cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twittering Away the Right of Publicity: Personality Rights and Celebrity Impersonation on Social Networking Websites

Born from a lineage that includes Facebook and MySpace, Twitter is now one of the most popular online social networking fads.1 It has drawn a wide range of users, from average Joes to world leaders – the British royal family has an official Twitter account, as do President Obama and Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez.2 Twitter invites users to “Discover what’s happening right now, anywhere in the world,”3 and only asks users one question: “What’s happening?”4 Twitter is commonly described as a “micro-blogging” site, as it has an overall feel similar to a simplified blog.5 Potential users can navigate to and create a free profile with little more than an email address. A user can then post messages to his account called “tweets” that can be read by “followers,” or if a user prefers, anyone in the world that stumbles onto that user’s account. But the site has grown into more than a place for friends to announce the contents of their most recent meal and their love of the TV show “Deal
Single and Double Photoionization of Two-Electron Systems

In this paper we describe a method for calculating rates for multiphoton detachment or ionization of a two-electron system by a perturbative field, we present results of an application to both H- and He, and we also report on a study of double ionization of He by one photon.
Impact Damage Tolerance of Graphite/Epoxy Sandwich Panels.

The resistance of graphite/epoxy sandwich panels to low energy, foreign object impact damage was studied. Falling weight impact tests were performed on 104 rectangular sandwich panel specimens. The effect of several material, geometry, and loading parameters on damage susceptibility was explored. Damage observed visually was related to residual strength of specimens taken from the impact region, and in some cases, to static indentation tests carried out on companion specimens. Sandwich test specimens were fabricated with face sheets of graphite or S-glass/epoxy with a 1-in. depth nomex honeycomb core. Fiber type, core density, and laminate orientation were fabrication variables. Drop weight tests were accomplished using a 2-in.-diameter steel ball. Initial and residual static shear strength were measured on notched, four-point bend specimens. Impact tests showed that graphite sandwich panels are much more susceptible to foreign object damage than S-glass panels. The impact energy required to sustain the same relative damage level was an order of magnitude greater for the S-glass than for the graphite panels. The failure characteristics observed suggest that this is due primarily to the low strain to failure of graphite composites. Local core crushing occurred in all tests, and all but the S-glass panels suffered fiber fracture and permanent indentation at low energy levels. Core stiffness had an observable effect on impact resistance, but other parameters studied did not appear to significantly affect damage tolerance. An analysis was carried out in which the sandwich panel was represented as an orthotropic sheet on an elastic foundation, and a classical, double Fourier series approach was taken. The load condition was approximated by an influence function technique to effect a constant radius of bending curvature, simulating the region around the drop weight ball. The capability exists to vary the material constants of the face sheet and core to investigate the nature of indentation failure, and to identify factors contributing to impact resistance. Numerical results were obtained for some of the material parameters employed in the impact tests.
Priority Ranking and Characterization of Indoor Air Sources

The proper selection of building materials, furnishings, fixtures, and consumer and commercial products to be used indoors is critical to achieving good indoor air quality. At present, however, little information is available to help in the selection of the best products. The Indoor Air Source Characterization Project will score and rank classes of products used indoors, based on their potential as sources of indoor air exposures and risks. Selected product classes will undergo a more detailed evaluation for emissions, exposures, and risks. If warranted, industry and other interested parties may be contacted to conduct further analyses or to discuss options for reducing exposures or risks. Actions taken may be voluntary or regulatory, as appropriate. They may include changes in product manufacture or formulation, and the development and distribution of information on product content and proper methods of application or use.
Electron tomography and multiscale biology

Electron tomography (ET) is an emerging technology for the three dimensional imaging of cellular ultrastructure. In combination with other techniques, it can provide three dimensional reconstructions of protein assemblies, correlate 3D structures with functional investigations at the light microscope level and provide structural information which extends the findings of genomics and molecular biology. Realistic physical details are essential for the task of modeling over many spatial scales. While the electron microscope resolution can be as low as a fraction of a nm, a typical 3D reconstruction may just cover 1/1015 of the volume of an optical microscope reconstruction. In order to bridge the gap between those two approaches, the available spatial range of an ET reconstruction has been expanded by various techniques. Large sensor arrays and wide-field camera assemblies have increased the field dimensions by a factor of ten over the past decade, and new techniques for serial tomography and montaging make possible the assembly of many three-dimensional reconstructions. The number of tomographic volumes necessary to incorporate an average cell down to the protein assembly level is of the order 104, and given the imaging and algorithm requirements, the computational problem lays well in the exascale range. Tomographic reconstruction can be made parallel to a very high degree, and their associated algorithms can be mapped to the simplified processors comprising, for example, a graphics processor unit. Programming this on a GPU board yields a large speedup, but we expect that many more orders of magnitude improvement in computational capabilities will still be required in the coming decade. Exascale computing will raise a new set of problems, associated with component energy requirements (cost per operation and costs of data transfer) and heat dissipation issues. As energy per operation is driven down, reliability decreases, which in turn raises difficult problems in validation of computer models (is the algorithmic approach faithful to physical reality), and verification of codes (is the computation reliably correct and replicable). Leaving aside the hardware issues, many of these problems will require new mathematical and algorithmic approaches, including, potentially, a re-evaluation of the Turing model of computation.
Computer-Controlled Instrument System for Sequential Clinical Chemical Testing. II. Evaluation of Instrumental Performance

The instrumental system described [ Clin. Chem. 19 , 1114 (1973)] is evaluated in manual, partially automated, and totally automated modes to measure system and individual component performance. Excellent accuracy and precision were observed, hence the system is judged suitable for most analytical applications. Results are: wavelength accuracy and reproducibility in automated mode: ±0.004 nm and ±0.1 nm, respectively; photometric accuracy and precision: ca. 0.8% relative and ±0.007 A , respectively, in both the manual and automated modes; and ratemeter accuracy and precision: ±0.4% relative and ±0.873 (SD) mV/min (or m A / min), respectively, for standard synthetic ramps and ±1.2% relative and ±2.2 (SD) mV/min, respectively, under actual laboratory conditions for rates in the range of 1 to 200 mV/min. Automated experiments are made without human intervention after the samples are loaded.
Sodium efflux and potential differences across the irrigated gill of sea water-adapted rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Sodium extrusion (JoutNa) was measured across the gills of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, adapted to sea water (SW) using a gill-irrigation system of small volume. The potential difference (TEP) was also measured under similar conditions. JoutNa was usually between 100–250 µeq (100 g)–1 h–1, about an order of magnitude faster than in fresh water (FW)-adapted trout, but slower than has been reported for any other marine teleost. The TEP was between 10–11 mV, body fluids positive to SW. When the external medium was changed from SW to FW JoutNa was reduced to about 25 % of the initial value, and the TEP was reduced by 40–50 mV (i.e. body fluids negative by 30–40 mV). Addition of either Na+ or K+ in SW concentrations reversed the changes; JoutNa increased and the gill repolarized. The electrical behavior and sodium efflux in irrigated trout gill is qualitatively the same as has been reported for unanaesthetized, free-swimming fish of other species. Thus, the irrigated gill provides an adequate model for studying the mechanism of sodium extrusion in marine teleosts.
Impedance modeling of doubly-fed induction generators

This work presents sequence impedance models of Type-III wind turbines based on doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG). The models take into account the effects of both stator- and rotor-side converters as well as their control, including the phase-locked loop (PLL) and current control. The models are developed using the harmonic linearization method which has previously been applied to Type-IV turbines and HVDC converters. The developed models are validated by point-by-point simulation of the detailed switching model and also used to analyze subsynchronous oscillation of Type-III turbines with series-compensated grid.
Vascular Insufficiency and Osteomyelitis of the Lower Extremity

Osteomyelitis secondary to peripheral vascular insufficiency was evaluated in forty-six males. A control group of sixteen did not receive antibiotics; the remainder received Cephalothin pre- and post-operatively. An equal number of patients in both groups had diabetes mellitus. Based on x-ray and clinical findings, all patients underwent local amputation. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism recovered. Thirty-seven percent of the non-antibiotic treated group required further revision to a higher level of amputation.The most frequent cause of amputation of the lower extremity is atherosclerosis, complicated by diabetes mellitus and infection.2 Progression of the primary disease process often results in ulceration, sepsis, gangrene and osteomyelitis. The responsible surgeon must not "whittle" nor must he be too aggressive. Evaluating the rehabilitation potential of each individual, and being aware of the disability incurred by amuputation, "selective conservatism" is the key. This study demons...
Heteroepitaxial S1-x-yGexCy films on (100) Si substrates for future low-power applications

Abstract Thin heteroepitaxial films of S1-x-yGexCy have been investigated for potential use in low-power electronic applications. Films were grown on (100) Si substrates using atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition at 625 and 700 °C. The crystallinity, composition and microstructure of the SiGeC films were characterized using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and secondary ion mass spectrometry. The crystallinity of the films was very sensitive to the flow rate of C2H4 that served as the C source. S1-x-yGexCy films with up to 2.0 at.% C and 20 at.% Ge were epitaxial with good crystallinity. Current-voltage measurements were obtained from the electrical characterization of Si 1-x-y Ge x C y Si heterojunction diodes. Stable layers and low diode turn-on voltage make the Si 1-x-y Ge x C y Si structure an appropriate candidate for future low-power research.
The Treatment of Adolescent Suicide Attempters Study (TASA): Predictors of Suicidal Events in an Open Treatment Trial

Objective: To identify the predictors of suicidal events and attempts in adolescent suicide attempters with depression treated in an open treatment trial. Method: Adolescents who had made a recent suicide attempt and had unipolar depression (n = 124) were either randomized (n = 22) or given a choice (n = 102) among three conditions. Two participants withdrew before treatment assignment. The remaining 124 youths received a specialized psychotherapy for suicide attempting adolescents (n = 17), a medication algorithm (n = 14), or the combination (n = 93). The participants were followed up 6 months after intake with respect to rate, timing, and predictors of a suicidal event (attempt or acute suicidal ideation necessitating emergency referral). Results: The morbid risks of suicidal events and attempts on 6-month follow-up were 0.19 and 0.12, respectively, with a median time to event of 44 days. Higher self-rated depression, suicidal ideation, family income, greater number of previous suicide attempts, lower maximum lethality of previous attempt, history of sexual abuse, and lower family cohesion predicted the occurrence, and earlier time to event, with similar findings for the outcome of attempts. A slower decline in suicidal ideation was associated with the occurrence of a suicidal event. Conclusions: In this open trial, the 6-month morbid risks for suicidal events and for reattempts were lower than those in other comparable samples, suggesting that this intervention should be studied further. Important treatment targets include suicidal ideation, family cohesion, and sequelae of previous abuse. Because 40% of events occurred with 4 weeks of intake, an emphasis on safety planning and increased therapeutic contact early in treatment may be warranted. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2009;48(10):000Y000.
Electronic transitions in mixed phase crystalline/amorphous silicon in the low crystalline fraction regime

Amorphous silicon films were prepared by dc reactive magnetron sputtering under conditions approaching the phase transition to microcrystallinity. using TEM imaging these films were found to contain clusters of 5 to 50 nm sized Si crystallites embedded in an amorphous silicon matrix. Photocapacitance and transient photocurrent sub-band-gap optical spectra of this material appear to consist of a superposition of a spectrum typical of amorphous silicon together with an optical transition, with a threshold near 1.1 eV, that exhibits a very large optical cross section. This transition arises from valence band electrons being optically inserted into empty levels lying within the amorphous silicon mobility gap. Using modulated photocurrent methods they have determined that these states also dominate the electron deep trapping in this material. They argue that these states arise from defects at the crystalline-amorphous boundary.
Abstract 3871: Per1 is phosphorylated by ATM/ATR and is involved in the G2/M checkpoint response

Circadian clocks are found in most organisms and influence a large array of cellular, physiological and behavioral processes. Consequently, disruption of circadian function results in severe dysfunctions and has been associated with various pathologies including cancer. Recent findings revealed intriguing links between the circadian system and another highly conserved biological system, the DNA damage response (DDR). Upon DNA damage, eukaryotic cells activate a complex signaling network to regulate cell cycle checkpoint arrest and/or apoptosis. At the core of the DDR are the ATM, ATR and DNA-PK kinases, which phosphorylate numerous downstream targets on preferred SQ motifs. We previously showed that the key circadian factor, Per1, associates with ATM and sensitize cells to DNA-damage induced apoptosis. In a recent screen, human Per1 Ser1263 was identified as a potential substrate for ATM/ATR. Per1 Ser1263 is part of a SQ motif conserved among mammalian Per1 proteins. To confirm that Per1 is phosphorylated on this site, we mutated murine Per1 Ser1264 (corresponding to human Ser1263) to alanine. 293T and HCT116 cells were transfected with either wild-type (WT) or S1264A mutant (SA) myc-tagged Per1 and treated with DNA-damaging agents. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Per1WT was recognized by phospho-specific SQ antibodies, while Per1SA was not. Furthermore, Per1 phosphorylation was significantly stronger in the treated cells. Interestingly, Per1 remained phosphorylated in ATM deficient cells. In contrast, silencing of ATR by shRNA in 293T cells attenuated Per1 phosphorylation. Immunoprecipitations experiments showed that both overexpressed and endogenously expressed Per1 associate with ATR. To examine the functional significance of Per1 phosphorylation, we transfected SKOV3 cells with either myc-Per1WT or myc-Per1SA, and monitored their cell-cycle progression and apoptotic response after DNA damage. Compared to control SKOV3 treated cells, Per1WT expression resulted in significant increased numbers of G2/M arrested and apoptotic cells. This increase was diminished by Per1S1264A mutation. Our findings implicate Per1 as an important ATM/ATR substrate, and emphasize the significance of proper circadian regulation to cell survival upon exposure to genotoxic stress. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3871.
Integrated hierarchical design of microelectrofluidic systems using SystemC

This paper describes the role of SystemC in developing an integrated modeling and simulation environment for microelectrofluidic systems (MEFS). Based on the unique modeling and simulation needs for MEFS, we examine suitability of several existing simulation languages. These languages include VHDL/VHDL-AMS, SLAM, Matlab, C/C++, and SystemC. Next, SystemC is justified as a viable candidate for complete MEFS modeling and simulation. The architecture of the environment and the associated functional packages are discussed. Its application is illustrated through the design of a microchemical handling system.
The changing face of "real research".

Over the past 50 years, the research agenda of clinical departments in teaching hospitals has broadened from one concerned primarily with physiologic studies to one that includes biochemistry, molecular biology, the quantitative analytic sciences, anthropology, and other social sciences. This memoir presents examples of such changes and provides examples of how the author’s involvement has been promoted not only by his mentors, but also by those whom he has mentored.
Thermogravimetric analysis: temperature limits and rate of heating

Abstract In the case of the decomposition of carbonates and hydrates, the Polanyi-Wigner equation often applies. A mathematical expression relating the temperature at a given stage of the reaction to the rate of decomposition, fraction of reactant left, initial weight and area of the compound and finally the rate of heating has been derived from the above equation. For a given thermobalance the minimum detectable rate of decomposition and fraction of reactant left are fixed so that the observed final decomposition temperature is a function of the rate of heating for a constant weight and area of material. Using this equation, values for the final decomposition temperatures have been calculated and compared with data found in the literature for the decomposition of calcium carbonate and for the dehydration of potassium chrome alum and orthoboric acid. The equation also has been applied to the dehydration of 5-nitrobarbituric acid trihydrate as determined by us.
Anemia and hypoalbuminemia of chronic spinal cord injury: prevalence and prognostic significance

Anemia and hypoalbuminemia of chronic spinal cord injury: prevalence and prognostic significance
Thermal modulation spectroscopy of the high transition temperature superconductors

Abstract Thermal modulation spectroscopy is a powerful technique for the determination of the properties of the normal state of metals and semiconductors, giving as it does, evidence of interband transitions, phonon singularities and plasma frequencies. We will report progress on experimental work using this technique to determine the plasma frequency of the high T c superconductor, Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7−x .
Encapsulated cells: an atomic force microscopy study

Abstract Two types of cells—human platelets and spore cells—were encapsulated in polymer shells by adsorbing polyanions and polycations in a stepwise fashion. The encapsulated cells were attached to gold and silicon surfaces and their morphological and adhesion properties were studied in air using tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). The roughness of the encapsulated cells increased upon the addition of a new polymer layer. The increase in roughness can be attributed to the formation of a shell around the cells, which is stabilized by electrostatic interactions, as well as to the drying effects associated with the immobilization and dehydration of the cells. Trigger mode was used to perform the force imaging and map out the adhesion characteristics of the cells. Systematic “maps” of the adhesion properties of the encapsulated cells to clean and amine terminated AFM tips were collected. The adhesion force data for the different tips and encapsulated cells showed dependence not only on the number and thickness of the polymer layers, but also on the interactions between these layers. The encapsulated cells’ morphology and roughness characteristics remained intact over a substantial storage period. This stability and adhesion properties make them suitable building blocks for the design and construction of biomimetic templates where AFM is used as the primary tool to do the fabrication.
Viscous resuspension in fully developed laminar pipe flows

Abstract Viscous resuspension of heavy particles in fully developed laminar flows in a horizontal pipe is investigated theoretically by extending the model used previously for unidirectional flows to cases in which all three velocity components are non-zero due to the existence of a secondary motion within the cross section of the pipe. The resulting mathematical system of equations was solved by employing the Galerkin finite-element method. The theoretically predicted velocity and concentration profiles for flow in a circular pipe were found to be in very good qualitative agreement with experimental results reported by others, even though the analysis did not make use of any adjustable parameters.
Chain Length Effect of the Multidentate Block Copolymer Strategy to Stabilize Ultrasmall Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

A multidentate block copolymer (MDBC) strategy to stabilize ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USNPs) as biocompatible T1-positive contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is explored. The MDBC is designed with a poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) block having pendant carboxylates as multidentate anchoring groups and a hydrophilic polymethacrylate block having pendant oligo(ethylene oxide) chains (POEOMA). A series of multifunctional MDBCs with different chain lengths of POEOMA and PMAA blocks were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and subsequent hydrolytic cleavage. The resultant aqueous MDBC/USNP colloids fabricated through a ligand-exchange process were characterized to investigate the effect of chain lengths of POEOMA-b-PMAA copolymers on size, morphology, and colloidal stability as well as relaxometric properties and in vitro MRI performance. The results suggest that the optimal design of chain lengths of both anchoring and hydrophilic blocks is required for enhanced colloidal stability under biologically relevant conditions as well as effective T1-weighted contrast enhancement.
Warning Sign Components and Hazard Perceptions

Considerable research has focused on the hazard-conveying qualities of warning colors, signal words, hazard symbols, and text descriptions. Little research, however, has considered how these elements interact to affect perceived hazard. This study evaluated the effects of these warning sign components. 178 participants evaluated warning signs representing the factorial combination of two colors, three signal words, two hazard types, three levels of symbol explicitness, and two levels of text explicitness. Warning signs were presented tachistoscopically, and hazard perceptions were measured using magnitude estimations. The data revealed significant effects for hazard type, symbol explicitness, and text explicitness. These variables were also involved in significant two-way interactions. Previous findings concerning color and signal word were not supported. Findings suggest that designers should consider the explicitness of text and symbols when designing warning signs.
Capabilities and limitations of EXAFS for amorphous alloys

Abstract This paper provides a brief overview of the use of EXAFS in investigating atomic arrangements in amorphous alloys. Comparisons are drawn between EXAFS and scattering techniques, in terms of equations used to analyze the two types of measurements and in terms of results for specific amorphous alloys. Both the promises and the problems of EXAFS for amorphous alloys are discussed.
Heart rate adjustment improves the diagnostic value of ST segment depression in subjects with diffuse SPECT perfusion defects

Abstract Background: While exercise-induced ST segment depression (STD) and the heart rate (HR) adjusted ST/HR index have each been used to assess the severity of coronary artery disease, their functional correlates with SPECT-evidenced ischemia are not well understood. Methods: We compared indices of ECG and SPECT evidenced ischemia in 129 consecutive subjects with exercise induced STD > 0.1 mV and reversible perfusion abnormalities. ECG variables included the heart rate adjusted ST/HR index (stratified according to a previously validated partition of 3.4 uV/bpm) and unadjusted STD (stratified according to a 0.2 mV partition). SPECT ischemic severity was measured on the basis of a summed stress score (SSS) calculated using a 20 segment model and a 5 point segmental score. As our prior investigations have found that the anatomic distribution of SPECT perfusion defects is a determinant of ST depression, subjects were grouped according to the presence of either single (anterior or inferior, n=68) or multiple (n=61) defects. Results: Patients stratified by STD and ST/HR partitions did not differ in mean age or peak exercise stage achieved. In the overall population, regression analysis (R = 0.36; p Conclusions: In subjects with diffuse SPECT perfusion abnormalities, HR adjustment of ST segment depression offers a more accurate reflection of ischemic severity and provides incremental diagnostic capabilities over standard ST segment depression criteria for the evaluation of myocardial ischemia.
Effect of neutral ion beam sputtering and etching on silicon

Abstract Anomalous rectifying behavior of metal-semiconductor diodes formed by ion beam etching and/or ion beam deposition is presented. A model is proposed, to explain the characteristics of these devices, in terms of sputter-induced damage at the surface which leads to a buried barrier in p-Si but causes the metal-n-Si barrier to be transparent to carrier flow. These results are also compared with results obtained in compound semiconductors subjected to similar treatment.
Tobacco smoking and cancer: The promise of molecular epidemiology

Neoplasic development is a multistage process that includes multiple genetic changes. In this article the authors review studies on molecular epidemiology of tobaco. Current concepts of the multistage carcinogenic model are reviewed, as are their use in observational studies. Finally, benzo[a]pyrene are analyzed as an example.
Extraction of heart rate from functional near-infrared spectroscopy in infants.

Changes in heart rate are a useful physiological measure in infant studies. We present an algorithm for calculating the heart rate (HR) from oxyhemoglobin pulsation in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals. The algorithm is applied to data collected from 10 infants, and the HR derived from the fNIRS signals is compared against the HR as calculated by electrocardiography. We show high agreement between the two HR signals for all infants (r>0.90), and also compare stimulus-related HR responses as measured by the two methods and find good agreement despite high levels of movement in the infants. This algorithm can be used to measure changes in HR in infants participating in fNIRS studies without the need for additional HR sensors.
Rapid and Noncontaminating Sampling System For Trace Elements in Global Ocean Surveys

A system for the rapid and noncontaminating sampling of trace elements with volumes of up to 36 L per depth and including the dissolved and particulate phases has been developed for ocean sections that are a crucial part of programs such as International GEOTRACES. The system uses commercially available components, including an aluminum Seabird Carousel with all titanium pressure housings for electronics and sensors to eliminate zinc sacrificial anodes and holding twenty-four 12 L GO-FLO bottles, and a 7500 m, 14 mm Vectran conducting cable (passing over an A-frame with nonmetallic sheave) spooled onto a traction winch. The GO-FLO bottles are stored and processed in a clean lab built into a 20' ISO container. To minimize contamination, the GO-FLO bottles are triggered when the carousel is moving upward into clean water at 3 m min−1. Analyses of salinity and nutrients in bottle samples from the stopped versus moving carousel show no detectable smearing, whereas the contamination-prone trace elements show the samples are uncontaminated when compared with other clean sampling methods. Based on the use of this system on three major cruises, the launch-sample-recover time for the carousel (2 bottles triggered per depth) is 1 h per 1000 m, and dissolved and particulate sampling time averages 6 h per hydrocast. Thus, the system described here meets all the requirements for ocean basin sampling for trace elements: rapid, good hydrographic fidelity, and noncontaminating.
Maximum-likelihood and closed-form estimators of epidemiologic measures under misclassification

Abstract There is a large literature on estimation under misclassification. The present paper reviews epidemiologic inference under misclassification in the multiway contingency-table setting, and addresses a few controversial issues. In the 1990s, claims of inefficiency of early closed-form estimators of odds ratios under misclassification arose from misapplication of the estimators to studies with internal validation. In reality, these estimators are maximum likelihood (ML) and hence efficient under the external-validation assumptions used for their derivation. For the internal-validation case, a new closed-form estimator is derived that incorporates the nondifferentiality constraint into the predictive-value (“direct” or “inverse-matrix”) estimator. Results are presented in a general framework that applies to misclassification in models for multiway tables, and that allows the target parameter to be any measure of association or effect.
Effects of Nitrogen and Calcium Supply on the Accumulation of Oxalate in Soybean Seeds

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds have sufficiently high oxalate concentration that they are not recommended for consumption by individuals prone to formation of kidney stones. One possible precursor of oxalate is glyoxylic acid and this acid is formed in soybean seeds as a product of ureide catabolism. A nodulating soybean variety was compared with its nonnodulating isoline and the lack of nodules resulted in significant decline in ureide supply to developing seeds. However, oxalate concentrations in the seeds of the isoline were not reduced, suggesting that oxalate is not formed via glyoxylate in soybean seeds. Because oxalate and Ca concentrations are often correlated, manipulation of Ca supply to soybean plants was also studied by increasing Ca supply during pod development by 3.5-fold relative to the level in the rooting medium. Surprisingly, there was no significant effect of Ca supply on Ca concentrations in leaves, pod walls, or seeds, indicating that Ca accumulation is stable in spite of Ca supply. The Ca treatment also did not significantly alter oxalate accumulation in developing seeds. In spite of this lack of treatment effect, the correlation of oxalate and Ca concentrations within sampling times was generally significant. Oxalate concentration was 2- to 3-fold higher in developing seeds than in mature seeds. It is concluded that (i) the correlation between Ca and oxalate in developing soybean seeds is probably related to unknown factors influencing oxalate accumulation and the subsequent binding of Ca by the oxalate accumulated, (ii) lowering oxalate in soybean seeds will most likely be achieved by selection of low-oxalate genotypes, and (iii) because oxalate concentrations are higher in immature soybean seeds than in mature seeds, those prone to formation of kidney stones should be cautious about consuming immature soybeans.
Finite Element Analysis of Penetrating Head Injury

The objective of this study is to biomechanical quantify the intracranial displacement and pressure distributions associated with civilian projectiles to advance clinical understanding of the pathophysiological consequences of penetrating head injuries. A finite element head model was developed in an attempt to investigate the penetrating processes and brain injury mechanisms. Two geometrical shapes of projectiles (flat and pinpoint headed) were considered for penetration. They were modeled as rigid bodies (6.5 and 9 g) impacting at an initial velocity of 300 m/s. The head was modeled as a spherical skull with left and right hemispheres. Material properties and damage criteria for the skull and brain were based on literature. The penetration process was modeled with eroding contact surface method with LS-DYNA. Elements considered damaged were removed from further computation when the stress or strain reached their thresholds. Temporal displacement and pressure distributions are described. The effects of projectile type on the wounding pattern are discussed. The entry location responded with higher magnitudes of displacement than other locations (e.g., exit, mid brain). The flat head projectile penetration resulted in higher magnitudes of pressure and displacement than the pinpoint projectile in the entire skull-brain system. The finite element analysis provides a quantitative understanding of the localized intrinsic responses secondary to projectile penetration.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Donne and Disbelief: The Early Prose

This paper is part of a Literature Compass panel cluster arising from the The Texas A&M John Donne Collection: A Symposium and Exhibition. Comprising an introduction by Gary Stringer and three of the papers presented at the symposium, this cluster seeks to examine the current state of Donne Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. The symposium was held April 6–7, 2006. The cluster is made up of the following articles: “Introduction: Three Papers from The Texas A&M John Donne Collection: A Symposium and Exhibition,” Gary A. Stringer, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2007.00420.x. “Donne and Disbelief: The Early Prose,” Ernest W. Sullivan, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2007.00421.x. “The Cultural Significance of Donne's Sermons,” Jeanne Shami, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2007.00422.x. “T. R. O’Flahertie's Copy of Donne's Letters,” Donald R. Dickson, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2007.00423.x. Unlike his ancester, Sir Thomas More, who attempted to control audience response to his printed Utopia by encoding paradoxical and ambiguous elements into his text, John Donne attempted to control his audience and its response to his Paradoxes and Problems as well as his Biathanatos by restricting their manuscript circulation and by using “metacommentary” in the form of letters to his readers calling attention to the paradoxical qualities of these works. When the Paradoxes and Problems as well as Biathanatos were printed after Donne's death, however, his now unrestricted audience no longer had access to his personal letters of metacommentary, resulting in substantial confusion and ambiguity regarding Donne's intended messages.
THE EFFECT OF ESTROGEN ON THE PERMEABILITY OF THE UTERINE CAPILLARIES1

FOR SOME TIME it has been known that estrogens produce fluid accumulation in the uterus of experimental animals. Although the length of the latent period following estrogen administration (1) and the electrolytic shifts involved (2) have been evaluated, the mechanism by which the edema reaction proceeds is obscure. In general, the principal factors which favor enhanced fluid accumulation have been listed as follows (3): (a) increases in the capillary pressure, (b) increases in the permeability of the capillary membranes, (c) reduction in the osmotic pressure of plasma as compared to tissue fluid, (d) obstruction of the lymph channels. To produce uterine edema, estrogen must set into motion one or more of the above factors or some new mechanism hitherto not described. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of the uterine fluid accumulation induced by estrogen, we have tried to evaluate, in part, the effect of estradiol benzoate on the factors producing edema.
Early childhood caries: risk-based disease prevention and management

Early childhood caries (ECC), common in preschoolers, can lead to pain and infection if left untreated. Yet, ECC is largely preventable, and if it is identified early and the responsible risk factors are addressed, its progression can be halted or slowed. This article reviews the rationale for a first dental visit by age 1 year, caries risk assessment, and risk-based prevention and management of ECC and discusses strategies for providers to implement these contemporary evidence-based concepts into clinical practice.
Extraction of mth roots in matrix rings over fields

Abstract A matrix A ϵ M n ( F ), F an arbitrary field with characteristic p (not necessarily positive), is an m th power in M n ( F ) if and only if each of its p ( x )-primary components is, where p ( x ) runs through the irreducible factors of the minimal or characteristic polynomial of A . This paper establishes necessary and sufficient criteria for determining when such a p ( x )-primary matrix is an m th power. The criteria fall into three cases: (1) p ( x ) = x : If e 1 ⩾ e 2 ⩾ … is the sequence of exponents of p ( x ) which form the elementary divisors of A , extended by adding infinitely many 0 terms, the criterion states that for all i ⩾ 1, e ( i −1) m +1 − e im = 0 or 1. (2) p ( x ) ≠ x , m not divisible by p : If β is a root of the separable core q ( x ) of p ( x ) and E = F ( β ), then the multiplicity of each elementary divisor of A must be representable as a sum of integers, not necessarily distinct, each of which is the degree of some irreducible factor over E of the polynomial x m − β . (3) p ( x ) ≠ x , m a power of p : In this case, the criterion combines the criteria in the first two cases: If e 1 ⩾ e 2 ⩾ … is the sequence of exponents of p ( x ) which form the elementary divisors of A , extended by adding infinitely many 0 terms, then for all i ⩾ 1, e ( i −1) m +1 − e im = 0 or 1 and the multiplicity of each e i must be representable as a sum of integers, not necessarily distinct, each of which is the degree of some irreducible factor over E of the polynomial x m − β .
GROWTH RELATIONSHIPS OF CHLORELLA SPECIES

EVER SINCE the extensive studies by Warburg (1919, 1920) employing the unicellular green alga Chlorella, this organism has increasingly become the form favored for investigations of photosynthesis. However, it is proving evident that in the hands of different workers, the same and different strains of Chlorella exhibit varying levels of physiological behavior. Emerson and Green (1937, 1938) found diverse photosynthetic and catalytic activities for the two species, C. pyrenoidosa and C. vulgaris. The control data in the papers of Trelease and coworkers (1935, 1937, 1938) on C. vulgaris indicate differences in photosynthetic yield as compared with those of Emerson and associates (1937, 1938, 1939)
Improving the accuracy of oracle verdicts through automated model steering

The oracle - a judge of the correctness of the system under test (SUT) - is a major component of the testing process. Specifying test oracles is challenging for some domains, such as real-time embedded systems, where small changes in timing or sensory input may cause large behavioral differences. Models of such systems, often built for analysis and simulation, are appealing for reuse as oracles. These models, however, typically represent an idealized system, abstracting away certain issues such as non-deterministic timing behavior and sensor noise. Thus, even with the same inputs, the model's behavior may fail to match an acceptable behavior of the SUT, leading to many false positives reported by the oracle.We propose an automated steering framework that can adjust the behavior of the model to better match the behavior of the SUT to reduce the rate of false positives. This model steering is limited by a set of constraints (defining acceptable differences in behavior) and is based on a search process attempting to minimize a dissimilarity metric. This framework allows non-deterministic, but bounded, behavior differences, while preventing future mismatches, by guiding the oracle-within limits-to match the execution of the SUT. Results show that steering significantly increases SUT-oracle conformance with minimal masking of real faults and, thus, has significant potential for reducing false positives and, consequently, development costs.
Cortisol levels six-years after participation in the Family Bereavement Program

Recent studies have found short-term adrenocortical benefits of early interventions for at-risk children. The current study evaluated the effects of the Family Bereavement Program on cortisol levels six years after the program. Parentally bereaved children were randomly assigned to the 12-week preventive intervention (n=78) or a self-study control (n=61) condition. Six years later (mean age 17.5), salivary cortisol levels were measured before and after a conflict discussion task conducted in late afternoon/early evening. The intervention group had significantly higher cortisol levels across the task compared to the control group, and lower cortisol was associated with higher externalizing symptoms. The group effect did not differ by age at the time of death, and the group difference remained significant after adjustment for pre-intervention mental health and current mental health symptoms. Results suggest that a family-focused intervention for parentally-bereaved youth may have prevented the development of attenuated cortisol secretion suggestive of dysregulation and associated with externalizing problems.
General potential surfaces and neural networks.

Abstract : Investigating Hopfield's model of associative memory implementation by a neural network, led to a generalized potential system with a much superior performance as an associative memory. In particular, there are no spurious memories, and any set of desired points can be stored, with unlimited capacity (in the continuous time and real space version of the model). There are no limit cycles in this system, and the size of all basins of attraction can reach up to half the distance between the stored points, by proper choice of the design parameters. A discrete time version with its state space being the unit hypercube is also derived, and admits superior properties compared to the corresponding Hopfield network. In particular the capacity of any system of N neurons, with a fixed desired size of basins of attractions, is exponentially growing with N and is asymptotically optimal in the information theory sense. The computational complexity of this model is slightly larger than that of the Hopfield memory, but of the same order. The results are derived under an axiomatic approach which determines the desired properties and shows that the above mentioned model is the only one to achieve them.
Detection of human melanoma antigens in cell-free supernatants.

Abstract Common human melanoma membrane antigens have been demonstrated by immunofluorescent microscopy in cultured melanoma cells using antisera raised in humans by autoimmunization of patients with their own irradiated tumor cells mixed with adjuvant BCG. The melanoma antigens will migrate, cap, and become extruded on the cell surface when they are treated with the postimmune anti-melanoma sera. Some of these antigens are spontaneously shed into the culture media even without added antibody. Those shed antigens are stable to dialysis and lyophilization and may be isolated from a Sephadex G-200 solumn along with proteins of molecular weight 80,000–150,000 by membrane fluorescence inhibition and micro-complement fixation. Further purification of such antigens may facilitate the development of radio or enzymoimmunoassay which will permit sensitive measurement of antigens in melanoma patients.
Synthesis and Characterization of YB4 Ceramics

Yttrium tetraboride was synthesized by reactions of Y2O3 with B4C or with a B4C/C mixture. Fully dense YB4 ceramics were prepared by hot-pressing at 1800°C and 20 MPa in He. The flexural strength and microhardness of the YB4 were about 300 MPa and 27 GPa, respectively. Pure YB4 showed considerable oxidation above 1200°C. The effect of SiC, AlN, and AlN/SiC on the properties of YB4 ceramics was characterized. No chemical interactions were identified in the YB4–SiC and YB4–AlN pseudo binaries. The addition of SiC improved the oxidation resistance below 1200°C. At higher temperatures, the low viscosity of a surface melt caused its continuous runoff and the loss of the oxidation-protection capability of the scale. The addition of AlN/SiC improved the oxidation resistance compared to the ceramics containing only SiC, which was attributed to the presence of Al2O3 in the Y2O3–SiO2–B2O3 glass leading to an increase in its viscosity and preventing glass runoff. A significant improvement in the oxidation resistance of the YB4 ceramics and extension of their oxidation stability to 1400°C was accomplished by the introduction of AlN only.
Geriatric depression, antidepressant treatment, and healthcare utilization in a health maintenance organization.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the separate effects of depressive symptoms and antidepressant treatment on healthcare utilization and cost. SETTING: Social Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) at Health Partners in Minnesota. PARTICIPANTS: Geriatric Social HMO enrollees were screened for depressive symptoms using the 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale. A stratified sample was created, composed of geriatric enrollees with depressive symptoms, with antidepressant prescriptions, or with neither (n = 516). DESIGN: Regression analyses were conducted with separate equations for utilization and charge outcome variables, both outpatient and inpatient (log-transformed). The Charlson Comorbidity Index, age, and gender served as covariates. MEASUREMENT: Depressive symptoms were identified through the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Antidepressant treatment was determined from the HMO pharmacy database. RESULTS: Having depressive symptoms was associated with a 19% increase in the number of outpatient encounters and a 30% increase in total outpatient charges. Antidepressant treatment was associated with a 32% increase in total outpatient charges but was not significantly associated with number of outpatient encounters. Depressive symptoms and antidepressant therapy were not significantly associated with inpatient utilization or charges. CONCLUSION: This study found that patients with depressive symptoms generated more outpatient health care and higher charges but not necessarily more inpatient care. Our findings suggest that programs targeted to geriatric patients whose depression is comorbid with other chronic medical conditions might be cost-effective and particularly appropriate for geriatric care.