cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogenetic changes in skeletal muscle fiber type, fiber diameter and myoglobin concentration in the Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)

Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) (NES) are known to be deep, long-duration divers and to sustain long-repeated patterns of breath-hold, or apnea. Some phocid dives remain within the bounds of aerobic metabolism, accompanied by physiological responses inducing lung compression, bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction. Current data suggest an absence of type IIb fibers in pinniped locomotory musculature. To date, no fiber type data exist for NES, a consummate deep diver. In this study, NES were biopsied in the wild. Ontogenetic changes in skeletal muscle were revealed through succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) based fiber typing. Results indicated a predominance of uniformly shaped, large type I fibers and elevated myoglobin (Mb) concentrations in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of adults. No type II muscle fibers were detected in any adult sampled. This was in contrast to the juvenile animals that demonstrated type II myosin in Western Blot analysis, indicative of an ontogenetic change in skeletal muscle with maturation. These data support previous hypotheses that the absence of type II fibers indicates reliance on aerobic metabolism during dives, as well as a depressed metabolic rate and low energy locomotion. We also suggest that the lack of type IIb fibers (adults) may provide a protection against ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury in vasoconstricted peripheral skeletal muscle.
Complications in the first year following cataract surgery with and without IOL in infants and older children

Abstract Purpose: The optimal role of intraocular lenses (IOLs) in infants remains a controversial topic for many reasons, including concerns about significant complications occurring in young rapidly developing eyes. Methods: To assess the number and type of significant complications requiring further intervention occurring in the first postoperative year, we reviewed the records of 15 eyes of 13 infants undergoing lensectomy with posterior chamber IOL and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV)/capsulectomy under 6 months (group A) of age as part of an ongoing prospective study of IOL use in infants. This group was compared with a group of 16 children age 10 months to 5 years undergoing an identical procedure (group B) and a group of 33 infants less than 6 months of age undergoing lensectomy/vitrectomy without IOL (group C). Results: Thirteen of 15 eyes in group A required additional surgery in the first postoperative year. Twelve of the 15 eyes (80%) developed secondary opacification across the visual axis posterior to the IOL requiring a second PPV and one eye developed pseudophakic glaucoma. Two patients required a third PPV to keep the visual axis clear. In group B, 0 of 16 ( P P Conclusions: Intraocular lens implants in infants may be associated with a higher complication rate requiring further surgery during the first postoperative year than is lensectomy/vitrectomy surgery without IOL implant in infants or lensectomy/IOL/vitrectomy surgery in children older than 6 months of age. (J AAPOS 2002;6:9-14)
Alcoholisms Evolutionary and Cultural Origins

Alcoholism's heritability has been convincingly documented but the question of why a disorder that is so damaging to the individual and to society should continue to persist is still baffling. A widely held assumption is that whatever genotype is involved, its components must originally have conferred survival value else it would never have evolved. The corollary to that assumption is that when conditions favoring that genotype changed, the former advantages became detrimental. However, the genotype has persisted because it does not affect sexual function, if at all, until after peak productive years. An appreciation of the evolutionary biology and the historical-cultural context associated with alcohol consumption may lead not only to a better understanding of this disorder but to treatment alternatives based on that understanding.
An acute hypertensive response after intravenous use of a new pentazocine formulation.

We present the case of a 27-year-old woman with a history of drug abuse. Following her routine intravenous (IV) injection of solubilized pentazocine and tripelennamine tablets ("Ts and Blues"), the patient developed severe hypertension, a finding not characteristic of either drug alone or of the combination. The manufacturers of Talwin ® (pentazocine) recently have added naloxone to the tablets to discourage IV abuse of this oral preparation. Our patient unknowingly had injected the new pentazocine formulation, and she subsequently developed narcotic withdrawal symptoms. Her hypertension was treated, and she was discharged from the emergency department. We report the case as an "unusual reaction" that may develop in frequent abusers of pentazocine and its combinations.
Lengthened induction period or immunologic unresponsiveness depending on antigen dose in adult, X-irradiated rabbits.

SummaryAdult rabbits were injected with either 10 mg or 100 mg of bovine albumin 24 hours after 400r x-irradiation. The dose of irradiation was shown to suppress completely the antibody response to the smaller amount of antigen but not to the larger amount. In the latter case the induction period was lengthened and a delayed antibody response was determined to have occurred sometime between the 14th and 24th day after injection. Whether antibody formation was to be suppressed or delayed could be correlated with the disappearance of radioiodinated antigen from the blood and the amount of antigen remaining. It was further shown that the 10 mg dose of antigen but not the 100 mg dose established a state of immunologic unresponsiveness to a subsequent challenge with antigen.
The Beltsville Small White Turkey

(1967). The Beltsville Small White Turkey. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 32-42.
A method of processing third-stage larvae of the nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis for electron microscopy.

SUMMARY A method for processing third-stage larvae for electron microscopy is described. Using simple apparatus larvae are separated from faecal material by migration to a warmed area; they are then immobilized and chopped up in agar prior to fixation. No cellular distortion is observed in ultra-thin sections.
The Gulf War, stress and a leaky blood-brain barrier.

Extreme stress renders the blood—brain barrier permeable to drugs that normally act peripherally (pages 1382–1385).
A Comparison of Moral Reasoning in American and Chinese School Children

ABSTRACT The Defining Issues Test (DIT) was administered to 521 American and 520 Chinese eighth and eleventh graders. The results showed that Americans scored (a) significantly higher than Chinese on DIT Stages 2 and 3 of moral reasoning, (b) equal to Chinese on Stage 4, (c) significantly lower than Chinese on principled morality (P-Score). Cultural factors and emphasis on moral education in Taiwan were used to explain the difference. As expected, eleventh graders obtained higher P-Scores than eighth graders. Consistent with previous findings, females were more heavily oriented to principled morality than males.
Predictability of stock returns and real output

Abstract This paper investigates the predictability of stock returns using different components of output. Instead of using aggregate output as the state variable, we decompose aggregate output into its permanent and transitory components. Our empirical results indicate that the permanent component of output provides virtually all of the predictability attributed to the aggregate output variable. The transitory component of output is shown to contain no useful information regarding the predictability of stock returns. We argue that these results are consistent with general equilibrium pricing models and efficient markets.
Maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin as a marker for the delivery of low-birth-weight infants in women with unexplained elevations in maternal serum α-fetoprotein

We wished to ascertain whether the measurement of maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin (MShCG) in the serum of pregnant women with unexplained elevations of maternal serum α-fetoprotein (MSAFP) would more precisely define those women at risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.MShCG was measured in samples of serum obtained from women in the second trimester of pregnancy who had elevated MSAFP, normal Level II ultrasounds, and normal fetal karyotypes. Based on the characteristics of a receiver-operator curve for MShCG and birth weight, patients were divided into two groups and pregnancy outcomes were compared.Pregnant women with an unexplained elevation in MSAFP, who also had an abnormal MShCG (≤0.5 MoM ≥2.5) were at significantly greater risk of delivering a low-birth-weight infant compared to women with a normal MShCG (43% and 15%, respectively; P = 0.013). They were also more likely to deliver a preterm infant (48% and 11.9%), respectively; P = 0.001). In the prediction of low birth weight, an abnorma...
Effect of p53 activation on cell growth, thymidine kinase-1 activity, and 3′-deoxy-3′fluorothymidine uptake

Abstract The use of thymidine (TdR) and thymidine analogs such as 3′-deoxy-3′-fluorothymidine (FLT) as positron emission tomography (PET)–based tracers of tumor proliferation rate is based on the hypothesis that measurement of uptake of these nucleosides, a function primarily of thymidine kinase-1 (TK 1 ) activity, provides an accurate measure of cell proliferation in tumors. Tumor growth is influenced by many factors including the oxygen concentration within tumors and whether tumor cells have been exposed to cytotoxic therapies. The p53 gene plays an important role in regulating growth under both of these conditions. The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of p53 activation on cell growth, TK 1 activity, and FLT uptake. To accomplish this, TK 1 activity, S phase fraction, and the uptake of FLT were determined in plateau-phase and exponentially growing cultures of an isogenic pair of human tumor cell lines in which p53 expression was normal or inactivated by human papilloma virus type 16 E6 expression. Ionizing radiation exposure was used to stimulate p53 activity and to induce alterations in cell cycle progression. We found that exposure of cells to ionizing radiation induced dose-dependent changes in cell cycle progression in both cell lines. The relationship between S phase percentage, TK 1 activity, and FLT uptake were essentially unchanged in the p53-normal cell line. In contrast, TK 1 activity and FLT uptake remained high in the p53-deficient variant even when S phase percentage was low due to a p53-dependent G2 arrest. We conclude that a functional p53 response is required to maintain the normal relationship between TK1 activity and S phase percentage following radiation exposure.
Factors which affect induction of delayed hypersensitivity to protein antigens in mice

Abstract Delayed hypersensitivity of the classic tuberculin type can be induced in mice by single injection of tuberculoprotein, chicken ovalbumin, or bovine serum albumin in water-in-oil emulsion containing no mycobacteria. Including mycobacteria in the emulsion does not affect the course of sensitization to either tuberculoprotein or ovalbumin but does hasten, without increasing, sensitization to bovine serum albumin. Development of immediate hypersensitivity seems to pursue a course independent of that followed by delayed hypersensitivity. More efficient delayed hypersensitization is achieved by intracutaneous vaccination than by other routes, but aqueous solutions of antigen injected, even by this route, fail to induce delayed hypersensitivity; aqueous suspensions of tubercle bacilli are weakly allergenic. Minimum quantities of protein antigens injected in water-in-oil emulsions which are required to sensitize 50 per cent of vaccinated mice fall within the range of 0.01 to 1 μg.
Isolation and partial characterization of a cadmium-binding protein from the liver of alligators exposed to cadmium.

Abstract Seven American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis, were each administered a single, intracardiac injection of cadmium chloride, at a dose of 1.0 mg Cd/kg body wt. At sacrifice, the highest concentration of Cd was found in the liver, bound to a cytosolic protein with characteristics similar to mammalian metallothionein (MT). Gel filtration (Sephadex G-75) of the cytosol revealed a peak containing Cd and to a lesser extent, zinc (Zn), having the same relative elution volume ( V e V o ) as rat hepatic Cd, Zn-MT. Anion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephacel) of material having a V e V o of 1.7–1.9 revealed a major Cd-peak corresponding to rat Cd, Zn-MT(I) and a minor peak corresponding to Cd, Zn-MT(II). Neither peak contained significant amounts of Zn. Heat treatment of alligator hepatic cytosol, followed by selective acetone precipitation, yielded material having a molar Cd : Zn ratio of 9.15:1 compared to 0.67:1 in material purified from Cd-pretreated rat liver. Spectral analysis of the material purified from both sources showed an absorbance peak between 250 and 260 nm and no absorbance peak at 280 nm, characteristic of mammalian MT.
Lymphoma mimics obstructive sialadenitis: three cases.

Obstructive sialadenitis is a common salivary gland disorder usually secondary to viral or bacterial infections, sialolithiasis, duct stricture, or mucous plug. The differential diagnosis also should include dehydration, trauma, and scarring secondary to oral mucosal surgical procedures or neoplasm. It is important to consider neoplasm in these patients, especially when symptoms do not resolve as expected after treatment for obstruction. In a series of 591 cases referred to the Massachusetts General Hospital Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service for “obstructive sialadenitis” from 2009 through 2012, 3 patients had obstruction secondary to low-grade follicular lymphoma.
Conditioned heart rate deceleration under different dimensions of respiratory control.

Both accelerative and decelerative cardiac responses have been observed in studies on human heart rate conditioning. An interpretation of the contradictory responses regarded as conditioned seems to remain equivocal. Experiments generally have used shock or loud sound as the US, so that effects of respiratory and pressor reflexes on heart rate appeared to be implicated in the conditioning process. In the present experiment, the period following a simple non-aversive signal-detection task established a heart rate deceleration as the UR. During this period, subjects of three experimental groups controlled part of their respiratory cycle for 20 seconds. Respiratory control was either sustained inhalation, sustained exhalation or maintained shallow resting cycle, while control subjects exercised no respiratory restraint. The non-aversive stimulation excluded excessive heart rate acceleration and permitted a CS to coincide with onset of relaxation in the postdecision period. Only in experimental subjects was a significant conditional deceleration of heart rate found. Conditional deceleration occurred in addition to a gradual drop in heart rate level during the experiment. When respiratory activity was not controlled, a biphasic response of heart rate was observed.
Teaching addition and subtraction with regrouping to educable mentally retarded children: A group self-instructional training program

This study examined the effectiveness of a self-instructional training program for teaching math computation skills to nine educable mentally retarded children. During training, three children were taught as a group to verbalize self-instructional sequences and to perform the corresponding motor behavior required for the correct completion of addition and subtraction problems requiring regrouping. A multiple baseline design across three groups of three children was utilized to analyze the effects of the training on rate and accuracy of problem solving. All nine children showed reliable increases in accuracy on addition and subtraction regrouping problems. Correlated increases in accuracy on addition and subtraction problems not requiring regrouping and a decrease in the number of problems completed by each child were noted. Tape recordings documented that the children learned the self-instructions and that they verbalized them to varying extents as they solved the math problems. The results suggest that self-instructional training can be an effective procedure for teaching addition and subtraction skills to mentally retarded children and that self-instructional training can be implemented in a group setting, thereby making it more readily applicable to classroom environments.
Theta function transformation formulas and the Weil representation

Abstract A short proof is given that the theta functional is invariant under the Weil representation, and the explicit determination of the eighth root of unity which arises is also shown. Namely, the action of the Weil representation on the theta functional is described as the limit of integration against a specialization of the symplectic theta function as the symplectic variable approaches a cusp. The invariance is then a consequence of the automorphic nature of this theta function, coupled with the fact that in the limit it acts as the reproducing kernel for a certain lattice. Using results of Stark and Styer, this also allows one to determine the root of unity involved.
Spatial and Temporal Variations in Axle Load Spectra and Impacts on Pavement Design

The distribution of axle loads can vary geographically and seasonally; ignoring these variations may impact the accurate characterization of traffic and ultimately the design thickness of new and rehabilitated pavements. A study of axle load spectra at thirteen sites on rural arterials in Alabama examined the statistical and practical significance of these spatial and temporal differences. In most cases, daily and monthly axle load spectra exhibited statistically significant differences from the composite distributions. Differences between distributions observed at each direction at a site and the site average were statistically significant, as were differences between the distribution at each site and the statewide average. However, in most cases, the resultant impact on pavement thickness design was negligible. At 92% of the study sites, use of the statewide distribution in lieu of site-specific data resulted in no more than a difference of 0.3 for structural number for flexible pavement and a 0.7 inch (1.8 cm) difference in rigid pavement depth; these differences were considered insignificant from a practical perspective.
Repolarization Abnormalities in Children with a Structurally Normal Heart and Ventricular Ectopy

In adults, increased QT dispersion has been shown to predict arrhythmic risk as well as risk of sudden death in several clinical settings. It is controversial whether QT and JT dispersion are increased in children with ventricular ectopy and a structurally normal heart. We studied two groups of children: 25 patients with ventricular ectopy and 25 healthy children as controls. Standard electrocardiograms were reviewed and dispersions of both corrected QT (QTc) and JT (JTc) intervals were compared. We conclude that QTc and JTc dispersions are significantly increased in children with ventricular ectopy compared to control subjects.
Toxicity of Fipronil to the Midge, Cricotopus lebetis Sublette

Fipronil, a relatively new insecticide more recently developed than organophosphates and pyrethroids, has been detected in surface water draining from agricultural and urban-developed areas. This insecticide is primarily lost through subsurface and surface drainage from terrestrial areas where it has been applied. Invasive aquatic plants often need to be managed in these receiving water bodies to prevent loss of recreational and functional values (e.g., drainage), especially in subtropical and tropical areas. One insect of particular interest is the chironomid midge Cricotopus lebetis Sublette, which may be a useful augmentative biocontrol agent for the invasive aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata L.f. Royale. Exposure of aquatic organisms, especially insects, to fipronil may significantly impact nontarget populations. These studies investigated the sensitivity of C. lebetis to fipronil exposures ranging from 24 to 96 h. The LC50 observed for each exposure interval was 7.26 μg/L (24 h), 2.61 μg/L (48 h), 1...
A simulation model to justify remanufacturing policies

To maintain a high level of service Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) provide more generous return policies for their products. However, discarding returned parts is neither economical nor environmentally desirable. As a result there is a great need for policies on remanufacturing aftermarket products from returned units. Two of the factors that affect justification of setting up after-market reproduction runs are the flow rate and composition of good returned parts. These factors are stochastic functions of the production rate for the primary product and the reliability of individual subassemblies. A closed form solution for estimating these variables is often difficult to develop. This paper presents a general formulation for simulation modeling of such remanufacturing systems and estimation of the flow rate and composition of good returned parts.
Automation Framework for Large-Scale Regular Expression Matching on FPGA

We present an extensible automation framework for constructing and optimizing large-scale regular expression matching (REM) circuits on FPGA. Paralleling the technique used by software compilers, we divide our framework into two parts: a frontend that parses each PCRE-formatted regular expression (regex) into a modular non-deterministic finite automaton (RE-NFA), followed by a backend that generates the REM circuit design for a multi-pipeline architecture. With such organization, various pattern and circuit level optimizations can be applied to the frontend and backend, respectively. The multi-pipeline architecture utilizes both logic slices and on-chip BRAM for optimized character matching; in addition, it can be configured at compile-time to produce concurrent matching outputs from multiple RE-NFAs. Our framework prototype handles up to 64k "regular" regexes with arbitrary complexity and number of states, limited only by the hardware resources of the target device. Running on a commodity 2.3 GHz PC (AMD Opteron 1356), it takes less than a minute for the framework to convert ~1800 regexes used by the Snort IDS into RTL-level designs with optimized logic and memory usage. Such an automation framework could be invaluable to REM systems to update regex definitions with minimal human intervention.
Quenching vibration along a harmonically excited linear structure using lumped masses

Undamped oscillators consisting of spring-mass systems are commonly deployed as vibration absorbers to quench excess vibration in structural systems. While masses can be easily made to specification, it is often costly and more difficult to manufacture springs with the desired stiffness values precisely. In this paper, lumped masses only are used to suppress vibration by imposing points of zero displacement or nodes anywhere along an arbitrarily supported elastic structure during harmonic excitations. An efficient approach is developed that can be used to tune the required lumped-mass parameters and their attachment locations so that nodes are induced at the desired locations. Instead of solving for lumped masses directly, one solves for the restoring forces exerted by the lumped masses, which can be easily obtained using Gauss elimination. These restoring forces are then used to tune the required mass parameters. Design plots are proposed that show all the feasible attachment locations, and numerical exp...
Neonatal Intracranial Hemorrhage

Intracranial hemorrhage is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the preterm neonate. Sonographic examination techniques allow accurate non-invasive diagnosis and follow-up. The pathophysiology of ICH is discussed. Sonographic findings are reviewed as are clinical considerations in infants with ICH.
A PC-Cluster Based Real-Time Simulator for All-Electric Ship Integrated Power Systems Analysis and Optimization

This paper presents the development of a PC-cluster based real-time simulator for all electric ship (AES) integrated power system (IPS) analysis and optimization. The system is established at the University of Michigan with the financial support from the U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR). It is aimed to address the multi-disciplinary issues associated with the all-electric ship, such as optimal power management and dynamic system reconfiguration. In parallel with hardware construction, a modularized IPS model which includes the power generation module, the reconfigurable zonal electrical distribution system module, the ship propulsion module and the ship dynamic module is developed and integrated. Simulation GUIs have also been developed to provide a user friendly engineering environment where data acquisition and parameter tuning can be performed effectively. Both the system development efforts and preliminary simulation results for different shipboard operating scenarios are reported.
Initial Characterization of Hamsters With Spontaneous Hypertension

The purpose of this study was to begin to characterize a new inbred strain of adult male hamsters with established spontaneous hypertension along with their genetically/age-matched normotensive controls. We found that mean arterial pressure was 162+/-3 mm Hg in hypertensive hamsters and 94+/-4 mm Hg in controls (mean+/-SEM; P<.05). Body weight was significantly lower in hypertensive hamsters relative to normotensive hamsters (P<.05). Hypertension was associated with a significant increase in heart weight, thickness of the left ventricular wall, and amplitude of the QRS complex in standard electrocardiographic leads I and aVR (P<.05). No gross or microscopic abnormalities were observed in other organs. Plasma renin activity and the number of circulating neutrophils were significantly increased in hypertensive hamsters relative to controls (P<.05). Serum concentrations of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, and calcium as well as urinalysis were similar in both groups. Overall, these data suggest that the spontaneously hypertensive hamster could be a suitable model for the study of spontaneous hypertension.
Is aortic surgery using hypothermic circulatory arrest in octogenarians justifiable

Objective: This study was undertaken to analyze the risk of mortality and neurological complications after aortic surgery requiring hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) in octogenarians. Methods: All patients of .80 years at the time of aortic surgery requiring HCA since 1988 were examined. Of 51 patients, 23 were male; the median age was 83. Twenty-six (51%) had proximal repair; the arch was replaced in eight (16%), and 17 (33%) had descending aorta repair. Eleven (22%) were emergencies. Multivariate analysis was carried out to determine the risk factors for in-hospital mortality and/or stroke (adverse outcome) using variables with P , 0:1 after univariate analysis. Results: The hospital mortality was 16%. Five patients suffered strokes (9.8%): only one survived .6 months, and three died before discharge. The overall adverse outcome was 22%, but elective operation was associated with much better results, with an adverse outcome of only 3.6% after operations via a median sternotomy. Adverse outcome was strikingly higher with more distal resections via a left thoracotomy: 47 vs. 8.8% for ascending aorta/arch resections (Pa 0:003). Emergency operation via a lateral thoracotomy was associated with a prohibitively high adverse outcome. Twenty-nine patients (73%) had temporary neurological dysfunction (TND). Multivariate analysis revealed emergency operation (Pa 0:01; odds ratio (OR), 10.6) and operations via a lateral thoracotomy (Pa 0:008; OR, 11) as independent preoperative predictors of adverse outcome. The overall survival was 66% at 2 years and 39% at 5 years, compared with 85 and 52% among age- and sexmatched controls. Conclusions: Aortic surgery utilizing HCA in octogenarians can be performed with an acceptable risk of mortality and stroke. From the evidence in this study, it seems that elective aneurysm repair via a median sternotomy can be undertaken for the usual indications, even in octogenarians. However, the enhanced vulnerability of the brain in the elderly is reflected by a high early mortality following stroke, and a high incidence of TND. Emergency operations increase the possibility of adverse outcome dramatically, and patients who require a lateral thoracotomy are at significantly higher risk than those operated via a median sternotomy. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Information Technology Skill Management: A Systems Dynamics Approach

Managing information technology (IT) human resources and skills presents a challenging task for executives. With IT skill shortages projected to reach unprecedented levels, making the right choices for IT human resource management is increasingly considered imperative for shaping a firm's competitive advantage. The complexity associated with the fluctuating demand for IT skills, coupled with dynamic and innovative approaches to short-term and long-term staffing, as well as the inevitable delays in skill acquisition, makes this a challenging task. This research attempts to examine the impact of potential staffing strategies under various conditions, and provide guidance for staffing decisions, using a systems dynamics approach. The model and accompanying simulation can serve as a practical decision support system for IT human resource decision makers.
Intermediate filaments from bovine, rat, and human CNS: mapping analysis of the major proteins.

: Intermediate filaments were isolated by an axon-flotation method from bovine, rat, and human CNS. Gel electrophoresis showed four major proteins, having molecular weights of about 50,000, 70,000, 160,000, and 210,000, to be present in filaments of all three species. Small differences in molecular weights and major differences in relative distribution of the filament proteins were observed among species. In bovine and rat brain the predominant protein was the 50,000 band, but in human brain the 70,000 band was present in greatest amount. Each filament protein of the three species was studied by peptide mapping using limited proteolysis and cyanogen bromide cleavage. Within the same molecular weight group, filament proteins from different species gave similar maps with both techniques. Some degree of heterogeneity was also observed. However, filament proteins of different molecular weights of the same species gave distinctly different maps. These studies rule out the possibility that filament proteins from different molecular weight groups are related to each other by oligomerization; nor is it likely that the lower molecular weight proteins are derived from the subunit of molecular weight 210,000.
Assessment of airway caliber and bronchodilator responsiveness in subjects with spinal cord injury.

Study objectives Previous spirometric findings among subjects with chronic tetraplegia that reduction in FEV 1 and maximal forced expiratory flow, mid-expiratory phase (FEF 25–75% ) correlated with airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine, and that many of these subjects exhibited significant bronchodilator responsiveness, suggested that baseline airway caliber was low in this population. To better evaluate airway dynamics in patients with spinal cord injury, we used body plethysmography to determine specific airway conductance (sGaw), a less effort-dependent and more reflective surrogate marker of airway caliber. Design Cohort study. Setting Veterans Affairs medical center. Participants Thirty clinically stable subjects with chronic spinal cord injury, including 15 subjects with tetraplegia (injury at C4-C7) and 15 subjects with low paraplegia (injury below T7), participated in the study. Fifteen able-bodied individuals served as a control group. Interventions Subjects underwent baseline assessment of spirometric and body plethysmographic parameters. Repeat measurements were performed among subjects with tetraplegia and paraplegia before and 30 min after receiving aerosolized ipratropium bromide (2.5 mL 0.02% solution; 12 subjects) or normal saline solution (2.5 mL; 6 subjects). Measurements and results We found that subjects with tetraplegia had significantly reduced mean values for sGaw (0.16 cm H 2 O/s), total lung capacity, FVC, FEV 1 , and FEF 25–75% compared to subjects in the other two groups. Subjects with tetraplegia who received ipratropium bromide experienced significant increases in sGaw (135%), FEV 1 (12%; 260 mL), and FEF 25–75% (27%). Significant, though far smaller, increases in sGaw (19%) were found among subjects with paraplegia. No discernable change in any pulmonary function parameter was found following the administration of normal saline solution. Conclusions Subjects with tetraplegia, as opposed to those with low paraplegia, have reduced baseline airway caliber due to heightened vagomotor airway tone, which we hypothesize is the result of the interruption of sympathetic innervation to the lungs, and/or from low circulating epinephrine levels.
Anthropology of Tourism: Forging New Ground for Ecotourism and Other Alternatives

▪ Abstract Tourism is relevant to many theoretical and real-world issues in anthropology. The major themes anthropologists have covered in the study of tourism may be divided conceptually into two halves: One half seeks to understand the origins of tourism, and the other reveals tourism's impacts. Even when taken together, these two approaches seem to produce only a partial analysis of tourism. The problem is that most studies aimed at understanding the origins of tourism tend to focus on tourists, and most research concerning the impacts of tourism tend to focus on locals. The goal of future research should be to explore incentives and impacts for both tourists and locals throughout all stages of tourism. This more holistic perspective will be important as we explore the ways in which ecotourism and other alternative forms of tourism can generate social, economic, and environmental benefits for local communities while also creating truly transformative experiences for tourists. Tourism has some aspects o...
Time for T...(T3, T4, rT3)? Focus on "Acute inhibition of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channel by thyroid hormones involves multiple mechanisms".

nearly a quarter century ago, elucidation of the gene encoding cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the cAMP-activated Cl− channel defective in cystic fibrosis (CF; 8), initiated a frenzy of research activity directed at finding a cure for CF. One major achievement of these
Hatchery Evaluation of Erythromycin Phosphate Injections in Prespawning Spring Chinook Salmon

Abstract In a hatchery field trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of two sequential injections of erythromycin phosphate in prespawning spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. For dosing purposes, we used fish fork length to estimate weight based on a weight−length relationship for spring chinook salmon. All fish in the hatchery population (N = 1,568) were injected with one of two doses of erythromycin phosphate (20 mg/kg body weight or 40 mg/kg), followed 1 month later by a second injection of 20 mg/kg. We monitored the survival of fish after injection and determined the concentrations of erythromycin and soluble antigen of Renibacterium salmoninarum in the kidneys of each fish that survived to spawning. After the first injection, mortality was significantly higher among female fish administered 40 mg/kg than among female fish administered 20 mg/kg. The concentration of erythromycin in the kidneys of females at spawning was significantly higher than that in the kidneys of males, as was the...
A randomized controlled trial of octreotide pamoate long-acting release and carboplatin versus carboplatin alone in dogs with naturally occurring osteosarcoma: evaluation of insulin-like growth factor suppression and chemotherapy.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to determine whether insulin-like growth factor (IGF) suppression, using a long-acting analogue of somatostatin (OncoLAR, octreotide pamoate long-acting release), will decrease chemotherapy resistance by eliminating an important survival signal to osteosarcoma (OSA) cells in a relevant naturally occurring cancer model. Experimental Design: We conducted a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled preclinical study in pet dogs with naturally occurring OSA. The study compared primary tumor necrosis and apoptosis, and survival of pet dogs receiving OncoLAR and carboplatin chemotherapy compared with dogs receiving placebo and carboplatin. Results: Dogs receiving OncoLAR had suppression of serum IGF levels by ∼43% without toxicity. No differences in primary tumor necrosis, apoptosis, tumor IGF mRNA expression, or survival were seen between the dogs receiving OncoLAR plus chemotherapy compared with OncoLAR alone. Conclusion: The suppression of IGF levels by the extent and/or duration achieved in the trial was not sufficient to improve chemotherapy-related antitumor effects in pet dogs with OSA.
The effects of spatial patterns of neighborhood risk factors on adverse birth outcomes

Abstract Neighborhood environments play an important role in shaping health. But how do the conditions of surrounding neighborhoods affect health? Specifically, how do the spatial patterns of neighborhood characteristics shape birth outcomes? Using Census and health data from Wyandotte County, Kansas, we analyze the relationship between spatial patterns of socio-demographic risk factors and incidence of low weight births in neighboring block groups. Using spatial filtering with eigenvectors we identify significant socio-demographic patterns and use them as predictors of low-weight births in a regression model. We identify several patterns that predict significant variability in birth outcomes and find that while some factors, like unemployment, have strong internal neighborhood effects on birth weight they may not have strong external neighborhood effects. We argue spatial filtering methods may improve our understanding of persistent inequalities in health by helping to identify the differential effects of proximate social conditions and spatial interdependencies.
How Groups Learn: The Role of Communication Patterns, Cue Recognition, Context Facility, and Cultural Intelligence.

This article explores the role of group learning by focusing on how intragroup communication patterns (implicit and explicit) influence learning readiness dimensions (cue recognition, context facility, and cultural intelligence), which in turn influences the group’s ability to learn and the type of leaning that occurs. Groups with high levels of cue recognition, context facility, and cultural intelligence are more likely to discuss difficult issues and decide whether and how much the group needs to learn than groups with low levels. Communication patterns and learning readiness contribute to adaptive, generative, and transformative learning, fostering the type of learning that is most beneficial for the group at the time. Human resource development professionals can help groups improve their communication patterns and thus strengthen learning readiness and enhance their ability to effectively communicate, learn, and reach their goals.
Characterization of the Binding Site of Aspartame in the Human Sweet Taste Receptor

The sweet taste receptor, a heterodimeric G protein-coupled receptor comprised of T1R2 and T1R3, binds sugars, small molecule sweeteners, and sweet proteins to multiple binding sites. The dipeptide sweetener, aspartame binds in the Venus Flytrap Module (VFTM) of T1R2. We developed homology models of the open and closed forms of human T1R2 and human T1R3 VFTMs and their dimers and then docked aspartame into the closed form of T1R2's VFTM. To test and refine the predictions of our model, we mutated various T1R2 VFTM residues, assayed activity of the mutants and identified 11 critical residues (S40, Y103, D142, S144, S165, S168, Y215, D278, E302, D307, and R383) in and proximal to the binding pocket of the sweet taste receptor that are important for ligand recognition and activity of aspartame. Furthermore, we propose that binding is dependent on 2 water molecules situated in the ligand pocket that bridge 2 carbonyl groups of aspartame to residues D142 and L279. These results shed light on the activation mechanism and how signal transmission arising from the extracellular domain of the T1R2 monomer of the sweet receptor leads to the perception of sweet taste.
Three Perspectives on Physical Therapist Managerial Work

Background and Purpose. The nature of managerial work in the commercial sector has not been studied since the 1970s, and little is known about the work of managers in the health care sector. In this study, the perceived importance of managerial role and skill categories among 3 groups of physical therapists were studied to better understand the work priorities of physical therapist managers. Subjects. Two groups of subjects were physical therapist managers in hospitals or private practices. A third group consisted of faculty members in professional physical therapist education programs. Methods. Respondents (n=343) rated the importance of 75 managerial activities. Responses related to 16 predetermined work categories were placed in rank order by group. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to identify differences among groups. Results. All groups identified communication, financial control, entrepreneur, resource allocator, and leader as the 5 most important categories and rated technical expert and figurehead as least important. The MANOVA showed differences between faculty members and private practice managers in 15 work categories, between hospital-based managers and private practice managers in 9 categories, and between faculty members and hospital-based managers in 8 categories. Discussion and Conclusion. Work setting appears to have an impact on level of importance placed on managerial work categories. The strongest candidates for “universal” physical therapist managerial work categories were communication, financial control, and resource allocator.
The Many Facets of the Myopic Eye: A Review of Genetic and Environmental Factors

Emmetropization during early childhood and subsequent eye growth eventuating in myopia are determined by both inherited and experiential factors [1-3]. The high prevalence of myopia and its prominence as a public health problem emphasize the importance of gaining increased understanding of the visual signals that govern eye growth, which may point the way toward possible methods of control and prevention. This chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge of this refractive state, emphasizing research on human subjects. Extensive reviews of research using animal models to study mechanisms underlying myopia are found in Norton [4], Wildsoet [5], and Smith and Hung [6].
Use of Physical Therapy Following Total Knee Replacement Surgery: Implications of Orthopedic Surgeons' Ownership of Physical Therapy Services.

Objective To examine whether the course of physical therapy treatments received by patients who undergo total knee replacement (TKR) surgery differs depending on whether the orthopedic surgeon has a financial stake in physical therapy services. Data Sample of Medicare beneficiaries who underwent TKR surgery during the years 2007–2009. Study Design We used regression analysis to evaluate the effect of physician self-referral on the following outcomes: (1) time from discharge to first physical therapy visit; (2) episode length; (3) number of physical therapy visits per episode; (4) number of physical therapy service units per episode; and (5) number of physical therapy services per episode expressed in relative value units. Principal Findings TKR patients who underwent physical therapy treatment at a physician-owned clinic received on average twice as many physical therapy visits (8.3 more) than patients whose TKR surgery was performed by a orthopedic surgeon who did not self-refer physical therapy services (p < .001). Regression-adjusted results show that TKR patients treated at physician-owned clinics received almost nine fewer physical therapy service units during an episode compared with patients treated by nonself-referring providers (p < .001). In relative value units, this difference was 4 (p < .001). In contrast, episodes where the orthopedic surgeon owner does not profit from physical therapy services rendered to the patient look virtually identical to episodes where the TKR surgery was performed by a surgeon nonowner. Conclusions Physical therapists not involved with physician-owned clinics saw patients for fewer visits, but the composition of physical therapy services rendered during each visit included more individualized therapeutic exercises.
Euler-Lagrange Optimal Control of Indirect Fire Symmetric Projectiles

Optimal control can be applied to the flight of symmetric projectiles using a time varying internal model based on modified projectile linear theory. A point mass vacuum trajectory can be leveraged to embed guidance into the control algorithm and make accurate predictions of time varying parameters in the linear model. Using a nine-state linear state-space model with gravity treated as an uncontrollable mode, an optimal controller is developed to guide indirect fire projectile shots with initial launch elevation in the range of 20° to 60°. At each time in a control sampling period, distance to go is broken into manageable segments and parameters which cause nonlinearities in the modified linear model are able to be recursively predicted from current position to target. A corresponding internal linear time varying (LTV) model is formed. The optimal control is found through solving the resulting time varying matrix Riccati differential equation with a backward in time propagation algorithm. Performance is demonstrated on a full non-linear plant simulation with forward mounted canards. Trade studies are presented which explore controller performance as online computational burden is varied by the choice of controller sampling period and number of segments used for the time varying model.
81 COMBINED LASER AND CISPLATIN THERAPY FOR RECURRENT HEAD AND NECK CANCER

Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) has been used and accepted as a palliative method for cancer in many different sites of the head and neck, breast, colon, gastrointestinal and superficial tumors. In the head and neck region it has been successfully used to palliate cancer in different sites as a minimally invasive therapy in recurrent and metastatic head and neck cancer. Previous studies have shown that adjuvant chemotherapy can potentiate laser thermal ablation of obstructing tumors leading to improved palliation in advanced cancer patients. Eight patients with recurrent head and neck tumors volunteered to enroll as part of an ongoing phase II LITT clinical trial and also elected to be treated with systemic chemotherapy (cisplatin 80 mg/m2) followed 24 hours later by palliative laser thermal ablation. Laser treatments were repeated in patients with residual disease or recurrence for a total of 27 LITT sessions. Four of the 8 patients treated with laser thermal chemotherapy remained alive after a median follow-up of 12 months. Of the 12 tumor sites treated, complete responses were located in the oral cavity (3), oropharynx (1), hypopharynx (1), maxillary sinus (1), and median survival for these patients was 9.5 months. This initial experience with cisplatinum-based laser chemotherapy indicates both safety and therapeutic potential for palliation of advanced head and neck cancer, but this must be confirmed by longer follow-up in a larger cohort of patients.