cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronically Ill children in school

Attention to the specific educational needs of chronically ill children is a relatively recent development in American education, beginning in a limited fashion at the turn of the century. Prior to that time, high mortality rates, societal attitudes towards the chronically ill or delicate child, and the view of public schooling as a privilege rather than a right, kept all but the mildly impaired out of the public system. Reversals in these trendsadvances in medical science that have improved survival rates for some conditions, increasing public acceptance of people who are different and disabled, and legislation establishing education as an entitlement for all children-have allowed for the entrance of many chronically ill children into mainstream education.
The moderating effect of threat on the relationship between population concern and environmental concern

Two hundred sixty-one research participants completed a questionnaire designed to measure concern for the environment and concern for population growth. The introduction to the questionnaire focused on either threat to society, personal threat, or no threat. Contrary to some previous research findings, a positive correlation between concern for the environment and concern for population growth was found. This finding is explained by the simultaneity of measurement of the two constructs, item phrasing, and the possibility that previous research findings lacked transhistorical reliability. The threat manipulation was found to moderate the relationship between concern for the environment and concern for population growth. Analyses of demographic variables showed that women expressed more environmental concern that men, and that regular church attendees expressed the least concern for population growth.
A Decade of Ground–Air Temperature Tracking at Emigrant Pass Observatory, Utah

Abstract Observations of air and ground temperatures collected between 1993 and 2004 from Emigrant Pass Geothermal Climate Observatory in northwestern Utah are analyzed to understand the relationship between these two quantities. The influence of surface air temperature (SAT), incident solar radiation, and snow cover on surface ground temperature (SGT) variations are explored. SAT variations explain 94% of the variance in SGT. Incident solar radiation is the primary variable governing the remaining variance misfit and is significantly more important during summer months than winter months. A linear relationship between the ground–air temperature difference (ΔTsgt-sat) and solar radiation exists with a trend of 1.21 K/(100 W m−2); solar radiation accounts for 1.3% of the variance in SGT. The effects of incident solar radiation also account for the 2.47-K average offset in ΔTsgt-sat. During the winter, snow cover plays a role in governing SGT variability, but exerts only a minor influence on the annual trac...
Identification and solubilization of atrial natriuretic factor receptors in human placenta.

Abstract Specific high affinity 125 I-atrial natriuretic factor binding sites have been identified in human placental membranes. Using the nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, these binding sites were quantitatively solubilized and retained binding activity. In the solubilized preparation, the macromolecular component that binds atrial natriuretic factor is a 160,000 dalton protein as shown by covalently cross-linking it to 125 I-atrial natriuretic factor with the bifunctional chemical crosslinker, disuccinimidyl suberate, followed by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. On Sephadex G-200 gel filtration in the presence of detergent, the hormone-receptor complex elutes in the molecular weight range of 140,000. These observations suggest strongly that a 140–160,000 dalton protein present in human placental membranes is the receptor for specific recognition of atrial natriuretic factor.
Expression of the mouse fibronectin gene and fibronectin-lacZ transgenes during somitogenesis.

Fibronectins (FNs) are essential for the proper development of embryonic mesenchymal tissues. A lacZ reporter gene has been fused to 4.9 kbp of DNA from the rat FN gene 5′ flanking region, and this construct has been microinjected into fertilized mouse embryos to investigate the cis elements needed for the temporal and spatial regulation of FN in vivo. Histochemical staining of embryos for β-galactosidase activity demonstrated that four independent lines shared a specific pattern of lacZ expression, reflecting the activity of the fibronectin sequences contained within the transgene. Specifically, somites stained positively for lacZ, but expression was spatially and temporally non-uniform, with higher levels in more caudal somites after a total of ca. 13 somite pairs had formed. This rostral-caudal gradient of lacZ expression in somites of embryos beyond this stage resembled the distribution of endogenous FN mRNA, as detected by whole mount in situ hybridization. The transgene was not expressed in the developing heart where endogenous FN mRNA was detected. Unexpectedly, highly localized staining was observed within the neural tube beginning at ca. E10–10.5, and two of the lines exhibited additional areas of staining due to the individual integration sites. Thus, the 4.9 kbp FN fragment appears to recapitulate closely the complex pattern of FN expression observed during somitogenesis. A smaller fragment of 0.9 kbp also directed lacZ expression in caudal somites at E9.5, suggesting that these sequences are sufficient to establish the spatio-temporal pattern. Dev. Dyn. 208: 244–254, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intraspecific variation in the structural organization and redundancy of chloroplast ribosomal DNA cistrons in Euglena gracilis.

Chloroplast DNAs from six different laboratory collections of Euglena gracilis “strain Z” and var. bacillaris were analyzed with restriction endonucleases EcoRI and Bam HI. The most variable portion of the organelle genome is the region containing the ribosomal cistrons. Intraspecific differences occur in both ribosomal DNA cistron number (one or three) and structural organization among those strains designated as “strain Z” and bacillaris. One culture previously designated as “Z” is most likely bacillaris.
Antecedence of the Yarlung–Siang–Brahmaputra River, eastern Himalaya

Abstract At the eastern terminus of the Himalayan orogen, distortion and capture of southeast Asian drainage basins reflects regional patterns of crustal strain due to the indentation of the Indian Plate into Eurasia. After flowing eastward > 1000 km along the southern margin of Tibet, the Yarlung–Siang–Brahmaputra River turns abruptly southward through the eastern Himalayan syntaxis rapidly exhuming a crustal scale antiform in an impressive > 2 km knickpoint. This conspicuous drainage pattern and coincidence of focused fluvial incision and rapid rock exhumation has been explained by the capture of an ancestral, high-elevation Yarlung River by headward erosion of a Himalayan tributary. However, recent observation of Tibetan detritus in Neogene foreland basin units complicates this explanation, requiring a connection from Tibet to the foreland prior to the estimated onset of rapid rock exhumation. We constrain the sedimentary provenance of foreland basin units deposited near the Brahmaputra River confluence in the eastern Himalayan foreland basin using detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology. We interpret the significant presence of Gangdese-age detritus in each foreland basin unit to indicate that connection of the Yarlung–Siang–Brahmaputra River was established during, or prior to foreland deposition in the Early Miocene. Our results indicate that connection of the Yarlung–Siang–Brahmaputra River precedes exhumation of the syntaxis, demonstrating the potential for the progressive coevolution of rock uplift and rapid erosion of the Namche Barwa massif.
A Practical Guide to Rodent Islet Isolation and Assessment

Pancreatic islets of Langerhans secrete hormones that are vital to the regulation of blood glucose and are, therefore, a key focus of diabetes research. Purifying viable and functional islets from the pancreas for study is an intricate process. This review highlights the key elements involved with mouse and rat islet isolation, including choices of collagenase, the collagenase digestion process, purification of islets using a density gradient, and islet culture conditions. In addition, this paper reviews commonly used techniques for assessing islet viability and function, including visual assessment, fluorescent markers of cell death, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and intracellular calcium measurements. A detailed protocol is also included that describes a common method for rodent islet isolation that our laboratory uses to obtain viable and functional mouse islets for in vitro study of islet function, beta-cell physiology, and in vivo rodent islet transplantation. The purpose of this review is to serve as a resource and foundation for successfully procuring and purifying high-quality islets for research purposes.
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in cells exposed to 200 micrometer radiation from the free electron laser

Vertebrate tissue culture cells were exposed to 200 um wavelength radiation (1CO W/cm2) from a free electron laser (FEL) of the electrostatic generator type. Cell cultures demonstrated no morphological alterations but a statistically significant (P .05) proportion of the cells exhibited inhibition of DNA synthesis. This study demonstrates the first biological effects of the FEL and the feasibility of performing biological investigations with this device.
RENAL HISTOPATHOLGY AND CLINICAL COURSE OF 53 CHILDREN WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)

53 patients with SLE have been followed for 7 months to 10 years and have undergone at least one renal biopsy (RB). Hlsto-pathologic classification of initial RB was: I normal, 9 Type I (proliferation without deposits), 5 Type II (membranous), and 38 Type III (proliferation with deposits). Each patient received prednisone. 13 received azathioprine or cyclophosphamide. Subsequent RB or post-mortem examination in 15 showed progression in 4 (I with Type I, 2 with Type II and 1 with Type III), improvement in 4 with Type III and no significant change in 7. 4 developed renal failure, 3 of whom expired, 8 died of non-renal causes and 1 is azotemic. The remainder are alive. Chronic renal failure and persistent active renal disease occurred only with Types II and III. The low incidence of renal failure (7.5%) in this large series of patients with SLE despite the preponderance of Type III suggests a better prognosis than previously reported.
Using Category Information for Relationship Exploration in Textual Data

In the comprehension of textual data, it is critical for people to perceive relationships between topics. This work explores two approaches that use text categorizations to reveal underlying relationships: the Overlap approach, which visualizes overlaps between categories, and the Search approach, which shows topical search results in the context of categories. The effectiveness of these approaches is tested using various types of relationship questions. Our results show that the Overlap approach improves users’ performances in relationship exploration tasks. Conversely, the Search approach did not show the same effectiveness, primarily due to the Vocabulary Problem. Design implications are drawn from the experiment.
Analysis of risk factors and predictive model for recurrent falls in community dwelling older adults

The objective of this study is to identify the significant risk factors of 'fall' among elderly people living in community centres. Different factors that may associate with falls are analysed via logistic regression (LR) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) models. According to the analysis, the most significant predictor in LR analysis is found to be the variable 'lost balance within the past year'. Other significant predictors are stroke, Hx of dizziness/fainting, fall within past 30 days, and the number of supplements/vitamins used. The LR model gives a prediction accuracy of 76.6% while an ANN model gives 73%. ANN is expected to provide a more robust computational model than LR to analyse past falls and predict future ones. However our research results are contrary to those expectations. These results suggest that the ANN model need a larger sample size to reach its full potential and to give more accurate predictions.
2.12 Dielectric dispersion and polarization effects in thin transition metal oxide films

Abstract Dielectric properties of thin polycrystalline and amorphous films of NiO, NiO(Li), CoO, CoO(Li), Nb 2 O 5 and TiO 2 in the thickness range 0.14–15 ωm were studied as a function of frequency, temperature, applied voltage and dopant concentration in the frequency range 3–10 8 Hz. These films were prepared either by anodization or thermal oxidation and in some cases by reactive sputtering. Experimental data for the real ϵ 1 and imaginary ϵ 2 parts of the dielectric constant, ac conductivity σ ( ω ) and loss tangent tan δ indicate the existence of several dispersion mechanisms. Cole-Cole plots and the modified Debye relations were used to derive the values for relaxation times at low frequencies. The frequency dependence of σ ( ω ) in the frequency region 10 3 –10 6 Hz where σ ( ω ) αω n indicates that the dispersion mechanism is due to charge carriers hopping between sites with either correlated or non-correlated potentials. The observed quadratic dependence of σ ( ω ) on frequency in the frequency region 10 6 –10 8 Hz is attributed to a Debye type loss resulting from thermally activated hopping. Polarization effects at lower frequencies 3 Hz indicate the existence of Schottky barriers at the metal-insulator interfaces in agreement with Simmons theory of MIM structures.
Brownian dynamics simulation of protein folding: a study of the diffusion-collision model.

The dynamic aspects of protein folding are described by a series of diffusion-collision steps involving structural units (microdomains) of various sizes that combine to form the protein in its native state. A method is introduced for obtaining the rate constants for the basic diffusion-collision step by use of Brownian dynamics. The method is applied to an investigation of the folding dynamics of two α-helices connected by a flexible (random-coil) polypeptide chain. The results of this full three-dimensional treatment are compared with simplified model calculations for the diffusion-collision step. Of particular interest are the nature of the collision dynamics and the role of the intervening peptide chain.
Foundational program verification in Coq with automated proofs

Most people who know of the proof assistant Coq associate it with long, manual proofs via tactic scripts. In contrast, classical verification tools, based on automated theorem-provers for first-order logic, are well established as supporting program verification without any manual proof steps. However, there is a price to pay: program verifiers are large, complex bodies of code, and believing their outputs requires believing in much more than the correct implementation of Coq's proof-checking kernel.In this tutorial, I will demonstrate how to use the Bedrock Coq library to get the best of both worlds. Our focus will be on the kinds of programs with the most tedious detail and the most opportunity to benefit from automation: namely, those written in assembly language. I will show how to build automated correctness proofs of simple imperative data structures, while dealing with first-class code pointers and producing Coq proof terms for theorems whose statements depend on little beyond operational semantics of machine code.
Dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or the metabolic syndrome have a unique dyslipidemia characterized by hypertriglyceridemia; elevated blood levels of apolipoprotein B; small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol; and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, in particular HDL(2)-C. Treatment of the dyslipidemia associated with these disorders should focus on correcting the abnormal lipoprotein levels as well as LDL and HDL heterogeneity. Statins and fibrates are useful for treating elevated LDL in patients with and without diabetes or the metabolic syndrome. In addition, thiazolidinediones or niacin in combination with a statin show promise for correcting defects in LDL and HDL heterogeneity. The ultimate goal of treatment in this patient population is to prevent the development and progression of coronary artery disease.
Effect of treatment with LHRH analogs containing cytotoxic radicals on the binding characteristics of receptors for luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone in MXT mouse mammary carcinoma.

Binding capacities and apparent dissociation constants of receptors for luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) were investigated in estrogen-independent MXT mammary cancers of untreated mice and after in vivo treatment with agonistic or antagonistic analogs of LHRH containing cytotoxic radicals: AJ-04 (agonist [d-Lys6]LHRH linked to methotrexate), T-98-{[d-Lys6]LHRH coupled to glutaryl-2-(hydroxmethyl)anthraquinone (G-HMAQ)} and T-121/B (LHRH antagonist T-147 containing two residues of G-HMAQ), which induced tumor growth inhibition. The effects were compared to LHRH agonist [d-Trp6]LHRH and carriers [d-Lys6]LHRH, LHRH antagonist T-147, as well as to methotrexate, G-HMAQ and surgical bilateral overiectomy. Analysis of the binding data revealed that in control tumors the interaction of125I-[d-TRP6]LHRH was consistent with the presence of one class of saturable, specific, noncooperative, high-affinity and low-capacity binding sites. Chronic treatment of mice bearing MXT tumors with LHRH analogs AJ-04 and T-121/B carrying cytotoxic radicals, but not with T-98 produced significant down-regulation of membrane receptors for LHRH. The largest decrease in dissociation binding constant andBmax of receptors for LHRH was also found in animals treated with T-121/B. Specific, high affinity binding of125I-labelled epidermal growth factor (EGF) was detected in the membranes from control and treated MXT tumors. Treatment with cytotoxic LHRH analogs, AJ-04, T-98 and especially with T-121/B, reduced maximal binding capacity of EGF receptors. Our results indicate that LHRH analogs carrying cytotoxic radicals retain their hormonal activity and inhibit tumor growth while inducing down-regulation of LHRH receptors. In addition, probably both components of the cytotoxic LHRH analog, peptide carriers and cytotoxic radicals, reduce the binding capacity of EGF receptors, which might be useful in the treatment of breast cancer.
Therapeutic impact of CT of the appendix in a community hospital emergency department.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the therapeutic impact of CT of the appendix in a community hospital.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. For each of 100 consecutive adult patients who presented to a community hospital emergency department from August 2006 to November 2006 and underwent CT of the appendix, the proposed treatment plan and the likelihood of appendicitis were recorded before CT and were compared with the actual treatment after CT. The primary outcome assessed was change in patient management after CT. The percentage likelihood of appendicitis, whether patient disposition changed after CT, and the presence or absence of appendicitis were examined. The accuracy of CT was also calculated.RESULTS. The treatment plans of the emergency clinicians changed in 29 patients (29%). Appendicitis was ruled out on the basis of CT findings in 50% (9/18) of patients when appendicitis was considered probable and in 60% (3/5) when appendicitis was considered very likely. When appendicitis w...
When policy instruments combine to promote coherence: an analysis of Connecticut’s policies related to teacher quality

This paper explicates the elements of several policy instruments used in Connecticut, the political conditions under which they were chosen, and their intended targets and expected effects on teacher quality and student learning. The purpose of the paper is to explain how the Connecticut General Assembly (CGA) and the Connecticut State Department of Education (CSDE) were able to implement and sustain a set of integrated policies related to teaching and learning over a 20‐year period from 1985 to 2005. We argue that this occurred for three primary reasons. First, the state legislature combined changes in teacher certification requirements in the 1980s with significant increases in teacher salaries in order to build strong political support among teachers and teacher union leaders for the new requirements. Second, in the 1980s and 1990s, CGA and CSDE repeatedly combined policy instruments in ways that involved multiple stakeholders and strong elements of capacity‐building, thereby increasing their likelihoo...
Spectrally encoded imaging

Spectrally encoded imaging is a high-speed endoscopic imaging technology that encodes a transverse coordinate of the sample in the wavelength. We will discuss spectrally encoded confocal microscopy and spectrally encoded endoscopy.
Monty Hall uses a mixed strategy.

Introduction Marilyn vos Savant posed a problem [12] simulating a popular TV game show hosted by Monty Hall. Her correct solution brought thousands of letters telling her that she was wrong. We quote her statement of the problem: "Suppose you're on a game show, and you are given a choice of three doors. Behind one is a car; behind the others, goats. You pick a door-say, No. 1-and the host, who knows what's behind the doors, opens another door-say, No. 3-which has a goat. He then says to you, 'Do you want to pick door No. 2?' Is it to your advantage to switch your choice?" Marilyns phrase "say, No. 3" is a little ambiguous. To clarify this, we note that if Doors 2 and 3 hide a goat and a car, then the host opens the door hiding the goat. On the other hand, if Doors 2 and 3 both hide goats then the host flips a coin to choose between these two doors. A number of interesting articles (e.g., [3], [7], and [8]) analyze games in which the host does not make a random choice in the latter case. In 1959, Martin Gardner [6] posed a problem equivalent to Marilyn's game involving three prisoners with one to be paroled. Gardner describes the game as a "wonderfully confusing little problem." Another equivalent problem, involving three boxes, was posed by S. Selvin [10] in 1975. Ed Barbeau [1] has written a good review of the literature on Marilyn's game and related problems. A recent paper by Fernandez and Piron [4] considers Marilyn's game when the host influences the contestant to switch in certain situations so that the game is less predictable, and thus generates more audience interest. Two appealing solutions to Marilyn's game are: S1: After the host shows a goat, the contestant is looking at two closed doors with a car behind one of them. Thus there is a 50-50 chance with either door and there is no advantage in switching, S2: The probability of picking the car with her first choice was 1/3 and this does not change when the host shows a goat. Since the car is behind one of the two closed doors, the probability is 2/3 that the car is behind the other closed door and she should switch. In this note, we generalize the game by considering a set of N doors, with a car behind one of the doors and goats behind the rest. The sponsors of the show ask Monty to give away as few cars as possible. We consider three different generalizations, and in the third one, both the host and contestant use mixed strategies. In general, mixed strategy games can only be solved for given numerical values of the parameters involved, however in our game there is an explicit solution.
Dimensional accuracy of 3D printed vertebra

3D printer applications in the biomedical sciences and medical imaging are expanding and will have an increasing impact on the practice of medicine. Orthopedic and reconstructive surgery has been an obvious area for development of 3D printer applications as the segmentation of bony anatomy to generate printable models is relatively straightforward. There are important issues that should be addressed when using 3D printed models for applications that may affect patient care; in particular the dimensional accuracy of the printed parts needs to be high to avoid poor decisions being made prior to surgery or therapeutic procedures. In this work, the dimensional accuracy of 3D printed vertebral bodies derived from CT data for a cadaver spine is compared with direct measurements on the ex-vivo vertebra and with measurements made on the 3D rendered vertebra using commercial 3D image processing software. The vertebra was printed on a consumer grade 3D printer using an additive print process using PLA (polylactic acid) filament. Measurements were made for 15 different anatomic features of the vertebral body, including vertebral body height, endplate width and depth, pedicle height and width, and spinal canal width and depth, among others. It is shown that for the segmentation and printing process used, the results of measurements made on the 3D printed vertebral body are substantially the same as those produced by direct measurement on the vertebra and measurements made on the 3D rendered vertebra.
Somatic aphasia: mismatch of body sensations with autonomic stress reactivity in psychopathy.

Background Although one of the main characteristics of psychopaths is a deficit in emotion, it is unknown whether they show a fundamental impairment in appropriately recognizing their own body sensations during an emotion-inducing task.
A large, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of methylphenidate in the treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Background The few controlled studies of methylphenidate (MPH) in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have reported equivocal results. A previous, pilot study by our group suggested that these results were due to inadequate dosing. Method We conducted a randomized, 6-week, placebo-controlled, parallel study of MPH in 146 adult patients with DSM-IV ADHD using standardized instruments for diagnosis, separate assessments of ADHD, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and a robust average oral daily dose of 1.1 mg/kg/day. Results We found a marked therapeutic response for the MPH treatment of ADHD symptoms that exceeded the placebo response (76% vs. 19%). Treatment was safe and well tolerated. Response to MPH was independent of socioeconomic status, gender, and lifetime history of psychiatric comorbidity. Conclusions These results confirm that robust doses of MPH are effective in the treatment of adult ADHD.
1094 THE EFFECT OF BETAMETHASONE ON THE CHEMOTACTIC RESPONSE OF NEONATAL NEUTROPHILS

Antenatal maternal steroid administration has been widely used to accelerate fetal lung maturation. There is evidence that this therapy may be associated with an increased risk of infection in the neonate. Inhibition of multiple aspects of neutrophil (PMN) function by glucocorticoids has been widely documented in adults and children. Because the host defense system of the neonate is less than fully competent, further compromise of existing PMN function may be of major importance. We performed an in vitro study to determine the effect of betamethasone on the random migration (chemokinesis) and directed migration (chemotaxis) on neonatal PMN. A separated cell micropore filter assay was used to study the effect of betamethasone on PMN's obtained from cord blood of healthy term neonates. The addition of therapeutic concentrations of betamethasone (1.0 μgm/100 ml) resulted in a significant inhibition in PMN chemokinesis and chemotaxis. Betamethasone inhibition of PMN motility, if present in vivo may lead to a clinically significant susceptability to perinatal bacterial infection.
Fibular taping does not influence ankle dorsiflexion range of motion or balance measures in individuals with chronic ankle instability

Abstract Objectives To determine the effects of fibular taping on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and dynamic balance in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Design Single-blind, randomized crossover. Methods Twenty-three individuals (age = 23.4 ± 2.5 years, height = 171.6 ± 12.4 cm, mass = 71.5 ± 13.1 kg) with CAI were allocated to either a fibular taping intervention or sham taping intervention (tape applied without tension) over the course of two visits. Weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion ROM and components of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) were measured before and after intervention. Results There was not a significant change in ankle dorsiflexion ROM when comparing the taping interventions ( F 1,43 = 1.03, P = .32), but both interventions resulted in a small increase ( F 1,43 = 8.07, P = .007) in dorsiflexion ROM (pre = 36.7° ± 6.9°, post = 37.7° ± 6.2°). This increase in ROM did not exceed the established minimal detectable change for dorsiflexion ROM. Fibular taping with tension produced an increase ( F 1,41 = 5.84, P = .02) (pre = 69.0 ± 9.1%, post = 70.6 ± 8.6%) in posterolateral reach distance when compared to taping without tension (pre = 72.7 ± 11.0%, post = 71.4 ± 9.6%), but this increase did not exceed the established minimal detectable change. There was not a significant change in dynamic balance between groups for the anterior ( F 1,41 = 2.33, P = .14) and posteromedial ( F 1,41 = .41, P = .53) reach directions. Conclusions Although small changes in ankle dorsiflexion ROM and posterolateral reach distances were observed, these changes did not exceed established minimal detectable change values for these measures. These results suggest that the benefits of fibular taping are not related to an increase in ankle dorsiflexion ROM or dynamic balance.
Control of Boll Weevils Resistant to Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

During 1956, 1957; and 1958 15 replicated field-plot insecticide- Comparison experiments were conducted in the Robertson- Burleson County area of south-central Texas to determine the Effectiveness of various insecticides for control of boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boh., resistant to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Guthion® ( O,O -dimethyl S -(4oxo-3 H - 1, 2, 3-benzotriazine- 3-methyl) phosphorodithioate), Sevin® (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate), and calcium arsenate dust were most effective in controlling these weevil populations. Methyl parathion and malathion effected good immediate kill of boll weevils but did not always prevent excessive weevil damage when applied at the customary 5-day interval. Chlorinated hydrocarbon materials varied considerably in relative effectiveness at the various locations but were generally the least effective of the insecticides used. All insecticides except Sevin were combined with DDT for bollworm control.
The Age of the Electronic Document: The Documenting Challenge for Academic Archives

The newest challenge for archives located in academic and research libraries is an increasing emphasis on the problem of collecting and preserving electronic records. How does the archivist create collecting strategies in a time when much of the nation's business is conducted online? How is history documented without a paper trail? It is obvious that in the future, archivists will be forced to deal with the many intellectual and preservation issues related to electronic records and other forms of digital information. This does not mean the end of paper records in the archives; it simply indicates that the issues are becoming increasingly complex. It also does not necessarily mean that archivists will change their methods of documenting history, but will need to be flexible and knowledgeable about handling a variety of formats and media.
Single Parenthood and Social Competence in Children of Color

Increases in divorce and nonmarital childbearing have dramatically altered the family lives of children in the United States. The increasing number of children residing in single-parent households often has been linked to many of the nation's most serious social problems, including delinquency, teenaged pregnancy and welfare dependency; in fact, it is widely believed that single-parent families represent a risk factor for children's development. There are several methodological weaknesses in the research used to document the negative effects of single-parent families on children. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between single-parent family status and children's gender and social skills, utilizing a predominantly ethnic minority sample, while controlling for family socioeconomic status (SES). It was hypothesized that after controlling SES, there would be no differences between children (boys and girls) from single- and two-parent homes on measures of social skills and conflict mana...
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: new insights into the pathophysiology of mood disorders.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a novel non-invasive approach for investigation of in vivo brain neurochemistry. In this paper, we review the initial studies conducted in mood disorders. 31P MRS studies have suggested membrane phospholipid and energy metabolism abnormalities in the frontal and temporal lobes of bipolar patients. 1H MRS studies have pointed to increases in choline resonance in the basal ganglia of patients with unipolar and bipolar disorders. Mood disorders are not associated with reductions in N-acetyl-aspartate, unlike schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Both 31P and 1H MRS have begun to be used to investigate the mechanisms of action of ECT. 19F and 7Li MRS offer therapeutically relevant new tools for psychopharmacological investigation, allowing the determination of brain concentrations of psychotropic drugs. Measurement of in vivo brain lithium concentrations may have clinical relevance. While several methodological limitations persist, the noninvasiveness and the unique neurochemical insights provided by MRS offer an excellent opportunity for in vivo investigation of the neurobiology of mood disorders. Depression 4:14-30 (1996). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Embryo yield after in vitro fertilization in women undergoing embryo banking for fertility preservation before chemotherapy

Objective To evaluate embryo yield after IVF in patients undergoing embryo banking before chemotherapy. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting Hospital-based academic medical center. Patient(s) Thirty-eight women diagnosed with cancer or autoimmune disease presenting for IVF cycles, with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), for embryo cryopreservation before any therapy were compared with 921 presumably fertile women undergoing IVF for male factor infertility from January 2001 through October 2007. Intervention(s) Standard IVF or ICSI protocol, embryo freezing, and ET. Main Outcome Measure(s) The number of 2 pronuclear (2PN) embryos created and suitable for cryopreservation or transfer. Result(s) No statistically significant differences were observed between preservation and male factor groups for number of embryos, number of oocytes, or amount of gonadotropin needed to stimulate follicular development. Peak serum E2 levels were significantly lower for women with disease-seeking fertility preservation. Conclusion(s) Women facing chemotherapy as treatment for cancer or systemic autoimmune disease infrequently undergo fertility preservation. If offered this potentially fertility-preserving option, these data suggest equivalent embryo yield compared with women with infertile male partners. Our data report no significant complications in subsequent births in those who sought fertility preservation, which is informative and encouraging for these women and their providers.
The Cs2SO4 equilibrium density gradient and its application for the study of T-even phage DNA: Glucosylation and replication

The buoyant densities of normal native DNA's, containing the usual four bases, depend on their guanine + cytosine (G + C) content. This dependence (density versus G + C increments) is 1.8–4.7 times lower in the Cs2SO4 than in the CsCl gradient. Similarly, the absolute values for buoyant density determined in the Cs2SO4 gradient are lower than the corresponding values determined in the CsCl gradient by 0.25–0.30 g/cm3. Cs2SO4 also establishes a much steeper gradient than CsCl. The buoyant densities of the hydroxymethylcytosine-containing T-even phage DNA's do not conform to the G + C versus buoyant density relationship, and in the Cs2SO4 gradient they are roughly proportional to the quantity of glucose linked to the hydroxymethyl groups. Glucose-deficient T-even phage DNA's, prepared either by enzymatic synthesis or by growing T6 phages in UDPG-deficient host cells, band in the Cs2SO4 gradient at a position only slightly higher than that predicted by the glucosylation versus density relationship. In the CsCl gradient this relationship was found to be less pronounced and of a more complex nature. The natural density variation in the Cs2SO4 gradient provided by a variable degree of glucosylation was utilized for study of T6 DNA replication in wild-type and in UDPG-deficient Escherichia coli cells. In both hosts a glucose-deficient DNA is synthesized in a semiconservative manner until the 9th minute after T6 infection. At this time the glucosylation mechanism becomes operative in the wild-type host, all the phage DNA shifting to the density of fully glucosylated T6 DNA, while the host DNA becomes degraded unless it is protected by timely addition of protein-synthesis inhibitors. In the UDPG-deficient host, only glucose-deficient DNA is synthesized in a semiconservative manner, but with intervening fragmentation and recombination. The glucose-deficient phages eventually produced in this E. coli mutant are not infective for either the same mutant host or other tested strains of E. coli or Shigella paradysenteriae, but plate with high efficiency on the permissive strain Sh-16 of Shigella dysenteriae.
An improved direct power control of a doubly fed induction generator wind power system

The conventional switching strategy of a direct power control (DPC) scheme for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy generation systems are based on hysteresis comparators. Non-linear behavior of this controller causes non-constant switching frequency on the rotor side converter, which depends on the wind speed, amount of power converted and the hysteresis band of the comparator. This paper proposes a constant switching frequency controller that can replace the hysteresis-based variable frequency controller. Using two triangular waveforms that are phase shifted by 180°, the DFIG can operate in wide range of speed with constant switching frequency. Matlab/Simulink and PSIM simulation packages are used to validate this type of controller.
Use of a novel array detector for the direct analysis of solid samples by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma sector-field mass spectrometry

The use of laser ablation (LA) as a sample-introduction method for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) creates a powerful tool for trace elemental analysis. With this type of instrument, high analyte spatial resolution is possible in three dimensions with ng/g limits of detection and minimal sample consumption. Here, simultaneous detection is used to eliminate the correlated noise that plagues the ablation process. This benefit allows analyses to be performed with single laser pulses, resulting in improved depth resolution, even less sample consumption, and improved measurement precision. The new instrument includes an LA sample-introduction system coupled to an ICP ionization source and a Mattauch-Herzog mass spectrograph (MHMS) fitted with a novel array detector. With this instrument, absolute limits of detection are in the tens to hundreds of fg regime and isotope-ratio precision is better than 0.02% RSD with a one-hour integration period. Finally, depth-profile analysis has been performed with a depth resolution of 5 nm per ablation event.
Visual modeling and design of microelectromechanical system transducers

Abstract Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) integrate miniaturized mechanical structures with electronics to extend the benefits of planar integrated circuit technology to a broader class of systems, involving sensors, actuators, filters, resonators, switches, and wave guides. The mechanical structures, such as beams, plates, groves, and diaphragms, implement transduction between energy domains, passive implementations of discrete electrical devices, and conduction paths for electromagnetic radiation [F. Frank, J. Staller, The merging of micromachining and microelectronics, Third International Forum on ASIC and Transducer Technology, Alberta, Canada, May 1990, pp. 53–60, R. Howe, Silicon micromechanics: sensors and actuators in a chip, IEEE Spectrum, July (1990) 29–35]. To realize the potential and growth of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, many new design and manufacturing challenges must be addressed. The close proximity of the integration of mechanical and electrical domains within the small dimensions associated with very large scale integration (VLSI) presents new energy-coupling issues. The behavior of the overall system is not the simple concatenation of separate mechanical and electrical behaviors, but the simultaneous combination of the mechanical and electrical behaviors. New modeling, analysis, and design techniques are required to address both mechanics and electronics. In this paper, we address initial design capture and system conceptualization of MEMS transducers based on visual modeling and design. Visual modeling frames the task of generating hardware description language (analog and digital) component models in a manner similar to the task of generating software programming language applications. A domain is created using relevant artifacts and the artifacts are rendered to highlight key design aspects. The artifacts may be directly manipulated in controlled ways to alter design aspects—a process we refer to as design - by - direct - manipulation . To facilitate the application of visual modeling and design for microelectromechanical transducers, artifacts, renderings, and associated design aspects need to be largely predefined. This requirement leads to a structured topological design strategy wherein microelectromechanical foundry cell libraries are utilized. Microelectromechanical system transducer design becomes a process of exploring candidate cells (topologies), varying key aspects of the transduction for each topology, and determining which topology best satisfies design requirements. Design renderings and aspects emphasize a circuit level of abstraction. Coupled-energy MEMS characterizations are presented based on branch constitutive relations and an overall system of simultaneous differential and algebraic equations (DAE). The resulting design methodology is called Visual Integrated-Microelectromechanical VHDL-AMS Interactive Design (VIVID).
Reason, relativity, and responsibility in computer ethics

I heartily concur with the concern that Bynum and Rogerson express about the global impact of computing. The number and kinds of applications of computing increase dramatically each year and the impact of computing is felt around the planet. The ubiquitous use of electronic mail, electronic funds transfer, reservation systems, the world wide web, etc. places millions of the inhabitants of the planet in a global electronic village. Communication and actions at distance have never been easier. We are definitely in a computer revolution. We are beyond the introduction stage of the revolution in which computers are curiosities of limited power used only by a few. Now entire populations of developed countries are in the permeation stage of the revolution in which computers are rapidly moving to every aspect of
Strong shaking in Los Angeles expected from southern San Andreas earthquake

[1] The southernmost San Andreas fault has a high probability of rupturing in a large (greater than magnitude 7.5) earthquake sometime during the next few decades. New simulations show that the chain of sedimentary basins between San Bernardino and downtown Los Angeles form an effective waveguide that channels Love waves along the southern edge of the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountains. Earthquake scenarios with northward rupture, in which the guided wave is efficiently excited, produce unusually high long-period ground motions over much of the greater Los Angeles region, including intense, localized amplitude modulations arising from variations in waveguide cross-section.
Slip flow in fixed and fluidized bed plasma reactors

The characteristics of low-pressure gas low through fixed and fluidized bed plasma reactors for the study of plasma-solid reactions are presented. In the plasma fluidized bed reactor (PFBR), solid particles are fuidized at subatmospheric conditions in a resonantly sustained high frequency 2.45 GHz) plasma. The reactor operates in a previously uninvestigated regime of fuidization and microwave breakdown. A modified version of Darey's law is developed to describe and compare fixed and fluidized bed behavior, as well as to rationalize experimental measurements of pressure drop and gas flow in the absence of information about the bed temperature profile. The study has shown for a bed operating in or near the slip flow region that minimum fluidization can be predicted for slip flow fluidization in the absence of a plasma. However, the results of this work indicate that the mass fluxes and pressure drops at minimum fluidization in the presence of a plasma are significantly different from nonplasma fuidized bed. The pressure drop at minimum fluidization, in the presence of a high-frequency electrical discharge, is as much as 25% above that required to levitate the bed contents, and appears to corroborate otherfndings that link increased stability of the bed with the presence of electromagnetic fields.
The converging divergence of labor relations in automobile industry: the case of China

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate recent labor unrest in China's automobile industry and the implications for the debate on the future of the country's labor relations and cost competitiveness.Design/methodology/approach – Using data between 1999 and 2007, the authors examine how differences in work organizations in China, Germany, Japan and the USA affect wages in the automobile industry.Findings – It is found that market forces play a more prominent role in Germany and the USA than in China and Japan and the difference is attributed to cultural, economic, political, and regulatory factors in each country.Originality/value – This paper is one of the first that uses systematic data to conduct comparative analysis of labor relations in the automobile industry.
Phosphoryl-substituted 1-azadienes for use in intra-molecular diels-alder cyclizations

Abstract The preparation and isolation of 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-1-azadienes and their use in the formation of functionalized quinolizidine and indolizidine ring systems via an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction is described.
GAUGED WZW MODELS AND THE COSET CONSTRUCTION OF CONFORMAL FIELD THEORIES

The gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten models are shown to be conformal field theories providing field theoretic realizations for the Goddard-Kent- Olive coset construction G/H. In particular the conformai charge of the model coincides with the one obtained in the GKO construction. The physical spectrum of the gauged WZW model is analyzed in the BRST framework. We discuss how the physical states implement unitary representations of the coset Virasoro algebra. When H is the Cartan subalgebra of G the BRST invariant current operators (the physical currents) are shown to be the parafermionic currents.