cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment on multiplicities in Cheng-Wu field theory

It is noted that the model of Cheng and Wu used to explain high energy hadronic cross sections implies average multiplicities much smaller than those experimentally observed.
Small-scale lunar graben: Distribution, dimensions, and formation processes

Abstract The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) is the first instrument to provide widespread coverage with a range of incidence angles at the resolution required to detect small-scale landforms. A sample ( n = 238) of globally distributed, small-scale graben average 26 m wide and 179 m long. When dividing the population into those located within mare and highland regions, we observe that graben located within mare tend to be narrower, shorter, and more irregularly spaced than those in highland terrane. For graben associated with contractional landforms, those in mare are smaller in width and length than those in highlands; the same is true for graben independent of contractional landforms. Assuming a simple geometry, widths of mare graben associated with scarps or ridges are used to estimate the minimum depth range to a mechanical discontinuity (e.g., base of the regolith) resulting in values of ∼4–48 m. These values are similar to the ranges estimated for regolith thickness from previous workers using Apollo 14 seismic data (3.9–8.5 m), crater counting techniques (8–33 m), crater morphology techniques (2.5–9 m), and crater blockiness (8–31 m). Widths of highland graben yield minimum depths of faulting of 209–296 m. While this range agrees well with models for regolith production (an older surface will have thicker regolith), this estimate likely does not represent the thickness of a mechanical unit due to the fragmented nature of the highland crust (it does not provide a defining boundary between bedrock and regolith). Spacing of mare graben not associated with contractional landforms is used to estimate maximum local mare unit thickness for two graben groups: 190 m for Posidonius and 296 m for Vitello. Maximum graben ages range from late Eratosthenian to early Copernican based on superposed and crosscut crater ages with a group of graben deforming ejecta from Copernicus crater. Data presented here provide further evidence of a globally distributed, young, small-scale graben population that has formed as a result of localized extension either from flexural bending or dilation due to contractional faulting or volcanic uplift, indicating a significant level of recent geologic activity.
Computational simulation of spontaneous bone straightening in growing children

Periosteal surface pressures have been shown to inhibit bone formation and induce bone resorption, while tensile strains perpendicular to the periosteal surface have been shown to inhibit bone resorption and induce new bone deposition. A new computational model was developed to incorporate these experimental findings into simulations of spontaneous bone straightening in children with congenital posteromedial bowing of the tibia. Three-dimensional finite element models of the periosteum were used to determine the relationships between the defect angle and the distribution of bone surface pressures and strains due to growth-generated tensile strains in the periosteum. These relationships were incorporated into an iterative simulation to model development of a growing, bowed tibia with an initial defect angle of 27°. When periosteal loads were included in the simulation, the defect angle decreased to 10° after 2 years, and the bone straightened by an age of 25 years. When periosteal loads were not included in the simulation, the defect angle decreased to 23° after 2 years, and a defect angle of 9° remained at an age of 25 years. A “modeling drift” bone apposition/resorption pattern appeared only when periosteal loads were included. The results suggest that periosteal pressures and tensile strains induced by bone bowing can accelerate the process of bone straightening and lead to more complete correction of congenital bowing defects. Including the mechanobiological effects of periosteal surface loads in the simulations produced results similar to those seen clinically, with rapid straightening during the first few years of growth.
Community structure and habitat associations of parrotfishes on Oahu, Hawaii.

Despite their ecological importance as bioeroders and their economic importance in commercial, artisanal, and recreational fisheries, there have been relatively few studies on parrotfish (Scaridae) ecology in Hawaii. Belt transects were conducted around the island of Oahu to survey current parrotfish distributions, size structure, species composition and associated habitats. Scarid communities in this heavily fished region are dominated by smaller species and smaller individuals within all species. Specific habitat characteristics such as rugosity, substrate diversity, and percent live coral cover were positively correlated with scarid numerical abundance. Scarids, however, were patchily distributed and were often absent from preferable habitats, suggesting that intense fishing pressure may be an important factor preventing these fish from fully exploiting available habitats. This study is the first thorough, broad-scale investigation of scarid community structure in Hawaii, and provides important information that has management and conservation implications for parrotfish in Hawaii and throughout tropical coral reef ecosystems.
Allergic contact dermatitis to benzyl alcohol in a hearing aid impression material

A patient with allergic contact dermatitis caused by benzyl alcohol in a hearing aid impression material and in topical medications is described. In addition, the patient had topical and probably systemic corticosteroid allergy. Benzyl alcohol allergy is reviewed. allergic contact dermatitis is the most commonly reported allergic reaction to benzyl alcohol. There is also 1 report of contact urticaria. Balsam of Peru patch tests are frequently positive. Reported allergic reactions to injected benzyl alcohol include generalized urticarial reactions, 1 generalized maculopapular reaction and 1 delayed localized reaction.
The challenge of raising one's nonbiological children

Abstract Childrearing is a challenge as well as a joy, whether the children are born to the parents or not. In the latter case, parenting is a matter of choice, sometimes influenced by necessity. In parenting of one's nonbiological children, there may be additional elements in the situation that affect all of the parties: previous experiences of the children, relationships with extended family members, and supervision by social welfare agencies or courts. The focus here is on the challenges, risks, and directions with which three groups of voluntary parents must come to terms: grandparents raising grandchildren, adoptive parents, and foster parents.
Grouping plant species by shared native range, and not by native status, predicts response to an exotic herbivore

Differences among exotic species can be as large as differences between native and exotic species. Typically, however, only the distinction between native and exotic is made when predicting responses in a community. In this paper, I examine the response of plant species to experimental disturbance and exclusion of invasive European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in a grassland community with exotic plants originating from five continents. I explore group responses based on native status, shared native range with rabbits, having a congener from the native range of rabbits, life-history (e.g., annual), and life-form (e.g., grass). Individual species responses to rabbits were idiosyncratic, but group responses were predicted by continent of origin, not native status. Native status did predict response to disturbance with almost uniform responses within groups. Exotic species, regardless of origin, were positively affected by disturbance. Native species, in contrast, were negatively affected by disturbance. These results suggest that grouping plant species by native status is valid for questions of disturbance, but when analyzing outcomes of interactions, factors other than native status, such as shared evolutionary history, should be considered.
My Father's Silence

My father read the New York Times with verve usually reserved for reading Torah. Each morning he would start with the front page and move systematically to the back section, pausing only to spoon from an ever-present bowl of oatmeal placed next to the paper by my mother. From the other side of the paper I watched him scan the print, leaned over like a Rebbe, every morning for most of my childhood. He always ended his reading of the Times with a recitation of the obituaries. This was always done out loud to me, unlike the other parts of the news for which no comment was made: ‘‘Sol Felder dropped dead last Sunday,’’ he would announce. ‘‘Who’s Sol Felder?’’ ‘‘He was Aunt Gladys’ second cousin by marriage. He lived in Florida.’’ ‘‘Dad, how did Grandpa die?’’ ‘‘He dropped dead at work—at his desk.’’ Except for our exchanges about the obituaries, my father never spoke with me about death, except to joke about it. He usually had a Milton Berle style story to fling at any serious mention of the subject. There was a running exchange between him and mother about having their ashes mingled in a cremation urn (a present from cousin Mel, who thought it was a vase) that sat on our fireplace mantle. The ashes were then to be buried under the stage at Carnegie Hall, ‘‘so they could waltz to Strauss and others through eternity.’’ This image, however, was primarily my mother’s. There was of course my father’s story of Aunt Luby’s death—told over and over at special events and holidays . . . ‘‘I was only ten. They put her dead in the back bedroom to prepare the body. She was wrapped in a white sheet only and placed in the ground—but the sheet fell off and there she was, like a ghoul, stiff and shriveled.’’ My father was an earthbound individual, a lover of this life. ‘‘Like a Hobbit’’ my sister observed at his funeral. We all went to eat delicatessen after the service, the way my father would have, if he were alive and in attendance. His illness was short, a couple of weeks punctuated by visits to subspecialists for action plans and words of hope. He traveled to the doors of Sloan Kettering and received a final blessing: ‘‘There is nothing more to do.’’ He was silent on the matter of grave plots. If he had ideas about what was to come, he never shared them. I’m reluctant to say that this was a flaw. He was who he was—a World War II veteran, a Depression era child, a son of an escaped Russian immigrant, a medical man, a teacher. I am comforted to know I am like him in many ways. Speaking about death with my patients has become as routine as reading the Times was for my father. Yet I sometimes find myself silent in these exchanges and refrain from speaking words that may be perceived as ingredients to a carefully measured recipe. Like watching a foreign film, I look for the subtitles to understand the meaning, having no experience with the language spoken. And when I wait and listen, I wonder if my silence is a gift from my father. Like my father: always there, silent, always with me.
Photosynthetic Induction Dynamics to Sunflecks of Four Deciduous Forest Understory Herbs with Different Phenologies1

Photosynthetic responses to simulated sunflecks (lightflecks) were measured in four understory herbs with a continuum of phenologies (spring green: Erythronium americanum and Podophyllum peltatum; summer green: Arisaema triphyllum and Smilacina racemosa). A light response curve was measured under natural light for each species to quantify the PPFD at light saturation, light‐saturated photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, and dark respiration. Species were compared for the PPFD required to maintain photosynthetic induction. The loss of photosynthetic induction for the three most shade‐tolerant species was determined by measuring their photosynthetic response to lightflecks following different periods in noninducing conditions. Early spring herbs, e.g., E. americanum, responded as full‐sun plants with a higher light compensation point and greater net photosynthesis at light saturation. The PPFD required to maintain an induced photosynthetic state was significantly greater in spring‐green herbs than...
Effect of adrenalectomy on cocaine facilitation of medial prefrontal cortex self-stimulation

Abstract Adrenalectomy (ADX) is known to block the acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration. A previous study therefore examined whether ADX decreases sensitivity of the `brain reward system' in general, or its response to cocaine in particular, by measuring thresholds for intracranial self-stimulation with and without concurrent cocaine administration. ADX had no effect on thresholds for lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation (LHSS) and did not alter the cocaine dose–response curve for lowering the LHSS threshold. This result suggested that ADX does not affect sensitivity of the brain reward system. However, medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) appears to be an important site in the mediation of cocaine reinforcing effects, and MPFC self-stimulation (MPFCSS) is mediated by a neural substrate that is largely independent of that which mediates LHSS. The present study therefore assessed whether ADX diminishes cocaine facilitation of MPFCSS. It was found that the threshold-lowering effect of cocaine (5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg, i.p.) did not differ between ADX rats maintained on 0.7% saline, ADX rats maintained on corticosterone (50 μg/ml) in 0.7% saline, and sham-operated controls. However, there was a trend toward desensitization of MPFCSS, itself, following ADX in the group that did not receive corticosterone supplementation. Based on this observation, and the similar responses of MPFCSS and cocaine self-administration to noncontingent priming stimulation, stress, and NMDA receptor antagonism, it is speculated that acquisition of MPFCSS and cocaine self-administration may be dependent upon a common sensitization process that is regulated by corticosterone.
Use of Longitudinal Data in Genetic Studies in the Genome-wide Association Studies Era: Summary of Group 14

Participants analyzed actual and simulated longitudinal data from the Framingham Heart Study for various metabolic and cardiovascular traits. The genetic information incorporated into these investigations ranged from selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms to genome-wide association arrays. Genotypes were incorporated using a broad range of methodological approaches including conditional logistic regression, linear mixed models, generalized estimating equations, linear growth curve estimation, growth modeling, growth mixture modeling, population attributable risk fraction based on survival functions under the proportional hazards models, and multivariate adaptive splines for the analysis of longitudinal data. The specific scientific questions addressed by these different approaches also varied, ranging from a more precise definition of the phenotype, bias reduction in control selection, estimation of effect sizes and genotype associated risk, to direct incorporation of genetic data into longitudinal modeling approaches and the exploration of population heterogeneity with regard to longitudinal trajectories. The group reached several overall conclusions: (1) The additional information provided by longitudinal data may be useful in genetic analyses. (2) The precision of the phenotype definition as well as control selection in nested designs may be improved, especially if traits demonstrate a trend over time or have strong age-of-onset effects. (3) Analyzing genetic data stratified for high-risk subgroups defined by a unique development over time could be useful for the detection of rare mutations in common multifactorial diseases. (4) Estimation of the population impact of genomic risk variants could be more precise. The challenges and computational complexity demanded by genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism data were also discussed.
Colloidal silica transport through structured, heterogeneous porous media

Abstract In order to better understand factors controlling the migration of inorganic colloids through heterogeneous porous media, the transport of colloidal silica through columns containing a single preferred flow path was investigated. The preferred flow path, which consisted of a tubule of coarse-grained sand, was embedded in a matrix of fine-grained sand. The relative importance of advection, dispersion, deposition (removal of particles from suspension), entrainment (resuspension of deposited particles), and mass exchange between the two pore water regions was evaluated by comparing experimental data to calculations of a two-dimensional advection-dispersion model. Results of this comparison indicate that silica movement could be understood in terms of advective-dispersive transport in the preferred flow path and surrounding matrix with small interaction between the adjacent regions. Deposition of silica was found to follow a first-order kinetic process and was at least partially reversible.
Radioactive Gas Production from the R.P.I. Electron Linear Accelerator

The energy and average power of the R.P.I. electron linear accelerator (Linac) are great enough that radioactive gases are produced. During two years of operation 150 and 13N have been detected, identified, and measured quantitatively. This paper describes the air handling and monitoring systems, measurement of the gaseous activities, concentration guides developed at R.P.I. for these isotopes, and operating procedures used for control of the activity.
Roughness and Phase Evolution in Si1-xGex:H: Guidance for Multijunction Photovoltaics

In this study, the amorphous-phase roughening transition thickness has been determined as a function of process variables in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of hydrogenated amorphous silicon-germanium alloys (a-Si1-xGex:H). The process variables include the H2-dilution gas flow ratio, the alloying flow ratio, the electrode configuration, and the He-dilution ratio. One clear feature of this study is a maximum in the amorphous roughening transition thickness (and hence surface stability) at a H2-dilution ratio just below the transition from amorphous to mixed-phase (amorphous +microcrystalline) growth. A second feature for high Ge content films is a significant increase in the roughening transition thickness for cathode PECVD (with a self-bias of ~ ?20 V). Additional features of interest involve suppression of the mixed-phase transition for (i) alloying with Ge, (ii) biasing the substrate cathodically, and (iii) diluting the gas with He.
Aortic Dissection in Patients With Bicuspid Aortic Valve–Associated Aneurysms

Background Data regarding the risk of aortic dissection in patients with bicuspid aortic valve and large ascending aortic diameter are limited, and appropriate timing of prophylactic ascending aortic replacement lacks consensus. Thus our objectives were to determine the risk of aortic dissection based on initial cross-sectional imaging data and clinical variables and to isolate predictors of aortic intervention in those initially prescribed serial surveillance imaging. Methods From January 1995 to January 2014, 1,181 patients with bicuspid aortic valve underwent cross-sectional computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to ascertain sinus or tubular ascending aortic diameter greater than or equal to 4.7 cm. Random Forest classification was used to identify risk factors for aortic dissection, and among patients undergoing surveillance, time-related analysis was used to identify risk factors for aortic intervention. Results Prevalence of type A dissection that was detected by imaging or was found at operation or on follow-up was 5.3% (n = 63). Probability of type A dissection increased gradually at a sinus diameter of 5.0 cm—from 4.1% to 13% at 7.2 cm—and then increased steeply at an ascending aortic diameter of 5.3 cm—from 3.8% to 35% at 8.4 cm—corresponding to a cross-sectional area to height ratio of 10 cm 2 /m for sinuses of Valsalva and 13 cm 2 /m for the tubular ascending aorta. Cross-sectional area to height ratio was the best predictor of type A dissection (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.73). Conclusions Early prophylactic ascending aortic replacement in patients with bicuspid aortic valve should be considered at high-volume aortic centers to reduce the high risk of preventable type A dissection in those with aortas larger than approximately 5.0 cm or with a cross-sectional area to height ratio greater than approximately 10 cm 2 /m.
Behavioral phenotype of RSH/Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS, RSH/SLO syndrome, MIM 270400) is an autosomal recessive multiple malformation/mental retardation syndrome initially described by Smith et al. [1964] that is due to a defect in cholesterol biosynthesis. The behavioral phenotype of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome demonstrates cognitive abilities from borderline intellectual functioning to profound mental retardation, sensory hyperreactivity, irritability, language impairment, sleep cycle disturbance, self-injurious behavior, and autism spectrum behaviors. In a recent study of 28 subjects, 14 subjects (50%) with SLOS also exhibited the behavior of throwing themselves backward in a characteristic upper body movement ("opisthokinesis") and 2 adolescents had a stretching motion of the upper body accompanied by hand flicking [Tierney et al., 1999]. In that same study, 6 of 13 subjects (46%) met the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) algorithm criteria (Lord et al. [1993] Infant Mental Health 14:234-252; Lord et al. [1994] J Autism Dev Disord 24:659-685) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (APA [1994] DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a metabolic disorder that is associated with autism. MRDD Research Reviews 2000;6:131-134.
Revisit of Joule heating in CE: the contribution of surface conductance.

We present in this short communication the true form of Joule heating in CE which considers the contribution of surface conductance. This increased conductivity of electrolyte solution within electrical double layer has never been discussed in previous studies. The resultant intensive heat generation near the capillary wall is demonstrated using numerical simulation to produce not a locally strong temperature rise, but an additional temperature elevation in the whole solution compared to the model neglecting surface conductance. The latter effect is, however, negligible in typicall CE while it might become significant in very small channels.
Cholesterol biosynthesis is not defective in peroxisome biogenesis defective fibroblasts

To evaluate the presumed peroxisomal involvement in cholesterol/isoprenoid biosynthesis, we determined the protein levels and activities of five different enzymes of the presqualene segment of the cholesterol/isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in primary skin fibroblasts of selected patients with a peroxisomal biogenesis disorder (PBD). These five enzymes all have been reported to be partly or exclusively peroxisomal and include HMG-CoA reductase, mevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate kinase, mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase, and isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase. To exclude that genetic differences, resulting in different defects in peroxisomal biogenesis, have differential effects on the activity of the cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes and on de novo cholesterol biosynthesis, we chose fibroblasts of patients with defined defects in one of four different PEX genes leading to Zellweger syndrome (PEX1, PEX5, PEX16 or PEX19). We found that all enzymes measured are at least as active in the peroxisome-deficient cells cultured in cholesterol-depleted medium as in identically cultured control cells. This indicates that if these presumed peroxisomal proteins are mislocalized to the cytosol they do not loose their activity, nor get degraded unlike most other authentic peroxisomal proteins. We also measured de novo cholesterol synthesis from radio-labeled acetate in all cell lines and found similar or even elevated rates for the PBD cells when compared to controls. Our results imply that functional peroxisomes are not a prerequisite for the functioning of enzymes involved in cholesterol/isoprenoid biosynthesis and as such raise doubts about the true involvement of peroxisomes therein.
Sustained expression of Hif-1α in the diabetic environment promotes angiogenesis and cutaneous wound repair

Impaired wound healing in diabetic patients is associated with deficiencies in the production of factors involved in cell proliferation and migration, such as vascular endothelial growth factor. However, it remains unclear how the transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding these factors is affected by the diabetic environment. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (Hif-1alpha), the regulatory subunit of the Hif-1 transcription factor, plays an important role in activating many of these genes. Therefore, we tested whether Hif-1alpha function is impaired in the diabetic wound environment and whether restoring Hif-1 function improves wound healing. Here, we show that Hif-1alpha protein levels are dramatically reduced in wounds of leptin receptor-deficient diabetic mice compared with nondiabetic littermates. Reduction in Hif-1alpha levels results in decreased DNA-binding activity and in decreased expression of several Hif-1 target genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor, heme oxygenase-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sustained expression of Hif-1alpha in leptin receptor-deficient diabetic wounds restores expression of these factors, enhances angiogenesis, and significantly accelerates wound healing. Taken together, these results suggest that Hif-1alpha function plays a significant role in wound healing and reduced levels of Hif-1alpha may contribute to impaired healing.
Effects of vitamin D3 dietary supplementation of broiler breeder hens on the performance and bone abnormalities of the progeny

Abstract Six experiments were conducted using Ross × Ross chicks hatched from eggs laid by broiler breeder hens fed various levels of vitamin D3 (0 to 4,000 IU/kg of diet) to determine the effects of vitamin D3 level in the maternal diet on the performance and leg abnormalities of their progeny. Chicks hatched from eggs laid when hens were 27, 41, 29, 36, 45, and 52 wk of age were used in experiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. The studies were conducted in a ultraviolet (UV)-light-free environment. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted as complete randomized designs with the maternal diets as the treatments, and experiments 3, 4, 5, and 6 were conducted as split plot designs, with vitamin D3 in the chick diets as the whole plot and vitamin D3 in the maternal diet as a subplot. Chicks in experiments 1 and 2 were fed a vitamin D3-deficient diet, whereas chicks in experiments 3 and 4 were fed 4 levels of vitamin D3 (0 to 400 IU/kg of diet), and chicks in experiments 5 and 6 were fed 6 levels of vitamin D3 (0 to 3,200 IU/kg of D3). The highest body weight gains and tibia ash were observed in chicks hatched from hens fed the highest levels of vitamin D3 in all experiments. Reductions in the incidence of Ca rickets were observed in experiments 3 and 6, whereas increases in tibia ash were observed in experiments 2 and 6 as the level of vitamin D3 in the maternal diet increased. Body weight gain and tibia ash increased and Ca rickets incidence decreased as the vitamin D3 level in chick diets increased. An evaluation of the study indicates that chicks hatched from eggs laid by hens fed 2,000 or 4,000 IU of D3/kg as the maximum level of vitamin D3 had the highest body weight gains, and chicks fed 3,200 IU had the highest body weight and tibia ash and the lowest TD and Ca rickets incidences.
Failure-Envelope Approach to Modeling Shock and Vibration Survivability of Electronic and MEMS Packaging

Product level assessment of drop and shock reliability relies heavily on experimental test methods. Prediction of drop and shock survivability is largely beyond the state-of-art. However, the use of experimental approach to test out every possible design variation, and identify the one that gives the maximum design margin is often not feasible because of product development cycle time and cost constraints. Presently, one of the primary methodologies for evaluating shock and vibration survivability of electronic packaging is the JEDEC drop test method, JESD22-B111 which tests board-level reliability of packaging. However, packages in electronic products may be subjected to a wide-array of boundary conditions beyond those targeted in the test method. In this paper, a failure-envelope approach based on wavelet transforms and damage proxies has been developed to model drop and shock survivability of electronic packaging. Data on damage progression under transient-shock and vibration in both 95.5Sn4.0Ag0.5Cu and 63Sn37Pb ball-grid arrays has been presented. Component types examined include flex-substrate and rigid substrate ball-grid arrays. Dynamic measurements like acceleration, strain and resistance are measured and analyzed using highspeed data acquisition system capable of capturing in-situ strain, continuity and acceleration data in excess of 5 million samples per second. Ultra high-speed video at 150,000 fps per second has been used to capture the deformation kinematics. The concept of relative damage index has been used to both evaluate and predict damage progression during transient shock. The failure-envelope provides a fundamental basis for development of component integration guidelines to ensure survivability in shock and vibration environments at a user-specified confidence level. The approach is scalable to application at system-level. Explicit finite-element models have been developed for prediction of shock survivability based on the failure envelope. Model predictions have been correlated with experimental data for both leaded and leadfree ball-grid arrays
Principles of the revised European-American lymphoma classification (from the International Lymphoma Study Group)

The International Lymphoma Study Group has proposed a consensus classification for lymphoid neoplasms. Lymphoid neoplasms are defined as distinct biological entities, based on a combination of morphologic, immunophenotypic, genetic, and clinical features. Each distinct disease may have a range of histologic grade and clinical aggressiveness. Although many distinct diseases can now be recognized, three of them (follicular lymphoma. diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease) account for the majority of the cases seen in Europe and the USA. Recognition of distinct disease entities is essential in order to develop and test effective therapies.
Characteristics of an adenosine triphosphatase in erythrocyte membranes stimulated by 2,4-dinitrophenol.

Studies were made of the stimulation by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) of an adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in stromata of human erythrocytes. Activation by 2,4-dinitrophenol occurs in the range 10−5 to 10−3 M and was seen in whole cells, ghosts reconstituted with Mg and ATP, and in osmotic ghosts prepared at a low ratio of cells to water. Phloretin and phloridzin also activated the DNP sensitive system but inhibited it at higher concentrations. DNP increased the Km and Vmax values of the enzyme equally. The DNP sensitive and Na+ + K+ sensitive enzymes of the stromata were compared. The activities of the two ATPases are additive, require the presence of Mg++ and require that the substrate be located at the inner surface of the membrane. The two enzymes differ in their substrate specificity, in their sensitivity to inhibition by ouabain and phloretin and in their sensitivity to some factor in hemolysates. The possible roles of this system in the erythrocyte were discussed.
Metabolites of Chloroquine:Some Observations on Desethylchloroquine and N‐Acetyldesethylchloroquine

Abstract The major metabolite of chloroquine, (+)‐desethylchlo‐roquine, produced by stereoselective N‐dealkylation of the drug, was obtained in 81.5% enantiomeric purity by resolution of racemic desethylchloroquine using an atropisomeric resolving agent and was shown by circular dichroism to have the absolute ( S )‐configuration. The minor metabolite N ‐acetyldesethylchloroquine was prepared in both the racemic and the ( S )‐(+)‐form.
Loss of co-chaperone TopJ impacts adhesin P1 presentation and terminal organelle maturation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a wall-less human respiratory tract pathogen that colonizes mucosal epithelium via a polar terminal organelle having a central electron-dense core and adhesin-related proteins clustered at a terminal button. A mutant lacking J-domain co-chaperone TopJ is non-cytadherent and non-motile, despite having a core and normal levels of the major cytadherence-associated proteins. J-domain co-chaperones work with DnaK to catalyse polypeptide binding and subsequent protein folding. Here we compared features of the topJ mutant with other cytadherence mutants to elucidate the contribution of TopJ to cytadherence function. The topJ mutant was similar ultrastructurally to a non-cytadherent mutant lacking terminal organelle proteins B/C, including aberrant core positioning and cell morphology in thin sections, but exhibited a hybrid satellite growth pattern with features of mutants both having and lacking a core. Time-lapse images of mycoplasmas expressing a YFP fusion with terminal organelle protein P41 suggested that terminal organelle formation/positioning was delayed or poorly co-ordinated with cell growth in the absence of TopJ. TopJ required a core for localization, perhaps involving HMW1. P1 trypsin accessibility on other non-cytadherent mutants was significantly enhanced over wild type but unexpectedly was reduced with topJ mutant cells, suggesting impaired processing, translocation and/or folding of this adhesin.
Use of adult day care service centers in an ethnically diverse sample of older adults.

Our nation is aging and unprepared to meet the needs of community-dwelling seniors and their caregivers. This study explored the perceived need for and use of adult day care services (ADS) in a low-income population. A random sample of 537 patient–caregiver dyads were recruited in home care agencies, and separate in-home surveys were conducted. Patients and caregivers were primarily women and 50.2% were of Hispanic origin. Although half (n = 267/537, 49.7%) of the caregivers had a perceived need for using ADS, only 19.1% of these caregivers used these services, mostly in the context of severe patient cognitive impairment. There were no racial or ethnic differences among ADS users and nonusers. The overall low use of ADS in a growing ethnically diverse senior population with a perceived need for services warrants further investigation and action as states seek to decrease nursing home placement and find solutions for our looming caregiving crisis.
Role of Ptc2 type 2C Ser/Thr phosphatase in yeast high-osmolarity glycerol pathway inactivation.

Three type 2C Ser/Thr phosphatases (PTCs) are negative regulators of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae high-osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Ptc2 and Ptc3 are 75% identical to each other and differ from Ptc1 in having a noncatalytic domain. Previously, we showed that Ptc1 inactivates the pathway by dephosphorylating the Hog1 MAPK; Ptc1 maintains low basal Hog1 activity and dephosphorylates Hog1 during adaptation. Here, we examined the function of Ptc2 and Ptc3. First, deletion of PTC2 and/or PTC3 together with PTP2, encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase that inactivates Hog1, produced a strong growth defect at 37°C that was dependent on HOG1, providing further evidence that PTC2 and PTC3 are negative regulators. Second, overexpression of PTC2 inhibited Hog1 activation but did not affect Hog1-Tyr phosphorylation, suggesting that Ptc2 inactivates the pathway by dephosphorylating the Hog1 activation loop phosphothreonine (pThr) residue. Indeed, in vitro studies confirmed that Ptc2 was specific for Hog1-pThr. Third, deletion of both PTC2 and PTC3 led to greater Hog1 activation upon osmotic stress than was observed in wild-type strains, although no obvious change in Hog1 inactivation during adaptation was seen. These results indicate that Ptc2 and Ptc3 differ from Ptc1 in that they limit maximal Hog1 activity. The function of the Ptc2 noncatalytic domain was also examined. Deletion of this domain decreased Vmax by 1.6-fold and increased Km by 2-fold. Thus Ptc2 requires an additional amino acid sequence beyond the catalytic domain defined for PTCs for full activity.
The Perception of Rational, Goal-Directed Action in Nonhuman Primates

Humans are capable of making inferences about other individuals' intentions and goals by evaluating their actions in relation to the constraints imposed by the environment. This capacity enables humans to go beyond the surface appearance of behavior to draw inferences about an individual's mental states. Presently unclear is whether this capacity is uniquely human or is shared with other animals. We show that cotton-top tamarins, rhesus macaques, and chimpanzees all make spontaneous inferences about a human experimenter's goal by attending to the environmental constraints that guide rational action. These findings rule out simple associative accounts of action perception and show that our capacity to infer rational, goal-directed action likely arose at least as far back as the New World monkeys, some 40 million years ago.
Revisiting Immer’s Barley Data

This article reexamines the famous barley data that are often used to demonstrate dot plots. Additional sources of supplemental data provide context for interpretation of the original data. Graphical and mixed-model analyses shed new light on the variability in the data and challenge previously held beliefs about the accuracy of the data. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Cross-Ethnicity Measurement Equivalence of Family Coping for Breast Cancer Survivors:

Objective: The current study examines the equivalence of a measure of family coping, the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation scales (F-COPES), in Chinese American and Korean American breast cancer survivors (BCS). Methods: Factor structure and cross-ethnicity equivalence of the F-COPES were tested using structural equation modeling with 157 Chinese American and Korean American BCS in California. Results: Of the original F-COPES subscales, acquiring social support, reframing, and passive appraisal did not adequately fit the data. Thus, a modified five-factor structure of the F-COPES was created. The modified F-COPES was validated with respect to quality of life, psychological distress, and family communication. Conclusions: The findings illustrate the importance of cross-ethnicity measurement testing and provide a rationale for developing culturally tailored measurements for ethnic minority populations.
Implementing ZigBee assisted power management for delay bounded communication on mobile devices

Over the years WiFi has gained immense popularity in networking devices to transfer data over short distances. WiFi communication can consume a lot of energy on battery powered devices like mobile phones. The Standard Power Saving Management(SPSM) which is part of the standard specification for wireless LAN technology has been applied widely. However, it may not deliver satisfactory energy efficiency in many cases as the wakeup strategy adopted by it cannot adapt dynamically to traffic pattern changes. Motivated by the fact that it has been more and more popular for a mobile device to have both WiFi and other low-power wireless interfaces such as Bluetooth and ZigBee, we propose an implementation of a ZigBee-assisted Power Saving Management (ZPSM) scheme, leveraging the ZigBee interface to wake up WiFi interface based on the delay bound improve energy efficiency [Qin and Zhang (2013)]. The results obtained by applying this scheme on a Linux environment shows that ZPSM can save energy significantly without violating delay requirements in various scenarios.
Compliant Substrate Processes

Recent results indicate that compliant substrates offer significant promise as a new approach for strain management in semiconductors. The potential applications include 1) the growth of device-quality highly mismatched materials on dissimilar substrates, and 2) the lateral control of material properties resulting from the effects of strain on bandstructure and/or growth dynamics. A significant amount of research in this area is dedicated to the reduction of extrinsic processing effects resulting from compliant substrate fabrication, and the development of simple models for understanding the observed reduction in defect density and/or strain in the epitaxial films grown on compliant substrates. A recent focus in our work has been on the growth of GaN on a novel and easily removable substrate -lithium gallate- for the regrowth on a bonded GaN template. The first step in this approach is the optimization of the growth of GaN on lithium gallate. In addition, this approach requires the use of an appropriate bonding layer to reduce the strain or defect production during growth due to coefficient of thermal expansion mismatches between the GaN sample and the handle wafer. Our work in this area will be highlighted in the context of an overview of various compliant substrate approaches and current results that indicate their efficacy.
Alaska Melilotus Invasions: Distribution, Origin, and Susceptibility of Plant Communities

ABSTRACT Melilotus alba and M. officinalis were introduced to Alaska in 1913 as potential forage crops. These species have become naturalized and are now invading large, exotic plant–free regions of Alaska. We determined distributions of M. alba and M. officinalis in Alaska from surveys conducted each summer from 2002 to 2005. Melilotus alba and M. officinalis occurred at 721 and 205 sites, respectively (39,756 total sites surveyed). The northward limit for M. alba and M. officinalis was 67.15°N and 64.87°N, respectively. Both species were strictly associated with soil disturbance. Melilotus alba extended no farther than 15 m from road edges except where M. alba on roadsides met river floodplains and dispersed downriver (Matanuska and Nenana Rivers). Melilotus has now reached the Tanana River, a tributary of the Yukon River. Populations on floodplains were most extensive on braided sections. On the Nenana River, soil characteristics did not differ between where M. alba was growing versus similar areas whe...
Reproductive Phenology of a Tropical Canopy Tree, Spondias mombin1

We studied the reproductive phenology of isolated populations of Spondias mombin to determine the degree of flowering and fruiting synchrony among populations and to examine spatial and temporal variability in fruit production. The study was conducted on six small islands (1.8–3.5 ha) in the Panama Canal. All individuals (10 cm in diameter at breast height (DBH) were marked in 1991 and censused each year through 1994 to record recruits and deaths. All marked trees were censused monthly for flowering and fruiting activity from April 1992 through December 1995. Spondias mombin was seasonal and highly synchronous in flower and fruit production among islands and across years. Proportions of individuals fruiting varied among islands, years, and tree size classes. There was a positive relationship between probability of fruit production and tree size. Synchronous reproductive activity in S. mombin probably was due to responses to proximate environmental cues such as fluctuations in irradiance, but other factors must have been responsible for temporal and spatial variation in reproductive performance. We suggest that this variation may have been due partly to temporal and spatial differences in pollinator abundance.
Basal insulin persistence, associated factors, and outcomes after treatment initiation among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the US.

AbstractObjective To assess basal insulin persistence, associated factors, and economic outcomes for insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the US.Research design and methods People aged ≥18 years diagnosed with T2DM initiating basal insulin between April 2006 and March 2012 (index date), no prior insulin use, and continuous insurance coverage for 6 months before (baseline) and 24 months after index date (follow-up period) were selected using de-identified administrative claims data in the US. Based on whether there were ≥30 day gaps in basal insulin use in the first year post-index, patients were classified as continuers (no gap), interrupters (≥1 prescription after gap), and discontinuers (no prescription after gap).Main outcome measures Factors associated with persistence – assessed using multinomial logistic regression model; annual healthcare resource use and costs during follow-up period – compared separately between continuers and interrupters, and continuers and discontinuers...
High-temperature saturation can produce the [C II] deficit in LIRGs and ULIRGs

Current predictions for the line ratios from photo-dissociative regions (PDRs) in galaxies adopt theoretical models that consider only individual parcels of PDR gas each characterized by the local density and far-UV radiation field. However, these quantities are not measured directly from unresolved galaxies, making the connection between theory and observation ambiguous. We develop a model that uses galaxy-averaged, observable inputs to explain and predict measurements of the [CII] fine structure line in luminous and ultra-luminous infrared galaxies. We find that the [CII] deficit observed in the highest IR surface-brightness systems is a natural consequence of saturating the upper fine-structure transition state at gas temperatures above 91 K. To reproduce the measured amplitude of the [CII]/FIR ratio in deficit galaxies, we require that [CII] trace approximately 10-17% of all gas in these systems, roughly independent of IR surface brightness and consistent with observed [CII] to CO(1--0) line ratios. Calculating the value of this fraction is a challenge for theoretical models. The difficulty may reside in properly treating the topology of molecular and dissociated gas, different descriptions for which may be observationally distinguished by the [OI]63 micron line in yet-to-be-probed regions of parameter space, allowing PDR emission lines from to probe not only the effects of star formation but also the state and configuration of interstellar gas.
UN CUERPO BARROCO DADOR DE PLACER: ATRID HADAD

En este articulo se hace un estudio de la obra de cabaret de la artista mexicana Astrid Hadad como parte del movimiento de cabaret politico contemporaneo mexicano que se ha desarrollado desde los anos ochenta. El ensayo toma como punto de partida el uso que Hadad hace de una estetica visual barroca, la cual combina elementos del kitsch, del camp y de la cultura popular, con una forma de cantar enraizada en la musica ranchera mexicana. Hadad ha construido a traves de 25 anos de ininterrumpida vida artistica un personaje basado en las divas del cine de rumberas y del teatro sicaliptico (teatro de revista) de principios del siglo XX en la ciudad de Mexico. El analisis tambien incluye un estudio de la influencia del cabaret aleman en su obra al igual que la resignificacion que hace de los iconos religiosos y nacionales, los cuales son incorporados en sus innumeros atuendos con los que se viste y desviste durante los espectaculos, con el proposito de construir y deconstruir frente al publico un cuerpo escenico. Lo anterior con el objetivo de realizar una critica de la mirada masculina al cuerpo de la mujer dentro de los parametros de una cultura misogina y homofobica, como lo es la mexicana.