cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in Lunar Science with Apollo

In this chapter we review the results from the Apollo missions. With the availability of the samples, we immediately saw that they consisted of basalts, similar to those on earth, and breccias, which were the result of impacts. We also came face to face with the puzzle of lunar magnetism. Not only did the samples carry remanent magnetization (NRM), but surface magnetometers showed that there were fields at the various sites far larger than predicted by the earlier satellite measurements. Finally magnetometers on sub-satellites revealed that large regions of the lunar crust were magnetized. Yet there was no active lunar dynamo field at present. How did this magnetization arise?
Transient receptor potential vanilloid-4 channels are involved in diminished myogenic tone in brain parenchymal arterioles in response to chronic hypoperfusion in mice.

AIM Adaptive responses of brain parenchymal arterioles (PAs), a target for cerebral small vessel disease, to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion are largely unknown. Previous evidence suggested that transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channels may be involved in the regulation of cerebrovascular tone. Therefore, we investigated the role of TRPV4 in adaptations of PAs in a mouse model of chronic hypoperfusion. METHODS TRPV4 knockout (-/- ) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAo) for 28 days. Function and structure of PAs ipsilateral to UCCAo were studied isolated and pressurized in an arteriograph. RESULTS Basal tone of PAs was similar between WT and TRPV4-/- mice (22 ± 3 vs 23 ± 5%). After UCCAo, active inner diameters of PAs from WT mice were larger than control (41 ± 2 vs 26 ± 5 μm, P < 0.05) that was due to decreased tone (8 ± 2 vs 23 ± 5%, P < 0.05), increased passive inner diameters (46 ± 3 vs 34 ± 2 μm, P < 0.05), and decreased wall-to-lumen ratio (0.104 ± 0.01 vs 0.137 ± 0.01, P < 0.05). However, UCCAo did not affect vasodilation to a small- and intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel agonist NS309, the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside, or constriction to a NO synthase inhibitor L-NNA. Wall thickness and distensibility in PAs from WT mice were unaffected. In TRPV4-/- mice, UCCAo had no effect on active inner diameters or tone and only increased passive inner diameters (53 ± 2 vs 43 ± 3 μm, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Adaptive response of PAs to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion includes myogenic tone reduction and outward remodelling. TRPV4 channels were involved in tone reduction but not outward remodelling in response to UCCAo.
Development of an advanced free-piston Stirling engine for micro combined heating and power application

Abstract Combined heat and power (CHP) systems play an important role in meeting energy requirements and reducing the environmental impact of power generation. Recently, free-piston Stirling engines (FPSE) have attracted much attention as a promising CHP technology due to the characteristics such as high efficiency, high reliability, and quiet operation. In this study, a conceptual CHP system integrated with a FPSE was developed. In order to reduce flow separation and thermal losses in the FPSE, an integrated assembly of the pressure vessel, heat exchangers, and new foil type regenerator was designed. To achieve this integrated design, additive manufacturing was used to fabricate these key components and improve the overall FPSE efficiency by removing the design limitation of traditional fabrication methods while decreasing manufacturing cost. Finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics were conducted to determine the optimal flow distribution and engine structure. Dynamic and rocking mode analyses of displacer assembly were performed. One dimensional thermodynamic modeling of the Stirling engine using Sage software was performed to estimate the system performance. The results indicated that the CHP system could provide 1 kWe electrical power at nearly 38% fuel to electricity efficiency and 1.1 kW of thermal energy at 80 °C. The mapping results of the FPSE show that it has excellent partial power efficiency. Thus, it is concluded that the CHP system based on a FPSE is much more efficient and cost-effective than other CHP system designs and is suitable to provide electrical power and heat for residential applications.
Immunoregulatory function of kidney CD4−CD8− double negative (DN) αβ T cells is MHC dependent

Despite strong evidence for the role of immune cells in ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in transplant and native kidney, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Furthermore, there is little data regarding unconventional T cells, usually present in small numbers in the kidney. We have recently shown that a subset of alpha/beta T cells that is double negative (DN) for both CD4 and CD8 coreceptors are present in significant numbers in normal kidney of mice and also present in human kidney biopsies. Unlike conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells, DN T cells are highly dividing in the steady and rapidly increases following IRI. In addition, kidney DN T cells secrete IL-10 and IL-27, possess an in vitro regulatory function and ameliorate AKI in mice. Unknown aspects of DN T cells included identification their MHC restriction elements and roles of various types of MHC haplotype in their homeostasis. Our most recent results show that DN T cells are heterogeneous as indicated by the partial effect of lack of β2m and MHC class II on their homeostasis. In addition, lack of β2m significantly reduce activated phenotype that is seen in kidney DN T cells. Conversely, reconstitution of β2m-deficient mice leads to activation and expansion of endogenous DN T cells, suggesting interactions between DN and CD8 T cells. Further dissection of kidney DN T cell biology will help us understand the pathogenesis of IRI and other immune mediated kidney diseases.
The Cheezburger Network

Cheezburger Network was a Web publisher of humorous, user-contributed content, using social media for dissemination, and selling advertising against the traffic of 1 billion page views per quarter. In January 2011 it raised $30 million in venture capital for the network of 50 websites that featured an entertaining array of user-generated content. Beginning with a site based on pictures of cats with whimsical captions, it had grown into a small but impressive digital empire, riding waves of viral content. CEO Ben Huh prided himself on his ability to go from idea to implementation in just a few days, but this just-in-time method made strategic planning difficult. Profitable from day one and with $5 million of revenue across 50 brand identities, Huh's challenge was to evaluate his growth to date, to look critically at the digital media landscape, and to figure out how to best to spend the $30 million.Learning Objective:The case explores the marketing questions of customer acquisition and retention in the emerging online content publishing industry, specifically the sector that publishes user-generated, community-moderated content, and requires very agile response to evolving audience interests. The model acquires new audiences into the network via social networks, the virality of the content, and/or recommendations received on the approximately 50 web sites that comprise the network.
Modeling neurodegeneration in chronic traumatic encephalopathy using gradient damage models

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results from repetitive impacts to the head. Its distinguishing feature is an accumulation of abnormal tau proteins in characteristic regions within the brain. Histopathological studies reveal that tau consistently localizes at the depth of cerebral sulci; yet, the mechanistic origin of this pattern remains unclear. Here we show that a continuum damage model, enhanced with nonlocal gradients, can explain the initial distribution of abnormal tau proteins. We hypothesize that tau aggregation is associated with neuronal death, which we represent as tissue softening and stiffness degradation. Our simulations correctly identify the initial locations of tau deposition, at the depth of cerebral sulci, from where damage spreads within the cortical layer and then across the entire brain. Our computational model has the potential to provide a mechanistic explanation of the stereotypic histopathology of chronic traumatic encephalopathy and predict the cumulative effects of repeated mild traumatic brain injuries.
Stories About the Future: Initial Results Exploring How Co-movement with Robots Affects Perceptions About Robot Capability

Anxiety about automation of large classes of jobs creates an area of research around how to evolve the workforce in parallel to advances in robotic technology. Gaining meaningful experience with robots, such as studying them in school, is not an option for every American, leaving media and stories to fill the void. This paper first presents analysis of popular narratives about robots, finding largely negative and violent depictions in popular movies. Then, the paper reports on an initial experiment with human participants on existing attitudes about robots and how those may change with meaningful, non-narrative exposure to these machines. A pilot study with 12 participants was designed and deployed in a targeted community. Initial findings, along with directions for future work, are discussed. The accessible, exhibit-like design of this work, may be a scalable framework that can make it possible for more people to gain real-life experiences with robots.
ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Septic Shock.

Elevated cardiac enzymes are often seen in the setting of sepsis. The mechanism involves hypoperfusion and possible compromise to myocardial tissue. Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes in the setting of septic shock are less common and can vary widely. Rarely, ST-segment elevations can occur. This case describes a 54-year-old female who presented with septic shock secondary to pyelonephritis and Escherichia coli bacteremia. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit on norepinephrine and required mechanical ventilation. A significant rise in troponin I (peak 19.8 ng/mL) was seen and ECG showed ST-segment elevations in leads I and aVL with reciprocal ST depressions in leads II, III, and aVF. The patient was taken urgently for left cardiac catheterization, which showed no evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease. When distinguishing between septic shock and cardiogenic shock, insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter may help with diagnosis and treatment of cardiogenic shock. Catheter hemodynamic monitoring can also confirm the diagnosis. In our patient's case, hemodynamic monitoring was initiated and was not consistent with cardiogenic shock. ST-segment elevations in the high lateral leads and elevated cardiac markers were likely due to severe transmural ischemia secondary to increased oxygen demand. The patient was continued on intravenous antibiotics for treatment of her septic shock. She was extubated and weaned off of norepinephrine within 48 hours. Repeat ECG performed after resolution of the infection showed normal sinus rhythm with no ST-segment changes. Cardiac dysfunction in the setting of septic shock is well described in medical literature; however, the mechanisms of dysfunction are not explicitly understood. Transient hypoperfusion, coronary vasospasm, and localized endothelial damage are possible components. It is important to think of varying etiologies, other than acute coronary syndrome when approaching patients in septic shock with acute ST-segment changes and elevated cardiac markers.
Msp1/ATAD1 in Protein Quality Control and Regulation of Synaptic Activities.

Mitochondrial function depends on the efficient import of proteins synthesized in the cytosol. When cells experience stress, the efficiency and faithfulness of the mitochondrial protein import mach...
Lyapunov-based stochastic nonlinear model predictive control: Shaping the state probability distribution functions

Stochastic uncertainties in complex systems lead to variability of system states, which can degrade the closed-loop performance. This paper presents a model predictive control approach for a class of nonlinear systems with unbounded stochastic uncertainties. The control approach aims at shaping the probability distribution function of stochastic states, while satisfying input and joint state chance constraints. Closed-loop stability is ensured by designing a stability constraint in terms of a stochastic control Lyapunov function, which explicitly characterizes stability in a probabilistic sense. The Fokker-Planck equation is used for describing the evolution of the probability distribution function of states. Constructing the probability distribution functions using the Fokker-Planck equation allows for shaping the states' distribution functions as well as direct computation of the joint state chance constraints. The closed-loop performance of the stochastic optimal control approach is demonstrated on a benchmark continuous bioreactor.
A coating strategy to achieve effective local charge separation for photocatalytic coevolution

Semiconductors of narrow bandgaps and high quantum efficiency have not been broadly utilized for photocatalytic coevolution of H2 and O2 via water splitting. One prominent issue is to develop effective protection strategies, which not only mitigate photocorrosion in an aqueous environment but also facilitate charge separation. Achieving local charge separation is especially challenging when these reductive and oxidative sites are placed only nanometers apart compared to two macroscopically separated electrodes in a photoelectrochemical cell. Additionally, the driving force of charge separation, namely the energetic difference in the barrier heights across the two type of sites, is small. Herein, we used conformal coatings attached by nanoscale cocatalysts to transform two classes of tunable bandgap semiconductors, i.e., CdS and GaInP2, into stable and efficient photocatalysts. We used hydrogen evolution and redox-mediator oxidation for model study, and further constructed a two-compartment solar fuel generator that separated stoichiometric H2 and O2 products. Distinct from the single charge-transfer direction reported for conventional protective coatings, the coating herein allows for concurrent injection of photoexcited electrons and holes through the coating. The energetic difference between reductive and oxidative catalytic sites was regulated by selectivity and local kinetics. Accordingly, the charge separation behavior was validated using numerical simulations. Following this design principle, the CdS/TiO2/Rh@CrOx photocatalysts evolved H2 while oxidizing reversible polysulfide redox mediators at a maximum rate of 90.6 μmol⋅h-1⋅cm-2 by stacking three panels. Powered by a solar cell, the redox-mediated solar water-splitting reactor regenerated the polysulfide repeatedly and achieved solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 1.7%.
Quantitative agreement between dynamical rocking curves in ultrafast electron diffraction for x-ray lasers.

Abstract Electron diffraction through a thin patterned silicon membrane can be used to create complex spatial modulations in electron distributions. By precisely varying parameters such as crystallographic orientation and wafer thickness, the intensity of reflections in the diffraction plane can be controlled and by placing an aperture to block all but one spot, we can form an image with different parts of the patterned membrane, as is done for bright-field imaging in microscopy. The patterned electron beams can then be used to control phase and amplitude of subsequent x-ray emission, enabling novel coherent x-ray methods. The electrons themselves can also be used for femtosecond time resolved diffraction and microscopy. As a first step toward patterned beams, we demonstrate experimentally and through simulation the ability to accurately predict and control diffraction spot intensities. We simulate MeV transmission electron diffraction patterns using the multislice method for various crystallographic orientations of a single crystal Si(001) membrane near beam normal. The resulting intensity maps of the Bragg reflections are compared to experimental results obtained at the Accelerator Structure Test Area Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (ASTA UED) facility at SLAC. Furthermore, the fraction of inelastic and elastic scattering of the initial charge is estimated along with the absorption of the membrane to determine the contrast that would be seen in a patterned version of the Si(001) membrane.
Waring-Hilbert problem on Cantor sets

Abstract Analogs of Waring–Hilbert problem on Cantor sets are explored. The focus of this paper is on the Cantor ternary set C . It is shown that, for each m ≥ 3 , every real number in the unit interval [ 0 , 1 ] is the sum x 1 m + x 2 m + ⋯ + x n m with each x j in C and some n ≤ 6 m . Furthermore, every real number x in the interval [ 0 , 8 ] can be written as x = x 1 3 + x 2 3 + ⋯ + x 8 3 , the sum of eight cubic powers with each x j in C . Another Cantor set C × C is also considered. More specifically, when C × C is embedded into the complex plane ℂ , the Waring–Hilbert problem on C × C has a positive answer for powers less than or equal to 4.
Corrosion in Advanced Nuclear Reactors

Commercial nuclear power plants in the United States are light water reactors (LWRs) that use water as a coolant, with temperatures ranging between 280°C and 320°C. Water purity is tightly controlled; nevertheless, the high temperatures expose components in the water circuit to degradation by corrosion by many different types of environmental attack. Uniform corrosion occurs across the entire surface of a material and is prevalent in engineering systems to some extent. Site-specific corrosion processes, such as crevice corrosion, intergranular attack, or galvanic corrosion, are common in complex engineering systems that consist of multiple materials joined by welds or other solid state joining processes. Even within a single component, if second phase strengthening is used or if surface defects are present, localized corrosion can occur.
Does Political Uncertainty Affect Residential Development

This study examines the link between policy uncertainty and residential construction activities in the United States. Using a newly developed measure of political uncertainty, we find quarterly flow of state-level building permits to be negatively associated with aggregate political uncertainty. The negative impact of political uncertainty is more pronounced in states where the debt-to-income ratio or local economic variability is high. We also use gubernatorial elections as a plausible exogenous variation in political uncertainty. Compared to states without an upcoming gubernatorial election, we document a sharp decline in residential construction for states in the pre-election quarter when the state-specific political uncertainty is particularly high. These results suggest a non-negligible role of political uncertainty in residential construction activity.
Chaos in Biology

Chaos, the mathematical concept, was rediscovered, explicated, and applied in the mid-1960s and 70s (Lorenz 1963; May 1974) and has since then been broadly assimilated into contemporary Western culture. (Of course, the concept of social and political chaos has been well-known to even casual observers of contemporary events for a long time.) An informative, brief history of mathematical chaos was given by Holton and May (1990). Although the word is encountered frequently, as with similar overarching and broadly applicable concepts such as relativity, Darwinism, or connectionism, the concept of chaos is sometimes only vaguely understood. In this chapter, we have the very modest goal of giving a qualitative, informal exposition of some of the underlying concepts plus a few examples. Many fine books on the subject exist ranging from the popular (Gleick 1987) to the mathematical (e.g., Guckenheimer and Holmes 1990, Hilborn 1994).
An adaptive hierarchical fuzzy model

Abstract Fuzzy models have been designed to represent approximate or imprecise relationships in complex systems and have been successfully employed in control systems, database systems and decision analysis. A hierarchical architecture for fuzzy modeling and inference has been developed to allow adaptation based on system performance feedback. A general adaptive algorithm is presented and its performance examined for three types of adaptive behavior: continued learning, gradual change and drastic change. In continued learning, the underlying system does not change and the adaptive algorithm utilizes the real-time data and associated feedback to improve the accuracy of the existing model. Gradual and drastic change represent fundamental alterations to the system being modeled. In each of the three types of behavior, the adaptive algorithm has been shown to be able to reconfigure the rule bases to either improve the original approximation or adapt to the new system.
Reversible improvement in severe freezing of gait from Parkinson's disease with unilateral interleaved subthalamic brain stimulation

Freezing of gait causes considerable morbidity in patients with Parkinson's disease and is often refractory to conventional treatments. In this double-blind, randomized evaluation, unilateral interleaved deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus/substantia nigra pars reticulata region significantly improved freezing of gait in a patient with advanced Parkinson's disease.
Treatment of Upper Lip Wrinkles: A Comparison of 950 μsec Dwell Time Carbon Dioxide Laser with Unoccluded Baker’s Phenol Chemical Peel

BACKGROUND. The high energy, pulsed, or computer-scanned continuous wave carbon dioxide laser (CO 2 laser) has gained popularity as a wrinkle treatment because of its minimal thermal injury and precise control of tissue vaporization depth. Chemical peels such as phenol have also been effective in treating facial wrinkles. This is, to our knowledge, the first study comparing the use of CO 2 laser to phenol for treatment of wrinkles on the upper lip. OBJECTIVE. To compare the effectiveness and side effect profile of the 950 μsec dwell time CO 2 laser to that of unoccluded Baker's phenol chemical peel in the treatment of upper lip wrinkles. METHODS. Twenty female subjects with moderate to severe upper lip wrinkles were randomly treated with Baker's phenol on one side of the upper lip and the 950 μsec dwell time CO 2 laser on the other side. RESULTS. The average upper lip laser-treated wrinkle score (0 = none to 5 = severe) decreased from 4.30 ± 0.20 before treatment to 1.11 ± 0.28 at 6 months after treatment. The average upper lip phenol-treated wrinkle score decreased from 4.20 ± 0.20 to 0.47 ± 0.12. The degree in which the wrinkle score improved after phenol treatment compared with that after laser treatment was statistically significant (p < 0.03). CONCLUSION. Treatment of upper lip wrinkles with Baker's phenol resulted in greater improvement than treatment with the 950 μsec dwell time CO 2 laser.
Differential effects of enrichment on learning and memory function in NR2B transgenic mice

Abstract It has been known that environmental enrichment leads to better learning and memory in mice. However, the molecular mechanisms are not known. In this study, we used the 10th–12th of the NR2B transgenic (Tg) lines, in which the NMDA receptor function is enhanced via the NR2B subunit transgene in neurons of the forebrain, to test the hypothesis of the involvement of NMDA receptor function in enrichment-induced better learning and memory. Consistent with our previous results, both larger long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus and superior learning and memory were observed in naive NR2B Tg mice even after the 10th–12th generation of breeding. After enrichment, wild-type mice exhibited overall improvement in their performances in contextual and cued conditioning, fear extinctions, and novel object recognition tasks. Interestingly, the same enrichment procedures could not further increase the performance of NR2B Tg mice in contextual conditioning, cued conditioning, or fear extinction, thereby indicating that enhanced NMDA receptor function can occlude these enrichment effects. However, we found that in the novel object recognition task enriched NR2B Tg mice exhibited much longer recognition memory (up to 1 week), compared to that (up to 3 days) in naive NR2B Tg mice. Furthermore, our biochemical experiments showed that enrichment significantly increased protein levels of GluR1, NR2B, and NR2A subunits of glutamate receptors in both wild-type and NR2B Tg mice. Therefore, our results suggest an interactive nature of molecular pathways involved in both environmental and genetic NMDA receptor manipulations for enhancing learning and memory.
Exposure to triaryl phosphates: metabolism and biomarkers of exposure

The leakage of tricresyl phosphate-containing engine lubricants into aircraft cabin air, either from worn or defective engine seals or under normal operating conditions, is a serious concern for both the health and safety of the cabin occupants, since the oil contains one to five percent tricresyl phosphate (TCP) esters, known neurotoxins. The exposure of pilots is a particular concern since their impairment can affect their safe operation of the aircraft. Mass spectrometric (MS)-based protocols for documenting exposures of individuals are described that entail a rapid purification of the TCP-modified plasma enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Following protease digestion of BChE, the modified active site peptide is characterized by MS analysis. Approaches for identifying safer engine oil additives are also described. Some general comments regarding the necessity of improving the quality and safety of the cabin air supply are presented.
Reduced-Intensity Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Adults and Children with Malignant and Nonmalignant Diseases: End of the Beginning and Future Challenges

Abstract During the last 10 years, multiple studies using reduced-intensity (RI) conditioning followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation (AlloSCT) have been reported in adult and, less so, pediatric recipients. RI AlloSCT allegedly eradicates malignant cells through a graft-versus-leukemia/graft-versus-tumor effect provided by alloreactive donor T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, or both. Various studies have clearly demonstrated a graft-versus-leukemia/graft-versus-tumor effect in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Acute short-term toxicity, including infection and organ decompensation after myeloablative conditioning therapy, can result in a significant incidence of early transplant-related mortality. More importantly, long-term late effects—including growth retardation, infertility, and secondary malignancies—are major complications after myeloablative conditioning therapy, especially in vulnerable children, who are more susceptible to these complications. Recent results comparing RI conditioning with myeloablative conditioning followed by HLA-matched sibling AlloSCT have demonstrated a significant reduction in use of blood products, risk of infections, transplant-related mortality, length of hospitalization, and feasibility of conditioning therapy in outpatient settings. Despite the success of RI AlloSCT, large prospective randomized multicenter studies are necessary to define the appropriate patient population, optimal conditioning regimens and pretransplantation immunosuppression, role of donor lymphocyte infusions, duration of hospitalization, overall survival, cost-benefit ratio, and differences in long-term effects to evaluate the role of RI AlloSCT more fully. We review the recent experience of RI AlloSCT in adults and children with both malignant and nonmalignant diseases and discuss the challenges for the future.
Feeding responses of spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to lethal and sublethal levels of carbaryl, aminocarb, and fenitrothion

The effects of the insecticides carbaryl, aminocarb, and fenitrothion on spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), food consumption were evaluated in no-choice and choice laboratory assays. Four concentrations of the chemicals (≤LC95) incorporated into diet and fed to six instars for 72 h. In no-choice assays, larvae exposed to levels ≥10 ppm carbaryl, ≥0.5 ppm aminocarb, and ≥2 ppm fenitrothion consumed significantly less food than those fed untreated control diet. Larvae consumed significantly less treated diet in choice assays containing levels ≥20 ppm carbaryl and ≥1 ppm aminocarb. Spruce budworm did not feed lesson diet treated with fenitrothion in choice tests, but overall consumption was reduced.
Function estimation using partitions of unity

We present a new nonparametric function estimate based on partitions of unity. These density estimates are applicable not only to subsets of R n but to arbitrary metric spaces. They can be used for estimating conditional expectations, and for constructing both nonparametric energy density and nonparametric probability density estimates. We show that under reasonable conditions that the nonparametric density estimates converge in mean square error and under slightly more restrictive conditions that they converge in integrated mean square error. A computer graphics application is presented.
Chip multi-processor scalability for single-threaded applications

The exponential increase in uniprocessor performance has begun to slow. Designers have been unable to scale performance while managing thermal, power, and electrical effects. Furthermore, design complexity limits the size of monolithic processors that can be designed while keeping costs reasonable. Industry has responded by moving toward chip multi-processor architectures (CMP). These architectures are composed from replicated processors utilizing the die area afforded by newer design processes. While this approach mitigates the issues with design complexity, power, and electrical effects, it does nothing to directly improve the performance of contemporary or future single-threaded applications.This paper examines the scalability potential for exploiting the parallelism in single-threaded applications on these CMP platforms. The paper explores the total available parallelism in unmodified sequential applications and then examines the viability of exploiting this parallelism on CMP machines. Using the results from this analysis, the paper forecasts that CMPs, using the "intrinsic" parallelism in a program, can sustain the performance improvement users have come to expect from new processors for only 6-8 years provided many successful parallelization efforts emerge. Given this outlook, the paper advocates exploring methodologies which achieve parallelism beyond this "intrinsic" limit of programs.
Survey of Microbial Contamination of Ophthalmic Ointments

Abstract A survey was conducted by the Food and Drug Administration to obtain a profile of the microbial load in all antimicrobial ophthalmic ointments manufactured in the United States. Eighty‐two batches of ointments from 27 manufacturers were tested. Contamination was detected in 16 batches (19.5%).
Lack of physiological improvement in performance of Callosamia promethea larvae on local host plant favorites

As a species, the promethea silkmoth, Callosamia promethea (Saturniidae: Lepidoptera) exhibits a wide host range on 6-10 families of plants, although specific populations are known to have local foodplant favorites. We tested the hypothesis that larvae from a particular host plant lineage would show physiological adaptations to this host compared with larvae from other host plant lineages. We found no evidence that larval survival and growth was any better for larvae fed the natural plant of the parental population than for larvae from other host lineages. These natural host lineages include: black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees) and spicebush (Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume). The only apparent manifestation of physiological specialization was the inability of tuliptree lineages of C. promethea to survive on paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh), although this may reflect the geographical pattern of adaptation to birch, rather than a negative correlation with adaptation to tuliptree. These results suggest that for C. promethea larvae, growth performance and survival is primarily influenced by plant nutritional quality, rather than physiological adaptations to the locally preferred host plant.
Changes through the lens? US photographic newspaper coverage of female high school athletes

The social constructs of race and gender are often diluted in their importance to the processes of human reality. However, understanding how each is shaped by social institutions, such as sports me...
The impact of shallow trench isolation effects on circuit performance

In nanometer technologies, shallow trench isolation (STI) induces thermal residual stress in active silicon due to post-manufacturing thermal mismatch. The amount of STI around an active region depends on the layout of the design, and the biaxial stress due to STI results in placement-dependent variations in the the transistor mobilities and threshold voltages of the active devices. An analytical model based on inclusion theory in micromechanics is employed to accurately estimate the stresses and the strains induced in the active region by the surrounding STI in the layout. The induced changes in mobility and threshold voltage changes are computed at the transistor level, and then propagated to the gate and circuit levels to predict circuit-level delay and leakage power for a given placement.
A novel regulation of the oviductal glycoprotein gene expression by luteinizing hormone in bovine tubal epithelial cells.

Abstract The hypothesis that bovine oviductal epithelial cells contain luteinizing hormone (LH)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) receptors and LH may regulate the oviductal glycoprotein (OGP) gene expression was tested. The results showed that bovine oviductal epithelial cells contain an 80 kDa LH/hCG receptor protein which can bind [125I]hCG. Culturing these cells with highly purified hCG, used as a surrogate hormone for LH, resulted in a dose and time dependent increase in a 95 kDa protein and a 2.3 kb transcript of OGP. The maximal increase of 100% was obtained with 10 ng/ml hCG and after three days of culture. LH, but not other hormones in the glycoprotein hormone family, isolated subunits of hCG, estradiol-17β or progesterone, mimicked hCG, suggesting that the effect is hormone specific and requires the conformation of native hormone. The increase in steady state OGP mRNA levels by hCG is not due to an increase in the transcription rate of the gene. It is rather due to a significant increase in the half-life of OGP transcripts from 23 h in the control to 28 h after treatment with hCG. In summary, we conclude that LH and hCG can increase the synthesis of OGP by decreasing the degradation of its transcripts in bovine oviductal epithelial cells. Since OGP may play important roles in fertilization and growth and development of early embryo, higher LH levels present during the periovulatory period may directly participate in the early pregnancy events through increasing the synthesis of OGP.
Fermi surface changes and electron scattering anisotropy in alkali metal alloys II. The rubidium-cesium system

The de Haas-van Alphen effect has been used to study the changes in Fermi surface (FS) dimensions and the electron scattering in dilute Rb(Cs) and Cs(Rb) alloys. The initial FS cross-section changes indicate that at each end of the system the actual lattice constant changes lie slightly below a linear interpolation between the host lattice constants. The changes in FS anisotropy are relatively large (up to −10−3 / at % in FS radius for Cs(Rb)): a phase-shift fit with a combination ofs andp terms gives a good representation of the changes in Rb(Cs), but that for Cs(Rb) is relatively poor. The electron scattering has less forward-scattering component than in the K-Rb system, the ratio xρ/x0 between the resistivity temperature and the average Dingle temperature being 0.73 in Rb(Cs) and 0.74 in Cs(Rb). The scattering rate anisotropies are large, 20% in Rb(Cs) and 63% in Cs(Rb). In both cases the maximum scattering rate occurs at 〈110〉. Phase-shift fits give a good representation of the scattering anisotropy at both ends of the alloy system: a combination ofs andp terms appears best for Rb(Cs) and ofs andd for Cs(Rb). However, these phase shifts give poor values for xρ/x0, and no agreement with a lattice-distortion prediction for the Friedel sum.
40Ar/39Ar ages from the Narragansett Basin and southern Rhode Island basement terrane: Their bearing on the extent and timing of Alleghenian tectonothermal events in New England

Pennsylvanian sedimentary rocks record the effects of progressive Barrovian metamorphism and polydeformation in the Narragansett Basin of Rhode Island. Whole-rock phyllite samples from low-grade portions of this terrane display internally concordant 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age spectra with plateau ages of 248 to 258 m.y. (four samples). Biotite from higher-grade rocks records plateau ages of 240 to 248 m.y. (eight samples). Similar 40 Ar/ 39 Ar biotite ages are displayed westward across the southern Rhode Island basement terrane (239 to 250 m.y.; nine samples), although coexisting hornblende records slightly older plateau ages of 255 m.y. (two samples). The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar plateau ages are interpreted to date times of post-metamorphic cooling through temperatures required for argon retention in the various mineral phases examined. The ages suggest that a distinct late Paleozoic (Alleghenian) thermal event affected much of southern Rhode Island. Together with the depositional ages of the variably metamorphosed Pennsylvanian rocks (Westphalian B–Stephanian A or B), the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data permit calibration of the sequence of Alleghenian tectonothermal events recorded in the Narragansett Basin. The controls suggest a Permian event lasting about 40 to 50 m.y. between initial Barrovian regional metamorphism and synchronous D 1 –D 2 ductile deformation (between 295 and 275 m.y.) and post-D 3 cooling below argon-retention temperatures (between 250 and 240 m.y.).
Unsteady Flow Evolution in Porous Chamber with Surface Mass Injection, Part 1: Free Oscillation

Unsteadye owevolutioninaporouschamberwithsurfacemassinjectionsimulatinganozzlelessrocketmotorhas been investigated numerically. The analysis is based on a large-eddy-simulation technique in which the spatially e ltered and Favre averaged conservation equations for large, energy-carrying turbulent structures are solved explicitly. The effect of the unresolved scales is modeled semi-empirically by considering adequate dissipation rates for the energy present in the resolved scale motions. The e owe eld is basically governed by the balance between the inertia force and pressure gradient, as opposed to viscouseffects and pressuregradient corresponding to channel e ows without transpiration. It accelerates from zero at the head end and becomes supersonic in the divergent section of the nozzle. Three successive regimes of development, laminar, transitional, and fully turbulent e ow, are observed. Transition to turbulence occurs away from the porous wall in the midsection of the motor, and the peak in the turbulence intensity moves closer to the wall farther downstream as the local Reynolds number increases. Increase in pseudoturbulence level at the injection surface causes early transition to turbulence. As the e ow develops farther downstream, the velocity proe le transits into the shape of a fully developed turbulent pipe e ow with surface transpiration. The compressibility effect also plays an important role, causing transition of the mean velocity proe les from their incompressible e ow counterparts as the local Mach number increases. The e ow evolution is characterized primarily by three nondimensional numbers: injection Reynolds number, centerline Reynolds number, and momentum e ux coefe cient.
Utility of bile duct brushings for the early detection of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Background: In patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, there are no reliable markers or imaging modalities to detect malignant changes or early cholangiocarcinoma when curative interventions may still be possible. Methods: Clinical features and outcomes were evaluated for 47 patients who underwent 101 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures with bile duct brushings and cytopathologic examination for the detection of malignant changes between January 2001 and 2004. Bile duct cytology was characterized as unsatisfactory, benign, atypical, or malignant. Results: Fifteen patients had at least one sample that was abnormal. Patients with abnormal findings were older (P = 0.03); otherwise the groups were similar. Three of six patients with marked atypia have undergone transplantation for these abnormal findings, and of these, two had cholangiocarcinoma and one had no cancer detected in the explant. Of the nine patients with focal atypia, seven are doing well, one underwent transplantation for marked atypia seen on brushings at another hospital, and the other underwent transplantation for decompensated cirrhosis. Two patients with benign findings developed cholangiocarcinoma, whereas 29 others have not. Conclusion: Cytopathologic examination of bile duct brushings taken at ERCP may be useful for the early detection of malignant changes in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. However, long-term prospective studies are needed to confirm the utility of surveillance ERCP and brushings.
Covariance Reset - A Solution to Filter Divergence in Estimation with A Sinusoidal Measurement

A covariance reset technique is found to solve the filter divergence problem in the state estimation with a sinusoidal measurement. In this technique, the covariance is reset to its initial value while the estimate is kept unchanged in the first few phase angle period. Simulation results are shown.
Poisson approximation by constrained exponential tilting

Poisson approximations are important whenever interest is in some counting process. Barbour et al. (Poisson Approximation, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992), Barbour and Jensen (Scand. J. Statist. 16 (1989) 75), and Kathman and Terrell (J. Statist. Plann. Inference 104(2) (2002) 315) have presented methods for improving Poisson approximations using the ideas of tilting and expansion. These methods are similar to the saddlepoint methods presented by Daniels (Internat. Statist. Rev. 55 (1987) 37). This paper will develop simple and accurate approximations by building on the ideas of tilting and expanding. These approximations are then generalized so as to be useful for cases where the tilting parameter, q, is difficult to obtain. An example is presented to show how these methods compare with the methods developed through the usual combination of exponential tilting and expansion.
Magnetoacoustic effect in thallium

Abstract Geometric resonances in high purity thallium metal have been observed with longitudinal sound waves propagated along the three major axes at frequencies up to 162 Mc/s. The calipers of both sections of the third band hole surface and those assigned to the fourth band electron surface are in general agreement with the band calculation of Soven, even though some data associated with the fourth band appears to agree well with the nearly-free electron theory. Evidence of open orbits in the [10 1 0] direction has been seen which is in agreement with the predicted degeneracy of the third and fourth bands along AL. No open orbits were seen in the [0001] direction, establishing further evidence for the non-connectivity of the fourth band electron surface in the c-direction.
The parasitic nematode, Neoaplectana glaseri, in axenic culture. II. Initial results with defined media

Growth is compared in various axenic, liquid media for Neoaplectana glaseri (Steiner, 1929), in nature a nematode parasite primarily of insect grubs. The best liquid cultures contained a Stoll extract of pregnant rabbit liver which supported population increments up to 22× during a 3-week period. A chemically defined medium containing 18 amino acids, 1 fatty acid, urea, Krebs cycle intermediates, purines, pyrimidines, vitamins of the B group and glucose as well as inorganic constituents supported the development of third stage larvae into adults and low (2× to 3×) but consistent levels of reproduction. Defined and partially defined media did not give good results if the liquid level in culture tubes exceeded 1.5 cm, implying the importance of a gas phase. Temperatures of about 21 ° C were optimal for growth and reproduction.
Solid-phase synthesis of short α-helices stabilized by the hydrogen bond surrogate approach

Stabilized α-helices and nonpeptidic helix mimetics have emerged as powerful molecular scaffolds for the discovery of protein-protein interaction inhibitors. Protein-protein interactions often involve large contact areas, which are often difficult for small molecules to target with high specificity. The hypothesis behind the design of stabilized helices and helix mimetics is that these medium-sized molecules may pursue their targets with higher specificity because of a larger number of contacts. This protocol describes an optimized synthetic strategy for the preparation of stabilized α-helices that feature a carbon-carbon linkage in place of the characteristic N-terminal main-chain hydrogen bond of canonical helices. Formation of the carbon-carbon bond is enabled by a microwave-assisted ring-closing metathesis reaction between two terminal olefins on the peptide chain. The outlined strategy allows the synthesis and purification of a hydrogen bond surrogate (HBS) α-helix in ∼ 1 week.
IMAGING PERFORMANCE STUDIES OF A COMPACT NEAR-INFRARED INTERFEROMETER

Models of the instrument response and imaging quality are presented for a class of compact near-infrared interferometers. The defining features of this class are 2 to 3 meter diameter telescopes with adaptive optics compensation, 3 to 6 collectors, and relatively short baselines of 50 meters or less. We will also study the effects of having at least one of the collecting apertures moveable along a 100 meter track. Estimates for the fringe visibilities are derived and the limiting K-band (2.2 micron) magnitudes are computed. Possible science programs are discussed with specific emphasis on the imaging of young stellar object accretion disks and optical jets.
Recording head characterization using 1 mu m wide discrete tracks

Discrete tracks approximately 1- mu m wide etched on the surface of a Co-alloy disk were used to determine the readback response of thin-film recording heads at various locations across the width of a head. The effective head width for readback decreases as the recording density increases and shows several small maxima for densities greater than 600 flux-reversals/mm. The location of these maxima is determined by the thickness of the pole tips. The shape of the frequency dependence of the readback amplitude (rolloff curve) changes considerably near the edges of the pole tips. A qualitative description of this behavior is presented using calculations from a three-dimensional model. The influence of edge effects due to unequal pole-tip widths is observed when rolloff curves on conventional media are compared with data acquired using a narrow discrete track. >