cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transforming data into knowledge—Process Informatics for combustion chemistry

Abstract The present frontier of combustion chemistry is the development of predictive reaction models, namely, chemical kinetics models capable of accurate numerical predictions with quantifiable uncertainties. While the usual factors like deficient knowledge of reaction pathways and insufficient accuracy of individual measurements and/or theoretical calculations impede progress, the key obstacle is the inconsistency of accumulating data and proliferating reaction mechanisms. Process Informatics introduces a new paradigm. It relies on three major components: proper organization of scientific data, availability of scientific tools for analysis and processing of these data, and engagement of the entire scientific community in the data collection and analysis. The proper infrastructure will enable a new form of scientific method by considering the entire content of information available, assessing and assuring mutual scientific consistency of the data, rigorously assessing data uncertainty, identifying problems with the available data, evaluating model predictability, suggesting new experimental and theoretical work with the highest possible impact, reaching community consensus, and merging the assembled data into new knowledge.
Stress and unemployment

Although not a new phenomenon, unemployment is now a feature of most industrialized societies. Previous research has highlighted the nature of physical and psychological problems associated with this major life event. Before describing the nature of the response to unemployment, it is essential to analyse why work has become so important for social and psychological adjustment. The response to unemployment can then be described as a predictable set of phases similar to other experiences of loss, such as bereavement. Pathology in unemployment, both physical and psychological, has been observed, and the nature of these disorders is described, as well as those groups more likely to suffer and the possible pathways from health to illness.
BK virus DNA sequence coding for the amino-terminus of the T-antigen

Abstract Nucleotide sequence between map positions 0.540 and 0.604 on the human papovavirus BK(MM strain) genome has been determined. Following a potential initiation ATG signal at 0.595 map position, a unique reading frame is identified which can code for at least 95 amino acids. The first 10 amino acids deduced therefrom at the amino-terminus coincides with those of the T-antigen molecules of simian virus 40. Between amino acids 11–74, there is a 78% homology of nucleotide sequence and an 84% homology of amino acid sequence. An unusual nucleotide sequence with a two-fold rotational symmetry preceding the aforementioned ATG signal has been located in BKV(MM) DNA as well as in SV40 DNA, and a secondary structure with a possible regulatory function is proposed.
The developmental progression from implicit to explicit knowledge: A computational approach

Dienes & Perner (D&P) argue that nondeclarative knowledge can take multiple forms. We provide empirical support for this from two related lines of research about the development of mathematical reasoning. We then describe how different forms of procedural and declarative knowledge can be effectively modeled in Anderson's act-r theory, contrasting this computational approach with D&P's logical approach. The computational approach suggests that the commonly observed developmental progression from more implicit to more explicit knowledge can be viewed as a consequence of accumulating and strengthening mental representations.
Absolute measurements of electron impact excitation cross-sections of atoms using cavity ringdown spectroscopy

Abstract A new method of using cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) technique to measure apparent electron impact excitation cross-sections (EIECS) for different energy levels of an atom is described. The method involves measurements of absolute population densities of the energy levels in concern using the high sensitivity CRDS, leading to an analytical expression of EIECS as a function of the population densities. Determination of EIECS in this method does not require an external calibration. The proposed method is validated by determining EIECS of the metastable levels of Hg (6s6p 3P0) and Ne (2p53s 3P2), and the results are in good agreement with the cross-sections reported in the literature. The population densities in both cases were extracted from the published data. This method exhibits promising potential for absolute measurements of EIECS of metastable energy levels.
Early interactions and the socioemotional development of deaf infants

Studies of the early face-to-face interactions and later attachment behaviours between infants and their caregivers are reviewed, with a particular focus on implications for deaf infants. Since the majority of deaf infants are born to hearing parents, it is to be expected that many parental responses will rely on vocalizations which are inaccessible to the deaf infant. Are other sensory modalities enhanced or used in a compensatory manner by hearing parents so as to make their communication with a deaf infant more effective? Is the deaf infant's heightened need for visual and tactile input adequately met during normal interactions with their caregivers? Does the deaf infant develop the same strategies for signalling distress and coping with separation as does the hearing infant? Although the research literature on this population is sparse, there are beginning to be more reports addressing these questions as early identification becomes increasingly possible. Therefore, this paper will cover issues of the role of eye contact and mutual coordination in early interactions, compensatory parenting behaviours from the perspective of the ‘intuitive parenting’ model, and precursors to later attachment behaviours in deaf infants.
DNA physical mapping and alternating Eulerian cycles in colored graphs

Small-scale DNA physical mapping (such as the Double Digest Problem or DDP) is an important and difficult problem in computational molecular biology. When enzyme sites are modeled by a random process, the number of solutions to DDP is known to increase exponentially as the length of DNA increases. However, the overwhelming majority of solutions are very similar and can be transformed into each other by simple transformations. Recently, Schmitt and Waterman [SW] introduced equivalence classes on the set of DDP solutions and raised an open problem to completely characterize equivalent physical maps. We study the combinatorics of multiple solutions and the cassette transformations of Schmitt and Waterman. We demonstrate that the solutions to DDP are closely associated with alternating Eulerian cycles in colored graphs and study order transformations of alternating cycles. We prove that every two alternating Eulerian cycles in a bicolored graph can be transformed into each other by means of order transformations. Using this result we obtain a complete characterization of equivalent physical maps in the Schmitt-Waterman problem. It also allows us to prove Ukkonen's conjecture on word transformations preservingq-gram composition.
Transient mirror heating theory and experiment in the Jefferson Lab IR Demo FEL

During commissioning of the IR Demo FEL at Jefferson Lab, we noticed that the FEL exhibited a rapid power drop with time when the first set of 3 mu-m mirrors was used. Thought the rate of power drop was unexpected, it was thought that it could be due to a distortion of the mirrors during a time short compared to a the thermal diffusion time. This transient distortion might affect the laser more than the steady state distortion. This paper presents some analysis of the transient mirror heating problem and some recent experimental results using different mirror substrates and coatings. It is found that the behavior of the first mirror set cannot be reconciled with the observed power fall-off if a linear absorption is assumed. The power drop in more recent experiments is consistent with linear thermal analysis. No anomalous transient effects are seen.
Acute bacterial endocarditis at the University of Minnesota Hospitals, 1939–1959

Abstract 1. 1. Fifty-four patients who had acute bacterial endocarditis were observed at the University of Minnesota Hospitals during 1939 through 1959; 45 per cent of the cases occurred after 1954. The disease is defined as a bacterial infection of the endocardium (valvular and/or mural) which gives rise to symptoms which last less than 50 days, associated for the most part with an invasive microorganism, and having a fulminant clinical course. 2. 2. There were 34 males and 20 females, whose ages at death ranged from 15 days to 84 years. Fifty-nine per cent were over 50 years old; reasons for this fact included associated debilitating diseases and the more common use of diagnostic and/or operative procedures, such as urethral catheterization, cystoscopy, and extensive surgery for cancer, in the older aged group. 3. 3. The most frequent abnormal physical and laboratory findings were: (a) positive blood culture (98 per cent) (most commonly, coagulase-positive staphylococci); (b) fever and tachycardia (93 per cent); (c) pyuria (90 per cent); (d) murmur(s) (87 per cent); (e) proteinuria (80 per cent); (f) hematuria (78 per cent); and (g) white blood cell count greater than 15,000 (74 per cent). 4. 4. Fifteen patients had rheumatic heart disease, and 5 had congenital heart disease, but in the other 34 patients (63 per cent) no underlying congenital or acquired valvular heart disease was found. 5. 5. All but 2 of the patients died in the hospital or within 3 months after discharge, which gives a mortality of 96 per cent. An autopsy was performed on 48 of the 52 patients. An active endocardial lesion was found in all patients and was often associated with the formation of abscesses, pneumonia, and congestive heart failure. 6. 6. The importance of antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of bacterial endocarditis is stressed.
Debugging aids for hybrid- computer programmers

We discuss here proposals for two new debugging aids for hybrid-computer programmers. For digital programs, "relevant" post-mortem dumps have long been advocated .1We propose extending this philoso phy to analog dumps. We describe means of making selective dumps via analysis of the topological structure of analog programs. We also propose a novel analog static-check procedure which takes advantage of the greater computational facilities afforded by a digital computer to solve algebraic equations.The analog-dump and static-check methods recommended here, at worst, help hybrid programmers with their debugging efforts by automating certain common tac tics. Many errors can thereby be automatically detected and precisely located. In conclusion, we suggest how correction of these errors can be auto mated to some extent.
Sex differences in acclimation to a hot-dry environment.

Sex-related differences in acclimation to a hot-dry environment were evaluated in ten males and nine females. The subjects were exposed during early spring to a hot-dry climate: 49DC, 20% rh for 6 consecutive days. Exposures lasted 120 min: l0min rest, 50min walk (l.34ms−11), l0min rest, 50min walk. Heart rate, rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tk), and heat storage dropped significantly for both sexes (p 0.05) between the last 2 days. In spite of similar metabolic rates, similar sweat rate and lower heat gain by radiation and convection for the females, their Tre and Tk remained significantly higher (p <0.05) than those for the males at the end of acclimation. It was suggested that the thermoregulatory set-point is higher for unacclimated women than for men, and that this difference does not disappear with acclimation.
HR's role in managing disability in the workplace

Susanne M. Bruyere, Ph.D., SPHR, is the director of the Program on Employment and Disability at Cornell University. She is currently funded by the U.S. Department of Education, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDR) as principal investigator of a four-year research and demonstration project in collaboration with the Society for Human Resource Management. She may be reached via E-mail at smb23@cornell.edu. William A. Erickson is a research specialist with the Program on Employment and Disability in the School of Industrial and Labor Relations Extension Division at Cornell University. His previous research experience includes a workers’ compensation managed-care pilot project in New York State. Sara VanLooy is a research and administrative assistant with the Program on Employment and disability at Cornell University in the School of Industrial and Labor Relations—Extension Division.
Review of Moisture and Liquid Detection and Mapping using Terahertz Imaging

The relatively high permittivity of liquid water compared to other materials in the Terahertz (THz) range enables a contrast mechanism for the detection and imaging of moisture. In this paper, spatial mapping of moisture and liquid detection by THz imaging is reviewed. Analysis of the moisture content is discussed in terms of a double Debye model for liquid water and effective medium models for the permittivity of the dry and ‘wet’ materials of interest. Examples from medical applications, forestry products, agriculture/ food products, and polymers are reviewed. Extraction of diffusion rates and diffusion maps from THz images are discussed.
The low prevalence of occupational asthma and antibody-dependent sensitization to diphenylmethane diisocyanate in a plant engineered for minimal exposure to diisocyanates

Abstract Background: Diisocyanate chemicals are leading causes of occupational asthma (OA). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 243 workers exposed to diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) in a methane mold plant that had been designed to minimize MDI exposure (levels were maintained below 0.005 ppm and were continuously monitored). All participants were screened by questionnaire and tests for serum antibodies to MDI-human serum albumin (HSA). On the basis of questionnaire responses, diagnoses were derived that included OA; non-OA; work-related and non-work-related rhinitis; and lower respiratory irritant responses. Serial peak expiratory flow rate studies were performed for 2 weeks in 43 workers with and in 23 workers without lower respiratory symptoms. Results: Results of serial peak expiratory flow rate studies were abnormal in 3 (33%) of 9 workers with OA, in 2 (50%) of 4 with non-OA, and in 2 (9%) of 23 case control subjects. A significant association was found between peak flow rate variability and a questionnaire asthma diagnosis (χ 2 p Conclusions: On the basis of these cases, specific work activities associated with exposure to MDI were identified and corrective measures were instituted. Strict control and monitoring of ambient MDI exposure was associated with a low prevalence of specific sensitization to MDI and a lower than expected prevalence of OA.
Reflections on a whipple.

Although it is said that physicians make the worst patients, there is compelling evidence that medical students set the bar: They know just enough to be terrified of everything.
Radiative emission of driven two-level atoms into the modes of an enclosing optical cavity: The transition from fluorescence to lasing

The radiative emission of strongly driven, two-level-like barium atoms into the modes of a confocal optical cavity is studied as a function of barium density. As the barium density is increased, the spatial profile, intensity, and spectrum of light emitted out the ends of the confocal cavity display dramatic changes indicative of a transition from fluorescence to lasing. In this novel two-level system, laser action can be explained in terms of an inversion between the dressed atom-field states or in terms of a type of stimulated hyper-Raman scattering in which atoms lase from the ground to the excited atomic state. A simple dressed-atom rate-equation analysis of this two-level-atom laser is presented. It is pointed out that this same system may provide a means of realizing two-photon-like laser action.
Elevated transforming growth factor β1 in plasma of primary open-angle glaucoma patients.

PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients have a systemic elevation of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). METHODS Plasma was prepared from blood samples drawn from patients of the Vanderbilt Eye Institute during clinic visits. Concentrations of total TGFβ1 and thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) in plasma were determined by ELISA. Statistical significance of differences between POAG and control samples was evaluated by Mann-Whitney test. Regression analysis was used to evaluate correlations between plasma TGFβ1 and patient age and between plasma TGFβ1 and TSP1. RESULTS Plasma samples were obtained from 148 POAG patients and 150 controls. Concentration of total TGFβ1 in the plasma of POAG patients (median = 3.25 ng/mL) was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than in controls (median = 2.46 ng/mL). Plasma TGFβ1 was not correlated with age of patient (P = 0.17). Thrombospondin-1 concentration was also significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in POAG patients (median = 0.774 μg/mL) as compared to controls (median = 0.567 μg/mL). Plasma total TGFβ1 and TSP1 concentrations were linearly correlated (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Plasma samples from POAG patients display elevated total TGFβ1 compared to controls, consistent with elevated systemic TGFβ1 in POAG patients.
A Study of the Separation Principle in Size Exclusion Chromatography

Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separates polymer molecules according to their size in dilute solution, but what size to use has been a matter of debate for 35 years. In 1967, Benoit and co-workers found an excellent correlation between elution volume and a dynamically based molecular size, the hydrodynamic volume VH, for a wide range of species and large-scale molecular architectures. However, both theory and simulations assume a thermodynamic separation principle. This assumption is based on experimental observations that elution volumes are independent of flow rates. Thus, one might surmise that the radius of gyration Rg is a more appropriate size measure for purposes of universal SEC calibration, although the calculations of Casassa and co-workers on star polymers suggest some other thermodynamically based size may be required. In an attempt to resolve this dilemma, we undertook an extensive study of SEC with three groups of nearly monodisperse polymerslinear polystyrenes, linear polyethylenes, an...
A Robust 24mW 60GHz Receiver in 90nm Standard CMOS

In this paper, a highly integrated receiver front-end is demonstrated that is manufactured in a digital CMOS process using a design approach amenable to mass production. Unlike many previous attempts in CMOS, the results of the design are well predicted by the simulation results, matching the desired frequency band and the simulated gain to a very high accuracy. Low noise and high gain are demonstrated with low power consumption. The chip is fabricated in a 90 nm digital CMOS process and tested using on-chip probes.
Nuclear Reactions: Public Attitudes and Policies Toward Nuclear Power

The declining public support for nuclear power has political costs. In the wake of the Three Mile Island accident, public trust in the nuclear industry has reached an all-time low. Recognition of this lack of trust sets up a counterweight to the industry pressures for relaxed regulation. The authors present the historical background behind the current debate, then summarize the available scientific survey data on the actual levels and trends in public attitudes. They find little reason for optimism. With the exception of gender, most demographic factors have only modest influence on nuclear power attitudes, which suggests that public uneasiness about the technology has become a fact of life. They conclude that a significant weakening of federal safety standards would not be consistent with public preferences. 49 references, 3 figures.
A branched, hydrogen-bonded heterodimer: a novel system for achieving high stability and specificity

Abstract Presented is a description of the design, synthesis, and characterization of a novel, branched, six hydrogen-bonded heterodimer termed ‘trident’. Two branched oligoamide molecules, 1 and 2, with complementary hydrogen-bonding sequences 3(AD) and 3(DA), respectively, were found to form a very stable (Ka≥9×106 M−1) heterodimer in chloroform. Confirmation of the high stability of the heterodimer was obtained through 1D and 2D 1H NMR spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and vapor pressure osmometry (VPO). The stability of the trident occurs through the cooperative action of six programmed hydrogen-bonding interactions, which are facilitated by the pre-organization of the individual strands through intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
Infant monkeys' visual responses to drawings of normal and distorted faces.

Face-like patterns attract attention from both human and nonhuman primates. The present study explored the facial preferences in infant pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Twenty-five subjects looked at 20 paired drawings of adult conspecific monkey faces, and their looking time was recorded. The facial features in the drawings were arranged in positions ranging from a normal to a scrambled face. The subjects looked at the normal face more than expected by chance (P < .02), suggesting a preference, whereas the distorted faces were observed randomly. The normal face may have been preferred because the eyes were in a normal position within the facial outline. Am. J. Primatol. 44:169–174, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
U.S. space surveillance

Abstract The United States operates a diverse set of more than two dozen radar and optical facilities around the world to monitor near-Earth space. The mission of the Space Surveillance Network (SSN) to detect, track, catalog, and identify all man-made objects in space pertains not only to routine space operations but also to special event processing, e.g., satellite breakups. The SSN provides both the Government and the civilian space communities with a wide variety of services and products, including comprehensive historical records on more than 22,000 objects and current, high fidelity orbital parameters on approximately 7,000 satellites now in Earth orbit. Although upgrades to both sensors and processing techniques continue to increase the sensitivity and capacity of the SSN, modifications to the operational procedures at existing facilities and the employment of special, non-network sensors can provide additional insight concerning the magnitude of the Earth satellite population which lies below the normal network reporting level.
Diagnostic precision of image-guided multisampling core needle biopsy of suspected lymphomas in a primary care hospital

We evaluated the diagnostic quality of image-guided multisampling core needle biopsy (CNB) in patients investigated for suspected lymphoma in a primary care hospital. A total of 112 patients were consecutively assessed during a 3-year period. There were 80 lymphoid site biopsies and 32 non-lymphoid site biopsies. Eight to nine cores were obtained from different parts of the biopsy site. Two cores were systematically frozen, allowing for further morphological, immunochemistry and molecular studies. The diagnostic yield of CNB for malignancy was 100%. Only 47% (41/87) of patients with initial suspicion of lymphoma were finally diagnosed with Lymphoma. The diagnostic yield of CNB for lymphoma typing was 98% (62/63), according to the WHO classification. The diagnostic yield of CNB for complete lymphoma subtyping/grading was 86% (54/63). The diagnostic yield of CNB for a definite diagnosis of benignity was only 47% (8/17). In a primary care setting, multisampling CNB is a minimally invasive, and very accurate procedure for confirming malignancy in patients with suspected lymphoma, presenting with superficial/deep-seated, lymphoid/non-lymphoid site targets. With a very high diagnostic yield for lymphoma typing and a high diagnostic yield for complete lymphoma subtyping/grading a therapeutic decision can be taken in most patients.
The pathogenesis of experimental intra-ruminal infections of cows with salmonella dublin

Abstract The infectivity of a single intra-ruminal inoculation of S. dublin in cows was compared with the infectivity of a similar inoculum given as an intermittent infection. The cows were slaughtered 10 days after inoculation ceased and detailed bacteriological examinations of the alimentary tracts made. The single intra-ruminal inoculum established an active infection in the lower ileum, caecum and colon, but the intermittent inoculum was much less infective. The route of invasion of intra-ruminally administered S. dublin was studied. Following intra-ruminal administration of a single large dose of S. dublin the primary sites of bacterial penetration appeared to be the lower ileum and caecum. In these sites infection spread from the intestinal contents to intestinal wall and to the associated lymph node. Further spread to liver and spleen did not occur.
Accurate and efficient corrections for missing dispersion interactions in molecular simulations.

In simulations, molecular dispersion interactions are frequently neglected beyond a cutoff of around 1 nm. In some cases, analytical corrections appropriate for isotropic systems are applied to the pressure and/or the potential energy. Here, we show that in systems containing macromolecules, either of these approaches introduce statistically significant errors in some observed properties; for example, the choice of cutoff can affect computed free energies of ligand binding to proteins by 1 to 2 kcal/mol. We review current methods for eliminating this cutoff-dependent behavior of the dispersion energy and identify some situations where they fail. We introduce two new formalisms, appropriate for binding free energy calculations, which overcome these failings, requiring minimal computational effort beyond the time required to run the original simulation. When these cutoff approximations are applied, which can be done after all simulations are completed, results are consistent across simulations run with diff...
Enhancing the retention of phytochemicals and organoleptic attributes in muscadine grape juice through a combined approach between dense phase CO2 processing and copigmentation.

This study evaluated the phytochemical stability and organoleptic attributes of an ascorbic acid-fortified muscadine grape juice as affected by dense phase CO2 processing (DP-CO2) and addition of thyme polyphenolic cofactors (Thymus vulgaris; 1:100 anthocyanin-to-cofactor molar ratio) in efforts to prevent phytochemical losses that occur during storage of anthocyanin-containing beverages, especially in the presence of carbonyl compounds commonly produced during thermal processing and storage. DP-CO2 processing insignificantly altered initial juice phytochemical and antioxidant content, whereas thermal pasteurization reduced anthocyanins (263 mg/L), ascorbic acid (42 mg/L), soluble phenolics (266 mg/L), and antioxidant capacity (6 μM Trolox equivalents/mL). Similar trends were observed during storage, and data showed that increasing the CO2 level from 8 to 16% during DP-CO2 was instrumental in reducing juice phytochemical and antioxidant degradation. Copigmentation was instrumental in retaining higher anth...
Distribution and Circulation of Labrador Sea Water

Abstract Labrador Sea Water is the final product of the cyclonic circulation of Subpolar Mode Water in the open northern North Atlantic (McCartney and Talley, 1982). The temperature and salinity of the convectively formed Subpolar Mode Water decrease from 14.7°C, 36.08‰ to 3.4°C, 34.88‰ on account of the cumulative effects of excess precipitation and cooling. The coldest Mode Water is Labrador Sea Water, which spreads at mid-depths and is found throughout the North Atlantic Ocean north of 40°N and along its western boundary to 18°N. A vertical minimum in potential vorticity is used as the primary tracer for Labrador Sea Water. Labrador Sea Water is advected in three main directions out of the Labrador Sea: 1) northeastward into the Irminger Sea, 2) southeastward across the Atlantic beneath the North Atlantic current, and 3) southward past Newfoundland with the Labrador Current and thence westward into the Slope Water region, crossing under the Gulf Stream off Cape Hatteras. The Labrador Sea Water core is ...
Normal Spaces in Abnormal Places: The Significance of Environment in Occupational Therapy with Hospitalised Teenagers

The increasing orientation of adolescents toward social contacts outside their families makes them organise in peer groups and subcultures which provide the space to act out generational concerns collectively. For some young people, the hospital setting is an environment in which they find themselves repeatedly. People usually decide to enter environments that are relevant to them. However in hospital, there are usually few familiar artifacts and the patient has little choice about being there. For young people to attain independence, they must experience competence and autonomy. In an attempt to capture some of the features of ordinary life, the sort of inanimate, social and temporal features within the hospital environment that facilitate independent behaviour must be available to youth: features like personal space and access to the peer group. When environmental requirements such as these are available, then occupational therapy can enable young people who are hospitalised to get back in touch with their abilities. During adolescence, the struggle for autonomy is at its peak. The hospital system demands of young people a passive and vulnerable role in which feelings of helplessness are exacerbated. In order to continue development in hospital, young people need appropriate spaces. At The Children's Hospital in Sydney, a Youth Ward is soon to be established. The establishment of such a ward is tangible acknowledgement that teenage patients support each other and receive better and more comprehensive care when they are grouped together. The occupational therapy approach discussed here recognises how important environment is in the healthy development of young people.
Optimal Guidance of a Relay Mav for Isr Support Beyond Line-Of-Sight

This paper focuses on developing guidance laws to optimally position a relay Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) to provide an operator with real-time Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) by relaying communication and video signals when there is no LineOf-Sight (LOS) between the operator at the base and the rover MAV performing the ISR mission. The ISR system is comprised of two MAVs, the Relay and the Rover, and a Base. The Relay strives to position itself so as to minimize the radio frequency (RF) power required for maintaining communications between the Rover and the Base, while the Rover performs the ISR mission, which may maximize the required RF power. The optimal control of the Relay MAV then entails the solution of a differential game. Applying Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle yields a standard, albeit nonlinear, Two-Point Boundary Value Problem (TPBVP). Suboptimal solutions are also analyzed as an aid in solving the TPBVP which yields the solution of the differential game. One suboptimal approach is based upon the geometry of the ISR system: The midpoint between the Rover and the Base is the ideal location which minimizes the RF power required, so the Relay heads toward that point— assuming that the Rover is stationary. At the same time, to maximize the required RF power, the Rover might move such that the midpoint travels in the opposite direction of the Relay—assuming the Relay is stationary. Thus, the Rover heads away from the Relay on a course parallel to that of the Relay. Another suboptimal approach investigated envisions the Rover to remain stationary and solves for the optimal path for the Relay to minimize the RF power requirement during the planning horizon. This one-sided optimization problem is analyzed using a Matlab-based optimization program called GPOCS, which uses the Gauss pseudospectral method of discretization. The results from GPOCS corroborated with the geometry-based suboptimal approach, showing that the optimal path for the Relay is to head straight toward the midpoint between the Rover and the Base.
Bulbospinal thyrotropin-releasing hormone projections to the intermediolateral cell column: A double fluorescence immunohistochemical-retrograde tracing stdy in the rat

Whereas the neurochemistry of the peripheral autonomic nervous system has been well characterized, less is known concerning the neurotransmitters utilized by medullary projections onto sympathetic preganglionic neurons residing in the thoracolumbar spinal intermediolateral cell column. Retrograde transport of rhodamine-labeled fluorescent microspheres following discrete microinjection into the thoracic intermediolateral cell column was combined with immunohistochemistry to determine neuroanatomic location of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons which project to the intermediolateral cell column in the rat. The ventromedial group of raphe nuclei including the nucleus raphe pallidus, obscurus, and magnus possessed the greatest number of medullary thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons which also contained rhodamine-labeled microspheres. High numbers of intermediolateral cell column-projecting thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons were also observed in nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis lateralis and magnocellularis, the lateral reticular nucleus, and the superficial ventral (arcuate) medullary surface. Despite the observations that nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, paramedianus, and ventralis pars beta project to the intermediolateral cell column, double-labeled cells were not observed in these nuclei. Furthermore, whereas the nucleus reticularis magnocellularis and gigantocellularis, and the lateral reticular nucleus displayed strong ipsilateral predominance in projecting to the intermediolateral cell column, other medullary reticular and raphe nuclei displayed bilateral projections. The present findings support the hypothesis that thyrotropin-releasing hormone-containing neurons in the ventral medulla project to the intermediolateral cell column, and may influence sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
A parallel architecture for performing mail sorting in real time

Abstract This paper describes a special-purpose embedded multiprocessor architecture developed for performing real-time multi-line optical character recognition (MLOCR). MLOCR is a computationally intensive real-time application involving pattern recognition, character image extraction, gray-scale thresholding, rotation and scaling of individual characters, and character identification. The computational complexity of the MLOCR application dictated the development of custom hardware in a parallel processing environment in order to meet the real-time system requirements. The overall system organization is described, along with the functional partitioning of algorithms onto processors, development of specific custom hardware to implement the algorithms in real time, interprocess communications, and system control.
Telecommunications/Multimedia Distributed Learning Course Creation

Carpenter and his colleagues discussed the process of creating an asynchronous learning experience for postsecondary students that employed a blend of CD-ROM and Internet technology. Whereas this hybrid approach created a superb learning environment, the rapidly evolving software and hardware available for the capture, compression, and reproduction of the educational experiences resulted in many changes in the creation process. This article describes the final version in detail, the difficulties, and the solutions that were reached that led to the finished product. The course was introduced as an experimental class in the fall semester of 1998. To deliver this course, several major innovations and developments were accomplished. The AA. created a new multimedia instructional auditorium that functions as a video studio as well as a classroom ; found several new approaches to content creation and production ; and designed a course that is professional, mature in appearance, and very appealing to their students
Discourse as Care: A Phenomenological Consideration of Spatiality and Temporality

Scholars increasingly recognize that discourse is not a standing collection of representations for pre-existing thoughts and/or things in a pre-existing world. Still, many obstacles remain, and these seem to be inseparable from contemporary common-sense. When we ask about the nature of discourse, we are, ultimately, asking about the nature of world, the nature of the body, and also, there must be, if only tacitly, an account of space and time. Discourse, I would suggest, is a mode of evaluative praxis, a way of articulately “being-concerned-with-others.” But discourse is not only a finely nuanced praxis, or a sophisticated mode of cooperative action. Its powers for spatializing and temporalizing include predication in their peculiar kind of care. In general, as implying a concernful -being-with-others-being-toward-world, discourse is an intentional nexus whose capacities for spatializing and temporalizing make-room for those situations in which we find ourselves thrown, projected, and concernfully stretching along.
Collapse and Fragmentation of Molecular Cloud Cores. VIII. Magnetically Supported Infinite Sheets

The collapse and fragmentation of initially sheetlike, magnetic molecular clouds is calculated in three dimensions with a gravitational, radiative hydrodynamics code. The code includes a crude representation of magnetic field effects and ambipolar diffusion through the magnetic pressure and magnetic tension approximations and a simple parameterization based on previous magnetohydrodynamic calculations, respectively. The computational volume is a spherical portion of an initially isothermal, infinite sheet of self-gravitating gas, symmetric about its midplane, with the portion of the cloud exterior to the spherical volume represented through its effect on the gravitational potential inside the spherical volume. The gas layer is initially in hydrostatic equilibrium, but with a mass equal to or greater than the critical mass (~1 M☉) for the growth of gravitational instability. The magnetic field pressure acts to further stabilize the initial cloud. Over 106 active grid points are employed in the models, sufficient to resolve the Jeans length and so avoid artificial fragmentation. The parameters varied are the ratio of the ambipolar diffusion time to the midplane free fall time (10 or 20), the cloud's reference magnetic field strength (100 or 200 μG, corresponding to initially magnetically supercritical or subcritical clouds, respectively), the ratio of rotational to gravitational energy of the sheet (0.0 or 0.01), and the form of the initial density perturbation applied to the infinite sheet. Three types of outcomes are observed: formation of one or two protostars near the edge of the spherical volume, formation of a protostar near (but not at) the center of the cloud, or formation of a rotating ring near the center of the cloud, which appears likely to fragment into two or more protostars. Flow speeds of ~0.1 km s-1 are generated as the sheet begins to break up into collapsing protostars. The forming protostars are separated by distances approximately equal to the cloud diameter, consistent with the spacing predicted by the linear theory of the gravitational stability of an infinite sheet.
On the application of modelling to study the surface and interfacial phenomena in liquid alloy–ceramic substrate systems

Abstract The wetting phenomena of molten alloy/ceramic substrate depend on the bonding characteristics of liquid alloys and ceramics as well as on the magnitude of interactive forces at the interface. According to this, the first step of this investigation is to determine the surface properties of Ag–Cu, Ag–Ti and Cu–Ti liquid alloys. The energetics of mixing in liquid alloys has been analysed through the study of surface properties (surface tension and surface composition) and microscopic functions (concentration fluctuations in the long-wavelength limit and chemical short-range order parameter) in the frame of statistical mechanical theory in conjunction with the quasi-lattice theory (QLT). The results obtained for these binary systems have been extended to the ternary Ag–Cu–Ti system. Combining the Young and the Dupre equations, the computed results of surface tension together with contact angle data have been used to calculate the work of adhesion and, in the case of non-reactive wetting, the interfacial tension between the solid substrate and the liquid alloys over the whole concentration range. The evaluation of the interfacial tension values is determined from calculated and measured data using solid surface tension data from literature. These results provide more information on the characteristics of metal–ceramic systems, and are therefore useful in guiding experiments, or in predicting the surface properties of metallic systems with similar characteristics as well as their wetting behaviour in contact with ceramic materials.
Captopril-induced bone marrow suppression in two cardiac patients with trisomy 21

Neutropenia is an infrequent complication following administration of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, captopril. Most reports have been in adult patients, with rare reports in the pediatric population. We report two cases of neutropenia following captopril use in cardiac patients, with trisomy 21. As this was not seen in patients without Down's syndrome, we postulate that patients with trisomy 21 have bone marrow which is “at risk” for suppression, and thus warrant close evaluation while on such medications.
Decreased habituation of midlatency auditory evoked responses in parkinson's disease

Summary: The P1 midlatency auditory evoked potential was studied in patients with Parkinson’s disease and compared to that in age-matched controls. Habituation of the potential was determined by using a two-click stimulus paradigm in which the stimuli were presented at 250-, 500-, and 1,000-ms interstimulus intervals. Results showed that habituation of the P1 potential had a statistically significant decrease at the 250-ms and 500-ms interstimulus intervals in patients with Parkinson’s disease compared to normal controls. The degree of decreased
Progress in growth of large β-BaB2O4 single crystals

Growth of large β-barium borate (BBO) crystals of high optical quality has been challenging, even 25 years past its discovery. The best results in terms of size and quality have been demonstrated by means of TSSG (Top Seeded Solution Growth). Nevertheless, the maximum available size of nonlinear optical elements lags behind laser industry requirements. Due to increased size and availability, BBO finally started attracting attention for its favorable Q-switch properties. Yet, two or sometimes three crystals aligned together are still necessary to achieve the lengths often required for these applications. Material quality, in terms of optical perfection and optical absorption, is still questionable in many instances. Limited boule size still dictates relatively high material cost as well. Thorough analysis of the growth behavior of BBO helped us to develop production processes for large boules utilizing TSSG with pulling. High quality nonlinear optical crystal devices and Q-switches up to 40 mm in the z-direction have been enabled. We believe that the above size and quality are currently industry leading. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Immunity in hepatitis C infection.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and newer serologic assays for hepatitis C virus (HCV) were used to investigate 19 HCV cross-challenge episodes in chimpanzees. In these cross-challenges, 59% showed seroconversion after challenge, 33% showed reappearance of HCV-associated hepatocellular ultrastructural changes, 5 animals not PCR-positive at the time of challenge showed return of PCR positivity, and 26% developed hepatitis after rechallenge. A total of 74% showed at least one of these signs of reinfection. The frequency of development of serologic and ultrastructural responses was, however, reduced in secondary compared with primary infections (P less than .01). In 10 animals, the cross-challenge was done with heterologous strains, and in 9 with the originally infecting virus. There was no significant difference in the responses to homologous and heterologous challenges. The data suggest relatively weak immunity in HCV infections.
Knocking down gene function with an RNA aptamer expressed as part of an intron

We developed a powerful expression system to produce aptamers and other types of functional RNA in yeast to examine their effects. Utilizing the intron homing process, the aptamer-coding sequences were integrated into hundreds of rRNA genes, and the aptamers were transcribed at high levels by RNA polymerase I without any additional promoter being introduced into the cell. We used this system to express an aptamer against the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), a conserved transcription factor responsible for mobilizing specific genomic expression programs in response to stressful conditions such as elevated temperature. We observed a temperature sensitive growth retardation phenotype and specific decrease of heat shock gene expression. As HSF1 enables and promotes malignant growth and metastasis in mammals, and this aptamer binds yeast HSF1 and its mammalian ortholog with equal affinity, the results presented here attest to the potential of this aptamer as a specific and effective inhibitor of HSF1 activity.
A mid-Oligocene (Whitneyan) rhinocerotid from northeastern California

Rhinoceroses were important in North American mammal faunas from the late middle Eocene to the Miocene, but the group's poor sampling outside the High Plains and eastern Rocky Mountain regions during their early evolution significantly hinders understanding of their biogeography. This limited geographic sampling is parti- cularly true of early-middle Oligocene time, with the vast majority of Whitneyan localities occurring in the White River Badlands of South Dakota. Thus, any rhinocerotid from outside the High Plains during this period is significant. We describe two new rhinocerotid specimens from the middle Oligocene Steamboat Formation of the northeastern Warner Mountains of California. Although the Steamboat Formation is well known for fossil plants, this is the first report of mammalian fossils from the area: an isolated lower molar recovered in 1974 but not previously described or illustrated, and a mandibular fragment recovered approximately 20 years later and bearing two molar teeth, most likely pertaining to the same taxon and horizon. The lack of distinctive morphological characters suggests both fossils be conservatively referred to Rhinocerotidae incertae sedis. Based on published tooth measurement data, Trigonias osborni represents the closest size match, but that species is currently only known from the Chadronian. Similarly, the Whitneyan taxon Diceratherium tridactylum is approximately the right size, but is currently only known from the High Plains and its presence in California would expand its geographic range substantially. Of greatest importance here is that sediments of the eastern Warner Mountains may represent a largely unexplored locale for early-middle Oligocene fossil vertebrates, and may yield important future finds.
Exceptional memorizers: made, not born

In a recent study, Maguire and colleagues failed to find systematic differences in brain anatomy between world-class memory performers and matched control subjects. The world-class performers exhibited distinctive patterns of brain activation during memorization, but these patterns were directly attributable to the experts' unique encoding strategies and acquired memory skills. Discussed here are the implications for broad attainability of highly skilled memory performance in professional and everyday activities.