cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 100dB+ SFDR 80MSPS 14 bit 0.35/spl mu/m BiCMOS pipeline ADC

The cellular infrastructure market requires high clock rate, high dynamic range ADCs to enable efficient, advanced architecture receive channels. This paper describes a 14 bit 80MSPS ADC with 100dB+ SFDR at baseband in 0.35/spl mu/m BiCMOS technology using 1.1 watts on a 3.3V/5.0V dual supply. Some challenges associated with high spurious free dynamic range at high clock rates will be discussed along with methods used in this ADC to overcome these barriers.
Ascaris suum: immune reactions in mice. I. Larval metabolic and somatic antigens.

Abstract The immunologie activity of somatic and metabolic antigens derived from second and third stage Ascaris suum larvae was studied in mice. The results demonstrate that metabolic antigens harvested from third stage A. suum larvae in vitro were capable of inducing resistance to reinfection almost comparable to the immunity stimulated by a combined primary and rechallenge infection. The nonviable metabolic antigen(s) did not appear to be adversely affected by lyophilization. Third stage larvae, recovered from the lungs of infected mice, were cultured for 5 days in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium, and supplementation with protein did not seem to improve the yield of metabolic antigen(s).
Auger Processes in Nanosize Semiconductor Crystals

In this chapter I discuss the role that various types of Auger processes play in the linear and nonlinear optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs). The nanocrystal form of semiconductors was discovered by Ekimov [1], Hengeline [2], and Brus [3] independently in semiconductor doped glasses and colloidal solutions almost 20 years ago. However, rapid progress in semiconductor nanocrystal research, both in chemical synthesis and in physical understanding has been made only in the last ten years. A wide class of semiconductor materials can now be prepared in nanocrystal form including: covalent Si and Ge, III-V compounds (GaAs, GaP, InP), II-VI compounds (CdSe, CdS, ZnSe, CdTe, PbS and their alloys), and I-VII compounds (CuCl, CuBr, AgBr) (see for review Ref.[4]). Furthermore, in many cases, technology allows one to control the size (from 2 to 30 nm), shapes and surface of these nano-size semiconductor crystals (for an example, see the excellent reviews by Brus [5] and Alivisatos [6]). Realistic calculations of the nanocrystal properties allow us to make a serious analysis of experimental data (for example, see Ref.7). This together with progress in chemical synthesis has brought us to the stage of making different applications of NCs.
Program Performance Evaluation: Judgment Versus Measurement

When attempting to evaluate the performance of public programs, there is a big difference between what can be measured and what needs to be known. To begin with, measurement cannot deal with the external forces that managers and executives must deal with, and they do so by using their own judgment and experience. In addition, some of the most important considerations that drove program design and policy are sufficiently complex and sophisticated that they defy measurement. Measurement seeks to be rational in an often irrational world. Those who advocate performance measurement can rightly claim that they aid in the formulation of judgment, but they can’t claim that measurement is a substitute for judgment. This is especially true in public programs which must function within a political system. The realities of government budgeting and political decision-making may totally refute the “facts” arising out of even the most disciplined performance measurement.
Xantoma Gástrico: Hallazgos Histológicos y características Clínico Endoscópicas en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (1999-2005)

El xantoma gastrico ha sido asociado por diferentes trabajos a infeccion por Helicobacter pylori y gastritis cronica, por lo que su origen es considerado por algunos de tipo inflamatorio. Se realizo un trabajo descriptivo en todos los casos de xantoma gastrico diagnosticados durante el periodo 1999- junio 2005, los resultados se analizaron con estadistica simple. Se encontraron 26 casos, el grupo etareo mas afectado fue el de 50-69 anos (46,1%), el antro fue la region mas afectada (69,5%), se encontro Helicobacter pylori en 42,3% y metaplasia intestinal en 38,4%. Nuestros resultados son similares a los obtenidos por otros autores, creemos que la gastritis cronica y el xantoma gastrico comparten un mismo origen, pero esta afirmacion debe ser confirmada por trabajos de mayor alcance estadistico.
Spectral Analysis of Water Reflectance for Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Water Quailty in Estuarine Water

Hyperspectral remote sensing offers an effective approach for frequent, synoptic water quality measurements over a large spatial extent. However, the optical complexity of case 2 water makes the water quality monitoring by remote sensing in estuarine water a challenge. The prime objective of this study was to develop algorithms for hyperspectral remote sensing of water quality based on in situ spectral measurement of water reflectance. In this study, water reflectance spectra R(λ) were acquired by a pair of Ocean Optic 2000 spectroradiometers during the summers from 2008 to 2011 at Patuxent River, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, USA. Simultaneously, concentrations of chlorophyll a and total suspended solids (TSS), as well as absorption of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were measured. Empirical models that based on spectral features of water reflectance generally showed good correlations with water quality parameters. The retrieval model that using spectral bands at red/NIR showed a high correlation with chlorophyll a concentration (R2 = 0.81). The ratio of green to blue spectral bands is the best predictor for TSS (R2 = 0.75), and CDOM absorption is best correlated with spectral features at blue and NIR regions (R2 = 0.85). These empirical models were further applied to the ASIA Eagle hyperspectral aerial imagery to demonstrate the feasibility of hyperspectral remote sensing of water quality in the optical complex estuarine waters.
Comparison of ultrasound, CT, and MR imaging in the evaluation of candidates for TIPS.

To compare ultrasound (US), CT, and MRI in the evaluation of hepatic vascular anatomy, portal and splenic venous flow, and collateral pathways (varices and spontaneous shunts) in candidates for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS), 17 patients with history of refractory variceal bleeding or intractable ascites underwent duplex US, contrast-enhanced CT, and MRI before TIPS. The appearance of portal and hepatic anatomy was graded from 1 (not visible) to 4 (excellent visualization) independently by four radiologists. Presence and direction of portal and splenic venous flow, and presence and location of varices and spontaneous portosystemic shunts were also assessed. Results and effects of interobserver variation were assessed for significance using Friedman's ANOVA and Wilcoxon's signed-rank test. MRI yielded higher scores than CT or US for hepatic veins (P < .0001) and inferior vena cava (P < .0001). MRI and CT scored better than US for portal vein branches (P = .012) and splenic vein (P = .0038). All tests demonstrated the main portal vein well, with no statistically significant difference. US and MRI were more sensitive than CT for detecting portal vein flow and direction (US 76%, CT 0%, MRI 82%). MRI was most sensitive for splenic vein flow and direction (US 41%, CT 0%, MRI 76%). CT and MRI were more sensitive than US in detecting varices (US 5%, CT 50%, MRI 58%) and spontaneous shunts (US 13%, CT 75%, MRI 75%). Interobserver variation did not influence results significantly P = .3691). MRI provides the most useful information and may be the preferred single imaging test prior to TIPS.
Time Modulated Apertures for Tomography in Nuclear Medicine

This paper presents techniques for overcoming the shortcomings inherent in known methods for imaging three-dimensional ?-ray sources as encountered in nuclear medicine. Conventional pinhole and collimator cameras have low efficiency and do not display depth information. Coded aperture systems have high photon collection efficiencies, but their noise performance is worse than that of conventional apertures for sources of interest. Multiple view systems, with either cone beam or transverse axial geometries, have low efficiencies. This paper presents a general theory for increasing the efficiency of such multiple view systems. Source dependent time-modulated apertures are used. In other words, a particular modulating function is chosen according to the characteristics of the source being imaged. A statistically optimal demodulating method is used. The final image is that of a chosen source plane, without the out-of-focus background produced by other imaging methods.
Expression of c-jun and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in rat spinal motoneurons following axonal injury

Expression of neuronal NOS, c-jun and c-fos in spinal motoneurons following axonal damage were investigated in the present study. Although either distal spinal root axotomy or root avulsion induced expression of c-jun, expression of c-jun was predominantly found in distal root-axotomized motoneurons. In contrast, expression of NOS was exclusively observed in avulsed motoneurons. c-fos was not expressed in spinal motoneurons following either distal root axotomy or root avulsion. The different expression patterns of c-jun and NOS in the injured neurons suggest that these molecules may involve in different cellular processes and might play different roles in response to the injury. Since distal root axotomy did not cause motoneuron death and root avulsion did, expression of c-jun is likely related to regenerative process while induction of NOS may be involved in the degenerative process.
The role of knowledge embeddedness in the creation of synergies in strategic alliances

Abstract This paper develops a conceptual model, based on a structural equation approach, for empirically investigating the role played by relational embeddedness in the process of creation of synergies of knowledge-related capabilities in strategic alliances (SAs). The theoretical model identifies an underlying latent construct; knowledge embeddedness and its antecedents: complementarity, compatibility, tacitness, trust, protectiveness, and coordination, which needs to be explicitly recognized and integrated in the theory of creation of synergies in SAs. While the individual importance of most of these variables has long been recognized in both SA and social exchange literature, their simultaneous effects have thus far been ignored. Embeddedness is hypothesized to be a full mediator of these effects on creation of synergies. Furthermore, absorptive capacity, network capacity, and collaborative know-how are proposed to moderate these effects.
A Simple Solution to Bayesian Mixture Labeling

The label-switching problem is one of the fundamental problems in Bayesian mixture analysis. Using all the Markov chain Monte Carlo samples as the initials for the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, we propose to label the samples based on the modes they converge to. Our method is based on the assumption that the samples converged to the same mode have the same labels. If a relative noninformative prior is used or the sample size is large, the posterior will be close to the likelihood and then the posterior modes can be located approximately by the EM algorithm for mixture likelihood, without assuming the availability of the closed form of the posterior. In order to speed up the computation of this labeling method, we also propose to first cluster the samples by K-means with a large number of clusters K. Then, by assuming that the samples within each cluster have the same labels, we only need to find one converged mode for each cluster. Using a Monte Carlo simulation study and a real dataset, we dem...
The relationship of bovine intermediate filament proteins A comparative analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein, desmin and the neurofilament 70 kDa protein

Abstract Three bovine intermediate filament proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein desmin the 70 kDa component of the neurofilament are compared by cleavage at cysteine tryptophan. The results of these experiments show that the difference in molecular weight between the glial fibrillary acidic protein desmin is due to a longer portion of the desmin amino terminal to the tryptophan. On the other hand the 70 kDa protein contains a carboxy terminal addition. The tryptophan cysteine contents of these proteins are also determined by amino-acid analysis. Differences in the apparent amount of cysteine determined by these methods in the glial fibrillary acidic protein 70 kDa proteins are discussed. Interchain disulfide bonds result in the formation of dimers in glial fibrillary acidic protein. The bovine 70 kDa neurofilament protein desmin also form dimers under nonreducing conditions. This emphasizes the structural similarity of these intermediate filament proteins
Estimating the source location using the Honeywell distributed sensor

This paper first briefly describes the Laser Detection and Reciprocal Targeting (LDART) system being developed under the DARPA NEST program, whose purpose is to detect and locate enemy target designators. The system's sensor is an array of microelectronic (MEMS) detectors, each of which can measure the directional angle of incident light with a random error, whose distribution is known. The detector errors cause the sensor to perceive the source as if in a location that is generally different from its actual location. The paper's main contribution is to show how to optimally estimate the actual laser source location. We derive the probability distribution of perceived locations and show how it depends on both the source and sensor parameters. The distribution is then used to develop the maximum likelihood estimator of the actual source location, which allows to pinpoint the source with very good precision in spite of noisy measurements furnished by individual detectors.
Inferring the sex and age of african elephants from tusk measurements

Abstract The key problem in evaluating the impact of the international ivory trade on the African elephant population is the limited information available. The most reliable data come from ivory trade statistics, and much information can be gained by analysing tusks in the trade. The sex of African elephants can be inferred from tusk measurements by considering total length and circumference in combination, and their age can be estimated from tusk weight or circumference. Age estimates for females are less accurate than those for males, but when small samples are used, accuracy can be increased by using models which only consider elephants up to the age of 30 years. By combining inferences of sex and age, mortality patterns of African elephants can be inferred from tusks in the ivory trade, and these patterns can help study the impact of hunting on African elephant populations.
Intracristal helices in salivary gland mitochondria

Helical filaments have been found within dilated intracristal spaces of normal rat salivary gland mitochondria. Filament diameter measured 35–45 A, and the helix diameter and pitch were 140–155 A. They were found in as many as 25% of the mitochondria of acinar and intercalated duct cells. Helices were not found in mitochondria of the striated duct cells.
Correction: On the use of analogy to connect core physical and chemical concepts to those at the nanoscale

Correction for ‘On the use of analogy to connect core physical and chemical concepts to those at the nanoscale’ by Marc N. Muniz et al., Chem. Educ. Res. Pract., 2014, DOI: 10.1039/c4rp00097h.
Right Thing at a Wrong Time?. Adenosine A3 Receptors and Cerebroprotection in Stroke

: The involvement of adenosine A3 receptors in normal and pathologic functions of the brain remains to be defined. Previous studies have shown that chronic preischemic administration of the agonist [N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-5′-N-methylcarboxoamidoadenosine or IB-MECA) results in a significant protection of neurons in selectively vulnerable brain regions and in an equally significant reduction of the subsequent mortality. Acute administration of the drug, on the other hand, resulted in a pronounced worsening of these parameters. We now report that the effect of administration of IB-MECA depends on the timing of treatment with respect to the onset of the focal insult, and provide the first data supporting speculation that treatment with adenosine A3 receptor agonists may decrease the infarct size following focal brain ischemia.1,2 Treatment with IB-MECA administered 20 min prior to transient middle cerebral ischemia (MCAOt= 30 min) resulted in a significant increase of the infarct size (p < 0.01), whereas administration 20 min after ischemia resulted in statistically significant decrease of the infarct volume. Postischemic treatment results in improved neuronal preservation, decreased intensity of reactive gliosis, and pronounced reduction of microglial infiltration. The data indicate that the effects of adenosine A3 receptor stimulation depend on the differential impact of these receptors on both neuronal and non-neuronal elements of the cerebral tissue, for example, astrocytes, microglia, and vasculature.
Sources of interindividual variations in acetaminophen and antipyrine metabolism

Our goal was to compare and contrast in the same normal twins the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to large interindividual variations in the metabolism of acetaminophen (APAP) and antipyrine. These drugs were selected because they are biotransformed by different mechanisms. A single oral dose of APAP (10 mg/kg) was given to six sets of monozygotic (MZ) and six sets of dizygotic (DZ) twins. All were normal, nonsmoking, nonmedicated, and male. Among these 24 subjects, there were 300% interindividual variations in rate constants for formation of the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, as well as in the overall rate constant for APAP elimination. Intratwin variations for each measurement were as target within MZ as within DZ twinships, suggesting that predominantly environmental rather than genetic factors maintained interindividual variations. Two other observations support this conclusion: Intraindividual variations were frequently as large as interindividual variations, and regardless of zygosity for twins living together, intratwin correlation coefficients were almost twice those of twins living apart. Quite different results were obtained when these twins received antipyrine. After a single oral dose of antipyrine (18 mg/kg), 500% interindividual variations in rate constants for formation of the three main oxidative metabolites of antipyrine appeared to be mainly under genetic control. Also for antipyrine and its principal metabolites, intraindividual variations were much smaller than interindividual variations. In contrast to the results with APAP, regardless of zygosity, intratwin correlation coefficients for antipyrine were similar for twins living apart and twins living together. This comparison between APAP and antipyrine metabolism in the same carefully selected normal twins under apparently uniform environmental conditions reveals that interindividual variations in APAP metabolism arise from certain unidentified environmental factors, whereas genetic factors cause the large interindividual variations that occur in antipyrine disposition. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1984) 36, 417–430; doi:10.1038/clpt.1984.199
“Owl Eyes” in The Great Gatsby

(1996). “Owl Eyes” in The Great Gatsby. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 26-27.
Survey of the Utilization of Regional and General Anesthesia in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital

Background: Although the subspecialty of regional anesthesiology has become an important focus during residency training, there are many factors that might influence a resident9s experience in regional anesthesia (RA). There are few data examining the utilization of regional techniques in an anesthesiology residency program. We undertook a prospective observational study to determine the frequency and reasons for not choosing RA in cases for which it was considered an option. Methods: All scheduled operative procedures that were amenable to neuraxial or major peripheral regional anesthetic techniques were surveyed. Data recorded included the type of intraoperative anesthetic used, type of anesthesiology faculty performing the regional block (regional anesthesiologist vs general anesthesiologist), and reasons for not choosing RA when a regional anesthetic technique was feasible. Results: Of the 2301 surgical procedures amenable to a regional technique, 839 (36.5%) involved use of regional anesthetic, and 1462 (63.5%) involved only a general anesthetic. Of the subjects receiving RA, 32% were performed by general anesthesiology faculty, and 68% were performed by regional anesthesiology faculty. The most common type of regional anesthetic performed by the general anesthesiology faculty was neuraxial blockade (95.2%) (vs 52.5% by regional anesthesiology faculty). Of the cases not involving RA, the reasons were anesthesiology related (40%), surgeon related (34%), patient related (12%), and medical contraindication related (14%). Conclusions: Our prospective observational study suggests that anesthesiology-related reasons may be an important factor for not undertaking these techniques. Although we did not specifically examine the effect on resident education, our study does provide some evidence to support program directors and department chiefs to set up their regional rotations with faculty most likely to perform RA.
Actual knee motion during continuous passive motion protocols is less than expected.

Investigations of the usefulness of continuous passive motion (CPM) after TKA have yielded mixed results, with evidence suggesting its efficacy is contingent on the presence of larger motion arcs. Surprisingly, the range of motion (ROM) the knee actually experiences while in a CPM machine has not been elucidated. In this study, the ability of a CPM apparatus to bring about a desired knee ROM was assessed with an electrogoniometer. The knee experienced only 68% to 76% of the programmed CPM arc, with the higher percentages generated by elevating the head of the patient’s bed. This disparity between true knee motion and CPM should be accounted for when designing CPM protocols for patients or investigations evaluating efficacy of CPM.
Measurements of atmospheric dimethyl sulfide and carbon disulfide in the western Atlantic boundary layer

Shipboard measurements of atmospheric dimethyl sulfide were made during two transects along the east coast of the United States and at several stations in the Gulf of Maine. Limited measurements of carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide are also reported. The mean DMS mixing ratio was 29 pptv (σ=25, n=84, median 19 pptv) during the Atlantic transects, and 101 pptv (σ=67, n=77, median 79 pptv) in the Gulf of Maine. Distinct diurnal variations were found in the DMS data from the transects. The meteorology of the study area appears to control day-to-day differences in the magnitude of these diurnal variations, although rapid daytime oxidation is suggested in some cases. Diurnal variations were also evident in near-shore stations in the Gulf of Maine due to nocturnal boundary-layer inversion. Diurnal variation was not evident at other sites in the Gulf due to large scale changes in the atmospheric circulation pattern, which effectively masked any effects due to oxidation processes. Model simulations confirm that the DMS levels and diurnal variation found during the transects are not consistent with atmospheric oxidation processes alone. Atmospheric CS2 and H2S mixing ratios were less than 3 pptv during the transects, except for a single period of higher CS2 mixing ratios (reaching 11 pptv) during advection of continental air. Calculations of the flux of oceanic sulfur to the eastern United States show that the contribution of natural sulfur to the North American sulfur budget is small compared to anthropogenic sources.
Microstructural characterization of thick ZnTe epilayers grown on GaSb, InAs, InP and GaAs (1 0 0) substrates

Abstract This paper describes a comprehensive investigation of thick ZnTe epilayers (∼2.4 μm) grown under virtually identical conditions on GaSb, InAs, InP and GaAs (1 0 0) substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. Cross-section transmission electron micrographs of the different heterostructures showed greatly reduced defect densities away from the interface region. High-resolution electron micrographs revealed a highly coherent interface with isolated dislocations for the ZnTe/GaSb sample, and showed extensive areas with well-separated interfacial misfit dislocations for the ZnTe/InAs sample. Lomer edge dislocations with Burgers’ vector of (1/2) a 〈1 1 0〉, as well as perfect 60° dislocations, were identified at the interfaces of the ZnTe/InP and ZnTe/GaAs samples. Digital image processing based on lattice–fringe images was also used to analyze the spatial distribution of misfit dislocations at the hetero-interfaces, in particular to estimate the amount of residual strain.
An intent recognition strategy for transfemoral amputee ambulation across different locomotion modes

Powered lower limb prostheses, capable of multiple locomotion modes, are being developed for transfemoral amputees. Current devices do not seamlessly transition between modes such as level walking, stairs and slopes. The purpose of this study was to develop an intent recognition system and test its performance across five different modes. A Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) was used for classification of neural and mechanical signals while four amputees completed a circuit containing level-walking, ramp ascent, ramp descent, stair ascent and stair descent. Our results indicate that transitional and steady-state stair steps had a high recognition rate (>99%), while ramp steps were significantly more difficult to classify (p<;0.01) (13.7% error on transition steps and 1.3% on steady-state steps). With all five modes trained into the same system, the transitional error rate was 11.3%. Transitional error could be reduced by 31% by training the ramp ascent mode as level walking, and 92% by training both ramp ascent and descent as level walking. This is a viable solution when the level-walking mode can accommodate ramp modes which is currently the case with the ramp ascent. The high recognition rates for recognizing stairs shown in this study demonstrates the potential for an intent recognition system using neural information to allow amputees to naturally transition between locomotion modes on powered prostheses.
Perceived Images: U.S. and Soviet Assumptions and Perceptions in Disarmament

Current thinking on arms control and disarmament has been dominated by the analysis of such "objective" factors as the number of weapons, their characteristics, technological developments and nuclear weapons deployment policies. Yet arms control negotiations have had little success so far. In this volume, Daniel Frei asserts that while such objective analysis is indeed indispensable, it needs to be supplemented by a careful, document-based description of Soviet and U.S. perceptions of one another and of the kind of assumptions that have thus far compelled their leaders to seek security in growing numbers of sophisticated weapons at ever-increasing cost.
Minimizing high spatial frequency residual error in active space telescope mirrors

The trend in future space telescopes is towards larger apertures, which provide increased sensitivity and improved angular resolution. Lightweight, segmented, rib-stiffened, actively controlled primary mirrors are an enabling technology, permitting large aperture telescopes to meet the mass and volume restrictions imposed by launch vehicles. Such mirrors, however, are limited in the extent to which their discrete surface-parallel electrostrictive actuators can command global prescription changes. Inevitably some amount of high spatial frequency residual error is added to the wavefront due to the discrete nature of the actuators. A parameterized finite element mirror model is used to simulate this phenomenon and determine designs that mitigate high spatial frequency residual errors in the mirror surface figure. Two predominant residual components are considered: dimpling induced by embedded actuators and print-through induced by facesheet polishing. A gradient descent algorithm is combined with the parameterized mirror model to allow rapid trade space navigation and optimization of the mirror design, yielding advanced design heuristics formulated in terms of minimum machinable rib thickness. These relationships produce mirrors that satisfy manufacturing constraints and minimize uncorrectable high spatial frequency error.
Release of Baculovirus oryctes into Oryctes monoceros populations in the Seychelles

Abstract On three islands of the Seychelles archipelago, the baculovirus of Oryctes rhinoceros was introduced into populations of Oryctes monoceros and became established. The percentage of infected beetles fluctuated between 20 and 50 and a modest population reduction (ca. 30%) was recorded. On a separate group of islands (Praslin group) the virus was found to have survived from a previous release made in 1973; on these islands the rate of infection was between 70 and 90%.
Beyond parks and reserves: The ethics and politics of conservation with a case study from Perú

Abstract This paper elaborates, analyzes, and partly defends the normative and empirical foundations of a “social ecology” model for natural habitat and resource management. This model treats human societies as being irreducibly integrated with the natural systems in which they are embedded. It argues that any concept of biodiversity necessarily embodies cultural values for it to be operationalized for conservation decisions. It accepts the legitimacy of tradeoffs between biodiversity conservation and other values including human resource development. It prioritizes local control of decisions in regions which are often targeted by Northern conservationists: areas of the South, where cultural choices have led to the persistence of high biodiversity. This model is used to analyze an ongoing dispute over biodiversity conservation and natural resource control in Peru: the conflict over Kandozi territory in the Abanico del Pastaza. What the Kandozi want is more than just a rejection of what has been criticized as the national park/fortress model of conservation. It consists of an assertion of local institutionalized control over traditional lands which goes well beyond the purview of the usual alternative of the fortress model: the biosphere reserve model of external and internal joint control of natural resources. To the remarkable extent that Kandozi resource management practices have succeeded in maintaining biotic richness and variety in spite of multiple encroachments, the empirical evidence demands that today’s conservationists pay adequate attention to these practices and the social institutions in which they are embedded. But, beyond such prudential concerns, the social ecology model of habitat conservation accepts the normative claims that resident communities should have control over their lands and livelihoods and that they should be allowed to maintain their habitats as cultural landscapes of their choice.
A Compact Broad-Band Microwave Quarter-Wave Plate

Differential phase shift between two orthogonal TE11 waves in a circular hollow waveguide is achieved with a reflectionless array of capacitive pins. Using transmission-line theory, an analysis of such a structure is made and, under the assumption that the pin susceptance varies with frequency as j?C, a broad-band 3-pin array acting as a quarter-wave plate may be designed. Such an array, which is only one inch long at X-band, has been tested. A voltage ellipticity ratio of less than 1.1 and vswr less than 1.2 is maintained over a 12-per cent band.
Flame radiation in gas turbine combustion chambers

Abstract A brief description of the nature of flame radiation in gas-turbine combustors is followed by a discussion on the methods and models available for estimating nonluminous and luminous emissivity. Since luminous radiation emanates from soot particles in the flame, consideration is given to the processes of soot formation and soot oxidation, and to the influence of chemical composition on the soot-forming tendencies of fuels. Experimental data on the effects on flame radiation of variations in the combustor operating conditions of pressure, temperature, velocity, and fuel/air ratio are discussed. The important influences on flame radiation of fuel properties and fuel spray characteristics are also considered.
Sea-level curve for Pennsylvanian eustatic marine transgressive-regressive depositional cycles along midcontinent outcrop belt, North America

At least 55 cycles of marine inundation and withdrawal are recognized in the mid-Desmoinesian to mid-Virgilian Midcontinent outcrop sequence in North America. They range from widespread major cycles (classic cyclothems) with deep-water facies extending across the northern shelf, through intermediate cycles persisting as marine horizons across the shelf, to minor cycles developed on the lower shelf or as parts of major cycles. Biostratigraphic differentiation of the cycles should establish interbasinal correlation on a scale fine enough to allow evaluation of differential tectonics and sedimentation. Sequential groupings of cycles are more irregular than proposed megacyclothems or mesothems, but they may be obscured by the distinctness of the major cyclothems. Estimates of cycle periods range from about 40 to 120 x 10/sup 3/ yr for the minor cycles up to about 235 to 400 x 10/sup 3/ yr for the major cyclothems. The range for all cycles corresponds well to the range of periods of Earth's orbital parameters that constitute the Milankovitch insolation theory for the Pleistocene ice ages, and it further supports Gondwanan glacial control for the Pennsylvanian cycles. Even though the dominant period of the major Pennsylvanian cyclothems is up to four times longer than the dominant 100,000-yr period inmore » the Pleistocene, the shapes of both curves display rapid marine transgression (rapid melting of ice caps) and slow interrupted regression (slow buildup of ice caps), which suggest similar linkages between the climatic effects of the orbital parameters and ice-cap formation and melting, at the two different scales, widely separated in time. 28 references, 3 figures.« less
A reassessment of the product specificity of the NADPH:O2 oxidoreductase of human neutrophils.

Abstract Native ferricytochrome c , but not acetylated ferricytochrome c , stimulates the flow of electron equivalents passing through the neutrophil NADPH:O2 oxidoreductase complex. At 28 uM it increases NADPH oxidase activity by 157 ± 15% (n=5) over that measured in its absence. Enhanced activity is predominantly seen in oxidoreductase-rich 27,000 x g membrane preparations obtained from phorbol myristate acetate activated cells. Superoxide formation is also enhanced. Although some of the stimulatory activity seen with addition of native ferricytochrome c to oxidoreductase-rich membrane suspensions might have been explained in terms of mitochondrial contamination, this was ruled out. Comparable membrane preparations from resting cells were devoid of NADPH oxidase activity. Azide, a well-known inhibitor of the electron transport chain, did not block the enhancing effect of native ferricytochrome c . These results indicate that native ferricytochrome c is not a suitable scavenger of superoxide in quantitating the product specificity of the oxidoreductase since it amplifies the apparent rate of superoxide formation with respect to measured rates of NADPH oxidation conducted in its absence. By using acetylated ferricytochrome c in place of native ferricytochrome c in quantitating the product specificity of the oxidoreductase we show that no more than 70% of the electrom equivalents donated by NADPH to the oxidoreductase are involved in superoxide formation. The remaining 30% of the electron equivalents given up by NADPH to the oxidoreductase appear to be involved in direct formation of hydrogen peroxide.
Sex Differences During Occupational Socialization

Differences in work attitudes of men and women vary with occupation and years in the occupation. Differences are most pronounced for managers with little experience, and differences decline with le...
Case-control comparison of cesarean hysterectomy with and without prophylactic placement of intravascular balloon catheters for placenta accreta.

Objective The objective of the study was to compare outcomes of women with placenta accreta who underwent cesarean hysterectomy with and without prophylactic intravascular balloon catheters. Study Design Case-control study of women at risk for placenta accreta identified using hospital databases and billing records from January 1995 to January 2006. Subjects with preoperative intravascular balloon catheter (BC) placement plus hysterectomy were compared with those that had hysterectomy alone. Results Sixty-nine subjects had cesarean hysterectomy performed for placenta accreta; 19 subjects had balloon catheters plus hysterectomy and 50 subjects had hysterectomy alone. No significant differences were noted in estimated blood loss ( P = .79), transfused blood products ( P = .60), operative time ( P = .85), and postoperative hospital days ( P = .85). There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes between groups. Three of the 19 BC subjects (15.8%) had complications from catheter placement; 2 required stent placement and/or arterial bypass. Conclusion Prophylactic intravascular balloon catheters did not benefit women with placenta accreta undergoing cesarean hysterectomy.
Marine and coastal environmental awareness building within the context of UNESCO’s activities in Asia and the Pacific

UNESCO is one of the specialized agencies under the United Nations charged with the advancement and improvement of education, social and natural sciences, culture and communication. This global mandate translates into programmes in the field tailored to the member states' specific requirements that build on the full breadth of expertise available in UNESCO. Environmental awareness building is an integral component of many of UNESCO's programmes. This paper describes how UNESCO addresses the need for awareness building in a variety of settings under different programmes and sectors. A first example is taken from the work of the education sector, which aims at introducing innovative learning methods and curricula that change or cultivate the perspective of people of all ages on sustainable development. The second example is taken from the Man and Biosphere Programme. The Biosphere Reserve concept has had a long history within UNESCO and is increasingly applied to protected areas in the coastal zone. Notable examples are Ranong Biosphere Reserve in Thailand, Can Gio Biosphere Reserve in Vietnam and the Island of Palawan in the Philippines. The concept is currently experiencing a revival as more and more countries realize the importance of striking a balance between human development and strict conservation. Many people know about UNESCO through the so-called World Heritage Sites. These are sites that are recognized by the world community as particular monuments, either natural or cultural, that warrant preservation for the whole of mankind. In the Asia-Pacific region, there are quite a number of coastal and marine sites that have been designated as natural world heritage sites, e.g. Halong Bay in Vietnam, the Komodo marine national park, Indonesia, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, East-Rennell Island in the Solomon Islands, and Tubbataha Reef in the Philippines. The need for a cross-sectoral approach is evident under the so-called Coastal Zone and Small Islands endeavour, which aims at assisting Member States towards environmentally sound, socially equitable and culturally appropriate development in coastal regions and in small islands. Four examples of current pilot projects (Surin Island, Thailand, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia, Upolo Island, Samoa and Ulugan Bay, the Philippines) are highlighted. Each setting and each audience requires a different strategy. UNESCO's strength is to learn from all these experiences and make such new insights universally available and to put novel concepts into practice.
A measure of semantic complexity for natural language systems

This paper will describe a way to organize the salient objects, their attributes, and relationships between the objects in a given domain. This organization allows us to assign an information value to each collection, and to the domain as a whole, which corresponds to the number of things to "talk about" in the domain. This number gives a measure of semantic complexity; that is, it will correspond to the number of objects, attributes, and relationships in the domain, but not to the level of syntactic diversity allowed when conveying these meanings.Defining a measure of semantic complexity for a dialog system domain will give an insight towards making a complexity measurement standard. With such a standard, natural language programmers can measure the feasibility of making a natural language interface, compare different language processors' ability to handle more and more complex domains, and quantify the abilities of the current state of the art in natural language processors.
EXPANDED STATISTICAL TABLES FOR ESTIMATING SIGNIFICANCE IN PAIRED—PREFERENCE, PAIRED–DIFFERENCE, DUO–TRIO AND TRIANGLE TESTS

Two sets of expanded tables have been compiled for use in determining significance in paired-difference and triangle tests (one-tailed) and in paired-preference tests (two-tailed). One set of tables lists the number of correct responses (or agreeing judgments) for trials ranging from 7–100, at p < 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005 and 0.001. These tables are convenient for a quick estimate of significance of laboratory sensory data as well as consumer responses. The second set of tables gives the probabilities of obtaining a given number of correct (or agreeing) judgments in trials ranging from 5–50. These probability tables provide a more precise estimate of significance, which may be needed in more critical research or in making decisions of considerable importance. Some examples are given, with guidelines for the proper use of these tables and the interpretation of significance based upon them.
Treatment of patients excluded from Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 4599 and AVAiL studies: focus on brain metastasis and squamous histology.

Bevacizumab is the first molecularly targeted agent associated with improved outcomes in combination with chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The addition of bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), to carboplatin and paclitaxel resulted in a significant improvement in overall survival compared with chemotherapy alone; however, bevacizumab is associated with increased risk of severe complications, including hemoptysis, neutropenic fever, and gastrointestinal perforation. Based on the initial observations that patients with squamous cell carcinoma treated with bevacizumab are at high risk for severe and fatal hemoptysis, these patients were not included in subsequent phase III clinical trials involving this agent. Patients with known brain metastases from lung cancer were excluded because of concern for intracranial bleeding. Consequently, nearly half the patients with newly diagnosed metastatic NSCLC are not treated with bevacizumab because of squamous histology or the presence of brain metastasis. This review provides a brief overview of the very limited data available regarding the safety and efficacy of bevacizumab and other VEGF inhibitors in patients with squamous cell histology or brain metastasis and current ongoing research efforts.
Pre- and Postoperative Exercise Testing of the Child with Coarctation of the Aorta

Exercise studies in patients with coarctation of the aorta (CoA) are reviewed. A brief survey of the natural history of unoperated CoA, the pioneers who reported the first operative repair, and comments on blood pressure measurements are provided. Preoperative and postoperative (postop) exercise studies of patients with CoA are also reviewed. The various etiological factors which may contribute to hypertension found in some post-op CoA patients are discussed.
Soil disturbance concerns regarding the use of forest biomass as a source of energy: examples from Pacific Northwestern North America.

Increased biomass removals may affect long-term site productivity and hydrologic function through harvesting effects on soils. This paper reviews the current soil disturbance context for biomass harvesting in the Pacific Northwest of North America, and discusses environmental sustainability concerns that should be of interest to all parties involved in the generation or purchase of bio-energy. In the Pacific Northwest many dense stands of low-value timber exist and are seen by some as a source of cheap biomass energy; however, intensive biomass harvest may involve more machine traffic during harvest, increasing concerns about protection of the soil resource. Both the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and British Columbia Forest Service have developed and implemented soil quality standards to keep activity-induced soil disturbance within defined limits. Examples of soil disturbance data collected over the past 20 years from various harvesting systems are discussed to demonstrate the higher-than-usual level of disturbance that can occur from biomass harvesting. Comparison of such monitoring results within or between forest management jurisdictions is often difficult because of differing definitions of detrimental soil disturbance and different soil disturbance assessment protocols. Recommendations are provided regarding more comparable and rigorous means of conducting soil quality assessments, including common terminology, which are needed to enable demonstration that long-term productivity and hydrologic function are being protected during biomass harvest under various international protocols and their respective criteria and indicators, and third-party certification schemes.