cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Semi-Micro Technique for the Extraction and Comparison of Dyes in Textile Fibers

Solid dye samples and extracted dyes from semi-micro samples of textile fibers are separated by using thin-layer chromatography. The extraction process is nondestructive, leaving the fibers intact for further analysis or court presentation. Acid, basic, disperse, vat, direct, and reactive dyes are used in this study. No single solvent system was found that would successfully separate all of these usage classes of dyes, necessitating the introduction of a screening solvent system. The behavior of the dyes in the screening solvent system gives the criminalist an indication of the usage class of dye being examined. Subsequent separation of the dyes is then carried out in appropriate solvent systems. The procedure is a general one that has been used successfully on a variety of natural and synthetic fibers.
Names matter: Interdisciplinary research on taxonomy and nomenclature for ecosystem management

Local ecological knowledge (LEK) is increasingly used to provide insights into ecosystem dynamics and to promote stakeholder inclusion. However, research on how to incorporate LEK into ecosystem ma...
A Shelterwood Method for Regenerating Red Oak in the Southern Appalachians

A shelterwood method is described that provides stand conditions that enhance the growth of estabhshed red oak advance reproduction, thereby improving the chances of maintaining an oak component in the next stand. Stocking of a mature, fully stocked stand is reduced to 60%, 65%, and 70% of initial stand basal area where oak site index is 70, 80, and 90 ft, respectively. The basal area reduction is accomplished from below using herbicides, leaving the main canopy essentially intact. This level and method of treatment prevents yellow-poplar, a primary competitor of red oak, from becoming established and growing prior to the final removal cut, and it eliiinates most sprout competition from shade-tolerant subcanopy species after the final removal cut. The final removal cut can be made approximately 10 years after the initial treatment. FOR. SCI. 36(4):917-929. ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS. Regeneration, prescribed fire.
A randomized blinded clinical trial of a rapid colonic lavage solution (Golytely) compared with standard preparation for colonoscopy and barium enema

Abstract The efficacy and safety of the new colonic lavage solution, Golytely (an electrolyte-polyethylene glycol solution), was compared with standard 2- and 3- day bowel preparations in a randomized blinded study of patients undergoing colonoscopy and barium enema examination. Side effects, patient preference, and quality of examinations were monitored. Colonoscopy was scored by colonic segment for type of residual stool and percentage of bowel wall visualized. Barium enema was graded by stool particle size in the least clean segment. For colonoscopy, preparation with Golytely allowed better visualization of colonic mucosa (p
Adapting Internal Marketing to a Volunteer System

ABSTRACT This article investigates the appropriateness of utilizing internal marketing as a mechanism for developing successful volunteer programs within the not-for-profit sector. The connections between relationship marketing, internal marketing, and organizational culture are established and the implications for voluntary program managers are addressed.
Teaching Kindergarten Children To Solve Word Problems.

A kindergarten teacher's practice was investigated in order to understand her knowledge of her children's mathematical thinking, the ways in which she acquired that knowledge, and the uses she made of that knowledge in making instructional decisions. The focus of the investigation was the teacher's knowledge of her children's thinking about numbers, including counting and addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The teacher had attended Cognitively Guided Instruction workshops at which she had the opportunity to learn about research on children's mathematical thinking. She gathered information on her own children's thinking by posing word problems, listening to children as the described their strategies for solving the problems, and talking to other adults about her children. She used that information to select problems to pose in subsequent lessons.
Electronic transport in underdoped YBa2Cu3O7-delta nanowires: evidence for fluctuating domain structures.

We have measured the transport properties of a series of underdoped ${\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{a}}_{2}{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{u}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ nanowires fabricated with widths of 100--250 nm. We observe large telegraphlike fluctuations in the resistance between the pseudogap temperature ${T}^{*}$ and the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$, consistent with the formation and dynamics of a domain structure. We also find anomalous hysteretic steps in the current-voltage characteristics well below ${T}_{c}$.
A New Algorithm for Two-Dimensional Transport for Astrophysical Simulations. I. General Formulation and Tests for the One-Dimensional Spherical Case

We derive new equations using the mixed-frame approach for one- and two-dimensional (axisymmetric) time-dependent radiation transport and the associated couplings with matter. Our formulation is multigroup and multiangle and includes anisotropic scattering, frequency (energy)-dependent scattering and absorption, complete velocity dependence to order v/c, rotation, and energy redistribution due to inelastic scattering. Hence, the "2D" realization is actually "6 1/2"-dimensional. The effects of radiation viscosity are automatically incorporated. Moreover, we develop accelerated lambda iteration, Krylov subspace (GMRES), discontinuous finite element, and Feautrier numerical methods for solving the equations and present the results of one-dimensional numerical tests of the new formalism. The virtues of the mixed-frame approach include simple velocity dependence with no velocity derivatives, straight characteristics, simple physical interpretation, and clear generalization to higher dimensions. Our treatment can be used for both photon and neutrino transport, but we focus on neutrino transport and applications to core-collapse supernova theory in the discussions and examples.
A Correlation Attack on the Binary Sequence Generators with Time-Varying Output Function

A binary sequence generator (BSG) consisting of three regularly clocked linear feedback shift registers combined by a time-varying memoryless function is cryptanalysed. A novel distance measure for the binary sequences comparison relevant for the crypanalysis is proposed, its main characteristics are derived, and the divide and conquer correlation attack based on this distance is presented. It is pointed out that the novel distance based approach to cryptanalysis could be applied for attacking the binary MacLaren-Marsaglia shuffler, for signficant improvement of the correlation attack on the multiplexer BSG, and for attacking a wide class of BSG's in which the output binary sequence is a time-varying function of certain subgenerator output binary sequence.
Child Demographics Associated with Outcomes in a Community-Based Pivotal Response Training Program.

Although knowledge about the efficacy of treatments such as pivotal response training (PRT) for children with autism is increasing, studies of large-scale effectiveness for and transportability to ...
Is There Life After Death

This paper addresses some of the implicit rules that may be involved in scientific inquiry. Factors outside the scientific method such as personal characteristics, belief systems, and scholarly eminence may play a role in scientific inquiry. In this case study, we show that the referencing of two prominent psychologists, Jean Piaget and Clark Hull, declined sharply after they died. This change, we suggest, may be due to the absence of an actual influence on colleagues and students.
Effects of temperature on the body form, growth, electron transport system activity, and development rate of an echinopluteus

Abstract The development rate from fertilization to the six-armed pluteus stage in Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz, 1829) was markedly temperature-dependent. It took three times as long to reach the six-armed stage at 12°C as it did at 22°C. The respiratory electron transport system (ETS) activity of six-armed plutei was also temperature-dependent between 12 and 22°C at a limiting substrate concentration. In spite of temperature-induced variation in development rate and metabolism, body size (length and protein content) and shape (ciliated band length and body symmetry) of the six-armed plutei did not vary with culture temperature. The sequence of form changes during larval development from the two-armed to the eight-armed stage were also independent of temperature (10–15°C). Plutei, given excess food, maintained the correspondence between growth rate and development rate. An important consequence of form constancy is the lack of change in ciliated band length with temperature. Band length determines larval feeding capability, defined as the maximal volume of water cleared of particles per unit time per larva. Since ETS activity is temperature-dependent, metabolic demand should increase with increasing temperature. It might be difficult for plutei (and other organisms that feed with the single band, upstream particle capture mechanism) to maintain energy balance under natural, food limiting conditions at high temperature. This could result in smaller larvae or modification of larval shape.
Conceptual Design of Freeform Surfaces From Unstructured Point Sets Using Neural Network Regression

This paper presents a new point set surfacing method that employs neural networks for regression. Our technique takes as input unstructured and possibly noisy point sets representing two-manifolds in R 3 . To facilitate parametrization, the set is first embedded in R 2 using neighborhood preserving locally linear embedding. A neural network is then constructed and trained that learns a mapping between the embedded 2D parametric coordinates and the corresponding 3D space coordinates. The trained network is then used to generate a tessellation that spans the parametric space, thereby producing a surface in the original space. This approach enables the surfacing of noisy and non-uniformly distributed point sets, and can be applied to open or closed surfaces. We show the utility of the proposed method on a number of test models, as well as its application to freeform surface creation in virtual reality environments.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Poster: Applying Kanban to healthcare via immersive 3D virtual reality

This project aims to enable the study of group process in simulated environments that are often inaccessible to physically study. We choose to study the inventory management technique, known as Kanban in a simulated operating room. A multi-viewer immersive 3D VR is used to simulate the scenario. Fourteen participants tested the 15-minute activity in the environment. Participants interacted with the system in pairs, each participant given their own unique viewpoint. We found that iVR is an acceptable tool to learn and apply Kaban. This project opens opportunities for other engineering techniques to be simulated before their application in industry.
Demonstration of a High Extinction Ratio Monolithic CMOS Integrated Nanophotonic Transmitter and 16 Gb/s Optical Link

We present a 16-Gb/s transmitter composed of a stacked voltage-mode CMOS driver and periodic-loaded reverse biased pn junction Mach–Zehnder modulator. The transmitter shows 9-dB extinction ratio and 10.3-pJ/bit power consumption and operates with 1.3 μm light. Penalties as low as 0.5 dB were seen as compared to a 25-Gb/s LiNbO3 transmitter with both a monolithic metal–semiconductor–metal receiver and a reference receiver at 16-Gb/s operation. We also present an analytic expression for relative transmitter penalty (RTP), which allows one to quickly assess the system impact of design parameters such as peak-to-peak modulator drive voltage, modulator figure of merit, and transmitter extinction ratio to determine the circumstances under which a stacked CMOS cascode driver is desirable.
Chronic corticosterone treatment elicits dose-dependent changes in mouse brain α-bungarotoxin binding

Previous studies have shown that adrenalectomy results in a small increase in hippocampal alpha-bungarotoxin binding, whereas seven days of chronic treatment with high doses of corticosterone results in decreases in alpha-bungarotoxin binding in several brain regions. The studies reported here examined the effects of different doses of corticosterone on brain alpha-bungarotoxin binding. C3H mice were adrenalectomized and treated with corticosterone-containing pellets (0.5-60%) for four days. Alpha-Bungarotoxin binding was measured in eight brain regions. Chronic treatment with corticosterone resulted in plasma corticosterone levels ranging from the low levels observed in an unstressed mouse during the daytime to levels significantly above those observed in mice during the night or as a result of stress. Adrenalectomy resulted in small increases in binding in hippocampus which was reversed by low dose corticosterone treatment. Chronic high-dose corticosterone treatment resulted in significant decreases in binding in four of the eight brain regions examined. Similar, but not identical, results were obtained in two other mouse strains (C57BL and DBA/2). These results argue that corticosterone levels play an important role in modulating the level of the brain nicotinic receptors that bind alpha-bungarotoxin with high affinity.
Current issues with blood transfusions in sickle cell disease

With increased recognition of the profound morbidity of sickle cell disease and with growing evidence of the efficacy of transfusion therapy in prevention and treatment of sickle cell complications, most patients now receive intermittent transfusion therapy. The purpose of this report is to review blood component therapy and Its risks for sickle cell patients. Packed red cells are the preferred blood component. Leukocyte-reduced units should be standard because of their beneficial effects in reducing alloimmunization, transfusion reactions, platelet refractoriness, and infection transmission. The use of washed, frozen, or Irradiated units is limited to specific problems. Sickle trait-positive units function normally, but because of difficulties with calculating hemoglobin S percentages and leukocyte filters, they are not routinely used. Transfusion-acquired infections have shown a marked decrease but still present a major risk. Viral hepatitis transmission is currently low, but at least 10% of adult sickle cell patients are hepatitis C positive, and they often have liver damage. Although bacterial infections are rare, they account for 16% of transfusion-related fatalities. Patients who are iron overloaded are particularly vulnerable to Yersina enterocolitica. Red cell alloimmunization is a serious problem that could potentially affect 50% of transfused patients. However, preventive phenotypic matching for common antigens can minimize alloimmunization; limited matching for at least E, C, and K has become the standard of care. Recently, more patients are being identified who have developed red cell autoantibodies, which can mask alloantibodies and occasionally are hemolytic. Careful laboratory evaluation of all cases is essential. Transfusions also may trigger sickle cell events, including pain crises, stroke, and acute pulmonary deterioration. In part, these are induced by blood viscosity and increased blood pressure. Diuretic therapy and close monitoring of transfusion volume and vital signs can minimize these events. In summary, transfusion therapy carries risks, but the routine use of leukocyte-reduced, phenotypically matched units in conjunction with close monitoring of patients can make transfusion therapy safer.
Analysis of superovulation in the adult hamster.

Hamsters injected with 30 IU of pregnant mares' serum (PMS)1 on Day 1 of the estrous cycle ovulated an average of 70 eggs, with the duration of ovulation and cycle length slightly prolonged. If one ovary was removed at the time of PMS treatment, the remaining ovary ovulated 34.8 eggs. The injection of 30 IU PMS at Day 2 or 3 lengthened the estrous cycle to 6 and 7 days, respectively, and resulted in the ovulation of approximately 45 ova. After similar treatment at Day 4, only 10 eggs were ovulated on the very next morning, but 56 eggs were released at the following cycle. These experiments, in conjunction with other observations, suggest that the hamster ovary develops approximately 10 large follicles on Day 1 but has an additional 25 follicles in reserve that can be stimulated if increased amounts of FSH are available. In the event that PMS is injected after Day 1, the normally developing follicles eventually become atretic, thus limiting final maturation to the reserve follicles.
Phylogeny of lamniform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) and the contribution of dental characters to lamniform systematics

ABSTRACT Lamniform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) are common in the fossil record but are represented mainly by isolated teeth. A phylogenetic analysis of 15 extant lamniform species based on 42 morphological characters using Scyliorhinus (Carcharhiniformes) as an outgroup produces a consensus tree with the following generic relationships: [Mitsukurina + [Carcharias + Odontaspis + Pseudocarcharias + Megachasma + [Alopias + [Cetorhinus + [[Isurus + Carcharodon] + Lamna]]]]]. When an extinct form, Cretoxyrhina mantelli, is added to the analysis, the fossil taxon occurs within the Alopias clade. Comparisons among the cladogram based on 29 non-dental characters alone, that based on 19 dental characters, and that based on combined (48) characters, suggest that dental characters provide at least some phylogenetic signal. Mapping of quantitative dental data on the cladogram based on non-dental characters suggests 1) a decrease in the number of tooth rows through lamniform phylogeny, 2) possible relation...
Effect of serum from tolerant mice on immunity and tolerance to a bacterial antigen.

THE mechanism of immunological tolerance is still poorly understood. Numerous model systems have been used in attempts to resolve some of the important questions concerning the fundamental role of both antigen and antibody in the establishment and maintenance of immunological tolerance to various antigens, in a variety of conditions in mammalian or avian species1–3. It has been observed recently that establishment of immunological tolerance to certain antigens, such as serum proteins, foreign erythrocytes or bacterial extracts, can be prevented by specific antiserum4–9. The suppressive effect of antibody on the induction of tolerance seems to be similar in many respects to the effect of specific antiserum on antibody formation.
Direct extraction of quantitative structural information from x-ray fluorescence holograms using spherical-harmonic analysis

An x-ray fluorescence holograph contains information on both the amplitude and the phase of the x-ray scattering signal from a crystal structure. X-ray fluorescence holography is potentially a technique to directly extract atomic level structure information from crystal samples. We present here a reconstruction algorithm using a spherical-harmonic analysis that significantly improves the structure-resolving power of x-ray fluorescence holography over the widely used multiple energy Barton transform approach. Compared to the direct method for x-ray diffraction, this direct method has the advantages of full model independence and applicability to crystal systems with a large contrast in atomic numbers.
Implementation of an approximate self-energy correction scheme in the orthogonalized linear combination of atomic orbitals method of band-structure calculations.

Based on the Sterne-Inkson model for the self-energy correction to the single-particle energy in the local-density approximation (LDA), we have implemented an approximate energy-dependent and [bold k]-dependent [ital GW] correction scheme to the orthogonalized linear combination of atomic orbital-based local-density calculation for insulators. In contrast to the approach of Jenkins, Srivastava, and Inkson, we evaluate the on-site exchange integrals using the LDA Bloch functions throughout the Brillouin zone. By using a [bold k]-weighted band gap [ital E][sub [ital g]] and a plasmon frequency [omega][sub [ital p]] determined by valence-electron density for the estimation of the dielectric constant, our approach retains the first-principles nature for the single-particle energy correction. Test calculations on semiconductors such as diamond, Si, Ge, GaAs, GaP, and ZnSe show good results with the [ital GW]-corrected gap values generally within 10% of the experimental values. It is shown that an accurate and well-converged LDA result is very important for the correct self-energy correction, and its convergence with respect to the number of [bold k] points needed in the computation is much slower than that in the LDA calculation.
Racial context and voting behavior in one-party urban political systems

Abstract Two Democratic primary elections for city-wide office in St Louis and one non-partisan election for city-wide school board positions are analyzed for the vote of seven candidates. Racial structuring of voting patterns is the focus of analysis and the precinct is the unit of analysis. Census information is aggregated or allocated to the precincts. Racial effects order the voting behavior in models based solely on race. When multivariate prediction models are formulated which include non-racial predictors the racial effects remain strong. Evidence for social class effects running contrary to the direction of race are found in the school board elections but not in contests for the mayoralty Democratic nomination. Spatial autocorrelation between observation units is assessed for voting and shown to be strong. Reassessment of spatial autocorrelation in the multivariate model residuals is used to evaluate model specification. Although very large reduction in spatial autocorrelation is achieved with multivariate event count models, the residuals retain statistically significant evidence of spatial structuring.
Methyl group internal rotation and the choice of Hamiltonian for the rotational spectrum of 1,1-difluoroacetone

Abstract The effects of partial fluorination on acetone have been examined using broadband rotational spectroscopy within the 7.5–16.5 GHz region. The broadband spectrum, which contains information on the methyl group internal rotation, was analyzed using a principal axis method, and subsequently analyzed using (i) a combined axis method and (ii) a method in which the Hamiltonian possesses matrix elements expressed as Fourier series. Spectroscopic constants and effective barriers to methyl group internal rotation are presented for the first time. Results are compared to related molecules where it is shown that the carbonyl group effectively limits the effects of fluorination on the adjacent C( O) CH3 structure. The spectroscopic analyses performed demonstrate a satisfactory convergence of the Hamiltonian in all combinations of Watson reduction and representation with the exception of A and Ir. Within this combination the ratio (2A − B − C)/(B − C) is large resulting in unreasonably large values of the quartic centrifugal distortion constant δK which in turn prohibits a satisfactory eigenvalue solution.
The End of a Very Interesting Year

The IEEE Computer Society's 2005 president reviews the accomplishments of the past year and looks to the future.
Evidence for decline in intracellular calcium buffering in adrenergic nerves of aged rats

Abstract Age-related alterations in neuronal intracellular calcium regulation and neurotransmitter release have been widely reported. We have investigated the impact of age on neurotransmitter release and intracellular calcium buffering in adrenergic nerve endings of the isolated rat tail artery and on intracellular calcium in acutely dissociated cells from the superior cervical ganglion. Advancing age, from 6 to 27 months, resulted in significantly increased stimulation-evoked norepinephrine release from the isolated rat tail artery, an effect which persisted when neuronal and extraneuronal uptake were blocked with cocaine and deoxycorticosterone and presynaptic alpha adrenergic receptors were blocked with idazoxan. Alterations in extracellular calcium had significant effects on stimulation-evoked norepinephrine release, but these were much more marked in old, compared to young, arteries. Blockade of mitochondrial calcium accumulation with dinitrophenol had no significant effect on stimulation-evoked norepinephrine release from 6-month-old arteries, but in 20-month-old arteries, treatment with dinitrophenol resulted in a substantial increase in stimulationevoked norepinephrine release. However, when extracellular calcium was increased to 5 mM in 6 month-old-arteries, then addition of dinitrophenol resulted in an increase in stimulation-evoked norepinephrine release. Measurement of intracellular calcium in acutely dissociated superior cervical ganglion cells using fura-2 revealed substantial age-related differences. Peak calcium transients in 20-month-old ganglion cells depolarized with 68 mM K+ were substantially higher than in 6-month-old cells. Together these findings support the hypothesis that in adrenergic nerves advancing age results in a disruption of intracellular calcium buffering leading to higher levels of intracellular calcium and increased transmitter release.
Modification of the taniguchi method for the determination of normetanephrine and metanephrine

Abstract Using tritium-labeled normetanephrine enables one to determine the exact point at which this substance is completely eluted from the adsorbing resin into borate buffer. With this refinement the Taniguchi method gave good results for the determination of normetanephrine and metanephrine.
‘NEAR‐PRINT’ DRAWS NEARER

DURING the thirties, at a time when letterpress printing was a good deal cheaper than now, the profound unwillingness of a scholarly author to have his work reproduced by the so‐called near‐print processes would not get much of an argument from his editor. Even where it was demonstrable that production costs could be lowered, the author's fear that prestige and reviews—attention, in other words—flew out the window when near‐print came in the door was largely shared by both editor and publisher of our learned journals and monograph series.
Biosynthesis of the α chains of collagen

The α chains of collagen are synthesized like other proteins by the sequential addition of amino acids beginning at the amino-terminal end and continuing for over 1000 amino acids. In addition to amino acid assembly, hydroxylation of certain prolyl and lysyl residues is required to complete the molecule. Approximately 4.8 minutes is necessary for the entire process. After extrusion from the cell, specific lysyl residues are oxidatively deaminated to the aldehyde allysine. An analogous conversion probably occurs with hydroxylysine. Cross-linking results from the condensation of an aldehyde on one chain with an aldehyde or an ϵ-amino group on another chain.
Aqueous-Phase Dechlorination of Toxic Chloroethylenes by Vitamin B12 Cobalt Center: Conventional and Polypyrrole Film−Based Electrochemical Studies

This paper is focused on the dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE) and cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) by the cobalt-centered molecule vitamin B12. The natural oxidation state of cobalt in vitamin B12 is +3, and +1 is the active form, which carries out the reduction; hence, transformation to the +1 state is essential to carrying out the reduction of chlorinated organics. With respect to achieving this transformation, two different sets of studies were undertaken: (i) conventional chemical reductions in the presence of a bulk reductant, namely, titanium(III) citrate, and (ii) a novel electrochemical reduction involving constant application of an appropriate potential. The conventional chemical reduction reactions were performed at varying concentrations of titanium(III) citrate. The electrochemical reduction reactions comprised (a) electrochemical polymerization of a pyrrole monomer, involving simultaneous entrapment of vitamin B12 in the film with subsequent use of the film for dechlorination, and (b)...
Tacit Knowledge Sharing During ERP Implementation: A Multi-Site Case Study

This study examines tacit knowledge sharing in enterprise resource planning ERP implementation. There is often a large gap in knowledge among ERP implementation personnel because of ERP's cross-functional nature. An underlying assumption of knowledge sharing is that individuals can share the knowledge they have. Although this is a valid assumption for explicit knowledge that can readily be examined apart from the individual who originated it, tacit knowledge is not as easily examined. This study presents findings about facilitators of tacit knowledge sharing in three firms that have implemented ERP. Data were collected through interviews using a multi-site case study. This study contributes to the body of knowledge about tacit knowledge sharing in ERP implementation in several ways. First, it identifies and categorizes factors that facilitate tacit knowledge sharing during ERP implementation. Second, it proposes which facilitators seem to result in the most tacit knowledge sharing. Third, it provides several guidelines for practitioners that they can use in their own ERP implementations. Finally, the study provides directions for avenues of future research, and suggests two research questions arising out of these findings that might be explored.
Contact sensitivity induced in mice by methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate

An experimental model of contact sensitivity has been developed in C57BL/6 mice using methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), a raw material of polyurethane resins. Sensitization through a single epidermal application of 1% MDI solution in ethyl acetate to the backs of the mice resulted in marked ear swelling. The time course of the swelling was characteristic of delayed-type hypersensitivity and the increment of the ear thickness was compatible with that induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Passive transfer of the MDI-induced contact sensitivity was successfully achieved using lymphocytes from the lymph nodes of MDI-sensitized syngeneic mice, and the effector cells were found to be T cells. Cross reaction between MDI and TDI has shown that MDI is not only a potent contact sensitizer but also can form a contact sensitizer group together with TDI.
Systems analysis and planning-programming-budgeting systems (PPBS) for defense decision making

Systems analysis office titles have permeated both government and business organization charts in recent years. Systems analysis as a discipline, however, even though increasingly accepted, has eluded precise definition. For the most part, it has been loosely described as “quantitative common sense” and “the general application of the scientific method.” Emphasis is placed upon the application of eclectic disciplines to a wide variety of problems. Concepts and techniques have been drawn heavily from economics, mathematics, and political science. In the Department of Defense, systems analysis has been used extensively in the evaluation of weapon systems during the last 9 years. During the 1960's, it provided the underlying concepts for the control system PPBS (Planning-Programming-Budgeting System). This article traces the origins of systems analysis within the Department of Defense and describes and analyzes the application of the technique. Although there always exists disagreement, it is generally accepted that the origin of systems analysis coincided with the inception of R. S. McNamara's administration of the Department of Defense. McNamara organized the Systems Analysis office under Mr. Charles Hitch, who had previously developed many basic systems analysis concepts at project RAND. From Hitch's basic concepts, the approach became increasingly sophisticated in evaluating complex weapons systems. Coincidently, the organizational procedures for implementing systems analysis also evolved. Under the current Department of Defense administration, the new organizational procedures emerging are contrasted with the old.
Development of Molecular Shuttle Regulated by External Stimulation Utilizing Kinesin ATP Driven Motor

Kinesin is known as a dimeric motor protein, which carries cellular cargoes along microtubules by hydrolyzing ATP. Its structure and the molecular mechanism of energy transduction to move along microtubule are well studied. The kinesin has many possibility of application to the molecular machines. Previously, we introduced photochromic molecules into the functional key region of the kinesin as a photoswitch and tried to control the function of kinesin by ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) light irradiations. The kinesin mutant S275C modified with thiol reactive azobenzene derivative exhibited photocontrolled ATPase activity correlating to photo isomerization. We have also demonstrated that kinesin fused with CaM at the C-terminal binds reversibly to M13-Qdots in a calcium dependent manner. As mentioned above, kinesin works as a nanodevice to be a component of bionanomachines. In this study, we tried to prepare the molecular shuttles regulated by external stimulation utilizing kinesin and other functional proteins. We designed the two chimeric kinesins. One is the kinesin motor domain (K355) fused with calmodulin (CaM) and the other is K355 fused with calmodulin target peptide M13. The chimeras were expressed by E. coli. and purified by Co-Chelate column. These kinesin chimeras showed normal ATPase activities. K355-CaM bound to K355-M13 in a calcium dependent manner and formed dimer. The dimer composed of the two chimeras induced exhibited motor activity to induce microtubule gliding. Moreover, we also tried to prepare the chimeric kinesins, K355-CaM-split GFP C-terminal domain and K355-split GFP N-terminal domain to be dimerized and fluorescently labelled spontaneously.
Variation of the density of states in amorphous GdSi at the metal-insulator transition

We have performed detailed conductivity and tunneling measurements on the amorphous, magnetically doped material $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\text{Gd}}_{x}{\text{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$, which can be driven through the metal-insulator transition by the application of an external magnetic field. Low temperature conductivity increases linearly with field near the transition and slightly slower on the metallic side. The tunneling conductance, proportional to the density of states $N(E)$, undergoes a gradual change with increasing field, from insulating, showing a soft gap at low bias, with a slightly slower than parabolic energy dependence, i.e., $N(E)\ensuremath{\sim}{E}^{c}$, $c\ensuremath{\lesssim}2$, towards metallic behavior, with ${E}^{d}$, $0.5ldl1$ energy dependence. The density of states at the Fermi level in a sample, which shows already a small, but metal-like conductivity, appears to be zero at low fields, as in an insulator. We speculate that this behavior is due to the microscopic percolation nature of transport near the transition.
Oxygen isotope composition of quartz as an indicator of origin and phase evolution of ore mineralization

(1979). Oxygen isotope composition of quartz as an indicator of origin and phase evolution of ore mineralization. International Geology Review: Vol. 21, No. 7, pp. 790-794.
Activity profiles of enzymes involved in glutamine and glutamate metabolism in the apple during autumnal senescence

Seasonal changes in glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), glutamate synthase (EC 2.6.1.53), and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) were measured in both senescing leaf and bark tissues of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.). From the measured enzyme activities we attempted to estimate the in vivo catalytic potentials of the enzymes with special reference to nitrogen mobilization and conservation of senescing apple trees. The cumulative glutamine synthetase activity of leaf tissue was about three times higher than that of bark. The estimated catalytic potential of leaf glutamine synthetase was 800-fold higher than the actual protein nitrogen loss of senescing leaves. The cumulative glutamate synthase activity of bark was about six times higher than that of leaf. The estimated catalytic potential of bark glutamate synthase was 160-times higher than the actual protein nitrogen gain in that tissue. The cumulative glutamate dehydrogenase activities in leaf and bark tissue were approximately the same. However, the catalytic potential of leaf glutamate dehydrogenase was twice that of leaf glutamate synthase. It is thus concluded that the physiological role of glutamine synthetase in senescing leaf tissue is to furnish the amide(s) prior to mobilization of nitrogen to storage tissue. The higher activity of glutamate synthase in bark tissue could provide a mechanism to transform the imported amide nitrogen to amino nitrogen of glutamate for storage protein synthesis. The possible regulatory factors upon the activity of these enzymes in the tissues of senescing apple trees are discussed.
Sample preparation methods for quantitative detection of DNA by molecular assays and marine biosensors

The need for quantitative molecular methods is growing in environmental, food, and medical fields but is hindered by low and variable DNA extraction and by co-extraction of PCR inhibitors. DNA extracts from Enterococcus faecium, seawater, and seawater spiked with E. faecium and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were tested by qPCR for target recovery and inhibition. Conventional and novel methods were tested, including Synchronous Coefficient of Drag Alteration (SCODA) and lysis and purification systems used on an automated genetic sensor (the Environmental Sample Processor, ESP). Variable qPCR target recovery and inhibition were measured, significantly affecting target quantification. An aggressive lysis method that utilized chemical, enzymatic, and mechanical disruption enhanced target recovery compared to commercial kit protocols. SCODA purification did not show marked improvement over commercial spin columns. Overall, data suggested a general need to improve sample preparation and to accurately assess and account for DNA recovery and inhibition in qPCR applications.
The corporation and profits

In this paper I argue that a theory of the firm that takes profit maximizing to be the essential activity and purpose of the firm is seriously inadequate. I argue that firms in the actual economy neither are nor should be maximizers of profit. I argue instead that firms are and must be satisficers, that they must make enough profit to satisfy the various demands which they encounter in their operation. Yet it should be clear that the notion of “satisficing,” while it escapes the major problems encountered by maximization, itself lacks much of any very clear content. In the end I claim that the notion of satisficing can best be understood if we abandon the traditional characterization of profits and replace it with a notion of extended profits, which I define as that part of corporate revenue which is available for distribution among stockholders, management, and labor, and for reinvestment in the corporation's business operation.
Limit linear series: Basic theory

In this paper we introduce techniques for handling the degeneration of linear series on smooth curves as the curves degenerate to a certain type of reducible curves, curves of compact type. The technically much simpler special case of 1-dimensional series was developed by Beauville [2], Knudsen [21–23], Harris and Mumford [17], in the guise of “admissible covers”. It has proved very useful for studying the Moduli space of curves (the above papers and Harris [16]) and the simplest sorts of Weierstrass points (Diaz [4]). With our extended tools we are able to prove, for example, that: In this paper we present the basic theory of “limit linear series” necessary for proving these results. The results themselves will be taken up in our forthcoming papers [8-12]. Simpler applications, not requiring the tools developed in this paper but perhaps clarified by them, have already been given in our papers [5-7].
Simulations and Experiential Learning in the International Relations Classroom

This article explores the value of experiential learning about international negotiations through role-playing exercises. Simulations have been employed successfully in international relations courses since the late 1950s, but the end of the Cold War has prompted a renewed interest in simulations as interactive teaching tools that capture the dynamics of change in the international system. Building on the existing literature on simulations, I describe an effective role-playing exercise for the new era, the Global Problems Summit, which was originally designed for an advanced undergraduate Political Science course at The College of Wooster. This simulation is structured to fulfill clear educational objectives by providing an opportunity for experiential learning about international diplomacy and the complexity of global problems, an understanding of different national perspectives on these issues, and the development of negotiation and communication skills to promote international cooperation. Three years of successful application lead me to conclude that the Global Problems Summit and related role-playing simulations can truly enliven the international relations classroom and enhance the learning experience.
FRAY RAMÓN PANÉ,: EL PRIMER EXTIRPADOR DE IDOLATRÍAS

During the second voyage of Columbus, Ramon Pane arrived to the island of Hispaniola where he lived among the natives and wrote a treatise on their beliefs and rituals. His Relacion acerca de las antiguedades de los indios, completed in 1498, is of great historical value and the author has been celebrated as the first American anthropologist and ethnologist. However, Pane has been insufficiently explained by the majority of scholars. The friar has not been recognized for what he most was, an extirpator of idolatry. This paper analyzes the characteristics of extirpator which the author shows in his Relacion which, in turn, makes his work an innaugural sample of the anti-idolatry campaigns in the New World.
Does magnesium sulphate have a role in the management of paediatric status asthmaticus

Jimmy was in the emergency department (ED) with his third severe asthma attack of the winter. He could tell he was going to be admitted ... again. He was not improving much after one hour on continuous nebulised albuterol and intravenous steroids. The new paediatric registrar was running around asking for the magnesium. The senior consultant looked at him like he was a misplaced obstetrician. What evidence did he have to suggest magnesium might make Jimmy better and prevent admission? In children with status …
Cardiomyocyte growth regulation by Ca2+-calmodulin

Abstract Elevation of intracellular free Ca 2+ concentrations is a common early cellular action of a variety of agents that induce cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. This observation, plus the large body of evidence that implicates Ca 2+ -calmodulin (CaM) in cell-cycle control in other cells, prompted us to evaluate the role of the CaM signal-transducing pathway in cardiomyocyte growth regulation. Toward that end, several lines of transgenic mice were generated to express elevated levels of CaM in cardiac myocytes during development. Constitutive overexpression of CaM in the hearts of transgenic mice induced both hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth of cardiac myocytes; some characteristics and potential mechanisms of this growth response are the subjects of the present review.
The lambda head-tail joining reaction: purification, properties and structure of biologically active heads and tails.

Abstract Procedures were developed to obtain biologically active lambda heads and tails at high purity with 20 to 40% recovery. Free heads, free tails and phage particles differ markedly in stability. Phage are stable in solutions containing Mg 2+ but tails are not. The protein subunits which form the shaft of the tail dissociate in the presence of Mg 2+ and form multisubunit spherical structures. EDTA protects free tails against inactivation but disrupts heads and phage particles. The four carbon diamine, putrescine, stabilizes heads against inactivation; the three and five carbon diamines are less effective. Electron micrographs reveal a new “knob” structure at the distal end of the tail fiber of phage and of free tails. Tails released from EDTA-disrupted phage possess a “head-tail connector”, a structure not present on the tail before its joining with a head.
Automated high-level disinfection of nonchanneled flexible endoscopes: Duty cycles and endoscope repair†‡§

Purpose: Guidelines issued by the Association of Operating Room Nurses and the Association of Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology recommend high-level disinfection (HLD) for semicritical instruments, such as flexible endoscopes. We aim to examine the durability of endoscopes to continued use and automated HLD. We report the number of duty cycles a flexible endoscope can withstand before repairs should be anticipated. Methods: Retrospective review. Results: A total of 4,336 endoscopic exams and subsequent disinfection cycles were performed with 60 flexible endoscopes in an outpatient tertiary pediatric otolaryngology practice from 2005 to 2009. All endoscopes were systemically cleaned with mechanical cleansing followed by leak testing, enzymatic cleaning, and exposure to Orthophthaldehyde (0.55%) for 5 minutes at a temperature of at least 25°C, followed by rinsing for 3 minutes. A total of 77 repairs were performed, 48 major (average cost $3,815.97), and 29 minor (average cost $326.85). On average, the 2.2-mm flexible endoscopes were utilized for 61.9 examinations before major repair was needed, whereas the 3.6 mm endoscopes were utilized for 154.5 exams before needing minor repairs. No major repairs have been needed to date on the 3.6-mm endoscopes. Conclusions: Automated endoscope reprocessor use for HLD is an effective means to disinfect and process flexible endoscopes. This minimizes variability in the processing of the endoscopes and maximizes the rate of successful HLD. Even when utilizing standardized, automated HLD and limiting the number of personnel processing the endoscopes, smaller fiberoptic endoscopes demonstrate a shortened time interval between repairs than that seen with the larger endoscopes. Laryngoscope, 2010
Federal Agricultural Policy in Relation to Tobacco

Later the colony designated tobacco as money. In these and in many other forms, the tobacco problem was often in the legislative halls. In its manufactured form, tobacco has long been a favorite object of heavy taxation and several governments use it as a vehicle for profitable fiscal monopolies. Tobacco is of special significance to the South. It is the region's second most important agricultural crop and has been a dynamic factor in the southern economy during the past 20 years. Since 1929 it has made a far greater contribution toward increasing agricultural income in the South than any other crop. One comparison will indicate the magnitude of the changes which have occurred. In 1929 the South's tobacco crop was worth $234 million or about one sixth of the value of the cotton crop. By 1946 the value of the tobacco crop had almost quadrupled and stood at $861 million, or about two thirds of the value of that year's cotton crop, which remained slightly below the value of the 1929 crop. Yet tobacco is a significant crop in only seven of the 13 southern states and usually covers less than 10 per cent of the acreage taken by cotton.