cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food flavor preferences produced by drinking glucose and oil in normal and diabetic rats: Evidence for conditioning based on fuel oxidation

Free-feeding normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were allowed to drink 10 ml of 35% glucose solution or an equicaloric 15% corn oil emulsion during the 1st hr of the dark period. While the drinks were available, the rats ate food that contained distinctive flavors such that a particular flavor was always associated with a particular drink. It was found that relative to a control flavored food given without a nutritive drink, (1) flavored food consumed with a glucose solution was preferred by normal rats but avoided by diabetic rats, and (2) flavored food consumed with an oil emulsion was preferred by both normal and diabetic rats. When given a choice between one flavored food paired with drinking glucose and another flavored food paired with drinking oil, normal rats showed no preference but diabetic rats preferred the oil-paired flavored food. These results can best be explained by consideration of the different ability of normal and diabetic rats to oxidize glucose.
Changes in Individual Date Polyphenols and Their Relation to Browning

SUMMARY The main simple polyphenols of immature dates (Phoenix dactylifera var. Deglet Noor) are flavans, flavonol glycosides, caffeoylshikimic acids, and a cinnamic acid derivative. Tannins are both water-soluble and -insoluble condensed tannins of the leucoanthocyanidin type. Of the simple polyphenols, the flavans and caffeoylshikimic acids undergo the greatest decrease during maturation and storage. Tests with date phenolase show these compounds to be the most susceptible to enzymic browning. Several new phenols form during storage. Treatment of the tannins with hot strong acid produces cyanidin chloride, suggesting the presence of leuco-cyanidin units in the tannins.
Analysis of in-vehicle driver behaviour data for improved safety

Automotive safety is an important criterion for consumers, manufacturers and government regulators when considering vehicle design and driver operation. The availability of a driver classification system, based on in-vehicle operating data, offers a useful tool to create a safer transportation environment. In this paper, several mathematical strategies will be presented to analyse collected vehicle data for driver classification. A group of test subjects were supplied in-vehicle data acquisition devices and requested to drive their normal schedules. The collected data was analysed off-line and a driver classification system was proposed. Representative results will be presented and discussed to demonstrate the concept.
On the dynamics of ℓ 1 decoding: A microscopic approach

l 1 minimization, also called Basis Pursuit, has been known to have strong sparse recovery performance both theoretically and empirically. Previously known analytical approaches for l 1 minimization have limitations in deriving custom stability performance bounds for signals with sparsity (the number of nonzero elements) level beyond the l 1 weak recovery threshold [6]. In this paper, instead of focusing on the static decoding results of l 1 minimization, we develop a microscopic analytical approach by studying the dynamics of l 1 minimization. This approach can give useful characterizations of l 1 decoding results and lead to new performance bounds on l 1 decoding error. Contrary to known stability results for l 1 minimization below the l 1 weak threshold, we prove that l 1 minimization decoding errors can experience an explosive growth in terms of the signal tail immediately beyond the l 1 minimization weak threshold. This new analytical approach is motivated by the applications of analyzing the emerging iterative reweighted l 1 minimization algorithms.
Video-assisted thoracic surgery: Primary therapy for spontaneous pneumothorax?

Background. This study assessed the role of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) in current therapy for spontaneous pneumothorax. Methods. We compared a retrospective series of 89 patients treated conventionally with a consecutive group of 30 patients undergoing VATS pleural abrasion. The 89 earlier patients were predominantly male (81%). Treatment groups included observation/aspiration (7 or 17%), tube thoracostomy (32 or 36%), multiple tubes (7 or 9%), and thoracotomy (43 or 48%). Of the 30 patients treated with VATS, 18 (66%) were male. Primary indications for operation were recurrent pneumothorax (17) and persistent air leak (9). Results. Hospital lengths of stay (LOS) for the earlier group were 5 days for simple tube and 7 days for primary thoracotomy; LOS for initial intervention followed by thoracotomy exceeded 15 days in all subgroups. The average LOS in the VATS group was 13 days; 6 patients treated with primary VATS (no chest tube) had a mean LOS of 6.5 days. Complications included 3 (10%) prolonged air leaks (more than 7 days) and 2 (7%) early recurrences. Conclusions. We do not recommend VATS as primary therapy for spontaneous pneumothorax; tube thoracostomy remains the treatment of choice. However, we strongly support surgical intervention early (3 days) in patients with a persistent air leak, and as primary therapy in a nonurgent situation if standard indications exist. This study shows no advantage of VATS over conventional thoracotomy in hospital stay or complication rate.
Axis development in avian embryos : the ability of Hensen's node to self-differentiate, as analyzed with heterochronic grafting experiments

A series of experiments consisting of transplantation of Hensen's nodes has been conducted to examine axis development in avian embryos. In the first group of experiments, Hensen's nodes from quail embryos were transplanted homotopically and either isochronically or heterochronically to chick embryos, and the structures derived form the grafted nodes were assessed. The grafted Hensen's nodes typically self-differentiated structures appropriate for their stages, and the host embryos developed normally; the structures formed from grafted tissue usually merged caudally with the comparable host structures. Thus, even when the stages of the donor and host tissues were significantly mismatched (e.g., stage 3 donors and stage 9 hosts or vice versa), the graft was unable to repattern the host's neuraxis, and the host was unable to respecify the types of structures derived from the graft. In the second group of experiments, Hensen's nodes from quail embryos were transplanted to sites located just lateral to Hensen's nodes of host chick embryos, thereby providing the potential for development of additional axes. A single axis always resulted in each case in which further development occurred, with the graft self-differentiating its typical stage-specific structures, all of which merged caudally with comparable host structures. A final group of experiments served principally as a control and tested the ability of a part of Hensen's node, when it was transplanted to the extraembryonic germ cell crescent, to organize an ectopic embryo. In these experiments, the entire thickness and length of each Hensen's node, but only the central one-third to one-half of its width, was transplanted to host blastoderms, yet ectopic embryos, complete with induced neuraxes, were formed. Therefore, a part of Hensen's node has the ability to function fully as an organizer when placed in a conducive environment. Collectively, these results provide further documentation of the strong ability of Hensen's node to self-differentiate, and they suggest that once morphogenetic movements are under way, neuraxial structures can form, and characteristic rostrocaudal patterning of the neuraxis can occur, without sustained influence from Hensen's node.
Fibrinolytic activity following laser-assisted vascular anastomosis

New technology has allowed tissue bonding to be feasible using carbon dioxide laser energy. Laser-assisted vascular anastomosis (LAVA) has shown comparable patency results with standard suture anastomosis, but LAVA procedures produce thermally induced transmural structural alterations. To assess functional intimal recovery in LAVA versus sutured vessels, a fibrinolytic slide technique was utilized in 21 rats which had LAVA performed in one femoral artery while the opposite limb underwent a conventional microsuture anastomosis. Conventional anastomosis had persistent fibrinolytic activity while LAVA had return of fibrinolytic activity by 48 hours. Intimal fibrinolysis inhibition following LAVA is reversible and this technique does not lead to an increased incidence of thrombosis.
Physical activity levels and weight control status by body mass index, among adults – National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004

Background Adequate levels of physical activity can assist with weight control efforts, however, only a modest number of national studies have examined the physical activity patterns by weight control status. This article aims to describe patterns of physical activity among men and women who reported engaging in weight control practices.
Age-correlated changes and juvenile hormone III regulation of the syllable period specific responses of the L3 auditory interneurons in the cricket, Acheta domesticus

1. L3 is an auditory interneuron in the prothoracic ganglion of the cricket, Acheta domesticus. The degree of syllable period (SP) specific decrement to model calling songs is age-specific in L3. In response to calling songs having 50 ms SPs, L3s in old females (23–28 days) exhibit less response decrement than those in young (4 days) females (Figs. 1, 2). 2. Two to 4 days after juvenile hormone III (JHIII) application to old females, L3s respond in a decrementing manner similar to those of young females. The changes in the SP selectivity of L3 by age and JHIII application, correlate well with changes that have been demonstrated to occur in the selectivity of phonotaxis under similar conditions (Fig. 3). 3. The threshold of L3 does not change with age, while changes in L3's decrement result from decreased excitation in old females in response to the first syllable of a chirp (Figs. 4, 5). 4. Injection of patterned current pulses (which reproduce the temporal pattern of the calling song) do not elicit decrement (Fig. 6). 5. Age-related changes in selectivity to SP of the calling song occurs above and below L3s threshold (Fig. 7).
Measurements of Quarkonium Production Cross-Sections with the CMS Experiment☆

Abstract Using large data samples of dimuon events, CMS has performed detailed measurements of differential cross sections of J / Ψ , Ψ ( 2 S ) and ϒ ( nS ) states, as a function of transverse momentum in several rapidity bins. The measurements reach significantly higher transverse momentum than previously reported. The quarkonium production cross-sections are compared with recent predictions in the context of NLO nonrelativistic QCD. In this talk, we will present a new measurement on ϒ ( nS ) production cross sections in proton-proton collisions at s = 7 TeV . We report the cross section results integrated over the transverse momentum range p T 50 GeV/c and rapidity range | y | 2.4 . We also report the measurement of the ϒ ( nS ) differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum and rapidity and the cross section ratios ϒ ( 2 S ) / ϒ ( 1 S ) and ϒ ( 3 S ) / ϒ ( 1 S ) . Finally, we report the very recent measurement of χ c 2 / χ c 1 production cross-sections, differentially in p T , extending to p T = 25 GeV/c , thereby providing an important test of QCD calculations at higher p T than previously possible.
An Automatic Oscillograph With a Memory

The memory oscillograph described in this paper is used for obtaining photographic records of randomly occurring electric transients. This instrument differs from other oscillographs of the memory type1,2 in that its operation is completely automatic. Forty sets of oscillograms can be recorded without the aid of an operator. Because of this feature, such an oscillograph may be used for monitoring electrical systems in which sporadic circuit disturbances are to be studied. The unit consists essentially of three cathode-ray tubes with associated power supply, a saw-tooth oscillator to provide the horizontal time axis, amplifiers for the vertical deflection circuits, a beam blanking circuit, and an automatic camera. When the memory oscillograph is in operation, the cathode ray tubes are continuously excited. The vertical deflection circuits of the tubes are connected to the voltages to be investigated, and each tube screen carries a cathode-ray pattern characteristic of the voltage applied to its vertical deflection plates. Upon the occurrence of a transient pulse, the camera shutter is released and the electronic beams of the cathode ray tubes are interrupted. The camera then records the persistence of fluorescence, which is characteristic of the material used on the tube screens. In this way a record is obtained of electric events that occurred previous to the opening of the shutter. To insure successful operation, the component parts of the automatic memory oscillograph must be electrically co-ordinated and controlled. The sequence of functions performed by a control circuit for this purpose is described. Photographic records of transients which may arise during the operation of a mercury-arc polyphase inverter are included.
Verteporfin photodynamic therapy involving the optic nerve for peripapillary choroidal neovascularization.

BACKGROUND To report the outcome of consecutive patients treated with verteporfin photodynamic therapy in which the treatment zone overlapped the optic nerve. METHODS Retrospective interventional case series with chart review of seven patients with peripapillary choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration treated with standard-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy. RESULTS The first of seven patients had excellent visual outcome with visual acuity measurement improved from 20/80 to 20/20 at 6 months post-treatment which remained stable for over 2 years. All remaining patients had improvement of visual acuity with resolution of peripapillary hemorrhage. Only two of the seven patients required more than one treatment with verteporfin photodynamic therapy. CONCLUSION Peripapillary choroidal neovascular membranes can be successfully treated with standard-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy, often with resolution of neovascularization with one treatment. There was no evidence of optic nerve damage from the intervention.
New–onset Atrial Fibrillation: When Is Admission Medically Justified?

Objective: To determine 1) the percentage of patients with new–onset atrial fibrillation for whom admission is medically justified and 2) whether those patients for whom hospitalization is medically justified can be reliably identified in the ED. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive cohort analysis was performed using consecutive adult patients with new–onset atrial fibrillation seen in an urban, county hospital ED from 1987 through 1992. Admissions were categorized as medically justified if patients were hypotensive (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg), had a diagnosis other than new–onset atrial fibrillation that warranted admission, or had a significant complication during the ED stay or during the subsequent hospitalization. The need for admission was considered to have been apparent during the ED evaluation if the patient fulfilled the above criteria for a medically justified admission while in the ED. Results: Admission was medically justified for 143 of the 216 patients (66%; 95% CI 60–71%) admitted to our institution. For those patients whose admissions were medically justified, the most common concurrent conditions were congestive heart failure and chest pain suggestive of myocardial ischemia. The need for admission was apparent during the ED evaluation for 140 of the 143 patients (98%; 95% CI 94–100%) whose admissions were categorized as medically justified. Conclusion: Approximately one third of patients with new–onset atrial fibrillation may not require admission to the hospital. Most patients (98%) for whom admission is medically justified can be reliably identified during the ED evaluation.
Phenytoin sodium in oxygen-toxicity-induced seizures

A case of cerebral air embolism complicated by oxygen-induced seizures in the hyperbaric environment is presented. Phenytoin sodium (Dilantin ® ) was used during recompression treatment in an attempt to suppress the occurrence of seizure activity. It appeared to inhibit seizure activity, subsequently allowing the patient to be treated with hyperbaric oxygen.
The role of transthoracic echocardiography in the management of patients seen in an outpatient cardiology clinic

Abstract Transthoracic two-dimensional (2D) Doppler echocardiography may provide new or additional information in patients, but it is often not known whether the results alter the treatment plan. We investigated whether results of clinically indicated 2D echocardiography were different from the physician's clinical examination or led to changes in management in 200 consecutive outpatients seen in a university-based clinic. A questionnaire was completed by the physician regarding physical findings and treatment plan before 2D echocardiography was performed. After results were known, the physician was asked to report any differences compared with clinical examination or changes in patient management. Most patients (83%) were studied to evaluate left ventricular (LV) or valvular function. 2D echocardiography confirmed clinical assessment in 182 patients (one inadequate 2D echocardiogram) and disclosed a new diagnosis in 17. 2D echocardiography provided additional information, not expected from clinical assessment or history, in 94 patients. Clinical assessment, compared with 2D echocardiography, was concordant in 154 (77%) of 199 patients with regard to LV systolic function but in only 22 (50%) of 44 with valve disease. Alterations in management based on result of 2D echocardiography were instituted in 73 patients (36%), most often manifested by changes in pharmacologic therapy ( n = 45; 62%). Results of 2D echocardiography obviated the need for further cardiac evaluation, surgery, or procedures in 30 patients, avoiding additional patient charges of $125,754.00. In contrast, results of 2D echocardiography led to the need for further evaluation, surgery, or procedures in 32 patients, resulting in additional patient charges of $70,860.00. In conclusion, 2D echocardiography provides new or additional information that results in changes in management strategy in one third of patients, and 2D echocardiography offers relative cost savings by avoiding additional procedures.
Protozoa from Penikese Island

Forty species of fresh and brackish water protozoa collected on August 3, 1947, on Penikese Island in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts are identified and listed. A short historical account of the expedition on which the collection was made is given together with a brief description of the ecology of the Island. The bibliography is a nearly complete record of all published papers of the fauna and flora of Penikese Island.
THE METABOLISM OF HUMAN ERYTHROBLASTS.

The metabolism of human nucleated red blood cells has not previously been determined because of difficulties in procuring material. In most anemias the number of nucleated erythrocytes in the blood is so small in relation to the number of non-nucleated erythrocytes that the metabolism of the former is obscured by that of the latter. Moreover, it is impossible without damaging their very sensitive metabolic reactions to separate in sufficient amount the nucleated from the nonnucleated red blood cells and from the leukocytes. The opportunity recently presented itself through the kindness of the Department of Pediatrics of examining at intervals of from three to five months the blood of a patient with erythroblastic anemia who had an extremely high proportion of nucleated red blood cells, 130,000 to 364,000 erythroblasts to 1.8 to 3.5 million nonnucleated erythrocytes in 1 c.mm. of blood. The patient was an eight year old boy of Greek parentage. One sister died at 2 years with symptoms similar to the patient's. Parents and a 3 year old brother are in good health. Since 1932 the patient has been given blood transfusions for his anemia regularly every few months. Splenectomy in 1933 was not followed by any evident improvement. At the time this study was begun there were 245,000 erythroblasts and 3.25 million non-nucleated red blood cells in 1 c.mm., that is, a percentage of 7 per cent of erythroblasts in his total red cell count. The percentage of reticulocytes was below 1 per cent. The leukocytes varied between 5,000 and 7,000 per c.mm.
INTEGRATED TESTING OF THE NOXSO PROCESS: SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF SO2 AND NO x FROM FLUE GAS

Abstract Parametric studies with the NOXSO process—a dry, regenerable flue gas treatment system that simultaneously removes SO2 and NOx from flue gas produced by the combustion of coal—were conducted. The reusable sorbent that was tested consisted of sodium carbonate impregnated on a high surface area γ-alumina sphere (1·6- mm nominal diameter). All process steps, including adsorption and regeneration, were integrated into a new 60-KWe-scale Life-Cycle Test Unit so that continuous, long-term operation of the total process could be experimentally evaluated. The effects of sorbent flow rate, temperature, inlet SO2 and NOx, concentrations, and sorbent residence time (fluid bed depth) on pollutant removal efficiencies in the absorption step were determined. Also, the impact of the type of regenerant gas, temperature, steam, excess regenerant gas, and diluent on the regeneration of the sorbent was investigated. Sorbent properties with respect to time on stream (cycles of operation) are also reported.
Inheritance of phenotypic plasticity in soft chess,Bromus mollis L. (Gramineae)

Phenotypic plasticity, measured by the phenotypic variation of a genotype living under diverse environments, was shown to be under genetic control in annual grass,Bromus mollis. Genetic polymorphism and phenotypic plasticity appear to be alternative strategies of adaptation in plant populations.
Rothia Bacteremia: a 10-Year Experience at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota

Rothia spp. are Gram-positive cocco-bacilli that cause a wide range of serious infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Risk factors for Rothia mucilaginosa (previously known as Stomatococcus mucilaginosus) bacteremia include prolonged and profound neutropenia, malignancy, and an indwelling vascular foreign body. Here, we describe 67 adults at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, from 2002 to 2012 with blood cultures positive for Rothia. Twenty-five of these patients had multiple positive blood cultures, indicating true clinical infection. Among these, 88% (22/25) were neutropenic, and 76% (19/25) had leukemia. Common sources of bacteremia were presumed gut translocation, mucositis, and catheter-related infection. One patient died with Rothia infection. Neutropenic patients were less likely to have a single positive blood culture than were nonneutropenic patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 21% of the isolates. All of the tested isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and most beta-lactams; however, four of six tested isolates were resistant to oxacillin. There was no difference between the neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients in need of intensive care unit care, mortality, or attributable mortality.
One-dimensional reaction coordinate and the corresponding potential of mean force from commitment probability distribution.

In general, finding a one-dimensional representation of the kinetics of a high-dimensional system is a great simplification for the study of complex systems. Here, we propose a method to obtain a reaction coordinate whose potential of the mean force can reproduce the commitment probability distribution from the multidimensional surface. We prove that such a relevant one-dimensional representation can be readily calculated from the equilibrium distribution of commitment probabilities, which can be obtained with simulations. Also, it is shown that this representation is complementary to a previously proposed one-dimensional representation based on a quadratic approximation of the potential energy surface. The usefulness of the method is examined with dynamics in a two-dimensional system, showing that the one-dimensional surface thus obtained can predict the existence of an intermediate and the occurrence of path switching without a priori knowledge of the morphology of the original surface. The applicabilit...
Waiting time from initial urological consultation to nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma--does it affect survival?

Purpose: We report survival and recurrence outcomes in all patients undergoing radical or partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma, as related to surgical waiting time.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 722 patients who underwent surgical resection for renal cell carcinoma. Patients were subdivided by waiting time from the initial urology visit until surgery. Surgical waiting time was evaluated as a continuous variable and by monthly subgroups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate factors associated with overall, disease specific and recurrence-free survival.Results: Mean time from the first visit to surgery was 1.2 months with 64.1% and 94.3% of patients undergoing surgery within 30 days and within 3 months, respectively. Overall and disease specific survival was not affected by surgical waiting time regardless of how time was analyzed. On univariate analysis 5-year recurrence-free survival was poorer in patients undergoing surgery within 1 mo...
Determining the Failure Potential of Total Hip Arthroplasty in Frontal Motor Vehicle Impacts: An Interdisciplinary Approach

Due to the ever increasing number of total hip arthroplasties performed every year, the loading conditions typically experienced by a patient during the activities of everyday living must be accounted for in both the design and testing of an artificial joint (5). The probability of implant failure must constantly be addressed. Further, knowledge of these loading conditions may be applied to accidental events such as motor vehicle impacts to determine the potential for failure of a total hip arthroplasty during such “abnormal” occurrences. Specifically, when considering loading conditions experienced during a motor vehicle accident, one could determine if the failure of an implant was due to the inadequacy of the implant, the failure of the bone around the implant, or a pre-existing degraded condition in the implant-bone construct. The goal of this presentation is to provide an outline of the types of data and analyses that are necessary to determine the nature of a failed total hip arthroplasty subsequent to a frontal motor vehicle impact. These include data from the patient’s medical records, biomechanical properties of bone, structural and material properties of implant materials, and accident vehicle dynamics. This information may then be consolidated and analyzed in a flowchart fashion to provide a most probable cause of implant failure.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
INDICATIONS FOR NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF RENAL STAB WOUNDS

AbstractPurpose: During the last 20 years 2,732 patients have presented to San Francisco General Hospital with renal trauma. Of these patients 198 sustained unilateral and 1 had bilateral stab wounds for a total of 200 renal injuries. We evaluated this subgroup of penetrating renal trauma cases to characterize the nature of the injuries and establish treatment guidelines for successful management.Materials and Methods: Preoperative staging was performed in 143 cases (71.5%) with excretory urography or computerized tomography. Based on radiographic and clinical findings the injuries were graded according to the organ injury scaling system. There were 75 grade I (37.5%), 33 grade II (16.5%), 52 grade III (26%), 38 grade IV (19%) and 2 grade V (1%) injuries. Associated organ injuries in 122 patients (61%) involved primarily the liver, pleura, diaphragm and spleen. Mean injury severity score was 20.6 (range 4 to 50).Results: Nonoperative treatment was selected in 108 patients (54%). In 3 patients initially tr...
In Situ Observation of CO2 Sequestration Reactions Using a Novel Microreaction System

A novel, externally controlled microreaction system has been developed to provide the first in situ observations of the reaction processes that control CO2 sequestration via mineral carbonation. The system offers pressure (to 20 MPa), temperature (to 250 °C), and activity control suitable for investigating a variety of fluid−fluid and fluid−solid interactions of environmental interest. Mineral sequestration efforts to date have effectively accelerated carbonation, a natural mineral weathering process, to an industrial timescale. However, the associated reaction mechanisms are poorly understood, limiting further process development. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy have been used to provide the first in situ insight into the associated supercritical mineral carbonation process. Magnesite was found to form directly under the reaction conditions observed (e.g., 150 °C and 15 MPa CO2), facilitating geologically stable sequestration. Thermodynamic analysis of fluid-phase species concentrati...
Neuroprotective gene therapy against acute neurological insults

In recent years, there has been tremendous progress in uncovering the molecular, cellular and systemic factors that give rise to neuronal death following acute neurological insults. This has fuelled a burgeoning interest in the use of gene transfer techniques to protect neurons from such insults. This review describes these gene therapy strategies from the perspective of the biology of neuronal death, considering which steps in the cell death cascades have been successfully targeted in pre-clinical studies, and how this research might be applied to the clinic.
SPLENECTOMY AND SUBSEQUENT MORTALITY IN VETERANS OF THE 1939-45 WAR

A long-term follow-up of 740 American servicemen splenectomised because of trauma during the 1939-45 war showed a significant excess mortality from pneumonia and ischaemic heart-disease. Mortality from cirrhosis was also increased, but not significantly. The findings confirm that the risk of fatal infections is increased by asplenia; however, the risk of cancer was not increased, as it is in some other immunodeficiency states. Post-splenectomy thrombocytosis and hypercoagulability may account for the increased risk of fatal myocardial ischaemia in this group.
Osmotically-induced and photo-induced deformations of disk membranes.

Abstract Effects of the osmotic pressure of suspending medium on the size and shape of isolated bovine rod outer segment disk membranes in the unbleached and bleached states were studied by elastic and quasielastic light scattering in dilute solutions of aqueous sucrose (0-0.1 wt.%). Data for the translational diffusion coefficients, D , and the elastically scattered intensities were analyzed with use of the oblate ellipsoidal shell model, and the axial ratio, ρ, and the major semiaxis, b , of the ellipsoid were deduced as a function of the concentration, c , of sucrose for each photochemical state (unbleached and bleached) of the membranes. The unbleached and bleached membranes suspended in water ( c = 0 ) were found to be spherical vesicles, i.e., ρ = 1 , of 0.49 μm radius. As c was increased, however, ρ for the bleached membranes rather steeply increased approaching 3 at c = 0.1 wt.% , whereas that for the unbleached membranes gradually increased (up to 2 at c = 0.1% ) after c exceeded 0.02%; at a fixed c , ρ increased upon bleaching. In all the cases, the deformation took place while b remained unchanged. The resulting contraction of the intravesicular volume induced either by the photo-bleaching or the osmotic pressure was accompanied by a significant decrease in the surface area of the membranes. The photo-induced contractions in the volume and the surface area amounted to 30–45% and 10–20%, respectively, in the concentration range from 0.02 to 0.1%. The dependence of D on c for each photochemical state was quantitatively explained by a simple model based on the Ca+ efflux from the intravesicular space to the bathing medium upon bleaching.
Comparison of Numerical Modeling to Experimental Data in a Small Data Center Test Cell

Information Technology (IT) equipment compaction has become a significant air cooling challenge at the data center level. Computational Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer (CFD/HT) models have been employed as the dominant technique for the design and optimization of both new and existing data centers. Understanding the limitations of a CFD/HT models’ ability to predict the actual data center temperature field and flow characteristics becomes a critical component in optimizing the actual data center rather than optimizing the model of the data center. This is most important near the IT equipment where temperature and flow specifications from the IT equipment manufacturers must be maintained for reliable operation. This study is a continuation of earlier comparisons of CFD/HT models to experimentally measured temperature and flow fields in a small data center test cell. This study compares the experimentally collected data for three different layouts of perforated tiles to a CFD/HT model with seven turbulence models not previously evaluated. Insight into the location of the deviation between the different turbulence models and experimental data are discussed, along with the computational effort involved in running the CFD/HT models. It was found that the zero equation (or mixing length model) and the Spalart-Allamaras turbulence models produced the smallest deviations from experimental data, but the former required only a fifth of the computational effort of the latter. The laminar flow model required the least computational effort, running more than twice as fast as the zero equation turbulence model, and produced deviations similar to those of the six different k-e turbulence models.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Further results on error correcting binary group codes

The present paper is a sequel to the paper “On a class of error-correcting binary group codes”, by R. C. Base and D. K. Ray-Chaudhuri, appearing in Information and Control in which an explicit method of constructing a t-error correcting binary group code with n = 2m − 1 places and k = 2m − 1 − R(m,t) ≧ 2m − 1 − mt information places is given. The present paper generalizes the methods of the earlier paper and gives a method of constructing a t-error correcting code with n places for any arbitrary n and k = n − R(m,t) ≧ [(2m − 1)/c] − mt information places where m is the least integer such that cn = 2m − 1 for some integer c. A second method of constructing t-error correcting codes for n places when n is not of the form 2m − 1 is also given.
Radiation of Eocene adapidae in Europe

Abstract The fossil record of European Adapidae has been studied locality by locality, and each locality sample integrated into standard European faunal reference levels. It is possible to trace some lineages of species of Adapidae, and these show continuous gradual evolution in size and other morphological characteristics. Several examples of diminution in size, evolutionary reversal, and parallelism are discussed. Adapidae probably originated from a Purgatorius-like ancestor, and ultimately gave rise to both lemuriform and anthropoid primates.
Joint time-frequency analysis of high-bandwidth low-resolution ISAR imaging systems

Joint time-frequency analysis is applied to radar imaging problems. Special attention is given to imaging applications, for which the resolution is severely limited due the available bandwidth of the radar signal both in range and cross-range. This includes the detection of landmines as well as foliage penetration radar imaging. Motivated by this type of imaging problem a new joint time-frequency method, the STPDFT algorithm is introduced and compared with existing methods. The performance of all methods is illustrated with synthetic test signals. In addition, preliminary results are presented which demonstrate the performance of joint-time frequency transforms, if applied to low resolution imaging problems.
Measurement of the field evaporation rate of several transition metals

The field dependence of the field evaporation rate of surface layers has been measured for several transition metals. From the data, the polarisability and the effective distance to the metal surface of kink-site atoms are derived.
Mentored undergraduate research in the geosciences

There is little argument about the merits of undergraduate research, but it can seem like a complex, resource-intensive endeavor [e.g., Laursen et al., 2010; Lopatto, 2009; Hunter et al., 2006]. Although mentored undergraduate research can be challenging, the authors of this feature have found that research programs are strengthened when students and faculty collaborate to build new knowledge. Faculty members in the geology department at The College of Wooster have conducted mentored undergraduate research with their students for more than 60 years and have developed a highly effective program that enhances the teaching, scholarship, and research of our faculty and provides life-changing experiences for our students. Other colleges and universities have also implemented successful mentored undergraduate research programs in the geosciences. For instance, the 18 Keck Geology Consortium schools (http://keckgeology.org/), Princeton University, and other institutions have been recognized for their senior capstone experiences by U.S. News & World Report.
Magnetic Navigation: A New Generation of Catheter-Guidance Technology

Invasive cardiology began in the 1950s with the advent of cardiac catheterization for the precise diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. In the 1960s, invasive cardiology went into high gear with the application of coronary angiography to define the extent and location of obstructive disease within the coronary artery tree. Guidance of the catheters used in these diagnostic procedures relied solely on X-ray fluoroscopy and cine angiography. With the introduction of coronary angioplasty in the late 1970s, the era of interventional cardiology was born. Again, X-ray techniques provided guidance for the new catheters and devices developed not only for the diagnosis but also the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Thus, for five decades some of the greatest advancements in cardiovascular medicine relied on X-rays to provide visual guidance. While an essential technology, X-ray guidance had numerous disadvantages. First, visualization of the heart required multiple two-dimensional projections to achieve a perception of three-dimensionality. Second, X-rays provided visualization and not true guidance, which relied on operator skills alone. Third, X-rays have the potential to injure both the patient and the laboratory personnel. The complexity of moderate interventional procedures requires increasing exposure to radiation.
Journal of Public Policy & Marketing: A Top-Tier Journal in an Age of Enlightenment

As editor of Journal of Public Policy & Marketing (JPP&M), I am often asked to review applications for tenure and promotion. This task is one of the most important duties of senior faculty, and I take it very seri ously. The typical application package is made up of sev eral components, but the bulk of the material focuses on the applicant's research, including a list of some or all journal publications and supporting documentation. The signal to external reviewers is clear: Faculty members of virtually all schools are expected to publish in high-quality journals, few other forms of scholarship count, and the criteria on which the evaluation is to be made are subject to judgment (for an essay on this topic, see Rotfeld 2005). Most of the candidates are able to provide a statement of purpose for their scholarship, and these pronouncements vary by institution, personality, and record. For example, if the candidate is at a program that is perceived as or aspires to be research oriented, the profile will likely contain a list ing of publication outlets, with an emphasis on a few "elite" journals, followed by "top-notch" specialty journals. Much to-do is made of the relative quality of these journals, mar shalling forward information on length of service, editorial board, faculty perceptions, Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) ratings, acceptance rates, and a host of other factors that bolster the candidate's case. As might be expected, the applications I tend to receive suggest that JPP&M is among one of the "acceptable" categories, with tenure committee members and senior administrators asking me to discuss the claims of the candidates.
The behaviour of 3‐year‐old children who were born preterm

The behaviour of 3-year-old children born preterm was compared with that of full-term children of the same age. The preterm group were born between 32 and 37 weeks gestation, and weighed between 1500 g and 2500 g at birth, and thus (in comparison to even earlier, lower birthweight babies) comprised a 'low risk' group. The children and their mothers were interviewed at home and information obtained about the following: behaviour, the number of accidents requiring medical attention, language development, maternal mental health and demographic data. The preterm group did not show an excess of behaviour problems overall but they did show significantly more problems when certain individual behaviours were considered, namely sleep related problems, tempers and dependence. The preterm group had also had significantly more accidents. The nature of the behavioural differences suggested they represented styles of parental management rather than neurological impairment in the preterm group. There was no evidence of language delay in either group and no significant association between child behaviour and maternal mental health. This study showed that consideration of socioeconomic factors is important. Children from manual socioeconomic groups showed significantly more behaviour problems than children from non-manual groups, and mothers from manual groups had significantly poorer mental health.
Skeletal development and formation of osteoclast-like cells from in situ progenitors in fetal mouse metatarsals cultured in chemically defined medium

An in vitro model system is described, using metatarsal explants from 15-day mouse embryos (E15) cultured in serumless chemically defined medium, to study fetal skeletal development with particular emphasis on de novo osteoclast formation. The normal pattern of growth and differentiation observed in vitro, assessed by ultrastructure and morphometry, demonstrate a permissive local environment which replicates physiologic temporal and spatial relationships which exist in vivo. The population of committed osteoclast progenitors present in E15 metatarsals form osteoclasts and precursors which have cytochemical and ultrastructural features, as well as kinetics of formation, that are similar to that which occurs in vivo. The responsiveness of osteoclast formation to the effects of added 1,25(OH)2D3 illustrates that controlled manipulation enables one to exploit the system for investigating the role of cytokines, growth factors and osteotropic hormones in skeletal development and osteoclast ontogeny.
Plasma-phonon interactions

We have previously reported on the interaction of a one-component (electron) plasma with optical phonons. We now report on more recent results on the interaction of a two-component (electron-hole) plasma with coherent optical phonons. The plasma scattering rate appears to be in roughly the same in the two cases.
Nanomedicines for chronic non-infectious arthritis: The clinician's perspective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are prevalent chronic health conditions. However, despite recent advances in medical therapeutics, their treatment still represents an unmet medical need because of safety and efficacy concerns with currently prescribed drugs. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to develop and test new drugs for RA and OA that selectively target inflamed joints thereby mitigating damage to healthy tissues. Conceivably, biocompatible, biodegradable, disease-modifying antirheumatic nanomedicines (DMARNs) could represent a promising therapeutic approach for RA and OA. To this end, the unique physicochemical properties of drug-loaded nanocarriers coupled with pathophysiological characteristics of inflamed joints amplify bioavailability and bioactivity of DMARNs and promote their selective targeting to inflamed joints. This, in turn, minimizes the amount of drug required to control articular inflammation and circumvents collateral damage to healthy tissues. Thus, nanomedicine could provide selective control both in space and time of the inflammatory process in affected joints. However, bringing safe and efficacious DMARNs for RA and OA to the marketplace is challenging because regulatory agencies have no official definition of nanotechnology, and rules and definitions for nanomedicines are still being developed. Although existing toxicology tests may be adequate for most DMARNs, as new toxicity risks and adverse health effects derived from novel nanomaterials with intended use in humans are identified, additional toxicology tests would be required. Hence, we propose that detailed pre-clinical in vivo safety assessment of promising DMARNs leads for RA and OA, including risks to the general population, must be conducted before clinical trials begin.
Understanding the interaction between packet forwarding and channel access in multi-hop wireless networks

An analytical model is introduced for the study of the interplay between medium access control (MAC) and packet forwarding disciplines used in multi-hop wireless networks. The model incorporates the likelihood with which nodes access the channel, which is determined by the MAC protocol, and the creation of active portions of the topology, which is given by the packet forwarding discipline. The model allows the computation of per-node performance metrics for any given network topology and the combination of specific MAC protocols and packet forwarding methods. As an example of the applicability of our modeling framework, the analytical model is used to study the performance of multi-hop wireless networks using a contention-based MAC protocol (the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function) and a schedule-based MAC protocol (NAMA), together with different packet forwarding schemes in multi-hop networks. The analytical results derived from the model are validated with discrete-event simulations in Qualnet; the analytical results are shown to be very close to those attained by simulations.
Endovascular In Situ Bypass

The history of arterial bypass dates back to the turn of the century. Recent advances have reduced the significant morbidity of some of these procedures. Copyright c) 1999 by W. B. Saunders Company