cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Common BRAF(V600E)-directed pathway mediates widespread epigenetic silencing in colorectal cancer and melanoma

During cancer development, it is well established that many genes, including tumor suppressor genes, are hypermethylated and transcriptionally repressed, a phenomenon referred to as epigenetic silencing. In general, the factors involved in, and the mechanistic basis of, epigenetic silencing during cancer development are not well understood. We have recently described an epigenetic silencing pathway, directed by the oncogenic B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) variant BRAF(V600E), that mediates widespread epigenetic silencing in colorectal cancer (CRC). Notably, the BRAF(V600E) mutation is also present in 50-70% of melanomas. Here, we show that the same pathway we identified in CRC also directs epigenetic silencing of a similar set of genes in BRAF-positive melanoma. In both CRC and melanoma, BRAF(V600E) promotes epigenetic silencing through up-regulation of v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog G (MAFG), a transcriptional repressor with sequence-specific DNA-binding activity. The elevated concentration of MAFG drives DNA binding on the promoter. Promoter-bound MAFG recruits a set of corepressors that includes its heterodimeric partner BTB and CNC homology 1, basic leucine zipper transcription factor 1 (BACH1), the chromatin remodeling factor chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 8 (CHD8), and the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B, resulting in hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing. Our results reveal a common BRAF(V600E)-directed transcriptional regulatory pathway that mediates epigenetic silencing in unrelated solid tumors and provide strong support for an instructive model of oncoprotein-directed epigenetic silencing.
Citation of Unpublished Opinions as Precedent

Professor Dragich Pearson examines the no-citation rules of the federal courts of appeals in light of the purpose and operation of the doctrine of precedent. The article concludes that no-citation rules are fundamentally incompatible with the rule of precedent. The rules also cannot be justified on grounds of economy or efficiency. The courts of appeals cannot legitimately declare decisions to be "non-precedential," and must not continue to forbid their citation.
Anesthesia Records, Displays, and Alarms

The field of anesthesia depends on two complementary disciplines. The first can be characterized as therapy. The focus of studies in this area has centered on pharmacology, although recent efforts are giving more consideration to other forms of management of physiology, such as ventilator management. More recently, we have begun to formally recognize the second category, which I would characterize as monitoring-the gathering of information, interpretation of information, the application of these results to management, and the measurement of the response to management. Studies in this area have been largely associated with computers because of the large data flow involved in acute patient care and the need for high precision and accuracy.
Russian Citizenship: Modernization and Population Policy in Historical Perspective

Although the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked a clear turning point in Russian ideas of citizenship, present views on this topic share certain key concepts with the country's imperial past.
On Absolutely Continuous Functions

(1965). On Absolutely Continuous Functions. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 72, No. 8, pp. 831-841.
Synergism between CryIA insecticidal crystal proteins and spores of Bacillus thuringiensis, other bacterial spores, and vegetative cells against Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae

The lethality of CryIA(a) and CryIA(c) insecticidal crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis to gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), was significantly enhanced by the presence of either bacterial spores or vegetative cells of Escherichia coli and several forest epiphytic bacteria. Spores from B. cereus, B. megaterium, and B. subtilis were as effective synergizers of the CryIA insecticidal crystal proteins as spores from an acrystalliferous strain of B. thuringiensis (HD-73 cry - ). Klebsiella sp., K pneumonia, Erwinia amylovora, E. rubrifaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Xanthomonas sp., X. campestris, Actinomyces sp. Corynebacterium sp., Flavobacterium sp., and Escherichia coli were effective synergizers of at least one of the CryIA toxins. Only P. syringae was not synergenic. In the absence of the CryIA toxins, none of the bacterial cell or spore synergists exhibited toxicity or inhibited larval growth or molt to the next instar.
Constant Antiserum Optimal Ratios Obtained with Rat Precipitin

termining the amount of antibody in an antiserum and the combining proportions of antigen and antibody is the quantitative chemical method of Heidelberger.2 This method demands the use of a single antigen and to date we have been unsuccessful in producing precipitin in the rat with crystalline egg albumin. Sheep serum, although the best antigen we have encountered for use in rats, is a complex substance and is therefore unsuitable for quantitative chemical antibody determinations. However, it was felt that information of value could be obtained if the Dean and
Sympathetic responses to stimulation of area postrema in decerebrate and anesthetized rats.

The effects of electrical and chemical stimulation of the area postrema (AP) on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were examined in urethan- and pentobarbital ...
Want to Earn a Distress Risk Premium

This study investigates the anomalous underperformance of distressed stocks in the US computer and electronics industry. It shows that such anomaly can be explained by the joint pricing of both, the relative distress risk and operating cash flow levels factors. For the 1990 to 2006 period, distressed stocks have on average underperformed their non-distressed counterparts. However, once the conditional relationship with profitability as proxied by operating cash flow levels is taken into account, it is evident that relative distress risk is rewarded by a continuous positive return.
Are sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms associated with executive functioning in preschoolers

The aim of this study is to investigate whether sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms are associated with neurocognitive task performance and ratings of real-world executive functioning (EF) in preschoolers at risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The associations between parent- and teacher-rated SCT symptoms and neuropsychological task performance and ratings of EF in 61 4-year-old preschool children (51 boys, 10 girls) with self-regulation difficulties were examined, with regression analyses controlling for the effects of ADHD inattention symptoms. In the study sample, higher teacher-rated SCT symptoms are significantly associated with poorer performance on tasks of visual-perceptual abilities, auditory and visual attention, sustained and selective attention, inhibitory control, pre-numerical/numerical concepts, and slower processing speed, but SCT symptoms are not significantly associated with working memory, attention shifting or cognitive flexibility when controlling for ADHD inattention. Higher parent-rated SCT symptoms are significantly associated with visual-perceptual abilities. ADHD inattention symptoms are more strongly associated than SCT with daily life EF ratings; neither parent- nor teacher-rated SCT symptoms are significantly associated with daily life ratings of inhibition, working memory, or planning/organization after controlling for ADHD inattention. This study suggests that SCT symptoms contribute to EF deficits at least on neurocognitive tasks assessing visual-perceptual/spatial abilities, attention to detail and processing speed, as observed in this sample of young children at risk for ADHD, and may be an important intervention target.
Numerical modeling of high-performance metallic fibrous heat sinks for external cooling

A numerical study is reported for high Reynolds number forced convection in a channel filled with rigid metallic fibrous materials of high porosity. These metallic fibrous media are envisaged as effective heat sinks for external liquid cooling of mainframe computers. The effects of inertia and thermal dispersion are modeled using the results from previous experimental and theoretical studies. The numerical results suggest that heat transfer rate increases with increasing Reynolds number and stagnant thermal conductivity, and decreases with Darcy number. The fiber thickness was found to have significant influence on thermal dispersion. The resulting numerical model will assist in the design of heat sinks and the choice of the material to be used in the proposed fibrous heat sinks.
Remodelling germ cells by intercellular cannibalism

Work from the early 1980s reported strange lobes protruding from Caenorhabditis elegans germ cell precursors. However, the fate and potential significance of these lobes remained unexplored for decades. Now, neighbouring endodermal cells are shown to sever and digest these lobes, in an unexpected process of 'intercellular cannibalism', which could play an important part in regulating primordial germ cells.
Do physics and politics mix

It is true that the recent US Presidential election, with the fiasco over vote-counting in Florida, brought calls for more scientific input into voting machinery, to which the California and Massachusetts institutes of technology, at least, responded. As Caltech's president David Baltimore noted: "The institutions in America that best understand technology had a responsibility to help to repair the voting process so that we wouldn't sec anything like this again."
Synergistic effects of marine environments and flexural fatigue on carbon fiber-vinyl ester composites protected by gelcoat

The current process for designing reliable and enduring naval composite crafts and structures is instrumentally dependent upon utilizing protective coatings to shield composite materials against en...
Comparative Analysis on Conducted CM EMI Emission of Motor Drives: WBG Versus Si Devices

Silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs and gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron mobility transistors are perceived as future replacements for Si IGBTs and MOSFETs in medium- and low-voltage drives due to their low conduction and switching losses. However, it is widely believed that the already significant conducted common-mode (CM) electromagnetic interference (EMI) emission of motor drives will be further exacerbated by the high-speed switching operation of these new devices. Hence, this paper investigates and quantifies the increase in the conducted CM EMI emission of a pulse width modulation inverter-based motor drive when SiC and GaN devices are adopted. Through an analytical approach, the results reveal that the influence of dv/dt on the conducted CM emission is generally limited. On the other hand, the influence of switching frequency is more significant. Lab tests are also conducted to verify the analysis.
Reconstruction of the Adult and Pediatric Burned Hand

Thermal injuries of the hand can have a great impact on function. Initial treatment should focus on the prevention of contracture through the use of tissue-sparing techniques and optimized occupational therapy. Surgical intervention should follow the standard reconstructive ladder and can involve several techniques from simple to complex including minimally invasive techniques, such as laser and steroid injection, contracture release and skin grafting, and local tissue rearrangement and regional flaps as well as distant pedicled and free flaps. Reconstructive surgery of the hand, when performed well, can lead to meaningful functional improvement in severe burns.
Adsorption and encapsulation of flexible polyelectrolytes in charged spherical vesicles

We present a theory of adsorption of flexible polyelectrolytes on the interior and exterior surfaces of a charged vesicle in an electrolyte solution. The criteria for adsorption and the density profiles of the adsorbed polymer chain are derived in terms of various characteristics of the polymer, vesicle, and medium, such as the charge density and length of the polymer, charge density and size of the vesicle, electrolyte concentration and dielectric constant of the medium. For adsorption inside the vesicle, the competition between the loss of conformational entropy and gain in adsorption energy results in two kinds of encapsulated states, depending on the strength of the polymer-vesicle interaction. By considering also the adsorption from outside the vesicle, we derive the entropic and energy contributions to the free energy change to transfer an adsorbed chain in the interior to an adsorbed chain on the exterior. In this paper, we have used the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) method to solve the equation for the probability distribution function of the chain. The present WKB results are compared with the previous results based on variational methods. The WKB and variational results are in good agreement for both the interior and exterior states of adsorption, except in the zero-salt limit for adsorption in the exterior region. The adsorption criteria and density profiles for both the interior and exterior states are presented in terms of various experimentally controllable variables. Calculation of the dependencies of free energy change to transfer an adsorbed chain from the interior to the exterior surface on salt concentration and vesicle radius shows that the free energy penalty to expel a chain from a vesicle is only of the order of thermal energy.
Will Decentralization Affect Educational Inequity? The Every Student Succeeds Act.

Purpose: In December 2015, President Obama signed the Every Student Succeeds Act, which was a long overdue reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. What is remarkable about th...
An Engineered Split-TET2 Enzyme for Chemical-inducible DNA Hydroxymethylation and Epigenetic Remodeling.

DNA methylation is a stable and heritable epigenetic modification in the mammalian genome and is involved in regulating gene expression to control cellular functions. The reversal of DNA methylation, or DNA demethylation, is mediated by the ten-eleven translocation (TET) protein family of dioxygenases. Although it has been widely reported that aberrant DNA methylation and demethylation are associated with developmental defects and cancer, how these epigenetic changes directly contribute to the subsequent alteration in gene expression or disease progression remains unclear, largely owing to the lack of reliable tools to accurately add or remove DNA modifications in the genome at defined temporal and spatial resolution. To overcome this hurdle, we designed a split-TET2 enzyme to enable temporal control of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) oxidation and subsequent remodeling of epigenetic states in mammalian cells by simply adding chemicals. Here, we describe methods for introducing a chemical-inducible epigenome remodeling tool (CiDER), based on an engineered split-TET2 enzyme, into mammalian cells and quantifying the chemical inducible production of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) with immunostaining, flow cytometry or a dot-blot assay. This chemical-inducible epigenome remodeling tool will find broad use in interrogating cellular systems without altering the genetic code, as well as in probing the epigenotype−phenotype relations in various biological systems.
A Retrospective on Mutual Bootstrapping

When we were invited to write a retrospective article about our AAAI-99 paper on mutual bootstrapping (Riloff and Jones 1999), our first reaction was hesitation because, well, that algorithm seems old and clunky now. But upon reflection, it shaped a great deal of subsequent work on bootstrapped learning for natural language processing, both by ourselves and others. So our second reaction was enthusiasm, for the opportunity to think about the path from 1999 to 2017 and to share the lessons that we learned about bootstrapped learning along the way. This article begins with a brief history of related research that preceded and inspired the mutual bootstrapping work, to position it with respect to that period of time. We then describe the general ideas and approach behind the mutual bootstrapping algorithm. Next, we overview several types of research that have followed and shared similar themes: multi-view learning, bootstrapped lexicon induction, and bootstrapped pattern learning. Finally, we discuss some of the general lessons that we have learned about bootstrapping techniques for NLP to offer guidance to researchers and practitioners who may be interested in exploring these types of techniques in their own work.
Giant current amplification induced by ion migration in perovskite single crystal photodetectors

Single crystals of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have become attractive candidates for application in photodetection and high-energy radiation detection based on a unique solution growth method with a large interacting cross-section with electromagnetic waves in different energy regimes and high drift mobilities through optically induced polarization. However, inevitable ion migration often represents a technical difficulty in controlling the detection performance. This work reports giant current amplification induced by ion migration in the MAPbI3 single crystal photodetectors with a lateral geometry of Au/MAPbI3/C60/BCP/Ag based on light soaking studies. Upon light soaking, a stabilized device can demonstrate a giant amplification factor reaching 600 at −2 V under weak light illumination (1 mW cm−2). The time-dependent current profile shows a slow response during amplification under light soaking. This indicates that optically activated ions are driven away from working areas to the respective electrodes, leading to the reduction of dark current by decreasing bulk defects. Simultaneously, the accumulation of iodine anions and methylammonium cations at Ag and Au contacts can trigger the counter charge injection, largely amplifying the total electrical current and leading to giant current amplification in perovskite single crystal photodetectors.
Magnetic Reconnection Experiments

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses magnetic field reconnection. The experiments discussed are mainly those relating to the reconnection theory within the discipline of cosmic plasma physics. Theoretical approaches to the problem of reconnection include the tearing-mode instability, shock-wave models, such as Petschek's, and various similarity solutions and self-similar collapse solutions. Numerical approaches include computer solutions by Ugai and Tsuda, Sato, and Brushlinskii. These approaches are briefly discussed. Twelve types of reconnection experiments are represented both in the early and late temporal stages. Each of them are discussed in the chapter. The instantaneous reconnection rate is locally or regionally controlled. The time-averaged reconnection rate is controlled by distant boundary conditions; asymptotically approaching the boundary rate. The instantaneous rate can exceed the average rate. The detailed description of the amount of excess is system dependent. Both the inductive and electrostatic electric fields are important during impulsive reconnection.
Genetic and Enzymatic Mechanisms for the Accommodation to Novel Substrates by Aerobacter Aerogenes

Modern technology is presenting to our environment a number of unnatural compounds. The accumulation of these strange or “xenochemicals”, some of which are quite toxic, places a stress upon the natural environment which threatens to bring about drastic changes. Future attempts to deal with this problem must capitalize on all potential agents with abilities to act upon xenochemicals. In particular, the bacteria have evolved the metabolic capacity to utilize a great variety of organic compounds as sources of nutrients and energy. In this connection, many of the new xenochemicals accumulating in our environment are a potential source of carbon and energy for the growth of microorganisms and, hence, present a challenge to the organisms’ versatility to derive the enzymatic ability to utilize these new compounds.
Statistical performance analysis and optimization of digital circuits

Aggressive device scaling has made it imperative to account for process variations in the design flow. A robust model of process variations is an essential requirement for any meaningful variation aware design analysis and optimization. In the first part of this work, we present an approach to extract spatial variation models based on the theory of spatial statistics. The proposed approach uses the concept of variogram function that represents how parameters can co-vary as a function of spatial distance. In the second part of this work, we present a new approach to compute the statistical maximum for improving the accuracy of existing statistical timing analysis approaches. Existing approaches use the results given by Clark for analytically computing the mean and variance of the maximum of two normal arrival time distributions. In practice due to the nonlinear maximum operation the arrival time distributions are found to be non-normal and skewed. Using skew-normal representation for arrival time distribution, analytical results are derived for propagating the skewed arrival time distributions. We then present an optimization method for yield optimization under simultaneous leakage power and timing constraints. The optimization approach uses a leakage power and performance analysis that is statistical in nature and considers the correlation between leakage power and performance to enable accurate computation of circuit yield under power and delay limits. The key to our approach is a new method to incrementally compute the gradient of yield with respect to gate sizes in the circuit with high efficiency and accuracy. Finally, we present a framework to perform full-chip gate oxide reliability analysis in the presence of process variations. The conventional approach for full chip oxide reliability analysis scales pre-characterized device level oxide reliability models assuming a uniform oxide thickness for all devices. Due to manufacturing variations, an alternative reliability analysis approach is needed for modeling oxide thickness variations. A statistical approach is proposed for performing chip level gate oxide reliability analysis while considering both die-to-die and within-die components of thickness variation.
Aktiver Eingriff in passive Systeme: Von passiver Sicherheit zu sicherem Fahren

Die Geschichte der passiven Fahrzeugsicherheit begann mit dem Sicherheitsgurt. Es folgte die Entwicklung verschiedener Masnahmen, die den Insassen schutzen. Dazu gehoren beispielsweise Fahrer- und Beifahrerairbags sowie Knie-, Brust- und Kopfairbags, aber auch Sensoren und elektronische Stabilisierungsprogramme. Aufgrund der zunehmenden Vielfalt lasst sich leicht erkennen, dass die Zukunft der Sicherheit im Fahrzeug in immer starkerem Mase im gegenseitigen Zusammenspiel verschiedener Technologiedisziplinen liegt und letztlich neue Sicherheitsgebiete erobert. Der vorliegende Text gibt einen historischen Uberblick uber die passiven Ruckhaltesysteme und deren Komponenten. Daruber hinaus informiert er uber den gegenwartigen Entwicklungsstand und veranschaulicht die einzelnen Schritte bis dorthin. Zum Abschluss folgt ein kurzer Blick in die Zukunft der passiven Ruckhaltesysteme und die Entwicklung aktiver Sicherheitssysteme.
Danger of the Landslide Activity of Slopes on the Railway Line China — Kyrgyzstan — Uzbekistan On Site Karasu-Torugart

Construction and operation of roads in seismologically active mountain-folded areas are connected by a number of specific problems, one of which is maintenance of long stability of directly slope and engineering constructions in a pedigree file. The most typical infringements of slopes stability of road dredging are slipping and falling of the riding and local slopes, less often - slipping of all road dredging.
Calcium Currents and Hormone Secretion in the Rat Pituitary Gonadotroph

The release of pituitary gonadotrophin hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is specifically stimulated by the decapeptide gonadotro-phin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is secreted from the hypothalamus and is borne by blood to the pituitary gland.
Rational emotive behavior therapy: disputing irrational philosophies

This article provides an overview of the concepts and techniques of rational emotive behavior therapy to distinguish it from cognitive-behavioral therapy. Rational emotive behavior therapy proposes that psychological disturbance is largely created and maintained through irrational philosophies consisting of internal absolutistic demands. This therapy strives to produce sustained and profound cognitive, emotive, and behavioral change through active, vigorous disputation of underlying irrational philosophies.
Radical Love, (R)evolutionary Becoming: Creating an Ethic of Love in the Realm of Education Through Buddhism and Ubuntu

Revolutions spring forth and are guided by love. Education, like love, is immersed in the political. It can be argued within the American educational landscape, textbook selections and school policies are acts of ideological evangelization, which serves not to democratize, but to indoctrinate the citizenry and reinforce capitalist ideologies; namely, hierarchical power relations and atomistic individualism (Pinar in What is curriculum theory?, Routledge, New York, 2012; Slattery in Curriculum development in the postmodern era: teaching and learning in an age of accountability, Routledge, New York, 2013). In this socio-political moment, we are struck dumb by the violence and oppression wrought by asymmetrical power relations, and the failure of the American compulsory education system to teach and practice an ethic of love. If Dewey’s (Democracy and education, Macmillan, New York, 1916) assertion is indeed true that education is the means through which we grow and sustain a democracy then our educational system(s) warrant a deep re-evaluation—a revolutionary re-imagining, a transformation—guided by/through/with love. This paper through a privileging of onto-epistemologies antecedent to Western thought—the South African philosophy of Ubuntu and the Eastern philosophy of Buddhism—reconceptualizes the Western subject and education as a witness to love. Understanding research as a rendezvous with thinking, this inquiry utilizes (re)Thinking as (non)method and rids itself of the positivist need for prescriptive conclusions. This imagining within the realm of urban education calls us to live out a radical love, which necessitates a revolutionary becoming and opens the possibility of an ethical, more humane future free of the epistemic violence of dominance guided by love and mediated through a pedagogical ethic of love.
Food security of food recipients of a food pantry and soup kitchen.

Objective To discern the impact of food donations provided by a food pantry and soup kitchen on food security. Design In this cross-sectional study, participants completed a demographic questionnaire, core food security module, FFQ and list of food donations. The FFQ was utilized to assess diet quality as estimated via the 2010 Healthy Eating Index. Setting Clients were selected randomly from a food pantry and soup kitchen in Central Texas, USA.ParticipantsA total of 222 adults. Results Approximately 73 % of participants lacked food security. Compared with the food secure, the food insecure consisted of 61 % men, 42 % Caucasians, 56 % single and 67 % homeless. Also, of the food insecure, 60 % were soup kitchen clients and 64 % had an annual income l$US 1000 (Pl0·01). The probability of food insecurity was reduced by ≥1·17-fold when the total dietary intake included the food donations, as these were rich in fruits, total vegetables and grains, dairy and protein foods (Pl0·05). Conclusions Food insecurity was quite prevalent in this sample of individuals who visited food pantries and soup kitchens. The addition of food donations improved the quality of the participants' total diet and had a positive influence on food security. Thus, community organizations should financially support these food assistance agencies and strive to offer a variety of healthy and tasty foods in adequate quantities to provide optimum diet quality.
Medical indications for primary cesarean delivery in women with and without disabilities.

Background: Prior research has found that women with disabilities are more likely to deliver by cesarean than are women without disabilities. It is not clear whether all of the cesarean deliveries ...
A descriptive study of training and its perceived helpfulness among Illinois sexual assault investigators

Many sexual assault victims are reluctant to report out of fear of mistreatment by police; others describe the experience of secondary victimization upon reporting. Yet, there is little attention i...
Synthesis and characterization of unsaturated Manganese(I) and Rhenium(I) dicarbonyl complexes supported by an anionic PNP pincer

Abstract Syntheses of Re and Mn carbonyl complexes of the diarylamido/bis(phosphine) PNP pincer ligand are reported. The saturated (PNP)Re(CO)3 and (PNP)Mn(CO)3 react cleanly with HBr in acetic acid to undergo decarbonylation with concomitant addition of HBr across the N-M bond. The resultant (PNHP)MBr(CO)2 (M = Mn or Re) complexes can be dehydrobrominated with triethylamine to yield the unsaturated (PNP)M(CO)2. (PNP)Re(CO)2 has high affinity for CO and abstracts CO from (PNP)Mn(CO)3.
A generosity of spirit

To maximize your scientific career, it is essential to establish research networks and build upon a multitude of mentoring relationships. At the heart of these networks, each scientist has the potential to benefit from the influence and satisfaction of being a mentor and a mentee.
Calcinosis in scleroderma made crystal clear.

Purpose of reviewReview the current state of knowledge and recent developments in the field of scleroderma-related calcinosis [systemic sclerosis (SSc)-calcinosis], focusing on emerging information related to pathophysiology.Recent findingsRecent studies have begun to characterize that factors that
Positive allosteric modulation of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a treatment for cognitive deficits after traumatic brain injury.

Cognitive impairments are a common consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The hippocampus is a subcortical structure that plays a key role in the formation of declarative memories and is highly vulnerable to TBI. The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is highly expressed in the hippocampus and reduced expression and function of this receptor are linked with cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Positive allosteric modulation of α7 nAChRs with AVL-3288 enhances receptor currents and improves cognitive functioning in naive animals and healthy human subjects. Therefore, we hypothesized that targeting the α7 nAChR with the positive allosteric modulator AVL-3288 would enhance cognitive functioning in the chronic recovery period of TBI. To test this hypothesis, adult male Sprague Dawley rats received moderate parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury or sham surgery. At 3 months after recovery, animals were treated with vehicle or AVL-3288 at 30 min prior to cue and contextual fear conditioning and the water maze task. Treatment of TBI animals with AVL-3288 rescued learning and memory deficits in water maze retention and working memory. AVL-3288 treatment also improved cue and contextual fear memory when tested at 24 hr and 1 month after training, when TBI animals were treated acutely just during fear conditioning at 3 months post-TBI. Hippocampal atrophy but not cortical atrophy was reduced with AVL-3288 treatment in the chronic recovery phase of TBI. AVL-3288 application to acute hippocampal slices from animals at 3 months after TBI rescued basal synaptic transmission deficits and long-term potentiation (LTP) in area CA1. Our results demonstrate that AVL-3288 improves hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory performance after TBI in the chronic recovery period. Enhancing cholinergic transmission through positive allosteric modulation of the α7 nAChR may be a novel therapeutic to improve cognition after TBI.
MK801-induced locomotor activity in preweanling and adolescent male and female rats: role of the dopamine and serotonin systems

MK801, like other NMDA receptor open-channel blockers (e.g., ketamine and phencyclidine), increases the locomotor activity of rats and mice. Whether this behavioral effect ultimately relies on monoamine neurotransmission is of dispute. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these psychopharmacological effects and underlying neural mechanisms vary according to sex and age. Across four experiments, male and female preweanling and adolescent rats were pretreated with vehicle, the monoamine-depleting agent reserpine (1 or 5 mg/kg), the dopamine (DA) synthesis inhibitor ∝-methyl-DL-p-tyrosine (AMPT), the serotonin (5-HT) synthesis inhibitor 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride (PCPA), or both AMPT and PCPA. The locomotor activity of preweanling and adolescent rats was then measured after saline or MK801 (0.3 mg/kg) treatment. As expected, MK801 increased the locomotor activity of all age groups and both sexes, but the stimulatory effects were significantly less pronounced in male adolescent rats. Preweanling rats and adolescent female rats were more sensitive to the effects of DA and 5-HT synthesis inhibitors, as AMPT and PCPA caused only small reductions in the MK801-induced locomotor activity of male adolescent rats. Co-administration of AMPT+PCPA or high-dose reserpine (5 mg/kg) treatment substantially reduced MK801-induced locomotor activity in both age groups and across both sexes. These results, when combined with other recent studies, show that NMDA receptor open-channel blockers cause pronounced age-dependent behavioral effects that can vary according to sex. The neural changes underlying these sex and age differences appear to involve monoamine neurotransmission.
Designing an extension Climate Stewards volunteer program: incorporating sense of community, social practice, and self-efficacy theories

This paper examines the feasibility of developing a new Master Volunteer training program to help communities adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Traditional models of volunteer tr...
Estimating Nonfatal Gunshot Injury Locations With Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning Models.

Importance Nonfatal gunshot injuries are the most common firearm injury, but where they frequently occur remains unclear owing to data limitations. Natural language processing can be applied to medical text narratives of gunshot injury records to classify injury location and inform prevention efforts. Objective To examine the performance of natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning models to predict nonfatal gunshot injury locations and generate new national estimates of the locations in which these injuries occur. Design, setting, and participants Cross-sectional study of data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Firearm Injury Surveillance Study on nonfatal gunshot injuries that occurred in the US between January 1, 1993, and December 31, 2015. The unweighted sample included 59 025 gunshot injuries that were initially treated at emergency departments. Data were analyzed from June 1, 2019 to July 24, 2020. Main outcomes and measures The primary outcomes were classification of injury location and subsequent estimation of nonfatal gunshot injury location. The NLP was used to generate 6 sets of predictors, and 4 machine learning models were trained to classify the missing locations: multinomial support vector machines, lasso regression, XgBoost gradient descent, and feed-forward neural networks. For each of the 6 sets of NLP predictors, 70% of records with locations were randomly sampled to form the training set and the remaining 30% of records composed the test set. The best-performing model was validated by comparing the predicted locations were with those from existing national estimates of nonfatal gunshot injuries stratified by location and intent. Results The unweighted sample included 59 025 nonfatal gunshot injuries; patients with these injuries were predominantly male (n = 52 630, [89.2%]), of Black race/ethnicity (n = 29 304 [49.6%]), and young (15-24 years; n = 27 037 [45.8%]). In total, 54 089 nonfatal gunshot injuries that were weighted to approximate national estimates were included in the analysis. Existing national estimates suggest that the most prevalent nonfatal gunshot injury location is the home (n = 14 764 [23.4%]), followed by the street or highway (n = 14 402 [22.9%]), and other public places (n = 7276 [11.6%]). After implementation of NLP classification, the most frequent gunshot injury location was the street or highway (n = 27 200 [46.1%]), followed by the home (n = 23 738 [37.7%]), and other public places (n = 10 439 [15.1%]). Conclusions and relevance The findings of this study suggest that NLP and machine learning models may be useful for classifying gunshot injury location and that most nonfatal gunshot injuries occur in the street or highway rather than in the home; these findings can inform future firearm injury prevention efforts.
Lowell Beineke: five decades of excellence

In this article, we provide an overview of Lowell Beineke’s amazing career at Purdue University Fort Wayne as seen and evaluated throughout the years. An outstanding teacher and researcher, Lowell ...
Women hospitality managers: perceptions of gender-related career challenges.

In spite of increases in the number of women who are both academically prepared and interested in pursuing hospitality management careers, women appear to be leaving the industry at a much higher rate than their male counterparts. Although women are better represented in lower and middle management than ever before, there has been no corresponding increase in the number of women in top level management positions. The author explores women managers' perceptions of the career-related challenges they confront in hospitality environments and suggests that inadequate access to informal information networks, lack of women mentors, and the impact of unique job characteristics are their most significant concerns. This article is available in Hospitality Review: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/hospitalityreview/vol11/iss2/3 Women Hospitality Managers: Perceptions of Gender-Related Career Challenges
D-Minor Concertos and Symphonies of the Brahms–Schumann Circle in the 1850s: Cross-Relationships and the Influence of Beethoven

This article examines cross-relationships and mutual influences in the D-minor symphonies and concertos written in the 1850s by a close-knit circle of composers: Johannes Brahms, Robert Schumann, and their friends Joseph Joachim, Julius Otto Grimm and Albert Dietrich. Outlining the overlapping compositional timelines of Brahms's First Piano Concerto (at one point a candidate to become his first symphonic work), the violin concertos of Joachim and Schumann, and the symphonies of Grimm and Dietrich, it demonstrates that the pieces were shared among the composers during their periods of composition and explores musical correspondences indicating mutual influences both among the composers and from other specific works. The musical choices involved in this group of pieces seem to point to an underlying backdrop of Beethovenian influence involving specific works from Beethoven's body of orchestral music, an oeuvre concluding with an unforgettable symphonic work in D minor—to which the younger generation's collection of works may relate symbolically. This study not only emphasizes the central role that Beethoven played in the minds of these composers in the mid-1850s, but also underscores the musical intimacy that extended from the social intimacy of the composers in the Brahms–Schumann circle.
Individuals aged 1-64 years with documented congenital heart defects at healthcare encounters, five U.S. surveillance sites, 2011-2013.

Background Many individuals born with congenital heart defects (CHD) survive to adulthood. However, population estimates of CHD beyond early childhood are limited in the U.S. Objectives To estimate the percentage of individuals aged 1-to-64 years at five U.S. sites with CHD documented at a healthcare encounter during a three-year period and describe their characteristics. Methods Sites conducted population-based surveillance of CHD among 1 to 10-year-olds (three sites) and 11 to 64-year-olds (all five sites) by linking healthcare data. Eligible cases resided in the population catchment areas and had one or more healthcare encounters during the surveillance period (January 1, 2011-December 31, 2013) with a CHD-related ICD-9-CM code. Site-specific population census estimates from the same age groups and time period were used to assess percentage of individuals in the catchment area with a CHD-related ICD-9-CM code documented at a healthcare encounter (hereafter referred to as CHD cases). Severe and non-severe CHD were based on an established mutually exclusive anatomic hierarchy. Results Among 42,646 CHD cases, 23.7% had severe CHD and 51.5% were male. Percentage of CHD cases among 1 to 10-year-olds, was 6.36/1,000 (range: 4.33-9.96/1,000) but varied by CHD severity [severe: 1.56/1,000 (range: 1.04-2.64/1,000); non-severe: 4.80/1,000 (range: 3.28-7.32/1,000)]. Percentage of cases across all sites in 11 to 64-year-olds was 1.47/1,000 (range: 1.02-2.18/1,000) and varied by CHD severity [severe: 0.34/1,000 (range: 0.26-0.49/1,000); non-severe: 1.13/1,000 (range: 0.76-1.69/1,000)]. Percentage of CHD cases decreased with age until 20 to 44 years and, for non-severe CHD only, increased slightly for ages 45 to 64 years. Conclusion CHD cases varied by site, CHD severity, and age. These findings will inform planning for the needs of this growing population.
Chapter 17 A review of atmospheric aerosol measurements

Abstract Recent developments in atmospheric aerosol measurements are reviewed. The topics included complement those covered in the recent review by Chow (JAWMA 45: 320–382, 1995) which focuses on regulatory compliance measurements and filter measurements of particulate composition. This review focuses on measurements of aerosol integral properties (total number concentration, CCN concentration, optical coefficients, etc.), aerosol physical chemical properties (density, refractive index, equilibrium water content, etc.), measurements of aerosol size distributions, and measurements of size-resolved aerosol composition. Such measurements play an essential role in studies of secondary aerosol formation by atmospheric chemical transformations and enable one to quantify the contributions of various species to effects including light scattering/absorption, health effects, dry deposition, etc. Aerosol measurement evolved from an art to a science in the 1970s following the development of instrumentation to generate monodisperse calibration aerosols of known size, composition, and concentration. While such calibration tools permit precise assessments of instrument responses to known laboratory-generated aerosols, unquantifiable uncertainties remain even when carefully calibrated instruments are used for atmospheric measurements. This is because instrument responses typically depend on aerosol properties including composition, shape, density, etc., which, for atmospheric aerosols, may vary from particle-to-particle and are often unknown. More effort needs to be made to quantify measurement accuracies that can be achieved for realistic atmospheric sampling scenarios. The measurement of organic species in atmospheric particles requires substantial development. Atmospheric aerosols typically include hundreds of organic compounds, and only a small fraction (∼10%) of these can be identified by state-of-the-art analytical methodologies. Even the measurement of the total particulate organic carbon mass concentration is beset by difficulties including the unknown extent of evaporative losses during sampling, adsorption of gas-phase organic compounds onto sampling substrates, and the unknown relationship between carbon mass and mass of the particulate organics. The development of improved methodologies for such measurements should be a high priority for the future. Mass spectrometers that measure the composition of individual particles have recently been developed. It is not clear that these instruments will provide quantitative information on species mass concentrations, and more work is needed to routinely interpret the vast quantities of data generated during field sampling. Nevertheless, these instruments substantially expand the range of atmospheric aerosol issues that can be explored experimentally. These instruments represent the most significant advance in aerosol instrumentation in recent years.
The effect of progesterone in adolescent girls and young women with functional uterine bleeding

Abstract The detailed menstrual records of 24 adolescent girls and young women with functional uterine bleeding are given. These subjects were given progesterone or anhydrohydroxy progesterone, and the effect on the menstrual pattern was observed over a period of many months in most cases. In general, the administration of approximately 30 mg. of progesterone was followed by cessation of bleeding within ten days of the last injection. Progesterone deprivation bleeding occurred frequently, thereby explaining the bleeding occurring in the first few days after therapy. In about one-third of the observations, normal cycles occurred for four months or more after therapy, whereas in another third there was a recurrence in less than four months. Even in these, however, there was no recurrence in the first month. In the final third of the observations, amenorrhea followed immediately or after two or three cycles.
Wiring and grounding to prevent power quality problems with industrial equipment

Actual case histories where inadequate wiring or grounding on low voltage (less than 600 V) industrial power distribution systems caused equipment operational problems and/or failures are examined, and the solution to each of these problems is discussed. The cases concern a malfunctioning peanut sorter, equipment damage at a wrecker service, personal computer malfunction at a city hall, disruption of a microprocessor-controlled quilting machine by an air compressor and electronic scale malfunction. Some of the case histories involve relatively rare grounding problems while others pertain to very common problems. Several of the most common wiring and grounding shortcomings found in low-voltage industrial power distribution systems are identified. Proper wiring and grounding techniques for equipment with electronic controls and application of these techniques in industrial facilities are discussed. >
Performance Evaluation and Implementation of QoS Support in an 802.11b Wireless LAN

The availability of wireless technologies such as HomeRF, WaveLAN and Bluetooth have propelled the demand for their use in the office, home and public spaces. These technologies can provide wireless multimedia services. QoS for these services can be provided by means of a MAC level QoS or a network level QoS. In this paper we describe the implementation of a network level QoS for the 802.11b technology by using the Windows 2000 Operating System. The testbed is used to obtain throughput of UDP flows created by applications such as iperf and qtcp for different number of active stations, packet sizes and packet loss. These performance evaluation results are validated by means of stochastic simulation of the testbed by using GloMoSim.
Fermilab Central Helium Liquefier Operations

The Central Helium Liquefier (CHL), in conjunction with 24 satellite refrigerators, supplies refrigeration for the Fermilab superconducting accelerator. Liquid from the CHL is transported in a six kilometer circular transfer line and each satellite withdraws the amount required to boost its refrigeration capacity to the necessary level. Unused liquid is presently returned to compressor suction through a 250 kW calorimeter-heater.