cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Work Students' Perceived Knowledge of and Preparation for Group-Work Practice

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to identify factors relevant to social work students' perceived knowledge of and preparation for group-work practice. In addition, the experiences of students in the classroom and in the field are discussed in relationship to these variables. Although classroom and field experiences were significant, exposure to group in the field placement was a much stronger predictor of group-work knowledge. Students reported feeling most knowledgeable about the concepts of mutual aid, diversity, group culture, and group phases. Reported gaps in learning were related to research and legal issues associated with group work.
High wall-plug efficiency temperature-insensitive vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with low-barrier p-type mirrors

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are promising candidates as efficient sources for optical fiber communication due to their high efficiency coupling to fibers, single longitudinal mode operation, and ability to be integrated as arrays on a single chip. The best overall measurement of practical device performance is the wall-plug efficiency, defined as total optical power out divided by total electrical power in. The theoretical mechanisms that effect the wall-plug efficiency of VCSELs will be analyzed and discussed, especially the trade- off between differential efficiency and threshold current. Experimentally, modifications of the growth structure which improve wall-plug efficiency have been implemented. The drive voltage has been reduced and the optical loss is also decreased by using lower barrier p-type Al0.67Ga0.33As/GaAs mirrors with special interface gradings. Also, by offsetting the quantum- well gain peak from the cavity mode, the gain overlap is optimized at the true active-region operating temperature (above room-temperature). These effects combine to yield a peak CW room- temperature wall-plug efficiency of 17.3%.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Incision characteristics associated with six laparoscopic trocar-cannula systems : A randomized, observer-blinded comparison

Objective: Laparoscopic trocar-cannula systems of different design but similar internal diameter result in incisions of varying dimensions. Such variations might affect the incidence of incisional complications, such as dehiscence and hernia. We developed a system to measure associated fascial defects and then used the techniques to compare the defects resulting from different trocar-cannula systems. Methods: This was a randomized, observer-blinded study. Six laparoscopic trocar-cannula systems of similar diameter (12 mm) were tested (two pyramidal, two blunt conical, and two cutting-dilating) using a white swine model. All systems were inserted into each of 12 subjects, with location designated by random allotment (total 72 insertions). The fascial defects were exposed and then directly measured for incisional length and area by an observer blinded to the system used. Means of each outcome variable (incisional length and area) were compared using factorial analysis of variance. Results: The values for mean incisional areas were as follows: cutting-dilating 28.73 mm2 and 31.09 mm2, pyramidal 18.25 mm2 and 26.75 mm2, and blunt conical 10.00 mm2 and 12.33 mm2. Mean maximal incisional lengths were similar among all trocar-cannula systems. Conclusion: Blunt conical trocar-cannula systems resulted in significantly smaller fascial defects compared with the widely used pyramidal and the two cutting-dilating trocar-cannula systems tested. These differences have potential clinical implications. For example, smaller fascial defects could reduce risk of incisional hernia and dehiscence.
Evaluation of pH Shock on Hatchery-reared Rainbow Trout

Abstract The effect of transferring hatchery-reared rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)from water with a pH of 7.2 to water with pH's ranging from 8.5 to 10.0 was evaluated in 48-h tests. All fish survived in the control (pH 7.2) and at pH 8.5. Survival was 88% at pH 9.0, 68% at pH 9.5, and O at pH 10.0. After the 48-h exposure, the remaining test fish were fed their usual pelleted food. Trout in the control and those held at pH 8.5 fed well. Only a few of the fish held at pH 9.0, and none of those held at pH 9.5, fed. These data indicate that it is not advisable to stock rainbow trout reared in nearly neutral hatchery water into lakes with a pH of 9.0 or higher.
β and σ-convergence: A mathematical relation of causality

Abstract This paper examines and compares in detail the concepts of β and σ-convergence. It provides a mathematical relation of causality between these two concepts, showing that a necessary condition for the existence of σ-convergence is the existence of β-convergence.
Separation of glomerular basement membrane substances by sodium dodecylsulfate disc gel electrophoresis and gel filtration.

Abstract Beef glomerular basement membranes, solubilized by sodium dodecylsulfate and β- mercaptoethanol , were examined by disc gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. The beef glomeruli were sonicated in either 0.15 m NaCl or 1.0 M NaCl, and the basement membranes sedimented at 1300 × g . Disc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate showed that the 1.0 M preparation contaiend predominantly high molecular weight components; the 0.15 M preparation contained moer low molecular weight components. Different amounts of hydroxyproline and DNA were found in the two membrane preparations. Other subunits were obtained when basement membrane was solubilized in 8 M urea or 7 M guanidine thiocyanate. Gel filtration of solubilized glomerular basement membrane was performed on 6% Agarose in sodium dodecylsulfate-phosphate. Partial separation of teh components observed in the disc gel electrophoresis was achieved. Protein and carbohydrate were present in all fractions.
Alcohol Medications Development: Advantages and Caveats of Government/Academia Collaborating with the Pharmaceutical Industry

The process of developing pharmacological treatments for alcohol use disorder is notoriously complex and challenging. The path to market is long, costly, and inefficient. One way of expediting and reducing the drug development process is through collaborations-building partnerships among government, academia, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, healthcare organizations and advocacy groups, and the patients (end consumers) themselves. By forging collaborations, particularly with pharmaceutical companies, the alcohol treatment field stands to reap benefits in generating new medications for use in mainstream treatment settings. At the same time, there are certain caveats that should be considered, particularly by academic researchers, before entering into such partnerships. This commentary examines the advantages and caveats of government and academia collaborations with pharmaceutical companies.
Abstract 2291: Inhibition of c-Src restores estrogen stimulated growth in estrogen-deprivation resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Resistance to aromatase inhibitors used for the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer is an increasing clinical problem. Previously we showed that physiological concentrations estradiol (E2) could trigger apoptosis of long-term E2 deprived breast cancer cells (MCF-7:5C) (Lewis et al. JNCI 2005; 97:1746-59). This new targeted strategy provides novel therapeutic approaches to endocrine resistant breast cancer. A recent phase II clinical trial reported that E2 provided a clinical benefit for aromatase inhibitor-resistant advanced breast cancer patients. However, only 30% of patients receive clinical benefit (Ellis MJ et al. JAMA 2009;302:774-80). This prompted us to investigate strategies to increase the therapeutic responsiveness in aromatase inhibitor resistant breast cancer. c-Src is currently of interest, as it mediates survival pathways of breast cancer cells. Here, we investigate the therapeutic potential of combination c-Src inhibitor PP2 and E2 on the MCF-7:5C cells. In the short-term treatment, c-Src inhibitor could block both Akt and MAPK pathways and decreased growth rates of MCF-7:5C cells. c-Src inhibitor could continuously block phosphor-Akt, but phosphor-MAPK pathway was increased after long-term treatment. Long-term treatment with E2 alone initially caused massive apoptosis, but a small population of surviving cells subsequently re-grew. In contrast, a combination of PP2 and E2 actually blocked apoptosis and the resulting cell line (MCF-7:PF) was unique, as they grew vigorously in culture with physiological levels of E2, which could be blocked by the pure antiestrogen ICI182,780. The mechanistic change underlying the action of combination treatment was that the c-Src inhibitor blocked E2 initiated apoptosis and collaborate with E2 to up-regulate endogenous ERα target genes and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1Rβ) in MCF-7:PF cells. Furthermore, the inhibitor of IGF-1Rβ, AG1024, completely blocked E2 stimulated growth. This provides the evidence that IGF-1Rβ plays an important role in E2 stimulated growth in MCF-7:PF cells. These data illustrate that caution must be exercised when considering the evaluation of c-Src inhibitors in clinical trial following the development of acquired resistance to aromatase inhibitors, especially in combination with physiological levels of E2. Key words: c-Src, long-term estrogen deprivation, apoptosis, breast cancer Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2291. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2291
Characteristics of untreated AIDS-related cytomegalovirus retinitis. II. Findings in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (1997 to 2000).

Purpose To describe host characteristics (use of highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART]; CD4+ T-lymphocyte count; HIV ribonucleic acid [RNA] blood level) of people who were diagnosed with AIDS-related cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis after HAART became available and to investigate effects of HAART on ophthalmic findings. Design Retrospective, observational case series. Methods We collected demographic, medical, laboratory, and ophthalmic data for all patients with AIDS and newly diagnosed, untreated CMV retinitis from January 1997 through December 2000 at 10 sites in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California. Results The proportions of Hispanic and African-American patients were equivalent to or greater than their prevalences in the AIDS and general populations of Los Angeles County. Most patients (n = 80; 63.5%) were known to be receiving HAART at the time of CMV retinitis diagnosis; only 22 patients (17.5%) were HAART-naive. Median CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was 15 cells/μl and median HIV RNA blood level was 103,000 copies/ml for all patients, but in 10 patients, CMV retinitis developed despite good immunologic and virologic responses to HAART. When compared with HAART-naive patients, HAART-failure patients with CMV retinitis had more asymptomatic disease ( P = .073), better visual acuity in the better eye ( P = .003), more bilateral disease ( P = .007), less zone 1 involvement ( P = .042), and lower lesion border opacity scores ( P = .054). Conclusions Most patients with AIDS and newly diagnosed CMV retinitis in an urban setting are HAART-experienced. HAART may influence characteristics of new CMV retinitis lesions at presentation, despite laboratory evidence of treatment failure, possibly because of residual CMV-specific immunity.
Steroid receptor phylogeny and vertebrate origins

Vertebrates appear about 500 million years ago in the fossil record. This is only 25-50 million years after the great explosion of multicellular invertebrate body plans in the early Cambrian. On a geological time scale, this interval is a 'blink of an eye', suggesting that the evolution of regulatory genes is likely to be important in the origins of vertebrates. Here we present evidence for a role of steroid receptors in this process based on a phylogenetic analysis suggesting that receptors for androgens, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and progesterone evolved from an ancestral steroid receptor gene by two successive duplications over a brief time that could have coincided with the origins of vertebrates. Moreover, the duplications of these steroid receptors may be additional evidence for the two duplications on a genome-scale that have been proposed to be important in the evolution of vertebrates. The two successive duplications of steroid receptor genes and their subsequent sequence divergence leading to steroid-specific receptors that regulate growth, development, reproduction and homeostasis in vertebrates may have been one of the events important in vertebrate survival after the Cambrian during global extinctions that occurred about 440 and 370 million years ago.
Cattle, clean water, and climate change: policy choices for the Brazilian Agricultural Frontier.

In the Amazonian agricultural frontier, pasture for cattle ranching is an important and potentially hazardous form of land use because of sediment erosion as pastures degrade. This relationship between ranching, sediment load, and water quality is likely to further exacerbate environmental impacts, particularly in the context of climate change. We examine the role that river basin councils (RBCs) - a water governance option of Brazil's 1997 National Water Act - might play in managing this nonpoint-source pollution in the Amazonian state of Rondonia. We implement a simple coupled rancher-water system model to compare two potential governance options: a bulk water cleanup charge (BWC) implemented by RBCs and a land-use fine (LUF) for failing to maintain riparian buffers. We find no significant advantage of BWC over LUF in reducing sediment loading while keeping ranching profitable, under a changing climate. We also fail to find in Rondonia the important stake in water issues that has driven water reform elsewhere in Brazil. Moreover, the comparative success of reforestation programs suggests these programs may, in fact, have the potential to manage nonpoint-source agricultural pollution in the region.
The functional importance of the N-terminal region of human Prolylcarboxypeptidase

The renin-angiotensin-system cascade pathway generates the vasopressor and prothrombotic hormones, angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin III (Ang III) from angiotensinogen. One of the key enzymes for the generation of angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) and angiotensin 2-7 (Ang 2-7) from Ang II and III, respectively, is prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP). To understand the contribution of the N-terminal region to catalysis, an N-terminal truncated form, lacking 179 N-terminal residues of PRCP (rPRCP(40)) was constructed. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of rPRCP(40) illustrated that it was structured with significant helical content as indicated by local minima at approximately 220 and 208nm. The main products of Ang III metabolized by rPRCP(40) were Ang 2-7 plus phenylalanine as determined by LC-MS. Angiotensin I (Ang I) blocked the metabolism of Ang III by rPRCP(40). These investigations showed that the C-terminal region of the rPRCP(40) contributes to PRCP's catalytic function, and provided additional experimental evidence for this suggestion.
Depression and anxiety among postpartum and adoptive mothers.

Similar to biological mothers during the postpartum period, women who adopt children experience increased stress and life changes that may put them at risk for developing depression and anxiety. The purpose of the current study was to compare levels of depression and anxiety symptoms between postpartum and adoptive women and, among adoptive women, to examine associations between specific stressors and depressive symptoms. Data from adoptive mothers (n = 147), recruited from Holt International, were compared to existing data from postpartum women (n = 147). Differences in the level of depression and anxiety symptoms as measured by the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among postpartum and adoptive women were examined. Associations between specific stressors and depressive symptoms were examined among adoptive mothers. Postpartum and adoptive women had comparable levels of depressive symptoms, but adoptive women reported greater well-being and less anxiety than postpartum women. Stressors (e.g., sleep deprivation, history of infertility, past psychological disorder, and less marital satisfaction) were all significantly associated with depressive symptoms among adoptive women. The level of depressive symptoms was not significantly different between the two groups. In contrast, adoptive women experienced significantly fewer symptoms of anxiety and experienced greater well-being. Additionally, adoptive mothers experienced more depressive symptoms during the year following adoption when the stressors were present. Thus, women with these characteristics should be routinely screened for depression and anxiety.
Environmental concerns for coal synfuel commercialization

The control of multimedia environmental impacts (air, land, water) for commercial U.S. coal synfuel facilities is briefly discussed, based on process design data and environmental standards. While environmental control technology appears to be adequate, there is a critical need for confirmatory data from large-scale operating plants. Worker exposure to fugitive emission and the disposal of solid waste are of special concern. the major environmental impediments to the commercialization of existing coal synfuel technology are time delays, facility size limitations, and ‘non-acceptance’ by the impacted community.
Against vague and unnatural existence: Reply to liebesman and eklund

David Liebesman and Matti Eklund (2007) argue that my “indeterminacy argument”—according to which quanti ers are never vague—and my “naturalness argument”—according to which quanti ers “carve at the joints”—do not sit well with each other.1 I don’t agree, but I do think that Liebesman and Eklund have shown something important: the indeterminacy argument is not as independent of the naturalness argument as it may have appeared. In any case, I welcome the occasion provided by their challenging paper to clarify and re ne my arguments.
Stereochemically probing the photo-Favorskii rearrangement: a mechanistic investigation.

Using model (R)-2-acetyl-2-phenyl acetate esters of (S)- or (R)-α-substituted-p-hydroxybutyrophenones (S,R)-12a and (R,R)-12b, we have shown that a highly efficient photo-Favorskii rearrangement proceeds through a series of intermediates to form racemic rearrangement products. The stereogenic methine on the photoproduct, rac-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (rac-9), is formed by closure of a phenoxy-allyloxy intermediate 17 collapsing to a cyclopropanone, the “Favorskii” intermediate 18. These results quantify the intermediacy of a racemized triplet biradical 316 on the major rearrangement pathway elusively to the intermediate 18. Thus, intersystem crossing from the triplet biradical surface to the ground state generates a planar zwitterion prior to formation of a Favorskii cyclopropanone that retains no memory of its stereochemical origin. These results parallel the mechanism of Dewar and Bordwell for the ground state formation of cyclopropanone 3 that proceeds through an oxyallyl zwitterionic intermedi...
Selection of fluorescent ion indicators for simultaneous measurements of pH and Ca2

The advent of fluorescent ion sensitive indicators has improved our understanding of the mechanisms involved in regulating pHi and [Ca2+]i homeostasis in living cells. However, changes in [Ca2+]i can alter pHi regulatory mechanisms and vice versa, making assignment of either ion to a particular physiological response complex. A further complication is that all fluorescent Ca2+ indicators are sensitive to protons. Therefore, techniques to simultaneously measure these two ions have been developed. Although several combinations of pH and Ca2+ probes have been used, few systematic studies have been performed to assess the validity of such measurements. In vitro analysis (i.e. free acid forms of dyes) indicated that significant quenching effects occurred when using specific dye combinations. Fura-2/SNARF-1 and MagFura-2/SNARF-1 probe combinations were found to provide the most accurate pH and [Ca2+] measurements relative to Fluo-3/SNARF-1, Ca2+-Green-1/SNARF-1, or BCECF/SNARF-1. Similar conclusions were reached when probes were calibrated after loading into cells. The magnitude of interactions between pH and Ca2+ probes could be a factor which may limit the use of certain specific combinations. Loading of probes that exhibit interactions into distinct intracellular compartments (i.e. separated by a biological membrane) abolished the quenching effects. These data indicate that interactions between the probes used to simultaneously monitor pH and Ca2+ must be considered whenever probe combinations are used.
X-ray diffraction investigations of anomalous water

Abstract An X-ray diffraction pattern has been obtained from a sample of anomalous water. The pattern is characteristic of a polycrystalline material and may be indexed completely on an orthorhombic unit cell with a = 9.56 A , b = 10.79 A , c = 12.40 A . Examination of samples prepared in other laboratories and by different methods showed the same diffraction pattern. A Patterson map of this pattern at 2 A resolution shows interatomic vectors at 2.36 A and 2.60 A.
Antitumor Effects of Piroxicam in Spontaneous Canine Invasive Urinary Bladder Cancer, A Relevant Model of Human Invasive Bladder Cancer

Invasive urinary bladder cancer results in >12,000 deaths each year in the US alone. More effective forms of therapy are needed to treat this cancer. Our interest in the antitumor activity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) began when we observed unexpected remission of naturally-occurring cancer in pet dogs who were receiving the NSAID piroxicam for pain relief. These observations led to phase I and II clinical trials of piroxicam in pet dogs with spontaneous cancer.1,2Gastrointestinal toxicity was dose limiting, but remission occurred at lower, less toxic doses.’ Invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (TCC) was one of the forms of canine cancer that underwent remission with piroxicam therapy.2This finding is of particular interest because naturally-occurring canine TCC is very similar to human invasive urinary bladder cancer in histopathologic characteristics, biological behavior, and response to chemotherapy.3Canine TCC is a heterogenous, chemoresistant solid tumor with <20% of cases responding to single agent chemotherapy.3
Microelectrode delineation of fine grain somatotopic organization of (SmI) cerebral neocortex in albino rat.

Summary Microelectrode recording, systematic mapping, and cytoarchitectural techniques were combined in the present study to determine fine details in the patterns of somatic sensory projections from mystacial vibrissae, and other body regions, to SmI of the rat. Single unit and unit-cluster responses to delicate mechanical stimuli were recorded in as many as 27 penetrations per sq.mm in animals anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Somatic sensory afferents from one half of the body were found to project contralaterally to a 45 sq.mm cortical area. About two-thirds of this area received projections from very small receptive fields on the head which usually consisted of either single large vibrissae on the lateral face or smaller sinus hairs on the rostral face. The relative spatial relationships of the cortical projections from all the vibrissae were identical to their spatial relationships on the body surface. There was no overlap between projections from any vibrissae. The physiological boundaries of SmI coincided with a cytoarchitectural area which exhibited a prominent granular IVth layer. Distinct multicellular aggregates were found within layer IV of the facial sinus hair area. The location of these aggregates, their number (which was similar to the number of facial sinus hairs), and their somatotopic arrangement suggested the hypothesis that each aggregate is a functional unit which receives somatic sensory information from a single, specific sinus hair.
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLICLY‐QUOTED CORPORATIONS WHICH CHANGE TO CLOSELY‐HELD OWNERSHIP THROUGH MANAGEMENT BUYOUTS

This paper investigates whether publicly-quoted firms which become closely held via management buyouts possess characteristics prior to the change which differentiate them from firms which remain publicly-quoted. Discriminant analysis procedures are used to test for group differences and to identify the attributes which contribute most to differences. The results indicate that firms becoming closely held through management buyouts possess certain financial statement and stock market characteristics which are significantly different from firms remaining publicly-quoted.
Social Constructivism, Mental Models, and Problems of Obedience

There are important synergies for the next generation of ethical leaders based on the alignment of modified or adjusted mental models. This entails a synergistic application of moral imagination through collaborative input and critique, rather than “me too” obedience. In this article, we will analyze the Milgram results using frameworks relating to mental models (Werhane et al., Profitable partnerships for poverty alleviation, 2009), as well as work by Moberg on “ethics blind spots” (Organizational Studies 27(3):413–428, 2006), and by Bazerman and Chugh on “bounded awareness” (Harvard Business Review, 2006; Mind & Society 6:1–18, 2007) Using these constructs to examine the Milgram experiment, we will argue that the ways in which the experiments are framed, the presence of an authority figure, the appeal to the authority of science, and the situation in which the naive participant finds herself or himself, all create a bounded awareness, a narrow blind spot that encourages a climate for obedience, brackets out the opportunity to ask the moral question: “Am I hurting another fellow human being?” and may preclude the subject from utilizing moral imagination to opt out of the experiment. We will conclude that these forms of almost blind obedience to authority are correctable, but with difficulty. We will argue that linking the modification of mental models to an unbinding of awareness represents an important synergistic relationship and one that can build effectively on the lessons learned from our experience with moral imagination.
Theoretical study of the o-methyl substituent effect in hydrogen bonds

Abstract The relatively large differences in D e and R e obtained at the STO-3G level for hydrogen bonded dimers of water, methanol and dimethyl ether, and which correlate monotonically with atomic charges, are strongly attenuated with extended basis sets, and relationships among D e , R e , and electron populations are reversed. Ratios of D e R e products for pairs of proton donors (acceptors) with a common acceptor (donor), however, are constant for a given basis set.
Coexistence Curve of D2O + Deuterated Isobutyric Acid

We report precise data on the densities of the coexisting liquid phases near the liquid-liquid critical point in D2O + deuterated isobutyric acid. The result for the critical exponent β (0.315 ± 0.008) is consistent with our earlier work on H2O + isobutyric acid, with other work on critical points in fluids, and with current theoretical predictions. The effect of deuteration is to increase the miscibility gap.
Retroperitoneal hibernoma in a 28-year-old man

Retroperitoneal hibernomas are rare, with only a handful of cases reported in the literature. These benign lesions are composed primarily of brown fat and can include varying amounts of white fat, myxoid material, and spindled cells, which makes their imaging characteristics highly variable. Here we present a series of images taken in a 28-year-old-man with pathologically confirmed retroperitoneal hibernoma. Surgical excision was undertaken and resulted in complete removal of the lesion.
Electronic Absorption and MCD Spectra for Pt(AuPPh3)82+ and Au(AuPPh3)83+ Cluster Complexes in Poly(methyl methacrylate) Thin Films at 295 and 10 K

Electronic absorption and 8 T magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra are reported for nitrate salts of Pt(AuPPh3)82+ and Au(AuPPh3)83+ in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMM) thin films at 295 and 10 K in the vis−UV region from 1.6 to 3.6 μm-1 (1 μm-1 = 104 cm-1). Enhanced resolution is observed at low temperature, especially for Pt(AuPPh3)82+, which emphasizes the differences in the nature of the low-energy excited configurations and states between Pt(AuPPh3)82+ and Au(AuPPh3)83+. The absorption and MCD spectra for Pt(AuPPh3)82+ are interpreted in terms of a combination of excitations from filled Pt 5d orbitals to empty Au framework 6s orbitals and intraframework Au82+ (IF) transitions, whereas the spectra for Au(AuPPh3)83+ are ascribed entirely to Au IF transitions.
Discrete Event Systems in Rewriting Logic

Abstract In this note, we report on some work in progress on using rewriting logics for discrete event simulation. The idea is to combine the proofs in the logic with the observations in the simulations to gain a better understanding of the interaction intricacies that seem to occur in complex simulations. In particular, we use communication protocols as our application domain, since they have all the interaction and unpredictability that makes formal specifications difficult.
Chemical structural investigation of the cotton fiber base and associated seed coat: Fourier-transform infrared mapping and histochemistry

Fourier-transform mid-infrared mapping and histochemical staining are used to reveal the location and relative importance of chemical components involved with the base of cotton fibers and their associated seed coat. These two complementary techniques are focused on the nature of the chemical components that hold cotton fibers at their bases to the seed coat and with other portions of seed coat fragments that are often found as part of the trash component of ginned cotton. Infrared results reveal waxes or long-chain alcohols adjacent to the shank of cotton fiber bases in the outer epidermal tissue in all regions of the cotton seed; uronate anions in the outer epidermis and pigment layers surrounding the bases of the fibers and strongly present in the upper palisade layer tissue of all seed regions; compounds containing carbonyl functionality, acids, and bases, at the juncture of the upper palisade and colorless layers; tannin or pretannin-type aromatic structures in the outer pigment layer and interior to...
Some comments on risk

Investor risk is a complicated concept in practice and is not well captured by measures of volatility as is well understood by uncertainty theory. Rather than asking statisticians to attempt to measure risk, it may be better to listen to decision theorists, but their suggestions are not very practical. Diversification is clearly helpful in reducing risk but the risk level of one portfolio cannot be measured without knowing the risks of other major portfolios. A meta-analysis can be used to compare alternative volatility measures in terms of their forecasting utility. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of the nucleus in protein synthesis in Amoeba.

Abstract The presence or absence of the nucleus influences the incorporation of 35S labelled methionine into the proteins of Amoeba proteus kept under basal conditions. The percent incorporation (relation between total amount of methionine taken up and the amount incorporated into TCA-insoluble material in a given time) is lower by a factor of 2.5 in the enucleated half immediately after the cell has been cut into two. The percent incorporation does not change in either the nucleated half or the enucleated half for three days after cutting. The amount of methionine that the enucleated half can incorporate in a given time-interval does decline with time, but this is shown to be attributable to the uptake mechanism and not to the incorporation mechanism. All of the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the nucleus is either the seat of a considerable proportion of the protein synthesis in the amebae under the conditions employed or that this nucleus-linked synthesis is very closely coupled with processes that are localized in the nucleus. On a short-term basis, synthesis of protein in the cytoplasm and the nucleus-linked synthesis seem to be independent of each other.
Platinum-group element distribution in chromite ores from ophiolite complexes: implications for their exploration

Abstract Compilation of some new data on ophiolites for Greece and Yugoslavia, and published data from previous studies, indicate that platinum-group element (PGE) and gold concentrations in chromite ores are generally low, ranging from less than 100 ppb to a few hundred ppb. However, samples from several ophiolite complexes exhibit an enrichment (of a few ppm) (a) only in Os, Ir and Ru,(b) only in Pt and/or Pd or (c) in all PGE. This enrichment (up to 10s ppm) is mainly related with chromitites hosted in supra-Moho dunites and dunites of the uppermost stratigraphic levels of the mantle sequence and it seems to be local, independent of the chromitite major element composition and the chromite potential of the ophiolite complexes. The contents of PGE combined with less chalcophile elements (Ni, Co, Cu), the ratios of incompatible/compatible elements, and PGE-patterns provide evidence for discrimination between chromitites derived from primitive magmas and those derived from partially fractionated magmas, although they have a similar major element composition. Thus, they can be used for a stratigraphic orientation in the mantle sequence, and therefore for exploration targets. Moreover, PGE data offer valuable information for the evaluation of the chromite potential in ophiolite complexes. The most promising ophiolites seem to be those which apart from the petrological and geochemical characteristics indicating extensive degree of partial melting in the mantle source contain only one chromite ore type (the other type being only in small proportion) of limited compositional variation, in both major elements and PGE, low ratios of Pd Ir , while PGE-enriched chromitites in the mantle sequence are only occasionally present. In contrast, ophiolites which contain both high-Cr and -Al chromitites, and where their chalcophile element data implies relatively extensive fractionation trend are not good exploration targets for chromite ores, although they are related with a SSZ environment.
Design/Research: Notes on a Manifesto

JAE's White Issue is long overdue. The notion that architectural experimentation requires a rigorous feedback between design and research has been at play in design pedagogy since at least the 1960...
A subset of ventral tegmental area neurons is inhibited by dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and opioids

Abstract Neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area are thought to play a key role in the formation of addictive behaviors, particularly in response to drugs such as cocaine and opioids. In this study we identified different populations of ventral tegmental area neurons by the pharmacology of their evoked synaptic potentials and their response to dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and opioids. Intracellular recordings were made from ventral tegmental area neurons in horizontal slices of guinea-pig brain and electrical stimulation was used to evoke synaptic potentials. The majority of cells (61.3%) hyperpolarized in response to dopamine, depolarized to 5-hydroxytryptamine, failed to respond to [Met] 5 enkephalin and exhibited a slow GABA B -mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potential. A smaller proportion of cells (11.3%) hyperpolarized in response to [Met] 5 enkephalin, depolarized to 5-hydroxytryptamine, failed to respond to dopamine and did not exhibit a slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential. These two groups of cells corresponded to previously described “principal” and “secondary” cells, respectively. A further group of cells (27.4%) was identified that, like the principal cells, hyperpolarized to dopamine. However, these “tertiary cells” also hyperpolarized to both 5-hydroxytryptamine and [Met] 5 enkephalin and exhibited a slow, cocaine-sensitive 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A -mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potential. When principal and tertiary cells were investigated immunohistochemically, 82% of the principal cells were positive for tyrosine hydroxylase compared with only 29% of the tertiary cells. The 5-hydroxytryptamine innervation of both these cell types was investigated and a similar density of putative contacts was observed near the somata and dendrites in both groups. This latter finding suggests that the existence of a 5-hydroxytryptamine-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potential in the tertiary cells may be determined by the selective expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, rather than the distribution or density of the 5-hydroxytryptamine innervation. We conclude that tertiary cells are a distinct subset of ventral tegmental area neurons where cocaine and μ-opioids both mediate inhibition.
Role of calcium in gill function in freshwater fishes

Abstract 1. 1. The role of external Ca on the ionic and osmoregulatory function of the gills of freshwater fishes has been reviewed. 2. 2. A competition for binding sites on the gill between Ca and other divalent or trivalent metallic ions influences their uptake and toxicity to fish.
Response and linearity of different lipid compounds when analyzed by thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection.

Abstract The response and linearity were studied for about twenty different types of lipids in a quantitative thin-layer chromatographic system equipped with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID). For most compounds the response showed good linearity with loads form 0.4 to 15 μg. The relative response of choleterol, sterol ester and wax ester in ratio to triglyceride was, however, found to depend on the concentration, and this should be taken into account in quantitative determinations. The relative reponse of different lipids varied from 0.6 for hydrocarbon to about 1.4 for cholesterol. The application of the TLC-FID technique for skin lipid separations is illustrated.
Drag-free control for fundamental physics missions

Abstract The requirements for several quite different missions requiring drag-free control are presented. The various elements of a drag-free control system are discussed: proof mass design considerations; optical, capacitive and SQUID sensing of the displacements between the proof mass and the satellite; gas and electrical thrusters as actuators; and design considerations for drag-free control laws.
Aerodynamic design using unstructured meshes

A methodology for performing optimization on 2D and 3D unstructured grids based on the Euler equations is presented. The same, low-memory-cost explicit relaxation algorithm is used to resolve the discrete equations which govern the flow, linearized direct and adjoint problems. The analysis schemes, for both 2D and 3D, are high resolution Local-Extremum-Diminishing (LED) schemes and use Roe decomposition for the dissipative fluxes. The local timestepping relaxation scheme is based on a multidimensional equivalent of a TVD CFL-like condition guaranteeing convergence of flow and sensitivity computations to machine accuracy. Mesh movement is performed in such a way that optimization of arbitrary geometries is allowed. Sensitivities based on direct and adjoint methods are validated and sample optimizations are performed: the inverse pressure design of a multielement airfoil in high-lift mode, an infinite-span straight transonic wing and a transonic wing/body configuration. It is shown that, due to its neat-elimination of CPU cost dependence on the number of design variables, the adjoint method is preferred over the direct and finite difference methods for practical single-discipline aerodynamic optimization.
Distinct ATP receptors on pain-sensing and stretch-sensing neurons

The initial pain from tissue damage may result from the release of cytoplasmic components that act upon nociceptors, the sensors for pain. ATP was proposed to fill this role1,2 because it elicits pain when applied intradermally3 and may be the active compound in cytoplasmic fractions that cause pain4. Moreover, ATP opens ligand-gated ion channels (P2X receptors) in sensory neurons5,6,7 and only sensory neurons express messenger RNA for the P2X3 receptor8,9. To test whether ATP contributes to nociception, we developed a tissue culture system that allows comparison of nociceptive (tooth-pulp afferent) and non-nociceptive (muscle-stretch receptor) rat sensory neurons. Low concentrations of ATP evoked action potentials and large inward currents in both types of neuron. Nociceptors had currents that were similar to those of heterologously expressed channels containing P2X3 subunits, and had P2X3 immunoreactivity in their sensory endings and cell bodies. Stretch receptors had currents that differed from those of P2X3 channels, and had no P2X3 immunoreactivity. These results support the theory that P2X3 receptors mediate a form of nociception, but also suggest non-nociceptive roles for ATP in sensory neurons.
Locally divergence-free discontinuous Galerkin methods for MHD equations

In this paper, we continue our investigation of the locally divergence-free discontinuous Galerkin method, originally developed for the linear Maxwell equations (J. Comput. Phys. 194 588-610 (2004)), to solve the nonlinear ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations. The distinctive feature of such method is the use of approximate solutions that are exactly divergence-free inside each element for the magnetic field. As a consequence, this method has a smaller computational cost than the traditional discontinuous Galerkin method with standard piecewise polynomial spaces. We formulate the locally divergence-free discontinuous Galerkin method for the MHD equations and perform extensive one and two-dimensional numerical experiments for both smooth solutions and solutions with discontinuities. Our computational results demonstrate that the locally divergence-free discontinuous Galerkin method, with a reduced cost comparing to the traditional discontinuous Galerkin method, can maintain the same accuracy for smooth solutions and can enhance the numerical stability of the scheme and reduce certain nonphysical features in some of the test cases.
Determining the Rate of Change in Exposure to Ionizing Radiation From CT Scans: A Database Analysis From One Hospital

Purpose Cancer risks associated with radiation from CT procedures have recently received increased attention. An important question is whether the combined impact of CT volume and dose reduction strategies has reduced radiation exposure to adult patients undergoing CT examinations. The aim of this study was to determine differences in radiation exposure from 2008 to 2012 to patients receiving CT scans of the abdomen, head, sinus, and lumbar spine at a midwestern academic medical center that implemented dose reduction strategies. Methods Data were collected from two internal data sets from 2008 to 2012 for general medicine and intensive care unit patients. These data were used to calculate annual CT volume, rate, average effective dose, radiation exposure, and estimated cancer risk. Results A 37% reduction in abdominal CT volume was found from 2008 to 2012. However, no volume reductions were found for CT examinations of the head or lumbar spine, and the decrease in sinus imaging was minimal. Dose reduction strategies resulted in 30% to 52% decreases in radiation exposure for the targeted body areas. The combined reduction in volume and dose per procedure reduced estimated induced cancers by 63%. Conclusions Exposure to ionizing radiation from these examinations was reduced at one institution because of reduced volumes of procedures and the reduction of each procedure's effective dose through new protocols and technologies. Although both the volume reduction and dose reduction strategies contributed to the reduced exposure, it seems that investments in implementing the protocols and new technology had the greatest effect on future cancer risk.
Maze recognizing automata and nondeterministic tape complexity

A new device called a maze recognizing automaton is introduced. The following two statements are shown to be equivalent. (i) There is a maze recognizing automaton that accepts precisely the threadable mazes. (ii) Every nondeterministic L(n)-tape bounded Turing machine can be simulated by a deterministic L(n)-tape bounded Turing machine, provided L(n)>=log"2n.
Challenging Assumptions: Clergy Perspectives and Practices Regarding Intimate Partner Violence

Many individuals in African-American communities turn to their pastors for help with domestic violence; however, very little is known about actual clergy perspectives and practices regarding intimate partner violence. A single-interview template was designed to gain insight into the thinking of eight clergy on this topic. The findings of this study provide insight regarding perspectives and practices used by clergy to address partner violence, many of which are compatible with clinical best practices. They also provide understanding about the attitudes or interventions possibly encountered by victims of intimate partner violence in some churches.
Motional narrowing and magnetostrictive broadening of the Mössbauer spectrum due to superparamagnetism

Abstract We present a theory of the effect of superparamagnetic fluctuations on the Mossbauer spectrum through both motional narrowing and magnetostrictive broadening. The former is the well-known collapse of the hyperfine splitting due to the rapidly fluctuating hyperfine field. The latter is a Doppler effect brought a about by the fluctuating displacement of the nucleus. A theory thereof has been previously presented by these authors. However, the two effects were not treated in an integrated fashion in one comprehensive theory. We do so here.
Heavy noble gases in solar wind delivered by Genesis mission.

One of the major goals of the Genesis Mission was to refine our knowledge of the isotopic composition of the heavy noble gases in solar wind and, by inference, the Sun, which represents the initial composition of the solar system. This has now been achieved with permil precision: ^(36)Ar/^(38)Ar = 5.5005 ± 0.0040, ^(86)Kr/^(84)Kr = .3012 ± .0004, ^(83)Kr/^(84)Kr = .2034 ± .0002, ^(82)Kr/^(84)Kr = .2054 ± .0002, ^(80)Kr/^(84)Kr = .0412 ± .0002, ^(78)Kr/^(84)Kr = .00642 ± .00005, ^(136)Xe/^(132)Xe = .3001 ± .0006, ^(134)Xe/^(132)Xe = .3691 ± .0007, ^(131)Xe/^(132)Xe = .8256 ± .0012, ^(130)Xe/^(132)Xe = .1650 ± .0004, ^(129)Xe/^(132)Xe = 1.0405 ± .0010, ^(128)Xe/^(132)Xe = .0842 ± .0003, ^(126)Xe/^(132)Xe = .00416 ± .00009, and ^(124)Xe/^(132)Xe = .00491 ± .00007 (error-weighted averages of all published data). The Kr and Xe ratios measured in the Genesis solar wind collectors generally agree with the less precise values obtained from lunar soils and breccias, which have accumulated solar wind over hundreds of millions of years, suggesting little if any temporal variability of the isotopic composition of solar wind krypton and xenon. The higher precision for the initial composition of the heavy noble gases in the solar system allows (1) to confirm that, exept ^(136)Xe and ^(134)Xe, the mathematically derived U–Xe is equivalent to Solar Wind Xe and (2) to provide an opportunity for better understanding the relationship between the starting composition and Xe-Q (and Q-Kr), the dominant current “planetary” component, and its host, the mysterious phase-Q.