cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alkaline Hydrolysis of Oligomers of Tartrate Esters: Effect of a Neighboring Carboxyl on the Reactivity of Ester Groups

Abstract The importance and the effect of neighboring groups on the hydrolysis of polymeric esters were demonstrated. Several oligomers of poly(butylene tartrate) were synthesized, and their kinetic behavior was studied under alkaline conditions. The oligomers and their degradation products were monitored by HPLC and identified by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The rates of hydrolysis measured at pH 5-8 and at 75 °C indicate that the degradation of the oligomers obeyed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rate of hydrolysis among the homologous series of oligomers increased as the molecular weight increased. However, the increase in hydrolysis rate was not proportional to the number of ester linkages in the oligomers. This deviation was explained on the basis of electrostatic repulsion of the neighboring carboxylate group toward the hydroxide ion. The calculations revealed that the electrostatic effect was so great that the ester linkage adjacent to the carboxylate anion did not contribute to the overall rate of hydrolysis. The technique presented here can be extended to any multifunctional-group compound that has repeat units and can undergo a specific reaction that can be accurately measured.
Drug Discovery and Development Initiatives at the National Institute of Mental Health: From Cell-Based Systems to Proof of Concept

Publisher Summary The mission of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is to reduce the burden of mental illness and behavioral disorders through research. Toward this goal, the NIMH promotes the development of novel models as an integral part of a larger effort aimed at understanding the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for both normal and disrupted cognitive and emotional control and toward the development of new mechanism of action therapeutics. This chapter presents an overview of NIMH efforts to stimulate treatment discovery and development through support of basic research, targeted drug discovery programs, translational research support, and facilitation of communication between public, private, and government agencies. The NIMH encourages the development and refinement of preclinical models through investigator-initiated research support and by targeted efforts addressing the need for novel mechanism of action treatments. The potential for success in developing new models that reliably predict clinical efficacy or adverse effects relies ultimately on improvements in both clinical evaluation and the application of basic science toward translational boundaries. Communication between clinicians and clinical and basic neuroscientists is essential for this synthesis. Support for basic science is critical for understanding the underlying biological mechanisms and functional significance of newly identified clinical indicators of risk, pathology, or treatment response. As pathways are identified and linked, new molecular and cellular targets for treatment development are likely to emerge from this translational discovery science. These discoveries need to be adapted into cellular, circuit-based, physiological, and/or behavioral models to allow screening and efficacy testing of candidate therapeutic compounds.
A growth factor required by mosquito larvae.

A method is presented for the measurement of an accessory factor required by mosquito larvae for their normal growth and development. Various sources of the factor, their relative potency and some of the physical and chemical properties of the material are described.
Harnessing the Power of Play in Emotionally Focused Family Therapy With Preschool Children

Emotionally focused family therapy (EFFT) is an attachment-based therapy model that has been used with older children and adolescents. More recently, it has been suggested for use with young children. EFFT holds promise as a clinical treatment for young children coping with attachment problems, but more detailed guidelines are needed for implementing the model with this age-group. Whereas preschool and kindergarten age children are less able to participate in talk therapy than older children, accommodations need to be made to this approach when the identified patient is a young child. This article offers a variety of play therapy activities that may be incorporated within an EFFT framework to strengthen the emotional bonds in families with children ages four to six.
Technology, property, and law - The case of computer crime

Between 1975 and 1986 forty-eight states passed laws specifically criminalizing unauthorized access to computer-based information. Thirty of these states passed their computer crime laws between 1982 and 1985. This flurry of legislative activity occurred in a climate of concern for the need to stem what was characterized as a ‘wave of computer crime.’ The data presented here, however, indicate that these laws did not result in any corresponding wave of prosecutions of computer criminals. This suggests that social forces other than an instrumental need for a mechanism to prosecute computer criminals played a role in the passage of computer crime laws. Specifically, we argue that the passage of computer crime laws resulted from the need to incorporate a new form of value within the establish framework of property rights, and a desire to preserve established relationships between power and knowledge that were threatened by the emergence of computer technology. We conclude by suggesting that the study of law-making is enhanced by examining the structural bases for the motives of legislators and advocates of legal change, in addition to the motives themselves.
Studies of marrow transplantation, chemotherapy and cross-circulation in canine lymphosarcoma.

During a 4-year period 75 dogs with malignant neoplasms were referred by veterinarians to a medical research unit interested in the study of canine lymphoma and leukemia. Sixty dogs had lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma, six had leukemia, and nine had nonhemopoietic malignancies. Twenty-nine allogeneic marrow grafts were attempted following 1200 R of whole-body irradiation. Seven dogs with lymphosarcoma and one dog with anaplastic carcinoma survived beyond the first postirradiation week and demonstrated evidence of allogeneic marrow engraftment. All animals died, two following graft rejection, two with intercurrent sepsis and three of secondary disease. The two longest survivors, dying of secondary disease on days 46 and 60, were free of clinical or histologic evidence of tumor. Four dogs with lymphosarcoma were treated for 18 to 30 days with L-asparaginase. Rapid tumor regression was noted in all. Eleven dogs were treated with weekly intravenous cyclophosphamide. Moderate to marked node regression occurred in nine cases. Lymphocytes from normal dogs presensitized with tumor tissue were given by cross circulation to tumor-bearing hosts. Tumor regression occurred in two of five dogs. It was concluded that canine lymphosarcoma is a disease with uniform histologic and clinical features suitable for evaluation of therapeutic procedures in the treatment of a spontaneous malignancy in a randomly bred species.
Technical note: assay of cell quantity in the fibroblast-populated collagen matrix with a tetrazolium reagent.

Determination of cell quantity in three-dimensional culture systems, such as the fibroblast-populated collagen matrix, can be difficult secondary to the abundance of extracellular collagen. The WST-1 assay, which can quantitate cellular processes in monolayer culture, was tested as a measure of relative cell quantity in a three-dimensional culture system, the fibroblast-populated collagen matrix. The assay had acceptable accuracy and precision, and was not affected by the extracellular matrix. It was concluded that the assay was a reasonable alternative to other measures of cell quantity in the fibroblast-populated collagen matrix.
Density dependence of forced expiratory flows in healthy infants and toddlers

In older children and adults, density dependence (DD) of forced expiratory flow is present over the majority of the full flow-volume curve. In healthy subjects, DD occurs because the pressure drop ...
Testicular Seminoma: The M. D. Anderson Experience. An Analysis of Pathological and Patient Characteristics, and Treatment Recommendations

AbstractWe treated 240 patients with testicular seminoma at our institution between January 1960 and December 1982. The over-all 5-year survival free of disease for these patients regardless of stage was 93.6per cent. The 165 patients (69per cent) with stage I disease had a 95.5per cent 5-year survival free of disease that remained constant at 20 years. Stage II cancer was diagnosed clinically in 62 patients (26per cent), while 13 (5per cent) presented with more advanced (stages III and IV) disease. The 5-year survival rate free of disease for all patients with stage II cancer was 85per cent. There were 14 pathological and patient characteristics analyzed, 4 of which were statistically significant. All but 1 of these factors (spermatic cord invasion) was related to tumor volume (stage, palpable mass and hydronephrosis). Based on the data of this retrospective review, the Canadian experience without prophylactic mediastinal irradiation and the development of effective chemotherapy, we recommend radiation t...
Powder bed binder jet printed alloy 625: Densification, microstructure and mechanical properties

Abstract Powder bed binder jet printing is an additive manufacturing method in which powder is deposited layer-by-layer and selectively joined in each layer with binder. Since the powder does not melt during printing, the density after printing is about 50%, and sintering is needed to densify as-printed parts. In this study, we investigate the effect of sintering temperature on density, microstructure, phase formation and mechanical properties of power bed binder jet printed alloy 625 parts. To determine the sintering temperatures, the as-received powder was subjected to differential scanning calorimetry analysis, and printed samples were cured and sintered at various temperatures under high vacuum. Density measurements, elemental analysis, phase formation and microstructure of as-printed, cured and sintered samples were investigated compared with mechanical properties. Results indicate that a fully densified parts with densities of up to 99.6%, as well as favorable mechanical properties (hardness of up to 238 HV0.1 and UTS of up to 612 MPa) may be obtained for the sample sintered at 1280 °C. It is concluded that alloy 625 produced by powder bed binder jet printing can achieve similar density and mechanical properties as cast alloy 625.
From Ex-Offender to New Contributor: An Examination of How a Community-Based Reentry Program Addresses Racial Barriers to Employment

In this chapter, the authors critically examine how community-based reentry program instructors frame their messages concerning opportunities and structural barriers to employment to formerly incarcerated African American and Latino/a men and women. This ethnographic study consisted of 8 weeks of observational field research in a reentry program jointly run by law enforcement and a historic civil rights nonprofit in South Los Angeles, California, in the USA. The paid and volunteer instructors, who were also African American and Latino/a, acknowledged the existence of structural barriers to employment, yet constructed the participant self-transforming individuals who must pursue legitimate employment with a colorblind lens. The findings contribute to a richer understanding of how the hybridization of the reentry enterprise addresses structural barriers to postrelease employment.
Hierarchical memory management for parallel programs

An important feature of functional programs is that they are parallel by default. Implementing an efficient parallel functional language, however, is a major challenge, in part because the high rate of allocation and freeing associated with functional programs requires an efficient and scalable memory manager. In this paper, we present a technique for parallel memory management for strict functional languages with nested parallelism. At the highest level of abstraction, the approach consists of a technique to organize memory as a hierarchy of heaps, and an algorithm for performing automatic memory reclamation by taking advantage of a disentanglement property of parallel functional programs. More specifically, the idea is to assign to each parallel task its own heap in memory and organize the heaps in a hierarchy/tree that mirrors the hierarchy of tasks. We present a nested-parallel calculus that specifies hierarchical heaps and prove in this calculus a disentanglement property, which prohibits a task from accessing objects allocated by another task that might execute in parallel. Leveraging the disentanglement property, we present a garbage collection technique that can operate on any subtree in the memory hierarchy concurrently as other tasks (and/or other collections) proceed in parallel. We prove the safety of this collector by formalizing it in the context of our parallel calculus. In addition, we describe how the proposed techniques can be implemented on modern shared-memory machines and present a prototype implementation as an extension to MLton, a high-performance compiler for the Standard ML language. Finally, we evaluate the performance of this implementation on a number of parallel benchmarks.
Early Stages of Pattern or Practice Police Misconduct Reform: An Examination of the Department of Justice’s Investigation and Negotiation Processes

This essay focuses on two significant blind spots in knowledge of the Justice Department’s (DOJ) pattern or practice police misconduct initiative: (a) DOJ investigation of alleged systemic police misconduct and (b) the negotiation that defines the terms of the settlement agreements between the DOJ and jurisdictions found to have engaged in a pattern or practice of unlawful activity. This article will discuss each stage in some detail, beginning with a description of the relevant federal and state or local stakeholders involved and the key decisions they face throughout the investigation and negotiation processes. The article goes on to address several points of criticism, including the ambiguous legal and evidentiary standards underlying the DOJ’s investigation process and the insularity and opaqueness that characterize settlement negotiation, while considering how each affects the process of implementation and the sustainability of the organizational change at issue and the broad goals of the initiative.
Role of FDG-PET/MRI, FDG-PET/CT, and Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Perfusion MRI in Differentiating Radiation Necrosis from Tumor Recurrence in Glioblastomas.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To compare the utility of quantitative PET/MRI, dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion MRI (pMRI), and PET/CT in differentiating radiation necrosis (RN) from tumor recurrence (TR) in patients with treated glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). METHODS The study included 24 patients with GBM treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide who presented with progression on imaging follow-up. All patients underwent PET/MRI and pMRI during a single examination. Additionally, 19 of 24 patients underwent PET/CT on the same day. Diagnosis was established by pathology in 17 of 24 and by clinical/radiologic consensus in 7 of 24. For the quantitative PET/MRI and PET/CT analysis, a region of interest (ROI) was drawn around each lesion and within the contralateral white matter. Lesion to contralateral white matter ratios for relative maximum, mean, and median were calculated. For pMRI, lesion ROI was drawn on the cerebral blood volume (CBV) maps and histogram metrics were calculated. Diagnostic performance for each metric was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and area under curve (AUC) was calculated. RESULTS In 24 patients, 28 lesions were identified. For PET/MRI, relative mean ≥ 1.31 resulted in AUC of .94 with both sensitivity and negative predictive values (NPVs) of 100%. For pMRI, CBV max ≥3.32 yielded an AUC of .94 with both sensitivity and NPV measuring 100%. The joint model utilizing r-mean (PET/MRI) and CBV mode (pMRI) resulted in AUC of 1.0. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that quantitative PET/MRI parameters in combination with DSC pMRI provide the best diagnostic utility in distinguishing RN from TR in treated GBMs.
UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights

The concluding reflections of this book is anchored on the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, because the aim of the Declaration coincides with the critical aspect of the book which is guaranteeing the protection of the participants and host populations of developing countries in clinical research under the auspices of International Human Rights Law. The Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights is seen as a logical extension of the principles of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights that emphasizes the dignity and equality of all human persons. The UNESCO Declaration also extends the rights espoused in the previous UN Declaration to the evolving field of bioethics. The Declaration extensively links human rights and bioethics. The Declaration aims to accomplish the objective of safeguarding the protection of the rights of research participants and host population in developing countries by setting “global minimum standards in biomedical research and clinical practice.” The Declaration, ipso facto, aims “to guide the actions of individuals, groups, communities, institutions and corporations, public and private.” Most importantly, the Declaration prioritizes the principles of “human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms” in its efforts to promote responsible biomedical research and clinical practice.
Understanding faculty decisions about the integration of laboratories into engineering education

This paper presents a literature review on the integration of laboratories into undergraduate engineering education. The literature review starts with a brief discussion about historical and current trends of how laboratories were (are) integrated into the engineering curriculum. This initial review indicates that although highly important to the education of engineers, laboratories often are not used to their full potential. To identify the possible reasons for that situation, the authors synthesize the scarce literature on faculty attitudes toward the integration of laboratories into undergraduate engineering education, and identify factors that could be associated with instructional decisions and approaches to teaching laboratory classes. The findings indicate that faculty decisions regarding laboratory education are shaped by a myriad of factors, including beliefs, knowledge, institutional factors such as departmental values and reward systems, and external factors such as funding agencies and professional societies. Finally, the authors discuss implications of these findings for the design of professional development programs that would foster the effective use of laboratory classes in engineering education.
Computer Simulations of a Discontinuous Phase Transition and Percolation Clusters in the Two-Dimensional One-Spin-Flip Ising Model

The films ‘Computer Simulation of a Discontinuous Phase Transition in the Two-Dimensional One-Spin-Flip Ising Model’ and ‘Percolation Clusters’ show the temporal evolution of Ising spin configurations. The system is brought to nonequilibrium by an abrupt change of the applied field or temperature, and the approach to the stable equilibrium is shown in the films.
Layered Cooperative Resource Sharing at a Wireless SDN Backhaul

This paper describes a unifying optimization framework to share backhaul network resources across different operators and wireless platforms. The architecture we consider, named LayBack, requires introducing a unifying Software Defined Network (SDN) orchestrator, sited where their respective traffic streams meet: at the wireless network backhaul. The work we present proposes a scalable decomposition of the resource allocation problem across different layers and time-scales.
Teaching big in Texas: team-based learning for professionalism education in medical schools.

Task-based small-group sessions may be more effective for teaching medical students concepts such as justice, resource allocation, and professionalism.
Optical phase change materials in integrated silicon photonic devices: review

Optical phase change materials (O-PCMs) are being explored for a variety of photonic applications due to the extraordinarily large changes in optical properties that occur during electronic and/or structural phase transitions. Here, recent work integrating O-PCMs in integrated silicon photonic devices is presented. Conceptually proposed and experimentally realized thermo-optic, electro-optic, and all-optical Si/O-PCM devices are described and perspectives on the potential for Si/O-PCM electro-optic and all-optical modulators are outlined.
Environmental lead effects on gene expression in oral epithelial cells.

Background and objective Host responses in periodontitis span a range of local and emigrating cell types and biomolecules. Accumulating evidence regarding the expression of this disease across the population suggests some component of genetic variation that controls onset and severity of disease, in concert with the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the oral microbiome at sites of disease. However, there remains little information regarding the capacity of accruing environmental stressors or modifiers over a lifespan at both the host genetic and microbial ecology levels to understand fully the population variation in disease. This study evaluated the impact of environmental lead exposure on the responses of oral epithelial cells to challenge with a model pathogenic oral biofilm. Methods and results Using NanoString technology to quantify gene expression profiles of an array of 511 host response-associated genes in the epithelial cells, we identified an interesting primary panel of basal responses of the cells with numerous genes not previously considered as major response markers for epithelial cells, eg, interleukin (IL)-32, CTNNB1, CD59, MIF, CD44 and CD99. Even high levels of environment lead had little effect on these constitutive responses. Challenge of the cells with the biofilms (Streptococcus gordonii/Fusobacterium nucleatum/Porphyromonas gingivalis) resulted in significant increases in an array of host immune-related genes (134 of 511). The greatest magnitude in differential expression was observed with many genes not previously described as major response genes in epithelial cells, including IL-32, CD44, NFKBIA, CTSC, TNFAIP3, IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-8 and CCL20. The effects of environmental lead on responses to the biofilms were mixed, although levels of IL-8, CCL20 and CD70 were significantly decreased at lead concentrations of 1 and/or 5 μmol/L. Conclusion The results provided new information on a portfolio of genes expressed by oral epithelial cells, targeted substantial increases in an array of immune-related genes post-biofilm challenge, and a focused impact of environmental lead on these induced responses.
The potential for a backward-bending supply curve of non-timber forest products: An empirical case study of wild American ginseng production

Abstract Renewable natural resources that have biological constraints on reproduction and are open-access may be subjected to intense harvest activity that limits regeneration, potentially leading to a backward-bending long-run supply curve. Empirical evidence of such supply abnormalities has been found for some open-access fish species but not yet for non-timber forest products (NTFPs). We describe the theory of the backward-bending long-run supply and how such a supply relationship could produce multiple market equilibria, affecting regulatory outcomes. An empirical example is provided to test the theory in the case of wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), which has been subjected to habitat loss and harvest pressure since the 18th Century and now has its exports regulated. We find evidence that quantities supplied are negatively related to price in the long run, indicating that harvest pressure is restricting wild ginseng harvestable stocks. Also, we find that a federal regulation banning exports of roots from plants under five years old, in effect since 1999, coincided with a reduction of supply. This result could be due to the slow natural rate of population recovery.
Beyond Symptoms: Race and Gender Predict Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis:

Research shows an unequal distribution of anxiety disorder symptoms and diagnoses across social groups. Bridging stress process theory and the sociology of diagnosis and drawing on the National Lon...
Tailored glass optics using 3D printing (Conference Presentation)

The capability to customize the structure or composition of an optical element gives designers access to previously unrealizable configurations that show promise for reducing costs, enhancing functionality, as well as improving the size, weight, and power of optical systems. Techniques for three-dimensional (3d) printing of glass have opened the door to novel glass optics with both unconventional structures and tailored composition. An overview of the state-of-the art in glass 3d printing will be presented. Particular emphasis will be placed on the direct ink writing (DIW) technique, in which specially formulated silica pastes are extruded through a nozzle and deposited in the geometry of interest, forming low density green bodies. The green bodies are then converted to full density, optically homogeneous glass by a series of heat treatments. The 3d printed silica-based glass components have material and optical properties that rival conventionally prepared optical grade fused silica. In addition, glass optics that contain tailored gradients in composition, such as gradient index lenses, have been achieved by DIW by blending separate inks inline at the print nozzle and directly depositing the desired composition profile before forming the glass. Strategies are also being developed to reduce time to development of new materials and structures.
Extension of the Notch intracellular domain ankyrin repeat stack by NRARP promotes feedback inhibition of Notch signaling.

Canonical Notch signaling relies on regulated proteolysis of the receptor Notch to generate a nuclear effector that induces the transcription of Notch-responsive genes. In higher organisms, one Notch-responsive gene that is activated in many different cell types encodes the Notch-regulated ankyrin repeat protein (NRARP), which acts as a negative feedback regulator of Notch responses. Here, we showed that NRARP inhibited the growth of Notch-dependent T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell lines and bound directly to the core Notch transcriptional activation complex (NTC), requiring both the transcription factor RBPJ and the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), but not Mastermind-like proteins or DNA. The crystal structure of an NRARP-NICD1-RBPJ-DNA complex, determined to 3.75 A resolution, revealed that the assembly of NRARP-NICD1-RBPJ complexes relied on simultaneous engagement of RBPJ and NICD1, with the three ankyrin repeats of NRARP extending the Notch1 ankyrin repeat stack. Mutations at the NRARP-NICD1 interface disrupted entry of the proteins into NTCs and abrogated feedback inhibition in Notch signaling assays in cultured cells. Forced expression of NRARP reduced the abundance of NICD in cells, suggesting that NRARP may promote the degradation of NICD. These studies establish the structural basis for NTC engagement by NRARP and provide insights into a critical negative feedback mechanism that regulates Notch signaling.
Instructor Perceptions of Quality Learning in MOOCs They Teach.

Discussions regarding the instructional and learning value of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) include the question of whether or not MOOC learners gain much value, if any at all, and has been a continuing debate since MOOCs began. Skeptics argue that MOOCs lack academic rigor and are superficial, while proponents praise them as addressing important global issues of educational access and affordability, providing pathways to more substantial learning opportunities. An important viewpoint in this conversation that warrants consideration is that of the professors/instructors who teach MOOCs and how they perceive the quality of learning that takes place in their MOOCs. In this study, semi-structured qualitative interviews were used with three MOOC instructors and an inductive analysis approach that resulted in the emergence of three main themes. The findings from this study suggest that instructors do believe that quality learning can take place within a MOOC and is often accomplished through social constructivism and self-regulated learning approaches. Discussions, dialogues, negotiations, collaborations as well as learners accomplishing their intended goals in the course were all considered to be manifestations of quality learning in a MOOC. Implications of the findings for additional research and practice are also discussed.
Crimes Against Animals

Criminal provisions governing the treatment of animals collectively embody inconsistencies that reflect deep-seated ambivalence about who counts as the victim of animal cruelty, what constitutes the wrong of such cruelty, and what role punishment ought to play in response to it. In the first part, I shall sketch how animal cruelty laws embody tensions and contradictions that make manifest the criminal law’s need for philosophical clarity. In the second part, I shall argue that one way to bring a modicum of order to animal cruelty provisions is to recognize that their cross-cutting prohibitions and permissions respond to, and perhaps exploit, competing understandings of whether one, some, or all of the five principles of legislation appropriately inform the reach of the criminal law. I shall, accordingly, unpack the significant doctrinal disagreements about when and why we should punish animal abusers by working through the ways in which animal cruelty provisions appear to be responsive to inconsistent views about the very point of the criminal law.
Correlates of Incoming Male College Students’ Proclivity to Perpetrate Sexual Assault:

This study examined incoming male college students’ proclivity to perpetrate sexual assault at a large public university in the Northeast (n = 1,619). Overall, self-reported proclivity to perpetrat...
Selenoprotein I is essential for murine embryogenesis.

Abstract Selenoprotein I (SELENOI) is an ethanolamine phosphotransferase that catalyzes the third reaction of the Kennedy pathway for the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine. Since the role of SELENOI in murine embryogenesis has not been investigated, SELENOI−/+ mating pairs were used to generate global KO offspring. Of 323 weanling pups, no homozygous KO genotypes were found. E6.5-E18.5 embryos (165 total) were genotyped, and only two E18.5 KO embryos were detected with no discernable anatomical defects. To screen embryos prior to uterine implantation that occurs ~ E6, blastocyst embryos (E3.5-E4.4) were flushed from uteruses of pregnant females and analyzed for morphology and genotype. KO embryos were detected in 5 of 6 pregnant females, and 7 of the 32 genotyped embryos were found to be SELENOI KO that exhibited no overt pathological features. Overall, these results demonstrate that, except for rare cases (2/490 = 0.4%), global SELENOI deletion leads to early embryonic lethality.
Enabling Atmospheric Operation of Nanoscale Vacuum Channel Transistors

A vacuum channel transistor is the ultimate wide band-gap structure with potential for high Johnson figure of merit (~10 14 V/s) due to no electron scattering and no impact ionization/breakdown [1] , [2] . Hence, nanoscale vacuum channel transistors (NVCTs) can possibly outperform solid-state transistors in terms of speed, breakdown voltage and reliability in harsh environments [1] . Carriers are injected into the channel by electron tunneling across a barrier narrowed by an electric field. Such electron sources can be realized using nanoscale gated Si field emitter arrays (FEAs) with high packing densities (≥10 8 /cm 2 ) and self-aligned apertures which have low turn-on voltage (8.5 V), low operating voltage, high current density (150 A/cm 2 ) and long lifetime (>300 hours) [3] . The barrier height is nonetheless sensitive to adsorption/desorption of gas molecules, resulting in large current variations in poor vacuum, which can also generate energetic ions that erode the emitter. Hence FEAs require costly and bulky ultra-high vacuum (UHV) systems for reliability [4] . Using multi-layers of graphene (Gr) that withstand high pressure gradients and, are transparent to electrons, but impervious to gas molecules, can enable operation of these FEAs in poor vacuum [5] , [6] . In this paper, Gr layers are used to encapsulate such FEAs with two self-aligned gates ( Fig. 1 ); this structure allows an independent control of the bias applied to the Gr layer, and significantly reduces the volume to be encapsulated.
High Speed In-situ X-ray Imaging of 3D Freeze Printing of Aerogels

Abstract 3D freeze printing (3DFP) combines drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing with freeze casting to fabricate lightweight and multifunctional aerogels with customized geometries. Freeze casting is an efficient and easily implemented method capable of fabricating porous, sponge-like structures for many different applications. This process enables tailoring the microstructure of the final product (i.e., pore morphology, alignment, average size distribution, etc.) by controlling the fabrication conditions and freezing kinetics. Its combination with DOD printing provides the capability of engineering the macrostructure without relying on a mold as reported for 3D freeze-printed aerogels made from graphene, silver nanowires, and other nanocomposites. In this paper, we performed in-situ X-ray imaging to understand the inside process dynamics in 3DFP using a commercially available colloidal silica ink. We investigated the 3DFP process with the following hierarchy: first, single droplets; then, uniform lines obtained from coalescence of droplets; and finally, three consecutive lines deposited layer by layer. With the help of X-ray imaging, the importance of the balance between material deposition and freezing rates was shown in-situ by the observation inside of the freeze front following the tip of the printed line. The effects of the substrate temperature on the elimination of undesired interfacial boundaries were also shown by the observed ice crystals penetrating from lower to upper layer.
Induction of immunogenic cell death of cancer cells through nanoparticle-mediated dual chemotherapy and photothermal therapy.

Abstract The use of nanomedicines to induce immunogenic cell death is a new strategy that aims to increase tumor immunogenicity and thereby prime tumors for further immunotherapies. In this study, we developed a nanoparticle formulation for combinatory chemotherapy and photothermal therapy based only on materials previously used in FDA-approved products and investigated the effect of the combinatory therapy on the growth inhibition and induction of immunogenic cell death in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The formulation consists of ~108-nm nanoparticles made of poly(lactic acid)-b-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) which carry doxorubicin for chemotherapy and indocyanine green for photothermal therapy. A 0.3 mg/mL suspension of NPs increased the medium temperature up to 10 °C upon irradiation with an 808-nm diode laser. In vitro studies showed that combination of laser assisted indocyanine green-mediated photothermal therapy and doxorubicin-mediated chemotherapy effectively eradicated cancer cells and resulted in the highest level of damage-associated molecular pattern presentation (calreticulin, high mobility group box 1, and adenosine triphosphate) compared to the individual treatments alone. These results demonstrate that our nanoparticle-mediated combinatory approach led to the most intense immunogenic cell death when compared to individual chemotherapy or photothermal therapy, making it a potent option for future in vivo studies in combination with cancer immunotherapies.
Risk and protective factors for suicide among sexual minority youth seeking emergency medical services

Abstract Background: Differences in risk and protective factors (e.g., victimization, abuse, social support) have been used to explain elevated rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in sexual minority youth (SMY) relative to heterosexual peers. However, little is known regarding how risk and protective factors may explain suicide risk differences among subgroups of SMY. The aims of this study were to 1) examine differences in prevalence and severity for suicide risk and protective factors among SMY, and 2) explore whether risk and protective factors are differentially associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts for SMY subgroups. Methods: Participants were 6,423 adolescents (ages 12–17) recruited from 14 Emergency Departments across the United States who completed an assessment of suicide risk and protective factors. SMY were 20% of the sample (n = 1,275) and categorized as bisexual (8%), gay/lesbian (2%), mostly straight (5%), or other sexual minority (5%). Results: Bisexual youth had elevated rates of suicidal ideation and attempts, more risk factors (e.g., bullying victimization, depression), and fewer protective factors (e.g., parent-family connectedness, positive affect) relative to mostly straight and other sexual minority youth. Bisexual and gay/lesbian youth only differed in parent-family connectedness (lower among bisexual youth). Depression and parent-family connectedness had weaker associations with suicidal ideation for bisexual youth. Limitations: Emergency departments were not nationally representative. Study design was cross-sectional, preventing causal inferences. Conclusions: Interventions seeking to mitigate risk factors and promote protective factors are greatly needed for SMY and may benefit from tailoring to address unique stressors for sexual minority subgroups.
Abstract 17238: Taper With Caution: A Case Report of Treatment Response of a Patient With Cardiac Sarcoidosis to Tapering of Steroid Therapy and Initiation of Methotrexate

Introduction: We present a case of a patient with systemic sarcoidosis with cardiac involvement who presented with palpitations and was noted to be in non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) a...
Growing Up Between Two Cultures: Young Chinese Americans in New York City

This chapter discusses selected themes in the bicultural lives of predominantly working- and lower middle-class Chinese Americans coming of age in New York City, the largest “Chinese city” outside Asia. Findings are partially based on a series of autobiographical essays by, and interviews with, first- and second-generation immigrants. Their self-conceptions and life stories reflect the influence of competing Chinese and American visions of the good life, family relationships, child-rearing strategies, the importance of filial piety (xiao shun), gender-based ideologies and body images, and the nature of education. Many of the adolescents and young adults have had to deal with immigration-related challenges such as family separation due to migration, low family incomes, encountering racial-ethnic prejudice and discrimination, and cultural differences between parents and children. The chapter also includes a brief discussion of culturally appropriate mental health services for the Chinese-American community.
Innovation and accreditation: A quality improvement process

Abstract Nursing program accreditation often has limited faculty engagement. This quality improvement project, implemented at a private university in the Midwestern United States, utilized innovative solutions including accreditation program champions and a learning management system to enhance faculty engagement in the accreditation process. Accreditation encompassed seven programs at three program degree levels: undergraduate, masters and doctorate. A survey measured overall engagement as well as the usefulness of accreditation program champions and the learning management system to improve engagement. Results showed increased faculty knowledge, professional development, and motivation in the accreditation process. Increased engagement not only accomplishes the work more efficiently, but also improves faculty knowledge of the process and preparation for the accreditation site visit.
Implementation of free breathing respiratory amplitude-gated treatments.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to provide guidance in developing and implementing a process for the accurate delivery of free breathing respiratory amplitude-gated treatments. METHODS A phase-based 4DCT scan is acquired at time of simulation and motion is evaluated to determine the exhale phases that minimize respiratory motion to an acceptable level. A phase subset average CT is then generated for treatment planning and a tracking structure is contoured to indicate the location of the target or a suitable surrogate over the planning phases. Prior to treatment delivery, a 4DCBCT is acquired and a phase subset average is created to coincide with the planning phases for an initial match to the planning CT. Fluoroscopic imaging is then used to set amplitude gate thresholds corresponding to when the target or surrogate is in the tracking structure. The final imaging prior to treatment is an amplitude-gated CBCT to verify both the amplitude gate thresholds and patient positioning. An amplitude-gated treatment is then delivered. This technique was commissioned using an in-house lung motion phantom and film measurements of a simple two-field 3D plan. RESULTS The accuracy of 4DCBCT motion and target position measurements were validated relative to 4DCT imaging. End to end testing showed strong agreement between planned and film measured dose distributions. Robustness to interuser variability and changes in respiratory motion were demonstrated through film measurements. CONCLUSIONS The developed workflow utilizes 4DCBCT, respiratory-correlated fluoroscopy, and gated CBCT imaging in an efficient and sequential process to ensure the accurate delivery of free breathing respiratory-gated treatments.
Is the Dots Strategy Sufficient for Global Tuberculosis Control? An Analysis of Case Finding and Treatment Success

Background. Nearly fifteen years after the start of WHO's DOTS programme, tuberculosis remains a major global health problem. Given the lack of empirical evidence that DOTS reduces tuberculosis burden, considerable debate has arisen on how best to direct new funding for tuberculosis control. We investigate the impact of the DOTS strategy on tuberculosis case finding and treatment success. This is the first analysis to address these questions using only empirical data. As DOTS remains the centrepiece of WHO's new Stop TB Strategy, our results have implications for the future of tuberculosis control, and for other health interventions requiring case detection and delivery of long-term treatment. Methods. We study the effect of DOTS on case detection and treatment success using panel data methods. We first estimate the impact of DOTS expansion on case detection, using reported case notification data and controlling for other determinants of change in notifications, including HIV prevalence, GDP, and country-specific effects. We then estimate the effect of DOTS expansion on treatment success. Sensitivity of our results to a wide variety of alternate specifications, controls, and sub-regional analyses was investigated. Findings. During a period of explosive growth in the HIV epidemic from 1995 to 2004, smear-positive tuberculosis notifications grew two percent per year, from 24 to 29 per 100 000 worldwide. DOTS programme variables had no impact on case detection in any model. DOTS population coverage had a significant effect on overall treatment results, such that countries with full DOTS coverage benefit from a 19 percent increase in treatment success. Interpretation. The DOTS technical package improves overall treatment success. By contrast, DOTS expansion has no effect on case detection. Further progress against the epidemic will likely require re-evaluating longstanding assumptions about tuberculosis control. Active case finding, prevalence sero-surveys, and broadening the scope of DOTS to detect and treat all forms of tuberculosis must be urgently considered as WHO implements its new Stop TB Strategy.
The opaqueness conundrum in fast fashion global supply chains: the irony of hiding what we are trying to find

Globalisation has increased the complexity of supply chains. Multiple tiers have become more frequent and usually include suppliers in different parts of the world. This complexity has engendered o...
Tobacco counseling in the setting of thyroid eye disease.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To collect data on the rate and efficacy of tobacco counseling sessions delivered by ophthalmologists under the setting of patients with thyroid eye disease. Methods: We analyzed the electronic medical records of a digital cohort of patients who visited ophthalmologists at the University of Pennsylvania Health System from 2012 to 2017 with reference to the International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes for Graves' disease, thyrotoxic exophthalmos, and/or thyroid eye disease. Tobacco histories were recorded at the first and last ophthalmology office visits or the most temporally proximal encounter in packs/day (ppd), and each ophthalmology visit note was analyzed to validate the occurrence of tobacco counseling. Results: A total of 435 patients met our study inclusion criteria, of which 72 (16.6%) were active smokers at the time of their first visit. Only 57 (79.2%) of these active smokers had recorded smoking burdens, 34 (59.6%) of which received at least one form of recorded tobacco counseling session. Nine (26.5%) of the subjects who received tobacco counseling and 1 (4.3%) of those who did not have a recorded counseling, quit smoking (risk difference of 22.1%; 95% CI, [1.7%, 39.1%]; p=0.04). In addition, 17 (50.0%) of the subjects who received counseling and 7 (30.4%) of those who did not have a recorded counseling, reduced their ppd consumption (risk difference of 19.6%; 95% CI [-6.3%, 41.3%]; p=0.18). Overall, 14 (25.5%) out of the 55 ophthalmologists who were active smokers had recorded evidence of tobacco counseling. Conclusions: Our cumulative results provide the consequence of both missed opportunities for tobacco counseling as well as its efficacy in the setting of thyroid eye disease.
Biopolitical Futures in Twenty-First-Century Speculative Fiction

Drawing on a rich array of twenty-first-century speculative fiction, this book demonstrates how the commodification of life through biotechnology has far-reaching implications for how we think of personhood, agency, and value. Sherryl Vint argues that neoliberalism is reinventing life under biocapital. She offers new biopolitical figurations that can help theoretically grasp and politically respond to a distinctive twenty-first-century biopolitics. This book theorizes how biotechnology intervenes in the very processes of biological function, reshaping life itself to serve economic ends. Linking fictional texts with material examples, Biopolitical Futures in Twenty-First-Century Speculative Fiction shows how these practices are linked to new modes of exploitative economic relations that cannot be redressed by human rights. It concludes with a posthumanist reframing of the value of life that grounds itself elsewhere than in capitalist logics, a vision that, in a Covid age, might become fundamental to a new politics of ecological relations.