cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A few meta-theorems in network information theory

This paper reviews the relationship among several notions of capacity regions of a general discrete memoryless network under different code classes and performance criteria, such as average vs. maximal or block vs. bit error probabilities and deterministic vs. randomized codes. Applications of these meta-theorems include several structural results on capacity regions and a simple proof of the network equivalence theorem.
Effects of CO2 exposure on distribution of various forms of iron and copper in guinea-pig tissues

The effects on iron and copper distribution and metabolism of exposure to high levels of CO2 were studied in the guinea-pig. Mature, male animals were placed in an atmosphere of 15% CO2, 21% O2 (balance N2), and sacrificed from 1 h to 1 week thereafter. Total iron and copper concentrations of blood, liver, spleen and bone, as well as concentrations of heme and ferritin iron, were measured together with blood hematocrit, reticulocytes, plasma hemoglobin, plasma ceruloplasmin and copper concentrations. The results show clearly that rapid and sustained red cell damage or hemolysis ensued several h from the start of CO2 treatment. This resulted in loss of iron and copper from the blood, an influx of both elements into liver, spleen and bone, and a rise in plasma ceruloplasmin. Influx of iron into liver and spleen caused an accumulation of ferritin, the main site for iron storage in cells. Following the effect on red cells, there was an accumulation of heme iron, and a decreased hematocrit, best explained by a depressed activity of the reticuloendothelial and erythropoietic systems. A period of adaptation succeeded these events, in which all blood parameters and most tissue values returned to normal, despite the continuing presence of high CO2. The only changes not reversed were the elevations in liver, spleen and bone iron stores. These remained high, with a net accumulation of >2 mg iron, or 3–4 times more than originally present. The results indicate that at least in the guinea-pig, high CO2 exposure results in red cell damage and other events leading to an accumulation of additional iron in the body; also, that iron accumulated as ferritin and hemosiderin in liver and spleen may not be readily available to restore blood hemoglobin concentrations on an acute basis.
Chaos Theory and recessional business environments: case studies of operational health of service and manufacturing organisations

Chaos Theory is a useful metaphor for understanding the complexity associated with both service and manufacturing businesses in the current economic recession. The study of recursive patterns that exist in chaotic business systems may yield important insights into ways that managers interact with significant stakeholders in an iterative fashion to produce profitable results from chaos. An examination of chaos through case studies of large firms headquartered in the Pittsburgh, PA metropolitan area has suggested the first step is to understand and accept chaos as a normal business operational factor. The key steps to integrating complexity into operational health, such as quality assurance, are communication and statistical thinking. Poor quality was usually the result of an unwillingness or inability of everyone on a business team to communicate changes, which is difficult to master, especially in an environment that experiences constant change. It was found that management typically becomes so involved in internal events and processes, frequently important external factors and people issues become neglected.
Large pKa Shifts of α‐Carbon Acids Induced by Copper(II) Complexes

A series of synthetic recep- duction achieved by the complex is at- cage structure and hydrogen bonding tors (4-6) incorporating metal ions, tributed to the electrostatic interaction sites in receptors 4 and 5 lead to a very specifically copper(II), were examined between the anionic π system of the modest further enhancement of the for their ability to enhance the acidity enolate and the copper(II) ions. The acidity relative to that with 6. This of active methylene compounds. The study provides insight into the way in copper(II) complexes were observed to which metalloenzymes stabilize an eno-reduce the pK a of 1,3-diketone carbon late intermediate. acids in acetonitrile by as much as 12 pK a units. The relatively large pK a re.
Teaching public policy in a public administration program

An overlooked aspect of academic concern in public administration is the realm of public policy. Policy intrudes into administration at a number of crucial points; administration influences the direction and emphasis of policy in various ways. These interrelationships warrant more attention in the training of public administrators. Regrettably, they have remained largely off-limits in the training of public administrators. Why and how we should proceed to alter this state of affairs is the essence of the symposium that follows.
The electronic computer as an astronomical instrument

Abstract The enormous potential of the electronic computer as an instrument of observational and theoretical research is emphasized. Astronomical examples are used to illustrate the concept of programming and the flexibility of electronic computers. Specific recommendations are made for the effective use of these devices in astronomy.
Decomposition kinetics of a phenolic–carbon composite. II. Rate relationships

The isothermal decomposition of a phenolic resin in a phenolic–carbon cloth composite was measured in air at 0.1 to 0.2 torr over the temperature range 104–718°C. Two decomposition rate relationships are presented that can be used to predict decomposition. One assumes two second-order consecutive rate-controlling reactions, and the other assumes a diffusion-limited second-order reaction. Two rate constants govern each relationship, one being operative during the initial decomposition stages, and the other during the final stages. Evidence is presented to support the applicability of both relationships to predict decomposition over the entire temperature range studied. Arrhenius plots of the rate constants consist of several segments linearly connected. Activation energies and frequency factors computed from these segments cover a broad range of values. The activation energies are used to correlate the temperature ranges with the predominant products formed in these ranges.
International Trade in Intermediate and Final Goods: Some Welfare Implications of Destabilized Prices

I. Introduction, 351. — II. The Massell results, 352.— III. Final product spatial price models, 354. — IV. International welfare, 358. — V. The generalized model, 359. — VI. Price instability in both intermediate and final goods trade, 362. — VII. Summary and conclusions, 364.
Hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis associated with fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency

HEREDITARY FRUCTOSE1 ,6-DIPHOSPHATASE deficiency is an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by metabolic acidosis, hyperventilation, fasting hypoglycemia, and hepatomegaly. Acidosis is associated with elevated lactic, pyruvic, betahydroxybutyric, and acetoacetic acids. Hypoglycemia and acidosis may be induced in affected children by prolonged fasting or by infections, and by administration of fructose, glycerol, or alanine. 14. ~ Prevention of hypoglycemia and acidosis has been reported with a fructose-free diet ~ and with folic acid therapy. 7 We report a child who presented with recurrent lactic acidosis and hypoglycemia associated with fructoseol,6-diphosphatase deficiency in whom we have tried both diet and folate therapy.
Interval distribution function of a bounded chaotic sequence as a basis of nonaxiomatic probability theory

We introduce the notion of interval distribution function of random events on the set of elementary events and the notion of interval function of the frequencies of these events. In the limiting case, the interval function turns into the ordinary distribution function and the interval function of frequencies (under certain conditions) turns into the density of distribution of random events. The case of discrete sets of elementary events is also covered. This enables one to introduce the notion of the probability of occurrence of random events as a result of the limit transition.
Design of the opportunistic garbage collector

The Opportunistic Garbage Collector (OGC) is a generational garbage collector for stock hardware and operating systems. While incorporating important features of previous systems, the OGC includes several innovations. A new bucket brigade heap organization supports advancement thresholds between one and two scavenges, using only two or three spaces per generation, and without requiring per-object counts. Opportunistic scavenging decouples scavenging from the filling of available memory, in order to hide potentially disruptive scavenge pauses and improve efficiency. Card marking efficiently records which small areas of the heap may contain pointers into younger generations, and is supported by a refinement of the crossing map technique, to enable scanning of arbitrary cards.
Modeling of Pressure Evolution During Nanosecond Laser Ablation of Metal Films

Nanosecond laser ablation is studied using a theoretical model combined with experimental data from laser ablation of metal films. The purpose of the research is to obtain the recoil pressure boundary condition resulting from explosive phase change. The ablation experiments are performed using a Nd:YAG laser of 1064 nm wavelength and 7 ns pulse width at full width half maximum. Three samples, 200 and 1000 nm aluminum films and 1000 nm nickel films, are used in the experiments. The transient shock wave positions are obtained by a time-resolved shadowgraph technique. A N2 -laser pumped dye laser with 3 ns pulse width is used as an illumination source and is synchronized with the ablation laser to obtain the transient shock wave position with nanosecond resolution. The transient shock position is used in a model for finding the shock wave speed as well as the pressure, temperature, and velocity just behind the shock wave. A power law is used for fitting curves on the experimentally obtained shock wave position. Knowing the shock wave position, the normal shock equations are used to calculate the thermo-fluid properties behind the shock wave. The solutions are compared with the Taylor-Sedov solution for spherical shocks and the reason for the deviation is described. The thermo-fluid property results show similar trends for all tested samples. The results show that the Taylor-Sedov solution under-estimates the pressure behind the shock wave when compared to the normal shock results.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Mechanisms underlying priming on perceptual tests

Four experiments examined perceptual, lexical, and conceptual processing effects in priming on word fragment completion (WFC) and perceptual identification (PID). In Experiment 1, visual words produced more priming than auditory or generated words, and pictures produced the least priming, suggesting that the effects of different encoding processes can be distinguished. In Experiments 2 and 3, Ss studied anagrams (e.g., tripocs), but only Ss instructed to think of the original words by mentally interchanging the vowels exhibited significant priming. Thus, lexical access is more important than surface similarity in priming. In Experiment 4, Ss studied compounds that either preserved the target's meaning (e.g., scotch bottle) or altered its meaning (e.g., scotch tape). Encoded meaning affected priming on WFC but not on PID, suggesting that conceptual processing plays a larger role in WFC. Overall the results suggest that priming must be understood in terms of multiple processes. Language: en
Effects of orientation and chemical structure on the strength properties of some polymers

The stress-strain properties of oriented polymers are measured parallel and perpendicular to the direction of hot stretching. The polymers include styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, vinyl alcohol copolymers, acrylic acid copolymers, polyelecf trolytes, and a high density polyethylene. Polarity and hydrogen bonding tend to increase the strength, especially in the direction perpendicular to the direction of hot stretching. Strong electrostatic bonding in polyelectrolytes and too much polar bonding in styrene-acrylonitrile & polymers decrease the strength by reducing the molecular mobility, which is required to prevent brittleness.
Transient attributes for high-level understanding and editing of outdoor scenes

We live in a dynamic visual world where the appearance of scenes changes dramatically from hour to hour or season to season. In this work we study "transient scene attributes" -- high level properties which affect scene appearance, such as "snow", "autumn", "dusk", "fog". We define 40 transient attributes and use crowdsourcing to annotate thousands of images from 101 webcams. We use this "transient attribute database" to train regressors that can predict the presence of attributes in novel images. We demonstrate a photo organization method based on predicted attributes. Finally we propose a high-level image editing method which allows a user to adjust the attributes of a scene, e.g. change a scene to be "snowy" or "sunset". To support attribute manipulation we introduce a novel appearance transfer technique which is simple and fast yet competitive with the state-of-the-art. We show that we can convincingly modify many transient attributes in outdoor scenes.
Brief paper: Distributed nonlinear control algorithms for network consensus

In this paper, we develop a thermodynamic framework for addressing consensus problems for nonlinear multiagent dynamical systems with fixed and switching topologies. Specifically, we present distributed nonlinear static and dynamic controller architectures for multiagent coordination. The proposed controller architectures are predicated on system thermodynamic notions resulting in controller architectures involving the exchange of information between agents that guarantee that the closed-loop dynamical network is consistent with basic thermodynamic principles.
High-resolution hybrid localization in passive wireless sensor nets

Localization of passive wireless sensors poses new challenges due to the lack of processing power on sensor devices. In this paper, a derivation of the algorithms and an analysis of their performance are presented for localization in passive Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). A wide-sense three-step least square (LS) location estimator for the proposed hybrid localization model combining benefits of three widely used methods has been developed. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid localization can provide high resolution positioning of passive sensors with centimeter accuracy.
Secure fuzzy vault based fingerprint verification system

This paper describes a secure fingerprint verification system based on the fuzzy vault scheme, where the sensitive biometric template is not stored, but a transformed version. We propose an adaptive alignment technique to reach the most reliable reference point, and a methodology to construct a set of rotation and shifting invariant features, acting as the lock set for the fuzzy vault. We investigate the parameters of the fuzzy vault and the number of the templates needed to obtain a reliable reference point, such that a high unlock complexity for attackers with an acceptable unlock rate for the legal users is achieved.
High-Resolution Doppler Lidar for Boundary Layer and Cloud Research

Abstract The high-resolution Doppler lidar (HRDL) was developed to provide higher spatial, temporal, and velocity resolution and more reliable performance than was previously obtainable with CO2-laser-based technology. The improved performance is needed to support continued advancement of boundary layer simulation models and to facilitate high-resolution turbulent flux measurements. HRDL combines a unique, eye-safe, near-IR-wavelength, solid-state laser transmitter with advanced signal processing and a high-speed scanner to achieve 30-m range resolution and a velocity precision of ∼10 cm s−1 under a variety of marine and continental boundary layer conditions, depending on atmospheric and operating conditions. An attitude-compensating scanner has been developed to facilitate shipboard marine boundary layer observations. Vertical velocities, fine details of the wind profile near the surface, turbulence kinetic energy profiles, and momentum flux are measurable with HRDL. The system is also useful for cloud s...
Planar, coplanar, and totally planar n-port networks

The aim of this paper is to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for an n -port network to be planar, coplanar, and totally planar. Generally, a planar graph does not have a unique plane representation, and a combinatorial problem arises in determining whether the graph is planar, coplanar, or totally planar. To avoid the combinatorial complexity the graph is decomposed into 3-connected components called atoms. Since atoms have unique sets of boundaries and coboundaries, our planarity and coplanarity conditions, which are established on atoms, may be easily examined on any plane representations of the atoms.
Microarchitectural power modeling techniques for deep sub-micron microprocessors

The need to perform early design studies that combine architectural simulation with power estimation has become critical as power has become a design constraint whose importance has moved to the fore. To satisfy this demand several microarchitectural power simulators have been developed around SimpleScalar, a widely used microarchitectural performance simulator They have proven to be very useful at providing insights into power/performance trade-offs. However, they are neither parameterized nor technology scalable. In this paper, we propose more accurate parameterized power modeling techniques reflecting the actual technology parameters as well as input switching-events for memory and execution units. Compared to HSPICE, the proposed techniques show 93% and 91% accuracies for those blocks, but with a much faster simulation time. We also propose a more realistic power modeling technique for external I/O. In general, our approach includes more detailed microarchitectural and circuit modeling than has been the case in earlier simulators, without incurring a significant simulation time overhead - it can be as small as a few percent.
Effect of nanomaterials in platinum-decorated carbon nanotube paste-based electrodes for amperometric glucose detection

The effect of nanomaterials in platinum-decorated, multiwalled, carbon nanotube-based electrodes for amperometric glucose sensing was investigated by a comparative study with other carbon material-based electrodes such as graphite, glassy carbon, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction were used to investigate their morphologies and crystallinities. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was conducted to compare the electrochemical characteristics of these electrodes. The glucose-sensing results from the chronoamperometric measurements indicated that carbon nanotubes improve the linearity of the current response to glucose concentrations over a wide range, and that platinum decoration of the carbon nanotubes produces improved electrochemical performance with a higher sensitivity.
Using Modified Bellani Plate Evapotranspiration Gauges to Estimate Short Canopy Reference Evapotranspiration

Modified Bellani plate atmometer has been offered as an alternative and simpler technique to combination-based equations to estimate evapotranspiration ~ET! rate from green grass surface. However, there is a lack of information on its' accuracy in humid climates. The evaporation rate sEAd from one type of atmometer marketed under the brand name ETgage® ~or ETG! with a Number 30 green canvas cover that simulates the ET rate from a green grass surface was tested against the reference ET of a short green grass canopy sETod computed using the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Paper No. 56 Penman-Monteith ~FAO56-PM! equation in two sites in north-central Florida. The ETG underestimated the ETo as much as 27%. The root mean square error ~RMSE! of daily estimates of EA ranged from 1.03 to 1.15 mm. Data analyses indicated that the most of the poor performances and underestimations of the ETG occurred on rainy days. Using only the nonrainy day EA versus ETo relationship, the daily RMSE was as low as 0.47 mm and r 2 was as high as 0.89, and the underestimations were within 3% of the ETo. Averaging daily ETG readings over 3 and 7 day periods considerably improved ~lower RMSE and percent error, %E, and higher r 2 ! ETo estimates. The ETG performed quite well on nonrainy days. The adjustment factors were developed and tabulated as a function of rainfall amount to adjust the EA values on rainy days. Results showed that an average adjustment factor of 0.84 sEA/ 0.84= ETod can be used as a practical number if rainfall observations are not available. The underestimations of the ETG on rainy days were attributed, in part, to the wetting of the green canvas cover due to the rainwater accumulations on it and to the lower diffusivity ~higher resistance! value of the canvas cover s112- 294 s m ˛1 d compared to the diffusivity of a green grass surface used in the ETo definition s70 s m ˛1 d. Although it is found that the ETG is feasible and practical device, the EA values measured on rainy days require careful interpretation in humid and rainy climates such as Florida. The rainy day EA values should be used cautiously with the proper regression equation and adjustment factors to estimate ET o for irrigation scheduling if the input variables are not available to use the FAO56-PM equation for ETo estimates.
Blood-Based Tests for Colorectal Cancer Screening: Do They Threaten the Survival of the FIT Test?

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in industrialized nations, accounting for 10 % of the total cancer burden with an individual lifetime risk of ~6 % in the USA (Siegel et al. in CA Cancer J Clin 62:9–29, 2014, American Cancer Society in Colorectal cancer facts and figures 2011–2013. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, 2011, Siegel et al. in CA Cancer J Clin 61:212–236, 2011). Although numerous screening methods have been incorporated into guidelines for colorectal cancer screening, no guideline includes a noninvasive blood-based test as a recommended option.
2−1/2 Dimensional bi-static GPR propagation and scattering modeling of roadways and tunnels with projected 2D FDTD

Subsurface sensing modalities such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) are increasingly being used to assess the condition of aging civil infrastructure by evaluating deterioration within roadways and bridges, and to monitor the security of national borders by the detection of underground tunnels. The need to address these issues is intensifying and, while valuable data are collected using nondestructive evaluation there is urgency for improved understanding and analysis. Simulation of GPR investigations to search for defects in bridges and the presence of underground tunnels can help to understand and analyze real world data. Three-dimensional simulations consider the full geometry of an area. When the geometry is relatively invariant in the third dimension, 2−1/2D simulations can capture most of the 3D scattering and account for bi-static transmitters and receivers located out of the cross-sectional plane. Additionally, comparison of 3D simulation results to a library of 2D results may help to indicate the angle of GPR travel from the cross-sectional plane.
Species concepts and malaria parasites: detecting a cryptic species of Plasmodium.

Species of malaria parasite (phylum Apicomplexa: genus Plasmodium ) have traditionally been described using the similarity species concept (based primarily on differences in morphological or life–history characteristics). The biological species concept (reproductive isolation) and phylogenetic species concept (based on monophyly) have not been used before in defining species of Plasmodium . Plasmodium azurophilum , described from Anolis lizards in the eastern Caribbean, is actually a two–species cryptic complex. The parasites were studied from eight islands, from Puerto Rico in the north to Grenada in the south. Morphology of the two species is very similar (differences are indistinguishable to the eye), but one infects only erythrocytes and the other only white blood cells. Molecular data for the cytochrome b gene reveal that the two forms are reproductively isolated; distinct haplotypes are present on each island and are never shared between the erythrocyte–infecting and leucocyte–infecting species. Each forms a monophyletic lineage indicating that they diverged before becoming established in the anoles of the eastern Caribbean. This comparison of the similarity, biological and phylogenetic species concepts for malaria parasites reveals the limited value of using only similarity measures in defining protozoan species.
Implicit solvent simulations of DPC micelle formation.

The formation of micelles by dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) is modeled by treating the surfactants in atomic detail and the solvent implicitly, in the spirit of the EEF1 solvation model for proteins. The solvation parameters of the DPC atoms are carried over from those of similar atoms in proteins. A slight adjustment of the parameters for the headgroup was found necessary for obtaining an aggregation number consistent with experiment. Molecular dynamics simulations of 960 DPC molecules at different concentrations are used to obtain the aggregation number, the micelle size distribution, and the CMC. At 20 mM concentration we obtain an aggregation number of 53−56 and a CMC of 1.25 mM, values close to the experimental ones. At 100 mM the aggregation number increases to 90. Simulations of individual micelles of varying size show that the effective energy per surfactant molecule is initially a decreasing function of aggregation number but stabilizes at about 60 molecules. The van der Waals term and the desolvati...
A Practical Algorithmic Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Solitary Pulmonary Nodules: Part 2: Pretest Probability and Algorithm

In this second part of a two-part series, we describe an algorithmic approach to the diagnosis of the solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN). An essential aspect of the evaluation of SPN is determining the pretest probability of malignancy, taking into account the significant medical history and social habits of the individual patient, as well as morphologic characteristics of the nodule. Because pretest probability plays an important role in determining the next step in the evaluation, we describe various methods the physician may use to make this determination. Subsequently, we outline a simple yet comprehensive algorithm for diagnosing a SPN, with distinct pathways for the solid and subsolid SPN.
Trends in observable passive solar design strategies for existing homes in the U.S.

Passive design strategies are among the most cost-effective methods to reduce energy consumption in buildings. However, the prevalence of these strategies in existing U.S. homes is not well understood. To help address this issue, this research evaluated a nationally-representative sample of 1000 existing homes distributed geographically across the U.S. Using satellite images, each building was evaluated for three passive design strategies: orientation, roof color, and level of shading. Several statistically significant regional trends were identified. For example, existing homes in the High Plains, Ohio Valley, Northwest, and Southern regions show a statistically significant trend towards orientation in the East–West direction, an effective passive design strategy. Less intuitively, in terms of what would seem to be optimal passive design, buildings in the High Plains and Ohio Valley generally have lighter roof colors than buildings in the warmer Southwest region. At the national level, no statistically significant trends were found towards the passive design strategies evaluated. These trends give us no reason to believe they were a major consideration in the design of existing homes. Policy measures and education may be required to take advantage of the opportunity for cost-effective energy savings through more widespread passive solar design.
DNA sequence similarity requirements for interspecific recombination in Bacillus.

Gene transfer in bacteria is notoriously promiscuous. Genetic material is known to be transferred between groups as distantly related as the Gram positives and Gram negatives. However, the frequency of homologous recombination decreases sharply with the level of relatedness between the donor and recipient. Several studies show that this sexual isolation is an exponential function of DNA sequence divergence between recombining substrates. The two major factors implicated in producing the recombinational barrier are the mismatch repair system and the requirement for a short region of sequence identity to initiate strand exchange. Here we demonstrate that sexual isolation in Bacillus transformation results almost exclusively from the need for regions of identity at both the 59 and 39 ends of the donor DNA strand. We show that, by providing the essential identity, we can effectively eliminate sexual isolation between highly divergent sequences. We also present evidence that the potential of a donor sequence to act as a recombinogenic, invasive end is determined by the stability (melting point) of the donor-recipient complex. These results explain the exponential relationship between sexual isolation and sequence divergence observed in bacteria. They also suggest a model for rapid spread of novel adaptations, such as antibiotic resistance genes, among related species.
CONSTRUCTING COMMUNITY IN A POSTSECONDARY VIRTUAL CLASSROOM

Interactional ethnography with a social constructionist perspective was used as an orienting theoretical framework to investigate how a community of learners was constructed in a postsecondary distance education class. The question guiding this research was: How do the interactions of the participants in an on-line classroom construct the social culture of a distance education classroom? Three analytical components of this larger study are expanded upon in this article: a) how the on-line conversational topic was changed to the on-task analysis of the weekly readings; b) how the use of an object became part of the class's repertoire; and c) how members compensated for the lack of face-to-face verbal and non-verbal conversational cues. Benefits of the study include providing insights into how the on-line communications resulted in student perception of being part of the classroom culture and providing practical examples of on-line application of student-centered pedagogical techniques.
Detecting Cognitive Impairment in Primary Care: Performance Assessment of Three Screening Instruments

Early detection of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD) is important, especially in primary care settings. We compared performances of two common screening tests, the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT), with that of the MCI Screen ({MCIS}) in 254 patients over 65. None had previous diagnosis of ADRD, and 81% were asymptomatic by Functional Assessment Staging Test ({FAST}) (FAST=1). 215 patients completed all screening tests - 141 had >or= 1 abnormal result, 121/141 completed standardized diagnostic assessment, and the remaining 74/215 (34%) screened entirely normally and weren't further evaluated. Potential bias due to unevaluated cases was statistically adjusted. Among diagnosed cases: AD=43%, cerebrovascular disease=36%, other causes=21%. Bias-adjusted MCI prevalence for FAST stages 1 and 1-3 were 13.9-20.3% and 23.0-28.3%. Bias-adjusted results for the CDT, MMSE and MCIS were: clinical diagnosis validity (kappa statistic)={-0.02 (p=0.61), 0.06 (p=0.23), 0.92 (p< 0.0001)}; sensitivity={59%, 71%, 94%}; specificity={39%, 36%, 97%}; overall accuracy={54%, 62%, 96%}; positive predictive value={16%, 17%, 86%}; and negative predictive value={83%, 87%, 96%}. The MMSE and CDT were not valid for early detection, while the MCIS had high validity and accuracy in the primary care cohort.
Evaluation of melamine‐modified urea‐formaldehyde resins as particleboard binders

Particleboards bonded with 6 and 12% melamine-modified urea-formaldehyde (UMF) resins were manufactured using two different press temperatures and press times and the mechanical properties, water resistance, and formaldehyde emission (FE) values of boards were measured in comparison to a typical urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin as control. The formaldehyde/(urea + melamine) (F/(U + M)) mole ratio of UMF resins and F/U mole ratio of UF resins were 1.05, 1.15, and 1.25 that encompass the current industrial values near 1.15. UMF resins exhibited better physical properties, higher water resistance, and lower FE values of boards than UF resin control for all F/(U + M) mole ratios tested. Therefore, addition of melamine at these levels can provide lower FE and maintain the physical properties of boards. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Convergence of attenuated second order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory towards the complete basis set limit

Abstract Attenuated second order Moller–Plesset theory (MP2) is parameterized for noncovalent interactions using basis sets that range as high as augmented triple (T) and quadruple (Q) zeta with T→Q extrapolation towards the complete basis set (CBS) limit. By comparing training and testing performance as a function of basis set size, the effectiveness of attenuation as a function of basis set can be assessed. While attenuated MP2 with T→Q extrapolation improves systematically over MP2, there are at most small improvements over attenuated MP2 in the aug-cc-pVTZ basis. Augmented functions are crucial for the success of attenuated MP2.
Enzymatic Conjugation of Epoxides with Glutathione

Glutathione epoxide transferase has been isolated in homogeneous form from the livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The enzyme is active in the conjugation of glutathione with a large number of compounds bearing an ethylene oxide ring in the terminal portion of an alkyl chain. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 40,000 and is composed of 2 subunits. Several proteins which catalyze the same reaction are demonstrated. Some of these forms, present in the purified enzyme, are interconvertible by freezing and by treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetate.
Annotating Targets of Opinions in Arabic using Crowdsourcing

We present a method for annotating targets of opinions in Arabic in a two-stage process using the crowdsourcing tool Amazon Mechanical Turk. The first stage consists of identifying candidate targets “entities” in a given text. The second stage consists of identifying the opinion polarity (positive, negative, or neutral) expressed about a specific entity. We annotate a corpus of Arabic text using this method, selecting our data from online commentaries in different domains. Despite the complexity of the task, we find high agreement. We present detailed analysis.
Chemical lasers

Recent experimental and theoretical advances in chemical laser research will be summarized. Various types of chemical lasers will be compared and promising areas for further research will be discussed. An outline summary of this presentation follows.
Active compensation of thermally induced bending and twisting in piezoceramic composite plates

Previously developed analytical formulations are extended to incorporate thermal effects in order to account for the coupled mechanical, electrical, and thermal response of piezoelectric composite laminates and plate structures. A layerwise laminate theory is developed with the inherent capability to model both the active and sensory responses of piezoelectric composite plates with general laminations, and is implemented for a bilinear 4-noded plate element. Numerical results demonstrate the capability to actively manage the thermally induced bending and twisting deformation in symmetric and antisymmetric composite plates with piezoelectric actuators. Results from the current formulation are also compared with previous data. The predicted corresponding response of piezoelectric sensors and the resultant interlaminar and intralaminar stresses in the piezoelectric composite laminate are also investigated.
A STRATEGIC PLANNING MODEL FOR SMALL BUSINESS

ABSTRACT Owners and operators of small and even medium-sized firms often feel confused and intimidated by the apparent costs and complexity of strategic planning. The objective of this article is to present a simplified model, SBSP (Small Business Strategic Planning), that is tailored to the needs and resources of smaller enterprises.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy: clinical trials and emerging tribulations.

Purpose of reviewThis article reviewed the most recent clinical trials investigating potential treatments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). In the development of these studies, investigators have encountered unexpected challenges that reveal limitations in our understanding of the clinical tria
Measurement of Local Oxygen Consumption and Cerebral Blood Flow with Positron Emission Tomography in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease

The development of positron emission tomography (PET) has provided a practical method for studying regional cerebral physiology in man. In patients with cerebrovascular disease, regional measurements of cerebral blood flow (rCBF), cerebral blood volume (rCBV), cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (rCMRO2), the fractional extraction of oxygen from blood (rOEF), and the cerebral metabolism rate for glucose (rCMRGlu) have all been successfully performed. This article will review the results of these studies and discuss how they have added to our knowledge of the pathophysiology of stroke in man.
Introduction: Modernization, Dependency, and the Sectorial Model

This chapter presents the modernization theory and the dependency theory. It also presents the sectorial model. The modern societies have a high degree of social, economic, and political differentiation. The statuses are based on achievement rather than ascription. The roles are affectively neutral, and face-to-face relationships are unimportant, as individuals interact with one another in single rather than multiple contexts. The individuals are recruited to positions on universalistic rather than particularistic criteria. The economic activity is flexible, as individuals are free from strong personal commitments. The political authority is based on legally established norms, and bureaucracies acquire a central place in systems of administration. These features favor rapid social, economic, and political change. A secular, pragmatic world view is associated with these changes, permitting the extension of rational choice making to a large number of contexts of action. Like modernization, dependency theory adopts nations as the basic unit of analysis. It accepts the contrast of two types of societies, calling one metropolitan and the other satellite. These terms generally correspond to modern and traditional.
Creating Analysis-Friendly Data

For each of us who appear to have had a successful experiment there are many to whom their own experiments seem barren and negative. Melvin Calvin, 1961 Nobel Lecture An experiment is not considered “barren and negative” when it disproves your conjecture: an experiment fails by being inconclusive. Successful experiments are partly the product of good experimental designs, as described in Chapter 2; there is also an element of luck (or savvy) in choosing a well-behaved problem to study. Furthermore, computational research on algorithms provides unusual opportunities for “tuning” experiments to yield more successful analyses and stronger conclusions. This chapter surveys techniques for building better experiments along these lines. We start with a discussion of what makes a data set good or bad in this context. The remainder of this section surveys strategies for tweaking experimental designs to yield more successful outcomes. If tweaks are not sufficient, stronger measures can be taken; Section 6.1 surveys variance reduction techniques , which modify test programs to generate better data, and Section 6.2 describes simulation shortcuts , which produce more data per unit of computation time. The key idea is to exploit the fact, pointed out in Section 5.1, that the application program that implements an algorithm for practical use is distinct from the test program that describes algorithm performance. The test program need not resemble the application program at all; it is only required to reproduce faithfully the algorithm properties of interest.
Psychiatry and Oncologic Emergencies

The diagnosis and medical management of cancer patients presenting to the emergency department with psychiatric symptoms often present a challenge for clinicians. It is important to differentiate between primary psychiatric illness and psychiatric symptoms resulting from primary medical conditions, as their respective clinical presentation may appear quite similar, while their medical management could be vastly different. The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the diagnosis and management of the most common psychiatric emergencies encountered in the emergency department setting of a large cancer hospital. The second half of this chapter will address proper risk assessment and management of patients presenting to the emergency department who harbor passive thoughts of death and/or suicidal ideations with active plan and intent.
Mechanizing Chile Peppers: Challenges and Advances in Transitioning Harvest of New Mexico’s Signature Crop

New Mexican-type red and green chile (Capsicum annuum) is important to New Mexico’s identity and economy. Producers began experimenting with mechanical harvest in the mid-1960s, but efforts stalled in the 1970s. Adverse impact to production following the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement spurred renewed interest in chile mechanization. Through private and public collaboration, the red chile industry in New Mexico has successfully transitioned with more than 80% of domestic acreage currently mechanized. Green chile has proven to be more challenging with fruit damage and lack of efficient mechanical stem removal posing key obstacles. Recent identification and developments in equipment have provided necessary components for mechanization of green chile, but must be scaled-up to production volumes.
Planning and design goals for resilient microgrids

There is a recognized need for resilient microgrids that serve multiple power system customers in the event of a long term unavailability of the main power grid. While these microgrids have certain similarities to the current single owner microgrids which are intended to improve reliability of service, the resilient microgrids present significant new design goals, operating constraints, and business models than the existing microgrid technology. This paper discusses the goals of a resilient microgrid, and identifies the challenges that arise in the design and development of these systems.
Utilizing Mechanistic Cross-Linking Technology to Study Protein-Protein Interactions: An Experiment Designed for an Undergraduate Biochemistry Lab.

Over the past decade, mechanistic cross-linking probes have been used to study protein–protein interactions in natural product biosynthetic pathways. This approach is highly interdisciplinary, combining elements of protein biochemistry, organic chemistry, and computational docking. Herein, we described the development of an experiment to engage undergraduate students in multidisciplinary research that leverages mechanistic cross-linking probes to study protein conformations and protein–protein interactions. This experiment provides students with a platform to learn chemoenzymatic synthesis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, biochemical assays, and computational docking, all while exploring a contemporary biochemical topic.
Nitrogen Affects Seed Production Characteristics in Yellow Mustard

The response of applied N in yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed production is unknown in the high rainfall environments of the Pacific Northwest. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of applied N on growth, seed yield, and oil production in yellow mustard in this unique environment. Trials were conducted over 3 yr near Corvallis, OR, on cultivar IdaGold yellow mustard with five N rates: 0, 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg N ha–¹. Growth and dry matter partitioning were measured at stem elongation (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische In [BBCH] 30), inflorescence emergence (BBCH 50), and harvest (BBCH 87). Applied N increased height, biomass, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and tissue N content. Although rainfall differed among years, N had similar effects on seed yield and yield components. Seed yield increases ranged from 15 to 85% with applied N, primarily as a result of N-induced increases in seed weight and seed number. Yields ranged from 1010 kg ha–¹ with 0 kg N ha–¹ to 2579 kg ha–¹ with 224 kg N ha–¹. Primary racemes plant–¹ was positively associated with increased N. Siliques plant–¹ increased with N rate and resulted from increased siliques production on mainstem and primary racemes. Seed oil content was inconsistently affected by N rate; however, highest oil yield was observed with 224 kg N ha–¹. This study will form the foundation for N recommendations for yellow mustard seed production in the Pacific Northwest.
The interplay between feelings and beliefs about condoms as predictors of their use.

Objective: Negative feelings about condoms are a key barrier to their use. Using the behavioural affective associations model, we examined the joint effects of affective associations and cognitive ...
Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy with Adolescent Onset: Clinical Features and Diagnosis

Many of the progressive epilepsy syndromes with adolescent onset are classified as progressive myoclonus epilepsies. It is a heterogenous group of epilepsy syndromes associated with seizure, myoclonus, and progressive neurologic decline. This review focuses on the different adolescent-onset progressive myoclonus epilepsies including Unverricht–Lundborg disease, Lafora disease, juvenile-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, sialidosis (cherry-red spot myoclonus), dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy, and myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibers. Their clinical presentations, neurophysiologic and neuroimaging findings, genetics, pathology, and diagnosis are discussed.
Secondhand social capital: Boundary spanning, secondhand closure, and individual performance

Abstract We move beyond the performance returns of individuals’ direct network connections to study the effects of “secondhand” social capital, i.e., from the networks of one’s contacts. We propose that certain colleagues may be more valuable to one’s job performance than others when their spillovers of novel information combine with spillovers of the cooperation needed to obtain that novelty. In a study of 1273 research and development employees across 16 business units, we find that the most benefit to one’s own performance comes from having ties that span business units and that also include secondhand closure (i.e., where one’s contacts are each embedded in a constrained, dense network). Bridging the organizational boundary provides the novelty; and secondhand closure provides the cooperation. Further, by examining who in the network is constraining these contacts, we are able to trace their cooperative motivation both to reputational and organizational identity concerns, which each create a spillover of cooperation toward the focal individual, who reaps the returns.