cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Temperature on the Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Cast Gamma-Based Titanium Aluminides

This article reports the results of an experimental study of the effects of temperature (25 °C, 450 °C, and 700 °C) on the fatigue crack growth behavior of three near-commercial cast gamma titanium aluminide alloys (Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb, Ti-47Al-2Mn-2Nb+0.8 pct TiB2, and Ti-45Al-2Mn-2Nb+0.8 pct TiB2). The trends in the fatigue crack growth rate data are explained by considering the combined effects of crack-tip deformation mechanisms and oxide-induced crack closure. Faster fatigue crack growth rates at 450 °C are attributed to the high incidence of irreversible deformation-induced twinning, while slower crack growth rates at 700 °C are due to increased deformation by slip and the effects of oxide-induced crack closure.
Group Utility Indifference and Resource Management Decision Making

Natural resource managers often rely on the advice of specialists to aid decision making. However, disagreement among these specialists about the relative value of particular management objectives or the risks associated with implementing certain management strategies may complicate the decision effort. Multiattribute utility analysis can facilitate decision making by indicating how attributes of a problem are weighed by individual specialists. This information can then be used to outline bands of potential problem solutions that are acceptable to the advising group and may allow management to further its own objectives (possibly increased efficiency).
Making more of faculty culture: An experiment in building intellectual community

With the increase in academic specialty,scholars and leaders have sought new ways tostrengthen intellectual community. Their strategiesinclude experimenting with organisational structuresto bring about desired change. This qualitative casestudy examines the influences of such a structure. The Luce Seminars was a programme designed to supportsustained faculty conversation across disciplines atEmory University, a research university located in theUnited States. The analysis found that key functional and symbolic aspects of the program contributed to intenseparticipant involvement, resulting in broadened anddeepened intellectual discourse, enhanced disciplinaryorientation, and expanded possibilities for teachingand research. The authors conclude that structuredfaculty conversation across disciplines strengtheneddimensions of faculty culture related to interactionand scholarship at the university and suggest somebroad areas for future research.
Results of the fourth annual U.S. computer chess tournament

CHESS 4.0, a completely rewritten version of Northwestern University's computer chess program, won its fourth consecutive title in the Fourth U.S. Computer Chess Championship sponsored by the ACM at ACM-73 in Atlanta, Georgia last August. CHESS 4.0 was written by David Slate and Larry Atkin, systems programmers at Northwestern's Vogelback Computing Center, with the help of Keith Gorlen, now with the U.S. Public Health Service. It ended the tournament with three wins and one draw (against the Dartmouth chess program) for a total of 3 1/2 points in the four-round Swiss-style turnament.
Recovery Only ST-Segment Depression and the Predictive Accuracy of the Exercise Test

Abstract Study Objective:To clarify the predictive value of exercise-induced ST-segment depression occurring in recovery only, and to determine whether the addition of recovery data improves the in...
Crystallization of amorphous Cu60Zr40 prepared by magnetron sputter deposition

Abstract The crystallization of amorphous Cu 60 Zr 40 prepared by magnetron sputter deposition was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Calorimetric results were similar to those reported in the literature for liquid-quenched Cu 60 Zr 40 , including the manifestation of a glass transition. Crystallization above and below the glass transition temperature, T g , occurred by nucleation and growth of the equilibrium phase, Cu 10 Zr 7 . This phase was characterized by convergent beam electron diffraction. With isothermal annealing below T g , the time scale for crystallization indicated that the vapor-quenched alloy was kinetically more stable than the liquid-quenched alloy. This was interpreted as a difference in the quenched-in structures, produced by the different synthesis methods. During longer anneals, TEM analysis indicated that the structure was being contaminated by oxygen.
Effects of stress on dietary preference and intake are dependent on access and stress sensitivity

Recent studies support a link between stress and the increased consumption of palatable foods. However, there has been a noted lack of genetic models to examine predisposing factors of overweight, obesity, and binge eating, particularly the role that stress sensitivity might play in the development of these conditions. We have examined the effects of chronic stress exposure on macronutrient choice preferences in a genetic mouse model of stress sensitivity (corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-2 deficient mice). Mice were provided with high fat, high protein, and high carbohydrate diets during exposure to chronic variable stress (CVS). Mice given free access to these diets during CVS selected a greater proportion of their calories in the form of the high fat diet compared to non-stressed mice. Apparent genotypic differences in high protein and high carbohydrate preferences were also diminished during the stress exposure. Stress-sensitive mice showed reduced weight gain and caloric efficiency during CVS, indicating a role for this phenotype in energy balance. When the preferred high fat diet was provided under limited access, stress-sensitive mice showed an increase in high fat consumption during CVS that was not observed in wild type mice, indicating a potential role for stress sensitivity in stress-induced bingeing. These studies support an involvement of stress pathways in macronutrient selection where stress selectively elevates the intake of a preferred high fat diet. Based on the alterations in caloric efficiency, increases in stress sensitivity may further predispose an organism toward altered energy balance in times of stress.
Stability of nonstationary states of classical, many-body dynamical systems

We summarize recent arguments which show that for a broad class of classical, many-body dynamical model systems with short-range interactions (such as coupled maps, cellular automata, or partial differential equations), collectively chaotic states—nonstationary states wherein some Fourier amplitude varies chaotically in time—cannot occur generically. While chaos occurs ubiquitously on alocal level in such systems, the macroscopic state of the system typically remains periodic or stationary. This implies that the dimensionD of chaotic (“strange”) attractors must diverge with the linear sizeL of the system likeD∼(L/ξC)d ind space dimensions, where ξ (<∞) is the spatial coherence length. We also summarize recent work which demonstrates that in spatially isotropic systems that have short-range interactions and evolve (like coupled maps) in discrete time, periodic states are never stable under generic conditions. In spatially anisotropic systems, however, short-range interactions that exploit the anisotropy and so allow for the stabilization of periodic states do exist.
Period-adding bifurcations in a one parameter family of interval maps

The dynamics and bifurcations of a one-parameter family of interval maps with a single jump discontinuity are studied. The central assumptions are that the maps are injective, increasing to the left of the discontinuity and decreasing to the right. It is shown that such maps have only periodic orbits of periods n, n + 1, 2n, and 2n + 2 with at least one of these being attracting. The value of n depends on the preimages of the discontinuity. Two types of bifurcations occur when an iterate of the discontinuity is mapped onto itself. In one type of bifurcation, a period n + 1 orbit emerges to coexist with a pre-existing period n orbit. In the other type, the period n orbit disappears leaving a period n + 1 orbit. Genetically, these two bifurcations must alternate, giving regions of coexistence and a global period-adding genealogy.
Synchrony of juvenile hormone-sensitive periods for internal and external development in last-instar larvae of Oncopeltus fasciatus

Abstract Breakdown of the moulting glands in Oncopeltus can be completely inhibited by topical application of a juvenile hormone analogue prior to day 2 of the fifth instar, and partially inhibited by application prior to day 4. The analogue-sensitive period for the inhibition of external metamorphosis is very similar to that for the inhibition of cell death in the moulting glands. A decline in response to the analogue between days 2 and 4 is correlated with rising ecdysteroid levels in the haemolymph. That this rise in ecdysteroids may be responsible for termination of the juvenile hormone-sensitive period is suggested by premature loss of sensitivity to the analogue by the moulting glands following premature exposure to 20-hydroxyecdysone.
Sequential inference with reliable observations: learning to construct force-dynamic models

We present a trainable sequential-inference technique for processes with large state and observation spaces and relational structure. We apply our technique to the problem of force-dynamic state inference from video, which is a critical component of the LEONARD [J.M. Siskind, Grounding lexical semantics of verbs in visual perception using force dynamics and event logic, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 15 (2001) 31-90] visual-event recognition system. LEONARD uses event definitions that are grounded in force-dynamic primitives--making robust and efficient force-dynamic inference critical to good performance. Our sequential-inference method assumes "reliable observations", i.e., that each process state (e.g., force-dynamic state) persists long enough to be reliably inferred from the observations (e.g., video frames) it generates. We introduce the idea of a "state-inference function" (from observation sequences to underlying hidden states) for representing knowledge about a process and develop an efficient sequential-inference algorithm, utilizing this function, that is correct for processes that generate reliable observations consistent with the state-inference function. We describe a representation for state-inference functions in relational domains and give a corresponding supervised learning algorithm. Our experiments in force-dynamic state inference show that our technique provides significantly improved accuracy and speed relative to a variety of recent, hand-coded, non-trainable systems, and a trainable system based on probabilistic modeling.
Conformational analysis of 7,7-dichloro-2,5-dioxabicyclo[4.1.0] heptane by NMR

The 1H NMR spectra of 7,7-dichloro-2,5-dioxabicyclo-[4.1.0]heptane (1) were analyzed through the application of programs NMRIT and NMREN2.1 The half-chair conformation of 1 was obtained from the vicinal coupling constants by the Buys R method.2
The effects of a control-enhancing intervention for nursing home residents: cognition and locus of control as moderators.

Objective : This study aimed to clarify which older adults benefit most from a control-enhancing intervention; in particular, whether cognitive functioning or locus of control might moderate the benefit derived. Methods : Nursing home residents were randomly assigned to two conditions: (1) a control-enhanced condition that provided the option of caring for a plant ( n = 10), and (2) a comparison condition that monitored any change under the standard of care ( n = 10). Comparison group participants were subsequently offered the intervention, which led to a total of 17 intervention participants. Results : Cognitive function and locus of control were found to significantly moderate the effects of the control-enhancing intervention on residents' perceived health competency, but not depression or life satisfaction. Significance of results : Interventions for nursing home residents could be tailored to fit specific needs. Screening for cognitive function and locus of control may help predict who is likely to benefit from control-enhancing interventions.
TraceBack: first fault diagnosis by reconstruction of distributed control flow

Faults that occur in production systems are the most important faults to fix, but most production systems lack the debugging facilities present in development environments. TraceBack provides debugging information for production systems by providing execution history data about program problems (such as crashes, hangs, and exceptions). TraceBack supports features commonly found in production environments such as multiple threads, dynamically loaded modules, multiple source languages (e.g., Java applications running with JNI modules written in C++), and distributed execution across multiple computers. TraceBack supports first fault diagnosis-discovering what went wrong the first time a fault is encountered. The user can see how the program reached the fault state without having to re-run the computation; in effect enabling a limited form of a debugger in production code.TraceBack uses static, binary program analysis to inject low-overhead runtime instrumentation at control-flow block granularity. Post-facto reconstruction of the records written by the instrumentation code produces a source-statement trace for user diagnosis. The trace shows the dynamic instruction sequence leading up to the fault state, even when the program took exceptions or terminated abruptly (e.g., kill -9).We have implemented TraceBack on a variety of architectures and operating systems, and present examples from a variety of platforms. Performance overhead is variable, from 5% for Apache running SPECweb99, to 16%-25% for the Java SPECJbb benchmark, to 60% average for SPECint2000. We show examples of TraceBack's cross-language and cross-machine abilities, and report its use in diagnosing problems in production software.
The mystery of the tower revealed: A nonreflective description of the reflective tower

In an important series of papers [8, 9], Brian Smith has discussed the nature of programs that know about their text and the context in which they are executed. He called this kind of knowledgereflection. Smith proposed a programming language, called 3-LISP, which embodied such self-knowledge in the domain of metacircular interpreters. Every 3-LISP program is interpreted by a metacircular interpreter, also written in 3-LISP. This gives rise to a picture of an infinite tower of metacircular interpreters, each being interpreted by the one above it. Such a metaphor poses a serious challenge for conventional modes of understanding of programming languages. In our earlier work on reflection [4], we showed how a useful species of reflection could be modeled without the use of towers. In this paper, we give a semantic account of the reflective tower. This account is self-contained in the sense that it does not employ reflection to explain reflection.
Formulating Action Recognition as a Ranking Problem

Action recognition is one of the major challenges of computer vision. Several approaches have been proposed using different descriptors and multi-class models. In this paper, we focus on binary ranking models for the action recognition problem and address the action recognition as a ranking problem. A binary ranking model is trained for each action and used to recognize the test videos for that action. Binary ranking models are constructed using dense SIFT (DSIFT) descriptors and histogram of oriented gradients / histogram of optical flows (HOG/HOF) descriptors. We show that using ranking models, it is possible to obtain higher recognition accuracies from a baseline that is based on multi-class models on the very recent and challenging benchmark datasets, Human Motion Database (HMDB) and The Action Similarity Labeling (ASLAN).
Cervical Cancer Prevention - Cervical Screening: Science in Evolution

The incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in the United States has declined by more than 70% since the 1950s. This decline is attributed mainly to the introduction of Papanicolaou's test in the 1940s. Cervical cancer, however, remains the second most frequent of all female malignancies worldwide, with 80% of the cases occurring in resource-poor countries. This disparity is attributed primarily to the lack of screening and treatment of precancerous lesions. This article describes the traditional methods of screening for cervical cancer and innovative methods that might help overcome financial and cultural barriers to more widespread screening.
Radar interferometric imaging of field‐aligned plasma irregularities in the equatorial electrojet

A multiple-receiver radar technique for imaging the spatial distribution of ionospheric plasma irregularities is introduced and demonstrated with equatorial electrojet data obtained at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory. The images obtained with a few seconds time resolution enable the monitoring of the temporal evolution of the irregularity structures within the radar field of view. Daytime electrojet images contain signatures of localized irregularity patches which drift in the east-west direction at about the ion-acoustic velocity.
Contact sensitivity in mice.

Abstract Experiments reported in this paper demonstrate that mice can be induced to develop simultaneously both immediate and delayed types of hypersensitivity to the low molecular weight chemical 1-chloro-2,4-dinitro-benzene simply by applying to them percutaneously a minute quantity of this chemical dissolved in acetone. Both types of allergy can be detected by similar application of a test quantity of the chemical in acetone, occasionally as early as 1 week after primary exposure to it. They have been distinguished from each other by passive transfer experiments and by using appropriate drugs to suppress their respective phases of the contact dermatitis reaction. Thus, the delayed type is passively transferred by thymocytes, obtained from hypersensitive mice, but not with serum; the immediate type can be transferred with serum. The antiserotonin drug 1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide tartrate (UML-491) specifically inhibits the immediate phase but does not affect the delayed. Neither an antihistamine (tripelennamine hydrochloride) nor cortisone acetate inhibited the immediate phase, but cortisone suppressed the delayed phase. The characteristics of contact dermatitis in mice, the course of development of contact sensitivity in these animals, and special methods needed to study both of these phenomena have been examined and are discussed.
Remote access: its impact on a college library

With the phantasm of the Virtual Library looming large on the bibliographic horizon, librarians have looked to their future with a mixture of awe and uncertainty. The prospect of a new generation of patrons availing themselves of an electronic archive, never browsing the stacks or borrowing a book, gives pause to this public‐service oriented profession. What will happen to support for collections and reference when patron behavior changes and there is a perception that scholars no longer need to enter the library physically to satisfy their information needs? Will that, in fact, happen? The recent experience of libraries with regard to remote access to databases is an indicator of the future behavior of their clientele. At Norwich University, delivering services beyond the physical confines of the library has had the result of increased performance in every category by which the library measures its success. Marked growth in these statistical yardsticks comes at a time when the student population has significantly decreased, further underscoring the importance of greater access to the delivery of service.
Intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of serious infections in children.

Intravenous TMP-SMZ was used to treat 19 infectious episodes in 18 patients ranging in age from 3 weeks to 13 years. Thirteen patients with various soft tissue or skeletal infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes , or Acinetobacter anitratus were successfully treated. Three children with four episodes of CSF shunt infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci were treated successfully also. The only treatment failures were in two newborn infants with enteric gram-negative bacterial ventriculitis. TMP-SMZ was given at a daily dose of 10 and 50 mg/kg, respectively, every six hours. The drug was administered intravenously for a mean duration of 10 days (range 4 to 32); in 11 patients this was followed by oral administration for a mean of nine days (range 2 to 18). Half-life of TMP after intravenous administration was 5 1/4 hours; that of SMZ was 8 1/2 hours. Levels determined three to four days after starting therapy were generally higher than levels obtained at corresponding times after the first dose. CSF/blood TMP and SMZ ratios, determined in four patients, were 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. Side effects were observed in 14 patients, and neutropenia was the most common adverse reaction. Intravenous TMP-SMZ is an effective antimicrobic agent in the treatment of infections due to susceptible organisms. The frequent side effects, although reversible and of no major clinical consequence, suggest that future use of TMP-SMZ should be monitored closely.
A unified framework for market segmentation and its applications

Market segmentation is a core marketing concept that is conceptually simple to define and understand, but inherently a multi-criteria problem that is hard to measure and computationally difficult in many aspects. This paper reviews the development of market segmentation techniques and identifies the computational issues of the applications of market segmentation. A multidimensional unified framework for market segmentation is proposed based on the relationship among segmentation variables, data measures, and the multi-objective optimization techniques implemented. We conduct an empirical comparison of two prominent methods: a concomitant finite mixture model and a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. The result shows that the proposed framework helps to understand different segmentation models and solutions and to guide the development of new market segmentation solution techniques.
Influence of suspended solids on acute toxicity of carbofuran to Daphnia magna: I. Interactive effects.

This study explored the effects on Daphnia magna from exposure to the pesticide carbofuran in combination with stress from suspended solids exposure. Our objective was to assess whether suspended solids affects the toxicodynamic response of D. magna to carbofuran. A series of laboratory experiments was performed where animals were exposed to carbofuran concentrations ranging from 0 to 160 mg/l in combination with suspended solids concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 000 mg/l. In the absence of suspended solids, effects of carbofuran were dose dependent and resulted in an EC50 of 92 mg/l. Exposure to suspended solids, up to extreme levels that may be encountered in the environment and in the absence of carbofuran, showed no measurable toxicity. When D. magna were exposed to a constant carbofuran concentration, the numbers of affected organisms increased with increasing suspended solids concentrations. At a suspended solids concentration of 1000 mg/l, the EC50 for carbofuran was reduced by half to 45 mg/l. The relationship between the toxicity of carbofuran (mg/l) and the concentration of suspended solids (mg/l) can be described with the following equation: carbofuran EC50 � /72 exp(� /0.00014 [suspended solids]). An analysis of the data indicates that this relationship is consistent with a potentiated toxicity mechanism rather than an additive model. # 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Expression of the Cell Adhesion Molecule CD44 in Human Lung Tumors and Cell Lines.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of the cell adhesion molecule CD44 in normal lung, primary and metastatic lung tumors, and cell lines derived from primary lung carcinomas. Methods and Results: A total of 68 lung specimens including normal tissue and primary and metastatic tumors, as well as 28 cell lines cultured from primary lung tumors with high recurrence, were examined for CD44 expression by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Variant exon expression was confirmed by Southern blotting and hybridization of particular samples. In tumor tissues, loss of CD44 variant expression correlated with increasing tumor stage; a smaller percentage of more aggressive and poorly differentiated tumors expressed CD44v. Tumors metastatic to the lung were negative for CD44 variant expression. In primary lung cell lines, as in tumor tissue, tumors of higher histologic grade were characterized by loss of CD44 variant expression. Conclusion: CD44 isoform expression in normal lung and tumor tissues and cell lines revealed an overall decrease in CD44 alternative splicing in lung neoplasms of increased malignancy.
Timed urinary gonadotropin measurements in normal infants, children, and adults, and in patients with disorders of sexual maturation

Timed urine collections-mostly over a three-hour period-were obtained from 58 newborn, 68 prepubertal children, 27 adolescents, and 51 adults. For comparison, similar samples were collected from 69 patients with presumptive abnormalities of sexual maturation. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were extracted by acetone precipitation and measured by radioimmunossay. Adult nem and women excreted approximately 11 times as much FSH and 33 times as much LH as perpubertal children. Elevated and/or diminished excretory values of gonadotropins were associated with appropriate diagnoses of abnormal pubertal advance or delay. Timed urinary FSH and LH measurements can provide a simple, sensitive, and accurate test of gonadotropin function in children.
Sparfloxacin vs Ofloxacin in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis: A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Comparative Study

Study objective Comparison of efficacy and safety of sparfloxacin vs ofloxacin for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (ABECB). Design Multicenter, double-blind, randomized study. Setting Sixty-eight private offices and outpatient clinics in the United States and Canada. Patients Seven hundred ninety-eight adults with ABECB, as confirmed by the acute onset of new (or worsened from the immediate premorbid state) cough and sputum production. Interventions Randomization 1:1 to sparfloxacin, 400 mg on day 1, then 200 mg once daily, or ofloxacin, 400 mg twice daily, with matching comparator placebos, given concurrently for 10 consecutive days. Results The primary efficacy parameter was overall response in the bacteriologically evaluable population. Overall success rates in this population were 85.3% and 89.3% for sparfloxacin and ofloxacin, respectively. The two-sided 95% confidence interval was –9.9, 1.9, indicating that sparfloxacin was statistically equivalent to ofloxacin. The all-treated population analysis was similar to that in the evaluable population. Bacterial eradication rates were similar in both treatment groups for Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae , and Staphylococcus aureus . The frequency of adverse events overall was comparable in the two treatment groups. The sparfloxacin group had a lower frequency of digestive and nervous system adverse events, but a higher frequency of photosensitivity reactions than the ofloxacin group. Conclusions Once-daily oral treatment with 200 mg sparfloxacin (after initial 400 mg dose) is as effective as twice-daily treatment with 400 mg ofloxacin in patients with ABECB.
Hazardous Drinking and Dimensions of Impulsivity, Behavioral Approach, and Inhibition in Adult Men and Women

INTRODUCTION: Hazardous drinking is characterized by decisions to engage in excessive or risky patterns of alcohol consumption. Levels of impulsivity and behavioral approach and inhibition may differ in hazardous drinkers and nonhazardous drinkers. A comparison of the relative levels of dimensions of impulsivity and behavioral inhibition and approach in adult men and women hazardous and nonhazardous drinkers may inform treatment and prevention efforts. METHODS: In the present research, 466 men and women from a community sample were administered the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Approach System (BIS/BAS) scale, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, version 11 (BIS-11). Relations among the dimensions of these constructs were examined using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), with age and race as covariates. RESULTS: There were main effects of hazardous drinking on all 3 dimensions of impulsivity, the behavioral inhibition system, and the behavioral activation system Reward Responsiveness, and Fun-Seeking components, with hazardous drinkers scoring higher than nonhazardous drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: This research provides a better understanding of the manner in which impulsivity and behavioral inhibition and approach tendencies relate to hazardous alcohol use in men and women. The present results have implications for alcohol-related prevention and treatment strategies for adult men and women. Language: en
Genital responses in noncopulators and rats with lesions in the medial preoptic area or midthoracic spinal cord

To determine whether genital dysfunction participates in the sexual inactivity of noncopulator and MPOA-lesioned rats, penile reflexes and spontaneous seminal emission (SSE) were investigated in such animals. The display of penile reflexes was either the same or enhanced in these animals, relative to controls. Noncopulators and MPOA-lesioned rats also did not differ from controls in SSE. Plasma testosterone levels showed no differences between noncopulators and sexually active controls but tended to be elevated in rats bearing MPOA lesions. Finally, SSE did not differ between rats with midthoracic spinal cord transections and controls, suggesting that SSE is not under supraspinal inhibition.
What is more informative in the history of science, the signal or the noise?

In many domains of knowledge, from mechanics (McCloskey, 1983) to thermodynamics (Wiser, 1987) to astronomy (Vosniadou & Brewer, 1992), it has been claimed that conceptual development in the individual resembles theory change in the history of science. Here, Kampourakis takes issue with that claim in the domain of evolution. In particular, he argues (a) that early evolutionary theorists never construed species as possessing essences and (b) that the distinction between pre-Darwinian and postDarwinian evolutionary thought is muddled and therefore an inappropriate analog for the development of evolutionary thought among today’s students of biology. (Kampourakis makes two additional arguments directed at Ware & Gelman, 2013; which I defer to Ware, this issue). My colleagues and I have argued that students’ evolutionary misconceptions resemble pre-Darwinian theories of evolution—in particular, the essentialist aspects of pre-Darwinian theories—on numerous occasions (Shtulman, 2006; Shtulman & Calabi, 2012, 2013; Shtulman & Checa, 2012; Shtulman & Schulz, 2008), and I maintain that this comparison is both empirically fruitful and theoretically meaningful. With respect to the first argument, Kampourakis notes that historians of science disagree about the veracity of the “Essentialism Story,” or the claim that Darwin’s predecessors and contemporaries essentialized biological kinds. “While it is true that scholars often wrote about the essences of life, of organs, etc.,” writes Kampourakis, “they never accepted that species had to have jointly necessary and severally sufficient conditions, or that members of a species should bear essential properties” (p. 1). Here, Kampourakis conflates two forms of essentialism: construing species in explicitly essentialist terms, which early evolutionary theorists arguably did not do, and positing theories of evolution that are inherently essentialist in their mechanisms of change, which early evolutionary theorists arguably did do (Gould, 1996; Hull, 1965; Mayr, 1982; Sober, 1980). That is,
Spray‐dried lipid‐hyaluronan‐polymethacrylate microparticles for drug delivery in the peritoneum

Application of controlled release technology to the peritoneum would allow for sustained drug levels. However, some polymeric systems either create adhesions, or rapidly exit the peritoneum; neither result is desirable. Here we have produced particles based on sphyngomyelin, a phospholipid that occurs naturally in the peritoneum, along with hyaluronic acid and the polymethacrylate Eudragit E100 (to modulate drug release). Particles with a low proportion of E100 (5% (w/w); "high SPM") release albumin rapidly over 2 days, then more slowly; increasing the E100 to 20% (w/w; high "E100") slowed drug release markedly. When injected in the murine peritoneum, high SPM particles were disseminated as free particles, without forming collections. There was a mild inflammatory response but no formation of adhesions. High E100 particles formed collections in all animals, with an intense inflammatory response. Even so, there were very few adhesions. These results suggest that microparticulate formulations can be produced that have acceptable drug-releasing properties and are suitable for use in the peritoneum from the standpoint of biocompatibility.
Characterization of neuropeptides by fast atom bombardment and B/E linked-field scan techniques

Abstract The use of positive ion FAB-MS and a B/E linked-field scan is described for determination of the amino acid sequence of oligopeptides. B/E-CAD data were obtained for several synthetic neuropeptides related to the enkephalin sequence and for proctolin, β-casomorphin, and formyl-nLLFnLYK. High-mass ions dominated the spectra, and B- and Y-series ions were the principal sequence ions present in those spectra. In the spectra of relatively hydrophobic peptides, N- and C-termini sequence ions were equally abundant, whereas, in the polar peptides containing basic amino acid residues, the yield of sequence ions was controlled by the location of the basic amino acid residue. Sequence ions belonging to A-type N-terminus series were also significant. Cleavages at Phe or Pro residues influenced the yield of certain sequence ions. The (MH+ - 107) ion was one of the most abundant ions in the spectra of many Tyr-containing peptides. Other side-chain losses, and loss of CH3, NH3 and H2O were also prominent. The complementary nature of N- and C-termini ions was used to obtain the complete sequence of those oligopeptides. For quantification of opioid peptides by the selected reaction monitoring technique, the use of highly structure-specific abundant C-terminus sequence ions is recommended.
Distance-selective wireless networks with enhanced isolation characteristics: a new concept based on three-dimensional wave field synthesis for volumetric-controlled field coverage

The paper introduces the concept of distance-selective wireless networks for volumetric-controlled field coverage, and discuss the possibility of employing three-dimensional wave field synthesis algorithms. A novel three-dimensional array is employed in which the elements face inwards, such that selected radiated field components can be reduced or enhanced within the desired volumetric coverage as a function of time. Preliminary results derived from conventional analysis techniques (Terada, M., URSI Int. Symp. on Electromagnetic Theory, 2004) are discussed, indicating the possibility of applying a formal wave field synthesis algorithm.
Decalcification shrinkage of cement paste

Decalcification of cement paste in concrete is associated with several modes of chemical degradation including leaching, carbonation and sulfate attack. The primary aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of decalcification under saturated conditions on the dimensional stability of cement paste. Thin (0.8 mm) specimens of tricalcium silicate (C3S) paste, white portland cement (WPC) paste, and WPC paste blended with 30% silica fume (WPC/30% SF) were decalcified by leaching in concentrated solutions of ammonium nitrate, a method that efficiently removes calcium from the solid while largely preserving silicate and other ions. All pastes were found to shrink significantly and irreversibly as a result of decalcification, particularly when the Ca/Si ratio of the C–S–H gel was reduced below ¨1.2. Since this composition coincides with the onset of structural changes in C–S–H such as an increase in silicate polymerization and a local densification into sheet-like morphologies, it is proposed that the observed shrinkage, here called decalcification shrinkage, is due initially to these structural changes in C–S–H at Ca/Si ¨1.2 and eventually to the decomposition of C–S–H into silica gel. In agreement with this reasoning, the blended cement paste exhibited greater decalcification shrinkage than the pure cement pastes due to its lower initial Ca/Si ratio for C–S–H gel. The similarities in the mechanisms of decalcification shrinkage and carbonation shrinkage are also discussed. D 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
New absolute vector error correction technique for a transmitter/receiver module

The authors demonstrate how a transmitter (Tx), a reciprocal transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) signal path and two unidirectional receiver (Rx) paths can be used together with short, open, and load standards for the absolute vector error correction (AVEC) of a Tx/Rx module. Once calibrated, this Tx/Rx module can then provide accurate vector measurements of the signals that are flowing into and/or out of the test port. This novel AVEC technique is one of the key concepts in the design of a wideband absolute vector signal measurement system, which overcomes the limitations of traditional measurement instruments by combining the features of vector signal analysers, spectrum analysers, and vector network analysers. The AVEC method is validated using numerical simulation data for a simplified baseband test circuit. The AVEC technique is then extended to the calibration of wideband, high-frequency Tx/Rx modules that involve frequency up/down conversion mixers in a follow-on paper.
Identification of Novel DNA Binding Targets and Regulatory Domains of a Murine Tinman Homeodomain Factor, nkx-2.5

A murine cardiac-specific homeodomain gene named csx (Komuro, I., and Izumo. S.(1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 8145-8149) and nkx-2.5 (Lints, T. J., Parsons, L. M., Hartley, L., Lyons, I., and Harvey, R. P.(1993) Development 119, 419-431) was identified as a potential vertebrate homologue of Drosophila tinman, a mesoderm determination factor required for insect heart formation (Bodmer, R.(1993) Development 118, 719-729). Bacterial expression of the nkx-2.5 homeodomain allowed us to identify downstream DNA targets from a library of randomly generated oligonucleotides. High affinity nkx-2.5 DNA binding sites, 5′-TNNAGTG-3′, represented novel binding sequences, whereas intermediate and weaker affinity sites, 5′-C(A/T)TTAATTN-3′, contained the typical 5′-TAAT-3′ core required by most homeodomain factors for DNA binding. We also observed that nkx-2.5 served as a modest transcription activator in transfection assays done in 10T1/2 fibroblasts with multimerized binding sites linked to a luciferase reporter gene. Functional dissection of nkx-2.5 revealed a COOH-terminal inhibitory domain composed mainly of clusters of alanines and prolines, which appeared to mask a potent activation domain composed of hydrophobic and highly charged amino acids.
Note on a Tukey test for ordered alternatives

In this note we consider a method proposed by Tukey [6], for detecting ordered alternatives amongk treatments in a randomized block design. A rank test obtained by this method is shown to be equivalent to a generalized sign test. The test is easily motivated and is quick and simple to compute, however its efficiency properties make it unattractive except for relatively smallk.
Scanning characteristics of a self-adapting phased-array antenna on a wedge-shaped conformal surface

The scanning characteristics of a linear five-element antenna array on a wedge-shaped conformal surface is investigated in this work. In particular, the half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of a self-adapting array is studied for various changing conformal surfaces. A general array factor expression is derived and used to compute the HPBW. From these results, the self-adapting limitations of the array are outlined. Finally, analytical computations are validated with measurements.
Atomic structures in reconstruction of high index surfaces of silicon

Abstract Recently we have succeeded in obtaining atomically resolved and well ordered field ion images of silicon surfaces. We present here methods of analysis of these images, and also details of the experiment. By thermal annealing of a silicon emitter, several high index surfaces such as the {023}, {155}, {123} and {137} develop into large facets with very well ordered atomic structures. Therefore these are surfaces of greater stability and lower surface free energy, and should be of particular interest even though only a few studies of silicon high index surfaces exist. The best developed facets depend very sensitively on the annealing temperature, and very well ordered structures are observed only if the emitter is annealed in a narrow temperature range, between 700 and 850°C. By comparing with the (1 × 1) structures of these silicon surfaces, we conclude that most of these surfaces are reconstructed. Based on two different methods of distance calibration, two sets of atomic structures consistent with the images are proposed. Further studies with other techniques are needed to clarify the atomic structures in the reconstruction of these high index surfaces.
Emergency Psychiatry Training: The New Old Problem

Unevenness in emergency psychiatry training is still an issue as borne out by a recent literature review. An emergency setting in a general hospital is described with its attendant problem areas for psychiatric residents' function and learning. An adaptable curriculum is reported that takes into account limits of time, finances, and faculty.
Mode approximations for rigid-plastic structures supported by an elastic medium

Abstract A rational procedure for obtaining simple approximations of the displacement fields is developed for the structures in the title, loaded statically beyond the point at which plastic flow begins. Some examples, pertaining to beams and plates on Winkler soil (or heavy liquid), illustrate the procedure.
Molecular biology and genetics of gap junction channels.

Gap junctional communication between cells provides a mechanism for the movement of molecular information between cells via the unit of gap junction structure and function, the gap junctional channel. In the past five years, there has been rapid progress in identifying and characterizing a multigene family that is responsible for producing the gap junction polypeptides that are responsible for generating gap junctional channel oligomers between cells. The products of these genes have been referred to as connexins, and the multigene family can be categorized into two classes at present, the a class and the β class. Members of these two classes can be distinguished on the basis of their primary sequence and overall predicted topological organization. The gap junction genes map to different chromosomes in both mice and humans, and these genes are utilized on a cell specific basis. Furthermore, these genes can be developmentally regulated, and multiple genes can be co-expressed simultaneously by the same cell type. Efforts to understand the precise structure-function relationship of the products of these different genes is now being approached by utilizing various expression systems. Criteria that can be used as a basis for determining membership in the multigene family is presented and discussed, as well as the rationale for using a nomenclature system for the gap junction multigene family that is based on genetic and structural relationships rather than the molecular size of the deduced protein products.
Long-Range Prediction of Regional Sea Ice Anomalies in the Arctic

Abstract Gridded fields of sea ice concentration are used to evaluate weekly and monthly anomalies of sea ice coverage in 22 Arctic subregions. The primary period of study is 1972–1988, although statistical comparisons are made with data of lesser quality from 1953–1971. The various time series of regional ice coverage permit the evaluation of ice anomaly persistence as a function of region, season, and lag (forecast range). The fractions of variance explained by anomaly persistence in most regions are considerably larger than corresponding atmospheric values. The fractions typically decrease from 50% to 10% as the forecast range increases from several weeks to several months. Anomaly persistence from the winter months is generally largest, although the regions of greatest persistence-derived forecast skill tend to migrate seasonally with the marginal ice zone. Biases in the regional analyses of the 1950s and 1960s inflate the apparent persistences in the North Atlantic during 1953–1971, but the persisten...
Improved estimation of portfolio value‐at‐risk under copula models with mixed marginals

Portfolio value-at-risk (PVAR) is widely used in practice, but recent criticisms have focused on risks arising from biased PVAR estimates due to model specification errors and other problems. The PVAR estimation method proposed in this article combines generalized Pareto distribution tails with the empirical density function to model the marginal distributions for each asset in the portfolio, and a copula model is used to form a joint distribution from the fitted marginals. The copula–mixed distribution (CMX) approach converges in probability to the true marginal return distribution but is based on weaker assumptions that may be appropriate for the returns data found in practice. CMX is used to estimate the joint distribution of log returns for the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSE) index and the associated futures contracts on SGX and TAIFEX. The PVAR estimates for various hedge portfolios are computed from the fitted CMX model, and backtesting diagnostics indicate that CMX outperforms the alternative PVAR estimators. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26:997–1018, 2006
Relationship of glycerylphosphorylcholine to other constituents of bull semen.

Abstract Glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), sperm numbers, fructose, and citric acid were measured in semen samples collected from five mature bulls twice every Monday and twice every Thursday for six weeks. Seminal GPC was significantly correlated with a) the numbers of sperm in first and second ejaculations (r = 0.72 and 0.53, respectively), b) the volume of semen of both ejaculations (r = 0.62 and 0.49, respectively), and c) the seminal contentof fructose (r = 0.41 and 0.43, respectively) and citric acid (r = 0.55 and 0.33, respectively). Glycerylphosphorylcholine in the semen was 14% greater after a four-day interval between ejaculations than after a three-day interval; none of the other measured constituents differed significantly in that respect. The results suggested that epididymal resorption of sperm was proportionately more rapid than that of GPC, and that measurement of both of these parameters in future experiments may provide simultaneous information on the secretory and resorptive functions of the epididymis.