cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Esterase Activity and Zymogram Patterns in Developing Rat Brain

Publisher Summary It has been reported that as many as 20-25 different esterase bands can be demonstrated in human brain by electrophoretic separation of the enzymes on starch-gel. Despite the lack of knowledge of the properties of the esterase isozymes, which produce such a complex array of enzymes, it is of interest to ascertain whether this variety of molecular species of esterase is present in the developing brain. To relate brain maturation and morphological changes to alterations in enzymatic patterns might provide correlations as to the uniqueness of the isozymes and provide information on the isozyme types associated with brain maturation. In the developing rat brain, the esterase isozyme pattern becomes more complex with time and at maturity at least 14 separate isozyme bands can be identified under the conditions described. The total esterase activity of the brain doubles in the value during the period of time, but the increase occurs in the “bound” enzyme only, since the “free” esterase activity is relatively constant during the development.
The Cleft revealed: Geologic, magnetic, and morphologic evidence for construction of upper oceanic crust along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge

[1] The geology and structure of the Cleft Segment of the Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) have been examined using high-resolution mapping systems, observations by remotely operated vehicle (ROV), ROV-mounted magnetometer, and the geochemical analysis of recovered lavas. Bathymetric mapping using multibeam (EM300) coupled with in situ observations that focused on near-axis and flank regions provides a detailed picture of 0 to 400 ka upper crust created at the southern terminus of the JdFR. A total of 53 rock cores and 276 precisely located rock or glass samples were collected during three cruises that included sixteen ROV dives. Our observations of the seafloor during these dives suggest that many of the unfaulted and extensive lava flows that comprise and/or cap the prominent ridges that flank the axial valley emanate from ridge parallel faults and fissures that formed in the highly tectonized zone that forms the walls of the axial valley. The geochemically evolved and heterogeneous nature of these near-axis and flank eruptions is consistent with an origin within the cooler distal edges of a crustal magma chamber or mush zone. In contrast, the most recent axial eruptions are more primitive (higher MgO), chemically homogeneous lobate, sheet, and massive flows that generate a distinct magnetic high over the axial valley. We suggest that the syntectonic capping volcanics observed off-axis were erupted from near-axis and flank fissures and created a thickened extrusive layer as suggested by the magnetic and seismic data. This model suggests that many of the lavas that comprise the elevated ridges that bound the axial valley of the Cleft Segment were erupted during the collapse of a magmatic cycle not during the robust phase that established a new magmatic cycle.
Surgical treatment of liver metastases in patients with neuroendocrine tumors

Liver metastases occur in 75% to 80% of patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and are considered significant adverse prognostic indicators. Management of NETs liver metastases is challenging and requires aggressive therapy. Currently, there are many therapeutic options for metastatic NETs. However, there is considerable controversy regarding the optimal management. Although complete surgical resection remains the optimal therapy, a variety of other minimally invasive surgical and medical options are available, this includes thermal ablative techniques (e.g., radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, cryotherapy), embolization using transcatheter embolization, chemoembolization, or radioembolization, and medical therapy (e.g., chemotherapy, biotherapy with somatostatin analogues and interferon). Currently there is no evidence-based data directly comparing surgical versus alternative liver-directed treatment options. An aggressive surgical approach, coupled with additional liver-directed procedures is often recommended as it extends the overall survival. Optimal patient care should be directed by a multidisciplinary team to assure that all treatment options are explored for decision-making while treating this aggressive disease.
Predicting savings and mental accounting among adolescents: The case of college

Abstract In this study we examine predictors of adolescents' savings account ownership and use of mental accounting with a nationally representative, longitudinal sample of 744 adolescents ages 12 to 15 using Panel Study of Income Dynamics and Child Development Supplement data. We find sizable savings gaps along class lines. Further, findings suggest adolescents are more likely to have savings and use mental accounting when their parents have higher levels of education and have savings for them. Given that parents' education level and parents' savings for their child are directly related to adolescents' own savings, we suggest that traditional banking markets may not be able to equalize the advantage provided by having savings as an adolescent.
Correlates of the preoperative level of CA125 at presentation of ovarian cancer

Objective CA125 at presentation of ovarian cancer carries important prognostic significance; but, other than tumor characteristics, little is known about factors that influence CA125 levels. We examined the effect of epidemiologic variables and tumor features on CA125 at diagnosis and their effects on survival.
Preoperative stress conditioning prevents paralysis after experimental aortic surgery: Increased heat shock protein content is associated with ischemic tolerance of the spinal cord

Abstract Background: All forms of surgical therapy are stressful and injurious. The problems of paralysis, renal dysfunction, and colonic ischemia associated with aortic occlusion are due to acute ischemia-reperfusion injury at the cellular level. Acute-anterior spinal cord ischemia is the most devastating outcome of these iatrogenic-ischemic events. The majority of surgical procedures are performed electively and therefore provide an opportunity to preoperatively condition the patient to minimize these ischemia-related morbidities. Objectives: We sought to determine whether acute spinal cord injury associated with aortic occlusion can be prevented by induction of the cellular stress response by means of preoperative administration of whole-body hyperthermia or stannous chloride. Methods: The study consisted of an experimental rabbit model of infrarenal aortic occlusion for 20 minutes at normothermic body temperature. Results: Control rabbits experienced an 88% (7/8) incidence of paralysis after spinal cord ischemia induced by 20 minutes of aortic occlusion, whereas animals treated preoperatively with either whole-body hyperthermia (0/9) or stannous chloride (0/4) never became paralyzed ( P Conclusion: Prior induction of the heat shock response in the whole animal will increase the content of stress proteins within the spinal cord and other tissues and result in the prevention of hind-limb paralysis associated with aortic occlusion. We have designated the preoperative induction of the cellular stress response for the prevention of ischemic tissue injury stress conditioning. We suggest that stress-conditioning protocols represent the opportunity to practice preventative medicine at the molecular level. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;124:162-70
A wicksellian indicator of monetary policy

Abstract This paper compares actual U.S. monetary policy with an ideal policy based upon Wicksell's theory of natural and market rates of interest. For the period 1952–1971, this comparison indicates that actual policies behaved in a distinctly pro-cyclical manner with the result that monetary policies amplified the magnitude of the business cycles. The explanation offered suggests that this stems from the central bank's attempt to stabilize the interest rate which is consistent with one of the paper's findings of a highly significant positive relationship between changes in the natural rate of interest and changes in the monetary base.
Devenir petit : réinventer la tradition sur les scènes miniatures

Cet article situe les pratiques marionnettiques traditionnelles que sont le « theâtre de jouets » et le « theâtre de papier » dans le cadre plus large d’une redecouverte des formes sceniques en miniature developpees par l’avant-garde. Notre reflexion s’inspire, a cet egard, de la notion de faculte mimetique de Walter Benjamin, associee a la capacite propre des enfants a jouer en faisant appel a cette faculte. Elle etablit par ailleurs un parallele entre l’esprit postdramatique dans lequel evolue la performance contemporaine, un certain theâtre d’objets repandu en Occident dans les cercles traditionnels ainsi que chez les amateurs et la proliferation d’espaces perfomatifs contemporains integrant des paysages en modele reduit ou en miniature. Nous defendons enfin l’hypothese selon laquelle les nouvelles formes sceniques en modele reduit partagent avec les genres traditionnels de la marionnette des elements relatifs a la maniere dont les acteurs interagissent avec les objets inanimes.
Quasi-linear evolution equations in non-reflexive banach spaces, I

IN HIS PAPER ‘Quasi-linear equations of evolution, with applications to partial differential equations’, Kato [7] has presented a unified treatment of the Cauchy problem for various quasilinear partial differential equations that appear in mathematical physics, based on the theory of abstract equations of evolutions. He proved there two very general theorems on abstract equations: one on the existence and uniqueness, and the other on the continuous dependence on data of the solution. Recently, Dorroh and Graff [S] developed a new approach to linear evolution systems which is based on two new concepts: weak evolution systems and approximate solutions. Partially based on these results is a recent general existence and uniqueness theorem for quasi-linear evolution equations proved by Graff [6]. This paper presents an entirely different approach to quasi-linear evolution equations which is not based directly on the C,-semigroup theory. First of all this approach is based on the theory of contractor directions. However, a straightforward application of the method of contractor directions is in general of no use. Therefore, a considerable further development of the theory involved was necessary. Along this line two new ideas combined contributed to our new approach. First let us mention the introduction of the concept of the Lipschitz commutator property of the family {A(t, x)} of linear continuous mappings of Y c X into X, i.e., that
Factors Influencing Stress-Corrosion Cracking of High-Strength Steel Weld Metals

The stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of high-strength steel weld metals, as indexed by KIscc, was examined with emphasis on the relative influences of yield strength, electrochemical potential, welding process, and weld metal composition. The weld metals were from weldments fabricated by the gas metal arc (GMA) or gas tungsten arc (GTA) process. Filler metals with four different compositions—designated 120S, 140S, AX140 and HY-130—were used. The multi-pass welding procedures and their associated thermal cycles produced very complex martensitic-bainitic type microstructures. The GTA weld metals were considerably more fine-grained and more highly tempered than the GMA weld metals. This enhanced the fracture toughness of all four of the higher strength GTA weld metals but improved the SCC properties of only two GTA weld metals—HY-130 and 140S. The effectiveness of microstructural influences on SCC behavior is correlated with the sulfur content of the weld metals assuming that hydrogen is the cause of SCC in these materials. The role of sulfur is presumed to be that of catalytic poison for the hydrogen recombination reaction which increases opportunities for nascent hydrogen absorption. The results show that the weld metals with improved SCC properties contain the lower concentrations of sulfur.
A Higher Level Language Data Acquisition System (I) the Kernel Design

The nuclear physics group at the University of Illinois has implemented a data acquisition system using modified versions of the Concurrent Pascal and Sequential Pascal languages. The design of the assembly language kernel, which was written to support this system on the Perkin-Elmer 3220 computer, is presented. Design tradeoffs affecting efficiency, ease of use, and software compatibility are discussed.
Synthesis and bioassay of a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, dephostatin

Abstract The synthesis of natural product, dephostatin, is described. Both dephostatin and N-methyl-N-nitrosoaniline are found to inactivate the homogeneous recombinant Yersinia and mammalian protein tyrosine phosphatases in a concentration and time dependent manner.
Calculation of smoothing factors for the comparison of DSC results

Complex mixtures of long chain organic compounds often show overlapping glass transition temperatures (Tgs) when analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or modulated DSC (MDSC). In such cases, subjective and inconsistent smoothing of data acquired under different conditions can lead to the misinterpretation of results. A quantitative method for the selection of smoothing factors for the analysis and comparison of (M)DSC results is presented. The method is most useful for the analysis of the derivative of the heat capacity, dCp/dt or dCp/dT, plots which best highlight overlapping Tgs. Four equations are shown to relate the heating rate and the smoothing factor. The equations allow a comparison of data acquired i) at different heating rates and plotted vs. temperature, ii) at a single heating rate and plotted vs. both time and temperature, i.e., dCp/dt vs. dCp/dT, iii) at different heating rates and plotted vs. both time and temperature, and iv) at different heating rates, and shown exclusively in the time domain. Examples of the use of the equations are provided for the analysis of bitumen, a complex mixture of natural origin.
Mechanistic relationships between polymer microstructure and drug release kinetics in bioerodible polyanhydrides.

This work investigates the relationship between polymer microstructure and drug release kinetics in the bioerodible polyanhydride system, poly[(1,6-bis-p-carboxyphenoxy hexane)-co-(sebacic anhydride)] (CPH-SA). Model drugs, p-nitroaniline (PNA) and disperse yellow 3 (DY), were selected based on compatibility with CPH and SA, respectively. The polymer microstructure and compatibility of the drug with the constituent monomers were determined to have significant influence over the release kinetics of the drugs studied. Polymer systems with homogeneous microstructure, poly(SA) and 50:50 CPH-SA, showed simultaneous polymer degradation and drug release, although the solubility of the drug in the polymer influenced the shape of the release profiles. For the heterogeneous copolymers, 20:80 and 80:20 CPH-SA, individual monomer release kinetics demonstrated the effects of drug partitioning within a phase-separated microstructure. The PNA molecules partition preferentially into the CPH microdomains in the 20:80 CPH-SA copolymer while the DY molecules partition preferentially into the SA microdomains in the 80:20 CPH-SA copolymer. These studies suggest that the drug release mechanism is driven by polymer microstructure, compatibility of the drug with the constituent polymer phases, and solubility of the drug within the polymer. A thorough understanding of drug-polymer interactions as well as the polymer microstructure will pave the way for more accurate predictions of drug release from bioerodible polyanhydrides.
City youth and the pedagogy of participatory media

Recently, two different images of learning in schools today flooded through our various social networks. Logging on to Facebook, one high-school teacher bemoaned the fact that her students in a Los...
Validation of Computational Fluid Structure Interaction Models for Shape Optimization Under Blast Impact

A first order structural optimization problem is examined to evaluate the effects of structural geometry on blast energy transfer in a fully coupled fluid structure interaction problem. The fidelity of the fluid structure interaction simulation is shown to yield significant insights into the blast mitigation problem not captured in similar empirically based blast models. An emphasis is placed on the accuracy of simulating such fluid structure interactions and its implications on designing continuum level structures. Higher order design methodologies and algorithms are discussed for the application of such fully coupled simulations on vehicle level optimization problems.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Self-Association of N-Methylacetamide Examined by Infrared and NMR Spectroscopies.

These spectroscopic experiments investigate polarity and concentration effects on self-association behavior in N-methylacetamide. Inquiry can be limited to the concentration dependence of hydrogen bonding and estimation of dimerization constant (NMR studies) or to the effect of solvent polarity on extent of hydrogen bonding (IR studies). The combined experiments highlight differences between spectral timescales such as signal averaging seen in NMR spectra. Students learn how to obtain physical information about extent of aggregation from spectroscopic data. The experiments are best suited to an advanced undergraduate course. Undergraduate students are introduced to techniques that are relatively unusual in most college laboratory courses, including solution-state IR with solvent subtraction. The NMR experiments require students to use external referencing and to adjust collection parameters to accommodate a range of analyte concentrations spanning three orders of magnitude.
College Freshmen View Counselor Help in College Selection

Little attention has been paid to the role performance of counselors in the college decision process. This study surveyed 270 college freshmen at a northeastern university in an attempt to explore the activities of their high school counselors in college admissions. The students came from 233 institutions of secondary education. Among the findings were: (1) the high school counselor has increased in importance and in potential influence in the college-choice process; (2) the helping activities of counselors were for the most part active and direct; (3) the expectations of the students for the counselor were for active involvement by the counselor; and (4) in some cases, the counselor played a restricting role in the process of college selection.
Developmental repression of growth and gene expression in Aspergillus.

Abstract Asexual reproductive development can be initiated in Aspergillus nidulans in the presence of excess nutrients through artificial induction of the developmental regulatory genes brlA or abaA by fusing the genes to the promoter from the alcohol dehydrogenase I gene (alcA) and culturing cells in the presence of an inducing alcohol. Artificially induced development completely inhibits growth and represses expression of the endogenous alcA gene and the coordinately controlled aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (aldA). Repression of alcA and aldA expression probably occurs at both the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. We propose that developmental induction results in a generalized metabolic shutdown, leading to an inability of cells to acquire nutrients from the growth medium. Self-imposed nutrient limitation could reinforce the primary developmental stimulus and ensure progression through the asexual reproductive pathway.
Learning Labs: Collaborations for Transformative Teacher Learning

Teachers in a middle school and a high school with high percentages of English language learners showed evidence of transformative learning during the 2 years in which they collaborated in an ongoing professional development activity called learning labs, which include focused discussion of observations of colleagues’ classrooms. An analysis of qualitative data found teachers’ stated beliefs about their own and students’ roles, responsibilities, and capabilities changed as a result of their participation in learning labs. Teachers also implemented changes in their instructional practices. The authors argue that effective professional development activities must go beyond the delivery of information to support teachers’ examination and revision of assumptions about students, teaching, and learning that guide their practice.
Crack tip blunting by dislocation pair creation and separation

Abstract A smeared-out-dislocation-type analysis is used to determine conditions for the blunting of an atomically sharp crack that is opened intension. It is found that when the ratio of the theoretical tensile strength σmax to theoretical shear strength τmax is large, pairs of dislocations of opposite sign are created, as the stress is raised, on inclined slip planes whose intersection with the crack plane coincides with the crack tip. Dislocations of one sign move into the lattice away from the crack tip region and dislocations of the other sign pile-up against the crack tip. The pile-up barrier is the surface energy that is required to create new surface at the crack tip. If the stress is raised further, enough piled-up dislocations are created to enable the surface energy barrier to be penetrated. The piled-up dislocations enter the crack tip and in so doing blunt the tip. When σ max/τmax > 7 a crack tip blunts. The common f.c.c. metals satisfy this condition. The b.c.c. metals iron and tungsten have...
Preliminary crystallographic studies of yeast mitochondrial peripheral membrane protein Tim44p.

Protein translocations across mitochondrial membranes play critical roles in mitochondrion biogenesis. Protein transport from the cell cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix is carried out by the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex and the translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) complexes. Tim44p is an essential mitochondrial peripheral membrane protein and a major component of the TIM23 translocon. To investigate the mechanism by which Tim44p functions in the TIM23 translocon to deliver the mitochondrial protein precursors, the yeast Tim44p was crystallized. The crystals diffract to 3.2 A using a synchrotron X-ray source and belong to space group P6322, with unit-cell parameters a = 124.25, c = 77.83 A. There is one Tim44p molecule in one asymmetric unit, which corresponds to a solvent content of approximately 43%. Structure determination by MAD methods is under way.
CORRELATES OF PREFERENCES FOR PERSONAL NAMES WITH THE NEO FIVE-FACTOR INVENTORY

In a study of the relationship between liking of personal names and personality factors, 98 college students responded to the NEO Five-factor Inventory and rated how much they liked 60 different male and 60 different female names on 7-point Likert scales. Each list consisted of equal numbers of common, less common, dated, and rare names. Over-all, common names were preferred to less common, dated, and rare names; less common names were preferred to dated and rare names; and rare names were least preferred of all. Persons who scored higher in Extraversion or Agreeableness tended to report liking more personal names. Higher Agreeableness or Extraversion scores were associated with stronger preferences for both common or less common names but not for dated or rare names. This latter relationship was observed for male and female personal names separately, as well as over-all.
Characteristics of Men Undergoing Testosterone Replacement Therapy and Adherence to Follow-up Recommendations in Metropolitan Multicenter Health Care System.

Objective To identify the frequencies of treatment and recommended laboratory follow-up for men with low serum testosterone levels. Methods The Electronic Data Warehouse was queried to identify men of ages 18-85 years, who obtained a testing for serum total testosterone level from 2009 to 2012. The frequency of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), patient demographics, and clinical characteristics were collected. The frequency of follow-up with serum total testosterone and complete blood count levels was documented. Results Among 9176 men who underwent testing for low testosterone levels, 3320 (36%) of them were hypogonadal with a mean serum total testosterone level of 194.3 ± 64.9 ng/dL. Of them, 17.7% men were treated with TRTs. The treatment frequency significantly increased from 8.3% in 2009 to 24% in 2012. A total of 4.8% of men of reproductive ages (age, 18-35 years) were placed on TRTs. Within 180 days of initial testing, only 40% of treated men received follow-up with liver function tests and/or complete blood count, and only 49% had a follow-up serum testosterone level. Conclusion Although the frequency of TRT is increasing, only a small percentage of hypogonadal men are actively undergoing treatment. A significant proportion of men of reproductive age are being treated with significant impacts on potential fertility. Less than half of the patients treated are being monitored appropriately after testosterone replacement. This highlights the importance of further education for providers prescribing testosterone replacement.
The simultaneous measurement of support, metal, and gas phase temperatures using an in situ IR spectroscopic technique

An in situ infrared technique has been developed and used for the simultaneous measurement of gas phase, support, and metal temperatures. This technique yields more realistic and consistent values for reaction temperatures than gas phase or mechanically attached microscopic surface thermocouples. The technique relies on monitoring the temperature-dependent vibrational frequencies of the catalyst support material during reaction. The support vibrational frequencies are calibrated with temperature. This enables one to determine the support temperature during reaction. A 1% Pt/SiO/sub 2/ catalyst using the oscillatory oxidation of CO as a reaction probe was used to understand the nature of heat transfer between the metal and the support. The results show that surface temperature oscillations are in phase with CO/sub 2/ formation. The resolution of the technique has been shown to be +/- 7/sup 0/C, depending on the absorption frequency selected. Actual metal temperatures for a thin Pt film sample were determined by in situ resistivity measurements. In most cases the metal-surface temperature gradient was found to be less than the resolution of the IR technique. 22 references.
Quantitative study of locomotion in teiid lizards

Abstract Methods are proposed whereby locomotive patterns of lizards can be compared quantitatively from motion pictures. Several species of the family Teiidae and one iguanid, Callisaurus , are analyzed by these methods. In the animals studied, no major differences exist in vertical movements of head for quadrupedal walk gaits; however, a correlation exists between amount of up-and-down movement and quadrupedal fast and bipedal gaits: the faster the animal, the greater the amount of vertical head movement. As a teiid increases its speed, total vertical distance of head displacement increases. The faster a teiid runs, the more erectly it holds its head. Angles of the trunk and head from the horizontal are less in teiids than in iguanids and agamids. The faster the teiid, the greater the angle; regardless of the gait, fast teiids hold their trunks more erect than do slow-moving forms; the latter in effect drag their abdomens. The acetabulum and abdomen in any gait are held higher from the ground in teiids that demonstrate both quadrupedal walk and quadrupedal fast gaits than in those showing only quadrupedal walk gait. In fast teiids, the plane of motion of the femur has changed slightly from a horizontal toward a vertical position. Whenever teiids employ quadrupedal walk gaits, the fore foot leaves and touches the ground ahead of the contralateral hind foot; in quadrupedal fast gaits, the hind foot leaves and touches the ground ahead of the contralateral fore foot. Fast teiids must run through at least one cycle of quadrupedal fast gait before becoming bipedal; quadrupedalism rather than bipedalism is predominantly utilized by fast teiids. In quadrupedal walk gaits, hind feet of Tupinambis are put in front of ipselateral fore feet, while in all other teiids studied they are placed behind the fore feet. In quadrupedal fast gaits, only Ameiva, Cnemidophorus tigris , and Tupinambis place hind in front of fore feet. In fast-running teiids, the distance of stride lengthens as speed increases; rates of stride increase more with change of gait in teiids than in other fast-moving lizards thus far studied. Summation of all relative values of stride and associated characters for quadrupedal gaits results in the following progression: Pholidopolus -Teius-Crocodilurus-Ameiva-Tupinambis-Cnemi-dophorus-Callisaurus . Pholidopolus is the poorest locomotive performer; Callisaurus is the best. This progression in motion picture data are suggestive of possible steps in the evolution of rapid terrestrial locomotion of lizards. Similarity in locomotive patterns of Teius, Ameiva, Cnemidophorus , and Tupinambis occur even though they seem superficially to run differently; this similarity reflects the close taxonomic relationships of these animals. Despite differences in morphological and behavioural characteristics of fast running in the families Teiidae, Iguanidae, and Agamidae, all seem to run efficiently and at fast speeds.
Calorimetric studies of inositol hexaphosphate binding to aquomethemoglobin A

Abstract Inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) binding to aquomethemoglobin A (metHb) has been studied by flow microcalorimetry and compared to IHP interactions with carbonmonoxyhemoglobin A (COHb) and deoxyhemoglobin A (deoxyHb). At 25° and pH 6.8 in 0.05 M NaPhos containing 0.1 M NaCl and, after correction for heats of proton extraction from buffer, IHP binds to metHb, deoxyHb and COHb with enthalpies of −80.3, −104.2 and −105.9 kJ/mol IHP, respectively. None of the above processes exhibits large apparent heat capacity changes. The binding to metHb is strongly linked to proton uptake, 1.5 H + being absorbed per IHP bound at pH 6.8, with an enthalpic contribution of −21 kJ/mol H + absorbed. Inorganic anions, including chloride, phosphate and perchlorate, bind to metHb with dissociation constants in the 0.1 M range and are released upon IHP binding. At high salt concentrations 2–4 such ions are released with enthalpic contributions of +13 to +29 kJ/mol anion released. Thus observed heats of reaction represent a difference of large energetic terms, including not only intrinsic interaction of ligand with protein but also heats of proton extraction from buffer, proton uptake by protein and anion displacement by ligand, each of which can exceed 42 kJ/mol. These results are discussed in light of a possible allosteric transition accompanying IHP binding to metHbA.
Roles of two conserved amino acid residues in the active site of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase: an essential serine and a nonessential cysteine.

Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GalT) catalyzes the reversible transformation of uridine 5‘-diphosphate glucose (UDPGlc) and galactose-1-phosphate into uridine 5‘-diphosphate galactose (...
Chirping in pure self-induced transparency

Abstract McCall and Hahn, in their analysis of self-induced transparency, have assumed that the frequency of the electric field interacting with the resonant atoms has no temporal modulation, i.e. that there is no pulse chirping. In this note we are able to prove that the McCall-Hahn assumption is actually a necessary consequence of their approach to the problem. That is, the McCall-Hahn method of solution does not permit chirping.
Adaptive channel allocation and routing in cognitive radio networks

One of the biggest challenges in multi-hop cognitive radio networking is the dynamic change of channel availability to secondary users which could cause the breaking of routes and thus communications. To address this challenge, we propose an adaptive channel allocation and routing scheme in this paper. Our scheme is flexible so that it can react to the dynamic change of channel availability, and it can maximize the throughput by exploiting network coding opportunities. First, we model the primary users’ activity, channel availability and the interference among the secondary users in a cognitive radio network environment, and show how to implement a backpressure algorithm and a network coding scheme in multi-hop cognitive radio networks. Second, we formulate an optimization problem to maximize the throughput of the network. We consider the channel availability constraint, and make use of the network coding opportunity. In order to reduce the computing complexity, we propose a distributed channel allocation and route selection algorithm. Furthermore, we compare the performance of our scheme with existing schemes for different scenarios of channel availability and network load through simulations. Our work brings insights on how to make route selection and channel allocation in multihop cognitive radio networks.
In vivo alteration in hypothalamic amino acid synthesis during perfusion of ethanol and morphine in unrestrained rat

In the freely moving rat [U-14C]glucose was microinjected through a guide tube to label a discrete site in the hypothalamus. After 10 min, a push-pull cannula was used to perfuse an artificial CSF within the site at a rate of 25 μl/min. During the fourth 5 min perfusion of each series, one of three concentrations of either ethanol (94–471 mM) or morphine SO4 (0.13–1.3 mM) was added to the perfusate. Each sample of perfusate was assayed for its content of GABA, glutamate, alanine, aspartate, glycine and glutamine by two-dimensional, thin-layer chromatography. The results show that within a circumscribed region of the dorsal hypothalamus, the synthesis of [14C]glycine and [14C]glutamine was enhanced by ethanol and morphine, respectively. Ethanol generally augmented also the synthesis of GABA, glutamate, and glutamine at sites reactive to the compound. Within the same sites, morphine increased the synthesis of glycine. Other amino acids were not significantly different from the control. Thus, anatomically specific and selective changes in amino acid activity are produced within the rat's hypothalamus in response to the localized presence of ethanol or morphine suggesting the involvement of certain amino acids in the action of these addictive compounds within the hypothalamus.
Root production and tissue quality in a shortgrass steppe exposed to elevated CO2: using a new ingrowth method

A modified root ingrowth method was developed to minimize destructive sampling in experiments with limited space, and used to estimate belowground net primary production and root tissue quality in a native semiarid grassland exposed to elevated CO2 for five years. Increases in root production of over 60% were observed with elevated CO2 during years of intermediate levels of precipitation, with smaller effects in a very wet year and no effects in a very dry year. Aboveground to belowground production ratios, and the depth distribution of root production, did not differ between ambient and elevated CO2 treatments. Root soluble concentrations increased an average of 11% and lignin concentrations decreased an average of 6% with elevated CO2, while nitrogen concentrations decreased an average of 21%. However, most tissue quality responses to CO2 varied greatly among years, and C:N ratios were higher in only one year (22 ambient vs. 33 elevated). Among years, root nitrogen concentrations declined with increasing aboveground plant nitrogen yield, and increased over the study period. Estimates of root production by the ingrowth donut method were much lower than previous estimates in the shortgrass steppe based on 14C decay. We discuss reasons why all ingrowth methods will always result in relative rather than absolute estimates of root production.
Acetylcholinesterase in cultured human leukemia/lymphoma cell lines

Fifty-two cultured leukemia/lymphoma cell lines were studied for their acetylcholinesterase activity. There was a striking effect of maturity on enzyme activity, only the most mature cells showing significant activity. Mature T cells exhibited far more enzyme activity than mature B cells, paralleling results on normal T and B cells.
Deep long-period earthquakes beneath Washington and Oregon volcanoes

Abstract Deep long-period (DLP) earthquakes are an enigmatic type of seismicity occurring near or beneath volcanoes. They are commonly associated with the presence of magma, and found in some cases to correlate with eruptive activity. To more thoroughly understand and characterize DLP occurrence near volcanoes in Washington and Oregon, we systematically searched the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN) triggered earthquake catalog for DLPs occurring between 1980 (when PNSN began collecting digital data) and October 2009. Through our analysis we identified 60 DLPs beneath six Cascade volcanic centers. No DLPs were associated with volcanic activity, including the 1980–1986 and 2004–2008 eruptions at Mount St. Helens. More than half of the events occurred near Mount Baker, where the background flux of magmatic gases is greatest among Washington and Oregon volcanoes. The six volcanoes with DLPs (counts in parentheses) are Mount Baker (31), Glacier Peak (9), Mount Rainier (9), Mount St. Helens (9), Three Sisters (1), and Crater Lake (1). No DLPs were identified beneath Mount Adams, Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson, or Newberry Volcano, although (except at Hood) that may be due in part to poorer network coverage. In cases where the DLPs do not occur directly beneath the volcanic edifice, the locations coincide with large structural faults that extend into the deep crust. Our observations suggest the occurrence of DLPs in these areas could represent fluid and/or magma transport along pre-existing tectonic structures in the middle crust.
Methods for introducing analysis of conflict theory into the speech communication classroom

As more and more communication courses deal with the subjects of conflict and communication theory, the more it becomes necessary to find an appropriate framework for presenting this subject matter. The framework offered here is based on three different types of communication that can occur within any conflict state: tacit, implicit, and explicit. Each of these communication types is explained and presented with suggested classroom exercises.
A performance study for two portable data recorders used to measure package drop heights

This study investigated the error in measuring package drop heights using the drop height recorder developed by Dallas Instruments and the environmental data recorder developed by Instrumented Sensor Technology. The shock measuring capabilities of the two recorders were also studied. Drops were made onto the bottom, edge and corner orientations from heights of 18, 24, 30 and 36 inches. The study concluded that the drop height recorder predicts the drop height most accurately and with the least variation using its 'zero-g' channel. Both recorders show much larger variations in predicted values (up to 30%) when using the recorded acceleration-time data. The edge and corner orientation drop heights are generally underestimated by both, owing to the inability of the accelerometers to differentiate between partial rotation on impact and vertical travel.
On the Use of Quantitative Modeling to Help Understand Prostate-Specific Antigen Dynamics and Other Medical Problems

opportunity to reflect on and discuss the role of mathematical modeling in the biomedical sciences. During the past 20 years, the application of mathematical modeling in the biomedical sciences has made substantial contributions to our understanding of a wide spectrum of problems such as wound healing, cancer growth, and the control of epidemics. The literature of applications is now large (see Murray 2 and the large number of references cited therein). There is a fundamental difference between what the theoretician and the medical scientist mean by a “model,” although their goals in the use of models are the same. The latter usually considers a model to be, in the case of cancer research for example, an animal injected with cancer cells and the animal’s and the cancer’s progress monitored over time. Quantitative or mathematical modeling refers to the use of mathematics to construct an equation (or, more typically, equations) that reflects in
Hoop stress intensity factor and crack-kinking in anisotropic brittle solids

Abstract To analyze crack-kinking in an infinite, homogeneous, anisotropic, linearly elastic plane containing a central main crack, two stress intensity factors are defined. These are associated with the hoop and shear stress components at the tip of the main crack. When the hoop stress intensity factor (HSIF or K ωω ) is maximum, then the shear stress intensity factor (SSIF or K rω ) is zero. These stress intensity factors (SIF's) are alternatives to the commonly used Modes I and II stress intensity factors ( K I and K II ) which uncouple for isotropic but not for anisotropic solids. Moreover, Modes I and II stress intensity factors defined at the tip of a vanishingly small kink emanating from the tip of an existing main crack ( K I ( k ) and K II ( k ) ) are calculated by using the method that models a kink as a continuous distribution of edge dislocations. Then, the relation of HSIF (SSIF) to K I ( k ) ( K II ( k ) ) is examined in details for various combination of relevant parameters, i.e., for different material properties, material symmetry orientations, and loadings. It is observed that for small kink angles (to the first order in the kink angle, e.g., for less than 8°) HSIF (SSIF) equals K I ( k ) ( K II ( k ) ) to within less than 1%; this holds for much larger kink angles when the material is isotropic. As a result of this observation, for small kink angles, all field quantities at the tip of a vanishingly small kink can be obtained from the fields that exist at the tip of the initial main crack prior to kinking, i.e., to the first order in the kink angle, the Modes I and II stress intensity factors at the tip of a vanishingly small kink (just after kinking) respectively equal HSIF and SSIF (just before kinking). On the other hand, depending on loading and material anisotropy, K I ( k ) ( K II ( k ) ) at the tip of a vanishingly small kink can deviate from HSIF (SSIF) by several hundred percent, for large kink angles. Furthermore, the K-based fracture criteria for anisotropic solids are examined in some detail. It is shown that, even for small kink angles, the study of the variation of the SIF's with the kink angle requires the corresponding complete nonlinear equation, as linearization with respect to the kink angle may produce extraneous and seemingly peculiar results.
Memphis revisited: A reexamination of police shootings after the Garner decision

Fyfe's examination of police shootings in Memphis from 1969 to 1974 revealed that blacks suffered a disproportionate risk of being shot by officers of the Memphis Police Department (MPD) relative to both their proportion of the population and to their arrest rate. During this period, Memphis police were governed by the fleeing felon rule for use of deadly force. After the Garner shooting, the official MPD shooting policies underwent two distinct changes. From 1980 to 1984, use of deadly force was limited to use against fleeing dangerous felons. From 1985 to 1989, the deadly force policy was restricted further to use only for the protection of innocent life. The present analysis is an attempt to determine whether the court decisions and the resultant administrative changes in the MPD deadly force policies have altered the apparently discriminatory pattern of shootings characteristic of the 1969–1974 period.
Remarks on parameter identification. I

In this paper a method for constructing a spatially varying diffusion coefficient for a parabolic, partial differential equation is given. This function is obtained as the limit of a sequence of functions which are obtained by solving a sequence of finite dimensional optimization problems.
Operating characteristics and fabrication of a uniquely compact helical heat exchanger

Abstract A two-fluid heat exchanger of unusual compactness and high thermal performance is set forth in this paper. The underlying principle of the exchanger is a very tight helical intertwining of two small-diameter tubes (e.g., hypodermic tubes) such that tubes mutually envelope each other. A high-conductivity thermal bridge between the tubes is assured by the use of a braze material insinuated into interstices created by the helical windings. Heat transfer and pressure drop experiments carried out to validate the operational performance of the device are described. The uniqueness of the device has motivated a description of both the underlying design issues and fabrication processes. It is shown that the device can be manufactured by means of remarkably simple operations and machine tools.
Blood Histamine in Gastric Cancer and Peptic Ulcer

SummaryBlood histamine is within normal limits in patients with gastric carcinoma and with peptic ulcer. There is no relationship between blood histamine and the presence or absence of free hydrochloric acid in the stomach.Blood histamine in man is carried chiefly by granulocytes, but is not directly related to the number of granulocytes in the blood.
Discontinuing Antiepileptic Medication in Children with Epilepsy after Two Years without Seizures: A Prospective Study

Antiepileptic medications were discontinued in 88 children with epilepsy of various causes who had been free of seizures for two to four years. The subjects were then followed for six months to five years (mean, 22 months). Sixty-six (75 per cent) remained free of seizures. Electroencephalographic characteristics, type of seizure, and age at onset were important in predicting outcome. Specific electroencephalographic features (such as the presence or absence of slowing or spikes) were more predictive than simple classification of an electroencephalogram as normal or abnormal. A history of complex partial seizures that had been controlled for two years carried a relatively favorable prognosis (P less than 0.05), whereas a history of atypical febrile seizures carried a poor prognosis (P less than 0.05). The variable of a younger age at onset was also associated with a better outcome (P less than 0.05), but only if accompanied by electroencephalographic slowing. Altogether, six variables (the interaction of age at onset with electroencephalographic slowing, electroencephalographic spikes, atypical febrile seizures, complex partial seizures, electroencephalographic slowing, and electroencephalographic change) were statistically significant (P less than 0.05) in predicting outcome. We conclude that in most children with epilepsy who have been free of seizures for two or more years, antiepileptic medications can safely be discontinued, and that it is possible to predict reasonably well which children will remain free of seizures.
Cell Separations on the Countercurrent Chromatograph

Abstract Separation of cells differing only subtly has been achieved by partitioning between the two phases formed by solution of dextran and polyethylene glycol in water. Cell populations which have related, but not identical, surface properties seldom exhibit sufficiently different partition behavior to be separated in a single extraction. In such cases, repeated partitions are carried out via countercurrent distribution or countercurrent chromatography to effect the separation. Potential advantages of countercurrent chromatography are its ease and rapidity of operation. In the present work we describe our approach to determining and possibly improving the efficiency of polymer phase partitioning by countercurrent chromatography.