cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional and genetic analysis of regulatory regions of coliphage H-19B: location of shiga-like toxin and lysis genes suggest a role for phage functions in toxin release

Analysis of the DNA sequence of a 17 kb region of the coli lambdoid phage H-19B genome located the genes encoding shiga-like toxin I (Stx-I) downstream of the gene encoding the analogue of the phage lambda Q transcription activator with its site of action, qut at the associated pR' late promoter, and upstream of the analogues of lambda genes encoding lysis functions. Functional studies, including measurement of the effect of H-19B Q action on levels of Stx expressed from an H-19B prophage, show that the H-19B Q acts as a transcription activator with its associated pR'(qut) by promoting readthrough of transcription terminators. Another toxin-producing phage, 933W, has the identical Q gene and pR'(qut) upstream of the stx-II genes. The H-19B Q also activates Stx-II expression from a 933W prophage. An ORF in H-19B corresponding to the holin lysis genes of other lambdoid phages differs by having only one instead of the usual two closely spaced translation initiation signals that are thought to contribute to the time of lysis. These observations suggest that stx-I expression can be enhanced by transcription from pR' as well as a model for toxin release through cell lysis mediated by action of phage-encoded lysis functions. Functional studies show that open reading frames (ORFs) and sites in H-19B that resemble components of the N transcription antitermination systems controlling early operons of other lambdoid phages similarly promote antitermination. However, this N-like system differs significantly from those of other lambdoid phages.
Investigation of Structural Defects in CdZnTe Detector-Grade Crystals

We investigated structural defects in CdZnTe detector-grade crystals grown under different conditions. Here, we report our findings from high-resolution electron microscopy [transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning TEM (STEM)] and scanning electron microscopy integrated with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to characterize the material’s structural and chemical composition. Combining these techniques gave us important information about the defects, their concentration, and the elemental composition of the CdZnTe crystals. Our experimental observations demonstrated some distinct nanostructural defects in the crystals that may play a major role in device performance.
The stimulation of coupling factor 1 ATPase by tentoxin.

Tentoxin at 10--1000 micrometer causes a marked species-selective stimulation of coupling factor 1 Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity (Ka 6.3 . 10(3) M-1). This effect decreases the Km for ATP to about 0.3 mM and increases V 2.75-fold. Above 1.6 micrometer tentoxin the rate of coupled electron transport was reduced to basal without uncoupling.
Valuing special forest products harvesting:: a two-step travel cost recreation demand analysis

Abstract Currently, the empirical literature on outdoor recreation demand lacks estimates of the benefits of special forest products harvesting. This paper provides a recreation demand analysis of non-commercial huckleberry and mushroom picking on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in southwestern Washington State (USA). Using available survey data and a two-step structural equations model of harvesting and travel cost recreation demand, with a Murphy–Topel (J. Bus. Econ. Stat. 3 (1985) 88) standard error correction, we estimate the consumer surplus associated with special forest products harvesting. Per recreation visitor day consumer surplus is estimated at $30.82 in 1996 dollars ($36.06 in 2003 dollars). Estimated values for the full range of non-timber values are becoming increasingly important as public lands management agencies expand their focus to include consideration of alternative forest uses.
Reduced Myocardial Creatine Kinase Flux in Human Myocardial Infarction An In Vivo Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study

Background— Energy metabolism is essential for myocellular viability. The high-energy phosphates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr) are reduced in human myocardial infarction (MI), reflecting myocyte loss and/or decreased intracellular ATP generation by creatine kinase (CK), the prime energy reserve of the heart. The pseudo–first-order CK rate constant, k, measures intracellular CK reaction kinetics and is independent of myocyte number within sampled tissue. CK flux is defined as the product of [PCr] and k. CK flux and k have never been measured in human MI. Methods and Results— Myocardial CK metabolite concentrations, k, and CK flux were measured noninvasively in 15 patients 7 weeks to 16 years after anterior MI using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In patients, mean myocardial [ATP] and [PCr] were 39% to 44% lower than in 15 control subjects (PCr=5.4±1.2 versus 9.6±1.1 μmol/g wet weight in MI versus control subjects, respectively, P<0.001; ATP=3.4±1.1 versus 5.5±1.3 μmol/...
A 2008 Lake Superior Bonanza of Copper Crystals Keweenaw Co. MI

(2009). A 2008 Lake Superior Bonanza of Copper Crystals Keweenaw Co. MI. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 84, No. 1, pp. 32-41.
Aerodynamic characteristics and respiratory deposition of fungal fragments

The purpose of this study was to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of fungal fragments and to estimate their respiratory deposition. Fragments and spores of three different fungal species (Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium melinii, and Stachybotrys chartarum) were aerosolized by the fungal spore source strength tester (FSSST). An electrical lowpressure impactor (ELPI) measured the size distribution in real-time and collected the aerosolized fungal particles simultaneously onto 12 impactor stages in the size range of 0.3–10mm utilizing water-soluble ZEF-X10 coating of the impaction stages to prevent spore bounce. For S. chartarum, the average concentration of released fungal fragments was 380 particles cm 3 , which was about 514 times higher than that of spores. A. versicolor was found to release comparable amount of spores and fragments. Microscopic analysis confirmed that S. chartarum and A. versicolor did not show any significant spore bounce, whereas the size distribution of P. melinii fragments was masked by spore bounce. Respiratory deposition was calculated using a computer-based model, LUDEP 2.07, for an adult male and a 3month-old infant utilizing the database on the concentration and size distribution of S. chartarum and A. versicolor aerosols measured by the ELPI. Total deposition fractions for fragments and spores were 27–46% and 84–95%, respectively, showing slightly higher values in an infant than in an adult. For S. chartarum, fragments demonstrated 230–250 fold higher respiratory deposition than spores, while the number of deposited fragments and spores of A. versicolor were comparable. It was revealed that the deposition ratio (the number of deposited fragments divided by that of deposited spores) in the lower airways for an infant was 4–5 times higher than that for an adult. As fungal fragments have been shown to contain mycotoxins and antigens, further exposure assessment should include the measurement of fungal fragments for evaluating mold exposures in damp buildings. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wide-angle seismic imaging across accreted terranes, southeastern Alaska and western British Columbia

Abstract This study addresses the question of crustal, Moho, and uppermost mantle structure across an accreted terrane, continental arc, and fold and thrust belt in southeastern Alaska and western British Columbia. The 186-km-long Portland Canal line of the ACCRETE wide-angle seismic dataset across the Coast Mountains is analyzed using a combination of travel-time analysis techniques, including delay-time tomography, turning ray tomography, reciprocal time analysis, intercept-time inversion, and forward ray tracing. Additional constraints on the model are obtained from a coincident vertical-incidence seismic section and from correlation with the mapping of geologic structures plunging into the seismic section. The study reveals moderately high crustal velocities, low-velocity gradient in the middle crust, and decreasing average crustal velocity and a north-deepening Moho. Termination of crustal reflectivity across a vertical zone (the Coast Shear Zone, CSZ) indicates that the CSZ is most likely a strike-slip fault associated with a transpressive tectonic regime. A mid-Cretaceous thrust system mapped on the surface to the west of the CSZ is imaged by several groups of mid- to lower crustal reflectors extending close to the Moho indicating it was a thick-skinned thrust system. NE-dipping fabric imaged within the Coast Mountains batholith (CMB) is associated with a ductile deformation during Early Eocene crustal extension. The crustal section under the CMB, which has an average velocity of 6.55 km/s and shallower than average crustal thickness of 31 km, can be considered as corresponding to the lower two thirds of an average crustal section which has been inflated by intrusions of high-velocity tonalite to gabbro sills.
Sharp Bounds Under Contaminated or Corrupted Sampling With Verification, With an Application to Environmental Pollutant Data

Let F denote a distribution of interest and G a possibly spurious distribution. This article derives and nonparametrically estimates sharp bounds on characteristics of F when the data are a mixture of F and G, and a fraction of the data is verified to be from F. Contaminated and corrupted mixtures, with and without monotonicity restrictions, are analyzed. The methods are particularly useful in analyzing environmental pollutant measurements obtained using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Results are applied to measurements of organic pollutant concentrations from the Love Canal. We argue that a corruption with monotonic verification model may be the most appropriate model for this type of data.
Determinants of morbidity and mortality in blunt abdominal trauma

We reviewed retrospectively 260 consecutive patients operated upon for blunt abdominal trauma in a 7-year period; there were 318 injured organs and 40 deaths, giving a mortality of 15%. The injuries with the highest mortality were duodenal, vascular, hepatic, pancreatic, and gastrointestinal perforations; splenic, small bowel and gallbladder trauma had the lowest mortality. Almost half of the fatal cases but less than a quarter of the survivors had two or more non-abdominal injuries and 72% of the survivors but only 32% of the non-survivors had two or more injured abdominal organs. Diagnostic procedures were obtained preoperatively in 98% of the patients; about half of these were positive but only 12% were specifically diagnostic of a particular organ injury. Using the correct organ and the correct injury as the criteria, half of the cases were correctly diagnosed preoperatively, although all of the patients were judged to have some form of significant abdominal trauma. Delays from attempts to establish a precise preoperative diagnosis contributed to increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients who were haemodynamically unstable. After a Trauma Unit was established, the time from admission of patients to hospital until operation and the overall mortality were significantly reduced, particularly for those with hypotension.
Paediatric surgical oncology. 7—Germ cell tumours

Malignant germ cell tumours occur in children in widely differing sites in the trunk and cranium. The role of surgery in the treatment regimens has been made more definitive by advances in chemotherapy. For both the surgeon and the medical oncologist, serum tumour markers are reliable guides to the progress of disease and success of treatment. While correct surgical management alone is sufficient for a high cure rate of testicular tumours, good results for tumours in other sites are being obtained by careful planning of biopsy, chemotherapy and surgical excision.
Evaluation and treatment of peroneal neuropathy

Peroneal nerve compromise results in the clinical complaint of weakness of the ankle dorsiflexors and evertors. This peripheral origin of foot drop has been reported due to numerous traumatic and insidious causes. Traumatic causes of nerve injury occur in association with musculoskeletal injury or with isolated nerve traction, compression, or laceration. Insidious causes include mass lesions and metabolic syndromes. The peroneal nerve is most commonly interrupted at the knee. However, the sciatic and peroneal nerves may be compromised at the hip and ankle as well. This article reviews the anatomical origin of the nerve, the etiologies of possible nerve damage, evaluation of the patient with peroneal nerve injury, and treatment of this disorder.
KDOQI US Commentary on the 2013 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Lipid Management in CKD

The National Kidney Foundation–Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-KDOQI) guideline for management of dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) was published in 2003. Since then, considerable evidence, including randomized controlled trials of statin therapy in adults with CKD, has helped better define medical treatments for dyslipidemia. In light of the new evidence, KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) formed a work group for the management of dyslipidemia in patients with CKD. This work group developed a new guideline that contains substantial changes from the prior KDOQI guideline. KDIGO recommends treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with CKD primarily based on risk for coronary heart disease, which is driven in large part by age. The KDIGO guideline does not recommend using low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as a guide for identifying individuals with CKD to be treated or as treatment targets. Initiation of statin treatment is no longer recommended in dialysis patients. To assist US practitioners in interpreting and applying the KDIGO guideline, NKF-KDOQI convened a work group to write a commentary on this guideline. For the most part, our work group agreed with the recommendations of the KDIGO guideline, although we describe several areas in which we believe the guideline statements are either too strong or need to be more nuanced, areas of uncertainty and inconsistency, as well as additional research recommendations. The target audience for the KDIGO guideline includes nephrologists, primary care practitioners, and non-nephrology specialists such as cardiologists and endocrinologists. As such, we also put the current recommendations into the context of other clinical practice recommendations for cholesterol treatment.
Plasmodium falciparum and P. knowlesi: Initial identification and characterization of malaria synthesized glycolipids

This is the first report establishing the existence of glycolipids synthesized by plasmodia, in particular Plasmodium falciparum. Trophozoites, schizonts, gametocytes, and gametes were metabolically labeled in vitro with [3H]glucosamine, [3H]galactose, [3H]glucose, [3H]mannose, [3H]fucose, [32P]inorganic phosphate, or [35S]sulfate, and total lipid extracts analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography and autoradiography or fluorography. Parasites incorporated [3H]monosaccharides into distinctly different series of molecules previously undescribed. Three properties of [3H]glucosamine labeled molecules indicate they are glycolipids. First, labeled molecules have lipid solubility properties. Second, mobility on thin-layer chromatography was characteristic of glycolipids. Third, following acid hydrolysis, [3H]glucosamine was recovered from a total lipid extract of labeled parasites demonstrating that glucosamine is a constituent of some of these lipid molecules. Most of these glycolipids are neutral and alkali labile. The majority of these glycolipids differs from several synthesized phospholipids. None of these glycolipids was sulfated. Plasmodial glycolipid synthesis occurs concomitantly with glycoprotein synthesis, and both increase during schizogony. Many of these glycolipids appear to be identical among three strains of P. falciparum and between two species, P. falciparum and P. knowlesi. In contrast, there are stage specific differences in glycolipid synthesis among rings, schizonts, gametocytes, and a mixture of gametes plus zygotes of P. falciparum, examples of both erythrocytic and vector forms of the parasite.
State passage of interstate banking legislation: An analysis of firm, legislative, and economic characteristics

Abstract Forty-nine states and the District of Columbia enacted legislation reducing interstate banking restrictions between July 1982 and April 1993. For these 50 banking bills, deregulation increased the average price of bank stocks. Returns vary cross-sectionally by firm characteristics, regulatory features, and economic conditions. Returns are positively related to the characteristics of acquisition targets. Furthermore, returns are positively related to legislative features that increase the bargaining power of potential targets and economic conditions that are likely to encourage bank acquisition. These findings are consistent with the relaxation of geographic restrictions increasing activity in the corporate control market.
Fields within fields, questions within questions: A comment on “Electromagnetic radiation and the afterlife”

Janusz Slawinski, a physicist, has written a commendable article in which he bravely attempts to bring the perennial search for the afterlife into the ongoing scientific enterprise. He focuses upon the body's electromagnetic field and describes ways in which other investigators have attempted to measure it. Slawinski cites data that purport to show that this electromagnetic field molds and controls the organism's biological growth and function. He wisely states that the crucial problem is whether this electromagnetic field, and other fields that may be waiting to be discovered, can store information (e.g., memories, intentions) of a dying organism and to survive the death of that organism. Implicit in this line of thinking is the assumption that electromagnetic fields are the best candidate that conventional science has for an aspect of the organism that would survive death (Burr, 1972). Those who reject this proposal, and still look favorably upon the survival hypothesis, need to suggest a different agency, such as Rupert Sheldrake's "morphogenetic fields," or propose that such an agency is incapable of being studied given the current status of scientific inquiry.
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of hexachloro-cyclopentadiene

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of hexachloro-cyclopentadiene (HCP) in C 2v symmetry are examined theoretically using the Gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of five types of motion (CC stretch, CC stretch, CCl stretch, CCl bend, and CCC bend) predicted by a group theoretical analysis. By comparing the calculated vibrational frequencies with IR and Raman spectra available in the literature, a set of correction factors is derived. Theoretical IR and Raman intensities are reported. Molecular orbitals and bonding are examined.
P-AFLC: a parallel scalable fuzzy clustering algorithm

Clustering is the unsupervised classification of data items into homogeneous groups called clusters. Clustering algorithms are computationally intensive, particularly when they are used to analyze large amounts of data and this is the case in many pattern recognition, image analysis applications. A possible approach to reduce the processing time is based on the implementation of clustering algorithms on scalable parallel computers. This paper describes the design and implementation of P-AFLC, a parallel version of the adaptive fuzzy leader clustering system based upon the competitive learning model for determining optimal classes in large data sets. The system architecture, its implementation, and experimental performance results are reported, together with theoretical performance evaluation.
Combining Work as an Historian and Activist: A Personal Account1

This essay examines how I have blended my roles as an activist and as a historian. Over the years, I have participated in the peace, racial justice, and labor movements, and this activism has significantly affected both my scholarship and teaching. It has also complicated my professional life in a number of ways—absorbing time and energy that might have been devoted to additional scholarship, limiting fellowship opportunities, and (at least initially) blocking my receipt of tenure. Overall, however, I have found the combination of activism and historical work very satisfying, for it has contributed to humane causes and provided me with an interesting and meaningful life.
The Arctic melting pot

Hybridization in polar species could hit biodiversity hard, say Brendan Kelly, Andrew Whiteley and David Tallmon.
Pemphigoid gestationis: A review ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Pemphigoid gestationis is a rare autoimmune vesiculobullous skin disease closely related to the pemphigoid group of blistering disorders. It is unique in that it is most frequently associated with pregnancy. Diagnosis is made on the basis of the presence of a subepidermal vesicle on routine histologic examination and of linear deposition of the third component of complement along the basement membrane zone of perilesional skin. Abnormal expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in the placenta may trigger the initiating immunologic event in this organ, which is followed by cross-reactivity with an antigen present in the skin and the characteristic cutaneous signs of the disease. The immunogenetics of this disorder are interesting. A role for the involvement of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens seems likely because of the association with human leukocyte antigens DR3 and DR4. Major histocompatibility complex class III associations have also been observed, as has a high frequency of anti–human leukocyte antigen antibodies. We review the current understanding of the molecular biologic and immunogenetic properties of this disease and discuss treatment and potential impact on the fetus. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:483-91.)
Highly Sensitive Detection of Protein Toxins by Surface Plasmon Resonance with Biotinylation-Based Inline Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Amplification

Ultrasensitive detection of proteins is of great importance to proteomics studies. We report here a method to enhance detection sensitivity in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy by coupling a polymerization initiator to a biospecific interaction and inducing inline atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for amplifying SPR response. Bacterial cholera toxin (CT) is chosen as the model protein that has been covalently immobilized on the surface for demonstrating the principle. The specific recognition is achieved by use of biotinylated anti-CT, which allows initiators with a biotin tag to be fixed at the protein binding site through a neutravidin bridge and triggers the localized growth of polymer brushes of poly(hydroxyl-ethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) via an ATRP mechanism. To further enhance the signal, a second ATRP reaction is conducted that takes advantage of the hydroxyl groups of PHEMA brushes from the first step to form hyperbranched polymers onto the sensing surface. The two consecutive ...
HOW DOES THE IMMUNE RESPONSE GET STARTED

An effective adaptive immune response requires the prior induction of the regulatory effector T-helper (eTh). There are two competing models of how this cell is induced to effectors. Under the Associative Recognition of Antigen (ARA) or "two signal" model, the T-helper requires eTh in order to be induced to eTh, an "autocatalytic" process. Under the "costimulation" model eTh are induced by an antigen-unspecific signal derived from an "activated" APC. Under the ARA model the problem of the origin of the primer eTh is posed. A nonself antigen-independent pathway to eTh is proposed as well as an experiment to reveal its existence. In the costimulation framework no primer eTh need be postulated but it lacks a mechanism that, in the absence of ARA, accounts for the self-nonself discrimination and the determination of effector class.
The interactions of self-interstitials with twin boundaries

A new mechanism of adsorption of self-interstitials onto twin boundaries (TB) in face-centred cubic (fcc) metals is identified using molecular dynamics simulations. In this mechanism, self-interstitials are arranged in the twin boundary plane forming a previously unknown kind of self-interstitial cluster. The self-interstitial cluster in the twin boundary is bounded by lines of atoms under high hydrostatic pressure while the pressure inside the cluster is much smaller. The atoms in the middle of the cluster have hcp short range order rather than fcc. However, if a new self-interstitial cluster forms in the middle of a pre-existing one, then the atoms in the middle of the new cluster will have regular twin boundary coordination. As a consequence of the formation of self-interstitial clusters inside each other, TB can be powerful, non-saturating sinks for self-interstitials.
Rapid analysis of normal and abnormal cell types in human semen and testis biopsies by flow cytometry.

A simple, rapid procedure is described that quantitates RNA content and DNA content/chromatin condensation for each of many possible cell types and differentiation levels of the cells present in human semen. A fresh semen sample (1-6 hr postemission) or frozen sample (allowing samples to be accumulated and sent to a laboratory) is treated with a detergent solution, stained with acridine orange (AO), and measured by flow cytometry (FCM); approximately 10 minutes are required to measure 5,000 cells per sample and analyze the data with computer assistance. The following can be learned from a single measurement: a) the percentage of each cell type in semen including, i) mature sperm, ii) immature sperm precursor cells, representing all stages of development from spermatogonia to mature sperm, iii) somatic cells, e.g., leukocytes; b) normality/abnormality of sperm nuclear chromatin condensation. These measurements can be correlated with cell types in testis biopsies identified by two-parameter FCM measurements (RNA versus DNA) using AO as the fluorescent probe.
Improvement of edge leakage in PBL-isolated SOI NMOSFETs

One of the major problems for SOI technologies with LOCOS- based isolation is the high subthreshold leakage current along the field edge of NMOS devices. Partially depleted SOI transistors with a modified poly-buffered LOCOS isolation show a high off-leakage for devices with a silicon thickness of 900 angstroms and a gate oxide thickness of 105 angstroms due to the low threshold voltage of the parasitic edge device. The off-leakage is reduced by two orders of magnitude by increasing the doping of the edge device by using either a retrograde well or a lower temperature ILD0 reflow cycle. A further improvement in the off-leakage is observed by thinning the gate oxide thickness to 90 angstroms while increasing the channel doping to maintain a similar threshold voltage. The edge device is also shown to be very sensitive to the silicon film thickness. For the same channel implants and gate oxide thickness, an increase in the silicon thickness from 900 to 1100 angstroms eliminates the edge device resulting in excellent subthreshold characteristics.
Utilization of Social Media for an Interdisciplinary Experiential Learning Study Abroad Program

﻿The development of global awareness is essential for college students to compete in today’s international workplace. Interdisciplinary courses in higher education provide an opportunity for faculty to enhance student learning regarding the global marketplace. This paper examined the creation and delivery of an International Business in France course. The course was developed in cooperation between three academic departments and encompassed the study of business, economy, and culture. The course also contained an off campus study trip to Paris, France. Information from the trip was shared through social media to enhance the college’s marketing material.
High CO2 promotes the production of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by Alexandrium catenella from Southern California waters

Abstract In many dinoflagellates, cellular toxin levels have been demonstrated to increase when growth is limited by essential nutrients such as phosphorus. Despite the recognized importance of nutrient limitation to dinoflagellate toxicity, interactions with current and future global environmental change variables have been relatively unexplored. This is a critical question, as dissolution of anthropogenic CO2 emissions into seawater is leading to progressively lower pH values, or ocean acidification. Sea surface temperatures are concurrently increasing, a trend that is also projected to continue in the future. We conditioned a clonal culture of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin producing Alexandrium catenella (A-11c) isolated from coastal Southern California to factorial combinations of two temperatures, two pCO2 levels, and two phosphate concentrations for a period of eight months. Interactions between these variables influenced growth and carbon fixation rates and although these treatments only elicited minor differences in toxin profile, total cellular toxicity was dramatically affected. Cells conditioned to high pCO2 (levels projected for year 2075) and low phosphate at low temperature (15 °C) were the most toxic, while lower pCO2, higher phosphate levels, and warmer temperature (19 °C) alleviated this toxicity to varying degrees. Overall increased pCO2 generally led to enhanced potency. Our results suggest that future increased ocean acidification may exacerbate the toxic threat posed by this toxic dinoflagellate, especially when combined with nutrient limitation, but that future warmer temperatures could also offset some of this enhanced toxicity.
Exceptions to the Rule of Development That Anterior Is Older among Serially Homologous Segments of Postmaxillipedal Legs in Copepods

ABSTRACT A survey of more than 250 species of copepods shows about 4% of the rami on postmaxillipedal legs have a segment that is formed later in development, and therefore is younger, than homologous segments on legs located on more posterior body somites. These younger segments are exceptions to the general rule of development that, among serially homologous segments, those found on anterior legs are older than their homologues on more posterior legs. Exceptions to this rule occur more frequently on leg 1 than expected, and appear to have originated more than once during copepod evolution. These younger segments more often are added during the terminal adult molt, which is an unusual developmental pattern for copepods.
Accessing biomolecular diversity: the challenge

Abstract The IBC Biomolecular Diversity conference was held in Waltham, MA, USA, 11–13 September 2000 and Understanding Phage Display: Structure, Biology and Applications , was held in Vancouver, BC, Canada, 21–23 September 2000.
A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of picolinic acid gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris

Summary Background Cost limitations, adverse effects or lack of efficacy limit the use of current topical therapies in mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Objectives To determine the safety and efficacy of picolinic acid, a novel zinc finger therapy, in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Methods Twenty subjects with mild to moderate acne vulgaris were treated at our centre during an open-label study with 10% picolinic acid gel (PCL-016) twice daily to the face over 12 weeks. Results Fifteen patients completed the 12-week open-label study. A reduction of 58·2% (P < 0·001) in mean total lesion count, 55·5% (P < 0·001) in mean inflammatory lesion count and 59·7% (P < 0·005) in noninflammatory lesion count was seen in this population. No serious adverse events or clinically significant changes in laboratory values were noted. Conclusions Results from this study suggest that 10% picolinic acid gel applied twice daily may be safe and effective in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris.
Spatial dispersion of graphite particles in cast iron

Abstract The distribution of intercept lengths in the matrix constituent has been determined for eight cast-iron specimens with graphite nodularity ranging from 0 to 100%. For all specimens the distribution f(L) of intercept lengths was found to be that corresponding to a random dispersion of graphite particles, the distribution being of the form f(L) = ( 1 L ) exp (− L L ) for L greater than the average intercept length in the particles. From this result it was possible to infer that nucleation of graphite had occurred in the melt.
Effects of voluntary exercise on sexual behavior in female rats

In two experiments, ovariectomized rats given access to activity wheels showed significantly higher lordosis ratings following estradiol treatment than animals maintained in individual hanging cages. Estrogen-induced decreases in body weight also were greater in wheel-housed animals. We suggest that access to running wheels may alter responsiveness to estradiol.
The effects of ascorbic acid on the induction of urothelial lesions in mice by 2-acetylaminofluorene.

Abstract 288 BALB/c male mice were allocated to: Group 1 — control; Group 2 —500 ppm of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) in the food, with control water; Group 4–500 ppm of 2-AAF in the food and 250 mg/100 ml of vitamin C in the water; and Group 3 — control food and 250 mg% of vitamin C in the water. Major histopathologic changes at the end of 28 days included both inflammation of the lamina propria and hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder in mice receiving 2-AAF. The most severe lesions were seen in the mice administered the combination of 2-AAF and vitamin C. It was postulated that either decreased water consumption and concentration of the urine and/or reduction in urinary pH may have contributed to the severity of the lesions.
85-year-old man with epistaxis.

An 85-year-old man with a medical history notable for monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and squamous cell skin cancer presented to the emergency department with periodic epistaxis of 3 to 4 weeks' duration. The bleeding was spontaneous without antecedent trauma. The episodes of epistaxis usually lasted for about an hour. Pressure to the nares would stop the bleeding. The patient noted prolonged bleeding of his gums after brushing his teeth. He denied easy bruising, petechiae, spontaneous hemarthrosis, or rashes. He had experienced fatigue during the past few months with an unintentional weight loss of about 10 kg even though his appetite was normal. He denied new bone or joint pain.
Effects of oral contraceptive steroids on pituitary prolactin secretion.

Abstract Serum prolactin (PRL) levels in 16 premenopausal subjects on synthetic estrogen and progestin were measured during 19 treatment cycles. The studies were performed during the estrogen segments of the treatment cycle (days 7–16) in 10 subjects receiving sequential contraceptives, and between days 9–20 in 6 subjects receiving combination type contraceptives. Because of the episodic nature of PRL release, the transverse mean of the frequent samples obtained over a period of four hours was used for quantitative comparison of subjects receiving the contraceptive steroids with normal subjects. Significant increases in prolactin concentrations were noted in both sequential (P
Sulfur and oxygen escape from Io and a lower limit to atmospheric SO2 at Voyager 1 encounter

Estimates of the abundance of sulfur, sodium and oxygen ions and neutrals observed by Voyager 1 in the plasma torus and neutral cloud associated with the Jovian satellite Io are used to investigate the physical characteristics of the Io atmosphere. Specific attention is given to two questions about the Io atmosphere: the necessity of an atmosphere to account for the supply of sulfur and oxygen observed in the plasma torus, and, if an atmosphere is necessary, the lower limit to such atmosphere. It is found that an SO2 atmosphere is most likely needed on Io as an intermediate buffer so that the sulfur and oxygen can be transported to the plasma torus. The minimum atmosphere needed for this process is calculated to be 1.4 x 10 to the -10th bar with an SO2 column density of about 10 to the 16th per sq cm and an SO2 surface density of about 1.2 x 10 to the 10th per cu cm. A complete list of all the atmospheric escape fluxes for Io is provided.
Net Effects of Institutional Type on Baccalaureate Degree Attainment of "Traditional" Students

This study explores the net effects of institutional type on degree attainment. The literature suggests that two-year college matriculants are much less likely to earn a baccalaureate degree than students first enrolling at four-year colleges. Such findings hold even when researchers control for differences among the two groups. Previous studies did not, however, examine whether age and full-time enrollment are factors in persistence. This study seeks to determine if the established pattern is valid when examining only "traditional" students.
On the deformation of image intensity and zero-crossing contours under motion

Abstract Image intensity and edge are two major sources of information for estimating motion in the image plane. The 2-D motion obtained by analyzing the deformation of intensity and/or edges is used to recover the 3-D motion and structure. In this paper we show that the motion defined by the image intensity differs from the motion revealed by the (zero-crossing) edge. Understanding of this discrepancy is important since most of the 3-D motion recovery algorithms reported so far require accurate 2-D motion as their input. We begin the discussion by assuming the invariance of intensity, that the evolution of image intensity manifests the underlying transformation of the image due solely to the motion of objects. We then raise the question whether the zero crossing of the Laplacian operating on the image intensity is invariant too. The change of perspective view due to relative motion results in the zero crossing not being preserved as the image evolves. We derive how much the zero-crossing contour deviates from its “correct” position due to motion. Our analysis shows that the deviation is inversely proportional to the third derivatives of image intensity. The result may be used to determine the agreement between the motion obtained from the zero-crossing contours and from the intensity Change.
DO CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES AND PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS PROVIDE SOME BUTTERFLIES WITH A CHEMICAL DEFENSE AGAINST THEIR BIRD PREDATORS? A DIFFERENT POINT OF VIEW

[It is a generally accepted concept that the secondary plant metabolites — the cyanogenic glycosides, and the pyrrolizidine alkaloids — are the main chemical compounds providing Heliconiinae, Acraeinae, Ithomiinae, the day-flaying moths Zygaenidae, and other aposematic butterflies with a potent chemical defense against their main vertebrate predators, the insectivorous birds. This author does not agree with this concept and presents a different point of view. His thesis is based on (1) the limited ability of birds to taste, (2) the inability of birds to taste via 'beak mark tasting' or simple pecking, and (3) on voluminous data and arguments in the extensive literature, dealing with many aspects of interest concerning secondary plant metabolites and their role in the chemical defense of butterflies, which do not support the generally accepted concept. In this paper are assembled the most important and convincing information opposing the view that these various chemical compounds provide butterflies with a chemical defense against bird predators. A revision of the currently accepted concept is suggested., It is a generally accepted concept that the secondary plant metabolites — the cyanogenic glycosides, and the pyrrolizidine alkaloids — are the main chemical compounds providing Heliconiinae, Acraeinae, Ithomiinae, the day-flaying moths Zygaenidae, and other aposematic butterflies with a potent chemical defense against their main vertebrate predators, the insectivorous birds. This author does not agree with this concept and presents a different point of view. His thesis is based on (1) the limited ability of birds to taste, (2) the inability of birds to taste via 'beak mark tasting' or simple pecking, and (3) on voluminous data and arguments in the extensive literature, dealing with many aspects of interest concerning secondary plant metabolites and their role in the chemical defense of butterflies, which do not support the generally accepted concept. In this paper are assembled the most important and convincing information opposing the view that these various chemical compounds provide butterflies with a chemical defense against bird predators. A revision of the currently accepted concept is suggested.]
Fuzzy model-based optimal dispatching for NOx reduction in power plants

Abstract In power plants, stacks are usually not instrumented to measure, NOx emissions on a regular basis. Thus, the available emission data is always very limited, and often uncertain and imprecise. This makes the modeling for emission reduction by statistical methods extremely difficult. In this work, a novel fuzzy modeling methodology is developed to generate a reliable emission model with only limited data. The model can be essential part in environmental dispatching. The efficacy of the model-based dispatching is demonstrated by successfully applying it to the NOx reduction in a power plant that consists of four units sharing only one stack.
Flow analysis and optimization of LISP-like structures

In [12] the authors introduced the concept of binding time optimization and presented a series of data flow analytic methods for determining some of the binding time characteristics of programs. In this paper we extend that work by providing methods for determining the class of shapes which an unbounded data object may assume during execution of a LISP-like program, and describe a number of uses to which that information may be put to improve storage allocation in compilers and interpreters for advanced programming languages.We are concerned chiefly with finding, for each program point and variable a finite description of a set of graphs which includes all the shapes of values the variable could assume at that point during the execution of a program. If this set is small or regular in structure, this information can be used to optimize the program's execution, mainly by use of more efficient storage allocation schemes.In the first part we show how to construct from a program without selective updating a tree grammar whose nonterminals generate the desired sets of graphs; in this case they will all be trees. The tree grammars are of a more general form than is usually studied [8, 19], so we show that they may be converted to the usual form. The resulting tree grammar could naturally be viewed as a recursive type definition [11] of the values the variables may assume. Further, standard algorithms may be employed to test for infiniteness, emptiness or linearity of the tree structure.In the second part selective updating is allowed, so an alternate semantics is introduced which more closely resembles traditional LISP implementations, and which is equivalent to the tree model for programs without selective updating. In this model data objects are directed graphs. We devise a finite approximation method which provides enough information to detect cell sharing and cyclic structures whenever they can possibly occur. This information can be used to recognize when the use of garbage collection or of reference counts may be avoided.The work reported in the second part of this paper extends that of Schwartz [17] and Cousot and Cousot [7]. They have developed methods for determining whether the values of two or more variables share cells, while we provide information on the detailed structure of what is shared. The ability to detect cycles is also new. It also extends the work of Kaplan [13], who distinguishes only binary relations among the variables of a program, does not handle cycles, and does not distinguish selectors (so that his analysis applies to nodes representing sets rather than ordered tuples).
Metal Alkoxide Synthesis of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics

Metal alkoxide syntheses of the general form $${\rm{M}} + {\rm{nROH}} \to {\rm{M}}{({\rm{OR}})_{\rm{n}}} + {\textstyle{{\rm{n}} \over 2}}{{\rm{H}}_2}$$ or $${\rm{MC}}{{\rm{l}}_{\rm{n}}} + {\rm{nROH}} + {\rm{nN}}{{\rm{H}}_3} \to {\rm{M}}{({\rm{OR}})_{\rm{n}}} + {\rm{nN}}{{\rm{H}}_4}{\rm{Cl}}$$ can be used to form soluble alkoxides of most metals. Mutual solution of these alkoxides followed by acid or base hydrolysis, drying and calcining results in the formation of fine-grained (<10A) amorphous powders at low temperatures. Subsequent hot-pressing or calcining leads to densification and/or crystallization. Compositions in the MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system with ZrO2 contents to 30 mol% are discussed. Also glass formation of transition oxides derived from metal alkoxides of Hf, Zr, Y and Nb in various combinations are presented.
Unconventional secretion of Pichia pastoris Acb1 is dependent on GRASP protein, peroxisomal functions, and autophagosome formation

In contrast to the enormous advances made regarding mechanisms of conventional protein secretion, mechanistic insights into the unconventional secretion of proteins are lacking. Acyl coenzyme A (CoA)–binding protein (ACBP; AcbA in Dictyostelium discoideum), an unconventionally secreted protein, is dependent on Golgi reassembly and stacking protein (GRASP) for its secretion. We discovered, surprisingly, that the secretion, processing, and function of an AcbA-derived peptide, SDF-2, are conserved between the yeast Pichia pastoris and D. discoideum. We show that in yeast, the secretion of SDF-2–like activity is GRASP dependent, triggered by nitrogen starvation, and requires autophagy proteins as well as medium-chain fatty acyl CoA generated by peroxisomes. Additionally, a phospholipase D implicated in soluble N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor–mediated vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane is necessary, but neither peroxisome turnover nor fusion between autophagosomes and the vacuole is essential. Moreover, yeast Acb1 and several proteins required for its secretion are necessary for sporulation in P. pastoris. Our findings implicate currently unknown, evolutionarily conserved pathways in unconventional secretion.
947-113 Aprotinin Produces Ion Channels in lipid Bilayers

Aprotinin, a 58 Amino Acid peptide protease inhibitor, is used clinically to prevent postoperative blood loss and reduce transfusion requirements in those procedures which employ extracorporeal circulation. Its mechanism of action is unknown. We have observed that Aprotinin has produced channel-like artifacts in other experimental systems. We tested the hypothesis that Aprotinin could form ion channels in lipid bilayers. Lipid bilayers were created on the tips of patch clamp pipets using phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and cholesterol in a 5:3:2 ratio respectively. Single channel currents were recorded in symmetric solutions of KCI + Tris/HEPES, pH = 7.2, as well as asymmetric solutions. Aprotinin was added to the bath solution. Data were digitized and recorded on video tape for off-line analysis using custom software. 8 JLM Aprotinin produced typical ion channel currents in symmetric solutions of KCI at concentrations of 50 mM. 100 mM, 150 mM, and 250 mM, with resultant peak currents of 7.33 pA. The conductance of the Aprotinin channel was 31.8 pS in 250 mM KCI. Aprotinin exhibited multiple conductance levels and complex kinetics. In 250 mM potassium, the channel had a steady state Popen of 0.5. Popen was not voltage dependent. The channels were saturable, selective, and highly specific for potassium ions over sodium ions. No definite blockers of the channel have yet been identified. Our experiments show that Aprotinin produces ion channels in lipid bilayers, and this in turn may lead to better understanding this drug's mechanism of action.