cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time variations in the Earth's gravity field

At the present time, the causes and consequences of changes in the Earth's gravity field due to geophysical and meteorological phenomena are not well understood. The Earth's gravity field represents the complicated distribution of all of the matter that makes up our planet. Its variations are caused by the motions of the solid Earth interacting with the gravitational attraction of the Sun and the Moon (tides) and with the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, polar ice caps and groundwater due to changing weather patterns. These variations influence the rotation of the Earth, alter the orbits of Earth satellites, cause sea level fluctuations, and indirectly affect the global climate pattern.
Progressivism, Corporate Capitalism, and the Social Sciences: Confronting the Paradox of Federal Administrative Reform in America

Although various emphases have been taken over the years, the dominant preference of administrative reformers in the United States beginning with the early Progressive Era reform movement has been ...
The system HCl + NdCl3 + H2O from 5 to 55 °C : A study of Harned's rule

The activity coefficients of HCl (γ A ) in aqueous mixtures of HCl and NdCl3 were determined by the electromotive-force (emf) measurement of cells without liquid junctions of the type: (A) $${\rm Pt},{\rm H}_{2} ({\rm g},1 {\rm atm})|{\rm HCl}(m_{\rm A}) + {\rm NdCl}_{3} (m_{\rm B}) + {\rm H}_{2} {\rm O}|{\rm AgCl},{\rm Ag}$$ The experiments were carried out at nine constant total ionic strengths of I = 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mol-kg−1, and at 11 temperatures from 5 to 55 ∘C, but at I = 2.0 mol-kg−1 the experimental temperatures were 5, 25 and 55 ∘C only. Harned's rule was used to represent all 728 experimental emf data points at the experimental ionic strengths and temperatures. The quadratic terms in the Harned equations for the values of logγ A were required for a good fit to the emf data, indicating the significance of ternary interactions at the experimental ionic strengths. The adjoining paper deals with the application of the Pitzer ion-interaction theory to estimate the Pitzer's mixing parameters for binary and ternary interactions.
Nomenclature for iron formations

Abstract This paper explains the terminology and a classification scheme which are used in an accompanying paper about the genesis of iron formations. An iron formation is considered to be a stratigraphic unit which consists mostly of iron-rich chemical sedimentary rock, specifically rock with more than 15% Fe. ∗ The rock is called ironstone. Iron formations may be classified into six groups on the basis of the sedimentary environment in which they accumulated. Some previous authors have used the terms, ironstone and iron formation, in more restricted ways. For example, “ironstone” has been used to name one of the six environmental types of iron formations and “iron formation” has been used exclusively for chert-rich iron formations. These restrictions are avoided herein because they are not consistent with the simplicity of the names. By analogy with limestone, ironstone is simply an iron-rich chemical sedimentary rock. The word, formation, clearly refers to a stratigraphic unit and so “iron formation” is applied to any stratigraphic unit which is composed predominantly of ironstone. Alternative usages of the terms, ironstone and iron formation, have been sufficiently varied that none of the usages can be defended on the grounds of overwhelming support, independent of semantic arguments.
Bladder and Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer

Purpose: While there are data available indicating the incidence and prevalence of bladder and upper tract urothelial cancer, population level data on resource use, costs and patterns of care for these cancers are limited. We quantified the economic impact of caring for patients with bladder and upper tract urothelial cancer, and determined the primary drivers for such costs in the population in the United States.Materials and Methods: The analytical methods used to generate these results have been described previously.Results: An increasing proportion of patients with bladder and upper tract urothelial cancer were being treated in the outpatient setting. Most care was provided by urologists and visit frequency was directly related to disease stage. Only a small proportion of patients potentially eligible for chemotherapy, ie those with advanced disease, sought specialized care from oncologists. Office based diagnostic tests such as cytology were not commonly done, although a substantial number of patient...
Development and application of immunoaffinity chromatography for coplanar PCBs in soil and sediment

Abstract An immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) column was developed as a simple cleanup procedure for preparing environmental samples for analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Soil and sediment samples were prepared using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), followed by the IAC cleanup, with detection by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative recoveries (84–130%) of PCB-126 were obtained in fortified sediment and soil samples using the PLE/IAC/ELISA method. These results demonstrated that the IAC procedure effectively removed interferences from the soil and sediment matrices. The IAC column could be reused more than 20 times with no change in performance with 99.9% methanol/0.1% Triton X-100 as the elution solvent. Results of 17 soil and sediment samples prepared by PLE/IAC/ELISA correlated well with those obtained from a conventional multi-step cleanup with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry detection.
Estrogen receptor separation employing sucrose deuterium oxide gradients generated during sample centrifugation.

A quick and easy method of sucrose density gradient analysis is described in which prior preparation of gradients for protein separation is not required. We compare the refractive indices as well as the separation pattern of radioactively labeled proteins with either preformed gradients (prepared by layering or by gradient maker) or gradients that establish themselves during centrifugation. Our results show that an identical pattern of protein separation can be achieved by layering the nuclear extracted estrogen receptor either on top of one single sucrose concentration or on a preformed gradient. Centrifugation times are 40 hr in a swinging bucket type rotor (Sw60) or 15 hr in a vertical tube rotor (VTi 65). This method avoids the onerous task of gradient preparation, and the separation itself can be achieved in a 15 hr centrifugation by use of a vertical tube rotor.
A Transuranic-Aerosol-Measurement System for the Workplace or Stack Monitoring

This compact transuranic-aerosol-measurement system, using alpha spectroscopy at vacuum, has a sensitivity of less than 0.5 MPC-hr for 239Pu. In addition, a detector is mounted in the inlet pipe that responds immediately if there is a release of radioactivity; then, after an appropriate time, the filter is moved to the vacuum chamber for more sensitive off-line analysis. The system is very efficient for particles as large as 10 ?m in diameter. A micro-computer controls the filter transport, operates as a 256-channel PHA, performs calculations, checks calibration, and drives a matrix display and a central computer. This instrument, called WOTAMS, has been developed for use in facilities that process transuranics with the expectation it will further evolve into a commercial product to replace those less sensitive instruments now widely used.
A survey of methods of feasible directions for the solution of optimal control problems

Although the class of methods of feasible directions, which can be used for solving constrained optimization problems in Rn, is quite large, only a few of these methods can be extended for the solution of optimal control problems. This paper reviews three of the most promising algorithms in this class: an extension of the Frank-Wolfe method due to Barnes, a dual method due to Pironneau and Polak, and a method due to Zoutendijk.
Large‐Scale Autotrophic Culture of Euglena gracilis*

SYNOPSIS. Large quantities of autotrophic Euglena gracilis can be obtained in a short time using simple and inexpensive equipment. Cultures grown in flasks on a rotary shaker are transferred to a polyethylene drum containing 180 liters of medium. The drum, which is illuminated with both internal and external fluorescent lamps, contains a coil of vinyl tubing carrying tap water for temperature control and 2 vinyl tubes for air and CO2. Sterilization of the drum or the medium was unnecessary, but can be accomplished by gassing the drum with ethylene oxide or overnight exposure to germicidal lamps and by dispensing the medium into the drum through a large Millipore apparatus. Yields of 289–330 g of fresh weight material have been obtained after one week's growth. Shorter growth periods yielded 134–160 g of fresh weight material. Ten g of purified chloroplasts have been obtained from 160 g of cells grown in this manner.
Carbon Monoxide in Exhaled Breath Testing and Therapeutics

Carbon monoxide (CO), a low molecular weight gas, is a ubiquitous environmental product of organic combustion, which is also produced endogenously in the body, as the byproduct of heme metabolism. CO binds to hemoglobin, resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to bodily tissues at toxicological concentrations. At physiological concentrations, CO may have endogenous roles as a potential signaling mediator in vascular function and cellular homeostasis. Exhaled CO (eCO), similar to exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), has been evaluated as a candidate breath biomarker of pathophysiological states, including smoking status, and inflammatory diseases of the lung and other organs. eCO values have been evaluated as potential indicators of inflammation in asthma, stable COPD and exacerbations, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, or during surgery or critical care. The utility of eCO as a marker of inflammation and its potential diagnostic value remain incompletely characterized. Among other candidate 'medicinal gases' with therapeutic potential, (e.g., NO and H2S), CO has been shown to act as an effective anti-inflammatory agent in preclinical animal models of inflammatory disease, acute lung injury, sepsis, ischemia/reperfusion injury and organ graft rejection. Current and future clinical trials will evaluate the clinical applicability of this gas as a biomarker and/or therapeutic in human disease.
Solvation and rotational dynamics of coumarin 153 in ionic liquids : Comparisons to conventional solvents

Steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopy with 25 ps resolution are used to measure equilibrium and dynamic aspects of the solvation of coumarin 153 (C153) in a diverse collection of 21 room-temperature ionic liquids. The ionic liquids studied here include several phosphonium and imidazolium liquids previously reported as well as 12 new ionic liquids that incorporate two homologous series of ammonium and pyrrolidinium cations. Steady-state absorption and emission spectra are used to extract solvation free energies and reorganization energies associated with the S0 ↔ S1 transition of C153. These quantities, especially the solvation free energy, vary relatively little in ionic liquids compared to conventional solvents. Some correlation is found between these quantities and the mean separation between ions (or molar volume). Time-resolved anisotropies are used to observe solute rotation. Rotation times measured in ionic liquids correlate with solvent viscosity in much the same way that they do in ...
On the field-aligned scale length of the V-shaped auroral potential structure

Abstract It is found, by means of particle simulations, that the field-aligned scale length of the V -potential along auroral-field lines depends on the convergence of the magnetic-field lines. In a uniform magnetic field, the potential drop is localized in a double layer with a field-aligned scale length of the order of the Debye length. In a converging magnetic field, the potential drop is shown to be extended with a field-aligned scale length much greater than the Debye length. The converging magnetic field appears to contribute to the retention of trapped electrons confined between the magnetic mirror and the electrostatic potential-barrier. When a background plasma is included in the simulation, the potential structure is shown to detach from the ionospheric boundary.
Experimental method for low-temperature reaction studies in sealed samples by 13C CP/MAS NMR

A new, simple, and inexpensive technique is presented for monitoring high-resolution solid-state NMR of 13C at temperatures ranging between 85 and 450 K. In this procedure, the reaction conditions are controlled by preparing samples at 77 K in 5 mm NMR tubes, while attached to a vacuum system. The NMR tubes are prefitted with a rotor for spinning. After preparation, the samples are sealed, transferred to the double-resonance MAS NMR probe, and analyzed, all while the sample temperature is maintained as low as 85 K. The spinning rates vary from 3.0 kHz at 85 K to 5.2 kHz at 300 K using nitrogen drive gas. Probe design and performance, sample-preparation procedure, and details of the low-temperature experiment are described. In general, the technique may be applied in studies of low-temperature reaction mechanisms and kinetics. 13C CP/MAS spectra of ethylene adsorbed on silica-supported ruthenium catalyst are presented to illustrate its performance and possible application.
A link availability-based QoS-aware routing protocol for mobile ad hoc sensor networks

With more and more wireless devices being mobile, there is a constant challenge to provide reliable and high quality communication services among these devices. In this paper, we propose a link availability-based QoS-aware (LABQ) routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks based on mobility prediction and link quality measurement, in addition to energy consumption estimate. The goal is to provide highly reliable and better communication links with energy-efficiency. The proposed routing algorithm has been verified by NS-2 simulations. The results have shown that LABQ outperforms existing algorithms by significantly reducing link breakages and thereby reducing the overheads in reconnection and retransmission. It also reduces the average end-to-end delay for data transfer and enhances the lifetime of nodes by making energy-efficient routing decisions.
Use of Preferential Inspection to Define the Viewing Sphere and Characteristic Views of an Arbitrary Machined Tool Part

Measurements were made of the way human subjects visually inspected an idealized machined tool part (a ‘widget’) while learning the three-dimensional shape of the object. Subjects were free to rota...
Body temperature of C57BL/6J mice with age

On the basis of a study of rectal temperature in a group of 180, C57BL/6J male mice, ranging in age from 3 months to 30 months, the following conclusions were drawn: 1) The positive correlation between body weight and body temperature typical for rodents was found only for young adults of the C57BL/6J strain; 2) body temperature of male C57BL/6J did not appear to decline until about 23.5 months, after which there was a significant negative correlation (r = -0.53) between age and temperature.
On the theory of pion production

We express the matrix element and the cross-section for single-pion production in pion-nucleon collisions in terms of four scalar invariant amplitudes. The contributions to these amplitudes from the nearest singularities in thet andu channels forT=J=3/2 isobar production and from the nucleon pole of thes-channel are calculated. Pion-pion scattering is also included. Full account is taken of the virtuality of the different intermediate states. The model provides a natural explanation of the 1512 MeVD13 resonance, which should be accompanied by aP11 resonance at roughly the same energy.
The object behavior of Java object-oriented database management systems

Due to its portability and popularity for Internet applications, Java has become one of the major programming languages. The similar syntax inherited from the C language and the pure object oriented features, compared to the non-pure object-oriented C++ language, have caused Java to be a good candidate as a tool in designing object oriented systems, especially in database servers. However the performance of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is the reason that several database designers, such as Oracle, IBM, Sybase and Informix, have not fully transferred their database management system (DBMS) into Java. One of the performance indices is the responsiveness for online transaction processing (OLTP) which may be dominated by the garbage collection system inside the JVM. In this paper eight Java programs, jess, javac, mtrt, compress, db, db4o, smallDB and ozone, are used to study the dynamic memory behavior. The latter four programs are Java object-oriented database management systems and their object behaviors are compared to those of the four regular Java programs. Simulation results such as object size distribution, average object size, object live distribution and total garbage collection cycle are reported.
Mode and Termination Checking for Higher-Order Logic Programs

We consider how mode (such as input and output) and termination properties of typed higher-order constraint logic programming languages may be declared and checked effectively. The systems that we present have been validated through an implementation and numerous case studies.
Estimation of a signal waveform from noisy data using low-rank approximation to a data matrix

An analysis and improvement of a data-adaptive signal estimation algorithm are presented. Perturbation analysis of a reduced-rank data matrix is used to reveal its statistical properties. The obtained information is used for calculating the performance of the Toeplitz-restoration algorithm of D. Tufts et al. (1982). This analysis leads to improvements of the methods, and the predicted improvements are demonstrated by simulation and comparison with the Cramer-Rao bounds. >
Primary Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults as a Risk Factor for Pulmonary Embolism: An Up-to-Date Review of the Literature

Patients with nephrotic syndrome are at an increased risk for thrombotic events; deep venous thrombosis, renal vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism are quite common in patients with nephrotic syndrome. It is important to note that nephrotic syndrome secondary to membranous nephropathy may impose a greater thrombotic risk for unclear reasons. Increased platelet activation, enhanced red blood cell aggregation, and an imbalance between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors are thought to underlie the excessive thrombotic risk in patients with nephrotic syndrome. The current scientific literature suggests that patients with low serum albumin levels and membranous nephropathy may benefit from primary prophylactic anticoagulation. A thorough approach which includes accounting for all additional thrombotic risk factors is, therefore, essential. Patient counseling regarding the pros and cons of anticoagulation is of paramount importance. Future prospective randomized studies should address the question regarding the utility of primary thromboprophylaxis in patients with nephrotic syndrome.
Assessment of atmospheric correction methods for Landsat TM data applicable to Amazon basin LBA research

Atmospheric correction is an important preprocessing step required in many remote sensing applications. The authors are engaged in the project 'Human Dimensions of Amazonia: Forest Regeneration and Landscape Structure' in NASA/INPE's Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) programme. This project requires use of corrected Landsat TM data since research foci integrate ground-based data and TM to: (1) measure and model biomass; (2) classify multiple stages of secondary succession; (3) model land cover/land use changes; and (4) derive spectral signatures consistent across different study areas. The 30+ scenes of TM data are historic and lack detailed atmospheric data needed by physically-based atmospheric correction models such as 6S (Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum). Imagebased DOS models are based on image measurements and explored in this article for application to LBA study areas. Two methods using theoretical spectral radiance and image acquisition d...
cGMP/protein kinase G-dependent inhibition of N-type Ca2+ channels induced by nitric oxide in human neuroblastoma IMR32 cells.

Although data from our laboratory and others suggest that nitric oxide (NO) exerts an overall inhibitory action on high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels, conflicting observations have been reported regarding its effects on N-type channels. We performed whole-cell and cell-attached patch-clamp recordings in IMR32 cells to clarify the functional role of NO in the modulation of N channels of human neuronal cells. During depolarizing steps to +10 mV from V h = −90 mV, the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 200 μm), reduced macroscopic N currents by 34% ( p < 0.01). The magnitude of inhibition was similar at all voltages tested (range, −40 to +50 mV). No significant inhibition was observed when SNP was applied together with the NO scavenger, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (300 μm), or after cell treatment with the guanylate cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazole [4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (10 μm). 8-Bromoguanosine-cGMP (8-Br-cGMP) (400 μm) mimicked the effects of SNP, reducing Ba2+ currents by 37% ( p < 0.001). Cell treatment with the protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor KT5823 (1 μm) or guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphorothioate, 8-(4-chloro-phenylthio)-Rp-isomer, triethylammonium salt (20 μm) virtually abolished the effects of 8-Br-cGMP. At the single-channel level, 8-Br-cGMP reduced the channel open probability by 59% and increased both the mean shut time and the null sweep probability, but it had no significant effects on channel conductance, mean open time, or latency of first openings. These data suggest that NO inhibits N-channel gating through cGMP and PKG. The consequent decrease in Ca2+ influx through these channels may affect different neuronal functions, including neurotransmitter release.
Desperate Housewives? Communication Difficulties and the Dynamics of Marital (un)Happiness

This paper develops a model of marital dissolution based on communication difficulties. The quality of a marriage depends on the proximity of an action to a target. The target is unknown, and must be learned over time. Each individual receives private signals about the target, and can communicate them only imperfectly to his or her spouse. Because of imperfect communication, spouses may hold different beliefs about the optimal action. The action actually chosen is a compromise of the spouses’ distinct beliefs. If a couple’s beliefs diverge too widely, one or both of them may prefer to dissolve the marriage. The paper explores how poor communication contributes to marital unhappiness, as well as its implications for the dynamics of divorce risk, the welfare properties of divorce decisions, and the role of counseling. When the distribution of decision-making power in the household favors men, wives (but not husbands) can find themselves trapped for prolonged periods in a marriage that leaves them as unhappy as it is possible to be without seeking relief through divorce.
Non-steady-state kinetic studies of the real kinetic isotope effects and Arrhenius activation parameters for the proton transfer reactions of 9,10-dimethylanthracene radical cation with pyridine bases

The kinetics of the reactions between 9,10-dimethylanthracene radical cation and 2,6-diethylpyridine (DEP) in dichloromethane–Bu4NPF6 (0.2 M) as well as that with 2,6-dimethylpyridine (LUT) in acetonitrile–Bu4NPF6 (0.1 M) were studied at temperatures ranging from 252 to 312 K. In the time period before steady-state was reached for both reaction systems at all temperatures, the apparent deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEapp) were observed to increase with extent of reaction. The KIEapp–extent of reaction profiles provide strong evidence for a two-step mechanism [eqns. (i),(ii)] consisting of reversible complex formation prior to rate determining proton transfer.(i) ArCH3+˙ + B ⇌ ArCH3+˙/B Keq = kf/kb(ii) ArCH3+˙/B → ArCH2˙ + BH+ kp(iii) ArCH2˙ + ArCH3+˙ + B → Products fast Resolution of the kinetics into the relevant microscopic rate constants resulted in real deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEreal) which are much larger than KIEapp and were observed to increase markedly with decreasing temperature. Values of KIEreal ranged from 62 to 247. It is concluded that a significant degree of quantum mechanical tunneling is involved for both reaction systems. Activation parameters for apparent and microscopic rate constants are discussed with reference to the proton tunneling effect.
Teaching the Principles of Test Validation in Introductory Psychology.

We describe a simple classroom activity that demonstrated the process of assessing predictive validity. We assessed changes in student understanding of the process, confidence in psychological testing, and enjoyment in participating in the exercise. Students who completed the activity performed better on a test question about validity and reported more confidence in testing. Students reported they enjoyed the exercise and that the activity provided them with a better understanding of the test development process.
The Tri-F Titer: A Rapid Test for Estimation of Plasma Fibrinogen and Detection of Fibrinolysis, Fibrin(ogen) Split Products, and Heparin

Abstract The use of extracorporeal circulation has been associated with operative and postoperative hemorrhage. In patients on the pump there are a number of different pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to hemorrhagic disorders. In essence the hemorrhagic diathesis is caused by the increased utilization or destruction of hemostatic factors, the presence of circulating anticoagulants, a reduction in hemostatic factors due to underproduction or dilution by transfused banked blood, or all three. The tri-F titer (TFT) is a new rapid and reproducible test that gives an estimate of the fibrinogen concentration and detects the presence of fibrinolysis, fibrin(ogen) split products, and circulating heparin. The use of the TFT in the diagnosis of various coagulopathies is discussed. The TFT, which depends on the formation and observation of clots in vitro, is considered to have distinct advantages over other tests which rely on immunological, solubility, and other physicochemical phenomena.
On blending attacks for mixes with memory

Blending attacks are a general class of traffic-based attacks, exemplified by the (n–1)-attack. Adding memory or pools to mixes mitigates against such attacks, however there are few known quantitative results concerning the effect of pools on blending attacks. In this paper we give a precise analysis of the number of rounds required to perform an (n–1)-attack on the pool mix, timed pool mix, timed dynamic pool mix and the binomial mix.
The Innovative Materiality of Revitalization Movements: Lessons from the Pueblo Revolt of 1680

ABSTRACT Although Wallace's revitalization movement model has been successfully utilized in scores of ethnographic and ethnohistorical studies of societies throughout the world, revitalization is considerably less well documented in archaeological contexts. An examination of the materiality of revitalization movements affords an opportunity to redress this lack by investigating how material culture creates and constrains revitalization phenomena. In this article, I reconsider the revitalization model through a case study focusing on the archaeology of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, emphasizing the central role of materiality in the formation and mediation of these movements. In doing so, I examine the archaeological signatures of revitalization movements, concluding that they are highly negotiated and heterogeneous phenomena and that the materiality of these episodes cultivates cultural innovation. I also seek to demonstrate that the distinctive types of material culture produced through revitalization are not epiphenomenal but, rather, are crucially constitutive of revitalizing processes.
Negotiation Research in Auditing

Investor confidence is the cornerstone of the capital markets, and reporting quality depends on the proper resolution of contentious accounting and disclosure matters that surface during the audit ...
A Note on the Particle Filter with Posterior Gaussian Resampling

Particle filter (PF) is a fully non-linear filter with Bayesian conditional probability estimation, compared here with the well-known ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). A Gaussian resampling (GR) method is proposed to generate the posterior analysis ensemble in an effective and efficient way. The Lorenz model is used to test the proposed method. The PF with Gaussian resampling (PFGR) can approximate more accurately the Bayesian analysis. The present work demonstrates that the proposed PFGR possesses good stability and accuracy and is potentially applicable to large-scale data assimilation problems.
EXPERIMENTER CALCULATION ERRORS: A POTENTIAL FACTOR AFFECTING INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS1

Following a study of socially withdrawn children, it was noted that checks of experimenter calculations indicated discrepancies. The present study investigated the magnitude and direction of experimenter errors in data computations. Two full-time research assistants, who served as experimenters, processed the behavioral observation data. These experimenters were referred to as the subjects in this study. Standard data values, against which the subjects' computations were compared, were established by two other research assistants and a computer staff. The results indicated that experimenters' original data values disagreed with the standard data values. The daily errors showed considerable variability for both experimenters. The specific factors accounting for this variability could not be identified, although frequency of experimenter responses required to obtain rate and duration data, time spent calculating, and complexity of task were suggested as possible contributing variables. While disagreements occurred across all experimental days, the magnitude of differences was generally small. An examination of direction of differences in both experimenters' data showed no systematic trends in favor of the experimental hypothesis. Rather, there appeared to be a trend in the other direction. This study suggests that the same research decisions would have been made during the original investigation using either set of data.
Figural narrative in Cynewulf's Juliana

Old English saints' lives, as a group, have not generated a great deal of critical enthusiasm; and Cynewulf's Juliana has often been regarded as the worst of a bad lot. One of the poem's recent editors sees in it a ‘uniformity verging on monotony’ and finds it ‘unrelieved by any emotional or rhetorical emphasis or by any other gradations in tone’. While critics concede that all Cynewulf's signed poems have a smooth texture and contain ‘fine passages’, they regard Juliana as something of an embarrassment and generally assign it to the poet's adolescence – or senescence.
Effects of dietary protein/phosphate restriction in normal dogs and dogs with chronic renal failure

The effects of three dietary protein intakes (1–9, 1–3, and 0–6 g protein/kg bodyweight/day) on selected aspects of protein, mineral and electrolyte balance as well as renal functions was studied in normal dogs with moderate chronic renal failure. Dietary phosphate levels varied according to the quantity of phosphate in protein sources. Within the ranges of protein intake examined in this study, protein intake did not have a significant effect on glomerular filtration rates as measured by inulin clearance or 24-hour creatinine clearance. Restricting protein intake to less than 1–9 g protein/kg bodyweight/day further reduced retention of nitrogenous waste products as measured by serum urea nitrogen concentrations, but at the expense of adequate protein nutrition. Diets providing less than 1–9 g protein/kg bodyweight/day promoted protein malnutrition characterised by hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia in both normal dogs and dogs with renal failure. Serum protein concentrations were similar in normal and renal failure dogs, suggesting that, under the conditions of this study, normal and renal failure dogs may have similar protein requirements. Progressive dietary protein/phosphate restriction improved but did not normalise phosphate balance in renal failure dogs.
Context, Electoral Rules, and Party Systems

To address concerns over the applicability of the electoral system literature to new and developing democracies, we present a framework for understanding the interplay between electoral rules and social, economic, and political context. This framework emphasizes that context typically shapes what we call the “behavioral” linkage between electoral rules and outcomes; moreover, the longer the causal chain connecting electoral rules to outcomes, the greater the number of opportunities for context to exert an effect. We then situate recent literature within this framework. Scholarship from a wide range of authors indicates many different ways in which contextual factors ultimately shape the number of parties. However, perhaps the most important contribution of this literature is to indicate how context conditions the behavioral incentives initially generated by electoral rules, thus promoting or undermining political actors' propensity to behave strategically.
Measuring Youth Media Exposure A Multimodal Method for Investigating the Influence of Media on Digital Natives

Measuring Youth Media Exposure (MYME) methodology was developed in response to a need for more sensitive, comprehensive, and reliable measures of media use and exposure in a rapidly evolving and in...
Quality Control in the Clinical Laboratory: An Individual Perspective

This article gives a brief overview of the history and current status of quality control with particular reference to recommended goals based on medical usefulness. The author warns of accepting excessively restrictive goals because of their potential for triggering inappropriate regulatory actions and clinician expectations.
RESECTION FOR LIVER METASTASES OF SMALL INTESTINE LEIOMYOSARCOMA IN A PATIENT SURGICALLY TREATED FOR TRIPLE MALIGNANT TUMOR 3 YEARS PREVIOUSLY

We encountered a patient surgically treated for triple malignant tumor 3 years previously, and who later underwent radical left lobectomy for liver metastases from small intestine leiomyosarcoma. The patient is a 79-year-old man. The diagnosis after the first operation in 1991 was colon cancer, pelvic cancer and small intestine leiomyoma. In 1994 space occupying lesions were found in his liver. We performed a liver biopsy, and the lesions were diagnosed as metastases from leiomyosarcoma. The specimen from the first operation was therefore re-evaluated, and the first diagnosis of small intestine lesion was changed to leiomyosarcoma. This is the first case of triple malignant tumor (colon, pelvic cancer and leiomyosarcoma) reported in Japan.
Injury-related factors in college students: a paired case-control study

Objective To explore the risk and protective factors of injuries among college students.Methods A total of 1 929 students were investigated by cluster sampling,280 students with injuries in 2006 served as the experimental group and 280 1∶1 matched students without injuries served as the control group.The 280 students without injury as controls were randomly selected by the same gender,age, department and nation as students with injuries.Data were analyzed by conditional univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results The incidence ratio of injury in college students was 14.52%,and that of fall/collision injury was the highest(40.71%).non-only child,father with low education and high nervous latitude score were risk factors and the OR values were respectively 1.718(95%CI:1.252～2.357),1.282(95%CI:1.055～1.568) and 1.121(95%CI:1.087～1.156),and maternal occupation and low latitude stability score were protective factors and the OR values were 0.732(95%CI:0.619～0.865) and 0.975(95%CI:0.954～0.997).Conclusion College policy-makers should develop effective measurements to reduce health-risk behaviors with family and society and promote students′ self-protective consciousness.
Multi-Node Transients

This chapter builds on the few-node numerical approach, detailing the side wall of the mug of coffee problem. Conceptually, multi-node problems involve a simple extension of the principles developed for the few-node model. However, in programming a multi-node simulation, some or all of the recursion formulas can be written in terms of an input numerical parameter, say “n” and the governing equations are derived in terms of “n”. These problems cannot be readily handled that way with a spreadsheet solution, where a commitment to a specific number of nodes must be made at the outset (set up the number of columns). Nevertheless, a multi-node model with predetermined number of nodes can be developed in a spreadsheet, as presented in this chapter to observe more detailed thermal response during the mug heating phase.
Mass mortality and slow recovery of Diadema antillarum: Could compromised immunity be a factor?

Long-spined sea urchins (Diademaantillarum-a) began dying in January 1983 and over the next year virtually disappeared from the Caribbean. Decades later, Diadema densities remain low, with only very limited recovery in some areas. Ecological extinction of Diadema is a factor in the transformation of coral to barren algae-covered rock that has occurred in the Caribbean during the past 25 years. Working with sea urchins collected from St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands, we asked whether the immune system of Diadema differs from those of other common Caribbean urchins that did not experience the die-off. Using isolated coelomocytes, we tested humoral responses of the urchins with classic stimulators in numerous humoral immune assays. All coelomocytes responded to stimulators—with one notable and statistically significant exception—D. antillarum did not respond to lipopolysaccharide. Our results indicate that Diadema may have a weakness in its humoral defense response that is independent of local stressors and may help explain why Caribbean Diadema was vulnerable to the 1983 epidemic and has shown slow and limited recovery since then.
Edge Angle As A Functional Indicator: A Test

AbstractArchaeologists traditionally have relied upon the examination of stone tool edge angles as an efficient method for defining and attributing use categories to the tools. However, this approach has not been adequately tested by researchers. In the present study the results of a low-magnification microwear analysis of 67 morphologically defined end scrapers are presented. Six categories of scraper wear were observed, and the mean edge angle values for each group were compared. Based upon an analysis of variance test, it was found that there are no statistically significant differences between the different functionally defined scraper groups in terms of edge angles. It was concluded that edge angle might be a useful variable to monitor in narrowing down gross categories of tool use (i.e., longitudinally vs. transversely oriented motion). However, to derive more specific functional assignations, one needs to conduct an intensive use-wear analysis of all tools.
Network analysis links genome-wide phenotypic and transcriptional stress responses in a bacterial pathogen with a large pan-genome.

Background: Bacteria modulate subcellular processes to handle stressful environments. Genome-wide profiling of gene expression (RNA-Seq) and fitness (Tn-Seq) allows two views of the same genetic network underlying these responses. However, it remains unclear how they combine, enabling a bacterium to overcome a perturbation. Results: Here we generate RNA-Seq and Tn-Seq profiles in three strains of S. pneumoniae in response to stress defined by different levels of nutrient depletion. These profiles show that genes that change their expression and/or become phenotypically important come from a diverse set of functional categories, and genes that are phenotypically important tend to be highly expressed. Surprisingly, we find that expression and fitness changes rarely occur on the same gene, which we confirmed by over 140 validation experiments. To rationalize these unexpected results we built the first genome-scale metabolic model of S. pneumoniae showing that differential expression and phenotypic importance actually correlate between nearest neighbors, although they are distinctly partitioned into small subnetworks. Moreover, a meta-analysis of 234 S. pneumoniae gene expression studies reveals that essential genes and phenotypically important subnetworks rarely change expression, indicating that they are shielded from transcriptional fluctuations and that a clear distinction exists between transcriptional and phenotypic response networks. Conclusions: We present a genome-wide computational/experimental approach that contextualizes changes that occur on transcriptomic and phenomic levels in response to stress. Importantly, this highlights the need to connect disparate response networks, for instance in antibiotic target identification, where preferred targets are phenotypically important genes that would be overlooked by transcriptomic analyses alone.
La belleza es un corsé de acero: Los Pazos de Ulloa y La Desheredada

The Spanish novels of nineteenth century presented feminine characters entrapped by the extreme demands of honor, an ideal which was impossible to realize for beautiful women. Beauty was understood as the opposite of virtue, with virtue being understood as submission and obedience to men. This article will analyze feminine characters in Los pazos de Ulloa by Emilia Pardo Bazan and La desheredada by Benito Perez Galdos to focus on the ways by which women are constructed as objects of male desire and how the destructive prejudices of the male gaze kill, literally and symbolically, any [52] possibilities for women to exist and survive in society. I will try to show how in these discourses the only acceptable woman is the dead one.
Greater Trochanteric Advancement for the Treatment of Coxa Brevis Associated with Congenital Dislocation of the Hip

A patient has been presented with congenital dislocation of the left hip having initial treatment at age three months. The treatment included closed reduction and immobilization in a spica cast. Experience has shown that closed reduction without the benefit of prereduction traction is associated with a high incidence of avascular necrosis probably due to vascular occlusion. The chondroepiphysis is most vulnerable to ischemic injury in the first six months of life. The patient then presented at age ten years with a nonpainful gluteus medius limp and a radiograph demonstrating the residual deformity of total ischemic damage of the epiphysis and physis. The patient also had a 3.5 cm limb length discrepancy. The natural history of this hip is that of early degenerative arthritis. A distal femoral epiphysiodesis was done on the contralateral side to treat the limb length discrepancy. A distal and lateral greater trochanteric advancement was done to lengthen the abductor muscle length, which improved the abductor muscle contraction and eliminated the limp. This also lengthened the abductor lever arm, which reduces the force across the hip joint and delays the onset of degenerative arthritis.
Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding

Abnormal or irregular bleeding is a common occurrence in adolescent girls, particularly those who recently reached menarche. Most commonly, dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is due to an immature hypothalamus–pituitary–ovarian axis leading to anovulatory cycles. However, DUB is a diagnosis of exclusion, so both systemic and gynecologic must be considered. Other common identifiable etiologies include bleeding disorders and polycystic ovary syndrome. In addition, a pregnancy test should always be obtained. Treatment of irregular bleeding depends on the severity of the bleeding, but fortunately the long-term prognosis for abnormal vaginal bleeding is excellent.
Focused cardiac ultrasound in the early resuscitation of severe sepsis and septic shock: a prospective pilot study

Point-of-care ultrasonography has been increasingly used in the care of critically ill patients; however, reports on its use during active resuscitation are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the true impact of focused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) during the management of sepsis with early (6-h) resuscitation. A prospective pilot observational study was conducted at an academic medical center from March 2011 through July 2012. Patients undergoing resuscitation for severe sepsis or septic shock were prospectively enrolled at medical and combined medical–surgical intensive care units. Patients underwent a 10-min FCU examination when echocardiography was not part of their care plan. FCU was performed by sonographers and interpreted by cardiologists to minimize risks of inadequate image acquisition and misinterpretation. Intensivists completed surveys on their diagnostic and therapeutic plans before and after receiving FCU information. Of the 30 patients enrolled, 18 (60%) were male and the median age was 61 years [interquartile range (IQR) 50–71 years]. Median central venous oxygen saturation and lactate levels were 59.6% (IQR 53.1–66.2%) and 2.7 mmol/L (IQR 1.2–4.1 mmol/L), respectively. Clinical assessment by intensivists before FCU commonly failed to correctly estimate ventricular function; specifically, left ventricular in 12 patients [40%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 25–58%] and right ventricular function in 15 patients (50%, 95% CI 33–67%). Intensivists’ therapeutic plans changed in eight cases (27%, 95% CI 14–44%) after FCU information became available. The most common changes were fluid management and imaging tests. Intensivists’ confidence in their therapeutic plans improved for 11 patients (37%, 95% CI 22–55%). FCU is a valuable examination tool during early resuscitation of severe sepsis and septic shock.
Radical Prostatectomy Versus Placebo in Early Prostatic Carcinoma: A Veterans Administration Cooperative Study

Carcinoma of the prostate is the second most common malignancy in American men and the third most common cause of death in men. Approximately 96000 new cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed in the United Stated in 1987, and 26000 deaths occurred due to cancer of the prostate. Despite intensive efforts, beginning with endocrine manipulations more than 40 years ago, there are still no data showing unequivocally the superiority of any particular therapy. Therefore, the proper treatment of prostate cancer remains controversial and the results of various treatments inconclusive. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group (VACURG) carried out several prospective randomized studies to investigate the effect of different primary treatments of adenocarcinoma of the prostate (Table 1) [1, 3].
Evaluation of Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) was first introduced as inhibited sexual desire in 1970. Today’s researchers continue to explore the cause of onset, and forms of treatment to expand the understanding of HSDD. Researchers have identified multiple factors that contribute to its development, such as medical and psychological comorbid conditions, biological, or physiological changes, as well as psychological, social, and developmental factors. The wide variety of causes lead to a series of treatment options. These include couples and/or sex therapy, prescribed testosterone, and lifestyle changes. Even with recent advances, this field has yet to standardize treatments based on best evidence.
Comparison of Methods To Identify Advance Care Planning in Patients with Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation

Abstract Background: Advance care planning (ACP) is recommended for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Yet, ACP documentation is often inaccessible at the time of impending...