cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A chart representation for delineating computer disciplines (abstract)

Colleges and universities in the United States that teach some form of computer curriculum are many. From the small community college to the major university most offer some type of sequence of computer course. Unfortunately, the computer programs offered by two different schools may be vastly differentSeveral “names” for the computer disciplines have emerged: computer science, computer theory, computer engineering, information sciences, information systems, and data processing to name the more common ones. A faculty member with a doctorate in computer science might feel uncomfort-able working in an information systems department. Likewise, a student wishing to study in the area of information systems would feel ill-at-ease taking courses in a computer engineering department. Many job-seeking faculty and school-seeking students ask of a department: “What kind of courses do you offer?” “Where does your emphasis lie?” The answers to questions like these are obtained after lengthy discussions with school advisors, faculty interviewing, or digging through college catalogs.What would be helpful is a system which clearly illustrates the courses offered by a department. If this were in chart form where the courses progressed from computer theory to data processing, one could see at a glance the emphasis of a particular school's discipline. By comparing a department's chart with a faculty member's chart, one can easily and quickly see background differences and similarities, saving time and energy.
Miocene marine-nonmarine correlations, atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, North America

Abstract A survey of the records of the remains of Miocene land mammals from nearshore marine deposits on the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains of the United States reveals a number of occurrences where the relationship between mammalian and invertebrate biochronologies can be directly compared. Vertebrate paleontologists have constructed and calibrated a time scale of geochrons (North American Mammal Ages and informal subages) based on the occurrence of certain mammalian genera. This scale can be compared directly with neritic molluscan, diatom and foraminiferal biostratigraphies that in turn can be calibrated with the Neogene planktonic foraminiferal zones in the warm-water provinces surrounding southeastern North America. Such cross-correlations allow the tracing of geochrons from the land to sea as well as across facies boundaries within these major environments. The demonstration of the wider utility of the mammalian time scale in correlation and the testing of correlations proposed by other disciplines is an important conclusion from this study.
Consistency of Export-restraint Arrangements with the GATT

ORTY years of stressful history would challenge the capacity of any international agreement on trade and commerce to cope with new developments and practices not carefully enough contemplated by the original draftsmen. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)’ is no exception. Indeed, the lack of an adequate institutional structure for the GATT’ renders it even more vulnerable than many agreements to the problem of ‘relevance’ in a world now substantially different from the one which existed in the immediate post-World War I1 period. Yet few practices have posed as large a problem for the policy objectives and ‘rule’ language of the GATT as those generally called ‘voluntary export restraints’ (VERs), ‘voluntary restraint arrangements’ (VRAs) or ‘orderly marketing arrangements’ (OMAs). In spite of extensive economic and policy criticism suggesting that, as an instrument of trade policy, export-restraint arrangements are usually a fourthor fifth-best choice4 (or worse), these arrangements have proliferated to such an extent that it appears that some countries prefer them to all other trade-restricting devices. Why this is so has been the subject of comment elsewhere. Clearly it relates, inter alia, to the national constitutional structures of governments which inhibit the use of other measures (such as tariffs or quantitative import restrictions, which may sometimes require parliamentary action or prerequisites specified in legislative delegations of power). It also relates to international rules such as the GATT’s Article XIX, its main ‘escape clause’ (providing for emergency protection against sudden surges of imports of a particular product), which requires an importrestricting country to ‘compensate’ exporting countries with new trade ‘concessions’. While economic and other policy considerations surrounding the use of exportrestraint arrangements have been amply explored, there is remarkably little analytical examination of the related legal question of whether such arrangements
Fibroblast growth factor-2 decreases hyperoxia-induced photoreceptor cell death in mice.

Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) has neurotrophic effects in vitro and in vivo . It has been demonstrated to decrease photoreceptor cell death in rats exposed to constant light and in rats with an inherited defect in retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) phagocytosis, but the effects of intravitreous injections of FGF2 in mice are equivocal. In this study, we used transgenic mice with increased expression of FGF2 in photoreceptors ( rhodopsin promoter /FGF2 transgenics) to investigate the effects of sustained increased expression of FGF2 in mice with various types of photoreceptor degeneration, including rd mice that are homozygous for mutated phosphodiesterase β subunit, Q344ter mice that undergo photoreceptor degeneration because of expression of mutated rhodopsin, and mice exposed to 75% oxygen for 1 or 2 weeks. At P21, the outer nuclear layer was markedly reduced in rd mice or Q344ter mice regardless of whether they inherited the rhodopsin promoter /FGF2 transgene. However, after 2 weeks of exposure to 75% oxygen, outer nuclear layer thickness was significantly reduced in littermate control mice compared to FGF2 transgenic mice ( P = 0.0001). These data indicate that increased expression of FGF2 in photoreceptors protects them from hyperoxia-induced damage, but does not decrease cell death related to expression of mutated proteins involved in the phototransduction pathway. This suggests that FGF2 protects photoreceptors from oxidative damage, which may play a role in complex genetic diseases such as age-related macular degeneration.
TAY-SACHS DISEASE (TSD): PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS AND HETEROZYGOTE SCREENING

From 1969 (when the metabolic error in TSD was defined) to August 1976, the births of 115 infants with TSD have been prevented. This derives from prenatal monitoring of 461 pregnancies at-risk for TSD in centers from 12 reporting countries. Three hundred & seventy-one pregnancies were in couples with 1 or more previously affected children and 90 in couples identified “at-risk” thru heterozygote screening. All fetal TSD diagnoses were confirmed, where aborted tissue was available (103/115); 1 affected infant was missed by prenatal study; 4 TSD-identified fetuses were not electively aborted; and 340 unaffected children were born as predicted. Sixty cities in 5 nations - - U.S., Canada, Israel, U.K., and S. Africa -- have initiated carrier screening programs. More than 150,000 adults have volunteered for the carrier detection serum Hex A test; over 6,000 heterozygotes identified; and 125 at-risk couples discovered (both parents: heterozygotes). An heterozygote frequency of 0.037 (1 in 27.3) is evident among the 101,000 American Jews screened (without known carriers or TSD infants in their families). A quality control study in 13 N. American serum testing centers indicates nearly perfect accuracy in TSD heterozygote detection. Personal interviews with identified carriers suggest little, if any, psychological stigmatization. It is suggested from this experience that this approach to the control of TSD may serve as a model for future recessive genetic disease prevention efforts.
Methane and nitrogen gases from rice fields of China - possible effects of microbiology, benthic fauna, fertilizer, and agricultural practice.

Estimation of release rates of CH4, N2O, and other trace gases from rice agriculture in China requires that details of microbiology, rice field benthic fauna, fertilizer use, and how farmers farm be understood. The potential importance of natural fertilizer can be estimated, based on published biogas generator efficiency in rural China, with the result that CH4 production from the fermentation of animal and human wastes prior to use as fertilizer may be comparable to that expected to be released from flooded rice fields. A review of agricultural practices in Anhui and Fujian Provinces indicates that marked seasonal and geographic variations in CH4 and other trace gas releases to the atmosphere from Chinese agricultural areas are expected.
A unique all-optic switch based on an innovatively designed liquid crystal waveguide

A unique, all-optic switch based on an innovatively designed planar lightwave circuit (PLC) is presented in this paper. The switching function is achieved by using ultra large birefringence of nematic liquid crystals (NLC) filled at the trench of waveguides. The trench at the crossing forms a waveguide mirror or a matching medium when extraordinary and ordinary refractive indices of NLC are employed, respectively. The major advantages of our unique design are: (1) the limitation that refractive index of liquid crystal must be less than that of waveguide material itself is eliminated so that conventional NCL material such as E7 can be used; (2) it is a self aligned fabrication process that alleviates the tight tolerance of later tilt error; (3) the design is thermally stable. The successful fabrication of this unqiue switch could result in an enabling element for the next generation all-optic networks.
Application of Diffusion Mechanism: Degree of Blending Between Fresh and Recycled Asphalt Pavement Binder in Dynamic Shear Rheometer

There are many concerns about the blending between virgin and aged binders in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Determining the extent of the blending and identifying the main factors affecting the blending between two binders have gained great interest in recent years. Viscosity as a function of temperature, exposure time, and film thickness have been mentioned as the main factors controlling the blending between two binders that are in contact. The in-contact blending between two binders is hypothesized to be governed by a diffusion phenomenon in which material is transferred through a medium because of the Brownian motion of molecules. This study aimed to estimate the rate of diffusion of virgin binder (as the diffusing matter) into the RAP binder, which controls the blending of two binders during exposure. The effect of temperature, which was considered as the main factor influencing the diffusion rate, was evaluated at varying levels. Fick's law calculations and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) measurem...
Current Accuracy Limits Of Dynamic Imaging Microellipsometry

Dynamic Imaging Microellipsometry (DIM) is a fast, high resolution full-field imaging approach to ellipsometry. The testing of the second generation DIM system is described with measurement methodology and system accuracy covered. Relative and absolute errors are discussed separately with analyses of overall accuracy and individual error sources are detailed. Approaches for improving both relative and absolute accuracy are discussed.
Likelihood methods for incomplete longitudinal binary responses with incomplete categorical covariates.

Summary. We consider longitudinal studies in which the outcome observed over time is binary and the covariates of interest are categorical. With no missing responses or covariates, one specifies a multinomial model for the responses given the covariates and uses maximum likelihood to estimate the parameters. Unfortunately, incomplete data in the responses and covariates are a common occurrence in longitudinal studies. Here we assume the missing data are missing at random (Rubin, 1976, Biometrika63, 581–592). Since all of the missing data (responses and covariates) are categorical, a useful technique for obtaining maximum likelihood parameter estimates is the EM algorithm by the method of weights proposed in Ibrahim (1990, Journal of the American Statistical Association85, 765–769). In using the EM algorithm with missing responses and covariates, one specifies the joint distribution of the responses and covariates. Here we consider the parameters of the covariate distribution as a nuisance. In data sets where the percentage of missing data is high, the estimates of the nuisance parameters can lead to highly unstable estimates of the parameters of interest. We propose a conditional model for the covariate distribution that has several modeling advantages for the EM algorithm and provides a reduction in the number of nuisance parameters, thus providing more stable estimates in finite samples.
Paleozoic record of morphologica diversity in blastozoan echinoderms.

Abstract There has been extensive debate about the magnitude and implications of morphological diversity in early Paleozoic animals, with some workers using apparently rapid initial diversification to infer unusual evolutionary processes. Analysis of discrete morphological characters shows that initial morphological diversification in the echinoderm subphylum Blastozoa was so pronounced that morphological diversity relative to taxonomic diversity was greatest in the Cambrian, whereas morphological diversity itself was greatest in the Middle and Upper Ordovician. Thus, a small number of Cambrian taxa sparsely occupied a large range in morphological space, whereas subsequent diversification involved expansion and filling of morphospace. A measure of clade-shape asymmetry and a method for statistical testing of clade shape are used to show that morphological diversity is significantly concentrated early in the history of the Blastozoa. The subphylum represents the highest biologic level at which temporal patterns of morphological diversity have been analyzed. Because this study is based on explicit morphological analysis, not taxonomic proxies for morphological diversity, the results are not artifacts of taxonomic practice.
Flow time effects on hydrocarbon growth and soot formation in coflowing methane/air non-premixed flames

Centerline profiles of temperature, oxygen, carbon dioxide, C1 to C12 hydrocarbons, and soot volume fraction were measured in five methane/air coflowing non-premixed flames whose visible lengths ranged from 21 to 93 mm. The temperature and major species profiles correlated well with a nondimensional axial position obtained by normalizing the dimensional axial position with the flame length, where the flame length was defined as the distance from the fuel tube exit plane to the location of maximum centerline temperature. Flow times strongly affected the nonfuel hydrocarbon and soot profiles, preventing them from correlating with the same nondimensional axial position. However, as the flames became taller, the changes in nonfuel hydrocarbon concentrations decreased rapidly, and concentrations of linear species appeared to converge toward a common profile. Increasing soot content in the taller flames lowered their temperatures due to radiation heat losses and, possibly, caused their nonfuel hydrocarbon profiles to decrease more rapidly at the top of the pyrolysis zone due to scrubbing by the soot surface.
Predicting Deliberative Conversation: The Impact of Discussion Networks, Media Use, and Political Cognitions

This study explores the meaning and origins of deliberative political conversation, characterized by an openness to political conflict, the absence of conversational dominance, clear and reasonable argument, and mutual comprehension. Adapting McLeod, Scheufele, and Moy's (1999) model of democratic engagement, we posit a series of relationships among discussion networks, media use, political cognition, and public participation. Using two divergent samples—one consisting of 149 adult literacy students and another comprising 130 public forum participants—we test the model's utility as a predictor of deliberative conversation. Structural equation modeling indicates that network characteristics had mixed effects. Print media use and interpersonal discussion tended to enhance deliberative conversation, and television news viewing hindered both the reasonableness of one's arguments and the comprehension of others' views. Taken together, these results suggest that the deliberative quality of public talk has a com...
Allopregnanolone and progesterone decrease cell death and cognitive deficits after a contusion of the rat pre-frontal cortex

We compared the effects of three different doses of allopregnanolone (4, 8 or 16 mg/kg), a metabolite of progesterone, to progesterone (16 mg/kg) in adult rats with controlled cortical impact to the pre-frontal cortex. Injections were given 1 h, 6 h and every day for 5 consecutive days after the injury. One day after injury, both progesterone-treated (16 mg/kg) and allopregnanolone (8 or 16 mg/kg)-treated rats showed less caspase-3 activity, and rats treated with allopregnanolone (16 mg/kg) showed less DNA fragmentation in the lesion area, indicating reduced apoptosis. Nineteen days after the injury, rats treated with progesterone and allopregnanolone (8 or 16 mg/kg) showed no difference in necrotic cavity size but had less cell loss in the medio-dorsal nucleus of the thalamus and less learning and memory impairments compared with the injured vehicle-treated rats. On that same day the injured rats treated with progesterone showed more weight gain compared with the injured rats treated with the vehicle. These results can be taken to show that progesterone and allopregnanolone have similar neuroprotective effects after traumatic brain injury, but allopregnanolone appears to be more potent than progesterone in facilitating CNS repair.
Socialization in Medical Training: Exploring "Lifelong Curiosity" and a "Community of Support"

��� ries of rules, and it suggests that doing so is part of becoming what they had not been. “Think what you will about morality; here is what doctors do.” We in no way wish to deny that the distinctive role of the physician creates distinctive moral challenges. Medical ethics education that gives priority to the development of good ethical deliberation over the imparting of moral truths can, in fact, give medical students and professionals the tools they need to work through many concerns in professionalism. What is called for by many medical educators who have accepted the centrality of professionalism, however, is not this kind of education at all, but instead, the accomplishment of two tasks: introducing students and residents to “professional standards,” and instilling a “professional attitude.” Hoping to create a specialized new curriculum to meet these objectives, however, is for the most part narrow-minded and misguided. “Professional standards” are readily available, and in themselves, rarely motivate (would-be) professionals to serious reoection, while “attitudinal” aspects of professionalism are probably better addressed by making medical schools places in which open, deliberate, and consistent conversation about excellence in medicine among faculty and students is a regular part of life. However, if intelligent reoection on “standards” and “attitudes” is what is desired, then before all else we need our students to be well-trained in being stimu
Smolt-to-adult return rates of juvenile chinook salmon transported through the Snake-Columbia River hydropower system, USA, in relation to densities of co-transported juvenile steelhead

To reduce mortality associated with passage of migrating juvenile salmonids through the Snake-Columbia River Federal power system, a large percentage of smolts migrating from the Snake River basin are currently transported downstream through the hydropower system in fish-transport barges. It has recently been suggested that transportation-associated stressors may reduce the fitness of juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and increase mortality after seawater entry. Because the major stressor for transported juvenile chinook salmon is believed to be co-transportation with larger and more aggressive juvenile steelhead O. mykiss, we tested the hypothesis that smolt-to-adult return rates (SARs) of transported yearling chinook salmon were negatively correlated with densities of co-transported steelhead. Our analysis, using SARs and barge loading data for groups of chinook salmon transported on a daily basis in 1995, 1998, and 1999, failed to confirm a relationship between chinook salmon survival and steelhead density. These results do not preclude the possibility of an undetected inverse relationship between post-release survival of transported chinook salmon and densities of co-transported steelhead, but do suggest that if such an effect exists it is less important than other factors, such as seasonal changes in estuarine and marine productivity or predator abundance.
Biosynthesis of estrogens by perfused full-term placentas.

Abstract Human term placentas perfused through both fetal and maternal circulations converted labeled dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and testosterone to androstenedione, 19-hydroxyandrostenedione, estrone and estradiol but not estriol or 16-epiestriol. The perfused placenta delivered more estrogens into the fetal circulation than into the maternal compartment. Neither androst-5-ene-3, 17-diol nor 19-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone was found in either the placentas or the perfusates.
Advances in Laser‐Excited Atomic Fluorescence and Ionization

Abstract Laser‐excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LEAFS) and laser‐enhanced ionization (LEI) are very sensitive methods for elemental analysis. LEAFS involves excitation of atoms by laser radiation followed by detection of the resulting fluorescence, while LEI involves laser excitation, which serves to enhance ionization, producing electrons and ions that can be collected in an electric field. In this article, the spectroscopic transitions involved in LEAFS and LEI are discussed, followed by a review of the instrumentation employed. Several recent developmens in LEAFS and LEI are reviewed, including the use of tungsten coil atomizers for LEAFS; the determination of mercury, aluminum, lead, thulium, and chromium using various graphite electrothermal atomizers; the use of LEAFS and LEI as detectors for gas chromatography for the determination of volatile tin compounds; and the determination of a variety of elements by LEI with a flame atom cell. LEAFS and LEI will continue in the future to be high‐se...
Habit Changes of Sapphire Grown from PbO‐PbF2, and MoO3‐PbF2 Fluxes

Abstract : Single crystals of Al2O3 (sapphire) were grown from both PbO-PbF2 and MoO3-PbF2 fluxes. Their habits varied from flat plates (PbF2-rich melts) to equidimensional crystals (PbO- or MoO3-rich melts). The primary growth planes on these crystals are basal planes (0001), first-order rhombs (10-11), and second-order rhombs (01-12). The habit change is interpreted on the basis of F(1-) crystal contamination and Pb(2+) surface adsorption. Possible ion species in the melt and their relative importance on crystal growth from these melt systems are discussed. (Author)
Surface Wave Propagation in Concrete Structures by Using Piezoelectric Actuators/Sensors

Concrete structures have been used widely in civil infrastructural systems especially in bridges. Due to the complex nature of its microstructure, nondestructive testing (NDT) of concrete inherently imposes many challenges, which can cause severe limitations to both the resolution and sensitivity of the observed signals. In this study, surface wave propagation in concrete is examined and simulated by using a surface bonded active piezoelectric actuators/sensors system experimentally and numerically, especially at high frequency. First, different experimental tests are conducted to evaluate effects of the loading frequency upon the resulting surface wave propagation. Secondly, the numerical results are compared with experimental data. The very good agreement shows the great feasibility and potential of surface wave signals by using piezoelectric actuators/sensors to locate and characteristics of surface damages.
Impact of religious faith & female literacy on fertility in a rural community of west Bengal

Background : Role of different social factors on fertility control is evident from different studies. What is the impact of religious faith and female literacy on fertility? Objectives : To study the role of religious faith and female literacy on fertility regulation in a rural community of West Bengal. Methods : Cross Sectional Study at rural field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, based on interview of married women in reproductive age group. A total of 671 filled in schedules were analyzed by Epi info package. Results : Average number of pregnancies ever occurred among Muslim mothers (2.8) were higher in comparison with Hindu mothers (1.68). Regarding current fertility, live births in last 2 yrs was more among Muslim mothers (25.2%) as compared with their counterparts among Hindu community (12.4%). In both the cases differences were found to be statistically significant. Female literacy was found to have no impact on fertility as a whole, but while stratified, its positive role was evident among Hindu mothers but not among Muslim mothers. Conclusions : Factors, which have made differences in fertility between two religious groups, should be properly assessed and duly addressed for better fertility control in the community.
Manetic Resonance, Imaging in the Evaluation of Optic Nerve Gliomas

Five patients with optic nerve gliomas were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Images obtained with MRI were equal to computed tomography (CT) in evaluation of the orbital components of these tumors and superior to CT in evaluating the intracanalicular, chiasmal, and post-chiasmal extension of tumor. MRI is unimpeded by artifacts produced by surrounding bone, as encountered in CT, and also proves to be more sensitive in delineating subtle differences in fat content and hydration of neural tissues. Thus, MRI is extremely valuable in furthering our understanding of the natural and therapeutic response of optic nerve gliomas.
Factors affecting the biology of cattle lice.

Populations of the biting cattle louse, Bovicola bovis (L.), were intensively studied on 12 heifers representing four dairy breeds. Results of these studies demonstrated that this species was cyclic in occurrence reaching a peak of infestation during late January or early February, and that Holstein cattle were more heavily infested than either Guernsey, Jersey or Brown Swiss breeds. In an attempt to find factors affecting intensity of infestation and cyclic occurrence it was found that these phenomena were not associated with individual hair diameter or length, with density of hair per unit area of skin surface, or with ether-alcohol soluble skin secretions. A positive correlation, however, was found between hair thickness and population level within the Holstein breed. It was also demonstrated that the amount of skin scurf was greater during the summer months than during the winter months of high population levels.
Foreign Language Broadcasting of “Radio Boston”1

BY THE time the United States became engaged in the present conflict, the World Wide Broadcasting Foundation of Boston had won millions of listeners distributed across every continent. Thus, entering the great and serious game of radio warfare, our country held a high trump card at the outset. It is paradoxical but true that station WRUL-WRUW, known to populations the world over as "Radio-Boston" is only today beginning to enjoy here at home the renown which it has earned for itself abroad. The history of WRUL-WRUW is now becoming more or less familiar to American newspaper and magazine readers. Since this report is to be limited to the linguistic achievements of the station, let us merely recall that the Foundation was conceived by a young naval radio engineer, Walter S. Lemmon, who accompanied President Wilson to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, and who foresaw the potentialities of short-wave radio as an agent of international understanding. Founding the station many years later, largely with his own funds, he christened it the World Radio University. It was not long before this university of the air introduced in its curriculum courses of language instruction, including Basic English, and provided an occasional broadcast in several foreign languages. Language broadcasting was merely one of the many cultural activities maintained by the station, no more or less important than the rest. With the advent of war in 1939, however, and with the attempt of the Axis to fill the air of every continent with barrages of propaganda transmitted by both long and short wave, WRUL-WRUW assumed the task of counteracting this influence with objective, truthful broadcasts in all of the major and some of the minor languages. The largest non-commercial station in the country, it was the first to go "all out" in the active defense of democratic principles. Interpolated in the foreign-language news broadcasts were messages of encouragement and sympathy to the dominated peoples of Europe and Asia. Directional newscasts were beamed toward many points
Automated Event Detection and Activity Monitoring in Long Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Events of scientific interest in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, including conformational changes, folding transitions, and translocations of ligands and reaction products, often correspond to high-level structural rearrangements that alter contacts between molecules or among different parts of a molecule. Due to advances in computer architecture and software, MD trajectories representing such structure-changing events have become easier to generate, but the length of these trajectories poses a challenge to scientific interpretation and analysis. In this paper, we present automated methods for the detection of potentially important structure-changing events in long MD trajectories. In contrast with traditional tools for the analysis of such trajectories, our methods provide a detailed report of broken and formed contacts that aids in the identification of specific time-dependent side-chain interactions. Our approach employs a coarse-grained representation of amino acid side chains, a contact metric based on higher order generalizations of Delaunay tetrahedralization, techniques for detecting significant shifts in the resulting contact time series, and a new kernel-based measure of contact alteration activity. The analysis methods we describe are incorporated in a newly developed package, called TimeScapes, which is freely available and compatible with trajectories generated by a variety of popular MD programs. Tests based on actual microsecond time scale simulations demonstrate that the package can be used to efficiently detect and characterize important conformational changes in realistic protein systems.
Automotive Powertrain Modeling for Control

A dynamic model of an automotive powertrain system is developed by the use of eight states and two time-delays in the continuous-time domain, with careful attention given to the dynamics and kinematics of a four-stroke spark-ignition engine, an automatic transmission, and rubber tires. The model is relatively simple, yet it predicts the important dynamics quite well when compared to experimental data. The model is well suited for developing powertrain controllers and can also be used for studying the dynamic behavior of a powertrain system
Videotaped assessment of parenting practices: A preliminary report

Assessment of parenting skills was based upon a standardized videotape of vignettes of parents reading a magazine while their children were playing, playing with their children, or trying to get them to clean up. Parents who viewed this videotape came from 40, 2-parent families referred to an outpatient clinic for behavior problems (Behavior Problem group) or 20 nonreferred 2-parent families (Nonclinic group). They were compared on the degree to which they selected: (1) positive responses to children's prosocial behavior (praise), (2) ignoring children's inappropriate behavior (ignore), and (3) punishing children's aversive behavior (punish). The Nonclinic group was more accurate than the Behavior Problem Group and mothers were more accurate than fathers in their selection of praise to children's prosocial behavior. Nonclinic mothers were more accurate than all other combinations of Group and Parent Sex in their selection of ignore for children's inappropriate behavior. Sensitivity calculations suggested that this instrument could potentially be useful as a screening tool in clinical pediatric practice and early intervention. Implications for nursing research and practice were discussed.
Some infinite series identities

Certain infinite series are shown to satisfy simple identities between the square of the sum of the series and the sum of the squares of the terms of the series. The main tool is Ramanujan's 1 V/1 summation formula. It is unusual for an infinite series of nonzero terms to have the property that Ea2= ( a,)2. In this note, we show how Ramanujan's 1 V/1 summation can be used to derive a class of infinite series identities of this sort, the simplest of which is
Home hospitalization service for acute uncomplicated first ischemic stroke in elderly patients.

1. Disability and functional impairment, using the activity of daily living (ADL) scale and the seven-item Functional Impairment Measure. 2. Mental status and severity of stroke-related neurologic deficit using the Canadian Neurological Scale and modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. 3. Depression using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Patients were evaluated at baseline and after 6 months.
Should acute treatment with inhaled beta agonists be withheld from patients with dyspnea who may have heart failure

In patients with dyspnea, prehospital and emergency providers make therapeutic decisions before a diagnosis is established. Inhaled beta-2 agonists are frontline treatment for patients with dyspnea due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. However, these agents have been associated with increased adverse events when administered chronically to heart failure patients. Our goal was to determine the safety and efficacy of acute administration of inhaled beta-2 agonists to patients with heart failure. MEDLINE and EMBASE searches were performed using the terms "beta agonists," "albuterol," "congestive heart failure," and "pulmonary edema." Bibliographies of relevant articles were searched. Only studies addressing acute effects of beta-2 agonists were included for analysis. Twenty-four studies comprising 434 patients were identified that addressed the acute delivery of beta-2 agonists in subjects with heart failure--five studies with inhaled administration and 19 with systemic administration. No study directly evaluated the effects of inhaled beta-2 agonists to patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. Treatment of heart failure patients with beta-2 agonists resulted in transient improvements in pulmonary function and cardiovascular hemodynamics. Only one investigation reported an association between beta-2 agonist use and an increase in malignant dysrhythmias. Investigations in animal models of heart failure and acute lung injury demonstrated resolution of pulmonary edema with beta agonist administration. There is insufficient evidence to suggest that acute treatment with inhaled beta-2 agonists should be avoided in patients with dyspnea who may have heart failure. Based on small studies and indirect evidence, administration of beta-2 agonists to patients with heart failure seems to improve pulmonary function, cardiovascular hemodynamics, and resorption of pulmonary edema. Although an increase in adverse effects with the use of beta-2 agonists cannot be ruled out based on these data, there was no evidence of an increase in clinically significant dysrhythmias, especially when administered by inhalation. Based on these findings, further study should focus on the clinical outcomes of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure who are treated with inhaled beta-2 agonist therapy.
Changes in U.S. and Southern Economics Department Rankings over Time

Rankings of economics departments nationwide and in the South are calculated using numbers of pages published in three of the most highly ranked journals for the periods 1978–83, 1983–88, and 1978–88. Changes in the rankings between the 1978–83 and 1983–88 time periods are examined, and the results are compared to those obtained in previous studies. While the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between our nationwide 1978–83 and 1983–88 rankings is .80, there are a number of cases of substantial movements by individual schools either up or down in the rankings.
Characterization of General Esterases in Workers of the Eastern Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

General esterases from eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), workers were examined for activity and were characterized by electrophoretic and biochemical methods. Greater activity was observed toward α-naphthyl substrates when compared Pared with ρ-nitrophenyl substrates. The specific activity of the esterases increased with a corresponding increase in α-naphthyl acetate concentration. Maximal activities were observed with a buffer pH of 7.6 and an incubation temperature of 45c. The calculated Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) was 72.53 µM and the Vmax was 33.77 µM/min/mg of protein. Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of seven esterase bands, which were named EI-E7. Bands EI-E4 (slowest gel mobility) were determined to be cholinesterase based on physostigmine inhibition. The remaining three bands were identified as carboxylesterases based on inhibition by paraoxon. The molecular weights of the seven bands ranged from 71.5 to 97.2 kD.
The effect of nutrition on the composition and quality of animal fats

Nutritional factors are among the most important of those which determine the composition and quality of animal fats. The composition in terms of fat acid components and characterized by relative firmness, is more affected by ingested fat than by other dietary constituents. Various aspects of the problems of quality in lard and butter are discussed, as well as the relation of nutrition to the composition and quality of the body fats of sheep, cattle and poultry, and of the egg yolk fat of poultry.
Evaluation of the energetic contribution of an ionic network to beta-sheet stability.

We have evaluated the interaction energy of a three-residue ionic network constructed on the β-sheet surface of protein G using double mutant cycles. Although the two individual ion pairs were each stabilizing by ~0.6 kcal/mol, the excess gain in stability for the triad was small (0.06 kcal/mol).
Neuropathies associated with monoclonal gammopathies

Approximately 10% of patients with idiopathic peripheral neuropathy have an associated serum monoclonal gammopathy or M-protein. This represents six times the incidence of M-proteins found in the general population. In 5% of idiopathic peripheral neuropathy patients the M-protein is associated with an identifiable plasma cell dyscrasia. Sclerotic myeloma is particularly important to recognize because treatment may result in amelioration of the neuropathy and remission of the tumor. Patients with primary systemic amyloidosis often have preferential small fiber involvement with a dissociated sensory loss and autonomic dysfunction. The nerve root infiltration of lymphoproliferative disorders may simulate a polyradiculoneuropathy. In cases without an identifiable cause for the M-protein, referred to as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), the pathophysiologic basis for the neuropathy is poorly defined in most cases. A role for M-proteins with antibody activity to myelin-associated glycoprotein is provocative. This review summarizes current knowledge of this important group of disorders.
French attitudes toward the ideology of English as an international language

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the French perceptions of the relationship between the English language as an international lingua franca and American culture and ideology. In recent years it has been claimed (e.g. by Joshua Fishman) that English is becoming ideologically neutral, that it functions as a ‘medium pure and simple rather than as either a symbol or message’. My aim, then, is to use France as a case study to examine this claim. The paper uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the data. The questionnaire included measures of various attitudes toward American and British English. The study also attempts to seek answers to the following questions: What effect do demographic variables have on French attitudes toward American and British ideology, culture, speakers, and language? What effects do variables such as knowledge of English and degree of proficiency of English have on French attitudes toward English? What is the relationship between motivation to study English and attitudes toward English? And, does public opinion with respect to attitudes toward English differ from official or academic response?
Describing art: an alternative approach to subject access and interpretation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the art historical antecedents of providing subject access to images. After reviewing the assumptions and limitations inherent in the most prevalent descriptive method, the paper seeks to introduce a new model that allows for more comprehensive representation of visually‐based cultural materials.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a literature‐based conceptual analysis, taking Panofsky's theory of iconography and iconology as the starting‐point. Panofsky's conceptual model, while appropriate for art created in the Western academic tradition, ignores or misrepresents work from other eras or cultures. Continued dependence on Panofskian descriptive methods limits the functionality and usefulness of image representation systems.Findings – The paper recommends the development of a more precise and inclusive descriptive model for art objects, which is based on the premise that art is not another sort of text, and should not be interpreted as such.Pr...
Enormous Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering from Nanocrystalline Gold Particle Suspensions

The recent emergence of advanced technological applications for colloidal gold suspensions and related particle assemblies and interfaces has created a demand for new chemical and physical techniques with which to characterize them. For macroscopic samples/interfaces, coherent second harmonic generation (SHG) has proven itself a useful characterization tool due, at least in part, to metal-based plasmon enhancement. In an effort to defeat or bypass the size restrictions inherent to SHG, we have utilized a related incoherent methodology, hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS), to interrogate aqueous colloidal suspensions of 13 nm diameter gold particles. The nanoscale particles have proven to be remarkably efficient scatterers; when evaluated in terms of the first hyperpolarizability (β), HRS signals from the gold particles substantially surpass those observable from the best available molecular chromophores. Moreover, the present experiments indicate that β is highly sensitive to colloid aggregation and imply tha...
Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium with interleukin 2 gene prevents the establishment of pulmonary metastases in a model of osteosarcoma

Abstract Purpose The current management of osteosarcoma (OS) entails an aggressive preoperative and postoperative chemotherapeutic regimen with limb salvage surgery. Despite these efforts, relapse-free survival is less than 60% in patients with classic OS, whereas most patients relapse with pulmonary metastases. In these studies, we sought to prevent the establishment of pulmonary metastases from OS with a single oral dose of SalpIL2. Methods Mice were administered attenuated Salmonella typhimurium with ( SalpIL2 ) and without a gene for human interleukin 2 ( Sal-NG ) 7 days before challenge with 2 × 10 5 OS cells via tail vein. Three weeks after injection, mice were harvested for splenic lymphocytes and tumor enumeration. Results Prophylaxis with attenuated SalpIL2 significantly reduces pulmonary metastases in number and volume ( P P SalpIL2 ( P Sal-NG ( P Conclusions Host natural killer response is greatly amplified and maybe partially responsible for the effective immune response against the formation of pulmonary metastases. A single oral dose of SalpIL2 may be a novel form of adjuvant therapy for patients after early detection of primary OS.
Luteal competency during the resumption of ovarian cyclicity in postpartum Brahman cows

Twenty pluriparous, spring-calving Brahman cows were used to determine luteal competency, as measured by serum progesterone concentrations, during the first and the second postpartum estrous cycles. Prior to and after calving, all cows were maintained in good body condition on Coastal bermudagrass pasture (IFN 1-00-703). The calves were allowed to suckle ad libitum, and sterile marker bulls were maintained with the cow herd as an aid in estrus detection throughout the trial. Cow weight and body condition score were recorded within 24 hours after calving and again at the first behavioral estrus observed. From day 1 through day 14 (day 0 = estrus) of both the first and the second postpartum estrous cycles, blood samples were collected from each cow, processed to yield serum and analyzed by radioimmunoassay for progesterone concentrations. There was a higher incidence of abnormal estrous cycles following the first postpartum estrus (35%) than following the second (5%) postpartum estrus (P 0.10) in either progesterone concentrations through the 14 days measured or in peak progesterone concentrations between the first and the second postpartum estrous cycles. It can be concluded from this study that the higher incidence of abnormal luteal function following the first postpartum estrus may contribute to the decreased conception rates observed when cows are bred at their first postpartum estrus.
An Examination of the Trade Study Process at NASA

Abstract:Engineering managers increasingly rely on trade study processes to design optimum system architectures. Opinions on what constitutes a quality trade study differ, and this can hinder the engineering manager in determining what trade study processes to follow. This article contributes to the manager's body of knowledge by identifying trade study best practices through reviews of published research and interviews with engineers who conducted successful trade studies supporting the design of complex space systems.A checklist of trade study best practices was developed. Three completed NASA trade studies were then evaluated against the checklist in conjunction with interviews of engineers involved in the studies. Through one-on-one interviews with engineers, assessments were made on the value, appropriateness, and effectiveness of each trade study. Key issues, taken from the checklist, were addressed and the lessons learned were identified. The goal of the study was to establish the groundwork for a ...