cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REMARKS ON THE A-POLYNOMIAL OF A KNOT

This paper reviews the two variable polynomial invariant of knots defined using representations of the fundamental group of the knot complement into . The slopes of the sides of the Newton polygon of this polynomial are boundary slopes of incompressible surfaces in the knot complement. The polynomial also contains information about which surgeries are cyclic, and about the shape of the cusp when the knot is hyperbolic. We prove that at least some mutants have the same polynomial, and that most untwisted doubles have non-trivial polynomial. We include several open questions.
Inshopping by residents of small communities

With improvements in transportation and communication, rural consumers no longer are limited to their local trade center and personal factors become more important in shaping consumer patterns. With data from residents in two small rural communities in northwestern Missouri, this study examines the effects of consumers' socioeconomic characteristics, personal location situations, and community satisfaction on buying within the local community (inshopping) versus in other communities (outshopping) for selected goods and services. Age is the socioeconomic variable most strongly related to inshopping. Residing in the center versus open country, jobholders outside the community, and residing in the more viable community are related to shopping for certain of the goods and services as is satisfaction with the community. Location remains an important influence on shopping behavior but it needs to be conceptualized differently.
Stabilization of the Fermi level in photochromic glasses

Abstract Photochromic glasses doped with thallium, iodide and cadmium have been found not to show the superlinear relationship between equilibrium darkening and excitation intensity which was reported previously for undoped photochromic glasses.
Temperature-independence of circannual variations in circadian rhythms of golden-mantled ground squirrels.

In golden-mantled ground squirrels, phase angles of entrainment of circadian locomotor activity to a fixed light-dark cycle differ markedly between subjective summer and winter. Achange in ambient temperature affects entrainment only during subjective winter when it also produces pronounced effects on body temperature (Tb). It was previously proposed that variations in Tb are causally related to the circannual rhythm in circadian entrainment. To test this hypothesis, wheel-running activity and Tb were monitored for 12 to 14 months in castrated male ground squirrels housed in a 14:10 LD photocycle at 21 °C. Animals were treated with testosterone implants that eliminated hibernation and prevented the marked winter decline in Tb; these squirrels manifested circannual changes in circadian entrainment indistinguishable from those of untreated animals. Both groups exhibited pronounced changes in phase angle and alpha of circadian wheel-running and Tb rhythms. Seasonal variation in Tb is not necessary for circan...
A study of variations in the lactose content of milk.

Summary 1. A similarity was found between the lactose content of the morning and evening milk of individual animals, when the samples were taken at the regular milking periods. 2. The lactose content of the milk showed considerable variation between successive hourly samples. 3. Hourly variations were found in the blood sugar of milking cows. 4. Simultaneously collected samples of blood and milk show little or no positive correlation as to sugar content. 5. In general samples of milk collected one hour later than the blood samples show a greater tendency towards higher correlation in respect to sugar than do simultaneously collected samples. 6. The difficulty of the satisfactory sampling of blood and milk for comparison studies is emphasized, and an improved sampling method suggested.
Hybrid calibration of imaging sensors by neural networks and comparison with physical models

Imaging sensors have been deployed for a variety of nonintrusive diagnostics in photogrammetry, videometry, and other pertinent gross-field visualization. Especially, three-dimensional (3-D) remote sensing based on stereoscopic vision has become increasingly important in many research and industrial applications. Typical applications can be particle tracking in flow visualization, motion/deformation detection in dynamics and stress analysis, and robot vision in automation and quality control, to name a few. The use of an appropriate calibration technique for image sensing is thus essential in both laboratory and field applications. To provide a robust and reliable calibration capability for stereoscopic 3-D detection, we develop a hybrid technique that is based on the use of artificial neural networks and a conventional physical-mathematical model. The hybrid technique is advantageous in procedural simplicity; that is, ease in hardware setup and speed in data processing. Our results show that the hybrid approach can improve the accuracy in predicting the object space coordinates by about 30% compared to those based on a purely physical-mathematical model. It appears that the hybrid technique can combine the merits of both physical-mathematical model and artificial neural networks to improve the overall performance.
Climate–Suicide Relationships: A Research Problem in Need of Geographic Methods and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives

Many locations on Earth experience peaks in suicide rates during the late spring and early summer, and there is evidence that climatic variables may be causal factors. Beyond this seasonal characteristic, there is little consistency in the results of various climate–suicide studies. Almost all of the published climate–suicide research has been conducted by mental health experts with relatively little input from geographers and/or climatologists, thus highlighting the need for future collaborative efforts. Previous research has shown how the use of a single statistical method, as opposed to multiple methods, can yield misleading or confusing results. Future research on climate–suicide relationships should allow for more consideration for spatial and temporal variations in climate, culture, demographics, etc. Ultimately, improved methods and the use of cross-disciplinary methods will help arrive at consistent results that identify climate variables that significantly affect suicide rates, if any exist.
The mobile receptor hypothesis for cell membrane receptor action

Abstract The mobile receptor hypothesis proposes that membrane receptors diffuse within the plane of the membrane and when occupied with ligand reversibly, associate with membrane enzymes or channels regulating their activity. Some of the implications and evidence for this model are presented.
The Chromosomes of Peromyscus maniculatus hollesteri (Deer Mouse)

The findings of the present study would seem to establish the normal diploid chromosome number in P. m. hollesteri as 48 rather than the earlier reported number of 52 by Cross (1937-1938).The diploid number of 48 also seems more consistent and taxonomically sound in comparison with the chromosomal findings in other subspecies of P. maniculatus. A tentative karyotypic arrangement has been presented with presumptive identification of the XY sex chromosomes through meiotic and mitotic analysis.
Effect of coupling of forward- and backward-going electron-hole pairs on the static local-field factor of jellium

We investigate the effect of the coupling of the forward- and backward-going electron-hole pairs on the static local-field factor of jellium with and without a gap. We calculate the static local-field factor for the two types of jellium as a function of $\mathbf{q}$ using the Bethe-Salpeter equation. We assume that a particle and a hole interact via a statically screened Coulomb interaction. The polarization diagrams that include this interaction are summed to infinite order, leading to a matrix equation for the inverse of the polarization propagator. Employing a string of manipulations we convert the matrices in convenient forms, and we then invert the resulting matrices iteratively. This allows us to use matrices of very large size, something that would have not been feasible with straightforward inversion, and therefore achieve a very high level of convergence of results with respect to sampling of electron states in the Fermi sea with relative computational ease. For the calculation of the static local-field factor, we find that the coupling of both kinds of pairs gives qualitatively different results compared to the case when there is no coupling, and that the coupling of both kinds of electron-hole pairs is necessary for obtaining the most accurate results. We compare our results with recent calculations and point out the similarities and differences.
Tolerance and sensitization to the heart-rate effects of morphine

Abstract The effect of daily exposure to one of several doses of morphine (0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg IV) on heart rate was assessed in restrained (R) and unrestrained (U) rats. Initially, morphine produced a biphasic heart-rate response; bradycardia followed by tachycardia. Tolerance to the bradycardic effect was established in the 4 and 8 mg/kg R groups and in the 2 and 4 mg/kg U groups. Sensitization developed to the tachycardic effect in the 2 and 4 mg/kg U groups but not in the 8 mg/kg U group or any of the R groups. After several exposures to morphine, mean preinfusion heart rate increased in the 4 and 8 mg/kg dose groups but not in the 0 and 2 mg/kg dose groups. These results are generally consistent with the other data suggesting that tolerance develops only to the depressant effects of morphine, and either no change or sensitization develops to its stimulant effects. The development of higher preinfusion heart rates in the higher dose groups may represent a learned anticipatory response.
AlkA protein is the third Escherichia coli DNA repair protein excising a ring fragmentation product of thymine.

Various forms of oxidative stress lead to the formation of damaged bases including N-(2- deoxy-‚-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-N-3-(2R-hydroxyisobutyric acid)-urea or RRT, the fragmentation product of thymine formed from 5R-thymidine C5-hydrate upon hydrolysis. It was shown that RRT is excised by Escherichia coli Fpg and Nth proteins. Here we report that when present in DNA, RRT is, in addition, a substrate for the E. coli AlkA protein with an apparent Km value of =170 nM. RRT positioned opposite T, dG, dC, and dA were efficiently excised by AlkA protein from duplex oligodeoxynucleotides in the following order: dA T. dC dG. This is the first example of the excision of a ring opened form of a pyrimidine by AlkA protein and also the first example where the same DNA base lesion is excised by three different DNA glycosylases of the base excision repair pathway. The present results suggest possible structural similarity of the active site between E. coli AlkA, Fpg, and Nth proteins. Oxidative DNA damage, including oxidized purines and pyrimidines, occurs during normal cell metabolism and by exposure to ionizing radiation and certain chemicals (1, 2). Damaged bases are endowed with cytotoxic or mutagenic properties and are believed to be at the origin of aging and cancer. Thymidine glycol blocks replication and, therefore, is assumed to be lethal in vivo (3-5). N-(2-Deoxy-‚-D- erythro-pentofuranosyl)-N-3-(2R-hydroxyisobutyric acid)- urea (RRT) 1 is the respective fragmentation product of 5R- thymidine C5-hydrate formed upon hydrolysis. Kinetic measurements indicate that the activity of Klenow (exo - ) fragment is inhibited by the presence RRT in the DNA template. However, despite the reduction in Vmax, these experiments indicate that RRT base pairs to nucleotide triphosphate and should be thought as an instructive lesion (6). Such properties imply that the RRT lesion could have biological significance in vivo.
Asthma as a chronic disease of the innate and adaptive immune systems responding to viruses and allergens

Research on the pathogenesis of asthma has traditionally concentrated on environmental stimuli, genetic susceptibilities, adaptive immune responses, and end-organ alterations (particularly in airway mucous cells and smooth muscle) as critical steps leading to disease. The focus of this cascade has been the response to allergic stimuli. An alternative scheme suggests that respiratory viruses and the consequent response of the innate immune system also drives the development of asthma as well as related inflammatory diseases. This conceptual shift raises the possibility that sentinel cells such as airway epithelial cells, DCs, NKT cells, innate lymphoid cells, and macrophages also represent critical components of asthma pathogenesis as well as new targets for therapeutic discovery. A particular challenge will be to understand and balance the innate as well as the adaptive immune responses to defend the host against acute infection as well as chronic inflammatory disease.
Spatial monopoly and the U.S. electrical energy industry

Abstract We examine the effectiveness of regulation in the electrical energy industry in the U.S. On the whole, the industry is not allowed to act as a spatial monopolist. It is not justifiable, however, to conclude that monopolistic tendencies are absent. In particular, the pricing structure departs from the competitive criterion, which requires price to equal the marginal cost of supplying electrical energy to a given consumer.
Right atrial-jugular venous pressure gradients during CPR in children

Objective: This study measured the internal jugular vein and right atrium pressures during pediatric CPR to detect and quantify venous pressure gradients across the thoracic inlet. Design: Ten children from 2 months to 15 years old who underwent CPR had simultaneous pressure measurements recorded from the right atrium and jugular vein. Results: The right atrium-jugular vein peak compression-phase gradient was 18.3 ± 4.7 mm Hg (mean ± SD), and the end-relaxation gradient was 0.7 ± 0.6. Jugular vein pressure exceeded the right atrium only in the early-relaxation phase (right atrium-jugular vein = -2.1 ± 1.2). Thoracic inlet venous valving persisted throughout the duration of CPR. Conclusion: There is a large venous gradient across the thoracic inlet during chest compressions in children, facilitating cerebral blood flow. This gradient reversed only in the early-relaxation phase. The data suggest that jugular venous return occurs only in the early-relaxation phase, whereas cerebral venous drainage persists throughout the CPR cycle.
Synemin: a new high molecular weight protein associated with desmin and vimentin filaments in muscle

Abstract A 230,000 dalton polypeptide co-purifies through cycles of depolymerization and polymerization with the intermediate filament subunits, desmin and vimentin, from avian smooth muscle. This protein is also present in skeletal muscle and is distinct from myosin and filamin. Double immunofluorescence microscopy of cultured cells, using antisera shown to be specific by immunoautoradiography, has revealed that this protein has the same spatial distribution as desmin and vimentin. During skeletal myogenesis, all three antigens exist initially in multinucleate myotubes as wavy filaments throughout the cytoplasm. Within a week after myoblast fusion, they begin to coalesce at the peripheries of the myofibril Z discs, thereby attaining the distribution observed in mature muscle, a network of interlinked rings within the Z plane. Treatment of cultured myotubes with colcemid causes the filamentous forms of these three proteins to co-aggregate into cytoplasmic bundles, but has little effect on them when they are associated with the Z discs. Extraction of cells with nonionic detergent and high salt leaves cytoskeletons containing desmin, vimentin and the 230,000 dalton polypeptide with immunofluorescent patterns that are indistinguishable from one another. These data suggest that this high molecular weight protein is closely associated with desmin and vimentin filaments in muscle cells; to indicate this, we have named the protein synemin, from the Greek δ υν (with) and νη μα (filament).
Comparison of the combustion behaviour of pulverized waste tyres and coal

Abstract Comparative combustion studies were performed on particles obtained from pulverized bituminous coal and waste automobile tyres (rubber). Particle size cuts of 75–90 and 180–212 μm were burned in a thermogravimetric analyser, at low heating rates, and in an electrically heated drop-tube furnace, at high heating rates. The combustion of individual particles in the drop-tube furnace was observed with three-colour pyrometry, to obtain time-temperature histories and with high-speed cinematography to record flame particle size histories. Combustion was conducted at a gas temperature of 1450 K, in air. Upon pyrolysis, the phenomena of melting, swelling and formation of large blowholes were observed only in the case of the coal particles. The tyre particles formed chars with rough surfaces and smaller blowholes. Separate volatile and char combustion phases were detected for the coal particles studied. Tyre particles experienced an intense primary volatile combustion phase, followed by a phase of simultaneous secondary volatile combustion, of lesser intensity, and char combustion. During the initial volatile phase combustion, the peak flame temperatures were comparable for both materials, in the range 2200–2400 K. The secondary volatile/char combustion phase, observed for the type particles, was cooler, i.e. 2000–2100 K. The coal chars burned with temperatures of 1850–2000 K. Combustion was diffusionally controlled (regime III) for coal chars of both sizes and for tyre chars of the larger size cut only. Char burnout times were considerably shorter for tyre particles than coal, which can be attributed to the secondary devolatilization and the lower density of the former.
Visualization of fluid dynamics at NASA Ames

Some of the hardware and software tools and techniques in use at NASA's numerical aerodynamic simulation facility for the analysis of computational fluid dynamics are described. The visualization process can be illustrated by video tapes and stereo pictures. Although these visualization tools have dramatically improved the ability to conduct research in fluid dynamics, a comparison of the current environment for analysis with an 'ideal' environment illustrates that there are still major improvements that should be made. The most time-consuming task in future analyses of the increasingly complex computer simulations will be the extraction and clear display of the key features. In addition, the interface between the workstation and the scientist should be improved significantly. Current research on techniques for creating these improvements is described.
The validity of the Group Questionnaire: Construct clarity or construct drift?

The Validity of the Group Questionnaire: Construct Clarity or Construct Drift? Stephen D. Thayer Department of Psychology, BYU Doctor of Philosophy The Group Questionnaire (GQ) is a recently developed measure of the quality of the therapeutic relationship in group treatment. Its 3 subscales—Positive Bonding Relationship, Positive Working Relationship, and Negative Relationship—are taken from a 3-factor conceptualization of the group therapeutic relationship (Johnson et al., 2005). The purpose of the present study was to estimate the GQ’s construct and criterion-related validity by 1) replicating the aforementioned factor structure with a similar sample and by 2) correlating the GQ with the measures from which is was derived (i.e., Working Alliance Inventory, Burns Empathy Scale, Therapeutic Factors Inventory, Group Climate Questionnaire) and to 3) explore the GQ’s ability to measure relationship quality at member-member, member-leader, and member-group structural relationship levels using a sociometric test. Two hundred and ninety participants were recruited from 65 treatment groups at 4 university counseling centers and 1 community mental health clinic. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) fit indexes from both singleand multiple-level analyses met standards for acceptable model fit. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) suggested the GQ is sensitive to group level processes. Therefore, the Johnson et al. (2005) 3-factor model was successfully replicated and the GQ’s construct validity supported. Pearson product-moment (r) and Spearman’s rank (ρ) correlation coefficients were sufficiently high to lend support for the GQ’s criterion-related validity. Sociometric exploration yielded moderate support for the GQ’s ability to access the structural parameters of group therapeutic relationships. The present study’s findings suggest the GQ is an empirically valid, clinically useful measure of the quality of the group therapeutic relationship.
Vibrational solvent shifts in the induced spectraof hydrogen

The first overtone (2 ← 0) transitions for the induced infrared absorption for solutions Of H2 and D2 in liquid nitrogen and 132 in liquid argon have been studied. Vibration-rotation frequencies are measured which enable solvent shifts to be determined for these simple solution systems. By using Buckingham's [Trans. Faraday Soc. 56, 753 (1960)] formulation of solute—solvent interactions and assuming a Lennard-Jones—Devonshire cell model of the solution system, the solvent shift is calculated. These calculated solvent shifts are in good agreement with the overtone measurements and with other data on the fundamental absorption of 132 in simple solution systems. The bandwidths of these induced spectra are believed to be determined by the lifetime of solute—solvent cavity.
RE-NOTE: An E-voting scheme based on ring signature and clash attack protection

In this paper, we will discuss an E-voting procedure by utilizing ring signature. The proposed scheme, RE-NOTE, is based on our previous work E-NOTE and has the benefit of reducing the risk of leaking voters' identities during the ballot distribution procedure. In addition, we will consider the “Clash Attack” which is a simple attack on the verification procedure during an election. Either authority or hackers may use the receipt to manipulate the voting results. We will show how our proposed scheme can mitigate such an attack. Our proposed scheme addresses issues related to both voter's and candidate's confidentiality and verification, and thus provides a framework for fair elections.
Enhancement of a 252Cf-based neutron beam via subcritical multiplication for neutron capture therapy.

Abstract Previous studies indicated that an epithermal-neutron beam based on bare 252Cf is not feasible for neutron capture therapy (NCT). It was reported that a clinically useful epithermal-neutron beam requires a minimum of 1.0 g of 252Cf, which is more than twice the US current annual supply. However, it was reasoned that the required quantity of 252Cf could be dramatically reduced when used with a subcritical multiplying assembly (SMA). This reasoning is based on the assumption that the epithermal-neutron beam intensity for NCT is directly proportional to the fission neutron population, and that the neutron multiplying factor of the SMA can be estimated by 1/ 1− k eff . We have performed detailed Monte Carlo calculations to investigate the validity of the above reasoning. Our results show that 1/ 1− k eff grossly overestimates the beam enhancement factor for NCT. For example, Monte Carlo calculations predict a beam enhancement factor of 6.0 for an optimized SMA geometry with keff=0.968. This factor is much less than 31 predicted by 1/ 1− k eff . The overestimation is due to the fact that most of the neutrons produced in the SMA are self-shielded, whereas self-shielding is negligible in a bare 252Cf source. Since the beam intensity of a 0.1 g 252Cf with the optimized SMA enhancement is still more than an order of magnitude too low compared to the existing reactor beams, we conclude that the enhancement via an SMA for a 252Cf-based epithermal-neutron beam is inadequate for NCT.
The sociocultural relevance of sex research. Challenges for the 1990s and beyond.

This article discusses six factors influencing research on sex and reproductive health: (a) the selection of grouping variables on the basis of race; (b) conceptual frameworks to examine sexual risk taking; (c) use of recreational rather than procreation-based models of sex; (d) research designed to control rather than to understand sexual behaviors; (e) use of a dominant male perspective; and (f) the focus on women to minimize sexual risk taking. The effect of these factors on what is understood about sociocultural ethnic gender and other issues that have yet to be examined is presented with the ultimate goal of maximizing sexual health for diverse populations. (authors)
Anxiety, Learning Sets, and Sociopathy

This study attempted to determine if lack of ability to profit from past experience was characteristic of primary or secondary sociopathics. Sociopathic and normal Ss were divided into high- and low-anxiety groups on the basis of the Lykken Activity Preference Questionnaire, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Welsh Anxiety Index. Using a modified Wisconsin General Test Apparatus, Ss were given a series of problems in order to observe the rate of formation of learning sets, this being one method for determining whether S profits from past experience. “Learning to learn” occurred in all groups. There were no significant differences among the four groups regardless of the anxiety scale used. If either secondary or primary sociopathics do exhibit an inability to profit from past experience, then it may be only in learning situations which involve noxious stimuli.
NS1619-Induced Vasodilation is Enhanced and Differentially Mediated in Chronically Hypoxic Lungs

To identify the effect of the benzimidazalone derivative, NS1619, on modulating pulmonary vascular tone in lungs from rats exposed to normoxia (21 % FiO2) or chronic hypoxia (10 % FiO2) for three weeks. Isolated perfused lungs were preconstricted (U46619), and dose-dependent vasodilation to NS1619 was assessed. To elucidate the mechanisms responsible, NS1619 vasodilatory responses were assessed following inhibition of large-conductance Ca2+-activated (BKCa; iberiotoxin and paxilline), L-type Ca2+ (nifedipine), K+ (tetraethylammonium), Cl− (niflumic acid), and cation/TRP (lanthanum) channels, as well as nitric oxide synthase (L-NAME). Compared to normoxia, NS1619-induced vasodilation was significantly greater following hypoxia; however, NO-dependent vasodilation and BKCa-mediated vasodilation, in response to NS1619, were similar in the normoxic and hypoxic lungs. In contrast, direct activation of L-type Ca2+ and non-BKCa K+ channel was involved in the NS1619-induced vasodilation only in hypoxic lungs. NS1619 causes pulmonary vasodilation by affecting multiple complementary pathways, including stimulation of NO production, activation of BKCa channels, other TEA-sensitive K+ channels, and L-type Ca2+ channels, and could be considered as a therapeutic agent in hypoxic PH.
A career in public health: The chance to save lives by the millions

When I began my career, I had no idea where the road would lead but I knew I wanted to do something that would make a real difference in people’s lives. I came to understand that in public health, ...
Temperature and eeolotropy fields in free thermal expansion of anisotropic bodies

Thermally anisotropic bodies whose orthotropic axes exhibit general cylindrical or axisymmetric patterns are considered. Using compatibility conditions in rectangular and cylindrical coordinates, the differential equations restricting the temperature and aeolotropy fields in free thermal expansion are derived. For bodies with cylindrical aeolotropy and non-zero expansion coefficients, the temperature fields in free expansion must have constant gradients. The class of admissible temperature and aeolotropy fields is considerably enlarged if the material has a vanishing expansion coefficient in some orthotropic direction. Finally, all types of cylindrical and axisymmetric aeolotropy compatible withuniform temperature free expansions are identified.
Comparison of Blood Flow During External and Internal Cardiac Massage in Man

Cardiorespiratory variables measured during attempts at cardiac resuscitation in 11 patients are presented. These were obtained ten times during closed-chest massage and 15 times during open-chest massage. Three patients were studied during both techniques of resuscitation. Cardiac index and stroke index were significantly better with the internal method, and the mean circulation time was significantly shorter.
Constructing Uncertainty Sets for Robust Linear Optimization

In this paper, we propose a methodology for constructing uncertainty sets within the framework of robust optimization for linear optimization problems with uncertain parameters. Our approach relies on decision maker risk preferences. Specifically, we utilize the theory of coherent risk measures initiated by Artzner et al. (1999) [Artzner, P., F. Delbaen, J. Eber, D. Heath. 1999. Coherent measures of risk. Math. Finance9 203--228.], and show that such risk measures, in conjunction with the support of the uncertain parameters, are equivalent to explicit uncertainty sets for robust optimization. We explore the structure of these sets in detail. In particular, we study a class of coherent risk measures, called distortion risk measures, which give rise to polyhedral uncertainty sets of a special structure that is tractable in the context of robust optimization. In the case of discrete distributions with rational probabilities, which is useful in practical settings when we are sampling from data, we show that the class of all distortion risk measures (and their corresponding polyhedral sets) are generated by a finite number of conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) measures. A subclass of the distortion risk measures corresponds to polyhedral uncertainty sets symmetric through the sample mean. We show that this subclass is also finitely generated and can be used to find inner approximations to arbitrary, polyhedral uncertainty sets.
Aeolian transport rates across raked and unraked beaches on a developed coast

Wind characteristics and aeolian transport were measured on a naturally evolving beach and dune and a nearby site where the beach is raked and sand-trapping fences are deployed. The beaches were composed of moderately well sorted to very well sorted fine to medium sand. The backshore at the raked site was wider and the foredune was more densely vegetated and about 1 m higher than at the unraked site. Wind speeds were monitored using anemometers placed at 1 m elevation and sand transport was monitored using vertical traps during oblique onshore, alongshore and offshore winds occurring in March and April 2009. Inundation of the low backshore through isolated swash channels prevented formation of a continuously decreasing cross-shore moisture gradient. The surface of the berm crest was dryer than the backshore, making the berm crest the greatest source of offshore losses during offshore winds. The lack of storm wrack on the raked beach reduced the potential for sediment accumulation seaward of the dune crest during onshore winds, and the higher dune crest reduced wind speeds and sediment transport from the dune to the backshore during offshore winds. Accretion at wrack seaward of the dune toe on the unraked beach resulted in a wider dune field and higher, narrower backshore. Although fresh wrack is an effective local trap for aeolian transport, wrack that becomes buried appears to have little effect as a barrier and can supply dry sand for subsequent transport. Aeolian transport rates were greater on the narrower but dryer backshore of the unraked site. Vegetation growth may be necessary to trap sand within zones of buried wrack in order to allow new incipient foredunes to evolve. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MACROALGAL SPORE DISPERSAL IN COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS: MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS REVEALED BY THEORY AND EXPERIMENT

Passively dispersing propagules are often transported across a range of scales, with impacts on local processes tied to the density of settlement, and on regional processes influencing population connectivity. This dual set of effects has spurred research targeting both short- and long-distance ends of the dispersal spectrum. To date, however, dispersal distributions have been rigorously quantified primarily in terrestrial plants with seeds. Dispersal distributions in the ocean are by comparison poorly defined. This limitation arises with particular force in the habitat-forming giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, where complex coastal flows affect self-fertilization and inbreeding depression near to a source, as well as propagule delivery dictating recovery of locally extinct populations farther away. Here we use a combination of theoretical and experimental approaches to examine spore dispersal in Macrocystis. Results from a physically based model, parameterized via field-measured hydrodynamics, are compar...
Chlamydia pneumoniae Secretion of a Protease-Like Activity Factor for Degrading Host Cell Transcription Factors Is Required for Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigen Expression

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a causative agent for many respiratory infections and has been associated with cardiovascular diseases in humans. The pathogenicity of C. pneumoniae is thought to depend on its ability to cause persistent infection and to evade host defense. Genome sequence analysis indicates that C. pneumoniae encodes a homologue of a chlamydial protease-like activity factor from C. trachomatis (CPAFct). We designated the C. pneumoniae homologue as CPAFcp. Recombinant CPAFcp was produced and found to degrade RFX5, a host transcription factor required for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen expression. The degradation was inhibitable by lactacystin, an irreversible proteasome inhibitor. Furthermore, CPAFcp was secreted into host cytosol by C. pneumoniae organisms. Depletion of the C. pneumoniae-secreted CPAFcp with specific antibodies completely ablated the RFX5 degradation activity in the infected cells, suggesting that CPAFcp is necessary for the degradation of host transcription factors required for MHC antigen expression during C. pneumoniae infection. These observations have revealed a unique molecular mechanism for C. pneumoniae to evade host adaptive immunity that may aid in its persistence.
A high-Q, switched-capacitor filter with reduced capacitance spread using a randomized nonuniform sampling technique

In high-Q, low-sampling rate switched-capacitor filters the main limitation comes from the capacitance spread. A secondary clock, that averages at an integer fraction of the main clock signal, is used to reduce the capacitance spread by a factor of N, relaxing the operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) requirements. The secondary clock is pulse position modulated to reduce the power of alias components. Experimental results obtained from a second-order bandpass switched-capacitor filter breadboard prototype are shown.
An Interprofessional Simulation Promoting Collaboration and Problem Solving among Nursing and Allied Health Professional Students

Abstract An interprofessional simulation was developed to improve collaboration and problem solving among nursing, radiologic technology, respiratory, and occupational therapy students. The learning objective of the simulation was to facilitate a mutual and professional respect among health care professionals in an educational setting that would be modeled in clinical practice. Instructors from each discipline collaborated on the learning objectives for the simulation. Each discipline specified the expectations and the perceived roles their student would have within the simulation. The simulation allowed students the opportunity to interact with each other to provide safe and effective care for a patient with multiple health care needs. The postsimulation debriefing allowed students to discuss how patient care was prioritized and coordinated by the health care team. The study results indicated that students felt the simulation provided for interdisciplinary team work and an environment that supported working in a clinical situation involving peers. Students reported that they were permitted to explore various paths of delivering patient care during the simulation and that independent problem solving was facilitated.
QUIC graphs: relational invariant generation for containers

Programs written in modern languages perform intricate manipulations of containers such as arrays, lists, dictionaries, and sets. We present an abstract interpretation-based framework for automatically inferring relations between the set of values stored in these containers. Relations include inclusion relations over unions and intersections, as well as quantified relationships with scalar variables. We develop an abstract domain constructor that builds a container domain out of a Quantified Union-Intersection Constraint (QUIC) graph parameterized by an arbitrary base domain. We instantiate our domain with a polyhedral base domain and evaluate it on programs extracted from the Python test suite. Over traditional, non-relational domains, we find significant precision improvements with minimal performance cost.
Designing scalable FPGA-based reduction circuits using pipelined floating-point cores

The use of pipelined floating-point arithmetic cores to create high-performance FPGA-based computational kernels has introduced a new class of problems that do not exist when using single-cycle arithmetic cores. In particular, the data hazards associated with pipelined floating-point reduction circuits can limit the scalability or severely reduce the performance of an otherwise high-performance computational kernel. The inability to efficiently execute the reduction in hardware coupled with memory bandwidth issues may even negate the performance gains derived from hardware acceleration of the kernel. In this paper we introduce a method for developing scalable floating-point reduction circuits that run in optimal time while requiring only /spl Theta/ (lg (n)) space and a single pipelined floating-point unit. Using a Xilinx Virtex-II Pro as the target device, we implement reference instances of our reduction method and present the FPGA design statistics supporting our scalability claims.
Psychotherapy and Behavior Change with the Non-Institutionalized Aged.

This literature review discusses therapy with the aged person in the community. The discussion is based on the literature published since Rechtschaffen's review in 1959 [1]. The elderly are not receiving mental health services in proportion to their representation in the population or in proportion to their estimated need for such services. Major barriers to the utilization of such services by the aged are the prejudices of care providers, the poverty of the aged, and the lack of public commitment to the provision of services to this special population. A summary of the literature on the goals, content, and techniques of psychotherapy with the elderly client is presented and supports the conclusion that this therapy is different from similar work with the younger adult only in terms of a focus on different content areas. The potential contribution of behavior therapy to treatment programs for the elderly is discussed.
Evaluation of High-Intensity Discharge Automotive Forward Lighting

An experimental field investigation is described that compares the off-axis visual performance of HID forward lighting systems with comparable halogen systems to determine the relative visual effects of HID lighting. This has been accomplished for European beam patterns; North American beam patterns are currently being examined. The goal of the investigation is to determine if the higher off-axis intensity levels combined with the spectral properties of HID lamps provide any benefits to visual performance over conventional tungsten halogen lamps. In this study three current production European headlamp systems, one HID and two halogen, are compared. These systems are used to illuminate a fixed scene. Subjects perform a visual tracking task, cognitively similar to driving, while, simultaneously, small targets located at various angles in the periphery are activated. Subjects release a switch upon detection and reaction times and missed signals are measured. From the results, comparisons are made among the HID and halogen systems in terms of reaction time to signals at different peripheral angles, and in terms of numbers of missed signals. The results are compared to a model that predicts visibility at nighttime (mesopic) light levels. Potential implications of the results on driving safety and on the development or refinement of forward lighting standards are discussed.
Preserving peer replicas by rate-limited sampled voting

The LOCKSS project has developed and deployed in a world-wide test a peer-to-peer system for preserving access to journals and other archival information published on the Web. It consists of a large number of independent, low-cost, persistent web caches that cooperate to detect and repair damage to their content by voting in "opinion polls." Based on this experience, we present a design for and simulations of a novel protocol for voting in systems of this kind. It incorporates rate limitation and intrusion detection to ensure that even some very powerful adversaries attacking over many years have only a small probability of causing irrecoverable damage before being detected.
Comparison of Hartley and Cas-Cas transforms in medical image compression

The Hartley and Cas-Cas transforms which are discrete and real-to-real, are compared in terms of times taken, compression ratios and quality of the reconstructed image, for the purpose of comparing their suitability for transform domain compression applications. A thresholding method for quantization is introduced where threshold values are adaptively selected according to the correlation factor of each block of equally divided blocks in the image. Additionally in some pixels it was found advantageous to code by retaining only the sign bit. Preliminary results suggest that compression ratios of 10-15 to 1 were readily achievable for projection radiographs with no subjective loss of image quality. The fast Cas-Cas transform ran about 25% faster than the Hartley transform with equal output quality. >
PERTURBATION ANAYSIS FOR THE MATRIX EQUATION X = I A X 1 A +B X 1 B

The purpose of this paper is to study the perturbation analysis of the matrix equation $X=I-A^{*}X^{-1}A+B^{*}X^{-1}B.$ Based on the matrix differentiation, we give a precise perturbation bound for the positive definite solution. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the shrpness of the perturbation bound.
Life Domains and Adaptive Strategies of a Group of Low-Income, Well Older Adults

Older adults are at increased risk for a variety of physical and functional limitations that threaten their ability to lead independent and fulfilling lives. Consequently, they stand to benefit from personalized strategies of adaptation that enable them to achieve successful outcomes in their daily activities and desired goals. In the current investigation, a qualitative descriptive methodology was used to document the perceived life domains of importance and associated strategies of adaptation of 29 residents of Angelus Plaza, a federally subsidized apartment complex in downtown Los Angeles for low-income, well older adults. On the basis of interview data, 10 life domains were identified, and within each domain, a typology of adaptive strategies was derived. The domains were activities of daily living (ADL), adaptation to a multicultural environment, free time usage, grave illness and death-spirituality, health maintenance, mobility maintenance, personal finances, personal safety, psychological well-being and happiness, and relationships with others. Although the typology should not be generalized to a geriatric population, therapists may wish to refer to it to gain a sense of the extent to which certain adaptive strategies may be applicable to the lives of particular older adults to whom they deliver services. The teaching of these adaptive strategies could then be incorporated into an individualized treatment plan. The typology also provides a broad picture of the kinds of adaptive strategies used by the older adults as a way of coping and adapting to their setting. Although some of the domains do not differ from those typically addressed in occupational therapy textbooks on geriatric care (e.g., ADL, health maintenance), others seem uniquely tailored to the specifics of the Angelus Plaza context (e.g., personal safety). Finally, certain domains emerged that may be highly relevant to older adults in most settings but are not typically the focus of occupational therapy programs (e.g., grave illness and death-spirituality, relationships with others). The emergence of these domains from our data suggests that therapists may wish to consider them more in treatment if they are convinced that they possess local relevance.
Quercetin increased bioavailability and decreased methylation of green tea polyphenols in vitro and in vivo

The extensive methylation of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) in vivo may limit their chemopreventive potential. We investigated whether quercetin, a natural inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs), will differentially increase the intracellular concentration and decrease the methylation of GTPs in different cancer cell lines. Intrinsic COMT activity was lowest in lung cancer A549 cells, intermediate in kidney 786-O cells and highest in liver HepG2 cells. Quercetin increased the cellular absorption of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) four-fold in A549 cells with a decreased methylation rate from 63 to 19%, 2-fold in 786-O cells with a decreased methylation from 97% to 56%, while no significant effect was observed in HepG2 cells. The combination significantly decreased the activity and protein expression of COMT and decreased the protein expression of MRP1 compared to individual treatments. The combination exhibited the strongest increase in antiproliferation in A549 cells, an intermediate effect in 786-O cells and lowest effect in HepG2 cells. The effect of quercetin on bioavailability and metabolism of GTPs was confirmed in vivo. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice were administered brewed green tea (GT) and a diet supplemented with 0.4% quercetin alone or in combination for 2 weeks. We observed a 2- to 3-fold increase of total and non-methylated EGCG in lung and kidney and an increasing trend in liver. In summary, combining quercetin with GT provides a promising approach to enhance the chemoprevention of GT. Responses of different cancers to the combination may vary by tissue depending on the intrinsic COMT and MRP activity.
The Second PDZ Domain of Zonula Occludens-1 Is Dispensable for Targeting to Connexin43 Gap Junctions

Zonula occludens (ZO)-1 is emerging as a central player in the control of gap junction (GJ) dynamics. Previously the authors reported that ZO-1 localizes preferentially to the periphery of Cx43 GJs. How ZO-1 arrives at GJ edges is unknown, but this targeting might involve we established interaction between the Cx43 C-terminus and the PDZ2 domain of ZO-1. Here the show that despite blocking the canonical PDZ2-mediated interaction by fusion of GFP to the C-terminus of Cx43, ZO-1 continued to target to domains juxtaposed with the edges of GJs comprised solely of tagged Cx43. This edge-association was not abolished by deletion of PDZ2 from ZO-1, as mutant ZO-1 also targeted to the periphery of GJs composed of either tagged or untagged Cx43. Additionally, ZO-2 was found colocalized with ZO-1 at GJ edges. These data demonstrate that ZO-1 targets to GJ edges independently of several known PDZ2-mediated interactions, including ZO-1 homodimerization, heterodimerization with ZO-2, and direct ZO-1 binding to the C-terminal residues of Cx43.