cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Additions to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones Catalyzed by a (Salen)Al Complex

Chiral (salen)Al complex 1a catalyzes the highly enantioselective conjugate addition of carbon- and nitrogen-based nucleophiles to acyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones. This methodology is tolerant of substantial variation of the ketone structure, providing access to a wide range of useful chiral building blocks in high yield and enantiomeric excess. Synthetic manipulations of the conjugate addition products are demonstrated, including the straightforward preparation of β-amino ketones and highly enantioenriched carbo- and heterocyclic compounds.
A computational environment for exhaust nozzle design

The Nozzle Design Associate (NDA) is a computational environment for the design of jet engine exhaust nozzles for supersonic aircraft. NDA may be used either to design new aircraft or to design new nozzles that adapt existing aircraft so they may be reutilized for new missions. NDA was developed in a collaboration between computer scientists at Rutgers University and exhaust nozzle designers at General Electric (GE) Aircraft Engines and General Electric Corporate Research and Development. The NDA project has two principal goals: to provide a useful engineering tool for exhaust nozzle design, and to explore fundamental research issues that arise in the application of automated design optimization methods to realistic engineering problems.
BURIED ALIVE IN THE CORONAL GRAVEYARD

We have used the High Resolution Camera (HRC-I) of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory to search for coronal (T � 10 6 K) emission from the archetype ‘‘ noncoronal ’’ red giants Arcturus (� Bootis=HD 124897, K1 III) and Aldebaran (� Tauri=HD 29139, K5 III). Our program follows up previous detections of ultraviolet coronal proxies such as C iv � 1548 (T � 1 � 10 5 K) and O vi � 1031 (T � 3 � 10 5 K). The deep (� 19 ks) HRC-I pointings obtained a tentative 3 � detection of Arcturus, with fXð0:2 2 keV Þ¼ 1:0 þ1:8 � 0:8 � 10 � 15 ergs cm � 2 s � 1 (95% confidence limits [CLs]), but failed to record Aldebaran, with an upper limit of d1:5 � 10 � 15 ergs cm � 2 s � 1 (also at 95% CL). The corresponding LX=Lbol ratios are a factor of ten thousand less than the Sun, a low-activity coronal dwarf. At the same time, Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph far-ultraviolet spectra suggest the presence of a ‘‘ cool absorber,’’ probably near the base of the red giant chromosphere, imprinting discrete low-excitation absorptions on top of highly ionized features such as Si iv � 1393. The hot emission zones thus are at least partially buried under a large column of chromospheric material, which would severely attenuate any soft X-rays that might be emitted. The submerged hot structures presumably are magnetic because of their high temperatures and broad C iv profiles (FWHM � 130 km s � 1 ). Perhaps these structures are analogous to small-scale ephemeral bipolar regions seen ubiquitously on the Sun throughout the sunspot cycle and thought to be of direct convective origin. If small-scale magnetic fields indeed are present in the lower atmospheres of red giants such as Arcturus and Aldebaran, they might play a role in initiating the cool winds of such stars, perhaps through a mechanism similar to solar spicules. Subject headings: stars: coronae — stars: individual (Aldebaran, Arcturus) — ultraviolet: stars — X-rays: stars
Neural correlates of performance monitoring in daily and intermittent smokers.

Abstract Objectives Despite efforts that have increased smoking regulation, cigarette taxation, and social stigma, cigarette smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death worldwide, and a significant personal and public economic burden. In the U.S., intermittent smokers comprise approximately 22% of all smokers and represent a stable, non-dependent group that may possess protective factors that prevent the transition to dependence. One possibility is that intermittent smokers have intact CNS frontal regulatory and control mechanisms that enable resistance to nicotine-induced changes. Methods The present study measured inhibitory control using a flanker task and a go–nogo continuous performance tasks in daily dependent smokers, intermittent non-dependent smokers, and nonsmokers. Event-related potential (ERP) measures of were concurrently recorded to measure performance monitoring via Event-Related Negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) components during error trials for each task. Results In both tasks, behavioral and ERN measures did not differ between groups; however, amplitude of the Pe component was largest among intermittent smokers. Conclusions Thus, intermittent smokers differed from both daily smokers and nonsmokers on error processing, potentially revealing neuroprotective cognitive processes in nicotine dependence. Significance A better understanding of factors that mediate behavioral regulation may provide novel treatment approaches that help individuals achieve controlled smoking or cessation.
The Effects of Financial Incentives in Experiments: A Review and Capital-Labor-Production Framework

We review 74 experiments with no, low, or high performance-based financial incentives. The modal result has no effect on mean performance (though variance is usually reduced by higher payment). Higher incentive does improve performance often, typically judgment tasks that are responsive to better effort. Incentives also reduce “presentation” effects (e.g., generosity and risk-seeking). Incentive effects are comparable to effects of other variables, particularly “cognitive capital” and task “production” demands, and interact with those variables, so a narrow-minded focus on incentives alone is misguided. We also note that no replicated study has made rationality violations disappear purely by raising incentives.
The Underprovision of Experiments in Political Science

Field experimentation enables researchers to draw unbiased and externally valid causal inferences about social processes. Despite these strengths, field experimentation is seldom used in political science, which relies instead on observational studies and laboratory experiments. This article contends that political scientists underestimate the value of field experimentation and overestimate their ability to draw secure causal inferences from other types of data. After reviewing the history of experimentation in the discipline, the authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of field experimental methods. They conclude by describing a number of research topics that seem amenable to experimental inquiry.
NEUTRON ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT AT FIXED TOPOLOGY

We describe the finite volume effects of CP-odd quantities, such as the neutron electric dipole moment and the anapole moment in the θ-vacuum, under different topological sectors. We evaluate the three-point Green's functions for the electromagnetic current in a fixed nontrivial topological sector in order to extract these CP-odd observables. We discuss the role of zero modes in the CP-odd Green's function and show that, in the quenched approximation, there is a power divergence in the quark mass for CP-odd quantities at finite volume.
Design of the Advanced Light Source timing system

The Advanced Light Source (ALS) is a third generation synchrotron radiation facility, and as such, has several unique timing requirements. Arbitrary storage ring filling patterns and high single bunch purity requirements demand a highly stable, low jitter timing system with the flexibility to reconfigure on a pulse-to-pulse basis. This modular system utilizes a highly linear Gauss clock with "on the fly" programmable setpoints to track a free-running booster ramping magnet and provides digitally programmable sequencing and delay for the electron gun, linac, booster ring, and storage ring RF, pulsed magnet, and instrumentation systems. It has proven itself over the last year of accelerator operation to be reliable and rock solid. >
Evolutionary Perspectives on Workplace Gossip: Why and How Gossip Can Serve Groups:

Gossip in the workplace has generally been ignored by researchers and often criticized by practitioners. The authors apply a transdisciplinary evolutionary approach to argue that gossip is a natural part of social organizations and that certain conditions can encourage socially-redeeming gossip. They draw on case studies involving cattle ranchers, members of a competitive rowing team, and airline company employees to juxtapose the nature and functions of gossip across a wide set of communities. They find that workplace gossip can serve positive functions when organizational rewards—measured in contextspecific currencies—are fairly allocated at the level of small-scale groups rather than the level of individuals within groups. Given the diversity of their case studies, the authors are able to identify financial and nonfinancial rewards that facilitate group-serving gossip in different environments. Their findings make sense in light of an evolutionary perspective that recognizes similarities between the range of environments in which humans have primarily evolved and the workplace conditions that invite socially-redeeming gossip.
Implications of General and Specific Productivity Growth in a Matching Model

In this paper, I explore the implications of incorporating long-run productivity growth into a labor market matching model. I allow productivity growth to be of a general or match-specific nature, and consider an environment in which risk-averse workers are matched with firms and engage in long-term employment contracts, to which the workers cannot commit. The environment gives rise to two new channels through which faster growth may reduce unemployment: intertemporal consumption smoothing and specific productivity growth. A quantitative analysis of the model shows that these two channels are able to generate a negative impact of growth on unemployment comparable to empirical estimates, in contrast to the traditional ”capitalization effect”. The analysis also suggests that while a greater specificity of productivity growth tends to decrease the unemployment rate and lengthen workers’ tenure, it makes these variables more responsive to growth and job destruction rates. These results may potentially explain certain labor market differences among the U.S., Europe and Japan.
Fracture toughness of high density polycarbonate microcellular foams

Microcellular foams (MCFs) of polycarbonate (PC) with relative densities of 0.9 and 0.7 (MCF-0.9 and MCF-0.7) are produced by solid-state foaming. Microstructural characterization shows that they have bi-modal distribution of spherical cells, with median cell sizes of 3–4 mm and 6–9 mm for both cell populations. Tensile testing shows that ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus approximately ranked with relative density, although MCF-0.9 has a modulus similar to the unfoamed PC (uPC). Toughness measurements show that, when compared to uPC on a critical stress intensity factor basis, MCF-0.9 shows no reduction in toughness and MCF-0.7 shows a 35% reduction. When compared to uPC on strain energy basis, 12–15% increases in toughness are measured for both MCFs. Their fracture occurs by multiple initiation, growth, and coalescence of voids formed at cells acting as stress concentrators. A fine cell morphology results in prolonged growth and coalescence phases, and thus improves fracture toughness.
Book Ramsey numbers: I

A book Bp is a graph consisting of p triangles sharing a common edge. In this paper we prove that if p ≤ q/6 - o(q) and q is large, then the Ramsey number r (Bp, Bq) is given by r(Bp, Bq) = 2q + 3, and the constant 1/6 is essentially best possible. Our proof is based on Szemeredi's uniformity lemma and a stability result for books.
STOCHASTIC OFFLINE PROGRAMMING

We propose a framework which we call stochastic off-line programming (SOP). The idea is to embed the development of combinatorial algorithms in an off-line learning environment which helps the developer choose heuristic advisors that guide the search for satisfying or optimal solutions. In particular, we consider the case where the developer has several heuristic advisors available. Rather than selecting a single heuristic, we propose that one of the heuristics is chosen randomly whenever the heuristic guidance is sought. The task of the SOP is to learn favorable instance-specific distributions of the heuristic advisors in order to boost the average-case performance of the resulting combinatorial algorithm. Applying this methodology to a typical optimization problem, we show that substantial improvements can in fact be achieved when we perform learning in an instances specific manner.
An exact approach for studying cargo transport by an ensemble of molecular motors

Background: Intracellular transport is crucial for many cellular processes where a large fraction of the cargo is transferred by motor-proteins over a network of microtubules. Malfunctions in the transport mechanism underlie a number of medical maladies. Existing methods for studying how motor-proteins coordinate the transfer of a shared cargo over a microtubule are either analytical or are based on Monte-Carlo simulations. Approaches that yield analytical results, while providing unique insights into transport mechanism, make simplifying assumptions, where a detailed characterization of important transport modalities is difficult to reach. On the other hand, Monte-Carlo based simulations can incorporate detailed characteristics of the transport mechanism; however, the quality of the results depend on the number and quality of simulation runs used in arriving at results. Here, for example, it is difficult to simulate and study rare-events that can trigger abnormalities in transport. Results: In this article, a semi-analytical methodology that determines the probability distribution function of motor-protein behavior in an exact manner is developed. The method utilizes a finite-dimensional projection of the underlying infinite-dimensional Markov model, which retains the Markov property, and enables the detailed and exact determination of motor configurations, from which meaningful inferences on transport characteristics of the original model can be derived. Conclusions: Under this novel probabilistic approach new insights about the mechanisms of action of these proteins are found, suggesting hypothesis about their behavior and driving the design and realization of new experiments. The advantages provided in accuracy and efficiency make it possible to detect rare events in the motor protein dynamics, that could otherwise pass undetected using standard simulation methods. In this respect, the model has allowed to provide a possible explanation for possible mechanisms under which motor proteins could coordinate their motion.
Exploration of coreference resolution: the ACE entity detection and recognition task

In this paper, we consider the coreference resolution problem in the context of information extraction as envisioned by the DARPA Automatic Content Extraction (ACE) program Given a set of entity mentions referring to real world entities and a similarity matrix that characterizes how similar those mentions are, we seek a set of entities that are uniquely co-referred to by those entity mentions The quality of the clustering of entity mentions into unique entities significantly depends on the quality of (1) the similarity matrix and (2) the clustering algorithm We explore the coreference resolution problem along those two dimensions and clearly show the tradeoff among several ways of learning similarity matrix and using it while performing clustering.
Managing hyponatremia in patients with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

Disorders of sodium [Na+] and water metabolism are commonly encountered in the hospital setting due to the wide range of disease states that can disrupt the balanced control of water and solute intake and output. In particular, the prompt identification and appropriate management of abnormally low serum [Na+] is critical if we are to reduce the increased morbidity and mortality that accompany hyponatremia in hospitalized patients. Use of an algorithm that is based primarily on the symptomatology of hyponatremic patients, rather than the serum [Na+] or the chronicity of the hyponatremia, will help to choose the correct initial therapy in hospitalized hyponatremic patients. However, careful monitoring of serum [Na+] responses is required in all cases to adjust therapy appropriately in response to changing clinical conditions. Although this approach will enable efficacious and safe treatment of hyponatremic patients with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) at the present time, evolving knowledge of the consequences of chronic hyponatremia will likely alter treatment indications and guidelines in the future.
Background subtraction: separating the modeling and the inference

In its early implementations, background modeling was a process of building a model for the background of a video with a stationary camera, and identifying pixels that did not conform well to this model. The pixels that were not well-described by the background model were assumed to be moving objects. Many systems today maintain models for the foreground as well as the background, and these models compete to explain the pixels in a video. If the foreground model explains the pixels better, they are considered foreground. Otherwise they are considered background. In this paper, we argue that the logical endpoint of this evolution is to simply use Bayes' rule to classify pixels. In particular, it is essential to have a background likelihood, a foreground likelihood, and a prior at each pixel. A simple application of Bayes' rule then gives a posterior probability over the label. The only remaining question is the quality of the component models: the background likelihood, the foreground likelihood, and the prior. We describe a model for the likelihoods that is built by using not only the past observations at a given pixel location, but by also including observations in a spatial neighborhood around the location. This enables us to model the influence between neighboring pixels and is an improvement over earlier pixelwise models that do not allow for such influence. Although similar in spirit to the joint domain-range model, we show that our model overcomes certain deficiencies in that model. We use a spatially dependent prior for the background and foreground. The background and foreground labels from the previous frame, after spatial smoothing to account for movement of objects, are used to build the prior for the current frame. These components are, by themselves, not novel aspects in background modeling. As we will show, many existing systems account for these aspects in different ways. We argue that separating these components as suggested in this paper yields a very simple and effective model. Our intuitive description also isolates the model components from the classification or inference step. Improvements to each model component can be carried out without any changes to the inference or other components. The various components can hence be modeled effectively and their impact on the overall system understood more easily.
A decision-theoretic method for surrogate model selection

The use of surrogate models to approximate computationally expensive simulation models, e.g., large comprehensive finite element models, is widespread. Typical uses of surrogate models include design, optimization, sensitivity analysis and/or uncertainty quantification. A surrogate model is defined by a postulated functional form, and values for the surrogate model parameters are estimated using results from a limited number of solutions to the comprehensive model. In general, there may be multiple surrogate models, each defined by possibly a different functional form, consistent with the limited data from the comprehensive model. We refer to each as a candidate surrogate model. Methods are developed and applied to select the optimal surrogate model from the collection of candidate surrogate models. One approach is to select the surrogate model that best fits the data provided by the comprehensive model, regardless of its intended use. The proposed approach applies techniques from decision theory, where postulated utility functions are used to account for the model use within the selection process. Three applications are presented to illustrate the methods. These include surrogate model selection for the purpose of: (1) estimating the minimum of a deterministic function, (2) the design under uncertainty of a simple oscillator, and (3) the uncertainty quantification of a complex engineering system subject to a severe shock and vibration environment.
Use of a Shroud and Baffle to Improve Natural Convection to Immersed Heat Exchangers

Optimizing heat transfer during the charge and discharge of thermal stores is crucial for high performance of solar thermal systems for domestic and commercial applications. This study models a sensible water storage tank for which charge and discharge are accomplished using a heat exchanger immersed in the storage fluid. The objective is to investigate the use of a baffle and shroud as a means to improve convective heat transfer and thermal stratification. The immersed heat exchanger is modeled as a two-dimensional isothermal cylinder which is situated near the top of a storage tank with adiabatic walls. Transient numerical simulations of the discharge process are obtained for 105 < RaD < 107 . An adiabatic shroud and baffle whose geometry is parametrically varied is placed around and below the cylinder. Transient Nusselt numbers are calculated for different baffle-shroud geometries and Rayleigh numbers. Results indicate that a long baffle with a high shroud height is optimal.© 2010 ASME
Definition, detection, and recovery of single-page failures, a fourth class of database failures

The three traditional failure classes are system, media, and transaction failures. Sometimes, however, modern storage exhibits failures that differ from all of those. In order to capture and describe such cases, single-page failures are introduced as a fourth failure class. This class encompasses all failures to read a data page correctly and with plausible contents despite all correction attempts in lower system levels.Efficient recovery seems to require a new data structure called the page recovery index. Its transactional maintenance can be accomplished writing the same number of log records as today's efficient implementations of logging and recovery. Detection and recovery of a single-page failure can be sufficiently fast that the affected data access is merely delayed, without the need to abort the transaction.
A simple, one-flask transformation of ketones to N-methyl lactams

A one-flask conversion of cyclic ketones to N-methyl lactams is described. Reaction of the ketone with triethylorthoformate generates an acetal which is reacted in situ with N-(((p-nitrobenzene)sulfonyl)oxy methylamine 2a(CH3NH-OSO2C6H4NO2). Dealkylation of the resulting O-ethyl imidate with sodium iodide gives the lactam. A variety of lactams, including macrocyclic lactams, are produced simply and in good yields.
The Effect of Audit Quality on Earnings Management

This study examines the relation between audit quality and earnings management. Consistent with prior research, we treat audit quality as a dichotomous variable and assume that Big Six auditors are of higher quality than non-Big Six auditors. Earnings management is captured by discretionary accruals that are estimated using a cross-sectional version of the Jones 1991 model. Prior literature suggests that auditors are more likely to object to management's accounting choices that increase earnings (as opposed to decrease earnings) and that auditors are more likely to be sued when they are associated with financial statements that overstate earnings (as compared to understate earnings). Therefore, we hypothesize that clients of non-Big Six auditors report discretionary accruals that increase income relatively more than the discretionary accruals reported by clients of Big Six auditors. This hypothesis is supported by evidence from a sample of 10,379 Big Six and 2,179 non-Big Six firm years. Specifically, clients of non-Big Six auditors report discretionary accruals that are, on average, 1.5-2.1 percent of total assets higher than the discretionary accruals reported by clients of Big Six auditors. Also, consistent with earnings management, we find that the mean and median of the absolute value of discretionary accruals are greater for firms with non-Big Six auditors. This result also indicates that lower audit quality is associated with more “accounting flexibility”.
Evaluation of neutropenia and neutrophilia in preterm infants.

Objective: Neutrophil counts are used routinely as part of the sepsis evaluation in newborn infants. In this article, we review the normal blood neutrophil concentrations and the clinical approach to neutropenia and neutrophilia in the neonatal period. Methods: A literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus, and the electronic archive of abstracts presented at the annual meetings of the Pediatric Academic Societies. Results: Neutropenia and neutrophilia are documented frequently in premature infants. Neutropenia can be seen in up to 8% of all infants admitted to neonatal intensive care. Neutrophilia is even more common, reported in up to 40% of all preterm infants. Conclusions: Neutrophil counts should be carefully evaluated in premature neonates. Maternal and perinatal history, physical examination, and a limited laboratory assessment is usually adequate for making a diagnosis in most infants.
Management myths in multinational corporations

The article discusses the myths of management in multinational corporations. The core of the multinational management mythology is simply this: there are fundamental differences between the methods...
Web-Based Intelligent Multimedia Tutoring for High Stakes Achievement Tests

We describe Wayang Outpost, a web-based ITS for the Math section of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). It has several distinctive features: help with multimedia animations and sound, problems embedded in narrative and fantasy contexts, alternative teaching strategies for students of different mental rotation abilities and memory retrieval speeds. Our work on adding intelligence for adaptivity is described. Evaluations prove that students learn with the tutor, but learning depends on the interaction of teaching strategies and cognitive abilities. A new adaptive tutor is being built based on evaluation results; surveys results and students’ log files analyses.
A Study of Critical Heat Flux During Flow Boiling in Microchannel Heat Sinks

The cooling capacity of two-phase transport in microchannels is limited by the occurrence of critical heat flux (CHF). Due to the nature of the phenomenon, it is challenging to obtain reliable CHF data without causing damage to the device under test. In this work, the critical heat fluxes for flow boiling of FC-77 in a silicon thermal test die containing 60 parallel microchannels were measured at five total flow rates through the microchannels in the range of 20–80 ml/min. CHF is caused by dryout at the wall near the exit of the microchannels, which in turn is attributed to the flow reversal upstream of the microchannels. The bubbles pushed back into the inlet plenum agglomerate; the resulting flow blockage is a likely cause for the occurrence of CHF which is marked by an abrupt increase in wall temperature near the exit and an abrupt decrease in pressure drop across the microchannels. A database of 49 data points obtained from five experiments in four independent studies with water, R-113, and FC-77 as coolants was compiled and analyzed. It is found that the CHF has a strong dependence on the coolant, the flow rate, and the area upon which the heat flux definition is based. However, at a given flow rate, the critical heat input (total heat transfer rate to the coolant when CHF occurs) depends only on the coolant and has minimal dependence on the details of the microchannel heat sink (channel size, number of channels, substrate material, and base area). The critical heat input for flow boiling in multiple parallel microchannels follows a well-defined trend with the product of mass flow rate and latent heat of vaporization. A power-law correlation is proposed which offers a simple, yet accurate method for predicting the CHF. The thermodynamic exit quality at CHF is also analyzed and discussed to provide insights into the CHF phenomenon in a heat sink containing multiple parallel microchannels.
Evaluating the Impact of Technology Development Funds in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Latin America

Evaluations of government Technology Development Funds (TDF) in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Panama are surveyed. All the evaluations were done at the recipient (firm) level using data from innovation surveys, industrial surveys, and administrative records of the granting units, together with quasi-experimental econometric techniques to minimise the effects of any selection bias. TDF effectiveness is found to depend on the financing mechanism used, on the presence of non-financial constraints, on firm–university interaction, and on the characteristics of the target beneficiaries. Four levels of potential impact were considered: R&D input additionality, behavioural additionality, increases in innovative output, and improvements in performance. The evidence suggests that TDF do not crowd out private investment and that they positively affect R&D intensity. In addition, participation in TDF induces a more proactive attitude of beneficiary firms towards innovation activities. However, the analysis does not fi...
Investigation of the Temperature Distribution on Radiator Fins with Micro Heat Pipes

A e exible micro-heat-pipe panel, fabricated by sintering an array of aluminum wires between two thin aluminum sheets, was developed as part of a program to develop lightweight, e exible radiator e n structures for use on long-term spacecraft missions. A numerical model, which combined both conduction and radiation effects, was established to predict the heat-transfer performance and temperature distribution of the radiator e n in a simulated spaceenvironment. Three differentconceptsarepresented, evaluated,and discussed. Comparison ofthe predicted and experimental results indicated that the model developed herein can beused to accurately predict the temperature distribution and heat-transferperformance occurring in micro-heat-pipe radiators. Thiscomparison further indicates that the e exible radiator with the array of micro heat pipes has an effective thermal conductivity of more than 20 times that of the uncharged version and 10 times that of a solid material. This results in a more uniform temperaturedistribution, which could signie cantly improve the overall radiation effectiveness, reducethe overall size, and meet or exceed the baseline design requirements for long-term manned missions to Mars.
Delayed password disclosure

We present a new authentication protocol called Delayed Password Disclosure (DPD). Based on the traditional username and password paradigm, the protocol's goal is aimed at reducing the effectiveness of phishing/spoofing attacks that are becoming increasingly problematic for Internet users. This is done by providing the user with dynamic feedback while password entry occurs. While this is a process that would normally be frowned upon by the cryptographic community, we argue that it may result in more effective security than that offered by currently proposed 'cryptographically acceptable' alternatives. While the protocol cannot prevent partial disclosure of one's password to the phisher, it does provide a user with the tools necessary to recognise an ongoing phishing attack, and prevent the disclosure of his/her entire password, providing graceful security degradation.
A Numerical Study of the Global Performance of Two Static Mixers

The use of in-line static mixers has been widely advocated for an important variety of applications, such as continuous mixing, heat and mass transfer processes, and chemical reactions. This paper extends previous studies by the authors on industrial static mixers and illustrates how static mixing processes of single-phase viscous liquids can be numerically simulated. Mixing of Newtonian, shear-thinning, and shear-thickening fluids through static mixer, as well as thermal enhancement by static mixer is studied. Using different measuring tools, the global performance and costs of SMX (Sulzer mixer X) and helical static mixers are studied. It is shown that the SMX mixer manifests a higher performance; however, the required energy to maintain the flow across a SMX mixer is significantly higher.
Connecting Interface Metaphors to Support Creation of Path-Based Collections

Walden’s Paths is a suite of tools that supports the creation and presentation of linear hypermedia paths—targeted collections that enable authors to reorganize and contextualize Web-based information for presentation to an audience. Its current tools focus primarily on authoring and presenting paths, but not on the discovery and vetting of the materials that are included in the path. CollageMachine, on the other hand, focuses strongly on the exploration of Web spaces at the granularity of their media elements through presentation as a streaming collage, modified temporally through learning from user behavior. In this paper we present an initial investigation of the differences in expectations, assumptions, and work practices caused by the differing metaphors of browser based and CollageMachine Web search result representations, and how they affect the process of creating paths.
Nanostructural evolution of Al3Sc precipitates in an Al-Sc-Mg alloy by three-dimensional atom probe microscopy

The effects of Mg alloying on the precipitation of Al3Sc precipitates were investigated, focusing on nanostructural evolution during isothermal aging at 300 ◦ C. Three-dimensional atom probe microscopy was performed on samples both in the as-quenched state and after aging for various times. Magnesium tends to segregate at the coherent Al/Al3Sc interface, with a measured value of 1.9 ± 0. 5a tom nm −2 for the relative Gibbsian excess of Mg with respect to Al and Sc. This value is constant for all heat treatments, thereby demonstrating that the system is in global thermodynamic equilibrium. This study provides direct experimental evidence for first-principles calculations, which explain morphological changes of Al3Sc precipitates in the presence of Mg observed by high-resolution electron microscopy. Evidence for the presence of Mg atoms in the center of the precipitates is also found, and is discussed in terms of heterogeneous nucleation of the precipitates on Mg‐Sc atomic clusters. Copyright  2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Teen Marriage and Future Poverty

Both early teen marriage and dropping out of high school have historically been associated with a variety of negative outcomes, including higher poverty rates throughout life. Are these negative outcomes due to preexisting differences, or do they represent the causal effect of marriage and schooling choices? To better understand the true personal and societal consequences, in this article, I use an instrumental variables (IV) approach that takes advantage of variation in state laws regulating the age at which individuals are allowed to marry, drop out of school, and begin work. The baseline IV estimate indicates that a woman who marries young is 31 percentage points more likely to live in poverty when she is older. Similarly, a woman who drops out of school is 11 percentage points more likely to be poor. The results are robust to a variety of alternative specifications and estimation methods, including limited information maximum likelihood (LIML) estimation and a control function approach. While grouped ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates for the early teen marriage variable are also large, OLS estimates based on individual-level data are small, consistent with a large amount of measurement error.
The Age of the Local Interstellar Bubble

The Local Interstellar Bubble is an irregular region from 50 to 150 pc from the Sun in which the interstellar gas density is 10–2-10–3 of that outside the bubble and the interstellar temperature is 106 K. Evidently most of the gas was swept out by one or more supernovae. I explored the stellar contents and ages of the region from visual double stars, spectroscopic doubles, single stars, open clusters, emission regions, X-ray stars, planetary nebulae, and pulsars. The bubble has three sub-regions. The region toward the galactic center has stars as early as O9.5 V and with ages of 2-4 M yr. It also has a pulsar (PSRJ1856–3754) with a spin-down age of 3.76 Myr. That pulsar is likely to be the remnant of the supernova that drove away most of the gas. The central lobe has stars as early as B7 V and therefore an age of about 160 Myr or less. The Pleiades lobe has stars as early as B3 and therefore an age of about 50 Myr. There are no obvious pulsars that resulted from the supernovae that cleared out those areas. As found previously by Welsh & Lallement, the bubble has five B stars along its perimeter that show high-temperature ions of O VI and C II along their lines of sight, confirming its high interstellar temperature.
Random projection trees for vector quantization

A simple and computationally efficient scheme for tree-structured vector quantization is presented. Unlike previous methods, its quantization error depends only on the intrinsic dimension of the data distribution, rather than the apparent dimension of the space in which the data happen to lie.
Parameter Expansion and Efficient Inference

This EM review article focuses on parameter expansion, a simple technique introduced in the PX-EM algorithm to make EM con- verge faster while maintaining its simplicity and stability. The primary objective concerns the connection between parameter expansion and ef- ficient inference. It reviews the statistical interpretation of the PX-EM algorithm, in terms of efficient inference via bias reduction, and ex- plores the potential of parameter expansion for constructing ancillary statistics for conditional inference. In addition, it briefly discusses a few relevant ideas motivated by EM and PX-EM, including an alternative view of PX-EM from the perspective of efficient data augmentation, the broader impact of the statistical thinking on understanding and developing other iterative optimization algorithms.
Design and Implementation of a Configurable Heterogeneous Multicore SoC With Nine CPUs and Two Matrix Processors

A multicore system-on-chip (SoC) has been developed for various applications (recognition, inference, measurement, control, and security) that require high-performance processing and low power consumption. This SoC integrates three types of synthesizable processors: eight CPUs (M32R), two multi-bank matrix processors (MBMX), and a controller (M32C). These processors operate at 1 GHz, 500 MHz, and 500 MHz, respectively. These three types of processors are interconnected on this chip with a high-bandwidth multi-layer system bus. The eight CPUs are connected to a common pipelined bus using a cache coherence mechanism. Additionally, a 512-kB L2 cache memory is shared by the eight CPUs to reduce internal bus traffic. A multi-bank matrix processor with 2-read/1-write calculation and background I/O operation has been adopted. The 1-GHz CPU is realized using a delay management network which consists of delay monitors that can be applied for any kind of application or process technology. Our configurable heterogeneous architecture with nine CPUs and two matrix processors reduces power consumption by 45%.
Catalyst‐Directed Diastereo‐ and Site‐Selectivity in Successive Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Allylations of Chiral 1,3‐Diols: Protecting‐Group‐Free Synthesis of Substituted Pyrans

The iridium-catalyzed, protecting group-free synthesis of 4-hydroxy-2,6-cis- or trans-pyrans through successive nucleophilic and electrophilic allylations of chiral 1,3-diols occurs with complete levels of catalyst-directed diastereoselectivity in the absence of protecting groups, premetallated reagents, or discrete alcohol-to-aldehyde redox reactions.
Reduced-order adaptive observation with nonspecific adaptive law

The robustness of adaptive observers whose order is less than that of the plant is addressed. It is shown that residuals (unmodeled states) with finite energy over a finite time interval, together with a definitely exciting plant input, are sufficient to insure ultimate boundedness of the parameter and state errors, regardless of the plant stability or input boundedness. The residuals are assumed to be strongly observable at the output. >
A study on using hierarchical basis error estimates in anisotropic mesh adaptation for the finite element method

A common approach for generating an anisotropic mesh is the M-uniform mesh approach where an adaptive mesh is generated as a uniform one in the metric specified by a given tensor M. A key component is the determination of an appropriate metric, which is often based on some type of Hessian recovery. Recently, the use of a global hierarchical basis error estimator was proposed for the development of an anisotropic metric tensor for the adaptive finite element solution. This study discusses the use of this method for a selection of different applications. Numerical results show that the method performs well and is comparable with existing metric tensors based on Hessian recovery. Also, it can provide even better adaptation to the solution if applied to problems with gradient jumps and steep boundary layers. For the Poisson problem in a domain with a corner singularity, the new method provides meshes that are fully comparable to the theoretically optimal meshes.
Poverty and Rights

I defend economic and social rights as human rights, and as a feasible approach to addressing world poverty. I propose a modest conception of economic and social rights that includes rights to subsistence, basic health care and basic education. The second part of the paper defends these three rights. I begin by sketching a pluralistic justificatory framework that starts with abstract norms pertaining to life, leading a life, avoiding severely cruel treatment, and avoiding severe unfairness. I argue that economic and social rights are not excessively burdensome on their addressees and that they are feasible worldwide in the appropriate sense. Severe poverty violates economic and social rights, and accordingly generates high-priority duties of many parties to work towards its elimination.
Automorphism groups of some AG codes

In this correspondence, we show that in many cases, the automorphism group of a curve and the permutation automorphism group of a corresponding AG code are the same. This generalizes a result of Wesemeyer beyond the case of planar curves.
GEMINI: A NATURAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM FOR SPOKEN-LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING

The demands on a natural language understanding system used for spoken language differ somewhat from the demands of text processing. For processing spoken language, there is a tension between the system being as robust as necessary, and as constrained as possible. The robust system will a t tempt to find as sensible an interpretation as possible, even in the presence of performance errors by the speaker, or recognition errors by the speech recognizer. In contrast, in order to provide language constraints to a speech recognizer, a system should be able to detect that a recognized string is not a sentence of English, and disprefer that recognition hypothesis from the speech recognizer. If the coupling is to be tight, with parsing and recognition interleaved, then the parser should be able to enforce as many constraints as possible for partial utterances. The approach taken in Gemini is to tightly constrain language recognition to limit overgeneration, but to extend the language analysis to recognize certain characteristic patterns of spoken utterances (but not generally thought of as part of grammar) and to recognize specific types of performance errors by the speaker.
Branching pushdown tree automata

We observe that pushdown tree automata (PTAs) known in the literature cannot express combinations of branching and pushdown properties. This is because a PTA processes the children of a tree node in possibly different control states but with identical stacks. We propose branching pushdown tree automata (BPTAs) as a solution. In a BPTA, a push-move views its matching pops as an unbounded, unordered set of successor moves and can assert existential and universal requirements on them, just the way finite automata on unranked, unordered trees pass requirements to the children of a tree node. We show that BPTAs can express some natural properties and are more expressive than PTAs. Using a small-model theorem, we prove their emptiness problem to be decidable. The problem becomes undecidable, however, if push-moves are allowed to specify the ordering of matching pops.
Toric Codes over Finite Fields

In this note, a class of error-correcting codes is associated to a toric variety defined over a finite field * q, analogous to the class of AG codes associated to a curve. For small q, many of these codes have parameters beating the Gilbert-Varshamov bound. In fact, using toric codes, we construct a (n,k,d)=(49,11,28) code over * 8, which is better than any other known code listed in Brouwer’s tables for that n, k and q. We give upper and lower bounds on the minimum distance. We conclude with a discussion of some decoding methods. Many examples are given throughout.
A new biarylphosphine ligand for the Pd-catalyzed synthesis of diaryl ethers under mild conditions.

A new bulky biarylphosphine ligand (L8) has been developed that allows the Pd-catalyzed C–O cross-coupling of a wide range of aryl halides and phenols under milder conditions than previously possible. A direct correlation between the size of the ligand substituents in the 2′, 4′, and 6′ positions of the nonphosphine containing ring and the reactivity of the derived catalyst system was observed. Specifically, the rate of coupling increased with the size of these substituents.
Fabrication of High-Q Microresonators Using Femtosecond Laser Micromachining

We report a technique to fabricate whispering gallery mode microdisk resonators using femtosecond laser micromachining and a heat reflow process to improve the optical quality of the resonator. The fabricated resonators have suppressed higher order modes with a measured Q-factor as high as 7.2×106. The described fabrication process, which relies on material non-thermal laser ablation, offers the ability to fabricate microresonators using a wide variety of materials of nearly any dimensional size or shape.
Contamination by Surface Effects of Time-Distance Helioseismic Inversions for Sound Speed beneath Sunspots

Using Doppler velocity data from the SOI/MDI instrument on board the SOHO spacecraft, we do time-distance helioseismic inversions for sound-speed perturbations beneath 16 sunspots observed in high-resolution mode. We clearly detect ringlike regions of enhanced sound speed beneath most sunspot penumbrae, extending from near the surface to depths of about 3.5 Mm. Due to their location and dependence on frequency bands of p-modes used, we believe these rings to be artifacts produced by a surface signal probably associated with the sunspot magnetic field.
Late gastrointestinal tissue effects after hypofractionated radiation therapy of the pancreas

Background To consolidate literature reports of serious late gastrointestinal toxicities after hypofractionated radiation treatment of pancreatic cancer and attempt to derive normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) parameters using the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman model.