cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information Technology (IT) and Urban Form: An Annotated Bibliography of the Urban Deconcentration and Economic Restructuring Literatures

Current urban planning discussion regarding the New Economy centers on planning, managing, and redesigning the form of cities and regions in order to attract and nurture knowledge economies. Enhancing the quality of life, by restraining urban sprawl, is seen as essential to urban competitiveness in the information age. However, the literature that examines the synergies between information technologies and urban form does not only point to potential reconcentration of certain economic activities but also to the furtherance of exurban development, sociospatial segregation, and traffic gridlock. This bibliography presents a panoramic shot of this vast and growing literature, as seen through the lenses of two theorizing traditions. It also the-matically classifies it according to four areas associated with (1) new forms of urban development; (2) economic, spatial, and travel synergies; (3) accessibility issues in spatial science; and (4) planning policy.
Effect of ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease on incorporation of tritiated pyrimidine-nucleosides into ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid in human cancer cells (HeLa) in culture.

Effect of Ribonuclease and Deoxyribonuclease on Incorporation of Tritiated Pyrimidine-Nucleosides into Ribonucleic Acid and Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Human Cancer Cells (HeLa) in Culture
Thiocyanate binding with modified bovine plasma albumins.

Abstract SCN − binding with guanidinated, acetamidinated, acetylated, carboxymethylated, β-dimethylaminopropionamidinated and cyanoethylated bovine plasma albumin has been studied. The binding at seven primary sites is not much affected in the modified proteins. Since the guanidinium groups are the only anionic binding groups unaffected by the modification reagents, this supports earlier evidence that the primary SCN − binding sites are located at arginyl residues. With respect to association at the secondary sites (presumably consisting predominantly of lysyl and imidazole groups) replacement of a hydrogen on the positively charged groups on the albumin by a bulkier radical is found to increase the binding constant of the site. Adducts which remove the positive charge on the binding site, on the other hand, appear to destroy the binding site.
Effects of pipeline construction on the vegetation and macrofauna of two South Carolina, USA salt marshes

We examined the recovery of vegetation and salt marsh macrofauna in a pipeline construction corridor at two locations where it intersected intertidal salt marshes near Charleston, SC. The impacts of construction were evaluated prior to construction and for subsequent periods of 34 and 46 months at the two sites using aerial photography and three field sampling methods. Quadrats were used to estimate densities of selected salt marsh invertebrates, as well as stem densities and aboveground wet-weight biomass ofSpartina alterniflora; pit traps were employed to simulate natural tidal pools for sampling small, motile epibenthic macrofauna that remained on the marsh surface at low tide; and flume nets were used to sample the natant macrofauna that used the marsh edge at high tide. The analyses of vegetation by quadrat and aerial imagery clearly showed that the recovery ofSpartina was more rapid and complete at the Ashley River site (88%) than at Wappoo Creek (48%). In contrast to this apparent, if partial, vegetative recovery, several salt marsh invertebrates, including,Littorina irrorata andGeukensia demissa, were eliminated from the corridor during construction and showed scant recovery by the end of our study. Differences in species composition and abundance of natant organisms in the flume net collections also supported the conclusion that faunal recovery was incomplete after 3–4 years at these sites. The recovery of functional equivalency of the excavations, compared with natural marshes, was not evaluated during our study, but we speculate that their functioning may equilibrate over time, since preexisting hydrologic conditions are more or less intact, seedstock forSpartina revegetation is nearby, and macrofauna will probably eventually reestablish themselves from adjacent areas.
Passive remote sensing of planetary atmospheres and retrievals of atmospheric macro- and microphysical parameters

In two recent papers, referred to as Paper 1 and Paper 2 in the main text, we have pursued an idea that atmospheric weighting functions for any geophysical parameters essentially consist of two kinds of entities: weighting functions for the atmospheric radiative parameters, which directly enter the radiative transfer equation, and partial derivatives of the atmospheric radiative parameters with respect to atmospheric geophysical parameters. Corresponding analysis was performed for non-scattering and scattering planetary atmospheres for nadir-viewing geometry and thermal spectral region. In the present paper we conduct a study of the second group of above entities, the partial derivatives of atmospheric radiative parameters with respect to atmospheric geophysical parameters. Along the way, we analyze the role of radiative parameters of individual atmospheric constituents, which serve as intermediaries between the total radiative parameters of the atmosphere and its geophysical parameters. The obtained expressions, combined with radiative weighting functions, are used in the end-to-end expressions for the weighting functions obtained for various specific geophysical parameters.
Androgyny as synthetic narcissism: Sex role measures and Kohut's psychology of the self

In Kohut's analysis of narcissism, the self emerges as a bipolar structure characterized by grandiosity at one pole and dependency at the other. Through appropriate developmental processes, grandiosity grows into a mature ambitiousness, and early dependencies are converted into a stable system of ideals. The present investigation predicted that sex role constructs essentially measure these two aspects of the self. Expected relationships between masculinity and grandiosity, and between femininity and dependency, were in fact obtained. Based in large part on Westin's (Self and Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985) analysis of Kohut's theory, synthetic, internal, external, and archaic narcissistic self styles were hypothesized to exist and to parallel the androgynous, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated sex roles, respectively. Rough comparabilities were in fact evident between these two typologies. Factor analyses also demonstrated that narcissism and sex role measures load on factors in ways revealing the intimate ties between “pathological” narcissism and the failure to achieve desirable sex role characteristics.
5HT2 binding sites after mianserin: comparison of loss of sites and brain levels of drug☆

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of residual drug in mediating the loss of 5HT2 binding sites after in vivo treatment with mianserin. Brain levels of mianserin were measured using a radioreceptor assay and compared with the extent of receptor loss. Peak brain levels were found within 0.5 to 1 h after dosing and the drug disappeared from brain with a half-life of 1-3 h. A dissociation was found between the levels of mianserin and the loss of binding sites. At the time of peak drug levels, the density of 5HT2 sites was not changed, while 24 h later, a significant loss of sites was evident. Although some drug-related material remained in the brain at 24 h after treatment, there was no apparent relationship between the regional distribution of residual drug and the distribution of 5HT2 binding sites. Studies with [3H]mianserin confirmed these results. Furthermore, incubation of brain slices with mianserin did not lead to a decrease in 5HT2 binding site density, consistent with the conclusion that the in vivo effects of the drug do not reflect a direct action.
Composite method for the mixing of two steady laminar flows

An analytic solution is presented for the steady, two-dimensional mixing of two parallel, laminar, and initially dissimilar streams beyond the trailing edge of a thin partition. The method consists of combining known analytic solutions for flat-plate wakes with Chapman's classic solution for the free shear layer. The key assumptions made are that the wake component grows independently of this shear layer component and that the minimum-velocity locus of the former coincides with the zero streamline of the Chapman flow.
Evaluation of GEV model for frequency analysis of annual maximum water levels in the coast of United States

Abstract The three-parameter generalized-extreme-value (GEV) model has been recommended by FEMA [FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency of the United States), 2004. Final Draft Guidelines for Coastal Flood Hazard Analysis and Mapping for the Pacific Coast of the United States. http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=2188 ] for frequency analysis of annual maximum water levels in the Pacific coast of the United States. Yet, the GEV model's performance in other coastal areas still needs to be evaluated. The GEV model combines three types of probability distributions into one expression. The probability distributions can be defined by one of the three parameters of the GEV model. In this study, annual maximum water levels at nine water-level stations with long history data (more than 70 years) were chosen for analysis in five coastal areas: Pacific, Northeast Atlantic, East Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico coasts. Parameters of the GEV model are estimated by the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method. Results indicate that probability distributions are characterized by the GEV Type III model at stations in the Pacific, Northeast, and East Atlantic coastal areas, while they are described by GEV Type II in stations of the Southeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastal areas. GEV model predictions of extreme water levels show good correlation to observations with correlation coefficients of 0.89 to 0.99. For predictions of 10% annual maximum water levels, the GEV model predictions are very good with errors equal to or less than 5% for all nine stations. Comparison of observations and GEV model estimations of annual maximum water levels for the longest recorded return periods, close to 100 years, revealed errors equal to or less than 5% for stations in the Pacific and Northeast Atlantic coastal areas. However, the errors range from 10% to 28% for other stations located in the East and Southeast Atlantic coasts as well as Gulf of Mexico coastal areas. Findings from this study suggest caution regarding the magnitudes of errors in applying the GEV model to the East and Southeast Atlantic coasts and Gulf of Mexico coast for estimating 100-year annual maximum water levels for coastal flood analysis.
Four Labor Programs

The four programs described, 344. — The balancing-up program, 346. — Necessity of a balance among factors of production, 346. — Laws of value sometimes independent of social institutions, 347. — Institutions affect value of consumers' goods mainly, they scarcely affect relative values of factors of production, 351. — A slightly unbalanced population makes a collective bargaining program certain, 360. — A badly unbalanced population makes a voting program certain, 362. — An extremely unbalanced population makes a fighting program certain, 366.
Adenosine triphosphatase activity in the rod outer segments of the pig's retina

Abstract Lyophilized rod outer segments isolated from partially dark-adapted pig retinas possess ATPase activity. Magnesium stimulates activity, optimally when at about the same concentration as ATP. Maximum activity is obtained when both sodium and potassium also are present; optimal concentrations are about 15 mM Na+ and 6 mM K+. Further increases in potassium concentration are inhibitory, but this inhibition can be partially overcome by raising the sodium concentration. In the presence of magnesium, sodium alone stimulates slightly; potassium alone has no effect. Ouabain inhibits activity to the level observed when only magnesium and sodium are present. Inhibition is half-maximal at 6.3 × 10−7M. Ca++ and pCMB also inhibit; DNP has no effect. Adenosine triphosphate is hydrolyzed more than twice as rapidly as eight other phosphate esters tested, both in the presence and absence of ouabain. For the following reasons we conclude that the ATPase activity of the rod outer segments is not a property of the visual pigment, as has been suggested: (i) The rate of hydrolysis of ATP by dark-adapted rods is the same in light as it is in darkness, whether or not hydroxylamine or ouabain is present. (ii) The ATPase activity of pig retinas, exclusive of rod outer segments, is roughly the same, per unit dry weight, as that of the outer segments alone. (iii) By treatment of dark-adapted outer segments with digitonin it is possible to effect a partial separation of rhodopsin and ATPase activity. (iv) CTAC extracts rhodopsin from outer segments but destroys all the ATPase activity in both the extract and the residue.
HIV-1 incorporates and proteolytically processes human NDR1 and NDR2 serine-threonine kinases

Mammalian genomes encode two related serine-threonine kinases, nuclear Dbf2 related (NDR)1 and NDR2, which are homologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dbf2 kinase. Recently, a yeast genetic screen implicated the Dbf2 kinase in Ty1 retrotransposition. Since several virion-incorporated kinases regulate the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), we speculated that the human NDR1 and NDR2 kinases might play a role in the HIV-1 life cycle. Here we show that the NDR1 and NDR2 kinases were incorporated into HIV-1 particles. Furthermore, NDR1 and NDR2 were cleaved by the HIV-1 protease (PR), both within virions and within producer cells. Truncation at the PR cleavage site altered NDR2 subcellular localization and inhibited NDR1 and NDR2 enzymatic activity. These studies identify two new virion-associated host cell enzymes and suggest a novel mechanism by which HIV-1 alters the intracellular environment of human cells.
Cerebral atrophy in anorexia nervosa.

ANOREXIA NERVOSA is primarily seen in young girls and is characterized by severe emaciation associated with amenorrhea, constipation, loss of appetite, slowed pulse and respiration, absence of somatic pathology, and excessive body movements. The incidence and prevalence of this ~yndrome appears to be increasing? Abnormal laboratory findings may include disorders of the hematologic, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems. Abnormal neurologic findings are rare. ~, :~ MATERIAL Fourteen patients with anorexia nervosa seen during the past year were studied by Utilizing computerized tomography of the brain. Patients had a weight loss of at least 10%, but usually over 20% O f their total body weight. All either refused or failed .to eat. All females had amenorrhea. All patients had a desire to be thin; all had
Postsynaptic TRPV1 triggers cell type–specific long-term depression in the nucleus accumbens

Synaptic modifications in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are important for adaptive and pathological reward-dependent learning. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), the major cell type in the NAc, participate in two parallel circuits that subserve distinct behavioral functions, yet little is known about differences in their electrophysiological and synaptic properties. Using bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice, we found that synaptic activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in NAc MSNs in the indirect, but not direct, pathway led to the production of endocannabinoids, which activated presynaptic CB1 receptors to trigger endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression (eCB-LTD) as well as postsynaptic transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels to trigger a form of LTD resulting from endocytosis of AMPA receptors. These results reveal a previously unknown action of TRPV1 channels and indicate that the postsynaptic generation of endocannabinoids can modulate synaptic strength in a cell type-specific fashion by activating distinct pre- and postsynaptic targets.
Executive Coaching It’s Not Just about the Executive

This article challenges the prevailing understanding of executive coaching as an exclusively individual intervention. It discusses executive coaching as a complex and demanding process that encompa...
The first demonstration that a subset of women with hyperemesis gravidarum has abnormalities in the vestibuloocular reflex pathway.

Objective The vestibular system is a major pathway to nausea and vomiting, and the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) is a central component; its function can be studied using the vestibular autorotation test (VAT). We hypothesize that women with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) may have VOR abnormalities. Study Design Women with HG were compared with women without HG using the VAT. Horizontal and vertical VOR gains and phases were evaluated at 3 frequency ranges: low (2.0 to 3.5 Hz), medium (greater than 3.5 to 5.0 Hz), and high (greater than 5.0 to 6.0 Hz) during pregnancy and postpartum. Results Twenty women with HG and 48 unaffected women were evaluated in early pregnancy. Women with HG had higher horizontal gains at all 3 frequency ranges. Horizontal phase differences were also observed at medium frequencies. No VAT differences were noted postpartum. Conclusion Women experiencing HG had a higher mean VOR horizontal gain and lower horizontal phase when compared with unaffected women.
PULMONARY DYSFUNCTION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS.

Pulmonary function was studied in 13 cases of rheumatoid disease and eight of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary involvement. The most common abnormality noted was a reduction of lung volumes associated frequently with arterial oxygen unsaturation. These changes posibly were due to pleural effusion, restrictive pleuritis, parenchymal involvement, or any combination of these. Corticosteroid administration was attended by variable results.
Selective anti-tumor activity of the novel fluoropyrimidine polymer F10 towards G48a orthotopic GBM tumors.

F10 is a novel anti-tumor agent with minimal systemic toxicity in vivo and which displays strong cytotoxicity towards glioblastoma (GBM) cells in vitro. Here we investigate the cytotoxicity of F10 towards GBM cells and evaluate the anti-tumor activity of locally-administered F10 towards an orthotopic xenograft model of GBM. The effects of F10 on thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibition and Topoisomerase 1 (Top1) cleavage complex formation were evaluated using TS activity assays and in vivo complex of enzyme bioassays. Cytotoxicity of F10 towards normal brain was evaluated using cortices from embryonic (day 18) mice. F10 displays minimal penetrance of the blood–brain barrier and was delivered by intra-cerebral (i.c.) administration and prospective anti-tumor response towards luciferase-expressing G48a human GBM tumors in nude mice was evaluated using IVIS imaging. Histological examination of tumor and normal brain tissue was used to assess the selectivity of anti-tumor activity. F10 is cytotoxic towards G48a, SNB-19, and U-251 MG GBM cells through dual targeting of TS and Top1. F10 is not toxic to murine primary neuronal cultures. F10 is well-tolerated upon i.c. administration and induces significant regression of G48a tumors that is dose-dependent. Histological analysis from F10-treated mice revealed tumors were essentially completely eradicated in F10-treated mice while vehicle-treated mice displayed substantial infiltration into normal tissue. F10 displays strong efficacy for GBM treatment with minimal toxicity upon i.c. administration establishing F10 as a promising drug-candidate for treating GBM in human patients.
On the extended basis shell model and two-nucleon transfer

Abstract The enhancement of two-nucleon transfer reactions predicted by the extended basis shell-model (EBSM) calculations of Feng, Ibarra and Vallieres and other theorists, is shown to be a higher order manifestation of the pairing effects in nuclei. A simple schematic model is introduced which illustrates the constructive interference of the contributions from the highly excited shell-model states included in the EBSM. The model can be used to estimate the effect of ground-state correlations of the closed-shell core. The results indicate that the assumption of an inert core in EBSM calculations introduces negligible error in cases in which the addition of a nucleon pair to a closed shell is treated. However, in the case of two-nucleon removal from a closed shell, including the effects of correlations may significantly enhance the cross section. A suggestion is made for including these effects in EBSM calculations.
“The Politics of the HealthCare Reform Debate: Public Support of Including Undocumented Immigrants and Their Children in Reform Efforts in the U.S.”

Although U.S. immigration and health care policies appear to be highly correlated, scholarship has yet to gauge the public's views toward providing undocumented immigrants with health coverage at the state level. We analyze support for including undocumented immigrants in health care reform in New Mexico. Utilizing an original public opinion survey of New Mexico adults, we find that individuals are more supportive of the state providing health care to the children of undocumented immigrant than to their parents. Multivariate logistic regression analyses suggest that factors such as liberal ideology and perceptions of commonalities with Latinos increase support levels. Despite a lack of support among a majority of respondents, the influence of perceived commonalities with immigrants suggests that reform advocates and political elites who mobilize along ethnic or human solidarity may be successful in creating conditions for the inclusion of undocumented immigrants in the public provision of health care at the state level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
A Parallel-Plate Waveguide Approach to Microminiaturized, Planar Transmission Lines for Integrated Circuits

The parallel-plate waveguide with a two-layer loading medium, a conducting semiconductor substrate, and a relatively thin dielectric layer approximates the interconnections in many integrated systems if the fringing fields are ignored. The fundamental mode of this structure is an E mode which is a surface wave. Its propagation behavior is analyzed in this paper and the equations are evaluated by highly accurate numerical methods. The semiconducting substrate is characterized by its dielectric constant and conductivity. A critical conductivity /spl sigma//sub min/ exists and is related to the cross sectional and material parameters. If the substrate conductivity is given by /spl sigma//sub min/ then the attenuation constant of the line is a minimum. The same value of conductivity yields minimum phase distortion at maximum bandwidth. If the conductivity is larger than /spl sigma//sub min/ the substrate acts as a poor conductor with associated skin effect; if it is smaller, lossy dielectric behavior results. Analysis shows that it is appropriate to subdivide the frequency range into three intervals. The lowest-frequency interval is characterized by propagation which resembles diffusion. This is caused by the loss in the dielectric layer. The next frequency range extends to some upper frequency which is determined by substrate conductivity and the cross-sectional dimensions. In this interval, the phase velocity of the fundamental mode is controlled by the ratio of dielectric to semiconductor thickness, which, if typical interconnections are considered, implies a very low velocity. This property indicates that the structure can serve as a delay line. Further increases in frequency result in higher phase velocities. Skin effect and dielectric loss behavior describe the propagation in this third interval.
Teleki to Leakey

Koobi Fora: Researches into Geology, Palaeontology, and Human Origins. Volume 2 The Fossil Ungulates: Proboscidea, Perissodactyla, and Suidae. Edited by J.M. Harris. Oxford University Press: 1983. Pp.320. £45, $95.
Hole filling, charge transfer and superconductivity in Nd1+xBa2−xCu3O7+δ

Abstract Unlike YBa2Cu3O7−δ (Y123), the Nd-Ba-Cu-O system exhibits a solid solution, Nd1+xBa2−xCu3O7+δ (Nd123ss), for 0.04⩽x⩽0.6. However, the superconducting properties decrease nonlinearly for increasing x, and Tc can also be varied by lowering the annealing temperature without changing the low-temperature oxygen soak. The changes in microstructure and Tc with increasing x are analogous with Y123 with increasing δ, yet for fully oxygenated Nd123ss samples, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) demonstrates that the total unoccupied density of states below the unfilled band is constant for all x. The neutron diffraction and the inert gas fusion analysis support an overall charge balance for all x. Tc is modeled in terms of a forced oxygen disorder resulting from Nd3+ atoms on the Ba sites relocating chain oxygens to anti-chain sites. The variability in Tc as a function of x and heat treatments can be explained by the number of four-fold coordinated Cu's on the chains which can be varied by differing the amounts of paired and unpaired Nd3+ substituting for Ba2+, resulting in more or less charge transfer from the planes to the chains.
Population of 100 Realistic, Patient-Based Computerized Breast Phantoms for Multi-modality Imaging Research

Breast imaging is an important area of research with many new techniques being investigated to further reduce the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer through early detection. Computerized phantoms can provide an essential tool to quantitatively compare new imaging systems and techniques. Current phantoms, however, lack sufficient realism in depicting the complex 3D anatomy of the breast. In this work, we created one-hundred realistic and detailed 3D computational breast phantoms based on high-resolution CT datasets from normal patients. We also developed a finiteelement application to simulate different compression states of the breast, making the phantoms applicable to multimodality imaging research. The breast phantoms and tools developed in this work were packaged into user-friendly software applications to distribute for breast imaging research.
No BLUE among phylogenetic estimators.

Multivariate analysis is a branch of statistics that successfully exploits the powerful tools of linear algebra to obtain a fairly comprehensive theory of estimation. The purpose of this paper is to explore to what extent a linear theory of estimation can be developed in the context of coalescent models used in the analysis of DNA polymorphism. We consider a large class of coalescent models, of which the neutral infinite sites model is one example. In the process, we discover several limitations of linear estimators that are quite distinct from those in the classical theory. In particular, we prove that there does not exist a uniformly BLUE (best linear unbiased estimator) for the scaled mutation parameter, under the assumptions of the neutral model of evolution. In fact, we show that no linear estimator performs uniformly better than the Watterson (1975) method based on the total number of segregating sites. For certain coalescent models, the segregating-sites estimator is actually optimal.The general conclusion is the following. If genealogical information is useful for estimating the rate of evolution, then there is no optimal linear method. If there is an optimal linear method, then no information other than the total number of segregating sites is needed.
Partitioning and floor-planning for data-patch chip (microprocessor) layout

Data-path chips are typically made up different types of objects such as data-path macros, control logic cells (e.g. standard-cell), memory arrays, and off-chip drivers. Each type of object is quite different than the other type in terms of size, shape, wiring blockage, and pin location characteristics, so existing placement tools have difficulties in handling all the objects in a single step. This paper presents a hierarchical method to floor-plan, and then place and route data-path chips. A chip is divided into a number of regions (terrains) each reserved for objects of the same type. The objects are first partitioned into the different terrains, then the objects in the same type of terrains are placed using tool designed for that terrain characteristics. Physical partitioning, integrated with global wiring and timing control, partitions the objects into different terrains, multi-stack placement places the data-path macros, standard-cell placement places the random logic and off-chip drivers; then followed by detailed wiring. Requirements on terrain size, terrain shape, wirability and timing are all considered throughout the various stages of the physical design. Results obtained on some actual chip designs are also presented.
Reflex Splanchnic Nerve Stimulation Increases Levels of Carboxypeptidase E mRNA and Enzymatic Activity in the Rat Adrenal Medulla

Carboxypeptidase E (CPE; EC 3.4.17.10) is a carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme involved with the biosynthesis of numerous peptide hormones and neurotransmitters, including the enkephalins. Reflex splanchnic stimulation of the rat adrenal medulla, which has previously been found to substantially increase enkephalin mRNA and enkephalin peptide levels, was examined for an influence on CPE mRNA and enzymatic activity. Several hours after insulin-induced reflex splanchnic stimulation, the levels of CPE activity in rat adrenal medulla are reduced to 40-60% of control. CPE activity returns to the control level 2 days after the treatment and then continues to increase, reaching approximately 200% of control 1 week after the treatment. The time course of the changes in CPE activity is different from those of the changes in epinephrine levels and the previously reported changes in enkephalin peptide levels. CPE mRNA is also influenced by the insulin shock, with levels increasing to 155% of the control level after 6 h and 170% after 2 days. The time course of the change in CPE mRNA levels is similar to that previously found for proenkephalin mRNA. However, the magnitude of the change is much different: Proenkephalin mRNA has been reported to increase by 1,600%. The changes in CPE mRNA and enzymatic activity are consistent with the proposal that CPE is not a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of enkephalin.
Pore filling of nanostructured electrodes in dye sensitized solar cells by initiated chemical vapor deposition.

The dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) operation depends on a liquid electrolyte. To achieve better performance, the liquid should be replaced with a solid or gel electrolyte, e.g., polymers. Here, we demonstrate initiated chemical vapor deposition as an effective liquid-free means for in situ polymerization and pore filling. We achieve complete pore filling of 12 μm thick titania resulting in enhanced cell performance that is attributed to reduced charge recombination at the electrolyte−electrode interface.
Multi‐Parameter Study of Nanoscale TiO2 and CeO2 Additives in Composite AP/HTPB Solid Propellants

A statistical Taguchi L8 matrix was used to conduct a multi-parameter study of the use of nanoscale additives in composite solid propellants. The additives studied were TiO2 (titania) and CeO2 (ceria). The other parameters involved in the experiment were the oxidizer loading and distribution, additive percentage and size, additive size (nano-scale or μm-scale), and the mixing method. Four baseline propellants without additives were also produced for comparison. The propellants were tested from 3.45 to 13.78 MPa in a strand bomb, and burning rate curves were determined for all formulas. By analyzing the Taguchi matrix, the sensitivity of each parameter according to the pressure sensitivity and burning rate of the propellant was calculated. The dominant factors depend on whether the additive is needed for modifying the pressure index or the absolute value of the burning rate. In general, the effectiveness of the additives was most influenced by oxidizer percentage, oxidizer size distribution, and additive type. The amount of additive, mixing method, and additive size all had relatively minor impacts on the effectiveness of the additives.
Accelerating cyclic plasticity simulations using an adaptive wavelet transformation based multitime scaling method

SUMMARY Cyclic finite element simulations of complex materials, for example, polycrystalline metals, are widely used to study fatigue failure due to plasticity and damage. Typically, this requires the simulation of a large number of cycles to failure for accurate determination of evolving deformation variables. Modeling cyclic deformation using conventional methods of time integration in semidiscretization techniques can however be computationally challenging. Single time scale integration methods typically follow the high frequency characteristics and discretize each cycle into a number of time steps over which integration is performed. To overcome this computational challenge, the wavelet transformation-based multitime scale (WATMUS) method proposed in an earlier work by the authors is advanced and validated in this paper to perform accelerated finite element simulations of materials undergoing rate-dependent plasticity for large number of cycles. Specifically, the WATMUS algorithm is integrated with crystal plasticity finite element method to perform accelerated simulations of polycrystalline alloys. The WATMUS methodology is also endowed with adaptive capabilities to optimally construct the wavelet basis functions and determine coarse-scale cycle steps. Accuracy and efficiency of the WATMUS methodology is conclusively demonstrated by comparing the results with cyclic single-time scale crystal plasticity finite element simulations performed on image-based microstructure of titanium alloys. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semantic enrichment for medical ontologies

The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) contains two separate but interconnected knowledge structures, the Semantic Network (upper level) and the Metathesaurus (lower level). In this paper, we have attempted to work out better how the use of such a two-level structure in the medical field has led to notable advances in terminologies and ontologies. However, most ontologies and terminologies do not have such a two-level structure. Therefore, we present a method, called semantic enrichment, which generates a two-level ontology from a given one-level terminology and an auxiliary two-level ontology. During semantic enrichment, concepts of the one-level terminology are assigned to semantic types, which are the building blocks of the upper level of the auxiliary two-level ontology. The result of this process is the desired new two-level ontology. We discuss semantic enrichment of two example terminologies and how we approach the implementation of semantic enrichment in the medical domain. This implementation performs a major part of the semantic enrichment process with the medical terminologies, with difficult cases left to a human expert.
Multiplex PCR-Based Method for Identification of Common Clinical Serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica

A multiplex PCR method has been developed to differentiate between the most common clinical serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica encountered in Washington State and the United States in general. Six genetic loci from S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and four from S. enterica serovar Typhi were used to create an assay consisting of two five-plex PCRs. The assays gave reproducible results with 30 different serotypes that represent the most common clinical isolates of S. enterica subsp. enterica. Of these, 22 serotypes gave unique amplification patterns compared with each other and the other 8 serotypes were grouped into four pairs. These were further resolved by two additional PCRs. We compared the data from PCR serotyping with conventional serotyping and found that PCR serotyping was nearly as discriminatory as conventional serotyping was. The results from a blind test screening 111 clinical isolates revealed that 97% were correctly identified using the multiplex PCR assay. The assay can be easily performed on multiple samples with final results in less than 5 h and, in conjunction with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, forms a very robust test method for the molecular subtyping of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica.
New Examination of the Traditional Raman Lidar Technique II: Evaluating the Ratios for Water Vapor and Aerosols

In a companion paper, the temperature dependence of Raman scattering and its influence on the Raman and Rayleigh-Mie lidar equations was examined. New forms of the lidar equation were developed to account for this temperature sensitivity. Here those results are used to derive the temperature dependent forms of the equations for the water vapor mixing ratio, aerosol scattering ratio, aerosol backscatter coefficient, and extinction to backscatter ratio (Sa). The error equations are developed, the influence of differential transmission is studied and different laser sources are considered in the analysis. The results indicate that the temperature functions become significant when using narrowband detection. Errors of 5% and more can be introduced in the water vapor mixing ratio calculation at high altitudes and errors larger than 10% are possible for calculations of aerosol scattering ratio and thus aerosol backscatter coefficient and extinction to backscatter ratio.
Novel Topical Fluoride Delivery System I: Remineralization of Ground Bovine Teeth

Laboratory studies were carried out on a newly conceived fluoride-containing re-mineralizing system with bovine teeth. The prototype fluoride delivery device involved micronized calcium fluoride maintained at the tooth surface with a cellulose film. Together with salivary calcium and phosphate (or simulated saliva), this system was able to generate and maintain the appropriate thermodynamic activity driving force for significant fluorapatite deposition in a reasonably short time (-48 hr).
Grains and grain boundaries in single-layer graphene atomic patchwork quilts

The properties of polycrystalline materials are often dominated by the size of their grains and by the atomic structure of their grain boundaries. These effects should be especially pronounced in two-dimensional materials, where even a line defect can divide and disrupt a crystal. These issues take on practical significance in graphene, which is a hexagonal, two-dimensional crystal of carbon atoms. Single-atom-thick graphene sheets can now be produced by chemical vapour deposition on scales of up to metres, making their polycrystallinity almost unavoidable. Theoretically, graphene grain boundaries are predicted to have distinct electronic, magnetic, chemical and mechanical properties that strongly depend on their atomic arrangement. Yet because of the five-order-of-magnitude size difference between grains and the atoms at grain boundaries, few experiments have fully explored the graphene grain structure. Here we use a combination of old and new transmission electron microscopy techniques to bridge these length scales. Using atomic-resolution imaging, we determine the location and identity of every atom at a grain boundary and find that different grains stitch together predominantly through pentagon-heptagon pairs. Rather than individually imaging the several billion atoms in each grain, we use diffraction-filtered imaging to rapidly map the location, orientation and shape of several hundred grains and boundaries, where only a handful have been previously reported. The resulting images reveal an unexpectedly small and intricate patchwork of grains connected by tilt boundaries. By correlating grain imaging with scanning probe and transport measurements, we show that these grain boundaries severely weaken the mechanical strength of graphene membranes but do not as drastically alter their electrical properties. These techniques open a new window for studies on the structure, properties and control of grains and grain boundaries in graphene and other two-dimensional materials.
Intra-articular Findings in Primary and Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery A Comparison of the MOON and MARS Study Groups

Background: At the time of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, there are usually concurrent meniscal and articular cartilage injuries. It is unclear if there is a significant difference between intra-articular injuries at the time of a primary ACL reconstruction compared with revision ACL reconstruction.Purpose: To compare the meniscal and articular cartilage injuries found at the time of primary and revision ACL reconstruction surgery and to determine associations between primary and revision surgery and specific intra-articular findings.Study Design: Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 2.Methods: Primary and revision ACL surgeries were identified from the Multicenter Orthopedic Outcomes Network (MOON) and Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS) study groups, respectively, from January 1, 2007 to November 1, 2008. Demographic data on individual patients were analyzed including age, body mass index (BMI), and gender. Intra-articular findings including the presence of medial or lateral...
Effects of non-glide stresses on the plastic flow of single and polycrystals of molybdenum

Abstract The Schmid law, which has been ubiquitously utilized in large-scale continuum computations, asserts that only the shear stress acting in the slip plane in the slip direction controls the plastic deformation. This rule is accurate for fcc metals but it does not apply in bcc metals owing to the spacial spreading of the core of screw dislocations that control their plastic deformation. In this paper we present resulsts of atomic-level simulations of the effect of externally applied stresses on 1/2[1 1 1] screw dislocations in molybdenum. We concentrate on the effect of other components of the applied stress tensor than the Schmid stress in the slip plane ( 1 0 1) . These are shear stresses parallel to the Burgers vector in other {1 1 0} planes of the [1 1 1] zone as well as shear stresses perpendicular to the Burgers vector acting in {1 1 0} planes. We thus identify three distinct non-glide shear stresses that affect the glide of 1/2 screw dislocations and formulate single crystal yield criteria that include the effects of these stress components. This forms a basis for multislip yield criteria and flow relations for continuum analyses. Using this approach we demonstrate that the effects of non-glide stresses that originate at the level of individual dislocations have significant influence on plastic yielding of polycrystals.
Differential release of estradiol from immobilized estrogen receptors by p-sec-amylphenol: evidence for a functional microheterogeneity of estrogen receptors.

Abstract3H-Estradiol-estrogen receptor complexes were adsorbed on a column of heparin-agarose and subjected to a gradient of increasing concentrations of p-sec-amylphenol. At least five peaks of released 3H-estradiol were observed—demonstrating the existence of subsets of heparin-immobilized receptors with different affinities for estradiol. This finding is presented as further evidence for a functional microheterogeneity among estrogen receptors. The origin of the observed differences in estrogen receptors and possible relevance of the findings to receptor-mediated responses are discussed.
Timing of Expression of a Gene in the Adult Drosophila Is Regulated by Mechanisms Independent of Temperature and Metabolic Rate

The examination of β-galactosidase (β-gal) expression in the third segment of the antenna of the 2216 enhancer trap line in Drosophila melanogaster reveals two distinct spatial and temporal regulatory patterns of expression during adult life. Type I expression is characterized by a decline in the level of β-gal expression with increasing age. Starting from a maximal level of expression at the time of adult emergence, there is a decrease in the number of cells that express β-gal so that by 40-50 days of adult life few cells express β-gal. Varying the ambient temperature and using hyperactivity mutants (Hyperkinetic(1), Shaker(5)) demonstrates that the rate of this decline is independent of temperature and metabolic rate. Type II expression is distinctly different in spatial distribution and temporal regulation from the first pattern. Type II expression is restricted in the antenna to a small (<20-30) set of cells whose level of expression changes in a periodic manner with time. The regulation of this periodicity appears to be linked to ambient temperature.
An Analysis of Biological, Economic, and Engineering Factors Affecting the Cost of Fish Production in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

Aquaculture production in recirculating systems has been the focus of research and development efforts for decades. Although considerable resources have been expended on these systems in the private sector, there is a scarcity of data on the economic or engineering performance of commercial scale recirculating production systems. This paper presents the results of a computer simulation of tilapia production in a small recirculating production system. Much of the performance data has been developed at a demonstration facility at North Carolina State University. Given the assumptions of the base case simulation, the cost of producing a kilogram of tilapia in the recirculating system described is estimated to be $2.79 ($1.27/lb). The results of a model sensitivity analysis indicate that while improvements in the performance efficiency of system components did not greatly affect fish production costs, reductions in feed costs and improvements in the feed conversion ratio caused the greatest reduction of production cost of all of the operational variables investigated. The analysis further indicates that the greatest gains to be realized in improving profitability are those associated with increasing the productive capacity or decreasing the investment cost of a recirculating fish production system.
Dynamics of bimanual rhythmic coordination in the coronal plane

We investigated the 1:1 frequency locking of two hand-held pendulums oscillated parallel to the body's coronal plane. In this configuration, anti-phase defined muscularly is in-phase defined spatially, and vice versa. Coordination equilibria measured by average relative phase were shifted less from muscular anti-phase than from muscular in-phase by detuning (unequal uncoupled pendulum frequencies) and were shifted less in both modes with vision than without. Variability of the equilibria, however, was ordered opposite to their degrees of shift and was unaffected by vision. Demonstrated subcritical pitchfork and tangent bifurcations conformed to the variability classification of anti- and in-phase coordination. Implications for dynamical models, hierarchical control, and definitions of coordination modes were discussed.
Robust design of reduced order multirate compensators using constrained optimization techniques

The authors present an optimization based approach to the robust design of reduced order multirate compensators. An expanded linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) cost function coupled with mixed frequency and time domain constraints is utilized in a constrained optimization framework to yield reduced order multirate compensators. The frequency domain constraints are associated with the singular values of the multirate system while the time domain constraints are employed to minimize excessive control effort or undesirable transient behavior often present in multirate systems. >
Conversion of cobinamide into adenosylcobamide in bacteria and archaea.

Adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl, also known as [aka] coenzyme B12) is the most complex coenzyme known, and its biosynthesis requires a great deal of genetic information (Fig. [1][1]) ([61][2]). The core of AdoCbl is a cobalt-containing cyclic tetrapyrrolidine/pyrroline known as the corrin ring. The latter
Music genre as cognitive schema: extramusical associations with country and hip-hop music

Popular music genre can be considered as a culturally shared cognitive schema consisting of associations between the sound of the music and extramusical concepts. Understanding the similarities and...