cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pelayo Family Plays Roulette: The Prequel

The case presents data from 70,340 spins of four roulette wheels: three of which are real ("imperfect") and one of which is simulated ("perfect"). The challenge posed is to identify which of the four is the simulated wheel. After weeks spent recording spin results at their local casino, the members of the Pelayo family think they have identified three imperfect wheels. Before they start betting, they want to be certain that the three wheels they identified as imperfect are easily distinguishable from a theoretically perfect wheel.This case has been used successfully in Darden's MBA elective about data analysis. That course introduced pivot tables and the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test using the case “The Roulette Wheel” (UVA-QA-0718). Discussion of the “The Pelayo Family Plays Roulette” probably will not require an entire class period. One option would be to hand out this case during the discussion of “The Roulette Wheel” as something of a follow-on. Excerpt UVA-QA-0847 Jun. 20, 2016 The Pelayo Family Plays Roulette: The Prequel Dear Student, For six weeks, my extended family (six people total) spent five to six hours a night at the Casino Gran Madrid (Figure 1) recording the outcomes of thousands of spins of roulette wheels. Each morning, I entered these data into my personal computer. I believe there is no such thing as a perfect wheel (Figure 2), and that it takes lots of observations to find the small imperfections that must exist in every wheel. We believe we have found three wheels with imperfections large enough to be discovered, and I would like to ask you to use your data analysis skills to help make sure. . . .
Moving Away from the “Master”: Américo Paredes and Mexican American Women Writers

Americo Paredes is a central figure and “master” in Mexican American and Chicana/o literary history. This chapter focuses on Paredes’s coming-of-age novel, George Washington Gomez: A Mexicotexan Novel (1990), penned between 1936 and 1940 and during a time when women writers like Jaramillo were publishing their work and working within dominant regional narratives about the Southwest. The chapter situates the novel within and against the work of Mexican American women writers, and it links the fictional women characters in the novel to the real women writing at the time. This approach identifies a feminine “inter-space” between fact and fiction to stage a break from the aesthetics of place that Paredes represents. The aesthetics of Chicana/o critical regionalism overlap and are distinct from Paredes.
Cell fate decisions: emerging roles for metabolic signals and cell morphology

Understanding how cell fate decisions are regulated is a fundamental goal of developmental and stem cell biology. Most studies on the control of cell fate decisions address the contributions of changes in transcriptional programming, epigenetic modifications, and biochemical differentiation cues. However, recent studies have found that other aspects of cell biology also make important contributions to regulating cell fate decisions. These cues can have a permissive or instructive role and are integrated into the larger network of signaling, functioning both upstream and downstream of developmental signaling pathways. Here, we summarize recent insights into how cell fate decisions are influenced by four aspects of cell biology: metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS), intracellular pH (pHi), and cell morphology. For each topic, we discuss how these cell biological cues interact with each other and with protein-based mechanisms for changing gene transcription. In addition, we highlight several questions that remain unanswered in these exciting and relatively new areas of the field.
Sport Reporting in an Era of Activism: Examining the Intersection of Sport Media and Social Activism

While there is a longstanding connection between sports and politics, this past year has seen a surge of social activism in the world of sport, and numerous high-profile athletes have used their positions of prominence to raise awareness of social or political issues. Sport media, in turn, have faced questions regarding how best to cover such activism. Given the popularity of sport media, such decisions can have real implications on the views held by the public. This scholarly commentary discusses how sport media cover the social activism of athletes and presents the results of a content analysis of popular news and sports television programs, newspapers, and magazines. Overall, results indicate that sport media are giving significant and respectful coverage to athletes who advocate for social or political issues.
Schwann-Cell-Specific Deletion of Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Alpha Causes Aberrant Myelination.

Summary Active membrane remodeling during myelination relies on phospholipid synthesis and membrane polarization, both of which are known to depend on inositol phospholipids. Here, we show that sciatic nerves of mice lacking phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha (PI4KA) in Schwann cells (SCs) show substantially reduced myelin thickness with grave consequences on nerve conductivity and motor functions. Surprisingly, prolonged inhibition of PI4KA in immortalized mouse SCs failed to decrease plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) levels or PI 3-kinase (PI3K) activation, in spite of large reductions in plasma membrane PI4P levels. Instead, it caused rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, which was also observed in sciatic nerves of knockout animals. PI4KA inactivation disproportionally reduced phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin content in mutant nerves, with similar changes observed in SCs treated with a PI4KA inhibitor. These studies define a role for PI4KA in myelin formation primarily affecting metabolism of key phospholipids and the actin cytoskeleton.
A Unified Approach to Two-Region Ionization-Excitation Density Calculations

A method is developed to evaluate the spatial dependence of the energy spectrum of charged particle currents entering a process fluid from a bordering solid fuel region. This enables calculation of spatially dependent ionization-excitation rates including the general case where the formation rate varies with particle energy. Nondimensional plots permit application of the results to various fluid-fuel combinations and, with adjustment of two parameters, they may also be used for various particles including fission fragments, betas, alphas, and protons. The example of excitation of helium by alpha irradiation is examined in some detail.
Fluorescent Protein FRET Applications

Fluorescent proteins provide the opportunity to glimpse inside a living cell and obtain useful biochemical information pertaining to a variety of biological systems. These probes are unique when compared with synthetic fluorophores since they are genetically encoded and can be expressed and retained within the living cell. And, importantly, fluorescent protein fusions have enabled investigation of intracellular transport and localization of various proteins [1–3]. While fluorescent proteins are already ubiquitous in biological research, they are set to become key tools for intracellular sensing, reversible protein interaction screening, and protein engineering.
Radiofrequency Properties of Polyelectrolyte Systems

Abstract. Electrical measurements of heterogeneous media composed of solid polyelectrolytes and dilute aqueous solutions (or pure water) are interpreted in terms of a simple electrical network. It is demonstrated that this model network represents an extension of Maxwell’s equation for the conduc­tance of dilute suspensions of spheres to condensed systems. Discussing past work on cation exchange resinsolution systems, it is shown that the three empirical geometrical parameters of the model explain quantitatively the change of the low-frequency (⩽ 1000 Hz) conductivity of the heterogeneous mixture with the conductivity of the interstitial solution, and that the same parameters also explain (a) the potential differences between two NaCl solutions of different concentration separated by the mixture, and (b) the frequency-dispersion of the dielectric constant and of the conductivity of these mixtures in the radiofrequency range (20–90 MHz).
Changing role of radiotherapy in the management of cancer of the esophagus

BACKGROUND Cancer of the esophagus remains a highly lethal disease, but new treatment approaches that build onto traditional surgical and radiotherapeutic methods are making an impact on organ preservation while offering hope for improved survival. METHODS Reviewed here are recent data from trials on the use of new radiotherapeutic approaches. RESULTS There is clinical trial evidence for improved treatment results with radiotherapy and concurrent systemic chemotherapy. For some patients with responsive cancers, the use of chemoradiation results in about 25% being cured-a marked departure from the results of treatment with radiotherapy alone in the preceding decades. This idea is being explored further with new trials using advanced radiotherapy treatment planning systems called "conformal therapy," in which the high irradiation dose envelope is designed to fit tightly around the cancer. CONCLUSIONS Cancer of the esophagus can now be treated aggressively with chemoradiation to offer a choice for local symptom control, organ preservation, and cure.
A Fast and Memory-Efficient Algorithm for Robust PCA (MEROP)

Robust PCA (RPCA) is the problem of separating a given data matrix into the sum of a sparse matrix and a low-rank matrix. Static RPCA is the RPCA problem in which the subspace from which the true data is generated remains fixed over time. Dynamic RPCA instead assumes that the subspace can change with time, although usually the changes are slow. We propose a Recursive Projected Compressed Sensing based algorithm called MERoP (Memory-Efficient Robust PCA) to solve the static RPCA problem. A simple extension of MERoP has been shown in our other work to also solve the dynamic RPCA problem. To the best of our knowledge, MERoP is the first online solution for RPCA that is provably correct under mild assumptions on input data and requires no assumption on intermediate algorithm estimates. Moreover, MERoP enjoys nearly-optimal memory complexity and is almost as fast as vanilla SVD. We corroborate our theoretical claims through extensive numerical experiments on both synthetic data and real videos.
Group-Activity Organizing Through an Awareness-of-Others Interface

Desires to engage in social group-activities (e.g., pick-up volleyball) are common, yet current technologies can leave users hesitant to assume the role of activity organizer because the return they will receive for their efforts is largely unknown. This paper presents a user interface that attempts to reduce barriers to social group-activity organization by informing users of nearby others who share an activity interest and providing tools to facilitate collective action. Preliminary research of the interface indicates a positive association between the visible number of individuals that share an activity interest and one's willingness to initiate organization of the activity. Ongoing research efforts informed by these results are discussed.
Access Control for Emerging Distributed Systems

As big data, cloud computing, grid computing, and the Internet of Things reshape current data systems and practices, IT experts are keen to harness the power of distributed systems to boost security and prevent fraud. How can these systems’ capabilities be used to improve processing without inflating risk?
Victim Characteristics of Investment Fraud

Investment fraud constitutes a major problem in the United States. While several studies have investigated various aspects of fraud, none have analyzed victim characteristics of investment fraud. This study posits five fraud languages that, when used by fraudsters, shut down the perceived need to conduct due diligence in their victims: perceived success; air of familiarity; claim to authority; noble pursuits; and framed authenticity. Using the Health and Retirement Study data from 2008, 2010, and 2012, the authors found that respondents who were male, were better educated, were single, younger, and possessed greater net worth disproportionately reported being defrauded in the past five years. Additionally, deploying principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that respondents who made responsible spending decisions, specifically those who were more likely to spend wealth over their entire lives as opposed to spending greater percentages of wealth on short-term needs, were less likely to report fraud. This study lays the groundwork for linking the five fraud languages to various factors such as financial literacy and dependency arising from questions within the HRS data set. Implications for such findings include protecting individuals near retirement from fraud and spreading public awareness about the importance of due diligence in the investment decision process.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) splice variant function: Insights into nitric oxide signaling from skeletal muscle

Defects in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) splice variant localization and signaling in skeletal muscle are a firmly established pathogenic characteristic of many neuromuscular diseases, including Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD and BMD, respectively). Therefore, substantial efforts have been made to understand and therapeutically target skeletal muscle nNOS isoform signaling. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent salient advances in understanding of the regulation, targeting, and function of nNOSμ and nNOSβ splice variants in normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle, primarily using findings from mouse models. The first focus of this review is how the differential targeting of nNOS splice variants creates spatially and functionally distinct nitric oxide (NO) signaling compartments at the sarcolemma, Golgi complex, and cytoplasm. Particular attention is given to the functions of sarcolemmal nNOSμ and limitations of current nNOS knockout models. The second major focus is to review current understanding of cGMP-mediated nNOS signaling in skeletal muscle and its emergence as a therapeutic target in DMD and BMD. Accordingly, we address the preclinical and clinical successes and setbacks with the testing of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors to redress nNOS signaling defects in DMD and BMD. In summary, this review of nNOS function in normal and dystrophic muscle aims to advance understanding how the messenger NO is harnessed for cellular signaling from a skeletal muscle perspective.
Decoding Epigenomic Programs in Immunity and Cancer

Dysregulated epigenetic programs are a feature of many cancers, and the diverse differentiation states of immune cells as well as their dysfunctional states in tumors are in part epigenetically encoded. We will present recent analysis work and computational methodologies from our lab to decode epigenetic programs from genome-wide data sets. In a recent collaborative work, we characterized chromatin states governing CD8 T cell dysfunction in cancer and reported that tumor-specific T cells differentiate to dysfunction through two discrete chromatin states: an initial plastic state that can be functionally rescued (i.e. through immunotherapy) and a later fixed state that is resistant to therapeutic reprogramming. We now follow up on this work by presenting a computational methodology to decipher transcriptional programs governing chromatin accessibility and gene expression in normal and dysfunctional T cell responses through a large-scale analysis of published data from mouse tumor and chronic viral infection models. This modeling shows that in all these systems, T cells commit to becoming dysfunctional early after an immune challenge, rather than first mounting and then losing an effector response. Through scRNA-seq analysis, we characterize the phenotypic diversity of this common trajectory from plastic to fixed dysfunction. We will also present a recent collaboration with the Sawyers lab on FOXA1 mutants in prostate cancer, showing that somatic alterations in this pioneer transcription factor lead to altered differentiation programs, through analysis of ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq in mouseprostate organoid systems. Finally, we will describe a novel machine learning approach called BindSpace to leverage massive in vitro TF binding data from SELEX-seq experiments through a joint embedding of DNA k-mers and TF labels, leading to improved prediction of TF binding.
Peripherality and exchange mechanisms of four-body final states induced by π + p and p ¯ p interactions

We define a kinematical variable ${P}_{v}$ which is correlated to the peripherality of a multibody final state. ${P}_{v}=0$ implies that all the final-state particles lie in a plane perpendicular to the incident direction. ${P}_{v}=1$ implies that all the particles in the final state are collinear with the incident direction. ${P}_{v}$ distributions for resonance production are quite different from those for Lorentz-invariant phase space. This property may be used to detect phase-space-like phenomena at high energies in multibody final states ($n\ensuremath{\ge}10$). We compare ${P}_{v}$ distributions for the four-body annihilation and nonannihilation channels of $\overline{p}p$ interactions and the four-body final states of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ interactions in which the proton goes into the backward and forward hemispheres. We find remarkable kinematic similarities between annihilation and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ backward-hemisphere channels. We suggest that this is due to the dominance of baryon exchange. There is also a remarkable, but different, similarity between nonannihilation and the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ forward-hemisphere channels. We suggest that this is due to the dominance of meson exchange.
Investigating women and men convicted of white-collar offenses on federal community supervision: sample and methods

This paper reviews the sample and methods used for the three papers in this special issue that focus on gender differences and similarities among people convicted of white-collar offenses under com...
Racial variation in molecular profile of advanced gastrointestinal cancers.

236Background: Heterogeneity in the tumor molecular profile based on race is poorly understood. We sought to review the utilization of next generation sequencing (NGS) in patients with advanced gas...
Synthesis of ZIF-11 crystals by microwave heating

We demonstrate the synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-11 via a microwave assisted approach. The resultant 2–7 μm crystals were synthesized in minutes and displayed BET surface areas as high as 745 m2 g−1. The state-of-the-art ZIF-11 synthesis techniques are summarized. XRD, SEM, and porosimetry were used as pivotal characterization techniques.
Chapter 27 – Biomaterial: Alginate

Heart failure is a leading cardiovascular cause of morbidity and mortality with few therapeutic options for patients with end-stage heart failure. Heart failure is often a progressive disease with continued dilatation of the left ventricle and thinning of the left ventricular wall. According to the Laplace’s law, dilatation of the left ventricle and thinning of the left ventricular wall leads to increased wall stress and increased myocardial oxygen consumption with further deterioration of left ventricular function. A synthetic alginate biopolymer has been developed for both the prevention of left ventricular dysfunction after a myocardial infarction and for left ventricular augmentation for patients with advanced heart failure. The rationale and clinical progress for the in situ tissue engineering approach with the alginate polymer will be reviewed in this chapter.
Genetic potential and height velocity during childhood and adolescence do not fully account for shorter stature in cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND Despite improved health, shorter stature is common in cystic fibrosis (CF). We aimed to describe height velocity (HV) and contribution of height-related genetic variants to height (HT) in CF. METHODS HV cohort: standard deviation scores (-Z) for HT, mid-parental height-adjusted HT (MPAH), and HV were generated using our Pediatric Center's CF Foundation registry data. HV-Z was compared with population means at each age (5-17 y), the relationship of HV-Z with HT-Z assessed, and HT-Z compared with MPAH-Z. GRS cohort: HT genetic risk-Z (HT-GRS-Z) were determined for pancreatic exocrine sufficient (PS) and insufficient (PI) youth and adults from our CF center and their relationships with HT-Z assessed. RESULTS HV cohort: average HV-Z was normal across ages in our cohort but was 1.5× lower (p < 0.01) for each SD decrease in HT-Z. MPAH-Z was lower than HT-Z (p < 0.001). GRS cohort: HT-GRS-Z more strongly correlated with HT-Z and better explained height variance in PS (rho = 0.42; R2= 0.25) vs. PI (rho = 0.27; R2 = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS Despite shorter stature compared with peers and mid-parental height, youth with CF generally have normal linear growth in mid- and late childhood. PI tempered the heritability of height. These results suggest that, in CF, final height is determined early in life in CF and genetic potential is attenuated by other factors. IMPACT Children with CF remain shorter than their healthy peers despite advances in care. Our study demonstrates that children with CF have persistent shorter stature from an early age and fail to reach their genetic potential despite height velocities comparable to those of average maturing healthy peers and similar enrichment in known height increasing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genetic risk scores better explained variability in pancreatic sufficient than in pancreatic insufficient individuals, suggesting that other modifying factors are in play for pancreatic insufficient individuals with CF. Given the CF Foundation's recommendation to target not only normal body mass index, but normal height percentiles as well, this study adds valuable insight to this discussion.
Discourse of Practice: The Negotiation of Sexual Norms Via Online Religious Discourse

This article examines the negotiation of sexual practices through online discourse within a global religious community. Online questions and answers (Q&A) are analyzed while considering the technological affordances of the websites where these discourses take place as well as the discursive strategies. A total of n = 60 Q&A and n = 81 comments from three Jewish religious websites in the U.S. and Israel were collected and analyzed. These Q&A discuss issues of masturbation and touch between the sexes. It is argued that changes in the practices of the discourse—the fact that it is now online—shift elements in the concepts discussed in the discourse. Though the technological affordances allow taboo questions to be asked and enable a participatory discourse, this discourse is then used by rabbis and users to promote a strict approach toward sexuality and for peer regulation. Thus, this online discourse enforces traditional, and even fundamental, religious sexual practices.
Periodic Narrow-Band Noise Denoising of Partial Discharge Signal Through Time-Frequency Analysis

In high voltage engineering, partial discharge (PD) is an important topic. PD measurement is frequently used to monitor the status of critical equipment such as power transformer, gas insulated switchgear, and cable. The measured PD signal is of great importance for insulation evaluation and fault diagnosis. However, PD signal easily gets corrupted by periodic narrow-band noise, which will cause interference and finally lead to misjudgment of insulation status. Therefore, it is necessary to denoise it in the measured PD signal. In this paper, time-frequency analysis is proposed for denoising. Instantaneous frequency (IF) is also introduced. Due to the different IF characteristics between pure PD signal and periodic narrow-band noise, it is possible to distinguish and separate them. Numeric simulation experiments have been carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.
Determining the smallest k such that G is k-outerplanar

The outerplanarity index of a planar graph G is the smallest k such that G has a k-outerplanar embedding. We show how to compute the outerplanarity index of an n-vertex planar graph in O(n2) time, improving the previous best bound of O(k3n2). Using simple variations of the computation we can determine the radius of a planar graph in O(n2) time and its depth in O(n3) time. We also give a linear-time 4-approximation algorithm for the outerplanarity index and show how it can be used to solve maximum independent set and several other NP-hard problems faster on planar graphs with outerplanarity index within a constant factor of their treewidth.
Covert Channels - A Context-Based View

In this paper we introduce a taxonomy of covert channels that is based on the context in which the covert channel occurs. This differs from the usual taxonomies, which are based upon the mechanisms employed by the covert channel. Our goal is to use a context-based taxonomy to aid in the understanding of the tradeoffs that are involved in building a secure system.
Blind trust in unblinded observation in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior

We survey 492 recent studies in the fields of ecology, evolution and behavior (EEB) to evaluate potential for observer bias and the need for blind experimentation in each study. While 248 articles included experiments that could have been influenced by observer bias, only 13.3% of these articles indicated that experiments were blinded. The use of blind observation therefore was either grossly underreported in the surveyed articles, or many EEB studies were not blinded. We hope that a concerted effort of the field of EEB – including researchers, peer-reviewers, and journal editors – will help promote and institute routine, blind observation as an essential standard that should be practiced by all sciences.
Cross-bridge dynamics in human ventricular myocardium. Regulation of contractility in the failing heart.

BACKGROUND To investigate whether altered cross-bridge kinetics contribute to the contractile abnormalities observed in heart failure, we determined the mechanical properties of cardiac muscles from control and myopathic hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS Muscle fibers from normal (n = 5) and dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 6) hearts were obtained and chemically skinned with saponin. The muscles were then maximally activated at saturating calcium concentrations. Unloaded shortening velocities (V0) were determined in both groups. V0 in control was 0.72 +/- 0.09 Lmax/sec, whereas in myopathic muscles, V0 was 0.41 +/- 0.06 Lmax/sec at 22 degrees C. The muscles were also sinusoidally oscillated at frequencies ranging between 0.01 and 100 Hz. The dynamic stiffness of the muscles was calculated from the ratio of force response amplitude to length oscillation amplitude. At low frequencies ( CONCLUSIONS Because myopathic hearts have a markedly diminished energy reserve, the slowing of the cross-bridge cycling rate plays an important adaptational role in the observed contractility changes in human heart failure. Although the potential to generate maximal Ca(2+)-activated force is similar in normal and myopathic hearts, alterations in contractile protein composition could explain the diminished cross-bridge cycling rate in failing hearts.
Further results on robust control of nonlinear systems with input unmodeled dynamics

We show that the robustification method of Krstic et al. (1996) for nonlinear systems with linear input unmodeled dynamics guarantees global boundedness of closed loop solutions when the unmodeled dynamics subsystem is relative degree zero and minimum phase. We also prove that the solutions can be made to converge to an arbitrarily small ball around the origin.
Mediation as a Transition Process: The Impact on Postschool Employment Outcomes

This article utilizes ethnographic research methods to evaluate the impact of mediation on the transition outcomes of persons with mild mental retardation. The involvement of parents and the focal persons was disproportionate to that of school and agency personnel. School and agency efforts most often resulted in sheltered employment, while personal or parent mediation resulted more often in self-employment and continuing education outcomes. Strategies used by focal persons, their parents, and agencies or schools are discussed in relation to: (a) empowerment and self-determination, (b) the social dimensions of transition planning and “balanced mediation,” and (c) the Individualized Education Program meeting as a planning tool for developing balanced mediation and identification of mentor relationships.
A Systematic Mapping on Discovery and Composition Mechanisms for Systems-of-Systems

Systems-of-systems (SoS) represent a class of systems resulted from the interaction among independent systems that cooperate to form a larger and more complex system aiming at accomplishing global missions. An inherent characteristic of SoS is the high heterogeneity of their constituent systems, which are distributed, independent, and developed with different technologies. In addition, SoS are highly dynamic, so that their constituents are often partially known or even unknown at design time. As a consequence, these constituent systems need to be discovered, selected, and composed at runtime towards identifying the proper arrangements that contribute to the accomplishment of the global missions of the SoS. In this paper, we present the results of a systematic mapping aimed to investigate the existing approaches to discover and compose constituent systems within an SoS. Besides providing an overview of the state of the art on these topics, we shed light on important issues to be addressed by future research towards a more effective development of SoS.
Manipulation of BaO layers inducing orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition in YBa2−xSrxCu3O6.7

Abstract Monophasic oxides of the type YBa 2-x Sr x Cu 3 O 6.7 (0.0 2−x Sr x Cu 3 O 7.0 (0.0 6.7 series, the oxides are superconducting; T c 's from 52 (x=0.0) to 37 K (x=0.8). The O 7.0 oxides are all orthorhombic with T c 's from 93 (x=0.0) to 81 K (x=0.8). Factors leading to the phase transition are discussed.
Design and application of a class of sensors to monitor Ca2+ dynamics in high Ca2+ concentration cellular compartments

Quantitative analysis of Ca2+ fluctuations in the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) is essential to defining the mechanisms of Ca2+-dependent signaling under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we developed a unique class of genetically encoded indicators by designing a Ca2+ binding site in the EGFP. One of them, calcium sensor for detecting high concentration in the ER, exhibits unprecedented Ca2+ release kinetics with an off-rate estimated at around 700 s−1 and appropriate Ca2+ binding affinity, likely attributable to local Ca2+-induced conformational changes around the designed Ca2+ binding site and reduced chemical exchange between two chromophore states. Calcium sensor for detecting high concentration in the ER reported considerable differences in ER Ca2+ dynamics and concentration among human epithelial carcinoma cells (HeLa), human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK-293), and mouse myoblast cells (C2C12), enabling us to monitor SR luminal Ca2+ in flexor digitorum brevis muscle fibers to determine the mechanism of diminished SR Ca2+ release in aging mice. This sensor will be invaluable in examining pathogenesis characterized by alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis.
Diet Shifts to Benthic Feeding by Threadfin Shad

Abstract Threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense were tested to determine if they would eat benthic organisms in both the presence and absence of zooplankton. They deliberately fed on chironomids in a sand substrate when no other food was available, but when offered a choice, selected Daphnia pulex over the chironomids. When the daphnids were all consumed, the fish resumed benthic foraging. Thus, threadfin shad can shift their diet to take advantage of other available foods when their primary food is lacking. Received September 27, 1982 Accepted April 22, 1983
Bewertungskriterien zur Auslegung von Insassenschutzsystemen

Fur die Sicherheit der Fahrzeuginsassen bei einem Frontalaufprall ist ein abgestimmtes Ruckhaltesystem von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Ein signifikanter Parameter dabei ist die Fahrzeugverzogerung. TRW Automotive hat im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie hierfur mogliche Bewertungskriterien untersucht und schlieslich ein erweitertes Kriterium definiert. Weiterhin wurde gepruft, ob auf Basis dieses Bewertungskriteriums eine fruhe Indikation fur ein potenziell benotigtes Ruckhaltesystem moglich ist.
Immunological reactions induced by intracerebral transplantation: evidence that host microglia but not astroglia are the antigen-presenting cells

The immunological reactions to embryonic cerebellar xenografts (n = 16) and allografts (n = 8) in host rat brain were studied after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of survival and compared to a control group consisting of 10 rats with isografts. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed on fresh frozen brain sections using antibodies against antigen presenting cells (Ia/Ox-6+ cells) and T helper (W3/25+) cells. Massive infiltrations of both cell types were found within xenografts. Ia antigen was present in the walls of small vessels near the transplant as well as in the ventricles on supra- and subependymal cells. In host tissue surrounding the grafts, Ox-6+ immunoreactivity was also observed in a population of cells ranging from an irregular rod-like shape with short branching processes to more rounded cell bodies with retracted processes. The appearance of these cells was characteristic of microglia. These cells were GFAP-negative. These cellular reactions were associated with rejection of the grafts. In contrast, the allografts survived, but nevertheless cells expressing Ox-6+ and to a lesser extent W3/25+ immunoreactivity were found along the injection needle tract and in damaged host tissue surrounding the grafts. No Ox-6+ perivascular infiltrations were seen. Some staining was also found within the allografts, mainly associated with damaged tissue. Ox-6+ ramified cells were also observed. Both Ox-6+ and W3/25+ immunoreactivity decreased with the time of survival. Host and donor GFAP-positive astrocytes did not express Ox-6+ molecules, and therefore probably were not involved in presenting antigen to effector cells. The control isografts also survived very well, but nevertheless Ox-6+ and less widespread W3/25+ cells were present in surrounding injured host tissue. Ox-6+ perivascular infiltration was not found in the host brain of animals with isografts. Ox-6+ and W3/25+ immunoreactivities were present primarily in graft areas that appeared damaged, often closely associated with injured host tissue. These results indicate that the process of implantation of grafts and associated brain injury induces enhanced Ia/Ox-6+ immunoreactivity, primarily on microglia in brain parenchyma surrounding grafts, and suggest that host microglia may substantially contribute to the initiation of immune reactions against intracerebral grafts. Despite this predisposition to an immunological response, only in the case of xenografts did these reactions, with the addition of Ox-6+ perivascular cuffing and cell infiltrations within the grafts, lead ultimately to graft rejection.
Stability of recombinant DNA and its effects on fitness.

Abstract The stability of recombinant DNA is influenced by the fidelity of its genetic transmission and by its effects on fitness of the engineered organism. According to the ‘excess baggage' hypothesis, environmental applications of engineered organisms are inherently safe because these organisms will disappear in the absence of selection for their intended functions, owing to the costs of carriage and expression of the recombinant DNA. There are many examples that support this hypothesis, but there are also some interesting and important exceptions.
Thermal expansion properties of metallic and cermet coatings

Abstract Free-standing deposits of NiCrAl, stainless steel, and 8 wt.% yttria-stabilized zirconia were prepared using atmospheric plasma spraying and high velocity oxygen fuel processing. Feedstock powders were blended, yielding mixtures (by weight) of 100%, 75%, and 50% of the metallic material. Porosity and composition (i.e. metal or ceramic constituents) of these deposits were measured by image analysis. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was measured in the 200–950 °C interval for four thermal cycles. The first runs of these CTE measurements were not linear and differentiation of this curve established the CTE dependence with respect to temperature. Maximums in CTE behavior suggest that stress relaxation and/or oxidation may be occurring. Measurements of CTE from thermal cycles after the first cycle were constant and obeyed the law of mixtures in the measured temperature region, suggesting that stress relaxation and/or oxidation, evident in the first cycle, are no longer dominant. Microstructural analysis and microhardness measurements were used to confirm the findings from CTE measurements.
Bayesian HPM intervals for the number of nonconforming items in a lot

The incorporation of prior information or personal beliefs into a statistical procedure is the basis for the Bayesian approach to statistical inference. We discuss an information-theoretic approach which minimizes the amount of extraneous information embedded in a prior distribution yet leaves intact the prior beliefs. The procedure is used to select a Polya prior distribution for the number of nonconforming items in a lot. Theoretically speaking, the Polya distribution is the appropriate distribution for describing how the number of nonconforming items vary from lot to lot when the process fraction nonconforming varies according to a beta distribution. Assuming hypergeometric sampling from a lot, we present tables which give Bayesian interval estimates of the number of nonconforming items in a lot based on the number of nonconforming items in the sample. Two cases are considered: prior information as to the average process/lot fraction nonconforming is either (a) not available or (b) believed to be a specific value.
Phosphorylation of the band 4.1-like proteins of the bovine lens.

Abstract Crude membrane fractions prepared from the superficial cortical fiber cells of bovine lenses were incubated with [γ-32P]-ATP. Membrane-associated 4.1-like proteins were then immunoprecipitated and analyzed for 32P-incorporation. Band 4.1-like proteins of 150 kd, 80 kd, and 78 kd were found to be labeled in a time-dependent fashion, with the 150 kd protein incorporating label at an 8-fold greater rate than the 80 kd and 78 kd proteins. Addition of cAMP or Ca2+ to the membrane preparations stimulated the phosphorylation of all three of these proteins. Our results indicate that the 4.1-like proteins of the lens fiber cell share with band 4.1 of the RBC the characteristic of being substrates for cAMP-independent and cAMP-dependent protein kinases.
Impact of tuning on bad data detection of PMU measurements

Bad measurements are usually detected and identified by normalized measurement residual test through state estimators. This function relies on the accurate measurement weight assigned according to historical data. Since such information may not be available for new meters such as phasor measurement units (PMUs), a weight tuning algorithm for PMUs has been developed in a previous work. This paper investigates impact of the tuning algorithm on bad data detection of PMU measurements. It proposes a systematic method to improve the robustness of error detection and identification for PMU measurements. Simulations in IEEE 14-bus system are used to illustrate the benefits of suggested approach.
Influence of a Diurnal Oxygen Pulse on Fish Serum Proteins

Abstract Changes in the serum protein, as shown by electrophoretic analyses, appear to be correlated with changes in the environment of the organism. These changes may be associated with aquatic pollution. A diurnal oxygen pulse of 3 ppm for 8 hours per day for 9 days produced a significant stress pattern in the serum protein fractions of bluegills and largemouth bass, but did not change that of yellow bullheads. According to this study, the minimum oxygen level (for 8 hours) that will not adversely affect bluegills and largemouth bass is well above the generally proposed 3 ppm.
Psychological considerations in revision rhinoplasty.

Revision rhinoplasty is a unique challenge. In addition to the technical considerations that are inherently more difficult than primary cases, the surgeon must also be mindful of the psychological considerations that revision rhinoplasty presents. These patients are by definition unhappy with their prior rhinoplasty experience, and this perception of a suboptimal result is both legitimate and real, even if the surgeon is not in agreement. Tantamount to any intraoperative technique, the preoperative ability of the surgeon to sift through the myriad psychological and psychosocial issues is critical to achieving satisfactory outcomes for both patient and surgeon.
Leisure in Living Local through Food and Farming

This article reflects on aligning leisure research with the local foods movement while placing the local foods movement into the larger framework of sustainability and the fields of leisure and recreation. The local foods movement has persisted during difficult economic times; growth in local foods venues and young people endeavoring to establish small-scale sustainable farms continues to flourish. Given the history of leisure research and its continued success alleviating participation barriers and constraints, the need for leisure researchers to focus on local food systems is imperative and timely. This essay highlights the notion of leisure in living through local foods and the serious leisure aspects of small-scale sustainable agriculture. This article also encourages leisure researchers to explore and assess the relationships between the local foods movement and small-scale farming as embedded in the larger framework of sustainability.
Circum-Pannonian Isoglosses: the Absolute Superlative

Petar Skok noticed (1920:87) that Serbo-Croatian [SC) jako 'strong' and Roumanian [Rm) tare 'strong' describe a subtle isogloss, in that both are etymologically deictics. I He was not interested in the fact that, in addition to meaning 'strong'. both can also serve as 'very'. This is one of the points that I will pursue further here. I will also try to depict the deployment of the devices used for forming the absolute superlative ('very') in the entire area indicated in my title, i.e., roughly the area occupied by Sn, Sc. Hg, Rm, Sk and Cz. My own expertise is restricted to Rm and Hg; I have therefore had to rely on lexica2 and the good offices of a number of colleagues' for information on the Slavic languages involved. Since we are dealing with a segment of the lexicon which calls for great finesse in gauging the precise meanings of competing elements ~ very few words, it turns out, are restricted to meaning only . very' ~my limited judgment in selecting the items to be included in the discussion may have biased the discussion itself. The better informed reader is therefore asked to make the necessary adjustments. In another paper (Austerlitz 1988) I have tried to plot the devices for 'very' on the map of all of Europe. One of the results is the following. There are two large areas in Europe in which the device for rendering the absolute superlative is borrowed (so to speak) from the quantifier meaning 'much, many'. as in, e.g .. Mc and Bg (1II1/0gU, 1II1/0g0), where these words are polysemous in that they discharge the function of 'much' as well as that of 'very." I will work on the assumption that 'much' is primary and 'very' secondary in the languages where this is the case. One area where these languages are deployed is along the entire Mediterranean, stretching from Turkish, Greek and Albanian westward as far as Portuguese and even Basque. (In a few instances a minor formal distinction between quantifier and superlative is~still~evident: Galician and Castilian moiro/moi and mucho/ muy 'much/very'.) The other area in which 'much' and 'very' merge formally is a second waterway, the one stretching from the Atlantic in the West to the Baltic in the East, from Icelandic to Swedish. In addition to these two waterways. which must evidently be connected with the 'much/very' isogloss. there are other geographical areas which house similar concentrations of devices which serve to convey the function of the absolute superlative. One of these. in particular. will occupy us in what follows. For a carefully reasoned discussion of Europe as a linguistic area, see Decsy 1973.
Ethanol induces the expression of α1(I) procollagen mRNA in a co-culture system containing a liver stellate cell-line and freshly isolated hepatocytes

To study the fibrogenic action of ethanol in vitro we used a co-culture system of freshly isolated hepatocytes and a liver stellate cell line (CFSC-2G) developed in our laboratory. Our results show that in this co-culture system ethanol induces the expression of alpha 1(I) procollagen mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect of ethanol was due to its metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase since 4-methylpyrazole prevented the ethanol-mediated increase in alpha 1(I) procollagen mRNA. Ethanol was more efficient than acetaldehyde in inducing alpha 1(I) procollagen mRNA expression and its effect was protein synthesis-independent. Transfection of either hepatocytes or liver stellate cells with a reporter gene, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT), driven by 3700 bp of the mouse alpha 1(I) procollagen promoter demonstrated that only LSC expressed significant CAT activity and that this activity was enhanced by ethanol. Overall, our results suggest that this co-culture system is a useful model to study alcohol-induced fibrogenesis in vitro and that mechanisms other than acetaldehyde formation may also play an important role in alcohol-induced fibrogenesis.
The presynthesis problem for homogeneous azeotropic distillation has a unique explicit solution

Abstract The presynthesis problem for homogeneous azeotropic distillation consists of constructing residue curve maps for a variety of entrainers in order to find a collection of feasible sequences for further screening. It is shown that for ternary mixtures, these residue curve maps can be uniquely and explicitly constructed from pure component and azeotropic boiling temperature data.
Combinations of radiation therapy and immunotherapy for melanoma: a review of clinical outcomes.

Radiation therapy has long played a role in the management of melanoma. Recent advances have also demonstrated the efficacy of immunotherapy in the treatment of melanoma. Preclinical data suggest a biologic interaction between radiation therapy and immunotherapy. Several clinical studies corroborate these findings. This review will summarize the outcomes of studies reporting on patients with melanoma treated with a combination of radiation therapy and immunotherapy. Vaccine therapies often use irradiated melanoma cells, and may be enhanced by radiation therapy. The cytokines interferon-α and interleukin-2 have been combined with radiation therapy in several small studies, with some evidence suggesting increased toxicity and/or efficacy. Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody which blocks cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, has been combined with radiation therapy in several notable case studies and series. Finally, pilot studies of adoptive cell transfer have suggested that radiation therapy may improve the efficacy of treatment. The review will demonstrate that the combination of radiation therapy and immunotherapy has been reported in several notable case studies, series and clinical trials. These clinical results suggest interaction and the need for further study.