cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON TYROSINE AND TRYPTOPHANE DETERMINATIONS IN PROTEINS

The article summarizes research into the existing methods for the quantitative determination of tyrosine and tryptophane in proteins. Limitations to the accuracy of the Folin-Looney method (reaction of a phosphotungstic phosphomolybdic acid in a phenol solution, evaluated using colorimetry) have been solved by an improved method detailed in the text. The hydrolysis of proteinaceous material to allow chemical analysis of tryptophane has also been improved; the method is based on digestion with sodium hydroxide for 18-20 hours, followed by rapid neutralization and acidification with sulfuric acid. A more accurate test for tyrosine based on Millon's reaction has been developed; acidified mercuric sulfate solution is used to dissolve precipitated tyrosine and sodium nitrite is added to produce the colored product which is assessed colorimetrically. Two types of casein analyzed by these methods contained 1.4% tryptophane and 6.37-6.55% tyrosine. Tryptophane and tyrosine content of various materials were: casein 1.4%, 6.4-6.6%; egg albumin 1.3%, 4.0%; edestin 1.5%, 4.5%; gliadin 0.84%, 3.1%; zein 0.17%, 5.9%. A method for preparation of the pure mercuric sulfate reagent is described.
The effect of zinc deficiency on prostaglandin synthesis in rat testes

The effect of zinc deficiency on prostaglandin synthesis in rat testes was determined by feeding three groups of rats egg white-based semipurified diets. One group (ZD) was fed a zinc-deficient diet and two control groups were pair-fed (PF) or fed ad libitum (AL) a zinc-sufficient diet. The concentration (nanograms/gram) of the prostacyclin metabolite, 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha), in the tunica homogenate was significantly lower in ZD than in PF and AL groups. However, there was no difference when 6-keto-PGF1 alpha concentration was expressed as nanograms/milligrams of tunica protein. Tunica PGE2 concentrations (nanograms/gram) were not significantly altered by zinc deficiency. Concentrations of prostaglandins (PGs) in testis parenchyma were slightly higher in ZD probably as a result of increased levels of the precursor, arachidonic acid (AA). There was a highly significant correlation between PGE2 and AA in parenchyma phospholipids. PG synthesis was much greater in the tunica than in the parenchyma and prostacyclin appeared to be the major PG synthesized in both the tunica and parenchyma. It was concluded that PG synthesis is altered in the testes of zinc-deficient rats probably due to changes in concentrations of protein in the tunica and AA levels in parenchyma lipids.
Alternatives in Teacher Education

The search for new and better approaches to teacher education, as a remedy to educational problems in all major cities and elsewhere, has been a futile enterprise. What might improve teacher education? The answer is complicated and deserves explanation. Would improved teacher education help resolve our educational difficulties? If it would not-as one could argue strongly-how should we view the challenge of education today? Our professional experience and understanding suggests a variety of recommendations for improving teacher education. Perhaps we should develop a more scientific approach to teacher training. Possibly, on the other hand, we should be more concerned with affective aspects of the teaching situation. Should we develop more flexible and adaptable programs in order to accommodate the diversity of student interests, motivations, and abilities? Or should we focus on the distinctive culture and lifestyle of blacks, Puerto Ricans, Chicanos, and other oppressed people? Should we offer more intensive field experiences, avoiding empty theory? Other suggestions could be made, but these illustrate opinions that are commonly expressed. Let us consider these opinions and learn what we can about the improvement of education.
Relative bioavailability of calcium-rich dietary sources in the elderly

BACKGROUND The recent increase in the dietary calcium recommendation from 800 to 1200 mg/d for persons aged > 51 y has made it important to identify alternative high-calcium dietary sources that the elderly can use in meeting their calcium requirement. OBJECTIVE We determined the bioavailability of calcium from 3 different sources: orange juice fortified with calcium-citrate malate, skim milk, and a calcium carbonate supplement. DESIGN Twelve subjects [9 women and 3 men with a mean (+/- SEM) age of 70 +/- 3 and 76 +/- 6 y, respectively] consumed low-calcium (300 mg/d) and high-calcium (1300 mg/d) diets for three 1-wk periods each during a 6-wk crossover study. The acute biochemical response to calcium from each of the 3 sources was assessed during a 4-h period after the initial breakfast meal of the high-calcium diet. RESULTS Postprandial suppression of serum parathyroid hormone did not differ significantly between the test meals containing calcium-fortified orange juice, the calcium carbonate supplement, and milk. This finding suggests that the calcium bioavailability from the 3 sources was equivalent. During the 1-wk high-calcium diet periods, fasting serum calcium increased by 3% (P < 0.0001), serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D decreased by 20% (P < 0.0001), and a biomarker of bone resorption (serum N-telopeptide collagen cross-links) decreased by 14% (P < 0.02) compared with the low-calcium diet period. However, no differences among the supplemental calcium sources were found in these calcium-responsive measures or fasting serum parathyroid hormone concentration. CONCLUSIONS In elderly subjects, the calcium bioavailability of the 3 high-calcium dietary sources tested was equivalent, during both the acute postprandial and longer-term periods.
Electrical high-frequency audiometry. Preliminary medical audiologic experience.

This paper reports our clinical experiences with the electrical high frequency audiometer (EHFA) - Tonndorf, used in conjunction with conventional audiologic site of lesion testing. The EHFA is routinely used in the site of lesion hearing evaluation battery. We are reporting on the first 100 subjects, aged 6-85 years, seen in otologic/neurotologic consultation for complaint(s) of hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, ear blockage alone and/or in combination from 1983 to 1985. The significance of the data obtained suggests that: (1) Patient responses with EHFA are influenced by age, degree of hearing loss, degree of ear disease, site of lesion and disease, noise exposure and ototoxicity. (2) The degree of hearing loss as well as symmetry (asymmetry) of the loss affect the EHFA responses. (3) Responses to EHFA can be correlated with subject group classification. Five groups were well defined based upon degree and symmetry (asymmetry) of the hearing loss. (4) Electrical high-frequency audiograms (EHFAs) can be cl...
Boolean decomposition of programmable logic arrays

The authors present algorithms for Boolean decomposition, which decompose a two-level logic function into a cascade of smaller two-level logic functions, such that the overall area of the resulting logic network is minimized. The algorithms are based on multiple-valued minimization. Given a PLA (programmable logic array), a subset of inputs to the PLA is selected. This selection step incorporates a novel algorithm which selects a set of inputs such that the cardinality of the multiple-valued cover, produced by representing all combinations of these inputs as different values of a single multiple-valued variable, is much smaller than the original binary cover cardinality. A relatively small size for the multiple-valued cover implies that the number of good Boolean factors contained in this subset of inputs are re-encoded to satisfy the constraints given in the multiple-valued cover, thus producing a binary cover for the original PLA whose cardinality equals the multiple-valued cover cardinality. >
THE MULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM

This paper traces the evolution of the global trading system from the 19th century to the present-day GATT/WTO arrangements, calling attention to the key roles of reciprocity and non-discrimination and taking note of how the system is now challenged by the new paradigm of global market integration. The main features of the WTO are described, the boundaries of the WTO identified, and how the expansion of these boundaries may result in the over-extension and weakening of the effectiveness of the WTO.
Reactive Oxygen Species Responsive Nanoprodrug to Treat Intracranial Glioblastoma

Chemotherapy for intracranial gliomas is hampered by limited delivery of therapeutic agents through the blood brain barrier (BBB). An optimal therapeutic agent for brain tumors would selectively cross the BBB, accumulates in the tumor tissue and be activated from an innocuous prodrug within the tumor. Here we show brain tumor-targeted delivery and therapeutic efficacy of a nanometer-sized prodrug (nanoprodrug) of camptothecin (CPT) to treat experimental glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The CPT nanoprodrug was prepared using spontaneous nanoemulsification of a biodegradable, antioxidant CPT prodrug and α-tocopherol. The oxidized nanoprodrug was activated more efficiently than nonoxidized nanoprodrug, suggesting enhanced therapeutic efficacy in the oxidative tumor microenvironment. The in vitro imaging of U-87 MG glioma cells revealed an efficient intracellular uptake of the nanoprodrug via direct cell membrane penetration rather than via endocytosis. The in vivo study in mice demonstrated that the CPT nanopr...
Direct X‐ray Observation of Trapped CO2 in a Predesigned Porphyrinic Metal–Organic Framework

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging microporous materials that are promising for capture and sequestration of CO2 due to their tailorable binding properties. However, it remains a grand challenge to pre-design a MOF with a precise, multivalent binding environment at the molecular level to enhance CO2 capture. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and direct X-ray crystallographic observation of a porphyrinic MOF, UNLPF-2, that contains CO2-specific single molecular traps. Assembled from an octatopic porphyrin ligand with [Co2(COO)4] paddlewheel clusters, UNLPF-2 provides an appropriate distance between the coordinatively unsaturated metal centers, which serve as the ideal binding sites for in situ generated CO2. The coordination of Co(II) in the porphyrin macrocycle is crucial and responsible for the formation of the required topology to trap CO2. By repeatedly releasing and recapturing CO2, UNLPL-2 also exhibits recyclability.
First-principles calculations of the structural, dynamical, and electronic properties of liquid MgO

The structural, dynamical, and electronic properties of liquid MgO have been investigated over a wide range of pressure 0t o 240 GPa and temperature 3000– 10 000 K using first-principles molecular dynamics FPMD within the framework of density-functional theory and the pseudopotential approximation. Our results show that the liquid structure is highly sensitive to compression: the Mg-O coordination number increases from 5 at zero pressure to 7 at high pressure. The Gruneisen parameter and heat capacity are found to increase upon twofold compression by 40% and 20%, respectively. The dynamical behavior of the liquid phase is characterized by the diffusion coefficient, which is found to decrease with increasing pressure and to increase with increasing temperature in a way that can be accurately characterized by an Arrhenius relationship with activation energy and volume of 0.85 eV and 1.3 A 3 , respectively. The calculated electronic density of states show that the electronic structure of the liquid phase differs substantially from that of the crystalline phase: the liquid has no band gap and a density of states at the Fermi level increases with increasing volume and temperature.
Data characterization for intelligent graphics presentation

An automatic presentation system is an intelligent interface component which receives information from a user or application program and designs a combination of graphics and text that effectively conveys it. It is a facility that assumes the presentation responsibilities for other programs. An important research question has been how information should be specified or described by an application program for it to be presented by an automatic presenter. This paper proposes a taxonomy of information characteristics which would need to be provided to either human or computer designers for them to create presentations reflecting the individual needs of a diverse group of users. The proposed taxonomy of characteristics defines the representational goals for intelligent interfaces which reason about graphical displays.
Imaging findings of acute intravascular thrombus on non-enhanced computed tomography.

Intravascular thrombosis and thromboembolism are critical diagnoses which are frequently made on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) or Doppler ultrasound. For a variety of reasons, some patients with acute intravascular pathology are imaged using CT without intravenous contrast. In the acute setting, the increased Hounsfield unit (HU) density of the thrombus compared to the blood pool allows the diagnosis to be made, or at least suggested, on non-enhanced computed tomography (NECT). The increased density of the clot is commonly referred to as the “hyperdense vessel sign.” This is a well-known finding in the setting of stroke, but hyperdense vessels can also signal arterial or venous thrombosis in the chest, abdomen, pelvis, and extremities. Once a hyperdense vessel sign is noted on NECT, further exploration with CECT, angiography, or ultrasound may then be performed. Here, we present a pictorial review of the appearance of acute intravascular thrombosis as seen on non-enhanced computed tomography.
Efficacy and Safety of Tunneled Pleural Catheters in Adults with Malignant Pleural Effusions: A Systematic Review

Background Malignant pleural effusions (MPE) are a frequent cause of dyspnea and discomfort at the end of cancer patients' lives. The tunneled indwelling pleural catheter (TIPC) was approved by the FDA in 1997 and has been investigated as a treatment for MPE.
Tables for Testing Significance In a 2 × 3 Contingency Table

The significance points for the 2 × 3 contingency table are tabulated in the cases where the three groups have equal numbers (=A) for A = 3 (1) 20 assuming fixed marginal totals. Four significance levels .05, .025, .01, .001 are tabulated, using the randomized test principle of Freeman and Halton. Examples of applications are given.
High-Bandwidth Lightweight Primary Mirror Concept Demonstration

A unique approach to achieving high temporal bandwidth control of large active primary mirrors has been conceived and demonstrated experimentally. This high speed control is accomplished via implementation of a lightweight, reactionless facesheet that overcomes the typical mechanical resonance limitations on bandwidth for large primary mirror assemblies. Laboratory testing of a reactionless facesheet breadboard has: . Validated the reactionless principles of self-canceling symmetry of mass motion and stiffness forces . Confirmed the localized influence function of the inherently stiff high density, piezoelectric actuators used to control the mirror surface figure . Confirmed the feasibility of achieving high bandwidth control of large primary mirrors. This paper describes the design, test methods, and results of a concept demonstration and compares test data and predicted response.
Smoothing estimation of stochastic processes: Change of initial condition formulas

By posing the change of initial condition (CIC) problem in the theory of smoothing in linear estimation in a setting stripped of all inessentials, simple, insightful derivations of most CIC formulas (and a new likelihood formula) are provided. Specifically, the CIC or partitioning problem is one of low rank perturbation to a covariance kernel and the formulas are simple consequences of inversion formulas for fixed rank modification of a positive definite kernel or matrix. The present derivation basically handles the discrete, continuous-discrete, and continuous cases at once: previous derivations had treated the discrete and continuous separately. The continuous-discrete results are new.
cGMP inhibition of endothelin-stimulated inositol phosphate production in the fetal lamb pulmonary artery.

Abstract Endothelin-1 (ET-1) stimulates inositol phosphate production in vascular smooth muscle. In the present study, interactions between cyclic GMP (cGMP), cyclic AMP (cAMP) and ET-1 in fetal lamb pulmonary arteries were investigated using phosphoinositide hydrolysis studies and tissue bath techniques. ET-1 was found to be a potent vasoconstrictor of these vessels, with an EC 50 of 15.8 nM. ET-1 stimulated total inositol phosphate (IP) production; basal IP production was 68 cpm/mg vs. 247 cm/mg with 1 μ M ET-1. 8-bromo-cGMP (2 m M ) significantly increased the threshold of ET-1 concentration for pulmonary artery contraction, but had no effect on IP production. Zaprinast (a selective type V phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 60 μ M ) did not affect ET-1-induced contractility or IP production. IBMX (0.5 m M ), a non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, inhibited the potent and maximal effects of ET-1 in arterial contraction and decreased ET-1-stimulated IP production by 49%, while forskolin had a lesser effect in the tissue bath and no effect on IP production. Thus, 8-bromo-cGMP and IBMX alter the contractile effects of ET-1 in the fetal pulmonary artery and IBMX also inhibits inositol phosphate production. The cross-talk mechanisms of these agents require further investigation.
Chemotactic transport theory for neutrophil leukocytes.

Abstract The simplest admissible phenomenological transport theory for the chemotactic migration of a population of neutrophil leukocytes is formulated along the lines of the original Keller-Segel model for bacterial chemotaxis, but with appropriate specialization of the motility and chemotactic flux coefficient to reflect their dependence on the local cytotaxin (chemoattractant) concentration, as observed experimentally by Wilkinson and other workers. By supplementing deductions from the governing transport equation with inferences from measurements and then reasoning both forwards and backwards, the functional forms of the motility and chemotactic flux coefficient can be established for any prescribed cytotaxin. This analysis is performed here with numerical details for casein, a cytotaxin which gives rise to a motility function with an increasing-then-decreasing form of dependence on the concentration and a chemotactic flux coefficient that is essentially constant with variations in the concentration. Three dimensionless numbers are associated with the chemotactic response of neutrophil leukocytes to casein.
Advanced anterior vaginal wall prolapse is highly correlated with apical prolapse

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the most prolapsed portion of the anterior and posterior vaginal walls and the apex. Study design After obtaining institutional review board approval, demographic data and pelvic organ prolapse quantification findings from consecutive new patients who were seen at our urogynecologic practice between January 2004 and February 2005 were reviewed. Results Three hundred twenty-five women were included in this cohort. The support of the vaginal apex (pelvic organ prolapse quantification point C) correlated strongly with the most prolapsed portion of the anterior vaginal wall, Ba (Spearman's ρ = 0.835; P P r = .869). Conclusion Anterior vaginal wall prolapse is associated strongly with apical prolapse. Anterior vaginal wall defects that are surgically repaired usually require a concomitant repair of the apex.
Friends Don't Let Friends Listen to Corporate Rock Punk as a Field of Cultural Production

This article examines punk subculture's methods of commercially independent cultural production. While previous scholarship on punk and other youth cultures concludes that resistance is to be found in fashion, style, and symbolic gestures, the author locates dissent in the act of producing music and media that are relatively autonomous from the corporate culture industry, which in punk subcultures is known as the “do-it-yourself ethic.” Pierre Bourdieu's theory of “the field of cultural production” is used to explain how cultural producers are motivated to create and perform independently of the commercial marketplace. The findings are based on years of participant-observation and in-depth interviewing within punk subcultures in the Southern California region.
Design-Build-Test: The Capstone Design Project

Students working toward baccalaureate degree in Mechanical Engineering Technology (MET) at University of Cincinnati (UC) are required to complete a “Design, Build, and Test” senior capstone design project. Two of these capstone design projects during the 2005–2006 academic year were to design and build vehicles. One is a Basic Utility Vehicle (BUV), which was geared to meet the needs of developing countries for an affordable transportation. The national competition was held in Indianapolis, IN. The other one is an Autocross racing vehicle, which was built to meet the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) Autocross specifications, and raced in the regional/local events. The Institute for Affordable Transportation (IAT) hosts a competition of designing and building BUV each year in Indianapolis, IN. IAT is a not-for-profit organization devoted to improving the living standards and enable economic growth in the developing world by creating a simple vehicle that can be assembled almost anywhere, by almost anyone. The competition tests and judges all of the entries to identify best design and suitable vehicles for developing countries. IAT has donated several vehicles to needy countries in South America and Africa. The SCCA is a 60,000-member not-for-profit organization featuring the most active membership participation in motorsports today. The foundation of the SCCA is its Club Racing program with over 2,000 amateur and professional motor sports events each year. One team of MET students built a BUV, and another team of students built an Autocross racing car as their senior projects. From concept to a final working vehicle with meeting the IAT’s or SCCA’s specifications, there are many challenges. The expertise and knowledge acquired from student’s coursework and co-op were utilized. This paper will give the short description of the senior capstone design course sequence at University of Cincinnati: the list of pre-requisites of its sequence, and partially describes 2005–2006 BUV and Autocross projects and the team experiences of the projects from start to finish.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Lake superior organic carbon budget

Abstract The organic carbon concentration of Lake Superior is discussed in terms of a simple mathematical model that treats the lake as a well mixed basin. Major sources, outflows, and biochemically mediated removal of organic carbon are analyzed in the time frame of yearly average values. Data on organic carbon concentrations of watershed drainage, rainfall, anthropogenic inflows and contributions from photosynthetic production are analyzed as are the removal of organics by biochemical oxidation and sedimentation. The long range projected effects of the major sources and sinks on the yearly average organic carbon concentration of the lake are described.
Toward a Peacekeeping Renaissance

The favorite question among the peacekeeping fraternity these days is a hopeful one: Has United Nations peacekeeping taken a new lease on life? What triggers the question, of course, is the reintroduction of a major UN peacekeeping presence into the Middle East following the fourth Arab-Israeli war in October 1973. By the standard yardsticks, this has been a successful UN operation, which three peacekeeping experts believe "heralds a possible new era for international peacekeeping."'l I doubt it. But I also doubt that much new can be learned from a fresh debate about whether peacekeeping has or has not been revitalized, whether it has vindicated its proponents or its critics, or whether we now are in store for more UN peacekeeping or for less. Developments in the Middle East have not given peacekeeping a new lease on life; they have merely demonstrated that the old one really never ran out. They have not opened a new era; they have merely reminded us that the old one really never closed. They do not point the way toward an innovative renaissance of the peacekeeping idea; they distract us from what could be an opportunity to refashion that idea for the first time in 30 years.
The Inverse Relationship between Serum Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase Activity and Thyroid Function*

Serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity is inversely related to thyroid status in both humans and rats. The low level of serum DBH activity in hyperthyroid rats is accompanied by a rapid rate of disappearance of enzyme activity after the injection of exogenous bovine DBH. Conversely, the high level of serum DBH activity in hypothyroid rats is accompanied by a slow rate of exogenous DBH disappearance. These results suggest that the extraneuronal disposal pathway for DBH is an important factor in the regulation of the level of DBH activity in altered thyroid function in both humans and rats.
Optical coherence tomography findings in acute retinal pigment epitheliitis.

Purpose To report the optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in three patients with acute retinal pigment epitheliitis (ARPE). Design Retrospective, observational case series. Methods The charts of three patients with ARPE were reviewed. Approval from the Institutional Review Board was obtained. Fundus photographs, fluorescein angiograms, and OCT findings were examined. Results Three healthy, young patients presented with acute unilateral blurred vision. Ophthalmoscopy revealed fine pigment stippling surrounded by haloes of hypopigmentation. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated transmission hyperfluorescence. OCT showed abnormal foveal hyperreflectivity involving the outer nuclear layer and photoreceptors in all cases. Disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was seen in two cases. With resolution, the abnormal hyperreflectivity decreased in thickness. Conclusions OCT confirms the involvement of the outer neurosensory retina in acute retinal pigment epitheliitis. RPE involvement may be a secondary post-inflammatory response, because one case did not have significant disruption of the RPE.
Gangs and Violence: Disentangling the Impact of Gang Membership on the Level and Nature of Offending

To determine whether membership in youth gangs provides a unique social forum for violence amplification. This study examines whether gang membership increases the odds of violent offending over and above involvement in general delinquent and criminal behavior. Five waves of data from a multi-site (seven cities) panel study of over 3,700 youth originally nested within 31 schools are analyzed. We estimate four level repeated measures item response theory models, which include a parameter to differentiate the difference in the log of the expected event-rate for violent offense items to the log of the expected event-rate for nonviolent offense items. Depending on the comparison group (gang youth, overall sample), periods of active gang membership were associated with a 10 or 21% increase in the odds of involvement in violent incidents. When the sample is restricted to youth who report gang membership during the study, the proportionate increase in the odds of violence associated with gangs is statistically similar for males and females. After youth reported leaving the gang their propensity for violence was not significantly different than comparison group observations, although levels of general offending remain elevated. While results are limited by the school-based sampling strategy, the importance of gang prevention and intervention programming for violence reduction is highlighted. Preventing youth from gang membership or shortening the length of gang careers through interventions may reduce absolute levels of violence.
Understanding the Switching Mechanism in Transition Metal Oxide Based ReRAM Devices

This paper presents the switching characteristics of ReRAM devices fabricated using Ru as bottom electrode, HfO2 as the switching Transition Metal Oxide, and TiN as the top electrode. The devices demonstrated excellent endurance up to 106 cycles and retention up to 105 seconds. The Capacitance-Voltage characteristics were studied in conjunction with the Current-Voltage characteristics to understand the role of the compliance current in governing the filament dimensions and mechanism of switching.
A new method for rapid characterization of the folding pathways of multidisulfide-containing proteins.

Oxidative folding is a composite process that consists of both the conformational folding to the native three-dimensional structure and the regeneration of the native disulfide bonds of a protein, frequently involving over 100 disulfide intermediate species. Understanding the oxidative folding pathways of a multiple-disulfide-containing protein is a very difficult task that often requires years of devoted research due to the high complexity of the process and the very similar features of the large number of intermediates. Here we developed a method for rapidly delineating the major features of the oxidative folding pathways of a protein. The method examines the temperature dependence of the oxidative folding rate of the protein in combination with reduction pulses. Reduction pulses expose the presence of structured intermediates along the pathways. The correlation between the regeneration rate at different temperatures and the stability of the structured intermediates reveals the role that the intermediat...
Non-antigenicity of synthetic polyribonucleotides and apurinic acid.

THE antigenicity of nucleic acids is a subject which has been extensively explored. Much of the information available is clouded by the fact that the materials used were contaminated with protein and other cellular constituents so that the specificity of the antigen–antibody reactions observed has been unclear1. Recently, however, two facts have emerged which leave little doubt as to the ability of nucleic acids to participate in immunological reactions. The first is the observation that T2, T4 and T6 phage DNAs, when highly purified, are capable of interacting with antisera prepared by inoculation of animals with whole phage lysates2. The antigenicity of these DNAs depends upon the presence of glucosylated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine3,4. Secondly, the sera of certain patients suffering from lupus erythematosus contain antibodies capable of reacting with native or denatured DNAs of diverse source5,6. The antigenic site for this interaction appears to involve regions of the DNA molecule where thymine occurs in repetitive sequence7.
Alkali etching of a poly(lactide) fiber.

Alkali etching of a poly(l-lactic acid) fiber was studied by exposing the fiber surface to sodium hydroxide solutions. The factors examined included the etching time (0−1.5 h), alkali concentration (0.25−3 mol/L), and etching temperature (25−80 °C). The extent of etching was determined gravimetrically. Both weight loss and mechanical testing results suggest that alkali etching is strictly a surface hydrolysis reaction, as opposed to a bulk reaction, and thus the weight loss rate decreases with a shrinking fiber radius. A slight increase in the fiber crystallinity observed from thermal analysis was interpreted as a result of surface-limited etching on a sheath−core fiber microstructure. The dependence of the rate on the alkali concentration is nonlinear, suggesting that the fiber weight loss rate is subject to both chemical hydrolysis and transport limitations. The dependence of the rate on the temperature follows the Arrhenius equation. The fiber weight after etching can thus be predicted by an overall ex...
A New Era of Intelligence Research

A consensus definition of intelligence remains elusive but there are many reasons to believe that the field of intelligence is entering a new era of significant progress. The convergence of recent advances in psychometrics, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience has set the stage for the development of stronger theories and more sophisticated models. The establishment of a new open access journal as an outlet for new intelligence research is evidence that the new era has begun.
A model for the mechanism of antibody induction and tolerance, with specific attention to the affinity characteristics of antibodies produced during the immune response

Abstract The model for antibody induction and tolerance which is presented here is based on the premise that the interaction between antigen and a cell-bound, antibody-like receptor is crucial for the immune response. Activation and suppression of immunocompetent cells are determined by specific configurations of bound antigen on the cell surface. It is further postulated that the affinity of antibody produced by a given cell is a function of the number of receptor sites possessed by that cell. The theory was designed to account for the phenomena of high and low zone tolerance, and to explain the variations of antibody affinity observed during the immune response. In addition, it is found to be consistent with other experimental observations such as (1) the initial appearance of low affinity antibody in recovery from high zone tolerance, (2) the appearance of tolerance rapidly in vitro, and over a range of antigen doses which is relatively uniform for different antigens, and (3) the spontaneous passage of competent cells through a zone of activation on recovery from (high zone) tolerance. Moreover, the theory provides a number of testable predictions such as (1) a stimulatory effect of low doses of haptens on antibody induction by antigen, (2) an initial appearance of high affinity antibody on recovery from low zone tolerance, and (3) the correlation of cell-antigen affinity with antibody-antigen affinity. In addition, one could explore experimentally the propositions that the same cell is involved in antibody induction and tolerance, and that the number of receptor sites on cells of a given immunologic specificity may vary.
Conditioning the "Resource Curse": Globalization, Human Capital, and Growth in Oil-Rich Nations

Since the 1990s it has become conventional wisdom that an abundance of natural resources, most notably oil, is very likely to become a developmental “curse.” Recent scholarship, however, has begun ...
Eliminating false alarms caused by fault propagation in signal validation by sub-grouping

Many signal validation methods detect sensor faults by comparing signal measurements with their estimates reconstructed from other correlated signals. For these methods, one faulty signal may cause all the other signals that use the faulty signal as an input in signal estimation to be un-correctly reconstructed and subsequently falsely identified as faulty too. This phenomenon is called fault propagation and can produce excessive false alarms in signal validation. This paper presents a general sub-grouping technique that uses specially designed intersections between sub-groups to eliminate the false alarms caused by fault propagation. Two methods are developed based upon this technique. Demonstration shows that both methods can dramatically reduce the occurrence of fault-propagation-caused false alarms in signal validation.
Size dependence of strong coupling between nanomagnets and photonic cavities

The coherent dynamics of a coupled photonic cavity and a nanomagnet is explored as a function of nanomagnet size. For sufficiently strong coupling eigenstates involving highly entangled photon and spin states are found, which can be combined to create coherent states. As the size of the nanomagnet increases its coupling to the photonic mode also monotonically increases, as well as the number of photon and spin states involved in the system's eigenstates. For small nanomagnets the crystalline anisotropy of the magnet strongly localizes the eigenstates in photon and spin number, quenching the potential for coherent states. For a sufficiently large nanomagnet the macrospin approximation breaks down and different domains of the nanomagnet may couple separately to the photonic mode. Thus the optimal nanomagnet size is just below the threshold for failure of the macrospin approximation.
Report on the 1998 ACLAM forum.

(1999). Report on the 1998 ACLAM Forum. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 161-163.
The Older Woman Fact, Fantasies, and Fiction

Using a sociology of knowledge framework, this article looks at the recent increased interest in research and writing about older women. In an attempt to understand different stances and contradict...
RSV Fusion (F) protein DNA vaccine provides partial protection against viral infection

Abstract The present study was conducted to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of a RSV F DNA vaccine incorporated with a mucosal adjuvant. Two DNA vaccine vectors (DRF-412 and DRF-412-P) were developed containing residues 412–524 of the RSV F gene. These antigenic regions were cloned into the phCMV1 DNA vaccine vector. One of the DNA vaccine vectors, DRF-412, contained the ctxA2B region of the cholera toxin gene as a mucosal adjuvant. The in vitro expressions of these DNA vectors were confirmed in Cos-7 cells by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. In vivo expression of the cloned gene was further confirmed in mouse muscle tissue by immunohistological analysis. The active transcription of the RSV F gene in mouse muscle cells was confirmed by RT-PCR. The purified DRF-412 and DRF-412-P DNA vectors were used to immunize mice by intramuscular injections. Our results indicated that DRF-412 and DRF-412-P vaccine vectors were as effective as live RSV in inducing neutralization antibody, systemic Ab (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b) responses, and mucosal antibody responses (Ig A). The Th1 (TNF-α, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-10, IL-6) cytokine profiles were analyzed after stimulation of spleen cells from mice immunized with purified RF-412 protein. We observed that mice inoculated with vector DRF-412 induced a higher mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine immune response than DRF-412-P. Reverse transcriptase and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that mice immunized with the DRF-412 vector contained less viral RNA in lung tissue and the lung immunohistology study confirmed that mice immunized with DRF-412 had better protection than those immunized with the DRF-412-P vector. These results indicate that the RSV DRF-412 vaccine vector, which contains the cholera toxin subunit ctxA2B as a mucosal adjuvant may provide a better DNA vaccination strategy against RSV.
The dislocation of time: A phenomenology of television reruns

(1990). The dislocation of time: A phenomenology of television reruns. Quarterly Review of Film and Video: Vol. 12, Phenomenology in Film and Television, pp. 79-92.
Emotive and Control Groups as Mutated New American Utopian Communities

Popularity of the vast range of emotive and control groups in America today cannot be explained simply by the reputed success of psychoanalysis and groups derived from it and other psychological theories. In their ideal type, these proliferating groups relate to the utopian tradition in Western civilization, functioning as do all utopias. Utopias compensate for felt difficulties-in this case the lack of personal satisfactions in mass culture and the paucity of emotive, integrative, and control mechanisms. Unlike earlier utopian communities, most emotive and control groups are part time, but their parttime nature is consistent with the segmented structure of modern life. Utopias can incorporate recessive cultural genes, enclose deviance or institutionalize it, offer solidarity, catharsis, control, and hope for their members, and sometimes serve as change models. In contemporary America, not only do emotive and control groups serve these ends; in addition, they are effective because they are legitimated by ...
A new organization to improve coordination of U.S. volcano monitoring

With nearly 70 active and potentially active volcanoes in five distinct tectonic settings, the United States is a volcanically vigorous country that repeatedly experiences significant levels of volcanic unrest and eruptive activity. Five interactive volcano observatories, supported mainly by the Volcano Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), conduct long-term monitoring and associated research investigations (see text box). In addition,through a joint program of USGS and the U.S. Agency for International Development, some volcanoes in other countries are visited—by invitation— by rapid-response teams of U.S. volcanologists who assist with monitoring and hazard assessment during periods of unrest or eruption. Monitoring operations at the volcano observatories are a cooperative undertaking, carried out using staff and facilities of USGS, and of partners at other federal and state agencies and at universities (These are partnerships that are formalized through Memoranda of Understanding, Congressional directive, or long-standing cooperative agreements with USGS.) The dispersed geographic and institutional nature of the observatory activities requires substantial interaction among all the scientific partners to achieve the desired level of cooperation.
GeoSpatial Workforce Development: enhancing the traditional learning environment in geospatial information technology

The Center for GeoSpatial Workforce Development is embarking on a new era in education by developing a repository of dynamic online courseware authored by the foremost industry experts within the remote sensing and GIS industries. Virtual classrooms equipped with the most advanced instructions, computations, communications, course evaluation, and management facilities amplify these courses to enhance the learning environment and provide rapid feedback between instructors and students. The launch of this program included the objective development of the Model Curriculum by an independent consortium of remote sensing industry leaders. The Center's research and development focus on recruiting additional industry experts to develop the technical content of the courseware and then utilize state-of-the-art technology to enhance their material with visually stimulating animations, compelling audio clips and entertaining, interactive exercises intended to reach the broadest audience possible by targeting various learning styles. The courseware will be delivered via various media: Internet, CD-ROM, DVD, and compressed video, that translates into anywhere, anytime delivery of GeoSpatial Information Technology education.
Color image processing with multi-peak resonant tunneling diodes

The article introduces a novel approach to color image processing that utilizes multi-peak resonant tunneling diodes for encoding color information in quantized states of the diodes. The Multi-Peak Resonant Tunneling Diodes (MPRTDs) are organized as a two-dimensional array of vertical pillars which are locally connected by programmable passive and active elements with a view to realizing a wide variety of color image processing functions such as quantization, color extraction, image smoothing, edge detection, and line detection. In order to process color information in the input images, two different methods for color representation schemes have been used: one using color mapping and the other using direct RGB representation. Finally, the article uses HSPICE simulation methods for the nestlist of the proposed RTD-based nanoarchitecture in order to verify a candidate of image functions by using the afore-mentioned representation methods.
Relation of functioning with beliefs about coping, and future time perspective.

51 college students were administered the Reasons for Living Inventory, Zimbardo's Time Perspective Inventory, and the Environmental Deprivation Scale-Questionnaire. Pearson product-moment correlations indicated that those functioning well (low scores on the Environmental Deprivation Scale-Questionnaire) tended to have high scores on the future subscale of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (r = -.45, p < .001). There were no significant correlations with the Reasons for Living Inventory's total score or its Survival and Coping Beliefs subscale (rs = .01 and .05, respectively). The results suggest the use of multidimensional cognitive and behavioral data to guide intervention to improve one's level of functioning. A limitation of the study is the small number of participants.
Some semantics of repetition: an experiment in phonetic symbolism.

In this paper, we report an experiment in phonetic symbolism, the relationship between sound and meaning. The results indicate that repetition is reliably associated with visual representations of homogeneity (as opposed to heterogeneity) and completeness (as opposed to incompleteness). From the investigation it appears that native English speakers do perceive repetition in sounds as being appropriate and meaningful for certain visual representations. The implications of these findings for two theories of phonetic symbolism, phonetic placement and the feedback theory, are discussed. The investigation of other semantic dimensions and phonological factors, in addition to the study of cross-linguistic and cross-dialectal investigations in phonetic symbolism are proposed as fruitful directions for further research.
Recent trends in utilization of vascular ultrasound among radiologists, surgeons, cardiologists, and other physicians.

Purpose To determine how much vascular ultrasound is performed by the various medical specialties and to assess the utilization trends among them in recent years. Methods and Materials The nationwide Medicare Part B databases for 1998 through 2004 were used. The authors studied the 15 Current Procedural Terminology ® , Version 4, codes in the 93000 series pertaining to vascular ultrasound and determined the volume of examinations performed under global and professional component claims. Using Medicare's physician specialty codes, utilization rates per 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries and trends in these rates were determined for radiologists, surgeons, cardiologists, other physicians, and independent diagnostic testing facilities (IDTFs) over the 6-year period. Market shares were calculated for the different specialties. Results In 2004, among all specialties, 171.8 vascular ultrasound studies were performed per 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries, an increase of 49% over 1998. For the various specialty groups, the 2004 utilization rates and percentage changes since 1998 were as follows: radiologists, 70.8 per 1,000 (+44%); surgeons, 44.6 per 1,000 (+47%); cardiologists, 23.1 per 1,000 (+93%); other physicians, 24.0 per 1,000 (+52%); and IDTFs, 9.3 per 1,000 (+12%). Market shares in 2004 were as follows: radiologists, 41.2%; surgeons, 26.0%; cardiologists, 13.4%; other physicians, 14.0%; and IDTFs, 5.4%. Although the percentage change in utilization rates over the 6 years was highest among cardiologists, the addition of new case volume was highest among radiologists. Radiologists added 1,110,961 new studies between 1998 and 2004, whereas surgeons added 713,251, cardiologists added 489,958, other physicians added 401,601, and IDTFs added 89,077. Conclusions Radiologists have the largest market share in vascular ultrasound. Between 1998 and 2004, they added more new volume than other specialties. Utilization trends suggest that radiologists will continue to have a strong role in this major aspect of vascular imaging.
A psychiatric study of mothers of infants with growth failure secondary to maternal deprivation.

Ten of 12 mothers who had deprived their infants were found to have a characterdisorder. The basis for the diagnosis and the implications for intervention strategies are discussed.
Low energy electron desorption of mixed adsorbates

Hydrogen-nickel reaction in presence of CO adsorbed gas, increasing total desorption cross section and eliminating monotonic relation between uptake and H ion current