cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Correlates of Autosomal Chromosomal Abnormalities in an Electronic Medical Record–Linked Genome-Wide Association Study A Case Series

Although mosaic autosomal chromosomal abnormalities are being increasingly detected as part of high-density genotyping studies, the clinical correlates are unclear. From an electronic medical record (EMR)-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) of peripheral arterial disease, log-R-ratio and B-allele-frequency data were used to identify mosaic autosomal chromosomal abnormalities including copy number variation and loss of heterozygosity. The EMRs of patients with chromosomal abnormalities and those without chromosomal abnormalities were reviewed to compare clinical characteristics. Among 3336 study participants, 0.75% (n = 25, mean age = 74.8 ± 10.7 years, 64% men) had abnormal intensity plots indicative of autosomal chromosomal abnormalities. A hematologic malignancy was present in 8 patients (32%), of whom 4 also had a solid organ malignancy while 2 patients had a solid organ malignancy only. In 50 age- and sex-matched participants without chromosomal abnormalities, there was a lower rate of hematologic malignancies (2% vs 32%, P < .001) but not solid organ malignancies (20% vs 24%, P = .69). We also report the clinical characteristics of each patient with the observed chromosomal abnormalities. Interestingly, among 5 patients with 20q deletions, 4 had a myeloproliferative disorder while all 3 men in this group had prostate cancer. In summary, in a GWAS of 3336 adults, 0.75% had autosomal chromosomal abnormalities and nearly a third of them had hematologic malignancies. A potential novel association between 20q deletions, myeloproliferative disorders, and prostate cancer was also noted.
Copper(II) promoted imidazolidine ring formation and complexation: A unique reaction course

Abstract The reaction of Cu(II) ions with a sodium salt of new Schiff base ligand NaL1, sodium N-2-methyl pyridine-2-imine benzoate, in alkaline medium produced an imine bond coupled ligand and a novel complex, Na2[Cu(L3)2], L3 = 2,5-di(2-benzoic acid)-4-(2-pyridine)-1-(2-methyl-2-pyridine)-imidazolidine. When the reduced form of the sodium salt of the Schiff base ligand, NaL2, is employed, a simple hexacoordinated copper(II) complex, [Cu(L2)2], [L2]− = bis(N-(2-methylpyridine)-2-aminomethylbenzoate), was isolated. The compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods and the molecular structures of [Cu(L2)2] and Na2[Cu(L3)2] were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Reaction mechanism for the synthesis of, Na2[Cu(L3)2], copper(II) promoted imine bond coupling is proposed and discussed. The redox behavior of [Cu(L2)2] and Na2[Cu(L3)2], studied using cyclic voltammetry and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic methods, are also discussed.
Cytoskeletal proteins in cultured secretory cells from rat pituitary

Abstract Cultured cells from female rat pituitaries were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy for the presence of pituitary hormones and for cytoskeletal proteins. The cells attach well to glass coverslips and, when well-dispersed initially, develop networks of branching processes. Their cytoplasm appears granular and shows granular fluorescence when the cells are permeabilized and treated with antisera to pituitary hormones. The cultures contain fibroblasts which are morphologically distinct and much larger than the secretory cells. Consequently, they provide an internal control for cytoskeletal proteins in non-secretory cells. Fibroblasts have relatively prominent stress fibres. By contrast, the secretory cells have a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution of all cytoskeletal proteins investigated. One cell type, the gonadotrope, which secretes luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, was examined in particular detail.
Effects of membrane potential and tension on prestin, the outer hair cell lateral membrane motor protein

1. Under whole-cell voltage clamp, the effects of initial voltage conditions and membrane tension on gating charge and voltage-dependent capacitance were studied in human embryonic kidney cells (TSA201 cell line) transiently transfected with the gene encoding the gerbil protein prestin. Conformational changes in this membrane-bound protein probably provide the molecular basis of the outer hair cell (OHC) voltage-driven mechanical activity, which spans the audio spectrum. 2. Boltzmann characteristics of the charge movement in transfected cells were similar to those reported for OHCs (Q(max) = 0.99 +/- 0.16 pC, z = 0.88 +/- 0.02; n = 5, means +/- S.E.M.). Unlike that of the adult OHC, the voltage at peak capacitance (V(pkcm)) was very negative (-74.7 +/- 3.8 mV). Linear capacitance in transfected cells was 43.7 +/- 13.8 pF and membrane resistance was 458 +/- 123 Mohms. 3. Voltage steps from the holding potential preceding the measurement of capacitance-voltage functions caused a time- and voltage-dependent shift in V(pkcm). For a prepulse to -150 mV, from a holding potential of 0 mV, V(pkcm) shifted 6.4 mV, and was fitted by a single exponential time constant of 45 ms. A higher resolution analysis of this time course was made by measuring the change in capacitance during a fixed voltage step and indicated a double exponential shift (tau(0) = 51.6 ms, tau(1) = 8.5 s) similar to that of the native gerbil OHC. 4. Membrane tension, delivered by increasing pipette pressure, caused a positive shift in V(pkcm). A maximal shift of 7.5 mV was obtained with 2 kPa of pressure. The effect was reversible. 5. Our results show that the sensitivity of prestin to initial voltage and membrane tension, though present, is less than that observed in adult OHCs. It remains possible that some other interacting molecular species within the lateral plasma membrane of the native OHC amplifies the effect of tension and prior voltage on prestin's activity.
A Unified Theory of Impact Crises and Mass Extinctions: Quantitative Tests

Several quantitative tests of a general hypothesis linking impacts of large asteroids and comets with mass extinctions of life are possible based on astronomical data, impact dynamics, and geological information. The waiting times of large-body impacts on the Earth derived from the flux of Earth-crossing asteroids and comets, and the estimated size of impacts capable of causing, large-scale environmental disasters, predict the impacts of objects > or = 5 km in diameter (> or = 10(7) Mt TNT equivalent) could be sufficient to explain the record of approximately 25 extinction pulses in the last 540 Myr, with the 5 recorded major mass extinctions related to impacts of the largest objects of > or = 10 km in diameter (> or = 10(8) Mt events). Smaller impacts (approximately 10(6) Mt), with significant regional environmental effects, could be responsible for the lesser boundaries in the geologic record. Tests of the "kill curve" relationship for impact-induced extinctions based on new data on extinction intensities, and several well-dated large impact craters, also suggest that major mass extinctions require large impacts, and that a step in the kill curve may exist at impacts that produce craters of approximately 100 km diameter, smaller impacts being capable of only relatively weak extinction pulses. Single impact craters less than approximately 60 km in diameter should not be associated with detectable global extinction pulses (although they may explain stage and zone boundaries marked by lesser faunal turnover), but multiple impacts in that size range may produce significant stepped extinction pulses. Statistical tests of the last occurrences of species at mass-extinction boundaries are generally consistent with predictions for abrupt or stepped extinctions, and several boundaries are known to show "catastrophic" signatures of environmental disasters and biomass crash, impoverished postextinction fauna and flora dominated by stress-tolerant and opportunistic species, and gradual ecological recovery and radiation of new taxa. Isotopic and other geochemical signatures are also generally consistent with the expected after-effects of catastrophic impacts. Seven of the recognized extinction pulses seem to be associated with concurrent (in some cases multiple) stratigraphic impact markers (e.g., layers with high iridium, shocked minerals, microtektites), and/or large, dated impact craters. Other less well-studied crisis intervals show elevated iridium, but well below that of the K/T spike, which might be explained by low-Ir impactors, ejecta blowoff, or sedimentary reworking and dilution of impact signatures. The best explanation for a possible periodic component of approximately 30 Myr in mass extinctions and clusters of impacts is the pulselike modulation of the comet flux associated with the solar system's periodic passage through the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy. The quantitative agreement between paleontologic and astronomical data suggests an important underlying unification of the processes involved.
THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF TETRAHYDROFURAN-WATER ASSOCIATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON RETENTION IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Employing density data reported for a range of tetrahydrofuran-water mixtures, measured at different temperatures, the tetrahydrofuran-water association constant was calculated at each temperature, employing previously established procedures. The standard free enthalpy and entropy of association were then determined from the linear relationship that exists between the logarithm of the association constant and the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. It is shown that the standard free enthalpy is very high for simple association, viz., 1.642 Kcal/mol, and the standard free entropy of distribution was 3.00 cal/mol. These values indicate strong association and the relative low standard free entropy shows a comparatively small change in molecular freedom after association. This suggests that the solvents are also probably strongly associated with themselves when not associating with each other. Using the thermodynamic parameters and molar volumes derived from the calculation, the volume fractions of unasso...
Tools for protecting the privacy of specific individuals in video

This paper presents a system for protecting the privacy of specific individuals in video recordings. We address the following two problems: automatic people identification with limited labeled data, and human body obscuring with preserved structure and motion information. In order to address the first problem, we propose a new discriminative learning algorithm to improve people identification accuracy using limited training data labeled from the original video and imperfect pairwise constraints labeled from face obscured video data. We employ a robust face detection and tracking algorithm to obscure human faces in the video. Our experiments in a nursing home environment show that the system can obtain a high accuracy of people identification using limited labeled data and noisy pairwise constraints. The study result indicates that human subjects can perform reasonably well in labeling pairwise constraints with the face masked data. For the second problem, we propose a novel method of body obscuring, which removes the appearance information of the people while preserving rich structure and motion information. The proposed approach provides a way to minimize the risk of exposing the identities of the protected people while maximizing the use of the captured data for activity/behavior analysis.
Canadian Bank Stock Reaction to the Citicorp Loan Loss Announcement of May, 1987

This study examines the price behavior of a sample of Canadian bank stocks surrounding the announcement by Citicorp of a large increase in their provision for loan losses induced by their exposure to debt of lesser developed countries in general and their exposure to Brazilian debt in particular. Both the US and Canadian reactions were positive but the magnitude of the Canadian abnormal returns was higher than the US. Both responses differ from the UK negative reaction. The UK response is attributed to a substantive difference in tax policy.
Discovering DNA regulatory elements with bacteria

A bacterial one-hybrid selection system offers a low-tech alternative for determining the DNA-binding specificities of transcription factors.
Three dimensional passivated-electrode insulator-based dielectrophoresis

In this study, a 3D passivated-electrode, insulator-based dielectrophoresis microchip (3D πDEP) is presented. This technology combines the benefits of electrode-based DEP, insulator-based DEP, and three dimensional insulating features with the goal of improving trapping efficiency of biological species at low applied signals and fostering wide frequency range operation of the microfluidic device. The 3D πDEP chips were fabricated by making 3D structures in silicon using reactive ion etching. The reusable electrodes are deposited on second glass substrate and then aligned to the microfluidic channel to capacitively couple the electric signal through a 100 μm glass slide. The 3D insulating structures generate high electric field gradients, which ultimately increases the DEP force. To demonstrate the capabilities of 3D πDEP, Staphylococcus aureus was trapped from water samples under varied electrical environments. Trapping efficiencies of 100% were obtained at flow rates as high as 350 μl/h and 70% at flow rates as high as 750 μl/h. Additionally, for live bacteria samples, 100% trapping was demonstrated over a wide frequency range from 50 to 400 kHz with an amplitude applied signal of 200 Vpp. 20% trapping of bacteria was observed at applied voltages as low as 50 Vpp. We demonstrate selective trapping of live and dead bacteria at frequencies ranging from 30 to 60 kHz at 400 Vpp with over 90% of the live bacteria trapped while most of the dead bacteria escape.
The ideal resident: perspective from a residency program director

There are certain traits that residency program directors seek in a candidate. The combined characteristics constitute the attributes of an ideal resident. The goal of this article is to delineate and expand upon the characteristics of an ideal resident. Although the focus of the article is on ideal traits, responsibilities of residency programs are also described.
It is time to update “the graduate”

While leaders of the commercial biotechnology industry are impressed with the numbers and quality of science graduates, they complain that they must invest time to further train them about basic aspects of this highly regulated work environment. The addition of a small number of recommended courses would augment the students' preparation for and participation in commercial research and development (R&D). These courses include a basic understanding of the R&D process and the laws and regulations that impact this process, such as Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs) and current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs). Finally it is suggested that the most likely and capable teachers of these principles are working in the biotechnology industry, and it will involve active collaboration between academia and industry to best prepare graduates for success in biotechnology R&D.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Among Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Cultivars as Revealed by Simple Sequence Repeat and Novel Genic Markers

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important cool season legume crop widely grown around the world. This research provides a basis for selection of pea germplasm across geographical regions in current and future breeding and genetic mapping efforts for pea improvement. Eleven novel genic markers were developed from pea expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences having significant similarity with gene calls from Medicago truncatula spanning at least one intron. In this study, 96 cultivars widely grown or used in breeding programs in the USA and Canada were analyzed for genetic diversity using 31 microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) and 11 novel EST-derived genic markers. The polymorphic information content varied from 0.01–0.56 among SSR markers and 0.04–0.43 among genic markers. The results showed that SSR and EST-derived genic markers displayed one or more highly reproducible, multi-allelic, and easy to score loci ranging from 200 to 700 bp in size. Genetic diversity was assessed through unweighted neighbor-joining method, and 96 varieties were grouped into three main clusters based on the dissimilarity matrix. Four subpopulations were determined through STRUCTURE analysis with no significant geographic separation of the subpopulations. The findings of the present study can be used to select diverse genotypes to be used as parents of crosses aimed for breeding improved pea cultivars.
Large herbivores limit CO2 uptake and suppress carbon cycle responses to warming in West Greenland

Changes in the terrestrial carbon cycle may ameliorate or exacerbate future climatic warming. Research on this topic has focused almost exclusively on abiotic drivers, whereas biotic factors, including trophic interactions, have received comparatively little attention. We quantified the singular and interactive effects of herbivore exclusion and simulated warming on ecosystem CO2 exchange over two consecutive growing seasons in West Greenland. Exclusion of caribou and muskoxen over the past 8 years has led to dramatic increases in shrub cover, leaf area, ecosystem photosynthesis, and a nearly threefold increase in net C uptake. These responses were accentuated by warming, but only in the absence of herbivores. Carbon cycle responses to herbivore exclusion alone and combined with warming were driven by changes in gross ecosystem photosynthesis, as limited differences in ecosystem respiration were observed. Our results show that large herbivores can be of critical importance as mediators of arctic ecosystem responses to climate change.
Using a steerable projector and a camera to transform surfaces into interactive displays

The multi-surface interactive display projector (MSIDP) is a steerable projection system that transforms non-tethered surfaces into interactive displays. In an MSIDP, the display image is directed onto a surface by a rotating mirror. Oblique projection distortions are removed by a computer-graphics reverse-distortion process and user interaction (pointing and clicking) is achieved by detecting hand movements with a video camera. The MSIDP is a generic input/output device to be used in applications that require computer access from different locations of a space or computer action in the real world (such as locating objects). In particular, it can also be used to provide computer access in public spaces and to people with locomotive disabilities.
Identification of two novel mammalian genes establishes a subfamily of KH-domain RNA-binding proteins.

Abstract We have identified two novel human genes encoding proteins with a high level of sequence identity to two previously characterized RNA-binding proteins, αCP-1 and αCP-2. Both of these novel genes, αCP-3 and αCP-4, are predicted to encode proteins with triplicated KH domains. The number and organization of the KH domains, their sequences, and the sequences of the contiguous regions are conserved among all four αCP proteins. The common evolutionary origin of these proteins is substantiated by conservation of exon–intron organization in the corresponding genes. The map positions of αCP-1 and αCP-2 (previously reported) and those of αCP-3 and αCP-4 (present report) reveal that the four αCP loci are dispersed in the human genome; αCP-3 and αCP–4 mapped to 21q22.3 and 3p21, and the respective mouse orthologues mapped to syntenic regions of the mouse genome, 10B5 and 9F1-F2, respectively. Two additional loci in the human genome were identified as αCP-2 processed pseudogenes (PCBP2P1, 21q22.3, and PCBP2P2, 8q21–q22). Although the overall levels of αCP-3 and αCP-4 mRNAs are substantially lower than those of αCP-1 and αCP-2, transcripts of αCP-3 and αCP-4 were found in all mouse tissues tested. These data establish a new subfamily of genes predicted to encode closely related KH-containing RNA-binding proteins with potential functions in posttranscriptional controls.
“Existential” anxiety treated by systematic desensitization: A case study☆

Abstract The case is described of a 20-year-old man with widespread emotional disturbance whose antecedents were ill-defined so that he would be regarded by non-behavorists as having an “existential” neurosis. The manner of establishing the stimulus sources of his anxiety is described and then his successful treatment by systematic desensitization after two other schedules had failed. Objective tests were applied to the patient initially and after each schedule.
PCBs and DDE in Commercial Fish Feeds

Abstract Three commercial fish feeds were analyzed for PCBs an p, p'DDE and were reported in dry weight concentrations. In various sizes of Oregon Moist Pellets, concentrations of PCBs ranged from less than 0.10 to 0.30 µg/g and those of p, p'DDE from less than 0.01 to 0.47µg/g. In Silver Cup, concentrations of PCBs were 0.06 to 0.07 µg/g, and p, p'DDE, 0.01 to 0.06 µg/g. Nauplii of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) contained 0.14 µg/g PCB and 0.03 µg/g p, p'DDE.
Clinical identification of patients readmitted to hospitals: why patients return.

Background Increased interest in hospital outcomes has supported the need for clear and useful identification of patients who are readmitted. These patients have frequently been identified by the principal diagnosis of the initial admission.
The Effects of Neglecting Stator Transients in Induction Machine Modeling

The dominant eigenvalues of the linearized reduced order model of an induction machine in which stator transients are neglected are compared with the dominant eigenvalues of the linearized full model. How closely the eigenvalues agree is shown to depend both on machine parameters and load inertia. Computational results indicate that in most situations a very simple criterion, (RsRr/X22) < (1/10K?), can be used to s rZ check whether the reduced order model is accurate (K? being the ratio of the rotor transient time constant to the static electromechanical time constant). An intuitive understanding of when and how the dominant eigen- values of the reduced order model differ from those of the full model is obtained utilizing root loci plots. An examination of the accuracy of the zeros, and hence the step response, is also included.
Cyclic-AMP and the ocular responses to norepinephrine

Abstract An analysis has been made of the effect of norepinephrine applied topically on the concentration of cyclic-AMP (c-AMP) in the aqueous humor of conscious rabbits prior to, and following administration of, α- and β-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Pupillary and pressure responses were also recorded. Norepinephrine increased the concentration of c-AMP in the aqueous humour. Intravenous α-adrenergic antagonist phenoxy-benzamine increased the concentration of c-AMP in the aqueous humor and an additional increment of c-AMP resulted from the topical application of norepinephrine. Phenoxybenzamine effectively prevented the pupillary and pressure response to norepinephrine. The β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol, given intravenously, failed to block c-AMP accumulation induced by norepinephrine. It is concluded that endogenously released or exogenously applied norepinephrine shares with β-adrenergic agonists the ability to stimulate adenyl cyclase of the intraocular tissues, and increase the concentration of c-AMP in the aqueous humor. The results add further evidence to the concept that the physiological responses to adrenergic agonists are mediated by c-AMP and adenyl cyclase.
Disasters widen the rich–poor gap

New Orleans's recovery five years on from Katrina is a harbinger of how climate change will drive a thicker wedge between the haves and the have-nots, says John Mutter.
Use of pressure release valve to prevent colonic injury during colonoscopy

Although bowel perforation during colonoscopy is often related to direct endoscopic pressure or injury in the rectosigmoid area, colonic perforation has been also reported with overinflation of air. This latter type of rupture appears related to formation of a blind loop, to an overly competent ileocecal valve that prohibits colonic decompression, or to use of particular power sources that generate unsafe pressure levels. In an effort to obviate this pneumatic type of rupture, the authors tested a pressure release valve developed by the Olympus Corporation that supplants the standard air-water valve in available Olympus colonoscopes. Use of this valve revealed a significant difference in mean and maximal intracolonic pressures generated during colonoscopy. Moreover, its use resulted in a marked decrease in tissue damage in the pneumatically inflated cadaver colon. Incorporation of such a pressure release valve into available colonoscopes should reduce the risk of pneumatic colon rupture and improve the safety of diagnostic colonoscopy.
A simple method to prepare carbon substrates for RBS analysis

Abstract We have investigated the possibility of forming 2 μm thick low Z (carbon, Z = 6) layers on Si wafers via simple and conventional semiconductor processing techniques. These carbon substrates were prepared by spinning a layer of photoresist (Shipley AZ1350J or 1400-33) onto Si substrates and then heating at temperatures of up to 900°C. The resulting carbon layer is sufficiently thick to shift the RBS signal due to the Si to energies below that corresponding to C on the surface. As an example we show the use of these carbon film in the investigation of the SiAu system. In this paper, we present a discussion on the preparation of the carbon substrate and application of these substrates in the investigation of oxidation of the AuSi system and other systems commonly encountered in thin film investigation. The objective of this investigation is to show that very simple techniques commonly available in semiconductor laboratories can be used to fabricate carbon substrates suitable for backscattering analysis.
Can Cultural Literacy be Taught or Tested

he quest for cultural literacy paradoxically demonstrates our best and worst educational instincts. At best, the renewed interest in major facts, people, movements, and ideas suggests that Americans are concerned that our students, our children, do not share a common body of knowledge. At worst, the rising interest is an artificially generated search for demonstrable evidence of what it means to be well educated. Hirsch wants to reestablish a shared set of cultural principles-a noble goal. But I suspect that such a goal will not be reached when parents, teachers, administrators, commission members, or legislators demand the teaching of cultural literacy. Rather, I think, the results will be like those in classes to develop vocabulary, where learning definitions is divorced from the all-important context of reading, writing, and speaking. Just as students can recite definitions of learned vocab-
Learning to Be Muslim—Transnationally

This essay discusses the religious upbringing experiences and reflections upon them articulated by 53 Muslim American youth who were interviewed as part of a larger sociological study of Arab American teenagers living transnationally. On extended sojourns in their parents’ homelands, these youth—most were born in the US although some migrated to the US at a young age—were taken “back home” to Palestine and Jordan by their parents so they could learn “their language, culture, and religion”. They were asked about learning to be Muslim in the US and overseas in the context of a much larger set of questions about their transnational life experiences. The data provide insights into the various types of early religious learning experiences Muslims have access to in a US Christian-majority context. The essay then examines how these youth later experienced and interpreted being Muslim in a place where Muslims are a majority. The study found that while a majority of youth said they learned more about their faith, almost half (42%) said that it was the same as in the US, that they did not learn more, or that the experience contributed both positively and negatively to their religious understanding. Key to these differences was the character of their experiences with being Muslim in the US. A majority of girls and of youth who attended full-time Islamic schools and/or were part of a vibrant Muslim community in the US gave one of the latter responses. On the other hand, most of the boys who grew up isolated from other Muslims in the US reported learning more about Islam. They were especially pleased with the convenience of praying in mosques and with being able to pray in public without stares. The data show that living where one is part of the dominant religious culture does not necessarily make for a deeper experience of religion. What seems to matter more is the type of experience with being Muslim each youth brings into the situation, as it was these that informed their subjective interpretations of what it means to be Muslim.
Investigation of Problems in Thermal Convection

Thermal convection - fluctuations in velocity, temperature and linear stability of horizontal surfaces
Isotopic and structural constraints on the location of the Main Central thrust in the Annapurna Range, central Nepal Himalaya

Five isotope-enhanced geologic transects in the southern Annapurna Range of central Nepal elucidate structural geometries near the Main Central thrust. Whole-rock Nd isotopes and U-Pb ages of detrital zircons unambiguously distinguish Greater Himalayan (hanging wall) and Lesser Himalayan (footwall) metasedimentary rocks. ϵ Nd (0) values for lower Lesser Himalayan rocks typically range from −20 to −26, whereas Greater Himalayan rocks usually have ϵ Nd (0) values of −19 to −12. Lower Lesser Himalayan rocks yield detrital zircons with an age peak at ca. 1880 Ma and no detrital zircons younger than ca. 1550 Ma. In contrast, Greater Himalayan rocks yield detrital zircons with a prominent broad peak of ages at ca. 1050 Ma and no detrital zircons younger than ca. 600 Ma. The protolith boundary between Greater and Lesser Himalayan rocks is up to 1 km farther south than usually mapped on the basis of lithology. Field and microstructural observations indicate the presence of a top-to-the-south ductile shear zone superimposed on this boundary, confirming this shear zone as the Main Central thrust. No evidence exists for large-scale structural mixing of Greater and Lesser Himalayan rocks along the Main Central thrust in the Annapurna Range.
The geographic distribution of foreigners in West Germany

O'Loughlin J. (1985) The geographic distribution of foreigners in West Germany, Reg. Studies 19, 365–377. The distribution of the five million foreigners among the cities of West Germany is highly variable. Economic, trend surface and mixed space-time interaction models were chosen to analyse the changing distribution from 1964 to 1981. The early settlement of foreigners (1964) was predominantly determined by the location of job opportunities while the second immigrant wave (1970) showed strong spatial diffusion down the German urban hierarchy. At the present time (1981), first-order spatial and temporal interaction or contagion effects are significant in determining the settlement pattern. The general south to north latitudinal settlement trend is weakening over time as migration responds less to distance (intervening opportunity) and more to local economic factors, immigration legislation, family reunification, and local contagion effects.
Experimental study of bore run-up

Bore propagation near the shoreline, the transition from bore to wave run-up, and the ensuing run-up motion on a uniformly sloping beach are investigated experimentally. As a bore approaches the shoreline, the propagation speed first decelerates by compressing its wave form and then suddenly accelerates at the shoreline. Although this behaviour is qualitatively in agreement with the inviscid shallow-water wave prediction (often called the ‘bore collapse’ phenomenon), unlike the genuine bore-collapse phenomenon, the acceleration is caused by the ‘momentum exchange’ process, i.e. collision of the bore against the initially quiescent water along the shoreline. Owing to this momentum exchange, a single bore motion degenerates into two successive run-up water masses; one involves a turbulent run-up water motion followed by the original incident wave motion. The transition process from undular bore to wave run-up appears to be different from that of a fully developed bore. The bore front overturns directly onto the dry beach surface, and the run-up is characterized by a thin splashed-up flow layer.
Delivery of Transforming Growth Factor-β3 Plasmid in a Collagen Gel Inhibits Cranial Suture Fusion in Rats.

Objective: Studies described in this paper were designed to test the hypothesis that an increase in nonviral, plasmid-encoded Tgf-β3 production, localized to the rat posterior frontal suture, prevents programmed suture fusion. Design: We developed a gene delivery system based on a dense collagen gel to deliver nonviral plasmids that encode for Tgf-β3. Studies were performed to test the ability of this system to rescue rat cranial suture fusion in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical studies were conducted to characterize the possible mechanisms by which increased production and presence of Tgf-β3 protein interferes with suture fusion. Results: Posterior frontal sutures in the Tgf-β3 plasmid–treated group exhibited 77% to 85% less bony bridging than the collagen control and untreated groups after 15 days in culture. In animals treated with Tgf-β3 plasmid or Tgf-β3 protein, there was a significant reduction in suture fusion in the middle region of the posterior frontal sutures when compared with contro...
Autoradiographs of pollen tube nuclei with calcium-45.

Autoradiography with Ca45 has been used to obtain information about the relation between calcium and chromosomes. Labelled pollen from the Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum, was allowed to develop into pollen tubes between 5 and 6 cm. long in the styles of non-radioactive flowers. All of the nuclei, namely the tube nucleus and the two sperm nuclei, retain Ca45 after this period of growth and development. Since the two sperm nuclei have formed during this interval by the mitotic division of the generative nucleus and growth of the tube has occurred under the influence of the tube nucleus, it is inferred that the calcium was bound in a stable nuclear component, the chromosomes.
"Spreading sanitary enlightenment": Race, identity, and the emergence of a creole medical profession in British Guiana.

In 1919–20, a group of physicians working for the Government Medical Service in British Guiana signed a series of petitions protesting their low salaries. On one level, the petitions simply reflected the same widespread unhappiness with the rising cost of living attendant on the First World War expressed by other occupational groups in the British Caribbean. This particular appeal represented something more. Signed by Afroand Indo-Creoles and comparing their earnings unfavorably with those of their colleagues in Britain, the petitions demonstrated the emergence of a racially mixed professional middle class in the postemancipation Caribbean and the determination of its members to press a claim for equality and a ‘‘fair’’ wage. Afroand Indo-Guianese gained these positions in the colony’s medical service in the face of racist opposition by colonial and imperial officials who viewed heterogeneous colonies such as British Guiana as inherently unstable and as requiring the continued ‘‘neutral’’ rule of white Britons. Even so, members of the non-British middle class demanded more than a professional livelihood and its perquisites; they also claimed a right to intervene in the political sphere. Some used their European medical education and newly acquired social position to participate in oppositional political activity and to engage in sustained debates about the nature of colonial society. In doing so, they implicitly proposed an alternative social vision, one that rejected the widely held beliefs that denigrated Afroand Indo-Creoles and that doubted their ability to govern
Critique of Silva's Philosophy, Science, Theory: Interrelationships and Implications For Nursing Research

Nurses have made strides in increasing the understanding of the relationships among philosophy, science, and theory since Mary C. Silva first proposed examining their connection in an article written in 1977. Researchers have come to recognize the twofold nature of interpretation and the necessity of using philosophy in addition to scientific methods to fully understand this aspect of nursing research. Nurses are taking a more integrative approach to their work.
Foraging for Thought: An Inhibition-of-Return-Like Effect Resulting From Directing Attention Within Working Memory

Perceptual processing of a target stimulus may be inhibited if its location has just been cued, a phenomenon of spatial attention known as inhibition of return (IOR). In the research reported here, we demonstrated a striking effect, wherein items that have just been the focus of reflective attention (internal attention to an active representation) also are inhibited. Participants saw two items, followed by a cue to think back to (i.e., refresh, or direct reflective attention toward) one item, and then had to identify either the refreshed item, the unrefreshed item, or a novel item. Responses were significantly slower for refreshed items than for unrefreshed items, although refreshed items were better remembered on a later memory test. Control experiments in which we replaced the refresh event with a second presentation of one of the words did not show similar effects. These results suggest that reflective attention can produce an inhibition effect for attended items that may be analogous to IOR effects in perceptual attention.
Giftedness and Reading: A Cross-Sectional View of Differences in Reading Attitudes and Behaviors

This study investigated the attitude toward reading and the self-reported reading behaviors of 276 gifted students in grades 1 through 12. Females had more positive attitudes toward reading and rep...
Readmission After Pancreaticoduodenectomy: The Influence of the Volume Effect Beyond Mortality

As increased focus is placed on quality of care in surgery, readmission is an increasingly important metric by which hospital and surgeon quality is measured. For complex pancreatic surgery, we hypothesized that increased pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) volume may mitigate readmission rates. The University Healthsystems Consortium database was queried for all patients (n = 9805) undergoing PD from 2009 to 2011. Hospitals were stratified into quintiles based on number of cases performed annually. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with 30-day readmission. The 30-day readmission rate for patients undergoing PD was 19.1 %. Stratified by volume, hospitals performing the highest two quintiles of PDs annually (≥56 cases) had a significantly lower unadjusted readmission rate than those hospitals performing the lowest quintile (n ≤ 23 cases; 16.7 and 18.0 % vs. 20.9 %, p < 0.05). On univariate analysis, readmitted patients tended to have higher severity of illness (p < 0.01) and longer index admission (10 vs. 9 days, p < 0.01). Age and insurance status had no significant association with readmission. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that higher severity of illness (odds ratio [OR] 1.36, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.77, p = 0.02), discharge to rehab (OR 1.41, 95 % CI 1.19–1.66, p < 0.001), and surgery at the lowest volume hospitals (OR 1.28, 95 % CI 1.08–1.51, p = 0.004) were factors independently associated with readmission. Lower hospital volume is a significant risk factor for readmission after PD. To minimize the excess resource utilization that accompanies readmission, patients undergoing complex oncologic pancreatic surgery should be directed to hospitals most experienced in caring for this patient population.
Identifying Sites Bound by Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1) in the Human Genome: Defining a Position-Weighted Matrix To Predict Sites Bound by EBNA1 in Viral Genomes

We identified binding sites for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) in the human genome using chromatin immunoprecipitation and microarrays. The sequences for these newly identified sites were used to generate a position-weighted matrix (PWM) for EBNA1's DNA-binding sites. This PWM helped identify additional DNA-binding sites for EBNA1 in the genomes of EBV, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and cercopithecine herpesvirus 15 (CeHV-15) (also called herpesvirus papio 15). In particular, a homologue of the Rep* locus in EBV was predicted in the genome of CeHV-15, which is notable because Rep* of EBV was not predicted by the previously developed consensus sequence for EBNA1's binding DNA. The Rep* of CeHV-15 functions as an origin of DNA synthesis in the EBV-positive cell line Raji; this finding thus builds on a set of DNA-binding sites for EBNA1 predicted in silico.
"An Army of Reformed Drunkards and Clergymen": The Medicalization of Habitual Drunkenness, 1857–1910

Historians have recognized that men with drinking problems were not simply the passive subjects of medical reform and urban social control in Gilded Age and Progressive Era America but also actively shaped the partial medicalization of habitual drunkenness. The role played by evangelical religion in constituting their agency and in the historical process of medicalization has not been adequately explored, however. A post-Civil War evangelical reform culture supported institutions that treated inebriates along voluntary, religious lines and lionized former drunkards who publicly promoted a spiritual cure for habitual drunkenness. This article documents the historical development and characteristic practices of this reform culture, the voluntarist treatment institutions associated with it, and the hostile reaction that developed among medical reformers who sought to treat intemperance as a disease called inebriety. Those physicians' attempts to promote therapeutic coercion for inebriates as medical orthodoxy and to deprive voluntarist institutions of public recognition failed, as did their efforts to characterize reformed drunkards who endorsed voluntary cures as suffering from delusions arising from their disease. Instead, evangelical traditions continued to empower reformed drunkards to publicize their own views on their malady which laid the groundwork for continued public interest in alcoholics' personal narratives in the twentieth century. Meanwhile, institutions that accommodated inebriates' voluntarist preferences proliferated after 1890, marginalizing the medical inebriety movement and its coercive therapeutics.
Storage, distribution and utilization of vitamins A in the eyes of adult amphibians and their tadpoles.

Abstract This study has investigated the quantities, isomeric configuration and ocular distribution of the two retinols (vitamins A 1 and A 2 ) in the eyes of goldfish. Xenopus . frogs and tadpoles, with particular emphasis on the shifting relationships of rhodopsin, porphyropsin. retinol and 3-dehydroretinol in tadpoles kept in light and darkness. The amounts of retinols (mainly esterified) stored in the dark-adapted eyes range from 41 moles per mole of visual pigment in the goldfish down to 0.4 mole in the Xenopus . The cleanly isolated frog retina has 0.07 mole of 11- cis and all- trans vitamin A (50 per cent esterified) per mole of ROS rhodopsin, the remainder (1 per cent esterified) being found in the pigment epithelium, 80 per cent in the oil-droplets separated by centrifugal flotation. A maximum of 3 per cent of the rhodopsin in the ROS is apparently in the pigment epithelium. During light-adaptation, retinol formed by rhodopsin bleaching in the ROS leaves the retina, enters the pigment epithelium where most of it passes into the oil-droplets. The dark-adapted stores always contain 11- cis isomer, which is present in least amount in eyes that have undergone one cycle of light- and dark-adaptation. During prolonged periods in the dark, there was an increase of 11- cis at the expense of all- trans retinyl ester. In illuminated tadpoles retinol and 3-dehydroretinol are utilized for visual pigment regeneration in the proportions present in the pigment epithelium. This is not observed in the dark, where the situation is dominated by the visual pigment renewal process. The prosthetic group used for visual pigment biosynthesis in the tadpole retina is mainly retinol, even though there is an overwhelming preponderance of 3-dehydroretinol in the pigment epithelium.
Three principles of quantum gravity in the condensed matter approach

Research on quantum gravity (QG) has historically relied on appeals to guiding principles. This essay frames three such principles within the context of the condensed matter approach to QG. I first identify two distinct versions of this approach, and then consider the extent to which the principles of asymptotic safety, relative locality, and holography are supported by these versions. The general hope is that a focus on distinct versions of a single approach may provide insight into the conceptual and foundational significance of these principles.
Heritability of early blight resistance in a Lycopersicon esculentum×Lycopersicon hirsutum cross estimated by correlation between parent and progeny

Sixteen-hundred BC1 plants of a cross between an early blight (EB) susceptible tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) breeding line (‘NC84173’ maternal and recurrent parent) and a resistant accession (‘PI126445’) of the tomato wild species Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl. were grown in a field in 1998. This population was segregating (among other traits) for growth habit, self-incompatibility and earliness in maturity. To eliminate confounding effects of these factors on disease evaluation and h2 estimation, plants that were self-incompatible, indeterminate and/or late-maturing were eliminated. The remaining plants (146), which were self-compatible and determinate (sp./sp.) in growth habit, with early- to mid-season maturity, were evaluated for EB resistance and self-pollinated to produce BC1S1 seed. The 146 BC1S1 progeny families, consisting of 30 plants per family, were grown in a replicated field trial in 1999 and evaluated for EB resistance and plant maturity. For each of the 146 BC1 plants and corresponding BC1 families, the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and final disease severity (final percentage defoliation) were determined and used to measure disease resistance. The distributions of the AUDPC and final percentage defoliation values in the BC1 and BC1S1 generations indicated that resistance from ‘PI126445’ was quantitative in nature. Estimates of h2 for EB resistance, computed by correlation between BC1S1 progeny family means and BC1 individual plant values, ranged from 0.69 to 0.70, indicating that EB resistance of ‘P1126445’ was heritable. Across BC1S1 families, a small, but significant, negative correlation (r = -0.26, P < 0.01) was observed between disease resistance and earliness in maturity. However, several BC1S1 families were identified with considerable EB resistance and reasonably early maturity. These families should be useful for the development of commercially acceptable EB-resistant tomato lines.
A Case of Retinal Tear Associated with Use of Sorafenib

Inhibition of angiogenesis is a target in the treatment of a variety of malignancies. Sorafenib is an oral inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases involved in tumor angiogenesis. A related case of ophthalmologic toxicity has been reported with another vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor, sunitinib. We report the first case of retinal tear possibly associated with sorafenib.