cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anti-Normativism Evaluated

I argue that recent attempts to show that meaning and content are not normative fail. The two most important arguments anti-normativists have presented are what I call the ‘argument from constitution’ and the ‘argument from guidance’. Both of these arguments suffer from the same basic problem: they overlook the possibility of focusing on assessability by norms, rather than compliance with norms or guidance by norms. Moreover, I argue that the anti-normativists arguments fail even if we ignore this basic problem. Thus, we have not been given good reasons to think that normativism is false.
A Review of “Critical care: A new nurse faces death, life and everything in between”

I love reading “tales from the field” of nursing, but, I must admit, I was beginning to wonder if there were any new stories or at least new ways to tell the stories that would capture my interest....
Structural Analysis and Influence Coefficients for Delta Wings

A method is presented for determining the stresses and de~ formations in delta wings of multispar construction having chord" wise ribs and thin cover sheets. The spars need not be parallel, and the cover sheets can have large cutouts. The individual spars may be clamped, simply supported, or free at the root. The method is based on the interaction between the bending stiffnesses of the spars and ribs with effective cover sheet and the torsional stiffness of the cover sheet. The method is well suited to the use of high-speed computing machines.
The number‐average molecular weight of native hardwood xylans

A 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan has been isolated in a yield of 90% by direct alkaline extraction of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) wood. The number-average molecular weights of the acetate and valerate derivatives were determined in chloroform-ethanol and of the xylan itself in dilute cupriethylenediamine. There was no evidence for the occurrence of molecular association of the acetate in chloroform-ethanol. Tetra-chloroethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, and cadoxen were unsuitable solvents. The results showed that the polysaccharide had a number-average molecular weight of 31,500, corresponding to a degree of polymerization of 200. The constants K and a in the Staudinger-Mark-Houwink equation were determined for cupriethylenediamine solutions of a series of celluloses and xylans, the values obtained being 2.2 × 10−2 for K in both cases, and 0.78 and 0.72 for a, respectively. It was concluded that cellulose and xylan probably have the same conformation in aqueous alkali, intermediate between a compact and a free-draining coil. Since the xylan framework is known to contain two branches per average molecule, the results would probably also imply that the branches are relatively short.
Small-Sample Hypothesis Tests of Markov Order, with Application to Simulated and Hydrologic Chains

Abstract This paper describes admissible hypothesis tests for Markov order, the tests being defined on certain conditioned variables. In the spirit of classical hypothesis testing, the tests have the following appealing properties: The power function is constant on the hypothesis set (and, therefore, the level is not pessimistic), and the test is asymptotically most powerful within the class of tests based on regular estimators. Application of the tests herein derived to simulated and actual hydrologic data indicates that our test is superior to the usual chi-square test for Markov order, and that with moderate amounts of data, conclusions with significant physical import can be gleaned.
Flexibility, hierarchy and regional development: The changing structure of industrial production systems and their forms of governance in the 1990s

Abstract This paper develops the concept of production system for understanding and comparing some of the success stories of regional development in recent years, and for comparing their developmental tendencies. The production system has an input-output structure (a set of units of production of different sizes linked together), a structure of governance (authority and power) and a territoriality (whether it is dispersed or territorially concentrated).
Periodic motions of coupled simple pendulums with periodic disturbances

Abstract Several theorems on the existence of oscillatory, rotary, and mixed periodic motions of n , coupled simple pendulums are proved. These theorems are very general and include subharmonic and ultraharmonic type solutions as well as harmonic type solutions and cover cases of large coupling and disturbances as well as small. The results are also extended to include more general systems of nonlinear oscillators.
Characterization of end groups and branching structures in copolymers of vinylidene fluoride with hexafluoropropylene using multidimensional NMR spectroscopy

Abstract 19 F and 1 H NMR experiments have been used to assign the resonances of end groups and branching structures in poly(VDF- co -HFP) copolymer. Multidimensional NMR experiments, spin–lattice relaxation ( T 1 ) analysis, and diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) NMR were used as complementary NMR methods to identify and also to obtain the structures of the end groups in these copolymers. Resonances of chain branching structures (long chain branch (LCB) and short chain branch (SCB)) were also identified with T 1 and 2D DOSY NMR experiments; other 2D NMR experiments, such as selective COSY (correlation spectroscopy) and gradient heteronuclear single quantum coherence (gHSQC) were used to provide atomic connectivity information to determine resonance assignments. The amount of each end group in the poly(VDF- co -HFP) copolymers was quantified with the aid of an internal reference, 1,4-dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene. The –CH 2 CF 2 H end group was found to be the most prevalent in the copolymers studied.
Muscular nipple ureteroileal anastomosis to prevent reflux

Abstract The experimental use of the Mathisen antirefluxing technique for ureteroileal anastomosis has been carried out in dogs. Mucosa to mucosa anastomosis of the spatulated ureter to a wide ileomesenteric flap of adequate length is recommended procedure. Twelve months postoperatively there was evidence of neither urinary reflux nor outflow obstruction in 6 units so treated. These results are encouraging and warrant a clinical trial.
Organizational innovativeness: Exploring the relationship between organizational determinants of innovation, types of innovations, and measures of organizational performance

Abstract This research study examines the relationships between innovativeness of firms, their organizational characteristics, and organizational performance. Previous studies that have examined these relationships have yielded conflicting results. A fundamental assumption of this research is that these conflicting results may be due to a narrow definition of the construct of innovativeness. This research demonstrates that by using a multidimensional measure of innovativeness, the reasons for the conflicting findings of past research becomes evident. The results of this study show that substantive relationships do exist between organizational factors, organizational innovativeness, and organizational performance. These relationships, however, are complex, and can only be detected if innovativeness is measured as a multidimensional construct. Each of the organizational factors examined in this study showed significantly different effects on each dimension of two types of organizational innovativeness — technical and administrative innovativeness. Further, the results show that innovativeness does improve organizational performance. However, each dimension of the two types of innovativeness affects different aspects of organizational performance.
A time to reap ...[Wireless Investor]

One focus of the "Wireless Investor" column is on accumulating enough wealth to fund a comfortable retirement. The recommended strategies are as follows: save 10% or more of your gross income; use index funds to obtain market returns; minimize investment expenses. Implementing these strategies is straightforward. The accumulation of sufficient wealth to fund a comfortable retirement may take 30 years or more when it is done in ways that are legal and ethical. This is only the first stage of preparing for retirement. The second stage involves accessing the wealth over a period of time that may last for an additional 30 years or more. This is more complicated than the task of accumulating the wealth but receives less attention. This article looks at this second stage of retirement planning.
Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate and Combination Vaccines

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines represent a new technology wherein an immunogen is targeted to a specific immune response mechanism. Covalent attachment of the Hib polysaccharide to a protein carrier converts the T cell-independent polysaccharide antigen into a protein-like T cell-dependent antigen. The polysaccharide alone is poorly immunogenic in infants (≤12 months old), and conjugation to a protein carrier results in a protein-like antibody response to the Hib polysaccharide in infants. Conjugate vaccines induce mostly IgG antibodies and immunological memory. Later vaccination or natural exposure then induces a booster response to the Hib polysaccharide.
Targeting the function of the HER2 oncogene in human cancer therapeutics

The year 2007 marks exactly two decades since human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) was functionally implicated in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer (Slamon et al., 1987). This finding established the HER2 oncogene hypothesis for the development of some human cancers. An abundance of experimental evidence compiled over the past two decades now solidly supports the HER2 oncogene hypothesis. A direct consequence of this hypothesis was the promise that inhibitors of oncogenic HER2 would be highly effective treatments for HER2-driven cancers. This treatment hypothesis has led to the development and widespread use of anti-HER2 antibodies (trastuzumab) in clinical management resulting in significantly improved clinical antitumor efficacies that have transformed the clinical practice of oncology. In the shadows of this irrefutable clinical success, scientific studies have not yet been able to mechanistically validate that trastuzumab inhibits oncogenic HER2 function and it remains possible that the current clinical advances are a consequence of the oncogene hypothesis, but not a translation of it. These looming scientific uncertainties suggest that the full promise of the treatment hypothesis may not yet have been realized. The coming decade will see a second generation of HER2-targeting agents brought into clinical testing and a renewed attempt to treat HER2-driven cancers through the inactivation of HER2. Here, I review the development of treatments that target HER2 in the context of the HER2 oncogene hypothesis, and where we stand with regards to the clinical translation of the HER2 oncogene hypothesis.
Elevated Apolipoprotein-B Levels in Corticosteroid-Treated Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus*

Patients treated with corticosteroids often have a dyslipoproteinemia characterized by elevated plasma levels of triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and/or decreased levels of the high density lipoprotein2 fraction of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. This study was undertaken to determine if such patients also have elevated apolipoprotein-B (apoB) levels and/or abnormalties of the activities of the triglyceride Upases in postheparin plasma. Plasma lipoprotein levels and the postheparin activities of hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase were measured in 28 women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who were treated with prednisone, 10 women with SLE not treated with prednisone, and 15 normal women. The prednisone-treated group had higher mean plasma levels of triglyceride [2.06 ± 1.3 (±sd) vs. 1.15 ± 0.35 and 0.95 ± 0.46 mmol/L; P < 0.01], low density lipoprotein cholesterol [3.41 ± 1.4 (± sd) vs. 2.79 ± 0.67 and 2.84 ± 0.70 mmol/L; P < 0.01], and apoB [1.16 ± 0.35 (±sd) vs. 0.82 ...
Polymerization of vinylcyclopropanes. IV. Radical copolymerization of 1,1‐dichloro‐2‐vinylcyclopropane with maleic anhydride

Radical copolymerization between 1,1-dichloro-2-vinylcyclopropane (M1) and maleic anhydride (M2) was studied. Rearrangement of the radical caused from monomer M1 and cyclization of growing chain, which was suggested from a consideration of composition and structure of the obtained copolymer, complicate the propagation step in this system. A peculiar copolymer composition equation containing four reactivity ratio parameters was developed, and these parameters were determined.
A Study in Microprogrammed Processors: A Medium Sized Microprogrammed Processor

A frame of reference is established for evaluating the various philosophies or approaches to the microprogramming of control logic. Three new measures for analyzing microprogramming philosophies are introduced: "monophase" versus "polyphase," "parallel" versus "serial," and "encode" versus "little encode." The terms monophase, polyphase refer to how long the microinstruction is valid. Parallel, serial refer to the method used to determine the next instruction to be executed. Encode, little encode refor to the degree of encoding in the microinstruction word. The relative merits of the extremes of these new measures are discussed. Then an example of the use of microprogramming for control logic is explored; specifically Univac's C/SP Processor is microprogrammed. It is then shown that this processor would have a cost and performance comparable with the actual C/SP version now being tested which uses conventional control logic. Moreover, it would have the flexibility and simplicity inherent in microprogramming.
On polynomial-time testable combinational circuits

The problems of identifying several nontrivial classes of Polynomial-Time Testable (PTT) circuits are shown to be NP-complete or harder. First, PTT classes obtained by using circuit decompositions proposed by Fujiwara (1988) and Chakradhar et al. (1990) are considered. Another type of decompositions, based on fanout-reconvergent (f-r) pairs, which also lead to PTT classes are proposed. The problems of obtaining these decompositions, and also some structurally similar general graph decompositions, are shown to be NP-complete or harder. Then, the problems of recognizing PTT classes formed by the Boolean formulae belonging to the weakly positive, weakly negative, bijunctive and affine classes are shown to be NP-complete. >
Survival of VLSI design - coping with device variability and uncertainty

◆ Trends/Challenges ■ Variability increasing as Design/Manufacturing interface complexity rising. ◆ More design rules, more 2nd order effects, more systematic variations, more correction steps... ■ Current techniques are insufficient ◆ Abstractions no longer good enough ◆ Predictability is poor ■ Ability to confidently bound performance is degrading. ■ Frequent model/hardware mismatch. ◆ Required Action ■ Better, targeted measurements through characterization structures ■ Hardware-driven variation-enabled modeling ◆ Corners not sufficient any more - statistical timing ■ Technology aware circuit and PD tools ◆ Variation tolerance in design ◆ Technology aware physical design, redundancy, adaptation.
Analysis of selected pesticides by high-performance liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry

Abstract A Finnigan 4500 mass spectrometer was modified to perform direct liquid introduction high-performance liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry (DLI-HPLCMS). The HPLCMS analysis of some 25 pesticides, including carbamates, chlorinated carboxylic acids and methyl ureas is described. The qualitative appearance of the spectra as well as detection limits are presented for both positive and negative ion detection. In most cases DLI-HPLCMS, using an 1:100 split, provided molecular weight information with sub-microgram detection limits and greatly increased specificity over HPLC detection.
Anionic Polymerization of Cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene in Cyclohexane with High Stereoregularity and the Formation of Crystalline Poly(cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene)

Polymerization of cyclohexa-1,3-diene using sec-BuLi as initiator in cyclohexane produces both soluble (70-90 wt.-%) and insoluble (10-30 wt.-%) fractions depending on the temperature. The insoluble poly(cydohexa-1,3-diene) was crystalline as determined by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analysis (T m = 178°C). Both fractions were characterized by size exclusion chromatography and by 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The microstructures of both fractions were determined by high-resolution 1 H NMR and quantitative 13 C NMR spectroscopy and compared to those poly(cyclohexa1,3-diene)s prepared in benzene and in cyclohexane with 1,4-diazobicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as additive. The amount of 1,4-addition of the insoluble fraction in cyclohexane was ≥ 97% and the cis planomer content was higher in cyclohexane than in benzene or in cyclohexane with DABCO as additive
Ventriculitis with neonatal bacterial meningitis: Identification by real-time ultrasound

9. Deonna T, Payot M, Probst A, and Prod'ham LS: Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants, Pediatrics 56:1056, 1975. 10. Farwell JR, and Scott DT: Intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants: Population characteristics, CSF findings and factors related to outcome, Ann Neurol 4:186, 1978. I1. Fujimura M, Salisbury DM, Robinson RO, Howat P, Emerson PM, Keeling J, and Tizard JPM: Clinical events relating to intraventricular haemorrhage in the newborn, Arch Dis Child 54:409, 1979. i2. Volpe JJ: Intracranial haemorrhage in the newborn: Current understanding and dilemmas, Neurology 29:632, 1979. 13. Lazarra A, Ahmann PA, Dykes FD, Brann D, and Schwartz JF: Clinical predictability of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants, Pediatrics 65:30, 1980. 14. Tsiantos A, Victorin L, Relier JP, Dyer N, Sundell J, Brill AB, and Stahlman M: Intracranial hemorrhage in the prematurely born infant. Timing of clots and evaluation of clinical signs and symptoms, J PEDIATR 85:854, 1974. 15. Krishnamoorthy KS, Fernandez RA, Momose KJ, DeLong GR, Moylan F, Todres ID, and Shannon DC: Evaluation of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage by computerized tomography, Pediatrics 59:165, 1977. 16. Saint-Anne Dargassies S: Neurological development in full-term and premature neonates, Amsterdam, 1977, Elsevier/North Holland/Excerpta Medica. 17. Prechtl H: The neurological examination of the full-term newborn infant, in Clinics in developmental medicine, No. 63, London, 1977, SIMP/Heinemann. 18. Prechtl H, and Beintema D: The neurological examination of the full-term newborn infant, in Clinics in developmental medicine, No. 12, London, 1964, SIMP/Heinemann. 19. Brazelton TB: Neonatal behaviour assessment scale, in Clinics in developmental medicine, No. 50, London, 1973, SIMP/Heinemann.
Kondo effect versus indirect exchange in the two-impurity Anderson model: A Monte Carlo study

The magnetic properties of two Anderson impurities in an electron gas are studied by use of a numerical simulation technique. It is found that magnetic correlations between impurities build up as the temperature is lowered up to roughly the Kondo temperature (${T}_{K}$) and stay constant below ${T}_{K}$. The magnetic susceptibility is quenched on a temperature scale that depends sensitively on the relative size of ${T}_{K}$ and the indirect exchange interaction. When the indirect exchange interaction is much smaller than the Kondo temperature all thermodynamic properties at low temperatures are indistinguishable from the ones obtained for a single-impurity model. The relation of these findings to other work on this problem is discussed.
Communicative Acts of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Second Year of Life

Purpose To examine the communicative profiles of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the second year of life. Method Communicative acts were examined in 125 children 18 to 24 months of age: 50 later diagnosed with ASD; 25 with developmental delays (DD); and 50 with typical development (TD). Precise measures of rate, functions, and means of communication were obtained through systematic observation of videotaped behavior samples from the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile (A. Wetherby & B. Prizant, 2002). Results Children with ASD communicated at a significantly lower rate than children with DD and TD. The ASD group used a significantly lower proportion of acts for joint attention and a significantly lower proportion of deictic gestures with a reliance on more primitive gestures compared with the DD and TD groups. Children with ASD who did communicate for joint attention were as likely as other children to coordinate vocalizations, eye gaze, and gestures. Rate of ...
Coherent infrared–ultraviolet double-resonance spectroscopy of CH3

Abstract Two-color polarization spectroscopy (TC-PS) and two-color resonant four-wave mixing spectroscopy (TC-RFWM) are used to detect photolytically produced CH3 radicals. An infrared laser pumps individual lines in the ν3 fundamental of the X 2 A 2 ″ state, and an ultraviolet laser probes the pumped levels to reveal rotationally resolved spectra of transitions to the predissociated B 2 A 1 ′ state. The spectra are fit with a complex Lorentzian lineshape and yield an updated value of 46 239.4±1.2 cm −1 for T0 of the B state. A detection limit of 2×1013 CH3 molecules per cm3 per quantum state is observed for these coherent double-resonance techniques.
Mapping target site selection for the non-specific nuclease activities of retroviral integrase.

Abstract To identify the parts of retroviral integrase that interact with its DNA substrates, we compared the patterns of target site usage by chimeric enzymes and protein fragments in assays that reveal integrase’s non-specific nuclease activities. The central region of 12 chimeric proteins between the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and visna virus integrases was found to be responsible for selecting non-viral target DNA sites when small alcohols provide the attacking nucleophilic OH group during non-specific alcoholysis assays. Testing deletion derivatives of the integrase protein in this assay, which has similarities to the DNA joining reaction that occurs during retroviral integration, defined a smaller central domain that is sufficient for activity. Thus, this core domain likely contains both the host DNA site and the nucleophile site. Surprisingly, the region of integrase responsible for selecting non-viral target DNA sites when the viral DNA end is the attacking nucleophile could not similarly be mapped with the standard oligonucleotide joining assay. We therefore tested the proteins in a more sensitive assay that displays preferred sites of viral DNA insertion in a plasmid DNA target. All 12 chimeras yielded novel patterns compared with the wild-type enzymes in this assay, although local insertion patterns indicated that the central domain plays an important role in target site selection. Together, these data suggest that other protein regions must be involved when the attacking nucleophilic group is provided by viral DNA. Because specific recognition of viral DNA ends was previously mapped to the central domain, two different regions of integrase must interact with retroviral DNA.
Ageing Effect on Phage Particles leading to an Increase in Burst Size

IN constant conditions, the burst size of a particular bacteriophage is a characteristic of that bacteriophage. We have found aged P4/2 phage particles yield larger burst sizes than young phage particles.
Wide-band array signal processing via spectral smoothing

A novel algorithm for the estimation of direction-of-arrivals (DOA) of multiple wide-band sources via spectral smoothing is presented. The proposed algorithm does not require an initial DOA estimate or a specific signal model. The advantages of replacing the MUSIC search with an ESPRIT search are discussed.
Effects of the trilemma policies on inflation, growth and volatility in Norway

This paper finds support for the trilemma for Norway, suggesting that the three trilemma policies – exchange rate stability, monetary independence and financial integration – have a tradeoff. Although the policy combination of exchange rate stability and monetary independence was dominant in 2010, the other two policy combinations were also prevalent in recent years. There has been a converging trend among the three trilemma policy combinations. Norway chooses a middle ground approach as represented by a managed float with adequate foreign reserves to back up, moderate monetary autonomy, and medium level of financial integration. More exchange rate stability has a positive impact on the growth rate, and more financial integration causes the inflation rate and inflation volatility to decline. More monetary independence does not affect inflation, growth and volatility.
Trace reduction for virtual memory simulations

The unmanageably large size of reference traces has spurred the development of sophisticated trace reduction techniques. In this paper we present two new algorithms for trace reductionSafely Allowed Drop (SAD) and Optimal LRU Reduction (OLR). Both achieve high reduction factors and guarantee ezact simulations for common replacement policies and for memories larger than a user-defined threshold. In particular, simulation on OLR-reduced traces is accurate for the LRU replacement algorithm, while simulation on SAD-reduced traces is accurate for the LRU and OPT algorithms. OLR also satisfies an optimality property: for a given trace and memory size it produces the shortest possible trace that has the same LRU behavior as the original for a memory of at least this size. Our approach has multiple applications, especially in simulating virtual memory systems; many page replacement algorithms are similar to LRU in that more recently referenced pages are likely to be resident. For several replacement algorithms in the literature, SADand OLRreduced traces yield exact simulations. For many other algorithms, our trace reduction eliminates information that matters little: we present extensive measurements to show that the error for simulations of the CLOCK and SEGQ (segmented queue) replacement policies (the most common LRU approximations) is under 3% for the majority of memory sizes. In nearly all cases, the error is smaller than that incurred by the well known stack deletion technique. SAD and OLR have many desirable properties. In practice, they achieve reduction factors up to several orders of magnitude. The reduction translates to both storage savings and simulation speedups. Both techniques require little memory and perform a single forward traversal of the original trace, which makes them suitable for on-line trace reduction. Neither requires that the simulator be modified to accept the reduced trace.
Review: Observations on experimental myocardial ischaemia

Over the past decade major advances have been made in the understanding of myocardial infarction largely through the use of animal models of ischaemia and infarction. Ultrastructural and biochemical aspects of reversible versus irreversible ischaemic injury have helped to clarify the nature of ischaemic cell death. The presence of a border zone of cells which are in the reversible phase of myocardial injury following coronary artery occlusion allows for salvage of ischaemic myocardium by a number of interventions. These interventions include reperfusion a variety of pharmacological agents, and physical and haemodynamic interventions. Several clinical studies have shown that these interventions may be beneficial in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Binding of ovalbumin to mouse spleen cells with and without carbodiimide

Abstract We studied the binding of ovalbumin (OVA) to mouse spleen cells. In the presence or absence of carbodiimide (ECDI), uptake increased with greater cell numbers, increasing OVA concentration and increasing time up to 60 min. Between 60 and 210 μg OVA could be coupled with ECDI to 2 × 108 cells. In the absence of ECDI, however, OVA uptake was still appreciable, but appeared to be of low avidity as it did not occur in the presence of coupeting fetal calf serum. These experiments provide a basis for the use of protein coupled to autologous cells in the induction of immunologic tolerance.
Adult learning theory and hospitality industry training

Abstract What does the current research on adult learning have to offer hospitality trainers? Plenty. Trainers have to key into information about trainees' experience and knowledge to develop meaningful training programs. Adults' perceptions of training and their work and learning environments must be taken into consideration in the design of training interventions.
Conductivity-peak broadening in the quantum Hall regime.

We argue that hopping conductivity dominates on both sides of σ xx peaks in low-mobility samples and use a theory of hopping of interacting electrons to estimate a width Δv of the peaks. Explicit expressions for Δv as a function of the temperature T, current J, and frequency ω are found. It is shown that Δv grows with T as (T/T 1 ) k , where k is the inverse-localization-length exponent. The current J is shown to affect the peak width like the effective temperature T eff (J)∞J 1/2 if T eff (J)>>T
Holocene climate on the Modoc Plateau, northern California, USA: the view from Medicine Lake

Medicine Lake is a small (165 ha), relatively shallow (average 7.3 m), intermediate elevation (2,036 m) lake located within the summit caldera of Medicine Lake volcano, Siskiyou County, California, USA. Sediment cores and high-resolution bathymetric and seismic reflection data were collected from the lake during the fall of 1999 and 2000. Sediments were analyzed for diatoms, pollen, density, grain size (sand/mud ratio), total organic carbon (TOC), and micro-scale fabric analysis. Using both 14C (AMS) dating and tephrochronology, the basal sediments were estimated to have been deposited about 11,400 cal year BP, thus yielding an estimated average sedimentation rate of about 20.66 cm/1,000 year. The lowermost part of the core (11,400–10,300 cal year BP) contains the transition from glacial to interglacial conditions. From about 11,000–5,500 cal year BP, Medicine Lake consisted of two small, steep-sided lakes or one lake with two steep-sided basins connected by a shallow shelf. During this time, both the pollen (Abies/Artemisia ratio) and the diatom (Cyclotella/Navicula ratio) evidences indicate that the effective moisture increased, leading to a deeper lake. Over the past 5,500 years, the pollen record shows that effective moisture continued to increase, and the diatom record indicates fluctuations in the lake level. The change in the lake level pattern from one of the increasing depths prior to about 6,000 cal year BP to one of the variable depths may be related to changes in the morphology of the Medicine Lake caldera associated with the movement of magma and the eruption of the Medicine Lake Glass Flow about 5,120 cal year BP. These changes in basin morphology caused Medicine Lake to flood the shallow shelf which surrounds the deeper part of the lake. During this period, the Cyclotella/Navicula ratio and the percent abundance of Isoetes vary, suggesting that the level of the lake fluctuated, resulting in changes in the shelf area available for colonization by benthic diatoms and Isoetes. These fluctuations are not typical of the small number of low-elevation Holocene lake records in the region, and probably reflect the hydrologic conditions unique to Medicine Lake.
Recombinant ribosomal P2 protein can unmask anti-ribosomal P autoantibodies from healthy adults

Autoantibodies to ribosomal P proteins (anti-P) are detected almost exclusively in the serum samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus when conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting techniques are used. Anti-P are not detected in serum samples from healthy adults by these techniques. By treating serum from healthy adults with ribosome-coated beads, we unexpectedly unmasked anti-P in virtually all individuals. This unmasking of anti-P occurs by the displacement of an antibody inhibitor from anti-P. We wanted to determine whether anti-P from healthy adults could also be unmasked by treatment of their serum or plasma with isolated ribosomal P proteins. Recombinant human ribosomal P2 protein was produced in bacteria as a TrpE fusion protein, resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes, and isolated as strips of membranes corresponding to the size of the P2 fusion protein. Serum or plasma from six healthy adults and three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were incubated with these strips overnight rather than for 2 hours, as is done in conventional immunoblots. Acid eluates were obtained from the strips and analyzed for antibody activity by immunoblot. Eluates from healthy adults and patients contained antibodies reactive with recombinant ribosomal P2 protein. They also reacted with the three ribosomal P proteins in purified rabbit ribosomes. Their anti-P activity was completely inhibited by a peptide corresponding to the immunodominant linear epitope of the ribosomal P proteins. The antibodies in the eluate were immunoglobulin G. We conclude that anti-P autoantibodies from healthy adults can be unmasked by affinity purification on denatured, recombinant ribosomal P proteins and that antigen excess is sufficient for inhibitor displacement.
Inter-session stability of human alpha rhythm densities

Abstract The density of occipital alpha activity was recorded in 30 subjects under standard conditions for two or three sessions. The results indicated that stable measures of alpha densities could be obtained from session to session, provided that situational effects were considered.
Tectonic development of Fiji

Abstract Bathymetry, seismicity and bedrock trends suggest that the New Hebridean and Tongan island arc and trench systems are linked structurally through Fiji, which lies midway between the two in line with the curving ends of both. The oldest fossiliferous strata in Fiji are Early Tertiary limestone lenses within a strongly deformed but mildly metamorphosed sequence of marine andesitic and basaltic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. Granitic and gabb'roic plutons intrude the Early Tertiary sequence at deep structural levels and peripheral areas are diked by microphanerites and porphyries. Above a widespread intra-Miocene unconformity, warped and broadly folded marine and continental strata are unmetamorphosed but contain abundant diagenetic zeolites as well as local unconformities. The strata include volcanogenic lenses of lava and breccia built around scattered volcanic centers marked by feeder stocks, and dike and sill swarms. The volcanic rocks grade laterally to volcaniclastic beds that intertongue with clastic marine strata. Late Miocene volcanos erupted mainly andesite but younger volcanos erupted more mafic and more alkaline magmas. Shoreward tilts of uplifted and dissected erosion surfaces record Quaternary diastrophism and the configuration of submarine slopes and the alignment of volcanic centers suggest Late Cenozoic fracturing on northeasterly and northwesterly lineaments.
Hybrid object-based/block-based coding in video compression at very low bit-rate.

Abstract In this paper, an algorithmic architecture of video coding at very low bit-rate is presented. This architecture incorporates block- and object-based coding algorithms into the same coder and manages them in a cooperative way: I and P frames are coded by block-based algorithm and B frames are coded by bi-directional object-based algorithm. An extra degree of freedom in video coding is introduced to achieve higher compression ratios while maintaining good visual quality. We give details of the object-based coding algorithm which is based on a source model of rigid 2-D objects with 3-D motions. Each moving object in B frame is coded with its contour and a pair of motion parameter sets (forward and backward motions). The bi-directional object-based motion parameters are obtained by a hierarchical estimation. The object image is interpolated using two neighboring pictures, which are block-based coded. ITU-T H.263 is chosen as the block-based coding scheme and the simulations are performed on MPEG-4 test sequences, which contain low-to-medium spatial detail and low amount of movement, but do not restrict to head_and_shoulder images. Experiment results show that the coder provides higher image quality with smooth and satisfactory motion.
Recent trends in gas-phase ammonia and PM2.5 ammonium in the Southeast United States.

Ammonia measurements from the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) study network were analyzed for trends over 9 yr (2004–2012) of observations. Total ammonia concentrations,...
Leukemic–lymphomatous infiltration of skeletal muscle: Systematic study of 82 autopsy cases

A systematic investigation of neoplastic infiltration in skeletal muscle was performed utilizing up to 12 selected muscle samples in 82 autopsies of patients with leukemia or lymphoma. Tumor foci were recorded in one or more muscles in 43 of these 82 cases. The most extensive involvement was found in monocytic leukemia, where 36% (48 out of 132 muscle samples taken) were infiltrated. There was general correlation between muscular involvement, degree of visceral infiltration, and, in leukemia, also the number of circulating leukemic cells. Secondary changes in skeletal muscle occurring independently of leukemic-lymphomatous infiltration or compromise of neurovascular supply are alluded to. The study showed that, contrary to common assumption and scant literature reports, skeletal muscle involvement in leukemia-lymphoma is not a rare phenomenon.
Parasitism of Mallophaga by Trenomyces histophtorus

Abstract Despite current theory that fungi of the order Laboulbeniales are not injurious to their hosts, we found that Trenomyces histophtorus, a parasite of Mallophaga, invaded the body cavity of its host and produced an extensive rhizomycelium that resulted in the loss of fat body and skeletal muscle in these insects.
SU-FF-J-65: Feasibility Study of Management of Respiration Induced Target Motion for the Radiotherapy Treatment of Lung Cancer Patients in the Absence of a 4DCT Simulator

Purpose: Varian's RPM™ system for respiration induced tumor motion management allows acquisition of CTimages and gated treatments under free breathing. 4DCT may not be possible because of lack availability of appropriate CT hardware or software. This study evaluated whether a breath hold CT scanning technique can be used as a substitute for a 4DCT scan. Materials and Methods: A 4DCT scan is obtained on a 4 slice GE Lightspeed™ scanner with the patient breathing freely and the respiratory period regulated using audiovisual cues from RPM™. Additional helical scans are obtained using an end inhalation or exhalation breath hold modified gating method (MGM). The PTV is drawn on the MGM scan(s) and for each of phase of the 4DCT scan. Comparison of target volume, centroid and extent of target volume is made between the MGM scan and the corresponding phase of the 4DCT scan. A treatment plan is developed using the MGM scan. Dose is recalculated using the 4DCT scan with the beam's isocenter and apertures obtained from the MGM scan. DVH comparison is made. Results: 20 patients had both a 4DCT scan and at least one MGM scan. 8 patients exhibited respiration induced target motion of >5 mm during free breathing. Maximum target motion observed was 25 mm. For 14 end inhalation scans, 9 passed, 3 passed marginally, and 2 failed the equivalency tests to the corresponding 4DCT scan. For 18 end exhalation scans, 14 passed, 4 passed marginally, and 0 failed the equivalency tests to the corresponding 4DCT scan. Conclusion: All end exhalation breath hold scans are suitable substitutes for the corresponding phase 50 4DCT scan. However only 6/18 patients exhibited sufficient (>5 mm) respiration induced target motion on which to base any conclusions about the suitability of MGM. Conflict of Interest: Research supported by Varian Medical Systems.
Location, location, location: regional immune mechanisms critically influence rejection.

Two articles in this issue highlight mechanisms that improve the immune system's on-site responsiveness and demonstrate how non-specific factors contribute to specific immunity in transplant settings. ( pages 575–581 & 582–587 )
Physics-Based Precursor Wiring Diagnostics for Shielded-Twisted-Pair Cable

The capability to locate and characterize precursor wiring faults, such as chafing or pinching potentially enables preventive maintenance well before hard failures occur, thus maximizing system functionality and safety while minimizing out-of-service time. Toward this goal, results are presented on the application of a deterministic Bayesian inference procedure well suited for detecting chafing and pinch faults through the use of a newly developed physics-based model for shielded-twisted-pair cable. This method is significantly faster than more traditional nondeterministic Bayesian methods, such as Markov chain Monte Carlo, and retains many of the desirable features inherent to the Bayesian approach. These include the ability to quantify estimation uncertainty and model evidence in probabilistic terms, which then enables the study and design of noise-tolerant fault detection algorithms capable of classifying different types of faults. The fault parameter estimation results from both laboratory and field measurements on a C17 jet engine are shown to demonstrate the achievable model fidelity and the overall viability of the approach.
Rapid pattern based powder sintering technique and related shrinkage control

Abstract Rapid Pattern Based Powder Sintering (RPBPS) is a new rapid tooling technique proposed by the authors. It is an integration of three techniques: rapid prototyping; lost wax casting; and powder sintering. The main advantages of the RPBPS technique compared with other tooling techniques are low investment and production cost, short production cycle and a variety of materials of products. One of the key technical problems is how to calculate and control the shrinkage during three processes in the RPBPS to improve the accuracy of products. The total linear shrinkage of the products made with the RPBPS can be controlled within 3.5% by using the selected binder type and binder ratio, suitable compacting pressure and specially designed ramp temperature program in the sintering and infiltration processes.
BLOOD AMMONIA LEVELS IN PRIMARY AND METASTATIC CANCER OF THE LIVER.

Abstract Venous blood ammonia was measured in patients with carcinoma of the liver and in controls. The fasting blood ammonia levels in patients with cancer of the liver were not different from those in the controls. In patients with cancer of the liver, there was a significant increase in the blood ammonia levels 30 to 60 min after feeding a meal containing 40–50 g of proteins, with a return towards pre-meal levels within 90 min. There was no elevation of blood ammonia following meal feeding in the controls. These findings are consistent with the possibility that pathologically, developed intrahepatic portosystemic shunts may exist in patients with carcinoma of the liver, although other undetermined mechanisms may play a part. The liberation of ammonia in vitro during its estimation appeared to be greater than normal in patients with cancer of the liver.
Influence of levosimendan, pimobendan, and milrinone on the regional distribution of cardiac output in anaesthetized dogs

1. The distribution of cardiac output during administration of levosimendan, a new myofilament calcium sensitizer, is unknown. We examined and compared the effects of levosimendan, pimobendan, and milrinone on regional tissue perfusion by use of the radioactive microsphere technique in barbiturate-anaesthetized dogs. 2. Haemodynamics and regional blood flow were determined before and during infusions of levosimendan (0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 micrograms kg-1 min-1), pimobendan (10, 20, and 40 micrograms kg-1 min-1), or milrinone (1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 micrograms kg-1 min-1). 3. All three drugs caused similar increases in heart rate, cardiac output, and left ventricular +dP/dt and decreases in end-diastolic pressure and systemic vascular resistance. No changes in subendocardial, midmyocardial, and subepicardial blood flow occurred during administration of levosimendan. However, a redistribution of blood flow from subendocardium to subepicardium was observed. Pimobendan increased midmyocardial and subepicardial blood flow and reduced the endo/epi ratio to a greater degree than levosimendan. Milrinone did not affect myocardial perfusion. 4. Levosimendan increased blood flow to the renal medulla and decreased renal medullary and cortical vascular resistance. Levosimendan increased blood flow to the small intestine and liver and reduced vascular resistance in these organs. Pimobendan increased hepatic blood flow to a greater degree than levosimendan but did not alter small intestinal perfusion. All three drugs decreased splenic blood flow to similar degrees. Levosimendan and pimobendan reduced cerebral vascular resistance. Levosimendan and milrinone reduced skeletal muscle vascular resistance. 5. The results indicate that levosimendan, pimobendan, and milrinone cause subtlety different alterations in regional tissue perfusion while producing similar haemodynamic effects.
Protein–DNA array-based identification of transcription factor activities differentially regulated in skeletal muscle of normal and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice

Inactivation of dystrophin gene is the primary cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in humans and mdx mice. However, the underpinning mechanisms, which govern the pathogenesis of dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle, remain poorly understood. We have previously reported activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathways in diaphragm muscle of mdx mice. In this study, using a protein–DNA array-based approach, we have investigated the activation of 345 transcription factors in diaphragm muscle of 6-week old normal and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Our data demonstrate increased activation of a number nuclear transcription factors including AP1, HFH-3, PPARα, c.myb BP, ETF, Fra-1/JUN, kBF-A, N-rasBP, lactoferrin BP, Myb(2), EBP40_45, EKLF(1), p53(2), TFEB, Myc-Max; c-Rel; E2, ISRE; NF-kB; Stat1 p84/p91, Antioxidant RE, EVI-1, Stat3, AP3, p53, Stat4, AP4, HFH-1, FAST-1, Pax-5, and Beta-RE in the diaphragm muscle of mdx mice compared to corresponding normal mice. The level of activation for p53 was highest among all the transcription factors studied. Furthermore, higher activation of p53 in diaphragm muscle of mdx mice was associated with its increased phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Collectively, our data suggest that the primary deficiency of dystrophin leads to the aberrant activation of nuclear transcription factors which might further contribute to muscle pathogenesis in mdx mice.
Analysis of online capacitor switching transient voltages on experimental MV cables

Underground residential distribution (URD) power cables are aged due to electrical, thermal, mechanical and environmental stress during their service. For utilities, the online monitoring and diagnostics of the dielectric conditions of the cables help in managing their cable asset. One of the cable online diagnostic methods is based on analysis of the capacitor switching surge transient voltages on cable. Switching transient voltages measured at both ends of cable carry significant information on the overall health condition of the cable insulation. An experimental MV power cable grid using field-aged and new cables was setup. Analysis of the switching transient voltages on the experimental grid using wavelet and principal component analysis will be presented. Significant-feature extraction and neural network based field-aged and new cable classification results will be shown.