cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic effects of surface oxygen on the bonding of NO to Pt(111)

Changes in the bonding of NO on Pt(111) induced by the coadsorption of high coverages of oxygen atoms have been studied with temperature programmed desorption (TPD), vibrational spectroscopy using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Modification of the electronic structure of surface Pt atoms by the strongly electron-withdrawing adsorbed oxygen atoms alters the relative stabilities of NO adsorption sites and the nature of the Pt-NO bond. Coadsorption of 0.25 ML of O(a) destabilizes the two-fold bridge site for NO adsorption that is energetically preferred on clean Pt(111) and causes preferential NO adsorption in the atop site initially. For this oxygen coverage, some population of the bridge site occurs at the highest NO coverages, but occupation of this site can be eliminated completely by preadsorption of 0.75 ML of oxygen. This high coverage of coadsorbed oxygen now induces a further change in the nature of the NO chemisorption bond for NO adsorbed in atop sites, forming bent NO rather than the linear NO species formed on clean Pt(111). The saturation coverage of bent NO is 0.15 ML on this 0.75 ML oxygen-precovered surface and the heat of adsorption is only 1–2 kcal/mol less than linear NO adsorbed in atop sites on clean Pt(111). By using the HREELS and UPS data to identify these three chemically distinct forms of NO(a), we are able to rationalize their formation (and subsequent properties) in different electronic environments by correlating bonding configurations with the charge-transfer capabilities of the Pt substrate. Finally, we note that despite the presence of large excesses of O(a), NO is never oxidized to form NO2, unlike the analogous facile oxidation of CO on Pt. This contrast in oxidation energetics is readily explained in terms of the measured relative barrier heights for oxidation versus desorption.
Predictors of emergency department observation unit outcomes.

Background Acute decompensated heart failure (adHF) is the cause of approximately 1 million annual hospital admissions. In some of these, the use of a short-stay emergency department observation unit (EDOU) decreases 90-day ED revisits and 90-day rehospitalizations and, if subsequent hospitalization is required, results in shorter stays. Objectives To determine whether laboratory and clinical parameters, available at ED arrival, predict successful EDOU discharge. Methods This was a 19-month retrospective analysis of adHF EDOU admissions. Details of medical history, clinical course, patient management, laboratory data, and disposition destination were gathered through review of electronic medical records. Recorded laboratory data included measurements of sodium, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), hemoglobin, b-type natriuretic peptide, and initial ED systolic blood pressure. Data were analyzed for ability to predict the requirement of hospital admission after EDOU management. Results There were 385 patients were enrolled. The mean (+/- standard deviation) age was 69.7 (+/- 13.6) years, and 50.1% were female. On ED admission chest radiograph, 69.0% had evidence of pulmonary edema. Elevations in creatinine and BUN levels had statistically significant associations with admission; however, on multivariable analysis, only a BUN value >30 mg/dL significantly predicted EDOU management failure, and subsequent inpatient admission. Conclusions These results demonstrate that a BUN level >30 mg/dL is associated with an increased likelihood of admission in patients with adHF. This provides the emergency physician with a practical prognostic tool for disposition planning in congestive heart failure patients.
Myotonic muscular dystrophy associated with ritodrine tocolysis

A patient thought to be normal was admitted with premature labor at 29+ weeks' gestation. Treatment with the beta-mimetic ritodrine hydrochloride appeared to provoke symptoms of myotonic muscular dystrophy. Neurological history and examination confirmed the presence of previously unsuspected myotonic dystrophy in the patient, her father, and paternal grandfather. Discontinuation of the drug led to improvement in myotonia symptoms but worsening premature labor. Magnesium sulfate did not provoke the same symptoms but was unsuccessful in controlling premature contractions. Long-term management with bed rest, phenytoin, and isoxsuprine hydrochloride resulted in term delivery. Subsequently, maternal symptoms of myotonia disappeared. Congenital myotonia was suspected in the fetus because of the ultrasonic demonstration of polyhydramnios and reduced fetal movements. This was confirmed at delivery. The mechanism by which ritodrine unmasked the myotonia is unclear but may be related to changes in the cell membrane (chloride conductance, the sodium-potassium pump, or membrane polarization).
Proteases released in organ culture by acute dermal inflammatory lesions produced in vivo in rabbit skin by sulfur mustard: hydrolysis of synthetic peptide substrates for trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like enzymes.

The purpose of these studies was to identify some of the extracellular proteolytic enzymes associated with the development and healing of acute inflammatory lesions. Lesions were produced in the skin of rabbits by the topical application of the military vesicant, sulfur mustard (SM). Full-thickness, 1-cm2 central biopsies of the lesions were organ-cultured for one to three days, and the culture fluids were assayed for proteases with a variety of substrates. When compared to culture fluids from normal skin, the culture fluids from both developing and healing SM lesions had three to six times the levels of proteases hydrolyzing two synthetic peptide substrates: (1)t-butyloxycarbonyl-Leu-Gly-Arg-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-7-amid (Boc-Leu-Gly-Arg-AFC, herein abbreviated LGA-AFC), and (2)N-benzoyl-phenylalanine-Β-naphthyl ester (BPN). LGA-AFC is a substrate for trypsin, plasmin, plasminogen activator, thrombin, kallikrein, and the C3 and C5 convertases; BPN is a chymotrypsin and cathepsin G substrate. The culture fluids did not consistently hydrolyze four other synthetic peptide substrates or the proteins [14C]-casein and [14C]elastin. In order to determine the likely sources of LGA-AFCase and BPNase activity, we counted the number of granulocytes (PMNs), macrophages (MNs) and activated fibroblasts in histologic sections of developing and healing SM lesions, and we measured the levels of these enzymes in serum, in culture fluids of PMN and MN peritoneal exudate cells, and in culture fluids of two fibroblast cell lines. In SM lesions, serum and fibroblasts seemed to be the major source of LGA-AFCase, and serum alone the major source of BPNase. Tissue PMNs and MNs seemed to be only minor sources. The crusts of healing lesions, which were full of dead PMNs, seemed to be a rich source of both enzymes. In the SM lesion culture fluids, whether LGA-AFC and BPN were hydrolyzed by endopeptidases or only by exopeptidases could be determined by evaluating complex formation withα-macroglobulin proteinase inhibitors (αM). Endopeptidases, but not exopeptidases, are entrapped and inhibited byαM, because an internal peptide band inαM must first be hydrolyzed before molecular rearrangement (required for proteinase inhibition) occurs. The catalytic site of endopeptidases that are entrapped and inhibited byαM is known to remain active on (and reachable by) small synthetic peptide substrates such as LGA-AFC and BPN. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel preparations of SM lesion culture fluids, we found electrophoretic bands that both stained forΜM with specific antibody with the immunoperoxidase technique and hydrolyzed LGA-AFC and/or BPN. Thus, at least some of the SM lesion enzymes that hydrolyzed LGA-AFC and BPN were endopeptidases. These proteinases probably played a local extracellular role in the inflammatory process before they were inhibited by extravasated serum inhibitors, such asαM.
Laser Induced High-Strain-Rate Superplastic 3D Micro-Forming of Metallic Thin Film

Microforming of metals has always been a challenge because of the limited formability of metals at micro-scales. This paper investigates an innovative micro-forming technique: Laser Dynamic Forming (LDF), which induces 3-D superplastic forming in metal thin films. This forming process proceeds in a sequence of laser irradiation of ablative coating, ionization, shockwave generation and propagation in metal thin films, and conformation of metal thin films to the shape of micro/nanoscale molds. Because the deformation proceeds at ultrahigh strain rate, it is found that materials experience superplastic deformation at microscales. In this paper, experiments are carried out to understand the deformation characteristics of LDF. The shapes of the formed samples are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical profilometer. The thickness variations are characterized by slicing the cross section using focused ion beam (FIB). The magnitude of deformation depth in LDF is determined primarily by three critical factors: thin film thickness, geometry of molds, and laser intensity. The relationships between laser intensity, film thickness, and mold size are explored in process maps to find out suitable processing conditions of LDF. Nanoindentation testings are conducted to show that the mechanical properties (hardness and yield strength) are increased significantly after LDF.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Aquaporin-0 targets interlocking domains to control the integrity and transparency of the eye lens.

Purpose Lens fiber cell membranes contain aquaporin-0 (AQP0), which constitutes approximately 50% of the total fiber cell membrane proteins and has a dual function as a water channel protein and an adhesion molecule. Fiber cell membranes also develop an elaborate interlocking system that is required for maintaining structural order, stability, and lens transparency. Herein, we used an AQP0-deficient mouse model to investigate an unconventional adhesion role of AQP0 in maintaining a normal structure of lens interlocking protrusions. Methods The loss of AQP0 in AQP0(-/-) lens fibers was verified by Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. Changes in membrane surface structures of wild-type and AQP0(-/-) lenses at age 3 to 12 weeks were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Preferential distribution of AQP0 in wild-type fiber cell membranes was analyzed with immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling using freeze-fracturing transmission electron microscopy. Results Interlocking protrusions in young differentiating fiber cells developed normally but showed minor abnormalities at approximately 50 μm deep in the absence of AQP0 in all ages studied. Strikingly, protrusions in maturing fiber cells specifically underwent uncontrolled elongation, deformation, and fragmentation, while cells still retained their overall shape. Later in the process, these changes eventually resulted in fiber cell separation, breakdown, and cataract formation in the lens core. Immunolabeling at the light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy levels demonstrated that AQP0 was particularly enriched in interlocking protrusions in wild-type lenses. Conclusions This study suggests that AQP0 exerts its primary adhesion or suppression role specifically to maintain the normal structure of interlocking protrusions that is critical to the integrity and transparency of the lens.
CLOTHING PREFERENCES OF OLDER WOMEN: IMPLICATIONS FOR GERONTOLOGY AND THE AMERICAN CLOTHING INDUSTRY

Abstract This paper reports the findings of a study investigating the clothing preferences and problems of older women. The sample consisted of thirty women age 65 years and over who were members of two clubs in Tallahassee, Florida. Personal interviews were conducted by the researcher in the home of each respondent. Style features discovered to be preferred were A‐line skirts; princess, A‐line, and shift dresses; V‐necklines; convertible collars; long with cuff, three‐quarter length, and short sleeve styles. Color preferences revealed blue as the most popular color for clothing. Implications of the research for gerontologists in higher education and for the American clothing industry are cited and discussed.
PROJECT IPMA: APPLYING DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM DESIGN PRINCIPLES TO BUILDING EXPERT‐BASED SYSTEMS*

There currently is no widely accepted design framework for building expert systems. Knowledge engineers describe the process in terms of a set of heuristics or as a series of phases. Most paradigms are based on post-development reflections. This paper explores an expert-based system constructed using decision support system design techniques. An actual system in experimental use at the Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, was designed using the approach presented. The system, Integrated Pest Management Assistant (IPMA), will be used by extension agents to help orchard owners make decisions regarding pear tree pest infestations and to offer remedial strategies for eradicating potentially destructive insects.
Commentary on an article by Kevin Willits, MA, MD, FRCSC, et al.: "Operative versus nonoperative treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures: a multicenter randomized trial using accelerated functional rehabilitation".

It is fairly well accepted that nonoperative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures with cast immobilization has a higher rerupture rate, but an otherwise lower complication rate, than surgical repair. It is also fairly well accepted that early postoperative weight-bearing and protected range-of-motion exercises are beneficial after surgical repair of Achilles tendon ruptures. A recent guideline and evidence report on the diagnosis and treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture produced by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and endorsed by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society gave a moderate strength of recommendation for only two treatment options: (1) early postoperative protected weight-bearing (at two weeks or earlier) for patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture who have been treated operatively, and (2) the use of a protective device that allows mobilization by two to four weeks postoperatively1. On the basis of the literature that supports these recommendations and other data that also suggest that protected motion has a beneficial effect on ligament and tendon-healing in humans and animals, there has been interest in whether early protected range of motion might improve the outcomes of acute Achilles tendon ruptures treated nonoperatively. In their excellent randomized prospective …
CONVENTIONAL SEX DIFFERENCES IN PERSONALITY: DOES SEX OR VERBAL ABILITY LEVEL ACCOUNT FOR MORE VARIANCE?

Subjects were 106 students categorized into four groups on the basis of their sex and verbal ability: very bright men (n = 23), very bright women (n = 30), below average men (n = 23) and below aver...
The effect of age of breeder hen on the levels of vitamins and minerals in turkey eggs.

Abstract Eggs (960) from each of six hens were selected from Large and Small White turkey hens housed in cages or floor pens and fed a standard 17% protein turkey breeder diet. Ten consecutive eggs laid between 2 to 5, 5 to 9, 12 to 16, and 19 to 23 weeks of the egg production cycle were analyzed for folic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, biotin, selenium, and calcium. There were significant decreasing changes with aging for egg levels of pyridoxine, vitamin B12, and calcium but significant increasing changes with aging for egg levels of biotin between 4 to 20 weeks of production for all combinations of strains and housing types. There was a significant interaction between the effect of strain types, housing types, and aging for egg folic acid levels and a significant interaction between strains and aging for vitamin B12 levels. At 24 weeks of production all combinations of strains and housing types decreased to the lowest egg folic acid levels measured over the production season. Egg pantothenic acid and selenium levels did not change significantly with aging for either strain or housing type. In general, there were no significant correlations between dietary intakes of vitamins and minerals with vitamin or mineral levels deposited in eggs. These data suggest that changes in vitamin and mineral levels deposited in the egg are related to the aging process of the hen.
Soil Compaction, Corn Yield Response, and Soil Nutrient Pool Dynamics within an Integrated Crop-Livestock System in Illinois

Integrated crop-livestock systems directly link crop and livestock production together to generate positive economic and environmental outcomes. Some methods used in integrated systems, like winter grazing on cropland, could negatively affect soil properties and crop productivity. We compared soil compaction, corn (Zea mays L.) yield, and soil nutrient pools between an integrated crop-livestock system and continuous corn system to address this issue. The study was conducted near Pana, IL, between 2002 and 2006. Soil compaction was evaluated indirectly by measuring soil penetration resistance (PR) and surface CO 2 effluxes. Total soil C, N, and microbial biomass C, were measured from 2002 to 2005. Soil PR and CO 2 effluxes showed inconsistent trends related to soil compaction and cattle presence. Corn yield from 2004 to 2006 was higher (P = 0.01) in the integrated system (11.6 Mg ha -1 ) compared with continuous corn (10.6 Mg ha -1 ). Total soil C concentration increased significantly from 2002 to 2005 within components of the integrated system but remained unchanged in continuous corn. Microbial biomass C was also higher in the integrated system but only in 2005. The study determined that integration of crops with livestock had generally positive effects on crop yield and soil organic matter despite the potential for livestock to compact soil during winter grazing.
The Cognitive Structure of a Moral Crusade: Conservative Protestantism and Opposition to Pornography

Research on social movements has once again come to focus on the cultural foundations of collective action. However, previous works have failed to identify the cognitive structures that compose cultural worldviews believed to motivate collective action. The authors integrate D. A. Snow et al.'s notions of cognitive frameworks with W. H. Sewell's conception of the duality of structure to piece together a flexible approach for the identification of cognitive structures. Drawing on information from insider documents from Conservative Protestant communities, the authors employ this approach to elaborate the structure of Conservative Protestant antagonism to pornography. Using data from the 1988 General Social Survey, they demonstrate how Conservative Protestants' distinctive religious commitments direct their dispositions toward sexually explicit materials. In brief, they show that Conservative Protestant opposition to pornography is rooted in commitments to Biblical inerrancy and solidified by high rates of religious participation. Inerrancy serves as a cognitive resource informing two separate paths to pornography opposition : moral absolutism and beliefs in the threat of social contamination
Handeliana in the Rutgers University Library

Picker details the large collection of eighteenth-century editions and manuscripts of compositions by George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) in the Library.
On non-existence of certain error formulas for ideal interpolation

We answer a question raised by Carl de Boor regarding the existence of certain ''good'' error formulas for ideal interpolation. We will show that, for a specific form of ideal interpolation by linear polynomials in two variables, such formulas do not exist.
The effect of long-term submergence on functional properties of Eleocharis cellulosa Torr.

Abstract Eleocharis cellulosa Torr., a macrophyte dominating marshes of northern Belize, often experiences great water level fluctuations varying from dry conditions to prolonged submergence. We investigated morphological and ecophysiological responses (shoot length, biomass, CO2 exchange, chlorophyll content and regeneration) to partial and complete submergence followed by emergence in two field experiments. Submergence greatly enhanced shoot elongation, but it also resulted in a low number of viable shoots, lower biomass and consequently in lower plant fitness. The decline in live shoot length started after 3 months of submergence. The shoots produced by submerged plants were thin and would break easily if the water level decreased fast. Photosynthetic activity, as well as respiration rate, was highly reduced in shoots just emerged from complete submergence. The ability of E. cellulosa to retain some level of photosynthesis after emergence is undoubtedly a useful trait in coping with seasonal floods. Submerged plants produced chlorophyll, especially Ch a, for at least a period of 3 months. Shoot regeneration was significantly slower in the case of plants submerged for a longer time, probably due to depleted energy reserves, but there were no significant differences in the total shoot length among treatments after 2 months following the emergence. E. cellulosa demonstrated high tolerance to long-term (more than 4 months) complete submergence and resulting anoxic conditions and showed rather fast recovery after emergence. This can be viewed as an advantageous trait in habitats of rapid and prolonged increases of water level and also after water recedes, when vegetation starts to colonize newly opened space.
Colloidal and Particulate Silver in River and Estuarine Waters of Texas

Concentration and phase speciation of Ag in selected Texas rivers and in the Trinity River estuary were measured in order to establish the major factors that control its fate in the aquatic environment from source to sink. Concentrations of Ag in the filter-passing fractions in Texas rivers ranged from <0.01 to 62 ng/L. In the Trinity River estuary (Galveston Bay), they ranged from 0.4 to 6.4 ng/L and showed a non-conservative estuarine mixing behavior. An internal source of filter-passing (≤0.45 μm) and colloidal (1 kDa−0.45 μm) Ag was observed in the upper Trinity Bay. Silver, associated with colloidal macromolecular organic matter, which was isolated using cross-flow ultrafiltration techniques, amounted to 15−70% of the filtered (≤0.45 μm) Ag concentration, decreasing with increasing salinity. Such a trend was similar to that of dissolved and colloidal organic carbon. Estuarine distributions of colloidal Ag were also broadly similar to those of suspended particulate matter. The ratio of colloidal Ag to...
An integrated human decision making model for evacuation scenarios under a BDI framework

An integrated Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) modeling framework is proposed for human decision making and planning for evacuation scenarios, whose submodules are based on a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN), Decision-Field-Theory (DFT), and a Probabilistic Depth-First Search (PDFS) technique. A key novelty of the proposed model is its ability to represent both the human decision-making and decision-planning functions in a unified framework. To mimic realistic human behaviors, attributes of the BDI framework are reverse-engineered from human-in-the-loop experiments conducted in the Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE). The proposed modeling framework is demonstrated for a human's evacuation behaviors in response to a terrorist bomb attack. The simulated environment and agents (models of humans) conforming to the proposed BDI framework are implemented in AnyLogic® agent-based simulation software, where each agent calls external Netica BBN software to perform its perceptual processing function and Soar software to perform its real-time planning and decision-execution functions. The constructed simulation has been used to test the impact of several factors (e.g., demographics, number of police officers, information sharing via speakers) on evacuation performance (e.g., average evacuation time, percentage of casualties).
The Greek Historia monachorum in Aegypto and Athanasius’ Life of Antony

Abstract This article examines possible literary sources underlying the Greek Historia monachorum in Aegypto, which was composed anonymously in the last decade of the fourth century, and argues that the Life of Antony, which Athanasius had released some forty years earlier, exercised a demonstrable influence over it.
TLR7: A new sensor of viral infection

The preponderance of mammalian resistance to infection is inherited rather than acquired. Even without lymphoid cells, mammals still protect themselves. They respond violently to bacteria, fungi, and viruses; or, more precisely, to specific molecular components of these organisms. Most of the molecular targets for recognition have been known for decades (1). However, only recently have the receptors and pathways for innate immune sensing been elucidated, and at that, only in part. The molecular basis of lipopolysaccharide recognition was established by positional cloning in 1998, with the identification of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as a highly specific, nonredundant receptor for lipopolysaccharide (2). This identification set the stage for the use of reverse genetic methods to establish the sensing functions of TLRs 1–3 and 5–9. Mouse TLR7 (3) and human TLRs 7 and 8 (4) sense imidazoquinolines, which are guanosine-based drugs that induce an antiviral response in vivo . TLRs 7 and 8 are close phylogenetic relatives that arose from a recent X-linked duplication event, and in the mouse, it is believed that TLR8 is biologically inactive, because animals lacking TLR7 are entirely unresponsive to imidazoquinolines. However, the natural (microbial) ligand(s) for TLRs 7 and 8 have remained a subject of considerable puzzlement. In what is surely a landmark piece of work, in a recent issue of PNAS Lund et al. (5) have provided the answer. Their data are concordant with those from two other laboratories, adduced independently (6, 7). We now have a more complete picture of what the TLRs do and are also left with several important questions, as discussed below. TLRs 7, 8, and 9 form an evolutionary cluster (8), and TLR9 is a sensor for unmethylated DNA (9). TLR3, although evolutionarily distant from TLRs 7, 8, and 9, is a sensor for double-stranded (ds)RNA (10). TLRs 3, …
Role of the vagal branches to the proximal stomach in mediating gastric distention-induced disruption of canine interdigestive upper gut motility.

Previous experiments from our laboratory have shown that the vagus nerves mediate proximal gastric distention-induced disruption of interdigestive motor patterns in the upper gut of dogs. Our aim was to determine the role of vagal innervation of the proximal stomach in mediating the response to nonnutrient proximal gastric distention. Five dogs underwent proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) and placement of electrodes and manometry catheters on the antrum and the upper small intestine. Proximal gastric distention for 5 hr was achieved by inflating a thin, compliant bag in the proximal stomach. Four volumes of distention stimulus (0, 1.5, 12.5, and 25 ml/kg) were tested. As with total abdominal vagotomy, intragastric stimulus volumes of 12.5 and 25 ml/kg after PGV no longer inhibited cycling of the migrating motor complex in the stomach, duodenum, proximal jejunum, and distal jejunum. Volumes of 12.5 and 25 ml/kg did, however, on occasion, lead to the absence of phase III activity in the stomach or the duodenum when it would have been expected to precede phase III activity in the jejunum ; this effect did not occur in the jejunum. These findings with a nonnutrient stimulus suggest that vagal branches to the proximal stomach might mediate, in part, the postprandial changes in upper gut motility in response to gastric distention by ingestion of a meal. © 1995 Academic Press, Inc.
7α-Oxygenated limonoids from the rutaceae

Limonol, deoxylimonol, and 7α-obacunol were isolated from Citrus paradisi seeds. Limonyl acetate and 7α-obacunyl acetate were isolated from fru
Reversed-phase chromatographic separation of selected hydroxyl aromatics with β-cyclodextrin as a mobile phase additive

The capacity factors and selectively factors of several pairs of hydroxyl aromatics were obtained with a C{sub 18} column with and without {beta}-cyclodextrin in methanol-water mobile phases. In all but one case, the selectivity factors were improved. The hydroxyl aromatics chosen for the study were structurally similar and difficult to separate by reversed-phase chromatography. The relationship between {alpha} values and dissociation constants of the {beta}-cyclodextrin-solute complexes was also considered and an approximate linear relationship was found between two parameters. In general, very substantial improvements were obtained for the separation of hydroxyl aromatics with {beta}-cyclodextrin in the mobile phase.
The accuracy of oxygen flux measurements using microelectrodes

Abstract An electrochemical analog of a biofilm was constructed to test the accuracy of oxygen flux measurements using microelectrodes. We used a cathodically polarized graphite felt attached to the bottom of a flat plate open channel reactor as the reactive surface consuming oxygen. The oxygen flux to the felt was calculated from the polarization current. Microelectrodes were used to measure the oxygen profiles above and within the graphite felt. From the shape of the oxygen profile we evaluated the oxygen flux to the graphite felt. This provided us with two sets of data, the true oxygen flux, calculated from polarization current, and the oxygen flux estimated from microelectrode measurements. Comparing these two fluxes, for different flow velocities, showed that the fluxes evaluated from the polarization current were different from those evaluated from the oxygen profiles. The differences were likely caused by the presence of the microelectrode in the mass boundary layer and/or by the simplifying assumptions accepted in computational procedures employed to calculate oxygen fluxes. For low flow velocities, between zero and 1.0 cm s−1, the differences were velocity sensitive; the higher the flow velocity, the bigger the difference. For higher flow velocities, between 1 cm s−1 and 3 cm s−1, the flux of oxygen estimated from the microelectrode measurements was consistently approximately 80% higher than the true oxygen flux estimated from the polarization current.
Tissue-specific, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-induced, and phorbol ester-repressed transcription from the human P450c17 promoter in mouse cells.

Cytochrome P450c17 is the single microsomal enzyme catalyzing steroid 17αhydroxylase and 17- 20-lyase activities. It is expressed and regulated by tropic hormones in the human adrenal and gonads, but is not expressed in the placenta. To study the transcriptional regulation of the human P450c17 gene, we constructed 11 plasmids containing serial deletions of its 5′ nontranslated region driving expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. These constructs were transfected into mouse adrenal Y1 and testis MA-10 cells and incubated with forskolin, 8-bromo-cAMP, or 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13 acetate (TPA) for 12 h. Interpretation of results from standard constructions was difficult, apparently because some transcription was incorrectly initiated by DNA sequences in the vector. Therefore, we built a modified CAT reporter vector that eliminated detectable readthrough transcription. In Y1 cells, the basal activity of constructs containing from −82 to −184 basepairs (bp) of 5′ flankin...
Optimization of injection conditions for a thin-walled die-cast part using a genetic algorithm method

The primary objective of this research is to investigate the effect of injection parameters on porosity formation for a commercial thin-walled die-cast part of aluminium alloy. The amount and distribution of porosity in die-cast parts were examined in relation to the slow shot velocity, the fast shot set point, the gate velocity, the pressure rise time, and the intensification pressure. The effect of injection parameters on porosity formation was investigated, using multivariate linear regression (MVLR) and genetic algorithm (GA) analyses in the pressure die-casting process. The experiments were conducted using the L27 orthogonal array of the Taguchi method. The experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR model to map the relationship between injection parameters and porosity formation. With the fitness function based on this model, the GA method was used for optimization of the injection parameters. The predicted optimum injection conditions by GA were compa...
Distinct biochemical features of interferon gamma receptors on human T lymphocytes.

Abstract Recombinant human gamma interferon (IFNgg) was used to study IFNγ receptors (IFNγ-R) on human CD4 + and CD8 + peripheral blood T lymphocytes. When cell-bound 125 I-IFNγ was cross-linked by disuccinimidyl suberate, the receptor-ligand complex migrated under nonreducing conditions as major bands of 155 kD and 90 kD and a minor band of 65–70 kD. Under reducing conditions, only the 90 and 65 kD complexes were found; the 155 kD band was not seen. In contrast, complexes from WISH and Raji human lines exhibited a single band of a 125 kD under both reducing and nonreducing conditions. The molecular pattern of the receptor ligand complex on WISH cells was not altered when these cells were mixed with T lymphocytes during the extraction procedure. The results suggest that the IFNγ receptor on T lymphocytes differs from those previously described.
A genetic linkage study of familial breast-ovarian cancer

Linkage analysis was conducted in 17 families identified by the familial occurrence of breast and ovarian cancer using a series of 17 serologic and biochemical markers. Lod scores suggestive of linkage of breast/ovarian cancer susceptibility to the RH blood group locus on chromosome 1p were obtained. When the presence of fibrocystic disease of the breast in a first-degree relative of an affected family member was added as an indicator of susceptibility, the evidence for linkage increased. No evidence of linkage to GPT or ABO, both previously suggested to be linked to breast cancer susceptibility, was seen in this study.
A terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD)

A device capable of demultiplexing Tb/s pulse trains that requires less than 1 pJ of switching energy and can be integrated on a chip is presented. The device consists of an optical nonlinear element asymmetrically placed in a short fiber loop. Its switching time is determined by the off-center position of the nonlinear element within the loop, and therefore it can use the strong, slow optical nonlinearities found in semiconductors, which all other fast demultiplexers seek to avoid. The switch's operation at 50 Gb/s is demonstrated, using 600-fJ control pulses. >
On Linear Automorphisms Over ℝ and a Note of Hajja

We derive a description of the linear automorphisms of rational function fields over the field ℝ of real numbers. We use this description to establish that the field of invariants for linear ℝ-automorphisms is rational over ℝ.
Transmembrane Helix Orientation and Dynamics Examined by Ensemble Dynamics with Solid-State NMR Observables and Potential of Mean Force Calculations

Solid-state NMR (SSNMR) experiment is a very powerful technique to describe the orientation of membrane proteins and peptides in their native membrane bilayer environments. Such orientational description is invaluable since the function of membrane proteins and peptides involves a conformational change that often associates with their orientational changes. However, the present models used to interpret the SSNMR observables are rather static, and, in consequence, important motional information can be missing. In this work, we have investigated the orientation of single-pass transmembrane domain of virus protein “u” (Vpu) from HIV-1 by determining ensemble of structures using multiple conformer models. The resulting ensemble of structures showed significantly larger fluctuations in their orientation while averaged orientation maintained the compatible value with the static model. Further, we have compared the SSNMR ensemble dynamics results with the Vpu orientation from the molecular dynamics simulations and helix-tilt free energy calculations in explicit membranes.
Moral Frames and Climate Change Policy Attitudes

Objective This article compares the effects of various climate change issue frames (deontological-moral, empirical-scientific, and economic) on support for climate change mitigation policies. Methods Using an issue-framing survey experiment conducted on Amazon Mechanical Turk, we assess framing effects on climate change policy support using ordinary least squares regression. Results We find mixed evidence regarding frame effectiveness. Religious moral frames and economic efficiency frames are ineffective, whereas scientific frames, secular moral frames, and economic equity frames are effective at increasing overall policy support. Additionally, the positive science frame and economic equity frame reduce the ideological divide in climate policy support. Conclusion The effects of issue framing on climate policy support are mixed. Frames that we expected conservatives to be responsive to (religious morality; economic efficiency) fail to change support for climate policy. Frames that emphasize science, secular morality, and economy equity have the potential to increase public support for climate change policies.
Fatty acids, lipotoxicity and insulin secretion.

tant energy source for most body tissues, particularly during periods of food deprivation, but recent evidence suggests that these same molecules subserve a much broader function in whole body fuel homeostasis by virtue of their ability to act as potent signalling entities in a variety of cellular processes. One such auxiliary role of NEFA is to heighten the responsiveness of the pancreatic beta cell to a variety of insulin secretagogues. Importantly, this fatty acid-beta cell interaction, though designed by nature for physiological purposes, can, under certain circumstances, take on a pathophysiological dimension. Some new developments surrounding this Jekyll and Hyde character of fatty acids will be reviewed briefly below.
A geometrically non‐linear tensorial formulation of a skewed quadrilateral thin shell finite element

A 48-degree-of-freedom (d.o.f.) skewed quadrilateral thin shell finite element, including the effect of geometrical non-linearity, is formulated and appropriate numerical procedures are adopted for the development of an efficient approach for the static and dynamic analysis of general thin shell structures. The element surface is described by a variable-order polynomial in curvilinear co-ordinates. The displacement functions are described by bicubic Hermitian polynomials in curvilinear co-ordinates. The directions of the curvilinear co-ordinates at each nodal point are uniquely defined to coincide with the directions of the boundaries of the element. In the present case of a skewed quadrilateral with non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, the coupling terms of the metric tensor and curvature tensor of the surface no longer vanish, such as in the case of orthogonal co-ordinates. The tensor form is used in the setup of the shape functions, geometric derivatives, stiffness matrix and computer code. This allows for the treatment of shells with irregular shapes and variable curvatures. To evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of this formulation, a systematic list of examples is chosen: (i) linear and non-linear static analysis of square and rhombic plates, cylindrical and spherical shells; (ii) linear vibrations of trapezoidal flat and curved plates; (iii) large amplitude vibrations of a rhombic plate. For the square plate and cylindrical and spherical shell, shewed element meshes with various distortion angles are used to study the effect of the distortion angles on the accuracy of the results and to demonstrate the versatility of the present element. All results are compared with alternative available solutions including those obtained using regular rectangular meshes. Pinched thin cylindrical and spherical shells are studied using different skewed meshes and various Gauss integration meshes, and no membrane locking phenomenon is observed.
The eighteenth-century revolution in Spain

The first part of the book is an able survey of 'the Enlightenment' in eighteenth-century Spain. The second part, on 'the Revolution,' is something more. Originally published in 1958. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Route of Infection That Induces a High Intensity of Gamma Interferon-Secreting T Cells in the Genital Tract Produces Optimal Protection against Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Mice

The induction of local T helper type 1 (Th1)-mediated cellular immunity is crucial for resistance of mice to genital infection by the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. We tested the hypothesis that the route of immunization that elicits relatively high numbers of chlamydia-specific, gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting T lymphocytes (ISTLs) in the genital tract would induce optimal protective immunity against reinfection. Female BALB/c mice were infected intravaginally (i.v.), intranasally (i.n.), orally (p.o.), or subcutaneously (s.c.) with C. trachomatis. At days 7, 14, 21, and 28 postinfection, T cells isolated from the genital tract tissues were restimulated with chlamydial antigen in vitro, and the amounts of IFN-γ induced were measured by a sandwiched enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. At day 7 postinfection, i.n.- and i.v.-immunized mice had high levels of chlamydia-specific ISTLs in their genital tracts (203.58 ± 68.1 and 225.5 ± 12.1 pg/ml, respectively). However, there were no detectable ISTLs in the genital tracts of p.o.- or s.c.-infected mice. When preinfected mice were challenged i.v. 70 days later, animals preexposed by the i.n. route were highly resistant to reinfection, with greatly reduced chlamydial burden, and suffered an attenuated infection that resolved by day 6 postchallenge. Animals preexposed by the i.v. route were modestly protected, whereas p.o. and s.c. groups were indistinguishable in this regard from control mice. The resistance of i.n.-immunized mice (and to some extent the i.v.-exposed mice) to reinfection was associated with early appearance (within 24 h) of high levels of genital ISTLs compared with mice preinfected by other routes. Furthermore, although i.n. and i.v.-immunized mice had comparable levels of chlamydia-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in their vaginal washes, the levels of IgG2a were four- sixfold higher in i.n.-immunized mice than in any of the other groups. The results suggested that immunization routes that foster rapid induction of vigorous genital mucosal cell-mediated immune (CMI) effectors (e.g., IFN-γ), the CMI-associated humoral effector, IgG2a, and to some extent secretory IgA produce protective immunity against chlamydial genital infection. Therefore, i.n. immunization is a potential delivery route of choice in the development of a vaccine against Chlamydia.
Hormonal regulation of spermidine formation during spermatogenesis in the rat.

The activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase have been correlated with spermidine content and morphological criteria of cell differentiation during hormone-dependent spermatogenesis in the rat. The specific activity of ornithine decarboxylase was maximal at 3 days of age at a time when only Sertoli cells were present in the seminiferous tubules, but the specific activity was markedly reduced with the formation of additional cell types. The specific activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase increased steadily during spermatogenesis, reaching a plateau with spermatozoan maturation. Spermidine concentration generally paralleled the specific activity of ornithine decarboxylase, and evidenced an increase during spermatid maturation. Hypophysectomy prevented these characteristic developmental enzyme changes and reduced testis spermidine content. Stimulation with daily injections of FSH and LH or of testosterone maintained the normal developmental pattern and the sp...
Punitive Attitudes Toward Criminals: Racial Consensus or Racial Conflict?

A sizeable body of literature has found a surprising amount of agreement among racial and other demographic subgroups on punitive attitudes toward criminals. This consensus has been widely interpreted as evidence for functionalist views of crime and society. Challenging this interpretation, this paper argues that the similar attitudes between the races on punitiveness may in fact mask underlying hostilities and conflicting interests. Analyzing data from the 1987 National Opinion Research Center (NORC) General Social Survey, we find that the punitive attitudes of whites toward criminals are based partly on racial prejudice, while those of blacks are associated with their fear of crime. These results suggest that the consensus found in many previous studies between whites and blacks on punitiveness toward criminals may be apparent rather than real, and that their attitudes toward punitiveness reflect their disparate positions in the social and economic orders.
Secondary and Tertiary Support Systems in Schools Implementing School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports: A Preliminary Descriptive Analysis.

More than 14,000 schools nationwide have been trained in School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS), which aims both to reduce behavior problems and to promote a positive s...
Combinatorial and Cross-Fiber Averaging Transform Muscle Electrical Responses with a Large Stochastic Component into Deterministic Contractions

Pyloric muscles of the stomatogastric neuromuscular system of the lobster Panulirus interruptus produce highly deterministic (range, less than 6% of mean amplitude) contractions in response to motor nerve stimulation with unchanging spike bursts containing physiological (5–10) spike numbers. Intracellular recordings of extrajunctional potentials (EJPs) evoked in these muscles by motor nerve stimulation revealed a large, apparently stochastic amplitude variation (range, 36% of mean amplitude). These observations raised the question of how do electrical responses with a large amplitude variation give rise to deterministic muscle output? We show here that this question is likely resolved by (1) combinatorial averaging within individual muscle fibers of the multiple EJPs that occur in motor neuron bursts, and (2) averaging across muscle fibers whose electrical responses are uncorrelated. Synapses with high inherent variability are also present in vertebrate CNSs. Combinatorial averaging in multispike inputs would also reduce variation in postsynaptic response at these synapses. The data reported here provide further support that bursting presynaptic activity could make such synapses functionally deterministic as well.
Gastric Duplication Cyst: Electron Microscopic and Immunohistochemical Study

The lining of a gastric duplication cyst was examined ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically. The cyst lining displayed the range of differentiation seen in normal fundic mucosa.
Environmental health research and the observer's dilemma.

BackgroundEnvironmental health researchers frequently study people in occupational, educational, recreational, or domestic settings who are exposed to hazardous agents.Objective/discussionDeciding ...