cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FREE TRADE, FREE LABOUR, AND SLAVE SUGAR IN VICTORIAN BRITAIN

This article reconsiders the sugar duties controversy in early Victorian Britain. Rather than representing the defeat of abolitionism by free trade zeal, the sugar question was a contest of two varieties of anti-slavery thought which had previously co-existed: one believing that slavery's immorality was accompanied by its productive inferiority to free labour and the other asserting that slavery's profits in this world were punished outside the marketplace. West Indian decline after the end of protection led to a revision of free labour superiority, with providential externalities replacing marketplace competitiveness. The episode demonstrates how little most Britons understood the welfare of black freedmen to be connected to anti-slavery after emancipation. A fuller appreciation of the slave sugar debate furthermore recovers an important abolitionist strand in the new ‘human history’ of free trade.
MMR vaccination and autism: is there a link?

In 1998, a report was published describing 12 patients with inflammatory bowel conditions and regressive developmental disorders consisting primarily of autism. The authors hypothesised that MMR vaccine may have been responsible for the bowel dysfunction which subsequently resulted in the neurodevelopmental disorders. The suggestion that measles vaccine may cause autism through a persistent bowel infection generated much interest since it provided a possible biological mechanism for a causal association. Epidemiological studies, however, have not found an association between MMR vaccination and autism. Autism has a strong genetic component and its associated neurological defects probably occur during embryonic development. It seems unlikely that a vaccination that is given after birth could cause autism. In a minority of cases, autism may have onset after 1 year of age (regressive autism) but the one epidemiological study that included such cases did not find an association with MMR vaccination. Currently...
Proteomic identification of serum peptides predicting subsequent spontaneous preterm birth.

Objective We sought to identify serum markers of subsequent spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) in asymptomatic women prior to labor. Study design Serum proteomics was applied to sera from 80 pregnant women sampled at 24 weeks and an additional 80 pregnant women sampled at 28 weeks. Half had uncomplicated pregnancies and half had SPTB. Results Three specific peptides arising from inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 protein were significantly reduced in women at 24 and 28 weeks having subsequent SPTB. The most discriminating peptide had a sensitivity of 65.0% and specificity of 82.5%; odds ratio, 8.8; and 95% confidence interval, 3.1–24.8. A combination of the 3 new biomarkers and 6 previously studied biomarkers increased sensitivity to 86.5%, with a specificity of 80.6% at 28 weeks. Conclusion Three novel serum markers of SPTB have been identified using serum proteomics. Using a combination of these new markers with additional markers, women at risk of SPTB can be identified weeks prior to SPTB.
Image-Based Nanocrystallography in Future Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopes

Since the crystallographic phase and morphology of many materials changes with the crystal size in the one to hundred nanometer range and the potential technological applications of nanoparticles are enormous, a need arises to determine the crystallography of nanoparticles individually. Direct space highresolution phase-contrast transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic resolution Z-contrast scanning TEM when combined with goniometry of direct and/or reciprocal lattice vectors offer the possibility of developing dedicated nanocrystallography characterization methods for such small nanoparticles. Although experimentally feasible for cubic nanocrystals with lattice constants larger than 0.4 nm in contemporary high-resolution TEMs with modest tilt range, image-based nanocrystallography by means of transmission electron goniometry has so far only been employed by a few specialists worldwide. This is likely to change in the future with the availability of aberration-corrected TEMs. The reasons why this change is likely to happen are outlined in this paper.
Differences in in vivo fluorescence yield between three phytoplankton size classes

The size-dependent relationship between in vivo fluorescence (IVF) and chlorophyll a was deter- mined for monthly phytoplankton samples from the San Francisco Bay estuary. Chlorophyll a and IVF were both measured on netplankton (>22 pm), nanoplankton (5-22 pm), and ultraplankton (<5 prn) samples that were separated with screens. IVF and chlorophyll a were linearly related for each size class, but the IVF per unit chlorophyll a (R) was significantly different between these three size classes. The ultraplankton R was twice that of the nanoplankton which was in turn twice the netplankton R. Hence, accurate size frac- tionation of phytoplankton biomass from measures of IVF requires correction for size-dependent variations in R.
An Institutional Logics Approach to the Analysis of Social Movement Fields

How do institutions generate stability within and limited diversity across social movements? To answer this question, we draw on select strands of Institutional Analysis and introduce the concept of institutional movement logics (IMLs), cultural templates made up of combinations of issues, tactics, and targets that provide social movement organizations with a focus of attention, a source of meaning and identity, and a vision of how to “do” contention. Movement organizations can be observed in clusters based on their IMLs that define the dominant set of logics within that field. In this way, IMLs account for patterns of stability and diversity within social movement fields. We provide evidence of the empirical utility of the IML approach with an analysis of Seattle’s social movement field between 1999 and 2005. Using scaling methods to elicit clusters of movement organizations by their combinations of issues, tactics, and targets, along with archival and interview data, we find that this field was structur...
Personnel-Economic Geography: Evidence from Large US Law Firms

We examine the role of hiring networks stemming from information asymmetries or co-worker complementarities in determining the personnel-economic geography of large US law firms. We show, using the Ellison and Glaeser (1997) index of concentration, that large law firms tend to be concentrated with regard to the law schools they hire from. There is substantial across-firm heterogeneity in law-school concentration. Oce-level concentration is substantially greater than firm-level concentration. Oce-level concentration is greater for associates than it is for partners, which may be consistent with various theories of employer learning. It seems that around two-fifths of observed oce-level concentration can be explained by simple measures of oce-school geographic proximity and firm-school reputation matches. We also find a strong relation between partner concentration (at the
Heat Transport in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer.

Abstract The structure of turbulence and transport of heat is examined from data obtained from 11 aircraft soundings executed in heated boundary layers during the Air Mass Transformation Experiment. Various influences on the turbulent transport are revealed by analyzing properties of the joint frequency distribution in polar coordinate. Such an analysis allows determination of a correlation coefficient and fluctuation amplitude as a function of properties of different types of motion comprising the total flow. In particular, the contribution of various events to the total flux is revealed without a priori specification of sampling criteria. In the present case, shear generation of turbulence and broken stratocumulus at the boundary layer top modify the profiles of virtual and sensible heat flux. The upward virtual heat flux shows the usual linear decrease with height but vanishes and becomes downward at the relatively low level of 60% of the boundary layer top. The vertical structure of the heat flux is e...
Competition, Coexistence, and Evolution

One of the basic questions in ecology is the relationship between species living at the same trophic level, and in particular the relationship between species that may compete for the available resources of food and places to live. One generalization relevant to this problem is known as the competitive exclusion principle, or Gause’s principle. According to this principle, two species competing for the same limited resources cannot coexist in the same locality; that is, one or the other species will sooner or later be eliminated. Considerable disagreement exists among ecologists concerning the validity and the importance of this principle. It is my purpose to show that the principle of competitive exclusion cannot be defended in its generality: two species may compete for limited resources and still coexist. Some of the conditions that allow competitive coexistence are discussed in the latter part of this paper. An investigation of the concepts of ecological niche and competition, which are essential for a precise formulation of the principle of competitive exclusion, precedes the consideration of the principle itself, and of the Volterra equations for species competition, which constitute the mathematical foundation of the principle.
Fiduciary and legal considerations for student-managed investment funds

ABSTRACTStudent-managed investment funds are popular forms of experiential learning in business schools and finance departments. The investment management experience is a real world activity and the structure of the fund may also introduce real world fiduciary and legal responsibilities for students, faculty, and administrators. The authors review how the Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act (UPMIF) and Investment Advisers Act of 1940 apply to common structures of student-managed funds. They summarize their findings to suggest the best structure of a student-managed fund depending on the source of funding and relevant requirements under the UPMIF and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
The search for a better battery: Government funding and venture capital won't buy us better batteries anytime soon [Spectral Lines]

Despite the appearance of rapid technological advances, the specter of stagnation looms over the world's innovators. Low-hanging fruit is nowhere to be seen in fields as crucial as digital electronics, biomedical devices, or space technology. Nothing illustrates the looming problem of stagnation more dramatically than the quest for a superbattery.
Human peripheral blood dendritic cells of patients with asthma participate the Th1/Th2 balance shift

The dendritic cells(DC) in patients with asthma were induced and proliferated in vitro and their morphology,ultrastuctures,specific surface markers,cytokines secreted and the mixed lymphocyte reaction were investigated in order to clarify their biological functions in the pathogenesis of asthma,in which PBMCs of patients was collected through density gradient centrifugation,and the adherent precursor cells of DC were isolated.Cytokines GM-CSF and IL-4 were added to the cultures of DC cultivated in vitro for 7 days to stimulate maturation of DC.ELISA assay was used to determine both the ability of DC to secrete IL-12 and the reaction with self T lymphocytes,meanwhile flow cytometery was applied to detect the levels of the intracellular cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4.It was demonstrated that the DC induced from PBMC of normal individuals showed typical dendritic processes and ultrastructures,highly expressed specific surface markers CD1a and CD83,secreted IL-12 and had a powerful ability to promote the proliferative function of T cells.The level of IL-12 secreted from 8 days-cultivated DC of asthma patients was significantly lower than those of normal control group(P0.01),At 7 day of co-cultivation with T cells derived from floating cells,the level of IFN-γ in asthma patients was significantly lower than those of control group,whereas that of IL-4 and the ratio of IL-4/IFN-γ were apparently higher in patients with asthma in comparison with those of the control group(P0.01).It is evident from these observations that the highly purified and functional DC obtained by co-cultivation with cytokines play an essential role in the pathogenesis of asthma through the regulation of IL-12 secretion.These findings can provide a basis for studies on tumor immunity,immunity to infectious agents and anti-graft-rejections.
Assessing the impact of different workplace flexibilities on workplace stress in the presence of varying degrees of job control

ABSTRACTWe apply probit and propensity score matching to 1667 respondents from the 2008 National Survey of the Changing Workforce to quantify how workers’ self-reported stress levels vary under two different workplace flexibilities and varying degrees of job control. The first workplace flexibility considered is the ability to easily take time off for personal and family matters; the second is the option of a compressed work week. Our findings suggest that the first flexibility correlates with lower stress reports regardless of job control level. The second flexibility, however, correlates with lower stress levels only for workers with low levels of job control. This suggests that a compressed work week does not reduce stress for workers that already have high levels of job control. The more general conclusion is that some flexibilities are substitutes for job control whereas other are not, assuming the larger goal is the reduction of workplace stress and the various maladies exacerbated by stress.
Effect of Medicaid expansions on preterm birth.

Objectives Inadequate prenatal care is thought to be a major modifiable risk factor for preterm birth, the leading cause of neonatal mortality. To improve high-risk women’s financial access to prenatal care, the U.S. Medicaid program underwent major expansions during the 1980s. We evaluated these expansions over the nine-year period 1983 to 1991 in Tennessee to determine their effects on Medicaid enrollment, use of prenatal care, and preterm birth. Methods We used linked birth certificates, Medicaid data, and U.S. Census files to identify 610,056 singleton births to African-American or Caucasian women in Tennessee whose last menstrual period was between 1983 and 1991. These were classified by maternal characteristics to identify groups with the greatest postexpansion increases in Medicaid enrollment, which should have benefited most from the policy changes. Study outcomes were Medicaid enrollment by delivery, enrollment in the first trimester, inadequate prenatal care (modified Kessner index), and preterm ( Results The expansions led to pronounced increases in maternal Medicaid enrollment by delivery (21% of births in 1983 to 51% by 1991) and in the first trimester (from 10% to 37%). Married women with Conclusions In Tennessee, the Medicaid expansions materially increased enrollment and use of prenatal care among high-risk women, but did not reduce the likelihood of preterm birth.
Abstract 4974: Using serological proteomics analysis to identify anti-nucleophosmin 1 autoantibody in sera from prostate cancer patients as potential diagnositic and prognostic biomarker

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) level test in blood has been widely implemented for the early detection and prediction of prostate cancer (PCa). However, lack of specificity led to overdiagnosis, following by unnecessary biopsies and overtreatment. Therefore, novel serological biomarkers are urgently needed to complement PSA by enhancing its sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of PCa. Autoantibodies against intracellular tumor associated antigens (TAAs) are commonly found in various types of human cancers. Their utility in providing insights into tumor biology and as potential cancer biomarkers is well documented. Previous studies have demonstrated that sera from patients with PCa contain autoantibodies that react with TAAs. In this study, we identified and characterized nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) with 33 kDa molecular weight as an autoantigen by using serological proteomics analysis (SERPA) approach. In the further validation study, it was observed that the level of anti-NPM1 in sera from patients with PCa was significantly higher than that from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and healthy individuals and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed high diagnostic value for PCa (area under the curve (AUC):0.805). Interestingly, when considering anti-NPM1 combined with PSA level in sera from PCa patients at the early stage as well as BPH, 100% PCa patients could be identified correctly, while 69.2% patients with BPH who has elevated PSA level were found anti-NPM1 negative. The data suggested that anti-NPM1 can elicit humoral immune response in PCa and might be a potential biomarker for the immunodiagnosis of PCa, and it would be a supplementary of PSA examination to distinguish PCa from BPH. Key words: prostate cancer; nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1); tumor-associated antigens (TAAs); autoantibodies; serological proteomics analysis (SERPA) Citation Format: jitian li, Liping Dai, Ningjing Lei, Mengtao Xing, Carlos A. Casiano, Jianying Zhang. Using serological proteomics analysis to identify anti-nucleophosmin 1 autoantibody in sera from prostate cancer patients as potential diagnositic and prognostic biomarker. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4974.
An Axe to Grind: A Functional Analysis of Anasazi Stone Axes from Sand Canyon Pueblo Ruin (5MT765), Southwestern Colorado

ABSTRACTA summary is presented of the analysis of 44 stone axes from Sand Canyon Pueblo Ruin (Mills 1987), a thirteenth-century Anasazi pueblo northwest of Cortez, Colorado. Many researchers have assumed that axes were used mainly on timber. Others have suggested that axes were used occasionally as agricultural tools. In order to evaluate these hypotheses, seven replicated axes were employed in various tasks. These included chopping juniper (Juniperus monosperma), chopping pinyon (Pinus edulis), clearing sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), and digging pits. Resulting wear-patterns were then compared to the wear on the prehistoric axes. Twenty-four of the 33 axes with intact bits were as dull or duller than an experimental axe that could not chop living pinyon effectively. Thirty of the 44 prehistoric axes displayed wear best matching the wear on experimental axes used to chop sagebrush at ground level. Only six of the prehistoric axes displayed wear-patterns similar to those generated from chopping trees.
Old moms say, no Sir.

Is aging ineluctable, or are there genetic programs of aging that could be manipulated to extend life span? Research over the past two decades has provided powerful evidence that aging is indeed regulated by genes that control highly conserved pathways ( 1 ). For example, mutations in single genes in model organisms like flies and worms not only allow these animals to live longer, but rejuvenate them as well ( 2 ). Even the single-celled budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ages, and specific genes likewise control this process ( 1 ). Indeed, one of the most powerful genetic manipulations to extend life span was discovered in yeast. The histone deacetylase silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) is required for repressing the transcription of certain mating-type loci, telomeres, and ribosomal DNA ( 3 – 5 ). The latter had been linked to aging in yeast, inspiring studies that revealed Sir2's importance for this process ( 6 ). Subsequent work in yeast and animal models established that changes in Sir2 activity are responsible for much of the life span–extending effects of caloric restriction ( 7 ). On page 1184 of this issue, Schlissel et al. ( 8 ) report that a particular facet of aging, which had long been attributed to age-dependent changes in Sir2 function, is caused by a new mechanism.
Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula

Hedonic hotspots are brain sites where particular neurochemical stimulations causally amplify the hedonic impact of sensory rewards, such as "liking" for sweetness. Here, we report the mapping of two hedonic hotspots in cortex, where mu opioid or orexin stimulations enhance the hedonic impact of sucrose taste. One hedonic hotspot was found in anterior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and another was found in posterior insula. A suppressive hedonic coldspot was also found in the form of an intervening strip stretching from the posterior OFC through the anterior and middle insula, bracketed by the two cortical hotspots. Opioid/orexin stimulations in either cortical hotspot activated Fos throughout a distributed "hedonic circuit" involving cortical and subcortical structures. Conversely, cortical coldspot stimulation activated circuitry for "hedonic suppression." Finally, food intake was increased by stimulations at several prefrontal cortical sites, indicating that the anatomical substrates in cortex for enhancing the motivation to eat are discriminable from those for hedonic impact.
Creating a Last Twenty (L20) Collection: Implementing Section 108(H) in Libraries, Archives and Museums

Section 108(h) has not been utilized by libraries and archives, in part because of the uncertainty over definitions (e.g. “normal commercial exploitation”), determination of the eligibility window (last twenty years of the copyright term of published works), and how to communicate the information in the record to the general public. This paper seeks to explore the elements necessary to implement the Last Twenty exception, otherwise known as Section 108(h) and create a Last Twenty (L20) collection. In short, published works in the last twenty years of the copyright may be digitized and distributed by libraries, archives, and museums, as long as there is no commercial sale of the works and no reasonably priced copy is available. This means that Section 108(h) is available for the forgotten and neglected works, 1923-1941, including millions of foreign works restored by GATT. Section 108(h) is less effective for big, commercially available works. In many ways, that is the dividing line created by Section 108(h): allow for commercial exploitation of works throughout their term, but allow libraries to rescue works that had no commercial exploitation or copies available for sale and make them available through copying and distribution for research, scholarship, and preservation. In fact, Section 108(h) when it was being debated in Congress was called labeled “orphan works.” This paper suggests ways to think about the requirements of Section 108(h) and to make it more usable for libraries. Essentially, by confidently using Section 108(h) we can continue to make the past usable one query at a time. The paper ends with an evaluation of the recent Discussion Paper by the U.S. Copyright Office on Section 108 and suggests changes/recommendations related to the proposed changes to Section 108(h).
Parental psychosocial factors and childhood caries prevention: Data from an American Indian population.

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the association among psychological and social variables reported by American Indian parents/caregivers of preschool children and changes in their Oral Health Knowledge and Behaviors related to care of their children's teeth. We also investigated the relationship of these factors with progression of caries, as reflected by changes in their children's dmfs. METHODS The data used for this study were collected at baseline in a clinical trial of an oral health promotion intervention comprising behavioural and clinical interventions for caries prevention delivered by tribal members on a large Southwestern American Indian reservation. Linear regression analyses were performed for changes (baseline to Year 1) in dmfs, Oral Health Knowledge and Oral Health Behavior scores, with baseline psychosocial measures, taken individually, as the independent variables. RESULTS Parents' attitudes and beliefs were associated with increases in their Oral Health Knowledge and Behavior and also with the progression of caries for their children. When all participants were considered together, increases in children's dmfs were smaller when the caregiver had higher Internal Oral Health Locus of Control (e = -1.33, P = .004), higher Health Literacy (e = -1.55, P < .01), and higher Financial Stability (e = -4.46, P = .03), and lower scores for the Barriers subscale (e = 1.57, P < .01) of the Health Belief Model. For parents in the Intervention group, higher scores on Locus of Control, reflecting beliefs that chance, or other people determine their children's oral health, were associated with larger increases in Oral Health Knowledge (e = 1.73, P = .04) and Behaviors (e = 4.00, P = .005). CONCLUSIONS Prevention of early childhood caries in American Indian children has proved to be especially challenging. Some of the measures identified in this report may suggest promising directions to prevention through approaches that build on competencies and skills to be learned and used within a context more broadly focused on parenting and management of health and family challenges.
Exploring Linguistics in Literature: An Analysis of Linguistics through Words

Exploring the linguistic styles of language through words, the selection of language used by an author is pivotal to choosing their works. Linguistics are used as a tool to explore emotion through each author’s works, where a semantic domain is often shared in all language. Words such as feel, want, and love are consistent words that provide power to the meaning of the words. Words within these works expressed emotion through language, which created a culture that embraced the emotional experience of the reader through a breakdown of words, such as the use of context to create a fevered effect to language. Context as a linguistic structure, holds particular meaning to tone of voice, body language, and the words being used for branding, storytelling, and to promote power through words. The study of Old, Middle, and Early Modern English has influenced the creation of literature through dialect and through history the English has transformed over the years, we should consider ourselves to be philologists that study the classics and its uses.
Neurotrophins: Essential Functions In Vivo Characterized by Targeted Gene Mutations

Publisher Summary Innervation of target organs is necessary for the survival of many central and peripheral neurons. Neurotrophins secreted by these target organs are believed to be crucial mediators of these interactions. The neurotrophins interact with two types of cell surface receptors. Analysis of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNFneo) mice has provided convincing evidence that BDNF regulates the differentiation of many different populations of the central nervous system neurons. There is strong evidence, though limited in scope, that neurotrophins regulate neuronal differentiation in vivo. Evidence for other functions is even less complete. Previous work using transgenic animals that ectopically express nerve growth factor has shown that ectopic or enhanced expression results in ectopic or enhanced innervations by responsive neurons. In the TrkA mutant, cholinergic basal forebrain neurons survive and express choline-O-acetyltransferase but fail to innervate the hippocampus normally. In the other mutants, similar effects have not yet been documented convincingly, although such evidence seems very likely to be forthcoming.
Structural Efficiency and Microstructural Modeling of Wet Gels and Aerogels

We present a microstructural model of aerogels that includes the effect of particle necks, tortuosity and dangling ends on the scaling of elastic moduli with density. Relative neck radii can be determined for sintering series of silica aerogels and for Resorcinol Formaldehyde (RF) aerogels produced with different catalyst concentrations. The density of elastically ineffective dangling ends and the tortuosity can be estimated using information from thermal conductivity and elastic modulus measurements in silica aerogels. Typical values for the load bearing mass range from >50% for high density and heat treated aerogels to <10% of the total mass for low density wet-gels.
Anesthesia for Urological Endoscopic Procedures

Urological endoscopic procedures are performed on a wide variety of patients ranging from the young, physically fit to the elderly with multiple comorbidities. While these procedures generally do not require any particular anesthetic technique, depending upon the procedure, the medical condition of the patient, and patient’s and/or surgeon’s preference, one technique may be more appropriate. Many of these procedures are ambulatory, performed in cystoscopy suites with a rapid turnover of patients, and the anesthetic choice must also consider these concerns. This chapter focuses on the anesthetic concerns of urological endoscopic procedures ranging from the relatively minimally invasive cystoscopy to transurethral resections, along with the newer surgical techniques for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, and ureteroscopic procedures.
Multiple Fungal GATA Transcription Factors and Combinatorial Gene Regulation

GATA factors are sequence-specific DNA binding proteins that possess one or two Cys2/Cys2-type zinc fingers which are found in eukaryotes from yeasts to higher plants and mammals. The GATA proteins function as transcription factors and their regulatory roles are quite diverse, ranging from controlling the expression of sets of downstream genes involved in various metabolic pathways to governing cell differentiation and development (Marzluf 1997; Mohun and Sparrow 1997; Orkin 1997). Both mice and humans and probably most mammals possess at least six different GATA factors, each of which displays a tissue-specific pattern of expression and controls a particular aspect of cellular differentiation or development (Mohun and Sparrow 1997; Nardelli et al. 1999).
Temporary Book Storage Using a Document Management Company

Finding an appropriate temporary storage location for books and providing access to them is a significant challenge for libraries undergoing renovations. The current article describes the use of a document management company by an academic library to store 430,000 books for eight months and provide a retrieval-on-demand service. Aspects covered include the selection of a commercial storage provider with its own retrieval service; details of the move to and from offsite storage; the integration of the service with library processes; communications and user feedback; book usage during the storage period; overall costs; and lessons learned from the experience.
Wounding the Gods: The Mortal Theomachos in the Iliad and the Hesiodic Aspis

In this article, I explore the figure of the mortal theomachos in archaic Greek hexameter poetry. In particular, I examine how the Iliad and the Hesiodic Aspis construct Diomedes and Heracles respectively in their capacity to fight and wound divine opponents. Through a careful study of these two figures, I argue that they are emblematic of the heroic generations they belong to.
Public reason's private roles: legitimising disengagement from religious patients and managing physician trauma

Greenblum and Hubbard argue that physicians are duty-bound by the constraints of Rawlsian ‘public reason’ to avoid engaging their patients’ religious considerations in medical decision-making.1 This position offers a number of appealing benefits to physicians. It will appear plausible because Rawls’s philosophical tradition of Political Liberalism enjoys the status of ideological orthodoxy in institutions tasked with forming the moral imaginations of physicians and other elites.2 3 It casts the physician in the role of a ‘reasonable person’ occupying the space of public reason whose medical and ethical judgments are opposed by ‘sectarian’ religious patients who refuse to be reasonable. This narrative authorises the exclusion of patient religious considerations from medical decision making when they do not ‘translate’ into reasons recognised by ‘reasonable’ medical professionals and manages the trauma of overwhelmed physicians by legitimising disengagement from difficult interactions with religious patients. The authors’ arguments depend on concepts from Rawls’s Political Liberalism 4 and are presented as if the premises of Liberal theory are incontestable—despite the fact that a large body of philosophical literature challenging its premises and core concepts has existed for decades.3 5–7 This ‘nothing to see here, move along’ approach saves more space for anecdotes about religious people, at which …
Short-Long Heart Rate Variation Increases Dispersion of Action Potential Duration in Long QT Type 2 Transgenic Rabbit Model.

The initiation of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in long QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2) has been associated with a characteristic ECG pattern of short-long RR intervals. We hypothesize that this characteristic pattern increases APD dispersion in LQT2, thereby promoting arrhythmia. We investigated APD dispersion and its dependence on two previous cycle lengths (CLs) in transgenic rabbit models of LQT2, LQT1, and their littermate controls (LMC) using random stimulation protocols. The results show that the short-long RR pattern was associated with a larger APD dispersion in LQT2 but not in LQT1 rabbits. The multivariate analyses of APD as a function of two previous CLs (APDn = C + α1CLn−1 + α2CLn−2) showed that α1 (APD restitution slope) is largest and heterogeneous in LQT2 but uniform in LQT1, enhancing APD dispersion under long CLn−1 in LQT2. The α2 (short-term memory) was negative in LQT2 while positive in LQT1, and the spatial pattern of α1 was inversely correlated to α2 in LQT2, which explains why a short-long combination causes a larger APD dispersion in LQT2 but not in LQT1 rabbits. In conclusion, short-long RR pattern increased APD dispersion only in LQT2 rabbits through heterogeneous APD restitution and the short-term memory, underscoring the genotype-specific triggering of arrhythmias in LQT syndrome.
PEDAGOGIA DA EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA EM ESCOLAS URBANAS: UMA REVISÃO CRÍTICA

The purpose of this paper was to provide a critical review of the literature related to pedagogy of physical education in urban schools using culturally sustaining pedagogy as a lens. Data was collected via keyword searches, table of contents searches in three U.S.-based journals, and additional references from retrieved articles. The sample included 54 studies which were analyzed in depth and coded for various factors. The findings provide descriptive statistics about the literature, as well as three major themes highlighting cultural relevance in PE, urban student resistance to traditional curriculum, and urban PE to address deficits. The discussion suggests “loving critiques” that could apply to the field of PE, especially in urban contexts.
Focused Engagement: Lessons Learned from a Study Assessing Campus Climates for Political Learning and Engagement in Democracy.

Over the past 20 years, colleges and universities have committed to providing students with a wide range of civic and community engagement experiences, but little is known about campus climate for political learning and engagement at higher education institutions. This article examines the key opportunities and challenges associated with planning, recruiting, and conducting focus groups as part of a national project focused on political learning and engagement in democracy at one public Midwestern metropolitan university.
Stress-tolerant non-conventional microbes enable next-generation chemical biosynthesis

Microbial chemical production is a rapidly growing industry, with much of the growth fueled by advances in synthetic biology. New approaches have enabled rapid strain engineering for the production of various compounds; however, translation to industry is often problematic because native phenotypes of model hosts prevent the design of new low-cost bioprocesses. Here, we argue for a new approach that leverages the native stress-tolerant phenotypes of non-conventional microbes that directly address design challenges from the outset. Growth at high temperature, high salt and solvent concentrations, and low pH can enable cost savings by reducing the energy required for product separation, bioreactor cooling, and maintaining sterile conditions. These phenotypes have the added benefit of allowing for the use of low-cost sugar and water resources. Non-conventional hosts are needed because these phenotypes are polygenic and thus far have proven difficult to recapitulate in the common hosts Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Imaging the glutamate synapse.

A new positron emission tomography radiotracer enables imaging of the human glutamate receptor AMPA-R, a fundamental component of neurotransmission involved in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Artificial neural network classification of surface reflectors and volume scatterers using sequential echoes acquired with a biomimetic audible sonar.

This paper investigates classifying two target groups, surface reflectors (SR) and volume scatterers (VS), using echo envelope features. SR targets have convex surface patches that exhibit echo persistence over aspect angle, while VS targets are composed of random range-distributed and oriented reflectors producing echoes that become uncorrelated with small changes in aspect angle. The SR target group contains single-post (P1) and multiple-post (PM) types and the VS group contains Ficus benjamina (F) and Schefflera arboricola (S) foliage types with leaf areas that differ by a factor of 4. A biomimetic sonar emitting audible clicks acquired sequences of up to three binaural echoes from target views separated by 18°. Two artificial neural networks performing linear and nonlinear classification first differentiated SR/VS target groups and then P1/PM and F/S types. Classification performance improved with echo number, from a single monaural echo to three pairs of binaural echoes, demonstrating the benefit of sequential echoes. Linear and nonlinear classification of SR/VS targets achieved a minimum generalization error probability PEG = 0.003. Nonlinear P1/PM classification achieved PEG = 0.009 that was four times smaller than linear classification. Nonlinear F/S classification achieved PEG = 0.220, indicating that envelope features by themselves are inadequate to accurately differentiate foliage targets.
Transfer of microorganisms and respiratory viruses through food.

A major focus of food safety is on the contamination by microorganisms which occur during multiple stages along the food production and supply chain process. The microorganisms associated with foodborne illness are well-studied but normally do not include human nosocomial pathogens, particularly human respiratory diseases transmitted via mucosal droplets. A generally accepted mode of transmission for respiratory diseases include touching contaminated fomites followed by self-inoculation with fingers and hands by touching the face. Based on the existing modes of disease transfer, there is also the potential to spread these respiratory diseases through food. Several possible examples of direct transfer include sharing foods such as drinks, dipping sauces and popcorn while foods could also be indirectly contaminated by hands and utensils. Thus person to person transfer of disease agents seems likely by direct or indirect contact with food just prior to or during consumption.
Robust Lane Detection with Binary Integer Optimization

Formula Student Driverless (FSD) is a competition where student teams compete to build an autonomous racecar. The main dynamic event in FSD is trackdrive, where the racecar traverses an unknown track with lanes demarcated by cones. One major challenge of the event is to determine the boundaries of the lane from cones perceived online despite false positive cone detections and sharp turns. We present a binary integer optimization to address this problem by leveraging a priori knowledge from competition rules on parameters such as average cone spacings and minimum track width. In this paper, we describe our approach, and analyze its latency, accuracy, and robustness to false positive cone detections. This approach is used on-board to solve the lane detection problem during the competition in real-time.
Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive Illumination with X-rays

We propose a learning algorithm for automating image sampling in scientific applications. We consider settings where images are sampled by controlling a probe beam’s scanning trajectory over the image surface. We explore alternatives to obtaining images by the standard rastering method. We formulate the scanner control problem as a reinforcement learning (RL) problem and train a policy to adaptively sample only the highest value regions of the image, choosing the acquisition time and resolution for each sample position based on an observation of previous readings. We use convolutional neural network (CNN) policies to control the scanner as a way to generalize our approach to larger samples. We show simulation results for a simple policy on both synthetic data and real world data from an archaeological application.
Exploring the boundaries of the parasocial contact hypothesis: an experimental analysis of the effects of the “bury your gays” media trope on homophobic and sexist attitudes

Once ignored by the popular media, sexual and gender minority (SGM) characters have become increasingly visible in recent decades. According to the parasocial contact hypothesis, favorable media po...
Deployment of Prognostics Technologies and Tools for Asset Management: Platforms and Applications

Over recent years, a significant amount of research has been dedicated to the development of Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) models. However, less attention is paid towards implementing the developed models to real-world applications to serve the needs of industry. In order to successfully implement a PHM system, a systematic approach is required to deploy the developed analytic tools (algorithms, software and agents) using a scalable hardware platform. In this paper, different PHM deployment platforms including stand-alone PC, embedded and cloud-based platforms are benchmarked. Then, a unified strategy for deploying the developed PHM tools using each of these platforms is presented. A smart deployment platform selection method using Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is also introduced. Following that, several case studies from different applications are provided as examples to demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of each deployment platform.
Foreign Official Immunity: Invocation, Purpose, and Exceptions

Government officials who are sued in foreign national courts are entitled, as a matter of customary international law, to immunity for their official actions. Scholars disagree, however, about the basis for and scope of such immunity, especially in human rights cases. Although academic articles on this topic are easy to find, far less common are clear examples of the State practice and opinio juris upon which customary international law is based. For this reason, recent Swiss and U.S. court decisions explicitly rejecting foreign official immunity in human rights cases assume particular importance. This article analyzes the decisions and their significance for customary international law, focusing in particular on the invocation of immunity, the purpose that this kind of immunity serves, and the claim that immunity in human rights cases is more limited than in other kinds of litigation. It argues based on State practice and as a matter of policy, that the immunity of officials derives from the immunity of the State itself and its purpose is to protect the State. As a consequence, the State must invoke this form of immunity in order to enjoy its protections. The recent decisions are on far weaker footing, by contrast, to the extent they suggest that immunity generally does not apply in cases alleging human rights violations.
Should Empirically-Based Practice Be Taught in BSW and MSW Programs? No!

need to make their profession "scientific." In the last two decades, the nature of this debate has changed and its intensity has increased. Two developments were instru mental in bringing about this change: the effectiveness studies of the early 1970s (Fischer, 1973), which cast doubt on the efficacy of social work services, and the popularization of single-case designs, which promised to put the power of science into the hands of practitioners. These developments led many to believe that social work practice would have to become more research-based, if it were to compete successfully in a world of dimin ishing resources. According to this view, social work practice should be based on research-derived knowledge, and it should be evaluated using methods of empirical research. These beliefs provide the ratio nale for what is known as empirically based practice. Empirically-based practice can take var ious forms; however, common underlying beliefs and assumptions can be identified.1 The most encompassing of these beliefs is that social work research (and, by implica tion, practice) should be based on the canons of conventional science—an empir icist epistemology, realist ontology, and a deterministic view of human nature. It follows from this foundation that the
Let's Not Forget the Biodiversity of the Cities

Cities contain over half of the world's population and are the source of many anthropogenic effects on the world's biota. Close examination of San Juan, Puerto Rico, a tropical city, reveals a significant green infrastructure. The city contains natural and human-constructed forests, urban aquatic systems with native and introduced species, and a thriving and diverse biota adapted to urban conditions. It behooves tropical ecologists to pay attention to the biodiversity of urban environments to learn lessons about ecological persistence and adaptation to novel anthropogenic environments.