cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mycorrhizal diversity in photosynthetic terrestrial orchids

Summary • Specific orchid–fungal associations are known for nonphotosynthetic orchids but fungal diversity in photosynthetic orchids is thought to be quite broad. Specific fungal associations will figure prominently in conservation efforts, while diverse associations may require less attention. We combined culture techniques with ITS and mtLSU sequences and phylogenetic analysis to determine the genetic diversity of mycorrhizal fungi associated with an evergreen, a spring-green, and a winter-green orchid and compared this diversity with that published for a nonphotosynthetic orchid. • Mycorrhizal diversity in two of the three photosynthetic orchids was lower than for the nonphotosynthetic orchid. Mycorrhizal diversity in protocorms of the third species was also equal to, or less than, the fungal diversity associated with the nonphotosynthetic species, but adult fungal diversity was greater. • We found that photosynthetic orchids do not necessarily have more diverse mycorrhizal associations than nonphotosynthetic orchids. Similarly, evergreen orchids do not necessarily have greater mycorrhizal diversity than seasonally green orchids. Thus, orchid mycorrhizal diversity may not be determined by adult photosynthetic capacity.
Human Red Blood Cell Adhesion to Laminin Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy

Introduction: Red blood cells (RBCs) express several surface adhesion receptors which modulate cellular function and mediate cell-cell interactions, or adhesion, on both healthy and pathological RBCs. In this study, we established an in vitro single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) technique to study human RBC adhesion to substrates coated with laminin protein. Additionally, in order to establish the sensitivity of the assay, we investigated changes in the detachment force between single RBCs and the laminin substrate in the presence of pharmacological modulators of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway.Methods and Results: Using blood obtained from healthy human subjects, we recorded adhesion forces from single RBCs attached to AFM cantilevers as the cell was pulled-off of substrates coated with laminin. SCFS records force-distance curves of an approach/retraction cycle between the RBC probe to and from the laminin-functionalized substrate. We found that an increase in the overall cell adhesion measured via SCFS is correlated with an increase in the resultant total force measured on 1 µm2 areas of the RBC membrane via single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). Finally, RBCs were treated with the PKA activator-forskolin (FSK), PKA inhibitor-KT5720 and epinephrine to study the variations in the adhesion of BCAM/Lu to laminin due to pharmacologic modulation of the cAMP signaling pathway.Conclusion: We established that SCFS can detect variations in the detachment force of RBCs to laminin based primarily on the number of active BCAM/Lu receptors, which was modulated via biochemicals affecting the cAMP-PKA pathway. This study shows important implications for AFM-based SCFS measurements in understanding and evaluating the pharmacologic response of adhesion receptors on RBCs. Further, this method can easily be employed to measure the adhesive interactions of various cell types with functionalized substrates or other cells.
Manner of expressing rate of ribonucleic acid biosynthesis.

ENRICHMENT of a medium supporting slow, balanced growth of bacteria (Aerobacter aerogenes1 or Salmonella typhimurium2) is followed by a period of accelerating growth during which the ribonucleic acid (RNA): protein ratio of the bacterial protoplasm increases considerably. It has recently been stated in papers from this laboratory1 and elsewhere2 that the rate of RNA synthesis during this adjustment period is even higher than it will be later when the new, high growth-rate is established. (The phrase, ‘rate of RNA synthesis’, refers to the rate of accumulation of total RNA, of which approximately 80 per cent is ribosomal. In the conditions of growth employed in the experiments being discussed, measurements of total accumulation are essentially measurements of ribosome synthesis, since turnover is slight.) This assertion is based on the fact that when the logarithm of RNA per ml. of culture is plotted against time, the slope immediately after enrichment of the culture is usually greater than that which will be maintained afterwards.
Confronting Ambiguity, Anarchy, and Crisis in Institutional Research: Using Student Unit Record Databases in Extra-Institutional Research.

This chapter explores how an institution-affiliated but grant-funded independent research office developed a statewide student record database for institutional research studies.
Vietnam at war

Mark Philip Bradley, Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2009, xiii+233 pp. For many years, I made a point of reading the latest survey textbooks on the Vietnam War, of the sort that migh...
Seed quality assessment

Growers expect high-quality, genetically pure seed. As a result, seed companies maintain quality control programmes that monitor seed from harvest to purchase. An array of ‘traditional’ seed quality tests, including mechanical tests and tests of genetic purity, seed germination and vigour, and seed health tests, is used, and seed quality assessment techniques continue to evolve. Advances in molecular genetics are allowing the release of new varieties differing essentially in one gene. New molecular biology approaches offer the potential to identify these subtle genetic differences. Advances in seed enhancements, such as pelleting, priming and pregermination, require increased scrutiny of seed quality before and after the enhancement process. New developments in computer imaging for improved purity and germination/vigour analyses are being developed. These novel approaches to seed quality assessment become important as new genetic improvements are conveyed in the seed at increased cost to the grower.
Oxygen transfer in marsh-pond-marsh constructed wetlands treating swine wastewater

Oxygen transfer efficiencies of various components of the marsh-pond-marsh (M-P-M) and marsh-floating bed-marsh (M-FB-M) wetlands treating swine wastewater were determined by performing oxygen mass balance around the wetlands. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total nitrogen (TN) loading and escaping rates from each wetland were used to calculate carbonaceous and nitrogenous oxygen demands. Ammonia emissions were measured using a wind tunnel. Oxygen transfer efficiencies of the aerated ponds were estimated by conducting the ASCE standard oxygen transfer test in a tank using the same aeration device. Covering pond water surface with the floating bed slightly decreased oxygen transfer efficiency. The diffused membrane aeration (26.7 kg O2 ha-1 d-1) of M-P-M was surprisingly not as effective as plant aeration in the marsh (38.9 to 42.0 kg O2 ha-1 d-1). This unusually low oxygen transfer efficiency of the diffused aeration was attributed to its low submergence depth of 0.8 m compared to typical depth of 4.5 ...
Nuclear quadrupole resonance zeeman studies of p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride and p-bromoaniline hydrochloride

Abstract An NQR Zeeman study of 79Br in p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride and p-bromoaniline hydrochloride has been carried out at room temperature. The principal field gradient directions and asymmetry parameters have been determined. The data have been used to estimate the double bond character of the CBr bond in these molecules and the results have been compared with previously reported values for various para substituted bromobenzenes.
Saturation and beaming in astrophysical masers. III. Asymmetrically pumped masers

There is reason to believe that the physical conditions in many astrophysical masers are far from homogeneous. In particular, if the maser pump involves the absorption of infrared photons, the pump rate may vary rapidly (perhaps exponentially) across the cloud. The consequences of such variation of the pump rate for the maser radiation are calculated, and it is shown that there are substantial asymmetries in the output of the maser. A general result is that the maser radiation is preferentially emitted back toward the source of pump radiation. The implication of this result for the interpretation of the circumstellar 1612 MHz OH masers is briefly discussed.
Modifications of AOAC Official Method 999.15 to Improve the Quantitation of Vitamin K1 in Complex Formulated Nutritional Products

Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) occurs in foods in relatively low concentrations. It is synthesized for addition to formulated nutritional products (infant formulas, medical foods, and adult nutritional products). In recent years, nutritional products formulated with free amino acids and partially hydrolyzed proteins have been introduced in the market. Schimpf et al. demonstrated that the current AOAC Official Method 999.15 for determination of vitamin K in milk and infant formula is not adequate to quantitatively extract vitamin K1 from such products. We developed a modification of AOAC 999.15 for the analysis of vitamin K1 in these products that provides quantitative extraction by increasing the sample size, volume of extraction solvents, time of liquid/liquid partitioning, and order of the addition of solvents. This modified procedure showed extraction efficiency comparable to that of the original AOAC 999.15 procedure for analyzing infant formula matrixes and to the modified procedure of Schimpf et al. for the analysis of samples containing limited amounts of free amino acids andlor partially hydrolyzed proteins. Extraction efficiency increased more than 10% using the modified extraction procedure for samples containing higher amounts of these components. The chromatographic separation was improved by using a Dionex Acclaim triacontanol-bonded C30 column (250 x 3.0 mm id, 3 pm particle size) maintained at 15 degrees C, with acetonitrile-methanol (50 + 50, v/v) mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, which provided baseline separation of the cis and trans isomers of vitamin K1 from each other and from other compounds contained in the sample extracts.
24-Hour Blood Pressure Monitoring in the Evaluation of Supine Hypertension and Orthostatic Hypotension

The presence of orthostatic hypotension has been shown to be a significant, independent predictor of all-cause mortality. Systolic and diastolic orthostatic hypotension, reversal of the circadian pattern, and postprandial hypotension are some of the hemodynamic factors that may contribute to the increased mortality seen in patients with orthostatic hypotension. The high variability of blood pressure in orthostatic hypotension cannot usually be adequately assessed by a one-time measurement. In this group of patients, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may be more useful.
Radiative Properties of Flame-Generated Soot

Approximate methods for estimating the optical properties of flame-generated soot aggregates were evaluated using existing computer simulations and measurements in the visible and near-infrared portions of the spectrum. The following approximate methods were evaluated for both individual aggregates and polydisperse aggregate populations: the Rayleigh scattering approximation, Mie scattering for an equivalent sphere, and Rayleigh-Debye-Gans (R-D-G) scattering for both given and fractal aggregates. Results of computer simulations involved both prescribed aggregate geometry and numerically generated aggregates by cluster-cluster aggregation; multiple scattering was considered exactly using the mean-field approximation, and ignored using the R-D-G approximation. Measurements involved the angular scattering properties of soot in the postflame regions of both premixed and nonpremixed flames. The results show that available computer simulations and measurements of soot aggregate optical properties are not adequate to provide a definitive evaluation of the approximate prediction methods. 40 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.
Serum CA-125 antigen levels increase during menses

Serum CA-125 antigen levels were measured by radioimmunoassay before and during menses in women with and without endometriosis. Mean CA-125 levels were significantly increased in both groups during menses. Samples obtained during menses represent a potential source of elevated levels and false positive results.
Eviction Notice: New Insights into Rad51 Removal from DNA during Homologous Recombination

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Ward et al. (2010) identify two genes whose products act redundantly to clear Rad51 from DNA after successful strand invasion, thereby enabling the downstream events of homologous recombination to go smoothly.
Prehospital point-of-care testing for troponin: are the results reliable?

AbstractBackground. Swift assessment of patients presenting with chest pain results in faster treatment and improved outcomes. Allowing ambulance crews to use point-of-care (POC) devices to measure cardiac troponin I levels during transport of patients to the emergency department (ED) may result in earlier diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, particularly in those patients without ST-segment elevation. The ability of POC devices to measure cardiac troponin I levels reliably in a moving ambulance has not previously been tested. Objective. This study was conducted to determine whether POC devices operated in a moving ambulance reliably duplicate the measurement of cardiac troponin I levels obtained by POC devices in the ED. Methods. Blood samples were obtained in the ED and the hospital from patients reporting chest pain or other cardiac complaints. Troponin I assays were then performed in a moving ambulance using two POC devices. The POC devices were placed on flat surfaces in the rear of the ambulanc...
The influence of humanlike navigation interface on users' responses to Internet advertising

The present study integrates literature from the interface design and Internet advertising effectiveness literature to examine whether a humanlike navigation interface will increase the effectiveness of Internet advertising. The study employs a post-test only with a control group experiment design to examine whether and how a humanlike navigation interface will have effects on users' responses to Internet advertising. The study found that a humanlike navigation interface leads to more favorable attitudes toward the Internet advertisement, the advertised product, higher interface evaluation and immersive feeling, and better product information recall. Implications and limitations of the study were discussed.
Limits on active-sterile neutrino mixing and the primordial deuterium abundance.

Author(s): Cardall, CY; Fuller, GM | Abstract: Studies of limits on active-sterile neutrino mixing derived from big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) considerations are extended to consider the dependence of these constraints on the primordial deuterium abundance. This study is motivated by recent measurements of D/H in quasar absorption systems, which at present yield discordant results. Limits on active-sterile mixing are somewhat relaxed for high D/H (≈2×[Formula presented]). For low D/H (≈2×[Formula presented]), no active-sterile neutrino mixing is allowed by currently popular upper limits on the primordial [Formula presented] abundance [Formula presented]. For such low primordial D/H values, the observational inference of active-sterile neutrino mixing by upcoming solar neutrino experiments would imply that [Formula presented] has been systematically underestimated, unless there is new physics not included in standard BBN. © 1996 The American Physical Society.
Absence of bilirubin binding competitors during phototherapy for neonatal jaundice

Abstract Bilirubin-albumin binding was quantitated (peroxidase method) before, during, and after phototherapy in 21 jaundiced infants. Binding was analyzed at two different serum dilutions (1: 1.8 and 1 : 57) to determine whether binding competitors are present during phototherapy. No significant changes in binding were found at either dilution during phototherapy, regardless of birthweight, gestational age, or illness. Serum binding of bilirubin does not appear to be altered during phototherapy.
Race and the Georgia court: Implications of the Georgia public trust and confidence survey for Batson v. Kentucky and its progeny

At the request of the Georgia Supreme Court, two of the authors recently conducted research concerning public trust and confidence in the Georgia court system. Questions were modeled on a national survey conducted in 1999 for the National Center for State Courts. Among the more striking findings in both the Georgia and national surveys were those disclosing the impact of racial identity-both the race of those responding to the survey and the race of groups identified in particular questions-on public views of the judicial system. Put simply, there is a perception among many Georgians that the court system treats minorities worse than whites This Essay considers implications of the Georgia findings for a line of United States Supreme Court decisions designed to prevent racial discrimination by trial lawyers in the selection of trial juries. In Batson v. Kentucky, the Supreme Court concluded that a government lawyer prosecuting an African-American criminal defendant violates the Equal Protection Clause if the prosecutor uses peremptory challenges for the purpose of excluding African-Americans from the jury. The Batson principle has been extended in a series of subsequent decisions, so that the prohibition on racially discriminatory peremptory challenges now extends to all trial attorneys, regardless of the nature of the case or the identity of the client. This Essay will discuss some of the survey's findings and trace out various respects in which the data speaks to the rationale, the implications, and the effectiveness of Batson.
EFFECTS OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE ON DIVERGENT SELF-OTHER ATTRIBUTIONS FOR SUCCESS AND FAILURE

Subjects varying in their level of achievement motivation (high vs low) evaluated achievement outcomes (success vs failure) allegedly occurring to themselves or another person (self vs other). Over...
Lyapunov stability theory for dynamic systems on time scales

By use of the necessary calculus and the fundamental existence theory for dynamic systems on time scales, in this paper, we develop Lyapunov's second method in the framework of general comparison principle so that one can cover and include several stability results for both types of equations at the same time.
The Hall effect and related phenomena

Abstract A review is presented of the theory of the Hall effect and related phenomena in solids. Basic principles are illustrated by application of the Lorentz force to moving charges in a free-electron system. Application to a real solid is indicated through a consideration of the effects of band structure and charge-carrier scattering mechanisms. Association is also made with the off-diagonal elements of the conductivity tensor, and the influence of certain symmetries in the medium is discussed. Special mention is made of specific parameters useful in characterizing a material for Hall-effect applications, including the dependence of the parameters on temperature and impurity content. The question of the variation of Hall coefficient with magnetic field is examined in some detail, with particular attention to band structure and crystal anisotropy, scattering, inhomogeneities and multi-band effects. Differentiation is made between isothermal and adiabatic phenomena, and the importance of various thermomagnetic contributions is pointed out. Related galvanomagnetic phenomena which are discussed include magnetoresistance effect and also the magnetic-field dependence of the skin depth in the case of the transmission of a.c. fields through a disk.
Introduction to Vertebrate Reproductive Biology

This chapter reviews some of the basic concepts involved in the comparative study of vertebrate reproduction.
How a Turtle's Shell Helps It Survive Prolonged Anoxic Acidosis.

Anoxic turtles accumulate high levels of lactate in blood. To avoid fatal acidosis, turtles exploit buffer reserves in their large mineralized shell. The shell acts by releasing calcium and magnesium carbonates and by storing and buffering lactic acid. Together with profound metabolic depression, shell buffering permits survival without oxygen for several months at 3°C.
A critical assessment of the US code for lightning protection of boats

It is argued that the US code for lightning protection of boats is seriously inadequate. Downconductor conductance should be specified as that of Hash 4 gauge copper rather than the Hash 8 gauge presently specified in order to minimize the risk of overheating and melting. The 1-ft/sup 2/ ground plate is shown to be inadequate to prevent side flashes in fresh water. The magnitude of the potential gradients involved is 2 orders of magnitude larger than the breakdown value if the effect of breakdown in the water is ignored. In salt water, a 1-ft/sup 2/ ground plate is adequate. The concept of a cone of protection with a 90 degrees apex angle is not applicable to the attractive effect of sailboat masts because it underestimates the probability of strike occurrence by an order of magnitude. >
Swing: realistic and responsive network traffic generation

This paper presents Swing, a closed-loop, network-responsive traffic generator that accurately captures the packet interactions of a range of applications using a simple structural model. Starting from observed traffic at a single point in the network, Swing automatically extracts distributions for user, application, and network behavior. It then generates live traffic corresponding to the underlying models in a network emulation environment running commodity network protocol stacks. We find that the generated traffic is statistically similar to the original traffic. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to reproduce burstiness in traffic across a range of time-scales using a model applicable to a variety of network settings. An initial sensitivity analysis reveals the importance of our individual model parameters to accurately reproduce such burstiness. Finally, we explore Swing's ability to vary user characteristics, application properties, and wide-area network conditions to project traffic characteristics into alternate scenarios.
Phytoestrogen content of foods—a compendium of literature values

Plant compounds with estrogenic activity may play a role in cancer prevention, moderation of menopausal symptoms, and other health effects. To facilitate research on these possible actions, the literature was reviewed for quantitative data on the levels of known phytoestrogens (daidzein, genistein, coumestrol, formononetin, and biochanin A) in food plants. For comparative purposes, all phytoestrogen levels were recalculated on a wet weight basis. Details on analytic procedures are given as well. High-performance liquid chromatography was the method most often used to analyze these compounds in foods. Most significant sources of isoflavone and coumestan phytoestrogens include soybeans, soy flour, soy flakes, isolated soy protein, traditional soy foods such as tofu and soy drinks, second-generation say foods, sprouts, and other legumes. Finally, medians among reported values of phytoestrogen content are provided for some of the most commonly eaten foods with quantitative data available. These may be used to calculate dietary intake of daidzein, genistein, coumestrol, formononetin, and biochanin A.
The Nexus of Domestic Violence and Poverty Resilience in Women’s Anxiety

This study extends past research by examining the mediating role of cognitive and social resilience in the domestic violence–anxiety relation. Mediation is tested on a sample of 100 impoverished women from the Women’s Health Outcomes in Urban and Rural Environments (Women’s HOUR) Study. Regression analysis and structural equation modeling provide consistent support for the proposed model: poor women’s violence experience impairs support and self-esteem, which in turn influences their anxiety levels. Results demonstrate the dynamic role impaired resilience may play in the violence process, highlighting implications for research, practice, and policy at the nexus of violence and poverty.
Resource gaps and resource orchestration shortfalls in supply chain management: : the case of product recalls

Product recalls are often painful to endure, but they also create important opportunities for learning. Although past research implicitly treats recalls as monolithic, our grounded theory investigation uncovered four types of recalls. Each type of recall provides insight about the adequacy of a firm's resource endowments and how a firm orchestrates the activities around its resources. For researchers, our study highlights the value of examining the confluence of recalls, resource gaps, and resource orchestration shortfalls to better understand the role of resources within supply chain management. For managers, our study highlights the value of knowing what type of recall a firm is facing and how to remedy the problems that led to the recall.
Recovery of stimuli encoded with a Hodgkin-Huxley neuron using conditional PRCs

Understanding neural encoding/decoding mechanisms is one of the most fundamental problems in the field of sensory neuroscience. The Hodgkin–Huxley equations provide an explicit description of an encoding mechanism. However, the daunting complexity of the Hodgkin–Huxley equations makes the task of recovery of stimuli encoded with a Hodgkin–Huxley neuron particularly challenging. A highly effective strategy calls for reducing the Hodgkin–Huxley neuron to a project-integrate-and-fire (PIF) neuron. Using the reduced PIF model, we present three different recovery algorithms for stimuli encoded with a Hodgkin-Huxley neuron. All algorithms reconstruct the stimuli from the neuron’s output spike train. The first algorithm is based on the assumption that the Hodgkin–Huxley neuron has a known PRC. The second algorithm assumes that the PRC is conditionally known on each interspike time interval. Finally, the third algorithm operates under the assumption that the conditional PRC is unknown and has to be estimated. We establish an estimate of the conditional PRC based upon the readily observable inter-spike time interval. We compare the performance of these algorithms for a wide range of input stimuli.
A distributed amplifier based dispersive delay line

In this work, we report the results of an active dispersive delay line (DDL) designed out of a distributed amplifier based transversal filter (DATF) with 12 gain cells, achieving the average gain of 2 dB and group delay variance of 3 ns from 3 to 5 GHz. Simulation based upon the measurements of a gain cell and transmission line fabricated with high speed PC Boards demonstrates that the DDL can be utilized as a real time signal processing block for an ultra-wideband (UWB) system. This work could potentially open the door for CMOS integration of DDLs.
Early intervention services for young boys with Fragile X syndrome

This study of boys with fragile X syndrome describes: service delivery; parents' satisfaction with services; early interventionists' perceptions of services needed; and the relationship between service intensity, developmental status, and demographic characteristics. Participants were 50 boys with fragile X syndrome, their parents, and teachers. Early intervention started on average at 21.6 months. There was a steady increase in the amount of early intervention across age periods. The intensity of speech-language and occupational therapies, however, remained constant. By the age of 60 months, the number of children receiving physical therapy and the intensity of physical therapy both decreased. Although parents reported satisfaction with services, most said they would have preferred more services. Early interventionists and teachers seemed more concerned about behavior than cognitive delays. No statistically significant patterns emerged regarding the relationship between developmental status, service inte...
Identification of endogenous acyl amino acids based on a targeted lipidomics approach.

Using a partially purified bovine brain extract, our lab identified three novel endogenous acyl amino acids in mammalian tissues. The presence of numerous amino acids in the body and their ability to form amides with several saturated and unsaturated fatty acids indicated the potential existence of a large number of heretofore unidentified acyl amino acids. Reports of several additional acyl amino acids that activate G-protein coupled receptors (e.g., N-arachidonoyl glycine, N-arachidonoyl serine) and transient receptor potential channels (e.g., N-arachidonoyl dopamine, N-acyl taurines) suggested that some or many novel acyl amino acids could serve as signaling molecules. Here, we used a targeted lipidomics approach including specific enrichment steps, nano-LC/MS/MS, high-throughput screening of the datasets with a potent search algorithm based on fragment ion analysis, and quantification using the multiple reaction monitoring mode in Analyst software to measure the biological levels of acyl amino acids in rat brain. We successfully identified 50 novel endogenous acyl amino acids present at 0.2 to 69 pmol g−1 wet rat brain.
Temporal global changes in gene expression during temperature transition in Yersinia pestis

DNA microarrays encompassing the entire genome of Yersinia pestis were used to characterize global regulatory changes during steady-state vegetative growth occurring after shift from 26 to 37°C in the presence and absence of Ca2+. Transcriptional profiles revealed that 51, 4, and 13 respective genes and open reading frames (ORFs) on pCD, pPCP, and pMT were thermoinduced and that the majority of these genes carried by pCD were downregulated by Ca2+. In contrast, Ca2+ had little effect on chromosomal genes and ORFs, of which 235 were thermally upregulated and 274 were thermally downregulated. The primary consequence of these regulatory events is profligate catabolism of numerous metabolites available in the mammalian host.
Models of the Light Reaction of Photosynthesis

Interest in investigation of models of the light reaction of photosynthesis derives not only from the challenge of simulating a process upon which virtually all life on earth depends for its maintenance, but also from the (still remote) prospect that a way may be found to convert directly the energy of sunlight into electricity and fuel for a future in which fossil fuels, laid up by photosynthesis in the past, face exhaustion. The present state of research into the development of models based on chlorophyll is reviewed, with particular attention to the physical state and environment of chlorophyll.
Numerical study of aerodynamic interaction of compressor and combustor flows

Numerical study of the aerodynamic interaction of transient compressor and combustor flows has been conducted using the KIVA-3V code. The simulation was based on the solution of Navier-Stokes equations with models of turbulence, sprays and chemical reactions. A typical annular combustor, including the diffuser, the secondary channels and the liner, was modeled. The transient inflow was assumed by specifying the pressure oscillation in a form of sinusoidal function. Aeroacoustic characteristics of the diffuser-liner flow were revealed. Three flow patterns, namely the quasisteady, transition and steady patterns corresponding to the frequency ranges of n /spl les/ 80, 80 /spl les/ n /spl les/ 320 and n /spl ges/ 320 Hz, were classified. It is found that for the quasisteady pattern, combustion flow is in quasisteady state with flow properties dependent of time; for the steady pattern, the combustion flow can be treated as if in steady state, in which the influence of oscillation can be ignored; and the flow in the transition pattern behaves in-between. They significantly influence the gas turbine combustion.
Quality of Education in Private Higher Institutions in Ethiopia: The Role of Governance

Quality higher education is considered as one of the major elements that guarantee sustainable economic and social development at the national and regional levels of a given economy. This study ide...
THE CAPITÃES MORES OF THE JAPAN VOYAGE: A GROUP PORTRAIT

Starting from the premise that all empire building involves ideological constructs justifying the violence that accompanies such efforts, this article concentrates on elucidating the case of the Portuguese in Asia, specifically in Japan. Although well beyond the formal Portuguese thalassocracy in Asia, the Japanese islands were exposed for about a century, between 1543 and 1640, to the informal presence of Portuguese traders and missionaries. The symbiotic relationship between these two groups was based on the experience that, in Japan, the trade was difficult to conduct, for violence was always lurking beneath the surface of the trading relationship. We know of several instances when such violence actually exploded into major armed clashes, and many other times violence was narrowly averted through the mediation of the missionaries.Based on original research in the archives of Portugal and Spain, this article analyzes the records that the leaders of the Portuguese who came to Japan in the sixteenth century, the so-called capitaes mores, have left behind. Finding that a significant number of these men were or later became members of the Order of Christ or were closely related to such members, it then explores their mindset through a survey of the function of this military order in Portuguese society of the late Middle Ages. The result is a group portrait of thirty-seven men who may be considered a representative sample of the Portuguese leading both the formal and informal empires in Asia. This portrait will clarify why both Japanese and Portuguese authorities agreed, at least during the second half of the sixteenth century, that the Jesuit missionaries were an indispensable presence in Japan.
Death analysis on heart and cerebrovascular diseases of the Residents in Beijing

Objective:To learn the features of death due to heart and cecrebrovascular diseases.Method:This study was based on death surveillance data in Beijing.To analyse mortality rate on heart and cerebrovascular diseases by cause,different areas,sex,and years.Result:heart and cecrebrovascular diseases accounted for 47.9 percent of all deaths.Mortality rate of heart and cecrebrovascular diseases were higher for Beijing residents in rural areas than in urban areas,which were higher for male than female,and the mortality rate increased wich age. Standardized mortality rate of heart and cecrebrovascular diseases showed a downward trend since 1991 in urban areas and rural areas.Conclusion:heart and cecrebrovascular diseases which have been the primary causes of death for Beijing residents that much attention should be paid for their prevention and control.Mortality rate of heart and cecrebrovascular diseases showed a downward.
Effects of can design on tensile properties of typical powder metallurgy titanium alloys

Pre-alloyed powders of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-60 were prepared through hot isostatic pressing(HIP) route. The tensile properties of two typical powder metallurgy(PM) titanium alloys HIPped from two different kinds of cans were tested, and the fracture surface morphology was studied by SEM. The simulation, using MSC.Marc software of capsule/powder shrinkage during HIPping for two different can designs was presented. The numerical simulations of Hipping experiments indicate that improper can design shows great probability of capsule failures, which is in accordance with the experimental data. Capsule failure will deteriorate the mechanical properties of the PM alloys, and finite element method is a useful tool for can design, especially for manufacturing near-net-shape components.
Informal Consequences of Budget Institutions in the US Congress

Though considerable research focuses on formal institutions in Congress, scholars have long acknowledged that much of what guides legislative behavior is unwritten. To advance this area, we leverage a tool that allows appropriators to redirect billions of dollars from mandatory programs to discretionary projects. Changes in mandatory program spending—known as “CHIMPs”—show that existing institutions are often maintained by the strategic action of legislators. In the case of CHIMPs, we find their use is largely a response to formal constraints and that they are preserved through avoidance of minimum reform coalitions. This highlights that the legislative process—and budgetary outcomes in particular—cannot be understood without attention to procedures which remain “off the books.”
Evaluation and Verification of Measurement Uncertainty for the Test Results of Grade 0.01 3-Phase Meter Test Equipments

Evaluation of measurement uncertainty is the development of error theory.Complete measurement results should include measurement uncertainty.The 0.01 grade 3-phase meter test equipment was established as the highest measurement standard for provincial electrical power system.The measurement uncertainty of this equipment is evaluated with two test methods and its measuring performance as well as the performance of the laboratory is demonstrated.
The Impact of Women’s Work on Gendered Health Inequities

ABSTRACTHow does the work that American women perform, both in the formal economy (paid labor) and in the caring economy (caring for children and households) negatively affect their health? The World Health Organization’s social determinants of health model is used to illuminate the causes of gendered health inequities. The social determinants of gendered health inequities that are correlated with women’s work include globalization, cultural norms, an imbalance of power between men and women, the feminization of work, the gendered pay gap, unequal responsibilities in the caring economy, the lack of recognition of the value of caring work, stress, and poverty.
The Politics of Property Rights Institutions in Africa: Building and Then Demolishing Institutions in Kenya

INTRODUCTION In August 1961, Kenya was on the verge of independence, and colonial authorities with a multitude of issues on their hands were being harassed by the stubborn complaints of a certain European settler. Then safely ensconced in the European settler redoubt of Salisbury (now Harare), Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), Mr. E. F. P. Hill was pestering the office of the governor of Kenya with compensation demands for his farm, cattle, and farm tools. Hill was seeking compensation because of what he saw as the abrogation of his titles to Stratton Estate in Kenya, contrary to earlier state assurances that they would not be abrogated “except for good reason and subject to the payment of full compensation.” Interestingly, unlike many estates, Hill's farms had not been targeted for acquisition by the state or threatened by squatters. Hill had faced no apparent threat to his person or property. The deracialization of the former White Highlands was what he saw as an abrogation. As he pointed out to the governor, “farms [in the vicinity] whose Title Deeds state they are to be sold to those of pure European descent only, have now been sold to Africans – surely that constitutes abrogation.” Thus, to wisely escape Kenya's “second retrograde step” of independence, after the first “retrograde step” of “internal self-government,” Hill ran off to Southern Rhodesia and requested compensation in full.
Advancing the study of social media in the communication classroom

Advances in technology are hardly new to the communication classroom. In many ways, the introduction of social media technologies presents itself as a paradox for communication studies. On the one ...
Growth of metastable high-order commensurate overlayers of Pb on Cu(001)

We studied the growth and ordering of a Pb layer deposited on Cu(001) at 150 K. Contrary to the case of adsorption of Pb at room temperature, islands readily form. These islands order in a high-order commensurate structure of symmetry (√61×√61)R tan -1 (5/6). We followed the growth of these islands using atom beam scattering. From the measurement of the island diffraction peak profiles we found a power growth law for the mean island-size versus coverage. Upon increasing the coverage another high-order commensurate structure is formed, (5×5) R tan -1 (3/4). All the ordered phases obtained by adsorption at low temperature are metastable
Picture Books as Mentor Texts for 10th Grade Struggling Writers

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine if picture books in high school classrooms could enhance word choice, sentence fluency, and conventions. Previous research has not fully considered employing picture books as mentor texts in high schools. Twelve participants from two low-performing 10th grade English classes were identified as low-, medium-, or high-performing students. Using action research, students were taught from an inquiry-based approach as the teacher read aloud picture books and asked students what they noticed. Students referred to the picture books as they were challenged to improve their narrative writing. Findings demonstrated that picture books helped secondary students of all ability levels improve. Conclusions shed light on the abstract nature of sentence fluency, and showed teacher modeling to be effective.
The Use of Substances Other Than Nicotine in Electronic Cigarettes Among College Students

Introduction:Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have grown in popularity, especially among youth and young adults. Although e-cigarettes were originally intended to vaporize a liquid mixture containing nicotine, there appears to be an increasing trend in other substance use in e-cigarettes (OSUE).Materials and methods:Cross-sectional data from 1542 undergraduate college student e-cigarette users from a large Midwestern university were collected via online survey to assess prevalence of e-cigarette use, reasons for use, perceived harm, and prevalence and predictors of OSUE.Results:Nearly 7% (6.94%) reported using an e-cigarette to vaporize and inhale a substance other than nicotine. Current tobacco cigarette smokers were significantly more likely to report OSUE (51.0%) as compared with never (33.7%) and former (15.4%) smokers. Among respondents reporting OSUE, the primary reason for e-cigarette use was “safer than cigarettes” (21.7%), followed by “experimentation” (18.9%) and “friends use” (17.0%). Most ...
Does 'proximal control' need a new definition or a paradigm shift in exercise prescription? A clinical commentary.

There is level 1 evidence that ‘proximal control’ exercises are effective in the management of common musculoskeletal injuries of the lower extremity.1 2 However, there is little agreement on what ‘proximal control’ entails. A meta-analysis by Sugimoto et al 2 examined neuromuscular training for ACL injury prevention and found that exercises incorporating a ‘proximal control’ component (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.47) were comparable to strength-based exercise or ‘multiple exercise’ interventions. Sugimoto et al 2 chose a global definition of proximal control (any exercise involving segments proximal to the knee joint) which included full-body dynamic warm-up programmes with plyometrics, jumps/hops, bounding, and various running and agility movements. One might argue that while these full-body interventions represent an integrated holistic approach, calling them ‘proximal control’ is inaccurate, as they fail to incorporate hip-specific exercises as the next ‘proximal’ link in the kinetic chain. In comparison, a review by Lack et al 1 reported on the benefits of proximal control interventions for patellofemoral pain syndrome defining ‘proximal control’ as ‘exercises directed at the hip or lumbopelvic musculature or both.’ Consequently, Lack et al ’s review1 was limited to more traditional static, …
Seeking Comparables in Patent and Tax

In their Article, Tax Solutions to Patent Damages, Jennifer Blouin and Melissa Wasserman argue that tax transfer prices can provide data to help calculate patent litigation damages. But tax transfer prices are imperfect for reasons of theory, doctrine, taxpayer and government incentives, and enforcement constraints. A court that relies on tax transfer prices to help set patent damage awards takes on the herculean task of analyzing many subtle contextual factors in two intricate regulatory systems, patent and tax. Such an analysis may fall under the weight of its own complexity.
A defect in KCa3.1 channel activity limits the ability of CD8+ T cells from cancer patients to infiltrate an adenosine-rich microenvironment

The limited ability of cytotoxic T cells to infiltrate solid tumors hampers immune surveillance and the efficacy of immunotherapies in cancer. Adenosine accumulates in solid tumors and inhibits tumor-specific T cells. Adenosine inhibits T cell motility through the A 2A receptor (A 2A R) and suppression of KCa3.1 channels. We conducted three-dimensional chemotaxis experiments to elucidate the effect of adenosine on the migration of peripheral blood CD8 + T cells from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. The chemotaxis of HNSCC CD8 + T cells was reduced in the presence of adenosine, and the effect was greater on HNSCC CD8 + T cells than on healthy donor (HD) CD8 + T cells. This response correlated with the inability of CD8 + T cells to infiltrate tumors. The effect of adenosine was mimicked by an A 2A R agonist and prevented by an A 2A R antagonist. We found no differences in A 2A R expression, 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate abundance, or protein kinase A type 1 activity between HNSCC and HD CD8 + T cells. We instead detected a decrease in KCa3.1 channel activity, but not expression, in HNSCC CD8 + T cells. Activation of KCa3.1 channels by 1-EBIO restored the ability of HNSCC CD8 + T cells to chemotax in the presence of adenosine. Our data highlight the mechanism underlying the increased sensitivity of HNSCC CD8 + T cells to adenosine and the potential therapeutic benefit of KCa3.1 channel activators, which could increase infiltration of these T cells into tumors.
The Lipotoxicity and Glucotoxicity Hypothesis in the Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes

Lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in the Metabolic Syndrome and type 2 diabetes. These metabolic disturbances are a result of the combination of two intrinsic defects: impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. These defects lead to a decrease of glucose uptake into peripheral tissues, an increase in endogenous glucose production and an increase in lipolysis in the adipose tissue, resulting in hyperglycemia and elevation of plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels. If hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are not corrected by treatment at this point, the exposure of the tissues to high glucose and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations secondarily can cause toxic damage to the β-cells and peripheral tissues (such as muscle and adipose tissue), thus deteriorating their function; if the situation persists, this deterioration can progress to irreversible damage. This supports the importance of prevention strategies in the Metabolic Syndrome and type 2 diabetes, or the initiation of appropriate therapy with a combination of anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic agents when hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are manifested.