cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating visual acuity by character counting using the Snellen visual acuity chart

This study examines visual acuity estimation with character counting, which can be used in subjects with nonorganic visual loss. The right eyes of 35 healthy subjects were fogged with plus lenses and tested with the Snellen visual acuity chart (Reichert 11180). Visual acuity and counting level were assessed under various degrees of fogging, up to a maximal fogged acuity of 20/200. Counting level was defined as the smallest line that subjects could count the number of characters correctly. For each counting level, the visual acuity that 95% of subjects could see equal to or better than was determined. A counting level of 20/10 estimates (ie 95% chance) a visual acuity equal to or better than 20/30. Counting levels 20/15, 20/20, and 20/25 estimate visual acuities of at least 20/50, 20/80, and 20/80, respectively. Counting levels 20/30–20/60 estimate a visual acuity of at least 20/200. Character counting appears to be a useful technique of obtaining a rough estimate of visual acuity in subjects unable to be tested by standard methods, such as those with non-organic visual loss.
Applications of a stretch model to mixing, diffusion, and reaction in laminar and turbulent flows

In a Lagrangian frame of reference based on lamina (fluid filament) thickness and in a warped time scale based on a single, flow dependent quantity, mixing, diffusion, and reaction can be described in a relatively simple way. Applications are presented for stretch and fold in taffy pull, egg beater and static mixer, shear stretch, stretch of laminae in a vortex, mixing with diffusion, reaction rate controlled by diffusion of reactant through a product layer, and very fast reactions in a turbulent flow.
Experiencing change within a large nurse-midwifery service.

Abstract Any organization, especially a service organization, undergoes improvements if change can be shaped to enhance organizational growth. Following rapid turnover in staff as well as service directors, the Nurse-Midwifery Service at L.A. County-USC Medical Center-Women's Hospital experienced planned changes over a period of a year. By utilizing Weisbord's Six Box Model, analysis of the variables in the change process was outlined and identification of planned changes delineated for the midwifery service. Such changes reflect greater service productivity and growth.
Antibrain antibodies in children with autism and their unaffected siblings

Serum autoantibodies to human brain, identified by ELISA and Western immunoblotting, were evaluated in 29 children with autism spectrum disorder (22 with autistic disorder), 9 non-autistic siblings and 13 controls. More autistic subjects than controls had bands at 100 kDa in caudate, putamen and prefrontal cortex (p<0.01) as well as larger peak heights of bands at 73 kDa in the cerebellum and cingulate gyrus. Both autistic disorder subjects and their matched non-autistic siblings had denser bands (peak height and/or area under the curve) at 73 kDa in the cerebellum and cingulate gyrus than did controls (p<0.01). Results suggest that children with autistic disorder and their siblings exhibit differences compared to controls in autoimmune reactivity to specific epitopes located in distinct brain regions.
Emergencies in Diabetic Patients in the Primary Care Setting

The diabetic patient poses special problems in the primary care setting. Symptoms that are relatively unimpressive on initial presentation, such as polyuria or dizziness, may actually be the beginning of serious medical complications. With careful evaluation and follow-up, some patients, such as those who have mild hypo- and hyperglycemia and certain infections, can be managed as an outpatients; however, many cardiovascular conditions, such as cardiac ischemia or limb-threatening peripheral vascular disease, require immediate transfer to an acute care facility. In all situations, close monitoring of glucose levels during all phases of care--in the office, in the hospital and at home--is essential to achieving target glycemic control and rapid detection of clinical conditions that often first manifest as alterations in glycemic control.
Predictors of medication self-management skill in a low-literacy population.

BACKGROUND: Patients’ ability to manage medications is critical to chronic disease control. Also known as medication management capacity (MMC), it includes the ability to correctly identify medications and describe how they should be taken.
Interpretative Repertoires That Shape Low-Income African American Women’s Reproductive Health Care Seeking: “Don’t Want to Know” and “Taking Charge of Your Health”

In the context of reproductive and sexual health, African American women have higher incidence of disease and poorer outcomes on key indicators when compared with White women. In this study, we use...
On approximation by polynomials increasing to the right of the interval

Abstract We obtain sufficient conditions on a real valued function ƒ, continuous on [0, + ∞), to insure that, for some nonnegative integer n , there is a nonnegative number r ( n ) so that for any r ⩾ r ( n ), the polynomial of best approximation to ƒ on [0, r ] from π n is increasing and nonnegative on [ r , + ∞). Here, π n denotes the set of all real polynomials of degree n or less. The proofs of Theorems 1 and 2 use only properties of Lagrange interpolation while that of Theorem 3 employs results on the location of interpolation points in Chebyshev approximation.
Lithography and self-assembly for nanometer scale magnetism

Abstract The limits to scaling the relevant physical dimensions required to increase the areal density of magnetic storage devices will be reached soon, if the storage density continues to double annually. Two approaches to overcoming the limit of the minimum particle size required for thermal stability are presented. In the first approach, a narrow particle size distribution is produced using self-assembled layers of magnetic Fe–Pt nanoparticles. The very narrow particle size distribution offers the potential for increased storage density by utilizing a smaller mean particle size and ultimately storage of one bit per individual nanoparticle. The second approach involves patterned magnetic Co–Cr–Pt nanostructures produced using a focused ion beam, which offers the possibility of single bit per island storage on thermally stable sub-100-nm islands.
Registration of the Oilseed Sunflower Genetic Stocks HA 458, HA 459, and HA 460 Possessing Genes for Resistance to Downy Mildew

Within the sunflower (L.) breeding community, there is a need for additional sources of downy mildew [caused by (Farl.) Berl. & De Toni] resistance to combat economically damaging races in North America. Our objective was to produce three genetic stocks, each with a different source of downy mildew resistance, in the genetic background of HA 434, a recently released sunflower maintainer germplasm with high oleic fatty acid content in the seeds. We used the backcross and pedigree breeding methods, with HA 434 as a recurrent parent. Gas chromatography analysis of seed oil composition and greenhouse testing of downy mildew resistance were used during the development process and for progeny testing of the finished genetic stocks. As a result, three oilseed sunflower genetic stocks, HA 458 (Reg. No. GS-51; PI 655009), HA 459 (Reg. No. GS-52; PI 655010), and HA 460 (Reg. No. GS-53; PI 655011), have been released which are resistant to downy mildew and possess a high-oleic fatty acid profile in the seed oil. The experimental designations for HA 458, HA 459, and HA 460 were 06GH 116-9, 06GH 113-4, and 05GH 138-4, respectively. These genetic stocks were released by the USDA–ARS and the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo, ND, to fill the urgent need in the sunflower industry for donor lines with elite genetic background and The USDA–ARS and the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo, ND, have developed and released three oilseed sunflower (L.) genetic stocks, HA 458 (Reg. No. GS-51; PI 655009), HA 459 (Reg. No. GS-52; PI 655010), and HA 460 (Reg. No. GS-53; PI 655011), resistant to downy mildew [caused by (Farl.) Berl. & De Toni]. These genetic stocks were developed to provide diversity for resistance against downy mildew, a major sunflower disease under moist, cool environmental conditions. The sources of resistance for HA 458 and HA 459, which are PI 468435 and PI 435434, respectively, had not been used resistance to common races of downy mildew.
Reducibility and Adsorbate Interactions of Ti in Titanosilicate Molecular Sieve TS-1☆

Electron spin resonance (ESR) and electron spin echo modulation (ESEM) spectroscopy are used to study reducibility and adsorbate interaction of Ti in titanosilicate TS-1 molecular sieve. Various reduction methods were used to reduce Ti(IV) in TS-1 to Ti(III) which was then monitored by ESR. When TS-1, after dehydration and oxygen treatment at high temperature followed by evacuation (activation), is γ-irradiated at 77 K; an ESR signal withg‖=1.970 andg⊥=1.906 is observed for isolated Ti(III) centers. Radiation induced defect centers known as V centers are also observed after γ-irradiation. When activated TS-1 is treated with CO or H2at 673 K, an axial ESR signal withg⊥=1.968 andg‖=1.933 is observed which is suggested to be Ti(III)(CO)nand Ti(III)(H2)ncomplexes. When activated TS-1 is exposed to D2O at room temperature and subsequently γ-irradiated at 77 K, a new ESR signal withg=1.924 is observed. This species is identified as Ti(III)-(OD)1from2D ESEM data. Adsorption of CH3OD on activated TS-1 produces a new Ti(III) species withg=1.931. This species is identified as Ti(III)-(CH3OD)1from2D ESEM data. Adsorption of C2D4on activated TS-1 produces a new Ti(III) species withg⊥=1.968 andg‖=1.910. This species is identified as Ti(III)-(C2D4)1from2D ESEM data. Possible coordination geometries of the various Ti(III)-adsorbate complexes are discussed.
A note on a paper by houston and huffman

This paper calls attention to an experimental design which enhances the efficiency of the technique described by B. F. Houston and R. A. Huffman [3]. This alternative design is a modification of the simplex lattice design developed by Scheffe [6] for the mixture problem. While not possessing the optimal statistical properties of the central composite design proposed in [3], such as minimum bias and minimum variance, this modified design is optimum with respect to the number of design points employed; hence, it is the minimum cost design. Further, the design proposed in this note is excellent for use in multiple-block experimentation, which is very often required with constrained systems.
Cancer in Afghanistan

In the 2 1/2 years ending in March 1968, a Tumor Registry in Afghanistan collected 895 benign and malignant neoplasms diagnosed histologically from surgical specimens. This report presents the relative frequency of these tumors. Comparative data from Iran, Pakistan and Sweden are also given. The major sites of cancer in Afghans were at accessible locations: skin, lymphoid and hematopoietic systems, soft tissues, eye, breast and testis. At the deeper sites, cancers were most frequent in the stomach, the esophagus and the ovary. Cancers of the mouth and the uterine cervix were of low relative frequency. This is an important finding, because certain conditions exist in Afghanistan that are usually associated with higher frequencies of these tumors.
ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL REPAIR BY TYPE II PNEUMOCYTES IN THE RADIATION-INJURED RAT LUNG. † 2297

ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL REPAIR BY TYPE II PNEUMOCYTES IN THE RADIATION-INJURED RAT LUNG. † 2297
Corn kernel weight and grain yield stability during post-maturity drydown

Some research reports suggest that corn (Zea mays L) grain dry matter decreases 1% for every 1% loss in grain moisture after physiological maturity (R6) as corn dries in the field. This dry matter loss reportedly is hybrid specific. We conducted a 3-yr study at Clay Center, NE, to determine whether corn loses dry matter after R6 as it air dries. In 1995, hand-harvested ears were bagged and stored in two environments and hand-shelled on nine dates to determine kernel moisture and dry weight In 1996, five hybrids were planted and harvested at eight dates. Six hybrids were used in 1997. In both 1996 and 1997 three storage and sampling methods were used to determine kernel moisture and weight over eight dates: (i) laboratory storage; (ii) field drydown/hand harvest; and (iii) field dry-down/machine harvest. Neither processing date nor storage environment affected kernel weight as grain moisture decreased from 30 to 9%. In 1996 and 1997, corn grain yields did not differ among the eight harvest dates nor was there any interaction between hybrid and harvest date. Although corn grain yields and moisture contents differed among hybrids in both years, these differences were similar across all harvest dates. Kernel weights differed among hybrids but were consistent across harvest dates within each hybrid. Our results show stable dry matter following maturity and do not support the need for early harvest and the associated energy expense for grain drying.
Two Time Localization

Abstract Although quantum evolution equations are first order in time it is possible to define a state through partial information at multiple times. We consider the specification of position at two times and for a given Hamiltonian seek the wavefunction that minimizes the sum of the spreads at those times. We also study the time dependence of that minimal spread for a variety of Hamiltonians and boundary conditions.
The facile hydrogenation of the aryldiazonium functional group to hydrazine, amine, and ammonia derivatives

Abstract Aryldiazionium tetrafluoborates react with Rh(PPh3)2Cl(S), and [Rh(PPh3)2H2Cl(S)] under hydrogen, (S = solvent, to yield the same arylazorhodium complexes in both cases, and also hydrazine, amine, and ammonia derivatives in the latter. A discussion of the activation of the NN triple bond of the aryldiazonium cation is presented.
Binding of specific DNA base-pair mismatches by N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase and its implication in initial damage recognition.

Abstract Most DNA glycosylases including N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), which initiate DNA base excision repair, have a wide substrate range of damaged or altered bases in duplex DNA. In contrast, uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) is specific for uracil and excises it from both single-stranded and duplex DNAs. Here we show by DNA footprinting analysis that MPG, but not UDG, bound to base-pair mismatches especially to less stable pyrimidine–pyrimidine pairs, without catalyzing detectable base cleavage. Thermal denaturation studies of these normal and damaged (e.g. 1,N6-ethenoadenine, eA) base mispairs indicate that duplex instability rather than exact fit of the flipped out damaged base in the catalytic pocket is a major determinant in the initial recognition of damage by MPG. Finally, based on our determination of binding affinity and catalytic efficiency we conclude that the initial recognition of substrate base lesions by MPG is dependent on the ease of flipping of the base from unstable pairs to a flexible catalytic pocket.
Spectral character as a function of spark source parameters

Abstract The possibility of specifying high voltage spark source conditions on the basis of only two parameters, the average (rectified) current and the intensity ratio of an Fel to an FeIII line, has been investigated and found feasible. Because of difficulties encountered in measuring the average current directly, a method was developed whereby a good approximation of it can be computed from the root-mean-square current, as measured by a radio-frequency meter, and the circuit parameters, using the equation: The spectral character as measured by the FeI/FeIII intensity ratio was found to have the following relationship to source parameters:
EFFECT OF AWARENESS ON AN INDICATOR OF COGNITIVE LOAD

Prior research has shown that the rate of eye blinking is inversely related to cognitive load. In the present study, as in the prior work, some subjects were never told that their eyeblinks were be...
A New Species of Tricyphona Zetterstedt Crane Fly (Diptera: Tipulidae)

Abstract. A new crane fly species is reported from western Michigan. Adults of Tricyphona (Pentacyphona) michiganensis Taber appear in late summer in the bracken fern understory of aspen-birch-red maple forest. The most remarkable feature of the new species is the wing of the female, which is not reduced like that of its presumably closest relative Tricyphona (Pentacyphona) autumnalis Alexander, but of a length similar to that of the male and sometimes longer. Additional characteristics of both sexes distinguish this crane fly from its consubgeners, most of which are restricted to the southwestern and western United States.
An anther-specific cysteine-rich protein of tomato localized to the tapetum and microspores

The tapetum is a nutritive tissue of the stamen that is essential for normal microspore development. While numerous tapetal-specific genes have been identified, little information is available on the localization and function of the proteins produced by these genes. The tapetally produced protein 5B-CRP is cysteine-rich, has a secretory signal sequence and lacks an endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence. The 5B-CRP mRNA is expressed specifically within the tapetum and accumulates from premeiosis to tetrad release. Antibodies generated against an Escherichia coli fusion protein only recognized 5B-CRP in the reduced state. The 5B-CRP was detected as a 6 kDa protein in extracts of stamens from microspore meiosis through anthesis and was also observed in extracts from dehisced pollen. In situ, 5B-CRP was localized in stamens to the tapetum and the developing microspores, from the tetrad through early free microspore stages. Based on similarity to proteins with known functions, 5B-CRP may inhibit proteasome activity within the stamen locule.
Potential unique causes of burnout for chiropractic professionals

Objective The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the potential for burnout in chiropractic practitioners. This discussion is grounded in the job demands-resource model, the conservation of resources model, the unique profession-specific stressors experienced by chiropractors, and information from similar health care professions.
The inhibition of the action of insulin on rat epididymal adipose tissue by sulfhydryl blocking agents.

Abstract Concentrations of iodoacetate and N -ethylmaleimide which produce no significant effect on the spontaneous oxidation of glucose by rat epididymal adipose tissue in vitro inhibit the action of insulin. These agents do not inhibit the binding of insulin to adipose tissue or to the isolated diaphragm in vitro .
Searching for Specificity Between Cognitive Vulnerabilities and Mood and Anxiety Symptoms

Using two large nonclinical samples (N = 725), relations between five targeted cognitive variables [intolerance of uncertainty, negative problem orientation, perfectionism/certainty, responsibility/threat estimation, and importance/control of thoughts] and mood [depression] and anxiety [social anxiety, generalized anxiety, and obsessive–compulsive] symptoms were examined. Analyses provided multiple levels of specificity, including zero-order correlations, partial correlations controlling for the effects of positive and negative affect, regression analyses, and hierarchical structural modeling. Results were that (a) intolerance of uncertainty showed relative specificity to anxiety versus depression symptoms and (b) negative problem orientation was common to mood and anxiety symptoms. Although certain analyses suggested that (c) perfectionism/certainty specifically predicted generalized anxiety and (d) both responsibility/threat estimation and importance/control of thoughts were unique predictors of obsessive–compulsive symptoms, these three cognitive variables inconsistently predicted symptom scores across the two studies. Conceptual and therapeutic implications are discussed.
PET/CT and MRI in the imaging assessment of cervical cancer

Imaging plays a central role in the evaluation of patients with cervical cancer and helps guide treatment decisions. The purpose of this pictorial review is to describe magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) assessment of cervical cancer, including indications for imaging, important findings that may result in management change, as well as limitations of both modalities. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer staging system does not officially include imaging; however, the organization endorses the use of MR imaging and PET/CT in the management of patients with cervical cancer where these modalities are available. MR imaging provides the best visualization of the primary tumor and extent of soft tissue disease. PET/CT is recommended for assessment of nodal involvement, as well as distant metastases. Both MR imaging and PET/CT are used to follow patients post-treatment to assess for recurrence. This review focuses on the current MR imaging and PET/CT protocols, the utility of these modalities in assessing primary tumors and recurrences, with emphasis on imaging findings which change management and on imaging pitfalls to avoid. It is important to be familiar with the MR imaging and PET/CT appearance of the primary tumor and metastasis, as well as the imaging pitfalls, so that an accurate assessment of disease burden is made prior to treatment.
Effect of melt annealing on the morphology and properties of polycarbonate blends

The effect of quiescent annealing for brief periods at melt-processing temperatures (e.g., 270°C) were designed to simulate certain conditions that can occur during molding or extrusion. It was found that significant changes in the phase morphology of polycarbonate-based blends can occur in less than 2 min under these conditions. Such morphological rearrangements are detrimental to the mechanical properties of multiphase blends of polycarbonate with rigid polymers, viz., polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and styrene/acrylonitrile copolymers and core-shell impact modifiers
The constitution and the nature of law

Rhetoric about the Supreme Court's making law, and ignoring the intentions of the framers of the Constitution, is no doubt motivated by such Court decisions as Roe v. Wade. The rhetoric is also animated, however, by a prima facie compelling argument. The argument is that if no one ever thought of such a right as that of privacy, for example, until over 100 years after the adoption of the Constitution, the Court can hardly be appealing to the Constitution in basing any decision on such a right.' The Court must be importing such rights into the Constitution, the argument continues, and so is making law. Such reasoning supports at least two truths about the Supreme Court: the Court's Constitutional task is to expound the Constitution, not make law, and it is constrained in that task, not free to interpret however it wishes. These truths need supporting, but, I shall argue, that prima facie compelling argument used to support them rests upon a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of law. That misunderstanding turns upon a general puzzle about interpretation that is peculiarly acute in the law. The puzzle is that we can seemingly operate perfectly well with a concept, making our way through the world without difficulties, thinking, if we think about it at all, that we understand perfectly well what the concept means and
Specifying Associations Between Conscientiousness and Executive Functioning: Mental Set Shifting, Not Prepotent Response Inhibition or Working Memory Updating

Conscientiousness is characterized by self-control, organization, and goal orientation and is positively related to a number of health and professional outcomes. Thus, it is commonly suggested that conscientiousness should be related to superior executive functioning (EF) abilities,especially prepotent response inhibition.However,little empirical support for this notion has emerged, perhaps due to oversimplified and underspecified modeling of EF.The current study sought to fill this gap by testing relations between conscientiousness and three facets of EF using a nested factors latent variable approach. Participants (N = 420; Mage = 22.5; 50% male; 91% Caucasian) completed a measure of conscientiousness and nine EF tasks designed to tap three related yet distinguishable facets of EF:working memory updating,mental set shifting,and prepotent response inhibition. Structural equation models showed that conscientiousness is positively associated with the EF facet of mental set shifting but not response inhibition or working memory updating. Despite the common notion that conscientiousness is associated with cognitive abilities related to rigid control over impulses (i.e., inhibition), the current results suggest the cognitive ability most associated with conscientiousness is characterized by flexibility and the ability to adapt to changing environmental contingencies and task demands.
Cardiovascular disease in liver transplant candidates

Summary Heart disease was thought to be rare in patients with chronic liver failure. As surgical technique and immunosuppression have improved, heart disease has emerged as a leading cause of complications and death following transplantation. The two most common conditions are ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathy. There is no agreement how transplant candidates should be evaluated for heart disease. It is difficult to apply standard protocols used in other surgical patients to transplant recipients since the operation and postoperative care are unique. Most investigators agree that there is an increased prevalence of coronary disease in transplant candidates. The reasons for this observation are unknown. Liver disease is also an independent risk factor for the development of cardiomyopathy. Infiltrative cardiomyopathy is associated with Hepatitis C infection and metabolic storage diseases such as Hemochromatosis. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy appears to be a condition unique to patients with liver disease. Patients develop defects in systolic, diastolic and electrophysiological function. This review summarizes current information on the topics of coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathy in patients with advanced liver disease.
Alternative possible urban futures

Abstract The twenty-first century will witness a considerable variety of urban forms in the West, in the socialist bloc and in developing countries. Multi-group, multi-valued societies should and will offer options in both societal and physical urban living. A spectrum of experimental urban types is developing all over the world and there is much to be learned from these types in their continuous refinement. The author surveys existing and emerging types: those which offer “more of the same” in a surprise-free future, the new towns or cities which provide innovative life styles, and the extreme and intriguing variants which may feed back into the more normal forms. At present the first type looks most likely to persist.
Automated classification of subcellular patterns in multicell images without segmentation into single cells

Fluorescence microscope images capture information from an entire field of view, which often comprises several cells scattered on the slide. We have previously trained classifiers to accurately predict subcellular location patterns by using numerical features calculated from manually cropped 2D single-cell images. We describe here results on directly classifying fields of fluorescence microscope images using a subset of our previous features that do not require segmentation into single cells. Feature selection was conducted by stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) to select the most discriminative features from the feature set. Better classification performance was achieved on multicell images than single-cell images, suggesting a promising future for classifying subcellular patterns in tissue images.
Reply to 'Social Cost and Groves Mechanisms'

In my 1992 paper in Economic Notes, I argued that the traditional heuristic interpretation of taxes in the pivotal mechanism (in terms of the utility loss imposed by the taxed individual on the rest of society) is not correct, since it takes into account only the effect that the individual has on the decision concerning the project and disregards the effect that the same individual has on the taxes paid by the other members of society. Campbell criticizes my observation on two grounds:
Learning state-action basis functions for hierarchical MDPs

This paper introduces a new approach to action-value function approximation by learning basis functions from a spectral decomposition of the state-action manifold. This paper extends previous work on using Laplacian bases for value function approximation by using the actions of the agent as part of the representation when creating basis functions. The approach results in a nonlinear learned representation particularly suited to approximating action-value functions, without incurring the wasteful duplication of state bases in previous work. We discuss two techniques to create state-action graphs: off-policy and on-policy. We show that these graphs have a greater expressive power and have better performance over state-based Laplacian basis functions in domains modeled as Semi-Markov Decision Processes (SMDPs). We present a simple graph partitioning method to scale the approach to large discrete MDPs.
Are gardens effective in butterfly conservation? A case study with the pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor

Gardens with nectar sources and larval host plants have been proposed to stem the decline in butterfly abundance caused by habitat loss. However, no study has provided evidence that gardens benefit butterflies. We examined the use of natural sites and gardens in the San Francisco bay area by the butterfly, Battus philenor. We found that natural sites were more likely to attract adult B. philenor, received more oviposition, and had higher juvenile survival than gardens sites. Butterflies were more likely to be present in gardens with established populations of the host plant, Aristolochia californica, growing in the sun. Battus philenor are unlikely to visit gardens with host plants planted within the past 7 years. Gardens between the ages of 8–40 years received oviposition, but did not always support completion of larval development of B. philenor. In gardens with host plants over 40 years of age, B. philenor consistently survived from egg to the adult stage. Natural enemy induced mortality of eggs did not differ between garden and natural sites, but overall egg survival was lower in gardens than at natural sites. It is unlikely that gardens serve as ‘refugia’ for B. philenor in years when populations in natural sites experience low survival or low fecundity. Even in gardens capable of supporting larvae to maturity, the density of eggs and survival rates were lower than in natural populations of the host plant suggesting that gardens were not optimal habitats. Therefore, without evidence that juvenile abundance and survival rates in gardens matches or exceeds that in natural sites, it is most likely that gardens act as population sinks for B. philenor.
Atom-probe tomography analyses of niobium superconducting RF cavity materials

We present the first atom-probe tomographic (APT) measurements of niobium superconducting RF (SCRF) cavity materials. APT involves the atom-by-atom dissection of sharply pointed niobium tips, along with their niobium oxide coatings, via the application of a high-pulsed electric field and the measurement of each ion’s mass-to-charge state ratio (m/n) with time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. The resulting atomic reconstructions, typically containing at least 10 5 atoms and with typical dimensions of 10 5 nm 3 (or less), show the detailed, nanoscale chemistry of the niobium oxide coatings, and of the underlying high-purity niobium metal. Our initial results show a nanochemically smooth transition through the oxide layer from near-stoichiometric Nb2O5 at the surface to near-stoichiometric Nb2O as the underlying metal is approached (after � 10 nm of surface oxide). The underlying metal, in the near-oxide region, contains a significant amount of interstitially dissolved oxygen (� 5–10 at.%), as well as a considerable amount of dissolved hydrogen. The experimental results are interpreted in light of current models of oxide and sub-oxide formation in the Nb–O system. � 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The approximate slopes and the power of the GMM overidentifying restrictions test

The concept of approximate slopes is employed to study the power properties of the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) overidentifying restrictions test. Two versions of the overidentifying restrictions test are compared globally by means of the approximate slopes approach. With no autocorrelation in the moment functions, it is found that the GMM overidentifying test with the mean deviation covariance matrix is more powerful than the test using the conventional non-mean deviation one.
Trends in transforming R&D potential in Russia and Ukraine in the early 1990s

A comparison is made between the developments in RD moving to other jobs; and the hidden effect of maintaining a workplace but conducting other work. Three solutions are offered: selected state protection for some ST restructuring the sources of research funding; and the development of an ‘educational wing’ within research institutes. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Recirculation anaesthesia for laboratory fish

An economic reliable long-term recirculation anaesthesia system for laboratory fish is described. Anaesthesia of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque) was induced within 60 s and was maintained for up to 40 min using tricaine methanesulphonate; recovery occurred within 30-60 s. Various surgical procedures were performed on the fish. No deaths were recorded. All water-quality parameters tested over 19 days use of the system remained stable except for total ammonia nitrogen and, by calculation, un-ionized ammonia which increased to a maximum of 0·23 mg/1.
On Scaling Multi-Agent Task Reallocation Using Market-Based Approach

Multi-agent systems (MAS) provide a promising technology for addressing problems such as search and rescue missions, mine sweeping, and surveillance. These problems are a form of the computationally intractable multi-depot traveling salesman problem (MDTSP). We propose a novel market-based approach, called market-based approach with look-ahead agents (MALA), to address the problem. In MALA, agents use look ahead to optimize their behavior. Each agent plans a preferred, reward-maximizing tour for itself using our proposed algorithm which is based on the universal TSP algorithm. The agent then uses the preferred tour to evaluate potential trades with other agents in linear time - a necessary prerequisite for scalability of market-based approach. We use simulations in a two dimensional world to study the performance of MALA and compare it with O-contracts and TraderBots, respectively, a centralized approach and a distributed approach. Experiments suggest that MALA efficiently scales to thousands of tasks and hundreds of agents in terms of both computation and communication complexity, while delivering relatively good-quality but approximate solutions.
Picometer-accuracy laser-metrology gauge for Keck interferometer differential-phase subsystem

Keck Interferometer differential-phase planet-detection system requires a picometer accuracy, large (2 μm to 4 μm) amplitude optical path-length modulator that can operate at fairly high frequencies (250 Hz, 750 Hz, and 1250 Hz, a partial, triangular wave motion). We have developed a gauge which monitors the amplitude of the motion of the path-length modulator and which is capable of reaching a sensitivity of at least 3 pm per sqrt(Hz) within a band width of 1 Hz at 250 Hz, 750 Hz, and 1250 Hz. Two of these gauges are built. The gauges are compared to each other while monitoring a common optical path-length modulator to determine their accuracy. In this paper, the gauge construction details, the results of the gauge accuracy tests as well as the final path-length modulator performance details are presented.
Prevalence of Depression in Family Caregivers

Family caregivers who sought help to increase their coping skills (N = 158) and caregivers who volunteered for a longitudinal study of Alzheimer's disease (N = 58) were screened for depression. Among help-seekers, 46% had depression according to Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), but among non-help-seekers, only 18% met this criterion. In general, women were more depressed than men, but no major differences in the extent of depression were found in those who cared for more impaired persons.
Real-time early vision neurocomputing

Summarizes recent work on real-time implementations of early vision neural computations on the PIPE video-rate parallel computer. PIPE is an eight-stage machine for real-time image processing, performing nearly one billion 8-bit operations per second. Temporal computations are implemented using the integral solutions of the differential equations that govern the neurodynamics via an exponentially fading memory. Spatial computations are performed by convolving the images with masks. Dynamic neural networks that perform light adaptation, spatial contrast enhancement, and image feature velocity extraction have been implemented to process live imagery (256*256 pixels, 8-bit data) at 30 frames/sec. These computations simulate spatiotemporal processing in the retina and the motion pathway of the brain. Some examples of these computations are described. >
Transverse mode formation time in pulsed CO2 lasers

Abstract Transverse mode formation dynamics were analyzed using a low-magnification ( M = 1.32) positive-branch confocal unstable resonator in a high-energy pulsed CO 2 laser. The temporal behavior of mode formation was experimentally examined by observation of far-field burn pattern changes. Experiments agree with geometrical and computational results.
Identification of novel short peptides derived from the α4, α5, and α6 fibrils of type IV collagen with anti-angiogenic properties

Angiogenesis, or neovascularization, is tightly controlled by positive and negative regulators, many of which reside in the extracellular matrix. We have now identified eight novel 19- to 20-residue peptides derived from the alpha4, alpha5, and alpha6 fibrils of type IV collagen, which we have designated tetrastatins, pentastatins, and hexastatins, respectively. We have shown that these endogenous peptides suppress the proliferation and migration of HUVECs in vitro. By performing clustering analyses of the sequences using sequence similarity criteria and of the experimental results using a hierarchical algorithm, we report that the clusters identified by the experimental results coincide with the sequence-based clusters, indicating a tight relationship between peptide sequence and anti-angiogenic potency. These peptides may have potential as anti-angiogenic therapeutic agents.
Estimation of motion parameters for a deformable object from range data

If the correspondence between two sets of points representing the coordinates of different points of an object undergoing rotational motion and deformation is known, the parameters can be estimated using different least-squares estimators. The total-least-squares (TLS) method is very appropriate when the observation and the data matrices are both perturbed by random noise. For Gaussian-distributed noise, the TLS solution is equivalent to maximum-likelihood estimation. The mean-square error in TLS is always smaller than in an ordinary least-squares (LS) estimator. The scope is analyzed of TLS in estimating the generalized motion parameters, as is the feasibility of decomposing the generalized motion parameters in terms of rotation and deformation parameters. The performance of TLS is compared to that of the LS estimator. >
Behavioral Public Choice and the Carbon Tax

In response to the historic Paris Agreement on climate change and to the Environmental Protection Agency’s recently finalized Clean Power Plan, economists and other climate policy experts have renewed the call for the United States to adopt a carbon tax. Opposition among the public presents a major obstacle. While a majority of the public supports government action on climate change, most people favor the use of “green” subsidies and command-and-control regulations—a fact that frustrates economists of all political stripes who contend that a carbon tax would be much cheaper and more effective. This Article argues that a cognitive bias known as opportunity cost neglect pervades the public’s thinking about climate policy instruments, causing people to ignore the hidden costs of subsidies and command-and-control and, for that reason, to support these less efficient alternatives to the carbon tax. The Article will help proponents of the carbon tax better tailor their advocacy efforts. The Article also contributes to the burgeoning literature on behavioral public choice, which shows how the cognitive biases of political actors (including voters) influence the law. In addition, the Article points to the possibility of a Pyrrhic victory for conservative policymakers who oppose the carbon tax. Rather than averting major government action on global warming, defeating the carbon tax will very likely facilitate adoption of more costly substitutes that the public strongly favors as a result of cognitive bias. In that respect, the Article lends support to recent proposals by a small but growing group of conservative scholars who argue for a policy swap in which conservatives agree to a revenue-neutral carbon tax in exchange for support from environmentalists for abandoning the government’s current regulatory approach. The Article also suggests that conservative policymakers rethink their position on the carbon tax given that the states are currently considering which policy options to pursue in satisfying their respective obligations to reduce carbon emissions under the Clean Power Plan.
Sleep Differences by Race in Preschool Children: The Roles of Parenting Behaviors and Socioeconomic Status.

Background and Objective: This study aimed to examine whether socioeconomic variables (SES) and parenting behaviors mediate differences in sleep problems between Black and White preschool-aged children.Method: Parents of 191 preschool-aged children (53% male; 77% White) completed questionnaires regarding SES and sleep behaviors. Parenting behaviors and SES were analyzed as mediators of differences in sleep problems between Black and White children.Results: Parent behaviors related to bedtime routine and independence mediated the relationship between race and parent-reported bedtime difficulty, parent confidence managing sleep, and sleep onset latency. SES mediated the relationship between race and sleep onset latency.Conclusions: Sleep differences between Black and White preschool children were primarily mediated by parent behaviors rather than socioeconomic variables. Results may reflect differences in cultural practices and provide important information for treatment and parent-directed intervention reg...
What Welfare Requires from Work

Work is central to much of life and to many areas of law, including recent transformations in the American welfare state. Despite this pervasive importance, work is notoriously difficult to define. Yet doing so is essential to the design and functioning of a work-based welfare system. This Article provides the first comprehensive analysis of how to define work for the purpose of satisfying welfare work requirements. Work should be understood contextually, its meaning shaped by the underlying normative justifications for linking work to transfer eligibility. Starting from this premise, the Article probes what should count as work according to three major types of justification for work requirements: those emphasizing self-sufficiency, self-improvement (work's noneconomic benefits), and reciprocity. Each work rationale leads to distinct - and often conflicting - work definitions. Deciding which to adopt requires hard choices between competing normative approaches to work and poverty. This conflict belies the superficial consensus in favor of work requirements in the abstract. Thinking systematically about work in context also opens up new critical perspectives on particular activities. On all accounts, work is less easily identified with paid employment than commonly assumed, something borne out by the actual practices of work-based programs. To illustrate this, the Article concludes by sketching a new avenue for feminist analysis of family caretaking as work, one that exploits rather than rejects a link between work and self-sufficiency.
Dense Space Division Multiplexed Transmission Over Multicore and Multimode Fiber for Long-haul Transport Systems

In this paper, we review recent progress on space division multiplexed (SDM) transmission and our proposal of dense SDM (DSDM) with more than 30 spatial channels toward capacities beyond petabit/s. Furthermore, we discuss the requirements for realizing long-haul DSDM transport systems using multicore and/or multimode fiber, including power and space efficient amplification schemes, the use of fibers with large effective areas and transmission lines with low intercore crosstalk, low differential mode delay (DMD), and low mode dependent loss (MDL). Graded index heterogeneous 12-core × 3-mode fiber with low crosstalk, low DMD, and low MDL, parallel multiple-input and multiple-output signal processing, low mode dependent gain Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, and MDL equalization technologies are significant as regards extending the reach of multicore and multimode transmission. We review our long-distance transmission experiment on polarization-division multiplexed 16-quadrature amplitude modulation signaling over 12-core × 3-mode fiber.
Is Peritoneal Lavage Still Justified in Diagnosis of Blunt Abdominal Trauma

Zwischen 1979 und 1989 wurden bei 1132 Polytraumatisierten 789 Peritoneallavagen und 109 Sonographien durchgefuhrt. Die Treffsicherheit fur die Lavage betrug 93,8% fur die Sonographie 88,3%. Eine leicht positive Lavage ist bei 73,9% Treffsicherheit vorsichtig zu bewerten, fur negative, massiv und spontan positive Lavagen betrug sie uber 95%. Die zwar invasive, aber komplikationsarme und aussagekraftige Methode der Lavage hat nach wie vor ihre Indikationen: schlechte Untersuchungsbedingungen fur die Sonographie (Luftuberlagerung!), Verdacht auf freie intraabdominelle Flussigkeit anderer Genese als Blut, keine Moglichkeit der Durchfuhrung einer Sonographie oder unerfahrener Untersucher.
New Foundations for Mathematical Logic

(1937). New Foundations for Mathematical Logic. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 70-80.