cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EPR Identification of the Structure of the V 1 Color Center in KCl

EPR spectra have been observed in KCl for a radiation-induced defect center having the same optical and thermal bleaching properties as the center responsible for the ${V}_{1}$ optical-absorption band. The spectra are interpreted as due to an interstitial ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{0}$, or an $H$ center, adjacent to a substitutional cation impurity, most likely ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$. The impurity ion is in the {100} plane containing the $H$-center bonding axis and is located nearest the midpoint of the $H$ center. The hyperfine principal axes of the two central Cl nuclei, which are coincident with their bonding axes, are inclined 2.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 8.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from a $〈110〉$ direction toward the impurity ion. An analysis of motional effects on the EPR spectra leads to the following values for the activation energy for reorientation: 0.027 eV for the $H$ centers, 0.035 eV for the ${V}_{1}$ center.
Using dual-process theory and analogical transfer to explain facilitation on a hypothetico-deductive reasoning task.

Using the analogical transfer paradigm, the present study investigated the competing explanations of Girotto and Legrenzi (Psychological Research 51: 129–135, 1993) and Griggs, Platt, Newstead, and Jackson (Thinking and Reasoning 4: 1–14, 1998) for facilitation on the SARS version of the THOG problem, a hypothetico-deductive reasoning task. Girotto and Legrenzi argue that facilitation is based on logical analysis of the task [System 2 reasoning in Evans’s (Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7: 454–459, 2003) dual-process account of reasoning] while Griggs et al. maintain that facilitation is due to an attentional heuristic produced by the wording of the problem (System 1 reasoning). If Girotto and Legrenzi are correct, then System 2 reasoning, which is volitional and responsible for deductive reasoning, should be elicited, and participants should comprehend the solution principle of the THOG task and exhibit analogical transfer. However, if Griggs et al. are correct, then System 1 reasoning, which is responsible for heuristic problem solving strategies such as an attentional heuristic, should occur, and participants should not abstract the solution principle and transfer should not occur. Significant facilitation (68 and 82% correct) was only observed for the two SARS source problems, but significant analogical transfer did not occur. This lack of transfer suggests that System 1 reasoning was responsible for the facilitation observed in the SARS problem, supporting Griggs et al.’s attentional heuristic explanation. The present results also underscore the explanatory value of using analogical transfer rather than facilitation as the criterion for problem understanding.
Reliability of delayed self‐reports in disaster research

In studies of traumatic stress, researchers often find themselves asking questions about an event and its aftermath long after the crisis has passed. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of these delayed self-reports. In January, 1990, 65 residents of Charleston, SC, were interviewed by telephone about their experiences following Hurricane Hugo, which had devastated the area on September 22, 1989. The interview included assessments of disaster-related losses, preparedness, social support received from others, and social support provided to others. In October, 1990, 53 of these persons (82% of the original sample) were reinterviewed and asked the exact same questions. For reports of losses and preparedness, accuracy of the later reports was excellent. Both the sample and individuals showed remarkable stability over time. For measures of social support, there was a sample tendency to recall more social support as time passed, but individuals generally retained their same rank order. Thus, these reports were also reliable.
Oxidative events cause degradation of apoB-100 but not of apo[a] and facilitate enzymatic cleavage of both proteins.

Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) contains equimolar amou- nts of apoB-100 and apolipoprotein (a) (apo(a)). Both proteins are amenable to degradation in vivo by mecha- nisms yet to be clearly defined. In this study, we examined the in vitro susceptibility of LDL and Lp(a), obtained from the same donor, to oxidation by either Cu 2 1 or the combined Crotalus adamanteus phospholipase A 2 and soy- bean lipoxygenase system, monitoring the course of the re- action by the generation of conjugated dienes and fatty acids. In some experiments, treatment with leukocyte elastase (LE) or matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) was admin- istered before and after the oxidative step. In the case of Lp(a) we found that with both oxidizing systems, condi- tions that caused the breakdown of apoB-100 did not degrade apo(a) although oxidation-mediated changes were detected in the latter by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence spectro- scopy. Similar results were obtained with a reassembled Lp(a) obtained by incubating free apo(a) with LDL. Both apo(a) and apoB-100 were cleaved by LE and MMP-12 but the enzymatic cleavage was more marked when the pre- oxidized proteins were used as a substrate. Taken together, our in vitro studies indicate that apo(a) but not apoB-100 resists oxidative fragmentation, whereas both proteins are cleaved by enzymes of the serine and metalloproteinase families. We speculate that the fragments of apo(a) observed in vivo may be preferentially generated by proteolytic rather than oxidative events, whereas apoB-100 can be degraded by vivo studies (3, 8, 9). Regarding the apoB-100 constituent of authentic LDL, its breakdown has been shown to occur in "maximally" oxidized particles (10) and also following the action of biologically occurring enzymes of the elastase and metalloproteinase families (3, 9). In the case of apoB-100 as a constituent of Lp(a), information about the mechanisms underlying its degradation as a function of oxidative versus proteolytic events is comparatively lim- ited, and this also applies to apo(a). At present it is unclear whether the LDL constituent of Lp(a) is susceptible to oxi- dative and proteolytic changes as is authentic LDL and whether apo(a), shown to be cleaved by proteolytic en- zymes, can also be degraded by oxidative events. We rea- soned that an understanding of these processes in vitro would provide a useful background for investigating the mechanism(s) of formation of Lp(a) fragments in vivo. To this end, in the current study we used in vitro systems to study the effect of oxidative and proteolytic conditions on purified preparations of human LDL, Lp(a), and free apo(a), all obtained from the same subject. We show here that oxidative events that in Lp(a) cause the breakdown of apoB-100 do not affect the cleavage of apo(a), whereas both proteins are readily cleaved by the action of proteolytic en- zymes of the serine and metalloproteinase families.
Capillary method for assessment of pulmonary maturity in utero with the use of amniotic fluid

Eighty-one human amniotic fluid samples of assessment of pulmonary maturity in utero have been studied by means of the capillary method, a simple and rapid test that correlates with the shake test and L/S ratio. With the advancement of gestational age the flow rate of amniotic fluid decreases on cellulose filter paper (Whatman) in the capillary pasteur pipette. Retention time for 20 microliter amniotic fluid of 74 +/- seconds correlates well with the positive shake test and with L/S ratio of 2.0 or greater in normal human pregnancies.
The Syro-Palestinian Context of Solomon's Dream

Thirty years ago Siegfried Herrmann published an article wherein he suggested that the account of Solomon's dream in 1 Kgs 3:4-15 (cf. 2 Chr 1:3-13) belonged to the same literary genre as the Egyptian Kinigsnovelle-propagandistic stories of the king's inauguration, his building projects, and other accomplishments.1 In particular, Herrmann maintained that Solomon's dream ought to be compared with the dream of Tuth-mose IV, in which the Egyptian prince received divine promise of kingship.2 Herrmann's influence on the interpretation of this pericope can hardly be overestimated. No doubt, the reference to Solomon's marriage to Pharaoh's daughter (1 Kgs 3:1), coupled with the presence of sapiential language in the text, makes Herrmann's proposal very attractive. Hence Tryggve Mettinger calls this account of Solomon's dream "the most obvious example" of the Konigsnovelle in the literature of Israel.3 Eric W. Heaton hails Solomon as "the Pharaoh of Israel" whose court was modeled after that of the Egyptian monarchs and whose scribes imitated the literary conventions of their Egyptian counterparts.4 Manfred Gorg, in a major analysis of the structure and content of the dialogue between Solomon and Yahweh, cites further examples from
Decline in stroke mortality in North Carolina description, predictions, and a possible underlying cause

Abstract Data from the National Center for Health Statistics were used to describe the decline in age-adjusted stroke mortality rates from 1962 to 1987 for North Carolina and for six regions of the state. For the state as a whole, stroke mortality decreased from 0.0050 to 0.0018 (64% decrease) for white males, 0.0039 to 0.0016 (59% decrease) for white females, 0.0072 to 0.0030 (58% decrease) for black males, and 0.0064 to 0.0025 (61% decrease) for black females. Under the hypothesis that the rate of decline in stroke mortality will slow and approach a “floor,” a four-parameter logistic model was fit to the data. This model suggests that most of the decline in North Carolina stroke rates had occurred by 1987 and that the rates are now approaching the floor. For example, the estimated 1987 white male stroke mortality rate was 0.00190 and the floor 0.00176, suggesting only a 7% decline in the future. Similar percentage differences between 1987 levels and the floor were estimated for the three other race-gender groups. This analysis also suggested that while the absolute disparity by sex and race decreased between 1962 and 1987, the ratio of black to white mortality rates and the ratio of male to female mortality rates remained relatively constant. Estimates of 1-year case-fatality rates from two surveys of hospitalized stroke patients in a high-mortality five-county region of North Carolina decreased from 51% in 1970 to 38% in 1980. This decrease in stroke fatality rate is sufficient to account for 64% of the decrease in mortality estimated for this region over the same period.
The Effectiveness of Regression Testing Techniques in Reducing the Occurrence of Residual Defects

Regression testing is a necessary maintenance activity that can ensure high quality of the modified software system, and a great deal of research on regression testing has been performed. Most of the studies performed to date, however, have evaluated regression testing techniques under the limited context, such as a short-term assessment, which do not fully account for system evolution or industrial circumstances. One important issue associated with a system lifetime view that we have overlooked in past years is the effects of residual defects -- defects that persist undetected -- across several releases of a system. Depending on an organization's business goals and the type of system being built, residual defects might affect the level of success of the software products. In this paper, we conducted an empirical study to investigate whether regression testing techniques are effective in reducing the occurrence and persistence of residual defects across a system's lifetime, in particular, considering test case prioritization techniques. Our results show that heuristics can be effective in reducing both the occurrence of residual defects and their age. Our results also indicate that residual defects and their age have a strong impact on the cost-benefits of test case prioritization techniques.
Presence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA in the Genital Tracts of HCV/HIV‐1–Coinfected Women

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common among HIV-1–infected patients, with 50%–90% being coinfected [1]. Thus, HCV coinfection has emerged as a major public health problem that contributes to significant morbidity and mortality in HIV-1–infected patients. HIV-1 coinfection accelerates the development of severe liver disease attributable to HCV [1, 2], whereas HCV coinfection has been reported to accelerate the progression of HIV-1 disease [3, 4]. Since the introduction of effective measures to screen blood and blood products for HCV, injection drug use has become the predominant mode of HCV acquisition. However, exposure via injection drugs cannot account for up to 20% of new infections [5, 6]. Several reports have suggested that HCV may be transmitted through sexual intercourse [5, 7, 8], during childbirth [9, 10], and even during casual contacts between household members [11]. The probability of mother-to-child and female-to-male transmission appears to increase in the presence of coinfection with HIV-1 [10, 12–14]. Similar findings have been reported for HIV-1–positive men who engage in high-risk sexual behaviors (such as unprotected sex) with other men [15]. However, there are conflicting results with regard to female-to-male HCV transmission [16, 17]. The mechanism of increased HCV replication in HIV-1–infected patients has been attributed to immunosuppression, as evidenced by high viral loads in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs after transplantation [18]. However, there is also evidence suggesting that HCV replication may be directly enhanced by the presence of HIV-1 [19]. Surprisingly, despite mounting evidence for the existence of female-to-male and mother-to-child transmission of HCV, very little is known about vaginal and cervical shedding of HCV in HIV-1–positive and HIV-1–negative women. Very few studies have assessed HCV RNA in vaginal secretions. Furthermore, HCV load and quasispecies distribution in the genital tract compartment has not been analyzed previously [20–22]. This could be explained by the difficulties of obtaining cervicovaginal specimens, the methods for which have only recently been standardized in HIV-1 settings [23]. In this article, we present our findings on HCV detection, viral load, and quasispecies composition in the female genital tract using cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid from HCV/HIV-1–coinfected women.
Management and Preparedness for Infusion and Hypersensitivity Reactions

Background. Like nearly all systemic cancer therapies, monoclonal antibodies are associated with hypersensitivity reactions. This article reviews the characteristics and management of hypersensitivity reactions to monoclonal antibodies and commonly used chemotherapy agents. Methods. MEDLINE was searched for recent studies and reviews pertaining to hypersensitivity reactions with monoclonal antibodies (cetuximab, rituximab, trastuzumab, panitumumab, bevacizumab), platinum compounds(carboplatin,oxaliplatin),andtaxanes(paclitaxel, docetaxel). Emphasis was placed on articles that provided practical information on hypersensitivity reaction management. Data found in the literature were supplementedwithinformationfromthepackageinsert for each agent. Results. Severe hypersensitivity reactions are rare, with an incidence of <5%, provided patients receive proper premedication, close monitoring, and prompt intervention when symptoms occur. Hypersensitivity reactions to platinum compounds are generally consistent with type 1 hypersensitivity, occurring after multiple cycles of therapy. Reactions to taxanes and monoclonal antibodies produce similar symptoms, but are generally immediate, occurring during the first few minutes of the first or second infusion. However, 10%– 30% of reactions to monoclonal antibodies are delayed, and may occur in later infusions, indicating the importance of close observation of the patient following administration. Mild-to-moderate reactions can be managed by temporary infusion interruption, reductionoftheinfusionrate,andsymptommanagement.Rechallenge should be considered after complete resolution of all symptoms. Severe reactions may require treatment discontinuation. Conclusion. Hypersensitivity or infusion reactions to platinum compounds are acquired; reactions to taxanes and monoclonal antibodies are immediate and typically occur during the first few minutes of the first infusion. The different time of onset should be considered when developing strategies for preventing and managing hypersensitivity reactions. The decision to rechallenge or discontinue treatment after a reaction occurs depends on the severity of the reaction and other clinical factors. The Oncologist 2007;12:601–609
A competition-based mechanism mediates developmental refinement of tectal neuron receptive fields.

Neural activity plays an important role in development and maturation of visual circuits in the brain. Activity can be instructive in refining visual projections by directly mediating formation and elimination of specific synaptic contacts through competition-based mechanisms. Alternatively, activity could be permissive—regulating production of factors that create a favorable environment for circuit refinement. Here we used the Xenopus laevis tadpole visual system to test whether activity is instructive or permissive for shaping development of the retinotectal circuit. In vivo spike output was dampened in a small subgroup of tectal neurons, starting from developmental stages 44–46, by overexpressing Shaker-like Xenopus Kv1.1 potassium channels using electroporation. Tadpoles were then reared until stage 49, a time period when significant refinement of the retinotectal map occurs. Kv1.1-expressing neurons had significantly decreased spike output in response to both current injection and visual stimuli compared to untransfected controls, with spiking occurring during a more limited time interval. We found that Kv1.1-expressing neurons had larger visual receptive fields, decreased receptive field sharpness, and more persistent recurrent excitation than control neurons, all of which are characteristics of immature neurons. Transfected cells, however, had normal spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents and dendritic arbors. These results suggest that spike output of a tectal neuron plays an important instructive role in development of its receptive field properties and refinement of local circuits. However, other activity-dependent processes, such as synaptogenesis and dendritic growth, remain unaffected due to the permissive environment created by otherwise normal network activity.
Determining higher fatty acid levels in plant materials 1

Abstract The higher fatty acids (HFA) are important plant constituents that are implicated in the grass tetany hazard in livestock. A method is given whereby a technician can analyze 12 forage samples daily for HFA content. The method consists of saponifying the plant material in ethanol and KOH and extracting the subsequently acidified HFA with petroleum ether. The petroleum ether phase is evaporated and the HFA residue is dissolved in ethanol and then titrated with standardized isobutanolic KOH in the absence of O2 by using a N2 atmosphere. A standard plant sample, analyzed over a 37‐day period, had a mean of 136 mmol H+ /kg ±4.5, where a 0.1 mmol H+ / l palmitic standard was determined with an accuracy of 99 ± 1.9%.
Sobolev derivatives and Itoˆ decomposition formula for Gaussian processes using properties of their RKHSs

Malliavin calculus has been extensively developed for abstract Wiener spaces. It is of interest to develop the basic concepts of an infinite-dimensional calculus for an arbitrary Gaussian processX=(Xt), wheret\( \in\)T (T being a multiparameter set or, more generally, a complete separable metric space), bringing into evidence the properties of the covariance kernel (or, equivalently, the reproducing kernel Hilbert space) ofX. In this paper a definition of thekth Sobolev derivative is given and thekth chaos expansion of a functional is shown to be thekth-order divergence operator. An extension of Ito's decomposition formula is derived.
Top Managers' Beliefs and Rationales for Participation

Top managers' beliefs about work were found to vary with rationales for the use of and the outcomes from participation. Endorsers of humanistic beliefs saw participation principally as a means of communication. Endorsers of the organization belief (value of group working) saw decision acceptance as a primary use. Individuals who considered their employees subject to some alienation and exploitation (Marxist-related belief), emphasized participation as a moral right of employees and as a means of increasing employee morale. Endorsers of the work ethic generally attributed less value to participation. As an overall group, the top managers saw decision acceptance, decision quality, and communication between themselves and their employees as prime rationales for participation.
Continuous epidural anesthesia after ureteroneocystostomy in children.

AbstractWe retrospectively reviewed the records of 101 pediatric patients who underwent uncomplicated ureteral reimplantation and were treated with postoperative epidural catheters for pain management. A total of 50 pediatric patients treated without epidural anesthesia was used as the control group. Length of hospital stay, time to first bowel activity, doses of narcotics, incidence of postoperative fever and evidence of epidural catheter related morbidities were documented. The costs of postoperative epidural anesthesia versus standard analgesics were compared.There was no significant difference in length of hospital stay or return of bowel function between treatment groups. Total doses of narcotics given during the hospital stay were significantly less for the epidural group (p less than 0.05). The children given epidural anesthesia also had a significant increase in the incidence of postoperative fever (p less than 0.05) and 25 percent had catheter related problems that often resulted in early removal...
Kingdom and Polity in Eusebius of Caesarea

Eusebius of Caesarea occupies a unique position in ancient Christian thought. His central problem is to explain and justify a Christian society which is to transform the Roman Empire and which will become the new world civilization supplanting Hellenism and Judaism. Earlier thinkers do not face this problem. The Roman Empire is for them one of the powers ordained of God, but it is pagan and they expect it to remain so. Consequently the question of human government is only peripheral to their thought. Nor do later thinkers see the problem quite as Eusebius does. In the East, for example in Pseudo-Dionysius and John of Damascus, the question of human government again becomes peripheral to Christian thought, and Eusebius has no successor as a “political theologian.” In the West, Augustine gives a general answer to the problem of a Christian society in a Christianized Empire, but his solution contradicts that of Eusebius. To Augustine, the structure of the Christian Roman Empire is still that of Babylon, and human society is still a mixture of two opposed cities, the earthly city and the city of God.
Exemplar-based primitives for humanoid movement classification and control

We present a unified methodology for humanoid robot control and activity, classification using motor primitives (Mataric, M, 2002), computationally efficient behaviors capable of perception and control. These primitives constitute a vocabulary for humanoid control capable of generating a large variety of complex movement through sequencing and superposition. We demonstrate how such primitives can be automatically derived from human motion-capture data, how they can be used to construct upperbody controllers, and how they can be applied to classification of observed humanoid behavior in real time.
Downsizing of basic science departments in U. S. medical schools: perceptions of their chairs. The National Caucus of Basic Biomedical Science Chairs.

Purpose To assess the status of basic science departments in academic health centers through a survey of department chairs. Method In November 1995 the National Caucus of Basic Biomedical Science Chairs developed a 35-item questionnaire that was sent to the presidents of the Caucus's six member associations, who distributed it to their medical school chairs. The questionnaire was sent to 90% of the basic science chairs; a total of 683 questionnaires were distributed. By April 1996, 59% (400/683) of the chairs responded. Preliminary tabulations were made by each association, and then all the questionnaires were sent to the Caucus chair for compilation and analysis. Results The chairs in all six basic science disciplines reported four basic trends. Reduction in staffing: Eleven percent of the chairs were in "acting" positions, temporarily filling vacancies that sometimes had not been filled for five years or more. There were 583 reported faculty vacancies, but active searches were under way for only 339 of these. The chairs reported the abolition of, on average, one faculty position per department between 1985 and 1995, but these losses were clustered in only a third of the schools; thus several departments had experienced extensive faculty depletion. Overall, there was a 10% attrition of basic science faculty. Restructuring of the basic sciences: In all, 22 disciplinary departments had merged between 1985 and 1995, and merger discussions were under way at another 9% of the departments. Seven percent of the chairs reported that their schools were considering a single, combined basic science department, but only one such unit exists so far. Graduate student recruitment had become solely interdisciplinary at 26% of the schools, had remained strictly departmental at another 44%, and was joint at the remaining 30%. The development of a non-research-based teaching track was being considered at a fourth of the reporting departments. New fiscal policies/professional stability: A salary incentive beyond the university contribution, to reward research funding, was in effect at 28% of the departments and under consideration by another 29%. For a junior faculty member who, at the time of tenure decision, lacked research grant support, termination was reported by almost a third of the chairs as being extremely likely; however, half of the chairs did not respond to this question. Changes in tenure: A fourth of the chairs reported that modifications of their school's tenure policies were under serious consideration; and almost three fourths felt that tenure had become more difficult to achieve. Conclusion This survey reveals certain profound and disconcerting changes in the basic science departments of U.S. medical school. More studies are needed to see whether these trends continue. Further downsizing and merging of the basic sciences should be avoided in order to preserve the quality of medical education for future physicians as well as the quality of health care in the United States.
Proposing a culture-centered approach to career scholarship: The example of subsistence careers in the US Arctic

In this article, I draw from the culture-centered approach to explore contemporary negotiations of career and work, positing career as a form of cultural practice. Rooted in postcolonial theory and subaltern studies, the culture-centered approach examines the active accomplishment of culture through everyday communicative practices, amidst the structural conditions that frame lived experiences, and focusing specifically on marginalized groups. I first trace how culture is conceptualized in extant career studies, in the psychological, sociological and communicative streams. Identifying both key gaps and paradoxes in the literature, I outline the culture-centered approach, suggesting four key principles to reconceive career as cultural practice. Specifically: career draws on both structure and action; career agency is hybridized across individuals/collectives; career agency is layered and contested; and career is both discursive and material. The framework is illustrated using an example from an ongoing stu...
Single-step synthesis of germanium nanowires encapsulated within multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract We report the single-step synthesis of Ge nanowires encapsulated within multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) from a phenyltrimethylgermane (C 6 H 5 Ge(CH 3 ) 3 ) precursor, using a simple chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The MWCNT/germanium nanowires were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. TEM analysis reveals that the nanowires consist of well crystallized Ge cores which are completely encapsulated by the sheath-like MWCNTs, the latter corresponding to a layer thickness of 5–10 nm. SEM images, corresponding to various stages of nanowire growth, indicate that MWCNT growth occurs at Ge nanoparticles and that the growing MWCNTs carry Ge as nanowires away from the nanoparticles. By optimizing the CVD parameters, nanowires can be produced with uniform length and diameter in the range 6–10 μm and 200–300 nm, respectively.
Modeling Rooting in Wheat Using Lindenmayer System

Rooting process of wheat was modeled in use of Linden Mayer system in the present study. Rooting rules along with growth cycle were concluded based on topology and biology analysis, in which the seminal roots and crown roots were treated separately. Meanwhile, some easy-to-use key parameters which are agronomical meaningful were proposed, including time, size, orientation and so on. After these preparations, code work was done in L-Py software environment. By the link to PlantGL, three dimensional root architecture models were rendered. The result shows that, the rooting rules and parameters have a good control on the dynamic rooting model and the output images exhibit realistic visualization effect.
The History of PPAG: The First 30 Years

ABSTRACT This article describes the history of the Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group (PPAG). From its humble beginning in 1979, to its formation as the Pediatric Directors of Pediatric Hospitals in 1985, through its time as the Pediatric Pharmacy Administrative Group and through its evolution into the PPAG. The organization was established and continues to be dedicated to improving medication therapy use in children. Its sole purpose is to promote safe and effective medication use in children through communication, education, and research. After three decades, PPAG has established itself as the preeminent pediatric pharmacy organization. Its annual conference has grown over the years to become the best educational and networking meeting for pediatric pharmacists worldwide.
Can We Bring Quality of Management into PRAs

The basic assumption of this study is that utility and plant corporate management has a significant role in nuclear power plant safety. From this point of view we try to identify paths through which management effectiveness affects plant safety, partly in terms of measurable parameters. Some of the available data is analyzed in light of the proposed parameters, in order to examine possible correlations. As a last step, preliminary proposals are made of methods for including management performance as a variable in future probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) studies.
Ocular Albumin Fluorophotometric Quantitation of Endotoxin-Induced Vascular Permeability

Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) is known to alter systemic vascular permeability, but this effect is difficult to monitor and quantitate in vivo. The ocular vessels of the rabbit are particularly sensitive to LPS. Using a slit lamp equipped with a fluorophotometer, we have adapted a method to quantitate endotoxin-induced ocular vascular permeability by measuring the accumulation of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated albumin into the anterior chamber of the eye. After intravenous administration of Salmonella typhimurim LPS, the anterior chamber fluorescence and blood fluorescence were measured at intervals of 15 min and 1 h, respectively, over 4 h. In controls, maximal fluorescence in the anterior chamber was 3.1 ± 0.8% of blood fluorescence. Doses of LPS as low as 0.25 μg/kg produced an ocular/serum fluorescence ratio of 17.6 ± 4.9. A dose of 2.5 μg of LPS per kg tended to produce a higher ratio (68.0 ± 7.1) than a larger dose of 50 μg/kg (30.5 ± 16.6). Permeability changes began within 30 min after LPS, and the rate of dye accumulation varied over time, with maximal leakage usually occurring 90 min after LPS, but occasionally occurring much later. Repeated doses produced tolerance. By conjugating albumin to rhodamine and utilizing a second filter with the slit lamp to measure accumulation of this dye, we demonstrated the persistence of marked permeability during a period when intraocular fluorescein isothiocyanate and albumin levels were relatively constant. This methodology indicates that extremely low doses of LPS induce ocular permeability changes and that neither the time course nor the dose response of this effect is linear. Ocular fluorophotometry is a sensitive, noninvasive technique to study the dynamics and pharmacology of LPS-induced permeability changes.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Surface Protein Orientation

The use of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for determination of the preferred orientation of proteins on metal surfaces is demonstrated. A myoglobin derivative in which a pentaammineruthenium(III) group is attached to a specific histidine (residue 81) is used for this purpose, with the Ru and Fe acting as a double marker. The relative intensities of the XPS photoelectron spectra for these two markers are shown to be a sensitive measure of orientation in the protein film. On aluminium, indium-tin-oxide, and graphite surfaces, XPS indicates that the Ru-Fe axis of the myoglobin derivative is preferentially oriented with the Ru furthest from the substrate.
Two New Nearctic Species of Syntemna Winnertz Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)

Abstract. Until now the known Nearctic representation of the fungus gnat genus Syntemna Winnertz was limited to four species occurring in Canada and the western United States as far east as the Rocky Mountain region. Syntemna taura Taber and Syntemna cabasseta Taber are the first species reported from the eastern half of the U.S. where they occur in the Great Lakes region. Adult males were collected in Malaise traps in jack pine woods, but adult females and juvenile stages are unknown.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability in Groundfish Waste and Chitin-Sludge Cocomposts

Seafood processing generates a substantial volume of wastes. This study examined the feasibility of converting the fish waste into useful fertilizer by composting. Groundfish waste and chitin sludge generated from the production of chitin were composted with red alder or a mixture of western hemlock and Douglas-fir sawdust to produce four composts: alder with groundfish waste (AGF); hemlock/fir with groundfish waste (HGF); alder with chitin sludge (ACS); and hemlock/fir with chitin sludge (HCS). The resulting AGF had a higher total N and a lower C:N ratio than the other three composts. A large portion of the total N in the AGF, HGF, and HCS composts was in inorganic forms (NH4+-N and NO3−-N), as opposed to only two percent in the ACS compost. Alder sawdust is more quickly decomposed, which favored N retention and limited nitrification during the composting period. It was less favorable than the hemlock/Douglas fir sawdust for composting with chitin sludge. Corn growth on soil amended with compost was depe...
Modeling Carrier Transport in Oxide-Passivated Nanocrystalline Silicon Leds

This report presents an investigation on carrier transport in LED structures based on oxide passivated nanocrystalline silicon (OPNSi), formed by oxidation of porous silicon. This material, like its precursor, can luminesce quite efficiently while demonstrating several advantages in stability (i.e. chemical, thermal, electrical and electroluminescence). OPNSi can be best described as a porous glass structure with defects that facilitate transport, and remaining embedded nanocrystals of silicon that support light emission. Although this study does not provide a direct measurement of the density of states in OPNSi, the following transport study suggests a high density of states having a broad energy distribution that readily exchange charge with the silicon electrodes. Experimental data also suggests the existence of deeper trap centers that do not facilitate transport, yet influence transport behavior significantly. The device operation is explained by bipolar injection from an electron-injection cathode and a hole-injection anode into the semi-insulating OPNSi layer. The device is modeled as a “field effect diode”, where untraditional concepts are applied in the interpretation of experimental observations. Extensive electrical characterization of OPNSi LEDs has lead to the development of a comprehensive transport model that is self-consistent with all experimental observations.
Effectiveness of light-traps for assessing airborne Culicoides variipennis populations.

The numbers of airborne female Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett) collected with the vehicle-mounted trap at full moon in northeastern Colorado in June, July, and August 1977–78 were inversely proportional to the numbers collected by light trap. Airborne populations of male C. variipennis were inadequately sampled with light traps during all moon phases. Factonal analysis of variance revealed that trap type and moon phase influenced the numbers of airborne female C. variipennis collected, whereas collections of males were affected by trap type alone. Significantly different numbers of female C. variipennis were collected With the 2 trap types at new, full, and last quarter moon and of males during all moon phases.
Determination of sulfur dioxide in dehydrated garlic by ion chromatography

Objective:To establish a method for determination of sulfur dioxide in dehydrated garlic by ion chromatography.Methods:Sulfur dioxide in dehydrated garlic were extracted by formaldehyde buffer solution.The qualitative analysis was made by comparing the reservation time,quantitative analysis was made by external standard method.Results:The linear range of the method was 0.50~15.0 mg/L,The rates of recovery were 94.5%~106.5% and the detection limit was 0.55 mg/L,relative standard deviation 5%.Conclusion:The method is fast,sensitive,accurate and highly selective.Thus it can be used for determination of sulfur dioxide in dehydrated garlic.
Computation of the excitation transfer in a two isotopic-species mixture

Abstract Using the coupled nonlinear Maxwell-Bloch equations, I compute, for a mixture of two isotopic species where initially only one of the species (called 1) was selectively excited, the time-profile of the fractions of both species atoms that are in the excited states during and following the radiation emission from the system. The numerical computations are performed in the basis spanned by the eigenfunctions of the 1-D Lienard-Wiechert kernel. The temporal profile of the total fraction of species (2) in the excited state is shown to follow, for slabs having thickness comparable to the resonance frequency wavelength, a simple universal pattern.
Electron detachment and fragmentation in collisions between 1.25 keV/carbon and clusters and

The destruction cross-section for 22.5 and 50 keV C1- , for 10 and 50 keV C8 1- and for 50 and 75 keV C60 1- clusters in collisions with H2 has been measured by an attenuation method. The destruction of the cluster anions is dominated by electron detachment rather than fragmentation and is of the order of the geometric cross-section. The cross-sections vary little with bombarding energy.
Sutureless vs Sutured Gastroschisis Closure: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Sutureless gastroschisis repair involves covering the abdominal wall defect with the umbilical cord or a synthetic dressing to allow closure by secondary intention. No randomized studies have described the outcomes of this technique. Our objective was to prospectively compare short-term outcomes of sutureless vs sutured closure in a randomized fashion. Study Design We recruited patients who presented with gastroschisis between 2009 and 2014 and were randomized into either sutureless or sutured treatment groups. Patients with complicated gastroschisis (stricture, perforation, and ischemia) were excluded. Predefined ventilation, feeding, and dressing change protocols were instituted. Primary outcomes were time to extubation and time to full feeds. Secondary outcomes included time to discharge and rate of complications. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact or t -tests using a p value ≤ 0.05. Factors associated with increased time to discharge were estimated using multivariate analyses. Results Thirty-nine patients were enrolled, 19 to sutureless and 20 to sutured repair. There was no statistical difference in time to extubation (sutureless 1.89 vs sutured 3.15 days; p = 0.061). The sutureless group had a significant increase in mean time to full feeds (45.1 vs 27.8 days; p = 0.031) and mean time to discharge (49.3 vs 31.4 days; p = 0.016). Complication rates were similar in both groups. Multivariate regression modeling showed that an increase in time to discharge was independently associated with sutureless repair, feeding complications, and sepsis. Conclusions Sutureless repair of uncomplicated gastroschisis can be performed safely, however, it is associated with a significant increase in time to full feeds and time to discharge.
Introduction: From Addressing the Problems to the Solutions of the School-to-Prison Pipeline Through a Food and Environmental Justice Perspective

This book emerged out of the book From Education to Incarceration: Dismantling the School-to-Prison Pipeline (Nocella et al. 2014) and the work of Save the Kids, a national grassroots organization dedicated to alternatives to and the end of the incarceration of all youth and the school-to-prison pipeline (STPP), grounded in Hip Hop and transformative justice. Save the Kids was founded in 2009 by four African American boys in a New York juvenile detention facility. Save the Kids, along with other youth justice activists saw a lack of discussion on environmental and food justice when discussing the causes of the STPP.
Identifying Small Depressional Wetlands and Using a Topographic Position Index to Infer Hydroperiod Regimes for Pond-Breeding Amphibians

Small, seasonal pools and temporary ponds (<4.0 ha) are the most numerous and biologically diverse wetlands in many natural landscapes. Thus, accurate determination of their numbers and spatial characteristics is beneficial for conservation and management of biodiversity associated with these freshwater systems. We examined the utility of a topographic position index (TPI) landscape classification to identify and classify depressional wetlands. We also assessed relationships between topographic characteristics and ponded duration of known wetlands to allow hydrological characteristics to be extended to non-monitored locations in similar landscapes. Our results indicate that this approach was successful at identifying wetlands, but did have higher errors of commission (10%) than omission (5%). Additionally, the TPI procedure provided a reasonable means to correlate general ponded duration characteristics (long/short) with wetland topography. Although results varied by hydrologic class, permanent/long ponded duration wetlands were more often classified correctly (80%) than were short ponded duration wetlands (67%). However, classification results were improved to 100 and 75% for permanent/long and short ponded duration wetlands, respectively, by removing wetlands occurring on an abrupt marine terrace that erroneously inflated pond topographic characteristics. Our study presents an approach for evaluating wetland suitability for species or guilds that are associated with key habitat characteristics, such as hydroperiod.
Analytical and experimental characterization of nonlinear coned disk springs with focus on edge friction contribution to force-deflection hysteresis

Abstract Even though coned disk springs are widely used given their highly customizable design features, the literature on both analytical and experimental characterizations is sparse. This article overcomes the void by focusing on midrange displacements for a commercially available coned disk springs with square edges. A refined single disk spring model, capable of having asymmetric friction conditions imposed on the disk spring edges, is developed to predict the load-deflection and quasi-static hysteresis characteristics while relaxing prior limiting assumptions. A new quasi-static experiment is then proposed to measure the nonlinear load-deflection characteristics under four principal interfacial edge configurations — two symmetric and two asymmetric. In particular, the asymmetric friction conditions afford the opportunity to assess the validity of the long standing theory concerning the assumed location of the disk spring cross section rotation point. The imposition of asymmetric friction conditions on the disk spring also allows for the direct quantification of the contribution of asymmetric friction conditions on the disk spring contact edges. New analytical and experimental studies show that there are significant edge friction contributions to the hysteresis exhibited by the disk spring. Finally, stiffness parameters from both theory and experiment are briefly evaluated over midrange displacements.
Fisher kernels match deep models

Deep models have recently shown improved performance on numerous benchmark tasks in computer vision and machine learning. The availability of huge amount of digital data, possibility of massively parallel computations on graphics processing units and the development of advance optimisation techniques have pushed the limits of the deep learning framework by superseding the performance of state-of-the-art research, in specific the kernel methods . This research proposes a novel connection between the two paradigms of research and shows empirical evidence to emphasise that the knowledge learnt from one domain could be supplemented with the significant properties of the other domain to achieve the best of both the worlds. The proposed hybrid methodology illustrates the advantages of deep architectures for kernel methods by showing significant improvement in the classification performance on benchmark tasks with kernel methods. It is shown empirically that the results achieved are either better or competitive to the leading benchmarks from support vector machines and deep models.
Sulfurization of Dissolved Organic Matter Increases Hg–Sulfide–Dissolved Organic Matter Bioavailability to a Hg-Methylating Bacterium

Reactions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) with aqueous sulfide (termed sulfurization) in anoxic environments can substantially increase DOM’s reduced sulfur functional group content. Sulfurization may affect DOM–trace metal interactions, including complexation and metal-containing particle precipitation, aggregation, and dissolution. Using a diverse suite of DOM samples, we found that susceptibility to additional sulfur incorporation via reaction with aqueous sulfide increased with increasing DOM aromatic-, carbonyl-, and carboxyl-C content. The role of DOM sulfurization in enhancing Hg bioavailability for microbial methylation was evaluated under conditions typical of Hg methylation environments (μM sulfide concentrations and low Hg-to-DOM molar ratios). Under the conditions of predicted metacinnabar supersaturation, microbial Hg methylation increased with increasing DOM sulfurization, likely reflecting either effective inhibition of metacinnabar growth and aggregation or the formation of Hg(II)–DOM th...