cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A continuous multi-stage mixed-suspension mixed-product-removal crystallization system with fines dissolution

Abstract This work demonstrates how crystal particle size is affected by the addition of fines dissolution in a mixed suspension mixed product removal (MSMPR) cascade system. The cooling crystallization of paracetamol in water was used as a case study. Two MSMPR cascade configurations were evaluated: (i) nucleation-growth (NG), and (ii) nucleation-dissolution-growth (NDG). Simulation results demonstrate that adding a dissolution step in the MSMPR cascade configuration increases the average product crystal size. Larger crystals and a narrower distribution were obtained due to the removal of fine crystals through the continuous process. However, a small decrease in the achievable yield was observed. Experimental results also showed a similar effect on the final mean size and CSD. The results demonstrate that a dissolution stage can be optimized to increase the final crystal size and CSD by varying the dissolution temperature to optimize the CSD with minimum effect on the achievable yield.
Does Environmental Talk Equal Environmental Knowledge? An Example from Newfoundland

To paraphrase Roepstorff, composite concepts consisting of a catchy or value loaded first word such as local, indigenous, traditional, environmental followed by knowledge have recently become popular in the environmental literature (2000, p. 165). Indeed, the recognition of “the value of traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples, and particularly their traditional environmental knowledge [has] unleashed a flood of research” (Johnson 1992, p. v). This has been motivated in part by the possibility that such knowledge serves as a guide to better resource management (McGoodwin and Dyer 1994), combined with an awareness of “the erosion of indigenous knowledge (IK) systems” (Grenier 1998, p. 4) and of their potential use in securing resource tenure rights for marginalized peoples worldwide. Despite this recent surge in interest, the “concept of Traditional Environmental Knowledge or TEK [and similar acronyms] draws on two older traditions, namely ethnoscience and cultural ecology” (Neis et al. 1999, p. 217).
Identification of Plasmodium GAPDH epitopes for generation of antibodies that inhibit malaria infection.

Plasmodium sporozoite liver infection is an essential step for parasite development in its mammalian host. Previously, we used a phage display library to identify mimotope peptides that bind to Kupffer cells and competitively inhibit sporozoite–Kupffer cell interaction. These peptides led to the identification of a Kupffer cell receptor—CD68—and a Plasmodium sporozoite ligand—GAPDH—that are required for sporozoite traversal of Kupffer cells and subsequent infection of hepatocytes. Here, we report that the C-terminal end of Plasmodium GAPDH interacts with the Kupffer CD68 receptor, and identify two epitopes within this region as candidate antigens for the development of antibodies that inhibit Plasmodium infection.
Developing under the Guidance of a Mentor: Five Strategies for Coaches

Mentoring is the act of guiding another person, and developing under the guidance of a mentor, as a mentee, is a common method for aspiring coaches to learn how to coach. An established and effecti...
Thermochemical study of tetravalent metal sulfate tetrahydrates: A4+(SO4)2(H2O)4 (A4+ = Zr, Ce, U)

Abstract The syntheses, characterization, and calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of formation of four tetravalent metal sulfate tetrahydrates (A4+(SO4)2(H2O)4 (A4+ = Zr, Ce, U): α-Zr(SO4)2(H2O)4, α-Ce(SO4)2(H2O)4, β-Ce(SO4)2(H2O)4, and β-U(SO4)2(H2O)4) are reported. Direct calorimetric measurements showed that the formation enthalpies of these compounds from the corresponding oxides correlate with the eightfold coordination radius of the tetravalent cations. An energetic slope change is observed between the α- (Fddd) and β- (Pnma) forms and is consistent with previously reported studies.
“There was only one nurse for everyone”: Student reflections of a school nursing clinical experience

Abstract Purpose Undergraduate nursing faculty face challenges when teaching pediatric clinicals. Changes to pediatric care and hospital admissions have contributed to a shortage of clinical sites where students can learn to care for children with varied nursing needs. The purpose of this study was to describe benefits and barriers of pediatric clinical placements with a school health component. Design and methods A qualitative analysis of 38 student reflective journals was conducted to identify experiences following student participation in school nursing clinicals. Results Three themes and three sub-themes were identified. Major themes included: benefits of the clinical experience, suggestions for improvement, and an appreciation for the school nurse role with subthemes of greater responsibility than anticipated, resource constraints, and lack of support. Conclusions School nursing clinical experiences allow nursing students to interact with children with broad range of ages, abilities, and health statuses, and preview a professional pathway they may otherwise never be exposed to. School nursing experiences also help nurse educators address the shortage of inpatient pediatric clinical site placements while facilitating student exposure to the impact of social justice and social determinants on child health. Practice implications Nurse educators are encouraged to incorporate school nursing clinical experiences in pediatric curricula. Partnering with school districts in which student enrollment reflects diversity in culture, socio-economic status, and access to healthcare should be a priority so students may see first-hand the impact of social determinants on the health of clients and populations.
Rapid Therapeutic Response of Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis in a Toddler With Baylisascaris procyonis Infection.

Introduction Eosinophilic meningitis is an infrequently encountered condition. Baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon roundworm) infection, rarely diagnosed in North America, is a known cause of eosinophilic meningitis, often producing death or permanent neurologic damage. Case report We recently encountered a toddler with geophagia and probable exposure to raccoon feces, who presented with eosinophilic meningitis and encephalitis, and was diagnosed with B procyonis infection and possible Toxocara co-infection. His marked peripheral eosinophilia and neurologic symptoms rapidly responded to corticosteroid and albendazole therapy. Discussion Since B procyonis infection is infrequently encountered, its diagnosis in the proper clinical and epidemiologic setting may not always be considered, resulting in a delay of appropriate therapy. Our patient, diagnosed and treated early in his course, demonstrated rapid clinical and laboratory improvement with anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic therapy. Conclusion In cases of eosinophilic meningitis, infection with B procyonis should be routinely considered to allow timely institution of effective therapy for this unusual but potentially fatal or debilitating infection.
Engaging in Late-Life Mental Health Research: a Narrative Review of Challenges to Participation.

This narrative review seeks to ascertain the challenges older patients face with participation in mental health clinical research studies and suggests creative strategies to minimize these obstacles. Challenges to older adults’ engagement in mental health research include practical, institutional, and collaboration-related barriers applicable to all clinical trials as well as more personal, cultural, and age-related patient barriers specific to geriatric mental health research. Universal research challenges include (1) institutional barriers of lack of funding and researchers, inter-researcher conflict, and sampling bias; (2) collaboration-related barriers involving miscommunication and clinician concerns; and (3) practical patient barriers such as scheduling issues, financial constraints, and transportation difficulties. Challenges unique to geriatric mental health research include (1) personal barriers such as no perceived need for treatment, prior negative experience, and mistrust of mental health research; (2) cultural barriers involving stigma and lack of bilingual or culturally matched staff; and (3) chronic medical issues and concerns about capacity. Proposed solutions to these barriers include increased programmatic focus on and funding of geriatric psychiatry research grants, meeting with clinical staff to clarify study protocols and eligibility criteria, and offering transportation for participants. To minimize stigma and mistrust of psychiatric research, studies should devise community outreach efforts, employ culturally competent bilingual staff, and provide patient and family education about the study and general information about promoting mental health.
Cryo-EM reveals the transition of Arp2/3 complex from inactive to nucleation-competent state

Arp2/3 complex, a crucial actin filament nucleator, undergoes structural rearrangements during activation by nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs). However, the conformational pathway leading to the nucleation-competent state is unclear due to lack of high-resolution structures of the activated state. Here we report a ~3.9 A resolution cryo-EM structure of activated Schizosaccharomyces pombe Arp2/3 complex bound to the S. pombe NPF Dip1 and attached to the end of the nucleated actin filament. The structure reveals global and local conformational changes that allow the two actin-related proteins in Arp2/3 complex to mimic a filamentous actin dimer and template nucleation. Activation occurs through a clamp-twisting mechanism, in which Dip1 forces two core subunits in Arp2/3 complex to pivot around one another, shifting half of the complex into a new activated position. By showing how Dip1 stimulates activation, the structure reveals how NPFs can activate Arp2/3 complex in diverse cellular processes.
Antimicrobial selection for transurethral procedures across the United States: a state-by-state antibiogram evaluation

Abstract Objective : To evaluate optimal regimens for perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis in transurethral procedures by examining antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in the United States. Materials and methods : Through several methods, we attempted to attain an antibiogram for each state. We focused on microbes known to cause infections after transurethral surgeries and antibiotics referred to in current or prior recommendations and compared susceptibility rates across states using Kruskal Walis tests and the Dwass, Steel, Critchlow-Fligner tests. We also examined susceptibility to (non-ceftazidime) third generation cephalosporins. Results : Data is included from 40 states. For each microbe studied, there was significant variability in sensitivity to antibiotics studied. Current first line recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis include first generation cephalosporins with 82%, 80%, and 87% mean coverage for E coli, Proteus, and Klebsiella respectively and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with 74%, 80%, and 93% coverage, respectively. Susceptibility to aminoglycosides is 91%, 92%, and 96%, respectively and to third generation cephalosporin, it is 92%, 99%, and 94%. Conclusions : Current first line recommended antimicrobials for prophylaxis in transurethral procedures provide overall poor predicted coverage based on our database of antibiograms. Alternatives exist that have higher predicted susceptibility, though clinical significance of this and risk of resultant antimicrobial resistance is unknown. Urologists should consider local patterns when selecting antimicrobial prophylaxis for their patients.
Heegaard splittings, the curve complex and the pants complex

This thesis is a compilation of two results in which the curve complex and the pants complex are used to study Heegaard splittings. In the first half, a relation is shown between the bridge number of a tunnel-number-one knot and a certain distance in the curve complex. The geometry of the curve complex is then used to show that there are hyperbolic tunnel-number-one knots with arbitrarily large bridge number. In the second half, we define the pants distance for a Heegaard splitting and show that under an infinite sequence of stabilizations, the pants distance defines an infinite series whose limit exists and depends only on the ambient manifold.
A generalized SQL query construct for paraconsistent intuitionistic fuzzy databases

Recently, the paraconsistent intuitionistic fuzzy relational data model has been developed for representing and manipulating three kinds of uncertain information in databases: fuzzy, incomplete and inconsistent. The model is based on infinite-valued relations, called paraconsistent intuitionistic fuzzy relations. Here, we present an SQL-like SELECT statement construct for posing queries to paraconsistent intuitionistic fuzzy databases based on this model. The syntax of our generalized SELECT statement is similar to that of the usual SELECT statement of SQL, but its semantics is based on infinite-valued logic, making it an effective tool for querying paraconsistent intuitionistic fuzzy databases.
Cloud-Based Design and Manufacturing: Status and Promise

The information technology industry has benefited considerably from cloud computing, which allows organizations to shed some of their expensive information technology infrastructure and shifts computing costs to more manageable operational expenses. In light of these benefits, we propose a new paradigm for product design and manufacturing, referred to as cloud-based design and manufacturing (CBDM). This chapter introduces a definition and vision for CBDM, articulates the differences and similarities between CBDM and traditional paradigms such as web- and agent-based technologies, highlights the fundamentals of CBDM, and presents a prototype system, developed at Georgia Tech, called the Design and Manufacturing Cloud (DMCloud). Finally, we conclude this chapter with an outline of future research directions.
Zeros of $\zeta^{\prime} (s)$ and the Riemann hypothesis

It is shown that the Riemann hypothesis implies that the derivative of the Riemann zeta function has no zeros in the open left half of the critical strip. It is also shown, with no hypothesis, that, with the exception of a bounded region where the zeros can be calculated, the closed left half plane contains only real zeros of the derivative. It is further shown that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the condition that $|\zeta(s)|$ increases as $\mathrm{Re}\,s$ moves left from $1/2$ for $\mathrm{Im}\,s$ sufficiently large.
Observations of Water and Molecular Oxygen in the Interstellar Gas

Water and molecular oxygen are two simple molecules which are not easily observed in the interstellar medium. O2 emissions have yet to be detected from interstellar space, and H2O has been observed only in rather special environments where the interstellar gas has been warmed by embedded infrared sources or by shock waves. This sorry state of affairs does not necessarily reflect a low interstellar abundance for these species, but rather is a consequence of the very high abundance of O2 and H2O within our own atmosphere: strong atmospheric absorption lines make it extremely difficult to carry out observations of water and molecular oxygen emissions using ground-based or even airborne telescopes. Future observations from two orbiting telescopes scheduled for launch in the coming five years - the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) and the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) - promise to improve radically the observation al data on H2O and O2.
Regeneration and Differentiation of Sieve Tube Elements

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses regeneration and differentiation of sieve tube elements. The pattern of first differentiation of sieve tubes in the young leaf is continuous and acropetal. The first sieve tube element in the leaf forms at a separate locus on the outer side of the procambial strand near the base of the leaf. The regeneration of cells in the internode is controlled by the amount of basipetally moving endogenous auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and coming from the leaves. As a leaf grows more quickly, it produces more IAA, which in turn allows more vascular tissue to differentiate in the traces supplying the leaf with the wherewithal to grow. A declining growth rate is associated with declining IAA production and, therefore, with declining differentiation of vascular tissue in the leaf traces.
Structure and vibrational assignments for PCl5: An electron diffraction study

Abstract Gas-phase phosphorus pentachloride is a trigonal bipyramid with axial bonds 0.104±0.01 A (e.s.d.) longer than equatorial bonds. The mean bond lengths are 2.061±0.002 A. Amplitudes of vibration were determined, resolving the ambiguity in the e1' bending assignments in favor of v(axial bend) > v(equatorial in-plane bend). Structural and vibrational features were in accord with Gillespie-Nyholm theory.
‘Physicians’ Prevention-Related Practice Behaviors in Treating Adult Patients with Asthma: Results of a National Survey

To improve the health outcome of adults with asthma, it is important to understand the current practice behaviors of physicians related to the prevention and treatment of asthma. A national survey was conducted to ascertain the practice behaviors of physicians in five specialty areas: internal medicine, pulmonary, allergy/immunology, occupational health, and family health. Similarities and differences in practice among the specialty areas are indicated. The data provide a basis for recommendations to improve the management of asthma by standardizing history taking, increasing the use of pulmonary function testing, and using effective counseling and patient education strategies.
Study in the Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes

In the past, the dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in both liquids and solids has been difficult due to the high surface interactions between the tubes. Dispersion of polymer CNT composites is important for such benefits as structural reinforcement of composites, the percolation threshold of CNT based conducting materials, and the thermal properties with the exploitation of the high surface area of CNTs. Here we discuss two approaches towards addressing dispersion of multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs). One approach is the use of surfactant chemicals selected on the basis that they interact with CNT chemical groups. The second approach is the functionalization through covalent bonding of the CNTs with various polymers including polyethylenimine (PEI), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The two approaches were evaluated to determine whether covalent functionalization was more beneficial than the use of surfactants. Characterization of the dispersion was performed using various microscopy techniques.
Tridimensional study of an anomalous synaptic ribbon in human retina

The tridimensional ultrastructural features of an anomalous synaptic ribbon within a bipolar cell axon in a human retina have been described.
Optical interference method for the approximate determination of refractive index and thickness of a transparent layer

Optical interference fringe measurements of the thickness of transparent layers can be rapid, accurate, and nondestructive. If the refractive index n of the layer being measured is known, it may be combined directly with interference fringe information to yield the layer thickness t. If, however, n is unknown, the measurement procedure necessarily becomes more complicated. In this paper, a new and simpler optical interference method is presented for the approximate determination of both n and t of a transparent layer on a transparent substrate. The required experimental information is obtained from a single spectrophotometric recording of either the reflectance or transmittance of the layer and its substrate. The theory of the method is presented, and an application of the method to measurements of layers of SIPOS (Semi-Insulating POlycrystalline Silicon) is described. The method requires that the layer being measured must be uniformly deposited on a flat substrate, and it must neither absorb nor scatter the light passing through it. The major approximation inherent in the method is that both the layer and the substrate are assumed to be nondispersive over the wavelength region of interest.
Histidine as an essential residue in the active site of the copper enzyme galactose oxidase

Abstract The pH dependence of the oxidation of β-methyl- d -galactopyranoside by galactose oxidase at 1.33 m m O 2 has been determined. The k cat exhibits a bell-shaped dependence on the ionization of at least two groups in the enzyme-substrate complex, p K b ' = 6.3 and p K a ' = 7.1, respectively. The pH-independent value for k cat at 1.33 m m O 2 (nonsaturating) and saturating glycoside is 1435 s − ; the pH optimum is 6.7. Galactose oxidase is inactivated rapidly by iodoacetamide. Although the reaction is much slower, iodoacetate also inactivates the enzyme. The inactivation by iodoacetamide obeys saturation kinetics; at pH 7.0 k 3 = 2.19 min −1 and K i = 5.1 mM; k 3 but not K i exhibits a bell-shaped pH dependence, with p K a values of 6.3 and 7.6, respectively. Labeling with [ 14 C]iodoacetamide establishes that one carboxamidomethyl group is incorporated per enzyme molecule. This incorporation parallels the loss of enzymatic activity. Only N -3-carboxymethylhistidine is detected in chromatograms following hydrolysis of the labeled protein. The protein-bound copper is not lost as a consequence of alkylation. Apogalactose oxidase does not react with iodoacetamide. The alkylation is inhibited by the oxidation of an active center tryptophan residue (s) by N -bromosuccinimide. The fraction of residual enzyme activity remaining after tryptophan oxidation corresponds to the extent of labeling by [ 14 C]iodoacetamide. Although alkylation causes little change in the spin Hamiltonian parameters of the Cu(II) atom, it nearly abolishes both the optical activity and optical absorbance of the metal. The native tryptophan fluorescence of the enzyme, which is a sensitive probe of its active site, is also markedly affected. Since binding of a substrate, β-methyl- d -galactopyranoside, reduces fluorescence as it does in the active enzyme and binding of CN − at the Cu(II) site as detected by electron spin resonance appears unaffected by the alkylation, the effect of alkylation is on catalysis, per se. Both a catalytic and a subtle conformational role for the active site histidine are inferred from the results.
Expression and function of CXCL16 in a novel model of gout.

Objective To better define the activity of soluble CXCL16 in the recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in vivo, utilizing a novel animal model of gout involving engraftment of SCID mice with normal human synovial tissue (ST) injected intragraft with gouty human synovial fluid (SF). Methods For in vitro studies, a modified Boyden chemotaxis system was used to identify CXCL16 as an active recruitment factor for PMNs in gouty SF. Migration of PMNs could be reduced by neutralization of CXCL16 activity in gouty SF. For in vivo analyses, fluorescent dye–tagged PMNs were injected intravenously into SCID mice while, simultaneously, diluted gouty SF containing CXCL16, or depleted of CXCL16 by antibody blocking, was administered intragraft. In addition, the receptor for CXCL16, CXCR6, was inhibited by incubating PMNs with a neutralizing anti-CXCR6 antibody prior to injection into the mouse chimeras. Recruitment of PMNs to the gouty SF–injected normal human ST was then examined in this SCID mouse chimera system. Results CXCL16 concentrations were highly elevated in gouty SF, and PMNs were observed to migrate in response to CXCL16 in vitro. Normal human ST–SCID mouse chimeras injected intragraft with gouty SF that had been depleted of CXCL16 during PMN transfer showed a significant reduction of 50% in PMN recruitment to engrafted tissue as compared with that after administration of sham-depleted gouty SF. Similar findings were achieved when PMNs were incubated with a neutralizing anti-CXCR6 antibody before injection into chimeras. Conclusion Overall, the results of this study outline the effectiveness of the human–SCID mouse chimera system as a viable animal model of gout, serving to identify the primary function of CXCL16 as a significant mediator of in vivo recruitment of PMNs to gouty SF.
A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR DOUBLE RADIONUCLIDE ASSAY DATA.

Abstract A computer program has been written in FORTRAN II and IV languages to calculate the amount of compound in a sample that has been assayed by a double radionuclide derivative technique. The program will handle an unlimited number of “sets” of data with up to 200 samples per set.
The Effects of Audiences' Ideological Views on the Customer-Based Brand Equity of Cable News Networks

This study explores the effects of audience members' ideological views on their perceptions of the customer-based brand equity (CBBE) of cable news networks. Aaker's (1991) and Keller's (2002) conceptualizations of CBBE were used to create a brand equity measure while respondents' attitudes toward contentious policy issues and political personalities were used to create an ideology index on the liberal-conservative continuum. Respondents' ideological views didn't affect their perceptions of the CBBE of CNN and MSNBC. In contrast, ideology had significant effects on audience perceptions of the CBBE of Fox News Channel.
Beta Brain Waves as an Index of Alertness

Reaction times of human subjects are reliably shorter when the signal to respond is given during spontaneous low voltage, fast (beta) brain waves than they are when the signal is given during spontaneous alpha waves. The mean difference of 12 milliseconds is, however, trivial in comparison to the advantage to be expected from forewarning.
Networking CS: beyond the first course

We face a need for undergraduate instruction in networking and telecommunications. The Computing Research Association has identified both web-specialists and network-designers as being among the seven occupations where there is a clearly established shortage of professionals [2]. Even with the recent softening of the economy, individuals in the networking and telecommunications field are highly sought after as attested to by surveys such as RHIConsulting's® recent survey of 1400 CIOs nationwide [4]. It is imperative to ask how these individuals will be educated.Historically, telecommunications has been hardware oriented. Consequently, it has been in the domain of Electrical Engineering. The ongoing convergence of communications and computing, however, has drastically shifted the focus of telecommunications and considerably broadened the field. Many of the new areas of telecommunications will not fit neatly into old categories. Some are much closer to Computer Science than Electrical Engineering.Schools wishing to address this need must begin by deciding what should be taught. For two-year schools, the ACM has issued guidelines for several programs [1]. For four-year institutions, the curriculum remains an open question. The primary guidelines for four-year institutions are the dated 1991 Computing Curricula [5] and the emerging Computing Curricula 2001 Computer Science [3]. As the goal of these documents is to define the core needs of the CS discipline, understandably, neither goes beyond outlining an introductory course in networking. Schools interesting in educating professionals in networking and telecommunications will need to go beyond this first course. A key question would seem, then, in teaching networking, what should be taught beyond the first course?Our panel presents three quite different positions---that the basic need can be met with a single well-designed course, that a few advanced courses will meet the need, and that a collection of courses constituting a minor is called for.
A hierarchical Bayesian approach for parameter estimation in HIV models

A hierarchical Bayesian approach is developed to estimate parameters at both the individual and the population levels in a HIV model, with the implementation carried out by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques. Sample numerical simulations and statistical results are provided to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.
Examining Controller Task Redistribution as an Indicator of Peak Workload

Controller workload is a key factor in limiting en route capacity that has been modeled through fast-time modeling, real-time simulations, and operational data. In most of these efforts, the focus has been on correlating workload with other “objective” metrics, such as number of clearances, number of aircraft, etc. A missing component from such analyses is the controller's strategy for managing workload. Workload is not a passive factor that mirrors the controller actions (e.g. handoffs, clearances). Instead, controllers actively moderate and re-distribute the types and the frequency of actions based on their perceived workload. In this paper, we examine this strategy shift by associating bookkeeping tasks and route/altitude clearances with online workload ratings. Overall, the data suggest that only in high traffic scenarios in which the controller workload approached the maximum threshold, the controllers shed peripheral tasks related to monitoring and bookkeeping as the traffic increases and their perc...
Quantum Networks with Atoms and Photons

Trapped atomic ions are standards for quantum information processing, as all of the fundamental quantum operations have been demonstrated in small collections of atoms. Current work is concentrated on scaling ion traps to larger numbers of interacting qubits and the generation of massive entangled states. We discuss progress in the quantum networking of trapped atomic ions, using the Coulomb interaction for demonstrations of simple quantum simulations of magnetism, ultrafast laser pulses for entanglement, and finally probabilistic photonic interactions to bridge entanglement over long distances.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) enumeration through epifluorescence microscopy: technical aspects

A method for counting Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) through epifluorescence microscopy was analyzed in detail. Image processing and statistic considerations are included. The particle size of viruses was compared in different experimental conditions such as the staining of the virus with SYBR-Green I or with antibodies for specific fluorescence labeling of viral proteins. The type of surface used as mounting support was assayed as well. The results indicated that the most suitable method involves the mounting of the viral-containing suspension on a membrane filter followed by the staining with a monoclonal antibody specific for a viral protein combined with a FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)-conjugated secondary antibody.
Efficient combining techniques for multi-input multi-output multi-user systems employing hybrid automatic repeat request

The authors consider chase-combining hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) schemes over multiple antenna multi-user systems. The focus is on a multiple-access channel, where the users as well as the base-station are equipped with multiple antennas. In such chase-combining HARQ systems, the transmitters (users) re-transmit their codewords when requested by the receiver (base-station). The receiver may choose to enforce blanking, that is, it may choose to request only a subset of the transmitters to re-transmit and the remaining ones to be silent. Moreover, subject to the complexity and latency constraints, the receiver may be able to perform codeword cancellation wherein it can re-encode, re-modulate a subset of decoded codewords and subtract them from the received observations. A candidate combining technique is the conventional chase-combining, which in contrast to the optimal combining requires significantly less memory and processing capability at the receiver but can result in substantial performance degradation. The authors propose efficient combining techniques that cater to all the various scenarios that arise in such multi-codeword systems. The proposed techniques impose similar memory and complexity demands as the conventional combining but yield a significant performance improvement. The issue of limited feedback in multi-codeword multi-antenna chase-combining HARQ systems is also addressed and it can be used to further improve the system throughput.
Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava Identified During Central Line Placement: A Case Report.

Introduction A persistent left superior vena cava is found in 0.3–0.5% of the general population and in up to 10% of patients with a congenital cardiac anomaly. It is the most common thoracic venous anomaly and is usually asymptomatic. Being familiar with such anomaly could help clinicians avoid complications during placement of central lines, Swan-Ganz catheters, PICC lines, dialysis catheters, defibrillators, and pacemakers.
Preschoolers Benefit From Visually Salient Speech Cues

Purpose This study explored visual speech influence in preschoolers using 3 developmentally appropriate tasks that vary in perceptual difficulty and task demands. They also examined developmental d...
Residence times for protons bound to three oxygen sites in the AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)127+ polyoxocation

Abstract Although, the kinetic reactivity of a mineral surface is determined, in part, by the rates of exchange of surface-bound oxygens and protons with bulk solution, there are no elementary rate data for minerals. However, such kinetic measurements can be made on dissolved polynuclear clusters, and here we report lifetimes for protons bound to three oxygen sites on the AlO 4 Al 12 (OH) 24 (H 2 O) 12 7+ ( Al 13 ) molecule, which is a model for aluminum-hydroxide solids in water. Proton lifetimes were measured using 1 H NMR at pH ∼ 5 in both aqueous and mixed solvents. The 1 H NMR peak for protons on bound waters (η-H 2 O) lies near 8 ppm in a 2.5:1 mixture of H 2 O/acetone- d 6 and broadens over the temperature range −20 to −5 °C. Extrapolated to 298 K, the lifetime of a proton on a η-H 2 O is τ 298 ∼ 0.0002 s, which is surprisingly close to the lifetime of an oxygen in the η-H 2 O (∼0.0009 s), but in the same general range as lifetimes for protons on fully protonated monomer ions of trivalent metals (e.g., Al(H 2 O) 6 3+ ). The lifetime is reduced somewhat by acid addition, indicating that there is a contribution from the partly deprotonated Al 13 molecule in addition to the fully protonated Al 13 at self-buffered pH conditions. Proton lifetimes on the two distinct sets of hydroxyls bridging two Al(III) (μ 2 -OH) differ substantially and are much shorter than the lifetime of an oxygen at these sites. The average lifetimes for hydroxyl protons were measured in a 2:1 mixture of H 2 O/dmso- d 6 over the temperature range 3.7–95.2 °C. The lifetime of a hydrogen on one of the μ 2 -OH was also measured in D 2 O. The τ 298 values are ∼0.013 and ∼0.2 s in the H 2 O/dmso- d 6 solution and the τ 298 value for the μ 2 -OH detectable in D 2 O is τ 298 ∼ 0.013 s. The 1 H NMR peak for the more reactive μ 2 -OH broadens slightly with acid addition, indicating a contribution from an exchange pathway that involves a proton or hydronium ion. These data indicate that surface protons on minerals will equilibrate with near-surface waters on the diffusional time scale.
Ultrafast carbon-carbon single-bond rotational isomerization in room-temperature solution.

Generally, rotational isomerization about the carbon-carbon single bond in simple ethane derivatives in room-temperature solution under thermal equilibrium conditions has been too fast to measure. We achieved this goal using two-dimensional infrared vibrational echo spectroscopy to observe isomerization between the gauche and trans conformations of an ethane derivative, 1-fluoro-2-isocyanato-ethane ( 1 ), in a CCl 4 solution at room temperature. The isomerization time constant is 43 picoseconds (ps, 10 –12 s). Based on this value and on density functional theory calculations of the barrier heights of 1 , n -butane, and ethane, the time constants for n -butane and ethane internal rotation under the same conditions are ∼40 and ∼12 ps, respectively.
Co-authorship in accounting history: advantages and pitfalls

Relatively little has been written about co-authorship in accounting and even less specific to accounting history. This paper endeavours to track co-authorship patterns in the discipline, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The three specialist accounting history journals provide the data to render quantitative judgements, whilst a survey of accounting history scholars has generated information on how co-authorship is perceived in the field, particularly its benefits and pitfalls. A matching technique is used to gauge whether patterns in accounting history are similar to those within the broader accounting discipline. Consideration will also be given to comparisons of how co-authorship is viewed by US and non-US academicians.
Biochemical properties of bone and scale collagens isolated from the subtropical fish black drum (Pogonia cromis) and sheepshead seabream (Archosargus probatocephalus)

Abstract Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC) were isolated from the bones and scales of black drum ( Pogonia cromis ) and sheepshead seabream ( Archosargus probatocephalus ) caught in the Gulf of Mexico. ASC and PSC were analyzed for molecular weight by SDS–PAGE, amino acid composition, secondary structure, and denaturation temperature. The molecular masses of the collagen subunits were about 130 kDa for α 1 and 110 kDa for α 2 , respectively. The amino acid composition of the PSCs was closer to that of calf skin ASC than to that of cod skin ASC. The melting temperatures of ASC and PSC were >34 °C. Intrinsic viscosity of the PSCs was similar to the intrinsic viscosity of collagen from fish species such as hake, cod, and catfish. Black drum and sheepshead bone and scale collagens were typical type-I collagens and may find applications in the functional food, cosmetic, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries.
Building a radial spoke: Flagellar radial spoke protein 3 (RSP3) is a dimer

Radial spokes are critical multisubunit structures required for normal ciliary and eukaryotic flagellar motility. Experimental evidence indicates the radial spokes are mechanochemical transducers that transmit signals from the central pair apparatus to the outer doublet microtubules for local control of dynein activity. Recently, progress has been made in identifying individual components of the radial spoke, yet little is known about how the radial spoke is assembled or how it performs in signal transduction. Here we focus on radial spoke protein 3 (RSP3), a highly conserved AKAP located at the base of the radial spoke stalk and required for radial spoke assembly on the doublet microtubules. Biochemical approaches were taken to further explore the functional role of RSP3 within the radial spoke structure and for control of motility. Chemical crosslinking, native gel electrophoresis, and epitope-tagged RSP3 proteins established that RSP3 forms a dimer. Analysis of truncated RSP3 proteins indicates the dimerization domain coincides with the previously characterized axoneme binding domain in the N-terminus. We propose a model in which each radial spoke structure is built on an RSP3 dimer, and indicating that each radial spoke can potentially localize multiple PKAs or AKAP-binding proteins in position to control dynein activity and flagellar motility.
Nephrotoxicity of beta-lactam antibiotics: mechanisms and strategies for prevention

The nephrotoxic beta-lactam antibiotics cause acute proximal tubular necrosis. Significant renal toxicity, which has been rare with the penicillins and uncommon with the cephalosporins, is a greater risk with the penems. Mechanisms of injury include: (1) transport into the tubular cell, mainly through the antiluminal organic anion secretory carrier; (2) acylation of target proteins, causing respiratory toxicity by inactivation of mitochondrial anionic substrate carriers; and (3) lipid peroxidation. The most nephrotoxic beta-lactams available for study are cephaloridine, cephaloglycin, and imipenem; panipenem, which is comparably nephrotoxic, is currently available only in Japan. Cephaloridine has several unique properties, probably all caused by its pyridinium side-group: (1) its secretory transport into the tubular cell is followed by minimal cell to luminal fluid movement, resulting in extreme intracellular sequestration; (2) it is the only beta-lactam shown to cause significant oxidative injury; (3) it has a limited ability to attack the mitochondrial carriers for pyruvate and the short-chain fatty anions. Cephaloglycin and imipenem undergo less intracellular trapping than cephaloridine, but have sufficient tubular cell uptake, reactivity, and generalized toxicity to mitochondrial substrate carriers to be severely nephrotoxic. Cephaloridine and cephaloglycin are no longer used clinically. Imipenem and panipenem are marketed in combination with nephroprotective renal transport inhibitors. Strategies for avoiding renal toxicity with new cephalosporins and penems are discussed.
A note on stochastic public revelation and voluntary contributions to public goods

We report the results of experiments designed to investigate the effects of random public revelation of individual choices on voluntary contributions to a public good. Varying the number of subjects whose contributions are made public, we find that public revelation always leads to higher contributions. Revealing the choices of three and five individuals leads to higher contributions than revealing one individual’s contribution, but there is not a significant difference between revealing the contributions of three or five subjects.
Dissociation of Sensorimotor Deficits After Rostral Versus Caudal Lesions in the Primary Motor Cortex Hand Representation

Primary motor cortex (M1) has traditionally been considered a motor structure. Although neurophysiologic studies have demonstrated that M1 is also influenced by somatosensory inputs (cutaneous and proprioceptive), the behavioral significance of these inputs has yet to be fully defined in primates. The present study describes differential sensory-related deficits after small ischemic lesions in either the rostral or caudal subregion of the M1 hand area in a nonhuman primate. Squirrel monkeys retrieved food pellets out of different sized wells drilled into a Plexiglas board. Before the lesion, monkeys retrieved pellets by directing the hand to the well, inserting fingers directly into it, and extracting the pellet. After a lesion to the rostral portion of M1, monkeys frequently failed to direct the hand accurately to the well. Instead, fingers contacted the surface of the board outside the well before entering the well. These aiming errors are consistent with both the large amount of proximal motor outputs and the predominant proprioceptive inputs of rostral M1. Overall, these aiming errors are suggestive of dysfunctional processing of proprioceptive information or the failure to integrate proprioceptive information with motor commands. In contrast, after a lesion to the caudal portion of M1, monkeys frequently examined their palm visually for the presence of the pellet after an attempted retrieval. These errors are consistent with both the large amount of distal motor outputs and the predominant cutaneous inputs of caudal M1. Thus these errors are suggestive of a deficit in processing of cutaneous information or the failure to integrate cutaneous information with motor commands. Rostral and caudal M1 lesions result in different deficits in sensory-dependent motor control that appear to correlate with broad segregation of motor outputs and previously described sensory inputs of M1.
HPLC Analysis of the Isomeric Thioether Metabolites of Styrene Oxide

Abstract An efficient separation of the isomeric thioether metabolites of styrene oxide was achieved under reversed-phase conditions. The column was eluted isocratically with 15% methanol in buffered solutions of phosphoric acid-tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane. The thioether conjugates were separated by class, and the order of elution was cysteine, cysteinylglycine, glutathione, and N-acetylcysteine. The effect of pH and buffer salt concentration on the HPLC separation was examined. Optimal conditions for a separation were either found at low pH (pH 3 or 4) or neutral pH, both at a high buffer salt concentration (75mM). The positional isomers and stereoisomers comprising each amino acid conjugate sample were separated into two peaks. The variations in k1 and α observed with changes in pH were interpreted as reflecting the degree of interaction of the ionizable groups in the amino acid residue and the hydrophobic portion of the molecule. This interaction was found to be strongly influenced by the relative s...
Coevolution between slave‐making ants and their hosts: host specificity and geographical variation

We explored the impact of a slave-making ant, Protomognathus americanus, on two of its hosts, Leptothorax longispinosus and L. ambiguus. We showed that, on average, slave-maker colonies conduct raids on 2.7 L. longispinosus and 1.4 L. ambiguus nests in a single year. The more common host, L. longispinosus, survives raiding and colony-founding events in a third of the cases, but the less common host rarely survives attacks from the slave-makers. We compare our results, collected in Vermont, to a study conducted in New York where the slave-maker pressure is much stronger. Our results suggest that in Vermont the slave-maker has a sparing strategy when raiding L. longispinosus, but not when raiding L. ambiguus. Thus coevolution between slave-making ants and their hosts shows host specificity and geographical variation.
Ash content: its effect on combustion of corn plants

Two corn plant samples, one cut in the fall while green, the other after weathering over the winter, exhibited strikingly different combustion properties. The increased susceptibility to flaming combustion of the spring-harvested sample is attributable to its decreased ash content, and not directly to its moisture content.
Differential Effects of Fluoronorepinephrines on Phosphatidylinositol Turnover in Rat Pinealocytes

(+/-)-Norepinephrines (NAs), substituted with fluorine at positions 2, 5, and 6 of the ring, were compared with the unsubstituted compound with respect to their capacity for eliciting increased incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate into phosphatidylinositol of pinealocytes. 5F-NA and 6F-NA were approximately equipotent with NA, whereas 2F-NA required a higher concentration and gave lower maximum stimulation. Inhibition of these effects by prazosin confirmed the participation of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. The results are comparable with those reported for alpha 1-adrenergic receptor-mediated events in other systems and different from the beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated elevation of cyclic AMP in pinealocytes. These and earlier results emphasize the importance of the hydroxyl group at position 3 of the ring and at the beta-position of the side chain in catecholamine activation of the pineal alpha-adrenergic receptors, which are involved in alterations of phospholipid metabolism.