cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cholera toxin-B subunit blocks excitatory opioid receptor-mediated hyperalgesic effects in mice, thereby unmasking potent opioid analgesia and attenuating opioid tolerance/dependence.

In a previous study we demonstrated that injection (i.p.) of low doses of GM1 ganglioside in mice rapidly attenuates morphine's analgesic effects. This result is consonant with our electrophysiologic studies in nociceptive types of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in culture, which showed that exogenous GM1 rapidly increased the efficacy of excitatory (Gs-coupled) opioid receptor functions. By contrast, treatment of DRG neurons with the non-toxic B-subunit of cholera toxin (CTX-B) which binds selectively to GM1, blocked the excitatory, but not inhibitory, effects of morphine and other bimodally-acting opioid agonists, thereby resulting in a net increase in inhibitory opioid potency. The present study provides more direct evidence that endogenous GM1 plays a physiologic role in regulating excitatory opioid receptor functions in vivo by demonstrating that cotreatment with remarkably low doses of CTX-B (10 ng/kg, s.c.) selectively blocks hyperalgesic effects elicited by morphine or by a kappa opioid agonist, thereby unmasking potent opioid analgesia. These results are comparable to the effects of cotreatment of mice with morphine plus an ultra-low dose of the opioid antagonist, naltrexone (NTX) which blocks opioid-induced hyperalgesic effects, unmasking potent opioid analgesia. Low-dose NTX selectively blocks excitatory opioid receptors at their recognition site, whereas CTX-B binds to, and interferes with, a putative allosteric GM1 regulatory site on excitatory opioid receptors. Furthermore, chronic cotreatment of mice with morphine plus CTX-B attenuates development of opioid tolerance and physical dependence, as previously shown to occur during cotreatment with low-dose NTX.
A Selective Bibliography on Shishuo xinyu

This bibliography includes Chinese, English, Japanese, French, and German scholarship on the Shishuo xinyu (A New Account of Worldly Affairs). Because a substantial amount of Chinese scholarship ha...
Equilibration of halothane with brain tissue in vitro: comparison to brain concentrations during anesthesia.

: A method was devised for reproducing anesthetic concentrations of halothane in slice and membrane preparations of rat brain in vitro. Rats were anesthetized with varying concentrations of halothane, responsiveness was tested, and brain halothane content was determined by heptane extraction and gas chromatography. The inspire concentration of halothane at which half of all animals were unresponsive was 1.05%. At 1.25% halothane, all animals were unresponsive and brain halothane was determined to be 41 × 1.3 nmol/mg lipid. No significant differences in halothane concentration between whole brain and a variety of brain regions were detected. To obtain similar concentrations in vitro, membranes or slices of cerebral cortex were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRB) that had been preequilibrated with anesthetic. Halothane equilibrated rapidly with the buffer and the tissues. The partition coefficient between gas and KRB was found to be 0.78, and between brain slices and KRB approximately 12. Slightly lower gas concentrations were necessary in vitro than in vivo to obtain the same tissue levels of anesthetic. Using this method, it was shown that there was no effect of anesthetic concentrations of halothane on the uptake of [3H]-norepinephrine or [3H]choline into slices of rat cerebral cortex.
A Quantum CAD Accelerator Based on Grover&#146;s Algorithm for Finding the Minimum Fixed Polarity Reed-Muller Form

We describe the use of Grovers algorithm as implemented in a quantum logic circuit that produces a solution for a classical switching circuit design problem. The particular application described here is to determine a Fixed Polarity Reed-Muller (FPRM) form that satisfies a threshold value constraint, thus we find a particular FPRM form among all 2^n FPRM forms that has a number of terms less than or equal to the threshold value. Grovers algorithm is implemented in a quantum logic circuit that also contains a subcircuit that expresses all possible FPRM solutions of a given function. This approach illustrates how fast transforms as known from spectral theory can be combined with quantum computing as a part of an oracle.
Getting better with age: The relationship between age, acceptance, and negative affect.

Although aging involves cognitive and physical declines, it is also associated with improved emotional well-being, particularly lower negative affect. However, the relationship between age and global negative affect, versus discrete negative emotions, and the pathways that link age to lower negative affect are not well understood. We hypothesize that 1 important link between age and lower negative affect may be acceptance of negative emotional experiences. The present study examined this hypothesis in a community sample of 21- to 73-year-olds (N = 340) by measuring acceptance and multiple indices of negative affect: trait negative affect, negative experiential and physiological reactivity to a laboratory stress induction, daily experience of negative affect, and trait negative affect 6 months after the initial assessment. Negative affect was measured using a discrete emotions approach whereby anger, anxiety, and sadness were assessed at each time point. Age was associated with increased acceptance as well as lower anger and anxiety (but not sadness) across measurement modalities and time points. Further, acceptance statistically mediated the relationship between age on the one hand and anger and anxiety on the other hand. These results are consistent with the idea that acceptance may be an important pathway in the link between age and lower negative affect. Implications of these results for understanding the nature of age-related decreases in discrete negative emotions are discussed.
Characterization of Cep135, a novel coiled-coil centrosomal protein involved in microtubule organization in mammalian cells

By using monoclonal antibodies raised against isolated clam centrosomes, we have identified a novel 135-kD centrosomal protein (Cep135), present in a wide range of organisms. Cep135 is located at the centrosome throughout the cell cycle, and localization is independent of the microtubule network. It distributes throughout the centrosomal area in association with the electron-dense material surrounding centrioles. Sequence analysis of cDNA isolated from CHO cells predicted a protein of 1,145–amino acid residues with extensive α-helical domains. Expression of a series of deletion constructs revealed the presence of three independent centrosome-targeting domains. Overexpression of Cep135 resulted in the accumulation of unique whorl-like particles in both the centrosome and the cytoplasm. Although their size, shape, and number varied according to the level of protein expression, these whorls were composed of parallel dense lines arranged in a 6-nm space. Altered levels of Cep135 by protein overexpression and/or suppression of endogenous Cep135 by RNA interference caused disorganization of interphase and mitotic spindle microtubules. Thus, Cep135 may play an important role in the centrosomal function of organizing microtubules in mammalian cells.
Taking substance use and development seriously: Developmentally distal and proximal influences on adolescent drug use

This compelling study clearly illustrates what many of us have long been saying, though not always as thoroughly or as convincingly, that adolescent drug use is a developmental phenomenon. Dodge et al. show how early influences work through different systems over time, from the individual through parenting and peer relations and back to individual drug use. That adolescent drug use is a significant national problem has not been in question for decades; that externalizing behavior, ineffective parenting, and association with deviant peers are risk factors for adolescent drug use is not new; and that carefully conducted longitudinal research is essential for advancement in the understanding of developmental processes has long been a fact in our science. What is new and important here, for both developmental scientists and addiction researchers, is the demonstration of how risk factors from different systems gather together sequentially across a 13 year period, how they interact systematically over time, and how each potentiates and directs earlier risk factors to set the stage for the high likelihood of adolescent use of illicit drugs. This clear explication of cascading effects as “the stuff of development” helps us see why we need to pay as much attention to developmentally distal influences as we do to developmentally proximal ones. In this commentary, we offer thoughts about some of the many strengths and contributions of the Dodge et al. study, as well as about future considerations building on this study.
Density-Based Correlation for Solid Solubility in Supercritical Solvents

Abstract The use of solvents at conditions above their critical points is increasing because of their increased dissolving power and enhanced transport properties, as in caffeine extraction, etc. This research sought an improved method for correlating the solubility of materials in light solvents from conditions below the critical point of the solvents to those above it, especially to facilitate prediction, interpolation, and extrapolation of solubility data better than existing equations. Solvent density was recognized early as a factor in solvent dissolving power but not used as a correlating parameter. A density approach based on mass-action equilibrium law employing the solvation concept was used to correlate the data on selected binary mixtures with excellent results. For high pressures the relationship yields a plot of log solute solubility (g/L solution) versus log solvent density (g/L solution) which is sectionwise linear. A simplification of the relationship applies well at lower pressures. For b...
Fostering More Equitable Schools for LGBT Youth: A Review of LGBT Youth in America's Schools

LGBT Youth in America's Schools, by Jason Cianciotto and Sean Cahill, synthesizes research, practice, and policy to inform more supportive and safer conditions and experiences for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students in elementary and secondary schools. The book is organized into three sections: research on LGBT youth school experiences; school practices, laws, and policies; and policy and research recommendations. Significantly, this resource includes a research agenda that can expand knowledge about LGBT youth in schools, including policies and practices that improve outcomes for LGBT youth.
Inside-Out Houses: Urban Belonging and Imagined Futures in Dakar, Senegal

In every neighborhood of Dakar, Senegal, large houses in various stages of construction stand as witnesses to and evidence of transnational movements of labor and capital. These ambitious building projects, funded by Senegalese migrants living and working abroad, have utterly transformed the city landscape, and their pervasiveness leads many Dakarois to assume that everyone must be migrating. Intended as eventual family homes, investment properties, or a combination of the two, the innovative layouts and architectural flourishes of these not-yet houses echo lives lived elsewhere while drawing on local aesthetics and approaches to spatial design. Though some houses seem to near completion within just a year or two, most structures linger for several years or even a decade, slowly eroding as families and hired contractors wait for money transfers from abroad. Some constructions boast newly laid bricks or fresh paint, while others are obscured by overgrown vegetation and debris.
Servant Leadership: An Emerging Paradigm for Union- Management Relations

Servant Leadership: An Emerging Paradigm for Union-Management Relations The recession that began in December 2007 has affected every sector of the economy. The private sector has had to make difficult decisions balances the demands of shareholders and their employers. Most organizations are able to make unilateral decisions concerning the terms and conditions of employment. However, unionized organizations must negotiate any changes before they are enacted.
Investigation of imaging properties for submillimeter rectangular pinholes.

Purpose: Recently, a multipinhole collimator with inserts that have both rectangular apertures and rectangular fields of view (FOVs) has been proposed for SPECTimaging since it can tile the projection onto the detector efficiently and the FOVs in transverse and axial directions become separable. The purpose of this study is to investigate the image properties of rectangular-aperture pinholes with submillimeter apertures sizes. Methods: In this work, the authors have conducted sensitivity and FOV experiments for 18 replicates of a prototype insert fabricated in platinum/iridium (Pt/Ir) alloy with submillimeter square-apertures. A sinqθ fit to the experimental sensitivity has been performed for these inserts. For the FOV measurement, the authors have proposed a new formula to calculate the projection intensity of a flood image on the detector, taking into account the penumbra effect. By fitting this formula to the measured projection data, the authors obtained the acceptance angles. Results: The mean (standard deviation) of fitted sensitivity exponents q and effective edge lengths we were, respectively, 10.8 (1.8) and 0.38 mm (0.02 mm), which were close to the values, 7.84 and 0.396 mm, obtained from Monte Carlo calculations using the parameters of the designed inserts. For the FOV measurement, the mean (standard deviation) of the transverse and axial acceptances were 35.0° (1.2°) and 30.5° (1.6°), which are in good agreement with the designed values (34.3° and 29.9°). Conclusions: These results showed that the physical properties of the fabricated inserts with submillimeter aperture size matched our design well.
In vitro comparative study of vibro-acoustography versus pulse-echo ultrasound in imaging permanent prostate brachytherapy seeds.

Background Permanent prostate brachytherapy (PPB) is a common treatment for early stage prostate cancer. While the modern approach using trans-rectal ultrasound guidance has demonstrated excellent outcome, the efficacy of PPB depends on achieving complete radiation dose coverage of the prostate by obtaining a proper radiation source (seed) distribution. Currently, brachytherapy seed placement is guided by trans-rectal ultrasound imaging and fluoroscopy. A significant percentage of seeds are not detected by trans-rectal ultrasound because certain seed orientations are invisible making accurate intra-operative feedback of radiation dosimetry very difficult, if not impossible. Therefore, intra-operative correction of suboptimal seed distributions cannot easily be done with current methods. Vibro-acoustography (VA) is an imaging modality that is capable of imaging solids at any orientation, and the resulting images are speckle free.
A Bayesian Multilevel Modeling Approach for Data Query in Wireless Sensor Networks

In power-limited Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), it is important to reduce the communication load in order to achieve energy savings. This paper applies a novel statistic method to estimate the parameters based on the real-time data measured by local sensors. Instead of transmitting large real-time data, we proposed to transmit the small amount of dynamic parameters by exploiting both temporal and spatial correlation within and between sensor clusters. The temporal correlation is built on the level-1 Bayesian model at each sensor to predict local readings. Each local sensor transmits their local parameters learned from historical measurement data to their cluster heads which account for the spatial correlation and summarize the regional parameters based on level-2 Bayesian model. Finally, the cluster heads transmit the regional parameters to the sink node. By utilizing this statistical method, the sink node can predict the sensor measurements within a specified period without directly communicating with local sensors. We show that this approach can dramatically reduce the amount of communication load in data query applications and achieve significant energy savings.
Drug–Nutrient Interactions in Patients Receiving Enteral Nutrition

Malnourished patients and those at risk of malnutrition are candidates for nutrition intervention. This includes previously well-nourished patients who have been or will be without oral intake for 3 to 5 d (pediatric populations) or 5 to 10 d (adults). Enteral nutrition (EN), which is synonymous with tube feeding, should be considered when a patient cannot, will not, or should not consume appropriate quantities of nutrients by mouth to prevent malnutrition. There are few absolute contraindications to tube feeding other than a bowel obstruction that cannot be bypassed. However, conditions such as diffuse peritonitis, intractable vomiting, intractable diarrhea, and ischemia of the small bowel may be contraindications to EN therapy (1). Most other conditions allow at least some nutrients to be delivered enterally.
A System Model for Controlling the Operations of Check Processing in a Branch Bank Network

Check processing in large commercial banks offers many opportunities for savings due to the great operational costs, and the time value of money. However, savings can be realized only through the control of the system. Since the check processing operation is functionally interdependent with other departments, often with conflicting objectives, changes can be difficult to make. This paper contains a description of the design and the successful implementation of a flexible system model, and the subsequent use of the model to control a check processing operation. The system model employs a multiple salesman traveling salesman algorithm, a bottleneck assignment algorithm, a dynamic programming algorithm, regression models, various heuristic routines and report generating programs, all interrelated to generate coherent solutions. The model is adaptive; as the system or environment changes so does the solution. The model is able to generate solutions which take into account the balancing of messenger crew work loads, check volumes, transit dollars, minimum distance routines, work flow smoothing, banking hours, expected branch personnel quit times, and the restrictions placed by the precise timing requirements of the delivery of payrolls, lottery tickets, drafts, and return items. An application of the system model has saved in the neighborhood of 1 million dollars in labor and transportation costs alone. A less tangible, though, none the less important benefit has been the establishment of good control of the entire process.
Synergistic Interactions between Urban Heat Islands and Heat Waves: The Impact in Cities Is Larger than the Sum of Its Parts*

Cities are well known to be hotter than the rural areas that surround them; this phenomenon is called the urbanheatisland.Heatwavesareexcessivelyhotperiodsduringwhichtheairtemperaturesofbothurbanand rural areas increase significantly. However,whether urban andrural temperaturesrespondin the same wayto heat waves remains a critical unanswered question. In this study, a combination of observational and modeling analyses indicates synergies between urban heat islands and heat waves. That is, not only do heat waves increase the ambient temperatures, but they also intensify the difference between urban and rural temperatures. As a result, the added heat stress in cities will be even higher than the sum of the background urban heat island effect and the heat wave effect. Results presented here also attribute this added impact of heat waves on urban areas to the lack of surface moisture in urban areas and the low wind speed associated with heat waves. Given that heat waves are projected to become more frequent and that urban populations are substantiallyincreasing,thesefindingsunderlinetheseriousheat-related healthrisksfacingurbanresidentsin the twenty-first century. Adaptation and mitigation strategies will require joint efforts to reinvent the city, allowing for more green spaces and lesser disruption of the natural water cycle.
Amygdala norepinephrine levels after training predict inhibitory avoidance retention performance in rats

Previous findings indicate that footshock and several drugs that modulate memory consolidation alter norepinephrine (noradrenaline) release in the amygdala, as assessed by in vivo microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. Such findings suggest that norepinephrine release in the amygdala may be critical for regulating memory consolidation. The present study was the first to examine the relationship between norepinephrine release in the amygdala assessed after inhibitory avoidance training and 24-h retention performance within individual animals. Norepinephrine levels increased to > 300% of pretraining baseline 30 min after training and remained elevated for 2 h. In individual rats, the increase in norepinephrine levels after training correlated highly with 24-h retention performance. These findings indicate that the degree of activation of the noradrenergic system within the amygdala in response to a novel, emotionally arousing experience predicts the extent of long-term memory for that experience.
Mouse T lymphoma cells contain a transmembrane glycoprotein (GP85) that binds ankyrin

In this study we have used complementary biochemical and immunological techniques to establish that the lymphoma GP85 membrane glycoprotein is a transmembrane protein with a cytoplasmic domain that binds directly to ankyrin, a molecule known to link the membrane to the cytoskeleton. The evidence supporting our conclusion that the GP85 is a transmembrane glycoprotein is as follows: (a) GP85 can be surface-labeled with Na 125I and contains wheat germ agglutinin-binding sites, indicating that it has an extracellular domain; (b) GP85 can be phosphorylated by intracellular kinases, indicating that it has an intracellular domain; and (c) GP85 can be successfully incorporated into phospholipid vesicles, indicating the existence of a hydrophobic domain in the molecule. Further studies show that GP85 displays immunological cross-reactivity with the lymphocyte Pgp-1 (differentiation-specific) membrane glycoprotein, and with the erythrocyte anion transport membrane protein, band 3. Immunocytochemical studies indicate that an ankyrin-like protein accumulates underneath the lymphoma GP85 cap structure, suggesting an association of the ankyrin-like protein and GP85. This relationship has been further confirmed by the following results of binding and reconstitution experiments: (a) purified GP85 binds directly to an ankyrin-Sepharose column; (b) purified GP85 inserts into phospholipid vesicles in both the normal (right side out) and reversed (inside out) orientation (and with only the reversed configuration permits binding of ankyrin to GP85); and (c) cleavage of GP85 with trypsin yields a 40-kD peptide fragment that is part of the cytoplasmic domain and contains the ankyrin binding site(s). Based on these findings, we suggest that the lymphoma GP85 transmembrane glycoprotein contains a cytoplasmic domain that is directly involved in linking ankyrin to the cytoskeleton. This transmembrane linkage may play a pivotal role in receptor capping and cell activation in lymphocytes.
Wet Corn Gluten Feed Fed Fresh or Stored and Supplemented with Rumen Undegradable Protein in the Diets of Lactating Dairy Cows

creasing RUP supplementation. Ruminal ammonia concentration increased linearly (P<0.05), and total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations were similar among treatments; acetate increased (P<0.05), and butyrate decreased (P<0.05) with increasing levels of supplemental RUP. The WCGF may be stored for extended periods in an oxygen-limiting environment without reducing palatability or nutrient availability. Adding RUP may increase milk components when used in diets balanced for the nutrient demands of high producing dairy cows.
One- Versus Two-Tailed Hypothesis Tests in Contemporary Educational Research

The choice of a one- rather than a two-tailed hypothesis testing strategy can influence research outcomes, but information about the type of test conducted is rarely reported in articles appearing in educational and psychological journals. Because unambiguous standards for using one- and two-tailed tests do not exist, complete reporting of hypothesis testing procedures is essential. In addition, educational researchers need to reevaluate the decision-oriented, “critical experiment” model of science that underlies the use of one-tailed tests. It is the adherence to the arbitrary .05 level of significance as a benchmark for publication decisions, rather than logical or methodological considerations, that largely accounts for the popularity of one-tailed tests. Effect size estimates, accompanied by confidence intervals or exact two-tailed probabilities, are generally more compatible with the growing meta-analytic view of social science as an incremental, cumulative, and shared enterprise.
Automatic modulation recognition of digitally modulated signals

A modulation recognizer that automatically reports modulation types of constant-envelope modulated signals is developed using zero-crossing techniques. The zero-crossing sampler, as a signal conditioner, has the advantage of providing accurate phase transition information over a wide dynamic frequency range. Signal parameters, such as zero-crossing variance, carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), and carrier frequency, are estimated. Phase-difference and zero-crossing-interval histograms play the roles of features for modulation recognition. The classifier performance is given in the form of a confusion matrix. The obtained simulation results demonstrate that reasonable average probability of correct classification is achievable at CNR=15 dB and higher. >
Proteoglycans are required for maintenance of Wnt-11 expression in the ureter tips

Development of the metanephric kidney requires the concerted interaction of two tissues, the epithelium of the ureteric duct and the metanephric mesenchyme. Signals from the ureter induce the metanephric mesenchyme to condense and proliferate around the ureter tip, reciprocal signals from the mesenchyme induce the ureter tip to grow and to branch. Wnt genes encode secreted glycoproteins, which are candidate mediators of these signaling events. We have identified three Wnt genes with specific, non-overlapping expression patterns in the metanephric kidney, Wnt-4, Wnt-7b and Wnt-11. Wnt-4 is expressed in the condensing mesenchyme and the comma- and S-shaped bodies. Wnt-7b is expressed in the collecting duct epithelium from 13.5 days post coitum onward. Wnt-1l is first expressed in the nephric duct adjacent to the metanephric blastema prior to the outgrowth of the ureteric bud. Wnt-l1 expression in Danforth's short-tail mice suggests that signaling from the mesenchyme may regulate Wnt-ll activation. During metanephric development, Wnt-11 expression is confined to the tips of the branching ureter. Maintenance of this expression is independent of Wnt-4 signaling and mature mesenchymal elements in the kidney. Moreover, Wnt-ll expression is maintained in recombinants between ureter and lung mesenchyme suggesting that branching morphogenesis and maintenance of Wnt-ll expression are independent of metanephric mesenchyme-specific factors. Interference with proteoglycan synthesis leads to loss of Wnt-ll expression in the ureter tip. We suggest that Wnt-11 acts as an autocrine factor within the ureter epithelium and that its expression is regulated at least in part by proteoglycans.
Vascular Inflammation and the Renin-Angiotensin System

It is now well established that vascular inflammation is an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. In otherwise healthy patients, chronic elevations of circulating interleukin-6 or its biomarkers are predictors for increased risk in the development and progression of ischemic heart disease. Although multifactorial in etiology, vascular inflammation produces atherosclerosis by the continuous recruitment of circulating monocytes into the vessel wall and by contributing to an oxidant-rich inflammatory milieu that induces phenotypic changes in resident (noninflammatory) cells. In addition, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has important modulatory activities in the atherogenic process. Recent work has shown that angiotensin II (Ang II) has significant proinflammatory actions in the vascular wall, inducing the production of reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules. These latter effects on gene expression are mediated, at least in part, through the cytoplasmic nuclear factor-kappaB transcription factor. Through these actions, Ang II augments vascular inflammation, induces endothelial dysfunction, and, in so doing, enhances the atherogenic process. Our recent studies have defined a molecular mechanism for a biological positive-feedback loop that explains how vascular inflammation can be self-sustaining through upregulation of the vessel wall Ang II tone. Ang II produced locally by the inflamed vessel induces the synthesis and secretion of interleukin-6, a cytokine that induces synthesis of angiotensinogen in the liver through a janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 pathway. Enhanced angiotensinogen production, in turn, supplies more substrate to the activated vascular RAS, where locally produced Ang II synergizes with oxidized lipid to perpetuate atherosclerotic vascular inflammation. These observations suggest that one mechanism by which RAS antagonists prevent atherosclerosis is by reducing vascular inflammation. Moreover, antagonizing the vascular nuclear factor-kappaB and/or hepatic JAK/STAT pathways may modulate the atherosclerotic process.
Estimating Values of Milk Components to a Dairy Manufacturer

A method is developed for determining money values per point of protein and fat in a processing plant. The value per point of solids is computed from the effect of variation in solids test on the firm's profits. It can be extended to apply to solids-not-fat instead of protein and to various manufactured products. The procedure is presented in worksheet form and applied to a cheese plant. In the plant studied, the maximum premium per point of protein per 100 kg of milk is $.2891.
Laws of Unintended Consequences: Terrorist Financing Restrictions and Transitions to Democracy

Restrictions on funding for terrorist organizations are an important element of a coordinated strategy in the war on terror. However, restrictions of this kind require flexibility, particularly when groups designated as terrorist organizations seek to participate in the electoral process. A rigid, absolutist approach to financing restrictions in this regard may be counter-productive, undercutting the transition to nonviolence within the organization. A more promising approach views the transition to democracy as a pragmatic undertaking with three components. First, a terrorist group forming a new regime must take meaningful steps to deter all violence against its external adversaries. Second, the group must promote transparency in its finances, perhaps by opening its books to monitors from donor nations. Third, to reciprocate for these measures, the adversaries of terrorist groups should reject targeted killings of terrorist leaders, engage in negotiations for the exchange of prisoners and detainees, and practice proportionate military responses to terrorist violence.
Description of a new species of Petrotilapia (Teleostei: Cichlidae), from Lake Malaŵi, Africa

ABSTRACT A new species of Petrotilapia from the Nkhata Bay region of Lake Malaŵi is described. The black submarginal band in the dorsal fin distinguishes it from Petrotilapia tridentiger Trewavas and Petrotilapia chrysos Stauffer & van Snik, which lack this band. The bright blue color of the males distinguishes it from males of Petrotilapia genalutea Marsh, which have a dull blue ground color and orange flanks, and males of Petrotilapia nigra Marsh, which are predominately black with 7–10 gray/brown bars. A plot of the sheared second principal components of the morphometric data and the first principal components of the meristic data further support that these latter three species are distinct. Females of the new species are light beige to whitish laterally with 5–7 faint brown vertical bars. Juveniles are bright yellow. The new species is sympatric with P. genalutea and P. tridentiger, but underwater observations show preferences for different habitats and assortative mating among these sympatric species.
What we Think we Know about Ventilation

The amount of outdoor air ventilation in buildings is one of the most important determinants of indoor air quality, but many critical questions and misunderstandings exist. First, given the importa...
Surgical treatment of fresh injuries to the major ligaments of the knee.

Major improvement in the management of injuries to athletes can be assured by early diagnosis and prompt definitive treatment. Nowhere is this better illustrated than in the surgical management of serious injury to the medial collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, and medial meniscus of the knee.
The bumps on the hippocampus

The hippocampus has been the focus of more imaging research than any other subcortical structure in the human brain. However a feature that has been almost universally overlooked are the bumpy ridges on the inferior aspect of the hippocampus, which we refer to as hippocampal dentation. These bumps arise from folds in the CA1 layer of Ammon's horn. Similar to the folding of the cerebral cortex, hippocampal dentation allows for greater surface area in a confined space. However, while quantitative studies of radiologic brain images have been advancing for decades, examining numerous approaches to hippocampal segmentation and morphology analysis, virtually all published 3D renderings of the hippocampus show the under surface to be quite smooth or mildly irregular; we have rarely seen the characteristic bumpy structure in the reconstructed 3D scene, one exception being the 9.4T postmortem study. This is presumably due to the fact that, based on our experience with high resolution images, there is a dramatic degree of variability in hippocampal dentation between individuals from very smooth to highly dentated. An apparent question is, does this indicate that this specific morphological signature can only be captured using expensive ultra-high field techniques? Or, is such information buried in the data we commonly acquire, awaiting a computation technique that can extract and render it clearly? In this study, we propose a super-resolution technique that captures the fine scale morphometric features of the hippocampus based on common T1-weighted 3T MR images.
An integrated approach to the teaching of operations management in a business school

ABSTRACTThe authors discuss a curriculum integration effort that a school of business piloted recently. This effort was aimed at integrating the core functions (finance, marketing, management, and operations) so that undergraduate students would better appreciate the full impact of functional decisions on each other and in achieving the corporation's business objectives. The authors deployed a webbed integration model in which a business case was used to highlight the impact of a functional decision on the other three functions. The focus of the article is on how this model was implemented in the context of a required introductory course in operations management. The authors also discuss the results of this effort, lessons learned, and the path forward.
The Case for Robotic Wireless Networks

This paper explores the possibility of injecting mobility into wireless network infrastructure. We envision WiFi access points on wheels that move to optimize user performance. Movements need not be all around the floor, neither do they have to operate on batteries. As a first step, WiFi APs at home could remain tethered to power and Ethernet outlets while moving in small areas (perhaps under the couch). If such systems prove successful, perhaps future buildings and cities could offer explicit support for network infrastructure mobility. This paper begins with a higher level discussion of robotic wireless networks -- the opportunities and the hurdles -- and then pivots by developing a smaller slice of the vision through a system called iMob. With iMob, a WiFi AP is mounted on a Roomba robot and made to periodically move within a 2x2 sqft region. The core research questions pertain to finding the best location to move to, such that the SNRs from its clients are strong, and the interferences from other APs are weak. Our measurements show that the richness of wireless multipath offers significant opportunities -- even within a 2x2 sqft region, locations exist that are 1.7x better than the average location in terms of throughput. When multiple APs in a neighborhood coordinate, the gains can be even higher. In sum, although infrastructure mobility has been discussed in the context of Google Balloons, ad hoc networks, and delay tolerant networks, we believe that the possibility of moving our personal devices in homes and offices is relatively unexplored, and could open doors to new kinds of innovation.
Upswing and Stabilization Control of a Single Inverted Pendulum System Based on the Lagrangian Modeling

In this paper,the mathematical model of a single inverted pendulum is established by using the Lagrange eguation.The method of energy feedback is introduced to control the upswing and the pole placement method is used for the stabili- zation of the inverted pendulum.The design is proved by simulation and experiment.
Penalized Empirical Risk Minimization and Model Selection Problems

Birge and Massart [24] introduced a concept of minimal penalties and advocated 323 an approach to the problem of calibration of data-dependent penalties based on so 324 called “slope heuristics”.
Lower gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms associated with hereditary cancer syndromes: a case series

Lower gastrointestinal (GI) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the colon and rectum are uncommon and not traditionally associated with hereditary GI cancer syndromes. However, with widespread implementation of colorectal cancer screening programs, lower GI NENs are being identified with increasing frequency. We report the first case series of six patients with lower GI NENs who were diagnosed with hereditary GI cancer syndromes by germline testing. Two patients presented with poorly differentiated rectal neuroendocrine carcinoma (NECs) with colonic polyposis and were found to have Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and MYH-Associated Polyposis, respectively. Three patients with colorectal NENs (one well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, NET, and two NECs), all of which displayed abnormal immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair proteins, were diagnosed with Lynch syndrome. One patient with a goblet cell carcinoid was diagnosed with CHEK2 mutations. All patients met genetic testing guidelines and the diagnosis was made utilizing next generation sequencing gene panel tests. Lower GI NETs should therefore be considered a potential hereditary GI cancer syndrome-associated malignancy in patients who otherwise meet criteria for genetic evaluation.
Optical characterizations on surface-polished polycrystalline YAG fibers

The superior thermal and optical properties of transparent polycrystalline ceramics make them attractive alternatives to glass-based materials for laser gain media. Fibers have other advantages of compactness, vibration-resistance, and reduced cooling requirements. Recently it was found that surface roughness caused by grain boundary grooving dominated optical scattering even though there were other scattering sources in the fiber. Therefore, a lot of effort went to fabrication of fibers with smooth surfaces. A mechanical polishing method for polycrystalline YAG fibers was developed. The fiber surface roughness was reduced, while maintaining a circular cross-section. Surface-polished 1.5% Ho-doped polycrystalline YAG fiber, 62 mm long with 31 μm diameter, was fabricated, and lasing was demonstrated from this fiber. Effects of surface-polishing on the surface roughness and scattering coefficient are presented, and lasing characteristics are discussed.
Loss of chemotaxis gene ΔcheY3 in Borrelia burgdorferi leads to early immune clearance but does elicits a strong antibody response (MPF6P.647)

Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) is a spirochetal bacterium that displays unique endoflagellar motility to efficiently disseminate through dense host tissues, and eventually persist within target tissues to cause Lyme disease. The importance of Bb motility/chemotaxis in dissemination/immune evasion cannot be correctly assessed in vitro , since the complexity of the host tissues cannot be accurately replicated. We assessed the importance of the chemotaxis-associated cheY3 gene on Bb dissemination and immune evasion within intact mouse tissues using our novel intravital microscopy techniques. CheY3-deficient (∆ cheY3 ) Bb possessed similar cellular morphology and growth rates, but moves at lower velocities as wild-type (WT) Bb in murine skin tissues. Notably, GFP-Δ cheY3 were unable to reverse direction, whereas WT display primarily a sequential forward-and-reverse motility pattern. Within skin inoculation sites, Δ cheY3 were cleared by 72-96h post-infection and were not detected in distant tissues ≤day 60 post-infection. Interestingly, ∆ cheY3 -infected mice generate Bb-specific IgG levels similar to WT-infected animals at 14-28 days post-infection, though levels decrease by day 60. The antibody profile against ∆ cheY3 Bb suggests that immunity is generated against many of the same Bb proteins as during WT infection. These findings suggest that cheY3 is essential for Bb persistence and that the attenuated ∆ cheY3 Bb may serve as a vaccine to protect against Lyme disease.
Informed Consent and Cognitive Dysfunction After Noncardiac Surgery in the Elderly

Cognitive dysfunction 3 months after noncardiac surgery in the elderly satisfies informed consent thresholds of foreseeability in 10%-15% of patients, and materiality with new deficits observed in memory and executive function in patients with normal test performance beforehand. At present, the only safety step to avoid cognitive dysfunction after surgery is to forego surgery, thereby precluding the benefits of surgery with removal of pain and inflammation, and resumption of normal nutrition, physical activity, and sleep. To assure that consent for surgery is properly informed, risks of both cognitive dysfunction and alternative management strategies must be discussed with patients by the surgery team before a procedure is scheduled.
University life with ASD: Faculty knowledge and student needs.

Increasingly, young adults with autism spectrum disorder are attending 4-year universities. The transition to adulthood can be challenging for these students, and university life poses its own set of demands. The present article takes a mixed-methods approach by including two studies utilizing complementary methodologies. Through in-depth interviews with students with autism spectrum disorder (n = 13) and college professors (n = 18), the purpose of the first study was to evaluate the experiences and needs of college students with autism spectrum disorder and identify the knowledge that faculty members possessed about working with these students. Through survey methodology with a larger sample of faculty members (n = 132), the purpose of the second study was to obtain more information about faculty knowledge of autism spectrum disorder, and to learn whether their pedagogical practices accommodated students with autism spectrum disorder. Findings revealed that autism is often an “invisible” disability on ca...
Regional Distribution of α-Synuclein and Alzheimer’s Disease pathology in Lewy Body Disorders (S45.002)

Objective: To examine regional distribution and clinical correlates of tau, Amyloid beta (Aβ), and α-synuclein (SYN) in Lewy Body Disorders (LBD) and compare to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) without SYN pathology. Background: Tau and Aβ co-pathology are common in patients with LBD and correlate with reduced time to dementia and survival, but the topographical distribution of pathology and associated cognitive phenotype is not well understood. Design/Methods: 55 autopsy-confirmed LBD patients were categorized as with or without AD co-pathology by current neuropathological criteria (SYN+AD=20, SYN-AD=35). Immunohistochemistry was performed for phosphorylated tau (AT8), α-synuclein (SYN303), and Aβ (Nab228) in midfrontal cortex (MFC), superior temporal cortex (STC) and angular gyrus (ANG). Digital histology quantified the %area occupied (%AO) of each pathology using validated methods. %AO was compared between SYN+AD and SYN-AD using ANCOVA to adjust for demographic variables. Regional %AO measurements were correlated with three antemortem neuropsychological test scores using partial correlation adjusting for age. Regional %AO comparisons were also made to 38 AD patients without SYN pathology at autopsy. Results: SYN+AD had higher tau and Aβ% AO in each region (p Conclusions: In LBD, AD co-pathology is associated with higher synuclein burden with regional specificity for STC and ANG. SYN+AD has a distribution of Tau pathology distinct from typical AD that associates with cognitive test performance. These data suggest AD co-pathology is associated with neuropathologic and phenotypic heterogeneity in LBD. Study Supported by: Research reported in this publication was supported by funding from TL1TR001880, NIA AG010124, and NINDS NS088341, NS053488. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Disclosure: Dr. Coughlin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Liang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Williams has nothing to disclose. Dr. Xie has nothing to disclose. Dr. Weintraub has nothing to disclose. Dr. Siderowf has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wolk has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Merck, Jannsen, Eli Lilly, and GE. Dr. Duda has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lee has nothing to disclose. Dr. Grossman has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with GE Whitney. Dr. Grossman has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Neurology. Dr. Trojanowski has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Johnson & Johnson. Dr Irwin has nothing to disclose.
Alternate Forms for Special Functions

Authors of different texts on physics and applied mathematics choose different definitions for the special functions. Some obtain series solutions to the differential equation and define the corresponding special function in terms of these series, others prefer to use the generating function as the defining relation, still others elect to start with a Rodrigues formula for the special function, and a few take an integral representation as a definition. It is interesting and instructive to see that these various ways of defining a given special function are all equivalent.
Anaphylaxis in pregnancy

The intrauterine anoxic insult to the fetus of a woman who suffered anaphylactic shock raises concern about supporting uteroplacental perfusion during maternal therapy. We propose ephedrine as an appropriate first-line medication.