cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural convection suppression in horizontal annuli by azimuthal baffles

Abstract Numerical computations based on the control volume approach using orthogonal coordinates are carried out for conjugate natural convection within a horizontal cylindrical annulus. The purpose is to study the possible suppression of convection by azimuthal baffles. The baffles are placed at the top, central and bottom regions of the annular gap. The Rayleigh number based on the annular gap width is varied from 1.0 × 10 2 to 10 6 for radius ratios of 4.0 and 1.4. The fluid is air, and the transport properties depend on temperature. The most efficient way of reducing heat transfer is the case where the baffle prevents direct flow onto the inner and outer cylinders. When the baffle is at the position where the crescent-shaped streamlines are stretched, an increase of heat transfer occurs. Only a small reduction in heat transfer is obtained when the baffle is placed in the stagnant region of the annulus.
Thirty-Day In-Parallel Artificial Lung Testing in Sheep

Background Thirty-day testing of the MC3 Biolung (MC3 Inc, Ann Arbor, MI) total artificial lung (TAL) was performed to prepare for future clinical testing. Methods TAL inlet and outlet grafts were sewn to the pulmonary artery and left atrium of 8 sheep (35.6 ± 1.6 kg), and the TAL was attached the next day. Hemodynamic and sheep blood gas data were measured every 1 to 4 hours. TAL blood gases were measured twice daily, and organ function was assessed three times per week. The TAL was replaced if its resistance increased 300% or if the oxygen content difference across the TAL decreased 25% versus baseline. After 30 days, the sheep were euthanized and necropsied. Results Five sheep survived 30 days. Three sheep were euthanized before 30 days due to bleeding, mechanical graft failure, or gastric distress. Survivors had normal, stable hemodynamics and blood gases. Average device use was 9.5 ± 2.1 days. TAL oxygen transfer was 108 ± 9.2 mL/min with 51% ± 6.3% of cardiac output flowing to the TAL. TAL resistance and flow were 1.3 ± 0.3 mm Hg·min/L and 2.4 ± 0.2 L/min at baseline versus 2.6 ± 0.9 mm Hg·min/L and 2.0 ± 0.2 L/min for the remaining 30 days. Platelet and white blood cell counts increased 88% and 84% from baseline, respectively, after 10 days and were stable thereafter. Ischemic lesions in the kidney were seen in most sheep at necropsy, but organ function was normal. Conclusions Thirty-day respiratory support was feasible with the Biolung, but improvements in biocompatibility and anticoagulation regimen are warranted to reduce the thrombogenicity of the device.
Experimental and modeling studies of acetylene detection in hydrogen/acetylene mixtures on PdM bimetallic metal–insulator–semiconductor devices

Abstract The effect of the composition of the metal gate on acetylene response in hydrogen/acetylene mixtures was tested for a number of metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) devices with bimetallic gates. The motivation for this study was that bimetallic catalysts are employed in the commercial acetylene hydrogenation process because of superior performance compared to the pure metals. A variety of metal compositions and operating temperatures were tested, with the largest reproducible acetylene response observed for a 15% Ag/Pd sensor at 398 K. Kinetic modeling of the relevant surface reactions on Pd and bimetallic PdAg provided insights into how temperature, feed concentration, and Ag content affected response. The model predicted that significant coverages of carbon species formed on the surface, mainly CH(s) and C(s) on Pd and CCH(s) on PdAg, and that these species strongly influenced sensor responses. The dynamic changes in the surface coverages of carbonaceous intermediates after acetylene introduction were correlated with a response overshoot seen experimentally. The model indicated that the superior performance of Ag/Pd sensors relative to Pd sensors could be explained in terms of a higher hydrogen consumption rate. These results indicate a strong connection between the high reaction rates observed for industrial Ag/Pd acetylene hydrogenation catalysts and acetylene response in Ag/Pd MIS sensors.
Propagation of laser light through aero-optic flow: dry air at 0.4 Mach with three-dimensional turret

A study is underway to address effects of aero-optic (AO) flow components added to the typically modeled clean, dry flow. This is the first of multiple runs to address effects of three-dimensional turrets, moist air and aerosols for a turret in airflow at 0.4 Mach with parameters matching atmosphere at 1 km. The resulting analysis will be used as a baseline for comparison with airflow with the same parameters but including moisture, and again including a realistic population of aerosol particles of varying size. Atmospheric properties were determined using High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS).
MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDING OF SCINTILLATION SCAN DATA.

Abstract Necessary circuits have been devised to convey all the information detected by a scanning scintillation probe to one channel of two-channel magnetic tape, and to place upon the other channel information about the position of the scanning probe at all times. The data on these two channels may then be replayed at a rapid rate through a background erase circuit, at speeds up to 64 times recording speed. Image may be displayed upon the face of a memory grid oscilloscope tube. Various features of this circuit suggest that with it the maximum information can be extracted from stored radioisotope scan data.
No role for phonon entropy in the fcc→fcc volume collapse transition in Ce 0.9 Th 0.1 at ambient pressure

Phonon densities of states (DOS) were obtained from inelastic neutron scattering measurements on Ce0.9Th0.1 at temperatures from 10 to 300 K. The alpha phase showed a significant softening of its phonon DOS when heated from 10 to 140 K. Despite the 17% volume collapse, the phonon DOS showed little change between the gamma phase at 150 K and the alpha phase at 140 K. This is supported by analysis of the magnetic spectra showing that most of the transition entropy can be accounted for with the crystal field and changes in the ground-state spin fluctuations. We argue that the anomalous behavior of the phonon DOS originates with the volume dependence of the ground-state spin fluctuations.
Informative Projection Recovery for Classification, Clustering and Regression

Data driven decision support systems often benefit from human participation to validate outcomes produced by automated procedures. Perceived utility hinges on the system's ability to learn transparent, comprehensible models from data. We introduce and formalize Informative Projection Recovery: the problem of extracting a set of low-dimensional projections of data which jointly form an accurate solution to a given learning task. We approach this problem with RIPR: a regression-based algorithm that identifies informative projections by optimizing over a matrix of point-wise loss estimators. It generalizes from our previous algorithm, offering solutions to classification, clustering, and regression tasks. Experiments show that RIPR can discover and leverage structures of informative projections in data, if they exist, while yielding accurate and compact models. It is particularly useful in applications involving multivariate numeric data in which expert assessment of the results is of the essence.
Dynamics of Thin Film NiTi Cantilevers on Si

Although the thermo-mechanical properties of NiTi are well known for bulk material, its deposition and utilization as a thin film are still in their earliest stages of research. The deposition of thin-films of Shape Memory Effect NiTi onto Si(100) wafers offers several advantages over bulk NiTi, including fast response times and comparatively large transformation forces. This has made it a promising candidate material as micro-actuators for Micro-Electro-Mechanical (MEMS) systems as well as for strain measurements. The cycling time for actuation was measured for a 20 µm free standing NiTi thin film cantilever. It was demonstrated that cycling frequencies of up to 50 Hz are achievable.
Large polaron in bilocal field theory.

The formalism of bilocal field theory was applied to the calculation of the ground-state energy and the effective mass of the large polaron. This calculation illustrates the bilocal field method using a relatively realistic model of a physical system. In bilocal theory the fermion field is dependent on two spatial points (nonrelativistically). Fermi particles can then be described in terms of a center of mass and internal wave function, and field operators can be expanded in functions related to the exact one-fermion Green's function, thereby eliminating self-energy terms from the S matrix and related operators. Similarities and differences between calculated large-polaron properties using the bilocal treatment and the customary local treatment are discussed. In particular, it is found that, within the approximations made, the bilocal and local methods give the same leading term in powers of the coupling constant for the ground-state energy and effective mass in the strong-coupling limit. For weak coupling, the bilocal energy is larger (more positive) and the effective mass smaller than in the local case due to an additional kinetic energy of internal motion.
Selective decreased de novo synthesis of glomerular proteoglycans under the influence of reactive oxygen species

The effect of reactive oxygen species on de novo synthesis of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) of the renal glomerulus was investigated in an organ perfusion system. Isolated kidneys were perfused for 7 hr with a medium containing [35S]sulfate to label sulfated proteoglycans or [35S]methionine to label total glomerular glycoproteins. For the generation of reactive oxygen species, xanthine and xanthine oxidase were included in the perfusion medium, and catalase and superoxide dismutase were used as scavenging agents. Proteoglycans were characterized by Sepharose CL-6B and DEAE-Sephacel chromatographies and SDS/PAGE analysis. The labeled glycoproteins were immunoprecipitated with anti-HSPG, anti-type IV collagen, and anti-laminin, and their specific radioactivities were determined. With exposure to reactive oxygen species, a drastic dose-dependent decrease in de novo synthesis of proteoglycans was seen, and that effect was reversible by catalase treatment. No alterations in the biochemical characteristics of proteoglycans were noted. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed a 16-fold decrease in the synthesis of nascent core peptide of HSPGs, while at comparable concentrations of xanthine and xanthine oxidase, synthesis of type IV collagen and laminin slightly decreased (approximately 15%). Morphologic studies revealed a 14-fold decrease in [35S]sulfate-associated autoradiographic grains overlying the glomerular basement membrane, a critical component of the ultrafiltration apparatus. Relevance of the selective decreased de novo synthesis of HSPGs of the glomerular basement membrane is discussed in terms of increased glomerular permeability to plasma proteins.
The mechanical properties of (SN)X single crystals

The compression stress-strain behaviour of single crystals of sulphur nitride, (SN)x, a metallic polymer, was measured in the ambient environment. Measurements were made both parallel and perpendicular to the chain axis on crystals which were about 1 mm in size. The plastic stress-strain behaviour resembled that of a highly anisotropic metal. Deformation to large strains produced a fibrilated structure which graphically exhibits the polymeric nature of (SN)x. Young's moduli parallel and perpendicular to the chain were 21 and 1.4 GPa respectively. An analysis of the possible slip systems in (SN)x indicated that there is only one easy glide system, (1 0 0) [0 0 1].
Emotional Understanding in Quechua Children from an Agro-Pastoralist Village.

Research on children’s understanding of emotion has rarely focused on children from nonindustrialised countries, who may develop an understanding at different ages as compared to children reared in industrialised countries. Quechua children from an agro-pastoralist village were given an adapted version of the Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC) to assess their understanding of nine aspects of emotions. Older children performed better on the entire TEC than younger children. Eight- to 11-year-olds were more accurate in identifying emotions connected to individual desires and to a moral misdemeanour than were 4- to 7-year-olds. In addition, there was a trend for 8- to 11-year-olds to understand external causes of emotions better than 4- to 7-year-olds. Compared to British children, the Quechua children were less accurate overall. However, similar to the British children, certain aspects of emotion (e.g., recognition) were understood at younger ages than others (e.g., regulation), suggesting similar patterns...
Prepubertal Children Secrete LH in a Pulsatile Manner

Pulsatile secretion of LH has not been demonstrated previously in children with a bone age (BA) of <9 yrs. To determine the gonadotropin secretory pattern during childhood, 16 prepubertal children were studied in the CRC. Ten children (Group A) had BA's 4.5-9.5 yrs. (x=7.5y) and six children (Group B) had BA's of 10-11.5y (x=10.3y). Six patients were endocrinologically normal, 9 had isolated growth hormone deficiency and 1 had gonadal dysgenesis. Blood samples were obtained every 20 min. between 1000-1800h and 2200-0600h. LH and FSH were measured by RIA (x sensitivities: LH 0.65; FSH 1.1 mIU/ml). Mean nocturnal LH and FSH values were significantly greater than daytime means in 6/10 & 3/10 Group A children, respectively; in Group B, 4/6 & 1/6 children had augmented x LH and FSH values during the night. Five Group A (youngest BA=4.5y) and 3 Group B children had significant LH pulses during sleep; four Group A and 2 Group B children had LH pulses during the day. In children with discernible LH pulses, frequency was similar between groups at night (Group A 1.7 pulses/4 hr; Group B 1.8 pulses/4 hr), but apparently greater in Group B during the day (A 1.2 pulses/4h; B 2.3 pulses/4h). Nocturnal pulse amplitude was also greater in Group B than in A (A 1.9±0.2; B 2.5±0.3 mIU/ml). These data demonstrate that pulsatile secretion of LH occurs in some children well before a BA of 9y. Furthermore, LH pulse frequency in prepubertal children is similar to that previously reported by us in early pubertal children. Grants HD12306, HD13111, and 5M01RR42
The picryl ether of polyethylene glycol: Preparation, characterization, and reaction with n‐propylamine

A new electrophilic polymer, the picryl ehter of methoxypolyethylene glycol (M-PEG-OPi), was prepared by reaction of the lithium alkoxide of methoxypolyethylene glycol with picryl chloride. The resultant M-PEG-OPi was characterized by 200 MHz 1H and 13C-NMR, microanalysis, and hydrolytic behavior. The rate constant for hydrolysis in pH 8.0 buffer is consistent with that expected for SNAr hydrolysis of a polyethylene glycol picrate. Reaction of n-propylamine with M-PEG-OPi in (CD3)2SO was followed by 1H-NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy. Evidence is presented for formation of a C-1 Meisenheimer complex; no C-3 adduct was observed in these experiments despite the steric bulk of the polymeric “group” on the picryl ring. Addition of a large excess of amine results in formation of a 2:1 dianionic complex, as shown by the UV-visible spectrum. The possibility is discussed of using the reaction of M-PEG-OPi with protein amino groups as an analytical tool for measuring the number of available amino groups on protein chains.
Mechanism of the block to hybridization and selfing between the sympatric ascidians Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi.

The solitary ascidians Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi co-occur in southern California harbors, but no hybrids have been recognized in nature. Numerous differences in their egg morphology were detected. Homologous (normal outcross) fertilization yielded 96-99% cleavage, where autologous (self) fertilization showed 3% and heterologous (hybrid) fertilization showed 0-1%. Acid treatment (pH 3.2) removed the block to selfing (P < 0.0001) but not hybridization for both species. Heterologous sperm bind to the vitelline coat (VC), but fail to penetrate. Enzymatic removal of the VC resulted in 91-97% cleavage with autologous and heterologous sperm (P < 0.0001). The vitelline coats of the two species differ in lectin binding to surface glycosides. Fertilization in both species is significantly inhibited by the lectins, fucose binding protein (P < 0.0001) and concanavalin A (P < 0.0001), and wheat germ agglutinin inhibits fertilization in C. intestinalis (P < 0.0001) but is without effect on C. savignyi fertilization. Self and hybrid blocks employ different mechanisms including glycoside composition and acid sensitivity.
Planning and implementing a research project: part 1

This article is the first in a series of three focused on the steps in the development of a research proposal. This first article presents the beginning steps of identification of a problem, statement of the research question and hypotheses, and review of the literature. The series of articles is meant to provide an overview of how to accomplish each of the steps. The discussion of the steps focuses the reader on helpful hints pertinent to each step. Additional references are provided for a more in-depth discussion of the process.
Fed funds futures and the news

The objective of this paper is to determine whether the observed variation in the response of market interest rates over the 1990s to the news about employment is a result, at least in part, of changes in expectations for monetary policy. Fed funds futures rates, which embody predictions for the expected monthly average of the daily effective funds rate, are used to capture market participants' expectations for monetary policy in the face of employment surprises. It is found that unanticipated employment announcements have a positive and statistically significant impact on one- and three-month-ahead fed funds futures rates and the size of the impact declines over the 1990s, thereby coinciding with a noticeable decline in the frequency of adjustment in the fed funds target rate.
Swelling of carbonyl nickel

Abstract Nickel slabs deposited by thermal decomposition of nickel carbonyl vapor are relatively hard and are found to contain grown-in microscopic porosity associated with dislocations and grain boundaries. On annealing in vacuum at temperatures up to 500°C the shapes of the pores are altered and the slabs show an attendant softening and a shrinkage of more than 1 2 %. Annealing at temperatures above 500°C encourages the development of large grain-boundary porosity that causes 2% swelling during a 1000°C anneal. These observations are consistent with a model involving entrapment of gases during deposition of the nickel.
Analysis of Cross-Flow Arcs in Transverse Magnetic Fields

Through the specification of two independent variables (e. g., arc current and mainstream velocity), and using appropriate phenomenological relations, the flow fields, temperature fields, and arc boundary shapes of magnetically balanced cross-flow arcs have been determined. Flow through the arc occurs at lower Reynolds numbers, Reo ~ 1; at higher Reynolds numbers a dividing streamline is formed, inside of which double vortex flow is found. Isotherms are nearly circular for the case of flow through the arc. At the higher Reynolds numbers the isotherms are non-circular throughout the cross-section with major axis transverse to the direction of flow.
Three-dimensional thermal and airflow (3D-TAF) model of a dome-covered house in Canada

A dome-covered house is an example of designing sustainable buildings by learning from the optimized biological forms from the nature. This dissertation presents a three-dimensional thermal and air flow (3D-TAF) model that estimates the energy needs of a dome-covered house. The mathematical model is composed of two components, that is, the thermal model and the air flow model, which are solved iteratively at every time step until the convergence is reached. The thermal model calculates the temperature of some nodes of interest of the simulation domain. The heat balance equations are written for: (a) the dome glazing; (b) the exterior envelope and the floor of the house; (c) the air inside the house; and (d) the earth surfaces inside the dome. The airflow model calculates the air velocities inside the dome, which are required by the thermal model to estimate the convective heat flow rate at the interface solid-air (e.g., between the dome cover and the dome air). It calculates also the vertical and horizontal temperature gradient of the air inside the dome. Numerical method for solving the mathematical model is presented, which includes the discretization schemes, formation of the system of equations, initial values of the unknowns, solution algorithm and calculation procedure. The validity of the mathematical model is demonstrated by comparison with a simplified computer model under MATLAB environment, with results from a 2D CFD model under the COMSOL Multiphysics environment, and with measured data and simulation results from similar structures, published by other researchers. The results have verified that the model gives good prediction on the temperature of the dome glazing, the air temperature and the air movement inside the dome. A transparent dome, built above one house located in Montreal is selected as a case study. The simulation results predict a reduction of 62.6% of the annual heating load of a house when a dome is used, compared with the case of an unprotected house. Sensitivity analysis of the impact of optical properties of the dome glazing, natural infiltration/exfiltration through the dome/house, shape of the dome, and ground thermal properties on the heating load of the house is presented
Long QTc and Torsades de Pointes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease

Three patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection presented with QT, prolongation (> 440 ms) and torsades de pointes. We sought to evaluate the etiology of the long QT syndrome in these patients without previously identified causes for QT, prolongation, and determine the prevalence among patients with HIV infection. The three index patients underwent: (1) left stellate ganglion block; (2) beta-blocker challenge; and (3) electrocardiographic stress testing. QTc interval was measured before and after intervention. We undertook a retrospective analysis of prevalence of QTC prolongation among all patients with computerized ECGs over a 6-month period at one institution and compared it to the prevalence in hospitalized patients with HIV disease. Thirty-four thousand one hundred eighty-one patients with computerized ECGs were screened for QTc prolongation. Forty-two hospitalized patients with HI disease had computerized ECG during the same 6-month period. In the three index patients, the QTc failed to shorten with left stellate ganglion blockade, beta-blocker challenge, or stress testing, suggesting an acquired form of the long QT syndrome in these patients with HIV disease. None had previously recognized acquired causes of QT, prolongation. Mexiletine hydrochloride was useful in preventing recurrences of torsades de pointes. We observed a 7.0% prevalence of QT, prolongation among all patients screened. Hospitalized patients with HIV disease (n = 42) during this same period, demonstrated an increased prevalence of QT, prolongation (28.6%, P = 0.002). Patients with HIV disease have a significantly higher prevalence of QTc prolongation than a general hospital-based population, may have an unrecognized acquired form of the long QT syndrome, and are at risk for torsades de pointes.
NONSINGULAR FORMULATION OF THE BRUECKNER APPROXIMATION FOR AN INFINITE FERMI SYSTEM

In the approximation neglecting any but single pair correlations, singularities of the reaction matrix render Brueckner's integral for the average energy per particle a singular integral. Several attempts to overcome this difficulty have been unsuccessful. By considering the infinite Fermi system to be a limit of finite systems, it is shown that the correct result merely involves replacing Brueckner's ordinary integral over diagonal reaction matrix elements by a principal value integral. In a finite system the level shift of a Bethe-Goldstone state differs from the diagonal reaction matrix element by a normalization factor which does not approach unity uniformly in the integration variable as the volume becomes infinite. In the neighborhood of a singularity the expression for the two-particle energy shift takes the form $\frac{\mathrm{cy}}{({y}^{2}+c{\mathcal{U}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})}$, where $y$ is the unperturbed energy measured from the singularity, $c$ is the square of a matrix element, and $\mathcal{U}$ is the quantization volume. Hence as $\mathcal{U}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ the sum over the energy $y$ indeed approaches a principal value integral. An alternative derivation, employing a modified reaction matrix for which there is no difference between level shift and matrix element, leads to the same result. The general derivations are preceded by a soluble example.
Epigraphical nesting: a unifying theory for the convergence of algorithms

In an earlier paper, the authors introduced epigraphical nesting of objective functions as a means to characterize the convergence of global optimization algorithms. Epigraphical nesting of objective functions may be looked upon as a relaxation of epigraphical convergence of objective functions, whereby one ensures that epigraphs of the approximations contain asymptotically the epigraph of the objective function of the original optimization problem. In this paper, we show that, for algorithms which seek only a stationary point, convergence can be assured by objective function approximations whose directional derivatives attain an epigraphical nesting property. We demonstrate that epigraphical nesting provides a unifying thread that ties together a number of different algorithms, including those for the solution of variational inequalities and smooth as well as nonsmooth optimization. We show that the Newton method and its variants for unconstrained optimization, successive quadratic programming methods for constrained optimization, and proximal point algorithms (deterministic and stochastic) all construct approximations in which the directional derivatives attain an epigraphical nesting property, even though the approximations themselves fail to attain such a property.
Interaction behavior of infants and their dual-career parents☆

Abstract The behaviors of dual-career parents were compared in face-to-face interactions with their 8-month-old infants who attended on all-day infant nursery. Mothers, as compared to fathers, exhibited more frequent smiling, vocalizing, and touching with their infants. In turn, the infants spent a greater proportion of the interaction time smiling and being motorically active when they were interacting with their mothers versus their fathers.
Progressive acyclic digraphs—a tool for database integrity

A progressive acyclic diagraph (PAD) algorithm accepts are requests and maintains a graph in an acyclic state. When a request creates a cycle, nodes are “detached” until the new arc can be entered acyclically. This process is important in certain areas of database implementation in which there are constraints on the permissible sequences of actions.Two PAD algorithms are presented; one uses a simple path matrix representation and the other uses a list with an “artificial gradient.” Experiments suggest that for large N the second is considerably faster, though both are asymptotically O(NR), where N is the number of nodes and R is the expected number of nodes reachable along paths from any given node.
Methods of assessing oxidant injury in renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro

Reactive oxygen molecules mediate renal injury in several diseases including glomerulonephritis, ischemic-reperfusion injury, and toxic nephropathies. Several in vivo animal studies document a role for reactive oxygen molecules in causing tissue injury. In vitro methods to determine the mechanisms and effects of reactive oxygen molecule injury will further aid in understanding the pathogenesis of several renal diseases. We describe methods to study cell injury in an in vitro cell culture system of renal tubular epithelial cells exposed to reactive oxygen molecules generated by hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase or glucose-glucose oxidase. Methods to determine ATP levels and [3H]adenine release as an early response (15 to 90 min) to oxidant stress are described.51Chromium release representing cell detachment and cell lysis which are late responses (3 to 5 h) are also detailed. Methods of assessing oxidant injury in in vitro systems will allow the precise mechanisms of cell injury to be determined and will allow for the potential development of strategies to prevent or alleviate such injury.
Transferability of norms and its implication in cross-cultural gifted education: norming Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test (NNAT) in the Philippine public schools

This is a normative study to investigate the transferability of norms from western-based intelligence tests to Filipino students. More than 2,700 Filipino sixth graders were sampled across the country and administered the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test (NNAT). Scores were then compared to the US normative sample. The results showed no significant differences in mean scores and the standardized mean difference is small when scaled scores are used in comparison. However, in situations where the test needs to be used for specific portions of the population such as in the context of gifted education, further analysis revealed that the distribution of scores for the Philippine sample differed significantly from the expected values based on the US norms, particularly in the tail ends of the distribution. In these cases, it may not be valid to transfer the US norms directly to Filipino students without any modification.
Contribution of plasma homovanillic acid (HVA) to urine and cerebrospinal gluid HVA in the monkey and its pharmacokinetic disposition

Abstract Homovanillic acid (HVA) labelled with two deuterium atoms (d2-HVA) was used to determine the contribution of HVA in the blood to HVA in the urine and CSF of monkeys. During and after a six-hour intravenous infusion of d2-HVA at a constant rate, the levels of both d2-HVA and endogenous HVA (d0-HVA) in plasma, urine, and CSF were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the relative enrichments of d2-HVA in each of these fluids calculated. Results indicate that HVA in the urine is derived exclusively from the blood, with no contribution from renal metabolism of dopamine (DA). Furthermore, less than one percent of HVA in either lumbar or ventricular CSF is derived from circulating HVA. The plasma elimination curve of d2-HVA was biexponential, with a terminal phase half-life ( t 1 2 ) of 44 minutes and an apparent volume of distribution of 0.8 liters/kg.
Differentiation of false- from true-positive ECG responses to exercise stress by thallium 201 perfusion imaging.

It is well known that a positive ischemic ECG response to exercise stress in asymptomatic patients and patients with atypical chest pain may be nonspecific. The aim of this study was to determine the value of myocardial imaging using thallium 201 in differentiating between false-positive and true-positive ECG responses to exercise stress. Thirty-five patients referred for coronary angiography because of an exercise test interpreted as positive for ischemic ST segment changes (1.0 mm or more reversible horizontal or downsloping ST depression), but who were asymptomatic or had a history of atypical chest pain, underwent repeated exercise testing in conjunction with 201 Tl+ perfusion imaging. All patients received 1.5 mCi of 201 Tl + at maximal exercise, and imaging began five minutes after exercise. Delayed rest images were obtained one hour and three to four hours after exercise. Of these 35 patients, 24 (69 percent) had normal exercise 201 Tl+ scintigrams, and 11 (31 percent) demonstrated exercise-induced segmental defects in 201 Tl + uptake. Of the 24 patients with normal scintigrams, 23 had no significant coronary artery stenoses at angiography. Of the 11 patients with abnormal scintigrams, 8 were found to have 50 percent luminal obstruction of one or more coronary vessels, 2 had lesser stenoses (30 to 40 percent), and 1 had normal coronary arteries and mitral valve prolapse. This study demonstrates that myocardial imaging utilizing 201 Tl + is of considerable value in differentiating between true- and false-positive ST segment responses to exercise stress.
Analog Networks for Word Association

This paper is concerned with the use of analog electrical networks for the automatic recognition of statistical word associations present in written English text. A general mathematical theory is proposed for the association of linguistic units by means of linear transformations, and it is shown that this theory can be realized through use of passive electrical networks. Small-scale and experimental associative networks have in fact been built for information retrieval applications. These devices generate measures of association among index terms used to characterize a document collection, and between the index terms and the documents themselves. Roughly speaking, measures of two distinct types of linguistic association can thus be generated-"synonymy" association, which reflects similarity of meaning, and "contiguity" association which reflects relationships among designates.
Regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-Iα) gene expression by the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-1) isoforms

The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivators (PGC-1) have important roles in mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic control in a variety of tissues. There are multiple isoforms of PGC-1 including PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta. Both the PGC-1alpha and beta isoforms promote mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, but only PGC-1alpha stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) is a key enzyme regulating mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. In these studies, we determined that PGC-1beta stimulated expression of the "liver" isoform of CPT-I (CPT-Ialpha) but that PGC-1beta did not induce pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) which is a regulator of pyruvate metabolism. The CPT-Ialpha gene is induced by thyroid hormone. We found that T3 increased the expression of PGC-1beta and that PGC-1beta enhanced the T3 induction of CPT-Ialpha. The thyroid hormone receptor interacts with PGC-1beta in a ligand dependent manner. Unlike PGC-1alpha, the interaction of PGC-1beta and the T3 receptor does not occur exclusively through the leucine-X-X-leucine-leucine motif in PGC-1beta. We have found that PGC-1beta is associated with the CPT-Ialpha gene in vivo. Overall, our results demonstrate that PGC-1beta is a coactivator in the T3 induction of CPT-Ialpha and that PGC-1beta has similarities and differences with the PGC-1alpha isoform.
Roll Metrics for Handling Qualities: The Landing Approach

Introduction H IGHLY augmented aircraft have shown handling qualities degradation in the roll axis due to increased flight control system augmentation and high-order effects. In a recent paper, alternate metrics were proposed, based on Gibson's method, to identify handling qualities deficiencies, and level 1 boundaries were established for the tracking task. In the present paper, new guidelines for the landing task are presented and validated, thus increasing the confidence level of the methodology as a guideline for designing good handling qualities as well as for their assessment. The landing task is normally identified as compensatory but, unlike tracking, is essentially a low-gain task with the pilot's control activity centered around a fixed-phase lag value of about 120 deg (Ref. 3). The analysis of the landing task is based on the LATHOS experiment data base relative to class IV, category C aircraft and involves both instrument landing as well as visual landing tasks. In all, 16 configurations were analyzed with different roll time constant rr, pure time delay Tdt and roll control effectiveness. A detailed description of the configurations can be found in Ref. 4. The roll metrics defined for this analysis are the effective time delay Tc{f (system delay in response to a change in forcing function as seen by the pilot), roll control effectiveness LFas pss/rr, and acceleration ratio Ra defined as the ratio between maximum and initial roll accelerations and given by Ra = max/(LFas). The next two sections present the results of the analysis, level 1 boundaries are identified as well as pilot-induced oscillations (PIO) and ratcheting-prone configurations using the roll metrics just described.
Phagocytosis in Acanthamoeba: II. Soluble and insoluble mannose-rich ligands stimulate phosphoinositide metabolism.

The generation of second messengers during phagocytosis of yeast by Acan-thamoeba castellanii was examined. The kinetics of binding and internalization of yeast by Acanthamoeba were measured and this was compared with the generation of known second messengers. We observed stimulated degradation of PI-4, 5-P2 to 1,4,5 IP3 with kinetics similar to that observed for the binding of yeast to amoeba. Similar production of IP3 could be induced upon treatment with a soluble mannosylated glycoprotein. We propose that the Acanthamoeba man-nose receptor stimulates the degradation of PI-4, 5-P2 to 1,4,5 IP3 as an initial event in phagocytosis.
The Effects of Fasting Treatments on the Acid-Soluble Phosphate Fraction Gf the Small Intestine of the Rat

Studies were made in which rats were subjected to presacrificing fasting and subsequent feeding treatments in order to determine the effects of such treatments on the acid-solube phosphate fraction of the combined mucosa and muscularis of the small intestine. Fasting for periods of twenty-four and forty-eight hours produced a significant progressive decrease in the concentration of the total energy-rich hosphate. Presacrificing feeding of ten-and fifteen-minute durations, following tge fast of forty-eight hours, showed a restoration of the values toward normal.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent activation of ATF3 mediates the late phase of ischemic preconditioning

Ischemic preconditioning (PC) is an adaptive response to transient myocardial ischemia that protects the heart from subsequent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the mechanisms underlying its cardioprotective effects remain unclear. Myocardium of adult male C57/BL6 mice, preconditioned by 6 cycles of 4 minute coronary occlusion and reperfusion, showed nuclear translocation of ATF3 and ATF6 and PERK phosphorylation 30 min after PC. The abundance of ER proteins, ATF3 and ATF4 was increased 24h after PC; however, there was no evidence of IRE-1 activation in WT or ER-stress activated indicator (ERAI) mice expressing XBP-1-Venus fusion protein. PC-induced nuclear translocation of ATF3 was attenuated in transgenic mice with cardiac-restricted overexpression of inducible ATF6. Ischemic PC increased the abundance of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, heme oxygenase-1 and aldose reductase to levels similar between WT and ATF3-null hearts; however, the increase in IL-6 and ICAM-1 was exaggerated in ATF3-null hearts. Genetic deletion of ATF3 did not increase infarct size in non-preconditioned hearts but abolished the cardioprotective effects of PC. Larger infarct size in preconditioned ATF3-null hearts was associated with greater neutrophil infiltration in the myocardium, but no ATF3-dependent changes in the total or relative abundance of inflammatory monocytes were observed. Ischemic PC activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the activation of ATF3 by ER stress is essential for the cardioprotective effects of late PC.
Preparation for Blood Group-Incompatible Bone Marrow Transplantation: Comparison of Two Techniques

AbstractTwo similar techniques of red cell depletion of blood group-incompatible marrow prior to bone marrow transplantation were compared in 8 patients. me first method involved a single sedimentation step and removed a mean of 91% of marrow red cells and 33% of marrow nucleated cells. me second method involved multiple sedimentation steps and removed a mean of 96% of red cells and 29% of nucleated cells. Both methods can be recommended to a transfusion service newly involved in a bone marrow transplantation program.
Adolescent binge drinking increases expression of the danger signal receptor agonist HMGB1 and Toll-like receptors in the adult prefrontal cortex

Adolescence is a critical developmental stage of life during which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) matures, and binge drinking and alcohol abuse are common. Recent studies have found that ethanol increases neuroinflammation via upregulated high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). HMGB1/TLR ‘danger signaling’ induces multiple brain innate immune genes that could alter brain function. To determine whether adolescent binge drinking persistently increases innate immune gene expression in the PFC, rats (P25–P55) were exposed to adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE [5.0 g/kg, 2-day on/2-day off schedule]). On P56, HMGB1/TLR danger signaling was assessed using immunohistochemistry (i.e., +immunoreactivity [+IR]). In a separate group of subjects, spatial and reversal learning on the Barnes maze was assessed in early adulthood (P64–P75), and HMGB1/TLR danger signaling was measured using immunohistochemistry for +IR and RT-PCR for mRNA in adulthood (P80). Immunohistochemical assessment at P56 and 24 days later at P80 revealed increased frontal cortical HMGB1, TLR4, and TLR3 in the AIE-treated rats. Adolescent intermittent ethanol treatment did not alter adult spatial learning on the Barnes maze, but did cause reversal learning deficits and increased perseverative behavior. Barnes maze deficits correlated with the expression of danger signal receptors in the PFC. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that adolescent binge drinking leads to persistent upregulation of innate immune danger signaling in the adult PFC that correlates with adult neurocognitive dysfunction.
Large-scale semigeostrophic equations for use in ocean circulation models

Hamiltonian approximation methods yields approximate dynamical equations that apply to nearly geostrophic flow at scales larger than the internal Rossby deformation radius. These equations incorporate fluid inertia with the same order of accuracy as the semi-geostrophic equations, but are nearly as simple (in appropriate coordinates) as the equations obtained by completely omitting the inertia.
Wnt Signaling: It Gets More Humorous with Age

Summary In addition to its myriad of contributions in development, disease and regeneration, recent research implicates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade in yet another biological process — aging. The latest role of Wnt uncovers new complexities and opportunities for modulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in regenerative medicine.
Field-portable fast-neutron imager for SNM detection

We have successfully ruggedized and deployed a field portable fast-neutron imager. Detection efficiency has been increased by > 5x more over the one fielded last year. Imaging has been demonstrated though 30 cm thick concrete and at a stand-off distance of 75 m in air. We have also imaged a pulsed D-D neutron generator and recorded its energy spectrum. These demonstrations show that our neutron scatter camera could be a useful tool not only in the lab but as a field detector for hidden SNM.
Neurotrophic effects of perfluorocarbon emulsion gel: a pilot study

Positive neurotrophic effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment may be more easily achieved by applying a Perflourocarbon (PFC) emulsion gel to the repair site. PFCs are halogen substituted carbon oils with unique oxygen transport potentials that are capable of increasing oxygen availability in local tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine if the application of a PFC emulsion to a repaired nerve would improve recovery. The left tibial nerve of 21 immature female Sprague-Dawley rats was transected, immediately repaired, and then circumferentially coated with PFC gel (Group A, n = 7), PFC-less gel (Group B, n = 7), or nothing (suture only, Group C, n = 7). At eight weeks post surgery, electrophysiological testing and histological and morphological analysis was performed. No statistically significant differences between experimental groups were found for muscle size and weight, axon counts, or nerve conduction velocity. Group A had a significantly smaller G-ratio than Groups B and C (p < .0001). Overall results do not indicate a functional benefit associated with application of a PFC emulsion gel to rodent tibial nerve repairs. A positive effect on myelination was seen.
Variations in the nanomechanical properties of virulent and avirulent Listeria monocytogenes

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to quantify both the nanomechanical properties of pathogenic (ATCC 51776 & EGDe) and non-pathogenic (ATCC 15313 & HCC25) Listeria monocytogenes strains and the conformational properties of their surface biopolymers. The nanomechanical properties of the various L. monocytogenes strains were quantified in terms of Young’s moduli of cells. To estimate Young’s moduli, the classic Hertz model of contact mechanics and a modified version of it that takes into account substrate effects were used to fit the AFM nanoindentation-force measurements collected while pushing onto the bacterial surface biopolymer brush. When compared, the classic Hertz model always predicted higher Young’s moduli values of bacterial cell elasticity compared to the modified Hertz model. On average, the modified Hertz model showed that virulent strains are approximately twice as rigid (88.1 ± 14.5 KPa) as the avirulent strains (47.3 ± 7.6 kPa). To quantify the conformational properties of L. monocytogenes’ strains surface biopolymers, two models were used. First, the entropic-based, statistical mechanical, random walk formulation, the wormlike chain (WLC) model was used to estimate the elastic properties of the bacterial surface molecules. The WLC model results indicated that the virulent strains are characterized by a more flexible surface biopolymers as indicated by shorter persistence lengths (Lp = 0.21 ± 0.08 nm) compared to the avirulent strains (Lp = 0.24 ± 0.14 nm). Second, a steric model developed to describe the repulsive forces measured between the AFM tip and bacterial surface biopolymers indicated that the virulent strains are characterized by crowded and longer biopolymer brushes compared to those of the avirulent strains. Finally, scaling relationships developed for grafted polyelectrolyte brushes indicated L. monocytogenes strains’ biopolymer brushes are charged. Collectively, our data indicate that the conformational properties of the bacterial surface biopolymers and their surface densities play an important role in controlling the overall bacterial cell elasticity.
Methodological Problems of Comparative Research

Abstract Psychologists make many comparisons. In fact, it has been argued by some that all knowledge is knowledge of differences, yielded by comparisons.
Attentional Bias and Complicated Grief: A Primed Dot-Probe Task with Emotional Faces:

We used a dot-probe task to examine attentional biases toward emotional stimuli among three groups: conjugally bereaved1.5–3 years post-loss with or without Complicated Grief (CG) and a sample of d...