cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURE AND INTERACTIONS OF FULLY HYDRATED DIOLEOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE BILAYERS

Abstract This study focuses on dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) bilayers near full hydration. Volumetric data and high-resolution synchrotron x-ray data are used in a method that compares DOPC with well determined gel phase dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). The key structural quantity obtained is fully hydrated area/lipid A 0 =72.2±1.1A 2 at 30°C, from which other quantities such as thickness of the bilayer are obtained. Data for samples over osmotic pressures from 0 to 56 atmospheres give an estimate for the area compressibility of K A =188dyn/cm. Obtaining the continuous scattering transform and electron density profiles requires correction for liquid crystal fluctuations. Quantitation of these fluctuations opens an experimental window on the fluctuation pressure, the primary repulsive interaction near full hydration. The fluctuation pressure decays exponentially with water spacing, in agreement with analytical results for soft confinement. However, the ratio of decay length λ fl =5.8A to hydration pressure decay length λ =2.2A is significantly larger than the value of 2 predicted by analytical theory and close to the ratio obtained in recent simulations. We also obtain the traditional osmotic pressure versus water spacing data. Our analysis of these data shows that estimates of the Hamaker parameter H and the bending modulus K c are strongly coupled.
Cultural Variations in the Placebo Effect: Ulcers, Anxiety, and Blood Pressure

An analysis of the control groups in double-blind trials of medicines demonstrates broad variation—from 0 to 100 percent—in placebo effectiveness rates for the same treatment for the same condition. In two cases considered here, drug healing rates covary with placebo healing rates; placebo healing is the ultimate and inescapable "complementary medicine. " Several factors can account for the dramatic variation in placebo healing rates, including cultural ones. But because variation differs by illness, large placebo effects for one condition do not necessarily anticipate large placebo effects for other conditions as well. Deeper understanding of the intimate relationship between cultural and biological processes will require close ethnographic scrutiny of the meaningfulness of medical treatment in different societies, [placebo effect, ulcer disease, anxiety, hypertension, cross-cultural variation]
Towards robust high performance word sense disambiguation of english verbs using rich linguistic features

This paper shows that our WSD system using rich linguistic features achieved high accuracy in the classification of English SENSEVAL2 verbs for both fine-grained (64.6%) and coarse-grained (73.7%) senses. We describe three specific enhancements to our treatment of rich linguistic features and present their separate and combined contributions to our system's performance. Further experiments showed that our system had robust performance on test data without high quality rich features.
In Vivo Lymphatic Imaging of a Human Inflammatory Breast Cancer Model

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) remains the most aggressive type of breast cancer with the greatest potential for metastasis and as a result, the highest mortality rate. IBC cells invade and metastasize through dermal lymphatic vessels; however, it is unknown how lymphatic drainage patterns change during IBC growth and metastasis. Herein, we non-invasively and longitudinally imaged lymphatics in an animal model of IBC using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging. Materials and methods: Mice were imaged in vivo prior to, and up to 11 weeks after subcutaneous or orthotopic inoculation of human IBC SUM149 cells, which were stably transfected with infrared fluorescence protein (iRFP) gene reporter (SUM149-iRFP), following intradermal (i.d.) injection of indocyanine green (ICG). Results: Fluorescence images showed well-defined lymphatic vessels prior to SUM149-iRFP inoculation. However, altered lymphatic drainage patterns including rerouting of lymphatic drainage were detected in mice with SUM149-iRFP, due to lymphatic obstruction of normal lymphatic drainages caused by tumor growth. In addition, we observed tortuous lymphatic vessels and extravasation of ICG-laden lymph in mice with SUM149-iRFP. We also observed increased and dilated fluorescent lymphatic vessels in the tumor periphery, which was confirmed by ex vivo immunohistochemical staining of lymphatic vessels. Conclusions: Our pre-clinical studies demonstrate that non-invasive NIRF imaging can provide a method to assess changes in lymphatic drainage patterns during IBC growth and metastasis.
Ethnic Differences in Insulin Action in Obese African-American and Latino Adolescents

INTRODUCTION: African-American children have a greater acute insulin response to iv glucose (AIR) compared with Latino children despite a similar degree of insulin resistance and body composition. It is unclear whether African-Americans demonstrate an exaggerated insulin response to an oral glucose challenge and whether any differences are seen in more obese children in advanced pubertal development. PURPOSE: Our objective was to compare glucose and insulin indices derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and iv glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in sedentary, obese African-American (n=59) and Latino (n=83) adolescents. METHODS: Glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve was measured during an OGTT, and AIR, insulin sensitivity, disposition index, and glucose effectiveness were assessed during an IVGTT. Body composition was assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: From the OGTT, glucose and insulin IAUC were 29.1 and 22.5% lower (P=0.01) in African-Americans compared with Latino adolescents. From the IVGTT, insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness were 41.7% (P<0.01) and 50.0% (P=0.02) lower in African-Americans compared to Latinos. AIR (P=0.001) and disposition index (P=0.02) were 63.0 and 48.8% higher in African-Americans, respectively, compared with Latinos. These findings persisted after controlling for body composition and fat distribution. CONCLUSIONS: There were marked differences in glucose and insulin indices derived from the OGTT and IVGTT. African-Americans were more insulin resistant as measured by the IVGTT compared with the Latino adolescents. However, the well-described hyperinsulinemia in response to iv glucose was not observed after oral glucose in African-American adolescents.
Allergens in household dust and serological indicators of atopy and sensitization in Detroit children with history-based evidence of asthma.

Background. Home exposure to allergens is an important factor in the development of sensitization and subsequent exacerbations of allergic asthma. We investigated linkages among allergen exposure, immunological measurements, and asthma by examining (1) reservoir dust allergen levels in homes, (2) associations between presence of allergens in homes and sensitization status of resident children, and (3) associations between asthma status and total IgE, atopy (by Phadiatop), and positive allergen-specific tests. Methods. The study protocol was approved by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Westat, Inc.; and the US Environmental Protection Agency Human Research Protocol Office. Data were collected from questionnaires, serum analyses, and household vacuum dust. Children (n = 205) were predominately African American (AA) (85.4%) and 51.6% were asthmatic. Sera from 185 children and home dust samples (n = 141) were analyzed for total and specific IgE antibodies to ...
Nonpeptide αvβ3 antagonists. Part 10: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a potent 7-methyl substituted tetrahydro-[1,8]naphthyridine derivative

Subtle modifications were incorporated into the structure of clinical candidate 1. These changes were designed to maintain potency and selectivity while inducing changes in physical properties leading to improved pharmacokinetics in three species. This approach led to the identification of 4 as a potent, selective alphaVbeta3 receptor antagonist that was selected for clinical development based on an improved PK profile and efficacy demonstrated in an in vivo model of bone turnover.
Annotated Bibliography: Ranking of Law Schools by U.S. News & World Report

For better or worse, the U.S. News & World Report’s annual ranking of law schools is the most prominent and widely used ranking by all constituencies having an interest in legal education. The rankings have triggered impassioned responses and a significant body of commentary and analysis. This comprehensive annotated bibliography documents the wide variety of literature analyzing the rankings and explaining why the rankings are loved by some and hated by many. A brief history of the ranking of institutions of higher education, including law schools, provides background and puts today’s debate in context. This study was commissioned as part of the work of the ABA Section on Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar, Special Committee on the U.S. News and World Report Rankings.
Thermal Performance of Various Pavement Materials

Through the design, construction, instrumentation, and field measurements of nine experimental sections of pavement, this chapter observes and compares the seasonal thermal behavior and cooling effects of various pavement types in different seasons and under various moisture conditions, with a focus on permeable pavements under both dry and wet conditions, and investigates the factors affecting the thermal behavior and cooling effects of permeable pavements. Based on the findings, compared to impermeable pavements, permeable pavements (including pervious concrete pavement, permeable interlocking concrete pavers, and porous asphalt pavement) have the higher potential to be cool pavements that produce lower temperatures and help mitigate local heat island effects. However, attention should be given to permeable pavements under dry conditions, which might produce a higher peak daytime temperature. Watering and evaporation can help to reduce the daytime pavement surface temperature of permeable pavements and consequently mitigate the heat island effect and improve thermal comfort. The cooling effect depends on the availability of moisture around the pavement surface and might vanish over time as the water level decreases.
Anomalous graph data and claim revision during argumentation

The discourse practice of scientific argumentation requires individuals to consider anomalous data in light of existing claims that have been made. The extent to which students must be taught to revise their claims has been a subject of disagreement in the literature. In this poster, we use correlations and transcript excerpts to examine the relationship between the physical presence of referenced data and students' willingness to respond to anomalous data by revising their claims.
Folding complex DNA nanostructures from limited sets of reusable sequences

Scalable production of DNA nanostructures remains a substantial obstacle to realizing new applications of DNA nanotechnology. Typical DNA nanostructures comprise hundreds of DNA oligonucleotide strands, where each unique strand requires a separate synthesis step. New design methods that reduce the strand count for a given shape while maintaining overall size and complexity would be highly beneficial for efficiently producing DNA nanostructures. Here, we report a method for folding a custom template strand by binding individual staple sequences to multiple locations on the template. We built several nanostructures for well-controlled testing of various design rules, and demonstrate folding of a 6-kb template by as few as 10 unique strand sequences binding to 10 ± 2 locations on the template strand.
WING-TIP-TO-WING-TIP AERODYNAMIC INTERFERENCE

The aerodynamic interaction of finite wings flying in very close proximity is investigated experimentally. Docked wings are also examined. Tests were carried out in a water tunnel and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was employed to generate velocity data along Trefftz planes. The results indicate that vortex lines “jump”, or reconnect from one wing tip to the next, even in cases of some physical separation. These data can be used to calculate lift and drag and our calculations indicate significant reductions in drag.
An Expert System for Risk Assessment of Information Security

In order to improve the safeguard capability of national defence information security,and to change the limitations of current risk assessment in a single point on the cumulative evaluation,this paper proposes a new method of applying expert system for integrated risk assessment through integrating the research results of artificial intelligence with that of risk assessment.By introducing the technology of rule-based expert system,criteria have been translated into rules in the knowledge base and data have been translated into facts,it calls rules to complete the inference through knowledge-selecting algorithm.This technology implementated the integrated risk assessment of security domain on the basis of assets risk evaluation and completed the automation of evaluation process through real-time monitoring and comparative analyzing to start inference engine timly.
Efficacy of Beta Tricalcium Phosphate and MacroPore Sheet in Anterior Iliac Crest Reconstruction

Beta-tricalcium phosphate (B-TCP: Vitoss, Orthovita, Malverne, PA) is a newly developed non-weight bearing bone void filler. Blocks of B-TCP are osteoconductive. When combined with autogenous bone marrow aspirate, its substantial wicking capabilities, trap osteoblasts and nutrients, making it additionally osteoinductive and osteogenic.Ten patients underwent single level anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion procedures (i.e. C5-C7) with dynamic ABC plates (Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany). Iliac crest autografts, averaging 1.2 cm in depth x 1.4 cm in width x 2.8 cm in length, were harvested, and defects were filled with blocks of B-TCP and MacroPore Sheet (San Diego, CA). 2D-CT scans at 3 and 6 months postoperatively documented progressive fusion characterized by increasing ossification and coalescence of B-TCP particles within the defect; Grade I (50%), Grade II (70%), and Grade III (100%). Outcomes were assessed utilizing a Visual Analog Pain Scale (1-10) and the SF-36 Bodily Pain Scale recorded 3 and 6 months postoperatively.Postoperative 2D-CT studies of iliac crest reconstructions revealed Grade II (70%) partial fusion within 3 months, and Grade III (100%) complete fusion 6 months following surgery. One patient who developed a hematoma at the operative site demonstrated moderate myositis ossificans on the 2D-CT examination. On the Visual Analog Pain Scale patients demonstrated an average score of 5.2 at three months and 2.0 six months postoperatively. Bodily Pain Scores on the SF-36 showed average preoperative scores of 20, which improved to 35 at three months and 52 at six months postoperatively (higher numbers reflected better outcomes). Patients were followed a minimum of 6 months and average of 12 months postoperatively.B-TCP proved effective as a bone void filler in iliac crest donor site reconstruction and may supplement autograft and supplant allograft for comparable types of fusions.
Acute granulomatous peritonitis due to starch glove powder.

A 34-year-old woman with acute granulomatous peritonitis due to cornstarch powder used for surgical glove lubrication is described. The patient experienced severe abdominal pain 2½ weeks after hysterectomy. Examination revealed ileus and unusual induration of the operative incision. At reexploration, there was ascites and extensive inflammation of the omentum, which histologically showed a foreign body granulomatous reaction with starch granules. Spontaneous recovery was complete.
“I long to know your Opinion of it”: The Serendipity of a Malfunctioning Timing Belt or The Guiney–Tutin Collaboration in the Recovery of Katherine Philips

ABSTRACTLouise Imogen Guiney (1861–1920) and John Ramsden Tutin (1855–1913) established the foundations for modern scholarship on Katherine Philips. Guiney inspired Tutin to publish the “Orinda Booklets”, including Philips's Selected Poems, published in two distinct editions in 1904 and 1905. Guiney's “Appreciatory Note” (1904) and Tutin's “Prefatory Note” (1905) contrast dramatically with George Saintsbury's determined yet cautiously apologetic “Introduction” to Philips in his Minor Poets of the Caroline Period (1905). Archival documents held at the University of Notre Dame and the College of the Holy Cross are the basis of this article's reconstruction of the collaboration between Guiney and Tutin as they pioneered Philips's recovery in the early twentieth century. The serendipity of a malfunction of the author's car's timing belt in 2007 led her to return to Holy Cross at a fortuitous time: a new set of Guiney's letters had just arrived, allowing the author to fill in the remaining gaps of the trajecto...
Digital Image Correlation for Performance Monitoring.

Evaluating the health of a mechanism requires more than just a binary evaluation of whether an operation was completed. It requires analyzing more comprehensive, full-field data. Health monitoring is a process of non-destructively identifying characteristics that indicate the fitness of an engineered component. In order to monitor unit health in a production setting, an automated test system must be created to capture the motion of mechanism parts in a real-time and non-intrusive manner. One way to accomplish this is by using high-speed video and Digital Image Correlation (DIC). In this approach, individual frames of the video are analyzed to track the motion of mechanism components. The derived performance metrics allow for state-of-health monitoring and improved fidelity of mechanism modeling. The results are in-situ state-of-health identification and performance prediction. This paper introduces basic concepts of this test method, and discusses two main themes: the use of laser marking to add fiducial patterns to mechanism components, and new software developed to track objects with complex shapes, even as they move behind obstructions. Finally, the implementation of these tests into an automated tester is discussed.
Methane reforming over Ni-based pyrochlore catalyst: deactivation studies for different reactions

A 1 wt% Ni-based La2Zr2O7 pyrochlore catalyst was synthesized using the modified Pechini method. The catalyst was characterized by H2-TPR, and pre- and post-reaction XRD, and tested for its methane-reforming activity under three different reaction conditions: (a) dry-reforming (CH4 + CO2), (b) oxy-CO2 reforming (CH4 + CO2 + O2), and (c) bi-reforming (CH4 + CO2 + H2O). The TPR results show that NiO in the fresh, calcined catalyst is completely reversible to Ni0. The XRD results show that the crystalline pyrochlore structure is stable under all three reaction conditions. Under dry-reforming conditions, the catalyst deactivated rapidly. In oxy-reforming, the catalyst activity also decreased, but far less rapidly than under dry-reforming conditions. However, under bi-reforming conditions, no deactivation was observed at comparable times-on-stream. TPO of the spent catalysts showed greatest carbon deposition for the dry-reforming, a significant portion of which was graphitic and difficult to remove. For oxy-reforming, there was much less carbon deposition as compared to the dry-reforming, and a major part of which was the amorphous, atomic carbon, which is relatively easy to remove. Unlike under bi-reforming, no significant carbon deposition was observed at the conditions tested here. This indicates that the presence of steam resists carbon deposition compared to dry-reforming or oxy-reforming.
Use of Buildings by Indiana Bats (Myotis sodalis) and Other Bats in South-central Iowa

Abstract To determine whether Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) use barns as roosts in south-central Iowa, we examined barns in six counties in 2005 and 2006. We checked barns during the day for signs of bats, and buildings with recent signs were netted at sunset. Of 232 structures checked during the day, 79.7% showed signs of use by bats. We netted 47 barns and caught 1473 bats; big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) made up 98.3 % of captures. Twelve Indiana bats were captured, with most individuals captured entering buildings ≥ 1 h after sunset. Therefore it appears Indiana bats in south-central Iowa use barns primarily as night roosts. Barns represent important roosting and breeding resources in south-central Iowa for big brown and little brown bats.
Memory of Brief Auditory Durations in Comparison Discriminations

The effect of varying intervals of delay between the presentation of a standard and a comparison auditory stimulus was investigated. The hypothesis that an optimal interval for making comparison judgments would have to be long enough to allow identification of the first stimulus was supported. Ss who performed most poorly tended to require a longer intra-pair interval for their optimal performance than did the group as a whole. Appreciably more errors were made by Ss when the comparison stimuli appeared first in the pair than when the standard stimulus was presented first. It was suggested that whatever had been remembered when the standard duration appeared first could be retained over an interval at least 12000 msec. in length and allow optimal comparison judgments of the two tones while no such “memory” for the comparison stimuli could be retained beyond the optimal interval of 1500 msec. The mechanism for this “memory” does not appear to be dependent upon rehearsal of the stimuli nor upon frequency of experience with them. No definitive support for a short-term storage mechanism is evident in these data. Suggestions were made as to which variables might be most useful in comparative studies of normal and brain-damaged Ss.
Assessing experiential psychotherapeutic group experience

Abstract: This paper describes a study conducted to measure perceptions of graduate students in an experiential therapeutic support group. It has been suggested that groups consisting of graduate level participant learners are the most difficult groups to facilitate, given the unique challenges (Yalom 1995). Students enrolled in a graduate group course, were required to participate, yet upon completion of the semester-long experience, students were invited to share reflections and recommendations, via researcher-constructed questionnaire. These findings indicated that students benefited by experiencing personal growth and gaining knowledge of group dynamics and facilitation. Group members also provided recommendations concerning group configuration and facilitation. Keywords: experiential; group work; higher education; social work; psychology; groupwork
Rhodium‐on‐Palladium Nanocatalysts for Selective Methanation of Carbon Dioxide

Nanocatalysts composed of Rh shell and Pd core (Rh-on-Pd) were synthesized. These Rh-on-Pd catalysts showed the highest selectivity in methane for mathanization of carbon dioxide by hydrogen among Rh, Pd and Rh-on-Pd bimetallic core-shell structures tested, when the average thickness of Ru shell became about two-atom layer. In situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) study was used to investigate the dynamic change in structure of these Rh-on-Pd core-shell nanoparticles under hydrogen atmosphere and at variable temperature, showing the feasibility of controlling the surface compositions. Thickening of Rh shell was observed during the sintering by nano beam diffraction (NBD) at elevated temperatures, resulting in the change of selectivity in methane formation over Rh-on-Pd catalysts. This selectivity became similar to that of Rh catalyst at high temperatures due to the disappearance of ligand effect for thick Rh shells. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest CO dissociation on (111) surface of monolayer or double layers of Rh on Pd structure is energetically favourable over either Rh or Pd, showing the potentials for producing hydrocarbons through hydrogenation of carbon dioxide.
The Effect of the Pore Entrance on Particle Motion in Slit Pores: Implications for Ultrathin Membranes

Membrane rejection models generally neglect the effect of the pore entrance on intrapore particle transport. However, entrance effects are expected to be particularly important with ultrathin membranes, where membrane thickness is typically comparable to pore size. In this work, a 2D model was developed to simulate particle motion for spherical particles moving at small Re and infinite Pe from the reservoir outside the pore into a slit pore. Using a finite element method, particles were tracked as they accelerated across the pore entrance until they reached a steady velocity in the pore. The axial position in the pore where particle motion becomes steady is defined as the particle entrance length (PEL). PELs were found to be comparable to the fluid entrance length, larger than the pore size and larger than the thickness typical of many ultrathin membranes. Results also show that, in the absence of particle diffusion, hydrodynamic particle-membrane interactions at the pore mouth result in particle "funneling" in the pore, yielding cross-pore particle concentration profiles focused at the pore centerline. The implications of these phenomena on rejection from ultrathin membranes are examined.
The Cold Plasma Model

Because a plasma is a fluid, its evolution must satisfy the equations of fluid dynamics. But because the fluid is composed of electrons and one or more species of ions, the charges on these particles act as sources of an electromagnetic field, which is governed by Maxwell’s equations. The presence of this intrinsic field leads to highly nonlinear behavior; and in fact, the dominance of long-range electromagnetic interactions over the short-range interatomic or intermolecular forces is often cited as the defining characteristic of the plasma state. In order to construct a mathematically rigorous model for the plasma which is also accessible to analysis, hypotheses must be imposed which control these nonlinearities. In Sect. 3.6 we assumed that the pressure on the plasma was zero and that magnetic forces dominated over other forces. Those hypotheses reduced the governing equations to the Beltrami equations (3.62), (3.65). In this section we impose a similar physical hypothesis: that the temperature of the plasma is zero.
Soil-borne seed pathogens: contributors to the naturalization gauntlet in Pacific Northwest (USA) forest and steppe communities?

Soil-borne seed pathogens are omnipresent but are often overlooked components of a community’s biotic resistance to plant naturalization and invasion. Using multi-year greenhouse experiments, we compared the seed mortality of single invasive, naturalized, and native grass species in sterilized and unsterilized soils collected from Pacific Northwest (USA) steppe and forest communities. Native Pseudoroegneria spicata displayed the greatest seed mortality, naturalized Secale cereale displayed intermediate seed mortality, and invasive Bromus tectorum was least affected by soil pathogens. Seed mortality across all three species was consistently greater in soils collected from steppe than soils collected from forest; seeds sown into sterilized steppe soil experienced half the overall seed mortality compared to seeds sown into unsterilized steppe soil. Soil sterilization did not affect grass seed mortality in forest soils. We conclude that (1) removing soil-borne pathogens with sterilization does increase native and non-native grass seed survival, and (2) soil-borne pathogens may influence whether an introduced species becomes invasive or naturalized within these Pacific Northwest communities as a result of differential seed survival. Soil-borne pathogens in these communities, however, have the greatest negative effect on the survival of native grass seeds, suggesting that the native microbial soil flora more effectively attack seeds of native plants than seeds of non-native species.
Scaling Physiologic Function from Cell to Tissue in Asthma, Cancer, and Development

The formation of an integrated tissue from individual cells depends on the properties of the individual cells as well as the interaction of many cells acting as a collective. Three fundamental physiological processes govern the collective scaling from the individual cell to a working tissue: cell sorting, tissue assembly, and collective cellular migration. Mechanistically, cell sorting is governed by differential adhesion, whereas tissue assembly is controlled by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and its inverse, the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. The mechanism driving collective cellular migration, however, is not clear. To fill that gap, here we consider cell jamming and unjamming, and their role in collective cellular migration.
Team Building and the Civil Work Environment

This chapter provides information regarding the team building process and how to create a work environment that is conducive to team building. You will also learn about your role as a facilitator and collaborator. This chapter will also look at a team building process called TeamSTEPPS. Finally, the role of civility in team building will be explored as well as the detrimental impact of incivility.
The Fulfillment Revisited: Political Experience, Enlightenment Ideas, and the International Constitution

Taking a cue from Bernard Bailyn's description of the constitutional debate as “the ideological fulfillment of the Revolution,” this essay analyzes the Constitution's contribution to a level of gov...
Two-trace two-dimensional (2T2D) correlation spectroscopy – A method for extracting useful information from a pair of spectra

Abstract Two-trace two-dimensional (2T2D) correlation spectroscopy, where a pair of spectra are compared as 2D maps by a form of cross correlation analysis, is introduced. In 2T2D, spectral intensity changes of bands arising from the same origin, which cannot change independently of each other, are synchronized. Meanwhile, those arising from different sources may and often do change asynchronously. By taking advantage of this property, one can distinguish and classify a number of contributing bands present in the original pair of spectra in a systematic manner. Highly overlapped neighboring bands originating from different sources can also be identified by the presence of asynchronous cross peaks, thus enhancing the apparent spectral resolution. Computational procedure to obtain 2T2D correlation spectra and their interpretation method, as well as an illustrative description of the basic concept in the vector phase space, are provided. 2T2D spectra may also be viewed as individual building blocks of the generalized 2D correlation spectra derived from a series of more than two spectral data. Some promising application potentials of 2T2D correlation and integration with established advanced 2D correlation techniques are discussed.
Use of phage therapy to treat long-standing, persistent, or chronic bacterial infections

Abstract Viruses of bacteria – known as bacteriophages or phages – have been used clinically as antibacterial agents for nearly 100 years. Often this phage therapy is of long-standing, persistent, or chronic bacterial infections, and this can be particularly so given prior but insufficiently effective infection treatment using standard antibiotics. Such infections, in turn, often have a biofilm component. Phages in modern medicine thus are envisaged to serve especially as anti-biofilm/anti-persistent infection agents. Here I review the English-language literature concerning in vivo experimental and clinical phage treatment of longer-lived bacterial infections. Overall, published data appears to be supportive of a relatively high potential for phages to cure infections which are long standing and which otherwise have resisted treatment with antibieiotics.
Transabdominal Nissen Fundoplication

Nissen fundoplication is offered to patients who have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) refractory to maximal medical management. The open transabdominal Nissen fundoplication which is an effective elective anti-reflux procedure has now been replaced by its laparoscopic counterpart. This chapter lists the indications, essential steps, common technical variations, and complications of the procedure. It provides a detailed operative dictation template.
Inter-Relationships of Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

There is a close interrelationship between atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL). Atrial fibrillation of variable duration precedes the onset of AFL in almost all instances; during AF, the functional components needed to complete the AFL re-entrant circuit, principally a line of block (LoB) between the vena cavae, are formed; if this LoB does not form, classical AFL does not develop. In contrast, there seems to be a spectrum of atrial re-entrant circuits (drivers) of short cycle lengths (CLs) (i.e., AFL). When the CL of the AFL re-entrant circuit is so short that it will only activate portions of the atria in a 1:1 manner, the rest of the atria will be activated rapidly but irregularly (i.e., via fibrillatory conduction), resulting in AF. In short, there are probably several mechanisms of AF, 1 of which is due to a very rapid AFL causing fibrillatory conduction. All of these interactions of AF and AFL have important clinical implications.
Disulfide Bridges of Human Immunoglobulins A1 and A2

We have previously reported the sequences of the peptides containing the labile disulfide bridges of IgA1 (1) and IgA2, Am2(+) (2). In order to further characterize the similarities and differences between these subclasses, we have now extended our studies to an examination of all the disulfide bridges of these molecules.
Improving the rural investment climate for businesses : key to rural income generation

An appropriate rural investment climate (RIC) is essential for rural businesses to be successful and generate employment and income in their communities. Improving the investment climate could facilitate income-generation activities in both farm and nonfarm sectors, thus reducing rural poverty. Nonfarm sector focused growth, combined with agricultural growth, and has been shown by Delgado et al. (1998) to have a significant impact on the local economy through the generation of employment and income. This study is the first to focus on both farm and nonfarm enterprises in its 2010 surveys of RIC in Yemen, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Mozambique unlike six previous RIC assessment (RICA) pilot projects that focused only on nonfarm enterprises. This report assesses the weaknesses and strengths of all RIC components in farm and nonfarm enterprises of the four countries surveyed, and recommends measures to address the weaknesses. The report identifies similar business obstacles for farm and nonfarm enterprises and four critical areas of the RIC to be improved. The results of the RICA are based on analyses of obstacles perceived by rural entrepreneurs and on assessments by RIC indicators, enterprise entry and exit, and enterprise performance. To have maximum synergy effects, farm and nonfarm enterprises should be promoted together.
Rossby Waves (Continued), Quasi-Geostrophy

For the Poincare wave, ω≥ f and so the wave motion is not in geostrophic balance, while for the Rossby wave, $$\omega \le \beta {L_d} = \beta {c_0}/f$$ (15.1) so that $$\omega /f = \frac{{\beta {L_d}}}{f} \le \frac{{\beta L}}{f}$$ (15.2) where L is the scale of the motion. Thus, for Rossby waves, the frequency is less than f so that in the x-momentum equation, for example, $$\overbrace {{u_t}}^1 - \overbrace {fv}^2 = - g{\eta _x}$$ (15.3) term (1) will be less than term (2) by the order of ω/f. The velocity will be in approximate geostrophic balance to that order. This is similar to the hydrostatic approximation in which the vertical pressure gradient can be calculated as if the fluid were at rest, even though it is motion, because the vertical accelerations are very small when the aspect ratio D/L of the motion is small. Here the horizontal pressure gradient is given by the Coriolis acceleration as if there were no acceleration of the relative velocity, i.e., as if the flow were uniform in space and time even though it is not because that acceleration is very small compared to the Coriolis acceleration.
Models for Geostatistical Binary Data: Properties and Connections

This article explores models for geostatistical data for situations in which the region where the phenomenon of interest varies is partitioned into two disjoint subregions. This is called a binary ...
Laurentian Great Lakes double-CO2 climate change hydrological impacts

The Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory has developed conceptual daily models for simulating moisture storages in and runoff from the 121 watersheds draining into the Laurentian Great Lakes, over-lake precipitation into each lake, and the heat storages in and evaporation from each lake. We combine these components as net basin supplies for each lake to consider climate change scenarios developed from atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). Recent scenarios of a doubling of atmospheric Co2, available from the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, and Oregon State University are considered by making changes in historical meteorological data similar to the changes observed in the GCMs, observing the impact of the changed data in the model outputs, and comparing outputs to model results using unchanged data, representing comparison to an unchanged atmosphere. This study indicates a 23 to 51% reduction in net basin supplies to all the Great Lakes; there is significant variation in the components of these supplies among the three GCMs. The basins various moisture storages become dryer and the lakes are warmer with associated hydrological impacts.
EuO epitaxy by oxygen scavenging on SrTiO 3 (001): Effect of SrTiO 3 thickness and temperature

The EuO/SrTiO3 heterojunction is a promising combination of a ferromagnetic material and a two-dimensional electron system. We explore the deposition of Eu metal on SrTiO3/Si pseudo-substrates, with varying SrTiO3 (STO) thickness, under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. By varying the thickness of the STO layer (2-10 nm) and the deposition temperature (20-300 °C), we investigate the process by which oxygen is scavenged from STO by Eu. In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to investigate the electronic structure of the nominal Eu/STO/Si stack. We find that as a result of Eu deposition, epitaxial EuO is formed on thick STO (6-10 nm), leaving behind a highly oxygen-deficient SrTiO3-δ layer of ∼4 nm in thickness. However, if the thickness of the STO layer is comparable to or less than the scavenging depth, the crystal structure of STO is disrupted and a solid state reaction between Eu, Si, and STO occurs when the deposition is done at a high temperature (300 °C). On the other hand, at a low temperature (20 °C), only a 1-2 nm-thick EuO interlayer is grown, on top of which the Eu metal appears to be stable. This study elucidates the growth process under different conditions and provides a better understanding and control of this system.
Social network ties to nightlife and healthcare professionals and prescription drug misuse among young adults.

Abstract Background Nightlife scenes have been characterized as risk environments where social ecology and network ties facilitate substance use. In contrast to other substances, the prescription drug problem also has been shaped by the healthcare system. How network ties to professionals in these domains are associated with prescription drug misuse remains a key area of study. Methods We analyzed a sample of 404 young adults who misuse prescription drugs, recruited from nightlife venues primarily via time-space sampling. We evaluated nine types of network ties via friends and family (5 nightlife professions and 4 healthcare professions) as well as total ties in each occupational domain and their relationship to three different outcomes – frequency of misuse, escalation to non-oral use, and substance-related problems. Negative binomial, logistic, and linear regression methods were employed. We then examined mechanisms by which these network associations may operate. Results Ties to party promoters (p Conclusion Embeddedness in nightlife networks is related to patterns of prescription drug misuse, and some of this association can be explained by multiple mechanisms of social networks. By contrast, ties to healthcare professionals are not associated with patterns of misuse among such young adults.
26ms Inference Time for ResNet-50: Towards Real-Time Execution of all DNNs on Smartphone

With the rapid emergence of a spectrum of high-end mobile devices, many applications that required desktop-level computation capability formerly can now run on these devices without any problem. However, without a careful optimization, executing Deep Neural Networks (a key building block of the real-time video stream processing that is the foundation of many popular applications) is still challenging, specifically, if an extremely low latency or high accuracy inference is needed. This work presents CADNN, a programming framework to efficiently execute DNN on mobile devices with the help of advanced model compression (sparsity) and a set of thorough architecture-aware optimization. The evaluation result demonstrates that CADNN outperforms all the state-of-the-art dense DNN execution frameworks like TensorFlow Lite and TVM.
Seroepidemiology of tetanus in Hangzhou from 2009 to 2018.

Objective: The seroepidemiologic study aimed to delineate the immune status against tetanus in Hangzhou and its influential factors to provide evidence on strategies for tetanus prevention. Methods: We used a multi-stage stratified random sampling method to recruit participants from several Community Health Centers in Hangzhou during 2009-2018. Demographic data and vaccination histories of all subjects born during the period from 2004 to 2018 were collected from Hangzhou Immunization Information System (HZIIS), while the data of all subjects born before 2003 were acquired through case investigation. We used Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to detect Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against tetanus in serum samples and univariate and multivariate analysis to detect association between level of tetanus IgG and related factors. Results: A total of 3695 subjects were included, of which were 1904 males and 1791 females. About 59.84% of people had a clear immunization history of tetanus-toxoid-containing vaccines (TTCVs). The percentage of people whose tetanus IgG antibody titers were above the minimum protective level (0.1 IU/ml) was 76.02% (95% CI: 74.6-77.4%) and the geometric mean concentration (GMC) for tetanus IgG was 1.70 IU/ml. Antibody levels of people were higher in rural areas than in urban areas, in males than in females, in subjects who had inoculation vaccine history than those without inoculation of vaccine or with unknown history, and lower in groups aged >15 y compared to <15 y. Conclusions: The positive rate and GMC of tetanus IgG were significantly influenced by gender, age and immunization history of TTCVs. We should seek to achieve early and timely infant vaccination and maintain high coverage of the complete 3-dose primary series plus 3-dose booster series prior to adolescence. Besides basic immunization, we should stress the importance of using booster doses of tetanus vaccine in adolescents and adults; it is necessary to adopt corresponding immunization measures for women at childbearing age.
Inter-device reliability of wearable technology for quantifying jump height in collegiate athletes.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inter-device reliability of three VERT devices (Mayfonk Athletic, Florida, USA) when worn on the waist (W), left-hip (LH), and right-hip (RH) during single- and double-leg counter movement jumps (CMJ) in collegiate athletes. Thirty-two female and twenty-eight male NCAA Division II athletes (n = 60) participated in the present study. Jump height (JH) values for double-leg CMJs were analyzed by each device using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA whereas a 2 (jump leg) x 3 (wear location) repeated measures ANOVA was employed to evaluate single-leg CMJs. Reliability of the VERT devices were based upon intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Double-leg CMJs revealed an excellent ICC between all three VERT devices (ICC = 0.969). However, JH for RH and LH (45.69 ± 9.84 and 45.82 ± 10.45 cm, respectively) were on average lower than W (50.44 ± 12.37cm; both p RH for right-leg CMJs; RH>LH for leftleg CMJs; all p < 0.001). Results suggest that LH and RH are interchangeable for double-leg CMJs, but not with waist despite excellent reliability. In addition, all wear locations provided excellent ICCs for single-leg CMJs. However, waist provides more consistent JH values for right- and left-leg CMJs while RH and LH show more variability.
Who wants to reopen the economy during the COVID-19 pandemic? The daring and uncaring

Economic shutdowns, which refer to disallowing employees to work on site, are among the most contentious approaches to reduce the spread of COVID-19. While economic shutdowns save lives, their large economic costs have caused some people to develop strong attitudes and even break government-issued mandates, which incurs health risks and often the need to extend the economic shutdowns. In the current article, we argue that the interaction of two personality characteristics, risk-taking tendencies and prosocial tendencies, is a strong determinant of attitudes toward economic shutdowns, and we assess the impact of this interaction on three different attitudes toward economic shutdowns that differ by their focal target: employees, customers, and organizations. The results demonstrate that this interaction significantly predicted economic shutdown attitudes toward customers and organizations but not employees. We suggest that these results can be understood via the lens of behavioral decision-making theories as well as a recent framework on antisocial risk takers, both of which provide several subsequent directions for future research. We conclude with recommendations for the development of effective messages to curb defiant behaviors toward economic shutdowns, such as focusing on those most likely to perform these problematic behaviors - the daring and uncaring.
Use of Heavy Vehicle Simulator-Aircraft in the Development of the CBR-Beta Procedure

The original California Bearing Ratio (CBR) procedure was developed in the 1940s for the design of flexible pavements. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers modified this equation in the 1950s for heavy aircraft with multiple wheel gears using a thickness adjustment (α) factor. This “CBR-Alpha” performance model is based on a Boussinesq theory of stress distribution and employs an equivalent single wheel load computation. It has gained international recognition since its implementation in the Aircraft Classification Number computation by the International Civil Aviation Organization in 1983. In recent years, however, criticisms regarding the CBR-Alpha procedure’s inability to accurately predict performance for heavier modern aircraft has led efforts towards its improvement. In the late 2000s, the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) conducted a testing program using the Heavy Vehicle Simulator-Aircraft (HVS-A), where the test data was used for the validation of an improved mechanistic-empirical design procedure. A single wheel gear with high tire pressure and single and dual wheel gears with low tire pressures were programmed into the HVS-A to simulate F-15 and C-17 aircraft traffic, respectively. The HVS-A test data, along with earlier test data from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and ERDC, were used in the development of the “CBR-Beta” procedure. The resulting “CBR-Beta” procedure eliminates the need for the α-factor computation by using Frohlich’s equation. This presentation shows the results of the HVS-A testing program and the reformulation of the CBR procedure, highlighting the contribution of accelerated testing in this effort.