cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear MPC for optimization of recombinant Zymomonas mobilis fed-batch fermentation

Presents the development of an unstructured kinetic model incorporating the differing degrees of product and substrate inhibition on kinetic rates of alcohol fermentation by recombinant Zymomonas mobilis for growth on two substrates. Product inhibition was observed to begin to affect the specific growth rate at 20 g/L and specific productivity at about 35-40 g/L. Additionally, a mechanism for the inhibition of two competing substrates cellular uptake via membrane transport is proposed. Inhibition functions and model parameters were determined by fitting experimental data to the model. This model was utilized in a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) algorithm to control product concentration during fed-batch fermentation simulation to offset the inhibitory effects of product and substrate inhibition. Using this optimal feeding policy determined by the NMPC controller, the ethanol productivity was predicted in simulation to be increased 38% relative to batch operation.
Evaluation of Diabetic Patients with Breast Cancer Treated with Metformin during Adjuvant Radiotherapy

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate acute locoregional toxicity in patients with breast cancer receiving concurrent metformin plus radiation therapy. Methods and Materials. Diabetic breast cancer patients receiving concurrent metformin and radiation therapy were matched with nondiabetic patients and diabetic patients using an alternative diabetes medication. Primary endpoints included the presence of a treatment break and development of dry or moist desquamation. Results. There was a statistically significant increase in treatment breaks for diabetic patients receiving concurrent metformin when compared to the nondiabetic patients (P value = 0.02) and a trend toward significance when compared to diabetic patients receiving an alternate diabetes medication (P value = 0.08). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated concurrent metformin use as being associated with a trend toward the predictive value of determining the incidence of developing desquamation in diabetic patients receiving radiation therapy compared to diabetic patients receiving an alternate diabetes medication (P value = 0.06). Conclusions. Diabetic patients treated with concurrent metformin and radiation therapy developed increased acute locoregional toxicity in comparison with diabetic patients receiving an alternate diabetes medication and nondiabetic patients. Further clinical investigation should be conducted to determine the therapeutic ratio of metformin in combination with radiation therapy.
ELECTROKINETICS : XVII. SURFACE CHARGE AND ION ANTAGONISM.

1. The question of the critical pore diameter for streaming potential is discussed. 2. The surface charge is calculated for cellulose in contact with solutions of K3PO4, K2CO3, K2SO4, KCl, and ThCl4. 3. The surface charge of cellulose in contact with a solution of 2 x 10–4 N NaCl is calculated as a function of temperature and is found to show a sharp break at 39°. This is interpreted in terms of the change of the specific heat of water. 4. A marked ion antagonism is found in NaCl:KCl, KCl:MgCl2, NaCl:MgCl2, NaCl:CaCl2, KCl:CaCl2, CaCl2:MgCl2 mixtures when the surface charge is calculated as a function of concentration.
Group Ethical Voice Influence of Ethical Leadership and Impact on Ethical Performance

Interest in the important role that ethical leaders play in organizations has expanded in recent years because of several high-profile corporate ethical breakdowns and the increased responsibility placed upon corporate leaders as a result. In the present study, we introduce a new outcome of ethical leadership: group ethical voice. We further theorized and tested two mediating mechanisms linking ethical leadership with group ethical voice. Using two field studies and one experimental study, we found support for our assertion that ethical leadership was positively associated with group ethical voice. We also found support for most of our hypothesized mediating mechanisms (ethical culture and group ethical voice efficacy) linking ethical leadership with group ethical voice—except for the indirect effect of upper-level ethical leadership on group ethical voice via group ethical voice efficacy. We further found that group ethical voice positively influenced ethical performance (significant for the sales groups...
Septic subacromial bursitis caused by Mycobacterium kansasii in an immunocompromised host.

ABSTRACTMycobacterium kansasii is a common cause of pulmonary infection as a result of nontuberculous mycobacteria, but is less commonly described as a cause of an orthopedic infection. We present the first case of M. kansasii subacromial septic bursitis in an immunocompromised host. This case demonstrates the diagnostic and treatment challenges associated with orthopedic infections caused by M. kansasii.
Images of the familiar

Abstract Implicit leadership theories specify the qualities and behaviors that individuals associate with the term “leader.” This article examines individual differences in implicit leadership theories as a function of personality traits and perceived parental traits. Personality traits, such as agreeableness, conscientiousness, extroversion, openness, neuroticism, and self-monitoring, influence implicit leadership theories. Specifically, individuals characterize a leader similar to self as ideal. Parallel results are presented for parental traits and implicit leadership theories whereby idealized leadership images mirror descriptions of parental traits.
Spinal Accessory Nerve

Although, the accessory nerve is the 11th cranial nerve, we will discuss here the spinal component due to its importance in nerve injuries and repair. The spinal accessory nerve arises from the upper cervical spinal cord (C1–C5), ascends between the dentate ligament and the posterior cervical rootlets, then through the foramen magnum joins the cranial part, and exits through the jugular foramen. It runs through or deep to the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle. It courses subcutaneously in the posterior triangle of the neck from the posterior border of the SCM cranially to the anterior border of the trapezius muscle caudally. It supplies both the SCM and the trapezius muscles.
Social stressors and their effects on immunity and health of periparturient dairy cows1

Management practices during the periparturient period have been the focus of much research recently because during this period immune function, metabolism, and health of cows are severely challenged. Responses to stress are often classified as behavioral, immunological, neuroendocrine, and autonomic. In production systems, understanding all facets of stress response is important to correctly predict the consequences of stressors to the health and performance of animals and to prevent costly managerial changes that have minimal effect on animal well-being and performance. Common social stressors faced by periparturient animals are regrouping, overstocking, and for nulliparous animals, commingling with parous animals. In conventional dairies, feeding strategies during the periparturient period often require several group changes during the most challenging period of an animal's life. Traditional weekly regrouping of prepartum cows increases competitive behavior at the feed bunk but it does not affect immune and metabolic responses, health and production, as long as stocking density is not overwhelming, and nulliparous and parous animals are housed separately. Stocking density of prepartum animals may be overlooked because these are nonproductive animals. Severe overstocking (200% of feeding space) of commingled nulliparous and parous pregnant animals produces neuroendocrine and metabolic changes. On the other hand, when prepartum nulliparous and parous animals are housed separately, stocking densities of up to 120% do not seem to affect innate and adaptive immunity, metabolic responses, milk yield, and reproductive performance, despite increasing negative behavior among cows. In recent experiments, when animals were ranked based on feed bunk displacement, dominant animals were more likely to be diagnosed with metritis than subordinate animals. Importantly, dominant animals with large number of interactions with pen mates (displacement at the feed bunk) were considerably more likely to be diagnosed with uterine diseases (retained placenta and metritis) and to be removed from the herd within 60d postpartum. Much has been learned about behavioral responses of cows to stressful conditions, but our understanding of neuroendocrine and immune responses to such conditions is somewhat limited. A multidisciplinary approach to research that encompasses several responses to stress and biological functions is critical.
Soil Oribatei IV. Observations on Ceratozetes gracilis (Acarina: Ceratozetidae)

This oribatid mite lives in the litter layer of soil and feeds predominantly upon fungi. The overwintering tritonymphs and adults oviposit from early spring until fall. At least 119 and as many as 149 days were required in the laboratory at 20° C. for development from egg to adult. A longer period may be required in nature where lower soil temperatures are encountered. A maximum of 6 eggs was found in a female; a single egg was laid and an interim of several clays passed prior to subsequent oviposition. No information was gathered concerning overall fecundity.
A lithologic control on active meandering in bedrock channels

Topographic evidence requires that some rivers actively meander in bedrock, yet the way in which rivers can erode laterally and meander within bedrock banks is not well understood. Lateral channel migration, and especially lateral channel migration via active bedrock meandering, is commonly responsible for the preservation of unpaired strath terraces. A process-level understanding of lateral channel migration and active meandering in bedrock rivers is key to interpreting the climatic and tectonic significance of unpaired strath terraces and the planform shape of bedrock rivers. In this study, we compare erosional processes in two adjacent bedrock channels in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California. The main differences between these channels are that Pescadero Creek actively meanders within mudstone, while Butano Creek is straight and incises sandstone. Laboratory rock strength and slake durability tests show that while the two lithologies have similar tensile strengths before drying, the meander-supporting mudstone loses strength dramatically when dried and rewet (slakes), while the sandstone does not. The slaked mudstone bank rock was easily detached without the need for bed-load tools during in situ erosion tests, while mudstone that had not dried and sandstone were not detachable. The depth of bank rock detached solely from rewetting of previously dried mudstone ranges between 1 and 8 mm, which is well in excess of annual background erosion in the Santa Cruz Mountains. In addition, hand samples of the mudstone rapidly disintegrated upon wetting and drying in the laboratory, whereas sandstone hand samples remained intact. In the meandering stream, there is a consistent pattern of scoured bedrock (exposed to drying and slaking) along the outside “cutbank” of meander bends and forced bars that grade into soil and vegetation, which protect the bedrock from slaking along the inside of bends. Additionally, in the meandering stream, subaerially exposed mudstone clasts are often found to be disintegrating on the surface of bars. Taken together, these observations suggest that slaking allows for bedrock meandering in two fundamental ways. First, by rapidly disintegrating coarse hillslope-derived sediment that is deposited in the channel, slaking suppresses the negative feedback on lateral channel migration that would otherwise result from the buildup of talus along a retreating bedrock valley wall on the outside of a meander bend. Second, at cutbanks where scour exposes bare bedrock to drying, slaking weakens a layer of bank rock to the point where it can be eroded by clear-water flows. In these ways, slaking enables erosion into bedrock banks in response to curvature-driven fluid shear stress perturbations, as in alluvial rivers.
Fertilization in Chlamydomonas reinhardi, with special reference to the structure, development, and fate of the choanoid body.

The role of the choanoid body in fertilization is discussed. The choanoid body, an electron dense ring composed of tubular elements, develops in the plus gamete during gametogenesis. When plus and minus gamete cells are mixed, a fertilization tubule develops from the choanoid body. Microfilaments produced from the choanoid body fill the lumen of the elongating tubule. During mating, the fertilization tubule makes contact with an electron dense plate associated with the plasma membrane of the minus gamete. Fusion occurs and a fertilization bridge is established. Microfilaments extend from the choanoid body toward the minus nucleus. With the establishment of a bridge of endoplasmic reticulum between the nuclei, the microfilament association ceases. The significance of microfilaments in both plasmogamy and karyogamy is discussed.
A Role for Ia Antigens in B Cell Activation: Studies with Normal B Cells and A B Cell Lymphoma

Monoclonal anti-Ia antibodies enhanced anti-μ induced proliferation of murine B lymphocytes. Anti-Ia induced augmentation of B cell proliferation was allele specific and did not require participation by T cells and adherent cells. The effects of anti-Ia antibodies on B cell activation are neither due to induction of interleukin-1 secretion in the cultures nor due to interaction with the Fc receptors and can be demonstrated under serum-free culture conditions. Monoclonal antibodies against both IA and IE region encoded Ia molecules were able to synergize with anti-μ in inducing B cell proliferation. Antibodies to both IA and IE coded antigens induced IgM secretion from the B lymphoma cell lines BKS3 and BKL. The anti-Ia antibodies did not affect the proliferation of the B lymphoma cells. These results suggest that the interaction of B cell surface Ia with the anti-Ia antibodies results in an activation signal and that the B cell surface Ia antigens may function as signal transducer molecules.
Hydride Generation-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometric Determination of Mercury and Tin in Canned Food——with Microwave Assisted Sample Digestion

HG-AFS was applied to the simultaneous determination of tin and mercury in canned food.Effects of acidity and concentration of KBH4 solution on the hydride forming reaction,suitable conditions for the acid digestion of sample and the working condition of the instrument were studied and optimized.Mixed solution of thiourea and ascorbic aicd was used as masking agent and tartaric acid solution was used as carrying solution to eliminate interferences of some coexisting substances,especially in the determination of arsenic.Detection limits(3 S) of this method were found to be 0.005 μg·L-1 for mercury,and 0.20 μg·L-1 for arsenic.Precision of this method was tested at the concentration level of 2 μg·L-1 of mercury and 20 μg·L-1 of tin,and the values of RSD′s(n=12) found were in the ranges of 5.0%-6.5%(for Hg) and 4.0%-7.3%(for As).Results of recovery test were found in the ranges of 93.0%-101.0% for mercury and 92.5%-94.0% for arsenic.
Polarized insertion of an intracellular glycoprotein pool into the apical membrane of MDCK cells.

A monoclonal antibody that recognizes a 135-kDa glycoprotein (GP135) on the apical membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells was used to identify and characterize an intracellular pool of ...
A Fast Connectionist Learning Paradigm

A fast connectionist mapping and learning paradigm, the Optimum Path Paradigm (OPP), is introduced. It is characterized by its high speed in both feed-forward and learning phases. OPP can be thought of as a discrete version of the Principle of Least Action that enjoys universal applicability in the domain of Physics. The equivalence of OPP learning to the solution of a system of inequalities is established. The learning heuristic is deduced from this formulation and related to Hebbian learning. A number of aspects of OPP are compared to more standard paradigms such as Back Propagation.
A dynamic source model for the San Fernando earthquake

abstract We model the San Fernando earthquake as a propagating rupture in a half-space, using for the slip-time-history on the fault plane analytical expressions which approximate the slip functions of dynamic crack models obtained by Das and Aki (1977a, b). We synthesize the strong ground motions and accelerations at the Pacoima Dam site and compute the teleseismic signals for different models of cracks. Three major featuras of the data–the strong pulse associated with the beginning of the rupture, the high acceleration phase on the Pacoima Dam records, and the presence of ripples on the teleseismic seismograms–which are not compatible with a smooth rupture process, are well explained by a crack with barriers model where the rupture encounters, along the fault plane, barriers or obstacles of high strength materials which may remain unbroken after the passage of the rupture front. A high-stress drop (400 to 500 bars) is required in the hypocentral area to explain the high-amplitude short-duration first pulse of the teleseismic records. This indicates a high level of tectonic stress in the area. A study of the earthquake series following the main shock shows that the aftershocks which took place in the region where major slipping occurred during the earthquake may represent the release of some of the barriers.
Fate of Small Populations of Listeria monocytogenes on Poultry Processed Using Moist Heat.

The survival of small populations of Listeria monocytogenes on poultry processed using a moist heating method was determined. Various inoculum concentrations (3.2 × 102, 4.8 × 103, and 4.7 × 104) were applied to chicken breasts which were cooked to an internal endpoint temperature of 73.9°C (165°F). After cooking, portions were either vacuum-packaged or wrapped in an oxygen permeable film and stored for up to 4 wk at 4°C or up to 10 d at 10°C. Some Listeria survived the cooking process regardless of the inoculum levels. Significant increases (p<0.05) in the L. monocytogenes population occurred for each inoculum concentration at both storage temperatures within the first sampling period (week 1 for 4°C and day 3 for 10°C). Samples stored at both temperatures were able to re-establish themselves to population levels at or above the initial inoculum. No differences were noted due to packaging.
Two Rights of Free Speech

My main argument in this paper is that the right to freedom of expression is not a single right, complex as it may be, but spans two separate rights that I label the right to speak and the right to hear. Roughly, the right to speak stands for the right of a person to express freely whatever they wish to communicate to some other persons or to the public at large. The right to hear stands for the right to have free and unfettered access to any kind of content that has been communicated by others. The right to speak and the right to hear are two separate rights, grounded in different kinds of interests. Choice and control are central aspects of the right to speak and much less central to the right to hear. I try to show that this division of rights and their respective rationales can be utilized to explain how we think about some of the limits of the right to freedom of expression, particularly in the context of conflicts between the right to speak and the right to hear, conflicts that are rather pervasive. I also argue, though perhaps less conclusively, that in thinking about the limits of freedom of expression, an exclusive focus on the harm principle would be misguided. There is no reason to deny that speech is often harmful, sometimes very much so, but the prevention of harm is not sufficient to justify legal prohibition, at least not in this case.
Relational comparison revisited: Marxist postcolonial geographies in practice*

This article revisits the idea of relational comparison that grew out of my earlier research in post-apartheid South Africa in order to put it to work in new ways. First I clarify distinctively different modalities of ‘comparison’ and their political stakes, and go on to specify how the ‘relational’ in relational comparison refers to an open, non-teleological conception of dialectics at the core of Marx’s method. I then engage with sharply polarized urban studies and subaltern studies debates cast in terms of Marxism vs. postcolonialism/poststructuralism and suggest how distinctions among comparative modalities help to reconfigure the terms of the debates. The article lays the groundwork for a larger project that focuses on understanding resurgent nationalisms, populisms, and racisms in different regions of the world in relation to one another in the era of neoliberal forms of capitalism. More broadly I suggest how relational comparison, extended to include conjunctural analysis, can be used as a method f...
A broadcast approach to multiple access adapted to the multiuser channel

A broadcast strategy for multiple access communication over slowly fading channels is introduced, in which the channel state information is known to only the receiver. In this strategy, the transmitters split their information streams into multiple independent information layers, each adapted to a specific actual channel realization. The major distinction between the proposed strategy and the existing ones is that in the existing approaches, each transmitter adapts its transmission strategy only to the fading process of its direct channel to the receiver, hence directly adopting a single-user strategy previously designed for the single-user channels. However, the contribution of each user to a network-wide measure (e.g., sum-rate capacity) depends not only on the user's direct channel to the receiver, but also on the qualities of other channels. Driven by this premise, this paper proposes an alternative broadcast strategy in which the transmitters adapt their transmissions to the combined states resulting from all users' channels. This leads to generating a larger number of information layers by each transmitter and adopting a different decoding strategy by the receiver. An achievable rate region that captures the trade-off among the rates of different information is established and is shown to subsume the existing known regions.
Translation in Spanish language teaching: the integration of a “fifth skill” in the second language curriculum

This article argues for translation as a fifth skill in language learning and for its integration in a systematic, purposeful, and informed manner in the Spanish language curriculum, with special a...
Longitudinal Health Care Cost in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Palliation

Management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is resource intensive. Heath care systems are pressured to provide value to patients by improving outcomes while decreasing costs. A single-center retrospective cohort of infants with HLHS who underwent Norwood procedure or hybrid Norwood from 2004 to 2014 and survived to first outpatient follow up were studied. The primary outcome was total cost through 12 months with a sub-analysis of patients with 60 months of data. Costs were calculated using internal cost accounting system and reported by cost center. Of the 152 HLHS patients identified, 69 met inclusion criteria. Stage I hospitalization (n = 69), with a median length of stay 34 days [interquartile range (IQR) 24–58 days], resulted in a median cost of $203,817 (IQR $136,236–272,453). Of survivors at 12 months (n = 55), the median cost was $369,393 (IQR $216,289–594,038) generated in part by a median of 67 (40–126 days) hospitalized days during that year. A subgroup analysis of patients who reached 60 months of age (n = 29) demonstrated a median total cost of $391,812 (IQR $293,801–577,443) and a median of 74 lifetime hospitalized days (IQR 58–116 days). High cost centers included intensive care (41%), non-ICU hospital (17%), operative services (11%), catheterization lab (9%), and pharmacy (9%). Using multiple regression analysis, significant drivers of cost included reoperation, length of hospitalization, low birthweight, and use of ECMO. Costs related to HLHS management are driven both by care-related complications such as surgical re-intervention and patient factors such as low birth weight.
The merit of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the adjuvant setting of high-risk renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis.

Aim As no meta-analyses have evaluated tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the adjuvant setting of high-risk renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the aim was to evaluate the benefit of sunitinib and pazopanib in the adjuvant setting. Methods This meta-analysis included all Phase III randomized controlled trials evaluating adjuvant sunitinib and pazopanib in high-risk RCC. Primary outcome was the comparison of disease-free survival (DFS) between tyrosine kinase inhibitors and placebo. Results There was a tendency for significant overall effect of both sunitinib and pazopanib on DFS (hazard ratio: 0.85; 95% confidence interval: 0.72-1.01; p = 0.06). There was no significant difference between the effect of sunitinib and pazopanib on DFS (p = 0.51; I2 = 0%). Conclusion Pazopanib and sunitinib could prolong DFS in the adjuvant treatment of high-risk RCC and seem equally effective in this setting.
Regulation of FtsZ levels in Escherichia coli in slow growth conditions

A key regulator of cell division in most walled bacteria is the FtsZ protein that assembles into protofilaments attached to the membrane at midcell. These dynamic protofilament assemblies, known as the Z-ring, act as a scaffold for more than two dozen proteins involved in synthesis of septal cell envelopes. What triggers the formation of the Z-ring during the cell cycle is poorly understood. In Escherichia coli model organism, the common view is that FtsZ concentration is constant throughout its doubling time and therefore regulation of assembly should be controlled by some yet to be identified protein-protein interactions. Here we show using quantitative analysis of newly developed fluorescent reporter that FtsZ concentration varies in a cell-cycle dependent manner in slow growth conditions and that upregulation of FtsZ synthesis correlates with the formation of the Z-ring. About 4-fold upregulation of FtsZ synthesis in the first half of the cell cycle is followed by its rapid degradation by ClpXP protease in the last 10% of the cell cycle. The initiation of rapid degradation coincides with dissociation of FtsZ from the septum. Altogether, our data indicate that the Z-ring formation in slow growth conditions in E. coli is controlled by a regulatory sequence where upregulation of an essential cell cycle factor is followed by its degradation.
Imaging Cobalamin Uptake within Malignant Breast Tumors In Vivo.

To image the uptake of cobalamin (Cbl) within malignant breast tumors in vivo. Prior to surgery 20 female patients with clinically suspected breast tumors were intravenously administered 0.25 μg of an In-111 labeled 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AC) analog ([111In]AC) and sequentially imaged with whole-body planar (WBP) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) between 2–5 h and 20–24 h post-injection (P.I.). The tumor to background (T/B) ratio for [111In]AC in breast tumors at 2–5 h was correlated to its expression of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) receptors. Subsequent pulse chase (PC) experiments in nude mice burdened with the MDA-MB-231 triple-negative (TN) breast tumor xenograft measured the effect that pulses of AC or dexamethasone (DEX) had on [111In]AC uptake in both normal murine tissue and the TN breast tumor. The mean [111In]AC T/B ratio of the patients’ 18 resected tumors was 5.8. Comparing ER- and PR-positive tumors (n = 11) to TN and HER2-positive tumors (n = 7), the mean [111In]AC T/B ratios at 2–5 h P.I. were 3.2 (range 1.8–5.6) and 10.4 (range 3.3–22.5), respectively. Pulses of 2.0 μg of AC at 2, 8, or 24 h; or 40.0 μg of DEX at 24 h prior to injecting 0.5 μg of [111In]AC, increased mean tracer uptake in the MDA-MB-231 tumors by 26.4, 71.5, 92.6, and 49.1 %, respectively. Only the 2- and 24-h PC intervals concomitantly suppressed [111In]AC uptake in normal murine tissue while enhancing [111In]AC uptake in MDA-MB-231 tumors. The uptake of Cbl within malignant breast tumors can be imaged clinically. Cbl uptake is greatest in TN and HER2-positive breast tumors. A solitary bolus of AC or DEX increases the [111In]AC uptake within a breast tumor in vivo. Investigating the cytogenetic mechanisms controlling the endocytosis of Cbl in malignant breast tumors is warranted.
Estimating the Determinants of NCAA Athletic Department Intellectual Property (Trademark) Rights

Nike Inc. recently signed a trademark-licensing contract with the University of Michigan for nearly US$174 million over 11 years for the rights to be the supplier of athletic apparel and to use the...
Loneliness and the elderly: opportunities for health promotion

I once met a retired, twice divorced commissioning engineer who told me that ‘To be lonely is like losing your sight – I don't think that anybody who is not in that situation can understand it.’ There are many elderly people who find themselves in the same situation as the man I met, especially because more people are living longer as a result of improvements in science, technology and social care. The trend towards an ever older population is universal. By 2011, life expectancy had already exceeded 75 years in 57 countries of the world,1 and by 2017 the population aged over 65 years worldwide will outnumber children under 5 years of age.2 The theme of World Mental Health Day 2013 is mental health in the elderly. This provides an opportunity to consider the particular challenge of loneliness and isolation in old age. Social isolation and loneliness may be related, but are different. Social isolation typically refers to physical separation from other people, such as living alone or residing in a rural geographical area. Loneliness refers to a subjective emotional state of being alone, separated or apart from others.3 The experience of feeling lonely while in the midst of a social network can be described as alienation, and research shows that there is a relationship between social isolation, loneliness and health outcomes,4–7 and also quality of life.8 There is so much that can be done to prevent loneliness, and the focus of World Mental Health Day 2013 enables us to double our efforts. Practical interventions that are effective include befriending schemes, social group schemes, regular home visits, telephone contacts, problem solving and Community Navigators.9,10 The man whom I met, who likened feeling lonely to losing one's sight, might have benefited from simple community interventions such as volunteering or joining a social group. As a retired engineer he still had so much to give. Perhaps we, as a community, need to find ways to better recognise the problem of loneliness and social isolation, so that practical support can be given to enable individuals to maintain that sense of connection, social role and belonging. You can make your contribution by becoming an advocate for the theme of World Mental Health Day 2013 (www.wfmh.com/00WorldMentalHealthDay.htm).
Enteral nutrition in the pediatric population

Enteral feeding, the provision of liquid nutrients into the gastrointestinal tract, is an important component of pediatric care. For the infant or child with a functioning or even a partially-functioning GI tract, the use of the enteral route provides a safe and efficient means of delivering nutrition at a time of life when requirements are extremely high. In addition to high nutrient requirements in the early years of life, there are a number of specific pediatric conditions, such as failure to thrive, short bowel syndrome, and congenital heart disease, which place further demands on the growing child. These demands can be met through the careful use of enteral feeds. This article reviews the physiology and practical application of enteral feeding to the pediatric age group.
Theoretical and Practical Issues of Ensemble Data Assimilation in Weather and Climate

Practical and theoretical issues of ensemble data assimilation are presented and discussed. In presenting the issues, the dynamical view, rather than a typical statistical view, is emphasized. From this point of view, most problems in ensemble data assimilation, and in data assimilation in general, are seen as means of producing an optimal state that is in dynamical balance, rather than producing a state that is optimal in a statistical sense. Although in some instances these two approaches may produce the same results, in general they are different. Details of this difference are discussed.
Factorization of Almost Periodic Matrix Functions of Several Variables and Toeplitz Operators

We study connections between operator theoretic properties of Toeplitz operators acting on suitable Besikovitch spaces and factorizations of their symbols which are matrix valued almost periodic functions of several real variables. Among other things, we establish the existence of a twisted canonical factorization for locally sectorial symbols, and characterize one-sided invertibility of Toeplitz operators in terms of their symbols. In addition, we study stability of factorizations, and factorizations of hermitian valued almost periodic matrix functions of several variables.
Cultivating Faith: The Relationship Between Islam and Sustainable Agriculture in Rural Communities of American Muslims

Many thinkers and activists have recognized the need for a paradigm shift within agricultural practices (Wirzba 2004; Shabbir et al. 2009). Religion has often been hypothesized as a source that can provide an alternative to the dominate paradigm (Oelschlaeger 1994; Leopold 1990). It has been argued that religious beliefs, practices and institutions can usher in a new paradigm by providing new discourses, creation stories and ideal communities, as well as providing social capital and new practices (Oelschlaeger 1994; Peterson 2005; Taylor 2007; Wirzba 2004). Through my historic and ethnographic study of small-scale American Muslim farms in the United States, I found that religious beliefs, practices and institutions have been an integral part of these communities, providing motivation, ethics, material support, communal practices and institutions, while also creating barriers to these projects. By being involved with farms that are an important part of their religious communities and motivated in part by concerns over food security, these American Muslims have become involved with food production systems and rural environments and communities. This has led them to become involved with governmental and non-governmental programs and policy making aimed at helping rural areas or small-scale farms, as well as allowed them to learn first hand about biodiversity and changes to the environment caused by humans. Although a small-scale study, these types of farms are likely important to the future of agriculture, making it also important to learn from this project when investigating other religious groups.
Cost and efficacy comparison of five prostate biopsy modalities: a platform for integrating cost into novel-platform comparative research

The cornerstone of prostate cancer diagnosis remains the transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUS-BX), which most frequently occurs in the office setting under local anesthesia. However, there are now other techniques of prostate biopsy aimed at improving outcomes such as patient comfort, significant cancer detection, and infectious complications. The purpose of the present study is to compare the cost and efficacy outcomes of five different approaches. We compared the comprehensive costs of a random sample size of 20−30 cases from each of the following: (1) local anesthesia TRUS-BX (reference), (2) sedation TRUS-BX, (3) general anesthesia transperineal template biopsy (TP), (4) sedation MRI-TRUS fusion biopsy (FB), and (5) sedation in-bore MRI biopsy (IB-MRI). Cost categories included pre-procedure, anesthesia pharmacy and recovery, and the technical/professional costs from urology, radiology, and pathology services. For procedure outcomes, we compared the larger cohorts of TRUS-BX, TP, and FB in terms of indication, cancer yield, and downstream decision impact. Compared with standard TRUS-BX, the total costs of sedation TRUS-BX, TP, FB, and IB-MRI increased significantly ×1.9 (90%), ×2.5 (153%), ×2.5 (150%), and ×2.2 (125%), respectively (p < 0.001). Although there was no statistical difference between the total costs of TP, FB, and IB-MRI, these costs were significantly higher than those of TRUS-BX under either local anesthesia or sedation (p < 0.05). The cost of TRUS-BX under sedation was significantly higher than that of TRUS-BX under local anesthesia (p < 0.001). Compared to TRUS-BX, more significant cancers were detected in FB (16% vs. 36%) and TP (16% vs. 34%) groups (p < 0.001). Compared with standard TRUS-BX, the additions of imaging, sedation anesthesia, and transperineal template increase costs significantly, and can be considered along with known improvements in accuracy and side effects. Ongoing efforts to combine imaging and transperineal biopsy, especially in an outpatient/local anesthesia setting may lead to a higher cost/benefit.
THE INCREMENTAL COST OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AFTER PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication after PCI. Despite the impact of AKI after PCI, the associated costs and its drivers are unknown. Using the nationally representative Premier Healthcare Database, we analyzed 1,443,297 PCI patients from 518 hospitals
Acute and Late Toxicities with Total Marrow Irradiation

Total marrow with or without lymphoid irradiation (TM[L]I) is an approach that utilizes image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy to deliver a more targeted, organ sparing form of systemic radiotherapy or TBI. It is an approach either to dose escalate patients at higher-risk for relapse while maintaining acceptable organ doses or to incorporate radiation in a patient population that may not tolerate standard total body irradiation (TBI) as part of their conditioning regimen. The radiation-related toxicity profiles are, in general, favorable in TM(L)I compared to historical rates seen in TBI patient populations.
Validation of coupled fission matrix – TRACE methods for thermal-hydraulic and control feedback on the Penn State Breazeale Reactor

Abstract A new method for calculating power shape and critical control rod position is described and validated in view of increasing the fidelity of the Penn State Breazeale Reactor's (PSBR) fuel management code. Currently, the PSBR fuel management code is biased against experimental results and requires the use of empirical correction factors. This is likely due to a combination of assumptions, such as the control rods being fixed in the all-out position and the use of a uniform fuel temperature. The proposed method supplies this data using fission-matrix-based neutronics coupled with TRACE thermal-hydraulics. The fission-matrix-based neutronics relies on Serpent for precalculation of fission matrices. Steady-state fuel temperature distributions, power shapes, and control rod positions are calculated through iteration between TRACE and fission matrix calculations. Validation is performed on the coupled TRACE-fission matrix model for powers ranging from 50 kW to 1 MW. For these cases, the RMS average error with experimental data is 12.7 K for instrumented element fuel temperature and $0.07 for reactivity change. Agreement is generally within estimated experimental uncertainty. The effect of various modeling parameters, such as the fuel-cladding gap heat transfer coefficient and the exact radial location of the instrumented element thermocouple, are shown. Finally, the impact of this increased modeling fidelity on the depletion calculation is estimated. In the future, this validation should be repeated on later core loadings of the PSBR where more detailed experimental data is available. Comparison between the current PSBR fuel management code and the proposed model should also be made.
Are Aesthetics and Business Antagonists

We analyze the problematic but very powerful alliance of artistic expressivity with its commercial framework. For a lot of artists, making money from their art can feel repulsive because (1) selling beauty seems like a contradiction, (2) it is unclear how monetary value can be assigned to an artistic work, and (3) the high art vs. low art, divine versus human paradigm. However, making money from composing is necessary. In this chapter, we will discuss what needs to change to make this more acceptable and look at examples of it working in the past. As artists, we need to remind ourselves that both making and selling are a part of a balanced equation of being a successful artist.
12 – Controlling Adaptation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ways to control adaptation. There are a variety of heuristic methods developed by researchers to help guide adaptation. In one approach, differences between the problem specification in the new problem and that in the remembered case are used to point out what needs to be adapted, while adaptation strategies associated with each of the classes of differences are chosen to carry out the adaptation. In another approach, a checklist is used—the system runs down its checklist to see what needs adapting and has adaptation methods attached to each kind of feature needing adaptation. In still another approach, the program waits to see what goes wrong when carrying out a plan, then analyzes the failure, and applies adaptation strategies particular to the type of failure encountered. Still another approach uses recalled cases to figure out what needs to be adapted and applies adaptation methods suggested by the cases.
Aggregated Load Prediction Based on Convolutional Long and Short-Term Memory Network

With the rapid development of economy, the proportion of air-conditioning is increasing. Due to modeling difficulties and the different user habits, the current prediction error of air-conditioning load is large. Thus, this paper uses the idea of data-driving modeling and proposes a kind of convutational long short term neural networks (ConvLSTM) based on deep learning to build air-conditioning aggregation model. Experiments show the effectiveness of the method.
Examination of the Relationship between Health-related Quality of Life and Academic Performance Among Student Pharmacists.

Abstract Introduction A better understanding of quality of life among student pharmacists is important to enhance pharmacy education and academic performance. Study objectives were to assess associations between pre-pharmacy and demographic factors and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among first-year (P1) and second-year (P2) pharmacy students, and to examine the relationship between HRQoL and academic performance. Methods A survey was administered in spring 2019 to P1 (n = 201) and P2 (n = 164) students that included the RAND 36-item Health Survey 1.0 (SF-36). Data were collected from student records: demographics, undergraduate degree, undergraduate science GPA, and 2018–19 academic year GPA. Mann-Whitney U tests, Spearman rho correlational analysis, and multiple linear regression were conducted. Results Of 365 students, 190 (52.1%) participated. P1s versus P2s had higher scores on the SF-36 Energy/Fatigue and Social Functioning subscales (p Conclusion Increased HRQoL was associated with higher GPA among P1 and P2 student pharmacists. Strategies to bolster quality of life and improve wellness among pharmacy students should be implemented and evaluated.
Worst-Case Coupled Voltage Analysis of Printed Circuit Board Traces

A detailed worst-case coupled voltage study on various printed circuit board (PCB) trace shapes has been carried out. Different trace lengths and trace shapes have been considered to explore the response from worst-case coupled voltage under external electromagnetic field. As a first step, the coupled voltage to loads of a straight PCB trace is analytically calculated and compared with existing full-wave electromagnetic (EM) solver over a particular frequency spectrum. The worst-case coupled voltage, which is derived using the Parseval’s theorem averages out the frequency dependent coupled voltage for a certain trace length. The final comparative results indicate that a specific PCB trace shape couples less to EM field irrespective of its length.
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

Hypertension is the most common medical disorder occurring during pregnancy and a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Accurate blood pressure measurement and the diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and in the postpartum period are pivotal to improve outcomes. This article details hemodynamic adaptations to pregnancy and provides an approach to the prevention, diagnosis, and management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and hypertensive emergencies. In addition, it reviews optimal strategies for the care of women with hypertension during the fourth trimester and beyond to minimize future cardiovascular risk.
Rosacea and the Microbiome: A Systematic Review.

Rosacea, a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent episodes of facial flushing, erythema, pustules, and telangiectasia, largely affects fair-skinned women over 30 years of age. Although a long-recognized entity, the exact pathophysiology of this disease is still debated. Current theories highlight the role of the cutaneous microbiome and its associated inflammatory effects in rosacea’s pathogenesis. However, microbiological reverberations are not limited to the skin, as recent studies have described the potential cutaneous effects of alterations in the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome. Associations with additional GI pathologies, including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), have been investigated, as well as Helicobacter pylori infection. In an attempt to better understand and characterize these relationships, as well as current treatment options, we conducted a systematic review of the literature in PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase from their inception to August 6, 2020. We have synthesized the literature findings within three sections of this manuscript: the cutaneous microbiome, the gut microbiome, and therapeutic strategies. Future studies should focus on specific mechanisms linking GI pathology with rosacea manifestations and the role of enteral drugs in mitigating cutaneous symptoms.