cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal-based procedure reordering for improved instruction cache performance

As the gap between memory and processor performance continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important to exploit cache memory effectively. Both hardware and software techniques can be used to better utilize the cache. Hardware solutions focus on organization, while most software solutions investigate how to best layout a program on the available memory space. We present a new link-time code reordering algorithm targeted at reducing the frequency of misses in the cache. In past work we focused on eliminating first generation cache conflicts (i.e., conflicts between a procedure, and any of its immediate callers or callees) based on calling frequencies. In this work we exploit procedure-level temporal interaction, using a structure called a conflict miss graph (CMG). In the CMG every edge weight is an approximation of the worst-case number of misses two competing procedures can inflict upon one another. We use the ordering implied by the edge weights to apply color-based mapping and eliminate conflict misses between procedures lying either in the same or in different call chains. Using programs taken from SPEC 95, Gnu applications, and C++ applications, we have been able to improve upon previous algorithms, reducing the number of instruction cache conflicts by 20% on average compared to the best procedure reordering algorithm.
Modeling the dependence of the coefficient of restitution on the impact velocity in elasto-plastic collisions

We discuss the modeling of the coefficient of restitution as a function of the incoming velocity in elasto-plastic collisions with normal frictionless impact, and compare the results from nonlinear finite-element analysis to those of two recent normal force displacement models: One by Thornton (ASME J. Appl. Mech. 64 (1997) 383) and one by Vu-Quoc and Zhang (Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 455 (1999) 4013) which is the displacement-driven counterpart of the force-driven model proposed by Vu-Quoc, Zhang, and Lesburg (ASME. J. Appl. Mech. 67 (2000) 363). The resulting values of the coefficient of restitution are also compared to those from the model proposed in Stronge (in: R.C. Batra, A.K. Mal, G.P. MacSithigh (Eds.), Impact Waves and Fractures, ASME AMD 205 (1995) 351). The relationships among the coefficient of restitution, the incoming velocity, the collision time, the contact force/displacement, the normal pressure distribution are presented and discussed. These results establish the better accuracy provided by the model proposed by Vu-Quoc, Zhang, and Lesburg, when compared to previously proposed models.
Environmental Toxicology and Health Effects Associated with Methyl Parathion Exposure – A Scientific Review

Methyl parathion - MP (C8H10NO5PS) is a restricted-use pesticide that has been widely used as an agricultural insecticide. It belongs to the class of organophosphate chemicals characterized by their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity. The main route of human exposure is inhalation, but dermal contact and inadvertent ingestion can also be substantial. Populations that are susceptible to MP exposure primarily are applicators, manufacturers and individuals living near application and/or disposal sites. Exposure has also been reported as a result of illegal indoor application. MP related health effects include headaches, nausea, night-waking, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, excessive sweating and salivation, incoordination, and mental confusion. Other symptoms including behavior problems, motor skill problems and impairment of memory recall have also been reported. The primary targets of toxicity are the hematopoietic system (serum cholinesterase inhibition), the cardiovascular system (cardiovascular lesions, abnormalities in heart rate and increase in heart-to-body ratio), the reproductive system (placental morphology, fibrosis and hemorrhage, and inhibition of DNA synthesis in seminiferous tubules), and the nervous system (headache, muscle weakness, insomnia, dizziness, and impaired memory). MP is believed to not have any carcinogenic effects. In an attempt to update its toxicologic profile, we hereby provide a critical review of MP-related environmental and toxicologic effects, with a special emphasis on their potential implications for public health.
Spectroelectrochemical examination of chlorpromazine cation radical reactions with mono- and bifunctional nucleophiles

Abstract The decay of electrogenerated chlorpromazine cation radical in the presence of carboxylate and phosphate nucleophiles was studied using glacing incidence reflection spectroelectrochemistry. After generation at the electrode, the radical forms chlorpromazine sulfoxide and reduced precursor via a half-regeneration mechanisms, with the nucleophilic anion acting as a catalyst. For nucleophiles possessing only one nucleophilic site, the rate of reaction with chlorpromazine radical varied little with structure, once the observed rates were corrected for free nucleophile concentration. However, for nucleophiles with two or more sites, the rate was strongly dependent on the orientation of the sites. When two carbodylate groups on the same nucleophile are cis, the rate is 60–300 times the rate when they are trans. The most likely explanation for this observation is a mechanism based on two radicals interacting simultaneously with a single bifunctional nucleophile. After both radicals are bound to the nucleophile, the subsequent charge-transfer reaction is accelerated by the proximity of the two radicals. The acceleration is observed only for nucleophiles which can orient the two attached radicals close to each other. This conclusion explains the wide variation in rate for a series of carboxylate nucleophiles, including citrate and acetate, which differ in the number and the orientation of the nucleophilic sites.
Editorial: Pioneers in Pediatric Psychology II

Beginning with this issue of the Journal of Pediatric Psychology (JPP), we are re-activating the Pioneers in Pediatric Psychology series. From 2000 to 2002, during Anne Kazak’s editorial term, four ‘‘pioneers’’ wrote articles for JPP where they reflected on their careers in pediatric psychology and their contributions to the conceptual development, research, and practice of our field (Drotar, 2001; Mesibov, 2002; Routh, 2000; Walker, 2000). Because these articles serve an important historical and archival function for the Society of Pediatric Psychology, it became clear that this would be a valuable series to reactivate. Thus, we asked Phyllis Magrab to submit an article for this series, and her contribution appears in this issue of the journal. As you read her observations of pediatric psychology from the early years of the Society and over time in the field, the importance of documenting the history and learning from such pioneering pediatric psychologists is emphasized. When we invite authors to prepare a manuscript for this series, we provide guidance via a list of potential concepts for them to consider. Specifically, we ask authors to use relevant life experiences to set the context for identifying needs or issues related to the field of pediatric psychology. We also ask them to discuss what the field was like at the time that they entered it and to reflect on how pediatric psychology has changed and what they believe to have caused such changes. One of our primary goals is for these articles to be useful to early career professionals and to those currently in training in pediatric psychology. Thus, we pose a series of training-relevant questions for ‘‘pioneers’’ to consider as they formulate their comments: What were the key milestones of your career and what decisions did you make along the way? What insights might you offer to early career professionals or those still in training as they consider what directions to pursue, settings to consider working in, or opportunities to take advantage of or avoid? How were you mentored and how did this influence how you mentor others? What lessons have you learned during your years in this field? How and in what contexts did you interact with others in the field and how did these interactions influence you? Also, discuss how interactions with those from other disciplines influenced you. What are the values you find central to your research/ practice in pediatric psychology? What are important issues that currently face our field? What are likely directions for the future? How do you hope the field will evolve over time? What needs to happen for this evolution to occur?
Cln1 gene disruption in mice reveals a common pathogenic link between two of the most lethal childhood neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders

Neurodegeneration is a devastating manifestation in the majority of >50 lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are the most common childhood neurodegenerative LSDs. Mutations in 13 different genes (called CLNs) underlie various types of NCLs, of which the infantile NCL (INCL) and congenital NCL (CNCL) are the most lethal. Although inactivating mutations in the CLN1 gene encoding palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-1 (PPT1) cause INCL, those in the CLN10 gene encoding cathepsin D (CD) underlie CNCL. PPT1 is a lysosomal thioesterase that cleaves the thioester linkage in S-acylated proteins required for their degradation by lysosomal hydrolases like CD. Thus, PPT1 deficiency causes lysosomal accumulation of these lipidated proteins (major constituents of ceroid) leading to INCL. We sought to determine whether there is a common pathogenic link between INCL and CNCL. Using biochemical, histological and confocal microscopic analyses of brain tissues and cells from Cln1(-/-) mice that mimic INCL, we uncovered that Cln10/CD is overexpressed. Although synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, the CD-precursor protein (pro-CD) is transported through endosome to the lysosome where it is proteolytically processed to enzymatically active-CD. We found that despite Cln10 overexpression, the maturation of pro-CD to enzymatically active-CD in lysosome was disrupted. This defect impaired lysosomal degradative function causing accumulation of undegraded cargo in lysosome leading to INCL. Notably, treatment of intact Cln1(-/-) mice as well as cultured brain cells derived from these animals with a thioesterase-mimetic small molecule, N-tert-butyl-hydroxylamine, ameliorated the CD-processing defect. Our findings are significant in that they define a pathway in which Cln1 mutations disrupt the maturation of a major degradative enzyme in lysosome contributing to neuropathology in INCL and suggest that lysosomal CD deficiency is a common pathogenic link between INCL and CNCL.
Intraoperative insulin therapy does not reduce the need for inotropic or antiarrhythmic therapy after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether attempted glucose control through intraoperative insulin therapy reduces the need for inotropic or antiarrhythmic therapy after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Design: Post hoc analysis of a randomized, masked clinical trial of insulin therapy for prevention of neurobehavioral deficits. Setting: Single university hospital. Participants: Nondiabetic patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery (n = 381). Interventions: Patients received either insulin infusions in an attempt to maintain blood glucose at 80 to 120 mg/dL (n = 188) or placebo (saline; n = 193). Inotropic therapy was defined as the initiation of vasoactive support with epinephrine or amrinone infusions or mechanical support with the initiation of an intra-aortic balloon pump in the operating room or within 12 hours postoperatively. Antiarrhythmic therapy was defined as cardioversion, antiarrhythmic medications, or pacing. Measurements and Main Results: Of patients, 64 in the placebo group and 71 in the insulin group required inotropic support after CPB ( p = not significant). The use of cardioversion (55 in placebo group v 61 in insulin group), antiarrhythmic medications (64 in placebo group v 76 in insulin group), and pacing (118 in placebo group v 117 in insulin group) was similar between groups. Inotropic drug support was associated with age >60 years, female gender, reduced preoperative ejection fraction, history of angina, and increased duration of CPB. Conclusion: Intraoperative insulin therapy did not reduce the use of inotropic or antiarrhythmic support after cardiac surgery with CPB. The lack of benefit may be due to the inability to prevent hyperglycemia during the physiologic stress of CPB or a tribute to the effectiveness of modern myocardial preservation techniques. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
James L. Poppen and Surgery of the “Seat of the Soul”: A Contemporary Perspective

Dr. James Leonard Poppen (1903–1978) was one of the most renowned American neurosurgeons of the 20th century. The now eponymous Poppen approach to the pineal region is still used routinely in current neurosurgical practice. He was also one of the first to describe and practice the prefrontal lobotomy and appears to be one of the surgeons in the case of Eva Peron in 1952. Poppen was born in a Dutch family on February 28, 1903, in the town of Drenthe, Michigan. Poppen described the occipital transtentorial approach to the pineal region, this operative technique to access a deep-seated area was novel and effective, and now bears his name. His other well-known contribution includes the description of a tacking suture to prevent the formation of postoperative extradural hematomas (Poppen's stitch). Besides these, he described many novel procedures including bilateral lumbar sympathectomy, cervical rhizotomy for torticollis, and thoracolumbar sympathectomy and splanchnicectomy through small incisions. He was the first to advocate wrapping of an aneurysm neck with muscle or plastic rather than sacrificing the parent artery in difficult-to-clip aneurysms. His famous atlas on neurosurgical techniques was published in 1960. He retired from this post in 1970; however, he continued his practice of neurosurgery until his death. This historical vignette aims to highlight the work of James L. Poppen and the evolution of the surgery of the “Seat of the Soul.” His work has had a lasting influence on neurosurgeons and neuroscientists over the years.
Problem-Focused Coping: Skipped-Generation Caregivers Affected by HIV/AIDS in Vietnam

In this article, we examine skipped-generation caregivers who foster their grandchildren orphaned by HIV/AIDS in Vietnam. We investigated the challenges facing this population and the ways in which grandparents handled their trials on behalf of their families. Specifically, how did caregivers make sense of their roles, and how did these meanings inform their coping strategies? We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 21 older caregivers and 7 key informants and selected 5 caregivers from the sample to complete participant observations. The participants understood coping as problem-focused coping; for example, by considering a set of caregiving-related activities that included providing childcare, making money, borrowing money, cooking, and doing other daily chores. The voices of older caregivers must be a vital component to influence and inform service organizations and HIV sectors working in Vietnam. Based on a deeper understanding of the caregiving process, we outline implications for service development within the area of HIV caregiving.
Redesigning the PheA domain of gramicidin synthetase leads to a new understanding of the enzyme's mechanism and selectivity.

The PheA domain of gramicidin synthetase A, a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, selectively binds phenylalanine along with ATP and Mg 2+ and catalyzes the formation of an aminoacyl adenylate. In this study, we have used a novel protein redesign algorithm, K * , to predict mutations in PheA that should exhibit improved binding for tyrosine. Interestingly, the introduction of two predicted mutations to PheA did not significantly improve KD, as measured by equilibrium fluorescence quenching. However, the mutations improved the specificity of the enzyme for tyrosine (as measured by kcat/KM), primarily driven by a 56-fold improvement in KM, although the improvement did not make tyrosine the preferred substrate over phenylalanine. Using stopped-flow fluorometry, we examined binding of different amino acid substrates to the wild-type and mutant enzymes in the pre-steady state in order to understand the improvement in KM. Through these investigations, it became evident that substrate binding to the wild- type enzyme is more complex than previously described. These experiments show that the wild-type enzyme binds phenylalanine in a kinetically selective manner; no other amino acids tested appeared to bind the enzyme in the early time frame examined (500 ms). Furthermore, experiments with PheA, phenylalanine, and ATP reveal a two-step binding process, suggesting that the PheA-ATP-phenylalanine complex may undergo a conformational change toward a catalytically relevant intermediate on the pathway to adenylation; experiments with PheA, phenylalanine, and other nucleotides exhibit only a one-step binding process. The improvement in KM for the mutant enzyme toward tyrosine, as predicted by K * , may indicate that redesigning the side-chain binding pocket allows the substrate backbone to adopt productive conformations for catalysis but that further improvements may be afforded by modeling an enzyme:ATP: substrate complex, which is capable of undergoing conformational change.
Recent Advances in Cardiac Development With Therapeutic Implications for Adult Cardiovascular Disease

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect in humans, occurring as often as 1 in 125 live births.1,2 Because prenatal diagnosis and both medical and surgical care of affected neonatal infants have improved dramatically in the past decades, the number of adult survivors of CHD is increasing. Thus, it has become increasingly important for all cardiologists to be familiar with the basic and clinical characteristics of CHD. At the same time, there has been an explosion in our understanding of the molecular and genetic programs regulating cardiovascular development (for reviews, see Olson,3 Srivastava and Olson,4 and Gruber and Epstein5). Genetic causes of specific forms of CHD are appearing in the literature with increasing frequency. Interestingly, mutations in genes that encode nuclear transcription factors account for many forms of CHD. Here, we review examples of transcription factor gene mutations that cause human disease, and we address the potential utility of applying developmental insights to the study of adult cardiac regenerative therapy and to the development of novel treatment strategies for adult heart disease. CHD most commonly arises from structural defects caused by errors in the morphogenetic programs regulating heart and outflow tract development. Less commonly, functional defects of cardiac muscle account for congenital cardiac disease such as occur in muscular dystrophies or storage diseases. These disorders are not discussed further here but have been reviewed by Cox and Kunkel,6 Emery,7 and Lapidos et al.8 Distinct and diverse structural abnormalities of the heart and cardiac outflow tract have been classically categorized according to phenotypic characteristics, with less attention to developmental or genetic mechanisms. This is likely to change in the near future. This review is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of the genetic basis of CHD. Rather, a few illustrative …
Investigating Compositional Variation of Ceramic Materials during the Late Neolithic on the Great Hungarian Plain – Preliminary LA-ICP-MS Results

Investigations have been undertaken to assess the extent to which compositional analysis can be used to determine trade and interaction on the Great Hungar- ian Plain during the Late Neolithic. Ceramic and clay sam- ples in the Koros and Berettyo River Basins were analyzed at the Elemental Analysis Facilities (EAF) at The Field Mu- seum of Natural History in Chicago, IL, USA. With the use of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spec- trometry (LA-ICP-MS), the aim of the project was to ascer- tain if micro-regional or site-specific compositional signa- tures could be determined in a region that is typically char- acterized as highly geologically homogenous. Identifying site-specific signatures enables archaeologists to model prehistoric interactions and, in turn, determine the rela- tionship between interaction and various socio-cultural changes. This paper focuses on the preliminary compo- sitional results of materials analyzed from three different sites across the Plain and the methodological implications for future anthropological research in the region.
A comparison of early childhood preservice teachers' beliefs about music and developmentally appropriate practice between South Korea and the US

The purpose of this study is to examine the beliefs of early childhood preservice teachers in Korea (South) and the US about music, developmentally appropriate practices (DAP), and the relationship between the two. Participants of the study generally believed in the importance of music. In terms of the benefits of music, teachers believed more in the aesthetic and social-emotional benefits of music than quality-of-life benefits for young children. The results indicate that preservice teachers in Korea possess stronger beliefs about the importance of music than the teachers in the US. In particular, preservice teachers in Korea hold stronger beliefs about aesthetic benefits of music than their US counterparts. All the teachers in the study generally endorsed DAP, yet Korean preservice teachers had stronger beliefs in DAP. In this examination of the relationship between music and DAP, prospective teachers in Korea demonstrated more positive acceptance of the relationship. Some differences were found in the correlations of subcategories of music and DAP between the teachers in the US and Korea. This study may influence the design and implementation of teacher education programs in Korea and the US with regard to not only music curricula but other subjects as well. Discussions and implications for early childhood teacher educators are provided.
REDUCED SENSITIVITY TO ETHYLENE AND DELAYED SENESCENCE IN A GROUP OF RELATED CARNATION CULTIVARS

Three related carnation cultivars (Ginevra, Epomeo and Chinera) were less sensitive to exogenous ethylene than cv. White Sim. The concentration to give 50% of the maximum response (H5O) after a 24 h treatment was 0.21 μl 1−1 in cv. White Sim and 0.32, 0.48, and 0.65 μl 1−1, in the cvs. Ginevra, Epomeo, and Chinera, respectively.
Carrier gas effects on aluminum-catalyzed nanowire growth

Aluminum-catalyzed silicon nanowire growth under low-pressure chemical vapor deposition conditions requires higher reactor pressures than gold-catalyzed growth, but the reasons for this difference are not well understood. In this study, the effects of reactor pressure and hydrogen partial pressure on silicon nanowire growth using an aluminum catalyst were studied by growing nanowires in hydrogen and hydrogen/nitrogen carrier gas mixtures at different total reactor pressures. Nanowires grown in the nitrogen/hydrogen mixture have faceted catalyst droplet tips, minimal evidence of aluminum diffusion from the tip down the nanowire sidewalls, and significant vapor-solid deposition of silicon on the sidewalls. In comparison, wires grown in pure hydrogen show less well-defined tips, evidence of aluminum diffusion down the nanowire sidewalls at increasing reactor pressures and reduced vapor-solid deposition of silicon on the sidewalls. The results are explained in terms of a model wherein the hydrogen partial pressure plays a critical role in aluminum-catalyzed nanowire growth by controlling hydrogen termination of the silicon nanowire sidewalls. For a given reactor pressure, increased hydrogen partial pressures increase the extent of hydrogen termination of the sidewalls which suppresses SiH4 adsorption thereby reducing vapor-solid deposition of silicon but increases the surface diffusion length of aluminum. Conversely, lower hydrogen partial pressures reduce the hydrogen termination and also increase the extent of SiH4 gas phase decomposition, shifting the nanowire growth window to lower growth temperatures and silane partial pressures.
The Strategy of Cosmic Obligation

The individual is small and the cosmos large, how large we do not at present know. For when we say “the cosmos” we are talking, remember, about all material orders, which is to say, about all species of actual organizations. The cosmos is, then, for all existing things the ground-state, and in considering the whole of the cosmos we are bound to encounter difficulties. We shall consider a few of these which arise from the paradoxes and which are inevitably involved in any kind of ultimate confrontation.
Chemistry of ring-substituted 4-(benzothiazol-2-yl)phenylnitrenium ions from antitumor 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazoles.

Ring-substituted derivatives of 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole, 1a, 1b–g, are under development as antitumor agents. One derivative, 1f, has reached phase 1 clinical trials as the prodrug 2f, Phort...
A study of the defects in the blood coagulation mechanisms in polycythemia vera.

Although the hemorrhagic complications of polycythemia vera are well known, there is a lack of uniform opinion regarding the nature of the hemostatic defect. Physical distention of the vascular bed is a plausible cause of bleeding in uncontrolled polycythemia. In isolated instances, fibrinolytic activity has been noted in polycythemic patients. Aberrant behavior of the polycythemic clot, regularly noted in vitro, may also contribute to faulty hemostasis. In addition, equivocal defects in the coagulation process have been reported sporadically. In 1949 Rosenthal studied a group of 39 cases of polycythemia vera, and observed an increased rate of clot retraction and the fall-out phenomenon in 35 per cent of the patients. He measured clot retraction with an electrical device. Rosenthal attributed the poor clot formation to the high platelet counts and postulated that retraction took place so rapidly that the red cells, instead of adhering to the platelet-fibrin mesh, were forced out of the clot. Henstell and co-workers in 195.1, made similar observations which involved measuring the electrolytic resistance of the blood as clotting
IDENTIFICATION OF THAI C-18 VIRUS AS A MEMBER OF THE COXSACKIE VIRUS A20 SUBGROUP.

SummaryThai C-18 virus, previously believed to be a new enterovirus type, has been shown to belong to the Coackie virus A20 subgroup. Four antigenic variants are now known for this subgroup. The indicator strain of choice within the subgroup is A20A, as it is most readily neutralized by antisera against all 4 variants.
Rotational spectroscopy and molecular structure of the 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene-hydrogen chloride complex.

Fourier transform microwave spectra in the 6−20 GHz region are obtained for the complex formed between 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene and hydrogen chloride, including both 35Cl and 37Cl isotopomers. Analy...
Effects of ethanol, xylose, and glucose on canine jejunal motility.

Ethanol is an important source of calories that can cause certain gastrointestinal symptoms, notably diarrhea. To examine the effects of ethanol on the small bowel, we intraluminally perfused thejejunum of four dogs with ethanol (18, 9, 4.5, and 1.5%, wt/vol), D-xylose (30, 15, 7.5, and 4.5%, wt/vol), or glucose (30 and 5%, wt/vol). In other experiments, these solutes were infused intravenously. Saline was always given by the alternate route ; jejunal manometry was recorded during and after the infusions. Phase III of the interdigestive cycle was delayed by all intraluminal infusions except for 4.5 and 1.5% ethanol, 4.5% xylose, and 5% glucose. In addition, the onset of irregular contractile activity was delayed more with intraluminal ethanol than with intraluminal xylose or intraluminal glucose (P < 0.01). When administered intraluminally, ethanol and xylose appeared in blood but only ethanol equilibrated fully between the lumen and blood. Intravenous infusions of ethanol and xylose, but not glucose, also delayed the return of phase III. When given intravenously, ethanol and xylose were recovered from the lumen, whereas glucose never was. Ethanol and xylose had comparable effects on the canine small bowel ; they induced prolonged periods of irregular contractile activity and delayed the return of phase III. These effects were seen rapidly when solutes were administered intraluminally and more slowly when they were given intravenously. These results suggest that local luminal mechanisms stimulated by solutes influence small bowel motility, and they imply that the gut recognizes solutes whether or not these molecules are metabolizable.
The thermal response and development of thermotolerance of the bone marrow stromal progenitor CFU-F.

The effect of hyperthermia on the murine bone marrow stromal progenitor (fibroblast colony-forming unit, CFU-F) was evaluated and its ability to develop thermotolerance demonstrated. CFU-F were obtained from nucleated marrow of Balb/c mice and heated in vitro in alpha minimum essential medium plus 15% fetal bovine serum. Thermotolerance development was tested two ways. 1) The development of thermotolerance during prolonged hyperthermia was observed with a "step-up" heating protocol (i.e., cells were incubated at 41 degrees C and at regular intervals challenged with 15 min at 44 degrees C). 2) The development of thermotolerance at 37 degrees C after a short exposure to a high temperature (greater than or equal to 43 degrees C) was observed with a split treatment protocol that consisted of two 15-min treatments of 44 degrees C separated with time at 37 degrees C. The inverse of the slopes of the hyperthermia dose-response relationships (Do +/- SE) for CFU-F were 118 +/- 14, 53 +/- 7, 23 +/- 0.6, 11 +/- 0.3, 7 +/- 0.3, and 5 +/- 0.5 min for exposures of 41.5 degrees, 42 degrees, 42.5 degrees, 43 degrees, 43.5 degrees, and 44 degrees C, respectively. The plot of the slopes of the heat "dose-response" relationships versus the inverse of the absolute temperature (Arrhenius plot) yields a change in slope at approximately 43 degrees C, and the inactivation enthalpies (slopes above and below the inflection point at 43 degrees C) were 606 +/- 100 kJ/mol (145 +/- 24 kcal/mol) and 1372 +/- 29 kJ/mol (328 +/- 7 kcal/mol) above and below 43 degrees C, respectively. The maximum thermotolerance ratio (TTR, surviving fraction after maximum thermotolerance development to surviving fraction of normotolerant CFU-F) at 37 degrees C after an acute thermal exposure to 15 min at 44 degrees C occurred after 12 h, with a half time of 60 min and a TTR of 41. The maximum TTR during prolonged hyperthermia at 41 degrees C was 2.4 by approximately 50 min. These results show that CFU-F are as sensitive as committed hematopoietic precursors (e.g., granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units, CFU-GM) to hyperthermia over a wide range of thermal exposures and are capable of thermotolerance development during prolonged hyperthermic exposures and at 37 degrees C after short exposures. We conclude that at least one of the stromal elements of normal marrow may be compromised during whole-body or regional clinical hyperthermia protocols.
“The Jewess” Attempted to “Stage a Case on Her Descent”: Linguistic Violence as Part of Genocide, 1941–1945

By the early fall of 1941, Nazi Germany had been at war for two years. German military victories in Europe, especially over France in 1940, stunned many observers, not least in the Reich itself. Despite the tens of thousands of German dead, injured, and maimed, these successes significantly contributed to the Nazi dictatorship's stability and propelled Hitler to the height of his popularity. Supported by Italian and Eastern European allies, German armies started their largest invasion of the war in late June 1941. In violation of the 1939 nonaggression treaty, a German-led multinational force of some 3.5 million soldiers attacked the Soviet Union. After a string of early Axis victories in the summer failed to trigger the collapse of Stalin's regime, the invaders managed to renew their offensive in September and push deep into the Ukraine. On the home front, Germans closely followed the events in the press, on the radio, and in the newsreels. As confidential reports of the SS secret service indicate, most did so with anxiety about a prolonged “lightning war” and still in the hope of another victory. It was in this context of new military success and anticipation of the Soviets' final defeat, as historian Christopher R. Browning argues, that Hitler and the SS leadership “conceived” and “committed” themselves to a “program of mass murder” directed against European and German Jews.
Turán numbers of vertex-disjoint cliques in r-partite graphs

Abstract For two graphs G and H , the Turan number ex ( G , H ) is the maximum number of edges in a subgraph of G that contains no copy of H . Chen, Li, and Tu determined the Turan numbers ex ( K m , n , k K 2 ) for all k ≥ 1 Chen et al. (2009). In this paper we will determine the Turan numbers ex ( K a 1 , … , a r , k K r ) for all r ≥ 3 and k ≥ 1 .
Head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma risk in smokers: no association detected between phenotype and AHR , CYP1A1 , CYP1A2 , or CYP1B1 genotype

Head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) differs between smokers and nonsmokers in etiology and clinical presentation. Because of demonstrated unequivocal involvement in smoking-induced cancer in laboratory animals, four candidate genes––AHR, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1––were selected for a clinical genotype-phenotype association study of HNSCC risk in smokers. Thirty-six single-nucleotide variants (mostly tag-SNPs) within and near these four genes [16 (AHR), 4 (CYP1A1), 4 (CYP1A2), and 12 (CYP1B1)] were chosen. Extreme discordant phenotype (EDP) method of analysis was used to increase statistical power. HNSCC patients––having smoked 1–40 cigarette pack-years––represented the “highly-sensitive” (HS) population; heavy smokers having smoked ≥80 cigarette-pack-years without any type of cancer comprised the “highly-resistant” (HR) group. The vast majority of smokers were intermediate and discarded from consideration. Statistical tests were performed on N = 112 HS and N = 99 HR DNA samples from whole blood. Among the four genes and flanking regions––one haploblock, ACTTGATC in the 5′ portion of CYP1B1, retained statistical significance after 100,000 permutations (P = 0.0042); among our study population, this haploblock was found in 36.4% of African-American, but only 1.49% of Caucasian, HNSCC chromosomes. Interestingly, in the 1000 Genomes Project database, frequency of this haplotype (in 1322 African and 1006 Caucasian chromosomes) is 0.356 and 0.003, respectively. This study represents an excellent example of “spurious association by population stratification”. Considering the cohort size, we therefore conclude that the variant alleles chosen for these four genes, alone or in combinations, are not statistically significantly associated with risk of cigarette-smoking-induced HNSCC.
Awards: Middle East prize faces uncertain future

The fate of a physics prize designed to promote peace in the Middle East has been thrown into doubt, after the Israeli nominee for the 1998 award was withdrawn last month. Daniel Amit's nomination for the Rammal medal was removed after a Lebanese member of the international selection Panel failed to take part in the vote. Franck Laloe, head of the selection panel, admits that there were certain "irregularities in the jury" – even though he says that "the whole jury agreed that Amit is a physicist of great talent and an eminent personality".
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening Associated with Early Tumor Detection and Improved Survival Among Patients with Cirrhosis in the US

Abstract Background Professional societies recommend hepatocellular carcinoma screening in patients with cirrhosis, but high-quality data evaluating its effectiveness to improve early tumor detection and survival in "real world" clinical practice are needed. We aim to characterize the association between hepatocellular carcinoma screening and early tumor detection, curative treatment, and overall survival among patients with cirrhosis. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma between June 2012 and May 2013 at 4 health systems in the US. Patients were categorized in the screening group if hepatocellular carcinoma was detected by imaging performed for screening purposes. Generalized linear models and multivariate Cox regression with frailty adjustment were used to compare early detection, curative treatment, and survival between screen-detected and non-screen-detected patients. Results Among 374 hepatocellular carcinoma patients, 42% (n = 157) were detected by screening. Screen-detected patients had a significantly higher proportion of early tumors (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage A 63.1% vs 36.4%, P P = .02). Hepatocellular carcinoma screening was significantly associated with improved survival in multivariate analysis (hazards ratio 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.65) after adjusting for patient demographics, Child-Pugh class, and performance status. Median survival of screen-detected patients was 14.6 months, compared with 6.0 months for non-screen-detected patients, with the difference remaining significant after adjusting for lead-time bias (hazards ratio 0.59, 95% confidence interval, 0.37-0.93). Conclusion Hepatocellular carcinoma screening is associated with increased early tumor detection and improved survival; however, a minority of hepatocellular carcinoma patients are detected by screening. Interventions to increase screening use in patients with cirrhosis may help curb hepatocellular carcinoma mortality rates.
Options for Advanced Mechanical Support for Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Cardiac Reoperations

Mechanical cardiac support has had a fascinating development over the past 4 decades. With the widespread application of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for cardiac interventions, since its first use in 1953 by Dr. Gibbon (AM J Cardiol 12: 399, 1963), and the ability to understand the potential and complications of circulatory support, efforts were soon initiated to mechanically replace the heart and to simply support the failing myocardium to allow recovery. Because of the concerns and scrutiny of the initial use of a totally artificial heart (TAH) in 1969 by Dr. Cooley (Am J Cardiol 24(5): 723–30, 1969), it was not until the mid-1980s, with the first report of the use of a ventricular assist device (VAD) as bridge to transplant by Dr. Portner (Artif Organs 9: 36, 1985), that mechanical support became a popular method to assist patients with advanced heart failure. Since then, there has been a rapid rise in the number of VADs implanted each year, with more than 800 VAD implantations – including left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), biventricular assist devices (BiVADs), and TAHs – performed for different indications in the United States in 2009 (Interagency Registry for Mechanically assisted circulatory support, 2011). The experience in patient selection and management of individual centers has contributed to this explosive increase in VAD use but the biggest factor contributing to increased VAD use has likely been the improvements in VAD technology, from the original reports of pulsatile pump use, to the more sophisticated axial flow pumps, and lately centrifugal flow pumps.
Genomic mechanisms of resistance to neoadjuvant leuprolide plus abiraterone in locally advanced prostate cancer.

98Background: Blocking both gonadal and extragonadal androgens with leuprolide and abiraterone acetate (AA) is approved by the FDA to treat mCRPC. Applying this treatment in the neoadjuvant setting...
Estimation and Prediction of Grassland Cover in Western Mongolia Using MODIS-Derived Vegetation Indices☆

Abstract Spectral indices derived from satellite observations, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), are widely used for grassland monitoring and management around the globe. In this study we contrasted performance of NDVI and EVI metrics obtained from Aqua and Terra, the two satellite platforms carrying the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor, for estimating grassland cover measured at ground level on ninety-two 1 × 1 km blocks distributed from semidesert to high montane grasslands in the Sailugem Range of western Mongolia, where overgrazing and overstocking of domestic livestock are concerns for pastureland management. We also explored utility of late spring (May) vegetation indices for forecasting vegetation cover at the peak of the growing season (July). Vegetation indices developed using MODIS 1-km monthly data (MOD13A3 and MYD13A3) were strongly related to on-the-ground field estimates of the percentage of vegetation cover in July (74 − 85% variation explained), with second-order polynomial regressions demonstrating better fit to the data than first-order regressions, Aqua vegetation indices (VIs) explaining slightly more variance than Terra’s VIs, and NDVI performing comparably to EVI for both Aqua and Terra. Both Aqua and Terra VIs for May were highly predictive of July vegetation cover (R2 = 0.80 − 0.84). We conclude that monthly MODIS NDVI and EVI datasets can be useful for rangeland managers in western Mongolia to monitor and predict summer pasture conditions at the regional level, where science-based guidance on grazing policy and practices is much needed.
Stretching single fibrin fibers hampers their lysis.

Abstract Blood clots, whose main structural component is a mesh of microscopic fibrin fibers, experience mechanical strain from blood flow, clot retraction and interactions with platelets and other cells. We developed a transparent, striated and highly stretchable substrate made from fugitive glue (a styrenic block copolymer) to investigate how mechanical strain affects lysis of single, suspended fibrin fibers. In this suspended fiber assay, lysis manifested itself by fiber elongation, thickening (disassembly), fraying and collapse. Stretching single fibrin fibers significantly hampered their lysis. This effect was seen in uncrosslinked and crosslinked fibers. Crosslinking (without stretching) also hampered single fiber lysis. Our data suggest that strain is a novel mechanosensitive factor that regulates blood clot dissolution (fibrinolysis) at the single fiber level. At the molecular level of single fibrin molecules, strain may distort, or hinder access to, plasmin cleavage sites and thereby hamper lysis. Statement of significance Fibrin fibers are the major structural component of a blood clot. We developed a highly stretchable substrate made from fugitive glue and a suspended fibrin fiber lysis assay to investigate the effect of stretching on single fibrin fibers lysis. The key findings from our experiments are: 1) Fibers thicken and elongate upon lysis; 2) stretching strongly reduces lysis; 3) this effect is more pronounced for uncrosslinked fibers; and 4) stretching fibers has a similar effect on reducing lysis as crosslinking fibers. At the molecular level, strain may distort plasmin cleavage sites, or restrict access to those sites. Our results suggest that strain may be a novel mechanobiological factor that regulates fibrinolysis.
A resistor-free 4.266 Gbps LPDDR4 I/O in 10 nm FinFET CMOS technology

This paper presents a 4.266 Gbps LPDDR4 I/O with resistor-free on-die termination (ODT). The resistor-free ODT utilizes resistor-free driving unit (RFDU) with adaptive bias unit (ABU). The ABU adopts source-follower based structure which provides an adaptive bias voltage to compensate the saturated ID current caused non-linearity. The proposed LPDDR4 I/O is fabricated in 10 nm FinFET technology with the post-driver area of 0.0025mm2. The measurement result shows that the calibrated ODT resistances among 63 dies all meet LPDDR4 specifications. Furthermore, the eye opening of 0.73 UI is achieved with 4.266 Gbps PRBS pattern.
The Composition, Development, and Regeneration of Neuromuscular Junctions

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the specialized site that connects the terminal of a motor neuron axon to skeletal muscle. As a synapse NMJ integrity is essential for transducing motor neuron signals that initiate skeletal muscle contraction. Many diseases and skeletal muscle aging are linked to impaired NMJ function and the associated muscle wasting. In this chapter we review the components of an NMJ and, the processes of NMJ development, maturation, and regeneration. Also, we briefly discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of NMJ decline in the context of disease and aging.
On Modified DuPont Method: Analysis of Firms with Negative Net-Financial-Obligations

We find over 30% of public U.S. non-financial companies have negative net-financial-obligation (NFO) during the sample period of 1965 to 2014. According to the modified DuPont analysis, NFO is defined as total debt minus excess cash and passive investments. The prevalence of these observations casts doubt over the validity of the modified DuPont method, especially the treatment of holding excess cash and passive investments as financing rather than operating activities. We explore several reasons for this phenomenon, including weak corporate governance, equity financing, and tax deferral. Overall the evidence is most consistent with the equity financing and tax deferral hypotheses. Understanding the reason for having negative NFO helps us make proper adjustments/inferences when analyzing these firms. This study also provides a new explanation for the puzzling negative correlation between leverage and expected stock returns documented by prior research. Negative-NFO firms enjoy low-cost financing from the government, via long-term tax deferral, by retaining earnings overseas. These firms have incentive to reduce costly financing from traditional venues, especially debt. Negative-NFO firms also tend to have a high cost of capital due to their intangible-intensive asset structure. We show that these characteristics of the negative-NFO firms create a negative correlation between the observed leverage ratios and the average stock returns. Once we remove the negative-NFO firms, the correlation between leverage and stock returns becomes significantly more positive.
Exploiting Luminescence Emissions of Solar Cells for Optical Frequency Identification (OFID)

This paper presents a new solution for Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications in which GaAs solar cells are employed to transmit information. Transmission of information with a solar cell is possible by modulating the photo-luminescence and the electro-luminescence emissions of the solar cell. Photo-luminescence is modulated with switch to short circuit the solar cell terminals. Electro-luminescence modulation is achieved by applying a time-varying voltage to the cell. The solar cell can also be used to receive information encoded as light intensity variations. Moreover, the solar cell can also be used for its intended function of harvesting ambient radiant energy. Hence, a device equipped with a GaAs solar cell can reuse its on-board solar cell for multiple purposes resulting in devices with lower cost, size and complexity. The proposed devices, which are called Optical Frequency Identification (OFID) devices, are suitable for IoT applications in which wireless communications and energy harvesting are required features. A number of experiments are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed solution.