cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Give unto others: genetically unrelated cotton-top tamarin monkeys preferentially give food to those who altruistically give food back

Altruistic food giving among genetically unrelated individuals is rare in nature. The few examples that exist suggest that when animals give food to unrelated others, they may do so on the basis of mutualistic or reciprocally altruistic relationships. We present the results of four experiments designed to tease apart the factors mediating food giving among genetically unrelated cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), a cooperatively breeding New World primate. In experiment 1 we show that individuals give significantly more food to a trained conspecific who unilaterally gives food than to a conspecific who unilaterally never gives food. The apparent contingency of the tamarins' food-giving behaviour motivated the design of experiments 2-4. Results from all three experiments show that altruistic food giving is mediated by prior acts of altruistic food giving by a conspecific. Specifically, tamarins do not give food to unrelated others when the food received in the past represents the by-product of another's selfish actions (experiments 2 and 3) or when a human experimenter gives them food (experiment 4) as did the unilateral altruist in experiment 1. By contrast, if one tamarin gives another food without obtaining any immediate benefit, then the recipient is more likely to give food in return. Overall, results show that tamarins altruistically give food to genetically unrelated conspecifics, discriminate between altruistic and selfish actions, and give more food to those who give food back. Tamarins therefore have the psychological capacity for reciprocally mediated altruism.
Optofluidic 1×4 switch

Optofluidic 1times4 switch made of a blazed grating in silicon elastomer integrated with microfluidic channel was designed, fabricated and tested. Experiments show 1.7 dB insertion loss, extinction ratio of 9.8 dB, and response time 60 ms.
Effect of Microscale Mass Transport and Phase Change on Numerical Prediction of Freezing in Biological Tissues

A numerical model incorporating the microscale heat and mass transport in biological tissue during freezing is developed. The heat transfer problem is formulated in a general one-dimensional coordinate system (cartesian, cylindrical or spherical), and a finite control volume discretization is used. The latent heat release for each control volume in the domain is determined by the cellular water transport and intracellular ice formation processes occurring there (a coupled thermal/biophysical approach). The coupled model is applied to two cryobiological freezing problems, with different geometry and boundary conditions. The temperature dependent thermal properties of water and the biophysical properties of two biological tissues, normal rat liver and Dunning AT-1 rat prostate tumor tissue are used to simulate both the micro and macroscale freezing processes. A major advantage of the coupled thermal/biophysical model is its unique ability to predict both the macroscale thermal response and the microscale biophysical response at various locations within the tissue domain during a freezing process, simultaneously
Preparing pre -service teachers for online teaching

x CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose of the Study 3 Dissertation Organization 4 References 6 CHAPTER 2. PREPARING LANGUAGE TEACHERS TO TEACH LANGUAGE ONLINE: A LOOK AT SKILLS, ROLES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES 9 Abstract 9 Introduction 9 Current State of CALL and Language Teacher Education 10 Literature Search Methodology 12 Skills for Online Language Teaching 13 Types of skills 14 Critique of Hampel & Stickler’s skills pyramid 19 A Proposed Framework for Online Language Teaching Skills 21 Technological skills 22 Pedagogical skills 25 Evaluation skills 27 Role and Responsibilities of an Online Language Teach and other Stakeholders: A Systems View 29 Recommendations for Language Teacher Education Programs 37 Developing online language teaching skills through existing courses 37 Developing online teaching skills at different levels of expertise and responsibilities for different roles 39 Revamping existing technology training 39 Implementing early virtual field experiences and virtual practicum 41 Summary and Conclusion 42 Acknowledgements 43 References 43 CHAPTER 3. PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ COMMON PRECONCEPTIONS, MISCONCEPTIONS, AND CONCERNS OF VIRTUAL SCHOOLING, AND A PROPOSED CONCEPTUAL-CHANGE FRAMEWORK 49 Abstract 49 Introduction 49
Chronic gastrointestinal symptoms of Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson following Mexican-American War exposure: a medical hypothesis.

ABSTRACT In a recent study, a large proportion of veterans seen for chronic heartburn or dyspepsia after the Persian Gulf War had evidence for Helicobacter pylori. Thomas Jackson was born and raised in an area of West Virginia that has a high prevalence of H. pylori. He suffered chronic dyspeptic symptoms following his service in the Mexican-American War. Therapies that he tried included treatment with a variant of the Sippy diet. Following a bullet wound to the left arm at the battle of Chancellorsville on Saturday, May 2, 1863, Thomas Jackson underwent amputation of the left arm below the left shoulder. He died 1 week later with a diagnosis of pleuropneumonia. The records of the postsurgical course are incomplete. The available clinical information raises the hypothesis that his chronic dyspepsia and his cause of death could have been related to chronic peptic ulcer disease due to gastric H. pylori infection.
On the second derivative of a Gaussian process envelope

We explore some dynamic characteristics of the envelope of a bandpass Gaussian process, which are of interest in wireless fading channels. Specifically, we show that unlike the first derivative, the second derivative of the envelope, which appears in a number of applications, does not exist in the traditional mean square sense. However, we prove that the envelope is twice differentiable almost everywhere (with probability one) if the power spectrum of the bandpass Gaussian process satisfies a certain condition. We also derive an integral form for the probability density function (PDF) of the second derivative of the envelope, assuming an arbitrary power spectrum.
Sexual Coercion in Intimate Relationships: A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Women’s Infidelity and Men’s Dominance and Control

Researchers studying the proximate (or immediate) causes of sexual coercion have proposed that partner rape is motivated by a man’s attempt to dominate and control his partner and that this expression of power is the product of men’s social roles. Researchers studying the ultimate (or evolutionary) causes, in contrast, have proposed that partner rape may function as an anti-cuckoldry tactic, with its occurrence related to a man’s suspicions of his partner’s sexual infidelity. In two studies, we collected data relevant to both perspectives to explore how these variables interact with men’s sexual coercion in an intimate relationship. Regression analyses from Study 1 (self-reports from 256 men) and Study 2 (partner-reports from 290 women) indicated that men’s sexual coercion of their partners was consistently predicted by female infidelity and men’s controlling behavior, suggesting that both variables are necessary to explain men’s sexual coercion. Discussion addressed limitations of the current research and highlighted the importance of integrating multiple levels of analysis when studying men’s sexual coercion of their intimate partners.
Faltings Volumes on Cohomology

The main purpose of this chapter is to prove the existence of the Faltings volumes on the determinant of the cohomology of a Riemann surface.
The Gypsy Threat Narrative: Explaining Anti-Roma Attitudes in the European Union

In this study, we analyze European attitudes about the Roma. These attitudes are important because they encourage or impede the full inclusion of the Roma in European society. We articulate what we refer to as the Gypsy Threat Narrative and use it to motivate an empirical analysis of how comfortable Europeans are with Roma neighbors, as expressed in a 2008 Eurobarometer survey. We use mixed ordinary least square regression models to account for the hierarchical data structure, and account for a number of factors previously found to correlate with attitudes about the Roma while reporting new findings grounded in the logic of the Gypsy Threat Narrative. We discuss the implications of our study for research on European ethnic relations and for activists working for greater Roma inclusion.
Identification of a Cellubrevin/Vesicle Associated Membrane Protein 3 Homologue in Human Platelets

Several studies suggest membrane trafficking events are mediated by integral, membrane proteins from both transport-vesicle and target membranes, called v- and t-SNAREs (SNAp REceptors), respectively. Previous experiments using antibodies to synaptobrevin/vesicle associated membrane protein (VAMP) 1, 2, or rat cellubrevin failed to detect these v-SNAREs in human platelets, although membrane proteins from these cells could support 20S complex formation. To identify v-SNAREs in platelets, we used a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach with degenerate primers to amplify potential VAMP-like v-SNAREs. A cDNA encoding a novel v-SNARE was isolated from a human megakaryocyte cDNA library. Termed human cellubrevin (Hceb), this protein has greater than 93% identity with human VAMP 1, 2, and rat cellubrevin over the conserved core region, but has a unique N-terminal domain. Northern blot analysis showed that the 2. 5-kB mRNA encoding Hceb is expressed in every human tissue tested. Hceb from detergent-solubilized platelet membranes, participated in alpha-SNAP-dependent 20S complex formation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent disassembly, showing that Hceb can act as a v-SNARE in platelets. Immunofluorescence microscopy, using an anti-Hceb antibody showed a punctate, intracellular staining pattern in platelets, megakaryocytes, and HEK-293 cells. This same pattern was observed in surface-activated platelets even though all dense core and most alpha-granule contents had been released. These data suggest that Hceb may reside on a platelet organelle that is not primarily involved in the exocytic pathway.
Genetic Variation among Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Populations from Seven Western States

Genetic characteristics of mountain pine beetles from 15 sites in seven western states were compared using electrophoresis. A high level of genetic similarity was observed among all groups, including those from areas previously considered separate ranges of D. monticolae (=ponderosae) and D. ponderosae.
Diagrammatic Proof of the Condition of Functionality in Complex Functions

(1900). Diagrammatic Proof of the Condition of Functionality in Complex Functions. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 7, No. 11, pp. 240-242.
The correlation of rabbit pneumonia and human influenzal pneumonia

In this paper I wish to report certain studies on pneumonia in rabbits and incidently to compare the lesions with the lesions in human influenzal pneumonia. An epidemic of rabbit influenza occurred among the laboratory animals in the fall and winter of 1918 and the spring and summer of 1919. While contemporaneous with the epidemic of influenza, there was no reason whatever to surmise a common etiology. It had occurred many times before in the laboratory. The duration of the disease was variable; most animals succumbed at the end of from 5 to 7 days. Early there was loss of appetite and a thin, watery nasal discharge, accompanied by frequent sneezing. The discharge descended from the nares to the breast and anterior extremities and, as the disease progressed, became mucoid and purulent in character. Animals used for experimental purposes (infections, vaccine injections, etc.) appeared more susceptible and succumbed 6 to 48 hours earlier as a rule.
Dynamic Model Comparing the Bionomics of Two Isolated Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations: Model Development

The population dynamics of Culex tarsalis in the Coachella and southern San Joaquin valleys of California were studied using Monte Carlo simulations. Multiple years of abundance data were averaged to extract a generalized seasonal pattern for each site. These patterns were used to establish qualitative goodness-of-fit criteria to assess model output and to evaluate the importance of model parameters in simulating mosquito population trends. The parameters associated with the degree of temperature and density dependency on larval mortality were found to be important components in determining whether or not the output was classified as having passed or failed on the basis of our criteria, whereas autogeny and the heterogeneity of developmental time were found not to be important.
The Determination of Benzoyl Peroxide in Wheat Flour and its Products by HPLC

Objective To establish a simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of Benzoyl Peroxide in wheat flour and its products. Methods BPO in wheat flour and its products was supersound extracted with ethylalcohol,and then BPO was turned into Benzoic acid in 10% KI, and Benzoic acid for standard to quantitate.The chromatographic seperation was performed on ODS column using a mobile phase of methyl alcohol-0.02mol/L ammonium acetate(6+94, v/v) with a flow rate of 1.0ml/min,and UV-220nm detection. Result The linear range of the method was 0～100mg/L(r=0.9998), The minimum detectable limit of this method was 0.004g/kg, The recovery rate was 90.1%～102.4%,and the RSD was 1.83% ～3.82%. Conclusion The method is proved to be simple,convenient,sensitive and accurate.
Collecting the Here and Now: Birthday Albums and the Aesthetics of Association in Mid-Ming China

This article examines birthday albums, a genre that combines paintings and literary texts in calligraphy, produced by a group of peer artists and writers to celebrate birthdays of elders in the Wu region (Suzhou) during the mid-Ming period (1450–1550). Each album pairs paintings and texts devoted to a series of locales important to the honoree. Place mediated social, physical, and cultural experiences among groups of literati as they commemorated their social activities and their bodily and intellectual engagement with the sites. Birthday albums defined an aesthetic format of artistic and literary practices at that time. As a collection that synthesized multivalent associations, birthday albums documented a cultural field of mid-Ming Suzhou. Artists and writers collaborated in a broader cultural practice that valorized contemporary works made by groups of associates that express the makers’ and honorees’ nuanced collective sensibility of “our time.”
Color coordinates for assessment of dietary vitamin E effects on beef color stability.

Color stability was investigated in longissimus lumborum (LL), semimembranosus (SM), and gluteus medius (GM) muscles from Holstein steers fed diets including doses of alpha-tocopheryl acetate that were 0 (EO), 250 (E250), 500 (E500), and 2,000 (E2000) mg.steer-1.d-1 for 42 or 126 d. Longissimus lumborum was aged for 14, 28, and 56 d and GM and SM were aged for 14 d. Effects of vitamin E dose on retention of redness (a*), yellowness (b*), color saturation (chroma), and proportions of redness and yellowness (hue angle) following an aging period of 14 d were E2000 > E500 = E250 > EO (P 42 d (P < .01). Dietary vitamin E supplementation stabilized redness and color saturation, decreased yellowness, and extended color display life of fresh beef. A technique for estimation of color display life based on hue angle measurements of fresh beef is described. Color display life estimates based on hue angle measurements were more consistent with vitamin E supplementation effects on metmyoglobin percentage and hue angle than were estimates obtained from the metmyoglobin threshold method. Color display life across LL, SM, and GM stored until d 14 and then displayed under simulated retail conditions was extended (P < .01) 2.0 (E250) to 5.0 d (E2000). Coefficients of determination for regressions of color display life on muscle alpha-tocopherol concentration were .81, .64, and .63 in LL, SM, and GM muscles aged 14 d, respectively. Supplementation of 500 mg of alpha-tocopheryl acetate per steer daily improved (P < .01) the mean color display life of these three muscles by 2.3 d, or 100%.
Green and cool roofs to mitigate urban heat island effects in the Chicago metropolitan area: evaluation with a regional climate model

The effects of urban heat islands (UHIs) have a substantial bearing on the sustainability of cities and environs. This paper examines the efficacy of green and cool roofs as potential UHI mitigation strategies to make cities more resilient against UHI. We have employed the urbanized version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (uWRF) model at high (1 km) resolution with physically-based rooftop parameterization schemes (conventional, green and cool), a first-time application to the Chicago metropolitan area. We simulated a hot summer period (16–18 August 2013) and assessed (i) UHI reductions for different urban landuse with green/cool roofs, (ii) the interaction of lake breeze and UHI, and (iii) diurnal boundary layer dynamics. The performance of uWRF was evaluated using sensible heat flux and air temperature measurements from an urban mini-field campaign. The simulated roof surface energy balance captured the energy distribution with respective rooftop algorithms. Results showed that daytime roof temperature reduced and varied linearly with increasing green roof fractions, from less than 1 °C for the case of 25% green roof to ~3 °C during peak daytime for 100% green roof. Diurnal transitions from land to lake breeze and vice versa had a substantial impact on the daytime cycle of roof surface UHI, which had a 3–4 hour lag in comparison to 2 m UHI. Green and cool roofs reduced horizontal and vertical wind speeds and affected lower atmosphere dynamics, including reduced vertical mixing, lower boundary layer depth, and weaker convective rolls. The lowered wind speeds and vertical mixing during daytime led to stagnation of air near the surface, potentially causing air quality issues. The selection of green and cool roofs for UHI mitigation should therefore carefully consider the competing feedbacks. The new results for regional land-lake circulations and boundary layer dynamics from this study may be extended to other urbanized areas, particularly to coastal areas.
Personality disorders: an introduction.

Patients with a personality disorder exhibit fixed, lifelong patterns of behavior that normal persons exhibit to a lesser extent. Ability to identify such exaggerated behavior patterns can help the physician to manage more skillfully difficult physician-patient relationships.
TU‐H‐201‐01: Introduction

The New New Symposium is a symposium for members relatively new to the organization to learn about the organizational structure and operational procedures of the society; how decisions are made, how the council and committee leadership is appointed and operates, opportunities for volunteer involvement, and a brief overview of the services and efforts provided by the HQ staff and the website. Attendees will hear from council chairs, key staff and chairs, and members with volunteer experience. After the symposium a social hour ensues with opportunities to interact with key AAPM members. The New Member Symposium is a (free) ticket option when you register online for the Annual Meeting. And don't forget registrants receive one (free) ticket for a beverage of your choice during the social afterwards.
Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Transitional Cell Carcinoma of a Right Pelvic Kidney.

Abstract Background: Nephroureterectomy is the standard of care for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) involving the upper urinary tract. However, few published case reports exist describing the surgical treatment of ectopic kidneys with TCC. Surgical removal of a pelvic kidney can be complicated by aberrant vasculature supply, a tortuous ureter and abutting anatomical structures. Thus, it is necessary to determine the most appropriate surgical technique for treatment of pelvic kidneys with suspected malignancy. Case Presentation: A 65-year-old female who presented with hematuria and lower abdominal pain was found to have a right pelvic kidney with a heterogeneous mass on computed tomography (CT) urogram. A robot-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy of the right pelvic kidney was performed. Histopathological analysis revealed high-grade TCC with microscopic extension through the muscularis propria of the renal pelvis and superficially into the renal parenchyma. Conclusion: This case demonstrates the su...
God, Evil, and Cosmic Purpose

St. Thomas Aquinas (1274: I, q. 1, a. 3) gave two objections to belief in God: Does God exist? It seems that God does not exist; because if…God existed, there would be no evil discoverable; but there is evil in the world. Therefore God does not exist. It is superfluous to suppose that what can be accounted for by a few principles has been produced by many. But it seems that everything we see in the world can be accounted for by other principles, supposing God did not exist.…Therefore there is no need to suppose God's existence. The problem of evil and unnecessary hypothesis are still the main objections to belief in God. My response emphasizes moral ideas. I'll defend God's moral goodness , against the problem of evil ; and I'll argue that God's moral purposes are part of our best explanation of why the world exists as it does, against the unnecessary hypothesis . Why Evil? With all the evil and suffering in the world, is it reasonable to believe that a good and perfect God created the world? I live in Chicago. Here many evils happen every year – deaths, diseases, poverty, robberies, tornadoes, and so forth – bringing physical pain and mental suffering. Similar evils take place all over the world. Now imagine that there's a being X, who either caused these evils or could easily have prevented them. X had the power to bring only joy to people, if he had so chosen, but instead brought about (or at least permitted) massive evils. Here X, of course, is God; Bertrand Russell says that X would be a moral monster if he existed. Should we agree? Here's a traditional formulation of the problem of evil: If God doesn't want to prevent evil, then he isn't all good. If God isn't able to prevent evil, then he isn't all powerful. Either God doesn't want to prevent evil, or he isn't able. ∴ Either God isn't all powerful, or he isn't all good. The first two premises are based on taking an “all good being” as one who wants to do good and prevent evil as far as he's able – and an “all powerful being” as one who's able to do anything that's logically consistent .
One-parameter family of integrable solutions of a system of nonlinear integral equations of the Hammerstein–Volterra type in the supercritical case

We study a system of nonlinear integral equations of the Hammerstein–Volterra type on a half-line in the supercritical case. We show that this system has a one-parameter family of positive integrable bounded solutions. We describe the structure of each solution in this family. The monotone dependence of the solutions on the parameter is proved.
A computer program for the quick and easy analysis of unreplicated factorials

Lenth (1989) proposes a quick and easy method for the analysis of unreplicated factorial and fractional factorial experiments. This article presents a FORTRAN computer program that uses Lenth's method to produce the simple graph, similar to the analysis-of-means, for determining the importance of the various effects (contrasts).
Gfi-1 Represses PU.1 Activity To Promote Granulocyte over Macrophage Differentiation.

Mice lacking the zinc finger transcriptional repressor protein Gfi-1 are neutropenic. These mice generate abnormal immature myeloid cells exhibiting characteristics of both macrophages and granulocytes. Interestingly these immature Gfi-1 −/− myeloid cells overexpress target genes of the PU.1 transcription factor: M-CSF receptor (M-CSFR) and PU.1 itself. Because of this we sought to determine if Gfi-1 modulates the transcriptional activity of PU.1. Here we demonstrate that Gfi-1 physically associates with PU.1 and represses PU.1- dependent transcription from the M-CSFR promoter. This interaction is functionally relevant as Gfi-1 blocks PU.1- dependent macrophage differentiation, but not granulocyte differentiation of a multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cell line. Additionally infection of primary bone marrow progenitors with a Gfi-1 retrovirus promotes granulocyte differentiation at the expense of macrophage differentiation. In contrast, a Gfi-1 mutant lacking repressor activity strongly promotes macrophage differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors. In transient transfections this Gfi-1 mutant not only blocks Gfi-1 repression of PU.1 transcriptional activity but C/EBP alpha mediated repression as well. From this data we hypothesize that Gfi-1 along with other transcriptional regulators target PU.1 for repression in the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (GMP) in order to direct granulocyte differentiation. If true decreasing the concentration of PU.1 may decrease the need for Gfi-1 in directing granulocyte development. We are currently testing this in vivo by examining myeloid development in PU.1 +/− Gfi-1 −/− mice.
Can a Combination Formulation Containing a Neutral Opiate Antagonist Decrease the Abuse of μ-Agonist Opiates

Dependence on and abuse of prescription opiate drugs is now a major health problem with initiation of prescription opiate abuse exceeding cocaine in young people. Coincident with the emergence of abuse and dependence on prescription opiates there has been an increased emphasis on the treatment of pain. Pain is now the “5th vital sign” and physicians face disciplinary action for failure to adequately relieve pain. Thus, physicians are whipsawed between the imperative to treat pain with opiates and the consequences of producing addiction in some patients. Novel approaches are needed to allow appropriate prescribing yet diminish the risk of iatrogenic addiction. In this chapter, we propose a method to develop opioid medications that are resistant to drug abuse and show reduced adverse effects. Among the various strategies to reduce addiction liability, the addition of small doses of an opioid antagonist has received recent attention. This is done with the expectation that the antagonist does not affect the analgesic actions if the combination is given for therapeutic purposes, but will accumulate and then block the opioid effects when the drug is abused — either in high oral doses or by intravenous administration. However, opioid antagonist engender strong adverse effects in opioid-dependent and tolerant subjects. Our method emerges from recent advances in our understanding of the molecular pharmacology of opioid receptors, whereby antagonist can be classified into inverse agonists (e.g., naltrexone) that block basal receptor activity, and neutral antagonists (e.g., 6β-naltrexol) that block only the agonist-stimulated effects — thereby causing less withdrawal effects. Preclinical results indicate that 6β-naltrexol (a main metabolite of naltrexone) has all the desired pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic attributes as an ideal candidate for such a combination therapeutic, potentially yielding a significant advance in pain therapy with opiates. In this chapter, we review the evidence for the unfolding prescription opiate epidemic and describe the potential of 6β-naltrexol, a neutral opiate antagonist, in limiting maximal μ-agonist effects of oral opiate analgesics.
The Fourth (and First) Amendment:Searches with, and Scrutiny of, Neuroimaging

The questions raised of Fourth Amendment law by neuroimaging at first seem to have simple answers: The Fourth Amendment covers neuroimaging because probing any part of the body’s interior is a “search.” The standard level of protection against such a search is the warrant requirement, imposing on government the responsibility of showing probable cause and specifying the place to be searched before conducting such a search. However, matters are not so simple. There is significant gray area in the Fourth Amendment that the court has used to give government flexibility in meeting vital security interests. This chapter shows that some of the answers to these Fourth Amendment problems may unexpectedly have First Amendment solutions.
Developing an inter-organizational safety climate instrument for the construction industry

Abstract In the construction industry, recent literature has promoted a design for safety approach that discusses the benefits of considering safety from the very start of the project lifecycle. With this approach, non-construction personnel, such as owners and designers, need to work alongside constructors and subcontractors to consider safety during design and procurement stages of a project. This is a difficult process, particularly with the degree of fragmentation in the industry. Safety climate survey instruments have been developed to identify these sources of fragmentation among stakeholder groups, but most of these tools are directed toward on-site construction personnel. This paper describes the development of an inter-organizational safety climate instrument for measuring attitudes toward safety of construction industry stakeholders including owners, designers, construction managers, and subcontractors. Overall, the measurement model demonstrated a good fit with the data based on a confirmatory factor analysis. Therefore, the survey instrument provides a useful tool for researchers and practitioners to identify the sources of fragmentation in attitudes of construction project personnel toward worker safety that can affect occupational health and safety within the industry.
Diagnosis of Plant Failures Using Orthogonal Parity Equations

Abstract The paper gives an overview of a multi-year effort to develop a failure detection and isolation (diagnostic) methodology for use with technical systems, such as process plant equipment, transportation vehicles or appliances. The method is based on the concept of analytical redundancy and uses parity equations to generate failure indicating residuals. The residuals are subjected to statistical testing and the test results to logical analysis to arrive at diagnostic inferences. The main focus of the work is failure isolability; parity equations orthogonal to selected failures are arranged into special structures to achieve this. Performance measures such as sensitivity to failures and robustness against modelling errors are also taken into account in the design of the diagnostic algorithm.
Safety and efficacy of combined resection of colorectal peritoneal and liver metastases.

Background To determine if a select subgroup of patients with combined liver and peritoneal colorectal metastases would derive oncologic benefit from surgical resection as a component of multimodality treatment.
Biofilm formation by Salmonella spp. in catfish mucus extract under industrial conditions.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of strain and temperature on the growth and biofilm formation of Salmonella spp. in high and low concentrations of catfish mucus extract on different food-contact surfaces at 22 °C and 10 °C. The second objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of disinfectants at recommended concentrations and contact times for removing Salmonella biofilms cells on a stainless steel surface containing catfish mucus extract. Growth and biofilm formation of all Salmonella strains increased with higher concentrations of catfish mucus extract at both 10 °C and 22 °C. In 15 μg/ml of catfish mucus extract inoculated with 3 log CFU/ml, the biofilm levels of Salmonella on stainless steel surface reached to 3.5 log CFU/cm2 at 10 °C or 5.5 log CFU/cm2 at 22 °C in 7 days. In 375 μg/ml of catfish mucus extract inoculated with 3 log CFU/ml, the biofilm levels of Salmonella on the stainless steel surface reached 4.5 log CFU/cm2 at 10 °C and 6.5 log CFU/cm2 at 22 °C in 7 days. No differences were observed between Salmonella strains tested for biofilm formation in catfish mucus extract on the stainless steel surface. The biofilm formation by Salmonella Blockley (7175) in catfish mucus extract was less (P < 0.05) on buna-N rubber when compared to stainless steel, polyethylene and polyurethane surfaces. Salmonella biofilm cells were not detectable on the stainless steel surface after treatment with a mixture of disinfectants but were still present when single compound disinfectants were used.
4-tert-Butyl-pyridinium triiodide-4-tert-butyl-pyridine (1/1).

The title compound, C9H14N+·I3−·C9H13N, consists of monoprotonated 4-tert-butyl­pyridinium cations and triiodide anions. The triiodide ion has near-symmetric linear geometry, with bond lengths of 2.9105 (4) A (I—I) and a bond angle of 177.55 (3)° (I—I—I). For this room-temperature structure, the butyl group on the pyridine ring is disordered and has been treated as a rigid rotator, modeled in three separate positions with 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 occupancies. The cations assemble into dimeric forms by way of N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds.
Warriors, Dilettantes & Businessmen: Bird collectors during the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries in Southern Africa

What is the place of bird collections in avian biology during the 21st century? Is there still value to the collections of numerous bird skins housed in established museums in southern Africa and a...
O ensino de pragmática por professores nativos e não-nativos de línguas: o que eles sabem e o que relatam estar fazendo

The paper focuses on how nonnative teachers of a target language (NNTs) deal with pragmatics in their classes. It starts with a discussion of what pragmatics entails. Next, issues relating to the teaching of pragmatics are identified, such as the language background of the teacher, comparisons between second- (L2) and foreign-language (FL) instruction, and the potential role of digital media and other means in providing models for pragmatic behavior. Then, an international survey is presented which probed into the experiences of NNTs of various languages while teaching the pragmatics of their language of instruction. A total of 113 teachers were asked to indicate what they taught with regard to pragmatics, 30 native-language teachers (NTs) and 83 NNTs. They were also asked to report on their experience as teachers of L2 and FL pragmatics (e.g., if they encountered classroom moments when they did not feel like an authority on some aspect of pragmatics, what they did about it). Since pragmatics is a meeting of language and culture, the teacher respondents were asked to assess their knowledge regarding pragmalinguistics (i.e., the language forms) and sociopragmatics (sociocultural knowledge). In addition, they were asked to give their opinion regarding similarities and differences between the teaching of FL as opposed to L2 pragmatics, as this traditional dichotomy gives way to a more hybrid reality in an increasingly globalized world. Similarly, they were asked about their methods for teaching pragmatics (e.g., their use of digital media and their handling of dialect differences). Finally, they were asked to suggest areas in which they would like to see research conducted that would inform the teaching of pragmatics. The paper reports the findings from the study, including statistical differences in reported teaching of criticism, sarcasm, and cursing, as well as in the use of digital media and in having students gather data on pragmatics.
Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of New Cities

Who lives in the more than 400 new municipalities incorporated across the USA? The existing literature on municipal incorporations largely depicts these new cities as homogenous enclaves that consisted of wealthier, Whiter, and better educated residents than the unincorporated community from which they were created. Additional research had revealed that new cities and nearby existing communities were statistically significantly different along a range of socioeconomic variables, and another study found a relationship between income heterogeneity and the likelihood of municipal incorporation. The new communities incorporated over the last two decades are Whiter, older, have longer commutes, and have higher family incomes than the national average. Interestingly, they also had higher levels of poverty and lower levels of college attainment, which may be the result of a localized geography and the prevalence of new municipalities with the South Census Region. For the first time, research in this chapter compared new municipalities to their counties of origin (county from which they were created) and revealed that new cities are statistically significantly Whiter, better educated, and older when compared to the counties of origin from which they were established. In addition to the differences identified between new municipalities and the counties of origin, regional differences were also identified through the use of a t-test exploring the statistical significance between the two groups (i.e., NIMs and Counties of Origin by Region).
Effect of frequency alteration regimes on the heating patterns in a solid-state-fed microwave cavity

High-power solid-state sources are expected to be the core elements in efficient controlling characteristics of microwave thermal processing. In this paper, we analyze the effect made by frequency ...
Health Disparities in the United States: Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Health

The health care system in the United States has been called the best in the world, but many of its residents cannot afford or do not have access to adequate care. Health Disparities in the United States explores how socioeconomic status, race, and ethnic make-up affect health disparities; what the wide gulf in care and health outcomes means for the medical community, cultural subsets, and society at large; and how to address the issue effectively. Topics examined include:* The relationship between income and social status and health care and outcomes* The effect of race and ethnicity on health and the availability of care* Conscious, unconscious, and institutionalized bias in treatment options* How and when race and ethnicity should be taken into account in treating illness* Practical and practicable ideas for reducing health disparities Analyzing the complex web of social forces that influence health outcomes in the United States, this book is a vital teaching tool and a comprehensive reference for social science and medical professionals.
Electrical Properties of Thin Conducting Films

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the electric properties of thin conducting films. Thin film interconnections are an integral part of integrated circuits (ICs). They are the means by which active regions in a device communicate among themselves, and single devices communicate with each other and with the outside world. Owing to these varied tasks it is possible, indeed advisable, to have more than one level of interconnection networks employed in a given IC. A multilevel interconnect system is recommended for achieving higher speed and greater density, for minimizing the effects of certain parasitic phenomena, and for increasing the process reliability. The reliability of thin film interconnects, in particular, impacts critically on the successful implementation of all circuit types. A yield issue in current very-large-scale integration technologies, it turns out that in multilevel metallization schemes the reliability is improved. This is because of the relaxation of certain stringent requirements regarding the geometrical features and the metallurgical properties of the thin metal interconnect system. The basic electrical property of an interconnect line is its conductivity.
Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract The β 3 subtype of adrenaline and noradrenaline receptors has been extensively characterized at structural and functional levels. Ligand binding and adenyl cyclase activation studies have helped to define their unique β-adrenergic profile. Humans, other larger mammals, and rodents share most of the characteristic β 3 -adrenergic receptor properties, although obvious species-specific differences have been identified. Most studies in animal models have shown a distinct β 3 -adrenergic receptor activity that results in an increase in energy expenditure, decrease of fat mass (especially of intra-abdominal fat), and increased glucose disposal efficiency. It is of interest that mild weight increase was shown to develop in female but not male mice, in whom the β 3 -adrenergic receptor gene was disrupted. Recently, the incidence of a naturally occurring variant of the human β 3 -adrenergic receptor was shown to correlate with hereditary obesity in Pima Indians and Japanese individuals. In Western obese patients, this phenotype increased the capacity to gain weight and develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. Studies of humans with the Trp 64 Arg variant have shown controversial results. Many studies have failed to show any effect in heterozygous male subjects, and only modest effects in homozygous male subjects. In women, several studies have shown modest-to-significant effects regarding weight gain, intra-abdominal fat, and decreased insulin sensitivity in heterozygous and homozygous women. Other studies have failed to show any effect in heterozygous females. Disruptions in the activity of the β 3 -adrenergic receptor in the homozygous male and the heterozygous or homozygous female appear to have a profound effect in animal models, but a limited consequence in human physiology. Association with obesity or diabetes in humans is still controversial. This difference between animal and human models may be explained by the different quantity and distribution of metabolically active brown adipose tissue in the two.
Identifying Lithium-Responsive Children

Our experience and that of others indicates that lithium has definite usefulness in certain behavioral and emotional disorders of childhood. In this paper we summarize our experience with lithium treatment of children over the past 8 years. This has been done on an outpatient basis. We have proceeded on the basis that long-term acceptance and continuation of treatment is an important index of efficacy. In every patient, during the course of treatment, there were periods of time when treatment was discontinued as either an open or blind trial — in other words, there was every opportunity to discontinue treatment.
Increasing Returns and Externality in Cybercrimes

This chapter employs increasing returns and externality approaches to explain cybercrimes’ escalation. We focus on three positive or self-reinforcing feedback systems to examine increasing returns in cybercrime-related activities. They are related to economic, sociopolitical, and cognitive systems. We also examine three mechanisms that may give positive feedback to cyber-criminals: inefficiency and congestion in the law-enforcement system, acceleration of the diffusion of cybercrime know-how and technology, and increase in potential criminals’ predisposition toward cybercrimes.
Larval Settlement of Soft-Sediment Invertebrates: Some Predictions Based on an Analysis of Near-Bottom Velocity Profiles

Abstract During settlement, planktonic larvae may actively select habitats, they may be passively deposited onto the seabed, or both processes may apply, but for different spatial or temporal scales or for different flow regimes. Proposing realistic settlement scenerios involving both passive deposition and active habitat selection can profit from a priori analyses of near-bed flow characteristics relative to known aspects of larval biology (i.e., swim speeds and fall velocities). Toward this end, smooth-turbulent velocity profiles were calculated for everyday tidal flows at a shallow subtidal study site, where continuous near-bed flow measurements were available. Velocity profiles were constructed for a realistic range of flow conditions. Rough-turbulent flow profiles also were calculated, assuming storm waves periodically are sufficient to resuspend sediments and make a rippled seabed. Under most flow conditions analyzed, mean flow speeds exceed maximum larval swim speeds, even to within tenths of millimeters from the bed. In the smooth-turbulent flows, larvae generally would encounter no opposed velocity if they swam vertically in the viscous sublayer, to heights of about 0.25-cm above the bed. In rough-turbulent flows, eddies regularly penetrate to within tenths of millimeters of the bed, so larvae would experience eddy velocities with components in all directions very close to the bed. It is concluded that, at least at this study site, larvae probably do not search for preferred habitats by horizontal swimming. Larvae may swim vertically down to test the substrate and then swim vertically up to be advected downstream. However, it also is noted that measured larval swim speeds and fall velocities are about the same order-of-magnitude, so at best, larvae may only be able to maintain position when swimming vertically.
Long-Term Survival of De Novo Stage IV Human Epidermal Growth Receptor 2 (HER2) Positive Breast Cancers Treated with HER2-Targeted Therapy.

Background An increasing proportion of human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2) positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is diagnosed as de novo stage IV disease. We hypothesize that a subset of these patients who achieve no evidence of disease (NED) status after multimodality HER2-targeted treatments may have prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Materials and methods Patients with de novo stage IV, HER2+ MBC (n = 483) diagnosed between 1998 and 2015 were identified at two institutions (Yale and MD Anderson Cancer Centers). Clinical variables, treatment details, and survival outcomes were compared between those who achieved NED and those who did not. Results All patients received trastuzumab, and 20% also received pertuzumab as first-line therapy. The median OS was 5.5 years (95% confidence interval [Cl]: 4.8-6.2). Sixty-three patients (13.0%) achieved NED; their PFS and OS rates were 100% and 98% (95% CI: 94.6%-100%), respectively, at 5 years and remained the same at 10 years. For patients with no NED (n = 420), the PFS and OS rates were 12% (95% CI: 4.5%-30.4%) and 45% (95% CI: 38.4%-52.0%) at 5 years and 0% and 4% (95% CI, 1.3%-13.2%) at 10 years, respectively. NED patients more frequently had solitary metastasis (79% vs. 51%, p = .005) and surgery to resect cancer (59% vs. 22%, p ≤ .001). In multivariate analysis, NED status (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.014, p = .0002) and estrogen receptor positive status (HR: 0.72; p = .04) were associated with prolonged OS. Conclusion Among patients with de novo stage IV, HER2+ MBC, those who achieve NED status have a very high PFS and OS. Further randomized studies are required to fully understand the impact of systemic or locoregional therapy on achieving these excellent long-term outcomes. Implications for practice In this retrospective review at two institutions, it was demonstrated that 13% of patients with de novo stage IV, human epidermal growth receptor 2 positive metastatic breast cancer achieved no evidence of disease (NED) status with trastuzumab-based therapy plus/minus local therapies, and these patients had a very high progression-free survival (100%) and overall survival (98%) at both the 5- and 10-year time points. Achieving NED status may be an important therapeutic goal. However, further randomized studies are required to fully understand the impact of systemic or locoregional therapy on achieving these excellent long-term outcomes.
Enantiospecific and Regioselective Rhodium-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation: Diastereoselective Approach to Quaternary Carbon Stereogenic Centers

The enantiospecific and regioselective rhodium-catalyzed allylic alkylation of a series of chiral nonracemic allylic carbonates, followed by ozonolysis and reductive lactonization, provides a convenient route to optically active γ-lactones. Sequential alkylation and reductive alkylation furnished the α-quaternary-β-ternary substituted γ-lactone derivative as a ≥10:1 mixture of diastereoisomers.