cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibodies to oxidized LDL and LDL-containing immune complexes as risk factors for coronary artery disease in diabetes mellitus

Abstract Several groups have published results from clinical studies supporting the involvement of anti-modified LDL antibodies as risk factors for the initiation or progression of cardiovascular disease. However, the data published so far are judged inconclusive because of several contradictory observations concerning the correlation between clinical evidence of arteriosclerosis and the levels of antibodies to oxidized LDL (oxLDL Ab). We have previously reported that oxLDL Ab exist both in free form and as antigen–antibody complexes (LDL-IC) in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The presence of LDL-IC in IDDM patients has important implications: it may interfere with the assay of oxLDL antibodies and the levels of LDL-IC may correlate better with the development of arteriosclerosis than the levels of free oxLDL antibodies. To clarify these questions baseline samples collected from 49 IDDM patients, who subsequently developed coronary artery disease (CAD) during an 8-year follow-up period, were compared to baseline samples from 49 age-, sex-, and duration-matched control IDDM subjects who remained free of clinical CAD during an identical follow-up period. The levels of free oxLDL antibody were significantly lower in the patients who developed CAD. The same patients had significantly higher concentrations of total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and IgA in immune complex-enriched polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitates. The concentration of IgG was also higher in PEG precipitates from patients who developed CAD, but did not reach statistical significance. This indicates that patients who develop CAD had higher levels of circulating LDL-IC, a fact that could not be deduced from the measurement of free oxLDL antibody concentrations. A linear regression analysis of the correlation between the concentrations of total cholesterol in PEG precipitates, taken as a surrogate measurement of PEG-precipitated oxLDL-IC, and the concentration of free oxLDL antibody in serum showed a statistically significant negative correlation (r= −0.229,P= 0.024). Our results support the conclusion that oxLDL-IC may be a risk factor for the development of macrovascular disease in IDDM patients. We also have demonstrated that circulating oxLDL-IC interfere with the assay of free oxLDL antibodies.
Impact of the Year 2000 Medicare Policy Change on Older Patient Enrollment to Cancer Clinical Trials

Purpose A prior analysis by the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) showed that women and African American patients were adequately represented on cancer clinical treatment trials but that older patients were substantially underrepresented. Twenty-five percent of patients ≥ 65 years old were enrolled onto SWOG trials from 1993 to 1996, whereas 63% of all patients with cancer were ≥ 65 years old. Recognition of this under-representation led to a change in Medicare policy in 2000 to include coverage of routine patient care costs of clinical trials. We conducted an updated analysis of accrual trends. Methods The proportions of enrollment onto SWOG treatment trials by sex, race/ethnicity, and age (≥ 65 years) were computed for the years 1997 to 2000; corresponding rates in the United States were derived from US Census and National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data. Additionally, method of payment data were analyzed over time (1993 to 2003) to assess whether patterns in method of pa...
Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis chiral separations with sulfated β-cyclodextrin

This paper reports the application of an anionic cyclodextrin (CD), sulfated β-cyclodextrin with a degree of substitution of four (β-CD-(SO 4 - ) 4 , in chiral separations of pharmaceutical enantiomers by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE). Upon complexation with the anionic CD, electrophoretic mobilities of the basic enantiomers decreased, however, both separation selectivity and resolution were enhanced. The advantage of NACE chiral separations over the aqueous CE with the charged CD is that higher electric field strength and higher ionic strength could be applied due to the characteristics of the solvent formamide. The higher ionic strength leads to stacking of peaks and reduces the electrodispersion caused by the mobility mismatch between β-CD-(SO 4 - ) 4 -analyte complexes and the co-ions in the running buffer. As a result, better peak shapes and higher separation efficiency were obtained. Comparing with NACE chiral separations with neutral CDs, lower concentration of β-CD-(SO 4 - ) 4 was needed due to the fact that the electrostatic attraction caused stronger binding between β-CD-(SO 4 - ) 4 and the enantiomers. The effects of the experimental parameters, such as concentration of the CD, apparent pH (pH * ), degree of substitutions of the CDs, percentage of water in mixed solvent systems, and type of solvents were also studied.
A Dido Problem as Modernized by Fejes Tóth

Let a finite number of line segments be located in the plane. Let C be a circle that surrounds the segments. Define the region enclosed by these segments to be those points that cannot be connected to C by a continuous curve, unless the curve intersects some segment. We show that the area of the enclosed region is maximal precisely when the arrangement of segments defines a simple polygon that satisfies a fundamental isoperimetric inequality, and thereby answer the most basic of the modern day Dido-type questions posed by Fejes Toth.
Sex differences in striatal dopamine release in healthy adults

Background Sex differences in addictive disorders have been described. Preclinical studies have implicated the striatal dopamine system in these differences, but human studies have yet to substantiate these findings. Methods Using positron emission tomography (PET) scans with high-specific-activity [ 11 C] raclopride and a reference tissue approach, we compared baseline striatal dopamine binding potential (BP) and dopamine release in men and women following amphetamine and placebo challenges. Subjective drug effects and plasma cortisol and growth hormone responses were also examined. Results Although there was no sex difference in baseline BP, men had markedly greater dopamine release than women in the ventral striatum. Secondary analyses indicated that men also had greater dopamine release in three of four additional striatal regions. Paralleling the PET findings, men's ratings of the positive effects of amphetamine were greater than women's. We found no sex difference in neuroendocrine hormone responses. Conclusions We report for the first time a sex difference in dopamine release in humans. The robust dopamine release in men could account for increased vulnerability to stimulant use disorders and methamphetamine toxicity. Our findings indicate that future studies should control for sex and may have implications for the interpretation of sex differences in other illnesses involving the striatum.
Linear independence of translations

It was shown by Edgar and Rosenblatt that f ∈ L p (ℝ n ), 1 ≤ p f ≠0, then f has linearly independent translates. Using a result of Homander, it is shown here that the same theorem holds if p = 2 n / ( n −1). This gives a sharp result because for n ≥2, there exists f ∈ C 0 (ℝ n ), f ≠0, which is simultaneously in all L p (ℝ n ), p > 2n/( n −1), that has a linear dependence relation among its translates. References and some discussion are included.
Analysis of nonselective poisoning: Modification of catalyst deactivation effects on reactor performance by temperature profile control

Abstract The possibility of controlling or modifying rates of deactivation by reactor temperature profile control is analysed for fixed bed reactors operated at constant conversion. Two major types of reaction systems, differing in whether the activation energy for main reaction(γ 1 )is greater or less than that of the poisoning reaction (γ 2 ) are investigated. It is shown that a constant activity policy, in general calling for an almost linear increase of temperature with bed length, is at least near-optimal when γ 1 > γ 2 ; however, when γ 1 2 , isothermal reactor operation results in the smallest rates of deactivation. The response of rates of deactivation to reaction system parameters is also investigated; a method for distinguishing between the two types of reaction systems experimentally by variation of feed concentration is described and it is shown that when γ 1 > γ 2 this experiment also permits conservative extrapolation for prediction of reactor performance and catalyst life.
Socioemotional Development: Enduring Issues and New Challenges

Abstract This article reviews current trends and forecasts future advances in the study of socioemotional development, with special attention to the challenges inherent in studying socioemotional functioning in relation to allied advances in cognition and self- and other-understanding, in considering the importance of the ecological context of developmental processes, and in thoughtfully applying insights from social and personality development to policy problems concerning children and their families. The topics receiving special concern in this survey include changing views of emotional development and emerging interest in emotional regulation, new perspectives on classic questions of temperament, continuing research challenges in the study of attachment (including the nature of internal representations of attachment, developmental changes in attachment processes in relation to other aspects of parent-child relationships, and problems in mapping continuity and change), a reexamination of the nature of parenting influences on offspring, and new concern with understanding the physicosocial ecology of human development.
A 25 MHz Bandwidth 5th-Order Continuous-Time Low-Pass Sigma-Delta Modulator With 67.7 dB SNDR Using Time-Domain Quantization and Feedback

This paper introduces a continuous-time low-pass sigma-delta modulator operating with a seven-phase 400 MHz clocking scheme to control time-based processing in the 3-bit two-step quantizer and main digital-to-analog converter (DAC). An on-chip voltage-controlled oscillator and a complementary injection-locked frequency divider are utilized for low-jitter clock signal generation with multiple phases, allowing 3-bit pulse-width modulated feedback with a single-element DAC to avoid performance degradation from unit element mismatch problems associated with conventional multi-bit DACs. Fabricated in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology, the 5th-order modulator achieves a peak SNDR of 67.7 dB in 25 MHz bandwidth, consumes 48 mW from a 1.8 V supply, and occupies a die area of 2.6 mm2. The modulator has a measured SFDR of 78 dB and in-band IM3 under -72 dB with -2 dBFS two-tone signal power.
The optimality of variable sampling schemes for a digital encoder

Regardless of simplicity in both structure and hardware, conventional digital modulators such as delta modulation and its modified forms, etc., have not yet been proven efficient. This is primarily due to the large magnitude of the resultant quantized noise. This paper, by invoking the maximum principle of Pontryagin, presents a novel digital encoder with variable sampling. The design criteria chosen is minimization of integrated quantized noise power since the major challenge for an efficient digital modulator is reduction of quantized noise. As it turns out, the resultant optimal systems can be identified from the discrete control systems point of view as belonging to the second type of PFM (pulse frequency modulation). Several possible implementations of the systems are suggested and the expected quality of performance is also discussed and predicted. Finally, the comparison of the optimal system with the conventional existing system is included for immediate reference.
Microelectrodes, Microelectronics, and Implantable Neural Microsystems

Lithographically defined microelectrode arrays now permit high-density recording and stimulation in the brain and are facilitating new insights into the organization and function of the central nervous system. They will soon allow more detailed mapping of neural structures than has ever before been possible, and capabilities for highly localized drug-delivery are being added for treating disorders such as severe epilepsy. For chronic neuroscience and neuroprosthesis applications, the arrays are being used in implantable microsystems that provide embedded signal processing and wireless data transmission to the outside world. A 64-channel microsystem amplifies the neural signals by 60 dB with a user-programmable bandwidth and an input-referred noise level of 8 muVrms before processing the signals digitally. The channels can be scanned at a rate of 62.5 kS/s, and signals above a user-specified biphasic threshold are transmitted wirelessly to the external world at 2 Mbps. Individual channels can also be digitized and viewed externally at high resolution to examine spike waveforms. The microsystem dissipates 14.14 mW from 1.8 V and measures 1.4 1.55 cm2.
Helping students meet the challenges of academic writing

This article shares strategies that educators can use to assist students in meeting the challenges of academic writing more effectively. In order to foreground an understanding of struggling writers, the text begins with a brief review of composition theory and history related to basic writers and identity. It goes on to examine classroom practices that help challenge negative writer identity, especially in relation to formal academic discourses. The authors contend that writer self-awareness provides students with a better understanding of the writing process, additional tools with which to attempt writing assignments, and greater confidence to move through the multiple literacy tasks of the academy and beyond. By inviting students to examine their beliefs about writing and writer identity, these activities are useful in any classroom, across disciplines, in which high-stakes writing is used.
Survival of microbial aerosols: experimental observations and calculations.

In experiments on survival of microbial aerosols, viability should be measured as early as possible in the life of the cloud, but this must not be used as the datum to which subsequent viabilities are related; all viabilities must be related to that of the material from which the cloud was generated. Mathematical models may be used as a convenience in expressing results, but observed viabilities must also be quoted. I am indebted to the many colleagues whose work over the years has consolidated this approach, and particularly to Mr G. J. Harper whose experiments and thinking form the backbone of my discussion.
The Adiabatic Pole-to-Pole Overturning Circulation

AbstractThe adiabatic pole-to-pole cell of the residual overturning circulation (ROC) is studied in a two-hemisphere, semienclosed basin, with a zonally reentrant channel occupying the southernmost eighth of the domain. Three different models of increasing complexity are used: a simple, analytically tractable zonally averaged model; a coarse-resolution numerical model with parameterized eddies; and an eddy-resolving general circulation model. Two elements are found to be necessary for the existence of an adiabatic pole-to-pole cell: 1) a thermally indirect, wind-driven overturning circulation in the zonally reentrant channel, analogous to the Deacon cell in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) region, and 2) a set of outcropping isopycnals shared between the channel and the semienclosed region of the Northern Hemisphere. These points are supported by several computations varying the domain geometry, the surface buoyancy distribution, and the wind forcing. All three models give results that are qualitat...
Epinephrine inhibits insulin-stimulated muscle glucose transport

We recently demonstrated that epinephrine could inhibit the activation by insulin of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) in skeletal muscle (H...
Biased retellings of events yield biased memories.

When people retell events, they take different perspectives for different audiences and purposes. In four experiments, we examined the effects of this postevent reorganization of events on memory for the original events. In each experiment, participants read a story, wrote a biased letter about one of the story characters, and later remembered the original story. Participants' letters contained more story details and more elaborations relevant to the purpose of their retellings. More importantly, the letter perspective affected the amount of information recalled (Experiments 1, 3, and 4) and the direction of the errors in recall (Experiments 1 and 3) and recognition (Experiment 2). Selective rehearsal plays an important role in these bias effects: retelling involves selectively retrieving and using story information, with consequent differences in memory. However, biased memory occurred even when the biased letters contained little, if any, specific information (Experiment 4) or contained the same amount and kinds of story information as a neutral control condition (Experiment 3). Biased memory is a consequence of the reorganizing schema guiding the retelling perspective, in addition to the effects of rehearsing specific information in retelling.
A cross-sectional analysis of the development of response inhibition in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a neurogenetic disorder that is associated with cognitive impairments and significantly elevated risk for developing schizophrenia. While impairments in response inhibition are central to executive dysfunction in schizophrenia, the nature and development of such impairments in children with 22q11.2DS, a group at high risk for the disorder, are not clear. Here we used a classic Go/No-Go paradigm to quantify proactive (anticipatory stopping) and reactive (actual stopping) response inhibition in 47 children with 22q11.2DS and 36 typically developing (TD) children, all ages 7-14. A cross-sectional design was used to examine age-related associations with response inhibition. When compared with TD individuals, children with 22q11.2DS demonstrated typical proactive response inhibition at all ages. By contrast, reactive response inhibition was impaired in children with 22q11.2DS relative to TD children. While older age predicted better reactive response inhibition in TD children, there was no age-related association with reactive response inhibition in children with 22q11.2DS. Closer examination of individual performance data revealed a wide range of performance abilities in older children with 22q11.2DS; some typical and others highly impaired. The results of this cross-sectional analysis suggest an impaired developmental trajectory of reactive response inhibition in some children with 22q11.2DS that might be related to atypical development of neuroanatomical systems underlying this cognitive process. As part of a larger study, this investigation might help identify risk factors for conversion to schizophrenia and lead to early diagnosis and preventive intervention.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AFFERENT AND CENTRAL TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN THE LOCUST OLFACTORY SYSTEM

Odors evoke synchronized oscillations and slow temporal patterns in antennal lobe neurons and fast oscillations in the mushroom body local field potential (LFP) of the locust. What is the contribution of primary afferents in the generation of these dynamics? We addressed this question in two ways. First, we recorded odor-evoked afferent activity in both isolated antennae and intact preparations. Odor-evoked population activity in the antenna and the antennal nerve consisted of a slow potential deflection, similar for many odors. This deflection contained neither oscillatory nor odor-specific slow temporal patterns, whereas simultaneously recorded mushroom body LFPs exhibited clear 20‐30 Hz oscillations. This suggests that the temporal patterning of antennal lobe and mushroom body neurons is generated downstream of the olfactory receptor axons. Second, we electrically stimulated arrays of primary afferents in vivo. A brief shock to the antennal nerve produced compound PSPs in antennal lobe projection neurons, with two peaks at an ;50 msec interval. Prolonged afferent stimulation with step, ramp, or slow sine-shaped voltage waveforms evoked sustained 20‐30 Hz oscillations in projection neuron membrane potential and in the mushroom body LFP. Projection neuron and mushroom body oscillations were phase-locked and reliable across trials. Synchronization of projection neurons was seen directly in paired intracellular recordings. Pressure injection of picrotoxin into the antennal lobe eliminated the oscillations evoked by electrical stimulation. Different projection neurons could express different temporal patterns in response to the same electrical stimulus, as seen for odor-evoked responses. Conversely, individual projection neurons could express different temporal patterns of activity in response to step stimulation of different spatial arrays of olfactory afferents. These patterns were reliable and remained distinct across different stimulus intensities. We conclude that oscillatory synchronization of olfactory neurons originates in the antennal lobe and that slow temporal patterns in projection neurons can arise in the absence of temporal patterning of the afferent input.
The effects of pond duration on the life history traits of an ephemeral pond crustacean,Eulimnadia texana

We examined the relationship between pond duration and life history characters of the clam shrimp Eulimnadia texana, a species inhabiting ephemeral ponds in southwestern North America. Since the shrimp live in temporary habitats, we predicted that there should be high selection pressure on life history characteristics associated with rapid development (e.g., fast growth, early maturity, etc.), rather than selection for increased longevity. Pond duration was estimated using a combination of average monthly rainfall and pond size (surface to volume ratio). Shrimp that live in smaller ponds (high surface to volume ratio) in areas with low average rainfall should, on average, experience a shorter total time available for development than those in larger ponds or in areas of higher rainfall. These shrimp should have an earlier age at maturity, reduced longevity, lower fecundity, and faster growth. Five replicate populations of clam shrimp were collected as cysts from five ponds. These shrimp were raised in a common garden experiment in the laboratory. Daily measurements of growth and egg production were taken and ages at maturity and death were recorded. Shrimp from areas with higher average rainfall had slower growth, higher fecundity, greater longevity, and an earlier age at maturity than those from areas with lower average rainfall. If average rainfall is an accurate measure of pond duration, then the first three of these life history traits differ in the directions expected. However, age at maturity varied in a manner opposite to that expected, being earlier in the ponds with longer duration. Surface to volume ratio was not helpful in further resolving differences in these life history characters.
Union-Management Ideological Frames of Reference:

The purpose of this paper is to focus attention on union-management (U-M) ideology as a potential explanatory variable in labor relations and to demonstrate a comprehensive methodfor empirically measuring the ideology of union and management representatives. The semantic differential and antecedent-consequent techniques are used to measure both the affective and denotative meaning of key U-M beliefs underlying the conduct of labor relations in the United States. Inclusion of the denotative aspect of beliefs in this study provides a more comprehensive measure of union-management ideology than previously available.Significant differences (p < .01) were found to exist between union (n = 34) and management (n = 38) respondents on all 10 U-M beliefs measured. Differences and similarities between the ideological frames of reference of union and management representatives are discussed. Identification and comprehensive measurement of operative U-M beliefs represents a necessary first step toward improving the us...
After the Vote: Evaluating a Prospective Forecasting Model of Presidential Elections

There are two components to my model of presidential election forecasting: Given the enormous amount of work on voting behavior that finds prospective assessments of the economy to be strongly related to vote choice (e.g., Abramowitz 1985 ; Kuklinski and West 1981 ; Lewis-Beck 1988 ; Lockerbie 1992), I make use of a prospective economic item from the Survey of Consumer Attitudes and Behavior that asks if the next year will be better, worse, or the same for the respondent. I take the average of the negative responses to this question from the first quarter of the election year as my economic measure. These data are available in late April.
SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF THE POLIOVIRUS GENOME AND MAPPING OF THE GENOME-LINKED PROTEIN

ABSTRACT We are in the process of sequencing the poliovirus genome by an adaptation of Sanger's dideoxy method. This involves reverse transcription of virion RNA, followed by E. coli Pol I catalyzed DNA synthesis in the presence of cDNA, dNTPs, ddNTPs, and [5′-32P]labeled primers (RNase T1 or RNase A resistant oligonucleotides of virion RNA). So far, we have sequenced segments of the RNA totalling 7,000 nucleotides. A sequence of 1,060 bases from the 3′ end reveals that at least 562 nucleotides preceding the poly(A) remain untranslated. A base sequence in the 3′-terminal half of the genome corresponding to known amino acid sequences of the genome-linked protein (VPg) has been detected. These data suggest that VPg is part of the viral polypeptide NCVPlb. Thus, VPg and the viral RNA polymerase NCVP4 originate from the same polypeptide precursor. VPg is, at most, 27 amino acids long (max. mol. wt. 3, 296).
County-level hurricane exposure and birth rates: application of difference-in-differences analysis for confounding control

Epidemiological analyses of aggregated data are often used to evaluate theoretical health effects of natural disasters. Such analyses are susceptible to confounding by unmeasured differences between the exposed and unexposed populations. To demonstrate the difference-in-difference method our population included all recorded Florida live births that reached 20 weeks gestation and conceived after the first hurricane of 2004 or in 2003 (when no hurricanes made landfall). Hurricane exposure was categorized using ≥74 mile per hour hurricane wind speed as well as a 60 km spatial buffer based on weather data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The effect of exposure was quantified as live birth rate differences and 95 % confidence intervals [RD (95 % CI)]. To illustrate sensitivity of the results, the difference-in-differences estimates were compared to general linear models adjusted for census-level covariates. This analysis demonstrates difference-in-differences as a method to control for time-invariant confounders investigating hurricane exposure on live birth rates. Difference-in-differences analysis yielded consistently null associations across exposure metrics and hurricanes for the post hurricane rate difference between exposed and unexposed areas (e.g., Hurricane Ivan for 60 km spatial buffer [−0.02 births/1000 individuals (−0.51, 0.47)]. In contrast, general linear models suggested a positive association between hurricane exposure and birth rate [Hurricane Ivan for 60 km spatial buffer (2.80 births/1000 individuals (1.94, 3.67)] but not all models. Ecological studies of associations between environmental exposures and health are susceptible to confounding due to unmeasured population attributes. Here we demonstrate an accessible method of control for time-invariant confounders for future research.
From Erik H. Erikson to Heinz Kohut: Expanding Theories of Leadership

Of all the people influenced by Freud, Erik Erikson most creatively bridged psychoanalysis and history. He began as an artist, but in the 1920s was drawn into analysis with Anna Freud and eventually graduated from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society in the portentous year of 1933. On the boat coming to America shortly afterwards, Erikson shared an essay on Hitler with the diplomat and historian George Kennan, who helped him to translate it into English. In America, Erikson soon established his reputation as a child analyst and became acquainted with people like Margaret Mead. In the late 1930s and 1940s, he conducted a series of studies that culminated in his first book, Childhood and Society (1950). After that, his interests have always included both the clinical and the historical.
COMPOUNDING FINANCIAL REPRESSION WITH RIGID URBAN REGULATIONS: Lessons of the Korean Housing Market*

The objective of this paper is to explore the interactions between financial and urban policies, and their joint impact on the performance of the housing sector during the course of economic development. The central hypothesis is that extended periods of financial repression and the scarcity of mortgage lending have generated significant distortions in the output of the Korean housing sector. In addition, combined with very restrictive urban planning and land use regulations, this financial situation may have led to under-investment in the urban sector of Korea during much of the past two decades. A broader question which is left unaddresssed is whether such distortions and under-investment have been an integral component of the rapid growth policies of other East Asian market economies such as Japan and Taiwan, or what differences there might be. The analysis in the paper progresses from economic growth policies and directed credit to urban outcomes; the key link is the behavior of Korean households.
Scalable implicit incompressible resistive MHD with stabilized FE and fully-coupled Newton–Krylov-AMG

Abstract The computational solution of the governing balance equations for mass, momentum, heat transfer and magnetic induction for resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) systems can be extremely challenging. These difficulties arise from both the strong nonlinear, nonsymmetric coupling of fluid and electromagnetic phenomena, as well as the significant range of time- and length-scales that the interactions of these physical mechanisms produce. This paper explores the development of a scalable, fully-implicit stabilized unstructured finite element (FE) capability for 3D incompressible resistive MHD. The discussion considers the development of a stabilized FE formulation in context of the variational multiscale (VMS) method, and describes the scalable implicit time integration and direct-to-steady-state solution capability. The nonlinear solver strategy employs Newton–Krylov methods, which are preconditioned using fully-coupled algebraic multilevel preconditioners. These preconditioners are shown to enable a robust, scalable and efficient solution approach for the large-scale sparse linear systems generated by the Newton linearization. Verification results demonstrate the expected order-of-accuracy for the stabilized FE discretization. The approach is tested on a variety of prototype problems, that include MHD duct flows, an unstable hydromagnetic Kelvin–Helmholtz shear layer, and a 3D island coalescence problem used to model magnetic reconnection. Initial results that explore the scaling of the solution methods are also presented on up to 128K processors for problems with up to 1.8B unknowns on a CrayXK7.
Heartbeat Energy Harvesting Using the Fan-Folded Piezoelectric Beam Geometry

A three dimensional piezoelectric vibration energy harvester is designed to generate electricity from heartbeat vibrations. The device consists of several bimorph piezoelectric beams stacked on top of each other. These horizontal bimorph beams are connected to each other by rigid vertical beams making a fan-folded geometry. One end of the design is clamped and the other end is free.One major problem in micro-scale piezoelectric energy harvesters is their high natural frequency. The same challenge is faced in development of a compact vibration energy harvester for the low frequency heartbeat vibrations. One way to decrease the natural frequency is to increase the length of the bimorph beam. This approach is not usually practical due to size limitations. By utilizing the fan-folded geometry, the natural frequency is decreased while the size constraints are observed. The required size limit of the energy harvester is 1 cm by 1 cm by 1 cm.In this paper, the natural frequencies and mode shapes of fan-folded energy harvesters are analytically derived. The electro-mechanical coupling has been included in the model for the piezoelectric beam. The design criteria for the device are discussed.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Statewide Surveying: Some Lessons Learned

Records Survey was undertaken on the recommendation of the Washington Historical Records Advisory Board as a first step in developing a comprehensive records program for the state. Many surveys have operated within a restricted universe of records and institutions. Texas, for instance, has recently been engaged in a records survey in county courthouses.1 Other surveys have concentrated on business records, or women's history sources, or records management for public agencies.2 The Washington state project is the first since the WPA Historical
Computer Programs for the Analysis of Consumer Panel Data

The data generated by continuous consumer panels represents a large “mine” of information for analyzing customer behavior regarding frequently purchased food and household products. Despite the val...
Optical Trapping and the Photorefractive Effect

A rate equation approach is used to analyse four-wave mixing based on the optical gradient forces normally associated with optical tweezers.
MANAGING FOR RESILIENCE LESSONS FROM ECOLOGY

Understanding and developing resilience is becoming increasingly important in business for both leaders and organizations. Resilient organizations can successfully navigate uncertainty and change. Resilience, however, is a poorly understood attribute. We thus turn to ecosystem resilience theory to understand the concept of resilience. We identify four lessons that can be adapted from management for ecological resilience to management for business resilience: 1) resilience can be positive or negative depending on the nature of the function it supports, 2) diversity of individuals, departments, flows of information, perspective, and other attributes contributes to resilience, 3) because we have imperfect knowledge about the timing and nature of a given disturbance and thus imperfect knowledge about the exact components of diversity that will promote resilience inthe face of it, there is a benefit to preserving diversity, even if it reduces efficiency under static conditions, and 4) to the extent that disturbances are unavoidable, emphasis should be placed on low-level adaptability to support high-level resilience of function. In managing for resilience, the leader can apply these lessons both by promoting diversity (of functional redundancy and response diversity) throughout all levels of the organization and by focusing on development of flexibility, nimbleness, and adaptability. This work has led us to develop seven theoretical propositions on leadership for resilience that can spur further research to integrate ecology and business leadership perspectives.
A Recessive Factor for Organophosphate-Resistance in Populations of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus telarius

The significance of a recessive r-factor for organophosphate resistance for a population of Tetranychus telarius (L.) was investigated. By inbreeding all other factors contributing to resistance were removed from the population. It was found that the r-factor depresses vitality in its carrier in homozygous condition. In a given population mites heterozygous for the gene are equal competitors for the normal homozygous type or even show slight superiority to the latter.
Overview of Space Launch System Ascent Aerothermal Environments

The U. S. Space Launch System (SLS) will provide an entirely new capability for human exploration beyond Earth orbit. The Aerosciences Branch/EV33 at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center has the responsibility to develop the ascent external aerothermal environments for the SLS Block 1 vehicle, scheduled for first flight in 2017. This paper provides an overview of the analysis methodology used to generate these environments. Aerodynamic heating and plume-induced heating (including radiation, convection and impingement) methodologies are summarized. The intent during the development process is to provide a set of conservative environments for each vehicle element such that the element prime contractor can design to meet vehicle level requirements.
Tularemia in Wild Gray Foxes: Report of an Epizootic

On Dec. 16, 1933, a dead wild gray fox (Urocyon cinereo-argentatus) was brought to us for necropsy. This fox was found on a farm near Plainview, Minn. When first observed he was walking in a circle, apparently unconscious. He was so ill that the man who found him was able to approach and kill him with a stick. At necropsy we observed typical lesions of tularemia. Pasteurella tularensis was later isolated from the spleen and liver. This was the first observed case of tularemia in a fox.1 At that time we were informed that many sick and dead foxes were being observed in certain areas of southeastern Minnesota. Because of the findings mentioned, and since tularemia had not previously been observed in foxes, we thought it advisable to continue our investigation and to determine if other foxes were similarly infected.
Avionics to enable UAS integration into the NextGen ATS

This paper focuses on the onboard avionics system functionality that is needed to mitigate the safety hazards when autonomous cargo Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are utilized on missions across our future National Air Space. This paper describes the technology on-board UAS anticipated to be available by 2025, the timeframe that autonomous UAS may be introduced into our NAS. It describes the unique performance characteristics and plausible missions for autonomous cargo UAS, summarize the safety hazards that these UAS may be susceptible to when operating in our future NextGen Air Transportation System and the avionics that can be developed and integrated to address the safety hazards that autonomous UAS are susceptible to.
Hearing loss in pediatric cancer survivors treated with cisplatin.

Cisplatin is effective in treating several types of childhood cancers (eg, CNS tumors, osteosarcoma, hepatoblastoma, neuroblastoma, germ cell tumors). It is the most ototoxic drug used clinically, and hearing loss is a well-recognized toxicity of cisplatin therapy.
Adjuvant Therapy in Primary Breast Cancer

This article considers the role of adjuvant therapy in primary breast cancer, utilizing data from randomized prospective clinical trials as illustrative examples. The ongoing efforts targeted toward addressing some of the unresolved issues are underscored.
A Synthetic Dosage Lethal Genetic Interaction Between CKS1B and PLK1 Is Conserved in Yeast and Human Cancer Cells

The CKS1B gene located on chromosome 1q21 is frequently amplified in breast, lung, and liver cancers. CKS1B codes for a conserved regulatory subunit of cyclin–CDK complexes that function at multiple stages of cell cycle progression. We used a high throughput screening protocol to mimic cancer-related overexpression in a library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants to identify genes whose functions become essential only when CKS1 is overexpressed, a synthetic dosage lethal (SDL) interaction. Mutations in multiple genes affecting mitotic entry and mitotic exit are highly enriched in the set of SDL interactions. The interactions between Cks1 and the mitotic entry checkpoint genes require the inhibitory activity of Swe1 on the yeast cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), Cdc28. In addition, the SDL interactions of overexpressed CKS1 with mutations in the mitotic exit network are suppressed by modulating expression of the CDK inhibitor Sic1. Mutation of the polo-like kinase Cdc5, which functions in both the mitotic entry and mitotic exit pathways, is lethal in combination with overexpressed CKS1. Therefore we investigated the effect of targeting the human Cdc5 ortholog, PLK1, in breast cancers with various expression levels of human CKS1B. Growth inhibition by PLK1 knockdown correlates with increased CKS1B expression in published tumor cell data sets, and this correlation was confirmed using shRNAs against PLK1 in tumor cell lines. In addition, we overexpressed CKS1B in multiple cell lines and found increased sensitivity to PLK1 knockdown and PLK1 drug inhibition. Finally, combined inhibition of WEE1 and PLK1 results in less apoptosis than predicted based on an additive model of the individual inhibitors, showing an epistatic interaction and confirming a prediction of the yeast data. Thus, identification of a yeast SDL interaction uncovers conserved genetic interactions that can affect human cancer cell viability.
Neurovascular Consequences of Systemic Disease – Collagen Vascular Disease

The neurovascular consequences of collagen vascular diseases are due in large part to two major causes: atherosclerosis and prothrombotic effects of antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can both develop premature atherosclerosis, and the study of patients with these disorders has been quite informative in understanding the relationship between inflammation, atherosclerosis, and cardioand cerebrovascular disease outcomes (Manzi et al. 1997; Abou-Raya & Abou-Raya, 2006; Rhew & Ramsey-Goldman, 2006). In this chapter, we will discuss the evidence for the role of inflammation-induced atherosclerosis and aPL antibodies in neurovascular consequences of SLE, a prototypic collagen vascular disease. Systemic lupus erythematosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting multiple organ systems, which affects women nine times more frequently than men (Ward, 2004). The prevalence is approximately 130/100,000 in the United States, with African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians more frequently affected than non-Hispanic Whites (Danchenko, Satia, & Anthony, 2006). The nervous system is commonly affected in people with SLE (Ainiala, Loukkola, Peltola, Korpela, & Hietaharju, 2001; Brey, Holliday et al., 2002). TheAmerican College of Rheumatology ((ACR) established case definitions for 19CNS and PNS syndromes observed in SLE patients, which collectively are referred to as neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) syndromes (Table 1) (The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes, 1999).
The Chain of Infection, Contacts, and Model Parametrization

Contact rates and transmission probabilities are based on complicated environmental conditions, and biological and social dynamics. There are many types of models that capture different aspects of these dynamics. Estimating contact related parameter values and transmission probabilities requires a good understanding of the details of the transmission process and the class of model being used to describe it. In this paper we review the basic classes of models, the connection between the chain of infection and the descriptions of the infection process including the meaning of “contacts” in the various modeling approaches. Some suggestions as to ways to better tie together the biological and mechanistic aspects of the infection process and the more phenomenological descriptions of model parameters are discussed.
A Campus Partnership to Foster Compliance with Funder Mandates

Abstract Data from federally funded research must now be made publicly accessible and discoverable. Researchers must adhere to guidelines established by federal agencies, and universities must be prepared to demonstrate compliance with the federal mandate. At Utah State University, the Office of Research and Graduate Studies and the Merrill-Cazier Library partnered to facilitate data sharing and create an audit trail demonstrating compliance with the terms of each researcher's award. This systematic approach uses existing resources such as the grant management system, the institutional repository (IR), and the Library online catalog. This paper describes our process and the first eight months of implementation.
Peripheral Arterial Thrombosis/ Emboli

The Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC I) work group defines acute limb ischemia as “any sudden decrease in limb perfusion causing a potential threat to limb viability” (Norgren et al., J Vasc Surg 45(Suppl S):S5–S67, 2007). Diagnosis and management of patients with acute limb ischemia require considerable clinical judgment. If not managed appropriately, acute limb ischemia can result in major amputation or even death. Early recognition, prompt diagnosis, and urgent treatment are the key elements for achieving a successful outcome in patients with an acutely ischemic limb.
Restoration of an oak forest in east-central Missouri: Early effects of prescribed burning on woody vegetation

Abstract We investigated early effects of prescribed burning on the structure and species composition of woody plants in Cuivre River State Park (2750 ha), Lincoln County, Missouri, USA, where a program of prescribed burning in forest understory was instituted to return the vegetation to conditions similar to those found at the time of European settlement. Prescribed burning in forest was initiated in 1989 and approximately 17% of the park is now burned every other year. We compared woody vegetation in 34 0.05 ha plots in burned sections of the park and in 34 0.05 ha plots in unburned sections of the park. Burned areas had experienced two to four burns at the time vegetation was sampled in 1996. Burned areas had significantly fewer small trees, fewer live woody shrubs, and less foliage in the understory (1.5–10 m) than did unburned areas. Small individuals of several species (e.g., Ulmus americana ) were less abundant on burned areas and, overall, similarity of sample plots (based on basal areas of small trees) was significantly greater within burned areas than between burned and unburned areas. There were no differences in overstory structure or species composition that could be attributed to burning. Direct gradient analyses indicated that environmental factors (e.g., slope, elevation, aspect) accounted for some of the variation in species composition among plots but also indicated that burned and unburned plots did not differ consistently with respect to environmental factors. Thus, observed differences in vegetation structure and composition between burned and unburned areas of the park are due to the burning program and not to pre-existing differences in environmental factors (e.g., topography). Results to date reflect relatively short-term (
Cryo-EM structures of fungal and metazoan mitochondrial calcium uniporters.

The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is a highly selective calcium channel and a major route of calcium entry into mitochondria. How the channel catalyses ion permeation and achieves ion selectivity are not well understood, partly because MCU is thought to have a distinct architecture in comparison to other cellular channels. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of MCU channels from zebrafish and Cyphellophora europaea at 8.5 A and 3.2 A resolutions, respectively. In contrast to a previous report of pentameric stoichiometry for MCU, both channels are tetramers. The atomic model of C. europaea MCU shows that a conserved WDXXEP signature sequence forms the selectivity filter, in which calcium ions are arranged in single file. Coiled-coil legs connect the pore to N-terminal domains in the mitochondrial matrix. In C. europaea MCU, the N-terminal domains assemble as a dimer of dimers; in zebrafish MCU, they form an asymmetric crescent. The structures define principles that underlie ion permeation and calcium selectivity in this unusual channel.