cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN INTERNATIONALIST CONCEPTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

We are living through what might be called the human rights revolution. Since the end of World War II, and more dramatically, since the end of the Cold War, human rights have emerged as a fundamental concern of international relations and morality. This is as it should be. While human rights constitute but a part of an adequate theory and practice of international relations and morality, they constitute a core or fundamental part. It is crucial, then, that we properly understand and fully secure human rights. As with so many other revolutions, the human rights revolution has brought both progress and confusion. It is clear to almost everyone now that there are some rights held by all individual persons, simply by virtue of their being persons, and binding against all bodies politic regardless of their voluntary undertakings, and that the sovereignty of states over their members is accordingly conditional. But the content, nature, and justificatory basis of these rights are not clear. Nor is their relationship to those rights articulated in the various human rights documents and treaties increasingly signed and ratified (though often with significant reservations) by existing states.
Adding Bricks to Clicks: Predicting the Patterns of Cross-Channel Elasticities Over Time

Abstract The authors propose a conceptual framework to explain whether and when the introduction of a new retail store channel helps or hurts sales in existing direct channels. A conceptual framework separates short- and long-term effects by analyzing the capabilities of a channel that help consumers accomplish their shopping goals. To test the theory, the authors analyze a unique data set from a high-end retailer using matching methods. The authors study the introduction of a retail store and find evidence of cross-channel cannibalization and synergy. The presence of a retail store decreases sales in the catalog but not the Internet channel in the short run but increases sales in both direct channels over time. Following the opening of the store, more first-time customers begin purchasing in the direct channels. These results suggest that adding a retail store to direct channels yields different results from adding an Internet channel to a retail store channel, as previous research has indicated.
Taming Defects in $\mathcal{N}=4$ Super-Yang-Mills

We study correlation functions involving extended defect operators in the four- dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 super-Yang-Mills (SYM). The main tool is supersymmetric localization with respect to the supercharge 𝒬 introduced in [1] which computes observables in the 𝒬- cohomology. We classify general defects of different codimensions in the $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM that belong to the 𝒬-cohomology, which form 1 -BPS defect networks. By performing the 𝒬- localization of the $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM on the four-dimensional hemisphere, we discover a novel defect-Yang-Mills (dYM) theory on a submanifold given by the two-dimensional hemisphere and described by (constrained) two-dimensional Yang-Mills coupled to topological quantum mechanics on the boundary circle. This also generalizes to interface defects in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM by the folding trick. We provide explicit dictionary between defect observables in the SYM and those in the dYM, which enables extraction of general $$ \frac{1}{16} $$ -BPS defect network observables of the SYM from two-dimensional gauge theory and matrix model techniques. Applied to the D5 brane interface in the SU(N ) SYM, we explicitly determine a set of defect correlation functions in the large N limit and obtain precise matching with strong coupling results from IIB supergravity on AdS5 × S5.
Prosperity, Sustainability and the Measurement of Wealth

Gross domestic product (GDP) and household income measures provide invaluable metrics of economic activity in an economy, but they tell us little about the sustainability of the economic trends. National wealth accounting can be utilised to determine the size of the underlying productive base, which provides insight into the sustainability of economic activities and indicates the potential for intergenerational well-being. An empirical methodology was developed to measure wealth and then used to analyse multiple Asian countries. A common theme found across the Asian countries was the depletion of natural capital (forests, minerals and energy) and the development of human and produced capital. A strong correlation between growth in GDP per capita and wealth per capita was also found, but there are instances of GDP growth and wealth growth having different signs.
On The Freedom To Associate or Not To Associate with Others

This article discusses the freedom to associate or not to associate with others. Associational issues are pervasive in the law, and arise on both an individual and a societal level. Within societies one party may want to have an association with another who doesn’t want the association, or parties may want to have an association that others find objectionable or may want not to have an association that others favor. In all of these situations society as a whole must decide whether to empower one party to impose an unwanted relationship on others, and whether to prohibit associations that parties want or impel associations that parties don’t want. Similar issues arise among societies, where parties may resort to international law to resolve associational conflicts or in the absence thereof will have to work out associational conflicts among themselves. The thesis of the paper is that there is no general moral or legal principle for resolving such associational issues. Rather their resolution depends on historical and social context, and ultimately on societies’ ever evolving values. In particular, associational issues will affected by the extent to which a society’s values are more individualistic or collective. By way of illustrating the point the article discusses the factors that might come in to play in a variety of associational contexts, including marriage, race relations, emigration and immigration, and others.
A model for hedging load and price risk in the Texas electricity market

Energy companies with commitments to meet customers’ daily electricity demands face the problem of hedging load and price risk. We propose a joint model for load and price dynamics, which is motivated by the goal of facilitating optimal hedging decisions, while also intuitively capturing the key features of the electricity market. Driven by three stochastic factors including the load process, our power price model allows for the calculation of closed-form pricing formulas for forwards and some options, products often used for hedging purposes. Making use of these results, we illustrate in a simple example the hedging benefit of these instruments, while also evaluating the performance of the model when fitted to the Texas electricity market.
Social Hierarchies and the Formation of Customary Property Law in Pre-Industrial China and England

Comparative lawyers and economists have often assumed that traditional Chinese laws and customs reinforced the economic and political dominance of elites and, therefore, were unusually “despotic” towards the poor. Such assumptions are highly questionable: Quite the opposite, one of the most striking characteristics of Qing and Republican property institutions is that they often gave significantly greater economic protection to the poorer segments of society than comparable institutions in early modern England. In particular, Chinese property customs afforded much stronger powers of redemption to landowners who had pawned their land. In both societies, land-pawning occurred far more frequently among poorer households than richer ones, but Chinese customary law allowed debtors to indefinitely retain redemption rights over collateralized property, whereas English debtors would generally lose the property permanently if they failed to redeem within one year. This article argues that the comparatively “egalitarian” tendencies of Qing and Republican property institutions stemmed from the different ways Chinese and English rural communities allocated social status and rank. Hierarchical “Confucian” kinship networks dominated social and economic life in most Chinese villages. Within these networks, an individual’s status and rank depended, in large part, on his age and generational seniority, rather than personal wealth. This allowed many low-income households to enjoy status and rank quite disproportionate to their wealth. In comparison, substantial landed wealth was generally a prerequisite for high status in early modern England, effectively excluding lower-income households from positions of sociopolitical authority. Chinese smallholders possessed, therefore, significantly more social bargaining power, and were more capable of negotiating desirable property institutions. Paradoxically, the predominance of kinship hierarchies actually enhanced macro-level political and economic equality. Category: Comparative Legal History
Are we killing the rain? Meditations on the water cycle and, more particularly, on bioprecipitation

This essay reviews the multidisciplinary science of bioprecipitation, using it as a lens through which to envision integrative options for land use and water resource management in a new light. Bioprecipitation is the hypothesis that microbial ice nucleators, including Pseudomonas syringae, may be highly adapted causal agents of rain and snow. To the extent that land use policies, including pathogenic eradication campaigns, may inhibit the local production of biotic ice nucleators, they may be responsible for ‘killing’ a generative source of rain. Such possibilities should invite major interest in this gathering field of research. Assuming that it contributes to a richer comprehension of the hydrological cycle's dependence on circulatory biota, these findings should help to stimulate assimilative, integrated reformulations of land use and water management policies and norms.
Incidental prices and their effect on willingness to pay

Abstract Previous research has explored how both internal and external references prices affect consumer perceptions and consequently the price that consumers are willing to pay for a product or service. Historically, researchers have examined the effects of exposure to prices for the same product, the same brand, or products in the same category. This research explores the effect of incidental prices on the consumer’s willingness to pay. The authors define incidental prices as prices advertised, offered, or paid for unrelated products or goods that neither sellers nor buyers regard as relevant to the price of an item that they are engaged in selling or buying. More specifically, the authors examine how prices for products that buyers encounter unintentionally can serve as anchors, thus affecting willingness to pay for the product that they intend to buy. The findings have important implications for auction houses and online vendors as well as for conventional retailers.
Samuelson Hypothesis and Carry Arbitrage

The “Samuelson Hypothesis” holds that volatility of futures prices increases as maturity approaches. Samuelson’s explanation for this effect in a 1965 paper is not widely known, even by authors who tried to test for it empirically. For instance, futures prices in Samuelson’s analysis do not come from the cost-of-carry model. In this article, Brooks conducts a vast empirical exploration of the Samuelson Hypothesis with 50 futures markets over close to 20 years and finds that while some markets do show this effect, those in which the carry arbitrage trade is easy to execute generally do not.
The Role of Uncertainty in Investment: An Examination of Competing Investment Models Using Commercial Real Estate Data

Neoclassical investment decision criteria suggest that only the systematic component of total risk affects the rate of investment, as channeled through the built-asset price. Alternatively, option-based investment models suggest a direct role for total uncertainty in investment decisionmaking. To sort out uncertainty's role in investment, we specify and empirically estimate a structural model of asset-market equilibrium. Commercial real estate time-series data with two distinct measures of asset price and uncertainty are used to assess the competing investment models. Empirical results generally favor predictions of the option-based model and hence suggest that irreversibility and delay are important considerations to investors. Our findings also have implications for macroeconomic policy and for forecasts of cyclical investment activity.
International Arbitration, Judicial Education, and Legal Elites

One potentially devastating critique of investment arbitration is that it undermines or hampers development of national legal institutions. Investment arbitration was originally conceived of as a means of encouraging foreign investment and strengthening rule of law for investment protection. Critics often question whether it actually contributes to either of these goals. If investment arbitration could not deliver on intended goals related to improvements in local legal institutions, it would be disappointing. If, however, investment arbitration not only failed to deliver benefits to, but instead affirmatively undermined, local legal institutions, it would be devastating. While numerous critics have leveled this charge, no empirical evidence has been marshalled to support it.This essay sketches an alternative account of how investment arbitration affects development of local legal institutions, in particular domestic courts. When investment arbitration is introduced into a local legal environment, it becomes integrated with international commercial arbitration, and often domestic arbitration. This integration occurs because the local economic elites, private law forms, and local businesses that deal with foreign investors and investment arbitration disputes also deal with international commercial matters, international commercial disputes, and domestic arbitration.
Recruitment in the mental health treatment study: A behavioral health/employment intervention for social security disabled-worker beneficiaries

This article analyzes subject recruitment for the Mental Health Treatment Study (MHTS)—a national 23-site randomized trial that provided access to effective treatment and rehabilitation interventions for Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) beneficiaries with psychiatric impairments. We use regression analyses to better understand the likely take-up rate for MHTS replications and/or expansions and to identify characteristics of DI beneficiaries most likely to enroll. Results indicate that among potential MHTS subjects with confirmed telephone contacts, the take-up rate was 14.0 percent—well above rates for previous Social Security Administration randomized trials. Regression results suggest, as an upper bound, that take-up rates in the 18.0–25.0 percent range could be obtained by targeting recruitment to the group of beneficiaries that has administrative records of recent vocational or labor-market activity. Future interventions with large, heterogeneous target populations should consider the implications here for generalizing intervention impacts and modifying recruitment strategies.
Policy Shocks, Market Intermediaries, and Corporate Strategy: The Evolution of Business Groups in Chile and India

Numerous countries have undergone rapid transitions in their economic environments. Yet, little is known about firms' responses to such transitions. We use field-collected data to study the evolution of eighteen large and diversified business groups in Chile (1987–1997) and India (1990–1997). The chosen periods correspond to significant deregulation in the primary markets in both countries. Conventional wisdom suggests that the intermediation roles played by business groups ought to decrease during these periods. However, we find an increase in group scope, an increase in the strength of the social and economic ties that bind together group firms, an increase in self-reported intermediation attempts by the groups, and some evidence that these actions are associated with improvements in accounting and stock-market performance of the group affiliates. We suggest that the slow development of market intermediaries, in a manner suggested by institutional economics, and the attendant lack of reduction in transaction costs in primary markets, can explain these findings.
Statistical tests of discrimination in punishment

A method, adopted from the labor econometrics literature, is proposed for detecting discrimination in punishment. The method requires the separate estimation of time served and punishment probability equations for, say, whites and blacks. The coefficients from the white equation are used to predict the punishment blacks would receive if treated like whites. A test of no discrimination against blacks is a test that the black punishment predicted by the black equation is equal to the punishment predicted by the equation using the white coefficients but the black “endowments” or characteristics. A further test is proposed that evaluates the economic “efficiency” of disparities in punishment. The test is restricted to measuring the recidivism effect of equality of treatment in punishment. The discrimination test and the efficiency test are illustrated using the U.S. Board of Parole data for 1972. Statistically significant racial disparities in punishment are uncovered and are found to be economically inefficient.
From Left to Rights: Civil Liberties Lawyering Between the World Wars:

In the formative years of the modern First Amendment, civil liberties lawyers struggled to justify their participation in a legal system they perceived as biased and broken. For decades, they charg...
The Contemporary “Fist Inside the Velvet Glove”: Employer Captive Audience Meetings Under the NLRA

One of the more effective anti-union techniques used by employers during labor organizational campaigns is the holding of employee captive audience meetings. Employees, in the midst of deciding whether or not to join a union, are compelled to attend an assembly where management has a one-way conversation with them about the evils of unionism. These meetings occur during working hours, when the employer is best able to exert its economic authority over employees and to play on fears of job loss if employees vote for the union. While employees are free to leave these meetings in the formal sense, they may only do so at the peril of losing their jobs. Further, employers can exclude pro-union employees from such meetings and can fire employees for attempting to ask questions. When one also considers that unions generally lack access to employer property to disseminate pro-union messages, one begins to understand the imbalance of this workplace dynamic. What is most amazing to those who hear about the captive audience meeting tactics for the first time is that such actions by employers are not only tolerated in the United States, but have been considered lawful under the National Labor Relations Act for over sixty years.Based on employee free choice, the conduct/speech distinction in labor picketing cases, and the threadbare nature of NLRB precedent in this area, this Article contends that the Board should return to its Clark Bros. doctrine and make employer captive audience meetings a per se violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the NLRA. No need exists for statutory amendment of the NLRA because the current language of the Act, even in light of the Section 8(c) employer free speech provisions, readily supports this alternative interpretation. Without the proverbial gun to their heads, employees will again be able to exercise free choice in deciding whether they wish to be represented by a labor organization.
International Banking Centers, Geography, and Foreign Banks

This essay reviews much of the recent literature on international financial centers from both economics and geography and critiques the thesis of an “end of geography.” Banks have dispersed from traditional centers those activities involving frequent routine, standardized, and small-scale transactions. At the same time, the banks have kept in the international financial centers those activities involving innovative, customized, and large-scale transactions. In all of this, place still matters, but different places matter for different activities. Finally, foreign banks make their greatest contribution to their host center when the presence of foreign banks enhances domestic competition and innovation. The innovation that the rivalry between institutions induces makes the environment in international financial centers a turbulent one.
Mutual Fund Attributes and Investor Behavior

I study the dynamics of investor cash flows in socially responsible mutual funds. Consistent with anecdotal evidence of loyalty, the monthly volatility of investor cash flows is lower in socially responsible funds than in conventional funds. I find strong evidence that cash flows into socially responsible funds are more sensitive to lagged positive returns than cash flows into conventional funds, and weaker evidence that cash outflows from socially responsible funds are less sensitive to lagged negative returns. These results indicate that investors derive utility from the socially responsible attribute, especially when returns are positive.
Christian Scripture and American Scripture: An Instructive Analogy?

As a Jesuit priest whose ministry includes the teaching of constitutional law, I regularly struggle with the task of interpreting two foundational normative texts: the Bible and the U.S. Constitution. The Bible plays a central normative role in the life of the Church, while the Constitution provides a normative framework for American law and politics. These texts ground the ongoing lives of both the Church and the American political community. Both of these textually constituted communities face the challenge of appropriating for contemporary experience a normative text produced in a significantly different historical context. But can American constitutional lawyers learn anything from the ways in which the Bible has been interpreted within the life of the Church?Jaroslav Pelikan, eminent historian of the Church's doctrinal tradition and Sterling Professor of History Emeritus at Yale, believes that those engaged in the enterprise of constitutional interpretation can indeed learn something from the history of biblical interpretation. Drawing on a life-long “study of the twenty centuries of interpreting Christian Scriptures,” Pelikan offers his new book, Interpreting the Bible and the Constitution, in the hope that it “may be of some help and illumination … to those who stand in the tradition of the two centuries of interpreting American Scripture.” (37)
Measuring and Motivating Quantity, Creativity, or Both

We examine how worker productivity differs when compensation is based on quantity, creativity, or the product of both measures. In an experiment in which participants design “rebus puzzles,” we find that combining quantity and creativity measures in a creativity-weighted pay scheme results in creativity-weighted productivity scores that are significantly lower than those generated by participants with quantity incentives alone. Follow-up analysis indicates that relative to participants in the quantity-only condition, participants in the creativity-weighted condition produce approximately the same number of high-creativity puzzles, but produce significantly fewer puzzles overall. Thus, while participants rewarded for creativity-weighted output tend to restrict their production to high-creativity efforts, they are unable to translate this focus into a greater volume of high-creativity output. Implications address a possible explanation for firms' reluctance to incorporate creativity measures within multidimensional performance measurement systems, notwithstanding published suggestions to do so.
Where You Sit is Where You Stand: The Impact of Seating Proximity on Legislative Cue-Taking

Where You Sit is Where You Stand: The Impact of Seating Proximity on Legislative Cue-Taking
“He Looks Guilty”: Reforming Good Character Evidence to Undercut the Presumption of Guilt

How do juries decide the guilt or innocence of the accused? In cases where identification is at issue, the physical evidence is not conclusive, or where credibility is central to determining guilt, juries often look at the character of the accused to help piece together what happened. This is an article about good character evidence. It is also an article about how the perceived character of an accused affects the outcome of jury trials.
Frauds, Markets, and Fraud-on-the-Market: The Tortured Transition of Justifiable Reliance from Deceit to Securities Fraud

This article examines the reliance element of the securities fraud action. An analysis comparing the economic function of common law deceit to that of securities fraud is used to appraise the current law and to propose refinements. This article argues that neither participants in securities markets nor the society are indiffer* Associate Professor of Law, University of Connecticut. Comments of Carliss Baldwin, Philip Blumberg, Deborah Calloway, Roland Demmel, Howell Jackson, Louis Kaplow, Reinier Kraakman, Andr6 Perold, Steven Shavell, Eileen Silverstein, Erric Sirri, Steve Utz, and Nick Wolfson as well as those of participants in the Harvard Law and Economics, Harvard S.J.D., and the University of Connecticut Law School Faculty Seminars are gratefully acknowledged. UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI LAW REVIEW ent to the risk of misrepresentations about securities and that this risk is larger than the risk created by misrepresentations about nonfinancial goods (real goods). Therefore, the fear of misrepresentations about securities is more undesirable than the fear of misrepresentations about real goods. Consequently, the securities fraud action should create stronger deterrence than the deceit action. The fraudon-the-market presumption of reliance intensifies the deterrence of the securities-fraud action by making class actions more likely to succeed and by allowing larger classes, hence, larger damage awards than under the actual reliance required for deceit liability. Although the economic analysis supports the expansive securities fraud action that the fraud-on-the-market presumption of reliance creates, the presumption also has the important drawback that it may be rebutted if the trader does not "trust the integrity of the market." This rebuttal exposes informed traders to fraud and, therefore, undermines market efficiency. It is easy to overcome this drawback (while retaining the beneficial effects of the rebuttal) by replacing it with the traditional avoidable consequences defense to the causation that reliance shows.
Jonesing for a Test: Fourth Amendment Privacy in the Wake of United States v. Jones

This Note explores the impact of the recent Supreme Court case United States v. Jones on the relevance of Fourth Amendment privacy protections in the Information Age. The Note focuses on the questions raised by the concurring opinions in Jones regarding the expectations of privacy associated with the voluntary communication of personal data in modern society.
OrganIzIng HealtHCare FOr CHangIng Markets tHe Case OF asCensIOn HealtH

This case describes a Ministry Positioning process that will enable the management of Ascension Health to enact designs suitable for the rapidly changing healthcare industry. Ascension Health is the largest not-for-profit healthcare system in the United States with $21 billion in annual revenues and a presence in 24 states and the District of Columbia. Because the design of a large organization for a fast-moving environment is too complex and ambiguous to be fully planned in advance, the focus of the case is on the processes of learning while designing—that is, learning how to learn from designing organizations. The main lessons drawn from the Ministry Positioning process are discussed.
Why We Do International Accounting Research

ABSTRACT This essay was a keynote address at the Third International Conference of the Journal of International Accounting Research in Sao Paulo, Brazil. It addresses the question of why the volume and quality of international accounting research have grown rapidly in recent years. It begins by asking why we do accounting research and moves on to discuss the reasons for conducting international accounting research. These include to better understand others (and in the process, to better understand ourselves), to provide more replication options, to exploit differences in national institutional structures when investigating the determinants and effects of institutional variables on accounting, to address some limitations of within-jurisdiction research, and to obtain a wider range of changes to exploit (the paradigm example being the advent of IFRS). I then offer some concluding comments. Despite its somewhat presumptuous title, I do not presume to speak for others; the essay reflects a purely personal vie...
Values and preferences: defining preference construction

Extensive research in the values and preferences literature suggests that preferences are sensitive to context and calculated at the time of choice. This has led to the view that preferences are constructed. Recent work calls for a better understanding of when preferences are constructed and when they are not. We contend that the answer to this question depends on the meaning of the term constructed. Constructed can mean that a preference changes across contexts. If construction is synonymous with context sensitivity, we contend that preferences are always constructed because context influences nearly every aspect of the judgment and choice process. As a motivating example, we show that preferences are influenced by goals and goals are highly context sensitive. Constructed, however, can mean instead that a preference is calculated or formulated during the judgment and choice process. If construction is synonymous with calculation, we contend that many preferences are calculated and the more important question is to what degree preferences are calculated. We review the literature that shows that the degree to which decision makers calculate preferences is influenced by goals, cognitive constraints, and experience. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 193-205 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.98 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Bayesian Inference: The Comprehensive Approach to Analyzing Single-Molecule Experiments.

Biophysics experiments performed at single-molecule resolution provide exceptional insight into the structural details and dynamic behavior of biological systems. However, extracting this informati...
Lessons for and from COVID-19 for investors and their advisors

Abstract COVID-19 was a shock to financial markets On March 23, 2020 the S&P 500 index had fallen by over 31% from its closing value on the first trading day of the year and the NASDAQ index fell nearly 25% Volatility increased The CBOE VIX Index and trading volume spiked in March and remained elevated But by mid-November, the S&P 500 index was above its beginning of the year value by 10% and the NASDAQ index was 30% above During large market declines, history tells us that investors can be rewarded if they buy, while withstanding the urge to sell Surveys of investors, as well as those who provide investment advice, suggest that these history lessons were known and those who followed them, were well-served However, the COVID-19 pandemic reinforces these lessons for investors and their advisors when encountering the next large market decline
Cloth Region Segmentation for Robust Grasp Selection

Cloth detection and manipulation is a common task in domestic and industrial settings, yet such tasks remain a challenge for robots due to cloth deformability. Furthermore, in many cloth-related tasks like laundry folding and bed making, it is crucial to manipulate specific regions like edges and corners, as opposed to folds. In this work, we focus on the problem of segmenting and grasping these key regions. Our approach trains a network to segment the edges and corners of a cloth from a depth image, distinguishing such regions from wrinkles or folds. We also provide a novel algorithm for estimating the grasp location, direction, and directional uncertainty from the segmentation. We demonstrate our method on a real robot system and show that it outperforms baseline methods on grasping success. Video and other supplementary materials are available at: https://sites.google.com/view/cloth-segmentation.
Nonequilibrium effects of cavity leakage and vibrational dissipation in thermally activated polariton chemistry

In vibrational strong coupling (VSC), molecular vibrations strongly interact with the modes of an optical cavity to form hybrid light-matter states known as vibrational polaritons. Experiments show that the kinetics of thermally activated chemical reactions can be modified by VSC. Transition-state theory, which assumes that internal thermalization is fast compared to reactive transitions, has been unable to explain the observed findings. Here, we carry out kinetic simulations to understand how dissipative processes, namely, those introduced by VSC to the chemical system, affect reactions where internal thermalization and reactive transitions occur on similar timescales. Using the Marcus-Levich-Jortner type of electron transfer as a model reaction, we show that such dissipation can change reactivity by accelerating internal thermalization, thereby suppressing nonequilibrium effects that occur in the reaction outside the cavity. This phenomenon is attributed mainly to cavity decay (i.e., photon leakage), but a supporting role is played by the relaxation between polaritons and dark states. When nonequilibrium effects are already suppressed in the bare reaction (the reactive species are essentially at internal thermal equilibrium throughout the reaction), we find that reactivity does not change significantly under VSC. Connections are made between our results and experimental observations.
A High-Performance, Reconfigurable, Fully Integrated Time-Domain Reflectometry Architecture Using Digital I/Os

Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is an established means of measuring impedance inhomogeneity of a variety of waveguides, providing critical data necessary to characterize and optimize the performance of high-bandwidth computational and communication systems. However, TDR systems with both the high spatial resolution (sub-cm) and voltage resolution (sub- $\mu \text{V}$ ) required to evaluate high-performance waveguides are physically large and often cost-prohibitive, severely limiting their utility as testing platforms and greatly limiting their use in characterizing and trouble-shooting fielded hardware. Consequently, there exists a growing technical need for an electronically simple, portable, and low-cost TDR technology. The receiver of a TDR system plays a key role in recording reflection waveforms; thus, such a receiver must have high analog bandwidth, high sampling rate, and high-voltage resolution. However, these requirements are difficult to meet using low-cost analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). This article describes a new TDR architecture, namely, jitter-based APC (JAPC), which obviates the need for external components based on an alternative concept, analog-to-probability conversion (APC) that was recently proposed. These results demonstrate that a fully reconfigurable and highly integrated TDR (iTDR) can be implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chip without using any external circuit components. Empirical evaluation of the system was conducted using an HDMI cable as the device under test (DUT), and the resulting impedance inhomogeneity pattern (IIP) of the DUT was extracted with spatial and voltage resolutions of 5 cm and $80~ {\mu V}$ , respectively. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using the prototypical JAPC-based iTDR for real-world waveguide characterization applications.
Rigidity of a Thin Domain Depends on the Curvature, Width, and Boundary Conditions

This paper is concerned with the study of linear geometric rigidity of shallow thin domains under zero Dirichlet boundary conditions on the displacement field on the thin edge of the domain. A ribbon is a thin domain that has in-plane dimensions of order O(1) and $$\epsilon ,$$ where $$\epsilon \in (h,1)$$ is a parameter (here h is the thickness of the domains). The problem has been solved by Grabovsky and the second author in (Ann de l’Inst Henri Poincare (C) An Non Lin 2018 35(1):267–282, 2018) and by the second author in (Arch Ration Mech Anal 226(2):743–766, 2017) for the case $$\epsilon =1,$$ with the outcome of the optimal constant $$C\sim h^{-3/2},$$ $$C\sim h^{-4/3},$$ and $$C\sim h^{-1}$$ for parabolic, hyperbolic, and elliptic thin domains respectively. We prove in the present work that in fact there are two distinctive scaling regimes $$\epsilon \in (h,\sqrt{h}]$$ and $$\epsilon \in (\sqrt{h},1),$$ such that in each of which the thin domain rigidity is given by a certain formula in h and $$\epsilon .$$ An interesting new phenomenon is that in the first (small parameter) regime $$\epsilon \in (h,\sqrt{h}]$$ , the rigidity does not depend on the curvature of the thin domain mid-surface.
Monitoring deep-tissue oxygenation with a millimeter-scale ultrasonic implant.

Vascular complications following solid organ transplantation may lead to graft ischemia, dysfunction or loss. Imaging approaches can provide intermittent assessments of graft perfusion, but require highly skilled practitioners and do not directly assess graft oxygenation. Existing systems for monitoring tissue oxygenation are limited by the need for wired connections, the inability to provide real-time data or operation restricted to surface tissues. Here, we present a minimally invasive system to monitor deep-tissue O2 that reports continuous real-time data from centimeter-scale depths in sheep and up to a 10-cm depth in ex vivo porcine tissue. The system is composed of a millimeter-sized, wireless, ultrasound-powered implantable luminescence O2 sensor and an external transceiver for bidirectional data transfer, enabling deep-tissue oxygenation monitoring for surgical or critical care indications. The oxygenation of deep tissues is continuously measured using an ultrasound-powered wireless implant.
Drosophila clock cells use multiple mechanisms to transmit time-of-day signals in the brain.

Regulation of circadian behavior and physiology by the Drosophila brain clock requires communication from central clock neurons to downstream output regions, but the mechanism by which clock cells regulate downstream targets is not known. We show here that the pars intercerebralis (PI), previously identified as a target of the morning cells in the clock network, also receives input from evening cells. We determined that morning and evening clock neurons have time-of-day–dependent connectivity to the PI, which is regulated by specific peptides as well as by fast neurotransmitters. Interestingly, PI cells that secrete the peptide DH44, and control rest:activity rhythms, are inhibited by clock inputs while insulin-producing cells (IPCs) are activated, indicating that the same clock cells can use different mechanisms to drive cycling in output neurons. Inputs of morning cells to IPCs are relevant for the circadian rhythm of feeding, reinforcing the role of the PI as a circadian relay that controls multiple behavioral outputs. Our findings provide mechanisms by which clock neurons signal to nonclock cells to drive rhythms of behavior.
Reducing Cardiac Telemetry Nuisance Alarms Through Evidence-Based Interventions.

Background Cardiac telemetry nuisance alarms due to leads off and poor signal increase staff workflow interruptions, decrease staff trust in technology, and can compromise patient safety. Local problem Interventions were directed at reducing nuisance alarms on a 32-bed, non-intensive care - a cardiac telemetry unit. Methods A nursing staff education module with evidence-based practices for reducing nuisance alarms, a daily care protocol for patients on cardiac telemetry monitoring, and daily audits of protocol adherence were implemented. Results Staff pre- and posttest comparisons on their knowledge relating to nuisance alarms and the evidence-based protocol demonstrated a significant mean increase of 3.02 (95% CI, 2.55-3.48). Daily audits for 7 weeks demonstrated an average of 58.46% staff adherence. Telemetry technician call volume reduction was 16% postimplementation, while nuisance alarms were not reduced significantly. Conclusions This rapid-cycle, quality improvement process resulted in minimal reduction in nuisance alarms but improved staff awareness of the issue and reduced workflow interruptions.
Examining Omitted Variable Bias in Anchoring Premium Estimates: Evidence Based on Assessed Value

We propose a new assessed value approach to control for the amount of persistent unobserved quality. We apply our approach to a well-established two-stage framework developed by Genesove and Mayer (GM, 2001), who test the effect of an expected loss on final transaction prices in the housing market. We show that our assessed value model effectively mitigates the omitted variable bias and produces similar results as GM when the first-stage residual is included. Importantly, our model does not rely on repeat sales and therefore provides a powerful new tool for estimating market value. Results are robust to alternative specifications, to controlling for loan-to-value ratios, to replacing final sale price with listing price, to alternative fixed effects, to subperiods, to different holding periods, to simulated quality, to excluding flippers, and to controlling improvements between sales.
Expansion Of Product Replacement Graphs

We establish a connection between the expansion coefficient of the product replacement graph Γk(G) and the minimal expansion coefficient of a Cayley graph of G with k generators. In particular, we show that the product replacement graphs Γk(PSL(2,p)) form an expander family, under assumption that all Cayley graphs of PSL(2,p), with at most k generators are expanders. This gives a new explanation of the outstanding performance of the product replacement algorithm and supports the speculation that all product replacement graphs are expanders [42,52].
Buckling, crumpling, and tumbling of semiflexible sheets in simple shear flow

As 2D materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and 2D polymers become more prevalent, solution processing and colloidal-state properties are being exploited to create advanced and functional materials. However, our understanding of the fundamental behavior of 2D sheets and membranes in fluid flow is still lacking. In this work, we perform numerical simulations of athermal semiflexible sheets with hydrodynamic interactions in shear flow. For sheets initially oriented near the flow-vorticity plane, we find buckling instabilities of different mode numbers that vary with bending stiffness and can be understood with a quasi-static model of elasticity. For different initial orientations, chaotic tumbling trajectories are observed. Notably, we find that sheets fold or crumple before tumbling but do not stretch again upon applying greater shear.
Is idiosyncratic volatility related to returns? Evidence from a subset of firms with quality idiosyncratic volatility estimates

Abstract The empirical relation between idiosyncratic volatility (IVOL) and returns is mixed. Ang et al. (2006, 2009) report a negative relation using lagged realized IVOL, but Fu (2009) shows that this measure is a poor proxy for expectations and proposes using forecasts from EGARCH models which results in a positive relation. However, recent studies show that this positive relation disappears when using out-of-sample EGARCH models to generate the forecasts. We show that expected IVOL proxies used in the prior literature are noisy and propose using combinations of out-of-sample IVOL forecasts generated by different EGARCH models that pass basic diagnostic tests. For the sample for which these high-quality proxies can be created, we find a significant positive relation with returns. The magnitude is both statistically and economically meaningful as firms with expected idiosyncratic volatility of one standard deviation above the mean have expected returns that are approximately 3.4% to 4.1% higher per year.
On the zeros of tan(k) z

However, very little is known about the precise nature of those zeros. The primary purpose of this paper is to study the "large" zeros of tan(k) z. Combining the above mentioned result of Polya and the main theorem of this note one sees that, tan(k) z has two kinds of zeros; that is, one type accumulates to form a dense set on those vertical lines and the other type diverges at a certain rate (see Theorem 1) to infinity. It would be interesting to see whether the behavior of the zeros of the successive derivatives of tan z can be generalized to a larger class of meromorphic functions which have only real poles. Finally, it is worthwhile to point out that tan(k) z can be written as a special case of the generalized Riemann zeta function (see (6)) which has been studied extensively by many mathematicians. Since tan z is a periodic function of period wr, we will restrict our study to the vertical strip S = {z: r/2 < Re z < wr/2). We will use I to denote the imaginary axis and Io to denote the line segment {z: z = iy,1 < y < 1), and S+ and I' will be the portions of S and I belonging to the upper half plane, respectively. It is known that all the zeros of the kth derivative, tan(k) z, k = O, 1, 2, 3, ... z E S, lie on I. To see this, we first observe that, for z in S,
Near Continuum Gas Flows

In this paper, two near continuum gas flow problems are studied. The problem of near continuum gas flows over a cylinder is investigated numerically. Three types of boundary conditions for the cylinder surface are adopted; 1).non-slip and constant temperature surface; 2).velocity slip with a consideration of velocity gradient, and temperature jump at the surface; and 3).velocity slip with considerations of both velocity and temperature gradients, along with temperature jump at the surface. Two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for compressible flows are adopted with the Roe numerical scheme. The numerical results include flowfield properties, coefficient distributions for surface pressure, friction, heat flux, velocity slip, temperature jump and total drag. The third type of surface boundary conditions do not create significant differences from the second type. Rarefication Effects on the total drag are also investigated. The second problem is the near planar stagnation point flow with velocity-slip and temperature-jump boundary conditions. Exact analytical solutions for the temperature distributions are obtained. It is found that with the near continuum boundary conditions, the gas at the surface is hotter while the heat flux to the surface is smaller.
Learning Parameters for Balanced Index Influence Maximization

Influence maximization is the task of finding the smallest set of nodes whose activation in a social network can trigger an activation cascade that reaches the targeted network coverage, where threshold rules determine the outcome of influence. This problem is NP-hard and it has generated a significant amount of recent research on finding efficient heuristics. We focus on a Balance Index algorithm that relies on three parameters to tune its performance to the given network structure. We propose using a supervised machine-learning approach for such tuning. We select the most influential graph features for the parameter tuning. Then, using random-walk-based graph-sampling, we create small snapshots from the given synthetic and large-scale real-world networks. Using exhaustive search, we find for these snapshots the high accuracy values of BI parameters to use as a ground truth. Then, we train our machine-learning model on the snapshots and apply this model to the real-word network to find the best BI parameters. We apply these parameters to the sampled real-world network to measure the quality of the sets of initiators found this way. We use various real-world networks to validate our approach against other heuristic.