cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heroes and friends.

My parents, Edward and Louise Copeland, both of whom were educators at the college and high school level, my wife Martha, and my children, Ted and Cathy, were and are, the most influential people in my personal life. The most influential person in my professional career was my uncle, Murray M. Copeland, MD, a trained pathologist, radiobiologist, and general surgeon (Fig. 1). As Chairman of the Division of Oncology in the Department of Surgery at Georgetown University Medical School, he directed the multimodality treatment of cancer patients in this institution. He stimulated my interest in oncology. He and my aunt, Jean Copeland, had no children, and I was a willing, proud, and honored surrogate. They introduced me to the Southern Surgical Association. Beginning in the 1940s, they would pay a visit to my parents and me every December at the Copeland homeplace of McDonough, Georgia. Tales of the splendor of The Homestead, the excellent scientific program, and the camaraderie among the members regaled evening meals, and for a boy of 9, in a small town in Georgia, these were the things of which dreams are made. He had been a colonel in the United States Army during World War II and was under the command of Brigadier General I. S. Ravdin. Dr. Jonathan E. Rhoads soon also became his friend, through national meetings for organizations such as the American Cancer Society, in which all three men served as President.
“Can We Talk About the Direction of This Church?”: The Impact of Responsiveness and Conflict on Millennials' Relationship With Religious Institutions

Research continues to document a decline in the number of young adults affiliated to a religious institution; however, most measures of spiritual behavior indicate that Millennials reflect similar beliefs as previous generations. This study examines how institutional responsiveness and personal conflict with the religious institutions impact the relationship that Millennials have with organized religion. Through a survey of 284 young adults, this study found that Millennials evaluate their relationship with their religious institution favorably and that their involvement with religion can be predicted by how they evaluate this relationship. Additionally, structural equation modeling revealed that perceived personal conflict had a detrimental impact on the relationship while institutional responsiveness to Millennials helped restore the relationship.
Beam Conditioning for Free Electron Lasers:Consequences and Methods

The consequences of beam conditioning in four example cases [VISA, a soft x-ray free-electron laser (FEL), LCLS, and a 'Greenfield' FEL] are examined. It is shown that in emittance limited cases, proper conditioning reduces sensitivity to the transverse emittance and, furthermore, allows for stronger focusing in the undulator. Simulations show higher saturation power, with gain lengths reduced by a factor of 2 or more. The beam dynamics in a general conditioning system are studied, with 'matching conditions' derived for achieving conditioning without growth in the effective emittance. Various conditioning lattices are considered, and expressions derived for the amount of conditioning provided in each case when the matching conditions are satisfied. These results show that there is no fundamental obstacle to producing beam conditioning, and that the problem can be reduced to one of proper lattice design. Nevertheless, beam conditioning will not be easy to implement in practice.
Prenatal thyroid releasing hormone and thyroid releasing hormone plus dexamethasone lessen the survival of newborn rats during prolonged high O2 exposure.

Prenatal Thyroid Releasing Hormone and Thyroid Releasing Hormone Plus Dexamethasone Lessen the Survival of Newborn Rats during Prolonged High O 2 Exposure
Differential photoreversibility of ultraviolet-induced premutational lesions in Neurospora.

Abstract The genetic effects of UV light (UV) and UV followed by photoreactivation (UV + PR) have been studied in Neurospora crassa. A two-component heterokaryon was used to examine the effect of these 2 treatments on (1) inactivation of the heterokaryotic conidia, and (2) the induction of recessive lethal mutations at 2 specific loci. The heterokaryon is heterozygous for 2 closely linked loci, ad-3A and ad-3B, in the ad-3 region. The specific-locus mutations can result from either point mutation or chromosome deletion. After UV or UV + PR both point mutations and chromosome deletions were recovered in a ratio of about 24:1. Point mutations and chromosome deletions both increase as the square of the dose, so the spectrum of UV-induced mutation is dose-independent. These experiments also show that PR results in dose- reduction factors (DRFs) of about 0.6 at 60% survival for inactivation of conidia and 0.66 for the overall induction of ad-3 mutations. Genetic characterization of the ad-3 mutations showed no difference in the effect of PR on point mutations at the ad-3A or ad-3B locus; all subclasses of point mutations show a mean DRF of about o.66. Ad-3 mutations resulting from chromosome deletion, however, show a significantly lower mean DRF of about 0.50. These results show that PR has a greater effect on damage leading to chromosome deletions than on damage leading to point mutations. The difference between the DRFs obtained for point mutations and chromosome deletions is interpreted as an indication that they either result from qualitatively different lesions or from the same lesions repaired differentially.
Evidence of pulmonary vascular disease after heart transplantation for Fontan circulation failure.

Objectives Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance may contribute to late Fontan circulation failure but is difficult to assess in such patients. Our aims were to assess outcomes of patients with failed Fontan circulation after heart transplantation and to determine whether elevated pulmonary vascular resistance might have contributed to the failure. Methods Fifteen patients (14 Fontan circulations, 1 Kawashima circulation) underwent transplantation. The most common indication was ventricular dysfunction (mean ventricular end-diastolic pressure 12.5 mm Hg). Patients with early failures (n = 4) required transplantation less than 1 year after the Fontan operation. Those with late failures (n = 11) underwent transplantation at least 1 year after the Fontan operation. Mean age at transplantation was 11.6 years. Mean Fontan-transplantation interval was 7.4 years. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure, transpulmonary gradient, and pulmonary vascular resistance before and after transplantation were assessed. Paired t tests of variable differences were used to compare variables. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results In-hospital mortality was 7%. There were 2 late events (1 death, 1 retransplantation) related to compliance or rejection issues. Graft survivals were 93%, 82%, and 82% at 3, 5, and 7 years, respectively. Posttransplantation pulmonary vascular resistance was elevated (>2.0 Wood units · m 2 ) in 11 of 14 survivors past initial hospitalization (mean 3.3 ± 1.7 Wood units · m 2 ). Only patients with early Fontan failures (3 of 4) had normal posttransplantation pulmonary vascular resistance. In paired comparisons, posttransplantation transpulmonary gradient was increased by a mean of 6.8 mm Hg ( P Conclusions Outcomes after heart transplantation for failed Fontan circulation were good. Mild-to-moderate pulmonary vascular disease was evident after heart transplantation for late failure. Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance is a likely contributor to Fontan circulation failure.
Investigation of the relationship between invertebrate predation and biochemical composition, energy content, spicule armament and toxicity of benthic sponges at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

The biochemical and energetic composition, spicule content, and toxicity of benthic sponges was investigated in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica from October through December 1984. The predominant organic constituent of sponges was soluble and insoluble protein. Levels of total protein ranged from 17.0 to 55.9% dr. wt. Levels of lipid and carbohydrate were low, ranging from 2.1 to 9.6 and 0.6 to 3.5% dr. wt, respectively. Levels of ash were high and variable (32 t0 79% dr. wt), reflecting species-specific differences in spicule contents. Calculated energy contents of sponges were low, with a mean of 9.8±3.5 kJ g-1 dr. wt; ranging from 5.1 kJ g-1 dr. wt in Sphaerotylus antarcticus to 17.4 kJ g-1 dr. wt in Dendrilla membranosa. Insoluble protein accounted for the greatest contribution to the energetic composition of the sponges, while lipid and carbohydrate combined contributed to less than 25% of the overall energy. Normalized spicule volumes of sponges ranged from 0.15 to 0.38 cm3 g-1 dr. wt. Ichthyotoxicity assays indicated that 9 (56%) of 16 antarctic sponge species were toxic. The most highly toxic species were Mycale acerata and Leucetta leptorhapsis. The high incidence of toxicity in antarctic sponges indicates that the current hypothesis suggesting a simple inverse relationship between toxicity and latitude in marine sponges is invalid. There was little correspondence between the energetic composition or spicule contents of the sponges and feeding patterns (electivity indices) of sponge-eating predators. Although the asteroid Perknaster fuscus antarcticus specializes on the highly toxic, fast-growing M. acerata, most antarctic sponge-eating predators appear to be generalists which feed on the more abundant, non- to mildly-toxic, sponge species. This feeding strategy is based on exploitation of low energy, sedentary prey, which require a minimal energy output to harvest.
Theory as the Base on Which to Build Treatment of Aphasia

Lately there seems to be a lot of theory in presentations and articles on aphasia in adults. How can all this theory be useful for treatment?
Effects of fluoxetine and d-fenfluramine on cocaine-seeking behavior in rats.

Serotonin (5-HT) systems may play a role in modulating cocaine-seeking behavior. The present study examined the effects of acute administration of the 5-HT reuptake inhibitor (SRI) fluoxetine, and the SRI/releaser d-fenfluramine, on reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior elicited by either response-contingent presentations of cocaine-paired cues or cocaine priming. Separate groups of rats that had been trained to press a lever for a cocaine reinforcer (0.75 mg/kg per 0.1 ml, IV) with a light/tone stimulus complex paired with each infusion underwent daily extinction sessions during which responding had no scheduled consequences (i.e. neither cocaine nor the stimulus complex was available). Subsequently, the effects of fluoxetine (0–10.0 mg/kg, IP) on extinction and cue reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior were examined, as well as the effects of d-fenfluramine (0–3.0 mg/kg, IP) on cue reinstatement. Additionally, dose-dependent effects of fluoxetine (0–10.0 mg/kg, IP) and d-fenfluramine (0–1.0 mg/kg, IP) on cocaine-primed (0–15.0 mg/kg, IP) reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior were examined. Fluoxetine dose-dependently attenuated cocaine-seeking behavior during extinction. Both fluoxetine and d-fenfluramine dose-dependently attenuated cue-reinstated cocaine-seeking behavior. In contrast, neither drug reliably altered cocaine-seeking behavior reinstated by cocaine priming. These findings suggest that 5-HT indirect agonists effectively attenuate cocaine-seeking behavior elicited by cocaine-associated stimuli, but are much less effective in attenuating cocaine-seeking behavior elicited by cocaine priming.
Effects of several tricyclic antidepressants on the hemodynamics and myocardial contractility of the anesthetized dogs.

Cardiovascular effects of several imipramine analogs were investigated in the anesthetized mongrel dogs. Significant reduction in the cardiac output produced by lower doses (2.5 mg/kg, i.v.) of imipramine and 2-OH-DMI was not due to a depression of myocardial contractility. In contrast, 2-OH-imipramine (1.25 mg/kg) and DMI (2.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced contractility within 10 min after i.v. administration; however, significant decrease in the cardiac output did not occur until after 60 min. Higher doses (5 mg/kg) of imipramine, DMI and 2-OH-DMI significantly attenuated cardiac rate, contractility and output within 5 min after i.v. administration. 2-OH-imipramine, 2.5 mg/kg, i.v., depressed contractility and cardiac output to a degree equivalent to that produced by 5 mg/kg of imipramine, DMI and 2-OH-DMI. 3-Chloro-imipramine (5 mg/kg, i.v.) induced decrease in the cardiac output was essentially due to a significant reduction in the heart rate since the effects of this compound on the contractility were transient in nature. 3-Cl-8-OH-metabolite of this compound had no significant effects on the cardiovascular system. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the complex cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants observed in these studies were perhaps due to a direct and/or autonomically mediated effects on the heart and vasculature. Further, the data support the conclusions that the activity of the parent compounds together with that of the metabolites contributes to overall changes observed. While all the agents are capable of reducing cardiac output, 2-OH-metabolite of imipramine appears to be most toxic on the myocardium and 3-Cl-imipramine possessed only transient effects on the contractile properties.
Human Based Cost from Persistent Homology for Bipedal Walking

Abstract While the focus of robotic bipedal walking to date has been the development of anthropomorphic gait, the community has been unable to agree on a model for such gait. In this paper, we propose a universal ordering of events for bipedal walking based on motion capture data collected from a walking experiment. We process the motion capture data using persistent homology to automatically determine the ordering of discrete events. Surprisingly, every subject in the experiment had an identical ordering of such events. This universal ordering allows us to propose a cost function based upon human data: the human-based cost.
Using the computer to identify differences among text variants

Probable genetic relationships among Old and Middle English manuscripts have been established according to affinities in their variant readings. Most early twentieth-century scholars in this field have collated manuscripts for differences and similarities in word order, lexical choice, and lacunae, and have based their stemma upon evidence of constant, consistent, and non-contradictory groupings of variant readings. In these cases, the variant forms have served to support inferences about descent. However, the manuscript forms are interesting for another purpose; they can provide significant linguistic data for studies in the phonological history of the language. Those manuscripts which share a common ancestor may show in their variant readings spelling differences attributable to uniform diachronic or synchronic changes in sound patterns. Old English wills and charters which can be dated either internally or externally and can be extra-linguistically identified for geographic origin can be used to establish whether those of the same geographic area and same period consistently represent the same words or sets of words with the same graphic configurations, whether those of different geographic origin and the same period show a regularity of correspondences among them to be properly called dialect differences, and whether those from the same geographic area but of different periods reflect consistent differences in form. Single manuscripts transmitted by more than one scribe may contain orthographies or spelling practices peculiar to each. In addition to manuscripts, the term "text variant" can be extended to include strictly linguistic material: idiolectal or dialectal phonetic transcriptions, utterances of a single informant in differing extra-linguistic contexts, alternative phonemic analyses or lexical representations of a single body of data, mispronunciations or misspellings of a group of non-native English speakers of same or similar first language origin. Common to all of these examples is a text or a set of texts which contain enough similarities and enough differences of vocabulary and spelling to present a problem which computer processing can best handle. The programs described here can aid in accumulating details of similarity or difference in terms of word-form and word-graph by (1) building a matrix, columns representing texts and rows representing words, to show what words appear or do not appear in the texts, (2) providing a list of forms unique to any given set of texts, (3) supplying a list of text-coded
Routine Diagnostic x-ray Examinations and Increased Frequency of Chromosome Translocations among United States Radiologic Technologists

Purpose Low radiation doses and potentially inaccurate recall of the number of past x-ray examinations have hampered designing informative studies of cancer risk associated with medical radiation exposure. We investigated whether cumulative exposure from personal diagnostic x-rays was associated with increased frequencies of chromosome translocations among radiologic technologists because they may recall past radiographic procedures better than the general public. Methods 150 U. S. radiologic technologists who began working before 1950 were selected for blood collection and telephone interview, including past x-ray examinations. The number of and the examination types were converted to a radiation dose score with units that were an approximation of cGy. For each study subject, the frequencies of translocations were identified by whole chromosome painting. A linear Poisson regression model was used to assess the relationship between radiation dose score and translocation frequency. Results After adjustment for age, translocation frequencies increased with increasing diagnostic RBM dose score with an estimate of 0.04 translocations per 100 CEs per unit RBM score (95% CI, 0.02 to 0.07; P=0.003). Adjustment for gender, cigarette smoking, occupational radiation dose, allowing practice x-rays while training, work with radioisotopes, and radiotherapy for benign conditions did not materially affect the slope estimate. Conclusions Cumulative radiation exposure from routine x-ray examinations was associated with increased numbers of chromosome translocations. While the enormous benefit of radiation in disease diagnosis and patient treatment remains unquestioned, potential long-term chromosome damage and other associated health risks argue against excess use or unnecessary repeats of diagnostic x-ray examinations.
Why Accountable Care Organizations Are Not 1990s Managed Care Redux

MANY PEOPLE ARE CONCERNED THAT ACCOUNTable care organizations (ACOs) and other delivery system reforms in the Affordable Care Act will simply bring back the managed care days of the 1990s. These skeptics suspect that payment reforms to control high and increasing costs will simply lead to gate keeping and service denial rather than the promise of care redesign and coordination that removes unnecessary cost and delivers better outcomes.
Fissures in standards formulation: The role of neoconservative and neoliberal discourses in justifying standards development in Wisconsin and Minnesota.

An analysis of English/language arts standards development in Wisconsin and Minnesota in the late 1990s and early 2000s shows a process of compromise between neoliberal and neoconservative factions involved in promoting and writing standards, with the voices of educators conspicuously absent. Interpretive and critical discourse analyses of versions of English/language arts standards at the high school level and of public documents related to standards promotion reveal initial conflicts between neoconservative and neoliberal discourses, which over time were integrated in final standards documents. The content standards finally released for use in guiding curriculum in each state were bland and incoherent documents that reflected neither a deep knowledge of the field nor an acknowledgement of what is likely to engage young learners. The study suggests the need for looking more critically at standards as political documents, and a greater consideration of educators' expertise in the process of their future development and revision.
Phospholipase C-γ Modulates Epithelial Tight Junction Permeability through Hyperphosphorylation of Tight Junction Proteins

Phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) is stimulated by epidermal growth factor via activation of the epidermal growth factor receptors. The PLC inhibitor, 3-nitrocoumarin (3-NC), selectively inhibited PLC-gamma in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells without affecting the activity of PLC-beta. In contrast, inhibitors of PLC-beta, hexadecylphosphocholine and, had no effect on the activity of PLC-gamma. Inhibition of PLC-gamma by 3-NC was associated with an increase in tight junction permeability across Madin-Darby canine kidney cell monolayers, as evidenced by 3-NC-induced decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and increase in mannitol flux over a concentration range that was inhibitory to PLC-gamma. An analog of 3-NC, 7-hydroxy-3-NC (7-OH-3-NC), which was inactive as an inhibitor of PLC-gamma, also had no effect on tight junction permeability. Treatment with 3-NC caused punctate disruption in the cortical actin filaments. The PLC-gamma inhibitor, 3-NC, but not the inactive analog, 7-OH-3-NC, caused hyperphosphorylation of the tight junction proteins, occludin, ZO-1, and ZO-2. The serine/threonine kinase inhibitor, staurosporine (50-200 nm), significantly attenuated 3-NC-induced hyperphosphorylation of ZO-2. This corresponded with attenuation by staurosporine of 3-NC-induced increase in tight junction permeability, suggesting a relationship between ZO-2 phosphorylation and tight junction permeability.
A density-dependent matrix model for bottomland hardwood stands in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley

Abstract Bottomland hardwoods in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV) have become one of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States. This ecosystem is an important ecological resource providing many functions and values such as wildlife habitat, water quality protection, biodiversity, and timber production. Active management and restoration of bottomland hardwoods stress the need for tools to support decision-making, but no reliable quantitative information, such as developed growth and yield models, is available for such forests with high species diversity. A density-dependent matrix model, which recognizes differences in tree species and size, was developed for these bottomland mixed-species hardwoods in LMAV. The model was calibrated using data from continuous forest inventory plots. Trees were placed in one of 13 diameter classes of soft hardwoods or hard hardwoods, or four diameter classes of non-commercial species. Five-year predictions show good agreement between the actual and predicted diameter distributions. In terms of value of stand basal area, the model predicted well for stands with densities ranging from 13.8 to 41.3 m 2 /ha (60–180 ft 2 /acre). The model will be useful for short-term inventory projections and simulation studies of the development of these stands using different management regimes.
Confidence bounds for the reliability of binary capacitated two-terminal networks

Abstract Binary capacitated two-terminal reliability at demand level d (2TRd) is defined as the probability that network capacity, generated by binary capacitated components, between specified source and sink nodes is greater than or equal to a demand of d units. For the components that comprise these networks, reliability estimates are usually obtained from some source of testing. For these estimates and depending on the type of testing, there is an associated uncertainty that can significantly affect the overall estimation of 2TRd. That is, an accurate estimate of 2TRd is highly dependent on the uncertainty associated to the reliability of the network components. Current methods for the estimation of network reliability and associated uncertainty are restricted to the case where the network follows a series-parallel architecture and the components are binary and non-capacitated. For different capacitated network designs, an estimate on 2TRd can only be approximated for specific scenarios. This paper presents a bounding approach for 2TRd by explaining how component reliability and associated uncertainty impact estimates at the network level. The proposed method is based on a structured approach that generates a α-level confidence interval (CI) for binary capacitated two-terminal network reliability. Simulation results on different test networks show that the proposed methods can be used to develop very accurate bounds of two-terminal network reliability.
PARABOLA III: A sphere‐scanning radiometer for field determination of surface anisotropic reflectance functions

The Portable Apparatus for Rapid Acquisition of Bidirectional Observation of the Land and Atmosphere III (PARABOLA III) is a sphere‐scanning radiometer. The original PARABOLA was built to study the relationship between surface morphology and reflected radiation properties. Follow‐on work led to the design of an improved radiometer, the PARABOLA III. This in‐situ sensor will be used to validate surface reflectances at angles measured by the Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), a global imager flown on the Earth Observing System (EOS)‐Terra orbital spacecraft. Derived PARABOLA III data products include the surface bidirectional reflectance factor, and sky and surface radiances for the upward and downward viewing hemispheres. This paper describes the design, calibration, and operation of the JPL PARABOLA III.
Mechanistic Study of Oxygen-Transfer Reaction Catalyzed by an Oxorhenium(V) Compound

The new binuclear oxothiolatorhenium(V) compound, Re2O2(mtp)3 (D1, mtpH2 = 2-mercaptomethylthiophenol) was found to be an efficient catalyst for oxygen-transfer reactions. Strong Lewis bases such as phosphines coordinate to one of the rhenium centers in D1; we suggest that this opens one of the Re−S bridges. Dialkylsulfides coordinate weakly to D1. Alkylarylsulfides, diarylsulfides, triphenylarsine and triphenylstibine, and dienes and alkenes do not coordinate to D1. D1 catalyzes the oxidation of phosphines, arsines, stibenes, sulfides, and dienes by pyridine N-oxides and catalyzes the oxidation of phosphines by dimethyl sulfoxide. The kinetics and mechanism for the oxidation of triarylphosphines by pyridine N-oxides were investigated. The relative reactivities of all substrates were studied by competitive reactions. The order was found to be phosphine > arsine > stibene > sulfide > diene. The reaction is proposed to go through a Re(VII) intermediate with pyridine N-oxide as one of the ligands. The N−O bo...
Aspiration Injury Due to Polyacrylamide

Acute lung injury secondary to aspiration of Polyacrylamide, a synthetic polymer used widely in industry, has not been previously described in man or animal. We report the case of a 26-year-old man who aspirated polyacrylamide gel while cleaning it out of a tank truck. Subsequently, severe airway obstruction and lung parenchymal damage developed, and the patient died. At autopsy, numerous Polyacrylamide particles were found in the lungs, along with extensive bronchiolar and alveolar damage.
Interactions between chemical and electrical kindling of the rat amygdala.

Abstract Holtzman rats were implanted with a chemitrode into the left basolateral amygdala, which could then be stimulated electrically (400 μA, 1 s, AC) or chemically by injection of carbachol (1 μl, 2.7 nmoles, sterile, isotonic). Group A received a daily injection of carbachol and developed kindled seizures. Group B received carbachol mixed with equimolar atropine, which blocked seizures and kindling. After 20 injections, both groups were stimulated electrically once a day and kindled at similar rates. Two additional groups received electrical or sham stimulation, followed by carbachol kindlind. No transfer effects were observed. Four additional groups received 27 nmoles of atropine through the chemitrode, followed 15 min later by electrical stimulation, sham stimulation, carbachol injection or saline injection, respectively. Atropine completely blocked carbachol kindling but did not alter the rate of electrical kindling. No difference in the number of QNB binding sites was observed in the amygdala of rats sacrificed two weeks after full electrical kindling. The lack of interaction between electrical and carbachol kindling and the failure of atropine to block electrical kindling of the amygdala suggest that the activation of local muscarinic synapses, while essential for carbachol kindling, is not required for electrical kindling of the rat amygdala.
EFFECT OF NITROGEN APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY IN TWO ECOTYPES OF WILD STRAWBERRY FRAGARIA CHILOENSIS

The relationships between increasing nitrogen fertilization and growth, maximum CO2 assimilation and the initial slope of the CO2 response curve were studied in 2 ecotypes of wild strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchn. Nitrogen accumulation of CA11, an ecotype from a low-nutrient dune site, was greater at all nitrogen concentrations than that of RCP37, an ecotype from a higher-nutrient strand site. Maximum CO2 assimilation, total Rubisco activity, dry weight, and initiation of leaves and crowns were higher in CAI1 than RCP37 as nitrogen treatment was increased from 0 to 200 mg l-1, whereas these parameters were lower in CAl1 when fertilized at 300 mg T1, but not in RCP37. The mean leaf area of CA11 was greater than RCP37 when grown with no supplemental nitrogen, but mean leaf area of the 2 lines was similar under nitrogen fertilization. Maximum CO2 assimilation and carboxylation efficiency increased with increasing leaf nitrogen in both clones. At equivalent concentrations of leaf nitrogen, RCP37 had higher CO2 assimilation and carboxylation efficiency than CA11 and the difference between the 2 clones increased as ieaf nitrogen increased. Thus, RCP37 had a higher photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency than CA11. However, at a given applied nitrogen level, CA11 allocated more nitrogen to a unit of leaf area so that photosynthetic rates were higher than RCP37, except at the highest application of 300 mg l-1. The high nitrogen accumulation capacity and resource allocation to fruiting structures (crowns) in CA11 leads us to suggest that this clone may possess genes that could increase fruit yield in cultivated strawberry.
Ferreirinol, a New 3-Hydroxyisoflavanone from Swartzia polyphylla

Reinvestigation of an EtOH extract of Swartzia polyphylla (Leguminosae) led to the isolation of a new 3-hydroxyisoflavanone, ferreirinol (3). The structure was elucidated from 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and EIMS data.
Feature subset selection using a genetic algorithm

Practical pattern-classification and knowledge-discovery problems require the selection of a subset of attributes or features to represent the patterns to be classified. The authors' approach uses a genetic algorithm to select such subsets, achieving multicriteria optimization in terms of generalization accuracy and costs associated with the features.
Survival Differences between Organ Preservation Surgery and Definitive Radiotherapy in Early Supraglottic Squamous Cell Carcinoma

ObjectiveSingle-modality treatment, either with organ preservation surgery (OPS) or definitive radiation (RT), is the treatment of choice for patients with early supraglottic squamous cell carcinom...
Visual Active Space of the Milfoil Weevil, Euhrychiopsis lecontei Dietz (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Euhrychiopsis lecontei Dietz (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a native weevil, is used as a biological control agent for the invasive aquatic macrophyte, Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.). Because E. lecontei overwinters on land in the adult stage and must find plants in lakes each spring, plant finding behaviors are essential to eventually understanding and predicting long term biological control. Our research showed that E. lecontei is visually attracted to M. spicatum at up to 17.5 cm, and is more attracted to plants than other visual stimuli within 15 cm. We also showed that turbidity may affect visual plant finding at 15 cm. Using available data from this and other previous studies involving chemical cues and other life history traits, we propose a testable conceptual model for how E. lecontei finds plants each year, especially while underwater. This model may also be used to explain plant finding by aquatic phytophagous insects in general.
Transverse mode effects in free-electron laser oscillations

Simulations in two transverse spatial dimensions and time are used to study the evolution of the optical mode in a free electron laser. It is assumed that the electron beam is narrow, the current is low, and the optical fields are weak. Over a single pass, optical mode distortion results in increased gain as the electron beam radius decreases while total current is held constant. Over many passes with transmission and diffraction losses included, the optical mode is still distorted, but the trend of increasing gain is no longer observed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of propranolol on the adenylate cyclase activities in the arteries and ventricle of dog.

Abstract Adenylate cyclase activities in the plasma membrane fractions isolated from renal and femoral arteries were stimulated by propranolol. In contrast, propranolol produced a slight inhibition of the enzyme from the ventricle of the heart. Little or no inhibition of the aortal enzyme was apparent. The differing effects of propranolol on adenylate cyclase activities may reflect the variation in the beta-adrenengic receptors mediating cyclic AMP production in the blood vessels and ventricle of the dog.
Clouds and Shortwave Fluxes at Nauru. Part II: Shortwave Flux Closure

Abstract The datasets currently being collected by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program on the islands of Nauru and Manus represent the longest time series of ground-based cloud measurements in the tropical western Pacific region. In this series of papers, a shortwave flux closure study is presented using observations collected at the Nauru site between June 1999 and May 2000. The first paper presented frequency of occurrence of nonprecipitating clouds detected by the millimeter-wavelength cloud radar (MMCR) at Nauru and statistics of their retrieved microphysical properties. This paper presents estimates of the cloud radiative effect over the study period and results from a closure study in which retrieved cloud properties are input to a radiative transfer model and the modeled surface fluxes are compared to observations. The average surface shortwave cloud radiative forcing is 48.2 W m−2, which is significantly smaller than the cloud radiative forcing estimates found during the Tropical O...
Acquired skeletal muscle metabolic myopathy in atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with an increased risk of overall cardiovascular mortality, and substantial morbidity resulting from claudication. While the initial disease process is clearly the result of atherosclerosis in the arterial circulation of the limb, altered hemodynamics do not completely explain the pathophysiology of claudication. Work from several laboratories has demonstrated secondary changes in the skeletal muscle of patients with PAD which are consistent with the presence of an acquired metabolic myopathy in these patients. Key findings include an alteration in the expression of mitochondrial enzymes, the accumulation of metabolic intermediates, altered regulation of mitochondrial respiration, increased oxidative stress, and the presence of somatic mutations in the mitochondrial genome. Understanding the metabolic changes associated with PAD is important in understanding the pathophysiology of claudication and in the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Biaxially textured Al film growth on CaF2 nanostructures toward a method of preparing single-crystalline Si film on glass substrates.

We report the room temperature growth of biaxially textured Al films and further demonstrate the use of these Al films in preparing single-crystalline Si layers on glass substrates. The formation of the biaxial texture in Al film relies on the existence of the CaF2 buffer layer prepared using oblique angle physical vapor deposition, which consists of single-crystalline nanorods with caps that are in the form of inverted nanopyramids. The single-crystalline Si film was obtained upon crystallization of the amorphous Si film deposited through physical evaporation on the biaxially textured Al film. This method of preparing single-crystalline Si film on glass substrate is potentially attractive for being employed in silicon technology and in fabrication of low-cost electronic devices.
Use of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Marine Conservation

Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) represents multiple bodies of knowledge accumulated through many generations of close interactions between people and the natural world. TEK and its application via customary ecological management plans can be useful in modern conservation programs. I disaggregate the term TEK into its constituent parts and show several ways in which TEK can strengthen research designs by increasing locality-specific knowledge, including environmental linkages occurring in those localities. Examples of the uses of TEK in conservation include folk taxonomy in systematics in Micronesia, species knowledge for conservation in Kiribati, and fishers' knowledge of ecological interactions for reserve design in Belize. When conservationists recognize the utility of TEK, they can engage in an equitable exchange of knowledge and foster shared responsibility with indigenous people. These types of exchanges can also provide an opportunity for indigenous people to develop a scientific infrastructure.
The Relationship between Inpatient Fluoroquinolone Use and Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea

BACKGROUND:Limited evidence suggests there may be a link between fluoroquinolone use and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD), but such an association remains unclear due to conflicting data.OBJECTIVE:To determine the relationship between inpatient fluoroquinolone use and CDAD; secondary objectives included the relationship between CDAD and fluoroquinolone selection, duration of therapy, and route of administration, as well as the association between fluoroquinolones and CDAD complications.METHODS:We conducted a retrospective, case-control study of adult inpatients diagnosed with CDAD during the period of July 2007-July 2008. In total, 174 case patients were matched on a 1:1 basis with controls. A thorough assessment of all inpatient antibiotic use was conducted, including regimens administered at our institution within the previous 8 weeks. Odds ratios were calculated using univariate logistic-regression analysis.RESULTS:Use of fluoroquinolones was not significantly different between patients...
Nanomolar ouabain increases NCX1 expression and enhances Ca2+ signaling in human arterial myocytes: a mechanism that links salt to increased vascular resistance?

The mechanisms by which NaCl raises blood pressure (BP) in hypertension are unresolved, but much evidence indicates that endogenous ouabain is involved. In rodents, arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) Na+ pumps with an α2-catalytic subunit (ouabain EC50 ≤1.0 nM) are crucial for some hypertension models, even though ≈80% of ASMC Na+ pumps have an α1-subunit (ouabain EC50 ≈ 5 μM). Human α1-Na+ pumps, however, have high ouabain affinity (EC50 ≈ 10–20 nM). We used immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and Ca2+ imaging (fura-2) to examine the expression, distribution, and function of Na+ pump α-subunit isoforms in human arteries and primary cultured human ASMCs (hASMCs). hASMCs express α1- and α2-Na+ pumps. Further, α2-, but not α1-, pumps are confined to plasma membrane microdomains adjacent to sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), where they colocalize with Na/Ca exchanger-1 (NCX1) and C-type transient receptor potential-6 (receptor-operated channels, ROCs). Prolonged inhibition (72 h) with 100 nM ouabain (blocks nearly all α1- and α2-pumps) was toxic to most cultured hASMCs. Treatment with 10 nM ouabain (72 h), however, increased NCX1 and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase expression and augmented ATP (10 μM)-induced SR Ca2+ release in 0 Ca2+, ouabain-free media, and Ca2+ influx after external Ca2+ restoration. The latter was likely mediated primarily by ROCs and store-operated Ca2+ channels. These hASMC protein expression and Ca2+ signaling changes are comparable with previous observations on myocytes isolated from arteries of many rat hypertension models. We conclude that the same structurally and functionally coupled mechanisms (α2-Na+ pumps, NCX1, ROCs, and the SR) regulate Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling in hASMCs and rodent ASMCs. These ouabain/endogenous ouabain-modulated mechanisms underlie the whole body autoregulation associated with increased vascular resistance and elevation of BP in human, salt-sensitive hypertension.
Managing data quality in inter-organisational data networks

Organisations participating in business webs, share and exchange data. Inter-organisational data networks are characterised by independent and distributed data sources, and frequent data interchanges. In such networks, it is important that organisations be able to evaluate the quality of data received from other organisations. We propose a framework for managing data quality in inter-organisational data networks using the information product approach. We first highlight the requirements for data quality management in such networks. We then describe the metadata specifications for the interchange of data. We further propose a technique using this framework for managing data quality in inter-organisational data networks.
Community-acquired pneumonia in casualty: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management (or a look at the "new" in pneumonia since 2002).

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Community-acquired pneumonia, because of its substantial treatment costs, incidence, and mortality, is an aggressively researched diagnosis. In this review, we highlight new developments in the diagnosis, etiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of community-acquired pneumonia published since April 2002. RECENT FINDINGS The combined end points of improved patient care and conservation of health care resources have prompted several studies examining current professional society community-acquired pneumonia guidelines. In general, patients treated with the recommended third-generation cephalosporin and macrolide or an antipneumococcal fluoroquinolone when indicated have fared better, including reduced overall costs, inpatient days, and mortality, than those receiving alternative treatments. Etiologic identification efforts by traditional methods, blood and sputum cultures, are being questioned owing to poor success rates and, even when positive, are being underused or ignored in antibiotic selection and patient management. Newer diagnostic tests are becoming commercially available, along with tests for biologic markers that have been only recently identified as contributors to, or prognosticators of, community-acquired pneumonia. Because antibiotic resistance remains a major obstacle to successful patient treatment, prevention or mitigation of community-acquired pneumonia is gaining increasing popularity through more aggressive pneumococcal and influenza vaccination of at risk groups, even before hospital discharge from a community-acquired pneumonia admission. SUMMARY Although prevention is our best defense, current community-acquired pneumonia treatment guidelines are effective for treatment and cost containment. However, they should be scrutinized in light of clinical utilization data now entering the literature regarding their testing recommendations. Providers should consider encouraging focused culturing of sicker patients and those with significant comorbidities.
Recovery/serviceability system test improvements for the IBM ES/9000 520 based models

To assist recovery and serviceability testing, the authors dramatically increased the amount of error injection hardware built into the logic of the ES/9000 520 based models. Compare circuits were incorporated into each functional element such that, under program control from either the processor controller or instructions executing on the processor, hardware malfunction conditions could be injected in any element. These hardware malfunctions could be synchronized to occur under a vast majority of the command and data transfer operations that occur during normal machine operation. Also, they combined recovery and serviceability system testing. In system testing, they verified recovery and serviceability with a single fault injection, halving the number of hardware fault injections required. >
An efficient route toD-myo-inositol 1,3,4-triphosphate andD-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate

Abstract Multigram quantities of the title compounds in their enantiomerically-pure forms have been prepared by employing a chiral precursor which can be obtained via a facile enzymatic process.
GeWave: Geographically-Aware Wave for File Consistency Maintenance in P2P Systems

File consistency maintenance in P2P systems is a technique for maintaining consistency between files and their replicas. Most traditional consistency maintenance methods depend on either message spreading or structure for update propagation by pushing. Message spreading generates high overhead due to redundant messages, and cannot guarantee that every replica node receives an update. Structure-based pushing methods reduce the overhead but cannot guarantee timely consistency in churn. Moreover, most methods are unable to consider physical proximity to improve efficiency. To further reduce update overhead, enhance guarantee of consistency, and take proximity into account, this paper presents a geographically-aware Wave method (GeWave). Depending on adaptive polling in a dynamic structure, GeWave avoids redundant file updates by dynamically adapting to time-varying file update and query rates, and ensures the consistency of query results even in churn. Furthermore, it conducts update propagation between geographically close nodes in a distributed manner. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of GeWave in comparison with other representative consistency maintenance schemes. It dramatically reduces the overhead and yields significant improvements on efficiency and scalability of file consistency maintenance schemes.
Juan Carlos Romero, MD. 1937–2008

Juan Carlos Romero, or Carlitos, as his friends call him, was born in Mendoza, Argentina, on September 15, 1937, and passed away surrounded by family and friends in Jackson, Miss, on December 30, 2008. He studied medicine at the School of Medicine of the National University of Cuyo in Mendoza, from which he graduated in 1964. Carlos was a brilliant medical student, distinguished by a consuming thirst for knowledge and by a powerful and inquisitive mind. In 1962, while still a student, Carlos initiated his research career under the direction of Prof Juan Carlos Fasciolo, head of the Department of Physiopathology and one of the pioneers of research on the renin-angiotensin system and its relation to arterial hypertension. In 1964, Carlos published his first scientific article, “The Renin Content of the Blood of Human and Dogs Under Several Conditions.”1 In 1968, he published a seminal article demonstrating that low sodium intake increases plasma renin and aldosterone …