cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cantilever-based mass sensor for immunodetection of multiple bioactive targets

We are investigating the development of a rapid and highly sensitive detection method for immunoreactive substances combining MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) technology and the appropriate immune stimulant or response factors. Cantilevers of micrometer scale can be used for trace detection of mass change. When a layer of an antigenic substance is covalently deposited, the cantilever is capable of capturing antibodies from samples with high affinity and specificity. The antigen/antibody binding causes multiple physical changes in the cantilever device, including a shift of effective mass and a change in surface tension. The change of effective mass consequently induces a shift in the cantilever’s natural resonant frequency. By monitoring these changes with an optical readout mechanism, the presence of immunoreactive targets in the sample can be detected. This detection method can be used for various types of targets with immunoreactivity and therefore is potentially applicable in hazardous substance monitoring and disease diagnosis. In our effort, phoS1, an antigen shed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is utilized for rapid and economic TB detection.
Clinical studies on veratrum alkaloids. II. The dose-response relations of protoveratrine in hypertension.

An extensive study of the hypotensive properties of protoveratrine, a pure crystalline ester alkaloid from Veratrum album , has been made in hypertensive and normotensive individuals. This drug is shown to be capable of lowering the blood pressure in hypertension of varied etiologies including essential hypertension, acute or chronic renal disease, malignant hypertension, toxemia of pregnancy, and carcinoma of the adrenal cortex. The relationships between dose and response from single intravenous, continuous intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration have been determined.
Mediated political communication, the Internet, and the new knowledge elites: prospects and portents

Abstract This paper argues that the phenomenal growth of the Internet requires a re-thinking of our assumptions about both the nature of political communication and the role of elites in the political process. We suggest that the Internet functions in a paradoxical manner. On the one hand, the Internet provides important opportunities for interactions between candidates and voters as well as new arenas for voter-to-voter discussion and interaction. On the other hand, the volume of political information available on the Internet, as well as the continued growth of other forms of mediated political communications, suggest that voters may be overwhelmed by the quantity and dubious quality of information on political candidates and issues. A likely outcome of this situation is the emergence of a new form of “information elite,” which challenges the traditional view that elites reflect considerations of power and wealth. We suggest that this elite can have a strong positive effect on democratic processes. We utilize Petty and Cacioppo’s Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion as a guide to understanding political communication and voter decision making in contemporary society and the role of the new information elite therein [ Petty and Cacioppo (1986) . The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In: Berkowitz, L., (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 19. Academic Press, New York, pp. 123–205]. ©
Perceived stress and social support in undergraduate nursing students' educational experiences

Background Nursing students experience high levels of stress. Coping mechanisms such as utilization of social support are effective in managing the effects of stress and promoting individual well-being. The use of social support from faculty members and peers in nursing programs has not been studied sufficiently. Faculty members who can perceive and understand student emotions add to the students' positive perception of the educational environment, making it more conducive to learning. Objectives To identify the stress experience and use of social support as a coping mechanism in traditional and second degree nursing students' educational experiences. Design A mixed method study was conducted. Setting Undergraduate nursing students at a private university. Participants 107 baccalaureate nursing students enrolled in either a traditional (n=49) or second degree (n=58) program during the Fall 2011 semester. Method Five instruments were combined to develop the quantitative and qualitative questions for an online survey. Results Traditional and second degree nursing students report high levels of anxiety, worry and depression in response to stress, resulting in feelings of rejection and inadequacy. Respondents used faculty members for support less frequently than they used their peers, spouse/significant other or parents. Second degree students and traditional students differ in their level of alcohol consumption with traditional students more likely to drink heavily than second degree students. In addition, traditional students are more likely to use fellow nursing students and other friends as social support, whereas second degree students rely more on their spouse/significant other. Conclusion Students' high levels of maladaptive reactions to stress should encourage educators to help students develop positive coping strategies. Educators have the potential to impact the development of their students as they transition into nurses capable of handling the rigors of the profession.
Microscopic coupled-channel description of pion inelastic scattering from rotational nuclei

We establish the applicability of a microscopic coupled-channel theory to pion inelastic scattering from rotational nuclei for the purpose of studying details of neutrons and proton densities. The theory is completely specified as a result of our taking the second-order pion-nucleus optical potential from previous phenomenological studies of elastic and charge-exchange data on spherical nuclei and of our using nuclear wave functions obtained from a Hartree-Fock + BCS calculation with the Skyrme ${\mathrm{SKM}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ interaction. Making multipole expansions leads to a set of coupled equations, which is solved for the scattering cross sections in a standard manner. Numerical studies are presented for the specific nucleus $^{152}\mathrm{Sm}$. The theory is shown to be stable with respect to truncation of the expansions: we find rapid convergence of the cross sections for elastic scattering and inelastic scattering to the first ${2}^{+}$ and ${4}^{+}$ states as transition densities of successively higher multipolarity are added, and as the number of coupled rotational nuclear levels is increased. Medium modifications are included and have a small but significant effect on the cross section: for scattering to the ${2}^{+}$ state, their effect is about 10% for both ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$. We also quantify the extent of sensitivity of pion scattering cross sections to variations in the size and shape of the neutron and proton distribution using parametrized Woods-Saxon forms for the density.
Bioactive Proteins in Human Milk: Mechanisms of Action

Human milk contains a multitude of bioactive proteins, with very diverse functions. Some of these proteins are involved in the synthesis and expression of milk, but the majority appears to have evolved to provide physiological activities in the breast-fed infant. These activities are exerted by a wide variety of mechanisms and have largely been unraveled by in vitro studies. To be active in the gastrointestinal tract, these proteins must be able to resist proteolytic degradation, at least for some time. We have evaluated the human milk proteins lactoferrin, haptocorrin, α 1 -antitrypsin, and transforming growth factor -β in an in vitro digestion model, mimicking the conditions of the infant gastrointestinal milieu. These bioactive proteins are resistant against proteolysis and can remain intact or as larger fragments through passage of the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro digestibility assays can be helpful to assess which human milk proteins can resist proteolysis and to what extent.
Progressive Changes in Cortical State Before and After Spontaneous Arousals from Sleep in Elderly and Middle-aged Women

Arousals are often considered to be events which have an abrupt onset and offset, indicating abrupt changes in the state of the cortex. We hypothesized that cortical state, as reflected in electroencephalograph (EEG) signals, exhibits progressive systematic changes before and after a spontaneous, isolated arousal and that the time courses of the spectral components of the EEG before and after an arousal would differ between healthy middle-aged and elderly subjects. We analyzed the power spectrum and Sample Entropy of the C3A2 EEG before and after isolated arousals from 20 middle-aged (47.2±2.0 years) and 20 elderly (78.4±3.8 years) women using polysomnograms from the Sleep Heart Health Study database. In middle-aged women, all EEG spectral band powers <16 Hz exhibited a significant increase relative to baseline at some time in the 21 s before an arousal, but only low- (0.2-2.0 Hz) and high-frequency (2.0-4.0 Hz) delta increased in elderly and only during the last 7 s pre-arousal. Post-arousal, all frequency bands below 12 Hz transiently fell below pre-arousal baseline in both age groups. Consistent with these findings, Sample Entropy decreased steadily before an arousal, increased markedly during the arousal, and remained above pre-arousal baseline levels for ∼30 s after the arousal. In middle-aged, but not in elderly, women the presence of early pre-arousal low delta power was associated with shorter arousals. We propose that this attenuation of the effect of the arousing stimulus may be related to the slow (<1 Hz) cortical state oscillation, and that prolonged alterations of cortical state due to arousals may contribute to the poor correlation between indices of arousals and indices of sleepiness or impaired cognitive function.
Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women

Trans isomers of fatty acids, formed by the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils to produce margarine and vegetable shortening, increase the ratio of plasma low-density-lipoprotein to high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, so it is possible that they adversely influence risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). To investigate this possibility, we studied dietary data from participants in the Nurses' Health Study. We calculated intake of trans fatty acids from dietary questionnaires completed by 85,095 women without diagnosed CHD, stroke, diabetes, or hypercholesterolaemia in 1980. During 8 years of follow-up, there were 431 cases of new CHD (non-fatal myocardial infarction or death from CHD). After adjustment for age and total energy intake, intake of trans isomers was directly related to risk of CHD (relative risk for highest vs lowest quintile 1.50 [95% Cl 1.12-2.00], p for trend = 0.001). Additional control for established CHD risk factors, multivitamin use, and intakes of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and linoleic acid, dietary cholesterol, vitamins E or C, carotene, or fibre did not change the relative risk substantially. The association was stronger for the 69,181 women whose margarine consumption over the previous 10 years had been stable (1.67 [1.05-2.66], p for trend = 0.002). Intakes of foods that are major sources of trans isomers (margarine, cookies [biscuits], cake, and white bread) were each significantly associated with higher risks of CHD. These findings support the hypothesis that consumption of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils may contribute to occurrence of CHD.
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia in the Era of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Lessons Learned to Date

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with an human leukocyte antigen-matched related or unrelated donor has been the curative treatment of choice for young patients with chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia. The introduction of imatinib, a selective inhibitor of the Bcr-Abl protein kinase, as well as a new generation of other tyrosine kinase inhibitors that are effective in obtaining major and complete cytogenetic responses with minimal toxicity, has resulted in significant changes in the standard approach for newly diagnosed patients. In this article, we will address the role of allogeneic transplantation in the context of imatinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Observation of Resonance Raman Scattering below the Dissociation Limit in I 2 Vapor

Inelastic photon scattering from ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ vapor was observed to change from resonance Raman scattering to resonance fluorescence as a single-mode argon laser was tuned through the 5145-\AA{} gain profile. 3 orders of magnitude enhancement in the Stokes and the first-overtone intensities were measured in going from resonance Raman scattering to resonance fluorescence. The intensity distribution of the first 47 overtones is shown for the laser frequency coincident with the $43\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 P(12)$ and $43\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 R(14)$ transitions of ${B}^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{0\mathrm{u}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{X}^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{0\mathrm{g}}^{+}$. The resonance Raman cross section of ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ compared with ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ was found to be 2.6 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{6}$.
Sustained attention in children with specific language impairment (SLI).

Purpose Information-processing limitations have been associated with language problems in children with specific language impairment (SLI). These processing limitations may be associated with limitations in attentional capacity, even in the absence of clinically significant attention deficits. In this study, the authors examined the performance of 4- to 6-year-old children with SLI and their typically developing (TD) peers on a visual sustained attention task. It was predicted that the children with SLI would demonstrate lower levels of performance in the absence of clinically significant attention deficits. Method A visual continuous performance task (CPT) was used to assess sustained attention in 13 children with SLI (M = 62.07 months) and 13 TD age-matched controls (M = 62.92 months). All children were screened for normal vision, hearing, and attention. Accuracy (d') and response time were analyzed to see if this sustained attention task could differentiate between the 2 groups. Results The children wi...
Fecal steroids and urinary volatile phenols in four Scandinavian populations

Abstract Population samples from 4 study areas showing a 3‐fold variation in large bowel cancer incidence were investigated for fecal bile acid loss and concentration, fecal neutral steroid loss and concentration, and urinary loss of volatile phenols.. Each sample consisted of 30 randomly selected men, aged 50–59 years. Daily loss of bile acids was found to be identical in the 4 areas, but due to differences in fecal bulk, the fecal bile acid concentration varied, showing a positive correlation with large bowel cancer incidence. No significant difference between the 4 populations emerged with regard to fecal neutral steroids or urinary volatile phenols.
Genetically Targetable and Color-Switching Fluorescent Probe

Color bind: We have developed a probe TMR-para-MG that switches its fluorescence emission upon binding to a fluorogen-activating protein (FAP). In cells that express FAP, this dye labels target sites in one color and mitochondria in another color, thus it might be a suitable tool for monitoring changes in mitochondrial membrane potential.
Effect of β-Adrenergic Blockade on the Toxicity of Bronchoconstricters in Guinea Pigs

Propranolol (10 mg./kg.) greatly increased the intravenous toxicity of serotonin, oxotremorine, histamine, and nicotine in guinea pigs. In the case of serotonin, the LD50 in the controls was more than 100 times larger than in the propranolol-treated animals. In both groups, bronchoconstriction was the cause of death following the injection of histamine, serotonin, and oxotremorine. In the case of nicotine, lethal bronchoconstriction was produced only in the propranolol-treated animals. The presence or absence of bronchoconstriction was determined by in vitro perfusion of the lungs, excised immediately after death.
Thin film block copolymer assembly in mixtures of highly selective solvents

Perpendicular orientation of block copolymer (BCP) domains in thin films is generally preferred over parallel orientation for lithographic applications. [1] Thermal annealing can be used to promote this orientation, but often requires a top coat since one block will typically wet the air interface. [2] Solvent annealing is an attractive alternative for achieving perpendicular orientation of the domains by neutralizing the surface energy of the air interface. Many examples of using solvent annealing in BCP thin films exist in the literature, involving domain non-selective [3] and selective [4] solvents. Silicon-containing polymers are desirable for lithographic applications because their high chi-parameters and high etch selectivity allow them to self-assemble into small domains and be transferred easily into an underlying substrate by oxygen etching. [5,6] This paper describes the process used to solvent anneal a new silicon-containing polymer, poly(trimethylsilyl styrene-b-lactide) (PTMSS-b-PLA) using cyclohexane vapor, a solvent that preferentially swells the PTMSS domain.
Solubility of the hypothalamic hormones TSH-releasing factor (TRF) and LH-releasing factor (LRF) in organic and alcoholic solvents

L'hormone hypothalamique TRF (TSH-releasing factor) est soluble dans l'alcool methylique a 90%, partiellement soluble dans l'alcool methylique absolu ou le chloroforme; TRF n'est pas soluble dans la pyridine. Le chlorure de methylene (dichloromethane) n'extrait pas le TRF d'une solution aqueuse (preparation hautement purifiee, 15000 U/mg). L'hormone hypothalamique LRF (LH-releasing factor) n'est pas soluble dans le chloroforme mais est soluble dans l'alcool methylique absolu ou a 90%.
Modified reperfusate after long-term preservation of the heart

Abstract Warm (30 °C) blood cardioplegia (K = 22 mEq/L) with glutamate (26 mmol/L) as a reperfusate was compared with unmodified blood reperfusion after prolonged hypothermic storage of the isolated canine heart. After cardioplegic arrest, three groups of hearts (n = 5 each) were excised and stored at 2 °C. In groups 1 and 2, reperfusion with unmodified blood was undertaken after six and 24 hours of storage, respectively, and in group 3, reperfusion with modified warm blood cardioplegia containing glutamate was administered after 24 hours of storage. After reperfusion, no significant difference in left ventricular developed pressure was noted between groups 1 (110 ± 15 mm Hg), 2 (127 ± 14 mm Hg), and 3 (98 ± 13 mm Hg). Similarly, no difference in maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure was noted between groups 1 (1,456 ± 171 mm Hg/s), 2 (1,905 ± 395 mm Hg/ s), and 3 (1,450 ± 291 mm Hg/s). Group 3 (modified reperfusate) had improved diastolic compliance compared with group 2 (0.776 mm Hg/mL versus 1.395 mm Hg/mL; p
Comparison of gas-phase mechanisms applied to RDX combustion model

Abstract Two detailed gas-phase chemical mechanisms for RDX – Yetter and coworkers, herein ‘Y2’ [K. Prasad, R.A. Yetter, M.D. Smooke, Combust. Sci. Technol. 124 (1997) p. 35.]; Cal. Tech. group, herein ‘CTM’ [(a) A.D. Chakraborty, R.P. Muller, S. Dasgupta, W.A. Goddard, III, J. Phys. Chem. A 104 (2000) 2261. (b) D. Chakraborty, R.P. Muller, S. Dasgupta, W.A. Goddard, III, J. Comput. Aided Mater. Des. 8 (2001) 203. (c) D. Chakraborty, R.P. Muller, S. Dasgupta, W.A. Goddard, III, Available from: http://www.wag.caltech.edu/home/rpm/projects/hedm /] – have been tested using a recently developed combustion model. The results are compared with each other and experimental data. Burning rates predicted using CTM are about 15% higher than Y2, but both compare well with experimental data across a wide pressure range. Also, majority species profiles are in reasonable agreement with data from a 0.5 atm pressure experiment. However, comparison of predicted trace species profiles to experiments indicates neither mechanism reproduces all measured trace species well; furthermore, most of these trace species occur along main reaction pathways. Detailed chemical analysis indicates the main initial RDX reaction is surprisingly very different for the two mechanisms. NO2 scission dominates using Y2, but HONO elimination dominates using CTM, in spite of the NO2 scission reaction having by far the largest RDX decomposition rate coefficient in each mechanism. Analysis shows the unexpected result using CTM is due to a curious global kinetics phenomenon arising in the product pathway: the ring-opening reaction, RDXR → RDXRO, where RDXR is the cyclic radical formed upon NO2 scission, has a much smaller rate coefficient in CTM compared to Y2. This causes the reaction to be a bottleneck, and so the NO2 scission reaction goes into partial equilibrium rather than being forwards. Tests were performed to see how the predicted burning rates would be affected by changes in some of the most sensitive rate parameters. Some of the key parameters leading to the differing predictions have been identified. These results will help guide future efforts to understand and develop an accurate representation of the actual RDX combustion chemistry.
Cretaceous paleomagnetism of the Methow‐Pasayten Belt, Washington

Detailed demagnetization experiments isolated a characteristic remanent magnetization in ten stable sites from the upper Cretaceous Winthrop and Midnight Peak Formations in the Methow-Pasayten belt of north-central Washington. This remanence agrees best between opposite limbs of a fold (the Goat Peak syncline) when corrected for 46% of tilt. This is consistent with magnetization acquired during deformation. Synfolding magnetization may have been facilitated by a thermo-chemical event associated with synkinematic intrusions along the axis of folding. The mean direction (D=12.0°, I=61.1°, Alpha-95=4.8°) is highly discordant with respect to the expected direction for north-central Washington. This discordance points to about 1,400 km of poleward transport and 48° of clockwise rotation between 93 and 45-48 Ma.
Nearly perfect systems and effective generalizations of Shidlovski's Theorem

Abstract An effective proof of Shidlovski's Theorem is presented. The proof utilizes partial differential operators. A number of generalizations of Shidlovski's Theorem are proven, including results about approximation at more than one point. Additionally, partial differential equations are considered. The new methods give a particularly direct proof of Shidlovski's Theorem.
New algorithm for the design of linear phase FIR filters with +1, −1 and 0 coefficients

Abstract This paper describes a new algorithm for the design of digital FIR filters comprised of a transverse section with tap coefficients restricted to +1, 0 and −1 and a simple recursive network. A double accumulator recursive network was chosen since this structure offers a reasonable compromise between filter length and complexity of tap coefficient constraints. An example demonstrating the design of a lowpass filter is given.
Light-quark hadron spectroscopy: Experimental systematics and angular momentum systematics

Quark-model systematics and experimental hadron systematics both indicate that quarks are light, with small binding energies. The assumption of small binding energies leads to two types of quark: (1) a 330-MeV spin-\textonehalf{} quark, the spinor $S$, which is required to reproduce the nucleon; (2) a 70-MeV spinless quark, the quantum $M$, which is required to reproduce the pion. It is shown that $S$ and $M$, in suitable combinations, constitute a complete set of hadronic basis states, with quark and antiquark binding energies accurately mirroring nucleon and antinucleon binding energies. An extension of the equations of special relativity to include spinning masses establishes a phenomenological mass relationship between $M$ and $S$, and it also relates $M$ to the $\ensuremath{\mu}$ meson. With the aid of this light-quark basis set, the total angular momentum $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}$ of a hadron resonance can be separated into spin $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}$ and orbital $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{L}}$ components. This separation is facilitated by the phenomenology of resonance widths: Rotationless resonances ($L=0$) have narrow widths ($\ensuremath{\Gamma}ll50$ MeV), and rotational levels ($Lg0$) have broad widths ($\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{\sim}100$ MeV). An experimental compilation of about 130 low-mass hadron resonances is presented and documented. These resonances can be grouped into rotational bands, as in nuclear physics, but the rotational bands are severely limited by the requirements of special relativity. The rotational bands give a reasonably complete and accurate mapping of the experimental resonances. Predictive successes of this light-quark model are summarized.
Sensitivity of Evacuation Performance Estimates to Evacuee Route Choice Behavior

The objective of this paper is to illustrate the sensitivity of evacuation travel time estimates in relation to assumptions about evacuee route choice behavior. The user equilibrium (UE) assignment procedure in which evacuees are assumed to choose the shortest (or fastest) path from their origins to destinations is considered as the base case. Few studies have documented the actual route choice behavior of evacuees during a hurricane. These studies were used to develop realistic route choice behavior assumptions: the types of route choices and proportion of evacuees for those types. The impact of route choice behavior on evacuation performance, especially travel times, was then explored with a large-scale regional simulation model of the Hampton Roads, Virginia, region. The model was developed in an earlier study with real-world network data and actual evacuee behavioral data. The analysis indicates that using UE to generate average travel time estimates for evacuation planning significantly underestimate...
Alcohol abstinence criteria for living liver donors and their organ recipients

Purpose of review Psychosocial criteria for live organ donors and their organ recipients are important for their safety and welfare. In liver transplantation, alcohol use by either party is problematic. This article reviews this topic and offers guidance for donor and recipient selection. Recent findings The '6 month rule' for alcohol abstinence is the standard approach for many hospitals when evaluating patients for transplant candidacy. Recently, clinicians have explored the rationale for this quantitative rule and discovered additional factors that can help to predict the risk for post-transplant alcohol relapse. Guidance for live liver donors is a newer topic and is thus less explored in the literature; however, one report does give specific direction, with the overarching principle that all living donors should, themselves, satisfy the psychosocial criteria for placement on the transplant waiting list. Summary Ethical organ stewardship requires that live donors take care of their bodies before donation and that organ recipients take care of the gift they receive. Alcohol can negatively influence liver function as well as decision making by donors and recipients; thus, transplant teams must take a paternalistic approach when evaluating these individuals in an effort to optimize their safety, as well as transplant outcomes.
Analysis of Topic as Illustrated in a Head-Injured and a Normal Adult

The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable multidimensional topic analysis that would be sensitive to patterns and problems in topic management. Six conversation and four monologue language samples of a closed-head-injured adult and a matched normal adult were compared. High interjudge reliability was found for all frequently occurring parameters of the analysis. Differences between the two subjects were obtained on a number of the topic introduction and maintenance parameters. The results illustrate the potential of the analysis to reliably identify, quantify, and describe differences between subjects in discourse topic management. The potential of the analysis to provide detailed profiles of topic management and describe the influence of such variables as genre and topic complexity on discourse topic was demonstrated.
Purification and characterization of glutamine:fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase from rat liver.

Abstract The enzyme glutamine:fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase ( l -glutamine: d -fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase; EC 2.6.1.16, GFAT) catalyzes the formation of glucosamine 6-phosphate from fructose 6-phosphate and glutamine. In view of the important role of GFAT in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, we have purified the enzyme from rat liver and characterized its physicochemical properties in comparison to those from the published microbial enzymes. The purified enzyme has a molecular mass of about 75 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. On a Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration column, the purified enzyme eluted in a single peak corresponding to a molecular mass of about 280 kDa, indicating that the active enzyme may be composed of four subunits. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme was determined as X-G-I-F-A-Y-L-N-Y-H-X-P-R, where X indicates an unidentified residue. The KM values of the purified enzyme for fructose 6-phosphate and glutamine were 0.4 and 0.8 mM, respectively. The purified enzyme was inactivated by 4,4′-dithiodipyridine, and the activity of the inactivated enzyme was restored by dithiothreitol. The inactivation followed pseudo first-order and saturation kinetics with the Kinact of 5.0 μM. Kinetic studies also indicated that 4,4′-dithiodipyridine is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme with respect to glutamine. Isolation and analysis of the cysteine-modified peptide indicated that Cys-1 was the modified site. Cys-1 has been suggested to play an important role in enzymatic activity of the Escherichia coli enzyme (M. N. Isupov, G. Obmolova, S. Butterworth, M. Badet-Denisot, B. Badet, I. Polikarpov, J. A. Littlechild, and A. Teplyakov, 1996, Structure 4, 801–810).
Metropolis importance sampling for rugged dynamical variables

A funnel transformation is introduced, which acts recursively from higher towards lower temperatures. It biases the a priori probabilities of a canonical or generalized ensemble Metropolis simulation, so that they zoom inon the global energy minimum, if a funnel exists indeed. A first, crude approximation to the full transformation, called rugged Metropolis one (RM 1 ), is tested for MetEnkephalin. At 300 K the computational gain is a factor of 2 and, due to its simplicity, RM 1 is well suited to replace the conventional Metropolis updating for these kinds of systems.
Amino Acid Analysis of Shell Membranes of Eggs From Young and Old Hens Varying in Shell Quality

Abstract The amino acid composition of egg shell membranes was determined on membranes from eggs from young (28 weeks) and old (72 weeks) hens having low, medium or high shell deformation. The amino acid composition of the shell membranes of the various treatment groups showed relatively small differences due to treatment. The shell membranes contained relatively large amounts of the sulfur containing amino acids, cystine (9–10%) and methionine (3–4%), suggesting that the protein is a keratin since no hydroxyproline was found. The use of stepwise discriminant analysis of the amino acid data enabled correct classification of the shell membranes by treatment groups and indicated the amino acids of greatest importance in the classification of the shell membranes.
An MS-DOS file system for UNIX

We have written DosFs, a new file system for UNIX that uses MS-DOS data structures for permanent storage. DosFs can be used anywhere a traditional UNIX file system can be used, and it can mount disks written by MS-DOS as regular UNIX partitions. DosFs can be used as the root partition, and exported by an NFS server. Our motivation for this work was efficient disk space utilization; DosFs provides from 30% to 80% better disk utilization than the 4.3 BSD Fast File System (FFS). In addition, we found that the disk block allocation algorithm used by DosFs lets us exploit large contiguous disk operations, providing a five-fold improvement over FFS for uncached operations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first file system implementation that allows the user to specify the logical block size at mount time. A user can mount the same fileystem with a larger block size when file accesses tend to be sequential and a smaller one when they tend to be scattered. The MS-DOS structures were designed for a single-user system and do not support access control. We solved this problem with simple extensions that are backward-compatible with MS-DOS.
The Dynamics of Populating The Lowest Triplet State Of Benzophenone Following Singlet Excitation

Abstract Measurements of the build-up of triplet-triplet absorption at 5300 A have been made during and subsequent to the excitation of benzophenone by 5 psec pulses of 3545 A radiation (frequency tripled Nd 3+ : glass fundamental). The data were fitted to a simple model that included the finite gaussian pulse width and results for the assumed process S i T 1 are: K −1 =16.5±3 psec for benzophenone in ethanol; k −1 = 30 ±5 psec for benzophenone in benzene. This new type of solvent effect on triplet build-up is discussed.
Light, Tactile, and Humidity Responses of Adult Oryzaephilus surinamensis1

Adult Oryzaephillls surinamensis (L.) showed a strong hygronegative response to a choice between relative humidity alternatives of 60 and 100% and a moderate hygropositive response to a choice between 10 and 50%, but they were indifferent, or nearly so, to alternatives of 0 and 40% RH . In uniform humidities they showed a strong photonegative response and a strong preference for a high level of contact stimulation. When the photonegative and hygronegative responses were opposed, they canceled one another. When the tactile and hygronegative responses were opposed, the hygronegative response was suppressed and the tactile response was weakened. The light and tactile responses both suppressed the hygropositive response without being weakened. When 2 responses (light and humidity or tactile and humidity) operated in the same direction, the resulting compound response was typically no stronger than the strongest of its components. The light and tactile responses were not influenced by humidity alternatives of 0 and 40% RH .
Integration readiness levels

Virtually all successful systems experience evolution of their technical baseline over time. The Technology Readiness Assessment (TRA) framework is structured to assess the maturity of technology elements via the established metrics of Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs), which address the risk associated with developing and transitioning new technologies in the context of system development.
Spectroscopy and kinetics of the gas phase addition complex of atomic chlorine with dimethyl sulfoxide

Abstract Time-resolved UV–vis absorption spectroscopy has been coupled with 248 nm laser flash photolysis of Cl2CO in the presence of CH3S(O)CH3 (and in some cases O2, NO, or NO2) to generate the CH3(Cl)S(O)CH3 radical adduct in the gas phase and study the spectroscopy and kinetics of this species at 296 K. CH3(Cl)S(O)CH3 is found to possess a strong absorption band with λmax = 394 nm and σmax = (4.0 ± 1.4) × 10−17 cm2 molecule−1 (base e); the gas phase spectrum of CH3(Cl)S(O)CH3 is very similar to previously reported liquid phase spectra in chloroalkane and water solvents. Reaction of CH3(Cl)S(O)CH3 with O2 is found to be very slow, and our data suggest that the rate coefficient for this reaction is less than 3 × 10−18 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Rate coefficients for CH3(Cl)S(O)CH3 reactions with CH3(Cl)S(O)CH3 (k3), NO (k9), and NO2 (k10) in units of 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 are found to be 2k3 = 6.0 ± 2.4, k9 = 1.2 ± 0.3, and k10 = 2.1 ± 0.3, where the uncertainties are estimates of accuracy at the 95% confidence level.
The Unidentified Growth Factor Activity and Supplemental Feeding Value of Commercial Fish Meals of Known Processing History

Abstract FISH MEALS have long been fed to poultry for their vitamin and growth factor activity and for their supplemental protein feeding value. Although the value of fish meals for these purposes is widely recognized, little work has been performed to determine whether these factors are related, or whether known variables in processing of the meal can affect the contents of these factors in the meal. The availability of a number of fish meals of known processing history and composition which were being tested in an extensive research program (Snyder et al., 1962; Potter et al., 1962; and Ousterhout and Snyder, 1962) suggested that it would be worthwhile to determine their unidentified growth factor (UGF) activity and supplemental feeding value in a practical diet made up largely of corn and soybean oil meal. EXPERIMENTAL AND RESULTS Fish Meal Samples Six menhaden fish meals and one redfish meal were furnished by the …
Transesophageal echocardiographic study of venous air embolism following pneumomediastinum in dogs.

Background Continuous venous air emboli have been detected in the inferior vena cava and smaller veins using transesophageal echocardiography in patients with positive pressure ventilation and associated pulmonary barotrauma. The authors hypothesized that gas entered the venous circulation, following dissection of small vessels at several sites in the subcutaneous or retro-peritoneal soft tissues.
Dimensions of Civil Liberties and Personality: Relationships for Measures of Tolerance and Complexity

Groups of “constricted” (N = 59) and “nonconstricted” (N = 49) individuals were selected from a New York City survey sample on the basis of three personality scores: anger expression-retention, independence-yielding, and anomie. Civil liberties attitude dimensions were then obtained for each group. Contrary to hypothesis the two groups did not differ on measures of cognitive complexity derived from the factor structures for their civil liberties attitudes, but the nonconstricted group was more tolerant than the constricted group on several dimensions. When controlled for demographic variables, the differences in tolerance held only for a dimension dealing with admitted Communists. Thus, even though the constricted may be less tolerant, for the multidimensional domain of civil liberties attitudes constricted individuals do not have simpler cognitive structures than nonconstricted individuals.
Biology: The love of pit vipers

Stuart Pimm follows a fellow biologist's evolution from wide-eyed wonder to a life chasing snakes in the field.
Automated CD-SEM metrology for efficient TD and HVM

CD-SEM is the metrology tool of choice for patterning process development and production process control. We can make these applications more efficient by extracting more information from each CD-SEM image. This enables direct monitors of key process parameters, such as lithography dose and focus, or predicting the outcome of processing, such as etched dimensions or electrical parameters. Automating CD-SEM recipes at the early stages of process development can accelerate technology characterization, segmentation of variance and process improvements. This leverages the engineering effort, reduces development costs and helps to manage the risks inherent in new technology. Automating CD-SEM for manufacturing enables efficient operations. Novel SEM Alarm Time Indicator (SATI) makes this task manageable. SATI pulls together data mining, trend charting of the key recipe and Operations (OPS) indicators, Pareto of OPS losses and inputs for root cause analysis. This approach proved natural to our FAB personnel. After minimal initial training, we applied new methods in 65nm FLASH manufacture. This resulted in significant lasting improvements of CD-SEM recipe robustness, portability and automation, increased CD-SEM capacity and MT productivity.
On ideals of cone preserving maps

Abstract Let C be a full cone in a finite-dimensional real vector space V , and let Hom( C ) denote the semiring of linear maps A of V such that A ( C ) ⊂ C . A given species of ideal in Hom( C ) is defined as would be expected from the similarity between rings and semirings. The minimal one-sided ideals of Hom( C ) are identified, assuming C is polyhedral, and using these it is shown that if C 1 , C 2 are two such cones such that Hom( C 1 ) and Hom( C 2 ) are isomorphic as semirings then C 1 and C 2 are linearly isomorphic. In contrast, maximal one-sided ideals will not play such a role in general. For if C is an irreducible cone, Hom( C ) has a unique maximal ideal, and conversely. Nevertheless, the maximal one-sided ideals of the semiring N n of n × n non-negative matrices are identified. Finally, it is shown that for an arbitrary full cone C , Hom( C ) never satisfies the descending-chain condition on principal one-sided ideals (if dim V >1).
Participatory Action Research Should Social Inquiry Be Conducted Democratically

Participatory Action Research (PAR) insists upon the importance of democratizing social inquiry by actively engaging the subject in the design and conduct of research. Drawing on four examples of PAR-based social science and a democratic reconstruction of “epistemic privilege,” this article argues that philosophers need to take seriously PAR’s notion that democratic norms should guide social inquiry. But it does not advocate replacing mainstream or expert-directed social science by PAR. Instead, it maintains that it is both possible and sensible for PAR practitioners to collaborate with conventional research. Indeed, certain forms of nonparticipatory social science seem indispensable for any extensive application of the PAR framework. The article concludes by drawing out its (controversial) implications for two central issues in the philosophy of social science: first, that the methods of social inquiry are distinct from those in the natural sciences and, second, that there is a sense in which social rese...
Vapor deposition of molybdenum-tungsten alloys

Abstract Binary alloys of molybdenum and tungsten were prepared by the Bureau of Mines in laboratory-scale experiments by hydrogen reduction of their vaporized hexaflourides. Near-optimum deposition parameters were determined and the nature of the deposited alloys was investigated. Dense, homogeneous alloys were codeposited between 650° and 750°C with a reduction efficiency of more than 75%. The alloy composition was uniform when the hydrogen ratio in the gas feed mixture did not exceed 3 times the stoichiometric requirement. Regulating the proportions of the metal hexaflourides in the gas feed provided a large degree of control over the composition of the deposit. Hardiness of the deposits varied directly with the proportion of excess hydrogen in the gas feed and with the weight-percent of tungsten in the alloy. Hardness was not affected by deposition temperature over the range of 650° to 750°C for specimens of similar composition. Extreme brittleness and unsuitable physical shapes of the alloys prevented tensile strength measurements.
Hemodynamic effects of isotonic solutions rapidly injected into the heart and great vessels.

Abstract Rapid injections of 0.9 per cent NaCl, 5 per cent dextrose, and heparinized blood were made into the heart and great vessels of dogs under conditions mimicking those of angiocardiography. Injections into the right side of the heart were usually followed by alternating periods of systemic hypotension and hypertension, an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure, and an increase in cardiac output. Injections into the left ventricle and aorta were more striking. Systemic arterial pressures decreased by an average of 31 per cent of control values, whereas pulmonary arterial and pulmonary arterial capillary pressures increased approximately the same amount. Changes in cardiac output were variable, ranging from +35 to −40 per cent of control values. Left heart injections also produced tachypnea, bradycardia, and extrasystoles in several of the dogs. Similar effects were demonstrated in 11 patients undergoing diagnostic catheterizations. In view of the fact that these effects could be produced by the rapid injection of isotonic solutions, considerable caution should be observed in extrapolating physiologic data from angiocardiograms.
Estimating the Frequency of Tap-Water Exposures To Mycobacterium avium Complex in the U.S. Population with Advanced AIDS

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of ubiquitous and opportunistic bacterial pathogens included on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List. The risk of contracting a disseminated MAC infection is primarily limited to the immunocompromised, including those with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). These infections likely result from exposures to MAC-contaminated tap water, food, or soil, although the epidemiologic evidence is insufficient to implicate a specific medium. The objective of this study was to assess tap water exposure to MAC in the U.S. population with advanced AIDS, defined here as having fewer than 100 CD4+ cells/mm3 of blood. Using limited data on the detection of MAC and self-reported post-tap treatment practices, two exposure models were developed to simulate the likelihood of exposure to MAC via tap water consumption in this sensitive population. The first model integrated data from studies that described sources of water...
Antagonism between tamoxifen and doxorubicin in the MCF-7 human breast tumor cell line

Tamoxifen, an antiestrogen, and doxorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic, are each utilized alone and in combination in the treatment of breast carcinoma. In view of conflicting reports relating to the interaction between these drugs, studies were undertaken to characterize the influence of tamoxifen on growth inhibition by doxorubicin in the MCF-7 breast tumor cell line in vitro. Studies combining 5 microM tamoxifen, a clinically relevant concentration, with various concentrations of doxorubicin, indicated that this drug combination produces antiproliferative effects that appear to be less than additive. Concentration-dependent growth inhibition was analyzed further using various concentrations of tamoxifen and doxorubicin by the combination index-isobologram method; this quantitative approach provided clear evidence of antagonism between these agents, a finding with potential relevance to the treatment of breast cancer.