cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of Partial Differential Equations with Ordinary Ones and Its Applications

Publisher Summary The chapter provides a method of reduction of the number of independent variables from n up to 1, that is, under suitable conditions, this number can be reduced always to one. The application of this technique is demonstrated on various equations of mathematical physics: Laplacian in n-dimensions, Poisson's–Schrodinger equations, and some equations of the viscous flow and boundary layer in four dimensions are reduced to ordinary differential equations. The most recent application of this technique is to prove the ergodic theorem of a vibrating membrane. The outlined technique seems to be valuable in the case of partial differential systems with two-curve boundary conditions; in the space of the reduced dimensions, this appears as two-point boundary conditions for ordinary differential equations, a problem that is much simpler. This enables one to reduce a partial differential equation in n-independent variables to an ordinary differential equation. The most recent application of this technique is to prove the ergodic theorem in a particular case of a vibrating infinite membrane. The algebraic methods of solving differential equations do not admit any possibility of a direct attack on the boundary value and initial value problems for the simple reason that the notion of the boundary value and initial value problem is unknown in algebra. Hence, these notions should have been introduced as a by-product of the entire formalism.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy versus conventional radiotherapy for early-stage small cell lung cancer

This study was designed to compare survival outcomes for non-surgically managed T1-T2N0M0 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients who received either stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) or conventionally fractionated radiotherapy (CFRT) using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). The NCDB was queried between 2004 and 2015 for patients with T1-T2N0M0 SCLC. Patients must have been treated with curative intent SBRT or CFRT (delivered daily or twice daily, 45–70 Gy) with or without chemotherapy. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). A subset analysis of patients receiving chemotherapy was also performed. A propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to compare OS among patients who received chemotherapy. We evaluated 1378 patients in the general cohort. Multivariable Cox regression analysis (MVA) in the general cohort revealed that SBRT was significantly associated with improved survival (HR 0.68, p < 0.001) along with receipt of chemotherapy (HR 0.63, p < 0.001). SBRT patients were less likely to receive chemotherapy compared with CFRT patients (p < 0.01). In the chemotherapy subset of 1096 patients, on MVA, there was a trend in favor of the SBRT group (HR 0.73, p = 0.06). A 3:1 PSM analysis on the chemotherapy subset found similar results on MVA with a trend in favor of SBRT (p = 0.06). Patients with T1-2N0M0 SCLC treated with SBRT regimens incorporating chemotherapy had comparable outcomes with those treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy using standard fractionation. Treatment paradigms for T1-2N0M0 SCLC incorporating SBRT warrant further exploration and should incorporate chemotherapy.
The Salience and Pervasiveness of the Literary Figure of the Jew in Latin America: From Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz to Jorge Luis Borges

Jews of Latin America, from the colonial period to the present, have been branded heretical, inauthentic, or treasonous and perceived as threats to the colonial domination of Spain’s Counter-Reformation and modern iterations of nationalism in the region. Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz’s El divino Narciso (1689) and Jorge Luis Borges’s “El milagro secreto” ([1944] 1993) indicate the salience and pervasiveness of the figure of the Jew, experientially and conceptually, in the region’s literary conversations about power, collectivity, and legitimacy vis-a-vis colonial and modern Europe. The two works reflect a transatlantic, multigenerational, and multigendered conversation that approaches the elimination of the Jew as a bargain that involved a simultaneous loss of American agency on a world stage. Sor Juana emerges not only as Latin America’s first female intellectual; she is Borges’s precursor in demanding an American regional identity and global agency apropos of the metropole’s exclusionary violence toward the Jew within.
Erythropoietin modulates bone marrow stromal cell differentiation

Erythropoietin is essential for bone marrow erythropoiesis and erythropoietin receptor on non-erythroid cells including bone marrow stromal cells suggests systemic effects of erythropoietin. Tg6 mice with chronic erythropoietin overexpression have a high hematocrit, reduced trabecular and cortical bone and bone marrow adipocytes, and decreased bone morphogenic protein 2 driven ectopic bone and adipocyte formation. Erythropoietin treatment (1 200 IU·kg–1) for 10 days similarly exhibit increased hematocrit, reduced bone and bone marrow adipocytes without increased osteoclasts, and reduced bone morphogenic protein signaling in the bone marrow. Interestingly, endogenous erythropoietin is required for normal differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells to osteoblasts and bone marrow adipocytes. ΔEpoRE mice with erythroid restricted erythropoietin receptor exhibit reduced trabecular bone, increased bone marrow adipocytes, and decreased bone morphogenic protein 2 ectopic bone formation. Erythropoietin treated ΔEpoRE mice achieved hematocrit similar to wild-type mice without reduced bone, suggesting that bone reduction with erythropoietin treatment is associated with non-erythropoietic erythropoietin response. Bone marrow stromal cells from wild-type, Tg6, and ΔEpoRE-mice were transplanted into immunodeficient mice to assess development into a bone/marrow organ. Like endogenous bone formation, Tg6 bone marrow cells exhibited reduced differentiation to bone and adipocytes indicating that high erythropoietin inhibits osteogenesis and adipogenesis, while ΔEpoRE bone marrow cells formed ectopic bones with reduced trabecular regions and increased adipocytes, indicating that loss of erythropoietin signaling favors adipogenesis at the expense of osteogenesis. In summary, endogenous erythropoietin signaling regulates bone marrow stromal cell fate and aberrant erythropoietin levels result in their impaired differentiation.
Collection Innovation

As people increasingly innovate outside of formal R&D departments, individuals take on the responsibility of attracting, managing, and protecting social, financial, human, and information capital. With internet technology playing a central role in how individuals work together to produce something that they could not produce alone, it is necessary to understand how technologies are shaping the innovation process from start to finish. We bring together human-computer interaction researchers and industry leaders who have worked with people and platforms designed to support collective innovation across diverse domains. We will discuss the current and future research on the role of platforms in collective innovation, including topics in social computing, crowdsourcing, peer production, online communities, gig economy, & online marketplaces.
Bob Dylan and that “Italian Poet from the Thirteenth Century”

Comencant amb un vers en "Tangled up in Blue" de Bob Dylan que detalla dos personatges llegint un llibre de poemes d'un poeta italia sense nom del segle XIII, s'investiga la influencia directa i "difusa" de Dante en el gran compositor estatunidenc, premiat amb un Nobel. Aixi mateix, es proposa una possible similitud narrativa intencionada entre la historia que es conta en "Tangled up in Blue" i la que Francesca compta en Infern 5. Despres d'explorar l'evidencia sobre la influencia explicita de l'obra de Dante sobre el compositor, i altres hipotesis relacionades amb el vers d'aquesta canco en particular, es discuteixen les fonts de la difusa influencia de Dante sobre Dylan. Amb lletres sovint enigmatiques i declaracions evasives, aquest ultim punt sobre l'abundant presencia de Dante en les obres literaries que sabem que Dylan va llegir, confirma el paper que Dante juga -d'una manera o una altra- en l'obra lirica de Dylan, encara que la identitat d'aquest poeta italia del segle XIII en la canco probablement continua sent un misteri.
Using ITIL 4 in Security Management

Organizations of any size are tasked with managing security and risks of varying degrees of impact and complexity. Managing security can be one of the most intricate yet pervasive aspects of Information Technology Management. The service management philosophy that many organizations use is Information Technology Service Management (ITSM). Within ITSM, Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) is a set of best practices that can be used to manage security. The unique aspect of security incidents can be their sensitive nature. This sensitivity can complicate the management of security but does not preclude it from being managed in a way that is appropriate and effective for the organization. Due to the novelty of ITIL 4, there is a lack of research for effectively managing security incidents within an ITIL 4 framework. ITIL 4 represents a change in some of the core components of ITIL. This paper will examine how ITIL 4 can provide a framework for managing security.
Use of phenytoin for treatment of tacrolimus toxicity with superimposed sepsis.

A 40-year-old woman with a history of chronic graft-versus-host-disease on immunosuppression with tacrolimus presented to the hospital with somnolence, confusion and muscle cramps over a few days. She was found to have hypertension, hyperglycaemia and acute kidney injury with an elevated blood tacrolimus level of greater than 120 ng/mL (reference range 5-15 ng/mL). Discontinuation of tacrolimus with concomitant administration of intravenous phenytoin led to the successful reduction of elevated tacrolimus concentrations and the resolution of her symptoms. Tacrolimus is metabolised by the cytochrome P (CYP) 450 3A enzyme system, and utilisation of CYP 3A inducers to accelerate its clearance may be used as a successful therapy to treat tacrolimus toxicity.
Mapping the microscale origins of magnetic resonance image contrast with subcellular diamond magnetometry.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used biomedical imaging modality that derives much of its contrast from microscale magnetic field gradients in biological tissues. However, the connection between these sub-voxel field patterns and MRI contrast has not been studied experimentally. Here, we describe a new method to map subcellular magnetic fields in mammalian cells and tissues using nitrogen vacancy diamond magnetometry and connect these maps to voxel-scale MRI contrast, providing insights for in vivo imaging and contrast agent design.
The role of emotions in human-robot interactions

Abstract Social robots are becoming increasingly used at work, in homes, and in schools to provide support for tasks ranging from the mundane to the complex such as providing companionship and learning assistance. Much is to be gained by understanding the emotional and cognitive factors that affect the way we interact with social robots. For example, people judge the warmth and competence of robots similarly to how they judge humans, and the more robots look like humans the more they are ascribed these characteristics. People prefer, trust, and interact more with robots that have humanlike emotional expressions and provide other nonverbal cues included in speech, tone, and language use. Starting with a deep understanding of the emotional and cognitive capacities of human users, social robot design will flourish when the human-robot partnership is appropriately calibrated. This chapter provides a review of emotions, a discussion of the interplay of emotion and cognition, and the ways that affective factors of human-robot interactions influence the human-robot partnership.
Global optimization networks for inverse design of photonic devices

We show that deep residual generative neural networks, based on global topology optimization networks (GLOnets), can be configured to perform the multi-objective and categorical global optimization of photonic devices. We demonstrate the unity of our method in the optical thin-film stack design.
A 108-Gbps, 162-mW Cherry-Hooper Transimpedance Amplifier

This paper reports an energy-efficient optical receiver based on a Cherry-Hooper emitter follower topology. Electrical measurements on a standard FR-4 PCB assembly indicate an error-free (BER < 10−11) operation up to 96 Gbps with open eye diagrams observed up to 108 Gbps. The TIA is implemented in a compact 1 mm2 padframe in 130-nm SiGe HBT technology (fT = 300 GHz) and consumes 162 mW of DC power for a best-case energy efficiency of 1.5 pJ/bit.
Does Progress on Universal Health Coverage Explain COVID Cases and Deaths

Research ObjectiveThe trajectory of COVID‐19 pandemic has been different across different countries and regions, with varying number of per‐population cases and deaths. Such variation may be a function of a number of country‐specific factors such as population distribution, disease profile, non‐pharmaceutical interventions (e.g., lockdowns) undertaken at the wake of the pandemic, political leadership, and others.Our objective is to examine the extent to which a country's progress towards universal health coverage (UHC) explains COVID outcomes. We also measure how the effect of UHC varies across different levels of social capital. We proxy the UHC progress using service coverage index (SCI). The SCI is a broad‐based measure of UHC, and is tracked at the country level by the World Health Organization (WHO) and its collaborating partners.Our overall hypothesis is that the UHC‐SCI has a protective effect on health, and therefore, is negatively associated with the COVID outcomes (COVID cases and deaths per 100 k population).Study DesignWe use longitudinal data‐based generalized linear models (GLMs) to investigate the relationship between the outcome variable (COVID cases and deaths) and the key explanatory variables. We run cross‐country linear regressions, with month fixed effects and country‐level clustering. We run two sets of linear regressions. First, we regress each COVID outcome on the SCI. Second, we regress each COVID outcome on the SCI and the interaction term between SCI and social capital. Both sets of regressions include controls for GDP per capita, share of population above 65, stringency measures, and COVID testing rates.Our data for the SCI comes from the WHO while the longitudinal (monthly) data on COVID outcomes and other key variables come from “ourworldindata.org” (University of Oxford). The data on government trust is obtained from the social capital component of the Legatum Prosperity Index (LPI), 2019.Population Studied173 countries.Principal FindingsOur findings show that there is a positive and strong association between UHC‐SCI and COVID outcomes. This is counterintuitive, and we suspect it is likely due to the dependency of testing for the actual ascertainment of cases and deaths. The coefficient on the interaction term (between SCI and social capital), however, is negative and statistically significant.ConclusionsThe effect of UHC seems to be protective among countries that are characterized by high level of social capital.Implications for Policy or PracticeThe effect of UHC seems to be protective among countries that are characterized by high level of social capital.
Effects of Vapor Transport on Microstructure Development

Both vapor transport and surface diffusion can lead to neck growth during sintering without densification and are thus undesirable. However, vapor transport and its effects on the densification kinetics and microstructure development of ceramics has been probably the most neglected transport phenomenon both experimentally and theoretically. Nevertheless, it is an ideal process with which to study microstructural development in powder compacts since the transport coefficients are easily controlled, are readily available in the literature or easily calculated. This is in contrast to the lack of control over solid, surface, and boundary diffusion coefficients for which there is additionally a paucity of data.
Homeobox Transcription Factors and the Regulation of Meristem Development and Maintenance

Abstract Homeodomain transcription factors (TFs) play indispensable roles in various developmental processes in eukaryotes. In this chapter, we summarize the function of plant homeodomain proteins involved in maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). The SAM is an indeterminate structure that harbors pluripotent stem cells in its center and produces organs such as leaves, stems, and flowers from its flank. Two classes of the 3-amino-acid loop extension (TALE) superfamily homeodomain proteins, KNOX and BELL, are expressed in the SAM and form heterodimers to maintain its indeterminacy. KNOX proteins directly regulate various hormonal pathways such as GA, CK, BR, and auxin as well as other TF families. Another class of homeodomain protein, WUS, functions in maintenance of stem cell homeostasis via multiple regulatory networks between stem cells and cells in the adjacent wuschel (WUS)-expressing domain.
Patient Safety in Graduate and Continuing Medical Education

Five years after the Institute of Medicine increased the public’s awareness of medical errors through the report To Err is Human, The Joint Commission published Health Care at the Crossroads, a comprehensive discussion of specific recommendations to improve patient safety. It included a recommendation to develop a medical education curriculum based on patient safety events and liability claims data. Subsequently, there have been numerous programs and curricula developed by organizations ranging from individual institutions to governmental agencies and national accreditation bodies to the World Health Organization. Common elements and techniques of programs that have affected the education of providers about patient safety are explored. Additionally, two unique programs that demonstrate specific and reproducible applications of principles gained from the study of adverse patient safety events are discussed. The first was designed by medical professional liability carrier COPIC using more than 20 years of claim data and educates medical students as well as providers seeking continuing education. The second is a national weeklong workshop for residents, convening experts from various constituencies including practicing physicians, national patient safety leadership, academic physicians, hospital administrators, and patient advocates.
Diffusion of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in PVC quantified by ATR-IR spectroscopy

Abstract Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly employed plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Diffusion of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) takes place when plasticized PVC is immersed in hexane. Rather than determining DEHP concentration in the immersion solvent, an IR window for PVC from 1500 to 1900 cm−1 enabled direct measurement of HADD (hexane assisted DEHP diffusion) using ATR-IR by monitoring the DEHP carbonyl absorption at 1715 cm−1. The present study employed PVC containing 45% plasticizer (PVC-45, tygon tubing). A fast diffusion process was observed for short times ( 30 s. Analysis by XPS shows the outermost surface is PVC free of plasticizer after 6 min immersion. After an induction period, back diffusion coefficients Db were estimated from peak areas during a subsequent fast recovery period (10−14–10−15 cm2 sec−1). A model is proposed for the induction period associated with re-plasticization that involves a change from a mesosurface glass to a gel like solid.
Assessment and Management of Insomnia

Insomnia is a common disorder characterized by persistent sleep difficulties despite adequate opportunity and circumstances for sleep accompanied by impairment in daytime functioning. This chapter reviews assessment procedures for insomnia with an emphasis on insomnia as a diagnostic entity that is a subjective and 24-h disorder diagnosed through clinical observations of symptoms. In addition, this chapter reviews the clinical management of insomnia discussing both non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. The efficacy, durability, and limitations of these interventions are also reviewed.
Using Metalevel Constraint Knowledge to Reduce Constraint Checking

Constraint satisfaction problems are widely used in artificial intelligence. They involve finding values for problem variables subject to constraints that specify which combinations of values are consistent. Knowledge about properties of the constraints can permit inferences that reduce the cost of consistency checking. Specifically, such inferences can be used to reduce the number of constraint checks required in establishing arc consistency, a fundamental constraint-based reasoning technique. A general AC-Inference schema is presented and various forms of inference discussed. Some of these apply only to special classes of contraints. However, a specific new algorithm, AC-7, is developed that takes advantage of a simple property common to all binary constraints to eliminate constraint checks that other arc consistency algorithms perform.
Glycine Uptake in Escherichia coli: II. GLYCINE UPTAKE, EXCHANGE, AND METABOLISM BY AN ISOLATED MEMBRANE PREPARATION

Abstract In this paper, glycine uptake by isolated membrane preparations of Escherichia coli W (W+) and the d-serine-resistant mutant (WS) is examined in detail. Glycine uptake by W+ membrane preparations is dependent on pH and on the presence of Mg++ and an energy source. In W+ membranes, glycine is first taken up into an exchangeable pool, from which it is subsequently removed as the incubation proceeds. The exchangeable pool is built up within 30 sec and remains constant with time, although glycine uptake by the membranes continues. Glycine uptake into the exchangeable pool of W+ membranes is independent of temperature. Uptake and exchange in W+ membranes are specific for glycine, dl-alanine, dl-serine, and dl-threonine. Membrane preparations from the WS mutant are unable to catalyze either the uptake of glycine or the exchange of glycine between the incubation medium and the pool. Glycine uptake by W+ membranes is inhibited 50 to 70% by anaerobiosis, incubation at 0°, or incubation in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, NaN3, KAsO4, KCN, iodoacetamide, and p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate. No inhibition is oberved with NaF, sodium Amytal, hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, antimycin A, Chloromycetin, or ouabain. Although glycine uptake at 30 min is inhibited by the conditions listed above, there is no diminution of glycine uptake when measured at 30 sec. Under none of the conditions studied is the uptake (at either 30 sec or 30 min) decreased to the values found with WS membranes at 37° or 0°. W+ membranes incubated at 37° convert about 94% of the glycine carbon taken up into compounds that have the properties of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. Under all of the conditions studied, the concentration of glycine in the intramembranal pool approximates that of the incubation medium. Incubation at 0° or in the presence of dinitrophenol or iodoacetamide inhibits the conversion of glycine to phospholipids, and the amount of glycine in the intramembranal pool is increased above that found for uninhibited (control) preparations. WS membranes convert significant amounts of glycine to phospholipids, but the concentration of glycine in the intramembranal pool is only 10 to 20% of that in the external pool. When the external glycine concentration is raised so that the rate of glycine uptake by WS membranes is comparable to the rate exhibited by W+ membranes, the WS membranes convert as much glycine to phospholipids as do W+ membranes, but the concentration of glycine in the intramembranal pool remains only 10 to 20% of that in the external pool. Hydroxylamine almost quantitatively inhibits the conversion of glycine to phospholipids, and in the presence of this inhibitor the WS membranes manifest the same defect.
A prospective study of uric acid by glucose tolerance status and survival: the Rancho Bernardo Study.

Abstract. Kramer CK, von Muhlen D, Jassal SK, Barrett-Connor E (University of California, La Jolla, CA; and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil). A prospective study of uric acid by glucose tolerance status and survival: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Intern Med 2010. Objectives. Little is known about uric acid (UA) levels and mortality in the context of glycaemia. We examined whether serum UA levels predict all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality differentially in older adults by glucose tolerance status. Design and methods. Between 1984 and 1987, 2342 community-dwelling men and women had an oral glucose tolerance test, UA measurement, and assessment of traditional CVD risk factors. We defined glucose tolerance status as normoglycaemia (NG), pre-diabetes (pre-DM), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ninety per cent were followed for vital status up to 23 years. Death certificates were coded using the Ninth International Classification of Diseases. Results. Baseline age was 69.5 years; 44.4% were men. At baseline 939 had NG, 957 pre-DM, and 446 T2DM. The mean UA by glucose tolerance status was 327.1, 362.8, and 374.7 μmol L−1. During follow-up, there were 1318 deaths 46.8% attributed to CVD. In Cox-regression analysis, each 119 μmol L−1 (2 mg dL−1) increment in UA levels predicted an increased hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause deaths independent of age, smoking, body mass index, alcohol, physical activity, diuretic use and estimated glomerular filtration rate in all groups (NG: HR 1.25 95% CI 1.06–1.47, P =0.005; pre-DM: HR 1.20 95% CI 1.06–1.37, P = 0.04; T2DM: HR 1.20 95% CI 1.01–1.47, P = 0.04). After adjusting for CVD risk factors, the UA association with CVD mortality was significant only in the pre-DM and T2DM groups. Conclusion. All-cause mortality was independently associated with UA in all groups, but UA predicted CVD mortality only in those with abnormal glucose tolerance.
Characteristics and outcomes of older adults with community-acquired pneumococcal bacteremia.

Objectives: To describe baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of older adults with pneumococcal bacteremia, compare the frequency of serious outcomes according to pneumococcal vaccination status, and assess factors associated with mortality. Design: Population-based case-series. Setting: Group Health Cooperative, a health maintenance organization in Washington State. Participants: Community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older with a first episode of pneumococcal bacteremia between 1988 and 2002. Measurements: Demographic characteristics, underlying medical conditions, vaccination status, and clinical outcomes, including death, hospitalization, length of hospital stay, and postdischarge care, were assessed using chart review. Results: The mean age of the 200 elderly patients with pneumococcal bacteremia was 78; 61% were female. Forty percent had had chart-documented pneumococcal vaccination before the onset of bacteremia. The spectrum of clinical severity and consequences was broad. Ten percent were treated as outpatients. Of the 90% who were hospitalized, 16% were admitted to the intensive care unit. All-cause mortality at 30 days was 11%. Of survivors, 23% were discharged with home services, and another 20% were discharged to a nursing home. After controlling for age, sex, and pneumococcal vaccination status, predictors of death included coronary artery disease (odds ratio (OR)=4.6, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.4–14.5) and immunocompromising conditions (OR=5.0, 95% CI=1.6–15.7). Outcomes were similar in patients who did and did not receive pneumococcal vaccination. Conclusion: In this elderly group, pneumococcal bacteremia was associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and loss of independence. Coronary artery disease and immunocompromising conditions were independent predictors of death.
Oxytocin suppresses basal glutamatergic transmission but facilitates activity-dependent synaptic potentiation in the medial prefrontal cortex.

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 324–331. Abstract Both oxytocin and oxytocin receptors are implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly autism which involves a severe deficit in social cognition. Consistently, oxytocin enhances social cognition in humans and animals. The infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex (IL-mPFC) is believed to play an important role in the regulation of social cognition which might involve top-down control of subcortical structures including the amygdala. However, little is known about whether and how oxytocin modulates synaptic function in the IL-mPFC. The effect of oxytocin on excitatory neurotransmission in the IL-mPFC was studied by examining both the evoked and spontaneous excitatory neurotransmission in the IL-mPFC layer V pyramidal neurons before and after perfusion with oxytocin. To investigate the effect of oxytocin on synaptic plasticity, low-frequency stimulation-induced long-lasting depression was studied in oxytocin-treated brain slices. Oxytocin produced a significant suppression of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the IL-mPFC layer V pyramidal neurons which was mediated by a reduction in glutamate release. Activation of the cannabinoid CB1 receptors was involved in this pre-synaptic effect. Treatment of brain slices with oxytocin for 1 h converted long-lasting depression into long-lasting potentiation of glutamatergic neurotransmission. This oxytocin-mediated plasticity was NMDA receptor-dependent and was mediated by the synaptic insertion of calcium-permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors. The aforementioned suppression of basal glutamatergic neurotransmission and facilitation of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the IL-mPFC might be critical for the effect of oxytocin on social cognition.
Mechanism of action of regulatory proteins encoded by complex retroviruses.

Complex retroviruses are distinguished by their ability to control the expression of their gene products through the action of virally encoded regulatory proteins. These viral gene products modulate both the quantity and the quality of viral gene expression through regulation at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. The most intensely studied retroviral regulatory proteins, termed Tat and Rev, are encoded by the prototypic complex retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus type 1. However, considerable information also exists on regulatory proteins encoded by human T-cell leukemia virus type I, as well as several other human and animal complex retroviruses. In general, these data demonstrate that retrovirally encoded transcriptional trans-activators can exert a similar effect by several very different mechanisms. In contrast, posttranscriptional regulation of retroviral gene expression appears to occur via a single pathway that is probably dependent on the recruitment of a highly conserved cellular cofactor. These two shared regulatory pathways are proposed to be critical to the ability of complex retroviruses to establish chronic infections in the face of an ongoing host immune response. Images
INHIBITION OF P53-MEDIATED GROWTH ARREST BY OVEREXPRESSION OF CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES

Rat fibroblasts transformed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of murine p53 undergo a reversible growth arrest in G1 at 32.5 degrees C, the temperature at which p53 adopts a wild-type conformation. The arrested cells contain inactive cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) despite the presence of high levels of cyclin E and cdk-activating kinase activity. This is due in part to p53-dependent expression of the p2l cdk inhibitor. Upon shift to 39 degrees C, wild-type p53 is lost and cdk2 activation and pRb phosphorylation occur concomitantly with loss of p2l. This p53-mediated growth arrest can be abrogated by overexpression of cdk4 and cdk6 but not cdk2 or cyclins, leading to continuous proliferation of transfected cells in the presence of wild-type p53 and p2l. Kinase-inactive counterparts of cdk4 and cdk6 also rescue these cells from growth arrest, implicating a noncatalytic role for cdk4 and cdk6 in this resistance to p53-mediated growth arrest. Aberrant expression of these cell cycle kinases may thus result in an oncogenic interference with inhibitors of cell cycle progression.
Negative ion-driven associated particle neutron generator

Abstract An associated particle neutron generator is described that employs a negative ion source to produce high neutron flux from a small source size. Negative ions produced in an rf-driven plasma source are extracted through a small aperture to form a beam which bombards a positively biased, high voltage target electrode . Electrons co-extracted with the negative ions are removed by a permanent magnet electron filter. The use of negative ions enables high neutron output (100% atomic ion beam), high quality imaging (small neutron source size), and reliable operation (no high voltage breakdowns). The neutron generator can operate in either pulsed or continuous-wave (cw) mode and has been demonstrated to produce 10 6 D–D n/s (equivalent to ~108 D–T n/s) from a 1 mm-diameter neutron source size to facilitate high fidelity associated particle imaging.
A clinicopathologic study of atypical lesions of the breast

Following the detection of non-infiltrating cancer, there have been more extensive microscopic studies for various atypical lesions of the breast. At Memorial Hospital, 296 patients with these lesions were seen during the period 1960 to 1972. These lesions were found more often in middle aged women than is the case in average cancer patients, commonly seen in nulliparous women, in patients in whom breast cancer was found in the opposite breast, and in patients with a history of breast cancer in the family. The clinical and mammographic findings are quite similar to those in non-infiltrating cancer. Occasionally, these lesions are quite difficult to distinguish from minimal breast cancer by histologic examination. In this study, the cumulative risk of breast cancer was approximately 4-5% at 30 months and 9% at 48 months.
Origins of endothermic peaks in differential scanning calorimetry

Origines des pics multiples observes par DSC examinees en detail pour une fraction de polyethylene lineaire cristallise d'une solution diluee et des copolymeres d'ethylene cristallises en masse
Black magic beliefs and white magic practices: The common structure of intimacy, tradition, and power

In this article, black magic beliefs and white magic practices among a group of Mexican-American women are shown to share common multidimensional organizing principles, uncovered in a smallest space analysis to be: intimacy, tradition, and power. A subsequent analysis of intimacy permits a reexamination of the role-location of the curandera in the healing hierarchy.
Examining specific versus general measures of achievement goals.

The current research compared specific versus general measures of a 2 × 2 model of achievement goals. We found that specific achievement goals were better predictors of specific measures of interest in learning and perceived value of learning, whereas specific and general measures of achievement goals did not differ as predictors of general interest in learning, general perceived value of learning, or general and specific measures of performance. Furthermore, mastery achievement goals may be affected more across different measurement contexts than performance achievement goals.
Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway regulates heme oxygenase-1 gene expression by hypoxia in vascular cells.

Hypoxia induces the stress protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which participates in cellular adaptation. The molecular pathways that regulate ho-1 gene expression under hypoxia may involve mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and reactive oxygen. Hypoxia (8 h) increased HO-1 mRNA in rat pulmonary aortic endothelial cells (PAEC), and also activated both extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1)/ERK2 and p38 MAPK pathways. The role of these kinases in hypoxia-induced ho-1 gene expression was examined using chemical inhibitors of these pathways. Surprisingly, SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, and PD98059, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1), strongly enhanced hypoxia-induced HO-1 mRNA expression in PAEC. UO126, a MEK1/2 inhibitor, enhanced HO-1 expression in PAEC under normoxia, but not hypoxia. Diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, also induced the expression of HO-1 in PAEC under both normoxia and hypoxia. Similar results were observed in aortic v...
EFFECT OF SODIUM AND NITRATE ON GROWTH OF ANABAENA FLOS‐AQUAE (CYANOPHYTA)1

The growth response of a nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyng.) Breb., to sodium and nitrate was examined in batch culture under controlled laboratory conditions. Sodium (range 0-12 mg Na + .L −1 ) enhanced growth of the cyanobacterium under nitrate-sufficient (5.7 mg NO 3 − -N.L −1 ) but not nitrate-limited (0.49 mg NO 3 − -N.L −1 ) conditions. The magnitude of the growth response was related to the nutritional history of the culture. No significant effect of sodium on nitrate utilization was observed. The increase in ambient sodium levels in many lakes may provide a competitive advantage to cyanobacteria
Survey of multiple sclerosis in Northern California

A random sample of 493 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients registered with the Northern California Chapter of the National MS Society was surveyed by mail and subsequently interviewed with regard to their MS, life style, diet, medical treatment, family history, and insurance coverage. Of this sample, 168 patients (34%) returned completed questionnaires. The answers on the questionnaire were entered into a database and scores on the extended disability status scale (EDSS), the neurologic rating scale (NRS), the ambulation index (AI), and the mean disability scale (MDS) were determined from the patient's answers to a portion of the questionnaire using a previously validated conversion program. This survey population of 168 patients seemed to represent well both the random sample and the frame population from which it was drawn. Patients commonly experienced symptoms for which there are medical treatments currently available such as bladder symptoms, fatigue, spasticity, pain, and depression. Surprisingly, however, with the exception of spasticity, patients were only infrequently treated for these complaints. In addition, despite the recent approval of the beta-interferons and copolymer I in the treatment of MS, only 74% of the appropriate candidates for such treatment had these options discussed with them and only 45% ever actually received such treatment. Certain clinical features and dietary habits were strongly associated with both EDSS scores and total disability. Not unexpectedly, either a progressive disease course or the presence of neurological dysfunction in any one of a number of functional areas (e.g. bladder, vision, cognitive change, etc.) correlated with higher EDSS scores and greater total disability. Fatigue was also strongly correlated with disability. Indeed, fatigue accounted (in whole or in part) for 65% of the disability experienced by patients; an observation which only underscores the fact that fewer than one third of the patients who experience fatigue have ever been tried on medications. Interestingly, the only factors associated with lower EDSS scores and less total disability were exercise and alcohol consumption. Such associations from a single survey, however, do not establish causation. It is the purpose of this study to establish a baseline level of function within this survey population so that future surveys in the same set of individuals can allow a prospective assessment of how health outcome has influenced different aspects of the patient's medical care, lifestyle, and insurance coverage.
Tra Mogadiscio e Roma: Le mappe emotive di Igiaba Scego

Il gesto di tracciare una mappa e atto di ordinamento cognitivo e di organizzazione dell’immaginazione, ma e anche atto fondante dell’identita e del suo posizionamento in relazione ai luoghi. Il sa...
Counter aggression and reconciliation in Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis)

Patterns of aggressive and affiliative behavior, such as counter aggression and reconciliation, are said to covary in the genus Macaca; this is referred to as the systematic variation hypothesis. These behavior patterns constitute a species dominance style. Van Schaik’s [1989] socioecological model explains dominance style in macaques in terms of within- and between-group contest competition. Dominance style is also said to correlate with phylogeny in macaques. The present study was undertaken to examine phylogenetic and socioecological explanations of dominance style, as well as the systematic variation hypothesis. We collected data on counter aggression and reconciliation from a habituated group of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) at the Tukeswari Temple in Assam, India. The proportion of agonistic episodes that involved counter aggression was relatively low. Counter aggression, however, occurred more often among males than among females, and it was most common when females initiated aggression against males. The conciliatory tendency for this group of Assamese macaques was 11.2%. The frequency of reconciliation was low for fights among males and for fights among females, but reconciliation was particularly rare for opposite-sexed opponents. Female social relationships were consistent with the systematic variation hypothesis, and suggest a despotic dominance style. A despotic dominance style in Assamese macaques weakens the correlation between dominance style and phylogeny in macaques, but it is not inconsistent with the socioecological model. Male–female relationships were not well explained by the despotic-egalitarian framework, and males may well have more tolerant social relationships than do females. Sex differences need to be considered when categorizing species according to dominance style. Am. J. Primatol. 56:215–230, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modification of the human glabella reflex by antecedent acoustic stimulation

The eyeblink elicited by a mechanically produced tap to the glabella was inhibited by a 50-msec, 80-dB SPL tone presented in the interval 50 to 800 msec prior to the tap, but maximal inhibition occurred when the lead interval was 100 msec. At this lead interval, the amount of inhibition was an increasing function of prestimulus intensity, but reliable inhibition was detected when prestimulus intensity was only 30 dB SPL. With a given inhibitory prestimulus, the amount of inhibition was independent of the intensity of the blink-eliciting tap. Monaural presentation of a prestimulus was found to produce more inhibition than the binaural presentation of that same prestimulus. The offset of an otherwise continuous binaural acoustic signal 100 msec prior to a tap inhibited the eyeblink, but more inhibition was found when offset occurred in only one ear.
Angiographic evaluation of high performance athletes with endofibrosis

No. 436 Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer embolization of sporadic and syndromal renal angiomyolipomas: technique and initial results Z.L. Bercu, E. Kim, R.S. Patel, S.F. Nowakowski, R.A. Lookstein, A.M. Fischman; Department of Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY C ar ac te ri st ic s an d re su lts o f em b o liz at io n P at ie n t N u m b er T yp e an d A m o u n t o f E m b o lic A g en t T u m o r Lo ca ti o n R en al S in u s In va si o n S ym p to m s T u b er o u s S cl er o si s C o m p le x (T S C ) P re E m b o liz at io n C re at in in e (m g /d L) P o st E m b o liz ati o n C re at in in e (m g /d L) T im e fr o m D et ec ti o n to T re at m en t (d ay s) P re E m b o liz ati o n T u m o r S iz e (c m ) P o st E m b o liz ati o n T u m o r S iz e (c m ) P o st E m b o liz at io n
Differenzialindikation zwischen Arthroplastik und Endoprothetik des rheumatischen Ellbogengelenkes

Die Therapie des rheumatischen Ellbogengelenkes hat sich uber die letzten Jahre signifikant gewandelt. Durch die verbesserte medikamentose Einstellung ist die Anzahl der Patienten, die einer Synovektomie bedurfen, zuruckgegangen. Die arthroskopisch durchgefuhrte Synovektomie hat zwar die Morbiditat dieses Eingriffes verringert, die Langzeitergebnisse dieser Methode als rekonstruktiver Eingriff liegen jedoch noch nicht vor. Sowohl der gekoppelte wie auch der ungekoppelte Gelenkersatz hat sich als zuverlaiger Eingriff bei dieser Diagnose etabliert. Die Erfahrungen der Mayo-Klinik zeigten auch nach 12 Jahren bei 78 Patienten mit totalem Gelenkersatz aufgrund einer rheumatoiden Arthritis ein zufrieden stellendes Ergebnis in 92% der Falle. Die Komplikationsrate betrug ungefahr 15%, wobei in 2% eine Ablosung oder Insuffizienz der Trizepssehne, in 2% eine tiefe Infektion und in 3% eine Irritaion des N. ulnaris vorlag.
Effects of high-intensity focused ultrasound in the treatment of experimental neuroblastoma

This report evaluates the effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) on subcutaneous murine neuroblastoma C1300. HIFU treatment was administered with a focused 4-MHz quartz transducer with a peak intensity of 550 W/cm2. In experiment 1, 60 animals with tumor were divided into four groups. Group I (n = 15) were controls; group II (n = 15) received adriamycin, 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally; group III (n = 15) received HIFU; and group IV (n = 15) received both adriamycin and HIFU. All the animals in groups I and II died of tumor by 35 days. Fifty-three percent (8/15) of mice in group III and 80% (12/15) in group IV were cured with no evidence of tumor (NET) at 200 days. Log-rank statistics showed significant prolongation of survival in the groups III and IV as compared with groups I or II (P less than .05). In experiment 2, 45 animals with tumor were divided into three groups. Group I (n = 15) were controls; group II (n = 15) received HIFU; and group III (n = 15) received repeated HIFU. The results showed 47% (7/15) of mice in group II and 67% (10/15) in group III were NET at 200 days. Significant survival prolongation was achieved in groups II and III in comparison with group I (P less than .05). In experiment 3, 90 mice received either tumor (n = 60) or saline (n = 30) inoculation in the left flank. On day 5, 45 mice with tumor were treated with HIFU (group I), while the other 15 mice with tumor (group II) had a sham procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Processor design optimization methodology for synthetic vision systems

Architecture optimization requires numerous inputs from hardware to software specifications. The task of varying these input parameters to obtain an optimal system architecture with regard to cost, specified performance and method of upgrade considerably increases the development cost due to the infinitude of events, most of which cannot even be defined by any simple enumeration or set of inequalities. We shall address the use of a PC-based tool using genetic algorithms to optimize the architecture for an avionics synthetic vision system, specifically passive millimeter wave system implementation.
Making the Blacklist White: The Hollywood Red Scare in Popular Memory

Abstract This essay analyzes the three major feature films that have retold the story of the entertainment industry blacklist—The Front (1976), Guilty by Suspicion (1991), and The Majestic (2001)—to make an argument about the way that “consensus” ideology has circumscribed the memory of the blacklist. In gradually increasing degrees, the three films are representative of, and complicit in, the erasure of the radical, antifascist, multiracial causes of the blacklistees from their stories. Such recognition suggests the need to rethink contemporary understandings of how collective memory is produced in popular culture.