cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computing Signal Transduction in Signaling Networks modeled as Boolean Networks, Petri Nets, and Hypergraphs

Background: Different objects exist to describe how a signal transduces in a given intracellular signaling network, such as elementary signaling modes, T-invariants, extreme path- way analysis, elementary modes and simple paths. For modeling frameworks such as Boolean networks, Petri nets and hypergraphs, these signal transduction objects are broadly used in their respective frameworks but few studies have been done emphasizing how these signal transduction objects compare or relate to each other. Results: We provide an overview of the different methodologies for capturing signal transduction in a given model of an intracellular signaling network. We show how minimal functional routes proposed for signaling networks modeled as Boolean networks can be captured by computing topological factories, a methodology found in the metabolic networks literature. We further show that in the case of an acyclic B-hypergraph, the definitions are equivalent. Furthermore, we show that computing elementary modes based on the incidence matrix of a B-hypergraph fails to capture minimal functional routes, whereas in directed graphs, it has been shown that these computations of elementary modes correspond to computations of simple paths. Conclusions: The different objects introduced in the literature to capture signal transduction are deeply related to each other, although they are based on different biological assumptions. Furthermore, methodology in metabolic networks and signaling networks are deeply related to each other.
Sex/Gender Differences in Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Implications for Evidence-Based Assessment.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed more often in boys than in girls; however, little is known about the nature of this sex/gender discrepancy or how it relates to diagnostic assessment pra...
Fuzzy Logic: A Specialized Tutorial

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the term “fuzzy logic,” as currently used in the literature. It has two distinct meanings: In the narrow sense, it is viewed as a generalization of the various many-valued logics that have been investigated in the area of mathematical logic since the beginning of the 20th century, whereas in the alternative, broad sense, fuzzy logic is viewed as a system of concepts, principles, and methods for dealing with modes of reasoning that are approximate rather than exact. The logic of this broad sense is discussed in the chapter. Fuzzy set theory is an outgrowth of classical set theory. Contrary to the classical concept of a set, or crisp set, the boundary of a fuzzy set is not precise. In this sense, fuzzy logic is based upon fuzzy set theory. It utilizes the apparatus of fuzzy set theory for formulating various forms of sound approximate reasoning in natural language. Operations on fuzzy sets possess a considerably greater variety than those on classical sets. There are ﬁve types of operations on fuzzy sets that are currently recognized: modifiers, compliments, intersections, unions, and averaging operations.
Surface receptors for immunoglobulin on bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages.

Surface receptors for rabbit immunoglobulin (Ig) and bovine IgGl were detected on bovine alveolar macrophages by the rosette technique. Receptors for bovine IgG2 were either absent from, or present at a low level on, the surface of these cells. In contrast, polymorphonuclear neutrophils from peripheral blood and milk were shown to have surface receptors for bovine IgG2 but not for bovine IgGl or rabbit Ig.
A Qualitative Study Exploring Contraceptive Practices and Barriers to Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Use in a Sample of Adolescents Living in the Southern United States.

Abstract Study Objective To understand contraceptive practices of female adolescents in the Deep South and determine barriers to their use of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC). Design Semistructured interviews were conducted that addressed current contraceptive choice, factors influencing choice, LARC awareness, concerns, and barriers to using LARC. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis to identify themes. Setting Adolescent medicine clinic in an urban academic medical center in the Deep South region of the United States. Participants Sexually active girls between the ages of 14 and 21 years who were not currently using LARC. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures Themes generated during semistructured interviews. Results Fifteen participants were interviewed with a mean age of 17 years. Fourteen of 15 were African American. Thirteen of 15 were currently using non-LARC methods and 2 of 15 were not using any contraceptive method. Contraceptive choice was driven by perceived ease of use, desire for pregnancy prevention, and seeking relief of menstrual concerns. Thirteen of 15 participants were aware of LARC with 11 of 15 (73%) noting information came from a health care provider. Barriers to current and future LARC use included concerns about side effects, LARC ineffectiveness, device longevity, and LARC invasiveness. Sixty-three percent of participants noted that they would not consider using a LARC in the future. Conclusion Increasing use of LARC goes beyond awareness. Concerns about effectiveness, future fertility, duration of devices, and perceived invasiveness represent barriers for adolescents. Further research is needed to determine how to address these barriers because it pertains to counseling of sexually active girls on the use of LARC.
Utility of Functional Metrics Assessed During Acute Care on Hospital Outcomes: A Systematic Review.

Objective Traditionally, illness severity, social factors, and comorbid conditions have been examined as predictors of hospital outcomes. However, recent research in the rehabilitation setting demonstrated that physical function outperformed comorbidity indices as a predictor of 30-day readmission. The purpose of this study was to review the literature examining the association between acute hospital physical function and various hospital outcomes and health care utilization. TYPE: Systematic review. Literature survey A review of the MEDLINE database was performed. Search terms included acute functional outcomes and frailty outcomes. Studies up to September 2017 were included if they were in English and examined how functional metrics collected at acute care hospitalization affected hospital outcomes. Methodology Cohort characteristics and measures of associations were extracted from the studies. Outcomes include hospital readmission, length of stay, mortality, discharge location, and physical function post acute care. The studies were assessed for potential confounders as well as selection, attrition, and detection bias. Synthesis A total of 30 studies were identified (hospital readmissions: 6; discharge location: 11; length of stay: 4; mortality: 15; function: 6). Thirteen different metrics assessed function during acute care. Lower function during acute care was associated with statistically significant higher odds of hospital readmission, lower likelihood of discharge to home, longer hospital length of stay, increased mortality, and worse functional recovery when compared to patients with higher function during acute care, when adjusted for age and gender. The Barthel Index may be a useful marker for mortality in the elderly whereas the Functional Independence Measure instrument may be valuable for examining discharge location. Conclusions There is increasing evidence that function measured during acute care predicts a broad array of meaningful clinical outcomes. Further research would help direct the use of practical, yet parsimonious functional metrics that effectively screen high-need, high-cost patients to deliver optimal care. Level of evidence I.
SERIAL CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TESTING IN PATIENTS WITH REPAIRED EBSTEIN'S ANOMALY: IS EXERCISE CAPACITY IMPROVING AFTER SURGERY?

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) is a technique that will not only help reveal the severity but also establish the prognosis of Ebstein's patients. Abnormal exercise parameters such as high VE/VCO2 identify a 3.8-fold increase in mortality. CPX in adjunction to echocardiogram is also used as a
POSITIVE CONTROL OF THE TEMPORAL PROGRAM OF BACTERIOPHAGE SP01 GENE EXPRESSION BY PHAGE AND HOST SPECIFIED SUBUNITS OF RNA POLYMERASE

ABSTRACT This paper proposes the following scheme for the temporal control of bacteriophage gene expression during the lytic cycle of Bacillus subtilis phage SP01. Initially after infection, the σ subunit of the host RNA polymerase directs the transcription of phage “early” genes. Next, the protein product of SP01 regulatory gene 28 turns on the expression of phage “middle” genes by binding to the host transcriptase. Accurate middle gene transcription in vitro by polymerase containing the gene 28 protein does not require σ factor but is dependent on a novel B. subtilis protein δ or assay conditions of high ionic strength. Finally, the protein products of regulatory genes 33 and 34 bind to the host RNA polymerase to activate phage “late” genes. A reconstitution experiment with the genes 33 and 34 proteins isolated in pure form indicates that these phage-coded regulatory proteins and host δ factor act synergistically to direct the synthesis of late RNA by core RNA polymerase. An additional transcriptional determinant has been isolated that directs asymmetric transcription of phage middle genes. This species appears to be distinct from the products of the known SP01 regulatory cistrons and its function, if any, in the phage lytic cycle is not understood.
Fluorogenic probes for imaging cellular phosphatase activity.

Abstract The ability to visualize enzyme activity in a cell, tissue, or living organism can greatly enhance our understanding of the biological roles of that enzyme. While many aspects of cellular signaling are controlled by reversible protein phosphorylation, our understanding of the biological roles of the protein phosphatases involved is limited. Here, we provide an overview of progress toward the development of fluorescent probes that can be used to visualize the activity of protein phosphatases. Significant advances include the development of probes with visible and near-infrared (near-IR) excitation and emission profiles, which provides greater tissue and whole-animal imaging capabilities. In addition, the development of peptide-based probes has provided some selectivity for a phosphatase of interest. Key challenges involve the difficulty of achieving sufficient selectivity for an individual member of a phosphatase enzyme family and the necessity of fully validating the best probes before they can be adopted widely.
Processing In-Memory Architecture with On-Chip Transfer Learning Function for Compensating Characteristic Variation

Along with more awareness of the need to endpoint data processing, the endpoint artificial intelligence (AI) technology with transfer learning function that enables not only inference but also additional learning at endpoint for adapting to the difference of surrounding environment will be of much importance in the future. In this work, Flash memory-based Processing In-Memory architecture (Flash-PIM) with transfer learning function and its learning method are proposed. By sharing the flash memory array for storing connection weight of synapse during inference and learning process, total area is reduced by 25.1 % and abnormality detection accuracy is 1.9 - 2.3 % better than conventional transfer learning due to eliminating the influence of variations in Flash memory cells. This approach is also effective for other non-volatile memory devices such as emerging memories.
War Powers: Congress, the President, and the Courts – A Model Casebook Section

This model casebook section is concerned with the constitutional law of war powers as developed by the executive and legislative branches, with a limited look at relevant statutes and federal court cases. It is intended for use in Constitutional Law I classes that cover separation of powers. It could also be used for courses in National Security Law or Foreign Relations Law, or for graduate courses in U.S. foreign policy. This is designed to be the reading for one to two classes, and it can supplement or replace standard casebook sections on war powers that are shorter and offer less detail. We plan to update this section periodically in response to feedback and events.
Dynamically Reconfigurable Deep Learning for Efficient Video Processing in Smart IoT Systems

Video systems are the core of many IoT systems, and efficient processing is crucial for their operation. There is little work focusing on the flexibility of current hardware systems when used for long term deployment, particularly for constrained devices such as those used in IoT. This paper shows a unique case study for Video Processing Nodes that adopt deep learning algorithms and dynamically switch the models within a streaming path to investigate the flexibility that can be offered and the limitations within different applications. The video processing node utilizes a framework called FINN that generates FPGA compatible models. The proposed system can switch between different configurations according to their quantization, showing how accuracy and confidence can vary with each option. Inference per second is one of the major benefits when switching between different configurations, where a 1-bit weight and 1-bit activation achieves the highest inference rate for convolutional neural networks and greatly reduces energy consumption.
Hand me the franchise agreement: municipalities add another policy tool to their clean energy toolbox

Abstract A growing list of the more than 20,000 municipalities in the United States are considering pathways to achieve renewable energy goals. One emerging trend is for municipalities to incorporate energy objectives into their franchise agreements with an electric service provider. Franchise agreements are contracts between municipalities and utilities that grant the utility authority to serve customers in the municipality. In some cases, municipalities have negotiated renewable energy objectives into these agreements. It is still unclear how many municipalities have exercised this authority and to what effect. From a national dataset of 3500 franchise agreements, we selected five cities that adopted renewable energy or energy efficiency objectives into or alongside their franchise agreements for deeper analysis: Chicago, Illinois; Denver, Colorado; Sarasota, Florida; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Salt Lake City, Utah. We generated seven key takeaways for other cities considering this pathway to achieve their energy objectives. In summary, municipalities can leverage franchise negotiations to pursue both modest and ambitious clean energy goals (i.e. 100% renewable electricity). This analysis provides municipalities with critical insight on how they can use this potentially formidable tool to achieve their own energy objectives.
Breaking Barriers: District and School Administrators Engaging Family, and Community as a Key Determinant of Student Success:

This qualitative case study explored administrators’ perceptions of family and community engagement activities that enhanced student well-being and ultimately impacted academic achievement in one u...
Psychological distress in middle eastern immigrants to the United States: A challenge to the healthy migrant model?

Abstract Rationale and objective Research has documented a robust mental health advantage among Asian and Latino immigrants to the United States relative to the native-born. The current investigation extended this line of research, asking whether Middle Eastern immigrants to the United States enjoy a similar mental health advantage. Methods Drawing on pooled cross-sections from the 2007–2018 National Health Interview Surveys, we used OLS regression to examine psychological distress in Middle Eastern immigrants relative to both native-born Whites and immigrants from other global regions. We used statistical interactions to assess whether gender and period differences are contingent on region of birth. Results Findings reveal that the average level of psychological distress is higher among Middle Eastern immigrants than among both U.S.-born Whites and immigrants from other regions. Despite changing circumstances of migration for Middle Easterners and implementation in the United States of anti-immigrant policies, we see no evidence that distress increased more among immigrants compared to native-born Whites. Results point to greater psychological distress among Middle Eastern women than their native-born White counterparts and women from other immigrant groups, as well as Middle Eastern men. In contrast, psychological distress levels for Middle Eastern and native-born White men were indistinguishable, suggesting that the Middle Eastern mental health disadvantage in the United States is borne solely by women. Conclusions Results show that the mental health advantage enjoyed by some immigrant groups does not extend to Middle Eastern women, contradicting the healthy migrant model and challenging the assumption of a uniform mental health advantage across immigrant groups.
Discriminative stimulus effects of carfentanil in rats discriminating fentanyl: Differential antagonism by naltrexone.

Abstract Background A significant number of deaths caused by opioids involve fentanyl and/or one of its very potent analogs (e.g., carfentanil). Some clinical reports suggest larger doses of opioid receptor antagonists may be required to reverse the effects of carfentanil compared with other opioid receptor agonists, although this has not been examined extensively in vivo. The current study compared the discriminative stimulus effects of fentanyl, carfentanil, and heroin, and their antagonism by naltrexone. Methods Eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate 10.0 μg/kg fentanyl from saline while responding under a fixed-ratio 10 schedule of food presentation. Dose-effect curves were determined for the opioid receptor agonists fentanyl (1.0–32.0 μg/kg), carfentanil (0.1–3.2 μg/kg), and heroin (10.0–320.0 μg/kg), then redetermined following a 15-minute pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg naltrexone. Results Fentanyl, carfentanil, and heroin dose-dependently increased responding on the fentanyl-associated lever and decreased the rate of lever pressing. Carfentanil and heroin were approximately 10-fold more and less potent, respectively, than fentanyl at eliciting >80 % responding on the fentanyl-associated lever. Pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg naltrexone resulted in a significant rightward shift in the fentanyl and heroin but not carfentanil dose-effect curves. Conclusions Differences in the effectiveness of naltrexone to attenuate the discriminative stimulus effects of carfentanil, compared with fentanyl and heroin, suggest that there may be differences in how carfentanil exerts its discriminative stimulus effects compared with other opioids. Further evaluation is needed of potential pharmacological and behavioral differences between carfentanil and other opioids, particularly in the context of toxicity.
Postmastectomy radiation therapy following pathologic complete nodal response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: A prelude to NSABP B-51?

Abstract Purpose The utility of post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in women with a nodal complete response (CRn) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is unknown. The NSABP B-51 trial is evaluating this question, but has not reported results thus far. Therefore, we sought to answer this question with the National Cancer Database. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for women with cT1–4N1-3M0 breast cancer who had undergone NAC and were ypN0 upon mastectomy. Statistics included multivariable logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier overall survival (OS) analysis, Cox proportional hazards modeling, and construction of forest plots. Results Of 14,690 women, 10,092 (69%) underwent adjuvant PMRT and 4598 (31%) did not. The median follow-up was 55.6 months. In all patients, the 10-year OS was 76.3% for PMRT and 78.6% without (p = 0.412). There were no notable effects of PMRT on OS based on age or the axillary management (number of nodes removed). Specifically, in the NSABP B-51 population of cT1–3 cN1 patients, the 10-year OS was 82.6% for PMRT and 80.0% without (p = 0.250). PMRT benefitted women with increasing cT stage (i.e. cT3–4), increasing ypT stages (with the exception of ypT4 potentially owing to small sample sizes), and cN3 cases (p Conclusions In the absence of published results from NSABP B-51, this assessment of over 14,000 women from a contemporary US database revealed that PMRT may be most useful for a “moderately-high” risk group – women with more advanced primary and/or nodal disease at diagnosis, yet with tumor biology favorable enough that the disease does not progress or remain stable after NAC. The OS findings notwithstanding, this study cannot exclude potential differences between groups in recurrence-free survival, which is the primary endpoint of NSABP B-51, While the results of the NSABP B-51 will confirm optimal management for patients with limited nodal disease having a CRn following NAC, the present results suggest PMRT should remain the standard of care for more advanced disease than NSABP B-51 eligibility criteria.
Preparation of porous ZIF-67 network interconnected by MWCNTs and decorated with Ag nanoparticles for improved non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing

Due to porous structure, larger specific area, and potential to functionalize further, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are gaining attention in various fields, including electrochemical sensing of various analytes. MOFs are known to have excellent electrochemical activity because they mainly constitute a rich metallic center, possess huge specific area, and have multiple valence states. However, electrocatalytic activities of MOFs are greatly reduced due to their poor electronic conductivity for which high conductivity species are incorporated into the MOFs. In the present work, Co-based MOF (ZIF-67) was used as a porous matrix to encapsulate silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and on the surface of ZIF-67 multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were decorated to obtain Ag@ZIF-67/MWCNT nanocomposite for the non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose. The surface morphology of the synthesized nanocomposite was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, while crystallographic characterization was performed by X-ray powder diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques were used to for the electrochemical monitoring of glucose. The electrochemical results demonstrated that Ag@ZIF-67/MWCNT showed an improved catalytic activity towards glucose in the concentration range of 33 μM to 400 μM with a low detection limit of 0.49 μM (S/N = 3), and reaction sensitivity of 13.014 μA μM−1 cm−2 as well as good selectivity in presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid.
Environmental Effect on the Reproductive Effort of Botryllus schlosseri

The reproductive effort of Botryllus schlosseri varies both within and between populations. Here we present evidence of an environmental affect on the reproductive effort of colonies from two locations on the Northeast coast of America. Colonies from the Damariscotta River had a decrease in both sperm and egg production when clonal replicates were grown 10 km from their source site. The semelparous life-history morph that occurs in Eel Pond at Woods Hole had a dramatic decrease in egg production when grown in Maine.
Influence of an Intensive, Field-Based Life Science Course on Preservice Teachers’ Self-Efficacy for Environmental Science Teaching

Personal and professional experiences influence teachers’ perceptions of their ability to implement environmental science curricula and to positively impact students’ learning. The purpose of this study was twofold: to determine what influence, if any, an intensive field-based life science course and service learning had on preservice teachers’ self-efficacy for teaching about the environment and to determine which aspects of the combined field-based course/service learning preservice teachers perceived as effective for enhancing their self-efficacy. Data were collected from class documents and written teaching reflections of 38 middle-level preservice teachers. Some participants (n = 18) also completed the Environmental Education Efficacy Belief Instrument at the beginning and end of the semester. Both qualitative and quantitative data analyses indicated a significant increase in PSTs’ personal efficacies for environmental teaching, t(17) = 4.50, p = .000, d = 1.30, 95 % CI (.33, .90), but not outcome expectancy, t(17) = 1.15, p = .268, d = .220, 95 % CI (−.06, .20). Preservice teachers reported three aspects of the course as important for enhancing their self-efficacies: learning about ecological concepts through place-based issues, service learning with K-5 students and EE curriculum development. Data from this study extend prior work by indicating that practical experiences with students were not the sole factor in shaping PSTs’ self-efficacy; learning ecological concepts and theories in field-based activities grounded in the local landscape also influenced PSTs’ self-efficacy.
Electronic flash gastroscopic color photography.

Summary The first report of two years' experience in this country with the use of an instrument for simultaneous gastroscopic observation and electronic flash color photography is described. Some of the problems in gastroscopic color photography are discussed and a few illustrations of the work are presented.
Effect of dietary energy levels on power output of bullocks in summer season.

Experiments were conducted to find out the effect of energy content of the feed on power output of medium size bullocks in summer season at a draft load of 10% of their body weight. The bodyweight of the bullock pair was 610 kg. Three types of feeds were formulated having metabolizable energy values of 7.25, 8.43 and 9.57 Mcal, which were referred as Feed-I, Feed-II and Feed-III, respectively. Each feed was given to the bullocks for twenty-one days and then they were put to draftability tests. The results indicated that the bullocks got fatigue after 4th hour of work in Feed-I and were on the threshold fatigue limit of 20 in Feed-II. The bullocks sustained the draft load in Feed-III through out the working hours. The average power output was 0.437, 0.444 and 0.449 kW in case of Feed-I, Feed-II and Feed-III respectively. The power out put of the bullocks was increased by 1.6 and 2.75% respectively in Feed-II and III over that of Feed-I (farmers’ practice). Feed-III with metabolizable energy content of 9.57 Mcal may be recommended for the medium size bullocks to work sustainably in summer season.
Nirenberg, Marshall Warren (1927–Present)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: Nirenberg, Marshall Warren (genetic code in living cells)
An analog neural network processor for self-organizing mapping

The building blocks of a self-organizing analog neural chip are shown. Its function is to evaluate the large number of dot products of the given input vectors and the stored weight vectors in a fully parallel format. Lateral competition is to be performed among the analog output voltages and the neural unit with the largest voltage level is to emerge as a single winner. Updating synapse weights is performed in a digital signal processor using an unsupervised learning rule. Design considerations addressed in the construction of the WTA (winner-take-all) circuit are: high resolution, fast operation, and layout compactness. The 4-MHz analog neural network processor chip, fabricated in a 2- mu m CMOS process, contains 25 neurons in the input layer and 64 neurons in the competitive layer. The behavior of the WTA circuit with only one winner for a lossy image data compression application is shown. >
Considering Main Memory in Mining Association Rules

We propose a family of large itemset counting algorithms which adapt to the amount of main memory available. By using historical or sampling data, the potential large itemsets (candidates) and the false candidates are identified earlier. Redundant computation is reduced(thus overall CPU time reduced) by counting different sizes of candidates together and the use of a dynamic trie. By counting candidates earlier and counting more candidates in each scan, the algorithms reduce the overall number of scans required.
Studies on microsomal azoreduction: N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene (DAB) and its derivatives

Abstract The azoreduction of N , n -dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene (DAB) and N -methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (MAB) by rat liver microsomes was investigated. It was shown that measurement of azoreduction of DAB and structurally related azo dyes by the conventional method of substrate disappearance required an anaerobic environment since N-demethylated and ring-hydroxylated metabbolites formed aerobically interfered with the assay system, producing quantitatively inaccurate results. Oxygen partially, but not totally, inhibited azoreduction of DAB. Glutathione (GSH) inhibited the azoreduction of DAB but stimulated the azoreduction of MAB. Dithiothreitol also stimulated azoreduction of MAB but had little effect on azoreduction of DAB. Para-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PHMB) and N -ethylmaleimide (NEM) blocked titratable microsomal thiol groups and inhibited azoreduction of MAB. However, the inhibitory action of NEM was weak with DAB azoreduction although PHMB was a potent inhibitor. These findings suggest that microsomal azoreduction of DAB and MAB may proceed via different mechanisms, possibly through different species of cytochrome P-450 which have selective dependence upon the sulfhydryl environment.
Cerebro-cerebellar circuits in autism spectrum disorder

The cerebellum is one of the most consistent sites of abnormality in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cerebellar damage is associated with an increased risk of ASD symptoms, suggesting that cerebellar dysfunction may play a crucial role in the etiology of ASD. The cerebellum forms multiple closed-loop circuits with cerebral cortical regions that underpin movement, language, and social processing. Through these circuits, cerebellar dysfunction could impact the core ASD symptoms of social and communication deficits and repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. The emerging topography of sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective subregions in the cerebellum provides a new framework for interpreting the significance of regional cerebellar findings in ASD and their relationship to broader cerebro-cerebellar circuits. Further, recent research supports the idea that the integrity of cerebro-cerebellar loops might be important for early cortical development; disruptions in specific cerebro-cerebellar loops in ASD might impede the specialization of cortical regions involved in motor control, language, and social interaction, leading to impairments in these domains. Consistent with this concept, structural, and functional differences in sensorimotor regions of the cerebellum and sensorimotor cerebro-cerebellar circuits are associated with deficits in motor control and increased repetitive and stereotyped behaviors in ASD. Further, communication and social impairments are associated with atypical activation and structure in cerebro-cerebellar loops underpinning language and social cognition. Finally, there is converging evidence from structural, functional, and connectivity neuroimaging studies that cerebellar right Crus I/II abnormalities are related to more severe ASD impairments in all domains. We propose that cerebellar abnormalities may disrupt optimization of both structure and function in specific cerebro-cerebellar circuits in ASD.
Reaction time slowing in HIV-1-infected individuals: role of the preparatory interval.

Abstract Psychomotor speed and directed attention were evaluated in 83 human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected individuals (HIV+) and 50 HIV-1 seronegative (HIV-) control participants using simple and choice reaction time (RT) tasks. The simple RT task included 1- and 3-s, irregularly varied preparatory intervals (PI) between the warning and target lights. Relative to the HIV-group, simple and choice RT were significantly slowed in the HIV+ group. Further, again relative to the HIV- controls, the HIV+ group did not show expected faster RT with increased response preparation time in the simple RT task. This also occurred in some HIV+ subjects who did not have psychomotor slowing. These findings suggest that RT performance in HIV-1-infected individuals may reflect separate processes associated with psychomotor slowing and impaired ability to direct attention. Possible neural mechanisms associated with control of these processes are discussed.
The Use of Occupational Images in Counselor Supervision

Counselor supervision occurs during a critical stage when counselors-in-training (CITs) are actively developing their career self-concept as they adapt to professional life and responsibilities. This article provides an application of a narrative approach for supervisors helping CITs understand how their personal occupational images interplay with adjusting to the work environment. With this understanding, CITs are able to identify aspects of the professional career image that they want to develop and portray in their pursuit of a career in counseling.
Symplectic manifolds with contact type boundaries

An example of a 4-dimensional symplectic manifold with disconnected boundary of contact type is constructed. A collection of other results about symplectic manifolds with contact-type boundaries are derived using the theory ofJ-holomorphic spheres. In particular, the following theorem of Eliashberg-Floer-McDuff is proved: if a neighbourhood of the boundary of (V, ω) is symplectomorphic to a neighbourhood ofS2n−1 in standard Euclidean space, and if ω vanishes on all 2-spheres inV, thenV is diffeomorphic to the ballB2n.
Cathepsin L Gene Expression and Promoter Activation in Rodent Granulosa Cells

The cysteine protease cathepsin L exhibits hormone-regulated expression during ovulation. In situ hybridization analyses of immature and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin-treated mouse and rat ovaries showed that cathepsin L expression in granulosa cells of small, growing follicles increased in periovulatory follicles after human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation. In the rat ovary, cathepsin L was also expressed in follicles with signs of atresia. To determine the molecular mechanisms that mediate the diverse regulation of this gene in granulosa cells, rat cathepsin L promoter-reporter constructs were analyzed by transient transfection assays in rat granulosa cells and EMSAs. A construct containing the transcriptional start site and -244 bp of upstream promoter sequence (-244/+33 bp) exhibited inducibility by forskolin, the phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate, and an additive effect of both. Within this region, three functional specificity protein 1 (Sp1) sites, an overlapping early growth response protein-1 site, and a cAMP regulatory element-binding protein site were identified. Single or double mutants of the above-mentioned sites did not alter forskolin/phorbol myristate acetate inducibility of the promoter. Mutation of all three Sp1/specificity protein 3 (Sp3) sites, which also mutated the early growth response protein-1 site, reduced the promoter activation. Mutation of the cAMP regulatory element-binding protein site in the triple Sp1 mutant construct completely blocked the inducibility of the promoter. When these same constructs were transfected into MCF-7 human breast cancer cells or were cotransfected with an Sp1 expression vector in Drosophila SL2 cells, similar results were obtained. Collectively, the data document that three Sp1/specificity protein 3 binding GC-rich regions and a functional cAMP regulatory element constitute an important transcriptional regulatory complex for expression of the cathepsin L gene in rat granulosa cells.
Ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation during oncogenic viral infections

Most eukaryotic proteins destined for imminent destruction are first tagged with a chain of ubiquitin molecules and are subsequently dismantled by the proteasome. Ubiquitin-independent degradation of substrates by the proteasome, however, also occurs. The number of documented proteasome-dependent, ubiquitin-independent degradation events remains relatively small but continues to grow. Proteins involved in oncogenesis and tumor suppression make up the majority of the known cases for this type of protein destruction. Provocatively, viruses with confirmed or suspected oncogenic properties are also prominent participants in the pantheon of ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation events. In this review, we identify and describe examples of proteasome-dependent, ubiquitin-independent protein degradation that occur during tumor virus infections, speculate why this type of protein destruction may be preferred during oncogenesis, and argue that this uncommon type of protein turnover represents a prime target for antiviral and anticancer therapeutics.
Useful receiver telescope diameter of ground-based and airborne 1-, 2-, and 10-micron coherent lidars in the presence of atmospheric refractive turbulence

Calculations of the integrated effect of atmospheric refractive turbulence on 1-, 2-, and 10-micron coherent lidar performance are presented for a series of different lidar propagation geometries. The effective lidar receiver telescope diameter is evaluated for each case. The results indicate that atmospheric turbulence should not be a significant factor in the performance of a downward-looking high-altitude or satellite-borne coherent lidar system. It is also shown that ground-based 1-2-micron coherent lidars may be limited in their useful telescope aperture, especially for horizontal or nearly horizontal path measurements near the ground.
Bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated water resources: the challenge of low concentrations

The use of pesticides in agricultural and urban environments has improved quality of life around the world. However, the resulting accumulation of pesticide residues in fresh water resources has negative effects on aquatic ecosystem and human health. Bioremediation has been proposed as an environmentally sound alternative for the remediation of pesticide-contaminated water resources, though full-scale implementation has thus far been limited. One major challenge that has impeded progress is the occurrence of pesticides at low concentrations. Recent research has improved our fundamental understanding of pesticide biodegradation processes occurring at low concentrations under a variety of environmental scenarios and is expected to contribute to the development of applied bioremediation strategies for pesticide-contaminated water resources.
Computational Methodology for Large-Eddy Simulation of Tip-Clearance Flows

A large-eddy-simulation-based flow solver that combines an immersed-boundary technique with a curvilinear structured grid has been developed to study the temporal and spatial dynamics of an incompressible rotor-tipclearance flow. The overall objective of these simulations is to determine the underlying mechanisms for lowpressure fluctuations downstream of the rotor near the end wall. Salient features of the numerical methodology, including the mesh topology, the immersed boundary method, the treatment of numerical instability for nondissipative schemes on highly skewed meshes, and the parallelization of the code for shared memory computer platforms, are discussed. The computational approach is shown to be capable of capturing the evolution of the highly complicated flowfield characterized by the interaction of distinct blade-associated vortical structures with the turbulent end-wall boundary layer. Simulation results are compared with experiments, and qualitative as well as quantitative agreement is observed.
Concluding thoughts on new directions in infrared astronomy

Abstract Currently planned infrared space missions are ambitious and bound to be rewarding. We ask whether design criteria of the past still hold for these projects, and suggest that accumulating experience dictates new engineering guidelines for these increasingly sophisticated missions. Striking spectroscopic advances presented at this symposium indicate that generally held beliefs about the chemical evolution of galaxies may need to be revised. Similar changes in attitude may be required by the results of deep infrared surveys and the recent detectedion of a diffuse far-infrared (FIR) extragalactic background.
Résumé Therapy and Vocational Test Feedback: Tailoring Interventions to Self-Efficacy Outcomes:

Self-efficacy is a useful construct in vocational psychology because it helps us conceptualize client issues, interventions to address those issues, and instrumentation to assess vocational status and improvement. This article details two separate studies with veterans seeking vocational assistance within a Veteran's Affairs Medical Center. In both studies, the interventions themselves were designed around the strengthening of specific self-efficacy expectations. In the first study, patients' efficacy regarding general job search and decision-making behaviors was targeted using little more than traditional resume preparation. In the second study, personality and cognitive functioning test feedback provided a platform to discuss difficult personality issues, their usual manifestation in the patient's work life, and the patient's efficacy about integrating this information in future career decision-making, job seeking, and work. In both studies, moderate to large effect sizes supported the effectiveness of ...
Surface sterilization of whole tomato fruit with sodium hypochlorite influences subsequent postharvest behavior of fresh-cut slices

Abstract Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of concentration (0, 0.26 or 1.05%) and duration (0, 20 or 60 s) of sodium hypochlorite treatment on subsequent firmness, electrolyte leakage, respiration, and C 2 H 4 production of light-red tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit slices during storage at 5°C under modified atmosphere (MA). Pericarp firmness of slices was lower for all treatments than for untreated controls. After 12 days of storage, pericarp firmness of slices from fruit that had been treated with 1.05% sodium hypochlorite for 60 s was less than one-half the firmness of water-treated controls and lower than the other sodium hypochlorite treatments. The effect of sodium hypochlorite on electrolyte leakage of slices stored at 5°C was more closely related to treatment duration than to sodium hypochlorite concentration. The difference in electrolyte leakage between control fruit and fruit treated with 1.05% sodium hypochlorite for 60 s was 14.2, 25.6, and 25% at 4, 8, and 12 days, respectively. Development of water-soaked areas was observed on slices from fruit treated with sodium hypochlorite, but little development of water-soaked areas was detectable on slices from control fruit. An increase in C 2 H 4 and CO 2 production due to infection by Alternaria alternata was observed on slices from control fruit. These results suggest that routine surface sterilization of tomato fruit prior to postharvest experimentation may lead to physiological and biochemical alterations in the behavior of fruit.
The ATPase activity of secA is regulated by acidic phospholipids, secY, and the leader and mature domains of precursor proteins

Abstract The ATPase activity of SecA is stimulated by E. coli plasma membrane vesicles bearing SecY protein and a precursor protein such as proOmpA. This activity is termed "translocation ATPase": Liposomes alone can also stimulate SecA ATPase, but membrane proteins block this stimulation in native inner membranes. We define the stimulation of SecA ATPase by lipid as "SecA/lipid ATPase". SecA/lipid ATPase, translocation ATPase, and translocation into inner membrane vesicles require acidic phospholipids, suggesting an underlying unity of mechanism. ProOmpA and ATP stabilize liposome-bound SecA. Full SecA/lipid ATPase activity and stability are also seen when a mixture of a leader peptide and either OmpA or maltose binding protein (MBP) are added instead of proOmpA, while neither the leader peptide alone nor OmpA or MBP suffice. Cytosolic proteins in conjunction with a leader peptide are less active in this reaction, indicating that liposome-bound SecA protein recognizes both leader and mature domains.
RISKY CHOICE IN PIGEONS AND HUMANS: A CROSS-SPECIES COMPARISON

Pigeon and human subjects were given repeated choices between variable and adjusting delays to token reinforcement that titrated in relation to a subject's recent choice patterns. Indifference curves were generated under two different procedures: immediate exchange, in which a token earned during each trial was exchanged immediately for access to the terminal reinforcer (food for pigeons, video clips for humans), and delayed exchange, in which tokens accumulated and were exchanged after 11 trials. The former was designed as an analogue of procedures typically used with nonhuman subjects, the latter as an analogue to procedures typically used with human participants. Under both procedure types, different variable-delay schedules were manipulated systematically across conditions in ways that altered the reinforcer immediacy of the risky option. Under immediate-exchange conditions, both humans and pigeons consistently preferred the variable delay, and indifference points were generally ordered in relation to relative reinforcer immediacies. Such risk sensitivity was greatly reduced under delayed-exchange conditions. Choice and trial-initiation response latencies varied directly with indifference points, suggesting that local analyses may provide useful ancillary measures of reinforcer value. On the whole, the results indicate that modifying procedural features brings choices of pigeons and humans into better accord, and that human-nonhuman differences on risky choice procedures reported in the literature may be at least partly a product of procedural differences.
Fractals in petrology

Abstract A fractal (power-law) distribution is the only statistical distribution applicable to a scale-invariant process. One of the major problems in petrology is the distribution of trace elements in the Earth's crust. Extreme values of this distribution result in ore deposits. There is accumulating observational evidence that tonnage–grade statistics of ore deposits are often fractal (power-law). Rayleigh distillation and chromatographic models can explain power-law (fractal) distributions for the extreme values of trace element concentrations. An alternative fractal approach to problems in petrology is to use self-affine fractals. The standard approach is to take a Fourier transform of a continuous signal (an example would be the concentration of a mineral along a linear track). If the Fourier coefficients scale as a power-law of the wavelength, the distribution is a self-affine fractal. Many well logs give this result. Multifractal analyses can also be applied to problems in petrology.