cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein Kinase C Epsilon Activity in the Nucleus Accumbens and Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Mediates Binge Alcohol Consumption.

Abstract background Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCe) is emerging as a potential target for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat alcohol use disorders, yet little is known regarding how a history of a highly prevalent form of drinking, binge alcohol intake, influences enzyme priming or the functional relevance of kinase activity for excessive alcohol intake. Methods Immunoblotting was employed on tissue from subregions of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the amygdala to examine both idiopathic and binge drinking-induced changes in constitutive PKCe priming. The functional relevance of PKCe translocation for binge drinking and determination of potential upstream signaling pathways involved were investigated using neuropharmacologic approaches within the context of two distinct binge drinking procedures, drinking in the dark and scheduled high alcohol consumption. Results Binge alcohol drinking elevated p(Ser729)-PKCe levels in both the NAc and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Moreover, immunoblotting studies of selectively bred and transgenic mouse lines revealed a positive correlation between the propensity to binge drink alcohol and constitutive p(Ser729)-PKCe levels in the NAc and CeA. Finally, neuropharmacologic inhibition of PKCe translocation within both regions reduced binge alcohol consumption in a manner requiring intact group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors, Homer2, phospholipase C, and/or phosphotidylinositide-3 kinase function. Conclusions Taken together, these data indicate that PKCe signaling in both the NAc and CeA is a major contributor to binge alcohol drinking and to the genetic propensity to consume excessive amounts of alcohol.
Radiation therapy in the management of cutaneous malignancies

squamous-cell carcinomas (BCC and SCC), surgery and irradiation both offer excellent cure rates and are the mainstays of curative procedures. The decision regarding the most appropriate therapeutic approach depends on the size and location of the lesion, clinical nature, involvement of the adjacent cartilage or bone, depth of invasion, tumor grade, histological appearance, previous treatment, health and age of the patient, and whether the lesion is well-confined or metastatic. In this article, we will examine the role of radiation therapy for the treatment of cutaneous malignancies, with special emphasis on the treatment of BCC and SCC because these two carcinomas together account for more than 90% of all cutaneous malignancies. Selection of Therapy and Indications Tumor location plays an important role in determining the treatment choice. In areas outside the head and neck regions, carcinomas of the skin in general can be excised easily without significant functional or cosmetic deficits, which makes surgery the treatment of choice. In the head and neck region, especially with lesions in the embryonal fusion planes, there is a potential for deep invasion and thus, higher rates of local recurrence. These areas include the midface under the eyes, the periauricular and postauricular areas, nasolabial, paranasal, and inner canthal areas.7 For these high-risk areas, the treatment method should: (1) give the highest cure rate; (2) offer the least chance of local recurrence; and (3) preserve the function and cosmesis. Radiation therapy is the treatment of choice in these high-risk areas when surgical excision or Mohs microsurgery will result in significant cosmetic or functional impairments.
Net acceleration of high-energy electrons by net inverse bremsstrahlung of a laser wave in isotropic turbulent plasma waves

The non-zero net dc force acting on relativistic beam electrons traveling a laser wave and isotropic turbulent plasma waves is calculated by using quantum-kinetics. The force is caused by net inverse bremsstrahlung (the absorption by inverse bremsstrahlung minus the emission by stimulated bremsstrahlung) of the electromagnetic wave in the isotropic turbulent plasma field and is not the Lorentz force. It is found that the average of this force is independent of the spread of the electron beam energy increases with the electron beam energy can be stronger than the Lorentz force of the laser wave for very strong laser intensities and electron-energies far beyond the energy region where a single-photon process can take place. 2.
High-speed assessment of liquid viscoelasticity in flow cytometry using nonlinear Brillouin spectroscopy

Brillouin microspectroscopy is a powerful tool for elasticity-sensitive non-invasive optical imaging and sensing. However, spontaneous Brillouin spectroscopy usually requires long integration time, while its spectral quality is fundamentally limited by the optical setups. In this report, we demonstrated that nonlinear Brillouin spectroscopy based on impulsive stimulated Brillouin spectroscopy is capable of providing the necessary acquisition speed and spectral resolution of elasticity measurements. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrated potential flow-cytometry applications.
An intervention to reduce care‐resistant behavior in persons with dementia during oral hygiene: a pilot study

The primary purpose of this pilot study was to test the feasibility of an intervention designed to reduce care-resistant behaviors (CRBs) in persons with moderate-to-severe dementia during oral hygiene activities. The intervention, Managing Oral Hygiene Using Threat Reduction (MOUTh), combined best oral hygiene practices with CRB reduction techniques. Oral health was operationalized as the total score obtained from the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT). CRB was measured using a refinement of the Resistiveness to Care Scale. Seven nursing home residents with dementia received twice daily mouth care for 14 days. The baseline OHAT mean score of 7.29 (SD = 1.25) improved to 1.00 (SD = 1.26, p < .001); CRB improved from 2.43 CRBs/minute (SD = 4.26) to 1.09 CRBs/minute (SD = 1.56, t = 1.97, df 41, p= .06). The findings from this pilot study suggest that the MOUTh intervention is feasible and reduced CRBs, thus allowing more effective oral care.
40.1: Invited Paper: Augmented Reality Head Up Display for Car Navigation System

The worlds-first vehicle Head-Up Display that creates augmented reality beyond the windshield has come. It has achieved a high contrast and wider view (17.1 × 5.7 degrees) by using a laser projector to draw an intermediate image on the micro lens array and reflecting the image to the concaved combiner.
Poly A associated with SV40 messenger RNA.

A SERIES of recent reports have demonstrated the covalent association of long polyadenylic acid (poly A) sequences with mammalian cytoplasmic messenger RNA and with its putative precursor, the heterogeneous nuclear RNA1–6. These studies indicate that the poly A sequences are attached to messenger RNA precursor in the nucleus3–7. The addition of poly A to heterogeneous RNA is sensitive to the antibiotic cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) under conditions where nucleoplasms transcription is relatively unaffected, suggesting a mechanism of poly A attachment which differs from transcription8. We report poly A associated with SV40 specific RNA from virus-transformed and lytically infected cultures.
The effects of dopamine-depleting brain lesions on the electrophysiological activity of rat substantia nigra dopamine neurons.

Abstract Extensive damage to the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system initiates a number of compensatory changes that may be involvei in counterbalancing the effects of the lesion. In this study, we examined whether changes in the electrophysiological activity of the remaining DA cells play a role in compensating for 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced depletions of striatal DA. DA cell activity in lesioned rats was assessed along three dimensions: (1) the relative proportion of the remaining DA neurons firing spontaneously, (2) their firing rate, and (3) their firing pattern. Histofluorescence studies revealed a sparing of DA neurons in the midbrain of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats relative to the levels of DA remaining in the striatu. With respect to DA cell activity, depletions of up to 96% of striatal DA did not result in substantial alterations in the proportion of DA neurons active, their mean firing rate, or their firing pattern. Increases in these parameters only occurred when striatal DA depletions exceeded 96%. These results suggest that the biochemical and receptor compensations produced in the DA system in response to injury are of sufficient magnitude to allow the DA cells to maintain baseline levels of activity. In this way, the remaining DA neurons would maintain the wide dynamic range of electrophysiological responsivity that may be necessary for the normal function of the extrapyramidal motor system.
Testing the function of the domed nests of Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows

Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows (Ammodramus caudacutus) build ground nests, often with a closely-woven dome, in marshes that frequently flood during high tides. To test the hypothesis that domed nests help reduce the loss of eggs and chicks due to flooding or predation, we examined the characteristics and fate of 102 nests at sites along the coast of Connecticut. To test whether nest structure was tailored to suit microhabitat conditions, we also measured vegetation characteristics around nests. Finally, we conducted artificial nest-flooding experiments to determine whether removal of domes reduced egg retention during flooding. We found no significant effects of nest structure on breeding success or failure, and few significant correlations between nest structure and microhabitat. The height of nests above the ground, however, increased with vegetation height, supporting the hypothesis that nest construction is influenced by flooding, but not supporting the hypothesis that predation risk is important. Dome removal experiments showed that domes have a highly significant effect on the retention of eggs during flooding, suggesting that domes help eggs survive the regular tidal flooding of marshes. SINOPSIS. Poniendo a pruebas la funci´ on del domo de los nidos de Ammodramus caudac-
Grove: Landscape Architectural Drawings by Catherine Dee

In introducing her current work, Catherine Dee, senior lecturer at the University of Sheffield's Department of Landscape Architecture, positioned the grove_which she termed ‘a place redolent of tre...
Control of I kappa B-alpha proteolysis by site-specific, signal-induced phosphorylation

I kappa B-alpha inhibits transcription factor NF-kappa B by retaining it in the cytoplasm. Various stimuli, typically those associated with stress or pathogens, rapidly inactivate I kappa B-alpha. This liberates NF-kappa B to translocate to the nucleus and initiate transcription of genes important for the defense of the organism. Activation of NF-kappa B correlates with phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha and requires the proteolysis of this inhibitor. When either serine-32 or serine-36 of I kappa B-alpha was mutated, the protein did not undergo signal-induced phosphorylation or degradation, and NF-kappa B could not be activated. These results suggest that phosphorylation at one or both of these residues is critical for activation of NF-kappa B.
Development of an intelligent inspection planning system in an object oriented programming environment

Abstract This paper presents the basic framework of an intelligent planning environment for automated dimensional inspection. The goal is to develop a decision planner that can directly interpret the design data provided in the AD product model and generate inspection procedures. A prototype has been reported to show how to extract the necessary information from a geometric model, generate a data structure for inspection planning, and search for economic inspection sequences.
Local Ultraviolet B Irradiation Impairs Contact Hypersensitivity Induction by Triggering Release of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α from Mast Cells. Involvement of Mast Cells and Langerhans Cells in Susceptibility to Ultraviolet B

Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that ultraviolet B radiation impairs contact hypersensitivity induction in ultraviolet B susceptible mice through a tumor necrosis factor-α-dependent mechanism, involving calcitonin gene related peptide and cutaneous mast cells. This study was designed to test directly whether mast cells are the source of tumor necrosis factor-α, to account for the ultra-violet B-susceptible phenotype. As dermal mast cells seem to release tumor necrosis factor-α following exposure to ultraviolet B, we investigated whether tumor necrosis factor-α released by mast cells could mediate impairment of contact hypersensitivity in a manner similar to that found with ultraviolet B radiation treatment. First, we loaded Fce receptors of mast cells of ultraviolet B-susceptible (C3H/HeN), ultraviolet B-resistant (C3H/HeJ), and mast-cell deficient (Sl/Sl d ) mice by intradermal injections of anti-dinitrophenyl immunoglobulin E antibodies. Twenty-four hours later, dinitrophenyl was injected intravenously, and within 30min oxazolone was painted on injected skin sites. Contact hypersen-sitivity induction was impaired in ultraviolet B-susceptible mice, but not in ultraviolet B-resistant or Sl/Sl d mice, and treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibodies was able to reverse this impairment of contact hypersensitivity. Second, we have found that ultraviolet B radiation did not impair contact hypersensitivity induction when haptens were painted on irradiated skin of mast cell deficient mice. As ultraviolet B radiation impairs contact hypersensitivity induction through a tumor necrosis factor-α-dependent mechanism, we conclude that ultraviolet B radiation triggers the prompt release of tumor necrosis factor-α from dermal mast cells, and that mast cell-derived tumor necrosis factor-α interferes with generation of the hapten-specific signal required for contact hypersensitivity induction. In addition, we are providing data that indicate that tumor necrosis factor-α levels released from mast cells as well as sensitivity of Langerhans cells to tumor necrosis factor-α contribute in defining the phenotypes of resistance versus sensitivity to ultra-violet B radiation.
Debilitation of conidia of Cochliobolus sativus at high soil matric potentials

Abstract Membrane filter envelopes containing conidia of Cochliobolus salivus were buried in a loam soil in tensiometers at 0, −5, −15 and −30 kPa matric potential (ψm) for 0. 7, 14 and 28 days. Controls were fresh conidia harvested on the day of germination testing and dry conidia harvested at the beginning of the experiment. Germination in a salts solution of conidia incubated at 0 mb ψm declined sharply over time; only 8% remained genninable at 28 days. Germination in a salts solution of conidia incubated at −5, −15 and −30kPa ψm declined slowly and usually did not differ significantly among themselves. Germination of fresh conidia remained high (67–77%) but germination of dry controls declined. Viability of conidia declined less rapidly than did germination in the salts solution. On day 28, germination on potato-dextrose agar (viability) of conidia incubated at 0 kPa ψm was only 8% and that of dry conidia was 28%. Viability of fresh conidia remained high while that of conidia incubated at −5, −15, and −30 kPa ψm declined by 20–30%. Pathogenic aggressiveness declined in proportion to conidial viability. Wheat seedling necrosis caused by conidia incubated at 0 kPa ψm and dry control conidia declined over time, but necrosis caused by conidia incubated in the other treatments did not. In general, therefore, nutrient independence, viability and pathogenic aggressiveness declined independently of the matric potentials used, except at 0 kPa ψm.
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles : Effect of Sol-Gel pH on Phase Composition, Particle Size, and Particle Growth Mechanism

This work investigates the effect of pH during sol−gel synthesis on the brookite content and average anatase and brookite particle sizes. In general, anatase is the primary product of such sol−gel syntheses; however, significant amounts of brookite are frequently observed. Rietveld refinements of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns enabled tracking of phase composition and the Scherrer equation was used to determine average anatase and brookite sizes from the full widths at half-maximum of XRD peaks. Furthermore, two nanoparticle growth models are employed to fit nanoparticle growth data in order to elucidate growth mechanisms operating during hydrothermal aging. In general, an increase in pH during sol−gel synthesis results in an increase in brookite content and an increase in average anatase particle size. Results from hydrothermal aging of dialyzed sol−gel products show that the average particle size and dominant particle growth mechanism depend strongly on the pH employed during synthesis (pH −0.5...
Differential effects of tamoxifen-like compounds on osteoclastic bone degradation, H+-ATPase activity, calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, and calmodulin binding

We studied effects of calmodulin antagonists on osteoclastic activity and calmodulin-dependent HCl transport. The results were compared to effects on the calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase and antagonist-calmodulin binding affinity. Avian osteoclast degradation of labeled bone was inhibited ∼40% by trifluoperazine or tamoxifen with half-maximal effects at 1–3 μM. Four benzopyrans structurally resembling tamoxifen were compared: d-centchroman inhibited resorption 30%, with half-maximal effect at ∼100 nM, cischroman and CDRI 85/287 gave 15–20% inhibition, and l-centchroman was ineffective. No benzopyran inhibited cell attachment or protein synthesis below 10 μM. However, ATP-dependent membrane vesicle acridine transport showed that H+-ATPase activity was abolished by all compounds with 50% effects at 0.25–1 μM. All compounds also inhibited calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase at micromolar calcium. Relative potency varied with assay type, but d- and l-centchroman, surprisingly, inhibited both H+-ATPase and phosphodiesterase activity at similar concentrations. However, d- and l-centchroman effects in either assay diverged at nanomolar calcium. Of benzopyrans tested, only the d-centchroman effects were calcium-dependent. Interaction of compounds with calmodulin at similar concentrations were confirmed by displacement of labeled calmodulin from immobilized trifluoperazine. Thus, the compounds tested all interact with calmodulin directly to varying degrees, and the observed osteoclast inhibition is consistent with calmodulin-mediated effects. However, calmodulin antagonist activity varies between specific reactions, and free calcium regulates specificity of some interactions. Effects on whole cells probably also reflect other properties, including transport into cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 66:358–369, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of a Commercial Canine Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Vaccination on Intact Male Llamas and Alpacas

We have investigated the effect of immunization against gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) using a commercial canine GnRH vaccine on testosterone concentration, testicular volume, testicular histology, and intermale behavior in intact male llamas and alpacas. Llamas () and alpacas () were either immunized (received 3 mL of vaccine given intramuscularly) or treated as controls (received 3 mL of sterile diluent given intramuscularly) at 0, 3, and 6 weeks. Blood samples and testicular volume measurements were taken at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. Owner surveys grading behavior at 0 and 12 weeks were received for 14 llamas. Two llamas at each time point undergoing the vaccination procedure were also castrated for testicular histological examination. Vaccinated animals elicited a GnRH antibody titer, and there was a significant decrease in testosterone concentration and testicular volume when compared with control animals. Intermale aggressive behavior was also significantly decreased in the surveyed llamas. However, histological examination revealed no significant changes. GnRH immunization using the canine GnRH vaccine may be an effective method for reducing intermale aggression in llamas and alpacas by decreasing circulating testosterone concentrations but cannot be recommended as an immunosterilant because of its lack of efficacy in interrupting spermatogenesis.
Rapid GLC Determination of Propranolol in Human Plasma Samples

A rapid GLC method for measuring plasma propranolol levels is reported. 4-Methylpropranolol was utilized as an internal standard. Pentafluoropropionate derivatives of propranolol and the internal standard eluted rapidly and gave good sensitivity under the conditions employed. The advantage of this procedure over previously reported methods is the speed of analysis, which is facilitated by rapid elution of contaminant peaks.
New scheme for ultrashort-pulsed Nd(3+):YAG laser operation: a branched cavity, internally seeded regenerative amplifier.

We are able to report here the first development of a simple highly reliable source of 8-psec pulses which combines virtually all the advantages of the regenerative amplifier and antiresonant ring sources. (AIP)
Bilingual Chinese/English first-graders developing metacognition about writing

This study investigates metacognitive development of 16 bilingual Chinese/English first-graders. The researcher analysed the metacognitive utterances produced by the children while they were engaged in the writing task of composing dictated stories. The results suggest that the young bilinguals demonstrated metacognitive abilities and were able to employ metacognitive knowledge during their writing attempts. There is also indication that metacognition is closely connected to these children’s ability to compose stories and the qualities of their stories.
Finding your mate at a cocktail party: frequency separation promotes auditory stream segregation of concurrent voices in multi-species frog choruses.

Vocal communication in crowded social environments is a difficult problem for both humans and nonhuman animals. Yet many important social behaviors require listeners to detect, recognize, and discriminate among signals in a complex acoustic milieu comprising the overlapping signals of multiple individuals, often of multiple species. Humans exploit a relatively small number of acoustic cues to segregate overlapping voices (as well as other mixtures of concurrent sounds, like polyphonic music). By comparison, we know little about how nonhuman animals are adapted to solve similar communication problems. One important cue enabling source segregation in human speech communication is that of frequency separation between concurrent voices: differences in frequency promote perceptual segregation of overlapping voices into separate ‘‘auditory streams’’ that can be followed through time. In this study, we show that frequency separation (DF) also enables frogs to segregate concurrent vocalizations, such as those routinely encountered in mixed-species breeding choruses. We presented female gray treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis) with a pulsed target signal (simulating an attractive conspecific call) in the presence of a continuous stream of distractor pulses (simulating an overlapping, unattractive heterospecific call). When the DF between target and distractor was small (e.g., #3 semitones), females exhibited low levels of responsiveness, indicating a failure to recognize the target as an attractive signal when the distractor had a similar frequency. Subjects became increasingly more responsive to the target, as indicated by shorter latencies for phonotaxis, as the DF between target and distractor increased (e.g., DF=6–12 semitones). These results support the conclusion that gray treefrogs, like humans, can exploit frequency separation as a perceptual cue to segregate concurrent voices in noisy social environments. The ability of these frogs to segregate concurrent voices based on frequency separation may involve ancient hearing mechanisms for source segregation shared with humans and other vertebrates.
A Novel Laser Air Puff and Shape Profile Method for Predicting Tenderness of Broiler Breast Meat

The potential application of a new laser air puff system to assess poultry meat tenderness was investigated. Ninety broilers were deboned at either 1.25, 4, or 24 h postmortem. The raw breast fillets were scanned on a conveyor belt longitudinally by a laser distance sensor to obtain overall shape profiles and scanned again with a pressurized source of air (206.8 kPa). The 2 resulting profiles were superimposed to quantify the amount of deformation caused by the application of pressurized air. Five parameters including a height and length of each fillet were calculated and used to establish a model to predict tenderness. Tenderness of cooked fillets was determined instrumentally with the Meullenet-Owens razor shear, Blunt-Meullenet-Owens razor shear, and with sensory analysis. Hardness, Meullenet-Owens razor shear energy, and Blunt-Meullenet-Owens razor shear energy were modeled with the parameters extracted from the air puff system. Predicted values obtained from the models and observed values of individual fillets were subjected to logistic regression to classify fillets into tenderness levels. Tender fillets in the air puff predicted tender group represented 82, 81, and 88% based on hardness, Meullenet-Owens razor shear energy, and Blunt-Meullenet-Owens razor shear energy, respectively. The use of this tool resulted in more than a 20% improvement in the number of tender fillets after classification. The results suggested that this new system could potentially be implemented as an online tool for sorting poultry breast fillets by tenderness levels.
Meteoric radio echoes

Study of meteoric effects by radio methods has resuited in gain to three fields-astronomy, upper atmosphere physics, and radio propagation. In each of these fields progress is surveyed, and some of the more important unsolved problems are pointed out.
Yaksha: a self-tuning controller for managing the performance of 3-tiered Web sites

Managing the performance of multiple-tiered Web sites under high client loads is a critical problem with the advent of dynamic content and database-driven servers on the Internet. This paper presents a control-theoretic approach for admission control in multitiered Web sites that both prevents overload and enforces absolute client response times, while still maintaining high throughput under load. We use classical control theoretic techniques to design a proportional integral (PI) controller for admission control of client HTTP requests. In addition, we present a processor-sharing model that is used to make the controller self-tuning, so that no parameter setting is required beyond a target response time. Our controller is implemented as a proxy, called Yaksha, which operates by taking simple external measurements of the client response times. Our design is noninvasive and requires minimal operator intervention. We evaluate our techniques experimentally using a 3-tiered dynamic content Web site as a testbed. Using the industry standard TPC-W client workload generator, we study the performance of the PI admission controller with extensive experiments. We show that the controller effectively bounds the response times of requests for dynamic content while still maintaining high throughput levels, even when the client request rate is many times that of the server's maximum processing rate. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our self-tuning mechanism, showing that it responds and adapts smoothly to changes in the workload.
Leuprolide acetate can reversibly prevent egg laying in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)

Leuprolide acetate acts as a superactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist in mammals. Its administration to humans in a depot formulation (Lupron Depot 3.75 mg; TAP Pharmaceuticals, Deerfield, IL) consisting of microspheres suspended in a diluent of carboxymethylcellulose and other elements leads to an initial increase in serum gonadotropin levels followed by a prolonged suppression of ∼ 1 month's duration. To test whether it might act in cockatiels to prevent egg laying, we administered Lupron Depot to groups of pairs (at least 6 pairs/group) stimulated to reproduce by provision of nest boxes and exposure to sexually stimulatory daylengths (15:9 L:D). A single intramuscular injection of Lupron Depot, calculated to achieve a daily release rate of 0 (control; diluent only), 17, 52, or 156 μg/kg/day of leuprolide acetate, was administered on day 0, when birds received nest boxes and after daylength had been stepwise increased. Egg production began on day 12 in the 0 and 17 μg dose groups, and on day 31 in the groups receiving the higher doses. Number of eggs per clutch, candled fertility, and percent hatchability were not significantly different among the groups. In a separate experiment in which leuprolide was administered prior to photostimulation and nest box presentation, nest-inspection behavior was not prevented. We conclude that a single injection of Lupron Depot is effective in reversibly preventing egg laying in cockatiels. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Statewide School-Community Health Program

(1950). A Statewide School-Community Health Program. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 148-193.
Computation of Lipid Headgroup Interactions

The equilibrium structure of lipid aggregates is determined by the balance of numerous forces between hydrophobic acyl chains, hydrophilic lipid headgroups, and the lipid's environment. Among these forces, lipid headgroup interactions are both important to the stability of lipid structures and responsible for many of the interactions between biological membranes and aqueous solutes including ions and soluble peptides. In order to model these headgroup interactions, we consider the electrical properties of the headgroup molecules via the multipole expansion. While common lipid headgroups such as phosphatidylcholine are electrically neutral, they are characterized by non-zero higher order terms in the multipole expansion. Making a dipole approximation, we employ a two dimensional lattice of classical dipoles to model the headgroup networks of lipid aggregates. Restrictions to each dipole's position and orientation are imposed to account for the effect of hydrocarbon chains which are not included in the model. A Monte Carlo algorithm is used to calculate headgroup-headgroup interactions and network energies in both dipole and point-charge approximations.
Constraint-based routing in the internet: Basic principles and recent research

Novel routing paradigms based on policies, quality of service (QoS) requirements, and packet content have been proposed for the Internet over the last decade. Constraint-based routing algorithms select a routing path satisfying constraints that are either administrative-oriented (policy routing) or service-oriented (QoS routing). The routes, in addition to satisfying constraints, are selected to reduce costs, balance network load, or increase security. In this article, we discuss several constraint-based routing approaches and explain their requirements, complexity, and recent research proposals. In addition, we illustrate how these approaches can be integrated with Internet label switching and QoS architectures. We also discuss examples of application-level routing techniques used in today's Internet.
Clear sky direct radiative effects of aerosols over Southeast Asia based on satellite observations and radiative transfer calculations

Abstract Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument, and a radiative transfer model (RTM), we provide a quantitative assessment of regional cloud-free diurnally averaged shortwave Aerosol Radiative Effects (AREs) at the top of atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface over Southeast Asia (SEAS, 10°S–20 N and 90°E–130°E). The spatial and temporal variations of the annual ARE are calculated based on satellite and ground-based measurements, supplemented by radiative transfer simulations. During 2001–2010, our results indicate that the TOA diurnally averaged ARE is − 5.6 ± 0.8 Wm− 2 over land and − 4.8 ± 0.7 Wm− 2 over ocean, respectively. In contrast, the surface ARE is − 13.8 ± 3.2 Wm− 2 based on radiative transfer calculations. For aerosol layers of 2 km in height with midvisible optical depth of 1.41 and single scattering albedo of 0.91, the shortwave radiative heating can exceed 0.8 K/day. Our results indicate significant inter-annual variability of aerosol radiative properties, which is extremely large over major emission outflow regions like SEAS. This study suggests that an integrated system of satellite data, model calculations coupled with ground-based and meteorological data sets is needed to assess Aerosol Radiative Effects on regional earth-atmosphere energy budgets.
Suicide in the medically and terminally ill: Psychological and ethical considerations

For the clinician who works in a behavioral-medicine or primary-care setting, this article presents the association between medical illness and suicide. Specific illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, cancers of the brain and nervous system, and multiple sclerosis all are associated with an increased risk of suicide. Rates of major depression rise with increasing rates of serious medical illness; however, depression and associated suicidal ideation tend to be undertreated in the medically ill. When medical illness becomes terminal, the clinician's patient may be confronted with difficult end-of-life decisions. Great concern exists in the United States about the ethics of end-of-life decision making and the issue of physician-assisted suicide. The latter part of this article examines the terminally ill patient's right to refuse life-sustaining treatments or to have death hastened according to the principle of the "double effect." It also reviews psychologists' apparent acceptance of the concept of rational suicide, as well as assisted suicide under certain conditions, and offers several caveats. A reexamination of psychology's role, standards, and principles with respect to rational suicide is recommended.
Time, modernity and time irreversibility:

As soon as 'modernity' was defined as a particular way of con ceiving of time (the so-called 'time of modernity'), the questions of tempo rality came to be situated at the heart of the ongoing debate regarding the legitimacy or illegitimacy of the 'modern age'. This has, in turn, readily led to a no less passionate search for the assessment of modernity's foundations which are thought to rest in its typical sense of experiencing temporality. This polemic instance, however, involves polarized perspectives (from both sides) and the consequent risk, always present in dichotomous approaches, of oversimplifying the concepts at stake and smoothing over the intricacies of their history and meaning. Does there really exist something like a 'time of modernity'? This is the central question that the present article examines. 1
Artificial Immune Systems: Models, Applications, and challenges

The Natural Immune System (NIS) is a distributed, multi-layered, adaptive, dynamic, and life-long learning system. The Artificial Immune System (AIS) is a computational system inspired by the principles and processes of the NIS. The field of AIS has obtained some degree of success as a branch of computational intelligence since it emerged in the 1990s. In this paper, we review the models and applications proposed in the last few years. In addition, we present some challenges that the AIS is facing to really distinguish itself from other established systems, in particular, biology-inspired systems (e.g., artificial neural networks and evolutionary algorithms).
Process of Conducting a 5-a-Day Intervention with High School Students: Gimme 5 (Louisiana):

Gimme 5: A Fresh Nutrition Concept for Students (Gimme 5) was a 4-year intervention targeting increased fruit and vegetable consumption by high school students. Twelve schools were randomized to intervention or control conditions. The cohort (2,213 students; 56% female, 84% Euro-American) were followed from 9th to 12th grade. Interventions were composed of a school-based media campaign, classroom workshops, school meal modification, and parental involvement. For each of the four Gimme 5 intervention components, process evaluation measures were developed to assess program dose, penetration, and utilization, as well as external competing factors. Process evaluation results are presented to illustrate the various functions of process evaluation data. These include, but are not limited to, describing program implementation, quality control and monitoring, and explaining study outcomes. The implementation of process evaluation systems to complement the outcome measures in a high school-based intervention provides useful strategies for a more comprehensive approach to program evaluation.
The Impact of Task-Related Information on Performance Variability

The focus of this study was regulation/control. One hundred and fifty subjects participated in a laboratory experiment in which they were given varying amounts of task-related information, in the form of instructions, on how to complete an assembly procedure. This resulted in the subjects completing the experimental task with a low, moderate, or high degree of task information prescribed for them. Generally, the findings of the study demonstrated that subjects in the less-controlled experimental groups have considerably greater variability of performance times, while participants given maximum task information had only a minimum degree of variability in completion times. The findings suggest that as the amount and appropriate timing of task information is optimized, variability among individuals completing the task decreases.
Standardization of mobile phone positioning for 3G systems

Finding the location of the mobile phone is one of the important features of the 3G mobile communication system. Many valuable location-based services can be enabled by this new feature. Telecommunication managers and engineers are often puzzled by location terminologies and techniques as well as how to implement them, since location systems are not natural evolution from past generations of telecommunication systems. In this paper, we discuss briefly why locating mobile phone becomes a hot topic and what technologies are being studied. We then describe and clarify the latest standards issues surrounding the positioning methods specified for 3G systems. These include cell-ID-based, assisted GPS, and TDOA-based methods, such as OTDOA, E-OTD, and A-FLT.
LIQUID-HOLDING EFFECTS IN U.V.-IRRADIATED PHAGE T3.

— Holding complexes of u.v.-irradiated (254 nm) T3 phage in E. coli B/r cells for several hours at 37°C in buffer, or broth with chloramphenicol, affects the phage survival in at least two different ways: (1) by enhancing excision repair, resulting under certain conditions in liquid-holding recovery (LHR), and (2) by destroying the phage (holding inactivation). LHR is most apparent in buffer containing 20 μg ml-1 chloramphenicol (CAP). It is expressed by as much as a 10–fold increase in the fraction of complexes that display host-cell reactivation (resulting from excision repair), but the percentage of u.v. lesions repaired within repair-proficient complexes is slightly decreased. LHR is not observed if T3 infects the repair-deficient strain Bs-1. Holding inactivation is readily observed with unirradiated phage complexes in broth containing CAP. The response of irradiated-phage complexes to liquid-holding conditions is more complex: holding inactivation is less effective for irradiated than for unirradiated phage DNA (i.e. the irradiated DNA is to some extent ‘protected’), and processes leading to LHR are superimposed. Thus under certain holding conditions one observes the paradoxical phenomenon that the viable titer of irradiated phage is several times higher than that of unirradiated phage. The nature of holding inactivation is not known, nor is the mechanism by which irradiated DNA is partially protected against it. Holding inactivation does not require protein synthesis; it is rather enhanced at high CAP concentration and seems to be favored by otherwise active cell metabolism. At high CAP concentrations (200–400 μg ml-1, as compared to 20 μg ml-1) irradiated-phage complexes show neither LHR nor protection against holding inactivation. Likewise they fail to undergo some step by which the phage DNA becomes insensitive to repair inhibition by caffeine.
Lack of ApoA-I is not associated with increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis in mice

The consequences of the lack of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) were evaluated in mice made to lack apoA-I by gene targeting. Inbred strain 129 mice homozygous for the inactive Apoa1 gene and maintained on regular mouse chow had markedly reduced total cholesterol (26% normal) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (25% normal) levels in their plasma. Their plasma lipoproteins lacked apoA-I and were reduced in all other apolipoproteins but apoE. ApoE comprises about one third of the protein of HDL particles in homozygotes, whereas it is present in only trace amounts in normal HDL. Despite the reduction of HDL cholesterol, no atherosclerotic lesions were observed in any of the homozygous mice evaluated (up to 15 months of age). After being maintained on an atherogenic diet for 4 weeks, total plasma cholesterol of the homozygous mutants increased by 20 mg/dL, while that of normals increased by 60 mg/dL. Mice with mixed 129 and C57BL/6J genetic backgrounds were fed the atherogenic diet for 20 weeks. A small number of foam cells were found attached to the aortic surface in some of the animals, but the extent and occurrence of these depositions were not related to the apoA-I genotype. Our results demonstrate that a lack of apoA-I does not by itself cause atherosclerosis in mice.
Design and integration of inkjet-printed paper-based UHF components for RFID and ubiquitous sensing applications

Paper is one of the best substrate candidates for radio frequency identification (RFID) and ubiquitous sensing applications due to the fact that it is not only one of the lowest cost materials, but is environmentally friendly and can be easily used for mass reel-to-reel processing. In this paper, the UHF/RF electrical characterization of the paper substrate, using the microstrip ring resonator method, has been performed yielding an accurate low-value range for the dielectric constant (epsivr) and loss tangent (tandelta). A UHF RFID antenna is designed and inkjet printed on paper to demonstrate the applicability of this material. The presented approach could potentially set the foundation for very large ultra-low-cost ad-hoc networks for cognitive radio and sensing applications.
1987 ampacity tables: de-mystifying the myths and tutorial (conductor rating)

In 1987, a change was made in the National Electric Code method of calculating the ampacity rating of power conductors. A tutorial on the revised method, including the new tables to be used, is presented. The tutorial covers the history of ampacity calculation, demonstrates and explains the use of the Neher-McGrath method, and answers the fallacious objections that have been put forth regarding the method. >
Addiction, Drinking Behavior, and Driving Under the Influence

Using a survey of drinkers (N = 1,634), we evaluated alternative explanations of heavy and binge drinking, driving under the influence (DUI), DUI arrests, speeding citations, and chargeable accidents. Explanations included socializing, short-term decision-making, unrealistic optimism, risk preferring behavior, and addiction. Most consistent relationships were between substance use and alcohol addiction and dependent variables for (1) binge drinking and (2) DUI episodes. Respondent characteristics (age, marital and employment status, race, etc.) had important roles for DUI arrests. Drinker-drivers and those arrested for DUI are partially overlapping groups with implications for treatment and policies detecting and incapacitating persons from drinking and driving.
Maximal Inequalities as Necessary Conditions for Almost Everywhere Convergence

Consider the inequality $$\mu \left( {T*f >\lambda } \right) \leq K\mathop \smallint \limits_\Omega |f|pd\mu /\lambda p.$$ Here (Ω д μ) is a σ-finite positive measure space \(1 \leq p 0, \(1 \leq n < \infty \)
An Expansion of the Beneficial Outcomes Associated With the Proactive Employee

The study examined outcomes associated with the proactive individual by analyzing the responses of employees who worked in the health and human services sector primarily providing direct care to patients/clients. Of the 271 respondents, 242 completed the entire online survey which tapped, in addition to proactivity, the constructs of work-group cohesion, compassion satisfaction, burnout, and job withdrawal intentions. While correlations were appraised, the principal analysis of the data was conducted using partial least squares (PLS) path modeling. As predicted the antecedent variable, proactivity, was positively related to work-group cohesion and to compassion satisfaction but negatively related to burnout and job withdrawal intentions.
Intersectional Differences in Segmented Assimilation: Skill and Gender in the Context of Reception

Abstract Purpose Segmented assimilation theory predicts that contemporary non-white groups follow three patterns of assimilation: mainstream, downward, or delayed. Yet, the homogenous treatment and primacy of ethnicity resigns all group members to a similar fate. Whereas few studies of ethnic incorporation consider both the classed and gendered nature of the labor market, this study investigates the extent to which intersectional group differences within the highly stratified American economy shape segmented assimilation trajectories. Methodology/approach This study introduces an intersectional approach to segmented assimilation theory. Using the 2000 census, this study examines how within group differences in skill and gender condition the hourly earnings, joblessness and self-employment participation outcomes of five ethnic minority groups from the first to the second generation, compared against US-born, non-Hispanic whites. Findings Findings generally support the mainstream assimilation hypothesis for all groups; a downward assimilation trajectory among Chinese men only; and a delayed assimilation trajectory for low-skilled Filipinas and high-skilled Cuban men and women. This study reveals that intra-group differences in skill and gender shape divergent segmented assimilation trajectories among members of the same ethnic group. Originality/value This study challenges the emphasis on and primacy of ethnicity in predicting segmented assimilation in favor of an intersectional approach that considers how multiple, interdependent, and intersecting dimensions of identity and not only ethnicity shape the process of economic incorporation among ethnic groups.