cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTRON-IMPACT EXCITATION AND COLLISIONAL TRANSFER INTO THE NF LEVELS OF HELIUM

Through the use of Fourier-transform spectroscopy, the electron-impact optical cross sections for the infrared emissions from the $4F,$ $5F,$ and $6F$ levels of the helium atom have been measured for gas pressures between 3 and 50 mTorr and incident electron energies from threshold to 200 eV. The very strong pressure dependence of these measured emission cross sections at different energies is in excellent quantitative agreement with the mechanism of excitation transfer from the ${n}^{1}P$ levels through collisions with ground-state helium atoms. From our data, we determine the electron-impact cross sections for excitation into the $4F,$ $5F,$ and $6F$ levels. The effects of the singlet-triplet mixing in the nF states on the excitation cross sections are discussed. The excitation data of the $5F$ level are compared with those of $5{}^{1}S$ and $5{}^{1}D.$ We have also obtained the $n{}^{1}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{P}\mathrm{nF}$ collisional excitation transfer cross sections for $n=4--7.$
Agonist-Induced Down-Regulation of Muscarinic Cholinergic and α2-Adrenergic Receptors after Inactivation of Ni by Pertussis Toxin

Desensitization of the responsiveness to hormones or drugs is often mediated by down-regulation of receptors. The stimulatory coupling protein (Ns) of adenylate cyclase has been shown to be involved in the down-regulation of stimulatory β-adrenergic receptors. Whether the inhibitory coupling protein (Ni) is involved in the down-regulation of receptors that inhibit adenylate cyclase is not known. We wished to determine whether down-regulation of inhibitory muscarinic cholinergic and α2-adrenergic receptors occurs in neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells after the ability of Ni to inhibit adenylate cyclase is inactivated by pertussis toxin. After treatment of cells with pertussis toxin, the ability of carbachol or epinephrine to inhibit prostaglandin Ei-stimulated cAMP accumulation in intact cells was either completely prevented or markedly attenuated, respectively, indicating functional inactivation of Ni. Furthermore, pertussis toxin treatment of membrane fragments from these cells did not result in labelin...
Psychophysical scaling and hierarchy construction

Abstract Twenty-four undergraduate males and females rated the anxiety produced by 24 verbal statements regarding cockroaches, synthesized from a 2 (stranger vs yourself) x 2 (day vs night) x 2 (might be vs actually saw) x 3 (single, 5–10, swarms) factorial design using three methods: subjective units of disturbance rating scale, magnitude estimation, and ratio estimation. It was found that the hierarchy items did elicit increasing amounts of anxiety, and that the magnitude estimation procedure indicated more anxiety for the top third of the hierarchy items than did the suds rating scale procedure. The results of this study are discussed within the broader context of what is referred to as clinical psychophysics.
Rattlesnake shaker muscle: II. Fine structure

The shaker muscle of the rattlesnake is able to sustain a rate of contraction around 50/sec for at least 3 hr. Most of the muscle is composed of a single, major fiber type which contains large numbers of small myofibrils, abundant sarcomplasmic reticulum, numerous mitochondria, and large deposits of glycogen. The neuromuscsular junction of the major fiber type is extensive with several nerve terminal expansions and junctional folds that are both numerous and deep. The structure of the major fiber type suggests that it must be responsible both for the speed of contraction as well as for the indefatigability of the shaker muscle. The ultrastructure of the much less numerous minor fibers in the shaker muscle suggest that their role may be a tonic one.
Biochemical effects of 1,1-dichloroethylene in rats: Comparison with carbon tetrachloride and 1,2-dichloroethylene

Abstract The biochemical effects of po administration of 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) were studied in rats and compared with the effects of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) and 1,2-dichloroethylene (1,2-DCE). The 1,1-DCE administration resulted in depression of liver glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity and increased activities of liver alkaline phosphatase (AP) and tyrosine transaminase (TT) and of plasma AP and alanine transaminase (AT). These effects are similar to effects caused by CCl 4 , but 1,1-DCE is more potent than CCl 4 when the responses of liver AP and TT and plasma AT are compared. Both 1,1-DCE and CCl 4 are much more potent, as regards these parameters, than either the cis or trans isomers of 1,2-DCE. Female rats were more susceptible to decreased liver G-6-Pase and increased AP activity following 1,1-DCE than males. Phenobarbital pretreatment enhanced the response of liver G-6-Pase and AP and piasma AP and AT to CCl 4 , but caused a reduction of the response of liver G-6-Pase, AP, and TT and plasma AT to 1,1-DCE. Adrenalectomized animals were more susceptible to acute lethal action of 1,1-DCE and CCl 4 .
Asymptotic eigenstructures of filters

This paper describes relationships between Kalman-Bucy filter design parameters and the asymptotic eigenstructures of the resulting error dynamics. Simple, explicit formulas are developed which select noise intensity matrices to achieve pre-specified eigenstructures. The results also add basic understanding of the asymptotic properties of filters, particularly with respect to recently proposed robustness recovery processes.
Comparison of modeled to measured infrared multispectral target/background signatures

A single pixel hyperspectral signature model was developed to support detailed infrared phenomenological analysis, optimal spectral band selection, and target detector algorithm development. Model predictions of infrared hyperspectral signatures of targets and backgrounds were compared to measurements made in the field by an infrared Fourier transform spectrometer. The model was successful in predicting the actual spectral features present in the measured data. Details of the model, an example of its accuracy, and the implications for infrared phenomenological analysis and multispectral target detection algorithms are given.
Renal Lysosomes: Role in Biogenesis of Erythropoietin

The "light" mitochondrial pellet obtained from the kidneys of rats previously treated with Triton WR-1339 and rendered hypoxic was separated into subcellular component fractions by sucrose density gradient centrifugation in a zonal rotor. Selected fractions were pooled, disrupted by osmotic lysis and repeated freeze-thawing, and incubated in the presence and absence of normal rat serum. The incubation mixtures were assayed for erythropoiesis-stimulating activity (erythropoietin). High specific activity was identified only in fractions rich in lysosomes. Biochemical analysis of reference enzymes for the identification of lysosomes and mitochondria, supplemented by electron microscopic examination of the various separated fractions, supports the observed requirement for lysosomal constituents in the formation of erythropoietin by the kidney.
Attempts to reduce arterial thrombosis after cardiac catheterization in children: Use of percutaneous technique and aspirin

Abstract In an attempt to determine if percutaneous arterial catheterization rather than open arteriotomy or the use of an antiplatelet agent, aspirin, would reduce the incidence of arterial thrombosis after cardiac catheterization, 95 children were studied. After measuring the amplitude of pulsations by oscillometry on the day of admission, the children were randomly divided into two groups. One received aspirin 15 mg. per kilogram of body weight per dose for 5 doses and the other served as a control. Method of arteriotomy—percutaneous or open surgical incision—was left to the discretion of the catheterizer. Repeat oscillometric measurements were obtained before discharge. Percutaneous catheterization was associated with a significantly fewer number of diminished pulses (p =
On the order of subsets of asymptotic bases

Let A be an asymptotic basis of order h . Define I k ( A ) = { F : F ⊆ A , | F | = k and A \ F is a basis } where |F| is the cardinality of the set F . Let g(A) denote the order of A . Define G k ( h ) = max A g ( A ) ⩽ h max F ∈ I k ( A ) g ( A \ F ) In this paper, we prove that G k ( h ) ⩾ ( k + 1 ) ( k + 1 k + 2 ) k ( h k + 1 ) k + 1 + O ( h k ) ( as h → ∞ ) and some other lower bounds for G k (h) . We also prove a connection between this problem and the theory of extremal bases in the “postage stamp problems”.
Excess Market Value, the Multinational Corporation, and Tobin's q-Ratio

The results of this study show that there is a positive and significant relationship between excess market value of multinational corporations and the degree of international involvement as measured by foreign sales percentage. However, the excess market value is not determined by the number of foreign subsidiaries, nor the interaction between foreign sales and the number of foreign subsidiaries. The relationship between excess market value and the two frequently used measures of monopoly power–concentration ratio and the Lerner Index–was also examined. This study found that the Lerner Index contributes significantly in explaining excess market value but concentration ratio does not. Furthermore, the positive and significant coefficients of advertising and R & D intensity serve as evidence that product market imperfections appear to play a bigger role in explaining the excess market value experienced by MNCs during our sample period.
Water in the interlayer region of birnessite: Importance in cation exchange and structural stability

Birnessite is an important scavenger of trace metals in soils and aqueous environments. The basic birnessite-type structure consists of sheets of Mn octahedra separated by ~7 or ~10 A (“buserite”) interlayer regions filled with cations and water. Synthetic birnessite-like structures were produced through cation exchange reactions with synthetic Na-birnessite. The unheated, synthetic Mg2+, Ca2+, and Ni2+ layer structures have an ~10 A interlayer spacing, whereas the other cation-exchanged synthetic birnessites and the related mineral chalcophanite have an interlayer spacing of ~7 A. The Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, and Pb2+ synthetic birnessites each contain two to three structurally different water sites, as evidenced by multiple H2O bending and stretching modes in the infrared spectra. The complexity of the water bands in these spectra is likely related to disordering of cations on the interlayer sites. H-birnessite contains structural water and either hydroxyl, hydronium (H3O+), or both. The small difference in the width of the water stretching modes between room temperature and −180 °C indicates that the water molecules in birnessite-like structures are predominantly structurally, rather than dynamically, disordered. Most of the synthetic birnessites, including Na- and K-birnessite, undergo significant water loss at temperatures below 100 °C. There is a linear relationship between the temperature at which most of the water is lost from a given cation-exchanged birnessite and the heat of hydration of the interlayer cation. This finding implies that the interlayer water is strongly bound to the interlayer cations, and plays an important role in the thermal stability of birnessite-like structures.
Sensitivity enhancement of elementary velocity estimators with self and lateral facilitation mechanisms

Elementary velocity estimators (EVEs), i.e. neural network units designed to locally extract the direction and speed of motion from visual information, exhibit limitations in the minimum time-separation between successive motion events. This is due to inhibitory activity required for proper operation of an EVE over a specific speed range. These limitations may be relaxed by incorporating self and lateral facilitation mechanisms. These mechanisms are incorporated into the elementary motion detector portion of an EVE. Two different configurations are proposed. One configuration involves only lateral facilitation schemes, while the other involves both self and lateral schemes. Self and lateral facilitation schemes are shown to enhance the sensitivity of EVEs to successive motion events with small time separation, while the magnitude and the extent of the inhibitory activity required for a specific speed range is maintained. >
Study on an Optimization Problem of Web Advertising Considering Inventory of Commodities

In order to make more shoppers actually buy something on an online shop of a traditional retailer and ensure that the inventory of commodities of the online shop can satisfy the orders, thereby maximize the profits of the online shop, the demand rates of commodities are firstly described. Secondly, the optimal ordering quantity every time and optimal times of order per cycle of each commodity are determined. Thirdly, a nonlinear programming model is provided, and a dynamic programming algorithm is given to solve this model. Finally, an example is proposed to explain the validity of the algorithm and the significance of the nonlinear programming model.
Pure bundling better than mixed? or, why doesn't AOL offer standardized dial-up service?

Some dial-up Internet access providers, such as the market leader AOL, require customers to install proprietary connection software to use their service. This is puzzling, because while the software helps certain users, it creates disutility for others (especially expert users and early adopters of Internet service). Why, then, does AOL insist on this connection manager? Why not choose a mixed bundling approach where power users can choose a standardized service that offers access to the Internet and AOL-managed content, and novice users are given a service that integrates access with the connection manager. This paper proposes different possible explanations for why firms might willfully create barriers to entry for customers by pursuing a pure, rather than mixed, bundling strategy where the bundle contains one feature that is negatively valued by a customer segment. Developing economic models for this problem, we propose different hypotheses for explaining the puzzle. We postulate that power users impose exceptionally high cost on AOL's system, and show that the presence of bad customers (whose cost exceeds their valuation) can cripple the profits from the access-only option. Another hypothesis is that even if adding the access-only service improves profits in the short-term, the presence of this service may create a learning effect, where novice users learn to manage without AOL's proprietary software and switch to the cheaper access-only option in future periods.
Injector design for high-current cw proton linacs

We present an injector design for high-power cw proton linacs with particular emphasis on intense neutron-spallation sources. Long-term operational reliability and availability dominate over specific beam parameters for these accelerators. We discuss technical requirements for the ion source and low-energy beam transport line and compare different options. A prototype design for a 75-kV, 110-mA cw proton injector is presented. >
Transport in the spatially tempered, fractional Fokker–Planck equation

A study of truncated Levy flights in super-diffusive transport in the presence of an external potential is presented. The study is based on the spatially tempered, fractional Fokker–Planck (TFFP) equation in which the fractional diffusion operator is replaced by a tempered fractional diffusion (TFD) operator. We focus on harmonic (quadratic) potentials and periodic potentials with broken spatial symmetry. The main objective is to study the dependence of the steady-state probability density function (PDF), and the current (in the case of periodic potentials) on the level of tempering, λ, and on the order of the fractional derivative in space, α. An expansion of the TFD operator for large λ is presented, and the corresponding equation for the coarse grained PDF is obtained. The steady-state PDF solution of the TFFP equation for a harmonic potential is computed numerically. In the limit λ → ∞, the PDF approaches the expected Boltzmann distribution. However, nontrivial departures from this distribution are observed for finite (λ > 0) truncations, and α ≠ 2. In the study of periodic potentials, we use two complementary numerical methods: a finite-difference scheme based on the Grunwald–Letnikov discretization of the truncated fractional derivatives and a Fourier-based spectral method. In the limit λ → ∞, the PDFs converges to the Boltzmann distribution and the current vanishes. However, for α ≠ 2, the PDF deviates from the Boltzmann distribution and a finite non-equilibrium ratchet current appears for any λ > 0. The current is observed to converge exponentially in time to the steady-state value. The steady-state current exhibits algebraical decay with λ, as J ∼ λ−ζ, for α ⩾ 1.75. However, for α ⩽ 1.5, the steady-state current decays exponentially with λ, as J ∼ e−ξλ. In the presence of an asymmetry in the TFD operator, the tempering can lead to a current reversal. A detailed numerical study is presented on the dependence of the current on λ and the physical parameters of the system.
Agricultural nonpoint source water pollution policy: The case of California's Central Coast

Abstract Nonpoint sources of pollution, primarily from agricultural sources, are a major cause of water quality impairment. Yet policies to address this issue remain underexplored in the literature. This article first reviews the agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution policy literature and categorizes its major findings. The North American literature, in particular, rarely analyses NPS policies already in force, and pays even less attention to overcoming implementation barriers to reaching desired environmental outcomes. Second, this paper evaluates a newly adopted policy approach that addresses nonpoint sources of nutrient contaminants in the surface waters of one of the United States’ most agriculturally productive and environmentally pristine areas, California's Central Coast. The article then reveals the political, budgetary and technical barriers faced by farmers, regulators, and other stakeholders. The article concludes by arguing that more analyses of implemented policies designed to address agricultural NPS pollution will better inform both local-level and federal policymakers towards the successful creation and implementation of policies that achieve environmental outcomes.
Transparent conducting contacts based on zinc oxide substitutionally doped with gallium

We have employed a high-throughput combinatorial approach to explore a range of Ga doping levels from ≈2–7.5 a.t.% gallium in materials sputtered from ceramic oxide targets on glass substrates. Using our combinatorial approach this compositional spread is examined over a range of substrate temperatures and sputtering atmospheres. Structural, optical, and electrical analysis is then performed using our suite of combinatorial characterization tools. In parallel we have used pulsed laser deposition (PLD) from ceramic targets to produce state of the art Ga:ZnO films on glass at a variety of substrate temperatures for comparison to our combinatorial studies. Our best PLD materials were deposited at a nominal substrate temperature of 300 °C and resulted in a film with a resistivity of 7.7 × 10−5 Ω·cm and transparency in excess of 85% in the visible.
Hypofractionation regimens for stereotactic radiotherapy for large brain tumors.

Purpose To investigate equivalent regimens for hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HSRT) for brain tumor treatment and to provide dose-escalation guidance to maximize the tumor control within the normal brain tolerance. Methods and Materials The linear-quadratic model, including the effect of nonuniform dose distributions, was used to evaluate the HSRT regimens. The α/β ratio was estimated using the Gammaknife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKSRS) and whole-brain radiotherapy experience for large brain tumors. The HSRT regimens were derived using two methods: (1) an equivalent tumor control approach , which matches the whole-brain radiotherapy experience for many fractions and merges it with the GKSRS data for few fractions; and (2) a normal-tissue tolerance approach , which takes advantages of the dose conformity and fractionation of HSRT to approach the maximal dose tolerance of the normal brain. Results A plausible α/β ratio of 12 Gy for brain tumor and a volume parameter n of 0.23 for normal brain were derived from the GKSRS and whole-brain radiotherapy data. The HSRT prescription regimens for the isoeffect of tumor irradiation were calculated. The normal-brain equivalent uniform dose decreased as the number of fractions increased, because of the advantage of fractionation. The regimens for potential dose escalation of HSRT within the limits of normal-brain tolerance were derived. Conclusions The designed hypofractionated regimens could be used as a preliminary guide for HSRT dose prescription for large brain tumors to mimic the GKSRS experience and for dose escalation trials. Clinical studies are necessary to further tune the model parameters and validate these regimens.
Vehicle segmentation and classification using deformable templates

This paper proposes a segmentation algorithm using deformable template models to segment a vehicle of interest both from the stationary complex background and other moving vehicles in an image sequence. We define a polygonal template to characterize a general model of a vehicle and derive a prior probability density function to constrain the template to be deformed within a set of allowed shapes. We propose a likelihood probability density function which combines motion information and edge directionality to ensure that the deformable template is contained within the moving areas in the image and its boundary coincides with strong edges with the same orientation in the image. The segmentation problem is reduced to a minimization problem and solved by the Metropolis algorithm. The system was successfully tested on 405 image sequences containing multiple moving vehicles on a highway.
An exploration of the capability of the hybrid finite element method for EM scattering by inhomogeneous cylinders

The authors present a formulation which avoids the partly full and partly sparse nonsymmetric matrix by modifying the coupling technique. It allows one to make full use of the nice property of the coefficient matrix. This further enhances the computational efficiency and expands the capability of the hybrid finite-element method (HFEM). It is concluded that HFEM is currently one of the most efficient numerical techniques for study of two-dimensional scattering problems involving inhomogeneous dielectric and/or magnetic media. >
"Flying" with Educational Technology

In their recent CD release, Fly, dealing with themes of independence and freedom, the Dixie Chicks (1999) sing about wanting to break the earth in their hands. Being in touch firsthand with any meaningful life experience, be it a personal or professional, is crucial. This may be especially true for preservice teachers who find it challenging to bridge educational theory to pedagogical practice. This is even more pronounced with graduate students who maintain their professional careers while attending classes during evening hours in order to meet family obligations and pay their tuition bills.
A Study of Quality and Accuracy Trade-offs in Process Mining

In recent years, many algorithms have been proposed to extract process models from process execution logs. The process models describe the ordering relationships between tasks in a process in terms of standard constructs like sequence, parallel, choice, and loop. Most algorithms assume that each trace in a log represents a correct execution sequence based on a model. In practice, logs are often noisy, and algorithms designed for correct logs are not able to handle noisy logs. In this paper we share our key insights from a study of noise in process logs both real and synthetic. We found that all process logs can be explained by a block-structured model with two special self-loop and optional structures, making it trivial to build a fully accurate process model for any given log, even one with inaccurate data or noise present in it. However, such a model suffers from low quality. By controlling the use of self-loop and optional structures of tasks and blocks of tasks, we can balance the quality and accuracy trade-off to derive high-quality process models that explain a given percentage of traces in the log. Finally, new quality metrics and a novel quality-based algorithm for model extraction from noisy logs are described. The results of the experiments with the algorithm on real and synthetic data are reported and analyzed at length.
Guidelines for Setting Organizational Policies for Data Quality

From a process perspective, the tasks that individuals carry out within an organization are linked. These linkages are often documented as process flow diagrams that connect the data inputs and outputs of individuals. In such a connected setting, the differences among individuals in preference for data attributes such as timeliness, accuracy, etc., can cause data quality problems. For example, individuals at the head of a process flow may bear all the cost of capturing high quality data but may not receive all of the benefits although the rest of the organization benefits from their diligence. Consequently, these individuals, in absence of any managerial intervention, may not invest enough in data quality. In this research, solutions to this and similar organization data quality problems are proposed. The solutions focus on principles of reengineering, employee empowerment, decentralization of computing, and mechanisms to measure and reward individuals for their data quality efforts.
Techniques of Neutralization: a Reconceptualization and Empirical Examination

In their 1957 article, Sykes and Matza overstated the similarities between the value systems of delinquents and nondelinquents, and subsequent theorists have treated neutralization as a theoretical counterpoint to subcultural perspectives on delinquency. To overcome this artificial and unproductive dichotomization, a revision of neutralization theory is proposed that makes it compatible with subcultural interpretations of delinquency.Prior neutralization research is flawed because it fails to (1) establish the correct causal order between excuse acceptance and delinquency and (2) con trol for youths' moral evaluations of delinquent behavior. This paper presents the results of a two-wave panel study designed to overcome these shortcomings. For several forms of minor deviance, excuse acceptance is found to be related to subsequent behavior in the manner predicted by the theory. Controlling for moral evaluations and prior behavior, these relationships hold primarily for youths who disapprove of the behavior ...
The Immunologic Response to Infection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Infants

Fifty infants younger than six months, hospitalized for infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), were studied by examination of serial samples of nasal secretion. Secretory neutralizing activity was measured by plaque reduction and secretory antibody by indirect fluorescence using conjugated antiserum to human IgA, IgG, or IgM. Secretory neutralizing activity during infection rose or fell fourfold with approximately equal frequency (20% and 26%, respectively). In contrast, levels of IgA antibody to RSV in secretions rose fourfold in 56%--65% of the infants and fell in none. The frequency of such rises in titer of antibody was directly related to age. In individual secretions the correlation between neutralizing activity and IgA antibody to RSV was poor: neutralizing activity was often found in the absence of detectable antibody, and IgA antibody to RSV was often nonneutralizing. Nevertheless, the development of IgA antibody to RSV correlated in time with the disappearance of virus from the respiratory tract. The timing of this secretory response is consistent with the hypothesis that antibody contributes significantly to cure of infection.
A Faculty in Limbo

Have our still very young two-year colleges changed too rapidly during the last 20 years? Could it be that their remarkably fast enrollment increases and greatly broadened program focuses have produced change faster than most faculty can cope with? Has this growth and change been so swift that mathematics faculty of two-year colleges are in limbo and becoming recluses?
Enzymology of Genetic Recombination

Studies of genetic recombination in prokaryotes have shown (1) that recombination occurs by breakage and reunion of DNA, sometimes, but not always, associated with new DNA synthesis, and (2) that the parental contributions to a recombinant molecule are commonly joined by a short heteroduplex or hybrid region. In the past few years, some of the enzymes involved in recombination in prokaryotes have been identified, such as the exonuclease made by bacteriophage λ. Recent studies of λ exonuclease make it possible to rationalize most of the properties of the enzyme in terms of its role in producing a perfect heteroduplex joint between homologous molecules of DNA. λ exonuclease cleaves 5′ mononucleotides from the 5′ end of native DNA in a processive fashion, extensively degrading any molecule of DNA before detaching and attacking another molecule of substrate. The latter property suggests that some control prevents the enzyme from playing an exclusively degradative role. 5′ phosphoryl termini located at gaps in one strand of duplex DNA are resistant to the enzyme. Although 5′ phosphoryl termini at nicks are even more resistant, the enzyme appears to bind weakly at such sites. The significance of these properties may be seen in the enzyme's action at the site of a redundant single stranded branch, such as one might expect to find at a joint between two fragments of DNA. A redundant strand is assimilated into the helix, behind λ exonuclease, as the enzyme processively degrades the homologous helical strand. The enzyme recognizes the presence of the redundant strand both for initiation and termination of hydrolysis. Removal of the redundant single strand by the prior action of exonuclease I blocks the action of λ exonuclease on the helical strand. Moreover, when a redundant strand has been completely assimilated through the action of λ exonuclease, the enzyme stops at the precise point which permits the interrupted polynucleotide strand to be sealed by polynucleotide ligase. The sequential action of λ exonuclease and polynucleotide ligase on redundant joint molecules of λ DNA produces intact polynucleotide strands that are biologically active. Several models have been suggested to relate the assimilation of single strands to the genetic recombination of λ and possibly to recombination in other systems as well. Molecules of DNA with double-stranded branches have also been synthesized to test one of the models. The models suggest that λ exonuclease may catalyze a concerted reaction that (1) exposes complementary nucleotide sequences, (2) forms or extends the heteroduplex region, and (3) eliminates redundant branches, precisely restoring a duplex structure that can be sealed covalently by polynucleotide ligase. The λ enzyme, and similar exonucleases, might drive otherwise reversible interactions of a single strand with a recipient duplex, including certain kinds of interactions between two molecules of double-stranded DNA.
REDUNDANCY AS A WAY OF LIFE: THOUGHTS ON TIME AND POPULAR CULTURE

(2001). REDUNDANCY AS A WAY OF LIFE: THOUGHTS ON TIME AND POPULAR CULTURE. Journal of Pastoral Theology: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 24-39.
Does Legally Mandated Independence of Advisers Improve Merger Outcomes for Shareholders

We obtain data from SEC filings and SDC for 589 mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. for announced between 1998 and 2005 for which we are able to determine the numbers and identities of all parties acting as financial advisers and providing fairness opinions regarding the transaction to the target and acquiring firms. We develop measures of the degree of moral hazard to which the firms may have been subject based on the numbers of advisers fulfilling the roles of financial adviser and fairness opinion provider in each case. We then use these measures in multiple regression models of post-acquisition firm performance to test the hypothesis that performance is negatively related to moral hazard, as Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) has implicitly assumed. We find a significant, negative relation between both the level of moral hazard and the degree of moral hazard and acquiring firm abnormal returns on the announcement of the acquisitions. However, our preliminary findings indicate that moral hazard may not have influenced outcomes differentially following implementation of SOX.
Abstract B15: NRASG12V oncogene mediates self-renewal in a murine model of acute myelogenous leukemia

Mutant RAS oncoproteins activate signaling molecules that drive oncogenesis in multiple human tumors including acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). However, the specific functions of these pathways in AML are unclear, thwarting the rational application of targeted therapeutics. To elucidate the downstream functions of activated NRAS in AML, we employed a murine model that harbors Mll-AF9 and a tetracycline repressible, activated NRAS (NRASG12V). We performed gene expression microarray and RNA sequencing of our AML cells in the presence and absence of NRASG12V. By employing computational approaches to explore NRASG12V-responsive genes in our model, we found that NRASG12V enforced the leukemia self-renewal gene expression signature and was required to maintain an MLL-AF9 and Myb-dependent leukemia self-renewal gene expression program. In functional assays, NRASG12V was required for leukemia self-renewal independently of its effects on growth and survival. We used CyTOF (mass cytometry) for a multiplexed analysis of RAS-dependent signaling intermediates, and found that Mac-1Low cells, which harbor leukemia stem cells, were preferentially sensitive to NRASG12V withdrawal. Using RAS-pathway inhibitors, we found NRASG12V maintained leukemia self-renewal through mTor and Mek pathway activation, implicating these pathways as potential targets for cancer stem cell-specific therapies. Together, these experimental results define a RAS oncogene-driven function that is critical for leukemia maintenance and represents a novel mechanism of oncogene addiction. Recent work has shown that NRASG12V has bimodal effects in hematopoietic stem cells (Li et al. Nature 2013). To understand the mechanism of these bimodal effects, we have performed single cell RNA sequencing on our AML model. We expect that these analyses will reveal the cell-type specific NRASG12V –mediated mechanisms of leukemia self renewal. Citation Format: Zohar Sachs, Rebecca S. LaRue, Hanh T. Nguyen, Karen Sachs, Nurul Azyan Mohd Hassan, Ernesto Diaz-Flores, Susan K. Rathe, Aaron L. Sarver, Sean C. Bendall, Ngoc A. Ha, Miechaleen D. Diers, Garry P. Nolan, Kevin M. Shannon, David A. Largaespada. NRASG12V oncogene mediates self-renewal in a murine model of acute myelogenous leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on RAS Oncogenes: From Biology to Therapy; Feb 24-27, 2014; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B15. doi: 10.1158/1557-3125.RASONC14-B15
High angle of attack flight of a subscale aerobatic aircraft

This paper describes initial high angle of attack flight testing performed by a subscale aerobatic aircraft. A 35% scale, 2.6 m (102 in) wingspan Sukhoi 29 S electric aircraft, the UIUC Subscale Sukhoi, was developed and used for this research. The aircraft was instrumented with a custom 100 Hz sensor data acquisition system, which had been previously developed and tested. The aircraft was flown through several stalls and descending harrier maneuvers during which flight data was recorded by the sensor data acquisition system. The flight data recorded during the maneuvers was used to produce time histories of aircraft state and aerodynamic coefficients. A brief literature review of similar aerobatic unmanned aircraft used for high angle of attack research is first presented. Then a background and a description of the development of the aircraft are given along with specifications. Next, information about data analysis methods used to analyze flight test data is given. After that, initial test flight results are presented, including flight path trajectory plots, time histories and aircraft aerodynamic coefficient data. Finally a list of proposed future work is given.
Successful Integration of Cooperative Groups: The Origin of the Children's Oncology Group.

Overview:In March 2000, the four legacy pediatric cooperative groups officially merged to become the Children's Oncology Group (COG). This was accomplished by the ratification of a new constitution...
Heritability, correlation and genetic gains obtained in the populations of ege 88 and kunduru durum wheats irradiated with gamma rays

The objective of this study was to study the heritability, correlations and the genetic gains for grain yield and protein content in the populations of Ege 88 and Kunduru cultivars irradiated with different doses of gamma rays. The experiment was conducted over three years (from 1997 to 2000) in Bornova-Izmir, Turkey. The seeds of the two cultivars were irradiated by 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 krad doses of gamma rays just before sowing in 1997. In the 1997-98 and 1998-99 growing seasons, the irradiated seeds were grown in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications. In 1998-99, 150 spikes of wheat were taken from each plot, bulked and grown in RCBD with two reps in 1999-2000. In each generation, plant height (cm), heading date (days), thousand kernel weight (g) and grain yield/plot (g) were measured and protein content (%) was determined. Using the data, the analysis of variance, phentoypic and genotypic variances, heritabilities and genetic gains and correlation analysis were performed. Ege 88 populations had higher grain yield but lower protein contents than those of Kunduru. None of the Ege 88 populations had gave higher grain yield than the control over three years. However, this situation was reversed in the Kunduru populations where the control population had only higher yield (1300 g/plot) than the mean (1215 g/plot) of the population irradiated with 25 krad gamma rays. Genetic gains computed based on population means for grain yield/plot and protein content were 513 g and 2.87 % for the Kunduru, and 872 g and 2.54 % for the Ege 88 populations, respectively. Grain yield had positive significant correlations (r=0.66** and r=0.67**) with days to heading and plant height for Kunduru where these correlations were found to be negative for Ege 88 (r=-0. 64** and r=-0.36*, respectively). Protein content had negative significant correlations with heading date, plant height and grain yield (r = -0.67**, r=-0.53** and r=-0.63**, respectively).
Mixed Race Activism – A Challenge to Black Identity and Black Single Race Political Strategies

Race mixing has been a public policy and public attitude issue since the early development of American society. Colonial laws forbade intimate relationships between individuals of European heritage (white folks) and those of African heritage (both free and enslaved). Only after the unanimous decision by the United States Supreme Court in the case of Loving versus Virginia, in 1957, did marriage between individuals of different races become legal across the land. Of course, changing discriminatory laws did not immediately change the hearts and minds of the majority or minority populations in the United States. The mixed-race population has been a largely marginalized issue in political race relations in this country, especially in the arena of affirmative action politics. Recent political assaults by State legislatures and referendums in numerous states in the nation banning affirmative action programs pose a direct threat to the historic political gains by African Americans. The proliferation in the growth of the American population who identify themselves as mixed-race contributes a significant challenge to the single race strategy of Black politics in America. This political dilemma is illustrated in the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding the law approved by the population of the State of Michigan banning affirmative action programs in state public universities and institutions. In the case of Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative, Justice Anthony Kennedy, writing for the plurality, cast doubt upon the court's capacity to deliberate over race cases -- and mixed-raced people were said to be the culprits. Justice Kennedy and the Court’s majority suggested that mixed-race people confound the Court’s capacity to define individuals according to race which complicates the equity of affirmative action programs. This paper qualifies the evolving status of the mixed-race population in the United States and explores the evolving complications of the Black political movement’s single race political strategy.
Alternation by region crossing changes and implications for warping span

We examine the number of region crossing changes necessary to produce alternation of a diagram. This property leads to an invariant similar to the dealternating number, but which offers new insight. In particular, we apply the reasoning built for this invariant to prove that (warping) span of any knot is at most 2.
Characteristics Associated With Adding Cereal Into the Bottle Among Immigrant Mother-Infant Dyads of Low Socioeconomic Status and Hispanic Ethnicity.

Abstract Objective Determine maternal and infant characteristics associated with adding cereal into the bottle. Design Secondary data analysis. Participants Study participants were immigrant, low-income, urban mother–infant dyads (n = 216; 91% Hispanic, 19% US-born) enrolled in a randomized controlled trial entitled the Bellevue Project for Early Language, Literacy and Education Success. Main Outcome Measures Maternal characteristics (age, marital status, ethnicity, primary language, country of origin, education, work status, income, depressive symptoms, and concern about infant's future weight) and infant characteristics (gender, first born, and difficult temperament). Analysis Fisher exact test, chi-square test, and simultaneous multiple logistic regression of significant ( P Results Twenty-seven percent of mothers added cereal into the bottle. After adjusting for confounding variables identified in bivariate analyses, mothers who were single ( P = .02), had moderate to severe depressive symptoms ( P = .01) and perceived their infant had a difficult temperament ( P = .03) were more likely to add cereal into the bottle. Conversely, mothers who expressed concern about their infants becoming overweight were less likely to add cereal ( P = .02). Conclusions and Implications Health care providers should screen for adding cereal in infant bottles. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of adding cereal into the bottle on weight trajectories over time. Causal associations also need to be identified to effectively prevent this practice.
Rewilding rhetoric with animate others

Robert L. Ivie, “Where Are We Headed?” Quarterly Journal of Speech 79, no. 4 (1993)Melting glaciers. Record temperatures. Vanishing bees. Oil spills. Toxic air. We live in a world of wounds that de...
An Adaptation to Low Copper in Candida albicans Involving SOD Enzymes and the Alternative Oxidase

In eukaryotes, the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a major cytosolic cuproprotein with a small fraction residing in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) to protect against respiratory superoxide. Curiously, the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans is predicted to express two cytosolic SODs including Cu/Zn containing SOD1 and manganese containing SOD3. As part of a copper starvation response, C. albicans represses SOD1 and induces the non-copper alternative SOD3. While both SOD1 and SOD3 are predicted to exist in the same cytosolic compartment, their potential role in mitochondrial oxidative stress had yet to be investigated. We show here that under copper replete conditions, a fraction of the Cu/Zn containing SOD1 localizes to the mitochondrial IMS to guard against mitochondrial superoxide. However in copper starved cells, localization of the manganese containing SOD3 is restricted to the cytosol leaving the mitochondrial IMS devoid of SOD. We observe that during copper starvation, an alternative oxidase (AOX) form of respiration is induced that is not coupled to ATP synthesis but maintains mitochondrial superoxide at low levels even in the absence of IMS SOD. Surprisingly, the copper-dependent cytochrome c oxidase (COX) form of respiration remains high with copper starvation. We provide evidence that repression of SOD1 during copper limitation serves to spare copper for COX and maintain COX respiration. Overall, the complex copper starvation response of C. albicans involving SOD1, SOD3 and AOX minimizes mitochondrial oxidative damage whilst maximizing COX respiration essential for fungal pathogenesis.
"This Education is Not for Our Students": Responses of Mexican Educators to Globalising Education Policies and Practices.

ABSTRACTThis article explores the relationship between travelling education policies and a 2008 Mexican high-school reform from the perspective of Mexican educators. Using an ethnographic approach, consisting of interviews, classroom and community observations, and document analysis, study findings show that the educators participating in this study contest the notion that education policies and practices can be seamlessly transferred from one locale to another. They also suggest that when they are transferred, locally responsive practices may be threatened.
β-Adrenoceptor Blockade in the Basolateral Amygdala, But Not the Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Rescues the Immediate Extinction Deficit

Early psychological interventions, such as exposure therapy, rely on extinction learning to reduce the development of stress- and trauma-related disorders. However, recent research suggests that extinction often fails to reduce fear when administered soon after trauma. This immediate extinction deficit (IED) may be due to stress-induced dysregulation of neural circuits involved in extinction learning. We have shown that systemic β-adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol rescues the IED, but impairs delayed extinction. Here we sought to determine the neural locus of these effects. Rats underwent auditory fear conditioning and then received either immediate (30 min) or delayed (24 h) extinction training. We used bilateral intracranial infusions of propranolol into either the infralimbic division of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or the basolateral amygdala (BLA) to examine the effects of β-adrenoceptor blockade on immediate and delayed extinction learning. Interestingly, intra-BLA, but not intra-mPFC, propranolol rescued the IED; animals receiving intra-BLA propranolol prior to immediate extinction showed less spontaneous recovery of fear during extinction retrieval. Importantly, this was not due to impaired consolidation of the conditioning memory. In contrast, neither intra-BLA nor intra-mPFC propranolol affected delayed extinction learning. Overall, these data contribute to a growing literature suggesting dissociable roles for key nodes in the fear extinction circuit depending on the timing of extinction relative to conditioning. These data also suggest that heightened noradrenergic activity in the BLA underlies stress-induced extinction deficits. Propranolol may be a useful adjunct to behavioral therapeutic interventions in recently traumatized individuals who are at risk for developing trauma-related disorders.