cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weak Governance by Informed Active Shareholders

Do informed shareholders who can influence corporate decisions improve governance? We demonstrate this may not be generally true in a model of takeovers. The model suggests that a shareholder’s ability to collect information and trade ex post may cause him, ex ante, to support pursuing value-destroying takeovers or oppose value-enhancing takeovers. Surprisingly, we find conditions under which giving the active shareholder greater influence weakens governance and reduces firm value, even if such influence power can be used to reject bad takeovers ex post. Our model sheds light on the limitations of relying on informed, active shareholders to improve governance.
Disentangling cognitive processes in externalizing psychopathology using drift diffusion modeling: Antagonism, but not Disinhibition, is associated with poor cognitive control

Although externalizing psychopathology has been linked to deficits in cognitive control, the cognitive processes underlying this association are unclear. Here, we provide a theoretical account of how research on cognitive processes can help to integrate and distinguish personality and psychopathology. We then apply this account to connect the two major subcomponents of externalizing, Antagonism and Disinhibition, with specific control processes using a battery of inhibitory control tasks and corresponding computational modeling. Participants (final N = 104) completed the flanker, go/no-go, and recent probes tasks, as well as normal and maladaptive personality inventories and measures of psychological distress. We fit participants' task behavior using a hierarchical drift diffusion model (DDM) to decompose their responses into specific cognitive processes. Using multilevel structural equation models, we found that Antagonism was associated with faster RTs on the flanker task and lower accuracy on flanker and go/no-go tasks. These results were complemented by DDM parameter associations: Antagonism was linked to decreased threshold and drift rate parameter estimates in the flanker task and a decreased drift rate on no-go trials. Altogether, our findings indicate that Antagonism is associated with specific impairments in fast (sub-second) inhibitory control processes involved in withholding prepared/prepotent responses and filtering distracting information. Disinhibition and momentary distress, however, were not associated with task performance.
Repeat Sentinel Lymph Node Surgery in Recurrent Breast Cancer: Peritumoral vs. Periareolar Injections.

Abstract Background In the setting of recurrent cancer, there is no standard methodology regarding the technical aspects of repeat sentinel lymph node (rSLN) surgery. We analyzed our institutional experience with attempted rSLN surgery to determine the optimal injection technique. Materials and Methods Single site, retrospective review of patients with prior lumpectomy for breast cancer who presented with recurrent or new ipsilateral breast cancer and underwent attempt at rSLN surgery from 2008 to 2017. Patients with prior mastectomy or no prior ipsilateral axillary operation were excluded. Results A total of 141 patients were included; 103 (73%) underwent successful rSLN biopsy procedure. Lymphoscintigraphy showed aberrant drainage in 32 (26%). Periareolar (PA) injection resulted in failed mapping in 23/99 (23%) and aberrant drainage in 25/85 (29%). By comparison, peritumoral (PT) injection had a 14/38 (37%) incidence of failed mapping and 7/37 (19%) aberrant drainage (P = .11 and .23, respectively). Of the patients with successful sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy procedure via PA injection, 11/76 (14%) were positive for metastatic disease as compared with 2/24 (8%) in PT injection. Sixteen patients had lymph node metastases; 13 (81%) were SLNs, including 3 positive aberrant SLNs. Five-year regional recurrence rates were 11.4% (95% confidence interval, 0%-21.5%) and 0% for PA and PT injection techniques, respectively. Conclusion PA and PT injections had a similar incidence of SLN identification and aberrant drainage. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy is beneficial in patients with recurrent breast cancer given the higher incidence of aberrant drainage in this population. Patients who underwent PA injections had a higher incidence of regional recurrences but this difference was not statistically significant.
A simplified CD34+ based preharvest prediction tool for HPC(A) collection.

Background Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an important treatment that is dependent on the collection of sufficient CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. The peripheral blood CD34 count (PB CD34+ counts) measured by flow cytometry can be used in predicting CD34+ stem cell yields hours before the completion of collection. Previously described formulas to predict the yield have used many different variables. As such, there is currently no consensus on an industry-standard algorithm or formula. Study design and methods Retrospective reviews of same-day PB CD34+ counts and the ensuing absolute CD34+ yields of mobilized donors (allogeneic and autologous) were used to develop and validate a formula using regression analysis to predict the CD34+ stem cell yield. A metric of prediction correlation, using root mean square error (RMSE), was used to assess the robustness of our prediction formula in addition to comparisons with two other published formulas, as well as subset analysis. Results A formula in the form of y = mxb with r = 0.95 and 95% confidence intervals was generated and validated. The ratio of actual to predicted yield demonstrated a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.96) with linear regression and overall RMSE of 228.4, which was lower than the two prior studies (calculated RMSE = 330.8 and 405.2). Subset analyses indicated male patients, lymphoma patients, and patients >60 years of age demonstrated lower RMSEs. Conclusion We have demonstrated a simple yet robust formula that can be used prospectively to accurately predict the CD34+ stem cell yield in both autologous and allogeneic donors, which also accounts for recipient weight.
Decision-making framework for an acute care clinical pharmacist productivity model: Part 1.

PURPOSE: Clinical pharmacist productivity assessment has long been challenging, as a standard definition does not exist. A multistep project was undertaken with the intent to develop, validate, and implement an acute care clinical pharmacist productivity model. The initial step of the project was designed to identify, define, prioritize, and weight a comprehensive list of daily pharmacist responsibilities stratified by relative time spent on each function via consensus. METHODS: Delphi methodology applied by a panel of experts was used to identify a comprehensive list of acute care pharmacist responsibilities ranked in order of time intensity. Twenty-three acute care clinical pharmacists participated in the process. The consensus list was validated by time observation studies. Each responsibility was assigned a weight and corresponding work outputs by a consensus panel. Weighting of each responsibility was assigned according to the relative time intensity and complexity of each task. RESULTS: The results of the Delphi consensus process included the top 20 time-intensive responsibilities identified by the acute care clinical pharmacists. Timed observations of acute care clinical pharmacists yielded results similar to those of the consensus process. Selection of corresponding work outputs and weights for each responsibility provided the final requirements for the productivity model. CONCLUSION: The development of an acute care clinical pharmacist productivity model first requires the selection of appropriate work outputs and weighting. The consensus process provided a newly identified comprehensive list of pharmacist responsibilities that will serve as the foundation of the clinical productivity model. Validated consensus methodology can be useful for engaging clinical pharmacists in decision-making and the development of a clinical productivity model.
Heterogeneous-Agent Asset Pricing

Conventional asset pricing theory suggests that investors receive no compensation for idiosyncratic risk, but several studies indicate that it may play an important role. This paper makes clear exactly when these risks affect asset prices in a comprehensive framework with jumps and heterogeneous recursive preferences. While cross-sectional endowment risk always affects the riskfree rate and equity volatility, it is irrelevant to risk premia given exogenous returns if and only if all agents have additively separable preferences. It is irrelevant to risk premia given endogenous returns if and only if all agents have identical, time-additive power utility and cross-sectional risk is uncorrelated with aggregate consumption risk. The framework admits explicit asset pricing solutions that directly apply to a broad set of economic settings. The applicability of the framework is demonstrated in a general equilibrium model with recursive-utility agents who can invest in a riskfree bond, the stock market, and their own inalienable human capital, which is subject to risk of an idiosyncratic disaster.
Phase Diagrams and Associated Solution Model for the Liquid Phase of HgTe-Based Ternary Systems

In the associated solution treatment of a three-element system such as the Hg-Cd-Te (or Hg-Zn-Te) system, the liquid is assumed to consist of five species: Hg, Cd and Te atomic species and HgTe and CdTe (or ZnTe) molecular species. The various thermodynamic quantities will be derived from the model in terms of the mole fractions of these species. Having chosen the species in the liquid phase, the thermodynamic characterization of the liquid will be completed by assuming an expression for the excess Gibbs energy of mixing, ∆G M x , of forming the solution from the liquid elements with interaction parameters between various species. To optimize the values of these parameters and to delineate the phase diagram of the ternary system, such as liquidus temperatures, a thermodynamic description for the solid solution (A1-uBu)2-yCy is also required and the experimental information from partial pressure measurements on the solid solution is consistent with a simple quasi-regular solution. The procedure of fitting the phase diagram and thermodynamic properties starts with selecting values from the experimental data on the constant pressure heat capacity for the elements and the binary compounds as well as the vapor pressures of the elements. Then, values for the standard enthalpy and entropy of formation at 298 K (25 °C), the melting point, and the enthalpy of fusion are chosen for each compound. Before the fitting, certain thermodynamic constraints and auxiliary conditions were imposed to reduce the number of interaction parameters and to provide thermodynamic consistence of the model. With such constraints applied, the remaining liquid model parameters for each binary telluride system are fixed by obtaining the closest fit possible to the liquidus line and the partial pressures along some portion of the three-phase curve of the compound. The remaining parameters of the liquid phase model for each ternary system are fixed by obtaining an optimal fit to the experimental pseudo-binary liquidus and solidus. The calculated values for any remaining data, such as ternary liquidus points or partial pressures along the solid solution three-phase curves, are obtained and a measure of fit calculated. Then, all the thermodynamic properties of the melt in the systems, such as heat of mixing, heat capacity and composition fluctuation factor, can be generated as functions of temperature and composition either for the comparison with other existing data or to extrapolate the knowledge where no experiments have been performed. The liquid model and the procedure described above have also been practiced on the In-Ga-Sb systems with satisfactory results. Using the same approach, the recent analysis on the Hg-Cd-Zn-Te quaternary systems is more exact in a thermodynamic sense than the previous one although both obtained quite similar fits for the Hg-Cd-Te system. The results on the ternary systems of Hg-Cd-Te and Hg-Zn-Te will be presented here.
Critical success factors influencing wearable sensing device implementation in AEC industry

Abstract The present study investigates the success factors (SFs) for implementing wearable sensing devices (WSDs) for safety and health monitoring within the construction industry. A questionnaire survey was designed and administered to stakeholders in the Architectural, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry in the United States. A total of 416 valid responses were received from practitioners with experience using WSDs on a construction project. The relative importance and criticality of 25 SFs for WSDs implementation were examined, and survey responses were grouped into general success factors, which were then tested for distinctions across four contingency variables: type of corporation, organization size, levels of Internet of Things (IoT) maturity, and organization experience using WSDs. The results of the statistical analysis revealed the most important SFs for WSDs implementation. The findings of the overall investigation indicate that the critical success factors (CSFs) typically differs depending on the contingency. However, educating and training workers, promoting personalized WSDs, and conducting detailed and continuous assessments of WSDs were identified as key strategies to improve the implementation of WSDs regardless of contingency. Overall, the present study provides a richer understanding of the essential elements required to successfully implement WSDs for safety and health monitoring in construction. Moreover, the present study provides vital information that should inform the development of research frameworks, guidelines, and strategies for improving WSDs integration into construction work processes.
Mitigating Patient and Consumer Safety Risks When Using Conversational Assistants for Medical Information: Exploratory Mixed Methods Experiment.

Background: Prior studies have demonstrated the safety risks when patients and consumers use conversational assistants such as Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa for obtaining medical information. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate two approaches to reducing the likelihood that patients or consumers will act on the potentially harmful medical information they receive from conversational assistants. Methods: Participants were given medical problems to pose to conversational assistants that had been previously demonstrated to result in potentially harmful recommendations. Each conversational assistant’s response was randomly varied to include either a correct or incorrect paraphrase of the query or a disclaimer message—or not—telling the participants that they should not act on the advice without first talking to a physician. The participants were then asked what actions they would take based on their interaction, along with the likelihood of taking the action. The reported actions were recorded and analyzed, and the participants were interviewed at the end of each interaction. Results: A total of 32 participants completed the study, each interacting with 4 conversational assistants. The participants were on average aged 42.44 (SD 14.08) years, 53% (17/32) were women, and 66% (21/32) were college educated. Those participants who heard a correct paraphrase of their query were significantly more likely to state that they would follow the medical advice provided by the conversational assistant (χ21=3.1; P=.04). Those participants who heard a disclaimer message were significantly more likely to say that they would contact a physician or health professional before acting on the medical advice received (χ21=43.5; P=.001). Conclusions: Designers of conversational systems should consider incorporating both disclaimers and feedback on query understanding in response to user queries for medical advice. Unconstrained natural language input should not be used in systems designed specifically to provide medical advice. Trial Registration:
Model Requirements for Economic Evaluations of Pollution Impacts Upon Agriculture

Everything we say in this chapter unconditionally presumes that man is the measure of all things. Whatever a man does must be the best thing for him to do, given his knowledge of the moment—otherwise he would not do it. Thus, preferences are assumed to be revealed by self-governed behavior. More broadly, the economic concept of value is based on and is derived from individual human preferences. This is not as restrictive as it may first appear; while this perspective does not grant the natural environment equal status with human beings, we include the preferences of those persons who believe that it ought to be so granted, along with their probable high valuations of environmental assets, such as air quality.
Transvaginal ultrasound and preterm prelabor: A nonrandomized intervention study

Objective To characterize the continuum between normal and preterm labor to prevent spontaneous preterm birth and low birth weight. Methods Between August 1, 1992, and November 30, 1993, obstetric patients from a large managed care medical group were assigned in rotation to five private practice offices for pregnancy care. In the study office (374 births), a systematic approach of visit-by-visit screening, patient education, selective office evaluation of cervical change by transvaginal ultrasound examination, outpatient modification of activity, and graded oral or subcutaneous tocolysis was used; inpatient tocolysis was used only when outpatient management failed. In the comparison offices (1391 births), transvaginal ultrasound was not used and conventional methods were used at the discretion of the attending physicians. Results Birth weights below 1500 g ( P = .008; odds ratio [OR] 0.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05–1.32), 2000 g ( P = .21; OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.05–0.88), and 2500 g ( P = .008; OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.23–0.83) occurred significantly less often in the study group than in the comparison group. The difference in spontaneous preterm births under 2500 g was also significant ( P Conclusion By emphasizing transvaginal ultrasound and graded outpatient tocolysis, the diagnosis and management of preterm prelabor was associated with a reduction in the rate of spontaneous preterm birth and low birth weight infants.
New notions of reduction and non-semantic proofs of strong /spl beta/-normalization in typed /spl lambda/-calculi

Two notions of reduction for terms of the /spl lambda/-calculus are introduced and the question of whether a /spl lambda/-term is /spl beta/-strongly normalizing is reduced to the question of whether a /spl lambda/-term is merely normalizing under one of the notions of reduction. This gives a method to prove strong /spl beta/-normalization for typed /spl lambda/-calculi. Instead of the usual semantic proof style based on Tait's realizability or Girard's "candidats de reductibilite", termination can be proved using a decreasing metric over a well-founded ordering. This proof method is applied to the simply-typed /spl lambda/-calculus and the system of intersection types, giving the first non-semantic proof for a polymorphic extension of the /spl lambda/-calculus.
Sylvester’s form of the Resultant and the Matrix-Triangularization Subresultant PRS Method

Sylvester’s form of the resultant is often encountered in the literature but is completely different from the one discussed in this paper; the form described here can be found in Sylvester’s paper of 1853 [12], and has been previously used only once, by Van Vleck [13] in the last century. Triangularizing this “rediscovered” form of the resultant we obtain a new method for computing a greatest common divisor (gcd) of two polynomials in Z[x], along with their polynomial remainder sequence (prs); since we are interested in exact integer arithmetic computations we make use of Bareiss’s [4] integer-preserving transformation algorithm for Gaussian elimination. This new method uniformly treats both complete and incomplete prs’s and, for the polynomials of the prs’s, it provides the smallest coefficients that can be expected without coefficient gcd computations.
Functional changes appropriate for determining mineral element requirements.

One factor limiting efforts to determine human requirements for dietary intakes of mineral elements has been the unavailability of acceptable standards for evaluating the effects of marginal and mild deficiencies. Traditional approaches, such as growth, longevity, chemical balance and measurement of concentrations of minerals in plasma or serum and cellular components of the blood, have not been sensitive indicators of mineral nutriture. One alternative that has been shown to be responsive to graded dietary mineral intake is the evaluation of functional responses to specific challenges or stressors. Aberrant responses, either exaggerated or attenuated, to controlled stressors have been observed in a variety of physiological, psychological and immunological parameters when mineral intakes have been suboptimal by conventional standards, compared with adequate responses. In comparison to static biochemical approaches for assessment of mineral nutritional status, functional tests may be sensitive and responsive to alterations in mineral intake in adult humans. Dynamic functional measures complement static biochemical measures and refiect the net effect of deficiencies on integrated biological systems. The application of some of these types of dynamic evaluations of function may be a useful and productive approach for proposing mineral element intakes to optimize human health and biological function and performance.
Exploring genetic and expression differences between physiologically extreme ecotypes: comparative genomic hybridization and gene expression studies of Kas‐1 and Tsu‐1 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana

Recent studies have documented remarkable genetic variation among Arabidopsis thaliana accessions collected from diverse habitats. Of particular interest are accessions with putatively locally adapted phenotypes - that is, accessions with attributes that are likely adaptive at their sites of origin. These genotypes may provide insight into the genetic basis of adaptive evolution as well as allow the discovery of genes of ecological importance. We studied the physiology, genome content and gene expression of two physiologically extreme accessions (Tsu-1 from Tsushima, Japan and Kas-1 from Kashmir, India). Our study was conducted under two levels of soil moisture and accompanied by physiological measurements to characterize early responses to soil drying. Genomic hybridizations identified 42,503 single feature polymorphisms (SFP) between accessions, providing an initial screen for genetic differences. Transcript profiling identified a large number (5996) of genes exhibiting constitutive differences in expression including genes involved in many biological pathways. Mild soil drying resulted in only subtle physiological responses but resulted in gene expression changes in hundreds of transcripts, including 352 genes exhibiting differential responses between accessions. Our results highlight the value of genomic studies of natural accessions as well as identify a number of candidate genes underlying physiological differences between Tsu-1 and Kas-1.
Proving Noninterference and Functional Correctness Using Traces

The trace method of software specification is extended to provide a natural semantics for a procedural programming language. This extension provides a method for proving program correctness that permits a direct proof of program Noninterference without having to produce an intermediate finite state machine and unwinding conditions. This approach provides a uniform framework for reasoning about abstract software system specifications and their implementations. It also allows us to prove security at an abstract level so that changes to programs that do not affect functional behavior will not affect the security proof.
Time-Correlation Functions in the Statistical Mechanics of Transport Processes

A kinetic equation governing the time dependence of the correlation function of flux is established for dilute gases and is integrated to yield a relation between the correlation time and the transport cross section. The spectrum of the binary collision operator is determined for spherically symmetric forces between molecules, which, for the hard-core model, consists of two discrete values in the classical limit; hence it is shown that the question of validity of approximating the correlation function by an exponential decay depends upon the type of intermolecular force and the temperature of the system. Approximate eigenvalues of the master collision operator are obtained corresponding to the fluxes of viscosity and thermal conduction, and their relations to the macroscopic transport coefficients are derived. These relations lead to a new approach to the transport properties of dilute gases, which is different from Enskog-Chapman's method, but yields the same results in the classical limit. An expansion formula for the canonical transformation describing the motion of dilute gases is obtained and is employed to clarify the assumption of random a priori phases in the momentum representation for spatially uniform gases; this is done by formulating the quantum-mechanical equivalent of Brout's idea in the classical derivation of the master equation.
A continuum of principal component generalized linear regressions

Abstract The motivation of the paper is to present an option to maximum likelihood estimation when the information matrix is ill-conditioned. The impacts and diagnosis of ill-conditioned information are revisited. We combine ideas from Good and Smith [4] and Marx and Smith [10] to develop a class of principal component estimators, for generalized linear regression, defined by a scaling parameter. The additional parameter allows a spectrum of standardized explanatory variables which can yield interpolation between correlation and covariance matrices. We show that choice of the scaling parameter depends on the researcher's objectives for the model. A unit scaling parameter produces results of Marx and Smith [10]. If further restrictions of normal response data and the identity link function are imposed with an unit scaling parameter, we have traditional principal component multiple regression (Webster et al. [16]). We discuss the appropriateness of principal component regression. An illustrative example using Poisson response data and the log link function demonstrates the usefulness of the scaling parameter for a generalized linear regression with severely ill-conditioned information.
EGF signaling regulates the proliferation of intestinal stem cells in Drosophila

Precise control of somatic stem cell proliferation is crucial to ensure maintenance of tissue homeostasis in high-turnover tissues. In Drosophila, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are essential for homeostatic turnover of the intestinal epithelium and ensure epithelial regeneration after tissue damage. To accommodate these functions, ISC proliferation is regulated dynamically by various growth factors and stress signaling pathways. How these signals are integrated is poorly understood. Here, we show that EGF receptor signaling is required to maintain the proliferative capacity of ISCs. The EGF ligand Vein is expressed in the muscle surrounding the intestinal epithelium, providing a permissive signal for ISC proliferation. We find that the AP-1 transcription factor FOS serves as a convergence point for this signal and for the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, which promotes ISC proliferation in response to stress. Our results support the notion that the visceral muscle serves as a functional ‘niche’ for ISCs, and identify FOS as a central integrator of a niche-derived permissive signal with stress-induced instructive signals, adjusting ISC proliferation to environmental conditions.
Effects of communication media on the interpretation of critical feedback

This paper presents an experimental study of how interpersonal critical feedback is interpreted and used in electronically mediated communication environments. In a pair of experiments, Writers receive feedback about a document from Critics over instant messaging (IM) or videoconferencing. The results suggest that when Writers cannot see and hear the Critic, they interpret feedback to be more negative and less credible, and are less likely to incorporate suggested changes.
The 66-kDa neurofilament protein (NF-66): sequence analysis and evolution.

A 2.5 kb cDNA clone encoding the mouse 66 kd neurofilament protein (NF-66) was isolated and sequenced. The deduced protein sequence contains 501 amino acid residues. Comparison of the mouse, rat and human NF-66 indicated >90% homology in protein sequence and 85% homology in coding nucleotide sequence. A high degree of homology was observed between NF-66 and other intermediate filament proteins especially in the α-helical domain. Zooblot analyses suggested that the putative ancestral gene for vimentin and NF-66 was detectable in the avian. By comparison, the ancestral sequence for GFAP appeared after that for vimentin.
Prospects and applications for organic light-emitting devices

Abstract Efficient electroluminescence from an organic thin film at low drive voltage was first reported in 1987. Since then, the possibility of realizing a new generation of flat panel displays has driven an increasing volume of research in both industrial and academic laboratories. In early 1997, the improvement in the efficiency and lifetime of organic light-emitting devices leaves them poised to compete commercially as monochrome, emissive flat panels. Advances based on the unique properties of organic thin films create the potential for realizing a new generation of full color and flexible displays.
Limiting spectral distribution for a class of random matrices

Abstract Let X = {Xij:i, j = 1, 2,…} be an infinite dimensional random matrix, Tp be a p × p nonnegative definite random matrix independent of X, for p = 1, 2,…. Suppose ( 1 p ) tr Tpk → Hk a.s. as p → ∞ for k = 1, 2,…, and Σ H 2k −1 2k . Then the spectral distribution of A p = ( 1 n ) X p X p ′ T p , where Xp = [Xij:i = 1,…,p; j = 1,…,n] tends to a nonrandom limit distribution as p → ∞, n → ∞, but p n → y > 0 , under the mild conditions that Xy's are i.i.d. and EX112
Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in the cat superior colliculus and visual cortex: further evidence that glutamate is the neurotransmitter of the corticocollicular pathway.

Biochemical studies provide evidence that the pathway from visual cortex to the superior colliculus (SC) utilizes glutamate as a neurotransmitter. In the present study, we have used immunocytochemistry, visual cortex lesions, and retrograde tracing to show directly by anatomical methods that glutamate or a closely related analog is contained in corticocollicular neurons and terminals. A monoclonal antibody directed against gamma-L-glutamyl-L-glutamate (gamma glu glu) was used to localize glutamate-like immunoreactivity in both the superior colliculus (SC) and visual cortex (VC). Unilateral lesions of areas 17-18 were made in four cats to determine if gamma glu glu labeling was reduced in SC by this lesion. WGA-HRP was injected into the SC of 10 additional cats in order to determine if corticocollicular neurons were also labeled by the gamma glu glu antibody. A distinctive dense band of gamma glu glu immunoreactivity was found within the deep superficial gray and upper optic layers of SC where many corticotectal axons are known to terminate. Both fibers and cells were labeled within the band. Immunoreactivity was also found in cells and fibers throughout the deep layers of SC. Measures of total immunoreactivity (i.e. optical density) in the dense band were made in sections from the SC both ipsilateral to and contralateral to the lesions of areas 17-18. A consistent reduction in optical density was found in both the neuropil and in cells within the dense band of the SC ipsilateral to the lesion. A large percentage of all corticocollicular neurons that were retrogradely labeled by WGA-HRP also contained gamma glu glu. These results provide further evidence that the corticocollicular pathway in mammals is glutamatergic. The results also suggest that visual cortex ablation alters synthesis or storage of glutamate within postsynaptic SC neurons, presumably as a result of partial deafferentation.
Older adults and hearing help-seeking behaviors.

Purpose To review the current literature on help seeking for hearing health care among older adults. Method The authors conducted a literature review regarding help seeking for hearing-related comm...
Reply to Bridges

Bridges (2008) argues that the ‘Transparency Account’ (TA) of Kolodny 2005 has a hidden flaw. The TA does not, after all, account for the fact that (1) in our ordinary, engaged thought and talk about rationality, we believe that, when it would be irrational of one of us to refuse to A, he has, because of this, conclusive reason to A. My reply is that this was the point. For reasons given in Kolodny 2005, (1) is false. The aim of the TA is to offer an interpretation of our engaged thought and talk that is compatible with the falsity of (1) and that helps to explain why, when reflecting on our thought and talk, we are so prone to misrepresent what it involves. After making these points, I consider alternative senses in which rationality might be, or be taken by us to be, ‘normative’ and conclude that these alternatives have little bearing on the TA. In Kolodny 2005, I denied that ‘rationality is normative’ in at least the sense that: (0) When it would be irrational of one of us to refuse to A, he has, because of this, conclusive reason to A. Bridges (2008) believes that I nevertheless accept that: (1) In our ordinary, engaged thought and talk about rationality, we believe that, and express the belief that, (0).
Children's and Adults' Spontaneous False Memories: Long-Term Persistence and Mere-Testing Effects

In studies of children's false memories of word lists, it has been found that false alarms are stable over long-term retention intervals (persistence effect), that the stability of false alarms can equal or exceed that of hits, that earlier memory tests increase the frequency of hits on later tests (true-memory inoculation effect), that earlier memory tests increase the frequency of false alarms on later tests (false-memory creation effect), and that test-induced increases in false alarms can equal or exceed increases for hits. We studied these phenomena in 6-, 8-, and 11-year-olds and in adults using short narratives about everyday objects and events. All of the phenomena were detected at all ages, but levels of spontaneous memory falsification were much higher than for word lists and patterns of developmental change were somewhat different. Important new findings were that the persistence effect and the false-memory creation effect were greatest for statements that would be regarded as factually incorrect reports of events in sworn testimony and that, like suggestive questioning, interviews that involve nonsuggestive recognition questions may nevertheless taint children's memories.
Combination therapy for osteoporosis: a reappraisal

Combinations of anabolic and antiresorptive agents have potential to improve bone density and bone strength more than either agent alone. A large number of relatively small clinical trials have been performed evaluating combinations of PTH1-34 or PTH1-84 with a variety of antiresorptives, including hormone/estrogen therapy, raloxifene, alendronate (Aln), risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid and denosumab (Dmab). Most of the studies evaluate dual-X-ray densitometry outcomes, with a few trials reporting volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) by quantitative computed tomography followed by finite element modeling of bone strength. None of the studies has been powered to assess differences in fracture incidence between combination therapy and monotherapy. BMD outcomes vary depending on the timing of introduction of the anabolic agent (before, during or after antiresorptive treatment), as well as according to the specific anabolic and antiresorptive used. Furthermore, effects of combination therapies are site dependent. The most consistent effect of combining antiresorptive agents with parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a superior hip BMD outcome compared with PTH alone. This is most evident when PTH is combined with a bisphosphonate or Dmab. In contrast to findings in the hip, in the majority of studies there is no benefit to spine BMD with combination therapy when compared with monotherapy. The two exceptions to this are when PTH is combined with Dmab and when PTH is given as monotherapy first for 9 months followed by the addition of Aln and continuation of PTH as combination treatment. On the basis of what we now know, in patients on bisphosphonates who suffer hip fractures or who have very low hip BMD, strong consideration should be given to starting teriparatide and continuing a bisphosphonate (possibly switching to zoledronic acid or even Dmab) to maximize hip BMD and strength. Furthermore, in treatment-naive individuals with very severe osteoporosis, such as those with spine and hip fractures, combination therapy with PTH and Dmab or PTH followed by combination treatment with a potent bisphosphonate or Dmab should be considered to maximize early increases in BMD.
p210BCR/ABL-induced alteration of pre-mRNA splicing in primary human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells

p210 BCR/ABL -induced alteration of pre-mRNA splicing in primary human CD34 + hematopoietic progenitor cells
The structure of two murine class-mu glutathione transferase genes coordinately induced by butylated hydroxyanisole.

Abstract We report the sequences of two coordinately induced murine glutathione transferase genes, mGSTM1 (GT8.7, Yb1) and mGSTM3 (GT9.3). Genomic clones covering the entire mGSTM1 gene were isolated; comparison of the mGSTM1 gene with genomic sequences from rat class-mu glutathione transferase genes suggests that the mGSTM1 gene is orthologous to the rGSTM1 (rat3, Yb1) gene. The start of mGSTM1 mRNA transcription was mapped by primer extension and RNase protection to 37 nucleotides upstream from the initiation codon. The 160 nucleotides 5′-proximal to the start of transcription match exactly the 5′-end of the class-mu glutathione transferase dNA clone pmGT10. An mRNA transcript was found approximately 2.0 kb upstream from the start of mGSTM1 transcription; its sequence does not show significant similarity to other sequences in the DNA or protein sequence databases. The mGSTM1 gene contains a TATAAA sequence at −31 nucleotides upstream from the start of transcription, but no exact match to the antioxidant response element (RGTGACNNNGC), the xenobiotic response element (TNGCGTG), or the AP-1 consensus (TGASTMA) is found in the 5′-flanking region, although near matches are found in the 5′- flanking region, in intron 1, and in other parts of the gene. A genomic clone containing the first five exons of the mGSTM3 gene was also isolated. The mGSTM3 gene contains several repetitive elements-two upstream from the start of transcription and one within intron 2-that disrupt its similarity with the mGSTM1 gene. The 5′-flanking sequence of the mGSTM3 gene does not contain a TATAAA sequence or any exact matches to ARE or XRE consensus sequences, although an Sp1 binding site is found at −66. mGSTM3 and mGSTM1 diverge substantially outside their exons and share less than 60% sequence identity in the 5′-flanking region. Thus, it is likely that the mGSTM1-mGSTM3 gene duplication predates the rat-mouse divergence. The strongest region of conservation between the mGSTM1 gene and the mGSTM3 gene occurs in exon 3, intron 3, and exon 4; this region also shares strong similarity with the rGSTM1 (rat3, Yb1) and rGSTM2 (rat4, Yb2) genes.
The Ghetto: Origins, History, Discourse

Nearly a decade into the new millennium, many traditionally black ghettos like Harlem, the Fillmore, and Chicago's South Side have experienced declining population and gentrification. Now seems lik...
A Comparative Study of Square Cell and Circular Cell Micro-Models

Accuracy and computational simplicity are both sine qua non for micro-mechanical models which would be candidates for incorporation in structural analysis treating combined nonlinearities. To date there are a number of micro-models and most of these employ either a square cell or a circular cell as the representative volume element. The present paper discusses the accuracy of typical micro-models belonging to either category. A simplified square cell model (SSCM) derived from elementary mechanics is presented and this model is shown to give results almost identical to those of Aboudi's method of cells (AMC). A finite element-based 3-phase cylindrical fiber model (FECM) is developed with the primary object of determining the stress variation at the micro-level and thus the initiation of local failure. This model is apparently the most accurate in the set of models considered in the paper.It is confirmed that the closed form expressions of Hashin and Rosen in conjunction with the expressions to determine th...
Sound scattering by the seafloor: Results of recent theoretical and experimental research

The state of theoretical and experimental research in sound scattering by the seafloor is considered. Current geoacoustic models are discussed. In general, these models make it possible to consider bottom sediments as an arbitrary stratified medium having statistically irregular interfaces and random volume heterogeneities, both continuous and/or discrete. The outlook for further development and practical use of the model are analyzed with emphasis on advancing techniques for acoustic sensing of marine sediments. Results of comparisons with data of the latest large-scale experiments on sound scattering by a shallow-water seafloor are given.
Management of Asthma Exacerbations: Home Treatment

Asthma is a major cause of morbidity in children. Delays in care and inappropriate home management practices can contribute to morbidity and mortality. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma were developed in 1991 and revised in 1997 by The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. In this article we review the recommended pharmacological protocol for home treatment of asthma exacerbations, and then discuss in more detail behavioral components of asthma management, including monitoring of symptoms, seeking medical care, developing clinician-patient partnerships, and practical issues in equipment and medication usage. Discrepancies between guideline recommendations and current management practices are also discussed.
Impacts of Reduced Gaming Exports on the Economy of Nevada

Previous studies of gaming have not calculated numerically the negative, economy-wide impacts on the Nevada economy from potential expansion of the gaming industry outside of the state. This study uses a state-level, two-sector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of Nevada to investigate such impacts. In the Nevada CGE, both commodity prices and factor prices are endogenously determined and the impacts on major economic variables such as output, employment, and government revenue are estimated. Three different model variants are specified. Each variant is based on different assumptions regarding intersectoral and interregional factor mobility to analyze model sensitivity. Results show that the impacts on Nevada of the nationwide expansion of gaming could be significant under reasonable assumptions about factor mobility for Nevada. Also, results for total regional output and total government revenue are found to be very sensitive to the alternative factor mobility assumptions.
Perceptions and Challenges: Postpartum Care Among Korean Americans Through an Online Community.

PURPOSE: This study aims to obtain the understanding of Korean immigrants’ postpartum care expectations and experiences as they tend to differ from the dominant culture in the United States. DESIGN: Using an interpretative qualitative method, 305 questions and 1,224 replies on a bulletin board forum in a major Korean online community were examined. The postings were identified through a keyword search and a subsequent categorization of the resulting questions. FINDINGS: A qualitative analysis provided descriptive knowledge regarding postpartum care and the associated beliefs widespread among Korean Americans, struggles with the issues they face during postpartum care, and the vulnerability of new Korean mothers to the negative effects of experiencing unmet needs. DISCUSSION: The results pointed to the significance of understanding the concerns regarding postpartum care needs among the Korean immigrant women. Furthermore, the outcomes illustrate the variations in cultural beliefs and practices of postpartu...
Addition of NO2 to a laminar premixed ethylene–air flame: Effect on soot formation

Abstract Experiments were conducted on a laminar premixed ethylene–air flame at equivalence ratios of 2.34 and 2.64. Comparisons were made between flames with 5% NO2 added by volume. Soot volume fraction was measured using light extinction and light scattering and fluorescence measurements were also obtained to provide added insight into the soot formation process. The flame temperature profiles in these flames were measured using a spectral line reversal technique in the non-sooting region, while two-color pyrometry was used in the sooting region. Chemical kinetics modeling using the PREMIX 1-D laminar flame code was used to understand the chemical role of the NO2 in the soot formation process. The modeling used kinetic mechanisms available in the literature. Experimental results indicated a reduction in the soot volume fraction in the flame with NO2 added and a delay in the onset of soot as a function of height above the burner. In addition, fluorescence signals—often argued to be an indicator of PAH—were observed to be lower near the burner surface for the flames with NO2 added as compared to the baseline flames. These trends were captured using a chemical kinetics model that was used to simulate the flame prior to soot inception. The reduction in soot is attributed to a decrease in the H-atom concentration induced by the reaction with NO2 and a subsequent reduction in acetylene in the pre-soot inception region.
Ganglioside alterations in stimulated murine macrophages

A two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic technique has been used to separate and display gangliosides from murine peritoneal macrophages in different functional states. Resident macrophages have a relatively simple ganglioside pattern with about 15 resorcinol-positive spots. Gangliosides from resident cells contained mostly (90%) N-glycolylneuraminic acid. Thioglycolate-elicited and Corynebacterium parvum-activated macrophages have much more complex patterns with about 40 resorcinol-positive spots. Although ganglioside sialic acid content of stimulated macrophages was only slightly higher than that of resident cells, it consisted of nearly equal amounts of N-acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminic acid. The shift in the ganglioside sialic acid type and the expression of different gangliosides in macrophages upon stimulation may help explain some of the differences in function and responsiveness noted in these macrophage populations.
Clinical Evidence for Individual Animal Therapy for Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis (Hairy Heel Wart) and Infectious Bovine Pododermatitis (Foot Rot)

Data supporting individual animal therapy for papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) and infectious pododermatitis (IP) in cattle are available for treatment with multiple drugs in the form of randomized, prospective clinical trials conducted in naturally occurring disease with negative controls and masked subjective evaluators. In the case of PDD, these trials support the use of topical tetracycline and oxytetracycline, lincomycin, a copper-containing preparation, and a nonantimicrobial cream. In individual therapy for IP, trial evidence is available to support systemic treatment with ceftiofur, florfenicol, tulathromycin, and oxytetracycline. However, it was not available for IP standards such as penicillin G, sulfadimethoxine, and tylosin.