cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model for In-Process Control of Thermal Properties During Welding

Definition des sorties et des entrees dans le processus de soudage et developpement d'un modele dynamique utilisable pour la conception d'un systeme de commande
5,6-DIHYDRO-4H-1,3-OXAZINES BY A MODIFICATION OF THE TILLMANNS-RITTER PROCEDURE

(1970). 5,6-DIHYDRO-4H-1,3-OXAZINES BY A MODIFICATION OF THE TILLMANNS-RITTER PROCEDURE. Organic Preparations and Procedures: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 71-74.
Chromosome Sites Play Dual Roles to Establish Homologous Synapsis during Meiosis in C. elegans

We have investigated the role of pairing centers (PCs), cis-acting sites required for accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis in C. elegans. We find that these sites play two distinct roles that contribute to proper segregation. Chromosomes lacking PCs usually fail to synapse and also lack a synapsis-independent stabilization activity. The presence of a PC on just one copy of a chromosome pair promotes synapsis but does not support synapsis-independent pairing stabilization, indicating that these functions are separable. Once initiated, synapsis is highly processive, even between nonhomologous chromosomes of disparate lengths, elucidating how translocations suppress meiotic recombination in C. elegans. These findings suggest a multistep pathway for chromosome synapsis in which PCs impart selectivity and efficiency through a "kinetic proofreading" mechanism. We speculate that concentration of these activities at one region per chromosome may have coevolved with the loss of a point centromere to safeguard karyotype stability.
An integrated decoupler for capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection: application to analysis of brain microdialysate.

An approach to capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (CE-EC) suitable for determination of dopamine in 1-min brain microdialysate samples is described. The CE-EC system includes an electrochemical detection cell that permits easy, precise, and permanent alignment of a carbon fiber microelectrode with a separation capillary (30-micron i.d., 75-cm length). Amperometric detection was performed at a constant applied potential of 600 mV with respect to a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Decoupling of the electrophoretic current from the amperometric detector was accomplished with an integrated end-column decoupler prepared by etching the capillary outlet with HF. The decoupler produces baseline noise of 50 fA, or less, in the presence of 10-20-muA current in the separation capillary. The low baseline noise affords low mass (attomoles) and low concentration (nanomolar) detection limits for dopamine and 4-methylcatechol. A peak attributable to dopamine was identified in electropherograms of brain microdialysate samples obtained from anesthetized rats. Identification of the dopamine peak was confirmed by pharmacological methods. Dopamine was readily detected in 1-min brain microdialysate samples. The dopamine concentration in 1-min brain microdialysis samples was significantly altered by drug treatments and by brief electrical stimulation of dopaminergic axons.
Undecidability and intractability in theoretical physics.

Physical Processes are reviewed as computations, and the difficulty of answering questions about them is characterized in terms of the difficulty of performing the corresponding computations. Cellular automata are used to provide explicit examples of various formally undecidable and computationally intractable problems. It is suggested that such problems are common in physical models, and some other potential examples are discussed.
On severe storm acoustic signals observed at ionospheric heights

Abstract Acoustic waves with periods of a few minutes are observed at ionospheric heights when certain severe weather conditions exist in the troposphere. The frequency spectra of the signals show well defined peaks that, as demonstrated here, arise from the interference of multiple reflections between the lower troposphere (or the ground) and the lower thermosphere. When such reflections are perfect, atmospheric modes are obtained but the signal is screened from the mid-ionosphere. On the other hand, less complete reflection in the upper regions may lead to an enhanced signal that can produce F-region disturbances. Thus the observed frequency peaks are intimately related to the well known atmospheric modes by a continuation into the regions of (ω,κ) space where they become leaky.
Acceptance of sentinel lymph node biopsy of the breast by all general surgeons in kentucky.

Abstract: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for breast cancer is now performed routinely in many U.S. medical centers. The acceptance of SLNB in the community and in rural medical centers, however, has not been accurately defined. The purpose of this study was to assess how surgeons in Kentucky, a predominantly rural state, have incorporated SLNB into practice. General surgeons in the state of Kentucky were identified by registration with the state medical association. All general surgeons (n = 272) in the state were mailed the questionnaire, with 93% (n = 252) responding. Overall, 172 defined themselves as rural surgeons. Among the rural surgeons, 87% perform breast cancer operations and 54% perform SLNB. In comparison, 74% of nonrural surgeons perform breast cancer operations and 80% perform SLNB. A majority of nonrural surgeons (73%) have performed SLNB for more than 2 years when compared to rural surgeons (73% versus 37%, respectively; p < 0.0001). Planned backup axillary node dissection was stopped by both rural (26%) and community (39%) surgeons after 10 cases (14% rural, 19% nonrural) or 11–20 cases (12% rural, 20% nonrural). Surgeons reported using SLNB for the following diagnoses: invasive cancer (98%), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (43%), and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) (11%). The majority of surgeons (87%) reported a greater than 90% SLN identification rate. SLNB has become widely accepted by surgeons in both rural and nonrural medical centers in Kentucky. However, there has been considerable variability in the number of training cases surgeons have performed prior to abandoning routine axillary dissection. This indicates a need for continuing educational efforts aimed at quality assurance.
Model for the distribution of neutral organic compounds between n-hexane and acetonitrile

Abstract Partition coefficients for 69 varied compounds were determined for the n -hexane–acetonitrile partition system and combined with 74 partition coefficients for (largely) terpenes, esters and alkylaromatic compounds determined by Isidorov and coworkers and 27 extraction p -values determined by Bowman and Beroza to derive a general model for the distribution of neutral compounds in the biphasic system. The partition coefficients, log K p , were correlated through the solvation parameter model giving log K p = 0.097 (± 0.049) + 0.189 (±0.041) E − 1.332 (±0.056) S − 1.649 (±0.055) A − 0.966 (±0.074) B + 0.773 (±0.040) V with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.985, standard error of the estimate 0.114, and Fischer statistic 1087. The solute descriptor E is the excess molar refraction, S is the dipolarity/polarizability, A and B are the overall hydrogen-bond acidity and basicity, respectively, and V is McGowan's characteristic volume. The model is expected to be able to estimate further values of the partition coefficient to about 0.1 log units and is applicable to a wide range of compounds except for n -alkylcarboxylic acids, which have higher partition coefficients than predicted, most likely due to the formation of oligomers (e.g. dimers) in the n -hexane layer.
RELATIONAL SPACETIME, MODEL CATEGORIES AND QUANTUM GRAVITY

We propose a mathematically concrete way of modelling the suggestion that in quantum gravity the spacetime manifold disappears. We replace the underlying point set topological space with several apparently different models, which are actually related by pairs of adjoint functors from rational homotopy theory. One is a discrete approximation to the causal null path space derived from the multiple images in the spacetime theory of gravitational lensing, described as an object in the model category of differential graded Lie algebras. Another of our models appears as a thickening of spacetime, which we interpret as a formulation of relational geometry. This model is produced from the finite dimensional differential graded algebra of differential forms which can be transmitted out of a finite region consistent with the Bekenstein bound by another functor, called geometric realisation. The thickening of spacetime, which we propose as a version of relational spacetime, has a surprizingly rich structure. Information which would make up a spin bundle over spacetime is contained in it, making it possible to include fermionic fields in a geometric state sum over it. Avenues toward constructing an actual quantum theory of gravity on our models are given a preliminary exploration.
Distributions of Sequential and Two-Stage Stopping Times for Fixed-Width Confidence Intervals in Bernoulli Trials: Application in Reliability

Abstract We develop the exact distribution of the stopping variable of a sequential procedure that was originally given by Robbins and Siegmund (1974). The stopping variable was designed for estimating the log-odds in a sequence of Bernoulli trials. Using our exact distribution of the stopping variable, we give explicit formulas for the expected value and mean squared error for the estimator of the odds at stopping. An alternative two-stage procedure is then given and some of its important characteristics are exactly evaluated. It is shown that if the probability of success p is not too small or too large, the two-stage procedure is nearly as efficient as the purely sequential procedure. The results of this paper are then applied for designing an appropriate stopping time in a reliability experiment for estimating the ratio of the mean time between failures of two independent systems with exponential lifetimes.
Comparative study of submicron BiCMOS technologies

Abstract The technology trade-offs of various BiCMOS technologies of submicron feature size are analyzed: performance, density, cost and reliability are investigated over a wide range of the BiCMOS process spectrum. Owing to its dominant use as a building block in high-performance processor chips, the 4:1 multiplexer (Mux) is employed as the vehicle for chip-level scaling comparisons. Numerical simulations, as opposed to analytical expressions, are employed in the determination of the Mux performance. At present even for the most complex BiCMOS processes, performance advantage over CMOS is only 25–60%. Results show that, as the feature sizes approach the half-micron level, the speed advantage of the regular BiCMOS circuits over CMOS diminishes owing to the decreased drive strength of the bipolar transistor. It is predicted that future high- performance digital circuits will be designed with a mixture of ECL and CMOS logic gates while memory cells will be largely BiCMOS. The projected cost of manufacturing high-end BiCMOS die, which support these high performance ECL circuits while offering CMOS on the same die, is 3× – 5× higher than that of a comparable straight CMOS process. In addition it is shown that the ≈ 4× overall speed advantage of high power ECL circuits over CMOS at the 1 micron level will persist down to 0·25 μm feature sizes.
Interlayer exchange coupling and electronic structure of Co/Mn multilayers

Abstract The interlayer exchange coupling between magnetic layers and the electronic structure in Co/Mn multilayers have been studied by using the linear muffin-tin orbital atomic sphere approximation method based on the local spin density approximation. It is found that the interlayer exchange coupling in Co/Mn multilayers shows oscillation with a period of 2 atomic layers because of the antiferromagnetic order of the Mn. The strength of the interlayer exchange coupling is quite large. The interface magnetic coupling between Co and Mn layers is ferromagnetic when the Mn layer is γ-Mn phase; however, it is antiferromagnetic when the Mn layer is α-Mn phase. In addition, the GMR effect of Co/Mn multilayers is discussed.
A mouse transgene drives embryonic dorsal posterior commissure expression

In this report we generated mice co-transgenic for a minimal promoter LacZ construct and a mouse BAC from the gene poor region upstream of the Hoxd cluster. In addition to expression in the distal limb, genital bud, and spinal cord, we show that this BAC transgene also reproducibly drives unique bilateral, dorsal posterior commissure expression. The ability of this BAC to direct posterior commissure expression makes it worthy of further study as a valuable tool in transgenic/targeting experiments.
Direct interaction between Nrf2 and p21Cip1/WAF1 upregulates the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response

Summary In response to oxidative stress, Nrf2 and p21 Cip1/WAF1 are both upregulated to protect cells from oxidative damage. Nrf2 is constantly ubiquitinated by a Keap1 dimer that interacts with a weak-binding 29 DLG motif and a strong-binding 79 ETGE motif in Nrf2, resulting in degradation of Nrf2. Modification of the redox-sensitive cysteine residues on Keap1 disrupts the Keap1- 29 DLG binding, leading to diminished Nrf2 ubiquitination and activation of the antioxidant response. However, the underlying mechanism by which p21 protects cells from oxidative damage remains unclear. Here we present molecular and genetic evidence suggesting that the antioxidant function of p21 is mediated through activation of Nrf2 by stabilizing the Nrf2 protein. The 154 KRR motif in p21 directly interacts with the 29 DLG and 79 ETGE motifs in Nrf2 and thus competes with Keap1 for Nrf2 binding, compromising ubiquitination of Nrf2. Furthermore, the physiological significance of our findings was demonstrated in vivo using p21-deficient mice.
Effects of stimulus frequency on habituation: patellar reflex

Abstract Habituation and recovery of the patellar reflex were studied in an adult human as a function of stimulus frequency, ranging from 10 to 60 per min. Habituation occurred more rapidly and response decrement was greatest for higher frequencies with decline in amplitude linear over much of its course. The decline in response amplitude was more pronounced for measures of force than for EMG.
Multiple paternity and population genetic structure in natural populations of the poeciliid fish, Heterandria formosa

Heterandria formosa Agassiz, exhibits internal fertilization, internal brooding of embryos, sperm storage and an extreme level of superfetation. In this study we used microsatellite markers to examine variation among seven populations that exhibited significant variance in their histories of population density. We found that the populations were genetically distinct and that the heterozygosity increased as population density increased. We also examined paternity in three of those populations and found that the number of sires per female and the number of sires per brood increased with population density. Overall, the rates of multiple paternity are quite low relative to other species. The correlations with population density suggest that contact rates play a critical role in the breeding system in this species but the low rates of multiple paternity suggest that females may exert control over fertilization of their ova.
Elevated nucleoside excretion by patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Preliminary diagnostic/prognostic evaluations

Nucleoside excretion was monitored in the urine of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a difficult malignant disease to diagnose at early stages. Separation and quantitation of nucleosides were accomplished by using high performance liquid chromatography. Significantly elevated nucleoside levels were found for patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent carcinomas. The magnitude and timing of the increases indicate the value of monitoring these levels for diagnostic/prognostic evaluations for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
First report of Puccinia thaliae rust on canna lily in Louisiana.

Canna lily is a monocot, herbaceous perennial ornamental plant in the Cannaceae that is native to tropical South America and cultivated throughout the southern United States. Canna lily is a popular garden and landscaping plant and a large horticultural industry depends on this plant. In September 2008 and again in November 2009, two species of Canna lily (Canna × generalis L.H. Bailey and C. indica L.) were found to be severely infected with rust disease in three garden locations in southern Louisiana (East Baton Rouge Parish, Lafayette Parish, and Orleans Parish). Diseased samples from both host species and all locations exhibited similar symptoms of numerous, yellowish brown, subepidermal, erumpent, and irregular-shaped uredinia on both leaf surfaces. Initially, sori were scattered, later covering the entire leaf with coalescing pustules. Urediniospores were subglobose to ovoid or pyriform, echinulate, and measured 25.74 to 37.18 (–38.61) × 17.16 to 27.17 (–28.6) μm, with thickened apical walls, 1.3 to...
Pathogenicity of Salmonella: SopE-mediated membrane ruffling is independent of inositol phosphate signals.

Studies [Zhou, D., Chen, L.-M., Hernandez, L., Shears, S.B., and Galan, J.E. (2001) A Salmonella inositol polyphosphatase acts in conjunction with other bacterial effectors to promote host-cell actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and bacterial internalization. Mol. Microbiol. 39, 248-259] with engineered Salmonella mutants showed that deletion of SopE attenuated the pathogen's ability to deplete host-cell InsP5 and remodel the cytoskeleton. We pursued these observations: In SopE-transfected host-cells, membrane ruffling was induced, but SopE did not dephosphorylate InsP5, nor did it recruit PTEN (a cytosolic InsP5 phosphatase) for this task. However, PTEN strengthened SopE-mediated membrane ruffling. We conclude SopE promotes host-cell InsP5 hydrolysis only with the assistance of other Salmonella proteins. Our demonstration that Salmonella-mediated cytoskeletal modifications are independent of inositolphosphates will focus future studies on elucidating alternate pathogenic consequences of InsP5 metabolism, including ion channel conductance and apoptosis.
HPLC-accelerator MS measurement of atrazine metabolites in human urine after dermal exposure.

Metabolites of atrazine were measured in human urine after dermal exposure using HPLC to separate and identify metabolites and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to quantify them. Ring-labeled [14C]atrazine was applied for 24 h with a dermal patch to human volunteers at low (0.167 mg, 6.45 μCi) and high (1.98 mg, 24.7 μCi) doses. Urine was collected for 7 days. The urine was centrifuged to remove solids, and the supernatant was measured by liquid scintillation counting prior to injection on the HPLC to ensure that <0.17 Bq (4.5 pCi) was injected on the column. A reversed-phase gradient of 0.1% acetic acid in water and 0.1% acetic acid in acetonitrile became less polar with increasing time and separated the parent compound and major atrazine metabolites over 31 min on an octadecylsilane column. Peaks were identified by coelution with known standards. Elution fractions were collected in 1-min increments; half of each fraction was analyzed by AMS to obtain limits of quantitation of 14 amol. Mercapturate met...
Proposal of a new imaging method with trapped gold nano particles and the properties of multi-photon emission

We propose a new concept to obtain a super-resolution resolution image with optically trapped gold nano particles (GNPs) and multi-photon emission (MPE). The properties of MPE from GNPs are described.
62.1: Five‐Primary‐Color 60‐Inch LCD with Novel Wide Color Gamut and Wide Viewing Angle

We have newly developed a 5-primary-color 60-inch FHD LCD with pixels composed of R1CGR2BY six sub pixels. The prototype is designed to reproduce all of real surface colors. We have also improved its viewing angle performances by applying a multi-primary color matching technology.
Isolation and sequencing of a novel tropomyosin isoform preferentially associated with colon cancer.

Abstract Background & Aims: Nonmuscle human tropomyosin (hTM) isoforms have distinct functions and may play important roles in various disease processes. Methods: In an attempt to identify colon epithelial tropomyosin isoform, a complementary DNA library prepared from a human colon cancer cell line T84 was screened by an oligonucleotide probe complementary to messages of all known hTM isoforms. A novel clone called TC22 was obtained. The amino acid sequence of TC22 isoform is identical to isoform 5 (hTM5) apart from the C terminal domain, amino acids 222–247 coding the exon 9. Results: Northern blot analysis showed that TC22 message is expressed in transformed epithelial cell lines and tumor tissues but not in normal epithelial cells. We developed a monoclonal antibody specific to TC22 isoform (TC22-4). By Western blot and immunoperoxidase assays, we analyzed 105 colonic specimens (fresh frozen and formalin fixed) from 96 patients with colon polyps (hyperplastic) or adenomas with or without dysplasia and cancer. Twenty-one of 22 (95%) of colon cancer specimens showed the presence of TC22, compared with only 1 of the 17 normal colon specimens and none of the 13 hyperplastic polyps (P GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;123:152-162
Journal of Business and Psychology: A New Direction

Starting January 2009, I have taken over as Editor of Journal of Business Psychology (JBP). I wanted to take a moment to reintroduce JBP to our community and share with you some of the directions the journal will be taking. First, allow me to introduce the journal’s new Senior Advisory Board. This distinguished group of individuals has provided terrific advice and counsel regarding the vision of the journal, candidates for Associate Editor, and special features. They are:
Combined radiofrequency-surgical debulking of advanced abdomino-pelvic tumors

Abstract Background Advanced abdomino-pelvic tumors are often unresectable using surgery alone. The current study evaluated a combination of radiofrequency (RF) ablation (RFA) and surgical debulking for such lesions. Methods Between July 2003 and November 2004, we treated 16 patients. Fourteen had either pelvic side wall (n = 8), sacro-iliac joint (n = 4), or vertebral (n = 2) fixation. One tumor engulfed root of mesentery, the last involved stomach-liver-vena. All patients had received prior treatment. The RF probe was placed in the center of the tumor, a 4- to 6-cm tissue core ablated, and the core curetted out or aspirated. This was repeated centrifugally out to the tumor capsule. Results Control of the target lesion for more than 6 months was achieved in 10 (62%) patients; 2 died within 3 months, and 4 had tumor progression in less than 6 months. Median survival is 18+ months. Conclusions Combined RFA–surgical debulking was feasible and beneficial in 62%% of patients with otherwise inoperable abdomino-pelvic tumors.
Electrical characterization of doped and undoped PECVD TEOS oxides

It is shown that charge in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) TEOS-based films is generated as a result of high-temperature annealing. This effect is dependent on oxide type and can be greatly reduced by the use of good-quality USG barrier layer or reduction of the anneal temperature. However, at very high temperatures the amount of generated charge is substantial. It was found that neither the use of TEOS as a precursor nor plasma processing is independently detrimental to the levels of charge in the oxides. The analytical data show some buildup of impurities at the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface. Although impurity concentrations are comparable to those of the other oxides tested, this does not preclude the possibility of interactions of the plasma field with impurities to influence the fixed charge. The thermal energy of the postdeposition cycle above 875 degrees C may be high enough to cause redistribution of ions and/or activation of species that are not detected electrically in as-deposited films. The charge observed is most likely localized close to the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface and seems proportional to the length of plasma exposure. >
Electron transport in the stochastic fields of the reversed-field pinch

We employ the Monte Carlo method for the calculation of anomalous transport developed by Punjabi and Boozer to calculate the particle diffusion coefficient for electrons in the stochastic magnetic fields of the reversed-field pinch (RFP). In the Monte Carlo calculations represented here, the transport mechanism is the loss of magnetic surfaces due to resistive perturbations. The equilibrium magnetic fields are represented by the Bessel function model for the RFP. The diffusion coefficient D is calculated as a function of a, the amplitude of the perturbation. We see three regimes as the amplitude of the tearing modes is increased: the Rechester-Rosenbluth regime where D scales as a 2 ; the anomalous regime where D scales more rapidly than a 2 ; and the Mynick-Krommes regime where D scales more slowly than a 2 . Inclusion of the effects of loop voltage on the particle drift orbits in the RFP does not affect the intervals in the amplitude a where these regimes operate.
A prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder‐I phenotype: review of phenomenology and longitudinal course

Objective: Phenomenology, assessment, longitudinal, and psychosocial findings from an ongoing, controlled, prospective study of 93 subjects with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype (PEA-BP) will be reviewed. Methods: Unlike adult-onset bipolar disorder, for which there were over 50 years of systematic investigations, there were a paucity of rigorous data and much controversy and skepticism about the existence and characteristics of prepubertal-onset mania. With this background, issues to address for investigation of child-onset mania included the following: (i) What to do about the differentiation of mania from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (ii) How to deal with the ubiquity of irritability as a presenting symptom in multiple child psychiatry disorders. (iii) Development of a research instrument to assess prepubertal manifestations of adult mania (i.e. children do not ‘max out’ credit cards or have four marriages). (iv) How to distinguish normal childhood happiness and expansiveness from pathologically impairing elated mood and grandiosity. Results: To address these issues, a PEA-BP phenotype was defined as DSM-IV mania with elated mood and/or grandiosity as one inclusion criterion. This criterion ensured that the diagnosis of mania was not made using only criteria that overlapped with those for ADHD, and that subjects had at least one of the two cardinal symptoms of mania (i.e. elated mood and grandiose behaviors). Subjects were aged 10.9 years (SD = 2.6) and age of onset of the current episode at baseline was 7.3 years (SD = 3.5). Validation of PEA-BP was shown by reliable assessment, 6-month stability, and 1- and 2-year diagnostic longitudinal outcome. PEA-BP resembled the severest form of adult-onset mania by presenting with a chronic, mixed mania, psychotic, continuously (ultradian) cycling picture. Conclusion: Counterintuitively, typical 7-year-old children with PEA-BP were more severely ill than typical 27 year olds with adult-onset mania. Moreover, longitudinal data strongly supported differentiation of PEA-BP from ADHD.
Optical trapping and integration of semiconductor nanowire assemblies in water

Semiconductor nanowires have received much attention owing to their potential use as building blocks of miniaturized electrical, nanofluidic and optical devices. Although chemical nanowire synthesis procedures have matured and now yield nanowires with specific compositions and growth directions, the use of these materials in scientific, biomedical and microelectronic applications is greatly restricted owing to a lack of methods to assemble nanowires into complex heterostructures with high spatial and angular precision. Here we show that an infrared single-beam optical trap can be used to individually trap, transfer and assemble high-aspect-ratio semiconductor nanowires into arbitrary structures in a fluid environment. Nanowires with diameters as small as 20 nm and aspect ratios of more than 100 can be trapped and transported in three dimensions, enabling the construction of nanowire architectures that may function as active photonic devices. Moreover, nanowire structures can now be assembled in physiological environments, offering new forms of chemical, mechanical and optical stimulation of living cells.
Comparisons of bidirectional reflectance distribution function measurements on prepared particulate surfaces and radiative-transfer models.

To understand the connection between single-particle optics and the optics of a closely packed surface, controlled laboratory measurements of bidirectional reflectance distribution functions on layers of polymer and glass spheres are carried out. The measurements are compared with predictions from five radiative-transfer models; the Hapke’s models, the Lumme–Bowell model, the BRF algorithm of Mishchenko et al., and the discrete ordinate radiative transfer. It is found that models of strict numerical radiative-transfer equations (RTEs) predict measurements well in some regions but have errors in both forward- and backward-scattering directions. The improved Hapke’s model, although it has an anisotropic multiple-scattering term, still produces considerable errors compared with the strict RTE. The difference can be attributed to the exclusion of a diffraction contribution in the Hapke model.
Analysis of a partial decorrelator in a multicell DS-CDMA system

For a multicell code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system, we propose a partial decorrelator that decodes a user by suppressing only the in-cell interferers. As a result, each user suffers only from other-cell interference and enhanced receiver noise. By analysis, we show that in random CDMA systems, the partial decorrelator outperforms the conventional receiver, within the operating regime of the conventional receiver. In simulation, we observe that when users have equal received powers at their respective receivers, a multicell system with partial decorrelator receivers yields roughly 1.5 times the capacity of the conventional system.
Early pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography in ewes

Abstract Two studies were performed to evaluate early pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), using a 7.5-MHz transducer in ewes. In the first study, the objectives were to determine the earliest date that a reliable pregnancy diagnosis could be made (percentage of ewes detected pregnant between days 15 and 20 after mating). In the second study, the objective was to confirm the findings of the first study using a randomized controlled trial. In both studies, the ewes were restrained in dorsal recumbency, using a special chute that maintained the pelvis at an angle of 30–35° lower than the head. In the first study, 30 Suffolk ewes were synchronized and maintained with 2 rams for 5 days. Each ewe was subjected to the first TRUS on day 15 after mating and daily thereafter until day 20 (estrus = day 0). Pregnancy was defined as the presence of an embryo or extra-embryonic membranes. The percentage of ewes detected pregnant at days 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 were 0% (0/30), 26.7% (8/30), 86% (24/30), 90% (27/30), 96.7% (29/30) and 100% (30/30), respectively (P
Doppler echocardiographic assessment of diastolic ventricular function: transmitral and pulmonary venous flow indices

Abstract Echocardiography has emerged as the non-invasive method of choice to evaluate congestive heart failure. In addition to its ability to assess systolic function, it has been increasingly used in the evaluation and diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction. This article will discuss the basic physiology of diastole, the complex interaction of factors that determine its course, and the transmitral and pulmonary venous flow Doppler correlates of diastolic events. Comprehensive interrogation of transmitral and pulmonary vein flows reliably predict the hemodynamic condition of the patient, define the spectrum of ventricular diastolic abnormalities and render unique prognostic data. A critical Doppler examination of these flows adds important information, non-invasively, to the clinical assessment of the patient with diastolic dysfunction.
Increasing Verbal Responsiveness in Parents of Children With Autism: a Pilot Study

Correlational studies have revealed a positive relationship between parent verbal responsiveness and language outcomes in children with autism. We investigated whether parents of young children on the autism spectrum could learn and implement the specific categories of verbal responsiveness that have been suggested to facilitate language development. Parents were taught to increase their verbal responsiveness in the context of a short-term language intervention that included group parent education sessions, as well as individual and small-group coaching sessions of parent-child play interactions. Parents in the treatment group increased their use of comments that: described their child's focus of attention; interpreted or expanded child communication acts; and prompted child communication. Preliminary treatment effects were also noted in children's prompted and spontaneous communication. These results support the use of parent-mediated interventions targeting verbal responsiveness to facilitate language development and communication in young children with autism.
Model for immune responses to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in cattle.

Infection of ruminant species with the facultative intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes a fatal granulomatous enteritis known as Johne's disease or paratuberculosis. In cattle, Johne's disease is responsible for significant losses to the U.S. dairy industry (an
Repressive Effect of Sp1 on the C/EBPα Gene Promoter: Role in Adipocyte Differentiation

Expression of C/EBPalpha is required for differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes. Previous investigations indicated that transcription of the C/EBPalpha gene is sequentially activated during differentiation, initially by C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta and later by C/EBPalpha (autoactivation). These events are mediated by a C/EBP regulatory element in the promoter of the C/EBPalpha gene. This article presents evidence that members of the Sp family, notably Sp1, act repressively on the C/EBPalpha promoter prior to the induction of differentiation. Sp1 was shown to bind to a GC box at the 5' end of the C/EBP regulatory element in the C/EBPalpha promoter and, in so doing, to competitively prevent binding to and transactivation of the promoter by the C/EBPs. One of the differentiation inducers methylisobutylxanthine (a cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor) or Forskolin, both of which increase the cellular cAMP level, causes down-regulation of Sp1. This decrease in Sp1 level early in the differentiation program appears to facilitate access of C/EBPbeta and/or C/EBPdelta to the C/EBP regulatory element and, thereby, derepression of the C/EBPalpha gene.
Being Changed: The Anthropology of Extraordinary Experience

Being Changed: The Anthropology of Extraordinary Experience. DAVID E. YOUNG and JEAN-GUY GOULET, eds. Ontario, Canada; Broadview Press, 1994. 378 pp., tables, notes, references, index.
Population approaches to estimate minimal model indexes of insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness using full and reduced sampling schedules

The intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) interpreted with the minimal model provides individual indexes of insulin sensitivity (SI) and glucose effectiveness (SG). In population studies, the ...
Adenylyl Cyclase Isoform V Mediates Renin Release From Juxtaglomerular Cells

We have shown previously that decreasing intracellular calcium in the juxtaglomerular cells increases both cAMP formation and renin release. We hypothesized that this is because of an interaction between intracellular calcium and the calcium-inhibitable isoform of adenylyl cyclase, type-V. We used primary cultures of juxtaglomerular cells isolated from C-57/B6 mice at 70% to 80% confluence. Western blots were performed on isolated juxtaglomerular cells using antibodies against either of the 2 calcium inhibitable isoforms of adenylyl cyclase, types-V and -VI. Only the antibody against adenylyl cyclase-V gave us a strong band at 120 kDa as expected. Immunolabeling in juxtaglomerular cells with confocal microscopy found immunofluorescence for the adenylyl cyclase-V–specific antibody compared with either negative controls or cells stained with the adenylyl cyclase-VI antibody. Reducing isolated juxtaglomerular intracellular calcium with 100 μmol/L of the cytosolic calcium chelator BAPTA-AM stimulated both cAMP (3.49±0.70 to 10.09±0.81 pmol/mL per milligram of protein; P P
The use of the three-second vital capacity in the direct testing of bronchial allergy.

Abstract The use of direct bronchial tests in the investigation of the allergic etiology of bronchial asthma is discussed. It is suggested that the three-second vital capacity would be a more sensitive index of a positive test than change in the total vital capacity. Seventeen allergic patients were investigated and six positive bronchial tests were obtained. In ten asthmatic patients with a history strongly suggestive of ragweed sensitivity but a negative skin test to ragweed, only one positive bronchial test reaction to ragweed was obtained. It is concluded that the three-second vital capacity does not increase the sensitivity of the test and that direct bronchial testing does not give sufficient additional information to replace the skin test in the routine investigation of a case of allergic asthma.
Beach Spawning in Fishes: Phylogenetic Tests of Hypotheses1

Marine fishes that spawn at the water's edge or even out of water provide their eggs with the advantages of the warmer temperatures and high oxygen availability of the high intertidal zone. However, they increase the risks of desiccation and terrestrial predation. Beach spawners are present in at least 6 families of teleost fishes. Two hypotheses about the origin of beach spawning are tested by mapping of reproductive habitat and spawning site utilization onto phylogenies of two families that contain multiple species that spawn on beaches: Osmeridae, the smelts, and Atherinopsidae, the silversides. Our analysis suggests that beach spawning has evolved repeatedly in certain lineages, and that its antecedents are different for each family. Anadromy appears to have been the precursor for at least 3 different evolutionary origins of beach spawning in osmerids, while nearshore marine spawning in association with plant or gravel substrates was probably the precursor for the atherinopsids. Phylogenetic analysis enables us to reject or support specific evolutionary hypotheses for each clade.
Parenting Issues and Interventions with Adolescent Mothers

Adolescent parenthood and child maltreatment rank as two of this country’s leading contemporary social problems. Both problems seem, thus far, to be impervious to effective control, despite formidable efforts at prevention and intervention over the past quarter-century (Children’s Defense Fund, 1996; National Research Council, 1993; Weatherley, 1991). In addition to their shared status as social morbidities, the two conditions converge in some families. Because few adolescents are ready to independently assume the responsibilities of childrearing, teen mothers, particularly those with limited social and economic resources, are vulnerable to conditions that can escalate into child maltreatment. Thus, a chapter focusing on disadvantaged adolescent mothers is appropriate in a volume on child abuse.
Seroprevalence in Chickens against Campylobacter jejuni Flagellar Capping Protein (FliD) in Selected Areas of the United States.

Campylobacter jejuni is a causative pathogen of human acute bacterial gastroenteritis. Infected poultry products are regarded as a major source for human C. jejuni infection. The flagellar capping protein (FliD) is highly conserved among C. jejuni strains/isolates and is antigenic as analysed by immunoblot. In this study, we used the FliD protein as a probe to survey the prevalence of C. jejuni antibodies in chickens from two areas in the United States. A total of 394 samples were tested. Sera from layer breeders of 44-52 weeks of age tested 100% positive, while 4- to 6-week broilers from 22 premises showed 7-100% positivity. These results demonstrate that anti-FliD antibodies were prevalent in the poultry population in the areas of serum samples collected.
Tolerance to Cardiac Grafts Following Intra-Graft Infusion of 16,16 Dimethyl PGE2

Although prostaglandins of the E series (PGE) have been reported to down-regulate immune responses as indicated by inhibition of T cell proliferation,1 interference with the effector activity of cytotoxic T cells,2 reduction of IL-2 production,3,4 suppression of lymphocyte migration5 and decreased Ia expression by macrophages,6 attempts to demonstrate a beneficial effect of PGE on solid-organ allograft survival have been limited. Quagliata et al.7 increased mouse skin graft survival by 8 days when systemically administered PGE1 was combined with procarbazine, while PGE1 alone had no effect. Subcutaneous PGE1 given twice daily (1 mg/kg) also increased hamster to rat cardiac xenograft survival from 74 to 94 hours.8 The limited effectiveness of PGE is partly due to its very short half life in vivo.9 PGE is usually rapidly metabolized locally at injection site and almost totally inactivated during a single passage through the lung.9 In contrast, the more stable synthetic PGE2 analogues have half lives of several hours.10 Kort et al.11 found that although oral (15S)–15 methyl PGE1 alone did not increase rat heart allograft survival, when combined with prednisolone or azathioprine, survival was increased from 8 to 25.5 and 16.5 days respectively. Using 16, 16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester (di-M-PGE2), Anderson et al.12 reported prolongation of mean skin graft survival from 13.8 to 16.7 days in mice given di-M-PGE2 intraperitoneally.
Monocyte Contrasuppression of EBV-Immune Regulatory T Cells

EBV-immune normal individuals have circulating regulatory T cells that inhibit the activation of autologous B cells by EBV. When T cells were fractionated in subsets enriched for either T8 or T4 expressing lymphocytes and subsequently cultured with autologous EBV-infected cells, most of the inhibitory activity derived from T8-enriched populations. Monocyte depletion of EBV immune autologous B and T cells was associated with an enhanced degree of T-cell inhibition. Conversely, monocyte reconstitution of monocyte-depleted cultures markedly reduced EBV-immune T-cell suppression. Thus, in an EBV-specific system of suppression, monocytes act as regulatory cells with “contrasuppressor” function.
Morrison and the Presumption Against Extraterritoriality: A Metaphoric Misadventure or a Part of a Broader Shift?

On Oct. 1, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari to the Second Circuit's decision in European Community v. RJR Nabisco, 764 F.3d 129 (2d Cir. 2014) (“RJR Reynolds II”), rehr’g en banc denied, 783 F.3d 123 (2d Cir. 2015) (“RJR Reynolds III”), cert. granted, RJR Nabisco, Inc. v. European Community, 136 S.Ct. 28, U.S., Oct. 01, 2015 (“RJR Reynolds IV”).In taking this case, the Supreme Court will determine whether, or to what extent, Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq., has any extraterritorial reach. This article underscores the need for this guidance, the possible institutional and case specific obstacles in RJR Reynolds that may prevent the Supreme Court from providing such guidance, and surveys the appellate landscape and differing approaches in applying the presumption against extraterritoriality.
A New Physics-Based Drying Model of Thin Clothes in Air-Vented Clothes Dryers

A new physics-based model for the drying process is introduced, capable of accounting for both fabric sizes and types. This is achieved by using the probability function and the latent heat of the water at a given temperature. Furthermore, the dependence of drying efficiency on various drying load sizes is discussed and a new interpretation of drying efficiency, called normalized drying efficiency, is presented. This allows coherent and meaningful comparison of the process efficiency across various load sizes and cycle times. Finally, percolation theory is introduced to explain qualitatively the effect of clothes load sizes on the drying process. This is achieved through determining the probabilities of a volume ratio (vacant volume per total drum volume), which is the probability of the interaction between the clothes loads and hot air flow in the clothes dryer. The model is validated using both experimental and literature data and is now being used for the development of an energy efficient moisture removal process, which is essential to the design of next-generation energy efficient clothes dryers.
Laboratory control of behavior without laboratory restraint

Wild deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were conditioned to enter an experimental chamber placed in their natural environment and bar press for food on FR 5. Time spent in the chamber, responses, and reinforcements were recorded per chamber entry. The quantitative measurement of behavior parameters in this fashion might resolve one difference in research preference between ethologists and experimental psychologists.
Perception of Safety Hazards across the Adult Life-Span:

We conducted a survey to study the risk perception and assessment of safety hazards as a function of age. The survey asked subjects (N=200) to answer a 25 item survey about their feelings, experience and knowledge concerning specific (falls, burns, and medication) and general safety hazards. Results of an ANOVA, contrast and principle component analysis each supported the conclusion that the perception and evaluation of risk plays an increasingly important role in safety behavior and hazard avoidance as people age. These results are consistent with previous work on cautiousness as a personality trait in older people, and indicate this cautiousness begins in the middle years of life. The principle components analysis indicated a core of 12 items from the original 25 that have a distinct age-risk-safety structure. This may have potential as a profile useful in research and clinical contexts for predicting and intervening with persons at high risk for accidents.
Entomology–Engineering Coordinated Research and Pest Management in California

Pest management and integrated control are expressions commonly used by the biologist, while systems analysis is the engineers' word description for approaching the solution of a particular problem by examination of all of the factors potentially and effectively elated to the problem. Computers and modeling have become inexorably a part of this approach since a multiplicity of parameters, variable over a wide range, must be identified and coordinated. Interdisciplinary research, coordinating the efforts of various biologists as well as physical scientists has obvious advantages, as I am sure we have all experienced. But this can be difficult to coordinate and manage to the satisfaction of all parties concerned.
Reproduction in Some Ungulates in Southern Rhodesia

Information is presented on breeding seasons and reproduction of ungulates in the Henderson Ranch area in Southern Rhodesia. Some species, the impala, warthog, kudu, waterbuck, wildebeest, giraffe and perhaps eland, appear to be seasonal in the production of young. However, these species differ in the time when young are produced, and together show no correlation with the plant phenology of the area. Species which breed through the year, but may have a seasonal peak, are the zebra, duiker and steenbuck. With the exception of the warthog, all of the species observed produced one young per year. The writers believe that duiker and steenbuck produce their first young at one year of age; impala, warthog, kudu and probably waterbuck and wildebeest at two years; eland, and probably zebra and giraffe at three years.