cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perirhinal and Postrhinal Damage Have Different Consequences on Attention as Assessed in the Five-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task.

The perirhinal (PER) and postrhinal (POR) cortices, structures in the medial temporal lobe, are implicated in learning and memory. The PER is understood to process object information and the POR to process spatial or contextual information. Whether the medial temporal lobe is dedicated to memory, however, is under debate. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that the PER and POR are also involved in non-mnemonic cognitive functions. Rats with PER or POR damage and SHAM surgical controls were shaped, trained, and tested on the five-choice serial reaction time (5CSRT) task, which assesses attention and executive function. Rats with PER damage were impaired in acquiring the task and at asymptote, even though processing information about objects was not relevant to the task. When confronted with attentional challenges, rats with PER damage showed a pattern consistent with decreased attentional capacity, increased response errors, and increased impulsive behavior. Rats with POR damage showed intact acquisition and normal asymptotic performance. They also exhibited faster latencies in the absence of speed accuracy trade-off suggesting enhanced response readiness. We suggest this increased response readiness results from decreased automatic monitoring of the local environment, which might normally compete with response readiness. Our findings are consistent with a role for PER in controlled attention and a role for POR in stimulus-driven attention providing evidence that the PER and POR cortices have functions that go beyond memory for objects and memory for scenes and contexts. These findings provide new evidence for functional specialization in the medial temporal lobe. Significance The perirhinal (PER) and postrhinal (POR) cortices, structures in the medial temporal lobe, are implicated in learning and memory. Whether medial temporal lobe structures are exclusively dedicated to memory, however, is under debate. We provide evidence for a role for PER in controlled attention and a role for POR in stimulus-driven attention. These findings provide new evidence for functional specialization in the medial temporal lobe.
Implications of Oxidation Models on the Point Defect Behavior in the Silicon Substrate

There is a strong coupling between oxidation and point defect processes in the bulk of the silicon. Some insight into the oxidation process itself can be gained by examining the interstitial generation at the Si/SiO2 interface. Oxidation models which span the growth kinetics of the oxide films and also the interstitial kinetics in the silicon substrate deserve to be taken seriously. We review some models which attempt this, and determine some essential common features of any plausible model.
Introduction to MIMO Communications

This accessible, self-contained guide contains everything you need to get up to speed on the theory and implementation of MIMO techniques. In-depth coverage of topics such as RF propagation, space-time coding, spatial multiplexing, OFDM in MIMO for broadband applications, the theoretical MIMO capacity formula and channel estimation will give you a deep understanding of how the results are obtained, while detailed descriptions of how MIMO is implemented in commercial WiFi and LTE networks will help you apply the theory to practical wireless systems. Key concepts in matrix mathematics and information theory are introduced and developed as you need them, and key results are derived step-by-step, with no details omitted. Including numerous worked examples, and end-of-chapter exercises to reinforce and solidify your understanding, this is the perfect introduction to MIMO for anyone new to the field.
Continuing Education—A Professional Imperative

Continued competence can be achieved by the professional man only through an aggressive pursuit of continuous learning. The individual practitioner is encouraged to pursue such a program if positive actions are taken by the professional group with which he is associated. The American Society of Civil Engineers is furnishing material for study through its technical publications and inspiration for study through the attitudes of its members. Further help to the individual would result if the society sponsored a study of the educational needs that cross the borders of the traditional engineering branches; repeatedly published notices of courses being offered created graded bibliographies in the various technical divisions; and, made local surveys of educational needs.
SECIS binding proteins and eukaryotic selenoprotein synthesis

In eukaryotes, the biosynthesis of selenoproteins involves a novel translational mechanism that recodes UGA as selenocysteine (See). The decision to incorporate Sec rather than terminate protein synthesis involves at least two RNA-binding proteins that interact specifically with a conserved motif within the 3’ untranslated region (3’ UTR) of the selenoprotein mRNA. The structures, functions, and interactions of these two proteins, SECIS Binding Protein 2 (SBP2) and ribosomal protein L30 (L30), are considered in detail in this chapter.
The effect of ancillary volume on sound transmission measurements using ASTM standard test method E336

The effects of ancillary volume on sound transmission measurements by ASTM Standar E336-05 to access airborne sound isolation, are described. The ancillary volume is required to be disregarded if the average sound pressure level in the ancillary volume is more than 6. Different field scenarios are simulated using the four-room Flanking Transmission Facility at the NCR/IRC. The effect is considerably less when the ancillary volume is highly absorptive relative to the receive room principal volumes. The difference in the ALT with and without an ancillary volume is a function of two parameters. The first one is space-average level between the principal and ancillary volumes, and the second is sound field measurements associated with the ancillary volume. Estimates of the ALT is obtained using sound field measurements restricted to the principal volume when the difference in space average level between the principal and ancillary volume is more than 4 dB.
Data Management Tools for Genomic Applications: A Progress Report

We report in this paper on the development of data management tools that allow scientists to construct and manipulate genomic databases in terms of application-specific objects and protocols. We are developing tools for specifying genomic database structures, as well as for entering, changing, maintaining, browsing and querying data in genomic databases. These tools are based on the Object-Protocol Model (OPM) developed by us and target commercial relational database management systems which are widely used in molecular biology laboratories. OPM allows scientists to interact with genomic databases in terms of their own frame of reference, namely genomic objects and protocols. Databases developed using the data management tools are easier to use, manage, and adapt.
The clinical significance of endometriosis

Abstract The various hypotheses regarding the etiology of endometriosis have been briefly outlined. From the manner of the distribution of the implants, the hypothesis that endometrial tissue from the uterus is carried by lymph channels to points outside the uterus presents the least objections to its explanation. The hypothesis is extremely simple, logical and entirely possible. Pelvic pain, quite definitely related to menstruation, is the principal reason the patient seeks relief. There is usually a ten-year history from the onset of the disease and the symptoms have been progressive. There are most likely two types of pain, visceral or sympathetic and somatic or spinal sensory. The latter becomes evident when the peritoneum of the cul-de-sac, lateral pelvic wall, and round ligaments is involved. Surgical treatment is either radical or conservative, depending on the extent and involvement of the lesions. If conservatice treatment is performed it is necessary to carry out such procedures as will relieve pain as well as conserve the menstrual or reproductive functions. The pain may be relieved or alleviated by complete excision of the lesions from the myometrium plus a presacral neurectomy when the lesions are limited to the uterus. Other heterotopic lesions may be attacked by complete excision where possible by the surgical loop diathermy or partial resection when lesions are located in the sigmoid or the rectovaginal septum.
Abstract 7: Vasopressin and Restrictive Fluid Resuscitation Improves Survival from Hemorrhagic Shock After Liver Laceration in Swine

Background: Previous studies in swine models of hemorrhagic shock (HS) designed by us to assess interventions that could be applied in the battlefield showed that vasopressin (VP) infusion promotes hemodynamic stability and markedly improves survival. In these studies, however, blood was removed through a cannula lacking the tissue injury and uncontrolled nature of trauma-associated HS. We report here the effects of VP infusion and restrictive fluid resuscitation during HS in a model of liver laceration (LL) that incorporates the effects of uncontrolled bleeding and tissue injury. Methods: Forty male domestic pigs (32.3 to 40.3 kg) had the left lateral liver lobe lacerated using a sharpened steel, X-shaped 5 cm blade clamp, resembling a gunshot wound. Thirty-two animals received a second LL in the same lobe 7.5 minutes later and 24 animals received a third LL in the left medial lobe at 15 minutes from the first LL. Animals were randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive VP, normal saline (NS), VP and NS, or neither VP...
Processing of Polymer-Derived Ceramic Composite Coatings on Steel

Polymer-derived ceramic composites are being investigated as environmental barrier coatings to protect stainless steel from oxidation and carburization. Coatings have been produced using poly(hydridomethylsiloxane) as a preceramic polymer and titanium disilicide as an expansion agent. Processing parameters have been optimized and a relationship has been derived to predict the final coating thickness based on slurry viscosity and dip coating withdrawal speed. Microstructural analysis reveals a composite coating of oxidized filler particles in a silica matrix. A diffusion layer is visible at the coating–steel interface, indicating good bonding. The optimized coatings are ∼18 μm thick, and have some residual porosity and a density of 2.56 g/cm3.
The novel monoclonal antibody HPC2 and N-cadherin distinguish pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma from cholangiocarcinoma

Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and primary cholangiocarcinoma are morphologically very similar and, therefore, challenging to distinguish in liver biopsies. The distinction is important because surgical management and prognosis differ significantly. Several immunohistochemical markers have been evaluated to aid this diagnosis, but aside from N-cadherin, which labels cholangiocarcinoma, few provide the combination of good sensitivity and specificity. Our laboratory recently developed the novel monoclonal antibody human pancreatic cancer fusion #2 (HPC2) that recognizes pancreatic cancer. We hypothesized that the combination of our new marker and N-cadherin can assist in distinguishing metastatic pancreatic cancer from cholangiocarcinoma. We immunostained resections of 60 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and 31 cholangiocarcinomas for the HPC2 and N-cadherin antigens. We also stained 24 gallbladder adenocarcinomas, 11 ampullary adenocarcinomas, and 10 metastatic colonic adenocarcinomas to the liver. Sections were independently scored by 2 pathologists with good agreement using both markers (κ statistics, 0.62-0.64; P < .0001). HPC2 was observed in 80% of pancreatic cancers (48/60), 82% of ampullary (9/11), and 32% (10/31) of cholangiocarcinomas. N-cadherin stained 27% (16/60) of the pancreas cases and 58% (18/31) of the cholangiocarcinomas. Gallbladder and colon cancers were usually double negative (18/24 and 8/10, respectively). Each marker provided significant likelihood ratios to separate pancreatic cancer (HPC2, 2.48 [1.46-4.19]; P < .0001) from cholangiocarcinoma (N-cadherin, 2.17 [1.3-3.64]; P < .01). The combination of both markers provided even better specificity and positive likelihood ratios. We conclude that HPC2 and N-cadherin significantly improve accurate classification of pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma.
Earnings Conservatism and Value Relevance Across the Business Cycle

Abstract: Prior research has demonstrated higher value relevance of current earnings during economic expansions relative to contractions. We largely attribute such a result to expected growth prospects being captured in the current earnings coefficient when a direct proxy for expected future earnings is omitted from the returns-earnings model. We demonstrate that the conservatism and value relevance of current earnings is actually higher during economic contractions when including a proxy for future earnings expectations. We further demonstrate that the value-relevance of expected future earnings is higher during expansions, when the association between historical accounting information and future growth opportunities likely weakens.
The Concept of Public Purpose Terror in International Law

As considered here, terror is the systematic use of extreme violence and threats of violence in order to achieve public or political objectives. Such public purpose or ideologically motivated terror is conducted by governments, groups of diverse characteristics, and individuals. Acts of terrorism which are designed to promote the private gain or profit of common criminals, as well as terrorism by the mentally ill, are beyond the scope of the present paper. This analysis is designed to deal with the basic problems which arise in the reduction of public purpose terror through the use of international law. Doctrines concerning terror, like other ones of international law, are not ends in themselves. Affirmatively, they are means to achieve values, and negatively, they may be used to preveint the destruction of basic values, in-
Ice and debris in the fretted terrain, Mars

Viking moderate and high resolution images along the northern highland margin have been monoscopically and stereoscopically examined in order to study the development of fretted terrain. Young debris aprons around mesas and debris in tributary channels create typical fretted morphologies identical to ancient fretted morphologies. This suggests that the debris-apron process operating relatively recently also shaped the fretted terrain of the past. The debris aprons were lubricated by interstitial ice derived from ground ice. Abundant collapse features suggest that ground ice existed and may have flowed in places. The fretting process has been active for a long period and may be active today. The location of debris aprons in two latitudinal belts may be controlled by atmospheric conditions that permit ice in the region to remain in the ground below depths of about one meter and temperatures warm enough for ice to flow.
Trunk Stability in Dynamic Movement

Spinal stability has been characterized in static but not in dynamic movements. The goal of this study was to determine whether movement pace and direction of dynamic trunk flexion influence the co...
Statistical Analysis of Passive Surveillance Disease Registry Data

SUMMARY Passive surveillance disease data involve a registry of individuals who are at risk of disease and who are not under active follow up. The most serious limitations with such data are incomplete ascertainment of cases of disease and little or no follow-up information on patient vital status. This paper considers whether it is possible to estimate disease risk from such data and, if not, what additional information is required. In general, relative risks based on passive surveillance data will be biased even under the assumption that the probability of disease reporting and the hazard of death from other causes are the same for all individuals in the registry. However if the disease is rare, this bias is negligible. Methods are developed for estimating absolute disease incidence rates by combining passive surveillance data with a cohort study. Analytic approaches are proposed for the situations when death rates from all other causes are known and also unknown, and it is found that there is little loss in efficiency even if death rates are not known. There are considerable gains in efficiency for estimating absolute disease incidence rates by supplementing a cohort study with passive surveillance registry data compared to using the cohort study alone, especially if the exposure is rare and the cohort study is small relative to the size of the registry. Intuitively, the cohort data provides information about absolute rates of disease, while the passive surveillance data provides information about relative risks. The methods are applied to a registry of patients with an artificial heart valve that is at risk of breaking.
An Image Evaluation Method for Electrical Impedance Tomography Based on Gradient Error

Using the structure deviation degree, a new function based on gradient error is put forward to evaluate the image quality of EIT. The method using the Sobel operator and gradient error information can effectively reflect the reconstruction quality of EIT image. The simulation study results suggest that the method of this paper has a better evaluation performance for reconstruction quality of EIT image.
Characterization of the wettability of solid particles by film flotation 1. Experimental investigation

Film flotation is a technique that can be used for assessing the wetting characteristics of particulates. In film flotation, particles placed onto the surface of a liquid are imbibed into the liquid only when their critical wetting surface tension is equal to or higher than the surface tension of the wetting liquid. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated by film floating homogeneous and hydrophobic particles of sulfur, silver iodide, methylated glass beads and quartz, paraffin wax-coated coal and surfactant-coated pyrite. Other factors such as particle size, particle density, film flotation time and the nature of the wetting liquid have a negligible effect on the results of film flotation in the range of conditions tested. Film flotation is sensitive mainly to the surface hydrophobicity and the heterogeneity of particles.
Equilibrium ligand binding assays using labeled substrates: nature of the errors introduced by radiochemical impurities.

Abstract The effects of radiochemical impurities in a labeled substrate on the characteristics of the experimental equilibrium binding plots were examined. The protein (receptor) was assumed to be a monomer or an oligomer composed of identical, noninteracting subunits. The substrate was assumed to be chemically and radiochemically impure (Case I) or just radiochemically impure (Case II). In both cases, the apparent free substrate concentration required for half-saturation of the protein, [S]0.5,app, increases linearly with increasing total protein concentration. Reciprocal plots and Scatchard plots are nonlinear. The curvature of both plots is opposite to that observed for the heterogeneity of binding sites. Hill plots are curved with average slopes >1 in the region of half-saturation. If the radiochemical impurity goes undetected, the experimental data might lead an investigator to suggest a number of unnecessarily complicated binding models. The plots obtained in the presence of a radiochemical impurity are very similar to those seen when the receptor protein is a dissociable dimer and Ks (monomer)
HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HOG CHOLERA I. LESIONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. A more or less marked encephalomyelitis and meningitis was found in 33 out of 39 cases of virus hog cholera which had been infected either intramuscularly or by contact and killed between 6 and 49 days after infection. 2. This hog cholera encephalitis is characterized by a varying amount of vascular and perivascular infiltration with small lymphocytes, mononuclear elements, a few plasma cells, and occasionally a few eosinophilic leucocytes. The glia shows a proliferation surrounding infiltrated vessels or forming small nodules or more diffuse foci. Satellitism and in a few instances true neuronophagia have been observed. Both microglia and macroglia participate in this process. There is no essential increase of glia fibers. In nearly all parts of the central nervous system degenerating lesions of the nerve cells such as tigrolysis and degeneration of the nucleus, including a slight atrophy of endocellular neurofibers, are encountered. No demyelinization has been observed. Specific inclusion bodies in the nerve cells are absent. In addition, in a certain number of cases microscopic and macroscopic hemorrhages are present in the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. 3. These lesions in varying degrees have been found in swine infected with four different strains of hog cholera virus. Two were laboratory strains and two were obtained from fresh field outbreaks. 4. Histological changes in the central nervous system were found as early as 6 days after infection before the animal showed central nervous system symptoms. In two cases which were paralyzed no lesions in the central nervous system could be demonstrated. 5. The lesions in the central nervous system are considered to be the anatomical substratum for the various nervous symptoms commonly found in hog cholera.
Altered hexamerin regulation in prepupal Trichoplusia ni pseudoparasitized by Chelonus sp. near curvimaculatus.

Adult female wasps of species in the subfamily Cheloninae inject an egg, venom, polydnavirus and other materials into the host egg during oviposition. Hosts then exhibit precocious expression of the metamorphic developmental program, but then further development by the precocious prepupa is suppressed. These effects occur in truly parasitized hosts (those that contain a live endoparasite larva) as well as in pseudoparasitized hosts (that do not contain a live endoparasite). We report here that during the precocious prepupal stage, the hexamerins BJHSP1 and BJHSP2 persist in the hemolymph of pseudoparasitized hosts, whereas in normal larvae these proteins are cleared from the hemolymph in response to the normal surge in prepupal ecdysteroids. Northern blot analysis of poly(A) RNA showed that the basis for this persistence is not an abnormally high abundance of the transcripts on the day following wandering in pseudoparasitized larvae. Nor is the source of the hexamerins the parasite larva, for it is missing from the pseudoparasitized hosts. The hypothesis that the persistence is due to a suppressed titer of ecdysteroids in pseudoparasitized hosts (reported earlier: [Jones et al., Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 21:155 (1992)] was tested by use of a large size variant of pseudoparasitized hosts in which the prepupal ecdysteroid titer is partially restored by endogenous ecydsteroid production. In such pseudoparasitized prepupae, the two hexamerins were cleared from the hemolymph on the day following host wandering behavior, as in normal larvae. Thus, the regulatory basis of the persistence of the hexamerins BJHSP1 and BJHSP2 in the hemolymph of pseudoparasitized hosts appears to be at the posttranslational level, with suppression of the prepupal ecdysteroid titer causing omission of the normal trigger for fat body uptake of the hexamerins. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Photometric determination of phosphorus in silicate rocks

Abstract Phosphorus in silicate rocks may bedeterminedaccurately by the photometric molybdovanadophosphoric acid method following decomposition of the sample with nitric-hydrofluoric acid.
Convergence of Non-clathrin- and Clathrin-derived Endosomes Involves Arf6 Inactivation and Changes in Phosphoinositides

The trafficking of two plasma membrane (PM) proteins that lack clathrin internalization sequences, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI), and interleukin 2 receptor alpha subunit (Tac) was compared with that of PM proteins internalized via clathrin. MHCI and Tac were internalized into endosomes that were distinct from those containing clathrin cargo. At later times, a fraction of these internalized membranes were observed in Arf6-associated, tubular recycling endosomes whereas another fraction acquired early endosomal autoantigen 1 (EEA1) before fusion with the "classical" early endosomes containing the clathrin-dependent cargo, LDL. After convergence, cargo molecules from both pathways eventually arrived, in a Rab7-dependent manner, at late endosomes and were degraded. Expression of a constitutively active mutant of Arf6, Q67L, caused MHCI and Tac to accumulate in enlarged PIP(2)-enriched vacuoles, devoid of EEA1 and inhibited their fusion with clathrin cargo-containing endosomes and hence blocked degradation. By contrast, trafficking and degradation of clathrin-cargo was not affected. A similar block in transport of MHCI and Tac was reversibly induced by a PI3-kinase inhibitor, implying that inactivation of Arf6 and acquisition of PI3P are required for convergence of endosomes arising from these two pathways.
On the Approximate Solution of Free Boundary Problems Using Finite Differences

Two algorithms for solving free boundary problems in two dimensions are described. The algorithms use the method of finite differences and are automated versions of methods due to Southwell. The algorithms have been implemented as a general program FREEBOUN, and the numerical results that were obtained using this program are discussed.
The Role of Insider Influence in Mutual-to-Stock Conversions

Using a sample of 347 demutualizing thrifts from 1991 to 2004, we show that the level of inside participation is not a traditional signal of firm performance. We conclude that unanticipated inside participation reflects the incentives of insiders to reduce the size of the offer to influence the level of expected initial public offer (IPO) returns. We find unanticipated inside participation is related to lower offer size and higher initial returns, but we do not find a relationship between inside participation and post-IPO performance.
Total Synthesis of the α-Glucosidase Inhibitors Schulzeine A, B, and C and a Structural Revision of Schulzeine A

The enantioselective total synthesis of the potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors schulzeine A, B, and C and a revision of the proposed C20' configuration of schulzeine A are reported. The central feature of our convergent route to this family of novel marine natural products is the preparation of the common benzo[a]quinolizidine subunit through a substrate-controlled, diastereoselective Pictet-Spengler cyclocondensation.
Ca2+-free Calmodulin and Calmodulin Damaged byin Vitro Aging Are Selectively Degraded by 26 S Proteasomes without Ubiquitination

Abstract The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is believed to selectively degrade post-synthetically damaged proteins in eukaryotic cells. To study this process we used calmodulin (CaM) as a substrate because of its importance in cell regulation and because it acquires isoaspartyl residues in its Ca2+-binding regions bothin vivo and after in vitro “aging” (incubation for 2 weeks without Ca2+). When microinjected into Xenopus oocytes, in vitro aged CaM was degraded much faster than native CaM by a proteasome-dependent process. Similarly, in HeLa cell extracts aged CaM was degraded at a higher rate, even though it was not conjugated to ubiquitin more rapidly than the native species. Ca2+ stimulated the ubiquitination of both species, but inhibited their degradation. Thus, for CaM, ubiquitination and proteolysis appear to be dissociated. Accordingly, purified muscle 26 S proteasomes could degrade aged CaM and native Ca2+-free (apo) CaM without ubiquitination. Addition of Ca2+dramatically reduced degradation of the native molecules but only slightly reduced the breakdown of the aged species. Thus, upon Ca2+ binding, native CaM assumes a non-degradable conformation, which most of the age-damaged species cannot assume. Thus, flexible conformations, as may arise from age-induced damage or the absence of ligands, can promote degradation directly by the proteasome without ubiquitination.
Effects of calorie information disclosure on consumers’ food choices at restaurants

Abstract Menu labeling is a provision in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, but mandatory calorie information disclosure by restaurants is currently under consideration as a potential regulatory initiative to help curb excess calorie intake and encourage healthier food choices. There is much debate about the effectiveness of such legislation. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of calorie information disclosure on consumers’ food choices at restaurants. Results of an online experimental study using real menu boards suggest that the effect of calorie information disclosure interplays with perceived healthfulness of restaurants to jointly affect consumers’ food choices and underlying psychological processes. Upon exposure to calorie information, divergent food choice patterns at restaurants of varying levels of perceived healthfulness were observed. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Visual Perspectives within Educational Computer Games: Effects on Presence and Flow within Virtual Immersive Learning Environments.

The mis-categorizing of cognitive states involved in learning within virtual environments has complicated instructional technology research. Further, most educational computer game research does not account for how learning activity is influenced by factors of game content and differences in viewing perspectives. This study is a qualitative exploration into the nature of flow—the state of being absorbed by an activity, and presence—the sense of “being there” in a virtual learning environment. This study follows players’ experiences within an immersive environment, with the notion of “immersive” being the extent to which the computer system delivers a surrounding environment. The data analysis includes videotaped activity, transcripts and interviews of six different games, three of which have explicit learning objectives derived from two different genres. While viewing perspective was previously thought to have significant influence on presence, flow, and learning, these findings suggest that four emergent categories (content, emotion, motivation, engagement) have more influence than perspective.
Exchangeable random measures in the plane

A random measure ξ on [0,1]2, [0, 1]}ℝ+ or ℝ + 2 is said to be separately exchangeable, if its distribution is invariant under arbitrary Lebesgue measure-preserving transformations in the two coordinates, and jointly exchangeable if ξ is defined on [0,1]2 or ℝ + 2 , and its distribution is invariant under mappings by a common measure-preserving transformation in both directions. In each case, we derive a general representation of ξ in terms of independent Poisson processes and i.i.d. random variables.
Perceiving mortality decline.

Biases and lags in mortality perception have a number of implications for demographic behavior. The most immediate of these are seen in the motivations for modern health care in which perceptual lags leave doubts about the net gains expected from such care. The concepts of perceived efficacy and personal agency are pertinent in this study; however the mortality decline has been regarded as an important mechanism in fertility decline taking a leading role in the formulation of a demographic transition theory by Notestein (1945). The first section sketches the health decision environment as it might be seen by a developing-country family and it singles out the features of this environment that depend on perceptions. The second section drawing upon the literature in cognitive and social psychology stresses the limits and potential biases that can distort probability perceptions and it discusses how social learning can correct or amplify individual biases. The third section discusses the links between both modern and traditional health care and mortality perception. The key question in this section is how perceptions and social definitions shape beliefs about the relative efficacy of modern health care as compared to the traditional alternatives. Finally the fourth section discusses implications for fertility and investments in human capital.
Perivascular delivery of heparin regulates myointimal hyperplasia

Abstract Heparin is the gold standard growth inhibitor for vascular smooth muscle cells, with chemistry and bioactivity similar to endogenous reparative compounds, such as heparan sulfate. Thus, heparin should be especially effective against proliferative arterial diseases that involve smooth muscle cells. Yet, at the systemic doses tolerated intermittent subcutaneous injections or intravenous infusion have, if anything, exacerbated rather than alleviated disease. We have demonstrated that far more beneficial effects are observed if one matches the delivery of heparin to the natural release of endogenous growth regulators; namely in a continuous manner, administered directly to specific injured segments of the blood vessel wall. Local, perivascular controlled release of heparin from polymeric matrices inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation following injury to vascular endothelium: for anticoagulant heparin without the need for systemic anticoagulation; for anticoagulant heparin when administered from a site distant from the injured vessel; and in a manner more efficient than in systemic administration. Some heparin compounds only achieved a therapeutic response when delivered from polymeric devices in the perivascular position. These results lay the groundwork for examining the local control of the vascular response to injury and for investigating site specific means of modulating these processes. Polymeric drug delivery systems offer the potential for novel therapies and a means of investigating complex disease states. Future work on materials, formulations, and pharmacokinetics will aid immensely in these regards.
Effective structure factor of osmotically deformed nanoemulsions.

Extreme osmotic compression of nanoemulsion droplets, achieved by ultracentrifugation, can create solidlike biliquid foams without causing significant droplet coalescence. Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), we probe the structure of a uniform silicone oil-in-water nanoemulsion stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate over a wide range of volume fractions, φ, up to and beyond the limit associated with maximal random jamming of spheres, φMRJ = 0.64. Although some features in the structure can be understood at lower φ using simple predictions for hard spheres, the anionic repulsion and deformability of the droplet interfaces creates departures from these predictions at higher φ. For φ near and beyond φMRJ, the effective structure factor, Seff, as a function of wavenumber, q, exhibits a primary peak that is subunity. We speculate that this striking feature is due to the deformation of the droplets into nonspherical shapes as the system begins to approach the limit of a random array of nanoscopic thin fi...
The effectiveness of a media-led intervention to reduce smoking among Vietnamese-American men.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated an anti-tobacco campaign targeting Vietnamese men in San Francisco, Calif. METHODS: The intervention included Vietnamese-language media, health education materials, and activities targeting physicians, youth, and businesses. Evaluation involved pretest and posttest cross-sectional telephone surveys and multiple logistic regression analyses designed to identify variables associated with smoking and quitting. RESULTS: At posttest, the odds of being a smoker were significantly lower (odds ratio [OR] = 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.68, 0.99), and the odds of being a quitter were significantly higher (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.27, 2.15), in San Francisco than in a comparison community. CONCLUSIONS: Despite modest success, further efforts are needed to reduce smoking among Vietnamese-American men.
Changes in Pituitary Prolactin Responsiveness to TRH during Pregnancy

Prolactin plasma concentration during pregnancy was determined in rats treated with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Day 0 of pregnancy was defined as the day sperm were first found in the vagina. All blood samples were obtained in unanesthetized rats which had previously received a cannula in the right common carotid. On Day 8 of pregnancy, plasma prolactin concentrations reached a peak between 2400 and 0800 hr (lights on from 0600 to 1800 hr). Injection of TRH (1 microgram/kg body wt) via the carotid artery increased plasma prolactin levels within 5 min. The largest increase occurred when TRH was given during the prolactin surge, whereas much smaller effects were found when TRH was given at the beginning or after the end of the surge period. Thus, the sensitivity of the prolactin cell to TRH appears to be the greatest when the secretory activity of the cell is high. It was then determined whether there was any change in the sensitivity of the prolactin cell to TRH after the prolactin surges had disappeared at midpregnancy. Injection of TRH between 1100 and 1200 hr increased prolactin less on Day 12 than on Day 8 of pregnancy. Since placental lactogen (PL) levels in the plasma are high on Day 12 compared to Day 8, and are inhibitory to prolactin secretion, it was reasoned that PL may be the factor which caused the reduced sensitivity to TRH. However, hysterectomy on Day 11 failed to increase the pituitary responsiveness to TRH the next day. In summary, these data indicate that the pituitary responsiveness to factors that stimulate prolactin, such as TRH, varies with relation to the time of pregnancy or presence of the nocturnal surge. What cellular mechanism is responsible for these sensitivity changes is not known.
Experimental group behavior of grouted deep foundations

Post-grouting of deep foundations following installation is a proven technique for enhancing axial resistance. The grouting is performed either below the tip of the foundation only (e.g., post-tip-grouted drilled shafts) or at both the side and the tip (e.g., jetted, side, and tip-grouted precast piles). The interaction of such foundations in group placement is currently unknown. This research focused on the group behavior of post-tip-grouted drilled shafts and jetted, side, and tip-grouted piles at a center-to-center spacing of three times the pile/shaft diameter. The study revealed that the post-tip-grouted drilled shafts acted independently within the group (i.e., negligible group interaction), whereas jetted, side, and tip-grouted piles behaved as a block under axial loading. It was determined that side grouting of a foundation prior to tip grouting significantly increases the grout pressure developed during tip grouting and helps in the formation of a tip grout bulb via a spherical cavity expansion process. Thus, the side and tip grouting of adjacent foundations within a group increases the confining stress and relative density of the soil mass within the group, resulting in block behavior under top-down loading. In contrast, tip-only grouted foundations showed little if any increase in radial stress and radial soil displacement, resulting in minimal improvement of the soil stiffness between shafts; as a result there was no block behavior and a negligible group effect at the tip.
Phonons in disordered anharmonic solids

A model of glass constructed entirely with phonons is introduced and solved in closed form. It yields c p (T) ∼ T at low temperatures in the glassy phase. The fit to silica glass, requiring just a single adjustable parameter, is excellent. The model includes random scattering of normal modes and quartic anharmonicity (the latter required for stability,) but no two-level states.
Phase diagrams of a model for two-layer /sup 3/He-/sup 4/He mixture films

We present a Migdal-Kadanoff renormalization-group scheme for a model two-layer classical XY system with annealed impurities. The model Hamiltonian is appropriate for a two-layer /sup 3/He-/sup 4/He mixture system. We find a rich variety of phase diagrams. Depending on the choice of parameters we find either one or two first-order phase-separation transitions, which may be accompanied by the appearance of superfluidity. Phase diagrams with two lambda lines are found, making possible two distinct transitions in the superfluid density. In the case of phase-separation transitions, each transition is primarily associated with a single layer, and three-phase coexistence is possible. Comparison with recent experiments is made.
Drinking-to-cope motivation and negative mood-drinking contingencies in a daily diary study of college students

Objective:This study examined whether global drinking-to-cope (DTC) motivation moderates negative mood–drinking contingencies and negative mood–motivation contingencies at the daily level of analysis.Method:Data came from a daily diary study of college student drinking (N = 1,636; 53% female; Mage = 19.2 years). Fixed-interval models tested whether global DTC motivation moderated relations between daily negative mood and that evening’s drinking and episodic DTC. Time-to-drink models examined whether global DTC motivation moderated the effects of weekly negative mood on the immediacy of drinking and DTC in the weekly cycle.Results:More evening drinking occurred on days characterized by relatively higher anxiety or anger, and students were more likely to report DTC on days when they experienced greater sadness. However, only the daily Anxiety × Global DTC Motivation interaction for number of drinks consumed was consistent with hypotheses. Moreover, students reported drinking, heavy drinking, and DTC earlier...
Understanding documentation value in software maintenance

This study examines effective documentation use in software maintenance. Interviews with software maintainers, with diverse levels of experience, revealed three themes: reliance on source code, characteristics of useful documents, and the interplay between people in the maintenance environment and documentation. All of these findings improve our understanding of the role of documentation in maintenance. This awareness has practical import - project managers can fund the most useful forms of documentation and maintainers can improve their ability to locate and reuse this information.
TIMI Frame Count A Quantitative Method of Assessing Coronary Artery Flow

Background Although the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade is a valuable and widely used qualitative measure in angiographic trials, it is limited by its subjective and categorical nature. Methods and Results In normal patients and patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) (TIMI 4), the number of cineframes needed for dye to reach standardized distal landmarks was counted to objectively assess an index of coronary blood flow as a continuous variable. The TIMI frame-counting method was reproducible (mean absolute difference between two injections, 4.7±3.9 frames, n=85). In 78 consecutive normal arteries, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) TIMI frame count (36.2±2.6 frames) was 1.7 times longer than the mean of the right coronary artery (20.4±3.0) and circumflex counts (22.2±4.1, P<.001 for either versus LAD). Therefore, the longer LAD frame counts were corrected by dividing by 1.7 to derive the corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC). The mean CTFC in culprit arteries 90...
Long-range transport of continental plumes over the Pacific Basin: Aerosol physiochemistry and optical properties during PEM-Tropics A and B

[1] The Pacific Exploratory Mission Tropics (PEMT) A (1996) and B (1999) field campaigns occurred over a large area of the Pacific Basin and revealed the presence of “rivers” of continental outflow propagating into the remote marine atmosphere that were also supported by remote sensing and modeling efforts. Airborne measurements of both the coarse and fine mode aerosol during these campaigns provided assessment of the spatial variability in aerosol parameters (including optical properties and degree of internal versus external mixing) in continental plumes encountered over the Pacific Ocean. Large perturbations to the “pristine” marine atmosphere were observed. Most plumes were encountered in the Southern Hemisphere during PEMT A, while the opposite was observed during PEMT B. A variety of anthropogenic and natural sources for these continental plumes are suggested by the data, including biomass burning, urban/industrial emissions, and in the case of Asian outflow, dust storms. Aerosol size distributions (particularly for the refractory component) varied from one plume to another and most combustion-derived aerosol appeared to be an internal mix of a refractory soot-like constituent in a volatile matrix. Within the sampled plumes, size-resolved volatility suggested that this volatile matrix was relatively well neutralized, implying the presence of ammonia in the particle phase. The radiatively important single scatter albedo (ω) obtained from measured “dry” scattering and absorption coefficients ranged from approximately 0.88 (pollution with no coarse particles) to 0.94 (pollution and dust) in the free troposphere (FT) to 0.98 (pollution and sea salt) within the marine boundary layer (MBL). Vertical profiles often revealed more concentrated plumes aloft, typically situated in dry air with ambient relative humidity (RH) <40%, and much lower values of ω than in the underlying MBL.
Twenty-five-year chondrocyte viability in fresh osteochondral allograft. A case report.

Treatment of osteochondral defects of >3 cm in diameter and >1 cm in depth following trauma or treatment of a neoplasm is a challenge. Surgical options include the use of an osteochondral allograft, arthrodesis, or joint arthroplasty. The longevity of a prosthesis may be too short in young active patients, and arthrodesis may be unacceptable to them. This limits the surgical choice to implantation of an osteochondral allograft1-15. The success of an osteochondral allograft depends on the viability of the articular cartilage3,16 and the stability of the graft bone-host bone interface10,13,17. Freezing grafts to preserve them has been shown to kill chondrocytes and limit graft survival13,14,18-22. Therefore, the technique of using fresh avascular osteochondral shell allografts with ex vivo preservation in saline solution at 4°C was developed23-26. With this technique, tissues are harvested within twenty-four hours after the donor's death, and grafts with a shell of bone subjacent to the articular cartilage are then implanted. Chondrocytes in an allograft implanted with this technique have been reported to survive for up to seventeen years16. In the present report, we describe a case in which the graft survived for twenty-five years posttransplantation and in which graft chondrocytes appeared to be viable under light and electron microscopy. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. In 1979, a twenty-one-year-old woman presented with pain and radiolucency in the left lateral femoral condyle related to a recurrent giant-cell tumor of bone (Fig. 1). Fourteen months previously, the patient had undergone curettage of the same area and the defect had been filled with morselized allograft bone. In 1979, the lateral femoral condyle was …
A moving finite element method for the population balance equation

A moving finite element algorithm has been compared against the upwind-differencing and Smolarkiewicz methods for the population balance equation of multicomponent particle growth processes. Analytical solutions and an error function have been used to test the numerical methods. The moving finite elements technique is much more accurate than other methods for a wide range of parameters. Since this method uses moving grids, it is able to model very narrow particle size distributions. It is also shown that the method can be extended to solve condensational growth problems which include particle curvature and non-continuum mass transfer effects.