cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dialogue, World Entry, and Community-Based Intervention

This chapter will focus on the concept of dialogue and its importance in understanding properly the often complex lifeworld of communities and its members (Berger and Luckman 1967). If not understood clearly, dialogue can simply be confused with conversation or even discussion. While conversation and discussion are necessary components of dialogue, by no means are they equal. With respect to community-based interventions and relevant healthcare delivery, dialogue must take center stage as the guiding principle in all facets. For without a rich understanding of dialogue, even the most supportive and well-meaning healthcare professionals such as physicians, nurses, and health promoters may engage in interventions that may be irrelevant and thus ineffective. In fact, in the absence of dialogue, communities become vulnerable to what Paulo Freire calls “cultural invasion” by experts who provide a decontextualized, or a textbook, solution that may do nothing more than to reproduce, or even add to the existing problems, rather than addressing these issues (Freire 2009, p. 152).
Assessing the population at risk of Zika virus in Asia - is the emergency really over?

On November 18, 2016, the WHO ended its designation of the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). At the same time, ZIKV transmission continues in Asia, with the number of Asian countries reporting Zika cases increasing over the last 2 years. Applying a method that combines epidemiological theory with data on epidemic size and drivers of transmission, we characterised the population at risk of ZIKV infection from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in 15 countries in Asia. Projections made under the assumption of no pre-existing immunity suggest that up to 785 (range: 730–992) million people in Asia would be at risk of ZIKV infection under that scenario. Assuming that 20% of ZIKV infections are symptomatic, this implies an upper limit of 146–198 million for the population at risk of a clinical episode of Zika. Due to limited information about pre-existing immunity to ZIKV in the region, we were unable to make specific numerical projections under a more realistic assumption about pre-existing immunity. Even so, combining numerical projections under an assumption of no pre-existing immunity together with theoretical insights about the extent to which pre-existing immunity may lower epidemic size, our results suggest that the population at risk of ZIKV infection in Asia could be even larger than in the Americas. As a result, we conclude that the WHO’s removal of the PHEIC designation should not be interpreted as an indication that the threat posed by ZIKV has subsided.
Capsular polysaccharides as vaccine candidates.

The discovery of a “specific soluble substance” secreted by pneumococci during growth (Dochez and Avery 1917) and the identification of this substance as a carbohydrate (Heidelberger and Avery 1923) were new and important developments in vaccine technology. This became evident when following the initial finding that the isolated capsular polysaccharides of pneumococci were immunogenic in mice (Schiemannand Casper 1927) it was demonstrated that they were also immunogenic in man (Francis and Tillet 1930). The potential of capsular polysaccharides as vaccines was fully confirmed when it was demonstrated unequivocally that multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines were able to provide type-specific protection in humans against the acquisition of pneumococcal infection (MacLeod et al. 1945). However, at this time the phenomenal success of antibiotic therapy in the treatment of bacterial infections caused a lengthy hiatus in the further development of polysaccharide vaccines.
Parallelizing maximum likelihood classification (MLC) for supervised image classification by pipelined thread approach through high-level synthesis (HLS) on FPGA cluster

High spectral, spatial, vertical and temporal resolution data are increasingly available and result in the serious challenge to process big remote-sensing images effectively and efficiently. This a...
Smooth Moufang Loops and Mal’Cev Algebras

Here we are going to present the infinitesimal theory of smooth local Moufang loops. Our treatment is based on the infinitesimal theory of smooth local Bol loops elaborated above and the fact that a Moufang loop is nothing more than a left and right Bol loop simultaneously (equivalently, it is a right Bol loop with the left inverse property x−1 . (x.y) = y or with the anti-automorphic inverse property (x. y)−1 = y−1 . x−1). See [V.D. Belousov 67].
Sweet syndrome associated with hydralazine-induced Lupus erythematosus

Sweet syndrome (SS) is a distinctive but poorly understood clinical syndrome, which likely represents an immunologic reaction pattern to a wide range of underlying or preceding conditions, including viral illnesses, inflammatory bowel disease, and malignancies. We report the case of a patient who presented with an acute eruption that was clinically and histologically consistent with SS. The patient also met diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus with serositis, stomatitis, positive antinuclear antibody (ANA), and positive anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies. Additionally, positive antihistone antibodies and exposure to hydralazine supported the specific diagnosis of drug-induced lupus erythematosus, and we concluded that his SS was a manifestation of hydralazine-induced lupus. We also briefly review the precedence for this unusual dual diagnosis in the literature.
Mainstream Medicine Meets the Medi-Spa

Certain aspects of medi-spa operations and regulations cause concern about the quasi-medical claims of these new enterprises. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Continuous financial models

We turn to discuss continuous financial models. These models in general involve infinite dimensional spaces and are more complex. Our focus here is to use relatively simple models to illustrate the convex duality between the price of a contingent claim and the process of cash borrowed in delta hedging. This reveals the root of the convexity in contingent claims. Interestingly, when hedging with a contingent claim instead of the underlying, a similar duality in the sense of generalized Fenchel conjugate holds. Correspondingly, this generalized duality leads to the generalized convexity of the contingent claims with many interesting applications. Much of the material presented in this chapter appear here for the first time.
Observation of Topological Edge Modes in a Quasiperiodic Acoustic Waveguide.

Topological boundary and interface modes are generated in an acoustic waveguide by simple quasiperiodic patterning of the walls. The procedure opens many topological gaps in the resonant spectrum and qualitative as well as quantitative assessments of their topological character are supplied. In particular, computations of the bulk invariant for the continuum wave equation are performed. The experimental measurements reproduce the theoretical predictions with high fidelity. In particular, acoustic modes with high $Q$ factors localized in the middle of a breathable waveguide are engineered by a simple patterning of the walls.
Application of computational tools in alloy design

Alloy design is critical to achieving the target performance of industrial components and products. In designing new alloys, there are multiple property requirements, including mechanical, environmental, and physical properties, as well as manufacturability and processability. Computational models and tools to predict properties from alloy compositions and to optimize compositions for multiple objectives are essential in enabling efficient, robust alloy design. Data-driven property models by machine learning (ML) are particularly useful in predicting physical properties with relatively simple dependence on composition, and in predicting complex properties that are too difficult for a physics-based model to achieve with desirable accuracy. In this article, we describe examples of ML applications to model coefficient of thermal expansion, creep and fatigue resistance in designing Ni-based superalloys, and optimization methodologies. We also discuss physics-based microstructure models that have been developed for optimizing heat-treatment conditions to achieve desired microstructures.
Effusion cytology of epithelioid rhabdomyosarcoma

We report a case of epithelioid rhabdomyosarcoma in a pleural effusion. In contrast to most rhabdomyosarcomas in effusions, the cells presented as cohesive clusters of atypical cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm which mimicked an adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was positive for epithelial membrane antigen and muscle markers and negative for keratins.
High-efficiency, High-density Isolated/Regulated 48V Bus Converter with a Novel Planar Magnetic Structure

In this paper, an LLC converter utilizing gallium nitride (GaN) transistors is proposed for a 48V regulated and isolated bus converter. Compared to pulse width modulation (PWM) based topologies, the soft switching capability of an LLC allows operation at very high frequencies. In addition, the magnetic components size is reduced without sacrificing efficiency. A novel magnetic structure that integrates a matrix transformer and inductor with the same winding and magnetic core is proposed in this work, to allow a high-density and high-efficiency LLC converter design for a bus converter. A 40V-60V input and regulated 12V output converter is developed to deliver a 1 KW output power in a quarter brick form factor. The designed converter can achieve a power density of 700 W/in3 with a maximum efficiency of 97.82% at half load, dropping to 97.7% at full load operation.
A Systematic Review of Cochlear Implant Outcomes in Prelingually-deafened, Late-implanted Patients.

Objective To analyze outcomes of cochlear implantation (CI) in prelingually-deafened, late-implanted patients. Data sources A search of MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed in February 2018 using SCOPUS for the intersection of "cochlear implant," "prelingual," "deaf," and "delay." Review methods Two independent reviewers screened all abstracts and titles for relevance, with conflicts resolved by either the primary or senior author. All articles passing this screen were subjected to a full-text review, during which the primary and senior author each examined manuscripts for inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool was used to assess potential sources of systematic error, and postoperative clinical outcomes were collected at the latest clinical follow-up. Results Twenty-eight articles were yielded in the final systematic review, accounting for 542 patients. For open-set sentence scores, 10 studies representing 240 patients showed an overall estimated improvement of 44.6% (95% CI: 38.0-51.2%). In terms of quality of life, studies generally showed improvement when looking at specific emotional, social, or hearing-specific domains, but not in global measures. Nonuser rates ranged from 0 to 9.5%. Conclusion Despite performance that is generally poorer than what is generally seen in "traditional" candidates, prelingually-deafened, late-implanted (PL-LI) CI users can experience benefit in terms of both QOL and audiometric scores. The wide range of performance that is reported in the literature highlights the importance of careful patient counseling.
Chapter 4 – Conservative Models

Publisher Summary Viable discrete models have been developed for vibrating strings, heat conduction and convection, free surface, laminar, and turbulent fluid flows, shockwave generation, elastic vibration, and evolution of planetary-type bodies. The forces in these models are always consistent with the long- and short-range forces that prevail and the modeling applies with equal ease to both linear and nonlinear phenomena. This chapter focuses on the conservative models and describes the derived physical insights and advantages of such models. The chapter presents the basic concepts of discrete conductive heat transfer by concentrating on the prototype problem of heat flow in a bar and the basic mechanisms of discrete elasticity by concentrating on the vibration of an elastic bar. As an example of a discrete conservative model for laminar and turbulent fluid flows, the chapter examines the flow of a liquid out of a nozzle.
AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF CURRENT POSITION OF COTTON CROP IN GHARBIA GOVERNORATE

he cotton crop stayed for many decades one of the most important strategic crops in Egypt Generally, and in Gharbia Governorate especially, besides being one of the sources of foreign currency, but it has been noted recently the cultivated areas of cotton is declining by 61% than it was the season of 1991, the total production has also declined by about 73% from what it was in the same season, cotton exports declined by about 80% than the 2001 year at the level of the Republic, as in Gharbia Governorate, the cultivated area of cotton declined by about 94% from what it was the season of 1991, the total production has decreased by about 93% from what it was in the same season. The focus of the research problem in the reluctance of farmers for the cultivation of cotton in Egypt generally, and in Gharbia Governorate especially and decreasing the cultivated area, and decline in the total production OF cotton in Governorate. The study showed the cultivated cotton area in Gharbia is decreasing at an annual rate of about 10% during the search period, at the level of 0.01, As the decrease in total production volume at an annual rate of about 9% during the same period, at the same level and the average productivity per feddan in the first category reached about 7.19 kentar and about 7.75 kentar in the second category in sample research. The study showed that the most important factors affecting the production in first category in function are the amount of human labor and quantity of seeds, the Function was significant statistically at 0.01 and agree with the economic logic where the total elasticity in function reached about 0.74, and the efficiency of production components, human labor, and a quantity of seeds, where the marginal value reached about 102.5 pounds /manday, and 232.5 pounds /kg respectively, where the price of these elements reached about 42.19 pounds/man-day , 5.39 pounds/kg , where the value of the marginal product of them higher than the price of two elements, So, there are an economic efficiency for these elements The second category it proved the existence of a relationship between the amount of cotton production and independent factors are: the quantity of seeds, and the mechanical labor irrigation at the level of 0.01 where the total elasticity reached about 0.60 , Also, It has proved an economic efficiency to these elements of the function . The research showed from the study of a function of the supply response of cultivated area of cotton, there is an opposite relationship between the area and net return of cotton crop in the previous year, whereas the inverse relationship between the area of cotton and net return of clover feddan in the previous year. Also, there is an inverse relationship between the area of cotton and the net return of maize crop in the previous year, The study showed from the function of supply response of cotton crop, there is necessary response period to the farmer about 2.1 years.
STEM PhD Student Preparation in the Eras of Cross-sector Convergence and Global Climate Crisis: An Autobiographical Exploration

Research universities have over the past four decades become increasingly entangled with private industry and government agencies largely due to growing resource constraints and rising pressures to commercialize discoveries. The cross-sector convergence that underpins this so-called triple helix model has received significant scholarly attention. Yet, the influence of cross-sector convergence on the preparation and socialization of STEM PhD students, and in particular those with academic and professional intentions relevant to the global climate change, has been neglected. In this essay, we rely on the concept of blended institutional logics to guide an autobiographical exploration of one of our own lived experiences as an environmental science PhD student and before that an environmentalist within government, private industry, and the public sector. From the insights generated, we develop early propositions on how cross-sector convergence is likely influencing the academic training and professional intentions of PhD students with career trajectories that intersect the global climate crisis. Recommendations for instructional practice and mentoring and future research are provided.
Risk factor analysis and outcomes of airway management in antenatally diagnosed cervical masses.

Abstract Purpose To investigate antenatally-determined imaging characteristics associated with invasive airway management at birth in patients with cervical masses, as well as to describe postnatal management and outcomes. Study design A retrospective analysis of 52 patients with antenatally diagnosed neck masses was performed using single-center data from January 2008 to January 2019. Antenatal imaging, method of delivery, management, and outcomes data were abstracted from the medical record and analyzed. Results Antenatal diagnosis of neck masses in this cohort consisted of 41 lymphatic malformations (78.8%), 6 teratomas (11.5%), 3 hemangiomas (5.8%), 1 hemangioendothelioma (1.9%), and 1 giant foregut duplication cyst (1.9%). Mean gestational age at time of diagnostic imaging was 29 weeks 3 days (range: 19w4d – 37w). Overall, 22 patients (42.3%) required invasive airway management at birth, specifically 18 patients (34.6%) required endotracheal intubation and 4 (7.7%) required tracheostomy. 15 patients (28.8%) underwent ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) for the purposes of securing an airway. Polyhydramnios, tracheal deviation and compression, and anterior mass location on antenatal imaging were significantly associated with incidence of invasive airway intervention at birth, EXIT procedure, and tracheostomy during the neonatal hospitalization (p Conclusion This series documents the largest single-center experience of airway management in antenatally diagnosed cervical masses. Fetal imaging characteristics may help inform the appropriate method of delivery, airway management strategy at birth, and prenatal counseling.
CYTOKINE - AND VIRUS-STIMULATED AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS PRODUCE IL-11 AND OTHER IL-6-TYPE CYTOKINES

Inflammation and smooth muscle abnormalities coexist in human airway disorders, and inflammation modulates the proliferative and contractile properties of airway smooth muscle cells. To determine whether human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells have the ability to regulate local inflammatory processes, we characterized the interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine production of HASM cells in vitro. We demonstrated that HASM cells are potent producers of IL-11 when stimulated with IL-1 or transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and that IL-11 levels are synergistically increased by IL-1 and TGF-beta 1 in combination. These studies also demonstrated that IL-1 and TGF-beta 1-stimulated HASM cells produce IL-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor but not oncostatin M and that respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 3 stimulate HASM cell IL-11 production. Finally, they demonstrate that, in all cases, the stimulation of HASM cell IL-11 elaboration is pretranslationally mediated since cytokine- and virus-induced alterations in IL-11 protein production were associated with proportionate changes in IL-11 mRNA accumulation. HASM cells are potent producers of IL-11 and other IL-6-type cytokines and may be important regulators of local airway inflammation.
Antenna array likelihood modulation classifier for BPSK and QPSK signals

Automatical classification of the modulation type of a received signal is an indispensable first step in many military communication systems. Typical military wireless communication environments have low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). As a result, the classification accuracy is low or a long observation time is required to ensure an acceptable accuracy. We develop a modulation classifier using a uniform linear array to improve classification accuracy of BPSK and QPSK signals at low SNR. The proposed classification method is based on the generalized likelihood ratio test where an additive white Gaussian noise environment is assumed. The likelihood functions depend on the unknown phase shift between received signals due to the spatial separation of the antenna elements. Computationally efficient two-step processing is proposed to estimate the unknown phase shift. It can significantly reduce the computation compared with a direct estimation method, which applies exhaustive numerical searching on the phase shift because it does not have any closed-form solution. Simulations show that the proposed classifier improves the performance considerably. An added advantage of our algorithm is that the transmitted symbol sequence is also demodulated in conjunction with the classification process and no subsequent demodulation is necessary for the data symbols.
Effect of 5-fluorouracil on the growth of bacteriophage R17.

Graham, A. F. (The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pa.), and Clare Kirk. Effect of 5-fluorouracil on the growth of bacteriophage R17. J. Bacteriol. 90: 928–935. 1965.—When added to Escherichia coli within 2 min after phage R17, 5-fluorouracil (FU), at a concentration of 10 −4 m, completely inhibited the synthesis of infectious ribonucleic acid (RNA) and phage. If the addition of FU was made later than 5 min after infection, infectious RNA synthesis was blocked but infectious phage was still formed; the infectious RNA made before the addition of FU continued to be incorporated into mature phage. These properties of the inhibitor were used to determine the kinetics of phage RNA synthesis and the size of the phage precursor RNA pool. At a concentration of 2.2 × 10 −5 m FU, the yield of phage was reduced to 15% of that in an uninhibited control, 28% of the phage RNA uracil was replaced with FU, and the specific infectivity of the phage was unaltered.
Stars, dust, and the growth of ultraviolet-selected sub-L* galaxies at redshift z∼ 2

This work concerns the physical properties of very faint (= 28 AB mag; Mstars,lim∼ 108 M⊙), ultraviolet-selected (UV-selected) sub-L* BX galaxies at z∼ 2.3. Stellar masses, dust content and dust-corrected star formation rates are constrained using broad-band spectral energy distribution fitting, resulting in a number of insights into the nature of these low-mass systems. First, a correlation between rest-frame UV luminosity and galaxy stellar mass appears to exist in BX galaxies and its presence suggests that many sub-L* galaxies at this redshift may have approximately constant, rather than highly variable, star formation histories. A nearly-linear relation between stellar mass and star formation rate is also found, hinting that the rate at which a sub-L* BX galaxy forms its stars is directly related to the mass of stars that it has already formed. A possible explanation for this phenomenon lies in a scenario in which new gas that falls on to the galaxy’s host halo along with accreting dark matter is the main source of fuel for ongoing star formation. The instantaneous efficiency of star formation is low in this scenario, of the order of 1 per cent. Turning to bulk quantities, it is found that the low-mass end of the stellar mass function at z∼ 2.3 is steeper than expected from extrapolations of shallower surveys, resulting in a stellar mass density at z∼ 2.3 that is ∼25 per cent of the present-day value; this value is ∼1.5–2 times higher than that given by extrapolations of most of the shallower surveys, suggesting that the build-up of stellar mass in the Universe has proceeded somewhat more rapidly than previously thought. With spectral energy distribution fitting results in hand, an update to the Keck Deep Fields z∼ 2 UV luminosity function finds a steeper faint-end slope than previously reported, α=− 1.47, though this is not as steep as that found by Reddy & Steidel. Finally, it is also found that sub-L* galaxies at z∼ 2 carry very small amounts of dust compared to their more luminous cousins, so that while only ∼20 per cent of 1700-A photons escape from a typical M* galaxy, more than half make it out of an M*+3 one. This paucity of dust highlights the fact that sub-L* galaxies are not simple scaled copies of their more luminous cousins. Assuming that absorption by neutral hydrogen is not stronger in sub-L* galaxies than in their more luminous counterparts, it also means that sub-L* galaxies are important contributors to keeping the Universe ionized at z∼ 2.
Cyclic stretch increases the expression of fibronectin through cPLA2, STAT3, and Akt phosphorylation in renal tubular epithelial cells (690.18)

Extracellular matrix accumulation contributes to the progression of chronic renal disease. Recent in vivo data indicate that unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), a model for chronic obstructive n...
S/F/S Josephson junctions with single-domain ferromagnets for memory applications

Josephson junctions containing ferromagnetic materials are being considered for applications in cryogenic random access memory. The road to such applications requires thorough characterization of junction properties, including critical current and ground-state phase shift, as a function of the thickness of a single ferromagnetic layer. We carried out such a study for elliptically-shaped submicron Josephson junctions containing a Ni0.73Fe0.21Mo0.06 alloy similar to commercial Supermalloy. From the field dependence of the critical current, we conclude that the ferromagnets in our junctions are primarily single-domain. These measurements also produce pertinent information about the switching properties of the nanomagnet. We observe a 0–π transition occurring at a NiFeMo thickness of 2.25 ± 0.10 nm, while the critical current decays exponentially with a characteristic length scale of 0.48 ± 0.04 nm.
Phase contrast spectroscopy using spatial light modulator

We developed a phase contrast spectroscopy (PCS) using spatial light modulator (SLM) capable of measuring at multiple wavelengths. We demonstrate the capability of the setup by dispersion measurements of microsphere beads and red blood cells.
Comparison of Precipitants in Preparing Ultrafine ZnO Powder

With zinc acetate used as raw material and polyethylene glycol employed as dispersant, ultrafine ZnO flower-like powder was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method using NaOH and NH3·H2O as precipitants. The influences of the precipitants on the morphology of the ZnO powder were discussed. The as-synthesized ZnO flower-like powder was composed of lots of microrods with hexagon figure. The ZnO flower-like structures synthesized using NaOH were more regular and uniform than that obtained using NH3·H2O. The ZnO flower-like powder was hexagonal wurtzite structure with high purity. The exciton absorptions of the two ZnO flower-like powder both appeared at 300 nm in UV-VIS spectrum.
Are deviants different from the rest of US? Using student accounts of academic cheating to explore a popular myth

This paper outlines a useful classroom exercise designed to facilitate a critical examination of the above myth and to enhance student appreciation of a sociological perspective. The exercise is mainly designed for use in deviance and criminology courses, but may be helpful in any course, or course section, where motives for offending are the focus of study. In particular, students are asked to consider their personal involvement in academic cheating and to describe the surrounding circumstances and motivations that led to this behavior. By exploring their personal accounts of cheating behavior, students more easily grasp the applicability of deviance theories to their own actions, recognize how the motivations of other offenders may not differ fundamentally from their own, and are better prepared to critically examine the belief that "deviants are different from the rest of us." Before describing the details of this exercise, I provide a brief review of relevant sociological arguments and existing teaching techniques.
Acute Cerebral Artery Constriction in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat following Blood and Plasma Administration into the Subarachnoid Space.

The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate, using a vascular casting technique, acute vasoconstrictive changes in the cerebral vasculature 1 h following whole-blood or plasma infusion into the subarachnoid space of conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. Vascular casts from animals infused (over 20 min) with 0.45 ml of heparinized autologous arterial blood or plasma exhibited incomplete filling, while casts from saline-infused controls exhibited virtually no filling defects. Significant elevations in intracranial pressure were noted in blood, but not in plasma- or saline-infused rats. Two characteristic forms of constriction occurred, depending upon the vessel lumen diameter. Vessels with lumen diameters >100 µm were flattened longitudinally with deep endothelial nuclear imprints, while smaller vessels had focal circular constrictions resembling beads. Arterial cast filling terminated in vessels with lumen diameters from 70 to 20 µm with focal signs of constriction at or near the point of cast termination. The results indicate that the presence of both blood and plasma in the subarachnoid space produces acute small-artery constriction. This phenomenon is due to a noncellular blood component and does not correlate with increases in intracranial pressure.
Prognostic factors and secondary malignancies in childhood medulloblastoma.

PurposeLittle is known of the outcome of long-term survivors of childhood medulloblastoma, one of the most common pediatric malignancies. To determine the potential for secondary malignancies, a retrospective outcome evaluation in 88 consecutive cases of childhood medulloblastoma was performed.Patie
Thermodynamic properties of an interacting two-dimensional electron gas in a strong magnetic field

We have studied the combined effects of interaction and disorder on the entropy, the specific heat, and the magnetization of a two-dimensional electron gas in a strong perpendicular magnetic field. Explicit results have been obtained within the Hartree-Fock approximation which reflects only those anomalies associated with the energy gap between Landau levels. Some qualitative remarks, based on the hierarchy picture, are made concerning features expected in these thermodynamic properties at fractional values of the Landau-level filling factor.
Molecular Genetic and Developmental Studies on Malocostracan Crustacea

Arthropods dominate our seas, land, and air and have done so for hundreds of millions of years. Among the arthropods the crustaceans present us with an extremely rich history of morphological change, much of which is still represented among extant forms (morphological disparity among the crustaceans is much higher than in any other group of arthropods). With regard to the Crustacea, several characteristics of the amphipod crustacean embryo make it particularly well suited to embryological manipulations. These include early holoblastic (complete) cleavage coupled with early cell division asymmetries that facilitate microinjection. The high diversity of crustacean taxa near Carrie Bow Cay presents a unique opportunity to extend previous findings in laboratory strains of the amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis. In addition, the exploration of standing genetic variation in natural populations may yield important clues in the search for mechanisms by which genes influence organismal development and sculpt morphology through time. The principal collection sites are at south Twin Cays (Twin Bays, Hidden Creek), Manatee Cay (Pelican Cays), and outside the barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay.
Energy conservation and reciprocity of random rough surface scattering

On discute le comportement theorique de l'intensite de diffusion bistatique du modele de diffusion de Kirchhoff en termes de processus de diffusion unique et multiple. Le comportement de diffusion theorique est alors compare aux resultats experimentaux et on suggere une explication possible pour les reponses non reciproques de l'observation experimentale
The opioid growth factor–opioid growth factor receptor axis: Homeostatic regulator of cell proliferation and its implications for health and disease

The opioid growth factor (OGF), chemically termed [Met(5)]-enkephalin, is an endogenous opioid peptide that interacts with the OGF receptor (OGFr) to delay the G(1)/S interface of the cell cycle by modulating cyclin-dependent inhibitory kinase (CKI) pathways. The OGF-OGFr axis is a tonically active, inhibitory pathway that is an important regulator during homeostasis and re-epithelialization, and plays a role in the onset and progression of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Modulation of the OGF-OGFr axis can be accomplished by a variety of pharmacological and molecular approaches including use of intermittent or continuous exposure to the opioid antagonist naltrexone, genetic manipulation of OGFr expression, and antibody neutralization of OGF. Clinically, OGF is a biological therapy that has potential application for treatment of cancer. Currently, naltrexone at low dosages is being evaluated for treatment of autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's and multiple sclerosis. High dosages of naltrexone are effective in reversing dry eye and accelerating the repair of corneal abrasions in normal and diabetic rats; these studies are under investigation in the clinical setting. Naltrexone also enhances full-thickness wound closure in animal models of Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, and translation of this knowledge to the clinic is planned. In summary, understanding the OGF-OGFr axis as a homeostatic regulator of proliferation has substantial implications for maintaining human health and treatment of disease.
Television, video, and computer game usage in children under 11 years of age

Objective To conduct a population-based survey of television and other media usage in young children to determine (1) total media usage; (2) the proportion of children who have televisions in their bedrooms and who eat breakfast or dinner in front of the television; and (3) predictors of parental concern about the amount of television their child watches. Study design Telephone survey administered to 1454 parents of children Results The mean age of the index child was 5.05 years. Mean daily reported child media use was as follows: television (1.45 hours; SD, 1.5); videos (1.1 hours; SD, 1.30); and computer games (0.54 hours; SD, 0.96). Thirty percent of parents reported that their child ate breakfast or dinner in front of the television in the past week, and 22% were concerned about the amount of television that their child watched. In multivariate linear regression, eating breakfast or dinner in front of the television in the past week was associated with increased hours of television viewing (0.38 hours [0.21, 0.54]) and video (0.19 hours [0.04, 0.34]). Having a television in a child's bedroom was associated with increased hours of television (0.25 hours [0.07, 0.43]), video viewing (0.31 hours [0.16, 0.47]), and computer games (0.21 hours [0.10, 0.32]). In general, higher parental education was associated with decreased hours of television and video but not computer games. Older children were 2 to 3 times more likely than younger children to have a television in their bedroom and to have eaten a meal in front of it in the past week. More educated parents were less likely to report that their child had a television in their bedroom and more likely to be concerned about the amount of television their child viewed. Conclusions Combined video and computer game usage exceeded television usage. Both children of low- and high-income parents are at risk for certain behaviors associated with television usage. Parents whose children watched more television were more likely to be concerned about the amount of television their child viewed.
Long-term culturing of TPA-induced differentiated HL-60 cells results in increased levels of lytic enzymes.

Abstract After exposure to 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), cells of the promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60, differentiate into macrophage-like cells. Within 24 h the cells adhere to the surface of the culture flask and increase production of nonspecific esterases. The intracellular concentration of the serine proteases increases two- to threefold within 4 days and continues to increase as the cells develop into mature macrophages. The acid hydrolases, lysozyme and β-glucuronidase, were secreted by the differentiated cells. Both the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of these enzymes continued to increase as the cells matured. The fully differentiated cells readily phagocytized opsonized yeast cells. Phagocytosis had little effect on the secretion of acid hydrolases, while intracellular proteases increased significantly. The fully differentiated HL-60 cells resembled normal macrophages regarding all parameters studied. Viability of the differentiated cells exceeded 50% when cultured for 30 days. Therefore, these cells should prove to be a useful tool for the study of macrophage function with respect to microorganisms that are resistant to destruction by phagocytic cells.
Nontrivial vacua in higher-derivative gravitation.

A discussion of an extended class of higher-derivative classical theories of gravity is presented. A procedure is given for exhibiting the new propagating degrees of freedom, at the full nonlinear level, by transforming the higher-derivative action to a canonical second-order form. For general fourth-order theories, described by actions which are general functions of the scalar curvature, the Ricci tensor and the full Riemann tensor, it is shown that the higher-derivative theories may have multiple stable vacua. The vacua are shown to be, in general, nontrivial, corresponding to de Sitter or anti-de Sitter solutions of the original theory. It is also shown that around any vacuum the elementary excitations remain the massless graviton, a massive scalar field, and a massive ghostlike spin-two field. The analysis is extended to actions which are arbitrary functions of terms of the form ${\ensuremath{\nabla}}^{2k}R$, and it is shown that such theories also have a nontrivial vacuum structure.
Diversity and similarity of motor function and cross-bridge kinetics in papillary muscles of transgenic mice carrying myosin regulatory light chain mutations D166V and R58Q.

article i nfo Mechanical properties of skinned papillary muscle fibers from transgenic mice expressing familial hypertro- phic cardiomyopathy associated mutations D166V and R58Q in myosin regulatory light chain were investi- gated. Elementary steps and the apparent rate constants of the cross-bridge cycle were characterized from the tension transients induced by sinusoidal length changes during maximal Ca 2+ activation, together with ATP, ADP, and Pi studies. The tension-pCa relation was also tested in two sets of solutions with differing Pi and ionic strength. Our results showed that in both mutants the fast apparent rate constant 2πc and the rate constants of the cross-bridge detachment step (k2) were smaller than those of wild type (WT), demon- strating the slower cross-bridge kinetics. D166V showed significantly smaller ATP (K1) and ADP (K0) associ- ation constants than WT, displaying weaker ATP binding and easier ADP release, whereas those of R58Q were not significantly different from WT. In tension-pCa study, both D166V and R58Q mutations exhibited in- creased Ca 2+ sensitivity and less cooperativity. We conclude that, while the two FHC mutations have similar clinical manifestations and prognosis, some of the mechanical parameters of cross-bridges (K0, K1) are differ- ently modified, whereas some others (Ca 2+ -sensitivity, cooperativity, k2) are similarly modified by these two
Estimating Eliassen-Palm flux using COSMIC radio occultation

[1] We present a methodology for analyzing the Eliassen-Palm (E-P) flux in the troposphere and stratosphere using GPS radio occultation data from the COSMIC project. In this methodology, geopotential height and temperature are mapped on constant pressure surfaces using a Bayesian interpolation scheme with a spherical harmonic basis, and the components of the E-P flux are evaluated using geostrophic winds. We perform a simulation-analysis study using the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis as truth. E-P fluxes are evaluated daily, and it is found that patterns of E-P flux are estimated faithfully, and extrema in the vertical and horizontal components are underestimated by 5–10% and by 30–40%, respectively. Monthly hemispheric averages of the vertical component of the E-P flux at the tropopause can be estimated to <5%. The error is due to the geostrophic approximation and spatial coverage, mostly the latter: COSMIC GPS radio occultation only resolves atmospheric eddies with scales greater than 1000 km on a daily basis.
Generalized Velocities in the Outer Region of Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layers

An attempt is made to show that the outer portion of the velocity profile of hypersonic turbulent boundary layers can be transformed so that the constants determined by a best fit to the law of the wake are in reasonable agreement with the wake constant for incompressible boundary layers at the same Reynolds number. Both y transformations (where y is distance from the surface) and velocity transformations produce velocity profiles which, with the proper choice of wall shear stress to give shear velocity, can be reduced to the incompressible law of the wall.
Targeted gene delivery by tropism-modified adenoviral vectors

The utility of adenoviral vectors for gene therapy is currently limited due, in part, to the widespread distribution of the cellular receptor for the adenovirus fiber that precludes the targeting of specific cell types. In order to develop a targeted adenovirus, it is therefore necessary both to ablate endogenous viral tropism and to introduce novel tropism. We hypothesized that these two goals could be achieved by employing a neutralizing anti-fiber antibody, or antibody fragment, chemically conjugated to a cell-specific ligand. To test this concept, we chose to target the folate receptor, which is overexpressed on the surface of a variety of malignant cells. Therefore, we conjugated folate to the neutralizing Fab fragment of an anti-fiber monoclonal antibody. This Fab-folate conjugate was complexed with an adenoviral vector carrying the luciferase reporter gene and was shown to redirect adenoviral infection of target cells via the folate receptor at a high efficiency. Furthermore, when complexed with an adenoviral vector carrying the gene for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase, the Fab-folate conjugate mediated the specific killing of cells that overexpress the folate receptor. This work thus represents the first demonstration of the retargeting of a recombinant adenoviral vector via a non-adenoviral cellular receptor.
Use of a Pedicled Adipose Flap as a Sling for Anterior Subcutaneous Transposition of the Ulnar Nerve

In patients with primary cubital tunnel syndrome, we hypothesize that using a vascularized adipose sling to secure the ulnar nerve during anterior subcutaneous transposition will lead to improved patient outcomes. The adipose flap is designed to surround the ulnar nerve with a pliable, vascularized fat envelope, mimicking the natural fatty environment of peripheral nerves. This technique may offer advantages in securing the anteriorly transposed ulnar nerve and reducing instances of postoperative perineural scarring. Patients experience good functional outcomes; most experience resolution of symptoms.
The Sanriku-Oki low-seismicity region on the northern margin of the great 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake rupture

We examine a region of the megathrust fault offshore of northeastern Honshu (38.75°–40.25°N, 141.5°–143.25°E) that we designate as the Sanriku-Oki low-seismicity region (SLSR). The SLSR, located near the northern termination of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki (M_w 9.0) rupture, lacks historical great earthquake ruptures and has relatively low levels of moderate-size (M_j ≥ 5.0) earthquakes, with subregions having many small events (M_j 2.5–5.0) in the Japan Meteorological Agency unified catalog. The SLSR is located downdip along the megathrust from the rupture zone of the great 1896 Sanriku tsunami earthquake and the great 1933 Sanriku outer trench slope normal-faulting event; weak seismic coupling of the SLSR had been deduced based on the occurrences of those unusual events. Relatively low slip deficit on the SLSR megathrust was estimated based on GPS deformations prior to 2011 compared with adjacent areas with strong inferred locking to the south and north. The southern portion of the SLSR appears to have had, at most, modest levels (<5 m) of coseismic slip during the 2011 event. Some thrust-faulting aftershocks did occur in the SLSR, primarily at depths near 40 km where there had previously been small (M_j ~5.0) repeating earthquakes (e.g., the Kamaishi repeater). An M_w ~ 7.4 underthrusting aftershock occurred near the northeastern edge of the SLSR ~22.5 min after the great 2011 event. Postseismic convergence along the megathrust is peaked in the SLSR. The collective observations indicate that the SLSR is primarily undergoing quasi-static aseismic convergence, and the lack of regional strain accumulation likely delimited the northern extent of the great 2011 rupture as well as the downdip extent of the 1896 rupture. The triggering of the M_w 7.4 aftershock and heightened activity in the downdip repeater regions suggest that high postseismic strain rates drove the region to have ephemerally increased seismic failure, but it appears unlikely that a great earthquake will nucleate or rupture through this region. Similar properties may exist on the megathrust near the southern end of the 2011 rupture.