cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entropy-Based Methods of Modeling Stochastic Production Efficiency

Entropy and other information theoretic concepts were originally developed to solve problems related to sending and receiving messages over noisy communication channels. Since the 1950s, researchers have used information theory to solve statistical modeling, estimation, and testing problems in a wide range of fields. Accordingly, economists have applied information theory to problems in microeconomic research for decades, and the applications related to production economics represent an important and growing segment of this literature.
Mating Behavior in Halictine Bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Studied two types of mate-orientation behavior in ♂♂ of the sweat bee, Lasioglossum rohweri: microterritoriality and patrolling. Observations were made in both the laboratory and the field. These ♂♂ behave uniquely for Hymenoptera in that 2–5 of them establish microterritories immediately around the same nest entrance. Some ♂♂ are exclusively patrollers, flying about flowers and nest sites. Rendezvous places (locations where animals are likely to find mates) in bees are: flowers, nesting sites, vegetative parts of plants, nest entrances, air, and nests. Territoriality in male bees may have arisen independently in 7 of the 9 families of bees.
The Biofuels Landscape Through the Lens of Industrial Chemistry

Replacing petroleum feedstock with biomass in the production of fuels and value-added chemicals carries considerable appeal. As in industrial chemistry more broadly, high-throughput experimentation has greatly facilitated innovation in small-scale exploration of biomass production and processing. Yet biomass is hard to transport, potentially hindering the integration of manufacturing-scale processes. Moreover, the path from laboratory breakthrough to commercial production remains as tortuous as ever.
Correlation of brain tissue oxygen tension with cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy and mixed venous oxygen saturation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

The aim of this prospective, animal study was to compare brain tissue oxygen tension (PbtO(2)) with cerebral near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO(2)) during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) in a porcine model. This was accomplished using twelve immature piglets with surgically implanted catheters placed in the superficial cerebral cortex to measure brain PbtO(2) and microdialysis metabolites. The NIRS sensor was placed overlying the forehead to measure cerebral regional saturation index (rSO(2)i) while SVO(2) was measured directly from the ECMO circuit. Animals were placed on VA ECMO followed by an initial period of stabilization, after which they were subjected to graded hypoxia and recovery. Our results revealed that rSO(2)i and SVO(2) correlated only marginally with PbtO(2) (R(2)=0.32 and R(2)=0.26, respectively) while the correlation between rSO(2)i and SVO( 2) was significantly stronger (R(2)=0.59). Cerebral metabolites and rSO(2)i were significantly altered during attenuation of PbtO( 2), p<0.05). A subset of animals, following exposure to hypoxia, experienced markedly delayed recovery of both rSO(2)i and PbtO( 2) despite rapid normalization of SVO(2). Upon further analysis, these animals had significantly lower blood pressure (p=0.001), lower serum pH (p=0.01), and higher serum lactate (p=0.02). Additionally, in this subgroup, rSO(2)i correlated better with PbtO(2) (R(2)=0.76). These findings suggest that, in our ECMO model, rSO(2)i and SVO( 2) correlate reasonably well with each other, but not necessarily with brain PbtO(2) and that NIRS-derived rSO(2)i may more accurately reflect cerebral tissue hypoxia in sicker animals.
Social Spending, Human Capital, and Growth in Developing Countries

Summary Using panel data from 118 developing countries in 1971–2000, this paper explores the channels linking social spending, human capital, and growth and compares the effects of alternative economic policy interventions. With separate modeling for education and health capital, explicit control for governance, and incorporation of nonlinearity, the paper finds that both education and health spending have a positive and significant impact on education and health capital, and thus support higher growth. Also, other policy interventions, such as improving governance and taming inflation, can achieve similar results. Hence, higher spending alone is likely insufficient to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
Symptomatic Increased Intracranial Pressure Due to Arachnoid Cysts

Intracranial arachnoid cysts are typically benign lesions, but rarely, they may cause signs and symptoms relating to increased intracranial pressure. We report 4 pediatric patients with arachnoid cysts who received successful surgical treatment after failing to respond to conservative medical therapies. After undergoing a shunting procedure, each patient experienced improvement in symptoms, resolution of optic disc swelling, and reduction or elimination of medications necessary to manage the condition. These cases illustrate the potential for arachnoid cysts to outstrip compensatory mechanisms and cause signs and symptoms requiring definitive surgical intervention.
Tree approximation for belief updating

The paper presents a parameterized approximation scheme for probabilistic inference. The scheme, called Mini-Clustering (MC), extends the partition-based approximation offered by mini-bucket elimination, to tree decompositions. The benefit of this extension is that all single-variable beliefs are computed (approximately) at once, using a two-phase message-passing process along the cluster tree. The resulting approximation scheme allows adjustable levels of accuracy and efficiency, in anytime style. Empirical evaluation against competing algorithms such as iterative belief propagation and Gibbs sampling demonstrates the potential of the MC approximation scheme for several classes of problems.
Mark Schroeder’s Hypotheticalism: agent-neutrality, moral epistemology, and methodology

Mark Schroeder’s Slaves of the Passions is the most systematic defense yet constructed of a broadly ‘Humean’ conception of normative reasons for action, according to which all of one’s reasons are ultimately explained by facts about one’s psychology. This, however, radically undersells the book, which is breathtaking in its scope, originality, and density of powerful ideas. So: if you care about deep questions in ethics, you should read it. It is also rhetorically Humean, written so engagingly that even those without prior interest in its subject may enjoy thinking through such a superb example of philosophical argument. Despite admiring much in this book, I will play the usual role of symposium commentator here, and focus on sketching three brief objections to Schroeder’s account, in the hopes that they will spur him to develop and clarify his views. Section 1 argues that Schroeder’s crucial account of agent-neutral reasons cannot be made to work. Section 2 argues that a core element of his distinctive proposal in moral epistemology has awkwardly limited scope. Finally, Sect. 3 identifies a tension between Schroeder’s view and its central methodological motivation.
A comparison of the effects of amphetamine and low doses of apomorphine on operant force production, inter-response times and response duration in rat

Rationale: Low doses of apomorphine (APO), a non-selective dopamine (DA) agonist, are thought to suppress motor activity via the preferential activation of DA autoreceptors, which effectively reduces DA tone. Objectives: The suppressant effects on operant responding of low doses of apomorphine were explored and compared with the effects of amphetamine (AMP), an indirect DA agonist. Methods: In an operant task, rats were trained to press sequentially three separate beams under the following different behavioral requirements: low-force beam (1 g 50 g), and a long-duration beam (response duration>2 s). Inter-response times and kinetic measures, such as peak force, the rate of rise of force and response duration, were recorded. Following training, performance was assessed after systemic injection of low doses of APO (0.01, 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg, s.c.) and AMP (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.). Results: APO decreased peak force for the high-force and the long-duration beams by decreasing the rate of rise of force, but did not affect performance success on the low-force beam or response duration on the long-duration beam. This indicates that APO impaired the ability to generate high forces but did not interfere with the memory or execution of an overall motor plan. Low doses of APO also increased the times taken to switch from one response to the next and to visit the tray when food was present. In contrast, AMP at 1.0 mg/kg shortened both the time taken to switch between responses and the time spent visiting the food tray. Conclusions: Low doses of APO interfered with response initiation and execution, suggesting that dopamine acts as a ”gating” system, enabling certain processes to be carried out in an efficient and automated manner.
Utilizing Perylene in New Organic Donor–Acceptor Materials: Highlighting the Synthesis, Structure and Physical Properties of Perylene-pDNB and Perylene-TCNP

In this communication, we present the syntheses, structure, infrared (IR) spectroscopic, and electronic transport properties for two new Perylene-containing donor–acceptor complexes, Perylene-pDNB (1) and Perylene-TCNP (2). The 2:1 complex with pDNB, complex 1, crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$ P\bar{1} $$ with cell dimensions a = 7.7488(12) A, b = 9.7125(15) A, c = 10.6864(17) A, α = 80.829(7)°, β = 84.893(7)° and γ = 89.495(6)°, while complex 2, the 1:1 complex with TCNP, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmca with a = 18.264(4) A, b = 7.405(2) A and c = 14.674(3) A. Structural features of the constituent donor and acceptor molecules were compared to those for the free components and, when coupled with IR spectroscopic measurements, suggested that both complexes contained neutral components. This conclusion was further supported by electronic transport measurements that revealed both complexes to be insulators. Herein we present the structure and both the IR spectroscopic and transport properties for new donor–acceptor complexes coupling Perylene with the acceptors para-dinitrobenzene (pDNB) and tetracyanopyrazine (TCNP).
Progression of First Degree Heart Block to Complete Heart Block in an Infant

Progression of First Degree Heart Block to Complete Heart Block in an Infant An infant presenting with a heart murmur at 2 months of age was found to have First degree Heart Block on EKG and this progressed to complete heart block (CHB) at 8 months of age requiring a pacemaker. No known etiology could be found on further investigation. This is our second experience. We have emphasized the importance of follow up of any infant with first degree heart block and also postulated a possible cause for this progression.
The demonstration of complex gap junctions between the cells of the enamel organ with lanthanum nitrate.

During enamel maturation the cells of the enamel organ are characterized by the presence of numerous mitochondria, coated vesicles, and microvilli suggesting that their function might be the transport of substances from the vascular compartment into the underlying enamel. Another prominent feature of the papillary cells is the presence of extensive intercellular contacts usually described as tight junctions. These areas of apparent membrane fusion occur between large exopthytic cytoplasmic processes and the indented surfaces of adjacent cells. Mitochondria are frequently observed to be in close relation to these junctions. Utilizing the method of prestaining with uranyl acetate and the lanthanum nitrate tracer technique it is now established that these junctions are of the gap variety. Thus the papillary layer contains intercellular junctions which are morphologically equivalent to those junctions believed to be responsible for intercellular ionic coupling. The demonstration of gap junctions provides evidence that a direct cytoplasmic route for the movement of ions or small metabolites does exist within the enamel organ.
Modeling of dielectric breakdown-induced time-dependent STT-MRAM performance degradation

In recent years, spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM) has gained a lot of interest as a promising memory candidate for future embedded applications. STT-MRAM possesses desirable memory attributes such as excellent readability, writability, stability, non-volatility, and unlimited endurance. Moreover, ITRS reports that STT-MRAM can endure 1015 cycle operations before breakdown [1] thus meeting 10 yrs life-time. As shown in Fig. 1, STT-MRAM bitcell consists of one access transistor and one magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) (1T-1R). One of the primary reliability concerns in STT-MRAM is the dielectric breakdown of the tunnel junction MgO in the MTJ known as time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB). The thickness of MgO is on the order of 1nm and the voltage across the MTJ during write operation is approximately 0.7V resulting in electric field of ∼10MV/cm across it which can induce TDDB [2–3]. Thus, such high stress conditions can lead to lower breakdown time (T BD ) which can go even lower with further MgO thickness scaling. In addition to the hard breakdown (HBD) in MTJ which results in very low MTJ impedance and inability to function as memory, experimental results show that soft breakdowns (SBD) also exists [7,8]. SBDs cause minor degradation in the MTJ resistance and they have shorter average time to appear compared to HBDs. In this paper, we explore in detail the physical mechanism behind both HBD and SBD, and using percolation model we estimate the time dependent degradation in the MTJ performance parameters such as tunneling magneto-resistance (TMR), write current (J C ), write-time (T WR ) and lifetime (T LIFE ).
A Comprehensive Introduction to Computational Science

Daniel Teske reviews Introduction to Computational Science: Modeling and Simulation for the Sciences, 2nd ed., by A.B. Shiflet and G.W. Shiflet, declaring it a sound choice for an introductory course on scientific computing or that could reasonably be used for an intermediate-level course focused on biological applications.
Sense of Community in a Higher Education Television-Based Distance Education Program

The purpose of this study was to measure sense of classroom community in a television-based higher education distance education course and in the same course taught by the same instructor in a traditional face-to-face learning environment, in order to determine if differences existed and if so to identify the nature of these differences. Participants for this study consisted of 120 adult learners who were enrolled in either of two sections of a semester-long undergraduate educational technology course offered by an urban state university. One section was taught tradiationally and the other section was taught to a small studio audience and at a distance to 24 remote classroom sites using synchronous one-way television and two-way audio technologies. Study results revealed a significantly lower sense of classroom community among learners in the distance education course, to include the studio audience.
Addition of systemic IL2 increases effectiveness of hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine therapy against NXS2 murine neuroblastoma

Abstract Introduction: The hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine (IC) links rhIL2 to humanized anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody hu14.18 and inhibits NXS2 tumor growth in A/J mice. This study combined systemic IL2 with hu14.18-IL2 therapy to increase antitumor effects. Methods: A/J mice with subcutaneous NXS2 tumors received rhIL2 (50,000 IU/d by continuous infusion pump) × 7 d, IC (5 micrograms/d × 5), IC (22 micrograms/d × 5), or combined rhIL2 and IC (5 micrograms/d). Mice were also depleted of NK or T cells during combined therapy. Proliferation assays of human and murine cells with high-affinity IL2Rs (T cells) or intermediate-affinity IL2Rs (NK cells) were performed. Results: The combination of systemic IL2 and IC therapy resulted in durable resolution of NXS2 tumors. This antitumor effect was greater than that achieved by either rhIL2 or IC alone (p = 0.026 and 0.007). The efficacy of the combined treatment was dependent on NK and T cells. Although IL2 in the form of an immunocytokine and rhIL2 induce similar proliferation of human NK and T cells, the immunocytokine is less potent than rhIL2 at stimulating murine NK and T cells (3 to 20-fold less, respectively). Conclusions: The combination of systemic IL2 and hu14.18-IL2 is more effective than either therapy alone in A/J mice bearing subcutaneous NXS2 tumors and involves both NK and T cells. This may be the result of NK cell activation and expansion prior to IC treatment and reflect the stronger IL2-mediated action of rhIL2 than IC on murine IL2R-bearing cells.
Demand-side load management in smart homes

Studies have shown that buildings consumer over 75% of the total electricity and over 45% of the total energy usage in many countries. Given rising energy prices and climate change, energy efficiency techniques that reduce the energy and carbon footprint of buildings is an important societal need. In this talk, I will argue that Information and Communication technologies (ICT) are a crucial component for achieving energy efficiency in smart buildings. I will describe demand-side load management techniques where users or intelligent building components take an active role in reducing and optimizing a building's energy footprint and also present present hurdles in achieving energy-efficiency through these methods. Finally, I will describe two of our recent efforts in demand-side load management via peak load shaving. Our first effort focuses on background load scheduling and coordination to transparently reduce peak electricity load without any change in user behavior, while our second technique uses small batteries and any available local renewable sources to shift supply to demand, rather than conventional techniques that adjust demand based on supply.
Voluntary Ethanol Consumption in Male Adolescent Hamsters Increases Testosterone and Aggression

The immediate and long-term biologic and behavioral consequences of voluntary ethanol (EtOH) exposure during male adolescence are unknown. In the present study, male golden hamsters voluntarily drank from a 15% EtOH solution in addition to consuming dry laboratory chow and water ad lib from Postnatal Day 25 to Postnatal Day 43. Over this adolescent period, they drank an average of 13 g/kg/day of EtOH, resulting in a mean blood EtOH concentration of ca. 53 mg %. On Postnatal Day 35, a period of enhanced sensitization and activation of the gonadal axis, testosterone levels were twice as high in EtOH animals than in sucrose-yoked controls. However, this difference disappeared by Postnatal Day 53, as EtOH and control animals showed comparable adult levels of plasma testosterone. When tested for aggression several days after the cessation of EtOH exposure, hamsters showed enhanced attack behavior toward smaller intruders placed into their home cage. These results suggest that voluntary EtOH exposure during male adolescence has specific neuroendocrine effects with lasting behavioral consequences.
Designing opportunities to spark and nurture scientific inquiry in middle school girls

Our project, Click! Urban Adventure, was designed to immerse middle school girls in an interactive, mixed-reality game that provides them with the tools they need to learn discipline-specific science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) skills. The 11 to 14 year old girls who participated in Click! used the city as their game board and STEM components as their tools. As part of the game, the girls take on the role of Click! Special Agents as they think, talk and reason their way towards solving an environmental science-based mystery.Our research team worked carefully to reshape the conventional framework of formal education and apply it to the landscape of everyday experiences. Click! was designed to show middle school girls, often underrepresented in science and technology, that understanding the world through a scientific lens can be stimulating, relevant, contextual and rewarding [2].
Screening for genetic causes of hypertension.

Monogenic or single-gene forms of human hypertension result from mutations involving regulatory elements of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) or occur in syndromes associated with hereditary pheochromocytoma. RAAS gain-of-function mutations result in sodium retention, suppression of plasma renin activity, and often, but not invariably, hypokalemia. Hereditary RAAS syndromes result from intrinsic renal abnormalities (apparent mineralocorticoid excess and Liddle’ syndromes) or from mineralocorticoid excess states (congenital adrenal hyperplasia and glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism). In the hereditary pheochromocytoma syndromes many asymptomatic individuals are identified because they are at-risk individuals in kindreds with a pheochromocytoma-predisposing syndrome. On the other hand, up to 25% of subjects with presumed «sporadic" pheochromocytoma have germline mutations in one of four pheochromocytoma susceptibility genes (the RET proto-oncogene, von Hippel-Lindau gene, neurofibromatosis F1 gene, and succinate dehydrogenase subunit D and succinate dehydrogenase subunit B genes). Hereditary pheochromocytomas are typically intra-adrenal and bilateral and patients typically present at younger ages compared with sporadic pheochromocytoma.
Chaperones of F1-ATPase.

Mitochondrial F1-ATPase contains a hexamer of alternating α and β subunits. The assembly of this structure requires two specialized chaperones, Atp11p and Atp12p, that bind transiently to β and α. In the absence of Atp11p and Atp12p, the hexamer is not formed, and α and β precipitate as large insoluble aggregates. An early model for the mechanism of chaperone-mediated F1 assembly (Wang, Z. G., Sheluho, D., Gatti, D. L., and Ackerman, S. H. (2000) EMBO J. 19, 1486–1493) hypothesized that the chaperones themselves look very much like the α and β subunits, and proposed an exchange of Atp11p for α and of Atp12p for β; the driving force for the exchange was expected to be a higher affinity of α and β for each other than for the respective chaperone partners. One important feature of this model was the prediction that as long as Atp11p is bound to β and Atp12p is bound to α, the two F1 subunits cannot interact at either the catalytic site or the noncatalytic site interface. Here we present the structures of Atp11p from Candida glabrata and Atp12p from Paracoccus denitrificans, and we show that some features of the Wang model are correct, namely that binding of the chaperones to α and β prevents further interactions between these F1 subunits. However, Atp11p and Atp12p do not resemble α or β, and it is instead the F1 γ subunit that initiates the release of the chaperones from α and β and their further assembly into the mature complex.
Science, democracy, and public policy

Experts often tout highly subjective methods of policy analysis as scientific and value‐free. In The Myth of Scientific Public Policy, Robert Formaini exposes the uncertainties in two of these methods, cost‐benefit analysis and risk assessment. Because of these deficiencies, he concludes that ethics and political philosophy, not science, are the proper foundation for public policy. While Formaini is right to emphasize the value‐ladenness of cost‐benefit analysis and risk assessment, his rejection of scientific methods of policy analysis is questionable. His criticisms, especially in his study of the swine‐su case, seem to establish that experts have misused such methods, not that the methods themselves are seriously sawed. Also, his rejection of cost‐benefit analysis and risk assessment would be more realistic if he offered a well‐developed alternative to these two methods. One such alternative, for example, is ethically weighted cost‐benefit analysis.
Glutamine synthetase in the developing rat retina: An immunohistochemical study

Abstract The distribution of glutamine synthetase (GS) was studied in rat retinas from the day of birth to adulthood by means of immunohistochemistry. GS was present in the pigment epithelium in the newborn rat, and over the next few days it was demonstrated around blood vessels and within small glial cells. The enzyme was first detected in perikarya and processes of Muller cells on day 5. The adult GS pattern was acquired by day 12, except for persistence of GS in the pigment epithelium. GS in the pigment epithelium gradually diminished to trace amounts between day 12 and 2 months. Additionally, GS was found in the inner epithelium of the ciliary body and posterior epithelium of the iris during the developmental period and in adults. Our results indicate that the dramatic rise in retinal GS biochemically demonstrated by other workers occurs exclusively in Muller cells. Moreover, the complete acquisition of GS in rat retina corresponds chronologically with certain maturational events including the onset of the electroretinographic response. The role of GS in the pigment epithelium and extraretinal structures is uncertain but it may denote their involvement in mucopolysaccharide metabolism.
THE EFFECTS OF PROSPECTIVE EARLY STRICT MANAGEMENT OF MATERNAL DIABETES ON MATERNAL IONIZED CALCIUM & 1,25(OH) 2 VITAMIN D

Chemically induced murine diabetes is associated with negative calcium (Ca) balance & decreased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) levels; insulin therapy corrects these defects. We hypothesized that diabetes in pregnancy causes decreased maternal ionized Ca (Cai) & 1,25(OH)2D, with indirect effects on neonatal Ca, & that prospective strict management of diabetes from early pregnancy ameliorates these changes. In a comprehensive clinical trial, 57 pregnant insulin-dependent diabetics were randomly assigned during the first trimester to strict vs customary management (Sm vs. Cm) grps. Maternal Cai at delivery was higher in Sm (4.52 ± 0.08 SEM mg/dl) vs. Cm (4.27 ± 0.07 mg/dl, p< 0.02). There was no difference between grps. in maternal 25-hydroxyvit. D (25OHD) or 1,25(OH)2D at delivery. Infants (IDMs) in Sm grp. had higher 24 hr. serum Ca (8.3 ± 0.20 mg/dl) vs. Cm grp IDMs (7.8 ± 0.23 mg/dl, p < 0.04), but no difference was noted by 72 hr. There was no difference in Sm vs. Cm neonatal 25OHD (27 ± 2.9 ng/ml vs. 27 ± 3.1) or 1,25(OH)2D (60 ± 9.4 pg/ml vs. 60 ± 6.9) at 24 hrs. Hypocalcemic (Ca < 7.0 mg/dl)2(HC) IDMs had lower maternal Cai (4.15 ± 0.09 mg/dl) vs. nomocalcemic (NC) IDMs (4.46 ± 0.06, p < 0.02); there was no difference in maternal or neonatal 25OHD & 1,25(OH)2 for HC vs. NC infants. Thus, strict management of maternal diabetes results in increased maternal Cai, but has no effect on maternal 1,25(OH)2. We speculate that improved Ca status in the diabetic pregnancy contributes to improved neonatal Ca homeostasis.
The Demise of Adam in the Qisas al-Anbiyā: The Symbolic Politics of Death and Re-Burial in the Islamic "Stories of the Prophets"

This paper explores how death and burial narratives — particularly those associated with Adam, the paradigmatic first human being, in the Islamic religious literature known as qisas al-anbiyā ("stories of the [Biblical] prophets") — relate to the discursive processes through which religious communities articulate lines of inclusion and exclusion in the formation of their collective identities. In conversation with Katherine Verdery ( The Political Lives of Dead Bodies ), who examines reburials of political figures in Eastern Europe following the 1989 collapse of the Soviet Union, this paper argues that Islamic narratives regarding the death and burial of biblical figures like Adam serve to re-appropriate, re-situate, and re-define boundaries of identity and difference both among Muslims (e.g.male/public vs. female/private; Sunni vs. Shi'a; ālim (scholar) vs. populist preacher) and between Muslims and non-Muslim monotheists, Jews and Christians, principally. Grounding the discussion, empirically, are a series of close analyses of various renditions of the story of Adam's demise as found in a range of mostly Sunni qisas al-anbiyā materials. From these analyses, the paper offers an expanded understanding of how religious communities, specifically, develop multiple and competing claims in an effort to "monopolize the practices associated with death" (Verdery).
Japan's First War Reporter: Kishida Ginkō and the Taiwan Expedition

The 1874 Taiwan Expedition was a watershed event for early Meiji journalism, for it was during this conflict that Kishida Ginkō (1833–1905) became Japan's first war reporter. At a time when newspapers had only started to become a feature of daily life in Japan, Ginkō's pioneering coverage of the Taiwan campaign was an important demonstration of the newspaper's potential to the Meiji authorities, and his coverage likewise gave many readers their first concrete understandings of the reporter at work. This paper examines Ginkō's extensive writings on Taiwan with the goal of illuminating how the campaign, its setting, and the Taiwanese aborigines were understood by and represented to the Meiji reading public. It shows that more than simply conveying information about the Expedition to the reading public, Ginkō's reportage strove to situate the project as part of a broader colonial agenda that would impart ‘civilization’ to the indigenous population. In columns that stressed Japan's long-term strategic interes...
Not all bad developmental outcomes are the result of child abuse

McGee and Wolfe (1991) have taken on an important and very challenging topic, the meaning of psychological maltreatment and its significance for child development. They start from the definitions offered by several students of this phenomenon (Garbarino, Guttmann, & Seeley, 1986), and proceed to a formulation that they believe advances the cause of research.
Analysis of heptane autothermal reformer to generate hydrogen for fuel cell applications

In this paper, reaction engineering principles are utilized to analyze process conditions for producing sufficient hydrogen in a heptane autothermal reformer for generating 1 kW of power in a fuel cell. It is shown that operating the reformer adiabatically results in a sharp decrease in temperature due to endothermic reactions, which results in low conversion of heptane. For this reason, a heating jacket is added to the reformer where heptane is combusted to provide heat for the endothermic reactions. It is observed that when the reactor is operated non-isothermally, it is possible to get complete conversion of heptane and produce sufficient hydrogen to generate 1 kW of power via a fuel cell.
An improved detection system applied to the study of serum lipoproteins after single-step density gradient ultracentrifugation

Abstract Starting from a single-spin ultracentrifugation procedure described previously (Foreman et al., J. Lipid Res. 18 , 759, 1977), we have improved the system for detection of the fractions eluted from the gradient by monitoring them continuously at 280 nm. A graphic display readily permits assessment of the distribution of the lipoproteins and their quantification with the aid of a computer program. By the use of appropriate factors, one can convert absorbance readings into actual lipoprotein values which correspond well (±7% for low-density lipoproteins and ±5% for high-density lipoproteins) to those obtained by means of chemical analyses. The examples provided indicate the versatility of the method and its sensitivity (down to 0.1 ml of serum).
Gas-liquid chromatography separation of the free phenolic acid fractions in various oilseed protein sources.

The free phenolic acid fraction from commercially available samples of defatted cottonseed, peanut and soy flours were effectively separated and estimated without the preparation of derivatives using a 500 ft × 0.03 inch capillary column coated with OV-17 and 5% Igepal to reduce tailing. A column temperature of 300 oC was required. A total of 27 phenolic compounds were detected and 14 were identified. No qualitative differences in phenolic compounds were detected among the three products, however, quantitative differences were apparent. The major free phenolic acids in all three products were syringic, ferulic and vanillic acid. Based on the amounts found and on reported taste thresholds for phenolic acids, it is apparent that phenolic acids can contribute to the overall flavour of the products evaluated.
TOXICITY AND RESIDUAL ACTIVITY OF FENVALERATE TO TYPHLODROMUS OCCIDENTALIS (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE) AND ITS PREY TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) ON PEAR

Fenvalerate applied at field rates (3.4–13.7 g AI/100 L) to pear foliage in early season remained highly active to the predatory mite Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt for several months until leaf drop. According to leaf disc assays, fresh deposits of fenvalerate caused considerable direct mortality but most of the later mortality was apparently caused by repellency of the residue and subsequent mite departures. Fenvalerate applied to the bark lost its contact activity more quickly than on foliage. In contrast, adult female Tetranychus urticae Koch suffered no mortality when exposed to leaf deposits, but at high dosages of fenvalerate egg laying was temporarily reduced. In slide-dip tests fenvalerate was about 5 times more toxic to T. occidentalis than to T. urticae (LC50's of 1.21 and 6.74 g AI/100 L, respectively). Our data suggest that because of the persistence of fenvalerate and the high sensitivity of T. occidentalis to this compound this predatory mite would not be able to reestablish after foliar fenvalerate applications and provide biological control of phytophagous mites.
A seabed drifter study of near-bottom circulation in North Carolina shelf waters

Abstract Circulation within North Carolina near-bottom shelf waters was investigated between June 1972 and April 1973 using seabed drifters (SBDs). Seabed drifter trajectories revealed a tendency for onshore components of near-bottom drift in Raleigh Bay; in Onslow Bay, near-bottom currents were complex, generally featuring offshore components in the northern end with a tendency for onshore components in the southern end. A divergence zone separating onshore from offshore near-bottom flow was found in Onslow Bay. The location of this zone (parallel to a line bearing 75 °TN across Onslow Bay) remained constant during the duration of the present study.
Modular Use of Peripheral Input Channels Tunes Motion-Detecting Circuitry

In the visual system, peripheral processing circuits are often tuned to specific stimulus features. How this selectivity arises and how these circuits are organized to inform specific visual behaviors is incompletely understood. Using forward genetics and quantitative behavioral studies, we uncover an input channel to motion detecting circuitry in Drosophila. The second-order neuron L3 acts combinatorially with two previously known inputs, L1 and L2, to inform circuits specialized to detect moving light and dark edges. In vivo calcium imaging of L3, combined with neuronal silencing experiments, suggests a neural mechanism to achieve selectivity for moving dark edges. We further demonstrate that different innate behaviors, turning and forward movement, can be independently modulated by visual motion. These two behaviors make use of different combinations of input channels. Such modular use of input channels to achieve feature extraction and behavioral specialization likely represents a general principle in sensory systems.
Determinants of manganese levels in house dust samples from the CHAMACOS cohort

Introduction Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient, but at high exposure levels Mn is a neurotoxicant. The fungicides maneb and mancozeb are approximately 21% Mn by weight and more than 150,000 kg are applied each year to crops in the Salinas Valley, California. It is not clear, however, whether agricultural use of these fungicides increases Mn levels in homes.
Analytical Marxism: The Race for Respectability:

In recent years a perspective known as Analytical Marxism has come to the forefront of Marxist thought. This perspective considers Marxism to be a useful tradition, but one that is haunted by a number of theoretical and methodological flaws. This new perspective claims to have corrected these "flaws" through its methodology, particularly the usage of methodological individualism, rational choice models, and game theory, as well as a new analysis of exploitation and class formation. The purpose of this paper is to survey and evaluate the works of Analytical Marxists and their critics in these areas.
Evolution after introduction of a novel metabolic pathway consistently leads to restoration of wild-type physiology.

Organisms cope with physiological stressors through acclimatizing mechanisms in the short-term and adaptive mechanisms over evolutionary timescales. During adaptation to an environmental or genetic perturbation, beneficial mutations can generate numerous physiological changes: some will be novel with respect to prior physiological states, while others might either restore acclimatizing responses to a wild-type state, reinforce them further, or leave them unchanged. We examined the interplay of acclimatizing and adaptive responses at the level of global gene expression in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 engineered with a novel central metabolism. Replacing central metabolism with a distinct, foreign pathway resulted in much slower growth than wild-type. After 600 generations of adaptation, however, eight replicate populations founded from this engineered ancestor had improved up to 2.5-fold. A comparison of global gene expression in wild-type, engineered, and all eight evolved strains revealed that the vast majority of changes during physiological adaptation effectively restored acclimatizing processes to wild-type expression states. On average, 93% of expression perturbations from the engineered strain were restored, with 70% of these occurring in perfect parallel across all eight replicate populations. Novel changes were common but typically restricted to one or a few lineages, and reinforcing changes were quite rare. Despite this, cases in which expression was novel or reinforced in parallel were enriched for loci harboring beneficial mutations. One case of parallel, reinforced changes was the pntAB transhydrogenase that uses NADH to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. We show that PntAB activity was highly correlated with the restoration of NAD(H) and NADP(H) pools perturbed in the engineered strain to wild-type levels, and with improved growth. These results suggest that much of the evolved response to genetic perturbation was a consequence rather than a cause of adaptation and that physiology avoided “reinventing the wheel” by restoring acclimatizing processes to the pre-stressed state.
Lipoic acid inhibition of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Porcine heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (L-malate:NAD + oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) has been shown to be inhibited by extremely low concentrations of lipoic acid. The actual inhibitor was found to be a high molecular weight substance, which can be separated by gel permeation from the non-inhibitory monomeric form of lipoic acid. This inhibitor has been identified as a polymeric form of lipoic acid.
Face memory and spontaneous personality processing

Subjects studied photographs of faces preselected as likable or unlikable, one at a time, and then they were presented four-face arrays in which the target faces were either present or absent. The subjects were also identified in terms of their tendencies to analyze other people according to personality traits. Face memory was not related to either need-for-cognition scores or ability to form groups of people based on shared features. However, self-reported tendencies to analyze strangers in terms of personality rather than physical features did facilitate face memory to some extent, at least for target-absent cases, and also led to greater confidence about responses.
The future of esophageal endoprosthetics including the use of biodegradable materials

Endoscopic esophageal stent placement is an effective palliative treatment for malignant dysphagia and complications related to esophageal malignancies. Lately, esophageal stents have also been successfully used for benign indications including anastomotic stricture, iatrogenic perforation or leak, achalasia, fistula and to stabilize patients with esophageal variceal bleeding. At present, there are a wide variety of esophageal stents available to choose from; however, an ideal esophageal stent, which is both effective and without complications, has yet to be developed. Despite the evolution in this field, challenges such as stent migration, malignant tissue ingrowth, and recurrent stricture are some of the unsolved problems. In this article, we discuss about currently available esophageal stents including biodegradable stents, various stent materials, stent designs, indications for esophageal stent placement in treating both benign and malignant esophageal diseases, clinical outcomes, complications, novel esophageal stents including drug fiber coated stents, dynamic esophageal stents, and the future direction of esophageal endoprosthetics.
Spin-correlation functions in ultracold paired atomic-fermion systems: Sum rules, self-consistent approximations, and mean fields

The spin response functions measured in multicomponent fermion gases by means of rf transitions between hyperfine states are strongly constrained by the symmetry of the interatomic interactions. Such constraints are reflected in the spin $f$-sum rule that the response functions must obey. In particular, only if the effective interactions are not fully invariant in $SU(2)$ spin space, are the response functions sensitive to mean field and pairing effects. We demonstrate, via a self-consistent calculation of the spin-spin correlation function within the framework of Hartree-Fock-BCS theory, how one can derive a correlation function explicitly obeying the $f$-sum rule. By contrast, simple one-loop approximations to the spin response functions do not satisfy the sum rule, except in special cases. As we show, the emergence of a second peak at higher frequency in the rf spectrum, as observed in a recent experiment in trapped $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, can be understood as the contribution from the paired fermions, with a shift of the peak from the normal particle response proportional to the square of the BCS pairing gap.
Pharmacological management of treatment-induced insomnia in ADHD.

ADHD AND INSOMNIA VIGNETTE A 7-year-old girl with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), combined subtype, and oppositional defiant disorder presents with a complaint of marked insomnia. Her parents describe 60 to 90 minutes of nightly initial insomnia that began with the initiation of 36 mg OROS methylphenidate (Concerta) 2 months ago. Behavioral interventions and limiting caffeine intake have been ineffective in addressing the insomnia, but the parents are reluctant to change medications due to the robust response of the ADHD symptoms. A previous trial of 27 mg OROS methylphenidate was ineffective in adequately addressing the target ADHD symptoms, and methylphenidate given twice daily had an inadequate duration of action.
Storytelling - A Most Powerful Tool in Shaping Lesson Plans in Engineering Education

Most engineering instructors are put into the classroom by virtue of simply holding a Ph.D. in their field of study. Very few have any formal training in education or more specifically in engineering education, which would include a knowledge of various learning styles and how to engage them. Even knowing learning styles, one of the tools that is almost not utilized at all in engineering education is weaving in anecdotal evidence (ie — storytelling) into what is typically a logic-only lesson plan. Research shows that integrating right-brain activities (emotional, imaginative) into left-brain lesson (logical) very much increased student retention of material. Examples are given for how this can be done in mechanical engineering lessons specifically.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Physical Environment and Crime and Misconduct in Kentucky Schools

Drawing upon ecological theories of crime control, aspects of the physical environment such as building design, street layout, and land use are thought to indicate territoriality and natural surveillance, thereby affecting the ability of residents to supervise and intervene in crime. To date, ecological models have been tested primarily at community levels of analysis (i.e., neighborhood, block). In contrast, this paper tests the applicability of this theoretical approach to crime in school settings. More specifically, we estimate random-intercept models using survey data from 3682 7th-grade students and 1351 teachers, nested within 65 Kentucky schools linked to school-level measures of the physical environment to determine how they affect various measures of school-based crime and misconduct. Editors’ Strategic Implications:How one measures school violence may have profound effects on what contributing causal factors are identified and strategies for prevention are developed. Student reports of school violence appear linked to more normative daily behaviors, whereas teacher reports–though limited to officially observed behaviors–are typically more serious. Thus, measurement implications abound. Nevertheless, territoriality, surveillance, and a sense of order, particularly in the immediate school context more so than the larger community context, appear linked to school violence.
Lorentz gas shear viscosity via nonequilibrium molecular dynamics and Boltzmann's equation

When nonequilibrium molecular dynamics is used to impose isothermal shear on a two-body periodic system of hard disks or spheres, the equations of motion reduce to those describing a Lorentz gas under shear. In this shearing Lorentz gas a single particle moves, isothermally, through a spatially periodic shearing crystal of infinitely massive scatterers. The curvilinear trajectories are calculated analytically and used to measure the dilute Lorentz gas viscosity at several strain rates. Simulations and solutions of Boltzmann's equation exhibit shear thinning resembling that found inN-body nonequilibrium simulations. For the three-dimensional Lorentz gas we obtained an exact expression for the viscosity which is valid at all strain rates. In two dimensions this is not possible due to the anisotropy of the scattering.
Evolution, rationality, and testability

Cosmides, Wason, and Johnson-Laird, among others, have suggested evidence that reasoning abilities tend to be domain specific, insofar as humans do not appear to acquire capacities for logical reasoning that are applicable across different contexts. Unfortunately, the significance of these findings depends upon the specific variety of ‘logical reasoning’ under consideration. Indeed, there seem to be at least three grounds for doubting such conclusions, since: (1) tests of reasoning involving the use of material conditionals may not be appropriate for representing ordinary thinking, especially when it concerns causal processes involving the use of causal conditionals instead; (2) tests of domain specificity may fail to acknowledge the crucial role fulfilled by rules of inference, such as modus ponens and modus tollens, which appear to be completely general across different contexts; and, (3) tests that focus exclusively upon deductive reasoning may misinterpret findings involving the use of inductive reasoning, which is of primary importance for human evolution.