cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffusion geospeedometry in natural and experimental shear zones

Abstract A new method for determining the timescales of ductile deformation utilizes diffusion profiles around oriented mineral inclusions. This geospeedometer was tested with rutile needle inclusions in mylonitized quartz grains because they are sensitive to the kinematics of deformation and behave as diffusion couples that can be either a source or sink for Ti diffusion in the host quartz. The method was applied to experimental samples, in which the time–temperature conditions are known, and to natural samples, in which the time–temperature conditions are determined using independent geochronometers and geothermometers. In our experimental quartzite, rutile needles become included in quartz during isostatic annealing, rotate into the elongation direction of shearing during imposed deformation, and act as a source of Ti for the surrounding undersaturated quartz. Diffusion modeling of Ti enrichment halos yields appropriate trends in experiment duration. In a natural quartzite mylonite from the extensional detachment zone of the Pioneer Core Complex (Idaho, USA), quartz grains are densely and pervasively rutilated. Titanium depletion halos in quartz around lineated and boudinaged rutile needles indicate that rutile exsolved during deformation. By estimating temperature from quartz microstructures and Ti-in-quartz thermometry, diffusion modeling results suggest that ductile deformation in the shear zone lasted 5–10 Myr, consistent with geologic and thermochronologic data defining exhumation of the complex. Considering structural offsets across the detachment, extrapolating our lab-derived diffusivities to the conditions of natural samples equates to strain rates of ∼ 1 × 10 − 12 s − 1 . Tests of geospeedometry in both naturally and experimentally deformed rutilated quartz samples indicate that this method can provide reliable information on shear zone longevity and strain rate directly from the phase controlling the rheological behavior of deformation.
Some Economic Dimensions of Agricultural Marketing Research

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some economic dimensions of agricultural marketing research. Commodity economists are well aware of the wide ranges of characteristics—biological, technical, social, cultural, and economic—that determine the marketing system for each commodity. The rank of a city is determined by a complex of services and no one commodity needs flow up and down each level of the hierarchy. There are spatial dimensions both in the definition of conditions for a perfect market and in the measurement of its performance. They relate to the location of production and consumption, to place utility of a commodity, and to the location of stocks held off the market to enhance their time utility. The perfect market concept in its purest form is without time and space.
Exposure to Diabetes In Utero, Offspring Growth, and Risk for Obesity

With obesity now affecting one in five children in the United States and gestational diabetes increasing among all racial and ethnic groups, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how events that happen early in life, even before birth, can alter the obesity trajectory of individuals. The effects of intrauterine exposure to a diabetic pregnancy may permanently alter the offspring’s long-term risk for obesity and metabolic disease. The biologic mechanisms responsible for the effects of fetal overnutrition are not completely understood, nor are the relative contributions of early postnatal nutrition. But if the hypothesis is correct that maternal obesity and diabetes during pregnancy drives fuel-mediated teratogenesis, the public health consequences are serious, as obesity is highly prevalent and increasing worldwide. Continued research is important to understand the relative contributions of early life exposures and inform clinical risk reduction and public health prevention strategies to minimize or arrest the vicious cycle of obesity and metabolic disease that are likely passed from generation to generation.
Variability of Bad Prognosis in Uveal Melanoma.

Topic Survival of patients with uveal melanoma classified to have a bad prognosis. Clinical Relevance To explore reasons for reported variability in survival of patients with uveal melanoma classified to have a bad prognosis. Methods We searched PUBMED, MEDLINE, and EMBASE for studies reporting survival data for uveal melanoma undergoing prognostic testing with chromosome 3 status by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), microsatellite analysis (MSA), multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), gene expression profiling (GEP) class, and exon sequencing. Only studies reporting 1-year, 3-year, or 5-year survival were included in the study. Results The initial search resulted in 49 studies. Only 12 studies met inclusion criteria. Three studies reported survival data for FISH, 1 study reported survival data for CGH, 1 study reported survival data for MSA, 3 studies reported survival data for MLPA, 3 studies reported survival data for SNP, 3 studies reported survival data for GEP, and 2 studies reported survival data for a combination of tests. No studies reported survival data for exon sequencing. Six studies reported percent free of metastatic death, 2 studies reported metastasis-free survival (MFS), 2 studies reported overall survival (OS), and 2 studies reported probability of metastasis. Metastasis-free survival (5 years) for monosomy 3 by FISH was 40% to 60%, by MLPA was 30% to 40%, by SNP was 72%, and for GEP class 2 was not reported. Overall survival (5 years) for monosomy 3 and disomy 8 tumors by MLPA and GEP class 2 were not comparable (81% and 55%, respectively). Conclusions Variability exists in reported survival for uveal melanoma with a bad prognosis. Several factors, including composition of study population (tumor size, exclusion of iris melanoma, duration of median follow-up), method of obtaining tumor sample, type of prognostic test, and use of variable outcome measures, can explain some of the observed differences in survival. Variations in determining the cause of death (metastatic or nonmetastatic) may be the major reason for the observed differences. Standardization of study methods and outcome measures will allow comparison of survival data derived from different prognostic tests.
Endotoxin exposures during harvesting and processing cannabis at an outdoor cannabis farm

Legalization of medicinal and recreational cannabis use in numerous states within the USA has resulted in the increased commercial cultivation of cannabis. Outdoor cannabis farming operations present a variety of potential physical, chemical, and biological hazards that currently remain uncharacterized. Worker exposures to endotoxins were evaluated at an outdoor US cannabis farm during harvesting and processing activities. Endotoxin area air sample concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection to 15 endotoxin units per cubic meter (EU/m3). Endotoxin breathing zone measurements (2.8–37 EU/m3) were below the Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety occupational exposure limit of 90 /m3. During confidential medical interviews, no adverse health effects were reported by workers while harvesting or processing cannabis. Further endotoxin exposure assessments should be performed especially in larger, indoor cannabis operations where a confined environment may result in higher endotoxin exposures than observed in this outdoor environment.
Developmental periods of insect parasites of Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank (Diptera: Muscidae)

In many insects the developmental periods of the immature stages are related to the temperatures to which they are subjected. In other insects the developmental periods vary independently of temperature, sometimes due to the phenomenon of diapause (Andrewartha, 1961). The developmental periods of Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank are of the former type, and puparial life increases from 4-5 weeks in the hot months of the year to 8-9 weeks in the cold months (Phelps, personal communication). However, not all the insect parasites of G. morsitans puparia appear to follow the same pattern. This was mentioned by Chorley (1929), who found a longer mean pupal period for both Mutilla glossinae and Thyridanthrax spp. during the winter months and again for the bombyliids from November to March.
Geriatric Conditions Predict Discontinuation of Anticoagulation in Long‐Term Care Residents With Atrial Fibrillation

Background Anticoagulation (AC) for stroke prevention in long-term care (LTC) residents with atrial fibrillation (AF) involves a challenging risk-benefit evaluation. We measured the association of geriatric conditions with discontinuation of AC. Design Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting LTC facilities across the United States. Participants A total of 48 545 individuals residing in LTC facilities in 2015 with AF and sufficient information to establish their status as someone who stopped AC vs someone who continued AC. Measurements We measured the association of six geriatric conditions-recent fall, severe activity of daily living (ADL) dependency (21-28 on a 28-point scale), mobility impairment, cognitive impairment, body mass index (BMI) less than 18.5 kg/m2 , and weight loss (≥5% in 1 month or ≥10% in 6 months)-with discontinuation of AC. To identify cases of discontinuation, we required a pattern of being on AC over two consecutive recordings of the Minimum Data Set, the nursing home quality control data set recorded every 90 days, followed by two assessments being off AC-pattern of "on-on-off-off." By contrast, we required a pattern of "on-on-on-on" for continuers. We then constructed six logistic regression models to measure the independent association between each geriatric condition and discontinuation of AC, adjusted for CHA2 DS2 -VASc stroke risk score, recent bleeding hospitalization, and other confounders. Results There were 4172 discontinuers and 44 373 continuers. Recent fall predicted a 1.9-fold increase in the odds of discontinuation (odds ratio = 1.91; 95% confidence interval = 1.66-2.20), whereas mobility and cognitive impairment only increased the odds by 14% to 17%. Severe ADL dependency, BMI less than 18.5 kg/m2 , and weight loss of 10% each increased odds of discontinuation by 55% to 68%. CHA2 DS2 -VASc score did not predict discontinuation. Conclusion Several geriatric conditions predicted discontinuation of AC, whereas CHA2 DS2 -VASc score did not. Future research should examine the association of geriatric conditions and discontinuation of warfarin discrete from newer anticoagulants and association of geriatric conditions with development of stroke and bleeding. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:717-724, 2020.
Global structural imbalances and the South China Sea: The likelihood of great power war

This article examines the roles of nationalism, the historical case of World War One, and the Cult of the Offensive in explaining the growing conflict in the South China Sea. The article pays great...
Interventional treatment options for women with pelvic pain.

To provide an overview of current interventional treatment options for women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Accessibility of CT imaging, ultrasound, and fluoroscopy has assisted the development of novel interventional techniques. Similarly, neuromodulation techniques have improved with the development of novel stimulation patterns and device implants. Numerous small-scale studies report high success rates with injection intervention therapies in CPP, but there are limited well-designed large-scale studies that demonstrate the superiority of treatment. Female pelvic pain is difficult to diagnose due to the multifactorial etiology and the variable presentation causing delay in accurate diagnosis and lack of response to conventional medical and initial interventional therapies. Despite the shortfalls of current studies, collectively, our understanding of chronic pain conditions and helpful injection interventions are improving. Undoubtedly, the breadth of current research will provide a rich foundation for future large-scale well-designed studies involving multiple disciplines with more uniform methods and criteria to produce reliable and reproducible results.
Kinematic simulations of static radiographs provides discriminating features of multiple hip pathologies

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common causes of ambulatory disability. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) may lead to premature osteoarthritis in a young adult population. Current clinical assessments of DDH and FAI include clinical history, static radiological metrics, and physical examinations. Methods involving dynamic radiography such as fluoroscopy are costly and time-consuming for both patient and physician. Therefore, our aim was to simulate dynamic gait on 3D static radiological images of hips to generate "virtual interference" points between the femur and acetabulum with three methods of center-of-rotation (COR): static spherical, dynamic spherical, and dynamic ellipsoidal. We simulated the gait kinematics on pre-segmented CT images for three groups: DDH (N=10), FAI (N=10), and asymptomatic normal (N=11). The femoral head was divided into four medial quadrants to compare the ratios of virtual interference within the regions along the gait cycle and as a temporal mean. We hypothesized that discriminating characteristics would exist between the two pathologies and for the dynamic COR methods to have more discriminating characteristics than the static COR method. For each COR method, we found the temporal mean of virtual interference to be significantly different in almost every region between the hip conditions. The significance was most distinct when using the static spherical method of COR. These results are promising to individual clinical assessments of hip pathologies using static radiographs and ultimately work towards preventing premature hip disease.
In-space operations

Abstract CubeSat operations, sometimes referred to as mission phase E, cover the period of time from launch to the end of a mission. Successful operations begin with early planning and integration of operation tools and procedures into the integration and test (I&T) phase of development. The most exciting and perilous phase of operations is at the beginning: first contact and commissioning. It is during these early days that anomalies are most likely to rear their heads. Successfully navigating this period requires training and practice. Once the spacecraft has passed the commissioning phase, the focus of the prime mission is to accomplish the scientific and/or technical goals while maintaining a healthy and functioning spacecraft. If the mission is extended past the prime mission, the team may choose to further stretch the capabilities of the CubeSat or try new experiments beyond the original mission goals.
Can Brain Health Interventions Reduce Mexico’s Dementia Burden? An Essay

There is a surge of public awareness globally about brain disease, often expressed as apprehension, fear, and requests for more information. Much of this heightened concern is based on knowing someone, or some family member, experiencing a brain disease. As a guiding principle, we could agree that every person has a unique brain capacity that should be conserved at the highest level of functional capability to the end of life. Adequate brain function is essential to human health—that is, to physical and mental functioning—over the life span. The promotion of brain health requires an appreciation of the life course contribution to conserving optimal brain function until death. People’s brains age differentially. A majority of older adults, perhaps 60%, retain relatively sound brain function to the end of life. However, 40% of Mexican adults at 80 years of age or older will likely experience some brain functional impairment. These declines in brain health and increases in impairments are not inevitable. Recently researchers in Mexico estimated that up to 56% of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) can be delayed or avoided altogether with carefully targeted interventions.
COVID-19 Planning in United States Youth Sports: a Survey of 1880 Organizations Representing Over 500,000 Youth Athletes.

CONTEXT: High school (HS) and youth sports organizations (YSO) that restarted participation in the fall of 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic relied on information sources to develop risk mitigation procedures. OBJECTIVE: To compare the risk mitigation procedures being employed and the information sources being utilized by HS athletic departments and YSO. DESIGN: Surveys were distributed to HS athletic directors and youth sports directors throughout the US regarding sport restarting, COVID-19 cases, risk reduction procedures, and the information sources used to develop risk reduction plans in fall 2020. The proportion of HS and YSO using different procedures and information sources were compared using chi-square tests. SETTING: HS and YSO programs from across the US Participants: 1296 HS and 584 YSO responded, representing 519,241 adolescent athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk reduction procedures used and information sources employed Results: HS employed more risk reduction procedures (7.1±2.1 v 6.3±2.4, p<0.001), were more likely to use symptom monitoring (93%v85%, p<0.001), temperature checks on site (66%v49%, p<0.001), face mask use for players on and off the field (37%v23%, p<0.001 and 81%v71%, p<0.001, respectively), social distancing for staff (81%v68%, p<0.001) and players off the field (83%v68%, p<0.001), and increased disinfection (92%v70%, p<0.001). While HS and YSO had similar use of information from local health authorities, there were still some differences. For example, HS were more likely to use information from the National Athletic Trainers Association (72%v15%, p<0.001) than YSO. CONCLUSIONS: HS and YSO report using a broad range of risk reduction procedures, but the average number was higher among high schools than youth sports organizations. Use of information from the CDC and local health authorities was high overall, but low from professional healthcare organizations. Professional healthcare organizations should consider additional measures to improve information uptake among stakeholders within youth sports.
Terms of trade shocks and structural adjustment in a small open economy

Abstract A three-sector three-factor general equilibrium model of ‘Dutch Disease’ is developed providing yet another explanation for the expansion of the manufacturing sector in most of the oil-exporting countries and the concurrent decline in their agricultural sectors in the 1970s. The sectoral structure of the oil-exporting ‘small’ open economy is altered by an increase in its national income (the spending effect) and in the world price of manufactured goods relative to agricultural products (the world-price effect). While both effects undermine the agricultural sector, the world-price effect may offset the negative impact of the spending effect on the manufacturing sector, resulting in its expansion. The short-run analysis is of the standard Jones specific-factors model. In the long run, the capital rental and the price of the non-traded good are determined by world prices, and the transfer argument for the Dutch Disease real appreciation - the rise in the relative price of the non-traded good due to higher income - completely disappears. Also, demand effects alter non-traded and manufacturing output but have no impact on the agricultural sector. The world-price effect is the sole cause of the decline in the agricultural sector in the long run.
Frictional properties of shale reservoir rocks

[1] We performed laboratory friction experiments on shale samples from three hydrocarbon reservoirs to assess compositional controls on fault slip behavior accompanying hydraulic stimulation. The samples span a range of clay and total organic content from ~10 to 60% by weight and demonstrate fine-scale heterogeneity within each reservoir. Friction measurements demonstrate strong dependence of strength and rate-state constitutive properties on shale composition. Shale samples with clay and organic content above ~30% by weight show coefficient of friction ~0.4 and consistently velocity-strengthening behavior, while those below this threshold show increased strength and velocity-weakening behavior. This transition in frictional strength and stability suggests a change in the shale grain packing framework from rigid clast supported to clay mineral and organic matter supported. Measurements of gouge dilatancy further support these relationships, showing a negative correlation with clay and organic content. Critical slip evolution distance exhibits similar dependence on composition, implying common micromechanical mechanisms for the observed transition in frictional behavior. We performed microstructural characterization of the experimental samples and observe changes in the gouge load-bearing framework and shear localization features consistent with these mechanical data. While these results can be applied generally to infer slip stability on faults in clay-bearing sedimentary rock, we employ the experimental data to place constraints on microearthquake magnitudes and the occurrence of slow shear slip on preexisting faults during hydraulic stimulation in shale reservoirs.
Data Visualization for Effective Rover Sequencing

The Rover Sequencing and Visualization Program is a suite of tools for the commanding of planetary rovers which are subject to significant light time delay and thus are unsuitable for tele-operation. The two main components of the program are the Rover Sequence Editor and HyperDrive. This paper focuses on HyperDrive, the immersive visualization component of the system. HyperDrive fuses multiple data types returned from the vehicle in order to facilitate an operator understanding of the current environment and past rover performance, so that safe effective command sequences for successful future rover activities may be generated on a tight tactical timeline. Multiple display and task specific interaction modalities are provided to most efficiently present relevant spatial and time series data to the sequence builder
Alterations of CXCR4 function in μ‐opioid receptor‐deficient glia

The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) are G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) essential to normal function of the nervous and immune systems. Several studies suggest that MOR is a key regulator of CXCR4 in the brain; however, the molecular basis of the opioid/chemokine interaction are not fully understood and may involve different mechanisms in neuronal and glial cells. Our previous studies demonstrated that MOR stimulation specifically up-regulates the protein ferritin heavy chain (FHC) - an inhibitor of CXCR4 - in neurons and suggested additional mechanisms could be operative in glial cells. In this study, we investigated CXCR4 function in brains and astroglia cultures deprived of MOR. Reduced coupling of CXCR4 to G proteins was found in brain slices and tissue homogenates of MOR−/− mice compared to wild type (WT) controls. CXCR4-induced signaling was also reduced in glial cultures from MOR−/− mice, as shown by analysis of CXCR4 downstream targets (Akt and ERK1/2). Pharmacological studies with δ-opioid receptor (DOR)-specific ligands suggested that DOR-CXCR4 interactions are implicated in the inhibition of CXCR4 in MOR-deficient cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, increased CXCR4/DOR co-immunoprecipitation was found in brain tissue and cultured glia from MOR−/− mice. Importantly, CXCR4 function was restored by pretreatment with a DOR antagonist. Overall, these findings indicate that DOR play a crucial role in the regulation of CXCR4 in glia, likely via silent receptor heterodimers. The data also suggest that the opiate system interferes with normal CXCR4 function in different ways and depending on receptor subtypes.
Perverse sheaves, Koszul IC-modules, and the quiver for the category O

For a stratified topological space we introduce the category of IC-modules, which are linear algebra devices with the relations described by the equation d^2=0. We prove that the category of (mixed) IC-modules is equivalent to the category of (mixed) perverse sheaves for flag varieties. As an application, we describe an algorithm calculating the quiver underlying the BGG category O for arbitrary simple Lie algebra, thus answering a question which goes back to I. M. Gelfand.
Escape tactic plasticity of two sympatric Norops (Beta Anolis) species in Northeast Costa Rica

Optimal Escape Theory (OET) has been used extensively to predict escape responses of lizards facing predation, yet few studies have examined the responses of two species that share the same habitat, even though such lizards may exhibit distinct patterns of spatial habitat use and behaviour. Furthermore, while OET may predict when escape behaviour should occur, it does not account for any variation in tactics used. Here, the escape behaviour of sympatric Norops humilis and N. limifrons lizards were studied. Lizard microhabitats were categorized and approach speeds were randomised such that each lizard was approached at one of two speeds, slow or fast. Approach speed of a simulated predator had no significant effect on approach distances for either species. Ambient and surface temperatures varied throughout the study period, yet had no significant effect on the escape responses of either species. Species differences in escape tactics correlated with microhabitat: Norops humilis were found more often on small shrubs and typically escaped by jumping to adjacent shrub branches or leaves. Norops limifrons, on the other hand, were typically found on tree trunks and thicker stems, and used squirrelling (horizontal movement around a trunk, branch, or stem) as a primary escape tactic. Additionally, all lizards encountered at ground-level ran. These results thus illustrate the variety of escape tactics used by sympatric N. humilis and N. limifrons within their structurally diverse habitat.
A statistical analysis of the carbon isotope record from the Archean to Phanerozoic and implications for the rise of oxygen

Organic and inorganic carbon isotope records reflect the burial of organic carbon over geological timescales. Permanent burial of organic carbon in the crust or mantle oxidizes the surface environment (atmosphere, ocean and biosphere) by removing reduced carbon. It has been claimed that both organic and inorganic carbon isotope ratios have remained approximately constant throughout Earth9s history, thereby implying that the flux of organic carbon burial relative to the total carbon input has remained fixed and cannot be invoked to explain the rise of atmospheric oxygen (Schidlowski, 1988; Catling and others, 2001; Holland, 2002; Holland, 2009; Kump and others, 2009; Rothman, 2015). However, the opposite conclusion has been drawn from the same carbon isotope record (Des Marais and others, 1992; Bjerrum and Canfield, 2004). To test these opposing claims, we compiled an updated carbon isotope database and applied both parametric and non-parametric statistical models to the data to quantify trends and mean-level changes in fractional organic carbon burial with associated uncertainties and confidence levels. We first consider a conventional mass-balance model where carbon input to surficial reservoirs is balanced by burial of sedimentary carbonates and organic carbon. For this model, statistical analysis implies fractional organic burial has increased over Earth history by a factor of 1.5 relative to organic burial at 3.6 Ga, with the 95 percent confidence interval ranging from factors of 1.2 to 2.0. An increase in organic burial by a factor of 1.2 cannot explain the rise of oxygen, whereas an increase by a factor of 2 could conceivably explain the rise of oxygen. There is, however, a highly significant and well constrained increase in organic burial from the Proterozoic to the Phanerozoic. We also analyze changes in the difference between carbonate and organic carbon isotopic ratios over Earth history. There is a statistically significant increase in this difference from the early to late Archean, possibly caused by increased biological fractionation due to methanotrophic recycling. This transition is consistent with the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis at 2.8 Ga or earlier. Finally, we explore how these conclusions change if we modify the traditional mass balance model to include other carbon cycle fluxes, specifically ocean crust carbonatization and authigenic carbonates. Because the size of these fluxes has a large, poorly constrained range, our statistical analysis with this uncertainty implies that the carbon isotope record does not constrain the history of organic burial at all. However, it remains possible that the magnitude of these additional processes has been inconsequential throughout geologic time, in which case conclusions from the conventional model would be valid.
Computer Indexing of Illuminated Manuscripts for Use in Medieval Studies

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the importance of computer indexing of illuminated manuscripts for use in Medieval Studies. With the resurgence of interest in Medieval Studies in North America, where some 80 interdisciplinary programs have emerged, teachers and scholars have discovered that the traditional academic disciplines may best be taught by employing an integrated cultural approach. It is an ancient discovery that art in the form of manuscript illustrations were used for both decorative and educative functions. Medievalists rediscover this ancient precept and are applying it to teaching and researching medieval culture as a whole. Commitment to the interdisciplinary approach to culture, however, necessitates the availability of and intellectual access to the rich visual heritage of the Middle Ages. Traditionally, slide collections in most museums, archives, and universities are zealously maintained for the exclusive use by professional staff. Thus, the literature specialist, historian, and philosopher are confronted with borrowing slides from an unsympathetic source or with building their own collections, which more often than not end up hidden away in desk drawers. Another related problem is that the classification and cataloging schemes used by museums and archives do not always allow for subject access to the collections. The answer lies in the creation of an institution-wide slide file for teachers and scholars in Medieval Studies and other interdisciplinary programs.
Understanding the Dynamics Behind the Relationship Between Exposure to Negative Consequences of Risky Sex on Entertainment Television and Emerging Adults' Safe-Sex Attitudes and Intentions

Social cognitive theory (SCT; Bandura, 1986) has established that people often are inhibited from engaging in a behavior when they observe models experience negative consequences for their actions. Thus, in the realm of sexual portrayals on television, a program that depicts consequences of risky intercourse should reduce the likelihood that a viewer would respond positively. In addition, SCT suggests that a consequence's intensity and type play a role in viewer outcomes and that it is difficult to inhibit behaviors that one has personal experience with. These assumptions were tested in this study. Results showed that emerging adults with high sexual risk experience were not influenced by television portrayals of negative consequences to risky sex. Effects of exposure were identified only among participants who did not have a high amount of sexual risk experience, such that they reported safer-sex outcomes. Outcomes differed based on the type of consequence participants were exposed to.
Computations of Flow over a Hump Model Using Higher Order Method with Turbulence Modeling

Turbulent separated flow over a two-dimensional hump is computed by solving the RANS equations with k - omega (SST) turbulence model for the baseline, steady suction and oscillatory blowing/suction flow control cases. The flow equations and the turbulent model equations are solved using a fifth-order accurate weighted essentially. nonoscillatory (WENO) scheme for space discretization and a third order, total variation diminishing (TVD) Runge-Kutta scheme for time integration. Qualitatively the computed pressure distributions exhibit the same behavior as those observed in the experiments. The computed separation regions are much longer than those observed experimentally. However, the percentage reduction in the separation region in the steady suction case is closer to what was measured in the experiment. The computations did not predict the expected reduction in the separation length in the oscillatory case. The predicted turbulent quantities are two to three times smaller than the measured values pointing towards the deficiencies in the existing turbulent models when they are applied to strong steady/unsteady separated flows.
Semiconductor Research Corporation: A Case Study in Cooperative Innovation Partnerships

In the study of innovation institutions, it is important to consider how different institutional models can affect a research organization in conducting or funding successful work. As an industry collaborative, Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) provides an example of a privately funded institution that leverages the inputs of several member companies, along with federal funding, to accomplish innovation in its mission area. SRC has several component programs, all attempting to find innovative solutions to semiconductor problems, but on different time scales, and in different technology areas. But how does SRC use its resources to ensure these goals? Through data gathered from semi-structured qualitative interviews and SRC documentation, this paper addresses that question. SRC has found a way to leverage industry money to motivate and develop a robust field of university research for over 30 years. SRC uses several mechanisms for maintaining an application focused, member-centered decision process, institutional flexibility, and strong ties between industry contributors and university researchers. SRC has continued to keep its members satisfied by training thousands of graduate students for employment in their member companies, by focusing on precompetitive research that addresses industry requirements, and doing so in a manner that operates leanly, with low overhead to its funders. Given these successes, we identify aspects of SRC operations, such as a focus on its member company needs, frequent interactions between funders and researchers, flexible funding mechanisms, and focus on workforce development, that may be diffusible to innovation institutions, including federal research efforts.
Association between early returns and frequent ED visits at a rural academic medical center.

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of frequent emergency department (ED) use on early returns to the ED at a large rural academic medical center. An analysis was done of all 35,440 visits by 22,442 individuals to a large rural academic medical center ED during calendar year 2000. Of 35,440 ED visits, there were 1,992 (5.62%) return visits within 72 hours (early return). Frequent ED visits (visits made by individuals making 4 or more visits per year) was a predictor of early return visits (odds ratio [OR] 3.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.93-3.52; Wald χ2, P <.0001). Of 22,442 individuals who came to the ED during the study period, 1,601 (7.13%) returned within 72 hours. Frequency of ED use by a particular individual (4 or more visits per year) was also a predictor of early return for that individual (OR 14.55, 95% CI 12.84-16.48; Wald χ2, P <.000001). The high rate of early returns to this rural academic ED was significantly associated with frequent visits (4 or more times per year) to the ED by particular individual. (Am J Emerg Med 2003; 21:30-31. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.)
Acetylation of GATA-1 is required for chromatin occupancy

All 3 hematopoietic GATA transcription factors, GATA-1, GATA-2, and GATA-3, are acetylated, although the in vivo role of this modification remains unclear. We examined the functions of an acetylation-defective mutant of GATA-1 in maturing erythroid cells. We found that removal of the acetylation sites in GATA-1 does not impair its nuclear localization, steady-state protein levels, or its ability to bind naked GATA elements in vitro. However, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments revealed that mutant GATA-1 was dramatically impaired in binding to all examined cellular target sites in vivo, including genes that are normally activated and repressed by GATA-1. Together, these results suggest that acetylation regulates chromatin occupancy of GATA-1. These findings point to a novel function for transcription factor acetylation, perhaps by facilitating protein interactions required for stable association with chromatin templates in vivo.
Self-similar diffusion flame

In this communication, we develop a self-similar solution for a limiting case of a coaxial jet diffusion flame considered by Burke and Schumann.
Effects of oral and intramuscular carbaryl administrations on repeated chain acquisition in monkeys.

A type of learning task was utilized to determine the effective dose of carbaryl on Macaca fascicularis for both oral and im routes of administration. Monkeys were required to press four buttons in a set order; the order was changed daily. A baseline reversal design was utilized to test all animals several times at each concentration. The im carbaryl injections resulted in consistent, statistically reliable decrements in total session time and increases in errors at 5 and 10 mg/kg for the 4 animals in this section of the experiment, but produced no change in performance at 1 mg/kg. Errors increased in 3 of 4 monkeys after 3 mg/kg injections. Oral doses as high as 50 mg/kg were not consistently effective in changing performance on the task in any of 5 animals included in this section of the experiment. Some support was given to the suggestion that monkeys are more tolerant of carbaryl than are rats. These are the first reported effects (other than the LD50) of carbaryl in monkeys.
Charge transfer interaction using quasiatomic minimal-basis orbitals in the effective fragment potential method

The charge transfer (CT) interaction, the most time-consuming term in the general effective fragment potential method, is made much more computationally efficient. This is accomplished by the projection of the quasiatomic minimal-basis-set orbitals (QUAMBOs) as the atomic basis onto the self-consistent field virtual molecular orbital (MO) space to select a subspace of the full virtual space called the valence virtual space. The diagonalization of the Fock matrix in terms of QUAMBOs recovers the canonical occupied orbitals and, more importantly, gives rise to the valence virtual orbitals (VVOs). The CT energies obtained using VVOs are generally as accurate as those obtained with the full virtual space canonical MOs because the QUAMBOs span the valence part of the virtual space, which can generally be regarded as “chemically important.” The number of QUAMBOs is the same as the number of minimal-basis MOs of a molecule. Therefore, the number of VVOs is significantly smaller than the number of canonical virtual MOs, especially for large atomic basis sets. This leads to a dramatic decrease in the computational cost.
Large-displacement nonlinear sloshing in 2-D circular rigid containers — prescribed motion of the container

The two-dimensional large-displacement non-linear sloshing analysis of liquids in circular rigid containers is revisited. The updating of the free surface position is carried out using an adaptive technique for repositioning the computational nodes on the free surface avoiding the use of remeshing algorithms. Smoothing and volume correction approaches using polar co-ordinates are also presented. The fluid is modelled with potential flow theory using modified Rayleigh damping. All non-linear terms in the boundary conditions are taken into account. The known prescribed motion of the container is arbitrary. Boundary elements are used to solve the potential equations and standard techniques are used for the time integration. The analysis can be applied to arbitrarily shaped containers and is limited to the case of non-breaking waves. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent advances in photodetectors with distributed optical amplification

For the past few years, we have been researching a novel type of photodetector featuring distributed optical amplification. We call these devices traveling-wave amplifier-photodetectors, or TAP detectors. The distributed combination of gain and absorption seeks a larger efficiency while keeping a low optical power, thus avoiding saturation. In this paper, we present experimental results both of GaAs- and InP-based TAP detectors, showing in the former case an external quantum efficiency larger than 200%, and larger than 100% in the latter. The performance limitation is shown to be related to the competition between the optical input signal and the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) generated in the amplifier.
Nonlinear optical microscopy analysis of ultrafast phase transformation in vanadium dioxide

The nonlinear optical properties of solid-solid phase transformation in vanadium dioxide are studied. It is found that the efficiency of the third-harmonic optical signal generated from the surface of the material increases by 1.5 orders of magnitude as a function of this phase transformation. Microscopy studies show the hysteresis of the phase transformation on a micrometer-size scale.
Transculturation in Art: Sculpture in the Posa Chapels at the Monastery of Calpan, Mexico

The Spanish friars, especially Franciscans, who came to America following the Spanish conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1521 had a millenarian and apocalyptic view of the future, which was based on a lit...
Advancing the Elimination of Health Disparities in Veterans Through Quality, Access, and Equity

The author discusses efforts that the U.S. Veterans Health Administration is making to eliminate health disparities. He suggests that the administration is making efforts to ensure quality, access and equity for all veterans and other beneficiaries. He argues that the lessons that the administration has learned and will learn will help guide it in its obligation to provide veterans with quality, bias free health care.
Torsional and axial frequency response prediction by RCSA

This paper describes the application of Receptance Coupling Substructure Analysis (RCSA) to the prediction of torsional and axial, as well as bending, receptances. The coupling equations are developed and used to compare predictions to experimental results for a stepped diameter free–free beam and two tool-holder-spindle assemblies.
Do we think alike? A cross-cultural study of executive functioning

The current study examined differences between Eastern and Western cultures on complex cognitive–communicative skills, verbal reasoning, and executive functioning skills. Twenty-two Indian born individuals and 20 American-born individuals completed (a) Auckland individualism–collectivism scale to provide an objective measure for culture type, (b) functional assessment of verbal reasoning and executive strategies (FAVRES) to assess cognitive–communicative functioning, and (c) four subtests from the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS) to assess vital executive functions. Results indicated a significant main effect of culture, with Western participants completing the four tasks on the FAVRES more rapidly and with higher scores on the reasoning subtest. On the DKEFS, Western participants demonstrated significantly higher categorical switching capabilities and category switching accuracy in the Verbal Fluency subtest. Eastern participants were significantly faster on all subtests of Trail Making. Findings suggest differences in Eastern and Western cultures on executive functioning tasks that may be explained by analytical cognitive strategies and rule-based categorization employed by Western participants to complete reasoning and category-naming tasks. Eastern participants, however, appear to allocate holistic attentional resources to help them perform more successfully on tasks such as Trail Making which require rapid application of perceptual relationships.
Historiographie et Légende au Maghreb: La Kâhina ou la production d'une mémoire

Historiography and legends in the Maghreb: the legend of the Kahina and the making of a memory. A. Hannoum. ; ; This paper investigates the making of the legend of the Kahina—the Berber queen who allegedly led the local resistance against the Arab conquest in the late seventh century—from its early manifestations in the late ninth century until the early nineteenth century. By analyzing the early manifestations of the legend, I argue that the legend passed, gradually, from folklore to historiography, from social memory to historical memory. The paper also explains the development of the legend, how it first contained the ideology of the Jihad, and then by the eleventh century, with the integration of North Africa in the larger Islamic community, served to articulate the supposedly Oriental origins of the Maghreb. By the fourteenth century, the legend was complete and in addition to the Eastern origin of the Berber, it has come to articulate the myth of the Berber acceptance of Islam. Moreover, from that time onward, the legend has become a myth of origin explaining how North Africa has been Arabized and Islamized by the cooperation of the Berbers themselves.
Bilateral femoral neck fractures following a grand mal seizure

Fractures of the hip following seizure are uncommon but mayhave devastating consequences if allowed to go unrecognized. The presence of groin pain suggests hip pathology, but the ability to ambulate does not necessarily rule out fracture. Sprains around joints are common; hip sprains are not. Given the powerful contractions that occur with convulsions, musculoskeletal pain following seizure should not be dismissed until fractures or dislocations have been ruled out. We report the case of a young man with bilateral hip fractures following seizure, illustrating the violent muscular forces possible.
The nature of after-hours telephone medical practice by GI fellows.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Gastroenterology fellows on-call often serve as the initial or only contact for patients calling “after hours” with questions and symptoms. These fellows are rarely trained specifically in how to handle these calls. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are particular topics in telephone medicine that ought to be covered in new fellow training. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the nature of after-hours pages initiated by patients and to document the advice given by fellows. METHODS: The content of 100 patient-initiated telephone calls with GI fellows was recorded prospectively over 7 months. We included pages received between 5 PM and 8 AM daily as well as daytime calls on weekends. Fellows documented the time and length of the call, the issue raised by the patient, the advice given, and the patient’s gender and attending gastroenterologist. When a particular patient paged more than once in a 24-h period, the repeat calls were not counted toward the 100-call tally. RESULTS: Twenty-two percent of calls occurred between 11 PM and 7 AM. Eighty-three percent of calls lasted less than 10 min. Sixty-seven percent of patients called because of symptoms. Only 30% of patients calling with symptoms were referred to the emergency room. Although only 1 of 13 patients with procedure-related (i.e., postendoscopy) symptoms required admission to the hospital, 18 of 54 (33%) patients with nonprocedure-related symptoms required admission either immediately or within a month of calling after hours. CONCLUSIONS: Most after-hours calls from patients are related to symptoms. Patients calling with postprocedure symptoms rarely require admission to the hospital. Conversely, a significant number of patients calling with nonprocedure-related symptoms require admission within 30 days. Fellowship directors should consider providing training to fellows in the evaluation of symptoms over the telephone.