cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weapons Make the Man (Larger): Formidability Is Represented as Size and Strength in Humans

In order to determine how to act in situations of potential agonistic conflict, individuals must assess multiple features of a prospective foe that contribute to the foe's resource-holding potential, or formidability. Across diverse species, physical size and strength are key determinants of formidability, and the same is often true for humans. However, in many species, formidability is also influenced by other factors, such as sex, coalitional size, and, in humans, access to weaponry. Decision-making involving assessments of multiple features is enhanced by the use of a single summary variable that encapsulates the contributions of these features. Given both a) the phylogenetic antiquity of the importance of size and strength as determinants of formidability, and b) redundant experiences during development that underscore the contributions of size and strength to formidability, we hypothesize that size and strength constitute the conceptual dimensions of a representation used to summarize multiple diverse determinants of a prospective foe's formidability. Here, we test this hypothesis in humans by examining the effects of a potential foe's access to weaponry on estimations of that individual's size and strength. We demonstrate that knowing that an individual possesses a gun or a large kitchen knife leads observers to conceptualize him as taller, and generally larger and more muscular, than individuals who possess only tools or similarly mundane objects. We also document that such patterns are not explicable in terms of any actual correlation between gun ownership and physical size, nor can they be explained in terms of cultural schemas or other background knowledge linking particular objects to individuals of particular size and strength. These findings pave the way for a fuller understanding of the evolution of the cognitive systems whereby humans – and likely many other social vertebrates – navigate social hierarchies.
Light scattering from diatomaceous earth aerosol

Abstract The light scattering and extinction properties of mineral aerosol are strongly affected by dust particle shape. In this work, scattering phase function and polarization profiles of diatomaceous earth aerosol are measured at a wavelength of 550 nm, and the results are compared to T -matrix theory based simulations using uniform spheroid models for the particle shape. The particle shape distribution is determined by spectral fitting of the experimental infrared (IR) extinction spectral line profile for diatomaceous earth dust. It is found that a particle shape model that peaks toward both extreme rod-like and disk-like shapes results in the best fits to the IR spectral data. This particle shape model is then used as a basis for modeling the visible light scattering properties. While the visible simulations show only modestly good agreement with the data, the fits are generally better than those obtained using more commonly invoked particle shape distributions.
Voltage-mediated conformational changes of a polyelectrolyte in a linear elastic membrane

Abstract The wall of the cylindrically-shaped outer hair cell is piezoelectric, which allows the cell to function as an electromechanical transducer in the mammalian inner ear. Polyelectrolytes, which are located in the cell wall, may be responsible for the cell's piezoelectric properties. The polyelectrolytes can change conformation in response to a change in the external electric field; this conformational change can cause the cell to change its length. We have developed a model to predict the voltage response of a cylindrical cell whose wall contains conformationally-mobile polyelectrolytes. The cell wall is modeled as a rectangular lattice of polyelectrolytes connected by springs. The springs represent the (non-piezoelectric) elastic portion of the cell wall. The polyelectrolytes can exist in one of two possible conformations. The energy of the polyelectrolyte is a function of both the trans-wall electric potential difference and the forces which are applied by the surrounding elastic material in the ...
Biomimetic, hybrid and in situ composites

Abstract Structural biological materials have mechanical properties that would be attractive if they could be duplicated in manufactured polymers, composites and ceramics. Hard tissues are reviewed here with an emphasis on the process by which they from and the resulting microstructures. In parallel we summarize synthetic efforts to produce similar structures and the properties which have been achieved.
Influence of Cumulation Strategies on the long-Range Prediction of Absenteeism

The ability of three different types of self-report variables—biographical, attitudinal, and stress—to predict 70 months of absenteeism data was evaluated. Absence scores were aggregated in two dif...
TSH stimulation of iodothyronine formation in prelabeled thyroglobulin of hypophysectomized rats.

Rats were hypophysectomized 1 week after starting a low-iodine diet (LID). One week postoperatively, they were injected with 131I-. Beginning 24 hr later, 5 U TSH was given twice daily. Some rats were given 10 mg methimazole (MMI) or 5 mg perchlorate twice daily to inhibit intrathyroid I- recirculation. Intact and non-TSH-treated hypophysectomized (H) rats were similarly treated. Rats were killed at intervals from 4 hr to 2 days after beginning TSH. The percentage of total 131I as T4 was less than 4% in all H rats not treated with TSH. Within 8 hr after beginning TSH plus perchlorate there was a significant increase in the percent of total thyroid radioactivity as iodothyronines. By 24 hr tliis had increased 3-fold and by 2 days approximately 7-fold compared to the non-TSH-treated H rats. This was not seen in rats given TSH plus MML Total thyroid 131I content decreased identically in H rats given TSH plus perchlorate or TSH plus MMI after 4 hr from the initiation of TSH injections and by day 2 had dropped...
Reconstructing a lost Eocene Paradise, Part II: On the utility of dynamic global vegetation models in pre-Quaternary climate studies

Abstract Models that allow vegetation to respond to and interact with climate provide a unique method for addressing questions regarding feedbacks between the ecosystem and climate in pre-Quaternary time periods. In this paper, we consider how Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), which have been developed for simulations with present day climate, can be used for paleoclimate studies. We begin with a series of tests in the NCAR Land Surface Model (LSM)-DGVM with Eocene geography to examine (1) the effect of removing C 4 grasses from the available plant functional types in the model; (2) model sensitivity to a change in soil texture; and (3), model sensitivity to a change in the value of p CO 2 used in the photosynthetic rate equations. The tests were designed to highlight some of the challenges of using these models and prompt discussion of possible improvements. We discuss how lack of detail in model boundary conditions, uncertainties in the application of modern plant functional types to paleo-flora simulations, and inaccuracies in the model climatology used to drive the DGVM can affect interpretation of model results. However, we also review a number of DGVM features that can facilitate understanding of past climates and offer suggestions for improving paleo-DGVM studies.
Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods . By Scott Barrett. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. 280p. $45.00.

Public goods, as economists use the term, are “nonrival” (one person's consumption does not make it unavailable for others) and, typically, “nonexcludable” (if the good is provided to one person, others cannot be prevented from enjoying it as well). The classic example is the lighthouse, whose warning light goes out to and benefits all ships. Economists devote special attention to public goods because markets do not deliver them efficiently. Rational, self-interested actors realize that if anyone else provides this good, they can have it without paying for it. The incentives favor “free riding.” Others, however, see the same opportunity and so public goods go underprovided. There is thus a strong case for collective action to furnish public goods. Where collective benefits outweigh the costs of provision, government action can make society as a whole better-off.
New evidence pertaining to the prediction of operating cash flows

We investigate the ability of past operating cash flows (Model 1) and past earnings (Model 2) to generate predictions of operating cash flows from 1990 to 2004. We employ actual cash flow numbers reported in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 95 in our primary analysis rather than using an algorithm to approximate operating cash flows (i.e., Kim and Kross J Acc Res 43:753–780, 2005; Dechow et al. J Acc Econ 25:133–168, 1998, among others). We derive out of sample predictions of operating cash flows both cross-sectionally similar to the approach of Kim and Kross (2005) and on a firm-specific time-series basis consistent with Dechow et al. (1998). Our predictive findings suggest: (1) cash-flow based models (Model 1) provide significantly more accurate predictions of operating cash flows than earnings-based models (Model 2); (2) time-series models significantly outperform cross-sectional models; (3) larger firms exhibit significantly more accurate cash-flow predictions than smaller firms; (4) firms with relatively shorter operating cycles exhibit significantly more accurate cash-flow predictions that firms with longer operating cycles consistent with Dechow (J Acc Econ 18:3–42, 1994); (5) we find no evidence of increased predictive power for either the cash-based or earnings-based prediction models across 1990–2004; (6) we also provide supplementary analyses to assess the impact on predictive performance when descriptive goodness-of-fit criteria are used instead of out-of-sample forecasts to assess predictive performance, and (7) we re-estimate the CFO prediction models using algorithmic CFO data instead of actual data.
The release of triglycerides and free fatty acids from the fat body of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Abstract Gravimetric, colorimetric, and radioisotope analyses showed that the triglycerides and free fatty acids were the major lipids released from the fat body of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), after incubation with haemolymph. The time-course of triglyercide release was initially rapid; within 30 to 60 min, however, the process slowed to a standstill. The limiting factor in release was not the fat body but the saturation of the medium. The optimum release of triglyceride occurred in medium which exceeded a concentration of 50 per cent haemolymph, and mobilization of the triglycerides was haemolymph specific. The mechanisms of lipid mobilization and their control are discussed.
An examination of the tension reduction hypothesis: the relationship between anxiety and alcohol in college students

The Tension Reduction Theory posits that alcohol is consumed to achieve tension reduction. The drinking patterns of high anxiety college students differed from low anxiety college students. Eighty-one students completed the Trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Khavari Alcohol Test (KAT). Several indices of alcohol use derived from the KAT were used to assess patterns of alcohol use. Five two-way analyses of variance were conducted using gender and anxiety as factors. Hypothesis One predicted that there would be a significant difference in alcohol consumption between high and low anxiety students when a comprehensive measure of alcohol use was used. This hypothesis was supported. Hypothesis Two predicted that frequency alone would not differentiate between anxiety levels; this was also supported. The Third Hypothesis was that volume measures of beer, wine and liquor would differentiate between the high and low anxiety levels; this hypothesis was partially supported--beer volume did differentiate between groups, while wine and liquor volume did not. The final hypothesis was that there would be an interaction between gender and anxiety; this was not supported.
Changes in locomotor activity and naloxone-induced jumping in mice produced by WIN 35, 197-2 (ethylketazocine) and morphine.

Acute i.p. administration of morphine or cocaine produced increase in locomotor activity in Swiss-Webster female mice that were maximal at 32–100 mg/kg for morphine and at 32 mg/kg for cocaine. WIN 35,197-2 produced dose-dependent decreases in locomotor activity from 3.2–32 mg/kg. Chronic administration of WIN 35,197-2 led to a 6–10 fold shift to the right in the locomotor activity decreasing effect of the drug, but WIN 35,197-2-tolerant mice retained their sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of morphine and cocaine. Acute administration of WIN 35,197-2 failed to sensitize mice to naloxone-induced jumping, although morphine did so. Chronic administration of WIN 35,197-2 did lead to sensitization to naloxone, but WIN 35,197-2 was much less efficacious in this regard than morphine. These behavioral effects of WIN 35,197-2 may be helpful in the classification of modes of action of different narcotic agonists.
Sulfite-induced lipid peroxidation

Sulfite initiated the peroxidation of linoleic acid and linolenic acid emulsions via a free radical mechanism. Peroxidation of these fatty acids required oxygen and sulfite and occurred with concomitant oxidation of sulfite to sulfate. In reaction mixtures containing linoleic acid, the formation of conjugated diene equaled the formation of hydroperoxide. In reaction mixtures containing linolenic acid emulsions, thiobarbituric acid reactive materials were also formed. Peroxidation was pH-dependent; peroxidation of linoleic acid proceeded between pH 4 and 7, but linolenic acid peroxidation was significant only if pH was below pH 6. The linoleic acid hydroperoxides thus formed were reduced and methylated to methyl hydroxystearate. Analysis of methyl hydroxystearate by gas chromatographymass spectrometry indicated that sulfite-induced peroxidation gave rise to the 9- and 13-hydroperoxy isomers. In addition to the hydroperoxides, sulfite adducts were detected. Hydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene and α-tocopherol effectively inhibited both sulfite oxidation and hydroperoxide formation. Conjugated diene formation also was inhibited by 4-thiouridine, suggesting that the reaction is mediated by the sulfite radical. No significant inhibition was observed with the addition of superoxide dismutase, catalase, or the hydroxyl radical scavengers, mannitol ort-butanol. A possible mechanism is presented to account for sulfite-induced peroxidation of linoleic acid.
Asbestos exposure and laryngeal cancer.

Abstract Objective: To carry out a systematic review of the evidence relating asbestos exposure to the risk of laryngeal cancer. Method: All identified studies of asbestos workers providing data on laryngeal disease were reviewed, together with studies of laryngeal cancers giving epidemiological or experimental evidence of associated exposures. Results: Confounding due to smoking and alcohol intake, and to a lesser extent diet and socio-economic factors, creates a major difficulty over the identification of any asbestos or other occupational effect. Not only are smoking and alcohol independently associated with large increases in relative risk (RR) of laryngeal cancer, but also have a synergistic effect with each other. Few of the studies provide details of either habit. Among 24 prospective studies for which a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was available, nine had an SMR at or below unity, and among a further 11 without an SMR for comparison, in only one was there a clear excess risk. In 17 retrospective studies, only two showed a significantly increased RR. Evidence from animal experiments, studies of associations with pleural plaques, and autopsy findings also appear negative or inconclusive. Conclusion: The evidence does not indicate that asbestos exposure increases the RR of laryngeal cancer.
Development of an innovative neutron flux mapping system

An innovative in-core flux mapping system has been developed and applied successfully for service in commercial pressurized water reactors. With the benefit of double indexing path selector mechanism, the reliability of the detector drive system has been improved five times higher than that of a conventional system. The problems caused by strong friction generated between the detector cable and guide tubes have been resolved by the double indexing path selector architecture enabling the detector guide tubes to have smaller curvature and shorter length in nature. The system normally exerts two-thirds of force to make the detector reach the top of the fuel position, compared with conventional ones. In addition, simple and fast maintenance is realized by optimizing the number of components in the detector drive system and providing easy access to the components, thereby guaranteeing minimum radiation exposure to maintenance personnel. The programmable logic controller-based digital controller with Windows®-based operator console provides fully automated and user-friendly operation and maintenance support means. The developed in-core flux mapping systems have been deployed at the Kori nuclear units 1–4.
Treatment considerations for psychiatric syndromes associated with HIV infection

Psychiatric syndromes associated with HIV disease were recognized early in the AIDS epidemic. Public education, new technologies and antiretroviral therapies have resulted in earlier recognition and therapautic interventions of HIV infection, improving the physical health for individuals living with HIV. While HIV-associated psychiatric symptoms have been recognized for more than 20 years, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying psychiatric symptoms among HIV-infected individuals and treatments for these symptoms have not kept pace with advances in HIV therapies. In this article, we discuss current knowledge of the psychiatric symptoms occurring with HIV disease, specifically mood, anxiety and psychotic disorders, evidence-based treatments and treatment considerations, new strategies for the treatments of psychiatric symptoms in HIV disease are also discussed.
Collaboration of Technical Editing Students With Mechanical Engineering Seniors in a Capstone Design Course

An innovative capstone design course titled “Design of Fluid Thermal Systems,” involves groups of seniors working on various semester-long design projects. Groups are composed of 3 or 4 members that bid competitively on various projects. Once projects are awarded, freshmen enrolled in the “Introduction to Mechanical Engineering” course are assigned to work with the senior design teams. The senior teams (Engineering Consulting Companies) function like small consulting companies that employ co-operative education students; e.g., the freshmen. In Fall 2006, the Engineering Consulting Companies also worked with students enrolled in a Technical Editing (TE) course—“Writing and Editing in the Professions”—within the English Department. The TE students would be given reports or instructional manuals that the Mechanical Engineering (ME) students had to write as part of their capstone project, and the resulting editing of their documents would be done by these TE students. Subsequently, the ME students were given a survey and asked to comment on this experience. In addition, the TE students were also surveyed and asked to comment as well. It was concluded that the collaboration should continue for at least one more cycle, and that the TE students were more favorably inclined toward this collaboration than were the engineering students.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Open-Circuit Voltage Deficit, Radiative Sub-Bandgap States, and Prospects in Quantum Dot Solar Cells

Quantum dot photovoltaics (QDPV) offer the potential for low-cost solar cells. To develop strategies for continued improvement in QDPVs, a better understanding of the factors that limit their performance is essential. Here, we study carrier recombination processes that limit the power conversion efficiency of PbS QDPVs. We demonstrate the presence of radiative sub-bandgap states and sub-bandgap state filling in operating devices by using photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) spectroscopy. These sub-bandgap states are most likely the origin of the high open-circuit-voltage (VOC) deficit and relatively limited carrier collection that have thus far been observed in QDPVs. Combining these results with our perspectives on recent progress in QDPV, we conclude that eliminating sub-bandgap states in PbS QD films has the potential to show a greater gain than may be attainable by optimization of interfaces between QDs and other materials. We suggest possible future directions that could guide the design of high-performance QDPVs.
Advanced Locomotive Propulsion System (ALPS) Project Status 2003

The University of Texas at Austin Center for Electromechanics (UT-CEM) is currently engaged in the development of an Advanced Locomotive Propulsion System (ALPS) for high speed passenger rail locomotives. The project is sponsored by the Federal Railroad Administration as part of the Next Generation High Speed Rail program. The goal of the ALPS project is to demonstrate the feasibility of an advanced locomotive propulsion system with the following features: • Operation up to 150 mph on existing infrastructure • Acceleration comparable to electric locomotives • Elimination of $3-5M per mile electrification costs • Fuel efficient operation with low noise and exhaust emissions The propulsion system consists of two major elements: a gas turbine prime mover driving a high speed generator and an energy storage flywheel with its associated motor/generator and power conversion equipment. The 2.5 MW high speed generator is a three phase, eight pole synchronous machine designed to directly couple to a 15,000 rpm gas turbine. Power from the turbine/alternator system feeds the locomotive dc bus through a conventional full bridge rectifier. The energy storage flywheel features a graphite/epoxy composite rotor operating on active magnetic bearings and is designed to store 480 MJ at 15,000 rpm. An induction motor/generator and variable frequency motor drive provide the link to the dc bus and are used to control power flow into and out of the flywheel. In addition to design and fabrication of the propulsion system components, the project is also developing a distributed control system with power management algorithms to optimize the hybrid propulsion system. Fabrication of the major components of the propulsion system is nearing completion and some preliminary testing of the flywheel and high speed generator has been completed. After completion of the laboratory testing, the propulsion system will be integrated onto a locomotive platform for rolling demonstrations at the Transportation Technology Center test track in Pueblo, Colorado. The paper presents an overview of the propulsion system operation and control strategies, gives detailed descriptions of the major components, and presents component test results.
Dimerization of tetracationic porphyrins: ionic strength dependence

Abstract Cationic porphyrins are under study in a number of contexts including their interaction with biological targets, as possible therapeutic agents and as building blocks for molecular devices such as molecular photodiodes and solar cells. Many cationic porphyrins dimerize readily in aqueous solution. Dimerization in turn can control the properties of the porphyrin as well as its binding to its target. The propensity of a porphyrin to dimerize in aqueous solution can be estimated by recording the optical spectrum of the solution as a function of the concentration of added salt. Analysis of the data in terms of the Debye–Huckel formalism gives an estimate of the extent of dimerization as a function of ionic strength. Data for TMPyP4 [ meso -tetrakis(4- N -methylpyridinium)porphyrin] and its butyl and octyl homologs; TMAP [ meso -tetrakis(4- N , N , N -trimethylanilinium)porphyrin]; T Θ OPP [ meso -tetrakis[4- N -[(3-(trimethyl-ammonio)propyl)oxy]phenyl]porphyrin] and the ferrocenyl porphyrin P3Fc are discussed. Dimerization may affect binding of the cationic porphyrins to their targets, e.g., DNA.
Revised Incremental J -Integral Equations for ASTM E1820 Using the Crack Mouth Opening Displacement

The incremental J-integral equations used in ASTM E1820 were developed utilizing the work input to the test specimen, and utilize the load versus load-point/line displacement (LLD) data obtained from the fracture test. The analysis of Ernst [Fracture Machanics: Thirteenth Conference, ASTM STP 743] was then used to obtain crack growth corrected estimates of the J-integral as needed for an accurate J-R curve evaluation. For the compact type specimens, the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) gage was moved to the load line so that an adequate estimate of LLD could be obtained from the clip gage and utilized for compliance-based crack extension and incremental J-integral estimates. For the single edge-notched bend [SE(B)] specimens, however, it has been necessary to measure both CMOD for compliance-based crack length estimates and LLD for the crack growth corrected J-integral calculations. Additional experimental complexity and expense are thus added. ASTM E1820 includes a “basic” procedure which allows evaluating the J-integral using CMOD without crack growth corrections if the result is used only for evaluation of initiation toughness. Recently, Annex A16 based on work of Wallin and Laukkanen [Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 71, 2004, pp. 1601–1614] has been added to ASTM E1820 that presents a multiple-step procedure to obtain a crack growth corrected J-R curve from the basic method data. A more direct approach was proposed recently by Zhu [Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 5, No. 5, 2008, paper ID: JAI 101532] using an incremental procedure to obtain the desired, crack growth corrected J-R curve from the CMOD data of SE(B) specimens with two geometry factors ηCMOD and γCMOD similar to the parameters presently used in the existing LLD-based J-integral analysis. Using fracture toughness test data for SE(B) specimens, detailed comparisons and discussions are made between the proposed method and the ASTM E1820 CMOD methods in determination of J-R curves for HY80 steels. As the basis of comparison, the “accurate” solutions obtained from the standard LLD-based incremental J-integral method are provided for all specimens considered. The difference between the CMOD and LLD methods are then quantified. The results show that the proposed CMOD incremental J-integral equations are simple and effective, and thus are recommended here for use in ASTM E1820 for testing J-R curves and for reducing test costs and complexity.
The war propensity of international systems

The conjecture that international system structure determines war propensity has met with mixed results in past theory in political science. This question is reexamined within the context of a dynamic model of inter-nation hostile behavior. System structure is defined in terms of the degrees of grievance, fear, etc., among nations and also in terms of the qualitative patterns of hostile behavior that are possible. Propensity for war is measured in terms of the likelihood of progress to war within a given class of hostile behaviors. Then the dynamic model is used to analyze in detail and interpret the relationship between system structure and war propensity.
Identification of Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode [SCN]) cDNA sequences with high identity to those of Caenorhabditis elegans having lethal mutant or RNAi phenotypes

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) is a devastating obligate parasite of Glycine max (soybean) causing one billion dollars in losses to the US economy per year and over ten billion dollars in losses worldwide. While much is understood about the pathology of H. glycines, its genome sequence is not well characterized or fully sequenced. We sought to create bioinformatic tools to mine the H. glycines nucleotide database. One way is to use a comparative genomics approach by anchoring our analysis with an organism, like the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Unlike H. glycines, the C. elegans genome is fully sequenced and is well characterized with a number of lethal genes identified through experimental methods. We compared an EST database of H. glycines with the C. elegans genome. Our goal was identifying genes that may be essential for H. glycines survival and would serve as an automated pipeline for RNAi studies to both study and control H. glycines. Our analysis yielded a total of nearly 8334 conserved genes between H. glycines and C. elegans. Of these, 1508 have lethal phenotypes/phenocopies in C. elegans. RNAi of a conserved ribosomal gene from H. glycines (Hg-rps-23) yielded dead and dying worms as shown by positive Sytox fluorescence. Endogenous Hg-rps-23 exhibited typical RNA silencing as shown by RT-PCR. However, an unrelated gene Hg-unc-87 did not exhibit RNA silencing in the Hg-rps-23 dsRNA-treated worms, demonstrating the specificity of the silencing.
Specifying Critical Inputs in a Genetic Algorithm‐driven Decision Support System: An Automated Facility*

We present a simple scheme for the automated, iterative specification of the genetic mutation, crossover, and reproduction (usage) probabilities during run time for a specific genetic algorithm-driven tool. The tool is intended for supporting static scheduling decisions in flexible manufacturing systems. Using a randomly generated (base) test problem instance, we first assess the method by using it to determine the appropriate levels for specific types of mutation and crossover operators. The level for the third operator, reproduction, may then be inferred. We next report on its ability to choose one or more appropriate crossovers from a set of many such operators. Finally, we compare the method's performance with that of approaches suggested in prior research for the base problem and a number of other test problems. Our experimental findings within the specific scheduling domain studied suggest that the simple method could potentially be a valuable addition to any genetic algorithmbased decision support tool. It is, therefore, worthy of additional investigations.
Delinquency Potential and Attitudes Toward the Criminal Justice System

A questionnaire dealing with attitudes toward the criminal justice system was administered to 626 seventh-grade boys. Guttman scales were developed for 9 attitude dimensions associated with the criminal justice system and the relationship of these attitudes to measures of delinquency potential was examined. All of the associations were negative as hypothesized, but of low magnitude. The relationship with delinquency potential was much stronger for some attitudes toward the criminal justice system than others. When race was controlled the relationships varied. The relationship between delinquency potential and attitudes toward the criminal justice system is very complex and many issues must be resolved before a complete acceptance can be made of the generalization that potential delinquents hold more unfavorable attitudes toward the criminal justice system than potential non-delinquents. KEYWORDS: Juvenile justice; juvenile delinquency
Kinetics of Absorption of Ultra-sonic Waves

RECENT work by Pierce (Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 60, No. 5; 1925, and Abello, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 13, p. 699; 1927) has directed attention to the high attenuation experienced by ultra-sonic waves in passing through carbon dioxide and, to a lesser extent, hydrogen or helium. It is possible to correlate this absorption and the attendant frequency variation of velocity with the mechanisms of collisions of the first and second kinds.
Working-Class Job Loss, Gender, and the Negotiation of Household Labor

Scholars see the gendered division of household labor as a stronghold of gender inequality. We explore changes in household labor and gender relations when conservative, working-class families experience employment disruptions. Using data from 49 qualitative interviews conducted with men and women following the forced unemployment of breadwinning husbands, we observe some change in gendered household labor but conclude that a significant degendering of housework is thwarted by institutional-, interactive-, and individual-level processes. At the institutional level, the lack of well-paying jobs and the persistent gendering of household tasks discourage change. At the individual level, challenges to gendered identities encourage a reinforcement of traditional gender ideologies. At the interactional level, women’s responsibility for care work and the meaning of paid work for unemployed husbands forestall the adjustment of tasks.
Flow-induced conformational changes in gelatin structure and colloidal stabilization.

Flow can change the rate at which solutes adsorb on surfaces by changing mass transfer to the surface, but moreover, flow can induce changes in the conformation of macromolecules in solution by providing sufficient stresses to perturb the segmental distribution function. However, there are few studies where the effect of flow on macromolecules has been shown to alter the structure of macromolecules adsorbed on surfaces. We have studied how the local energy dissipation alters the adsorption of gelatin onto polystyrene nanoparticles (r = 85 nm). The change in the nature of the adsorbed layer is manifest in the change in the ability of the nanoparticles to resist aggregation. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to assess conformational changes in gelatin, and dynamic light scattering was used to assess the colloid stability. Experiments were conducted in a vortex jet mixer where energy density and mixing times have been quantified; mixing of the gelatin and unstable nanoparticles occurs on the order of ...
Modeling reactive metal oxides. Kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanism of M(3) cap isomerization in polyoxometalates.

An investigation of M(3)O(13) unit ("M(3) cap") isomerization in the classical polytungstodiphosphates alpha- and beta-P(2)W(18)O(62)(6)(-) has been undertaken because cap isomerism is an important and structurally well-studied phenomenon in many polyoxometalate families. The relative thermodynamic stabilities of the alpha (more stable) versus beta isomers were established both in the solid state by differential scanning calorimetry (4.36 +/- 0.64 kcal/mol) and in solution by (31)P NMR (3.80 +/- 0.57 kcal/mol). The isomerization of beta-P(2)W(18)O(62)(6)(-) to alpha-P(2)W(18)O(62)(6)(-), followed by (31)P NMR, has a bimolecular rate constant k(2) of 9.3 x 10(-)(1) M(-)(1) s(-)(1) at 343 K in pH 4.24 acetate buffer. Several lines of evidence establish the validity of suggestions in the literature that isomerization goes through a lacunary (defect) intermediate. First, the rate is proportional to [OH(-)]. Second, isomerization increases at higher ionic strengths, and a Debye-Huckel plot is consistent with a rate-limiting reaction between beta-P(2)W(18)O(62)(6)(-) and OH(-) (two species with a charge product of 6). Third, alkali-metal cations stabilize the bimolecular transition state (K(+) > Na(+) > Li(+)), consistent with recent ion-pairing studies in polyoxometalate systems. Fourth, the monovanadium-substituted products alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-P(2)VW(17)O(62)(7)(-) ((51)V NMR delta -554 ppm) form during isomerization in the presence of VO(2+). The known lacunary compounds (alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-P(2)W(17)O(61)(10)(-)) also react rapidly with the same vanadium precursor. Fifth, solvent studies establish that isomerization does not occur when OH(-) is absent. A mechanism is proposed involving attack of OH(-) on beta-P(2)W(18)O(62)(6)(-), loss of monomeric W(VI) from the M(3) (M(3)O(13)) terminal cap, isomerization of the resulting lacunary compound to alpha-P(2)W(17)O(61)(10)(-), and finally reaction of this species with monomeric W(VI) to form the thermodynamic and observed product, alpha-P(2)W(18)O(62)(6)(-).
Differential effects of diethylstilbestrol and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on thymocyte differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis in bcl-2 transgenic mouse fetal thymus organ culture.

Abstract Both the estrogenic drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) and the pervasive environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) inhibit thymocyte development. The mechanisms by which either agent induces thymic atrophy are still undetermined. We previously found that TCDD and DES inhibited C57BL/6 murine fetal thymocyte organ cultures (FTOC) at different stages of development. Now, using bcl-2 transgenic (TG) mice, we have further investigated their effects on FTOC proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and apoptosis. As with C57BL/6 mice, thymocyte development in C3H/ bcl-2 FTOCs was inhibited by either TCDD (10 nM) or DES (20 μM) in both bcl-2 TG− and TG+ littermates. However, the percentage reduction of cell number induced by DES in bcl-2 TG+ FTOCs was significantly less than the level of inhibition in TG− FTOCs. There was no difference in the level of reduction from TCDD-exposed TG+ or TG− FTOC. Whereas TCDD increased production of mature CD8 cells in either strain, DES mainly yielded cells in the CD4 − CD8 − (DN) stage in TG− mice. The anti-apoptotic bcl-2 transgene overcame some DES blocking of DN thymocyte development, allowing more cells to differentiate into CD4 single-positive cells. Analysis of cell cycle showed that TCDD inhibited entry into S phase, whereas DES blocked cell cycling in the G2/M phase. TCDD did not induce detectable apoptosis in FTOC. However, unlike the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) in vivo, DES induced apoptosis in the TG− FTOC, and these apoptotic cells were mainly in the DN subpopulation. This apoptosis could be prevented by the overexpression of bcl-2 in the TG+ mice. Our results demonstrate that, in addition to inhibition of fetal thymocytes at different stages of development by TCDD and DES, DES also induces thymic atrophy by both bcl-2 -inhibitable apoptosis and by inducing cell cycle arrest in G2/M in the latest stage in the stem cell compartment. TCDD, on the other hand, does not induce apoptosis, but inhibits entry into cell cycle in the earliest stage in the stem cell compartment.
Elder abuse: definitions and implications for medical education

Elder abuse is a growing problem as the number of dependent older persons increases and the proportions of middle-aged and younger children--who themselves are struggling with problems of their own families and finances--decline. As this occurs, older women increasingly will dominate the ranks of the elderly. These realities make it imperative for medical students to become familiar with the care of older persons, including abused older persons, who, at present, constitute at least 2% of the population over 65. The author outlines the causes of elder abuse (e.g., previous abusive relationships in a family increase the likelihood of elder abuse); lists important barriers to diagnosis and management of the abused (e.g., the physician's uncomfortable position between protecting confidentiality, serving as an advocate for the patient, and needing to collaborate with the family--and often the abuser); and outlines the various forms of intervention that are available (e.g., assistance of adult protection services). Education in elder abuse should be distributed across the entire medical student curriculum (many examples are given) and should be dominated by case-based learning at a variety of sites, such as hospitals, clinics, and subacute care units. The author closes by reiterating the urgent need to prepare physicians now to deal with a problem of increasing magnitude, severity, and ugliness.
Induction, characterization, and cell transfer of autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis.

Induction, characterization, and cell transfer of autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis. Autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) was induced in Lewis (LEW) rats by immunization with homologous Brown–Norway (BN) rat renal basement membrane (RBM), complete Freund's adjuvant and Bordetella pertussis vaccine. The BN strain has a tubular basement membrane (TBM) antigen (Ag + ) detectable by immunofluorescence which is lacking in unmodified LEW rat TBM. Development of TIN in LEW rats correlated with TBM Ag + immunogens from homologous and heterologous RBM preparations. By day 14 after immunization TIN developed characterized by elevated serum creatinine levels and by tubular destruction with focal, circumscribed lesions containing epithelioid cells, giant cells and mononuclear cell infiltrates. Approximately 60% of the mononuclear cells bore T cell antigens with most cells expressing la markers. Immunofluorescence and elution studies revealed no selective IgG fixation to TBM at day 14 despite high titers of circulating alloantibody reactive with the immunizing TBM. Intravenous transfer of LNC and/or splenic cells (3.5 to 7 × 10 8 ) to naive LEW rats resulted in less severe but histologically identical TIN in seven days with T cell subpopulations similar to those seen in the active model. This model strongly suggests an initiating role for cell–mediated immunity in TIN in the rat and may provide a parallel to human TIN.
The Global Context of Gendered Labor Migration From the Philippines to the United States

Throughout the 20th century, international labor migration from the Philippines has exhibited a shift both in global points of destination and in gender composition. Whereas early Philippine immigration consisted predominantly of male laborers to the United States, current flows are directed to more than 130 countries, each revealing distinctive sex differences in composition. To understand fully the gendered dimensions of this global shift, it is necessary to situate current patterns within a global context. The migration of Filipinos to the United States and the rest of the world must be seen as part of an institutional response to a changing world economy. Findings suggest that the role of government and private institutions is deeply implicated in the gendering of international labor migration. Moreover, a state's position in the global economy translates into different institutional pursuits and, hence, different processes and patterns of international labor migration.
Self-Determination Theory and Exercise Behavior: An Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Exercise Motivation Scale

The purpose of these studies was to examine the psychometric properties of the Exercise Motivation Scale (EMS). One hundred forty-three undergraduates were surveyed in Study 1. Internal consistency reliability estimates ranged from .75 to .90 for the eight subscales. Discriminant validity was established via non-significant correlations with social desirability bias. The factor structure was confirmed by examining the intercorrelations of the EMS subscales which revealed a tenable simplex pattern. Differences on EMS subscales for participants at different Stages of Change supported group differentiation validity. Study 2 employed 58 undergraduates. Criterion validity was established by relationships between EMS subscales and distance walked during a self-selected intensity bout of exercise. A strong correlation between Exercise Identity Scale scores and integrated subscale scores supported the convergent validity of the integrated subscale. Overall the EMS yielded reliable scores and provided a valid mean...
Observations on in vitro behavior of altered mononuclear phagocytes following exposure to tubercle bacilli.

SummaryMononuclear phagocytes which have been altered by ingestion of various particles, take up tubercle bacilli less readily than the same type cell in an unaltered state. This decreased phagocytic activity is observed with both attenuated and virulent tubercle bacilli.
Identification of an exonic splicing silencer in exon 6A of the human VEGF gene

The different isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) play diverse roles in vascular growth, structure and function. Alternative splicing of the VEGF gene results in the expression of three abundant isoforms: VEGF121, VEGF165 and VEGF189. The mRNA for VEGF189 contains the alternatively spliced exon 6A whereas the mRNA for VEGF165 lacks this exon. The objective of this study was to identify the cis elements that control utilization of exon 6A. A reporter minigene was constructed (pGFP-E6A) containing the coding sequence for GFP whose translation was dependent on faithful splicing for removal of the VEGF exon 6A. To identify cis-acting splicing elements, sequential deletions were made across exon 6A in the pGFP-E6A plasmid. A candidate cis-acting exonic splicing silencer (ESS) comprising nucleotides 22-30 of exon 6A sequence was identified corresponding to the a silencer consensus sequence of AAGGGG. The function of this sequence as an ESS was confirmed in vivo both in the context of the reporter minigene as a plasmid and in the context of a longer minigene with VEGF exon 6A in its native context in an adenoviral gene transfer vector. Further mutagenesis studies resulted in the identification of the second G residue of the putative ESS as the most critical for function. This work establishes the identity of cis sequences that regulate alternative VEGF splicing and dictate the relative expression levels of VEGF isoforms.
Hyperfiltration-induced fractionation of carbon isotopes

Hyperfiltration of CaCO3 and NaHCO3 solutions through smectites induces chemical and isotopic fractionation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Early effluent solutions are enriched in carbonic acid and have DIC concentrations higher than the stock solutions from which they were derived. These H2CO3-laden throughput solutions are enriched in 13C by 1.5%. relative to the δ13C of the influent DIC. Dynamic diffusion within the concentration polarization layer results in geometrically incongruent concentration profiles of a solute's light and heavy isotope-bearing species due to different diffusion coefficients of these species. The result is that the heavylight ratio of a solute species is greater at the membrane's high-pressure interface than in the stock solution being hyperfiltrated. Thus, early effluent solutions are enriched in heavy species relative to the stock solution.
Texts, images and display conventions in sociology

This essay examines the problem of presentation of the photographic project in visual sociology. The discussion begins with Barthes' analysis of the relationship between text and image. It then addresses conventions of sociology and art, showing how these disciplines offer alternative solutions to the problem of display. Finally, a review of an exhibit of the work of visual sociologists illustrates the operation of conventions, which, seen from Barthes' perspective, appear problematic.
Urinary dopamine and sodium excretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

We measured urinary dopamine in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) before (days 0–6) and during high-salt diet, in the absence (days 6–10) and presence (days 10–14) of added L-dopa (2 mg/kg/day by gavage). Urinary excretion of sodium (UNaV) increased 20-fold during intake of chow containing 8% NaCl in both strains. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) of SHR increased slightly (9.4 mmHg; p<0.05) on the high-salt diet, whereas SBP did not change in WKY. Urinary dopamine excretion was not different between strains in the basal state, and was as great or greater in SHR than WKY during high-salt intake with and without added L-dopa. SBP was unaffected by L-dopa administration and UNaV did not increase or differ between strains despite higher urinary.