cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positron emission tomography imaging in the cardiometabolic syndrome.

41-year-old man with the cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) participated in a research study evaluating the effects of modifying fatty acid delivery on myocardial metabolism in subjects with type II diabetes mellitus compared with lean controls. This patient satisfied the Third Report of the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) criteria for CMS, with a body mass index (BMI) of 46 kg/ m 2 ; abdominal obesity; blood pressure controlled with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy; a hemoglobin A 1c level of 6.2%, with a fasting blood glucose of 113 mg/dL on metformin therapy; and the following lipid panel: low-density lipoprotein, 98 mg/dL; high-density lipoprotein, 72 mg/dL; and triglycerides, 107 mg/dL on 3-hydroxy3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor therapy. The subject had no overt cardiovascular disease based on symptoms and screening exercise stress echocardiography. The healthy control was a 28-year-old man without the CMS and with a BMI of 25 kg/m 2 and normal blood pressure and lipid profile without pharmacologic intervention.
The importance of responding to negative affect in psychotherapies.

will diminish, lose toxicity; you can verbalize them, understand them, integrate them, gain control over them, even use them to understand and change your life situation (4). Meeting strong negative affect with empathy and without retreat is an active intervention crucial to treating the grief of complicated bereavement (5), the anxiety that habituation requires in exposure (6), the anger of the patient with borderline personality (7, 8) or bipolar disorder, and the acute anxiety in panic disorder. Sharing negative affect with a patient in effect demonstrates empathy. Conversely, to change the subject when emotion becomes uncomfortably intense tacitly conveys that the patient’s feelings are in fact dangerous and best avoided.
Properties of batch means from stationary ARMA time series

The batch-means process arising from an arbitary autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) process time series is derived. As side results, the variance and correlation structures of the batch-means process as functions of the batch size and parameters of the original process are obtained. Except for the first-order ARMA process, for which a closed-form expression is obtained, the parameters of the batch-means process are determined numerically.
Distributed location detection in wireless sensor networks

A distributed location detection problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with M anchors and one node is considered in this paper. In the presence of the transmitting node at a known location, each anchor receives a noisy signal in the presence of node. In the absence of the node, the anchors receive only noise. Each anchor makes a decision as to whether the node is present or not by using a Neyman-Pearson detector. The bit denoting the decision is transmitted to a fusion center (FC). If an anchor detects the node, a bit “1” will be sent; otherwise, a bit “0” will be sent. The FC will count the number of “1”s and “0”s, and declares the node present if it receives at least K “1”s from the anchors, where K ≤ M is a design parameter. We also consider the case of detecting a node in a known region, and detecting one node of interest with multiple interfering nodes. In comparison to the centralized location detection scheme, the distributed scheme benefits from both time and energy efficiency. Simulation results show that the choice of K depends on the requirement of the overall probability of false alarm.
A Specialized Column Generation Approach for a Vehicle Routing Problem with Demand Allocation

Motivated by logistical operations for a food bank, this paper addresses a class of vehicle routing problems with demand allocation considerations over a network of partner agencies locations and candidate delivery sites. Any delivery tour starts at a central depot operated by the food bank and selected delivery sites are sequentially visited in order to supply goods to a set of partner agencies who travel from their respective locations to their assigned delivery sites. The problem is modelled as a mixed-integer programme with the objective of minimizing a weighted average of the distances travelled by delivery vehicles and partner agencies, and is tackled via two heuristics. First, a relax-and-fix heuristic is presented for the proposed model and is computationally enhanced using two symmetry-defeating strategies. Second, the problem is reformulated as a set partitioning model with side packing constraints that prompts a specialized column generation approach. Computational experience is provided using realistic data instances to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed heuristics and the importance of integrated solution techniques for this class of problems.
On Building a Science of Common Factors in Trauma Therapy

Research on therapy outcome routinely finds that common factors (e.g., warmth, genuineness, trustworthiness) account for more variance than does therapy technique. This article makes the case for more attention to training in positive common factor variables within graduate schools and internships and for research on the effectiveness of such training. Recommendations are given for a change in focus in research and training, including more discussion of taboo topics in trauma therapy; attention to therapist behaviors that enhance the experience of warmth or trustworthiness; and research on client characteristics that impede the experience of being in the presence of a warm, genuine, and trustworthy other.
Liquid holdup measurement techniques in laboratory high pressure trickle Bed Reactors

Three different techniques, which are tracer, drainage and weighing methods, are used to measure liquid holdup in a laboratory trickle-bed reactor operated under high pressure. The holdup measurements are compared to determine the applicability of these methods at high pressure operation. It was found that tracer and drainage techniques give comparable values for the total liquid holdup. Although several investigators recommended the weighing method over the others based on their experiments performed at atmospheric conditions, it was found that the weighing method failed to measure liquid holdup properly at high pressure operation. On a eu recours a trois techniques differentes - tracage, drainage et pesage - pour mesurer la retention liquide dans un reacteur a lit ruisselant de laboratoire fonctionnant a pression elevee. Les mesures de retention ont ete comparees afin de determiner l'applicabilite de ces methodes pour un fonctionnement a pression elevee. On a trouve que les techniques de tracage et de drainage donnaient des valeurs comparables pour la retention liquide totale. Bien que plusieurs chercheurs recommandent plutot la methode de pesage d'apres leurs experiences realisees a des conditions atmospheriques, on a trouve que la methode de pesage ne mesurait pas convenablement la retention liquide a une pression elevee.
Long—Term Psychodynamic Group Therapy for Patients with Personality Disorders

(2006). Long–Term Psychodynamic Group Therapy for Patients with Personality Disorders. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 245-250.
Determination of density gradients in isodensity equilibrium ultracentrifugation

Abstract Formulas are developed to convert conventional activity coefficients of a binary solution to a density scale of concentration. These enable precise calculation of the effect of activity coefficient variation with concentration on the density gradient at equilibrium in an ultracentrifuge. Results are given for CsCl at 25 °C. One value is verified from the displacement of a density marker in simultaneous experiments at slightly different initial density.
Distant-proton electron-nuclear double resonance in dilute paramagnetic systems—Case of metmyoglobin

1H electron-nuclear double-resonance signals at the free-proton frequency were successfully observed from metmyoglobin in dilute water solutions, an average Fe3+-Fe3+ distance being approximately 50 A. The ENDOR signals appear at different g values of Fe3+, and are much stronger with Fe3+ (S = 52) than with Fe3+ (S = 12). also observed were the hyperfine-shifted 14N-ENDOR signals from the same samples. The free-1H ENDOR can be detected by modulating the do magnetic field, but not the microwave power, at audio frequencies. However, the 14N ENDOR can be observed with either modulation technique. The decay time of this 1H ENDOR is in the range of 1 to 10 sec, and its signal polarity is, in general, opposite to that of the 14N ENDOR. The results are discussed in terms of the distant ENDOR mechanism proposed by Lambe et al.
Climate zones of the conterminous United States defined using cluster analysis

Abstract A regionalization of the conterminous United States is accomplished using hierarchical cluster analysis on temperature and precipitation data. The “best” combination of clustering method and data preprocessing strategy yields a set of candidate clustering levels, from which the 14-, 25-, and 8-duster solutions are chosen. Collectively, these are termed the “reference clusterings.” At the 14-cluster level, the bulk of the nation is partitioned into four principal climate zones: the Southeast, East Central, Northeastern Tier, and Interior West clusters. Many small clusters are concentrated in the Pacific Northwest. The 25-cluster solution can be used to identify the subzones within the 14 clusters. At that more detailed level, many of the areally more extensive clusters are partitioned into smaller, more internally cohesive subgroups. The “best” clustering approach is the one that minimizes the influences of three forms of bias-methodological, latent, and information-for the dataset at hand. Source...
Microwave Imaging of Mercury's Thermal Emission at Wavelengths from 0.3 to 20.5 cm

Abstract We present images of Mercury's thermal emission that were obtained with the BIMA millimeter interferometer at a wavelength of 0.3 cm and with the VLA (Very Large Array) at wavelengths from 1.3 to 20.5 cm. These images are analyzed with detailed thermophysical and radiative transfer models that are based in part on a lunar analogy. We constrain the thermophysical model with Mariner 10 infrared measurements of Mercury's night-side surface temperature and show that Mercury's regolith, like that of the Moon, consists of a thermally insulating surface layer, with a thickness of a few centimeters, atop a highly compacted region that extends to a depth of several meters. The radiative transfer model is constrained in part by linear polarization images that we obtained with the VLA at wavelengths from 2.0 to 20.5 cm. These images reveal wavelength-dependent scattering at the surface boundary and rms surface slopes that range from 15° at λ2.0 cm to 10° at λ6.2 cm. We develop a method for constraining the microwave opacity at each wavelength by modeling diurnal brightness variations over the resolved disk and find that Mercury's regolith is at least two to three times more transparent than the lunar maria and at least 40% more transparent than the lunar highlands. This difference is likely due to lower Fe and Ti abundances in Mercury's regolith, which is consistent with Mercury's high visual albedo and suggests that most of Mercury's surface is an extreme example of the lunar highlands.
Metabolism of 17β-Estradiol and Estrone by Human Proliferative Endometrium and Myometrium1

In vitro incubation of human endometrium and myometrium has demonstrated both tissues to transform 17β-estradiol to estrone. The capacity of endometrium is approximately 40 times that of myometrium. The reverse reaction is of a much lower magnitude, indicting the biotransformation is in favor of the formation of estrone. The capacity of endometrium appears sufficient to oxidize essentially all ovarian synthesized estradiol, normally reaching it via the blood stream. It is suggested that this capacity is of sufficient magnitude to necessitate consideration of the possible association of hormonal action with chemical change. (Endocrinology 81: 167, 1967)
Protonation in electrospray mass spectrometry: wrong-way-round or right-way-round?

The term “wrong-way-round ionization” has been used in studies of electrospray ionization to describe the observation of protonated or deprotonated ions when sampling strongly basic or acidic solutions (respectively) where such ions are not expected to exist in appreciable concentrations in solution. Study of the dependence of ionization of the weak base caffeine on the electrospray capillary potential reveals three distinct contributors to wrong-way-round ionization. At near-neutral pH in solutions of low ionic strength, protonation of caffeine results from the surface enrichment of electrolytically produced protons in the surface layer of the droplets from which ions are desorbed. For solutions made strongly basic with ammonia, gas-phase proton transfer from ammonium ions can create protonated caffeine. These two mechanisms have been discussed previously elsewhere. For solutions of high ionic strength at neutral or high pH, the data suggest that discharge-induced ionization is responsible for the production of protonated caffeine. This mechanism probably accounts for some of the wrong-way-round ionization reported elsewhere.
Synoptic description of the 6300 Å nightglow near 78° west longitude

Abstract A description of the diurnal and latitudinal variations in the 6300 A nightglow intensity, as determined during an expedition along the Pacific coast of South America, is presented. The 6300 A excitation pattern exhibits a symmetric region of enhanced intensity centered about the midnight meridian and 7.5°S latitude. A relationship between the location of the anti-solar point and the occurrence of equatorial midnight enhancements in the 6300 A intensity is suggested.
Heat flux from a diffusion flame leading edge to an adjacent surface

We examine the attachment of diffusion flames (DFs) near cold, chemically inert surfaces. A two-dimensional model based on the examination of the diffusion flame leading edge is constructed. Two matching procedures give separate models, the simplified model and the detailed model. A quench-distance formula is produced by the simplified model, which correlates the numerical results in terms of the reduced Damkohler number. The detailed model predicts quench distances in good agreement with numerical solutions for the stoichiometrics chosen herein. Heat fluxes to the cold adjacent surface from the flame tip are evaluated from the model. A formula is derived which predicts the flame heat flux to the surface beneath the flame leading edge. The final form of this formula contains a coefficient function of stoichiometry, which was derived by matching the theoretical and numerical predictions.
High-ozone events in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1983 and 1984

Measurements of ozone levels and meterological parameters were analyzed to determine the relative importance of transport-related processes and photochemical production in causing high-ozone events in and around the Atlanta metropolitan area. Back-trajectories calculated by the Branching Air Trajectory Model indicate that the air associated with high-ozone events had often traveled a significant distance within the previous 3 days: for days with ozone levels above 100 ppbv, half of the calculated trajectories showed that the air had traveled over 600 km, with half of those coming from the northwest quadrant. Six-hour vector-averaged winds were used to find that the concentrations of ozone in the air leaving the metropolitan area averaged 20-40 ppbv more than that entering the area.
Vitamin K deficiency is associated with incident knee osteoarthritis.

Abstract Background Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, with knee osteoarthritis being the leading cause of lower extremity disability among older adults in the US. There are no treatments available to prevent the structural pathology of osteoarthritis. Because of vitamin K's role in regulating skeletal mineralization, it has potential to be a preventative option for osteoarthritis. We therefore examined the relation of vitamin K to new-onset radiographic knee osteoarthritis and early osteoarthritis changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Subjects from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis (MOST) Study had knee radiographs and MRI scans obtained at baseline and 30 months later, and plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K) measured at baseline. We examined the relationship of subclinical vitamin K deficiency to incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis and MRI-based cartilage lesions and osteophytes, respectively, using log binomial regression with generalized estimating equations, adjusting for potential confounders. Results Among 1180 participants (62% women, mean age 62±8 years, mean body mass index 30.1±5.1 kg/m2), subclinical vitamin K deficiency was associated with incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis (risk ratio [RR] 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-2.25) and cartilage lesions (RR 2.39; 95% CI, 1.05-5.40) compared with no deficiency, but not with osteophytes (RR 2.35; 95% CI, 0.54-10.13). Subclinically vitamin K-deficient subjects were more likely to develop osteoarthritis in one or both knees than neither knee (RR 1.33; 95% CI, 1.01-1.75 and RR 2.12; 95% CI, 1.06-4.24, respectively). Conclusion In the first such longitudinal study, subclinical vitamin K deficiency was associated with increased risk of developing radiographic knee osteoarthritis and MRI-based cartilage lesions. Further study of vitamin K is warranted given its therapeutic/prophylactic potential for osteoarthritis.
Treatment of an elderly patient with hepatocellular carcinoma: counseling from the patient's point of view.

showed that older recipient age is associated with lowerposttransplant survival rates. These investigatorsdeveloped an older recipient prognostic score using 5factors: ventilator status, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis Cvirus, creatinine levels 1.6 mg/dL, and combinedrecipient and donor age 120 years. When the olderrecipient prognostic score was >2 points, the 5-yearsurvival rate was less than 50% (typically a barrierindicating a futile liver transplant). Lipshutz et al.
Hereditary symbiosis in the grass genus Danthonia

SUMMARY Hereditary symbiosis between the systemic, clavicipitaceous fungus Atkinsonella hypoxylon (Pk.) Diehl and five taxa of eastern North American Danthonia (Poaceae) was investigated by cultural and histological techniques. Many species of Danthonia, including D. alleni (or D. spicata var. alleni), D. compressa, D. epilis, D. sericea, and D. spicata produce both terminal panicles of wind-pollinated florets and obligately self-pollinated cleistogamous florets in the lower leaf axils, unlike most grasses. Terminal florets are aborted by infection while the basal florets produce viable, infected seeds (caryopses). The fungus grew out of surface-sterilized cleistogamous seeds and seedlings at high frequency in progenies from infected plants but not from uninfected plants. Infection of seeds from terminal panicles from apparently healthy plants was lacking in 11 of 13 population samples from all taxa and was infrequent in two other populations. Growth chamber tests indicated that germination rates of infected and uninfected seeds of D. epilis were similar. Microscopic observations of sections of seeds and seedlings revealed that the fungus occurred epiphytically on meristems, in leaf axils, and on leaf primordia. Because infected plants are partially fertile, the fungus may be repeatedly transmitted for many generations via self-fertilized cleistogamous seeds. The basal, and often subterranean, location of cleistogamous seeds may facilitate high infection frequencies in those Danthonia populations where cleistogamous seedling establishment predominates.
Evaluating measurement error in estimates of worker exposure assessed in parallel by personal and biological monitoring

Background While studies indicate that the attenuating effects of imperfectly measured exposure can be substantial, they have not had the requisite data to compare methods of assessing exposure for the same individuals monitored over common time periods. Methods We examined measurement error in multiple exposure measures collected in parallel on 32 groups of workers. Random-effects models were applied under both compound symmetric and exponential correlation structures. Estimates of the within- and between-worker variances were used to contrast the attenuation bias in an exposure-response relationship that would be expected using an individual-based exposure assessment for different exposure measures on the basis of the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results ICC estimates ranged widely, indicative of a great deal of measurement error in some exposure measures while others contained very little. There was generally less attenuation in the biomarker data as compared to measurements obtained by personal sampling and, among biomarkers, for those with longer half-lives. The interval ICC estimates were oftentimes wide, suggesting a fair amount of imprecision in the point estimates. Ignoring serial correlation tended to over estimate the ICC values. Conclusions Although personal sampling results were typically characterized by more intra-individual variability than inter-individual variability when compared to biological measurements, both types of data provided examples of exposure measures fraught with error. Our results also indicated substantial imprecision in the estimates of exposure measurement error, suggesting that greater emphasis needs to be given to studies that collect sufficient data to better characterize the attenuating effects of an error-prone exposure measure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:112–121, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Mainline Churches and Head Start in Mississippi: Religious Activism in the Sixties

Le head start constitue le coeur du programme de lutte contre la pauvrete de Lyndon Johnson aux Etats-Unis. Dans le Mississippi, l'Etat le plus pauvre, de nombreux jeunes etaient concernes par cette institution prescolaire. Au cours des annees 1960, les Eglises et denominations blanches s'engagent largement dans l'action publique a propos des problemes raciaux. Ces Eglises ont travaille en collaboration etroite avec les leaders noirs pour les droits civiques ainsi qu'avec les responsables politiques locaux et nationaux. Les Eglises ont soutenu le CDGM (Groupe de Developpement de l'Enfant du Mississippi) pour l'extension de la justice raciale
The United Nations and the Role of Law

Legal controversy within the United Nations has resulted from the confrontation of the Organization’s purposes with the specific rules set forth in the Charter for their implementation. Two sections of the Charter stand out as having produced yet unresolved legal tangles: One is the provision relating to the maintenance of international peace and security through effective collective action; the other is the group of provisions relating to self-determination and human rights. The Cold War and the attempts of the Great Powers to use the UN to attain or defend their policy objectives have shaped the attitude of Members toward the law and the role of law in the more clearly political activities of the UN. Consequently, politico-legal controversy has arisen with respect to the allocation of competences and powers between the General Assembly and the Security Council, the manner of operation of these two bodies, and the distribution of responsibility for “enforcement action” between the UN and regional organizations.
Mirror, Mask, and Shadow: Psychodynamic Aspects of Intergroup Relations

Using a psychodynamic perspective on intergroup relations, it is suggested that in-groups create enemy out-groups to avoid dealing with internally generated, emotionally laden issues—the group shadow—that exist within the in-group. In-groups develop an exaggerated view of themselves—the social mask—to sustain an illusion of harmony, homogeneity, and cohesiveness by which they can avert the group shadow. Using a specific consulting-client example, intergroup mirroring is discussed as a method by which in-groups can acknowledge ownership of their social masks and projected shadows. It is proposed that bringing both the group shadow and masking into consciousness fosters reparation within and between groups.
Family Life in 19th‐Century America – By James M. Volo and Dorothy Denneen Volo

In the latest volume in their series on family history, the authors demonstrate how the onset of the Market Revolution coupled with westward expansion and the burgeoning reformist spirit initiated ...
Control of adult stem cells in vivo by a dynamic physiological environment: diet‐dependent systemic factors in Drosophila and beyond

Adult stem cells are inextricably linked to whole-body physiology and nutrient availability through complex systemic signaling networks. A full understanding of how stem cells sense and respond to dietary fluctuations will require identifying key systemic mediators, as well as elucidating how they are regulated and integrated with local and intrinsic factors across multiple tissues. Studies focused on the Drosophila germline have generated valuable insights into how stem cells are controlled by diet-dependent pathways, and increasing evidence suggests that diverse adult stem cell populations respond to nutrients through similar mechanisms. Systemic signals, including nutrients themselves and diet-regulated hormones such as Insulin/Insulin-like growth factor or steroid hormones, can directly or indirectly affect stem cell behavior by modifying local cell-cell communication or intrinsic factors. The physiological regulation of stem cells in response to nutritional status not only is a fascinating biological problem, but also has clinical implications, as research in this field holds the key to noninvasive approaches for manipulating stem cells in vivo. In addition, given the known associations between diet, stem cells, and cancer risk, this research may inspire novel anticancer therapies.
Direct-Current Recall in Madagascar

In Madagascar, a mandolina is a popular stringed musical instrument in the shape of a portable radio-cassette player. Why go to great lengths to detail this physical image for an instrument that has none of its electronic/acoustic properties? A mandolina represents the ability to communicate with ancestral spirits, linking imported electronics to the spirit realm.
Should the annual pelvic examination go the way of annual cervical cytology

The value of pelvic examination for healthy asymptomatic women has been called into question given the lack of benefit for ovarian and endometrial cancer screening, the ability to screen for sexually transmitted infections without a pelvic examination, and the uncoupling of the procurement of contraception with a pelvic examination. Still, there are indications for performing pelvic examinations in symptomatic women and in some high risk women. How do we as clinicians apply current evidence and expert opinion to our medical practice? Our recommendation to consider a pelvic examination at 3-5-year intervals with cervical cancer screening to elicit gynecologic and sexual health concerns offers a compromise between continuation of unnecessary annual pelvic examinations and complete elimination of these examinations.
Pancreatic and Duodenal Injuries. Complex and Lethal

Pancreatic and duodenal injuries are uncommon, but not rare. Delays in diagnosis and repair can make surgical management a more complex and technically challenging task and increase morbidity and mortality. Because these injuries are uncommon, few surgeons and Trauma Centers develop adequate expertise in their management. Early diagnosis and surgical repair are the keys to improve survival (1, 2).
Delegation-Based Security Model for Web Services

Web service is the emerging standard that supports the seamless interoperation between different applications. While the interoperability, flexibility and automated composition are continuously enhanced, security is still the major hurdle. In recent years, lots of studies have been conducted in web service security and various security standards have been proposed. But most of these studies and standards focus on the access control policies for individual web services and do not consider the access issues in composed services. Consider a simplest service chain wherein a user x accesses service s1, and s2, in turn, accesses service s2- The current web service security framework assumes .s1 accesses s2 based on its own privilege; thus sensitive information may be incorrectly revealed to x. A better solution is that x delegates its privilege to service s1 for this access. However, problems such as how much privilege to delegate, how to confirm cross-domain delegation, how to delegate additional privilege when needed, etc. arise. The problem becomes more complex when workflow involves many layers of services. In this paper, we propose a delegation-based security model to address all these issues. It extends the basic security models and supports flexible delegation and evaluation-based access control.
Somatic mosaicism in Menkes disease suggests choroid plexus-mediated copper transport to the developing brain.

The primary mechanism of copper transport to the brain is unknown, although this process is drastically impaired in Menkes disease, an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in an evolutionarily conserved copper transporter, ATP7A. Potential central nervous system entry routes for copper include brain capillary endothelial cells that originate from mesodermal angioblasts and form the blood-brain barrier, and the choroid plexuses, which derive from embryonic ectoderm, and form the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. We exploited a rare (and first reported) example of somatic mosaicism for an ATP7A mutation to shed light on questions about copper transport into the developing brain. In a 20-month-old Menkes disease patient evaluated before copper treatment, blood copper and catecholamine concentrations were normal, whereas levels in cerebrospinal fluid were abnormal and consistent with his neurologically severe phenotype. We documented disparate levels of mosaicism for an ATP7A missense mutation, P1001L, in tissues derived from different embryonic origins; allele quantitation showed P1001L in approximately 27% and 88% of DNA samples from blood cells (mesoderm-derived) and cultured fibroblasts (ectoderm-derived), respectively. These findings imply that the P1001L mutation in the patient preceded formation of the three primary embryonic lineages at gastrulation, with the ectoderm layer ultimately harboring a higher percentage of mutation-bearing cells than mesoderm or endoderm. Since choroid plexus epithelia are derived from neuroectoderm, and brain capillary endothelial cells from mesodermal angioblasts, the clinical and biochemical findings in this infant support a critical role for the blood-CSF barrier (choroid plexus epithelia) in copper entry to the developing brain.
The leghemoglobin proximal heme pocket directs oxygen dissociation and stabilizes bound heme.

Sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) and soybean leghemoglobin (Lba) are two small, monomeric hemoglobins that share a common globin fold but differ widely in many other aspects. Lba has a much higher affinity for most ligands, and the two proteins use different distal and proximal heme pocket regulatory mechanisms to control ligand binding. Removal of the constraint provided by covalent attachment of the proximal histidine to the F-helices of these proteins decreases oxygen affinity in Lba and increases oxygen affinity in Mb, mainly because of changes in oxygen dissociation rate constants. Hence, Mb and Lba use covalent constraints in opposite ways to regulate ligand binding. Swapping the F-helices of the two proteins brings about similar effects, highlighting the importance of this helix in proximal heme pocket regulation of ligand binding. The F7 residue in Mb is capable of weaving a hydrogen-bonding network that holds the proximal histidine in a fixed orientation. On the contrary, the F7 residue in Lba lacks this property and allows the proximal histidine to assume a conformation favorable for higher ligand binding affinity. Geminate recombination studies indicate that heme iron reactivity on picosecond timescales is not the dominant cause for the effects observed in each mutation. Results also indicate that in Lba the proximal and distal pocket mutations probably influence ligand binding independently. These results are discussed in the context of current hypotheses for proximal heme pocket structure and function.
The Chi-shih-lu of Yü Pen: A Note on the Sources for the Founding of the Ming Dynasty

In a 1926 article Wada Sei criticized the chronology of early Ming history given in the Ming T'ai-tsu shih-lu and other official sources. His conclusions have won general acceptance. Wada based his revisions on the Chi-shih-lu of Yu Pen, a lost work surviving only in fragmentary quotation. Recently, a more extensive text of the latter has come to light, and internal analysis of the longer text shows that its chronology is too confused for any of the Chi-shih-lu to be reliable as a corrective to the official sources. This removes the evidential basis for Wada's revised chronology, and requires the substitution for it of the order of events given in the Ming T'ai-tsu shih-lu.
The large-scale summer circulation of the California current

Satellite data from the Geosat altimeter and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) are used to show the large-scale structure of the surface circulation of the California Current System in summer. These data show the connection between an equatorward jet and temperature front off Oregon that lies within 100 km of the coast, similar to that first observed in the 1960's and 1970's, and a jet that meanders along the convoluted offshore edge of a temperature front off California, as repeatedly observed in the 1980's.
Performance bounds for active sequential hypothesis testing

Consider a decision maker who is responsible to dynamically collect observations so as to enhance his information in a speedy manner about an underlying phenomena of interest while accounting for the cost of data collection. Due to the sequential nature of the problem, the decision maker relies on his current information state to adaptively (re-)evaluate the tradeoff between the cost of various sensing actions and the precision of their outcomes. In this paper, using results in dynamic programming, a lower bound for the optimal total cost is established. Moreover, an upper bound is obtained using a heuristic policy for dynamic selection of actions. Using the obtained bounds, the closed loop (feedback) gain is shown to be at least logarithmic in the penalty associated with wrong declarations. Furthermore, it is shown that the proposed heuristic achieves asymptotic optimality in many practically relevant problems such as variable-length coding with feedback and noisy dynamic search.
TCF7L2, dietary carbohydrate, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women

Background: TCF7L2 is the strongest type 2 diabetes (T2D) locus identified to date, and evidence suggests it plays an important role in insulin synthesis, processing, and secretion. Dietary factors that increase the insulin demand might enhance the risk of T2D associated with TCF7L2 variants. Objective: The objective was to determine whether the risk of T2D associated with TCF7L2 is modified by the glycemic load (GL), glycemic index (GI), cereal fiber content, and total carbohydrate content of the diet. Design: T2D cases (n = 1140) and controls (n = 1915) from the Nurses' Health Study were genotyped for TCF7L2 (rs12255372). Dietary intake was assessed with a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Results: Significant differences in odds ratios (ORs) of T2D associated with the TCF7L2 genotype between high and low strata of GL (P = 0.03) and GI (P = 0.05) were suggested. Compared with the GG genotype, multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CI) of T2D associated with the TT genotype were 2.71 (1.64, 4.46) and 2.69 (1.64, 4.43) among individuals in the highest tertile of GL and GI, respectively. Corresponding ORs (95% CIs) among individuals in the lowest tertiles of GL and GI were 1.66 (0.95, 2.88) and 1.82 (1.11, 3.01). The risk of T2D associated with the TCF7L2 single nucleotide polymorphism did not significantly differ by cereal fiber or carbohydrate intake. Conclusion: Carbohydrate quality and quantity modified risk of T2D associated with TCF7L2, which suggests that changes in risk attributable to the TCF7L2 variant are magnified under conditions of increased insulin demand.
Interspecific Competition and Resource Pulse Utilization in a Cold Desert Community

In desert ecosystems a large proportion of water and nitrogen is supplied in rain-induced pulses. It has been suggested that competitive interactions among desert plants would be most intense during these pulse periods of high resource availability. We tested this hypothesis with three cold desert shrub species of the Colorado Plateau (Gutierrezia sarothrae, Atriplex confertifolia, and Chrysothamnus nauseosus), which differ in their dis- tribution of functional roots. In a three-year field study we conducted a neighbor removal experiment in conjunction with simulated 25-mm precipitation events and the addition of a nitrogen pulse in either spring or summer. We measured predawn water potential (P), gas exchange, leaf 8'5N, carbon isotope discrimination (A), and growth of target plants for the duration of the study. We found that G. sarothrae used resource pulses to a larger extent than A. confertifolia, which has more functional roots at depth. In all species, the addition of a water or nitrogen pulse did not significantly affect maximal rates of photosynthesis or branch growth. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, we did not find that pulse use was reduced by the presence of neighboring plants. Nevertheless, there was strong evidence for com- petitive interactions, which were more likely mediated by water at depth than by nitrogen. In the more deep-rooted species A. confertifolia, neighbor removal affected P, gas exchange, A, percentage of carbon, and growth. G. sarothrae, which has a much smaller proportion of roots at depth, was less affected by the removal of neighboring shrubs, and not at all when only predominantly shallow-rooted herbaceous species were removed. These results suggest that shrubs in this cold desert community may primarily compete for water in deeper soil layers, where water depletion is slow and dominated by plant water uptake. There appeared to be little competition for water in shallow soil layers, where depletion is fast and dominated by evaporation.
Multiproduct Systems with Both Setup Times and Costs: Fluid Bounds and Schedules

This paper considers a multiproduct, single-server production system where both setup times and costs are incurred whenever the server changes product. The system is make-to-order with a per unit backlogging cost. The objective is to minimize the long-run average cost per unit time. Using a fluid model, we provide a closed-form lower bound on system performance. This bound is also shown to provide a lower bound for stochastic systems when scheduling is local or static, but is only an approximation when scheduling is global or dynamic. The fluid bound suggests both local and global scheduling heuristics, which are tested for the stochastic system via a simulation study.
Training and search algorithms for an interactive wordspotting system

Algorithms for a speaker-dependent wordspotting system based on hidden Markov models (HMMs) are described. The system allows a user to specify keywords dynamically and to train the associated HMMs via a single repetition of a keyword. Nonkeyword speech is modeled using an HMM trained from a prerecorded sample of continuous speech. The wordspotter is intended for interactive applications, such as the editing of voice mail or mixed-media documents, and for keyword indexing in audio or video recordings. The forward-backward search algorithm used in the wordspotter is compared with the Viterbi decoder on the basis of speed and accuracy. In addition, an algorithm for speaker adaptation is described which allows indexing by a user into another talker's speech. >
Point of Departure (A Play About Founding the Profession)

Through a combination of recorded conversations, published speeches, and correspondence, insights are gained into some perspectives of William Rush Dunton, Jr., MD (1868-1966), one of the founders of the occupational therapy movement. His views on the spirit of research and the differentiation of occupational therapy and physical therapy are offered. His personal feelings about some of his contemporaries--Adolf Meyer, Eleanor Clarke Slagle, and George Edward Barton--are also related. The events leading to the creation of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy in 1917, the forerunner of the American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc., are detailed.
MSM, the Streets, and Lockdown: Sexual Threat and Social Dominance in America

Explored is the sexual threat that African American men pose to White men and how social dominance is utilized to maximize control. Among those vulnerable are Black men who have sex with men (MSM), sex workers, and those incarcerated. Illustrated are the lives of three African American men. Klein's sexual identity scale is adapted to capture sexual activity while incarcerated, and to discriminate between sexual identity, attraction, and activity, which may not intersect. Propositions for elimination of social dominance are considered, with a call for Black men to moderate the "masculine culture of concealment" and for Afrocentric programs for issues like HIV/AIDS.
Depression and Acculturation in Mexican American and European American Women

The objective of this paper was to determine the relationship between depression and acculturation among Mexican American and European American women. The participants included 76 Mexican American and European American women from Kansas City. Depression was measured by the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and acculturation was determined by the Olmedo Acculturation Inventory. The results support existing research that indicates scores on acculturation for European Americans were significantly higher than scores for Mexican Americans, and that there were significantly higher acculturation scores for Mexican Americans from first to third generation. This study further supports past findings that indicate scores on depression for Mexican American women were higher than those for European American women. Depression scores were not influenced by demographic differences, but acculturation scores were. In addition, there was no significant relationship between acculturation and depression.
Stratospheric Ozone and Temperature Simulated from the Preindustrial Era to the Present Day

AbstractResults from the simulation of a coupled chemistry–climate model are presented for the period 1860 to 2005 using the observed greenhouse gas (GHG) and halocarbon concentrations. The model is coupled to a simulated ocean and uniquely includes both detailed tropospheric chemistry and detailed middle atmosphere chemistry, seamlessly from the surface to the model top layer centered at 0.02 hPa. It is found that there are only minor changes in simulated stratospheric temperature and ozone prior to the year 1960. As the halocarbon amounts increase after 1970, the model stratospheric ozone decreases approximately continuously until about 2000. The steadily increasing GHG concentrations cool the stratosphere from the beginning of the twentieth century at a rate that increases with height. During the early period the cooling leads to increased stratospheric ozone. The model results show a strong, albeit temporary, response to volcanic eruptions. While chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentrations remain low, the...
Parenting stress and psychological functioning among mothers of preschool children with autism and developmental delay

Parents of children with developmental disabilities, particularly autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), are at risk for high levels of distress. The factors contributing to this are unclear. This study investigated how child characteristics influence maternal parenting stress and psychological distress. Participants consisted of mothers and developmental-age matched preschool-aged children with ASD (N = 51) and developmental delay without autism (DD) ( N = 22). Evidence for higher levels of parenting stress and psychological distress was found in mothers in the ASD group compared to the DD group. Children's problem behavior was associated with increased parenting stress and psychological distress in mothers in the ASD and DD groups. This relationship was stronger in the DD group. Daily living skills were not related to parenting stress or psychological distress. Results suggest clinical services aiming to support parents should include a focus on reducing problem behaviors in children with developmental disabilities.
Generation of Kcnma1fl-tdTomato, a conditional deletion of the BK channel α subunit in mouse

BK large conductance calcium-activated K+ channels (KCa1.1) are expressed widely across many tissues, contributing to systemic regulation of cardiovascular, neurological, and other specialized physiological functions. The pore-forming α subunit is encoded by the Kcnma1 gene, originally named mSlo1 in mouse and slowpoke in Drosophila. Global deletion in mouse (Kcnma1−/−) produces a plethora of defects in neuron and muscle excitability, as well as other phenotypes related to channel function in nonexcitable cells. While homozygous null mice are viable, the ubiquitous loss of BK function has complicated the interpretation of phenotypes involving the interaction of multiple cell types which independently express BK channels. Here, we report the generation of a targeted allele for conditional inactivation of Kcnma1 using the Cre-loxP system (Kcnma1fl-tdTomato). Cre-mediated recombination generates a null allele, and BK currents were not detectable in neurons and muscle cells from Nestin-Cre; Kcnma1fl/fl and SM22α-Cre; Kcnma1fl/fl mice, respectively. tdTomato expression was detected in Cre-expressing tissues, but not in Cre-negative controls. These data demonstrate the utility of Kcnma1fl-tdTomato for conditional deletion of the BK channel, facilitating the understanding of tissue-specific contributions to physiological function in vivo.
Intermittent Flow and Thermal Structures of Accelerating Transitional Boundary Layers: Part 2—Fluctuation Quantities

A conditional sampling technique was employed to separate the turbulent and non-turbulent parts of accelerated boundary layers undergoing laminar-turbulent transition on a uniformly heated flat plate. Tests were conducted with zero pressure gradient and two levels of streamwise acceleration parameter: K = 0.07 ×10−6 and 0.16 × 10−6.The conditionally sampled distribution of the skin friction coefficients revealed that the values for Cf in the non-turbulent and turbulent portions significantly deviated from the respective laminar and turbulent correlations. These deviations increased as acceleration increased. Reconstructing the local average Cf values using the laminar and fully turbulent correlations consistently overestimated the unconditioned Cf values. Using the conditionally sampled data for reconstructing Cf values provided better results, but does not necessarily result in the same unconditioned Cf values.The mean velocity profiles from the turbulent portions had the appearance of a low-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layer with a large wake region. In the late transition region, as acceleration increased, the wake region in the turbulent portion was suppressed relative to the unconditioned result. The integral parameters, δ*, θ, and shape factor, H were conditionally sampled and analyzed.Copyright © 1997 by ASME