cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Strategy for Academic Libraries in the First Quarter of the 21st Century

The wide application of digital technologies to scholarly communications has disrupted the model of academic library service that has been in place for the past century. Given the new Internet tools and the explosive growth of digital content available on the Web, it is now not entirely clear what an academic library should be. This article is an attempt to provide a strategy for academic libraries in what is left of the first quarter of the 21st century. There are five components of the model: 1) complete the migration from print to electronic collections; 2) retire legacy print collections; 3) redevelop library space; 4) reposition library and information tools, resources, and expertise; and 5) migrate the focus of collections from purchasing materials to curating content. Each of the components of the strategy and their interactions will be considered. It is hoped that the result will provide a useful roadmap for academic libraries and the campuses they serve.
Verification of a distributed computing system by layered proofs

This paper presents a technique for the verification of "full" distributed computing systems, building on the CLI stack which addresses verification of a layered sequential system. This paper also presents the application of our technique to the verification of a distributed system of three layers: a small high-level distributed programming language (microSR); a multiple processor architecture consisting of an instruction set and system calls; and a network interface. MicroSR programs are implemented by a compiler from microSR to the multiprocessor layer. System calls (for interprocess message passing) are implemented by network services. This work demonstrates that the correctness of a distributed program, most notably its interprocess communication, is verifiable through layers that guarantee the correctness of the compiled code that makes reference to operating system calls, of the operating system calls in terms of network calls, and of the network calls in terms of network transmission steps. The Cambridge HOL system is used for the specification and the proofs.
Vitamin D and tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is highly prevalent worldwide, accounting for nearly two million deaths annually. Vitamin D influences the immune response to tuberculosis, and vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased tuberculosis risk in different populations. Genetic variability may influence host susceptibility to developing active tuberculosis and treatment response. Studies examining the association between genetic polymorphisms, particularly the gene coding for the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and TB susceptibility and treatment response are inconclusive. However, sufficient evidence is available to warrant larger epidemiologic studies that should aim to identify possible interactions between VDR polymorphisms and vitamin D status.
Studying power: qualitative methods and the global elite

The qualitative study of global elites is a challenging task and in this article we demonstrate that the difficulties of elite research can be handled in a more transparent and productive manner by...
Reconfigurable photonic switch based on a binary system using the White cell and micromirror arrays

We describe an N/spl times/N optical switch for use in cross-connects. It is a free-space device, based on multiple bounces in a pair of White cells sharing a spatial light modulator at one end. In a companion paper, we described various polynomial cells, in which the number of outputs was proportional to the number of bounces raised to some power. In the binary device described here, the number of possible outputs is proportional to the number two raised to the power of the number of bounces. It allows a 1024 /spl times/ 1024 switch using a single digital two-state tip/tilt micromirror array, four spherical mirrors, and a spot displacement device. It is highly scalable and insensitive to micromirror pointing accuracy.
Treatment of Primary FSGS in Adults

Over the last 20 years, primary FSGS has emerged as one of the leading causes of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in adults, particularly among African Americans. In nephrotic patients, progression to ESRD often occurs over the course of 5-10 years, whereas non-nephrotic patients and those entering a remission have an extremely favorable prognosis. As a result, it is in patients who remain persistently nephrotic despite conservative therapy that a more aggressive therapeutic approach is taken. Primary FSGS was once considered an entity nonresponsive to prednisone or immunosuppressive agents, but it has become apparent over the last 20 years that a substantial portion of nephrotic adults with primary FSGS do respond to treatment with a significantly improved prognosis. The recent histologic classification proposed for FSGS has provided additional insights into the prognosis and response to therapy. This article reviews the current knowledge regarding the presentation, prognosis, and therapeutic approach in adults with primary FSGS.
Encoding of Information in Auditory Displays: Initial Research on Flexibility and Processing Codes in Dual-task Scenarios:

Interest in the use of sound as a means of information display in human-machine systems has surged in recent years. While researchers have begun to address issues surrounding good auditory display design as well as potential domains of application, little is known about the cognitive processes involved in interpreting auditory displays. In multi-tasking scenarios, dividing concurrent information display across modalities (e.g., vision and audition) may allow the human operator to receive (i.e., to sense and perceive) more information, yet higher-level conflicts in the encoding and representation of information may persist. Surprisingly few studies to date have examined auditory information display in dual-task scenarios. This study examined the flexibility of encoding of information and processing code conflicts in a dual-task paradigm with auditory graphs—a specific class of auditory displays that represent quantitative information with sound. Results showed that 1) patterns of dual-task interference wer...
Measurement of small absorption coefficients using pump-probe thermal lens method with nearly collimated beams

Summary form only given. Thermal lensing is a well-known method that allows the measurement of absorption coefficients with high sensitivity and versatility. In a pump-probe version of the technique, the pump beam induces a thermal lens in the absorbing medium which is monitored by a collinearly propagating probe beam. Usually the pump and the probe beam are tightly focused onto the sample. In this configuration, increasing the path-length of the sample much over the confocal distance of the focused pump beam does not enhance the amplitude of the signal. Increasing the path-length of the sample can compensate the decrease of the signal caused by the absence of focusing. We show that a thermal lens experiment can be conducted with nearly collimated pump and probe beams for the measurement of small absorption in large pathlength samples.
Integrating Engineering Design into Technology Education: Georgia's Perspective.

This descriptive research study reported on Georgia’s secondary level (grades 6-12) technology education programs capability to incorporate engineering concepts and/or engineering design into their curriculum. Participants were middle school and high school teachers in the state of Georgia who currently teach technology education. Participants completed a Likert-type online-survey which reported on technology education teacher’s (a) current instructional practices to teach engineering-based instruction, (b) curricular value placed on engineering-based instruction, and (c) instructional needs to teach engineering-based topics. General demographic information was collected from all participants. The results from the study aided in informing the educational community on the perspective of the values, needs, and Cameron Denson is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at Utah State University. He can be reached at Cameron.denson@aggiemail.usu.edu. Todd Kelley is an Assistant Professor at Purdue University, IN. He can be reached at trkelley@purdue.edu. Robert Wicklein is a Professor at the University of Georgia, Athens. He can be reached at wickone@uga.edu. 82 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL TEACHER EDUCATION instructional practices associated with an engineering design focus for technology education. A summary of the five main recommendations are reported.
Minireview: fetal-maternal hormonal signaling in pregnancy and labor.

Mechanisms underlying the initiation of parturition remain unclear. Throughout most of pregnancy, uterine quiescence is maintained by elevated progesterone acting through progesterone receptor (PR). Although in most mammals, parturition is associated with a marked decline in maternal progesterone, in humans, circulating progesterone and uterine PR remain elevated throughout pregnancy, suggesting a critical role for functional PR inactivation in the initiation of labor. Both term and preterm labor in humans and rodents are associated with an inflammatory response. In preterm labor, intraamniotic infection likely provides the stimulus for increased amniotic fluid interleukins and migration of inflammatory cells into the uterus and cervix. However, at term, the stimulus for this inflammatory response is unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that the developing fetus may produce physical and hormonal signals that stimulate macrophage migration to the uterus, with release of cytokines and activation of inflammatory transcription factors, such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1), which also is activated by myometrial stretch. We postulate that the increased inflammatory response and NF-κB activation promote uterine contractility via 1) direct activation of contractile genes (e.g. COX-2, oxytocin receptor, and connexin 43) and 2) impairment of the capacity of PR to mediate uterine quiescence. PR function near term may be compromised by direct interaction with NF-κB, altered expression of PR coregulators, increased metabolism of progesterone within the cervix and myometrium, and increased expression of inhibitory PR isoforms. Alternatively, we propose that uterine quiescence during pregnancy is regulated, in part, by PR antagonism of the inflammatory response.
Training general surgery residents in pediatric surgery: educational value vs time and cost.

Abstract Background This study evaluated the educational value of pediatric surgery rotations, the likelihood of performing pediatric operations upon completing general surgery (GS) residency, and time and cost of training GS residents in pediatric surgery. Methods A survey was administered to GS residents that evaluated the pediatric surgery rotation and anticipated practice intentions. A retrospective analysis (2005-2006) of operative times for unilateral inguinal hernia repair, bilateral inguinal hernia repair, and umbilical hernia repair was also performed. Procedure times were compared for operations performed by a pediatric surgeon with and without GS residents. Cost analysis was based on time differences. Results General surgery residents (n = 19) considered the pediatric surgery rotation to have high educational value (4.7 ± 0.6 of 5) with extensive teaching (4.6 ± 0.7) and operative experience (4.4 ± 0.8). Residents listed pediatric surgery exposure, operative technique, and observed work ethic as most valuable. Upon graduation, residents expect to perform pediatric operations 2 to 3 times annually. Thirty-seven percent of residents felt competent to perform appendectomy (patients >5 years), 32% appendectomy (3-5 years), 21% gastrostomy (>1 year), and 11% inguinal herniorrhaphy (>1 year). Operative times and costs were significantly higher in operative procedures performed with a GS resident. Conclusion General surgery residents considered pediatric surgery as a valuable educational experience. Residents anticipate performing pediatric operations a few times annually. Training GS residents in pediatric surgery increased operative time and cost. This information may be useful in determining the appropriate setting for resident education as well as budget planning for pediatric surgical practices.
Mining Interface Specifications for Generating Checkable Robustness Properties

A software system interacts with its environment through interfaces. Improper handling of exceptional returns from system interfaces can cause robustness problems. Robust- ness of software systems are governed by various tempo- ral properties related to interfaces. Static verification has been shown to be effective in checking these temporal prop- erties. But manually specifying these properties is cum- bersome and requires the knowledge of interface specifica- tions, which are often either unavailable or undocumented. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to automati- cally infer system-specific interface specifications from pro- gram source code. We use a model checker to generate traces related to the interfaces. From these model check- ing traces, we infer interface specification details such as return value on success or failure. Based on these inferred specifications, we translate generically specified interface robustness rules to concrete robustness properties verifi- able by static checking. Hence the generic rules can be specified at an abstract level that needs no knowledge of the source code, system, or interfaces. We implement our framework for an existing static analyzer that employs push down model checking and apply the analyzer to the well known POSIX-API system interfaces. We found 28 robust- ness violations in 10 open source packages using our frame- work.
Discovery, taxonomic distribution, and phenotypic characterization of a gene required for 3-methylhopanoid production

Hopanoids methylated at the C-3 position are a subset of bacterial triterpenoids that are readily preserved in modern and ancient sediments and in petroleum. The production of 3-methylhopanoids by extant aerobic methanotrophs and their common occurrence in modern and fossil methane seep communities, in conjunction with carbon isotope analysis, has led to their use as biomarker proxies for aerobic methanotrophy. In addition, these lipids are also produced by aerobic acetic acid bacteria and, lacking carbon isotope analysis, are more generally used as indicators for aerobiosis in ancient ecosystems. However, recent genetic studies have brought into question our current understanding of the taxonomic diversity of methylhopanoid-producing bacteria and have highlighted that a proper interpretation of methylhopanes in the rock record requires a deeper understanding of their cellular function. In this study, we identified and deleted a gene, hpnR, required for methylation of hopanoids at the C-3 position in the obligate methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus strain Bath. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the taxonomic distribution of HpnR extends beyond methanotrophic and acetic acid bacteria. Phenotypic analysis of the M. capsulatus hpnR deletion mutant demonstrated a potential physiological role for 3-methylhopanoids; they appear to be required for the maintenance of intracytoplasmic membranes and cell survival in late stationary phase. Therefore, 3-methylhopanoids may prove more useful as proxies for specific environmental conditions encountered during stationary phase rather than a particular bacterial group.
Similarity, frequency, and category representations.

This article studies the joint roles of similarity and frequency in determining graded category structure. Perceptual classification learning experiments were conducted in which presentation frequencies of individual exemplars were manipulated. The exemplars had varying degrees of similarity to members of the target and contrast categories. Classification accuracy and typicality ratings increased for exemplars presented with high frequency and for members of the target category that were similar to the high-frequency exemplars. Typicality decreased for members of the contrast category that were similar to the high-frequency exemplars. A frequency-sensitive similarity-to-exemplars model provided a good quantitative account of the classification learning and typicality data. The interactive relations among similarity, frequency, and categorization are considered in the General Discussion. Among the most well-established findings in the categorization literature is that categories have "graded structures" (Rips, Schoben, & Smith, 1973; Rosch, 1973, 1978; Rosch & Mervis, 1975; Smith & Medin, 1981). Rather than all instances of a category being "equal," it appears that certain instances are better examples than others. For example, people reliably rate a robin as a better example of the category birds
Closed Worlds: The Rise and Fall of Dirty Physiology

This paper examines an unexplored genealogy of closed resource regeneration systems, which migrated from the space program to countercultural architectural groups experimenting with autonomous living. More than a cultural fascination with the space program, closed recirculatory systems illustrate emerging architectural concerns related to habitation. They manifest a new integrated structure where man—his physiology of ingestion and excretion—becomes part of the system he inhabits as a combustion device. In addition, as organisational divisions of closed loop cycles, closed systems are computational systems, namely recursive models that generate complex behaviours. “Closed worlds” disclose a struggle to reconcile the utopian ideal of replicating the earth in its totality, with the visceral and raw material reality of “stuff” generated unexpectedly from feedback loops. The genealogy of closed resource regeneration systems reveals how the exploration of outer space fuelled a radical ecological architectural ...
2-Cyano-1-methyl-pyridinium iodide.

The cation in the title compound, C7H7N2+·I−, is planar (r.m.s. deviation for the nine fitted non-H atoms = 0.040 A). The crystal packing is best described as undulating layers of cations and anions associated via C—H⋯I inter­actions.
Heme Oxygenase-1 in Kidney Health and Disease

Abstract Significance: Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) represent a considerable burden in healthcare. The heme oxygenase (HO) system plays an important role in regulating oxidative stress and is protective in a variety of human and animal models of kidney disease. Preclinical studies of the HO system have led to the development of several clinical trials targeting the enzyme or its products. Recent Advances: Connection of HO, ferritin, and other proteins involved in iron regulation has provided important insight into mechanisms of damage in AKI. Also, HO-1 expression is important in the pathogenesis of hypertension, diabetic kidney disease, and progression to end-stage renal disease. Critical Issues: Despite intriguing discoveries, no drugs targeting the HO system have been translated to the clinic. Meanwhile, treatments for AKI and CKD are urgently needed. Many factors have likely contributed to challenges in clinical translation, including variation in animal models, difficult...
Singularity analysis of fully-constrained six-DOF cable-driven parallel robots with seven cables

Singularity analysis of parallel robots is an important issue. A parallel robot could be out of control or crash in a singular configuration. The unidirectional constraint of cables makes the singularity analysis of cable-driven parallel robots different from that of rigid-link parallel robots even if they have similar kinematical architectures. This paper discusses various categories of singularities of fully-constrained cable-driven parallel robots. Based on their natures, singularities of cable-driven parallel robots are classified into two categories: the Jacobian singularity and the force-closure singularity. A Jacobian singularity occurs when the Jacobian matrix of a cable-driven parallel robot loses its full rank. When the Jacobian matrix of a cable-driven parallel robot has a full rank, the cables' inability to generate tension will lead to force-closure singularities, which can always happen to fully-constrained cable-driven parallel robots. A method of identifying force-closure singularities of ...
Knowledge,attitudes and practices status about avian influenza A(H7N9) among people with occupation exposure to wild birds in Guangzhou

Objective To understand the knowledge,attitude and practice status about avian influenza A(H7N9)among people with occupational exposure to wild birds in Guangzhou and provide evidence for making up health education measures.Methods A total of 179 people with occupational exposure to wild birds,including 97 close contacts,were investigated.Results The awareness rate of H7N9 avian among close contacts and non-close contacts was 69.81%and 62.20%respectively.Television,newspapers,and internet were the main channels to learn about H7N9 avian influenza related knowledge.The percentages of wearing of masks,gloves,work clothes,waterproof shoes or shoe covers and work hats were 92.78%,84.54%,83.51%,83.51%and 71.13%respectively.The close contact did not take comprehensive safeguard procedures when they treated sick or dead wild birds.Up to 97.94%of close contacts and 96.34%of non-close contacts disposed sick or dead wild birds correctly.The immunization rate of influenza vaccine in close contacts and in non-close contacts was 35.05%and 15.85%respectively during past year,while the percentage of those who were willing to have free vaccination was 76.29%and 78.05%respectively.Conclusion The awareness of H7N9 avian influenza among people with occupational exposure to wild birds place in Guangzhou was poor.The rate of taking comprehensive protection among them was very low.The percentage of those who were willing to have free vaccination was significantly higher than the vaccination rate during past year.It is suggested that the education about H7N9 avian influenza prevention should be strengthened in this population with different ways.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of square-matrix-PCR in detecting E. coli. O157

Objective:To probe a affordable method for testing E.coli.O157.Methods:A 10×10 square matrix was used for arranging the samples in order.Samples in any row in square matrix were mixed for a new one marked.The same with any line.PCR for testing specific gene O157 was conducted for mixed sample.Results: The cost of testing E.coli.O157 with a way of combing square and PCR was about 80% percent less than traditional way.Moreover,this way of square-PCR could locate the strains detected.Conclusion:It is a new idea for us to release the work and reduce the cost for detecting the E.coli.The way of square-matrix-PCR,one less-expend-method is worthy of popularizing in the future.
Role of Department Entrance and Exit Education in Clinical Teaching of Pediatrics

In order to help interns to convert their role from a student to a doctor as soon as possible,a series of guidance and training are arranged for them,including education upon department entrance and summary upon exit so that interns will be familiar with their work as soon as possible.The quality of teaching and learning has been improved.
Undercounting File Downloads from Institutional Repositories

ABSTRACTA primary impact metric for institutional repositories (IR) is the number of file downloads, which are commonly measured through third-party Web analytics software. Google Analytics, a free service used by most academic libraries, relies on HTML page tagging to log visitor activity on Google's servers. However, Web aggregators such as Google Scholar link directly to high value content (usually PDF files), bypassing the HTML page and failing to register these direct access events. This article presents evidence of a study of four institutions demonstrating that the majority of IR activity is not counted by page tagging Web analytics software, and proposes a practical solution for significantly improving the reporting relevancy and accuracy of IR performance metrics using Google Analytics.
The Structure of Moral Leadership

Leadership is a process of morality to the degree that leaders engage with followers on the basis of shared motives and values and goals — on the basis, that is, of the followers’ “true” needs as well as those of leaders: psychological, economic, safety, spiritual, sexual, aesthetic, or physical. Friends, relatives, teachers, officials, politicians, ministers, and others will supply a variety of initiatives, but only the followers themselves can ultimately define their own true needs. And they can do so only when they have been exposed to the competing diagnoses, claims, and values of would-be leaders, only when the followers can make an informed choice among competing “prescriptions”, only when — in the political arena at least — followers have had full opportunity to perceive, comprehend, evaluate, and finally experience alternatives offered by those professing to be their “true” representatives. Ultimately the moral legitimacy of transformational leadership, and to a lesser degree transactional leadership, is grounded in conscious choice among real alternatives. Hence leadership assumes competition and conflict, and brute power denies it.
On the importance of viscoelastic response consideration in structural design optimization

In this paper we present a series of mathematical proofs that demonstrate the importance of accounting for viscoelastic effects in structural optimization algorithms. Focusing specifically on mass minimization problems with stiffness and deflection constraints, we show that standard techniques based on linear elastic analysis overestimate the long-term stiffness of the structure, leading to designs that become infeasible after sustained loading due to viscoelastic creep. Conversely, assuming maximum creep deflection, which also allows for linear analysis, leads to an overly conservative design that is unnecessarily heavy and therefore suboptimal. We prove both propositions for both constant and time-varying load histories. We also present proofs for generalized continuum mechanics problems as well as for a finite element formulation, which can be applied to any arbitrary geometry. Lastly, we present two numerical examples in which the conclusions derived in the proofs are verified empirically.
Homophobia in Sport

Sport is a microcosm of society so thus mirrors what is happening in society at large (Coakley J Sport in Society: Issues and Controversies 10th edn. McGraw Hill, New York (2008). This includes homophobia which is the fear of homosexuals or homosexuality. Along with homophobia, biphobia (fear of bisexuals) and transphobia (fear of transgendered individuals) are often grouped together.
Fixture identification from aggregated hot water consumption data

Activity identification in smart housing utilizes smart meters to label consumption of utilities, such as cold and hot water, into human activities, such as cooking and cleaning. Typical approaches utilize a large array of high sampling rate sensors installed at each fixture location. This high density-high sampling rate approach raises computational challenges due to the volume of data generated over time. In this paper, we present a novel approach for identifying water usage patterns using a sparse array of sensors. Unlike traditional approaches which utilize data from individual fixtures, our approach identify fixtures by classifying the aggregated water usage from the kitchen sink, bathroom sink and shower. Furthermore, we model fixture and user characteristics to generate a set of higher level features that are used to identify individual fixtures. We evaluate our approach using a novel dataset of 12 apartments from the Clarkson University Smart Housing Project. Our results show that our approach reduces the number of fixture level smart meters from 7 to 3, while achieving an average accuracy between 70% to 80% for identifying hot water fixtures used in the kitchen sink, bathroom sink and shower.
Authentic learning in cybersecurity: Learning opportunities and pedagogical challenges

This study focuses on introducing authentic learning experiences to students majoring in Information Security and Intelligence (ISI) and presents learning opportunities and pedagogical challenges posed by authentic learning. Drawing on the Situated Cognition Theory, authentic learning enables students to transfer knowledge to real-life scenario through problem-solving related to real-life cases, role playing exercises, and participation in community practices. By encouraging students to participate in authentic tasks in authentic context, instructors can nurture authentic learning environment that naturally requires students to link their knowledge obtained in the classroom with the real-life scenario. Subsequently, students learn the subtlety and complexity of a subject matter. In this regard, this study proposes that authentic learning is important to Cybersecurity education that demands a high level of abstract thinking, strong analytical skills, and the ability to solve problems through critical thinking and creativity. By designing multiple projects (Cyber Hacking) in support of authentic learning, the preliminary findings of this study unfold the pedagogical opportunities and challenges for authentic learning in Cybersecurity education.
Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Prevention and Management

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome that constitutes nearly half of all heart failure cases. Because of lack of effective pharmacological targets to improve outcomes, the emphasis of the management and prevention of HFpEF should be through control of risk factors. This review will use the framework proposed by the American Heart Association on 7 simple measures ("Life's Simple 7") that involves diet and lifestyle changes to achieve ideal cardiovascular health. These 7 measures include (1) smoking, (2) obesity, (3) exercise, (4) diet, (5) blood pressure, (6) cholesterol, and (7) glucose control, which can help control the most common comorbidities and risk factors associated with HFpEF, such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Therefore, application of these 7 simple measures would be a patient-centered and cost-effective way of prevention and management of HFpEF.
MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES: Evolving Strategies for Treatment

Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent form of diabetes, accounting for approximately 90% of cases. This article examines the current classification, diagnostic criteria for diabetes, and screening recommendations and provides a therapeutic strategy for improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Issues in Vascular Access with Special Emphasis on the Cancer Patient

The management of the cancer patient is often complex and involves multiple disciplines. The complexity of the care that is required often necessitates venous access for the administration of myriad therapies and the acquisition of blood samples. Reliable venous access is critical for the optimal management of the many aspects of care of a patient with cancer. Although the exact number of catheters inserted annually in the United States for care of cancer patients is unknown, it is likely that it represents a significant percentage of the more than 5 million central venous catheters placed.
Programmed cell death-1/Programmed cell death ligand-1(PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors, heralding a new era of immunotherapy in the management of advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Abstract Purpose Successful immuno-oncology research over the past few decades has driven the widespread clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibition, the activation of the bodies’ immune system to combat malignant tumor cells, in the management of various cancers. The utilization of the checkpoint inhibition mechanism in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) became the standard second-line therapy in 2015 with the FDA approval of Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab. Design This review provides a synopsis of the existing knowledge of the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of malignant tumors and examines the mechanism of action of immune therapies, as well as discussing the data from the clinical studies responsible for the approval of immune checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Results Three recently-approved drugs: Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab and Atezolizumab, and Durvalumab, currently under FDA review, have shown favorable overall survival, overall response rate, duration of response and/or toxicity/safety profiles in a number of single agent and combination therapy clinical trials compared to standard of care platinum-based doublet chemotherapies for advanced NSCLC patients who have metastatic disease, have failed standard-of-care therapy, or are treatment-naive. Conclusion Current and future research will focus on novel immunotherapeutic agents and additional drug combination trials, as well as investigating tumor-specific biomarkers, including PD-L1 expression and other immune signatures, to predict which patients may best benefit from the new checkpoint inhibition drug regimens. In the near future, clinicians will have more choices of potential first line treatment regimens for NSCLC patients, and eventually targeted therapies and immunotherapy may prove more efficacious and safer than current platinum-based chemotherapy.
Nonlinear optics in germanium mid-infrared fiber material: Detuning oscillations in femtosecond mid-infrared spectroscopy

Germanium optical fibers hold great promise in extending semiconductor photonics into the fundamentally important mid-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The demonstration of nonlinear response in fabricated Ge fiber samples is a key step in the development of mid-infrared fiber materials. Here we report the observation of detuning oscillations in a germanium fiber in the mid-infrared region using femtosecond dispersed pump-probe spectroscopy. Detuning oscillations are observed in the frequency-resolved response when mid-infrared pump and probe pulses are overlapped in a fiber segment. The oscillations arise from the nonlinear frequency resolved nonlinear (χ(3)) response in the germanium semiconductor. Our work represents the first observation of coherent oscillations in the emerging field of germanium mid-infrared fiber optics.
Surgical Intervention in the Correction of Primary and Secondary Gait Abnormalities

Abstract Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive disorder of motion, posture and balance. The clinical representation of this disease, which varies depending on the extent of the disorder, has certain common features which include the following: abnormal muscle tone, muscle contractures, loss of selective muscle control, difficulties with balance and coordination and dependence on primitive reflex patterns for ambulation. As a result, many deviations from normal locomotion occur. These deviations are either primary, due directly to the deficits of the motor control system or secondary, adaptations which the child makes either voluntarily or involuntarily to compensate for the primary problem. Surgical intervention to correct gait abnormalities in children with CP is a common form of treatment. The surgical decision making process is a complex one because the primary problems must be treated and not the coping mechanisms. Gait analysis helps the clinician identify the source of these abnormalities so more appropriate decisions can be made. It provides the clinician with: 1) objective documentation of gait abnormalities which are difficult to visualize, specifically rotational deviations and 2) more information about the cause of gait abnormalities specifically when EMG and joint kinetic data are available. In the following chapter, examples of the use of gait analysis data (joint kinematics, kinetics and EMG) in the surgical decision making process are presented. The primary problems with the corresponding coping mechanisms are explained. The post-operative data in each case is given to illustrate post-surgical changes. The precise evaluation of outcome is critical if treatment of this complex neuromuscular disorder is to improve. From these examples, it will become evident that the complexity of gait patterns in children with cerebral palsy cannot be underestimated.
Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Environments: Modeling Challenges for Resource and Environmental Economists

AbstractAnalysis of coastal climate change adaptation requires combining environmental and resource economics with other disciplines. Sea level rise, ocean warming and acidification, and increased ...
MyVoice National Text Message Survey of Youth Aged 14 to 24 Years: Study Protocol.

Background: There has been little progress in adolescent health outcomes in recent decades. Researchers and youth-serving organizations struggle to accurately elicit youth voice and translate youth perspectives into health care policy. Objective: Our aim is to describe the protocol of the MyVoice Project, a longitudinal mixed methods study designed to engage youth, particularly those not typically included in research. Text messaging surveys are collected, analyzed, and disseminated in real time to leverage youth perspectives to impact policy. Methods: Youth aged 14 to 24 years are recruited to receive weekly text message surveys on a variety of policy and health topics. The research team, including academic researchers, methodologists, and youth, develop questions through an iterative writing and piloting process. Question topics are elicited from community organizations, researchers, and policy makers to inform salient policies. A youth-centered interactive platform has been developed that automatically sends confidential weekly surveys and incentives to participants. Parental consent is not required because the survey is of minimal risk to participants. Recruitment occurs online (eg, Facebook, Instagram, university health research website) and in person at community events. Weekly surveys collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data are analyzed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data are quickly analyzed using natural language processing and traditional qualitative methods. Mixed methods integration and analysis supports a more in-depth understanding of the research questions. Results: We are currently recruiting and enrolling participants through in-person and online strategies. Question development, weekly data collection, data analysis, and dissemination are in progress. Conclusions: MyVoice quickly ascertains the thoughts and opinions of youth in real time using a widespread, readily available technology—text messaging. Results are disseminated to researchers, policy makers, and youth-serving organizations through a variety of methods. Policy makers and organizations also share their priority areas with the research team to develop additional question sets to inform important policy decisions. Youth-serving organizations can use results to make decisions to promote youth well-being. [JMIR Res Protoc 2017;6(12):e247]
Designing the Promise: The Salt Lake Community College Promise Program

ABSTRACTThe price of college is increasingly out of reach for many Americans. Although community colleges are affordable compared to other institutional sectors, many community college students have unmet need. Free college and promise programs are emerging around the country as a solution to make college more affordable. This article examines the Salt Lake Community College (SLCC) Promise program that launched in fall 2016. The article describes the purpose of the program and the critical role of student affairs in the design and implementation of SLCC Promise. The article ends with a descriptive analysis of the outcomes of the first year of implementation of SLCC Promise, and it identifies ways that student affairs and student services can support fair and equitable free college programs.
Prospective predictors of first-onset depressive disorders in adolescent females with anxiety disorders

Abstract Background Anxious youth are at increased risk for later depressive disorders, but not all anxious youth develop depression. Sequential comorbidity models emphasize shared risk factors and anxiety sequelae, but some anxious youth who later develop depression may have risk factors that are relatively specific to depression, in addition to a liability to anxiety. We examined several variables that appear relatively specific to risk for depression—the personality traits of low positive affectivity and high sadness, and an electrophysiological measure of blunted response to reward - in predicting first-onset depressive disorders and depressive symptoms in clinically anxious adolescent girls. Methods A sample of 114 adolescents with baseline anxiety disorders completed personality and psychopathology measures, psychophysiology tasks, and diagnostic interviews. Interviews and a measure of depressive symptoms were re-administered over 27 months. Results After controlling for baseline depressive symptoms, blunted reward sensitivity uniquely predicted first-onset depressive disorders and depressive symptoms 27 months later. Post-hoc analyses indicated that blunted reward sensitivity only predicted first-onset depressive disorders and depressive symptoms in girls with high social anxiety symptoms. Limitations Analyses were unable to account for concurrent anxiety symptoms and disorders. Conclusions The depression-specific risk factor, blunted reward sensitivity, may comprise one pathway to subsequent depressive disorders and symptoms in anxious youth and indicate which anxious youth need intervention to prevent later depression, particularly in socially anxious girls.
RapidScat Sigma-0 Measurements Validation

NASA RapidScat is the first Ku-Band wind scatterometer that flown in non-Sun-synchronous orbit. RapidScat is capable of measuring ocean vector winds over the full diurnal cycle, instead of observing a given location at a fixed time of day. The RapidScat operated onboard the International Space Station between September 2014 and August 2016. This unique platform facilitated global contiguous geographical sampling between the ±56 latitude. Non-Sun-synchronous orbit also enables the overlap with other satellite instruments that have been flying in Sun-synchronous orbits. To serve as a cross-calibration reference with other instruments, RapidScat must be carefully calibrated. This paper presents the double-difference methodology to scatterometry. The methodology has been adopted for the cross-instrument calibration between RapidScat and QuikScat scatterometers simultaneously orbiting the Earth on- board two independent satellite platforms. The statistical analysis and measurements biases have been evaluated between the two scatterometers. Calculated biases may be used for measurement correction and reprocessing. This work summarizes the comparison measurements data in the period from January 2015 to August 2016. This research was performed under the grant from the NASA Headquarters and oth RapidScat and QuikScat datasets were provided by the NASA Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PODAAC) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Metabolic homeostasis: Oxidative phosphorylation and the metabolic requirements of higher plants and animals.

Oxidative phosphorylation has an intrinsic program that sets and stabilizes cellular energy state ([ATP]/[ADP][Pi]), and thereby metabolic homeostasis. A computational model consistent with regulat...
A clinical evaluation of a giomer restorative system containing surface prereacted glass ionomer filler: results from a 13-year recall examination.

ABSTRACT Background The authors' objective was to evaluate the long-term performance of a resin-based composite restorative material (Beautifil, Shofu, Kyoto, Japan) in combination with a self-etching primer (FL-Bond, Shofu) for posterior restorations. Methods Two clinicians placed 61 restorations, 26 Class I and 35 Class II, in 31 patients. They placed restorations while using rubber dam isolation. Two other clinicians examined the restorations according to the modified U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria, observing color match, marginal adaptation, anatomy, surface roughness, marginal staining, interfacial staining, proximal and occlusal contacts, secondary caries, postoperative sensitivity and luster. Clinicians examined restorations at baseline as well as at one-, two-, four-, eight- and 13-year recall visits. Results All restorations were examined at one year, 58 (95 percent) at two years, 39 (64 percent) at four years and 41 (67 percent) at eight years; at the 13-year recall examination, 41 (67 percent) either were examined or had a known outcome. Of the 41 restorations seen at the 13-year examination, 25 restorations (14 Class I and 11 Class II) were intact and acceptable, two had secondary caries and 14 either were not present or had failed (two were missing, 10 had received crowns and two had been replaced). No changes were observed in the modified USPHS criteria for 12 of the 25 restorations that were intact (48 percent). Areas of change observed in 13 of the 25 intact restorations included color match (12 percent), marginal adaptation at the occlusal (20 percent) and proximal surfaces (4 percent), marginal staining on occlusal (24 percent) and proximal surfaces (8 percent), and interfacial staining on occlusal (4 percent) and proximal surfaces (12 percent). Conclusion The study results showed that most of the restorations observed at the 13-year recall examination maintained acceptable clinical qualities. Practical Implications Beautifil restorative material demonstrated long-term successful results for restoration of posterior teeth.
WFIRST coronagraph: digging dark-holes with partially corrected pupil phase

The WFIRST coronagraph employs two sequential deformable mirrors to compensate for phase and amplitude errors in the coronagraph optical system. In such a system the actuators of the deformable mirrors would be used for two purposes: To flatten the overall wavefront errors at a system pupil, and to create "dark-holes". The actuators have limited stroke ranges. Therefore, if the pupil phase errors are relatively large, flattening them completely could use up a significant portion of the actuator stroke, sometimes leaving insufficient stroke for creating the dark-holes. We have investigated the impact of partially-corrected pupil phase errors on a Hybrid Lyot Coronagraph (HLC) broadband contrast performance. The predicted broadband contrast floor agrees well with those measured on the HLC testbed.
Acute kidney injury after hepatectomy can be reasonably predicted after surgery

Background Hepatectomy presents unique challenges potentially heightening acute kidney injury (AKI) risk, but the full spectrum of risk factors has not been identified. Methods Data for hepatectomy patients in the 2016 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (n = 3,814) was randomly split into derivation (70%) and validation (30%) cohorts. AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine ≥0.3 mg/dl or ≥1.5-fold above the preoperative value within 30 days of surgery. Multivariable logistic regression assessed preoperative and intraoperative risk factors for AKI. Results Of 2,692 patients (derivation cohort), 432 (16%) developed AKI. Risk factors were the following: age (years; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.016 [95% confidence interval 1.006-1.026], female sex (aOR 0.65 [0.51-0.82]), body mass index (kg/m2 ; aOR 1.043 [1.024-1.062]), diabetes (aOR 1.71 [1.31-2.24]), hypertension (aOR 1.66 [1.30-2.13]), hematocrit (%; aOR 0.944 [0.924-0.966]), operative time (min; aOR 1.004 [1.003-1.004]), planned open procedure (aOR 2.00 [1.47-2.73]), and Pringle maneuver (aOR 1.36 [1.07-1.72]). The areas under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.74 (95% CI 0.71-0.76) and 0.71 (95% CI 0.67-0.75) in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. Conclusions Postoperative AKI affects one in six hepatectomy patients; preoperative and intraoperative factors can predict the risk of postoperative AKI.