cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visible Signatures of Hypersonic Reentry

Aerothermal heating of hypersonic reentry bodies can generate significant radiation of visible light. This study investigates the conditions for ground-level visibility and what the authors term noticeability of that radiated light to the unaided human eye. This study considers radiated visible light, transmission to ground level as a function of relative observer position, sky background contrast, human contrast perception limits, and psychophysical considerations for attention capture. Considering both pure ballistic trajectories and lifting-body trajectories, this study presents examples of spatial and temporal viewing zones for both detectability and noticeability. In some cases, viewing zones extend a significant distance from the impact location and/or include the impact location for a potentially significant period of time before impact.
Regge Description of Optical-Model Scattering

The analytic continuation of the $S$ matrix into the complex angular momentum plane is performed exactly for the Woods-Saxon-type optical potentials, describing the elastic scattering of spinless but charged particles. The properties of this $S$ matrix, such as the nature of the pole trajectories and the behavior of the background integral, are investigated for several specific cases. Based on these exact calculations, the validity of various approximations made in the Regge theory is assessed. It is found that approximations which retain only the pole terms are generally poor, being quite sensitive to the number and the positions of the poles and converging very slowly with an increasing number of poles. On the other hand, models using a simple analytic background term, in addition to one pole term, are found to reproduce the exact Regge amplitude quite accurately under favorable conditions. Suggestions are made for the possibility of extending this idea into a background-plus-several-pole model, when the background-one-pole model fails.
A method for modeling oxygen diffusion in an agent-based model with application to host-pathogen infection

This paper describes a method for incorporating a diffusion field modeling oxygen usage and dispersion in a multi-scale model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection mediated granuloma formation. We implemented this method over a floating-point field to model oxygen dynamics in host tissue during chronic phase response and Mtb persistence. The method avoids the requirement of satisfying the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition, which is necessary in implementing the explicit version of the finite-difference method, but imposes an impractical bound on the time step. Instead, diffusion is modeled by a matrix-based, steady state approximate solution to the diffusion equation. Presented in figure 1 is the evolution of the diffusion profiles of a containment granuloma over time.
Multiple forms of β-glucuronidase in rat liver lysosomes and microsomes☆☆☆

Abstract Multiple forms of β-glucuronidase have been demonstrated using sucrose gradient and polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing techniques in 6 m urea. Microsomal β-glucuronidase, a membrane-bound enzyme, was solubilized from lysosome-free, Ca 2+ -precipitated microsomes by detergents and isolated by chromatography on columns of rabbit anti-rat preputial gland β-glucuronidase antibody bound to Sepharose. The enzyme has a pI of 6.7. Polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing resolves the microsomal enzyme into three components, each of which is protease sensitive. The protease-modified microsomal enzyme is very similar to several forms of β-glucuronidase in lysosomes. The lysosomal β-glucuronidase, isolated from osmotically shocked lysosomes, is very heterogeneous after isoelectric focusing over the range pI 5.4–6.0. The lysosomal enzyme can be resolved into 10–12 bands by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. The more acid forms of the lysosomal enzyme are neuraminidase sensitive, suggesting they may be sialoglycoproteins.
Blue compact dwarf galaxies. I. Neutral hydrogen observations of 115 galaxies

HI observations are reported for a sample of 115 blue compact dwarf (M sub B greater than approximately -18) galaxies or 'extragalactic H II regions' chosen mostly from the objective prism surveys of Markarian (1967-1974) and Haro (1956), with a few objects from Zwicky (1971) and other investigators. Ninety-three galaxies are detected. H I profiles, neutral hydrogen masses, total masses, and all available optical data are given for the 115 galaxies in a consistent and homogeneous system and in a useful format for statistical studies. The data are used in a companion paper to study the stochastic mode of star formation in galaxies.
Clinicopathologic Presentation and Natural History of Anorectal Melanoma: A Case Series of 18 Patients

Anorectal melanoma is a rare malignant neoplasm with variable natural history and nonspecific presentation. We describe the clinicopathologic and prognostic parameters of a series of 18 patients (16 [88.9%] white; 10 [55.6%] male; median age, 64.0 years [interquartile range, 45.8-74.3 years]) with histologically proven anorectal melanoma treated at our institution during a 21-year period between October 1991 and August 2012. Late diagnosis was common (44.5% of patients had stage II disease or worse at diagnosis), likely owing to a delay in presentation, nonspecific presenting symptoms, and frequent incorrect diagnoses (16 cases [88.9%]). Overall disease-specific mortality was 66.7% (12 of 18 patients), with a median time to death of 15.5 months (interquartile range, 7.3-25.5 months). Disease-specific survival was significantly better following wide local excision vs abdominoperineal resection (P = .04), although patients undergoing the former tended to have fewer rectal lesions (P = .04), smaller lesions (P = .02), and a trend toward less advanced stage (P = .06). Larger studies assessing optimal medical and surgical management for anorectal melanoma are needed to improve outcomes.
In situ labeling of granule cells for apoptosis-associated DNA fragmentation reveals different mechanisms of cell loss in developing cerebellum

We have examined the role apoptosis plays during postnatal development of the mouse cerebellum by a new method utilizing T7 DNA polymerase for the in situ detection of DNA fragmentation associated with cell death. Granule cell loss between the third and fifth postnatal weeks, hypothesized to affect the granule cell to Purkinje cell stoichiometry, is not associated with DNA fragmentation. However, cerebellar granule cells undergo extensive nuclear DNA fragmentation between postnatal days 5 and 9. Cell death prior to synaptogenesis may help regulate granule cell number. Our results suggest that different mechanisms of cell death within the same neuronal cell population occur during development.
Stochastic versus deterministic in haemopoiesis: what is what?

Summary ‘Stochastic’models of haemopoiesis are discussed in juxtaposition to ‘deterministic’concepts. It is argued that certain characteristic features attributed to stochastic models are conjectures, not supported by the observations quoted to provide an experimental basis: for example, an assumption of extrinsic control and another assumption that such control is inaccessible to external influences up to the very latest stages of cell development. Furthermore, it is argued that quantitative relationships between early progenitors (stem cells) and the number of colonies produced in vitro, cited as evidence supporting the proliferation and differentiation scheme of the stochastic model of random restriction, are also compatible with other models, providing that some sufficiently complex mechanism is involved in the control process. A simple model based on the principle of ordered development (usually denoted ‘proliferation tree’) is presented as an example and the calculated distributions are shown to have the same form as the experimental ones.
The oscillatory channel flow with large wall injection

In the presence of smallamplitude pressure oscillations, the linearized NavierStokes equations are solved to obtain an accurate description of the timedependent field in a channel having a rectangu...
The Absorption of Light by Fog

Measurements between two stations 0.4 km apart with a thermocouple and galvanometer and with spectrograms, properly calibrated, of the absorption of light by fog for wave-lengths from 0.4 to 3\ensuremath{\mu} showed that the absorption increased slightly with decrease in wave-length, but hardly enough to indicate that red light is appreciably better than blue light for the purpose of penetrating fog. For a fairly dense fog, such that in daylight dark colored objects at about 0.6 km could barely be be seen, the distances necessary to reduce the light to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ of its original value were about 710, 843, 910, 970, 980 and 980 meters for wave-lengths 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0\ensuremath{\mu}, respectively.
Synthesis and Structural/Theoretical (DFT) Analysis of the Geometrically Unprecedented Au–Pt Cluster, Pt7(μ 2-CO)8(PPh3)4(μ 4-AuPPh3)2: Structure-to-Synthesis Appraisal Concerning Its Formation

In ongoing attempts to synthesize nanosized gold-platinum carbonyl phosphine clusters either directly or indirectly by initially obtaining intermediate-sized ones as potential precursors, the neutral Au–Pt CO/PR3-ligated cluster, Pt7(μ 2-CO)8 (PPh3)4(μ 4-AuPPh3)2 (1), was isolated and characterized by low-temperature CCD X-ray diffraction, IR, and mass spectrometric measurements. The heretofore unknown 9-atom metal architecture of the Au2Pt7 core may be envisioned as a Pt7 adduct of a Pt4 butterfly and an edge-opened Pt3 triangle that is additionally linked by two tetracapping AuPPh3 units. Each of the two butterfly-hinged (basal) Pt atoms is connected to two of the three edge-opened triangular Pt atoms thereby giving rise to an essentially coplanar Pt5 fragment consisting of three edge-fused bonding triangles; addition of two AuPPh3 units to the Pt7 adduct completes the Au2Pt7 framework via formation of the two symmetry-equivalent square-pyramidal (μ 4-Au)Pt4 moieties, each resulting from the tetracapping of a AuPPh3 unit to the central Pt3 triangle of the coplanar Pt5 fragment and to one of the two out-of-plane wingtip Pt atoms. Six PPh3 ligands are coordinated to the two Au atoms, the two wingtip Pt atoms of the Pt4butterfly-shaped fragment, and the two outer Pt atoms of the edge-opened Pt3 triangle. Four of the eight doubly bridging μ 2-COs link the four edges connecting the two out-of-plane wingtip Pt atoms with the two hinged (basal) Pt atoms, while the other four μ 2-COs span four of the five Pt–Pt bonding edges of the coplanar Pt5 fragment (i.e., the fifth Pt–Pt bonding edge is spanned by the two out-of-plane wingtip Pt atoms). The resulting molecular configuration (without P-attached phenyl substituents) possesses crystallographic C2 (2) and pseudo-C2v symmetry. An optimized geometry of the PH3- and PMe3-models of 1, obtained from gradient-corrected (scalar-relativistic) DFT calculations is in reasonably good agreement with the crystallographically determined geometry of 1.A structure-to-synthesis approach is presented as part of extensive but unsuccessful efforts to design a high-yield reproducible preparative route to 1 in order to enable physical/chemical studies as well as to utilize it as a preformed cluster for further PPh3/CO deligation reactions.
Host status of Meyer and Eureka lemons for Anastrepha ludens.

ABSTRACT Host status for Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens (Loew)) was examined under laboratory conditions in cage infested Eureka and Meyer lemons. Our approach was to allow females to oviposit on the two cultivars in separate laboratory cages with aluminum foil covering to restrict the areas where females had access to fruit surface. Fruit of each cultivar were placed in covered trays for incubations and at approximately weekly intervals, fruit were removed, dissected, and live and dead eggs and larvae tabulated in each tissue of the fruit. Infestation and survival were tabulated and analyzed for the effects of harvest date, fruit color and brix indices, postoviposition period, and cultivar. Infestation rate, determined by counts of total eggs and larvae was significantly higher in Meyer lemons. In both cultivars, females deposited eggs into both albedo and pulp tissue but not into flavedo. Both cultivars showed high resistance (>90% mortality) to egg and first instars survival in albedo and pulp. S...
Social neuroscience: The social brain, oxytocin, and health

Complex social behaviors allow various social organisms to create emergent organizations that extend beyond the individual. Social neuroscience is a burgeoning field that strives to understand the genetic, hormonal, and neural mechanisms responsible for these social structures and behaviors. Consequently, social neuroscience is highly interdisciplinary in nature and embraces the application of methods ranging from the molecular to the molar to investigate the reciprocal interactions between biological, cognitive, and social levels of analysis. The broad scope of such an endeavor introduces particular challenges associated with the integration of multiple levels of analysis. In the present mini-review, we highlight some recent findings in the field of social neuroscience and demonstrate the potential benefits of applying multilevel integrative analysis to the study of social behavior and its influence on physiology and health.
Degradation of gamma secretase activating protein by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway

A major hallmark feature of Alzheimer's disease is the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ), whose formation is regulated by the γ-secretase complex and its activating protein (also known as γ-secretase activating protein, or GSAP). Because GSAP interacts with the γ-secretase without affecting the cleavage of Notch, it is an ideal target for a viable anti-Aβ therapy. GSAP derives from a C-terminal fragment of a larger precursor protein of 98 kDa via a caspase 3-mediated cleavage. However, the mechanism(s) involved in its degradation remain unknown. In this study, we show that GSAP has a short half-life of approximately 5 h. Neuronal cells treated with proteasome inhibitors markedly prevented GSAP protein degradation, which was associated with a significant increment in Aβ levels and γ-secretase cleavage products. In contrast, treatment with calpain blocker and lysosome inhibitors had no effect. In addition, we provide experimental evidence that GSAP is ubiquitinated. Taken together, our findings reveal that GSAP is degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Modulation of the GSAP degradation pathway may be implemented as a viable target for a safer anti-Aβ therapeutic approach in Alzheimer's disease. The GSAP derives from a precursor via a caspase 3-mediated cleavage, is up-regulated in Alzheimer's disease brains and facilitates Aβ production by interacting directly with the γ-secretase complex. Here, we demonstrate that GSAP is ubiquitinated and then selectively degraded via the proteasome system but not the calpains or lysosome pathways. These findings provide further evidence for the involvement of the proteasome system in the regulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) precursor protein metabolism and Aβ formation. AICD, APP intracellular domain; APP, amyloid precursor protein; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CTF-α, alpha-C-terminal fragment; CTF-β, beta-C-terminal fragment; GSAP, γ-secretase activating protein; Ub, ubiquitin.
RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN MEASUREMENT ERROR IN EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT MODELS

Reliable and theoretically meaningful measurement is a prerequisite for good educational research; yet it has not always assumed the prominence it deserves. The linear statistical model is probably the most commonly used analytic tool in educational research, but using the linear statistical model carries with it a clear, but often overlooked, assumption about measurement error. As Blalock (1964, p. 49) noted, one assumes that "there may be errors of measurement with respect to the dependent variable Y, but that all of the independent variables have been measured without error." Such an assumption is obviously unrealistic for most social data, and has a well-known effect upon least-squares estimators-they are biased (Walker and Lev, 1953, p. 306). Until recently, there was little that an educational researcher could do about least-squares indicators biased by measurement error. There were basically only three alternatives. By far the most common was to naively assume that the variables were measured without error, and wistfully hope the resulting estimates were robust. A second alternative was to correct correlation coefficients for attenuation, and use the corrected estimates as inputs to a regression analysis. This procedure, however, in the absence of multiple measurements required a priori knowledge of the reliability coefficients for the variables; furthermore, one had to assume the reliabilities were invariant from one population, subpopulation, or sample to the one at hand. These restrictions severely limit the use of regression analyses based on correlations corrected for attenuation. Yet a third alternative was to measure implied coefficients between latent variables for which one had multiple manifest indicators. Siegel and Hodge (1968), for example, explicated several such models in their paper directed to sociologists; furthermore, they noted that correlations corrected for attenuation were merely special cases of their multiple indicator models. The problem with this alternative, as noted by both Hauser and Goldberger (1971) and Long (1976), is its casual approach toward statistical estimation and hypothesis testing. The problem results from overidentified models, which yield multiple estimates of the associations among latent variables. In response, some authors have chosen to ignore one or more of the identifying equations (e.g., Blalock, 1970; Land, 1970); others have averaged the estimates from the several equations (e.g., Hauser, 1970). A better alternative would be to obtain estimates of overidentified parameters by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). These procedures grew out of the work of Lawley (1943), but the immense computational load required for the iterative estimation of maximum-likelihood estimates prevented their application in practice. Thus, the application of more adequate statistical procedures languished until Joreskog (1966, 1967, 1969) discovered an efficient MLE computational procedure, soon to be followed
Identification and Characterization of Leukocyte-associated Ig-like Receptor-1 as a Major Anchor Protein of Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-1 in Hematopoietic Cells

SHP-1, an SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase, has a crucial role in hematopoiesis. Here we report that SHP-1 is associated with two major tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in hematopoietic cells treated with the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, pervanadate. One of the proteins corresponds to leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1), a recently cloned transmembrane protein. Molecular cloning revealed four isoforms of the protein. LAIR-1 is hyper-phosphorylated on tyrosyl residues in cells overexpressing a catalytically inactive mutant form of SHP-1 as well as in pervanadate-treated cells. An antibody against the extracellular domain of the protein also induced its tyrosine phosphorylation. Tyrosine-phosphorylated LAIR-1 specifically interacts with SHP-1 but not with SHP-2, a structurally related tyrosine phosphatase. Using site-specific mutagenesis, we demonstrated that Tyr233 and Tyr263, each embedded in an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif, are responsible for tyrosine phosphorylation of LAIR-1 and recruitment of SHP-1. Both tyrosyl residues are required for SHP-1 binding. Protein kinases responsible for tyrosine phosphorylation of LAIR-1 may belong to the Src family since PP1, a Src family kinase inhibitor, significantly inhibited its phosphorylation. As a major binding protein of SHP-1 on the plasma membrane, LAIR-1 may play an important role in hematopoietic cell signaling.
ROLE MODELS IN SELF-ESTEEM OF COLLEGE WOMEN '

This study examined the relationship between self-esteem and the existence of role models among a sample of 36 female college students. Participants completed a questionnaire which included demographic questions, the Self-esteem Inventory, and questions concerning use of childhood and contemporary role models. Independent t-test results indicated that participants who reported having current role models had higher self-esteem scores than participants who did not, suggesting that role models may contribute to higher self-esteem in college-age women. No significant differences in self-esteem were by sex of the role model.
Interaction of cowpea mosaic virus nanoparticles with surface vimentin and inflammatory cells in atherosclerotic lesions.

Aims: Detection of atherosclerosis has generally been limited to the late stages of development, after cardiovascular symptoms present or a clinical event occurs. One possibility for early detection is the use of functionalized nanoparticles. The aim of this study was the early imaging of atherosclerosis using nanoparticles with a natural affinity for inflammatory cells in the lesion. Materials & methods: We investigated uptake of cowpea mosaic virus by macrophages and foam cells in vitro and correlated this with vimentin expression. We also examined the ability of cowpea mosaic virus to interact with atherosclerotic lesions in a murine model of atherosclerosis. Results & conclusion: We found that uptake of cowpea mosaic virus is increased in areas of atherosclerotic lesion. This correlated with increased surface vimentin in the lesion compared with nonlesion vasculature. In conclusion, cowpea mosaic virus and its vimentin-binding region holds potential for use as a targeting ligand for early atherosclero...
Biomedical Photonics Handbook

Biomedical Diagnostics. Edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh Edited by Tuan VoDinh. CRC Press 20142014. Pages 311–356. Print ISBN: 978-1-42008514-3. eBook ISBN:. Bjorn Kemper is a senior researcher at the Biomedical Technology Center of the Srirang Manohar is an associate professor of biomedical photonic imaging. This volume discusses biomedical photonics, spectroscopy and microscopy, the basic physical principles underlying the technology and its applications.
Online Case Studies and a Process Description for Product Platform Planning

Product Platform Planning is an emerging philosophy that calls for the planned development and deployment of families of related products. It is markedly different from the traditional product development process, which focuses on optimized designs for individual products. This is a relatively new development in engineering design, which is not typically a part of an engineer’s education. Furthermore, it is different from traditional engineering topics in that it requires an integration of principles from both management and engineering design. All this makes for a new and different topic for which educational material needs to be developed. To address these needs, an online resource has been developed. This resource includes a set of three cases, a tutorial, and a glossary in a multimedia format hosted on the Internet. The tutorial developed for the website presents the basic concepts as well as current research on planning and architecting families of products. The case study section has three cases based on a family of popular power tools. The cases present information in the form of function diagrams, assembly diagrams, customer needs and market-segment data. Links are provided to helpful sites, as well as to relevant sections in the tutorial. Although product platform planning is a relatively new development, a variety of approaches have been used by the research community and practitioners in industry. A need was felt for a comprehensive, coherent source of knowledge in this field on which to base the case studies, and also as a means to providing a single source of information to users of this resource. Accordingly, a literature review was conducted and an overall process description was developed. This paper presents and describes the online learning resource which was developed. In addition, the literature review and the process description of platform planning that were developed are also detailed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
International Prices And Availability Of Pharmaceuticals In 2005

This paper compares pharmaceutical spending, availability, use, and prices in twelve countries in 2005. Drug spending per capita was higher in the United States than in other countries. The United ...
The Mechanism of Food Intake in Tokophrya infusionum and Ultrastructural Changes in Food Vacuoles during Digestion

SYNOPSIS Food intake in Tokophrya infusionum is preceded by penetration of the knob of the tentacle into the cytoplasm of the prey, Tetrahymena. Immediately thereafter, the membrane of the knob starts to invaginate into the lumen of the inner tube of the tentacle carrying with it the cytoplasm of the prey. At the proximal end of the tentacle, the invaginating membrane inflates, pinches off and forms a food vacuole. The mechanism is similar to that in amoebae during pinocytosis. The first few food vacuoles contain broken-up membranes, an indication that predigestion of prey cytoplasm takes place. This process is limited, however, to the part of cytoplasm around the knob since all food vacuoles formed later are composed of intact cytoplasmic organelles of Tetrahymena. Among them the most abundant and at the same time the most resistant to digestion are mitochondria and mucocysts. The ultrastructure of mitochondria is preserved very well during processing for electron microscopy and changes in their fine structure therefore serve conveniently as markers of the stage of digestion and of the age of food vacuoles. Digestion of mitochondria progresses over a period of several hours. They finally seem to degrade into glycogen-like particles. All components of the food vacuole reach this stage much earlier. Digestion proceeds further until the food vacuole is filled with a watery content of very low density. Digestion in such food vacuoles is completed. The complete digestion of the content of food vacuoles is of primary importance for Tokophrya, since this organism does not have a cytopyge thru which waste products could be eliminated.
Evaluation of distortion in f.m. trunk radio systems by a Monte Carlo method

There exists a considerable body of published work concerned with the theoretical evaluation of distortion arising from various sources in trunk radio systems. The analytical difficulties, however, are often formidable, and simplifying approximations have usually to be made. As a consequence, the theory has developed in a piecemeal fashion, different approaches having to be followed depending on the origin of the distortion. By contrast, the measurement method prescribed by international agreement is of universal application, though it is liable to suffer from the uncertainties inevitable when measurements are carried out in complex and often somewhat ill-defined situations.It is the purpose of the present paper to describe a method of computer simulation of the standard measurement technique, and to give some representative numerical results. The method is in principle capable of good accuracy, and greatly extends the range of distortion problems amenable to theoretical treatment. It is applicable to the evaluation of distortion arising from external interference sources, such as added thermal noise, as well as distortion due to echoes, filtering etc. The present approach is found to give good agreement with existing theory where this may be expected to apply.
Perceived and Actual Grasp Forces on Cylindrical Handles

Objective: To compare the grasp force and the perceived grasp force, as a percentage of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), on cylindrical handles and describe a functional relationship between the two. Background: Repeated forceful exertions during work are associated with musculoskeletal disorders, and direct measurement of those forces is often difficult. Estimates are frequently made based on the judgments of force relative to the maximum grasp force capability of the individual. Method: Participants exerted grasp forces on five sizes of cylindrical handles. Pressure values at 16 locations (12 on the fingers and 4 on the distal ends of the metacarpal bones) were measured. Participants were asked to exert what they perceived to be specific percentages (in 10% increments) of their maximum grasp force on each of the five handles. Results: A linear relationship between perceived and actual grasp force was found up to the point of about 80% of perceived MVC. Above that point, the relationship became q...
Diffusion and adsorption in arrested‐flow chromatography

Etude des proprietes des particules contenues dans une colonne a garnissage: masse volumique, porosite, diametre des pores, facteur de tortuosite
Chapter 8 Characterization of biomaterial surfaces

Abstract The surface of a biomaterial can alter or influence proteins and cells. Such interaction leads to the responses we call biocompatibility and blood compatibility. Thus, an understanding of the surface can offer insight into the nature of biological reaction. Since surfaces are inevitably different in chemistry and structure from the bulk of materials and since surfaces are comprised of a minute amount of material, special analytical techniques are needed to study surfaces. Contact angle methods, surface infrared techniques, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), surface imaging methods, and the scanning probe microscopies are briefly outlined with an emphasis on new developments that will enhance our abilities to study biomaterial surfaces.
Histone mRNA and Histone Synthesis during Embryogenesis

PROPORTIONAL contributions of individual histone fractions to total histone and their degree of microheterogeneity change during development. This has now been established for many plants and animals1,2 including sea urchins3–6. The very lysine-rich histones, designated F1, can be fractionated as several proteins of similar amino acid composition7,9 and as different phosphorylated derivatives10,11. These histones in particular show considerable species specificity in primary structure, molecular weight, and microheterogeneity8,9,12,13. It has been demonstrated in earlier studies3–6 that aside from changes in proportion among histone classes synthesised during sea urchin development, synthesis of an F1 characteristic of the morula stage (F1-m) gives way to synthesis of a new and electrophoretically distinct F1 at the gastrula stage (F1-g). Significantly, the F1-m histone is neither degraded nor converted to F1-g during the interval from morula to gastrula6.
The causal dimension of Goethe's morphology

Abstract Any modern readings of Goethe's morphological writings must struggle with the author's apparent satisfaction that his ‘morphology’ (Goethe coined the term) was both a descriptive science and a causal one. This unlikely attitude is too easily dismissed by readers who assume that Goethe's work must either be encompassed by modern developments or be mistaken. The assumption is aided by the fact that Goethe's notion of an archetype , which is the causal aspect of his work, has been misread by inserting it within the context of Naturphilosophie and the work of those men, particularly Oken and Owen, who seem most representative of it. Goethe's notion, as it is developed in his botanical writings, cannot be subsumed over this model—it is a unique product. In order to develop a concept adequate to his intention, however, it will be necessary to relate his approach to the history of morphology, and by doing so, disentangle Goethe's idea from the more common one. I shall argue that the misreading above arises from the assumption that Goethe, like Oken and Owen, begins from the organizing concept of a common underlying schema and offers a version of this as an archetype. Since the notion of such a common structural plan is part of modern morphology, the misreading is inevitable unless the reader is able to detect another starting point in Goethe's work. Goethe begins, in fact, with transformation functions rather than schemas, and describes movement rather than stasis. We shall see what a great difference this will make only when we understand how central the notion of a common schema was to the historical development of morphology, excluding Goethe.
Approaches to control of potato early dying caused by Verticillium dahliae

Potato early dying disease, caused byVerticillium dahliae, may be either suppressed or controlled by a variety of procedures. These methods include the growing of resistant cultivars, attention to cultural management, utilization of pesticides, and solar heating of soils. The greatest successes in control of Verticillium wilt have been achieved with the use of either soil fumigants or clonal resistance, but these approaches have been restricted. Widespread use of fumigants has been limited by cost, and the lack of commercial acceptance has often restricted the utilization of resistant potato cultivars. The Katahdin and Targhee cultivars are currently available with resistance and/or tolerance to this disease. The Russet Burbank potato also possesses a limited degree of resistance to the fungus, and with this resistance, the disease appears to be suppressed by optimal growing conditions. In potato fields that have been cropped for several years, disease suppression in Russet Burbank was found to be related to methods of irrigation and increased nitrogen availability. It is suggested that improved utilization of resistant germplasm and effective use of biological control strategies may ultimately lead to economical control of this disease.
Immobilization of Amine-Modified Oligonucleotides on Aldehyde-Terminated Alkanethiol Monolayers on Gold

Chemistry is described for the fabrication of DNA arrays on gold surfaces. Alkanethiols modified with terminal aldehyde groups are used to prepare a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The aldehyde groups of the monolayer may be reacted with amine-modified oligonucleotides or other amine-bearing biomolecules to form a Schiff base, which may then be reduced to a stable secondary amine by treatment with sodium cyanoborohydride. The surface modifications and reactions are characterized by polarization modulation Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-FTIRRAS), and the accessibility, binding specificity, and stability of the DNA-modified surfaces are demonstrated in hybridization experiments.
How social exclusion distorts social network perceptions

In two studies we investigate whether social exclusion—a well-studied, common and quite painful social experience-influences people's perceptions of novel social networks. In a first study, exclusion experiences led people to report that novel networks were more dense relative to those who had not been excluded. As predicted, this was true only for social networks; exclusion had no impact on perceptions when networks were described as geographical. In a follow-up experiment, participants watched a custom-created video, depicting avatars interacting in social scenes and they were asked to report the ties among the avatars in the video. Exclusion experiences led people to see network ties where none exist (i.e., false positives), though there was no effect for exclusion (versus inclusion) on reports of false negatives. Results indicate that common social experiences systematically shape network perceptions, leading people to seeing novel social networks as more densely connected than they are.
The transfer of preventive health technologies to schools: a focus on implementation.

Abstract School-based fluoride rinse programs are in the process of rapid and widespread adoption in the United States and represent an opportunity to study the implementation of health technologies by schools. This paper discusses the transfer of this dental preventive health technology as it relates to current diffusion theory. Findings from a national investigation of the adoption and implementation of fluoride rinse programs are analyzed in relation to two issues: the accuracy of program implementation and the long-term commitment to administering the technology. Implications of these findings for the delivery of school health services and directions for suggested future research are explored.
Further studies on the renal action of glucagon.

ABSTRACT Studies of the action of glucagon on the renal excretion of uric acid, total nitrogen and urea nitrogen are reported. A single dose of glucagon was administered to each of 14 normal subjects and 4 patients with gout. Seven normal subjects who received glucose infusions served as controls. In addition, 2 of the patients with gout were given glucagon three times daily for several days while they were receiving a constant diet. Glucagon caused an immediate increase in uric acid excretion which persisted at least one hour. However, this increase in uric acid was not detected in 12–hour urine collections from 2 patients receiving 3 daily injections of glucagon. Evidence is presented that the immediate uricosuric effect is not secondary to the hjrperglycemic action of glucagon and that it may be due to an action on the renal tubule. Administration of glucagon resulted in a significant but small increase in total nitrogen and urea nitrogen excretions. Because these changes closely paralleled changes in ...
Photosynthetic and growth responses of reciprocal hybrids to variation in water and nitrogen availability.

 Premise of the study: Fitness of plant hybrids often depends upon the environment, but physiological mechanisms underlying the differential responses to habitat are poorly understood. We examined physiological responses of Ipomopsis species and hybrids, including reciprocal F 1 s and F 2 s, to variation in soil moisture and nitrogen.  Methods: To examine responses to moisture, we subjected plants to a dry-down experiment. Nitrogen was manipulated in three independent experiments, one in the fi eld and two in common environments.  Key results: Plants with I. tenuituba cytoplasmic background had lower optimal soil moisture for photosynthesis, appearing better adapted to dry conditions, than plants with I. aggregata cytoplasm. This result supported a prediction from prior studies. The species and hybrids did not differ greatly in physiological responses to nitrogen. An increase in soil nitrogen increased leaf nitrogen, carbon assimilation, integrated water-use effi ciency, and growth, but the increases in growth were not mediated primarily by an increase in photosynthesis. In neither the fi eld, nor in common-garden studies, did physiological responses to soil nitrogen differ detectably across plant types, although only I. aggregata and hybrids increased seed production in the fi eld.  Conclusions: These results demonstrate differences in photosynthetic responses between reciprocal hybrids and suggest that water use is more important than nitrogen in explaining the relative photosynthetic performance of these hybrids compared to their parents.
APOLIPOPROTEIN E AND COGNITION IN COMMUNITY-BASED SAMPLES OF AFRICAN AMERICANS AND CAUCASIANS

To compare relative frequencies of apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles in African-American and Caucasian populations and test associations with cognition, we studied two community-based samples: one of 253 African Americans and another of 466 Caucasians age 60– 84 years. Logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, education, and history of hypertension and diabetes was used to associate APOE with five cognitive measures. The APOE-e4 allele frequency was 29.5% in African Americans and 12.1% in Caucasians. In the African Americans, no association was found between the presence of the APOE-e4 allele and any of the cognitive measures. Among Caucasians, APOE-e4 carriers performed more poorly on three of the five tests. We also report a considerably higher frequency of the APOE-e4 allele in our African-American sample compared to other US-based studies.
Observations on autoregulation in skeletal muscle - The effects of arterial hypoxia

An experimental study was carried out on 25 mongrel dogs of both sexes to re-evaluate autoregulation of blood flow in skeletal muscle, with particular reference to the steady-state resistance and transient response in muscle blood flow following a square wave increase in arterial perfusion pressure and to the examination of the effect of arterial hypoxia on this transient response. The data emphasize the importance of considering the transient changes in blood flow in evaluating the autoregulatory response in skeletal muscle. For quantification purposes, a parameter termed alpha is introduced which represents the ratio between the increase in blood flow from baseline to peak and the return of blood flow from the peak to the new steady-state. Such a quantification of the transient response in flow with step increases in perfusion pressure demonstrates substantial transient responses under conditions of normal oxygenation and progressive attenuation of flow transients with increasing hypoxia.
Fixed-final-time optimal control of nonlinear systems with terminal constraints

A model-based reinforcement learning algorithm is developed in this paper for fixed-final-time optimal control of nonlinear systems with soft and hard terminal constraints. Convergence of the algorithm, for linear in the weights neural networks, is proved through a novel idea by showing that the training algorithm is a contraction mapping. Once trained, the developed neurocontroller is capable of solving this class of optimal control problems for different initial conditions, different final times, and different terminal constraint surfaces providing some mild conditions hold. Three examples are provided and the numerical results demonstrate the versatility and the potential of the developed technique.
Evaluation of Modal Pushover–Based Scaling of One Component of Ground Motion: Tall Buildings

Nonlinear response history analysis (RHA) is now increasingly used for performance-based seismic design of tall buildings. Required for nonlinear RHAs is a set of ground motions selected and scaled...
On the problem of retranslation in computing with perceptions

This paper deals with one problem that needs to be addressed in the emerging field known under the name “computing with perceptions”. It is the problem of describing, approximately, a given fuzzy set in natural language. This problem has lately been referred to as the problem of retranslation. Two approaches to dealing with the retranslation problem are discussed in the paper, one based on a pre-defined set of linguistic terms and the associated fuzzy sets, and one based on approximating the given fuzzy set by another fuzzy set that is easier to describe in natural language. The retranslation problem is discussed in terms of two criteria—validity and informativeness.
Emergent, crowd-scale programming practice in the IDE

While emergent behaviors are uncodified across many domains such as programming and writing, interfaces need explicit rules to support users. We hypothesize that by codifying emergent programming behavior, software engineering interfaces can support a far broader set of developer needs. To explore this idea, we built Codex, a knowledge base that records common practice for the Ruby programming language by indexing over three million lines of popular code. Codex enables new data-driven interfaces for programming systems: statistical linting, identifying code that is unlikely to occur in practice and may constitute a bug; pattern annotation, automatically discovering common programming idioms and annotating them with metadata using expert crowdsourcing; and library generation, constructing a utility package that encapsulates and reflects emergent software practice. We evaluate these applications to find Codex captures a broad swatch of programming practice, statistical linting detects problematic code snippets, and pattern annotation discovers nontrivial idioms such as basic HTTP authentication and database migration templates. Our work suggests that operationalizing practice-driven knowledge in structured domains such as programming can enable a new class of user interfaces.
The Critical Role of CO2 in the Morphogenesis of Coccidioides immitis in Cell-Free Subcutaneous Chambers

In order to ascertain the factors controlling conversion of Coccidioides immitis arthroconidia to endosporulating spherules, studies were conducted with the use of subcutaneously implanted dialysis chambers in mice. The dialysate had the following characteristics: pH approximately 7.36; CO2 partial pressure, approximately 50 mm Hg; O2 partial pressure, approximately 140 mm Hg; protein content, approximately 20 mg/ml; and no cells. When chambers were inoculated with arthroconidia, endosporulating spherules developed. Introduction of syngeneic phagocytes had no effect. When dialysate or autologous serum was studied in vitro in room air, arthroconidia converted to mycelia unless CO2 supplementation (CO2 partial pressure, 20-80 mm Hg) was provided, in which case endosporulating spherules developed. The effect of CO2 could not be reproduced with either NaHCO3 or other buffers. These studies indicate that CO2 at a partial pressure found in normal host tissues is essential for formation of endosporulating spherules and that host phagocytes are not needed for such conversion in tissue fluids, either in vivo or in vitro.
Thrombin Flux and Wall Shear Rate Regulate Fibrin Fiber Deposition State during Polymerization Under Flow

Thrombin is released as a soluble enzyme from the surface of platelets and tissue-factor-bearing cells to trigger fibrin polymerization during thrombosis under flow conditions. Although isotropic fibrin polymerization under static conditions involves protofibril extension and lateral aggregation leading to a gel, factors regulating fiber growth are poorly quantified under hemodynamic flow due to the difficulty of setting thrombin fluxes. A membrane microfluidic device allowed combined control of both thrombin wall flux (10−13 to 10−11 nmol/μm2 s) and the wall shear rate (10–100 s−1) of a flowing fibrinogen solution. At a thrombin flux of 10−12 nmol/μm2 s, both fibrin deposition and fiber thickness decreased as the wall shear rate increased from 10 to 100 s−1. Direct measurement and transport-reaction simulations at 12 different thrombin flux-wall shear rate conditions demonstrated that two dimensionless numbers, the Peclet number (Pe) and the Damkohler number (Da), defined a state diagram to predict fibrin morphology. For Da 900 and Pe < 100, we observed three-dimensional gels. These results indicate that increases in wall shear rate quench first lateral aggregation and then protofibril extension.