cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cu(I)/Cu(II)-catalyzed allylic amination of alkenes

Abstract Allylic hydrocarbons are selectively converted to the corresponding allyl amines in good to excellent yield by reaction with aryl hydroxylamines catalyzed by a 1:1 mixture of CuCl and CuCl 2 (10 mol %). Under these conditions unsymmetrical olefins react highly regioselectively with N-functionalization at the less substituted vinylic carbon. Trapping experiments indicate that a free nitrosoarene is not an intermediate in these reactions.
Generalized Degrees of Freedom of the Symmetric Gaussian $K$ User Interference Channel

We characterize the generalized degrees of freedom of the K user symmetric Gaussian interference channel where all desired links have the same signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and all undesired links carrying interference have the same interference-to-noise ratio, INR = SNRα. We find that the number of generalized degrees of freedom per user, d(α), does not depend on the number of users, so that the characterization is identical to the 2 user interference channel with the exception of a singularity at α = 1 where d(1) = 1/K. The achievable schemes use multilevel coding with a nested lattice structure that opens the possibility that the sum of interfering signals can be decoded at a receiver even though the messages carried by the interfering signals are not decodable.
School as solution to the problem of urban place: Student migration, perceptions of safety, and children’s concept of community

This case study explores how student migration impacts low-income fourth grade African American and Latino children in the US who leave their neighborhoods to attend a state-of-the-art facility in a downtown urban area. Children at the World Citizens School (WCS) convey how safety plays a key role in their restrictions by parents and in their daily lives in a near total institutional environment. The use of multiple methods show how the social relations of community are modified by student migration and how one community is displaced by another. Language: en
Semiparametric Estimation of Consumer Demand Systems with Micro Data

Maximum likelihood and two-step estimators of censored demand systems yield biased and inconsistent parameter estimates when the assumed joint distribution of disturbances is incorrect. This paper proposes a semiparametric estimator that retains the computational advantage of the two-step approach but is immune to distributional misspecification. The key difference between the proposed estimator and the two-step estimator is that the parameters of the binary censoring equations are estimated using a distribution-free single-index model. We implement the proposed estimator using household-level data obtained from the Hainan province in China. specification test lends support to our approach.
Magnetospheric and interplanetary physics 1979–1982

Major trends in the study of magnetospheric and interplanetary physics during the 1979-1982 period are surveyed. Topics discussed include the exploration of the Saturnian and Jovian magnetospheres by Voyagers 1 and 2, the behavior of different ions in the earth magnetosphere, auroral kilometric radiation, computer modeling of global magnetospheric MHD flow, the magnetic substorm, the quiet state, the earth's bow shock, the heliospheric current sheet, and new techniques such as electron beam experiments, 'active' injection experiments, auroral radars, and observations of the earth's distant magnetic tail. The future of this area of research is seen in the combination of data from different spacecraft and ground observations in a single correlated data set, and in the consolidation of past gains by analysis of the large data backlog, while a small number of new missions goes forward.
The optimal projection equations for reduced-order state estimation

First-order necessary conditions for optimal, steady-state, reduced-order state estimation for a linear, time-invariant plant in the presence of correlated disturbance and nonsingular measurement noise are derived in a new and highly simplified form. In contrast to the lone matrix Riccati equation arising in the full-order (Kalman filter) case, the optimal steady-state reduced-order estimator is characterized by three matrix equations (one modified Riccati equation and two modified Lyapunov equations) coupled by a projection whose rank is precisely equal to the order of the estimator and which determines the optimal estimator gains. This coupling is a graphic reminder of the suboptimality of proposed approaches involving either model reduction followed by "full-order" estimator design or full-order estimator design followed by estimator-reduction techniques. The results given here complement recently obtained results which characterize the optimal reduced-order model by means of a pair of coupled modified Lyapunov equations [7] and the optimal fixed-order dynamic compensator by means of a coupled system of two modified Riceati equations and two modified Lyapunov equations [6].
Machine Vision System for Automated Detection of Stained Pistachio Nuts

Abstract A machine vision system was developed to separate stained pistachio nuts, which comprise about 5% of the California crop, from unstained nuts. Stained nuts have lower consumer acceptance and higher incidences of aflatoxin contamination. The machine vision system may be used as an automated quality control device to detect stained nuts. The system was tested on three different pistachio process streams: the bichromatic colour sorter reject stream (floaters and sinkers) and the manually sorted small nut shelling stock stream (floaters). The system had a minimum overall error rates of 13% for the sinker bichromatic reject stream, 14% for the floater bichromatic sorter reject stream and 15% for the floater small shelling stock stream.
An Epidemiologic Approach to School Absenteeism

Abstract For pediatricians and family physicians who examine children with multiple physical complaints associated with school absenteeism, there ate few guidelines to aid in proper diagnosis and management. Clusters of demographic and psychosocial variables associated with patterns of absenteeism might differentiate subgroups of school avoidance, which would enhance diagnosis and disposition. In this study, we analyze the absentee rates of 1,088 seventh graders in the Palo Alto Unified School District. A high absentee group and a low absentee group are identified and traced backward to the first grade and forward to the eighth grade. Absentee patterns are analyzed. A methodology is applied which subdivides the groups into further potential categories of risk.
S-TYPE AND P-TYPE HABITABILITY IN STELLAR BINARY SYSTEMS: A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH. I. METHOD AND APPLICATIONS

A comprehensive approach is provided for the study of both S-type and P-type habitability in stellar binary systems, which in principle can also be expanded to systems of higher order. P-type orbits occur when the planet orbits both binary components, whereas in the case of S-type orbits, the planet orbits only one of the binary components with the second component considered a perturbator. The selected approach encapsulates a variety of different aspects, which include: (1) the consideration of a joint constraint, including orbital stability and a habitable region for a putative system planet through the stellar radiative energy fluxes (radiative habitable zone; RHZ), needs to be met; (2) the treatment of conservative, general, and extended zones of habitability for the various systems as defined for the solar system and beyond; (3) the provision of a combined formalism for the assessment of both S-type and P-type habitability; in particular, mathematical criteria are presented for the kind of system in which S-type and P-type habitability is realized; (4) applications of the attained theoretical approach to standard (theoretical) main-sequence stars. In principle, five different cases of habitability are identified, which are S-type and P-type habitability provided by the full extent of the RHZs; habitability, where the RHZs are truncated by the additional constraint of planetary orbital stability (referred to as ST- and PT-type, respectively); and cases of no habitability at all. Regarding the treatment of planetary orbital stability, we utilize the formulae of Holman & Wiegert as also used in previous studies. In this work, we focus on binary systems in circular orbits. Future applications will also consider binary systems in elliptical orbits and provide thorough comparisons to other methods and results given in the literature.
Modeling of a piezoelectric rotary ultrasonic motor

A piezoelectric rotary ultrasonic motor is modeled for the purpose of predicting, a priori, motor performance as a function of design parameters. The Rayleigh-Ritz assumed mode energy method is used to model the distributed piezoceramics and the traveling wave dynamics of the stator. Natural frequencies and modeshapes are obtained for a generally configured motor. Nonlinear normal and tangential interface forces between the rotor and stator are incorporated into the forcing function along with the linear piezoelectric forcing. Given the applied torque, applied axial loading, and piezo drive voltages as inputs to the model, general motor performance measures are obtained-namely speed, input power, output power, and efficiency. The approach presented here provides a general framework for modeling these motors as well as a design tool for optimizing prototypes with the added flexibility of allowing for a wide variety of geometries and materials. >
RUMBLE: an incremental, timing-driven, physical-synthesis optimization algorithm

Physical synthesis tools are responsible for achieving timing closure. Starting with 130nm designs, multiple cycles are required to cross the chip, making latch placement critical to success. We present a new physical synthesis optimization for latch placement called RUMBLE (Rip Up and Move Boxes with Linear Evaluation) that uses a linear timing model to optimize timing by simultaneously re-placing multiple gates. RUMBLE runs incrementally and in conjunction with static timing analysis to improve the timing for critical paths that have already been optimized by placement, gate sizing, and buffering. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the approach: our techniques improve slack by 41.3% of cycle time on average for a large commercial ASIC design
Spectral phase conjugation with cross-phase modulation compensation

Spectral phase conjugation with short pump pulses in a third-order nonlinear material is analyzed in depth. It is shown that if signal amplification is considered, the conversion efficiency can be significantly higher than previously considered, while the spectral phase conjugation operation remains accurate. A novel method of compensating for cross-phase modulation, the main parasitic effect, is also proposed. The validity of our theory and the performance of the spectral phase conjugation scheme are studied numerically.
Search for Correlated High Energy Cosmic Ray Events with CHICOS

We present the results of a search for time correlations in high energy cosmic ray data (primary E > 10^14 eV) collected by the California HIgh school Cosmic ray ObServatory (CHICOS) array. Data from 60 detector sites spread over an area of 400 km^2 were studied for evidence of isolated events separated by more than 1 km with coincidence times ranging from 1 µs up to 1 s. The results are consistent with the absence of excess coincidences except for a 2.9σ excess observed for coincidence times less than 10 µs. We report upper limits for the coincidence probability as a function of coincidence time.
Effect of Powder Surface Chemistry on the Stability of Concentrated Aqueous Dispersions of Alumina

The surface chemistry differences between two alumina powders is shown to have a significant effect on the properties of concentrated aqueous dispersions of the powders. The initial dispersion pH and magnitude and sign of the initial mobility of the particles (determined by acoustophoresis) are different for the two powders because of differences in surface impurity contents. As a result, the two powders require different amounts of dispersant to achieve stability in dispersions near their isoelectric points. The surface chemistry differences between these two aluminas illustrate the importance of examining ceramic dispersion properties at the concentrations used in processing the material.
Chromium(VI) oxide catalyzed oxidation of sulfides to sulfones with periodic acid

A highly efficient and selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfones with periodic acid catalyzed by CrO3 is described. A variety of electron-rich and electron-deficient sulfides were oxidized to sulfones with 2 mol % CrO3 in acetonitrile at room temperature in excellent yields. Sulfides with other readily oxidized functional groups were selectively oxidized to sulfones in high yields with 10 mol % CrO3 in ethyl acetate/acetonitrile at −35 °C.
Categorical Skew Lattices

Categorical skew lattices are a variety of skew lattices on which the natural partial order is especially well behaved. While most skew lattices of interest are categorical, not all are. They are characterized by a countable family of forbidden subalgebras. We also consider the subclass of strictly categorical skew lattices.
The Stock Market Crash Really Did Cause the Great Recession

This paper studies the connection between the stock market and the unemployment rate. I establish three facts. First, the log of the real value of the S&P 500 and the log of a logistic transformation of the unemployment rate are non-stationary cointegrated series. Second, the stock market Granger causes the unemployment rate. Third, the connection between changes in the real value of the stock market and changes in the unemployment rate has remained structurally stable over seventy years. My results establish that the fall in the stock market in the autumn of 2008 provides a plausible causal explanation for the magnitude of the Great Recession.
A psychodynamic perspective on resistance in psychotherapy: vive la résistance.

The term resistance has an overly negative connotation, indicating a recalcitrant, oppositional tendency on the part of psychotherapy clients. This article emphasizes the inevitability and ubiquity of resistance and argues that it should be greeted as a therapist's friend, not as an enemy. It is the way in which clients present themselves to the world in general and to the therapist in particular. Five forms of resistance are presented, including: resistance to the recognition of feelings, fantasies, and motives; resistance to revealing feelings toward the therapist; resistance as a way of demonstrating self-sufficiency; resistance as clients' reluctance to change their behavior outside the therapy room; and resistance as a function of failure of empathy on the part of the therapist. Vignettes from the author's practice and from the cases presented in this issue are discussed in terms of these five modes of resistance and their treatment.
Identification of mycobacterial DNA in cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic granulomatous disease of uncertain etiology. Recently, mycobacterial DNA especially Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex were detected in lung tissue and bronchial lavage fluid from patients with sarcoidosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays in 30% to 50% cases. Moreover, cell wall-defective form (CWDF) acid-fast bacteria have been isolated from skin lesions of patients with sarcoidosis which were later confirmed as M. avium complex by PCR assays. CWDF acid-fast bacteria were also found to grow from the blood of 95% patients with active sarcoidosis demonstrating a mycobacterial origin similar to M. tuberculosis. In view of these reports, we investigated 20 cases of cutaneous sarcoidosis using PCR/restriction enzyme pattern analysis (PCR/REPA) to detect mycobacterial DNA from paraffin-embedded skin biopsy samples. The method involves restriction enzyme analysis of nested PCR products obtained with primers encoding for the 65-KDa protein common to all mycobacteria. Using three restriction enzymes, the mycobacterial DNA from PCR product was differentiated to the species level. All the 20 cases had clinical and histologic evidence of sarcoidosis. Special stains for fungi (PAS) and mycobacteria (Fite) were negative and no foreign body was identified on polaroscopic examination in any of the cases. The cell lysates of M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium marinum from Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were used as standard control for PCR/REPA. Eight cases of foreign body granuloma, seven normal skin samples from the margin of surgical excisions and 5 cases of dermatitis were used as negative controls, and 4 cases of cutaneous tuberculosis were used as positive controls. Mycobacterial DNA was detected by PCR in 16 of the 20 cases of sarcoidosis. PCR/REPA subtyped 8 of these to M. tuberculosis complex (2 cases), M. avium-intracellulare (4 cases), M. kansasii (2 cases) while the other 8 cases were non-tuberculous mycobacteria. All four cases of cutaneous tuberculosis were positive by PCR and had a typical M. tuberculosis PCR/REPA pattern. Mycobacterial DNA was not detected in any of the negative controls. Our results demonstrated that mycobacterial DNA is present in 80% of cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis and these mycobacteria may play a role in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis.
An Estimate of the Average Number of Recessive Lethal Mutations Carried by Humans

The effects of inbreeding on human health depend critically on the number and severity of recessive, deleterious mutations carried by individuals. In humans, existing estimates of these quantities are based on comparisons between consanguineous and nonconsanguineous couples, an approach that confounds socioeconomic and genetic effects of inbreeding. To overcome this limitation, we focused on a founder population that practices a communal lifestyle, for which there is almost complete Mendelian disease ascertainment and a known pedigree. Focusing on recessive lethal diseases and simulating allele transmissions, we estimated that each haploid set of human autosomes carries on average 0.29 (95% credible interval [0.10, 0.84]) recessive alleles that lead to complete sterility or death by reproductive age when homozygous. Comparison to existing estimates in humans suggests that a substantial fraction of the total burden imposed by recessive deleterious variants is due to single mutations that lead to sterility or death between birth and reproductive age. In turn, comparison to estimates from other eukaryotes points to a surprising constancy of the average number of recessive lethal mutations across organisms with markedly different genome sizes.
Near-Optimal Parallel Prefetching and Caching

Recently there has been a great deal of interest in the operating systems research community in prefetching and caching data from parallel disks, as a technique for enabling serial applications to improve input--output (I/O) performance. In this paper, algorithms are considered for integrated prefetching and caching in a model with a fixed-size cache and any number of backing storage devices (disks). The integration of caching and prefetching with a single disk was previously considered by Cao, Felten, Karlin, and Li. Here, it is shown that the natural extension of their aggressive algorithm to the parallel disk case is suboptimal by a factor near the number of disks in the worst case. The main result is a new algorithm, reverse aggressive, with near-optimal performance for integrated prefetching and caching in the presence of multiple disks.
Beam tests of ionization chambers for the NuMI neutrino beam

We have conducted tests at the Fermilab Booster of ionization chambers to be used as monitors of the NuMI neutrino beamline. The chambers were exposed to proton fluxes of up to 10/sup 12/ particles/cm/sup 2//1.56 /spl mu/s. We studied potential space charge effects which could reduce signal collection from the chambers at large charged particle beam intensities.
Clozapine, Olanzapine, Risperidone, and Haloperidol in the Treatment of Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder

OBJECTIVE: The authors compared the efficacy and safety of three atypical antipsychotics (clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone) with one another and with haloperidol in the treatment of patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. METHOD: In a double-blind trial, 157 inpatients with a history of suboptimal treatment response were randomly assigned to treatment with clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol for 14 weeks (an 8-week escalation and fixed-dose period followed by a 6-week variable-dose period). RESULTS: Clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine (but not haloperidol) resulted in statistically significant improvements in total score on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Improvements seen in total and negative symptom scores with clozapine and olanzapine were superior to haloperidol. The atypical drugs, particularly olanzapine and clozapine, were associated with weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of atypical antipsychotics in this population were statistically...
Practical Synthesis of p‐ and o‐Amino‐ and Methoxyphenolic Anthraquinones

New versatile and selective methods for the syntheses of substituted amino- and methoxyphenolic anthraquinones (I-IV) based on fusion of cyanophthalides (V) and semiquinone aminals (VI, VII) under basic conditions are described.
Efficient implementation of barrier synchronization in wormhole-routed hypercube multicomputers

Abstract Efficient implementation of barrier synchronization is important to the performance of many parallel algorithms. This paper addresses barrier synchronization in wormhole-routed hypercube multicomputers. A broadcast barrier involves all nodes in a system, whereas the more general multicast barrier involves an arbitrary subset of nodes. Although performance of barrier synchronization can benefit from hardware-supported broadcast and multicast operations, many systems support only single-destination, or unicast, communication in hardware. For such systems, a novel software tree approach, the U-cube tree, is proposed as the basis of barrier synchronization. An important feature of the U-cube tree is that all messages injected into the network are guaranteed to be contention-free. Performance measurements of several barrier synchronization techniques implemented on a 64-node nCUBE-2 are given.
Exaggerated Grain Growth in ZrO2-Toughened Al2O3

Annealing of ZrO2-toughened Al2O3 (ZTA) at elevated temperatures causes growth of both the intergranular ZrO2 particles and the Al2O3“matrix” grains. Exaggerated (“breakaway”) grain growth occurs in some, but not all, specimens. Analytical electron microscopy of two ZTA's, both of which contained a continuous amorphous (glassy) grain-boundary phase, but only one of which showed breakaway grain growth, revealed that the occurrence of breakaway grain growth could be correlated with the chemistry of the ubiquitous glassy grain-boundary phase.
Higher order intersection numbers of 2-spheres in 4-manifolds

This is the beginning of an obstruction theory for deciding whether a map f : S 2 ! X 4 is homotopic to a topologically flat embedding, in the presence of fundamental group and in the absence of dual spheres. The rst obstruction is Wall’s self-intersection number (f ) which tells the whole story in higher dimensions. Our second order obstruction (f ) is dened if (f ) vanishes and has formally very similar properties, except that it lies in a quotient of the group ring of two copies of 1X modulo S3 -symmetry (rather then just one copy modulo S2 -symmetry). It generalizes to the non-simply connected setting the Kervaire-Milnor invariant dened in [2] and [12] which corresponds to the Arf-invariant of knots in 3-space. We also give necessary and sucient conditions for moving three maps f1;f 2;f 3 :S 2 !X 4 to a position in which they have disjoint images. Again the obstruction (f1;f 2;f 3) generalizes Wall’s intersection number (f1;f 2) which answers the same question for two spheres but is not sufcient (in dimension 4) for three spheres. In the same way as intersection numbers correspond to linking numbers in dimension 3, our new invariant corresponds to the Milnor invariant (1; 2; 3), generalizing the Matsumoto triple [10] to the non simply-connected setting.
Dynamic Models Incorporating Individual Heterogeneity: Utility Evolution in Conjoint Analysis

It has been shown in the behavioral decision making, marketing research, and psychometric literature that the structure underlying preferences can change during the administration of repeated measurements e.g., conjoint analysis and data collection because of effects from learning, fatigue, boredom, and so on. In this research note, we propose a new class of hierarchical dynamic Bayesian models for capturing such dynamic effects in conjoint applications, which extend the standard hierarchical Bayesian random effects and existing dynamic Bayesian models by allowing for individual-level heterogeneity around an aggregate dynamic trend. Using simulated conjoint data, we explore the performance of these new dynamic models, incorporating individual-level heterogeneity across a number of possible types of dynamic effects, and demonstrate the derived benefits versus static models. In addition, we introduce the idea of an unbiased dynamic estimate, and demonstrate that using a counterbalanced design is important from an estimation perspective when parameter dynamics are present.
HEAT CAPACITY IN PROTEINS

▪ Abstract Heat capacity (Cp) is one of several major thermodynamic quantities commonly measured in proteins. With more than half a dozen definitions, it is the hardest of these quantities to understand in physical terms, but the richest in insight. There are many ramifications of observed Cp changes: The sign distinguishes apolar from polar solvation. It imparts a temperature (T) dependence to entropy and enthalpy that may change their signs and which of them dominate. Protein unfolding usually has a positive ΔCp, producing a maximum in stability and sometimes cold denaturation. There are two heat capacity contributions, from hydration and protein-protein interactions; which dominates in folding and binding is an open question. Theoretical work to date has dealt mostly with the hydration term and can account, at least semiquantitatively, for the major Cp-related features: the positive and negative Cp of hydration for apolar and polar groups, respectively; the convergence of apolar group hydration entrop...
Model-Based Compressive Sensing

Compressive sensing (CS) is an alternative to Shannon/Nyquist sampling for the acquisition of sparse or compressible signals that can be well approximated by just K ? N elements from an N -dimensional basis. Instead of taking periodic samples, CS measures inner products with M < N random vectors and then recovers the signal via a sparsity-seeking optimization or greedy algorithm. Standard CS dictates that robust signal recovery is possible from M = O(K log(N/K)) measurements. It is possible to substantially decrease M without sacrificing robustness by leveraging more realistic signal models that go beyond simple sparsity and compressibility by including structural dependencies between the values and locations of the signal coefficients. This paper introduces a model-based CS theory that parallels the conventional theory and provides concrete guidelines on how to create model-based recovery algorithms with provable performance guarantees. A highlight is the introduction of a new class of structured compressible signals along with a new sufficient condition for robust structured compressible signal recovery that we dub the restricted amplification property, which is the natural counterpart to the restricted isometry property of conventional CS. Two examples integrate two relevant signal models-wavelet trees and block sparsity-into two state-of-the-art CS recovery algorithms and prove that they offer robust recovery from just M = O(K) measurements. Extensive numerical simulations demonstrate the validity and applicability of our new theory and algorithms.
Single transverse-spin asymmetry for D -meson production in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering

We study the single transverse-spin asymmetry for open charm production in the semi-inclusive lepton-hadron deep inelastic scattering. We calculate the asymmetry in terms of the QCD collinear factorization approach for D mesons at high enough P{sub hperpendicular} and find that the asymmetry is proportional to the twist-three trigluon correlation function in the proton. With a simple model for the trigluon correlation function, we estimate the asymmetry for both COMPASS and eRHIC kinematics and discuss the possibilities of extracting the trigluon correlation function in these experiments.
Correlation Statistics of Quantized Noiselike Signals

I calculate the statistics of correlation of two digitized noiselike signals, which are drawn from complex Gaussian distributions, sampled, quantized, correlated, and averaged. Averaged over many such samples, the correlation r approaches a Gaussian distribution. The mean and variance of r fully characterize the distribution of r. The mean corresponds to the reproducible part of the measurement, and the variance corresponds to the random part, or noise. I investigate the case of nonnegligible covariance r between the signals. Noise in the correlation can increase or decrease, depending on quantizer parameters, when r increases. This contrasts with the correlation of continuously valued or unquantized signals, for which the noise in phase with r increases with increasing r, and noise out of phase decreases. Indeed, for some quantizer parameters, I find that the correlation of quantized signals provides a more accurate estimate of r than would correlation without quantization. I present analytic results in exact form and as polynomial expansions, and compare these mathematical results with results of computer simulations.
A Point Process Model for Auditory Neurons Considering Both Their Intrinsic Dynamics and the Spectrotemporal Properties of an Extrinsic Signal

We propose a point process model of spiking activity from auditory neurons. The model takes account of the neuron's intrinsic dynamics as well as the spectrotemporal properties of an input stimulus. A discrete Volterra expansion is used to derive the form of the conditional intensity function. The Volterra expansion models the neuron's baseline spike rate, its intrinsic dynamics-spiking history-and the stimulus effect which in this case is the analog of the spectrotemporal receptive field (STRF). We performed the model fitting efficiently in a generalized linear model framework using ridge regression to address properly this ill-posed maximum likelihood estimation problem. The model provides an excellent fit to spiking activity from 55 auditory nerve neurons. The STRF-like representation estimated jointly with the neuron's intrinsic dynamics may offer more accurate characterizations of neural activity in the auditory system than current ones based solely on the STRF.
Public gains from entrepreneurial research: Inferences about the economic value of public support of the Small Business Innovation Research program.

This article presents a systematic analysis of the net economic benefits associated with the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. We offer a derivation of producer and consumer surplus to estimate economic benefits. Fundamental to the implementation of these models is a specific value of the elasticity of demand, but in its absence we estimate what its value would be when the benefit-to-cost ratio associated with public support of the SBIR program equals unity. We infer from these calculations, and from general knowledge about the ability of SBIR-funded firms to exploit their monopoly position, that the SBIR program likely generates positive net economic benefits to society.
Continuous-Flow Synthesis of 3,3-Disubstituted Oxindoles by a Palladium-Catalyzed α-Arylation/Alkylation Sequence

The two-step synthesis of various methyl- and methoxymethyl-protected oxindoles includes the implementation of a biphasic system with KOH as the base, a palladacycle as the rapidly activated precatalyst, and a packed bed as the microreactor that enables efficient mixing.
Facts and Challenges from the Great Recession for Forecasting and Macroeconomic Modeling

This paper provides a survey of business cycle facts, updated to take account of recent data. Emphasis is given to the Great Recession, which was unlike most other postwar recessions in the United States in being driven by deleveraging and financial market factors. We document how recessions with financial market origins are different from those driven by supply or monetary policy shocks. This helps explain why economic models and predictors that work well at some times do poorly at other times. We discuss challenges for forecasters and empirical researchers in light of the updated business cycle facts.
Mimicking the Structure and Function of DNA: Insights into DNA Stability and Replication

The physical and chemical factors that allow DNA to perform its functions in the cell have been studied for several decades. Recent advances in the synthesis and manipulation of DNA have allowed this field to move ahead especially rapidly during the past fifteen years. One of the most common chemical approaches to the study of interactions involving DNA has been the use of DNA base analogues in which functional groups are added, deleted, blocked, or rearranged. Here we describe a different strategy, in which the polar natural DNA bases are replaced by nonpolar aromatic molecules of the same size and shape. This allows the evaluation of polar interactions (such as hydrogen bonding) with little or no interference from steric effects. We have used these nonpolar nucleoside isosteres as probes of noncovalent interactions such as DNA base pairing and protein - DNA recognition. We have found that, while base-pairing selectivity does depend on Watson - Crick hydrogen bonding in the natural pairs, it is possible to design new bases that pair selectively and stably in the absence of hydrogen bonds. In addition, studies have been carried out with DNA polymerase enzymes to investigate the importance of Watson - Crick hydrogen bonding in enzymatic DNA replication. Surprisingly, this hydrogen bonding is not necessary for efficient enzymatic synthesis of a base pair, and significant levels of selectivity can arise from steric effects alone. These results may have significant impact both on the study of basic biomolecular interactions and in the design of new, functionally active biomolecules.
Microscopic self-consistent theory of Josephson junctions including dynamical electron correlations

We have developed a rapid computational algorithm that allows for a fully self-consistent solution of the three-dimensional Bogoliubov–de Gennes equations for a Josephson junction. This microscopic model is appropriate for short-coherence-length superconductors, Josephson junctions with strongly correlated proximity-coupled weak links and systems where the barrier thickness is the same order of magnitude as the coherence length. This is a regime that is usually not described by the highly successful analytic theories of Josephson junctions developed over the past 35 years. The formalism is applied to the simplest possible model as an example, but can easily incorporate correlation effects (via the dynamical mean field theory) with relatively little extra cost. We examine current–phase relations, effects of non-magnetic impurities, interfacial scattering and the local density of states within the barrier. This last ‘theoretical spectroscopy’ shows the evolution of Andreev bound states in the presence of a Josephson current, illustrating the expected Doppler shift. We also calculate the figure of merit, IcRN , and find that our self-consistent solutions produce a variation of this product, which can be dramatically increased for coherent SNSNS junctions which have an additional thin superconducting layer within the normal-metal region.
Multiphoton antiresonance in large-spin systems

We study nonlinear response of a spin $S>1/2$ with easy-axis anisotropy. The response displays sharp dips or peaks when the modulation frequency is adiabatically swept through multiphoton resonance. The effect is a consequence of a special symmetry of the spin dynamics in a magnetic field for the anisotropy energy $\propto S_z^2$. The occurrence of the dips or peaks is determined by the spin state. Their shape strongly depends on the modulation amplitude. Higher-order anisotropy breaks the symmetry, leading to sharp steps in the response as function of frequency. The results bear on the dynamics of molecular magnets in a static magnetic field.
How the viscous subrange determines inertial range properties in turbulence shell models

We calculate static solutions of the `GOY? shell model of turbulence and do a linear stability analysis. The asymptotic limit of large Reynolds numbers is analyzed. A phase diagram is presented which shows the range of stability of the static solution. We see an unexpected oscillatory dependence of the stability range upon lg small nu, Greek, where small nu, Greek is the viscosity. This effect depends upon the discrete structure of the shell model and goes to zero as the separation between the shells is brought to zero. These findings show how viscous effects play a role in determining inertial properties of shell models and give some hints for understanding the effects of viscous dissipation upon real turbulence.
Relevance-Based Retrieval on Hidden-Web Text Databases without Ranking Support

Many online or local data sources provide powerful querying mechanisms but limited ranking capabilities. For instance, PubMed allows users to submit highly expressive Boolean keyword queries, but ranks the query results by date only. However, a user would typically prefer a ranking by relevance, measured by an information retrieval (IR) ranking function. A naive approach would be to submit a disjunctive query with all query keywords, retrieve all the returned matching documents, and then rerank them. Unfortunately, such an operation would be very expensive due to the large number of results returned by disjunctive queries. In this paper, we present algorithms that return the top results for a query, ranked according to an IR-style ranking function, while operating on top of a source with a Boolean query interface with no ranking capabilities (or a ranking capability of no interest to the end user). The algorithms generate a series of conjunctive queries that return only documents that are candidates for being highly ranked according to a relevance metric. Our approach can also be applied to other settings where the ranking is monotonic on a set of factors (query keywords in IR) and the source query interface is a Boolean expression of these factors. Our comprehensive experimental evaluation on the PubMed database and a TREC data set show that we achieve order of magnitude improvement compared to the current baseline approaches.
Mixed-metal flux synthesis of quaternary RMn2TrxZn20−x compounds with Tr=Al, In

Eighteen new intermetallic compounds RMn2TrxZn20� x (2oxo7; R ¼ rare-earth metal; Tr ¼ Al, In) were synthesized using low- melting mixtures of (Tr/Zn) as a solvent. Structural refinement using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data shows that the compounds are substituted variants of the cubic CeCr2Al20-type structure (Fd-3m, Z ¼ 8; unit cell parameters vary from a ¼ 14.1152(3)Afor YbMn2Al5.3Zn14.7 to a ¼ 14.8125(4)Afor SmMn2In5.9Zn14.1). The Zn and Tr elements show site preferences in the indium compounds, but not in the aluminum analogs. The substitution of trielide element for zinc modifies the valence electron count of the compounds to allow for the incorporation of Mn into the structure. Magnetic susceptibility data show no evidence of magnetic ordering down to 3 K.
Barrett's esophagus: surveillance and treatment

Barrett's esophagus is a disease of paramount importance, indicated by its exponentially increasing incidence and association with esophageal cancer. There exist limitations in screening, treatment, and long-term population studies; currently screening criteria include adults with a long history of persistent reflex symptoms. The precise age, frequency, and duration of symptoms used is unclear. This article describes surveillance methods, control of acid reflux, and newer endoscopic ablative procedures.
THE DYNAMICAL MASS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL ORBIT OF HR7672B: A BENCHMARK BROWN DWARF WITH HIGH ECCENTRICITY

The companion to the G0V star HR7672 directly imaged by Liu et al. has moved measurably along its orbit since the discovery epoch, making it possible to determine its dynamical properties. Originally targeted with adaptive optics because it showed a long-term radial velocity (RV) acceleration (trend), we have monitored this star with precise Doppler measurements and have now established a 24 year time baseline. The RV variations show significant curvature (change in the acceleration) including an inflection point. We have also obtained a recent image of HR7672B with NIRC2 at Keck. The astrometry also shows curvature. In this paper, we use jointly fitted Doppler and astrometric models to calculate the three-dimensional orbit and dynamical mass of the companion. The mass of the host star is determined using a direct radius measurement from CHARA interferometry in combination with high-resolution spectroscopic modeling. We find that HR7672B has a highly eccentric, e = 0.50^(+0.01)_(–0.01), near edge-on, i = 97.3^(+0.4)_(–0.5) deg, orbit with semimajor axis, ɑ = 18.3^(+0.4)_(–0.5) AU. The mass of the companion is m = 68.7^(+2.4)_(–3.1) M_J . HR7672B thus resides near the substellar boundary, just below the hydrogen-fusing limit. These measurements of the companion mass are independent of its brightness and spectrum and establish HR7672B as a rare and precious "benchmark" brown dwarf with a well-determined mass, age, and metallicity essential for testing theoretical evolutionary models and synthetic spectral models. Indeed, we find that such models under-predict its luminosity by a factor of ≈2. HR 7672B is presently the only L, T, or Y dwarf known to produce an RV trend around a solar-type star.
Managing Design-Process Complexity: A Value-of-Information Based Approach for Scale and Decision Decoupling

Design processes for multiscale, multifunctional systems are inherently complex due to the interactions between scales, functional requirements, and the resulting design decisions. While complex design processes that consider all interactions lead to better designs; simpler design processes where some interactions are ignored are faster and resource efficient. In order to determine the right level of simplification of design processes, designers are faced with the following questions: a) how should complex design-processes be simplified without affecting the resulting product performance ? and b) how can designers quantify and evaluate the appropriateness of different design process alternatives? In this paper, the first question is addressed by introducing a method for determining the appropriate level of simplification of design processes - specifically through decoupling of scales and decisions in a multiscale problem. The method is based on three constructs: interaction patterns to model design processes, intervals to model uncertainty resulting from decoupling of scales and decisions, and value of information based metrics to measure the impact of simplification on the final design outcome. The second question is addressed by introducing a value-of-information based metric called improvement potential for quantifying the appropriateness of design process alternatives from the standpoint of product design requirements. The metric embodies quantitatively the potential for improvement in the achievement of product requirements by adding more information for design decision making. The method is illustrated via a datacenter cooling system design example.
Minimum redundancy feature selection from microarray gene expression data.

How to selecting a small subset out of the thousands of genes in microarray data is important for accurate classification of phenotypes. Widely used methods typically rank genes according to their ...
FREE UNSTABLE MODES AND MASSIVE BODIES IN SATURN'S OUTER B RING

Voyager images and Cassini occultation data have previously shown that the behavior of the outer edge of Saturn’s massive B ring is determined only in part by a static response to the 2:1 inner Lindblad resonance with Mimas. In Cassini images of this region, we find, in addition to the expected wavenumber-2 forced distortion, evidence for unforced self-excited wavenumber-3, wavenumber-2, and wavenumber-1 normal modes. These are the first observations to suggest substantial wave amplification in Saturn’s broad rings. Moreover, the presence of these free modes strongly implicates viscous overstability as their underlying cause and, by inference, the cause for most, if not all, of the unforced structures throughout the high-mass-density B ring and in other high-mass-density regions in Saturn’s rings. Analysis of each of the inferred waves reveals a consistent lower bound on the average surface mass density of ∼44 g cm −2 for the outer 250 km of the ring, though the true surface density could be as high as 100 g cm −2 or higher. Interference between the forced and free wavenumber-2 modes yields a total wavenumber-2 pattern that varies in amplitude and orientation with a characteristic period of ∼5.5 years. We also find localized disturbances, including 3.5 km tall vertical structures, that provide circumstantial evidence for embedded massive bodies in the Mimas resonance zone. The presence of such bodies is supported by the presence of a shadow-casting moonlet ∼0.3 km wide near the ring’s edge.
Extracting olivine (Fo–Fa) compositions from Raman spectral peak positions

The dominant feature of the olivine Raman spectrum is a doublet that occurs in the spectral region of 815–825 cm � 1 (DB1) and 838– 857 cm � 1 (DB2). These features arise from coupled symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrational modes of the constituent SiO4 tetrahedra. The frequencies of both peaks show monotonic shifts following cation substitution between forsterite and fayalite. We present a calibration for extracting olivine Fo contents (Fo = Mg/(Mg + Fe) molar ratio; Fo0–100) from the peak positions of this doublet, permitting estimates of chemical composition from Raman spectra (acquired in the laboratory or field) as well as providing information on crystal structure (distinction of polymorphs). Eight samples spanning the compositional range from forsterite to fayalite were used to develop the calibration equations for the DB1 and DB2 peaks individually and together. The data indicate that the DB1 peak is more reliable for calculating the compositions of Fe-rich olivine but that the DB2 peak is better for magnesian compositions. The two-peak calibration overcomes the limitations of the single-peak calibrations and is capable of calculating olivine compositions to within ±10 Fo units.
Invariant currents on limit sets

We relate the L 2 -cohomology of a complete hyperbolic manifold to the invariant currents on its limit set.