cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase Transitions and Galaxy Clustering

The clustering of galaxies is sometimes said to resemble a phase transition from a uniform distribution to an inhomogeneous collection of clusters. We examine how close this resemblance actually is using the cosmological many-body model for galaxy clustering. This model agrees well with the observed galaxy distribution and correlation functions. It also has exact analytic equations of state which can be used to explore its phase transition properties simply and directly. While there are superficial resemblances to a second-order phase transition, this description is modified by the infinite dynamical timescale needed for a hierarchy of clustering to develop at all levels throughout the universe. In an Einstein-deSitter cosmology, a first-order phase transition may occur asymptotically in the infinite future.
Polarization- and spin-dependent ultrafast optical nonlinearities of Bragg-spaced quantum wells

Spin- and polarization-dependent ultrafast blue shifts, transient gain and self-wave-mixing are observed in Bragg-spaced InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells. The data are in agreement with a microscopic theory.
Proto-oncogene PML controls genes devoted to MHC class I antigen presentation

Fragments of foreign antigens associated with class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are presented at the cell surface to elicit an immune response. This presentation requires the coordinated expression of several genes contained in the MHC1,2,3,4,5, including those encoding the MHC class I heavy chain, the proteins LMP-2 and LMP-7, which are involved in the proteasomal degradation of cytosolic antigens into peptide fragments that are destined for association with MHC class I molecules, and TAP-1 and TAP-2, which transport these fragments across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum at the start of their journey to the cell surface. In many virus-transformed cell lines6,7 and spontaneous tumours8,9,10, these genes are simultaneously repressed. However, the key factor(s) that are essential for their expression and repression have not been identified. Here we report that the proto-oncogene product PML induces expression of LMP-2, LMP-7, TAP-1 and TAP-2 in an MHC-class I-negative, recurrent tumour, leading to the re-expression of cell-surface MHC in tumours and to rejection of the tumours. PML also regulates MHC expression in untransformed fibroblasts. We conclude that malfunction of PML may enable a tumour to evade the immune defence of its host.
Monitoring the stability of organometallic perovskite thin films

Organometallic halide perovskites have emerged as a revolutionary class of light-absorbing semiconductors that have demonstrated a rapid increase in efficiency within a few years of active research. However, chemical stability is a major issue that hampers their large-scale implementation. Therefore being able to monitor the degradation rate of perovskite thin films may help understand the key factors governing the stability of this material system. Here, we use grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements to elucidate the role of chlorine and the substrate in the stability of perovskite CH3NH3Pb(I1−xClx)3 (MAPbI) films for solar cells exposed to ambient atmosphere for more than 30 days. MAPbI films with different concentrations of chlorine were deposited on glass, ITO, and Si substrates. We found that the degradation rate of the perovskite that decomposes into PbI2 depends on the used substrate as well as the concentration of Cl. Through first principles calculations, we propose a mechanism on how chlorine affects the perovskite film properties. Furthermore, the power conversion efficiency of the fabricated perovskite planar heterojunction solar cells is investigated. The highest device performance with an efficiency of 15.7% is obtained with the 10% Cl film at the cost of stability. These findings lead to an improved understanding of more controllable processing schemes for hybrid perovskites. They also offer a potential route to control the degradation rate so as to create more favorable ways of producing stable films and devices from these materials.
Bone Scintigraphy SPECT/CT Evaluation of Mandibular Condylar Hyperplasia

Mandibular condylar hyperplasia (CH) is a complex developmental deformity resulting in asymmetries of the hyperplastic condyle. Bone scan SPECT is a sensitive and accurate method of detecting the growth activity of this disorder. This method can be used to quantitate the radionuclide uptake differences between the left and right condyles. Uptake differences of 10% or more between the left and right condyles, with increased uptake ipsilateral to the CH, are considered to be evidence of active growing CH. Quantitative assessment of CH is important to select an appropriate treatment course. Degenerative arthropathies of the temporomandibular joints may result in altered uptake, but this is mostly associated with the side contralateral to the CH. The CT portion of SPECT/CT is useful to assess the condylar dimensions and underlying bony changes.
Net dendritic stability of layer II pyramidal neurons in F344 rat entorhinal cortex from 12 to 37 months

Dendritic extent of Golgi-Cox stained layer II entorhinal cortex pyramidal neurons was quantified in five groups of male F344 rats aged 12, 20, 27, 30 and 37 months. Over the age range studied, neither the apical nor the basal dendritic trees showed any statistically significant change in total dendritic length, numbers of segments or average segment length. This finding of average stability of the dendritic tree does not imply absence of remodelling of connections, but does require that if remodeling does occur, retraction and proliferation of dendrites must, on average, be equal. We hypothesized that in groups of animals with similar genetic and environmental histories neighbor neuron death provides the major stimulus for dendritic proliferation. Since we found dendritic stability in the cells reported here, we would predict that there should be no age-related loss of layer II pyramidal neurons in the entorhinal cortex of the normally aging F344 male rat between 12 and 37 months. This hypothesis may be tested by counting neurons within this region.
Determinants of Human Resource Management Priorities and Implications for Industrial Relations

Increasingly, human resource management (HRM) priorities are being treated as dependent variables. Now in addition to studying HRM priorities and practices as determinants of individual outcomes such as performance or absenteeism, researchers are studying how such conditions as competitive strategies and product life cycles shape HRM priorities. This article describes an empirical test of two major hypotheses regarding how competitive strategies and product life cycles are related to HRM priorities. Briefly, it was hypothesized that human resource management priorities would differ for firms in the growth and maturity stages of the product life cycle and they would differ across firms using the competitive strategies of differentiation and cost-efficiency. Data gatheredfrom 300firms in a variety of industries provide support for the hypotheses.
The Hyperdense Cerebral Artery Sign on Head CT Scan

The hyperdense artery sign on noncontrast head CT is thought to be one of the earliest and most useful signs of intra-arterial clot and probable (clinical) stroke. It should be evaluated in the context of the clinical scenario. Rigorous criteria should be applied in order to reduce potential false positives. The hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign is the most studied version and correlates with patient outcome. Our data suggest that the density on noncontrast head CT is not likely to universally represent in situ clot.
Laminated cytoplasmic bodies and annulate lamellae in the cat ventrobasal and posterior thalamus

Large and small laminated cytoplasmic bodies are reported in neurons and dendrites of the ventrobasal and posterior (PO) nuclear groups of the thalamus of the cat. The bodies are more frequently seen in dendritic profiles than in nerve cell bodies. They differ in size, as well as in number and complexity of orientation of the constituent tubules. Their topographic relationship to endoplasmic reticulum, synapses and adhesion plaques is noted and their possible evolution is discussed. A single collection of annulate lamellae is described in the perinuclear soma of one neuron.
Textual Demand Analysis: Detection of Users' Wants and Needs from Opinions

This paper tackles textual demand analysis, the task of capturing what people want or need, rather than identifying what they like or dislike, on which much conventional work has focused. It exploits syntactic patterns as clues to detect previously unknown demands, and requires domaindependent knowledge to get high recall. To build such patterns we created an unsupervised pattern induction method relying on the hypothesis that there are commonly desired aspects throughout a domain corpus. Experimental results show that the proposed method detects twice to four times as many demand expressions in Japanese discussion forums compared to a baseline method.
Sintered octadecylsilica as monolithic column packing in capillary electrochromatography and micro high-performance liquid chromatography

Fused-silica capillaries were packed with porous 6-μm octadecylated silica microspheres and subjected to thermal treatment in order to obtain a column with porous silica based monolithic packing. After sintering, the monolithic packing was reoctadecylated in situ with dimethyloctadecylchlorosilane. The mechanical strength and stability of the monolithic column were significantly greater than those of conventional columns packed with particulate stationary phase. The performance of the columns was evaluated in both μ-HPLC and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) of small aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with 10 mM borate, pH 8.0, in acetonitrile–water mixtures as the mobile phase. Since no untoward bubble formation was observed, CEC could be performed in a CZE unit without the need for pressurizing the monolithic column. The plate efficiency of the monolithic column was similar to that of columns freshly packed with the same particles and was always higher in the CEC than in the μ-HPLC under otherwise identical conditions. The electrosmotic flow (EOF) velocity increased with the acetonitrile content of the eluent in open fused-silica capillaries with octadecylated innerwall and in columns packed with sintered octadecylsilica. In contradistinction, the EOF velocity decreased with the organic strength of the eluent in raw fused-silica capillaries. The opposite trend is attributed to the different effect of changing organic modifier concentration on the accessibility of silanol groups at the raw and octadecylated silica surfaces.
Batch injection analysis with the rotating disk electrode

The use of the rotating disk electrode (RDE) for batch injection analysis (BIA) is illustrated. The technique involves injections of microliter samples into a large-volume blank solution, at a fixed location below the disk center. Transient response peaks—similar to those of flow injection analysis—are observed, reflecting the transport of the sample plug toward and away from the RDE. The effects of various experimental variables on the BIA/RDE operation are described. Injection rates of several thousand samples per hour can be achieved, with relative standard deviations of 1–3%, and detection limits at the micromolar (ng) level.
Projection and Anticipation: The Forward-Looking Nature of Embodied Communication.

Like other animals, human beings possess an uncanny ability to coordinate their actions with those of others: Human beings shift posture together, take turns at talk without delay or overlap, and s...
Increased sensitivity to asbestos-induced lung injury in mice lacking extracellular superoxide dismutase

Asbestosis is a chronic form of interstitial lung disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis that results from the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Although the pathogenesis of asbestosis is poorly understood, reactive oxygen species may mediate the progression of this disease. The antioxidant enzyme extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) can protect the lung against a variety of insults; however, its role in asbestosis is unknown. To determine if EC-SOD plays a direct role in protecting the lung from asbestos-induced injury, intratracheal injections of crocidolite were given to wild-type and ec-sod-null mice. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from asbestos-treated ec-sod-null mice at 24 h, 14 days, or 28 days posttreatment showed increased inflammation and total BALF protein content compared to that of wild-type mice. In addition, lungs from ec-sod-null mice showed increased hydroxyproline content compared to those of wild-type mice, indicating a greater fibrotic response. Finally, lungs from ec-sod-null mice showed greater oxidative damage, as assessed by nitrotyrosine content compared to those of their wild-type counterparts. These results indicate that depletion of EC-SOD from the lung increases oxidative stress and injury in response to asbestos.
On Statistics of First-Passage Failure

The event in which the response of a randomly excited dynamical system passes, for the first time, a critical magnitude is investigated. When the response variable in question can be modeled as a one dimensional diffusion process, the statistical moment of the first passage time of an arbitrary order is governed by the classical Pontryagin equation, subject to suitable boundary conditions
'Follow me': a web-based, location-sharing architecture for large, indoor environments

We leverage the ubiquity of bluetooth-enabled devices and propose a decentralized, web-based architecture that allows users to share their location by following each other in the style of Twitter. We demonstrate a prototype that operates in a large building which generates a dataset of detected bluetooth devices at a rate of ~30 new devices per day, including the respective location where they were last detected. Users then query the dataset using their unique bluetooth ID and share their current location with their followers by means of unique URIs that they control. Our separation between producers (the building) and consumers (the users) of bluetooth device location data allows us to create socially-aware applications that respect user's privacy while limiting the software necessary to run on mobile devices to just a web browser.
Technology transfer in the California Department of Corrections

A technology transfer project began in 1982 in the California Department of Corrections. They contracted with a research organization to assist them in the identification and evaluation of new technology in the areas of personal alarm systems, electronic perimeter security systems, and contraband control. In addition the contractor was to develop in the department the capacity to maintain an ongoing technology transfer process at the conclusion of the project. After two years positive results have been achieved in each of the three areas of technology. The department has also established a permanent Technology Transfer Committee and created a full-time position to provide staff services.
AN INTERSECTION OF TEST SCORE INTERPRETATION AND ITEM ANALYSIS1

In setting up this symposium, Dr. Davis sent me a list of questions to be considered and added, as a closing remark that if none of the questions suited me, I could talk about what I liked; therefore, I felt free to remold the topic somewhat. The question selected was, "How is the interpretation of scores from tests in common use affected by the fact that the units of measurement in which they are expressed represent different amounts of the variable measured at different points on the score scale?" This "rubber ruler" problem poses some very difficult statistical questions which will be side-stepped in the present paper; rather, the problem will be viewed from the consumer's and test constructor's point of view.
Cosmic velocity fields and their interpretation.

Abstract We review the current status of our knowledge of cosmic velocity fields, on both small and large scales. A new statistic is described that characterizes the incoherent, thermal component of the velocity field on scales less than 2h−1 Mpc (h is H0/100 km·s−1·Mpc−1, where H0 is the Hubble constant and 1 Mpc = 3.09 × 1022 m) and smaller. The derived velocity is found to be quite stable across different catalogs and is of remarkably low amplitude, consistent with an effective Ω ∼ 0.15 on this scale. We advocate the use of this statistic as a standard diagnostic of the small-scale kinetic energy of the galaxy distribution. The analysis of large-scale flows probes the velocity field on scales of 10–60 h−1 Mpc and should be adequately described by linear perturbation theory. Recent work has focused on the comparison of gravity or density fields derived from whole-sky redshift surveys of galaxies [e.g., the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS)] with velocity fields derived from a variety of sources. All the algorithms that directly compare the gravity and velocity fields suggest low values of the density parameter, while the POTENT analysis, using the same data but comparing the derived IRAS galaxy density field with the Mark-III derived matter density field, leads to much higher estimates of the inferred density. Since the IRAS and Mark-III fields are not fully consistent with each other, the present discrepancies might result from the very different weighting applied to the data in the competing methods.
Pigmentary Anomalies in the Multiple Lentigines Syndrome: Is it Distinct from LEOPARD Syndrome?

We observed 2 families with 26 individuals affected by multiple lentigines syndrome (MLS). All patients had extensive generalized lentigines, including in the axillary and inguinal regions, diffuse hyperpigmentation, hypopigmented patches, and hyperpigmented patches, many of which appeared clinically to be cafe au lait spots. Multiple lentigines syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of multiple cafe au lait spots in children, particularly since the spots are usually present before the lentigines develop and may be clinically indistinguishable from the cafe au lait spots of neurofibromatosis. No significant noncutaneous features occurred in the two families with three generations of affected individuals, suggesting that MLS is a distinct entity. However, patients with the noncutaneous abnormalities of the LEOPARD syndrome have been described in families in which most members had pigmentary lesions only. Therefore, patients with multiple lentigines should be evaluated for noncutaneous abnormalities, particularly hearing loss and cardiac anomalies. Similarly, until investigators demonstrate lack of genetic linkage between MLS and LEOPARD syndrome, genetic counseling of patients affected by the cutaneous features of the former should include the potential for noncutaneous features in offspring.
Tritium Production from Nitrogen in Fission Reactors

TRITIUM is produced in various types of nuclear reactors. It is formed in abundance in heavy water reactors by the (n,γ) reaction on deuterium (21H); much smaller quantities are produced in light water reactors, but there should be a marked increase in the amount of tritium produced in reactors as pressurized power plants become more numerous.
Prediction of Dryout in Flat Heat Pipes at High Heat Fluxes From Multiple Discrete Sources

A three-dimensional model has been developed to analyze the transient and steady-state performance of flat heat pipes with discrete heat sources. Three-dimensional flow and energy equations are solved in the vapor and liquid regions, along with conduction in the wall. Saturated flow models are used for heat transfer and fluid flow through the wick. In the wick region, the analysis uses an equilibrium model for heat transfer and a Brinkman-Forchheimer extended Darcy model for fluid flow. Averaged properties weighted with the porosity are used for the wick analysis. The state equation is used in the vapor core to relate density change to the operating pressure. The density change due to pressurization of the vapor core is accounted for in the continuity equation. Vapor flow, temperature and hydrodynamic pressure fields are computed at each time step from coupled continuity/momentum and energy equations in the wick and vapor regions. The mass flow rate at the interface is obtained from the application of kinetic theory. Predictions are made for the magnitude of heat flux at which dryout would occur in a flat heat pipe. The input heat flux and the spacing between the discrete heat sources are studied as parameters. The location in the heat pipe at which dryout is initiated is found to be different from that of the maximum temperature. The location where the maximum capillary pressure head is realized also changes during the transient. Axial conduction through the wall and wick are seen to play a significant role in determining the axial temperature variation.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Determination of immunoreactive endothelin in medium from cultured endothelial cells and human plasma.

Abstract We have developed a sensitive and selective radioimmunoassay for porcine/human endothelin (ET1). The assay has a detection limit of 0.62 pg/tube and exhibits no cross-reactivity to atrial natriuretic peptide, arginine vasopressin, or angiotensin II. Procedures were developed for extraction of endothelin from human plasma samples and samples of buffer from endothelial cell incubations using C18 Sep-Pak extraction cartridges. The mean recovery following extraction was approximately 80%. Both bovine and porcine aortic endothelial cells were found to produce immunoreactive endothelin (IR-ET) with porcine cells producing 4.7 ± 1.1 ng of IR-ET/mg cell protein after 6 hours. Human plasma samples were extracted, assayed and found to contain a mean concentration of 2.0 ± 0.4 pg/ml of IR-ET.
Owl monkeys ( Aotus ) are highly divergent in mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase (COII) sequences

The evolutionary history and differentiation of the owl or night monkeys (Aotus),remain poorly resolved. Variation in pelage and skeletal morphology is relatively minor across their broad range, but cytogenetic studies have revealed that at least 12 karyotypically distinct forms exist, with 2Nchromosome numbers ranging from 46 to 58. We obtained DNA samples from three putative species- A. lemurinus, A. nancymae,and A. azarae-and five karyotypes (I, II, III, IV and VI), amplified the mitochondrial cytochrome coxidase subunit II gene (COII) via PCR and sequenced it. Comparisons of the sequences indicate relatively high levels of sequence divergence among the putative species (4.3 to 6.3%), and suggest that the taxa are genetically quite distinct and have likely experienced extended periods of isolated evolution. The levels of COII divergence represent approximately one- third of the levels found between divergent platyrrhine genera, such as Aotus, Saimiriand Callimico.Using estimates of substitution rates of COII evolution in hominoid primates,the estimated date of divergence for the AotusCOII sequences is 3.6 million years. The AotusCOII data support the existence of multiple species of Aotus,with origins predating late Pleistocene climatic events. Although A. nancymaeand A. azaraeboth live south of the Amazon River and have been considered members of the same species group, phylogenetic analysis of the COII sequences does not support a close relationship between them.
Comparison of Various Infrared Spectrometric Systems

Several already known and several new spectrometric systems are compared from the viewpoint of noise factor, instrumental simplicity, and general performance.
A SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION FOR THE ORIGIN AND LOCATION OF PETROLEUM ACCUMULATIONS

The general concept of petroleum formation by biogenic mechanisms has been firmly entrenched for a long time, but there has been no accumulation of convincing experimental evidence in support of this belief. If, on the other hand, a juvenile origin is considered, rigorous mathematical and experimental treatments are possible. This is done here. The mathematical foundation of the juvenile petroleum model is drawn from the model that has quantitatively explained the formation of the atmosphere, the oceans, and surficial carbonaceous matter by outgassing of the Earth. Experimental data for the abundance of juvenile precursors of petroleum--H 2 , CO, alcohols and hydrocarbons-- are obtained from diamond carriers which crystallized in the upper mantle 3.1 billion years ago. The correlation that exists world-wide between the distribution of petroleum accumulations and regions that have experienced diastrophism is interpreted as demonstrating a direct relationship between plate tectonics and channels of precursor outflow from the upper mantle to crustal traps. The conversion of precursors to petroleum is assigned to maturation processes. The theoretical coefficient of juvenile petroleum production is compared with coefficients of petroleum accumulation derived from published data on 78 giant petroleum accumulations. Agreement is found in all cases. The various "proofs" of a biological origin for petroleum are examined and found to be inconclusive. It is concluded that recognition of a mainly juvenile origin has been clouded by traces of biologically derived compounds and fossils that are merely intrinsic to the sedimentary nature of "source rock" and reservoirs. Limitations of the juvenile petroleum model and its possible value for petroleum exploration are discussed.
In search of a second contraceptive revolution

Patients today have many contraceptive options available to them, though many “modern” methods of birth control are simply incremental improvements of older forms. When will the next contraceptive revolution begin, and how soon can we get there?
Work–family conflicts of women in the Air Force: their influence on mental health and functioning

This paper examined the effects of work and family stressors and conflicts on Air Force women's mental health and functioning. We analyzed data from a 1993 survey of representative stratified samples of 525 Air Force women from the active duty reserve and guard forces. The analyses of the data are guided by the comprehensive model of work–family conflict that has been tested by Frone, Russell, and Cooper (1992) using a large representative community sample. Structural equation modeling analyses provided support for the work–family conflict model. The analyses also provided support for an extension of the model, which included the separate effects of marital and parental roles on mental health. The extended model demonstrated that job and parental stresses had direct effects on work–family conflicts and that job and marital distress and family–work conflict had an independent adverse effect on mental health. Whereas job and parental involvement had a beneficial effect on distress, they had an adverse effect on work–family conflicts. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pain persists in DAS28 rheumatoid arthritis remission but not in ACR/EULAR remission: a longitudinal observational study

Disease remission has become a feasible goal for most rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients; however, patient-reported symptoms, such as pain, may persist despite remission. We assessed the prevalence of pain in RA patients in remission according to the Disease Activity Score (DAS28-CRP4) and the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) remission criteria. Data were analyzed from RA patients in the Brigham Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study with data at baseline and 1 year. DAS28 remission was defined as DAS28-CRP4 <2.6. The ACR/EULAR remission criteria included (a) one or more swollen joints, (b) one or more tender joints, (c) C-reactive protein ≤1 mg/dl, and (d) patient global assessment score ≤1. Pain severity was measured by using the pain score from the Multi-Dimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ). The associations between baseline clinical predictors and MDHAQ pain at baseline and 1 year were assessed by using multivariable linear regression. Among the 865 patients with data at baseline and 1 year, 157 (18.2%) met DAS28-CRP4 remission criteria at both time points. Thirty-seven (4.3%) met the ACR/EULAR remission criteria at baseline and 1 year. The prevalence of clinically significant pain (MDHAQ pain ≥4) at baseline ranged from 11.9% among patients meeting DAS28-CRP4 remission criteria to none among patients meeting ACR/EULAR remission criteria. Patient global assessment, MDHAQ function, MDHAQ fatigue, MDHAQ sleep, and arthritis self-efficacy were significantly associated with MDHAQ pain in cross-sectional (P ≤ 0.0005) and longitudinal analyses (P ≤ 0.03). Low swollen-joint counts were associated with high MDHAQ pain in longitudinal analyses (P = 0.02) but not cross-sectional analyses. Other measures of inflammatory disease activity and joint damage were not significantly associated with MDHAQ pain at baseline or at 1 year. Clinically significant pain continues among a substantial proportion of patients in DAS28 remission but not among those in ACR/EULAR remission. Among patients in DAS28 remission, patient global assessment, disability, fatigue, sleep problems, and self-efficacy are strongly associated with pain severity at baseline and 1 year, whereas inflammatory disease activity and joint damage are not significantly associated with elevated pain severity at either baseline or 1 year.
Allocation of US federal grants for safety-related purposes

Abstract This paper analyzes the US Airport Improvement Program as it relates to the US Federal Aviation Administration's strategic goals for its allocation to general aviation airports for safety-related purposes. The data used describe airports' characteristics, approach slope conditions based on 5010 master records, and Airport Improvement Program grant histories. The key findings include that between fiscal years 2008 and 2009 there was an increase in airports included in the National Plan of Integrated Airports that received AIP funding, and double the number of obstructed approach slopes. However, an increase in AIP money allocation to general aviation airports as a whole existed but not an increase to obstructions removal projects.
Development of a digital close-range photogrammetric bridge deflection measurement system

Abstract This paper introduces a new close-range photogrammetric bridge deflection measurement system that has high accuracy and efficiency, and can be conveniently used by engineers without help from professional surveyors. After a general description of a photogrammetric bridge deflection measurement system, four critical components of the system are addressed in detail: camera selection and settings; camera calibration; network control (reference system and scale); and camera placement. The system configuration is introduced and the system is verified through the laboratory and field tests.
Covariant Heisenberg Picture of a Relativistic Positive-Energy Theory: The Operator Algebra of the Rigid String

The covariant operator Heisenberg equations of motion and commutation relations following from positive-energy wave equations are obtained. The resulting theory is identical to that of a dual string model restricted to excitations of only the lowest normal modes. It is suggested that recent classical Dirac-bracket formulations of the full dual string are subject to reinterpretation, and are apparently Poincare covariant in four dimensions. The nucleus of the complete set of covariant quantum string relations is obtained from the restricted model, and it is shown that covariant normal-mode operators and those of the null plane cannot both have simple creation-operator character. (AIP)
VII. Optical properties of homogeneous and granular films of sodium and potassium

(1919). VII. Optical properties of homogeneous and granular films of sodium and potassium. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 38, No. 223, pp. 98-112.
Systemic administration of reovirus (Reolysin) inhibits growth of human sarcoma xenografts.

BACKGROUND: Despite advancement in therapies, overall survival rates for relapsed pediatric sarcomas are dismal. Newer therapies are needed to effectively salvage these patients. Oncolytic viruses (such as reovirus) and other genetically altered viruses (such as herpes simplex viruses and adenoviruses) have shown efficacy in a variety of solid tumors including sarcomas. Reolysin is an unmodified oncolytic reovirus that selectively replicates in Ras-activated cancer cells while not causing any significant human illness in its wild form. METHODS: By using a panel of pediatric sarcoma cell lines in vitro and flank xenografts in vivo, Reolysin was evaluated as a single agent and in combination with cisplatin and radiation therapy. Electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrated a cytopathic effect in treated tumors. RESULTS: Reolysin inhibited the proliferation and viability of sarcoma cell lines at a dose of 1 to 10 virus particles per cell. In vivo, 5 × 109 plaque-forming units (PFU) administered via the tail vein every other day for 3 doses every 21 days inhibited the growth of tumor xenografts with improvement in event-free survival. In the SKES1 Ewing sarcoma line, there was therapeutic enhancement when reovirus was administered in combination with radiation or cisplatin. In the RH30 line and the OS33 line, therapeutic enhancement was demonstrated with radiation and cisplatin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that Reolysin alone or in combination with other cytotoxic agents may be effective therapy in pediatric sarcomas. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Endocrine response to acute resistance exercise in obese versus lean physically active men.

Purpose Resistance exercise induces a host of endocrine responses that potentiate its effects on body composition and metabolism. Excess adiposity negatively affects some hormonal responses to exercise in sedentary men. This study compared the resistance exercise (RE)-associated growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), and testosterone responses in lean vs. obese physically active men. Methods Ten healthy physically active obese males (body fat % 36.2 ± 4.03, age 24.6 ± 3.7 years, mass 104.5 ± 15.5 kg, height 178.8 ± 6.0 cm) were compared to ten lean counterparts (body fat % 12.7 ± 2.9, age 24.6 ± 3.7 years, mass 77.1 ± 6.4 kg, height 177.2 ± 4.8 cm). The muscular endurance RE protocol consisted of six sets of ten repetitions per leg of stepping onto an elevated platform (20 % of participant’s height) while wearing a weighted-vest (50 % of participant’s lean mass). Pre-, immediately post-exercise (IP), and three more blood samples were collected during the one-hour recovery.
Technology's limited role in resolving debates over digital surveillance

Although it has been known for many years that the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) has engaged in electronic surveillance, its scope and scale were not widely understood in the United States or abroad before the revelations of the past year based on documents obtained from former NSA contractor Edward Snowden. Today, an important public debate is over how policy-makers balance between two goals: identifying evil-doers and thwarting their activities without unduly intruding on the rights and lives of law-abiding people who pose no threat to society.
Diabetic and nondiabetic gastroparesis

Nutritional support is essential in treating patients with gastroparesis. Initially, dietary changes should be instituted to reduce extra fat and bulk, and patients should be encouraged to eat frequent small meals with liquid supplementation. Enteral feeding should be introduced in the event of weight loss or persistent vomiting. Medical therapy is usually necessary early in treatment. Cisapride is the initial agent of choice and may be combined with an antiemetic agent, such as promethazine or chlorpromazine or, if side effects occur, ondansetron and granesitron. If cisapride is ineffective or contraindicated, metoclopramide is a reasonable option, though limited by side effects. Erythromycin is useful in the acute treatment of postoperative ileus and hospitalized gastroparetic patients, but its role is limited based on concerns about poor long-term effectiveness and antimicrobial resistance. Once domperidone becomes available in the United States, it will be useful for its promotility and antiemetic qualities. Combination therapy should be considered if monotherapy with cisapride or metoclopramide alone is ineffective. While not yet well studied, combination therapy has the potential to offer dramatic benefit for patients with refractory gastroparesis. Metoclopramide may be added to cisapride for patients with breakthrough symptoms or refractory chronic symptoms. Other combinations include metoclopramide with erythromycin, domperidone with cisapride, and domperidone with erythromycin. In the future, gastric pacing may become an effective option for patients not responding to medical therapy. Total gastrectomy should be performed only for end-stage gastroparesis when all other therapy has failed. Both procedures should be reserved for centers that specialize in severe gastric motility disorders.
COSMIC RAY COMPACTION OF POROUS INTERSTELLAR ICES

We studied the compaction of microporous vapor-deposited ice films under irradiation with different ions in the 80Y400keVenergyrange.Wefoundthatporositydecreasesexponentiallywithirradiationfluence,withameancompactionareaperionthatscaleslinearlywiththestoppingpowerof theprojectileSaboveathresholdSt ¼ 4eV8 � 1 .The experiments roughly follow a universal dependence of ion-induced compaction with restricted dose (eV molecule � 1 ). This behavior can be used to extrapolate our results to conditions of the interstellar medium. Relating our results to ionization rates of interstellar H2, we estimate that porous ice mantles on grains in dense molecular clouds are compacted by cosmic rays in � 10Y50 million years. Subject headingg cosmic rays — ISM: molecules — methods: laboratory — radiation mechanisms: nonthermal Online material: color figures
Experiments on the contact angle between mercury and hardened cement paste

Abstract Experiments on the contact angle of mercury with hardened cement paste (HCP) were performed. Circular holes of 150 to 1,050 micrometers in diameter were formed by casting HCP around small diameter wires. The pressure required to intrude the unevacuated, optically measured holes was used to determine a range of upper-bound values. For HCP, this was found to be from 139° to 150°. Furthermore, the contact angle was not significantly affected by the cleanliness of the mercury, the water-cement ratio of the paste, nor vacuum drying of the HCP.
Detection and Confirmation of Clostridium botulinum in Water Used for Cooling at a Plant Producing Low-Acid Canned Foods

Our laboratory tested water samples used for cooling low-acid canned foods at a canning facility under investigation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with digoxigenin-labeled antibodies (DIG-ELISA) and real-time PCR as screening methods and confirmed the presence of neurotoxin-producing Clostridium botulinum in the samples by mouse bioassay.
Combined effects of herbicides and Sphenoptera jugoslavica on diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) population dynamics

Abstract Sphenoptera jugoslavica negatively influences diffuse knapweed populations, but the influence is inconsistent in space and time. In spring 1998, a 3-yr experiment was established to determine whether low rates of picloram or clopyralid would increase the percentage of plants infested with S. jugoslavica, thereby potentially enhancing its capacity to control diffuse knapweed. The experiment was conducted at three sites in Colorado, where S. jugoslavica was released in 1994. Picloram and clopyralid were applied separately to plots at 35, 70, or 140 g ha−1 during June or September, and a non–herbicide-treated control was added. Density and cover measurements were collected in permanent quadrats three times during each growing season to determine whether herbicides influenced diffuse knapweed growth and population dynamics. Diffuse knapweed plants were harvested outside the permanent quadrats to determine the percentage of plants bearing S. jugoslavica larvae. During the spring after herbicide applic...
M mode and two dimensional echocardiography in mitral and aortic regurgitation: Pre- and postoperative evaluation of volume overload of the left ventricle

Both M mode and two dimensional echocardiography are useful in determining the origin of mitral regurgitation. Two dimensional echocardiography appears to be superior to M mode echocardiography in the diagnosis of a flail leaflet, papillary muscle dysfunction and cleft mitral valve. It is possible to differentiate valvular causes from myocardial causes of regurgitation. Unfortunately, the severity of mitral regurgitation is difficult to quantify with either the M mode or the two dimensional technique. Echocardiography does allow differentiation of acute forms of mitral and aortic regurgitation from chronic volume overload of the left ventricle. Rupture of chordae tendineae is the most common cause of acute mitral regurgitation, and two dimensional echocardiography is 96 percent sensitive in its detection. Bacterial endocarditis, flail aortic valve and dissecting aneurysm as causes of acute aortic regurgitation can be detected with two dimensional echocardiography. Systolic left ventricular cavity dimension, percent fractional shortening and ejection fraction are important variables in predicting optimal time for surgery in patients with chronic aortic and mitral regurgitation. The noninvasive technique of echocardiography may be especially useful in decision making in the asymptomatic patient.
An inducible endothelial cell surface glycoprotein mediates melanoma adhesion

Hematogenous metastasis requires the arrest and extravasation of blood-borne tumor cells, possibly involving direct adhesive interactions with vascular endothelium. Cytokine activation of cultured human endothelium increases adhesion of melanoma and carcinoma cell lines. An inducible 110-kD endothelial cell surface glycoprotein, designated INCAM-110, appears to mediate adhesion of melanoma cells. In addition, an inducible endothelial receptor for neutrophils, ELAM-1, supports the adhesion of a human colon carcinoma cell line. Thus, activation of vascular endothelium in vivo that results in increased expression of INCAM-110 and ELAM-1 may promote tumor cell adhesion and affect the incidence and distribution of metastases.
Predictors of rhythm disturbances and subsequent morbidity after the Fontan operation

Abstract The electrocardiographic, hemodynamic and surgical data of 30 patients who underwent a Fontan operation between 1977 and 1986 were retrospectively reviewed to identify the incidence and predictors of immediate and late postoperative arrhythmias and associated morbidity in long-term survivors. Of 4 patients who died 1 (-2.4 ± 0.7 vs -1.4 ± 1.2 mV, p = 0.02) predicted patients with immediate postoperative arrhythmias, whereas both greater P-wave duration and a more negative deflection in this lead predicted late arrhythmias (103 ± 14 vs 83 ± 20 ms, p = 0.01, and -2.5 ± 0.8 vs −1.3 ±1.0 mV, p = 0.005, respectively). Of the 26 surviving patients, 10 (38%) have required ≥1 hospitalizations for control of late arrhythmias. Eight patients are receiving maintenance therapy with multiple antiarrhythmic drugs including amiodarone (1 patient) and 5 have received permanent epicardial pacemakers. Thus, despite excellent functional results after the Fontan operation, postoperative arrhythmias are frequent and cause significant morbidity that will continue to increase with time. Atrial abnormalities on the preoperative electrocardiogram predict those patients who will develop arrhythmias both in the immediate and late postoperative periods. The appearance of an immediate postoperative arrhythmia also predicts the subsequent development of late arrhythmias. Recognition of these predictors may facilitate monitoring and therapy of such patients.
Resveratrol Interferes with Fura-2 Intracellular Calcium Measurements

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol found in some fruits and especially in grapes, has been reported to provide diverse health benefits. Resveratrol’s mechanism of action is the subject of many investigations, and some studies using the ratiometric calcium indicator Fura-2 suggest that it modulates cellular calcium responses. In the current study, contradictory cellular calcium responses to resveratrol applied at concentrations exceeding 10 μM were observed during in vitro imaging studies depending on the calcium indicator used, with Fura-2 indicating an increase in intracellular calcium while Fluo-4 and the calcium biosensor YC3.60 indicated no response. When cells loaded with Fura-2 were treated with 100 μM resveratrol, excitation at 340 nm resulted in a large intensity increase at 510 nm, but the expected concurrent decline with 380 nm excitation was not observed. Pre-treatment of cells with the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM did not prevent a rise in the 340/380 ratio when resveratrol was present, but it did prevent an increase in 340/380 when ATP was applied, suggesting that the resveratrol response was an artifact. Cautious data interpretation is recommended from imaging experiments using Fura-2 concurrently with resveratrol in calcium imaging experiments.
Ophthalmic Manifestations of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Metastatic breast cancer is the most common primary tumor metastasizing to the ocular structures. An analysis of 30 patients demonstrated a wide spectrum of ophthalmic manifestations including cranial nerve involvement, brain involvement with papilledema, Horner's syndrome, and choroidal and orbital tumors. The mean age of patients presenting with an ophthalmic sign was 54 years and the mean interval from the diagnosis of breast cancer to the development of the ophthalmic sign was 4.9 years. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was useful in confirming the diagnosis of metastatic disease as it was elevated in 18 of the 22 patients in whom it was measured. The estrogen receptor assay, performed on metastatic tissue removed from the orbit, can indicate the sensitivity of the breast cancer to hormonal therapy.
Grandparent caregiving role in ethnically diverse families

The grandparenting caregiving role in ethnically diverse families has not been well defined and described in the present literature. The goals of this article are to (a) synthesize what is known about the grandparent caregiving role in ethnically diverse families in the context of the African-American, Hispanic, and Asian-American families and (b) identify gaps in knowledge to guide future research, education, and practice in this area of study. A narrative approach was used to review the literature from 1980 to 2003 and a descriptive summary of the literature is provided with a discussion of the research methods and salient findings.
Validation of batch disinfection kinetics of Escherichia coli inactivation by monochloramine in a continuous flow system

Escherichia coli disinfection experiments were conducted in a lab-scale continuously stirred tank reactor using monochloramine with the same experimental conditions as in a previous batch studies. The disinfection efficiency in the CSTR was predicted by a reactor engineering approach from batch kinetics and CSTR characterization. The prediction was compared with the observation by statistical analyses. The results indicated the validity of the batch disinfection kinetics for Escherichia coli disinfection and suggested an alternative approach for water treatment utilities to obtain disinfection credits without expensive pilot-scale studies.