cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Constitutionality of Jurisdiction-Stripping Legislation and the History of State Judicial Selection and Tenure

Few questions in the field of Federal Courts have captivated scholars like the question of whether Congress can simultaneously divest both lower federal courts and the U.S. Supreme Court of jurisdiction to hear federal constitutional claims and thereby leave those claims to be litigated in state courts alone. Such a divestiture is known today as “jurisdiction stripping,” and, despite literally decades of scholarship on the subject, scholars have largely been unable to reconcile two widely held views: jurisdiction stripping should be unconstitutional because it deprives constitutional rights of adjudication by independent judges and jurisdiction stripping is nonetheless perfectly consistent with the text and original understanding of the Constitution. In this article, I show how the scholarly impasse that has pitted constitutionalism and judicial independence on the one hand versus text and history on the other can be overcome. In particular, I show that something important has changed in the years since the Constitution was ratified: the gap between the independence of state and federal judges. At the time of the founding, much like their federal counterparts, no state judges were elected and the vast majority of them enjoyed life tenure. Precisely the opposite is true today. As such, the consequences of depriving federal courts of jurisdiction to hear constitutional claims were much different then than they are today. Because state courts were the background against which Article III of the Constitution was written and ratified, these changes enable the answer to the question of whether jurisdiction stripping is constitutional to change as well. In other words, just because jurisdiction stripping was constitutional in 1789 does not mean it must be constitutional today, and it does not mean we must ignore the original understanding of the Constitution to reach that conclusion. The history I have uncovered in this article has the potential to reshape many other jurisdictional doctrines of the federal courts.
Traffic-adaptive Hybrid MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

This paper proposes a Traffic-adaptive Hybrid MAC(THMAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks.THMAC combines the advantages of TDMA and CSMA,tracks the situation of traffic and collision through forecasting mechanism,which lets node choice different channel access mode under different load,and efforts to achieve the adaptive mixed of CSMA and TDMA,which reduces the probability of data conflicting while striving to maintain higher channel utilization.Simulation results show that the THMAC can effectively lower the network data conflicting rate,and maintains a higher throughput when the number of contenders changes.
Molecular and clinical characteristics of β-thalassemia in guangdong province

Objective:To analyze the molecular abnormalities of β-thalassemia in 91 Cantonese β-thalassemia children(58 β-thalassemia traits and 33 β-thalassemia majors)and study the relationship between genotype and phenotype of β-thalassemia.Method:Polymerase chain reaction,microarray hybridization and fluorescent scanning were used to analyze α and β globin gene organization.Result:①Eight different mutations were identified among the patients with β-thalassemia in GuangDong province,namely CD41-42,IVS-Ⅱ-654,TATAbox-28,CD17,CD71-72(+ A),βE 26,CD27-28 and CD71-72(+T),with the frequenceies 34.7%,24.3%,15.3%,15.3%,4.8%,2.4%,2.4% and 0.8% respectively.②In 33 β-thalassemia majors,the homozygotes and dual heterozygotes of TATAbox-28 and βE 26 as well as those patients complicated with α-thalassemia mutations had a milder clinical course and were detected to be β-thalassemia intermedias.Conclusion:①The three β-thalassemia mutations CD41-42,IVS-Ⅱ-654 and TATAbox-28 were the most common mutation in Chinese.②The genotypes of β-thalassemia are associated with phenotypes.
MO‐DE‐207B‐07: Assessment of Reproducibility Of FDG‐PET‐Based Radiomics Features Across Scanners Using Phantom Imaging

Purpose: Use a NEMA-IEC PET phantom to assess the robustness of FDG-PET-based radiomics features to changes in reconstruction parameters across different scanners. Methods: We scanned a NEMA-IEC PET phantom on 3 different scanners (GE Discovery VCT, GE Discovery 710, and Siemens mCT) using a FDG source-to-background ratio of 10:1. Images were retrospectively reconstructed using different iterations (2–3), subsets (21–24), Gaussian filter widths (2, 4, 6mm), and matrix sizes (128,192,256). The 710 and mCT used time-of-flight and point-spread-functions in reconstruction. The axial-image through the center of the 6 active spheres was used for analysis. A region-of-interest containing all spheres was able to simulate a heterogeneous lesion due to partial volume effects. Maximum voxel deviations from all retrospectively reconstructed images (18 per scanner) was compared to our standard clinical protocol. PET Images from 195 non-small cell lung cancer patients were used to compare feature variation. The ratio of a feature's standard deviation from the patient cohort versus the phantom images was calculated to assess for feature robustness. Results: Across all images, the percentage of voxels differing by 3) were observed for routinely used SUV metrics (e.g. SUVmean and SUVmax) as well as some radiomics features (e.g. co-occurrence contrast, co-occurrence energy, standard deviation, and uniformity). Similar standard deviation ratios were observed across scanners. Conclusions: Our method enabled a comparison of feature variability across scanners and was able to identify features that were not robust to changes in reconstruction parameters.
Civil capacity in transition-age youth with history of central nervous system compromise: a review

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this paper is to review various aspects of decision-making capacities in children and adolescents with a history of central nervous system compromise over the course of development and into transition to adulthood. Method: The literature on consent capacity in various domains is reviewed, with reference to state-specific legal definitions and requirements, and illustrated with a case example. Conclusions: Neuropsychologists who use an evidence-based assessment approach, and who can clearly communicate their findings in reference to specific probate court standards, can make a unique contribution to the legal system while serving their clients who are transitioning from adolescence into adulthood.
Teaching NeuroImages: Ocular findings in a patient with Wilson disease and venous sinus thrombosis.

A 28-year-old woman with a history of hepatic Wilson disease taking an oral contraceptive presented after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Neuroimaging revealed dural venous sinus thrombosis (figure 1). Underlying infections, inherited hypercoagulable disorders, and liver function abnormalities were not found. CSF analysis showed only xanthochromia and elevated erythrocyte count. Ophthalmic examination revealed abnormalities of her cornea, optic discs, and retina (figure 2). Roth spots have been traditionally described in patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis, but are also well-recognized in patients with elevated venous pressure.1 Anticoagulation and temporary CSF diversion for management of intracranial hypertension resulted in near-complete resolution of the papilledema and retinal hemorrhages 2 weeks later.
IBD: Genetic differences in Crohn's disease susceptibility and outcome.

A new genome-wide association study (GWAS) has been conducted to discover genetic contributions that can explain disease prognosis in Crohn's disease. This understudied area deserves attention for discovering genetic variants responsible for disease severity, as well as encouraging scientists to analyse or reanalyse GWAS data using various clinically important endophenotypes.
Enhancing research with Plenary Labs

The two most evident crises in the advanced research ecosystem in the USA are scarcity of funds and scarcity of jobs. We argue that both of these are outcomes of a flawed resource usage model and propose an alternative approach that can help alleviate these challenges. Named ‘Plenary Labs’, this approach is designed to act as a counterpoint to the traditional schema wherein each laboratory acts as a self-contained silo with a full complement of equipment and personnel to advance the principal investigator’s research program. This schema results in redundancy across labs, as well as an inflated need for research assistants. Plenary Labs ameliorate both of these issues by consolidating equipment and technical manpower. By democratizing access to cutting edge resources, reducing the time and costs involved in experimental research, and reducing the imbalance between supply and demand for jobs, Plenary Labs have the potential to significantly enhance research.
Mining Possessions: Existence, Type and Temporal Anchors

This paper presents a corpus and experiments to mine possession relations from text. Specifically, we target alienable and control possessions, and assign temporal anchors indicating when the possession holds between possessor and possessee. We present new annotations for this task, and experimental results using both traditional classifiers and neural networks. Results show that the three subtasks (predicting possession existence, possession type and temporal anchors) can be automated.
TRIAL SELECTION THEORY AND EVIDENCE: A REVIEW

Trial selection theory consists of models that attempt to explain or predict the characteristics that distinguish cases that are litigated to judgment from those that settle, and the implications of those characteristics for the development of legal doctrine and for important trial outcome parameters, such as the plaintiff win rate. This paper presents a review of trial selection theory and evidence. We start with a review of the literature, and then present a model that includes Priest-Klein and asymmetric information theories as special cases. We conclude with a review of the empirical evidence.
Extending the Alternating Series Test

SummaryAlternating series have the simplest of sign patterns. What about series with more complicated patterns? By inspecting the alternating series test closely, we find a theorem that applies to more complicated sign patterns, and beyond.
Integrating a large-scale interprofessional student program to address patients with complex needs

Abstract Over the last year a combined student and faculty team implemented a large-scale, interprofessional education curriculum, the Interprofessional Student Hotspotting Learning Collaborative (ISHLC).1 The ISHLC is a program initially developed and disseminated by the Camden Coalition of Healthcare Providers (CCHP), for which Thomas Jefferson University (TJU) was recently awarded National Student Hotspotting Hub status through the CCHP. The TJU development team collaborated with key stakeholders across both clinical and academic pillars to create institutional buy-in and to integrate this program into pre-existing curricula within multiple TJU health professions colleges. After a successful planning and integration phase, ISHLC launched in the fall of 2017 with eight interprofessional student teams comprised of six senior level students and two faculty members serving nine persons with complex needs through high-touch, social interventions. ISHLC participants gained experience within an interprofessional team engaging with complex patients, identifying social determinants of health, advocating to improve physical and social conditions for optimal health, and evaluating the financial and personal impacts of patient-centered interventions.
Defensive Biometrics

Biometric and biographic exploits can help criminals avoid detection and thwart identification systems, as well as identify potential targets in social networks for commercial purposes.
Integration of Neural Networks with Fuzzy Reasoning for Measuring Operational Parameters in a Nuclear Reactor

A novel approach is described for measuring variables with operational significance in a complex system such as a nuclear reactor. The methodology is based on the integration of artificial neural n...
Ridge preservation following tooth extraction using bovine xenograft compared with porcine xenograft: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

Background The primary purpose of this study was to histologically determine if there is a significant difference in new bone formation, residual graft material, and connective tissue/other when ridge preservation is accomplished using a bovine versus a porcine xenograft. Methods Forty-four patients needing a single rooted tooth extraction and ridge preservation in preparation for dental implant placement were recruited in the study. After minimally traumatic tooth extraction, alveolar ridge dimensions were measured using a custom-fabricated acrylic stent. Patients were then randomized 1:1 to receive ridge preservation using either bovine or porcine xenograft material. A trimmed dense polytetrafluoroethylene (d-PTFE) membrane was overlaid on the graft material, the mucoperiosteal flaps were replaced, and the surgical site was sutured. After 18 to 20 weeks of wound healing, sites were surgically re-entered, ridge dimensions were again measured using the previously fabricated acrylic stents and a bone core sample of the grafted site was harvested for histomorphometric analysis. Results Thirty eight of the 44 enrolled patients completed the study, 17 from the bovine group and 21 from the porcine group. Histologically, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups for mean percentage of vital bone formation (bovine = 36.21%, porcine = 31.27%, P = 0.49), residual graft material (bovine = 20.47%, porcine = 19.52%, P = 0.82) and connective tissue/other (bovine = 43.32%, porcine = 49.21%, P = 0.19). For secondary outcomes, there were no significant differences between the groups for mean change in buccal ridge height, lingual ridge height, and ridge width. However, a higher number of patients in the porcine group had additional grafting at the time of implant placement, either because of thin buccal plate or failure of implant stability. Conclusion The findings suggest that ridge preservation with porcine xenograft results in comparable histomorphometric outcomes and dimensional stability with bovine xenograft.
Impact of psychosocial comorbidities on clinical outcomes after liver transplantation: Stratification of a high-risk population.

Impact of psychosocial comorbidities on clinical outcomes after liver transplantation: Stratification of a high-risk population
Tailoring the Surface of Silicon Nanoparticles for Enhanced Chemical and Electrochemical Stability for Li-Ion Batteries

Organic monolayers of epoxy-containing oligo(ethylene oxide)s were grafted to the surface of silicon nanoparticles via a hydrosilylation reaction. The surface functional groups suppressed the chemi...
Effect of Al/Ni ratio, heat treatment on phase transformations and microstructure of AlxFeCoCrNi2−x (x = 0.3, 1) high entropy alloys

Abstract Laser-aided direct metal deposition, an additive manufacturing technique, was successfully used to fabricate thin walled high entropy alloy components. In this study, the ratio of aluminum to nickel in the AlFeCoCrNi system was decreased to observe the transition of the solid solution from a body centered cubic to a face centered cubic structure. Aluminum concentration was found to cause ordering and spinodal decomposition concomitantly in two of the compositions. The lattice parameter increased from 0.288 nm to 0.357 nm and the hardness decreased from 670 Hv to 149 Hv respectively. Differential thermal analysis was used to track the solidification paths of each of the compositions. Annealing at high temperature led to σ phase transformation in some of the compositions which along with solid solution strengthening accounted for the high softening resistance of these alloys. The optimization of the Al/Ni ratio in these alloys for better mechanical properties has been discussed with the help of an additional alloy composition as an example.
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Toxoplasma-Neuron Interactions In Situ

How tissue and cellular architecture affects host cell-microbe interactions in vivo remains poorly defined because imaging these interactions in complex tissue is difficult and standard in vitro cultures do not mimic whole organ architecture. Here we describe a method that combines new tissue clearing techniques, high-resolution imaging, and three-dimensional reconstruction to overcome these barriers and allow in situ imaging of host cell-microbe interactions in complex tissue. We use the interactions between neurons and Toxoplasma gondii, a ubiquitous, protozoan parasite that establish a lifelong central nervous system (CNS) infection in mice and humans, as a model for this technique. This method aims to provide an easy, reproducible way to visualize the complex relationship between host cells and intracellular pathogens within a whole organ.
Getting Caught: A Collaboration On- and Offstage between Theatre and Anthropology

How does an ethnographer remain affected by worlds encountered after leaving the field of research? How does a theatrical deviser build theatrical worlds from empirical research that convey affecti...
Multivariate analysis of variance and change points estimation for high-dimensional longitudinal data

This article considers the problem of testing temporal homogeneity of p‐dimensional population mean vectors from repeated measurements on n subjects over T times. To cope with the challenges brought about by high‐dimensional longitudinal data, we propose methodology that takes into account not only the “large p, large T, and small n” situation but also the complex temporospatial dependence. We consider both the multivariate analysis of variance problem and the change point problem. The asymptotic distributions of the proposed test statistics are established under mild conditions. In the change point setting, when the null hypothesis of temporal homogeneity is rejected, we further propose a binary segmentation method and show that it is consistent with a rate that explicitly depends on p,T, and n. Simulation studies and an application to fMRI data are provided to demonstrate the performance and applicability of the proposed methods.
Nursing science fellowship at Boston Children's Hospital.

Abstract Introduction Clinical inquiry is vital to safeguard nursing practice and ensure optimal outcomes for our patients and families. The innovative Nursing Science Fellowship (NSF) was developed to provide structured mentorship for pediatric nurses by nurse scientists to design and conduct clinical inquiry generated from their practice. Methods Each fellow is paired with a nurse scientist mentor to receive support for timely project completion. Dedicated mentors guide the immersion of fellows in nursing science by providing them with didactic content detailing the process of clinical inquiry and bi-monthly one-on-one mentorship sessions. Throughout their journey, fellows learn the appropriate method by which to address their clinical inquiry question and complete a scholarly project that contributes to the science of nursing. On a quarterly basis, fellows share their progress and achievements with peers, mentors, and senior leadership. Results Since 2011, 84 fellows have enrolled in this two-year program. Sixty-two nurses have graduated from the NSF and 22 fellows are currently active. Collectively, the fellows have received 46 grants to support their projects. Twenty-one fellows have received promotions and 22 fellows have furthered their education in a masters, clinical or research doctorate program. There have been 78 external disseminations highlighting their clinical inquiry work, including poster and podium presentations and peer-reviewed published manuscripts. Lastly, there have been 26 new or updated clinical practices implemented across the enterprise as a result of completed projects. Conclusions Combined these efforts have ensured a sustained commitment to advancing the science and practice of pediatric nursing.
Odd Pie Fights.

Mathematicians are proud that mathe matics is an open, growing discipline, yet too often this spirit of mathematics is not conveyed to students at the senior high school level. Teachers also claim that mathe matics is an applied discipline developed to answer real questions, yet too often stu dents draw the opposite conclusion?that mathematics is a dead, artificial science that answers word problems contrived for first year algebra classes. Here, then, is an excellent situation for open-ended mathematical discussions. The problem is elementary to state, naturally enticing, and yet amenable to several ele mentary, but astonishing, results. The situ ation is as follows:
Constitutive Musashi1 expression impairs mouse postnatal development and intestinal homeostasis

We report the generation of a versatile mouse model that facilitates Cre-inducible and tissue-specific overexpression of RNA-binding protein Musashi1. Ubiquitous overexpression resulted in postnata...
Emerging Themes in the Molecular Pathogenesis of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are ubiquitous diarrheal pathogens that thrive in areas lacking basic human needs of clean water and sanitation. These genetically plastic organisms cause tremendous morbidity among disadvantaged young children, both in the form of acute diarrheal illness and sequelae of malnutrition and growth impairment. The recent discovery of additional plasmid-encoded virulence factors and elucidation of their critical role in the molecular pathogenesis of ETEC may inform new approaches to the development of broadly protective vaccines. Although these pathogens have been closely linked epidemiologically with non-diarrheal sequelae, these conditions remain very poorly understood. Similarly, while canonical effects of ETEC toxins on cellular signaling promoting diarrhea are clear, emerging data suggest that these toxins may also drive changes in intestinal architecture and associated sequelae. Elucidation of molecular events underlying these changes could inform optimal approaches to vaccines that prevent acute diarrhea and ETEC-associated sequelae.
Fractionated Proton Beam Radiation Therapy and Hearing Preservation for Vestibular Schwannoma: Preliminary Analysis of a Prospective Phase 2 Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Management for vestibular schwannoma (VS) achieves excellent local control, and advances have increasingly focused on long-term serviceable hearing preservation. Fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy (FSRT) is associated with better hearing preservation compared to stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Fractionated proton beam radiation therapy (FPRT) may be associated with greater hearing preservation due to unique dosimetric properties of proton radiotherapy. MATERIALS/METHODS A single institution, prospective, single-arm, phase 2 clinical trial was designed for patients with VS between 2010-2019. All patients received FPRT to a total dose of 50.4-54Gy relative biological effectiveness (RBE) over 28-30 fractions. The primary endpoint was serviceable hearing preservation, defined as Gardner-Robertson (GR) score 1-2, defined as Pure Tone Average (PTA) ≤50dB and Word Recognition Score (WRS) ≥50%, at 5 years compared to a historical rate of serviceable hearing preservation of 65% in patients treated with photon radiation therapy. Other audiometric measures included Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) and Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR). Preliminary analysis was performed for 20 patients accrued with a minimum follow up of 1.0 year. RESULTS Twenty patients were accrued with median follow up of 4.0 years (range 1.0-5.0 years), with a median age of 64 years, median RT dose of 50.4 Gy (RBE). Serviceable hearing preservation at 1 year was 53%, primary endpoint was not yet met. Local control at 4 years was 100%. Median cochlea D90 was lower for patients with serviceable hearing at 1 year (median 40.5 Gy (RBE) vs 46.9 Gy (RBE), P = 0.0863). V90, Dmean, Dmin, and other cochlea dosimetric measures were also generally lower, but the associations with hearing preservation at 1 year were not statistically significant. Median PTA at 1-year worsened from 42dB at baseline to 62dB (P < 0.0001), and median WRS at 1-year worsened significantly from 85% to 48% (P < 0.0001); PTA worsening developed earlier than WRS worsening. The rate of OAE absence significantly worsened from 60% at baseline to 100% at 1-year (P = 0.0156). Other audiometric measures, including contralateral PTA, ABR, tympanometry, were not independently associated with hearing preservation. Treatment was well tolerated, with low levels of acute and late-term toxicity; one patient incurred grade one CN V dysfunction, with no grade two or higher CN dysfunction. CONCLUSION FPRT for vestibular schwannoma results in high rates of local control with comparable serviceable hearing preservation compared to historical RT series. Audiometric analyses suggest radiation-associated hearing dysfunction is manifested as early PTA worsening followed by WRS worsening.
Does successfully changing personality traits via intervention require that participants be autonomously motivated to change

Abstract A growing body of research suggests that personality traits can be changed through intervention. Theorists have speculated that successful interventions may require (1) that participants autonomously choose which traits they change and (2) that they be deeply invested in the change process. The present studies tested these propositions by examining whether interventions to change conscientiousness and emotional stability can be successful when (1) participants are randomly assigned traits to change or (2) they are naive with respect to the intervention’s target trait. Results indicated that participants could be randomly assigned to change conscientiousness—even if they were unaware that the intervention was targeting conscientiousness. In contrast, interventions targeting emotional stability were effective only if participants both (1) autonomously chose to work on emotional stability and (2) received an effective intervention. These findings have practical implications for designing interventions—and they suggest that different traits may develop via different processes.
The Dilemma of Immigration Reform in South Africa

South Africa continues to be rocked by xenophobic violence. This is largely due to the fact that legitimized forms of xenophobic discrimination remain in place, mainly because many South Africans, including political leaders, have come to accept the idea that most African immigrants are in the country illegally and are abusing the "generous" provision of immigration system. Thus, even as xenophobic violence has been condemned, there has been widespread acceptance of heavy-handed state action against African immigrants, including police raids and deportation, which has only served to reinforce the equation of African immigrants with criminality. Importantly, continuing problems in the immigration system create ambiguities of status for many immigrants. South Africa, in response to Apartheid controls, deliberately chose to create a non-encampment refugee policy in 1998, but despite the humanitarian commitments it made, the government has not fully supported the asylum seeking systems that were created, with the result that those processes are often arbitrary, inefficient, and undermined by corruption, thus making it difficult for legitimate applicants to get necessary documentation, while at the same time creating suspicion about documentation it has provided. These problems have only grown as more African immigrants, partly in response to limited immigration options, have sought to use the asylum process as a way to enter South Africa, which has then led the government to place the blame for the failure of the system on migrants themselves, even as it is clear that migrant would prefer to be documented. The Department of Home Affairs (DHA) recognizes that there are changes that need to be made to the refugee system, but under pressure from its own population who have made it clear that they are unhappy with the level of immigration into South Africa, and buying into the argument that migrants are to blame for these problems, the DHA has been unwilling to take courageous action. If anything, following trends in other countries, the DHA has sought to backtrack on its non-encampment policy, including closing refugee reception centers and increasing the number of deportations. In light of these tensions, this paper explores the ethical imperative of immigration reform in South Africa and the need for a return to the government's original humanitarian commitments.
Obtaining reliable performance from hydrocarbon analyzers

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reference method for ambient air monitoring of hydrocarbons is gas chromatography. This paper briefly reviews the chromatographic technique and discusses the various parameters which are critical to the satisfactory performance of air quality chromatographs. Detailed information is provided on installation factors, hydrogen and air support gases, and calibration. Training requirements and various methods of maintenance support are also reviewed.
Rockfill Dams: Performance of Mud Mountain Dam

Mud Mountain Dam, White River, Washington, an earth and rock fill structure 400 feet high, has settled in the core zone almost exactly as predicted during design studies which were based on large scale consolidation tests. Differential settlement between core and shell zones caused cracking at the crest parallel to the axis of the dam with rock shells settling about 18 inches more than the core.
Student Ratings of Stressful Experiences at Home and School: Loss of a Parent and Grade Retention as Superlative Stressors.

Abstract Prior research examining children's ratings of stressful life events indicated that, by the time children are in sixth grade, they fear only going blind and losing a parent more than academic retention. The current study provides a contemporary analysis of elementary grade students' perceptions of stressful life events at home and school. First-, third-, and sixth-grade students in five different schools rated the stressfulness of twenty life events. Across grade levels, those events rated as most stressful by children were: losing a parent, academic retention, going blind, getting caught in theft, wetting in class, a poor report card, having an operation, parental fighting, and being sent to the principal. Overall, the student ratings in the current study were consistent with previous research findings. One difference was that grade retention was rated as the most stressful life event by the sixth-grade students in the current study, whereas it was ranked the third highest in previous research. ...
THE LOCAL DE BRANGES-ROVNYAK CONSTRUCTION AND COMPLETE NEVANLINNA-PICK KERNELS

The purpose of this paper is to characterize finite dimensional complete Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation kernels. This result complements a recent result of Agler [2] and the characterization of finite dimensional Caratheodory interpolation kernels in [8]. Peter Quiggin has also shown that the condition is sufficient for scalar valued interpolation [12]. Further, an abstract finite dimensional version of the de Branges-Rovnyak construction is presented. This construction generalizes versions of the de Branges-Rovnyak construction [7] used by a number of authors, including Agler [5] and Muller [9] for weighted shifts (diagonal kernels) satisfying various polynomial identities.
Polynomial fitting of data streams with applications to codeword testing

Given a stream of $(x,y)$ points, we consider the problem of finding univariate polynomials that best fit the data. Over finite fields, this problem encompasses the well-studied problem of decoding Reed-Solomon codes while over the reals it corresponds to the well-studied polynomial regression problem. We present one-pass algorithms for two natural problems: i) find the polynomial of a given degree $k$ that minimizes the error and ii) find the polynomial of smallest degree that interpolates through the points with at most a given error bound. We consider a range of error models including the average error per point, the maximum error, and the number of points that are not fitted exactly. Many of our results apply to both the reals and finite fields. As a consequence we also solve an open question regarding the tolerant testing of codes in the data stream model.
TreadMarks: distributed shared memory on standard workstations and operating systems

TreadMarks is a distributed shared memory (DSM) system for standard Unix systems such as SunOS and Ultrix. This paper presents a performance evaluation of TreadMarks running on Ultrix using DECstation-5000/240's that are connected by a 100-Mbps switch-based ATM LAN and a 10-Mbps Ethernet. Our objective is to determine the efficiency of a user-level DSM implementation on commercially available workstations and operating systems. We achieved good speedups on the 8-processor ATM network for Jacobi (7.4), TSP (7.2), Quicksort (6.3), and ILINK (5.7). For a slightly modified version of Water from the SPLASH benchmark suite, we achieved only moderate speedups (4.0) due to the high communication and synchronization rate. Speedups decline on the 10-Mbps Ethernet (5.5 for Jacobi, 6.5 for TSP, 4.2 for Quicksort, 5.1 for ILINK, and 2.1 for Water), reflecting the bandwidth limitations of the Ethernet. These results support the contention that, with suitable networking technology, DSM is a viable technique for parallel computation on clusters of workstations. To achieve these speedups, TreadMarks goes to great lengths to reduce the amount of communication performed to maintain memory consistency. It uses a lazy implementation of release consistency, and it allows multiple concurrent writers to modify a page, reducing the impact of false sharing. Great care was taken to minimize communication overhead. In particular, on the ATM network, we used a standard low-level protocol, AAL3/4, bypassing the TCP/IP protocol stack. Unix communication overhead, however, remains the main obstacle in the way of better performance for programs like Water. Compared to the Unix communication overhead, memory management cost (both kernel and user level) is small and wire time is negligible. This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grants CCR-9116343, CCR-9211004, CDA-9222911, and CDA-9310073, by the Texas Advanced Technology Program under Grant 003604014, and by a NASA Graduate Fellowship.
Differences between the Early Stages of the Unemployment Rates: The Great Recession vs. the Great Depression

We test for differences between the Great Recession and the Great Depression in the US, using unemployment rates. The test is ANOVA. The hypothesis advanced is that the early phases of the recession and depression are non-different. At first we reject the hypothesis. But by incorporating government involvement for the two periods, we obtain moderate arguments for the acceptance of the hypothesis. The paper starts out with background ideas of the two periods, then proceeds to the testing based on actual data, deviation of actual from normal or NAIRU rates, and adjusted data for government capital injection and subsidies.
Homecoming at Atwater University

Atwater University (AU) administration is struggling with an increased number of student alcohol-related problems. In particular, during the annual homecoming parade, students are extremely intoxic...
Studies on dark adaptation. IV. Pre-exposure tolerance of the dark-adapted peripheral retina.

The effects of low-brightness short-duration pre-exposures on peripheral dark adaptation were investigated. Three peripheral locations: 2 deg, 6 deg, and 18 deg, were tested with a square 1-deg test patch of 0.033 sec duration. Pre-exposure was to a centrally fixated circular field which subtended 55-deg diam. Monocular curves were obtained after pre-exposures of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 ft-L each presented for 1 and 10 sec. All pre-exposure conditions resulted in some loss of sensitivity at the 2-deg location; pre-exposure combinations of 0.01 and 0.1 ft-L-sec resulted in little if any loss of sensitivity at the 6-deg and 18-deg locations.
Equitable Written Assessments for English Language Learners: How Scaffolding Helps

This study investigated the effects of the use of scaffolds in written classroom assessments through the voices of both native English speakers and English language learners from two middle schools. Students responded to assessment tasks in writing, by speaking aloud using think aloud protocols, and by reflecting in a post-assessment interview. The classroom assessment tasks were designed to engage students in scientific sense making and multifaceted language use, as recommended by the Next Generation Science Standards. Data analyses showed that both groups benefitted from the use of scaffolds. The findings revealed specific ways that modifications were supportive in helping students to comprehend, visualize and organize thinking, and elicit responses. This study offers a model for both sensitizing teachers and strengthening their strategies for scaffolding assessments equitably.
Voting behavior and the electoral context of government formation

Most studies of parliamentary elections only examine specific parts of the electoral process—generally either voter behavior, or party behavior in the post-election, coalition-formation process. However, there are substantive gains to be made by considering the election process as a whole: considering voting behavior and coalition formation together allows us to determine not only how individual characteristics influence vote choice, but how the distribution of these characteristics influences the distribution of executive authority. Combining models of voting behavior and models of coalition formation in a single empirical study can yield a more complete understanding of the link between individual voter behavior and resulting governing coalitions. This approach is demonstrated with an application to the Dutch 1994 parliamentary election.
Bovine lactoferrin mRNA: Sequence, analysis, and expression in the mammary gland

Summary The mRNA sequence for bovine lactoferrin expressed in the mammary gland was determined by sequencing three over lapping cDNA clones and by direct sequencing of the mRNA. The mRNA (2351 bases) codes for a 708 amino acid protein with a 19 amino acid signal peptide immediately preceding a sequence identical to the N-terminal 40 amino acids reported for bovine lactoferrin (1). A putative destabilizing sequence (AUUUA) was identified in the 3′-untranslated region. The nucleic acid sequence and deduced amino acid sequence are highly homologous with other transferrin family members. Lactoferrin mRNA concentrations in bovine mammary tissue were quite low two days before parturition and during lactation but were high three days after the cessation of milking, a sharp contrast from the pattern of regulation of the other milk proteins.
Factors affecting seed germination of tropical signalgrass (Urochloa subquadripara)

Abstract Tropical signalgrass is one of the dominant weeds in the Florida turfgrass industry and is potentially troublesome for the southeastern turfgrass industry. Tropical signalgrass is especially problematic for St. Augustinegrass sod producers because of lack of control options. The objectives of our research were to determine the effect of light, pH, temperature, water potential, and planting depth on tropical signalgrass germination and emergence. Tropical signalgrass germination does not require light and is optimum at pH 5 to 6, temperature 25 C, and water potentials greater than − 0.4 MPa. Tropical signalgrass shoots emerged from depths of 0 to 7 cm, with maximum germination when placed on the soil surface. Tropical signalgrass seedlings emerged in the field during the second week of March in Ft. Lonesome, FL. Weekly mean soil and ambient air temperatures at the time of emergence were 20 C. Tropical signalgrass emergence was first observed at 118 and 73 growing degree-days (GDD) (13 C base tempe...
Minor head injury: attempts at clarifying the confusion

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to a broad range of neurological, cognitive and emotional factors that result from the application of a mechanical force to the head. Mechanical force can be applied on a continuum from none to very severe, and the extent of brain injury is related to the severity of this force. A review of the literature reveals that, while considerable research has been done on minor head injury, there remain several major sources of confusion. First, one of the most noticeable problems relates to the fact that the mild head injury has lower limits which are vaguely defined. This leads to individuals being categorized as having sustained a mild TBI despite minimal or no neurological damage being present. A second source of confusion in the literature is related to the failure to differentiate between cognitive consequences of TBI and post-concussion symptoms (PCS). Since PCS can occur in the absence of head injury, and are often present beyond the period of cognitive recovery from mild TBI, the two clearly result from different factors. Researchers have often failed to separate these two factors when studying recovery of function, and this has led to varying findings on outcome. Finally, many pre-injury factors (age, education, emotional adjustment) and post-injury factors (pain, family support, stress) interact with cognitive functioning and significantly affect recovery from TBI. These problems are reviewed and discussed.
Performance assessment of virtual metrology in APC applications for the viability of sampling reductions

This paper presents a detail investigation on the performances of adopting virtual metrology in applications of advanced process controls for the purpose of sampling reductions to cut down manufacturing costs. The intended application of virtual metrology is to replace hardware measurements instead of as digital gatekeeper or alarm-trigger of invoking advanced process controls. Whereas many feasibility instances have been reported, assessments of virtual metrology actually replacing hardware measurements for advanced process controls are few. This study investigates the performance boundaries that virtual metrology can be applied to advanced process controls without sacrificing process qualities. The limits govern whether virtual metrology can deliver what it is expected and help to map out directions of investment efforts prior to actual implementations.
Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) in Shadowed Fading Channels in Presence of Shadowed Fading Cochannel Interference (CCI)

Simultaneous existence of multipath fading and shadowing leads to worsening conditions in wireless channels. This is further compounded by the interference from other base stations operating at the same frequency. The effect of this cochannel interference (CCI) and shadowed fading in error rates is studied when maximal ratio combining is used to mitigate short term fading. The CCI channels were also treated as undergoing shadowed fading. The generalized K distribution was used to model the signal-to-noise ratio of composite shadowed fading channel. The probability density functions of the signal-to-noise ratio taking into account the presence of multipath fading, shadowing and CCI were derived and used for the estimation of error rates. Results demonstrated the existence of degradation in the channel manifested as increased error rates and higher error floors. The improvements in the channel obtained through diversity were also demonstrated. The approach presented here can be easily adapted to the analysis of other diversity schemes in shadowed fading channels.
Synthesis of linear stereoregular glucomannan heteropolysaccharides

A series of stereoregular α-(1 6) linked glucomannans have been prepared by Lewis acid-catalyzed copolymerization of anhydro sugar derivatives followed by debenzylation. The products have been characterized for mole fraction of the individual monomer, and sequence lengths have been calculated from copolymerization data. The viscosity, specific rotation, and 13C nmr spectra have been correlated with the structure of the various copolymers.
Instabilities of flows over bodies at large incidence

The phenomena of the flow about an ogive-cylinder placed at incidence to an oncoming stream were numerically investigated for angles of attack of 60 and 80 deg.The flow around the cylindrical part of the body became unsteady, and vortex shedding was observed. For the 80-deg case, the corresponding Strouhal frequency was about 0.2. For both angles of attack, a small temporal disturbance of finite duration was sufficient to trigger the unsteadiness, which evolved to a finite amplitude fluctuation in the wake
Students as Evaluators Is Anonymity Worth Protecting

Rating of teachers by students is a commonly sought, important component of the evaluation of teaching. Whether student raters should be identified is controversial. Student evaluation of medical faculty is done with the knowledge that students may well need to return to these faculty for letters of recommendation for graduate program application. This subjects the rating process to a bias of recall that may result in leniency or inhibition. The special circumstance of medical student rating was studied by interviewing a sample (n = 50) of senior medical students. Nearly 40% of students felt that they would have been inhibited in responding to questions on quality of teaching and personal rating of their medical teachers. Fewer students would have been inhibited in commenting on the organization and operation of courses, but even in this area an element of inhibition would have been felt. The findings support continued protection of the identity of student raters.
Klf5 controls bone marrow homing of stem cells and progenitors through Rab5-mediated β1/β2-integrin trafficking.

Kruppel-like factor 5 regulates pluripotent stem cell self-renewal, but its role in somatic stem cells is unknown. Here we show that Kruppel-like factor 5-deficient haematopoietic stem cells and progenitors fail to engraft after transplantation. This haematopoietic stem cell and progenitor defect is associated with impaired bone marrow homing and lodging and decreased retention in bone marrow, and with decreased adhesion to fibronectin and expression of membrane-bound β1/β2-integrins. In vivo-inducible gain-of-function of Kruppel-like factor 5 in haematopoietic stem cells increases haematopoietic stem cell and progenitor adhesion. The expression of Rab5 family members, mediators of β1/β2-integrin recycling in the early endosome, is decreased in Klf5(Δ/Δ) haematopoietic stem cells and progenitors. Kruppel-like factor 5 binds directly to the promoter of Rab5a/b, and overexpression of Rab5b rescues the expression of activated β1/β2-integrins, adhesion and bone marrow homing of Klf5(Δ/Δ) haematopoietic stem cells and progenitors. Altogether, these data indicate that Kruppel-like factor 5 is indispensable for adhesion, homing, lodging and retention of haematopoietic stem cells and progenitors in the bone marrow through Rab5-dependent post-translational regulation of β1/β2 integrins.