cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Directional cell-to-cell communication in the Arabidopsis root apical meristem I. An ultrastructural and functional analysis

As a foundation for studies on directional intercellular communication and its regulation in apical development, the network of plasmodesmata in Arabidopsis root apical meristems was characterized by quantitative electron microscopy and dye-coupling analysis, using symplasmic probes, and real-time imaging in confocal laser scanning microscopy. A tissue-specific plasmodesmatal network, which interconnected the cells in the root apical meristem, was characterized by the following features, (a) Plasmodesmatal distribution and density were found to be tissue-specific, (b) Primary and secondary plasmodesmata were differentially grouped and regulated. Primary plasmodesmata were formed in large numbers in the transverse walls of each tissue, and were subject to deletion during cell differentiation. Secondary plasmodesmata were mostly distributed in longitudinal walls between cell files and common walls between neighboring tissues; they also provided a symplasmic path between different initial tiers in the meristem. Small fluorescent tracers moved through the plasmodesmatal network of the root apical meristem in two distinct phases. At low concentrations molecules trafficked in a non-tissue-specific manner, whereas at higher concentrations, their distribution reflected the presence of tissue-specific movement consistent with plasmodesmatal distribution. These findings are discussed in terms of the role of tissue-specific plasmodesmatal domains in the control of root development.
Genetic variation in the recruitment and activation of chicken peritoneal macrophages.

Genetic variation in the ability to recruit and activate peritoneal macrophages was examined in seven partially developed 15I5-B congenic White Leghorn chicken lines. While the ability to generate peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) was similar in all lines, major differences were observed in the numbers, composition, and functional activity of harvestable peritoneal adherent cell populations. In response to a general stimulant, Sephadex, lines .7-2 and .6-2 produced the greatest numbers of adherent peritoneal cells while lines .C-12 and .15I-5 were among the poorest responders. Macrophage percentage of adherent PECs varied between lines. 15I5 chickens produced a consistently high percentage of adherent macrophages while .6-2 birds exhibited the lowest macrophage percentage at all ages examined. Phagocytosis was used as one measure of the level of macrophage activation and similar results were obtained using both opsonized and unopsonized sheep erythrocytes; adherent peritoneal cells from lines .6-2, .7-2, and .P-13 exhibited the highest activity and .C-12, .15I-5, and background 15I5(B15) lines produced cells with the lowest phagocytic activity. In a second functional assay, the killing of Salmonella typhimurium, macrophage-rich cells from line .P-13 exhibited the lowest activity which was significantly lower than that obtained with cells from lines .6-2 and .15I-5. Antigen-specific stimulation of peritoneal adherent cells by ferritin also showed that .C-12 was a low responder in contrast with other lines. The results indicate that these genetic lines differ in peritoneal macrophage function and suggest that the chicken major histocompatibility complex may influence certain properties of chicken macrophage function.
Identification and characterization of virus assembly intermediate complexes in HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells

For type-C and lentiviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the pathway of virus assembly remains poorly defined, and the assembly and budding of capsids are believed to occur simultaneously at the plasma membrane of the infected cell. We have now identified two putative HIV-1 assembly intermediate complexes in infected CD4+T cells. The first of these intermediates, a detergent-resistant complex (DRC), was identified as a large oligomer that had a density of 1.10–1.13 g/ml and was primarily composed of Pr55Gagand Pr160Gag-Polprecursors. The other putative intermediate was a detergent-sensitive complex (DSC) with a density of 1.15–1.17 g/ml, which apparently represented the products of extensive proteolytic processing of both the Pr55Gagand Pr160Gag-Polprecursors. Both complexes could be distinguished from released mature virions as well as immature viral particles. Surprisingly, the formation of DRC was not dependent upon the myristylation at the N-terminus of the Gag proteins, a signal required for plasma membrane targeting and virus production. However, the myristic acid modification was essential for the formation of DSC. These data suggest that interactions between individual Gag molecules and between Gag and Gag-Pol precursors may occur before their targeting to the plasma membrane during HIV-1 assembly. However, formation of the late virus assembly complex and productive processing of Pr55Gagand Pr160Gag-Polprecursors apparently do not occur until these precursors are targeted to the plasma membrane.
Oxygen cost of swimming in a trained California sea lion

1. 1. The oxygen consumption of a trained California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) during submerged swimming was estimated from the measured oxygen debt. 2. 2. The oxygen consumption increased initially when the animal swam, but later it decreased to resting levels. 3. 3. It was concluded that the increased oxygen requirements during swimming were superseded by oxygen conservation mechanisms associated with breath holding in water.
A risk–benefit analysis of vaccination

Impressive success has been achieved worldwide with population based immunisation programmes against several serious infectious diseases. This success is being threatened: the incidence of previously frequent, potentially devastating diseases decreases as a consequence of successful immunisation programmes and attention of the public shifts towards true and alleged "side effects" of vaccines. This can lead to the dilemma of waning public confidence in the necessity, tolerability and safety of vaccinations. Therefore, continuous evaluation of risks and benefits of vaccines is required and results of these need to be communicated broadly to strengthen the confidence in immunisation programmes.
Theory for producing a single-phase rarefaction shock wave in a shock tube

Although predicted early in the 20th century, a single-phase vapour rarefaction shock wave has yet to be demonstrated experimentally. Results from a previous shock tube experiment appear to indicate a rarefaction shock wave. These results are discussed and their interpretation challenged. In preparation for a new shock tube experiment, a global theory is developed, utilizing a van der Waals fluid, for demonstrating a single-phase vapour rarefaction shock wave in the incident flow of the shock tube. The flow consists of four uniform regions separated by three constant-speed discontinuities: a rarefaction shock, a compression shock, and a contact surface. Entropy jumps and upstream supersonic Mach number conditions are verified for both shock waves. The conceptual van der Waals model is applied to the fluid perfluoro-tripentylamine (FC-70, C15F33N) analytically, and verified with computational simulations. The analysis predicts a small region of initial states that may be used to unequivocally demonstrate the existence of a single-phase vapour rarefaction shock wave. Simulation results in the form of representative sets of thermodynamic state data (pressure, density, Mach number, and fundamental derivative of gas dynamics) are presented.
Cucurbit[7]uril: A Very Effective Host for Viologens and Their Cation Radicals

The host cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) forms very stable inclusion complexes with simple 4,4‘-bipyridinium (viologen) dication guests in aqueous solution. The binding constants were measured by electronic absorption spectroscopy and found to be as high as 1 × 105 L/mol. One-electron reduction of the viologen guest results in a modest 2-fold decrease of the binding constant. The rate of the heterogeneous electron-transfer reaction between the complexed viologen dication and cation radical remained fast in the voltammetric time scale.
Treatment Options for Primary Constipation.

Patients suffering from primary constipation often show symptom improvement with increased intake of fiber. Bulk laxatives are a core component of treatment if dietary fiber is unsuccessful in alleviating symptoms. Although there are a number of commercial laxative preparations available, only polyethylene glycol (PEG), an osmotic laxative, should be used on a daily basis. For the elderly, saline laxatives may be used on a regular basis, provided there are no cardiac or renal comorbid contraindications. Tegaserod, a 5-HT4 partial receptor agonist, is approved for the treatment of constipation in female patients. The appropriate role of biofeedback remains to be determined. Surgery should be reserved for patients with slow transit constipation refractory to medical therapy. Patients being considered for surgery should be evaluated at institutions with substantial expertise in the investigation and management of this population.
Elements of pollution prevention success: Coupling management structure with alternative technologies

Successful pollution prevention requires a corporate management structure that manages both internal and external environmental activities. Internal activities, such as production unit optimization and product changes, require an organization-wide commitment. Meanwhile, external supply chain issues that should be managed include working with vendors to reduce toxicity of chemical processes help to discover solutions outside the firm. Lightolier, in Fall River, Massachusetts, has a corporate management structure that allows the company to achieve excellent environmental performance through pollution prevention while improving their economic performance as well.
Changes in the surface charge properties of isolated cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles measured by light scattering. II. Characteristics of rabbit preparations.

Numerous studies suggest that cation-sarcolemmal interactions play an essential role in the excitation/contraction/relaxation cycles of cardiac muscle cells. To help elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes the cation binding characteristics of isolated rabbit cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles were investigated. Cation-membrane interactions were studied by examining the cation-induced aggregation properties of the vesicles. The results obtained were qualitatively very similar to those previously reported for rat and canine cardiac sarcolemmal vesicle preparations (Leonards, K.S. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 938, 293-309), indicating that all three species have a shared set of basic membrane characteristics. Specifically the results indicate that cations, such as Ca2+, bind to the sarcolemmal surface, and suggest that two (or more) interacting sites are involved in the process. The selectivity series for the cation-induced aggregation of the sarcolemmal vesicles was: La3+ greater than or equal to Cd2+ much greater than Mn2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Ba2+ = Sr2+ = Mg2+. Protons (H+) could also induce massive vesicle aggregation at pH 5.60-5.75. However, the results obtained also show that the interactions of cations with the rabbit cardiac sarcolemmal membrane surface are quantitatively distinct from those obtained in either rat or canine sarcolemmal vesicle preparations, thereby confirming the species specific nature of cation-sarcolemmal interactions in cardiac cells.
Grouping by proximity: Selective attention measures

The role of element proximity in perceptual grouping was examined in tasks requiring speeded discrimination of two-element visual patterns. Grouping of two elements was defined as the failure of attention to be focused on one element selectively in filtering tasks where only that one element was relevant to the discrimination. Failure of selective attention was measured by the degree of interference caused by variation of the irrelevant element. Grouping was shown to diminish monotonically as the spacing between two elements was increased. At a given spacing, grouping could be reduced or eliminated by the introduction of a third element into the stimulus field, presumably because the addition of this element triggered a reorganization of the perceptual field into a new grouping structure. Grouping appeared to facilitate performance on condensation tasks requiring distributed attention, to the degree that the condensation tasks were actually easier than the filtering tasks at close proximities. Paradoxically, for some tasks, moving an irrelevant element away from a relevant one actually impaired performance, suggesting that paying attention to irrelevant information could be beneficial. This result, if generalizable, suggests that grouping be conceptualized not as an automatic process under preattentive control but as an optional process under strategic control.
Trennungsstrategien in der organischen Synthese: von der Planung zur Praxis

Ein lastiges Thema! Die Trennung. Die am Ende einer jeden Reaktion in aller Regel erforderliche Trennung ist eine bei Synthesechemikern hochst ungeliebte, als technische Angelegenheit abklassifizierte Prozedur. Aber die Notwendigkeit, schnell und preiswert reine Produkte herzustellen, macht es erforderlich, neue Trenn- und Reinigungstechniken einzufuhren. Erstaunlicherweise sind die modernen Konzepte und Methoden zur Kombination von Synthese und Trennung in Aufarbeitungstechniken verwurzelt, die so alt sind wie die Synthese selbst.
Acute O 3 damage on first year coppice sprouts of aspen and maple sprouts in an open-air experiment.

We studied the effect of high ozone (O3) concentration (110–490 nmol mol−1) on regenerating aspen (Populus tremuloides) and maple (Acer saccharum) trees at an open-air O3 pollution experiment near Rhinelander WI USA. This study is the first of its kind to examine the effects of acute O3 exposure on aspen and maple sprouts after the parent trees, which were grown under elevated O3 and/or CO2 for 12 years, were harvested. Acute O3 damage was not uniform within the crowns of aspen suckers; it was most severe in the mature, fully expanded photosynthesizing leaves. Young expanding leaves showed no visible signs of acute O3 damage contrary to expectations. Stomatal conductance played a primary role in the severity of acute O3 damage as it directly controlled O3 uptake. Maple sprouts, which had lower stomatal conductance, smaller stomatal aperture, higher stomatal density and larger leaf surface area, were tolerant of acute O3 exposure. Moreover, elevated CO2 did not ameliorate the adverse effects of acute O3 dose on aspen and maple sprouts, in contrast to its ability to counteract the effects of long-term chronic exposure to lower O3 levels.
Recognizing three-dimensional objects by comparing two-dimensional images

In this paper we address the problem of recognizing an object from a novel viewpoint, given a single "model" view of that object. As is common in model-based recognition, objects and images are represented as sets of feature points. We present an efficient algorithm for determining whether two sets of image points (in the plane) could be projections of a common object (a three-dimensional point set). The method relies on the fact that two sets of points in the plane are orthographic projections of the same three-dimensional point set exactly when they have a common projection onto a line. This is a form of the well-known epipolar constraint used in stereopsis. Our algorithm can be used to recognize an object by comparing a stored two-dimensional view of the object against an unknown view, without requiring the correspondence between points in the views to be known a priori. We provide some examples illustrating the approach.
Gas-phase reactions of alcohols with hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) under atmospheric pressure chemical ionization conditions

RATIONALE Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) is a sensitive peroxide explosive first synthesized in 1885. HMTD exhibits an unusual gas-phase phenomenon in the presence of alcohols that has been previously observed, but incorrectly resolved. We are attempting to determine this specific mechanism. METHODS We used positive ion mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) as the interface to the mass spectrometer. HMTD was infused with various solvents including 18O- and 2H-labeled methanol in order to determine gas-phase reaction mechanisms. RESULTS Based on these labeled experiments, it was determined that, under APCI conditions, the alcohol oxygen attacks a methylene carbon of HMTD and releases H2O2. This was attempted with nine different alcohols and, in each case, the alcohol is fully incorporated into the molecule with the peroxide release. A mechanism for this reaction has been proposed. CONCLUSIONS This work appears to have confirmed the gas-phase reaction mechanism of HMTD with alcohols. As we continue efforts to characterize this unusual molecule, the information may prove useful in determining formation and degradation mechanism(s). In addition, this property of HMTD may find use in other fields of science. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GENERALIZED LAW OF THE WALL AND EDDY VISCOSITY MODEL FOR WALL BOUNDARY LAYERS

Based on the logarithmic velocity distribution at distances not so far from the wall, and a turbulent shear variation proportional to the cubic power of the wall distance in the immediate proximity of the wall, an analytical model for an eddy viscosity through the wall region is derived leading to a closed-form expression for the velocity distribution. An extension of the preceding analysis to include shear variation results in a generalized law of the wall which admits a Reynolds number effect on the velocity distribution. While many applications of the generalized solution are envisaged, as an example the velocity distribution for the case of injection or suction is considered. The theoretical results are shown to be in agreement with available experimental data. Nomenclature u — mean flow velocity (streamwise component) UT = friction velocity (local) UT = [r(y)/p]1/2 u* = wall friction velocity w* = (UT)W = [r(0)/p]1/2 u + = dimensionless mean flow velocity u + — u/u* u' = dummy variable for u + UT* — dimensionless friction velocity UT+ = ur/u* U = defined by Eq. (18) U' = dummy variable for U e = eddy viscosity e+ = dimensionless eddy viscosity e/v y = normal coordinate y+ = dimensionless normal coordinate y+ = yu*/v vw+ = dimensionless injection velocity vw+ = vw/u*
Endoscopic orbital decompression

Endoscopic orbital decompression allows for improved visualization of key anatomical landmarks, lower complication rate, and avoidance of external facial incisions when compared with open approaches. The most common indications for endoscopic orbital decompression are related to the symptoms of Graves orbitopathy. This technique may also be used to access orbital tumors located medial to the optic nerve, as part of anterior skull base tumor resection when tumor extends over the superomedial orbit, or in the treatment of orbital hematoma and subperiosteal abscesses. This article reviews pertinent surgical anatomy and describes the authors׳ preferred technique for orbital decompression including technical pearls that have improved our outcomes and efficiency. Although image guidance is a useful adjunct for these procedures, these operations represent advanced endoscopic techniques and should be performed by experienced endoscopic sinonasal surgeons.
Ruin Probabilities for Insurance Models Involving Investments

In this paper we study the ruin problem for insurance models that involve investments. Our risk reserve process is an extension of the classical Cramer-Lundberg model, which will contain stochastic interest rates, reserve-dependent expense loading, diffusion perturbed models, and many others as special cases. By introducing a new type of exponential martingale parametrized by a general rate function, we put various Cramer-Lundberg type estimations into a unified framework. We show by examples that many existing Lundberg-type bounds for ruin probabilities can be recovered by appropriately choosing the rate functions.
Analysis and microelectronic design of tubular electrode arrays intended for chronic, multiple single-unit recording from captured nerve fibres.

The paper discusses proposals for recording multiple single-unit potentials from nerve fibres that become captured in an array of tube electrodes. Capturing may be through regeneration of cut fibres or by placement of dissected filaments into grooves which are then covered. The factors contributing to signal-to-noise ratios obtainable with this type of electrode are discussed. The design, construction and bench-test results are given for an electrode array in which thin-film microelectronic techniques are used to build a densely packed, flexible, 3-dimensional electrode array consisting of a bundle of plastic tubes with flat metal contacts at midtube.
Strategies for Therapeutic Repair: The “R3” Regenerative Medicine Paradigm

Beyond the palliative reach of today, medical therapies of tomorrow aim to treat the root cause of chronic degenerative diseases. Therapeutic repair encompasses the converging triad of rejuvenation, regeneration or replacement strategies that rely on self-healing processes, stem cell regeneration, and/or organ transplantation. Natural healing or rejuvenation exemplify inherent, baseline repair secured by tissue self-renewal and de novo cell biogenesis, particularly effective in organs with a high endogenous reparative capacity. Transplant medicine exploits the replacement strategy as a valuable option to recycle used parts and restore failing organ function by means of exogenous substitutes—it is, however, limited by donor shortage. Stem cell-based regeneration offers the next frontier of medical therapy through delivery of essentially unlimited pools of autologous or allogeneic, naive or modified, progenitor cells to achieve structural and functional repair. Translation into clinical applications requires the establishment of a regenerative medicine community of practice capable to bridge discovery with personalized treatment solutions. Indeed, this multidisciplinary specialized workforce will be capable to integrate the new science of embryology, immunology, and stem cell biology into bioinformatics and network medicine platforms, ensuring implementation of therapeutic repair strategies into individualized disease management algorithms.
Anorexia nervosa, emotional go/no‐go, and the distinct effect of testosterone

Objective Behavioral disinhibition in the context of negative emotion (e.g., disgust, fear, etc.) may promote the core psychopathology of anorexia nervosa (AN). Affective models of AN position a number of clinical behaviors as functioning to reduce negative affect. Gonadal hormone dysregulation, in particular testosterone, likely plays some role in this process. Method Adolescent and young adult AN (n = 32) and healthy control (HC; n = 20) participants completed an emotional go/no-go task—a valenced measure of behavioral disinhibition—and had blood drawn to assess gonadal steroid hormone concentrations. Results Analyses indicated that patients with AN committed significantly more commission errors, which measures the tendency to respond to nontarget stimuli. This effect was qualified by the valence of the stimulus; the higher relative level of error was true for disgust and happy stimuli, but not neutral stimuli. Hormone analyses revealed a testosterone by group interaction. Testosterone was associated with decreased commission errors for patients with AN, but had no discernible relationship with task outcome for HCs. These effects were not confounded by weight, pubertal status, or self-reported anxiety or depression. Discussion These findings suggest patients with AN have difficulty inhibiting behavior in the context of emotional stimuli, and that this disinhibition is negatively related to levels of circulating androgens. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:69–76).
Well, Maybe...: Taking Context Seriously in Analyzing Local Economic Development

Reese and Rosenfeld’s challenge to the myths about local economic development raises important questions about theory development and notions of causality implicit in current empirical work. In addition to the authors’ advocacy of more utilization of combined research approaches, case studies, and cultural analyses, the author argues for embracing concepts of contingent causality, employing counterfactuals and pattern-matching methods, and developing more systematic and rigorous contextual methodologies.
Conversion of a gene-specific repressor to a regional silencer

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, gene silencing at the HMR and HML loci is normally dependent on Sir2p, Sir3p, and Sir4p, which are structural components of silenced chromatin. Sir2p is a NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase required for silencing. Silencing can be restored in cells lacking Sir proteins by a dominant mutation in SUM1, which normally acts as a mitotic repressor of meiotic genes. This study found that mutant Sum1-1p, but not wild-type Sum1p, associated directly with HM loci. The origin recognition complex (ORC) was required for Sum1-1p-mediated silencing, and mutations in ORC genes reduced association of Sum1-1p with the HM loci. Sum1-1p-mediated silencing also depended on HST1, a paralog of SIR2. Both Sum1-1p and wild-type Sum1p interacted with Hst1p in coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Therefore, the SUM1-1 mutation did not change the affinity of Sum1p for Hst1p, but rather relocalized Sum1p to the HM loci. Sum1-1–Hst1p action led to hypoacetylation of the nucleosomes at HM loci. Thus, Sum1-1p and Hst1p could substitute for Sir proteins to achieve silencing through formation of a compositionally distinct type of heterochromatin.
Measuring the antihydrogen Lamb shift with a relativistic antihydrogen beam

We propose an experiment to measure the Lamb shift and fine structure (the intervals 2s{sub 1/2}{minus}2p{sub 1/2} and 2p{sub 1/2}{minus}2p{sub 3/2}) in antihydrogen. A sample of 10000 antihydrogen atoms at a momentum of 8.85GeV/c suffices to measure the Lamb shift to 5{percent} and the fine structure to 1{percent}. Atomic collisions excite antihydrogen atoms to states with n=2; field ionization in a Lorentz-transformed laboratory magnetic field then prepares a particular n=2 state, and is used again to analyze that state after it is allowed to oscillate in a region of zero field. This experiment is feasible at Fermilab. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Distributed fault-tolerant routing on hypercubes algorithms and performance study

Increasing use of hypercube systems in reliability-critical applications has made fault-tolerant communication algorithms for hypercube important. This paper describes four fault-tolerant routing algorithms for hypercubes subject to link failures, namely any/sub -/nd, sidewalk, lookahead and lookside. The principle of sidewalk and lookahead are similar to two existing approaches. Lookside is an improved version of either of them. Sidewalk, lookahead and lookside guarantee successful routing in a d-cube if the number of link failures is less than d. For higher degree of link failures, the authors measure their performance by probability of successful routing and expected routing distance using two fault distribution models, probability fault model and random fault model. Lookside demonstrates better properties than sidewalk and lookahead in that it has the highest successful routing rate with reasonable routing distance. >
Mathematical modeling of subgenomic hepatitis C virus replication in Huh-7 cells

Cell-based hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon systems have provided a means for understanding HCV replication mechanisms and for testing new antiviral agents. We describe here a mathematical model of HCV replication that assumes that the translation of the HCV polyprotein occurs in the cytoplasm, that HCV RNA synthesis occurs in vesicular-membrane structures, and that the strategy of replication involves a double-stranded RNA intermediate. Our results shed light on the intracellular dynamics of subgenomic HCV RNA replication from transfection to steady state within Huh-7 cells. We predict the following: (i) about 6 x 10(3) ribosomes are involved in generating millions of HCV NS5B-polymerase molecules in a Huh-7 cell, (ii) the observed 10:1 asymmetry of plus- to minus-strand RNA levels can be explained by a higher-affinity (200-fold) interaction of HCV NS5B polymerase-containing replication complexes with HCV minus-strand RNA over HCV plus-strand RNA in order to initiate synthesis, (iii) the latter higher affinity can also account for the observed approximately 6:1 plus-strand/minus-strand ratio in vesicular-membrane structures, and (iv) the introduction of higher numbers of HCV plus-strand RNA by transfection leads to faster attainment of steady-state but does not change the steady-state HCV RNA level. Fully permissive HCV replication systems have been developed, and the model presented here is a first step toward building a comprehensive model for complete HCV replication. Moreover, the model can serve as an important tool in understanding HCV replication mechanisms and should prove useful in designing and evaluating new antivirals against HCV.
Calcium modulates the rapid kinetics of the odorant-induced cyclic AMP signal in rat olfactory cilia

Although the cAMP and phosphoinositide (PI) second messenger systems are involved in olfactory signal transduction, aspects of their roles remain unclear. We have further examined the rapid kinetics of cAMP fluctuations in response to odorants in rat olfactory cilia isolated by calcium shock. Odorants cause a rapid and transient subsecond elevation of cAMP levels, as well as a more sustained signal lasting 5–10 sec. Basal cAMP levels demonstrate a biphasic calcium dependence; calcium enhanced both adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities. The odorant-induced cAMP response also demonstrated a biphasic dependence on calcium, with peak activity at 10 microM free calcium. All odorants tested were found to stimulate cAMP accumulation, and the dose-response curves were multiphasic, with less stimulation seen at higher concentrations. Dose-response curves performed for isovaleric acid at two free calcium concentrations demonstrated that calcium can influence cellular responsiveness to odorants and may be involved with signal potentiation as well as desensitization.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum APH_1387 Is Expressed throughout Bacterial Intracellular Development and Localizes to the Pathogen-Occupied Vacuolar Membrane

Obligate vacuolar pathogens produce proteins that localize to the host cell-derived membranes of the vacuoles in which they reside, yielding unique organelles that are optimally suited for pathogen survival. Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate vacuolar bacterium that infects neutrophils and causes the emerging and potentially fatal disease human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Here we identified APH_1387 as the first A. phagocytophilum-derived protein that associates with the A. phagocytophilum-occupied vacuolar membrane (AVM). APH_1387, also referred to as P100, is a 61.4-kDa acidic protein that migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 115 kDa on SDS-PAGE gels. It carries 3 tandem direct repeats that comprise 58% of the protein. Each APH_1387 repeat carries a bilobed hydrophobic alpha-helix domain, which is a structural characteristic that is consistent with the structure of chlamydia-derived proteins that traverse inclusion membranes. APH_1387 is not detectable on the surfaces of A. phagocytophilum dense core organisms bound at the HL-60 cell surface, but abundant APH_1387 is detected on the surfaces of intravacuolar reticulate cell and dense core organisms. APH_1387 accumulates on the AVM throughout infection. It associates with the AVM in human HL-60, THP-1, and HMEC-1 cells and tick ISE6 cells. APH_1387 is expressed and localizes to the AVM in neutrophils recovered from A. phagocytophilum-infected mice. This paper presents the first direct evidence that A. phagocytophilum actively modifies its host cell-derived vacuole.
Scalable, Solution Phase Synthesis of the Trans‐1 Bisanthracene Adduct of [60]Fullerene

Abstract A new, scalable, one‐pot solution phase synthesis of the D2 h symmetric trans‐1 bisanthracene adduct of [60]fullerene is described. The highly regioselective reaction utilizes commercially available 9,10‐dihydroanthracene, 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) and [60]fullerene and exhibits an unusual temperature dependence.
Brightness Variations of the Solar Corona

BAUMBACH1 derived in 1937 the electron densities in the solar corona from a compilation of many measurements of its surface brightness. His values for Ne have proved useful in many investigations of the physical state of the corona and the radio waves emitted by it. However, for two reasons, they are not entirely accurate. First, it has now become clear2 that only part of the surface brightness arises from electron scattering (K-component). In the outer corona the other part (F-component) is stronger. It has circular symmetry and may be ascribed to diffraction by interplanetary dust. Secondly, the brightness and shape of the corona change with the 11-year cycle of solar activity. These changes, which are partially masked by the superposition of the constant F-component, have been neglected in Baumbach‘s work.
OXYGEN MASS TRANSFER EFFECTS ON THE DEGRADATION OF VITAMIN C IN FOODS

In the aerobic oxidation of nutrients such as vitamin C, the rate of oxygen mass transfer and the chemical reaction rate interact to determine the actual degradation rate. A mass transfer analysis has been employed to provide an explanation for a set of apparently anomalous experimental measurements of vitamin C degradation in an intermediate moisture food. This analysis also illustrates the importance of mass transfer effects in the measurement or prediction of aerobic degradation rates.
QTL mapping and phenotypic variation for root architectural traits in maize (Zea mays L.)

QTL were identified for root architectural traits in maize. Root architectural traits, including the number, length, orientation, and branching of the principal root classes, influence plant function by determining the spatial and temporal domains of soil exploration. To characterize phenotypic patterns and their genetic control, three recombinant inbred populations of maize were grown for 28 days in solid media in a greenhouse and evaluated for 21 root architectural traits, including length, number, diameter, and branching of seminal, primary and nodal roots, dry weight of embryonic and nodal systems, and diameter of the nodal root system. Significant phenotypic variation was observed for all traits. Strong correlations were observed among traits in the same root class, particularly for the length of the main root axis and the length of lateral roots. In a principal component analysis, relationships among traits differed slightly for the three families, though vectors grouped together for traits within a given root class, indicating opportunities for more efficient phenotyping. Allometric analysis showed that trajectories of growth for specific traits differ in the three populations. In total, 15 quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified. QTL are reported for length in multiple root classes, diameter and number of seminal roots, and dry weight of the embryonic and nodal root systems. Phenotypic variation explained by individual QTL ranged from 0.44 % (number of seminal roots, NyH population) to 13.5 % (shoot dry weight, OhW population). Identification of QTL for root architectural traits may be useful for developing genotypes that are better suited to specific soil environments.
Understanding Two Remarkable Findings about Stock Yields and Growth

Two regularities regarding stock prices and expected inflation have received less attention than they deserve. First, earnings and dividend yields move with long-term expected inflation and risk-free rates. Second, analysts’ forecasts of nominal growth, not real growth, vary little with expected inflation. These patterns are remarkable because financial economists predict exactly the opposite. One explanation for these contrary findings is that stock prices are too high (low) when inflation is low (high), because investors confuse nominal and real growth rates. The authors assert that investors are unlikely to be so systematically naive about expected inflation and argue that the contrary evidence is, in fact, consistent with a rational market. The key insight offered by the authors is that reported earnings include inflationary holding gains, which causes higher earnings yields when inflation is high (the first regularity) and, in turn, explains why forecasts of nominal growth need not vary with inflation (the second regularity).
Mid-Season Typhoon Development and Intensity Changes and the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough

Abstract A mid-season test of a synoptic model for typhoon development (Sadler, 1976a) was conducted for July 1972 during an outbreak of four simultaneous typhoons. In agreement with the model, the rapid deepening phase of typhoons Rita, Phyllis and Tess was associated with multi-directional outflow channels to the large-scale flows of the upper troposphere. The depressions were positioned beneath the subequatorial ridge with normal outflow to the south into the equatorial easterlies. Vigorous outflow to the north was initiated by the proper positioning, through relative motion, of intense cells in the tropical upper tropospheric trough. Each storm, filled to minimal typhoon strength when either of these efficient outflow channels was denied to it. Susan was a study in contrasts. She spent most of her lifetime under large-scale unidirectional northeast flow aloft and attained doubtful minimal typhoon intensity for a few hours. The upper flow became favorable for intensification just prior to landfall.
Paget's Disease of the Skull and Facial Bones

Hyperostosis of the facial bones caused by Paget's disease is rare and usually occurs after fifty years of age. When hyperostosis of this type is termed leontiasis ossea there is confusion as to the etiology. It is my belief that rather than using the term leontiasis ossea, a definite disease should be identified with the facial hyperostosis. The only reliable method of determining the etiology is biopsy and microscopic identification. Paget's disease of the facial bones has usually been treated symptomatically for the relief of pressure on vital structures. Since Paget's disease in other sites has responded to treatment, especially with combinations of estrogen and androgen and with corticosteroids, I believe hormone therapy of this type should at least be tried in an effort to relieve symptoms and to stop the seemingly uncontrollable bone growth.
Osteoporosis and Mechanisms of Skeletal Aging

Osteoporosis is a generalized skeletal disorder in which decreases in bone mass and bone quality lead to increased bone fragility and contribute to risk of fracture. It can affect people at any age, but its prevalence and clinical consequences increase exponentially with age. Fractures are particularly detrimental in the elderly population because they may lead to decreased quality of life, loss of independent living, a decline in health status, and death. Skeletal aging has been a subject of extensive research, with gradual uncovering of mechanisms mediating the loss of bone strength. Among these are bone matrix alterations, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, age-related changes in bone metabolism and stem cells, declines in osteotrophic hormones, and changes in inflammatory and stress processes. Clinical and epidemiologic studies have also contributed to our understanding of fracture pathophysiology by identifying the risk factors for fractures and their interactions with aging. In addition, management of osteoporosis in the elderly has advanced through the development of an array of therapeutic agents with documented anti-fracture efficacy. Finally, it has become increasingly clear that the most effective approach to fracture prevention includes not just use of pharmacologic agents but addressing the whole patient through appropriate diet, activity, and overall health optimization. A growing understanding of the biological processes of aging and cross-talk between different tissues and organ system offers new approaches to prevent and treat osteoporosis. It is likely that the future of geriatric care will be transformed through a better integration of clinical observations and basic science discoveries.
Wave Group Modulations in Cross-shore Breaking Patterns

The principal aim of this work is to quantify the long period (group) time scales associated with incident wave breaking in the surf zone. A video based sampling technique is employed to distinguish those waves which are breaking from those which are not. The technique relies on the gray tone contrast between higher luminance of turbulent generated bubbles and foam associated with wave breaking, and the darker, unbroken surrounding water. Video image intensity time series, I(x,y,t), are sampled across the width of the surf zone at 10 m increments, from just outside the shore break to the far offshore region of the wave breaking. Outside the point of minimum depth (at the bar crest), the width of the surf zone fluctuates over several hundred meters. In this region, low frequency oscillations in /, phase coupled to the crest of breaking incident waves, are associated with wave groups. Crossshore phase relationships indicate a shoreward progressive group structure up to the crest of the bar. Landward of the bar crest in the trough, low frequencies in / are uncoupled from group modulations seaward of the bar. Video data also show that wave breaking does not cease immediately as waves propagate past the bar crest, but continues well into the deeper water of the trough.
Advances in office-based anesthesia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The practice of office-based anesthesia is quickly emerging as an important field for the anesthesia provider. The number of procedures being done in offices around the country has steadily increased, as has the invasiveness of these procedures. This creates new anesthetic considerations. To date most training programs have not addressed this area of practice. As practitioners enter the field, however, they should have information as to how to provide quality care in a location where very often they are completely alone. Many of the safety mechanisms we as anesthesia providers take for granted in a hospital setting are often not present in a surgical office, and it becomes our responsibility to help in establishing standards. RECENT FINDINGS: Some questions exist as to the 'safety' of many surgical offices in which anesthesia care is provided. Many medical professional societies have begun issuing recommendations as to the standards of care that should exist. Different anesthetic techniques are also emerging that are appropriate to the office setting. SUMMARY: As office-based anesthesia continues to mature as a specialty, we the anesthesia providers must be proactive in establishing guidelines and recommendations to make the practice safe. We should be informed of the rules and regulations that exist in our states, and we should provide a voice for the patients who put their faith in us.
Addressing the Sociocultural Determinants of African American Students’ Academic Achievement: The Four Themes of the American School Counselor Association’s National Model and the Role of School Counselors:

Social justice, ensuring that all students receive access to equitable educational resources and opportunities to succeed academically, is a guiding principle for school counselors. With this ideal...
Effect of diazoalkane-yielding compounds on strains of Escherichia coli resistant to 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine.

SummaryA series of analogues of 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidines (NG), differing in the alkyl substituent, was tested against 2 mutants of E. coli strain S, selected for successively increasing resistance to NG. In general, increasing resistance to NG was observed to be accompanied by increasing resistance to all the nitrosoguanidines. When N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-methyl-N-nitroso - p - toluenesulfonamide were tested against NG-resistant strains of E. coli, it was found that the first step resistant mutant was cross-resistant. However, the second step mutant, derived from the first, was more sensitive to both of these compounds than was the first step mutant. A first step mutant of E. coli strain S, selected for resistance to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, was resistant to NG. S-methyl-N-nitropseudothiourea did not inhibit E. coli strain S.
(N2)3- radical chemistry via trivalent lanthanide salt/alkali metal reduction of dinitrogen: new syntheses and examples of (N2)2- and (N2)3- complexes and density functional theory comparisons of closed shell Sc3+, Y3+, and Lu3+ versus 4f(9) Dy3+.

New syntheses of complexes containing the recently discovered (N2)3− radical trianion have been developed by examining variations on the LnA3/M reductive system that delivers “LnA2” reactivity when Ln = scandium, yttrium, or a lanthanide, M = an alkali metal, and A = N(SiMe3)2 and C5R5. The first examples of LnA3/M reduction of dinitrogen with aryloxide ligands (A = OC6R5) are reported: the combination of Dy(OAr)3 (OAr = OC6H3tBu2-2,6) with KC8 under dinitrogen was found to produce both (N2)2− and (N2)3− products, [(ArO)2Dy(THF)2]2(μ-η2:η2-N2), 1, and [(ArO)2Dy(THF)]2(μ-η2:η2-N2)[K(THF)6], 2a, respectively. The range of metals that form (N2)3− complexes with [N(SiMe3)2]− ancillary ligands has been expanded from Y to Lu, Er, and La. Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3/M reactions with M = Na as well as KC8 are reported. Reduction of the isolated (N2)2− complex {[(Me3Si)2N]2Y(THF)}2(μ-η2:η2-N2), 3, with KC8 forms the (N2)3− complex, {[(Me3Si)2N]2Y(THF)}2(μ-η2:η2-N2)[K(THF)6], 4a, in high yield. The reverse transformation, the c...
Energy levels of Bk 249 populated in the α decay of 99 253 Es and β − decay of 96 249 Cm

The level structure of $^{249}\mathrm{Bk}$ has been investigated by measuring the \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray spectra of an extremely pure $^{253}\mathrm{Es}$ sample obtained by milking this nuclide from $^{253}\mathrm{Cf}$ source material produced in the High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Additional information on the $^{249}\mathrm{Bk}$ levels was obtained from the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-decay study of $^{249}\mathrm{Cm}$, produced by neutron irradiation of $^{248}\mathrm{Cm}$. Using the results of the present study together with the data from previous $^{248}\mathrm{Cm}$($\ensuremath{\alpha},t$) and $^{248}\mathrm{Cm}$($^{3}\mathrm{He},d$) reactions, the following single-particle states have been identified in $^{249}\mathrm{Bk}$: 7/2${}^{+}$[633], 0.0 keV; 3/2${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$[521], 8.78 keV; 1/2${}^{+}$[400], 377.55 keV; 5/2${}^{+}$[642], 389.17 keV; 1/2${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$[530], 569.20 keV; 1/2${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$[521], 643.0 keV; 5/2${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$[523], 672.9 keV; and 9/2${}^{+}$[624], 1075.1 keV. Four vibrational bands were identified at 767.9, 932.2, 1150.7, and 1223.0 keV with tentative assignments of {7/2${}^{+}$ [633] $\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$}9/2${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, {7/2${}^{+}$ [633] $\ensuremath{\bigotimes} {0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$}7/2${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, {7/2${}^{+}$ [633] $\ensuremath{\bigotimes} {1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$}5/2${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and {7/2${}^{+}$ [633] $\ensuremath{\bigotimes} {0}^{+}$}7/2${}^{+}$, respectively. A band at 899.9 keV was observed in $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence measurements and given a tentative spin assignment of 3/2. It is possibly associated with a 2${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ phonon coupled to the ground state, with configuration {7/2${}^{+}$ [633] $\ensuremath{\bigotimes} {2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$}3/2${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. Three levels at 624.3, 703.5, and 769.1 keV were assigned spins of 5/2, 7/2, and 9/2, respectively. These could be the members of the 3/2${}^{+}$ [651] band, expected in this energy region.