cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of far-infrared absorption in small-metal-particle-insulator composites.

We present a theory of the far-infrared absorption coefficient for metal--alkali-halide composites assumed to consist of finite metal-particle-cluster subcomposites, a geometry very likely to exist in such systems. Three different models for the cluster composite topology are considered: highly metallic clusters, clusters with near-percolation paths of metal, and clusters with weakly allowed tunneling between isolated metallic constituents. For each, the effective dielectric properties of the cluster are first derived and the effective dielectric function for the entire composite is then determined from an application of classical magnetic or electric dipole theory. Subsequent calculations of the absorption coefficient are in reasonable agreement with a number of experimentally observed absorption features, and thus resolve the long-standing discrepancy of orders-of-magnitude difference between theory and experiment in such systems.
Computed tomography of GM1 gangliosidosis.

REPORTS DESCRIBING THE VALUE of computed tomography in the identification of white matter abnormalities in the leukodystrophies and demyelinating diseases of children first appeared in 1977.1 Since then higher resolution scanners have resulted in CT descriptions of Canavan disease, 2 Alexander disease, 3 metachromatic leukodystrophy,4. 5 Krabbe disease, 6 Schilder disease and adrenoleukodystrophy, 7 and multiple sclerosis) In the patient described here static encephalopathy was diagnosed, until large areas of decreased attenuation in white matter were noted by CT. Shortly afterward the unexpected diagnosis of a sphingolipidosis was suspected by fundoscopic examination and confirmed by leukocyte enzyme assay.
Theoretical study of resolution limits for time-resolved imaging of human breast

Photon migration theory is employed to calculate the line spread function of time-resolved photons as they cross different planes inside a finite slab. Results are used to determine the spatial resolution for objects imbedded at each depth, shown to be proportional to the square root of the excess transit time (Delta) t. However, the light intensities available at small excess transit times, required to obtain finer resolutions, are severely reduced as tissue thickness is increased. Optical parameters of breast tissues are used in our theoretical findings in order to analyze the feasibility of breast screening. For 5- cm-thick tissues that mimic targets of interest in clinical mammography, were predict vanishingly small detectable intensity at the small values of (Delta) t needed in order to achieve 2-mm resolution. Additionally, because normal breast is a spatially heterogeneous mixture of glandular and adipose tissues, which have significantly different optical scattering parameters, the analysis indicates large-amplitude background variations, particularly at short delay times.
Coupled heat and mass transfer through hygroscopic porous materials : Application to clothing layers

A comprehensive numerical model developed for the coupled transport of energy and mass through porous hygroscopic materials was integrated with an existing human thermal physiology model to provide appropriate boundary conditions for the clothing model. The human thermal control model provides skin temperature, core temperature, skin heat flux, and water vapor flux, along with liquid water accumulation at the skin surface. The integrated model couples the dynamic behavior of the clothing system to the human physiology of heat regulation. This model provided the opportunity to systematically examine a number of clothing parameters, which are usually not included in steady-state thermal physiology studies, and to evaluate their potential importance under various conditions of human work rates and environmental conditions.
Inoculation of swine with foot-and-mouth disease SAP-mutant virus induces early protection against disease

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader proteinase (Lpro) cleaves itself from the viral polyprotein and cleaves the translation initiation factor eIF4G. As a result, host cell translation is inhibited, affecting the host innate immune response. We have demonstrated that Lpro is also associated with degradation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), a process that requires Lpro nuclear localization. Additionally, we reported that disruption of a conserved protein domain within the Lpro coding sequence, SAP mutation, prevented Lpro nuclear retention and degradation of NF-κB, resulting in in vitro attenuation. Here we report that inoculation of swine with this SAP-mutant virus does not cause clinical signs of disease, viremia, or virus shedding even when inoculated at doses 100-fold higher than those required to cause disease with wild-type (WT) virus. Remarkably, SAP-mutant virus-inoculated animals developed a strong neutralizing antibody response and were completely protected against challenge with WT FMDV as early as 2 days postinoculation and for at least 21 days postinoculation. Early protection correlated with a distinct pattern in the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines in comparison to the levels detected in animals inoculated with WT FMDV that developed disease. In addition, animals inoculated with the FMDV SAP mutant displayed a memory T cell response that resembled infection with WT virus. Our results suggest that Lpro plays a pivotal role in modulating several pathways of the immune response. Furthermore, manipulation of the Lpro coding region may serve as a viable strategy to derive live attenuated strains with potential for development as effective vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease.
Phenytoin Toxicity Associated With Hypoalbuminemia in Critically Ill Patients

Four critically ill patients developed phenytoin toxicity. Hypoalbuminemia or concomitant displacing drugs resulted in an increased fraction of unbound drug. Clinical findings included gradual decrease in level of consciousness and cerebellar signs. Marked phenytoin toxicity can occur in critically ill patients with hypoalbuminemia and can often be detected only by direct measurement of free phenytoin levels.
Vpr-mediated Incorporation of UNG2 into HIV-1 Particles Is Required to Modulate the Virus Mutation Rate and for Replication in Macrophages *

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is able to infect nondividing cells, such as macrophages, and the viral Vpr protein has been shown to participate in this process. Here, we investigated the impact of the recruitment into virus particles of the nuclear form of uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG2), a cellular DNA repair enzyme, on the virus mutation rate and on replication in macrophages. We demonstrate that the interaction of Vpr with UNG2 led to virion incorporation of a catalytically active enzyme that is directly involved with Vpr in modulating the virus mutation rate. The lack of UNG in virions during virus replication in primary monocyte-derived macrophages further exacerbated virus mutant frequencies to an 18-fold increase compared with the 4-fold increase measured in actively dividing cells. Because the presence of UNG is also critical for efficient infection of macrophages, these observations extend the role of Vpr to another early step of the virus life cycle, e.g. viral DNA synthesis, that is essential for replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in nondividing cells.
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS PRODUCES LARGER PLAQUES WHEN ASSAYED ON ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATED CV1 CELLS

— Plaque development for either untreated or UV treated irradiated Herpes simplex virus Type 1 is faster when assayed on UV irradiated CV1 cells. This Large Plaque Effect only occurs if a minimum delay of 12h between cell irradiation and viral inoculation is allowed. Shorter delays give plaques that are smaller than controls (unirradiated virus-unirradiated cells). The effect is maximal for a 48-h delay and remains unchanged for delays as long as 84h. The effect is greatest for cell exposures of 10J m-2.
Fabrication and characterization of tungsten-oxide-based memristors for neuromorphic circuits

We report a fabrication process and electrical results for tungsten-oxide-based memristors compatible with CMOS-based neuromorphic circuits. Memristor crossbar arrays are fabricated on partially-processed wafers from a CMOS foundry to form hybrid FET-memristor circuits that can serve as analog memory elements for synaptic weight storage. Successful integration is demonstrated through the programming and reading of memristor crossbar array elements addressed through a CMOS multiplexer/demultiplexer.
Implementing Interoperable Military Communications Systems using the DMTF Common Information Model

The success of the Future Force transformation depends on the effective integration and interoperability of disparate military information and communications systems, a top priority with the Department of Defense. In many cases, the components that comprise these systems were vendor specific implementations, developed independently, and do not allow for seamless interoperability due to inconsistencies in data models and definitions across systems. The Distributed Management Task Force's (DMTF) Common Information Model (CIM) provides a basis for data modeling that alleviates the interoperability issues of stovepipe applications and data models through standardized, object oriented definition of managed components, interfaces and relationships between the components. The CIM standard object model is independent of specific system implementation and provides core component definitions that provide necessary functionality to any system, and can be extended to allow new components to be designed. This paper presents a discussion of data modeling using the CIM standard object model as a basis for development of an information infrastructure for emerging, current and legacy systems.
Administration of recombinant human stem cell factor (rhSCF) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) to maternal and fetal rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Abstract Studies with recombinant human stem cell factor (rhSCF) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) have suggested significant clinical utility although little is known regarding the effect of these cytokines when administered during pregnancy. rhSCF (25 μ g/kg/day)±rhG-CSF (50 μ g/kg/day) were administered chronically to gravid rhesus monkeys ( n =12) or directly to the rhesus fetus ( n=2) during the second and third trimesters. Maternal/fetal blood samples were collected to assess circulating SCF/G-CSF levels and complete blood counts compared to non-treated animals ( n =40). Fetal endogenous SCF levels were four-fold greater than the dam (fetus ∼2500 pg/ml, dam ∼500 pg/ml), whereas circulating G-CSF was similar in the fetal/maternal compartments (∼50–100 pg/ml). There were no adverse effects detected in the fetus or dam as a result of SCF±G-CSF administration. Although high levels of SCF and G-CSF were achieved in the maternal circulation with maternal administration (SCF: 7000–15 000 pg/ml; G-CSF: 7000–54 000 pg/ml), there was little evidence of placental transport or effects on fetal haematopoiesis. In contrast, direct fetal administration of SCF+G-CSF resulted in a rapid rise in fetal neutrophil counts. These studies have shown the monkey to be an excellent model for studying haematopoietic interventions during gestation, and suggest the best approach for achieving haematopoietic changes in the fetus and newborn is by direct in utero administration.
αs1-Casein A (Bos Taurus): A probable sequential deletion of eight amino acid residues and its effect on physical properties

Abstract 1. 1. The major casein of cow's milk (αs1− occurs in four known polymorphic forms, A,B, C and D. 2. 2. αs1− Casein A is devoid of eight amino acid residues (apparently in sequence) which are present in the more common variants, B and C. 3. 3. αs1− A is soluble in calcium chloride solutions above 0·10 M at 1°C while the B and C variants are insoluble. 4. 4. The increased solubility of the A variant appears to have arisen as a result of either less extensive hydrophobic bonding and/or a conformational change of the protein brought about by the deletion of the nonpolar amino acids alanine, valine, two phenylalanines and three leucines and one polar amino acid, arginine.
“Curcumin, the King of Spices”: Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Prevention of Cancer, Neurological, and Inflammatory Diseases

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a polyphenolic compound, is a component of Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric. It is a well-known anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-lipidemic agent and has recently been shown to modulate several diseases via epigenetic regulation. Many recent studies have demonstrated the role of epigenetic inactivation of pivotal genes that regulate human pathologies, such as neurocognitive disorders, inflammation, obesity, and cancers. Epigenetic changes involve changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, or altered microRNA expression patterns which are known to be interconnected and play a key role in tumor progression and failure of conventional chemotherapy. The majority of epigenetic changes are influenced by lifestyle and diets. In this regard, dietary phytochemicals as dietary supplements have emerged as a promising source that are able to reverse these epigenetic alterations, to actively regulate gene expression and molecular targets that are known to promote tumorigenesis, and also to prevent age-related diseases through epigenetic modifications. There have been several studies which reported the role of curcumin as an epigenetic regulator in neurological disorders, inflammation, and in diabetes apart from cancers. The epigenetic regulatory roles of curcumin include (1) inhibition of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), which has been well defined from the recent studies on its function as a DNA hypomethylating agent; (2) regulation of histone modifications via regulation of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs); and (3) regulation of micro RNAs (miRNA). This review summarizes the current knowledge on the effect of curcumin in the treatment and/or prevention of inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancers by regulating histone deacetylases, histone acetyltransferases, and DNA methyltransferases.
Characterization of Insertion Loss and Back Reflection in Passive Hybrid Silicon Tapers

The optical properties of two hybrid silicon taper designs are investigated. These tapers convert the optical mode from a silicon waveguide to a hybrid silicon III/V waveguide. A passive chip was fabricated with an epitaxial layer similar to those used in hybrid silicon lasers. To separate optical scattering and mode mismatch from quantum-well absorption, the active layer in this paper was designed to be at 1410 nm, to allow measurements at 1550 nm. Using cutback structures, the taper loss and the taper reflection are quantified. Taper losses between 0.2 and 0.6 dB per taper and reflections below -41 dB are measured.
Incidental Findings on Bedside Ultrasonography: Detection Rate and Accuracy of Resident-Performed Examinations in the Acute Setting.

Abstract Background Bedside ultrasonography has become a valuable tool in the emergent care setting for triage and rapid evaluation of patients who are acutely ill. Given the cross-sectional nature of ultrasound technology, incidental findings are frequently encountered during imaging. These can impact clinical management and can pose a diagnostic dilemma for emergency medicine (EM) physicians and EM residents. Purpose Our retrospective study was designed to evaluate the prevalence and detection rate of incidental findings on bedside ultrasound examinations performed by EM residents. We also sought to identify types of incidental findings encountered and the diagnostic accuracy of those findings. Materials and Methods Board-certified radiologists retrospectively reviewed bedside ultrasonography examinations performed and interpreted by EM residents at a large urban academic hospital. Our sample included patients who presented with traumatic and nontraumatic symptoms in the acute setting. Findings were defined as incidental only if they were previously unknown and not related to a patients presenting symptoms. The results were corroborated with electronic medical records and additional pertinent imaging when available. Results Of 196 examinations analysed, EM residents identified incidental findings on 26% of the studies, which mostly involved the renal and biliary system. Radiologist review detected incidental findings in 20.9% but was more accurate when supplemental imaging was available. EM residents detected incidental findings at rates similar to that published previously and had moderate interobserver agreement with radiologist review. Worrisome and indeterminate findings were confirmed by additional work-up and further imaging. Conclusion Incidental findings are frequently encountered on bedside ultrasonography and have the potential to alter clinical management. Expertise in detection and knowledge of the presence and spectrum of these incidental findings is essential for appropriate triage, patient management, and follow-up.
Document No. 4 U.S. Nuclear Weapons Programs: Implications for Nonproliferation

Thank you—I am pleased to be here to speak before this distinguished group. Following Sir Michael Quinlan at a meeting on nuclear policy is like teeing off after Tiger Woods (or should I say Colin ...
WE-C-BRB-12: Moving from Gamma Based to Patient DVH Based IMRT QA

Purpose: In this work we study 1) the correlation between patient DVH deviations and 3D gamma passing rate of the whole patient volume, 2) the correlation between patient DVH deviations and gamma passing rates of each corresponding ROI, and 3) the capability of an software/algorithm that predicts patient DVH deviations based on planar QA result. Methods: 96 unique “imperfect” step‐and‐shoot IMRT plans were generated by applying 4 different types of error—induced beam models on 24 clinical Head/Neck patients. The doses in each patient as well as QA phantom were then recalculated using an error‐free beam model to simulate the real delivery. The degree of induced errors was tuned to result in planar QA results that are commonly achieved in clinics. Clinically relevant patient DVH deviations, as well as 3D Gamma passing rates for both the whole patient volume and each corresponding ROI were derived by comparing the “delivered” and planed patient dose. Predicted patient DVH deviations were generated by perturbing planned dose based on simulated results of per beam planar QA in a phantom, using a commercial software/algorithm. Results: Weak to moderate correlation were found between clinically important patient DVH metrics (CTV‐D95, parotid Dmean, spinal cord D1cc, and larynx Dmean) and 3D patient gamma passing rate (3%/3mm, 2%/2mm, 1%/1mm) for whole patient volume as well as for each corresponding ROI. Predicted DVH deviations were in good agreement with actual DVH deviations. Conclusions: Gamma passing rate, even calculated in 3D for each specific ROI in real patient, has limited power in predicting clinical impact in terms of patient DVH deviations. The software/algorithm has potential to accurately predict these DVH deviations using the plan information and phantom planar QA results. Moving from Gamma based to patient DVH based IMRT QA appears to be both necessary and possible, and is therefore suggested. This is an unfunded work however one of the authors (Dr. Benjamin E. Nelms) serves as a consultant to the vendor (Sun Nuclear, Melbourne, FL) of the software that is used in this study.
Dynamic economic management of soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and productivity in the north central USA

Physical scientists have presented a wealth of evidence regarding the effects of cropland soil degradation. Because soil degradation has both on-site and off-site effects, public policies have often tried to increase rates of conservation over privately optimal rates. Where private incentives leave off and public incentives start up is somewhat controversial, however. Physical evidence, while necessary, is not sufficient to predict conservation actions by farmers in response to the threat of degradation. This paper provides a partial explanation for why farmers may adopt differing conservation strategies, even though they share similar preferences. A model is constructed that divides soil degradation into reversible and irreversible components. We portray nutrient depletion as a reversible facet of soil degradation and soil profile depth depletion as an irreversible facet of soil degradation. Predictions of optimal management response to soil degradation are accomplished using a closed-loop model of fertilizer applications and residue management to control future stocks of soil nutrients and soil profile depth. Our model is applied to degradation data from nine soils in the north central United States. Three principal findings result: First, due to differences in initial soil properties, susceptibility to degradation, sensitivity of yield to soil depth, and yield response to alternative management practices, dynamically optimal economic strategies cannot be inferred directly from physical results but are inferred from the associated economic implications. Second, optimal residue management is more variable with respect to soil type than to the erosion phase of the soil, implying that substantial gains to targeting are possible. Third, nutrient depletion is a more compelling motivator for adopting residue management than soil profile depth depletion. This implies that motivating residue management requires programs that pay even greater attention to reversible degradation, and therefore the overall farm management implications, rather than strictly to protect topsoil from irreversible degradation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COLLODION FIXATION: A NEW IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTION.

Collodion fixation by immunological complexes presents a method of great delicacy—about 1,000 times that of any heretofore described reaction. This delicacy is of an order which may permit the in vitro identification of filterable viruses.
From Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms to Constant Immunosuppression: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Diseases

The regenerative abilities and the immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) make them potentially the ideal cellular product of choice for treatment of autoimmune and other immune mediated disorders. Although the usefulness of MSCs for therapeutic applications is in early phases, their potential clinical use remains of great interest. Current clinical evidence of use of MSCs from both autologous and allogeneic sources to treat autoimmune disorders confers conflicting clinical benefit outcomes. These varied results may possibly be due to MSC use across wide range of autoimmune disorders with clinical heterogeneity or due to variability of the cellular product. In the light of recent genome wide association studies (GWAS), linking predisposition of autoimmune diseases to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the susceptible genetic loci, the clinical relevance of MSCs possessing SNPs in the critical effector molecules of immunosuppression is largely undiscussed. It is of further interest in the allogeneic setting, where SNPs in the target pathway of MSC's intervention may also modulate clinical outcome. In the present review, we have discussed the known critical SNPs predisposing to disease susceptibility in various autoimmune diseases and their significance in the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs.
Atmospheric correction of ocean color sensors: computing atmospheric diffuse transmittance.

Using the reciprocal equation derived by Yang and Gordon [Appl. Opt.36, 7887–7897 (1997)] for atmospheric diffuse transmittance of the ocean–atmosphere system, I examined the accuracy of an analytical equation proposed by Gordon et al. [Appl. Opt.22, 20–36 (1983)] in computing the atmospheric diffuse transmittance for wavelengths from 412 to 865 nm for both a pure Rayleigh and a two-layer Rayleigh-aerosol atmosphere overlying a flat Fresnel-reflecting ocean surface. It was found that for viewing angles up to approximately 40°, the analytical formula produces errors usually between 2% and 3% for nonabsorbing and weakly absorbing aerosols and for aerosol optical thicknesses τa ≤ 0.4. The error increases with an increase in aerosol absorption, aerosol optical thickness, and viewing angle, and with the decrease of wavelength. By a simple numerical fit to modify the analytical formula, the atmospheric diffuse transmittance can be accurately computed usually to within ∼1% (∼0.5% in most cases) for a variety of aerosol models, aerosol optical thicknesses τa ≤ 0.6, viewing angles θ ≤ 60°, different aerosol vertical structure distribution, and for wavelengths from 412 to 865 nm.
Sugar anomerism — a short and sweet digression Perspective on “The application of ab initio molecular orbital theory to the anomeric effect”

The subject paper presented the first conformational analysis of the anomeric effect within the context of molecular orbital theory, discussed the utility of Fourier decomposition of a torsional coordinate as a method for analyzing disparate electronic influences on that coordinate, and helped settle debate on the nature of anomeric stabilization.
Late Paleozoic Glaciation: I, South America

Glacial activity is recorded in rocks of Early, Middle and Late Carboniferous and Early Permian(?) age in Argentina and Bolivia, and in Carboniferous and Permian(?) strata of the cratonic Parana basin in Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. Direct evidence for glaciation in the four Andean basins consists of a single striated floor and common striated clasts in diamictites and associated strata. Many Andean diamictites are intercalated in sequences which contain marine invertebrate fossils and turbidites. There is abundant evidence in the form of sandstone inclusions showing soft sediment deformation that subaqueous mass movement took place during deposition. These rocks are therefore interpreted as resedimented till. Pebbly shale and varvelike rocks formed from ice rafting in marine and lacustrine environments. The glacial impress is slight in the continental facies as developed in fluvial strata of the Rio Blanco basin. The dominant feature of the glacial Itarare Subgroup of the eastern border and of the Aqui-dauana Group of the western border of the Parana basin is fluvial reworking of diamictite during intervals between glacial advances. This extensive reworking has removed much primary evidence of glaciation but the presence of about 30 striated floors and surfaces within the sequence is unequivocal. Subaqueous mass movement and ice rafting also took place. Ice centers apparently developed in rugged highlands within the Andean orogenic belt. Alpine or piedmont glaciers, or both, flowed downward onto narrow shelves, and till then moved into the marine portions of the basins by mudflow and sliding. The continental portions of the basins lay generally eastward of the marine areas and a topographically mature terrane still farther east was affected only slightly by glaciation, presumably because it was distant from glacial centers and lay at a relatively low elevation. Continental glaciers of eastern South America probably radiated from centers located in South West Africa before separation of the continents, flowing northwestwardly onto the Brazilian shield and thence into the Parana basin. Three separate lobes of ice occupied the Uruguayan shield, parts of Parana and Santa Catarina states, and the state of Sao Paulo. A marine seaway occupied the basin center at times and was succeeded by a large body of fresh water at the time of glaciation of the western border of the basin. The southern portion of the Asuncion arch was a glacial source which yielded debris northeastwardly from the western border after glaciation ceased in the east. The Parana sequences suggest 10 distinct ice advances separated by fluvial activity that may represent interglacial periods. This extensive glaciation resulted because the region was in high latitudes (as indicated by paleomagnetic data) through much of the Carboniferous and the Early Permian. The restricted glaciation of the Andean region was more closely controlled by elevation, possibly because of its position in somewhat lower latitudes.
Optimal foot shape for a passive dynamic biped

Passive walking dynamics describe the motion of a biped that is able to "walk" down a shallow slope without any actuation or control. Instead, the walker relies on gravitational and inertial effects to propel itself forward, exhibiting a gait quite similar to that of humans. These purely passive models depend on potential energy to overcome the energy lost when the foot impacts the ground. Previous research has demonstrated that energy loss at heel-strike can vary widely for a given speed, depending on the nature of the collision. The point of foot contact with the ground (relative to the hip) can have a significant effect: semi-circular (round) feet soften the impact, resulting in much smaller losses than point-foot walkers. Collisional losses are also lower if a single impulse is broken up into a series of smaller impulses that gradually redirect the velocity of the center of mass rather than a single abrupt impulse. Using this principle, a model was created where foot-strike occurs over two impulses, "heel-strike" and "toe-strike," representative of the initial impact of the heel and the following impact as the ball of the foot strikes the ground. Having two collisions with the flat-foot model did improve efficiency over the point-foot model. Representation of the flat-foot walker as a rimless wheel helped to explain the optimal flat-foot shape, driven by symmetry of the virtual spoke angles. The optimal long period foot shape of the simple passive walking model was not very representative of the human foot shape, although a reasonably anthropometric foot shape was predicted by the short period solution.
Cognitive-behavioral classifications of chronic pain: replication and extension of empirically derived patient profiles.

Abstract Many attempts have been made to classify patients with chronic pain in order to make sense of a very complex problem and to direct patients towards appropriate treatments for their condition. Unfortunately, these efforts have not been empirically based and have demonstrated limited clinical use. Predominant emphasis has been placed on either biomedical or psychopathological elements of the chronic pain experience with little integration of cognitive-behavioral factors. Turk and Rudy (1988) introduced an empirically derived pain patient taxonomy based on analyses of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI). The primary purpose of the present study was to replicate this classification system by using different measures for similar constructs in different groups of chronic pain patients. Items designed to measure 4 constructs (activity interference, emotional distress, pain intensity, and perceived support) were collected from 1594 pain patients evaluated at two separate pain treatment facilities. Confirmatory factor analytic results indicated high reliability of the items in measuring these 4 constructs. Replicated clustering techniques demonstrated the robustness of 3 patient profiles across the patient samples. The 3 clusters corresponded remarkably well to the groups initially labeled by Turk and Rudy (1988) as Dysfunctional, Interpersonally Distressed and Adaptive Copers. External validation of the classification system supported replication of the 3 groups and offered further interpretational clarity to the patient profiles. Strong evidence was found for a taxonomy of 3 chronic pain patient groups. Implication for predicting treatment outcome and for future research are discussed.
Some useful properties of a theory of variable mass particles

By a simple extension of the canonical formalism, one can include mass and proper time as dynamical variables in mechanics. Such a theory allows one to treat particles with variable mass and also classically decaying particles. The theory has other properties which offer a fresh approach to classical dynamics. For example, the inertia of a system becomes an active concept, and the rest mass of an interacting particle changes to include its binding energy. Also, the proper time as measured by a clock on a decaying particle runs at a different rate from a clock on a stable particle. This effect causes a ``decay red shift'' to be present in classically decaying systems, over and above other red shift effects. The effect could be used to remove the acausal properties of ``pre‐acceleration'' in radiative reaction, and it is suggested that for rapidly decaying massive objects, like quasars, this effect might be responsible for part of their red shift.
Will lead-based anodes ever be replaced in aqueous electrowinning?

Lead anodes have been employed in commercial aqueous electrowinning for close to a century. In the past three decades, several attempts have been made to replace lead anodes with other materials. For the most part, the use of other anodes, particularly coated titanium anodes (CTAs), has been limited to niche electrowinning applications. This article will review electrowinning processes that employ coated titanium anodes and evaluate metal electrowinning systems from a coated titanium anode perspective, including recent attempts at replacing lead-based anodes. Finally, a general economic evaluation of CTAs and lead anodes will be presented and areas for future research will be identified that could hasten the replacement of lead-based anodes in aqueous electrowinning systems.
Making the most of learning outside the classroom

Reflection is the key to making the most of experiential learning. Only by seriously addressing reflection as a curriculum strand can we insure that students really do integrate and transform their experiences into meaningful learning.
Metastasizing atypical fibroxanthoma (cutaneous malignant histiocytoma): report of five cases.

Background Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is an unusual malignant fibrohistiocytic tumor of sun-damaged skin. When first described, it was felt to be a reactive tumor of low malignant potential. More recently, it has been shown to be a tumor of intermediate malignant potential. Objective To describe five cases of metastatic AFX. Results Five patients ranging in age from 65 to 85 years old presented with metastatic AFX. Three of the five cases presented with regional lymph node disease. Also, three of the five cases had other aggressive cutaneous malignancies. LN-2 (CD74) staining was positive in three of five primary tumors and two of five metastatic tumors. Conclusion The metastatic potential of AFX may be underestimated. LN-2 staining may be a useful marker in identifying more aggressive tumor behavior. JENNIFER Z. COOPER, MD, SCOTT R. NEWMAN, MD, GLYNIS A. SCOTT, MD, AND MARC D. BROWN, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.
Leading and managing in developing countries: challenge, growth and opportunities for twenty‐first century organisations

This article deals with the importance of managing cultural differences in developing countries for twenty‐first century organisations. With increasing business globalisation and different cultures we have in this world, maintaining and managing cultural differences becomes a challenge for managers and supervisors in the twenty‐first century. Thus, managing cultural differences is an essential skill all managers must master if they are to be successful in the global marketplace. This article also addresses how lack of understanding of cultural differences can cause serious mis‐communication, which can hinder the growth and the productivity of an organisation or company. It looks at how one’s own culture plays an important role in the way one manages, one must strive to learn, not only about the different culture which exists in the country where one wants to do business, but also, how to see one’s own culture in an objective manner. Finally, the article concludes by stressing why organisational leadership...
The [Re]construction of Diasporic Policies in Mexico in the Era of Globalization and Democracy: The Case of the Clubes de Oriundos

The homeland/global nation policy literature provides a framework to study how the governments of the ancestral countries have developed ways to encapsulate the identities and loyalties of immigrants and have created institutionalized interchanges through designing and implementing a wide array of policies. The case of Mexico is critical, since this country has been developing outreach policies toward its diaspora in the United States from the nineteenth century onward. This article studies the current challenges of Mexico's diasporic policy, emphasizing the dominant meaning of diaspora, as an “economic asset,” held by governmental agents in the current era of globalization and democratization in regard to a particular case study: the ties between the Mexican government and the philanthropic hometown associations of Mexicans in the United States, the clubes de oriundos.
The United Nations, international peacekeeping and the question of ‘impartiality’: revisiting the Congo operation of 1960

This paper analyses peacekeeping impartiality, i.e. the extent to which peacekeepers act in the interests of international peace and security, rather than the interests of specific states or other external actors. It reevaluates the question of impartiality through an analysis of the Congo operation of July–September 1960. This case study was selected because it was by far the most important instance of peacekeeping during the Cold War. Based upon primary source materials from US, British, and UN archives, as well as memoirs and secondary sources, it finds that the Congo peacekeeping force intervened to a considerable extent in the internal politics of the Congo; in doing so, the peacekeepers collaborated with US policymakers and, to some extent, advanced their strategic objectives. A comparison between the Congo operation and recent cases of peacekeeping in post-Cold War Africa indicates that impartiality is likely to remain an elusive goal.
Efficient content search in iShare, a P2P based Internet-sharing system

This paper presents an efficient content search system, which is applied to iShare, a distributed peer-to-peer(P2P) Internet-sharing system. iShare facilitates the sharing of diverse resources located in different administrative domains over the Internet. For efficient resource management, iShare organizes resources into a hierarchical name space, which is distributed over the underlying structured P2P network. However, iShare's search capability has a fundamental limit inherited from the underlying structured P2P system's search capability. Most existing structured P2P systems do not support content searches. There exists some research that provides content search functionality, but the approaches do not scale well and incur substantial overheads on data updates. To address these issues, we propose an efficient hierarchical-summary system, which enables an efficient content search and semantic ranking capability over traditional structured P2P systems. Our system uses a hierarchical name space to implement a summary hierarchy on top of existing structured P2P overlay networks, and uses a Bloom Filter as a summary structure to reduce space and maintenance overhead. We implemented the proposed system in iShare, and the results show that our search system finds all relevant results regardless of summary scale and the search latency increases very slowly as the network grows.
DOUBLE-ASPECT PERCEPTION AND SOCIAL INTEREST

Adler (1929, 1931, 1956, 1964) repeatedly emphasized that all maladjustment is a consequence of one's lack of social interest, i.e., of a co-operative, empathetic attitude toward others. Machover (1949) felt that people who omitted facial features from their drawings had difficulty with their social contacts. Similarly, Piouowski (1957) stated that a low percentage of human responses to the Rorschach plates was indicative of social isolation. Stone and Ansbacher (1965 ) found that incidence of the communication organs on the GoodenoughHarris test correlated quite highly (.729) with the social skills subtest scores of the California Test of Personality. There is, however, a dearth of research concerning facial perception and social awareness as indicated in recent reviews by Roback ( 1968) and Swenson (1968). On the basis of Adler's contentions and the above research, the authors predicted that the better adjusted individual would perceive a double-aspect stimulus as social (human) stimulus more often than the maladjusted. Based on Adler's ( 1929, 1931, 1956, 1964) hypothesis that maladjustment is in essence immaturity, the authors also predicted that the younger child is less likely to perceive the stimulus as human, since Adler believed social interest increased with age. This prediction is consistent with Werner's (1948) contention that the perceptual style of the maladjusted is similar to that of young children. This prediction is also consistent with the research of Ames, et al. (1952) who noted a significant increase in human responses to the Rorschach with an increase in children's age. Thus, there were two purposes of this study. The first was to compare the response style of first, third, fifth, seventh, and twelfth graders on three doubleaspect stimuli: a vase vs a face, an ear vs a question mark, and a mountain vs a face. The aurhors predicted that the number of human responses would increase with age as social interest developed. The second purpose of this investigation was to compare the response style of normal and pathological Ss on the three double-aspect stimuli. This phase of the study was designed to test the hypothesis that maladjusted Ss would perceive the double-aspect figures as human significantly less often than normal Ss because of their lessened social interest.
Experimental determination of dynamic parameters for a superconducting machine

Superconducting electrical machines are increasingly of interest for diverse applications such as generators, synchronous condensers and motors. These machines' dynamic behavior differs from that of conventional machines in significant ways due to certain time constants and reactances being very different. These differences can present difficulties when conventional testing procedures are applied. A 5 MW superconducting rotor machine designed and built by American Superconductor Corporation is currently being tested in the Advanced Test Facility of the Center for Advanced Power Systems at Florida State University. A variety of test procedures are being applied to determine the machine's dynamic performance and the effectiveness of these tests when applied to a superconducting machine is being assessed. In this paper, two means of analysing test data and extracting machine parameters are described.
New Teachers' Experiences of Hiring: Late, Rushed, and Information-Poor:

Purpose: Teacher hiring decisions have far-reaching consequences for a school, its students, and faculty. This article examines how new teachers in four states are hired and explores whether the process leads to good matches between these individuals and their schools. The authors conceive of hiring as a two-way process and examine the extent to which the hiring process provides opportunities for prospective teachers and schools to collect rich information about, and form accurate impressions of, one another.Research Methods: This study surveyed a representative random sample of 486 first-year and second-year teachers in California, Florida, Massachusetts, and Michigan. Participants were chosen using two-stage stratified cluster sampling, and the study achieved a response rate of 65%. Statistical methods used in the analysis include principal components analysis, chi-square analysis, and t tests.Findings: The data reveal that the majority of new teachers in these states are hired through a decentralized, ...
Analysis of repolarization of presynaptic motor terminals in Drosophila larvae using potassium-channel-blocking drugs and mutations

In Drosophila melanogaster muscles and neuronal cell bodies at least four different potassium currents have been identified whose activity shapes the electrical properties of these cells. Potassium currents also control repolarization of presynaptic terminals and, therefore, exert a major effect on transmitter release and synaptic plasticity. However, because of the small size of presynaptic terminals in Drosophila, it has not been possible to analyze the potassium currents they express. As a first approach to characterizing the ionic currents present at presynaptic motor terminals of Drosophila larvae, we recorded synaptic currents at the neuromuscular junction. From the alterations in evoked synaptic currents caused by various drugs and by mutations known to affect potassium currents in other tissues, we suggest that the repolarizing mechanism in presynaptic terminals consists of at least four distinct currents. One is affected by aminopyridines or Sh mutations, a second component is affected by the slo mutation, a third is sensitive to quinidine and one or more additional components are blocked by tetraethylammonium. Depolarization depends on a presynaptic calcium current, which displays only slight voltage-dependent inactivation. Because the mechanism of repolarization exerts a major effect on synaptic activity, this analysis provides a framework for further genetic and molecular dissection of the basic processes involved in the regulation of transmitter release.
Osteopenia in transgenic mice with osteoblast-targeted expression of the inducible cAMP early repressor

ICER is a member of the CREM family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors that acts as a dominant negative regulator of gene transcription. Four different isoforms of ICER (I, Igamma, II and IIgamma) are transcribed from the P2 promoter of the Crem gene. We previously found that each of the ICER isoforms is induced by parathyroid hormone in osteoblasts. The goal of the present study was to assess the function of ICER in bone by overexpressing ICER in osteoblasts of transgenic mice. ICER I and ICER II cDNAs, each containing an N-terminal FLAG epitope tag, were cloned downstream of a fragment containing 3.6 kb of the rat Col1a1 promoter and most of the rat Col1a1 first intron to produce pOBCol3.6-ICER I and pOBCol3.6-ICER II transgenes, respectively. Multiple lines of mice were generated bearing the ICER I and ICER II transgenes. At 8 weeks of age, ICER I and ICER II transgenic mice had lower body weights and decreased bone mineral density of femurs and vertebrae. Further studies were done with ICER I transgenic mice, which had greatly reduced trabecular bone volume and a markedly decreased bone formation rate in femurs. Osteoblast differentiation and osteocalcin expression were reduced in ex vivo bone marrow cultures from ICER I transgenic mice. ICER I antagonized the activity of ATF4 at its consensus DNA binding site in the osteocalcin promoter in vitro. Thus, transgenic mice with osteoblast-targeted overexpression of ICER exhibited osteopenia caused primarily by reduced bone formation. We speculate that ICER regulates the activity and/or expression of ATF/CREB factors required for normal bone formation.