cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incarcerated and Court-Involved Adolescents: Counseling an At-Risk Population

In this article, the authors provide the counselor wishing to work with incarcerated adolescents with background information relating to the current scope of the problem and the current state of the juvenile justice system in the United States. The authors also review the current research regarding juvenile delinquency and outline a series of clinical techniques. The authors close by providing a developmental framework for enhancing the understanding of and guiding treatment for this difficult population.
Raman Spectrum of Gadolinium Molybdate above and below the Ferroelectric Transition

90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-scattered Raman spectra of single-domain gadolinium molybdate have been obtained at room temperature and above the 159 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C ferroelectric transition on several crystal orientations. Lines in the 0-200-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ range can all be associated with Raman-active phonons and are identified by symmetry considerations, scattering-efficiency calculations, and comparison of spectra for different crystal orientations. Lines in the 200-1000-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ range can be identified with coupled vibrations of tetrahedral molybdate ions. Spectra for frequencies above 1000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ originate from impurity flourescence. The effect of the presence of multiple domains on the spectra was determined; the observed differences between single-domain and multiple-domain crystals result from ${B}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{B}_{2}$ symmetry mixing from the twinning of adjacent domains. No new soft modes, in addition to the known soft mode at about 43 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, were observed. A few of the lines that are present in only the low-temperature phase cannot be identified from symmetry analysis and are probably derived from zone-boundary modes of the high-temperature phase.
Teaching Ethics: Telling Stories.

In order to develop moral literacy, nursing students should be exposed both to traditional rules and justice-based ethics, and to a feminist care perspective. Justice and truth are not objective and abstract, but are embedded in context and are relative in nature. Nurses may be given the tools with which to analyse and understand ethical dilemmas from a justice-based view and an opportunity to tell their stories in order to understand the roles, motives, relational considerations and contextual influences on decision outcomes. If we are serious about our desire to raise critical consciousness of students and nurses in practice, we must attend to and join feminists in their attempts to validate women's ways of knowing, to assist women to question their contexts, and to put aside preconceived positions and notions about moral reasoning among women.
Attenuation of formalin pain responses in the rat by adrenal medullary transplants in the spinal subarachnoid space.

Previous reports have indicated that the implantation of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells into the spinal subarachnoid space can reduce both acute and chronic pain in several animal models. Recent findings suggest that acute and chronic pain alleviation may be mediated by distinct mechanisms. Since the formalin response is composed of an acute and tonic phase which can be pharmacologically distinguished, the ability of adrenal medullary implants to alter these responses was assessed. In rats with adrenal medullary transplants, both phases of the formalin response were attenuated, in contrast to control implanted animals. Suppression of the acute phase by adrenal medullary implants was reversed by the opiate antagonist naloxone, and partially reversed by the α-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine, suggesting that opioid peptides and catecholamines released by the implanted chromaffin cells contribute to the observed antinociception. However, neither antagonist altered the antinociceptive effects of adrenal medullary implants on the tonic phase of the formalin response. These results indicate that adrenal medullary implants in the spinal subarachnoid space alleviate acute and tonic pain via distinct pharmacologic mechanisms.
Testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men: assessing benefits, risks, and best practices.

AbstractHypogonadism is a common condition, especially among older men, but often goes undiagnosed and untreated. It can be associated with a number of signs and symptoms that affect health and quality of life, including feelings of low energy and fatigue; decreased sex drive and performance; decreased muscle mass and strength; decreased bone mineral density; and increased body fat, particularly abdominal fat, a putative risk factor for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The evidence supporting testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in improving these and related conditions is strong and consistent for body composition and sexual function; moderately consistent for bone mineral density; inconsistent for insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and lipid profiles; and weak and inconsistent for mood and cognitive function. The concern of some physicians about the potential for TRT to stimulate prostate cancer is not supported by decades of data accumulated to date, though studies of longer durat...
Long-term therapy of heart failure with prazosin: A randomized double blind trial☆

Abstract There is evidence that repeated administration of prazosin to patients with severe congestive heart failure results in tolerance to its initial salutary effects as a vasodilator. Therefore, we used a randomized, double blind protocol to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of 2 months of continuous prazosin therapy in 22 patients with severe congestive heart failure. After 2 months, the patients treated with prazosin showed significant improvement in mean New York Heart Association functional class (3.7 ± 0.2 to 2.3 ± 0.2, p
EFFECT OF CURING AND DETERIORATION ON STRESS WAVE VELOCITIES IN CONCRETE

Measuring the thickness of concrete elements in the field can be challenging. In many cases, such measurements must be made from one side due to a lack of access to the opposite face. One technique commonly implemented in these situations is the impact echo method, which requires advance knowledge of the compression, or P wave, velocity through the concrete at the point of interest. Common practice is to measure the near surface P-wave velocity at that point and then use this velocity to represent the through thickness P-wave velocity in the calculation of thickness. However, the relationship between near surface P-wave velocities and through thickness P-wave velocities can vary significantly under different exposure conditions. Using near surface P-wave velocity to represent through thickness P-wave velocity is not necessarily a valid assumption and should only be done when further information is available to substantiate the relationship. It is possible to detect damage due to sulfate attack in concrete specimens using P-wave velocity measurements, though actual identification of the nature of that damage is not feasible.
Delayed neurotoxicity associated with therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Most children diagnosed today with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) will be cured. However, treatment entails risk of neurotoxicity, causing deficits in neurocognitive function that can persist in the years after treatment is completed. Many of the components of leukemia therapy can contribute to adverse neurologic sequelae, including craniospinal irradiation, nucleoside analogs, corticosteroids, and antifolates. In this review, we describe the characteristic radiographic findings and neurocognitive deficits seen among survivors of childhood ALL. We summarize what is known about the pathophysiology of delayed treatment-related neurotoxicity, with a focus on the toxicity resulting from pharmacologic disruption of folate physiology within the central nervous system. Finally, we suggest testable strategies to ameliorate the symptoms of treatment-related neurotoxicity or decrease its incidence.
Degaussing with BEM and MFS

Magnetic shielding or degaussing is a special subclass of inverse magnetic field problems targeted at minimizing the signature of a magnetizable object placed in an external field. This is usually accomplished by placing an appropriate "skin" of current around or just inside the object. The problem is more demanding than the typical inverse problem in that the goal is to reduce the induced field everywhere outside the object, thus making the target cost function difficult to construct. Boundary element methods (BEM) can be formulated in terms of equivalent surface currents which are representative of the pattern of surface current necessary to minimize the signature. This paper investigates how and under what conditions this is so. In addition the paper examines the application of the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) to the same problem. With MPS, the object cost function is integral to the formulation. Both methods are applied to simple two dimensional box structures placed in the Earth's field. >
X-ray treatment of malignant exophthalmos: a report on 28 patients.

TWO years have elapsed since the author reported some success in the treatment of 10 patients with “malignant exophthalmos” by irradiation of the pituitary (1). It was emphasized that the x-ray ports overlapped some extraocular soft tissue and that the resultant radiation to extraocular tissues might conceivably account for some or all of the beneficial effects observed, through decreasing the volume of these tissues. At least two articles have appeared since this publication confirming the effectiveness of x-ray therapy directed to the region of the orbits (2) and the pituitary (3) in 7 and 8 patients, respectively. We have now treated 18 more patients and have continued to follow those previously treated. When a larger number of patients with the disease have received this form of therapy and have been meticulously followed for a sufficiently long period of time, a better estimate may be made of the effectiveness of this procedure. More important, correlation of response may be made with other features ...
Identification of major lysine residues of S3-RNase of Petunia inflata involved in ubiquitin–26S proteasome-mediated degradation in vitro

S-RNase-based self-incompatibility has been identified in three flowering plant families, including the Solanaceae, and this self/non-self recognition mechanism between pollen and pistil is controlled by two polymorphic genes at the S-locus, S-RNase and S-locus F-box (SLF). S-RNase is produced in the pistil and taken up by pollen tubes in a non-S-haplotype-specific manner. How an allelic product of SLF interacts with self and non-self S-RNases to result in growth inhibition of self pollen tubes is not completely understood. One model predicts that SLF targets non-self S-RNases for ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated degradation, thereby only allowing self S-RNase to exert cytotoxic activity inside a pollen tube. To test this model, we studied whether any of the 20 lysine residues in S(3)-RNase of Petunia inflata might be targets for ubiquitination. We identified six lysines near the C-terminus for which mutation to arginine significantly reduced ubiquitination and degradation of the mutant S(3)-RNase, GST:S(3)-RNase (K141-164R) in pollen tube extracts. We further showed that GST:S(3)-RNase (K141-164R) and GST:S(3)-RNase had similar RNase activity, suggesting that their degradation was probably not caused by an ER-associated protein degradation pathway that removes mis-folded proteins. Finally, we showed that PiSBP1 (P. inflata S-RNase binding protein 1), a potential RING-HC subunit of the PiSLF (P. inflata SLF)-containing E3-like complex, could target S-RNase for ubiquitination in vitro. All these results suggest that ubiquitin/26S proteasome-dependent degradation of S-RNase may be an integral part of the S-RNase-based self-incompatibility mechanism.
Parallelism-Aware Batch Scheduling: Enabling High-Performance and Fair Shared Memory Controllers

Uncontrolled interthread interference in main memory can destroy individual threads' memory-level parallelism, effectively serializing the memory requests of a thread whose latencies would otherwise have largely overlapped, thereby reducing single-thread performance. The parallelism-aware batch scheduler preserves each thread's memory-level parallelism, ensures fairness and starvation freedom, and supports system-level thread priorities.
RIFL aims to be a new player in lipid metabolism

RIFL (refeeding induced in fat and liver) is highly expressed in brown and white fat as well as in liver. In white adipose tissue and liver, RIFL expression is induced by refeeding and is also elevated in ob/ob mice. The function of RIFL is unknown, and there is some evidence to suggest it may be secreted. RIFL expression is induced during adipogenesis in rodent and human model systems, and cellular knockdown and mouse knockout studies demonstrate that RIFL expression correlates with lipid levels. Overall, these studies indicate that RIFL is a new important player in lipid metabolism.
FMS planning decisions, operating flexibilities, and system performance

Flexibility of manufacturing systems (FMS) has been conventionally associated with their ability to manufacture a variety of part types. However, flexible automation has introduced several process-oriented dimensions to flexibility. The impact of these dimensions on system performance needs to be better understood in order to evaluate the desirability of flexible automation for any company. This paper considers the role of system planning in determining operating flexibility and system performance. The authors argue that while the overall flexibility of any system is constrained by decisions made at the system design stage, the realized short-term flexibility depends significantly also upon planning decisions made during preproduction setup. Different planning objectives lead to different system configurations, and simultaneously yield varying levels of process-oriented flexibility. The authors also give a scheme for classifying different types of flexibilities, and use this scheme to present an illustrative comparison of conventional and flexible manufacturing methods for the two extremes of high volume/low variety and low volume/high variety manufacture. The authors observe that the inverse relationship that exists between flexibility and productivity for conventional manufacturing systems does not necessarily carry over to FMSs. >
Greipp's model of ethical decision making

Nurses need to become more aware of everyday ethical decisions and the many factors which influence them in order to develop skills in this cognitive process. This author's model of ethical decision making has been designed and developed to illustrate an overall conception of the interaction between nurse and client within an ethical framework. This model lends itself to the examination of all factors which enter into the ethical decision making process: descriptive, normative and meta-ethics.
Genetic relationships within and between clonal and solitary forms of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima revisited: evidence for the existence of two species

Along the temperate Pacific coast of North America, the actiniarian sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima exhibits two discrete life-history phenotypes. Although both forms sexually produce planula larvae, the clonal morph can also asexually propagate by fission, whereas the solitary morph does not. Whether the two forms constitute one or two species has long been contested. Hand originally designated the two forms as conspecifics, whereas Francis – on the basis of differences in microhabitat, biogeographic range and phenotypic frequencies – argued that the two forms constituted a sibling-species pair. From the results of an electrophoretic survey in which they pooled allelic frequencies across several geographic locations, Smith and Potts subsequently argued that the two forms were not genetically differentiated, and therefore represented a single species. We re-examined the relationship between the forms electrophoretically, substantially extending the geographic range and doubling the sample sizes beyond those used by Smith and Potts, and not pooling allelic frequencies in our analyses. Our analysis of patterns of genetic variation at ten highly polymorphic allozyme loci shows that although no fixed genetic differences distinguish the two forms, there are significant differences in allele frequencies between clonal and solitary A.␣elegantissima at every site we sampled throughout their range of sympatry (over 1000 km); within each form, however, there is little detectable genetic differentiation among populations. We therefore conclude that the two forms represent recently reproductively isolated taxa, and propose that the clonal form retain the binomial A. elegantissima (Brandt, 1835), whereas the solitary form be described and named a new species, Anthopleura sp.
Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclases by a Region Outside the Minimally Functional Cytoplasmic Domains

The highly conserved topological structure of G protein-activated adenylyl cyclases seems unnecessary because the soluble cytoplasmic domains retain regulatory and catalytic properties. Yet, we previously isolated a constitutively active mutant of the Dictyostelium discoideum adenylyl cyclase harboring a single point mutation in the region linking the cytoplasmic and membrane domains (Leu-394). We show here that multiple amino acid substitutions at Leu-394 also display constitutive activity. The constitutive activity of these mutants is not dependent on G proteins or cytosolic regulators, although some of the mutants can be activated to higher levels than wild type. Combining a constitutive mutation such as L394T with K482N, a point mutation that renders the enzyme insensitive to regulators, restores an enzyme with wild type properties of low basal activity and the capacity to be activated by G proteins. Thus regions located outside the cytoplasmic loops of adenylyl cyclases are not only important in the acquisition of an activated conformation, they also have impact on other regions within the catalytic core of the enzyme.
Enzymatic oligomerization of the tetrapeptide ester allylglycine-phenylalanine-phenylalanine-allylglycine ethyl ester

The native hydrolytic action of subtilisin Carlsberg was reversed to oligomerize the tetrapeptide ester L-Ag-L-Phe-L-Phe-L-Ag-OEt, containing the unnatural amino acid allyglycine (Ag, where R = -CH2-CH = CH2), in several miscible aqueous/organic solvent systems. Mass spectrometry indicated that the octapeptide ester (Ag-Phe-Phe-Ag)2 OEt was formed in all cases and that the dodecapeptide ester (Ag-Phe-Phe-Ag)3OEt was formed in one case. Additional mass spectrometry peaks indicated that a number of other peptides larger than the octapeptide ester (Ag-Phe-Phe-A)2OEt may also have been formed. Infrared analysis revealed that the oligopeptide products exhibit P-sheet peptide folding.
HIV-1 and alcohol abuse promote astrocyte inflammation: A mechanistic synergy via the cytosolic phospholipase A2 pathway

Over the past 35 years, the HIV/AIDS pandemic cost our society about 30 million lives, and yet another 34 million more continue to live with the disease. Despite significant efforts, both the incidence and the prevalence of HIV-1 disease are on the rise (http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/campaigns/20121120_globalreport2012). Nearly 2.5 million new cases are reported each year globally, the same number of lives that succumb to alcohol abuse annually (http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf). The World Health Organization, lists alcohol consumption as the third greatest risk factor for disease and disability worldwide, including increased risk of HIV-1 transmission.1 The term HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) characterizes a group of ailments of varying degrees of impairment of cognition and associated functioning in HIV-infected individuals.
Availability of Consumer Prices for Bunion Surgery

Background:Today, insurance insulates most patients from the true costs of the health care services they consume. Economists believe that the absence of price signals incentivizes patients to pursu...
Evaluation of Immunodiffusion and Immunoelectrophoretic Tests Using a Broad Spectrum Anti-Adult Southern Pine Beetle Serum

A broad spectrum anti-adult southern pine beetle rabbit serum was evaluated in the following test systems: agar gel double diffusion, rocket immunoelectrophoresis, electroimmunodiffusion, crossed electroimmunodiffusion, tandem-crossed electroimmunodiffusion and counter immunoelectrophoresis. Counter immunoelectrophoresis was the most sensitive and rapid procedure, but crossed electroimmunodiffusion separated and quantified individual antigen- antibody systems. Possible laboratory and field applications of each procedure are discussed.
Recovery of Influenza Virus from Chicago Epidemic

SummaryA filterable agent has been recovered from sputum and nasal washings of patients in the acute stage of influenza. This was accomplished by direct intranasal inoculation of mice. Evidence has been produced which indicates that the strains are human influenza virus.
World War I and the Finns of Astoria, Oregon: The Effects of the War on an Immigrant Community

The situation produced by the First World War greatly influenced communities of European immigrants in America, like the settle? ment of Finns at Astoria, Oregon. The war changed the relation? ships of Finns there among themselves, with their old homeland, and with the American population of the town. These changes, the last in particular, were felt most acutely by a large group of Finnish socialists. The war encouraged them to increased activity and brought to the Americans a heightened awareness of them both as foreigners and as radicals. This led to attempts by the Americans to suppress radicalism among the Finns.
Alterations in circulating estradiol-17 in male patients with Graves's disease.

Abstract Serum concentrations of estradiol-17β (E2), gonadotropins and long acting thyroid stimulator were studied in 10 consecutive male patients with active Graves's disease. Serum E2 was elevated in all patients before therapy. In two men with gynecomastia the concentrations were as high as those observed in normal women. The per cent dialyzable E2 was significantly reduced in hyperthyroid males as compared to normal males and was similar to that seen in eugonadal women; but the absolute concentration of unbound E2, evaluated in one prepubertal and five adult patients without gynecomastia, was elevated in four of the five adults. The mean serum concentrations of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones were also higher in the hyperthyroid men than in normal men. Serum E2 fell gradually and consistently during effective treatment of hyperthyroidism with propylthiouracil. Neither the occurrence of gynecomastia nor the serum concentration of E2 correlated with serum concentration of long acting thyro...
What Is Fluency

Fluency is a ubiquitous, but a complicated term. This chapter provides an overview of various conceptions of fluency across a range of disciplines and research contexts as well as discusses implications for research, assessment, and instruction. We include an overview of definitions and exemplars of fluency in language use, reading, and mathematics followed by an exploration of fluency concepts (e.g., automaticity, efficiency, and procedural skill) and considerations for research. The chapter concludes with recommendations for investigations of fluency including attending to measurement issues, explicitly defining and analyzing discrete components of fluency, and leveraging these precise definitions to evaluate the interactions between task and proficiency inherent to fluency exercises.
DEVELOPMENT OF 99MTC-LABELLED COMPLEXES FOR IMAGING DOPAMINE TRANSPORTERS IN THE BRAIN

Technetium-99m (T1/2=6h, 140keV) is the most commonly used short-lived radionuclide for diagnostic nuclear medicine imaging. It is important from an inorganic chemistry point of view to develop novel ligands and chelation chemistry associated with this radionuclide, because many patients could potentially benefit from advances in technetium chemistry. Recent studies showed that formation of tropane derivatives containing a neutral [TcVO]3+N2S2 complex are useful as dopamine transporter imaging agents. These agents may be important for the imaging of patients with Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Self-Selection, Heterogeneity, and Causal Graphs

In this chapter, we will lay the groundwork for our presentation of three strategies to estimate causal effects when simple conditioning on observed variables that lie along back-door paths will not suffice. These strategies will be taken up in Chapters 9, 10, and 11, where we will explain instrumental variable estimators, front-door identification with causal mechanisms, and conditioning estimators that use data on pretreatment values of the outcome variable. Under very specific assumptions, these three strategies will identify average causal effects of interest, even though selection is on the unobservables and treatment assignment is nonignorable. In this chapter, we will first review the related concepts of nonignorable treatment assignment and selection on the unobservables, using the directed graphs presented in prior chapters. To deepen the understanding of these concepts, we will then demonstrate why the usage of additional posttreatment data on the outcome of interest is unlikely to aid in the point identification of the treatment effects of most central concern. One indirect goal of this demonstration is to convince the reader that oft-heard claims such as “I would be able to establish that this association is causal if I had longitudinal data” are nearly always untrue if the longed-for longitudinal data are additional measurements taken only after treatment exposure. Instead, longitudinal data are most useful, as we will later explain in detail in Chapter 11, when pretreatment measures are available for those who are subsequently exposed to the treatment.
Gang Membership and Involvement in Violence among US Adolescents: A Test of Construct Validity

This chapter examines criminal and violence propensity among youth defined as gang involved by three unique definitional approaches (self-nomination, friends are a gang, and the Eurogang definition) and, in doing so, builds upon two lines of research. First, we expand Youth gangs in international perspective: Results from the Eurogang Program of Research, New York, 17–34, 2012 investigation into the construct validity of these different operationalizations of gang affiliation, which compared demographic, attitudinal, and behavioral differences across these definitions. Second, Melde and Esbensen (J. Res. Crime Delinq. 51(3):349–376, 2013) examined the extent to which self-nominated gang members engage in more violent offending relative to their overall offending. While making use of the same data source (the second National Evaluation of the G.R.E.A.T. Program), the current chapter merges these two studies to determine whether or not findings from Melde and Esbensen (J. Res. Crime Delinq. 51(3):349–376, 2013) are replicated for youth who fit the Eurogang definition as well as youth who report that their group of friends are a gang.
Closed form equations for inter-modulation distortion parameters in WCDMA receiver validated through measurements

This work establishes the closed form equations that can be used to calculate the inter-modulation distortion noise in WCDMA receivers where the distortion mechanisms involve WCDMA modulated blockers. It is shown that the distortion noise depends not only on the power of the blockers but also on the number of channels in the modulated blocker. Simple equations have been provided which can be easily used by circuit designers in each case. The equations have been validated by a direct conversion receiver chip measurements as well as MATLAB simulations.
Succinate in the cancer-immune cycle

Succinate is an important intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In mitochondria, it plays a crucial role in generating adenosine triphosphate. Succinate metabolism is also intertwined with the metabolism of other metabolites and with the “GABA shunt” of the glutamine pathway. Recently, it has become increasingly apparent that the roles of succinate extend into the realms of immunity and cancer. Succinate is a key modulator of the hypoxic response, an important player in tumorigenesis; succinate is also involved in protein succinylation, a novel posttranslational modification pathway. This expanding repertoire of succinate functions suggests that it has broad roles in cellular contexts. Mutations in enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that participate in succinate-related pathways lead to various pathologies, including tumor formation and innate inflammatory processes. Succinate can have both pro- or anti-tumor effectiveness. Therefore, investigation of succinate as an inflammatory signal may increase our understanding of the cancer–immunity cycle involved in both inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here, we briefly review the emerging roles of succinate, extending beyond metabolism, into anti-cancer immunity. This expansion of succinate roles suggests that it may represent a novel class of regulators in inflammation, which act as key signals in human cancers.
MicroRNA profiling in postmortem brain and plasma exosomes: Biomarker perspective of suicidality

Introduction Suicide is a leading cause of death. Although research on the biological aspects of suicide is accumulating, there is no testable biomarker to assess suicidality. miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs, have been implicated in synaptic plasticity, genetic susceptibility to stress and coping to stress response. Because of the presence of microRNAs in circulating body fluids, miRNAs can not only be used as regulators of disease pathologies but also in prognosis and treatment response. Objectives Whether miRNAs can be used as biomarker for suicidality. Aims To examine miRNA expression in brain of suicide victims and in plasma exosomes of suicidal individuals. Methods microRNA expression was studied in prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide subjects and healthy normal controls. Role of microRNAs in synaptic plasticity was studied by examining total and synaptonerosomes. microRNA expression was also studied in plasma exosomes of depressed non-suicide and depressed suicide subjects and healthy normal controls. Results We found a global down–regulation of miRNAs in depressed subjects (21 miRNAs significantly down-regulated). Many of them were synaptically enriched and encoded at nearby chromosomal loci, shared motifs within the 5’-seeds, and shared putative mRNA targets. In addition, we found a dramatic reorganization of microRNAs in a coordinated and cohesive fashion in depressed subjects. We also detected changes in miRNAs in plasma exosomes of depressed suicide subjects that corresponded to microRNA changes in prefrontal cortex. Conclusion Our study provides critical evidence that microRNAs play a major role in suicide pathophysiology and that these microRNAs can be reliably used as peripheral biomarker.
“Free Enterprise” and the Failure of American ITQ Management

Open access to fishing has always been politically useful to policy makers as a strategy of imperialism. The Faustian bargain between the US government and its fishermen has been that in return for free access, fishermen would put up with government-imposed inefficiencies to blunt the impact of excessive fishing pressure on fish stocks. These inefficiencies increase the cost of fishing. Too many boats make it impossible for fishermen to operate economically, or for management to move beyond allocation battles. In the bio-economic models developed during the 1960s, fisheries did not pay economic rent, nor did they cover their administrative costs. Fishers freely entered the fisheries, accepting the risks of competition and the challenge of controlling operating costs; efforts to cap entry into most American fisheries were delayed until the early 1990s. This legacy has created a system with artificially high administrative costs that will not be recovered under individual transferable quota (ITQ) schemes. Lack of fish has led to successive rounds of subsidies, which offer short-term fixes but do not address the overcapacity problems or the tension among the competing goals within fisheries management. These issues will be examined in the context of the West Coast halibut fishery, which has moved to an ITQ system at the same time as the stocks are declining. This chapter argues that the imposition of ITQs will be ineffectual in overcoming the legacy of decades of free enterprise, over-capitalization, and the historical reluctance of American government to make fisheries pay the costs of their administration.
Initial fluid resuscitation following adjusted body weight dosing is associated with improved mortality in obese patients with suspected septic shock

Abstract Objective The optimal initial fluid resuscitation strategy for obese patients with septic shock is unknown. We evaluated fluid resuscitation strategies across BMI groups. Materials and methods Retrospective analysis of 4157 patients in a multicenter activation pathway for treatment of septic shock between 2014 and 2016. Results 1293 (31.3%) patients were obese (BMI ≥ 30). Overall, higher BMI was associated with lower mortality, however this survival advantage was eliminated in adjusted analyses. Patients with higher BMI received significantly less fluid per kilogram at 3 h than did patients with lower BMI ( p ≤ 0.001). In obese patients, fluid given at 3 h mimicked a dosing strategy based on actual body weight (ABW) in 780 (72.2%), adjusted body weight (AdjBW) in 95 (8.8%), and ideal body weight (IBW) in 205 (19.0%). After adjusting for condition- and treatment-related variables, dosing based on AdjBW was associated with improved mortality compared to ABW (OR 0.45; 95% CI [0.19, 1.07]) and IBW (OR 0.29; 95% CI [0.11,0.74]). Conclusions Using AdjBW to calculate initial fluid resuscitation volume for obese patients with suspected shock may improve outcomes compared to other weight-based dosing strategies. The optimal fluid dosing strategy for obese patients should be a focus of future prospective research.
At Ease: Developing Veterans’ Sense of Belonging in the College Classroom

Recent changes to university services address student veterans’ abilities to complete their degrees, including programs that assist student veterans in finding a sense of belonging on campus. However, the need for student veterans to feel they belong in the classroom remains less a focus in scholarship. Incorporating semester-length peer groups into classes offers one pedagogical strategy for addressing this need. This article presents an autoethnographic study detailing my pedagogical process to develop and implement these peer groups and illustrates how these peer groups aided several student veterans in developing a sense of belonging in the classroom.
A Numerical Simulation of the Dispersion of Sediments Suspended by Estuarine Dredging Operations

A predictive numerical model designed to simulate the dispersion of sediments suspended by estuarine clam-shell dredging operations is described. The model evaluates the downstream distribution of the column of materials introduced by each vertical pass of the dredge bucket using a modified conservation of mass approach in which a horizontal moment term is used to represent the spatial distribution of the suspended mass concentrations. Solution of the resultant equation in finite difference form provides a time history of the 0th to 4th moments of the dispersing mass introduced by each bucket pass. A representation of the sum total effect of these discrete injections forming the downstream plume is then developed through linear superposition. This scheme provides a description of the gross characteristics of the dispersing mass without requiring large amounts of computer time and storage.
Causes of HIV treatment failure

Currently, there is no consensus on the definition of HIV treatment failure. Current guidelines [1, 2, 3] suggest considering virologie, immunologic and clinical responses in assessing treatment failure (Tab. 1). Virologic failure may be defined as a lack of an initial HIV RNA response to therapy or an increase or rebound in HIV RNA levels following an initial response. Immunologic failure may be defined as a decrease or a lack of increase in CD4 cell count in response to therapy. Clinical failure may be defined as the occurrence or recurrence of HIV-related signs or symptoms or AIDS-defining illnesses. There are multiple possible causes of antiretroviral treatment failure (Tab. 2).
A Phase II and Biomarker Study of Sorafenib Combined with Modified FOLFOX in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Purpose: Sorafenib is a standard first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The phase III SHARP trial showed a median time-to-progression (mTTP) of 5.5 months, overall response rate (ORR) of 2%, and median overall survival (mOS) of 10.7 months with sorafenib. FOLFOX4 has shown modest activity in advanced HCC. We evaluated the combination of sorafenib and modified (m)FOLFOX in a single-arm, multicenter phase II study. Patients and Methods: The study included Child–Pugh A patients with advanced HCC and no prior systemic therapies. Patients received sorafenib 400 mg twice a day for 2 weeks, followed by concurrent mFOLFOX [5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 1,200 mg/m2/day for 46 hours, leucovorin 200 mg/m2, and oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 biweekly]. The primary endpoint was mTTP with an alternative hypothesis of 7 months, and secondary endpoints included ORR, mOS, and circulating biomarkers. Results: The study enrolled 40 patients: HCV/EtOH/HBV, 43%/28%/13%; Child–Pugh A5, 70%. Notable grade 3/4 adverse events (AE) included AST/ALT elevation (28%/15%), diarrhea (13%), hyperbilirubinemia (10%), hand–foot syndrome (8%), and bleeding (8%). mTTP was 7.7 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 4.4–8.9], ORR 18%, and mOS 15.1 months (7.9–16.9). Sorafenib + mFOLFOX increased plasma PlGF, VEGF-D, sVEGFR1, IL12p70, and CAIX and CD4+ and CD8+ effector T lymphocytes and decreased plasma sVEGFR2 and s-c-KIT and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Shorter TTP was associated with high baseline sVEGFR1. Shorter TTP and OS were associated with increases in Tregs and CD56Dim natural killer (NK) cells after sorafenib alone and plasma sMET after combination treatment (all P Conclusions: Sorafenib + mFOLFOX met the prespecified endpoint with encouraging efficacy but moderate hepatotoxicity. Thus, this regimen may be effective in select patients with adequate liver reserve. Biomarker evaluations suggested a correlation between time-to-progression (TTP) and angiogenic biomarkers and circulating Tregs.
Policing The Drunk Driving Problem: A Longitudinal Examination of DUI Enforcement and Alcohol Related Crashes in the U.S. (1985–2015)

This project examines the relationship between police enforcement of driving under the influence (DUI) and fatal alcohol related crashes. This article merged data from several sources to fit several 3-level growth curve models that assess the relationship between DUI arrests and fatal alcohol related crashes in U.S. counties from 1985 to 2015. The findings indicate that increases in DUI arrests are related to decreased fatal alcohol related crashes during the period. However, the two are not linearly related and the relationship varies across states. The non-linearity indicates there is a point of diminished returns where increased arrests are no longer related to reductions in fatalities. These findings suggest that policy makers should explore alternative methods of reducing crashes to supplement enforcement efforts such as addressing problems of alcoholism and traffic safety.
As If I Virtually Said This to Pepsi

Perhaps because I live on an island which has more frequently been shaped by sudden, unexpected, and catastrophic events (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, truly massive landslides, and countless tsunamis) than by slow, predictable forces of change—and surely because, as a longtime professional futurist, I have come to understand quite well that social and environmental change is proceeding at a rate so rapid and unprecedented as to defy the ability of most people and institutions to comprehend it by conventional tools and paradigms—I have come to see that is better to believe that the future is approaching us, rather than that we are moving into the future.
Single-atom catalysis for a sustainable and greener future

The fact that supported single metal atoms can do catalysis provides unparalleled opportunities to develop innovative technologies for a sustainable and greener chemical industry. Single-atom catalysts not only maximize the utilization efficiency of expensive metals of rare resources but also have a great potential to significantly improve selectivity of the targeted catalytic reactions and lower the operation cost. This short review highlights the recent progress of understanding the nature of single-atom catalysts and their applications with a focus on major challenges encountered in heterogeneous catalysis such as carbon dioxide conversion, production of hydrogen, ammonia synthesis, and methane valorization.
Economic Impact of Globodera Pallida on the Idaho Economy

Globodera pallida, Pale cyst nematode (PCN), has become a major problem for the U.S. potato industry as a whole and the Idaho potato industry in particular. PCN is estimated to have reduced the amount of lands in potato production by just over 1233 ha in 2016 in Idaho. This study estimates the economic impact of PCN on the Idaho economy by using a customized Input-Output Model. PCN was found to have significant negative impacts on total agricultural output in affected areas that can only be partially mitigated by the substitution of alternative crops in the affected areas. Including indirect and induced effects, the economic impact of PCN on the Idaho economy in 2016 was calculated to be $30.38 million in economic output. These losses were only partially mitigated by an increase of $4.83 million in total output from producing other rotational crops in the affected area. However, the net impact of the PCN infestation on output of the Idaho economy was estimated to be a loss of $25.56 million. Globodera pallida, el nematodo de quiste palido (PCN), se ha vuelto un problema importante para la industria de la papa de los EUA en general, y en particular para la industria de la papa de Idaho. Se estima que el PCN ha reducido la cantidad de tierras en la produccion de papas justo por encima de 1233 hectareas en 2016 en Idaho. Este estudio estima el impacto economico del PCN en la economia de Idaho mediante el uso de un modelo disenado de ingreso-egreso. Se encontro que el PCN tiene impactos negativos significativos en la produccion agricola total en las areas afectadas que solo pueden ser parcialmente mitigados mediante la substitucion con cultivos alternativos en dichas areas. Incluyendo los efectos indirectos e inducidos, el impacto economico del PCN en la economia de Idaho en 2016 se calculo en $ 30.38 millones en la produccion economica. Estas perdidas se mitigaron solo parcialmente con un aumento de $ 4.83 millones en produccion total mediante la produccion de otros cultivos en rotacion en el area afectada. No obstante, el impacto neto de la infestacion del PCN en la produccion de la economia de Idaho se estimo en una perdida de $ 25.56 millones.
Experimental hyperuricemia in rats.

Renal Disease is a well recognized complication of gout, and the typical histologic features of chronic gouty nephropathy have been carefully studied, however, early evolution of the nephropathy and its precise relationship to hyperuricemia and uricosuria have been difficult to study in the human subject. Unfortunately, animal models of sustained hyperuricemia are difficult to produce and maintain. Recently, Stavric and colleagues described the production of hyperuricemia and urate nephropathy in rats fed orally with oxonic acid and uric acid. oxonic acid is a potent, hepatic uricase inhibitor; and this chemical, combined with uric acid or RNA dietry supplements, consistently leads to hyperuricemia in this species.
A continuous pathway for fresh water along the East Greenland shelf

Export from the Arctic and meltwater from the Greenland Ice Sheet together form a southward-flowing coastal current along the East Greenland shelf. This current transports enough fresh water to substantially alter the large-scale circulation of the North Atlantic, yet the coastal current’s origin and fate are poorly known due to our lack of knowledge concerning its north-south connectivity. Here, we demonstrate how the current negotiates the complex topography of Denmark Strait using in situ data and output from an ocean circulation model. We determine that the coastal current north of the strait supplies half of the transport to the coastal current south of the strait, while the other half is sourced from offshore via the shelfbreak jet, with little input from the Greenland Ice Sheet. These results indicate that there is a continuous pathway for Arctic-sourced fresh water along the entire East Greenland shelf from Fram Strait to Cape Farewell.
Tensions Between What Principals Know and Do: The Role of Labor Market Conditions on Teacher Recruitment and Hiring

Teacher hiring is a critical lever for improving school outcomes. However, the availability of supply is a significant barrier that affects principals’ processes for teacher staffing. Drawing on se...
Factors associated with physicians' recommendations for managing low-risk papillary thyroid cancer.

Abstract Background The 2015 American Thyroid Association endorsed less aggressive management for low-risk papillary thyroid cancer (LR-PTC). We aimed to identify factors influencing physicians’ recommendations for LR-PTC. Methods We surveyed members of three professional societies and assessed respondents’ recommendations for managing LR-PTC using patient scenarios. Multivariable logistic regression models identified clinical and non-clinical factors associated with recommending total thyroidectomy (TT) and active surveillance (AS). Results The 345 respondents included 246 surgeons and 99 endocrinologists. Physicians’ preference for their own management if diagnosed with LR-PTC had the strongest association with their recommendation for TT and AS (TT: OR 12.3; AS: OR 7.5, p Conclusions Physicians’ recommendations for LR-PTC are strongly influenced by non-clinical factors, such as personal treatment preference and specialty.
Does Financial Knowledge at Older Ages Matter? Placing Income and Hardship in Context

Extant research offers limited understanding of the context in which economic resource and hardship at older ages are assessed. This study investigates the association between location-specific inc...