cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building a new public idea about Multilingualism

Now nearly 20 years ago, in the wake of the 9/11 attacks and during her Presidency of the Modern Language Association of America, the Latin Americanist Mary Louise Pratt penned and published an essay on “Building a New Public Idea about Language.” Looking around alinguistically diverse United States in the new twenty-first century, she asked “What’s wrong with this linguistic picture?” Proposition 227 in the US State of California had all but eliminated bilingual public education in 1998, and the young people she met, whose “lives had producted strong incentives for them to learn and use other languages [than English…] were almost entirely on their own” (111) in a country that continued to earn its nickname as a cementerio de lenguas (ibid). Pratt’s prompt to academics, that we need to build “a new public idea about language” was in fact intended more expansively, as she specified further, to build a new public idea about “language, language learning, multilingualism, and citizenship” (112) and to “rediscover […] the pleasures and pains of living multilingually” in “a country linguistically unequipped to apprehend its geopolitical situation.” (122)
Variation in Surgical Spending Among the Highest Quality Hospitals for Cancer Surgery.

Objective This study evaluates the variation in spending by the highest-quality hospitals performing complex cancer surgery in the United States. Summary background data As mortality rates for high-risk cancer surgery have improved, increased attention has focused on other elements of quality, such as complications. However, high-value surgical care requires both high-quality care and cost savings. Therefore, understanding any residual cost variation among high-quality hospitals is essential in order to better direct efforts to achieve efficient, high-value care. Methods Medicare beneficiaries age 65 to 99 who underwent surgery for pancreas, esophageal, lung, rectal, and colon cancer from 2014 to 2016 were identified. The highest-quality hospitals were identified as those in the quintile with the lowest risk- and reliability-adjusted serious complication rates for each operation. Within this cohort of high-quality hospitals, thirty-day total episode, index hospitalization, physician, postacute care, and readmission spending was analyzed. Logistic regression models were utilized to estimate the probability of postoperative outcomes and post-discharge resource utilization. Results 43,007 Medicare patients underwent either pancreas, esophageal, lung, rectal, or colon resection for cancer at a hospital within the highest-quality quintile. Among the highest quality hospitals, total episode spending ranged from $18,712 for colectomy to $38,054 for esophagectomy. Spending between the lowest- and highest spending hospitals varied from $1,207 (CI95% $1,195 to $1,220) or 6.6% of total episode spending in the lowest tertile for colectomy to $5,706 (CI95% $5,506 to $5,906) or 16.1% of total episode spending in the lowest tertile for esophagectomy. The largest component of variation was from postacute care spending followed by readmission. For all operations the risk-adjusted rate of postacute care facility utilization was lower among the lowest spending hospitals compared to the highest spending hospitals. For example, for pancreas the lowest-spending hospitals on average discharged patients to a postacute care facility at a rate of 18,6% (CI95% 16.2 to 20.9) compared to 31.0% (CI95% 28.2 to 33.9) in the highest-spending hospitals. In all operations, the risk-adjusted readmission rate was lower among the lowest-spending hospitals compared to the highest-spending hospitals. For instance, within the esophagus cohort, the lowest-spending hospitals had an average risk-adjusted readmission rate of 17.3% compared to 29.4% in the highest spending hospitals (p Conclusions and relevance Even among the highest-quality hospitals, significant cost variation persists among cancer operations. Post-acute care variation, rather than residual variation in complication rates, explains the majority of this variation and represents an immediately actionable target for increased cost efficiency.
Risk factors for subsequent recurrence after surgical treatment of recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland.

Background Recurrent pleomorphic adenoma (PA) can be a lifelong disease, and rates of subsequent recurrence are high. Methods Patients between 2000 and 2015 were identified. Primary outcome was subsequent recurrence after surgical salvage. Results Twenty-seven of 84 patients developed a subsequent recurrence. Risk factors for subsequent recurrence included a higher number of previous recurrences (P 10 years since last surgery (P 10-year interval since their last surgery, the subsequent recurrence-free rate at 10 years follow-up was 80.2% vs 31.8%. Conclusions For patients presenting with a >10-year interval since their last surgery, subsequent recurrence rates are low, which may allow for as needed surveillance recommendations. For patients presenting with recurrent PA and ≤10 years since their last surgery, a closer surveillance is warranted.
Generation of human striatal organoids and cortico-striatal assembloids from human pluripotent stem cells.

Cortico-striatal projections are critical components of forebrain circuitry that regulate motivated behaviors. To enable the study of the human cortico-striatal pathway and how its dysfunction leads to neuropsychiatric disease, we developed a method to convert human pluripotent stem cells into region-specific brain organoids that resemble the developing human striatum and include electrically active medium spiny neurons. We then assembled these organoids with cerebral cortical organoids in three-dimensional cultures to form cortico-striatal assembloids. Using viral tracing and functional assays in intact or sliced assembloids, we show that cortical neurons send axonal projections into striatal organoids and form synaptic connections. Medium spiny neurons mature electrophysiologically following assembly and display calcium activity after optogenetic stimulation of cortical neurons. Moreover, we derive cortico-striatal assembloids from patients with a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a deletion on chromosome 22q13.3 and capture disease-associated defects in calcium activity, showing that this approach will allow investigation of the development and functional assembly of cortico-striatal connectivity using patient-derived cells. Organoids representing the human striatum are generated and used to build circuits in cortico-striatal assembloids.
Effects of a Word Boxes Electronic App on Improving Letter-Sound Correspondences of Learners of English as an Additional Language

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Build a Word-Easy Spelling with Phonics, an electronic application of the word box intervention, on the acquisition, maintenance, and general...
Peroxisomes form intralumenal vesicles with roles in fatty acid catabolism and protein compartmentalization in Arabidopsis.

Peroxisomes are vital organelles that compartmentalize critical metabolic reactions, such as the breakdown of fats, in eukaryotic cells. Although peroxisomes typically are considered to consist of a single membrane enclosing a protein lumen, more complex peroxisomal membrane structure has occasionally been observed in yeast, mammals, and plants. However, technical challenges have limited the recognition and understanding of this complexity. Here we exploit the unusually large size of Arabidopsis peroxisomes to demonstrate that peroxisomes have extensive internal membranes. These internal vesicles accumulate over time, use ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) machinery for formation, and appear to derive from the outer peroxisomal membrane. Moreover, these vesicles can harbor distinct proteins and do not form normally when fatty acid β-oxidation, a core function of peroxisomes, is impaired. Our findings suggest a mechanism for lipid mobilization that circumvents challenges in processing insoluble metabolites. This revision of the classical view of peroxisomes as single-membrane organelles has implications for all aspects of peroxisome biogenesis and function and may help address fundamental questions in peroxisome evolution. Peroxisomes are organelles compartmentalising metabolic reactions such as the breakdown of fats, and are commonly thought of as single membrane-bound compartments. Here the authors show that Arabidopsis peroxisomes contain extensive internal vesicles that form from the bounding membrane in an ESCRT-dependent process.
Identification of Human CD4+ Sub-population of Resident Cardiac Fibroblasts Linked to Inflammation-Mediated Cardiac Fibrosis

BackgroundInfiltration with inflammatory CD4+ T-cells and the accumulation of heterogeneous cardiac myofibroblasts are hallmarks of cardiac fibrosis and remodeling. The origin, identity, states, and functions of the resident cells involved in the transition from adaptive to maladaptive fibrotic remodeling, as well as the pathways of inflammatory regulation are unclear. MethodsWe performed mass cytometry profiling of resident human ventricular cardiac fibroblasts (hVCF) and determined the identity of cells contained in fibrotic right ventricle autopsy tissues from individuals diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension and tissue from SUGEN/hypoxia rats exhibiting cardiac fibrosis. We further characterized the resident cardiac fibroblast sub-population morphologically, structurally and functionally using transcriptome and secretome analysis of the secreted cytokines, chemokines, proteins, metabolites using milliplex panels, proteomics and metabolomics pipelines. ResultsSingle-cell mass cytometry identified remarkable plasticity of resident human cardiac fibroblasts. We provide evidence of a sub-population of resident cardiac myofibroblasts expressing high levels of CD4+, a helper T-cell surface marker in addition to mesenchymal markers, SMA and Vimentin in all the human donors. These cardiac cells co-expressing lymphoid CD4+and SMA+ were localized to the fibrotic regions of the human right ventricular tissue and were a common feature in the interstitial and perivascular lesions of SUGEN/Hypoxia (SuHx) rats. CD3+CD4+ T-cell numbers were higher in the right ventricle compared with the left ventricle of SuHx, as determined by flow cytometry. In vitro, T-cell homing receptors CD44, Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R), and CCR2 were upregulated in cardiac fibroblasts in response to IL-1{beta}. Exposure of cardiac fibroblasts to IL-1{beta} led to upregulation of genes regulating extracellular matrix, collagen deposition and inflammation-related genes, and induced secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and metabolites involved in innate and adaptive humoral immune responses. Cell clustering, elevated phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and inflammatory NF-{kappa}B p65 and cell phenotype switching upon IL-1{beta} stimulation reverted with the administration of an IL-1R antagonist. ConclusionsOur data expand concepts of heterogeneity of resident cardiac fibroblasts and plasticity in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines by the demonstration of a unique subpopulation of cardiac fibroblasts exhibiting attributes of both mesenchymal and lymphoid cells. Exposure of cardiac fibroblasts to the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1{beta}, induces a robust phenotypic response linked to extracellular matrix deposition and up-regulates an immune-associated phenotype linked to expression of immune markers and secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines. We also propose that resident cardiac fibroblast transdifferentiation and phenotype switching maybe the key process involved in adaptive to maladaptive remodeling leading to fibrosis and failure.
‘Indispensable to All Working Women and to Mothers in the Home.’ Global Labor Standards and the Quest for Social Justice, 1919-2019

The binary productive and reproductive labor –what the International Labour Organization (ILO) has called work and family responsibilities– cordoned off care from employment. Until the 2000s, paid care work mostly stood outside of ILO deliberations, while unpaid family care became a concern as a means to enhance labor force participation and thus reinforce the valuing of care as a special kind of activity. This analysis traces the construction of the woman worker under global labor standards by focusing on ‘All Working Women’ and ‘Mothers in the Home’ to complicate feminist discussions of equality.
Regional Adiposity and Risk of Heart Failure and Mortality: The Jackson Heart Study.

Background Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with incident heart failure (HF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction, yet it is unknown how pericardial and abdominal adiposity affect HF ...
Piecewise Constant Policies for Human-Compatible Congestion Mitigation

Transportation systems have a significant impact on carbon emissions and urban mobility worldwide. Previous work has shown that reinforcement-learning-based control of autonomous vehicles (AVs) can smooth traffic flow and improve congestion. Due to the safety and interpretability concerns around deploying AVs, we propose structured reinforcement learning policies to provide real-time guidance to human drivers to stabilize traffic. Motivated by the limitations of driver reaction times, we introduce a class of piecewise constant policies designed to be executed by human drivers to mitigate congestion. These policies are defined by a simple action space and an action extension parameter Δ where each action must be held constant for Δ timesteps. We prove that the optimal piecewise constant trajectory deviates in reward from the optimal trajectory by at most O(HΔ) over a horizon of length H. We show that piecewise constant policies can reproduce traffic smoothing in single-lane settings for large action extension parameters (up to 14s), yielding near-optimal average velocities of above 4.2 m/s compared to 3.6 m/s by a human driver baseline. Moreover, these policies see some improvements for action extension parameters up to 24s and are robust to lane changing, indicating promise for more complex environments.
Detection of uncommon or isolated locations of metastatic disease by FDG PET/CT: A pictorial essay

1079 Learning Objectives To evaluate the benefit of FDG PET/CT in accurately defining the extent of metastatic disease seen in isolated or uncommon locations. FDG PET/CT has emerged as a very powerful tool in cancer workup. Several studies have shown that when used appropriately, FDG PET/CT has either up-staged or down-staged the cancer. There are a number of examples in the literature that have shown that FDG PET/CT is more accurate then PET or CT alone in cancer management. Here we present a pictorial essay of such uncommon or isolated metastatic lesions which were either not present/appreciated on conventional imaging or were not included as part of anatomical imaging work up. Among others, we will be showing metastatic examples such as, tongue to pancreas, parotid lymphoma to lacrimal gland, esophageal cancer to the eye, esophageal cancer to axillary node, lung cancer to thyroid, lung cancer to kidney and ovarian and colonic cancer to spleen. All examples were confirmed by pathological examination and/or imaging follow-up
Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells: Background and Methods for Isolation and Analysis in a Primary Culture System

Repair of adult skeletal muscle depends on satellite cells, myogenic stem cells located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the myofiber. Standardized protocols for the isolation and culture of satellite cells are key tools for understanding cell autonomous and extrinsic factors that regulate their performance. Knowledge gained from such studies can contribute important insights to developing strategies for the improvement of muscle repair following trauma and in muscle wasting disorders. This chapter provides an introduction to satellite cell biology and further describes the basic protocol used in our laboratory to isolate and culture satellite cells from adult skeletal muscle. The cell culture conditions detailed herein support proliferation and differentiation of satellite cell progeny and the development of reserve cells, which are thought to reflect the in vivo self-renewal ability of satellite cells. Additionally, this chapter describes our standard immunostaining protocol that allows the characterization of satellite cell progeny by the temporal expression of characteristic transcription factors and structural proteins associated with different stages of myogenic progression. Although emphasis is given here to the isolation and characterization of satellite cells from mouse hindlimb muscles, the protocols are suitable for other muscle types (such as diaphragm and extraocular muscles) and for muscles from other species, including chicken and rat. Altogether, the basic protocols described are straightforward and facilitate the study of diverse aspects of skeletal muscle stem cells.
Insertion of Inhbb into the Inhba locus rescues the Inhba-null phenotype and reveals new activin functions.

The activins (dimers of βA or βB subunits, encoded by the genes Inhba and Inhbb, respectively) are TGF-β superfamily members that have roles in reproduction and development1,2,3. Whereas mice homozygous for the Inhba-null allele demonstrate disruption of whisker, palate and tooth development, leading to neonatal lethality4,5, homozygous Inhbb-null mice are viable, fertile and have eye defects6,7. To determine if these phenotypes were due to spatiotemporal expression differences of the ligands or disruption of specific ligand-receptor interactions, we replaced the region of Inhba encoding the mature protein with Inhbb, creating the allele Inhbatm2Zuk (hereafter designated InhbaBK). Although the craniofacial phenotypes of the Inhba-null mutation were rescued by the InhbaBK allele, somatic, testicular, genital and hair growth were grossly affected and influenced by the dosage and bioactivity of the allele. Thus, functional compensation within the TGF-β superfamily can occur if the replacement gene is expressed appropriately. The novel phenotypes in these mice further illustrate the usefulness of insertion strategies for defining protein function.
Electron Induction Linacs

Electron induction linacs have been used for over four decades for a variety of applications. As discussed in Chap. 8, these include basic studies in magnetically confined fusion, transport of intense electron beams in various gases, the generation of electromagnetic radiation from free electron lasers, radiation processing of materials and food, and flash X-ray radiography sources.
Urban Meteorological Modeling

This chapter provides a brief introduction to meteorological modelling, including the basic governing equations and physical principles, parameterization of physical processes and downscaling and prediction. Physical processes specific to urban areas, and in particular the surface energy exchange are discussed in detail. A case study of the Phoenix, Arizona (USA) metropolitan area is presented with an emphasis on the urban heat island. The evolution of elevated nighttime temperatures with time, character of the current heat island and projections of the heat island associated with alternate models of future residential development are presented.
Application of Optimization Methods to Crack Profile Inversion Using Eddy Currents

A numerical scheme for finding crack shapes from eddy current measurements has been developed based on a startdard iterative inversion approach in which a nonlinear least squares objective function quantifying the overall difference between predictions and measurements is minimized. In this paper, steepest descent and conjugate‐gradient methods for minimizing the objective function are investigated and compared. Cramer‐Rao lower bounds on the crack parameters are derived to quantify the accuracy of the estimated crack shape. Cramer‐Rao bounds are also used to indicate improvements in the design of eddy‐current nondestructive evaluation systems.
Short- and Long-Term Outcome Results from a Multisite Evaluation of the G.R.E.A.T. Program

Youth gangs continue to garner substantial attention from the media, public, and academic researchers as result, in large part, of the violence contributed to gang members. Several prevention, intervention, and suppression programs have been introduced to address problems associated with youth games, but today, relatively few have been deemed as promising, let alone as effective.... KEYWORDS: Juvenile justice; Juvenile delinquency Language: en
Sclerotium rolfsii ATCC 15205 in continuous culture : Economical aspects of scleroglucan production

Sclerotium rolfsii ATCC 15205 was cultivated in continuous culture (48 l reactor volume) for scleroglucan production. The maximum volumetric productivity (QP max) amounted to 7.2 g/ld and was more than twice as high as in comparable batchwise cultivations. In addition, the relation between (a) volumetric productivity (QP [g/ld]) and product yield (YGlucan/Glucose [1]), (b) volumetric productivity and product quality (MW [g/mol]), and (c) product quality and impeller tip speed (Nd [m/s]) was studied in continuous culture. It was found, that an increase in volumetric productivity led to a decline in product yield and product quality. Furthermore, an impeller tip speed of >0.7 m/s decreased the attainable product quality considerably. Based on these results, the impact of the operational setpoint of the process in terms of oxygen supply and reactor scale on the economics of scleroglucan production was discussed. In contrast to batchwise cultivation, scleroglucan production in continuous culture proved to be not feasible under non-aseptic conditions.
Mössbauer effect study of ‘475°c embrittlement’ of duplex and ferritic stainless steels

Abstract The phenomenon of ‘475°C embrittlement’ of a duplex stainless steel and seven single phase ferritic alloys was studied with Mossbauer spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The alloys studied included two binary Fe-Cr alloys and multicomponent alloys containing Ni, Mo and Cu as well as Fe and Cr. There is a hyperfine field shift with aging at 475°C in all of the alloys. In addition, paramagnetic peaks and precipitates are observed only in the alloys containing Ni. These results are described in terms of Cr and Fe separation via spinodal decomposition. Furthermore, in the Ni containing alloys, the peak local Cr level is estimated as being higher than 78 at.% whereas in the Ni free alloys, after similar heat treatments, the peak local Cr level is estimated as being only about 45 at%.
Evidence that gene VII is not the distal portion of gene V of phage f1

Abstract We have explored the possibility that the phage fl gene VII mutants are actually mutants in gene V. Gene V protein was isolated from amber VII-infected cells. It was subjected to amino acid analysis and found to have the same composition as gene V protein isolated from wild-type fl-infected cells. We consider this the best present evidence for the independent existence of gene VII in the filamentous phage.
In Search of the Purpose of Technology Implementation

The integration of technology into the classroom infers changes in the role of teacher with two emerging tensions. The first tension is between the idea of technology as a tool providing technical proficiency and efficiency and the vision of technology as a catalyst for educational reform. The second conflict is between the traditional culture of schooling and life in classrooms and the anticipated transformed culture. This article focuses on data found during three separate case studies involving the implementation of technology in a grade school, a high school, and a university. Significant questions raised relate to teacher beliefs about the culture of classrooms and schools, specifically about relationships with students. Recommendations for policy and practice include the importance of a clear purpose for the implementation of technology and an understanding of classroom culture.
Off-mass-shell dual amplitudes without ghosts

Abstract A new approach to the construction of off-shell dual amplitudes and hadronic currents is presented. The guiding principle in this work is the manifest incorporation of the Virasoro gauge conditions. This requirement is so stringent that we are only able to find a solution for a particular dimension of spacetime: 16 in the case of an off-shell scalar in the Veneziano model. Furthermore, the amplitude for one off-shell state and an arbitrary number of on-shell states turns out to be given by a logarithmically divergent integral, although it is quite well-behaved in all other respects. It is suggested that the divergence problem might not occur for a ghost-free model with α(0)
Effects of J-gate potential and uniform electric field on a coupled donor pair in Si for quantum computing

We present theoretical studies of a coupled-donor pair in Si via an unrestricted Hartree-Fock method with a generalized valence bond wave function. Polarization properties and exchange coupling for a phosphorous donor pair in silicon under a J-gate potential (modeled by a parabolic well) and a uniform electric field (either parallel or perpendicular to the interdonor axis) are examined. The energies and charge distributions of the lowest-lying singlet and triplet states as functions of the J-gate potential and uniform electric field for various donor separations are analyzed. Implications for Si:P electron-spin-based quantum computer architecture are discussed.
An Assessment of Remote Laboratory Experiments in Radio Communication

Today's electrical and computer engineering graduates need marketable skills to work with electronic devices. Hands-on experiments prepare students to deal with real-world problems and help them to comprehend theoretical concepts and relate these to practical tasks. However, shortage of equipment, high costs, and a lack of human resources for laboratory maintenance and assistance decrease the implementation capacity of hands-on training laboratories. At the same time, the Internet has become a common networking medium and is increasingly used to enhance education. In addition, at many sites, existing experimental systems are typically underutilized. These cost and efficient exploitation constraints can be resolved by the use of remote laboratories accessible through the Internet that can be shared and used at flexible times and from various locations. This paper is a description of a systematic assessment effort of the efficiency of remote laboratories in radio communication. The labs are offered to graduate and undergraduate students, and hands-on and remote experiences are compared. A dedicated remote experimentation system, eComLab, was developed to support the effort.
Evaluation of Acute Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Utility of Multidetector Computed Tomography

Distinguishing insignificant from life-threatening causes of acute chest pain in patients who present to the emergency department remains a major challenge. Initial evaluation with history, electrocardiography, and biochemical markers is often unrevealing leading to additional workup. Radionuclide perfusion and echocardiography may be diagnostic but provide only indirect assessment of coronary status. The development of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and its increasingly frequent placement near the emergency suite has facilitated its use for the evaluation of serious noncardiac diagnoses such as pulmonary embolism and aortic dissection. Recent innovations in MDCT technology have facilitated the depiction of coronary arteries. These advances have led to the possibility of using CT to evaluate cardiac etiologies of chest pain, using either a comprehensive or triple rule out protocol to assess both cardiac and noncardiac causes or a dedicated coronary protocol. This article will review both options and describes our preliminary experience with the first of these protocols. The article also reviews the potential value of an acute chest pain CT protocol and the considerable challenges that remain prior to its implementation for routine clinical use.
Equilibria in markets with a Riesz space of commodities

Abstract We present a new proof of the existence of competitive equilibrium for an economy with an infinite dimensional space of commodities.
Spectrin-haemoglobin crosslinkages associated with in vitro oxidant hypersensitivity in pathologic and artificially dehydrated red cells.

Summary. Protein crosslinkages are apparent at 215000–250000 daltons in electrophoregrams of membranes from hydrogen peroxide treated erythrocytes (British Journal of Haematology, 48,435, 1981). Hydrogen peroxide is also capable of inducing crosslinkages of identical molecular weights in stage I and II (red) ghosts and in a mixture of purified spectrin and haemoglobin, but not in white ghosts or in either spectrin or haemoglobin alone. Autoradiographic studies using 14C-methae-moglobin and 32P-spectrin confirm the involvement of spectrin and haemoglobin in this reaction. The alpha chains of both proteins are more reactive than the corresponding beta chains: 3 times more reactive in the case of spectrin and 10 times more reactive in haemoglobin. The reaction is almost totally inhibited by NaCN and partially inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. Direct addition of malondialdehyde to a spectrin-haemoglobin mixture does not result in protein crosslinkage. Metabolic depletion (40 h), in vivo ageing and sucrose dehydration of fresh, normal cells enhance the reaction considerably, whereas in vitro rehydration of xerocytes normalizes their H2O2 sensitivity.
The effects of proportion, strength and value orientation of arguments on decision-making

Presented 120 males and 300 females with a summary of arguments concerning a court case. The information varied in the proportion and strength of arguments for either the defense or the prosecution. Based on the relevant arguments version of the cultural value hypothesis, it was predicted that: (a) proportion of arguments is directly related to subjects' ratings of probability of guilt; (b) fewer arguments are needed to move subjects toward innocence than toward guilt; (c) strong minority defense arguments ate more effective than weak ones in allowing subjects to adhere to their initial value; and (d) strong prosecution arguments result in higher probability of guilt ratings than do weak prosecution arguments. Data supported each of these hypotheses.
URBAN FORESTRY ADVANCEMENTS IN NORTH DAKOTA, USA

Summary Many factors are responsible for the recent increase in urban forestry awareness and management within the state of North Dakota. An increased appreciation for trees, federal monies made available to the state forest service, the threat of Dutch elm disease (Ceratocystis ulmi), a majority of maturing to overmature urban forests, inception of a new university urban forestry curriculum, recent governmental League of City meetings, promotion by the Society of American Foresters—Urban Forestry Working Group, and the establishment of a new Urban and Community Forestry Association have all contributed to the advancements of urban forestry in the state of North Dakota, USA.
Effects of strong rotation-particle coupling on the energy levels of two-quasiparticle systems with possible application to 184Ir and 186Ir

Abstract The consequences of the availability of the [541↓] proton orbital in light even-mass Ir nuclei are examined. The structure of rotational bands in which the state of lowest energy is not the state of minimum angular momentum is described in terms of an effective decoupling parameter. The [541↓] assignment for the proton in the ground state configurations of 184 Ir and 186 Ir is seen to be plausible and the level ordering in these nuclei may be largely determined by the properties of the [541↓] orbital stemming from the j = 9 2 spherical state, while the perturbing effects of a low-Ω neutron partner ([510↑] or [512↑]) should be relatively insignificant. Other interesting consequences of this description are also discussed.
SU-FF-T-150: Optimizing Spot Spacing and Margin for Intensity-Modualted Proton Therapy Planning

Purpose: For intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT), spots (high dose regions around the Bragg peaks of beamlets) for a set of energies are arranged on a grid in the target volume. The spot spacing can have a significant impact on the quality and efficiency of an IMPT plan. The purpose of this research is to optimize spot spacing and lateral margin for IMPT. Method and Materials: Multiple treatment plans were generated for a group of prostate patients, varying spot spacing (2.5–10mm) and margin size (0–12mm). All plans employed two opposing fields which were individually optimized for uniform target coverage. Dose Volume Histograms were compared to evaluate rectal sparing and target dose homogeneity. Spot‐weight histograms were used to investigate the impact of delivery system constraints on low MUs per spot, on plan quality and robustness, and on optimization efficiency. Results: Dose homogeneity decreases with lateral margin size for a given spot spacing, with 5mm spacing showing comparable performance to current treatment protocols (10mm spacing and 12mm margin). Rectal dose increases with margin size and decreases with spot spacing. For small spot spacing and margin combinations, a large fraction of the spots are close to the minimum MU limit for the delivery system. Many of the spots below this limit are discarded during optimization. This effect decreases significantly above about 5mm spacing and margin. Conclusion: Lateral margins and spot spacing must be chosen to balance target dose homogeneity against avoidance of critical structures. While decreased spot spacing increases target dose homogeneity and lowers rectal dose, it also results in a large number of low‐intensity spots, decreasing plan robustness and optimization efficiency and increasing calculation time. The optimum combination that improves rectal sparing while maintaining comparable dose homogeneity, calculation time, and plan robustness is 5mm for spot spacing with 5mm for lateral margins.
INTERNATIONAL LABOR MIGRATION AND FOREIGN BANK PENETRATION IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES

This paper examines the impact of international labor migration on foreign bank presence in 30 Asian and Latin American countries. While it is well established that social and economic characteristics of the host economy influence entry by foreign banks, we test whether social and economic linkages between bank-host and bank-origin economies influence foreign bank activity. In particular, we consider whether international migration from bank-host to the bank-origin countries affects foreign bank activity. Panel Tobit models find that international migration promotes foreign bank presence. Banks originating in industrialized nations with large immigrant populations tend to expand into migrant-source developing countries.
Stereochemistry and kinetics of methoxide ion substitution in (Z)‐ and (E)‐O‐methylbenzohydroximoyl cyanides

The stereochemistry and kinetics of the methoxide ion substitution reactions (Z)- and (E)-methylbenzohydroximoyl cyanidc [PhC(CN)NOCH3] were investigated. The reaction of the (Z)-hydroximoyl cyanide with sodium methoxide in DMSO–methanol (9:1) solution at 44·8°C gives a mixture of methyl (Z)-O-methylbenzohydroximate [PhC(OCH3)NOCH3] and the O-methyloxime of α-ketophenylacetamide PhC(CONH2)NOCH3. The (E)-hydroximoyl cyanide undergoes methoxide ion-catalyzed isomerization to the E-isomer faster than it undergoes nucleophilic substitution. These observations were interpreted in terms of an addition–elimination mechanism in which the rate-limiting step is elimination of the nucleofuge (AN + DN#).
MP-B7 subthreshold conduction in silicon on sapphire transistors

The subthreshold conduction in silicon-on-sapphire MOS transistors has been studied both theoretically and experimentally. A simple model to describe the subthreshold conduction current for both thick films and thin films is derived in terms of charges in the silicon and charges at the silicon-silicon dioxide and silicon-sapphire interfaces. The model has been extended to cover short-channel transistors by application of charge conservation under the channel region. It is shown that the subthreshold conduction current for a SOS-MOS transistor has a form similar to that found in bulk transistors, but with modification of the terms due to the finite silicon film thickness and the unique geometry of the SOS-MOS transistor. The general form of the model has been confirmed by measurement of the subthreshold current on several hundred SOS-MOS transistors of different geometries manufactured by various companies.
Holographic measurement of tooth mobility in three dimensions.

A new method to study the displacements of human teeth in three-dimensional space is presented. This non-invasive technique uses recent developments in the double-exposure pulsed laser holography to measure the displacements of maxillary central incisors of the human with an accuracy of 0.05 μm. The incisor was loaded with a force of 300 grams in the lingual-labial direction parallel to the occlusal plane. The holographically determined displacements at a point on a crown were then reduced to obtain the center of rotation and also to compute the displacements at the alveolar crestand the apex.
Therapy monitoring in human and canine soft tissue sarcomas using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy.

Abstract Purpose: The goals of this study were to determine whether magnetic resonance parameters (a) can identify early during therapy those patients most likely to respond to hyperthermia and radiotherapy, (b) can provide prior to or early during therapy information about the temperature distributions which can be obtained in patients receiving hyperthermia, and (c) can provide an understanding of the effects of hyperthermia on tumor metabolic status. Methods and Materials: Twenty-one human patients and 10 canine patients with soft tissue sarcomas treated with preoperative hyperthermia and radiation had a series of magnetic resonance imaging and phosphorus spectroscopy studies done. To address the goals for both the human and canine populations, changes in mean T 2 relaxation times, pH, and various phosphometabolite ratios from the pretreatment (Study 1) to the post first hyperthermia study (Study 2) were correlated with treatment outcome; pretreatment magnetic resonance parameters and changes in magnetic resonance parameters (Study 2-Study 1) were compared with various cumulative thermal descriptors; and thermal descriptors of the first hyperthermia were compared with changes in magnetic resonance phosphometabolite ratios. Results: A decrease in adenosine triphosphate/phosphomonoester from study 1 to study 2 is associated with a greater chance of ≥ 95% necrosis in surgical resected tumors from human patients, but no significant relationships were observed between changes in tumor pH or phosphometabolite ratios and time to local failure in dogs. Pretreatment magnetic resonance parameters correlated with various thermal dose descriptors in canines but not in humans. Change in adenosine triphosphate/inorganic phosphate and phosphomonoester signal to noise ratio correlated with cumulative thermal descriptors in dogs and humans, respectively. In dogs only, increases in thermal dose resulted in decreases in high energy phosphometabolites. Conclusion: Changes in magnetic resonance parameters early during therapy may be predictive of treatment outcome. Pretreatment and changes in magnetic resonance parameters appear to predict how well a tumor will be heated during hyperthermia. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy also appears to be a useful tool to study the effects of various thermal doses on tumor metabolic status.
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in combination with stem cell factor confers greater neuroprotection after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the neonatal rats than a solitary treatment

Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a devastating condition resulting in neuronal cell death and often culminates in neurological deficits. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been shown to have neuroprotective activity via inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation in various stroke models. Stem cell factor (SCF) regulates hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and has been reported to have neuroprotective properties in an experimental ischemic stroke model. In this study we aim to determine the protective effects of G-CSF in combination with SCF treatment after experimental HI. Seven-day old Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 hours of hypoxia. Animals were randomly assigned to five groups: Sham (n=8), Vehicle (n=8), HI with G-CSF treatment (n=9), HI with SCF treatment (n=9) and HI with G-CSF+SCF treatment (coadministration group; n=10). G-CSF (50 µg/kg), SCF (50 µg/kg) and G-CSF+SCF (50 µg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally 1 hour post HI followed by daily injection for 4 consecutive days (five total injections). Animals were euthanized 14 days after HI for neurological testing. Additionally assessment of brain, heart, liver, spleen and kidney atrophy was performed. Both G-CSF and G-CSF+SCF treatments improved body growth and decreased brain atrophy at 14 days post HI. No significant differences were found in the peripheral organ weights between groups. Finally, the G-CSF+SCF coadministration group showed significant improvement in neurological function. Our data suggest that administration of G-CSF in combination with SCF not only prevented brain atrophy but also significantly improved neurological function.
An Unidentified Mineral Required by the Chick

Abstract Morrison, Scott and Norris (1955) have shown that a mixture of unidentified growth factor supplements consisting of corn distillers dried solubles, fish solubles, grass juice, dried whey, and penicillin mycelium meal produced maximum growth of chicks. They also found that a portion of the growth response obtained with this combination was due to an unidentified mineral constituent(s) present in the mixture. Couch, Reid, Camp, Dannenburg and Rozacky (1955) also reported evidence to indicate the presence of an unidentified inorganic growth factor in distillers dried solubles. Recent results obtained in our laboratory indicate the presence of an unidentified chick growth factor in feather meal (Lillie et al., 1956). Studies showing the existence of an unidentified inorganic growth factor(s) in feather meal are presented in this report. The basal diet used in these studies was a practical type corn-soybean meal ration considered to be adequate in all known required nutrients including folic …
Hippocampal function: Working memory or cognitive mapping?

The relative merits of two different descriptions of hippocampal function are evaluated in a series of experiments examining the performance of rats following lesions in the hippocampal system. Cognitive mapping and working memory are operationally defined, and experimental tasks are categorized as requiring one or both of these two functions. In test procedures that have working-memory components, rats with fimbria-fornix lesions performed at chance levels and showed no signs of recovery of function even after extended postoperative testing. In test procedures that did not have working-memory components, rats with fimbria-fornix lesions had, at most, a short-term impairment. Thus, the performance of rats with lesions was systematically influenced by the memory characteristics of the task. Altering the cognitive mapping characteristics of tasks had much less of an effect; an impairment in a task that required working memory was found, irrespective of whether rats did or did not use a mapping strategy, and only transitory impairments were found in tasks that did not require working memory, irrespective of whether rats did or did not use a cognitive mapping strategy. These results support the hypothesis that the memory characteristics of tasks are the major factors influencing the magnitude of the impairment exhibited by rats with damage to the hippocampal system.
ACS Student Affiliates at University of Michigan Use Their Passion for Chemistry to Inspire the Community and Other Students

Going from almost zero to more than sixty active members in less than a year, the University of Michigan American Chemical Society Student Affiliate chapter is a success story about revitalizing a struggling chapter. Innovative officer positions, increased delegation of authority, and courage to try new ideas generated this special chemistry. In order to encourage each member to be creative and reach his or her full chapter potential, the officers stressed, ‘Dream of an outstanding activity, and everyone will make it happen.’ Strategically, this philosophy was reinforced by electing members who had spearheaded projects to the new officer positions. In the following article, we will present the events and philosophies that created the strong intra-Student Affiliate and inter-Student Affiliate/community chemical bonds.
Serum IgE concentration in atopic dermatitis. Relationship to severity of disease and presence of atopic respiratory disease.

Abstract A survey was conducted to evaluate the serum IgE concentrations of 58 patients with atopic dermatitis of varying severity and activity. The determination of serum IgE concentrations does not provide a diagnostic criterion for atopic dermatitis because 57% of the patients had levels of IgE considered to be within a normal range. When serum IgE concentrations are elevated in atopic dermatitis, this is associated with an increased severity of the disease, with coexistent atopic respiratory disease or with both. This association may have relevance to the pathogenesis of the respiratory disease, which is IgE-mediated, the severity of the dermatitis, or both. The manner in which this may occur, if there is more than a coincidental relationship, is uncertain.
Tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway in patients with the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome.

Objective To investigate the metabolism of L-tryptophan (LT) via the kynurenine pathway in patients with the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS). Methods Measurement of LT, L-kynurenine, and quinolinic acid in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from subjects with EMS, from asymptomatic users of LT, and from normal subjects. Results Plasma LT concentrations were lower in untreated EMS patients (n = 5) than in corticosteroid-treated EMS patients (n = 5; P less than 0.05) and in asymptomatic users of LT (n = 5; P less than 0.05). Untreated EMS patients, who had discontinued LT weeks to months prior to study, had significantly higher plasma levels of L-kynurenine and quinolinic acid than did corticosteroid-treated EMS patients (P less than 0.05), normal subjects (P less than 0.02), and asymptomatic users of LT (P less than 0.05). EMS patients also had significantly elevated levels of L-kynurenine (P less than 0.05) and quinolinic acid (P less than 0.001) in CSF compared with normal subjects. After a 1-gm oral dose of LT, untreated EMS patients (n = 4) showed lower peak levels of LT and accentuated synthesis of L-kynurenine and quinolinic acid, compared with these values in corticosteroid-treated EMS patients (n = 2), who responded like normal subjects (n = 5). Conclusion These data demonstrate that during the active phase of EMS, LT metabolism via the kynurenine pathway was accentuated, probably secondary to induction of the enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase. Ingestion of large amounts of LT (median daily dose 1.5 gm) resulted in high concentrations of kynurenine-pathway metabolites in blood and extrahepatic tissues, which was accentuated in EMS patients and which may have played a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disease.