cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation of Carbon–Hydrogen Bonds via 1,2-RH-Addition/-Elimination to Early Transition Metal Imides

A tutorial addressing the activation of carbon–hydrogen bonds via the 1,2-RH-addition to high oxidation state, early metal XnM═NR complexes is described. Details regarding the reverse 1,2-RH-elimination from Xn(R′)M–NHR, are also presented. The overall process is discussed as follows: (1) electrophilicity and electronics; (2) general mechanism; (3) kinetics of 1,2-RH-elimination; (4) periodic trends; (5) alkane complexes; (6) kinetic isotope effects (KIEs); (7) RH activation selectivities; and (8) future directions.
Sex- and Age-dependent Effects of Orexin 1 Receptor Blockade on Open-Field Behavior and Neuronal Activity.

Abstract Adolescence is a sensitive and critical period in brain development where psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder are more likely to emerge following a stressful life event. Females are two times more likely to suffer from psychiatric disorders than males. Patients with these disorders show alterations in orexins (also called hypocretins), important neuropeptides that regulate arousal, wakefulness and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity. Little is known on the role of orexins in mediating arousal behaviors in male and female rats during adolescence or adulthood. Here, we examine the influence of orexin 1 receptor blockade by SB334867 in open-field behavior in male and female rats during early adolescence (PND 31–33) or adulthood (PND 75–77). Animals were injected with 0 (vehicle), 1, 10, or 30 mg/kg SB334867 (i.p.). Thirty minutes later, they were placed in an open field, and behavior and neuronal activity (c-Fos) were assessed. In adolescent males, SB334867 significantly increased immobility in the 10 mg/kg group compared to vehicle. However, this increase in immobility in adolescent males was not observed in adolescent females. In contrast to adolescent males, adult males in the 10 mg/kg dose group showed the opposite effect on immobility compared to vehicle. These results indicate that 10 mg/kg dose of SB334867 has opposing effects in adolescent and adult males, but few effects in adolescent and adult females. Differences in functional networks between limbic regions may underlie these effects of orexin receptor blockade that are sex- and age-dependent in rats.
Neonatal echocardiogram in duodenal obstruction is unnecessary after normal fetal cardiac imaging.

Abstract Background Duodenal obstruction (DO) is associated with congenital cardiac anomalies that may complicate the delivery of anesthesia during surgical repair. As most infants undergo fetal ultrasounds that identify cardiac anomalies, our aim was to determine the utility of obtaining preoperative neonatal echocardiograms in all DO patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all DO patients treated at two tertiary care children's hospitals between January 2005 and February 2016. Prenatal ultrasounds were compared to neonatal echocardiograms to determine concordance. Binomial exact analyses were used to estimate the negative predictive value (NPV) of prenatal imaging. Results We identified 65 infants with DO. The majority of patients (93.8%) had prenatal ultrasounds, including twenty patients that underwent fetal echocardiogram. Fourteen (21.5%) were diagnosed with cardiac lesions in utero, and neonatal echocardiograms confirmed 12 lesions, without identifying any new lesions. No changes to anesthetic management were made because of cardiac lesions. The NPV of prenatal imaging was 100% (95% Confidence Interval: 91.0–100.0). Conclusions Neonatal echocardiogram is unlikely to identify new cardiac lesions in DO patients with negative fetal imaging and delays in surgical care are unwarranted. Levels of evidence Study of Diagnostic Test-Level II.
The Interacting Binary Be Star HR 2142

Current information on the nature of the HR 2142 system is presented. The circumstellar material (CSM) including the mass flow toward and away from the mass-gaining B star has been studied from ∼ 100 IUE SWP HIRES images obtained from 1979–95 and ground-based CCD data from KPNO acquired between 1985–2001. The strength and velocity behavior of the infall components to the UV Si ɪɪ lines seen during the primary shell phase (PSP) from Φ ∼ 0.70−0.98 resembles that observed in conventional Algol systems, but the inferred mass infall rate is too small to account for the massive Hα-emitting disk about the B primary. The cause for the mass outflow observed during the secondary shell phase (SSP) remains unknown, but a localized plasma that has been identified from phase-dependent variations in the emission component to Heɪ λ 6678 may be part of the SSP phenomenon. Although the secondary remains undetected in the optical/IR spectral regions, UV data currently do not yield strong support for the presence of an O subdwarf as in the Φ Per system. HR 2142 may represent and earlier evolutionary stage of Φ Per and a possibly similar Be binary 59 Cyg.
2. Are battered women bad mothers? Rethinking the termination of abused women’s parental rights for failure to protect.

This paper assesses the rights of battered women who fail to protect their children against abuse. I first discuss how arguments advanced for expanding self-defense doctrine to excuse the actions of battered women who kill do not easily translate into arguments for greater rights.
A Typology of Suburban Experiences in the United States

Abstract Suburbs are the prevailing urban form in the United States. In this chapter, we examine three eras of suburban development. The first is the mid-19th century when the early exclusive residential suburbs first emerged. We focused our examination on the benefits of nature that were instrumental in the design of these places. The second era is the period of postwar suburbanization beginning about 1945. We explore the notion of place attachment in postwar suburbs, and highlight the challenges for the elderly population living there to age in place. The third era is the latest form of suburban development, the suburban retrofit, which began about 1980. The suburban retrofit is a product of New Urbanism. In this chapter, we examine studies of New Urbanism and find certain benefits to the health and well-being of local residents. A challenge is to ensure these associated benefits are accessible to all socioeconomic groups.
Social Pressure for Pregnancy Scale: Its Development, Psychometric Properties, and Potential Contributions to Infertility and Depression Research.

Background Women with infertility in different cultures, especially those in West African countries, are viewed as inferior. They tend to experience discrimination and have suboptimal mental health outcomes. However, recent evidence shows that social pressure for pregnancy, not infertility, is a significant predictor of depression. Yet, instruments that measure social pressure for pregnancy are scarce. Existing instruments to measure social pressure for pregnancy show no evidence of psychometric properties. Purpose To assess the psychometric properties of a new tool, the Social Pressure for Pregnancy Scale (SPPS), among Malian women in West Africa. Methods Exploratory factor analysis, and analyses of convergent validity, discriminant validity (known-groups technique), and reliability. Results and conclusion The SPPS has good psychometric properties and can be used in future infertility studies especially in relation to depression.
Statistics and Datasets

There are few research projects that do not require some sort of reliance on data, statistics, or other types of numerical support. Academic librarians are often on front lines when it comes to ide...
Assessing and modeling total height and diameter increment of ponderosa pine planted in Minnesota, USA

Forest managers are increasingly planting non-native tree species that are adapted to anticipated future conditions such as increased droughts. This work quantified individual tree growth patterns of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson), a western US species, planted outside of its natural range in Minnesota, USA. After 50 years, survival was as high as 69% for some ponderosa pine seed sources, and individuals from the Black Hills, Eastern High Plains, and South and East Montana regions of the western US were some of the tallest and largest diameter trees grown in Minnesota. Predictions of total tree height and diameter increment displayed the lowest bias when equations for ponderosa pine in the western US were used rather than equations for red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) in Minnesota, a species that occupies a similar ecological niche. These results indicate that using existing growth and yield equations from a species’ native range may provide a suitable representation of growth and yield patterns if observations from outside the species’ native range are lacking. Historical data from provenance trials such as these can provide a long-term record to quantify the growth potential of non-native species in anticipation of future climate scenarios.
Induced Spins from Scattering Experiments of Initially Nonspinning Black Holes

When two relativistically boosted, nonspinning black holes pass by one another on a scattering trajectory, we might expect the tidal interaction to spin up each black hole. We present the first exploration of this effect, appearing at fourth post-Newtonian order, with full numerical relativity calculations. The basic setup for the calculations involves two free parameters: the initial boost of each black hole and the initial angle between the velocity vectors and a line connecting the centers of the black holes, with zero angle corresponding to a head-on trajectory. To minimize gauge effects, we measure final spins only if the black holes reach a final separation of at least $20M$. Fixing the initial boost, we find that as the initial angle decreases toward the scattering/nonscattering limit, the spin-up grows nonlinearly. In addition, as initial boosts are increased from $0.42c$ to $0.78c$, the largest observed final dimensionless spin on each black hole increases nonlinearly from 0.02 to 0.20. Based on these results, we conclude that much higher spin-ups may be possible with larger boosts, although achieving this will require improved numerical techniques.
Inhaled Tranexamic Acid As a Novel Treatment for Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients: An Observational Study.

Objectives To describe the use of inhaled or endotracheally instilled tranexamic acid in critically ill pediatric patients for the treatment of pulmonary hemorrhage, which can be severe, life-threatening, and include potentially high-risk management procedures. Design Retrospective observational study from 2011-2018 with patients followed until hospital discharge. Setting Free-standing children's hospital with an annual ICU volume of more than 3,500 yearly admissions. Patients Pediatric patients, ages 0 to 18 years, admitted to an ICU and who received at least one dose of inhaled or endotracheally instilled tranexamic acid were included. Interventions Inhaled or endotracheally instilled tranexamic acid. Measurements and main results This study described the efficacy and adverse effects of patients who received inhaled or endotracheally instilled tranexamic acid. A total of 19 patients met inclusion criteria; median age was 72 months (11-187 mo), most patients were female (11, 58%), and almost half our patients (8, 42%) had congenital heart disease. Nine of 19 encounters (47%) had diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, four (21%) had pulmonary hemorrhage related to major aortopulmonary collateral arteries, two (11%) had mucosal airway bleeding, two (11%) were iatrogenic, one had a pulmonary embolism, and one patient did not have their etiology of pulmonary hemorrhage determined. Cessation of pulmonary hemorrhage was achieved in 18 of 19 patients (95%) with inhaled tranexamic acid with no major adverse events recorded. Conclusions and relevance We demonstrate that inhaled tranexamic acid may be safely used to treat pulmonary hemorrhage from varied etiologies in critically ill pediatric patients. Prospective studies are required in this vulnerable population to determine optimal dosing and delivery strategies, as well as to define any differential effect according to etiology.
Medical Students' Clinical Reasoning During a Simulated Viral Pandemic: Evidence of Cognitive Integration and Insights on Novices' Approach to Diagnostic Reasoning.

Cognitive integration from multiple disciplines is essential to clinical problem-solving. Because it is not directly observable, demonstrating evidence of learners’ cognitive integration remains a challenge. In addition, little is known about preclinical medical students’ approach to diagnostic reasoning despite widespread implementation of clinical reasoning curricula for these early learners. The objectives of this study were to characterize how first-year medical students integrated knowledge to problem-solve during a simulated viral pandemic and to characterize students’ diagnostic reasoning approach to this clinical scenario. Student teams analyzed clinical data to formulate hypotheses for the pandemic’s source and submitted reports justifying their hypotheses and treatment recommendations. A content analysis on students’ reports identified codes and themes characterizing the learning content integrated and students’ approaches to diagnostic reasoning tasks. Sixteen problem-solving codes were identified, demonstrating integration of new and previously encountered content from multiple disciplines. A compare-contrast analytical approach was the most commonly employed diagnostic reasoning approach (100%), with a smaller subset of teams also using a causal approach (20%). Content analysis of preclinical students’ diagnostic justification tasks provided insights into their approach to diagnostic reasoning, which was most consistent with the search-inference framework rather than a causal approach, likely due to limited pathophysiological knowledge at that point in training. Evidence of cognitive integration can be made explicit through learners’ narrative justification of diagnostic reasoning tasks. Preclinical students’ diagnostic reasoning development has implications for curricular design and implementation for this learner group.
Teaching Professional Behavior

The goal of this article is to discuss the teaching of professional behavior to nuclear medicine technologists. The focus is on the present-day student situation and practices in the programs at Bellevue College and at Oregon Institute of Technology. Professional behavior is defined, and ways to communicate and assess it are described. Additionally, approaches to remedy unprofessional behavior are presented. The needs and expectations of clinical sites and of future employers of nuclear medicine graduates, as well as current avenues for promoting professionalism, are also discussed.
Low-level developmental lead exposure does not predispose to adult alcohol self-administration, but does increase the risk of relapsing to alcohol seeking in mice: Contrasting role of GLT1 and xCT brain expression

Lead (Pb) is a neurotoxic heavy metal pollutant. Despite the efforts to reduce Pb environmental exposure and to prevent Pb poisoning, exposure in human populations persists. Studies of adults with history of childhood lead exposure have consistently demonstrated cognitive impairments that have been associated with sustained glutamate signaling. Additionally, some clinical studies have also found correlations between Pb exposure and increased proclivity to drug addiction. Thus, here we sought to investigate if developmental Pb exposure can increase propensity to alcohol consumption and relapse using an alcohol self-administration paradigm. Because Pb exposure is associated with increased glutamatergic tone, we also studied the effects on the expression of synaptic and non-synaptic glutamate transporters in brain regions associated with drug addiction such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsomedial striatum (DMS), dorsolateral striatum (DLS), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We found that while developmental Pb exposure did not increase risk for alcohol self-administration, it did play a role in relapsing to alcohol. The effects were associated with differential expression of the glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) and the glutamate/cystine antiporter (xCT). In the NAc and DLS the expression of GLT1 was found to be significantly reduced, while no changes were found in DMS or mPFC. Contrastingly, xCT was found to be upregulated in NAc but downregulated in DLS, with no changes in DMS or mPFC. Our data suggest that lead exposure is involved in relapse to alcohol seeking, an effect that could be associated with downregulation of GLT1 and xCT in the DLS.
On the Impossibility of Convergence of Mixed Strategies with No Regret Learning.

We study the limiting behavior of the mixed strategies that result from a general class of optimal no-regret learning strategies in a repeated game setting where the stage game is any 2 by 2 competitive game (for which all the Nash equilibria of the game are completely mixed) that may be zero-sum or non-zero-sum. We consider optimal no-regret strategies that are mean-based (i.e. information set at each step is the empirical average of the opponent's realized play) and monotonic (either non-decreasing or non-increasing) in their argument. We show that for any such choice of strategies, the limiting mixed strategies of the players cannot converge almost surely to any Nash equilibrium. This negative result is also shown to hold under a broad class of relaxations of these assumptions, which includes popular variants of Online-Mirror-Descent with optimism and/or adaptive step-sizes. Finally, we conjecture that the monotonicity assumption can be removed, and provide partial evidence for this conjecture. Our results identify the inherent stochasticity in players' realizations as a critical factor underlying this divergence, and demonstrate a crucial difference in outcomes between using the opponent's mixtures and realizations to make strategy updates.
Zoonotic coronavirus epidemics: Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus disease 2019.

Abstract Objective To review the virology, immunology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of the following 3 major zoonotic coronavirus epidemics: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Data Sources Published literature obtained through PubMed database searches and reports from national and international public health agencies. Study Selections Studies relevant to the basic science, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and treatment of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, with a focus on patients with asthma, allergy, and primary immunodeficiency. Results Although SARS and MERS each caused less than a thousand deaths, COVID-19 has caused a worldwide pandemic with nearly 1 million deaths. Diagnosing COVID-19 relies on nucleic acid amplification tests, and infection has broad clinical manifestations that can affect almost every organ system. Asthma and atopy do not seem to predispose patients to COVID-19 infection, but their effects on COVID-19 clinical outcomes remain mixed and inconclusive. It is recommended that effective therapies, including inhaled corticosteroids and biologic therapy, be continued to maintain disease control. There are no reports of COVID-19 among patients with primary innate and T-cell deficiencies. The presentation of COVID-19 among patients with primary antibody deficiencies is variable, with some experiencing mild clinical courses, whereas others experiencing a fatal disease. The landscape of treatment for COVID-19 is rapidly evolving, with both antivirals and immunomodulators demonstrating efficacy. Conclusion Further data are needed to better understand the role of asthma, allergy, and primary immunodeficiency on COVID-19 infection and outcomes.
20 pack-year smoking history as strongest smoking metric predictive of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer outcomes.

Abstract Objectives While smoking is associated with worse outcomes in HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), the magnitude of this association is unclear given the heterogenous smoking definitions and outcomes. Our objective was to investigate the association between smoking, survival, and recurrence in HPV-related OPSCC using multiple smoking metrics reported in the literature. Materials and methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 375 adults with p16+ OPSCC undergoing surgical resection (n = 272) or definitive chemoradiation (n = 103) at a tertiary academic institution from 2006 to 2017. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Secondary outcomes included disease-free survival (DFS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence. We used multiple smoking metrics commonly cited in previous studies, including ever versus never smokers, current versus former/never smokers, ≤10 versus >10 pack-year, ≤20 versus >20 pack-year, and continuous pack-year. Results There were 375 patients, median age 58 years, with 326 (87%) males, and median follow-up of 52 months. Of all smoking metrics, >20 pack-year history was the strongest predictor of both OS (HR 2.24, 95% CI: 1.19–4.20) and DFS (HR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.04–2.66) on univariable and multivariable analysis after adjusting for age, overall stage, and comorbidities. Patients with >20 pack-year smoking history were also more likely to have recurrence (HR 1.59, 95% CI: 0.95–2.67) after adjusting for overall stage. Conclusion Heavier smoking >20 pack-years was the strongest smoking metric associated with 2-times worse survival and recurrence. Our findings suggest that >20 pack-year smoking history may be a more useful cutoff for risk stratification models but requires further validation.
Hebrew Infusion: Language and Community at American Jewish Summer Camps: Sarah Bunin Benor, Jonathan Krasner, and Sharon Avni, (Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, 2020)

The words and melody of the song still come through strong and clear in the radio of my mind. B’nai Re’im anachnu yadua l’kulam … (“We are B’nai Re’im; everyone knows it …”)1 1 The Kibbutz program ...
Pedagogical Reflection: Demonstrating the Value of Introspection.

Instructors in higher education are often asked to reflect on their pedagogical choices in formulaic, detached, rote ways such as end of the year faculty evaluations or in response to peer review of teaching. Yet, because of the parameters for these reflections, they often lack depth or much consideration. Particularly because higher education institutions, especially in the United States, are focused on assessment, outcomes, student performance, and retention, little time is focused on particular pedagogical choices or interaction with students. Numerous studies demonstrate that faculty-student interaction has a remarkable impact on student success. This paper, a Scholarly Personal Narrative (SPN), explores the value of sustained pedagogical reflection and how such reflection can benefit instructors and their students.
A Longitudinal-Cut Method for Determining Wavemaking Resistance

A longitudinal-cut technique for computing the wave resistance of ship models moving in a towing tank is developed. The method uses finite-limit integrals of the wave profile along a line parallel to the ship motion. Solution of a set of simultaneous equations yields a set of coefficients which are in turn used in a series expression for wave resistance. This technique allows the wave resistance to be calculated from longitudinal-cut records of finite length, including multiple wave reflections from the walls of the channel. The accuracy of the method is verified by applying it to the wave system produced by a moving source distribution. A linear source distribution on the vertical plane of the ship midsection, and extending from the water surface downward, is used in this study. The computed wave resistance is compared with the known exact value for the source distribution. The numerical study indicated that the method predicted the wave resistance to within one percent of the exact value for almost all choices of Froude number, model length, and tank width. The applicability of the method was also verified for a Series 60, 0.60 block-coefficient model, 10 feet long.
The Power of International Theory: Reforging the Link to Foreign Policy-Making through Scientific Enquiry

This new study challenges how we think about international relations, presenting an analysis of current trends and insights into new directions. It shows how the discipline of international relations was created with a purpose of helping policy-makers to build a more peaceful and just world. However, many of the current trends, post-positivism, constructivism, reflectivism, and post-modernism share a conception of international theory that is inherently incapable of offering significant guidance to policy-makers. The Power of International Theory critically examines these approaches and offers a novel conventional-causal alternative that allows the reforging of a link between IR theory and policy-making. While recognizing the criticisms of earlier forms of positivism and behaviouralism, the book defends holistic testing of empirical principles, methodological pluralism, criteria for choosing the best theory, a notion of 'causality,' and a limited form of prediction, all of which are needed to guide policy-makers. This is an essential book for all students and scholars of international relations.
Practical Electrochemical Cells

Publisher Summary The chapter illustrates practical electrochemical cells. There are a variety of materials that can be used to make electrochemical cells. The most common ones include glass, Teflon, Kel-F, and Nylon. A Pyrex glass cell is usually used for most electrochemical reactions because it is easy to make and is generally a very low cost material. When a reaction involves media that are corrosive to glass, Teflon, Kel-F, Nylon, or other plastic material are to be used. The exact design of an electrochemical cell varies with the specific needs of an experiment. Two-electrode cells consist of a working electrode and a reference electrode. The reference electrode behaves as an ideal nonpolarized electrode with current passing between working and reference electrodes. Two-electrode cells can be used in polarographic studies with a dropping mercury electrode (DME) as the working electrode and a large mercury pool as the reference. These two electrodes are aligned concentrically. Three-electrode cells are the most commonly used setup in electrochemical studies, especially when the cell resistance is relatively high.
PENAL INSTITUTIONS Prison Litigation Reform: Provide that a Prisoner Filing a Writ of Habeas Corpus Pay Fees from the Prisoner’s Account; Prohibit In Forma Pauperis Filing by Prisoners Who Have Repeatedly Filed Frivolous or Malicious Claims

The Act requires prisoners to pay costs and fees associated with the filing of a petition for writ of habeas corpus from their inmate accounts. The clerk of the court shall notify the superintendent of the institution in which the prisoner is incarcerated that a petition of habeas corpus has been filed. The inmate's account will then be frozen until all court costs and fees have been satisfied. The Act further prohibits prisoners, who have on three or more occasions filed malicious or frivolous actions, from filing an action in forma pauperis in any court of the state unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury.
Semiregular Large Sets

We develop the notion of t-homogeneous, G-semiregular large sets of t-designs, show that there are infinitely many 3-homogeneous PSL(2, q)-semiregular large sets when q\equiv 3 \mod 4, two sporadic 3-homogeneous A \GammaL(1,32)-semiregular large sets, and no other interesting t-homogeneous G-semiregular large sets for t\ge 3.
Control of genetic regulatory networks with partially unknown transition probabilities

A problem of state feedback stochastic stability and stabilization of a class of genetic regulatory networks (GRNs) with both intrinsic and extrinsic stochastic perturbations (noise) are investigated under Markovian switching. The non-linear regulatory function is assumed to satisfy a sector-like condition and the jump Markovian switching is modeled by a discrete-time Markov chain with partial information on transition probability matrix. We proposed a stability criterion by utilizing Lyapunov second method, an improved-free weighting matrix method and the Lur'e system approach with partially unknown or completely unknown transition probability matrix. Sufficient conditions for stability and state feedback stabilization are obtained and represented by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which can be numerically solved by LMI tool box and CVX package in MATLAB. Two numerical example are given to demonstrate the merits of the obtained results.
On Secure Distributed Implementations of Dynamic Access Control.

Distributed implementations of access control abound in distributed storage protocols. While such implementations are often accompanied by informal justifications of their correctness, our formal analysis reveals that their correctness can be tricky. In particular, we discover several subtleties in a standard protocol based on capabilities, that can break security under a simple specification of access control. At the same time, we show a sensible refinement of the specification for which a secure implementation of access control is possible. Our models and proofs are formalized in the applied pi calculus, following some new techniques that may be of independent interest. Finally, we indicate how our principles can be applied to securely distribute other state machines.
The Nature of the Galactic Center Arc

Ever since the Galactic Center Arc was resolved into its component filaments a decade ago, it has been clear that its linear structure arises from the influence of a strong magnetic field. However, the origin and nature of the contributory phenomena have remained elusive. Since what is seen is synchrotron emission from relativistic particles, of prime interest is a knowledge of the acceleration mechanism involved. Interferometric imaging of the molecular gas in the vicinity of the Arc has now provided a tantalizing clue to the Arc’s origin: molecular clumps coinciding with the endpoints of a number of the Arc’s filaments point to these clumps as the source of the relativistic particles. This suggests that as dense molecular clumps course through the ambient magnetic field at the Galactic Center, magnetic energy is liberated in their leading layers via field reconnection, precipitating rapid acceleration of free charges to high energy.
Generalized Fractal Strings Viewed as Measures

In Section 3.1 of this chapter, we introduce the notion of generalized fractal string, viewed as a measure on the half-line. We will use this notion in Chapter 4 to formulate our explicit formulas which will be applied throughout the remaining chapters. In Section 3.2, we discuss the spectrum of a generalized fractal string, and in Section 3.3, we briefly discuss the notion of generalized fractal spray, which will be used in Chapters 7 and 9.
Informed consent: law, clinical reality, and the role of the family physician.

Informed consent is typically seen as most relevant to surgical and other invasive specialties. Although family physicians perform fewer high-risk procedures, they are nonetheless extensively involved in the informed consent process because of the comprehensive and continuing nature of the family physician-patient relationship. Family physicians have a particularly important role in helping their patients to understand what diagnostic or therapeutic alternatives are available. Family physicians have an independent role in the informed consent process, as well as a collaborative role in the context of consultation and referral. Legal rules that require disclosure of alternatives to the patient by the treating physician are examined in the context of the family physician’s role as a coordinator of patient care. Practical suggestions regarding discussion of alternatives, extent of disclosure, coordination with consulting physicians, and encouragement of patients’ participation in discussions are offered.
Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in youth.

Retinal microvascular abnormalities were evaluated in 74 insulin-dependent diabetic youths by fluorescein angiography on two or more occasions spanning at least 4 years. Half of this group showed progression of the retinal vascular abnormalities from a stage of no significant abnormalities to at least background retinopathy with more than ten microaneurysms. Proliferative retinopathy requiring laser photocoagulation occurred in 14% (10/74). Insulin administration (once or twice a day) and glycemic control as reflected by hemoglobin A1C were identical in those with progression and in those with no progression of retinopathy. More females than males in this age group developed progressive retinopathy (P less than .036). Human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) types DR3 and DR4 in combination occurred more frequently (P less than .001) in those with progression of retinopathy than in those without progression. Teenaged , female, insulin-dependent diabetics with both HLA DR3, and DR4, were at increased risk for developing proliferative retinopathy.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND ENZYMATIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF MICROBODIES IN THE FUNGUS ACHLYA

Ultrastructural evidence for structures resembling microbodies is presented for the fungus A4chlya ambisexualis Raper. These structures are DAB positive and thus presumably contain the enzyme catalase. Activities from mycelial homogenates for the following enzymes are given: catalase, glycolate oxidase, uricase, isocitrate lyase, malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthetase, malate synthetase and glutamate: oxaloacetate transaminase. These results suggest that Achlya contains microbodies and that they may be of the glyoxysome type. The specific activity of catalase increases substantially following initiation of antheridial hyphae by the hormone antheridiol. ACHLYA AMBISEXUALIS Raper is a member of the class Oomycetes and is characterized by having coenocytic hyphae. This species is heterothallic and sexual morphogenesis is initiated and sequentially controlled by a series of diffusible steroid hormones (Raper, 1971). The first morphological phase is initiated by the secretion of the hormone antheridiol by the vegetative female thallus and results in the sexual induction of the male thallus. This induction consists of the production of numerous lateral branches, called antheridial hyphae, on the male hyphae. A prerequisite for this induction is a massive secretion of the enzyme cellulase by the male hyphae (Thomas and Mullins, 1969). This appears to result in localized softening of the hyphal wall, producing weak spots that are blown out into lateral blebs by turgor pressure. Localized aggregations of vesicles have been found in conjunction with areas of wall thinning, suggesting that the process of membrane differentiation and membrane flow provide a mechanism for concentrating cellulase at the site of initiation of antheridial hyphae (Mullins and Ellis, 1974). Current research seeks to identify, both morphologically and biochemically, various classes of cellular membranes observed at the site of formation of antheridial hyphae.
Positive rays produced by ultra-violet light

Experimental test for positive photo-electric emission from Au, Cu and Al. — Following the announcement by Dember in 1909 that positive emission had been observed, an attempt was made to verify its existence under improved conditions. His experiment was repeated using light from a quartz mercury arc and curves similar to his obtained. It was found, however, that when proper precautions against scattered light effects were taken, no true positive current could be detected from Au, Cu, or Al surfaces, and it is shown that the Dember effect may be accounted for on the basis of spurious currents due to scattered light. Outgassing of the surface failed to cause the appearance of any positive current.
A unified theory of thermoviscoplasticity of crystalline solids

Abstract A unified theory of thermoviscoplasticity of crystalline solids is presented. In particular it is shown that a thermodynamics for ‘viscoplastic’ materials can be accommodated within the framework of modern mechanics of materials with memory. The basic physical concepts are derived from the consideration of dislocation behaviour of crystalline solids. Relationships of the present approach to several of the existing theories of plasticity are examined.
Humoral Immune Response to a Therapeutic Polyvalent Cancer Vaccine After Complete Resection of Thick Primary Melanoma and Sentinel Lymphadenectomy

Purpose: A therapeutic polyvalent cancer vaccine (Canvaxin vaccine; CancerVax Corp, Carlsbad, CA) induces antibodies to a glycoprotein tumor-associated antigen (TA90). However, endogenous immune responses to TA90 have also been reported. This study examined anti-TA90 antibody responses with respect to the survival of patients who received adjuvant vaccine immunotherapy after resection of thick (≥ 4 mm) primary cutaneous melanoma. Patients and Methods: Serum specimens were obtained from 54 patients immediately before and then 1, 2, 4, and 6 months after wide local excision of thick primary cutaneous melanoma and sentinel lymphadenectomy. All patients were offered adjuvant therapies with the vaccine, high-dose interferon, or other agents. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine serial serum titers of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies against TA90. These titers were correlated with clinical course. Results: Forty-three patients chose vaccine therapy, and 11 patients chose postopera...
Más que tácticas para sobrevivir

HOP is a company leader in office provisions competing for its profitability. HOP faces the problem of having a great variety of commercial events directed to clients from different channels and retail environments. HOP is constantly implementing new tactics for the client, aiming to be noticed (if such is possible) at the point of purchase. Nevertheless, the diversity of activities designed for the clients are affecting its profitability, but this behavior is supported by the commercial department as the only way to compete. In addition, the various retail activities are not favoring but limiting the achievement of sales objectives. Given this frame, the set of questions that the case offers, takes the student to think beyond the tactics HOP is using, in a long term retail strategy considering a three-year plan and a proposal for measuring and tracking the firm’s performance.
Questions about certainty and uncertainty in clinical practice.

Purpose This article offers a critical response to Kamhi’s (2011) essay regarding the need to balance certainty and uncertainty in evidence-based practice (EBP). Method Points of concordance and di...
The Pressure Dependence of the Absorption by Entire Bands of Water Vapor in the Near Infrared

A study was made of the total absorption of five water vapor bands between 1μ and 7μ, using a multiple-reflection absorption cell in which optical path length, water vapor density, and total pressure could be varied independently. Absorption was determined as a function of these parameters. For the range of concentrations studied it was found that the fractional absorption of an entire band can be represented by an error-function formula A=erf(t)=2/π12∫0t∊-x2dx,where t=12β(πw)12(PT+PP/760)14. Here w is the water vapor concentration, PT the total pressure, and PP the partial pressure of the water vapor. The quantity t in this formula is very nearly proportional to the fourth root of the pressure. Values of the “generalized absorption coefficient” β are determined for the five bands.
Collagen VIII Is Expressed by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Response to Vascular Injury

To identify genes involved in vascular remodeling, we applied differential mRNA display analysis to the rat carotid artery balloon injury model. One polymerase chain reaction product showing increased expression at days 2 to 14 after vascular injury was nearly identical to the mouse alpha 1 chain of type VIII collagen, a heterotrimeric short-chain collagen of uncertain function expressed by a limited number of cell types. By Northern analysis, expression of both chains of the type VIII collagen heterotrimer increased: collagen alpha 1 (VIII) mRNA expression was almost 4-fold higher than control by 7 days after vascular injury, and collagen alpha 2 (VIII) mRNA expression reached a maximum of almost 6-fold above baseline by 3 days after injury. By immunohistochemical analysis, type VIII collagen expression increased in the media and neointima in a localized pattern consistent with the distribution of activated dedifferentiated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Cultured VSMCs expressed higher levels of type VIII collagen in response to serum and growth factors, notably platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB. VSMCs adhered significantly less to type VIII collagen than to type I collagen substrata and showed greater PDGF-BB-stimulated migration (by 2.2-fold) on type VIII collagen than on type I collagen. We hypothesize that increased expression of type VIII collagen by VSMCs after arterial injury may contribute to vascular remodeling through the promotion of VSMC migration.
Elastic and plastic anisotropy during growth from the melt of single semiconductor crystals

The effect on dislocation density of elastic anisotropy (relation of growth direction to elastic stiffness tensor of cubic symmetry) and of plastic anisotropy (relation of growth direction to crystallographic slip systems of {111} ≪110≫ type) is investigated for the growth from the melt of shaped, single-crystal semiconductors of III–V compounds (typically GaAs, InP) by the Czochralski method. The thermal stresses are determined numerically by using three-dimensional finite element techniques for growth along the ≪100≫, ≪111≫ or ≪110≫ directions. The equivalent shear stress is calculated and it is assumed that the dislocation density is proportional to the sum over all slip systems of the excess of the resolved thermal shear stress over the crystal’s yield stress in shear. It is shown that proper account of both elastic and plastic anisotropy is necessary in order to correlate numerical estimates of dislocation density to experimentally determined patterns. In particular, it is shown that the effect of elastic anisotropy is to produce significantly higher dislocation densities, especially for the case of ≪111≫ and ≪110≫ growth. For moderate levels of elastic anisotropy, the dislocation density levels during ≪111≫ and ≪110≫ growth become significantly larger than density, during ≪100≫ growth, at specific locations within the crystal. The correlation between dislocation density and equivalent shear stress is presented, and the effect of plastic anisotropy is thus discussed. It is shown that the assumption of elastic isotropy leads to dislocation density levels that considerably underestimate the levels but, for a given growth direction, are qualitatively similar to the dislocation density patterns corresponding to the three-dimensional numerical solutions in which elastic anisotropy is accounted in full.
Retention sans frontieres: issues for financial service retailers

This paper develops an outline framework which conceptualises customer retention in financial services retailing. Preliminary investigations through interviews with managers responsible for retention were conducted. These supported further investigation of the framework. The organisations surveyed appear not to have embraced the dimensions of retention as identified, although they recognised the issues. Problematic areas involve cultural change and maintaining staff commitment in an uncertain labour market. Reasons for the slow adoption of retention are suggested and some proposals put forward for further consideration.
Studies in helminth enzymology. I. Inorganic pyrophosphatase activity in some helminth parasites of domestic animals.

Abstract Magnesium activated inorganic pyrophosphatase activity has been demonstrated in nine species of helminth parasites. Extracts from Haemonchus contortus have been partially purified and some of the properties of the enzyme were studied. The enzyme was precipitated by ammonium sulfate in the fraction between 0.5 and 0.8 saturation. Maximum activity at pH 7.6 was attained with approximately 0.00143 M sodium pyrophosphate and an equivalent molarity of magnesium salt. The enzyme-substrate behavior was unusual and required a modified kinetic treatment to estimate the Michaelis constant which was found to be 2.0 × 10−7 moles2/liter.
Allogeneic tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

We report the development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for an allogeneic brain tumor in a rat model. DA strain cytotoxic T cell precursors stimulated by an allogeneic tumor (9L gliosarcoma) from the Fischer rat could generate a population of cytotoxic T lymphocytes that lysed the allogeneic 9L tumor but failed to lyse other targets, including Fischer concanavalin-A(ConA)-stimulated lymphoid blast targets. DA T cells depleted of reactivity to the Fischer haplotype (DA-f) retained reactivity to the 9L tumor, demonstrating that T cell precursors with specificity for normal Fischer alloantigens were not required for the generation of a response to the 9L Fischer tumor. The preferential lysis of the tumor target did not simply reflect a higher density of Fischer target antigens on the tumor than that found on normal Fischer ConA blast targets. First, the relative densities of class I antigen on the 9L tumor and normal Fischer ConA blasts were comparable. Second, cytotoxic T cells could not be generated from DA-f precursors when Fischer ConA blasts were used as stimulators. If DA-f T cells were simply responding to the higher density of Fischer antigen found on 9L tumor, it would have been expected that the ConA blasts expressing comparable levels of antigen to that found on the tumor would have generated cytotoxicity for both the 9L and ConA targets. We conclude that the cytotoxic T cells are specific for a determinant expressed only by the tumor. Such tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells could be useful in vivo for adoptive immunotherapy of brain tumors.
Essential Gene Identification for a Microarray Data of Yersinia Pestis

This paper is motivated by a DNA micro array data obtained from a genome-wide mutation library for the bacterium Yersinia Pestis. The purpose of this study is to identify essential genes for the bacterium Yersinia Pestis. The data set contains more than four thousands genes and each gene has different number of observations with unequal number of probe observations. We propose a feature selection method for the representing three probes and a new gene level adjusted multiple statistical test to handle the problem of unequal number of observations. The proposed method is compared with two other methods based on Behrens-Fisher method and Hotelling t-square method. Our results show that our proposed method is more suitable among the three for identifying essential genes using the DNA micro array data.
Genetic control of nucleolar number in mouse.

Abstract The number of nucleoli per cell was studied in embryonic tissues and neonatal livers of the mouse. Different inbred strains showed different mean nucleolar numbers. The f 1 , F 2 , and backcross progeny between two inbred strains, BALB/c and C3H, revealed that the number of nucleoli per cell was genetically determined and probably follows polygenic inheritance. The t 12 mutant of the mouse was also studied and found to have no detectable abnormality in nucleolar number.
Frequency dependence of the electromagnetic generation of transverse microwave phonons in metals

Abstract A measurement of the frequency dependence of the electromagnetic excitation of transverse phonons in In has failed to confirm the theoretical prediction of a rapid oscillatory behavior.
Alternative Early Childhood Education: Reggio Emilia

(2001). Alternative Early Childhood Education: Reggio Emilia. Kappa Delta Pi Record: Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 82-84.