cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluations of Repellents for Hippelates Eye Gnats

Twenty chemicals or combinations of chemicals were evaluated for their repellency toward Hippelates pusio Loew with turntables in the field. Some of the materials were also tested against H. bishoppi Sabrosky and H. pallipes Loew. The most effective repellents for H. pusio were: Triple Mix (63.8% dimethyl phthalate + 18.8% Indalone® (butyl 3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-2 H -pyran-6-carboxylate) + 17.3% ethyl hexanediol), MGK (McLaughlin Gormley King Co.) Formula 5780 (75% ethyl hexanediol + 4% MGK 264® ( N -(2-ethylhexyl)-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide) + 1% MGK Repellent 11® (1,5a,6,9,9a,9b-hexahydro-4a (4H)-dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde) + 1% MGK Repellent 326® (di- N -propyl 2,5 pyridinedicarboxylate)), butyl acetanilide, and butyl ethyl propanediol. Less repellency was shown by TMPD (2,2,4-trimethyJ-1,3-pentanediol) + 8% dimethyl phthalate, TMPD, and ethyl hexanediol. Other materials exhibited little or no repellency. H. bishoppi was generally repelled by those chemicals which were effective against H. pusio but some exceptions indicated definite differences in the sensory responses of these 2 species. Limited tests indicated that a repellent that is effective against H. pusio is not necessarily effective against H. pallipes . Four repellents applied to human skin were tested for their effectiveness against caged laboratory reared gnats. The frequency of gnat landings on the treated skin of the forearms was used as the index of effectiveness. the repellency of deet, Triple Mix, and ethyl hexanediol declined to 50% of the initial level in about 110 minutes and TMPD in about 60 minutes.
Reaction of Nitromethane with an Iridium Pincer Complex. Multiple Binding Modes of the Nitromethanate Anion

The reaction of nitromethane with (PCP)Ir (PCP = κ3-2,6-(tBu2PCH2)2C6H3) yields the bidentate O,O-ligated nitromethanate complex (PCP)Ir(H)(κ2-O,O-NO2CH2) (1). Reaction of 1 with CO affords a CO adduct with a mono-oxygen-ligated nitromethanate, 2, which represents the first characterized transition metal mono-oxygen-ligated nitromethanate complex. At elevated temperature, complex 2 isomerizes to give the carbon-bound nitromethyl complex 3. Complex 1 also undergoes addition of cyclohexylisocyanide (analogous to the reaction with CO) to form the mono-oxygen-ligated nitromethanate complex 4, which also isomerizes to form the corresponding nitromethyl complex, 5. The (PCP)Ir-(CH3NO2) system is the first species known to display three binding modes with a nitromethanate anion. Results from density functional calculations illustrate the structures and energies of the minima and transition states on the potential energy surfaces. The calculations suggest that 1 is the thermodynamic product of (PCP)Ir reacting wi...
Outfoxing liver cancer with p19ARF tumor suppressor

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide. Here, we provide evidence that the Forkhead Box (Fox) m1b (Foxm1b or Foxm1) transcription factor is essential for the development of HCC. Conditionally deleted Foxm1b mouse hepatocytes fail to proliferate and are highly resistant to developing HCC in response to a Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/Phenobarbital (PB) liver tumor-induction protocol. The mechanism of resistance to HCC development is associated with nuclear accumulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 Kip1 protein and reduced expression of the Cdk1-activator Cdc25B phosphatase. We showed that the Foxm1b transcription factor is a novel inhibitory target of the p19ARF tumor suppressor. Furthermore, we demonstrated that conditional overexpression of Foxm1b protein in osteosarcoma U2OS cells greatly enhances anchorage-independent growth of cell colonies on soft agar. A p19ARF 26-44 peptide containing nine D-Arg to enhance cellular uptake of the peptide was sufficient to significantly reduce both Foxm1b transcriptional activity and Foxm1b-induced growth of U2OS cell colonies on soft agar. These results suggest that this (D-Arg)9-p19ARF 26-44 peptide is a potential therapeutic inhibitor of Foxm1b function during cellular transformation. Our studies demonstrate that the Foxm1b transcription factor is required for proliferative expansion during tumor progression and constitutes a potential new target for therapy of human HCC tumors.
Violations of transitivity: Implications for a theory of contextual choice

Violations of strong stochastic transitivity in concurrent-chains choice were first reported by Navarick and Fantino. In a series of articles, Navarick and Fantino concluded that neither a unidimensional model capable of predicting exact choice probabilities nor a fixed-variable equivalence rule was possible for the concurrent-chains procedure. I show that when choice is modeled contextually (i.e., when preference for a schedule is affected by factors other than the schedule itself, e.g., aspects of the alternative schedule), a unidimensional, exact-choice probability model is possible that both predicts the intransitivities reported by Navarick and Fantino and provides a fixed-variable equivalence rule for the concurrent-chains procedure. The contextual model is an extension of the generalized matching law and violates a key assumption underlying traditional choice models-simple scalability-because of (a) schedule interdependence and (b) bias from procedural contingencies. Therefore, strong stochastic transitivity cannot be expected to hold. Contextual scalability is analyzed to reveal a hierarchy of context effects in choice. Navarick and Fantino's intransitivities can be satisfactorily explained by bias. If attribute sensitivity is context dependent, however, and if there are similarity structures among choice alternatives, the contextual model is shown to be able to predict violations of ordinal preference. Therefore, it may be possible to formulate a deterministic, general psychophysical model of choice as a behavioral alternative to probabilistic, multidimensional choice theories.
Joint source and space time decoding over fading channel

In this paper a joint source and space time decoding scheme is proposed for the high speed digital source transmission over fading channels. At the transmitter Reverse Variable Length Code (RVLC) is concatenated with recursive space time trellis code (recursive STTC). At the receiver iterative joint VLC and space time decoding algorithm is proposed to fully utilize the residual redundance introduced in RVLC and the coding gain of recursive space time trellis code. Simulation result shows that the proposed joint decoding system achieves a better decoding performance over fading channels than separable decoding system.
Peer instruction in physics and mathematics

ABSTRACT We explore a method of teaching called Peer Instruction. We begin by describing how Peer Instruction was implemented in physics and summarizing the results and then discuss the way in which Peer Instruction was modified to be used in an introductory single variable calculus course (first and second semesters) and summarize those results.
A USEFUL BIOCHEMICAL MARKER IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF HEREDITARY NEPHRITIS: HYDROXYLYSINE GLYCOSIDES (OHLG's)

Collagen metabolism was studied in 9 children with hereditary nephritis and 10 family members with microscopic hematuria. The diagnosis was confirmed in all 9 children by percutaneous renal biopsy. No previous studies exist defining the collagen turnover via the utilization of the urinary OHLG's, hydroxylysylgalactosyl-glucose (HGG) and hydroxylysyl-galactose (HG), in hereditary nephritis. Mean urinary OHLG's values in the biopsy group was 113 uM/g creatinine as compared to 15 control children of 74 uM/g creatinine. The mean urinary values of 128 u M/g creatinine for the siblings were comparable to the nephritis group. Two additional patients with the Nail-Patella Syndrome also demonstrated increased urinary excretion of OHLG's. The significantly increased urinary excretion of these metabolites, HGG and HG, support the thesis of an altered collagen disorder. This study suggests that urinary hydroxylysine glycosides may be used as a useful marker in the recognition of the early stage of hereditary nephritis.
Future use of genomics in coronary artery disease.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the number one cause of death in industrialized countries despite our collective efforts to minimize attributable risk from known contributors to CAD such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking. In addition, clinical trials have consistently demonstrated a family history of coronary disease to be predictive for future cardiovascular events beyond that which would be explained by traditional risk factors. These findings support and have prompted widespread investigation into the genomic basis of CAD and myocardial infarction (MI). Recent advances in genotyping technology have allowed for easier identification and confirmation of susceptibility genes for complex traits across different cohorts via increased power of studies stemming from faster accrual of cases and control subjects and more precise genetic mapping. These technological advances have resulted in defining the genes contributing to a substantial or even majority of population-attributable risk for type 2 diabetes and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) cases. Similar progress in repli-cating novel susceptibility genes for CAD and specifically MI is now rapidly occurring, with a recent gene marker on chromosome 9p21 representing a highly significant and common variant susceptibility factor. With improved resequencing technology and better phenotypic characterization of our CAD cases and control subjects, we should achieve successes in gene identification and confirmation similar to diabetes and AMD, thereby allowing us to better quantify CAD risk earlier in life and institute more effective therapy reducing the individual propensity to develop CAD.
Management of a patient with a mechanical aortic valve and antibodies to both thrombin and factor V after repeat exposure to fibrin sealant.

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FloridaWe describe a patient who developed a markedly prolonged PT, PTT, and thrombin time13 days after repeat exposure to fibrin sealant during coronary artery bypass grafting andaortic valve replacement. Evaluation revealed an inhibitor to bovine thrombin that cross-reacted with human thrombin. In addition an inhibitor to human coagulation factor V wasidentified. Despite coagulation abnormalities there was no evidence of bleeding. Never-theless, effective anticoagulation was required to minimize the thrombotic complicationsassociated with the patient’s prosthetic valve. We elected to take a conservative ap-proach and not utilize pharmacologic anticoagulation until there was diminution in theeffect of the acquired inhibitors. We report on our patient’s course and review the avail-able literature addressing the management of patients demonstrating inhibitors to bloodcoagulation factors after repeat exposure to fibrin sealants. Am. J. Hematol. 64:59–63,2000.
The Glu 2- ... Arg 10+ side-chain interaction in the C-peptide helix of ribonuclease A.

Previous studies have identified Lys 1, Glu 2, and His 12 as the charged residues responsible for the pH-dependent stability of the helix formed by the isolated C-peptide (residues 1-13 of ribonuclease A). Here we examine whether the helix-stabilizing behavior of Glu 2- results from a Glu 2- ... Arg 10+ interaction, which is known to be present in the crystal structure of ribonuclease A. The general approach is to measure the helix content of C-peptide analogs as a function of three variables: pH (titration of ionizing groups), amino acid identity (substitution test), and NaCl concentration (ion screening test). In order to interpret the results of residue replacement, several factors in addition to the putative Glu 2- ... Arg 10+ interaction have been studied: intrinsic helix-forming tendencies of amino acids; interactions of charged residues with the alpha-helix macrodipole; and helix-lengthening effects. The results provide strong evidence that the Glu 2- ... Arg 10+ interaction is linked to helix formation and contributes to the stability of the isolated C-peptide helix. NMR evidence supports these conclusions and suggests that this interaction also acts as the N-terminal helix stop signal. The implications of this work for protein folding and stability are discussed.
Lipid biomarker fluxes in the Arabian Sea, with a comparison to the equatorial Pacific Ocean

Abstract Fluxes and distributions of organic carbon (OC) and lipid biomarkers were measured in the western Arabian Sea as a function of season, depth, and distance from the coast of Oman during the US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study in 1994–1995. A strong seasonal pattern in OC and lipid flux is related to the annual monsoon cycle in the western Arabian Sea, with the highest fluxes measured during the Southwest Monsoon. Fluxes were greatly attenuated with depth in the water column and in surface sediments as remineralization effectively consumed particulate organic matter. A comparison of water-column fluxes with OC and lipid accumulation rates in sediments confirms that the water–sediment interface is a “hot-spot” for organic matter degradation. Biomarker compositions also varied seasonally and with distance offshore, reflecting seasonal and spatial succession of their biological sources and their subsequent export through the water column. Degradation of OC and biomarkers was extremely efficient, with only a tiny fraction (
On the use of crack-tip-opening displacement to predict the fracture strength of notched graphite/epoxy laminates

Using the center-cracked tension specimen geometry, the fracture strength of notched graphite/epoxy laminates is measured experimentally. Four replicate tests are conducted for a variety of laminate-stacking sequences, thicknesses, and notch lengths. Extensive notch-tip damage prior to fracture is characteristic of most laminates. The values of critical crack-tip-opening displacement (CTOD) are calculated from values of crack-opening displacement measured at the notch center line at failure and are found to be independent of notch size for the laminates studied. A Dugdale (1950) model is used along with the estimated CTOD to predict notched laminate strength.
X-ray mirror reflectivities from 3.8 to 50 keV (3.3 to 0.25 Å) Part I—Float glass

Abstract X-ray mirror reflectivities were measured on float glass using an energy dispersive technique. Smooth uncoated float glass mirrors were observed to reflect hard X-rays up to 38 keV with high efficiency. The harmonic rejection capabilities of float glass have been utilized at CHESS to efficiently reduce the harmonic content of diffracted beams. For example, for a mirror set at an angle of 3.5 mrad, only 0.8% of the X-rays were reflected at 16 keV, while for 8 keV X-rays the reflectivity was 85%. In other experiments, changing the surface roughness of float glass by chemical etching altered the falloff rate beyond the knee of the reflection curve by factors as large as 2.5.
Carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa: a nonrandomized comparison of preoperative radiation and surgery or irradiation alone: long-term results.

The results of therapy in 218 patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa are reported. Ninety-eight patients were treated with irradiation alone (5500-7000 rad). One hundred twenty patients were treated with preoperative radiation (2000-3000 rad) and en bloc radical tonsillectomy with ipsilateral lymph node dissection. The actuarial three year survival on patients with T1 tumors was 76%; T2, 40%; T3, 42%; and T4, 25%. The patients with no cervical lymphadenopathy or with a small metastatic lymph node (N/sub 1/,N/sub 2/) had better survival (50% at five years) than those with fixed lymph nodes (20%-30%). The primary tumor recurrence rate in the T1-T2 groups was about 20% in the patients treated with preoperative radiation and surgery in contrast to 35% to 40% for those treated with radiation alone. The local recurrences in the patients with T3 lesions were 30% with both treatment groups; with T4 lesions recurrences noted in 50% of the patients receiving irradiation alone and 75% in the patients treated with preoperative radiation and surgery. The local recurrence rate in the neck was about 10% for the NO patients, 30% for N1, and 30% for the patients with N2 and N3 cervical lymph node stage groups. There wasmore » no significant difference in the survival or in the frequency of recurrences in the primary or neck in the patients treated with radiation alone or preoperative radiation and surgery. Fatal major complications were noted in eight of the 120 patients treated with preoperative radiation and surgery (6.6%) in contrast to only one in the 98 patients treated with radiation alone. Other less severe complications were noted in 40% of the patients treated with preoperative radiation and surgery and in 32.6% of those treated with radiation therapy alone.« less
The making of platyrrhine semifolivores: models for the evolution of folivory in primates.

Among living New World monkeys, Howlers and Muriquis are by far the most folivorous. We examine how well the morphology and behavior of Alouatta and Brachyteles conform to leaf-eating adaptational models derived from other studies. Both genera match these expectations unevenly, which suggests a broader conception of primate folivory is in order. Hence the notion of ‘‘semifolivory.’’ While their dentitions prove highly sensitive to selection for leaf-eating, core features relating to body size, brain size, ranging behavior and presumed energy budgets are less predictable corollaries. Leaf-eating in atelines and colobines may have evolved from a preadaptive reliance on seed-eating, which would have necessitated comparable gastric adaptations. Fossils suggest semifolivory in the low-energy Howler lineage may have begun with an increase in body size, a relatively small brain and, possibly, a concomitantly enlarged gut, followed by dental adaptations. It may have advanced via body-size reduction, part of a pioneering adaptation in marginal ecologies on the periphery of rich Amazonian habitats or as a strategy to minimize competition among an abundance of frugivores within the lowland forest— perhaps not as a fallback scheme. In the high-energy Muriqui, semifolivory may have evolved in more intensely seasonal, low-yield forests where frugivores were constrained and rare, a model more consistent with the fallback paradigm. The seed-to-leaves evolutionary pathway hypothesized for anthropoid leaf-eaters may be a widespread phenomenon in primates. We propose it is ultimately rooted in a pre-euprimate reliance on the seeds and seed coats of primitive angiosperms before the latter evolved attractive sugary fruits to coax primates into becoming dispersers of seeds, instead consumers. Anat Rec, 294:2112–2130, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shared language:Towards more effective communication

The ability to communicate to others and express ourselves is a basic human need. As we develop our understanding of the world, based on our upbringing, education and so on, our perspective and the way we communicate can differ from those around us. Engaging and interacting with others is a critical part of healthy living. It is the responsibility of the individual to ensure that they are understood in the way they intended.Shared language refers to people developing understanding amongst themselves based on language (e.g. spoken, text) to help them communicate more effectively. The key to understanding language is to first notice and be mindful of your language. Developing a shared language is an ongoing process that requires intention and time, which results in better understanding.Shared language is critical to collaboration, and collaboration is critical to business and education. With whom and how many people do you connect? Your 'shared language' makes a difference in the world. So, how do we successfully do this? This paper shares several strategies.Your sphere of influence will carry forward what and how you are communicating. Developing and nurturing a shared language is an essential element to enhance communication and collaboration whether it is simply between partners or across the larger community of business and customers. Constant awareness and education is required to maintain the shared language. We are living in an increasingly smaller global community. Business is built on relationships. If you invest in developing shared language, your relationships and your business will thrive.
Small sample training and test selection method for optimized anomaly detection algorithms in hyperspectral imagery

There are numerous anomaly detection algorithms proposed for hyperspectral imagery. Robust parameter design (RPD) techniques provide an avenue to select robust settings capable of operating consistently across a large variety of image scenes. Many researchers in this area are faced with a paucity of data. Unfortunately, there are no data splitting methods for model validation of datasets with small sample sizes. Typically, training and test sets of hyperspectral images are chosen randomly. Previous research has developed a framework for optimizing anomaly detection in HSI by considering specific image characteristics as noise variables within the context of RPD; these characteristics include the Fisher's score, ratio of target pixels and number of clusters. We have developed method for selecting hyperspectral image training and test subsets that yields consistent RPD results based on these noise features. These subsets are not necessarily orthogonal, but still provide improvements over random training and test subset assignments by maximizing the volume and average distance between image noise characteristics. The small sample training and test selection method is contrasted with randomly selected training sets as well as training sets chosen from the CADEX and DUPLEX algorithms for the well known Reed-Xiaoli anomaly detector.
Diagenetic Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Dynamics of Mesozoic Arkoses, Hartford Rift Basin, Connecticut, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT The main event in the diagenetic history of the Hartford basin was the arrival of the rift-associated "heat wave" to its arkosic fill, in the form of both high heat flow and diabase dikes, sills, and basalt flows about 187 ± 3 Ma. Pre-heat-wave (or pre-basalt) diagenetic minerals are widespread throughout the basin, and include hematite cement, quartz and albite overgrowths, and minor euhedral rutile. This widespread distribution suggests that they grew in a regime of generally downward-migrating meteoric water. The silica, aluminum, and sodium needed to make these cements were released probably by tropical weathering of the top of the arkose itself, a few hundred meters overhead. The heat wave of which basalts and dikes were part suddenly heated the basin, and radically determ ned the subsequent diagenesis of the arkoses: (1) it drove pore-water convection through sills and dikes and arkoses, erasing the earlier meteoric-water regime; (2) it caused quick growth of post-basalt diagenetic minerals (chert and mosaic albite cement, illite and chlorite cement, and fibrous laumontite cement with bipyramidal quartz euhedra) mostly at localized occurrences, the "updrafts" of pore-water convection cells; (3) it modified the texture of both quartz and albite cements from overgrowth to microcrystalline; and (4) the dikes, sills, and basalt flows probably provided much of the magnesium, ferrous iron, potassium, and copper needed to make the illite + chlorite cement and copper sulfide nodules found in the arkoses. The radiogenic age of the illite cement from one locality i 180 (± 10) Ma, close to the age of the basalts and dikes. This temporal proximity warrants linking the growth of illite to the sudden heating and the igneous intrusion. High 18O content of the diagenetic illite suggests an origin from relatively heavy water that could have been produced in surficial evaporative environments of the rift basin, and that later sank. Combined petrographic, K/Ar, geochemical, fission-track, and dynamic-modeling evidence and interpretations lead to a generalized time-temperature profile for the basin. Because of their distinctive tectono-thermal origin, rift basins probably have a distinctive diagenetic history. The diagenesis and dynamics sketched here for the Hartford rift basin, including some of the unusual mineralogical and textural details in its arkoses, may apply to other rift basins.
Genetic Variation in the Acorn Barnacle from Allozymes to Population Genomics

Understanding the patterns of genetic variation within and among populations is a central problem in population and evolutionary genetics. We examine this question in the acorn barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides, in which the allozyme loci Mpi and Gpi have been implicated in balancing selection due to varying selective pressures at different spatial scales. We review the patterns of genetic variation at the Mpi locus, compare this to levels of population differentiation at mtDNA and microsatellites, and place these data in the context of genome-wide variation from high-throughput sequencing of population samples spanning the North Atlantic. Despite considerable geographic variation in the patterns of selection at the Mpi allozyme, this locus shows rather low levels of population differentiation at ecological and trans-oceanic scales (F(ST) ~ 5%). Pooled population sequencing was performed on samples from Rhode Island (RI), Maine (ME), and Southwold, England (UK). Analysis of more than 650 million reads identified approximately 335,000 high-quality SNPs in 19 million base pairs of the S. balanoides genome. Much variation is shared across the Atlantic, but there are significant examples of strong population differentiation among samples from RI, ME, and UK. An F(ST) outlier screen of more than 22,000 contigs provided a genome-wide context for interpretation of earlier studies on allozymes, mtDNA, and microsatellites. F(ST) values for allozymes, mtDNA and microsatellites are close to the genome-wide average for random SNPs, with the exception of the trans-Atlantic F(ST) for mtDNA. The majority of F(ST) outliers were unique between individual pairs of populations, but some genes show shared patterns of excess differentiation. These data indicate that gene flow is high, that selection is strong on a subset of genes, and that a variety of genes are experiencing diversifying selection at large spatial scales. This survey of polymorphism in S. balanoides provides a number of genomic tools that promise to make this a powerful model for ecological genomics of the rocky intertidal.
A new memory monitoring scheme for memory-aware scheduling and partitioning

We propose a low overhead, online memory monitoring scheme utilizing a set of novel hardware counters. The counters indicate the marginal gain in cache hits as the size of the cache is increased, which gives the cache miss-rate as a function of cache size. Using the counters, we describe a scheme that enables an accurate estimate of the isolated miss-rates of each process as a function of cache size under the standard LRU replacement policy. This information can be used to schedule jobs or to partition the cache to minimize the overall miss-rate. The data collected by the monitors can also be used by an analytical model of cache and memory behavior to produce a more accurate overall miss-rate for the collection of processes sharing a cache in both time and space. This overall miss-rate can be used to improve scheduling and partitioning schemes.
Secretion and Regulation of Two Biosynthetic Enzyme Activities, Peptidyl-Glycine α-Amidating Monooxygenase and a Carboxypeptidase, by Mouse Pituitary Corticotropic Tumor Cells*

Secretion of peptidyl-glycine a-amidating mon-ooxygenase (PAM) activity and enkephalin convertase (a car-boxypeptidase B-like enzyme) activity from AtT-20 mouse cor-ticotrope tumor cells was compared with secretion of pro-ACTH/endorphin-derived peptides. Upon stimulation of secretion by corticotropin-releasing factor, a β-adrenergic agonist, or barium ions, secretion of PAM activity, enkephalin convertase activity, and immunoactive hormone rose in parallel. During inhibition of stimulated secretion with glucocorticoids or cobalt ions, secretion of PAM activity, enkephalin convertase activity, and immunoactive hormone fell in parallel. No measurable secretion of cytosolic, mitochondrial, or lysosomal marker enzymes was detected, indicating that the secretion of PAM activity and enkephalin convertase activity was specific and not a result of cell damage or lysis. The kinetic characteristics, apparent mol wt, and enzymatic properties determined for the secreted enzymes were similar to those for the enzymes f...
Asymptotics with a positive cosmological constant. III. The quadrupole formula

Almost a century ago, Einstein used a weak field approximation around Minkowski spacetime to calculate the energy carried away by gravitational waves emitted by a time changing mass-quadrupole. However, by now there is strong observational evidence for a positive cosmological constant, $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$. To incorporate this fact, Einstein's celebrated derivation is generalized by replacing Minkowski spacetime with de Sitter spacetime. The investigation is motivated by the fact that, because of the significant differences between the asymptotic structures of Minkowski and de Sitter spacetimes, many of the standard techniques, including the usual $1/r$ expansions, cannot be used for $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}g0$. Furthermore, since, e.g., the energy carried by gravitational waves is always positive in Minkowski spacetime but can be arbitrarily negative in de Sitter spacetime irrespective of how small $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ is, the limit $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ can fail to be continuous. Therefore, a priori it is not clear that a small $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ would introduce only negligible corrections to Einstein's formula. We show that, while even a tiny cosmological constant does introduce qualitatively new features, in the end, corrections to Einstein's formula are negligible for astrophysical sources currently under consideration by gravitational wave observatories.
Use of introgression lines to determine the ecophysiological basis for changes in water use efficiency and yield in California processing tomatoes

Field and greenhouse studies examined the effects of growth habit and chloroplast presence in leaf veins for their role in increasing agronomic water use efficiency and yields of California modern processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars. Five introgression lines (ILs), made with Solanum pennellii Cor. in the genetic background of cultivar M82, differ in genes that map to a region on Chromosome 5, including the SP5G gene (determinate vs. semideterminate (Det vs. SemiDet)) and the obv gene (presence (obscure) vs. absence (clear) of leaf vein chloroplasts (Obs vs. Clr)). The five ILs and M82 represented three of the four gene combinations (Det-Clr was unavailable). Det-Obs ILs had less leaf, stem and total aboveground biomass with earlier fruit set and ripening than SemiDet-Clr ILs. By harvest, total fruit biomass was not different among ILs. Photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance were 4-7% and 13-26% higher, respectively, in Det-Obs ILs than SemiDet-Clr ILs. SemiDet-Obs ILs were intermediate for growth and gas exchange variables. The Det-Obs ILs had lower leaf N concentration and similar chlorophyll content per leaf area (but slightly higher per leaf mass) than SemiDet-Clr ILs. The Obs trait was associated with gains in leaf gas exchange-related traits. This study suggests that a more compact growth habit, less leaf biomass and higher C assimilation capacity per leaf area were relevant traits for the increased yields in cultivars with determinate growth. Developing new introgression libraries would contribute to understanding the multiple trait effects of desirable phenotypes.
In Vivo Models of Biofilm Infection

The in vivo biofilm models that have been described use a variety of animals ranging from goats to chinchillas, and mimic diseases including dental caries, endocarditis, pneumonia, keratitis, and otitis media. Representatives of these in vivo models are listed in Table 16.1.
Consistent updates for software-defined networks: change you can believe in!

Configuration changes are a common source of instability in networks, leading to broken connectivity, forwarding loops, and access control violations. Even when the initial and final states of the network are correct, the update process often steps through intermediate states with incorrect behaviors. These problems have been recognized in the context of specific protocols, leading to a number of point solutions. However, a piecemeal attack on this fundamental problem, while pragmatic in the short term, is unlikely to lead to significant long-term progress.Software-Defined Networking (SDN) provides an exciting opportunity to do better. Because SDN is a clean-slate platform, we can build general, reusable abstractions for network updates that come with strong semantic guarantees. We believe SDN desperately needs such abstractions to make programs simpler to design, more reliable, and easier to validate using automated tools. Moreover, we believe these abstractions should be provided by a runtime system, shielding the programmer from these concerns. We propose two simple, canonical, and effective update abstractions, and present implementation mechanisms. We also show how to integrate them with a network programming language, and discuss potential applications to program verification.
Achieving software reuse by conversion and reorganization of software systems

The author describes advancements made toward a total system for HOL (higher-order language) software conversion which utilizes techniques for applying transformations on software which preserve functionality and improve code readability, understandability, and organization. The research goal is to establish technique for achieving the reuse of software written in one HOL (generally a somewhat arcane one such as Fortran) by translation to a more contemporary HOL (Such as Ada). The objectives of this effort are to achieve functionally equivalent transformation of the code, while preserving and enhancing the clarity of the process which the code represents. Significant aspects of this work include the design of an underlying generic language support system, the provision for human interaction in the code restructuring process via a graphical interface, the development of a text editor which permits mapping between code segments of translated Ada and input Fortran, the development of a data structure analyzer used to transform Ada declarations, and an Ada repackager. >
Bounding worst-case data cache behavior by analytically deriving cache reference patterns

While caches have become invaluable for higher-end architectures due to their ability to hide, in part, the gap between processor speed and memory access times, caches (and particularly data caches) limit the timing predictability for data accesses that may reside in memory or in cache. This is a significant problem for real-time systems. The objective our work is to provide accurate predictions of data cache behavior of scalar and nonscalar references whose reference patterns are known at compile time. Such knowledge about cache behavior provides the basis for significant improvements in bounding the worst-case execution time (WCET) of real-time programs, particularly for hard-to-analyze data caches. We exploit the power of the cache miss equations (CME) framework but lift a number of limitations of traditional CME to generalize the analysis to more arbitrary programs. We further devised a transformation, coined "forced" loop fusion, which facilitates the analysis across sequential loops. Our contributions result in exact data cache reference patterns minus; in contrast to approximate cache miss behavior of prior work. Experimental results indicate improvements on the accuracy of worst-case data cache behavior up to two orders of magnitude over the original approach. In fact, our results closely bound and sometimes even exactly match those obtained by trace-driven simulation for worst-case inputs. The resulting WCET bounds of timing analysis confirm these findings in terms of providing tight bounds. Overall, our contributions lift analytical approaches to predict data cache behavior to a level suitable for efficient static timing analysis and, subsequently, real-time schedulability of tasks with predictable WCET.
On the use of sample detectors in large distributed detection systems

This paper studies large distributed detection systems that are constrained to use local sample detectors in which sensors produce a binary output by comparing the measurement sample against a threshold. We focus on the problem of choosing between two system design options: spend resources to find optimum local thresholds or deploy additional sensors to compensate for non-optimum thresholds. To provide guidance for this decision, we determine sufficient conditions on the noise distribution to ensure that the overdeployment ratio required by the second option decreases to 1 as the signal-to-noise ratio decreases. We further illustrate that this conclusion is not reached by many noise distributions, including the uniform distribution.
College Success Among Students Graduating from Public and Private High Schools

This study compares the college freshman grade point averages of public and private high school graduates attending a “more selective” private university. Though graduates of public high schools had slightly lower SAT scores than graduates of private high schools, their end-of-freshman-year grade point averages were somewhat higher across academic programs. Results contradict the simplistic assumption that private high schools better prepare students for college than do public schools but tell us title about what would occur in more open educational markets.
THE MULTICENTER AIDS COHORT STUDY: RATIONALE, ORGANIZATION, AND SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTICIPANTS

The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study was designed to elucidate the natural history of the infection causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), identify risk factors for occurrence and clinical expression of the infection, and establish a repository of biologic specimens for future study. A variety of recruitment techniques, including special assurance of confidentiality, were used to enroll participants. Nearly 5,000 homosexual men volunteered for semiannual interview, physical examination, and laboratory testing in four metropolitan areas. A significant majority of these men in each center (69-83%) reported having 50 or more lifetime sexual partners, and over 80% had engaged in receptive anal intercourse with at least some of their partners in the previous two years. By the time of the participants' initial evaluation (April 1984-April 1985), infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) had occurred in higher proportions of men in Los Angeles (51%) and Chicago (43%) than in Baltimore/Washington, DC (31%) and Pittsburgh (21%), presumably as a result of the higher number of partners and proportion with whom these men had engaged in high-risk practices (e.g., receptive anal intercourse). Follow-up evaluations are underway in this comprehensive longitudinal investigation of HIV infection.
Polygenesis of a Pleistocene paleosol in southern Iowa

The Yarmouth-Sangamon Paleosol (YSP) is a major soil-stratigraphic unit occurring across a large portion of the U.S. Midwest. Study of a YSP exposed in a toposequence near Earlham, Iowa, demonstrates the paleosol9s usefulness for deciphering paleoenvironments in the U.S. midcontinent before the last glacial maximum, environments for which very little other evidence exists. Field description and micromorphological, textural, and mineralogical analyses were used to identify the major processes and conditions of Pleistocene soil evolution at the site. The results suggest that the YSP is a complex polygenetic soil that developed in multiple parent materials: (i) a Pre-Illinoian glacial till composing the base of the paleosol; (ii) a middle unit of colluvium and loess; and (iii) an upper unit of loess and reworked loess, possibly Illinoian in age. A stone zone at the top of the till indicates a period of erosion before burial by the fine-textured sediments. Filled animal burrows and granular and spongy microstructure at the top of the middle unit suggest a former surface horizon and imply that the YSP is a composite, welded profile consisting of at least two sola. Micromorphological and mineralogical features suggest soil formation under paleoenvironmental conditions that ranged from periglacial to intensely seasonal climates. Profile differentiation during periods of landscape stability was offset by the homogenizing effects of shrink/swell processes and postburial diagenesis, resulting in an isotropic profile that belies a genetically complex history. As a result of diagenesis, toposequence members at the site exhibit little chemical and mineralogical variability.
Soviet and Post-Soviet Environmental Management: Lessons from a Case Study on Lead Pollution

Through a case study on lead pollution in the former Soviet Union, the linkage of policy, environmental science, and environmental management is explored, and compared with the US experience. Soviet bans on leaded gasoline and lead-based paint appear to have been effective. Regional governments, in cooperation with the petroleum industry, are taking the initiative in phasing out leaded gasoline, to some extent in defiance of federal policy. Problems with management of lead-acid batteries have been worsened by the collapse of the political system. Lack of reliable environmental data impedes reliable environmental assessment. The types of environmental measurements reflect an emphasis on multipollutant environmental contamination, rather than on human exposure to single pollutants.
Neurogenetics and Neurobiology of Dopamine in Anhedonia

Anhedonia, the inability to feel or experience pleasure, is a major problem for recovering addicts. Anhedonia can persist long after all traces of the offending drug are gone, and it can cause suicidal thinking and behaviors. We believe that anhedonia is not a distinct disorder but is a symptom of hypodopaminergic traits (genetic), epigenetic states, or a combination of the two. The 2011 endorsement of the American Society of Addiction Medicine’s new definition of addiction as a brain disorder has caught up with the science. Addiction involves an extended neuro-circuitry of the brain, and anhedonia is a condition that involves some of those same regions, including dopaminergic pathways in the mesocorticolimbic system. Andedonia, commonly reported by addicts in detox centers or early abstinence, may be directly tied to the drug-induced dopaminergic changes. It has been our position for decades that brain dopaminergic deficiencies result in reward-circuitry impairments, ultimately leading to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). The prefrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus contribute to drug relapse, and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a locus for craving behavior. While dopaminergic activity is very complex and may evoke differential physiological processes as it relates to pain and pleasure mechanisms (e.g., “liking” and “wanting”), anhedonic behavior has at its root a hypodopaminergic phenotype. In this chapter we discuss polymorphisms of reward genes in terms of inducing this hypodopaminergic phenotype (interaction of both genes and environment) and attempt to show their impact on the induction of anhedonia as a symptom of drug-induced withdrawal. Understanding of putative neurogenetic antecedents to RDS behaviors may provide a gene map for accessing the risk of an individual in developing anhedonia, especially following long-term drug abuse. We encourage the scientific community to carry on required studies to test this hypothesis. It is our belief that one mode of treatment to attenuate anhedonia is to provide natural activation of dopaminergic receptors (D2/D3) at the brain sites for craving and relapse in order to increase dopamine sensitivity.
Gauge color codes in two dimensions

We present a family of quantum error-correcting codes that support a universal set of transversal logic gates using only local operations on a two-dimensional array of physical qubits. The construction is a subsystem version of color codes where gauge fixing through local measurements dynamically determines which gates are transversal. Although the operations are local, the underlying code is not topological in structure, which is how the construction circumvents no-go constraints imposed by the Bravyi-K\"onig and Pastawski-Yoshida theorems. We provide strong evidence that the encoding has no error threshold in the conventional sense, though it is still possible to have logical gates with error probability much lower than that of physical gates.
Review: Saving Place: 50 Years of New York City Landmarks

Saving Place: 50 Years of New York City Landmarks Museum of the City of New York 21 April 2015–3 January 2016 New York City's landmarks law is fifty years old, and to celebrate this milestone the Museum of the City of New York mounted an exhibition to tell the story. Using both historic documents and contemporary photographs, the curators (Andrew S. Dolkart and Donald Albrecht, with Seri Worden) told this story well, from the demolition of the 1803 St. John's Chapel in 1918 through the enactment of the law itself in 1965 to the continuing efforts of preservationists to protect the historic city in the twenty-first century. If I had one quibble it was that they made it all seem so easy, so inevitable. The conflicts and controversies were there—the loss of Pennsylvania Station and the fights to save Grand Central Terminal and the Broadway theaters, the long campaign to protect Greenwich Village, the battle over a tower proposed for St. Bartholomew's Church on Park Avenue—but they were presented in a rather cool and bloodless fashion. Where were the anger and the passion, of which there had been plenty? The story told by the exhibition ended triumphantly, even though new voices with new arguments seek to undermine the landmarks law today. New …
Level of highest mean resting pressure segment in the anal canal. A quantitative assessment of anal sphincter function.

PURPOSE: Even with development of new technologies, the mechanism of fecal continence is still not completely understood. This study evaluates the relative position of the highest mean resting pressure segment (HMRP) in the anal canal and its correlation with function in incontinent patients and in controls. METHODS: Sixteen incontinent patients (mean age, 47.1±13.9 (range, 18–63) years; 12 female) and 16 controls (mean age, 35.4±8.7 (range, 24–58) years; 12 female) were studied using a water-perfused eight-port radial catheter computer-assisted vectormanometry. Position of the HMRP was analyzed in relation to the anal verge (D 1 ) and to the proximal functional border of the anal canal (D 2 ). RESULTS: Controls had HMRP located more distally in the anal canal, because D 2 was significantly higher than D 1 (mean, 3.45±0.75 vs. 1.81±0.63 cm;P = 0.001). For incontinent patients, D 1 and D 2 were similar (mean, 1.86±0.75 vs.2.08±1.11 cm; not significant). Comparison of the relative position of the HMRP between patients and controls showed a more proximal location for incontinent patients than controls (mean, 49.1±12.1 percent vs.35.4±10.2 percent;P =0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Position of the HMRP is significantly more proximal for incontinent patients than for controls, and measurement of the distance from the anal verge to the HMRP in relation to the full length of the anal canal may represent another way to quantitatively assess anal sphincter function.