cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct TPE measurement via $$e^+p/e^-p$$ e + p / e - p scattering at low $$\varepsilon $$ ε in Hall A

The proton elastic form factor ratio can be measured either via Rosenbluth separation in an experiment with unpolarized beam and target, or via the use of polarization degrees of freedom. However, data produced by these two approaches show a discrepancy, increasing with $$Q^2$$ . The proposed explanation of this discrepancy – two-photon exchange – has been tested recently by three experiments. The results support the existence of a small two-photon exchange effect but cannot establish that theoretical treatments at the measured momentum transfers are valid. At larger momentum transfers, theory remains untested, and without further data, it is impossible to resolve the discrepancy. A positron beam at Jefferson Lab allows us to directly measure two-photon exchange over an extended $$Q^2$$ and $$\epsilon $$ range with high precision. With this, we can validate whether the effect reconciles the form factor ratio measurements, and test several theoretical approaches, valid in different parts of the tested $$Q^2$$ range. In this proposal, we describe a measurement program in Hall A that combines the Super BigBite, BigBite, and High Resolution Spectrometers to directly measure the two-photon effect. Though the limited beam current of the positron beam will restrict the kinematic reach, this measurement will have very small systematic uncertainties, making it a clean probe of two photon exchange.
Dedicated breast-PET-guided biopsy

1527 Objectives Efforts to create dedicated Nuclear Medicine breast imaging scanners are maturing as they approach more routine clinical use. Since these techniques lack sufficient specificity for accurate diagnoses of breast cancer, a method for guiding biopsies with these new devices must be developed. In this investigation, the capabilities of our new dedicated breast PEM-PET system to guide biopsies was tested. Methods The PEM-PET system has two pairs of rotating pixelated detectors to acquire data to produce tomographic images of the breast that can be used to direct the placement of a biopsy needle using a computer-controlled arm. The accuracy and precision of the placement of the biopsy needle was measured by the imaging of a phantom possessing multiple point-like source. The position of each source in the scanner9s FOV was well known. Their locations were assessed using PET images of the phantom; the biopsy needle was moved to the the calculated positions. The accuracy and precision of needle positioning relative to the sources was measured from ten individual trials. Additionally, a "biopsy" was performed on a simulated breast contianing a 5mm-diameter "lesion". Results The results from the positioning tests revealed that the system had very good accuracy and precision in all three axes. The maximum positioning error was ±0.27mm, sufficient to obtain samples from most lesions detected with PEM-PET. In addition, the simulated biopsy was performed successfully on a single attempt. Conclusions This successful test demonstrates the ability of the PEM-PET system to guide the biopsy of suspicious lesions imaged with the PEM-PET scanner. Research Support This work was supported in part by the National Cancer Institute (Grant Number R01 CA094196).
The Alternative Command

Programming notations usually have a conditional command, or if- statement, which allows execution of a subcommand to be dependent on the current state of the program variables.
Fostering Client–Agency Relationships: A Business Buying Behavior Perspective

Abstract Account acquisition and retention is an ongoing problem facing advertising agencies. Literature in this area has focused on the criteria used in agency selection, the factors fostering continuity, and the forces prompting the break-up of client–agency relationships. However, this classic industrial service relationship has not been examined from a business-to-business buying behavior perspective. A study was conducted with top agency account acquisition personnel. This study found strong support for the notion that business buying behavior models can be applied to client–agency relationships. Furthermore, they may be applied to business-to-business service transactions as well. Many forces considered unique to business buying behavior were prevalent for the selection of agency services according to sales personnel involved in cultivating new business. The findings suggest that agencies need to emphasize nonspecific campaign forces effecting agency selection. Moreover, the study also points to the importance of identifying the effect of internal organizational forces and the roles buying center members play, side by side with campaign-specific factors. Directions for future research are noted and managerial implications for business-to-business new account acquisition and selling are also provided.
Bortezomib induces AMPK-dependent autophagosome formation uncoupled from apoptosis in drug resistant cells

The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is an effective anti-cancer agent for the plasma cell malignancy multiple myeloma but clinical response is hindered by the emergence of drug resistance through unknown mechanisms. Drug sensitive myeloma cells were exposed to bortezomib to generate drug resistant cells that displayed a significant increase in subunits of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK activity in resistant cells was increased and bortezomib resistant cells contained a ~4-fold greater level of autophagosomes than drug sensitive cells. Real-time measurements indicated that bortezomib reduced the oxygen consumption rate in drug sensitive cells more readily than in resistant cells. Genetic ablation of AMPK activity reduced the bortezomib effect on autophagy. The autophagy-related gene (Atg)5 is required for autophagosome formation and enhances cellular susceptibility to apoptotic stimuli. Atg5 knockout eliminated bortezomib-induced autophagosome formation and reduced susceptibility to bortezomib. Bortezomib treatment of myeloma cells lead to ATG5 cleavage through a calpain-dependent manner while calpain inhibition or a calpain-insensitive Atg5 mutant promoted bortezomib-resistance. In contrast, AICAR, an AMPK activator, enhanced bortezomib-induced cleavage of ATG5 and increased bortezomib-induced killing. Taken together, the results demonstrate that ATG5 cleavage provokes apoptosis and represents a molecular link between autophagy and apoptosis with therapeutic implications.
Broadband integration using FR-4 to silicon CPW-to-CPW transition

This work demonstrates the use of gold stud bumps in the design of a CPW-to-CPW flip-chip transition between a silicon die and a FR-4 substrate. The performance is optimal in the 57 to 77 GHz range with return loss values better than 20 dB. The insertion loss of the designed transition and bump is 0.35 dB at 60 GHz as demonstrated in a back-to-back design. To demonstrate the usefulness of the transition, a back-to-back transition is integrated with a broadband aperture bowtie antenna fabricated onto the FR-4 substrate. The fractional bandwidth of the assembled IC and antenna using two stud bump transitions is better than 37% for a bump pitch of 400 µm.
The purpose and potential of virtual high schools: A national study of virtual high schools and their head administrators

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. November 2009. Major: Educational Policy and Administration. Advisor: Karen Seashore. 1 computer file (PDF); viii, 157 pages, appendices A-F.
The derepression and function of enzymes of reverse trans-sulfuration in Neurospora.

Abstract Sulfur transfer from homocysteine to cysteine is mediated by 2 enzymes, cystathionine β-synthase and γ-cystathionase, which are present in animals and fungi, but absent from bacterial species so far examined. It has now been found that when nutrient sulfur limits the growth of Neurospora, the level of γ-cystathionase is increased 30-fold. Derepression is not coordinate, since the level of cystathionine β-synthase is not changed. β-Cystathionase is also unaffected. Non-coordinate derepression suggests that γ-cystathionase might have a more general function in mobilizing sulfur; the enzyme is shown able to rapidly decompose a wide variety of β- or γ-substituted amino acids besides cystathionine. The derepression was shown not to be brought about by starvation in general, and may therefore result from depletion of a low molecular weight, sulfur-containing corepressor
Linguistic, Philosophical, and Pragmatic Aspects of Type-Directed Natural Language

We describe how type information can be used to infer grammatical structure. This is in contrast to conventional type inference in programming languages where the roles are reversed, structure determining type. Our work is based on Applicative Universal Grammar (AUG), a linguistic theory that views the formation of phrase in a form that is analogous to function application in a programming language. We descibe our overall methodology including its linguistic and philosophical underpinnings. The natural language parser that we have constructed should be interesting to computer scientists in the way in which AUG relates to types and combinatory calculus, and to linguists in the way in which a very simple, brute force parsing strategy performs surprisingly well in both performance and accuracy. Both computer scientists and linguists should also be interested in the convergence of the theory of functional programming languages and AUG with regard to their conceptual bases. Both have been motivated by entirely different goals and have develop ed independently, but they are rooted in a common conceptual system of an applicative calculus.
Staying Connected in a Turbulent World

The swimming behavior of fish larvae limits their dispersal among coral reef populations more than previously thought. This stands to affect the design of protected marine ecosystems.
Some Unexpected Ways Universities Can Prime the Community Economic Engine: Asset Building for the Working Poor and the University Back Office.

This article demonstrates how the university back officecan enable ambitious implementation partnerships betweeninstitutions of higher education and community-based organizations.It examines the Individual Development AccountCollaborative of Louisiana, a $4 million asset-building programoperated by the National Center for the Urban Community atTulane and Xavier Universities, which produced more than sixhundred graduates in less than two years, most of them firsttimehome owners. The bookkeeping and administrative requirementsimposed by governmental granting agencies often tax thecapacity of even the largest nonprofits, which lack the sponsoredresearch infrastructure that the Cold War university hasdeveloped in consequence of processing hundreds of grants andcontracts annually. Small nonprofits are best at delivering servicesto local communities; Research-1 universities are practicedat managing large grants and contracts. The article concludesthat the administrative side of such university-community partnershipsdeserves as much attention as their programmatic side.
Transferring a collaborative work practice to practitioners: a field study of the value frequency model for change-of-practice

Collaboration engineers design collaborative work practices for high-value recurring tasks and transfer them to practitioners to execute for themselves without the on-going intervention of professional facilitators. It would be useful to increase the predictability of developing self-sustaining and growing community of practice around these designed processes. This paper reports a field study that applies the Value Frequency Model (VFM) for change-of-practice to the deployment of an engineered work practice to groups in a large global organization. The results suggest that VFM provides useful insights for discovering candidate tasks for Collaboration Engineering (CE) interventions, for designing new work practices, and for designing transition interventions for creating a self-sustaining and growing community of practice.
Virtual Teams: What are their Characteristics, and Impact on Team Performance?

To date, efforts to understand virtual teaming have been largely anecdotal and atheoretical. Therefore, drawing from the extant research in the groups domain, we attempt to ground the definition of a virtual team in well-established group-level constructs, and design a simulation study to investigate the impact of different virtual team characteristics on team performance. Essentially, we argue that the virtual team is defined by three key characteristics—the virtual team context, the virtual team composition, and the virtual team structure. Using the VDT computational discrete event simulation model as our experimental platform, we simulated different virtual team models, and examined their impact on various team performance dimensions. We found that virtual team characteristics have different effects on different aspects of team performance. The virtual context team had a lower rework volume but higher coordination volume and longer project duration than the virtual composition team. Interestingly, we also found that the virtual structure team performed better than the software development team baseline model in all aspects of team performance. Based on these results, we proposed strategies to improve performance in different types of virtual team. Specifically, we propose (1) increasing the ease of communication and availability of routines in the virtual context teams (2) clarifying role expectations and fostering a team culture in the virtual composition teams and (3) implementing a lateral structure in the virtual team. Our results also suggest that firms should consider situational demands, specifically tolerance for errors and coordination volume, when considering the design of virtual teams.
Osteochondrosis in Feedlot Cattle

Beginning in summer 1977 and continuing through four consecutive seasons, we examined lame limb joints from 106 partially fattened cattle and 28,235 pairs of occipital condyles from fully fattened ...
Evolutionary clues to DNA polymerase III β clamp structural mechanisms

The prokaryotic DNA polymerase III beta homodimeric clamp links the replication complex to DNA during polynucleotide synthesis. This clamp is loaded onto DNA and unloaded by the clamp loader complex, the delta subunit of which by itself can bind to and open the clamp. beta Clamps from diverse bacteria were examined using contrast hierarchical alignment and interaction network (CHAIN) analysis, a statistical approach that categorizes and measures the evolutionary constraints imposed on protein sequences by natural selection. Some constraints are subtle inasmuch as they are unique to certain bacteria. Examination of corresponding molecular interactions within structures of the Escherichia coli beta dimeric and delta-beta complexes reveals that N320, Y323 and R176, which are subject to very strong constraints, form a substructure that may serve as a platform for leveraging and directing delta-induced conformational changes. N320 may play a prominent role, as it is strategically situated between this substructure and regions linked to delta binding and opening of beta's dimeric interface. R176 appears to act as a relay between the delta binding site and the clamp's central hole. Other residues subject to strong constraints are likewise associated with structurally important features. For example, two pairs of interacting residues, R269/E304 and K74/E300, form salt bridges at the dimeric interface, while the C-terminal residues M362, P363, M364 and R365 appear to play key roles in delta binding. Q149 and K198 appear to sense DNA within the clamp's central hole while other residues may relay this information to the delta binding site. Mutagenesis experiments designed to explore possible mechanisms are proposed.
Baseline Resolution of Isobaric Phosphorylated and Sulfated Peptides and Nucleotides by Electrospray Ionization FTICR MS: Another Step toward Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics

Electrospray ionization broadband FTICR mass spectrometry at a mass resolving power, m/Δm50% ≥ 400 000 has achieved the first direct mass spectral resolution of phosphorylated and sulfated peptides (or nucleotides) of the same nominal mass. The elemental composition difference in each case is PH versus S (9.5 mDa), requiring a minimum mass resolving power ((m2 − m1)/m1) of 118 000 (C terminal amidated cholecystekinin fragment 26−33 (CCK-8), DY(PO3H2)MGWMDF-NH2 versus DY(SO3H)MGWMDF-NH2) or 65 400 (adenosine triphosphate vs 3-phosphoadenosine 5‘-phosphosulfate). The isobaric mass doublets were detected in broadband mode (400 < m/z <1400) in the presence of dozens of other species. It is therefore now possible to distinguish phosphorylated from sulfated peptides, even when both species are present at the same time in a protein digest.
Characteristic of ZnSe aspheric beam homogenizer for CO 2 laser

Laser processing is now being used increasingly in the area of electronics, especially, for drilling micro holes in printed circuit. But the intensity distribution of laser beam mainly based on Gaussian is not uniform. Therefore, the demand for uniform intensity distribution is rising rapidly in the field of heat processing. To obtain higher uniformity, attempts must be made to convert non-uniform Gaussian distribution into top-hat shaped uniform intensity distribution for smoothly bending laser beams. In this study the authors propose an aspheric beam homogenizer made from ZnSe that can convert non-uniform Gaussian distribution into top-hat shaped uniform intensity distribution. The ZnSe beam homogenizer consists of two aspheric lenses. First one converts Gaussian profile to uniform irradiation, and second one performs phase matching. The authors design this optical component with a special method based on wave optics. In the design, the authors define the target intensity distribution as the super-Gaussian shaped one instead of completely uniform top-hat shaped one. Compared with the homogenizers of traditional design, the newly designed homogenizer achieved 70% increase in the uniformity of signal intensity even after propagation. The paper reports the measured intensity distribution after propagation from the beam homogenizer with high power CO 2 laser.
The physiological status and mortality associated with otter-trawl capture, transport, and captivity of an exploited elasmobranch, Squalus acanthias

Mandelman, J. M., and Farrington, M. A. 2007. The physiological status and mortality associated with otter-trawl capture, transport, and captivity of an exploited elasmobranch, Squalus acanthias. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 122-130.To assess the physiological responses and associated mortality in spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) following capture in an otter trawl and exposure to additional conditions, blood samples were obtained subsequent to three sampling intervals: capture (T1), transport (T2), and captivity (T3). The results indicate that marked differences existed in blood chemistry at each sampling interval. Acid-base parameters (vascular pH, pO 2 , pCO 2 ), serum Ca 2+ and Cl − , and haematocrit were maximally disrupted at T1, but progressively resolved to presumed basal values by T3. Concentrations of whole-blood lactate, plasma total protein, additional sera electrolytes (Na + , K + , Mg 2+ ), and BUN (urea) were maximally compromised at T2, but also recovered by T3. In contrast, serum glucose levels were similar at T1 and T2 but rose to peak levels by T3. Although blood parameters were substantially altered, dogfish mortality was low (2 out of 34; 5.9%), suggesting a strong degree of resilience to compounded stressors associated with capture, transport, and captivity.
Sugarbeet Response to Subsoiling and Wheel Traffic

Normal tillage practices often create poor physical conditions for crop growth on lake plain soils in Michigan. Tillage studies were conducted in 1983 on Parkhill loam (fine-loamy, mixed, nonacidic, mesic Mollic Haplaquept) and from 1983 to 1985 on Charity clay (fine, illitic (calcareous), mesic Aeric Haplaquept) to evaluate the potential for increasing sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield by reducing the physical limitations of these soils. Treatment consisted of eight combinations of a primary of a primary tillage and secondary tillage variable (...)
Neurodegeneration: a question of balance.

When a disease-associated gene is mutated, is the cellular activity of its protein product enhanced or reduced? For at least one neurodegenerative disease, spinocerebellar ataxia 1, the answer seems to be both.
Karyotypes of two species of Malagasy ground gecko (Paroedura: Gekkonidae)

Abstract The karyotypes of Malagasy geckos are poorly known. Herein, we describe the karyotypes of two Malagasy gecko species, Paroedura picta and an undescribed or currently unrecognised Paroedura species. These are the first karyotypes described for the genus Paroedura. Each species had a distinct karyotype; P. picta had 2n=36 and Paroedura sp. had 2n=34. We used a fragment of the mitochondrial ND2 gene to conduct a phylogenetic analysis of 17 described and putative Paroedura species and show that the Paroedura sp. examined here is unique and related to P. bastardi, P. ibityensis, P. tanjaka and another undescribed Paroedura species from Tsingy de Bemaraha. Our results highlight the need for continued research into the basic biology and taxonomy of Malagasy lizards.
Comparison of Continuation Techniques For Potential Fields

This paper objectively compares four continuation techniques for potential field data ueing two synthetic data sets: a step with a underlying sphere and real relief with l underlyins sphere. The authers of four techniques are Dampney (19691, Bhattacharyya and Chan <1977), Rendereon and Cordell (1971). and Cordell and Grauch (1984). The advantasee and disadvantages of each method are described. Daapnay’ e aethod is found to be the most effective of the four techniquee.
Development of Polymer Coatings for the ProSEDS Tether

The ProSEDS mission is designed to provide an on-orbit demonstration of the electrodynamic propulsion capabilities of tethers in space. The ProSEDS experiment will be a secondary payload on a Delta 11 unmanned, expendable booster. A 5 km conductive tether is attached to the deployer baseplate on the Delta 11 second stage and collects current from the low Earth orbit (LEO) plasma to facilitate de-orbit of the Delta II second stage. The conductive tether is attached to a 10-15 km non-conductive tether, which in turn is attached to an endmass. A bare metal tether would have the best conductivity but thermal concerns preclude this design. A conductive polymer developed by Triton Systems has been optimized for optimum conductivity and thermo-optical properties. The current design for the ProSEDS conductive tether is seven individually coated strands of 28 AWG aluminum wire, coated with 12.7 micrometers (0.5 mil) atomic oxygen-resistant conductive polymer composed of a mixture of COR and PANi, wrapped around a braided Kevlar 29 core. Extensive testing has been performed at the Marshall Space Flight Center to qualify this material for flight on ProSEDS. Atomic oxygen exposure has been performed, with solar absorptance and infrared emittance measured before and after exposure. Plasma chamber tests have been completed, as well as tether deployment tests. Also developed for the ProSEDS mission was the insulating polymer TOR-BP. Approximately 200 meters of the conductive tether closest to the Delta II second stage is insulated to prevent any electron reconnection to the tether from the plasma contactor. The insulating material is TOR-BP with a dielectric strength of TBD.
Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Lessons for the Treatment of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Lessons for the Treatment of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Xenopus oocyte cAMP‐dependent protein kinases before and during progesterone‐induced maturation

Two cAMP-dependent kinase activities, corresponding to the Type I and Type II isozymes characterized in other tissues, have been partially purified from Xenopus laevis oocytes both before and during progesteroneinduced maturation in vitro. The two activities are present in approximately equimolar concentrations in ovarian oocytes and the total kinase concentration has been estimated at 0.2–0.4 μM minimally. The relative activities of the two isozymes do not change during oocyte maturation.
Delta V errors due to attitude correction maneuvers of a spinning spacecraft

A statistical error analysis has been performed to evaluate the change in velocity of a spin stabilized spacecraft due to thruster induced attitude correction maneuvers. Analytical expressions were developed to determine the mean and variance of the velocity in terms of the nominal values and uncertainties of key spacecraft parameters. These parameters include thrust, thruster timing, thruster alignment, plume impingement force and estimated spacecraft mass. Typical values of these parameters and their uncertainties for NASA's Galileo spacecraft were used to evaluate these expressions. The results of the analysis allow the effect of attitude correction maneuvers to be evaluated with respect to the functional requirements on nongravitational acceleration. Other results include the identification of major sources of delta V error and studies of the sensitivity of delta V to variations in the error sources.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Environmental Equity in Communities with Hazardous Waste Facilities

Abstract Early “environmental equity” studies claimed hazardous waste facilities (TSDFs) were disproportionately located in minority and disadvantaged communities. Recently, research has challenged such claims. Regardless of conclusions, no national study has evaluated inequity in the siting process or the impact of TSDFs on the demographic composition of communities after TSDFs began operations, or distinguished between TSDF-caused change and general population trends. This article presents findings from the first national tract-level longitudinal study of communities with TSDFs. We find no stark evidence of environmental inequity or disparate impact. Results suggest compositional change in host communities may best be explained by general population trends.
The use of high-speed cinematography in the analysis of cardiovascular motion

Abstract 1. 1. A method of high-speed cinematography for the study of cardiovascular motion has been described. 2. 2. Its unique feature is a dual-lens system which enables the simultaneous recording of motion picture and oscillographic frames. This innovation allows for the appearance of electrocardiogram, sounds, and pressures on the particular aspect of cardiovascular motion under study, and makes possible the use of the camera for the precise measurement of circulatory events. 3. 3. The present method also incorporates recent improvements in high-speed shutter systems, focusing devices, frame speed timers, and light sources. In particular, the utilization of a high-intensity light source with low output of heat has avoided tissue damage and increased the applicability of the unit. 4. 4. The application of the method both to the experimental laboratory and to clinical research is briefly described.
Shear modulus of core materials with arbitrary polygonal shape

Abstract Procedures for the analytic determination of shear modulus of sandwich cores with arbitrary polygonal shape are presented. The new superplastic cores permit numerous shapes and symmetries. Important advantages over the conventional honeycomb core made of aluminum foil are cited. Energy principles are used in seeking the upper and lower bound solutions for the shear modulus. Computer graphic results are provided. This new approach represents a compoetent solution for seeking a more efficient structural design where the strength-to-density ratio is of major concern.
Diagnosis of deafness in infancy.

In the past 20 years, the prospects for hearing-impaired infants have improved significantly. It is now possible to diagnose deafness even in neonates and premature infants and to provide care that can prevent or ameliorate some of the most devastating effects of hearing loss. There have been steady advances in surgical and other medical procedures and in habilitation techniques. The value of many forms of therapy, however, depends greatly on how early intervention occurs. Approximately one in 1,000, or 0.1%, of all infants are severely to profoundly deaf; their problems are permanent and pervasive. An estimated four to ten times as many infants suffer from hearing loss that is either unilateral or less than profound. Hearing deficits affect language acquisition and consequently cognitive, social, and emotional growth. Behavioral and biologic evidence points to a critical time for linguistic development. Children normally master the language they hear around them by the age of 4 or 5 years, when they become competent to comprehend and produce all the variations of sentence construction found in adult speech. In this same period, deaf children can be taught sign language. The aptitude and flexibility for language acquisition diminishs with age. Early language deprivation results in permanent impairment. Infants suspected of having hearing loss can be evaluated by means of auditory-evoked potentials, recently developed technology available at audiologic facilities throughout the country.
Shared dependence on the DNA-binding factor TOX for the development of lymphoid tissue-inducer cell and NK cell lineages

Thymocyte selection-associated HMG box factor (TOX) is a DNA-binding factor required for development of CD4 T cells, natural killer T cells, and T regulatory cells. Here we document that both NK cell development and lymphoid tissue organogenesis are inhibited in the absence of TOX. We find that development of lymphoid tissue inducer cells, a rare subset of specialized cells that plays an integral role in lymphoid tissue organogenesis, requires TOX. Tox is highly upregulated in immature NK cells in the bone marrow, consistent with the loss of mature NK cells in the absence of this nuclear protein. Thus, multiple cell lineages in the immune system share a TOX-dependent step for development.
Theoretical and experimental flux maximization by optimization of backpulsing

Abstract A model of rapid backpulsing for fouling control in cross-flow microfiltration is developed for solid–liquid separations where only a portion of the foulant is reversibly deposited on the membrane. It predicts the duration of each backpulse and time between backpulses which maximize the net flux. The foulant removed during each backpulse of liquid flow in the reverse direction through the membrane (i.e. from the permeate side to the feed side) is modeled as an exponential rise, with time constant τb and maximum fraction of foulant removed βmax which must be determined experimentally for each system. The net flux increases with decreasing τb and increasing βmax due to more effective cleaning by short backpulses. Experiments to test the model were performed using washed bacterial cells and a flat-sheet membrane module. From experiments with a long period of forward filtration followed by individual pulses of reverse flow, the proposed foulant-removal model provides a good fit to the data, with τb = 0.1–0.2 s and βmax = 0.4–0.6 for reverse trans-membrane pressures of 5 psi (35 kPa) or greater. For rapid-backpulsing experiments with repeated cycles of forward and reverse flow, a similar value of τb was obtained. However, a smaller value of βmax = 0.1–0.2 provides the best fit of the rapid-backpulsing data, indicating greater irreversible membrane fouling. Nevertheless, the net flux with backpulsing for the bacterial system studied is as much as six-fold greater than the long-term flux without backpulsing.
NASA Mission to Explore Forcing of Earth's Space Environment

The Global-Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission has been selected as a mission of opportunity by NASA's Small Explorer program. This mission, with an anticipated 2014 launch date, is an opportunity to significantly advance thermosphere-ionosphere (TI) science and to provide answers to key elements of an overarching question for heliophysics science: What is the global-scale response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to forcing (e.g., by geomagnetic storms or atmospheric tides) in the integrated Sun-Earth system?
Stressful experience has opposite effects on dendritic spines in the hippocampus of cycling versus masculinized females.

Stress increases associative learning and the density of dendritic spines in the hippocampus of male rats. In contrast, exposure to the same stressor impairs associative learning and reduces spine density in females. These effects in females are most evident when they are in the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle. An injection of testosterone at the time of birth masculinizes the female brain. In adulthood, masculinized females respond like males do to stress, i.e. they learn better. Here, we hypothesized that stress would increase spine densities on pyramidal neurons in area CA1 of the hippocampus of masculinized females, because stress enhances learning ability in both males and masculinized females. To test this, we used Golgi impregnation to stain tissue from masculinized and cycling females that were exposed to an acute stressor and sacrificed 1 day later. There was a significant interaction between stressor exposure and testosterone treatment at birth (p < 0.001). In general, cycling females that were stressed tended to possess fewer spines on apical and basal dendrites in the CA1 area of the hippocampus, whereas the masculinized females possessed significantly more spines after the stressor. These findings underscore the plastic nature of dendritic spines. They suggest that their response to stress in adulthood is organized by the presence of testosterone during very early development. Such a process may represent a mechanism for altering learning abilities after an acute traumatic experience.
Application of a glow discharge detector to the determination of trimethylsilyl-derivatized complex organic mixtures

Abstract A helium glow discharge is employed as a gas Chromatographie detector which is selective for silicon. Operated with spectral background compensation at 251.6 nm or 288.2 nm, the detector shows a lower limit of detection of 5 ng of silicon per injection. The detector is applied to the rapid screening of trimethylsilylated fractions of shale-derived liquids being prepared for biossay.
Pain Assessment in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease

The unpredictability of pain occurrence and the subjectivity of sickle cell pain create unique challenges in the assessment of pediatric sickle cell disease. A description and critique of current pain assessment measures, including verbal, motoric, and physiological-medical indices, and their applications with this population are provided. Pain assessment measures and corresponding research with pediatric sickle cell disease patients were found to be somewhat lacking, especially when compared with assessment of other pediatric problems. Major methodological concerns were revealed in that assessment has frequently relied on a single informant and pain measures often have been extended to a population beyond those on which they were normed. Findings emphasize the need for a multimodal approach to pain assessment, the use of pain ratings from multiple informants, and further development of more reliable and valid measures in order to provide adequate assessment and more effective pain management of pediatric sickle cell disease.
Realized heritability estimates in boars divergently selected for testosterone levels1,2

Summary Data were collected from 1982 through 1992 from 100 sires and 891 Duroc boars. Testosterone production was measured from peripheral blood samples before (PRE) and after (POST) GnRH challenge. Additionally, data were collected on testes volume at 168 d (TVOL), days to 104 kg (DAYS104), number born alive (NBA) and backfat adjusted to 104 kg body weight (FAT). Realized heritabilities were estimated from the regression of response on cumulative selection differentials. Heritabilities for POST were .15 ± .18 and .24 ± .08 in the low and high lines, respectively. This compares with the estimate of .26 ± .21 from son-sire regressions. The regression of other traits on cumulative selection differentials can be viewed as realized correlated responses to selection. After 10 generations, the high line was approximately three times greater than the low line for both PRE and POST levels of testosterone. Although not significant, high line pigs required fewer days to reach 104 kg, had more backfat and larger testes than low line pigs. Litter size was significantly larger for high line than for low line. Zusammenfassung Realisierte Heritabilitatsschatzungen von Divergenz fur Testosteronspiegel selektierten Ebern Die Daten stammen aus dem Zeitraum 1982–1992 von 891 Duroc Ebern aus 100 Vatertieren. Testosteronproduktion wurde von peripheren Blutproben vor (PRE) und nach (POST) GnRH-Gaben gemessen. Zusatzlich wurden Angaben uber Hodenvolumen am Tag 168 (TVOL), Zeitraum bis 104 kg Lebendgewicht (DAYS104), Zahl lebend geborener (NBA) und auf 104 kg Korpergewicht korrigierte Ruckenspeckdicke (FAT) erhoben. Realisierte Heritabilitatswerte wurden aus der Regression von Selektionserfolg auf kumulative Selektionsdifferenzen geschatzt. Heritabilitat fur POST waren 0,15 ± 0,18 und 0,24 ± 0,08 in der Minus- und in der Pluslinie. Aus Sohn-Vater-Regressionen ergab sich 0,26 ± 0,21. Die Regression anderer Eigenschaften auf kumulative Selektionsdifferenzen konnen als realisierte korrelierte Selektionserfolge betrachtet werden. Nach 10 Generationen hatte die Pluslinie etwa dreimal hohere PRE- und POST-Spiegel von Testosteron als die Minuslinie. Obwohl nicht signifikant, brauchten Schweine der Pluslinie weniger Tage bis 104 kg, waren fetter und hatten grosere Hoden als Schweine der Minuslinie. Die Wurfgrose der Pluslinie war hoher als in der niedrigen Linie.
A DSC-TLC ANALYSIS OF THERMOLYSIS REACTIONS INVOLVING 2'-DEOXYNUCLEOSIDES

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has provided a universal tool for ascertaining the effects of preparation and thermal history on the physical characteristics of polymers. When applied to the study of nonpolymeric compounds, however, the interpretation of thermal analysis data may be complicated by the possible occurrence of chemical as well as physical transformations under thermal stress. In the present study involving 2'-deoxynucleosides, this difficulty has been resolved by utilizing a DSC-TLC combination to correlate thermal phenomena with corresponding chemical and physical changes. This combination shows great promise in extending the application of DSC to the investigation of thermal reactions.
The biosynthesis of astaxanthin

Abstract A new keto carotenoid was isolated from goldfish ( Carssius auratus ) which was shown to be a 3-hydtoxy-3',4'-diketo-α-carotene. The name α-doradecin is proposed for the keto compound and doradexanthin for the esterified carotenoid, or mono keto compound. The carotenoids β-carotene, letein, α-doradecin, β-doradecin (3-hydroxy-3',4'-diketo-β-carotene) and astacin were isolated from extracts of goldfish. With the exception of β-carotene all occurred in the form of esters. It is suggested that astacin is synthesized from lutein via α- and β-doradexanthin by the oxidation of the β-ionone ring, the isomerization of the α-ionone ring, and its subsequent oxidation.
Impact of forest size on parasite biodiversity: implications for conservation of hosts and parasites

Studies of biodiversity traditionally focus on charismatic megafauna. By comparison, little is known about parasite biodiversity. Recent studies suggest that co-extinction of host specific parasites with their hosts should be common and that parasites may even go extinct before their hosts. The few studies examining the relationship between parasite diversity and habitat quality have focused on parasites that require intermediate hosts and pathogens that require vectors to complete their life-cycles. Declines in parasite and pathogen richness in these systems could be due to the decline of any of the definitive hosts, intermediate hosts, or vectors. Here we focus on avian ectoparasites, primarily lice, which are host specific parasites with simple, direct, life-cycles. By focusing on these parasites we gain a clearer understanding of how parasites are linked to their hosts and their hosts’ environment. We compare parasite richness on birds from fragmented forests in southern China. We show that parasite richness correlates with forest size, even among birds that are locally common. The absence of some ectoparasite genera in small forests suggests that parasites can go locally extinct even if their hosts persist. Our data suggest that the conservation of parasite biodiversity may require preservation of habitat fragments that are sufficiently large to maintain parasite populations, not just their host populations.
Dependence of RF frequency on injected optical frequency of an injection locked coupled opto-electronic oscillator

The RF stability of a COEO subject to external optical injection is measured as a function of injection frequency instability. Allan Deviation measurements show a distinct dependence of RF output on injection frequency.
Mechanization of the operational aspects of short-rotation forestry

Abstract The International Energy Agency (IEA) has recognized the importance of the proper use of current technologies in researching the concept of biomass as a renewable energy source. An early program included one project that dealt entirely with the mechanization of harvesting trees grown under short-rotation intensive culture (SRIC) forestry. The Bioenergy Agreement that ended 31 December 1988 expanded this involvement with mechanization by creating a separate Activity called ‘Production Technology’. This Activity investigated the current state of technology for establishing, managing and harvesting SRIC forests or plantations. Five countries participated: Canada, Denmark, Sweden, the UK, and the US. Several workshops were held, and a final joint project evolved. As the final effort, a ‘Sourcebook’ of Production Technology will be made available. A summary of the main findings is provided here. This document will be published by the IEA and updated in future years as needed.
Revisiting the empirical estimation of the effect of margin changes on futures trading volume

This study revisits the empirical estimation of the effect of margin requirements on trading volume. Although theory suggests that margin requirements impose a cost to traders and will therefore likely reduce volume traded, empirical examinations have generally failed to find this association. The contention of this article is that the theory is correct, but empirical estimation has generally neglected to adjust margins for underlying price risk. After adjusting for risk, this analysis finds economically and statistically significant negative effects of margin requirements on trading volume as predicted by theory. This study examined 6 contracts over a 17-year time period and found that financial futures contracts (gold, Dow Jones, and 10-Year Treasury Notes) were considerably more sensitive to changes in margin requirements than agricultural futures (wheat, corn, and oats). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:561–576, 2003
Studying the impact of evolution in R libraries on software engineering research

Empirical software engineering has become an integral and important part of software engineering research in both academia and industry. Every year several new theories are empirically validated by mining and analyzing historical data from open source and closed source projects. Researchers rely on statistical libraries in tools like R, Weka, SAS, SPPS, and Matlab for their analysis. However, these libraries like any software library undergo periodic maintenance. Such maintenance can be to improve performance, but can also be to alter the core algorithms behind the library. If indeed the core algorithms are changed, then the empirical results that have been compiled with the previous versions may not be current anymore. However, this problem exists only if (a) statistical libraries are constantly edited and (b) the results they produce are difference from one version to another. Hence in this paper, we first explore if either of the above two conditions hold true for one library in the statistical package R. We find that both conditions are true in the case of the randomForest method in the randomForest package.
α-Chain contacts in the polymerization of sickle haemoglobin

Five new double-mutant haemoglobins composed of betaS chains and alpha chains with different substitutions, which are located at the surface of the tetramer, have been prepared. Although all the hybrids are more soluble than deoxyhaemoglobin S, the individual differences between these molecules make it possible to evaluate several regions on the alpha chains for intermolecular contacts in the polymerisation of deoxyhaemoglobin S.
Demographic stochasticity: A Markovian approach

A Markov model is presented for population growth under “demographic stochasticity”, wherein each individual undergoes birth and death events independently of other individuals in the population. This approach more faithfully represents the true biological time scales of the process; it permits the analysis of skewed distributions of per-individual change, such as clutch size greater than 1; and it permits the calculation of a number of statistics to describe the behavior of the process, e.g. a cumulative distribution for times to extinction. Endangered species (e.g. grizzly bears and desert tortoises) with large clutch (litter) sizes and low growth are especially vulnerable to this form of stochastic extinction.
Are worker-owned cooperatives the brewing pots for social capital?

Worker-owned cooperatives, through open membership and democratic local ownership of the enterprise, are believed to provide a platform on which participation of local people in both social and economic activities can be enhanced. This paper explores the social capital creation processes of a worker-owned homecare cooperative. Data were collected through interviews, survey and document review and thematically analyzed. The study observed that frequent interaction among cooperative worker-owners improves participation and fosters network building among worker-owners and between them, their clients and professionals. This leads to increased self confidence, better business and relational skills, and optimism, which in turn, increases participation in business and societal activities. Interaction with professionals and other workers was observed to connect cooperative members with other individuals and resources outside the cooperative. This leads to growing self, business and community confidence, which, in...
Ultrastructure of the ventral sucker of Schistosoma mansoni cercaria.

The ventral sucker of Schistosoma mansoni cercaria is a cupshaped structure that is attached to the ventral surface of the organism by a homogeneous connective tissue that surrounds the acetabular glands. The sucker consists of an extensive complex of circular and longitudinal muscles. The longitudinal muscles extend outwoard in a radial pattern to form the cup of the organ. Intermingled with the muscles are nerve bundles and subtegumental cells (cytons). Dendritic nerve fibers connect to sensory papillae which are found on the surface tegument. Two types of sensory papillae are present: a commonly found unsheathed uniciliated papilla, and a previously unidentified tegumental encapsulated structure. Tegument with spines covers the ventral sucker, although the tegumental encapsulated sensory papilla lacks spines. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.