cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building Intelligence Into an Autopilot -- Using Qualitative Simulation to Support Global Decision Making

This paper represents an addendum to an earlier paper published by the same research group in SIMULATION in 1989. In the earlier paper, a crisp inductive reasoner had been employed to qualitatively reason about the behavior of a quantitatively simulated B- 747 aircraft, to determine when a structural malfunction occurs, to hypothesize about the nature of this malfunction, and to decide upon a global strategy that allows operation of the quantitative aircraft model under the modified flying conditions.In the addendum, the formerly crisp inductive reasoner has been replaced by a fuzzy inductive reasoner. The paper demonstrates the enhanced discriminatory power and the improved forecasting capability of the modified reasoning scheme. In addition, the fuzzy inductive reasoner allows prediction of a quasi-continuous response spectum, whereas the crisp inductive reasoner was able to predict discrete (class) values only.
Allelic Relationships among Genes for Resistance to Sunflower Rust

Sunflower rust, incited by Puccinia helianthi Schwein., is a major disease in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growing areas of the world. Resistance to the four prevalent races is lacking in most of the commercial hybrids. Six accessions (PI 413023, PI 413037, PI 413048, PI 413118, PI 413171, and PI 413175) with a high frequency of rust-resistant plants were identified. This research examined the allelic relationships among resistance genes present in these wild accessions and the inbred line HAR4. Plants in each PI that were resistant to all four races were crossed, then backcrossed, to the susceptible inbred line HA89; BC₁F₁ progenies resistant to all four races were identified, and each progeny was heterozygous for the four dominant genes conferring resistance to the four respective races. The F₁'s of HA89/HAR4 also had four independent dominant genes in heterozygous condition for resistance to the four races. The F₁'s of HA89/HAR4 were then intercrossed with the BC₁F₁ rust-resistant plants derived from the six accessions. Resistant genotypes from the intercrosses were testcrossed with HA89. The resultant progenies indicated that the gene for resistance to each race of rust in five of six wild accessions was different from those of HAR4, whereas genes for resistance in PI 413118 were the same as those in HAR4. The resistant BC₁F₁'s of PI 413023, PI 413118, PI 413171, and PI 413175 were intercrossed. Testcross progeny evaluations revealed that each accession had rust-resistance genes unique to specific races. The apparent genetic diversity of these rust-resistant accessions could be exploited to diversify the protection against the four prevailing North American sunflower rust races. Contribution from the USDA-ARS in cooperation with the Dep. of Crop and Weed Sciences, Agric. Exp. Stn., North Dakota State Univ. Research supported in part by TIPAN Project of USAID and the Gov. of Pakistan.
Manufacturing and mechanical properties of soy-based composites using pultrusion

Two primary cost driving factors for the composites industry are raw materials and labor. Inexpensive alternative epoxy resin systems based on epoxidized soyate resins are developed for fiber reinforced composite applications. This research investigated on the manufacturing and mechanical characterization of fiber/epoxy composites using chemically modified soy-based epoxy resins. Co-resin systems with up to 30 wt% soyate resins were used to manufacture composites through pultrusion. Mechanical tests show that the pultruded composites with soy based co-resin systems possess comparable or improved structural performance characteristics such as flexural strength, modulus, and impact resistance. Maximum mechanical properties enhancement is demonstrated by the enhanced epoxidized allyl soyate (EAS) formulation. Further property improvement is obtained through using a two-step prepolymer process. The EAS holds great potential as partial supplement for polymer and composites applications from renewable resources.
Synthesis of a phosphoramidate pro-drug of 6-thio-7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine (TDG): a regioselective phosphorylation

Abstract 6-Thio-7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine-5′-triphosphate (TDG-TP) is a potent inhibitor of human telomerase. Regioselective synthesis of the 5′-phenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate pro-drug of 6-thio-7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine (TDG) has been achieved in good yields by the reaction of TDG with phenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphochloridate in the presence of N -methylimidazole at −70°C. This pro-drug of TDG is effective in producing measurable levels of TDG-TP in A549 cells.
Control of Southern Stem Rot and Rhizoctonia Limb Rot of Peanut with Flutolanil

Abstract Flutolanil (SN 84364) was evaluated in vitro against Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani AG-4. ED50 values were < 0.01 and < 0.1 μg/mL for S. rolfsii and R. solani, respectively, while Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) had ED50 values of < 0.1 and < 1.0 μg/mL, respectively. Concentrations of flutolanil at 0.1 μg/mL greatly reduced sclerotia and sclerotia initial development of S. rolfsii. Field evaluations were conducted near Tifton, GA, during 1983–86 for control of southern stem rot (S. rolfsii) and Rhizoctonia limb rot (R. solani AG 4) on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Flutolanil 50 WP applied as a banded (40 cm) foliar spray at rates of 1.12 – 5.6 kg ai/ha at pegging (about 60 days post seeding) significantly (P = 0.05) decreased both disease loci numbers caused by S. rolfsii and percentage of vines infected with R. solani. Yields were increased significantly (P = 0.05) in all treatments over the four years of trials. Flutolanil 7 G was significantly (P = 0.05) less effective in controlling...
Engine Technology Challenges for the High-Speed Civil Transport Plane

Ongoing NASA-funded and privately funded studies continue to indicate that an opportunity exists for a second generation supersonic commercial airliner, or High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT), to become a key part of the 21 st century international air transportation system. Long distance air travel is projected to be the fastest growing segment of the air transportation market by the turn of the century with increases at about 5 percent per annum over the next two decades. This projection suggests that by the year 2015, more than 600,000 passengers per day will be traveling long distances, predominantly over water. These routes would provide the greatest potential for an HSCT to become a significant part of the international air transportation system. The potential market for an HSCT is currently projected to be anywhere from 500-1500 aircraft over the 2005-2030 time period. Such an aircraft fleet size would represent a considerable share of the potential long-range aircraft market. However, this projected HSCT fleet can become a reality only if technologies are developed which will allow an HSCT design that is (1) environmentally compatible and (2) economically viable. Simply stated, the HSCT will be a technology driven airplane. Without significant advances in airframe and propulsion technologies over the levels currently available, there will be no second generation supersonic airliner! This paper will briefly describe the propulsion technology challenges which must be met prior to any product launch decision being made by industry and the progress toward meeting these challenges through NASAs High-Speed Research (HSR) Program, a partnership between NASA and Boeing, General Electric and Pratt & Whitney.
SIMULATIONS OF Prosthecochloris BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL a‐PROTEIN OPTICAL SPECTRA IMPROVED BY PARAMETRIC COMPUTER SEARCH

Recently, reasonable spectral simulations of the experimental low-temperature absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the bacteriochlorophyll (BCh1) a protein from Prosthecochloris aestuarii were produced for the unaggregated protein trimer based on standard assumptions regarding Q y transition moment directions. We report here significant improvements of these simulations, obtained by computer search of unknown parameters including the site wavelengths of the individual BCh1 and exciton-transition line widths
The role of robotic surgical system in the management of vascular disease.

Background The evolution of minimally invasive treatment for aneurysms and occlusive disease has led to the development of endovascular, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted techniques. This article reviews the current literature on the clinical use of robotic surgical systems in the treatment of patients with aneurysms and occlusive disease. Methods A MEDLINE search was performed using the keywords “robotic, vascular, AND surgery.” All pertinent articles concerning the use of the robotic surgical system on aneurysms and occlusive disease were reviewed. The author's personal experience consisted of a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained confidential database on all procedures performed with the da Vinci ® surgical system. Results Several robot-assisted laparoscopic series on the treatment of aortic disease were identified, including review articles of potential clinical applications in hybrid, laparoscopic vascular, and endovascular treatments for vascular patients using robotic technology. The use of computer-enhanced or robotic technology as a sole modality for bypass of occlusive disease and repair of abdominal aortic, splenic, and renal aneurysms was described in case series with satisfactory patient outcomes. Current robotic endovascular technology was also described. Conclusions Minimally invasive techniques using endovascular, laparoscopic, or robot-assisted technology have revolutionized the treatment of aortoiliac, splanchnic, and renal aneurysms and occlusive disease. However, robot-assisted techniques for aortic disease may involve a learning curve and increased operating times. Although endovascular therapy is preferred because of faster recovery, this preference for improved short-term outcomes will be balanced with the superiority and durability of robot-assisted endoscopic methods as comparable to open surgery.
Annihilating Cold Dark Matter

Structure formation with cold dark matter (CDM) predicts halos with a central density cusp, which are observationally disfavored. If CDM particles have an annihilation cross section sigmav approximately 10(-29)(m/GeV) cm(2), then annihilations will soften the cusps. We discuss plausible scenarios for avoiding the early Universe annihilation catastrophe that could result from such a large cross section. The predicted scaling of core density with halo mass depends upon the velocity dependence of sigmav, and s-wave annihilation leads to a core density nearly independent of halo mass, which seems consistent with observations.
Cardiovascular Monitoring Using Earphones and a Mobile Device

Many wearable biosensors have failed to be adopted outside of a lab setting or to gain popular acceptance. The Heartphones project seeks to address this by integrating physiological sensing capabilities into a platform already accepted for everyday use, exploiting sensor-embedded earphones and a smartphone.
The Decision to Forgive: Sex, Gender, and the Likelihood to Forgive Partner Transgressions

Certain individuals may have a tendency to offer others forgiveness that is termed forgivingness. This study explored individuals' gender styles, sex, and their likelihood to forgive partner transgressions in romantic relationships. Results indicated feminine women and androgynous men were most likely to forgive partner transgressions. Thus, the interpersonal act of forgiving requires empathy, caring, understanding, and responsiveness as evidenced by self-report items on the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Also, men proved to be more forgiving than women of partner transgressions; however, men also reported experiencing less hurt than women when confronted with partner transgressions. This outcome may indicate that forgiveness is a complex process in which individuals consider many factors before they forgive others.
Type of Dietary Fat Is Associated with the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Increment in Response to Vitamin D Supplementation

Context: Mono- and polyunsaturated fats may have opposing effects on vitamin D absorption. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether intakes of different dietary fats are associated with the increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) after supplementation with vitamin D3. Design, Setting, and Participants: This analysis was conducted in the active treatment arm of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent bone loss and fracture. Subjects included 152 healthy men and women age 65 and older who were assigned to 700 IU/d vitamin D3 and 500 mg/d calcium. Intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were estimated by food frequency questionnaire. Main Outcome Measure: The change in plasma 25OHD during 2 yr vitamin D and calcium supplementation was assessed. Results: The change in plasma 25OHD (nanograms per milliliter) during vitamin D supplementation was p...
THE INTESTINAL LESIONS IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS.

The clinical and pathologic data from 30 infants and children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas without meconium ileus and from 9 infants with meconium ileus have been reviewed. Pancreatic involvement tended to be less severe in young infants than in older children and was usually mild in the few infants with meconium ileus who were studied post-mortem. Severe involvement of the intestinal glands of the small bowel, on the contrary, was common in infants with meconium ileus. The findings suggest that meconium ileus is dependent primarily, if not solely upon alterations in the intestinal glands of the small bowel.
Application of electrical analog technique in fracture mechanics

An electrical analog technique is described for determining stress intensity factors in the anti-plane shear loading. The experimental procedure consists of either determining electrical potential difference between the clamped ends of a metallic foil as a function of crack length under constant total current or determining the crack surface potential as a function of the crack length along the crack surface. Stress intensity factors have been determined for various crack (or specimen) geometries and are compared with theoretical expressions wherever available. The electrical method described here is extremely rapid and therefore offers an advantage over numerical methods.
Two-Phase Zero-Gravity Pressure-Drop Predictions from Single-Phase One-g Data

The purpose of this work was to use a single-component, R-12, two-phase flow test loop to produce and collect pressure-drop data from the corrugated tubes and quick-disconnect components and develop correlations and prediction methods for two-phase pressure drops in normal and reduced gravity. Results show it is possible to predict the zero-gravity pressure drops through the corrugated tubes using the homogeneous equilibrium model and single-phase, ground-based pressure-drop measurements. It was also found that prediction of pressure drop through the quick-disconnect attachment could be obtained using the homogeneous equilibrium model (with single-phase ground-based measurements) coupled with an orifice pressure drop model. The use of single-phase, ground-based experiments to predict two-phase, reduced gravity component performance could yield significant cost savings and increased reliability of reduced gravity fluid systems.
High resolution optical mapping reveals conduction slowing in connexin43 deficient mice.

Analysis of mice with genetically altered expression of cardiac connexins can provide insights into the role of individual gap junction channel proteins in cell-to-cell communication, impulse propagation, and arrhythmias. However, conflicting results have been reported regarding conduction velocity slowing in mice heterozygous for a null mutation in the gene encoding connexin43 (Cx43). Methods: High-resolution optical mapping was used to record action potentials from 256 sites, simultaneously, on the ventricular surface of Langendorff perfused hearts from 15 heterozygous (Cx43+/−) and 8 wildtype (Cx43+/+) mice (controls). A sensitive method for measuring epicardial conduction velocity was developed to minimize confounding influences of subepicardial breakthrough and virtual electrode effects. Results: Epicardial conduction velocity was significantly slower (23 to 35%, P <0.01) in Cx43+/− mice compared to wildtype. There was no change in conduction patterns or anisotropic ratio (Cx43+/− 1.54±0.33; Cx43+/+ 1.57±0.17) suggesting that Cx43 expression was reduced uniformly throughout myocardium. The magnitude of reductions in conduction velocity and Cx43 protein expression (45%) were similar in mice in which the null allele occurred in a pure C57BL/6J genetic background versus a mixed (C57BL/6J X 129) background. Action potential duration did not differ between mice of different genotypes. Conclusions: A ∼50% reduction of Cx43 expression causes significant conduction velocity slowing in the Cx43+/− mouse heart. The apparent lack of conduction velocity changes reported in previous studies may be related to technical factors rather than variations in genetic background. High-resolution optical mapping is a powerful tool for investigating molecular determinants of propagation and arrhythmias in genetically engineered mice.
Optical verification of occulter-based high contrast imaging

An external occulter precisely flown in formation with a space telescope has been recently studied as a mission scenario for direct imaging of exoplanets. 10 -10 contrast must be attained to permit imaging of the faint reflected light of an Earth-like exoplanet. Here we report on experimental verification of a scaled occulter design that maintains a constant Fresnel number to an equivalent 400 mas space mission in monochromatic light at 632 nm using a diverging beam and an outer mask to suspend the occulter mask. We report contrast in regions of the discovery zone at 4.71 × 10 -10 and suppression in the pupil plane of 3.7 × 10 -7 .
Unusual form of digitalis-induced triple A-V nodal rhythm.

Abstract An instance of digitalis-induced triple A-V nodal rhythm has been described. To my knowledge, it is the first arrhythmia reported. The necessity of early recognition of digitalis intoxication in elderly patients who develop A-V nodal arrhythmias, particularly those multifocal in origin, during digitalization has been emphasized.
Reduced tolerance to morphine thermoregulatory effects in senescent rats.

Abstract Age-related differences in the thermoregulatory response to morphine have been shown in rats. To determine if these age-related differences would be reflected in the acquisition of tolerance, we studied morphine tolerance induced by either a single morphine dose or implantation of a morphine pellet. precipitated withdrawal was also analyzed by inducing withdrawal with naloxone in morphine-pelleted rats. Senescent (26 or 27 month old), mature (10 or 11 month old) and young (3 or 4 month old) male Fischer 344 rats were restrained and changes in rectal temperature were monitored for six hours after morphine administration. Only mature and young rats exhibited increased hyperthermic responses to a second low dose of morphine (5 mg/kg s.c.). Only young rats became tolerant after a single higher morphine dose (25 mg/kg s.c.). All age groups showed tolerance three days after morphine pellet implantation. Hypothermia was equivalent in all age groups when withdrawal was induced by naloxone in morphine-pelleted rats. These results indicate that older rats were more resistant to the acquisition of tolerance to the thermic effects of morphine; however; with continued morphine treatment, rats became tolerant regardless of age.
The use of microscopic and x-ray diffraction methods for the identification of barbituric acid derivatives.

Crystals of the barbituric acid derivatives were obtained by fusion, sublimation, crystallization from water, and crystallization from concentrated ammonia. The characteristic crystals allow a rapid means of identification of the pure crystalline derivative. X-ray diffraction powder diagrams were made and the d-distances reported. A discussion of the crystalline habits, phases and d-distances is presented.
Another Look at the Pegtymel' Petroglyphs

Petroglyphs are a relatively common form of prehistoric communication, in the sense that those who drew the petroglyphs knew what they meant, as no doubt did many of their fellow tribesmen who viewed them. The meaning or significance of these images, however, was generally specific to the individual or group that created them. There was never a cross-cultural standardization of symbols and as a result much of the meaning of many petroglyph series has been lost. But has it been entirely lost for all groups of petroglyphs? This article takes a close look at the Pegtymel’ petroglyphs of Northeast Asia with that question in mind.
Evaluation of kernel density estimation methods for daily precipitation resampling

Kernel density estimators are useful building blocks for empirical statistical modeling of precipitation and other hydroclimatic variables. Data driven estimates of the marginal probability density function of these variables (which may have discrete or continuous arguments) provide a useful basis for Monte Carlo resampling and are also useful for posing and testing hypotheses (e.g bimodality) as to the frequency distributions of the variable. In this paper, some issues related to the selection and design of univariate kernel density estimators are reviewed. Some strategies for bandwidth and kernel selection are discussed in an applied context and recommendations for parameter selection are offered. This paper complements the nonparametric wet/dry spell resampling methodology presented in Lall et al. (1996).
Changes in carotenoid content of carrots during growth and post-harvest storage

Abstract Up to 3 weeks before harvest time the provitamin A carotene content of carrots increased as they matured, and then decreased. During post-harvest storage at 2°C and 90% relative humidity (RH), the levels of alpha- and beta-carotene, which made up over 85% of the total carotene, increased slowly during the first 100-day storage, but decreased thereafter. Treatment of carrots with 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylamine HCl (CPTA) resulted in reduction of total carotenoids and inhibited the enzymatic cyclization of neurosprene, with concomitant increase in the lycopene content during storage. The biosynthesis of carotenes in carrots during storage appears to follow the established pathways for tomatoes.
Experimental constraints on the phase diagram of elemental zirconium

Abstract The phase diagram of zirconium metal has been studied using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and time-of-flight neutron scattering at temperatures and pressures up to 1273 K and 17 GPa. The equilibrium phase boundary of the α–ω transition has a d T /d P slope of 473 K/GPa, and the extrapolated transition pressure at ambient temperature is located at 3.4 GPa. For the ω–β transition, the phase boundary has a negative d T /d P slope of 15.5 K/GPa between 6.4 and 15.3 GPa, which is substantially smaller than a previously reported value of −39±5 K/GPa in the pressure range of 32–35 GPa. This difference indicates a significant curvature of the phase boundary between 15.3 and 35 GPa. The α–ω–β triple point was estimated to be at 4.9 GPa and 953 K, which is comparable to previous results obtained from a differential thermal analysis. Except for the three known crystalline forms, the β phase of zirconium metal was found to possess an extraordinary glass forming ability at pressures between 6.4 and 8.6 GPa. This transformation leads to a limited stability field for the β phase in the pressure range of 6–16 GPa and to complications of high-temperature portion of phase diagram for zirconium metal.
Transmission of endoparasites in horse foals born on the same pasture on a farm in central Kentucky (1996-1999)

Research carried out during the last 4 years (1996-1999) of an 11-year study of the prevalence of internal parasites naturally transmitted to horse foals born on the same pasture on a farm in central Kentucky is presented here. Horses in this herd were not treated with any antiparasitic compound for over 20 years except for a replacement stallion in 1994. A total of 22 species, including 12 species of small strongyles, were recovered in the 4-year period. Transmission patterns of all species (n=35) of endoparasites recovered are compared for the 11-year study. Some of the changes were an increase in number of Thelazia lacrymalis and Anoplocephala perfoliata and a decrease in Gasterophilus intestinalis, Parascaris equorum, and Strongylus vulgaris. Clinical problems associated with parasitism were not observed in any of the 92 foals in the long-term investigation.
Microbreaking and the enhancement of air-water transfer velocity

[1] The role of microscale wave breaking in controlling the air-water transfer of heat and gas is investigated in a laboratory wind-wave tank. The local heat transfer velocity, kH, is measured using an active infrared technique and the tank-averaged gas transfer velocity, kG, is measured using conservative mass balances. Simultaneous, colocated infrared and wave slope imagery show that wave-related areas of thermal boundary layer disruption and renewal are the turbulent wakes of microscale breaking waves, or microbreakers. The fractional area coverage of microbreakers, AB, is found to be 0.1–0.4 in the wind speed range 4.2–9.3 m s � 1 for cleaned and surfactant-influenced surfaces, and kH and kG are correlated with AB. The correlation of kH with AB is independent of fetch and the presence of surfactants, while that for kG with AB depends on surfactants. Additionally, AB is correlated with the mean square wave slope, hS 2 i, which has shown promise as a correlate for kG in previous studies. The ratio of kH measured inside and outside the microbreaker wakes is 3.4, demonstrating that at these wind speeds, up to 75% of the transfer is the direct result of microbreaking. These results provide quantitative evidence that microbreaking is the dominant mechanism contributing to air-water heat and gas transfer at low to moderate wind speeds. INDEX TERMS: 4504 Oceanography: Physical: Air/sea interactions (0312); 0312 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Air/sea constituent fluxes (3339, 4504); 3339 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Ocean/atmosphere interactions (0312, 4504); 4506 Oceanography: Physical: Capillary waves; 4568 Oceanography: Physical: Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes; KEYWORDS: microbreaking, gas transfer, waves
“There’s No Chasing Involved”: Cis/Trans Relationships, “Tranny Chasers,” and the Future of a Sex-Positive Trans Politics

This article adds to a small, but growing, body of work on trans sexualities and partnerships, and provides a much-needed inquiry into the complex and contested politics of desire when we take trans identities, bodies, and sexualities into account. Using digital ethnographic data from YouTube videos along with in-person observational data from LGBTQ and trans conferences in the U.S., Tompkins argues that a sex-positive trans politics cannot emerge in trans and trans-allied communities if the rhetoric of the “tranny chaser” continues to inform discourses of desire and attraction to trans people.
Thermal bubble formation on polysilicon micro resistors

Thermal bubble formation in the microscale is of importance for both scientific research and practical applications. A bubble generation system that creates individual, spherical vapor bubbles from 2 to 500 μm in diameter is presented. Line shape, polysilicon resistors with a typical size of 50 x 2 x 0.53 μm 3 are fabricated by means of micromachining. They function as resistive heaters and generate thermal microbubbles in working liquids such as Fluorinert fluids (inert, dielectric fluids available from the 3M company), water, and methanol. Important experimental phenomena are reported, including Marangoni effects in the microscale; controllability of the size of microbubbles; and bubble nucleation hysteresis. A one-dimensional electrothermal model has been developed and simulated in order to investigate the bubble nucleation phenomena. It is concluded that homogeneous nucleation occurs on the microresistors according to the electrothermal model and experimental measurements.
Evaluation of a rapid LMP-based approach for calculating marginal unit emissions

Abstract To evaluate the sustainability of systems that draw power from electrical grids there is a need to rapidly and accurately quantify pollutant emissions associated with power generation. Air emissions resulting from electricity generation vary widely among power plants based on the types of fuel consumed, the efficiency of the plant, and the type of pollution control systems in service. To address this need, methods for estimating real-time air emissions from power generation based on locational marginal prices (LMPs) have been developed. Based on LMPs the type of the marginal generating unit can be identified and pollutant emissions are estimated. While conceptually demonstrated, this LMP approach has not been rigorously tested. The purpose of this paper is to (1) improve the LMP method for predicting pollutant emissions and (2) evaluate the reliability of this technique through power system simulations. Previous LMP methods were expanded to include marginal emissions estimates using an LMP Emissions Estimation Method (LEEM). The accuracy of emission estimates was further improved by incorporating a probability distribution function that characterize generator fuel costs and a membership function (MF) capable of accounting for multiple marginal generation units. Emission estimates were compared to those predicted from power flow simulations. The improved LEEM was found to predict the marginal generation type approximately 70% of the time based on typical system conditions (e.g. loads and fuel costs) without the use of a MF. With the addition of a MF, the LEEM was found to provide emission estimates with errors typically less than 25% for CO2, and less than 50% for SO2 and NOX. Overall, the LEEM presented provides a means of incorporating pollutant emissions into demand side decisions.
Forceps vs. vacuum: Which is associated with the greatest morbidity?

AARON B. CAUGHEY, PER SANDBERG, MARYA ZLATNIK, JULIAN T. PARER, MARIPAULE THIET, RUSSELL K. LAROS JR, University of California, San Francisco, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, California, California Pacific Medical Center, Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Francisco, California OBJECTIVE: To compare perinatal outcomes between forceps and vacuum assisted deliveries. Our hypothesis was that the force vectors achieved in forceps delivery will lead to fewer shoulder dystocia, but greater perineal lacerations. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study of 4120 term, cephalic, singleton, operative vaginal deliveries at a single institution. Outcomes examined included rates of shoulder dystocia, perineal and cervical lacerations, and neonatal trauma. Potential confounders including maternal age, birthweight, ethnicity, parity, gestational age, station at delivery, episiotomy, attending physician, anesthesia, and lengths of 1st and 2nd stages of labor were controlled for using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: In the study population, there were 2045 (49.6%) forceps and 2075 (50.4%) vacuum assisted deliveries. Of note, the rate of shoulder dystocia was higher among women undergoing vacuum assisted delivery (3.5% vs. 1.5%, P! .001). Other differences are reported in the table below. These differences in perinatal complication rate persisted when controlling for the confounders listed above with adjusted odds ratio for shoulder dystocia being 3.05 (95% CI 1.85– 5.04), and 3rd or 4th degree lacerations being 0.65 (95% CI 0.55–0.75) when comparing vacuum to forceps. CONCLUSION: Vacuum assisted vaginal birth is more often associated with shoulder dystocia and cephalohematoma. Forceps delivery is more often associated with 3rd and 4th degree perineal lacerations as well as cervical lacerations. These differences in complications rates should be considered among other factors when determining the optimal mode of delivery.
Mapping to irregular torus topologies and other techniques for petascale biomolecular simulation

Currently deployed petascale supercomputers typically use toroidal network topologies in three or more dimensions. While these networks perform well for topology-agnostic codes on a few thousand nodes, leadership machines with 20,000 nodes require topology awareness to avoid network contention for communication-intensive codes. Topology adaptation is complicated by irregular node allocation shapes and holes due to dedicated input/output nodes or hardware failure. In the context of the popular molecular dynamics program NAMD, we present methods for mapping a periodic 3-D grid of fixed-size spatial decomposition domains to 3-D Cray Gemini and 5-D IBM Blue Gene/Q toroidal networks to enable hundred-million atom full machine simulations, and to similarly partition node allocations into compact domains for smaller simulations using multiple copy algorithms. Additional enabling techniques are discussed and performance is reported for NCSA Blue Waters, ORNL Titan, ANL Mira, TACC Stampede, and NERSC Edison.
Analysis of the Transcriptomes Downstream of Eyeless and the Hedgehog, Decapentaplegic and Notch Signaling Pathways in Drosophila melanogaster

Tissue-specific transcription factors are thought to cooperate with signaling pathways to promote patterned tissue specification, in part by co-regulating transcription. The Drosophila melanogaster Pax6 homolog Eyeless forms a complex, incompletely understood regulatory network with the Hedgehog, Decapentaplegic and Notch signaling pathways to control eye-specific gene expression. We report a combinatorial approach, including mRNAseq and microarray analyses, to identify targets co-regulated by Eyeless and Hedgehog, Decapentaplegic or Notch. Multiple analyses suggest that the transcriptomes resulting from co-misexpression of Eyeless+signaling factors provide a more complete picture of eye development compared to previous efforts involving Eyeless alone: (1) Principal components analysis and two-way hierarchical clustering revealed that the Eyeless+signaling factor transcriptomes are closer to the eye control transcriptome than when Eyeless is misexpressed alone; (2) more genes are upregulated at least three-fold in response to Eyeless+signaling factors compared to Eyeless alone; (3) based on gene ontology analysis, the genes upregulated in response to Eyeless+signaling factors had a greater diversity of functions compared to Eyeless alone. Through a secondary screen that utilized RNA interference, we show that the predicted gene CG4721 has a role in eye development. CG4721 encodes a neprilysin family metalloprotease that is highly up-regulated in response to Eyeless+Notch, confirming the validity of our approach. Given the similarity between D. melanogaster and vertebrate eye development, the large number of novel genes identified as potential targets of Ey+signaling factors will provide novel insights to our understanding of eye development in D. melanogaster and humans.
Ethnic Heterogeneity of IRF6 AP-2a Binding Site Promoter SNP Association With Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and Palate

Abstract Objective: The goal of this study was to confirm the reported association between a noncoding SNP (rs642961) in IRF6 and nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate. Design, Setting, and Participants: Two SNPs in IRF6 (rs2235371 and rs64296) were genotyped in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white multiplex (122) and simplex (308) nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate families. Linkage and family-based association analyses were performed on the individual SNPs as well as the 2-SNP haplotype. Results: Only modest evidence was found for an association with rs642961 and the 2-SNP haplotype. In contrast, strong evidence was found for the association with rs2235371; this was most evident in the non-Hispanic white simplex families. Conclusions: Although it is confirmed that variation in IRF6 is associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate, the results do not support the reported association with SNP rs64296. Importantly, the association varies between ethnic groups. This finding underscores the need for evaluating add...
Extending Egg Shell Damage Survey Results into the Field

Abstract Egg shell damage was evaluated in different parts of production and processing systems in various locations in the state of Indiana. Eggs were sampled and hand candled to determine damage at the cage or at the first access point in flat-deck systems, on the transfer belt for in-line systems; on flats if eggs were cased and shipped to the processing plant; ahead of the washer; after washing and candling; and in the carton. These locations were chosen because they represent potential damage sites. Damage ranged from a low of 0.0% at some locations to a high of 35% at others. The percent of cracked eggs tended to increase the further the eggs traveled in the processing procedure. Point of lay damage was found to average 3.5%, which was also the same as damage in the carton. By using surveys such as this combined with employee training programs, steps can be taken to minimize breakage.
The Truth about the Crónica Mexicayotl

A significant portion of the epic account of Indian Mexico by the seventeenth-century Nahua historian Chimalpahin has long been attributed to another man, Alvarado Tezozomoc, the grandson of the gr...
Can scaling be extended to gigahertz repetition rates

ABSTRACT A scaling relation for laser-induced damage is developed which allows scaling from single-pulse thresholdsfor a given set of conditions to reietition-rate thresholds at various spot sizes and pulse durations. Damagetest results on AgGaS2, for single, 26.5 psec pulses are scaled to 350 psec pulses at 95 MHz repetitionrate. Damage test results for 300 psec pulses at 75 MHz and 150 psec pulses at 95 MHz are compared withthese scaled thresholds.Keywords: laser damage, scaling relations, gigahertz rates, pulse length, spot size, scaling limits 1, INTRODUCTION We have been investigating the possibilities of producing a sodium guidestar laser by employing non—linearoptics (NLO) effects. Our quarter-scale demonsiration of a 50 w sodium guidestar system (SGS) employeda commercial, flash lamp-pumped, mode-locked Nd:YAG oscillator followed by three stages of diodepumped solid state laser amplification feeding an NLO system. The NLO converts the 1.064 p.m pumpbeam to the required 589 urn wavelength of the sodium resonance. The NLO consisted of an opticalparametric oscillator (OK)) followed by two stages of optical parametric amplification (OPA) driving asum frequency generator (SFG). Both the OPO and OPA utilized AgGaS2 as the non-linear crystals. The1.319 j.tm output of the OPO was combined with additional 1.064 ptm pump at the OPA to amplify the1.319 jtm light. The result was mixed with the 1.064 jim pump beam remaining after the OPO and OPAstages in the SFG using LiB3O (LBO) crystals. Because NLO works most efficiently at the limit of laser-induced damage it was important to characterize the laser-induced damage (LID) thresholds for the NLOcrystals at the required pulse format. The demonstration pulse format consists of a train of 350 psec micro-pulses (jipulse) at a 95 MHz pulse repetition rate in macro-pulses lasting 100 jisec repeated at 250 Hz.To design the SGS we first predicted the expected maximum LID threshold. We then performed single-pulse and short-duration, repetitively-pulsed damage tests which we then scaled to the high rep-rate, long-duration SGS formaL Finally, when the quarter-scale 1 .064 im pump laser was operational, we conducteddamage tests as close to the actual conditions as time would permit and scaled these results to the required
Comparison of SV40 induced antigens on the surface of cultivated cells by a cytolytic microassay.

Abstract By means of a direct cytolytic assay, SV40 specific antisera were shown to kill SV40 T antigen positive AL/N mouse cell lines, including lines which were repeatedly passed through the syngeneic mouse as tumors. The sera also killed a polyoma transformed SV40 T antigen negative AL/N cell line, but not untransformed or spontaneously transformed AL/N embryo cell lines. With the antisera tested there was also no lysis observed on SV40 T antigen positive Balb/c mouse, hamster or human cell lines, although by use of a competition assay SV40 specific common antigens were detectable on the surface of these cells.
Modification of the active site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis KatG after disruption of the met-tyr-trp cross-linked adduct

Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase (Mtb KatG) is a bifunctional enzyme that possesses both catalase and peroxidase activities and is responsible for the activation of the antituberculosis drug isoniazid. Mtb KatG contains an unusual adduct in its distal heme-pocket that consists of the covalently linked Trp107, Tyr229, and Met255. The KatG(Y229F) mutant lacks this adduct and has decreased steady-state catalase activity and enhanced peroxidase activity. In order to test a potential structural role of the adduct that supports catalase activity, we have used resonance Raman spectroscopy to probe the local heme environment of KatG(Y229F). In comparison to wild-type KatG, resting KatG(Y229F) contains a significant amount of 6-coordinate, low-spin heme and a more planar heme. Resonance Raman spectroscopy of the ferrous-CO complex of KatG(Y229F) suggest a non-linear Fe-CO binding geometry that is less tilted than in wild-type KatG. These data provide evidence that the Met-Tyr-Trp adduct imparts structural stability to the active site of KatG that seems to be important for sustaining catalase activity.
Evidence for a glycolate transporter in the envelope of pea chloroplasts

Glycolate excretion by chloroplasts is essential to the process of photorespiration. Previous transport studies on intact chloroplasts have failed to find evidence for carrier-mediated transport of glycolate. The rate of glycolate uptake, when measured by a rapid silicone oil centrifugation method, saturates at high glycolate concentrations. This rapid glycolate uptake is inhibited by pretreatment of the chloroplasts with N-ethylmaleimide, an inhibition prevented by glycolate. Glyoxylate and glycerate inhibit glycolate uptake when present in the assay medium. These results suggest the existence of a glycolate transporter in the chloroplast envelope.
Does commodity money eliminate the indeterminacy of equilibrium

Abstract Previous studies have shown that a random-matching model with divisible fiat money and without constraint on agents’ money inventories possesses a continuum of stationary single-price equilibria. Wallace (J. Econom. Theory 81 (1998) 223) conjectures that the indeterminacy can be eliminated by the use of commodity money. Instead, I find that in a similar random-matching model with dividend-yielding commodity money, a continuum of stationary single-price equilibria exists when the utility of dividend is not too high. This result casts doubt on the conventional belief that the indeterminacy of monetary equilibrium is be caused only by the nominal nature of money.
Processes of coastal upwelling and carbon flux in the Cariaco Basin

Abstract Monthly hydrographic, phytoplankton biomass and primary production, bio-optical observations, and settling particulate organic carbon flux observations were collected at 10.5°N, 64.67°W within the Cariaco Basin, off Venezuela, for a period exceeding seven years starting in November 1995. These data were combined with a time series of Sea-viewing Wide-Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), advanced very high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR), and European Remote Sensing Satellite/QuikScat data to examine the spatial extent of a cold coastal upwelling plume and a phytoplankton bloom associated with it. The seasonal upwelling cycle was directly linked to the intensity of the Trade Winds, with sea-surface temperature (SST) changes lagging the wind by 1–2 weeks. The seasonal cycle of most properties was punctuated by transient phenomena, some of which caused subsurface ventilation and also high primary production events. Integrated primary production ranged from 650, 574, and 593 g C m−2 yr−1 in 1996, 1997, and 2001, respectively, to 372, 484, and 448 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively, in 1998, 1999, and 2000. The Rutgers vertical generalized production model (VGPM) was modified to reflect an increase in Assimilation Number (PBopt) with SST at the Cariaco time series station, because the original VGPM formulation suggested inhibition of primary production at SST>21°C. Trap observations showed that between 9 and 10 g C m−2 yr−1 were delivered to the bottom at the Cariaco time series station, i.e. ∼1.33% of surface primary productivity. Annual particulate organic carbon flux to the bottom over the area of the Cariaco Basin (waters >100 m), estimated using SeaWiFS and AVHRR variable inputs and the updated VGPM, ranged from 6.77×1010 to 7.61×1010 g C. These are likely underestimates due to lack of bathymetric corrections to flux.
Estrogen Induces Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 Receptor Gene Expression and Responsiveness to NPY in Gonadotrope-Enriched Pituitary Cell Cultures

We showed previously that neuropeptide Y1 receptor (Y1R) expression is increased in the hypothalamus on proestrus afternoon and that this up-regulation of Y1R mRNA may permit neuropeptide Y (NPY) to facilitate release of the preovulatory GnRH surge. Because NPY also modulates LH release directly, we examined steroid regulation of Y1R expression in the female rat anterior pituitary. Treatment of female rats with estrogen in vivo decreased the levels of Y1R mRNA in the whole pituitary gland. In lactotrope/somatotrope-enriched pituitary cells separated by unit gravity sedimentation, 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment likewise suppressed Y1R expression. In contrast, E2 elevated Y1R mRNA in gonadotrope-enriched cell populations, indicating that estrogen regulates Y1R mRNA expression differently in gonadotropes vs. other pituitary cell types. After exposure to E2, NPY augmented GnRH-induced LH release from gonadotrope-enriched cells in a manner requiring Y1R activation. Without steroid exposure, this augmentation dis...
A longitudinal study of resting energy expenditure relative to body composition during puberty in African American and white children

BACKGROUND Body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE) have not been examined longitudinally during puberty. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the influence of pubertal maturation on REE relative to body composition in African American and white children. DESIGN The study included 92 white and 64 African American children (mean age at baseline: 8.3 and 7.9 y, respectively) from Birmingham, AL. The children had 2-5 annual measurements of fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and REE. The Tanner stages of the children ranged from 1 to 5. Mixed-model repeated-measures analyses were used to test the change in REE relative to body composition with increasing Tanner stage among ethnic and sex groups. RESULTS LM increased from Tanner stage 1 to subsequent stages. FM relative to LM decreased from Tanner stage 1 to stages 3, 4, and 5 but not from stage 1 to stage 2. The African American children had relatively higher limb LM and lower trunk LM than did the white children. REE declined with Tanner stage after adjustment for ethnicity, sex, FM, and LM. This decline was significant from Tanner stage 1 to stages 3, 4, and 5 but not to Tanner stage 2. After adjustment for age, Tanner stage, FM, and LM or LM distribution, REE was significantly higher in white than in African American children (by approximately 250 kJ/d). CONCLUSION In a large sample of children at various Tanner stages, we found an ethnic difference in REE after adjustment for age, Tanner stage, FM, and LM that was not explained by the difference in LM distribution.