cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benign hypermobility syndrome in Greek schoolchildren

Since the incidence of benign hypermobility syndrome is significantly high in otherwise healthy children, paediatricians should consider this benign entity when they evaluate musculoskeletal complaints in childhood.
Tardive dyskinesia in non-western countries: A review

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a well-described adverse effect of treatment with neuroleptics. Studies from non-western countries are sparse and those that exist are not well publicized. We analyzed prevalence data on TD, published in English or French, and carried out in countries in Africa and Asia through December 1993. The estimated prevalence of TD among African subjects was 24% and among Asian subjects 17.20%. Both rates are in the middle range when compared with the western prevalence rates of 10–50%. Long-term hospitalization and older age were risk factors associated with TD. Female gender did not emerge as a risk factor. Also, several Asian studies showed that subjects with TD were taking lower doses of neuroleptics than subjects without TD. Prospective and controlled cross-cultural studies of TD are recommended for better understanding of associated risk factors and primary prevention.
Determining if a System is Heterogeneous: The Analysis of Single Molecule Rotational Correlation Functions and Their Limitations

Single molecule spectroscopy can be utilized to measure distributions of individual molecular properties that may be averaged out in the ensemble measurement. For example, complex dynamics in disordered systems can be investigated by observing single molecule rotations via fluorescence spectroscopy. The rotational time of a single transient can be calculated from the correlation function of the reduced linear dichroism signal which fluctuates over time as the molecule reorients in its surroundings. Distributions of rotational time constants can be used to characterize the heterogeneity of molecular environments in the material. This paper reviews some theoretical studies on (1) the high numerical aperture effects on the final correlation function, and how it can be related to optical anisotropy decays in a bulk measurement; (2) the statistical errors resulting from the finite observation length that will propagate into distributions of rotational times. These lead to the discussions on how to interpret correctly the distribution of properties measured from a set of single molecule data, and to determine if in fact the system is heterogeneous.
Linear and nonlinear inverse rheologies of rocks

Abstract The generalized constitutive equations of anelastic media are considered and discussed in three dimensions (3D) and in terms of two material functions as a generalized standard linear solid (SLS). The inverse problem is considered and it is seen that one may not determine the material functions using the data of one standard creep or relaxation experiment; data from both experiments would be needed. If the medium is a generalized viscoelastic one, then the material function can be determined with one experiment only. The creep is determined in the generalized viscoelastic 3D case simulating a 3D experiment using the creep compliance obtained from the relaxation modulus determined from constant strain rate uniaxial experiments (Caputo, 1983). It is seen that the one-dimensional (1D) model mostly used to model rock mechanics laboratory experiments (which in practice are 3D experiments and not rigorously 1D) gives the same value of the creep rate obtained using as load the difference between σ 1 and the confining pressure σ 3 . The case of nonlinear viscoelastic stress-strain relation is also discussed and a relation is found to determine the creep rate from 3D experiments at constant strain rate. A check made with polycrystalline halite at high pressure and large strain rate gives satisfactory results.
Allogene Gesichtstransplantation: Fiktion oder Realität?

Ziel der Arbeit ist die Beschreibung moglicher Formen einer allogenen Gesichtstransplantation und die Darstellung der Kompatibilitat des Spenders und des Empfangers am Leichenmodell. Am Leichenmodell wurden basierend auf der Blutversorgung der externen Gefase eine reine Hautlappenplastik (Typ 1) und eine kombinierte osteokutane Lappenplastik (einschlieslich Le-Fort-III-Knochensegment, Typ 2) entwickelt. Beide Lappenplastiken beruhen auf der externen Blutversorgung der Fazialisgefase, der Temporalisgefase und der V. jugularis externa. Die sensible Versorgung der Typ-1-Lappenplastik erfolgt theoretisch durch die Endaste des N. trigeminus, bei der Typ-2-Lappenplastik ist die Wiederherstellung der Mimik durch den Einschluss des N. facialis moglich. Die Spender-Empfanger-Kompatibilitat wird durch Hautfarbe und Textur, anthropometrische Schadeldimension, spezielle Weichteilkomponenten (Nase, Lippe, Wange, Augenbrauen) und Geschlecht determiniert. Neben wesentlichen ethischen Fragen bleibt die erforderliche langfristige Immunsuppression der wichtigste potenziell limitierende Faktor einer zukunftigen kompletten allogenen Gesichtstransplantation am Menschen.
Parent-of-origin allelic contributions to deiodinase-3 expression elicit localized hyperthyroid milieu in the hippocampus.

Parent-of-origin allelic contributions to deiodinase-3 expression elicit localized hyperthyroid milieu in the hippocampus
A new Steiner patch based file format for Additive Manufacturing processes

Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes adopt a layering approach for building parts in continuous slices and use the Standard Tessellation Language (STL) file format as an input to generate the slices during part manufacturing. However, the current STL format uses planar triangular facets to approximate the surfaces of the parts. This approximation introduces errors in the part representation which leads to additional errors downstream in the parts produced by AM processes. Recently, another file format called Additive Manufacturing File (AMF) was introduced by ASTM which seeks to use curved triangles based on second degree Hermite curves. However, while generating the slices for manufacturing the part, the curved triangles are recursively sub-divided back to planar triangles which may lead to the same approximation error present in the STL file. This paper introduces a new file format which uses curved Steiner patches instead of planar triangles for not only approximating the part surfaces but also for generating the slices. Steiner patches are bounded Roman surfaces and can be parametrically represented by rational Bezier equations. Since Steiner surfaces are of higher order, this new Steiner file format will have a better accuracy than the traditional STL and AMF formats and will lead to lower Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) errors in parts manufactured by AM processes. Since the intersection of a plane and the Steiner patch is a closed form mathematical solution, the slicing of the Steiner format can be accomplished with very little computational complexity. The Steiner representation has been used to approximate the surfaces of two test parts and the chordal errors in the surfaces are calculated. The chordal errors in the Steiner format are compared with the STL and AMF formats of the test surfaces and the results have been presented. Further, an error based adaptive tessellation algorithm is developed for generating the Steiner representation which reduces the number of curved facets while still improving the accuracy of the Steiner format. The test parts are virtually manufactured using the adaptive Steiner, STL and AMF format representations and the GD&T errors of the manufactured parts are calculated and compared. The results demonstrate that the modified Steiner format is able to significantly reduce the chordal and profile errors as compared to the STL and AMF formats. A new Steiner patch based Additive Manufacturing file format has been developed.Steiner format uses triangular rational Bezier representation of Steiner patches.Steiner format has high geometric fidelity and low approximation error.The Steiner patches can be easily sliced and closed form solutions can be obtained.AM parts manufactured using Steiner format has very low profile and form errors.
Sex Differences in Mortality After Myocardial Infarction Is There Evidence for an Increased Risk for Women

Background A number of studies have indicated that women who have a myocardial infarction have higher mortality rates than men. The purpose of the present study was to review the literature on sex differences in mortality after myocardial infarction to determine whether female sex is independently associated with lower survival. Methods and Results Reports were identified mainly through a MEDLINE search of the English-language literature from January 1966 through June 1994. Studies included were those comparing mortality after myocardial infarction between men and women, controlling at least for age and with more than 30 outcome events. After duplicate patient series were eliminated, 27 reports were included in our review. Crude rates were higher in women than in men during the early phase (in-hospital or first month), but control for age alone or in combination with other factors reduced sex differences in almost all studies. Unadjusted mortality rates among the survivors of the early phase were similar ...
Free Radical Induced Acceleration of Cationic Photopolymerization

Two new monomers based on α-terpineol were prepared, allyl α−terpineol ether epoxide (III) and 1-propenyl ether α-terpineol epoxide (IV). The photoinitiated cationic polymerizations of these two monomers as well as two model compounds, 1-propenyl α-terpineol ether and methyl α-terpineol ether epoxide, were studied using real-time infrared spectroscopy. Surprisingly, the rates of epoxide ring-opening polymerization of both monomers were greatly enhanced as compared to the model compounds. At the same time, the rate of polymerization of the 1-propenyl ether groups in IV was depressed. Two different mechanisms which involve the free radical induced decomposition of the diaryliodonium salt photoinitiator were proposed to explain the rate acceleration effects.
Unformulated Experience: From Dissociation to Imagination in Psychoanalysis

In this powerful and wonderfully accessible meditation on psychoanalysis, hermeneutics, and social constructivism, Donnel Stern explores the relationship between two fundamental kinds of experience: explicit verbal reflection and "unformulated experience," or experience we have not yet reflected on and put into words. Stern is especially concerned with the process by which we come to formulate the unformulated. It is not an instrumental task, he holds, but one that requires openness and curiosity; the result of the process is not accuracy alone, but experience that is deeply felt and fully imagined. Stern's sense of explicit verbal experience as continuously constructed and emergent leads to a central dialectic at the heart of his work: that between curiosity and imagination, on one hand, and dissociation and unthinking acceptance of the familiar on the other. The goal of psychoanalytic work, he holds, is the freedom to be curious, whereas defense signifies the denial of this freedom. We defend against our fear of what we would think, that is, if we allowed ourselves the freedom to think it. Stern also shows how the unconscious itself can be reconceptualized hermeneutically, and he goes on to explore the implications of this viewpoint on interpretation and countertransference. He is especially persuasive in showing how the interpersonal field, which is continuously in flux, limits the experience that it is possible for participants to reflect on. Thus it is that analyst and patient are together "caught in the grip of the field," often unable to see the kind of relatedness in which they are mutually involved. A brilliant demonstration of the clinical consequentiality of hermeneutic thinking, Unformulated Experience bears out Stern's belief that psychoanalysis is as much about the revelation of the new in experience as it is about the discovery of the old
The Welfare Impacts of Bird Damage and Its Control in California Wine Grape Production

We developed a partial equilibrium model to examine the welfare impacts of bird damage and its control in California wine grape production. The model incorporates the impacts of pest damage and its control and allows the impacts to vary regionally. Importantly, the model requires minimal information to apply; only elasticities, current market price and production data, and information on the cost and effectiveness of the pest control methods are needed. We rely on data from a recent survey of California growers and use the model to estimate changes in wine grape prices, production levels, and consumer and producer surplus that result from both bird damage and its control in three grape-growing regions of California. Results suggest that eliminating the threat of bird damage and control costs results in an increase in producer and consumer surplus of 1.3% and 3%, respectively. Furthermore, eliminating current bird control and allowing any resulting damage would decrease producer and consumer surplus by 6.6% and 11.5%, respectively. (JEL Classifications: Q11, Q18, Q57)
On the integration of production and distribution: Economic order and production quantity implications

Abstract Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) models have been used for well over 50 yr to optimize batch quantities in transportation and production. Traditionally, EOQ and EPQ models have treated production and transportation batch sizes as independent decisions. The objective of this paper is to examine how attributes of the distribution system affect inventory accounting and EOQ/EPQ decisions. The paper develops a range of “characteristic inventory curves” to represent situations encountered in integrated production/ distribution systems. The paper then shows how system attributes define the inventory curve, and the resulting EOQ/EPQ equation. Conclusions include: (1) accounting for inventory at both the origin and destination can yield significantly different EOQ/EPQ results, but relatively modest regret; and (2) failure to account for consolidation effects among multiple products sent to a common destination can lead to substantial errors.
Reference Sources in Nutrition

Nutrition is one of the most important environmental factors affecting health and disease. Nutrition can be considered from several overlapping and mutually dependent points of view, as follows:
Identification of target genes of PAX3-FOXO1 in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a soft tissue sarcoma categorized into two major subtypes: alveolar RMS (ARMS) and embryonal RMS (ERMS). Most ARMS express the PAX3-FOXO1 (P3F) fusion oncoprotein generated by the 2;13 chromosomal translocation. In the present study, the downstream target genes of P3F were identified by analyzing two independent sets of gene expression profiles: primary RMS tumors and RD ERMS cells transduced with inducible P3F constructs. We found 34 potential target genes (27 upregulated and 7 downregulated) that were significantly and differentially expressed between P3F-positive and P3F-negative categories, both in primary RMS tumors and in the inducible P3F cell culture system. Gene ontology analysis of microarray data of the inducible P3F cell culture system employed indicated apoptosis, cell death, development, and signal transduction as overrepresented significant functional categories found in both upregulated and downregulated genes. Therefore, among the 34 potential target genes, the expression of cell death-related [Gremlin1, cysteine knot superfamily 1, BMP antagonist 1 (GREM1) and death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1)] and development-related [myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1) and hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif 1 (HEY1)] genes were further investigated. The differential expression of GREM1, DAPK1, MYOD1 and HEY1 was confirmed in independent tumors and inducible cell culture systems. The expression of GREM1, DAPK1 and MYOD1 were significantly upregulated; HEY1 was significantly downregulated in independent P3F-positive ARMS tumors and transcriptionally active P3F cells, compared to those in ERMS tumors and transcriptionally inactive P3F cells. This study identified target genes of P3F and suggested that four downstream targets (GREM1, DAPK1, MYOD1 and HEY1) can contribute to the biological activities of P3F involved in growth suppression or cell death and myogenic differentiation.
Neutropenia in the newborn.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Review normal blood neutrophil concentrations and the clinical approach to neutropenia in the neonatal period. A literature search on neonatal neutropenia was performed using the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus and the electronic archive of abstracts presented at the annual meetings of the Pediatric Academic Societies.
SHAPE OPERATORS OF EINSTEIN HYPERSURFACES IN INDEFINITE SPACE FORMS

The possible shape operators for an Einstein hypersurface in an indefi- nite space form are classified algebraically. If the shape operator A is not diagonal- izable then either ^2-0or^2 = -?>2Id. Introduction. In (F) A. Fialkow classifies Einstein hypersurfaces in indefinite space forms, if the shape operator is diagonalizable at each point. He calls such an immersion proper (p. 764). This paper investigates what happens if the immersion is improper, i.e., if the shape operator is not diagonalizable at a point. It is possible for such a shape operator to have complex eigenvalues or eigenvectors with zero length. The main tool is Petrov's classification of symmetric operators in an indefinite inner product space (P).
Using Contingent Valuation in Environmental Planning

Abstract A problem in applying benefit-cost analysis to planning issues is the difficulty of imputing values to public goods like water quality. During the past thirty years, the contingent valuation (CV) survey method has been institutionalized as a technique for valuing these types of goods. This article traces the development of the method and summarizes recent federal guidelines. Examples from three recent studies, involving willingness to pay for nonpoint-source pollution controls, are used to illustrate issues about the technique. Considerations for planners who must undertake or evaluate CV studies are discussed.
African‐American Committee Chairs in U.S. State Legislatures*

Objective. In this article, we explore whether African-American state legislators have been able to translate election to office into positions of power, particularly as committee chairs. Methods. We cull data from all state legislative chambers that contained a black legislator during two time periods, 1989 and 1999. In doing so, we compare the observed numbers of African-American chairs with their expected numbers. We also examine each state’s percentage of black chairs using multiple regression to determine what factors—political, partisan, institutional, cultural— influence the selection of black committee chairs. Results. Overall, our descriptive analysis reveals that blacks are underrepresented as chairs. They are not, however, significantly underrepresented as chairs of the most important committees and they are generally overrepresented as chairs of committees with jurisdiction over social services. Our multivariate analyses show that the prevalence of black chairs is driven primarily by factors related to partisan control of legislative chambers and size of the black legislative delegation, and that these dynamics have changed over time. Conclusion. Although the increase in African-American state legislators has led to an increase in substantive leadership roles, these positions have been limited almost entirely to chambers where the black caucus is a critical element of a Democratic majority.
Detection of the Gaseous Pollutant Sulfur Dioxide Using Current Tunable Pb 1− x Snx Te Diode Lasers

Current tunable semiconductor lasers of Pb1−xSnxTe have been used to investigate the ir spectrum of sulfur dioxide at high resolution near 1130 cm−1. The diode lasers emit radiation in a line of width <10−5 cm−1 thus providing much higher resolution than has been possible with the best grating spectrometer. The effects of self-broadening and broadening by nitrogen to a pressure of 760 Torr are presented, and some characteristics of the laser source such as stability and reproducibility are discussed.
Pyrexia in Rabbits following the injection of filtrates of typical mold cultures.

Filtrates of mold cultures representing 31 species which were propagated on a dextrose-peptone medium were injected intravenosly in rabbits. Significant elevations in body temperature varying over a wide range were observed for 16 of the 31 species. Pyrogen production appeared to be dependent upon the composition of the media.
Surround aesthetics: VR as an art form

VR has been explored as an artistic medium from its early beginnings in the last century. It has drawn off various other forms, be these theatre or the panorama. What are the current aesthetics of VR? How has content matured, engaged and created a new sense of awe, beauty, social engagement. This is an opportunity to share their work with leading virtual reality artists from around the world.
Évaluation de la toxicité des spécimens naturalisés

L’experience presentee ici consiste a appliquer la spectrometrie a fluorescence X portable pour detecter la presence de residus toxiques (arsenic, plomb, mercure) dans des collections d’oiseaux naturalises. Cette technique d’analyse permet notamment de mettre en evidence la repartition inegale de ces elements au sein des specimens etudies.
Fibrin seal adhesive, versus nonabsorable microsuture in peripheral nerve repair

Although nonabsorbable microsuture is the material most often used in human peripheral nerve repair, it is capable of eliciting a foreign body reaction, impairing vascularity, and potentially disrupting axonal regeneration. Sutureless methods, including fibrin seal adhesive, may offer an alternative to traditional suture techniques. This study compared the efficacy of fibrin seal with nylon microsuture in tibial microneurorrhaphy on 28 adult New Zealand white rabbits (14 with 10-0 monofilament nylon suture and 14 with fibrin seal). Each rabbit was reexplored at 1, 6, 12, and 18 weeks. The criteria used to compare the two methods were operative time, clinical function, electrophysiologic measures, and histologic findings. Fibrin seal repairs required less time to execute (p
“Is there any way I can get something for my pain?” Patient strategies for requesting analgesics

Objective We examined the direct and indirect means by which patients express a desire for analgesic medication.
FEEDBACK REGULATION IN MULTISTAGE CELL LINEAGES

Studies of developing and self-renewing tissues have shown that differentiated cell types are typically specified through the actions of multistage cell lineages. Such lineages commonly include a stem cell and multiple progenitor (transit amplifying; TA) cell stages, which ultimately give rise to terminally differentiated (TD) cells. In several cases, self-renewal and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells within such lineages have been shown to be under feedback regulation. Together, the existence of multiple cell stages within a lineage and complex feedback regulation are thought to confer upon a tissue the ability to autoregulate development and regeneration, in terms of both cell number (total tissue volume) and cell identity (the proportions of different cell types, especially TD cells, within the tissue). In this paper, we model neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of the mouse, a system in which the lineage stages and mediators of feedback regulation that govern the generation of terminally differentiated olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) have been the subject of much experimental work. Here we report on the existence and uniqueness of steady states in this system, as well as local and global stability of these steady states. In particular, we identify parameter conditions for the stability of the system when negative feedback loops are represented either as Hill functions, or in more general terms. Our results suggest that two factors -- autoregulation of the proliferation of transit amplifying (TA) progenitor cells, and a low death rate of TD cells -- enhance the stability of this system.
Diffusional Dynamics Near the Glass Transition in Amorphous Polymer Thin Films

A novel experimental approach involving the fluorescence nonradiative energy transfer technique is employed to study transport processes in thin polymer films near the glass transition through the measurement of energy transfer efficiency, E. Using a layered thin film sample geometry, values of the small molecule diffusion coefficient, , as low as 8 × 10 −16 cm 2 /sec are measured within diffusion times of 3.5 hours. These studies reveal a significant dependence of both the magnitude and temperature dependence of on diffusant size.
Reflexive theory-of-mind reasoning in games: from empirical evidence to modeling

Theory-of-mind (ToM) is the modeling of mental states (such as belief, desire, knowledge, perception) through recursive ("I think you think I think ...") type reasoning in order to plan one's action or anticipate others' action. Such reasoning forms the core of strategic analysis in the game-theoretic setting. Traditional analysis of rational behavior in games of complete information is centered on the axiom of "common knowledge," according to which all players know something to be true, know that all players know it to be true, know that all players know all players know it to be true, etc. Such axiom requires recursive modeling of players to the full depth, and seems to contradict human empirical behavior revealed by behavioral game literature. Here, I propose that such deviation from normative analysis may be due to players' building predictive mental models of their co-players based on experience and context without necessarily assuming a priori full rationality and common knowledge, rather than due to any lapse in "instrumental rationality" whereby players (and co-players) translate the predictions from their mental models to optimal choice. I investigate this mental model account of theory-of-mind reasoning by constructing a series of two-player, sequential-move matrix games all terminating in a maximal of three steps. By carefully designing payoff matrices, the depth of recursive reasoning (i.e., first-order ToM versus second-order ToM) can be contrasted based on participants' choice behavior in those games. Empirical findings support the idea that depth of ToM recursion (related to perspective-taking) and instrumental rationality (rational application of belief-desire to action) constitute separate processes. Finally, I present a theoretical analysis of repeated games, such as the Iterated Prisoner Dilemma, and show how mutual cooperation can arise as individually rational outcome due to expected future interaction with the opponent.
Immunophenotypic profiles in families with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) type Ia is caused by inherited defects in apoptosis and is characterized by nonmalignant lymphoaccumulation, autoimmunity, and increased alpha/beta(+) double-negative T cells (alpha/beta(+)-DNT cells). This study reports immunophenotypic findings in 166 members of 31 families with ALPS type Ia, associated with genetic mutations in the TNFRSF6 gene encoding Fas. The ALPS type Ia probands (n = 31) and relatives having both a Fas mutation and clinically proven ALPS (n = 28) showed significant expansion of CD8(+) T cells, alpha/beta(+)-DNT cells, gamma/delta(+)-DNT cells, CD3(+)/ HLA-DR(+) T cells, CD8(+)/CD57(+) T cells, and CD5(+) B cells. Relatives with Fas mutations, but without all the required criteria for ALPS (n = 42), had expansions of CD8(+) T cells, alpha/beta(+)-DNT cells, and gamma/delta(+)-DNT cells. Interestingly, relatives without a Fas mutation and with no features of ALPS (n = 65) demonstrated a small but significant expansion of CD8(+) T cells, both DNT cell subsets, and CD5(+) B cells. As compared to unrelated healthy controls, lymphocyte subset alterations were greatest in the probands, followed by the relatives with mutations and ALPS. Probands and relatives with mutations and ALPS also showed a lower number of CD4(+)/CD25(+) T cells that, in combination with an independent increase in HLA-DR(+) T cells, provided a profile predictive of the presence of clinical ALPS. Because quantitative defects in apoptosis were similar in mutation-positive relatives regardless of the presence of clinical ALPS, factors, other than modifiers of the Fas apoptosis pathway, leading to these distinctive immunophenotypic profiles most likely contribute to disease penetrance in ALPS.
Mechanosensitive Channels: What Can They Do and How Do They Do It?

While mechanobiological processes employ diverse mechanisms, at their heart are force-induced perturbations in the structure and dynamics of molecules capable of triggering subsequent events. Among the best characterized force-sensing systems are bacterial mechanosensitive channels. These channels reflect an intimate coupling of protein conformation with the mechanics of the surrounding membrane; the membrane serves as an adaptable sensor that responds to an input of applied force and converts it into an output signal, interpreted for the cell by mechanosensitive channels. The cell can exploit this information in a number of ways: ensuring cellular viability in the presence of osmotic stress and perhaps also serving as a signal transducer for membrane tension or other functions. This review focuses on the bacterial mechanosensitive channels of large (MscL) and small (MscS) conductance and their eukaryotic homologs, with an emphasis on the outstanding issues surrounding the function and mechanism of this fascinating class of molecules.
Inactivation of infectious virus and serological detection of virus antigen in Rift Valley fever virus-exposed mosquitoes fixed with paraformaldehyde.

Abstract Formaldehyde is routinely used to fix tissues in preparation for pathology studies, however concerns remain that treatment of tissues with cellular fixatives may not entirely inactivate infectious virus particles. This concern is of particular regulatory importance for research involving viruses that are classified as select agents such as Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Therefore, the specific aims of this study were to (1) assay RVFV-exposed Aedes aegypti mosquitoes fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for the presence of infectious RVFV particles at various time points following infection and (2) demonstrate the utility of immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for the detection of RVFV antigen in various tissues of paraformaldehyde-fixed mosquitoes. Mosquitoes were administered an infectious blood meal containing one of two strains of RVFV, harvested at various time points following infection, intrathoracically inoculated with 4% paraformaldehyde, and fixed overnight at 4 °C. The infection status of a subset of mosquitoes was verified by IFA on leg tissues prior to fixation, and infectivity of RVFV in fixed mosquito carcasses was determined by Vero cell plaque assay. Paraformaldehyde-fixed mosquitoes harvested 14 days post infection were also paraffin-embedded and sectioned for detection of RVFV antigen to particular tissues by IFA. None of the RVFV-exposed mosquitoes tested by Vero cell plaque assay contained infectious RVFV after fixation. Furthermore, incubation of mosquito sections with trypsin prior to antibody staining is recommended for optimal visualization of RVFV antigen in infected mosquito tissues by IFA.
Recurrent Superficial Papillary Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder

Primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder is the third most common type of bladder carcinoma after transitional and squamous cell carcinomas. This neoplasm comprises 0.5% to 2% of all epithelial malignant bladder tumors. Primary vesical adenocarcinomas are most frequently single lesions with a predilection for the trigone and bladder dome. Most of these lesions are muscle invasive at presentation. Papillary adenocarcinoma, a rare subtype of bladder adenocarcinoma, was first reported in 1985.1 We report a unique case of recurrent superficial papillary adenocarcinoma of the bladder that was managed conservatively without progression for more than 5 years. CASE REPORT A 60-year-old white female presented with moderate persistent irritative bladder symptoms. Medical history was remarkable for grade 1 colon carcinoma that was resected in 1981, breast cancer with lymph node involvement that was treated with modified radical mastectomy, axillary node dissection, chemotherapy and 8 to 9 years of hormonal therapy (tamoxifen); neurofibromatosis of the trunk and limbs; temporal lobe seizures and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The patient also had a history of allergic reaction (hives) to certain drugs. She was initially diagnosed with interstitial cystitis. However, cystourethroscopy in November 1995 showed a papillary tumor involving the left anterolateral bladder wall with several small satellite lesions. The tumor was resected and pathological examination demonstrated low grade papillary adenocarcinoma with clear cell features with invasion to the lamina propria but no muscle invasion. Differential diagnosis was supported by positive mucicarmine and CA 125 staining (figs. 1 and 2). Evaluation for metastasis was negative.
Parameterization for power solutions

PMBus™ has done an excellent job of standardizing the way digital controlled power supplies communicate. However, this standardization has not included many of the traditional design requirements present in power supplies. A standardization proposal for the parameterization of power supply design requirements into a PMBus™ format is made. Benefits to the power supply design engineer and the host system are discussed. Examples are presented in the context of both isolated and non-isolated applications.
Mismatches between 'scientific' and 'non-scientific' ways of knowing and their contributions to public understanding of science

As differentiation within scientific disciplines increases, so does differentiation between the sciences and other ways of knowing. This distancing between ‘scientific’ and ‘non-scientific’ cultures reflects differences in what are considered valid and reliable approaches to acquiring knowledge and has played a major role in recent science-oriented controversies. Scientists’ reluctance to actively engage in science communication, coupled with journalists’ reliance on the norms of balance, conflict, and human interest in covering scientific issues, have combined to exacerbate public mistrust of science on issues like the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. The failure of effective communications between scientists and non-scientists has hindered the progress of both effective science and effective policy. In order to better bridge the gap between the ‘scientific’ and ‘non-scientific’ cultures, renewed efforts must be made to encourage substantive public engagement, with the ultimate goal of facilitating an open, democratic policy-making process.
The look-up table controllers and a particular class of Mamdani fuzzy controllers are equivalent - Implications to real-world applications

We focused on a new direction of fuzzy control that, we believe, has received little, if any, attention. We explored how the look-up table (LUT) controllers and one special type of Mamdani fuzzy controllers were mathematically related and how to represent the former by the latter. A LUT controller is one of the most widely used tools in industry, especially in automotive engineering. The reasons for its popularity are the strong nonlineraity and multimodal behaviors that can be, in many cases, formalized only by experimentally measured data. Our approach was inspired by the similarity between the fuzzy controllers and LUTs and we used the theory of fuzzy controllers to bring new light to the LUT-based engineering technique that is usually considered as a low tech or “black art” type of control tool. We developed a local stability criterion for feedback control systems with LUT controllers. Based on this, we developed a practical design procedure for constructing a LUT control system that is guaranteed to be at least locally stable under the assumptions that (1) the nonlinear system's mathematical model is unknown, and (2) the system is linearizable at the equilibrium (most practical systems meet this assumption).
Delayed interval delivery in multifetal pregnancies in the second trimester: maternal and neonatal outcomes

Abstract Objective: A short latency period (mean = 1.1 days) and poor neonatal outcomes make the management of multifetal pregnancies who present in the second trimester with rupture of the membranes a difficult problem. Recent reports of attempting delayed interval delivery with antibiotics or tocolysis, with or without cerclage, have been encouraging. We describe our experience over the last 7 years. Study design: We reviewed our database for all patients who had a multifetal pregnancy in the second trimester with rupture of the membranes and were offered an attempt at delayed interval delivery. All women were counseled about the potential risks and benefits of this management and offered cervical cerclage. We compared the neonatal outcomes between the delivered fetus and the remaining fetuses. We also reviewed the charts for maternal outcomes. Fisher’s exact and Mann Whitney U tests were used where appropriate. Results: There were 10 women who attempted delayed interval delivery in the second trimester. There were six twin and four triplet pregnancies. All women received aggressive tocolysis and antibiotic therapy immediately after delivery of the presenting fetus. Four women opted for cerclage placement. The mean gestational age at delivery of the presenting fetus was 23.3 weeks versus 25.5 weeks for the remaining fetuses ( P = 0.14), with a birth weight of 630 g for the presenting fetus versus 885 g in the remaining fetuses ( P = 0.07). The mean prolongation of pregnancy was 16 days (range, 1–46 days; mode, 9.5 days). There was a 30% survival in the delivered fetus versus 60% in the remaining fetuses ( P = 0.37). There was no difference in delay in delivery between those patients who received a cerclage and those who did not (13.8 versus 17.5 days; P = 0.83). There was significant maternal morbidity in five cases. Four cases had endomyometritis and one case had Gram-negative sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and renal failure. Conclusions: Offering women delayed interval delivery who have a multifetal pregnancy in the second trimester with rupture of the membranes continues to be a reasonable option. Nonetheless, given our experience, patients must be counseled regarding the potential for serious infectious morbidity.
Analytic Study of Pulse Chirping in Self-Induced Transparency

We analyze the phase modulation, or chirping, of coherent lossless light pulses propagating without distortion through resonant absorbers. In order to do this, we generalize the pioneering work of McCall and Hahn in two different directions. In the first place, of course, we abandon their assumption that the phase of the pulses has no temporal dependence. We prove that for slowly varying single pulses, chirping is not possible. However, we describe many multiple-pulse trains which are necessarily chirped, even under the slowly varying envelope restriction, and also describe the envelope modulations which produce large chirps. We show that certain zero-$\ensuremath{\pi}$ chirped pulse trains are contained as special cases of our general results. Our second generalization of the McCall-Hahn work concerns the background material in which the two-level resonant atoms are suspended. We allow the host medium to possess significant nonresonant nonlinearities. We find that undistorted lossless single pulses are possible in such a medium and that they are necessarily chirped.
'Perfect Sound Forever' - Innovation, Aesthetics, and the Remaking of Compact Disc Playback

Following its release in the early 1980s, the audio compact disc was widely embraced by consumers and record companies in the United States and around the world. But within the audiophile community, many reacted negatively to both the sound of the new medium, and its technical inaccessibility compared with vinyl record turntables. In this article, I trace responses to the CD in the audiophile community through interviews, reviews, and editorials published in enthusiast magazines. I argue that the CD represented both aesthetic and cultural challenges to audiophiles, and that critiques of the medium inspired a variety of technical innovations from small high-end audio firms that both improved the sound from CDs, and enabled better integration with the small-scale system building practices that lay at their core of the audiophile hobby.
Growth and characterization of single and stacked InP/InAs/InP quantum wires

Self-assembled InP/InAs/InP quantum wires have been successfully stacked for 10 vertical periods and characterized based on photoluminescence (PL) studies. Compared with single-period quantum wires, unique behaviors appear in the PL spectra and some fundamental effects have been observed. Through the detailed analyses of the PL shapes, linewidths, and polarizations at different pump wavelengths, pump intensities and sample temperatures, it is evidenced that the wire width and subband energy gradually decrease while the average wire thickness increases from the bottom period to the top one, period by period. Meanwhile, the average wire width gradually decreases. In addition, from the bottom to the top period the size fluctuation within each period decreases. Furthermore, above certain temperature or pump intensity all the quantum wires are vertically coupled among one another. Following these results, new growth conditions have been suggested, which can be essential to improving the optical quality of these self-assembled quantum wires.
Husserl’s Archaeology of Exact Science

Why is nature amenable to mathematical description? This question has received attention in the philosophy of science but rarely from a phenomenological perspective. Nevertheless Husserl’s late essay “The Origin of Geometry,” which has received some critical scholarly attention in recent years, contains the beginning of a striking answer. This answer proceeds from Husserl’s main claim in that essay, which he also makes in the Crisis of the European Sciences, that the original meaning of science has been covered over or “sedimented” by concepts that obscure the true intentional core of scientific meaning. In the first three sections of this paper I develop Husserl’s central insights about mathematics in light of two contemporary critiques of his project of “reactivation” of the original, sedimented meaning of science. In the latter two sections, I argue that accepting Husserl’s account of the original meaning and development of science offers a promising explanation of why nature is amenable to mathematics. This explanation hinges on a conception of the objects and methods of mathematics and the mathematized physical sciences as accomplishments, that is, as constituted contents of consciousness.
Expression of Escherichia coli pyruvate oxidase (PoxB) depends on the sigma factor encoded by the rpoS(katF) gene.

Summary The activity of Escherichia coli pyruvate oxidase (PoxB) was shown to be growth-phase dependent; the enzyme activity reaches a maximum at early stationary phase. We report that PoxB activity is dependent on a functional rpoS(katF) gene which encodes a σ factor required to transcribe a number of stationary-phase-induced genes. PoxB activity as well as the β-galactosidase encoded by a poxB::lacZ protein fusion was completely abolished in a strain containing a defective rpoS gene. Northern and primer extension analyses showed that poxB expression was regulated at the transcriptional level and was transcribed from a single promoter; the 5′ end of the mRNA being located 27 bp upstream of the translational initiation codon of poxB. The poxB gene was expressed at decreased levels under anaerobiosis; however, the anaerobic regulatory genes arcA, arcB or fnr were not involved in anaerobic poxB gene expression. Expression of the rpoS(katF) gene has been reported to be affected by acetate, the product of PoxB reaction. However, we found that poxB null mutations had no effect on rpoS(katF) expression. Inactivation of two genes involved In acetate metabolism, ackA and pta, had no effect on either poxB or rpoS(katF) expression.
The gecko visual pigment: The chromophore dark exchange reaction

This study confirms the occurrence of a dark-exchange reaction in the extracted 521-pigment of the Tokay gecko (G. gekko). The present study involved the exchange, in the dark, of the natural 11-cis-chromophore by the 9-cis-10-F-retinal analog. This analog is able to combine with the 521-opsin to regenerate a photopigment at 492 nm. In addition to this shift in absorbance from 521 to 492 nm, the analog photopigment has a photosensitivity some 2.4% that of the native 521-system in the chloride-sufficient state. These two properties of the regenerated analog pigment have simplified the demonstration of a dark exchange of chromophores. At 15 degrees C the 9-cis-10-F-analog replaces the 11-cis-chromophore by at least 30% (density-wise) in about 15 hr. This exchange occurs with the system in the chloride-deficient state. The presence of chloride during the period in the dark significantly reduces the magnitude of the exchange. Apparently, the protein has a more open structure at the chromophoric binding site, allowing this interchange of chromophores. The addition of chloride induces a conformational change at this site, 'burying' the Schiff base and reducing the exchange reaction. The biological implication of this mobile property of the gecko opsin is that it is similar to the behavior of the cone pigment iodopsin but is unlike that of rhodopsins. This supports the idea that the gecko visual cells, despite their appearance as rods, are phylogenetically related to ancestral photopic receptors.
Location of the apex of the lower central incisor

Abstract Clinicians have always had difficulty finding the apex of the lower central incisor on a lateral cephalometric radiograph. This study was undertaken to define the radiographic anatomy surrounding the true apex. Standard cephalograms were taken of 38 skulls with metallic markers in the socket apex of 1 lower central incisor. Similar cephalograms were taken with the lower central incisor apex positioned in the central ray of the x-ray source. The comparison of the marked apices in the complete skulls and their separate mandibles showed that there was no distortion. Measurements from the markers to the lingual and labial symphyseal borders located the apices labial of center. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000;118:429-31).
Tungsten solution kinetics and amorphization of nickel in mechanically alloyed Ni-W alloys

The kinetics of solution of W, and the subsequent amorphization of Ni, in mechanically alloyed Ni-W alloys has been investigated. As W is a highly abrasive material in the energy intensive devices used for mechanical alloying, we studied the above reactions in different mills. One used hardened steel balls as the grinding media, and the other Al2O3. Abrasion is common to both mills, but Fe wear debris from the hardened steel enters into solution in the Ni rich phases whereas Al2O3 debris is present as small dispersoids. The kinetics of W solution and those of subsequent amorphization do not appear strongly affected by the Fe in solution or the Al2O3 dispersoid. Tungsten dissolves in crystalline Ni in amounts in excess of the equilibrium solubility during alloying. Amorphization of the Ni phase occurs if the W content in this phase exceeds ca. 28 at. pct.