cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dielectric waveguide modulators at 95 GHz using LiNbO 3

We describe electro-optic modulators at 95 GHz using LiNbO3 in an H-guide configuration. We have observed 70% amplitude modulation at l KHz in a bridge configuration, corresponding to an induced phase shift of ±29°. The prospects for improved device performance will be discussed.
The Response of the Giant Corporations to Wage and Price Controls in World War II

This paper reexamines the extent to which the giant corporations cooperated with wage and price controls during World War II, an issue to which Galbraith first drew attention. Two forms of evidence are explored: a sample of court cases involving the Office of Price Administration and large corporations, and the monographs in which former administrators reflected on their wartime experiences. The conclusion is that the compliance record could be characterized as a good one, but that this achievement depended on the constraints on allocation and collective bargaining that existed during the war.
Composition of Gum Turpentines of Pines: A report on Pinus ponderosa, P. banksiana, P. canariensis, and P. washoensis

The oleoresins obtained from Pinus ponderosa, P. banksiana, P. canariensis, and P. washoensis have been investigated. The per cent and composition of volatile oil in each oleoresin have been determined and are reported.
Four-fermion theory is renormalizable in 2+1 dimensions

The four-fermion interaction in 2+1 dimensions is nonrenormalizable in weak coupling perturbation theory. We show that this model is in fact renormalizable order by order in the 1/N/sub f/ expansion, and we find this theory a finite ultraviolet fixed point.
L-Rhamnose-binding lectins (RBLs) in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus: Characterization and expression profiling in mucosal tissues

Rhamnose-binding lectins (RBLs) have recently emerged as important molecules in the context of innate immunity in teleost fishes. Previously, using RNA-seq technology, we observed marked up-regulation of a RBL in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) gill following a challenge with the bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium columnare. Furthermore, the magnitude of RBL up-regulation positively correlated with disease susceptibility. Moving forward from these findings, we wished to more broadly understand RBL function, diversity, and expression kinetics in channel catfish. Therefore, in the present study we characterized the RBL gene family present in select channel catfish tissues and profiled family member expression after challenge with two different Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Here, six RBLs were identified from channel catfish and were designated IpRBL1a, IpRBL1b, IpRBL1c, IpRBL3a, IpRBL3b, and IpRBL5a. These RBLs contained carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) ranging from one to three domains and each CRD contained the conserved motifs of -YGR- and -DPC-. Despite a level of structural conservation, the catfish RBLs showed low full-length identity with RBLs from outside the order Siluriformes. IpRBL expression after bacterial infection varied depending on both pathogen and tissue type, suggesting that IpRBLs may exert disparate functions or exhibit distinct tissue-selective roles in the host immune response to bacterial pathogens.
Critical behavior of an isotropic spin system

Abstract Critical properties of a lattice of isotropically interacting “continuous spins” are studied using high- temperature series expansions.
Paragoge and degree of foreign accent in Brazilian English

This study examined global foreign accent in the English of 53 native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and a specific measure of segmental articulation: errors due to transfer and developmental factors. The findings were: 1) the frequency of total errors was positively correlated with degree of foreign accent, 2) the frequency of developmental errors was greater than transfer errors, 3) as degree of foreign accent decreased, the frequency of transfer errors decreased more rapidly than developmental errors, 4) the frequency of total errors and the ratio of the two types of errors varied with the speaking task. The results of this study pertain to the question of whether transfer processes or developmental processes disappear more rapidly during the course of L2 acquisition.
The design of a robust peer-to-peer system

Peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay networks have recently become one of the hottest topics in OS research. These networks bring with them the promise of harnessing idle storage and network resources from client machines that voluntarily join the system; self-configuration and automatic load balancing; censorship resistance; and extremely good scalability due to the use of symmetric algorithms. However, the use of unreliable client machines leads to two defects of these systems that precludes their use in a number of applications: storage is inherently unreliable, and lookup algorithms have long latencies. In this paper we propose a design of a robust peer-to-peer storage service, composed not of client nodes, but server nodes that are dedicated to running the peer-to-peer application. We argue that our system overcomes the defects of peer-to-peer systems while retaining their nice properties with the exception of utilizing spare resources of client machines. Our system is capable of surviving arbitrary failures of its nodes (Byzantine faults) and we expect it to perform and scale well, even in a wide-area network.
Quantum-mechanical analysis of single molecule quantum electronic devices

This paper documents the need to coherently apply quantum mechanics in order to analyze microscopic devices. We examine device physics and study characteristics of single-molecule processing devices. The device physics of the proposed single-molecule device is based on the controlled propagation of electrons. By applying quantum mechanics and advanced numeric schemes, we perform the device-level analysis researching electron propagation (motion), interactions of electrons, state transitions, etc. Our ultimate objective is to analyze the controlled electron transport, study tunneling, evaluate performance and assess device capabilities. Using Schrodinger and Poisson equations, we examine the electron transport by numerically solving these equations using a self-consistent scheme. The controlled electron transport, super-fast state transitions and highly nonlinear tunneling are observed. In contrast, semi-classical consideration may not result in accurate solution. The proposed developments, solutions and schemes are applicable to various microscopic devices. In fact, benchmarks in sensing and processing can be achieved by using molecular devices within molecular fabrics.
A canine model to study the significance and hemodynamics of type II endoleaks1

Objective The clinical significance of Type 2 endoleak after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) remains incompletely delineated. This study describes the development of a novel canine model that allows for continuous monitoring of intraaneurysmal pressure in the setting of Type 2 endoleak. Methods Infrarenal AAA were created in 10 mongrel dogs by implanting a prosthetic aneurysm containing an intraluminal, solid-state, strain gauge pressure transducer which is able to measure pressures in both solid and liquid media. A segment of native aorta with two or more patent side branch vessels was reimplanted into the prosthetic aneurysm using a Carrel patch. Four animals had two lumbar vessels implanted; two had two lumbar vessels and the caudal mesenteric artery implanted, and four control animals had no vessels reimplanted. Retrograde flow in the aneurysmal side branches caused a Type 2 endoleak after the aneurysm was excluded from antegrade flow by deploying a stent graft. Both systemic and intra-sac pressures were measured daily for up to 90 days after endovascular exclusion and indexed to systemic pressure. Endoleak patency and flow were assessed with digital subtraction angiography, duplex ultrasound, and cine-magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Histological characterization of the intraaneurysmal contents was performed. Results Before endovascular exclusion, the systolic, mean arterial, and pulse pressure within the aneurysmal sac closely matched that of the systemic circulation (systolic, 0.96 ± 0.22; mean, 0.94 ± 0.21; pulse pressure, 0.97 ± 0.22) ( R value, 0.97). Endovascular exclusion in animals with no collateral side branch vessels resulted in no endoleak and significantly reduced intraaneurysmal pressure when compared to systemic pressure, with systolic, mean arterial, and pulse pressure 0.172 ± 0.05, 0.137 ± 0.05, and 0.098 ± 0.02, respectively ( P P Conclusion Intraaneurysmal pressure in the setting of Type 2 endoleaks may be accurately determined using this canine model. Intraaneurysmal pressure is maintained at a significant level in the context of this retrograde collateral perfusion, suggesting that persistent Type 2 endoleaks are of clinical significance. This model may serve to allow further evaluation and characterization of Type 2 endoleaks.
Alongshore variation in foredune height in response to transport potential and sediment supply: South Padre Island, Texas

Abstract The height and extent of coastal dune development can exhibit considerable variability over short distances, leading to variable storm impact alongshore. The source of this variation is not well understood in general, and in many cases is not easily explained by models that ascribe dune height and development to regional variations in sediment availability and foreshore slope. In this paper, LiDAR data collected in 2000 and 2005 from South Padre Island, Texas are used to characterize the alongshore variation in dune morphology, and to identify how the variation is related to foreshore morphology and nearshore state. Results of cross-wavelet analysis suggest that foredune height exhibits a statistically significant coherence with the surf similarity parameter at length scales of ~ 1300 of 2300 m. The resulting variation in beach state alongshore, from intermediate to dissipative, is the consequence of wave refraction and focusing by transverse ridges on the inner shelf. Dune height reaches a local maximum approximately halfway between the more intermediate and dissipative sections of the coast, where the volume of sediment in the backshore and in the foreshore bars are also at a maximum. The greater elevation of the foreshore and backshore also provides a wider fetch and potential for aeolian transport during the storm surge that tends to accompany storm winds. It is argued that the variation in dune morphology is not strictly the result of transport limitations as suggested by the fetch model, but rather depends on the alongshore coincidence of transport potential with an available supply of sediment in the backshore and on the foreshore.
RobotStudio: a modern IDE-based approach to reality computing

The recent report by the ACM Job Migration Task Force points to the immediate need to teach "programming-in-the-large", the skills to work with and develop large and complex production-grade software and systems, so young computing professionals can stay competitive in the face of IT globalization and offshoring of software [4, 13]. However, current computer science curricula are inadequate to prepare college graduates to meet the reality of computing. Most course projects fall into the "programming-in-the-small" mode, in which students implement small, isolated projects to explore the course subject matter and with little emphasis on how the smaller pieces can be integrated to build sophisticated larger scale systems.This paper presents a modern IDE-based approach to address this inadequacy. We develop RobotStudio --- an extensible framework for building IDEs targeting a simple yet versatile educational robot platform. Student projects are implemented as plugin modules of RobotStudio and, when put together, they form a comprehensive IDE for programming the robotic environment.This paper describes the architecture of the RobotStudio framework, its extension mechanisms, and the teaching practice of using RobotStudio in an introductory compiler construction class to illustrate "programming-in-the-large" principles.
Extension of spine fusion to the sacrum following long fusions for deformity correction.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of prospective database. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term results after extension of previous long spine fusions to the sacrum. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Long spine fusions not involving the sacrum may be complicated by distal degeneration and require subsequent extension to the sacrum. The clinical and radiographical outcomes after such revision remain unknown. METHODS: Patients who had extension of a long fusion (≥5 levels with a thoracic level at the cranial end) to the sacrum between 2002 and 2007 at a single institution were analyzed. Oswestry Disability Index and Scoliosis Research Society scores and/or radiographical parameters were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks and 1 year, 2, 3, and/or 5 years postoperatively (PO) and complications were recorded. RESULTS: There were 74 patients with an average age of 49 years (range, 19-76 yr) and average clinical follow-up of 4.5 years (range, 3 mo-10 yr, 82% >2 yr PO). All had degeneration distal to prior fusions and 72% (n = 53) had fixed sagittal imbalance. Sagittal alignment improved at all PO time points from baseline (mean, 78 mm), but worsened between 1 year (mean, 21 mm) and 5 years PO (mean, 44 mm, P = 0.01). Major surgical complications occurred in 30% (n = 22) and there were 17 major reoperations in 15 patients (20%). Significant improvements (P < 0.05) in Oswestry Disability Index and all Scoliosis Research Society domain scores were found at each PO time point with no deterioration from 1 to 5 years PO. Mean outcome scores at 5 years PO were similar in groups with major surgical complications versus without and with major reoperation versus without. CONCLUSION: Extension of long fusions to the sacrum resulted in significant and sustained improvements in Oswestry Disability Index and Scoliosis Research Society scores and alignment during 5 years PO compared with baseline. Major surgical complications occurred in 30% and reoperations were performed in 20%, but outcome scores after treatment were similar to those without complications or reoperations.
Learning generative models of molecular dynamics

We introduce three algorithms for learning generative models of molecular structures from molecular dynamics simulations. The first algorithm learns a Bayesian-optimal undirected probabilistic model over user-specified covariates (e.g., fluctuations, distances, angles, etc). L1 reg-ularization is used to ensure sparse models and thus reduce the risk of over-fitting the data. The topology of the resulting model reveals important couplings between different parts of the protein, thus aiding in the analysis of molecular motions. The generative nature of the model makes it well-suited to making predictions about the global effects of local structural changes (e.g., the binding of an allosteric regulator). Additionally, the model can be used to sample new conformations. The second algorithm learns a time-varying graphical model where the topology and parameters change smoothly along the trajectory, revealing the conformational sub-states. The last algorithm learns a Markov Chain over undirected graphical models which can be used to study and simulate kinetics. We demonstrate our algorithms on multiple molecular dynamics trajectories.
Hospital Discharges Resulting from Esophagitis Among Medicare Beneficiaries

Despite the frequent occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, until now only very few studies have dealt with the epidemiology of this common disorder. The Health Care Fionancing Administration compiles annually 10 million records of all hospital discharges among Medicare beneficiaries distributed throughout the United States. The purpose of the present study was to take advantage of this large data set and analyze the demographic characteristics of patients discharged with esophagitis, esophageal ulcer, or esophageal stricture. The hospital discharge rates of all three diagnoses showed an age-related rise, the rise being most pronounced for esophageal stricture and, less significant, esophageal ulcer. The marked age dependency of esophageal stricture and ulcer may reflect the time necessary for complications to develop. While simple esophagitis affected women more frequently than men, significantly more men contracted its severe forms involving ulcers and strictures. All forms were more common in whites than blacks, and living in the southern parts of the United States was associated with an increased risk for esophagitis and strictures. The data suggest that besides varying exposure to environmental risk factors, differences in the pathophysiology among demographically stratified groups contribute to the occurrence of esophagitis.
Understanding Social Movements: Theories from the Classical Era to the Present

The scholarly literature on social movements is dominated by monographs and journal articles. Surprisingly, few book-length survey works are to be found. The three books under review here present, ...
Recommenders everywhere: the WikiLens community-maintained recommender system

Suppose you have a passion for items of a certain type, and you wish to start a recommender system around those items. You want a system like Amazon or Epinions, but for cookie recipes, local theater, or microbrew beer. How can you set up your recommender system without assembling complicated algorithms, large software infrastructure, a large community of contributors, or even a full catalog of items?WikiLens is open source software that enables anyone, anywhere to start a community-maintained recommender around any type of item. We introduce five principles for community-maintained recommenders that address the two key issues: (1) community contribution of items and associated information; and (2) finding items of interest. Since all recommender communities start small, we look at feasibility and utility in the small world, one with few users, few items, few ratings. We describe the features of WikiLens, which are based on our principles, and give lessons learned from two years of experience running wikilens.org.
Correlation of the Fluorescent and Absorption Spectra of Iodine

The lines near Hg5460 in Wood's fluorescent spectrum of iodine excited by the quartz mercury arc are identified with definite lines in the absorption spectrum. This identification furnishes the key to the analysis of the absorption spectrum. Values of the constants of the iodine spectrum, based on new measurements, are as follows: for the unexcited state ${{B}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=0.037300\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000003$, ${{I}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=7.42\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}38}$ g.${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, ${{r}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=2.66\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm; for the excited state ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}(26)=0.023368\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000005$, ${I}^{\ensuremath{'}}(29)=11.83\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}38}$ g.${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, ${r}^{\ensuremath{'}}(29)=3.37\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm; $C(29, 0)=\ensuremath{-}0.013932$, ${{m}_{H}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}(29, 0)=1.677$. The identification, in the absorption bands, of both components of the fluorescent doublets makes possible the calculation of absolute rotation quantum numbers; and these furnish direct evidence for the hypothesis of half quantum numbers. Lines in Wood's magnetic rotation spectrum which show the "normal" direction of rotation are found to belong to $P$ branches; those which show the opposite direction, to $R$ branches.Three new series of fluorescent doublets, $\ensuremath{\nu}(29, 45\frac{1}{2})$, $\ensuremath{\nu}(29, 50\frac{1}{2})$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}(29, 51\frac{1}{2})$, extending to the -1 order, are found and formulated, and their relationship to bands (29,1) and (29,0) demonstrated.Revised versions of Mecke's equations for band heads, based on corrected numbering, and of the constants of four red bands, based on new computations, are given; and the apparent occurrence of $Q$ branches in the red bands is shown to be due to the fact that the values of these constants are such as to cause the lines of the $P$ and $R$ branches to coincide.Calculated values of the constants of the fluorescent series, based on the results of the new absorption measurements, agree well with the values of these constants determined empirically from the fluorescent spectrum. Every detail is in agreement with the theory advanced by Lenz to account for the simple fundamental series of doublets excited by the narrow green mercury line.
The Path to Math: Gender and Racial-Ethnic Differences in Mathematics Participation from Middle School to High School.

This study traced the development of gender differences in learning opportunities, achievement, and choice in mathematics among White, African American, and Latino students using data from a nationally representative sample of eighth-grade students who were resurveyed in the 10th grade. It found that in this age group, female students do not lag behind male students in test scores and grades and that White female students are exposed to more learning opportunities in mathematics than are male students. However, all female students tend to have less interest in mathematics and less confidence in their mathematics abilities. Gender differences are the largest among Latinos and the smallest among African Americans. Furthermore, the major barriers to mathematics achievement for White female students are attitudes and career choices and for minority students of both sexes, they are limited learning opportunities and low levels of achievement.
Optically resonant microbeams

Polysilicon microbeams in integral vacuum enclosures on silicon substrates have optical and mechanical properties that provide excellent opportunities for fiber-optic sensors. The microbeam, shell, and silicon substrate form a structure with Fabry-Perot-like properties that functions as an optomechanical modulator. When the beam vibrates incident light is modulated and reflected light is used to sense vibration of the beam. Thus, the structure can be used as a mechanical vibration or acoustic emission sensor. Microbeams attached to the substrate at both ends are highly strain sensitive and form the basis of a variety of sensors, including pressure sensors, accelerometers, strain, vibration, and temperature sensors. Excitation at the wafer level by a polymer film piezoelectric transducer provides a simple non-contact optical method for testing the microbeams before the water is cut into sensor die. Modulated light from a laser diode can also be use to excite the microbeams into resonance. The test results suggest that optically resonant microbeams can be used for low-cost precision fiber-optic sensors. Fiber-optic sensors are especially attractive for aerospace applications because optical fibers provide wide-bandwidth communication capability while eliminating electromagnetic interference (EMI), ground loops, and shielding requirements.
Kinetics of CO oxidation over Co3O4/γ-Al2O3. Part III: Mechanism

Interpretations of a variety of transient experiments are combined with information from the literature to reveal the roles played by the Co/sub 3/O/sub 4/ catalyst surface and adsorbed species. The reaction path depends on the oxidation state of the catalyst. A rather coherent picture of oxidation-reduction catalysis by a metal oxide is obtained.
Atom probe FIM investigation of voids in a-Ge

Abstract This is the first report of the direct observation, on an atomic scale, of the void network structure in a-Ge and a-Ge:H thin films. Using an atom probe field ion microscope (APFIM) we are able to study the structure and composition of Ge films rf-sputtered onto Mo FIM tips at various conditions. The voids are highly aligned perpendicular to the tip-film interface and extend through the entire film. The void size varies from 50–300A and decreases with increasing rf-power level. The void density is on the order of 1011 voids/cm2. Local ordering and clustering are observed at the interface as well as in the bulk of the film.
Radiographic clues to fractures of the unossified medial humeral condyle in young children

A fracture involving the trochlear ossification center as well as the medial epicondyle is a more serious injury than simple avulsion of the medial epicondyle. This diagnosis may be difficult in young children before the secondary centers are ossified. Radiographic clues to this injury in a young child are localized soft tissue swelling over the medial aspect of the elbow accompanied by a metaphyseal flake and/or a positive fat pad sign. In the older child, separation of the ossified medial epicondyle with a positive fat pad sign suggests a more complex injury.
Electron and hole injection by a metal-depletion layer contact☆

Abstract The injection of electrons and holes by various metal probes into the depletion region of a beveled silicon p-n diode was experimentally studied. The electrical and thermal properties of metal pressure contacts are presented and used to identify the nature of the injection mechanism. The characteristics of electron injection are shown to be of the space-charge-limited type and the hole injection characteristics follow a high field process. A potential energy diagram of the metal-depletion layer contact is presented and appears to be in agreement with the observed injection phenomena.
Deaths and injuries attributed to infant crib bumper pads.

Objective To document deaths attributed to bumper pads and injuries from their use that are potentially preventable. Study design The US Consumer Product Safety Commission maintains files on cases voluntarily reported to them of deaths and injury related to commercial products. These cases represent an unknown fraction of total occurrences. We searched this database for deaths related to crib bumpers for the years 1985 to 2005. We also searched other Consumer Product Safety Commission databases for crib-related injuries that potentially might have been prevented by bumpers. Additionally, we examined 22 retail crib bumpers and described features that could be hazardous. Results Twenty-seven accidental deaths reported by medical examiners or coroners were attributed to bumper pads. The mechanism of death included suffocation and strangulation by bumper ties. Twenty-five nonfatal injuries were identified, and most consisted of minor contusions. All retail bumpers had hazardous properties. Conclusions These findings suggest that crib and bassinet bumpers are dangerous. Their use prevents only minor injuries. Because bumpers can cause death, we conclude that they should not be used.
Mechanism for dynamic regulation of iNOS expression after UVB-irradiation.

Ultraviolet B (UVB) induces an immediate activation of cNOSs, which contributes to the early release of nitric oxide after irradiation. UVB also induces the expression of iNOS, which peaks at both the mRNA and protein level near 24 h post-irradiation. The induced expression of iNOS contributes largely to the late elevation of nitric oxide after UVB irradiation. However, the regulation of iNOS expression in the early stages of UVB irradiation is not well studied. We previously reported that the UVB-induced early release of nitric oxide leads to the activation of PERK and GCN2, which phosphorylate the alpha-subunit of eIF2 and inhibit protein synthesis. In this report, we demonstrate that eIF2 phosphorylation plays a critical role in regulation of iNOS expression in the early-phase (with in 12 h) of UVB irradiation. Our data shows that with an increased phosphorylation of eIF2, the iNOS protein expression was reduced even though the iNOS mRNA expression was linearly increased in HaCaT and MEF cells after UVB irradiation. The UVB-induced dynamic up- and down-regulation of iNOS expression was almost completely lost in MEFA/A cells, which contain a nonphosphorylatable S51A mutation on eIF2. Our results suggest that the UVB-induced eIF2 phosphorylation does not only regulate iNOS expression at the translational level, but at the transcriptional level as well. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emotional Availability: Conceptualization and Research Findings

The emotional availability construct (based on observations of parent-child interactions) was first reconceptualized for research in 1991 as a way to describe the quality of parent-child interactions. Since then, there has been considerable refinement of the construct. EA refers to several parental dimensions (sensitivity, structuring, nonintrusiveness, nonhostility) and two child dimensions (responsiveness to parent and involvement of parent). The EA empirical link with attachment and parent-child relationship are reviewed and avenues for future research are suggested.
Device architectures in organic photovoltaics

The various device structures used in organic polymer solar cells are reviewed. The operating principles behind these devices are explained in order to provide the reasoning behind the dierent structures. The incorporation of nanostructures into both bilayer and bulk heterojunction devices to improve exciton separation, charge transport, and light absorption is discussed. Novel ideas such as electrospun bers and supramolecules are also covered. Finally, the impact of these structures on overall eciency is evaluated.
Proposed integration of notch-strain and fatigue crack-growth analyses

A model for the analysis of the growth of fatigue cracks in residual stress fields is developed by integrating notch-strain analysis techniques with linear-elastic fracture-mechanics-based crack-growth analysis techniques. The method by which elastic-plastic response stress gradients are estimated is presented along with a discussion of the use of those gradients in a fatigue crack-growth analysis. The modeling of crack-growth acceleration and retardation effects and their use after the stress response calculations are discussed. And in conclusion, the results of a newly developed computer program, which incorporates the combined techniques, are compared with crack-growth data from an in-service U.S. Air Force aircraft.
The Emerging Role of Public Private Partnerships in Mega-Project Delivery

As civil infrastructure projects have grown in scale and scope, their cost has increased accordingly. As a result, we have entered what has been termed the era of the infrastructure mega-project; those that typically cost more than US $1 billion (oftentimes much more) and also have major impacts on communities, the environment, and public finance. Although constructed works of enormous cost and impact have existed since ancient times and have often been financed by the private sector, what distinguishes the modern mega-project is its unfortunate association with huge delays in delivery time and large cost overruns. This paper examines some of the reasons why mega-projects have become synonymous with poor cost and schedule performance and suggests that innovative project delivery methods, broadly termed public private partnerships (PPP or P3), have the potential to improve project performance by better integration of the project delivery organization in the allocation and management of risk.
Fentanyl Concentrations in 23 Postmortem Cases from the Hennepin County Medical Examiner’s Office*

The purpose of this study was to compare blood fentanyl concentrations in fentanyl-related deaths with fentanyl concentrations found incidentally at autopsy, as well as with fentanyl concentrations found in hospitalized patients receiving fentanyl. Between the years 1997 to 2005, 23 fentanyl-positive postmortem cases were identified. Nineteen of 23 (82.6%) cases were deemed to be drug overdoses. Fentanyl alone was responsible for 8 of the 19 (42.1%) overdose deaths. Mean and median fentanyl concentrations were 36 (SD 38) microg/L and 22 microg/L, respectively, range 5-120 microg/L. Seven of the cases were accidental, one undetermined. The remaining 11 of the 19 (57.9%) cases were mixed drug overdoses. Fentanyl concentrations in these cases were 31 (SD 46) microg/L, range 5-152 microg/L. All of the mixed drug overdoses were determined to be accidental. Four cases where fentanyl was considered an incidental postmortem finding were determined to be natural deaths. In hospitalized inpatients (n = 11) receiving fentanyl 2 of the patients receiving fentanyl for chronic pain for more than 3 months had concentrations of 8.5 microg/L and 9.9 microg/L. The other nine inpatient concentrations were less than 4 microg/L. In conclusion, blood fentanyl concentrations found in cases where fentanyl alone was determined to be the cause of death were similar to cases where fentanyl was part of a mixed drug overdose. There was also considerable overlap between fentanyl concentrations in fentanyl-related overdose deaths compared to hospitalized patients being treated for chronic pain. Fentanyl concentrations in postmortem cases must be interpreted in the context of the deceased's past medical history and autopsy findings.
Social Entropy Theory: An overview

Social Entropy Theory (SET) is a very general macrosociological systems theory. The present paper is an overview which presents selected salient features of the larger model. Special attention is given to the specification of macrosociological variables which can serve as social indicators in a comparative framework of societal development. First, the goals of the SET model are stated. Then the basic model is sketched, and entropy is discussed as a measure of system state. Attention then turns to the specification of a holistic set of macrosociological systems variables. By seeking all correlates of the level (L), six salient global components are developed. These are population (P), information (I), spatial area (S), technology (T), organization (O), and level of living (L). This PISTOL (or PILOTS) model seems to be exhaustive and forms a comparative framework (when suitable indicators are specified for all components) for the analysis of social systems at all levels of development. A distinction is made among global, mutable, and immutable properties.
Continuity and change in emerging adults’ mate preferences and mating orientations

Abstract The various milestones and transitions of emerging adulthood have led previous researchers to investigate continuity and change in personality traits during this life period. In the current study, we build on that research by investigating continuity and change during emerging adulthood in mate preferences and mating orientations. Following past research, we hypothesized that mate preferences and mating orientations would demonstrate weak-to-moderate rank-order stability over 3 years of emerging adulthood. We also hypothesized that emerging adults would display mean-level changes that reflect increasing maturity, such as an increased emphasis on long-term committed relationships and partners’ internal attributes and a decreased emphasis on short-term sexual relationships and partners’ physical attractiveness. We followed 200 young adults from their first year to their fourth year in college. Analyses revealed weak-to-moderate rank-order stability but very little mean-level change in mate preferences and mating orientations. We discuss limitations of this study and directions for future research.
Fiber based multiphoton microscope using a fiber femtosecond laser and MEMS scanning probe

We developed a fiber based MPM that integrates an all-normal-dispersion femtosecond fiber laser, double cladding photonic crystal fiber, and a MEMS scanning probe. SHG and two photon excited fluorescence images of biological sample were demonstrated.
Erratum to ‘Do hamstrings and adductors contribute to excessive internal rotation of the hip in persons with cerebral palsy?’[Gait & Posture 11 (2000) 181–190]

Erratum Erratum to ‘Do hamstrings and adductors contribute to excessive internal rotation of the hip in persons with cerebral palsy’ [Gait & Posture 11 (2000) 181–190] Allison S. Arnold *, Deanna J. Asakawa , Scott L. Delp a a Biomechanical Engineering Di6ision, Mechanical Engineering Department, Terman 550, Stanford Uni6ersity, Stanford, CA 94305-3030, USA b Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern Uni6ersity, E6anston, IL, USA c Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA www.elsevier.com/locate/gaitpost
A Knowledge Based Framework for Case-specific Diagnosis

We present a framework whereby the expert knowledge of a domain is represented as a description logic knowledge base. Based on this framework, we present an approach that uses a knowledge based system for diagnosis that allows users to key in findings for a case, and obtain the corresponding differential diagnosis for a case. The framework also prompts hypothetical findings that can effectively guide the user towards a targeted diagnosis. The framework allows iterative and interactive updates of the case specific knowledge. Computing the differential diagnosis and hypotheses can be formulated directly as conjunctive queries on the original knowledge base using the case specific knowledge. We illustrate the applicability of our framework in the context of medical diagnosis, although the approach is equally applicable in a broad range of diagnosis problems such as network forensics and criminal investigation.
Zonal and Eddy Components of the Synoptic-Scale Energy Budget during Intensification of Hurricane Carmen (1974)

Abstract A diagnostic analysis is presented of the partitioned kinetic and available potential energy budgets of the synoptic-scale circulation that occurs in conjunction with Hurricane Carmen (1974) during its intensification in the Caribbean from a tropical depression to a major hurricane. The zonal and eddy energy equations developed by Muench (1965) for the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere are derived in a more general form so that they can be applied to an area of limited latitudinal and longitudinal extent. Standard level rawinsonde and surface data are subjectively analyzed over the Caribbean area and grid-point values are extracted at increments of 2.5° latitude and longitude at 11 levels for eight consecutive synoptic times, 12 h apart, beginning 0000 GMT 30 August. To complete the energy budgets, vertical motion, momentum and heat transports and most of the diabatic heating terms are computed; however, frictional effects are neglected. Results are composited into Carmen's.pre-hurricane and hurri...
Evidence for a central instability in KBr: Li+

Abstract The observed frequency shifts of the lattice resonant mode in KBr:Li + are not consistent with a model potential which includes quartic anharmonic terms, but these results can be explained by a potential with a central barrier with the barrier height less than the zero point energy of the oscillator.
Voting Intentions and the 1980 Carter‐Reagan Debate1

A study was conducted to assess the impact of the 1980 Carter-Reagan debate on subsequent voting intentions. As predicted, perceptions of Reagan's debate performance significantly affected respondents' post-debate intention to vote for him; perceptions of Carter's debate performance were not significantly related to post-debate intentions regarding Carter. Additionally, it was found that while party identification had a predictable effect on debate perceptions (Republican respondents favoring Reagan; Democratic respondents favoring Carter), this effect did not prevent respondents from also making more “objective” assessments of the candidates' performance. Within the general context of viewing “their” candidate more favorably, respondents (1) perceived Carter as more honest in the debate, (2) perceived Reagan as stronger, and (3) perceived Reagan as performing better overall in the debate.
Perifollicular blood flow doppler indices, but not follicular pO2, pCO2, or pH, predict oocyte developmental competence in in vitro fertilization

Abstract Objective: To assess the relationships among perifollicular blood flow; follicular fluid pO 2 , pCO 2 , and pH; oocyte developmental capacity; preimplantation embryo quality. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Academic, tertiary care institution. Patient(s): Unselected, gonadotropin-stimulated IVF cycles. Intervention(s): Color, pulsed Doppler analysis of perifollicular blood flow, and follicular pO 2 , pCO 2 , and pH determinations of randomly designated, mapped ovarian follicles. Main Outcome Measure(s): Fertilization and day 3 embryo cleavage and morphology. Result(s): Perifollicular vascularity indices were significantly and negatively correlated with day 3 embryo cleavage. Pulsatility index and S-D ratio also were significantly and negatively correlated with follicular pO 2 . The same correlation was found between resistance index and the fertilization rate of preovulatory oocytes. No relationship existed between follicular metabolic analysis and fertilization or embryo quality. The resistance index had a sensitivity of 0.57 and a specificity of 0.71 for the prediction of advanced embryo cleavage status. Conclusion(s): Results confirm and extend previous reports demonstrating that color, pulsed Doppler ultrasound analysis of individual preovulatory follicles during IVF therapy may provide an indirect index of the developmental competence of the corresponding oocyte. Although these methods may provide means to select embryos for transfer with the highest implantation potential, the moderate predictive power showed so far may limit their clinical applicability.
A New Pendant Storage Oxygen-conserving Nasal Cannula

With increasing interest in reducing the cost of oxygen therapy, we recently designed an oxygen-conserving cannula. It reduces the oxygen supply flow necessary to achieve adequate oxygen saturation, but because it requires the use of a reservoir situated under the nose, some patients find it obtrusive. We therefore designed a similar system but displaced the reservoir away from the face and onto the anterior chest wall where it could be hidden from view by the patients clothing. We evaluated this pendant conserving nasal cannula (PNC) in seven hypoxemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We compared oxygen saturations achieved using the PNC vs the standard steady flow nasal cannula (SNC) at 0.5 through 4 L/min. The mean improvement in oxygen saturation using the PNC vs the SNC was 3.3 percent at 0.5 L/min, 4.3 percent at I L/min and 3.1 percent at 2 L/min. These differences were statistically significant (p
Quantitative measurement of N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate at 3 T using TE-averaged PRESS spectroscopy and regularized lineshape deconvolution.

This paper introduces a method whereby TE-averaged PRESS spectroscopy was used in conjunction with regularized lineshape deconvolution to measure N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG). Averaging different echo times suppressed the signals of multiplets from strongly coupled spin systems near 2 ppm, thus minimizing the interfering signals for detecting the acetyl proton signal of NAAG. Signal distortion was corrected by lineshape deconvolution, and Tikhonov regularization was introduced to reduce noise amplification arising from deconvolution; as a result, spectral resolution was enhanced without significantly sacrificing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This new approach was used to measure NAAG in the two regions of interest of healthy volunteers, dominated by gray matter and white matter respectively. The acetyl proton signal of NAAG was directly quantified by fitting the deconvoluted spectra to a Voigt-lineshape spectral model function, yielding the NAAG-NAA ratios of 0.11 ± 0.02 for the gray matter voxels (n = 8) and 0.18 ± 0.02 for the white matter voxels (n = 12).
A modified Lynch syndrome screening algorithm in colon cancer: BRAF immunohistochemistry is efficacious and cost beneficial.

Objectives: Somatic BRAF mutation in colon cancer essentially excludes Lynch syndrome. We compared BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry (IHC) with BRAF mutation in core, biopsy, and whole-section slides to determine whether IHC is similar and to assess the cost-benefit of IHC. Methods: Resection cases (2009–2013) with absent MLH1 and PMS2 and prior BRAF mutation polymerase chain reaction results were chosen (n = 57). To mimic biopsy specimens, tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed. In addition, available biopsies performed prior to the resection were available in 15 cases. BRAF V600E IHC was performed and graded on TMAs, available biopsy specimens, and whole-section slides. Mutation status was compared with IHC, and cost-benefit analysis was performed. Results: BRAF V600E IHC was similar in TMAs, biopsy specimens, and whole-section slides, with only four (7%) showing discordance between IHC and mutation status. Using BRAF V600E IHC in our Lynch syndrome screening algorithm, we found a 10% cost savings compared with mutational analysis. Conclusions: BRAF V600E IHC was concordant between TMAs, biopsy specimens, and whole-section slides, suggesting biopsy specimens are as useful as whole sections. IHC remained cost beneficial compared with mutational analysis, even though more patients needed additional molecular testing to exclude Lynch syndrome.
Temporal Stability of Nuclear Gene (Allozyme) and Mitochondrial DNA Genotypes among Red Drums from the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Allelic variation in nine polymorphic nuclear genes and restriction-site variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were assayed among 194 adult red drums Sciaenops ocellatus from the northern Gulf of Mexico, Data were combined with those of previous studies in order to examine patterns of temporal genetic variation among four year-classes (1984–1987) and individuals spawned prior to 1984, Tests of heterogeneity among year-classes in both nuclear gene allele frequencies and mtDNA haplotype frequencies were nonsignificant, and estimated fixation (F ST) values were 0.009 (nuclear genes) and 0.002 (mtDNA). Estimates of Nei's unbiased genetic distance (nuclear genes) and nucleotide sequence divergence (mtDNA) among year-classes also indicated the absence of temporal genetic differentiation, Estimates of average heterozygosity (nuclear genes) and nucleon and nucleotide sequence diversities (mtDNA) indicated that levels of genome-wide variation within and among year-classes of red drum are equivalent to (o...
Format Preferences of Performing Arts Students

Abstract This research examines performing art students' preferences for accessing various types of information, factors in their selection process, and their opinions on what the library should purchase. A Performing Arts Library at a large public university created a two-page paper survey, which was completed by 182 students studying music, dance, and/or theater. Results indicated that these students preferred print books and scores, as well as electronic access to journals and audio. There was an approximate split for physical and virtual reference and video materials. The data also suggests that, while students support the trend of more electronic access, they want librarians to continue to acquire a mixture of electronic and traditional resources.
Oral Hydration During Growth Hormone Stimulation With Clonidine

The arginine-clonidine growth hormone (GH) stimulation test causes hypotension, requiring intravenous fluids to stabilize blood pressure (BP) and delaying departure from clinic. We hypothesized that oral hydration during the stimulation test would decrease need for intravenous fluids and shorten clinic stay. Children drank a diet electrolyte drink (10 ml/kg) on arrival to the test, which was repeated after clonidine. Fifteen children (7 girls) were tested without oral hydration, and 23 (6 girls) were tested with oral hydration (age range, 2-15 years). Compared with no oral hydration, intake of >13 ml/kg rarely required intravenous fluids, improved diastolic BP, and permitted discharge at the end of the GH test, with a higher BP.