cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
KNIFE-EDGE CONDITIONS AND THE MACRODYNAMICS OF SMALL OPEN ECONOMIES

Macrodynamic models of small open economies are inevitably characterized by “knife-edge conditions,” meaning that certain parameters are constrained for a viable equilibrium to exist. This paper examines the macrodynamic structure of such an economy and considers the role played by various standard knife-edge conditions. The dynamic model presented is sufficiently general so as to provide a unifying framework within which alternative models can be embedded. We identify three important models as special cases of this generic structure: (i) The traditional stationary Ramsey model, (ii) the endogenous growth model, and (iii) the nonscale growth model. We consider three margins along which knife-edge conditions are imposed. These include (i) preference parameters, (ii) production and employment characteristics, and (iii) openness of international financial markets. These restrictions are shown to play key roles in determining the equilibrium dynamics, and how the economy responds to various shocks. The existence of trade-offs between these knife-edge conditions is discussed.
Measurement equivalence testing of the American Identity Questionnaire across Black, Latino, and White adolescents.

Objectives The current study examined the psychometric properties of the American Identity Questionnaire (Phinney & Devich-Navarro, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1997, 7, 3). American identity has been associated with societal and personal benefits for ethno-racially diverse populations, but limited research has assessed whether American identity measures function equivalently across members of different groups. Thus, the current study examined the measurement equivalence and construct validity of the American Identity Questionnaire among Black, Latino, and White adolescents. Method Using a cross-sectional design, adolescents completed self-administered surveys during regular school time. The current study included U.S.-born adolescents (N = 1,326; M age = 16.16 years; SD = 1.12; 53% female) who self-identified as either Black (n = 315), Latino (n = 345), or White (n = 666). Results Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was carried out using ethnic-racial group membership as the grouping variable. Findings suggested that the American Identity Questionnaire demonstrated configural (equivalent factor structures) and metric (equivalent factor loadings) invariance across the three groups. Partial scalar invariance was supported after allowing one item intercept to be freely estimated among Latino youth. Regarding construct validity, American identity was positively associated with self-esteem and personal identity, and negatively associated with depressive symptoms across the three groups. Conclusions Findings suggest that the American Identity Questionnaire can be used to assess associations between American identity and other constructs with samples of Black, Latino, and White adolescents. Mean-level comparisons across the three groups may also be possible. Construct validity results indicated that American identity was positively associated with adolescents' psychosocial adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
An Analysis of Sleep and Ergometer Performance in Collegiate Male Rowers

Introduction: Research has increasingly examined the effects of sleep on athletic performance. Although there is substantial evidence for the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on athletic performance, few studies have assessed the effects of sleep extension, and most are limited to field or team sports. Additionally, existing sleep extension studies largely exclude sports such as rowing which traditionally have early practice times and therefore represents a population at heightened risk of sleep deprivation. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether sport specific performance benefits are gained when collegiate rowers extend their sleep. Methods: Nineteen members of the Temple University men’s rowing team were asked to increase their sleep to nine to ten hours (540-600 minutes) a night for four weeks, following a two-week baseline period. A two-week post-intervention phase followed the sleep extension period. In addition to daily heart rate variability, three sport-specific measures – related to peak rowing power and pace – were obtained weekly using a rowing ergometer. Results: Subjects were unable to extend their sleep from baseline during the intervention phase, 392.07 ± 53.69 minutes and 374.11 ± 41.53 minutes, respectively (p = .137). Significant variation was found in the week to week comparison of the Interval test and OR1-Min test. Conclusion: Since athletes failed to increase their sleep time, we were unable to examine the impact of sleep on performance. It is likely that athletes require more education or access to other strategies to develop the habits necessary for increased sleep. Changes in performance from baseline could be attributed to unmeasured variables, such as stress, nutrition, or changing workload in training.
Lyme Carditis in Hospitalized Children and Adults, a Case Series.

Background Lyme carditis is an uncommon manifestation of Lyme disease. This report compares Lyme carditis presentation, management, and outcomes in pediatric and adult populations. Methods Charts of pediatric and adult patients with heart block (PR interval >300 ms) and positive Lyme serologies hospitalized in Portland, Maine, between January 2010 and December 2018 were analyzed. Data on medical history, presentation, treatment, and outcomes are described. Results Ten children and 20 adults were admitted for Lyme carditis between June and October. Ninety percent were male, and 87% had no prior cardiac history. Seventeen had outpatient evaluation before admission. Of these, a minority (41%) had Lyme disease suspected in the outpatient setting, and fewer (12%) were initiated on Lyme disease treatment. The most common alternate diagnoses were viral illness and erythema multiforme. More children than adults had disseminated erythema migrans and fever. First-degree heart block was more prevalent in children, and Mobitz type 2 heart block was more prevalent in adults. Ten patients presented with syncope. Proportionately more adults needed temporary pacing. Children had shorter antibiotic durations compared with adults. Of the 30 cases, 27 had improved heart block, while 3 adults required a pacemaker at discharge. Nine children and 14 adults were discharged with a PR 200-300 ms. There was a single death in this series. Conclusions Cases tended to be younger males. Most patients had some heart block on discharge. Of patients evaluated as outpatients, Lyme disease was suspected in 41%. Improved early recognition and treatment of Lyme disease may decrease Lyme carditis.
Editorial: Lessons Not Lost

Editorial for RDS v17i1. The short essay considers some of the lessons that the extraordinary time of the COVID-19 pandemic has offered us, and among these considers the need for greater attention to the impact of police brutality on the lives of people with disability, something the essay suggests can be best addressed through better training.
The Unsettled Matter of Discounting the Future

This paper reviews complications associated with the two most popular discounting frameworks for benefit-cost analysis, and presents an alternative approach based on a social discount rate of zero. The first method, known as the social opportunity cost of capital approach, is problematic in that it assumes all benefits are just like cash, thereby giving too much weight to consumption relative to investment. The second method, the social rate of time preference approach, applies distributive weights to benefits and costs in a manner inconsistent with economic efficiency, and it assumes a social welfare function that is unlikely to correspond with society’s actual preferences. This paper suggests modifying the social rate of time preference approach so that it relies on a social welfare function consistent with efficiency. This would seem to be equitable as well as wealth maximizing. But even if the approach recommended here is not preferred by economists, a reexamination of the standard approaches is long overdue.
Was Hebrew invented? : Do letter, number, and word-games in the Torah imply that Biblical Hebrew is an Invented Language?

In this paper, I present a straightforward secular (non-religious, non-theological) theory: the Hebrew in the Torah is an invented language, akin to Klingon or Elvish, that was designed to write the Torah. Under this theory, the letters, words, grammar, and key terms and phrases of the Biblical language were selected, co-determined, and creatively bootstrapped as a sort of language game. The invented language may have been designed, like Esperanto or Basic English, to include elements in common with known natural languages; nevertheless, the details and final form of the language were bespoke and under the control of a creative author. In the invented system, some anagrams were defined to mean related concepts; letters were assigned number values so words and phrases could “add up to” interesting numbers (“Gematria”); and the author planned a text that would include a density of word-games like pangrams (sentences that use all letters of the alphabet), lipograms (sections of the text that are missing one particular letter), and particular numbers of letters and words throughout. However, all signs of seemingly deliberate language games might instead merely be the result of cherry picking of interesting findings. In this paper, I present analysis and new approaches that might help distinguish whether the apparent language games in the Torah imply an intentional invented language or, instead, only result from over-analysis and were not intended by the author to be present in the text.
Predicting clinical outcomes in patients with HBsAg-positive chronic hepatitis

Background and aims The progression of HBsAg-positive chronic hepatitis is insidious and unpredictable. Identification of factors leading to either a benign or more serious clinical outcome may assist in decision making for antiviral therapy.
Identification of host fruit volatiles from flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) attractive to dogwood-origin Rhagoletis pomonella flies.

Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection were used to identify volatiles from fruit of flowering dogwood, Cornus florida, as key attractants for Rhagoletis pomonella flies originating from dogwood fruit. A six-component blend containing ethyl acetate (54.9%), 3-methylbutan-1-ol (27.5%), isoamyl acetate (0.9%), dimethyl trisulfide (1.9%), 1-octen-3-ol (9.1%), and β-caryophyllene (5.8%) was identified from flowering dogwood fruit that gave consistent EAD activity. In a flight tunnel assay there was no significant difference in the response of individual dogwood flies exhibiting upwind anemotactic flight to volatile extracts from dogwood fruit and the six-component synthetic mixture. Dogwood flies also displayed significantly greater levels of upwind flight to sources with the dogwood volatile blend than with previously identified volatile blends from domestic apple or hawthorn fruit. Selected subtraction assays showed that the three-component mixture of 3-methylbutan-1-ol, 1-octen-3-ol, and β-caryophyllene elicited levels of upwind flight to the source equivalent to the six-component mixture. Our study adds to previous ones showing that populations of Rhagoletis pomonella flies infesting apple, hawthorn, and flowering dogwood fruit are attracted to unique mixtures of fruit volatiles, supporting the hypothesis that host fruit odors could be key traits in sympatric host shifts and establishing host fidelity within members of the Rhagoletis pomonella species complex.
Controversy over “Solar Flare Myth” explored

Two years ago, Jack Gosling, a scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory, ignited a controversy that centers on claims of a “Solar Flare Myth” [Gosling, 1993, 1994], an unfortunate choice of words that probably did not lead solar flare researchers to immediately endear themselves to its basic tenets or perhaps even to give it a fair trial. Before the first paper was widely publicized, I attended a seminar on “the myth” conducted by Gosling at the Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The reception was, as I recall, quite warm and anything but controversial. I suspect this is because the audience had been primed in the preceding years by Don Reames, who had basically been saying the same thing in his talks but who did not receive anywhere near the same press. However, no one likes hints of a myth associated with their work, and this calm environment was not to last; soon there were counterattacks from the flare community [Zirin], 1994; Hudson et al., 1995], which were answered in turn [Gosling, 1995], and the issue recently reached its zenith (it is hoped) with a jam-packed special session at the 1995 Spring AGU Meeting in Baltimore, Md.
CloudSat spaceborne 94 GHz radar bright bands in the melting layer: An attenuation‐driven upside‐down lidar analog

[1] The CloudSat satellite supports a W-band (94 GHz) cloud profiling radar. At this 3.2 mm wavelength, ground-based measurements of rainfall associated with melting snowflakes do not show the radar reflectivity peak that is characteristic of bright band measurements at longer (Rayleigh scattering-dominated) wavelengths. Nonetheless, examination of downward-looking CloudSat returns in precipitation often indicate an obvious signal peak in the melting region. Through melting layer microphysical and scattering model simulations, we demonstrate that this downward-viewing radar feature is analogous to the lidar bright band observed from the ground in that it owes its existence to strong attenuation. In the upward-looking lidar case, the strong attenuation comes from large low-density snowflakes. In the downward-looking 94 GHz radar case, it is due to the effects of the greater refractive index of water particles compared to ice: it is comparable to an upside-down lidar bright band. A W-band radar dark band, which contributes to the visibility of the bright band, is shown to be due to attenuation in the snowfall. For comparison, the bright and dark bands for an upward viewing lidar are also modeled: the latter is simulated by a reduction in light backscattering efficiency of ice-containing raindrops.
Hapten-mediated immunocytochemistry: the use of fluorescent and nonfluorescent haptens for the study of cytoskeletal dynamics in living cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use of fluorescent and nonfluorescent haptens for the study of cytoskeletal dynamics in living cells. Hapten-mediated immunocytochemistry (HMI) is an alternative and a complement to the direct imaging of fluorescent analogs in living cells. HMI has evolved from the use of antifluorescein antibodies to investigate hapten–antibody interactions, to block the activity of fluorescein-labeled ligands, and to construct affinity matrices for labeled proteins. Anti-hapten antibodies are prepared by coupling the hapten to a carrier macromolecule, generally a protein, and injecting the hapten-carrier conjugate into suitable animals for the production of immune serum. Three general classes of secondary reagents are in common use in immunohistochemistry. These are anti-immunoglobulin antibodies, Protein A which binds the Fc region of some but not all classes of IgG from several species, and avidin or streptavidin which bind to biotin. Protein fixatives routinely used for immunocytochemistry of cell cultures can be expected to be useful for HMI. One of the most important features of HMI is the ability to double-label specimens for the hapten and for the endogenous macromolecule.
Frequency-Dependent Evaluation of the Role of Definity in Producing Sonoporation of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

OBJECTIVES Sonoporation uses ultrasound (US) and ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) to enhance cell permeabilization, thereby allowing delivery of therapeutic compounds non-invasively into specific target cells. The objective of this study was to elucidate the biophysical mechanism of sonoporation, specifically the role of UCAs as well as exposure frequency. The inertial cavitation (IC) thresholds of the lipid-shelled octafluoropropane UCA were directly compared to the levels of generated sonoporation to determine the involvement of UCAs in producing sonoporation. METHODS Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed as a monolayer in a solution of the UCA, 500,000-Da fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, and phosphate-buffered saline to 30 seconds of pulsed US (pulse duration, 5 cycles; pulse repetition frequency, 10 Hz) at 3 frequencies (0.92, 3.2, and 5.6 MHz). The peak rarefactional pressure (P(r)) was varied over a range from 4 kPa to 4.1 MPa, and 5 to 7 independent replicates were performed at each pressure. RESULTS The experimental observations demonstrated that IC was likely not the physical mechanism for sonoporation. Sonoporation activity was observed at pressure levels below the threshold for IC of the UCA (1.27 ± 0.32 MPa at 0.92 MHz, 0.84 ± 0.19 MPa at 3.2 MHz, and 2.57 ± 0.26 MPa at 5.6 MHz) for all 3 frequencies examined. The P(r) values at which the peak sonoporation activity occurred were 1.4 MPa at 0.92 MHz, 0.25 MPa at 3.2 MHz, and 2.3 MPa at 5.6 MHz. The UCA collapse thresholds followed a similar trend. A 1-way analysis of variance test confirmed that sonoporation activity differed among the 3 frequencies examined (P = 10(-8)). CONCLUSIONS These results thus suggest that sonoporation is related to linear and/or nonlinear oscillation of the UCA occurring at pressure levels below the IC threshold.
tert-Butyl Azidoformate

tert-Butyl azidoformate reactant: 20.6 g. (0.120 mole) of pure diethyl phosphorochloridate solvent: 120 ml. of anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide reactant: 8.1 g (0.10 mole) of powdered potassium azide intermediate: 25.4 g. (0.100 mole) of tert-butylcarbonic diethylphosphoric anhydride product: tert-butyl azidoformate Keywords: carboxylation; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; dimethyl sulfoxide; potassium azide; tetrahydrofuran; tert-butyl azidoformate, potential explosive, headaches; tert-butyl azidoformate, substitutes
A novel approach to the management of a recurrent lymphocele following a femoral-femoral bypass

An 86-year-old man presented with a recurrent groin lymphocele following endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair using an aorto-uni-iliac reconstruction with polytetrafluoroethylene femoral-femoral crossover. Following this procedure, the patient developed a groin lymphocele. This fluid collection was treated with multiple aspirations and subsequent groin exploration with lymphatic ligation. Despite ligation, the fluid collection returned. Given these recurrences, replacement of the polytetrafluoroethylene graft with Dacron was performed. After graft replacement, the lymphocele recurred. A lymphangiogram was then performed by directly injecting the lymphocele, identifying the culprit lymphatic channels allowing N-butyl cyanoacrylate injection to seal the source of lymphatic drainage. No reappearance of the lymphocele was observed.
Current molecular models for NADPH oxidase regulation by Rac GTPase

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been increasingly recognized as important components of cell signaling in addition to their well-established roles in host defense. The formation of ROS in phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells involves membrane-localized and Rac guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase)–regulated reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase(s). We discuss here the current molecular models for Rac GTPase action in the control of the phagocytic leukocyte NADPH oxidase. As a mechanistically detailed example of Rac GTPase signaling, the NADPH oxidase provides a potential paradigm for signaling by Rho family GTPases in general.
Photobiological production of hydrogen gas as a biofuel

Solar energy can be converted into chemical energy in the form of hydrogen gas using oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthetic microbes. Laboratory-scale measurements suggest that photobiological hydrogen production rates could yield more energy than current crop-based biofuel productivities. Major challenges, such as inhibitory amounts of oxygen produced during oxygenic photosynthesis and inhibition of H(2)-producing nitrogenase by ammonia, are being overcome through genetic engineering. Further advances are expected as the metabolic and regulatory aspects behind photobiological hydrogen production are revealed. Genetic engineering, coculturing, and bioreactor designs making use of immobilized cells have the potential to increase conversion efficiencies of light energy to H(2) and to decrease the land area needed for photobiological H(2) production.
Social Work Response to the 1995 White House Conference on Aging

Social workers played an integral part in the fourth White House Conference on Aging (WHCoA) held May 2-5, 1995 in Washington, DC. Of the delegates primarily (75%) appointed by Governors and member...
Interpretation of flow cytometry in primary immunodeficiency disorders

INTRODUCTION The laboratory evaluation of primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDDs) has evolved with the development of new technologies, including flow cytometry, to characterize circulating lymphocytes.1 This article is part of a series on the ambulatory diagnosis of immunodeficiency disorders,2 and the focus of this discussion is on the application of flow cytometry in the diagnosis and/or evaluation of different groups of PIDDs, classified using the International Union of Immunological Societies Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Classification system3 (Table 1).
Some biologic considerations in orthodontic research.

Abstract This article has briefly covered some of the areas of biologic interest in orthodontics. The areas were molded into a general control theory concept. A major task remaining is to arrive at a better definition of the biologic phenomena which are relevant to the reference and/or the disturbance stimuli in the control of homeostasis of the dentition. Through the organization of experimental observations, the equating and mathematical analysis of the parameters will be within the realm of possibility.
Experimental Determination of the Weiss Temperature of Mn12-Ac and Mn12-Ac-MeOH

We report measurements of the susceptibility in the temperature range from 3.5 to 6.0 K of a series of ${\text{Mn}}_{12}\text{-ac}$ and ${\text{Mn}}_{12}\text{-ac-MeOH}$ samples in the shape of rectangular prisms of length ${l}_{c}$ and square cross section of side ${l}_{a}$. The susceptibility obeys a Curie-Weiss law, $\ensuremath{\chi}=C/(T\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\theta})$, where $\ensuremath{\theta}$ varies systematically with sample aspect ratio. Using published demagnetization factors, we obtain $\ensuremath{\theta}$ for an infinitely long sample corresponding to intrinsic ordering temperatures ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}0.85\text{ }\text{K}$ and $\ensuremath{\approx}0.74\text{ }\text{K}$ for ${\text{Mn}}_{12}\text{-ac}$ and ${\text{Mn}}_{12}\text{-ac-MeOH}$, respectively. The difference in ${T}_{c}$ for two materials that have nearly identical unit cell volumes and lattice constant ratios suggests that, in addition to dipolar interactions, there is a nondipolar (exchange) contribution to the Weiss temperature that differs in the two materials because of the difference in ligand molecules.
Ranging light sensing guide with periodic structure

A true three dimensional camera is described here, that without using the stereoscopic effect can measure the distance from each pixel to the point on the object that is in focus at the pixel. It is useful for providing detailed range information for guiding autonomous vehicles and general robotic vision. It is conventionally assumed that humans have three dimensional vision because each object is observed from a slightly different direction with each eye. That is, humans have stereoscopic vision. This is true. However, there is another mechanism in animal eyes that also contributes to three dimensional vision. The Depth Perception Camera described here also uses this mechanism. The Depth Perception Camera can be be constructed by conventional semiconductor device fabrication technology. It can also be constructed using a three dimensioal printer that can handle differently doped semiconductors.
Sialidase substrate specificity studies using chemoenzymatically synthesized sialosides containing C5-modified sialic acids

para-Nitrophenol-tagged sialyl galactosides containing sialic acid derivatives in which the C5 hydroxyl group of sialic acids was systematically substituted with a hydrogen, a fluorine, a methoxyl or an azido group were successfully synthesized using an efficient chemoenzymatic approach. These compounds were used as valuable probes in high-throughput screening assays to study the importance of the C5 hydroxyl group of sialic acid in the recognition and the cleavage of sialoside substrates by bacterial sialidases.
Tears from the land of snow: health and human rights in Tibet

More than half a century has passed since the incorporation of Tibet into the People’s Republic of China. The Chinese Government paints a rosy picture of developments in Tibet since the 1951 invasion citing increased literacy rates and upgraded infrastructure. Yet behind this facade of modernisation Tibetans face grim health and human rights realities. Numbers of health workers in the TAR (Tibet Autonomous Region) might seem impressive—almost 11000 health workers and more than 3000 barefoot doctors (people with 3–6 months’ basic health training)— but hospitals lack infrastructure and equipment. One in five city hospitals has no facilities for even simple surgery and there is only one CT scanner in all Tibet. (excerpt)
Correlation of the carcinogenic potential of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) with induced hyperplasia rather than with genotoxic activity.

Abstract It has been reported that in a long-term feeding study 12 000 ppm of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in the diet produced hepatocellular carcinomas in male and female F-344 rats while 6000 ppm DEHP produced the same tumor type in male and female B6C3F1 mice. In terms of the actual numbers of animals with tumors DEHP produced a greater reponse in mice than rats. DEHP and its principal hydrolysis product, mono(2-ethylhexyl)phtalate (MEHP) produce multiple effects in the animal such as liver peroxisomal proliferation and hyperplasia. Accordingly, genotoxicity as DNA repair or unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and cell replication as the percentage of cells undergoing scheduled DNA synthesis (SDS or S phase) were determined in mouse hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo in response to DEHP and MEHP. UDS and SDS were determined by autoradiographic quantitation of [3H]-thymidine incorporation in primary hepatocyte cultures treated directly or isolated from B6C3F1 male mice treated in vivo. No DNA repair was observed in mouse hepatocyte cultures treated with up to 1.0 mM DEHP or 0.5 mM MEHP. No DNA repair was observed in cultures from mice treated with up to 500 mg/kg DEHP 12,24 or 48 h previously or from animals treated up to 28 days with 6000 ppm DEHP in the diet. At 24 h following treatment with 500 mg/kg DEHP, 3.1% of the hepatocytes were in S phase compared to control values of 0.2%. Administration of DEHP in the diet at 6000 ppm produced 9.2% of the cells in S phase at day 7 with the value returning to control levels by day 14. On day 28 of the feeding study the liver to body weight ratios had almost doubled in the group treated with DEHP compared to controls. No increase in the liver-specific enzyme alanine aminotransferase was seen in the serum following treatment with 500 mg/kg DEHP, indicating that the hyperplasia was due to mitogenic stimulation rather than regenerative hyperplasia in response to cytotoxicity. Increases in the endpoints relating to hyperplasia in response to DEHP were greater in the mouse than those that have been reported in the rat. Thus, the carcinogenic response of DEHP correlates better with induced hyperplasia rather than with genotoxicity.
Sensitivity amplification in biochemical systems.

The sensitivity of biological systems to changes in environmental stimuli is connected with their regulatory properties. In order to achieve efficient control, these systems must respond to minute environmental variations by amplifying external stimuli to yield a significant response. To that end, biochemical systems have often evolved to a cascade organization in which the product of the nth reaction in a chain acts as a catalyst in subsequent transformations. The amplification properties of such cascades were first noticed in the process of blood clotting (MacFarlane, 1964, 1969) and visual excitation (Wald, 1965). Later on, a similar organization was noticed in hormonal control of metabolism (Bowness, 1964; Stadtman & Chock, 1977, 1978; Chock, Rhee & Stadtman, 1980).
Interacting Constraints and the Problem of Similarity in Gastropod Structure and Function

Abstract. Gastropods have served as research subjects for investigating questions that transcend both the taxon and the field of malacology. A major set of questions arises from repeated patterns in the microstructure, sculptural features, and coiling geometry of gastropod shells. The problem of similarity is one of distinguishing among alternative explanations of repetition and close resemblances. What explains the repetition of structural features? Are features similar as a consequence of shared ancestry (homology) or as a consequence of evolutionary convergence on good functional solutions (analogy)? There is increasing evidence for a third alternative that lies outside the evolutionary sphere, invoking the laws of physics and chemistry, building materials, and the assembly rules that apply strongly to the inorganic calcium carbonate of the gastropod shell. Three concepts are introduced to help organize the analysis of recurring similarities in the shells of marine gastropods. They are (1) remote biomi...
Localized mutagenesis of the tetracycline promoter region in pBR322 by 4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen

Abstract In vitro mutagenesisof functional DNA gene fragments by covalently reactive agents permits one in principle to examine the consequent alterations in DNA sequence directly.. I have carried out selective mutagenesis of the tetracycline resistance gene in the plasmid pBR322 using the long wavelength UV light activated reaction of 4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen (TMP). The mutagenized DNA sequence was the EcoR1-Hind III restriction fragment in the vicinity of th e Tc R promoter. Two classes of mutants were obtained. One exhibited a high level of Tc resistance (40–60 μg/ml) but still lower than the wild-type. Interestingly, these showed no sequence alterations at all in the vicinity of the TMP-reacted fragment. The other class of mutants exhibited low levels of drug resistance (
EEG lateral asymmetries in psychiatric disorders.

Abstract A number of EEG studies, including our own, have demonstrated higher levels of activity in both the low (delta and theta) and high frequency (beta 2) bands in the left (dominant) frontotemporal areas of schizophrenic patients compared to controls. Furthermore, our recent studies of power spectral density (PSD) analysis showed that even among schizophrenic patients a differentiation could be made between patients with ‘left’ hemisphere symptoms (e.g. thought disorder) and ‘right’ hemisphere symptoms (e.g. anxiety); the former characterized by large amplitude high frequency activity in the left frontotemporal area and the latter by bilateral activity of this type. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Cross-cultural emotion responses to Japanese typefaces

Previous empirical studies have correlated specific typeface features (variety versus contrast versus pattern) to specific emotional parameters (amusement versus agitation versus focus). These studies provide a systematic explanation for analyzing typeface features and emotional parameters. Many of these studies have attempted to show that cross-cultural responses are consistent. One study attempted to show that the emotional response to Japanese typefaces are the same as the emotional response to Roman typefaces. While this study did show that emotional responses to Japanese typefaces were consistent with previous empirical studies, the participants were generally English-speaking US residents. This paper will report the results of an empirical study with participants who are generally from non-US cultural backgrounds. This study is designed to measure emotional responses to Japanese typefaces. In this study, the purpose is to determine the degree to which general patterns of response of native English speaking participants resemble or differ from responses of non-native English speaking participants. The results support the work of previous empirical studies and show that the same typeface features (variety versus contrast versus pattern) produce the same emotional responses (amusement versus agitation versus focus); these responses are generally consistent cross-culturally.
Crossing the Threshold of Rocket Mail: E-Mail Use by U.S. Humanities Faculty

Abstract Of the nearly 500 humanities faculty at Brigham Young University and The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, surveyed, 82% of the respondents use e-mail, a much higher rate than previously reported in the literature. Librarians should actively promote faculty e-mail use for library and scholarly communication.
DNA Diffusion is Dependent on Ionic Strength

Capillary electrophoresis can be employed to measure the translational diffusion of ionic molecules using very small volumes of very dilute solutions. Diffusion is observed by increases in peak width when the analyte remains in the capillary for variable periods of time in the absence of an electric field. We have made this technique more efficient by repeatedly reversing the direction of the electric field, thus allowing the ionic molecules to pass the detection window multiple times after a single injection.We have applied this technique to measure the translational diffusion coefficients of double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size from 71 to 960 base pairs, injected into buffers of different ionic strengths. Surprisingly, we find that the diffusion coefficients decrease with increasing ionic strength; i.e., the DNAs diffuse faster in low ionic strength solutions. The decrease in the diffusion coefficients correlates with the decrease in the Debye length with increasing ionic strength. We therefore suggest that the diffusing unit in these measurements is the DNA molecule together with the surrounding Debye layer. The decrease in the Debye length with increasing ionic strength would increase the aspect ratio of the DNAs, increasing solvent friction and decreasing the diffusion coefficients.
Predictors of Resolution of Aberrant Drug Behavior in Chronic Pain Patients Treated in a Structured Opioid Risk Management Program

Objective. To identify demographic and clinical predictors of the resolution of aberrant drug-related behaviors (ADRBs) in a group of patients referred to the Opioid Renewal Clinic (ORC) by their primary care providers (PCPs). ORC is a program supporting PCPs' use of opioids for chronic pain in patients perceived as at risk for opioid abuse or those with demonstrated ADRBs. Methods. A retrospective chart review was conducted for 195 consecutive subjects referred to the ORC from January 17, 2002 to August 27, 2004, for ADRBs. Binary logistic regression was employed to identify independent predictors of aberrant behavior outcome at 1 year. Results. Of the 195 referred, 45.6% (N = 89) resolved their ADRB at 1 year. Other outcomes, classified as nonresolution of ADRB, self-discharged or discharged by the ORC for inability to adhere to the opioid treatment agreement (N = 86, 44.1%) and acceptance of referral for addiction treatment (N = 20, 10.2%). A history of cocaine abuse increased the odds of failing the program by five times (odds ratio [OR] = 4.97, P = 0.001). Each additional pain diagnosis reduced the odds of failure by 16% (OR = 0.837, P = 0.008). When compared with singles, married individuals were 62% less likely to fail the ORC program (OR = 0.38, P = 0.028). Conclusions. Nearly half of the patients resolved their aberrant behavior within the ORC. Patients with cocaine abuse were at higher risk for failure, suggesting a need for further research into safe and effective ways to manage pain in this complex subset of patients. Aberrant behaviors tended to resolve in patients with multiple pain locations, possibly because of their desire for relief.
Gamma-Ray Detectors for Intelligent, Hand-Held Radiation Monitors

Small radiation detectors based on HgI2, bismuth germanate (BGO), plastic, or NaI(Tl) detector materials were evaluated for use in small, lightweight radiation monitors. The two denser materials, HgI2 and BGO, had poor resolution at low-energy and thus performed less well than NaI(Tl) in detecting low-energy gamma rays from bare, enriched uranium. The plastic scintillator, a Compton recoil detector, also performed less well at low gammaray energy. Two small NaI(Tl) detectors were suitable for detecting bare uranium and shielded plutonium. One became part of a new lightweight hand-held monitor and the other found use as a pole-mounted detector for monitoring hard-to-reach locations.
Understanding Category Members as “the Same Sort of Thing”: Explicit Categorization in Ten-Month Infants

Although it is often acknowledged that classification exists in the first year of life, it has been suggested that infants are capable only of implicit categorization, recognizing that something is or is not familiar. In contrast, older children are thought to compare the stimuli or objects they categorize and to explicitly equate different category members. 2 habituation experiments were conducted in an attempt to determine whether 10-month-old infants are capable of explicit categorization. The approach taken was to insert nonmembers into the familiarization sequence in a categorization task. The nonmembers were designed so as to have a predictable effect on infants' performance whether or not these stimuli were included as infants processed the categorical information. The results suggest that infants do explicitly equate category members. Infants appeared to disregard the nonmembers in the familiarization sequence, basing their categorization response instead on the set of instances that were "the same sort of thing."
Atomic layer epitaxial growth studies of ZnSe using dimethylzinc and hydrogen selenide

Abstract Atomic layer epitaxial (ALE) growth studies of ZnSe were carried out in a low pressure horizontal metalorganic vapor phase epitaxial (MOVPE) reactor. Growth was carried out by alternately exposing the GaAs substrate to hydrogen selenide (H 2 Se) and dimethylzinc (DMZn) using flow modulation epitaxy (FME). It was found that at a susceptor temperature of 200°C and above, the adsorption of either of the reactants is extremely small and hence self-limiting monolayer growth does not take place. Significant deposition of ZnSe took place on the reactor wall in front of the susceptor as well. A hot wall reactor with colder susceptor configuration was used to prevent deposition on the reactor walls and also to confirm the growth model proposed.
So close yet no agreement: The effects of threats to self-esteem when using instant messaging and audio during seller-buyer negotiations

People negotiate with the goal of reaching agreement. However, there are times when reaching agreement may be well within their grasp but it is not realized and the process ends with a loss of benefits for the negotiators. We use self-esteem theory to examine the influences that offers and comments have on this behavior when negotiators use an audio as opposed to instant messaging for communications. To help explain the moderating effects of these media, we use a theory on grounding. We find, for example, that when using instant messaging, the inability to reach agreement though negotiator offers are very close to each other is increased by initial offers containing relatively large concessions, by violations of reciprocity norms, and by critical comments.
Strategies for management and treatment of dyslipidemia in HIV/AIDS.

Abstract With the improved survival of HIV-infected patients, there are increased concerns about the long-term effects of treatment, including protease inhibitor (PI)–related dyslipidemia. Some 50–70% of patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) involving PIs develop lipid abnormalities consisting of elevated levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides that are well-known risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Treatment of HIV dyslipidemia should include lifestyle modifications such as a low-fat diet, increased exercise, reduced alcohol consumption and smoking cessation. In many patients, however, these changes alone will not correct lipid levels. In some patients, changing the PI component of ART to another PI or non-PI and/or lipid-lowering drugs has proven successful. Each approach is associated with advantages and limitations and the need to maintain viral suppression must be balanced with the need to treat abnormal lipid levels.
Sexual differentiation in the spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera), a species with genetic sex determination.

It is hypothesized on the basis of sex determination theory that species exhibiting genetic sex determination (GSD) may undergo sexual differentiation earlier in development than species with environmental sex determination (ESD). Most turtle species exhibit a form of ESD known as temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), and in such species the chronology of sex differentiation is well studied. Apalone spinifera is a species of softshell turtle (Trionychidae) that exhibits GSD. We studied sexual differentiation in this species in order to facilitate compari- son to TSD species. Eggs were incubated at two different temperatures and embryos were har- vested at various stages of mid to late development. Gonad length was measured with image analysis software, then prepared histologically. Indifferent gonads have differentiated in stage 19 embryos. Histological details of gonadogenesis follow the same pattern as described for other rep- tiles. Regression of the male paramesonephric duct closely follows testicular differentiation. Go- nad lengths are longer at the warmer incubation temperature, and ovaries are generally longer than testes at each stage and for each temperature. Although sexual differentiation takes place at about the same stage as in other turtles with TSD (18-20), in A. spinifera this differentiation is irreversible at this stage, while in some of the TSD species sex is reversible until about stage 22. This immutable, definitive sexual differentiation may support the hypothesis of an accelerated chronology of sex differentiation for this species. We also note that sexual dichromatism at hatch- ing is known in this species and may provide additional evidence of early differentiation. J. Exp. Zool. 290:190-200, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intestinal Perforation in Typhoid Fever: A Historical and State-of-the-Art Review

The appropriate therapy for intestinal perforation in typhoid fever has been controversial since the late 1880s. Around the turn of the century, surgery became the established mode of therapy, with a mortality of 69% based on 166 patients in the English-language medical literature, and continued to be the preferred treatment until the advent of chloramphenicol in 1948. At this time the surgical mortality was approximately 50%. Following the recovery of a few patients with perforation treated only with antimicrobial agents (six initially, then eventually 22), nonsurgical therapy became the accepted mode of treatment. This change was never justified and this review demonstrates this. Appropriate therapy is virtually always surgical, usually consisting of simple closure and irrigation. Chloramphenicol alone is inadequate antimicrobial therapy in a patient with perforation and must be supplemented by other antimicrobials directed against enteric aerobic gram-negative bacilli and enteric anaerobes.
LANGUAGE AND THE INGENUITY GAP IN SCIENCE

Over the centuries, first Latin and then French, German, and Russian have receded in perceived importance as languages of science. Other powerful languages with extensive internal scientific discourse, such as Japanese and Chinese, have always been largely excluded. The dominance of English has elevated the reputation of English-language universities and advantaged native speakers of English by creating a self-reinforcing loop of language flow. Abstracting services insist on English-language abstracts; citation indexes often include only English-language citations; thus English appears to dominate scientific discourse, and English-speaking universities invariably head the lists of leading scientific institutions. The inexact assumption appears to be that, with enough pressure, others will be forced to learn English in order to compete. Thus scientific advancement circumscribed by the English language is erroneously equated with scientific advancement in general. If this discriminatory situation is to chan...
Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the skull.

Abstract An unusual case is described in which primary Ewing's sarcoma of bone presented in the skull.
Identification and mitigation of nitrate leaching hot spots using NLEAP-GIS technology

Abstract Leaching of NO 3 N from agricultural lands often occurs in well-defined hot spot areas when viewed across geographical regions of hundreds or thousands of kM 2 and often appears as areas of high NO 3 N concentrations in shallow underlying aquifers. Delineation of high-NO 3 N zones can be achieved by combining models such the Nitrate Leaching and Economic Analysis Package (NLEAP) with Geographical Information System (GIS) technology to calculate the long-term potential mass of NO 3 N leached from the crop root zone. Once identified, the hot spots can be further analyzed with the model to evaluate and rank appropriate alternative management techniques. A simulation analysis using the NLEAP model showed that long-term NO 3 N leaching from corn ( Zea mays L.) grown under furrow irrigation on a coarse-textured soil could be reduced by 53% with N management alone, while an 84% reduction in leached NO 3 N was achieved for combined N and water management (sprinkler irrigation). This type of modeling analysis can be completed after a few weeks of effort, while comparable field studies would take several years to finish.
Gender Role Conflict in Men as a Predictor of Self-Ratings of Behavior on the Interpersonal Circle

The purpose of the study was to examine men's gender role conflict in relation to self-related behavir on the Interpersonal Circle. One hundred and one, mostly single and Caucasian, college aged men completed the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS) and the Checklist of Interpersonal Transactions-Revised (CLOIT-R). Canonical analyses indicated that two significant roots accounted for 34% of the variance. The first root found success/power/competition to be related to controlling and rigid interpersonal behavior; and the second root found Restrictive Emotionality and Restrictive Affectionate Behavior Between men to be related to hostile and rigid interpersonal behavior. The discussion to uses on implications for interpersonal relationship and psychoterapy for men who rigidly enact stereotypical male gender roles.