cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A first-order version of Pfaffian closure

The purpose of this paper is to extend a theorem of Speissegger [J. Reine Angew. Math. 508 (1999)], which states that the Pfaffian closure of an o-minimal expansion of the real field is o-minimal. Specifically, we display a collection of properties possessed by the real numbers that suffices for a version of the proof of this theorem to go through. The degree of flexibility revealed in this study permits the use of certain model-theoretic arguments for the first time, e.g. the compactness theorem. We illustrate this advantage by deriving a uniformity result on the number of connected components for sets defined with Rolle leaves, the building blocks of Pfaffian-closed structures.
Isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages in nonaccidental trauma.

Purpose: To establish child abuse as part of the differential diagnosis of isolated bilateral subconjunctival hemorrhages in infants. Methods: To review three cases of nonaccident trauma initially presenting with isolated bilateral subconjunctival hemorrhages as the only significant clinical finding. Results: Ophthalmic examination in cases 1 and 2 were entirely normal except for the large bilateral subconjunctival hemorrhages. Hematological parameters were normal in all three infants. Initial radiological findings were normal in case 1 but multiple healing rib fractures were identified when the chest X-ray was repeated 3 weeks later. Case 2 had skin and skeletal X-ray findings compatible with abuse at time of presentation to the ophthalmologist. Case 3 was admitted to hospital for multiple unexplained limb fractures but had been seen 2 weeks prior for poorly explained bilateral isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages and facial petechiae. Conclusion: Nonaccidental trauma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bilateral isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages in infants especially if associated with facial petechiae. These isolated subconjunctival hemorrhages may be part of the traumatic asphyxia syndrome caused by severe, prolonged compression of the child’s chest and upper abdomen. Appropriate assessment includes a complete ophthalmic and pediatric examination as well as hematological testing and imaging studies. If the coagulation profile and initial imaging studies are normal yet there remains a high suspicion of abuse, an immediate nuclear scan or a repeat skeletal survey or chest film 2 weeks later is indicated.
A Fully Integrated CMOS Accelerometer Using Bondwire Inertial Sensing

This paper presents the design, implementation, and characterization of a fully integrated accelerometer using a bondwire inertial sensor. The accelerometer was implemented in a standard CMOS process without microelectromechanical processing. The system consists of a gold and aluminum bondwire inertial sensor and readout circuitry. Finite-element analysis was used to characterize the mechanical performance of the accelerometer and reinforce empirical data. The system includes a fully differential frequency modulation downconversion architecture and consumes 13.5 mW while achieving a gain of 10 kHz/g, a bandwidth of 700 Hz, and a resolution of 80 mg. The chip was fabricated in an 0.13-m CMOS process with an area of 1.1 mm.
Anthropometric profiles of elite male and female competitive sport rock climbers.

Over the past few years, competitive rock climbing ‐ for a long time a popular sport in Europe ‐ has increased in popularity in North America. An annual international World Cup competition circuit was started in 1988 which has shown growing success and a definite elite group of athletes has emerged. Descriptive anthropometnc profiles of elite climbers have been unavailable. In order to fill this information void, 39 world‐class climbers (21 males, 18 females) were assessed immediately prior to competition at an international World Cup spert climbing championship. All of the subjects tested were competition semi‐finalists and, among these, seven males and six females advanced to the finals. The variables measured included age, years of climbing experience, height, body mass, height‐weight ratio, sum of seven skinfolds, % body fat, fat‐free mass, hand and arm volumes via plethysmography, average of right and left grip strengths, grip strength to body mass ratio (SMR), and climbing ability defined as the mos...
Market Segmentation Involving Mixtures of Quantitative and Qualitative Variables

Abstract One of the least tractable problems in cluster-based market segmentation involves data sets that contain a mixture of quantitative (ratio or interval scaled) and qualitative (nominal scaled) variables. Transforming continuous variables into categorical variables loses information and transforming multistate, qualitative variables into sets of dummy (0,1) variables tends to give greater prominence to those variables with greater numbers of categories. The proposed method presents a generalized measure of pairwise partition agreement, based on a combination of eta squared, chi squared, or the Rand measure. The rationale underlying the model is described and contrasted with alternative approaches, as proposed by Gower and others. Via Monte Carlo simulation, we first compare the proposed model to alternative methods for clustering mixed-scale variables. Illustratively, the proposed model is then applied to a product planning problem faced by an international manufacturer of mid-size computers.
Inequality of Educational Opportunity in Korea by Gender, Socio-Economic Background, and Family Structure

Abstract In this paper, I summarise empirical findings regarding the degree of and trend in inequality of educational opportunity in South Korea to indicate the extent to which individuals' educational outcomes are associated with their ascribed characteristics such as gender, socio-economic origin, and family structure. To gauge the degree of educational inequality in South Korea, I refer to various studies that provide cross-national comparisons in the effects of gender and socio-economic background on educational achievement and attainment. To address how educational inequality has changed over time, I review studies that have tracked the effects across different birth cohorts. I also address the implications of recent demographic changes surrounding family structure, particularly increasing single parenthood and a growing number of children born in South Korean-foreigner families, for educational inequality. In helping understand the context of educational development in South Korea, I provide a short...
Arrival of Excitation at the Right Ventricular Apical Endocardium in Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome Type B

His bundle and bipolar right ventricular apex (RVA) and right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) catheter electrograms taken from sites 1 mm apart were recorded simultaneously with various surface leads in two patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) type B. In "fusion" beats the presence of a normal H-RVA interval indicated that the apex of the right ventricle was activated by the impulse emerging from the right branch. On the other hand, a shorter-than-normal H-RVA interval implied that the RVA was depolarized by the activation front propagating from the pre-excited site. When this occurred, the V-RVA intervals gave a rough estimate of conduction time from pre-excited area to RVA. The values obtained (40 and 50 msec, respectively) were shorter than in two other patients with WPW type A. The arrival of excitation patterns in the right ventricular endocardium were similar in WPW type B and in beats produced by RVA stimulation but differed markedly from that of left anterior hemiblock even when the surface electrocardiographic leads showed abnormal left axis deviation in all instances. This resemblance between ventricular complexes attributed to WPW type B and those resulting from stimulation of an inferior (apical) site suggests, but does not prove, that the impulses propagated from an equivalent region of the right ventricle. These simultaneously recorded His bundle and right ventricular endocardial electrograms during electrical stimulation of the heart have increased our knowledge of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
Error Detection, Correction, and Prevention in the Brain: A Brief Review of Data and Theories:

Errors during speeded response tasks are typically immediately followed by a large component in the event-related potential, the error-related negativity; various lines of research have suggested that this component is primarily generated by the anterior cingulate cortex. This error-related activity has generated a high level of interest and investigation by cognitive neuroscientists because of the importance of online action monitoring for theories of cognitive regulation. A subsequent component, the error positivity, has remained more elusive to date. In this review we will discuss some of the extensive research which has suggested that these components are related to performance monitoring, and, should performance be compromised, dynamically adjusting control processes. Furthermore, evidence from patients with mental illnesses, including schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder, suggests that such illnesses might be understood as resulting in part from disturbances in this action monitoring function.
NAMT framework for discrete parts manufacturing: experience report

Industry need for standards to support integration of distributed manufacturing information technology systems is driving a process for creating validated pre-standard specifications. These specifications are likely to be the basis for manufacturing information technology standards in the future. The framework for discrete parts manufacturing information technology standards in the future. The framework for discrete parts manufacturing project has implemented a distributed manufacturing software systems as a basis for validation testing and analysis of emerging manufacturing information technologies. This paper describes a testbed project for validation of pre-standard specifications for integration of distributed manufacturing information technology system. This project begins with a scenario for manufacturing operations and deploys several related specifications against this scenario. This deployment provides the opportunity for analysis and local validation of the specifications. It also provides the opportunity to explore the relationship among several specifications that could be the basis for standards in the future. This paper discusses the preliminary implementation of the specifications under analysis and projects future work involved in validation testing of industry consortia developed manufacturing information technology specifications.
A method of computation of the pressure effect on melt viscosity

Simha's equation of state provides the relation between reduced pressure, temperature, and volume (P, T, and Ṽ, respectively) and the occupied site fraction, y = y (P, T). The latter theoretical parameter combines the P and T effects on the occupied and unoccupied (“free volume”) part of the model liquid. It can be computed for each liquid once the thermodynamic reducing parameters are known. Empirical correlation between published zero shear viscosity data, η = η (P, T), and y indicates that for n-paraffins and molten polymers η is a single parameter function: η = η (y). The mathematical form of this dependence was explicitly given for n-paraffins. However, for polymers the correlation depends on molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, branching, composition, etc. In Practical terms, η = η (y) should be determined for each polymer by measuring the temperature dependence of η in as wide a range of T as possible. Then pressure effect on η can be determined from η = η(y) plot, knowing the y = y(P, T) relation.
Time domain filtering using computerized fluoroscopy--intravenous angiography applications

AbstractA computerized fluoroscopy method for isolating low fluoroscopic image contrast, whichresults during the flow of iodinated contrast materials through cardiovascular structuresis described. This technique requires applying one of a family of recursive filteringalgorithms which have been designed to isolate time varying image contrast. Applicationsof this technique for intravenous angiography are described. Hardware implementation ofthese algorithms also is described and preliminary results on human subjects is presented.IntroductionAs evidenced by the flood of recent publications1 -6, there is considerable interest inthe use of digital radiography techniques for performing intravenous angiography. Almostall of the methods described so far employ some form of mask model subtraction and enhance- ment. This term refers to a simple subtraction of a pre opacification mask from a postopacification image for the purpose of eliminating nonvascular structures. The architectureof most computerized fluoroscopy processors now in use8 -10 incorporates this algorithm,though others are possible.This paper describes the initial results using an alternative processing schemellThis scheme employs digital recursive filtration of the continuous fluoroscopic sequencein order to isolate image contrast changes whose approximate temporal variations are known
Lithospheric thickness and thermal anomalies in the upper mantle inferred from the Love Wave data

The study of global Earth structure by surface waves can now resolve wavelengths of about 1000 km. Phase velocity maps are detailed enough to test some plate tectonic models. Our results for Love waves indicate (l) continuous thickening and/or velocity increase with age of oceanic plates older than 100 million years, (2) failure of boundary layer scaling laws seen in the rate of thickening of oceanic lithosphere, and (3) asymmetric thickening of plates about ridges. The latter two points suggest that there is a wide variety of differences in the thermal states of oceanic lithosphere. Thermal anomalies, possibly caused by hotspots, are identified in ‘residual’ maps.
Resistance to extinction as a function of percentage of reward: A reinforcement-level interpretation

Three experiments investigated the effects of percentage of reinforcement on the resistance to extinction of an instrumental running response. In Experiment 1, with N-length held constant, 47% reinforcement during acquisition generated greater resistance to extinction (Rn) than did 77%. In Experiment 2, this result was replicated with both functional N-length and number of N-R transitions held constant. In Experiment 3, Rn was shown to be a function of both N-length and percentage of reinforcement. The results of all three experiments were discussed in terms of Capaldi’s reinforcement level theory and possible alternative explanations.
Continuous, on-line monitoring of haloacetic acids via membrane extraction

Abstract Haloacetic acids are an important class of disinfection byproducts that are being regulated. In this paper we report novel instrumentation for continuous monitoring of the nine haloacetic acids. Hollow fiber liquid–liquid membrane extraction (LLME) and supported liquid membrane extraction (SLME) followed by on-line HPLC-UV detection were studied. With continuous LLME, seven halo-acetic acids could be analyzed and enrichment factor (EF) was around 50. All the nine acids could be extracted and quantified by continuous SLME. Experiments with laboratory standards demonstrated that EF and extraction efficiency could be as high as 500 and 54%, respectively. Relative standard deviations based on seven replicates were between 3.3 and 10.3%, and the MDLs were at sub-ppb levels.
Fotowiki: distributed map enhancement service

Fotowiki (FW) is a wiki-based map service that integrates visual and textual information with map. FW divides a geographical area into sub-areas. An individual responsible for providing information about a sub-area enters collected data into a wiki page. FW uploads distributed wiki-pages, and overlays the information on the map. This demonstration shows FW's architecture and functionalities.
A-current and type I/type II transition determine collective spiking from common input

The mechanisms and impact of correlated, or synchronous, firing among pairs and groups of neurons are under intense investigation throughout the nervous system. A ubiquitous circuit feature that ca...
Editorial: Meeting the challenges in remote sensing science and technology

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: Meeting the challenges in remote sensing science and technology” for JRS Vol. 1 Issue 01
Editorial Introduction of New Editor-in-Chief (EIC) and Deputy EIC

After a brief review of the publishing statistics for the IEEE Embedded Systems Letters , the current Editor-in-Chief (EIC) introduces the new leadership team of Prof. Krithi Ramamritham as EIC and Catherine Gebotys as Deputy EIC. This leadership emerged after an extensive search for the EIC earlier this year. Prof. Ramamritham is an Endowed Chair Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, and the author of almost 500 papers spanning many areas of embedded systems including real-time systems, distributed systems, databases, and sensor networks. Prof. Ramamritham is a researcher par excellence to lead the journal, and brings a wealth of experience in journal leadership from his tenure as EIC of the Real-Time Systems Journal and has been associated with many editorial boards. Dr. Catherine Gebotys is a Professor and a Professional Engineer with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, and is the author of over 100 papers in the areas of electronic design automation, embedded systems security, and low-power design, Dr. Gebotys brings a wealth of research and practical experience built over two decades in the industry and academia.
The Association of Obesity with Walking Independent of Knee Pain: The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study

Practice guidelines recommend addressing obesity for people with knee OA, however, the association of obesity with walking independent of pain is not known. We investigated this association within the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study, a cohort of older adults who have or are at high risk of knee OA. Subjects wore a StepWatch to record steps taken over 7 days. We measured knee pain from a visual analogue scale and obesity by BMI. We examined the association of obesity with walking using linear regression adjusting for pain and covariates. Of 1788 subjects, the mean steps/day taken was 8872.9 ± 3543.4. Subjects with a BMI ≥35 took 3355 fewer steps per day independent of knee pain compared with those with a BMI ≤25 (95% CI -3899, -2811). BMI accounted for 9.7% of the variability of walking while knee pain accounted for 2.9%. BMI was associated with walking independent of knee pain.
Effect of methacholine on ionic permeability of basal membrane of the eccrine secretory cell.

In an attempt to clarify the possible change in ionic permeability of the basal membrane of secretory cells during methacholine (MCH) stimulation, the effect of ionic substitution on membrane potential (PD) was studied in the isolated monkey palm eccrine secretory tubule. The mean PD (Vcb) was −73 mV. Stimulation with local iontophoresis of MCH caused a biphasic change in Vcb, an initial transient depolarization of 5 to 10 mV, followed by repolarization near the resting PD. MCH-induced PD transient reversed its polarity at −43 mV (MCH-null potential). Vcb markedly depolarized by an increase in [K+]b or a decrease in [Cl−]b. Ion-dependent partial potential ratio (Ti) using the estimated change in electromotive force ΔEb yielded values of 0.72 for K+ and 0.26 for Cl−, indicating that the basal membrane is conductive predominantly to K+ and Cl−. However, ΔVcb due to K+ or Cl− replacement did not change before or during MCH stimulation. Although replacement of Na+ with Tris+ or Li+ transiently depolarized Vcb, the ΔVcb reversed to hyperpolarization during MCH stimulation, suggesting that MCH causes a small increase in Na+ conductance across the basal membrane. The implication of these data have been discussed within the conceptual framework of ionic movements in Cl− transporting epithelia.
Acute myopathy with selective degeneration of myosin filaments following status asthmaticus treated with methylprednisolone and vecuronium

We report two cases of severe, acute myopathy with selective degeneration of myosin filaments in asthmatics who developed respiratory failure with hypercapnia and acidosis requiring endotracheal intubation, administration of vecuronium and prolonged ventilatory support. Hypoxia was documented in one case and probably present in the other. Both patients received prolonged treatment with high doses of intravenous methylprednisolone. Flaccid quadriparesis was noted after discontinuation of vecuronium. Muscle biopsy showed nonspecific myopathic changes on light microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed selective loss of myosin filaments in many fibers. Recovery occurred within 2 months with supportive treatment. This entity is probably related to a combination of high doses of corticosteroids, vecuronium administration and metabolic abnormalities associated with respiratory failure.
Urban Soils of Texas: Relating Irrigation Sodicity to Water-Extractable Carbon and Nutrients

doi:10.2136/sssaj2011.0174 Received 28 July 2011. *Corresponding author (steele.m.kate@gmail.com). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Urban Soils of Texas: Relating Irrigation Sodicity to Water-Extractable Carbon and Nutrients Soil & Water Management & Conservation
Identification of (R)-N-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-1-tosylpiperidine-2-carboxamide, ML277, as a novel, potent and selective Kv7.1 (KCNQ1) potassium channel activator

Abstract A high-throughput screen utilizing a depolarization-triggered thallium influx through KCNQ1 channels was developed and used to screen the MLSMR collection of over 300,000 compounds. An iterative medicinal chemistry approach was initiated and from this effort, ML277 was identified as a potent activator of KCNQ1 channels (EC50 = 260 nM). ML277 was shown to be highly selective against other KCNQ channels (>100-fold selectivity versus KCNQ2 and KCNQ4) as well as against the distantly related hERG potassium channel.
Why does the brain have so many visual areas

Mammals vary in number of visual areas from a few to 20 or more as a result of new visual areas being added to the middle levels of processing hierarchies. Having more visual areas probably increases visual abilities, perhaps in part by allowing more stimulus parameters to be considered. Proposals that each visual area computes and thereby “detects” a specific stimulus attribute have so far dealt with attributes that most mammals can detect and thus do not relate to the issue of species differences in numbers of areas. The problem of forming and maintaining complex patterns of interconnections between many different sets of distinct processing models within an area may limit multiplying functions within a field. In addition, the adding of new visual areas is a way of avoiding constraints on modifying existing visual areas that are imposed by the ongoing functional requirements. Thus, increasing the number of visual or other cortical areas is an effective and apparently common mechanism for evolving new capacities.
A novel tyrosine kinase-independent function of Drosophila abl correlates with proper subcellular localization

Abstract The axonal localization of the Drosophila abl protein and its genetic interactions with the disabled and fasciclin I genes implicate this cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase in the process of axonal pathfinding. Several changes at the amino terminus of abl permitted proper function and localization of the altered proteins. In contrast, the presence of human c-abl type 1a amino-terminal sequences or the murine c-abl carboxy-terminal domain interfered with function and axonal locallzation. Rescue of phenotypes caused by mutations in abl alone did not require tyrosine kinase activity, indicating a novel kinase-independent function for the properly localizaed abl protein. However, abl kinase activity was required to rescue the mutant phenotypes in genetic backgrounds also mutant for disabled .
Prostaglandin changes induced by ovulatory stimuli in rabbit graafian follicles. The effect of indomethacin

The levels of prostaglandin F (PGF) and prostaglandin E (PGE) were determined by radioimmunoassay in follicles obtained from rabbits at estrous and at 5 or 9 hours after an ovulatory injection of HCG, LH or mating. The ovulatory stimuli produced a marked increase in follicular prostaglandin levels (PGF and PGE). The increases produced by HCG and LH, or mating were completely abolished by the intravenous injection of indomethacin (20 mg per kg) 30 minutes prior to the gonadotropin treatment or at the time of mating. These results further support the concept that prostaglandin F and E play an important and obligatory role in the process of ovulation.
WING COLOURATION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE BRUCE SPANWORM OPEROPHTERA BRUCEATA (HULST) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) AND THE WINTER MOTH OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA (L.) ON VANCOUVER ISLAND

In a recently completed study involving pheromone trapping of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), and the Bruce spanworm, O . bruceata (Hulst), on Vancouver Island (Pivnick et al. 1988), I noticed that O . bruceata had wing colouration different from sympatric O . brumata . The west coast O . bruceata has a pale yellow-orange costal margin on the underside of the forewings and this is faint to absent in O . brumata (Fig. 1). It is also absent from O . bruceata in Saskatoon, which is interesting because some authors consider the west coast population of O . bruceata to be a separate species: the western winter moth, O . occidentalis (see Ferguson 1978; Pivnick et al. 1988). Descriptions of O . bruceata (Brown 1962) and O . brumata (Cuming 1961), and a taxonomic key to these two species (Eidt et al. 1966), do not mention any distinctive wing markings that could be used to separate the two species.
Growth properties and receptor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells from hypertensive rats.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth properties and receptor expression in aorta-ring derived smooth muscle cells (SMCs) cultured from control (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). SHR-SMCs exhibited a 3–4 day lag period before migrating. In addition, SHR-SMCs had a significantly higher growth rate, shorter population doubling time and higher saturation density level characteristics that were retained at higher passage levels. O-adrenergic and angiotensin (AII) receptors were measured using iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) and [3H]-All, respectively. All receptor expression was similar in both WKY and SHR-SMC cultures. WKY-SMCs exhibited little ICYP binding (Bmax 8.27± 2.0 fmol/mg) while SHR-SMC binding capacity was 8 fold higher (Bmax 65± 9.2 fmol/mg). In addition, the responsiveness of the P-receptor, as assessed by adenylyl cyclase stimulation, was similar for WKY and SHR-SMCs. These data suggest that factors regulating SMC receptor expression in vitro are selective since All and a...
Role of glutamate 269 in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli

Glu-269, which is located on the hydrophilic face of putative helix VIII in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli, has been replaced with Asp, Gln or Cys by oligonucleotide-directed, site specific mutagenesis. Cells expressing Asp-269 permease exhibit no lactose accumulation or lactose-induced H+ translocation, but retain some ability to mediate lactose influx down a concentration gradient at high substrate concentrations. Furthermore, right-side-out membrane vesicles containing Asp-269 permease do not catalyse active lactose transport, facilitated lactose efflux or equilibrium exchange. Remarkably, however, Asp-269 permease accumulates β,d-galactopyranosyl 1-thio-β,d-galactopyranoside in a partially uncoupled fashion, whereas no transport of methyl-β,d-thiogalactopyranoside, sucrose or maltose is detectable. Mutant permeases containing neutral replacements (Gln or Cys) or Glu-269 are completely devoid of activity, although the proteins are present in the membrane at concentrations comparable with wild...
Roads as nitrogen deposition hot spots

Mobile sources are the single largest source of nitrogen emissions to the atmosphere in the US. It is likely that a portion of mobile-source emissions are deposited adjacent to roads and thus not measured by traditional monitoring networks, which were designed to measure long-term and regional trends in deposition well away from emission sources. To estimate the magnitude of near-source nitrogen deposition, we measured concentrations of both dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and total dissolved nitrogen (inorganic + organic) (TDN) in throughfall (i.e., the nitrogen that comes through the forest canopy) along transects perpendicular to two moderately trafficked roads on Cape Cod in Falmouth MA, coupled with measurements of both DIN and TDN in bulk precipitation made in adjacent open fields at the same transect distances. We used the TDN throughfall data to estimate total nitrogen deposition, including dry gaseous nitrogen deposition in addition to wet deposition and dry particle deposition. There was no difference in TDN in the bulk collectors along the transects at either site; however TDN in the throughfall collectors was always higher closest to the road and decreased with distance. These patterns were driven primarily by differences in the inorganic N and not the organic N. Annual throughfall deposition was 8.7 (±0.4) and 6.8 (±0.5) TDN kg N ha−1 year−1 at sites 10 and 150 m away from the road respectively. We also characterized throughfall away from a non-road edge (power line right-of-way) to test whether the increased deposition observed near road edges was due to deposition near emission sources or due to a physical, edge effect causing higher deposition. The increased deposition we observed near roads was due to increases in inorganic N especially NH4 +. This increased deposition was not the result of an edge effect; rather it is due to near source deposition of mobile source emissions. We scaled these results to the entire watershed and estimate that by not taking into account the effects of increased gaseous N deposition from mobile sources we are underestimating the amount of N deposition to the watershed by 13–25 %.
A note on the stability of a Cournot–Nash equilibrium: the multiproduct case with adaptive expectations

Abstract Recently, Zhang and Zhang [Zhang, A., Zhang, Y. (1996). Stability of a Cournot–Nash equilibrium: the multi-product case. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 26, 441–462.] have presented sufficient and necessary conditions for the asymptotical stability of dynamic multiproduct oligopolies with Cournot expectations. First, we show via a counterexample that the necessary conditions given in that paper do not necessarily hold, and then their sufficient conditions are extended to adaptive expectations. Simple sufficient conditions are finally given by using special matrix norms.
A High Throughput Method for Estimating Mouth-Level Intake of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke.

INTRODUCTION We developed a high throughput method for estimating smoker's mainstream smoke intake on a per-cigarette basis by analyzing discarded cigarette butts. This new method utilizes ultraviolet/visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric analysis of isopropanol-soluble smoke particulate matter extracted from discarded cigarette filters. METHODS When measured under a wide range of smoking conditions for a given brand variant, smoking machine delivery of nicotine, benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines can be related to the overall filter extract absorbance at 360 nm. Once this relationship has been established, UV-Vis analysis of a discarded cigarette filter butt gives a quantitative measure of a smoker's exposure to these analytes. RESULTS The measured mainstream smoke constituents correlated closely (correlation coefficients from 0.9303 to 0.9941) with the filter extract absorbance. These high correlations held over a wide range of smoking conditions for 2R4F research cigarettes as well as popular domestic cigarette brands sold in the United States. CONCLUSIONS This low cost, high throughput method is suitable for high volume analyses (hundreds of samples per day) because UV-Vis spectrophotometry, rather than mass spectrometry, is used for the cigarette filter butt analysis. This method provides a stable and noninvasive means for estimating mouth-level delivery of many mainstream smoke constituents. The ability to gauge the mouth-level intake of harmful chemicals and total mainstream smoke for cigarette smokers in a natural setting on a cigarette-by-cigarette basis can provide insights on factors contributing to morbidity and mortality from cigarette smoking, as well as insights on strategies related to smoking cessation.
Miscibility, density and viscosity of poly(dimethylsiloxane) in supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract Phase boundaries, densities and viscosities of solutions of poly(dimethylsiloxane)s (PDMS) in supercritical carbon dioxide have been determined. The demixing pressures of 5 wt% solutions of PDMS of different molecular weights (Mw = 38 900, Mw//Mn = 2.84; MwMn= 93 700, Mw/Mn = 2.99; Mw = 273 500, Mw/Mn = 2.29; Mw = 369 200, Mw/Mn/Mn= 2.19) were determined in the temperature range from 300 to 460 K. At temperatures above 330 K the solutions show typical lower critical solution temperature behaviour and the demixing pressures increase with temperature. Below 330 K, the behaviour is reversed, and demixing pressures show a dramatic increase with decreasing temperature. The phase boundaries and the steep changes in the demixing pressures with temperature are discussed in the framework of the Sanchez—Lacombe model. Evaluation of the demixing pressures along with information on the details of molecular weight distributions obtained by gel permeation chromatography show that the observed demixing pressures are very much influenced by the high-molecular-weight tails of the distributions. Analysis of the density and viscosity data for solutions of PDMS with Mw = 38 900 at 1, 2 and 5 wt% concentrations show that results can be correlated with a free-volume based relationship of the form η = A expB/1 - Cp)]. Analysis of the pressure dependence of viscosity at selected temperatures shows that the apparent activation volumes are in the range of 30 to 60 cm3 mol−1. Analysis of the temperature dependence at different pressures gives activation energies in the range 7–10 kJ mol−1.
Rendering with coherent layers

For decades, animated cartoons and movie special effects have factored the rendering of a scene into layers that are updated independently and composed in the final display. We apply layer factorization to real-time computer graphics. The layers allow targeting of resources, whether the ink and paint artists of cartoons or the graphics pipeline, to those parts of the scene that are most important. To take advantage of frame-to-frame coherence, we generalize layer factorization to apply to both dynamic geometric objects and terms of the shading model, introduce new ways to trade off fidelity for resource use in individual layers, and show how to compute warps that reuse renderings for multiple frames. We describe quantities, called fiducials, that measure the fidelity of approximations to the original image. Layer update rates, spatial resolution, and other quality parameters are determined by geometric, photometric, visibility and sampling fiducials weighted by the content author’s preferences. We also compare the fidelity of various types of reuse warps and demonstrate the suitability of the affine warp. Using Talisman, a hardware architecture with an efficient layer primitive, the work presented dramatically improves the geometric complexity and shading quality of scenes rendered in real-time.
Reconstitution of in vivo macrophage-tumor cell pairing and streaming motility on one-dimensional micro-patterned substrates.

In mammary tumors, intravital imaging techniques have uncovered an essential role for macrophages during tumor cell invasion and metastasis mediated by an epidermal growth factor (EGF) / colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) paracrine loop. It was previously demonstrated that mammary tumors in mice derived from rat carcinoma cells (MTLn3) exhibited high velocity migration on extracellular matrix (ECM) fibers. These cells form paracrine loop-dependent linear assemblies of alternating host macrophages and tumor cells known as “streams.” Here, we confirm by intravital imaging that similar streams form in close association with ECM fibers in a highly metastatic patient-derived orthotopic mammary tumor (TN1). To understand the in vivo cell motility behaviors observed in streams, an in vitro model of fibrillar tumor ECM utilizing adhesive 1D micropatterned substrates was developed. MTLn3 cells on 1D fibronectin or type I collagen substrates migrated with higher velocity than on 2D substrates and displayed enhance...
Quantifying the mechanical and hydrologic effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability

Riparian vegetation strips are widely used by river managers to increase streambank stability, among other purposes. However, though the effects of vegetation on bank stability are widely discussed they are rarely quantified, and generally underemphasize the importance of hydrologic processes, some of which may be detrimental. This paper presents results from an experiment in which the hydrologic and mechanical effects of four riparian tree species and two erosion-control grasses were quantified in relation to bank stability. Geotechnical and pore-water pressure data from streambank plots under three riparian covers (mature trees, clump grasses and bare/cropped turf grass) were used to drive the ARS bank stability model, and the resulting factor of safety (Fs) was broken down into its constituent parts to assess the contribution (beneficial or detrimental) of individual hydrologic and mechanical effects (soil moisture modification, root reinforcement and surcharge). Tree roots were found to increase soil strength by 2–8 kPa depending on species, while grass roots contributed 6–18 kPa. Slope stability analysis based on data collected during bank failures in spring 2000 (following a very dry antecedent period) shows that the mechanical effects of the tree cover increased Fs by 32 per cent, while the hydrologic effects increased Fs by 71 per cent. For grasses the figures were 70 per cent for mechanical effects and a reduction of Fs by 10 per cent for the hydrologic effects. However, analysis based on bank failures in spring 2001 (following a wetter than average antecedent period) showed the mechanical effects of the tree cover to increase Fs by 46 per cent, while hydrologic effects added 29 per cent. For grasses the figures were 49 per cent and −15 per cent respectively. During several periods in spring 2001 the hydrologic effects of the tree cover reduced bank stability, though this was always offset by the stabilizing mechanical effects. The results demonstrate the importance of hydrologic processes in controlling streambank stability, and highlight the need to select riparian vegetation based on hydrologic as well as mechanical and ecological criteria. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INTERRUPTIONS IN THE POLYNUCLEOTIDE STRANDS IN BACTERIOPHAGE DNA.

Denatured phage DNA preparations are heterogeneous in the analytical ultra-centrifuge. Preparative zone sedimentation confirmed that the sedimentation diagrams reflect a true polydispersity of sedimentation coefficients among the polynucleotide strands. It is concluded that many phage particles—but not all—have one or more interruptions in the polynucleotide sequences, and the number of interruptions is consistent in a population of any one phage.
Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: When Damage Control Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Is an Option

Minimally invasive spinal techniques for the treatment of a multitude of spinal pathological conditions have evolved over the course of the past decade. Initially pioneered for the treatment of degenerative lumbar disorders, the techniques are now used to treat tumor, infection, deformity, and trauma. Minimally invasive techniques have been shown to play a role in the treatment of patients with multiple traumatic injuries and might be a viable treatment option for a critically ill trauma patient who cannot tolerate a traditional open procedure.
Purification and characterization of human muscle glutathione S-transferases: Evidence that glutathione S-transferase ζ corresponds to a locus distinct from GST1, GST2, and GST3

Human muscle glutathione S-transferase isozyme, GST zeta (pI 5.2) has been purified by three different methods using immunoaffinity chromatography, DEAE cellulose chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. GST zeta prepared by any of the three methods does not recognize antibodies raised against the alpha, mu, or pi class glutathione S-transferases of human tissues. GST zeta has a blocked N-terminus and its peptide fingerprints also indicate it to be distinct from the alpha, mu, or pi class isozymes. As compared to GSTs of alpha, mu, and pi classes, GST zeta displays higher activities toward t-stilbene oxide and Leukotriene A4 methyl ester. GST zeta also expresses GSH-peroxidase activity toward hydrogen peroxide. The Kms of GST zeta for CDNB and GSH were comparable to those reported for other human GSTs but its Vmax for CDNB, 7620 mol/mol/min, was found to be considerably higher than that reported for other human GSTs. The kinetics of inhibition of GST zeta by hematin, bile acids, and other inhibitors also indicate that it was distinct from the three classes of GST isozymes. These studies suggest that GST zeta corresponds to a locus distinct from GST1, GST2, and GST3 and probably corresponds to the GST4 locus as suggested previously by Laisney et al. (1984, Human Genet. 68, 221-227). The results of peptide fingerprints and kinetic analysis indicate that as compared to the pi and alpha class isozymes, GST zeta has more structural and functional similarities with the mu class isozymes. Besides GST zeta several other GST isozymes belonging to pi and mu class have also been characterized in muscle. The pi class GST isozymes of muscle have considerable charge heterogeneity among them despite identical N-terminal sequences.
Color‐difference formula performance for several datasets of small color differences based on visual uncertainty

Visual uncertainty, while reported, is not used routinely when evaluating color-difference formula performance in comparison with visual data; rather, data are analyzed assuming no uncertainty; that is, repeating the experiment would result in the identical average results. Previously, Shen and Berns developed three methods to determine whether a color-difference formula was well-fitting, under-fitting, or over-fitting visual data when visual uncertainty was considered, the method dependent on how the uncertainty was reported and the colorimetric sampling of the color-difference stimuli. The “nonellipsoid standard error method” was used in the current analyses. Three datasets were evaluated: BFD-P, Leeds, and Witt. For the BFD-P data, incorporating visual uncertainty led to the same performance results as the average results, that CIEDE2000 was an improvement over CIE94, which was an improvement over CIELAB. For the Witt data, incorporating visual uncertainty led to the same performance results as the average results, that CIEDE2000 and CIE94 had equivalent performance, both an improvement over CIELAB. However, both formulas under-fitted the visual results; thus, neither formula was optimal. For the Leeds dataset, the visual uncertainty analysis did not support the improvement of CIEDE2000 over CIE94 that occurred when evaluating the average results. Both formulas well fit the visual data. These analyses also provided insight into the tradeoffs between the number of color-difference pairs and the number of observations when fitting a local contour of equal perceived color difference: In particular, increasing the number of observations was more important than increasing the number of color-difference pairs. Finally, average standard error could be used to approximate visual uncertainty defined using STRESS. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011
Third molar root development and recovery from third molar surgery.

Purpose This study was conducted to determine if the completeness of the root formation of mandibular third molars prior to removal affected clinical and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) recovery. Patients and Methods Data from HRQOL responses from patients and clinical outcome data were available after third molar surgery conducted by surgeons in community practice and academic centers. The root development of each mandibular third molar on presurgery panoramic radiographs for these patients was assessed by trained clinician observers. Patients were categorized as those with complete root formation (both mandibular third molars had 100% completely formed roots) or as those with incomplete root formation (at least 1 mandibular third molar not completely formed). The proportion of patients who experienced delayed clinical or HRQOL recovery that exceeded a clinically relevant criterion value were compared for these 2 groups of patients using χ2 statistics. Level of significance was set at 0.05. Results Both mandibular third molars had 100% completely formed roots in 118 patients; at least 1 mandibular third molar was not completely formed in 218 patients. If patients had a mandibular third molar with roots less than 100% complete, they more likely: were female (65% vs 58%), were less than 25 years old (95% vs 54%), P Conclusions Incomplete lower third molar root formation presurgery may not be a predictor of better or worse clinical or HRQOL recovery after surgery. Other clinical, demographic, and health indicators should influence surgeons’ recommendations and patients’ decisions regarding third molar treatment including surgery.
Synthesis and anticancer structure activity relationship investigation of cationic anthraquinone analogs

We have synthesized a series of novel 4,9-dioxo-4,9-dihydro-1H-naphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazol-3-ium salts, which can be viewed as analogs of cationic anthraquinones. Unlike the similar analogs that we have reported previously, these compounds show relatively weak antibacterial activities but exert strong anticancer activities (low μM to nM GI50), in particular, against melanoma, colon cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and central nervous system (CNS) cancer. These compounds are structurally different from their predecessors by having the aromatic group, instead of alkyl chains, directly attached to the cationic anthraquinone scaffold. Further investigation in the structure-activity relationship (SAR) reveals the significant role of electron donating substituents on the aromatic ring in enhancing the anticancer activities via resonance effect. Steric hindrance of these groups is disadvantageous but is less influential than the resonance effect. The difference in the attached groups at N-1 position of the cationic anthraquinone analog is the main structural factor for the switching of biological activity from antibacterial to anticancer. The discovery of these compounds may lead to the development of novel cancer chemotherapeutics.