cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weight-Bearing Asymmetry in Relation to Measures of Impairment and Functional Mobility for People With Knee Osteoarthritis

Abstract Christiansen CL, Stevens-Lapsley JE. Weight-bearing asymmetry in relation to measures of impairment and functional mobility for people with knee osteoarthritis. Objectives To compare weight-bearing asymmetry (WBA) for people with unilateral knee osteoarthritis (OA) with that for healthy adults of similar age. In addition, associations between WBA and clinical measures of knee impairment and functional mobility were evaluated. Design Cross-sectional design with age-matched control (CTL) group. Setting Clinical research laboratory. Participants People with end-stage unilateral knee OA (n=50) (OA group) and healthy people (n=17) (CTL group) were enrolled in the study (N=67). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures WBA during a Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST) based on average vertical ground reaction force under each foot, self-reported knee pain assessed using a Numerical Pain Rating Scale, knee extensor strength asymmetry based on peak isometric knee extension torque, knee motion asymmetry based on maximum passive knee extension and flexion angles, FTSST time, six-minute walk test distance, and Stair Climbing Test time. Results The OA group demonstrated greater WBA than the CTL group during transitions between sitting and standing as measured by an absolute symmetry index ( P =.015). No correlation was found between WBA and knee motion asymmetry, but comparisons of WBA with all the other outcome variables indicated fair relationships (range, r =.29–.44). Conclusions Weight-bearing asymmetry during transitions between sitting and standing can serve as a clinically relevant measure related to both knee impairment and functional mobility for people with unilateral knee OA.
EFFECTS OF EVENT SCHEDULES, EVENT VALUES, AND INSTRUCTIONS ON ABILITY OF COLLEGE MALES TO DISCRIMINATE ACQUISITION FROM EXTINCTION

A probability learning task was used with 60 college males, in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design combining event schedules (50% and 100%), event values (high and low), and instructions (state and trial). Trial instructions required Ss to indicate whether they expected an event to occur on the next trial only while state instructions required Ss to indicate in effect whether they were in an experimental state of acquisition or extinction. The two sets of instructions produced distinctly different behavior in acquisition and extinction. Event value interacted significantly with event schedule in acquisition and with instructions in extinction. The partial reinforcement effect appeared under both instructional conditions. The event value by event schedule interaction was in the predicted direction but was nonsignificant. Utility of state instructions for studying acquisition and extinction phenomena would be enhanced by requiring Ss to respond under both state and trial instructions as here.
Rechargeable Lithium Batteries for Powering Piezoelectric Devices

A new, rechargeable, thick-film, polymer electrolyte, lithium battery using a high-energy density cathode material (vanadium pentoxide aerogel, 350 mAh/g) has been tested in a pulse-discharge mode of operation. Three separate 12 volt batteries were pulse-discharged through a piezoelectric stack actuator. Since motion rectification devices such as linear motors operate at elevated frequencies, the batteries were pulse-discharged at 10, 100, and 500 Hz. Multiple cycle, charge/discharge data is presented for the three batteries tested in this study. Additionally, a 6 volt battery was fabricated and used to power a piezoelectric actuator patch (chirp source) that was part of a damage detection system.
Maintenance of inhibitory interneurons and boutons in sensorimotor cortex between middle and old age in Fischer 344 X Brown Norway rats.

Abstract Ultrastructurally identified inhibitory synapses in layer II of rat sensorimotor cortex decline between middle and old age [Poe, B.H., Linville, C., Brunso-Bechtold, J., 2001. Age-related decline of presumptive inhibitory synapses in the sensorimotor cortex as revealed by the physical disector. J. Comp. Neurol. 439, 65–72]. The current study investigated whether a loss or shrinkage of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons contribute to that decline. Coronal sections from middle-aged (15–17 months) and old (25–29 months) Fischer 344 X Brown Norway male rats were immunoreacted with antibodies to the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD); the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV), or the neuronal marker NeuN. The number of GAD-immunoreactive (IR), PV-IR, and NeuN-IR cells were determined stereologically using the optical disector technique and the cross-sectional areas of GAD-IR cells were measured in layers II/III, IV, V and VI of sensorimotor cortex. Neither the number of GAD-IR or NeuN-IR cells, nor the size of GAD-IR cells, declined significantly between middle and old age. A modest decline in the PV-IR subset of inhibitory interneurons was observed, predominantly due to changes in layers V and VI. Stereological analysis of layer II/III GAD-IR boutons revealed a stability of immunocytochemically identified inhibitory terminals. Taken together, these results indicate a general maintenance of overall GABAergic neurons in sensorimotor cortex between middle and old age and the loss of ultrastructurally identified inhibitory synapses may be due to the decline of a subset of GABAergic terminals.
What do the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means tell us in length-biased sampling?

Abstract Properties of the A.M., G.M. and H.M. for length-biased distributions are studied in a nonparametric fashion. Unbiased estimation of the coefficient of variation is considered, and a characterization of length-biased distributions is also made in this light.
Toward interactive search in remote sensing imagery

To move from data to information in almost all science and defense applications requires a human-in-the-loop to validate information products, resolve inconsistencies, and account for incomplete and potentially deceptive sources of information. This is a key motivation for visual analytics which aims to develop techniques that complement and empower human users. By contrast, the vast majority of algorithms developed in machine learning aim to replace human users in data exploitation. In this paper we describe a recently introduced machine learning problem, called rare category detection, which may be a better match to visual analytic environments. We describe a new design criteria for this problem, and present comparisons to existing techniques with both synthetic and real-world datasets. We conclude by describing an application in broad-area search of remote sensing imagery.
Characterization of human epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Src interactions in human breast tumor cells.

In C3H/10T1/2 murine fibroblasts, overexpression of both c-Src and the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor 1 (HER1) is required for detection of stable complexes between the two molecules and results in hyperactivation of the receptor and synergistic increases in tumor formation in nude mice, as compared with cells that overexpress only one of the pair. Elevated levels or activities of c-Src and HER1 also occur in a subset of later-stage breast cancers, suggesting that interactions between these two molecules could contribute to a more aggressive clinical course. To determine whether stable complexes between c-Src and HER1 occur in human breast cancers under the same conditions as in murine fibroblasts and whether the appearance of such complexes correlates with enhanced signaling through the EGF receptor and increased tumor growth, human breast tumor cell lines and tumor tissues were analyzed for a number of c-Src/HER1–mediated signaling events and tumorigenicity. In a panel of 14 cell lines, 10 overexpressed c-Src, and of these, five contained elevated levels of HER1 and exhibited an EGF-dependent association between HER1 and c-Src. This association was also present in a HER1/c-Src–overexpressing tumor sample from a breast cancer patient. Further analysis of signaling events revealed that phosphorylation of the HER1 substrate, Shc, and its downstream effector, mitogen-activated protein kinase, was increased in EGF-stimulated MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, and BT-549 cells (which overexpress both c-Src and HER1) as compared with MCF7 and ZR-75-1 cells (which only overexpress c-Src). Furthermore, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 cells displayed increased tumorigenicity in nude mice. These results support the hypothesis that c-Src/HER1 interactions contribute to tumor progression in certain late-stage breast tumor cells. Mol. Carcinog. 21:261–272, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Earth and Space Scientists Converge on Capitol Hill

There is no questioning the societal value of Earth and space science, yet federal funding for these disciplines in the United States has not grown for nearly a decade. On 16 − 17 September, Earth and space scientists from 14 science organizations traveled to Washington, D. C., to educate policy makers about the geosciences and ask for strong federal investments in geoscience research during Geosciences Congressional Visits Day.
REMOVAL OF RADIOCAESIUM FROM BEEF.

Two of the long half-life nuclides of major interest in food and feedstuffs which result from fall-out are radiostrontium and radiocaesium. Caesium is almost always associated with the other alkali metals and particularly resembles potassium. Hood and Comar1 demonstrated that 137Cs is absorbed and distributed rapidly in the soft tissues and the body fluids, including milk. In distribution investigations, these authors found that the greatest accumulation of radiocaesium occurred in the muscles as compared with other body tissues. Ekman2 reported that radiocaesium accumulated more rapidly in the physiologically active muscles than in inactive muscles; however, ultimately the inactive muscles were reported to have a higher content.
Toxicity of chemical components of fine particles inhaled by aged rats: effects of concentration.

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that exposure to mixtures containing fine particles and ozone (O3) would cause pulmonary injury and decrements in functions of immunological cells in exposed rats (22–24 months old) in a dose-dependent manner. Rats were exposed to high and low concentrations of ammonium bisulfate and elemental carbon and to 0.2 ppm O3. Control groups were exposed to purified air or O3 alone. The biological end points measured included histopathological markers of lung injury, bronchoalveolar lung fluid proteins, and measures of the function of the lung’s innate immuno-logical defenses (macrophage antigen-directed phagocytosis and respiratory burst activity). Exposure to O3 alone at 0.2 ppm did not result in significant changes in any of the measured end points. Exposures to the particle mixtures plus O3 produced statistically significant changes consistent with adverse effects. The low-concentration mixture produced effects that were statistically significant compared to purified ...
Venous filling defects on portal venous phase CT of the abdomen and pelvis: clinical implications and positive predictive value for diagnosing deep venous thrombosis

To determine the prevalence, resulting clinical decisions, and the positive predictive value (PPV) of venous filling defects detected on portal venous phase (PVP) CT. Over a 3-year period, 42412 consecutive patients underwent a PVP abdominopelvic CT; of these, 348 reports mentioned a filling defect concerning for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the IVC, iliac, or common femoral veins. Ninety-three patients underwent a reference standard venous imaging study. The prevalence of venous filling defects in CT reports was 0.82% (n = 348). Reports worded with higher degrees of certainty were statistically more likely to result in treatment, while lower certainty was correlated with additional confirmatory imaging. The PPV for detection of DVT was 77%. The presence of peri-vascular stranding or vessel expansion increased the PPV of PVP CT to 95% and 100%, respectively. While the PPV for filling defects on PVP CT was modest, it was substantially improved if peri-venous stranding or vessel expansion was present.
PDGF stimulates DNA synthesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells via a novel wortmannin‐insensitive phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase

The class 1A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes consist of a number of heterodimeric complexes of regulatory and catalytic subunits and have been implicated in a number of cellular responses. While platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced chemotaxis of human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMC) is inhibited by both wortmannin and LY294002, DNA synthesis is only inhibited by LY294002. Serum-induced DNA synthesis however is inhibited by LY294002, wortmannin and rapamycin. Similarly PDGF-induced protein kinase B (PKB) activation is inhibited by LY294002 but not by wortmannin or rapamycin. In conclusion PDGF-induced DNA synthesis appears to occur through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)-dependent, but wortmannin-insensitive, PKB/Akt pathway.
Benefits of more frequent dialysis: lower TAC at the same Kt/V.

The complexities of solute kinetics during and between to maintain a low blood urea nitrogen (BUN ). Not haemodialysis are reflected in the high-amplitude fluc- included in this equation was G, which independently tuations in serum urea concentrations from day to aVects the BUN and inversely aVects outcome. The day. These fluctuations complicate eVorts to measure error of overreliance on concentration can be avoided and set standards for dialysis. Solute removal is the by focusing on clearance instead. The most popular major goal of dialysis, but the best method for measur- modern expression of clearance in patients receiving ing and standardizing removal during haemodialysis haemodialysis is the fractional urea clearance per diahas been the subject of debate and some confusion lysis, or ‘Kt/V’. The numerator is simply the dialyser [1,2]. Fortunately, solute kinetics are understood better clearance per dialysis instead of per minute, but is now than in the past, but nephrologists remain blinded nonetheless a clearance. The denominator is a constant to the identity of the critical toxins removed, so it is that normalizes the value among patients of various likely that the methods and standards used today will sizes. Since the numerator and denominator have the change when these toxins are identified in the future. same units (volume), Kt/V becomes a fractional clearWhen the relevant toxic solutes are identified and ance, or a fraction of the urea space cleared per methods for their measurement are devised, dialysis dialysis. The fraction can be greater than one because will be more precisely quantitated, streamlined and of the recirculating nature of the clearance device. optimized for removal of the targeted solutes. For the time being, therapists must be content with measuring an easily dialysable and abundant solute like urea, to First-order limitations determine the functional state of the dialyser and make educated guesses about how best to prescribe the Although this approach, measuring clearance instead therapy. of concentration, should apply to any form of renal replacement therapy, and is the gold standard for measuring native kidney function, a problem arises Emphasis on clearance
Nested Paleozoic "successor" basins in the southern Appalachian Blue Ridge

Field studies in the southern Appalachian Blue Ridge and its southwest extension, the Talladega belt, indicate that in at least three regions, polydeformed and metamorphosed turbidite-dominated sequences unconformably overlie rifted-margin continental-terrace wedge clastic rocks and overlying carbonate-platform deposits. These sequences are (1) the Talladega Group (in the Talladega belt), (2) the Walden Creek Group (along the west flank of the Blue Ridge), and (3) the Mineral Bluff Formation (within the core of the Blue Ridge). Paleontologic evidence indicates that the Talladega and Walden Creek Groups are in part as young as Silurian-Devonian. The presence of these anomalously young sequences unconformably above the trailing-margin stratigraphy in the Blue Ridge brings into question conventional ideas of the timing and nature of the tectonic evolution of the ancient continental margin.
A mixed model formulation for designing cluster randomized trials with binary outcomes

Cluster randomized trials (CRTs) are unlike traditional individually randomized trials because observations within the same cluster are positively correlated and the sample size (number of clusters...
The low down on the down low: Origins, risk identification and intervention

AbstractThe down low has recently emerged as phenomenon where men have sex with men (MSM), but identify as ‘heterosexual’ or ‘straight’. Although the down low has received considerable attention in United States media, little empirical research has sought to investigate this phenomenon beyond anecdotal evidence. Utilising data from the Urban Men’s Health Study (UMHS) (n = 2881), this research offers a unique opportunity to investigate empirically claims of the down low beyond small opportunistic samples. We find significant support for the down low among Blacks and Latinos and its association with high-risk sexual behaviour. These findings highlight the need for future research that better understands the impact of the phenomenon within a cultural and community context.
On Clustering Techniques in Information Science

This Communication raiser the issue that an important factor to be considered in applying clustering techniques to information storage and retrieval problems is the use to be made of the resultant groupings. The different purposes that different classifications serve and the different types of responses that appear satisfactory for different types of queries and different typos of users, for example, suggest that an examination of cluster criteria differentiation as a function of purpose may be fruitful in the exploitation of clustering techniques.
Military and Civilian Justice in Eighteenth-Century England: An Assessment

Opinion in the eighteenth century varied widely on whether or not “military justice” was, in fact, justice by the civilian standards of the day. Many leading legal commentators viewed the system with disdain. Blackstone dismissed military justice in these words: Martial law which is built upon no settled principles, but is entirely arbitrary in its decisions is … in truth and reality, no law, but something indulged rather than allowed …. Another writer, arguing along similar lines, wrote: “The moment … a gentleman enters the service, he waives the Rights and Privileges he might be entitled to as an Englishman.” It was generally believed that law in the army was deemed less important than order and discipline. A man who opted for the army or was forced into service left more than his civilian clothes behind: he abandoned the legal rights under which he had been born and bred. Yet defenders of military justice were not lacking, particularly during the last half of the eighteenth century. Stephen Payne Adye, who had served as Judge Advocate in North America, wrote a treatise praising military justice; and at the end of the century, Alexander Tytler, drawing heavily on Adye's work, did the same. Other writers occasionally complimented the army on certain legal practices they viewed as superior to civilian court procedures. Still, then as now, the arguments of the advocates of the military system were largely ignored — a reflection of the deep distrust of all military institutions in Great Britain.
Chemical vapor deposition of copper-cobalt binary films

Chemical vapor co-deposition of Cu–Co films has been demonstrated using (1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedionato)Cu(II) [Cu(hfac)2] [hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate] and (acetylacetonate)Co(II) [Co(acac)2] [acac=acetylacetonate] as precursors. The deposition was performed at the substrate temperature of 270°C in a warm-wall impinging jet type reactor. The precursor Co(acac)2 was sublimed at 140°C to achieve reasonable precursor delivery rates and avoid decomposition of precursor in the sublimator. Films with varying Cu content from 17 wt.% to 98 wt.% were deposited by subliming Cu(hfac)2 in the temperature range of 40–100°C with a fixed Co(acac)2 delivery rate. The morphologies and crystallinities of the binary films were strongly dependent on the film stoichiometry. Overall, this study provides insights into the mechanism of Cu–Co binary film formation by CVD.
New analytic and computational formalism for the band structure of N-layer photonic crystals

Abstract This Letter presents a new analytic and computational formalism for the eigenfrequency spectra of arbitrary, one-dimensional, N -layer photonic band gap (PBG) materials. The secular equation is formulated in terms of tangents only, a form that has the following beneficial attributes: (a) a compact, algorithmically simple, N × N Hermitian eigenvalue–eigenvector problem (real symmetric at symmetry points) that can be diagonalized once to find both the eigenfrequencies and associated wave amplitudes, and (b) a transparent analytical structure that can be exploited to gain additional insights such as physically appealing, geometric representations of the eigenfrequency condition and analytic forms not otherwise available. The formalism is demonstrated on the example of an eighth-wave/quarter-wave/half-wave PBG stack.
Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6* Induces Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage

High-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are the causative agents of virtually all cases of cervical cancer and a significant proportion of other anogenital cancers, as well as both oral and pharyngeal cancers. The high-risk types encode two viral oncogenes, E6 and E7, which work together to initiate cell transformation. Multiple steps involving the activities and interactions of both viral and cellular proteins are involved in the progression from HPV infection to cell transformation to cancer. The E6 oncoprotein is expressed as several isoforms: a full-length variant referred to as E6 and a few shorter isoforms collectively referred to as E6*. In this study, we found that expression of E6* increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both HPV-positive and HPV-negative cells. This increased oxidative stress led to higher levels of DNA damage, as assessed by the comet assay, quantification of 8-oxoguanine, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1. The observed increase in ROS may be due to a decrease in cellular antioxidant activity, as we found that E6* expression also led to decreased expression of superoxide dismutase isoform 2 and glutathione peroxidase. These studies indicate that E6* may play an important role in virus-induced mutagenesis by increasing oxidative stress and DNA damage. IMPORTANCE Our findings demonstrate for the first time that an HPV gene product, E6*, can increase ROS levels in host cells. This ability may play a significant role both in the viral life cycle and in cancer development, because an increase in oxidative DNA damage may both facilitate HPV genome amplification and increase the probability of HPV16 DNA integration. Integration, in turn, is thought to be an important step in HPV-mediated carcinogenesis.
RATS: A middle-level text utility system

While this system does not supply all of the features we might wish, it does facilitate greatly many of the tasks that humanists and language analysts often perform. Its general flexibility should enable the user to design and implement procedures that fit his analytic model more precisely and sensitively than is generally possible. The results, hopefully, will be a greater number of computer-assisted works that are of definite substantive importance within the user's discipline.
Intraperitoneal Injection and Hyperosmotic Infiltration for Administering Antibiotic to Largemouth Bass

Abstract Hyperosmotic infiltration (HI) is a procedure developed for fish vaccination. We used the method instead to administer an antibiotic (tetracycline) to largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and compared its effectiveness to that of intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Effectiveness of both methods was also compared to that of a control treatment consisting of fish that received no antibiotic. The survival of fish injected IP (53.3%) for 7 d following bacterial injection (6 d following antibiotic treatment) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than that of fish in either the HI (16.4%) or the control (3.3%) groups. Although the percentage of HI survivors was higher than the percentage of control survivors, the difference was not significant (P = 0.110). The effectiveness of HI in the administration of antibiotics to fish may be improved through the use of a follow-up treatment or a chemical surfactant.
Upper limits to the nightside ionosphere of Mars

The nightside ionosphere of Mars could be produced by electron precipitation or by plasma transport from the dayside, by analogy to the Venus, but few measurements are available. We report here model calculations of upper limits to the nightside ion densities on Mars that would be produced by both mechanisms. For the auroral model, we have adopted the downward traveling portions of the electron spectra measured by the HARP instrument on the Soviet Phobos spacecraft in the Martian plasma sheet and in the magnetotail lobes. For the plasma transport case, we have imposed on a model of the nightside thermosphere, downward fluxes of O(+), C(+), N(+), NO(+) and O2(+) that are near the maximum upward fluxes that can be sustained by the dayside ionosphere. The computed electron density peaks are in the range (1.3 - 1.9) x 10 exp 4/cu cm at altitudes of 159 to 179 kin. The major ion for all the models is O2(+), but significant differences in the composition of the minor ions are found for the ionospheres produced by auroral precipitation and by plasma transport. The calculations reported here provide a guide to the data that should be acquired during a future aeronomy mission to Mars, in order to determine the sources of the nightside ionosphere.
Annotating digital documents: anchoring, educational use, and notification

Annotating is a very common activity. People often highlight and make notes while reading. Increasingly documents exist primarily in digital form. Supporting annotation of digital documents both for personal use and for asynchronous collaboration has many challenges.By building software prototypes and deploying them in laboratory and field studies, this work investigates three issues: robustly anchoring annotations on modified documents to meet user expectations, using annotations in an educational setting to enhance interaction outside of class, and providing appropriate notification mechanisms to support asynchronous collaboration around documents. Although the primary focus of this research is digital document annotation many of the findings may generalize to other media types including images and video.
Studies on hydroxyamino acids. II. A general synthesis of α-amino-β-hydroxy acids

Abstract The single-step synthesis of β-hydroxyleucine, β-hydroxynorleucine, β-hydroxyaspartic acid and β-p-nitrophenylserine via the cupric ion-catalyzed condensation of glycine with isobutyraldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, glyoxylic acid, and p-nitrobenzaldehyde, respectively, in an aqueous alkaline medium, is described. Description is given of the use of a similar procedure with aliphatic and aromatic aldehyde reactants other than those mentioned, as well as the general application of this procedure to the synthesis of α-amino-β-hydroxy acids.
Astrophysical neutrino results

Abstract This paper is a brief review of the status of the search for astrophysical neutrinos of high energy. Its emphasis is on the search for a hard spectrum of neutrinos from the whole Northern sky above the steeply falling background of atmospheric neutrinos. Current limits are so low that they are beginning to constrain models of the origin of extragalactic cosmic rays. Systematic effects stemming from incomplete knowledge of the background of atmospheric neutrinos are discussed.
Notes on Leader Disclosure in Self Analytic Groups

A discussion of personal disclosures on the part of leaders of educationally oriented self analytic groups is presented in the context of group social structure and group members’relationships with authority. The discussion includes an examination of the significance of asymmetric relationships between leaders and members in the early phases of group development, the implications for the group of disclosures, and differential meanings of personal disclosure for men and women. The notion of sexual and aggressive components of disclosures is also considered along with a brief statement about the nature of group leadership and its relation to individual temperament and adopted life style.
Clinicopathologic correlations of surgically excised type 1 and type 2 submacular choroidal neovascular membranes.

Abstract Purpose: To correlate the histologic and clinical classification of type 1 (subretinal pigment epithelium) and type 2 (subsensory retina) choroidal neovascularization. Methods: Ten eyes of 10 patients with surgically excised choroidal neovascularization that were routinely processed and could be histologically classified as having a type 1 or type 2 configuration were studied. The patients were clinically classified as having type 1 or type 2 choroidal neovascularization according to preoperative fundus appearance of both eyes and patient age. The histologic and clinical classifications were made in a masked fashion, and the results were compared. Results: The histologic classification was type 1 and type 2 for three and seven specimens, respectively. The clinical classification matched the histologic classification in nine of 10 cases. Clinical fundus characteristics that distinguished type 2 choroidal neovascularization included a subretinal pigmented halo or pigmented plaque in the area of the choroidal neovascularization and sharply defined borders. Patients with type 1 membranes were on average older (76 years) than patients with type 2 membranes (53 years). Conclusions: It is generally possible to clinically ascertain by clinical fundus appearance and age of a patient whether subfoveal choroidal neovascularization represents a type 1 or type 2 configuration.
Analysis of lipids by high performance liquid chromatography: part I.

Isolation et quantification des lipides par HPLC tout en preservant la structure des molecules afin de permettre d'autres types d'analyses. Possibilite de separer les differentes classes de phospholipides, de lipides neutres, de quantifier le cholesterol et les triglycerides en variant la composition des phases mobiles de l'HPLC
The vibration-rotation band ν2 of HDO vapor

Abstract The vibration-rotation band ν 2 in the HDO vapor spectrum has been remeasured. An analysis of the rotational structure has been carried out. The band center and the values of the reciprocals of the moments of inertia have been determined. These are v 0 = 1403.42 cm −1 , A ( V ) = 25.551 cm −1 , B ( V ) = 9.238 cm −1 , and C ( V ) = 6.335 cm −1 . This band is a hybrid, and the ratio of intensities is approximately Intensity B : Intensity A = 2:1.
Local and interfacial damage analysis of metal matrix composites.

Abstract Damage and plastic deformation is incorporated in the proposed model that is used for the analysis of fiber-reinforced metal matrix composite materials. The proposed micromechanical damage composite model used here is such that separate local constitutive damage relations are used for each of the matrix and the fiber. This is coupled with the interfacial damage between the matrix and the fiber exclusively. The damage relations are linked to the overall response through a certain homogenization procedure. Two local damage tensors are used M m and M f where M m accounts for the damage in the ductile matrix such as nucleation and growth of voids, while the tensor M f reflects the damage in the fibers such as fiber fracture. An additional tensor M d is incorporated in the overall formulation that represents interfacial damage between the matrix and the fiber. An overall damage tensor, M , is introduced that accounts for all these separate damage tensors M m , M f , and M d . For the undamaged matrix material, a von Mises type yield criterion with an associated flow rule, and a Ziegler-Prager kinematic hardening rule are used. However, the resulting overall yield function for the damaged composite system is a combination of the generalized Ziegler-Prager rule and a Phillips-type damaged composite system is a combination of the generalized Ziegler-Prager rule and a Phillips-type rule. The elasto-plastic stiffness tensor is derived for the damaged composite. Numerical solutions are obtained using the proposed theory for two types of laminate layups (0/90) s and (±45) s each consisting of four plies and compared with experimental results. A very good correlation is obtained between the experimental and numerical results.
Remediation of Trapped Free‐Phase LNAPL

Free-phase light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) may be trapped in certain stratigraphic and structural features near or at contaminated sites due to seasonal or other variations in the water table elevation. The purpose of this article is to point out particular subsurface conditions that are conducive to trapping of free-phase LNAPLs and to suggest approaches to remediating LNAPL-contaminated sites exhibiting similar subsurface geometry and stratigraphy. To trap free-phase LNAPL, a structure must have, in addition to closed contours, an upper boundary with pores small enough so that the LNAPL will not enter them. This boundary usually consists of clay-rich sediments. The Lower Mississippi River Valley contains thousands of these potential traps associated with the geomorphic surfaces mapped as outwash or braided stream terraces, which are covered with thin layers of backswamp clays. These traps may have closure heights ranging from about 1 to 7.5 meters or more and have variable lateral extents. Based on surface geomorphic analysis, the potential LNAPL traps in the Lower Mississippi River Valley range in size from about 0.06 by 0.02 km to 4.19 by 0.69 km. The apparent best remediation strategy for LNAPL sites located on these geomorphic surfaces, which contain these trapping structures, is to first determine if free-phase is present. If it is present, and is contained in one of the stratigraphic traps, the free-phase can be removed through an extraction well or wells located at the trap apex. Geomorphic analysis and geophysical surveys may be necessary to accurately locate the trap apex. The remaining residual hydrocarbons might best be remediated using an air sparging system, although it may be necessary to install air vents through the clay cap by backfilling augured holes with washed sand. If it is determined that, due to geometry, the dissolved LNAPL plume cannot be adequately remediated using an air sparging system, then groundwater circulation wells or monitored natural attenuation may be alternative technologies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystal Structures at Megabar Pressures Determined by Use of the Cornell Synchrotron Source

X-ray diffraction studies have been carried out on alkali halide samples 10 micrometers in diameter (volume 10-9 cubic centimeter) subjected to megabar pressures in the diamond anvil cell. Energy-dispersive techniques and a synchrotron source were used. These measurements can be used to detect crystallographic phase transitions. Cesium iodide was subjected to pressures of 95 gigapascals (fractional volume of 46 percent) and rubidium iodide to pressures of 89 gigapascals (fractional volume of 39 percent). Cesium iodide showed a transformation from the cubic B2 phase (cesium chloride structure) to a tetragonal phase and then to an orthorhombic phase, which was stable to 95 gigapascals. Rubidium iodide showed only a transition from the low-pressure cubic B1 phase (sodium chloride structure) to the B2 phase, which was stable up to 89 gigapascals.
The sensitivity of acoustic cough recording relative to intraesophageal pressure recording and patient report during reflux testing.

Background One of the primary indications for reflux testing with multichannel intraluminal impedance with pH (pH-MII) is to correlate reflux events with symptoms such as cough. Adult and pediatric studies have shown, using cough as a model, that patient report of symptoms is inaccurate. Unfortunately, intraesophageal pressure recording (IEPR) to record coughs is more invasive which limits its utility in children. The primary aim of this study was to validate the use of acoustic cough recording (ACR) during pH-MII testing. Methods We recruited children undergoing pH-MII testing for the evaluation of cough. We simultaneously placed IEPR and pH-MII catheters and an ACR device in each patient. Each 24 h ACR, pH-MII, and IEPR tracing was scored by blinded investigators. Sensitivities for each method of symptom recording were calculated. Key Results A total of 2698 coughs were detected; 1140 were patient reported PR, 2425 were IEPR detected, and 2400 were ACR detected. The sensitivity of PR relative to ACR was 45.9% and the sensitivity of IEPR relative to ACR was 93.6%. There was strong inter-rater reliability (κ = 0.78) for the identification of cough by ACR. Conclusions & Inferences Acoustic recording is a non-invasive, sensitive method of recording cough during pH-MII testing that is well suited for the pediatric population.
Age-related differences in sensory conditioning in rats

Four experiments tested rats 8, 12, or 21 days postnatal for sensory conditioning in terms of the association acquired between two odors presented simultaneously or sequentially. The sensory conditioning of 8- and 12-day-old rats exceeded that of rats 21 days of age when the odors were presented simultaneously. When one odor was presented immediately followed by another, however, 21-day-old rats conditioned as effectively as the younger animals, and with a sufficiently long interval between odors (20 min), the sensory conditioning of the 21-day-old rats surpassed that of the rats 12 days of age. Although consistent across a variety of procedures, in previous experiments and within the present study, the age-related differences in sensory conditioning after simultaneous presentation of two odors are difficult to understand. Increasing knowledge of the ontogeny of orienting may lead to an explanation in terms of Thompson's (1972) theory linking sensory conditioning with orienting and sensitization.
Fatigue crack growth in 5052-H34 aluminum in vacuum and active gas environments

Center-notched sheet specimens of 5052-H34 aluminum alloy were fatigued at load ratios (R) of 0, 0.2, and 0.43. Crack growth rate at each value ofR was studied as a function of stress intensity amplitude (ΔK) and water vapor or oxygen pressure, referenced to vacuum and laboratory air. Crack rates at a givenR and ΔK were found to increase within the range defined by vacuum and air for a corresponding increase of water vapor pressure but remained essentially constant over the range of oxygen pressures tested. In water vapor a crack rate transition pressure (separating low pressure-low growth rates from high pressure-high growth rates), inversely related toR, was observed. Results are discussed in terms of several models predicting the critical pressure of an active gas environment. A mechanism involving hydrogen embrittlement and one involving a humidity dependent aluminum oxide modulus are both found to be plausible.
Exploiting meta-level information in a distributed scheduling system

In this paper, we study the problem of achieving efficient interaction in a distributed scheduling system whose scheduling agents may borrow resources from one another. Specifically, we expand on Sycara's use of resource texture measures in a distributed scheduling system with a central resource monitor for each resource type and apply it to the decentralized case. We show how analysis of the abstracted resource requirements of remote agents can guide an agent's choice of local scheduling activities not only in determining local constraint tightness, but also in identifying activities that reduce global uncertainty. We also exploit meta-level information to allow the scheduling agents to make reasoned decisions about when to attempt to solve impasses locally through backtracking and constraint relaxation and when to request resources from remote agents. Finally, we describe the current state of negotiation in our system and discuss plans for integrating a more sophisticated cost model into the negotiation protocol. This work is presented in the context of the Distributed Airport Resource Management System, a multi-agent system for solving airport ground service scheduling problems.
Hemorrhagic stress ulceration in a case of appendicitis

Hemorrhage from stress ulceration in acutely ill children is seen in association with acute respiratory failure, coagulopathy and Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score of 10 or higher. We report an unusual association of clinically significant hemorrhagic stress ulcer with appendicitis in a pediatric patient.
Herpes simplex virus gE/gI extracellular domains promote axonal transport and spread from neurons to epithelial cells.

UNLABELLED Following reactivation from latency, there are two distinct steps in the spread of herpes simplex virus (HSV) from infected neurons to epithelial cells: (i) anterograde axonal transport of virus particles from neuron bodies to axon tips and (ii) exocytosis and spread of extracellular virions across cell junctions into adjacent epithelial cells. The HSV heterodimeric glycoprotein gE/gI is important for anterograde axonal transport, and gE/gI cytoplasmic domains play important roles in sorting of virus particles into axons. However, the roles of the large (∼400-residue) gE/gI extracellular (ET) domains in both axonal transport and neuron-to-epithelial cell spread have not been characterized. Two gE mutants, gE-277 and gE-348, contain small insertions in the gE ET domain, fold normally, form gE/gI heterodimers, and are incorporated into virions. Both gE-277 and gE-348 did not function in anterograde axonal transport; there were markedly reduced numbers of viral capsids and glycoproteins compared with wild-type HSV. The defects in axonal transport were manifest in neuronal cell bodies, involving missorting of HSV capsids before entry into proximal axons. Although there were diminished numbers of mutant gE-348 capsids and glycoproteins in distal axons, there was efficient spread to adjacent epithelial cells, similar to wild-type HSV. In contrast, virus particles produced by HSV gE-277 spread poorly to epithelial cells, despite numbers of virus particles similar to those for HSV gE-348. These results genetically separate the two steps in HSV spread from neurons to epithelial cells and demonstrate that the gE/gI ET domains function in both processes. IMPORTANCE An essential phase of the life cycle of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and other alphaherpesviruses is the capacity to reactivate from latency and then spread from infected neurons to epithelial tissues. This spread involves at least two steps: (i) anterograde transport to axon tips followed by (ii) exocytosis and extracellular spread from axons to epithelial cells. HSV gE/gI is a glycoprotein that facilitates this virus spread, although by poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we show that the extracellular (ET) domains of gE/gI promote the sorting of viral structural proteins into proximal axons to begin axonal transport. However, the gE/gI ET domains also participate in the extracellular spread from axon tips across cell junctions to epithelial cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in gE/gI-mediated sorting of virus particles into axons and extracellular spread to adjacent cells is fundamentally important for identifying novel targets to reduce alphaherpesvirus disease.
Min-max feedback model predictive control for distributed control with communication

This paper concerns a distributed model predictive control (DMPC) strategy in which each controller views the signals from other subsystems as disturbance inputs in its local model. The DMPC controllers exchange predictions on the bounds of their state trajectories and incorporate this information into their local DMPC problems. They also impose their own predicted state bounds as constraints in subsequent DMPC iterations to guarantee their subsystem satisfies the bounds broadcast to the other controllers. Each controller solves a local min-max problem on each iteration to optimize performance with respect to worst-case disturbances. Parameterized state feedback is introduced into the DMPC formulation to obtain less conservative solutions and predictions. The paper presents sufficient conditions for feasibility and stability. The approach is illustrated with an example.
Durability and Low Thrombogenicity of the St. Jude Medical Valve at 5-Year Follow-up

Abstract Between November, 1978, and December, 1983, 736 patients had valve replacement with the St. Jude Medical valve prosthesis. There were 478 patients with aortic valve replacement (AVR), 188 with mitral valve replacement (MVR), 63 with double valve replacement, and 7 with tricuspid valve replacement (they were not included in this study). The mean age at the time of operation was 46.7 years for patients having AVR and 48.6 years for those having MVR and AVR + MVR. Follow-up totaled 1,116 patient-years (range, 4 to 82 months). Early (30-day) mortality was lowest for isolated MVR (2.3%) and AVR (3.7%), and increased with reoperation or when associated procedures were combined with valve replacement. Patients undergoing reoperation or having associated procedures made up 49% of the AVR and 54% of the MVR groups. All patients were advised of the need for long-term anticoagulation with warfarin sodium. Nine patients (7 with AVR, 1 with MVR, 1 with AVR + MVR) had suspected or confirmed episodes of systemic thromboembolism, a linearized incidence of 0.99% per patient-year for AVR, 0.36% per patient-year for MVR, and 0.98% per patient-year for AVR + MVR. Eight patients with AVR underwent reoperation for prosthetic valve endocarditis (5 of the 8 patients had endocarditis prior to initial valve replacement). There were no instances of structural valve failure. There were 37 late deaths. Actuarial survival at 5 years (excluding early mortality, 95% confidence limits) was 89.8% for AVR, 84.8% for MVR, and 95.2% for AVR + MVR. At 5-year follow-up the St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve has a low incidence of valve-related complications, which makes it a suitable choice in patients requiring valve replacement.
Internally Constrained Mixtures of Elastic Continua

A treatment of internally constrained mixtures of elastic continua at a common temperature is developed. Internal constraints involving the deformation gradient tensors and the common mixture temperature are represented by a constraint manifold, and an internally constrained mixture of elastic continua is associated with each unique equivalence class of unconstrained mixtures. The example of intrinsic incompressibility of each constituent first proposed by Mills is discussed.