cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The replacement principle in public good economies with single-peaked preferences

Abstract We study the implications for a simple public good model with single-peaked preferences of a ‘replacement principle’. We apply the principle to situations when the preferences of one of the agents may change. Then the principle results in a condition used by Moulin in the context of binary public decision: as a consequence of the replacement, all other agents should be affected in the same direction; they all gain or they all lose. We characterize the family of efficient solutions satisfying the property. It is a subfamily of the family of strategy-proof solutions introduced by Moulin under the name of ‘generalized Condorcet-winner solutions’.
Christian no more: Christian Americans are threatened by their impending minority status

Abstract Christian Americans are on track to become a minority of the U.S. population by mid-century. Research on racial demographic shifts shows majority-group members experience status threat when reminded of similar demographic changes. Public debate about religious freedom and the role of Christianity in America suggest that fast-changing religious demographics similarly elicit threat, and trigger defensive political stances, among Christian Americans. In two preregistered experiments (total N = 766 Christian Americans), reminders of religious demographic shifts evoked perceived threat to religious rights and freedoms, which in turn accounted for increases in Christian nationalism, conservative political ideology, and support for Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election. Results illustrate how America's fast-changing religious landscape can evoke threat for Christians and how this threat may influence political reasoning.
A Business Simulation Model of Conventional Firms

This chapter discusses an accounting approach for the derivation of our business model FIRM from the concepts of profit rate and profit margin. Equations for fundamental business variables are presented, including sales, assets, total costs, total profit, profit rate, and profit margin. A system equations approach is discussed for estimating these equations by means of regression methods for the purposes of business analyses and simulations.
Review of Human Impact on Climate

Das Klima einer gewissen Epoche, beispielsweise eines Jahrzehnts oder eines Jahrhunderts, ist charakterisiert durch statistische Mittelwerte ublicher meteorologischer Elemente uber den entsprechenden Zeitabschnitt. Das Klima ist naturlichen Schwankungen unterworfen. Schon Zange hat aber auch der Mensch, besonders durch Waldrodungen und intensive landwirtschaftliche Nutzung, klimatische Anderungen in regionalem Rahmen verursacht. Erst in jungster Zeit besteht die Gefahr, das eine irreversible globale Anderung verursacht wird durch die Veranderung weiter Teile der Erdoberflache, zusatzliche Staubbelastung der Atmosphare, Erhohung des CO2-Gehalts der Atmosphare durch Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe, Belastung der Atmosphare mit langlebigen Gasen wie Fluormethan (Freon) und Stickoxyd und die direkte Warmeabgabe an die Atmosphare. Aufgrund heutiger Entwicklungstendenzen erwartet man den starksten Einflus von der Erhohung des CO2-Gehaltes der Atmosphare. Es wird abgeschatzt, das bei Berucksichtigung aller Effekte die anthropogenen Einflusse zu einer Erwarmung fuhren, und der so verursachte Temperaturan-stieg bei zunehmender Fossilenergienutzung in den nachsten 50 Jahren die Schwankungsbreite naturlicher Klimaschwankungen, wie sie in den letzten Jahrhunderten aufgetreten sind, ubersteigt.
Multitrophic enemy escape of invasive Phragmites australis and its introduced herbivores in North America

One explanation for why invasive species are successful is that they escape natural enemies from their native range or experience lower attack from natural enemies in the introduced range relative to native species (i.e., the enemy-release hypothesis). However, little is known about how invasive plants interact with co-introduced herbivores or natural enemies of the introduced herbivores. We focus on Phragmites australis, a wetland grass native to Europe (EU) and North America (NA). Within the past 100–150 years, invasive European genotypes of P. australis and several species of specialist Lipara gall flies have spread within NA. On both continents we surveyed P. australis patches for Lipara infestation (proportion of stems infested) and Lipara mortality from natural enemies. Our objectives were to assess evidence for enemy-release in the invaded (NA) versus native (EU) range and whether Lipara infestation or mortality differed between invasive and native P. australis genotypes in NA. Enemy-release varied regionally; Lipara were absent throughout most of NA, supporting enemy-release of Phragmites. However, where Lipara were present, the proportion of invasive P. australis stems infested with Lipara was higher in the introduced (11 %) than native range (<1 %). This difference may be explained by the absence of Lipara parasitoids in our NA survey, strongly supporting enemy-release of Lipara. In NA, native P. australis genotypes exhibited higher Lipara infestation (32 %) than invasive genotypes (11 %), largely driven by L. rufitarsis. We attribute genotypic differences in infestation to a combination of Lipara exhibiting 34 % greater performance (gall diameter) and suffering four times less vertebrate predation on native than invasive genotypes. Our study suggests that complex interactions can result from the co-introduction of plants and their herbivores, and that a multitrophic perspective is required for investigating how biotic interactions influence invasion success.
Artificial Neural Networks: A New Approach to Predicting Application Behavior.

In this article we examine how predictive modeling can be used to study application behavior. We apply a relatively new technique, artificial neural networks, to help us predict which students are likely to apply to a large Research I institution in the Midwest. We compare the results of these new techniques to the traditional analysis tool, logistic regression modeling. The addition of artificial intelligence models is an exciting new area and this article encourages other institutional researchers to use this technique to explore the complex processes found in our educational institutions.
Electroproduction of heavy quarks at NLO

A new next-to-leading order Monte Carlo program for the calculation of fully differential heavy quark cross sections in electroproduction is described. A comparison between the theoretical predictions and the latest charm production data from H1 and ZEUS at HERA is presented.
Temperature-programmed reaction study of carbon transformations on iron fischer-tropsch catalysts during steady-state synthesis

Temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) in hydrogen was used to differentiate up to seven different carbon types on iron Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalysts. Both K-free and K-promoted catalysts were pretreated in 1:1 H2/CO syngas for 6–18 hours to achieve well-developed carbon surface coverages. Reaction temperatures of 215 and 245°C were selected, to provide conditions of steady-state activity (no apparent deactivation) and relatively rapid deactivation. Possible carbon forms in the catalyst include (1&2) atomic carbon on planar and edge sites, (3) Hagg carbide, (4) epsilon-carbide, (5) amorphous carbon and (6) moderately- and (7) well-ordered graphitic carbons. Deactivation of iron catalysts in FT synthesis under the conditions of this study is associated with (1) transformation of high activity Hagg-carbide to less active epsilon-carbide and (2) formation of a highly ordered graphite on the surface of the catalyst.
How does human bone resist fracture

The fracture of bone is clearly a major health concern, especially for the elderly. Medical therapies to reduce the possibility of bone fracture to date have principally centered on treating the loss in bone mass (bone mineral density) that accompanies aging (i.e., addressing the loss in bone quantity). However, it is now known that there is an additional, perhaps more significant, effect of the degradation in the inherent properties of bone (i.e., a loss in bone quality) with age. To address this issue, we review here the structure and properties of bone, focusing on its strength and fracture resistance from the perspective of the multidimensional hierarchical nature of its structure. We show that bone derives its resistance to fracture from a multitude of deformation and toughening mechanisms at many of these size-scales, ranging from the nanoscale structure of its protein molecules to its macroscopic physiological state.
School-Based Sex Education and Neuroscience: What We Know About Sex, Romance, Marriage, and Adolescent Brain Development

BACKGROUND Many school-based abstinence-only sex education curricula state that sexual activity outside of marriage is likely to have harmful psychological effects. Recent advances in neuroscience have expanded our understanding of the neural underpinnings of romantic love, marriage, sexual desire, and sexual behavior and improved our understanding of adolescent brain development. METHODS In this article, we review recent advances in neuroscience and clarify what is known about the link between neural development and adolescent romantic and sexual behavior and what opportunities exist for future research. RESULTS Whereas the evidence from neuroscience does not yet allow for clear conclusions about the cost or benefits of early romantic relationships and sexual behavior, it does indicate that providing developmentally appropriate education contributes to lifelong sexual health. CONCLUSIONS Developing policies and practices for school-based sex education that reflect current research will best support the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents throughout their lives.
Pizzas, Towers, and Binomials

In the previous chapter, we observed a cohort of tenth-grade students as they investigated the connections among the pizza problems, the towers problems, the binomial coefficients, and Pascal’s Triangle, leading to their increased understanding of the meaning of the numbers in Pascal’s Triangle and how the triangle grows.
Adopting customer relationship management technology

Now customer relationship marketing (CRM) solutions might be the hottest topic in business world. CRM impelled the growth of both B2B and B2C markets. But the issue is how to apply the cutting‐edge CRM solutions. Do people really understand what CRM is and why they should install CRM? The mistaken concept of CRM may have disastrous effects on the company. This paper begins with the basic concepts of CRM, elaborates the characteristics, reviews its brief history and addresses the current status of CRM. Then it develops the extended concepts of CRM from micro‐ and macro‐ perspectives. In the “Implementation and tips” section, it concludes the proper steps to approach CRM and how to bear a right attitude towards CRM solutions. Related Government rules are also covered.
Switched memory B cells in common variable immunodeficiency

Abstract Rationale We have examined in vivo laboratory values of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients in order to validate the classification scheme of Warnatz (Blood 2002;99:1544-1551, based on populations of switched memory (CD27+) B cells). Methods 33 subjects with CVID were studied. Percentage of switched memory B-cells (CD27+IgM-IgD-) were calculated using flow cytometry; patients were subdivided into group I ( 0.4%). Serum immunoglobulins and post-pneumococcal vaccine response were compared for the two groups. Results Tested patients were age 3 to 77. 17 patients (52%) were placed in group I (CD27+IgM-IgD- mean=0.17 ± 0.11, range=0.04-0.38) and 16 (48%) in group II (CD27+IgM-IgD- mean=1.42 ± 1.48, range=0.41-6.5,). Mean age was 43.4 ± 20.0 in group I and 43.4 ± 15.6 in group II. Mean IgG (Igs in mg/dl) was 213.6 ± 162.0 (range=13-527) in group I and 325.9 ± 184.4 in group II (range=33-604) with P-value=0.074 by paired t-test. Mean IgA was 13.7 ± 14.1 vs. 39.5 ± 21.0, but P=0.16. The mean IgM (34.9 ± 31.8 vs. 39.5 ± 36.4, P=0.71) was similar. Post-pneumococcal vaccine titers were tested in 9 group I and 10 group II patients. Mean protective response (serotypes out of 12) was 1.78 ± 3.35 vs. 4.50 ± 4.30 (but P=0.14). Conclusion Patients with higher numbers of switched memory B-cells have non statistically significant higher levels of serum IgG, IgA, and IgM and improved response to pneumococcal vaccine than patients with lower numbers of these cells. While there is still significant heterogeneity within each group, these results suggest that subdividing CVID patients by switched memory B-cells might be useful in conjunction with other measures to classify patients for genetic and functional analysis.
Linking global to regional models to assess future climate impacts on surface ozone levels in the United States

[1] We investigate the impact of climate change on future air quality in the United States with a coupled global/regional scale modeling system. Regional climate model scenarios developed by dynamically downscaling outputs from the GISS GCM are used by CMAQ to simulate present air pollution climatology, and modeled surface ozone mixing ratios are compared with recent observations. Though the model accurately simulates ozone in the northeast U.S. and in central California, a positive bias of 10–15 ppb exists throughout most of the central and southeast U.S. The model is also applied to a simulated 2050 climate based on the IPCC A1B greenhouse gas scenario. Two future simulations are conducted, one with anthropogenic emissions held at 2001 levels, and one with anthropogenic emissions reduced in accordance with the A1B scenario. Without ozone precursor emissions changes, increases from 2–5 ppb in summer mean 8-h ozone mixing ratios are projected in Texas and parts of the eastern U.S., while high ozone episodes become more frequent. Increases of 2–8 ppb during the autumn are predicted over a large area in the central and southwest U.S., suggesting a lengthening of the ozone season. These increases within the regional modeling domain are predicted despite large decreases in the future global background ozone mixing ratio. Substantial decreases exceeding 15 ppb during the summer are predicted for the future reduced emissions case. A sensitivity test conducted with 30% higher methane mixing ratio yields widespread ozone increases of 0.5–2 ppb, an effect larger than that of climate-induced increases in isoprene emissions, demonstrating the need to consider changes in methane levels alongside climate change when simulating future air quality.
Waveplates from stretched glass

The properties of zero-order retardation plates fabricated from mechanically stretched phase- separated glass are presented and discussed. The dissolved stretched phase is silver halide. The values of the birefringence as a result of the elongated silver halide phase are studied as a function of the average particle aspect ratio and wavelength. The (lambda) /4 and (lambda) /2 thicknesses required for the wavelength interval 633 - 1520 nm were 0.5 - 3.0 mm. Advantages in the use of these glass waveplates in devices such as circular polarizers are discussed.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
GABAergic signaling by AgRP neurons prevents anorexia via a melanocortin-independent mechanism

The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus contains two anatomically and functionally distinct populations of neurons-the agouti-related peptide (AgRP)- and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons that integrate various nutritional, hormonal, and neuronal signals to regulate food intake and energy expenditure, and thereby help achieve energy homeostasis. AgRP neurons, also co-release neuropeptide Y (NPY) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to promote feeding and inhibit metabolism through at least three possible mechanisms: (1) suppression of the melanocortin signaling system through competitive binding of AgRP with the melanocortin 4 receptors; (2) NPY-mediated inhibition of post-synaptic neurons that reside in hypothalamic nuclei; (3) GABAergic inhibition of POMC neurons in their post-synaptic targets including the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), a brainstem structure that relays gustatory and visceral sensory information. Acute ablation of AgRP neurons in adult mice by the action of diphtheria toxin (DT) results in precipitous reduction of food intake, and eventually leads to starvation within 6days of DT treatment. Chronic delivery of bretazenil, a GABA(A) receptor partial agonist, into the PBN is sufficient to restore feeding and body weight when AgRP neurons are ablated, whereas chronic blockade of melanocortin 4 receptor signaling is inadequate. This review summarizes the physiological roles of a neural circuitry regulated by AgRP neurons in control of feeding behavior with particular emphasis of the GABA output to the parabrachial nucleus. We also describe a compensatory mechanism that is gradually engaged after ablation of AgRP neurons that allows mice to continue eating without them.
Confidence bands for the difference of two survival functions under the additive risk model

In many clinical studies, a commonly encountered problem is to compare the survival probabilities of two treatments for a given patient with a certain set of covariates, and there is often a need to make adjustments for other covariates that may affect outcomes. One approach is to plot the difference between the two subject-specific predicted survival estimates with a simultaneous confidence band. Such a band will provide useful information about when these two treatments differ and which treatment has a better survival probability. In this paper, we show how to construct such a band based on the additive risk model and we use the martingale central limit theorem to derive its asymptotic distribution. The proposed method is evaluated from a simulation study and is illustrated with two real examples.
Age-associated learning and memory deficits in two mouse versions of the stone T-maze

We have previously reported that a modified Stone T-maze (STM), using escape from water as motivation, was effective in evaluating learning and memory ability in young C57/BL6 mice. Here we report on the effectiveness and sensitivity of the STM in the assessment of age-related learning and memory deficits in mice using either escape from foot shock or water as the motivational manipulations. C57BL/6Nia mice 7-, 12-, 20- and 24-months old received 15 massed trials in the escape from foot shock motivated STM while C57BL/6Nia mice 5-, 12-, and 25-months old were tested in the escape from water STM. Analysis of errors, the main performance variable, revealed similar results in both versions of the task with younger mice making fewer errors. Notably, mice of all ages in the water-motivated version moved quickly through the maze, while all ages of mice in the shock-motivated version tended to wait for shock to be initiated to move forward. Overall, both versions of the STM appear to be sensitive to age-related changes in learning and memory and provide an alternative to other testing paradigms such as the Morris water maze which are susceptible to performance confounds which can lead to uninterpretable results.
Utricular Dysfunction in Refractory Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo.

Objective To determine the prevalence of otolith dysfunction in patients with refractory benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Study design Unmatched case control. Setting Tertiary care institution. Subjects and methods Patients included were diagnosed with BPPV, failed initial in-office canalith repositioning maneuvers (CRMs), and completed vestibular testing and vestibular rehabilitation (n = 40). Refractory BPPV (n = 19) was defined in patients whose symptoms did not resolve despite vestibular rehabilitation. These patients were compared with a control group of those with nonrefractory BPPV (n = 21) for results of a caloric test, cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP), and subjective visual vertical (SVV). Results Forty-six of 251 patients failed initial treatment with in-office CRM. Forty patients met inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference between the cases (refractory BPPV) (n = 19) and controls (nonrefractory BPPV) (n = 21) in terms of age, duration of symptoms, laterality of BPPV, and BPPV symptoms. There was no difference in the prevalence of caloric weakness and cVEMP abnormalities (P > .05), with odds ratios (ORs [95% confidence interval (CI)]) of having abnormal results among cases vs controls of 1.1818 (0.3329-4.1954) and 4.3846 (0.7627-25.2048), for caloric and cVEMP, respectively. Abnormal eccentric SVV was more prevalent in refractory BPPV cases (58%) than in controls (14%) (P Conclusion Patients with refractory BPPV are more likely to have abnormal eccentric SVV and thus underlying utricular dysfunction. This finding is important to take into account when designing rehabilitation strategies for patients with BPPV who fail CRM.
X-ray Measurements near High-Power Klystrons

The intensity and quality of the x-radiation outside the lead shielding around ultrahigh-frequency and S-band klystrons were measured as a function of high voltage, pulse frequency, and microwave power output by use of ionization chambers. Independent 20 percent increases in each variable gave, respectively, 8-, 1.2-, and 1.5-fold increases in the intensity, and 36, 1, and 4 percent increases in the mean energy of the x-rays.
Immunologic Reactions in Alcoholic Liver Disease

It is now generally accepted that immunologic reactions may contribute to the liver damage seen in patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The exact mechanisms by which immune reactions determine liver damage or whether immunologic alterations are seen in alcoholics without liver damage are, however, still not clear.
Tennessee Emergency Hand Care Distributions and Disparities: Emergent Hand Care Disparities:

Background Hand trauma is the most frequently treated injury in emergency departments, but presently there is a crisis of insufficient emergency coverage. This study evaluates the discrepancy of emergent and elective hand care trends based on socioeconomic factors in the state of Tennessee.
Pitfalls in ictal EEG interpretation Critical care and intracranial recordings

EEG is the cornerstone examination for seizure diagnosis, especially nonconvulsive seizures in the critically ill, but is still subject to many errors that can lead to a wrong diagnosis and unnecessary or inadequate treatment. Many of these pitfalls to EEG interpretation are avoidable. This article reviews common errors in EEG interpretation, focusing on ictal or potentially ictal recordings obtained in critically ill patients. Issues discussed include artifacts, nonepileptic events, equivocal EEG patterns seen in comatose patients, and quantitative EEG artifacts. This review also covers some difficulties encountered with intracranial EEG recordings in patients undergoing epilepsy surgery, including issues related to display resolution.
Optimal time-varying potential control

As an illustration of the potential utility of optimal-control theory, we determine the time-varying electrode potential which maximizes the desired product produced from a coupled, chemical-electrochemical reaction sequence occurring in a well-mixed batch reactor for a specified reaction time. The reactant is electrochemically reduced to a stable intermediate which is itself a reactant for two competing parallel reactions: a homogeneous chemical decomposition to the desired product, or a further electrochemical reduction to an undesired product. If the transfer coefficient of the first reaction is greater than that of the second, then chattering control, in which the potential switches at an infinite frequency between two limits, is optimal. If the transfer coefficients have the opposite relationship, then a continuous, time-varying potential is optimal. We compare the results of applying the optimal, chattering-potential control with those resulting from the best continuous and steady controls. Improved selectivity results from a chattering control and may be effected even in the presence of significant mass-transfer resistance. Since an infinite-frequency control cannot be actually implemented, we discuss how a high-frequency, rectangular waveform can be determined which results in essentially the same product distribution as a chattering control. A qualitative, simple-to-apply method to determine whether selectivity enhancement is attainable using chattering controls is also illustrated.
A novel approach to K-12 CS education: linking mathematics and computer science

This paper describes a continuing series of summer workshops hosted by Purdue University entitled "Linking Mathematics and Computer Science." Each is designed to inform and inspire high school teachers of mathematics with an interest in computer science. Originally conceived as an extension of our existing K-12 outreach, our workshop aims to provide teachers with innovative activities and ideas that link their secondary school mathematics curriculum with computer science. By reaching out to high school math teachers, we hope to in turn reach a broader base of students outside of computer science classes. By fostering interest in this broader audience, we can increase the number of students entering undergraduate computer science programs, and reach a larger segment of underrepresented populations.
Fourier transform spectrometer remote sensing of O2 A-band electric quadrupole transitions

We observed electric quadrupole transitions in the O_2 A-band, b^(1)Σ_(g)^(+)←X^(3)Σ_(g)^(−)(0,0), in high solar zenith angle atmospheric spectra recorded with the high-resolution solar-viewing Fourier transform spectrometer at Park Falls, WI. We identified 12 ΔN=±3 transitions for the first time, including the first detection of ^(N)O-branch transitions and extended the ^(T)S-branch observations of Brault [J Mol Spectrosc 1980;80:384–8] up to N″=23. Additionally, we observed six electric quadrupole transitions of the ΔN=−1 ^(P)O-branch. These observations demonstrate the excellent sensitivity and long-term stability of the new generation of solar-viewing Fourier transform spectrometers.
Health system reform. A provider or a patient perspective

Most important issues can be viewed from many different perspectives. In civil law, the plaintiff and the defendant present the same event from two vantage points and the outcome will be very different depending on which view is adopted by the court. The same is true for health care. Physicians (or groups of physicians) may have one view, other providers a second view, hospitals a third view, insurance companies a fourth view, and patients a fifth view. While the issue being deliberated is the same, the arguments and the proposed solutions may be widely disparate.
Type of Highlighted Material and Examination Performance.

AbstractThe present study asks whether laboratory findings, that isolation of an item facilitates its recall, extend to formal educational settings. Four groups of students from a General Psychology class were differentiated in terms of the type of material which was isolated in assigned readings. Principles, examples of principles, or trivial statements were selected for isolation by underlining; readings of the remaining group did not contain underlinings. Class examinations included questions directed at knowledge of each type of material. Slight support was obtained for the prediction that exam performance on a particular type of material depended upon whether the material was isolated. There was no evidence for an overall facilitation by isolation. That is, underlining of one type of material did not appear to aid exam performance on non-isolated materials.
Dynamic Properties of Raw and Vulcanized Polymers

Abstract Theoretical considerations made it probable that the usefulness of measurements of vibrational properties of vulcanizates to evaluate rubberlike qualities and heat generation under flexing might be extended to raw polymers if a suitable technique of measurement could be found. Such a technique was developed and correlations between dynamic properties of raw polymers and vulcanizates were studied. The test conditions, using low amplitude shear vibrations at 60 cycles per second, were such that effects due to plastic flow in raw polymers were suppressed and values of dynamic modulus and resilience were independent of plasticity. The data obtained showed a definite correlation between the dynamic properties of a series of raw polymers and those of vulcanized gum and tread stocks prepared from them. The effect of cure was measured throughout a range from the raw state to overcure for Hevea, polybutadiene, and butadiene- styrene copolymers. The ease of measurement, small quantity of material required,...
Mongolia in 1996: Fighting Fire and Ice

It was a year of suffering and of hope for Mongolia. Buffeted by natural disasters and a cholera epidemic, Mongolia nevertheless turned an important political corner in 1996 with the electoral loss of the Monglian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), which had held power since the country's inception in 1921. The new coalition accelerated economic reform, creating hopes for better performance in the years ahead. Spurred by an almost snowless winter and fierce winds, a series of fires devastated much of the country from February through June. The government declared a state of emergency and requested international assistance. The fires killed 26 people and thousands of head of livestock, left 1,600 persons homeless, and caused significant, if still undetermined, economic and ecological damage as 102,000 sq. km of grasslands were burned. Unfortunately, artificial snowstorms created to put out the fires killed several more people,1 and dozens more died as the first rains caused unusual summer flooding. At least 10 people died of a cholera outbreak in August, causing the government to delay the start of the school year and place a quarantine around the two major cities of Darhan and Erdenet. This series of disasters challenged the country's resources, already stretched to the limit by a difficult transition from a communist economy.
Succinylcholine-induced Hyperkalemia in a Patient with Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract Background Succinylcholine administration is associated with hyperkalemia in patients with a variety of medical conditions, including many neuromuscular disorders. Nonetheless, there is a paucity of literature describing hyperkalemia after the administration of succinylcholine to patients with multiple sclerosis. Case Report This case report describes a 38-year-old woman with multiple sclerosis who developed life-threatening hyperkalemia after the administration of succinylcholine during rapid sequence intubation. Conclusion This case highlights the potential for iatrogenic hyperkalemia after succinylcholine in patients with neurologic diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
The identification of 10 and 11 substituted 7H-benzimidazo[2,1-a]benz[de]isoquinolin-7-ones through 1N NOE studies on their methyl p-toluenesulfonate salts

The spectral similarities of 10 and 11 substituted 7H-benzimidazo[2,1-a]benz[de]isoquinolin-7-ones hinder the identification of the individual isomers. Preparation of the 13-methyl p-toluenesulfonate salts of these compounds has allowed the assignment by the use of NOE techniques. Saturation of the N-methyl caused an NOE at H-12. The coupling pattern of H-12 then provides identification of the compound.
Vanadium inhibition of yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Abstract Vanadium in the +5 and +4 oxidation states inhibits the activity of yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in a Tris buffer system. The results presented here are the first to report the inhibitory effects of vanadium oxide(IV) on this enzyme. The inhibition by ammonium metavanadate(V) is mixed- type against glucose-6-phosphate, and competitive against NADP+ with Ki values of 2.1 and 2.7 mM, respectively. Theorell-Yonetani analysis indicates that vanadate and phosphate are mutually exclusive inhibitors. Inhibition by vanadium oxide is mixed- type for both substrates. Ki values of 49 and 52 μM for the sugar phosphate and NADP+, respectively, are almost two orders of magnitude lower than those from phosphate or sulfate, and fifty-fold lower than that obtained with vanadate. Vanadium complexation with, and oxidation of, the reduced cofactor is apparent. Analysis of fluorescence quenching by vanadate and vanadium oxide indicates association constants of 4.0 × 102 and 4.3 × 103 M−1, respectively. NMR analysis indicates that interactions of NADPH with vanadium occur primarily through the adenine moiety.
Diversification Strategies and the Performanceof Funds of Hedge Funds

Funds of hedge funds are diversified investment vehicles that provide investors with diversification either across managers within a specific hedge fund strategy or across a wide range of hedge fund strategies. In this article, the authors contrast the performance of funds of hedge funds that diversify across managers (but stay within a single hedge fund strategy) versus those that diversify across managers and hedge fund strategies. Their empirical results provide strong evidence in favor of the latter. Funds of hedge funds that diversify across both managers and strategies outperform those funds that diversify across managers but stay within a single hedge fund strategy.
Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on local lesion development of potato virus S on Chenopodium quinoa ‘Valdivia’ leaves

Abstract Leaves of Chenopodium quinoa ‘Valvidia’ inoculated with potato virus S (PVS) were exposed to ultraviolet irradiation (UV-A = 320–400 nm; or UV-A plus UV-B = 280–320 nm) or no irradiation for 6 hr immediately following inoculation. Infectivity of PVS was reduced by nearly half under FS-40 fluorescent sunlamps filtered with 5 mil (0.127 mm) cellulose acetate (CA-5)-(UV-A + B) in comparison to those irradiated under 5 mil (0.127 mm) Mylar (UV-A) or unirradiated controls. The sharp drop in lesion formation under CA-5, with a spectral cutoff of approx. 290 nm, suggests that differences in irradiation in the 290–320 nm region were responsible for the differences in lesion development between UV-A and UV-A + B. High levels of UV-B irradiation provided by a 320–400% increase in biologically effective ultraviolet radiation (BUV) or 9.79-12.24 weighted mW/m 2 completely prevented lesion formation. Increasing the BUV by 40–240% (1.22-7.34 mW/m 2 ) also resulted in some PVS virus inactivation.
Evaluation of inhibitors of fatty acid oxidation in rat myocytes

The effects of 4-bromocrotonic acid, 2-bromopalmitic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 4-pentenoic acid, and 2-tetradecylglycidic acid on the oxidations of palmitate, octanoate, and pyruvate in adult rat myocytes were studied. Since all of these compounds inhibit the oxidation of palmitate but not of pyruvate, they are specific inhibitors of fatty acid oxidation. Fifty percent inhibition of palmitate oxidation was obtained when myocytes were preincubated for 10 min with one of the following: 0.1 microM 2-tetradecylglycidic acid, 60 microM 4-bromocrotonic acid, 60 microM 2-bromopalmitic acid, 100 microM 3-mercaptoproprionic acid, or 100 microM 4-pentenoic acid. Removal of the inhibitors from the medium after preincubation relieved the inhibition caused by 3-mercaptopropionic acid but did not reverse the effects of the other inhibitors. This study leads to the conclusion that 2-tetradecylglycidic acid is the compound of choice for inhibiting the mitochondrial uptake of fatty acids and thereby their oxidation, whereas 4-bromocrotonic acid is the best irreversible inhibitor of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation cycle.
Orientation for African-American Students at a Small, Liberal Arts College.

A three-day program was designed to assist African-American students in their transition to a small, liberal arts college in New England. Although the students admitted in previous years had met the usual predictive criteria for success in college (e.g., good academic preparation and above average SAT scores), their retention rate at the end of the first year had been significantly lower than that for their class. All entering students were invited to participate. Participation was voluntary. The first two years 74% of entering African-American students participated; the third year 85% participated. The goals of the program were (a) to familiarize students with the workings of the college, (b) to allow students an opportunity to meet significant members of the college community, (c) to assist students in adapting to the academic demands of the classroom, and (d) to give students a chance to feel comfortable in the new environment. The retention rate for African-American students for all three years was 96...
The Democratic Legitimacy of Self-Appointed Representatives

How should we theorize and normatively assess those individual and collective actors who claim to represent others for political purposes, but do so without the electoral authorization and accountability usually thought to be at the heart of democratic representation? In this article, I offer conceptual tools for assessing the democratic legitimacy of such “self-appointed” representatives. I argue that these kinds of political actors bring two constituencies into being: the authorizing—that group empowered by the claim to exercise authorization and demand accountability—and the affected—that group affected, or potentially affected, by collective decisions. Self-appointed representation provides democratically legitimate representation when it provides political presence for affected constituencies and is authorized by and held accountable to them. I develop the critical tools to assess the democratic credentials of self-appointed representatives by identifying nonelectoral mechanisms of authorization and ...
Effect of wheat germ isolectins on development of cowpea weevil

Abstract Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) isolated from hexaploid wheat is made up of six isolectin dimeric forms. In order to determine if the previously observed biological activity of WGA against the cowpea weevil was due preferentially to particular isolectins, we isolated each of the three isolectin homodimers and bioassayed them in an artificial seed bioassay. We show that each of the isolectins is equally detrimental to the growth and development of the cowpea weevil. Hence, any of the three genes for WGA isolectins could, in principle, be transferred into cowpea to confer bruchid resistance.
Role of anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibodies in kidney transplantation.

From the early 1960s, the mainstay of immunosuppression for kidney transplantation has been corticosteroids. Since then, many new drugs have been developed to maintain the renal allograft. Current maintenance immunosuppression commonly consists of corticosteroids, antiproliferative agents and calcineurin inhibitors (e.g. cyclosporin). More recently, antihuman antibodies, either monoclonal or polyclonal, have been developed to use for induction at the time of transplantation or to treat rejection. With the advances in molecular technology, a new class of antihuman antibodies [the anti-interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) antibodies] has emerged that incorporate a murine antigen-binding site on to a human immunoglobulin backbone. Such methodology creates antihuman antibodies with high affinity for the epitope and with prolonged serum antibody half-lives. Interleukin-2 and its receptor are central to lymphocyte activation and are the main targets of calcineurin inhibitors. In addition, the anti-IL-2R antibodies inhibit a key target in immune activation. Daclizumab and basiliximab have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of acute rejection in kidney transplantation. Since these anti-IL-2R antibodies are well tolerated and since calcineurin inhibitors are intrinsically nephrotoxic, anti-IL-2R antibodies have been used in an attempt to avoid cyclosporin after transplantation. Data from clinical trials seem to indicate that the addition of an anti-IL-2R antibody is not sufficient to warrant complete withdrawal of calcineurin inhibitors for more than a very short period after transplantation. A more promising role for anti-IL-2R antibodies may be in renal transplant recipients with delayed graft function (DGF). Recent data on the use of either low-dose calcineurin inhibitors or sirolimus (rapamycin) in conjunction with the anti-IL-2R antibodies for patients with DGF showed no increased risk of acute rejection. Long-term graft survival with use of these low-dose calcineurin inhibitor protocols has yet to be established.
The selection and evaluation of internal standard elements based on elemental/instrumental covariance

The selection of internal standards for elements analyzed by a multielement direct-current argon plasma emission spectrometer was made by studying the elemental covariance of a multielement standard. Principal components factor analysis of many analytical determinations of this standard indicated that the elemental covariance clustered into two main groups. These groups were a function of instrumental variation, mainly plasma shape. The first principal factor accounted for 43.4% of the variance and had high loadings for strontium, barium, boron, manganese, nickel, titanium, silicon, calcium, and cadmium. The second principal factor accounted for an additional 36.7% of the variance and had high loadings for lithium, vanadium, magnesium, potassium, and aluminum. Compared with an external standard, internal standards dictated by the principal components factor analysis results gave improved precision. Internal standards not correlated with response variations degraded both the accuracy and the precision of the analysis.
Reliability of “the eye of the beholder”: Effects of sex of the beholder and sex of the beheld

The effects of the sex of the judge and the sex of the stimulus person on the intra- and interjudge reliabilities of physical attractiveness judgments were examined. All judges were more consistent in their judgments of female stimuli, while there was greater agreement between male judges than between female judges for all stimuli. The methodological and theoretical significance of these results are discussed.
The ability to produce express saccades as a function of gap interval among schizophrenia patients

The ability to produce “express sacccades” is associated with adequate functioning of saccadic burst cells in the superior colliculus. Saccadic burst cells appear to be under the inhibitory control of both the collicular and the dorsolateral frontal fixation systems. Twenty schizophrenia patients and 20 nonpsychiatric subjects were presented a saccade task that included five different gap intervals (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 ms) between fixation point offset and peripheral target onset (at ±4°). All subjects generated the highest frequency of express saccades in trials with a gap interval of 200 ms. Schizophrenia patients had an increased frequency of express saccades across gap intervals, especially for targets presented in the right visual field. The groups did not differ in the percentages of anticipatory saccades or saccadic amplitudes. These results suggest that schizophrenia patients' saccadic burst cells in the superior colliculus are functioning adequately, but may be consistent with dys-function of dorsolateral frontal cortex and/or its interconnecting subcortical circuitry.
Passive immune cross-protection in mice produced by rabbit antisera against different serotypes of Pasteurella multocida

Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) and fowl cholera (FC) are specific diseases caused by certain serotypes of Pasteurella multocida. Strains that usually cause HS in cattle and water buffalo do not produce FC in avian species, and strains that cause FC do not produce HS in cattle and water buffalo. A variety of P. multocida serotypes, including unusual strains which can cause HS in wild ruminants, were evaluated in passive immune protection studies to determine the immunological relationship between strains associated with HS and FC. Various degrees of cross-protection were seen among the strains. Antiserum against a serotype B:3,4 strain protected against strains capable of causing HS (serotypes B:1, B:2, B:3,4, B:4 and E:2) and FC (serotypes A:1, A:3 and A:5). Antiserum against an FC strain (serotype A:5) similarly protected against strains capable of causing HS and FC. Antigenic analyses indicated that cross-protection was not necessarily induced by serotype-specific capsular (beta) or somatic (gamma) antigens or major porin protein. SDS-PAGE and immunoblots of whole cell lysates of the different HS and FC strains showed many protein-staining bands with similar mobilities and antigenic activity. These cross-reactive antigenic bands occurred in the 20- to 120-kDa range. Adsorption of antiserum with a heterologous serotype removed its reactivity with most of these bands, as well as its ability to cross-protect.
Postnatal day 7 ethanol treatment causes persistent reductions in adult mouse brain volume and cortical neurons with sex specific effects on neurogenesis

Ethanol treatment on postnatal day seven (P7) causes robust brain cell death and is a model of late gestational alcohol exposure (Ikonomidou et al., 2000). To investigate the long-term effects of P7 ethanol treatment on adult brain, mice received either two doses of saline or ethanol on P7 (2.5 g/kg, s.c., 2 h apart) and were assessed as adults (P82) for brain volume (using postmortem MRI) and cellular architecture (using immunohistochemistry). Adult mice that received P7 ethanol had reduced MRI total brain volume (4%) with multiple brain regions being reduced in both males and females. Immunohistochemistry indicated reduced frontal cortical parvalbumin immunoreactive (PV þ IR) interneurons (18 e33%) and reduced Cux1þIR layer II pyramidal neurons (15%) in both sexes. Interestingly, markers of adult hippocampal neurogenesis differed between sexes, with only ethanol treated males showing increased doublecortin and Ki67 expression (52 and 57% respectively) in the dentate gyrus, consistent with increased neurogenesis compared to controls. These findings suggest that P7 ethanol treatment causes persistent reductions in adult brain volume and frontal cortical neurons in both males and females. Increased adult neurogenesis in males, but not females, is consistent with differential adaptive responses to P7 ethanol toxicity between the sexes. One day of ethanol exposure, e.g. P7, causes persistent adult brain dysmorphology.
Human synovial fibroblasts: the relationships between cyclic AMP, bradykinin, and prostaglandins.

Human synovial fibroblasts in culture respond to bradykinin (8×10−9 M) with an increment in intracellular cyclic AMP concentration. These bradykinin (BK) concentrations are comparable to levels of the nonapeptide found in pathological synovial effusions. The cyclic AMP response to BK is enhanced by a heat stable factor(s) in fetal calf serum (FCS) and by the addition of arachidonic acid (AA) to monolayer cultures incubated in serum-free media.
Autoscan: An adaptive multiple-choice basic computer program

Abstract A computer program is described, written in Applesoft BASIC, that can be used to present up to 99 multiple-choice questions to persons having special input needs (e.g., the physically disabled). Alternatives are scanned and selected by means of switch input. Following each program run, performance data are displayed for each item presented. Suggestions are provided for modifying the program to meet individual assessment needs.