cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Governmental Organizations and Post-Prison Life: Examining the Role of Religion

This article examines the relevance of religion for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that work with formerly incarcerated people. Despite the increased visibility of religious NGOs working with criminalized people, research on the non-governmental sector and criminal justice still largely focuses on secular organizations. This article argues for the conceptual importance of religion and its role shaping work in this sector, and draws from the sociology of religion to theorize the importance of discourses and practices in organizational settings. I present a typology identifying NGOs’ religious approaches, which I developed using archival, interview, and observational data from 18 NGOs in Wisconsin. I differentiate among NGOs that I call secular, which stay away from religion, religiously inspired, which operate based on religious principles, and reciprocally religious, which hold expectations of religious practices from program participants. Moving beyond single-case studies enables a comparative analysis of the ideas and practices among actors that serve and seek to shape people leaving prison, whose work varies in terms of predominant denominations, assumptions about morality and sin, and relationships with churches and the medical profession. The results encourage further inquiry into what religious NGOs do, why, and how, given the distinctive discursive and material resources and practices that they bring into work with criminalized people.
Heterogeneity in treatment effects across diverse populations

Differences in patient characteristics, including age, sex, and race influence the safety and effectiveness of drugs, biologic products, and medical devices. Here we provide a summary of the topics discussed during the opening panel at the 2018 Johns Hopkins Center for Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation symposium on Assessing and Communicating Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects for Patient Subpopulations: Challenges and Opportunities. The goal of this session was to provide a brief overview of FDA-regulated therapeutics, including drugs, biologics and medical devices, and some of the major sources of heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) related to patient demographics, such as age, sex and race. The panel discussed the US Food and Drug Administration's role in reviewing and regulating drugs, devices, and biologic products and the challenges associated with ensuring that diverse patient populations benefit from these therapeutics. Ultimately, ensuring diverse demographic inclusion in clinical trials, and designing basic and clinical research studies to account for the intended patient population's age, sex, race, and genetic factors among other characteristics, will lead to better, safer therapies for diverse patient populations.
Comparing different indicators of quasar orientation

Radio core dominance, the rest-frame ratio of core to lobe luminosity, has been widely used as a measure of Doppler boosting of a quasar's radio jets and hence of the inclination of the central engine's spin axis to the line of sight. However, the use of the radio lobe luminosity in the denominator (essentially to try and factor out the intrinsic power of the central engine) has been criticized and other proxies for the intrinsic engine power have been proposed. These include the optical continuum luminosity, and the luminosity of the narrow-line region. Each is plausible, but so far none has been shown to be clearly better than the others. In this paper we evaluate four different measures of core dominance using a new sample of 126 radio loud quasars, carefully selected to be as free as possible of orientation bias, together with high quality VLA images and optical spectra from the SDSS. We find that normalizing the radio core luminosity by the optical continuum luminosity yields a demonstrably superior orientation indicator. In addition, by comparing the equivalent widths of broad emission lines in our orientation-unbiased sample to those of sources in the MOJAVE program, we show that the beamed optical synchrotron emission from the jets is not a significant component of the optical continuum for the sources in our sample. We also discuss future applications of these results.
The obesity paradox and orthopedic surgery.

ABSTRACT The Obesity Paradox describes the counterintuitive finding that although obesity contributes to the development of chronic conditions such as chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease, obesity seems to improve mortality in patients with these diseases. This paradox has also been sited in the critical care literature in regard to acute kidney injury, obesity and mortality. This study's objective is to examine the impact of obesity and post-surgical acute kidney injury on hospital length of stay and 2-year mortality after orthopedic surgery.We reviewed the electronic medical records of all adult elective orthopedic surgery patients over 2 years in a large academic hospital. The 1783 patients who met inclusion criteria were divided into obese (body mass index, BMI ≥ 30, n = 1123) and non-obese groups (BMI <30, n = 660). Demographics, medications, comorbidities, and perioperative variables were included in multivariable logistic regression analyses with acute kidney injury, length of hospital stay, and two-year mortality as primary outcomes. Outcomes were analyzed for the entire group, the obese cohort and the non-obese cohort.Acute kidney injury developed in 5% of the post-surgical orthopedic patients. Obesity increased the likelihood of developing acute kidney injury post orthopedic surgery (odds ratio [OR] = 1.82; 95% Confidence interval [CI] 1.05-3.15, P = .034). Acute kidney injury increased length of stay by 1.3 days and increased the odds of two-year mortality (OR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.03-4.22, P = .041). However, obese patients had a decreased likelihood of two-year mortality (OR = 0.53; 95% CI 0.33-0.84, P = .009).In adult orthopedic surgery patients, obesity increased the risk of acute kidney injury. Patients who developed an acute kidney injury had longer hospital stays and higher two-year mortality. Paradoxically, obesity decreased two-year mortality.
FLOSS UX Design: An Analysis of User Experience Design in Firefox and OpenOffice.org

We describe two cases of open user experience (UX) design using the Firefox web browser and OpenOffice.org office suite as case studies. We analyze the social complexity of integrating UX practices into the two open source projects using activity awareness, a framework for understanding team performance in collective endeavors of significant scope, duration, and complexity. The facets of activity awareness are common ground, community of practice, social capital, and human development. We found that differences between the communities include different strategies for community building, UX status in the community, type of open UX design, and different ways to share information.
Massive Spin 3/2 Theories in Three-dimensions

Abstract Topologically massive spin 3 2 theory in 3 spacetime dimensions, which is gauge invariant and involves second derivatives, is shown to be equivalent to the normal gauge variant first derivative massive Rarita-Schwinger model. The equivalence persists in arbitrary background geometries. In the particular anti-de Sitter space whose cosmological constant is minus the mass squared, the model effectively behaves like the massless theory in flat space: its degree of freedom disappears.
A Safety Control System for a Robotic Workstation

A three-level safety control scheme for a robotic workstation has been devised. In this control scheme, three levels of hazard detection and associated control strategies, which include both human sensory warnings and robot operational constraints, are employed. The hardware design that was developed to interface these sensors to the Rhino XR-2 robot controller as well as software in implementing a safety control scheme are discussed.
Effects of motivation on standing broad jump performance of children.

Abstract Children (N=269) in grades 1, 2, and 3 were given six trials of the standing broad jump under one of three incentive conditions. One incentive involved the use of verbal motivation. The first visual incentive utilized the visualization of previous efforts in regard to lines on the jumping surface. The second visual incentive involved visually relating performance to the child's height which was marked on the jumping surface. Visual motivation positively affected the standing broad jump performance of children in grades 1, 2, and 3 above and beyond the effects of verbal motivation.
Atomic data from the Iron Project ? LXII. Allowed and forbidden transitions in Fe XVIII in relativistic Breit-Pauli approximation

An extensive set of oscillator strengths ( f ), line strengths ( S ) and radiative decay rates ( A ) for the allowed and forbidden transitions in Fe XVIII is presented. The results include 1174 fine structure levels of total angular momenta J = 1/2–17/2 of even and odd parities with 2 $\le n \le$ 10, 0 $\le l \le$ 9, orbital angular momenta, 0 $\le L \le$ 11, and spin multiplicities 2, 4. These yeild about 171 500 transitions. The allowed electric dipole (E1) transitions, 141 869 in total, are obtained in the close coupling approximation using the relativistic Breit-Pauli R-matrix (BPRM) method. The forbidden electric quadrupole (E2), octupole (E3), and magnetic dipole (M1), quadrupole (M2) transitions, 29 682 in total, are obtained from configuration interaction Breit-Pauli atomic structure calculations using the code SUPERSTRUCTURE. The close coupling wavefunction expansion for Fe XVIII includes 10 levels of configurations $\rm 2s^22p^4$, $\rm 2s2p^5$, and $\rm 2p^6$ in the BRPM calculations. All fine structure levels have been identified spectroscopically. Comparison of the present energies with the available observed energies shows very good agreement. The lifetime of level $\rm 2s2p^6~^2S$ calculated from the present radiative decay rate agrees very well with the single measurement. The present decay rate for the well known E2 line arising from $\rm 2p^5(^2P^\circ_{3/2}-^2P^\circ_{1/2})$ transition within the ground state term also agrees almost exactly with NIST tabulated value. However, varying degree of agreement is found with previously calculated values for some transitions.
Oxidation of Silicon Based Ceramics in the Presence of Alkali Halides

Non-oxide silicon based ceramics owe their oxidation resistance to the formation of a thin silica film which separates the ceramic from oxidizing environments. This silica film can be fluxed by alkali oxides to form low melting alkali silicate corrosion products which do not provide protection. Alkali chlorides and other halides have sufficiently high vapor pressures that silica fluxing can occur without the formation of a condensed halide salt. The rates of oxidation of Si, SiC, and S13N4 are influenced by the composition of gas mixtures containing these species.
Dynamic Prediction Model of As-Built Roughness in Asphaltic Concrete Pavement Construction

This paper develops a dynamic prediction model of a highway pavement contractor's quality-based performance using a panel (longitudinal) data analysis. This panel data modeling uses as-built roughness measurements and pavement and contractor's characteristics for reconstructed, replaced, and resurfaced pavement projects in Wisconsin from 1998 through 2002. Several random effects models were first developed in in-sample specification, and their modeling performances were measured by Akaike's information criteria, which combines goodness of fit and model complexity. Out-of-sample specifications validated the developed random effects models by comparing out-of-sample forecasting accuracies. The results show that the best model has approximately a 16% mean absolute percentage error. The results finally show that asphaltic concrete pavement quality of construction can be predicted based on the contractor's past quality-based performance and other construction parameters. Therefore, the dynamic prediction model developed in this study could be implemented in the contractor's prequalifications required for advanced contracting methods.
Peripheral Neurologic Abnormalities among Roofing Workers: Sentinel Case and Clinical Screening

Abstract Peripheral neuropathy developed in a 52-y-old roofer who was exposed to multiple solvents in one-ply roofing systems. Forty roofers who were exposed to various roofing systems were assessed by symptoms, occupational history, standardized physical examination, and measurement of vibrotactile thresholds of the upper and lower extremities. After exclusion of roofers who were predisposed to peripheral neuropathy, we detected abnormal vibrotactile thresholds in 42% (p < .001) of roofers' dominant toes and in 36% (p < .001) of roofers' nondominant toes; fewer roofers had abnormal sensory physical examinations or reported neuritic symptoms. Roofing workers may be at increased risk of peripheral neuropathy, perhaps resulting from exposure to solvents—particularly n-hexane, associated with one-ply roofing systems.
The Demand for Prescription Drugs as a Function of Cost-Sharing:

This paper estimates how cost-sharing affects the use of prescription drugs. The data for this analysis are derived from the Rand Health Insurance Experiment (HIE), a randomized controlled trial that randomly assigned participants to insurance plans with varying coinsurance rates and deductibles. Therefore, the cost-sharing they faced was independent of their health and demographic characteristics. The paper used HIE data from four sites to estimate how drug expenditures vary by insurance plan, and to compare the plan response for drugs with that for all ambulatory expenses. The findings show that: (1) individuals with more generous insurance buy more prescription drugs; (2) the cost-sharing response for drugs is similar to the response for all ambulatory medical services; (3) the Dayton, Ohio site had significantly greater drug expenditures per capita than the other sites studied and a significantly higher proportion of drugs sold by physicians; and (4) the proportion of brand-name drugs among all drugs purchased in pharmacies was not a function of insurance plan. In the Dayton, Ohio site, a significantly higher proportion of the drugs purchased in pharmacies were brand-name rather than generic.
Microvascular pressure measurements by cannulation: independency of concentration gradients and deviations in micro-servonulling.

Abstract Small, steady-state departures from zero reference in servonulling pressure measuring systems were determined under static conditions by immersing the tips of microcannulae into a normal saline solution at atmospheric pressure. These positive and negative deviations from atmospheric pressure appearing when the servo loop is closed, are independent of changes in concentration of NaCl in the test solution and consequently not related to diffusion phenomena. Such dependence is precluded by thermodynamic considerations that would require a nonzero reflection coefficient for NaCl as a property of the microcannular tips. Therefore, the small steady-state departures from zero can undoubtedly be traced to a hydraulic defect in the system.
Design and anlysis of multiband high refractive index metamaterials

A multiband metamaterial operating in the 0 THz to 2 THz range was designed with two high refractive index values. The dimension of the slab of the metamaterial is 300 um by 300um and the thickness is 17.45 um. Twenty five resonant metallic structures were placed in the substrate material, with a gap of 1.2 um between each unit. Results show enhanced dielectric response as well as suppressed diamagnetic response at these frequencies, which exhibit high permittivity and high permeability. Two bands of high refractive index were observed in the FDTD simulation result.
Dynamics of Complexity and Accuracy: A Longitudinal Case Study of Advanced Untutored Development

This longitudinal case study follows a dynamic systems approach to investigate an under-studied research area in second language acquisition, the development of complexity and accuracy for an advanced untutored learner of English. Using the analytical tools of dynamic systems theory (Verspoor et al. 2011) within the framework of complexity, accuracy, and fluency (Skehan 1998; Norris and Ortega 2009), the study tracks accuracy, syntactic complexity, and lexical diversity in the speech of a Turkish immigrant over one year. Results from these oral interviews show that most development occurred in the participant's lexical diversity, syntactic complexity showed potential but unverifiable gains, and accuracy showed no development. These findings suggest that an untutored language learner may develop advanced lexical and syntactic skills, but achieving grammatical accuracy without instruction may be more difficult. Overall, dynamic systems theory seems to provide a suitable framework for examining the linguistic development of advanced naturalistic learners, with important implications for future research involving untutored immigrant and refugee populations of English language learners.
Electrophysiology of pelvic and pudendal nerves in the cat

Abstract Reflex contraction of the detrusor muscle in decerebrated cats evokes depression of tonic activity in the external urethral and anal sphincter of the cat. This depression of activity may occur via synaptic inhibition of both alpha and gamma motor neuron pathways to these sphincters. The site of these effects is in the sacral spinal cord.
Community-level correlates of intimate partner violence against women globally: a systematic review

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a problem facing women around the world, one that has implications for women's health and well-being. The relationship between communities and the occurrence of IPV is an expanding area of research. Although a large number of community characteristics have been examined in relation to IPV, the research as a whole lacks a coherent theoretical focus or perspective. In this systematic review, we provide a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence regarding the community-level correlates of IPV against women. In our review of peer-reviewed research published between January 1, 1990 and January 31, 2011, we identify key community-level correlates, detect gaps, and offer recommendations for future research. Recognizing a difference in approach between U.S. and non-U.S. based research and an over-reliance on a primarily urban, U.S.-based perspective on communities and IPV, we advocate for a global perspective that better reflects the social and economic fabric of communities around the world. Specifically, future research should focus on the most promising, but currently under-studied, community-level correlates of IPV against women, namely gender inequality, gender norms, and adapted measures of collective efficacy/social cohesion.
A delicate balance: collection development and women's history

Argues that women's history is a player in the history of collection development, although its awards are obscured in library history. Pioneer women librarians shaped children's collections beyond the structural initiation of service into an expanded vision of service, a sense of transgressing boundaries in order to advocate and mediate for children and their literature. Considers the philosophy and work of Caroline Hewins and Anne Carroll Moore, which presents a paradigm of building collections for a larger community that is now part of the planning process for public libraries and an ongoing model of activist service through collections.
Financial hardship and psychological distress: Exploring the buffering effects of religion.

Despite ample precedent in theology and social theory, few studies have systematically examined the role of religion in mitigating the harmful effects of socioeconomic deprivation on mental health. The present study outlines several arguments linking objective and subjective measures of financial hardship, as well as multiple aspects of religious life, with psychological distress. Relevant hypotheses are then tested using data on adults aged 18-59 from the 1998 USNORC General Social Survey. Findings confirm that both types of financial hardship are positively associated with distress, and that several different aspects of religious life buffer against these deleterious influences. Specifically, religious attendance and the belief in an afterlife moderate the deleterious effects of financial hardship on both objective and subjective financial hardship, while meditation serves this function only for objective hardship. No interactive relationships were found between frequency of prayer and financial hardship. A number of implications, study limitations, and directions for future research are identified.
Diferencias en la utillzacion de hospitales entre las comunidades autónomas de madrid y cataluña

Resumen Se han descrito importantes variaciones en la utilizacion de hospitales entre regiones. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar las diferencias en la utilizacion y en la estructura hospitalaria de Madrid y Cataluna. Se obtienen las tasas crudas y ajustadas de altas y estancias y la estancia media de todos los ingresos de los habitantes de ambas Comunidades de 1985 a 1989, y de 30 diagnosticos especificos en 1987. Se calculan las camas instaladas y asignadas, y la distribucion de altas segun lafinanciacion y de camas segun ladependencia en ambas regiones. Los resultados ofrecen una mayor frecuentacion hospitalaria en Cataluna (40% de camas publicas y 3,70 camas utilizadas), y estancias mas largas en Madrid (70% de camas publicas y 3,98 camas utilizadas). Este trabajo permite plantear dos preguntas sobre el funcionamiento de los servicios de salud: 1) como influyen los aspectos organizativos de los sistemas sanitarios en las decisiones medicas; 2) de que depende el consumo total en estancias hospitalarias: de los ingresos o de la estancia media.
Seed Dispersal by Red-Eared Sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina)

Abstract Seed dispersal capabilities by red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in southwestern Missouri were investigated for mulberry (Morus spp.), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), and curly dock (Rumex crispus). Feeding trials conducted on these seeds demonstrated that seed damage was low and percentage of germination of turtle-passed seeds did not exceed controls for any seed species tested. These turtle species are capable of dispersing mulberry, barnyardgrass, and curly dock seeds to areas near pond margins and to more distant locations during overland movements.
Effect of the dentin smeared layer on tensile strength of cemented posts

The tensile strengths for post lengths of 4 and 7 mm were compared in vitro with 3 different cementing media. In one group, the post preparation was rinsed with 5.25% NaOCl and in the other with 17% EDTA followed by 5.25% NaOCl. The EDTA-NaOCl flush had a profound effect when unfilled resin was used to cement the posts. A 4 mm post cemented with resin in the EDTA-NaOCl group was one and one-half times as retentive as a 7 mm post cemented with zinc phosphate and twice as strong as the 7 mm post with polycarboxylate cement. The 7 mm post cemented with the resin after the EDTA-NaOCl rinse was twice as resistant to displacement as the 7 mm post cemented with zinc phosphate and three times stronger than the polycarboxylate cement.
Charitable giving: Altruism has no limits

Abstract The current consensus is that, due to the free rider problem, a theory of charitable giving based exclusively on altruism cannot explain the levels of contributions and participation observed in the data. In contrast, in this paper we demonstrate that altruism may have more predictive power than previously understood. We present a model in which the object of altruism is a large number of potential recipients of a good for which there is a target level of provision (e.g. an acute malnutrition treatment, an insecticide-treated bed net). We show that in this case donors may measure the value of a contribution with reference to the impact that such contribution has on additional recipients, not with reference to the impact on the total level of an organization's charitable resources as traditionally assumed. In this situation, the equilibrium involves no free riding whatsoever. Equilibria that do involve free riding are characterized by provision of the target level of the charitable good to all potential recipients.
An examination of Opuntia littoralis fruit volume, sugar concentration, number of seeds and average seed mass in relation to fitness

Organisms cannot maximize all life functions and therefore must allocate resources to maximize reproductive fitness such that they produce the highest number of surviving offspring. The object of the experiment was to evaluate variation of fruit morphology to determine how Opuntia littoralis optimizes reproductive investment. The experiment focused on fruit volume, sugar concentration, number of seeds and average seed mass on two different aspects (polar-facing and equatorial-facing slopes) in Temescal Canyon Gateway Park, Pacific Palisades, California. The results revealed fruit volume was positively correlated with number of seeds, sugar concentration was positively correlated with number of seeds, and average seed mass was negatively correlated with number of seeds. The study suggests that variation in Opuntia fruit morphology can be explained by the principle of allocation and life history strategies rather than by microhabitat variation alone.
Turkey Litter Silage in Rations for Dairy Heifers

Abstract Twenty-four Holstein heifers averaging 215kg were assigned randomly to one of four treatments containing graded percents of turkey litter silage. All rations contained (dry matter basis) 10% of a concentrate supplement plus 1) 90% corn silage, 2) 15% turkey litter silage and 75% corn silage, 3) 30% turkey litter silage and 60% corn silage, and 4) 45% turkey litter silage and 45% corn silage, and were formulated to be isonitrogenous. Turkey litter and corn plant were ensiled separately in concrete silos, and all ingredients were blended prior to feeding. Heifers were weighed at 2-wk intervals during the 84-day study, and blood and ruminal fluid samples were obtained on day 76. Average daily gains (kg) were: .42, .58, .51, and .43 for the heifers receiving either 0, 15%, 30%, or 45% turkey litter silage. Average daily gains for heifers on 15% turkey litter silage were higher than for controls. Urea nitrogen of plasma was higher for animals on 30% than 45% turkey litter silage. Ruminal ammonia was higher for heifers receiving 30% turkey litter silage than for those receiving 15% or 45% turkey litter silage. Calcium of plasma was highest for the control ration while plasma phosphorus was highest for the 30% and 45% turkey litter silage. Ruminal propionate (molar %) was lower and butyrate higher for the control ration. Despite differences in plasma and ruminal metabolites, they were normal. Ash-corrected feed efficiency was similar for all treatments. These data show a potential use for turkey litter silage in dairy heifer rations.
A compact-pixel tri-mode vision sensor

We present a custom image sensor capable of reporting intensity, spatial contrast, and temporal difference images at the pixel level. The smart pixel is composed of only 11 transistors, allowing tight integration of different functionalities in a 16×21 µm2 pixel area. The sensor array is 128×128 pixels, with a fill factor of 42%, and operates at 800 fps and 13M events/s with a power consumption of 1.2mW.
Postlaparoscopic small bowel obstruction: Rethinking its management

Background: Patients with early postoperative small bowel obstruction (SBO) are usually managed nonoperatively with nasogastric suction, intravenous fluids, and observation. The majority of early postoperative SBO resolve without an operation.
A model of status epilepticus based on electrical stimulation of hippocampal afferent pathways

A new model of status epilepticus has been developed in the unanesthetized rat. The model involves repetitive tetanic stimulation of hippocampal afferent pathways. Pulse trains were delivered according to a fixed schedule (0.2 to 0.4-ms monophasic rectangular pulses, 20 Hz, stimulus current adjusted for maximal synaptic response in area CA3 of the hippocampus, 10-s train duration, 30-s intertrain interval) through electrodes chronically implanted in the angular bundle or fimbria. CA3 pyramidal cells responded to each stimulus in the train with little or no decrement. When 10 consecutive trains each produced 30 s of hippocampal afterdischarge, stimulation was terminated and self-sustained electrographic seizure activity was monitored. This procedure was repeated until it yielded at least 15 min of self-sustained seizure activity. Status epilepticus occurred in about 85% of subjects within less than 7 h. Self-sustained electrographic seizures were associated with limbic motor seizures and with brain lesions that resembled Ammon's horn sclerosis. This model holds promise for analyzing the biochemical and physiological bases of seizures, status epilepticus, and neuronal cell death, because the timing of these events during the stimulation protocol is fairly predictable and because seizures are self-sustaining without the need drugs, toxins, or prior kindling.
Uptake of campesterol in pigeon intestine.

Abstract Campesterol was the major plant sterol found in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and plasma of pigeons fed diets containing large amounts of β-sitosterol and small amounts of campesterol. On feeding plant sterol mixtures, it was found that campesterol was taken up preferentially by the pigeon intestine.
Dissociability of enzyme-α2-macroglobulin complexes☆

Experiments were performed to measure the extent to which enzymes bound to alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) could be dissociated from the complex. Noncovalent complexes are known to exist between alpha 2M and proteases, such as methyl-trypsin that have had their lysyl amino covalently blocked. Complexes between the inhibitor and native enzymes also have a certain fraction noncovalent binding. Because of the severe steric hindrance imposed on enzymes bound to alpha 2M, even in the noncovalent mode, it has been proposed in the literature that they are not dissociable in the usual sense but, rather, are "trapped" in clathrate-like complexes. The results presented here show that lysyl-blocked methyl-thrombin, or native thrombin are released from their alpha 2M complex by an excess of other lysyl-blocked or native proteases. Under conditions where native thrombin is displaced, labeled enzymes can be incorporated, indicating the inhibitor is intact by the criterion of incorporating enzymes. Likewise, native elastase can be released from its alpha 2M complex by excess cold elastase or the inactive anhydrotrypsin, the latter experiment being carried out with an excess of the low-molecular-weight inhibitor diisopropyl phosphofluoridate. In conjunction with previous results showing that lysyl-blocked enzymes are removed from alpha 2M by soybean trypsin inhibitor, the data indicate that, however sterically hindered, alpha 2M-bound enzymes are dissociable and no unique "trapped" intermediate need be postulated.
Group Sociotherapy: A Psychoeducative Model for Schizophrenic Patients and Their Families

The clinical and research community have identified critical issues in educating schizophrenic patients and their families about schizophrenia. A review of the literature, a comprehensive alternative model, and descriptive modules inherent in an effective group sociotherapy program are offered for schizophrenic patients in remission and for their families. The model provides advantages for monitoring patients on an outpatient basis and has applicability to mental health clinic, day hospital, and day treatment center programs.
Foreign Aid, NGO's and the social contract: Wanting to help, ignoring long-term effects

This paper aims to review and add to the academic literature criticizing how foreign aid acts as an obstacle to African states in the development of a social contract between state and citizens. In the model contract, the government provides social services in exchange for tax revenue, the right to call upon citizens for national defense, and general adherence to basic rules. However, foreign aid enables the evolution of an entirely different social contract in contemporary African states which involves new actors and exchanges. This paper examines how this new social contract impacts taxes, military service and governance and hopes to prove that the aid-supported social contract has negative long-term effects on African states. Key words: Aid, poverty, social contract, governance
MEMORIAL TO HIROSHI UJIIÉ

Hiroshi Ujiie, one of Japan’s foremost foraminiferal specialists and former Associate Editor of the Journal of Foraminiferal Research (1974–1984–1993–2003), passed away on April 26, 2006 in Tokyo, Japan. He was best known for his studies of Recent and Neogene benthic and planktonic foraminifera from the western Pacific Ocean and foraminifera from Cenozoic marine sediments exposed on the Japanese islands. Prof. Ujiie published his first paper in 1956 with his last paper co-authored with his daughter Dr. Yurika Ujiie in 2006, consummating a remarkably productive half-century of foraminiferal research. Prof. Ujiie was a pioneer in the application of quantitative methods of faunal analysis and continually sought to demonstrate the power of statistical analysis in his studies. He relished applying his knowledge of foraminifera to address questions surrounding Earth history and he was equally adept at studying living foraminifera, analyzing biostratigraphic zonations, or interpreting the environment of Neogene benthic assemblages. He was an excellent geologist, stratigrapher …
Sound transmission in stored grain

Abstract The transmission of sound in stored grain was investigated to facilitate the use of sensitive microphones to detect insect infestations. Such infestations cause significant loss (about 10%, or a billion (109) dollars worth, annually in the USA), and early detection is an important factor in reducing such losses. The tests were conducted in a tank containing about 5 m3 of wheat. The phase velocity of sound and the absorption coefficient were measured as a function of frequency using a two-channel analyzer system. Data were analyzed using sound-transmission theory in porous media. It is shown that sound is transmitted principally through the air passages between the grains and that, over a distance of 1 m, grain is highly absorbing at frequencies above about 1 kH. The theory provides a measure of the average spacing between grains, which at a depth of 0.5 m was found to be about 0.6 mm.
Delamination of a sensitized commercial Al–Mg alloy during fatigue crack growth

Fatigue crack growth experiments at 22 and −100 °C were conducted on 6.35 mm thick plate samples of a commercial Al–Mg alloy machined from the L–T orientation. Thermal exposures for times of up to 10,000 h at 80, 100 and 175 °C produced sensitization and delamination in the S–T direction during fatigue, dependent on the thermal exposure and level of Δ K (and K max ) employed. Reduced S–T fracture properties were directly measured on sensitized samples.
Solvent effects in horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed polyphenol synthesis

Abstract Enzyme-solvent-monomer molecular interactions and their effect on horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of m-cresol in ethanol/water mixtures were studied. A mechanistic approach of the effect of reaction medium composition on the poly (m-cresol) molecular weight and polydispersity was elucidated from the standpoint molecular interactions. Solvent effects on the enzyme activity and structure were studied by reaction kinetics and spectroscopic methods including UV-vis, fluorescence, circular dichroism and electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR). In view of the results from these studies, the observed polymer molecular weight profile could be deduced from the solubility of the polymer as well as the partitioning of the monomer between solvent and the enzyme active site.
A Different Approach to the Analysis of Person-Years Data

The observed mortality of a group of individuals often needs to be compared with that expected from the death rates of the national population, with allowance made for period, age, sex and race. This is achieved by the person-years or subject-years method. A different approach is proposed which leads to new test statistics and confidence intervals which may be used with small samples.
Self-similarity theory of stationary coagulation

A theory of stationary particle size distributions in coagulating systems with particle injection at small sizes is constructed. The size distributions have the form of power laws. Under rather general assumptions, the exponent in the power law is shown to depend only on the degree of homogeneity of the coagulation kernel. The results obtained depend on detailed and quite sensitive estimates of various integral quantities governing the overall kinetics. The theory provides a unifying framework for a number of isolated results reported previously in the literature. In particular, it provides a more rigorous foundation for the scaling arguments of Hunt, which were based largely on dimensional considerations.
The basal forebrain cholinergic system and object memory in the rat

Rats with near complete destruction of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons from intracerebroventricular injections of 192 IgG-saporin were trained on object discrimination problems and then retrained two weeks later to measure retention. Despite dramatic reductions of acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers in hippocampus and neocortex, these animals did not differ from controls on an analysis of savings scores. Thus, the basal forebrain cholinergic system may serve functions that support non-spatial memory but are not specifically mnemonic in nature.
INFLUENCE OF PANEL INCONSISTENCY ON THE OUTCOME OF SENSORY EVALUATIONS FROM DESCRIPTIVE PANELS

. Different types of panelist by treatment interaction are explored to determine how they influence the outcomes of discrimination tests. The study compares the situations where panelists are considered as fixed or random effects over the range of most testing conditions for small panels (5–15 panelists) that replicate their judgements. Magnitude interaction and nonperceivers or nondiscriminators have minor effects on test outcomes. Cross-over interaction increases the chances for a type II error, especially when panelists are considered as random effects. False discrimination increases the chances for a type I error when panelists are considered as fixed effects. Applications of methods to reduce the chances for these errors in the testing for differences among treatments are discussed.
Study of the cumulant expansion for renormalization transformations on two- and three- dimensional Ising models

The Niemeijer-Van Leeuwen cumulant expansion is used in the renormalization-group analysis of the critical-point behavior of the Ising model. Second- and third-order results are obtained for the simple cubic and square lattices, respectively, for a variety of cell sizes, using a parameter-dependent renormalization transformation introduced by Kadanoff and Houghton. Although the results in two dimensions are in general good, there is no evidence of any convergence, with the best values for the critical exponents and critical temperature being given by the second-order theory. In three dimensions the values found for the critical temperature and magnetic scaling index for a cell of 27 spins are reasonable, but the corresponding thermal scaling index is quite poor.
Comparison of the thermal stability of the codeposited carbon/hydrogen layer to that of the saturated implant layer

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the thermal stability in air and vacuum of the codeposited carbon/hydrogen layer formed in a carbon-lined fusion reactor. Results are also presented for the stability of the saturated layer formed by the implantation of energetic hydrogen ions into a graphite surface. For both films, the hydrogen isotope release occurs at a much lower temperature in air than it does in vacuum. At temperatures above 600 K, the hydrogen isotope release in air is very rapid and is emitted in a condensible form. It is speculated that isotopic exchange with water present in the air is responsible for this release. In vacuum, temperatures in excess of 1000 K are required to produce a rapid release from either film. The implications of these results to the safety of tritium in carbon-lined fusion reactors are discussed.
Effect of Uncertainty on Human Posture Prediction

Posture prediction is a key component in digital human modeling and simulation. Deterministic optimization-based posture prediction formulations have been proposed. However, there exist uncertainties in human anthropometric (human height, link length, center of mass of segments, and moment of inertia, etc.) and environment parameters (location, interaction force), which affects the predicted posture. This paper attempts to study the effect of uncertainty on predicted posture. The single-loop reliability based design optimization (RBDO) method is adapted to predict posture under uncertainties. All random parameters are assumed to have normal distribution. A 24-degree of freedom (DOF) upper body model is used. In this pilot study, it is assumed that one link length and one joint angle are random parameters. The other design variables and parameters are deterministic. With the empirical rule, three cases are investigated for posture prediction. SNOPT software solver is employed to solve the optimization problem. Through comparison with deterministic optimization result and experimental data, the predicted postures from RBDO simulation show that the reliability index affects the predicted posture to some extent.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Community Involvement: Opportunities and Challenges in Socializing Adults to Participate in Society

The concluding article of this issue devoted to community involvement considers the unique perspective offered by each article on this topic in this issue, yet does so in the context of the commonalities among them. Most important of these commonalities, perhaps, is that all of the articles address, to some degree, the question of how adults can best be socialized to develop a habit of community participation. Some articles consider this question of encouraging community involvement in educational settings, while others consider the question in more general settings. Some articles focus on key conceptual processes, whereas others concentrate on practical issues in promoting involvement. Finally, virtually all of the articles consider the benefits of community involvement; some of the articles also explore the downside to efforts to promote community involvement.
Microwave dielectric properties of biopolymers

A new capacitive test structure is used to characterize biopolymers at microwave frequencies. The new test structure is comprised of a parallel plate capacitor, combined with coplanar waveguide-based input and output feed lines. This allows microwave measurements to be taken easily under an applied DC electric field. The microwave dielectric properties are characterized for two biopolymer thin films: a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based film and a bovine serum albumin (BSA)-based film. These bio-dielectric thin-films are compared with a standard commercial polymer thin film, poly[Bisphenol A carbonate-co-4,4'(3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexylidene) diphenol], or amorphous polycarbonate (APC).
Development and Test of Highly Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Published in Journal of Aerospace Computing, Information, and Communication, Vol. 1, Issue 12, December 2004.
Efficacy of facemask ventilation techniques in novice providers

Abstract Study Objective To determine which of two facemask grip techniques for two-person facemask ventilation was more effective in novice clinicians, the traditional E-C clamp (EC) grip or a thenar eminence (TE) technique. Design Prospective, randomized, crossover comparison study. Setting Operating room of a university hospital. Subjects 60 novice clinicians (medical and paramedic students). Measurements Subjects were assigned to perform, in a random order, each of the two mask-grip techniques on consenting ASA physical status 1, 2, and 3 patients undergoing elective general anesthesia while the ventilator delivered a fixed 500 mL tidal volume (V T ). In a crossover manner, subjects performed each facemask ventilation technique (EC and TE) for one minute (12 breaths/min). The primary outcome was the mean expired V T compared between techniques. As a secondary outcome, we examined mean peak inspiratory pressure (PIP). Main Results The TE grip provided greater expired V T (379 mL vs 269 mL), with a mean difference of 110 mL ( P T improvement of 200 mL after crossover to the TE grip (95% CI: 134, 267). When the TE grip was used first, mean V T s were greater than for EC by 24 mL (95% CI: -25, 74). When considering only the first 12 breaths delivered (prior to crossover), the TE grip resulted in mean V T s of 339 mL vs 221 mL for the EC grip ( P = 0.0128; 95% CI: 26, 209). There was no significant difference in PIP values using the two grips: the TE mean (SD) was 14.2 (7.0) cm H 2 O, and the EC mean (SD) was 13.5 (9.0) cm H 2 O ( P = 0.49). Conclusions The TE facemask ventilation grip results in improved ventilation over the EC grip in the hands of novice providers.
STRUCTURE OF TYPE 5 ADENOVIRUS : II. FINE STRUCTURE OF VIRUS SUBUNITS. MORPHOLOGIC RELATIONSHIP OF STRUCTURAL SUBUNITS TO VIRUS-SPECIFIC SOLUBLE ANTIGENS FROM INFECTED CELLS

Purified type 5 adenovirus was disrupted at pH 10.5 and the capsid shown to be comprised of two characteristic morphological subunits: (a) Hollow, polygonal structures corresponding to the virus capsomeres seen in preparation of purified virus and (b) thread-like strands also identifiable in preparations of purified virus. These structures were compared morphologically with purified preparations of the group- and type-specific soluble antigens characteristically produced in mammalian cells infected with adenoviruses. The group-specific soluble antigen was a homogeneous preparation of hollow, polygonal rods identical with the virus capsomeres. The type-specific soluble antigen corresponded to the thread- or fiber-like components of the purified virus particle. Inspection of disrupted virus preparations confirmed earlier immunological data which indicated that the major virus antigen was the group-specific soluble antigen. These data provide convincing evidence for the hypothesis that the adenovirus-induced soluble antigens represent virus subunits produced in excess.