cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angiogenesis and molecular biologic substaging in patients with stage I non—small cell lung cancer

Background. Although complete surgical resection remains the primary treatment for localized stage I non—small cell lung cancer, the cancer recurrence rate is 25% to 40%. If one could identify a subset of patients using molecular factors that contribute to tumor aggressiveness, one might improve prognosis in this group with additional treatment. High expression of angiogenesis factor viii has been associated with the presence of nodal metastases in breast cancer; here we examined its relation to survival with non—small cell lung cancer. Methods. We examined angiogenesis using immunohistochemistry on paraffin blocks of tumor from 275 consecutive patients with stage I non—small cell lung cancer, more than 68 months of follow-up, and a 64% 5-year survival. Angiogenesis was calculated from the microvessel number per ten 200 × microscope fields measured at the tumor periphery, in the center, and in the area of highest concentration. Results. Measurements in the central area were inconsistent due to prominent necrosis. However, microvessel number recorded at the periphery and at the "hottest" area correlated well ( r 2 = 0.952; p = 0.001), and a significant survival advantage was noted for low-level expression at both areas (peripheral, p = 0.046; "hottest", p = 0.006). Multivariate survival analysis using angiogenesis, protooncogene erb B-2, tumor suppressor gene p53, and the proliferation marker KI-67 defined angiogenesis as the most significant prognostic factor in stage I lung cancer. Conclusions. This molecular biologic substaging system including angiogenesis for stage I non—small cell lung cancer is independent of routine histopathologic factors and revealed an additive adverse effect with expression of several biologic markers (5-year survival: no marker [n = 51] 81%, 1 marker [n = 82] 71%, 2 markers [n = 84] 54%, and 3 to 4 markers [n = 58] 49%; p = 0.0001).
Double‐discharge stabilization of supersonic CO laser mixtures

Experiments have been conducted to study the applicability of a cw double‐discharge stabilization scheme in conditions appropriate for high‐energy lasers in supersonic flows. Steady arc‐free volume discharges have been produced in a Mach 3 supersonic flow test cavity using an auxiliary discharge to stabilize the main discharge at low‐current densities in N2 and He/CO mixtures. A significant result is the lack of observed plasma E/N changes in response to auxiliary discharge current changes. Also, where glow discharges were obtained, the energy loading achieved was less than the threshold required for laser operation.
Current concepts in refractory migraine.

The Refractory or Intractable Migraine (RM) patient has long been a challenge to all healthcare providers (HCP). Headache specialists have recognized this sub group of patients who remain refractory to treatment. Despite this recognition, there are no formal criteria that characterize RM. This article will attempt to provide treatment approaches, some scientifically based and others that are empiric. A reasonable goal is to lessen disability. Combining the various modalities will improve the chances for successful treatment. The foundation of treatment is an emphasis on wellness. This includes optimizing mood, minimizing stress, practicing good sleep hygiene, and avoiding triggers. All comorbid factors should be addressed, including sleep and mood disorders, chronic neck pain, and obesity. Preventive treatment is necessary in the majority of patients, and a plan for “rescue” approaches is essential. Avoiding medication overuse, particularly narcotics, is advisable. Additional options for treatment include onabotulinumtoxinA, and more invasive modalities, such as neurostimulation. Adjunct treatment including supplements and relaxation may also be considered. Keeping a headache calendar is almost mandatory in management with attention to particular headache triggers, patterns and medication overuse (MOH). A trusting physician–patient relationship is also very important and will enhance compliance and foster communication. Patients often lapse from the management plan and the treating physician should be open minded about continuing care. RM is a long-term disease and requires close physician–patient interaction and cooperation for management of the problem. In those RM patients with multiple comorbidities, a multidisciplinary team should optimize management.
Older Patients’ Health-Related Quality of Life Around an Episode of Emergency Illness

Abstract Study objectives: We sought to describe older patients' health-related quality of life during a 4-month period surrounding a visit to the emergency department and to identify factors associated with less recovery. Methods: We prospectively studied 983 patients 65 years or older who presented to an urban academic ED in 1995 and 1996. Eighty percent of the patients were African American, and 63% were women. The primary outcome measures were the Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living and revised validated questions from the Medical Outcomes Study Health Survey at 1 month before the ED visit, the time of the ED visit, and 2-week and 3-month follow-up periods. Results: In general, patients worsened markedly during the illness and then improved, although not to baseline levels. After adjustment for demographic and social factors, the most consistently powerful predictors of poor recovery were more deficiencies in activities of daily living at baseline, reports of needing more help with everyday tasks, increasing Charlson Comorbidity Index scores, and requiring a proxy for the initial survey. Conclusion: Emergency physicians and primary care physicians should consider inquiring about functional status and the adequacy of help at home in addition to comorbid conditions for their acutely ill older patients to target those at greatest risk for poor recovery. Future work needs to test interventions that may improve the health-related quality of life of these vulnerable patients. [Chin MH, Jin L, Karrison TG, Mulliken R, Hayley DC, Walter J, Miller A, Friedmann PD: Older patients' health-related quality of life around an episode of emergency illness. Ann Emerg Med November 1999;34:595-603.]
A neuropsychopharmacological comparison of d-amphetamine, l-DOPA cocaine

Abstract Cats were chronically implanted with bipolar subcortical and monopolar cortical electrodes. The electroencephalogram, reticular formation multiple unit activity and gross behavior were monitored. The effects of acute intraperitoneal administration of d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg), l -DOPA (75 mg/kg), cocaine (4 mg/kg),p-hydroxyamphetamine (4 mg/kg) and l -DOPA mg/kg) following hydrazino-a-methyldopa (25 mg/kg) pretreatment were observed. All agents except the p-hydroxyamphetamine induced a desynchronized EEG, increased the multiple unit activity of the reticular formation, and elicited stereotyped behavior. l -DOPA elicited more pronounced adrenergic peripheral effects than did either d-amphetamine or cocaine. These included piloerection and salivation. In the presence of hydrazino-α-methyldopa, l -DOPA elicited salivation while the p-hydroxyamphetamine alone elicited only piloerection without salivation. Hallucinogenic agents such as LSD, mescaline and phencyclidine, in a previous study, induced a hypersynchronous or intermittently hypersynchronous EEG and failed to elicit stereotyped behavior in cats. Clinically, amphetamine and cocaine induce a psychotic state resembling schizophrenia of the paranoid type, while the hallucinogens elicit primarily perceptual distortions. Thus it would appear that there are two distinct classes of psychotomimetic agents. The use of l -DOPA in treating patients suffering from Parkinsonism must be viewed with caution if the animal data can be extrapolated to man. Indeed some preliminary reports of psychotic behavior following the administration of high doses of l -DOPA have appeared.
C-reactive protein predicts long-term mortality independently of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Background Few data are available on the association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and mortality independent of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods Consecutive patients (N = 8,834) undergoing PCI between October 28, 2002, and December 31, 2006, were followed through June 30, 2007 (average and maximum follow-up of 1.9 and 4.6 years, respectively). High-sensitivity CRP levels were classified into 4 groups: Results All-cause mortality rates were 14.4, 17.5, 25.7, and 56.4 per 1,000 person-years in patients with hs-CRP levels of P trend P P = .30). Conclusions High-sensitivity CRP levels provide significant incremental prognostic information for all-cause mortality in long-term follow-up independent of LDL cholesterol.
Economic limit of Outer Continental Shelf Gulf of Mexico structure production

Abstract The economic limit of an oil and gas asset occurs when income from production is less than the direct cost of operation. Economic limits determine the threshold for profitable operations and are often considered from a conceptual perspective rather than as an object for empirical assessment. The purpose of this paper is to derive empirical estimates of the economic limit of offshore structures in the Outer Continental Shelf Gulf of Mexico. We classify 1962 decommissioned structures between 1986–2009 by structure type, primary production, water depth and year of removal, and compute end-of-life production, adjusted gross revenue, and water cut thresholds according to various levels of categorization. During the last year of production, historic gross revenues averaged $539,000 for oil structures, $955,000 for gas structures, and $1.1 million for dry gas structures. Daily end-of-life production ranged from 50 BOEPD for oil structures to 647 MCFEPD for gas structures and 788 MCFEPD for dry gas structures. The economic limits for oil and gas structures increased to $1 million and $1.7 million over the period 2005–2009.
The origins of neurogenetics.

Over the past 5–10 years, it has become widely acknowledged that genetic approaches are critical to understand not only how brain circuitry generates perception and behavior, but also how circuitry...
Effect of cigarette smoking on skin aging

The dangers of smoking are multiple and well-known. Despite an aggressive public health initiative to warn the public about the dangers of tobacco, little progress has been made in convincing people to stop smoking. Many tobacco companies target younger people in an attempt to create lifelong brand loyalty. The traditional public health approach, warning that smoking can cause later health problems, such as lung cancer and emphysema, often does not influence younger people. Many young people shrug off these warnings due to feelings of invincibility or lack of concern about the future. Accumulating data that demonstrates that smoking leads to a prematurely aged appearance may have more of an effect on these younger generations. In this review, we aim to bring to light the most recent studies investigating the role of smoking on skin aging.
Injection of isolated mitochondria during early reperfusion for cardioprotection

Previously, we demonstrated that ischemia induces mitochondrial damage and dysfunction that persist throughout reperfusion and impact negatively on postischemic functional recovery and cellular via...
Another View of AACD and Its Journals

In this invited response to Weinrach's article, “Some Serious and Some Not So Serious Reactions to AACD and Its Journals,” it is a bit difficult to know at what level or with what tone one should react. Like any work of comedy or parody, Weinrach's piece is presumably intended to be a caricature of the reality of AACD and its journals as he views them. My problem is that I am not always sure from his analysis which of his comments he intends to be serious and which he does not. One might expect to find, in any caricature, kernels of truth that are exaggerated for effect. In this instance, they are difficult to ferret out. Although I prefer to simply express another view rather than debate his perspectives point for point, many of the observations that he makes are not supported by my own experience or perceptions. Maybe these are the parts of his paradigm intended not to be serious reactions.
A Generic Comprehension Instructional Strategy.

Abstract Over the last decade much has been learned about the underlying cognitive and psychological processes involved in reading comprehension. But until only recently, however, have researchers focused their efforts on the task of applying this accumulating body of research to the problem of how to better teach children to comprehend what they read. An increasing number of reading instructional studies and a large body of research on teacher effectiveness suggest that certain characteristics are associated with effective reading comprehension instruction. This article presents a reading comprehension instructional strategy which is based upon these established characteristics of effective reading comprehension instruction and which is generalizable to instruction in a wide range of reading comprehension skills. Specifically, the procedure consists of five steps: (a) Introduction, (b) Example, (c) Direct Instruction, (d) Teacher‐Directed Application, and (e) Independent Practice. The article contains a ...
Thin-film nickel titanium demonstrates reduced bacterial adherence in vitro compared with commercially available endograft materials

H2O2 (100 M) 9.8 1.4 1.48 0.14 0.2 0.1† 1.06 0.04† Normoxia L-NIL 0.8 0.3 1.04 0.02 0.4 0.1 1.05 0.03 Hypoxia L-NIL 9.2 0.6 1.38 0.12 4.4 0.4 1.26 0.11 Vehicle 0.4 0.2 1.00 0.6 0.3 1.00 PAF (20 nM) 8.6 1.8 1.00 0.04 1.6 0.4† 1.05 0.04 Values are means standard errors. n 5 or 6 rats in each group. Indicates p 0.05 vs corresponding control group. †Indicates p 0.05 vs nonacclimatized rats. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that mast cell function is altered through upregulation of iNOS after hypoxic acclimatization. These results also indicate that other mechanisms are involved in this process. Since tissue hypoxia occurs in many surgical settings, abetterunderstandingofacclimatizationmayleadtonovelinterventions to reduce microvascular inflammation.
The Structure of the NXF2/NXT1 Heterodimeric Complex Reveals the Combined Specificity and Versatility of the NTF2-Like Fold

NXF1-like members of the NXF (nuclear export factor) family orchestrate bulk nuclear export of mRNA, while functionally distinct NXF variant proteins carry out separate substrate-specific and tissue-specific RNA regulation. Metazoan organisms possess at least one NXF1-like gene and one or more NXF variant genes. Heterodimerization of both proteins with the NXT (NTF2-related export) protein is central to NXF family function; however, given the multiplicity of NXF/NXT complexes, the specificity and mechanism of heterodimerization remain unclear. Here, we report the structural and functional analyses of the Caenorhabditis elegans NXF variant ceNXF2 bound to ceNXT1. Contacts crucial for NXF/NXT heterodimer stability and specificity, including a probable site for phosphoregulation, have been identified. The ceNXF2 NTF2 domain bears at least two nucleoporin (Nup) binding pockets necessary for the colocalization of ceNXF2/ceNXT1 at the nuclear envelope. Unexpectedly, one Nup binding pocket is formed at the heterodimer interface of the ceNXF2/ceNXT1 complex, demonstrating that NXT binding directly regulates NXF function.
Surgical treatment of varicose veins and ulcers by segmental sclerosis with a discussion of the effect on peripheral arterial disease and the general circulation

Abstract 1. 1. The anatomic-pathologic cause for varicose veins is discussed. 2. 2. Selection and preparation of patients for saphenous vein ligation and sclerosis is detailed. 3. 3. A new test for determining accurately the site of communicating branch incompetency is shown. 4. 4. A technique which equally distributes the sclerosing solution throughout the vein length is presented. 5. 5. A method to act as guide in computing the amount of sclerosing solution, when using sodium ricinoleate ( 3 1 2 per cent) is included. 6. 6. The possible advantages of obliterating varicose veins when there is defective arterial supply is suggested. 7. 7. The effect on the general circulation is stressed.
Thermal waters in the U.S.S.R.

A very interesting and informative paper on widespread occurrence of a thermal hydrosphere. Geothermal power uses are discussed. Distribution of heated waters, some up to 150° C is discussed in con...
Tumor necrosis factor-induced signal transduction and left ventricular remodeling.

Abstract Recent studies have identified the importance of biologically active molecules such as neurohormones in disease progression in heart failure. More recently, it has become apparent that in addition to neurohormones another portfolio of biologically active molecules termed cytokines are also expressed in the setting of heart failure. This article will review the role of tumor necrosis factor–induced signal transduction and the process of left ventricular remodeling.
A dynamic long range budget model to assist navy planners

Navy long range planning is a complex process in which a 15-yr budget is coordinated through numerous interested offices and agencies. In this administrative process it is difficult to capture all of the interactions between budget elements and the downstream influences of decisions. Alterations in one budget element affect not only other elements in the same year but, through a ripple effect, influence many other elements in subsequent years. The computer model described here, The Navy Resource Dynamics Model, has been developed and applied to assist in this process.
Biocompatibility of poly(etherurethane urea) containing dehydroepiandrosterone

Poly(etherurethane urea) (PEUU) elastomers, with their broad range of mechanical properties and high biocompatibility, are used clinically for medical applications. However, the possibility exists for the ether soft segment of PEUU to degrade in long-term uses. To retard degradation, antioxidants that scavenge reactive oxygen intermediates are added. In this study, we incorporated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which functions by the alternate mechanism of modulating or down-regulating adherent macrophage activity, to retard the biodegradation of PEUUs. Biocompatibility of PEUU samples containing 1% DHEA, 5% DHEA, and 5% vitamin E (α-tocopherol) by weight were studied in vivo and in vitro. The biocompatibility was initially evaluated by examination of the inflammatory cellular exudate. Compared to PEUU without additives and PEUU with 5% vitamin E, the addition of 5% DHEA to PEUU caused a decrease in the total leukocyte exudate concentration at 4 days. The addition of 5% DHEA also caused lower macrophage adhesion and FBGC formation compared to the other materials at 7 days. Despite these short-term effects, the biocompatibility at later time points (14, 21, and 70 days) was similar for all materials. Transmission infrared analysis of the materials revealed that more than 70% of the DHEA had leached out of the samples by 3 days implantation. Furthermore, through attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform analysis and scanning electron microscopy, it was determined that unlike vitamin E, DHEA did not enhance long-term PEUU biostability. The effect of DHEA on inflammatory cell activity appeared to be dose dependent, with improved biocompatibility in vivo for higher loading levels of DHEA, but the overall effect was limited owing to the rapid diffusion of the water-soluble DHEA from the PEUU. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 41, 192–201, 1998.
Mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences used to design a molecular ladder assay to identify six commercially available phytoseiids (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Abstract Phytoseiid mites are released to suppress pest mites and prevent crop damage, but they are small ( Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman), N. californicus (McGregor), N. cucumeris (Oudemans), Metaseiulus (= Typhlodromus or Galendromus ) occidentalis (Nesbitt), Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese), Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, and their prey Tetranychus urticae Koch. The sequence divergences detected among these phytoseiids were much higher at the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene locus (9.5–45%) than the nuclear rRNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-1, 5.8S, and ITS-2) (1.2–23%) ( Navajas et al., 1999 ; Jeyaprakash and Hoy, unpublished). This level of divergence allowed us to design a `molecular ladder assay' that amplifies a diagnostically different sized DNA band from each of the six phytoseiid species using species-specific primers from the variable regions of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. However, reliable amplification of phytoseiid mitochondrial DNA by Standard PCR was possible only when DNA was prepared by a Puregene method from multiple specimens (>20 females). To amplify mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences consistently from single females, males, nymphs, larvae, or eggs, DNA was extracted in Chelex and Long PCR (also called High fidelity PCR) was tried, which allowed us to identify individual phytoseiids. Such a sensitive method is needed to confirm pure colonies for research, or to evaluate individuals for contamination during mass rearing, or to confirm identities of field-collected specimens.
Fostering the teaching alliance in diverse educational settings.

Ursano, Kartheiser, and Ursano have provided a useful comparison of the alliance between clinician and patient for successful therapy and that between teacher and student for successful learning. I would like to elaborate on some implications of their comparison by reviewing common dimensions of therapists’ and teachers’ behaviors and how the profile of such dimensions may change depending on the specific goals and format of therapy or education. Writers on psychiatric treatment have noted that clarification of patients’ goals is often neglected, and that setting unrealistic goals or ones that are at odds with the patient’s own (possibly unexpressed) agenda are common causes of treatment failure (Lazare, Eisenthal, & Wasserman, 1975; Makeover, 1996). The clinician, for example, may take it for granted that the patient comes to treatment for the purpose of gaining self–understanding, improving relationships or alleviating symptoms, while patients may wish to have someone to pay attention to them, secure administrative help, or comply with the demands of a family member. Similarly, teachers may assume that students come to them to gain knowledge, understanding, and skills, while students may simply be interested in passing the exam. To succeed in treatment, the practitioner must negotiate goals that adequately balance the patient’s expectations with what is clinically appropriate. Similarly, the successful teacher must take into account the student’s self–concerns in addition to the goals prescribed by the curriculum, or risk either losing the alliance or colluding with the student in a pseudo–alliance. The students’ goals and those of the teacher will vary depending on the format of the teaching situation, and techniques of alliance building must vary accordingly. Clinicians and teachers share a common repertory of behaviors. These may include, among others, listening, giving of directions, imparting information, conveying concepts, suggesting new perspectives, facilitating clearer or more logical thought, attaining and conveying empathic understanding, encouragement, communication of sympathy, modeling, self–disclosure, and limit setting. (Beck, 1995; Gabbard, 2005). I will discuss some behaviors of teachers that influence the alliance with students in various educational settings and compare them with those of therapists in analogous contexts. Psychiatry 70(3) Fall 2007 195
Body image and media use among adolescents

This article reviews the literature on body image and media use among adolescents. We begin by defining body image and how it is constructed, especially among young people. We then offer information on when one's body image perception is askew with one's perception of personal ideal, which can result in disordered eating, including obesity, anorexia, and bulimia. Next, we describe the research literature on media use and its relationship to adolescents' body image perceptions and discuss content analyses and correlational, experimental, and qualitative studies. Lastly, we recommend, beyond conducting further and improved research studies, interventions and policies that may have an impact on body image and media use.
The Carter Administration and the Evolution of American Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy, 1977-1981

In the wake of India's May 1998 decision to resume nuclear testing for the first time since 1974, as well as arch-rival Pakistan's subsequent response, the attention of the world again has focused on nuclear nonproliferation policy as a means of maintaining stability in politically troubled regions of the world. The 1990s proved to be an uncertain time for nonproliferation policy. Pakistan acquired nuclear capabilities. Iraq displayed its well-known intransigence by refusing to allow International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) arms inspectors access to facilities suspected of manufacturing nuclear weapons. North Korea maintained a nuclear weapons program despite opposition from many Western nations. Troubling questions about nuclear holdings persisted in Argentina, Brazil, and South Africa. New nuclear powers were created in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Even the renewal of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 1995 failed to assuage the concerns of Western powers fearful of aggressive measures undertaken by rogue nuclear proliferants.
Views and experiences of suicidal ideation during pregnancy and the postpartum: findings from interviews with maternal care clinic patients.

Introduction: Perinatal suicidality (i.e., thoughts of death, suicide attempts, or self-harm during the period immediately before and up to 12 months after the birth of a child) is a significant public health concern. Few investigations have examined the patients' own views and experiences of maternal suicidal ideation. Methods: Between April and October 2010, researchers identified 14 patient participants at a single university-based medical center for a follow-up, semi-structured interview if they screened positive for suicidal ideation on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) short form. In-depth interviews followed a semi-structured interview guide. Researchers transcribed all interviews verbatim and analyzed transcripts using thematic network analysis. Results: Participants described the experience of suicidality during pregnancy as related to somatic symptoms, past diagnoses, infanticide, family psychiatric history (e.g., completed suicides and family member attempts), and pregnancy complicatio...
Astroglial phosphoinositide hydrolysis during combined glucose-oxygen deprivation: role of the metabotropic glutamate receptor.

Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate hydrolysis, leading to the production of myo-inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. We used tritiated myo-inositol phosphate ( 3 H-IP) accumulation as a means to quantitate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in pre-labeled astroglial cultures subjected to combined glucose-oxygen deprivation. Astroglial cultures exposed to combined glucose-oxygen deprivation had significantly greater 3 H-IP accumulation compared with cultures exposed to control conditions. To delineate the role of the metabotropic glutamate receptor in astroglial phosphoinositide hydrolysis during combined glucose-oxygen deprivation, we studied the effects of two metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists, 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid and (+)-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine. 2-Amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid attenuated the accumulation of 3 H-IP during combined glucose-oxygen deprivation but acted as an agonist under control conditions. (+)-Methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine had no effect on 3 H-IP accumulation during combined glucose-oxygen deprivation or under control conditions. These results suggest that activation of astroglial phosphoinositide hydrolysis during combined glucose-oxygen deprivation may be mediated, at least in part, by the metabotropic glutamate receptor.
Multiphoton imaging of neurons in living tissue: acquisition and analysis of time-lapse morphological data

Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy offers improved axial resolution over confocal microscopy for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of fluorescently labeled cells. It also greatly reduces phototoxicity and photobleaching outside the plane of focus when collecting 3D series of optical sections in living tissue. This permits images to be collected at shorter intervals with less harm to the specimen. To facilitate the transition from confocal to two-photon in vivo imaging, we have compared some of the most commonly used fluorescent vital dyes for their applicability to confocal and two-photon laser scanning microscopy. We find that many of the dyes commonly used for morphological imaging can be used for two-photon excitation microscopy. However, the optimal wavelengths for two-photon excitation cannot always be deduced from the one-photon fluorescence spectra of the fluorophores. As improvements in imaging technology are beginning to make near-real-time in vivo fluorescence imaging more feasible, flexible software that can perform temporal as well as spatial analyses of anatomical data becomes increasingly important. Here we demonstrate how we have used Object-Image, an extension of the popular public-domain NIH Image software, together with a set of custom macros for time-lapse morphometric analysis, to analyze neuronal branch growth and complexity in three dimensions over time.
Inositol lipid regulation of lipid transfer in specialized membrane domains.

The highly dynamic membranous network of eukaryotic cells allows spatial organization of biochemical reactions to suit the complex metabolic needs of the cell. The unique lipid composition of organelle membranes in the face of dynamic membrane activities assumes that lipid gradients are constantly generated and maintained. Important advances have been made in identifying specialized membrane compartments and lipid transfer mechanisms that are critical for generating and maintaining lipid gradients. Remarkably, one class of minor phospholipids – the phosphoinositides – is emerging as important regulators of these processes. Here, we summarize several lines of research that have led to our current understanding of the connection between phosphoinositides and the transport of structural lipids and offer some thoughts on general principles possibly governing these processes.
Scattering of glue by glue on the light-cone worldsheet: Helicity nonconserving amplitudes

This is the second of a pair of articles on scattering of glue by glue,in which we give the light-cone gauge calculation of the one-loop on-shellhelicity conserving scattering amplitudes for gluon-gluon scattering (neglectingquark loops). The $1/{p}^{+}$ factors in the gluon propagatorare regulated by replacing ${p}^{+}$ integrals with discretized sums omitting the ${p}^{+}=0$ terms in each sum. We alsoemploy a novel ultraviolet regulator that is convenient for the light-coneworldsheet description of planar Feynman diagrams. The helicity conservingscattering amplitudes are divergent in the infrared. The infrared divergencesin the elastic one-loop amplitude are shown to cancel, in their contributionto cross sections, against ones in the cross section for unseen bremsstrahlunggluons. We include here the explicit calculation of the latter, because itassumes an unfamiliar form due to the peculiar way discretization of ${p}^{+}$ regulates infrared divergences. In resolving the infrareddivergences we employ a covariant definition of jets, which allows a transparentdemonstration of the Lorentz invariance of our final results. Because we usean explicit cutoff of the ultraviolet divergences in exactly four spacetimedimensions, we must introduce explicit counterterms to achieve this finalcovariant result. These counterterms are polynomials in the external momentaof the precise order dictated by power counting. We discuss the modificationsthey entail for the light-cone worldsheet action that reproduces the bareplanar diagrams of the gluonic sector of QCD. The simplest way to do thisis to interpret the QCD string as moving in six spacetime dimensions.
Anticipated violence, arousal, and enjoyment of movies: viewers' reactions to violent previews based on arousal-seeking tendency

The authors investigated the effects of violent portrayals in movie previews on viewers' arousal and anticipated enjoyment of movies based on their arousal-seeking tendencies. A total of 159 college students watched 6 movie previews, each in a violent or nonviolent version, and reported their expectations of enjoying watching the movies. The results show that high arousal seekers reported a higher level of anticipated enjoyment after watching the violent previews than the nonviolent previews. In contrast, low arousal seekers did not expect much difference in their enjoyment between the two versions. In line with the theory of optimal stimulation level, the results indicate that viewers' anticipated enjoyment of movies after watching violent images in previews is moderated by individuals' arousal-seeking tendencies.
Semiparametric Box–Cox power transformation models for censored survival observations

The accelerated failure time model specifies that the logarithm of the failure time is linearly related to the covariate vector without assuming a parametric error distribution. In this paper, we consider the semiparametric Box-Cox transformation model, which includes the above regression model as a special case, to analyse possibly censored failure time observations. Inference procedures for the transformation and regression parameters are proposed via a resampling technique. Prediction of the survival function of future subjects with a specific covariate vector is also provided via pointwise and simultaneous interval estimates. All the proposals are illustrated with datasets from two clinical studies.
Agents for collecting application usage data over the Internet

Empirical evaluation of software systems in actual use is critical in software engineering. Prototyping, beta testing, and usability testing are widely employed to refine system requirements, to detect anomalous or unexpected system and user behavior, and to evaluate software usefulness and usability. The World Wide Web enables cheap, rapid, and large-scale distribution of software for evaluation purposes. However, current techniques for collecting usage data have not kept pace with the opportunities presented by Web-based deployment. This paper presents an agent-based approach and prototype system that makes large-scale collection of usage data over the Internet a practical possibility.
Toward an Understanding of Racial and Ethnic Differences in Conservation Attitudes among Recreation Participants

With significant demographic changes in the United States, an understanding of racial and ethnic differences in conservation support is essential for successful resource management and protection. The purpose of this paper was to construct the causal framework of fostering recreationists' conservation attitudes using recreation specialization and identify how the developmental process differs by race and ethnicity. Results indicated strong support for the proposed model that recreation specialization and other latent factors provided a good understanding of conservation support for both Hispanic and Anglo recreationists. Recreationists showed similar patterns of fostering conservation attitudes regardless of racial and ethnic origins.
Tree-structured classifiers

A tree-structured classifier is a decision tree for predicting a class variable from one or more predictor variables. THAID was the first such algorithm. This article focuses on the classification and regression trees CART® C4.5, and GUIDE methods. The algorithms are briefly reviewed and their similarities and differences are compared on a real data set and by simulation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
A differential scanning calorimetry study of picoline complexes of cadmium chloride

Abstract The decomposition of picoline complexes of cadmium chloride has been studied using differential scanning calorimetry. The 2:1 complexes with 3-picoline and 4-picoline decompose in three steps corresponding to the loss of one, one-third, and two-thirds of a molecule of ligand, respectively, in these steps. Sample size apparently controls the mode of decomposition of the 1:1 complex with 2-picoline. In some cases, two-thirds of a molecule of ligands is lost and in other cases one-third is lost first. Thermal parameters have been determined for the various decomposition reactions.
Models of metastatic prostate cancer: a transgenic perspective.

Purpose: Transgenic mouse models are proving to be invaluable in our effort to understand the molecular basis of metastatic prostate cancer (CaP). We review and discuss how current animal models have contributed to our understanding of the metastatic cascade and how transgenic technology is being used to develop the next generation of mouse models. Our goal is to provide a review of the recent advances and provide a framework for further studies. Materials and Methods: We performed a MEDLINE search of the literature on CaP metastasis transgenic and animal models. Results: We present a summary of the characteristics of nine different animal models of CaP. Each model is unique and provides valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms governing the progression of CaP. Our experience with transgenic models and all the new data from the literature predicts that we will be able to develop genetically engineered mice that accurately mimic the heterogeneity, androgen-independent growth, and metastatic spread seen in clinical disease. Conclusion: In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of CaP metastasis, it will be necessary to compare gene and protein expression patterns and biochemical analyses of clinical metastatic disease with data obtained from current models. We will also need to refine our ability to engineer and characterize genetic perturbation models. This type of integrative and iterative approach should facilitate better understanding of the molecular biology of CaP metastases.
The quality of medical evidence in hematology-oncology.

Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of the medical evidence available to the clinician in the practice of hematology/oncology. METHODS: We selected 14 neoplastic hematologic disorders and identified 154 clinically important patient management decision/interventions, ranging from initial treatment decisions to those made for the treatment of recurrent or refractory disease. We also performed a search of the scientific literature for the years 1966 through 1996 to identify all randomized controlled trials in hematology/oncology. RESULTS: We identified 783 randomized controlled trials (level 1 evidence) pertaining to 37 (24%) of the decision/interventions. An additional 32 (21%) of the decision/interventions were supported by evidence from single arm prospective studies (level 2 evidence). However, only retrospective or anecdotal evidence (level 3 evidence) was available to support 55% of the identified decision/interventions. In a retrospective review of the decision/interventions made in the management of 255 consecutive patients, 78% of the initial decision/interventions in the management of newly diagnosed hematologic/oncologic disorders could have been based on level 1 evidence. However, more than half (52%) of all the decision/interventions made in the management of these 255 patients were supported only by level 2 or 3 evidence. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that level 1 evidence to support the development of practice guidelines is available primarily for initial decision/interventions of newly diagnosed diseases. Level 1 evidence to develop guidelines for the management of relapsed or refractory malignant diseases is currently lacking.
Dynamic interactions between crustal shortening, extension, and magmatism in the North American Cordillera

This paper examines the first-order dynamic interactions between crustal shortening, extension, and volcanism in tectonic evolution in the North American Cordillera. The protracted crustal compression in the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic (110–55 Ma) contributed to the subsequent Tertiary extension by thermally weakening the lithosphere and producing an overthickened (>50 km) and gravitationally unstable crust. In addition to post-kinematic burial heating, synkinematic thermal processes including conduction are shown significantly because of the long period of crustal contraction and the slow shortening rates (<4 mm/yr). The effects of shear heating were probably limited for the same reasons. Localized delamination of the lithospheric mantle may have contributed to the abundant plutonism and high crustal temperature in the southeastern Canadian Cordillera at the end of the orogeny. Most early-stage extension in the Cordillera, characterized by formation of metamorphic core complexes, resulted from gravitational collapse of the overthickened crust. Plutonism may have facilitated strain localization, causing widespread crustal extension at relatively low stress levels. Crustal collapse, however, was unlikely the direct cause of the Basin-Range extension, because the gravitational stresses induced by crustal thickening are limited to the crust; only a small fraction of the gravitational stresses may be transmitted to the lithospheric mantle. Nor could core complex formation induce the voluminous mid-Tertiary volcanism, which requires major upwelling of the asthenosphere. While the causes of the asthenospheric upwelling are not clear, such processes could provide the necessary conditions for the Basin-Range extension: the driving force from thermally induced gravitational potential and a thermally weakened lithosphere. The complicated spatial and temporal patterns of volcanism and extension in the Basin and Range province may be partially due to the time-dependent competing effects of thermal weakening and rheological hardening associated with intrusion and underplating of mantle-derived magmas.
Characterization of Manganese Oxide Octahedral Molecular Sieve (M−OMS-2) Materials with Different Metal Cation Dopants

Reflux methods were used to prepare different metal cation (M: Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Al3+, or Mg2+) doped manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (M−OMS-2) materials with cryptomelane structure. Thorough characterization has been carried out for these M−OMS-2 materials. SEM micrographs of M−OMS-2 materials reveal their typical fibrous morphology. The results of ICP−AES elemental analyses for M−OMS-2 materials shed light on the distribution of doped metal cations in the cryptomelane structure. TGA and XRD studies indicate that the prepared M−OMS-2 materials are more thermally stable in O2 (up to 600 °C) than in inert (e.g., N2 or He) atmospheres (up to 500 °C). Phase transformations from cryptomelane to hausmannite or bixbyite were observed when M−OMS-2 materials were heated above these stable temperatures. Comprehensive N2 sorption analyses confirmed that M−OMS-2 materials are porous materials, which contain micropores and mesopores, with total BET surface areas in the range of 70−110 m2/g. Basicity...
Influence of Sugarbeet Tillage Systems on the Rhizoctonia-Bacterial Root Rot Complex

The Rhizoctonia-bacterial root rot complex in sugarbeet caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Leuconostoc mesenteroidescan cause significant yield losses. To investigate the impact of different tillage systems on this complex, field studies were conducted from 2009 to 2011. Split blocks with conventional and strip tillage as main plot treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Within main plots, there were seven treatments (non-inoculated check and six R. solaniAG-2-2 IIIB strains). Regardless of tillage, the roots responded in a similar manner for fungal rot (conventional 8% versus strip 7%), bacterial rot (26% versus 34%), total rot (33% versus 41%), neighboring roots infected (1.7 roots versus 1.5 roots), distance spread (15.7 cm versus 15.0 cm), and the number of dead plants (12% versus 14%). Strains F517, F521, F551, and F552 always led to the lowest root and sucrose yield. Strip tillage resulted in 6% more root yield in 2009 (P = 0.087), while conventional tillage resulted in 7% and 27% more root yield in 2010 (P= 0.063) and 2011 (P = 0.012), respectively. The tillage systems influenced disease variables in a similar manner, but more studies will be needed to determine their impact on yield.
Gallium Nitride-Based Nanowire Radial Heterostructures for Nanophotonics

We report a new and general strategy for efficient injection of carriers in active nanophotonic devices involving the synthesis of well-defined doped core/shell/shell (CSS) nanowire heterostructures. n-GaN/InGaN/p-GaN CSS nanowire structures were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Electron microscopy images reveal that the CSS nanowires are defect-free single crystalline structures, while energy-dispersive X-ray linescan profile studies confirm that shell thickness and composition can be well controlled during synthesis. Photoluminescence data further show that the optical properties are controlled by the CSS structure with strong emission from the InGaN shell centered at 448 nm. Importantly, electrical devices made by simultaneously contacting the n-type core and outer p-type shell of the CSS nanowires demonstrate that in forward bias these individual nanowires behave as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with bright blue emission from the InGaN shell. The ability to rationally synthesize galliu...
Toward a practical X-ray Fourier holography at high resolution

Abstract We consider the theory and data analysis in Fourier-transform X-ray holography. We also report studies and experimental investigations of practical ways to generate a suitable holographic reference wave.
Autonomic regulation in fragile X syndrome

Autonomic reactivity was studied in individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS), a genetic disorder partially characterized by abnormal social behavior. Relative to age-matched controls, the FXS group had faster baseline heart rate and lower amplitude respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). In contrast to the typically developing controls, there was a decrease in RSA with age within the FXS group. Moreover, within the FXS group heart rate did not slow with age. The FXS group also responded with an atypical increase in RSA to the social challenge, while the control group reduced RSA. In a subset of the FXS group, the autonomic profile did not change following 2 months and 1 year of lithium treatment. The observed indices of atypical autonomic regulation, consistent with the Polyvagal Theory, may contribute to the deficits in social behavior and social communication observed in FXS.
The control of angular momentum for asymmetric rigid bodies

A linear feedback law is obtained in closed form for the regulation of the angular momentum of an arbitrary rotating rigid body, without linearizing hypotheses of symmetry, yet optimal for a suitable quadratic energy cost. The evolution of the amplitude of the controlled angular momentum is thereby obtained in closed form, whence asymptotic closed-loop stability and exact open-loop terminal rate nulling are derived. Earlier steady-state results are recovered as particular cases.