
Laser-assisted nanoprocessing and growth of semiconductor nanostructures

ABSTRACT Recent research results are presented where lasers of different pulse durations and wavelengths have been coupled to near-field-scanning optical microscopes (NSOMs) through apertured bent cantilever fiber probes and atomic force microscope (AFM) tips in apertureless configurations. Experiments have been conducted on the surface modification of metals and semiconductor materials. By combining nanoscale ablative material removal with subsequent chemical etching steps, ablation nanolithography and patterning of fused silica and crystalline silicon wafers has been demonstrated. Confinement of laser-induced crystallization to nanometric scales has also been shown. In-situ observation of the nanoscale materials modification was conducted by coupling the NSOM tips with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Nucleation and growth of semiconductor materials have been achieved by laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) at the nanoscale level. Locally selective growth of crystalline silicon nanowires with controlled size, heterogeneity and nanometric placem ent accuracy has been accomplished. Keywords: Laser processing, nanofabrication, laser chemical vapor deposition, silicon nanowires, ablation, crystallization, near field optical mi croscopy, scanning electron microscope
Modeling HIV Immune Response and Validation with Clinical Data

A system of ordinary differential equations is formulated to describe the pathogenesis of HIV infection, wherein certain features that have been shown to be important by recent experimental research are incorporated in the model. These include the role of CD4+memory cells that serve as a major reservoir of latently infected cells, a critical role for T-helper cells in the generation of CD8 memory cells capable of efficient recall response, and stimulation by antigens other than HIV. A stability analysis illustrates the capability of this model in admitting multiple locally asymptotically stable (locally a.s.) off-treatment equilibria. We show that this more biologically detailed model can exhibit the phenomenon of transient viremia experienced by some patients on therapy with viral load levels suppressed below the detection limit. We also show that the loss of CD4+T-cell help in the generation of CD8+memory cells leads to larger peak values for the viral load during transient viremia. Censored clinical da...
Testing Hypotheses Distilled from Four Models of the Effects of Health-Related Social Control

This study distilled and tested hypotheses derived from four models of the effects of social control on affect and health behavior among 401 college students involved in heterosexual dating relationships. Each model received at least some support. Consistent with the dual effects model, social control strategies predicted both health behavior change and negative affect. In accord with the domain-specific model, positive social control was related to positive affect and negative social control was related to negative affect. In partial support of the mediational model, positive social control exerted both a direct and an indirect effect via positive affect on health behavior change and negative social control exerted both a direct and an indirect effect via negative affect on hiding unhealthy behavior. As predicted by the contextual model, quality of dating relationship moderated the influence of positive and negative social control on hiding unhealthy behavior.
Active stability control of shape memory tubes conveying fluids

The instability of elastic tubes conveying fluids is controlled by manufacturing these tubes from a nickel-titanium alloy (NITINOL) which has unique shape memory characteristics. A mathematical model is developed to describe the fundamentals governing the operation of this class of actively controlled NITINOL tubes while conveying fluids. The model describes the interaction between the fluid flow, the elastic behavior of the tubes, and the thermal activation of the shape memory effect. The predictions of the model are validated experimentally using a 0.58-m-long NITINOL-55 tube that has outer diameter of 2.134 mm and inner diameter of 1.778 mm. The effect of varying the activation strategy of the shape memory effect on the critical flow velocity, at which flow-induced instabilities occur, is determined theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that the shape memory controller can significantly increase these critical flow velocities as it stiffens the tubes by virtue of the strain energy imparted by the shape recovery process. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the controller is demonstrated also by its speed of response as it brings the unstable tubes back to their undeflected shape while conveying fluids at velocities equal to their uncontrolled critical velocities. Close agreement is obtained between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results. The results presented suggest the potential of the shape memory controller as a viable means for enhancing the elastic stability of tubes conveying fluids.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Iron deficiency, prolonged bottle-feeding, and racial/ethnic disparities in young children.

Background Childhood iron deficiency is associated with behavioral and cognitive delays. Few studies have explored the relationship between prolonged bottle-feeding and iron-deficiency anemia among toddlers. Objective To examine the association between prolonged bottle-feeding and iron deficiency in a nationally representative sample of children ages 1 to 3 years. Design and Methods The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III provides data on the feeding practices of children 1 to 3 years old and contains measures of iron status including transferrin saturation, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and serum ferritin. The prevalence of iron deficiency and duration of bottle-feeding were determined for black, white, and Mexican American toddlers. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to examine the association between bottle-feeding duration and iron deficiency. Results Among 2121 children ages 1 to 3 years, the prevalence of iron deficiency was 6% among whites, 8% among blacks, and 17% among Mexican Americans ( P P Conclusions Children with prolonged bottle-feeding and Mexican American children are at higher risk for iron deficiency. Screening practices and nutritional counseling should be targeted at these high-risk groups.
Immunochemical probing of the N-terminus of the myosin heavy chain.

Summary The reactivity of myosin subfragment 1 (S-1) towards site specific polyclonal anti-N-terminus antibodies was examined in competitive ELISA titrations. Tryptic digestion of S-1 and specifically the cleavage at the 25/50K junction greatly increased the accessibility of the N-terminus region to the antibodies. The binding of action to S-1 did not change significantly the reactivity of either tryptic or intact S-1 towards anti-N-terminus antibodies. These results suggest the interdependence of the N-terminus and 25/50K junction regions on S-1.
Incompleteness of timelike submanifolds with nonvanishing second fundamental form

LetM be a properly immersed timelike hypersurface of Minkowski space and assume thatM has a strictly positive second fundamental form. If each point ofM is of diagonal type and dimM ⩾ 3, then the Ricci curvature ofM is strictly positive on all (nonzero) nonspacelike vectors. ThusM satisfies both the generic and strong energy conditions and a singularity theorem forM may be established.
Th17, gut, and HIV: therapeutic implications.

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to discuss the apparent impact of persistent-immune activation and inflammation on morbidity and mortality among treated HIV-infected individuals, to explore the potential role of Th17 T-cell depletion in this process, and to discuss potential-therapeutic implications. Recent findings Although the vast majority of HIV-infected individuals can now achieve and maintain viral suppression with modern-antiretroviral therapy (ART), their life expectancy remains much shorter than the general population and they continue to be at much higher risk for non-AIDS-associated diseases commonly associated with aging (non-AIDS-associated cancer, cardiovascular disease, etc). Abnormal levels of immune activation and inflammation persist despite sustained viral suppression and may drive these clinical events. Although the causes of persistent-immune activation remain incompletely characterized, persistent low-level HIV replication and/or release from latently infected cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and microbial translocation probably play a major role. Failure to restore Th17 cells in GALT during ART might impair both the recovery of the gut mucosal barrier and the clearance of microbial products. Summary Insights from recent-pathogenesis studies might suggest novel-therapeutic approaches designed to restore Th17 cells in GALT, thereby decreasing microbial translocation, immune activation, and ultimately morbidity and mortality during treated HIV infection.
A counterpart of Occam's razor in pure and applied mathematics; semantic USES

The most celebrated of propositions that call for the application of Occam's razor or Law of Parsimony is a response of the Imaginary Invalid to his examiners in Moli?re's satire upon 17th century medicine. When asked quare opium facit dormir?, the candidate answers quia est in eo virtus dormitiva cujus est natura sensus assoupire. No reply could be more contrary to the maxim that entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity and that it is vain to do with more what can be done with less. The latter, more general formulation of Occam's law may also be construed as a semantic maxim opposing the use of synonyms. Thanks to Occam and Moli?re, the danger of superfluous entities in science and mathematics has subsided. The past three centuries, however, have witnessed the rise of the equally formidable opposite menace a menace that cannot be warded off by the scholastic maxim but calls for the formulation of its following counterpart: Entities must not be reduced to the point of inadequacy. That danger point, as I have attempted to demonstrate 1), has definitely been reached by some of the most important entities studied in mathematics and science by variables. For the past 200 years, the term has covered to mention only two of its many uses all physical concepts (such as time, position, velocity) that Newton called fluents as well as letters such as x and c in the assertions: x + 1 = 1 + x, where x stands for any number; log 2c = log 2 + log c, where c stands for any number > 0. Actually, fluents constitute an all-important category sui generis, which the traditional literature has neglected in fact, ignored. Passing from entities to symbols (or, as I will say, loosely, from ontological to semantic considerations) one encounters an equally unsatisfactory situation even a sentence that is a counterpart of the celebrated response of the Imaginary Invalid. The latter postulates three entities connected with opium, namely:
Functional Characterization of the Dendritically Localized mRNA Neuronatin in Hippocampal Neurons

Local translation of dendritic mRNAs plays an important role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Although several hundred putative dendritic transcripts have been identified in the hippocampus, relatively few have been verified by in situ hybridization and thus remain uncharacterized. One such transcript encodes the protein neuronatin. Neuronatin has been shown to regulate calcium levels in non-neuronal cells such as pancreatic or embryonic stem cells, but its function in mature neurons remains unclear. Here we report that neuronatin is translated in hippocampal dendrites in response to blockade of action potentials and NMDA-receptor dependent synaptic transmission by TTX and APV. Our study also reveals that neuronatin can adjust dendritic calcium levels by regulating intracellular calcium storage. We propose that neuronatin may impact synaptic plasticity by modulating dendritic calcium levels during homeostatic plasticity, thereby potentially regulating neuronal excitability, receptor trafficking, and calcium dependent signaling.
Assessment of the Program Implementation of Comprehensive Victim Services in a One-Stop Location

Today, more than 10,000 programs provide services to crime victims across the United States. Despite this large number of programs, however, it is estimated that only a small fraction of the 38 mil...
Decision support for marketing research and corporate planning

Abstract Marketing research and corporate planning are enhanced by an effective decision support system. A system developed and implemented in an insurance company is used to illustrate how computer cartography and statistical procedures can be combined as powerful analytical tools. It also demonstrates how a nonprocedural language (SAS with SASGRAPH) can be used to create modules of systems that are efficiently implemented and easily maintained by analysts with limited programming capabilities.
Isotropic tensor-valued polynomial function of second and third-order tensors

Third-order tensor-valued functions appear in the theory of turbulence as the stropholysis tensor that parametrizes the breaking of reflectional symmetry in the spectrum of turbulence and as the correlations of triple fluctuating velocity components whose spatial gradients represent the rate of transport of turbulence by random fluctuations. The formulation of rational models for these quantities involves, in the first instance, the correct representation of a third-order tensor-valued isotropic function as a function of tensors of order two and three. In this paper, we present the derivation of an appropriate representation formula and discuss its potential applications.
An Exhaustive Epistatic SNP Association Analysis on Expanded Wellcome Trust Data

We present an approach for genome-wide association analysis with improved power on the Wellcome Trust data consisting of seven common phenotypes and shared controls. We achieved improved power by expanding the control set to include other disease cohorts, multiple races, and closely related individuals. Within this setting, we conducted exhaustive univariate and epistatic interaction association analyses. Use of the expanded control set identified more known associations with Crohn's disease and potential new biology, including several plausible epistatic interactions in several diseases. Our work suggests that carefully combining data from large repositories could reveal many new biological insights through increased power. As a community resource, all results have been made available through an interactive web server.
Approaching menopause (but not there yet!): caring for women in midlife.

iIn a study by Beyene, Gilliss, and Lee (2007), 40to 48-year-old women, when questioned about what they considered “middle age,” identified 45 to 60 years as “middle-aged.” Many women, although they may no longer consider themselves “young,” don’t consider themselves “old,” either. Rather, they look at their mothers and describe them as old (Im, Liu, Dormaire, & Chee, 2008). According to Shilling (2011), “Sixty is the new forty” is a common refrain and 45 no longer feels “old.” While it’s great to be young at heart, it’s still important for women to be aware of the health issues they may encounter as they enter middle age. Yet, many may not be thinking about the approach of menopause and its concomitant health changes until noticeable physical alterations occur (Im et al., 2008; Weismiller, 2009). Perimenopause and Menopause Menopause is a natural and normal part of a woman’s life, a transition to the part of life when she is no longer able to bear children. For most women, perimenopause, or the time period from the onset of menopausal signs and symptoms through the cessation of menses for greater than 1 year, usually begins around age 47, and is complete by age 55 (Weismiller, 2009; Zender & Olshansky, 2009). Many women see this as a positive time in their lives, with decreasing worries about contraception or menses; however, other women may see it as an end to their unique Approaching Menopause (But Not There Yet!)
A comparison of the results of a revised version of Berko's test of morphology with the free speech of mentally retarded children.

A revised version of Berko’s test of morphology was presented to 30 educable mentally retarded public school children, six each from the Mental Age (MA) groups 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Samples of free s...
A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Whole-Cell Killed Tritrichomonas foetus Vaccines in Beef Cattle

This review assesses the efficacy of whole cell Tritrichomonas foetus vaccine to prevent and treat trichomoniasis in beef cattle. Three databases were searched in June 2012. Eligible studies compared infection risk, open risk, and abortion risk in heifers or infection risk in bulls that received vaccine compared with no vaccine. Study results were extracted, summary effect measures were calculated, and the quality of the evidence was assessed. From 334 citations identified, 10 were relevant to the review. For heifers, there was limited evidence of moderate quality to assess the impact of vaccination on infection risk (RR, 0.89; P = .16; 95% CI, 0.76-1.05; 6 randomized and 4 nonrandomized studies; 251 animals) and open risk (RR, 0.80; P = .06; 95% CI, 0.63-1.01; 6 randomized and 5 nonrandomized studies; 570 animals). The quality of the body of work describing the impact of vaccination on abortion risk was low (summary RR, 0.57; P = .0003; 95% CI, 0.42-0.78; 3 randomized and 2 nonrandomized studies; 176 animals). The quality of evidence was very low for duration of infection (mean difference, -23.42; P = .003; 95% CI, -38.36 to -7.85; 2 randomized and 3 nonrandomized studies; 163 animals). Although the summary effect measures suggest a benefit to vaccination, due to publication bias the effect reported here is likely an over estimate of efficacy. For bull-associated outcomes, the evidence base was low or very low quality.
Spectroscopic analysis of poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) films

Infrared spectroscopy has been used to determine the relative amount, location, and orientation of residual water and acid molecules in poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) films. By analyzing the relative absorbance of reflected polarized infrared radiation from highly oriented films, the indices of refraction parallel and perpendicular to the chain axis were also obtained.
Surface Tension of an Anionic Surfactant: Equilibrium, Dynamics, and Analysis for Aerosol-OT

The equilibrium and dynamic surface tension of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (Aerosol-OT) are studied as a function of concentration and ionic strength controlled by the addition of eithe...
Vasorelaxant properties of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor more closely resemble S-nitrosocysteine than nitric oxide

Studies of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells using quantitative chemiluminescence techniques have shown that the amount of nitric oxide released under basal conditions, or in response to either bradykinin or the calcium ionophore A23187 is insufficient to account for the vasorelaxant activities of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) derived from the same source. This observation contradicts previous suggestions that nitric oxide and EDRF are the same compound, but may be explained if EDRF is a compound that contains nitric oxide within its structure but is a much more potent vasodilator than nitric oxide. Such a molecule could be one of several nitrosothiols which may yield nitric oxide after a one-electron reduction. The present experiments were carried out to test the possibility that the biological activities of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor might more closely resemble those of one of these compounds, S-nitrosocysteine, than nitric oxide. Nitric oxide release from cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells was detected by chemiluminescence and bioassay experiments compared the vasodilator potencies of nitric oxide, S-nitrosocysteine, and EDRF. The results suggest that EDRF is much more likely to be a nitrosylated compound such as a nitrosothiol than authentic nitric oxide.
Interaction of central nervous system drugs with synaptosomal transport processes.

Abstract Interaction of a wide range of central nervous system (CNS) drugs with the transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) into synaptosomes from cerebral cortex was investigated. By determining the effect on Na,K-ATPase, the interaction of these drugs with the synaptic transport of Na + and K+ was also assessed. Although of different numerical value, the order of potency of the drugs in inhibiting the uptakes of both biogenic amines was comparable. Furthermore, similar inhibition constants were obtained for the low affinity uptake of 5-HT and the uptake of NE. Desipramine and amphetamine strongly inhibited both uptake processes. The narcotic drugs displayed a wide range of inhibitory potency. An exceptionally strong, but not stereospecific, effect was obtained with levorphanol, which inhibited 5-HT uptake with a Ki of 0.7 μM. While methadone and pentazocine had inhibition constants between 20 and 50 μM, morphine, codeine and naloxone were markedly weak inhibitors with Ki, values extending into the mM range. The uptake of both 5-HT and NE was strongly inhibited by quinacrine. Among the drugs investigated, only methadone showed substantial inhibition of synaptosomal Na,K-ATPase. The reversible inhibition of the enzyme by the drug was diminished at concentrations of Na + and K + reflecting synaptic discharge. The drug partially bound to the ouabain site of Na,K-ATPase and also inhibited the Mg-activated component. The feasibility and experimental conditions were established for using a modified crude mitochondrial fraction as synaptosomal preparation to study transport processes in general and the uptake of biogenic amines in particular.
Fault-tolerant dynamic multilevel storage in analog VLSI

We present an area-efficient dynamic storage technique for repetitively quantizing and refreshing the analog contents of volatile capacitive memories in VLSI, incorporating redundancy and statistical averaging to avoid sudden loss of information triggered by occasional errors in the quantization. Experimental results obtained from a CMOS implementation are included, validating the robustness of the refresh scheme for long-term analog storage in excess of 8 bit resolution. >