cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of Research on College Educational Outcomes of Students Who Experienced Foster Care

A literature review was conducted to learn of research that focused on the college educational outcomes (academic performance, retention, and graduation) of individuals who experienced foster care. Process yielded 24 studies dating from 1990 to 2015. The 24 articles were analyzed to learn of the types of research questions that were investigated. Three major topic areas emerged from the analyses of the research questions: (a) description of college educational outcomes, (b) factors linked to college educational outcomes, and (c) worth of a college degree. The studies' findings were reported. Policy, practice, and research recommendations were discussed.
Procyanidin from Black Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Inhibits Nutrient and Electrolyte Absorption in Isolated Rat Ileum and Induces Secretion of Chloride Ion

Dietary tannins are reported to impair the absorption of nutrients and minerals in whole animals and in semi-isolated intestinal preparations. The present studies investigated the effect of purified procyanidin from black beans (Phaseolus vulgarus) on tissue electrical parameters, isotopic Na+ and Cl- fluxes and Na+-dependent absorption of labeled glucose by isolated rat ileum. In short-circuited ileal preparations, 0.5-2 g/L procyanidin (PC) inhibited Na+ and Cl- absorption and stimulated Cl- secretion, with consequent increases in short circuit current (Isc), total tissue conductance and transepithelial voltage. The effect was not blocked by indomethacin (20 micromol/L). Also, PC significantly inhibited the glucose-dependent and phlorizin-sensitive component of Isc; a similar result was obtained for the alanine-dependent fraction of Isc. In everted ileal sacs PC inhibited Na+-dependent uptake of labeled glucose, but not passive uptake, by a noncompetitive mechanism. The effects of PC are reminiscent of those of recognized intestinal secretagogues and suggest that the antinutrient effects of condensed tannins involve stimulation of intestinal secretion at the expense of absorption. The results argue against use of black bean broth or cooking liquor in rehydration media for treatment of secretory diarrhea.
Interface Providence and the Populist Roots of a Downtown Revival

This article details the vision, goals, and legacy of Interface: Providence, the 1974 Downtown Providence master plan that proposed to transform the city center into an autorestricted regional mass...
Neurologic Outcomes After Low-Volume, Ultrasound-Guided Interscalene Block and Ambulatory Shoulder Surgery

Background and Objectives Postoperative neurologic symptoms after interscalene block and shoulder surgery have been reported to be relatively frequent. Reports of such symptoms after ultrasound-guided block have been variable. We evaluated 300 patients for neurologic symptoms after low-volume, ultrasound-guided interscalene block and arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Methods Patients underwent ultrasound-guided interscalene block with 16 to 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine or a mix of 0.2% bupivacaine/1.2% mepivacaine solution, followed by propofol/ketamine sedation for ambulatory arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Patients were called at 10 days for evaluation of neurologic symptoms, and those with persistent symptoms were called again at 30 days, at which point neurologic evaluation was initiated. Details of patient demographics and block characteristics were collected to assess any association with persistent neurologic symptoms. Results Six of 300 patients reported symptoms at 10 days (2%), with one of these patients having persistent symptoms at 30 days (0.3%). This was significantly lower than rates of neurologic symptoms reported in preultrasound investigations with focused neurologic follow-up and similar to other studies performed in the ultrasound era. There was a modest correlation between the number of needle redirections during the block procedure and the presence of postoperative neurologic symptoms. Conclusions Ultrasound guidance of interscalene block with 16- to 20-mL volumes of local anesthetic solution results in a lower frequency of postoperative neurologic symptoms at 10 and 30 days as compared with investigations in the preultrasound period.
Evaluation of statistics to be used to quantify the magnitude of errors in the sorting of pigs for market via simulation

The BW growth curves for twenty-five 4,000-head finishing barns were simulated to (1) evaluate methods to quantify the errors in the estimation of BW for market pigs from available data and (2) estimate the effect of sorting errors on the mean and variance in BW and carcass weight. Two types of errors were evaluated, BW estimation error (BWEE) and percentage of pigs not visually evaluated (PNVE). Four levels of BWEE with SD of 0, 4, 6, and 8% of BW and 4 levels of PNVE (0, 8, 16, and 24%) were simulated. Pigs were marketed in 3 marketing cuts (MCUT): 25% at 169, 25% at 179, and the remaining 50% at 193 d of age. The percentage of pigs sold correctly for each MCUT was determined. Two types of sorting errors, pigs not marketed that should have been or pigs marketed that should not have been, were evaluated. The magnitude of the sorting errors was estimated as the pig BW minus the cutoff BW for that day. Statistics identified that differed with (P < 0.01) and quantify the accuracy of sorting are percentage of pigs sold correctly, especially for the second MCUT; magnitude of the errors for pigs sold incorrectly; distribution of the sorting errors; and the SD for carcass weight for pigs of the second MCUT. These statistics can be estimated from currently available data to quantify the accuracy of sorting market pigs. The magnitudes of BWEE and PNVE affect the distribution of carcass weight.
ICOS-ICOSL interaction-independent Tfh cell differentiation of Foxp1-deficient CD4+ T cells (LYM8P.629)

CD4 + T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential for germinal center (GC) and long-lived antibody responses. Studies have shown that the deletion of the inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) results in severe defects of Tfh cell differentiation and germinal center responses. It has been shown that ICOS-ICOS ligand (ICOSL) interaction is not only critical for Bcl6 induction, but also essential for the follicular recruitment of activated CD4 + T cells by follicular bystander B cells that collectively form an ICOS-engaging field. Previously we have identified transcription factor Foxp1 as a critical negative regulator of Tfh cell differentiation. We now provide evidence showing that naive CD4 + T cells deficient in both Foxp1 and ICOS still differentiate into Tfh cells at high frequencies with Bcl6 induced. Such results are confirmed in ICOSL-deficient recipient mice, in which Foxp1-deficient CD4 + T cell differentiate into Tfh cells. Taken together, our studies suggest that Foxp1 plays a profoundly dominant role in regulating Tfh cell differentiation.
Lessons from the Far End: Caterpillar FRASS-Induced Defenses in Maize, Rice, Cabbage, and Tomato

Plant defenses to insect herbivores have been studied in response to several insect behaviors on plants such as feeding, crawling, and oviposition. However, we have only scratched the surface about how insect feces induce plant defenses. In this study, we measured frass-induced plant defenses in maize, rice, cabbage, and tomato by chewing herbivores such as European corn borer (ECB), fall armyworm (FAW), cabbage looper (CL), and tomato fruit worm (TFW). We observed that caterpillar frass induced plant defenses are specific to each host-herbivore system, and they may induce herbivore or pathogen defense responses in the host plant depending on the composition of the frass deposited on the plant, the plant organ where it is deposited, and the species of insect. This study adds another layer of complexity in plant-insect interactions where analysis of frass-induced defenses has been neglected even in host-herbivore systems where naturally frass accumulates in enclosed feeding sites over extended periods of time.
Visual Context Learning with Big Data Analytics

Understanding contextual information composed of both text and images is very useful for multimedia information processing. However, capturing such contexts is not trivial, especially while dealing with real datasets. Existing solutions such as using ontologies (e.g., WordNet) are mainly interested in individual terms, but they do not support identifying a group of terms that describe a specific context available at runtime. Within our knowledge, there are very limited solutions regarding the integration of contextual information from both images and text. Furthermore, existing solutions are not scalable due to the computationally intensive tasks and are prone to data sparsity. In this paper, we propose a semantic framework, called VisContextthat is based on a contextual model combined with images and text. The VisContext framework is based on the scalable pipeline that is composed of the primary components as follows: (i)Natural Language Processing (NLP), (ii) Feature extraction usingTerm Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), (iii)Feature association using unsupervised learning algorithms including K-Means clustering (KM) and Expectation-Maximization(EM) algorithms, iv) Validation of visual context models using supervised learning algorithms (Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, Random Forests). The proposed VisContext framework has been implemented with the Spark MLlib and CoreNLP. We have evaluated the effectiveness of the framework in visual understanding with three large datasets (IAPR, Flick3k, SBU) containing more than one million images and their annotations. The results are reported in the discovery of the contextual association of terms and images, image context visualization, and image classification based on contexts.
Construction of Signaling Pathways with RNAi Data and Multiple Reference Networks

Signaling networks are involved in almost all major diseases such as cancer. As a result of this, understanding how signaling networks function is vital for finding new treatments for many diseases. Using gene knockdown assays such as RNA interference (RNAi) technology, many genes involved in these networks can be identified. However, determining the interactions between these genes in the signaling networks using only experimental techniques is very challenging, as performing extensive experiments is very expensive and sometimes, even impractical. Construction of signaling networks from RNAi data using computational techniques have been proposed as an alternative way to solve this challenging problem. However, the earlier approaches are either not scalable to large scale networks, or their accuracy levels are not satisfactory. In this study, we integrate RNAi data given on a target network with multiple reference signaling networks and phylogenetic trees to construct the topology of the target signaling network. In our work, the network construction is considered as finding the minimum number of edit operations on given multiple reference networks, in which their contributions are weighted by their phylogenetic distances to the target network. The edit operations on the reference networks lead to a target network that satisfies the RNAi knockdown observations. Here, we propose two new reference-based signaling network construction methods that provide optimal results and scale well to large-scale signaling networks of hundreds of components. We compare the performance of these approaches to the state-of-the-art reference-based network construction method SiNeC on synthetic, semi-synthetic, and real datasets. Our analyses show that the proposed methods outperform SiNeC method in terms of accuracy. Furthermore, we show that our methods function well even if evolutionarily distant reference networks are used. Application of our methods to the Apoptosis and Wnt signaling pathways recovers the known protein-protein interactions and suggests additional relevant interactions that can be tested experimentally.
Fatigue and Hepatitis C: a focus group study

Fatigue is often undiagnosed by health professionals as it is still seen as a nonspecific symptom without standard evaluations and effective treatments. Fatigue is present across many different diseases and has a profound effect on the quality of life of patients. However, it is still difficult to measure because of the lack of specificity of currently used self-report instruments. Patients with chronic hepatitis C infection, (HCV), experience fatigue as one of the most debilitating symptoms. The purpose of this study was to explore the types and dimensions of fatigue experienced by patients with HCV, identify specific terms they use to describe fatigue and assess how it influences everyday activities. Sixteen individuals with HCV (56% female, aged 58.1 ± 3.7 years) participated in three focus group sessions. The focus group sessions lasted between 60 and 90 minutes and were digitally recorded via audiotapes. Recorded focus groups’ audiotapes were analyzed through thematic analyses. The analysis suggested two primary categories of fatigue experiences. These were: capacity and engagement in activity. Capacity refers specifically to an individual’s sense of how much energy they have to do life activities or their maximum ability to produce energy. The word energy is the ability to perform work and includes one’s ability to access or utilize, expend, and restore it. The phrase engagement in activity , comprised two domains: initiation (getting started or being motivated) and personal satisfaction (value of the activity). This investigation helped to identify important domains of fatigue experienced by those with HCV. The findings augment our current understanding of fatigue for this group because the domains of fatigue and the terms used to describe it are not commonly represented in the most frequently used fatigue assessments.
Comparison of Four Artificial Light Technologies for Indoor Aquaponic Production of Swiss Chard, Beta vulgaris, and Kale, Brassica oleracea

To date, most aquaponic research has been conducted outdoors in tropical climates or in greenhouses in subtropical climates. For more northerly latitudes, aquaponic production will require supplemental light in greenhouses or insulated buildings. Two separate 3-wk growth trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of four different lighting technologies on the growth of Swiss chard, Beta vulgaris (Trial 1) and kale, Brassica oleracea (Trial 2) in aquaponic systems. Light technologies evaluated included fluorescent (FLO), metal halide (MH), induction (IND), and light-emitting diode (LED). Four 1175-L systems were used with all four light types represented in each system in a complete block design. Juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (241 g) were stocked in each system and fed a floating 32% protein diet at a rate of 60 g/m2 of plant grow space per day. In Trial 1, Swiss chard plants grown under LED lights for 3 wk achieved significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) average individual weights (117.7 g), higher production per unit of area (3535 g/m2), and higher production per unit of energy (32.3 g/m2/kwh) than Swiss chard grown under the other three light types, which did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from each other. In Trial 2, kale grown under LED lights achieved significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) average individual weights (102.9 g), higher production per unit of area (2136.6 g/m), and higher production per unit of energy (381.5 g/m2/kwh) than kale grown under the other three light types, which did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). The results of the two trials are in agreement and indicate that LED lights were superior to MH, FLO, and IND lights in terms of absolute plant growth as well as growth per unit of energy consumed.
Investigation of Transmission of a Shock Wave Through Thin Films

The aim of the present experimental study is to find physical laws of shock wave transmission through thin films. A horizontal shock tube was used to produce a planar shocks with incident shock Mach numbers of M s = 1.20, 1.34, 1.39, and 1.46 onto thin polyester films. The test section of the shock tube was constructed such that it could hold either a single or multiple layers of 12.7, 25.4, or 50.8 μm thick films. High-speed schlieren photography and high-frequency pressure transducers were used to evaluate the shock wave interactions with the films and the subsequent film breakup. Following incident shock wave impingement, the transmitted and reflected shock waves displayed different strengths, depending on the incident shock Mach numbers and the film thicknesses.
Managing Patients With Oligometastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Metastatic lung cancer has long been considered incurable, with the goal of treatment being palliation. However, a clinically meaningful number of these patients with limited metastases (approximately 25%) are living long term after definitive treatment to all sites of active disease. These patients with so-called oligometastatic disease likely represent a distinct clinical group who may possess a more indolent biology compared with their more widely metastatic counterparts. Hellman and Weichselbaum proposed the existence of the oligometastatic state, on the basis of the spectrum theory of cancer spread. The literature suggests that an oligometastatic state exists in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This observation in the setting of rapidly evolving systemic therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and an increasing number of targeted therapies, represents a unique clinical opportunity. Metastasis-directed therapies to address sites of disease include surgery (metastasectomy) an...
Coenzyme A–mediated degradation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 promotes cardiac metabolic flexibility after high-fat feeding in mice

Cardiac energy is produced primarily by oxidation of fatty acids and glucose, with the relative contributions of each nutrient being sensitive to changes in substrate availability and energetic demand. A major contributor to cardiac metabolic flexibility is pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which converts glucose-derived pyruvate to acetyl-CoA within the mitochondria. PDH is inhibited by phosphorylation dependent on the competing activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDK1-4) and phosphatases (PDP1-2). A single high-fat meal increases cardiac PDK4 content and subsequently inhibits PDH activity, reducing pyruvate utilization when abundant fatty acids are available. In this study, we demonstrate that diet-induced increases in PDK4 are reversible and characterize a novel pathway that regulates PDK4 degradation in response to the cardiac metabolic environment. We found that PDK4 degradation is promoted by CoA (CoASH), the levels of which declined in mice fed a high-fat diet and normalized following transition to a control diet. We conclude that CoASH functions as a metabolic sensor linking the rate of PDK4 degradation to fatty acid availability in the heart. However, prolonged high-fat feeding followed by return to a low-fat diet resulted in persistent in vitro sensitivity of PDH to fatty acid-induced inhibition despite reductions in PDK4 content. Moreover, increases in the levels of proteins responsible for β-oxidation and rates of palmitate oxidation by isolated cardiac mitochondria following long-term consumption of high dietary fat persisted after transition to the control diet. We propose that these changes prime PDH for inhibition upon reintroduction of fatty acids.
Application of global metabolomic profiling of synovial fluid for osteoarthritis biomarkers

Abstract Osteoarthritis affects over 250 million individuals worldwide. Currently, there are no options for early diagnosis of osteoarthritis, demonstrating the need for biomarker discovery. To find biomarkers of osteoarthritis in human synovial fluid, we used high performance liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry for global metabolomic profiling. Metabolites were extracted from human osteoarthritic (n = 5), rheumatoid arthritic (n = 3), and healthy (n = 5) synovial fluid, and a total of 1233 metabolites were detected. Principal components analysis clearly distinguished the metabolomic profiles of diseased from healthy synovial fluid. Synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients contained expected metabolites consistent with the inflammatory nature of the disease. Similarly, unsupervised clustering analysis found that each disease state was associated with distinct metabolomic profiles and clusters of co-regulated metabolites. For osteoarthritis, co-regulated metabolites that were upregulated compared to healthy synovial fluid mapped to known disease processes including chondroitin sulfate degradation, arginine and proline metabolism, and nitric oxide metabolism. We utilized receiver operating characteristic analysis to determine the diagnostic value of each metabolite and identified 35 metabolites as potential biomarkers of osteoarthritis, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve >0.9. These metabolites included phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, ceramides, myristate derivatives, and carnitine derivatives. This pilot study provides strong justification for a larger cohort-based study of human osteoarthritic synovial fluid using global metabolomics. The significance of these data is the demonstration that metabolomic profiling of synovial fluid can identify relevant biomarkers of joint disease.
The Influence of Sexual Racism on Erotic Capital: A Systemic Racism Perspective

Within different sexual fields, different characteristics are given more erotic “worth.” Individual actors within a given sexual field attempt to maximize their erotic capital by highlighting those characteristics that are considered desirable within the sexual field in which they compete for sexual partners. Largely ignored in studies about sexual fields are examinations into the ways that sexual desires are racialized. So, while these theories and concepts have brought us far in our understanding of the ways that race and sexuality are intimately linked and how social structures influence sexual desires, there is still a lack of perspective when it comes to the ways that race and racism influences sexual desire for, and among, gay men of color. We argue that while different sexual fields produce different erotica specific to that field, sexual racism is nonetheless persistent across all sexual fields, resulting in Black men still accruing less erotic capital, even when they possess all of the qualities that should make them desirable within a given sexual field.
The Control of Phosphate Uptake by the Isolated Renal Tubule

In studies detailing the effect of PTH on Pi accumulation in vitro using kidney slices, Geary and Cousins (1) demonstrated enhanced 32PO4 uptake. However, in contrast to the results of Egawa and Neuman (2) these investigators noted a significant delay in the accumulation of 32PO4 by the slice preparations. Since convoluted renal tubular preparations devoid of stroma obtained by preincubation of renal cortex with collagenase, appear to be superior to renal slices as an experimental in vitro model (3), we decided to evaluate factors which might condition or regulate phosphate uptake by intact tubules isolated from rat renal cortex. The accumulated data support the presence of an energy dependent and ouabain-sensitive uptake mechanism which is stimulated by both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and cyclic AMP (cAMP).
Pérdida de la actividad antibacteriana de quinolonas por efecto de la radiaciÓn UVA

The antibacterial activity of UVA-irradiated solutions of nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin was investigated.Photolysis of quinolones produced a decrease in antibacterial activity in strains of E. coli and S. aureus, becomingmanifest through an increase of 50% in the minimum inhibitory concentration of the drug as compared to nonirradiatedquinolones. In this study, it is suggested that a radical-mediated photolytic mechanism exists, leading to thephotodegradation of the γ-piridone-β-carboxylic group, which is the mediator that is responsible for the drugs antibacterialactivity
A Strategy for Determining Polynomial Orthogonality

The novice attempting to learn about orthogonal polynomials is easily daunted by the lack of a discernable general framework. Things seem so adhoc and obscurely connected. I am sure this impression is not shared by the facile experts who rule the game, but then there are the rest of us who would welcome a more transparent framework.
The childhood growth of twin children

The objective of this study was to assess the childhood growth of twin children in terms of the effects of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and discordancy at birth on the incidence and severity of stunting and discordancy in current height and weight. The study was part of a cross-sectional field project conducted at the Annual Twins Days Festival in Twinsburg. Ohio, USA, during 1990, 1991, and 1993, and including all twin children between 2 and 12 years of age. Mothers of twins were interviewed regarding their children's birthweights and gestational age; the twin children were measured for their current heights and weights. The study population included 990 twin children, including 555 boys and 435 girls, of which there were 254 boy pairs and 194 girls pairs. Birthweight for gestational age and current weight and height were each converted into Z-scores and characterized as severe (Z-score -2.0 and < -1.2). For the present study discordancy in birthweight, and current height and weight was calculated for like-gender twin pairs. Only twin children with severe IUGR at birth showed an increased risk of stunting in their current height or weight, and this risk was only for moderate, not severe, stunting. Boy twins with severe IUGR at birth were at increased risk of moderate stunting in their current weight (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.55, 4.58, p = 0.002), while girl twins with severe IUGR at birth were at increased risk of moderate stunting in their current height (OR 4.09, 95% CI 1.49, 10.99, p = 0.003). Among like-gender twin pairs, there were no differences in mean or categories of birthweight or current weight discordancy, but boy twin pairs did show a significantly greater proportion of current weight discordancy compared to girl twin pairs (p = 0.005). Overall, there was a significant tendency for differences in height and weight between like-gender twin pairs to disappear over time, with the effect being greater for boy twin pairs. We conclude from these findings that twin children tend to overcome growth retardation and discordancy present at birth, and although children who had severe IUGR or discordancy at birth were more likely to have some residual moderate stunting or discordancy in height or weight, they still tended to be within normal values for their gender and current age.
Myth, Magic, and Art

The definitions of the work of art and of the experience of beauty at which we have now arrived are also definitory of the ends which artist and appreciator, respectively, take to be their goals. Logically, we might now proceed to take these definitions over again as standards which the critic may use, and we might consider the process of evaluating art. This undertaking will, however, be deferred until later, for it will be useful, first, to have inquired into the ways in which art and the experience of art come to be what they are.
Abstract 1322: A systems-level approach identifies novel links between iron and fatty acid metabolism in high-grade serous ovarian cancer

The low survival rate for high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) motivates novel approaches to identify causative and therapeutically targetable factors involved in HGSOC initiation and progression. Cancer cells are known to sequester iron, which can potentiate cancer progression via mechanisms that have not yet been completely elucidated. In order to uncover novel, and potentially therapeutically tractable links, between iron and HGSOC, we developed an algorithm to identify perturbed regulatory pathways containing differentially expressed iron-related genes in microarray data from clinical sources and an experimental model of HGSOC. Used in tandem with over-representation analysis for iron-related genes, the algorithm led us to uncover an iron dependence of fatty acid import and synthesis pathways, which are upregulated in HGSOC and other cancers, and to develop a network synthesizing the relationship between iron, fatty acid metabolism, and HGSOC. We use the network to derive specific hypotheses of mechanisms by which iron impacts fatty acid metabolic pathways to promote tumorigenesis. We have thus shown that a systems-level approach to identifying novel regulatory links between iron and HGSOC has yielded a previously unappreciated association between iron and fatty acid metabolism that may be exploited for therapeutic potential. This work has been supported in part by NIH grants F32CA214030 to AK, R01CA188025 to SVT, and RO1CA171101 to FMT. Citation Format: Anna Konstorum, Miranda L. Lynch, Suzy V. Torti, Frank M. Torti, Reinhard C. Laubenbacher. A systems-level approach identifies novel links between iron and fatty acid metabolism in high-grade serous ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1322.
Genetic Penetrance of Macular Telangiectasia Type 2.

Importance The apparent genetic penetrance of macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) is important for gene discovery studies and for clinical risk assessment of affected individuals’ family members. Objective To determine the genetic penetrance of MacTel. Design, Setting, and Participants Descriptive cross-sectional study of patients with MacTel at a tertiary referral eye center. From 2008 to 2016, consecutive patients with MacTel were independently identified, and all of their available siblings and parents were recruited. Seventeen probands with MacTel were included in the study who satisfied the requirement of having at least 1 parent or sibling willing and able to participate. Data from these 17 families were included for the analysis of apparent genetic penetrance. Main Outcomes and Measures Determination of MacTel genetic penetrance in probands’ parents and siblings. Results Of 80 study participants, 50 (62.5%) were women. The mean (SD) age of study participants with MacTel was 61.2 (14.0) years (range, 23-81 years) and without MacTel was 60.7 (16.4) years (range, 24-92 years). There were 17 MacTel probands, and there was a high rate of enrollment of living siblings and parents: 52 of 71 living siblings (73%) and 11 of 12 parents (92%). Of 52 enrolled siblings, 9 (17%) were affected. Of 11 enrolled parents, 3 (27%) had MacTel. Apparent genetic penetrance was calculated to be 0.35 (95% CI, 0.14-0.6) by sibling analysis and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.02-1.00) by parent analysis. Combining the sibling and parent analyses, the apparent penetrance was calculated to be 0.38 (95% CI, 0.19-0.57). Conclusions and Relevance The genetic penetrance of MacTel in rigorously phenotyped multiple large families is described. Families such as these could be critical for successful identification of MacTel genes.
Precursor ion survival energies of protonated N-glycopeptides and their weak dependencies on high mannose N-glycan composition in collision-induced dissociation

Fully realizing the capabilities of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for analysis of glycosylated peptides will require further understanding of the unimolecular dissociation chemistry that dictates their fragmentation pathways. In this context, the overall composition of a given glycopeptide ion is a key characteristic; however, the extent to which the carbohydrate moiety influences the preferred dissociation channels has received relatively little study. Here, the effect of glycan composition on energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (CID) behavior was studied for a select menu of 30 protonated high mannose type N-linked glycopeptide ions. Groups of analytes which shared a common charge state, polypeptide sequence, and glycosylation site exhibited 50% precursor ion survival energies that varied only slightly as the size and composition of the oligosaccharide was varied. This was found to be true regardless of whether the precursor ion survival energies were normalized for the number of available vibrational degrees of freedom. The practical consequence of this was that a given collision energy brought about highly similar levels of precursor ion depletion and structural information despite systematic variation of the glycan identity. This lack of sensitivity to oligosaccharide composition stands in contrast to other physicochemical properties of glycopeptide ions (e.g., polypeptide composition, charge state, charge carrier) which sharply influence their energy-resolved CID characteristics. On the whole, these findings imply that the deliberate selection of CID energies to bring about a desired range of fragmentation pathways does not necessarily hinge on the nature of the glycan.
Examining Urban, American, Middle-School Students' Divergent Views of Nature before and after a Field Trip to a University Field Station and Nature Preserve.

Nature field trips offer opportunities for urban students’ exploration, discovery, and learning which they may not experience otherwise. Seventh grade students at an economically disadvantaged urban school in the US Midwest sorted statements related to school, nature, and science before and after their field trip experience. These sorts provide a snapshot of students’ subjective thoughts on the topic. The statements were developed from student writings from the previous year’s 7th grade field trip. As a qualitatively focused mixed method, Q methodology [Q] requires only a relatively small group of participants (here just under 50). The sorts were then statistically grouped based on similarity of the sorts with the resulting three perspectives: Active Nature Learners, Not a Nature Lover, and The Environmentalists. Thus, Q provided differentiation of student views about nature before and after the field trip. Thirty-percent of those who provided sorts before and after the field trip changed their viewpoint to one that was more positive about nature (Active Nature Learners) or the environment (The Environmentalists). Students’ written comments and the descriptive viewpoints stakeholder feedback that can be used for program improvement. For instance, The Environmentalists view provides an outcome goal for the field trip experience for students.
Student Loans: An Awkward Subject

This chapter considers the potential of student loan debt to be a subject that divides students more than it brings them together politically. Debt was not an easy topic for New Zealand students to discuss, and I suggest part of this difficulty was variation in their experiences. I provide a framework of five student experiences of debt in New Zealand: ‘lucky’ students, pragmatists, investors, deliberate deferrers and strugglers. By tracing the contours of these experiences, I argue the New Zealand case highlights the risk that student debt becomes framed in individual terms of ‘me’ and ‘them’, with student feelings of shame, regret and frustration considered a matter of private responsibility, rather than different facets of a shared, public issue.
Using limiting activity coefficients to efficiently evaluate the ability of fixed-charge force fields to model miscible water plus cosolvent mixtures

ABSTRACTFixed-charge force fields are a common choice for modelling solvents, many of which have been optimised around pure-component property predictions. Their use for modelling solvent mixtures,...
Clinical use of Sherlock-3CG® for positioning peripherally inserted central catheters.

Introduction:Intracavitary electrocardiogram technique is recognized as a safe, accurate, and inexpensive method for verifying the tip location of central venous access devices. While the technique...
Second order ultrasonic guided wave mutual interactions in plate: Arbitrary angles, internal resonance, and finite interaction region

The sensitivity of ultrasonic wave interactions to material and geometric nonlinearities makes them very useful for nondestructive characterization. The ability of guided waves to interrogate inaccessible material domains, be emitted and received from a single surface, and penetrate long distances provides capabilities that bulk waves do not. Furthermore, mutual interactions between waves propagating in collinear or non-collinear directions provide excellent flexibility as to which types of waves are used, as well as their frequencies and interaction angles. While the interaction of bulk waves is well established, the mutual interaction of guided waves traveling in arbitrary directions in a plate is not and requires a general vector-based formulation. Herein, by vector-based calculations, the internal resonance criteria are formulated and evaluated for waves propagating in arbitrary directions in a plate. From the analysis, it is found that non-collinear guided wave interactions transfer power to secondary guided wave modes that is impossible for collinear interactions, which is completely analogous to bulk waves. For the case of tone burst-pulsed wave packets at nonzero interaction angles, the wave interaction zone has a finite size, and its size is dictated by many factors, including, for example, the group velocities of the waves, interaction angle, pulse duration, and dispersion. An analytical model is introduced for finite-sized interaction zones and used to demonstrate the effect of group velocity mismatch on the generation of secondary waves. In addition, finite element simulations are compared to the analytical model and provide additional insight into secondary wave generation and propagation.
Physiological genomics of dietary adaptation in a marine herbivorous fish

Adopting a new diet is a significant evolutionary change and can profoundly affect an animal9s physiology, biochemistry, ecology, and its genome. To study this evolutionary transition, we investigated the physiology and genomics of digestion of a derived herbivorous fish, the monkeyface prickleback (Cebidichthys violaceus). We sequenced and assembled its genome and digestive transcriptome and revealed the molecular changes related to important dietary enzymes, finding abundant evidence for adaptation at the molecular level. In this species, two gene families experienced expansion in copy number and adaptive amino acid substitutions. These families, amylase, and bile salt activated lipase, are involved digestion of carbohydrates and lipids, respectively. Both show elevated levels of gene expression and increased enzyme activity. Because carbohydrates are abundant in the prickleback9s diet and lipids are rare, these findings suggest that such dietary specialization involves both exploiting abundant resources and scavenging rare ones, especially essential nutrients, like essential fatty acids.
Utilizing Buprenorphine in the Emergency Department after Overdose

The United States is currently in the midst of an opioid epidemic. Barriers to treatment in the emergency department can lead to missed opportunities for helping prevent overdose and relapse in individuals with opioid use disorder. The administration of buprenorphine in the emergency department can potentially lead to better treatment outcomes for these individuals.
Global Regulators: Limits on What They Can Do

U.S. and international regulators have pursued a “principles-based” approach toward conduct and culture, believing that a “rules-based” approach would be ineffective and counterproductive. Culture is unique to each organization. Imposing an external template by regulators would be viewed as yet another compliance exercise. An overview of international regulatory practices is provided, including efforts by UK authorities to hold senior executives more personally accountable for bad behavior. Efforts to combat the “rolling bad apples” problem is also reviewed as regulators search for effective industry remedies. While this arm’s length approach by regulators is most desired, there are limits to their patience, as evidence by the Federal Reserve Board’s actions against Wells Fargo.
Fully Additively Manufactured Broadband Low Loss High Frequency Interconnects

Presented is a fully additively manufactured high frequency interconnect to a commercial semiconductor device. The strategy shown demonstrates excellent performance through the operating range of the connected device, a wide-band fixed attenuator MMIC, achieving loss of 0.22 dB per interconnect at 20 GHz including a 1.9 mm transmission line to the device. This methodology addresses the problems that plague traditional interconnect techniques and provides a flexible design solution enabling next-generation high frequency System-In-Package (SIP) technology. Additionally, this approach uses high temperature capable materials, making it suitable for high power applications. Simulated and measured results are shown.
Absorption spectrum of rhodopsin: 280 nm absorption band.

By measuring the absorption spectrum of rhodopsin, after denaturation with guanidine hydrochloride, the contents of tyrosine and tryptophane in the pigment can be found.
Abstract 12229: Myocardial Ischemia During Mental Stress: Role of Coronary Artery Disease Burden and Vasomotion

Background: Myocardial ischemia induced by mental stress (MSI) portends a worse prognosis in patients with CAD, irrespective of traditional risk factors or physical stress ischemia (PSI). Yet, the mechanisms underlying MSI and whether they differ from those underlying PSI remain unclear. Hypothesis: Compared to PSI that is largely secondary to epicardial atherosclerotic burden, MSI is primarily due to vasomotor changes. Methods: Patients (n=384) with angiographically documented CAD underwent 99m-Tc-sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging at rest and following both mental and physical stress testing, performed on separate days. The angiographic severity and extent of CAD were quantified using the Gensini and Sullivan coronary scoring systems. Peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) was used to assess the digital microvascular tone during mental stress as a ratio of pulse wave amplitude during speech compared to baseline with a ratio≤1 signifying a vasoconstrictor response. Results: MSI occurred in 52 (14%) patients and PSI in 125 (33%). All hemodynamic measures increased in response to mental stress (P≤0.001), and the increase was similar in those with or without MSI. CAD severity and extent scores were similar in those with and without MSI (P>0.7 for all), whereas they were greater in those with compared to those without PSI (p≤0.001 for all). Notably, in those with PSI, the occurrence of MSI was not associated with more severe CAD (Figure). The PAT ratio was lower in those with compared to those without MSI (0.6±0.4 vs. 0.8±0.5, P=0.009). In a multivariate analysis, a lower PAT ratio during mental stress was the only independent predictor of MSI (P=0.009), whereas angiographic severity and extent of CAD independently predicted PSI. Conclusions: The degree of digital microvascular constriction, and not the angiographic burden of CAD, is associated with MSI. Varying etiologies of MSI compared to PSI may require different therapeutic interventions that require further study.
Soft power and exports

This paper seeks to help establish a stylized fact: a country’s exports rise when its leadership is approved by other countries. I show this using a standard gravity model of bilateral exports, a panel of data from 2006 through 2017, and an annual Gallup survey that asks people in up to 157 countries whether they approve of the job performance of the leadership of China, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Holding other things constant, a country’s exports are higher if its leadership is approved by the importer—“soft power” promotes exports. The soft power effect is statistically and economically significant; a 1% increase in leadership approval raises exports by around two‐thirds of a percent. This effect is reasonably robust, and different measures of soft power deliver similar results. I conservatively estimate that the >20 percentage point decline in foreign approval of American leadership between 2016 (the final year of Obama’s presidency) and 2017 (Trump’s first year) lowered American exports by at least U.S.$3 billion.
Orthographic Knowledge and Reading Fluency among within Word Pattern Spellers in Grades 2–5

This study investigated relationships among the reading fluency, word recognition, language background, and reading achievement in second through fifth graders. Among the 250 students sampled, 70% ...
Neutrophil elastase from myeloid cells promotes TSC2-null tumor growth

Chronic inflammation promotes progression of many cancers, with circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) levels correlating with poor prognosis. Here we examine effects of MDSCs on lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), a rare disease occurring almost exclusively in women whereby estrogen-sensitive metastatic TSC2-null tumors grow throughout the lungs, markedly reducing pulmonary function. The LAM cell origin remains unknown; however, previous work demonstrated that Tsc2 inactivation in the mouse uterus induced estrogen-dependent myometrial tumors with nearly all features of LAM. Half of these animals developed metastatic myometrial tumors in the lungs, suggesting that LAM cells might originate from the myometrium, possibly explaining its overwhelming female prevalence and estrogen-sensitivity. Here we report that MDSC levels, and in particular granulocytic myeloid cell levels, are elevated in the periphery and in tumors of uterine-specific Tsc2-null mice. Importantly, MDSC depletion or inhibition of their recruitment impairs myometrial tumor growth. RNA and protein analysis of Tsc2-null myometrial tumors and xenografts demonstrate high expression and activity of the serine protease neutrophil elastase (NE), with selective qPCR studies indicating a stromal origin of the NE. Notably, treatment with sivelestat, a known NE inhibitor already approved for human use in some countries, reduces tumor growth similar to MDSC depletion. Furthermore, NE promotes Tsc2-null tumor cell growth, migration, and invasion in-vitro. Finally, NE-expressing myeloid cells are present throughout the lungs of LAM patients but not controls. These data suggest that NE derived from granulocytic myeloid cells, might directly promote LAM tumor cell progression and could be a novel therapeutic target for LAM.
Thermophoretic MHD free stream flow with variable internal heat generation/absorption and variable liquid characteristics in a permeable medium over a radiative exponentially stretching sheet

Abstract The current paper describes the impact of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity over an exponentially stretching sheet in MHD radiating free stream Newtonian fluid with internal heat generation/absorption in a porous medium. The underlying problem consists of mass, momentum and energy equations, which are transformed by implying appropriate similarity transformations into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Using the shooting technique, the resulting problem has been solved numerically and tested with MATLAB built-in solver bvp 4 c . The numerical data produced for the coefficient of the skin friction, the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number are compared with the available literature and have been found to be in close agreement. In addition, the profiles of velocity, temperature, and concentration are discussed through graphically. It is noted that the skin friction coefficient increases for increasing values of viscosity parameter θ r , magnetic parameter M and porosity parameter Kp which causes reduction in velocity of the fluid flow. On the other hand the local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number decreases for higher values of viscosity parameter θ r and small thermal conductivity parameter ϵ . Heat transfer rate is higher for constant fluid properties when compared with variable fluid properties.