cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unbiased synthesis of pulse-labeled DNA fragments of bacteriophage λ and T4

Abstract Escherichia coli infected with either T4 or λ bacteriophage incorporate labeled thymidine rapidly into DNA fragments which sediment slowly (7 to 10 s) in alkaline sucrose gradients (Okazaki fragments). These fragments were isolated and hybridized to separated strands of T4 or λ DNA. The results indicated that the Okazaki fragments isolated from replicating bacteriophage are made from both strands of the T4 or λ DNA, respectively. The results of the hybridization with λ fragments also indicated that the Okazaki fragments made from the r-strand were joined into larger units more rapidly than those made from the l-strand.
Absence of transfer in a family of similar tasks.

3 different discrimination learning tasks were designed on the basis of a new-old principle, i.e., each trial involved one “old” element also present during the preceding trial and one “new” elemen...
Current Issues Related to Home Monitoring

Physiologic monitoring is no longer confined to the critical care unit. Home monitors connect patients with clinics, physician offices, disease management programs, and home care agencies for the purpose of streamlining care delivery, maintaining a close patient connection, and promoting early identification of patient status changes. The advent of telehealth technologies offers a wide range of options for home monitoring. The goal of home monitoring is to promote patient comfort and avoid disruption of daily activities. To accomplish this, however, nurses must address issues such as, technology compatibility with patient capabilities, compatibility with nurses' practice beliefs, cost of home monitoring of overall care, and the physiologic parameters that will measure early decompensation.
“Eco-omics”: A Review of the Application of Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics for the Study of the Ecology of Harmful Algae

The implementation of molecular techniques has been widely adopted throughout the life sciences except in the marine sciences. The latter trend is quickly being reversed as even more cutting-edge molecular platforms, referred to collectively as ‘omics-related technologies, are being used in a number of laboratories that study various aspects of life in the marine environment. This review provides a brief overview of just a few representative studies that have used genomics, transcriptomics, or proteomics approaches to deepen our understanding, specifically, about the underlying molecular biology of harmful algae. The examples of the studies described here are particularly relevant in showing how the information gleaned from these technologies can uncover the genetic capacity of harmful algal bloom-forming species, can generate new hypotheses about mechanistic relationships that bridge gene–environment interactions, and can impinge on our understanding surrounding the ecology of these organisms.
Internal rotation in conjugated molecules: nitroehtylene and nitrobenzene

Abstract Calculations of the barrier and associated one-dimensional torsional potential are reported for internal rotation of the nitro group in nitroethylene and nitrobenzene. In these conjugated molecules, inclusion of electron correlation is shown to be necessary for reliable barrier predictions, in contrast to internal rotation of methyl or ethyl groups. Electron-correlation effects appear to be adequately described by the simplest correlated method, second-order Moller—Plesset perturbation theory. Good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment for the barrier in nitroethylene, but not for nitrobenzene. The origin of this difference is discussed, and it is concluded that the theoretical prediction for nitrobenzene is likely to be more accurate than the current experimental value.
SPINOR GENERA UNDER Zp-EXTENSIONS

Let L be a quadratic lattice over a number eld F .W e lift the lattice L along a Zp-extension of F and investigate the growth of the number of spinor genera in the genus of L. Let Ln be the lattice obtained from L by extending scalars to the n-th layer of the Zp-extension. We show that, under various conditions on L and F , the number of spinor genera in the genus of Ln is 2 p n +O(1) where is some rational number depending on L and the Zp-extension. The work involves Iwasawa’s theory of Zp-extensions and explicit calculation of spinor norm groups of local integral rotations.
Directives in office hour consultations: A corpus-informed investigation of learner and expert usage

Abstract This paper investigates spoken directive language use in office hour consultation contexts by international teaching assistants (ITAs) in training, individually and in comparison with practicing academic professionals. The purpose is to inform instruction in advanced spoken English for academic purposes, to contribute to intercultural pragmatics research, and to illustrate the strengths of a mixed corpus and discourse analytic approach for the investigation of learner language. The study employs corpus techniques to compare use by groups and individuals, and qualitative analysis supported by data from surveys and interviews to profile three learners. Interpreted using a social-functional politeness framework, the corpus results show that the ITA group makes fewer uses of both independence and inclusion appeals than the practicing academics, while the profiles provide insight into how learner histories, understandings, and developmental trajectories influence individual patterns of use.
Colocalization of estrogen receptor alpha and NMDA-2D mRNAs in amygdaloid and hypothalamic nuclei of the mouse brain.

Interactions between gonadal steroid hormones and glutamatergic neurons participate in limbic and hypothalamic functions. Glutamate receptors are divided into metabotropic and ionotropic receptors. Among ionotropic receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) is involved in a variety of neurophysiological processes. In turn, NMDA receptors are composed of subunits from two families: NR1 and NR2. Recently, molecular studies have shown that the expression of NMDA-2D receptor is regulated by estrogen. Although the expression patterns of NMDA-2D and ERα in the rodent brain appear to overlap, it remained to be determined whether or not these two receptors co-exist, in vivo, at the level of single neurons. To test the hypothesis that NMDA-2D and ERα messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) are co-expressed in the same neurons of the adult mouse brain, we used a dual-label in situ hybridization technique. Neuronal populations were identified with digoxigenin-tagged complementary RNA probes for NMDA-2D and 35S-labeled cRNA probes for ERα. Our results demonstrate that a majority of the ERα-positive neurons also express NMDA-2D mRNA. Quantitative examination of the cellular expression in the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus (VMH and Arc) showed that 52.5% and 61.5%, respectively, of the neurons endowed with ERα mRNA also contain NMDA-2D mRNA. In the amygdala, 51% of ERα-positive cells also contain NMDA-2D mRNA. These findings provide the first anatomical evidence that ER and NMDA-2D receptors can be found in the same hypothalamic and amygdaloid neurons. Co-expression of ERα and NMDA-2D receptors supports the hypothesis of the interactions between glutamate receptors and estrogens in brain regions where estrogens control female reproductive behaviors and neuroendocrine functions.
SU-GG-T-491: Identifying Patients Who Will Potentially Benefit from Functional-Guided Lung Avoidance in Thoracic Radiotherapy

Purpose:Single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) may be used to guide thoracic radiation therapy planning by reducing the dose to highly‐perfused (i.e.functional) regions of lung. We herein investigate whether it is possible to a priori predict the extent of functional lung sparing possible with SPECT guidance, which can then be used to select patients who would most benefit from functional planning. Method and Materials:IMRT plans were generated with and without SPECT‐guidance for 6 patients. The dose‐perfusion (function) histograms were compared to quantify the degree of sparing of perfused lung afforded by inclusion of SPECT, i.e., the percent of perfusion at ≥ 20 Gy (F20) and 30 Gy (F30) were compared. In order to correlate the spatial distribution of SPECT intensity to the degree of dose sparing, three different SPECT‐descriptor metrics were considered as possible candidates: (a) second‐order moment invariants (J1, J2, J3), which are shape descriptors of the SPECT intensity; (b) overlap function histogram (OFH), which measures the perfusion within increasing concentric expansions of the PTV; (c) the percent of perfused lung within the beam outlines (FBEV). Results: The mean reductions in %F20 and %F30 from SPECT‐guidance were 11.20 (1.44–18.69) and 12.46 (−1.66–21.68), respectively. The correlation coefficients of %F20 reduction vs. J1, J2, J3, OFH and FBEV were −0.9272 (p=0.008), −0.8924 (p=0.055), −0.5910 (p=0.22), 0.5866 (p=0.22) and −0.1412 (p=0.79), respectively. The corresponding correlations for %F30 reduction were −0.9134 (p=0.011), −0.7332 (p=0.097), −0.5194 (p=0.29), 0.7262 (p=0.10) and 0.01371 (p=0.98), respectively. The strongest correlated metric, J1, may be used to predict %F30 and %F30 reductions as −0.1431*J1+35.147 (p=0.008) and −0.1719*J1+41.24 (p=0.011), respectively. Conclusion: J1, which sums the product of the SPECT intensity and square of the distance from the isocenter, can accurately predict those patients who will benefit from SPECT‐guided IMRT.
Detecting outliers in complex profiles using a χ2 control chart method

The quality of products or manufacturing processes is sometimes characterized by profiles or functions. A method is proposed to identify outlier profiles among a set of complex profiles which are difficult to model with explicit functions. It treats profiles as vectors in high-dimension space and applies a χ2 control chart to identify outliers. This method is useful in Statistical Process Control (SPC) in two ways: (i) identifying outliers in SPC baseline data; and (ii) the on-line monitoring of profiles. The method does not require explicit expression of the function between the response and explanatory variables or fitting regression models. It is especially useful and sometimes the only option when profiles are very complex. Given a set of profiles (high-dimension vectors), the median of these vectors is derived. The variance among profiles is estimated by considering the pair-wise differences between profiles. A χ2 statistic is derived to compare each profile to the center vector. A simulation experim...
Spinal Arteriovenous Malformation Presenting as Meningitis

An 8-month-old boy presented with a two-day history of lethargy. Meningitis was suspected, and cerebrospinal fluid examination demonstrated pleocytosis and elevated protein. After initial improvement with antibiotic and steroid therapy, progressive lower extremity weakness developed, and a midthoracic spinal cord arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was diagnosed. These lesions present rarely in infancy; the classification and pathophysiology of spinal cord AVMs are reviewed.
Hydrocarbon potential of marginal basins bounded by an island arc

The Japan Basin is an example of a western Pacific marginal basin that is bounded by an island arc. Such basins were produced by an extensional process that involves formation of new, hot sea floor below basins that are opening as newly created arc systems migrate away from the continental borderland or older arcs. Rapid deposition of sediment on the hot basin floors allows development of steep geothermal gradients in these sedimentary prisms. In these sedimentary basins, the relationship between temperature and strata age is such that the kerogen-hydrocarbon transformation occurs in young, shallow strata. The sealing effect of turbidite deposits and the presence of numerous gravity faults ensures entrapment conditions. Hydrocarbon potential of these basins can be evaluated by considering the age of basin opening, sedimentation rates adjusted for compaction, and heat-flow data.
Electronic Absorption Spectra of Neutral Perylene (C20H12), Terrylene (C30H16), and Quaterrylene (C40H20) and Their Positive and Negative Ions: Ne Matrix-Isolation Spectroscopy and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Calculations

We present a full experimental and theoretical study of an interesting series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the oligorylenes. The absorption spectra of perylene, terrylene and quaterrylene in neutral, cationic and anionic charge states are obtained by matrix-isolation spectroscopy in Ne. The experimental spectra are dominated by a bright state that red shifts with growing molecular size. Excitation energies and state symmetry assignments are supported by calculations using time dependent density functional theory methods. These calculations also provide new insight into the observed trends in oscillator strength and excitation energy for the bright states: the oscillator strength per unit mass of carbon increases along the series.
The frizzled gene of Drosophila encodes a membrane protein with an odd number of transmembrane domains

The protein encoded by the Drosophila tissue polarity gene, frizzled (fz), is required for both the intercellular transmission and the intracellular transduction of a tissue polarity signal. In order to study the biochemical characteristics of this rare protein, we constructed a hs-fz fusion gene and transferred this to Drosophila tissue culture cells and embryos. Cell fractionation experiments and immunostaining experiments showed that the Fz protein is an integral membrane protein containing an odd number of transmembrane domains, consistent with previous suggestions that it contains seven transmembrane domains. Immunostaining of pupal wings showed that the Fz protein is evenly distributed throughout the wing arguing that the Fz protein does not act as a graded morphogen.
Implementation and on-sky results of an optimal wavefront controller for the MMT NGS adaptive optics system

The MMT observatory has recently implemented and tested an optimal wavefront controller for the NGS adaptive optics system. Open loop atmospheric data collected at the telescope is used as the input to a MATLAB based analytical model. The model uses nonlinear constrained minimization to determine controller gains and optimize the system performance. The real-time controller performing the adaptive optics close loop operation is implemented on a dedicated high performance PC based quad core server. The controller algorithm is written in C and uses the GNU scientific library for linear algebra. Tests at the MMT confirmed the optimal controller significantly reduced the residual RMS wavefront compared with the previous controller. Significant reductions in image FWHM and increased peak intensities were obtained in J, H and K-bands. The optimal PID controller is now operating as the baseline wavefront controller for the MMT NGS-AO system.
Endothelial adhesivity, pulmonary hemodynamics and nitric oxide synthesis in ischemia-reperfusion

Objective: Alterations in nitric oxide synthesis, endothelial adhesivity and pulmonary hemodynamics are investigated in an animal model of lung ischemia-reperfusion. Methods: Two sets of rats, each containing seven animals, were either subjected to unilateral pulmonary ischemia and reperfusion (Study Group) or underwent the same surgical procedure without ischemia (Control Group). Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary blood flow (PBF) trend, NOS-2, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cGMP expression of the reperfused lung tissue and, final paO2 were compared between the two groups. Results: ICAM-1 expression was increased (369 ^ 114 vs. 115 ^ 65; Pa 0.02), NOS-2 expression and tissue cGMP levels were decreased (377 ^ 44 vs. 452 ^ 54; Pa 0:03 and 7.8 ^ 3.5 vs. 9.4 ^ 2.3 pmol/ml; Pa 0:03, respectively) and MPO activity was increased (2.7 ^ 0.9‐3.5 ^ 0.8; Pa 0:03) in the reperfused lungs. Pulmonary artery pressure was 15 ^ 7 mmHg in the Control Group vs. 22 ^ 16 mmHg in the Study Group (Pa 0:04) at the 30th min of reperfusion. Pulmonary blood flow was greater in the Study Group at the beginning of reperfusion (9.5 ^ 4.1 vs. 7.1 ^ 3.1 ml/min at the 30th min) but considerably reduced thereafter (3.2 ^ 1.4 vs. 6.2 ^ 2.1 at the 60th minute and 2.9 ^ 1.6 vs. 5.8 ^ 1.9 at the 120th min). At the end of the experiment, paO2 was 95 ^ 30 in the Control Group vs. 71 ^ 32 in the Study Group (Pa 0:03). Conclusions: These data establish that nitric oxide synthesis was suppressed after reperfusion. Pulmonary blood flow was first increased and then reduced. A parallel increase in MPO and ICAM-1 indicated proinflammatory reaction. Decreased tissue cGMP level was consistent with the suppressed NOS-2 production. Organ function was negatively influenced as represented by the decreased oxygenation, probably due to no-reflow phenomenon. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Riddle of Frank Murphy's Personality and Jurisprudence

Frank Murphy is a fascinating subject for a biographer. Born on April 13, 1890, in Harbor Beach, Michigan, Murphy received his undergraduate and legal education at the University of Michigan. After practicing law and teaching part-time in Detroit, he served as an infantry officer in France during World War I. When the war ended, he studied briefly at Lincoln's Inn, London, and Trinity College, Dublin. Upon his return to Detroit in 1919, he was appointed an assistant U.S. attorney. A year later, he returned to private practice, and in 1923 he was elected to a judgeship on the Detroit Recorder's Court. Thereafter, he devoted his life to public service. He served as mayor of Detroit (1930-33), governor general of the Philippines (1933-36), governor of Michigan (1936-38), U.S. attorney general (1939-40), and associate justice of the Supreme Court (1940-49). He died on July 19, 1949, at the age of 59. Murphy was one of the most controversial justices in history'-both because of his outspoken result-oriented jurisprudence and his personality.2 As a judge, he was restless and emotional and appeared to substitute compassion
Support for a ban on tobacco powerwalls and other point-of-sale displays: findings from focus groups

This study uses focus group data to document consumer perceptions of powerwall and other point-of-sale (POS) tobacco displays, and support for a ban on tobacco displays. Four focus groups were conducted in 2012 by a trained moderator. The study comprised 34 adult residents of New York State, approximately half with children under age 18 years living at home. Measures used in the study were awareness and perceptions of powerwall and other POS displays, and level of support for a ban on tobacco displays. Analysis focused on perceptions of powerwall and other POS displays, level of support for a ban on tobacco displays and reasons participants oppose a display ban. This study documents a general lack of concern about tobacco use in the community, which does not appear to be associated with support for a ban on POS tobacco displays. Although all participants had seen tobacco powerwalls and most considered them to be a form of advertising, participants were divided as to whether they played a role in youth smoking. Additional research is warranted to determine what factors individuals weigh in assigning value to a ban on POS tobacco displays and other tobacco control policies and how educational efforts can influence those assessments.
Hospital-based strategies contributing to percutaneous coronary intervention time reduction in the patient with ST-segment elevation myocardiaI infarction: a review of the “system-of-care” approach

A myriad of hospital-wide initiatives have been implemented with the goal of decreasing door-to-balloon time. Much of the evidence behind the common strategies used is unknown; multiple strategies have been suggested in the reduction to the use of this important time-sensitive intervention. Among 8 primary strategies, 2 have substantial evidence to support their implementation in the attempt to reduce door-to-balloon time in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), including emergency physician activation of the cardiac catheterization laboratory and prehospital activation of the STEMI alert process. Two strategies have moderate evidence to support their use, including real-time data feedback to team members and team-based approach to STEMI management. The remaining 4 strategies have no quantitative evidence to support their use, including single call to a central paging system, expecting the cardiac catheterization laboratory personnel to arrive within 20 minutes of activation, attending cardiologist on site (within the hospital), and senior management commitment to the project. Although all the STEMI systems of care reviewed are associated with a decreased in time to treatment, only a few have sufficient quantitative evidence to support their implementation. To be effective, the movement to decrease time to treatment of STEMI at any hospital must be composed of an institutional response that includes multiple disciplines. Success also requires active participation from nurses, members of the catheterization team, and hospital leadership.
Moments And Phase Of Non-rayleigh Speckle Statistics Applied To Ultrasound Image Analysis

Statistical properties of the ultrasound speckle in B-scan images have been analyzed for years. In many cases the properties may differ from the Rayleigh statistics which are assumed at most of the time. The differences can be applied to examine the isonated tissue structures. In this paper we demonstrate the existence of non-Rayleigh statistics under phantom experiments and computer simulations. The histogram of speckle magnitudes in low scatterer concentration is compared with the Rayleigh distribution probability density function (PDF). The difference is not significant by direct observation. Higher order moments of the speckle are then computed. They are clearly different from the Rayleigh moments. In Rayleigh statistics the phase of the speckle is assumed uniformly distributed. It is shown that this assumption is not always true. When regular spaced scatterers exist, the phase distribution may be biased. These non-Rayleigh properties can be used to estimate scatterer concentration and size for the purpose of ultrasound tissue characterization.
Characterization of three RXR genes that mediate the action of 9-cis retinoic acid.

An understanding of the differences and similarities of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) systems requires knowledge of the diversity of their family members, their patterns of expression, and their pharmacological response to ligands. In this paper we report the isolation of a family of mouse RXR genes encoding three distinct receptors (RXRa, p, and y). They are closely related to each other in their DNAand ligand-binding domains but are quite divergent from the RAR subfamily in both structure and ligand specificity. Recently, we demonstrated that all-trans retinoic acid (RA) serves as a "pro-hormone" to the isomer 9-cis RA, which is a high-affinity ligand for the human RXRa. We extend those findings to show that 9-cis RA is also "retinoid X" for mouse RXRa, p, and y. Trans-activation analyses show that although all three RXRs respond to a variety of endogenous retinoids, 9-cis RA is their most potent ligand and is up to 40-fold more active than all-trans RA. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses define a broad spectrum of expression for the RXRs, which display unique patterns and only partially overlap themselves and the RARs. This study suggests that the RXR family plays critical roles in diverse aspects of development, from embryo implantation to organogenesis and central nervous system differentiation, as well as in adult physiology.
A study of the influence of promotions on promotion satisfaction and expectations of future promotions among managers

The influence of past promotions on the promotion outcomes of satisfaction with promotion magnitude, opportunity, policies and practices, and expectations of future promotions are studied for managers. Data collected from and analyzed for 183 male and female managers in organizations across the United States reveal a significant positive relationship between the number of previous promotions awarded to managers by the employing organization and the satisfaction with promotion magnitude, opportunity, and policies and practices. The data further reveal a significant positive relationship between the number of prior promotions received within management and the manager's expectations of future promotions from the employing organization. The findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical significance for the field of human resource development.
Experimental Tools for Responsive Hydrogel Characterization

Responsive hydrogels are a class of shape memory materials that undergo a large elastic volumetric change when interacting with a stimulus and can return to their original shape. With the advent of microfluidics and subsequent ‘lab on a chip’ devices, the use of these responsive hydrogels has become more prevalent because of the ability to easily fabricate them into many various complicated geometries on the micro-scale. The mechanics of the interaction of a responsive hydrogel to its surroundings is of utmost importance in the fields of microfluidics and microelectromechanical-based devices (MEMS). This work will explore the issue of characterizing the adhesion energy of responsive hydrogels. With the use of fracture mechanics concepts, the strength of the attachment of a responsive hydrogel to various substrates can be studied.
Non-thermal plasma sterilization of wounds on non-uniform surfaces and living tissues

The high probability of contracting an infection from an untreated wound demonstrates the need for alternative sources of wound healing and sterilization. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of non thermal floating electrode dielectric barrier discharge (FE-DBD) to fully sterilize uniform surfaces containing various concentrations of bacteria. However, non-uniform surfaces have shown significantly less sterilization and require further experimentation.
Phase inversion composition and domain identification by energy dispersive spectroscopy in immiscible blends of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and polyamide6,10

Immiscible blends were prepared from polyamide6,10 and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) by extrusion with the goal of identifying the phase inversion composition and domain morphology. Broadly, we studied this system to develop new polymer blends with good engineering properties combined with a high bio-based fraction. Earlier work has demonstrated that the polymers are suitable for melt coprocessing. In this work, we sought to bracket the phase inversion composition, to identify any elements of cocontinuity, and to characterize the domain morphology by a traditional and a novel means. After extrusion of a full range of compositions, the morphologies in the 40–60 vol% range appeared to coarsely bracket the phase inversion point and compositions in this range were selected for detailed microscopic examination. High resolution energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to differentiate these chemically similar polymers based on the nitrogen content of the polyamide. Results show elements of cocontinuity appearing at the 50 vol% composition. The EDS mapping techniques employed in this work were successful in sharply differentiating the domains of the two polymers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
The Comparative Pyridoxine Requirements of Chicks and Turkey Poults

Abstract THE pyridoxine requirements of chicks have been reported to be from 275 to 400 micrograms per 100 grams of diet (Hogan et al., 1941; Briggs et al., 1942). No data are available on the pyridoxine requirements of turkey poults. Since the turkey’s requirements are slightly but significantly higher for pantothenic acid (Lepkovsky et al., 1945) and riboflavin (Bird et al., 1946) than those of the chick, it seemed worth while to establish their comparative requirements for pyridoxine. EXPERIMENTAL At hatching, turkey poults and baby chicks were given stock mashes for one week, after which they were given the pyridoxine-deficient diet used in our previous pyridoxine studies (Bird et al., 1943). Three series of experiments were run. In the first series, the only difference between the chick and poult diets consisted in doubling the vitamin A and D oil in the poult diet. The second and third series differed from the . . .
Overview of Male Reproductive Pathology

An understanding of form and function is important for examination of the male reproductive tract. A basic understanding of spermatogenesis and hormonal function in the reproductive tract is essential for the pathologists in this evaluation. Gross and histologic reproductive changes need to be distinguished from normal variation and correlated with the reproductive status of the animal. This is especially important when correlating histologic changes with organ weight and other reproductive parameters, such as seminal analysis data. Sexual maturity of animals and tissue handing can impact interpretation. Sexual immaturity of preclinical safety animals can present challenges for accurate identification of compound-related changes. Likewise, proper handling of unfixed reproductive tissues and appropriate selection of a fixation protocol are important in avoiding artifacts that may interfere with the microscopic evaluation. The histopathology technician needs to recognize testicular landmarks that allow for correct orientation at trimming so the pathologist can assess not only the morphology of seminiferous tubules but also the outflow tract. For the most effective evaluation of the male reproductive tract, the testes and epididymides should be examined concurrently. Although the term "staging" is often used inappropriately, the pathologist should review testicular tissues in a "stage-aware" manner. This article reviews gross and histologic changes of the male reproductive tract as well as tissue orientation and fixation to assist in accurate interpretation of potential treatment-related changes in male reproduction.
Using Generative Analysis for Homeland Security: Modeling the Possibilities and the Probabilities

Frequently problems of homeland security require systemic solutions. Tactics, techniques and procedures must be innovatively combined with the latest technological advances to meet an emerging and ever changing threat. This paper provides a simulation based systems engineering approach to evaluate the wide variety of combinations that complex solutions require. A briefcase study for the defense of a large venue is provided to illustrate the methodology described herein.
Universal Trapping Scaling on the Unstable Manifold for a Collisionless Electrostatic Mode

An amplitude equation for an unstable mode in a collisionless plasma is derived from the dynamics on the two-dimensional unstable manifold of the equilibrium. The mode amplitude \ensuremath{\rho}(t) decouples from the phase due to the spatial homogeneity of the equilibrium, and the resulting one-dimensional dynamics is analyzed using an expansion in \ensuremath{\rho}. As the linear growth rate \ensuremath{\gamma} vanishes, the expansion coefficients diverge; a rescaling \ensuremath{\rho}(t)\ensuremath{\equiv}${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{2}$r(\ensuremath{\gamma}t) of the mode amplitude absorbs these singularities and reveals that the mode electric field exhibits trapping scaling |${\mathrm{E}}_{1}$|\ensuremath{\sim}${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{2}$ as \ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0. The dynamics for r(\ensuremath{\tau}) depends only on the phase ${\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{\xi}}$ where d${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathrm{k}}$/dz=|${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathrm{k}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$|${\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{\xi}/2}$ is the derivative of the dielectric as \ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0.
Relationship Between Cyclophilin A Levels and Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Activity in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Cognitively Normal Apolipoprotein E4 Carriers and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown

TO THE EDITOR In humans, apolipoprotein E (apoE) has three isoforms: apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4. APOE4 is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD).1 ApoE4 has direct effects on the cerebrovascular system resulting in microvascular lesions and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, as recently reviewed.2 Neurovascular dysfunction is also present in cognitively normal APOE4 carriers and individuals with APOE4-associated disorders including AD.1 - 3 Moreover, post-mortem brain tissue analysis has indicated that BBB breakdown in AD patients is more pronounced in APOE4 carriers compared to APOE3 or APOE2.4 - 6 Our recent studies in transgenic mice have demonstrated that apoE4 leads to BBB breakdown by activating the proinflammatory cyclophilin A (CypA)-matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) pathway in brain pericytes which in turn results in degradation of the BBB tight junctions and basement membrane proteins.7 It has also been shown that apoE4-mediated BBB breakdown leads to secondary neuronal injury and cognitive decline in transgenic mice.7 ApoE2 and apoE3 maintained normal BBB integrity in transgenic mice by suppressing the CypA-MMP9 pathway.7 Here, we studied the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/plasma albumin quotient (QAlb), an established marker of BBB breakdown8, and CypA and active MMP-9 levels in CSF of cognitively normal individuals with different APOE genotypes to determine whether apoE4-dependent changes in BBB permeability and CypA-MMP9 pathway as shown in APOE4, but not APOE3 and APOE2 transgenic mice, also occur in humans.
Nuclear Raman spectroscopy

An experiment is described in which the nuclear analog to Raman spectroscopy has been applied to 57Fe. The results of the experiment are given, and future applications of the technique are proposed.
Smooth muscle acid‐sensing ion channel 1: pathophysiological implication in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension

New Findings What is the topic of this review? An increase in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell intracellular Ca2+ levels facilitates the enhanced vasoconstrictor and vascular remodeling responses associated with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Identifying the mechanisms of altered Ca2+ homeostasis will advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and identify potential therapeutic targets. What advances does it highlight? Acid sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1), present in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells, contributes to enhanced Ca2+ entry and is an important constituent to the active vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling, and right ventricular hypertrophy associated with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) belong to the amiloride-sensitive, degenerin/epithelial sodium channel superfamily. Acid-sensing ion channels are voltage-independent, proton-gated cation channels, and their activity has been linked to a variety of physiological and pathological functions in the central and peripheral nervous system. Nonetheless, ASICs are expressed in a variety of tissues. In this review, we describe a novel role for ASIC1 in regulating pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) Ca2+ influx in both physiological and pathophysiological settings. Through a store-operated mechanism, ASIC1 contributes to pulmonary vasoconstriction elicited by various agonists and alveolar hypoxia. The ASIC1-mediated Ca2+ entry in PASMCs is a central component of the active vasoconstriction, vascular remodelling and right ventricular hypertrophy associated with the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Despite the requirement for ASIC1 to enhance Ca2+ influx in the pulmonary hypertensive circulation, these responses are not dependent on an increase in PASMC ASIC1 protein expression, suggesting that hypoxia promotes activation of ASIC1 through other regulatory mechanism(s). Here, I describe some of the correlations between hypoxia-induced changes in homeostasis of reactive oxygen species with that of ASIC1 function. Ultimately, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which ASICs are regulated will help to elucidate their mechanism of action and identify potential therapeutics that specifically target ASICs.
Comparative Political Development: Latin America and Afro-Asia

Latin American political thought and scholarship has historically evidenced preoccupation with the problem of self-definition. Simon Bolivar, for example, concerned with the distinctive quality of Latin American civilization, said that it was not European nor North American nor Indian, but a new synthesis. A century later Victor Raul Haya de la Torre, father of the Aprista political movement, insisted that he had spawned a new ideology derived from the unique reality of Indoamerica. The contemporary Christian Democratic movement formally acknowledges its debt to the European tradition but also highlights its differences, which stem from the disparity between industrial and emerging nations. The well-known thesis of Herbert Eugene Bolton and the ‘Atlantic Triangle’ of Arthur P. Whitaker are variations on the same theme.
Silicon self-diffusion in single-crystal natural quartz and feldspar

Abstract Silicon diffusion was measured in natural quartz and anorthitic feldspar under dry, low-pressure (0.1 MPa) conditions using a 30 Si tracer. Sources of diffusant consisted of 30 Si-enriched silica powder for experiments on quartz and microcrystalline 30 Si-doped synthetic feldspar of composition comparable to the feldspar specimens. Distributions of 30 Si were measured with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and nuclear reaction analysis, using the reaction 30 Si (p,γ) 31 P. The following Arrhenius relations were obtained for anneals at 1 atm in air. For quartz: transport normal to c: D qtz,⊥c =7.97×10 −6 exp (−447±31 kJ mol −1 / RT ) m 2 s −1 ; transport parallel to c: D qtz,∥c =6.40×10 −6 exp (−443±22 kJ mol −1 / RT ) m 2 s −1 . For anorthitic feldspar (An 93 ): D An =3.79×10 −7 exp (−465±50 kJ mol −1 / RT ) m 2 s −1 . The few successful experiments on diffusion in plagioclase of more albitic compositions (An 67 and An 23 ) reveal Si diffusivities a few orders of magnitude faster than that in the anorthite. The results for these feldspars bracket the determination of CaAl–NaSi interdiffusion under dry conditions by Grove et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 (1984) 2113–2121], suggesting that the rate-limiting process is indeed Si diffusion. Si diffusion in quartz under more reducing conditions (NNO) is slightly slower (by about half an order of magnitude) than diffusion in samples annealed in air. This is consistent with observations made in studies of synthetic quartz [Bejina and Jaoul, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 50 (1988) 240–250].
Acclimation Effects and the Chief Justice: The Influence of Tenure on the Decisional Behavior of the Court’s Leader, 1888-2007

Under the Acclimation Effect view, recent appointees to the Court modify their behavior in systematic ways early in their tenure as opposed to their later decisional tendencies. Similarly, many studies have examined the chief justice’s unique behavior. This study blends these two rich strands and explores whether chief justices demonstrate an acclimation effect, such that their behavior changes systematically through time. Using more than a century of Court data, this study examines whether new chief justices’ concurrence and dissent rates decline and whether they write fewer individual opinions gradually. We find that the chief justice's position serves to create an incentive structure that is uniquely associated with declining rates of specially concurring and dissenting votes in certain cases. Also, new chief justices over time pen fewer special concurrences and dissents in some policy areas. Our results hence imply that the chief justice experiences unique acclimation effects in learning to marshal the Court.
Extreme Short-Channel Effect on RTS and Inverse Scaling Behavior: Source–Drain Implantation Effect in 25-nm nand Flash Memory

In 25-nm NAND Flash memory, source-drain implantation conditions significantly affect random telegraph signal (RTS). In this extremely short gate length regime, RTS is proportional to the effective gate length (Leff) which exhibits an “inverse scaling effect.” Process simulation reveals that the laterally straggled and diffused As atoms from source/drain are sufficient to change the effective boron concentration even in the center of the channel which changes macroscale potential profile for the short-channel effect but also changes RTS by modulating random discrete dopant (RDD) effect. This result continues up to 10 000 program/erase cycles which indicates that the defect generation rate for RTS is not changed under the relevant doping conditions. Modeling of the source-drain dopant distribution must include atomistic simulation for accurate prediction of the RDD effect in NAND Flash memory below 30 nm.
A curriculum framework for faculty-led international programs in geography

Faculty-led international programs are widely considered to be a highly engaging and effective means to enhance students’ learning in geography. While international programs hold great opportunity for students’ academic and personal growth, actualizing their potential calls for balancing the logistics with a purposefully constructed curriculum. This article presents a curricular framework which applies the straightforward, time-tested learning model originally delineated by Bloom and subsequently updated and adapted by others, into the naturally occurring phases of a faculty-led international program. The framework, while simple in design, provides a clear means to encourage impactful learning within a short-term course.
Highly Attenuated Vaccinia Virus Dis as a Potential Sars Vaccine

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly found infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). DIs strain is a highly restricted host range mutant of vaccinia virus. It does not replicate in and is not pathogenic for mice, guinea pigs, or rabbits, and this strain does not replicate in various mammalian cell lines. Recently, we have established a system for expressing foreign genes. In the present study, we constructed recombinant forms of the DIs containing the gene encoding four structural proteins, envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N), and spike (S), of SARS-CoV either separately or simultaneously. Mammalian cells infected with the recombinant DIs synthesized SARS-CoV proteins that were recognized by SARS patient serum or rabbit antibody raised against synthetic peptides of SARS-CoV proteins in Western blot analyses. Intranasal or subcutaneous inoculations of BALB/c 3T3 mice with the recombinant DIs expressing E/M/S or E/M/N/S proteins elicited neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV and protective immunity. Therefore, our study showed that the replication-deficient DIs strain is feasible as a safe and effective SARS vaccine.
The Role of Microelectronic Integration In Environmental Control: A Perspective

The paper discusses the potential of silicon-based integration of disciplines of microelectronics, microoptics, and micromechanics, (MEOM), to achievesensor-basedsmart subsystems for pervasive environmental applications. The author proposes a federally-focused initiative to establish an R & D institute to expedite progress and achieve global industrial leadership.
Mass Rearing of Three Species of Hippelates Eye Gnats (Diptera: Chloropidae)

Simplified procedures for rearing Hippelates eye gnats in the laboratory are described, H. collusor (Townsend) has been reared successfully for over 50 generations; H. robertsoni Sabrosky and H. pusio Loew, both not colonized before, have been reared tor more than 25 generations. Efforts to colonize H. dorsalis Loew have been only partially successful, and mass rearing has not been ac-complished. All colonies were maintained at 80°-85° F. and 20%-40% r.h. During weekdays 4 man-hours daily were required for complete care of the colonies of the three species and a resistant-strain colony of H. collusor ; on weekends only 2 man-hours daily were needed. Adult gnats were fed from absorbent dental rolls that had been impregnated with the food solutions, and lived longer when fed from rolls that were dried than when the food was given them in solution. On dry diet containing proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, cholesterol, and fat they lived beyond their 5- to 7-day preoviposition period and laid many eggs; on the same diet in solution they lived only a short time beyond the preoviposition period and laid very few eggs. Proteins and carbohydrates were essential for production of maximum numbers of hatchable eggs; gnats fed on honey or sugar alone produced hatchable eggs in small numbers, but probably the solutions contained or were contaminated with small amounts of protein. That autogenesis occurred is also suggested, but present information was inadequate to verify this. Parthenogenesis does not occur in H. collusor , a species studied extensively. Its unmated females produced eggs that failed to hatch, while mated females from the mixed laboratory populations produced fertile eggs with 70% hatchability and with 76% average viabilities at 80° F. and 100% r.h. For eggs of H. pusio and H. robertsoni average viabilities were indicated as 72% and 80%, respectively, under these same conditions. Sex ratios of the emerging gnats under uncontrolled conditions were not consistent, with females outnumbering the malts in some observations but not in others.
Time dependence of the interaction between lipid and glucose in humans

The time-dependent effect of Intralipid infusion on glucose metabolism was examined in seven healthy young subjects who participated in the following three experimental protocols: study I, a 4-h euglycemic insulin clamp (0-240 min) with [3-3H]glucose and indirect calorimetry; study II, a 4-h insulin clamp with Intralipid infusion started at time 0; and study III, a 4-h insulin clamp with Intralipid infusion started at 120 min. When Intralipid infusion was begun at the start of the insulin clamp, the increase in insulin-mediated glucose oxidation was completely inhibited, and the rise in nonoxidative glucose disposal was diminished by 22%. When Intralipid infusion was begun 120 min after the start of the insulin clamp, no inhibitory effect on either glucose oxidation or nonoxidative glucose disposal was observed. The change in lipid oxidation was closely and inversely correlated with the change in glucose oxidation (r = -0.826, P less than 0.001) during studies I-III; no correlation between the change in lipid oxidation and nonoxidative glucose disposal was observed. These results indicate that, in healthy subjects, the metabolic competition between lipid and glucose is very time dependent. Furthermore, mitochondrial oxidative processes are more sensitive and are affected earlier than the cytosolic metabolic pathways, i.e., nonoxidative glucose disposal.
Study of the coupling characteristics of the nanometer aluminium-cladding optical waveguide

In order to study the influence of parameters in 10nm-class aluminium-cladding optical waveguide,the attenuation total reflection spectrum was simulated theoretically with different thickness and refractive index of the cover and film,and the effect of characteristic parameters on the coupling was analyzed.Finally the experiments verified the influence of the thickness and refractive index of the metal layer on the coupling.At the same time,it was found that the refractive index of the nanometer-class aluminium film changed a lot.It is concluded that the number of the guided modes are affected by the thickness of the film,which is unrelated with the coupling depth;the refractive index of the film affects the number of the guided modes and the coupling depth;the number of the guided modes was unrelated with the thickness of the cover,which affects the coupling depth;for the same thickness of the cover,the coupling condition varies with the refractive index of the cover.The research opens the doors for the manufacture and the design of the pulse stretchers based on symmetrical metal-cladding optical waveguide.