cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Scintigraphy

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) scintigraphy (also referred to as “cisternogram”) is a traditional clinical nuclear medicine neuroimaging modality, mainly used to help diagnose normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), to detect CSF leaks, and to evaluate CSF shunt patency (Ali et al., Clin Nucl Med 23(3):52–155, 1998; Chiewvit et al., World J Nucl Med 13(2):75–84, 2014; Eljazzar et al., World Neurosurg 127:307–315, 2019; Kitami et al., No To Shinkei 38(8):781–788, 1986; Klassen and Ahlskog, Neurology 77:1119–1125, 2011). Corresponding to these applications are cases grouped in three sections. Section “CSF Imaging in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)” shows classic imaging features consistent with NPH including persistent ventricular reflux and significantly delayed CSF flow. Cases in section “CSF Leak Imaging” demonstrate that CSF scintigraphy is a highly specific imaging technique for detecting CSF leaks, which can be effectively treated with epidural blood patch (Eljazzar et al., World Neurosurg 127:307–315, 2019). Finally, section “CSF Imaging in the Evaluation of Shunt Patency” shows the value of CSF imaging in the evaluation of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) and lumboperitoneal (LP) shunt patency, especially in patients with recurrent symptoms and/or equivocal anatomic imaging findings. CSF scintigraphy is an imaging choice in the evaluation of Ommaya shunt patency, which is a prerequisite for intrathecal chemotherapy. In addition to Ommaya shunt occlusion, uneven CSF distribution in the subarachnoid spaces and/or significant slow CSF flow is often associated with intrathecal treatment failure and a poor prognosis.
Frailty in Critical Care Medicine: A Review

Traditional approaches to clinical risk assessment utilize age as a marker of increased vulnerability to stress. Relatively recent advancements in the study of aging have led to the concept of the frailty syndrome, which represents a multidimensional state of depleted physiologic and psychosocial reserve and clinical vulnerability that is related to but variably present with advancing age. The frailty syndrome is now a well-established clinical entity that serves as both a guide for clinical intervention and a predictor of poor outcomes in the primary and acute care settings. The biological aspects of the syndrome broadly represent a network of interrelated perturbations involving the age-related accumulation of molecular, cellular, and tissue damage that leads to multisystem dysregulation, functional decline, and disproportionately poor response to physiologic stress. Given the complexity of the underlying biologic processes, several well-validated approaches to define frailty clinically have been developed, each with distinct and reasonable considerations. Stemming from this background, the past several years have seen a number of observational studies conducted in intensive care units that have established that the determination of frailty is both feasible and prognostically useful in the critical care setting. Specifically, frailty as determined by several different frailty measurement tools appears associated with mortality, increased health care utilization, and disability, and has the potential to improve risk stratification of intensive care patients. While substantial variability in the implementation of frailty measurement likely limits the generalizability of specific findings, the overall prognostic trends may offer some assistance in guiding management decisions with patients and their families. Although no trials have assessed interventions to improve the outcomes of critically ill older people living with frailty, the particular vulnerability of this population offers a promising target for intervention in the future.
Preservice Teachers’ Professional Noticing When Viewing Standard and 360 Video:

Use of video as a representation of practice in teacher education is commonplace. The current study explored the use of a new format (360 video) in the context of preservice teachers’ professional ...
Use of environmental product declarations (EPDs) of pavement materials in the United States of America (U.S.A.) to ensure environmental impact reductions

Abstract Recent green public procurement (GPP) initiatives in the U.S.A. rely on the use of the construction materials EPDs. EPD programs, however, were initiated by the material manufacturers, motivated by their interest to use EPDs as communication tools, improve production efficiency, and extend outreach. The goal of GPP initiatives is to produce the environmental improvements, however, it is unclear if the current EPD programs and GPP mechanisms can reliably support that goal. This study investigates the use of EPDs in GPP to ensure the environmental improvement of materials (use of EPDs as a procurement aid) and pavements (use of EPDs as a data source). The objective of this study was to identify prerequisites, challenges, implementation frameworks that include stakeholders and ensure environmental benefits with EPDs. A review of to-date EPD programs for pavement materials, communication with stakeholders, and analysis of pavement life cycle assessment (LCA) were performed. The use of EPDs that ensures environmental improvements of materials is contingent on EPD consistency and PCR prescriptiveness. EPDs can be suitable as data sources in pavement LCA due to their availability, transparency, and because they facilitate collaboration and improvements throughout the supply chain. However, it is noteworthy that if EPDs are used in that capacity, harmonization of all relevant PCRs and the establishment of aligned pavement LCA framework are necessary for reliable environmental improvements. The availability of public background data can support both EPD development and GPP efforts, by providing transparency, inclusivity, and low costs of LCA. Greater automation, systems for data transfer and management, and increased stakeholder collaboration can also support GPP in a way that ensures environmental improvements of pavement materials and infrastructure.
Resection of Olfactory Groove Meningiomas Through Unilateral vs. Bilateral Approaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction: Consensus is limited regarding optimal transcranial approaches (TCAs) for the surgical resection of olfactory groove meningiomas (OGMs). This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to examine operative and peri-operative outcomes of unilateral compared to bilateral TCAs for OGMs. Methods: Electronic databases were searched from inception until December 2019 for studies delineating TCAs for OGM patients. Patient demographics, pre-operative symptoms, surgical outcomes, and complications were evaluated and analyzed with a meta-analysis of proportions. Results: A total of 27 observational case series comparing 554 unilateral vs. 451 bilateral TCA patients were eligible for review. The weighted pooled incidence of gross total resection is 94.6% (95% CI, 90.7-97.5%; I 2 = 59.0%; p = 0.001) for unilateral and 90.9% (95% CI, 85.6-95.4%; I 2 = 58.1%; p = 0.003) for bilateral cohorts. Similarly, the incidence of OGM recurrence is 2.6% (95% CI, 0.4-6.0%; I 2 = 53.1%; p = 0.012) and 4.7% (95% CI, 1.4-9.2%; I 2 = 55.3%; p = 0.006), respectively. Differences in oncologic outcomes were not found to be statistically significant (p = 0.21 and 0.35, respectively). Statistically significant differences in complication rates in bilateral vs. unilateral TCA cohorts include meningitis (1.0 vs. 0.0%; p = 0.022) and mortality (3.2 vs. 0.2%; p = 0.007). Conclusions: While both cohorts have similar oncologic outcomes, bilateral TCA patients exhibit higher post-operative complication rates. This may be explained by underlying tumor characteristics necessitating more radical resection but may also indicate increased morbidity with bilateral approaches. However, evidence from more controlled, comparative studies is warranted to further support these findings.
Competitive equilibrium fraud in markets for credence-goods

Abstract This is a study of the nature and prevalence of persistent fraud in a competitive market for credence-quality goods. We model the market as a stochastic game of incomplete information in which the players are customers and suppliers and analyze their equilibrium behavior. Customers characteristics, idiosyncratic search cost and discount rate, are private information. Customers do not possess the expertise necessary to assess the service they need either ex ante or ex post. We show that there exists no fraud-free equilibrium in the markets for credence-quality goods and that fraud is a prevalent and persistent equilibrium phenomenon.
Ways of Being in Community: Centering Preservice Teachers’ Culturally Sustaining Pedagogies in Field-Based Literacy Teacher Education

A common model for connecting theory to practice within literacy teacher preparation programs involves preservice teachers (PTs) working in field-based courses to contextualize their learning. Fiel...
John F. Kennedy and the Liberal Persuasion: by John M. Murphy, East Lansing, Michigan State University Press, 2019, 444 pp., $39.95 (paperback).

Many scholars writing about John F. Kennedy examine his political life from a historical perspective, but John Murphy focuses on “his way of talking, his public address” (xii), as it invented the l...
Kansas City Hyatt Regency, Kansas City, MO, USA

Kansas City Hyatt Regency hotel takes its fame after the unfortunate incident of July 17, 1981, when the two suspended walkways within the atrium area of the hotel in Kansas City, MO, collapsed, leaving 113 people dead and 186 injured. In terms of loss of life and injuries, this was the most devastating structural collapse ever to take place in the USA. This case study provides a good example of the assessment of the negative consequences and value depreciation and reputation loss for DAV analysis.
The interrelationships of motivation, positive symptoms, stigma, and role functioning in early psychosis.

Aim Avolition, or the lack of motivation, has consistently been shown to be a significant predictor of poor psychosocial outcome, with decreased overall motivation as the single strongest predictor of poor work or school outcome in first episode psychosis. This study aimed to better understand the ways in which motivation impacts work and school functioning. This study first examined the factors related to motivation in people recovering from a recent onset of psychosis, then explored the unique interrelationships between positive symptoms, stigma, and motivation and how they influence role functioning. Methods A total of 40 participants with early psychosis were recruited for this cross-sectional design study; with a mean of 14.5 months of treatment prior to study assessment. Results Neither experienced nor internalized stigma were related to motivation in this sample, but internalized stigma was related to work and school functioning. Positive symptoms were significantly inversely related to both work and school functioning and motivation, with mediation analyses showing that motivation significantly mediates the relationship between positive symptoms and role functioning. Conclusion This relationship may shed light on the link between motivational deficits and work and school outcomes early in the course of psychosis, an area of critical importance for early intervention.
The Multiple Sleep Latency Test: A Measure of Daytime Sleepiness

Methods such as subjective rating, performance tests, electronic pupillogram, or cerebral evoked potentials had shown some limitations for the assessment of sleepiness. Thus, there was the need to develop a measure of physiological sleep tendency that avoids the need for 24 hour continuous electrophysiological recordings. The Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) was designed with this goal in mind. It consists of five scheduled naps during which the EEG, EMG, and ECG are recorded. Subjects are given instructions that encourage falling asleep. The mean latency between lights-out time and sleep onset is calculated for the overall test. This value gives an indication of the sleepiness of the subject: lower scores indicate greater sleepiness and higher scores the contrary. The MSLT has proved to be a useful tool in determining excessive sleepiness associated with syndromes such as narcolepsy. It was also used to study the effect of aging, sleep loss, time of day, and hypnotic drugs on sleep tendancy. Study of sleepiness in a low stimulus environment should also be an important issue because of its potential impact on industry.
Abstract 4201: Activation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and downstream targets are directly regulated by S100B protein in malignant melanoma

S100B is an effective and extensively used prognostic marker for melanoma, with increasing serum levels of S100B being predictive of disease stage, increased recurrence, and low overall patient survival. We have recently identified a mechanism by which S100B alters ERK-RSK signaling to facilitate the progression of melanoma. Elucidation of this novel mechanism will aid the development of new pharmacological drugs to inhibit tumor progression. We have identified and characterized several ERK-RSK downstream targets regulated by S100B expression. These data are consistent with a mechanism in which elevated S100B binds directly to RSK in a calcium-dependent manner to prevent ERK-mediated phosphorylation of RSK. Our structural studies have further elucidated the S100B-RSK interaction as a novel drug target in melanoma cells and we are currently screening compounds for inhibitors of the S100B-RSK interaction. Citation Format: Adam D. Pierce. Activation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and downstream targets are directly regulated by S100B protein in malignant melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4201. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4201
The "Bad Man" Goes to Washington: The Effect of Political Influence on Corporate Duty

The Holmesian “bad man” figure has generated extensive commentary.1 Much of this commentary has been critical—berating Oliver Wendell Holmes for his consequentialist approach to the law and his implication that legal rules impart no normative content to conduct apart from the costs that they impose.2 Some scholars have argued flatly that Holmes was wrong, while others have attempted to rework the bad man into a more sympathetic creature. The critics’ central concern is Holmes’s rejection of an independent duty to obey the law based on moral or ethical principles. Scholars portray the bad man as exploiting the legal system for his own selfish ends. Ethics scholars in particular have resisted the implications of Holmes’s approach for the role of the lawyer, claiming it inappropriately justifies aggressive representation that stretches the limits of the law and conflicts with its spirit. Theorists question whether a set of rules can reasonably be called a legal system if it fails to create obligations to obey and instead merely sets costs or penalties for noncompliance.3 Perhaps somewhat striking is the absence of the bad man from academic commentary in corporate law. Although corporations and their executives
The Internet, Emotional Contagion, and Foreign Aid

We examine the empirical relationship between Internet subscriptions and foreign aid flows for 22 Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members for a 15 year time period employing the median voter model. We find that Internet use is positively related to the amount of foreign aid that donor nations give. This relationship is particularly robust for humanitarian aid. We hypothesize that Internet use is likely making aid giving more altruistic because Internet use increases the empathy people in donor nations feel for people in recipient nations. As Internet use increases in donor nations, the potential for emotional contagion to develop increases and the potential for the decisive voter to demand for an increase in humanitarian aid increases.
Asthma admissions and weather conditions in Costa Rica

In Costa Rica there is little information about asthma admissions. In this report the monthly asthma admissions and weather data for a seven year period were reviewed. The hospital asthma admissions showed notable seasonal variation associated with variations in the rainfall and the relative humidity.
An Empirical Study of a Solo Performance Assessment Model.

The purpose of this study was to test a hypothesized model of solo music performance assessment. Specifically, this study investigates the influence of technique and musical expression on perceptio...
Auditory-Visual Differences in Human Temporal Judgment

This paper reviews the research which demonstrated two intersensory differences in human time judgment: Sounds are judged longer than lights, and more information is transmitted via the judgment of auditory than visual durations. The intersensory difference in reaction time is also discussed and a theoretical schema with suggestions for future research is presented.
Design Factors of Home Laundry Motors of Interest to the Appliance Engineer

This paper examines the influence of home laundry appliance specifications on the performance of the drive motor. Motor performance readout from an analog computer is used to demonstrate design and application relationships associated with temperature rise, motor length and output, starting torques and currents, and switching torque considerations. Continuation of the cooperative, progressive relationship between motor and appliance designers will assure future improvement in matching motor performance to appliance needs.
Single cell analysis of sensory interaction in anterior lateral and suprasylvian gyri of the cat cerebral cortex

Abstract Patterns of neuronal responsiveness to visual, auditory and somatosensory stimuli were studied in association cortex of cats anesthetized with chloralose anesthesia. With all types of stimuli the convergence of subthreshold excitatory activity upon neurons was demonstrated during the passage of current through the recording microelectrode (tip positive). Long-duration (100–300 msec) inhibitory responses were common at these cortical sites and were sometimes followed by a burst of spike activity. This postinhibitory burst discharge apparently was responsible for facilitatory interactions between stimuli at long conditioning-test intervals. Unequal blocking effects between stimuli also were observed during interactions. When peripheral stimuli were employed (light flash, auditory click, and forepaw shock) most cells in anterior lateral gyrus exhibited preferential responsiveness to auditory click stimulation. This preferential responsiveness, however, was dependent upon the types of stimuli employed; when cells were activated by electrical stimulation of optic and auditory nerves and the dorsal column of the spinal cord, equal responses to the stimuli were most prevalent. A comparison of response characteristics in anterior lateral and anterior middle suprasylvian gyri revealed that responses to sensory stimuli were not identical in these two association areas, irrespective of the types of stimuli. The data suggest that association areas have different sources of input and that cellular mechanisms are available in these areas for the interaction of sensory-specific information.
The Rat's sweet tooth

Abstract In 1974 D. G. Mook reported that rats do not seem to have a sweet tooth ( Psychological Review , 81 , 475–490). Although rats preferred saccharin-flavored water over plain, they did not prefer saccharin-flavored foods over plain. He suggested sweetness elicits consumption only when it is nonredundant cue signaling a substance is to be eaten. Here we found rats do indeed prefer many sweetened foods over plain. They preferred sucrose-flavored mash to plain mash, sucrose-flavored potatoes to plain potatoes, and sucrose-flavored potatoes to polycose potatoes. In general, rats preferred sucrose-flavored foods to plain foods even when calories were equated between the foods. Also, they liked saccharin-flavored milk and saccharin-flavored mash when saccharin concentration was low. When concentration of saccharin was high, they disliked saccharin-flavored mash more than they disliked saccharin-flavored milk. We suggested the hedonic or perceptual reaction to sweet depends on what other substances accompany the sweet, so that some foods and liquids taste better sweetened, others taste better unsweetened. Rats generally like sucrose-flavored food and seem to like saccharin better in liquid food than in solid. Perhaps the bitter taste of saccharin is accentuated in solid foods. Also, experience with saccharin increases the preference for it. Future research should be directed to how other food elements act in concentration with various sweeteners to determine the perceptual and hedonic reaction to sweetened foods.
Incorporating price, advertising and distribution in diffusion models of innovation: some theoretical and empirical results

Abstract On the theoretical side, this paper characterizes qualitatively optimum price, advertising and distribution policies for new products. Repeat sales and possible entry of rivals are disregarded but discounting of future profits streams and a cost learning curve are allowed. After characterizing optimal policies for a general diffusion model, the results pertaining to several models of specific functional form are reported. The results of the theoretical research show that the qualitative structure of optimal pricing policies of earlier univariate diffusion models in the literature remain robust upon the inclusion of other variables for a variety of multivariate models. On the empirical side, alternative diffusion models have been estimated and compared using non-linear procedures. The diffusion data analysed are related to the U.S. cable TV industry. Empirical research findings suggest that, for the considered case study, price affects the coefficient of innovation, advertising affects the diffusion rate, and distribution affects market potential. Based on price, advertising and distribution elasticities derived from the chosen diffusion model, the shapes of the advertising and distribution cost functions are identified.
The MSU free shear flow facility

A free shear layer wind tunnel has been constructed in order to undertake detailed, high quality transverse vorticity measurements in an isothermal, single stream mixing layer. The large 50 x 80 cm primary flow and 3-m test section length allows the generation of large, isolated vortical motions in high Reynolds number flow. A uniformly developed, irrotational secondary flow is achieved by means of an entrainment module.
Combining Simulation and Machine Learning to Recognize Function in 4D

This paper is a talk by Russ Biagio Altman. It discusses structure-based protein function annotation using machine learning, physics-based simulation of structure, and how they can be profitably combined to improve our understanding of molecular structure and function.
Developing a Foreign Language Learning Activity Package.

knowledge much information on "why individualize" has already appeared in various FL publications.' However, the implementation of this theory in the form of foreign language learning activity packages (LAPs) is lacking. This article deals with the design of foreign language LAPs, the description of the components that make up this type of package, and some of the problems inherent in the process of mass producing such materials.
Developmental histochemistry of the autonomic ground plexus.

Catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase appear in two structurally different nervous networks in the course of ontogenetic development, whereas pseudocholinesterase is located in the cytoplasms of isolated Schwann cells. The formation of the adrenergic plexus is accompanied by the storage of monoamines in intracellularly located sphaerical bodies.
Extinction, reduction, stability and increase: The responses of checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas) populations to the California drought.

The California drought of 1975–77 has been correlated with unusual size changes in populations of two species of Euphydryas butterflies. Several populations became extinct, some were dramatically reduced, others remained stable and at least one increased. These differences in population dynamic response are not concordant with predictions made earlier that populations with heavy density-dependent mortality should be more stable in the face of drought than unregulated populations. The different responses are related to the fine details of the relationships between the insects and their host plants, relationships which are variable between populations. Revised predictions are given in the light of better knowledge of the variability and complexity of these insect-host relationships. The diversity of responses underlines the dangers of generalizing about “the ecology” of a taxonomic species. The extinctions support the view that such events are frequent and significant in the biology of populations.
Effects of isolated interventricular septal ischemia on global and segmental function of the canine right and left ventricle

Abstract The effects of isolated septal artery ligation were studied in 17 dogs. Contraction of the interventricular septum (IVS) and the free walls of both ventricles was measured by implanting ultrasonic crystals. Global ventricular function was assessed by Starling function curves. Following septal artery ligation, IVS shortening was immediately replaced by systolic lengthening. Thirty minutes after septal artery ligation, the right ventricular (RV) stroke work (SW) was significantly depressed at end-diastolic pressure (EDP) of 7 and 8.5 mm Hg from control values of 7.6 ± 0.4 and 8.6 ± 0.6 gmM to 6.7 ± 0.4 and 7.4 ± 0.5gmM respectively. However, LVSW after septal artery ligation was similar to control values for EDP from 5 to 19 mm Hg. These changes were associated with unchanged RV free wall movement of 21 ± 3% in the inflow region and 23 ± 5% in the outflow region. LV free wall systolic shortening following septal artery ligation increased by 16 ± 3%. It is concluded that canine septal artery ligation causes global dysfunction of the RV but not of the LV.
An Experiment in the Application of an Automated Item Selection Method to Real Data.

A previously developed method of automatically selecting items for inclusion in a test subject to constraints on item content and statistical properties is applied to real data. Two tests are first assembled by experts in test construction who normally assemble such tests on a routine basis. Using the same pool of items and constraints articulated by test construction experts the same two tests are reassembled automatically. The manual and automatic assemblies are compared by test specialists who were not involved in the original manual assembly. Based on this experiment, barriers to future progress in the improvement of automatic test assembly methods seem not to be in the development of different algorithms, nor in the improvement of computer time and cost. Rather, the focus of future improvements in the process of automatic test assembly lies more in the direction of complete specifications of constraints on item selection and detailed coding of item properties.
Can adaptive estimators for Fourier series be of interest to wavelets

There is a firm belief in the literature on statistical applications of wavelets that adaptive procedures developed for Fourier series, labelled by that literature as 'linear', are inadmissible because they are created for estimation of smooth functions and cannot attain optimal rates of mean integrated squared error convergence whenever an underlying function is spatially inhomogeneous, for instance, when it contains spikes/jumps and smooth parts. I use the recent remarkable results by Hall, Kerkyacharian and Picard on block-thresholded wavelet estimation to present a counterexample to that belief.
Conductor Impedance Approximations for Deep-Underground Mines

Wagner and Evan's approximation to Carson's equations for overhead conductors has been used to approximate the impedance of conductors buried deep within the earth such as an underground mine environment. While these equations are acceptable for overhead and shallow-buried conductors, superior approximations, retaining the same general form as the Wagner and Evans approximation, may be derived. The derivation of self-and mutual-impedance equations for conductors that are enclosed in a cylindrical dielectric and surrounded by a homogeneous earth of arbitrary permeability is presented. New approximations to modified Bessel functions are presented and used to obtain approximate impedance expressions which show superior error performance. Error performance is graphically presented for self-and mutualimpedance values over a broad range of operating conditions. Emphasis is placed on the effect of nonunity relative permeability.
Proton tunneling accelerates ATP hydrolysis in Eg5 kinesin

In ATP hydrolysis, a proton from the water nucleophile must be abstracted and transferred in order to create a hydroxide capable of attacking the substrate. Herein, solvent kinetic isotope experiments with Eg5 kinesin show unanticipated accelerated proton transfer involving an active-site water cluster. The positive kinetic isotope effect (KIE) confirms proton abstraction from water commits kinesin to catalysis and its pH-dependence verifies that switch salt-bridge residues direct chemotransduction. Additionally, a classical description for this proton transfer is refuted by the KIE magnitude, temperature-independent Arrhenius pre-exponential factor ratios, and activation energy differences. Taken together, we conclude that the first step in Eg5 catalysis has a tunneling component, a quantum mechanical event by which a particle transfers through a reaction barrier. This first detection of tunneling in an ATPase is of consequence for two reasons. First, proton tunneling is likely widespread in biomolecules, rather than solely a characteristic of metalloenzymes. Second, energy barrier penetration by proton tunneling is an alternate explanation to classical transition-state stabilization theory for the fast reactivities of motor proteins.
Reporting child language sampling procedures

Purpose Despite the long history of language sampling use in the study of child language development and disorders, there are no set guidelines specifying the reporting of language sampling procedures. The authors propose reporting standards for use by investigators who employ language samples in their research. Method The authors conducted a literature search of child-focused studies published in journals of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association between January 2000 and December 2011 that included language sampling procedures to help characterize child participants or to derive measures to serve as dependent variables. Following this search, they reviewed each study and documented the language sampling procedures reported. Results The authors' synthesis revealed that approximately 25% of all child-focused studies use language samples to help characterize participants and/or derive dependent variables. They found remarkable inconsistencies in the reporting of language sampling procedures. Concl...
Identification of a protein complex that is required for nuclear protein import and mediates docking of import substrate to distinct nucleoporins.

Abstract We have identified and characterized a 9S protein complex from a Xenopus ovary cytosolic subfraction (fraction A) that constitutes this fraction's activity in recognizing a model nuclear import substrate and docking it at the nuclear pore complex. Because of its function, the complex is termed karyopherin. The 54- and 56-kDa subunits of the complex are termed alpha 1 and alpha 2, respectively, and the 97-kDa subunit is termed beta. In an alternative approach we have identified karyopherin beta from a rat liver cytosolic subfraction A by using immobilized rat nucleoporin Nup98 in a single, affinity-based enrichment step. We have molecularly cloned and sequenced rat karyopherin beta. Comparison with protein sequence data banks showed no significant similarity to other known proteins. Using nitrocellulose-immobilized rat liver nuclear envelope proteins and nuclear import substrate as a ligand, we found Xenopus fraction A-dependent binding to at least three bona fide nucleoporins (Nup214, Nup153, and Nup98) and to a candidate nucleoporin with an estimated molecular mass of 270 kDa. We propose that these nucleoporins function as docking proteins for karyopherin-mediated binding of substrate in a nuclear import/export pathway across the nuclear pore complex.
Investigation of current transmission through insulating funnels via secondary electron emission

Summary form only given. Electron hop funnels have been constructed of Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) to enhance the performance of gated field emitter arrays (FEAs). Electrons are emitted into the wide end of the funnel, transmitted through the funnel, and exit through the narrow opening. An electrode, referred to here as the hop electrode, is placed around the narrow end of the funnel to create the electric field necessary to sustain electron transport through the funnel.
RhoA modulates signaling through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in mammalian cells

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway integrates signals generated by hormones and nutrients to control cell growth and metabolism. The activation state of mTORC1 is regulated by a variety of GTPases including Rheb and Rags. Recently, Rho1, the yeast ortholog of RhoA, was shown to interact directly with TORC1 and repress its activation state in yeast. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the RhoA GTPase modulates signaling through mTORC1 in mammalian cells. In support of this hypothesis, exogenous overexpression of either wild type or constitutively active (ca)RhoA repressed mTORC1 signaling as assessed by phosphorylation of p70S6K1 (Thr389), 4E-BP1 (Ser65) and ULK1 (Ser757). Additionally, RhoA·GTP repressed phosphorylation of mTORC1-associated mTOR (Ser2481). The RhoA·GTP mediated repression of mTORC1 signaling occurred independent of insulin or leucine induced stimulation. In contrast to the action of Rho1 in yeast, no evidence was found to support a direct interaction of RhoA·GTP with mTORC1. Instead, expression of caRheb, but not caRags, was able to rescue the RhoA·GTP mediated repression of mTORC1 suggesting RhoA functions upstream of Rheb to repress mTORC1 activity. Consistent with this suggestion, RhoA·GTP repressed phosphorylation of TSC2 (Ser939), PRAS40 (Thr246), Akt (Ser473), and mTORC2-associated mTOR (Ser2481). Overall, the results support a model in which RhoA·GTP represses mTORC1 signaling upstream of Akt and mTORC2.
Catecholamine content and uptake of the ductus arteriosus of the fetal lamb.

Die Verteilung von Noradrenalin und Dopamin im Ductus arteriosus des Lammes wurde studiert und mit14C-Norepinephrin die Fahigkeit, exogenes Noradrenalin aufzunehmen, gepruft.
Atomistic models for scintillator discovery

A 2 BLnX 6 elpasolites (A, B: alkali; Ln: lanthanide; X: halogen), LaBr 3 lanthanum bromide, and AX alkali halides are three classes of the ionic compound crystals being explored for γ-ray detection applications. Elpasolites are attractive because they can be optimized from combinations of four different elements. One design goal is to create cubic crystals that have isotropic optical properties and can be grown into large crystals at lower costs. Unfortunately, many elpasolites do not have cubic crystals and the experimental trial-and-error approach to find the cubic elpasolites has been prolonged and inefficient. LaBr 3 is attractive due to its established good scintillation properties. The problem is that this brittle material is not only prone to fracture during services, but also difficult to grow into large crystals resulting in high production cost. Unfortunately, it is not always clear how to strengthen LaBr 3 due to the lack of understanding of its fracture mechanisms. The problem with alkali halides is that their properties decay rapidly over time especially under harsh environment. Here we describe our recent progress on the development of atomistic models that may begin to enable the prediction of crystal structures and the study of fracture mechanisms of multi-element compounds.
Exploring the Diversity of Gender and Sexual Orientation Identities in an Online Sample of Transgender Individuals

Although the term transgender is increasingly used to refer to those whose gender identity or expression diverges from culturally defined categories of sex and gender, less is known about the self-...
Elucidating the Molecular Basis of Cellulase Synergism Through High Resolution Quantitative Fluorescence Microscopy

Converting cellulose into fermentable sugars presents significant challenges to producing bioenergy from lignocellulose. Individual cellulases exhibit low rates and extents of hydrolysis. However, mixtures of cellulases and other cell wall degrading enzymes exhibit rates of hydrolysis that are much greater than would be predicted by summing individual rates. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms that give rise to synergistic behavior is essential for engineering more effective enzyme cocktails. Previous studies by the Walker Lab revealed mixtures of cellulases Cel9A, a processive endocellulase, and Cel6B, an exocellulase, exhibited higher extent of binding that would be predicted by summing the individual binding extents. A major question is whether this is driven by intrinsic cellulase binding kinetics or are changes in these two cellulases’ diffusion rates into the cellulose macrostrucutre yielding this behavior.In this study, bacterial microcrystalline cellulose fibrils were immobilized on a solid substrate using polymer lift-off. Cel9A and Cel6B were fluorescently labeled with either of two colors and purified into populations with known degree of labeling. These labeled cellulase populations were tested to validate the previous observation that labeling does not inhibit cellulose depolymerization. The binding of labeled cellulases on immobilized cellulose fibrils was observed using fluorescence microscopy for a period of 95 minutes, with images taken every minute for the first 10 minutes, every 2.5 minutes for the next 10 and every 5 minutes for the remainder. Individual binding curves were established for each enzyme in each color using different populations to characterize binding of enzymes with different numbers of labels. The effect of synergism was investigated by combining Cel9A and Cel6B, labeled in different colors, in varying molar ratios and observing effects of synergism and competition on diffusion and substrate binding in the system.
A study of repetitiveness of code changes in software evolution

In this paper, we present a large-scale study of repetitiveness of code changes in software evolution. We collected a large data set of 2,841 Java projects, with 1.7 billion source lines of code (SLOC) at the latest revisions, 1.8 million code change revisions (0.4 million fixes), 6.2 million changed files, and 2.5 billion changed SLOCs. A change is considered repeated within or cross-project if it matches another change having occurred in the history of the project or another project, respectively. We report the following important findings. First, repetitiveness of changes could be as high as 70-100% at small sizes and decreases exponentially as size increases. Second, repetitiveness is higher and more stable in the cross-project setting than in the within-project one. Third, fixing changes repeat similarly to general changes. Importantly, learning code changes and recommending them in software evolution is beneficial with accuracy for top-1 recommendation of over 30% and top-3 of nearly 35%. Repeated fixing changes could also be useful for automatic program repair.
School psychology-observation and reminiscence

Abstract Analyses of certain characteristics of the membership of the Division of School Psychology and some of its efforts are presented. Evidence is presented which suggests unequivocally that school psychologists, whom the schools clearly need, must be soundly grounded in relevant psychological testing theory, must be fully sensitive to the social characteristics and needs of each child in whose interests they work, and must be fully conversant with the relevance of their psychological perceptions to the educational functioning of those children.
A New Species of Senegalia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) from Central America and Colombia

Senegalia croatii Seigler & Ebinger is described from Panama and is distributed from Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, and into Colombia. The new species is illustrated and compared to a morphologically similar species, S. hayesii (Benth.) Britton & Rose.
Stationary periodic and homoclinic solutions for nonlocal reaction-diffusion equations

We study spatially periodic patterns for 1-D nonlocal reaction-diffusion equations that arise from various biological models. The problem reduces to study periodic and homoclinic solutions of differential equations with perturbations containing convolution terms. We consider the case that the system is time-reversible. Assuming that the unperturbed system has a family of periodic orbits surrounded by a homoclinic orbit, we establish the persistence of these solutions for the perturbed equations. We apply this result to the important Gray–Scott autocatalytic model.
Fluorine-19 NMR relaxation studies in the tungsten fluoroxide bronzes☆

Abstract Compounds of the type KxWO3−yFy have been prepared by solid-state reaction of KF, WO3, and W at 900°. X-ray powder diffraction patterns correspond closely to those of hexagonal, tetragonal, and cubic potassium tungsten bronzes. The magnetic susceptibility of K0.1WO2.9F0.1, as measured with a vibrating sample magnetometer, shows a very small, temperature-independent paramagnetism. Fluorine-19 NMR studies have been carried out on a series of mixtures with x and y lying between 0.014 and 0.16. Knight shifts, measured at 298°K and 77°K, were less than 0.001 ± 0.001%. Spin-lattice relaxation times, T1, measured as a function of temperature over the range 1.2–298°K by a continuous-wave, fast-passage technique and a 90°–90° pulse method, were observed to be proportional to inverse temperature for both K0.014WO2.91F0.09 and K0.1WO2.84F0.16 but proportional to T −1 2 for K0.056WO2.89F0.11. At 2.1°K, T1 ranges from 2 sec to 300 sec, increasing with decreasing fluorine-plus-potassium content. Spin-spin relaxation times, T2, determined from free-induction decay and from the NMR line-width, are of the order of 100 μsec, decreasing with increasing fluorine-plus-potassium content and with decreasing temperature. Results suggest a conduction-electron relaxation mechanism for the 19F resonance and are consistent with a tungsten 5d(t2g)-oxygen pπ overlap model for the conduction band in the tungsten bronzes.
Children and Youth with Aids

ABSTRACT Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is one of the most horrific diseases ever faced by humankind. Its complexity causes confusion and misunderstandings, and the terrible toll it exacts on its victims generates fear and panic. In January, 1988, health officials announced the results of a study that showed an astonishing one out of every 61 infants in New York City harbors antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, the cause of AIDS. Most victims of AIDS die; and, especially among the young, when they die, they die despairing-lamenting the future they've been denied, shattering in convulsive fashion the heartfelt myth of the young, that they are invincible. In this article, AIDS is examined in terms of its causes, prevalence, prognoses, and modes of transmission. The importance of educating the public about AIDS is also discussed, and ways of preventing AIDS are advanced. A simple child, That lightly draws its breadth, And feels its life in every limb, What should it k now of death? William Wordswo...
Magnetic Resonance Studies of Unpaired Atoms in Solid D 2

We have studied the ground-state spectroscopic parameters, line shapes and breadths, relaxation times, and saturation behavior of unpaired atoms produced in samples of solid ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ containing up to 1 at.% ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$. The D-atom electron spin resonance spectrum was found at 24 000 Mc/sec to consist of three composite lines in which the peaks of a broad component and a narrow component coincided. This result is interpreted by assuming that there are two different types of lattice sites for the unpaired atoms. The site responsible for the narrow line is tentatively identified, on the basis of linebreadth, as an interstitial located at the center of the square face of a unit cell having a ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ molecule at each vertex. The other site has not been identified. The narrowline sites appear to become populated about 10 times more rapidly than the broadline sites. Linebreadths ranged from 2.2 G at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 44.5 G at 1.17\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The effective spectroscopic splitting factor and hyperfine-structure interactions of the D, T, and H atoms were found to differ by only fractions of a percent from their free atomic values. The relaxation times of the D-atom spectra show little sensitivity to lattice temperature over the range from 1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The relaxation time of the interstitial spins varies from 2 sec to 220 msec depending upon the concentration of atoms in the lattice. The relaxation time of spins in the broadline sites is in the neighborhood of 220 msec. From the presence of strong diagonal relaxation it is argued that the mechanism which relaxes the broadline D atoms has a correlation time of about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec. The behavior of the interstitial spin relaxation is interpreted in terms of a model in which spin polarization from these atoms diffuses by the Bloembergen mechanism to the broadline sites, where relaxation takes place. The model clarifies quantitatively the differences between the relaxation behavior of D atoms on the one hand and the far less numerous T and H atoms on the other. The resonance lines are homogeneously broadened as a rule. Inconsistencies between the results of saturation studies and the measured relaxation times are shown to be due to an anomalous line narrowing and intensification after the onset of saturation. The anomaly appears to be characteristic only of the narrow line component.
Early discharge and specialist transitional care.

A model has been designed to discharge patients early from the hospital by substituting a portion of hospital care with a comprehensive program of transitional home follow-up by nurse specialists. The model, initially tested with very low birth weight infants, provides a framework for examining both the quality of care as reflected in patient outcomes and cost of care to specific patient groups. Its design documents nursing interventions and allows for comparisons of care by nurse specialists and other health care providers.