Low adherence to existing model reporting guidelines by commonly used clinical prediction models

ABSTRACT Objective To assess whether the documentation available for commonly used machine learning models developed by an electronic health record (EHR) vendor provides information requested by model reporting guidelines. Materials and Methods We identified items requested for reporting from model reporting guidelines published in computer science, biomedical informatics, and clinical journals, and merged similar items into representative “atoms”. Four independent reviewers and one adjudicator assessed the degree to which model documentation for 12 models developed by Epic Systems reported the details requested in each atom. We present summary statistics of consensus, interrater agreement, and reporting rates of all atoms for the 12 models. Results We identified 220 unique atoms across 15 model reporting guidelines. After examining the documentation for the 12 most commonly used Epic models, the independent reviewers had an interrater agreement of 76%. After adjudication, the model documentations’ median completion rate of applicable atoms was 39% (range: 31%-47%). Most of the commonly requested atoms had reporting rates of 90% or above, including atoms concerning outcome definition, preprocessing, AUROC, internal validation and intended clinical use. For individual reporting guidelines, the median adherence rate for an entire guideline was 54% (range: 15%-71%). Atoms reported half the time or less included those relating to fairness (summary statistics and subgroup analyses, including for age, race/ethnicity, or sex), usefulness (net benefit, prediction time, warnings on out-of-scope use and when to stop use), and transparency (model coefficients). Atoms relating to reliability also had low reporting, including those related to missingness (missing data statistics, missingness strategy), validation (calibration plot, external validation), and monitoring (how models are updated/tuned, prediction monitoring). Conclusion There are many recommendations about what should be reported about predictive models used to guide care. Existing model documentation examined in this study provides less than half of applicable atoms, and entire reporting guidelines have low adherence rates. Half or less of the reviewed documentation reported information related to usefulness, reliability, transparency and fairness of models. There is a need for better operationalization of reporting recommendations for predictive models in healthcare. KEY POINTS Question How often does documentation for commonly deployed clinical predictive models report the information requested by model reporting guidelines? Finding Combining the recommendations from 15 model reporting guidelines, we identified 220 unique requested items. We reviewed the documentation of 12 commonly deployed Epic models and assessed the completion rate of applicable items. The median completion rate was 39%. While the most commonly requested items were highly reported, information on usefulness, reliability, transparency and fairness was missing from at least half of documentation. Meaning There is incomplete documentation for model users to ensure that deployed models are useful, reliable, transparent and fair.