cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of insecticide exposure on movement and population size estimates of predatory ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

BACKGROUND: Estimates of arthropod population size may paradoxically increase following insecticide applications. Research with ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) suggests that such unusual results reflect increased arthropod movement and capture in traps rather than real changes in population size. However, it is unclear whether direct (hyperactivity) or indirect (prey-mediated) mechanisms produce increased movement. RESULTS: Video tracking of Scarites quadriceps Chaudior indicated that brief exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin or tefluthrin increased total distance moved, maximum velocity and percentage of time moving. Repeated measurements on individual beetles indicated that movement decreased 240min after initial lambda-cyhalothrin exposure, but increased again following a second exposure, suggesting hyperactivity could lead to increased trap captures in the field. Two field experiments in which ground beetles were collected after lambda-cyhalothrin or permethrin application attempted to detect increases in population size estimates as a result of hyperactivity. Field trials used mark‐release‐recapture methods in small plots and natural carabid populations in larger plots, but found no significant short-term (<6day) increases in beetle trap captures. CONCLUSION: The disagreement between laboratory and field results suggests mechanisms other than hyperactivity may better explain unusual changes in population size estimates. When traps are used as a primary sampling tool, unexpected population-level effects should be interpreted carefully or with additional data less influenced by arthropod activity. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recurrent Cellulitis in a Case of Aagenaes Syndrome

Aagenaes syndrome, also called Lymphedema Cholestasis Syndrome (LSC 1), is a form of idiopathic familial intrahepatic cholestasis associated with lymphedema of the lower extremities. It is named after the Norwegian pediatrician Oyestein Aagenaes, who described the syndrome in 1968. The presence of lymphedema is likely the predisposing factor for development of recurrent infections in such patients.1 Recurrent cellulitis as such has never been described in the literature with Aagenaes syndrome. This case highlights recurrent cellulitis as one of the potential complications of Aagenaes syndrome.
RV Dyssynchrony by Speckle Tracking Strain in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Will This Outcome Variable Take Root?

The pressure overload of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) predisposes the right ventricle (RV) to hypertrophy, dilation, and reduced pump function. Alterations in RV functional indexes such as tricuspid annular plane excursion, fractional area change, and tissue Doppler myocardial velocity have
Concomitant achondroplasia and developmental dysplasia of the hip

Achondroplasia (ACH) is the most common form of hereditary dwarfism and presents with multiple musculoskeletal anomalies but is not normally associated with premature hip arthritis. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a spectrum of disease resulting in shallow acetabular depth and a propensity for chronic femoral subluxation or dislocation; it is among the most common causes of premature arthritis. This case report describes the diagnosis of symptomatic DDH in a patient with ACH and highlights difficulties of primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) as a treatment option. Intraoperative radiographic imaging is advised to ensure proper prosthesis placement. Femoral osteotomy may aid visualization, reduction, and avoidance of soft tissue injury. Concomitant ACH and DDH is a challenging problem that can be successfully treated with modified THA.
Ethical Issues in Clinical Research

As both clinicians and researchers, surgeons are expected to behave in an ethical manner and put the interests of their patients above all else. This was originally codified in the Hippocratic Oath and is included in most medical professional societies’ mission statements. This includes the American College of Surgeons Fellowship Pledge that contains the following text: I pledge to pursue the practice of surgery with honesty and to place the welfare and the rights of my patient above all else. I promise to deal with each patient as I would wish to be dealt with if I was in the patient’ s position and I will respect the patient’ s autonomy and individuality (1). Medical ethics provide the foundation for the modern practice of surgery.
Principles of Electrode Catheter Ablation

Surgical destruction of critical areas of cardiac tissue as a means to “cure” patients with tachyarrhythmias has been the subject of investigation by cardiologists, cardiac electrophysiologists, and cardiac surgeons for many years. Initially, most efforts were directed at patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome [1,2] or ventricular tachycardia [3–7]. Since the development of those highly-invasive surgical techniques, a number of less in vasive techniques using a variety of “energy sources” have been under investigation. These have ranged from chemical ablation using ethanol [8,9], to ablation using a direct current shock [10–13] and, most prominently, to the highly successful use of radiofrequency (RF) energy for the low-risk cure of many different cardiac arrhythmias [14–16]. In this chapter we discuss the fundamental principles involved in the performance of electrode catheter ablation. Included in this section is a discussion of the induction of the clinical arrhythmia, localization or “mapping” of the critical tissue that is the target for the ablation procedure, delivery of the destructive energy to the target tissue, and finally, verification of successful elimination of the arrhythmia.
Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Prophylactic cranial radiation (PCI) has been used in the management of small-cell lung cancer given the propensity of disease relapse in the brain. Several studies have shown that PCI reduces the rate of brain metastases and improves survival. However, the use of PCI in the management of small-cell lung cancer has been controversial due to conflicting evidence of efficacy and toxicities. For example, the most effective radiation dose and fractionation regimen is not known. Also, conflicting reports on the neurotoxicity of PCI make it difficult to make definitive conclusions regarding the side-effects of treatment. As the survival of patients with SCLC improves, the controversies regarding the neurotoxic effect of PCI may become more defined. Certainly, well-designed prospective clinical trials addressing these issues are needed and are ongoing.
Nanoindentation and Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations of Asphalt Binder and Mastic

AbstractNanoindentation techniques were implemented to calculate and interpret linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt binder and mastic through low-load spheroconical (blunt) nanoindentation. Experiments on three rolling thin-film oven (RTFO)–aged binders (two neat and one polymer modified) and 24 RTFO-aged mastics were implemented for reproducible creep indentations at ultra low loads. Creep compliance model parameters were extracted and used to determine dynamic modulus values for each material. Dynamic modulus values from nanoindentation were validated by using macroscopic dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) testing for two binders and two mastics (RTFO-aged). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of binder and mastic microstructure were obtained to shed insight on how microstructural phenomena relate to mechanical properties. The new results were combined with previously determined work of cohesion values for three binders and 30 mastics (RTFO-aged) made with the same materials to link microstructural phe...
From Beginning to End: An Irish Life History

AbstractThis article discusses the two ends of the life-history process: the reasons for its undertaking and the research assumptions these engender, and the impact of the published account on readers. In doing so, I draw on my own experience in the research and writing of Nan: The Life of an Irish Travelling woman (Gmelch, 1986/1991) and upon the responses of Traveller and non-Traveller readers to this life history. (Ethnographic research; life-history interviewing, editing, and narra-tive construction; literary criticism)
Notes on Reproductive Behavior in the Dermanyssidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata)

Various aspects of reproductive behavior were investigated in the mites Dermanyssus gallinae, Ophionyssus natricis, Ornithonyssus bacoti , and Ornithonyssus sylviarum. Results of observations and experiments were compared on such topics as: the effect of mating on feeding, oviposition and longevity of the females; effect of feeding on mating; site of mating; longevity of spermatozoa in the female; and multiple mated females' effect on sex ratio of progeny.
Successful Treatment of Multiple Brain Abscesses with Antibiotics Alone

Seven adults with multiple brain abscesses were successfully treated with antibiotic therapy alone at The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., during 1976-1981. Fever, meningismus, and focal neurologic signs were common presenting features. No patient presented with coma or obtundation. Etiologic agents were identified in only three cases. Computerized tomographic (CT) scans were valuable in diagnosing and monitoring the response to therapy. Decrease in the size of the lesions was noted two to nine weeks after initiation of antibiotic therapy. In all patients, clinical signs of improvement preceded evidence of resolution of lesions on CT scan. These results indicate that, in carefully selected patients in whom surgical drainage is not feasible because of the anatomic location and/or multiplicity of lesions, a prolonged course of high-dose intravenous antibiotics alone can lead to a successful outcome.
Application of SPARROW Modeling to Understanding Contaminant Fate and Transport from Uplands to Streams

Understanding spatial variability in contaminant fate and transport is critical to efficient regional water-quality restoration. An approach to capitalize on previously calibrated spatially referenced regression (SPARROW) models to improve the understanding of contaminant fate and transport was developed and applied to the case of nitrogen in the 166,000 km2 Chesapeake Bay watershed. A continuous function of four hydrogeologic, soil, and other landscape properties significant (α = 0.10) to nitrogen transport from uplands to streams was evaluated and compared among each of the more than 80,000 individual catchments (mean area, 2.1 km2) in the watershed. Budgets (including inputs, losses or net change in storage in uplands and stream corridors, and delivery to tidal waters) were also estimated for nitrogen applied to these catchments from selected upland sources. Most (81%) of such inputs are removed, retained, or otherwise processed in uplands rather than transported to surface waters. Combining SPARROW results with previous budget estimates suggests 55% of this processing is attributable to denitrification, 23% to crop or timber harvest, and 6% to volatilization. Remaining upland inputs represent a net annual increase in landscape storage in soils or biomass exceeding 10 kg per hectare in some areas. Such insights are important for planning watershed restoration and for improving future watershed models.
The Webb-Pomerene Associations’ Saga

In order to promote U.S. exports via the Webb-Pomerene Associations the Webb-Pomerene Act of 1913 must be revised, U.S. manufacturers must abandon their do-it-yourself attitude and the Associations must improve their marketing "mix".
Thermal Lung Ablation

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for thermal lung ablation procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
The Effects of Traumatic Burn Injury on the Humoral Immune Response

For more than two decades it has been recognized that major traumatic or burn injury may result in a depressed immune response and that this depression may lead to increased susceptibility to life-threatening infections. This review addresses the effects of trauma and burn injury on the humoral immune response-synthesis of immunoglobulins and antibody response to foreign antigens and results of therapy with immunoglobulins. Although there may be controversy over decreases or increases It is clear that there are abnormalities of Ig synthesis following major injury. Whether these are expressed as decreases from normal or as supra normal depends on the time after injury, the Ig being measured, the type of injury and the presence of infection. What is more clear is that the ability of the injured patient to respond to a protein antigen challenge is suppressed after major injury or surgery. Studies in burn/trauma patients and correlations in animal models suggest that this defect in antibody production is caused at least in part by a defect in T cell function.
Abstract 1225: Proteome-wide analysis of gain-of-function mutant p53 targets in breast cancer implicates PARP, PCNA and MCM4 as oncogenic drivers

Gain-of-function mutant p53 (mtp53) changes the cancer cell transcriptome. However no analysis of mtp53-associated proteome diversity has been carried out. We coupled cell fractionation with stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and inducible knockdown of endogenous mtp53 to determine the mtp53 driven proteome. Using SILAC followed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) we identified that R273H mtp53 expression in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells both up and down-regulated multiple proteins and metabolic pathways. We sequenced 73,154 peptide pairs that corresponded to 3010 proteins detected under reciprocal labeling conditions. Importantly the high impact regulated targets included the previously identified transcriptionally regulated mevalonate pathway proteins but also identified two new levels of mtp53 protein regulation for non-transcriptional targets. Interestingly, mtp53 depletion profoundly influenced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) localization, with increased cytoplasmic and decreased chromatin-associated PARP1. An enzymatic PARP shift occurred with high mtp53 expression resulting in increased poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins in the nucleus. Mtp53 increased the level of PCNA and MCM4 protein without changing the amount of pcna or mcm4 transcript. Pathway enrichment analysis ranked the DNA replication pathway above the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway as an R273H mtp53 activated proteomic target. Knowledge of the proteome diversity driven by mtp53 suggests DNA replication and repair pathways are major targets of mtp53 and highlights consideration of combination chemotherapeutic strategies targeting cholesterol biosynthesis and PARP inhibition. Acknowledgements. This work was supported by a grant to JB from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. Citation Format: Alla Polotskaia, Gu Xiao, Katherine Reynoso, Che Martin, Wei-Gang Qiu, Ronald Hendrickson, Jill Bargonetti. Proteome-wide analysis of gain-of-function mutant p53 targets in breast cancer implicates PARP, PCNA and MCM4 as oncogenic drivers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1225. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1225
Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Colectomy Improves Perioperative Outcomes Without Increasing Operative Time Compared to the Open Approach: a National Analysis of 8791 Patients.

Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) is often used in procedures too complex for completely minimally invasive approaches. However, there are concerns for whether this hybrid approach abrogates perioperative benefits of the completely minimally invasive technique. We queried the 2012–2013 National Surgery Quality Improvement Program for adults undergoing elective HALS or open colectomy (OC). After propensity matching, short-term outcomes were compared. Subset analysis was performed for segmental resections. Multivariate analysis was used to determine predictors of utilizing either approach. This query included 8791 patients (OC 2707, HALS 6084). Predictors of HALS included male sex (OR 1.17, p = 0.006), increasing BMI (OR 1.01, p = 0.02), benign indication (OR 1.48, p < 0.001), and total abdominal colectomy (OR 10.39, p < 0.001). Younger age, black race, ASA class ≥3, inflammatory bowel disease, and low pelvic anastomosis were predictive of OC (all p < 0.05). HALS demonstrated reduced overall complications (p < 0.001), wound complications (p < 0.001), anastomotic leak (p = 0.014), transfusion (p < 0.001), postoperative ileus (p < 0.001), length of stay (p < 0.001), and readmission (p < 0.001) without increased operative time. For segmental resection, HALS demonstrated reduced overall complications, wound complications, respiratory complications, postoperative ileus, anastomotic leak, transfusion, length of stay, and readmissions (all p < 0.05). Compared to OC, HALS demonstrates improved perioperative outcomes without increased operative time.
Spectroscopic Study of the Reversible Chemical Reduction and Reoxidation of Substitutional Cr Ions in Sr2TiO4

The solid-state synthesis and controllable speciation of Cr dopants in the layered perovskite Sr2TiO4 is reported. We employed a chemical reduction procedure with NaBH4 at relatively mild temperatures (<450 °C) to impart sensitive control over the relative concentration of Cr3+ dopants, the charge-state of oxygen-vacancy defects, and presence of Ti3+ defects in highly reduced Cr-doped Sr2TiO4. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of the reduced powder samples reveal a 12-fold increase in the Cr3+ concentration within the axially compressed Ti4+-site of the Sr2TiO4 host. The increase in Cr3+ content is achieved through the reduction of higher-valence Cr ions that are either EPR silent or diamagnetic. The spin-Hamiltonian parameters for Cr3+ substituted at the B-site of Sr2TiO4 were refined to D = −201 × 10–4 cm–1, g⊥ = 1.980, and g∥ = 1.978. In addition, the Cr3+ ion exhibits a temperature-dependent axial component to the zero-field splitting of the 4A2 ground term that is accounted for by lig...
Beyond Freedom's Reach: A Kidnapping in the Twilight of Slavery. By Adam Rothman. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015. Pp. 263. $29.95.)

A vibrant new literature on the rights of African Americans in court during the eras of slavery and the years of Reconstruction and Jim Crow is challenging modern notions of the Southern legal syst...
PARSNIP: performant architecture for race safety with no impact on precision

Data race detection is a useful dynamic analysis for multithreaded programs that is a key building block in record-and-replay, enforcing strong consistency models, and detecting concurrency bugs. Existing software race detectors are precise but slow, and hardware support for precise data race detection relies on assumptions like type safety that many programs violate in practice.We propose PARSNIP, a fully precise hardware-supported data race detector. PARSNIP exploits new insights into the redundancy of race detection metadata to reduce storage overheads. PARSNIP also adopts new race detection metadata encodings that accelerate the common case while preserving soundness and completeness. When bounded hardware resources are exhausted, PARSNIP falls back to a software race detector to preserve correctness. PARSNIP does not assume that target programs are type safe, and is thus suitable for race detection on arbitrary code. Our evaluation of PARSNIP on several PARSEC benchmarks shows that performance overheads range from negligible to 2.6x, with an average overhead of just 1.5x. Moreover, PARSNIP outperforms the state-of-the-art Radish hardware race detector by 4.6x. CCS CONCEPTS • Computer systems organization → Multicore architectures; • Software and its engineering → Software maintenance tools;
Screening for Zika virus in deceased organ donors in Florida.

Zika virus (ZIKV) cases have been detected across the United States (US) and locally acquired cases have been reported in Florida. Currently, there are no ZIKV screening guidelines and no data on the incidence among organ donors in the US. This retrospective study was conducted at Jackson Memorial-Miami Transplant Institute. Positive ZIKV tests in local deceased organ donors were investigated from 6/2016 to 1/2017. We evaluated demographics and risk factors for ZIKV infection among organ donors and transplant outcomes among recipients of donors with positive ZIKV testing. One hundred forty-two donors were analyzed. Ten percent had traveled to ZIKV-endemic countries and 19% had outdoor occupations. Only 3% had positive ZIKV IGG. None had a positive ZIKV IGM or PCR. ZIKV-positive donors were more likely to have traveled to ZIKV-endemic countries (50% vs. 9%, P = .05). The kidneys from a ZIKV-positive donor were transplanted in our hospital with no 6-month rejection, graft failure, or death in the recipients. Our study demonstrated a low prevalence of ZIKV among deceased donors in our community. Despite local ZIKV transmission, ZIKV was more common in donors who traveled to ZIKV-endemic countries. This cohort demonstrated excellent outcomes in recipients of ZIKV IGG-positive donors. However, larger studies are needed.
MMT: Education and Practice

The area of Management of Medical Technology (MMT) is now being thoroughly developed and better focused through our effort in this book and in many other activities. There is an accumulation of knowledge and experience and a much more concentrated effort directed towards a well-defined area of interest.
Health-related quality of life in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: Association between the PedsQL and KIDSCREEN instruments and comparison with their normative samples.

Abstract Background and aims One of the major concerns for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are the mental and physical consequences of the condition, especially as they relate to quality of life factors. Here, we examined health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children with DCD, determined the association between two standardized parent reports, and compared HRQOL of our sample with DCD with the normative sample of each assessment for typically developing (TD) children and a sample of children with chronic health conditions. Methods and procedures Parents of children with reported DCD with ages between 6 and 12 completed the PedsQL and KIDSCREEN instruments through an online survey. The PedsQL measures HRQOL in the Physical, Emotional, Social, Academic, and Psychosocial Functioning domains, while the KIDSCREEN assesses HRQOL in Physical and Psychological Well-Being, Autonomy & Parents, Peers & Social Support, and School Environment. Outcomes and results Pearson’s correlation analyses showed low to moderate correlations between dimensions of the assessments, with the exception of the KIDSCREEN Autonomy & Parents. T-test analyses showed that the group with DCD showed significantly lower scores than the normative samples on the PedsQL and KIDSCREEN, and the PedsQL scores were significantly lower than those of a sample of children experiencing chronic illness. Conclusions and implications Scores on both instruments state that DCD likely represents a serious problem for children, and add to the body of evidence supporting the notion that children with DCD have lower overall HRQOL. We urge professionals to address or refer these children to services that can help improve children’s quality of life and prevent future health problems.
Composition and richness of the serum microbiome differ by age and link to systemic inflammation

Advanced age has been associated with alterations to the microbiome within the intestinal tract as well as intestinal permeability (i.e., “leaky gut”). Prior studies suggest that intestinal permeability may contribute to increases in systemic inflammation—an aging hallmark—possibly via microorganisms entering the circulation. Yet, no studies exist describing the state of the circulating microbiome among older persons. To compare microbiota profiles in serum between healthy young (20–35 years, n = 24) and older adults (60–75 years, n = 24) as well as associations between differential microbial populations and prominent indices of age-related inflammation. Unweighted Unifrac analysis, a measure of β-diversity, revealed that microbial communities clustered differently between young and older adults. Several measures of α-diversity, including chao1 (p = 0.001), observed species (p = 0.001), and phylogenetic diversity (p = 0.002) differed between young and older adults. After correction for false discovery rate (FDR), age groups differed (all p values ≤ 0.016) in the relative abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes, SR1, Spirochaetes, Bacteria_Other, TM7, and Tenericutes. Significant positive correlations (p values ≤ 0.017 after FDR correction) were observed between IGF1 and Bacteroidetes (ρ = 0.380), Spirochaetes (ρ = 0.528), SR1 (ρ = 0.410), and TM7 (ρ = 0.399). Significant inverse correlations were observed for IL6 with Bacteroidetes (ρ = − 0.398) and TM7 (ρ = − 0.423), as well as for TNFα with Bacteroidetes (ρ = − 0.344). Similar findings were observed at the class taxon. These data are the first to demonstrate that the richness and composition of the serum microbiome differ between young and older adults and that these factors are linked to indices of age-related inflammation.
Your Biorhythm and the Sine Curve.

Recently there has been much interest in biorhythm, three cycles?physical, emo tional, and intellectual?thought to affect our behavior. Advertisements in periodi cals proclaim that with your birth date (and ten dollars) a computer will print out your own personalized biorhythm chart. Always on the lookout for elementary ap plications and uses for mathematical skills, I found that the interest in biorhythm pro vided one nice answer to the perennial question about mathematical skills: "That's fine, but how do you use it?" All that one needs to know are the four basic
The use of urethane in the treatment of leukemia; a preliminary report.

Limited experience with the use of urethane in the treatment of leukemia indicates that this substance presents a considerable promise as a palliative agent in chronic myelogenous leukemia. It has no apparent value in the treatment of acute leukemia. Further extensive observation will be necessary to provide a true measure of the clinical usefulness of this preparation.
Nurses’ Role in Tobacco Control: A UICC Cancer Nursing Project

Lack of recognition of tobacco as a major cause of preventable death and disability in nursing educational programs, minimal expectations for nursing involvement in tobacco prevention and cessation programs, smoking behavior among nurses, limited support for tobacco-related nursing research, and the absence of tobacco policies in many professional nursing organizations, have contributed to the lack of involvement of nurses in international tobacco control efforts. The changing health care system and the mounting evidence supporting the efficacy of nurses in promoting behavioral change in tobacco use make the inclusion of nursing efforts in tobacco control both important and essential.
Nucleotide catabolism in red blood cells of rabbit.

The three metabolites ATP, ADP and AMP may be considered as a common pool connected by adenylate kinase, which in eucaryotic cells, including red blood cells, is present in sufficiently large amounts as to establish an equilibrium among the adenine nucleotides. The immediate substrate for the adenine nucleotide degradation is AMP. In red blood cells there exist two pathways for the breakdown of AMP: (i) one yielding adenosine which may be deaminated to inosine or rephosphorylated to AMP and (ii) one producing IMP by deamination and inosine by dephosphorylation of IMP. From inosine there is formed hypoxanthine by the action of nucleoside phosphorylase. For mature erythrocytes, the existence of both pathways has been established. Under physiological conditions the degradation via IMP is the predominant pathway.1–3 In this study we continue the quantifications of adenine nucleotide breakdown in mature erythrocytes and reticulocytes. We have investigated conditions of glucose starvation which lead to an accelerated adenine nucleotide breakdown.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DEFINED DNAs: THE ROLE OF DNA STRUCTURE IN GENE REGULATION

ABSTRACT Several defined DNA systems have been characterized and prepared in quantity for performing biochemical and physical determinations to attempt to understand the molecular basis of the interaction of certain regulatory proteins with DNA. Some of the systems currently under study are the E. coli lac operator-promoter, the phage λ operator-promoter, several novel DNA polymers which have been synthesized by conventional techniques as well as by gene cloning, several T7 promoters, and the J-F intercistronic region in ΦX174. A large number of small DNA restriction fragments have been prepared in quantity by a combination of gene cloning procedures and high pressure liquid chromatography on RPC-5. A variety of biochemical (i.e. in vivo and in vitro transcription, repressor binding) as well as physical determinations (i.e. high resolution thermal denaturation, nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism) are currently being performed.
A Longitudinal Follow-up Study Examining Adolescent Depressive Symptoms as a Function of Prior Anxiety Treatment.

Objective Children who are fearful and anxious are at heightened risk for developing depression in adolescence. Treating anxiety disorders in pre-/early adolescence may be one mechanism through which depressive symptoms later in adolescence can be prevented. We hypothesized that anxious youth who responded positively to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety would show reduced onset of depressive symptoms 2 years later compared to treatment nonresponders, and that this effect would be specific to youth treated with CBT compared to an active supportive comparison treatment. Method Participants were 80 adolescents ages 11 to 17 years who had previously completed a randomized trial comparing predictors of treatment response to CBT and child-centered therapy (CCT). Youth met DSM-IV criteria for generalized, separation, and/or social anxiety disorder at the time of treatment. The present study was a prospective naturalistic 2-year follow-up examining trajectories toward depression, in which participants were reassessed for depressive symptoms 2 years after anxiety treatment. Treatment response was defined as a 35% reduction in independent evaluator−rated anxiety severity on the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale after treatment. Results As hypothesized, lower levels of depressive symptoms were observed in anxious youth who responded to CBT for anxiety (β = −0.807, p = .004) but not CCT (β = 0.254, p = .505). Sensitivity analyses showed that the effects were driven by girls. Conclusion Findings suggest that CBT for anxiety is a promising approach to preventing adolescent depressive symptomatology, especially among girls. The results highlight the need for better early screening for anxiety and better dissemination of CBT programs targeting anxiety in youth.
Depression and alcohol misuse among older adults: exploring mechanisms and policy impacts using agent-based modelling

To: (1) explore how multi-level factors impact the longitudinal prevalence of depression and alcohol misuse among urban older adults (≥ 65 years), and (2) simulate the impact of alcohol taxation policies and targeted interventions that increase social connectedness among excessive drinkers, socially isolated and depressed older adults; both alone and in combination. An agent-based model was developed to explore the temporal co-evolution of depression and alcohol misuse prevalence among older adults nested in a spatial network. The model was based on Los Angeles and calibrated longitudinally using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Interventions with a social component targeting depressed and socially isolated older adults appeared more effective in curbing depression prevalence than those focused on excessive drinkers. Targeting had similar impacts on alcohol misuse, though the effects were marginal compared to those on depression. Alcohol taxation alone had little impact on either depression or alcohol misuse trajectories. Interventions that improve social connectedness may reduce the prevalence of depression among older adults. Targeting considerations could play an important role in determining the success of such efforts.
The Consequences of Forced CEO Succession on Directors

This paper investigates the rewards (or penalties) offered to outside directors that signal their decision making expertise to shareholders and labor markets by removing a poorly performing CEO. Using a sample of directors drawn from 40 firms experiencing forced CEO departures between 1982 and 1989, we compare the characteristics of directors that remove poorly performing CEOs to the characteristics of directors in a matched sample that do not remove their CEO. Just prior to turnover, we do not find any significant differences between equity ownership, committee seats held, other directorships held, or director compensation for the two samples of directors. In the five year period following turnover, outside directors that force CEO turnover are more likely to leave the firm than outside directors that do not force CEO turnover, especially if the firm performs poorly after turnover. Outside directors that do not leave the firm after forcing CEO turnover hold fewer committee seats five years after turnover than their matched firm counterparts. However, after controlling for differences in committee assignments and firm performance, directors that remove poorly performing CEOs experience larger increases in their compensation than their matched firm counterparts. For both groups, we find a positive and significant relation between firm performance and increases in director fees.
Sorting out how Msp1 maintains mitochondrial membrane proteostasis.

Robust membrane proteostasis networks are essential for cells to withstand proteotoxic stress arising from environmental insult and intrinsic errors in protein production (Labbadia and Morimoto, 2015; Hegde and Zavodszky, 2019). Failures in mitochondrial membrane proteostasis are associated with cancer, aging, and a range of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases (Wallace et al., 2010; Martin, 2012; Gustafsson and Gottlieb, 2007). As a result, mitochondria possess numerous pathways to maintain proteostasis (Avci and Lemberg, 2015; Shi et al., 2016; Weidberg and Amon, 2018; Shpilka and Haynes, 2018; Quiros et al., 2016; Sorrentino et al., 2017). Mitochondrial Sorting of Proteins 1 (Msp1) is a membrane anchored AAA ATPase that extracts proteins from the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) (Chen et al., 2014; Okreglak and Walter, 2014). In the past few years, several papers have addressed various aspects of Msp1 function. Here, we summarize these recent advances to build a basic model for how Msp1 maintains mitochondrial membrane proteostasis while also highlighting outstanding questions in the field.
Medical Care: Actual Effects and Public Perception

The rapidly escalating costs of medical care over the past quarter century, from 4.5% of the gross national product GNP in 1955 to 10.6% in 1984 (Levit, et al., 1985), has directed attention increasingly to aspects of the delivery, organization, and financing of medical care. Critics have claimed that there is excessive and unnecessary use of tests and procedures, too much duplication of facilities, and large inefficiencies in the organization of health services. Critics frequently focus on the “nonsystem” of medical care in which the various parts are not linked in a coherent pattern in which there is rational control over the allocation of resources. Many contend, therefore, that national resources employed in the medical area could be used better (that is, more rationally) if they were employed in other sectors. Others charge that it is the public’s utilization of medical care that is irrational in that public expectations of the medical sector are frequently unrealistic. Still others claim that we spend too much for medical care for what we get, some contending we get little if any benefit at all, and a few believe the care we get does more harm than good. In this chapter I will review these issues by examining what people and society apparently do get from medical care and how people view its value. While this does not deal with health insurance per se, the review will be drawn upon in chapters that follow.
Criteria For a Model of Language

Nicht der Sieg der Wissenschaft ist Das, was unser 19. Jahrhundert auszeichnet, sondern der Sieg der wissenschaft -lichen Methode uber die Wissenschaft. -- Der Wille znr Macht , 466.
Introduction to the special issue: The brain and violence

Abstract In this special issue, The Brain and Violence, special editors Charles Golden and Lisa Lashley have assembled a collection of articles featuring the work of early career and predoctoral researchers across a spectrum of disciplines and international collaborations. These works review the literature in the areas of the neuropsychology of criminal violence, intimate partner violence, child sexual offending, developmental trajectories related to violence, and violence in neuropathology.
Polarization converters in overmoded circular waveguide for electron cyclotron heating (ech) at 60 GHz

Elliptic deformation of circular waveguide can produce arbitrary elliptical polarization from a linearly polarized TE11 or TM11 mode, used as intermediates between TE01 and HE11 in ECH experiments. Measurements of a TM11 polarization converter for use on PLT are presented.
Mineral Physics and Mantle Evolution

The properties of the upper mantle, including the presence and nature of the 400 km seismological discontinuity, are readily explained in terms of the properties of rock with a garnet periodotite composition having Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.89 (± 0.02). Notably, the dominant minerals of the uppermost mantle, olivine (~50 percent), pyroxenes (~30 percent) and garnet (~15 percent), transform to denser phases with depth. The transformation of olivine to spinelloid (β-phase) and spinel (γ) structures at 13.4 GPa provides a natural explanation for the 400 km discontinuity. An average temperature of 1700 (± 300) K is required at this depth according to the high P/T phase-equilibrium determinations, and this is compatible with penological estimates of xenolith equilibration temperatures. At temperatures exceeding 1500–1800 K, the pyroxenes and garnets react to form a silica-rich garnet (majorite) over a broad pressure range, corresponding to depths of ~200 to 700 km; at lower temperatures (appropriate to subducted slabs) the majorite reacts to form silicate ilmenite.
Experiences with a violence and mental health safety protocol for a randomized controlled trial to support youth living with HIV.

Background Safety protocols are an essential component of studies addressing violence and mental health but are rarely described in the published literature from Sub-Saharan Africa. We designed and implemented a safety protocol within Project YES! (Youth Engaging for Success), which enrolled 276 youth living with HIV (ages 15-24 years) in a randomized controlled trial of a peer-mentoring intervention across four HIV clinics in Ndola, Zambia. Methods Youth who reported severe violence and/or suicidal thoughts on research surveys or during meetings with youth peer mentors (YPM) were referred to designated healthcare providers (HCP). We explored experiences with the safety protocol using: a) monitoring data of referrals, and b) in-depth interviews with youth (n = 82), HCP (n = 10), YPM (n = 8), and staff (n = 6). Descriptive statistics were generated and thematic analysis of coded transcripts and written memos performed. Results Nearly half of youth enrolled (48% of females, 41% of males) were referred to a HCP at least once. The first referral was most often for sexual violence (35%) and/or suicidal ideation/depression (29%). All referred youth aged 15-17 years and over 80% of referred youth aged 18 + agreed to see a HCP. HCP referred 15% for additional services outside the clinic. Twenty-nine youth, all HCP, all YPM, and all staff interviewed discussed the safety protocol. Most youth felt "encouraged," "helped," "unburdened," and "relieved" by their meetings with HCP; some expressed concerns about meeting with HCP. The safety protocol helped HCP recognize the need to integrate care for violence and mental health with medication adherence support. HCP, YPM, and study staff raised implementation challenges, including youth choosing not to open up to HCP, time and resource constraints, deficiencies in HCP training, and stigma and cultural norms inhibiting referrals outside the clinic for emotional trauma and mental health. Conclusions Implementing a safety protocol within an HIV clinic-based research study is possible and beneficial for youth and HCP alike. Implementation challenges underscore that HCP in Zambia work in over-stretched healthcare systems. Innovative strategies must address deficiencies in training and resources within HIV clinics and gaps in coordination across services to meet the overwhelming need for violence and mental health services among youth living with HIV.
The Evolution of Human Growth

This chapter discusses the evolution of the process of human growth and development. It highlights that much of what is known about human growth is derived from research on nonhuman animals. The two reasons for this are ethical limits on the kind of experimental research that may be performed on human beings and the evolutionary history that connects all living organisms. Some events in the human life-cycle may be unique, such as the adolescent growth spurt in height and menopause, and they attest to the ongoing evolution of human species. The unique stages and events of human growth and development evolved because they conferred reproductive advantages to humans. The human life-cycle stands in sharp contrast to other species of social mammals, even other primates. Anthropological theory needs to explain how humans successfully combined a vastly extended period of offspring dependency and delayed reproduction, with helpless newborns, a short duration of breastfeeding, an adolescent growth spurt, and menopause. A central question arises whether these characteristics evolve as a package or a mosaic. The chapter presents evidence that suggests that human life history evolved as a mosaic and may have taken form over more than a million years.
Social Cognitive Theory and Exercise of Control over HIV Infection

Prevention of infection with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) virus requires people to exercise influence over their own behavior and their social environment. Societal efforts designed to control the spread of AIDS have centered mainly on informing the public about how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted and how to safeguard against such infection. It is widely assumed that if people are adequately informed about the AIDS threat they will take appropriate self-protective action. Heightened awareness and knowledge of health risks are important preconditions for self-directed change. Unfortunately, information alone does not necessarily exert much influence on refractory health-impairing habits. To achieve self-directed change, people need to be given not only reasons to alter risky habits but also the behavioral means, resources, and social supports to do so. Effective self-regulation of behavior is not achieved by an act of will. It requires certain skills in self-motivation and self-guidance (Bandura, 1986). Moreover, there is a major difference between possessing self-regulative skills and being able to use them effectively and consistently under difficult circumstances. Success, therefore, requires strong self-belief in one’s efficacy to exercise personal control.
New perspectives on health information technology

Health information technologies encompass a variety of tools that facilitate the distribution of health information to the public, management of health information by organizations, secure exchanges of information between consumers and providers, and that enable individuals to manage their personal health information. Participants on this panel bring a variety of perspectives on and experience with designing health information applications for their constituencies. They will discuss the strategies and principles used in their work, as well as the challenges they encounter, in designing tools and applications that serve the health-related needs of their constituencies, as well as engage them as citizens and stakeholders.
Autism during infancy: a retrospective video analysis of sensory-motor and social behaviors at 9-12 months of age.

This retrospective video study explored the usefulness of sensory-motor measures in addition to social behaviors as early predictors of autism during infancy. Three groups included 11 children with autism, 10 with developmental disabilities, and 11 typically developing children. Home videos were edited to obtain a 10-minute cross-section of situations at 9-12 months for each subjects. Using interval scoring, raters coded several behavioral categories (i.e., Looking, Affect, Response to Name, Anticipatory Postures, Motor/Object Stereotypies, Social Touch, Sensory Modulation). Nine items, in combination, were found to discriminate the three groups with a correct classification rate of 93.75%. These findings indicate that subtle symptoms of autism are present at 9-12 months, and suggest that early assessment procedures need to consider sensory processing/sensory-motor functions in addition to social responses during infancy. Furthermore, prior to a time that they reported autistic symptoms, caregivers used compensatory strategies to increase the saliency of stimuli in order to engage their children more successfully; these strategies may provide a window for earlier diagnosis.
Taxes, Prisons, and CFOs: The Effects of Increased Punishment on Corporate Tax Compliance in Ecuador

This paper takes advantage of a rich firm level data set from Ecuador to analyze the effects of a reform in 2007 that introduced imprisonment for tax evasion and made a firm’s CFO liable for tax-crimes. Our dataset contains actual tax-return and financial-statement for the universe of corporations in Ecuador from 2003 to 2007. We study the effects of higher punishment both at the intensive and extensive margins. We combine a difference-in-difference-in-difference approach with the DiNardo, Fortin and Lemieux decomposition method. This allows us to estimate the heterogeneous effects of the reform across the distribution of firms. We find that, at the intensive margin the reform led to an average 10% increase in real corporate tax payments. However, positive effects are only found at the right tail of the tax distribution (above the 75th percentile). At the extensive margin, the probability of entry into the tax-net increased, but most of the firms that entered the tax net claimed zero taxes.
Macroscopic Determinism in Noninteracting Systems Using Large Deviation Theory

We consider a general system of n noninteracting identical particles which evolve under a given dynamical law and whose initial microstates are a priori independent. The time evolution of the n-particle average of a bounded function on the particle microstates is then examined in the large-n limit. Using the theory of large deviations, we show that if the initial macroscopic average is constrained to be near a given value, y, then the macroscopic average at time t converges in probability as n→∞ to a value ψ t(y) given explicitly in terms of a canonical expectation. Some general features of the graph of ψ t(y) versus t are examined, particularly in regard to continuity, symmetry, and convergence.