cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Affinities of Carpospiza brachydactyla (Passeriformes; Passeridae)

The Passeridae are characterized by possessing a neomorphic preglossale bone in the tongue and a uniquely enlarged M. hypoglossus anterior forming part of the “seed-cup” used to orient and hold seeds in position when they are being husked. The pale rock finch (Carpospiza brachydactyla), which had been suggested in recent years to be allied to the Fringillidae rather than to the Passeridae, also possesses these unique derived features of the passerine finches and hence is clearly a member of the latter group. Further, the combination of the neomorphic preglossale bone and the large M. hypoglossus anterior provide strong support for the independent evolution of granivorous feeding in the Passeridae and against the placement of these birds with any members of the Ploceidae.
Role of menaquinone biosynthesis genes in selenate reduction by Enterobacter cloacae SLD1a‐1 and Escherichia coli K12

Summary In this study, we investigated the role of menaquinone biosynthesis genes in selenate reduction by Enterobacter cloacae SLD1a-1 and Escherichia coli K12. A mini-Tn5 transposon mutant of E. cloacae SLD1a-1, designated as 4E6, was isolated that had lost the ability to reduce Se(VI) to Se(0). Genetic analysis of mutant strain 4E6 showed that the transposon was inserted within a menD gene among a menFDHBCE gene cluster that encodes for proteins required for menaquinone biosynthesis. A group of E. coli K12 strains with single mutations in the menF, menD, menC and menE genes were tested for loss of selenate reduction activity. The results showed that E. coli K12 carrying a deletion of either the menD, menC or menE gene was unable to reduce selenate. Complementation using wild-type sequences of the E. cloacae SLD1a-1 menFDHBCE sequence successfully restored the selenate reduction activity in mutant strain 4E6, and E. coli K12 menD and menE mutants. Selenate reduction activity in 4E6 was also restored by chemical complementation using the menaquinone precursor compound 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nathphoic acid. The results of this work suggest that menaquinones are an important source of electrons for the selenate reductase, and are required for selenate reduction activity in E. cloacae SLD1a-1 and E. coli K12.
Sibling-based association analyses of the serotonin transporter polymorphism and internalizing behavior problems in children.

Background: Childhood internalizing problems are often precursors in the development of more serious psychiatric syndromes including anxiety and depressive disorders. Twin studies of the etiology of these disorders suggest that the genetic risk factors underlying anxiety and depression are highly correlated. However, the specific genetic mechanisms responsible for this risk have not yet been identified. Methods: We examined the association between childhood internalizing problems and a functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) in 711 children participating in a longitudinal twin study of behavioral and emotional development. Internalizing problems were measured at ages 4, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12 years using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) parent report form. We applied a sibling-based methodology for estimating allelic association with quantitative traits, while controlling for population stratification. Results: No associations were found for CBCL Internalizing problems at any age, including the subscales for Somatic Complaints, Withdrawn and Anxiety/Depression. Conclusions: Thus, although our results did not support the hypothesis that the 5-HTTLPR contributes to a dimensional expression of internalizing behavior problems, this does not rule out the possibility that it is an interesting polymorphism to pursue in the search for genetic risk factors related to major depressive and/or anxiety disorders.
Research productivity in neurosurgery: trends in globalization, scientific focus, and funding

Object While research is important for the survival, growth, and expansion of neurosurgery, little work has been done to quantify the status and trends of neurosurgical publications. The purpose of this bibliometric study was to quantitatively analyze trends in neurosurgical publications, including changes in worldwide productivity, study methodology, subspecialty topic, and funding. Methods This was a retrospective bibliometric study using MEDLINE to record all publications between 1996 and 2009 by first authors affiliated with neurosurgical departments. Country of origin, MEDLINE-defined methodology, study topic, and funding sources (for US articles) were recorded. Linear regression was used to derive growth rates. Results Total articles numbered 53,425 during the study period, with leading global contributors including the US with 16,943 articles (31.7%) and Japan with 10,802 articles (20.2%). Countries demonstrating rapid growth in productivity included China (121.9 ± 9.98%/year, p < 0.001), South Kor...
Automation of etching-pattern layout

HELP (Heuristic Etching-Pattern Layout Program) is an application program developed to computerize the tedious and error-prone although vitally important wiring design of printed circuit boards. HELP helps automate a design stage one step closer to production than logical design. It can be used to design wiring patterns of two-layer circuit boards on which ICs in dual-in-line packages as well as discrete components such as transistors and resistors have been placed.HELP employs two methods of wiring. One is the heuristic method, which simulates human approaches to wiring design, and the other is the theoretically interesting but time-consuming method of maze-running, based on the Lee's algorithm.HELP performs more than 90 percent of required wiring by the heuristic method. The maze-running method finds an optimal path with respect to a performance function for each point-to-point, and point-to-line connection. It can bring the number of successful wiring connections very close to 100 percent.
An Association between the Alfalfa Weevil's Larval Growth Response and Adult Feeding Response to Its Host Plant

Ninety-eight clones of alfalfa were evaluated for resistance to larval growth and adult feeding of Hypera postica (Gyllenhal). Larval growth response is associated with the degree of adult feeding on a plant. The data indicate that there is no significant difference in a plant's resistance to larval growth and adult feeding.
Direct Measurement Of Red Blood Cell Profiles

Quantitative determination of red blood cell surface and volume is desired for cell classification and experimental verification of theoretical models of the membrane properties of normal human erythrocytes. A direct technique has been developed for measuring profiles at appropriate places on the cell. The method makes use of the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope to mark the cell surface with reference lines which can then be viewed at arbitrary angles to provide unequivocal measurements of the height of the sample. The method also provides a reference to test the linear system properties of optical microscopes.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Partitioning the circadian clock

Many physiological and behavioral events exhibit circadian rhythms, which are driven by internal circadian “clocks” that coordinate biological functions through the cyclic expression of at least 10 to 20% of the genes in any given tissue ( 1 ). The robustness of circadian rhythms deteriorates with age, and circadian perturbation results in the development of disorders such as diabetes, obesity, and brain dysfunction. Central to the mammalian clock is the complex of transcriptional regulatory proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 ( 2 ). A recent study by Masri et al. ( 3 ) proposes that SIRT1 and SIRT6, two sirtuin family members with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase activity, regulate different facets of the CLOCK-BMAL1 network, and more surprisingly, control distinct classes of hepatic circadian genes. Partitioning circadian transcription by sirtuins suggests that in response to internal and external stimuli, circadian clocks selectively control sirtuin-dependent functions that are broadly associated with metabolism, stress resistance, inflammation, aging, and tissue regeneration, to provide organisms with plasticity to adapt to changing environments.
Design methodology for dark-field phase-shifted masks

Simulation has been used to systematically investigate the effects of phase-shifters on dark- field patterns (openings in a dark-field mask), and to determine the phase-shifter configurations that are most effective for different mask patterns. This study has resulted in a design methodology based on the distance between the centers of clear features and the surrounding phase-shifters. A key verification is that isolated phase-shifted patterns print best when the distance from the center of the phase-shifter to the center of the feature is approximately 0.7 (lambda) /NA. At this optimal spacing, the peak image intensity, image slope and resist wall-angle of the printed pattern is maximized. Optimally-aligned phase- shifters will also have the best focus-exposure behavior of all the different dark-field phase- shifter configurations. However, dark-field phase-shifters will only provide a resolution increase on the order of 0.05 0.10 (lambda) /NA. Different dark-field mask configurations will print with different amounts of bias; the amount of print bias is dependent on the width of the phase-shifters and the distance between the phase-shifters and the feature. Response curves of resist opening as a function of feature size and phase-shifter/feature separation can be used to keep track of the amount of bias required in a given phase-shifter configuration.
The relative information content of operating and financing cash flow in the proposed cash flow statement

This study compares the relative information content of the new specifications of operating and financing cash flow as proposed jointly by the IASB and the FASB with the specifications in SFAS No. 95. A unique feature of the study is the use of the Siegel and Biddle (1994) test of relative information content. The results indicate that the proposed operating cash flow measure has less relative information content than the current measure, and the results for financing cash flow are consistent with equity investors finding no significant difference between the current and proposed measures.
Quantum-Mechanical Description of Two Coupled Harmonic Oscillators

Systems of interacting harmonic oscillators have recently received considerable attention as models for describing a variety of physical problems. We have investigated the validity of the rotating-wave approximation which constitutes the traditional approach to the solution of the dynamical problem by comparing it with the exact solution. A numerical comparison has been made and the limits of validity of the rotating-wave approximation has been established in terms of the strength of oscillator interaction.In particular, the time development of dynamical operators and certain transition probabilities have been compared. In the region where the rotating-wave approximation is valid, the time evolution of the quasiprobability distribution $P(\ensuremath{\alpha}, t)$ of one oscillator is given for several initial conditions. A counting scheme similar to the argument given by Feynman for the driven harmonic oscillator, is proposed for the interpretation of the time-dependent transition amplitudes between number states.
Donatello's High Altar in the Santo at Padua Part Two: The Reconstruction

One of the dangers in any attempt to give visual as well as verbal form to the reconstruction of lost works of art is that the more elaborate the works are the more the results tend to look like th...
Syntheses of the C1-C14 and C15-C25 fragments of amphidinolide C.

Divergent syntheses of the C1–C14 and C15–C25 fragments of amphidinolide C have been achieved. The synthesis of the C15–C25 fragment featured cobalt-catalyzed modified Mukaiyama aerobic alkenol cyclization and sulfur-directed regiocontrolled Wacker oxidation of an internal alkene. The C1–C14 fragment was established by alkenyllithium addition to an aldehyde followed by a challenging olefination of a highly inert C9 ketone.
Potential for stimulating host anti-tumor immune response via RNAi-mediated local FOXP3 knockdown.

Potential for stimulating host anti-tumor immune response via RNAi-mediated local FOXP3 knockdown
Implications of real-world distributions and the conversation game for studies of human probability judgments

Subjects in experiments use real-life strategies that differ significantly from those assumed by experimenters. First, true randomness is rare in both natural and constructed environments. Second, communication follows conventions which depend on the game-theoretic aspects of situations. Third, in the common rhetorical stance of storytelling, people do not tell about the representative but about unusual, exceptional, and rare cases.
A view of misconduct in science

In the United States, suspicion of fraud has become a cancer in research. To tackle the problem, real and perceived, scientists will have to become more practised at public relations.
Planting date and plant density effects on condensed tannin concentration of cotton

Condensed tannins are feeding deterrents to cotton bollworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie); syn. Heliothis zea], tobacco budworm [Helicoverpa virescens (F.); syn. Heliothis virescens], and spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). This study was conducted to determine the effects of planting date and plant density on the condensed tannin concentrations of six plant parts of cotton sampled at two growth stages at College Station, TX, in 1988 and 1989. Cotton was sown every 2 wk to provide three planting dates beginning on 25 April in both years. Genotypes evaluated were 'Tamcot CD3H', 'Arkot 518', and four high-tannin lines (TAM 8611124, TAM 86E3, TAM 86E8, and 86CC2) selected for spider mite resistance. The topmost unfolded leaf, a fourth mainstem leaf from the terminal, a 6-d-old bract, a 10-d-old sepal, and a bract and a sepal from a white bloom were sampled at first bloom and at 2 wk post first bloom from plants spaced 8 and 30 cm within rows spaced 1.02 m apart. Younger tissue consistently had a higher condensed tannin concentration than mature tissue. Condensed tannin concentrations were highest in TAM 8611124 and lowest in the two commercial cultivars, Arkot 518 and Tamcot CD3H. TAM 86E8, TAM 86E3, and 86CC2 were intermediate in tannins. Breeding cotton for high tannin concentration would require consideration of the tissue sampled because of the interaction of genotype with this factor.
Properties of cotton fibers containing the cellulose IV crystal structure

Complete conversion of the crystal form in cotton fibers to cellulose IV (cell IV cotton) was obtained by heat treatment of ethylamine-treated cotton cellulose in either saturated steam or formamide. Degradation of the fibers was not extensive during the conversion process; oxidative damage appeared to have been confined primarily to the accessible regions of the fibers. Examination by scanning electron microscopy indicated that the surface of the cell IV cotton was smoother than that of the same cotton with other crystal forms, namely, the starting cotton (cell I cotton), mercerized cotton (cell II cotton), and ethylamine-treated cotton (cell III cotton). Fiber accessibility increased in the order cell I cotton < cell III cotton ≤ cell IV cotton < cell II cotton. Using leveling-off degree of polymerization as the measure, it appeared that the lengths of the crystallites in cell I cotton were much higher than those in cell II, III, and IV cotton. The strength of cell IV cotton was comparable to that of cell I cotton even though its degree of polymerization was significantly lower. It is suggested that heat treatments in formamide have an annealing effect on cotton that results in increases of strength.
Sebaceous carcinoma of the ocular adnexa: Radiotherapeutic management

Abstract A total of 30 patients with histologically confirmed sebaceous carcinoma of the ocular adnexa were evaluated at our institution from 1974–1986. There were 18 women and 12 men in the series with a median age of 61 years. Ten cases received radiotherapy with curative intent. Four patients were treated definitively with doses ranging from 45–63.0 Gy over 4–7 weeks. Six patients received post-operative radiotherapy to the parotid bed and ipsilateral cervical lymph node chain for parotid metastases developing within 36 months of initial surgical treatment. Patients with lower lid lesions and significant pagetoid histologic components were more likely to develop parotid lymph node metastases. Local control at the primary site after radiation and/or surgery was 90% with follow-up ranging from 2–10 years. Overall disease specific actuarial survival at 5 years was 96%. Radiation therapy is an effective treatment modality in adnexal sebaceous carcinoma. With employment of careful technique and state-of-the-art technology, long term local control and survival with satisfactory cosmetic and functional results can be anticipated.
Protective foods recall as a tool for dietary assessment in the evaluation of public health programs for pregnant Hispanics

The Protective Foods Recall (PFR), a new tool that includes a dietary demerit scoring system, was developed for evaluating nutrition programs for pregnant women of Mexican descent with low incomes. The tool costs less to administer than the 24‐hr, dietary recall because it takes about half the time and does not require calculation of nutrient content. The kinds and amounts of protective foods (foods with high nutrient densities) that the client recalled eating the previous day are recorded on the PFR and scored by the nutritionist during the first interview with the client. Dietary counselling based on the score can be given immediately without further calculation. When compared with the 24‐hr, dietary recall, the PFR was sensitive and specific. The study suggests that the PFR is an effective tool for evaluating nutrition programs for pregnant Hispanics with low incomes.
An unusual presentation of NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type in the United States.

Abstract Introduction NK/T-cell lymphoma (NKCL), nasal-type is rare in the United States, representing only 1.5% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Classically, patients initially present with nasal obstruction (70%), caused by invasion of the localized lesion into the sinuses and nasal cavities. Initial presentation with persistent sore throat and odynophagia due to oropharyngeal tumor extension is rare, and thus, is often overlooked as viral or bacterial pharyngitis. By studying a case of NKTCL nasal type, we emphasize the need to apply high clinical suspicion for NKTCL, nasal type for early diagnosis and improved survival. Methods A case report of a rare presentation of NKTCL, nasal-type is discussed. A literature review is provided to define clinical signs crucial for early diagnosis, appropriate work-up, and expedient treatment of this aggressive, rapidly progressive malignancy. Results In the present case, a 25 year-old healthy male presented with a 2-week history of sore throat and odynophagia. On exam, the patient had an ulcerative lesion of the soft palate, an enlarged uvula, and tonsillar exudate with tender submandibular lymphadenopathy. After the patient failed to respond to antibiotic therapy for presumptive pharyngitis, a biopsy of the oropharyngeal tissue was completed, which identified necrotizing sialometaplasia. High clinical suspicion led to repeat deep-tissue biopsy, where a final diagnosis of NKTCL, nasal type was made. The patient then began definitive treatment with chemotherapy and radiation. Conclusions High clinical suspicion is key to early diagnosis and improved survival of NKTCL, nasal-type. Otolaryngologists who encounter prolonged, complicated cases of pharyngitis or necrotizing sialometaplasia should consider a diagnosis of NKTCL, nasal-type, in order to prevent rapid disease progression.
Electrical conductivities of some hydrates of dodecamolybdophosphoric acid and dodecatungstophosphoric acid and their mixed crystals

The temperature dependence of electrical conductivities of dodecamolybdophosphoric acid (MPA) and dodecatungstophosphoric acid (WPA) and their mixed crystals (MWPA) are observed. The conductivity at 25°C and the activation energy are (0.024 S cm−1, 43 kJ/mol) for 18-hydrate of MPA, (0.014, 29) for 13-hydrate of MPA, (0.020, 37) for 20-hydrate of WPA, (0.072, 24) for 13-hydrate of WPA, (0.17, 13) for 29-hydrate of MWPA, and (0.0080, 31) for 13-hydrate of MWPA. The temperature and humidity ranges of 29-hydrate and 13-hydrate of MWPA are also shown.
Exceptional Variation on a Common Theme: The Evolution of Crustacean Compound Eyes

The Crustacea contain an amazing, and often (to humans) bizarre, array of visual designs. This diversity includes many different examples of both simple and compound eyes, each with standard or uniquely crustacean features. In this review, we focus on the anatomical variation, optical principles, and molecular diversity of crustacean compound eyes to illustrate how the complicated structures involved in vision are adapted for particular environments. Using this knowledge as a starting point, and considering what is known of crustacean evolution overall, we present the most recent ideas of how crustacean compound eyes have evolved and show how eyes that are based on fundamentally different optical principles can in fact be derived from each other and thus be closely related through common descent.
Brachytherapy for intracranial meningioma using a permanently implanted iodine-125 seed.

Purpose: To investigate the response and complications of iodine-125 brachytherapy for the treatment of recurrent and newly diagnosed meningiomas. Clinical cases of 2 patients treat
Amyloplast Formation and Starch Granule Development in Hard Red Winter Wheat

ABSTRACT Plastids in the coenocytic endosperm of young wheat caryopses were mostly in the form of pleomorphic proplastids with a few of the plastids containing small starch granules. Following cellularization of the coenocytic cytoplasm, the outer one or two endosperm cell layers became meristematic and continued to divide until about 14 days after flowering (DAF). During the first week of endosperm development, newly divided cells had plastids that were pleomorphic in shape, while subaleurone cells interior to the meristematic region contained amyloplasts that contained a single-size class of starch granules (incipient A-type starch granules). The pleomorphic plastids exhibited tubular protrusions that extended a considerable distance through the cytoplasm. Amyloplasts in cells interior to the meristematic region did not exhibit protrusions. Both subaleurone and central endosperm cells had amyloplasts that exhibited protrusions at 10–12 DAF, and some of the protrusions contained small starch granules (in...
Response of fecal cortisol to stress in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

This study examined whether fecal cortisol could be used as an index of stress responses. The stress responsiveness of fecal cortisol was tested with a stressor known to stimulate adrenal activity, the stress of anesthesia. Daily fecal and urine samples were collected from four captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) before and after anesthetizations with Telazol®/Ketasat®. Tests of assay validity indicated that cortisol was measurable in chimpanzee fecal extracts. Fecal cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated 2 days after anesthetization, with elevations in seven of the eight treatments. The posttreatment peak was significantly greater than baseline values in three of the four subjects. Both fecal concentrations and proportionate increases in response to stress were significantly correlated with the corresponding values in urinary cortisol, confirming the stressfulness of these procedures and the stress responsiveness of fecal cortisol. These findings provide evidence for the application of fecal cortisol as a noninvasive index of physiologic stress in nonhuman primates. Am. J. Primatol. 44:57–69, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimized multiwavelength combination sources for interferometric use

We present the use of multiwavelength combination sources in a direct method for improved central fringe identification in a white-light interferometric system. The optimum wavelength combinations of such sources can be obtained by the use of the results of a simple analysis. We find that this multiwavelength technique can greatly reduce the minimum signal-to-noise ratio required by the system when used to identify the central fringe, and thus it offers an increased signal resolution. As a result, it is suitable for high-precision measurement purposes as well as for applications in coherence multiplexed interferometric sensor systems.
An Assessment of the Effect of Collaborative Groups on Students' Problem-Solving Strategies and Abilities.

Improving students' problem-solving skills is a major goal for most science educators. While a large body of research on problem solving exists, assessment of meaningful problem solving is very difficult, particularly for courses with large numbers of students in which one-on-one interactions are not feasible. We have used a suite of software tools and pedagogies of small-group student collaborations to assess both student problem-solving strategies and student abilities as they change over time. This paper reports the use of these tools to probe the effectiveness of using small group interaction to improve problem solving.
Real-time new event detection for video streams

Online detection of video clips that present previously unseen events in a video stream is still an open challenge to date. For this online new event detection (ONED) task, existing studies mainly focus on optimizing the detection accuracy instead of the detection efficiency. As a result, it is difficult for existing systems to detect new events in real time, especially for large-scale video collections such as the video content available on the Web. In this paper, we propose several scalable techniques to improve the video processing speed of a baseline ONED system by orders of magnitude without sacrificing much detection accuracy. First, we use text features alone to filter out most of the non-new-event clips and to skip those expensive but unnecessary steps including image feature extraction and image similarity computation. Second, we use a combination of indexing and compression methods to speed up text processing. We implemented a prototype of our optimized ONED system on top of IBM's System S. The effectiveness of our techniques is evaluated on the standard TRECVID 2005 benchmark, which demonstrates that our techniques can achieve a 480-fold speedup with detection accuracy degraded less than 5%.
Effect of a Single High-Fat Meal on Endothelial Function in Healthy Subjects

Although there is a well-established relation between serum cholesterol and coronary artery disease risk, individual and national variations in this association suggest that other factors are involved in atherogenesis. High-fat diet associated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins have also been suggested to be atherogenic. To assess the direct effect of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins on endothelial function, an early factor in atherogenesis--10 healthy, normocholesterolemic volunteers--were studied before and for 6 hours after single isocaloric high- and low-fat meals (900 calorie; 50 and 0 g fat, respectively). Endothelial function, in the form of flow-mediated vasoactivity, was assessed in the brachial artery using 7.5-MHz ultrasound as percent arterial diameter change 1 minute after 5 minutes of upper-arm arterial occlusion. Serum lipoproteins and glucose were determined before eating and 2 and 4 hours postprandially. Serum triglycerides increased from 94 +/- 55 mg/dl preprandially to 147 +/- 80 mg/dl 2 hours after the high-fat meal (p = 0.05). Flow-dependent vasoactivity decreased from 21 +/- 5% preprandially to 11 +/- 4%, 11 +/- 6%, and 10 +/- 3% at 2, 3, and 4 hours after the high-fat meal, respectively (all p <0.05 compared with low-fat meal data). No changes in lipoproteins or flow-mediated vasoactivity were observed after the low-fat meal. Fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol correlated inversely (r = -0.47, p = 0.04) with preprandial flow-mediated vasoactivity, but triglyceride level did not. Mean change in postprandial flow-mediated vasoactivity at 2, 3, and 4 hours correlated with change in 2-hour serum triglycerides (r = -0.51, p = 0.02). These results demonstrate that a single high-fat meal transiently impairs endothelial function. These findings identify a potential process by which a high-fat diet may be atherogenic independent of induced changes in cholesterol.
VIABILITY AND HATCHING PATTERN OF EGGS OF THE WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM EXPOSED TO CHILL PERIODS OF DIFFERENT DURATIONS

After a chill (5°) period of >16 weeks, the mean post-chill time to initial hatch of eggs of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera, was 19 days; peak hatch occurred a mean of 5 days after the initiation of hatch, and hatch lasted a mean of 5 weeks. The post-chill time to initial hatch was influenced negatively by chill periods lasting up to ca. 3 weeks; however, chilling for >3 weeks and <60 weeks did not significantly affect the time to initial hatch. The duration of hatch was not significantly altered by chill periods up to 4 weeks, but it was significantly reduced after 8 and 12 weeks of chill. Chilling for 16 or more weeks, however, no longer had an effect. The viability of rootworm eggs was not influenced by chill periods up to 12 weeks, but, as chill periods were extended beyond 16 weeks, the eggs slowly begin to lose viability; over a period of about a year, the viability had been reduced by 80%. RESUME VIABILITE ET MODALITES D‘ECLOSION DES ŒUFS DE DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA “THE WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM” EXPOSES A DES PERIODES DE REFROIDISSEMENT DE DIFFERENTES DUREES Apres avoir ete exposes, avant experimentation, a un sejour de 2 semaines a une temperature de 20°–22°, des œufs de Diabrotica virgifera sont soumis a des periodes de refroidissement a 5°, variant de 1 a 60 semaines. La viabilite des œufs est appreciee apres retour a une temperature d'incubation de 20°–22°, en analysant les variations qui affectent le delai d'apparition des premieres et des dernieres eclosions ainsi que le maximum journalier d'eclosions. Apres un sejour a 5° d'une duree egale ou superieure a 16 semaines les œufs de Diabrotica virgifera commencent a eclore en moyenne le 19eme jour suivant la fin du traitement; le maximum des eclosions intervient le 23eme jour (5 jours en moyenne apres les premieres eclosions), et celles-ci se prolongent pendant 5 semaines. Des periodes de refroidissement inferieures a 3 semaines reduisent le delai d'apparition des premieres eclosions, mais ce delai n'est plus modifie de facon significative pour des periodes comprises entre 4 et 60 semaines. La duree pendant laquelle se prolongent les eclosions n'est pas alteree de facon significative par des traitements a 5° inferieurs a 4 semaines, mais celle-ci est nettement reduite apres des traitements de 8 a 12 semaines. Cependant au-dela de 16 semaines, le refroidissement n'a plus d'effet. La viabilite des œufs de Diabrotica virgifera n'est pas modifiee par des traitements a 5° d'une duree inferieure a 12 semaines, mais celle-ci est affectee au-dela de 16 semaines et decroit regulierement; le taux d'eclosion est reduit de 80% apres un sejour a 5° de pres d'un an.
Collaboration on Advanced Multispectral Earth Observation (CAMEO)

The CAMEO Program will integrate advanced optical and sensor technologies with the DARPA Advanced Technology Standard Satcl I I Ic lius (AISS 13) to (lelnonsirate and sIcc—qual i fy a new, I ight weight iuili ispeciral icniotc sensing small saicli itc. l'hc program offers an important iwo—fold opl)ortuIlity ( 1) to dcnonstratc technology that simultaneously addresses critical DoD and civil needs; and (2) to advance the concept of using small satellites for rapid, affordable capability insertion beyond DoD, into the civil/national space arena. The goals of the program are to: . Demonstrate "dual use", multi—purpose advanced ienioie sensing technologies for: (I ) l)ol) — Wide Area Surveillance; (2) Civil -Global Climate Research; and (3) Civil - Environmental Monitoring; S I)emonstrate the use of small satellites to rapidly augmilent on-orbit capability and affordably nrndernize both DoD and civil remote sensing satellite constellations; and . Deiiionstrate new payload operations concepts and the direct downlinking of usable data to DoD and civil consumers.
Triphenylmethyl tris(p-methoxyphenyl)phosphonium cation: a structurally characterized phosphonium analog of hexaphenylethane

Reaction of tris(p-methoxyphenyl)phosphine with [Ph3C][B(ArF)4] [ArF=3,5-(CF3)2C6H3] afforded [Ph3CP(4-OMeC6H4)3][B(ArF)4], a structural analog of hexaphenylethane, which shows a very long P–C distance [1.931(3) A] in the solid state, indicating a strong steric repulsive interaction between the two parts of the phosphonium cation.
Did you have sex with him? Do you love her? An in vivo test of sex differences in jealous interrogations

Abstract Abundant evidence suggests that between sex differences exist in the degree to which cues to sexual and emotional infidelity trigger jealousy. A criticism of this research is that this commonly found sex difference is a consequence of the hypothetical scenario and forced-choice methodology that is commonly employed. This study used a novel method to explore the nature of jealousy-fueled interrogations ( N = 75) in the face of actual infidelities captured on video in the syndicated reality program Cheaters. Fifty-one episodes of Cheaters were content analyzed by six coders trained to watch each episode. As predicted, men were more likely than women to inquire about the sexual aspect of their partners’ infidelities, whereas women were more likely than men to inquire about the emotional aspect of their partners’ infidelities. These results suggest that humans have sex-differentiated damage assessment strategies dedicated to investigating the nature of their mates’ extra-pair relationships. Although previous studies have found sex differences in jealousy using prospective and retrospective reports, this is the first study to demonstrate sex differences in romantic jealousy in vivo. These findings refute the criticism that sex differences in jealousy are mere methodological artifacts. Discussion focuses on the benefits and limitations of content-analyzing Cheaters .
Evaluating walking in patients with multiple sclerosis: which assessment tools are useful in clinical practice?

Walking limitations are among the most visible manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS). Regular walking assessments should be a component of patient management and require instruments that are ap...
Rigid-Strut-Containing Crown Ethers and [2]Catenanes for Incorporation into Metal–Organic Frameworks

To introduce crown ethers into the struts of metal-organic frame- works (MOFs), general approaches have been developed for the syntheses of dicarboxylic acid dibenzo(30)crown- 10 (DB30C10DA), dicarboxylic acid di- 2,3-naphtho(30)crown-10 (DN30C10DA), dicarboxylic acid bis- paraphenylene(34)crown-10 (BPP34C10DA), and dicarboxylic acid 1,5-naphthoparaphenylene(36)crown-10 (NPP36C10DA). These novel crown ethers not only retain the characteris- tics of their parent crown ethers since they can 1) bind cationic guests and 2) serve as templates for making me- chanically interlocked molecules
Assembling Sensor Networks

Sometimes sensors need to be assembled in response to an emergency. Such assemblage might take a variety of forms. At one extreme, sensors might converge on a single point. At the opposite extreme, sensors might fill in the position of a lattice. This paper looks at solutions in between these two extremes, in which sensors converge on several different locations. Through analysis and simulations, we evaluate the effectiveness of alternative strategies. We find there is a tradeoff: multiple rally point heuristics converge faster, at the expense of a more fragmented network. We discuss ways of bridging clustered networks. This work has pragmatic implications for emergency responders: in situations of high density, single rally point solutions are superior, and in situations of low density time-to-converge trades off with network integration
Use and possible functions of large song repertoires by male Eastern Bluebirds

Abstract Five male Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) were observed and songs recorded over entire breeding seasons in central Kentucky. Songs consisted of an average of 3.02 notes and the mean time between the beginning of successive songs within a bout was 7.26 s. Most songs (63.7%) given by male bluebirds were low volume, while 14.8% were moderate volume, and 21.5% were high volume. Individual male bluebirds possessed large (x = 59.4) repertoires of song types, and few were shared among two or more males. Singing rates varied among breeding stages, with high rates during the pre-pairing period suggesting that song plays a role in mate attraction. However, male bluebirds also sing during interactions with conspecific males, indicating an aggressive or territorial function, to facilitate the transfer of food to incubating or brooding females, nestlings, and fledglings, and to warn mates, nestlings, or fledglings about the presence of a potential predator. Thus, as reported in an increasing number of spec...
Factors Influencing Students’ Perceptions of Online Teamwork

The evolution of online teaching in higher education demands a change in the types of pedagogies used in those courses. An example of one of these important pedagogies includes online teamwork. Teamwork in this context is one in which the majority of the individual’s grade is dependent on the positive or negative group experiences. This study utilized the theoretical framework of social motivation and cohesion to identify the factors shaping students’ perceptions of teamwork in online college courses. In these courses, the pedagogical approach known as the Five Pillars of effective collaborative work was applied. An Online Teamwork Learning Survey was developed based on these principles and completed by 62 undergraduate students enrolled in semester-long online courses required in their early childhood education program of study. Using a comparison between pre–post surveys and regression analysis, the results showed that although the students’ perceptions of teamwork did not significantly change, the factors influencing their responses during the post-test doubled in number. The results showed that through carefully designed virtual teamwork activities, students learned that essential team characteristics such as promotive interaction, individual accountability, and positive interdependence are an integral part of effective collaboration and strong predictors of teamwork perception.
Molar absorptivity and A1%1cm values for proteins at selected wavelengths of the visible and ultraviolet regions. XXIV

The molar absorptivity and A1%1cm values for 154 proteins are reported. The conditions under which these values were obtained and citations to the sources of the data are also provided.
Electroporation of pink-pigmented methylotrophic bacteria

Electroporation conditions were determined for electroporating the broad-host-range plasmid pHX200V-47-ml (22.4 kb) into four pink-pigmented methylotrophic strains (Methylophilus methylotrophus AS1,Methylobacterium extorquens AM1,Methylobacterium organophilum XX, andPseudomonas sp. M27). For these methylotrophs, a high electric-field strength (15 kV/cm) and high DNA concentration (18.75 ng/μI competent cells) were necessary to produce plasmid-containing cells. The addition of 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the electrocompetent cells resulted in a five-to six-fold increase in electroporation efficiency in strainsM. methylotrophus AS1, M.extorquens AM1, andM. organophilum XX, and also allowed successful electroporation ofPseudomonas sp. M27 (no electroporants were obtained without PEG). The maximum electroporation efficiencies for M.methylotrophus AS1, M.extorquens AM1, M.organophilum XX, andPseudomonas sp. M27 were 1.31 X 103, 2.57 X 103, 5.25 x 103, and 1.2 x 104 electroporants/(μg DNA, respectively). This, along with our previous article (1), are the first reports of a plasmid being successfully electroporated into these strains.
Safety of TeaCrine®, a non-habituating, naturally-occurring purine alkaloid over eight weeks of continuous use

Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) is a purine alkaloid found in certain coffee (Coffea) species, fruits (Cupuacu [Theobroma grandiflorum]), and tea (Camellia assamica, var. kucha) that has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuro-locomotor properties. Recent preliminary research has also reported increased feelings of energy, reduced fatigue, and strong effects on improving focus, concentration, and motivation to exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the safety and non-habituating effects of TeaCrine®, a nature-identical, chemically equivalent bioactive version of theacrine. Sixty healthy men (mean ± SD age, height, weight: 22.9 ± 4.7 years, 183.5 ± 9.2 cm, 86.5 ± 13.7 kg) and women (22.3 ± 4.5 years, 165.2 ± 12.3 cm, 69.0 ± 17.4 kg) were placed into one of three groups: placebo (PLA, n = 20), 200 mg TeaCrine® (LD, n = 19) or 300 mg Teacrine® (HD, n = 21) and ingested their respective supplement once daily for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes were fasting clinical safety markers (heart rate, blood pressure, lipid profiles, hematologic blood counts, biomarkers of liver/kidney/immune function) and energy, focus, concentration, anxiety, motivation to exercise, and POMS measured prior to daily dosing to ascertain potential tachyphylactic responses and habituation effects. Data were analyzed via two-way (group × time) ANOVAs and statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. All values for clinical safety markers fell within normal limits and no group × time interactions were noted. No evidence of habituation was noted as baseline values for energy, focus, concentration, anxiety, motivation to exercise, and POMS remained stable in all groups across the 8-week study protocol. These findings support the clinical safety and non-habituating neuro-energetic effects of TeaCrine® supplementation over 8 weeks of daily use (up to 300 mg/day). Moreover, there was no evidence of a tachyphylactic response that is typical of neuroactive agents such as caffeine and other stimulants.
Review of the four parameter controller approach for FDI problems

A summary of fault detection and isolation methodologies used to accommodate system actuator and sensor failures is given. The four-parameter controller for failure diagnostic problems is described in detail. Applications of this novel approach to robot control are discussed. >
Rehabilitating the unloved dollar standard

The international dollar standard is an accident of history that greatly facilitates international trade and exchange. But erratic U.S. monetary and financial policies have upset the American and world economies so as to make foreigners unhappy. A weak and falling dollar led to the great price inflations of the 1970s and to disastrous asset bubbles in the noughties. It aggravated the postwar world’s three great oil shocks. The asymmetrical nature of the dollar standard also makes many Americans unhappy because they cannot control their own exchange rate. Although nobody loves the dollar standard, it is a remarkably robust institution that is too valuable to lose and too difficult to replace. Rehabilitating the unloved dollar standard by “internationalizing” American monetary and financial policies to better stabilize the U.S. and world economies is the only way out of the current impasse.
Commentary: Colonoscopic Findings and Tumor Site Do Not Predict Bowel Obstruction During Medical Treatment of Stage IV Colon Cancer

Despite the increase in colonoscopic screening, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the second-highest cause of death from cancer in the United States, with a projected death toll of 49,960 in 2009. At the time of diagnosis, between 20% and 25% of patients already have metastases, most of them unresectable [1]. Fewer than 10% of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer will be alive 5 years after diagnosis, with most patients dying from cancer-related complications; therefore, maximizing survival while minimizing treatment-related complications remain the goals of most treating physicians. In 2009, it is accepted practice to initiate systemic treatment without primary CRC tumor resection in patients with metastatic disease who do not have evidence of uncontrolled bleeding, obstruction, or perforation. Those patients who have potentially resectable metastases should undergo resection of both the primary cancer and the metastases, either before systemic chemotherapy or after several cycles of combination chemotherapy allowing the assessment of the natural history of the malignancy. With that approach, it is possible to avoid the perioperative morbidity and mortality of unnecessary colorectal surgery, since most patients will succumb to the systemic disease before developing symptoms from their unresected primary lesion. In published retrospective analyses [2, 3, 4, 5], bowel obstruction remains the most common complication related to the unresected cancer in patients receiving systemic therapy, occurring in 10%–20% of patients. In addition, with the unresected primary colorectal cancer, the patient remains at risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage and fistula formation. However, resecting the primary cancer is not without its risks. For patients with metastatic CRC who undergo surgery, there is a 20%–30% risk of postoperative morbidity [2, 6, 7] and a 1%–6% risk of peri-operative mortality [2, 3, 6, 8]. Postoperative complications are likely to postpone the administration of systemic therapy—therapy that has been shown to prolong survival [9]. There are no published guidelines identifying patients with unresected colorectal cancer who are likely to suffer complications during systemic therapy. Therefore, in an effort to guide future therapies, Ballian and colleagues postulated that tumor site and the relative size of the colorectal cancer could predict the need for future resection of the primary tumor [10]. They retrospectively examined an exist-