cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Considerations of Access and Design in the Online Writing Classroom

Abstract This article argues that writing programs have an opportunity to create a new playing field in their online composition courses. A playing field that conceives of students and content differently than does a typical iteration of an online course (a course that traditionally migrates materials and practices from a f2f context and reimagines them for an online setting). The focus of this article emphasizes how readers can use user-centered design in their online courses to accommodate all students with varying learning styles. Readers will gain a better understanding of how significant user-centered design can be for maintaining student enrollments, promoting learning and avoiding attrition. Further readers will understand that specific moves made by the instructor will have very real repercussions on whether or not a course, or even elements of a course, are accessible by all.
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME: Hearing, Speech, Language, and Vestibular Disorders

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) refers to a pattern of anomalies that include craniofacial, CNS, growth, and various sensory anomalies. We have observed that FAS is associated with four kinds of hearing disorders: (1) developmentally delayed auditory function, (2) sensorineural hearing loss, (3) intermittent conductive hearing loss owing to recurrent serous otitis media, and (4) central hearing loss. As is the case with other syndromes associated with craniofacial anomalies and hearing impairments, speech and language pathologies also are common in FAS patients. Although auditory and vestibular systems arise from similar embryological tissue, vestibular dysfunction is variable in FAS. Early identification and intervention to treat hearing, language, and speech problems should improve the functional level of FAS in children.
Upgrade and simulation of the subcritical assembly at Missouri University of Science and Technology

The Missouri University of Science and Technology Subcritical Assembly has been brought back into service and upgraded with a new neutron detection system and Internet accessibility. Before the upg...
The fast, efficient, and representative benchmarking of future microarchitectures

A methodology is introduced to reduce the overall simulation time of large benchmarking suites. Previous work shows that it is possible to simulate only small sections of a benchmark's dynamic instruction stream in detail, without sacrificing accuracy in simulation results with respect to overall behavior. As benchmarking suites increase in size, many such techniques still require a great deal of simulation time to complete. The methods presented in this dissertation build on this previous work by converting representative sections of a benchmark's execution into either augmented binaries or intrinsically checkpointed assembly code. This new code can then serve as a replacement for the original benchmark. In addition, a methodology is proposed that creates new benchmark binaries that no longer need input files or system calls in order to execute properly. Since the new benchmarks only contain portions of the original benchmarks and input data is effectively hidden within them, corporations can safely release benchmarks to the public created using their own internal, proprietary test programs without the fear of losing sensitive information. Simulations of the new benchmarks are much faster, require less overhead, and still properly represent the original benchmark's execution profile. Results show that benchmarks created using these techniques are very portable and accurately predict the performance of the original benchmark. An average error rate of less than 5% is achieved when compared to the original representative sections. In addition, a speedup of roughly 60x per benchmark is achieved when the new benchmarks are executed serially and 1000x when they are executed in parallel. This translates into a reduction in simulation time from months to minutes and greatly decreases the amount of time necessary to test a new design.
Planning a Meta-analysis in a Systematic Review

This chapter provides guidance on planning a meta-analysis. The topics covered include choosing moderators for effect size models, considerations for choosing between fixed and random effects models, issues in conducting moderator models in meta-analysis such as confounding of predictors, and computing meta-regression. Examples are provided using data from a meta-analysis by Sirin (2005). The chapter’s appendix also provides SPSS and SAS program code for the analyses in the examples.
Cellular Mortality, Growth Regulation, and the Phenomenon of Cancerous Transformation

Over the past few decades a huge research effort has been devoted to understanding the mechanisms of cancerous transformation. This effort has led to recognition of the fact that the unrestricted growth of most cancer cells is caused by release of normal cells within the body from the regulatory constraints imposed upon them. An understanding of cancerous transformation therefore leads to knowledge of the events controlling normal cell proliferation. In this chapter we shall first discuss the possible evolutionary origins of differentiated animal cells, both somatic (tissue) cells and germ (reproductive) cells. Subsequently, we shall consider the events that occur when normal cells become cancerous. It will become apparent that two distinct events frequently (but not always) accompany the transformation process: loss of sensitivity to growth regulation, and loss of the constraints of cellular mortality. Further, these two events are clearly distinct from each other, as well as from the genetic events that determine expression of the differentiated state. Although the phenomenon of cell mortality sometimes referred to as programmed cell death is presently poorly understood, it seems to have evolved as the terminal step in a sequence of irreversible differentiation events.
High resolution measurement of membrane receptor endocytosis

We present a new approach to quantify the half-life of membrane proteins on the cell surface, through tagging the protein with the photoconvertible fluorescent protein, Dendra2. Upon exposure to 405 nm light, Dendra2 is photoconverted from green to red emission. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF) is applied to limit visualization of fluorescence to proteins located on the plasma membrane. Conversion of Dendra2 works as a pulse chase experiment through monitoring only the population of protein that has been photoconverted. As the protein is endocytosed the red emission decreases due to the protein leaving the TIRF field of view. This method is not impacted by the insertion of new protein into the plasma membrane as newly synthesized protein only exhibits green emission. We used this approach to determine the half-life of ENaC on the plasma membrane illustrating the high temporal resolution capability of this technique compared to current methods.
Thea 3 Σ g + -c 3 Π u andc 3 Π u -a 3 Σ g + systems in the infrared spectrum of H2 and D2

The infrared H2 laser lines recently discovered by McK night and Barr belong to thea 3 Σ g + -c 3 Π u system. This system has not previously been observed although both upper and lower state are well defined from the visible spectrum. We have observed for H2 both thea≠c and thec≠a transition near 2700 and 2100 cm−1 and for D2 thea≠c transition near 2000 cm−1. Laser action occurs only for the strongest lines of theP branch, viz.P(2) for H2,P(1) for D2 of thea≠c system. The inverted population causing laser action is produced by the strong predissociation of the3 Π u + component of thec state. In thec≠a system the same predissociation causes the absence ofP andR branches. The Δv=0 sequence of thea≠c system lies in the region 100 to 1000 cm−1; it has not been observed. Considering the much larger Franck—Condon factors for this sequence it should give rise to strong laser action.
Responses by Atlantic Ghost Crab (Ocypode quadrata) Populations to Hurricane Impacts on a Texas Beach: A 10-Year Study

The Atlantic ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata) is a widely distributed predator and scavenger along Atlantic Ocean and Gulf Coast beaches. A long-term study was initiated on the Bolivar Peninsula of Texas in 2006 to assess the impact of human activity on ghost crabs. Line transects were used to determine crab burrow arrangement at a high-impact site and a low-impact site. Differences were found between the two sites in number of active burrows per transect, burrow density, the diameter of burrow openings, burrow distance to the high-water line, and nearest-neighbor distances. In Fall 2008, Hurricane Ike struck the study sites. Re-examinations of the sites in 2010 showed changes in ghost crab burrows. The high-impact site experienced a decline in human activity – beach width increased by > 50%, the number of burrows/transect tripled, and nearest-neighbor distances decreased by one-third. The hurricane also reshaped the low-impact site on the western tip of the peninsula as beach width decreased by two-thirds, burrow density increased by sevenfold, and nearest-neighbor distances decreased by one-half. Sampling in 2012, 2014, and 2016 show that some of the physical characteristics of the beach gradually returned to near pre-hurricane status. However, reduced beach space at the low-traffic site remained, with higher burrow density and reduced crab size persisting 8 years after the hurricane, and the post-storm reduction in human traffic in the high-impact site has maintained higher burrow density there even as traffic increased. Monitoring the ecological impact of hurricanes is of growing importance as global climate change could lead to increased frequency and severity of tropical storms.
Pelvic Pain Targeted Physical Exam

Video Objective To describe a step by step approach physical exam in a patient with chronic pelvic pain. Setting Clinic. Interventions An systems-based physical exam in a patient with chronic pelvic pain. Conclusion A systematic systems-based approach is helpful in uncovering one or multiple etiologies which could convert into one vague complaint. Performing a non-comprehensive or disorganized exam could lead to inaccuarte diagnoses.
Determining the Validity, Reliability, and Utility of the Forgotten Joint Score: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Background With improving patient outcome after total hip and total knee arthroplasty, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have seen a parallel rise in average scores and ceiling effects. The Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) is a PROM that has been previously proposed to reduce this observed ceiling effect. However, the validity and reliability of the FJS has not been well analyzed. Methods The US National Library of Medicine (PubMed/MEDLINE), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were queried using keywords pertinent to FJS, validity, reliability, measurement properties, and PROM. The methodological quality of measurement properties was evaluated using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. Results In total, 13 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this analysis. Internal consistency was consistently high (Cronbach alpha >0.9). Test-retest reliability was good or excellent (interclass correlation coefficient ≥0.8) in all studies. As for construct validity, all the articles reported a positive rating. Floor and ceiling effects overall were low ( Conclusion There is a strong evidence of good construct validity and test-retest reliability regarding the FJS, with moderate evidence of good internal consistency. Ceiling and floor effects were very low, showing a very promising discriminatory power between patients with a good outcome and patients with an excellent outcome. Therefore, especially in patients expected to achieve high levels of function after total joint replacement, we highly recommend the use of FJS for the long-term assessment of their treatment.
An improved technique using dental histology for estimation of adult age

Multiple regression analysis has allowed considerable improvement of age estimates on adult human teeth. Not only were the estimates more precise, but they also involved fewer variables, decreasing the probability of observer error. There was consistent evidence that the second molar (Position 7) was the best to use for histological aging techniques. The reduction in variables to just secondary dentin and root transparency has also resulted in a technique that can be used with some confidence in populations other than the one sampled. Thus, dental aging can be used in the same way as epiphyseal fusion, osteon aging, cranial sutures, and changes in the public symphysis that have been used with other contemporary and prehistoric populations.
OSS Operations in Occupied Yugoslavia: Enduring Principles

ABSTRACTThis case study describes the unconventional warfare techniques used by Allied special operations forces during their campaign against Axis occupiers of Yugoslavia from 1943 to 1945. The Yu...
Editorial: Are They Listening? Policymakers and Their Role in Public Education

In the United States the policy making process claims to be a cyclical process which drives politicians, dictates policies drafted, and legislation ultimately passed. The process begins with the people bringing issues, ideas, and concerns to the attention of the news media, advocacy groups, grassroots organizations, or interest groups. Ideally these groups connect the concerns of the people to elected officials and/ or courts who respond by creating policies which address these concerns. This is an over-simplified ideal. The reality of policymaking is messy, partisan, and the results frequently fail to address the concerns of the public, or create more unintended consequences than solve problems. Public education is an area of concern most familiar with unintended consequences.
Drug dosing in the critically ill obese patient - A focus on sedation, analgesia, and delirium

Practice guidelines provide clear evidence-based recommendations for the use of drug therapy to manage pain, agitation, and delirium associated with critical illness. Dosing recommendations however are often based on strategies used in patients with normal body habitus. Recommendations specific to critically ill patients with extreme obesity are lacking. Nonetheless, clinicians must craft dosing regimens for this population. This paper is intended to help clinicians design initial dosing regimens for medications commonly used in the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in critically ill patients with extreme obesity. A detailed literature search was conducted with an emphasis on obesity, pharmacokinetics, and dosing. Relevant manuscripts were reviewed and strategies for dosing are provided.
The Confusion of Diverse Voices: Musical and Social Polyphony in Seventeenth-Century French Opera

This essay explores how two early modern French writers considered choral music in opera as a figure for society. Pierre Corneille, in his musical tragedy “Andromede,” and scientist and critic Claude Perrault, in several texts about music and acoustics, made subtle apologies for the polyphonic choral song condemned by many contemporaries as unintelligible. Beyond defending the aesthetic value of choral music, Corneille and Perrault associated multi-part song with collective vocalizations offstage, in the real world. Their instructions on how to appreciate choral interludes in opera also served, therefore, to train listeners to attend to the polyphony of society.
Caught between winning repeat business and learning: Reactivity to output indicators in international development

Abstract Recent sociological scholarship posits that performance metrics alter professional and organizational behavior, meaning performance indicators may recreate rather than empirically measure phenomena of interest. This perverse effect of measurement is at odds with the goals of international development monitoring and evaluation (M&E) practices, which promote learning “what works” to hone financial stewardship and route funds toward the most evidence-based, high-impact projects. Focusing on the internal, mandated, and standardized M&E system of a large bilateral agricultural development initiative, this article examines whether perverse reactions occur in this case study and how they impact the process of informal learning “what works” by professionals. Although the M&E system under study is standardized across multiple recipient countries, I utilize the experiences of multiple organizations and projects in a single East African country, and interview 58 development professionals. Using this case study, the article demonstrates that the perverse effects of measurement are initiated by the vertical managerial structure of a single project, forming the status quo of everyday development work. It then shows that the status quo is reinforced by the horizontal comparisons at each tier made possible by standardized M&E systems, including comparisons of performance between implementing organizations or donor field offices. Such comparison quiets professionals and organizations that attempt to introduce more empirical forms of learning “what works.” The article suggests that high stakes measurement practices create M&E systems that, instead of enabling learning about “what works” in projects, produce evidence to garner repeat business, what development professionals colloquially term “rebiz.”
A Novel Blockchain-Based Trust Management Scheme for Vehicular Networks

Recent advancements in embedded sensing system, wireless communication technologies, big data, and artificial intelligence have fueled the development of Internet of Vehicles (IoV), where vehicles, road side unit (RSUs), and smart devices seamlessly interact with each other to enable the gathering and sharing of information on vehicles, roads, and their surrounds. As a fundamental component of IoV, vehicular networks (VANETs) are playing a critical role in processing, computing, and sharing travel-related information, which can help vehicles timely be aware of traffic situation and finally improve road safety and travel experience. However, due to the unique characteristics of vehicles, such as high mobility and sparse deployment making neighbor vehicles unacquainted and unknown to each other, VANETs are facing the challenge of evaluating the credibility of road safety messages. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based trust management system using multi-criteria decision-making model, also referred to as $Trust_{MCDM}^{Block}$, in VANETs. In the $Trust_{MCDM}^{Block}$, each vehicle evaluates the credibility of received road safety message and generates the trust value of message originator. Due to the limited storage capacity, each vehicle periodically uploads the trust value to a nearby RSU. After receiving various trust values from vehicles, the RSU calculates the reputation value of message originator of road safety message using multi-criteria decision-making model, packs the reputation value into a block, and competes to add the block into blockchain. We evaluate the proposed $Trust_{MCDM}^{Block}$ approach through simulation experiments using OMNeT++ and compare its performance with prior blockchain-based decentralized trust management approach. The simulation results indicate that the proposed $Trust_{MCDM}^{Block}$ approach can not only improve fictitious message detection rate and malicious vehicle detection rate, but also can increase the number of dropped fictitious messages.
Suplementação com ferro na criança saudável até aos dois anos de idade

Objectivo: Determinar se a suplementacao de rotina com ferro, na crianca saudavel ate aos dois anos de idade, influencia o desenvolvimento psicomotor, antropometria e a morbimortalidade. Fontes de dados: Base de dados MEDLINE e sitios de Medicina Baseada na Evidencia. Metodos de revisao: Pesquisa de revisoes baseadas na evidencia, normas de orientacao clinica, meta-analises, revisoes sistematicas e ensaios clinicos controlados e aleatorizados, utilizando os termos MeSH: Iron, Infant, Dietary Supplements, de artigos publicados desde Janeiro de 2000 ate Dezembro de 2009, em Ingles, Frances, Espanhol e Portugues. Para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos e a forca de recomendacao, foi utilizada a escala Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy da American Family Physician. Resultados: Foram identificados 163 estudos, dos quais foram seleccionados nove. Uma norma de orientacao clinica, duas revisoes baseadas na evidencia, duas meta-analises, uma revisao sistematica e tres ensaios clinicos cumpriram os criterios de inclusao. Nao existe influencia no desenvolvimento psicomotor, antropometria e morbimortalidade, nas criancas saudaveis sem factores de risco suplementadas com ferro. Nas criancas com risco aumentado para anemia ferropenica a suplementacao revela-se benefica. Conclusoes: Nao existe evidencia de beneficio da suplementacao com ferro por rotina nas criancas sem factores de risco ate aos dois anos de idade. E aconselhada suplementacao com ferro por rotina ate aos doze meses de idade nas criancas que tem um risco aumentado para anemia ferropenica (Strength of Recommendation B - SOR B). Sao necessarios mais estudos, controlados, aleatorizados, de elevada qualidade, sobre a suplementacao com ferro, orientados para a crianca saudavel.
Renal calculi and biochemical abnormalities. In children with myelomeningocele and heoconduit diversion.

Abstract Of 38 pediatric cases of ileoconduit urinary diversion of myelomeningocele 4 with renal calculi are presented. An increased risk of renal calculus formation may be imposed on children with myelomeningocele with ileoconduit urinary diversion especially so in functionally and anatomically abnormal kidneys and in chronic renal infection with urea-splitting bacteria. It is not clear why the ileoconduit procedure should increase the incidence of renal calculi in such children.
Women's Autobiography and the Hermeneutics of Conversion

(1993). Women's Autobiography and the Hermeneutics of Conversion. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 72-90.
Science-based solutions to obesity: what are the roles of academia, government, industry, and health care?

The complexity of the obesity epidemic requires the cooperation of key stakeholders in this effort. No one sector, academia, government, industry, or health care, has been successful in combating this disease to date. On March 10-11, 2004, The Harvard Medical School Division of Nutrition hosted the symposium Science-Based Solutions to Obesity: What is the Role of Academia, Government, Industry, and Health care? as a platform to address the role of these stakeholders, both individually and collectively, in combating the nation's epidemic of obesity. The proceedings from the symposium, included in this supplement, discuss the following: the science of obesity-related topics such as genetics, protein and weight loss, portion size, energy density, and behavior; the need for more aggressive government policies; industry's role in using research and development capabilities to promote healthier, portion-controlled products; and how to translate nutrition information from medical doctors to patients. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(suppl):207S-10S.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: source control and surveillance organization

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been a common nosocomial pathogen since the 1960s, and has become a major problem in hospitals worldwide. Patients and the public are increasingly seeing MRSA and rates of MRSA infections as indicators of the quality of patient care. The control measures aimed at reducing the spread of MRSA among hospitals and communities include the following: education of healthcare workers, with implementation and adherence to hand-washing practices; restriction of antibiotic use; active surveillance cultures (ASCs); contact isolation of MRSA-positive patients; and pre-emptive isolation of high-risk patients. However, despite these interventions, MRSA is still endemic in many hospitals worldwide. In particular, the role of ASCs is still under debate. International guidelines suggest that extensive ASCs should only be used in intensive-care units (ICUs), and routine screening of all hospital admissions is not usually advocated. Local decisions can be made on the basis of types of risk factor of non-ICU patients. Before starting ASCs, laboratories should be prepared for the workload, and the turn-around time for screening tests should be reduced and arrangements made to monitor the effectiveness of this intervention. Most recently, rapid methods for molecular detection of MRSA colonization have been developed. Published studies differ in their settings (ICU, medical wards, surgical wards), choice of patient population, severity of illness, hospital infection control measures, and study design. The existing evidence does not support the wide application of rapid molecular screening for MRSA.
Indigenism: Ethnic Politics in Brazil

Indigenism: Ethnic Politics in Brazil. Alcida Rita Ramos. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. 1998. + 326 pp., 10 b/w illus. 55.00 (cloth); $21.95 (paper).
Instant Motivation: The Surprising Truth Behind What Really Drives Top Performance

According to author Chantal Burns, Instant Motivation: The Surprising Truth Behind What Really Drives Top Performance is not a self-help book or a how-to book, but a book that examines the internal factors that affect our ability to perform at our highest level. It is about finding our personal motivation from within, regardless of outside factors, and maintaining clear and creative thinking throughout. Instant Motivation (2014; 224 pages; ISBN-13:978-1292065731; paperback $17.88, Amazon.com e-book $9.99) is published by FT Press.
The Future of Research on Assisted Housing for the Poor

Research published in Housing Policy Debate and elsewhere covers many topics. Much of this research seeks to help the federal government refine its assisted housing policies and programs so that th...
60025: relict of primitive lunar crust?

Abstract New isotopic analyses are presented for 3 plagioclase-rich fractions and one mafic fraction from ferroan anorthosite 60025. The observed206Pb/204Pb ratios vary between 52.5 and 60.5, all much higher than the ratio for terrestrial contamination. In a207Pb/206Pb 204Pb/206Pb correlation diagram, the plagioclase data define a model Pb Pb age of 4.520 ± 0.007 AE using meteoritic primordial lead for the non-radiogenic component. In the concordia diagram the plagioclase data yield intersections at 4.503 ± 0.007 and 0.28 AE. The meaning of the lower intercept is obscure. The earlier 60025 analysis of Tera and Wasserburg [1], with an observed206Pb/204Pb of 23.0, agrees closely with the new plagioclase data in the isotope correlation and concordia diagrams. Since the apparent age does not correlate with the206Pb/204Pb ratios and U contents of the samples, it does not appear to be controlled by terrestrial lead contamination. The time-averaged μ values for the plagioclase leads are exceptionally low, 16–55, and agree within factors of 2 with the observed μ values in the samples. These are much lower than the values observed for mafic rocks or their sources, showing that the anorthosite lead has never been associated for a substantial length of time with any high μ source. In this way the 60025 data differ substantially from U Pb data for two other lunar anorthosites, 15415 and 60015. The results suggest that the averaged model Pb ages of 4.51 ± 0.01 AE closely approximate the crystallization age for the plagioclase fraction of the anorthosite, and that it dates back to an early phase in lunar history. One sample from the mafic fraction of 60025 yields a younger model Pb age of 4.42 AE. The age may have been lowered by post-crystallization disturbances or perhaps this fraction is not coeval with the plagioclase fraction.
Exploratory study of proton radiation therapy using large field techniques and fractionated dose schedules

Three patients have been treated with 160-MeV protons combined with high-energy photons to examine the advantages and difficulties associated with the clinical implementation of a program of large-field, fractionated-dose, proton-radiation therapy. We have found it necessary to: 1) obtain an accurate three-dimensional determination of the treatment volume including the density of all tissues in the beam path; 2) construct an adequate bolus to compensate for tissue heterogeneities; 3) use much more precise and accurate immobilization and patient positioning devices than used in photon irradiation; 4) treat with both protons and photons so as to keep the skin dose within an acceptable level. In tissues without significant inhomogeneities due to bone and air spaces we have delivered a well-defined dose to involved tissues while sparing distal sensitive structures. However, in those regions where there is much “fine structure” of tissue density, it has been difficult to compensate satisfactorily for the inhomogeneities.
Finding Community Structure with Performance Guarantees in Scale-Free Networks

A common property of many networks, including the Internet, biological networks, and social networks, is that the degree distribution approximately follows a power law. Such networks are found to be naturally divided into communities of densely connected nodes, known as the community structure. Despite that the existence of the community structure has been clearly indicated through experiments, there is lack of a theoretical justification for the linkage between the power-law topology and the community structure properties. Moreover, most existing community structure detection algorithms, apart from being fast and providing sub-optimal solutions, do not come with any provable solution quality. In this paper, we show, using analytical arguments, that the power-law topology indicates the presence of community structure. That is we can find in a power-law network a division of the network into communities with significant Newman's modularity values, a well-known measure to qualify the community structure. Moreover, we provide an approximation algorithm for finding community structure via maximizing the modularity that guarantees optimal solutions up to a constant factor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approximation algorithm for the modularity maximization problem.
A Cold War Thaw in the International Working Class Movement? The World Federation of Trade Unions and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 1967–1977

Abstract The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) emerged from the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) in 1949 after Western trade union affiliates in the latter organization expressed major policy differences over the Marshall Plan. For its first 20 years, the ICFTU refused all forms of collaboration with the WFTU, contending that the Federation advocated a politically monolithic Communism with its primary function being the promotion of Soviet policy. The ICFTU's position was disingenuous, given the WFTU's polycentric nature encompassing variants of Communist theory and practice dating back at least to October 1965. Moreover, even when the WFTU Secretariat condemned the August 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, the ICFTU still refused cooperation. While a minor thaw between the ICFTU and the WFTU occurred during the early through the late 1970s, it was, at best, tentative, minimal and inconsequential.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Control Strategy Parameter Optimization

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) offer a great opportunity to significantly reduce petroleum consumption. The fuel economy of PHEV is highly dependent on All-Electric-Range (AER) and control strategy. Previous studies have shown that in addition to parameters influencing Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), control strategies of PHEVs are also influenced by the trip distance. This additional parameter makes it even more difficult to manually tune the parameters that minimize fuel consumption. This study uses a pre-transmission parallel PHEV model developed with the Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT). A non-derivative based algorithm called DIRECT (for DIvided RECTangles) is used to optimize the main control strategy parameters. The fuel economy and main performance criteria of the PHEVs are compared for the initial design and final optimal design. An optimal control solution resulting from an extensive search of the entire design space can provide physical insight into the PHEV operation.
An Integrated Physical Map Covering 25 cM of Human Chromosome 8

We have developed an integrated physical map for human chromosome 8q23-q24.1 based on STS content analysis of somatic cell hybrids and YAC contigs. Among the 63 STSs used are markers from multiple genetic maps and several previously unmapped polymorphisms, thus integrating genetic markers from different sources into comprehensive, ordered sets based on their positions in the physical map. These maps will facilitate the isolation of genes causing human inherited diseases that map to these chromosomal regions.
A radiotracer method for the dynamic measurement of the in-process inventory of dissolved materials

Abstract A radioactive tracer method and the associated mathematical models have been developed to determine the in-process inventory of zirconium in a pulse column from the counting rate data taken at the exits of the aqueous and organic phases after an impulse injection of the radiotracer at the aqueous-phase inlet. Model parameters were obtained by applying a nonlinear least-squares fitting of the models to the experimental data. The total inventory of zirconium present in the pulse column under different operating conditions was determined by calculating the average residence time of zirconium in the system using these model parameters. The results indicate that the radiotracer technique provides a viable means of on-line determination of solute mass holdup.
Raft composition at physiological temperature and pH in the absence of detergents.

Biological rafts were identified and isolated at 37°C and neutral pH. The strategy for isolating rafts utilized membrane tension to generate large domains. For lipid compositions that led only to microscropically unresolvable rafts in lipid bilayers, membrane tension led to the appearance of large, observable rafts. The large rafts converted back to small ones when tension was relieved. Thus, tension reversibly controls raft enlargement. For cells, application of membrane tension resulted in several types of large domains; one class of the domains was identified as rafts. Tension was generated in several ways, and all yielded raft fractions that had essentially the same composition, validating the principle of tension as a means to merge small rafts into large rafts. It was demonstrated that sphingomyelin-rich vesicles do not rise during centrifugation in sucrose gradients because they resist lysis, necessitating that, contrary to current experimental practice, membrane material be placed toward the top of a gradient for raft fractionation. Isolated raft fractions were enriched in a GPI-linked protein, alkaline phosphatase, and were poor in Na+-K+ ATPase. Sphingomyelin and gangliosides were concentrated in rafts, the expected lipid raft composition. Cholesterol, however, was distributed equally between raft and nonraft fractions, contrary to the conventional view.
A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.
Exercise training utilizing body weight-supported treadmill walking with a young adult with cerebral palsy who was non-ambulatory.

PurposeThe purpose of this case report is to determine the effects of exercise training using body weight-supported treadmill walking (BWSTW) with an 18-year-old male diagnosed with Cerebral palsy (CP) who was non-ambulatory and not receiving physical therapy. Case description: Outcome measures included the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion, 3-minute walk test and physiological cost index (PCI). BWSTW sessions took place twice a week for 6 weeks with a reduction of approximately 40% of the patient's weight. Results: Over-ground 3-minute walk test distance and PCI were essentially unchanged. BWSTW exercise time increased by 67% with a 43% increase in speed while average working HR decreased by 8%. BWSTW PCI decreased by 26%. PedsQL parent report improved in all domains. PedsQL self-report demonstrated a mild decrease. PEDI showed improvements in self-care and mobility. Discussion: Exercise utili...
Numerical simulation of shock-induced combustion/detonation in a premixed H2-air mixture using Navier-Stokes equations

A numerical study was conducted to address the structural stability of the oblique detonation wave. An attempt was made to isolate the structural instability predicted by Buckmaster's (1990) linear stability analysis. For this study a detailed viscous flowfield with finite-rate chemistry was computed past a 20-deg wedge. The finite-rate chemistry was modeled by using a seven-species and seven-reaction model. Instability modes were isolated by analyzing the Fourier power spectrum of the H2O mass fraction at selected sample stations. No unstable temporal modes with dominant frequency were isolated. It was concluded that the instability which is predicted by the Buckmaster work was a high-frequency low-amplitude phenomenon. For engineering purposes, the oblique detonation wave is a stable phenomenon as long as sufficient levels of overdrive are present.
Electrostatic Control of Spontaneous Vesicle Aggregation

Aqueous mixtures of cationic cetyltrimethylammoniump-toluenesulfonate (CTAT) and anionic sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) spontaneously form equilibrium catanionic vesicles whose charge depends on the relative amounts of each surfactant. Aggregation of these vesicles was induced by incorporating a small concentration of biotin-lipid in the bilayer, followed by addition of streptavidin as a cross-linking receptor. Freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy shows that almost no aggregation occurred in solutions with no added electrolyte, in which the Debye length was much larger than the dimensions of the streptavidin biotin linkage, about 2.5 nm. Much higher levels of aggregation (multivesicle aggregates) were observed for solutions with 0.1 M NaCl, in which the Debye length was smaller than the linkage dimensions. At an electrolyte concentration of 0.025 M, in which the Debye length is comparable to the linkage dimensions, significant aggregation, which depended on vesicle concentration, occurred. The short-range nature of the specific recognition interaction makes controlling aggregation via electrostatics possible. These results also suggest that electrostatic interactions are at least somewhat responsible for the stability of the spontaneous vesicles against aggregation. As these catanionic vesicles do not flatten upon aggregation, they can maintain an applied osmotic stress across their bilayer much like phospholipid vesicles.
Constitutive Activation of Photoreceptor Guanylate Cyclase by Y99C Mutant of GCAP-1 POSSIBLE ROLE IN CAUSING HUMAN AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT CONE DEGENERATION

Abstract Photoreceptor membrane guanylate cyclases (RetGC) are regulated by calcium-binding proteins, GCAP-1 and GCAP-2. At Ca2+ concentrations below 100 nm, characteristic of light-adapted photoreceptors, guanylate cyclase-activating protein (GCAPs) activate RetGC, and at free Ca2+ concentrations above 500 nm, characteristic of dark-adapted photoreceptors, GCAPs inhibit RetGC. A mutation, Y99C, in human GCAP-1 was recently found to be linked to autosomal dominant cone dystrophy in a British family (Payne, A. M., Downes, S. M., Bessant, D. A. R., Taylor, R., Holder, G. E., Warren, M. J., Bird, A. C., and Bhattachraya, S. S. (1998) Hum. Mol. Genet. 7, 273–277). We produced recombinant Y99C GCAP-1 mutant and tested its ability to activate RetGC in vitro at various free Ca2+ concentrations. The Y99C mutation does not decrease the ability of GCAP-1 to activate RetGC. However, RetGC stimulated by the Y99C GCAP-1 remains active even at Ca2+ concentration above 1 μm. Hence, the cyclase becomes constitutively active within the whole physiologically relevant range of free Ca2+ concentrations. We have also found that the Y99C GCAP-1 can activate RetGC even in the presence of Ca2+-loaded nonmutant GCAPs. This is consistent with the fact that cone degeneration was dominant in human patients who carried such mutation (Payne, A. M., Downes, S. M., Bessant, D. A. R., Taylor, R., Holder, G. E., Warren, M. J., Bird, A. C., and Bhattachraya, S. S. (1998) Hum. Mol. Genet. 7, 273–277). A similar mutation, Y104C, in GCAP-2 results in a different phenotype. This mutation apparently does not affect Ca2+ sensitivity of GCAP-2. Instead, the Y104C GCAP-2 stimulates RetGC less efficiently than the wild-type GCAP-2. Our data indicate that cone degeneration associated with the Y99C mutation in GCAP-1 can be a result of constitutive activation of cGMP synthesis.
A fixed-node diffusion Monte Carlo study of the 1,2,3-tridehydrobenzene triradical.

The electronic structure of 1,2,3-tridehydrobenzene was investigated using quantum Monte Carlo methods. The radical contains two low-lying electronic states that are nearly degenerate adiabatically (within 2 kcal/mol separation), according to previous coupled cluster calculations. We performed Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) calculations starting from Multi-Reference Configuration Interaction (MRCI) trial wavefunctions, with a complete active space (CAS) containing 9 electrons in 9 orbitals, CAS(9,9). Our converged DMC results are in close agreement with the best coupled-cluster results, and further strengthen the assignment of a 2A1 ground state.
The impact of a delay in initiating radiation therapy on prostate-specific antigen outcome for patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma.

BACKGROUND To determine whether a delay in initiating external beam radiation therapy (RT) following diagnosis could impact prostate-specific antigen (PSA) outcome for patients with localized prostate cancer, 460 patients, who received 3D conformal RT to a median dose of 70.4 Gy for clinically localized prostate cancer between 1992 and 2001, were studied. METHODS The primary endpoint was PSA failure (American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology definition). Estimates of PSA control were made using the Kaplan–Meier method. Delay was defined as the time between diagnosis and the start of RT. Risk groups were defined based on known predictors of PSA outcome, namely, baseline PSA level, clinical T-category, Gleason score, and percentage of biopsy cores positive for tumor. Cox multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the ability of treatment delay to predict time to PSA failure after adjusting for the other known predictors. RESULTS Treatment delay independently predicted time to PSA failure following diagnosis for high-risk (Adjusted Hazard Ratio = 1.08 per month; P = 0.029) but not low-risk patients (P = 0.31). Patients with high-risk disease (n = 240) had 5-year estimates of PSA failure-free survival of 55% versus 39% (Plog-rank = 0.014) for those with delay < 2.5 months versus ≥ 2.5 months respectively. The median delay was 2.5 months. CONCLUSIONS Treatment delay adversely affected PSA outcome for high-risk patients but not for low-risk patients following RT. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
The relationship between precursor and mature forms of the 23 S ribosomal RNA

Oligonucleotide fingerprinting shows the precursor form of the 23S ribosomal RNA fromBacillus megaterium to be larger than its mature counterpart, by some 8 percent, or approximately 250 nucleotides. It can further be shown that the 23SrRNA precursor doesnot contain the 5SrRNA sequence, as had been previously suggested.
The Ethnography of Prostitution New International Perspectives

The best recent research on prostitution is ethnographic and centered outside the United States. The books under review are multifaceted, rich, novel contributions to the literature, throwing a spotlight on previouslyhiddenworlds.Eachpresentsamicrocosm
Aftershock Distribution as a Constraint on the Geodetic Model of Coseismic Slip for the 2004 Parkfield Earthquake

Several studies of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake have linked the spatial distribution of the event’s aftershocks to the mainshock slip distribution on the fault. Using geodetic data, we find a model of coseismic slip for the 2004 Parkfield earthquake with the constraint that the edges of coseismic slip patches align with aftershocks. The constraint is applied by encouraging the curvature of coseismic slip in each model cell to be equal to the negative of the curvature of seismicity density. The large patch of peak slip about 15 km northwest of the 2004 hypocenter found in the curvature-constrained model is in good agreement in location and amplitude with previous geodetic studies and the majority of strong motion studies. The curvature-constrained solution shows slip primarily between aftershock “streaks” with the continuation of moderate levels of slip to the southeast. These observations are in good agreement with strong motion studies, but inconsistent with the majority of published geodetic slip models. Southeast of the 2004 hypocenter, a patch of peak slip observed in strong motion studies is absent from our curvature-constrained model, but the available GPS data do not resolve slip in this region. We conclude that the geodetic slip model constrained by the aftershock distribution fits the geodetic data quite well and that inconsistencies between models derived from seismic and geodetic data can be attributed largely to resolution issues.
Private Management and Public Policy Another Look at Interpenetrating Systems Theory

The book Private Management and Public Policy by Lee E. Preston and James E. Post has had a major impact on the business and society field. The authors introduced the concept of public policy into the field as an alternative way of thinking about social issues that was different from the concept of social responsibility that was so popular in the early years of the field. The concept of interpenetrating systems theory they developed attempted to provide theoretical support for business's involvement in public policy and to deal with the problem of atomic individualism that has only recently been recognized. The field is indebted to the authors for developing the broad outlines of an alternative theory of the firm in society that offers the possibility of overcoming traditional dichotomies that have plagued the field since its inception.