cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Autoantibody Signature Panels for Cancer Diagnosis.

Abstract Introduction Most pulmonary nodules found on imaging studies are indeterminate, but because of the concern for lung cancer, all patients require further evaluation with resultant radiation risk, significant cost, and delays in diagnosis. We hypothesized that a diagnostic blood test based on detection of autoantibodies against cancer antigens would be able to distinguish a benign nodule from lung cancer. Methods We identified a panel of 25 serum autoantibodies associated with NSCLC and constructed a protein microarray containing the autoantigens. We tested the microarray with human sera (from 125 patients with NSCLC and 125 matched controls with a benign nodule) and attempted to develop a classification algorithm that would separate the two groups. Results In the training data set the logistic regression c-index statistic was 0.691; in the validation data set, the model predicting the score generated from the training set model had a c-index of 0.490. The relationship between the score and outcome (final diagnosis) was not statistically significant ( p = 0.460). Conclusions When the current panel of antigens and assay format was used, classification algorithms based on levels of autoantibodies to cancer antigens did not prove to have statistically significant value for predicting the presence of cancer. We suggest that there are inherent biological limitations to this approach.
Life-Space Assessment Predicts Hospital Readmission in Home-Limited Adults.

Objectives To describe the association between restricted life-space and characteristics of community-dwelling adults hospitalized for congestive heart failure (CHF) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), to estimate the effect of hospitalization on postdischarge mobility, and to determine whether baseline restricted life-space predicts hospital readmission. Design Observational. Setting Urban academic hospital that serves as a safety net for urban and rural populations with low resources and serves central and northern Alabama. Participants Individuals with CHF or COPD hospitalized from home (N = 478). Measurements The Life-Space Assessment (LSA) measures mobility by asking about movement in situations ranging from within one's dwelling to beyond one's town. LSA scores below 60 correspond to “restricted life-space.” Baseline LSA scores before admission were measured during an index hospitalization; follow-up LSA scores were determined over the telephone at 90 days. Participant characteristics were examined according to baseline restricted life-space using the chi-square test and Student's t-test. Each characteristic's association with restricted life-space was estimated uisng logistic regression. Results Of the participants, 372 (77.8%) were classified as having baseline restricted life-space. Baseline restricted life-space was associated with older age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.29 per decade, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17–1.42, P = .001), female sex (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.69–4.29, P < .001), African-American race (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.00–2.41, P = .05), and having inadequate financial resources (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.22–3.38, P = .006). In the baseline unrestricted life-space group, 49.5% (n = 49) had restricted life-space at 90-day follow-up. Baseline restricted life-space was associated with greater odds of 90-day hospital readmission (unadjusted OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.00–2.70, P = .05; adjusted OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.04–2.85, P = .03). Conclusion Baseline restricted life-space was associated with greater risk of hospital readmission within 90 days after hospital discharge. These findings suggest a need to customize the management of individuals hospitalized with CHF or COPD based on baseline life-space level.
Direct and spillover effects of forced sales on house prices: Evidence from the Netherlands

We estimate the effects of forced sales on the Dutch housing market. A forced sale may have two distinct effects: a lower transaction price of the property itself (“direct effect”) and lower transaction prices for unforced nearby transactions (“spillover effect”). We estimate both effects. We employ an unusual rich dataset of about 750000 house transactions in the Netherlands between 2007 and 2013. To identify the effects of forced sales we control for neighborhood-time effects, detailed house characteristics, and use both a quasi difference-in-differences specification and a repeat-sales specification. A forced sale results in a price discount of about 5% and a nearby forced sale reduces the transaction price by about 0.6%.
Abdominal/retroperitoneal vascular ultrasound

The use of ultrasound in the imaging of abdominal vascular structures has become commonplace in the evaluation and management of patients with vascular disease. Because it is noninvasive, portable, and repeatable, it holds advantages over other imaging modalities that require ionizing radiation, intravenous contrast, or transportation away from a typical patient care environment. While the quality of ultrasound imaging is user dependent, increasing familiarity with its uses and limitations has allowed it to become the study of choice to both initially and definitively identify disease and guide treatment.
Effects of Internal Reference Prices and Marketers’ Ability to Influence Which Reference Price Buyers Use

Using variations in past prices and product category desirability, we examine the antecedents and uses of three commonly discussed internal reference prices: Expected, Fair and Reservation price. Differences in the antecedents are predicted to determine the relationships among the reference prices. The fair and expected reference prices are market-level focused reference prices; they can be evaluated based on market- level information without reference to ones own utility or preferences. Conversely, the reservation price is focused at the individual level; based on personal utility as well as market information. This level of focus (either market or individual level) is predicted to determine their usage on outcome measures. As hypothesised, we find past prices systematically affect all reference prices; higher (lower) past prices lead to higher (lower) reference prices. As predicted by the level of focus, personal category desirability does not affect the market-level focused fair and expected reference prices but category desirability does have a dramatic affect on the individually-focused reservation price. The perception of the expensiveness of a given price is a market-level evaluation; it can be judged for the marketplace independently of individual preferences and hence should be assessed using a market-level reference price. We find that for both desirable and less desirable product categories the market-focused fair reference price determines perceived expensiveness. Conversely, demand is an individually-focused evaluation and so should be determined by an individually-focused reference price. We find for both desirable and less desirable categories the individuallyfocused reservation price determines the demand. An additional study which overtly cued respondents to a specific reference price, either the fair price or the reservation price was unable to influence what reference price people used.
Surface Characterization of Certain Metal Oxides Determined by the Isothermal Adsorption and Desorption of Argon

The importance of surface areas and porosities of powdered solids are of vital interest to many scientific and technological disciplines. Knowledge of the magnitude of these properties is required when studying almost any interfacial phenomenon involving gas-solid or liquid-solid interactions. Among the techniques that have been utilized to determine the surface areas of oxide materials are electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, small angle X-ray scattering, heat of immersion, adsorption from solution, and gas adsorption. The X-ray methods yield a volume-average crystallite diameter, while the adsorption techniques yield a surface-average value. On the other hand, electron microscopy yields a particle size distribution, from which a volume-average diameter and a surface-average value can be calculated by assuming a certain particle shape. Electron microscopy is often not readily accessible, while the X-ray techniques are applicable only to crystalline materials having crystallite sizes in the approximate diameter range of 3–60 nm.
Groupe Eurotunnel S.A. (A)

In the summer of 2006 the chairman and CEO of Eurotunnel Group is faced with the decision whether to file for bankruptcy protection, after having failed to gain creditor approval of an ambitious out-of-court restructuring plan. The company, which has been attempting to restructure its debt and operations for the last ten years, faces a number of daunting challenges. Eurotunnel is jointly listed in the U.K. and France, and its shareholders, who are largely based in France, face the prospect of significant dilution under any restructuring plan. The current chairman and CEO has been with the company for only a year-and-a half, following a decade of senior management turbulence in which the company has seen nine different CEOs and chairmen. Eurotunnel's capital structure is staggeringly complex, and a large fraction of its debt has come to be held by U.S.-based hedge funds that specialize in investing in distressed companies. Finally, Eurotunnel's business is extremely challenging to value, and is faced with significant competition. If the current chairman/CEO decides to file for bankruptcy, he faces the additional choice whether to file for bankruptcy in the U.K. or in France, which take quite different approaches to restructuring troubled companies.
The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system and sensory signal processing: A historical review and current perspectives.

Abstract Many studies in intact animals have shown that locally applied or synaptically released norepinephrine (NE) can enhance individual neuron and neural network responses to sensory inputs. However, a major unanswered question is how and when noradrenergically-mediated changes in sensory signal processing can influence downstream decision making, motor responding, and ultimately behavioral outcomes. Recent work using a variety of approaches in different sensory networks has started to consider this question. Evidence collected to date as reported in this Special Edition of Brain Research suggests that output from the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC)-NE system can modify task-related sensory signal processing and by so doing influence goal-directed behavioral responding. This report reviews the work leading to this most recent line of inquiry and at the same time identifies areas for future investigation.
Applications of Functional Integrals to Quantum Theory

We will now obtain expressions for several important physical quantities in terms of functional integrals. These expressions are often very useful in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.
Practical and Methodological Considerations Regarding Reliability

Reliability refers to the level of consistency or stability in the values of the scores that an instrument elicits. Reliability has different manifestations and methods of evaluation. It is possible to speak of split-half reliability, test—retest reliability, or alternate-forms reliability. Although these types of reliability require different methods of measurement, they are all ways of indexing the amount of variance in a test that is the result of error in measurement. Thus, reliability measurement is an attempt to estimate the percentage of error variance (Anastasi, 1982).
Characterization of urease derived from Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds to estimate total Kjeldahl nitrogen in human urine

A urease extract prepared by decanting liquid from a suspension of finely ground Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds was characterized and applied to dilute urine samples to demonstrate a low-cost...
Consecutive reappraisal strategies strengthen and sustain empathy and forgiveness: Utilizing compassion and benefit finding while holding offenders accountable

Evidence commends individual use of compassionate and benefit-focused reappraisals to increase empathy and forgiveness, yet the impact of using both reappraisal strategies consecutively is unknown....
Life-history implications of migratory Lesser Sandhill Cranes replacing adjacent blocks of primaries synchronously

Using the patterns of fault bars in their primaries, we studied the mode of primary replacement in non-molting Lesser Sandhill Cranes (Antigone c. canadensis) salvaged from hunters in southwestern Saskatchewan. About 80% of their primaries are used for 2 yr and 20% for 3 yr. Primaries are replaced during the breeding season and are lost in synchronous blocks representing about half the primaries, suggesting that most adults probably can fly weakly during flight feather replacement. Cranes are large, aggressive birds, and this interesting, and undescribed mode of flight feather replacement seems adapted to the ability of adult cranes to defend their precocial chicks from predators. Strikingly, juvenile Sandhill Cranes showed no fault marks in their primaries, suggesting that their parents' ability to protect them shields them from the fright of predator attacks, which, in most birds, causes fault bars to be more prevalent and strongly expressed in juveniles than adults. Adults show interesting variation in the number of primaries replaced annually, which seems likely related to whether or not they are caring for chicks. Further, single primaries may or may not be replaced preferentially, suggesting sensitivity to feather function. Evaluating these observations must await field studies of molting adults.LAY SUMMARYLesser Sandhill Cranes that breed in the far north replace about half of their primaries annually in a synchronous moltThis resolves 2 time period conflicts: the exponential increase with body size in the time required to molt, and the need to overlap primary molt with parental care.Using fault marks, feather growth rates, and feather wear, we deciphered this previously unknown mode of primary replacement from a sample of non-molting birds.Within adjacent blocks of same-age primaries, distance differences from feather tip to marker faults showed that feather pairs were usually lost within 24 hr of each other.Cranes are big, tough birds, and synchronous loss of about half of the primaries helps parents defend young from formidable predators.Synchronous replacement also reduces molt duration to the time required to grow the longest renewed primary, squeezing primary renewal of this far-northern breeder into the brief time window before their long southward migration.
Improving Dependability via Deadline Guarantees in Commodity Real-time Networks

Software-defined Networking (SDN) can facilitate the deployment of deterministic algorithms with stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements that pave the way for commodity Real-time (RT) networks. However, current QoS approaches are conservative and under-provision the network, that becomes a bottleneck when scaling or upgrading infrastructure. In this paper, we argue that the use of fixed priorities for flows–a common practice in RT networks, is the root-cause of this issue. We develop algorithms that use the global view provided by SDN to develop on-demand, variable priority schemes. Evaluation shows that this “correct by construction” approach increases network utilization while still meeting the necessary QoS requirements, thereby improving network robustness under high utilization.
Feasibility of Beans/Bran Enriching Nutritional Eating For Intestinal Health & Cancer Including Activity for Longevity: A Pilot Trial to Improve Healthy Lifestyles among Individuals at High Risk for Colorectal Cancer.

Purpose:Examine the feasibility and preliminary effects of a lifestyle intervention of rice bran plus navy bean supplementation, and physical activity (PA) education on intake of fiber and whole gr...
Tibia Antibiotic Intramedullary Nail.

SUMMARY This video depicts the materials and steps for creating an antibiotic cement spacer in the form of an intramedullary nail and demonstrates how to insert the nail into a tibia. The indication for this patient was a history of a type 3B open tibia fracture 6 months before treated with an intramedullary nail that subsequently developed an infected nonunion.
HMD-Hardener: Adversarially Robust and Efficient Hardware-Assisted Runtime Malware Detection

To overcome the performance overheads incurred by the traditional software-based malware detection techniques, machine learning (ML) based Hardware-assisted Malware Detection (HMD) has emerged as a panacea to detect malicious applications and provide security. HMD primarily relies on the generated low-level microarchitectural events captured through Hardware Performance Counters (HPCs). This work proposes an adversarial attack on the HMD systems to tamper the security by introducing perturbations in performance counter traces with an adversarial sample generator application. To craft the attack, we first deploy an adversarial sample predictor to predict the adversarial HPC pattern for a given application to be misclassified by the deployed ML classifier in the HMD. Further, as the attacker has no direct access to manipulate the HPCs generated during runtime, based on the adversarial sample predictor's output, devise an adversarial sample generator wrapped around the victim application to produce HPC patterns similar to the adversarial predictor's estimated trace. With the proposed attack, malware detection accuracy is reduced to 18.1% from 82%. To render the HMD robust to such attacks, we further propose adversarially training the HMD to demonstrate that hardening can render HMD resilient against attacks; the detection accuracy post hardening raises to 81.2%.
Farmer Suicide in Wisconsin: A Qualitative Analysis

PURPOSE There is a need to address suicide among farmers in the United States and understand what contributes to suicide among American farmers. The purpose of this qualitative study is to analyze narrative data to uncover circumstances that were present in the lives of farmers who died by suicide. METHODS This study leverages data available in the National Violent Death Reporting System. For this study, we examined all suicides that occurred in Wisconsin between the years 2012 and 2016 and were extracted from the Wisconsin Violent Death Reporting System. Decedents were manually sorted by the "usual occupation" variable in order to identify farmers. FINDINGS During the study period, 73 farmers died, most of whom were White, non-Hispanic males. Four themes were identified in the thematic analysis: stymied by physical health issues, grief from loss of relationships, ready access to firearms in rural Wisconsin, and the burden of farming and the farm. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study demonstrate how unique contextual factors lead to suicide among farmers. This study has implications for suicide prevention among farmers. Primarily, there is a need to address the accessibility of firearms, as their availability in a time of crisis has lethal consequences. However, suicide prevention programming that addresses access to lethal means must take the sociocultural context of rural America into consideration. These findings should also be considered as applied to health care providers that serve rural communities. Suicide risk assessment and management should consider stressors unique to farmers.
Correction: PO2 on O2 therapy.

Excerpt To the editor: There appears to be an error of omission in the article by Levy and associates (78:213-219, 1973). The reader is led to believe that the oxygen fraction of inspired gas of th...
The Effects of Organization Design and Patient Perceptions of Care on Switching Behavior and Reliance on a Health Care System Across Time

Sustaining ongoing relationships with patients is a strategic, clinically relevant goal of health care systems. This study develops and tests a conceptual model that aims to account for the influence of organization design, perceptions of quality of patient care, and other patient-level factors on the extent to which patients sustain reliance on a health care system. We use a longitudinal survey design and structural equation modeling to predict increases or decreases in patient reliance on the Department of Veterans Affairs health care system across a 4-year period for Veterans with Parkinson’s Disease. Our findings show that specialized and integrated clinical practices have a positive association with the quality of patient care. Health care systems may be able to foster long-term relations with patients and improve service quality by allocating resources to form integrated, specialized, disease-specific centers of care designed for patients with chronic illnesses.
Slipping up: partial substrate degradation by ATP-dependent proteases.

ATP-dependent proteases are present in all organisms, where they are responsible for much of intracellular protein degradation. Most proteins are processively unfolded and degraded into small peptides; however, in a few so-called slippery substrates, the protease stalls at a folded domain and releases a large protein fragment. In this review, we describe the properties of physiological slippery substrates that are processed in this manner by ATP-dependent proteases and the recent advances that have been made in understanding the mechanism underlying their partial degradation. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(5):309–317, 2014
An Opportunity Cost View of Base‐Stock Optimality for the Warehouse Problem

This work considers the so called warehouse problem, which is a prototypical problem of the trading activity of a merchant in a commodity market. It is known that the merchant’s optimal trading policy for this problem has a basestock structure. The exiting proofs of this result hinge on marginal analysis, and may not be easily accessible to managers. This work provides an elementary derivation of the optimality of this structure relying almost exclusively on geometric arguments based on the notion of opportunity cost of a trade, a concept familiar to commodity merchants. Some aspects of managerial relevance associated with this structure are also discussed. It is hoped that the material presented in this work would be of interest to manages involved in the merchant management of commodity storage.
Neuropsychiatric Evaluation in Dementia

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on common dementias and the prodromal phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The chapter discusses the behavioral aspects of dementia, the most common manifestations being apathy, depression, agitation, irritability, and anxiety. Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) commonly occur in AD and vascular dementia but are not required to make the diagnosis using commonly employed criteria. NPS represent the product of a complex interaction between the individual's emotional and cognitive function, past history and learned information, genetic makeup and environmental influences. Although most NPS are not disease-specific, their prevalence, severity, time of onset and co-occurrence with other symptoms help in differentiating among dementia types. NPS in dementia are associated with abnormalities of specific brain regions, often within the frontal and temporal lobes, and are associated with specific neurochemical changes in the brain. NPS may respond to treatment with cholinergic agents, NMDA receptor antagonists or psychotropic agents. The chapter concludes that research needs to be devoted to the clinical characterization and neurochemical and neuropathologic correlates of NPS in dementia to improve the currently available treatment options.
Acoustic benchmark validation of GRASP ASW search plans

A genetic algorithm is used in non-homogeneous and anisotropic environments to nearly optimize sonar search tracks. The optimization metric is maximum cumulative detection probability for a specified sonar (passive or active) against a target with specified characteristics (acoustic and tactical) during a fixed time period. This application for search planning is named GRASP, for Genetic Range-dependent Algorithm for Search Planning. A validation of GRASP solutions in various ocean environments is shown under benchmark conditions, i.e., fairly simple synthetic environments and a simple target distribution. Directional, range-dependent sonar performance (signal excess) is estimated from parabolic equation calculations of transmission loss. The search tracks produced by the genetic algorithm are generally intuitive; they usually remain in high detection areas. When track solutions are counter-intuitive, we explain unexpected behavior (e.g., zigzag turns, tracks offset from symmetric features, and occasional departures from high detection areas) in terms of details in the acoustic field.
Primary and secondary task analysis of step tracking: an event-related potentials approach

The utility of the Event Related Brain Potential for the evaluation of task load was investigated. Subjects performed a discrete step tracking task with either first or second order control dynamics. In different conditions, the subject covertly counted auditory probes, visual probes, or tracking target steps presented in a Bernoulli series. In a fourth experimental condition subjects performed the primary tracking task without a secondary task. In the auditory condition, an increase in the difficulty of the primary task produced a decrease in the amplitude of the P300 elicited by the secondary count task. The introduction of the primary task in the visual condition resulted in an initial reduction in P300 amplitude but increasing task difficulty failed to attenuate the P300 further. A positive relationship between primary task difficulty and P300 amplitude was obtained in the step conditions. Furthermore, this effect did not require that the step changes be counted. The results are addressed in terms of the relative advantages of primary and secondary ERP workload assessment techniques. Language: en
Effect of Scattering on the Heat Transfer Behavior of a Typical Semitransparent TBC Material on a Substrate

A parametric study was performed to examine the effects of isotropic scattering on the heat transfer in typical semitransparent thermal barrier coating on an opaque substrate. Some ceramic materials are semitransparent in the wavelength range where thermal radiation is important. Therefore, absorption, emission, and scattering of thermal radiation by the semitransparent layer and the emissivity of the substrate will affect the heat transfer and temperature in the layer. Scattering which depends on the structure of the semitransparent material can be used to increase the reflectivity of the layer and therefore decrease the heat transfer through the layer. A one dimensional model of a 1 mm thick semitransparent layer on a substrate was used in this study. The front of the semitransparent layer is heated by convection and radiation and the back of the substrate is cooled by radiation and convection. The coating is assumed to be semitransparent up to a cutoff wavelength and opaque at higher wavelengths. The absorption and scattering coefficient are constant over the wavelength range where the material is semitransparent. The absorption coefficient, scattering coefficients, width of the semitransparent band, and the bond coat emissivity are varied. Temperature profiles and heat flux through layers as a function of absorption and scattering coefficients are presented.
A Government-Sponsored Crisis: How Fannie and Freddie Caused the Recession

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are government-sponsored entities (GSEs) designed to facilitate a secondary market for mortgages. A secondary market makes mortgages more liquid, increasing the available pool of funds for mortgages and the willingness of originators to initiate loans. Since the supply of loanable funds is larger, mortgage rates are lower than would otherwise be the case and the quantity of loans (in number and dollar value) is larger. Historically, the GSEs’ issues of debt (constituting their source of funds) were viewed as carrying an implicit federal government guarantee. Furthermore, a series of policy innovations beginning in 1992 encouraged the GSEs to pursue increased home ownership rates, especially in low-income and/or underserved areas, ahead of prudent evaluation of risk. Since originators (e.g., banks) could readily sell mortgages to the GSEs, they ignored adverse selection problems. Buyers of GSE debt, trusting in the implicit government guarantee, ignored the moral hazard associated GSE policy. Given that both originators and the ultimate funders faced little of the downside risk associated with mortgages, the crisis was predictable.
High Resolution Studies of Molecular Clouds

High spatial resolution observational results for molecular clouds are reviewed. Results obtained with millimeter wavelength interferometers are emphasized.
Composition effects on optical properties of Tb3+-Doped heavy germanate glasses

A group of terbium-doped heavy germanate glasses were studied. Glass matrices contained GeO2, Gd2O3, BaO, and/or La2O3 with the Tb3+ doping concentration ranging from 1 to 5 mol%. The transmission and radioluminescence spectra were measured and their correlations with glass composition are discussed. It is found that the UV cut-off edge of glass matrices is related to the content of the network modifier BaO as well as to the mixed rare earths effect, while the concentration of trapping sites existing in the glass network is essential to the radioluminescence properties of the glass. The latter is also associated with the content of the network modifier BaO that produces unsaturated nonbridging oxygens in the glass lattice. Another important mechanism influencing the luminescence process involves the enhanced energy transfer from Gd3+ ions to Tb3+ emission centers. A self-sensitizing effect of Tb3+ is observed in the Tb3+ concentration range studied, which contributes to some extent to the enhanced Tb3+ green emission. La2O3 additions to the host glass play an active role of partitioning Tb3+ in the glass matrix, thereby showing an enhanced blue emission because of the reduced cross-relaxation probability between Tb3+ cations.
Doing Our Home Work: Anthropologists on Homelessness and Housing in the United States

There's No Place like Home: Anthropological Perspectives on Housing and Homelessness in the United States. Anna Lou Dehavenon. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 1996.206 pp. Ttie Unequal Homeless: Men on tlie Street, Women in Their Place. Joanne Passaro. New York: Routledge, 1996. 128 pp. Homesteading in New York City, 1978-1993: The Divided Heart of Loisaida. Malve von Hassell. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 1996. 205 pp.
A network of spiking neurons that can represent interval timing: mean field analysis

Despite the vital importance of our ability to accurately process and encode temporal information, the underlying neural mechanisms are largely unknown. We have previously described a theoretical framework that explains how temporal representations, similar to those reported in the visual cortex, can form in locally recurrent cortical networks as a function of reward modulated synaptic plasticity. This framework allows networks of both linear and spiking neurons to learn the temporal interval between a stimulus and paired reward signal presented during training. Here we use a mean field approach to analyze the dynamics of non-linear stochastic spiking neurons in a network trained to encode specific time intervals. This analysis explains how recurrent excitatory feedback allows a network structure to encode temporal representations.
Diffusion current at a band electrode by an integral equation method

Abstract The diffusion current at a finite band electrode of length L and width W in a cell of finite width (W) but infinite length and depth is obtained by an integral equation method which offers a promising alternative to finite difference methods. A Laplace transform with respect to time T is applied to the original diffusion problem, resulting in a boundary value problem for the transformed current I(S). This new problem appears typically as an integral equation for I(S), which is then obtained and inverted numerically to yield the current I(T). The diffusion current at a hemicyclindrical electrode is also obtained as a check of the method, and a comparison of the currents obtained at these two electrode geometries is presented. Approximate formulae are provided which permit calculation of current (to within ca. 1%) at a band electrode at short (0 1 2 1 2 > 4.9 L) times.
Measuring and modeling the transport and dispersion of kRYPTON-85 1500km from a point source

Abstract The 1974 long-range dispersion experiment in which Kr-85 was released from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory and sampled twice-daily at 13 locations in the midwestern U.S. was considered inconclusive because very few distinct plumes were observed during the two month experimental period. These data have been reanalyzed and compared with model-calculated concentrations after filtering undesired noise by using the coherence of the measured and calculated air concentration time series as a weighting function. The dispersion model, which is responsive to the effects of wind shear, performed exceptionally well at the more southern samplers in Oklahoma and Kansas. At the northern sites the Kr-85 from Idaho was masked by fluctuations in background concentration as well as small local sources, both of which produced concentration fluctuations of similar magnitude to the Idaho source. Further, the transport of Kr-85 from Idaho to the northern samplers involved more complicated meteorological regimes than could be accounted for by a simple Lagrangian transport model.
A bacterial repressor protein or a yeast transcriptional terminator can block upstream activation of a yeast gene

A bacterial repressor protein blocks transcription of a gene in yeast when its operator is placed in the promoter between the upstream activator sequence and the transcription start point. Putative transcription terminators from yeast installed in the same region of the promoter have a similar effect.
Social processes in communication and cognition in callitrichid monkeys: a review

Studies of vocal development in nonhuman primates have found little evidence for plasticity in vocal production, somewhat more for usage of calls, with the greatest plasticity arising in response to calls of others. Generally, similar results were obtained with callitrichid monkeys, the marmosets and tamarins, but with several interesting exceptions. Infant pygmy marmosets show babbling behavior with improvement in adult call structure related to the amount and diversity of babbling. Adult marmosets alter call structure in response to changes in social partners, and wild marmosets have vocal dialects and modify call structure according to how far they are from other group members, suggesting the potential to modify call structure in different social and environmental contexts, though direct learning of novel vocalizations has not been observed. Infant cotton-top tamarins do not produce adult-like calls in appropriate contexts, at least in the first few months of life, but through food sharing from adults infants learn about appropriate foods and the appropriate contexts for food vocalizations. Tamarins modify call structure and usage with changes in social status. Tamarins, unlike other monkeys tested, can learn to avoid noxious foods through observation of other group members, and can learn about novel food locations. Recent studies provide evidence of contextual imitation in marmosets. The plasticity in vocal communication and evidence of social learning in marmosets and tamarins relative to other monkeys may be related to the cooperative breeding system of marmosets and tamarins. With a high degree of behavioral coordination among group members, there is a priority on monitoring signals and behavior of others and adjusting one’s own signals and behavior. This creates the context for vocal plasticity and social learning.
Galois actions on torsion points of one-dimensional formal modules☆

Abstract Let F be a local non-Archimedean field with ring of integers o and uniformizer ϖ, and fix an algebraically closed extension k of the residue field of o . Let X be a one-dimensional formal o -module of F-height n over k. By the work of Drinfeld, the universal deformation X of X is a formal group over a power series ring R 0 in n − 1 variables over W o ( k ) . For h ∈ { 0 , … , n − 1 } let U h ⊂ Spec ( R 0 ) be the locus where the connected part of the associated ϖ-divisible module X [ ϖ ∞ ] has height h. Using the theory of Drinfeld level structures we show that the representation of π 1 ( U h ) on the Tate module of the etale quotient is surjective.
Prescription and reality: Reading advisers and reading practice, 1860–1880

Victorian Americans were serious readers: they expected books to contribute to their moral development. Yet not all the literature the marketplace provided served this purpose. Many readers therefore turned to reading advisers for suggestions about what to read and how to read it. The advice books they wrote, along with diaries and letters, tell us a great deal about Victorian reading practices and about the changing role of books and periodicals in mid-nineteenth-century society.
A SIMULATION STUDY OF DECENTRALIZED DECISION MAKING

This study develops a heuristic procedure for decision making coordination in a decentralized organization structure. The procedure consists of simplified rules of iterative communication between decentralized units and a central agent. The central agent assigns budgeted profit levels and adjusts such levels guiding the system toward optimality. The decision making procedure developed in this study is compatible with management by objectives practices and can serve as a prototype for decentralized management.
Murine cytomegalovirus influences Foxj1 expression, ciliogenesis, and mucus plugging in mice with allergic airway disease.

We have followed throughout time the development of allergic airway disease (AAD) in both uninfected mice and mice infected intranasally with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). Histological evaluation of lung tissue from uninfected mice with AAD demonstrated mucus plugging after 14 and 21 days of ovalbumin-aerosol challenge, with resolution of mucus plugging occurring by 42 days. In MCMV/AAD mice, mucus plugging was observed after 7 days of ovalbumin-aerosol challenge and remained present at 42 days. The level of interleukin-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from MCMV/AAD mice was decreased compared with AAD mice and was accompanied by increased levels of interferon-γ. Levels of Muc5A/C, Muc5B, or Muc2 mucin mRNA in the lungs of MCMV/AAD mice were not elevated compared with AAD mice. MCMV was able to infect the airway epithelium, resulting in decreased expression of Foxj1, a transcription factor critical for ciliogenesis, and a loss of ciliated epithelial cells. In addition, an increase in the number of epithelial cells staining positive for periodic acid-Schiff was observed in MCMV/AAD airways. Together, these findings suggest that MCMV infection of the airway epithelium enhances goblet cell metaplasia and diminishes efficient mucociliary clearance in mice with AAD, resulting in increased mucus plugging.
A Comparison of Preservice and Experienced Teachers' Perceptions of the School Psychologist.

Abstract The present study compared experienced and preservice elementary school teachers' perceptions of the school psychologist. Thirty-two experienced teachers were matched with a like number of second semester juniors in training. A questionnaire asked each respondent to (a) rank a number of school personnel on their importance, (b) assign a number of referral problems to professionals best equipped to handle them, and (c) to rate the school psychologist's functioning on 11 dimensions. The analysis showed that experienced and preservice teachers agreed about the importance of the school psychologist and the appropriateness of referral problems. Analysis of ratings revealed that experienced teachers had a more negative opinion of the school psychologist's functioning when compared to their novice counterparts.
Impact of Obesity on Perioperative Complications and Long-term Survival of Patients with Gastric Cancer

Background The prevalence of obesity is increasing in the United States. Obesity has been associated with worse surgical outcomes, but its impact on long-term outcomes in gastric cancer is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of being overweight on surgical and long-term outcomes for patients with gastric cancer.
Further Evidence That the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Is Associated with the Ethanol‐Induced Locomotor Response

The effect of ethanol on the number of Fos-like immunoreactive (Fos-li) neurons was previously studied in the C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) inbred mouse strains (Hitzemann and Hitzemann, Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 21:1497-1507, 1997). The data obtained suggested that the locomotor activation response to ethanol found in the D2 but not the B6 strain was associated with an increase in the number of Fos-li neurons (a putative measure of synaptic activity) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), but not in other brain regions, including the basal ganglia. The current study was performed to obtain data supporting a role for the CeA in the locomotor response. B6D2 F 2 intercross animals were phenotyped for their locomotor response to ethanol (1.5 g/kg). The animals from the extreme phenotypes (>1 SD from the mean) were denoted as very high and very low activity (HH, LL) and differed in their ethanol response by >9,000 cm/15 min (baseline activity was similar in both phenotypes: 5,500 cm/15 min). These extremes especially differed from the parental strains in that the LL group showed a significant ethanol-induced inhibition of activity. After 2 weeks, HH and LL animals were rechallenged with 1.5 g/kg of ethanol or saline and the number of Fos-li neurons determined 1 hr later. In the HH group, ethanol increased the number of Fos-li neurons >600%, whereas in the LL group the increase was 170% (difference: p < 0.001). The increase in the HH group was principally located in the GABA neuron-rich lateral aspect of the CeA and not in the medial posterior-ventral division or the caps division. No significant difference was found between groups in the Fos response for the basolateral or lateral amygdala. Other brain regions were also examined, including the basal ganglia, the hippocampus (CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and several cortical regions. In some regions (e.g., the bed nucleus), a significant ethanol effect was detected, but it did not differentiate the HH and LL groups. Overall, the data obtained further argue that the CeA has an important role in regulating the acute locomotor response to ethanol.
An empirical solvus for CO2-H2O-2.6 wt% salt

The solvus in the system CO2-H2O-2.6 wt% NaCl-equivalent was determined by measuring temperature of homogenization in fluid inclusions which contained variable CO2H2O but the same amount of salt dissolved in the aqueous phase at room temperature. The critical point of the solvus is at 340 ± 5°C, at pressures between 1 and 2 kbar; this is about 65°C higher than for the pure CO2-H2O system. The solvus is assymetrical, with a steeper H2O-rich limb and with the critical point at mole fraction of water between 0.65 and 0.8.
The decagonal phase in (Al,Si)65Co20Cu15 alloys

Abstract The complete stereographic projection showing the prominent zone axes and Kikuchi bands of the 7.99 ± 0.07 A periodic Al65-xCo20Cu15Six, decagonal phase, determined from tilting experiments using selected-area diffraction and convergent-beam diffraction, is presented. Important differences with the stereographic projection for the Al-Mn 12.4 A periodic decagonal phase are emphasized. The zone axes are indexed using basis vectors that are constructed from distorted icosahedra. The appropriate distortion is determined from the stereographic projection. Unlike existing indexing schemes, only minor adjustments of the distortion are required to index successfully both the Al-Mn and the Al-Co-Cu-Si decagonal phases. A new atomic model is proposed and discussed in the light of these diffraction results.
A limited-scan phased-array antenna for use with a clutter-mapping radar system

The design and construction of an electronic-scan phased-array antenna system for use with a clutter-mapping radar system is described. The phased array is capable of \pm-20\deg of electronic beam steerng and full hemispheric mechanical steerability. It is composed of 780 short-backfire radiators with a total gain of 36 dB. It is vertically polarized and has phase-monopulse-tracking ability. The electronic beamforming and steering is controlled by a digital system using a PDP-11/20 general-purpose computer system. The same computer is used to control the digital clutter-mapping system, which is composed of an A/D converter, multiplexer, digital tape recorder, high-speed disk storage, and an intensity-modulated graphic recorder.
Phenotypic conversion of acute leukaemia from T-lymphoblastic to myeloblastic induced by therapy with 2'-deoxycoformycin.

Summary. A 6-year-old boy with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in relapse was treated with the adenosine deaminase inhibitor, 2′-deoxycoformycin (DCF). Remarkably, his residual leukaemia underwent an abrupt phenotypic shift, coincident with a massive anti-leukaemic effect of DCF. Both at diagnosis and prior to therapy with DCF, blast cells had typical lymphoblastic morphology and T-cell characteristics (terminal transferase +, T-antigen +, Ia –, cALLa –, myeloperoxidase –, and high in adenosine deaminase content). After four courses of DCF by constant infusion, the blast cells were myeloid in appearance and reactivity to a variety of tests (terminal transferase –, myeloperoxidase +, Sudan black B +, esterase +, My-1 +). We hypothesize that DCF therapy created a selection pressure, blocking pathways of T-cell differentiation and proliferation, permitting the emergence of a newly dominant myeloid subclone of a multipotential leukaemic cell progenitor with the innate capacity for both T-lymphocytic and myeloid differentiation.
Cavernous hemangioma of the foot and antecubital fossa: an alternative therapeutic option.

We present two cases of recurrent cavernous hemangiomas of the extremities. These conditions were initially treated unsuccessfully with surgical resection. After recurrence, the hemangiomas were treated by percutaneous transcatheter embolization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of treatment of cavernous hemangioma involving the extremities using an angiographically directed vascular embolization technique.