cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear myosin II regulates the assembly of preinitiation complex for ICAM-1 gene transcription.

Background & Aims Actin-myosin II motor converts chemical energy into force/motion in muscle and nonmuscle cells. The phosphorylation of 20-kilodalton regulatory myosin light chain (MLC 20 ) is critical to the cytoplasmic functions of these motors. We do not know whether myosin II and actins in the nucleus function as motors to generate relative motion, such as that between RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and DNA, for assembly of the preinitiation complex. Methods The experiments were performed on primary cultures of human colonic circular smooth muscle cells and rat colonic circular muscle strips. Results We show that myosin II and α- and β-actins are present in the nuclei of colonic smooth muscle cells. The nuclear myosin II is tethered to recognition sequence AGCTCC (−39/−34) in the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) core promoter region. The actins are known to complex with RNA polymerase II, and they are tethered to the nucleoskeleton. The dephosphorylation of MLC 20 increases the transcription of ICAM-1, whereas its phosphorylation decreases it. Colonic inflammation suppresses nuclear myosin light chain kinase, which increases the unphosphorylated form of nuclear MLC 20 , resulting in enhanced transcription of ICAM-1. Conclusions Myosin II is a core transcription factor. The phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of nuclear MLC 20 results in the sliding of myosin and actin molecules past each other, producing relative motion between DNA bound to the myosin II and RNA polymerase II holoenzyme bound to actins and nucleoskeleton.
Uncertainty in urban mobility: Predicting waiting times for shared bicycles and parking lots

Building efficient and sustainable transportation systems is a key challenge for accommodating the fast-increasing population living in cities. Lack of efficiency in transportation networks typically arises from uncertainty, e.g., about the availability of resources (such as parking lots or bicycles in bike sharing systems), or the exogenous factors affecting their demand (such as weather or the time of the day). In this paper, we present a class of algorithms which use Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) for demand and availability prediction on various time scales. In contrast to existing methods, exogenous effects can be explicitly factored into the models, resulting in significant gains in terms of prediction accuracy. Another advantage of our approach is that it estimates the distribution of the waiting time for the next available bike/parking lot if the current availability is zero. We showcase how this additional information can be used as part of personal uncertainty-aware journey planners which allow users to choose from multiple routes according to their time constraints.
Fluid simulation: discrete event fluid modeling of TCP

The bulk of Internet traffic is carried using variants of the TCP protocol. A realistic simulation-based performance study of any distributed application run over the Internet (e.g. reliable multicast) must therefore account for the impact that TCP background traffic has upon application behavior. Because TCP flows are shaped by other TCP flows, it is difficult to model TCP and its impact on other traffic other than by explicitly simulating it. This adds a significant computational burden to the simulation. This paper describes how we use fluid-based models of TCP to reduce the computational workload of simulating background TCP traffic. In particular we describe howa number of significant aspects of TCP can be described within a fluid formulation, how fluid models give rise to specific challenges that must be addressed by modeler and simulation kernel, and how we have addressed these in the DaSSF simulator.
Along the trail from Fraction I protein to Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase)

This historical minireview deals with events leading to the eventual discovery of Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase). This abundant leaf protein is not only responsible for the net fixation of CO2 in all plants, but also causes the loss of carbon through photorespiration. The latter is a special ‘problem’ of the so-called ‘C3’ plants. The protein was first called ‘Fraction 1 protein’ before it was recognized to be the same as Rubisco. Instead of reinventing words, text as needed has been freely used from three earlier publications (Wildman and Kwanyuen 1978; Wildman 1992, 1998)
Migration and its impact on mental and physical health: Social support and its main functions

Abstract Social support was one of the first factors identified as factors moderating the influence of adverse life events on psychic well-being and health of human. Social support is also an important factor in the process of the immigrants’ integration (as a part of adaptation process) and at the same times also a significant determinant of their health. Immigrants constitute a vulnerable social group with specific health needs and their health condition is influenced by a lot of factors. The article submits a survey of studies dealing with social support and its relation to the immigrants’ mental and physic health and also to integration. The goal of this study is to describe functions of social support of immigrants, to monitor the connections between migration (and integration) and access to social support and the relation of social support to the immigrants’ mental and physical health. Methodology of research activity The source of information consisted of publications in databased journals (Scopus, Ebsco and Medline databases) and monographs related to the topic. Conclusion Social support has three main functions: (1) promotion of physical health, (2) promotion of mental health and (3) development of integration – as a growing into democratic society. The information obtained can help us to find ways to strengthen specific immigrant supporting system.
Diversity and reproduction of near-shore vs offshore wood-boring bivalves (Pholadidae: Xylophagainae) of the deep eastern Pacific ocean, with three new species

The ability of obligate wood-boring bivalves of the Xylophagainae to colonize wood seemingly wherever it lays on the seafloor remains enigmatic. The continuous, if patchy, deposition of vegetation in near-shore deep-water areas is hypothesized to allow woodborers to develop opportunistic species that exploit offshore wood falls and to produce larvae that colonize isolated wood-falls on the distant seafloor. Examination of specimens and literature accounts from near-shore (within 1.58 longitude of the continent) and offshore (more than 2.38 longitude from the continent) areas tests the hypothesis that the same species occur in both areas. The hypothesized role of near-shore populations as sources of offshore colonists is refuted; the 18 species of Xylophagainae documented in the Northeast Pacific Ocean appear to form two nearly distinct groups based on their proximity to the continent. Of 11 near-shore species of Xylophagainae recorded off western North America, including three (Xylophaga siebenalleri n. sp.; X. pacifica n. sp., Xylopholas scrippsorum n. sp.) described here, only one is also known from offshore sites. Four near-shore species are documented to range from the San Diego Trough to Oregon, including three that apparently brood young. Brooded young are considered to restrict the offshore dispersal of species, but not to limit their movement along the continental margin.
Functional role of a protein foldon—An Ω-loop foldon controls the alkaline transition in ferricytochrome c

Hydrogen exchange results for cytochrome c and several other proteins show that they are composed of a number of foldon units which continually unfold and refold and account for some functional properties. Previous work showed that one Omega-loop foldon controls the rate of the structural switching and ligand exchange behavior of cytochrome c known as the alkaline transition. The present work tests the role of foldons in the alkaline transition equilibrium. We measured the effects of denaturant and 14 destabilizing mutations. The results show that the ligand exchange equilibrium is controlled by the stability of the same foldon unit implicated before. In addition, the results obtained confirm the epsilon-amino group of Lys79 and Lys73 as the alkaline replacement ligands and bear on the search for a triggering group.
Accountability for patient self-management of chronic conditions; ethical analysis and a proposal:

Patient self-management (PSM) of varying portions of therapy for chronic illness is expanding. However, several current conditions of practice are ethically problematic. Standards remain process-oriented, and accountability for patient outcomes and quality of practice of both patient and provider is diffuse. PSM carries important benefits but largely unmonitored potential harms. Also, access to preparation for safe PSM appears to be skewed in favour of high socio-economic classes. This condition persists even though available evidence supports the conclusion that less advantaged patients with poor disease outcomes can be taught to self-manage, albeit they require more intensive and prolonged interventions. Routine clinical use of well-validated measurement instruments could serve to develop evidence-based standards of PSM, quality improvement and effective public policy. Development of a standard dataset would facilitate description of the effectiveness of existing programmes and comparison across program...
Seeking a New Biology through Text Mining

Tens of thousands of biomedical journals exist, and the deluge of new articles in the biomedical sciences is leading to information overload. Hence, there is much interest in text mining, the use of computational tools to enhance the human ability to parse and understand complex text.
The Instability of High Speed Jets

This paper provides a review of the stability characteristics of high speed jets. These characteristics not only play a role in the transition of jet flows to turbulence, in the traditional sense of hydrodynamic stability theory, but also are key to understanding the behavior of large scale turbulent structures in the jet. They are also an important component in understanding the noise radiation by high speed jets. The paper begins with the development of the linear stability equations and then reviews the classes of instability waves in a jet, modeled as a cylindrical vortex sheet. Finite shear layer thickness effects are then discussed. This includes a review of numerical methods for the solution of the stability equations. The effects of jet Mach number and temperature are then presented. Additional topics considered include, the effects of mean flow divergence, the effect of Reynolds number, and the effect of the jet's geometry. Finally, the nature of absolute instabilities in jet flows is described, ...
Assessment of Appearance Match by Visual Observation and Clinical Colorimetry

Judgments of appearance matching by means of the visual criteria established by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) and by means of an extended visual rating scale were determined for composite resin veneer restorations and their comparison teeth. Using a colorimeter of 45°/0° geometry and the CIELAB color order system, we used the color of the restorations and comparison teeth to calculate a color difference for every visual rating. Statistically significant relationships were found between each of the two visual rating systems and the color differences. The average CIELAB color difference of those ratings judged a match by the USPHS criteria was found to be 3. 7. However, the overlap in ranges of the color differences for those comparisons rated matches and mismatches indicates the importance of other factors in appearance matching, such as translucency and the effects of other surrounding visual stimuli. The extended visual rating scale offers no advantages to the more broadly defined crite...
CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AND IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE: THE SAN LUIS VALLEY DIABETES STUDY

Cardiovascular risk factor patterns were examined cross-sectionally in 856 Hispanic and Anglo subjects aged 20-74 years enrolled in the population-based San Luis Valley Diabetes Study of Colorado. Risk factor levels and prevalence were compared for 279 individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 89 with impaired glucose tolerance, and 488 with normal glucose tolerance. Sex-specific comparisons of continuous risk factors were made by diabetic status and ethnicity, adjusting for age using two-way analysis of covariance; similar comparisons of discrete variables were made using logistic regression. A number of vascular, metabolic, lipid, obesity-related, family history, and life-style risk factors for cardiovascular disease were examined. In general, biologic risk factors tended to be more strongly associated with diabetic status, while life-style risk factors varied more by ethnicity. Age-adjusted levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension history, triglyceride, and body mass index were lowest among normal subjects, intermediate for those with impaired glucose tolerance, and highest in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, while the trend was reversed for high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and its subfractions. Hispanics had lower serum uric acid levels and greater central obesity than Anglos; they were less likely to have a Type A personality, less physically active at work, and more likely to be a current smoker than Anglos. Hispanic males had a lower body mass index and a higher HDL cholesterol level than Anglo males. These results indicate that an adverse cardiovascular risk factor pattern is present not only in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus but also in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance who are at increased risk of developing diabetes. This suggests that an adverse risk factor pattern may develop concurrently with or prior to the onset of impaired glucose tolerance. Future prospective studies will help to clarify the temporal sequence involved in the development of adverse cardiovascular risk factor patterns and impaired glucose tolerance.
Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation in Mediating End Organ Damage by Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II (Ang II) and its major heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) AT1 have long been believed to mediate end organ damage associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In the past decade, efforts have been made to dissect intracellular signal transduction mechanisms by which Ang II exerts its pathophysiological effects on target cells and tissues. Recent accumulating evidence suggests the critical role of the “transactivation” of the growth factor receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity in this context. Transactivation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) could be mediated by numbers of GPCRs, including the AT1 receptor that ap-pears to activate important downstream signal transductions and functions such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK), cell growth, and migration.1 However, there is still a void in our knowledge regarding the relative contribution of PDGFR and EGFR in end organ damage together with cardiovascular remodeling induced by Ang II as well as detailed molecular mechanisms by which AT1 mediates the growth factor receptor transactivation. The article by Schellings et al in this issue of Hypertension 2 provides significant insights into the pathophysiological roles of the growth factor receptor transactivation in hypertensive end organ damage induced by Ang II. The study demonstrates that despite continuous hypertension …
Laboratory studies of the entrainment zone of a convectively mixed layer

In laboratory experiments of simulated atmospheric mixed layers the entrainment zone is investigated from measurements of horizontally averaged temperature and buoyancy flux, and from visual observations of penetrating thermals using a spread laser beam. The region of negative buoyancy flux of entrainment is found to be confined between the outermost height reached by the few most vigorous penetrating parcels, and by the lesser height where mixed-layer fluid occupies, usually, some 90 to 95% of the total area. The height of most negative buoyancy flux of entrainment is found to agree roughly with the level at which mixed-layer fluid occupies half the area.The thickness of the entrainment zone, relative to the depth of the well-mixed layer just beneath, is found to be quite substantial (0·2 to 0·4), and apparently decreases only asymptotically with increasing ‘overall’ Richardson number, Ri*. The thickness is not well predicted by parcel theory.Extensive detrainment is found to occur within the entrainment zone, and adds to the difficulty in defining the position of the local interface between mixed-layer fluid and unmodified fluid.For typical Ri* values occurring in the atmosphere, the dimensionless entrainment rate is found to be given satisfactorily by 0·25(Ri*)−1, although an dependence cannot be ruled out by the present data. Entrainment into a neutral layer in the absence of a capping inversion is found to proceed at the expected rate.
The effects of CO and CO2 on the rate of Na2CO3 catalyzed boudouard reaction

Discs of two cokes of different reactivity were gasified at 900 C in CO-CO/sub 2/-Ar mixtures. For both cokes the reaction rate increased with increasing Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ content. The lower the partial pressure of CO/sub 2/ and the higher the partial pressure of CO, the smaller was the influence of Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ addition. It was concluded that the rate of the catalysed reaction was controlled by more than one of the steps in any mechanistic schemes and that one of the slower steps was the regeneration of the carbonate.
Second language teaching: a semiotic approach

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application of semiotics to the instruction of language, particularly foreign or second language. The first section of this paper will deal primarily with what semiotics is an its implications for education. The second section will consider criteria suggested by semiotics by which methods of language instruction can be evaluated and discuss applications to the classroom. The final section will deal with teacher training suggested by a semiotic approach to language instruction. In this approach, semiotic criteria would be used primarily as an evaluative tool to determine whether methods and techniques are viable. This is an approach to language instruction; there is no prescriptive semiotic curriculum. Este artigo discute a aplicacao da semiotica ao ensino de lingua, especialmente lingua estrangeira ou segunda lingua. A primeira parte lidara com o conceito de semiotica e suas implicacoes para a educacao. A segunda parte analisara criterios sugeridos pela semiotica atraves dos quais se possa avaliar metodos de ensino, bem como suas aplicacoes em sala de aula. A parte final apresentara possiveis aplicacoes da abordagem semiotica de ensino de lingua no treinamento de professores. Nessa abordagem, criterios semioticos seriam utilizados como instrumento para avaliar a viabilidade de metodos e tecnicas. Trata-se de uma abordagem de ensino de lingua; nao ha, em termos semioticos, um curriculo prescritivo.
Libraries, Book Collection and the Production of Texts by the Fatimids

We possess a good deal of information in our sources about Fatimid royal libraries and about book collections, both those belonging to the imam-caliph and some in private hands. The earliest evidence goes back to the beginning phase of this dynasty but it also continues throughout. Even viewing the available data with skepticism, the caliph’s library must have been immense. One semi-public institution, the Dar al-ʿIlm, begun by al-Hakim, was designed to foster book copying and it had its own library as well. Strictly within the daʿwa , some evidence indicates a kind of curriculum: books and treatises that an authority indicates should be studied prior to reading those more advanced. Most were, however, carefully restricted to the faithful. But some others were not and were designed specifically for public consumption. We also have a royal decree in favor of a famous scholar that specifies how he is to produce books, both to add to the library and to enhance the honor of the Fatimid state.
Lessons to be learned from long-term treatment of affective disorders: potential utility in panic disorder.

Abstract Although the research on long-term treatment for panic disorder is in an early stage, there is a considerable body of data on affective disorders. The author discusses three long-term projects pertinent to affective disorders, with the idea that they may suggest possible avenues of research in the field of panic disorder: (1) the MacArthur Foundation task force arrives at consensus definitions and proposes tentative operational criteria; (2) the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study compares the effects of lithium carbonate, imipramine, the lithium/imipramine combination, and placebo in preventing the recurrence of affective disorders; and (3) the Pittsburgh Study explores the efficacy of the combination of imipramine and interpersonal psychotherapy as a preventive strategy against recurrence of depression.
Characteristics of Soil Nutrients above Different Rock Type in Mild Slope of Low Mountains and Hills of Huaxi,Guiyang

[Objective] The investigation of natural attributes of the land,including soil nutrients,is the important premise for the reasonable and scientific development of the city.[Method] Characteristics of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,alkali hydrolysable nitrogen,available potassium and phosphorus above all rock type in mild slope of low mountains and hills of Huaxi,Guiyang,were measured by the national standard method.[Result] All indexes of nutrient were below the Medium Level.There were some differences in the average soil nutrients composition of 5 rock types,which showed increasing trend form the quartz sandstone to calcite dolomite(quartz sandstone-quaternary clayey soil-purple sand shale-sand shale in coal bearing formation-calcite dolomite).[Conclusion]The planning of agricultural and construction land use should be made by this sequence.
On the Effect of the Corn Trade Growth of the World Major Countries

This paper uses the corn trade data of the world major countries from 1991 to 2010 and CMS model to analyze the factors which affect these countries in the world corn trade.The results show that the corn trade partners of the world major markets will gradually increase,but the major trading partners and trade structure will remain stable.The key factor of the world corn trade growth is the continuous growth of import demand,and market structure effects do not consistently affect the world corn trade while competitive effects are gradually changing from negative to positive.After 2006,demand effects,market structural effects and competitive effects should positively impact the corn trade of the major countries.Based on the analysis,the paper provides some policy implications for the corn development of China.
Somatic mutations in histiocytic sarcoma identified by next generation sequencing.

Histiocytic sarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm of presumed hematopoietic origin showing morphologic and immunophenotypic evidence of histiocytic differentiation. Somatic mutation importance in the pathogenesis or disease progression of histiocytic sarcoma was largely unknown. To identify somatic mutations in histiocytic sarcoma, we studied 5 histiocytic sarcomas [3 female and 2 male patients; mean age 54.8 (20–72), anatomic sites include lymph node, uterus, and pleura] and matched normal tissues from each patient as germ line controls. Somatic mutations in 50 “Hotspot” oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes were examined using next generation sequencing. Three (out of five) histiocytic sarcoma cases carried somatic mutations in BRAF. Among them, G464V [variant frequency (VF) of 43.6 %] and G466R (VF of 29.6 %) located at the P loop potentially interfere with the hydrophobic interaction between P and activating loops and ultimately activation of BRAF. Also detected was BRAF somatic mutation N581S (VF of 7.4 %), which was located at the catalytic loop of BRAF kinase domain: its role in modifying kinase activity was unclear. A similar mutational analysis was also performed on nine acute monocytic/monoblastic leukemia cases, which did not identify any BRAF somatic mutations. Our study detected several BRAF mutations in histiocytic sarcomas, which may be important in understanding the tumorigenesis of this rare neoplasm and providing mechanisms for potential therapeutical opportunities.
Extraction of elastic moduli from granular compacts

The precipitation of crystals in certain solid nucleation processes can lead to subcritical failure. An important case is that of ettringite crystals in hardened concrete which, when exposed to sulfate attack, can lead to cracking of the structure. In order to conduct micromechanical modeling of this deterioration process, it is necessary to know the elastic moduli of ettringite. However, due to the difficulty in obtaining crystals large enough to conduct mechanical tests, the elastic moduli of ettringite remain unknown. The focus of this communication is to report estimates on the elastic moduli of ettringite, which are determined by solving an inverse formulation, where only the experimentally measured effective responses of porous ettringite compacts are known. The inverse solution is obtained by using a probabilistic genetic search algorithm.
Selection in Persistently Infected Murine Cells of an MHV-A59 Variant with Extended Host Range

Murine Coronavirus MHV-A59 normally infects only murine cells in vitro and causes transmissible infection only in mice. In the 17 Cl 1 line of murine cells, the receptor for MHV-A59 is MHVR, a biliary glycoprotein in the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family of glycoproteins. We found that virus released from the 600th passage of 17 Cl 1 cells persistently infected with MHV-A59 (MHV/pi600) replicated in hamster (BHK-21) cells. The virus was passaged and plaque-purified in BHK-21 cells, yielding the MHV/BHK strain. Because murine cells persistently infected with MHV-A59 express a markedly reduced level of MHVR (Sawicki, et al., 1995), we tested whether virus with altered receptor interactions was selected in the persistently infected culture. Infection of 17 Cl 1 cells by MHV-A59 can be blocked by treating the cells with anti-MHVR MAb-CC1, while infection by MHV/BHK was only partially blocked by MAb-CC1. MHV/BHK virus was also more resistant than wild-type MHV-A59 to neutralization by purified, recombinant, soluble MHVR glycoprotein (sMHVR). Cells in the persistently infected culture may also express reduced levels of and have altered interactions with some of the Bgp-related glycoproteins that can serve as alternative receptors for MHV-A59. Unlike the parental MHV-A59 which only infects murine cells, MHV/BHK virus was able to infect cell lines derived from mice, hamsters, rats, cats, cows, monkeys and humans. However, MHV/BHK was not able to infect all mammalian species, because a pig (ST) cell line and a dog cell line (MDCK I) were not susceptible to infection. MHV/pi600 and MHV/BHK replicated in murine cells more slowly than MHV-A59 and formed smaller plaques.
Sexual Violence During Armed Conflict

This chapter examines the nature of, and variation in, sexual violence and sexualized violence in armed conflicts. It presents a typology of forms the violence takes and examines various theoretical explanations for such acts, drawing heavily upon criminological and feminist theories to understand causative forces at the micro, meso, and macro levels. It draws upon historical accounts and materials from the archives of international courts and truth and reconciliation commissions.
Linking modern coexistence theory and contemporary niche theory

Modern coexistence theory and contemporary niche theory represent parallel frameworks for understanding the niche's role in species coexistence. Despite increasing prominence and shared goals, their compatibility and complementarity have received little attention. This paucity of overlap not only presents an obstacle to newcomers to the field, but it also precludes further conceptual advances at their interface. Here, we present a synthetic treatment of the two frameworks. We review their main concepts and explore their theoretical and empirical relationship, focusing on how the resource supply ratio, impact niche, and requirement niche of contemporary niche theory translate into the stabilizing and equalizing processes of modern coexistence theory. We show, for a general consumer–resource model, that varying resource supply ratios reflects an equalizing process; varying impact niche overlap reflects a stabilizing process; and varying requirement niche overlap may be both stabilizing and equalizing, but has no qualitative effect on coexistence. These generalizations provide mechanistic insight into modern coexistence theory, while also clarifying the role of contemporary niche theory's impacts and requirements in mediating coexistence. From an empirical perspective, we recommend a hierarchical approach, in which quantification of the strength of stabilizing mechanisms is used to guide more focused investigation into the underlying niche factors determining species coexistence. Future research that considers alternative assumptions, including different forms of species interaction, spatiotemporal heterogeneity, and priority effects, would facilitate a more complete synthesis of the two frameworks.
Cohort profile for the Nurture Observational Study examining associations of multiple caregivers on infant growth in the Southeastern USA

Purpose Childcare has been associated with obesity in children in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, although some observed no association. Few studies have focused on care during infancy, a period when children may be especially vulnerable. Participants The Nurture Study is an observational birth cohort designed to assess longitudinal associations of childcare and the presence of multiple caregivers on infant adiposity and weight trajectories throughout the first year of life. We examine as potential mediators feeding, physical activity, sleep and stress. We completed recruitment in 2015. Of the 860 women who enrolled during pregnancy, 799 delivered a single live infant who met our inclusion criteria. Of those, 666 mothers (77.4%) agreed to participate in the study for themselves and their infants. Findings to date Among the 666 women in the study, 472 (71%) identified as black, 127 (19%) as white, 7 (1%) as Asian or Asian American, 6 (1%) as Native American and 49 (7%) as other race or more than one race; 43 (7%) identified as Hispanic/Latina. Just under half (48%) had a high school diploma or less, 61% had household incomes Future plans Results will help assess the magnitude of associations between childcare in infancy and subsequent obesity. Findings will also inform intervention and policy efforts to improve childcare environments and help prevent obesity in settings where many infants spend time. Trial registration number Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01788644.
Super-resolution intracranial quiescent interval slice-selective magnetic resonance angiography

Purpose To evaluate the combination of nonenhanced quiescent-interval slice-selective (QISS) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with super-resolution reconstruction for portraying the intracranial arteries. Methods The intracranial arteries of seven volunteers were imaged at 3T using QISS MRA acquired with a flow-compensated fast low-angle shot (FLASH) readout and thin overlapping slices. The impacts of super-resolution reconstruction and various acquisition parameters on the delineation of intracranial arteries were quantified using four metrics: arterial-to-background contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), arterial-to-background contrast, arterial sharpness, and arterial full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM). Three-dimensional time-of-flight (TOF) MRA was also acquired. Results For similar voxel sizes, QISS MRA displayed the intracranial arteries with an arterial-to-background contrast that exceeded 3D TOF MRA by 59–84%, depending on the k-space sampling trajectory (P < 0.001). Super-resolution reconstruction improved CNR, contrast, and sharpness, while reducing arterial FWHM (P < 0.001). Cardiac triggering provided minimal benefits, while Cartesian sampling provided higher CNR than radial sampling for multishot QISS (P < 0.05). Scan time for a complete intracranial MRA was <90 s using an ungated single-shot QISS acquisition. Conclusion Thin, overlapping-slice QISS leveraging super-resolution reconstruction is a flexible approach for intracranial MRA that provides competitive image quality to standard-of-care 3D TOF, with the potential for reduced sensitivity to in-plane flow saturation and motion artifacts. Magn Reson Med, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Adding abstractive reflection to a tutorial dialog system

In this work we hypothesize that giving students a reflective reading after spoken dialog tutoring in qualitative physics will improve learning. The reading is designed to help students compare similar aspects of previously tutored problems, and to abstract their commonalities. We also hypothesize that student motivation will affect how well the text is processed, and so influence learning. We find that the beneficial effects of the reflective text significantly interact with motivation, such that moderately motivated students learn significantly more from the reflective text than from a non-reflective control text. More poorly or highly motivated students did not benefit from reflective text. These results demonstrate that implicit reflection can improve learning after dialog tutoring with a qualitative physics tutor. They further demonstrate that this result can be obtained with a reflective/abstractive text without recourse to dialog, and that the effectiveness of the text is sensitive to the motivation level of the student. Copyright © 2011, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. All rights reserved.
Time-sensitive therapeutics

Much of what we now do in Critical Care carries an air of urgency, a pressing need to discover and act, with priorities biased toward a reactive response. However, efficacy often depends not simply upon what we do, but rather on whether, when, and how persistently we intervene. The practice of medicine is based upon diagnosis, integration of multiple sources of information, keen judgment, and appropriate intervention. Timing may not be everything, as the well-known adage suggests, but in the intensive care unit (ICU) timing issues clearly deserve more attention than they are currently given. Successfully or not, the patient is continually attempting to adapt and re-adjust to acute illness, and this adaptive process takes time. Knowing that much of what we do carries potential for unintended harm as well as benefit, the trick is to decide whether the patient is winning or losing the adaptive struggle and whether we can help. Costs of modern ICU care is enormous and the trend line shows no encouraging sign of moderation. To sharpen our effectiveness, reduce hazard, and pare cost we must learn to time our interventions, help the patient adapt, and at times withhold treatment rather than jump in on the impulse to rescue and/or to alter the natural course of disease. Indeed, much of the progress made in our discipline has resulted both from timely intervention when called for and avoidance or moderation of hazardous treatments when not. Time-sensitive ICU therapeutics requires awareness of trends in key parameters, respect for adaptive chronobiology, level-headed evaluation of the need to intervene, and awareness of the costs of disrupting a potentially constructive natural response to illness.
Copper(II)-Mediated ortho-Selective C(sp2)-H Tandem Alkynylation/Annulation and ortho-Hydroxylation of Anilides with 2-Aminophenyl-1H-pyrazole as a Directing Group.

2-Aminophenyl-1H-pyrazole has been identified as a viable directing group to promote copper(II)-mediated ortho-selective sp2 C–H bond tandem alkynylation/annulation of anilides with terminal alkynes to offer arylmethylene isoindolinones. Meanwhile, copper(II)-mediated ortho-selective sp2 C–H hydroxylation of anilides has also been optimized as the major reaction pathway by using Cu(OAc)2 as the promoter and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine as an organic base. Recovery of the directing group was achieved by hydrazinolysis for arylmethylene isoindolinones and basic hydrolysis for the hydroxylation products.
Evaluations of WRF Sensitivities in Surface Simulations with an Ensemble Prediction System

This paper investigates the sensitivities of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations to different parameterization schemes (atmospheric boundary layer, microphysics, cumulus, longwave and shortwave radiations and other model configuration parameters) on a domain centered over the inter-mountain western United States (U.S.). Sensitivities are evaluated through a multi-model, multi-physics and multi-perturbation operational ensemble system based on the real-time four-dimensional data assimilation (RTFDDA) forecasting scheme, which was developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in the United States. The modeling system has three nested domains with horizontal grid intervals of 30 km, 10 km and 3.3 km. Each member of the ensemble system is treated as one of 48 sensitivity experiments. Validation with station observations is done with simulations on a 3.3-km domain from a cold period (January) and a warm period (July). Analyses and forecasts were run every 6 h during one week in each period. Performance metrics, calculated station-by-station and as a grid-wide average, are the bias, root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), normalized standard deviation and the correlation between the observation and model. Across all members, the 2-m temperature has domain-average biases of −1.5–0.8 K; the 2-m specific humidity has biases from −0.5–−0.05 g/kg; and the 10-m wind speed and wind direction have biases from 0.2–1.18 m/s and −0.5–4 degrees, respectively. Surface temperature is most sensitive to the microphysics and atmospheric boundary layer schemes, which can also produce significant differences in surface wind speed and direction. All examined variables are sensitive to data assimilation.
Laparoscopic and Robotic Radical Hysterectomy

Although primary and secondary prevention has dramatically reduced the incidence of cervical cancer, it still remains the seventh most common malignant tumor worldwide and third in female population [1]. Traditionally, early stages of cervical cancer have been treated with radical abdominal hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, whereas more advanced stages with radiation and recently with chemoradiation.
The Potential of Social Media — Intelligence to Improve People’s Lives: Social Media Data for Good

In this report, developed with support from Facebook, we focus on an approach to extract public value from social media data that we believe holds the greatest potential: data collaboratives. Data collaboratives are an emerging form of public-private partnership in which actors from different sectors exchange information to create new public value. Such collaborative arrangements, for example between social media companies and humanitarian organizations or civil society actors, can be seen as possible templates for leveraging privately held data towards the attainment of public goals.
Urania Propitia, Tabulae Rudophinae faciles redditae a Maria Cunitia Beneficent Urania , the Adaptation of the Rudolphine Tables by Maria Cunitz

Maria Cunitz’s Beneficent Urania, published in 1650, has the distinction of being the earliest surviving scientific work by a woman on the highest technical level of its age, for its purpose was to provide solutions to difficulties in the most advanced science of the age, the mathematical astronomy of Kepler’s Rudolphine Tables. Her work is at once original and the product of a long history. In 1577 Tycho Brahe began his program of observations while constructing the Castle of Uraniborg on the island of Hven in the Danish Sound, granted him by King Frederick II, with the object of a complete reform of astronomy, to produce new and accurate tables of the motions of the sun, moon, and planets, which he had envisioned years earlier. The observations, by Tycho and his many assistants, with the finest and largest new instruments, exceeding all previous observations in quality and quantity, many, many thousands, continued through twenty years on Hven, two years of travel through Germany, and, after Tycho entered the service of Rudolph II in 1599, at Prague and the estate of Benatky granted him by the Emperor.
Negotiating for a Successful Tenure

Do not negotiate unimportant details. Conditions change. Go for important items: space, equipment, freedom to hire, and expand if the funds are available.
Redox Biology of Right-Sided Heart Failure

Right-sided heart failure is the major cause of death among patients who suffer from various forms of pulmonary hypertension and congenital heart disease. The right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) originate from different progenitor cells and function against very different blood pressures. However, differences between the RV and LV formed after birth have not been well defined. Work from our laboratory and others has accumulated evidence that redox signaling, oxidative stress and antioxidant regulation are important components that define the RV/LV differences. The present article summarizes the progress in understanding the roles of redox biology in the RV chamber-specificity. Understanding the mechanisms of RV/LV differences should help develop selective therapeutic strategies to help patients who are susceptible to and suffering from right-sided heart failure. Modulations of redox biology may provide effective therapeutic avenues for these conditions.
Outlook to an Exciting Future

This chapter will introduce some of the most prevalent themes to watch for in the coming years. I will introduce what blockchain technology may mean for supply management, as well as the significant potential of big data analytics. Major breakthroughs are also expected from the application of artificial intelligence and cognitive computing, destined to disrupt even more how supply management is conducted.
Evaluation of collector adsorption phenomena by FT-IR/IRS examination of transferred LB films

The transfer of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayers of collector molecules to the surface of mineral crystals is an excellent method for the study of collector adsorption phenomena and is of particular significance in the understanding and development of improved flotation separations. The fatty acid/fluorite and amine/sylvite flotation systems were investigated by the Fourier transform-infrared/internal reflection spectroscopy (FT-IR/IRS) examination of transferred LB monolayers of collector molecules at the surfaces of the mineral crystals. The π-A isotherm study of fatty acid and amine, typical anionic and cationic collectors, showed the different packing trends dependent upon the pH and/or type of subphase. This result clearly reflects the effect of pH on compound formation and dissociation of the collector molecules. Identification of the collector adsorption state and confirmation of the validity of the FT-IR/IRS adsorption density equation were included in this research effort. This allowed for a detailed discussion of collector adsorption phenomena. As a result of these experiments, it is possible to relate the hydrophobic character of a surface to the nature of the adsorbed collector structure and thus describe flotation behavior in greater detail. For example, it appears that in the case of oleate/fluorite the equivalent of an LB monolayer can form spontaneously during adsorption from solution, and this structure is known as a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Such a state is significantly more hydrophobic than the oleate structure which forms on the calcite surface at an equivalent adsorption density.
The chemical cue tetrabromopyrrole induces rapid cellular stress and mortality in phytoplankton.

Eukaryotic phytoplankton contribute to the flow of elements through marine food webs, biogeochemical cycles, and Earth’s climate. Therefore, how phytoplankton die is a critical determinate of the flow and fate of nutrients. While heterotroph grazing and viral infection contribute to phytoplankton mortality, recent evidence suggests that bacteria-derived cues also control phytoplankton lysis. Here, we report exposure to nanomolar concentrations of 2,3,4,5-tetrabromopyrrole (TBP), a brominated chemical cue synthesized by marine γ-proteobacteria, resulted in mortality of seven phylogenetically-diverse phytoplankton species. A comparison of nine compounds of marine-origin containing a range of cyclic moieties and halogenation indicated that both a single pyrrole ring and increased bromination were most lethal to the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. TBP also rapidly induced the production of reactive oxygen species and the release of intracellular calcium stores, both of which can trigger the activation of cellular death pathways. Mining of the Ocean Gene Atlas indicated that TBP biosynthetic machinery is globally distributed throughout the water column in coastal areas. These findings suggest that bacterial cues play multiple functions in regulating phytoplankton communities by inducing biochemical changes associated with cellular death. Chemically-induced lysis by bacterial infochemicals is yet another variable that must be considered when modeling oceanic nutrient dynamics.
Update on Racial Disparities in Access to Healthcare: An Application of Nonlinear Decomposition Techniques*

Objective Access to care disparities between non‐Hispanic whites and Hispanics continue to persist; updating the literature is essential to finding solutions. Methods Used the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2009–2011, Area Health Resource File, and 2010 Census to update the literature using nonlinear decomposition techniques. Results Findings confirm previous studies: health insurance is essential in reducing racial disparities in healthcare. The impact of language has grown to 25 percent. Findings also suggest that acquiring public health insurance and gaining citizenship offset the access to care disparities between non‐Hispanic whites and Hispanics, especially for women. Heterogeneity exists between Hispanic women and men, some of which comes from differences between their attitudes and beliefs regarding healthcare. However, these disparities cannot be explained with observed characteristics. Conclusion Disparities in access to care have changed and observed characteristics explain all disparities between non‐Hispanic whites and Hispanics. Hispanic men suffer disproportionately from access to care disparities compared to Hispanic women.
How Risky is that Risk? Measuring Likelihood of Risks

Many risks are well documented in academic and trade publications, even though attempts to estimate the likelihood of such risks have not received much attention. Quantitative measures of risk, even approximate measures, can help consumers take rational decisions, help security professionals prioritize their countermeasures, and enable ecommerce by helping insurers price risks accurately. In this research, we survey research from reference disciplines and suggest several research methods that could help approximate the magnitude of risks. These are: a) psychometric methods, b) lotteries with induced values (BDM Procedure), and c) using prediction markets. We suggest that using multiple methods can help triangulate estimates so as to arrive at better risk estimates.
Dose-Dependent Decreased Fertility in Response to the Burden of Endometriosis in a Murine Model:

Endometriosis is a gynecological disease caused by the growth of endometrial cells outside the uterus leading to inflammation, pelvic pain, and infertility. The relationship between the amount of e...