cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of aphid-borne potato virus Y in potatoes with oil emulsions

Tests were made at Presque Isle, Maine, from 1963 through 1965 to measure the effect of oil sprays on the spread of potato virus Y (PVY) in Green Mountain potatoes. In 1963, 4 weekly applications of a 1% mineral oil emulsion at 1.25 gal oil/acre(4.71/.41 ha) did notaffect significantly (P = 0.05) the spread of PVY. In 1964, the 64% control of PVY spread from 5 weekly applications of mineral oil emulsion at 1.25 gal/acre was not significantly different at that level from the 55% control from 5 weekly applications of the oil emulsion at 2.5 gal/acre (9.5 1/.41 ha). Three or 5 weekly applications of an alkylated naphthalene (Velsicol AR-60®) spray at 1.25 gal/acre significantly increased spread of PVY compared to that from 5 applications of the oil at 1.25 or at 2.5 gal/acre. In 1965, from 69 to 75% control of PVY spread resulted from 6 weekly applications of a paraffin oil emulsion at 2.5 gal/acre. The percent spread from the 6 weekly applications was smaller, but not significantly so (P = 0.05), than from 3 weekly applications made during the first half of the same 6-week period. In these tests, relatively light spread of PVY occurred, and control of spread was rather variable but the results indicate that oil emulsion sprays offer promise for protecting potato plants from PVY infection.
Spontaneous vesicle formation in aqueous mixtures of single-tailed surfactants

Spontaneous, single-walled, equilibrium vesicles can be prepared from aqueous mixtures of simple, commercially available, single-tailed cationic and anionic surfactants. Vesicle size, surface charge, or permeability can be readily adjusted by varying the ratio of anionic to cationic surfactant. Vesicle formation apparently results from the production of anion-cation surfactant pairs that then act as double-tailed zwitterionic surfactants. These vesicles are quite stable in comparison to conventional vesicles prepared by mechanical disruption of insoluble liquid crystalline dispersions.
Novel and sensitive method for the detection of anandamide by the use of its dansyl derivative.

Abstract The dansyl ester of anandamide was prepared and showed intense fluorescence on silica gel thin-layer chromatography when viewed under long-wavelength ultraviolet light (detection limit, 15 fmol). A high-performance liquid chromatography method for the quantitation of anandamide was developed using a C18 column (250×4.6 mm) with gradient elution (1% acetic acid–methanol) and detection at 255 nm. The method was applied to the measurement of anandamide in media from cultured hepatocytes. Sample preparation involved extraction with a C18 cartridge, derivatization with dansyl chloride, thin-layer chromatography, and quantitation. The detection limit in hepatocyte media is 4.3 nmol at a signal-to-noise ratio of three.
Paradise Lost and the Question of Legitimacy

This paper reconstructs the deficiencies of formal democracies to explain the internal injustices of the modern state, the self-righteous swaggering foreign policy of Western powers, and the dangerously over-simplified, polar logic characterizing the war rhetoric of the modern era. In a brief tour through the non-liberal tradition of democratic thought, drawing connections between the tragic mythological origins of Western understandings of self and world, the paper attempts to demonstrate that a failure to find alternate, healthier means of value-creation has caused Westerners, in their constructive identity work, to adhere themselves to their systems with a ritualized, ‘religious’ fervour. Legitimacy in the world becomes, in the final analysis, a simple matter of might. The possession of firearms and bread render self-sanctifying myths legitimating aggressions on the argument of ‘good’ powers fighting the battle against ‘evil’ contaminants.
The energy performance of the Central Sunlighting System

This article presents a simulation study to predict the energy performance of the Central Sunlighting System (CSS) installed in open-plan offices. Several simulation tools are combined to conduct the simulations. SkyVision calculates the daylight luminous flux and the lighting and solar heat gains of the CSS. A set of coefficients pre-calculated using Radiance relates the desktop illuminances to the CSS luminous fluxes. DaySim is used to compute the daylight illuminance from the perimeter windows. ESP-r is used to compute the heating and cooling energy use of the office spaces. The results show that the CSS may save a significant amount of energy in North American climates. Energy savings from the combination of daylighting from windows and the CSS for typical, four-cubicle, open-plan offices range from 44% to 57% for lighting, 8% for cooling and from 14% to 23% for the total (lighting, cooling and heating) energy.
Phase changes induced in hexagonal boron nitride by high energy mechanical milling

Six crystallographic forms of BN have been reported: hexagonal (h-BN), cubic (c-BN), rhombohedral, wurtzite, orthorhombic, and monoclinic. Only the first two of these have engineering applications. Cubic BN is prepared by a high-pressure, high-temperature process and is valued as an ultrahard material for cutting and grinding tools. Hexagonal BN is the most common form of the material and serves as a soft refractory material with high lubricity and high electrical resistivity. BN has also been prepared in an amorphous state (a-BN) [1, 2]. Bulk a-BN prepared by a process similar to that used to produce c-BN has been reported to be exceptionally hard [3]. The equilibrium phase diagram for BN indicates that c-BN is the thermodynamically stable phase under ambient conditions [4]; however, the transformation of h-BN to c-BN is difficult to achieve. This transformation is hindered by the sluggish kinetics of the process; commercial c-BN production uses high temperatures, high pressures, and catalysts to transform h-BN to cBN [5, 6]. Mechanical milling of powders can lead to formation of new equilibrium or metastable phases [7–9]. Previous work has shown that ball milling h-BN can transform it to c-BN [1, 2]. In one study, h-BN milled in a planetary mill transformed completely to c-BN at 1170 K without a catalyst; in other studies milled h-BN transformed to nano-crystalline h-BN, turbostratic BN, and a-BN [10]. In yet another investigation, an Ar ion beam created such high defect densities in an h-BN film that it transformed to c-BN [11, 12] without the high pressures and temperatures needed in commercial c-BN production. Although the h-BN to c-BN transformation has received considerable attention, less study has been devoted to formation and characterization of the a-BN phase. This project was designed to produce a-BN by high energy milling, measure its properties, and study its stability at elevated temperature. These experiments milled −325 mesh h-BN powder in Spex 8000 mills with hardened steel vials and balls. All Spex milling was done with a 5:1 ball-to-charge mass ratio. The powders were maintained in a dry, inert gas atmosphere throughout powder loading and milling. The Spex-milled powder specimens were analyzed by XRD to determine the degree of amorphization induced by the milling. XRD alone cannot provide a
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Peritonitis Associated With Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

We report two patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in whom peritonitis developed and nontuberculous mycobacteria were isolated from peritoneal fluid. In one, Mycobacterium aviumintracellularis was the only organism isolated. Despite a three-month course of antibiotics to which the organism showed in vitro sensitivity, there was no apparent response. The patient died, and an autopsy showed disseminated mycobacterial disease. In the second case, Mycobacterium fortuitum and diphtheroids were isolated from the peritoneal fluid. Although it was not clear that the mycobacterium was solely responsible for the peritonitis in the second case, the infection failed to resolve with antibiotic therapy appropriate for diphtheroids. This patient also died. Both patients had indolent, chronic infections, although there was granulocyte predominance in the peritoneal fluid. Both had involvement of the catheter exit site. To our knowledge, these are the first reported cases of nontuberculous mycobacterial peritonitis in CAPD patients. We recommend evaluation for mycobacteria, including cultures and stains of dialysate specimens, in all cases of CAPD-associated peritonitis where no organism is identified, or where no improvement is noted after 48 hours of therapy. Repeated cultures for mycobacteria are appropriate for suggestive cases. Since these infections are difficult to treat, it may be prudent to remove the dialysis catheter if they are isolated.
A new model for packing of type-I collagen molecules in the native fibril

A specific fibril model is presented consisting of bundles of five-stranded microfibrils, which are usually disordered (except axially) but under lateral compression become ordered. The features are as follows (whereD = 234 residues or 67 nm): (1)D-staggered collagen molecules 4.5D long in the helical microfibril have a left-handed supercoil with a pitch of 400–700 residues, but microfibrils need not have helical symmetry. (2) Straight-tilted 0.5-D overlap regions on a near-hexagonal lattice contribute the discrete x-ray diffraction reflections arising from lateral order, while the gap regions remain disordered. (3) The overlap regions are equivalent, but are crystallographically distinguished by systematic displacements from the near-hexagonal lattice. (4) The unit cell is the same as in a recently proposed three-dimensional crystal model, and calculated intensities in the equatorial region of the x-ray diffraction pattern agree with observed values.
An application of the state-trait concept to the need for achievement☆

Abstract This study concerned relationships between state (situationally defined) n Ach, trait n Ach, and sex of subject in 80 college freshmen. Three standard n Ach tests (the Adjective Check List, Personal Preference Schedule, and TAT measures) and the mean of n Ach states measured under nonarousal conditions were used as trait measures. State measures of n Ach were also obtained in four experimental conditions (Social Ability, Success-Failure, Conventional Arousal, and Extrinsic Competition). There were no significant correlations between the four trait measures. The mean of states in the neutral conditions was highly predictive of states in three of the four arousal conditions, but none of the standard trait tests predicted state arousal to any significant extent.
Filters for the Infrared

A simple filtering system, involving the use of only two simply constructed selenium powder filters, is described, by the use of which it is possible to obtain a pure energy spectrum with a wire grating spectrometer in the region 40–130μ. In addition transmission curves are given for a number of substances in the regions 1–15μ and 35–130μ.
Inorganic phosphate affects the pCa-force relationship more than the pCa-ATPase by increasing the rate of dissociation of force generating cross-bridges in skinned fibers from both EDL and soleus muscles of the rat.

The effect of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on Ca2+-activation of actomyosin ATPase activity and force in permeabilized (skinned) single extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscle fibers of the rat were investigated. Increasing concentrations of Pi decreased force more than ATPase rate at all Ca2+ concentrations and this effect was more pronounced at submaximal Ca2+-activation. Increasing Pi caused both the normalized pCa–ATPase and pCa–force relationship to be shifted to a higher Ca2+ concentration. At all Ca2+ concentrations ATPase was activated at a lower concentration of Ca2+ than force and this difference in Ca2+ concentration required for the activation of ATPase and force was greater in fast-twitch (EDL) than in slow twitch (soleus) muscle. Soleus muscle pCa–ATPase and pCa–force curves were more sensitive to Ca2+(pCa50= 5.97 and 5.89, respectively) than EDL (pCa50= 5.68 and 5.54, respectively). Finally the shape of the pCa–ATPase and pCa–force curves was similar and not affected by Pi. Analysis shows that Pi increases the rate of dissociation of force generating myosin cross-bridges (ratio of ATPase/force (g app)) at all Ca2+ concentration, especially at submaximal Ca2+-activation levels. Pi effects on g app are discussed in terms Pi interacting with the isomerization high force AM*ADP states to form high force transitional AM*ADP*Pi* states which facilitate the dissociation of ADP from AM*ADP. Increasing Ca2+ during Ca2+-activation of the fibers is associated with a progressive decrease in rate of dissociation of force generating myosin cross-bridges g app.
Biphasic Euchromatin-to-Heterochromatin Transition on the KSHV Genome Following De Novo Infection

The establishment of latency is an essential step for the life-long persistent infection and pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). While the KSHV genome is chromatin-free in the virions, the viral DNA in latently infected cells has a chromatin structure with activating and repressive histone modifications that promote latent gene expression but suppress lytic gene expression. Here, we report a comprehensive epigenetic study of the recruitment of chromatin regulatory factors onto the KSHV genome during the pre-latency phase of KSHV infection. This demonstrates that the KSHV genome undergoes a biphasic chromatinization following de novo infection. Initially, a transcriptionally active chromatin (euchromatin), characterized by high levels of the H3K4me3 and acetylated H3K27 (H3K27ac) activating histone marks, was deposited on the viral episome and accompanied by the transient induction of a limited number of lytic genes. Interestingly, temporary expression of the RTA protein facilitated the increase of H3K4me3 and H3K27ac occupancy on the KSHV episome during de novo infection. Between 24-72 hours post-infection, as the levels of these activating histone marks declined on the KSHV genome, the levels of the repressive H3K27me3 and H2AK119ub histone marks increased concomitantly with the decline of lytic gene expression. Importantly, this transition to heterochromatin was dependent on both Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 and 2. In contrast, upon infection of human gingiva-derived epithelial cells, the KSHV genome underwent a transcription-active euchromatinization, resulting in efficient lytic gene expression. Our data demonstrate that the KSHV genome undergoes a temporally-ordered biphasic euchromatin-to-heterochromatin transition in endothelial cells, leading to latent infection, whereas KSHV preferentially adopts a transcriptionally active euchromatin in oral epithelial cells, resulting in lytic gene expression. Our results suggest that the differential epigenetic modification of the KSHV genome in distinct cell types is a potential determining factor for latent infection versus lytic replication of KSHV.
Bifurcation behavior of nonlinear pipes conveying pulsating flow

In this paper the nonlinear behavior of supported pipes conveying pulsating fluid is examined in the vicinity of subharmonic and combination resonances. The method of averaging is used to yield a set of autonomous equations. The autonomous, averaged equations are then examined to determine the bifurcation behavior of the system. It is found that for subharmonic resonance, the averaged equation loses its stability through a simple or double zero bifurcation depending on the damping parameter; whereas, for combination resonance, the averaged system loses its stability through a Hopf bifurcation giving rise to a periodic solution. Explicit results for the stability boundaries and bifurcation paths are obtained. Numerical results are plotted for pinned-pinned pipse.
Nocardia brasiliensis endophthalmitis in a patient with an exposed Ahmed glaucoma drainage implant.

Purpose: To report a case of endophthalmitis due to Nocardia brasiliensis in an eye with an exposed, infected Ahmed glaucoma drainage implant (GDI).Design: Retrospective case report.Methods: A patient with an exposed GDI experienced recurrent episodes of endophthalmitis despite repeated intravitreal injections of antibiotics and steroids. The tube was initially repositioned and finally removed.Results: Whereas repeated cultures from the anterior chamber and vitreous were negative, cultures from the removed tube grew Nocardia brasiliensis. Despite oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and intravitreal amikacin the eye became phthisical and lost light perception.Conclusions: An exposed GDI may lead to endophthalmitis due to Nocardia brasiliensis and may require explantation to establish a diagnosis.
A-Raf and B-Raf Are Dispensable for Normal Endochondral Bone Development, and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide Suppresses Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Activation in Hypertrophic Chondrocytes

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and the parathyroid hormone-PTHrP receptor increase chondrocyte proliferation and delay chondrocyte maturation in endochondral bone development at least partly through cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent signaling pathways. Because data suggest that the ability of cAMP to stimulate cell proliferation involves the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase B-Raf, we hypothesized that B-Raf might mediate the proliferative action of PTHrP in chondrocytes. Though B-Raf is expressed in proliferative chondrocytes, its conditional removal from cartilage did not affect chondrocyte proliferation and maturation or PTHrP-induced chondrocyte proliferation and PTHrP-delayed maturation. Similar results were obtained by conditionally removing B-Raf from osteoblasts. Because A-raf and B-raf are expressed similarly in cartilage, we speculated that they may fulfill redundant functions in this tissue. Surprisingly, mice with chondrocytes deficient in both A-Raf and B-Raf exhibited normal endochondral bone development. Activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was detected primarily in hypertrophic chondrocytes, where C-raf is expressed, and the suppression of ERK activation in these cells by PTHrP or a MEK inhibitor coincided with a delay in chondrocyte maturation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that B-Raf and A-Raf are dispensable for endochondral bone development and they indicate that the main role of ERK in cartilage is to stimulate not cell proliferation, but rather chondrocyte maturation.
Improvement on broadband decoupling in liquids

Abstract The effects of using supercycles and varying the pulse widths in phase-alternated broadband decoupling in the liquid phase have been investigated. A new sequence, PAR-75, is presented. It has an effective decoupling bandwidth 40% larger than that of WALTZ-16 and has very little variation in linewidths within the effective decoupling range.
Applications of nonmaximally decimated multirate filter banks in intersymbol interference cancellation

Abstract In this paper, we study applications of nonmaximally decimated multirate ifiter- banks (NMDMF) in a communication channel with intersymbol interference (1ST),where the 151 transfer function may not have inverses, such as frequency-selectivefading channels. The NMDMF plays the preprocessing (or precocling) role. We present a necessary and sufficient condition on an FIR 151 transfer function in terms of its zero set such that an FIR NMDMF with N channels and decimation by K,0 < K < N,forthe encoder exists so that the decoder is able to recover the originalsignal with an FIR synthesis system, where the integers K and N are arbitrarilyfixed. The condition is easy to check and satisfy. In addition to the conditions onthe channel transfer functions, the practical design of the FIR NMDMF precodersand their FIR synthesis banks for the reconstruction is also given. An numericalexample is presented to illustrate the theory. 1 Introduction The transmission system we are interested in is shown in Fig. 1, where H(z) is theintersymbol interference transfer function. When signals x{n] in Fig. 1 can be recon-structed from the output 5i[n] of the system in Fig. 1, we call the system in Fig. 1 has
Set-values filtering and smoothing

A theory of discrete-time optimal filtering and smoothing based on convex sets of probability distributions is presented. Rather than propagating a single conditional distribution as does conventional Bayesian estimation, a convex set of conditional distributions is evolved. For linear Gaussian systems, the convex set can be generated by a set of Gaussian distributions with equal covariance with means in a convex region of state space. The conventional point-valued Kalman filter is generated to a set-valued Kalman filter consisting of equations of evolution of a convex set of conditional means and a conditional covariance. The resulting estimator is an exact solution to the problem of running an infinity of Kalman filters and fixed-interval smoothers, each with different initial conditions. An application is presented to illustrate and interpret the estimator results. >
Decomposition of Kullback–Leibler risk and unbiasedness for parameter-free estimators

Abstract The bias and variance of traditional parameter estimators are parameter-dependent quantities. The maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) can be defined directly on a family of distributions P and so is parameter-free. The parameter-invariance property of the MLE can be described by the fact that the MLE for the original parameter and the MLE for any reparametrization name the same distribution. We define parameter-free estimators to be P - valued random variables rather than parameter-valued random variables. The Kullback–Leibler (KL) risk is decomposed into two parameter-free quantities that describe the variance and squared bias of the estimator. We show that for exponential families the P - valued MLE is unbiased. We define the KL mean K of a P - valued random variable and show how K describes the long-run properties of this random distribution. For most families P , the KL mean of any P - valued random variable will not lie in P so that we define another mean M, called the distribution mean that is related to K and is an element of P . By allowing the distribution estimator to take values outside of P , the KL mean can be made to lie in P . We compare the MLE to non - P - valued estimators that have been suggested for the Hardy–Weinberg model. Results for the dual KL risk are also given.
International science and the research needs of agriculturally dependant communities in Southern Africa

Abstract There is a growing understanding amongst African nations of the need to advance their agricultural technology development and to meet the demands of their rapidly growing populations. Problems faced in achieving these objectives include limited numbers of national scientists, financial stringency, inadequate access to international science and poor prospects for dramatic ‘green revolution’ technological breakthroughs. Proposals are made for improving the influence of the small but growing body of African scientists working on the development of an appropriate scientific agenda for African agricultural research.
A Review of the Nearctic Species of Chlorion (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) with the Description of a New Species from Baja California

Chlorion is raised from subgeneric to generic status, and C. boharti is described from Baja California. C. cyaneum Dahlbom (= Sphex occultus Kohl) is resurrected from synonymy under C. aerarium Patton (= S. nearcticus Kohl), and a key is provided to the three species now known from the United States and northern Mexico. Lectotypes are designated for L. cyaneum, occultum , and nearcticum .
Mucosal T cell response to reovirus.

During the last three decades, immunologists and gastroenterologists have witnessed the formation of mucosal immunology as a discipline in biomedical science, and studies of reovirus infection have substantially contributed to this evolution. We have focused on mucosal T cell responses induced by reovirus in conventional, germfree, nude, and NF-κB deficient mice. Several major facets of T cell function in the immune responses to this mucosal pathogen have been examined, including viral selection of oligoclonal-T cells, extrathymic T cell development, and distinct signaling pathways used by CD8 sublineages. In addition, our findings with virus-specific T cells selected in the mucosa have suggested novel mechanisms for the rearrangement, selection, and expansion of TCR genes. With the increasing application of molecular tools, reovirus will continue to be a useful model pathogen to study mucosal immunology and will further our understanding of mucosal immunity in health and disease.
Development, Fecundity, and Prey Consumption of Four Species of Predacious Mites (Phytoseiidae) at Two Constant Temperatures

Fecundity and development of the predatory mites Galendromus longipilis (Nesbitt), Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman), Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks), Proprioseiopsis temperellus (Muma and Denmark) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) and the prey, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae) was studied at 13.3° and 26.4°C. All predators developed faster then T. urticae . N. fallacis had the shortest development time and one of the highest oviposition rates of the predators at both temperatures, followed by G. longipilis . P. temperellus required the most prey, consuming 48.2 T. urticae eggs/day at 26.4°C. On restricted universes, G. longipilis and N. fallacis controlled high T. urticae populations within 11 days after introduction. T. urticae was not controlled by P. temperellus on the universe and appeared to be unsuitable as prey for this species.
Acute and chronic effects of d- and 1-amphetamine on seizure susceptibility in mice.

Abstract The effects of d- and 1-amphetamine were studied on different patterns of seizure activity in male mice, e.g., pentylenetetrazol-induced minimal (clonic) and maximal (tonic) seizures and low-frequency electroshock seizure threshold (1.f. EST). Acute administration of d- and 1-amphetamine increased susceptibility to minimal and 1.f. EST. Whereas 1-amphetamine increased maximal seizure susceptibility, the d-isomer decreased susceptibility to this seizure pattern. Daily injections of the amphetamine isomers for 7 consecutive days produced tolerance to all these changes in seizure threshold. d-Amphetamine was approximately twice as active as 1-amphetamine in altering seizure threshold. These studies are in agreement with the concept that amphetamine-enhanced pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures are mediated by dopamine. Chronic administration of saline for 7 days reduced susceptibility to maximal seizures and 1.f. EST 35 and 72%, respectively, but had little effect on minimal seizure threshold.
Intelligence gathering using unattended ground sensors (UGS)

State-of-the-art unattended ground sensors (UGS) have demonstrated the ability to detect, locate/track and classify a variety of targets in most weather conditions. Experimental results from the DARPA- sponsored unattended ground sensors (UGS) program show the ability of UGS to detect and accurately track land vehicles. The use of state-of-the-art UGS and the processing of UGS data to provide useful information to drug enforcement and border patrol agencies holds the potential for more successful drug interdiction operations and a reduction in successful border intrusions. It has been shown that unattended ground sensors can be used in surveillance roles to detect and identify activities of interest with reasonable false alarm rates. State-of-the-art signal and data processing allow detection, classification and tracking of targets of interest, while false target rejection is performed through data fusion of processed sensor data. The use of multiple sensor types that compliment each other within a single package can provide nearly all- weather surveillance capability.
MicroRNA-146a acts as a guardian of the quality and longevity of hematopoietic stem cells in mice

During inflammation and infection, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into mature immune cells, especially of the myeloid lineage. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) is a critical negative regulator of inflammation. Deletion of miR-146a produces effects that appear as dysregulated inflammatory hematopoiesis, leading to a decline in the number and quality of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), excessive myeloproliferation, and, ultimately, to exhaustion of the HSCs and hematopoietic neoplasms. In the absence of miR-146a, LPS-mediated serial inflammatory stimulation accelerates the effects of aging. The chronic inflammatory stress on HSCs in deleted mice involves a molecular axis consisting of upregulation of TRAF6 leading to excessive activity of NF-κB and overproduction of the cytokine IL-6. At the cellular level, we show that the defects are attributable to both an intrinsic problem in the miR-146a-deficient HSCs and extrinsic effects of miR-146a-deficient lymphocytes and non-hematopoietic cells. This study has identified a microRNA, miR-146a, to be a critical regulator of HSC homeostasis during chronic inflammatory challenge in mice and has provided a molecular connection between chronic inflammation and the development of bone marrow failure and myeloid malignancies. This may have implications for human hematopoietic malignancies, such as myelodysplastic syndrome, which frequently displays downregulated miR-146a expression.
Effects of performance feedback on users' evaluations of an interactive IR system

In this study, we seek to understand how providing feedback to users about their performances with an interactive information retrieval (IIR) system impacts their evaluations of that system. Sixty subjects completed three recall-based searching tasks with an experimental IIR system and were asked to evaluate the system after each task and after finishing all three tasks. Before completing the final evaluation, three-fourths of the subjects were provided with feedback about their performances. Subjects were assigned randomly to one of four feedback conditions: a baseline condition where no feedback was provided; an actual feedback condition where subjects were provided with their real performances; and two conditions where subjects were deceived and told that they performed very well or very poorly. Results show that the type of feedback provided significantly affected subjects' system evaluations; most importantly there was a significant difference in subjects' satisfaction ratings before and after feedback was provided in the actual feedback condition.
Fatal attractions in the agency relationship

Abstract This paper shows how public interest accounting can be considered a monitoring service in an agency theory sense, and as such, forms part of the optimal bundle of services offered to a client by a professional firm. The arguments are illustrated with respect to the white collar crime market. A crime valuation equation provides empirical estimates of the wealth affects of an average crime; data is then used to assess the derived demand for a new white collar crime monitoring service. In the spirit of positive accounting research, the paper supplies extensive empirical evidence to show that accountants are already heavily engaged in the white collar crime market; these services form part of the utility maximising equilibrium that is a public as well as a private optimum.
The Schmidt-Kolchin conjecture

In his study of papers by Osgood and Kolchin on rational approximations of algebraic functions, Schmidt observed and proved a theorem which states that the dimension of the vector space of differentially homogeneous differential polynomials is at least 2d. We will show that the dimension is actually equal to 2dand that a basis can be effectively computed. The proof proceeds by developing a term ordering of differential monomials in several variables which ranks monomials relative to a given monomial. This new ordering will be useful in polynomial algorithms in general. The ordering has been implemented in Mathematica.
Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Real-Time Active Content Distribution Service

The phenomenal growth of the world-wide web has made it the most popular Internet application today. Web caching and content distribution services have been recognized as valuable techniques to mitigate the explosion of web traffic. An increasing fraction of web traffic today is dynamically generated and therefore intrinsically difficult to replicate or cache using present static approaches. Scalable delivery of such active content poses a myriad of challenges, including content replication, update propagation, and consistency management. This paper makes two contributions: it (1) describes a scalable architecture for transparent demand-driven distribution of active content; and (2) presents a system that can provide real-time delay guarantees on content access. Our approach involves migrating the scripts which generate dynamic web traffic, and their data, from the origin servers to active content distribution proxies nearest to the clients. We also present mechanisms on these proxies to enforce real-time delay guarantees for client requests. Our system is implemented and deployed on Planetlab (2004), a real-world distributed Internet testbed. Experimental data show that significant improvements are observed in effective throughput and client response time, and that delay bounds on content access can be guaranteed with a very high probability.
Alternative promoter usage and differential expression of multiple transcripts of mouse Prkar1a gene.

Prkar1a gene encodes regulatory type 1 alpha subunit (RIα) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in mouse. The role of this gene has been implicated in Carney complex and many cancer types that suggest its involvement in physiological processes like cell cycle regulation, growth and/or proliferation. We have identified and sequenced partial cDNA clones encoding four alternatively spliced transcripts of mouse Prkar1a gene. These transcripts have alternate 5′ UTR structure which results from splicing of three exons (designated as E1a, E1b, and E1c) to canonical exon 2. The designated transcripts T1, T2, T3, and T4 contain 5′ UTR exons as E1c, E1a + E1b, E1a, and E1b, respectively. The transcript T1 corresponded to earlier reported transcript in GenBank. In silico study of genomic DNA sequence revealed three distinct promoter regions namely, P1, P2, and P3 upstream of the exons E1a, E1b, and E1c, respectively. P1 is non-CpG-related promoter but P2 and P3 are CpG-related promoters; however, all three are TATA less. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated the expression of all four transcripts in late postnatal stages; however, these were differentially regulated in early postnatal stages of 0.5 day, 3 day, and 15 day mice in different tissue types. Variations in expression of Prkar1a gene transcripts suggest their regulation from multiple promoters that respond to a variety of signals arising in or out of the cell in tissue and developmental stage-specific manner.
The subperiosteal rhytidectomy: the third-generation face-lift.

The subperiosteal frontal rhytidectomy described by Tessier was the departure point for a new approach for facial rejuvenation. Psillakis described the subperiosteal face-lift “as an improved concept for correction of the aging face.” However, his technique has a high incidence of frontal nerve inju
Optimal spatiotemporal reduced order modeling, Part I: proposed framework

An optimal spatiotemporal reduced order modeling framework is proposed for nonlinear dynamical systems in continuum mechanics. In this paper, Part I, the governing equations for a general system are modified for an under-resolved simulation in space and time with an arbitrary discretization scheme. Basic filtering concepts are used to demonstrate the manner in which subgrid-scale dynamics arise with a coarse computational grid. Models are then developed to account for the underlying spatiotemporal structure via inclusion of statistical information into the governing equations on a multi-point stencil. These subgrid-scale models are designed to provide closure by accounting for the interactions between spatiotemporal microscales and macroscales as the system evolves. Predictions for the modified system are based upon principles of mean-square error minimization, conditional expectations and stochastic estimation, thus rendering the optimal solution with respect to the chosen resolution. Practical methods are suggested for model construction, appraisal, error measure and implementation. The companion paper, Part II, is devoted to demonstrating the methodology through a computational study of a nonlinear beam.
Post analysis data acquisition for the iterative MS/MS sampling of proteomics mixtures.

The identification of peptides by microcapillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (µLC-MS/MS) has become routine because of the development of fast scanning mass spectrometers, data-dependent acquisition, and database searching algorithms. However, many peptides within the detection limit of the mass spectrometer remain unidentified because of limitations in MS/MS sampling speed despite the dynamic range and peak capacity of the instrument. We have developed an automated approach that uses the mass spectra from high resolution µLC-MS data to define the molecular species present in the mixture and directs the acquisition of MS/MS spectra to precursors that were missed in prior analyses. This approach increases the coverage of the molecular species sampled by MS/MS and consequently the number of peptides and proteins identified during the acquisition of technical or biological replicates using a simple one-dimensional chromatographic separation. The combination of a unique workflow and custom software contribute to the improved identification of molecular features detected in proteomics experiments of complex protein mixtures.
Effects of a Gastric Feeding Protocol on Efficiency of Enteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Infants and Children

Objective: Enteral nutrition (EN) has well-established benefits in critically ill children. Optimally, full nutritional support should be achieved expeditiously. The authors hypothesized that a pro...
Characterization of inertia-friction welds in a high-temperature RS/PM Al8.5Fe1.3V1.7Si alloy (AA-8009)

Abstract The microstructures of inertia-friction welds produced in a rapid-solidification/powder metallurgy (RS/PM) Al-8.5 wt.% fe-1.3 wt.% V-1.7 wt.% Si alloy (also designated as FVS0812 or AA-8009) were investigated using black-and-white and color light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. These analyses revealed that extensive high-temperature plastic deformation at the center of the weld heat-and-deformation zone effectively homogenized the macroscopically inhomogenous base metal microstructure but did not promote significant dispersoid coarsening or dispersoid fracture. In welds produced using a low axial force, nonuniform deformation at the weld outer periphery resulted in the formation of dispersoid-lean, coarse-grained regions with a hardness appreciably lower than that of the base metal. The application of a sufficiently high axial force eliminated the presence of this undesirable region and prevented hardness degradation across the weld zone.
Power comparisons of tests of equality of two covariance matrices based on four criteria

SUMMARY Exact non-central c.d.f.'s of four criteria in the two-roots case are derived for tests of the hypothesis E ,= E2 against one-sided alternatives, where E, and E2 are covariance matrices of two normal populations. The tests are based on Roy's largest root, and on LawleyHotelling's, Pillai's and Wilks's criteria. Powers of the last three criteria have been tabulated extensively, and power comparisons have been made between the three, and also with the largest root, whose powers have been tabulated elsewhere. In addition, powers of the largest root for large deviations are also given for the canonical correlation and multivariate analysis of variance cases, providing power comparisons with the other three criteria.
Thermodynamic Evaluation of Activated Charcoal as a Poison Antidote by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography II: In Vitro Method for the Evaluation of Activated Charcoal as a Poison Antidote

Abstract A previous report detailed the derivation and validation of an equation for calculating the Gibbs free energy of liquid-solid adsorption via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This study utilizes an improved form of that equation in conjunction with an in vitro model of solute adsorption to give an ordered listing of the antidotal activity of activated charcoal towards different drugs and other chemicals. The in vitro model consists of an activated charcoal column with a nominal particle diameter of 15 μ m and a surface area of 447 × 10 4 cm 2 /g, together with a series of acetonitrile: water mobile phases at pH 3. A simple and efficient procedure was developed for ranking the solutes. First, each compound was run in an acetonitrile(ACN): water mobile phase chosen to give a convenient retention time and ideal chromatographic response. The capacity factor for this mobile phase was extrapolated to give a predicted capacity factor for a 35:65 (v/v) ACN: water mobile phase using an empirical equation developed from the exhaustive chromatography of four standard compounds (phenobarbital, strychnine, cyclohexanone, methyl ethyl ketone) in a variety of ACN: water mobile phases. In addition to the standards, 12 other compounds (glutethimide, chlordiazepoxide, quinine, brucine, d -propoxyphene, pentobarbital, methyprylon, methadone, meperidine, codeine, antipyrine, morphine) were evaluated. Based on these data, the Gibbs free energies of liquid–solid adsorption for these compounds were calculated and used to evaluate activated charcoal as a poison antidote for them. The results indicate that a rapid and accurate estimation of the utility of activated charcoal as an antidote for drugs and toxic substances can be obtained from a single chromatographic run of the test compound.
Kinetics of theophylline transfer to breast milk

Investigation of three nursing women given theophylline intravenously defined the kinetics of theophylline transfer into breast milk. In each subject, R was constant, with no significant delay between the attainment of peak plasma and peak milk concentrations. The amount of theophylline eliminated into milk was equal to the product of R, milk volume, and the simultaneous maternal plasma concentration. The data indicate that theophylline cumulation to toxic concentrations should not occur in most breast-fed infants of asthmatic women treated with appropriate doses of theophylline. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 28, 404–408; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.180
Topological Theory of Entanglement: A Polymer Chain and a Fixed Barrier. I. Diffusion Equation

A statistical mechanical theory of entanglement is developed, based on the topology of loops. As the simplest example of entangling systems, a system composed of a polymer chain and a fixed barrier is studied in the present and in the two following papers. First, Gauss linking coefficient T is given for simple-square-lattice chains, and it is transformed, basing on the periodicity of the polymer chains, into “topological variables T α ,” which describe corrective motions of the entangling polymer chains. The Verdier-Stockmayer model is used as a model of the Brownian motion of polymer chains. A diffusion equation is derived for a simultaneous distribution function in regard to a few topological variables T α and a few “normal coordinates Q α ”. The diffusion equation is farther transformed to describe an evolution of small fluctuations of T α and Q α around their equilibrium values.
Nanoscale studies of plasmonic hot spots using super-resolution optical imaging

Plasmonic metal nanoparticles have the ability to act as nanoscale antennas for visible and near-IR (infrared) light, leading to increased electromagnetic fields at their surface. As a result, Raman scattering and/or fluorescence from nearby molecules can be enhanced by many orders of magnitude. However, imaging how these molecules interact with the enhanced fields at the surface of noble metal nanoparticles is a challenge due to the diffraction limit of light. In this article, we review super-resolution imaging of plasmonic hot spots using two all-optical readouts, surface-enhanced Raman scattering and surface-enhanced fluorescence, which are used to locate and track single or a few molecules on the surface of nanoscale-roughened metals. These super-resolution imaging techniques allow localization of the emission centroid of an emitter to better than 5 nm and allow mapping of the electromagnetic field enhancement experienced by molecules at the nanoparticle surface.
Ultrafast multiple-mode multiple-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy

Ultrafast multiple-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy has been extensively applied to studies of molecular structures and dynamics in condensed phases. Along with the developments of new laser sources and new concepts, increasing improvements and applications of this technique have brought the understanding of molecular systems to a new level. In this review, we first briefly introduce the basic concepts, experimental setups and applications of the technique. The most recent progresses in applying vibrational energy transfers to determine intermolecular distances and vibrational couplings to determine three dimensional molecular conformations with our high power multiple-mode multiple-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy are then introduced in more details.
Particle trajectories and capture of particles by a sphere

An equation estimating the number of particles deposited on a spherical sticky surface was derived. The angles of approach of the particles to the spherical surface were experimentally determined. The experiments were performed at conditions preventing formation of an excessive electrostatic charge on the collecting surface and on the particles. Under these conditions deposition of a single layer of particles was observed.
Asymmetric dinuclear copper(I) complexes of bis-(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)-2-(N-toluenesulfonylamino)ethylamine with short copper-copper distances.

Addition of two equivalents of CuCl to deprotonated bis-(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)-2-(N-toluenesulfonylamino)ethylamine (PETAEA) and its derivatives yielded new types of dinuclear Cu(I) complexes, Cu(µ-PETAEA)CuCl, Cu(µ-PEMAEA)CuCl, and Cu(µ-PENAEA)CuCl (PEMAEA is the 4-methoxyphenyl derivative of PETAEA and PENAEA is the 4-nitrophenyl derivative), exhibiting a four coordinate N4Cu center, a two coordinate NCuCl center, and a metal–metal distance within the range of 2.6572(8) to 2.6903(3) A. Analysis of the covalent radii for four coordinate and two coordinate copper(I), the acute copper–nitrogen–copper angles, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest a weak attraction between the two copper atoms. The complexes apparently formed in a two-step process with the formation of the tetracoordinate mononuclear complex preceding the coordination of a second equivalent of CuCl to the lone pair of the sulfonamidate ligand.