cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Examination of Current Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice in Child Language Intervention

Purpose The present investigation examines the time, effort, and resources that evidence-based practice (EBP) requires, and looks at what types of results are obtained. Method Principles of EBP as outlined by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association were applied to 3 treatment case studies. Results The cases took between 3 and 7 hr to complete and yielded different amounts and types of results. Individual article searches yielded better results than did searches of systematic reviews. Most evidence found was from small-group and individual case studies. Conclusion EBP is a necessary part of effective and ethical treatment. The resources needed, time involved, and availability of relevant information make current guidelines for EBP challenging for most full-time practitioners. Specific recommendations to address these concerns are offered.
PALLADIUM OXIDE EQUILIBRATION AND THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF MGAL2O4 SPINEL

The technique of palladium oxide equilibration was used to measure activities of MgO and A1_2O_3 in stoichiometric MgAl_2O_4 spinel at 1150-1400 °C. Activities of MgO range from 0.63 ± 0.03 to 1.00 ± 0.07, and activities of Al_2O_3 range from 0.09 ± 0.01 to 0.05 ± 0.01 (1σ). The activities yield free energies of formation of spinel from the oxides ΔG^0_f,ranging from -31 kJ/mol at 1150 °C to -39 kJ/mol at 1400 °C, with a precision of 2-19% (1σ). The derived values of ΔG^0_f are consistent with the equilibrium amount of disorder present in the spinel under experimental conditions because the measured activities reflect equilibration at high temperature. Calorimetric heat contents were corrected for the state of order using a Landau formulation for the equilibrium amount of disorder in spinel as a function of temperature. The corrected heat contents, together with the measured ΔG^0_f, were used to produce a new, self-consistent C_p function that can account for available experimental data. The modeling results are consistent with previous suggestions that short-range ordering may be important in spinel.
Exploratory Studies of New NLO and Piezoelectric Polymers

Synthetic efforts toward novel NLO and piezoelectric polymers are described. NLO-phores are incorporated in the main chain of a polymer with all the dipoles in the same direction by polycondensation of AB-monomers. The polymers containing p-alkoxy-α-cyanocinnamate units in the backbone show cooperative enhancement of SHG in solution. For comparison, p-thio-α-cyanocinnamate is incorporated in the main chain and in the side chain of polymers. Novel potentially piezoelectric polymers synthesized include polymers containing multicyanocyclobutyl or -cyclopropyl groups and acrylonitrile copolymers.
Survey of the Reproductive Cyclicity Status of Asian and African Elephants in North America

The Asian and African elephant populations in North America are not self-sustaining, and reproductive rates remain low. One problem identified from routine progestagen analyses is that some elephant females do not exhibit normal ovarian cycles. To better understand the extent of this problem, the Elephant TAG/SSP conducted a survey to determine the reproductive status of the captive population based on hormone and ultrasound evaluations. The survey response rates for facilities with Asian and African elephants were 81% and 71%, respectively, for the studbook populations, and nearly 100% for the SSP facilities. Of the elephants surveyed, 49% of Asian and 62% of African elephant females were being monitored for ovarian cyclicity via serum or urinary progestagen analyses on a weekly basis. Of these, 14% of Asian and 29% of African elephants either were not cycling at all or exhibited irregular cycles. For both species, ovarian inactivity was more prevalent in the older age categories (>30 years); however, acyclicity was found in all age groups of African elephants. Fewer elephant females (∼30%) had been examined by transrectal ultrasound to assess reproductive-tract integrity, and corresponding hormonal data were available for about three-quarters of these females. Within this subset, most (∼75%) cycling females had normal reproductive-tract morphologies, whereas at least 70% of noncycling females exhibited some type of ovarian or uterine pathology. In summary, the survey results suggest that ovarian inactivity is a significant reproductive problem for elephants held in zoos, especially African elephants. To increase the fecundity of captive elephants, females should be bred at a young age, before reproductive pathologies occur. However, a significant number of older Asian elephants are still not being reproductively monitored. More significantly, many prime reproductive-age (10–30 years) African females are not being monitored. This lack of information makes it difficult to determine what factors affect the reproductive health of elephants, and to develop mitigating treatments to reinitiate reproductive cyclicity. Zoo Biol 23:309–321, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lattice design of the LANL spallation-source compressor ring

A new compressor ring for 790-MeV protons is proposed at Los Alamos National Laboratory to provide 1 MW of beam power for a spallation-neutron source. The design has unit-transfer-matrix achromatic arcs. Bunching, beam-control, and extraction elements reside in dispersionless straight sections. The arc symmetry and further high-order corrections maximize tune space available to the beam. The ring-injection scheme uses direct H/sup -/ injection and care is taken in disposing of the unstripped and partially stripped beams. The lattice design allows for transverse phase-space painting to maximize particle storage, as well as minimize stored-beam foil traversals. >
Blind, Deaf, and Dumb: Why Elder Abuse Goes Unidentified

Elder abuse is a growing public health concern that affects elders regardless of residence, socioeconomic status, or geographic locale. Elder abuse includes acts of physical, psychological, verbal, and financial abuses as well as abandonment and neglect. Elder abuse has the potential to occur in multiple settings, whether in the home, rehabilitation centers, long-term care facilities, nursing homes, and/or senior day care centers. Children, family members, friends, and formal caregivers are prospective perpetrators of elder abuse. Public policy changes are necessary to standardize and delineate guidelines and procedures for the detection and prevention of elder abuse in the future.
Sonographic Depiction of Tumor Vascularity and Flow: From In Vivo Models to Clinical Applications

This review discusses and illustrates the sonographic depiction and quantification of tumor vascularity and flow using three-dimensional color Doppler sonography. The potential clinical applications mentioned here are based on work done with in vivo tumor models and as well as extensive clinical experience with this technique. Three-dimensional color Doppler sonography, as used with contrast agents and novel imaging techniques, has significant current and potential clinical application for detailed depiction of tumor vascularity and flow. This technique can provide important information concerning changes in tumor vascularity and flow related to various biologic, chemical, and radiation therapies as demonstrated in animals and a few human studies. Additional animal and human studies are needed for further refinement and eventual clinical application of this technique.
Response of hemorrhagic bullous skin lesions of the breast secondary to primary systemic amyloidosis to a five-drug combination chemotherapy: a case report and review of the literature

Two major types of amyloidosis are primary amyloidosis or amyloid light chain amyloidosis and secondary amyloidosis. Although amyloidosis involves a variety of organ systems including skin, the occurrence of bullous skin lesions is rare. Little is known about the mechanism of blister formation. These blisters are often hemorrhagic and typically occur in the oral mucosa. Only a few case reports have described skin involvement in systemic amyloidosis. The manifestation of bullous lesions on the breast in association with primary amyloidosis has not been previously reported. Therefore, we report a case of cutaneous hemorrhagic bullous of the breast secondary to primary systemic amyloidosis, which may be important for medical oncologists to be aware of this uncommon presentation of plasma cell dysrasias. Furthermore, this case only partially responded to the commonly used multiple myeloma-type regimen, the skin lesions responded completely to a five-drug combination chemotherapy regimen, utilizing immunomodulators, liposomal doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone, suggesting that a more aggressive modality of chemotherapy may be necessary to treat such cases.
Progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, and ABC relaxation theory

This study compared the psychological effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) and breathing exercises. Forty-two students were divided randomly into two groups and taught PMR or breathing exercises. Both groups practiced for five weeks and were given the Smith Relaxation States Inventory before and after each session. As hypothesized, PMR practitioners displayed greater increments in relaxation states (R-States) Physical Relaxation and Disengagement, while breathing practitioners displayed higher levels of R-State Strength and Awareness. Slight differences emerged at Weeks 1 and 2; major differences emerged at Weeks 4 and 5. A delayed and potentially reinforcing aftereffect emerged for PMR only after five weeks of training--increased levels of Mental Quiet and Joy. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.
TAPO: Thermal-aware power optimization techniques for servers and data centers

A large portion of the power consumption of data centers can be attributed to cooling. In dynamic thermal management mechanisms for data centers and servers, thermal setpoints are typically chosen statically and conservatively, which leaves significant room for improvement in the form of improved energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose two hierarchical thermal-aware power optimization techniques that are complementary to each other and achieve (i) lower overall system power with no performance penalty or (ii) higher performance within the same power budget.
Evaluating topic model interpretability from a primary care physician perspective

A topic model with three different parameter settings is fit to a large collection of clinical reports.The interpretability of discovered topics is evaluated by clinicians and laypersons.Clinicians are significantly more capable of interpreting topics than laypersons.Topics hold potential for applications in automatic summarization. Background and objectiveProbabilistic topic models provide an unsupervised method for analyzing unstructured text. These models discover semantically coherent combinations of words (topics) that could be integrated in a clinical automatic summarization system for primary care physicians performing chart review. However, the human interpretability of topics discovered from clinical reports is unknown. Our objective is to assess the coherence of topics and their ability to represent the contents of clinical reports from a primary care physician's point of view. MethodsThree latent Dirichlet allocation models (50 topics, 100 topics, and 150 topics) were fit to a large collection of clinical reports. Topics were manually evaluated by primary care physicians and graduate students. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tests for Paired Samples were used to evaluate differences between different topic models, while differences in performance between students and primary care physicians (PCPs) were tested using Mann-Whitney U tests for each of the tasks. ResultsWhile the 150-topic model produced the best log likelihood, participants were most accurate at identifying words that did not belong in topics learned by the 100-topic model, suggesting that 100 topics provides better relative granularity of discovered semantic themes for the data set used in this study. Models were comparable in their ability to represent the contents of documents. Primary care physicians significantly outperformed students in both tasks. ConclusionThis work establishes a baseline of interpretability for topic models trained with clinical reports, and provides insights on the appropriateness of using topic models for informatics applications. Our results indicate that PCPs find discovered topics more coherent and representative of clinical reports relative to students, warranting further research into their use for automatic summarization.
Changes in the peritoneal interstitium and their effect on peritoneal transport.

Transperitoneal transport is a complicated process that includes diffusion and convection across the walls of blood microvessels into tissue interstitium, transport through the interstitium, and fi...
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention of sudden death: the quest to identify patients most likely to benefit.

Last week, an 83-year-old man was transferred to our service from another hospital for placement of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). He was hospitalized at the other institution because he had developed a retroperitoneal bleed while anticoagulated because of atrial fibrillation. He
Rotation-Vibration Spectra of Diatomic and Simple Polyatomic Molecules with Long Absorbing PathsXI. The Spectrum of Carbon Dioxide (Co 2 ) below 1.25μ*

The spectrum of CO2 in the photographic infrared has been studied with absorbing paths up to 5500 m. Thirteen absorption bands were found of which eleven have been analyzed in detail. One of these is due to C13O2. From the band origins of the C12O2 bands improved values for some of the anharmonic constants of the molecule have been derived.The study of the rotational structure of the photographic infrared CO2 bands has yielded considerably improved values for the rotational constants. The new values are B000=0.39020 cm−1, α1=+0.00109, α2=−0.00073, α3=+0.00307 cm−1. From these the following equilibrium values of rotational constant, moment of inertia, and internuclear distance are obtained: Be=0.39155 cm-1, Ie=71.468×10-40 gm cm2, re=1.16005×10-8cm.By taking account of the effect of Fermi resonance, excellent agreement of the observed B[v] values with those calculated from the αi and Be is obtained.The l-type doubling in the states 0110, 1113, and 0313 has been determined. The agreement of the splitting constants q with those obtained from theory is satisfactory.
Regulation of Iron Metabolism in Mammalian Cells

Iron is an essential nutrient for all mammalian cells, and numerous proteins are dedicated to the uptake and distribution of iron within cells. As discussed in previous chapters, there are proteins that facilitate iron uptake, including transferrin receptors 1 and 2 (TfR1 and TfR2) [1] and DMT1 [2], proteins dedicated to iron storage, including ferritin H and L chains [3, 4], and an iron exporter, ferroportin [5, 6]. Most cellular proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and those that require an iron cofactor generally acquire their iron from the cytosolic iron pool. The nature of the cytosolic iron pool remains uncharacterized, as the iron is not associated with a specific known iron carrier molecule. The iron in this accessible iron pool may be bound with low affinity to abundant negatively charged molecules, including citrate and ATP. Because the cytosol of cells is a reducing environment, most cellular iron is likely in the ferrous (Fe2+) rather than in the ferric (Fe3+) state. Iron that enters the endosome in the transferrin cycle is initially in the ferric state, but an endosomal reductase, Steap3 [7], reduces it to ferrous iron, the form that is transported into cytosol by DMT1. When iron is taken up by ferritin, it is oxidized by ferroxidase activity of the ferritin H chain [3, 4], which facilitates precipitation and storage of iron in the ferritin heteropolymer.
Fulminant Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System

Fulminant demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system include acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, the related acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, multiple sclerosis variants, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, and idiopathic transverse myelitis. These syndromes are often managed with similar acute treatments including high-dose corticosteroids and plasmapheresis; however, long-term management varies. Although the prognosis of fulminant demyelinating disease was historically poor, outcomes today may be improved due to earlier diagnosis, rapid implementation of anti-inflammatory therapies such as high-dose corticosteroids and plasmapheresis, and improved supportive care.
Implementation of Occupational Therapy Services for an Adolescent Residence Program

Abstract Community-based programs focusing on adolescents who are diagnosed with a mental illness have been given little attention in the occupational therapy literature. This article describes a level-two student occupational therapy program that was successfully implemented at an adolescent residence in New Jersey. Six adolescents were evaluated using The Children's Self Assessment of Occupational Functioning (CSAOF), based on the Model of Human Occupation. Through this evaluation process, many of the adolescents identified similar treatment priorities: (a) family reintegration, (b) wellness and healthy living, (c) development of independent and effective decision making, and (d) increasing feelings of self-worth. The OT students assisted the adolescents in setting goals and identifying strategies to achieve them. Two case studies are presented to further illustrate how family collaboration, cultural considerations and community awareness are emphasized during the treatment process. Administrators of th...
Regulation of K secretion across the porcine gallbladder epithelium

Porcine gallbladder epithelium from the neck and the fundus of the organ was stripped of serosal muscle and mounted in Ussing chambers to investigate the mechanisms of K secretion. The sensitivity to K channel blockers and regulation by norepinephrine (NE), adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), and increases in intracellular Ca concentration ([Ca]) were studied. The porcine gallbladder secretes K (approximately 0.8 mu eq/cm2.h) under basal conditions. Mucosal tetraethylammonium (TEA) produced a concentration-dependent increase in short-circuit current (Isc) and inhibited the unidirectional serosal-to-mucosal 86Rb flux JsmRb, resulting in a > 60% reduction in net Rb secretion. In contrast, serosal Ba produced a concentration-dependent decrease in Isc and stimulated JsmRb, resulting in a > 200% increase in net Rb secretion. NE inhibited JsmRb and net Rb secretion in both regions. In the fundic region the mucosal-to-serosal Rb flux (JmsRb) was also significantly increased, suggesting that active K absorption was activated. Exogenous cAMP increased JsmRb and net Rb secretion by > 85% in both regions. This increase in net Rb secretion was blocked by mucosal TEA but unaffected by NE. The Ca ionophore ionomycin also increased JsmRb and net Rb secretion and reduced the Isc by approximately 50%. Neither mucosal TEA nor Ba blocked changes in steady-state Rb secretion induced by ionomycin. Although both serosal Ba and ionomycin produced significant reductions in Isc, the effects of Ba were blocked by ionomycin pretreatment. These findings indicate that basal K secretion occurs through TEA-sensitive apical K channels and is regulated by intracellular cAMP. NE likely reduces K secretion by decreasing intracellular concentration of cAMP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Efficient Laser Performance of Nd3+:Sr5(PO4)3F at 1.059 and 1.328 μm

High efficiency, low threshold laser performance of Nd3+ doped Sr5(PO4)3F, or SFAP, crystals has been demonstrated. Its performance and properties compared with commercially available Nd:YVO4 indicate that Nd:SFAP is an outstanding medium for diode pumped laser applications at both 1.059 and 1.328 μm.
Young children’s ideas about environment: perspectives from three early childhood educational settings

AbstractMany efforts have been made around the globe to advocate for and encourage environmental sustainability education (ESE). As many as 15 fields can serve as ‘currents’ on the greater field of environmental education, including environmental education and education for sustainability. We acknowledge that each is a separate and distinct field of inquiry, but choose not to limit our perspective to any one field or the other. Thus, we have elected to use the term ESE to refer to work that falls into any or all of these categories throughout this manuscript for learners of all ages. Yet, there is a dearth of information at the early childhood level, defined as toddlers through eight-year-olds. Our exploratory study focused on better describing young children’s understandings of ESE. Young children (ages three-eight) from three different suburban early childhood education settings (public school pre-kindergarten, church-based cooperative preschool, and private daycare center) participated in focus group i...
Synergy Between Problem-Based Learning and Educating for Sustainability: A Review of the Literature

This literature review examines the synergy between problem-based learning (PBL) and educating for sustainability (EfS) in 29 selected research reports. Guiding questions were: How does PBL impact learning academic content? What PBL instructional strategies promote EfS? What EfS skills and understandings are promoted by PBL? What research opportunities are revealed through analysis of the literature? The review is framed in the context of progressivism, reconstructionism, and wicked problems. The reading and analysis of the studies revealed five themes: Knowledge for real world problem solving, tools for taking action, working together for change, interdependency for well-being, and reflection for improved actions. The findings suggest that PBL improves student learning, scaffolds aid in this improvement, and interdependent behavior and reflective thinking can be promoted. The National Education for Sustainability K-12 Learning Standards (U.S. Partnership for Education for Sustainable Development, National education for sustainability K-12 learning standards, 2009) were used as a tool to discover links between PBL and EfS. Using this method, natural and strong associations emerged. However, to make the case for stronger coupling between PBL and EfS, more research is needed.
A Low Voltage SRAM Using Resonant Supply Boosting

This paper presents a novel resonating inductor-based supply boosting scheme for low-voltage static random-access memories and logic in deep 14-nm silicon on insulator (SOI) FinFET technologies. The technique combines capacitive (C) and inductive (L) boosting for the first time. Simulation and measured hardware results from a 14-nm test chip show that this new technique is able to improve V min (down to 0.3 V), functional yield, and access time, when compared with designs with or without capacitive-boosted supplies. Simulations also reveal the optimal combinations of “L” and “C” needed for each V dd to achieve minimal boost voltage, where the static random-access memory can be rendered fully functional in the absence of any assist circuitry. Furthermore, the resonant supply provides power savings compared with a boosted supply alone.
Military science: Masters of war

David Kaiser appraises a chronicle of the US agency that spawned technologies from drones to the Internet.
Assessing the impact of psychological processes on leader alliance performance expectations and alliance structuring

There is increasing evidence that leaders make decisions on the basis of subjective frameworks, suggesting that psychological processes play an important role in the manner in which performance expectations and the structure firms employ to meet those expectations are determined. However, despite calls for greater investigation into these processes, there has been little investigation into the psychological factors that influence the way leaders form and operate their firms' strategic alliances. Utilising both upper echelons and goal orientation theories we discuss the manner in which leaders' goal orientation can influence their performance expectations and cause them to structure governance models, develop their firm's alliance capability and encourage the development of organisational cultures conducive to alliance success. This perspective offers a new way to understand the ex ante evaluation processes used to create alliances, leading to a number of implications for future research.
Relationships and CPAP adherence among women with obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea contributes to daytime sleepiness, poor quality of life and increased risk for heart disease and hypertension among women. Continuous positive airway pressure improves sleepiness and quality of life and may reduce health risks but few studies have evaluated predictors of adherence among women. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of relationship factors in women’s continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) adherence and change in relationship quality among married/partnered women. Women recently diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea completed relationship quality, social support questionnaires and spousal involvement interviews. CPAP adherence was collected at 12 weeks. Data were available for 16 women. Average CPAP adherence was 3.6 SD = 2.7 h per night. Women with higher reports of social support had higher adherence. None of the unmarried/partnered participants were adherent to the recommendation of CPAP use ≥ 4 h per night at 12 week follow-up. Marital status was not associated with demographic, disease severity or social support measures. Relationship conflict among married/partnered participants was associated with lower adherence. In qualitative surveys, encouragement and support were the two most commonly reported types of partner involvement. Relationship quality did not change between baseline and 3 months. Results suggest relationship factors are robust predictors of CPAP adherence among women with obstructive sleep apnea.
Democracy and Reserve

This paper studies the relationship between political regime and foreign exchange reserves. drawing upon three theoretical positions, namely, ‘insurance’, ‘social costs’, and ‘mercantilist’ arguments. While the social costs and mercantilist arguments predict a negative relationship between democracy and reserves, the insurance argument implies a positive one. These predictions are subject to empirical analysis utilizing a time-series cross-section dataset covering up to 111 countries for the period from 1975 to 2012. The results suggest that the mercantilist argument is supported when the size of exporting sectors is large whereas the insurance argument is supported when the exporting sectors are relatively small. The result is robust to a number of alternative empirical scenarios.
Validation of Model-Based Prognostics for Pneumatic Valves in a Demonstration Testbed

Pneumatic-actuated valves play an important role in many applications. When valves are critical to the successful operation of the system, prognostics of these valves becomes extremely important and valuable. In order to facilitate the validation of prognostics algorithms for pneumatic valves, we have constructed a pneumatic valve testbed for use with a cryogenic propellant loading system. The testbed enables the injection of faults with a controllable fault progression pro- file. Specifically, we can introduce controllable pneumatic gas leaks, the most common faults associated with pneumatic valves. We focus on a valve that moves discretely between open and closed position, and is controlled through a solenoid valve. In this paper, we apply a model-based prognostics approach for pneumatic valves on the testbed. We demonstrate the approach using real experimental data obtained from the testbed.
Saving or Creating: Which Are We Doing When We Resuscitate Extremely Preterm Infants?

Neonatal intensive care units represent simultaneously one of the great success stories of modern medicine, and one of its most controversial developments. One particularly controversial issue is the resuscitation of extremely preterm infants. Physicians in the United States generally accept that they are required to resuscitate infants born as early as 25 weeks and that it is permissible to resuscitate as early as 22 weeks. In this article, I question the moral pressure to resuscitate by criticizing the idea that resuscitation in this context “saves” a human life. Our radical medical advancements have allowed us to intervene in the life of a human before it makes sense to say that such an intervention “saves” someone; rather, what the physician does in resuscitating and treating an extremely preterm infant is to take over creating it. This matters, I argue, because “rescues” are much more morally urgent than “creations.”
Indications for and Adverse Effects of Red-Cell Transfusion

Advances in clinical research have led to reduced use of blood products. Judicious use has reduced the incidence of lung injury and circulatory overload. Testing of blood products for infectious agents has reduced their transmission.
Investigating Plant Pathogen Responses: Using a Common Moss and a Soil Pathogen to Demonstrate Plant Defense Mechanisms

Plant–pathogen interactions are often omitted as a topic in most introductory and upper-level biology courses. The infection process of the plant pathogen Pythium irregulare on the moss Mnium cuspidatum can be observed and exploited to provide lessons on host–pathogen responses, as well as introduce other biological topics such as microscopy, spectrophotometry, and enzymes. Students can qualitatively analyze plant responses to pathogen infection using microscopy and observe quantitative enzyme responses to draw conclusions. Students are also encouraged to generate hypotheses and test them using this biological system as a method to develop scientific skills.
The 14th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists (IWOP 14)

The 14th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists (IWOP-14) was held August 10-12, 2017 in Cincinnati, OH, USA. The IWOP meetings focus on opportunistic protists (OIs); for example, free-living amoebae, Pneumocystis spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma, the Microsporidia, and kinetoplastid flagellates. The highlights of Pneumocystis spp. research included the reports of primary homothallism for mating; a potential requirement for sexual replication in its life cycle; a new antigen on the surface of small asci; roles for CLRs, Dectin-1, and Mincle in host responses; and identification of MSG families and mechanisms used for surface variation. Studies of Cryptosporidia spp. included comparative genomics, a new cryopreservation method; the role of mucin in attachment and invasion, and epidemiological surveys illustrating species diversity in animals. One of the five identified proteins in the polar tube of Microsporidia, PTP4, was shown to play a role in host infection. Zebrafish were used as a low cost vertebrate animal model for an evaluation of potential anti-toxoplasma drugs. Folk medicine compounds with anti-toxoplasma activity were presented, and reports on the chronic toxoplasma infection provided evidence for increased tractability for the study of this difficult life cycle stage. Escape from the parasitophorus vacuole and cell cycle regulation were the topics of the study in the acute phase.
Validating the Recognizing Excellence in Learning and Teaching (RELATE) Tool for Special Education Classrooms

We created the Recognizing Excellence in Learning and Teaching (RELATE) Tool for Special Education Classroom Observation to fill the need for a well-researched, observational tool that provides a m...
Polygynandrous anoles and the myth of the passive female

Kamath and Losos (Kamath A, Losos J (2017) Behav Ecol Sociobiol 71:89) appropriately pointed out that researchers studying Anolis lizards have persisted for years in erroneously assuming that females only mate with the territorial male with whom they share space. However, Bush and Simberloff (Bush JM, Simberloff D (2018) Behav Ecol Sociobiol, in press) correctly suggested that this error did not arise because male anoles are not territorial. Instead, I suggest that, as was the case for other vertebrate taxa, researchers studying Anolis mating systems implicitly assumed that females could be viewed as “resources” defended by males, and that each female passively mated with the male who won the territory that overlapped her home range. This assumption was maintained in spite of behavioral observations indicating that female anoles might have access to sperm from males other than the current territory owner, until it was explicitly refuted by genetic data indicating that some females mate with more than one male. However, we still don’t know the extent to which male anoles increase their paternity by defending territories that overlap with female ranges, or the extent to which female anoles increase their control over the paternity of their hatchlings by actively mating with or utilizing the sperm of different males.
Latent Classes of Sexual Risk Behavior and Engagement in Outreach, Intervention and Prevention Services Among Women Who Inject Drugs Across 20 US Cities.

BACKGROUND Monitoring the effects of HIV prevention efforts among persons who inject drugs is key to informing prevention programs and policy. METHODS Data for this study came from the 2012 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance interviews with persons who inject drugs across 20 US cities. The present analyses include those who identified as female, ever had sex with a man, and were at risk of HIV infection (did not report a previous positive HIV test result) (n = 2624). We conducted latent class analysis to identify sexual risk classes, and modeled associations with engagement in HIV prevention services and HIV test results. RESULTS We identified 6 classes of sexual risk behavior: (1) low risk, (2) monogamous, (3) casual partner, (4) multiple partners, (5) exchange sex, and (6) exchange plus main partner. The class distribution was similar across the mainland regions. Bisexual orientation and homelessness were significant predictors of higher-risk class. HIV prevalence and participation in behavioral interventions did not vary significantly by risk class, while obtaining and using free condoms did. Independent of risk class, women in cities in the South were significantly less likely to use free condoms, and HIV prevalence was higher among non-Hispanic black women and women aged 40-49 years. CONCLUSIONS Bisexual orientation and homelessness were predictors of higher risk. Condom distribution programs reached fewer women in cities in the South. Race and age disparities in HIV-positive rates persisted after adjusting for sexual risk class.
Underage drinking as a predictor of alcohol use disorder among African Americans

This study aimed to examine the effect of underage drinking (UD) on alcohol use disorder (AUD) among African Americans. Data from the 2010 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (N = 19 240...
Power and Sample Size Calculations for Microbiome Data

In this chapter, we discuss hypothesis testing, power and sample size calculations of microbiome data with implementation in R.
The Decline of the Spy Story and the Transformation of the Thriller in the 1990s: The Data From the Bestseller List

It is the conventional wisdom that fiction about spies and espionage became less popular after the Cold War, but this is generally claimed in a casual, intuitive way. This paper attempts to check this wide belief against the data provided by the New York Times and Publisher's Weekly bestseller lists, and finds considerable substantiation of this view there, reinforced by the evidence those lists also provide of the increased predominance of other types of thriller (for example, legal and forensic thrillers) in the popular fiction market.
Impact of academic detailing on benzodiazepine use among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder

Background: Benzodiazepine use in the US Veterans Administration (VA) has been decreasing; however, a small number of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) continue to receive benzodia...
Using Disturbance Rejection to Achieve Inter-Vehicle Spacing Within a Convoy

In this paper, two commonly utilized control methods for active disturbance rejection are designed and evaluated in a column formation (i.e., convoy) application of ground vehicles. Specifically, a variable structure controller and a robust sign of the error controller are utilized to achieve inter-vehicle distance tracking despite 1) not measuring the preceding vehicle's velocity and 2) being subjected to environmental influences. Both controllers utilize headway (i.e., variable inter-vehicle distance based on vehicle velocity) to: 1) promote overall convoy stability and 2) utilize only the preceding vehicle's position measurement. The performance of the controllers are evaluated and analyzed on experimental scale vehicles in both on- and off-road settings.
Atypical mycobacterial infection, a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge-Case report and review of literature

As atypical mycobacterial disease is very difficult to be differentiated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterial culture results can be the corner stone to solve the problem and avoid the un-necessary suffering of the patient and in the same time it helps in prescribing the correct drug regime for the patient. Here we present a case of a 23-year-old female who underwent LUCS one year back that was complicated with development of multiple abdominal wall abscesses. Initially she was treated with a combination of intermittent surgical drainage and prolonged antibiotic course, later antitubercular drugs were put on based on the positive AFB smear and biopsy report. This case is of interest that Mycobacterium abscessus was isolated from the patient who was improved after therapy with sensitive drugs. Our case highlights the fact that NTM disease should be put into consideration in patients with positive AFB smear and requires referral of samples to specialized microbiology laboratories.
Treatment of Infectious Meningitis and Encephalitis in the Neurocritical Care Unit

In this chapter, we discuss meningitis and encephalitis, which can be diagnostically challenging for practitioners. Timely diagnosis and treatment is crucial, as many of these infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Meningitis may be caused by various pathogens each associated with specific imaging findings, treatments, and complications. Encephalitis falls within the spectrum of central nervous system infections, like meningitis, but is distinguished by the involvement of brain parenchyma. Organisms are usually identified for cases of meningitis, but pathogens are less often identified for encephalitides though typically are viral. Of the viral encephalitides, one of the most important to consider is herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis because it is the most common and has a high mortality. Additionally, HSV encephalitis is the only viral encephalitis with an evidence-based treatment, acyclovir. In recent years, recognition of autoimmune encephalitides has increased substantially, along with recommendations for their treatment with immunosuppressive agents. Other etiologies are important to identify as they have prognostic significance; however, treatment is often supportive. Patients with central nervous system infections often require admission to the intensive care unit for mechanical ventilation, close monitoring of neurologic status, or management of infection-related complications.
Solution Deposition of a Bournonite CuPbSbS3 Semiconductor Thin Film from the Dissolution of Bulk Materials with a Thiol-Amine Solvent Mixture

There is considerable interest in the exploration of new solar absorbers that are environmentally stable, absorb through the visible, and possess a polar crystal structure. Bournonite CuPbSbS3 is a naturally occurring sulfosalt mineral that crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric Pmn21 space group and possesses an optimal band gap for single junction solar cells; however, the synthetic literature on this quaternary semiconductor is sparse and it has yet to be deposited and studied as a thin film. Here we describe the ability of a binary thiol-amine solvent mixture to dissolve the bulk bournonite mineral as well as inexpensive bulk CuO, PbO, and Sb2S3 precursors at room temperature and ambient pressure to generate an ink. The synthetic compound ink derived from the dissolution of the bulk binary precursors in the right stoichiometric ratios yields phase-pure thin films of CuPbSbS3 upon solution deposition and annealing. The resulting semiconductor thin films possess a direct optical band gap of 1.24 eV, an absorption coefficient ∼105 cm-1 through the visible, mobilities of 0.01-2.4 cm2 (V·s)-1, and carrier concentrations of 1018 - 1020 cm-3. These favorable optoelectronic properties suggest CuPbSbS3 thin films are excellent candidates for solar absorbers.
Positive psychological interventions and cognition

Positive Psychological Interventions (PPIs) such as the gratitude letter appear to increase subjective well-being and decrease depression. Previous research suggests that cognitive changes may expl...
Teaching NeuroImages: Transient Cytotoxic Edema in a Child with a Novel ATP1A2 Mutation

A 7-year-old boy with prior episodes of hemiplegia and family history of hemiplegic migraine presented with fevers, waxing and waning encephalopathy (lethargic and poorly interactive), and left-sided weakness persistent throughout his 5-week hospitalization. Diagnostic testing revealed a suspected pathogenic mutation in ATP1A2 (c.2285G>C; p.Gly762Ala), a gene associated with a broad phenotypic spectrum encompassing familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2) and alternating hemiplegia of childhood. Previous case series illustrate that FMH2 attacks can be prolonged, debilitating, and associated with impaired consciousness and fever.1 Cortical edema has been described, but transient diffusion restriction can be another radiologic feature (figures 1 and 2).2
Scalable Activation of Rare Triggers in Hardware Trojans by Repeated Maximal Clique Sampling

Hardware Trojans are serious threat to security and reliability of computing systems. It is hard to detect these malicious implants using traditional validation methods since an adversary is likely to hide them under rare trigger conditions. While existing statistical test generation methods are promising for Trojan detection, they are not suitable for activating extremely rare trigger conditions in stealthy Trojans. To address the fundamental challenge of activating rare triggers, we propose a new test generation paradigm for trigger activation by repeated maximal clique sampling (TARMAC). The basic idea is to utilize a satisfiability modulo theories (SMTs) solver to construct a test corresponding to each maximal clique. This article makes three fundamental contributions: 1) it proves that the trigger activation problem can be mapped to clique cover problem, and the test vectors generated by covering maximal cliques are complete and compact; 2) it proposes efficient test generation algorithms to activate trigger conditions by repeated maximal clique sampling; and 3) it outlines an efficient mechanism to run the clique sampling in parallel to significantly improve the scalability of our test generation framework. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed approach is scalable and it outperforms state-of-the-art approaches by several orders-of-magnitude in detecting stealthy Trojans.
Ergonomics in Endourology: Measurement of Force for Deflection in Contemporary Ureteroscopes.

Introduction: Few studies have examined the ergonomic hazards to endourologists during endoscopic procedures. We have evaluated the forces required to deflect different flexible ureteroscopes acros...
The Use of a Digital Pedagogical Tool to Support Writing Instruction in the Social Sciences

This study describes the pedagogical use of an online digital tool designed to support students’ writing of research reports. The tool, Manuscript Builder, provides a structure and a set of prompts...
Accounting for connectivity alters the apparent roles of spatial and environmental processes on metacommunity assembly

Understanding the relative contributions of spatial and environmental processes on community assembly is a central question in ecology. Despite this long-standing interest, our understanding of how landscape structure may drive spatial processes of community assembly remains poorly understood in part because of the challenge of tracking community assembly across landscapes and quantifying key aspects of landscapes that may impact assembly processes. We examined the roles of spatial and environmental processes on structuring assemblies of ants in 72 cleared patches embedded within a forested landscape. To examine the role of spatial processes, we contrasted the use of geographic distances between patches and effective distances estimated from connectivity modeling accounting for matrix vegetation structure hypothesized to be important for ant community assembly. To examine the role of environmental processes, we quantified patch age and abundance of a key competitor and invasive species, the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. We found evidence for the importance of both spatial and environmental processes in structuring ant communities. When spatial processes were quantified as geographic distance, environmental variables were the predominant factors accounting for variation in ant community dissimilarity among patches. However, accounting for matrix resistance with circuit-theoretic connectivity modeling resulted in higher accounting of variation in ant community dissimilarity than geographic distance and changed the predominant variables accounting for that variation from environmental to spatial processes. These findings show that accounting for connectivity through the matrix can be decisive in determining the primary drivers of community assembly.
The performance costs of interruption during visual search are determined by the type of search task

Prior research has shown that interruptions lead to a variety of performance costs. However, these costs are heterogenous and poorly understood. Under some circumstances, interruptions lead to large decreases in accuracy on the primary task, whereas in others task duration increases, but task accuracy is unaffected. Presently, the underlying cause of these costs is unclear. The Memory for Goals model suggests that interruptions interfere with the ability to represent the current goal of the primary task. Here, we test the idea that working memory (WM) may play a critical role in representing the current goal and thus may underlie the observed costs associated with interruption. In two experiments, we utilized laboratory-based visual search tasks, which differed in their WM demands, in order to assess how this difference influenced the observed interruption costs. Interruptions led to more severe performance costs when the target of the search changed on each trial. When the search target was consistent across trials, the cost of interruption was greatly reduced. This suggests that the WM demands associated with the primary task play an important role in determining the performance costs of interruption. Our findings suggest that it is important for research to consider the cognitive processes a task engages in order to predict the nature of the adverse effects of interruption in applied settings such as radiology.