cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peripheral blood neutrophil production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1β

The objective of this study was to characterize interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production by human peripheral blood neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes; PMN). Unstimulated PMN contained IL-1ra protein in the absence of IL-1ra mRNA; IL-1β mRNA and protein were undetectable. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), individually, transiently increased IL-1ra steady-state mRNA levels in PMN, with associated increases in IL-1ra protein synthesis. LPS, GM-CSF, and TNF-α generated similar increases in IL-1β mRNA, yet only LPS resulted in detectable synthesis of IL-1β protein. IL-4 enhanced LPS-induced IL-1ra production by PMN and inhibited LPS-induced IL-1β production. IL-1ra protein present within stimulated PMN supernatants existed in the 22- to 25-kD glycosylated form. Polymerase chain reaction amplification determined that only sIL-1ra mRNA was present within stimulated PMN; icIL-1ra mRNA was undetectable. These results indicate that freshly isolated PMN possess a small amount of IL-1ra protein and that these cells can respond to stimuli with a low level of sIL-1ra transcription and translation. PMN may be a major source of IL-1ra in inflammatory exudates where these cells predominate.
Open charm tomography of cold nuclear matter

We study the relative contribution of partonic subprocesses to D meson production and D meson-triggered inclusive di-hadrons to lowest order in perturbative QCD. While gluon fusion dominates the creation of large angle DD pairs, charm on light parton scattering determines the yield of single inclusive D mesons. The distinctly different nonperturbative fragmentation of c quarks into D mesons versus the fragmentation of quarks and gluons into light hadrons results in a strong transverse momentum dependence of anticharm content of the away side charm-triggered jet. In p+A reactions, we calculate and resum the coherent nuclear-enhanced power corrections from the final-state partonic scattering in the medium. We find that single and double inclusive open charm production can be suppressed as much as the yield of neutral pions from dynamical high-twist shadowing. Effects of energy loss in p+A collisions are also investigated phenomenologically and may lead to significantly weaker transverse momentum dependence of the nuclear attenuation.
Rate-independent detection of atrial fibrillation by statistical modeling of atrial activity

Abstract In this study, we propose a P-wave absence (PWA) based method for atrial fibrillation (AF) identification over a short duration of electrocardiogram (ECG). The algorithm constructs a statistical model of normal sinus rhythm (SR) P-waves using a training set. Features extracted from P-waves are taken as an input to the Expectation–Maximization algorithm to create a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) of the P-wave feature space. The model is then used to identify PWA and detect AF. The algorithm performs AF identification in a single beat, and through post-processing of successive outputs using a majority voter determines the PWA over seven beats. The MIT-BIH Atrial Fibrillation Database was used to evaluate the algorithm. Classification using the majority voter showed a sensitivity of 98.09%, a specificity of 91.66%, a positive predictive value of 79.17% and an error of 6.88%. The performance of the proposed classifier is comparable to current R–R interval (RRI)-based algorithms, yet is able to detect short episodes of AF and performs rate-independent AF determination. The proposed algorithm targets atrial activity rather than ventricular activity that is targeted in RRI-based algorithms. It provides a patient specific detection of AF using a simple classifier, and can be leveraged as a tool to detect AF onsets/offsets over short AF episodes even when a patient's heart rate is controlled.
I NTRAOSSEOUS I NFUSION

Establishing vascular access is vital in the resuscitation of critically-ill children and adults. Intraosseous infusion (IOI) is a viable route for providing vascular access when traditional intravenous methods cannot be accomplished. IOI is relatively easy to perform and is a standard recommended intervention for the resuscitation of both adults and children. The authors review the history, anatomy, technique, and clinical application of IOI. They also highlight the use of IOI in the prehospital setting.
In vitro microscale systems for systematic drug toxicity study

After administration, drugs go through a complex, dynamic process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The resulting time-dependent concentration, termed pharmacokinetics (PK), is critical to the pharmacological response from patients. An in vitro system that can test the dynamics of drug effects in a more systematic way would save time and costs in drug development. Integration of microfabrication and cell culture techniques has resulted in ‘cells-on-a-chip’ technology, which is showing promise for high-throughput drug screening in physiologically relevant manner. In this review, we summarize current research efforts which ultimately lead to in vitro systems for testing drug’s effect in PK-based manner. In particular, we highlight the contribution of microscale systems towards this goal. We envision that the ‘cells-on-a-chip’ technology will serve as a valuable link between in vitro and in vivo studies, reducing the demand for animal studies, and making clinical trials more effective.
The Electric Dipole Moment of the CO2-CO van der Waals Complex

Radiofrequency transitions within K = 2 asymmetry doublets have been observed for the CO2-CO van der Waals complex. A Stark effect measurement on the J = 2, K = 2 transition provides an electric dipole moment of µ = 0.2493(1) D. Combining this result with the permanent moment of CO, µCO = 0.1098 D, gives a change of moment on complex formation of Deltaµ = 0.140 D. The sign of Deltaµ is such that the CO end of the complex is more positive than CO2. The origin of Deltaµ should not be attributed to any single mechanism, and several different contributions to Deltaµ are discussed. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
Molecular Scale Assessment of Methylarsenic Sorption on Aluminum Oxide

Methylated forms of arsenic (As), monomethylarsenate (MMA) and dimethylarsenate (DMA), have historically been used as herbicides and pesticides. Because of their large application to agriculture fields and the toxicity of MMA and DMA, the sorption of methylated As to soil constituents requires investigation. MMA and DMA sorption on amorphous aluminum oxide (AAO) was investigated using both macroscopic batch sorption kinetics and molecular scale extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques. Sorption isotherm studies revealed sorption maxima of 0.183, 0.145, and 0.056 mmol As/mmol Al for arsenate (As{sup V}), MMA, and DMA, respectively. In the sorption kinetics studies, 100% of added As{sup V} was sorbed within 5 min, while 78% and 15% of added MMA and DMA were sorbed, respectively. Desorption experiments, using phosphate as a desorbing agent, resulted in 30% release of absorbed As{sup V}, while 48% and 62% of absorbed MMA and DMA, respectively, were released. FTIR and EXAFS studies revealed that MMA and DMA formed mainly bidentate binuclear complexes with AAO. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that increasing methyl group substitution results in decreased As sorption and increased As desorption on AAO.
Effects of Postinoculation Talk on Resistance to Influence

Contemporary inoculation scholarship has focused on the process of resistance to persuasion, and recently begun to examine various incidental effects that may accompany inoculation treatments. This study considers how talk fits within both of these areas, not only as a byproduct of inoculation, but also as a potentially important contributor to the process of resistance. Results indicate inoculation not only enhances talk about the target issue, but such talk appears to bolsters resistance to subsequent counterattitudinal messages. Les effets de la discussion postinoculation sur la resistance aux influences La litterature contemporaine sur l’inoculation s’est concentree sur le mecanisme de la resistance a la persuasion, et a recemment commencea examiner differents effets contingents qui pourraient accompagner des traitements d’inoculation. Cette etude examine les manieres par lesquelles la discussion correspond a ces deux domaines, non seulement comme effet secondaire de l’inoculation, mais aussi comme un participant possiblement important au mecanisme de resistance. Les resultats indiquent que l’inoculation ne fait pas qu’augmenter la discussion a propos de l’enjeu cible, mais que cette discussion semble renforcer la resistance a des messages de contre-attitude subsequents. Mots cles : inoculation, resistance, discussion, contre-argumentation, modelisation par equation structurelle Der Wirkung von Postinokulationsgesprachen auf den Widerstand gegen Beeinflussung Die aktuelle Inokulationsforschung fokussiert auf den Prozess des Widerstands gegen Persuasion und begann unlangst damit, die verschiedenen zufalligen Effekte, die bei Inokulationstreatments auftreten konnen, zu untersuchen. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht integriert Gesprache in beide dieser Forschungsfelder, und zwar nicht nur als Nebenprodukt von Inokulation, sondern als potentiell wichtiger Faktor im Prozess des Widerstands. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass Inokulation nicht nur Gesprache uber das Zielthema anregt, sondern dass Gesprache den Widerstand gegen nachfolgende Botschaften gegen die eigene Einstellung zu stutzen scheinen. Schlusselbegriffe: Inokulation, Widerstand, Gesprache, Counterarguing, Strukturgleichungsmodelle
What children know and teach about language competence

Children know, use, and teach others considerably more about language than we sometimes recognize. Rarely is this communicative competence adequately revealed in their performance on tests and seldom is it apparent for many children in formal instructional situations. According to Ervin-Tripp (1969), "Competence in speaking includes the ability to use appropriate speech for the circumstances, and when deviating from what is normal to convey what is intended." This broad definition includes communication in informal as well as formal situ-
Outcomes after arterial endovascular procedures performed in patients with an elevated international normalized ratio.

Background Patients treated with anticoagulants frequently require urgent vascular procedures and elevated prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (INR) is traditionally thought to increase access site bleeding complications after sheath removal. We aimed to determine the safety of percutaneous arterial procedures on patients with a high INR in the era of modern ultrasound-guided access and closure device use. Methods Patients undergoing arterial endovascular procedures at a single institution between October 2010 and November 2012 were reviewed ( n = 1,333). We retrospectively analyzed all patients with an INR > 1.5. Venous procedures, lysis checks, and cases with no documented INR within 24 hr were excluded. Sixty-five patients with 91 punctures were identified. A comparison group was then generated from the last 91 patients intervened on with INR Results The demographics were similar. More Coumadin use and higher INR were found in the study group (71/91 and 0/91, P = 0.001; 2.3 and 1.1 sec, P = 0.001, respectively), but there was more antiplatelet use in the control group (68/91 and 51/91, P = 0.01). Intraoperatively, the sheath sizes, protamine use, closure device use, ultrasound guidance, brachial access, and procedure types were not statistically different. Sheath sizes ranged from 4 to 22F in the study group and 4 to 20F in the control group. Paradoxically, heparin was administered more frequently in the study group (64/91 and 50/91, P = 0.046). Bleeding complications occurred more commonly in the study group (3/91 and 1/91, P = 0.62), but this failed to reach significance and the overall complication rate in both groups was low. Conclusions Endovascular procedures may be performed safely with a low risk of bleeding complications in patients with an elevated INR. Ultrasound guidance and closure device use may allow these cases to be performed safely, but a larger series may be needed to confirm this.
Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the United States

Background. Toxoplasmosis can cause severe ocular and neurological disease. We sought to determine risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States. Methods. We conducted a case-control study of adults recently infected with T. gondii. Case patients were selected from the Palo Alto Medical Foundation Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory from August 2002 through May 2007; control patients were randomly selected from among T. gondii-seronegative persons. Data were obtained from serological testing and patient questionnaires. Results. We evaluated 148 case patients with recent T. gondii infection and 413 control patients. In multivariate analysis, an elevated risk of recent T. gondii infection was associated with the following factors: eating raw ground beef (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.67; 95% confidence limits [CLs], 2.09, 21.24; attributable risk [AR], 7%); eating rare lamb (aOR, 8.39; 95% CLs, 3.68, 19.16; AR, 20%); eating locally produced cured, dried, or smoked meat (aOR, 1.97; 95% CLs, 1.18, 3.28; AR, 22%); working with meat (aOR, 3.15; 95% CLs, 1.09, 9.10 ; AR, 5%); drinking unpasteurized goat's milk (aOR, 5.09; 95% CLs, 1.45, 17.80; AR, 4%); and having 3 or more kittens (aOR, 27.89; 95% CLs, 5.72, 135.86; AR, 10%). Eating raw oysters, clams, or mussels (aOR, 2.22; 95% CLs, 1.07, 4.61; AR, 16%) was significant in a separate model among persons asked this question. Subgroup results are also provided for women and for pregnant women. Conclusions. In the United States, exposure to certain raw or undercooked foods and exposure to kittens are risk factors for T. gondii infection. Knowledge of these risk factors will help to target prevention efforts.
In vitro calcium and calmodulin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation of rat brain and spinal cord neurofilament proteins is increased by glycidamide administration

This study was carried out to determine the action of glycidamide (2,3-epoxy-1-propanamide), a neurotoxic metabolite of acrylamide, on Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins. Acrylamide has been shown to increase Ca2+/CaM-dependent phosphorylation of neurofilament (NF) triplet proteins and autophosphorylation of Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II; EC 2.7.1.37). A daily intraperitoneal dose of 0.7 mmol/kg b.wt. of glycidamide or deionized water was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were sacrificed when signs of severe neurotoxicity became apparent at 13-16 days of treatment. Axonal floatation was used to isolate neurofilaments (NFs) and endogenous kinases from brains and spinal cords of treated and control animals. Samples isolated from brain and spinal cord of glycidamide-treated animals showed increased in vitro Ca2+/CaM-dependent phosphorylation of endogenous and exogenous NF proteins and increased autophosphorylation of CaM kinase II when compared with controls. CaM binding to the alpha, beta, and beta' subunits of CaM kinase II and antibody binding to the alpha-subunit of CaM kinase II in brain supernatant isolates was increased as a result of glycidamide treatment. These results suggest that increased Ca2+/CaM-dependent phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of glycidamide-induced neurotoxicity.
Method for line-ground fault detection in variable frequency drives

An Industrial-Power-Converter-System (IPCS) is a system made up of several power converters, such as Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs), filters, and reactive power-compensation components. An IPCS requires the ability to accurately detect and isolate electric faults to avoid further compromising the integrity of the system. A rather common type of electric fault is the line-to-ground fault. It can occur either from a phase line to ground or from a winding to ground. Due to the complexity and asymmetry of IPCSs, reliably detecting cable line-to-ground faults is a formidable task. In this paper, challenges and solutions to such challenges are discussed. In [1], advantages of using current signature over voltage signature are discussed. In this paper, a reliable line-to-ground fault detection method based on identifying current signature uniquely linked to the occurrence of the fault is presented. The selected signature greatly reduces nuisance tripping. Furthermore, a simple but powerful method to set a threshold for the selected signature is introduced.
The Mind's Eye Mapped Onto the Brain's Matter

Research on visual mental imagery has been fueled recently by the development of new behavioral and neuroscientific techniques. This review focuses on two major topics in light of these developments. The first concerns the extent to which visual mental imagery and visual perception share common psychological and neural mechanisms; although the research findings largely support convergence between these two processes, there are data that qualify the degree of overlap between them. The second issue involves the neural substrate mediating the process of imagery generation. The data suggest a slight left-hemisphere advantage for this process, although there is considerable variability across and within subjects. There also remain many unanswered questions in this field, including what the relationship is between imagery and working memory and what representational differences, if any, exist between imagery and perception.
The physiology of women's power motive: Implicit power motivation is positively associated with estradiol levels in women

This study examined the relationship between implicit power motivation (n Power) and salivary estradiol in women. Forty participants completed the Picture Story Exercise, a measure of n Power, and salivary estradiol levels from two saliva samples were determined with radioimmunoassay. We found that n Power was positively associated with estradiol levels. The positive correlation between n Power and estradiol was stronger in single women and women not taking oral contraceptives than in the overall sample of women. These findings replicate those of Stanton and Schultheiss (2007), giving further credence to the argument that women’s dominance striving is positively associated with their endogenous estradiol levels and that both social and biological factors influence the nature of that association.
Simultaneous Gene Editing by Injection of mRNAs Encoding Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases into Mouse Zygotes

Injection of transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) mRNAs into mouse zygotes transferred into foster mothers efficiently generated founder mice with heritable mutations in targeted genes. Immunofluorescence visualization of phosphorylated histone 2A (γH2AX) combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that TALEN pairs targeting the Agouti locus induced site-directed DNA breaks in zygotes within 6 h of injection, an activity that continued at reduced efficiency in two-cell embryos. TALEN-Agouti mRNAs injected into zygotes of brown FvB × C57BL/6 hybrid mice generated completely black pups, confirming that mutations were induced prior to, and/or early after, cell division. Founder mice, many of which were mosaic, transmitted altered Agouti alleles to F1 pups to yield an allelic series of mutant strains. Although mutations were targeted to "spacer" sequences flanked by TALEN binding sites, larger deletions that extended beyond the TALEN-binding sequences were also detected and were similarly inherited through the germ line. Zygotic coinjection of TALEN mRNAs directed to the Agouti, miR-205, and the Arf tumor suppressor loci yielded pups containing frequent and heritable mutations of two or three genes. Simultaneous gene editing in zygotes affords an efficient approach for producing mice with compound mutant phenotypes, bypassing constraints of conventional mouse knockout technology in embryonic stem cells.
A predictive flow control scheme for efficient network utilization and QoS

In this paper, we develop a new predictive flow control scheme and analyze its performance. This scheme controls the nonreal-time (controllable) traffic based on predicting the real-time (uncontrollable) traffic. The goal of the work is to operate the network in a low congestion, high throughput regime. We provide a rigorous analysis of the performance of our flow control method and show that the algorithm has attractive and useful properties. From our analysis we obtain an explicit condition that gives us design guidelines on how to choose a predictor. We learn that it is especially important to take the queueing effect into account in developing the predictor. We also provide numerical results comparing different predictors that use varying degrees of information from the network.
AUV deployed marking and homing to targets

A new modular payload is being developed for a REMUS 600 AUV to facilitate acoustic marking of a target for later inspection by a subsequent AUV. The marker facilitates precision acoustic homing for a follow-on AUV to offset navigation errors that may have accumulated in the DCL (Detect, Classify, Localization) AUV. The markers being developed are small in size allowing 6-10 markers to be housed in a single modular payload for installation on a DCL AUV.
Coronary artery dilation among patients with paediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematosus

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate increased coronary artery dimensions in patients with paediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in comparison with healthy controls, and to identify risk factors associated with increased coronary artery dimensions in the SLE patients.Methods: As part of a longitudinal cohort study of coronary artery disease (CAD) in paediatric-onset SLE, 83 children with SLE and 36 healthy controls were enrolled for a cross-sectional analysis. Their coronary artery diameters were measured by echocardiography while their body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and other cardiovascular factors were recorded. The age at diagnosis, serum uric acid (UA) and creatinine levels, and other lupus-related factors were further evaluated in SLE patients. Data were analysed using linear regression.Results: Mean body surface area (BSA)-adjusted dimensions of the left coronary artery (LCA) and right coronary artery (RCA) were significantly larger in SLE patients than in controls (both p ...
Addiction to the 3-dimensional Internet: Estimated prevalence and relationship to real world addictions

This study examined the prevalence of addiction to Second Life, the most prominent 3D virtual world, and found that approximately one-third of participants met criterion for Internet addiction or at-risk status on the internet addiction test (Young, K. (1998a). Caught in the net: How to recognize the signs of Internet Addiction and a winning strategy for recovery. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc). Participants with higher levels of addiction were more likely to have resided in Second Life for a shorter period of time than non-compulsive users, stay logged on for lengthy periods of time, view sexual experience in Second Life as an important activity, and report experiencing stronger immersion and more benefits from using Second Life. In addition, moderate positive correlations were found between addiction to Second Life and various areas of compulsion in real life. These data provide the first assessment of the prevalence of addiction to the emerging 3D internet and serve as an empirical baseline as...
Epigenetics in comparative biology: why we should pay attention

The past decade has seen an explosion of articles in scientific journals involving non-genetic influences on phenotype through modulation of gene function without changes in gene sequence. The excitement in modern molecular biology surrounding the impact exerted by the environment on development of the phenotype is focused largely on mechanism and has not incorporated questions asked (and answers provided) by early philosophers, biologists, and psychologists. As such, this emergence of epigenetic studies is somewhat “old wine in new bottles” and represents a reformulation of the old debate of preformationism versus epigenesis—one resolved in the 1800s. Indeed, this tendency to always look forward, with minimal concern or regard of what has gone before, has led to the present situation in which “true” epigenetic studies are believed to consist of one of two schools. The first is primarily medically based and views epigenetic mechanisms as pathways for disease (e.g., “the epigenetics of cancer”). The second is primarily from the basic sciences, particularly molecular genetics, and regards epigenetics as a potentially important mechanism for organisms exposed to variable environments across multiple generations. There is, however, a third, and separate, school based on the historical literature and debates and regards epigenetics as more of a perspective than a phenomenon. Against this backdrop, comparative integrative biologists are particularly well-suited to understand epigenetic phenomena as a way for organisms to respond rapidly with modified phenotypes (relative to natural selection) to changes in the environment. Using evolutionary principles, it is also possible to interpret “sunsetting” of modified phenotypes when environmental conditions result in a disappearance of the epigenetic modification of gene regulation. Comparative integrative biologists also recognize epigenetics as a potentially confounding source of variation in their data. Epigenetic modification of phenotype (molecular, cellular, morphological, physiological, and behavioral) can be highly variable depending upon ancestral environmental exposure and can contribute to apparent “random” noise in collected datasets. Thus, future research should go beyond the study of epigenetic mechanisms at the level of the gene and devote additional investigation of epigenetic outcomes at the level of both the individual organism and how it affects the evolution of populations. This review is the first of seven in this special issue of Integrative and Comparative Biology that addresses in detail these and other key topics in the study of epigenetics.
Evidence for Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors for the prevention of major morbid events in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs)

A 69-year-old man presents with a Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System (DIPSS) intermediate-risk 2 post polycythemia vera myelofibrosis with significant splenomegaly, 30 pound weight loss, constitutional symptoms, and 2% peripheral blood blasts. He has no other significant past medical history and no other major comorbid conditions. You are asked by the hematology fellow you are supervising whether or not treating this patient with a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor will decrease major morbid events.
Interpretive seeing: art in the archive

According to recent historical research trends, the iconography within art offers researchers new insight into past events, behaviors, and ideologies. Images tend to capture aspects of the past absent from textual records. Paintings and drawings have been employed by the United States army, past political leaders, and Western explorers to record the surrounding social, political, and/or physical environment. And, paintings often carry ideological arguments and critiques on the surrounding political and economic environment. These art records are creations and participants in the surrounding socio-political environment. As institutions of collective memory and preservers of public documents, archives are obligated to preserve and promote the documentary nature of the iconography within art. This thesis built upon studies in archives (Canadian and American), history, art history, and content-based image retrieval to argue that documentary art belongs in archival repositories. By accepting the documentary contributions of art, archivists serve to expand the documentary record and enhance our understanding of the past.
#TeamNatural: Black Hair and the Politics of Community in Digital Media

Perhaps no aspect of black women’s corporality is more contested and debated than their hair. Social-media personalities of the self-described natural-hair community mediate complex and often contentious conversations about black women’s bodies and lives in the twenty-first century. Based on my previous research on black women and the politics of beauty culture in the twentieth century, I examine the ways that online natural-hair communities provide a rich archive for those who wish to take seriously the concerns of black women. Specifically, this essay discusses the ways in which community is defined, cultivated, and contested in the world of digital beauty, from my perspective as both a historian of black beauty culture and a participant in these online communities.
Scaling Incentives: Determining Preference and Indifference in 8- to lO-Year-Old Girls

ABSTRACT The present study adopted procedures similar to those used by Logan (1965) to determine choice behavior in children. The objective was to provide an improved methodology in delay-of-gratification studies, thus avoiding the problems associated with scaling different kinds of rewards, and to provide approximate functions relating a delay-of-token reward to choice behavior. Thus, 7 girls aged 8 to 10 years were exposed to a choice paradigm in which a larger reward (2 tokens) was pitted against a smaller reward (1 token); access to these rewards was delayed a certain period of time. The results of this experiment showed that as the delay of the larger reward increased, preference for the smaller reward increased in an orderly fashion. The finding that delay shifted preference from the larger to the smaller reward is discussed in relation to current theory. The results of this experiment also provide evidence for the utility of tokens in scaling incentives for choice studies.
Vitamin B6 Deficiency in Chicks

SummaryThe symptoms of vitamin B6 (2-methyl, 3-hydroxy, 4,5-di-(hydroxymethyl) pyridine) deficiency in chicks consist of slow-growth, depressed appetite and inefficient utilization of food, followed in some cases by spasmodic convulsions and death. The symptoms were prevented by adding synthetic vitamin B6 to the diet.
An international review of autism knowledge assessment measures

Autism spectrum disorder-specific knowledge deficits contribute to current disparities in the timing and quality of autism spectrum disorder services throughout the United States and globally. This study conducted a systematic review of Western and International literature to examine measures used to assess autism spectrum disorder knowledge. This review identified 44 unique autism spectrum disorder knowledge measures across 67 studies conducted in 21 countries. Measures used in each study were evaluated in terms of psychometric strength. Of the 67 studies reviewed, only 7% were rated as using a measure with strong psychometric support compared to 45% that were rated as using a measure with no reported psychometric support. Additionally, we examined content overlap and subdomains of autism spectrum disorder knowledge assessed (e.g. etiology, symptoms) and cross-cultural adaptation procedures utilized in the field. Based on these findings, the need for a cross-culturally valid and psychometrically sound measure of autism spectrum disorder knowledge is discussed and recommendations for improving current assessment methods are presented, including suggestions for measure subdomains.
Surveillance on Pathogenic Etiologic Factors of Infectious Diarrheal Other Than Cholera at Enteric Clinic in 2004

Objective To explore the epidemiological trait of the major pathogenic etiologic factors other than cholera caused infectious diarrhea among children. Methods Infectious diarrhea children other than cholera were diagnosed,selected and reported through network,and the difference of area,sex,age and epidemic seasonal composition of various etiologic fators were evaluated. Results The leading pathogens were Rotavirus and Campylobacter jejuni,and the constitution ratio were 30.89% and 69.02% respectively.No area and sex difference was found,but rotavirus tended to infecting young children between 6 months and 2 years old,Campylobacter jejuni tended to infecting baby within 6 months.Rotavirus prevailed easily in autumn,when entered into spring and summer,Campylobacter jejuni infection became dominant. Conclusion Major other infections diarrhea diseases among young children are mainly Rotavirus and Campylobacter jejuni infections,which are the target of prevention;and the development of high-effect and safe vaccine is warranted to reduce their(incidences.)
When is it time to move to the next map? Optimal foraging in guided visual search

Suppose that you are looking for visual targets in a set of images, each containing an unknown number of targets. How do you perform that search, and how do you decide when to move from the current image to the next? Optimal foraging theory predicts that foragers should leave the current image when the expected value from staying falls below the expected value from leaving. Here, we describe how to apply these models to more complex tasks, like search for objects in natural scenes where people have prior beliefs about the number and locations of targets in each image, and search is guided by target features and scene context. We model these factors in a guided search task and predict the optimal time to quit search. The data come from a satellite image search task. Participants searched for small gas stations in large satellite images. We model quitting times with a Bayesian model that incorporates prior beliefs about the number of targets in each map, average search efficiency (guidance), and actual search history in the image. Clicks deploying local magnification were used as surrogates for deployments of attention and, thus, for time. Leaving times (measured in mouse clicks) were well-predicted by the model. People terminated search when their expected rate of target collection fell to the average rate for the task. Apparently, people follow a rate-optimizing strategy in this task and use both their prior knowledge and search history in the image to decide when to quit searching.
A comparative study of the clinical and metabolic effects of ACTH derived from hogs, sheep, and cattle.

Abstract Metabolic and clinical observations were made on four patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with ACTH derived by various processes from the pituitaries of hogs, sheep, and cattle. ACTH from each source was effective in inducing clinical remissions of arthritic activity. ACTH from each source induced sodium retention, a fall in serum potassium, a rise in fasting blood sugar, a rise in urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids, and a decrease in circulating eosinophiles. No significant differences were noted in the qualitative or quantitative effects of the various types of ACTH when they were administered in doses which were similar according to standard biological assay methods. One subject exhibited partial refractoriness to intramuscular injections of ACTH. This refractoriness was not evident when ACTH was administered intravenously or when purified ACTH was administered intramuscularly. In this instance the refractoriness was not induced by previous therapy and it was not specific for any species-source of ACTH.
Characterization of Molecular Transport within Gateable Nanofluidic Interconnects for Three-Dimensional Microfluidic Systems

Novel molecular gate membranes with nanometer diameter pores are described as active interconnects for producing three-dimensional microfluidic systems. Molecular transport studies target the physical and chemical characteristics that influence this highly controllable transport mechanism.
The role of vitreous collagen in platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract The reaction between platelets and the macromolecular constituents present in connective tissue was studied using the vitreous as a model system. Direct injection of platelets into the rabbit vitreous resulted in the prompt formation of a membrane. In vitro aggregation experiments were performed using washed human platelets and fractions obtained from the bovine, rabbit, and owl monkey vitreous. In all three species only those fractions containing hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline supported platelet aggregation. Amino acid and carbohydrate analysis, as well as electron microscopic examination indicated that the guanidine-insoluble fraction from the bovine vitreous was composed only of collagen and that this appeared to be the constituent which caused platelet aggregation in vivo. The mechanism of platelet aggregation thus appears to be similar in vitro and in vivo. Support for this conclusion was obtained by analysis of the vitreous membrane formed in vivo which showed the presence of amino acids characteristic of collagen as well as an unidentified component also present in platelets. In experiments performed with platelets whose function had been modified by treatment with aspirin, membrane formation was inhibited in vivo. This finding indicated that adhesion to collagen is an essential prerequisite for aggregation. In vivo membrane formation occurred with less than 10 μg of collagen per milliliter and was not impaired by either its association with other structural proteins or the unusual organization of the fibers.
Practice Variables in Treatment of ADHD

The clinical characteristics and treatment methods used for children with ADHD were examined by questionnaires sent to 81 practicing psychiatrists and analyzed at the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
Pain Assessment, Management, and Control Among Patients 65 Years or Older Receiving Hospice Care in the U.S.

Abstract Context Knowledge is limited regarding pain assessment and management practices, as well as pain-related outcomes in hospice care. Objectives To generate national estimates of pain assessment and management practices and outcomes of pain control among patients 65 years or older receiving hospice care in the U.S. and identify hospice discharge and agency characteristics predicting study outcomes. Methods The 2007 National Home Health and Hospice Care Survey was analyzed. Multivariate logistic regressions were estimated to identify discharge and agency characteristics predicting guideline-concordant pain assessment and management practices and pain control outcomes. Results A high percentage of discharges had pain assessment at admission (97%) and before discharge (93%); use of valid pain rating scales was relatively low (69% and 54% for first and last assessments, respectively). Almost 95% of patients received pain medication, but only 42% received nonpharmacologic therapies. About 70% of patients assessed with a valid pain scale saw improvement in the level of pain or remained free of pain from admission to discharge. Non-Hispanic blacks were less likely to have pain assessments, and Hispanics were less likely to receive opioid analgesics or to have pain-free status at discharge, compared with non-Hispanic whites. Patients receiving care from for-profit (vs. nonprofit) agencies were more likely to receive pain assessment with a valid scale before discharge but less likely to experience pain control or improvement. Conclusion Greater use of valid pain assessment scales and nonpharmacologic therapies constitutes areas for improvement in hospice care. Targeted interventions are needed to address disparities in pain care by patient race and/or ethnicity and agency ownership status.
Disclosing in utero HIV/ARV exposure to the HIV-exposed uninfected adolescent: is it necessary?

Introduction : The tremendous success of antiretroviral therapy has resulted in a diminishing population of perinatally HIV-infected children on the one hand and a mounting number of HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children on the other. As the oldest of these HEU children are reaching adolescence, questions have emerged surrounding the implications of HEU status disclosure to these adolescents. This article outlines the arguments for and against disclosure of a child’s HEU status. Discussion : Disclosure of a child’s HEU status, by definition, requires disclosure of maternal HIV status. It is necessary to weigh the benefits and harms which could occur with disclosure in each of the following domains: psychosocial impact, long-term physical health of the HEU individual and the public health impact. Does disclosure improve or worsen the psychological health of the HEU individual and extended family unit? Do present data on the long-term safety of in utero HIV/ARV exposure reveal potential health risks which merit disclosure to the HEU adolescent? What research and public health programmes or systems need to be in place to afford monitoring of HEU individuals and which, if any, of these require disclosure? Conclusions : At present, it is not clear that there is sufficient evidence on whether long-term adverse effects are associated with in utero HIV/ARV exposures, making it difficult to mandate universal disclosure. However, as more countries adopt electronic medical record systems, the HEU status of an individual should be an important piece of the health record which follows the infant not only through childhood and adolescence but also adulthood. Clinicians and researchers should continue to approach the dialogue around mother–child disclosure with sensitivity and a cogent consideration of the evolving risks and benefits as new information becomes available while also working to maintain documentation of an individual’s perinatal HIV/ARV exposures as a vital part of his/her medical records. As more long-term adult safety data on in utero HIV/ARV exposures become available these decisions may become clearer, but at this time, they remain complex and multi-faceted. Keywords: HIV exposure; disclosure; in utero ; antiretrovirals. (Published: 13 October 2016) Citation: Jao J et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2016, 19 :21099 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/21099 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.1.21099
Derivation of decision rules to predict clinically important outcomes in acute flank pain patients.

Objective Routine CT for patients with acute flank pain has not been shown to improve patient outcomes, and it may unnecessarily expose patients to radiation and increased costs. As preliminary steps toward the development of a guideline for selective CT, we sought to determine the prevalence of clinically important outcomes in patients with acute flank pain and derive preliminary decision rules.
Are We Getting Them Out of the Country? The State of Study Abroad Opportunities Within NASPAA Member Programs

The pressures of globalization in the 21st century demand public affairs professionals with new competencies, among them the ability to work collaboratively and communicate effectively across natio...
Police perceptions in intimate partner violence cases: the influence of gender and sexual orientation

AbstractThis study examined how disputants’ gender and sexual orientation influence police officers’ perceptions of an intimate partner violence (IPV) incident. A sample of 273 police officers from...
Immune Regulation of Antibody Access to Neuronal Tissues

This review highlights recent advances in how the innate and adaptive immune systems control the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-nerve barrier (BNB). Interferons and TAM receptors play key roles in innate immune control of the BBB. Cells of the adaptive immune system, particularly CD4+ T cells, take distinct routes to enter neural tissues and mediate immune surveillance. Furthermore, T cell-mediated opening of the BBB and the BNB is crucial to allow antibody access and thereby block the replication of neurotropic viruses. Such novel insights gained from basic research provide key foundations for future design of therapeutic strategies - enabling antibody access to the brain may be key to cancer immunotherapy and to the use of vaccines against neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.
Ab Initio Computations and Active Thermochemical Tables Hand in Hand: Heats of Formation of Core Combustion Species

The fidelity of combustion simulations is strongly dependent on the accuracy of the underlying thermochemical properties for the core combustion species that arise as intermediates and products in the chemical conversion of most fuels. High level theoretical evaluations are coupled with a wide-ranging implementation of the Active Thermochemical Tables (ATcT) approach to obtain well-validated high fidelity predictions for the 0 K heat of formation for a large set of core combustion species. In particular, high level ab initio electronic structure based predictions are obtained for a set of 348 C, N, O, and H containing species, which corresponds to essentially all core combustion species with 34 or fewer electrons. The theoretical analyses incorporate various high level corrections to base CCSD(T)/cc-pVnZ analyses (n = T or Q) using H2, CH4, H2O, and NH3 as references. Corrections for the complete-basis-set limit, higher-order excitations, anharmonic zero-point energy, core–valence, relativistic, and diago...
First steps of a millimeter-scale walking silicon robot

This work presents the locomotion of a ground-based single-legged silicon robot. The robot measures 5mm × 6mm × 0.5mm and weighs 18mg. Fabricated in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process, the robot is based on electrostatic inchworm motors that drive a 2 degree-of-freedom (DOF) planar silicon linkage that acts as the leg. The leg sweeps out an area of approximately 500μm × 500μm off the edge of the chip. The chip is connected to power and control by long flexible wires which also act to support the robot upright. The robot exerts over 1.5× its weight in the vertical axis, enough to lift its body and push itself forward.
Effect of Grain Orientation on Irradiation Assisted Corrosion of 316L Stainless Steel in Simulated PWR Primary Water

Simultaneous exposure of 316L stainless steel to a proton beam and high purity water containing 3 wppm H2 was used to study the effect of radiation on corrosion. Protons create displacement damage in the solid and radiolysis products in the water. Irradiations lasted 24 h at a damage rate of 7 × 10−7 dpa/s. The 316L was solution annealed at 1050 °C for 30 min, 5% cold worked, and heat treated at 1100 °C for 10 min resulting in 23 μm grains. Samples were pre-characterized by EBSD to correlate grain orientation with oxide properties measured by Raman spectroscopy and TEM. Following irradiation, hematite was identified exclusively in areas exposed to radiolyzed water, both under the beam and downstream. Inner oxide layers in the unirradiated region had a strong dependence on grain orientation, whereas the irradiated region has little to no grain orientation dependence.