cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative models of instant drug testing: evidence from an experimental trial

This study describes and provides relapse and recidivism outcome findings related to an experimental trial evaluating the viability of frequent, random drug testing with consequences for use. The sample consisted of 529 offenders released on parole. An experimental design with random assignment to one of three groups was employed. The Experimental Group received frequent, random drug testing with instant results, immediate sanctions, and referral for substance abuse treatment. Control Group I received frequent, random drug testing and treatment referral, but did not receive immediate test results or immediate sanctions. Control Group II followed standard parole practice. Members of this group were not tested on a random basis and did not receive immediate sanctions. Repeated measures ANOVA and survival analysis techniques were used to explore group differences. Frequent monitoring of drug use with randomized testing protocols, immediate feedback, and certain consequences is effective in lowering rates of relapse and recidivism. The effectiveness is particularly salient in the short term during the period of exposure to testing conditions. The findings lend support to the use of randomized testing with swift and certain sanctions with parolees. Additional quality evidence is necessary to generalize and refine findings from this study and others that focus on sanction certainty. Future replications must consider the immediacy of test result and sanction execution as well as the length of exposure to randomized testing periods.
Effect of Changes in Transepithelial Transport on the Uptake of Sodium across the Outer Surface of the Frog Skin

The unidirectional sodium, uptake at the outer surface of the frog skin was measured by the method described by Biber and Curran (8). With bathing solutions containing 6 mM NaCl there is a good correlation between sodium uptake and short-circuit current (SCC) measured simultaneously except that the average uptake is about 40% higher than the average SCC. The discrepancy between uptake and SCC increases approximately in proportion to an increase in sodium concentration of the bathing solutions. Amiloride inhibits the unidirectional sodium uptake by 21 and 69% at a sodium concentration of 115 and 6 mM, respectively. This indicates that amiloride acts on the entry step of sodium but additional effects cannot be excluded. The sodium, uptake is not affected by 10-4 M ouabain at a sodium concentration of 115 mM but is inhibited by 40% at a sodium concentration of 6 mM. Replacement of air by nitrogen leads to a 40% decrease of sodium uptake at a sodium concentration of 6 mM. The results support the view proposed previously (8) that the sodium uptake is made up of two components, a linear component which is, essentially, not involved in transepithelial movement of sodium and a saturating component which reflects changes in transepithelial transport. Amiloride, seems largely to affect the saturating component.
Treatment of an identity-diffused adolescent on an acute inpatient unit.

The case of an adolescent hospitalized on an Acute Inpatient Unit following a suicide attempt is presented. Aspects of the patient's clinical presentation, specifically highly variable behaviors that eventuated in three recurring personality constellations, are linked to the youth's history of physical abuse. Interpretations of the boy's behaviors and treatment strategies are illustrated for consideration in work with other youth suffering histories of abuse
Application Of Nonlinear Optical Properties And Melt Dynamics Of Crystalline Silicon To Optical Limiting Of 1 Micrometer Picosecond Radiation

We have recently demonstrated a passive, picosecond, Si optical-limiting switch for 1 um radiation. Since this device functions below, at, and above the Si melting threshold, its operating characteristics are determined by a large number of mechanisms including nonlinear transmission, self-diffraction, nonlinear reflection, phase transitions, and resolidification morphologies. Here, we review measurements in which we apply a wide variety of picosecond spectroscopic techniques in order to characterize these optically induced phenomena.
The associative structure of some common english adjectives

Summary This paper presents an analysis of the relations among the associative distributions to 278 English adjectives. These adjectives provide a nearly exhaustive sample of adjectives with Thorndike-Lorge frequencies of 50 occurrences per million or greater. The analysis shows that among these adjectives there are 40 pairs of polar opposites or contrasts. Factor analysis of the intersections of associative distributions among these polar opposites reveals that they are nearly completely orthogonal. There is a sizeable correlation between loadings for the pairs big-little and large-small; nearly all the remaining pairs produce correlations close to zero. Some of the pairs define scales on which it is possible to locate parts of the intraverbal meaning of other adjectives. More than 100 adjectives in the present sample are located on one or more scales produced by the basic contrasts. Not all pairs of contrasts, however, have scalar properties; these words define contrasts but not contrasting scales. Finally, not all adjectives are organized by contrast, though it is probable that a very large number, perhaps the majority, are. Finally evidence is presented for the general linguistic validity of the results of factor analysis of associative meaning. Such evidence points to the determination of intraverbal relations in meaning by partial contextual equivalences plus whatever external contingencies exist between words and the environment at large.
Vascular risk factors, HIV serostatus, and cognitive dysfunction in gay and bisexual men

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cognitive performance, risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Methods: We evaluated the cognitive functions of men enrolled in the cardiovascular disease substudy of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study who were aged ≥40 years, with no self-reported history of heart disease or cerebrovascular disease. Results from comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations were used to construct composite scores of psychomotor speed and memory performance. Subclinical CVD was assessed by measuring coronary artery calcium and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), as well as laboratory measures, including total cholesterol, fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, glomerular filtration rate (estimated), and standardized blood pressure and heart rate measures. Results: After accounting for education, depression, and race, carotid IMT and glomerular filtration rate were significantly associated with psychomotor speed, whereas IMT was associated with memory test performance. HIV serostatus was not significantly associated with poorer cognitive test performance. However, among the HIV-infected individuals, the presence of detectable HIV RNA in plasma was linked to lower memory performance. Conclusions: These findings suggest that HIV infection may not be the most important predictor of cognitive performance among older gay and bisexual men in the post–highly active antiretroviral therapy era, at least among those with access to medical care and to appropriate medications. Medical factors associated with normal aging are significantly associated with performance on neuropsychological tests, and good clinical management of these factors both in HIV-infected individuals and those at risk for infection may have beneficial effects in the short term and could reduce the risk of subsequent cognitive decline.
Nonstoichiometry and relaxation kinetics of nanocrystalline mixed praseodymium–Cerium oxide Pr0·7Ce0·3O2−x

Abstract The oxygen deficiency and kinetics of oxygen uptake and release of nanocrystalline mixed praseodymium–cerium oxide with composition Pr 0·7 Ce 0·3 O 2−x were investigated by combining coulometric titration and potentiometric measurements using stabilised zirconia oxygen concentration cells. The P(O 2 ) versus composition isotherms indicate a two-phase region at high P(O 2 ) [P(O 2 )>0·1 bar at 560°C] and a single-phase region at lower P(O 2 ). The oxygen pressure dependence in the homogeneous region can be described by a power law with an exponent (−1/6), in accordance with doubly charged oxygen vacancies as majority defects. The enthalpy of reduction amounts to (2·9±0·3) eV. The chemical diffusion coefficients are of the order of 10 −6 cm 2 s −1 at 640°C with an activation energy of ≈0·3 eV. The low activation energy for diffusion may be related to the high density of interface sites in the nanocrystalline material.
Infrared Detector Arrays and Some Applications to Spectroscopy

The read noise, dark current, and pixel sizes of state-of-the-art infrared arrays for astronomy are presented. Considerations for instrument development utilizing infrared arrays are discussed, with emphasis on the background emission and expected sensitivity. A simple method of estimating the background emission on the JNLT and some applications to spectroscopy are presented.
Steroid hormone activation of wandering in the isolated nervous system of Manduca sexta

Steroid hormones modulate motor circuits in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The insect Manduca sexta, with its well-characterized developmental and endocrinological history, is a useful model system in which to study these effects. Wandering is a stage-specific locomotor behavior triggered by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), consisting of crawling and burrowing movements as the animal searches for a pupation site. This study was undertaken to determine whether the wandering motor pattern is activated by direct action of 20E on the CNS. 20E acts on the isolated larval nervous system to induce a fictive motor pattern showing features of crawling and burrowing. The latency of the response to 20E is long, suggestive of a genomic mechanism of action. The abdominal motoneurons or segmental pattern generating circuits are unlikely to be the primary targets of 20E action in inducing fictive wandering. Exposure of the segmental ganglia alone to hormone did not evoke fictive wandering. Therefore, as suggested by an earlier study, the likely site of 20E action is within the brain.
The participation of the United States government in providing financial support for medical education.

Abstract This paper examines the different issues and topics related to the support of medical education with specific emphasis on federal support. The importance of such an analysis lies in the fact that the current legislation, the Health Professions Educational Assistance Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-484), expires on September 30, 1980. Preparations for new legislation are currently under way. Therefore, discussions, such as those presented in this paper, are appropriate and should be part of the current literature with the hope of generating ideas from potential readers. Education, as developed in the US, has been strongly viewed throughout history as a public right (an inherent individual right) which produces public benefits. A discussion of this issue is presented along with an historical analysis of federal support for higher education, including medical education. The purpose is to establish the case that federal involvement (investment) has been and is at such a level that discontinued support could not be absorbed at the local or state level. Conditions and restrictions of federal support are also included in this section. Another section of the paper discusses the financial structure (sources of support, costs) found in most medical schools with an emphasis on the need for federal support both in terms of the amount and type of aid desired. The major points stressed are related to preserving institutional autonomy, diversity, and integrity and maintaining equality of educational opportunity. Alternative sources and types of financial support are discussed. The paper concludes with a summary of major points leading to the authors' position of continuing, unrestricted federal support for medical education on an institutional basis.
From brains to neural nets to brains

The paper traces theoretical work concerning the understanding and simulation of brain functions from early studies of artificial neural nets to present considerations of human consciousness. The emphasis is on work carried out since about 1963 at my laboratory in collaboration with my students. The discussion centers on sensory, especially visual, information processing, some of the cerebral mechanisms involved, and current approaches to an understanding of conscious perception. The sketchpad model, in which the ubiquitous feedback pathways in the brain play a dominant role, is described, together with a discussion of the meaning and applicability of scientific reductionism to the problem of consciousness.
Retrieving 3D canopy structure from synergistic analysis of multi-angle and lidar data

Recent empirical studies have shown that multi-angle data can be useful for predicting canopy height, but the physical reason for this correlation was not understood. The research presented here puts forth a physical explanation for this phenomenon. We employ the use of Radiative Transfer, more specifically canopy spectral invariants, which can decouple spectral and structural parameters in a vegetation canopy. As a case study we compare canopy heights predicted from a multivariate analysis of 28 (7 cameras* 4 bands) and LVIS canopy heights and a multivariate analysis of 7 directional escape probabilities and LVIS canopy heights. We find that the 7 directional escape probabilities can provide approximately the same amount of information about canopy height as 28 spectral/angular reflectances from AirMISR Finally we speculate that multi-angle data does not allow for extraction of canopy height but in fact requires synergy between Lidar sensors.
Design of an efficiency optimization controller for inverter-fed AC induction motors

Simple steady-state controllers have been developed and tested for reducing input power and improving the efficiency of AC motors operated with scalar adjustable speed drives. Voltage perturbation control reduces input power and a second controller changes frequency to correct rotor speed loss caused by voltage drops. Neither controller requires the use of a tachometer, machine model or machine circuit parameters. Both controllers are shown to work well in the laboratory for pump/fan type loads and other loads simulated with an eddy-current brake. A third controller produces an initial commanded frequency which compensates for the variation in slip with changing load and speed, producing the desired shaft speed as a fraction of rated speed, rather than the commanded fraction of rated frequency at an unknown speed. It is shown that motor energy savings using the energy optimizing controllers can be greater when operating near rated conditions than at significantly reduced load and speed, depending upon motor design characteristics.
Close clustering of anthers and stigma in Ipomoea hederacea enhances prezygotic isolation from Ipomoea purpurea

Theory predicts that, for taxa that are already substantially postzygotically isolated but for which hybrid mating is still costly, enhanced prezygotic isolation will be favored. Here, we tested this hypothesis by examining the potential contribution of one particular floral trait, herkogamy, to prezygotic isolation between two species of morning glory, Ipomoea hederacea and Ipomoea purpurea. This trait was experimentally manipulated to determine whether it is a likely prezygotic isolating barrier in naturally pollinated arrays in the field. Emasculated I. hederacea flowers set significantly fewer seeds than did control flowers, indicating that clustering of anthers and stigma in I. hederacea enhances prezygotic isolation from I. purpurea. We hypothesize that this occurs through some combination of mechanical protection and increased self-pollination, with the effect of mechanical protection estimated to be 30% greater than the effect of increased selfing. Our results identify stigma-anther proximity as a likely prezygotic isolating barrier and target of selection in the presence of heterospecific pollen flow, and provide motivation for further study of the role of floral morphology in reproductive isolation in this system.
Human-swarm interaction: an experimental study of two types of interaction with foraging swarms

In this paper we present the first study of human-swarm interaction comparing two fundamental types of interaction, coined intermittent and environmental. These types are exemplified by two control methods, selection and beacon control, made available to a human operator to control a foraging swarm of robots. Selection and beacon control differ with respect to their temporal and spatial influence on the swarm and enable an operator to generate different strategies from the basic behaviors of the swarm. Selection control requires an active selection of groups of robots while beacon control exerts an influence on nearby robots within a set range. Both control methods are implemented in a testbed in which operators solve an information foraging problem by utilizing a set of swarm behaviors. The robotic swarm has only local communication and sensing capabilities. The number of robots in the swarm range from 50 to 200. Operator performance for each control method is compared in a series of missions in different environments with no obstacles up to cluttered and structured obstacles. In addition, performance is compared to simple and advanced autonomous swarms. Thirty-two participants were recruited for participation in the study. Autonomous swarm algorithms were tested in repeated simulations. Our results showed that selection control scales better to larger swarms and generally outperforms beacon control. Operators utilized different swarm behaviors with different frequency across control methods, suggesting an adaptation to different strategies induced by choice of control method. Simple autonomous swarms outperformed human operators in open environments, but operators adapted better to complex environments with obstacles. Human controlled swarms fell short of task-specific benchmarks under all conditions. Our results reinforce the importance of understanding and choosing appropriate types of human-swarm interaction when designing swarm systems, in addition to choosing appropriate swarm behaviors.
Early mortality in multiple myeloma.

The life expectancy of patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma (MM) in the US has improved substantially over the last two decades, a phenomenon affecting predominantly, but not exclusively, younger patients.1 This improvement in survival has been attributed to the broader use of autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation (AHPCT)2 and increasing availability of novel drugs both in the newly diagnosed and relapsed setting,1 as well as improved supportive care. The impact of these interventions in early mortality (EM, henceforth defined as death in the first year after the diagnosis) is less well known.
THz Instruments for Space

Terahertz technology has been driven largely by applications in astronomy and space science. For more than three decades cosmochemists, molecular spectroscopists, astrophysicists, and Earth and planetary scientists have used submillimeter-wave or terahertz sensors to identify, catalog and map lightweight gases, atoms and molecules in Earth and planetary atmospheres, in regions of interstellar dust and star formation, and in new and old galaxies, back to the earliest days of the universe, from both ground based and more recently, orbital platforms. The past ten years have witnessed the launch and successful deployment of three satellite instruments with spectral line heterodyne receivers above 300 GHz (SWAS, Odin, and MIRO) and a fourth platform, Aura MLS, that reaches to 2520 GHz, crossing the terahertz threshold from the microwave side for the first time. The former Soviet Union launched the first bolometric detectors for the submillimeter way back in 1974 and operated the first space based submillimeter wave telescope on the Salyut 6 station for four months in 1978. In addition, continuum, Fourier transform and spectrophotometer instruments on IRAS, ISO, COBE, the recent Spitzer Space Telescope and Japan's Akari satellite have all encroached into the submillimeter from the infrared using direct detection bolometers or photoconductors. At least two more major satellites carrying submillimeter wave instruments are nearing completion, Herschel and Planck, and many more are on the drawing boards in international and national space organizations such as NASA, ESA, DLR, CNES, and JAXA. This paper reviews some of the programs that have been proposed, completed and are still envisioned for space applications in the submillimeter and terahertz spectral range.
The local field in infratentorial ependymoma: does the entire posterior fossa need to be treated?

Abstract Introduction: In the past decade, there have been multiple reports indicating that the predominant problem in the curative treatment of intracranial ependymoma is local failure. As a result, many have recommended local field radiotherapy. For infratentorial ependymoma, there is controversy regarding what constitutes the local field. Some radiation oncologists advocate coverage of the entire posterior fossa, whereas others recommend radiotherapy to the tumor bed and a safety margin. Methods and Materials: From 1984 to 1998, 28 patients with posterior fossa ependymoma were diagnosed at our institution. There were 18 males and 10 females with a median age of 12 years (range, 2–81 years). Four patients (14%) had high-grade ependymoma and 3 (11%) had M+ disease at initial diagnosis. Gross total resection was achieved in 17 (61%) and postoperative radiotherapy (RT) was given to 22 (77%). Radiotherapy fields were craniospinal in 10, whole brain in 1, posterior fossa in 2, and tumor bed with a 2-cm. margin in 9. Median dose to the primary site was 54 Gy (range, 45–55 Gy). All 4 patients with high-grade ependymoma received craniospinal RT. Six patients did not receive RT after surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans of the brain at initial diagnosis were compared to MRI or CT scans of patients at relapse to determine if the local relapse was in the tumor bed or nontumor bed posterior fossa. Median follow-up was 127 months (range, 14–188 months). Results: Six patients have relapsed. For the 11 patients who had craniospinal or whole brain radiotherapy (RT), 3 recurred (tumor bed 1, spine 1, nontumor bed posterior fossa + spine 1). Both patients who failed in the spine had high-grade tumors. Neither of the 2 treated with posterior fossa fields relapsed. For the 9 patients who had tumor bed RT alone and the 6 who did not receive RT, there were 3 relapses; all were in the tumor bed. There were no relapses in the nontumor bed posterior fossa. Conclusion: For nondisseminated, low-grade infratentorial ependymoma, the radiotherapy volume does not need to include the entire posterior fossa. This information can be used to minimize late effects of RT in the era of three-dimensional (conformal) radiotherapy. No conclusion can be reached regarding the appropriate local field for high-grade infratentorial ependymoma because of the small number of patients.
Reactant Correlation Effects Study of Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reaction on Supported Metal Catalysts

Non-classical results due to reactant correlation effects have been observed in the study of Monte Carlo simulations of the A2 + B2 → 2AB reaction. These simulation results, interpreted by the Pair Density Analysis method and the experimental kinetic studies, may provide an explanation of the early time anomalous kinetic behavior of the catalytic hydrogen isotope exchange reaction exhibited for surface-diffusion limited conditions on alumina supported platinum islands.
The Behaviour Style Observation System for Young Children Predicts Teacher-Reported Externalizing Behaviour in Middle Childhood.

The Behaviour Style Observation System for Young Children (BSOS) was used to predict preschool-aged children's externalizing and internalizing behaviour problems in middle childhood, 3–5 years after the initial assessment. This observational measurement tool was designed to sample and assess young children's disruptive, non-compliant, and unresponsive behaviour, during a brief (11 min) observation in the child's home. In the current study, the BSOS was used to predict parent and teacher ratings of child behaviour problems after school entry in a longitudinal sample (N=81) of at-risk children at time 2. The BSOS predicted teacher-reported externalizing problems at time 2. In contrast, parent reports of behaviour problems, although correlated with repeated parent reports at time 2, were not significantly predictive of teacher-reported behaviour problems at school age. The BSOS was not associated with either parent or teacher reports of internalizing problems. These findings emphasize the importance and utility of using observational measures when examining the continuity of behaviour problems in young children over time. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caveats for modeling disease free survival after radical prostatectomy.

I t has been more than a decade since Patrick Walsh described the “anatomic” radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localized prostate carcinoma. Since then, thousands of men with localized prostate carcinoma have been treated and we have come to recognize the tremendous heterogeneity in disease free survival. Early attempts at prognostication after surgery utilized the Whitmore A-D staging system, which has since undergone a number of revisions to become the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer TNM staging system. However, the evolution of staging classifications takes years to occur and is based primarily on existing models that do not account adequately for the myriad of other prognostic indicators such as prostate specific antigen (PSA) and tumor specific pathologic markers. More recently, investigators have incorporated staging into multivariate models. These models have elaborated on our understanding of the biology of prostate carcinoma by identifying the more important prognostic elements while simultaneously controlling for confounding variables. The Cox proportional hazards model specifically allows for the prediction of risk according to predetermined variables; however, the growing number of potential predictor variables makes the use of these traditional statistical methods cumbersome. To simplify the clinical application of these models, investigators often will construct classifying tables or nomograms. A major criticism of classifying modeled outcomes has been the arbitrary assignment of risk levels or cutoff values. In this sense, existing modeling techniques for disease free survival after radical prostatectomy have not been very satisfying. The article by Banerjee et al. in the current issue of Cancer addresses this issue by applying a nonparametric modeling technique known generally as recursive partitioning. This modeling technique requires a number of steps including 1) selection of the splits at each node, 2) determination of when to stop splitting, and 3) pruning the tree down to the right size. As a result, the models are only as good as the choices made by the investigator at each of these steps. In contrast to linear regression techniques, which require a predetermined linear model be fitted to the data with the assignment of various weights to each predictor variable, recursive partitioning is less restrictive and permits the data to dictate the structure of the model. 232
A Low-Cost and High-Resolution Droplet Position Detector for an Intelligent Electrowetting on Dielectric Device:

A low-cost and high-resolution capacitive-to-digital converter integrated circuit is used for droplet position detection in a digital microfluidic system. A field-programmable gate array FPGA is used as the integrated logic hub of the system for a highly reliable and efficient control of the circuit. A fast-fabricating PCB (printed circuit board) substrate microfluidic system is proposed. Smaller actuation threshold voltages than those previously reported are obtained. Droplets (3 µL) are actuated by using a 200 V, 500 Hz modulating pulsed voltage. Droplet positions can be detected and displayed on a PC-based 3D animation in real time. The actuators and the capacitance sensing circuits are implemented on one PCB to reduce the size of the system. With the capacitive droplet position detection system, the PCB-based electrowetting on dielectric device (EWOD) reported in this work has promise in automating immunohistochemistry experiments.
Androgen regulation of prostasin gene expression is mediated by sterol-regulatory element-binding proteins and SLUG.

BACKGROUND Prostasin is downregulated in hormone-refractory prostate cancers (HRPC). The mechanisms by which androgens regulate prostasin expression are unclear. METHODS LNCaP cells were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and mRNA expression of prostasin, SREBPs, SNAIL, and SLUG was examined by real-time PCR following reverse transcription. A human prostasin promoter was evaluated in HEK-293 cells co-transfected with transcription factor cDNAs. Regulation of endogenous prostasin expression by transfected SREBP-2 or SLUG was evaluated. Expression of SNAIL and SLUG mRNA in DU-145 cells treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) was examined. RESULTS Prostasin mRNA expression in LNCaP cells was not responsive to DHT treatment. DHT marginally upregulated mRNA expression of SREBP-1c, SREBP-2, and SNAIL, but not SREBP-1a, while dramatically increased SLUG mRNA expression, in a dose-dependent manner. Co-transfection of prostasin promoter and SREBP cDNA in HEK-293 cells resulted in stimulation of promoter activity at ∼twofold by SREBP-1c, and up to sixfold by SREBP-2; while co-transfection with SNAIL or SLUG cDNA resulted in repression of promoter activity to 43% or 59%, respectively. Co-transfection of the SLUG cDNA negated SREBP-2's stimulation of prostasin promoter in a dose-dependent manner. Transfection of an SREBP-2 cDNA in HEK-293 and DU-145 resulted in upregulation of prostasin while transfection of a SLUG cDNA in LNCaP repressed prostasin expression. EGF upregulated SNAIL and SLUG mRNA in DU-145. CONCLUSIONS DHT regulates prostasin expression in prostate cells via SREBP stimulation and SLUG repression of prostasin promoter. SLUG is upregulated by DHT and EGF, providing a molecular mechanism by which epithelial cell-specific genes are silenced during prostate cancer development and progression. Prostate 66: 911–920, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A new class of lysosomal/vacuolar protein sorting signals

A number of inherited lysosomal diseases are known to result from missorting of lysosomal proteins. Considerable attention has been directed toward an understanding of this sorting pathway, and it has become apparent that different mechanisms are used for the sorting of lysosomal membrane and soluble proteins. Protein sorting to the yeast vacuole/lysosome provides a simple model system to study this process. We have mapped the first sorting signal in a vacuolar membrane protein, repressible alkaline phosphatase, and have shown it to be both necessary and sufficient for vacuolar delivery of this enzyme. The sorting information is confined to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail region of this type II integral membrane protein. The location of this sorting signal provides an explanation for some of the differences observed between membrane and soluble vacuolar protein sorting.
Synthesis of Optimal Insertion Functions for Opacity Enforcement

Our prior work has studied the enforcement of opacity security properties using insertion functions. Given a system that is not opaque, the so-called All Insertion Structure (AIS) is a game structure, played by the system and the insertion function, that embeds all valid insertion functions. In this paper, we first propose a more compact AIS that can be constructed with lower computational complexity. We then introduce the maximum total cost and the maximum mean cost, and use them as quantitative objectives to solve for optimal insertion functions. Specifically, we first determine if an insertion function with a finite total cost exists. If such an insertion function exists, we synthesize an optimal total-cost insertion function. Otherwise, we construct an optimal mean-cost insertion function. In either case, we find an optimal insertion strategy on the AIS, with respect to the corresponding cost objective. The algorithmic procedures are adapted from results developed for minimax games and mean payoff games. The resulting optimal strategy is represented as a subgraph of the AIS that consists of all the system actions and the optimal insertion actions. Finally, we use this subgraph to synthesize an optimal insertion function that is encoded as an I/O automaton.
Conversion of phenylalanine to phenethylamine in patients with phenylketonuria.

Summary1. An increased production of phenethylamine was found in patients with phenylketonuria. 2. Phenethylamine synthesis was markedly reduced by α-methyldopa, an inhibitor of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase. This suggests that the synthesis of phenethylamine from phenylalanine in humans is catalyzed by this decarboxylase. 3. Since aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase is present in brain, it is likely that increased amounts of phenethylamine are synthesized in the central nervous system of patients with phenylketonuria.
What It Takes to Succeed: The Importance of Social Support for Academically Successful Middle School English Learners:

Missing from educational studies on English learners (ELs) is an investigation of those students who succeed beyond minimum standards, defying the achievement gap. The research study presented in t...
Increase in circulating red cell volume of normal rats after treatment with hydrocortisone or corticosterone.

Conclusions1. Administration of hydrocortisone or corticosterone for 60 days to normal rats elevated the total circulating red cell volume from 1.45 to 1.64 times that of normal untreated controls. 2. Rats treated with 0.5, 2 or 5 mg hydrocortisone or 5 or 10 mg corticosterone/kg body weight for 60 days, showed a significant elevation in erythrocyte, hematocrit and hemoglobin values.
Ultraviolet-C Light Sanitization of English Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Packaged in Polyethylene Film

Food safety is becoming an increasing concern in the United States. This study investigated the effects of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light as a postpackaging bactericidal treatment on the quality of English cucumber packaged in polyethylene (PE) film. Escherichia coli k-12 was used as a surrogate microbe. The microbial growth and physical properties of packaged cucumbers were analyzed during a 28-d storage period at 5 °C. Inoculating packaged cucumbers treated at 23 °C for 6 min with UV-C (560 mJ/cm(2) ) resulted in a 1.60 log CFU/g reduction. However, this treatment had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the water vapor transmission rate or oxygen transmission rate of the PE film. Results show that UV-C light treatment delayed the loss of firmness and yellowing of English cucumber up to 28 d at 5 °C. In addition, UV-C light treatment extended the shelf life of treated cucumber 1 wk longer compared to untreated cucumbers. Electron microscopy images indicate that UV-C light treatment influences the morphology of the E. coli k-12 cells. Findings demonstrate that treating cucumbers with UV-C light following packaging in PE film can reduce bacterial populations significantly and delay quality loss. This technology may also be effective for other similarly packaged fresh fruits and vegetables.
Sofic and Hyperlinear Groups

A length function l on a group G is a function \(\ell: G \rightarrow \left [0,1\right ]\) such that for every x, y ∈ G: l(xy) ≤ l(x) + l(y)
Elastin‐like polypeptides: A strategic fusion partner for biologics

Elastin-like peptides (ELPs) are derivatives of tropoelastin with a unique property that allows them to stay soluble below a certain critical temperature but reversibly form aggregates above that temperature. Since they are derived from tropoelastin, ELPs are biocompatible, non-toxic, and non-immunogenic. The unique properties of ELPs have made them a desirable class of fusion tags used in several biomedical applications including targeted drug delivery and enhancing the half-life of protein drugs. The most significant property of an ELP is that when fused to other proteins, the phase transition property of the ELP is maintained, and the target protein can be purified using the thermally driven property of the ELP. The ELP tag purification process is simple and inexpensive, and involves cycling the protein above and below the transition temperature of the ELP fusion followed by centrifugation to obtain the desired protein, without any need for chromatography. Consequently, using ELPs as a purification tag should be potentially interesting to biopharmaceutical companies who spend a significant percentage of their manufacturing costs on expensive protein purification techniques such as chromatography and filtration. However, ELP tags have not yet been used for commercial protein purification due to some challenges of translating this technique, which has been demonstrated mostly in academic laboratories, to a biotechnology manufacturing environment. The article first reviews the state-of-the-art in protein "ELPylation," and discusses some applications which have benefitted from using ELP as a fusion tag. Then, the article discusses the main advantages of using ELP as a purification tag, and evaluates the remaining hurdles for its implementation in industrial protein production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1617-1627. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hypnosis with the surgical patient.

Since World War I, hypnosis has been used by U.S. military medical personnel to treat shell shock, battle fatigue, and traumatic neurosis. Most recently, hypnosis has also been effective in the treatment of Vietnam combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Additionally, over 30 years ago, the American Medical Association endorsed the use of hypnosis by physicians and the teaching of hypnosis in medical schools. However, even with this rich tradition, there remains an underutilization of hypnosis within medical and surgical settings. To encourage the use of hypnosis, this paper reviews current literature concerning the benefits of employing hypnosis and positive outcome suggestions with surgery patients in a military hospital. Case studies are also included that describe the applications of hypnosis as an adjunct to successful surgical procedures. Practitioners are encouraged to learn more about hypnosis so as to determine the efficacy of this therapeutic modality as an appropriate addition to their treatment armamentarium. A protocol for hypnotic induction and positive suggestions with surgery patients is also included.
Masses for Ar-43 and the new isotopes Ar-45 and Ar-46

The reactions ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, ^{9}\mathrm{Be}$), ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, ^{7}\mathrm{Be}$), and ($^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{8}\mathrm{B}$) on $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ at $E(\ensuremath{\alpha})=78$ MeV and $E(^{6}\mathrm{Li})=80$ MeV were used to determine the mass excesses of $^{43}\mathrm{Ar}$ (-31.98 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.07 MeV), $^{45}\mathrm{Ar}$(-29.727 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.06 MeV), and $^{46}\mathrm{Ar}$ (-29.732 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.07 MeV) by counter telescope techniques. Excited states in $^{43}\mathrm{Ar}$ at 1.74 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.05, 2.55 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.05, 3.56 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.07, and 4.74 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.10 MeV and in $^{45}\mathrm{Ar}$ at 1.66 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.05, 2.42 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.05, and 3.25 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.07 MeV were also observed. Comparisons are made with mass predictions calculated from simple mass relations based on the shell model and with those obtained from the Garvey and Kelson approach.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}(\ensuremath{\alpha},^{9}\mathrm{Be})$, ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, ^{7}\mathrm{Be}$), $E=78$ MeV; $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$($^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{8}\mathrm{B}$), $E=80$ MeV; $^{43}\mathrm{Ar}$, $^{45}\mathrm{Ar}$, $^{46}\mathrm{Ar}$ measured mass excesses, excitation energies; compared mass predictions.]
A call to action (acute coronary treatment and intervention outcomes network):A National Effort to Promote Timely Clinical Feedback and Support Continuous Quality Improvement for Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background— There is a recognized need for a national unified registry to track presenting features, care, and outcomes for patients with acute myocardial infarction. To address this need, the American Heart Association’s Get With the Guidelines–Coronary Artery Disease program joined the Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network (ACTION) Registry to create the National Cardiovascular Data Registry ACTION–Get With the Guidelines (AR-G) in June of 2008. This article outlines the objectives, operational structure, patient population, data elements, data collection methodology, and reporting components of this landmark registry. Methods and Results— The AR-G was launched in January of 2007. The registry is led by a team of volunteers from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology, and its data coordinating center resides at the Duke Clinical Research Institute. As of December 2008, 344 US hospitals already contributed detailed clinical information on 103 890 myocardial infarction patients (inclusive of 39% ST-segment myocardial infarction and 61% non–ST-segment myocardial infarction patients). Overall data quality has been excellent, with <5% clinical fields missing. Site quality improvement efforts are supported via detailed quarterly feedback reports, routine web educational programs, and sharing of “best practice” clinical support tools. Conclusions— The AR-G represents a unified, national, acute myocardial infarction registry and supports a robust quality improvement effort designed to encourage evidence-based acute myocardial infarction care and, ultimately, improve patient outcomes.
Book Review: The New Censorship: Inside the Battle for Global Media Freedom, by Joel Simon

The New Censorship: Inside the Battle for Global Media Freedom. Joel Simon. New York: Columbia University Press, 2015. 236 pp. $18.79 hbk. $14.57 ebk.Anyone looking for an impartial view on censorship need not pick up this book. Joel Simon has spent most of his career as a champion for free expression, and here he collects examples of suppression of speech from around the world. As Executive Director of the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), he has firsthand knowledge of subtle forms of censorship and extreme examples of journalists who have been murdered in the pursuit of truth. This text is a work of advocacy, and Simon's thesis is clearly stated in the introduction:We need to fight both to keep the Internet open and to ensure justice for journalists who are killed. We need to deploy new technologies to help people in repressive societies circumvent censorship and fight to get imprisoned journalists out of jail. More broadly, we need a robust international framework that recognizes the crucial role that information plays in the new global order and provides redress for people everywhere who are unable to access the information to which they are legally entitled. Simon does not lack for examples. According to CPJ research, the number of journalists imprisoned and killed around the world has reached an all-time high. War and violent upheavals often account for journalists' deaths. Twenty-eight journalists died in 2012 in Syria alone. Countries well known for the suppression of free expression are all in the book: Pakistan, Mexico, Iraq, China, Venezuela, Russia, Iran, Colombia, and the Philippines figure prominently. Included in the text are well-known stories (such as the 2002 capture and murder of Daniel Pearl) and the less familiar cases (including the 2005 murder of Philippine journalist Marlene Garcia-Esperat). The cases are well documented. The author has interviewed dozens of people connected with the cases and, in some instances, has a personal connection with events. The book begins with his personal account of being in Pakistan when Osama bin Laden was killed by U.S. military forces. Simon is able to provide a perspective of the events unfolding in Pakistan but, more importantly, the media coverage of the events.The book highlights a number of interesting paradoxes. In an age when technology makes access to information easier than ever before, there is a tremendous threat that essential information will be kept from the public. The Internet makes it possible for individuals (who have no connection to established media) to become the reporters who provide us with information, but the major media outlets (which have scaled back operations to save money) increasingly rely on these independent sources of news. …
Patient and Occupational Dosimetry

With the introduction of dual-modality positron emission and transmission computed tomography (PET/CT) systems, concurrent acquisition and subsequent generation of coregistered functional (PET) and anatomic (CT) images have become the preferred diagnostic method.1–4 This capability has caused concern about increased patient radiation doses and occupational exposures to healthcare personnel.5–8 To address this concern, we need to determine the patient’s optimum administered radiopharmaceutical dosage and the appropriate CT scanning parameters as well as to instruct personnel in radiation-exposure-reduction techniques. The CT component can be used to correct for tissue attenuation, which is otherwise accomplished with an external radionuclide source, or to generate diagnostically suitable CT images. In either case, there should be an attempt to minimize the radiation dose while maintaining the diagnostic efficacy of the scan.
Using Synthetic Biology and pClone Red for Authentic Research on Promoter Function: Introductory Biology (identifying new promoters)

Students often memorize the definition of a transcriptional promoter but fail to fully understand the critical role promoters play in gene expression. This laboratory lesson allows students to conduct original research by identifying and characterizing promoters found in prokaryotes. Students start with primary literature, design and clone a short promoter, and test how well their promoter works. This laboratory lesson is an easy way for faculty with limited time and budgets to give their students access to real research in the context of traditional teaching labs that meet once a week for under three hours. The pClone Red Introductory Biology lesson uses synthetic biology methods and makes cloning so simple that we have 100% success rates with first year students. Students use a database to archive their promoter sequences and the performance of the promoter under standard conditions. The database permits synthetic biology researchers around the world to find a promoter that suits their needs and compare relative levels of transcription. The core methodology in this lesson is identical to the core methodology in the companion Genetics lesson by Eckdahl and Campbell. The methods are reproduced in both lessons for the benefit of readers. The two CourseSource lessons provide the detailed information needed to reproduce the pedagogical research results published in CBE Life Sciences Education by Campbell et al., 2014.