cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Hostage to Technology

A Hostage to Technology In one respect, the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Cruzan makes sense. There is simply not enough national consensus at the present time to establish uniform, national standards for terminating treatment (especially on the controversial issues before the court in Cruzan). Some states ne.g., Missouri, Oklahoma) are so vitalist, absolutist, and fearful of slippery slopes that they have severaly limited patients' rights to decline medical treatment. Others (e.g., Colorado, Minnesota), less concerned about vitalism and abuses, have more confidence in physicians and families to make the right decisions. Judicial decisions and legislation in these latter states are substantially different from those of the former (contrast Torresin Minnesota with O'Connor in New York or Cruzan in Missouri). Given this current lack of national consensus, it seems unwise to impose one state's values on all. In other respect, though, Cruzan is terribly wrong, even in its most narrow holding, and its thinking (dicta) is contrary to almost every higher court decision, medical/ethical standard (President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine, The Hastings Center's Guidleines on terminating treatment, American Medical Association, American Academy of Neurology) and current medical practice. To hold that Nancy's liberty interest in declining unwanted and nonbeneficial medical treatment as expressed by her loving, caring parents is outweighed by the state's interest in preserving life and minimizing abuses in other cases where no loving family exists is just wrong. But given its conservative nature, this Court was psychologically and constitutionally incapable of holding any other way than it did. The decision is thus disappointing but not unexpected. While recognizing that states' rights prevail for now, we should realize what the law is in Missouri, as articulated by the Missouri Supreme Court in Cruzan, and how it applies to patients like Nancy. Missouri law says that once medical treatment is started (at least for artificial nutrition and hydration), it can't be stopped. I think there are few physicians in the country who would have initiated treatment had he or she known for sure Nancy would have ended up in a persistent vegetative state; nor is there a family as loving and caring as Joe and Joyce Cruzan who would have consented to starting any form of treatment had they known the final outcome, what it really means to be in PVS, and what a terrible burden this is on the family and others. But, once consent is given, it cannot be withdrawn--at least in Missouri. In my opinion, when the diagnosis of PVS has been well established, and there are loving, caring parents who know the patient well, the presumption (without knowing any explicit wishes of the patient) should be to follow the views of the family--providing there is no conflict of interest among the family members. …
Orientation Dependence of Nonlinearity and Hysteresis in PZN-4.5%PT Single Crystals II: Bipolar Electromechanical Response

Relaxor ferroelectric single crystals exhibit orientation dependent hysteresis. In this study, combined bipolar electric field and compressive stress are applied to relaxor single crystals of [Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.955-[PbTiO3]0.045 (PZN-4.5%PT) in a series of crystal orientations between h001i and h111i. The resulting bipolar electromechanical response is presented. The observed hysteresis and nonlinear phenomena related to polarization reorientation and phase transitions are discussed.
Properties of a Mesoscale Convective System in the Context of an Isentropic Analysis

AbstractApplication of an isentropic analysis of convective motions to a simulated mesoscale convective system is presented. The approach discriminates the vertical mass transport in terms of equivalent potential temperature. The scheme separates rising air at high entropy from subsiding air at low entropy. This also filters out oscillatory motions associated with gravity waves and isolates the overturning motions associated with convection and mesoscale circulation. The mesoscale convective system is additionally partitioned into stratiform and convective regions based on the radar reflectivity field. For each of the subregions, the mass transport derived in terms of height and an isentropic invariant of the flow is analyzed. The difference between the Eulerian mass flux and the isentropic counterpart is a significant and symmetric contribution of the buoyant oscillations to the upward and downward mass fluxes. Filtering out these oscillations results in substantial reduction of the diagnosed downward-to...
The Insistent Fringe: Moving Images and Historical Consciousness

Using the form of cinematic montage, this essay explores the nature of historical consciousness in a mass-mediated culture where historical discourse takes the form of both showing and saying, moving images and written words. The title draws upon and argues with Roland Barthes's critique of the duplicity of the “insistent fringes” that supposedly reduce and naturalize “Roman-ness” to fringed hair in popular historical film. Barthes presumes a “certainty” in such a cinematic image, and hence deems it mythological—that is, “it goes without saying.” Countering Barthes with Walter Benjamin, one might argue that the “insistent fringe” is insistently historical and constitutes, in its insistence, a “dialectical image”: a site and sight full of contradictions and open to excavation. That is, it concretizes historiographic saying by showing. Neither historiographic saying nor showing are privileged in medias res—in a culture saturated in images and textuality, in competing modes of expression each of which has its limits. Historical consciousness is sparked and constituted from both showing and saying. Indeed, the “insistent fringe” is precisely not clear-cut—and, if it insists on anything, it is its serrated nature, its articulation as a limit that differs from, but is constituted by, the elements of the two distinct domains which it both separates and connects. Similarly, there is a dynamic, functional, and hardly clear-cut relation that exists between the mythological histories wrought by Hollywood cinema (and other visual arts) and the academic histories written by scholars. They coexist, compete, and cooperate in a contingent, heteroglossic, and always shifting ratio—thus constituting the “rationality” of contemporary historical consciousness.
Nuclear Waste: Increasing Scale and Sociopolitical Impacts.

The article argues that insufficient attention has been paid to the operational aspects of the U.S. radioactive waste management system when it grows to the scale necessary to handle wastes produced by a fully deployed plutonium economy. Without such information, many of the unsettling speculations which have become part of the public debate and are summarized herein cannot be clearly addressed. The article then outlines the types of information necessary to begin estimating the costs and consequences of radioactive waste management. Finally, an index of social exposure to radioactive hazard is proposed to improve the basis for policy decisions in this area.
A rule-based expert system approach to class scheduling

Abstract Class scheduling is the unenviable task in which a team of scheduling experts must assign faculty members their requested courses based on the university and departmental guidelines. The complexity of this task is compounded by introducing the various necessary faculty and course parameters. Although there have been recent attempts to create the class scheduling process via conventional programming, this form of software is poorly suited to emulate the essential human decision-making process. However, a rule-based expert system approach can provide the practical solution. This paper is concerned with originating the formulation and implementation necessary to achieve an optimal class scheduling solution.
ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF MOUNTING PARCHMENT FOR FRAMING AND EXHIBITION

Summary This article examines two methods of mounting single sheets of parchment for both permanent and temporary display where other well-established methods such as the thread matt cannot be used, and which avoids the risks associated with traditional inflexible mounting methods. The first method described is the reverse thread matt in which the threads used to secure the parchment are taken around the back of a specially designed support-board, which allows such items to remain in existing frames where this is necessary and yet benefit from the advantages of the conventional thread matt. The second method is designed to hold larger sheets of parchment to rigid boards with straps of Japanese long-fibre tissue for framing or display, allowing a certain amount of movement, but providing a necessary safe breaking point should the parchment shrink on exposure to excessively dry conditions. The article also describes how sheets of parchment mounted by either method may be framed.
Exploratory analysis of prospects for renewable energy private investment in the U.S.

Opportunities for private investments in renewable energies were explored using a stated-preference investment allocation instrument. Allocation alternatives included conventional and renewable energy investments. Among renewable energy investments, solar and wind energy were ranked the highest while grass and wood-based technologies were at the bottom of the renewable energy list. This ranking mirrors the allocation of investments in sustainable energy technologies in global markets. Results were analyzed using a two-limit tobit model which suggests that certainty of investments, a diversified portfolio and expectation on financial returns were the primary drivers behind funds allocated to renewable energy investments. Using cluster analysis, twenty-three percent of our sample of current and future investors was identified as individuals most willing to invest in renewable energies.
Equivalent Level of Safety Approach to Damage-Tolerant Aircraft Structural Design

A theoretical approach to damage-tolerant structural design has been proposed based on a probabilistic characterization of relative structural safety. The equations necessary to quantify damage-tolerant structural safety are developed, and their use in the design of a generic composite sandwich panel are demonstrated. Structural safety is identified by the term level of safety, which is defined, for a single inspection event, as the compliment of the probability that a single flaw size larger than the critical flaw size for residual strength of the structure exists and that the flaw will not be detected. The equations derived from this definition incorporate a probabilistic treatment of damage sizes and inspection capabilities. Utilizing damage size data from existing composite aircraft components along with the level of safety, formulas, design charts for residual strength vs safety of a generic composite sandwich panel were constructed. An example design problem is presented that demonstrates the sensitivity of the facesheet thickness sizing parameters to the relative safety of the design. Bayesian statistical techniques are also incorporated to enable the subsequent use of service inspection data to reduce uncertainty in the damage size distributions and to update the structural level of safety value as service experience is acquired.
Ideal FET doping profile

Using variational calculus it is possible to show, for each MOSFET voltage and device topology, that there exists an ideal drain region doping profile which yields the optimum resistance versus breakdown voltage tradeoff. Because of the inclusion, in the resistance, of the effects of spreading resistance this profile tends to have a higher doping concentration (lower resistivity) at the blocking junction, this point being at or near the point of maximum spreading resistance, a minimum in doping partway into the drain and then asymptotically approach a (1 - X/W)^{-1/2} form as derived by Hu [1] at the edge of the depletion layer. The theory and calculations in this paper compare the Hu profile, a constant profile and our optimum profile for various practical geometries over a range of breakdown voltages. It is shown that the higher the device voltage and the less important the spreading resistance effects, the closer the ideal profile approaches that of Hu. The ideal profile concept applies equally well to other FET or majority carrier (resistive) devices.
The structure and vibrational frequencies of the ArHN2+ complex

Abstract The ArHN 2 + ion has been studied using correlated ab initio methods. Geometric structures, vibration frequencies and intensities have been computed using the MP2 method and large basis sets. The cluster is linear with the structure ArHNN and ArN distance of 1.835 A. The complex is bound by approximately 3000 and 13000 cm −1 with respect to dissociation to Ar + HN 2 + and ArH + + N 2 , respectively. The most intense infrared transition is expected to be the HN stretch around 2330 cm −1 .
Children’s Exposure to Parental Conflict after Father’s Treatment for Alcoholism

Abstract Objective This study investigated children of alcoholics' (COAs) exposure to inter-parental conflict before and after their fathers received alcohol treatment and compared exposure levels to a community comparison sample. Method This study included 67 couples with a treatment-seeking male alcoholic partner and children aged 4–16. The alcoholic fathers and their relationship partners provided data at baseline and at six and twelve month follow-ups. A community comparison sample of 78 couples with children in the target age range completed similar longitudinal assessments. It was hypothesized that treatment of paternal alcoholism would be associated with a decrease in COAs' exposure to conflict, and that among remitted patients exposure to conflict would decrease to the level found in the community sample. Results Prior to the father's alcohol treatment, the children of the treatment sample were exposed to significantly more conflict between their parents than in the community comparison sample. After the fathers received alcohol treatment, COAs' exposure to conflict significantly decreased at both the six and twelve month follow-ups compared to baseline. Children of remitted alcoholics did not differ significantly in levels of exposure to conflict at six months follow-up compared to the community sample as predicted. However, at twelve months remitted alcoholics reported significantly more exposure to conflict compared to the community sample. Conclusions Decreased child exposure to parental conflict is a benefit associated with the father's treatment for alcoholism, and it may lead to improvements in COAs' functioning after parental treatment.
Raman scattering from ion-implanted graphite

Ion-implanted graphite is studied by Raman scattering. Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite is implanted with $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$, $^{11}\mathrm{B}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{31}\mathrm{P}$, and $^{75}\mathrm{As}$ ions at 100 keV normally incident upon the $c$ face. Ion fluences in the range 1 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{14}$ to 2.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{16}$ ions/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ are used. The lattice damage upon implantation is monitored by observation of the disorder-induced Raman line at \ensuremath{\sim} 1355 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the first-order spectra and at \ensuremath{\sim} 2970 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the second-order spectra. The Raman results indicate that an abrupt transformation to an amorphous surface layer occurs at a critical fluence which varies with the mass of the implanted ion. Results for first- and second-order Raman spectra are also presented for the same ion-implanted samples upon isochronal vacuum annealing at various annealing temperatures, showing a partial restoration of the graphite ordering. The second-order Raman spectra are even more sensitive than the first-order spectra to the creation of lattice damage by ion implantation and to the subsequent partial restoration of lattice order by annealing.
Height of mountains on Venus and the creep properties of rock

Abstract Analyses are made of the upper limits on the height of mountains and the thickness of possible continental blocks on Venus. Insufficient creep data exist to reach definitive conclusions about these limits. However, if Venusian rocks are no more refractory than quartzite or dunite, as appears likely, then it is possible to conclude that high mountains, continental blocks of appreciable thicknesses, and deep ocean basins can exist over an extended period of time on Venus, at temperatures prevailing there now, only if the cytherean rocks are dry. Plate tectonics cannot exist on Venus if her rocks are wet. The elevation differences that are maintained by active tectonic or volcanic processes are not considered in this paper.
The microwave properties of the jovian clouds: A new model for the complex dielectric constant of aqueous ammonia

Abstract A new model for the complex dielectric constant of aqueous ammonia (NH4OH) under conditions characteristic of the jovian clouds has been developed. The new model is based on laboratory measurements in the frequency range between 2 and 8.5 GHz for ammonia concentrations of 0–8.5% by volume and temperatures between 274 and 297 K. The new model is based on the Meissner and Wentz (Meissner, T., Wentz, F.J. [2004]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 42, 1836–1849) model of the complex dielectric constant of pure water but contains corrections for dissolved ammonia. Assuming Raleigh scattering, these measurements are applied to a cloud attenuation model to calculate the range of opacity of the jovian aqueous ammonia clouds. These measurements will improve our understanding of the data collected by the Juno microwave radiometer (MWR) by better characterizing the absorption properties of the aqueous ammonia present in the jovian atmosphere. The new model has been validated for temperatures up to 313 K, and may be consistently used for the expected conditions for aqueous clouds in all of the outer planets. The model fits 60.26% of all laboratory measurements within 2-sigma uncertainty. Descriptions of the experimental setups, uncertainties associated with the laboratory measurements, the model fitting process, the new model, and its application to approximating jovian cloud opacity are provided.
Adiabatic Shocks in Accretion Flows

Accretion flows onto compact astronomical sources are likely to be supersonic, and shock waves may therefore be common in such flows. Plasma passing through a shock front will be compressed and heated according to the jump conditions across the shock discontinuity. Shocks in accretion flows may therefore have important consequences for the flow structure and emission characteristics. The equations governing adiabatic (nonradiative) shocks in relativistic plasmas are presented. Relativistically correct equations of state are used that include the effects of radiation pressure and energy density, and pair equilibria are calculated for the postshock flow. Postshock states are determined for accretion flows with typical accretion-driven astronomical sources, and possible dynamics of the postshock flow are suggested. In particular, we find that cool, optically thick accretion flows undergoing shocks may become radiation or pair dominated and that the postshock plasma will likely become optically thin before returning to steady state conditions.
Note on an art gallery problem

Abstract It is proved that for n > 3, ⌈ 2 5 (n − 3)⌉ guards are enough to monitor any simply connected art gallery room of n sides if they are stationed at fixed points and their range of vision is 180°. Furthermore, the position of the guards can be determined by an O(n)-time algorithm.
Access paths in the "Abe" statistical query facility

An increasingly important part of information processing today involves the taking of counts, sums, averages, and other statistical or aggregate quantities. The "Abe" query language is designed to make formulation of complicated aggregations simple. Access path selection in Abe finds efficient ways to execute these complicated queries. Access paths for Abe queries perform "aggregate joins", that is, they compute aggregate quantities at the same time as they join subqueries with parent queries. This can be done using index scans or merging scans depending on how many "partitions" need to be accessed.
Object-based vectorization for interactive image editing

We present a technique for creating an editable vector graphic from an object in a raster image. Object selection is performed interactively in subsecond time by calling graph cut with each mouse movement. A renderable mesh is then computed automatically for the selected object and each of its subobjects by (1) generating a coarse object mesh; (2) performing recursive graph cut segmentation and hierarchical ordering of subobjects; (3) applying error-driven mesh refinement to each (sub)object. The fully layered object hierarchy compares favorably with current approaches and is computed in a few 10s of seconds, facilitating object-level editing without leaving holes.
Chromosome polymorphism in deer mouse siblings (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Fruher wurde bereits ein Chromosomenpolymorphismus in nicht verwandtenPeromyscus maniculatus, wahrscheinlich durch perizentrische Inversion bedingt, gezeigt. Es wird nun nachgewiesen, dass dieser Polymorphismus auch unter Geschwistern vorkommt.
Use of carbon dioxide to shift benzene/acetonitrile and benzene/cyclohexane azeotropes

Bendale, P.G. and Enick, R.M., 1994. Use of carbon dioxide to shift benzene/acetonitrile and benzene/cyclohexane azeotropes. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 94: 227-253. A semi-continuous flow apparatus with an on-line gas Chromatograph was designed and constructed for conducting experiments to obtain high pressure supercritical fluid-liquid phase equilibrium data for binary and ternary systems. Isothermal P-x-y data were obtained for CO2/benzene, CO2/cyclohexane, CO2/acetonitrile, CO2/benzene/cyclohexane and CO2/benzene/acetonitrile systems up to the mixture critical pressure. Ternary data were obtained with three initial concentrations of liquid mixture to investigate the potential of using supercritical CO2 in breaking or shifting the benzene/acetonitrile and benzene/cyclohexane azeotropes. The analyses of the experimental data indicated that for the CO2/benzene/cyclohexane system at 42.3°C and a pressure of 1.926 MPa, the benzene/cyclohexane azeotrope was shifted from 50.0 mol% cyclohexane to greater than 71.2mol% cyclohexane (on a CO2-free basis). Similarly, in the case of the CO2/benzene/acetonitrile system at 45.3°C and 2.326 MPa, the benzene/acetonitrile azeotrope shifted from 54.3 mol% benzene to greater than 70.3 mol% benzene. These systems are among the few documented shifts in azeotropic composition attained using supercritical fluids. For the Peng-Robinson equation of state with the one-parameter mixing rule, relative errors of the order of 15% in the prediction of bubble point pressures were encountered at higher pressures, i.e. in the near-critical region. At lower pressures, however, the fit results were in agreement with the experimental bubble point pressures. Excellent representation of binary supercritical fluid-liquid phase behavior for these systems was obtained up to the mixture critical point when pressure- and composition-dependent mixing rules were incorporated. Although the two-parameter mixing rules provided very good descriptions of the two-phase envelope for the ternary mixtures, it was unable to predict any shift in the azeotropic composition (on a CO2-free basis) in the presence of supercritical CO2.
Hepatic carcinogenesis threshold and biphasic mitochondrial swelling response in the guinea-pig during diethylnitrosamine administration.

La correlation prealablement etablie entre l'incidence de tumeurs hepatiques induits par le 3′-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene et le gonflement de mitochondries dans le rat a ete etendue a la cancerogenese induite par la diethylnitrosamine dans le cobaye.
Establishment and Dispersal ofUrophora affinis(Diptera: Tephritidae) andMetzneria paucipunctella(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Southwestern Virginia

Abstract Two European gall-producing insects,Urophora affinisFrfld. (Diptera: Tephritidae) andMetzneria paucipunctella(Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) were introduced into Virginia in 1986 for biological control of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosaLam.). Adults ofU. affinis(n = 2625) andM. paucipunctella(n = 450) were released at two sites in Montgomery County, Virginia, and their populations were monitored yearly by dissecting spotted knapweed flower heads. Beginning in 1992, knapweed samples collected at various distances from the release sites were checked for dispersal.U. affinisis well established and is spreading slowly. The number of larvae per flower head and the seed numbers are inversely related as plants with the greatest number of larvae per spotted knapweed head had the lowest number of seeds. Knapweed density has declined at one of the release sites which had the highest rate of infestation byU. affinis.Establishment of the moth,M. paucipunctella,is less certain as it has been recovered at a very low level from only one site.
Intra-abdominal extrapancreatic neoplasm (leiomyosarcoma) associated with severe recurrent hypoglycemia. Report of a case.

A case report is presented of a patient with intermittent severe hypoglycemic episodes associated with a large extrapancreatic leiomyosarcoma. How the tumor produced hypoglycemia could not be defined, but the various theories are presented. The patient was able to tolerate prolonged periods of low levels of blood sugar without the development of neuropsychiatric or electroencephalographic changes. The mechanism whereby this can occur may be the breakdown of endogenous cerebral proteins, releasing metabolic energy. At an 18-month postoperative progress examination, the patient was symptom free.
The Social Interest Index: A Study of Construct Validity.

Investigated the construct validity of the Social Interest Index (SII) on a sample (N = 140) of hospitalized male alcoholics. Because of the inferred properties of social interest, it was hypothesized that the SII would relate positively with measures of some social traits, mental health, intelligence, education, and internal locus of control and would relate negatively with measures of other social traits and MMPI "pathology" scales. The hypotheses generally were supported. The significant positive correlation between the SII and social desirability was discussed along with other theoretical/methodological issues raised by the data.
Next-Generation Sequencing for Clinical Diagnostics

Yang et al.1 report in the Journal the results of using whole-exome sequencing to make a molecular diagnosis in 62 of 250 cases (25%) sequenced by the clinical sequencing laboratory at the Baylor College of Medicine, which is accredited by the College of American Pathologists and certified through the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments program. This level of success is a marked improvement over that obtained by testing single genes or gene panels currently used in standard care. The exome is the portion of the genome known to encode proteins (approximately 1% of the human genome2). Whole-exome sequencing has the . . .
Poisson brackets and clebsch representations for magnetohydrodynamics, multifluid plasmas, and elasticity

Abstract Poisson brackets are constructed by the same mathematical procedure for three physical theories: ideal magnetohydrodynamics, multifluid plasmas, and elasticity. Each of these brackets is given a simple Lie-algebraic interpretation. Moreover, each bracket is induced to physical space by use of a canonical Poisson bracket in the space of Clebsch potentials, which are constructed for each physical theory by the standard procedure of constrained Lagrangians.
Electricity generation, and organic matters and nutrients removal using microbial fuel cells for swine wastewater of different pretreatment

Abstract. This study modeled the kinetic data of swine wastewater characteristics in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), including conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations. The removals of VFA and TAN were efficient, indicated by the short half-life times of 4.99 and 7.84 d, respectively. Among the removed TAN, 13.6% was recovered from the evaporated air outside of MFC cathode, indicating its potential use for ammonium recovery from animal wastewater. The mechanism for phosphate removal was principally the salt precipitation from cathode, and the removal needed improvement as it was far from completion even after 42 d operation. MFC with an external resistor of 2.2 kI© and fed with swine wastewater generated relatively small power (28.2 I¼W), energy efficiency (0.37%) and Coulombic efficiency (1.5%). The main reason for the impaired performance was the inhibitory effects caused by TAN on Pt activity and VFA on anodic biofilm activity. Dilution of swine wastewater dramatically improved the power generation as the inhibitory effect was reduced. Zeolite and granular activated carbon were effective in the selective adsorption of ammonia or organic matter in swine wastewater, and so substantially improved the power generation, energy efficiency, and Coulombic efficiency. A smaller external resistor in the circuit was also observed to promote the organic matter degradation and shorten the required reaction time in the batch mode.
“To Care for Him Who Shall Have Borne the Battle and for His Widow and His Orphan” (Abraham Lincoln): The Department of Veterans Affairs Polytrauma System of Care

The initiation of combat in Iraq and Afghanistan has resulted in a new cohort of active-duty service members and veterans seeking rehabilitation care through the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Service members injured in combat most often sustain multiple injuries (polytrauma) and require a unique service delivery model to meet their needs. The VA recognized this need and responded with the development of the Polytrauma System of Care (PSC). This national system of care balances access and expertise to provide specialized life-long care to the combat injured. The PSC is comprised of: 4 specialized regional rehabilitation centers that are accredited in brain injury by the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities; 21 specialized outpatient and subacute rehabilitation programs; designated polytrauma teams at smaller, more remote VA facilities; and a point of contact at all other VA facilities. In addition, the PSC has developed a proactive case-management model, a specialized telehealth network, guidelines for long-term follow-up, and services for those individuals who are unable to return home. The following commentary and articles provide additional detail on this new and unique system of care.
Expectations of means and genetic variances in backcross populations

The genetic variance among F2-derived lines of backcrosses (BCgF2-derived lines) depends on the backcross generation (g), the number of F1 plants crossed and selfed in generations 1 through g, and the number of BCgF2-derived lines evaluated. Additive genetic variance decreases linearly with backcrossing when one BCF1 plant per generation is crossed and selfed. The relationship is curvilinear if more than one BCF1 plant is used; as the number of BCF1 plants increases, additive genetic variance among BC1F2-derived lines approaches that among BC0F2-derived lines. The effect of population size on genetic variance is due both to fixation of alleles in previous generations and to sampling of genotypes in the population being evaluated. Dominance and repulsion linkage can cause small increases in genetic variance from BC0 to BC1.
When Too Much Is Not Enough: Actual and Preferred Work Hours in the United States and Abroad

This paper places the story of the overworked American in context by examining mismatches between preferred and actual work hours among Japanese, Swedish, West German, and U.S. workers. Although many full-timers in all four countries want to work fewer hours, mismatches come in many forms, and their distributions and determinants vary cross-nationally. The United States, for instance, has an unusually large number of full-time workers who want to work more hours, and a workforce that is especially motivated by opportunities for advancement and a desire for high incomes. Ultimately, the prevalence and determinants of hour mismatches are found to reflect cross-national differences in social, political, and economic environments.
Strain rate sensitivity and yield point behavior in mild steel

Abstract An empirical description of the rate sensitive behavior of mild steel based on a logarithmic dependence of flow stress on strain rate is examined in detail. It is shown that the law provides a good representation of the material response for strains up to about 5.0 percent. The delayed yield phenomenon, which is a striking characteristic of mild steel behavior is included and a mechanism previously found to be accurate in representing the delay time under constant stress is used to determine the delay time under complex stress histories. The relaxation from the upper yield point resulting from the delay time in a constant strain rate situation is prescribed by the rate sensitive behavior of the material. It is shown that the response of the material is a functional of the stress history and has a fading memory in strain as well as time. The characteristic memory strain is found to be small so that for large strains the influence of the history is small and an equation-of-state representation is appropriate. For small strains and strain histories of rapidly changing type the integral representation must be used. The theory is applied to the prediction of the response of a beam subject to constant rate of curvature and the predicted response compared with published experimental data. In addition, the transverse impact of a mass on a beam is investigated and the theory is used to predict the onset of yielding in the beam. This problem is of importance in the design of highway guard-rails.
Highly textured Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 thin films on GaN/sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Highly (111) textured Pb(Zr 0.3 Ti 0.7 )O 3 (PZT 30/70) films were deposited on (0001) GaN/sapphire substrates using liquid-source metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique at 520 °C and 80 nm/min. The crystallinity of as-deposited PZT films and the structure of PZT/GaN interface were evaluated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), respectively. Mitigated by geometric epitaxy and strain energy minimization, the orientation relationships of PZT on epi-GaN, determined using x-ray pole figure and selected area diffraction pattern, were as follows: out-of-plane alignment of [111] PZT//[0001] GaN, and orthogonal in-plane alignments of [11 2 ] PZT//[1 1 00] GaN (zone axes) and [1 1 0] PZT//[11 2 0] GaN. The nanochemistry of the PZT (150nm)/GaN interface, studied using analytical TEM, indicated a chemically sharp interface with interdiffusion limited to a region below 5 nm. The properties of as-deposited PZT on GaN by MOCVD are briefly compared with PZT by sol-gel processing, radio-frequency sputtering, and pulsed laser deposition.
Latent Models of Family Processes in African American Families: Relationships to Child Competence, Achievement, and Problem Behavior

This study explored the assessment of family processes for a sample of African American kindergarten children, parents, and teachers involved in the EARLY ALLIANCE prevention trial. Using modified versions of the Family Assessment Measure, the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales, the Family Beliefs Inventory, and the Deviant Beliefs measure, internal consistency analyses along with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses provided empirical support for a Cohesion factor (cohesion and communication), a Structure factor (support and organization), a Beliefs factor (on family purpose and child development), and a Deviant Beliefs factor. Regression analyses examined the relationship of these measures of family processes to child social and academic competence, problem behavior, and early reading achievement. Family Structure (support and organization) was consistently related to parent- and teacher-reported competence and behavioral outcomes, providing support for this construct as an important aspect of family process. Family Cohesion and communication, along with Beliefs, were also related to youth competence and behavior. None of the family process variables added a unique contribution to the influence upon achievement for these kindergarten children beyond the role of parental education and income. This work begins to examine specific dimensions of family processes and their relationships to im
Peasant and French: Cultural Contact In Rural France during the Nineteenth Century

Peasant and French: Cultural Contact In Rural France during the Nineteenth Century. James R. Lehning. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. xii. 239 pp., figures, tables, references, index.
Comparative analysis of paracrine immunotherapy in experimental brain tumors

Object. Local delivery of cytokines has been shown to have a potent antitumor activity against a wide range of malignant brain tumors. In this study, the authors examined the efficacy of treating central nervous system (CNS) tumors by transfecting poorly immunogenic B16/F10 melanoma cells with interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, or granulocytemacrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene, and using these cells to deliver the cytokine locally at the site of the CNS tumor. The object was to determine which cytokine would possess the greatest antitumor activity and to further elucidate its mechanism of action. Methods. The transfected B16/F10 cells were irradiated to prevent replication and injected intracranially into C57BL/6 mice (10 mice per group) along with nonirradiated, nontransfected B16/F10 (wild-type) melanoma cells. Sixty percent of mice treated with IL-2 (p , 0.001 compared with control) and 10% treated with IL-4 (median survival = 31 days, p , 0.001 compared with control) were long term survivors (. 120 days). The median survival for animals treated with GM-CSF was 22 days with no long term survivors (p = 0.01 compared with control). Control animals that received only wild-type cells had a median survival of 18 days (range 15‐20 days). Histopathological examination of brains from animals killed at different times showed minimal infiltration of tumor cells in the IL-2 group, moderate infiltration of tumor cells in the IL-4 group, and gross tumor invasion and tissue necrosis in the GM-CSF group. Animals treated with IL-2 showed a strong CD8 T cell‐mediated response, whereas IL-4 evoked a prominent eosinophilic infiltrate in the area of the tumor. Conclusions. High levels of locally expressed IL-2 rather than IL-4 or GM-CSF stimulate a strong immunological cytotoxic antitumor response that leads to significant prolongation of survival in mice challenged with B16/F10 intracranial melanoma tumor cells. Consequently, IL-2 may be a superior candidate for use in paracrine immunotherapy.
An expert system for maritime pilots: its design and assessment using gaming

Increased maritime traffic, new types of vessels, and construction of oil and gas producing structures have made navigating in close waters more hazardous. In addition, attempts to increase shipboard productivity have resulted in fewer personnel on board the vessel. This paper reports on the development and evaluation of a prototype expert system to support the cognitive processes involved in piloting: maneuvering and collision avoidance, and the practice of good seamanship. A model was constructed and implemented in a frame-and rule-based representation. The system was assessed using gaming with novice pilots in a merchant marine training facility. The results showed significant improvement in the bridge watch team performance, but no significant improvement in vessel performance in terms of trackkeeping. The paper concludes with a discussion of the motor, perceptual, and cognitive skills needed for piloting and how they could be supported by expert system technology as part of an integrated bridge system, an operational center for navigational and supervisory tasks aboard a ship.
Molinism, open theism, and soteriological luck

It is sometimes claimed by open theists that, on Molinism, God controls who is saved and who is damned and that, as a consequence, God's judgement of us is unjust. While this charge is usually lumped under the problem of evil, it could easily be classified under the problem of soteriological luck. I argue that the open theist is impugned by this latter problem. I then show that the Molinist has a solution to both problems and consider objections to that solution.
Tracheostomal stenosis revision with simultaneous tracheoesophageal puncture

Objectives/Hypothesis: Vocal rehabilitation of patients who have undergone laryngectomy is best accomplished by a tracheoesophageal puncture. Optimal function of the prosthesis requires an adequate stoma. Patients with tracheostomal stenosis require revision of the stoma if vocal rehabilitation is to take place. Revision and tracheoesophageal placement are usually done as two separate procedures. Creating a tracheoesophageal fistula at the time of stomal revision has not been addressed in the literature. Study Design: Prospective analysis and follow-up of 10 patients undergoing simultaneous tracheoesophageal puncture and stomal revision for tracheostomal stenosis between 1991 and 1996. Methods: Ten patients were reviewed. An inferiorly based V-Y advancement flap was used so as not to interfere with the tracheoesophageal puncture. All patients had received radiation prior to revision and tracheoesophageal puncture. Patients were followed for a minimum of 2 years (range, 2-6 y; median, 3 y). Results: All patients maintained an adequate stoma without stenting. Eight of ten patients (80%) developed and maintained good tracheoesophageal speech. Two patients had their speech fistulas removed. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Conclusions: Creation of a tracheoesophageal fistula at the time of stomal revision allows for vocal rehabilitation with a single visit to the operating room.
Helping Alleviate Statistical Anxiety with Computer Aided Statistical Classes

This study, Helping Alleviate Statistical Anxiety with Computer Aided Statistics Classes, investigated whether undergraduate students' anxiety about statistics changed when statistics is taught using computers compared to the traditional method. Two groups of students were questioned concerning their anxiety about statistics. One group was taught statistics using the traditional "calculator and paper/pencil" method while the other group was taught statistics using computers to perform the required calculations. Frequency distributions and the chi-square test of independence indicated there were significant differences between the two groups. Students in the computer class had significantly less statistical anxiety than students in the traditional class.
ZR Marx capacitor lifetime test results

The ZR upgrade to the Z machine at Sandia National Labs (SNL) has a total output current requirement of at least 26 MA for a 100-ns standard z-pinch load. To accomplish this with minimal impact on the surrounding hardware, the existing Marx generator capacitors must be replaced with identical size units with twice the capacitance. Before the 2005 six-month shut down and transition from Z to ZR occurs, 2500 of these capacitors will be delivered. This paper summarizes the results of our lifetime testing of the selected General Atomics P/N 32896. 11/spl times/14/spl times/25-inch, Scyllac-style insulator bushing, 2.65-/spl mu/F, 100-kV, 30-nH, 35% reversal capacitor. We have completed lifetime tests with twelve capacitors at 100 kV and with fourteen capacitors at 110-kV charge voltage. The means of the fitted Weibull distributions for these two cases are about 17,000 and 10,000 shots, respectively. As a result of this effort plus the rigorous vendor testing prior to shipping, we are confident in the high reliability of these capacitors and have acquired information pertaining to their lifetime dependence on the operating voltage. One result of the analysis is that for these capacitors lifetime scales inversely with voltage to the 6.28/spl plusmn/0.9 power, over this 100 to 110-kV voltage range. Accepting the assumptions leading to this outcome allows us to predict the overall ZR system Marx generator reliability at the expected lower operating voltages of about 85 to 90 kV.
Recent Changes in U.S. Young Adult Living Arrangements in Comparative Perspective

This article reviews research from the 1990s on trends in leaving home in the United States and presents new research on trends in returning home. These trends are placed within the context of two key theoretical considerations: changes in family roles and changes in the economic opportunities of young adults. The leaving home process in early adulthood is tied to changes in the core nuclear family relationships because those between parents and children shape the launch and those between men and women help to shape the destinations. The economic considerations include variation in income sources, particularly wages and transfers, and the costs of independent residence. These considerations underline the importance of taking a comparative perspective to the process of leaving home in the transition to adulthood.
The Conditional Impact of Official Labeling on Subsequent Delinquency Considering the Attenuating Role of Family Attachment

Objectives: Recent tests of labeling theory reveal a criminogenic effect of official labels. Drawing from Braithwaite and Sherman, the current study examines how the effects of a criminal label on recidivism vary by the degree of warmth and attachment found in the family environment. Method: Using ordinary least squares regression and product-term analysis, the authors tested their hypothesis using data from the Children at Risk program, which contains a sample of high-risk youths. Findings: Family attachment, examined across several waves of data, significantly diminishes the harmful effects of a criminal label. Conclusions: Results suggest that warm, supportive parents can reduce the likelihood that their children will reoffend. Their findings also imply that the labeling perspective may need further specification regarding the conditions under which a labeling effect is most likely to occur. Implications for juvenile justice policy are also discussed.
Small Machines in the Garden: Everyday technology and revolution in the Mekong Delta

Twentieth-century industrialization in the agricultural landscapes of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam took a very different form from other places, characterized less by a continuous spread of large-scale technology than by its destruction in mid-century and the subsequent spread of small technology which powered scooters, water pumps, and boats. The numbers of these portable motors, an everyday technology in 1960, rose from a few thousand units in 1963 to millions in the present day. The colonial and post-colonial state in Vietnam played a key role in the demise of large technology and, ultimately, of the water infrastructure. Its failures during wartime spurred farmers to adopt cheap, small engines to survive; however, the state's role was complex during this time. Several key factors, including the influence of American aid programmes and the contributions of Taiwanese agricultural advisers, especially those pushing high-yield rice, favoured the adoption of small engines. From an ecological viewpoint, the post-1960 explosion in the use of small motors, especially as water pumps, has brought people and states in Southeast Asia to an ecological impasse as unrestricted use has impacted on water tables, salinity levels, and the long-term sustainability of agriculture in many places. This paper examines the state's indirect role in shaping this silent revolution, and it considers the political and ideological factors underpinning its history.