cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anchialine podocopid Ostracoda of the Galapagos Islands

Water-filled fissures and lava tubes on Isla Santa Cruz and Isla Isabela provide anchialine habitats for 11 species of podocopid and platycopid Ostracoda, most with Atlantic and West Indian affinities. Their ancestors may have been carried to earlier islands in the Galapagos system by trans-Isthmian currents, on vegetation or larger animals, or by migrating waterfowl. None are derived from present-day Pacific coastal faunas of North, Central or South America. Two species of Cytheracea, a new species of Anchistrocheles (Bairdiacea), and one of Cytherella (Platycopida) are described.
Diagnostic retrospective in pancreaticobiliary imaging: ultrasound and ERCP.

Seventy-three patients underwent both endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and ultrasound examinations over a 2 1/4-year period. The results of both examinations are compared and evaluated. Ultrasound was found to be more sensitive for gallbladder disease and also was able to reveal abnormalities outside of the pancreaticobiliary system. ERCP was best for ductal abnormalities because dilatation was unnecessary for visualization by this method.
A measurement-based spectral generator for colors

This paper proposes a new approach to constructing spectra for colors based on measured spectra. Reflectances of a set of 1,400 color samples are measured using a spectroradiometer. Given any color, its spectrum is generated in terms of a tightly enclosing tetrahedron formed by measured color points. A method is also proposed to enlarge the span region of the base spectra for spectral generation. Using our approach, the derived spectra correspond closely to the reality and the deriving operation works almost for any color.
The sensitivity of certain indices associated with two-vehicle accidents

This study describes in mathematical terms a procedure employed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the Department of Transportation for the analysis of two-vehicle accidents. The procedure contains an Assignment Rule in which one of the involved driver-vehicle combinations is assigned to the class of active involvement and the other driver-vehicle combination is assigned to the class of passive involvement. Once case of interest is the Random Assignment Rule, and this is contrasted with the results of a Fixed Assignment Rule. Results are derived that show the effect on specific indices of (I) errors in assignment and (2) a Composite Assignment Rule (a mixture of Fixed and Random Rules).
Probing the Electrostatic Shielding of DNA with Capillary Electrophoresis

The free solution mobility of a 20-bp double-stranded DNA oligomer has been measured in diethylmalonate (DM) and Tris-acetate buffers, with and without added NaCl or TrisCl. DM buffers have the advantage that the buffering ion is anionic, so the cation composition in the solution can be varied at will. The results indicate that the free solution mobility of DNA decreases linearly with the logarithm of ionic strength when the ionic strength is increased by increasing the buffer concentration. The mobility also decreases linearly with the logarithm of ionic strength when NaCl is added to NaDM buffer or TrisCl is added to TrisDM buffer. Nonlinear effects are observed if the counterion in the added salt differs from the counterion in the buffer. The dependence of the mobility on ionic strength cannot be predicted using the Henry, Debye-Huckel-Onsager, or Pitts equations for electrophoresis. However, the mobilities observed in all buffer and buffer/salt solutions can be predicted within ∼20% by the Manning equation for electrophoresis, using no adjustable parameters. The results suggest that the electrostatic shielding of DNA is determined not only by the relative concentrations of the various ions in the solution, but also by their equivalent conductivities.
Spotlights; Research Samplings; Literature, Politics, Photography and Athletics

Major reared apart twin studies and the principal investigators behind them are presented. Personal tributes to two early researchers are provided by their colleagues and associates. Next, current twin studies and discussions of posttraumatic stress, synaesthesia, vanishing twins and bioethical issues are summarized. Human interest stories include twins in literature, politics, photography and athletics.
Association between cholecystectomy with vs without intraoperative cholangiography and risk of common duct injury.

Importance Significant controversy exists regarding routine intraoperative cholangiography in preventing common duct injury during cholecystectomy. Objective To investigate the association between intraoperative cholangiography use during cholecystectomy and common duct injury. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study of all Texas Medicare claims data from 2000 through 2009. We identified Medicare beneficiaries 66 years or older who underwent inpatient or outpatient cholecystectomy for biliary colic or biliary dyskinesia, acute cholecystitis, or chronic cholecystitis. We compared results from multilevel logistic regression models to the instrumental variable analyses. Interventions Intraoperative cholangiography use during cholecystectomy was determined at the level of the patients (yes/no), hospitals (percentage intraoperative cholangiography use for all cholecystectomies at the hospital), and surgeons (percentage use for all cholecystectomies performed by the surgeon). Percentage of use at the hospital and percentage of use by surgeon were the instrumental variables. Main Outcomes and Measures Patients with claims for common duct repair operations within 1 year of cholecystectomy were considered as having major common duct injury. Results Of 92 932 patients undergoing cholecystectomy, 37 533 (40.4%) underwent concurrent intraoperative cholangiography and 280 (0.30%) had a common duct injury. The common duct injury rate was 0.21% among patients with intraoperative cholangiography and 0.36% among patients without it. In a logistic regression model controlling for patient, surgeon, and hospital characteristics, the odds of common duct injury for cholecystectomies performed without intraoperative cholangiography were increased compared with those performed with it (OR, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.35-2.36]; P P = .31). Conclusions and Relevance When confounders were controlled with instrumental variable analysis, there was no statistically significant association between intraoperative cholangiography and common duct injury. Intraoperative cholangiography is not effective as a preventive strategy against common duct injury during cholecystectomy.
Bolivia, a land divided

This first general survey of modern Bolivia to be published in England gives a concise but comprehensive picture of the political, social, and economic conditions there.
Urinary protein excretion in red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus)

Urinary protein excretion by red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) was examined by measuring total protein concentrations in the ureteral urine and by comparing the proteins in the urine with plasma proteins. Protein concentration in the ureteral urine did not differ between males and females, and averaged 2.01 mg/ml. Gel electrophoresis showed many plasma proteins (30–149 kD) also present in the urine. Serum albumin is the most abundant protein, comprising approximately 50% of the total protein concentration in the plasma and 60% of the total protein concentration in the urine. Urinary protein, and particularly serum albumin, may be important in packaging uric acid in spheres, which facilitates excretion of uric acid without formation of large crystals that could block renal tubules.
A Fano factor measurement for silicon using low energy photons

Abstract The Fano factor in silicon at liquid nitrogen temperature is measured to be F = 0.143±0.006 using photons from 6.40 to 74.97 keV. No energy dependence of the value of F is found in the range of the present measurements. Extreme care was taken to eliminate possible errors caused by electronic pulse shaping, electronic gain stability and pile-up effects.
Dynamics of zonal flow saturation in strong collisionless drift wave turbulence

Generalized Kelvin–Helmholtz (GKH) instability is examined as a mechanism for the saturation of zonal flows in the collisionless regime. By focusing on strong turbulence regimes, GKH instability is analyzed in the presence of a background of finite-amplitude drift waves. A detailed study of a simple model with cold ions shows that nonlinear excitation of GKH modes via modulational instability can be comparable to their linear generation. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that zonal flows are likely to grow faster than GKH mode near marginality, with insignificant turbulent viscous damping by linear GKH. The effect of finite ion temperature fluctuations is incorporated in a simple toroidal ion temperature gradient model, within which both zonal flow and temperature are generated by modulational instability. The phase between the two is calculated self-consistently and shown to be positive. Furthermore, the correction to nonlinear generation of GKH modes appears to be small, being of order O(ρi2k2). Thus, the...
Recurrent SI + -SI - impulse pairs and shock structure in M-region beams

Abstract The worldwide positive-negative (SI+-SI−) impulse pair observed on geomagnetic records is found in several instances to be recurrent and associated with M-region disturbances. From this is deduced an extension of the model of an earlier paper, Sonett and Colburn,(1) where an interplanetary shock ensemble model consisting of a forward and reverse pointing shock strongly converted outward in the solar wind was postulated as the source of the SI+-SI− pair. Here it is shown that the same general shock ensemble can be invoked but with the shocks highly oblique to the wind streaming direction. A narrower choice of mechanisms for the production of the impulse pair appears possible for the recurrent phenomenon than in the instance of the pair associated with a solar flare. The observed separation between the shocks is small compared to the total beam width, and the pair is expected to bracket the leading edge of the beam. The model considered has many similarities to that proposed earlier by Dessler and Fejer.(2)
How Do Communication and Technology Researchers Study the Internet

As a partial review of the field of communication and technology, this essay revisits Newhagen and Rafaeli's (1996) Journal of Communication article that asked why communication researchers should study the Internet. Research directions, findings, and theories are discussed under the organization of the 5 important qualities of the Internet that Newhagen and Rafaeli identified: multimedia, hypertextuality, packet switching, synchronicity, and interactivity. The article concludes with an assessment of theory development in communication and technology research, issues facing theoretical growth, and an answer to the question of what this research might teach us.
On Parametric Confidence Intervals for the Cost‐Effectiveness Ratio

When comparing two competing interventions, confidence intervals for cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) provide information on the uncertainty in their point estimates. Techniques for constructing these confidence intervals are much debated. We provide a formal comparison of the Fieller, symmetric and Bonferroni methods for constructing confidence intervals for the CER using only the joint asymptotic distribution of the incremental cost and incremental effectiveness of the two interventions being compared. We prove the existence of a finite interval under the Fieller method when the incremental effectiveness is statistically significant. When this difference is not significant the Fieller method yields an unbounded confidence interval. The Fieller interval is always wider than the symmetric interval, but the latter is an approximation to the Fieller interval when the incremental effectiveness is highly significant. The Bonferroni method is shown to produce the widest interval. Because it accounts for the likely correlation between cost and effectiveness measures, and the intuitively appealing relationship between the existence of a bounded interval and the significance of the incremental effectiveness, the Fieller interval is to be preferred in reporting a confidence interval for the CER.
Ion sourcery for isotope separators

Abstract To assist in the technology transfer from the field of high-current accelerator sources to isotope separators, advances in three areas are described. First, the design of extraction electrodes to provide high-quality, high-current beams is discussed. Then, two new ion-source designs for high-current beams of nonvolatile elements are described. Finally, two electronic systems that have significantly improved the reliability of ion-beam systems are presented.
A new high-order accurate continuous Galerkin method for linear elastodynamics problems

A new high-order accurate time-continuous Galerkin (TCG) method for elastodynamics is suggested. The accuracy of the new implicit TCG method is increased by a factor of two in comparison to that of the standard TCG method and is one order higher than the accuracy of the standard time-discontinuous Galerkin (TDG) method at the same number of degrees of freedom. The new method is unconditionally stable and has controllable numerical dissipation at high frequencies. An iterative predictor/multi-corrector solver that includes the factorization of the effective mass matrix of the same dimension as that of the mass matrix for the second-order methods is developed for the new TCG method. A new strategy combining numerical methods with small and large numerical dissipation is developed for elastodynamics. Simple numerical tests show a significant reduction in the computation time (by 5–25 times) for the new TCG method in comparison to that for second-order methods, and the suppression of spurious high-frequency oscillations.
The Masculine Woman in Weimar GermanyKATIE SUTTON

Katie Sutton's thoughtful and creative study examines how discourses about ‘the masculinization of women’ during the Weimar Republic (1919–33) ‘provided 1920s German audiences with a means not only...
Steady-state cultures of human skin.

Pretransplantation cultivation of adult human skin has been optimized for rapid and prolonged outgrowth of epidermal cells from tissue explants using automatic-perfusion, thin-layer culture technology (steady state). This system fostered growth of autologous mesenchymal elements via critical control of the culture environment. The resulting cellular outgrowth maintained a balanced epithelial–dermal relationship, contained keratinocytes as well as minority epidermal cells, melanocytes and possibly Langerhans cells. Critical control of culture pH and osmolarity was found to enhance epithelial cell proliferation.
Effect of ionizing radiation and U.V. light on N-acetylglycine in the presence of ammonia.

Aqueous solutions of 1-14C-N-acetylglycine and ammonia were irradiated with 7.5 MeV fast electrons,60Co γ-rays, and u.v. light (low pressure mercury lamp). The products and their hydrolyzates were separated by electrophoresis, paper chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography. Among the main reactions are: decarboxylations, aminations yielding diglycine, dimerizations giving rise to diaminosuccinic acid, succinic acid, aspartic acid, β-aspartylglycine, β-alanylglycine, and the N-acetyl derivatives of these compounds. Methylations yield α-alanine, and a reductive transacetylation yields threonine. The results are briefly discussed with respect to the effect of different concentrations and the use of different qualities of radiation. The results also point to a possible pathway to the prebiotic origin of a number of biologically important micromolecules, including oligopeptides. The results indicate, however, that a prebiotic formation of polypeptides or protein-like macromolecules by the action of ionizing radiations or u.v. light upon aqueous solutions of monomers is unlikely under the conditions of this investigation.
Cars spectra of supersonic molecular beams

Abstract Experimental feasibility of obtaining CARS spectra of a supersonic molecular beam is demonstrated with a simple free jet system employing a small pinhole and a modest rotary pump. From spectral simplification of the Q branch structure at 2331 cm−1, a rotational temperature of 30—40 K is estimated for nitrogen. Possible experimental improvements and potential uses for this technique are discussed.
Randomly Fallible Teachers: Learning Monotone DNF with an Incomplete Membership Oracle

We introduce a new fault-tolerant model of algorithmic learning using an equivalence oracle and an incomplete membership oracle, in which the answers to a random subset of the learner's membership queries may be missing. We demonstrate that, with high probability, it is still possible to learn monotone DNF formulas in polynomial time, provided that the fraction of missing answers is bounded by some constant less than one. Even when half the membership queries are expected to yield no information, our algorithm will exactly identify m-term, n-variable monotone DNF formulas with an expected O(mn2) queries. The same task has been shown to require exponential time using equivalence queries alone. We extend the algorithm to handle some one-sided errors, and discuss several other possible error models. It is hoped that this work may lead to a better understanding of the power of membership queries and the effects of faulty teachers on query models of concept learning.
Diversity Order and Coding Gain of General-Order Rectangular QAM in MIMO Relay With TAS/MRC in Nakagami- $m$ Fading

Recently, multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) relay networks have been an active area of research, particularly with combining single transmit antenna selection (TAS) and receiver maximal ratio combining (MRC). Moreover, general-order rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) has received much attention for its high spectral efficiency and flexible modulation scheme. However, the analytical performance of general-order rectangular QAM has not been found in the literature for MIMO relay with TAS/MRC in Nakagami- m fading channels in spite of its practical usefulness. In addition, the analytical performance of general-order rectangular QAM often comes with enormous computational complexity. Therefore, it is hardly possible to understand the analytical solution unless the symbol error probability (SEP) is plotted graphically. In this paper, we present the SEP of general-order rectangular QAM in a MIMO relay with TAS/MRC using the sampling property of the delta impulse function. The SEP of MIMO relay networks is shown in terms of diversity order and coding gain. The proposed sampling method can also significantly reduce the computational complexity of the SEP of general-order rectangular QAM.
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol modulates 3H-Thymidine Incorporation in FRTL5 Cells

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) possesses proliferation and differentiation modulating effects in many cell types in vitro. We studied the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on 3H-thymidine incorporation in FRTL5 cells, a cultured rat thyroid follicular cell line. 1,25(OH)2D3 alone at 10−11 and 10−9 M exerted no effect on 3H-thymidine incorporation. However, at 10−7 M, 1,25(OH)2D3 slightly enhanced 3H-thymidine incorporation. In the presence of 5% calf serum, 1,25(OH)2D3 increased 3H-thymidine incorporation induced by calf serum in a dose-dependent manner. 1,25(OH)2D3 also enhanced 3H-thymidine incorporation induced by PMA, an extrinsic stimulator of protein kinase C, without directly affecting PMA-induced protein kinase C translocation. In contrast to the stimulatory effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the calf serum and PMA-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation, 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited the increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation induced by TSH in a dose-dependent manner. This effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on TSH-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation may be, in part, due to post-cAMP pathways since 1,25(OH)2D3 also inhibited the increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation induced by Bu2cAMP without affecting the TSH-induced increase in cAMP. The stimulatory effect of insulin on 3H-thymidine incorporation, a cAMP-independent process, was also inhibited by 1,25(OH)2D3. We conclude that 1,25(OH)2D3 affects 3H-thymidine incorporation in FRTL5 cells raising the possibility of a physiologic role for 1,25(OH)2D3 in the growth and function of thyroid follicular cells.
MacVisSTA: a system for multimodal analysis

The study of embodied communication requires access to mul-tiple data sources such as multistream video and audio, various derived and meta-data such as gesture, head, posture, facial expression and gaze information. The common element that runs through these data is the co-temporality of the multiple modes of behavior. In this paper, we present the multimedia Visualization for Situated Temporal Analysis (MacVisSTA) system for the analysis of multimodal human communication through video, audio, speech transcriptions, and gesture and head orientation data. The system uses a multiple linked representation strategy in which different rep-resentations are linked by the current time focus. In this framework, the multiple display components associated with the disparate data types are kept in synchrony, each compo-nent serving as both a controller of the system as well as a display. Hence the user is able to analyze and manipulate the data from different analytical viewpoints (e.g. through the time-synchronized speech transcription or through motion segments of interest). MacVisSTA supports analysis of the synchronized data at varying timescales. It provides an annotation interface that permits users to code the data into 'music-score' objects, and to make and organize multimedia observa-tions about the data. Hence MacVisSTA integrates flexible visualization with annotation within a single framework. An XML database manager has been created for storage and search of annotation data. We compare the system with other existing annotation tools with respect to functionality and interface design. The software runs on Macintosh OS X computer systems.
Tectonic Significance of Gravity and Aeromagnetic Investigations at the Head of the Gulf of California

To investigate the morphology of an incipient spreading center and associated transform faults, aeromagnetic and gravity surveys were made of the region at the head of the Gulf of California. The Salton Trough and Gulf of California have formed, with inevitable accompanying tectonic complexities, as two large plates of the Earth9s crust have moved diagonally apart relative to one another. Reconnaissance geology of the area shows that the ranges, which trend northwesterly approximately parallel to the Salton Trough, contain biotite and hornblende schist, granitic gneiss, granitic rocks, and widely scattered mesa-forming volcanic rocks. The Sierra del Pinacate of Sonora is a Quaternary shield volcano composed of olivine basalt which covers more than 1,500 km 2 of the pre-Quaternary terrain. The Bouguer anomaly map constructed from the gravity survey shows that anomalies range from −7 to −35 mgals over bedrock exposures to −40 to −55 mgals over the centers of alluvial basins. Interpretation of the gravity data shows that basins northeast of the Salton Trough trend northwesterly and are from 0.25 to 1.25 km deep. No northeast-trending grabens, which would locate a spreading center, were located by the gravity survey. The total field, residual magnetic map constructed from an aeromagnetic survey ranges from 600γ over basalt and some gneiss to 50γ over the deeper alluvial basins. The magnetic anomalies trend predominantly to the northwest, in reflection of the structural grain in the area. Measurements of susceptibilities and remanent magnetizations of rock samples provide constraints for geologic models constructed from magnetic profiles. Interpretation of the geophysical data indicates that a vertical offset in the basement of ~3 km separates the southeastern extension of the Salton Trough from the area to the northeast. This vertical offset represents the continuation of a strike-slip fault from the northwest. The magnetic data also show that at least two of the basins in Arizona contain extensive buried sheets of basalt. The Pinacate lava field lies at the intersection between an east-northeasterly magnetic trend and the primary northwesterly magnetic trend. The cause of the east-northeasterly cross trend is not known, but could be due to basement deformations not detected by the gravity survey, or basaltic dikes, which intrude along a zone extending from the northern gulf to the Pinacate lava field.
Diabetes and Hypertension: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment

Hypertension occurs in approximately 30% of patients with type 1 diabetes and from 50 to 80% of patients with type 2 diabetes. Although the pathogenesis of hypertension is distinct in each type, hypertension markedly enhances the already high risk of cardiovascular and renal disease in types 1 and 2 and implications for treatment are similar in both. The threshold for blood pressure treatment in diabetic patients is generally agreed to be 140/90 mm/hg with a target BP of < 130/80. So-called "lifestyle modifications" play an important role in therapy, particularly in type 2 patients, by decreasing blood pressure and improving other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Indeed non-pharmacologic interventions have been demonstrated to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes in patients at high risk to develop the disease. Aggressive anti-hypertensive drug treatment is warranted given the high risk associated with the combination of diabetes and hypertension and the demonstrated effectiveness of anti-hypertensive treatment in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. ACE inhibitors and ARBs are the cornerstones of pharmacologic management, in no small part because of the renoprotective effects of these agents in antagonizing the development and progression of diabetic renal disease. Multiple agents, including diuretics, will usually be required to attain target blood pressure levels.
Adaptive clustering and adaptive weighting methods to detect disease associated rare variants

Current statistical methods to test association between rare variants and phenotypes are essentially the group-wise methods that collapse or aggregate all variants in a predefined group into a single variant. Comparing with the variant-by-variant methods, the group-wise methods have their advantages. However, two factors may affect the power of these methods. One is that some of the causal variants may be protective. When both risk and protective variants are presented, it will lose power by collapsing or aggregating all variants because the effects of risk and protective variants will counteract each other. The other is that not all variants in the group are causal; rather, a large proportion is believed to be neutral. When a large proportion of variants are neutral, collapsing or aggregating all variants may not be an optimal solution. We propose two alternative methods, adaptive clustering (AC) method and adaptive weighting (AW) method, aiming to test rare variant association in the presence of neutral and/or protective variants. Both of AC and AW are applicable to quantitative traits as well as qualitative traits. Results of extensive simulation studies show that AC and AW have similar power and both of them have clear advantages from power to computational efficiency comparing with existing group-wise methods and existing data-driven methods that allow neutral and protective variants. We recommend AW method because AW method is computationally more efficient than AC method.
Prevalence and Phenotype Consequence of FRAXA and FRAXE Alleles in a Large, Ethnically Diverse, Special Education–Needs Population

Summary We conducted a large population-based survey of fragile X (FRAXA) syndrome in ethnically diverse metropolitan Atlanta. The eligible study population consisted of public school children, aged 7–10 years, in special education–needs (SEN) classes. The purpose of the study was to estimate the prevalence among whites and, for the first time, African Americans, among a non–clinically referred population. At present, 5 males with FRAXA syndrome (4 whites and 1 African American), among 1,979 tested males, and no females, among 872 tested females, were identified. All males with FRAXA syndrome were mentally retarded and had been diagnosed previously. The prevalence for FRAXA syndrome was estimated to be 1/3,460 (confidence interval [CI] 1/7,143–1/1,742) for the general white male population and 1/4,048 (CI 1/16,260–1/1,244) for the general African American male population. We also compared the frequency of intermediate and premutation FRAXA alleles (41–199 repeats) and fragile XE syndrome alleles (31–199 repeats) in the SEN population with that in a control population, to determine if there was a possible phenotype consequence of such high-repeat alleles, as has been reported previously. No difference was observed between our case and control populations, and no difference was observed between populations when the probands were grouped by a rough estimate of IQ based on class placement. These results suggest that there is no phenotype consequence of larger alleles that would cause carriers to be placed in an SEN class.
Os acromiale: evaluation of markers for identification on sagittal and coronal oblique MR images

An os acromiale is a developmental abnormality of ossification involving the anterior acromion which may contribute to impingement and rotator cuff disease. When axial MR sections do not include the acromioclavicular joint, the diagnosis of this often subtle abnormality will rest on its recognition on oblique coronal and sagittal images where it mimics the acromioclavicular joint. The identification of this anomaly is important as it frequently alters the type of surgical procedure utilized in symptomatic patients. We evaluate several imaging features which may be used to diagnose an os acromiale in these cases.
Management and Systems Engineering of the Kepler Mission

Kepler is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) first mission capable of detecting Earth-size planets orbiting in the habitable zones around stars other than the sun. Selected for implementation in 2001 and launched in 2009, Kepler seeks to determine whether Earth-like planets are common or rare in the galaxy. The investigation requires a large, space-based photometer capable of simultaneously measuring the brightnesses of 100,000 stars at part-per-million level of precision. This paper traces the development of the mission from the perspective of project management and systems engineering and describes various methodologies and tools that were found to be effective. The experience of the Kepler development is used to illuminate lessons that can be applied to future missions.
Effect of volatiles on mycelium growth of Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum, and P. ulaiense

More than 200 mono- and sesquiterpenes were evaluated by agar diffusion plate tests for their ability to inhibit the growth of three postharvest pathogenic fungi: Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum, and P. ulaiense. Major fungicidal action was observed in phenolic components like carvacrol and related homologue molecules. Etherified components like anethole, methyl chavicol and safrole exhibited less fungicidal action. Monoterpene hydrocarbons gave poor results. Fungicidal action against the three species often differed in degree of strength. Some components showed a strong fungicidal as well as fungistatic action, others only a fungistatic action. The inhibition of many components lasted for several months. In others a regression was observed as early as one week after initial scoring.
The responses of V1 cortical neurons to flashed presentations of orthogonal single lines and edges.

How cortical neurons process multiple inputs is a fundamental issue in modern neuroscience. Neurons in visual cortical area V1 have been shown to exhibit cross-orientation suppression, where the re...
Characterizing the compression-dependent viscoelastic properties of human hepatic pathologies using dynamic compression testing

Recent advances in elastography have provided several imaging modalities capable of quantifying the elasticity of tissue, an intrinsic tissue property. This information is useful for determining tumour margins and may also be useful for diagnosing specific tumour types. In this study, we used dynamic compression testing to quantify the viscoelastic properties of 16 human hepatic primary and secondary malignancies and their corresponding background tissue obtained following surgical resection. Two additional backgrounds were also tested. An analysis of the background tissue showed that F4-graded fibrotic liver tissue was significantly stiffer than F0-graded tissue, with a modulus contrast of 4:1. Steatotic liver tissue was slightly stiffer than normal liver tissue, but not significantly so. The tumour-to-background storage modulus contrast of hepatocellular carcinomas, a primary tumour, was approximately 1:1, and the contrast decreased with increasing fibrosis grade of the background tissue. Ramp testing showed that the background stiffness increased faster than the malignant tissue. Conversely, secondary tumours were typically much stiffer than the surrounding background, with a tumour-to-background contrast of 10:1 for colon metastases and 10:1 for cholangiocarcinomas. Ramp testing showed that colon metastases stiffened faster than their corresponding backgrounds. These data have provided insights into the mechanical properties of specific tumour types, which may prove beneficial as the use of quantitative stiffness imaging increases.
Relationships between Linear Dynamically Varying Systems and Jump Linear Systems

The connection between linear dynamically varying (LDV) systems and jump linear (JL) systems is explored. LDV systems have been used to model the error in nonlinear tracking problems. Some nonlinear systems, for example Axiom A systems, admit Markov partitions and their dynamics can be quantized as Markov chains. In this case the tracking error can be approximated by a JL system. It is shown that (i) JL controllers for arbitrarily fine partitions exist if and only if the LDV controller exists; (ii) the JL controller stabilizes the nonlinear dynamical system; (iii) JL controllers provide approximations of the LDV controller. Finally, it is shown that this process is robust against such errors in the probability structure as the inaccurate assumption that an easily constructed partition is Markov.
Direct activation of cdc2 with phosphatase: identification of p13sucl-sensitive and insensitive steps

In Xenopus oocytes, activation of MPF during prophase-metaphase transition is associated with the tyrosine dephosphorylation of the cdc2 protein. In vivo and in cell-free extracts kinase activation can be inhibited by excess p13suc1, a subunit of the protein kinase. Here we have demonstrated that affinity-purified cdc2 from Xenopus prophase oocytes may be activated in vitro by exposure to potato acid phosphatase. In vitro, excess p13 does not inhibit tyrosine dephosphorylation of prophase cdc2, but nonetheless binds and prevents the activation of the enzyme. By contrast, fully activated enzyme from metaphase Xenopus eggs is insensitive to excess p13. These observations define a p13-sensitive state in the activation of fully active cdc2 that follows tyrosine dephosphorylation.
Assessing older adults׳ Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms: Psychometric characteristics of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised

The lack of Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) symptom measures validated for use with older adults has hindered research and treatment development for the age group. We evaluated the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R; Foa et al., 2002) with participants aged 65 and older (N = 180) to determine if the measure was an effective tool for evaluating obsessional symptoms. Participants completed the OCI-R and a comprehensive assessment battery up to four times over approximately 18 months. Results supported the well-replicated latent structure of the OCI-R (i.e., Washing, Checking, Ordering, Obsessing, Hoarding, and Neutralizing.). OCI-R total score was robustly associated with OCD symptoms assessed 18 months later by clinical interview, while scores on self-report measures of worry, general anxiety, and depression were not. Results indicate the OCI-R is an effective OCD symptom measure for older adults, although replication with additional older adult samples is needed.
Some not so new Arguments in Support of Heterodox Agendas in the Study of Sport 1

This essay is not a direct response to the articles of Cole, Dewar, Maguire, and Young. Rather it is an attempt to situate their perspectives within the changing face of sociology and the sociology of sport as fields of inquiry. In this essay, I try to address the conflicts that exist between conventional sociologists (orthodox-mainstream) and those of us who oppose the conventional agenda. I ask the question "Which sociological imagination will prevail?" I ask how we connect political agendas to intellectual agendas, and to practices in physical culture. Using Giddens, I ask whether or not North American sociology has recovered from or has regenerated from functionalism and empiricism apres la lutte. The articles of my colleagues are highlighted in my discussion.
Differences in the thermal physiology of adult Yarrow's spiny lizards (Sceloporus jarrovii) in relation to sex and body size

Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is often assumed to reflect the phenotypic consequences of differential selection operating on each sex. Species that exhibit SSD may also show intersexual differences in other traits, including field-active body temperatures, preferred temperatures, and locomotor performance. For these traits, differences may be correlated with differences in body size or reflect sex-specific trait optima. Male and female Yarrow's spiny lizards, Sceloporus jarrovii, in a population in southeastern Arizona exhibit a difference in body temperature that is unrelated to variation in body size. The observed sexual variation in body temperature may reflect divergence in thermal physiology between the sexes. To test this hypothesis, we measured the preferred body temperatures of male and female lizards when recently fed and fasted. We also estimated the thermal sensitivity of stamina at seven body temperatures. Variation in these traits provided an opportunity to determine whether body size or sex-specific variation unrelated to size shaped their thermal physiology. Female lizards, but not males, preferred a lower body temperature when fasted, and this pattern was unrelated to body size. Larger individuals exhibited greater stamina, but we detected no significant effect of sex on the shape or height of the thermal performance curves. The thermal preference of males and females in a thermal gradient exceeded the optimal temperature for performance in both sexes. Our findings suggest that differences in thermal physiology are both sex- and size-based and that peak performance at low body temperatures may be adaptive given the reproductive cycles of this viviparous species. We consider the implications of our findings for the persistence of S. jarrovii and other montane ectotherms in the face of climate warming.
Electroweak effective lagrangian and running couplings revisited

The complete version of a previously published radiative corrections method for e−e− annihilation at the Z0 pole is outlined, resolving earlier difficulties and filling in important details. The full set of one-loop graphs is divided into gauge-invariant subsets. The relationship of this calculation to other schemes and the EXPOSTAR Monte Carlo is discussed.
Concerning the scaling behavior in the classical mechanics of non-reactive collisions: an analytic investigation

Abstract The classical mechanical treatment of non-reactive scattering processes is cast into a convenient formalism for describing the changes in the internal linear momentum affected by a collision. The dependence of these changes on the initial internal linear momentum and coordinate is shown to be weak. Combining this result with the classical virial theorem leads to a classical scaling theory for internal energy changes. In its simplest form, this theory explicitly exhibits the dependence of the internal energy transfer on four factors: (1) the initial internal energy; (2) the initial internal coordinate; (3) the bound state potential; and (4) the average momentum transfer. At a given initial kinetic energy, these four quantities suffice to characterize the systematic variation of the internal energy transfer with initial internal energy and coordinate. The combination of the classical scaling theory with the quasiclassical histogram quantization method is determination of all other transition probabilities Pn→Δ, Δ = 1, 2, …, n. This includes classically forbidden processes for which the scaling theory yields an exact value of zero
Neuropsychological performance as a function of cardiac status among heart transplant candidates: a replication.

This study examined the relationship between cardiac function and cognitive test performance among candidates for heart transplant. Participants were 26 individuals undergoing heart catheterization within one day of completing a battery of cognitive tests. Partial correlation analyses controlling for age and education were used to examine the relationship between cardiac function and cognitive performance. Results replicate previous findings in that increasing hemodynamic pressure variables, e.g., pulmonary artery systolic pressure, were associated with decreased cognitive performance on a measure of psychomotor speed and attention (Trail Making Test-Part A: r=.53). In contrast, cardiac output and cardiac index appeared to be not significantly related to cognitive performance. Taken together, poor performance on cognitive tests among heart transplant candidates appears to be attentionally mediated.
Hydrogen peroxide alteration of whey proteins in whey and concentrated whey systems.

Abstract The extent of denaturation and physical aggregation of individual and total whey proteins, produced by treating whey and concentrated whey systems with hydrogen peroxide under experimental conditions that simulate pressure membrane and gel filtration processes for preparing an undenatured whey protein concentrate, was studied by preparative ultracentrifugation, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration chromatography and zonal electrophoresis. Proteose peptones were most susceptible; immunoglobulins, β -lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin were intermediately susceptible; and α -lactalbumin was least susceptible to alteration by hydrogen peroxide. Variations in pH of the reaction mixture had only a minor influence upon whey protein alteration, whereas, all of the other variables, i.e., peroxide concentration, temperature, and reaction time, greatly affected the extent of total and individual whey protein alteration produced by the peroxide-catalase treatment.
Scanning electron microscopy of dialysis tubes incubated in flowing seawater

Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) demonstrate the growth of an epiphytic diatom and bacterial community on the surface of dialysis membranes incubated In situ, Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island (USA). A comparison is made between brushed and unbrushed tubes in summer, and unbrushed tubes in winter. Detrital deposition and epiphytic growth may decrease surface area and, by uptake and regeneration, influence nutrient flux through the membrane.
Formation of tissue factor activity following incubation of recombinant human tissue factor apoprotein with plasma lipoproteins

Incubation of recombinant human tissue factor apoprotein (Apo-TF) with human plasma decreased the recalcified clotting time of this plasma in a time-and dose-dependent manner suggesting relipidation of the Apo-TF by plasma lipoproteins. Incubation of Apo-TF with purified preparations of human very low density, low density and high density lipoproteins resulted in tissue factor activity in a clotting assay. The order of effectiveness was VLDL greater than LDL much greater than HDL. Tissue factor activity generated by incubation of a fixed amount of Apo-TF with plasma lipoproteins was lipoprotein concentration-dependent and saturable. The association of Apo-TF with lipoprotein particles was supported by gel filtration studies in which 125I-Apo-TF coeluted with the plasma lipoprotein in the void volume of a Superose 6 column in the presence and absence of calcium ions. In addition, void-volume Apo-TF-lipoprotein fractions exhibited tissue factor activity. These results suggest that the factor VIII-bypassing activity of bovine Apo-TF observed in a canine hemophilic model may be due, in part, to its association with plasma lipoproteins and expression of functional tissue factor activity.
The impact of self-reported life stress on current impulsivity in cocaine dependent adults.

Abstract Current cocaine treatments may be enhanced with a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the onset and maintenance of the disease, such as life stress and impulsivity. Life stress and impulsivity have previously been studied independently as contributors to drug use, and the current study expands upon past research by examining how these factors interact with one another. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the role of life stress in predicting impulsivity in a non-treatment seeking cocaine-dependent sample (N = 112). Analyses revealed that trait impulsivity (as measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale) was associated with education (r = − 3.09, p
Le troisième tour? The effects of the change to concurrent presidential and legislative elections on party campaigning and perception in France

The 2002 presidential and National Assembly elections were the first after constitutional changes ensured the presidential election would immediately precede the legislative election. Using both qualitative and quantitative evidence, I argue that before the institutional reforms, debates in legislative elections had three characteristics: a focus on substantive policy issues, framing cohabitation as a shift in which party controlled the power to set the policy agenda and few incursions into the legislative election by the President. After the changes, debates in legislative elections were devoid of policy issues, framed cohabitation as a weakening of the President’s power to set the agenda and featured more incursions by the President into the campaign. This caused voters to identify the parties more in terms of those parties’ presidential candidates.
Ergonomic comparison of laparoscopic hand instruments in a single site surgery simulator with novices

AbstractBackground: Single-site surgery improves cosmesis but increases procedural difficulty. Enhanced instruments could improve procedural efficiency leading to better patient outcomes. Material and methods: One pair of non-articulating (straight) and two different pairs of articulating laparoscopic instruments were evaluated using a peg-transfer surgical task simulator by premedical college students. The instruments were comparatively tested using task performance measures, ergonomic measures, and participant questionnaires. Results: The straight instrument produced significantly higher task performance scores and lower task times compared to both articulating instruments (p < 0.05). The straight instrument required less muscle activation and less wrist deviation than the articulating instruments to perform the same task. Participants rated the straight instrument significantly easier to use and less difficult to complete the task than with either articulating instrument (p < 0.05 for both). Conclusion...