cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asian Immigrants, Asian Americans, and the Politics of Economic Mobilization in San Diego.

(1996). Asian Immigrants, Asian Americans, and the Politics of Economic Mobilization in San Diego. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 87-108.
IMPLEMENTATION OF AN SGS MODEL IN A B-SPLINE SPECTRAL METHOD AND LES OF A TURBULENT AXIAL VORTEX

The dynamic SGS model is implemented into a b-spline/Fourier spectral DNS code. The entire SGS term (minus the divergence of the SGS stress) is computed in physical space and then expressed in terms of a b-spline expansion. The inner product operation on this term leads to four integrals involving double products of b-splines. Two of these already are part of the formulation of the other terms in the weak form of the Navier-Stokes equation and are being computed in the original code using Gaussian quadrature. This approach thus leads to only two additional integrations. An LES of a turbulent axial vortex is currently being performed.
The Permanent Seat of Government: An Unintended Consequence of Heightened Scrutiny Under the Contract Clause

This article evaluates the contract clause’s limitations on state legislation that impairs public contracts. After the adoption of the Constitution, Virginia and Maryland agreed to grant land to Congress on the condition that it would be used as the permanent seat of government of the United States. This agreement, entered into among Maryland, Virginia, and the United States, resulted in the creation of the District of Columbia. During the sectional disputes leading up to the Civil War, a small group of merchants lobbied Virginia to retrocede, or take back, the land it originally granted to Congress. Virginia, abrogating its previous promise to “forever cede and relinquish” its portion of the District for use as the permanent seat of government, enacted its Act of Retrocesion in 1846. The Permanent Seat of Government evaluates whether Virginia’s Act of Retrocession violated the contract clause, which prohibits states from passing any law “impairing the Obligation of Contracts.” After decades of deference to state legislatures, the Court has recently revitalized the contract clause, holding that a state’s impairment of its own contractual obligations is valid only under narrow circumstances. After evaluating the constitutionality of the Retrocession in light of the Court’s new contract clause jurisprudence, I conclude that Virginia’s Act of Retrocession would not survive a constitutional challenge brought under the contract clause. Finally, I consider whether the Court's contract clause jurisprudence can be justified despite the harsh criticism that scholars have levied against it. I conclude that this jurisprudence is consistent with the Constitution’s other limitations on legislation that singles out individuals or groups for special treatment.
Immunohistochemistry in the Differential Diagnosis of Adult and Pediatric Brain Tumors

Immunohistochemical stains are of increasing importance in evaluating adult and pediatric intracranial neoplasms. Surgical neuropathologists frequently utilize these in the subclassification and characterization of CNS neoplasms, assessment of prognosis, identification of therapeutic targets, and possibly helping predict response to therapy. Here, we review existing and novel antibodies that are of immediate utility in the differential diagnosis of adult and pediatric CNS neoplasms. The discussion focuses on the role of various immunostains in differentiating non-neoplastic brain from glioma, in subtyping glial and non-glial tumors, and in providing clinically relevant prognostic and predictive information.
Portable Phenotyping System: A Portable Machine-Learning Approach to i2b2 Obesity Challenge

This paper presents a portable phenotyping system that is capable of integrating both rule-based and statistical machine learning based approaches. Our system utilizes UMLS to extract clinically relevant features from the unstructured text and then facilitates portability across different institutions and data systems by incorporating ODHSI's OMOP Common Data Model (CDM) to standardize necessary data elements. Our system can also store the key components of rule-based systems (e.g., regular expression matches) in the format of OMOP CDM, thus enabling the reuse, adaptation and extension of many existing rule-based clinical NLP systems. We experimented our system on the corpus from i2b2's Obesity Challenge as a pilot study. Our system facilitates portable phenotyping of obesity and its 15 comorbidities based on the unstructured patient discharge summaries, while achieving a performance that often ranked among the top 10 of the challenge participants. This standardization enables a consistent application of numerous rule-based and machine learning based classification techniques downstream.
Assessing Violent Couples

In clinical assessment of violence between members of a couple, the practitioner's focus is expanded from the abusive incident and crisis stage to a view of couple dynamics during nonviolent period...
Determination of residue levels of the avicide 3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride in red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract The avicide 3‑chloro‑4‑methylanaline hydrochloride (chloro‑p‑toluidine hydrochloride, CPTH, DRC-1339) is used to control pest bird species that damage agricultural crops. A specific and sensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of CPTH in avian breast muscle, GI tract, kidney, and liver. Tissue samples were extracted with a solution of acidified water and acetonitrile. The sample was made basic and cleaned up with a combination of liquid-liquid partitioning and solid phase extraction. Separation was achieved using a HP-5 ultra-inert GC column (15 M, 0.25 μm film) with detection on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The monitored transition for CPTH was m/z 140.9 → 106.2 for quantitation and 139.9 → 105.2 and 139.9 → 77.2 for confirmation. The linear range was 5 to 5000 ng/mL. The precision for the determination of CPTH in all tissues averaged 7.2% and the accuracy averaged 6.7%. The recovery of CPTH fortified at 5 different levels averaged 101% in liver, 98.8% in GI tract, 92.9% in breast muscle, and 87.9% in kidney. The established method was successfully used to determine CPTH residue levels in red-winged blackbirds exposed to three different doses of CPTH.
Malware Deception with Automatic Analysis and Generation of HoneyResource

Malware often contains many system-resource-sensitive condition checks to avoid any duplicate infection, make sure to obtain required resources, or try to infect only targeted computers, etc. If we are able to extract the system resource constraints from malware binary code, and manipulate the environment state as HoneyResource, we would then be able to deceive malware for defense purpose, e.g., immunize a computer from infections, or trick malware into believing something. Towards this end, this chapter introduces our preliminary systematic study and a prototype system, AutoVac, for automatically extracting the system resource constraints from malware code and generating HoneyResource (e.g., malware vaccines) based on the system resource conditions.
Iranian Film and Persian Fiction: M. R. Ghanoonparvar, Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2016, ISBN 978-1568593418; paperback, xvi + 246 pp.

While a variety of scholarly studies has focused either on fictional writing or on film in Iran, M. R. Ghanoonparvar’s study looks at the relationship, similarities, differences and co-dependencies...
Ocular Surface Disease in a PICU: Incidence and Outcomes With a Dynamic Eye Care Protocol.

Objectives Sedated intensive care patients have impaired ocular protective mechanisms putting them at risk for ocular surface disease with potential vision loss. Historically, routine eye care has been limited to critically ill patients receiving neuromuscular blockade. The aim of this project was to determine the occurrence rate of ocular surface disease in sedated and ventilated children, identify risk factors, and determine the progression of injury with routine eye care. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting A tertiary care medical-surgical PICU. Patients All intubated patients admitted from May 2015 to December 2016. Interventions Staff education regarding corneal examination with fluorescein, and routine eye care as per a PICU eye care protocol. Measurements and main results We evaluated 479 patients (1,242 corneal exams) and found that 15% had ocular surface disease at admission to the PICU: keratopathy 62, abrasion 16. The highest incidence was in trauma patients (39.0%) and those intubated in the emergency department (22.2%) or prehospital setting (42.9%). Of the 245 patients with multiple ocular assessments, 32.2% displayed ocular surface disease at some point during their hospitalization: keratopathy 73, abrasion 24. Ourprotocol dictated increased frequency of eye care if ocular surface disease worsened. As a result, the overall incidence of ocular surface disease decreased to 8.6% by the last examination (keratopathy 19, mild abrasion 2), but more severe ocular abnormalities such as corneal infiltrates, ulcers, or scarring were not observed. Based on multivariate analysis, clinical factors associated with increased risk of ocular surface disease included primary diagnosis, and lagophthalmos (incomplete eyelid closure). Conclusions Ocular surface disease is an under-recognized process in critically ill pediatric patients. A standardized and dynamic protocol may improve corneal health, which in turn may reduce injury, pain, infection, and long-term vision loss.
Review of Art as Social Action: An introduction to the principles and practices of teaching social practice art

In this contribution, the author reviews the book, Art as Social Action: An Introduction to the Principles and Practices of Teaching Social Practice Art. Acknowledging the timely nature of this anthology of essays, interviews, and lesson plans, the reviewer strongly recommends the book for teachers of contemporary art. In the review, the author opens with personal context for the review, a brief overview of contents and a description of the editors’ professional backgrounds. Interested in the usefulness of lesson plans for teachers, the reviewer analyzes the over 43 lesson plans and identifies three themes around which to provide a summary. Salient information is also extracted from essays and interviews. The author concludes by commenting more broadly on contributions and challenges associated with this anthology, troubling the use of the term “lesson plan” to describe social practice and calling for widening the conversation to include art educators and qualitative/post-qualitative researchers whose work focuses on social justice pedagogies.
Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosis and treatment of children with respiratory disorders

Bronchoalveolar lavage is a lung interventional technique,it has a good prospect in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood respiratory diseases,especially in severe and difficult cases.This article focused on the role of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases in children,described the impact of pulmonary surfactant. Key words: Bronchoalveolar lavage; Diagnosis; Treatment; Pulmonary surfactant; Children
Simulation of solvent treatments for fluid blockage removal in tight formations using coupled three-phase flash and capillary pressure models

Abstract Water and condensate blockage near production wells in unconventional reservoirs can significantly reduce oil and gas production rates. This paper presents a new approach for more accurate modeling of liquid blockage in tight oil and gas reservoirs and investigates the use of solvents for blockage removal. A cubic equation of state is used to model mixtures of solvent, hydrocarbons and water that form up to three phases. The three-phase flash model is coupled with a three-phase capillary pressure model to account for the effect of capillary pressure in confined space. The capillary pressure function includes the impact of several important petrophysical properties such as pore size distribution and wettability. A compositional simulator is used to demonstrate the importance of the new phase behavior model. Single- and multi-cycle processes of methanol, dimethyl ether or CO2 injection are simulated to remove liquid blockage and increase production rate in tight oil/gas reservoirs. Simulation results show that DME is more efficient than methanol and CO2 for removal of liquid blockage in tight oil/gas reservoirs because DME is miscible with both oil and water under the simulated reservoir conditions.
Corruption, Populism, and Sloth

Populist rhetoric frequently includes allegations about political corruption; these allegations are often vague and unverifiable. In this chapter we explore the meaning of “corruption” for populist politicians, and we explore the normative implications of populist corruption talk. We contend that social scientific analyses of corruption do not provide a sufficient response to populist corruption talk because they lack a normative element. We propose that linking corruption to the vice of sloth provides a more constructive means of countering populist allegations.
US Virgin Islands Fishing Community Resilience: Informing a Research Agenda

For fishers throughout the Caribbean, major storm events such as hurricanes are a significant component of their life experiences. Over the past few decades, fishers in the US Virgin Islands (USVI)...
Global-local Metamodel-assisted Stochastic Programming via Simulation

To integrate strategic, tactical, and operational decisions, stochastic programming has been widely used to guide dynamic decision-making. In this article, we consider complex systems and introduce the global-local metamodel-assisted stochastic programming via simulation that can efficiently employ the simulation resource to iteratively solve for the optimal first- and second-stage decisions. Specifically, at each visited first-stage decision, we develop a local metamodel to simultaneously solve a set of scenario-based second-stage optimization problems, which also allows us to estimate the optimality gap. Then, we construct a global metamodel accounting for the errors induced by: (1) using a finite number of scenarios to approximate the expected future cost occurring in the planning horizon, (2) second-stage optimality gap, and (3) finite visited first-stage decisions. Assisted by the global-local metamodel, we propose a new simulation optimization approach that can efficiently and iteratively search for the optimal first- and second-stage decisions. Our framework can guarantee the convergence of optimal solution for the discrete two-stage optimization with unknown objective, and the empirical study indicates that it achieves substantial efficiency and accuracy.
Bacterial xylan utilization regulons: Systems for coupling depolymerization of methylglucuronoxylans with assimilation and metabolism.

Bioconversion of lignocellulosic resources to fuels and chemicals offers an economically promising path to renewable energy. Technological challenges to achieving bioconversion include the development of cost-effective processes that render the cellulose and hemicellulose components of these resources to fermentable hexoses and pentoses. Natural bioprocessing of the hemicellulose fraction of lignocellulosic biomass requires depolymerization of methylglucuronoxylans. This depends upon the secretion of endoxylanases that release xylooligosaccharides and aldouronates. Physiological, biochemical and genetic studies with selected bacteria support a process in which a cell-anchored multimodular GH10 endoxylanase catalyzes the release of the hydrolysis products, aldotetrauronate, xylotriose, and xylobiose that are directly assimilated and metabolized. Gene clusters encoding intracellular enzymes, including α-glucuronidase, endo-xylanase, β-xylosidase, ABC transporter proteins, and transcriptional regulators are coordinately responsive to substrate induction or repression. The rapid rates of glucuronoxylan utilization and microbial growth, along with the absence of detectable products of depolymerization in the medium, indicate that assimilation and depolymerization are coupled processes. Genomic comparisons provide evidence that such systems occur in xylanolytic species in several genera, including Clostridium, Geobacillus, Paenibacillus, and Thermotoga. These systems offer promise, either in their native configurations or through gene transfer to other organisms, to develop biocatalysts for efficient production of fuels and chemicals from the hemicellulose fractions of lignocellulosic resources.
Uses of Theory in Racial Health Disparities Research: A Scoping Review and Application of Public Health Critical Race Praxis.

Given the persistence of racial health disparities, scholars have called for investigations into structural origins of health inequity and deeper engagement with theory. We systematically assessed uses of theory-including theory-informed conceptualizations of race and ethnicity, social structure, and racial hierarchy-in epidemiology and other quantitative population health literature on racial health disparities. We conducted a scoping review of systematically identified original research articles (n=650) that sought to explain racial health disparities; articles were published in 17 high-impact epidemiology, public health, and social science journals. Trained coders abstracted data from each article. We applied Public Health Critical Race Praxis and an iterative data-charting method to identify key themes. Only 63 (9.7%) of 650 racial health disparities articles explicitly used theory. Among studies that engaged theory, one third (n=21/63) clearly conceptualized race and/or ethnicity, and a minority theorized social structure (n=19/63; 30%) and/or racial hierarchy as a structural relation (n=4/63; 6%). There is a pressing need for racial health disparities researchers to unambiguously use theory to conceptualize race and ethnicity in social and historical contexts and explain relational aspects of racial hierarchy. These approaches can better elucidate and inform action on structural determinants of both racial inequity and racial health inequity.
Skeletal myopathy in a rat model of postmenopausal heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for ~50% of all patients with heart failure and frequently affects postmenopausal women. The HFpEF condition is phenotype-specific, w...
Initiation Fracture Toughness of Human Cortical Bone as a Function of Loading Rate

During injury causing events such as impact, blunt trauma, penetration or blast, the human body is subjected to high rate loading. These events will deform and damage human tissue, frequently causing tearing in soft tissues and cracking/fracture in hard tissue (bone) due to the inherent brittleness of bone. For the development of accurate fracture models for computer simulation of bone fracture and also to understand the failure mechanisms of hard tissues during blast and impact events, it is necessary to investigate the failure behavior (fracture) of hard tissues at different loading rates, including high loading rates. In this study, the Mode I fracture behavior of cortical bone from the human femur, perpendicular to the long axis, is investigated as a function of loading rate, including dynamic loading rates which are accomplished with a modified Kolsky bar. The bone fracture specimens were extracted from three different human donors, ages 36, 50, and 43. For all three donors, the fracture toughness increases as loading rate increases from quasi-static to intermediate. As loading rate increases from intermediate to dynamic rates, the initiation fracture toughness decreased on average, while remaining higher than at quasi-static rate. The observed variations in initiation fracture toughness with donor age for each loading rate did not show any specific trends. The initiation fracture toughness of cortical bone is dependent on the path of the crack relative to the internal bone structure.
Prevention of first attacks of rheumatic fever

The prevention of recurrences is very useful indeed to patients after a first attack of rheumatic fever but will never, by definition, eradicate the disease from the population at large. Moreover, many children suffer severe, irreversible heart damage from their first attack of rheumatic fever: to them the triumphs of secondary prophylaxis are no consolation. In some countries it is acknowledged that “the initial attack of acute rheumatic fever is hardly ever diagnosed in our environment. In most cases… cardiac damage is already severe and death from cardiac failure, common”1. Hence the importance of preventing first attacks (primary prevention). Well-controlled studies in military populations have shown that 90% of first attacks can be prevented by adequate antibiotic treatment of the preceding streptococcal pharyngitis2 (see Table 2.1, p.10).
Abstract 5219: MicroRNA-874 impedes angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA MicroRNAs (miRs) are short (20-24nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. MicroRNAs play crucial roles in normal biological processes and are commonly dysregulated in human diseases. Thus far, miRs have been shown to act as either tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes in driving critical gene expression pathways in cancer stem cells in a wide range of human malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).We previously found that miR-874 could suppress tumor growth and metastasis of NSCLC. Since angiogenesis is important for tumor growth and metastasis, in this study, we further investigated the possible roles of miR-874 in tumor angiogenesis. Attenuation of miR-874 expression in histological sections of NSCLC tumors and the CD133 positive population of NSCLC cells (NSCLC-initiating cells; NSCLC-ICs), as compared to its normal counterparts, was observed by in situ hybridization and real time quantitative PCR, respectively. Tumor-conditioned medium from NSCLC-ICs induced significantly high levels of endothelial cell capillary network and neovascularization in vivo; whereas, re-expression of miR-874 in NSCLC-ICs inhibited this capillary network formation ability by suppressing the protein levels of VEGF, Stat3, MMP-2, uPA and PI3K. Further, miR-874-treatment decreased in vivo angiogenesis and pre-established orthotopic tumor growth in nude mice as compared to mock- and control-miR-treatments. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significant decrease in the expression of VEGF, Stat3 and microvessel density (CD31 levels) in xenograft tumor sections from miR-874-treated mice. In conclusion, our study highlights the possible anti-angiogenic role of miR-874 in NSCLC-initiating cells and presents a new, hopeful therapeutic target and prognostic marker for NSCLC. Citation Format: Chandramu Chetty, Dilip R. Maddirela, Venkateswara R. Gogineni, Subramanyam Chittivelu, Jasti S. Rao, Bhagavatula Moorthy. MicroRNA-874 impedes angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5219. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5219
Jimmy Carter and the Horn of Africa: Cold War Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia by Jackson, D

Donna Jackson is in the vanguard of recent scholarship which has discovered in the Carter administration's early diplomacy in the Horn of Africa harbingers of all that was to follow. She argues per...
Contribution of cytochrome P-450 ω-hydroxylase to altered arteriolar reactivity with high-salt diet and hypertension

The present study evaluated the contribution of cytochrome P-450 ω-hydroxylase in modulating the reactivity of cremaster muscle arterioles in normotensive rats on high-salt (HS) and low-salt (LS) d...
Recent insights into the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

The Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation disorder caused by an inborn error of post-squalene cholesterol biosynthesis. Deficient cholesterol synthesis in SLOS is caused by inherited mutations of 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ7 reductase gene (DHCR7). DHCR7 deficiency impairs both cholesterol and desmosterol production, resulting in elevated 7DHC/8DHC levels, typically decreased cholesterol levels and, importantly, developmental dysmorphology. The discovery of SLOS has led to new questions regarding the role of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in human development. To date, a total of 121 different mutations have been identified in over 250 patients with SLOS who represent a continuum of clinical severity. Two genetic mouse models have been generated which recapitulate some of the developmental abnormalities of SLOS and have been useful in elucidating the pathogenesis. This mini review summarizes the recent insights into SLOS genetics, pathophysiology and potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of SLOS.
The Role of Sulfur in the Atmospheric Corrosion of Silver

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate the corrosion products formed on silver (Ag) samples that were exposed at various outdoor sites. Silver chloride (AgCl) and silver sulfide (Ag2S) were identified, as well as silver sulfite (Ag2SO3) and silver sulfate (Ag2SO4). The presence of these oxidized sulfur species on field-exposed Ag samples has been contested. Yet, evidence here suggests that Ag2SO3 is a stable intermediate in the formation of Ag2SO4. Furthermore, the presence of alkali cations, such as Na+, correlates with the final oxidation state of the sulfur species found on the Ag samples. When cations were present, Ag2SO4 was the final state, whereas Ag2SO3 is was found in the absence of alkali cations. In addition, silver carbonate (Ag2CO3) was identified on samples exposed at one site with with higher altitude. Here, we present for the first time the detection of Ag2SO3, in addition to Ag2CO3, on field-exposed Ag. These findings improve the ability to use Ag as an atmospheric corrosion monitor for the simultaneous detection of AgCl and Ag2S as well as Ag2SO3 and Ag2SO4.
Opportunities for Development of Reference Materials for Beryllium

Reference materials provide the foundation for assessment of analytical chemistry methods, accurate quantification of occupational and environmental exposures, and conduct of in vitro and in vivo toxicology studies for health effects research. Although the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) supplies industry, academia, government, and other users with over 1300 reference materials of the highest quality and metrological value, the number of beryllium reference materials is limited. Currently available beryllium reference materials include standard spectroscopy solutions of beryllium and copper-beryllium alloy in the form of blocks, chips, and rods. Beryllium is present as a trace element in some standard soil-sludge, coal fly ash, and urine reference materials. Beryllium on filter media was available at one time, but is not currently available. A number of opportunities exist for identification and development of needed beryllium reference materials for beryllium-containing ores, beryllium oxide, beryllium metal, beryllium metal-matrix materials, beryllium-containing alloys, and beryllium in biological samples. These opportunities will require multidisciplinary and multi-organizational collaboration. Needed actions include consensus on the relevant chemical and physical forms of beryllium; market analyses of demand for the materials; identification of candidate industrial or laboratory-produced samples of the materials; selection of samples that meet criteria for uniformity, physical form, measured quantities, and continued availability; development of production protocols for collection and preparation of the materials, including adequate provisions for occupational health and environmental protection; incorporation of these materials into a supply, distribution, and cost-recovery infrastructure; and continued feedback and information sharing to ensure that the reference materials are meeting user needs or are modified as necessary. Lessons from other major initiatives for reference materials of lead, silica, and similar materials provide guidance on how to optimize and implement an enhanced program for beryllium reference materials.
Fodor on Inscrutability

: Jerry Fodor (1994) proposes a solution to Quine's inscrutability–of–reference problem for certain naturalized semantic theories, thereby defending such theories from charges that they cannot discriminate meanings finely enough. His proposal, combining elements of informational and inferential–role semantics, is to eliminate non–standard interpretations by testing predicate compatibility relations. I argue that Fodor's proposal, understood as primarily aimed at Mentalese, withstands Ray's (1997) and Gates's (1996) objections but nonetheless fails because of unwarranted assumptions about ontological homogeneity of target language predicates, and problems with Fodor's reliance on predicate conjunction to resolve ambiguity. Naturalized semantics thus remains without an answer to the inscrutability objection.
Preharvest factors and the heat sensitivity of field-grown ripening papaya fruit

Abstract Mesocarp softening during papaya ( Carica papaya L.) ripening was impaired by heating so that areas of the flesh failed to soften. Disruption of the softening process varied with harvest date. The sensitivity of fruit to the injurious treatment was greatest during the winter months. During January, exposure to more than 27 min at 49 °C was sufficient to induce areas in the mesocarp that failed to soften, whereas up to 45 min was required during April, July, August and September. Stepwise regression indicated that fruit with low mesocarp calcium were less sensitive to heat treatments. Preharvest weather in the day before and the mean of four days before harvest were not significantly correlated with fruit sensitivity. However, the mean of the rainfall, evaporation, minimum and maximum temperature in the three days before harvest were significantly correlated to fruit heat sensitivity. The three day mean of the minimum temperature had the greatest relationship to fruit heat sensitivity. When the three day mean minimum temperature was higher than 22.4 °C, fruit injury did not occur.
Mitral ring calcification in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.

Abstract Idiopathic hypertrophie subaortic stenosis was diagnosed in 68 patients. The diagnosis was confirmed in 24 patients with both cardiac catheterization and echocardiography, in 22 patients with catheterization alone and in 22 with echocardiography alone. Coexistent calcification of the mitral valve anulus was noted in nine patients (37 percent) studied with catheterization and echocardiography, In seven (32 percent) studied with catheterization alone and in seven (32 percent) studied with echocardiography alone. On echocardiography, mitral anular calcification was recognized as a dense thick linear echo behind the mitral valve that disappeared abruptly at the junction between the left ventricle and the left atrium. The patients with calcification of the mitral valve anulus were older (mean 64.5 years) than those without calcification (mean 47.6 years) (P This prevalence of mitral anular calcification was greater (P
Direct use of the chemical potential function in thermodynamic modeling of alloy phase diagrams

A modeling procedure for obtaining thermodynamic parameters from a limited knowledge of the phase diagram and a thermodynamic description of the participating phases is described. The procedure is to calculate compositions and parameters from specified compositions and parameters in a thermodynamic model employing the chemical potential function directly. Several calculations in the Fe-C and Fe-Cr-C systems are made for illustration. These results demonstrate for the two-phase equilibrium that only one phase boundary, or the partition ratio of each solute, and the thermodynamic parameter(s) for one of the phases need to be specified to calculate the other phase boundary and the thermodynamic parameter(s) for the other phase. The results for the Fe-C and Fe-Cr-C systems, for which the specified quantities were either the composition of the liquidus, or the partition ratios of the solute elements and temperature, and the parameter(s) for the liquid phase for the regular and quasi-regular solution models, are in good agreement with the results obtained by an error-minimization method.
Making the Big Leagues: Factors Contributing to Publication in Elite Economics Journals

Publication in the best journals of one’s discipline is for many the equivalent of making the big leagues in sports or performing at Carnegie Hall in the arts. Using individual-specific data collected from 704 economists, this study provides a multivariate analysis of the factors which contribute to publication in top economics journals. By examining only publications in elite journals, the analysis avoids pitfalls associated with weighting the quality of a wide array of journals while maintaining an emphasis on the determinants of excellence in scholarship. Empirical results indicate that many factors impact elite journal publication, including the quality of graduate education, collaboration with colleagues, presenting at professional conferences, teaching commitments, and service work.
Long-term effects of self-supervised and adult-supervised child care arrangements on personality traits, emotional adjustment, and cognitive development

Abstract This study investigated long-term effects of being in a “latchkey” or self-supervised child care situation compared with being in an adult-supervised arrangement. Data on former child care arrangements and several measures of cognitive development, emotional adjustment, and the personality traits of dominance, responsibility, and achievement via independence were collected from 248 college students. Students who reported having been in adult care did not differ from students who regularly cared for themselves during out-of-school hours on any of the dependent measures, which concurs with previous findings on short-term effects of the self-care arrangement. Age at which the self-care situation was initiated, and gender, individually and collectively, failed to predict outcome on any dependent measure. These results suggest that children are resilient to short-term separation from their parents and may be able to structure their time constructively during out-of-school hours.
Development of a neural-based forecasting tool to classify recreational water quality using fecal indicator organisms

Users of recreational waters may be exposed to elevated pathogen levels through various point/non-point sources. Typical daily notifications rely on microbial analysis of indicator organisms (e.g., Escherichia coli) that require 18, or more, hours to provide an adequate response. Modeling approaches, such as multivariate linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANN), have been utilized to provide quick predictions of microbial concentrations for classification purposes, but generally suffer from high false negative rates. This study introduces the use of learning vector quantization (LVQ) – a direct classification approach – for comparison with MLR and ANN approaches and integrates input selection for model development with respect to primary and secondary water quality standards within the Charles River Basin (Massachusetts, USA) using meteorologic, hydrologic, and microbial explanatory variables. Integrating input selection into model development showed that discharge variables were the most important explanatory variables while antecedent rainfall and time since previous events were also important. With respect to classification, all three models adequately represented the non-violated samples (>90%). The MLR approach had the highest false negative rates associated with classifying violated samples (41–62% vs 13–43% (ANN) and <16% (LVQ)) when using five or more explanatory variables. The ANN performance was more similar to LVQ when a larger number of explanatory variables were utilized, but the ANN performance degraded toward MLR performance as explanatory variables were removed. Overall, the use of LVQ as a direct classifier provided the best overall classification ability with respect to violated/non-violated samples for both standards.
Evidence for more than one mechanism of action of the glucocorticoid hormones

Abstract The data presented here provide evidence for at least two major cellular responses to the glucocorticoid hormones that do not seem to involve an interaction between the activated hormone-receptor complex and chromatin. We observed that 5 mM pyridoxine in L-cell culture medium both increases the intracellular content of free pyridoxal phosphate by about 30% and decreases the glucocorticoid induction of glutamine synthetase to less than 30% of that at the normal (5 μM) concentration of the vitamin. Two other responses to the hormone—a major decrease in the polysome content of the cells and a decrease in the state of phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6-are unaffected by the 5 mM dose of the vitamin. In light of the findings of DiSorbo and Litwack ((1981) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 99, 1203–1208), pyridoxal phosphate appears to modulate the enzyme-inducing activity of dexamethasone in L-cells but not the polysome and ribosome related changes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that certain important glucocorticoid induced responses are independent of nuclear function.
Repression of sexual associations: Cognitive inhibition, familiarity, or social distribution

In previous research on the Repression-Sensitization (R-S) Scale it has been found that repressors gave fewer sexual associations than sensitizers on a double entendre word association task. That difference, however, may have been due either to differential familiarity, or external social inhibition, rather than to internal, cognitive defense processes. In the present experiment, male sensitizers, neutrals, and repressors performed an identification task and an association task with word lists containing double entendres. They received 1 of 3 instruction sets, designed either to facilitate, inhibit, or disregard the possible sexual associations. The identification task results failed to support the familiarity hypothesis. The association task results suggested that repressors are more responsive to external, social inhibition cues than are either sensitizers or neutrals.
Microwave search for ionized gas in clusters of galaxies

Using the 11-meter NRAO/sup 3/ telescope at lambda=9 mm, we have examined 16 clusters of galaxies for evidence of a change in temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation which might be produced by inverse Compton scattering by electrons in hot intergalactic gas. For 15 of the clusters, no significant evidence of the effect was found at a level of sensitivity comparable to other published studies. In particular we do not confirm the effect reported for Abell 2218. We do detect a significant temperature decrement in Abell 576.
Public Awareness of Human Trafficking in Europe: How Concerned Are European Citizens?

This study examined the relationship between a European Union (EU) citizens’ degrees of concern toward human trafficking and demographic characteristics, attitudes toward immigrants, and proximity variables (such as geographic region, the number of immigrants, and the percentage of immigrants within their country) using the Eurobarometer 2003 (N = 15,650), which surveyed participants in 15 EU countries. A regression analysis found that older citizens, female citizens, citizens with strong attitudes toward immigrants, citizens who lived in countries that were main routes of illegal immigration, and citizens who lived in regions with more immigrants show more concern about trafficking.
Visual deprivation and parotid response to cigarette smoking

Abstract Cigarette smoking significantly increased parotid salivary secretion in eight smokers and eight nonsmokers. Obstructing vision by wearing opaque goggles consistently reduced the salivary response to smoking in all 16 subjects. Unstimulated resting levels were lower when vision was blocked, suggesting a more general phenomenon than merely removal of the sight of the stimulus-object. Smoking cigarettes through a Cambridge filter assembly, which trapped the particulate matter and rendered the exhaled smoke invisible, had no effect on salivary secretion. This indicates that the salivary stimulation derives from irritating materials in the gas phase of the smoke.
A qualitative investigation of visual tasks with which to assess distance-specific visual function

The ability to perform many daily tasks relies on good visual acuity at various distances. A review of existing measures of visual function revealed gaps in task content, particularly tasks that rely on intermediate vision. This research sought to extend the content base and visual range coverage of tasks used to assess visual function. Ophthalmology patients (n = 72) with myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism, cataracts, and/or glaucoma were involved in various qualitative sub-studies, including life event journaling, telephone interviews, and both on-line and face-to-face focus groups. The resulting journal entries and transcripts were thematically analyzed to identify visual tasks that rely on visual acuity in the near, intermediate, and distant visual ranges. A wide variety of distance-specific visual tasks were identified. Certain types of tasks relied on distance vision, such as; ambulation, driving, leisure and sports, and social functions. Other task groupings such as technology use and activities of daily living relied primarily on near and intermediate vision. Two new content areas were identified, technology use and safe task performance. This thematic analysis provides a rich body of information about tasks that affect daily life and are made more difficult by poor visual acuity at various distance ranges.
Hamiltonian chaos in nonlinear optical polarization dynamics

Abstract This paper applies Hamiltonian methods to the Stokes representation of the one-beam and two-beam problems of polarized optical pulses propagating as travelling waves in nonlinear media. We treat these two dynamical systems as follows. First, we use the reduction method of Marsden and Weinstein to map each of the systems to the two-dimensional sphere, S 2 . The resulting reduced systems are then analyzed from the viewpoints of their stability properties and of bifurcations with symmetry; in particular, several degenerate bifurcations are found and described. We also establish the presence of chaotic dynamics in these systems by demonstrating the existence of Smale horseshoe maps in the three- and four-dimensional cases, as well as Arnold diffusion in the higher-dimensional cases. The method we use to establish such complex dynamics is the Mel'nikov technique, as extended by Holmes and Marsden, and Wiggins for the higher-dimensional cases. These results apply to perturbations of homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits of the reduced integrable problems for static, as well as travelling-wave, solutions describing either a single opt ical beam, or two such beams counterpropagating. Thus, we show that these optics problems exhibit complex dynamics and predict the experimental consequences of this dynamics.
Drivers of age-related inflammation and strategies for healthspan extension

Aging is the greatest risk factor for the development of chronic diseases such as arthritis, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, Alzheimer's disease, macular degeneration, frailty, and certain forms of cancers. It is widely regarded that chronic inflammation may be a common link in all these age-related diseases. This raises the question, can one alter the course of aging and potentially slow the development of all chronic diseases by manipulating the mechanisms that cause age-related inflammation? Emerging evidence suggests that pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-18 show an age-dependent regulation implicating inflammasome-mediated caspase-1 activation in the aging process. The Nod-like receptor (NLR) family of innate immune cell sensors, such as the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome controls the caspase-1 activation in myeloid-lineage cells in several organs during aging. The NLRP3 inflammasome is especially relevant to aging as it can get activated in response to structurally diverse damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as extracellular ATP, excess glucose, ceramides, amyloids, urate, and cholesterol crystals, all of which increase with age. Interestingly, reduction in NLRP3-mediated inflammation prevents age-related insulin resistance, bone loss, cognitive decline, and frailty. NLRP3 is a major driver of age-related inflammation and therefore dietary or pharmacological approaches to lower aberrant inflammasome activation holds promise in reducing multiple chronic diseases of age and may enhance healthspan.
Corrections for Bias in Regression Estimates After Logarithmic Transformation

Experience with biological data, such as dimensions of organisms, often confirms that logarithmic transformations should precede the testing of hypotheses about regression relations. However, estimates also may be needed in terms of untransformed variables. Just taking antilogarithms of values from a log—log regression line or function leads to biased estimates. This note compares corrections for this bias, and includes an example relating mass of tree parts (bole, branches, and leaves) to tree diameter of tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, forests. An Appendix summarizes derivation of exact and approximate unbiased estimators of expected values from log—antilog regression, and of variance around the unbiased regression line. See full-text article at JSTOR
Kinetic aspects of slow crack growth in the gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of steels

An explanation of the slow crack-growth phenomenon in gaseous hydrogen embrittlement is suggested on the basis that chemisorption is the rate-limiting step. The basis of the analysis is the existence of a mobile adsorbed species which is a prerequisite to the occurrence of slow crack growth. The disappearance of the mobile species with increasing temperature results in the observed crack-velocity dependence on temperature. The analysis is able to account qualitatively for the observed dependence of crack velocity with pressure in the different temperature regions of crack growth.