cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information and Intellectual Property Protection: Evaluating the Claim That Information Should Be Free

The claim “information should be free” (hereinafter ISBF) has become a rallying cry for those who believe intellectual property rights are illegitimately protected by the state. In this essay, I will attempt to (1) determine what ISBF means (which will require determining what the concept-term “information” means as used in ISBF); (2) evaluate what kind of support there is for ISBF; (3) determine whether ISBF conforms to ordinary views about the propriety of certain restrictions on the free flow of information; and (4) determine whether ISBF provides good reason for thinking that legal protection of intellectual property rights is illegitimate. I will argue that the most charitable interpretation of ISBF lacks adequate support in mainstream moral views and thus cannot ground a wholesale challenge to the legitimacy of intellectual property rights.
Surgical and Regional Therapy for Liver Metastases

The liver is a frequent site of metastases from solid tumors and the most common site of distant metastases from colon and rectal cancer. Death from colon and rectal cancer is usually a result of metastatic disease. In one study, more than one-half of patients who died of colon and rectal cancer had liver metastases at autopsy, and the majority of these patients died as a result of their metastatic liver disease.1 Unlike many types of cancer, however, the presence of distant metastases from colon and rectal cancer does not necessarily preclude curative treatment. Nearly 40% of patients with colon and rectal cancer and hematogenous metastases have disease that is predominantly in the liver. Moreover, in a subpopulation of patients, the number of lesions is limited. Accordingly, there exists a strong rationale for regional therapies directed specifically against colon and rectal cancer liver metastases. This pattern of metastases is rarely observed in other cancers.
Phyllic alteration and the implications of fluid composition at the Copper Flat hydrothermal System, New Mexico, USA

Abstract The Copper Flat hydrothermal system in Hillsboro, New Mexico, USA, is hosted by a partially brecciated porphyritic quartz monzonite intrusive body. Igneous rocks are alkaline to calc-alkaline, and chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) plots show enrichment in REEs that is consistent with other regional Laramide igneous rocks. Five assemblages of weak to moderate intensity phyllic alteration with distinct paragenetic relationships exist at the deposit and are classified as: early phyllic, quartz-sericite-pyrite (QSP), sericite-quartz, sericite-carbonate and late QSP. Carbonate is common and is part of some phyllic and the potassic alteration assemblages. Carbonates and phyllosilicates were analyzed by electron microprobe. White micas show substantial substitution of Al by Fe and Mg, and secondary biotite is Mg-rich. Relative to other porphyry Cu systems, the micas from Copper Flat contain, on average, greater F. Carbonates from veins and the replacement of mafic silicates and feldspars were determined to be mostly calcite, but reduced metal carbonates such as ankerite and rhodochrosite are also present in the alteration assemblages. The fluid(s) responsible for alteration are inferred to be CO2-rich and pH neutral as interpreted from the widespread presence of carbonates in both the potassic and phyllic alteration zones, and the white mica composition. Carbonate mineral compositions and absence of sulfates in the potassic alteration suggest that the hydrothermal fluids were not highly oxidized and were sulfur-poor. These features of alteration and geochemistry at Copper Flat are atypical of most porphyry Cu-Mo deposits in the southwestern U.S. and may be more characteristic of porphyry Cu-Au and porphyry Mo deposits.
Firearm Violence and the Path to Prevention: What We Know, What We Need

Abstract Firearm violence is a serious threat to the safety of children and adolescents. Older adolescents, minorities, and boys are at increased risk, as are children who have been victims of firearm violence or violent crime in the past. Meaningful change to prevent firearm violence must incorporate principles of public health. Emergency physicians are uniquely poised to advocate for and participate in preventive efforts. This article discusses the state of firearm violence among adolescents as well as primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts that have demonstrated effectiveness. This includes hospital-based programs that take a multi-disciplinary, comprehensive approach to the care of at-risk patients.
An Ultrasonic Technique to Detect Nonlinear Behavior Related to Degradation of Adhesive Bonds

Quantitative nondestructive evaluation of degradation of adhesive bonds remains one of the most challenging problems in nondestructive evaluation. The objective of this work is to attempt a new approach to the solution of this problem.
Effects of 3D Antenna Radiation and Two-Hop Relaying on Optimal UAV Trajectory in Cellular Networks

In this paper, considering an interference limited inband downlink cellular network, we study the effects of scheduling criteria, mobility constraints, path loss models, backhaul constraints, and 3D antenna radiation pattern on trajectory optimization problem of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In particular, we consider a UAV that is tasked to travel between two locations within a given amount of time (e.g., for delivery or surveillance purposes), and we consider that such a UAV can be used to improve cellular connectivity of mobile users by serving as a relay for the terrestrial network. As the optimization problem is hard to solve numerically, we explore the dynamic programming (DP) technique for finding the optimum UAV trajectory. We utilize capacity and coverage performance of the terrestrial network while studying all the effects of different techniques and phenomenon. Extensive simulations show that the maximum sum-rate trajectory provides the best per user capacity whereas, the optimal proportional fair (PF) rate trajectory provides higher coverage probability than the other two. Since, the generated trajectories are infeasible for the UAV to follow exactly as it can not take sharp turns due to kinematic constraints, we generate smooth trajectory using Bezier curves. Our results show that the cellular capacity using the Bezier curves is close to the capacity observed when using the optimal trajectories.
Leveraging the Existing US Healthcare Structure for Consumer Financial Well‐Being: Barriers, Opportunities, and a Framework toward Future Research

Healthcare exchange often contains peril for consumers because of numerous barriers to financial well‐being (FWB). Rather than ruing specific agendas of healthcare policy, we embrace a neutral and immediately actionable approach. The authors promote gains in healthcare's current composition by empowering consumers to be proactive, where possible, in reducing power inequities and improving their own FWB. As such, the authors identify primary barriers to the FWB of healthcare consumers and propose individual opportunities within the existing healthcare structure that are likely to improve fiscal outcomes. Moreover, the current research demonstrates collaborative paths wherein power‐holders (i.e., practitioner, researcher, consumer, government) can collaborate toward and/or contribute to the same financial health. A proposed theoretical framework, with foundations of power‐responsibility equilibrium and transformative service research, gives rise to future research directions. This research is intended to provide a foundation for healthcare and FWB thought/action, and to guide coming scholarly offerings.
Continuous developmental and early life trichloroethylene exposure promoted DNA methylation alterations in polycomb protein binding sites in effector/memory CD4+ T cells

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial solvent and drinking water pollutant associated with CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmunity. In our mouse model, discontinuation of TCE exposure during adulthood after developmental exposure did not prevent immunotoxicity. To determine whether persistent effects were linked to epigenetic changes we conducted whole genome reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) to evaluate methylation of CpG sites in autosomal chromosomes in activated effector/memory CD4+ T cells. Female MRL+/+ mice were exposed to vehicle control or TCE in the drinking water from gestation until ~37 weeks of age [postnatal day (PND) 259]. In a subset of mice, TCE exposure was discontinued at ~22 weeks of age (PND 154). At PND 259, RRBS assessment revealed more global methylation changes in the continuous exposure group vs. the discontinuous exposure group. A majority of the differentially methylated CpG regions (DMRs) across promoters, islands, and regulatory elements were hypermethylated (~90%). However, continuous developmental TCE exposure altered the methylation of 274 CpG sites in promoters and CpG islands. In contrast, only 4 CpG island regions were differentially methylated (hypermethylated) in the discontinuous group. Interestingly, 2 of these 4 sites were also hypermethylated in the continuous exposure group, and both of these island regions are associated with lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27) involved in polycomb complex-dependent transcriptional repression via H3K27 tri-methylation. CpG sites were overlapped with the Open Regulatory Annotation database. Unlike the discontinuous group, continuous TCE treatment resulted in 129 DMRs including 12 unique transcription factors and regulatory elements; 80% of which were enriched for one or more polycomb group (PcG) protein binding regions (i.e., SUZ12, EZH2, JARID2, and MTF2). Pathway analysis of the DMRs indicated that TCE primarily altered the methylation of genes associated with regulation of cellular metabolism and cell signaling. The results demonstrated that continuous developmental exposure to TCE differentially methylated binding sites of PcG proteins in effector/memory CD4+ cells. There were minimal yet potentially biologically significant effects that occurred when exposure was discontinued. These results point toward a novel mechanism by which chronic developmental TCE exposure may alter terminally differentiated CD4+ T cell function in adulthood.
Why we don’t always punish: Preferences for non-punitive responses to moral violations

While decades of research demonstrate that people punish unfair treatment, recent work illustrates that alternative, non-punitive responses may also be preferred. Across five studies (N = 1,010) we examine non-punitive methods for restoring justice. We find that in the wake of a fairness violation, compensation is preferred to punishment, and once maximal compensation is available, punishment is no longer the favored response. Furthermore, compensating the victim—as a method for restoring justice—also generalizes to judgments of more severe crimes: participants allocate more compensation to the victim as perceived severity of the crime increases. Why might someone refrain from punishing a perpetrator? We investigate one possible explanation, finding that punishment acts as a conduit for different moral signals depending on the social context in which it arises. When choosing partners for social exchange, there are stronger preferences for those who previously punished as third-party observers but not those who punished as victims. This is in part because third-parties are perceived as relatively more moral when they punish, while victims are not. Together, these findings demonstrate that non-punitive alternatives can act as effective avenues for restoring justice, while also highlighting that moral reputation hinges on whether punishment is enacted by victims or third-parties.
Neutrophil-endothelial interactions of murine cells is not a good predictor of their interactions in human cells

All drugs recently developed in rodent models to treat inflammatory disease have failed in clinical trials. We therefore used our novel biomimetic microfluidic assay (bMFA) to determine whether the response of murine cells to inflammatory activation or anti-inflammatory treatment is predictive of the response in human cells. Under physiologically relevant flow conditions, permeability and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of human or mouse lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC or MLMVEC), and neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction was measured. The differential impact of a protein kinase C-delta TAT peptide inhibitor (PKCδ-i) was also quantified. Permeability of HLMVEC and MLMVEC was similar under control conditions but tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and PKCδ-i had a significantly higher impact on permeability of HLMVEC. TEER across HLMVEC was significantly higher than MLMVEC, but PKCδ-i returned TEER to background levels only in human cells. The kinetics of N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-mediated neutrophil migration was significantly different between the two species and PKCδ-i was significantly more effective in attenuating human neutrophil migration. However, human and mouse neutrophil adhesion patterns to microvascular endothelium were not significantly different. Surprisingly, while intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was significantly upregulated on activated HLMVEC, it was not significantly upregulated on activated MLMVEC. Responses to activation and anti-inflammatory treatment in mice may not always be predictive of their response in humans.
Mercury methylation potential in a sand dune on Lake Michigan's eastern shoreline

Abstract Lake Michigan hosts the largest freshwater sand dune system in the world and is economically important for the fishery industry and tourism. Due to industrial pollution and atmospheric mercury (Hg) deposition, toxic levels of methylmercury (MeHg) have been found in the Lake biota, but little information is known regarding MeHg sources and Hg methylation potential in the shoreline sand dunes. We conducted anaerobic incubation experiments with beach sands collected from Ludington, Michigan, and examined the effects of organic carbon substrate addition, inorganic nitrogen, and mineral magnetite on Hg methylation. Despite nutrient poor and low-organic carbon conditions, appreciable Hg methylation activity coupled with carbon degradation was observed in the sands. Addition of acetate as a carbon source substantially increased MeHg production from 2 to 300 ng/kg sediment while acetate was rapidly degraded in the first 19 days of incubation. Ammonium addition showed little influence on carbon degradation or Hg methylation, whereas iron oxide addition (~1% dry weight) significantly inhibited both carbon degradation and MeHg production (by up to 90%), highlighting strongly coupled interactions between microbes, carbon substrates, and minerals. This research demonstrates the potential of microbial Hg methylation in the sand dunes, which may play an important role in MeHg input and bioaccumulation in the Lake Michigan ecosystem.
A Panoply of Rheumatological Manifestations in Patients with GATA2 Deficiency.

Purpose: To characterize rheumatological manifestations of GATA2 deficiency. Methods: Single-center, retrospective review of 157 patients with GATA2 deficiency. Disease course, laboratory results, and imaging findings were extracted. In-person rheumatological assessments were performed on selected, available patients. A literature search of four databases was conducted to identify additional cases. Results: Rheumatological findings were identified in 28 patients, out of 157 cases reviewed (17.8%). Twenty-two of those patients (78.6%) reported symptom onset prior to or in conjunction with the molecular diagnosis of GATA2 deficiency. Notable rheumatological manifestations included: piezogenic pedal papules (PPP), joint hyperextensibility, early onset osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and seronegative erosive rheumatoid arthritis. In peripheral blood of patients with rheumatological manifestations and GATA2 deficiency, CD4+ CD3+ helper T cells and naive CD3+ CD4+ CD62L+ CD45RA+ helper T cell subpopulation fractions were significantly lower, while CD8+ cytotoxic T cell fractions were significantly higher, compared to those without rheumatological manifestations and with GATA2 deficiency. No changes in CD19, CD3, or NK populations were observed. Conclusion: GATA2 deficiency is associated with a broad spectrum of rheumatological disease manifestations. Low total helper T lymphocyte proportions and low naive helper T cell proportions are associated with those most at risk of overt rheumatological manifestations. Further, PPP and joint hyperextensibility may explain some of the nonimmunologically-mediated joint problems encountered in patients with GATA2 deficiency. This catalogue suggests that rheumatological manifestations and immune dysregulation are relatively common in GATA2 deficiency.
Children in care of grandparents and non-grandparents: Which have greater odds of high academic performance?

Abstract Much literature exists on social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes for children in care of their grandparents (i.e., grandfamilies), however little is known about academic performance among children living in grandfamilies when compared to other types of nonparental care. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using secondary data from the United States 2013 National Survey of Children in Nonparental Care. We compare the academic functioning in math and reading/writing of school-aged children (N = 809) cared for by grandparents with two other types of nongrandparental caregivers. Using logistic regression models, we found that compared to children in care of their grandparents, children in care of foster caregivers and nonrelatives in nonfoster settings were approximately 45% less likely to have high academic performance in math and reading/writing. With this research we add to the literature on academic performance of children in out of home placement, setting the stage to compare arrangement options.
Prophylactic hemoclips in prevention of delayed post-polypectomy bleeding for ≥ 1 cm colorectal polyps: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background and aim Studies evaluating the role of prophylactic hemoclips (HC) in prevention of delayed post-polypectomy bleeding (DPPB) have reported conflicting results. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the role of prophylactic HC placement in prevention of DPPB for polyps ≥ 1 cm in size. Methods We reviewed several databases to identify RCTs evaluating the role of HC in prevention of DPPB. The outcomes assessed included prevention of DPPB with polyps 1 to 1.9 cm, ≥ 2 cm, any polyp ≥ 1 cm, proximal colon polyps, distal colon polyps, and perforation. We analyzed data using a fixed effect model and reported summary pooled risk ratios (RR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). We assessed heterogeneity with the I2 statistic. Results We included nine RCTs with 4550 patients. For polyps ≥ 2 cm, there was a statistically significantly lower risk of DPPB with use of HC; RR 0.55, 95 % CI 0.36, 0.86. There was also a statistically significantly lower risk for proximal colon polyps ≥ 2 cm; RR 0.41 (0.24, 0.70) but no significant difference for distal polyps; RR 1.23 (0.45, 3.32). There was also no significant difference in risk for polyps 1 to 1.9 cm; RR 1.07 (0.59, 1.97). There was no significant reduction in risk of perforation with HC use for any polyp size. Conclusions Prophylactic HC placement is effective in prevention of DPPB from proximal colon polyps ≥ 2 cm, but of no significant benefit for polyps 1 to 1.9 cm in size or for distal colon polyps ≥ 2 cm.
Mobile Health App for Prostate Cancer Patients on Androgen Deprivation Therapy: Qualitative Usability Study.

Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) increases the risk of metabolic adverse effects among patients with prostate cancer. The transformative impact of mobile health (mHealth) apps may benefit men managing activity and nutrition at home. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the usability and patient experience of a newly developed mHealth app among prostate cancer patients on ADT and physicians’ beliefs about the potential benefits of using this app. Methods: This study took place over 2 months, beginning in March 2019. A sample of 5 patients (age 45-75 years) initiating ADT participated in a semistructured focus group discussion with a facilitator. The study participants also included 5 specialist physicians who provided in-depth interviews. An institutional review board–approved script was used to guide both the focus group and physician interviews. Usability was tested through specific scenarios presented to the patients, including downloading the mHealth app, entering information on physical activity and meals, and navigating the app. The focus group and interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Content analysis was used to analyze the transcripts iteratively and exhaustively. Thematic discrepancies between reviewers were resolved through consensus. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62 years. This group included 4 White and 1 Latin American patients. The physician specialists included 2 urologists, 2 medical oncologists, and 1 radiation oncologist. Analyses revealed that the patients appreciated the holistic care enabled by the app. Difficulties were observed with registration of the app among 60% (3/5) of the patients; however, all the patients were able to input information about their physical activity and navigate the options within the app. Most patients (4/5, 80%) were able to input data on their recent meal. Among the health care physicians, the dominant themes reflected in the interviews included undermining of patients ability to use technology, patients’ fear of technology, and concern for the ability of older patients to access technology. Conclusions: The patients reported an overall positive experience of using an mHealth app to record and track diet and exercise. Usability was observed to be an important factor for adoption and was determined by ease of registration and use, intuitive appearance of the app, and focus on holistic cancer care. The physicians believed that the app was easy to use but raised concerns about usability among older men who may not typically use smartphone apps.
Contractual Guidelines for Substantial Completion under National Design-Build Standard Forms of Contract

AbstractMany research efforts have promoted robust contract administration practices for the construction industry. Although substantial completion constitutes an important milestone for any constr...
Contingency Use and Project Delivery Influence on Infrastructure Project Risk Assessment

Risk assessment and management in infrastructure projects is considered one of the main factors that can enhance project success. Project team perceptions on risk identification are important to develop a risk mitigation strategy. Cost overruns are one of the critical risks in this industry, which have been mitigated by allocating a contingency amount to the initial cost estimate. The aim of this study was to understand the use of project contingency by the owner and contractor. Additionally, it analyzed the project delivery methods that entice the use of intensive project risk assessment procedures, especially in infrastructure construction projects. It was found as one of the factors that drive the use of risk assessment.
Prevalence of Shoulder Arthroplasty in the United States and the Increasing Burden of Revision Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Existing data on the epidemiology of shoulder arthroplasty are limited to future projections of incidence. However, the prevalence of shoulder arthroplasty (the number of individuals with a shoulder arthroplasty alive at a certain time and its implications for the burden of revision procedures) remains undetermined for the United States. Hence, the purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of shoulder arthroplasty in the United States. Methods The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was queried to count all patients who underwent total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), including both anatomic and reverse TSA, and hemiarthroplasty between 1988 and 2017. The counting method was used to calculate the current prevalence of TSA and hemiarthroplasty using age and sex-specific population and mortality data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Results In 2017, an estimated 823,361 patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 809,267 to 837,129 patients) were living in the United States with a shoulder replacement. This represents a prevalence of 0.258%, increasing markedly from 1995 (0.031%) and 2005 (0.083%). Female patients had a higher prevalence at 0.294% than male patients at 0.221%. Over 2% of people who were ≥80 years of age in the United States were living with a shoulder replacement. Furthermore, approximately 60% of patients living with a shoulder replacement had undergone the operation between 2013 and 2017. The incidence of revision shoulder arthroplasty is increasing on an annual basis, with 10,290 revision procedures performed in 2017, costing the U.S. health-care system $205 million. Conclusions The prevalence of shoulder arthroplasty in the United States has markedly increased over time. This trend will likely continue given increasing life expectancies and exponentially increasing shoulder arthroplasty incidence rates. Most patients do not have long-term follow-up, and revision shoulder arthroplasty rates are increasing, a trend that is projected to continue. The data from our study highlight the enormous public health impact of shoulder replacement and shed light on a potentially increasing revision burden.
Metabolic effects of high-intensity interval training and essential amino acids.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) promotes positive cardiometabolic and body composition changes. Essential amino acids (EAA) may support changes associated with HIIT, but evaluation of potential synergistic effects is lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare independent and combined effects of HIIT and EAA on total body composition and metabolism in men and women considered overweight/obese; an exploratory aim was to evaluate the modulatory effects of sex. Sixty-six healthy adults (50% female; Age: 36.7 ± 6.0 years; BMI: 32.0 ± 4.2 kg/m2) completed 8 weeks of: (1) HIIT, 2 days/weeks; (2) EAA supplementation, 3.6 g twice daily; (3) HIIT + EAA; or (4) control. Body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), substrate metabolism (respiratory exchange ratio; RER), and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks; cardiometabolic blood markers were measured at baseline and 8 weeks. Differences between groups were assessed by linear mixed models covaried for baseline values, followed by 95% confidence intervals (CI) on adjusted mean change scores. There were no significant changes in body composition (p > 0.05) for any group. Changes in RER, but not RMR, occurred with HIIT (mean change; [95% CI]: − 0.04; [− 0.07, − 0.02]) and EAA (− 0.03; [− 0.06, − 0.01]) after 8 weeks. Cardiorespiratory fitness increased following 8 weeks of HIIT (+ 5.1 ml/kg/min [3.3,6.8]) and HIIT + EAA (+ 4.1 ml/kg/min [1.0,6.4]). Changes with HIIT + EAA were not significantly different from HIIT. There were no changes in cardiometabolic markers (p > 0.05) and no sex interaction (p > 0.05). HIIT is efficacious for promoting positive changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and resting substrate metabolism in adults considered overweight/obese. Addition of EAA did not significantly enhance HIIT-induced adaptations. ClinicalTrials.gov ID#NCT04080102.
Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatographic Analysis of Historic Dyes and Their Photofading Products

Since the early 20th century, the Monroe Chemical Company’s Putnam Fadeless Dyes were used by consumers to dye numerous types of textiles. In this work, we describe a novel micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) method employing sodium cholate and acetonitrile in the background electrolyte that can be used to analyze these dyes. Specifically, Putnam Fadeless Dyes were successfully extracted from linen samples colored with them and the components of each dye were separated and detected using MEKC. These results compared favorably to MEKC data from standard dye solutions. Dyed linen samples were also exposed to simulated sunlight and MEKC was used to analyze dyes extracted from them. The resulting data showed that photofading altered the amount of dye in the fabric but not its chemical composition.
Ion channels in the pulmonary vasculature

Cell Physiology. Ca2+-permeable Channels. Na+-permeable Channels. K+-permeable channels. Cl--permeable Channels. O2-sensitive Ion Channels. Water Channels (Aquaporins). Functional roles of Cytoplasmic Ions and Ion Channels. Role of Ion Channels In Pulmonary Vascular Diseases. Methodological Approaches
Transmembrane Solute Transport Mechanisms

Solute molecules may cross biological membranes as a result of a bulk transport mechanism, as described in Chapter 4, or individual molecules may pass independently through the membrane by one of several different processes. A solute molecule that possesses hydrophobic character and is not excessively large can permeate a lipid bilayer by simple diffusion. The process follows diffusion (nonsaturation) kinetics and lacks stereospecificity. The prime requirement for passive permeation is solubility in the hydrophobic phase of the membrane. Long-chain fatty acids, sterols, and a variety of lipophilic drugs fall within this category, and these molecules rapidly enter the cytoplasm.
THE AIA'S SPECIAL BULLETIN SERIES AND ITS EARLY GUIDANCE ON TAX ISSUES RELATED TO DEPRECIATION, 1920–1929

ABSTRACT When the final state ratified the 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, levying taxes directly on individual incomes became a reality and opened up expanded taxation on businesses. For example, the supporting legislation allowed for the deduction of wear and tear on equipment as a business expense based on the service lives. Unfortunately for the tax preparer, there was no clear meaning of wear and tear and the interpretation of the of service lives in the legislation. With little or no guidance to CPA tax preparers and their clients, it was inevitable that Bureau of Internal Revenue examiners would question returns with such deductions. To help its members to understand better, the new law and the ever-increasing complexity of accounting issues related to it, the American Institute of Accountants began to publish the Special Bulletin Series in January 1920. Many of the answers present in the Bulletins between 1920 and 1929 solved accounting and tax problems in ways still used nearly a...
Control of electron transfer rates by motions of atoms and molecules

Recently, measurements have been made of the temperature dependence of long distance intramolecular electron transfer reactions in molecules in which donor and acceptor groups are held at a fixed distance apart. For very highly exoergic electron transfer reactions, the rates show a remarkable independence of temperature. This temperature independence can be predicted quite precisely from the results of previous experiments which measured only the dependence of rates on free energy change. The temperature dependence can be ascribed to “nuclear tunneling” in high frequency vibrational modes which are coupled to the electron transfer reaction. While this is not surprising, the dominance of even a small coupling to high frequency modes in determining the temperature dependence is surprising. The importance of the high frequency modes is likely to be apparent in other contexts, particularly cases in which “dynamic solvent” effects occur for electron transfer reactions in highly viscous media.
Comment on “Hydrocarbon emissions characterization in the Colorado Front Range: A pilot study” by Gabrielle Pétron et al.

[1] Petron et al. (2012) have recently observed and analyzed alkane concentrations in air in Colorado's Weld County and used them to estimate the volume of methane vented from oil and gas operations in the Denver-Julesburg Basin. They conclude that “the emissions of the species we measured are most likely underestimated in current inventories”, often by large factors. However, their estimates of methane venting, and hence of other alkane emissions, rely on unfounded assumptions about the composition of vented natural gas. We show that relaxing those assumptions results in much greater uncertainty. We then exploit previously unused observations reported in Petron et al. (2012) to constrain methane emissions without making assumptions about the composition of vented gas. This results in a new set of estimates that are consistent with current inventories but inconsistent with the estimates in Petron et al. (2012). The analysis also demonstrates the value of the mobile air sampling method employed in Petron et al. (2012).
A Population History of the Huron‐Petun, A.D. 500–1650 – By Gary Warrick

In this study, the author makes an important contribution to the body of scholarship pertaining to indigenous peoples and ways of life prior to European contact and how dramatically these changed u...
The product of tadZ, a new member of the parA/minD superfamily, localizes to a pole in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans establishes a tenacious biofilm that is important for periodontal disease. The tad locus encodes the components for the secretion and biogenesis of Flp pili, which are necessary for the biofilm to form. TadZ is required, but its function has been elusive. We show that tadZ genes belong to the parA/minD superfamily of genes and that TadZ from A. actinomycetemcomitans (AaTadZ) forms a polar focus in the cell independent of any other tad locus protein. Mutations indicate that regions in AaTadZ are required for polar localization and biofilm formation. We show that AaTadZ dimerizes and that all TadZ proteins are predicted to have a Walker-like A box. However, they all lack the conserved lysine at position 6 (K6) present in the canonical Walker-like A box. When the alanine residue (A6) in the atypical Walker-like A box of AaTadZ was converted to lysine, the mutant protein remained able to dimerize and localize, but it was unable to allow the formation of a biofilm. Another essential biofilm protein, the ATPase (AaTadA), also localizes to a pole. However, its correct localization depends on the presence of AaTadZ. We suggest that the TadZ proteins mediate polar localization of the Tad secretion apparatus.
Characterization of hydroxylaminobenzene mutase from pNBZ139 cloned from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes JS45. A highly associated SDS-stable enzyme catalyzing an intramolecular transfer of hydroxy groups.

Hydroxylaminobenzene mutase is the enzyme that converts intermediates formed during initial steps in the degradation of nitrobenzene to a novel ring-fission lower pathway in Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes JS45. The mutase catalyzes a rearrangement of hydroxylaminobenzene to 2-aminophenol. The mechanism of the reactions and the properties of the enzymes are unknown. In crude extracts, the hydroxylaminobenzene mutase was stable at SDS concentrations as high as 2%. A procedure including Hitrap-SP, Hitrap-Q and Cu(II)-chelating chromatography was used to partially purify the enzyme from an Escherichia coli clone. The partially purified enzyme was eluted in the void volume of a Superose-12 gel-filtration column even in the presence of 0.05% SDS in 25 mm Tris/HCl buffer, which indicated that it was highly associated. When the enzymatic conversion of hydroxylaminobenzene to 2-aminophenol was carried out in 18O-labeled water, the product did not contain 18O, as determined by GC-MS. The results indicate that the reaction proceeded by intramolecular transfer of the hydroxy group from the nitrogen to the C-2 position of the ring. The mechanism is clearly different from the intermolecular transfer of the hydroxy group in the non-enzymatic Bamberger rearrangement of hydroxylaminobenzene to 4-aminophenol and in the enzymatic hydroxymutation of chorismate to isochorismate.
Acute Changes in the Surface Morphology of Hamster Tracheobronchial Epithelium following Benzo(a)pyrene and Ferric Oxide Administration

Summary Acute changes in the surface morphology of hamster tracheobronchial epithelium were examined by scanning electron microscopy following intratracheal administration of ferric oxide or benzo(a)pyrene absorbed to ferric oxide. Multiple instillation of ferric oxide brought about a loss of ciliated cells and broad areas of abnormal, enlarged nonciliated cells with roughened or wrinkled surfaces. These were interpreted as areas of epithelial hyperplasia. Multiple intratracheal administrations of benzo(a)pyrene and ferric oxide caused similar changes and, in addition, produced squamous metaplasia and small foci of markedly abnormal protuberant cells. These findings are correlated with a previously reported observation obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The results suggest that scanning electron microscopy is useful in studies of the histogenesis of lung cancer.
New twists for dynamin

New in vitro and mutagenesis studies of dynamin, a protein involved in the process of vesicle internalization from the plasma membrane, suggest either a "poppase" or a regulatory mechanism for dynamin action, and illustrate the importance of dynamin-binding partners.
An Analysis of Supervisor/Student Teacher Interaction

(1974). An Analysis of Supervisor/Student Teacher Interaction. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 37-38.
Customer Service and Network Completeness

Companies are increasingly replacing functions traditionally performed by human servers with network-based customer service systems (NCSSs). Based on an analysis of 30 Web sites of leading service providers and in-depth field studies of NCSSs currently used by five major companies representing a variety of customerservice contexts, we introduce “network completeness” as an important concept for understanding how to deliver effective customer service. Various forms of network completeness are discussed and an analysis of its effects presented. * Author for correspondence Richard T. Watson*, M. Kathryn Brohman, A. Parasuraman, Gabriele Piccoli 230
Growth hormone signaling pathways.

Abstract Over 20 years ago, our laboratory showed that growth hormone (GH) signals through the GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase JAK2. We showed that GH binding to its membrane-bound receptor enhances binding of JAK2 to the GHR, activates JAK2, and stimulates tyrosyl phosphorylation of both JAK2 and GHR. The activated JAK2/GHR complex recruits a variety of signaling proteins, thereby initiating multiple signaling pathways and cellular responses. These proteins and pathways include: 1) Stat transcription factors implicated in the expression of multiple genes, including the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor 1; 2) Shc adapter proteins that lead to activation of the grb2-SOS-Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK1,2 pathway; 3) insulin receptor substrate proteins implicated in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and Akt pathway; 4) signal regulatory protein α, a transmembrane scaffold protein that recruits proteins including the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2; and 5) SH2B1, a scaffold protein that can activate JAK2 and enhance GH regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Our recent work has focused on the function of SH2B1. We have shown that SH2B1β is recruited to and phosphorylated by JAK2 in response to GH. SH2B1 localizes to the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and focal adhesions; it also cycles through the nucleus. SH2B1 regulates the actin cytoskeleton and promotes GH-dependent motility of RAW264.7 macrophages. Mutations in SH2B1 have been found in humans exhibiting severe early-onset childhood obesity and insulin resistance. These mutations impair SH2B1 enhancement of GH-induced macrophage motility. As SH2B1 is expressed ubiquitously and is also recruited to a variety of receptor tyrosine kinases, our results raise the possibility that effects of SH2B1 on the actin cytoskeleton in various cell types, including neurons, may play a role in regulating body weight.
A comparison of resting energy prediction equations in young recreationally active women

Background The estimation of resting energy expenditure (REE) can be a valuable tool in developing programs for weight loss interventions and body composition management. REE prediction equations are a low-cost alternative to assess REE versus directly measuring REE, which typically requires expensive laboratory equipment. Though often used to estimate REE in active populations, the majority of REE equations have been developed in overweight or sedentary populations. This study sought to examine the accuracy of three commonly used REE estimation equations in a recreationally active population.
Cell free DNA testing–interpretation of results using an online calculator

All pregnant women, regardless of age, should be offered screening or invasive testing for chromosomal abnormalities at
Test features of the MC145472 ISDN U-transceivers

The design of a single-chip implementation of a 2B1Q ISDN (integrated services digital network) U transceiver that meets the ANSI T1.601 standards has been completed. The MC145472 was designed with testability in mind and to be consistent with Motorola's design-for-manufacturability goals. The authors describe in detail the design-for-testability techniques specifically intended for the IC manufacturer production test and other ad hoc test/diagnostic structures for the customer to use in evaluating system performance. A global test strategy for testing the ISDN U transceiver is presented. The test features have been used extensively not only for testing the device in the production environment but also for conducting evaluations and design verification experiments during the chip debugging phase. The test features described are well integrated with the architecture of the chip, thus minimizing incremental cost. >
Does emergency medicine length of stay predict trauma outcomes at a Level 1 Trauma Center

Objective: Previous studies looking at emergency department (ED) crowding and delays of care on outcome measures for certain medical and surgical patients excluded trauma patients. The objectives of this study were to assess the relationship of trauma patients’ ED length of stay (EDLOS) on hospital length of stay (HLOS) and on mortality; and to examine the association of ED and hospital capacity on EDLOS. Methods: This was a retrospective database review of Level 1 and 2 trauma patients at a single site Level 1 Trauma Center in the Midwest over a one year period. Out of a sample of 1,492, there were 1,207 patients in the analysis after exclusions. The main outcome was the difference in hospital mortality by EDLOS group (short was less than 4 hours vs. long, greater than 4 hours). HLOS was compared by EDLOS group, stratified by Trauma Injury Severity Score (TRISS) category ( 0.9) to describe the association between ED and hospital capacity on EDLOS. Results: There was no significant difference in mortality by EDLOS (4.8% short and 4% long, p = .5). There was no significant difference in HLOS between EDLOS, when adjusted for TRISS. ED census did not affect EDLOS ( p = .59), however; EDLOS was longer when the percentage of staffed hospital beds available was lower ( p < .001). Conclusions: While hospital overcrowding did increase EDLOS, there was no association between EDLOS and mortality or HLOS in leveled trauma patients at this institution.
Molecular cloning and characterization of the promoter region of the mouse regulatory subunit RIIβ of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Abstract The promoter and exon 1 of the regulatory subunit (RIIβ) of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase were isolated from a mouse genomic library. The 5′-flanking DNA lacked TATA and CAAT sites but contained GC rich regions typically found in constitutively expressed house keeping genes. Fusion gene constructs, containing RIIβ 5′-flanking sequences and the bacterial CAT structural gene, were transfected into NB2a neuroblastoma cells and CHO cells. The NB2a cells expressed high levels of CAT activity. CHO cells expressed CAT activity at 5% of the level seen in the NB2a cells. Transfection of deletion constructs into both cell lines was used to define the core promoter and enhancer elements. The core promoter was situated between bp −291 −121 . An enhancer element was located between bp −1426 −1018 .
Economics of Psychosocial Factors in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Growing evidence supports a causal relationship between cardiovascular disease and psychosocial factors such as mental health and behavioral disorders, acute and chronic stress, and low socioeconomic status. While this has enriched our understanding of the interaction between cardiovascular risk factors, much less is known about its economic implications. In this review, we evaluate the economic impact of psychosocial factors in persons at risk for or diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Most studies have focused on depression and almost uniformly conclude that patients with cardiovascular disease and comorbid depression use a greater number of ambulatory and hospital services and incur higher overall costs. Additionally, comorbid depression may also reduce employment productivity in patients with cardiovascular disease, further magnifying its economic impact. Recent randomized trials have demonstrated that innovative care delivery models that target depression may reduce costs or at least be cost neutral while improving quality of life. The growing population burden and overlap of cardiovascular disease, comorbid mental illness, and other psychosocial factors suggest that future research identifying cost-effective or cost-saving treatment models may have significant health and economic implications.
Operational life improvement of SSME high-pressure turbopumps☆

The current Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) Phase I engine demonstrated excellent flight performance but showed limited operational life of the high-pressure fuel turbopumps (HPFTP). Design improvements, supporting analyses, and test results of the SSME Phase II development program are presented. The HPFTP improvements include reduction of turbine operating temperature by 110 to 130 R by reconstructing the seals and the flow contours; modifications of the first- and second-stage turbine blades by recontouring the shank, shotpeening the shank surface, and applying a multilayered, plasma-spray coating to the shank on the downstream side to reduce the effect of the disk coolant; and reduction of the tendency for thermal cracks in the turbine by changing weld configuration to avoid the concentration of stresses in local areas. The high-pressure oxidizer turbopump has been also modified to improve bearing life and to eliminate subsynchronous whirl.
The evaluation of toxic effects of chemicals in fresh water by using frog embryos and larvae

Abstract The objective of this study was to establish a pollutant test system using embryos and larvae of frogs. Two species of frog served as test animals: Rana pipiens, the leopard frog; and Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed toad. The system was directed at assaying the effects of environmental pollutants resulting from US Air Force Operations on viability and development of the test species. Efforts focused on determination of lethal and teratogenic levels of compounds specified by the Air Force. This paper describes work performed using the above test system to screen two groups of compounds. Group one consisted of three amines, N-phenyl-α-naphthylamine, octyl-phenyl-α-naphthylamine and p,p′dioctyldiphenylamine. Only N-phenyl-α-naphthylamine was found to have toxic effects on developing frogs. Group two consisted of hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and dimethylhydrazine. All of these latter compounds were toxic to developing frogs.