cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Isolation of Titanium Metal Cluster Complexes and Ligand-Coated Nanoparticles with a Laser Vaporization Flowtube Reactor

A new laser vaporization flow reactor (LVFR) is described consisting of a laser ablation cluster source combined with a fast flowtube reactor for the production and isolation of ligand-coated metal clusters. The source includes high repetition rate laser vaporization with a 100 Hz KrF (248 nm) excimer laser, while cluster growth and passivation with ligands takes place in a flowtube with ligand addition via a nebulizer spray. Samples are isolated in a low temperature trap and solutions containing the clusters are analyzed with laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Initial experiments with this apparatus have trapped Tix(ethylenediamine)y complexes which apparently have linear metal units with octahedral ligand coordination. Other experiments have produced and isolated clusters of the form TixOy(THF)z that apparently have linear metal oxide cores and larger (TiO2)x(THF)y nanoparticle species. The isolation of these new cluster species suggest that the LVFR instrument has considerable potential for the production of new nanocluster materials.
A Dynamic Programming Approach for Consistency and Propagation for Knapsack Constraints

Knapsack constraints are a key modeling structure in constraint programming. These constraints are normally handled with simple bounding arguments. We propose a dynamic programming structure to represent these constraints. With this structure, we are able to achieve hyper-arc consistency, to determine infeasibility before all variables are set, to generate all solutions quickly, and to provide incrementality by updating the structure after domain reduction. Testing on a difficult set of multiple knapsack instances shows significant reduction in branching.
In the analysis of behavior, what does “develop” mean?

The concept of development is an old one in behavioral science. Indeed, Developmental Psychology was the seventh division of the American Psychological Association, which “developed” into 45 more divisions. To be seventh in a sequence of 52 implies the concept is basic (or that children are important), and the current size and complexity of the division imply the concept is durable (or that children are important).
Multiple fault testable sequential circuits

The effects of multiple stuck-at faults on sequential circuits are analyzed. It is shown that the effects of multiple stuck-at faults on the state graph of a sequential circuit can be much more dramatic than the effects of single stuck-at faults. Methods for the synthesis of sequential circuits for high multiple fault testability are proposed. >
Particle Detachment from Rough Surfaces in Turbulent Flows: An Analytical Expression for Resuspension Fraction

The critical shear velocity for resuspension of micrometer size particles from rough surfaces was studied. The random variation of surface roughness was accounted for. The recently developed Monte Carlo simulations accounted for the statistical variations of physical parameters that control the particle resuspension process. A sensitivity analysis showed that the surface roughness and its random variation was the key factor affecting the particle resuspension from rough surfaces. The theory of probabilistic transformation was used and an analytical expression for evaluating the resuspension fraction of particles of different sizes from rough surfaces versus the shear velocity was developed. The resuspension fractions as predicted by the analytical model were evaluated for several particles sizes for a range of turbulent flow shear velocities. The resulting resuspension fractions were compared with those obtained from the Monte Carlo simulations as well as the available experimental data. It was found that...
Teaching Religion and Media: Syllabi and Pedagogy

This study explores the pedagogy of Religion and Media. The topic has garnered growing attention in recent years (Stout, 2012) and the sheer array of classes is a testament to its status as a lively growing topic. This study takes a nonnormative, exploratory approach to uncover four key categorical approaches to how the topic of religion and media is taught in universities. The methodology included a textual analysis of 48 syllabi and interviews with professors who teach religion and media.
Metabolism and Metabolic Actions of Ethanol

It has been known for a long time that metabolism of ethanol is faster in the fed than in the fasted state. The mechanism of this effect has recently been clarified by the definition of some rate-limiting factors in the oxidation of ethanol in a study by Meijer et al. (1975). Ethanol oxidation in liver via its main alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway (Fig. 1) is limited by the rate of reoxidation of cytosolic NADH, not by the activity of ADH. Reoxidation of cytosolic NADH requires transport of reducing equivalents into the mitochondria via substrate shuttles and reoxidation of the reducing equivalents by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. There have been few attempts to determine whether the rate-limiting factor in ethanol oxidation is the activity of the shuttles in transporting reducing equivalents, or the actual oxidation of these reducing equivalents by the respiratory chain. Data from Meijer et al. (1975) now suggest that each of these factors may be a rate-limiting step in ethanol oxidation, depending on whether rats were fed or starved prior to the experiment. Ethanol oxidation was studied in isolated rat liver cells. In cells from starved animals, the addition of the components of the malate-aspartate shuttle, e. g., glutamate or malate, resulted in a marked stimulation of ethanol oxidation; this effect was sensitive to inhibition by the transaminase inhibitor cycloserine. These results indicate that the malate-aspartate cycle does not operate at full capacity. Addition of dihydroxyacetone stimulated ethanol uptake by 45% and caused a 3-fold increase in glycerol-3-phosphate content. Since ethanol uptake under these conditions is insensitive to cycloserine, it may be assumed that hydrogen transport into mitochondria occurs by the glycerol-3-phosphate cycle. The increase of ethanol oxidation by the addition of components of the malate-aspartate cycle (and its inhibition by transaminase inhibitors) or of the glycerol-3phosphate cycle suggests that in the fasting state, the oxidation of ethanol by isolated liver cells is limited by the rate of transfer of reducing equivalents from the cytosol (where they are generated by ADH) to the mitochondria, and that this transport is itself regulated by the intracellular concentrations of the intermediates of the shuttles. Inhibition of the electron transport chain by the addition of amytal resulted in a significant reduction of ethanol oxidation, suggesting that the flux through the respiratory chain also regulates the rates of ethanol metabolism. However, the actual reoxidation of reducing equivalents by the respiratory chain is not limiting under these conditions, since uncoupling agents, which stimulate oxygen consumption, did not stimulate ethanol oxidation.
Polysilicon thin film transistors with field-plate-induced drain junction for both high-voltage and low-voltage applications

Polysilicon low-voltage (LV) and high-voltage (HV) thin-film transistors (TFTs) required in high-performance large-area devices, such as printers and LCD displays, are considered. The authors (1990) proposed an improved HVTFT device structure with an independently-biased metal field plate (FP) overlapping the entire offset region. The new FP-HVTFT eliminates the expensive lightly-doped-drain implant required in the conventional offset-gate HVTFTs and the current-pinching effects commonly observed in conventional offset-gate polysilicon HVTFTs. The authors report the effects of offset length (L/sub off/) on the new FP-HVTFTs, as the device characteristics of the conventional offset-gate polysilicon HVTFTs are known to be very sensitive to L/sub off/, and L/sub off/ is set by the alignment between two masking layers in actual device fabrication. The feasibility is reported of using the field-plate device as a low-voltage TFT for reducing the off-state leakage current. >
The effects of chronically elevated plasma cortisol on the bioactive and immunoreactive corticotropin secretory responses to hemorrhage in the fetal sheep at 0.70 gestation

Objective: Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that a long-term physiologic elevation of plasma cortisol would not alter the basal plasma concentrations of immunoreactive and bioactive corticotropin, yet it would evoke an increase in the ratio of bioactive to immunoreactive corticotropin secreted during stress. We define immunoreactive corticotropin (i.e., immunoreactive corticotropin-like activity) as that material obtained from plasma that displaces the binding of tracer quantities of iodine 125-labeled corticotropin from antisera directed toward the 6-24 portion of the corticotropin (1-39) molecule, whereas bioactive corticotropin (i.e., bioactive corticotropin-like activity) is defined as that material obtained from plasma that stimulates the secretion of corticosterone from dispersed rat adrenal cells in comparison to known concentrations of synthetic corticotropin (1-39). Study Design: We studied the plasma immunoreactive and bioactive corticotropin responses to hemorrhage in eight vehicle- and 10 cortisol-treated fetal sheep at 101 ± 1 days of gestation. At 94 ± 1 days of gestation each fetus began receiving a 6-day continuous infusion of either vehicle or cortisol. During the last 10 minutes of the infusion about 30% of the estimated blood volume was withdrawn from the fetuses. Results: Basal plasma cortisol was significantly higher in the cortisol group (20.6 ± 2.3 ng/ml vs 2.7 ± 0.3 ng/ml). Basal plasma immunoreactive ACTH and bioactive corticotropin were not significantly different between groups. In both groups the plasma immunoreactive corticotropin significantly increased during hemorrhage, although the increase in the cortisol group (32 ± 8 to 40 ± 8 pg/ml) was significantly less than that in the vehicle group (45 ± 14 to 86 ± 28 pg/ml). In contrast, plasma bioactive corticotropin increased significantly during hemorrhage in the vehicle group (10 ± 1 to 16 ± 3 pg/ml) alone. Conclusions: In the early-gestation fetal sheep a chronic elevation of plasma cortisol does not significantly lower basal plasma immunoreactive and bioactive corticotropin. Nevertheless, it (1) attenuates the immunoreactive corticotropin response and (2) abolishes the bioactive corticotropin response to hemorrhage. It is possible that some of the negative feedback effects of plasma cortisol on corticotropin release occur at the posttranslational level.
Effects of land cover, topography, and built structure on seasonal water quality at multiple spatial scales

Abstract The relationship among land cover, topography, built structure and stream water quality in the Portland Metro region of Oregon and Clark County, Washington areas, USA, is analyzed using ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted (GWR) multiple regression models. Two scales of analysis, a sectional watershed and a buffer, offered a local and a global investigation of the sources of stream pollutants. Model accuracy, measured by R2 values, fluctuated according to the scale, season, and regression method used. While most wet season water quality parameters are associated with urban land covers, most dry season water quality parameters are related topographic features such as elevation and slope. GWR models, which take into consideration local relations of spatial autocorrelation, had stronger results than OLS regression models. In the multiple regression models, sectioned watershed results were consistently better than the sectioned buffer results, except for dry season pH and stream temperature parameters. This suggests that while riparian land cover does have an effect on water quality, a wider contributing area needs to be included in order to account for distant sources of pollutants.
Self-discovered breast mass in a 38-year-old woman

Patient: A 38-year-old Caucasian female Chief Complaint: The patient presented to her primary care physician with a self-discovered breast mass. History of Present Illness: The patient had no significant medical history except 2 pregnancies, the last of which resulted in a full-term pregnancy 6 months prior to her noticing the breast mass. Her primary care physician ordered a pregnancy test while the patient was in the office. The pregnancy test was positive, but a trans-vaginal ultrasound showed no intrauterine pregnancy. She was sent for a breast biopsy, and an abdominal CT was also performed. Past Medical History: G2P2, with no adverse events during either pregnancy. The patient reported missing 1 period after delivery, but it was followed by several normal menstruations before she noted the breast mass. She has not yet reached the age to begin screening for breast cancer (BRCA) and has never had a mammogram. Family History: No family history of malignancy. Social History: The patient is a non-smoker. Physical Exam Findings: On admission, the physical exam showed an adult woman in no acute distress. Her abdomen was soft and non-distended. Laboratory, Radiology, and Pathology Findings: Laboratory values on admission are noted in Table 1. A CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis was performed. The results are summarized in Image 1. Histologic images of a splenic resection are shown in Image 2. 1. What are this patient’s most striking clinical and laboratory findings (Table 1)? 2. What is the differential diagnosis for a woman of this age with a breast mass? 3. What additional testing is necessary for the diagnosis? 4. What is the most likely diagnosis based on the clinical, radiologic, laboratory, and histologic findings? 5. What is the pathophysiology of this disease, and is this a common presentation? 6. How can you explain the patient’s thyroid …
Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis Associated With Cetuximab, an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor

Cetuximab is an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor used for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. We report an unusual case of diffuse proliferative and crescentic glomerulonephritis in a 67-year-old man in close temporal association with cetuximab treatment for recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma. The patient presented with acute renal failure and nephrotic-range proteinuria. Kidney biopsy showed diffuse proliferative and focally crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with immunoglobulin A (IgA)-dominant immune-complex deposition within glomerular capillary walls and mesangium. The patient showed dramatic improvement in kidney function after discontinuation of cetuximab therapy and a short course of cyclophosphamide and steroid. The clinical outcome of this case suggests that cetuximab therapy may trigger or exacerbate IgA-mediated glomerular injury and warrants close monitoring of kidney function in patients treated with this epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor.
Nimodipine alters acquisition of a visual discrimination task in chicks.

Chicks 5 days old received intraperitoneal injections of nimodipine 30 min before training on either a visual discrimination task (0, 0.5, 1.0, or 5.0 mg/kg) or a test of separation-induced distress vocalizations (0, 0.5, or 2.5 mg/kg). Chicks receiving 1.0 mg/kg nimodipine made significantly fewer visual discrimination errors than vehicle controls by trials 41–60, but did not differ from controls 24 h later. Chicks in the 5 mg/kg group made significantly more errors when compared to controls both during acquisition of the task and during retention. Nimodipine did not alter separation-induced distress vocalizations at any of the doses tested, suggesting that nimodipine's effects on learning cannot be attributed to a reduction in separation distress. These data indicate that nimodipine's facilitation of learning in young subjects is dose dependent, but nimodipine failed to enhance retention.
Who Toes the Party Line? Cues, Values, and Individual Differences

This article explores individual differences in citizens’ reliance on cues and values in political thinking. It uses experimental evidence to identify which citizens are likely to engage in heuristic processing and which citizens are likely to engage in systematic processing in developing opinions about a novel issue. The evidence suggests that political awareness crisply distinguishes between heuristic and systematic processors. The less politically aware rely on party cues and not on an issue-relevant value. As political awareness increases, reliance on party cues drops and reliance on an issue-relevant value rises. Need for cognition fails to yield clear results. The results suggest two routes to opinion formation: heuristic processing and systematic processing. Political awareness, not need for cognition, predicts which route citizens will take.
Neoproterozoic kimberlite emplacement in the Front Range, Colorado

A paucity of isotopic age determinations for the more than 100 kimberlitic diatremes, dikes, and sills within the Colorado-Wyoming kimberlite province has fostered the prevailing notion that emplacement of these bodies occurred during a discrete interval of ultramafic magmatism spanning Early to Late Devonian time. However, new geochronologic data for two kimberlite bodies (Chicken Park and Green Mountain kimberlites) support a Neoproterozoic emplacement age for these bodies. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analysis of fine-grained matrix phlogopite from the Chicken Park dike indicates emplacement between 620 and 640 Ma. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of the Green Mountain diatreme, utilizing both phlogopite megacrysts and mineral separates from xenoliths, is somewhat equivocal because of excess Ar, but suggests emplacement between 500 and 800 Ma. A Sm-Nd isochron, based on megacrystic phases from the Green Mountain diatreme, yields an age of 572 ±49 Ma. Neoproterozoic emplacement indicates that the Colorado-Wyoming kimberlite province apparently has undergone multiple intervals of kimberlitic magmatism, similar to other kimberlite provinces worldwide. The episodes of kimberlite emplacement coincide with periods of relative orogenic and magmatic quiescence in Colorado and Wyoming.
Intrazeolite Complexation of Transition Metal Ions by Triazacyclononane-Type Ligands: Control of Cluster Nuclearity and Oxygen Binding in Confined Reaction Spaces

1,4,7-Triazacyclononane (L) and its methylated analog (L‘) form complexes with zeolite-exchanged Mn2+, Co2+, or Cu2+. Through comparison with diluted solutions of the complexes, the effect of the z...
A New Proof and an Extension of a Theorem of P. Rabinowitz Concerning Nonlinear Wave Equations.

Abstract : In 1978, P. Rabinowitz proved a theorem concerned with the existence of a nontrivial periodic solution of a nonlinear wave equation with a continuous increasing superlinear nonlinear term. In this paper we present a new and simpler proof of this theorem and relax an assumption on the nonlinear term, which is a discontinuous nondecreasing function. (Author)
Forced periodic operation of tubular reactors

Abstract Forced periodic operation of tubular reactors can increase conversion and yield if proper operating conditions and forcing policies are selected. A numerical approach is proposed for computing the effects of periodic input forcing by a shooting algorithm. Such computational tools permit the assessment of the benefits of forced periodic operation of a specific reactor system and the identification of the ranges of operating conditions where forced periodic operation is beneficial. This information provides valuable insight for planning detailed experimental studies. Determining the influential input variables and bracketing the ranges of the operating conditions for improving reactor performance will reduce significantly the experiments needed for selecting the most favorable reactor operation policies. The application of the numerical algorithm is illustrated by assessing the benefits of forced periodic operation to a CO oxidation reactor model. The results reveal substantial improvement in performance with slow cycling in feed concentration.
Zero-Point Energy Constraint in Quasi-classical Trajectory Calculations†

A method to constrain the zero-point energy in quasi-classical trajectory calculations is proposed and applied to the Henon-Heiles system. The main idea of this method is to smoothly eliminate the coupling terms in the Hamiltonian as the energy of any mode falls below a specified value.
A Phototautomerizable Model DNA Base Pair

2-(2‘-Hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBO) undergoes rapid photoinduced proton transfer from the enol-imine to the keto-amine tautomer. When incorporated in duplex DNA opposite an abasic site, HBO appears to be a good mimic of a natural DNA base pair based on duplex stability, UV and CD spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. In the chosen sequence context, HBO exists exclusively as the syn-enol tautomer, which is consistent with an environment of the model base that is dominated by neighboring nucleobases and not by solvation. The syn-enol efficiently undergoes photoinduced proton transfer to the keto-tautomer, which should allow for the study of tautomerization within the duplex DNA.
Role of hylan G-F 20 in treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip joint.

Abstract Vad VB, Sakalkale D, Sculco TP, Wickiewicz TL. Role of hylan G-F 20 in treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip joint. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1224–6. Objective: To study the efficacy of hylan G-F 20 in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip joint. Design: Prospective within-group study. Setting: Musculoskeletal rehabilitation clinic. Participants: Twenty-two patients (25 hips) with hip joint OA who had failed to find pain relief from conservative methods such as physical therapy, exercises, and steroid injections. Demographics included 14 men and 11 women (mean age, 56.4y), 21 of whom had mild to moderate OA and 4 of whom had severe OA of the hips. Intervention: Each hip joint was injected with 2mL of hylan G-F 20 at 2, 3, and 4 weeks and fluoroscopic lavage with 100mL of normal saline at week 1. All patients had standard hip exercise regimen after the injection. Main Outcome Measures: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Lower Limb Core Scale score and visual numeric pain score. Results: At 1-year follow-up, the AAOS Lower Limb Core Scale score improved from a preinjection mean of 44.2 to a follow-up mean of 86.1 ( P Conclusion: Use of hylan G-F 20 injection is a viable option for treatment of mild to moderate OA of the hip joint.
The Physical Education Teacher as School Activity Director

JOPERD • Volume 78 No. 5 • May/June 2007 N early half of youths between the ages of 12 and 21 are not vigorously active on a regular basis (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). If the educational setting is to play a role in meeting national health objectives for youths, the school environment needs to promote opportunities for physical activity. Hence, the purpose of this article is to help physical education teachers to start a comprehensive physical activity program that refl ects effective teaching practices, such as increased engagement during physical education and student accountability, and that emphasizes contemporary practices such as instant activity, modifi ed games, active recess, intramurals, drop-in activity periods, and participation in school wellness initiatives.
Plexiform neuroma of the trigeminal nerve.

Summary A case of plexiform neuroma of the trigeminal nerve, associated with brain changes, skull defects, and buphthalmos, is presented. This was surgically treated by a retrogasserian ganglion section. The clinical and pathological findings are discussed.
The emergence of the diversity of igneous rocks as a geological problem : Part one : Early speculations

Speculation about igneous rock diversity began in the first half of the nineteenth century after acceptance of the existence of ancient volcanism and the recognition of two fundamental types of lava: basalt and trachyte. Before 1850, George Poulett Scrope (1797-1876), Charles Darwin (1809-1882), and James Dwight Dana (1813-1895) attributed diversity to intumescence of gas-rich lava, crystal settling, and differential fusion of minerals. In the 1850s, Robert Bunsen (1811-1899) maintained that lava is derived from two deep normal trachytic and normal pyroxenic sources. Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1809-1876), Joseph Durocher (1817-1860), and Ferdinand von Richthofen (1833-1905) universalized Bunsen's sources by postulating a density-stratified Earth in which a layer of acid, feldspathic material rested above a layer of basic, basaltic material. Exploration of the complex volcanic terranes of western America in the 1860s and 1870s undermined the two-source theories and opened the way for the concept...
Observation of light transmission through randomly rough glass surfaces beyond the critical angle

In this series of experiments we study the transmission of laser light through a randomly rough interface between air and ground-glass diffusers. We verify the refractive index suppression predicted by Dogariu and Boreman [Opt. Lett.21, 701 (1996)]. We also observe and quantify transmission beyond the critical angle for total internal reflection defined by Snell's law. In particular, these results may be applied to the ANITA experiment, which detects astrophysical neutrino interactions via radio waves produced under the ice. These radio waves must pass through the rough surfaces of the Antarctic ice sheets and shelves.
Enhancement of the hidden order/large moment antiferromagnetic transition temperature in the URu2−xOsxSi2 system

Electrical resistivity, specific heat, and magnetization measurements on the URuOsSi system suggest a phase transition from the ‘hidden order’ phase to another unidentified phase that is likely to be a large moment antiferromagnetic phase. It is noteworthy that the hidden order/large moment antiferromagnetic phase boundary is enhanced from 17.5 K at = 0 to 50 K at = 1. However, as increases, the gap opening in the Fermi surface due to the hidden order phase transition, deduced from electrical resistivity and specific heat measurements, decreases. This study reveals that both Fe and Os isoelectronic substitutions for Ru in URuSi yield an enhancement of . In contrast to the URuFeSi system, where the unit cell volume decreases with , in the URuOsSi system, the unit cell volume increases with . Thus the enhancement of the hidden order/large moment antiferromagnetic transition temperature cannot be solely due to an increase in chemical pressure.
Coupled Operation of the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron and the 25 MV Tandem

Coupled operation of the 25 MV tandem and the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron (ORIC) was achieved on January 27, 1981. A beam of 38 MeV 16O2+ was injected into ORIC, stripped to 8+ and accelerated to 324 MeV. Shortly afterwards, the energy was increased to the maximum design value of 25 MeV/amu (400 MeV). A spectrum taken of the scattering of this beam from a thin 208Pb target in the broad range spectrograph exhibited a resolution of 115 keV (FWHM). Performance of the system was in close agreement with that predicted from calculations.
Beyond Guaranteed Outcomes: Creating a Discourse for Educational Praxis

Connell talks about ‘praxis traps’ as being ‘where people do things for good reasons and skilfully, in situations that turn out to make their original purpose impossible to achieve’. This idea of praxis traps reminds us of the elusive nature of human action. However, according to the ideology of managerialism, educational practice is a technical process the outcome of which can be foreknown and guaranteed. In this paper, it is argued that current discourses, such as the New South Wales Scott report, which represent educational practice as technical behaviour, the outcomes of which can be guaranteed, must be challenged. Critique of the discourse alone, however, will not be enough to quell the demands for outcome guarantees. What is needed is the development of a new discourse; one which takes account of uncertainty and unpredictability in educational practice. The paper points to some of the key terms in such a discourse.
Pseudocysts of the pancreas presenting as renal mass lesions.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Two cases of pseudocyst of the pancreas are presented, both of which were misinterpreted pre-operatively as intrarenal lesions. Although selective renal arteriography may serve to differentiate vascular from avascular lesions of the kidney, and extrinsic from intrinsic mass lesions in most cases, a small number of extrinsic lesions causing gross deformity of the kidney can be confused with masses of intrinsic origin despite adequate arteriographic studies. In these cases surgical exploration reveals the true nature of the lesion. Should a thick-walled cystic mass be encountered which is filled with liquid decomposed blood, an emergency amylase determination should be done on the fluid, and if it is high indicating that the cyst is of pancreatic origin, either resection of the involved pancreas should be performed, or provision made for adequate and prolonged drainage of the consequent pancreatic fistula.
A surface-barrier beam monitor

Abstract A thin silicon surface-barrier semiconductor detector was used to monitor the intensity of a pulsed high-energy electron beam of between 10 2 and 10 6 electrons per 1.6 μs pulse.
Dynamic Emulation Using an Indirect Control Input

This paper presents a generalized framework to analyze and design controllers for a class of dynamic emulation systems. This class of systems features some structurally distinctive control frameworks which inherently limit the available bandwidth for dynamic emulation. The primary focus is on control structures that we define as indirect. This means the signal from the controller does not affect the physical plant directly; it interacts in combination with other exogenous signals to affect a behavior on the physical system interacting with the emulated load. It is shown that the achievable closed-loop performance is limited in a unique way: the high-frequency response of the controlled closed-loop system converges to the dynamics of the open-loop physical plant that is interacting with the emulated load. This paper illustrates the three controller configurations of the indirect emulation and gives guidelines on how to improve the performance within the identified structural limitations. The three configurations are: a feedback design measuring plant output only, a feedforward design measuring an exogenous signal, and a two degree-of-freedom design combining feedback and feedforward measurements. A detailed analysis in the frequency domain is used to support the experimental results illustrated on a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) system. The demonstration case is a high-bandwidth transient dynamometer to emulate rapidly varying loads associated with an earthmoving vehicle powertrain.
Noise traders and the rational investors: a comparison of the 1990s and the 2000s

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the effect of individual and institutional sentiments on the US stock returns during a prolonged bull phase of ten years in the 1990s compared to shorter boom and bust cycles of the 2000s. The study is focussed on a set of stocks that are prone to sentiments and speculations. Design/methodology/approach – To compare the dynamic interaction of individual and institutional sentiments and stock returns, the authors use the vector autoregression (VAR) approach. The VAR model has proven to be especially useful for describing the dynamic behavior of economic and financial time series because it does not impose a priori restriction on the structure of the system. Using impulse response function, the authors determine how stock returns respond over time to a shock in institutional and individual sentiments. Findings – The authors find that sentiments of individual investors can affect returns mostly when there is a prolonged upward trend in stock pric...
TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF LEUKOTRIENE B5

Abstract A practical, stereocontrolled synthesis of leukotriene B5 is described which makes this substance readily available for the first time.
Regulation of the mitochondrial ATPase in situ in cardiac muscle: role of the inhibitor subunit.

The mitochondrial F1-ATPase inhibitor protein, IF1, binds to β subunits of the F1-ATPase bothin vitro andin situ under nonenergizing conditions, i.e., under conditions that allow a net hydrolysis of ATP by the mitochondrial ATPase to take place. This reversible IF1 binding occurs in a wide variety of cell types including (anaerobic) baker's yeast cells and (ischemic) mammalian cardiomyocytes under conditions that limit oxidative phosphorylation. The binding of inhibitor results in a marked slowing of ATP hydrolysis by the undriven mitochondrial ATP synthase. An apparent main function of this reversible IF1 binding, at least in cells that undergo aerobic-anaerobic switching, is the mitigation of a wasteful hydrolysis of ATP produced by glycolysis during anoxic or ischemic intervals, by the mitochondrial ATPase. While this apparent main function is probably of considerable importance in cells that normally either can or must undergo aerobic-anaerobic switching such as baker's yeast cells and skeletal myocytes, one wonders why a full complement of IF1 has been retained in certain cells that normally do not undergo such aerobic-anaerobic switching, cells such as adult mammalian cardiomyocytes of many species. While some mammalian species have, indeed, not retained a functional complement of IF1 in their cardiomyocytes, those that have can benefit significantly from its presence during intervals of myocardial ischemia.
Competition between van der Waals and Hydrogen Bonding Interactions: Structure of the trans-1-Naphthol/N2 Cluster

The excitation energy in the multiphoton ionization spectrum of the trans-1-naphthol/N2 cluster shows only a small red shift with respect to isolated naphthol, indicating a van der Waals π-bound structure rather than a hydrogen-bonded one. To confirm this interpretation, high-level electronic structure calculations were performed for several π- and hydrogen-bonded isomers of this cluster. The calculations were carried out at the second order Moller−Plesset (MP2) level of perturbation theory with the family of correlation consistent basis sets up to quintuple-ζ quality including corrections for the basis set superposition error and extrapolation to the MP2 complete basis set (CBS) limit. We report the optimal geometries, vibrational frequencies, and binding energies (De), also corrected for harmonic zero-point energies (D0), for three energetically low-lying isomers. In all calculations the lowest energy structure was found to be an isomer with the N2 molecule bound to the π-system of the naphthol ring car...
A helix stop signal in the isolated S-peptide of ribonuclease A

The isolated S-peptide (residues 1-20 of ribonuclease A) is known to show partial alpha-helix formation in aqueous solutions at low temperatures. We show here that the helix is limited to certain residues, including ones that are helical in the intact protein, and that a functional helix termination signal exists in the isolated peptide.
Relationship of Firm Size, Initial Diversification, and Internationalization with Strategic Change

Abstract What are the relationships among firm size, initial product diversity, international diversification, and abrupt change in product diversity? Data analysis using a sample of 555 firms in diverse industries from COMPUSTAT for the period 1978–90 characterizes these relationships in terms of fluidity (versus rigidity) effects. Specifically, we find that initial product diversity, international diversification, and firm size have significant linear, quadratic, and cubic effects, respectively. Significant interactive relationships among the variables reveal that increasing firm size at the extreme lower as well as higher levels enables internationally diversifying firms to change more (or less) abruptly when they have higher (or lower) initial product diversity. These effects of firm size are less pronounced at the medium levels of firm size or for firms with a low level of international diversification. These strategic choices may be explained by firm capabilities developed through experience and learning as a result of high initial product diversification and subsequent international diversification and reinforced by varying levels of resources and inertia associated with firm size.
Measuring Values-Based Environmental Concerns in Children: An Environmental Motives Scale

The Environmental Motives Scale (EMS) was developed to measure an individual's concerns about environmental issues. The measure provides subscale scores for egoistic, social-altruistic, and biospheric concerns. Prior studies have shown a good fit for the 3-factor structure, but the measure has yet to be used with children. In this paper we report two studies in which we develop and validate a modified version of the EMS for use with children. Confirmatory factor analyses show an acceptable fit for this population. The reliability and validity of the measure for use with children is also examined.
Localized Corrosion Susceptibility of Alloy 22 in Chloride Solutions: Part 2 Effect of Fabrication Processes

Abstract The effect of fabrication processes on the localized corrosion susceptibility of Alloy 22 ([UNS N06022] 56Ni-22Cr-13.5Mo-3W-4Fe), a candidate container material for the disposal of high-level nuclear waste in the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, was assessed in chloride-containing solutions at temperatures ranging from 60°C to 95°C. The results of tests covering a range of metallurgical conditions, including as-welded, welded plus solution-annealed, and thermally aged materials, were compared with those for the as-received mill-annealed alloy. The localized corrosion susceptibility of Alloy 22 was determined by comparing the crevice corrosion repassivation potentials with corrosion potentials measured in separate tests. The crevice corrosion susceptibility was found to be dependent on temperature, chloride concentration, and the nitrate-to-chloride molar concentration ratio. Welding and short-term thermal aging decreased the localized corrosion resistance of Alloy 22 compared with t...
Clot-selective coronary thrombolysis with lowdose synergistic combinations of single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator☆

The effect of simultaneous infusions of low-dose recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scu-PA, pro-urokinase) on coronary arterial thrombolysis was investigated in 23 patients treated within 6 hours (mean 2.6 +/- 1.1, range 1.2 to 5.9) of symptoms of an acute myocardial infarction. Infarct artery patency at 90 minutes was achieved in 16 (70%, 95% confidence limits of 0.47 to 0.87) of 23 patients after a 1-hour intravenous infusion of 20 and 16.3 mg of t-PA and scu-PA, respectively. At 90 minutes, the fibrinogen concentration decreased from 369 +/- 207 to 316 +/- 192 mg/dl (p = not significant), while plasminogen decreased to 69 +/- 24% (p = 0.001) and alpha-2-antiplasmin to 77 +/- 24% (p = 0.001) of pretreatment values. Although no bleeding requiring termination of drug infusion or transfusion occurred, 1 patient with cerebrovascular amyloidosis had a fatal intracerebral hemorrhage. These findings suggest that combination therapy may allow substantial reductions in total thrombolytic doses while still achieving effective fibrin-specific coronary thrombolysis.
Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophago-gastric junction: the effects of single and combined modalities on the survival and patterns of failure following treatment.

Abstract One hundred sixty-five patients with localized adenocarcinomas of the esophagus or esophago-gastric (EG junction were treated with surgery alone, radiation therapy alone, chemotherapy alone, surgery followed by post-operative radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or chemosensitized radiation therapy, and chemosensitized radiation therapy alone. Patients were retrospectively evaluated for survival, control of tumor within the mediastinum, post-operative swallowing function, patterns of failure, and treatment-related morbidity. Follow-up of survivors ranges from 9–88 months (median 23 months). Chemotherapy and radiation therapy as single modalities were associated with a recurrence rate of 100%. Combined modality therapy significantly reduced the risk of local recurrence in all patient groups. Chemosensitized radiation therapy alone reduced the local recurrence rate to 48%, and surgery followed by radiation therapy reduced the local failure rate to 24%. When chemotherapy or chemosensitization was added to surgery plus radiation, the risk was further reduced to 15%. The use of combined modality therapy was also found to extend the survival of patients without excessive toxicity. Median survival was shortest among the group treated with radiation alone (5 months) and intermediate among patients following chemosensitized radiation alone (10 months) or complete surgical resection alone (15 months). Patients treated with all three modalities had the longest median survival (21 months). Based on this experience, the optimum treatment of these patients appears to include aggressive attempts at surgical resection with chemosensitized radiation therapy. Excellent palliation can also be achieved in unresectable patients with chemosensitized radiation therapy with a smaller chance for long term survival.
A Study of Spear as a Dedicated Source of Synchrotron Radiation

We have studied the potential of SPEAR as a dedicated source of synchrotron radiation, based on the expectation that SPEAR will become increasingly available for this purpose as PEP, the 18-GeV colliding-beam storage ring now under construction by LBL and SLAC, becomes operational. A synchrotron radiation research program has been underway since May, 1974. Two beam ports capable of serving 9 simultaneous users are now operational. In single-beam multi-bunch operation high currents are possible (225 mA has been achieved and ? 300 mA is expected) and the electron beam emittance can be made smaller, resulting in higher source point brightness. Descriptions aregivenof SPEAR capabilities and of plans to expand the research capability by adding beam runs and by inserting wiggler magnets in SPEAR straight sections.
Parameters affecting the resolution and accuracy of 2-D quantitative shear wave images

Time-of-flight methods allow quantitative measurement of shear wave speed (SWS) from ultrasonically tracked displacements following impulsive acoustic radiation force excitation in tissue. In heterogeneous materials, reflections at boundaries can distort the wave shape and confound determination of the wave arrival time. The magnitude of these effects depends on the shear wavelength of the excitation, the kernel size used to calculate the SWS, and the method used to determine the wave arrival time. In this study, we perform a parametric analysis of these factors using finite element modeling of the tissue response and simulated ultrasonic tracking. Two geometries are used, a stiff vertical layer and a stiff spherical inclusion, each in a uniform background. Wave arrival times are estimated using the peak displacement, peak slope of the leading edge, and cross-correlation methods. Results are evaluated in terms of reconstruction accuracy, resolution, contrast, and contrast-to-noise ratio of reconstructed SWS images. Superior results are obtained using narrower excitation widths and arrival time estimators which identify the leading edge of the propagating wave. The optimal kernel size is determined by a tradeoff between improved accuracy for larger kernels at the expense of spatial resolution.
Water requirements of adult females of the honey bee parasitic mite, Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and implications for control

Abstract This is the first demonstration of active water vapor uptake by the adult female honey bee parasitic mite, Varroa jacobsoni (Oudemans). Water vapor gain permits these ‘leaky’ mites to counter water loss and survive between meals. Their poor water-retention ability (fast net water loss rate) reveals a critical requirement for moisture. This is reflected by the stable, humid microhabitat of the bee colony environment and this mite's tropical origin. Water balance characteristics for mites from three states (Arizona, Minnesota and Pennsylvania) and a fluvalinate-resistant population (Pennsylvania) were identical. This implies that Varroa can occupy any region where beehives are located and strengthens the argument that resistance is biochemically-based. These results show that the hydrophilic-nature of V. jacobsoni has important implications for improving integrative pest management strategies.
Classification of type 2 diabetes by clinical response to metformin-troglitazone combination and C-Peptide criteria.

Objective: To assess the ability of basal and stimulated C-peptide levels and stimulated glucose values after oral administration of glucose to predict a successful response to metformin and troglitazone combination therapy after discontinuation of insulin therapy. Methods: At the onset of the study, plasma glucose and C-peptide levels were measured in a group of 64 obese patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes while they were fasting and 2 hours after a challenge of 100 g of glucose administered orally. Then combination metformin-troglitazone treatment was initiated while insulin therapy was gradually tapered over 8 to 12 weeks. Subjects who successfully tolerated insulin withdrawal after the metformin-troglitazone combination were categorized as non-insulin-requiring responders, whereas those who needed insulin to obtain glycemic control were categorized as insulin-requiring nonresponders. Basal and glucose-stimulated C-peptide levels as well as stimulated glucose values were contrasted in the res...
Trajectory generation and control for four wheeled omnidirectional vehicles

Abstract This paper describes an algorithm to calculate near-optimal minimum time trajectories for four wheeled omnidirectional vehicles, which can be used as part of a high-level path planner. The algorithm is based on a relaxed optimal control problem. It takes limited friction and vehicle dynamics into account, as encountered in high-performance omnidirectional vehicles. The low computational complexity makes the application in real-time feasible. An implementation of the algorithm on a real vehicle is presented and discussed.
Predicting the onset of thermal stratification in shallow inland waterbodies

Diurnal thermal stratification in shallow lakes and ponds is well documented and affects biogeochemical gradients. The onset of thermal stratification should occur when the stratification parameter I S =−HB/u* rises above a critical value, I crit . Previous applications of the stratification parameter lack a common definition for the onset stratification and include assumptions inappropriate for shallow inland waterbodies. Here, the onset of stratification is defined relative to a practical threshold given by the Rohr-Stillinger criterion, N2 = e/(20v). Using this definition, the utility of I S for predicting stratification in two shallow ponds was evaluated using select periods from over 600 days of temperature profiles, standard weather data and measured light attenuation coefficients. Though uncertainties in B and u* can produce errors in I S on the order of 40–60%, the parameter is robust for predicting the onset of stratification. Accuracy can be improved by sitespecific determinations of wind sheltering. The critical value for the onset of stratification was found to be approximately 1. The stratification parameter can be an effective screening tool for 1) predicting the presence of significant chemical gradients, and 2) determining the minimum wind speed required to prevent diurnal thermal stratification from developing.