cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competition by barley and pea against mustard : effects on resource acquisition, photosynthesis and yield

Abstract One laboratory and three field experiments were conducted to determine physiological mechanisms through which barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) monocrops and barley-pea (Pisum sativum L.) intercrops suppressed growth and seed production of two weedy species of mustard (Brassica kaber (DC) L.C. Wheeler and B. hirta Moench). The study quantified the negative effects of nitrogen (N) and light deficits on mustard's photosynthetic performance, and the reduction in mustard's access to N and light resources that resulted from the presence of barley and pea. The work demonstrated that crop competition for resources was paralleled by reductions in mustard's photosynthetic performance, above-ground biomass and seed production. It also showed that the negative effects of the crops on mustard's resource status, photosynthetic performance, and yield could be overcome, at least partially, by application of N fertilizer or use of a pea cultivar that intercepted less light. Mustard suffered most from crop competition when N fertilizer was not applied and when a long-vined pea cultivar that produced abundant leaf area was used in the intercrop mixtures. Instantaneous measurements of net photosynthesis, made on individual leaves early in the growing season, predicted 59–74% of the variation in mustard's final above-ground biomass and seed production.
Analyzing ligation mixtures using a PCR based method

We have developed a simple and effective method (Lig-PCR) for monitoring ligation reactions using PCR and primers that are common to many cloning vectors. Ligation mixtures can directly be used as templates and the results can be analyzed by conventional gel electrophoresis. The PCR products are representative of the recombinant molecules created during ligation and the corresponding transformants. Orientation of inserts can also be determined using an internal primer. The usefulness of this method has been demonstrated using ligation mixtures of two cDNA’s derived from the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The method described here is sensitive and easy to perform compared to currently available methods.
Lack of association between a biallelic polymorphism in the adducin gene and blood pressure in whites and African Americans

Population-based candidate gene association analyses are becoming increasingly popular as a result of a greater number of genes and gene polymorphisms having been identified for which some functional information is available. Because many biochemical and physiologic systems impact blood pressure regulation and hypertension susceptibility, many of these identified genes and polymorphisms are candidates for population-level association studies involving blood pressure levels or hypertension status. Recent studies have suggested that the α-adducin gene may harbor polymorphisms that influence blood pressure level. Therefore, we embarked on a study to test one such polymorphism in two large US samples: one from an urban African American population (Maywood, IL) and another from a rural white population (Tecumseh, MI). We used both family-based association tests and tests that consider the impact of additional measured factors beyond adducin gene variation on blood pressure levels. We found no evidence for a significant effect of the chosen adducin polymorphism on blood pressure variation in either sample. We also found no association between Adducin genotypes and antihypertensive use. These facts, together with similar findings in companion studies, suggest that the α-adducin gene polymorphism does not have a pronounced effect on blood pressure variation in the populations studied. This does not suggest, however, that the α-adducin gene does not have a role in blood pressure regulation and hypertension susceptibility.
US nurses' perceptions of their role in diabetes care: results of the cross-national Diabetes Attitudes Wishes and Needs (DAWN) study.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine nurse and physician perceptions of nurse involvement and roles in diabetes care. Methods The study used a cross-sectional design with face-to-face or telephone interviews of diabetes health care professionals in 13 countries from Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. This article focuses on the data from US health care providers. The US sample included 51 generalist nurses, 50 diabetes specialist nurses, 166 generalist physicians, and 50 diabetes specialist physicians. Results Nurses and physicians agreed that nurses should take a larger role in managing diabetes. Most common differences identified between nurses and physicians were that nurses provide better education, spend more time with patients, were better listeners, and knew their patients better than physicians. All nurses had a high perceived need for better understanding of psychosocial issues and were more likely than physicians to suggest helping patients to take responsibility for their care. Nurses more than physicians also said better communication was needed. Generalist nurses report that they act as intermediaries and facilitate patient appointment keeping. Specialist nurses talk to patients about self-management, teach medication management, have a higher level of involvement in medication prescribing, and are more willing to take on additional responsibilities than generalist nurses. Conclusions There is an increased need for more involvement by nurses, particularly specialist nurses, in diabetes care.
Measuring and matching transport optics at Jefferson Lab

Well-controlled optical transport over long range is important for many types of nuclear and high energy physics experiments. It is essential in achieving the desired beam parameters, minimizing optical sensitivity, and ensuring acceptable helicity correlated orbit differences for parity-type experiments. A precise and rigorous program for evaluating optical matching errors, and a deterministic algorithm for obtaining global matching solutions thus holds considerable promise for both accelerator design and operation, although the latter has defied attempts so far due to its almost intractable complexity. For the CEBAF accelerator at Jefferson Lab, this difficulty is further exacerbated by the extreme matching condition necessary for a 5 pass recirculating linac, elements that can introduce considerable optical error, and loss of longrange difference orbit orthogonality due to these effects, all of which impose a very tight demand on the accuracy of the measured transfer matrix as input to the matching algorithm. Research in methods for both measuring and matching optical transport has led to recent successful demonstration of deterministic matching of the optical transport of CEBAF. The global nature of the matching algorithm allows efficient exploration of solutions not easily accessible by traditional methods and serves to signal configuration flaws in the machine.
Mice with combined disruption of Gpx1 and Gpx2 genes have colitis.

Glutathione peroxidase (GPX)-1 and gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium-specific GPX (GPX-GI), encoded byGpx1 and Gpx2, provide most GPX activity in GI epithelium. Although homozygous mice deficient in...
The correlation between presenting ST-segment depression and the final size of acute myocardial infarcts in patients with acute coronary syndromes

The use of reperfusion therapy in patients with ST elevation acute coronary syndromes had been established. However, reperfusion therapy is usually considered contra-indicated in those with ST depression, despite the knowledge that regional posterior infarction is typically indicated by ST depression maximal in leads V1 to V3 and nonregional subendocardial infarction is typically indicated by marked ST depression maximal in other leads. This study of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes investigates the quantitative relationship between presenting ST depression and final QRS changes in both of these subgroups. The final QRS score was significantly higher (2.44 points) than that of a control group with not ST depression, (1.55 points) in the group with maximal ST depression in V1 to V3 (P=0.04). However, in the entire population, there was a highly significant correlation (P=.003) between the sum of the presenting ST depression and the final QRS score. Trials of reperfusion therapy will be required to determine if such evolution to electrocardiogram documented acute myocardial infarction can be prevented in patient with marked ST depression acute coronary syndromes.
The ROSE data manager: using object technology to support interactive engineering applications

The relational object system for engineering (ROSE) is an experimental database system for interactive engineering applications. The ROSE system and the way it uses object technology are described. The system has an open architecture which allows new tools to be added easily. Several tools are described, including an inheritance manager, version control system, and user interface manager. These tools enhance the ROSE system and broaden its application to other types of data-management problems. >
Two Forms of Nitrogenase from the Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum

Acetylene reduction by nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum, unlike that by other nitrogenases, was recently found by other investigators to require an activation of the iron protein of nitrogenase by an activating system comprising a chromatophore membrane component, adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), and divalent metal ions. In an extension of this work, we observed that the same activating system was also required for nitrogenase-linked H2 evolution. However, we found that, depending on their nitrogen nutrition regime, R. rubrum cells produced two forms of nitrogenase that differed in their Fe protein components. Cells whose nitrogen supply was totally exhausted before harvest yielded predominantly a form of nitrogenase (A) whose enzymatic activity was not governed by the activating system, whereas cells supplied up to harvest time with N2 or glutamate yielded predominantly a form of nitrogenase (R) whose enzymatic activity was regulated by the activating system. An unexpected finding was the rapid (less than 10 min in some cases) intracellular conversion of nitrogenase A to nitrogenase R brought about by the addition to nitrogen-starved cells of glutamine, asparagine, or, particularly, ammonia. This finding suggests that mechanisms other than de novo protein synthesis were involved in the conversion of nitrogenase A to the R form. The molecular weights of the Fe protein and Mo-Fe protein components from nitrogenases A and R were the same. However, nitrogenase A appeared to be larger in size, because it had more Fe protein units per Mo-Fe protein than did nitrogenase R. A distinguishing property of the Fe protein from nitrogenase R was its ATP requirement. When combined with the Mo-Fe protein (from either nitrogenase A or nitrogenase R), the R form of Fe protein required a lower ATP concentration but bound or utilized more ATP molecules during acetylene reduction than did the A form of Fe protein. No differences between the Fe proteins from the two forms of nitrogenase were found in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum, midpoint oxidation-reduction potential, or sensitivity to iron chelators.
Psychometric Validation and Reliability Analysis of a Spanish version of the Patient Satisfaction with Cancer-Related Care Measure: A Patient Navigation Research Program Study

Background Patient satisfaction (PS), a key measure of quality of cancer care, is a core study outcome of the multi-site National Cancer Institute-funded Patient Navigation Research Program. Despite large numbers of underserved monolingual Spanish speakers (MSS) residing in USA, there is no validated Spanish measure of PS that spans the whole spectrum of cancer-related care. The present study reports on the validation of the Patient Satisfaction with Cancer Care (PSCC) measure for Spanish (PSCC-Sp) speakers receiving diagnostic and therapeutic cancer-related care.
Hypoxia-Induced Gene Expression Occurs Solely through the Action of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α): Role of Cytoplasmic Trapping of HIF-2α

The hypoxia-inducible factors 1α (HIF-1α) and 2α (HIF-2α) have extensive structural homology and have been identified as key transcription factors responsible for gene expression in response to hypoxia. They play critical roles not only in normal development, but also in tumor progression. Here we report on the differential regulation of protein expression and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α and -2α by hypoxia in immortalized mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). We show that oxygen-dependent protein degradation is restricted to HIF-1α, as HIF-2α protein is detected in MEFs regardless of oxygenation and is localized primarily to the cytoplasm. Endogenous HIF-2α remained transcriptionally inactive under hypoxic conditions; however, ectopically overexpressed HIF-2α translocated into the nucleus and could stimulate expression of hypoxia-inducible genes. We show that the factor inhibiting HIF-1 can selectively inhibit the transcriptional activity of HIF-1α but has no effect on HIF-2α-mediated transcription in MEFs. We propose that HIF-2α is not a redundant transcription factor of HIF-1α for hypoxia-induced gene expression and show evidence that there is a cell type-specific modulator(s) that enables selective activation of HIF-1α but not HIF-2α in response to low-oxygen stress.
Least squares regression with data arising from stratified samples of the dependent variable

Regression analysis is being widely used in the analysis of survey data in situations where complex sampling designs are employed. Often the selection procedure is based on values of the independent variables in which case standard regression methods apply. However the literature abounds with examples where the selection procedure is based on values of the dependent variable. For example DeMets & Halperin (1977) consider the relationship between serum cholesterol, the dependent variable, and dietary cholesterol, the independent variable. From an initial large random sample a smaller subsample was selected with the procedure that only persons with very high or very low initial serum cholesterol were chosen for subsequent measurement of the regression variables. In a study of the relationship of blood pressure, the dependent variable, and certain anthropometric factors in adolescents, Kotchen et al. (1980) performed follow-up on a subsample of a previous survey in which individuals in the original highest and lowest blood pressure groups were deliberately oversampled. A regression analysis was subsequently performed using standard least square methods. Finally Hausman & Wise (1982) discuss income maintenance experiments in econometrics where high-income families were undersampled from the population in a situation where income is the dependent variable of a subsequent regression analysis. There are many reasons why complex sampling designs may be used on the basis of the dependent variable, Y. For example, an initial goal of the study may be to estimate the mean of Y with high precision for which stratified sampling on the basis of Y values may be useful. Subsequently, regression analysis with Y as the dependent variable may be desired. Secondly, oversampling extreme values of Y is a method of reducing the variances of estimated regression coefficients in cases where it may not be feasible to use traditional efficient designs based on the independent variables. For such sampling situations, it is now well known that, in general, ordinary least squares regression estimates will be biased even asymptotically. See, for example, Holt, Smith & Winter (1980) and Nathan & Holt (1980). Various adjusted estimators have been considered which we discuss briefly below.
Using affect-modulated startle to study phenotypes of pediatric bipolar disorder.

Objectives: Affective neuroscience research that investigates core symptoms of pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) may be effective in differentiating PBD phenotypes. The current study used affect-modulated startle to examine potential differences in reactivity to emotional stimuli (reward and punishment) in narrow and broad phenotype PBD and controls. Methods: Thirty children meeting DSM-IV bipolar disorder criteria (i.e. narrow phenotype PBD with defined manic episodes with elevated/expansive mood), 19 children meeting criteria for severe mood dysregulation (i.e. broad phenotype with chronic irritability, hyper-reactivity, and hyperarousal), and 19 controls completed a lottery startle paradigm involving reward (money) and punishment (loud noise). Startle probes were presented during anticipation of the emotional stimulus, immediately following the presentation of the stimulus, or during return to baseline following the stimulus. Results: By self-report, patients and controls found the putative punishment to be preferable to the neutral condition. In the reward condition, patient samples reported greater arousal than did controls, but no between-group differences were found on the magnitude of startle response during the reward, punishment, or neutral conditions. Conclusions: The failure to find differences in affect-modulated startle between control children and those with narrow or broad PBD phenotypes speaks to the methodological challenges associated with studying reward mechanisms in PBD. Alternative paradigms that focus on different aspects of reward mechanisms are discussed.
Diagnostic Performance and Dose Comparison of Filtered Back Projection and Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction Three-dimensional CT Enterography in Children and Young Adults

Reduced-dose three-dimensional adaptive iterative dose reduction CT enterography is highly accurate for assessing inflammation in the terminal ileum and colon and displays high interreader reliability in detecting active bowel inflammation in children and young adults with known or suspected inflammatory bowel disease.
Are Successful Women Entrepreneurs Different from Men

Women are one particularly understudied group of entrepreneurs. We know very little about female entrepreneurs, and our ignorance of this important demographic is a serious blind spot in any effort to increase the total number of entrepreneurs participating in our economy. What little we do know suggests that women are not nearly as active in the entrepreneurial space as they could be.This study attempts to address part of this knowledge gap. This based on data were collected in 2008-2009 from 549 respondents from randomly selected high-tech companies who were invited to participate. It compares the backgrounds, and experiences and motivations of men and women entrepreneurs. Our findings show that successful women and men entrepreneurs are similar in almost every respect. They had equivalent levels of education (slightly less than half earned graduate degrees), early interest in starting their own business (about half had at least some interest), a strong desire to build wealth or capitalize on a business idea, access to funding, and they largely agreed on the top issues and challenges facing any entrepreneur.The data also identify some small but potentially informative gender differences among successful entrepreneurs. For instance, motivations for starting a business differed slightly between men and women. The latter were more likely to cite a business partner’s encouragement as a key incentive to take the plunge. Women also were more likely than men to get early funding from their business partners.
Evaluation of microbial loads and the effects of antimicrobial sprays in postharvest handling of California walnuts

Changes in aerobic plate count (APC) and Escherichia coli/coliform count (ECC) of inshell walnuts and walnut kernels were evaluated during commercial harvest and postharvest handling. APC and ECC for inshell walnuts collected from the tree were 6 and 4 log CFU/nut, respectively; counts increased by 1 log during harvest and hulling and decreased by 1 log during drying. Application of up to 200 ppm peracetic acid after hulling with or without a subsequent 2% lauric arginate spray reduced APC and ECC by less than 1 log CFU/nut; counts were not significantly different from the water control. A decrease in shell integrity was evident after drying: visible shell damage increased from 4 to 47% of walnuts after drying. Counts on kernels extracted from visibly intact walnuts from the tree were near the limit of detection (1.7 log CFU/nut). These counts increased by at least 1.4 log CFU/nut after hulling for both thin- and hard-shell cultivars. Microbial populations were 1.6–2.2 log CFU/nut higher for kernels from walnuts with broken shells than for kernels from walnuts with visibly intact shells before, but not after, drying. A better understanding of how microbial populations are affected by postharvest handling practices is important in the development of walnut-specific food safety programs.
RESEARCH AND INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE REVICTIMIZATION

Despite decades of research on domestic violence, considerable challenges must be addressed to develop sound, theoretically and empirically based interventions for reducing domestic violence revictimization. Many basic and applied research issues remain unaddressed by existing studies, and evaluations frequently do not sufficiently highlight their limitations or program or policy implications. Nonetheless, progress has been made, and practitioners and policy makers increasingly have a wide range of promising interventions from which to select. This article reviews research on domestic violence and focuses particular attention on interventions aimed at reducing revictimization among individuals known to have been abused. It also provides a conceptual framework for practitioners and policy makers to situate existing evaluation research and highlights the need for better data to understand and assess efforts to reduce domestic violence revictimization. The author concludes by discussing directions for future research and recommendations for practice and policy.
Memory for nonoccurrences: The role of metacognition

Abstract How do we know that an event did not happen? An intuitively appealing account is that individuals use the perceived memorability of an event, in conjunction with failure to retrieve any information about that event, to infer the event’s nonoccurrence: If an event is expected to be remembered, yet no memory for it can be identified, then the event must not have happened. Evidence consistent with this proposal was obtained in two experiments. Experiment 1 showed that correct rejection was affected by item salience (i.e., memorability), and that item salience interacted with a retrieval manipulation intended to differentially influence correct rejection of high- versus low-salience items. Experiment 2 extended these findings by showing age differences in the effect of salience, consistent with the hypothesis that the strategic use of event memorability may develop with age.
Zipf's Law for Cities: An Explanation

Zipf ’s law is a very tight constraint on the class of admissible models of local growth. It says that for most countries the size distribution of cities strikingly fits a power law: the number of cities with populations greater than S is proportional to 1/S. Suppose that, at least in the upper tail, all cities follow some proportional growth process (this appears to be verified empirically). This automatically leads their distribution to converge to Zipf ’s law.
Juvenile Justice Decision-Making as a Longitudinal Process

Findings from a longitudinal analysis are used to illustrate the importance of including processual variables in explanations of the type and severity of dispositions imposed within the juvenile justice system. Results show that dispositions imposed for prior offenses exert a significant impact on dispositions imposed for current offenses, even when appropriate variables are controlled. Moreover, the pattern of this relationship is one of stabilization rather than escalation: dispositions are likely to be repeated from offense to offense rather than becoming more severe as the criminal career develops. Previous studies of decision-making in the criminal justice system have tended to focus on the consequences of the wide-ranging discretion granted to criminal justice decision-makers. In doing so, they have relied on cross-sectional designs that examine final dispositions for only one offense in a person's criminal career. While appropriate for some theoretical issues, such a static orientation offers a limited view of factors that can potentially influence dispositional decisions. Indeed, it explicitly ignores the possibility that criminal justice decisions are not made in isolation from one another but occur as part of an interconnected process. Process variables can influence decision-making at two levels. The first involves the impact of pre-adjudicatory decisions on the type and severity of final dispositions imposed for a particular offense. Several studies (Bernstein et al.; Bortner; Hagan et al; LaFree) show that processual variables of this type do influence final dispositions and need to be taken into account in a complete model of decision-making. The second, and more dynamic, level involves the sequence of sentences imposed
Making sound inferences from geomagnetic sounding

Abstract We examine the nonlinear inverse problem of electromagnetic induction to recover electrical conductivity. As this is an ill-posed problem based on inaccurate data, there is a critical need to find the reliable features of the models of electrical conductivity. We present a method for obtaining bounds on Earth’s average conductivity that all conductivity profiles must obey. Our method is based completely on optimization theory for an all-at-once approach to inverting frequency-domain electromagnetic data. The forward modeling equations are constraints in an optimization problem solving for the electric fields and the conductivity simultaneously. There is no regularization required to solve the problem. The computational framework easily allows additional inequality constraints to be imposed, allowing us to further narrow the bounds. We draw conclusions from a global geomagnetic depth sounding data set and compare with laboratory results, inferring temperature and water content through published Boltzmann–Arrhenius conductivity models. If the upper mantle is assumed to be volatile free we find it has an average temperature of 1409–1539 ° C. For the top 1000 km of the lower mantle, we find an average temperature of 1849–2008 ° C. These are in agreement with generally accepted mantle temperatures. Our conclusions about water content of the transition zone disagree with previous research. With our bounds on conductivity, we calculate a transition zone consisting entirely of Wadsleyite has 0.27 wt.% water and as we add in a fraction of Ringwoodite, the upper bound on water content decreases proportionally. This water content is less than the 0.4 wt.% water required for melt or pooling at the 410 km seismic discontinuity.
Long-run relation and short-run dynamics in energy consumption–output relationship: International evidence from country panels with different growth rates

The long-run relation and short-run dynamics between output and consumption of energy (electricity) are examined in panels of countries with different growth rates. Seventy nine countries over 1971–2011 are grouped into high-, low- and negative-growth categories based on exponential growth rate of their per capita output. Tests of cointegration suggest the existence of long-run relation between energy (electricity) consumption and output in high- and low-growth panels but its absence in the panel with negative growth. Accounting for cross-country dependency strengthens the findings. Estimates of long-run elasticity of output with respect to energy (electricity) are significant in panels with positive growth rates. The common correlated effect mean-group estimators of the error-correction model suggest (1) long-run bidirectional causality between output and energy (electricity) in all three groups of countries, (2) short-run bidirectional causality in output-energy relation for the full sample as well as in the low-growth category; and (3) unidirectional causality from output to energy in the negative-growth category. The finding of long-run bidirectional causality is robust to inclusion of carbon emission, urbanization, exports, and foreign direct investment as control variables.
Numerical and Modeling Issues in Application of CFD to Flow in a Simplified Plenum Relevant to a Prismatic VHTR

CFD (computational fluid dynamics) calculations have been performed for turbulent flow inside a plenum model that resembles a section of the lower plenum in a typical prismatic VHTR (Very High Temperature Reactor). Different RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) based turbulence models are employed to investigate the capability in capturing unsteady large scale coherent structures due to vortex shedding at two different Reynolds numbers. A grid convergence study is conducted with those models which were able to capture unsteady vortex shedding. The non-linear interaction of mesh quality, turbulence model and numerical scheme lead to flow regime changes with significantly different unsteady behavior. This makes it difficult to assess numerical and modeling uncertainty using the procedure that is recommended for Journal of Fluids Engineering (JFE). Some remedies to overcome this difficulty are recommended. The numerical uncertainty in the local values of velocity components at selected locations inside the plenum, as well the uncertainty associated with derived quantities such as wall shear stress at critical locations are calculated and reported. Since there are no experiments corresponding to the present cases simulated, the current analysis can be considered as a blind application of the proposed uncertainty estimation procedure.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Family Law in the Twenty-First Century: An Annotated Bibliography

The twenty-first century will bring, among other things, an explosion of technology (in domains ranging from electronic to reproductive), greater personal mobility, and an aging population. Thus, this bibliography emphasizes cutting edge issues in areas as wide-ranging as elder law, electronic discovery, changes in the legal profession (such as internet advertising and provision of legal services), multidisciplinary and multijurisdictional practice, and the new world of reproductive technologies. This bibliography covers law review articles, A.L.R. entries, and some web articles published after 2002, with an emphasis on those in more recent years. The bibliography for the first time expands to include some prominent internet web sites in various topical areas. Articles for which the title is self-explanatory or that concern only a single case, state, or statute are cited, but not annotated.
Species-wide patterns of DNA methylation variation in Quercus lobata and their association with climate gradients

DNA methylation in plants affects transposon silencing, transcriptional regulation and thus phenotypic variation. One unanswered question is whether DNA methylation could be involved in local adaptation of plant populations to their environments. If methylation alters phenotypes to improve plant response to the environment, then methylation sites or the genes that affect them could be a target of natural selection. Using reduced-representation bisulphite sequencing (RRBS) data, we assessed whether climate is associated with variation in DNA methylation levels among 58 naturally occurring, and species-wide samples of valley oak (Quercus lobata) collected across climate gradients. We identified the genomic context of these variants referencing a new draft valley oak genome sequence. Methylation data were obtained for 341 107 cytosines, of which we deemed 57 488 as single-methylation variants (SMVs), found in the CG, CHG and CHH sequence contexts. Environmental association analyses revealed 43 specific SMVs that are significantly associated with any of four climate variables, the majority of which are associated with mean maximum temperature. The 43 climate-associated SMVs tend to occur in or near genes, several of which have known involvement in plant response to environment. Multivariate analyses show that climate and spatial variables explain more overall variance in CG-SMVs among individuals than in SNPs, CHG-SMVs or CHH-SMVs. Together, these results from natural oak populations provide initial evidence for a role of CG methylation in locally adaptive evolution or plasticity in plant response.
Atom-optics approach to studying transport phenomena

We present a simple experimental scheme, based on standard atom-optics techniques, to design highly versatile model systems for the study of single-particle quantum transport phenomena. The scheme is based on a discrete set of free-particle momentum states that are coupled via momentum-changing two-photon Bragg transitions, driven by pairs of interfering laser beams. In the effective lattice models that are accessible, this scheme allows for single-site detection, as well as site-resolved and dynamical control over all system parameters. We discuss two possible implementations, based on state-preserving Bragg transitions and on state-changing Raman transitions, which, respectively, allow for the study of nearly arbitrary single-particle Abelian U(1) and non-Abelian U(2) lattice models.
Standing Out or Blending In? The Formation of New Firms’ Legitimacy and Reputation under Different Levels of Market Uncertainty

While management scholars acknowledge the importance of legitimacy and reputation for the survival and success of new firms, there is a dearth of studies examining the emergence and development of these perceptions of social approval. This paper brings together social cognition and institutional theory to explain the formation of stakeholders’ perceptions of new firms’ legitimacy and reputation and the relationships among them under different levels of market uncertainty. The theory developed in this paper challenges the assumption of institutional scholars that judgments of legitimacy precede judgments of reputation by proposing that this assumption holds under conditions of low to moderate market uncertainty typical for established market sectors, but not under conditions of high or extreme market uncertainty typical for emerging sectors. In emerging sectors new firms may be able to acquire reputation before, or simultaneously with, establishing their legitimacy, because the (lacking) legitimacy of the entire sector affects the ability of individual firms to establish their own legitimacy. These ideas can guide scholars and practitioners to better understand how to influence the processes of formation of legitimacy and reputation to the benefit of new firms.
Human Intestinal Enteroids: a New Model To Study Human Rotavirus Infection, Host Restriction, and Pathophysiology

ABSTRACT Human gastrointestinal tract research is limited by the paucity of in vitro intestinal cell models that recapitulate the cellular diversity and complex functions of human physiology and disease pathology. Human intestinal enteroid (HIE) cultures contain multiple intestinal epithelial cell types that comprise the intestinal epithelium (enterocytes and goblet, enteroendocrine, and Paneth cells) and are physiologically active based on responses to agonists. We evaluated these nontransformed, three-dimensional HIE cultures as models for pathogenic infections in the small intestine by examining whether HIEs from different regions of the small intestine from different patients are susceptible to human rotavirus (HRV) infection. Little is known about HRVs, as they generally replicate poorly in transformed cell lines, and host range restriction prevents their replication in many animal models, whereas many animal rotaviruses (ARVs) exhibit a broader host range and replicate in mice. Using HRVs, including the Rotarix RV1 vaccine strain, and ARVs, we evaluated host susceptibility, virus production, and cellular responses of HIEs. HRVs infect at higher rates and grow to higher titers than do ARVs. HRVs infect differentiated enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells, and viroplasms and lipid droplets are induced. Heterogeneity in replication was seen in HIEs from different patients. HRV infection and RV enterotoxin treatment of HIEs caused physiological lumenal expansion detected by time-lapse microscopy, recapitulating one of the hallmarks of rotavirus-induced diarrhea. These results demonstrate that HIEs are a novel pathophysiological model that will allow the study of HRV biology, including host restriction, cell type restriction, and virus-induced fluid secretion. IMPORTANCE Our research establishes HIEs as nontransformed cell culture models to understand human intestinal physiology and pathophysiology and the epithelial response, including host restriction of gastrointestinal infections such as HRV infection. HRVs remain a major worldwide cause of diarrhea-associated morbidity and mortality in children ≤5 years of age. Current in vitro models of rotavirus infection rely primarily on the use of animal rotaviruses because HRV growth is limited in most transformed cell lines and animal models. We demonstrate that HIEs are novel, cellularly diverse, and physiologically relevant epithelial cell cultures that recapitulate in vivo properties of HRV infection. HIEs will allow the study of HRV biology, including human host-pathogen and live, attenuated vaccine interactions; host and cell type restriction; virus-induced fluid secretion; cell-cell communication within the epithelium; and the epithelial response to infection in cultures from genetically diverse individuals. Finally, drug therapies to prevent/treat diarrheal disease can be tested in these physiologically active cultures.
Effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on pulmonary artery pressure in patients with isolated obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can occur in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the absence of cardiac or lung disease. Data on the development and severity of PH, and the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on pulmonary artery (PA) pressures in these patients have been inconsistent in the literature. We sought to determine whether CPAP therapy affects PA pressures in patients with isolated OSA in this meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, Medline, EMBASE and other databases from January 1980 to August 2015. Studies of patients with OSA, defined as an apnea–hypopnea index >10 events/h, and PH, defined as PA pressure >25 mmHg were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. A total of 222 patients from seven studies (341.53 person-years) had reported PA pressures before and after treatment with CPAP therapy. 77 % of participants were men, with a mean age of 52.5 years, a mean apnea–hypopnea index of 58 events/h, and mean PA pressure of 39.3 ± 6.3 mmHg. CPAP treatment duration ranged from 3 to 70 months. Using fixed effects meta-analysis, CPAP therapy was associated with a decrease in PA pressure of 13.3 mmHg (95 % CI 12.7–14.0) in our study population. This meta-analysis found that CPAP therapy is associated with a significantly lower PA pressure in patients with isolated OSA and PH.
Conceptual versus Procedural Feedback in the Training of a Home Medical Device

With the aid of new technology, the use of home medical devices is becoming more prevalent among older adults. These devices are often not designed with consideration for the cognitive differences that come with aging, and older adults often require training to use the devices. This study considered a blood glucose monitor, and attempted to discern what type of feedback yielded better performance from older adults: conceptual or procedural feedback-training. Participants calibrated the monitor and were given feedback when they made mistakes. The prediction was that the procedurally trained group would require fewer trials to attain criterion (a trial without error), but that the conceptually trained group would have better performance after a retention interval, showing a greater understanding of the system. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in performance between experimental conditions, but that feedback itself had a positive effect on performance.
Some Expansions in Number Theory

This expansion which represents P involves a finite combination of elementary functions but in the form given is not useful for the purpose of calculation by hand because of the labor involved. It is the authors' opinion that simplification is possible. Many interesting problems are posed here for the analysis expert. We will also construct finite expansions in terms of n for the function r(n) which represents the number of primes less than or equal to n, for 77'(n) which represents the number of pairs of twin primes (i. e. primes differing by two) whose larger member is less than or equal to n, and for L(n), the least prime greater than or equal to n. Let there be given a function y = f(n) whose domain is the set of positive integers 1n} with 1 < n < k, k finite or infinite, and whose range is a subset A of the set of positive integers:
Recovering plastics for recycling by mineral processing techniques

Patents and other literature on recycling post-consumer plastics from various sources (e.g., municipal solid waste) indicate that unit operations common to minerals processing have been seriously considered at various times. A review of the available literature and statistics on recoverable plastics reveals that only 2.4 percent is recycled. This article presents a flowsheet that we developed and tested in a bench-scale pilot plant. It shows that a combination of mineral processing techniques, including comminution, heavy media separation, and flotation, can be successfully adapted to the recycling of post-consumer plastics. The gamma flotation process, which operates on the basis of solution surface tension control to facilitate the separation of inherently hydrophobic solids, combined with the alkali-treatment of a mixed polyvinal chloride-polyethylene terephthalate feedstock generates clean polymer concentrates at high recoveries.
The Biological Impact of Radiation Exposure on Breast Cancer Development

Ionizing radiation is a well-established breast carcinogen in women and has been a widely studied cause of cancer in experimental models. Clinical data and experimental models are discussed to highlight radiation effects on the mammary gland and breast cancer as a system of heterotypic interactions among multiple cell types. Epidemiological data from different populations of women who were exposed to radiation during various stages of physiological development have offered insight into potential biological mechanisms that mediate radiation-induced breast cancer. This chapter discusses classic and current views of radiation’s action within the mammary gland and how these effects interact biologically to inform a more comprehensive conceptualization of radiation as a carcinogen, including new emphasis on a defined adult stem cell population within the mammary gland.
Continuous inverse theory and tomography

This chapter extends the discrete inverse theory that is the main focus of this book to continuous problems. Localized averages are shown to be particularly useful in continuous problems, and the Backus-Gilbert techniques for developing generalized inverses with localized resolution are extended to the continuous case. The conversion of continuous problems to discrete problems, accomplished earlier in the book in an ad hoc fashion, is examined in a more systematic way. Attention is then turned to problems in which the data are sufficiently numerous that they can be considered a continuous function. The tomography problem is one of these, and the simplest straight-line ray version, Radon's problem, is derived and solved. Attention is then turned to generalizing the quantities and solution techniques of discrete inverse to the continuous case. Here, the vector is replaced with the function and the matrix with the linear operator. A key quantity, analogous to the transpose of a matrix, is the adjoint of the linear operator. It is at the heart of so-called adjoint methods of deriving the Frechet derivative of data with respect to the model, the continuous analog of the data kernel. Several useful Frechet derivatives are derived, including one relevant to the case where the data and model function are related indirectly, through a differential equation.
Detecting PLC control corruption via on-device runtime verification

With an increased emphasis on the cyber-physical security of safety-critical industrial control systems, programmable logic controllers have been targeted by both security researchers and attackers as critical assets. Security and verification solutions have been proposed and/or implemented either externally or with limited computational power. Online verification or intrusion detection solutions are typically difficult to implement within the control logic of the programmable logic controller due to the strict timing requirements and limited resources. Recently, there has been an increased advancement in open controller systems where programmable logic controllers are coupled with embedded hypervisors running operating systems with much more computational power. Development environments are provided that allow developers to directly integrate library function calls from the embedded hypervisor into the program scan cycle of the programmable logic controller. In this paper, we leverage these coupled environments to implement online cyber-physical verification solutions directly integrated into the program scan cycle as well as online intrusion detection systems within the embedded hypervisor. This novel approach allows advanced security and verification solutions to be directly enforced from within the programmable logic controller program scan cycle. We evaluate the proposed solutions on a commercial-off-the-shelf Siemens product.
Outcome of Epilepsy Surgery in Early Childhood

The medical records of 23 children, ages 0-3 years, who were treated surgically for epilepsy between 1991 and 1996 were analysed at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
Anatomy of Deja Vu in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Sixteen patients, ages 16 to 32 years, implanted with depth electrodes at Hopital Saint-Anne, Paris, France, had experienced a dreamy state (deja-vu - deja vecu, memories of complete scenes, or vague reminiscence) during sterotactic EEG (SEEG).
Short-Term Memory Performance in 7- and 8-Year-Old Children: The Relationship Between Phonological and Pitch Processing

Purpose The relationship between short-term memory for phonology and pitch was explored by examining accuracy scores for typically developing children for 5 experimental tasks: immediate nonword repetition (NWR), nonword repetition with an 8-s silent interference (NWRS), pitch discrimination (PD), pitch discrimination with an 8-s silent interference (PDS), and pitch matching (PM). Method Thirty-six 7- and 8-year-old children (21 girls, 15 boys) with normal hearing, language, and cognition were asked to listen to and repeat nonsense words (NWR, NWRS), make a same versus different decision between 2 tones (PD, PDS), and listen to and then vocally reproduce a tone (PM). Results Results showed no significant correlations between tasks of phonological memory and tests of pitch memory, that participants scored significantly better on nonword repetition tasks than PD and PM tasks, and that participants performed significantly better on tasks with no silent interference. Discussion These findings suggest that, fo...