cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aging and the underactive detrusor: a failure of activity or activation?

AIMS: To examine the known and potential contributions of motor, sensory, and biomechanical dysfunctions to the clinical problems of detrusor underactivity and detrusor hyperactivity/impaired contractility. METHODS: A review of the current literature on non-obstructive voiding dysfunction associated with aging was conducted. The functional impact of age-induced biomechanical tissue change via alterations in sensory transduction is considered. RESULTS: Impaired contractility has been regarded as etiologic of detrusor underactivity. However, an age-related degradation in detrusor contractility as the primary contributor to impaired bladder emptying has not been conclusively demonstrated. To the extent that detrusor contraction force and duration are dependent upon efferent nerve activity and thus reflex responses to sensory activity, there is a potential impact of impaired sensory function on voiding efficiency. Structural and functional tissue changes accompanying aging may result in altered bladder afferent function, with subsequent reflex impairment of detrusor voiding function. CONCLUSIONS: The relative contributions of motor, sensory, and biomechanical dysfunctions to impaired voiding performance independent of outlet obstruction associated with aging remain to be elucidated.
Genetic testing in hereditary colorectal cancer: indications and procedures

Approximately 25% of colorectal cancers occur in younger individuals or those with a personal or family history of the disease, suggesting a heritable susceptibility. The minority of these cases are accounted for by one of the well-described hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). The recent identification and cloning of the genes responsible for FAP and HNPCC, along with other colon cancer susceptibility genes, has led to the widespread availability of genetic testing for hereditary colorectal cancer. Genetic testing raises clinical, ethical, legal, and psychosocial questions that must urgently be discussed. This review highlights areas of knowledge and uncertainty about genetic predisposition testing for colorectal cancer and provides clinicians with practical recommendations regarding the proper indications and procedures for this testing.
726 CONTROL OF HUMAN MONOCYTE FUNCTION BY Fc FRAGMENTS OF IgG

Fc receptors on human monocytes have an important role in the phagocytosis of sensitized red cells and antibody dependent cytotoxicity. Effects of human IgG fragments on monocyte function were compared with those of known “activators” of monocytes. Monocyte monolayers treated with Fc fragments exhibited a 10-100 fold increase in prostaglandin E release. On the other hand Fc fragments brought about a significant reduction in synthesis and/or secretion of the second component of complement (C2), lysozyme and acid phosphatase by the same monocytes. In contrast to these effects of Fc fragments on monocyte monolayers, latex particles caused a marked increase in C2 synthesis and lysozomal enzyme synthesis, but only a modest (<10-fold) stimulation of prostaglandin E release. The effects of supernatants of unfractionated mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) stimulated with pokeweed mitogen or tetanus toxoid were different in that they enhanced C2 synthesis, but decreased lysozomal enzyme synthesis. Thus activation of monocytes results in different effects depending on the “stimulating” agent. Human monocytes are stimulated in an unique way by Fc fragments of IgG. Supported by U. S. Public Health Service Research Grant AI 05877 and U. S. Public Health Service Training Grant 5 T32 AI 07061.
New chiral phosphoramidite complexes of iron as catalytic precursors in the oxidation of activated methylene groups.

New phosphoramidite complexes of iron were synthesized and structurally characterized. Reaction of the known chiral phosphoramidites (RO)2PNR’2 (R = binaphthyl, R’ = CH3, 1a; R = binaphthyl, R’ = benzyl, 1b) with [FeBr(Cp)(CO)2] afforded the title compounds [FeBr(Cp)(CO)(1a,b)] (4a,b) in 34 and 65 % isolated yields as mixtures of diastereomers, since both the metal and the ligand are stereogenic. Similarly, reaction of 1b with [Fe(Cp)I(CO)2] in the presence of catalytic [Fe(Cp)(CO)2]2 afforded [Fe(Cp)I(CO)(1b)] (5b) in 81% yield as a mixture of diastereomers. The molecular structures of 4a, 4b and 5 were determined, revealing a pseudo octahedral coordination geometry about the iron center. The new metal complexes are catalytically active in the oxidation of benzylic methylene groups to the corresponding ketones, utilizing t-BuOOH as oxidant (2 mol% catalyst, 36 h, room temperature, 31−80% yield).
On securitization politics as contexted texts and talk

As a reaction to Claudia Aradau's essay in this journal, I firstly feel something more should be said about the strengths of the Copenhagen School's modest, but analytically, normatively and empirically useful approach to securitization, and securitization's relationship with desecuritization. When properly understood, this analytical approach helps us in the same limited way to answer Aradau's call for prior political theorizing. Secondly, I want emphatically to demur from Aradau's assertion of the necessary priority of political analyses of securitization before beginning its conceptual or comparative analysis. Sceptically, I am led to ask: ‘Can only a master political theorist emancipate the securitization analyst?’ Finally, I want to express my appreciation of Aradau's creative and insightful approach to the dilemmas of immigration-relevant securitization in the European context.
University of Virginia Department of Athletics: improved policies and procedures manual

A 2004 Capstone team implemented a policies and procedures Web site which helps the University of Virginia's (UVA) Department of Athletics comply with various rules and regulations. The users of the Web site identified several deficiencies with the Web site. This paper presents methods to address these deficiencies; as a result the Web site has been redesigned in terms of aesthetics and functionality. The improved Web site will help the department with its commitment to full compliance with university, ACC, and NCAA regulations, as well as state and federal law. Violations of those regulations could result in severe sanctions or legal liability for the department, which could lead to a substantial loss of reputation and funding for the university. The newly hired human resources (HR) manager of UVA Department of Athletics is evaluating the department's current mode of operation. This paper also analyzes the current system in the human resources, defines the major problem and recommends solutions.
FERMION AVATARS OF THE SUGAWARA MODEL.

We argue that the expression for the energy-momentum tensor as a quadratic function of currents given in the Sugawara model must be reinterpreted as the limit of the corresponding expression, with the currents given a small separation minus its vacuum expectation value as the separation goes to zero, if the expression is to have any chance at all of making sense in a quantum field theory. We calculate this limit for a wide class of free Dirac theories with the usual currents in both two and four dimensions. In many (though not all) cases, we find that the limit yields the usual energy-momentum tensor. In calculating the limit in four dimensions, we have to multiply by the square of the separation to ensure that the limit exists; this is a reflection of the divergence of the Schwinger terms in the equal-time commutators of currents.
Hearing loss and hearing aids.

Many individuals who have vestibular problems also present with hearing loss. Correction of hearing loss assists individuals in their ability to access medical care and to participate in rehabilitation programs that may be associated with their balance problems. Managing physicians or surgeons of the persons who have a vestibular disorder work closely with audiologists to ensure that patients receive appropriate amplification in the course of their treatment. This article describes common forms of hearing loss. The process of selecting, evaluating, verifying, and validating amplification as a treatment for permanent, sensorineural hearing loss is described. Several special amplification technologies are highlighted briefly.
The effect of low temperature on BOD in antarctic seawater

Abstract Untreated sewage has been released from McMurdo Station, Antarctica, into McMurdo Sound for several years. In this study organic carbon degradation was compared in seawater from McMurdo Sound at −1.8°C and 20°C using the BOD test. The ultimate BOD was 3 times larger at 20°C than at −1.8°C following 25 days of incubation. On the basis of on these findings, sewage from McMurdo Station, Antarctica, should receive at least secondary treatment before release to lessen the impact of anthropogenic organic carbon on the polar marine environment of McMurdo Sound.
Jungian Templates for Contemporary Gay Men; Or “What Does Mary Want with That Bear and What's the Diva Dishing?”

Using Jung's archetypes, one can derive models of gender specific behavior for gay men. While not necessarily endorsing the existence of a priori universals, we suggest that these archetypal templa...
Online Teaching and Learning Strategies for Programming-intensive Courses

Using the general guidelines for online teaching and learning as a backdrop, we have investigated best practices that are effective specifically in the context of computer science courses that involve extensive programming and hands-on laboratory explorations. In this paper, we describe our preliminary effort in this direction. More specifically, we describe the strategy we have used in planning, designing, developing, delivering, and assessing the best practices for a course in programming languages.
Optical Properties of Iron Silicates in the Infrared to Millimeter as a Function of Wavelength and Temperature

The Optical Properties of Astronomical Silicates with Infrared Techniques program utilizes multiple instruments to provide spectral data over a wide range of temperatures and wavelengths. Experimental methods include Vector Network Analyzer and Fourier transform spectroscopy transmission, and reflection/scattering measurements. From this data, we can determine the optical parameters for the index of refraction, n, and the absorption coefficient, k. The analysis of the laboratory transmittance data for each sample type is based upon different mathematical models, which are applied to each data set according to their degree of coherence. Presented here are results from iron silicate dust grain analogs, in several sample preparations and at temperatures ranging from 5 to 300 K, across the infrared and millimeter portion of the spectrum (from 2.5 to 10,000/micron or 4000 to 1/cm).
Injury prevention. Where are the resources

According to the Centers for Disease Control (2002), each year nearly 150,000 Americans die from injuries, making injury the leading cause of death among children and young adults and a significant problem for Americans of all ages. Nonfatal injuries account for approximately 114 million physician office visits and 25% of all emergency department examinations. It is estimated that one in four Americans will suffer a potentially preventable injury serious enough to require medical attention (Shienfield Gorin & Arnold, 1998). As injury-prevention advocates, we must address this public health problem with a multidimensional approach that includes the three Es: education, engineering, and enforcement. Professionals from many disciplines, including nurses, physicians, health educators, school teachers, social workers, police officers, firefighters, emergency medical technicians, and coaches, must have accurate information to educate. Education in injury prevention must be a collaborative approach. These injury-prevention leaders must stay informed and knowledgeable of this ever-changing science. This article highlights common injuries, preventive strategies, and resources for injury-prevention information. This information will assist the healthcare provider in finding accurate sources of information concerning injury prevention (Shienfield Gorin & Arnold, 1998).
On the Ocean Temperature Distribution in the Gulf of Alaska, 1974–1975

Abstract Infrared data gathered by the NOAA 3 and 4 satellites have made it possible to construct a detailed synoptic view of sea surface temperatures in the northern Gulf of Alaska. These satellite data are compared with simultaneous oceanographic data to yield information on vertical subsurface features. Generally two surface temperature regimes characterize the northern gulf throughout the year. Relatively Warm surface water occurs over the continental shelf, while colder water is found farther offshore, beyond the shelf break. A narrow (5–10 km) coastal band, with relatively low temperatures, apparently due to terrestrial runoff, was not always present. Wave or eddy-like features were observed along the boundary between the warm and cold surface water regimes. Lateral advection and vertical mixing both contribute to maintenance of these two major surface temperature regimes. Offshelf lateral advection and/or upwelling brought colder water into the northern gulf between July 1974 and February 1975, and...
GABAB receptor agonists and antagonists: pharmacological properties and therapeutic possibilities.

g-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is widely distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord. Two major families of GABA receptors have been identified, GABAA and GABAB. W...
Adolescents in Residential and Inpatient Treatment: A Review of the Outcome Literature

Operationalizing treatment efficacy has become essential in the field of psychotherapy. Managed health care now requires psychotherapy to produce measurable outcomes and define success concretely. This requirement has resulted in research attempting to identify empirically supported and evidence-based treatments. This article presents a review of adolescent residential and inpatient outcome literature, for the purpose of identifying elements of successful programs and highlighting needed directions for research in the field.
Treatment of early prostate cancer

For the treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer, agents that induce androgen deprivation might be given several months prior to radical prostatectomy with the hope of reducing the size and extent of tumour prior to surgery.
The olfactory sense: a developmental and lifespan perspective.

Aim and objective. The objective of this literature review is to discuss human olfactory development, function and assessment through the lifespan. This article will highlight the importance of accurate olfactory function assessment. Background. Olfactory function in humans is an understudied sense and may contribute significantly to patient safety and quality of life. Studies related to olfactory function are presented for different life stages. Olfactory development is reviewed as is terminology used to describe functionality. This article highlights the need for nursing assessment of olfactory function to develop holistic nursing interventions since there are implications for patient safety, quality of life issues related to respiratory function, bonding and nutrition. Design. Literature review. Method. Articles were searched in CINAHL, PsychInfo and PubMed limited to those published in English to 2010 with the key terms ‘olfactory and nursing’. The search yielded 47 articles that were clinically based on patient care. Those articles that dealt specifically with traumatic brain syndrome were excluded. However, peer reviewed and research article were both specified. Results. There is evidence that olfactory assessment should be completed by nurses on high risk populations to ensure patent safety and enhance quality of life. Conclusions. More studies are needed to improve clinical knowledge about the role of olfactory function. Relevance to clinical practice. Nurses are in a prime position to assess olfactory function for patients at high risk for deficits to provide holistic nursing care.
Aircraft scatterometer observations of soil moisture on rangeland watersheds

Extensive studies conducted by several researchers using truck-mounted active microwave sensors have shown the sensitivity of these sensors to soil moisture variations. The logical extension of these results is the evaluation of similar systems at lower resolutions typical of operational systems. Data collected during a series of aircraft flights in 1978 and 1980 over four rangeland watersheds located near Chickasha, Oklahoma, were analyzed in this study. These data included scatterometer measurements made at 1.6 and 4.75 GHz using a NASA aircraft and ground observations of soil moisture for a wide range of moisture conditions. Data were analyzed for consistency and compared to previous truck and aircraft results. Results indicate that the sensor system is capable of providing consistent estimates of soil moisture under the conditions tested.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 as a Cause of Genital Herpes: Impact on Surveillance and Prevention

This study compared characteristics of patients who had herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 with characteristics of patients who had HSV-2, by use of data from a cross-sectional analysis. Data were collected in an urban sexually transmitted diseases clinic from patients who had positive genital HSV cultures. Overall, 17.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.9%-19.3%) of 1145 genital HSV isolates obtained during 1993-1997 were HSV-1. The proportion of HSV-1 among initial genital herpes infections was higher among men who had sex with men (46.9%) than among women (21.4%) and was lowest among heterosexual men (14.6%). White race (odds ratio [OR], 3.7; 95% CI, 2.3-5.9) and receptive oral sex in the preceding 2 months (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.9-4.3) significantly increased the odds that initial infections were HSV-1 rather than HSV-2. Genital HSV-1 may often be acquired through contact with a partner's mouth. These data suggest that seroprevalence studies based solely on HSV-2 type-specific assays underestimate overall prevalence of genital HSV infection.
Educating Novice Perioperative Nurses

At the Christiana Care Health System (CCHS), novice perioperative nurses have the opportunity to make the transition from novice to advanced beginner in a supportive environment where they can build their skills under the supervision and guidance of a qualified educator and dedicated preceptors. A perioperative internship program has been tailored to meet the needs of the facility and ensures novice nurses acquire a strong didactic and clinical foundation using evidence-based practices. CCHS perioperative services have developed their own successful perioperative internship program to address the nursing shortage in its perioperative settings.
Effects of substrate roughness on the orientation of cylindrical domains in thin films of a polystyrene–poly(methylmethacrylate) diblock copolymer studied using atomic force microscopy and cyclic voltammetry

Abstract This paper describes the orientation of cylindrical domains in thin films of a polystyrene–poly(methylmethacrylate) diblock copolymer (PS-b-PMMA; 0.3 as the PMMA volume fraction) on gold and oxide-coated Si substrates having different surface roughness. Atomic force microscopy images of PS-b-PMMA films having thickness similar to the domain periodicity permitted us to study the effects of substrate roughness and block affinity on domain orientation. PS-b-PMMA films on gold substrates showed metastable vertical domain orientation that was attained more slowly on rougher substrates. In contrast, the domains were horizontally oriented on oxide-coated Si regardless of surface roughness and the annealing conditions examined. In addition, cyclic voltammetry data for PS-b-PMMA films on gold substrates whose PMMA domains were etched suggested that the metastable vertically oriented domains reached the underlying substrates. These results indicate that PS-b-PMMA films containing vertically oriented cylindrical domains can be obtained by using rough gold substrates upon annealing under controlled conditions.
Analysis of demand and supply in the dairy sector of the Netherlands

This research on the demand for and supply of milk in the Netherlands combines a detailed empirical analysis with a strong emphasis on methodological aspects. The analysis forms a pilot study for part of an EC dairy sector model. The particular demand and supply functions are derived from theory. On the demand side, information from data has been combined with a priori information. The methodology involved is discussed in detail. This particular working method enables information from cross-section (or time series cross-section) data to be combined with macro data, leading to a consistent result on aggregate level. On the supply side, two concepts are used: a dynamic price reaction and a total price. The very specific lagged price reaction of dairy farmers is investigated, assuming that they attune their production to a total price, which is derived from the prices of milk, beef, calves and concentrates. Many hypotheses about the supply function have been tested empirically. The very popular Nerlove scheme should be rejected for the supply function of milk in the Netherlands. The whole study, which incorporates also margins and margin behaviour, gives a number of clear estimations and test results.
Object agreement and specificity in early Swahili.

Schaeffer (1997, 2000) argues that children lack knowledge of specificity because Dutch children omit determiners and fail to scramble pronouns. Avrutin & Brun (2001), however, find that Russian children place arguments correctly according to whether they are specific or non-specific. This paper investigates object agreement and specificity in early Swahili. Object agreement in Swahili is obligatory when the object is specific, but is prohibited when the object is non-specific. Analysis of naturalistic data from four Swahili-speaking children (1;8–3;2) reveals that children overwhelmingly provide object agreement in obligatory contexts (when the object is a personal name, is topicalized, or refers to first/second person). The supply of object agreement cannot be due to a general strategy of overusing agreement, since object agreement does not occur in prohibited contexts such as intransitive clauses. I conclude that object agreement and knowledge of specificity are acquired by Swahili children before the age of two years.
Queuing Analysis in Multichannel Cognitive Spectrum Access: A Large Deviation Approach

The queueing performance of a (secondary) cognitive user is investigated for a hierarchical network where there are N independent and identical primary users. Each primary user employs a slotted transmission protocol, and its channel usage forms a two-state (busy,idle) discrete-time Markov chain. The cognitive user employs the optimal policy to select which channel to sense (and use if found idle) at each slot. In the framework of effective bandwidths, the stationary queue tail distribution of the cognitive user is estimated using a large deviation approach for which closed-form expressions are obtained when N = 2. Upper and lower bounds are obtained for the general N primary user network. For positively correlated primary transmissions, the bounds are shown to be asymptotically tight. Monte Carlo simulations using importance sampling techniques are used to validate the obtained large deviation estimates.
Dynamic regulation of the voltage-gated Kv2.1 potassium channel by multisite phosphorylation.

Voltage-gated K + channels are key regulators of neuronal excitability. The Kv2.1 voltage-gated K + channel is the major delayed rectifier K + channel expressed in most central neurons, where it exists as a highly phosphorylated protein. Kv2.1 plays a critical role in homoeostatic regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability through its activity- and calcineurin-dependent dephosphorylation. Here, we review studies leading to the identification and functional characterization of in vivo Kv2.1 phosphorylation sites, a subset of which contribute to graded modulation of voltage-dependent gating. These findings show that distinct developmental-, cell- and state-specific regulation of phosphorylation at specific sites confers a diversity of functions on Kv2.1 that is critical to its role as a regulator of intrinsic neuronal excitability.
Reclaiming Indigenous Languages: A Reconsideration of the Roles and Responsibilities of Schools

In this chapter, we offer a critical examination of a growing field of educational inquiry and social practice: the reclamation of Indigenous mother tongues. We use the term reclamation purposefully to denote that these are languages that have been forcibly subordinated in contexts of colonization (Hinton, 2011; Leonard, 2007). Language reclamation includes revival of a language no longer spoken as a first language, revitalization of a language already in use, and reversal of language shift (RLS), a term popularized by Joshua Fishman (1991) to describe the reengineering of social supports for intergenerational mother tongue transmission. All of these processes involve what Māori scholar Margie Kahukura Hohepa (2006) calls language regeneration, a term that speaks of “growth and regrowth,” recognizing that nothing “regrows in exactly the same shape that it had previously, or in exactly the same direction” (p. 294).
Mailed Postcards as a High-Response-Rate Data-Collection Instrument

This research note describes the use of postcards as a data collection instrument for mailed surveys. Postcard survey instruments provide surveyors the advantages of both low cost and high response rates. Past uses of postcard surveys have yielded response rates of between 77% and 100%, with only one or two waves of mailing. Suggested uses for this unique survey instrument and tips on utilizing it are offered.
Oseltamivir and Risk of Lower Respiratory Tract Complications in Patients With Flu Symptoms: A Meta-analysis of Eleven Randomized Clinical Trials

An independent reanalysis of 11 randomized clinical trials shows that oseltamivir treatment reduces the risk of lower respiratory tract complications requiring antibiotic treatment by 28% overall (95% confidence interval [CI], 11%–42%) and by 37% among patients with confirmed influenza infections (95% CI, 18%–52%).
COLLAGEN FIBRIL FORMATION IN THE PRESENCE OF DEXAMETHASONE DISODIUM PHOSPHATE

Dexamethasone disodium phosphate was found to inhibit in vitro fibrillogenesis in a buffered collagen solution that otherwise formed in vivo like fibrils. A nonlinear relationship was observed between the steroid salt concentration and the kinetic parameter half transition time. Full fibril inhibition occurred at dexamethasone phosphate concentrations above 15 mM. At lower concentrations, sample buffers that also contained inorganic phosphate were not different from the control in activation energy of 224.3 +/- 29.3 kJ/mol (53.6 +/- 7.0 kcal/mol). The idea is advanced that the soluble steroid salt associates directly to the collagen and prevents the formation of lateral, hydrophobic interactions between adjacent collagen aggregates.
New method for the Hamiltonian formulation for lattice spin systems

The Lanczos scheme for finding low-lying eigenvalues of a sparse matrix of large dimension is applied to solving the Hamiltonian formulation for $Z(2)$ and $Z(3)$ Ising spin systems in 1+1 dimensions. The location of the fixed points and the values of the critical indices are consistent with known results.
A study of preemptable vs. non-preemptable token reservation access protocols

LAN protocols based on token reservation, like those found in the IEEE 802.5 Token Ring and the SAE High Speed Ring Bus LAN specifications, service messages in nearly priority order. Token Reservation fails when higher priority messages enter the system too late to be included in the priority bidding scheme or after a lower priority message successfully captures the token. Although allowing preemption in the media access protocol could reduce or eliminate these failings, no preemptable protocol exists among the extant LAN protocols. We are interested in whether preemption service in LANs could improve service for high priority messages; since no LAN with preemption currently exists, we developed a preemption protocol and tested it in simulation. We compare this protocol with non-preemption protocols using conventional metrics (such as throughput and delay), as well as introducing a new metric, the priority inversion ratio, to quantify the effectiveness of the protocols for providing priority-ordered service. We show that non-preemptable token reservation protocols suffer from priority inversion. We also show that a preemption protocol indeed provides better service to high priority messages at the expense of lower priority messages, and that this improvement is measurable.
The rediscovery and isolation of TFPI

Summary. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a multivalent Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor that produces factor (F)Xa-dependent feedback inhibition of the factor VIIa/tissue factor (FVIIa/TF) catalytic complex that is responsible for the initiation of coagulation. Since 1985, when Rapaport and colleagues reported that the lipoprotein fraction of plasma contained a FXa-dependent inhibitor of FVIIa/TF, myriad articles have established its biochemical structure, its mechanism of action, and its physiological importance. This brief personal account reviews historical studies that established the existence of the inhibitor and the events that led to its initial isolation.
THE GHOST IN THE CLINIC: GOTHIC MEDICINE AND CURIOUS FICTION IN SAMUEL WARREN'S DIARY OF A LATE PHYSICIAN

IN 1856, WHEN MANY VICTORIAN PHYSICIANS WERE STRUGGLING TO DEFINE A MODEL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE, the reviewer of one collection of case histories voiced his dismay at the physician-author's preference for “dreadful incidents” and “cases exceptional and strange” (“Works” 473). Indeed, although physicians of the clinical era did not disguise their efforts to achieve a new kind of discourse, productive of a “realist” vision, few acknowledge how often the “clinical” case history of the nineteenth century also shares the romantic discourse of the Gothic, especially its interest in the supernatural and the unexplainable and its narrative aim of arousing suspense, horror, and astonishment in the reader. Literary critics have also focused primarily on the association of medical narrative with a realist literary discourse. Nineteenth-century physicians did campaign for the formal, objective, and professional clinical discourse that serves as their contribution to a realist aesthetic, in the process explicitly rejecting eighteenth-century medicine's fascination with “the curious” and its subterranean affiliation with the unknown, the unexplainable, and the subjective. But, as I show in this article, a discourse of “the curious,” allied with a Gothic literary aesthetic, stubbornly remained a critical element of many case histories, though it often presented under the mask of the more acceptable term, “interesting.” The discourse of Gothic romance in the case history provides a narrative frame that, unlike the essentially realist clinical discourse, could make sense of the physician's curious gaze, which had become nearly unrecognizable as a specifically medical vision. Indeed, a “curious” medical discourse haunts even case histories of the high clinical era, late in the century; and it energizes the nineteenth-century Gothic novel. Samuel Warren's novel Passages from the Diary of a Late Physician–deplored in the quotation above–illuminates this tradition of “Gothic medicine” as it plays out in the nineteenth-century novel. This tradition, I argue, provides the novel with a powerful model of cultural contamination and conflict in its yoking of disparate discourses. Gothic medicine demonstrates the importance of clinical medicine to literary romance, and it cannot help but reveal the ghost of “the curious” in the clinic.
Time Variant Balancing and Nonlinear Balanced Realizations

Balancing for linear time varying systems and its application to model reduction via projection of dynamics (POD) are briefly reviewed. We argue that a generalization for balancing nonlinear systems may be expected to be based upon three sound principles: 1) Balancing should be defined with respect to a nominal flow; 2) Only Gramians defined over small time intervals should be used in order to preserve the accuracy of the linear perturbation model and; 3) Linearization should commute with balancing, in the sense that the linearization of a globally balanced model should correspond to the balanced linearized model in the original coordinates.
Constitutional Challenges to the Criminalization of Same-Sex Sexual Activities: State Interest in HIV-AIDS Issues

As the most-litigated disease in our nation's history, Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV-AIDS) frequently challenges the courts to separate reasoned arguments from arguments based on misinformation, prejudice and hysteria. One major national study concluded that society subjects people affected by HIV-AIDS to discrimination in employment, health care, insurance, and criminal law. The stigma of HIV disease has particularly harsh consequences when criminal penalties are at stake. Controversial results abound in criminal prosecutions of HIV-positive defendants. One state court reinstated a conviction for attempted murder based upon the defendant's spitting and throwing of blood. A federal appeals court held that the bite of an HIV positive person constituted use of a "deadly and dangerous" weapon in an assault prosecution. In other cases, criminal defendants diagnosed or merely perceived as HIV-positive were subject to irrational and humiliating courtroom treatment. Constitutional challenges to criminal sodomy laws provide a valuable setting for assessing the rationality of judicial response to HIV-AIDS issues. In particular, homosexuals' legal challenges to these laws' proscriptions of private, noncommercial, consensual, same-sex sexual activities raise two of the most provocative issues of our time: preventing the spread of HIV-AIDS and protecting the right to privacy in intimate acts. Courts face difficulty in resolving these challenges when supporters and opponents of same-sex sodomy statutes raise emotionally charged HIV-AIDS issues linked to a variety of complex medical, social and psychological concerns. The effect of these arguments on courts and on legislatures is profound. As one commentator noted: "The trend towards decriminalization of gay sex has been halted by AIDS ...."This article examines arguments employing HIV-AIDS as a basis for justifying the criminalization of same-sex sexual activities. The article concludes that such arguments are irrational, and indeed fly in the face of accepted scientific evidence.
Foreword to Sex, Marriage and Family in John Calvin's Geneva I: Courtship, Engagement and Marriage

This project analyzes the reformation of sex, marriage, and family life as revealed in the systematic writings, sermons, lectures, commentaries, letters, consilia, catechisms, polemics, statutes, and Consistory cases authored or influenced by sixteenth-century Protestant reformer, John Calvin. Courtship, engagement, and marriage are the first step of the family cycle and the focus of this first volume of the series. The volume begins with an overview of the whole reformation of sex, marriage, and family life in Calvin's Geneva, and a close sifting of its main sources, personalities, and institutions involved. After explaining Calvin's views and experiences of courtship and matchmaking, the discussion then turns to parental consent in making engagement and marriage contracts. Next, it explores the tangled jungle of impediments to engagement and marriage whose presence could lead to annulment - infancy, mental inability, polygamy, lack of virginity, sexual incapacity, contagion, age disparity, and incest. Then, the volume works through the delicate issue of interreligious courtship and marriage, the complex laws of marital property, and the problems of premarital sex, cohabitation, and desertion. After following the couple on their wedding day and detailing the surprising liturgy and celebration that awaited them, the volume concludes with a sketch of these sundry topics of reform, using the biblical doctrine of covenant. This chapter introduces and frames the project as a whole, which will continue in sequel volumes, subtitled "The Christian Household" and "Divorce and Death, Inheritance and Remarriage."
Host Preference and Seasonal Distribution of Pteromalid Parasites (Hymenoptera: pteromalidae) of Stable Flies and House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Associated with Confined Livestock in Eastern Nebraska

A total of 528 samples totaling 37,639 house fly and 11,447 stable fly pupae were collected from 34 confined bovine feedlots and dairies in eastern Nebraska and examined for pteromalid parasites. Parasitism averaged 14.2% for house flies and 7.9% for stable flies. Levels of parasitism were consistent from feedlot to feedlot but were higher on the dairies. Seven parasite species were identified: Muscidifurax spp. made up 56%, Spalangia cameroni 11%, S. nigroaenea 31%, S. nigra 1%, and others 1% of the 5,881 parasites attacking house flies; Muscidifurax spp. made up 25%, S. cameroni 26%, S. nigroaenea 44%, S. nigra 4%, and others 1% of the 979 parasites attacking stable flies. Muscidifurax spp. were recovered significantly ( P = 0.01) more often from house flies, and S. nigra were recovered significantly ( P = 0.01) more often from stable flies. Parasite activity was initially observed during the first week in June and increased to a mean of 20.9% during October. The activity and the species of parasites attacking fly pupae were influenced by the habitat in which the hosts were found
Spatial distribution of the rice stink bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Florida rice

Rice fields in southern Florida were sampled for rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax (F.), to determine the spatial distribution. Data from 20 fields showed that the insects were aggregated in fields in the nymphal stage, the adult stage, and the combined total of the two stages based on Taylor’s power law. Data indicate that samples taken from the ends of the field accurately predict the overall field mean. Adults were the most common stage caught during the first rice crop, and nymphs were the most common stage caught during the ratoon crop.
Base composition and molecular weight of DNA from a frog polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus.

SummaryFrog PCDV DNA was estimated from its melting profile to contain 54–55% G + C. The molecular weight of PCDV DNA was confirmed to be about 130 × 106 daltons from its sedimentation behavior in neutral sucrose and by contour length measurements. The mean content of DNA per PCDV virion in two preparations of purified virus was 1.86 × 10-16 g (112 × 106 daltons) and 2.56 × 10-16 g (154 × 106 daltons). Data suggest that PCDV virions contain a single linear double-stranded molecule of DNA.
A test of the Virginia opossum’s preference for sweets

Although a great deal is known about the food habits of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, very little is known about its interest in sweets. The present study was designed to determine if opossums have a preference between plain water and a 5% (w/v) sugar solution. Three animals were tested; two of them had been reared in the laboratory, and one had been captured in the wild some months before the test. The animals were kept in large cages and given a choice for 1-h daily tests between bottles containing the solutions. There was no doubt that the animals preferred the sweetened water. Since the wild animal behaved in the same manner as the laboratory-reared animals, previous feeding experience did not seem to affect the results.
Female spectators as customers at National Football League games

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate female National Football League (NFL) spectators’ preferences and feedback in regard to various customer service components of the NFL game day experience. The primary components with respect to female spectators’ choices, preferences, and feedback are as follows: apparel and other merchandise; food and beverage; restrooms and facility cleanliness; tailgating and parking; participants’ decision to attend an NFL game; and participants’ perceptions of the NFL. A core objective was to learn more about the female decision-making process and overall experience at NFL games. Design/methodology/approach – All data were collected during the 2012-2013 NFL regular season. Four different data collections were conducted at two NFL stadiums to investigate the game day experiences of women at NFL games. Previous research was used as a basis for creating survey questions about the female game day experience. In this study, an open-ended questionnaire contained both q...
Depression symptoms across cultures: an IRT analysis of standard depression symptoms using data from eight countries.

Prevalence estimates of depression vary between countries, possibly due to differential functioning of items between settings. This study compared the performance of the widely used Hopkins symptom checklist 15-item depression scale (HSCL-15) across multiple settings using item response theory analyses. Data came from adult populations in the low and middle income countries (LMIC) of Colombia, Indonesia, Kurdistan Iraq, Rwanda, Iraq, Thailand (Burmese refugees), and Uganda (N = 4732). Item parameters based on a graded response model were compared across LMIC settings. Differential item functioning (DIF) by setting was evaluated using multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) models. Most items performed well across settings except items related to suicidal ideation and “loss of sexual interest or pleasure,” which had low discrimination parameters (suicide: a = 0.31 in Thailand to a = 2.49 in Indonesia; sexual interest: a = 0.74 in Rwanda to a = 1.26 in one region of Kurdistan). Most items showed some degree of DIF, but DIF only impacted aggregate scale-level scores in Indonesia. Thirteen of the 15 HSCL depression items performed well across diverse settings, with most items showing a strong relationship to the underlying trait of depression. The results support the cross-cultural applicability of most of these depression symptoms across LMIC settings. DIF impacted aggregate depression scores in one setting illustrating a possible source of measurement invariance in prevalence estimates.
A comparison of phospholipid and platelets in the activation of human factor VIII by thrombin and factor Xa, and in the activation of factor X

Two aspects of the activation of factor X by the intrinsic clotting pathway have been studied in purified human systems, in the presence of either purified phosphatidylserine:phosphatidylcholine vesicles (PS:PC) or platelets activated with ionophore A23187: (1) the activation of factor VIII by factor Xa and by thrombin, and (2) the activation of factor X by the factor IXa/VIIIa complex. Factor VIII activation by thrombin was unaffected in either rate or extent by the presence of PS:PC or activated platelets. In contrast, factor VIII activation by factor Xa required either PS:PC or platelets. The products of optimal factor VIII activation by the two enzymes, designated factor VIIIa(T) and factor VIIIa(Xa), are kinetically different in the activation of factor X by factor IXa, factor VIIIa(T) being approximately twice as active (in factor X activation) as factor VIIIa(Xa) in the presence of PS:PC or platelets. Factor VIIIa(Xa) can be converted to the more active VIIIa(T) by thrombin treatment, but the activity of factor VIIIa(T) is unchanged by factor Xa treatment. Factor X activation was also studied with optimally activated factor VIIIa(T), in the presence of PS:PC or activated platelets, as a function of factor IXa concentration in order to determine the apparent dissociation constant for the factor IXa-VIIIa interaction in the two cases. Activated platelets increased the apparent affinity more than fivefold.
Influence of Inner Air Circulation of High Temperature Chamber on Environmental Test of Natural Cooling Equipment and its Solution

The influence of the air circulation inside high temperature test chamber on the environmental test of the natural cooling products was demonstrated through thermal testing and simulation.A set of standard test programs and simple test methods was presented based on national and international related standards and the author’ s rich experiences on thermal testing,which will be valuable and useful for the thermal testing or high-and low-temperature environmental tests of natural cooling equipment.
Preparation Methods of Ovary Protein Samples in Green Mud Crab Scylla paramamosain for Two-dimensional Electrophoresis

The ovary proteomics were comparatively analyzed in green mud crab Scylla paramamosain by four methods,i.e.trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation and three different lysis buffers extraction in order to develop an efficient protein preparation method suitable for ovary proteomics analysis.The results showed that 133,369,306 and 417 protein spots were detected on 2-DE gels in the four methods.The lysis buffer Ⅲ(7 mol/L urea,2 mol/L thiourea,4% CHAPS,40 mmol/L Tris-base,65 mmol/L DTT,2% IPG Buffer,Protease inhibitor cocktail,and 1 mmol/L EDTA) extraction was found to be the most appropriate for proteomics analysis on account of the highest resolution,and the most protein spots.
Application of two-stages genetic algorithm to solving TSP

To improve the ability to TSP solve using GA,firstly a kind of definition of the population diversity was put forward,and then one kind of two-stage GA,setting two critical values in order to switch between greedy optimization GA and annealing partheno GA,was proposed to optimize the population in a large scale on the basis of keeping the population diversity.In the two-stage genetic algorithm,when the population diversity was degraded to some degree,it switched to the other algorithm searching the best result and improved the population diversity quickly.When the population diversity was ascended to some degree,it changed to the old algorithm,and this process repeated.The simulative result shows that the two-stage GA's convergence velocity and the searching capability are greatly improved,and that the average optimal result,the average convergence generations and the average running time are superior to or the same as those of the other two GAs.
Partitioning soil respiration across four age classes of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) on the Virginia Piedmont

Abstract Quantification of the heterotrophic component of total soil respiration is important for estimating forest carbon pools and fluxes, and for understanding carbon dynamics associated with stand development and silvicultural management. We measured the proportion of heterotrophic respiration (R H ) to total soil respiration (R S ) in extensively managed loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) stands of four age classes in the Piedmont physiographic province of Virginia. Our objectives were to evaluate the influence of stand age and seasonality on the proportion of R H to R S (R H :R S ). R H was partitioned using root exclusion cores, and both R S and R H were measured 90 days following installation of cores for five seasons. Repeated measures analysis revealed that stand age and measurement season each had a significant effect on R H :R S ( P P = 0.202). Mean R H :R S during the 12-month study declined with stand age, and were 0.82, 0.73, 0.59, and 0.50 for 3-year-old, 9-year-old, 18- year-old, and 25-year-old stands, respectively. Across all age classes, the winter season had the highest mean R H :R S of 0.85 while summer had the lowest of 0.55. This study provides estimates of R H :R S in managed loblolly pine systems, and demonstrates the need to consider the impact of stand age and seasonal patterns when estimating net annual carbon (C) budgets of forest ecosystems and to identify the point at which plantations switch from functioning as C sources to a C sinks.