cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation between injected volume and optical parameters in refilled isolated porcine lenses.

Purpose: This study was performed to elucidate the correlation between added lens refill material and enhanced lens power as well as the correlation between lens refilling volume and accommodative amplitude as determined by equatorial stretching of ex vivo refilled pigs' lenses. Methods: Nine porcine lenses were refilled with increasing amounts of silicone oil. After each refill step, the lens power, the lens power change, and the lens thickness were measured both in the relaxed state and with a 3-mm larger ciliary body diameter. In addition, the spherical aberration of the refilled lenses was also quantified. Results: Injection of 0.04 mL silicone material into the relaxed lens enhanced the lens power by 1 D. A 0.54-mm increase of the lens thickness in relaxed lenses added 1 D to the lens power. Increasing the lens refilling volume decreased the lens power changes measured at 3-mm ciliary body stretch. Spherical aberration was positive in the refilled lenses and increased with increasing lens refilling volume. Conclusion: The correlation found between the refilling volume and the lens power (0.04 mL D-1), as well as the correlation between the lens thickness and the lens power (0.54 mm D-1), might be important factors to be controlled in conjunction with surgery, as these also determine the lens power in the presence of this refill material. An increasing lens filling volume is associated with decreasing accommodative amplitude. The positive spherical aberration of refilled porcine lenses presents a sharp contrast to the negative aberration of natural pigs' lenses. Different lens contours and the transition from a gradient to a homogeneous refractive index might be responsible for this change in spherical aberration.
The effect of doping profile variations upon deep submicrometer MOSFETs

Abstract The variations in current induced by variations in the (horizontal) doping profile between channel and drain or source can be described in terms of variations in the effective channel length L EFF induced by the variations in the doping profile of source or drain. Sensitivity to profile variations becomes severe as L EFF → 0, because the current in the L EFF → 0 regime depends exponentially on the barrier potential. Likewise, because of the exponential dependence of current on potential in the subthreshold region, sensitivity is particularly strong in subthreshold for variations in the (vertical) channel profile that determines the device threshold and turn-off. The centroid of the vertical profile must be controlled to sub-Debye length accuracy to keep subthreshold current variations below a few percent.
A micro gas chromatography chip with an embedded non-cascaded thermal conductivity detector

Abstract We present the design, fabrication, and testing results of a single chip (2 cm×4 cm) micro gas separation column (μGC) with an embedded non-cascaded micro thermal conductivity detector (μTCD). Our unique design coupled with RIE-Lag enabled 3D etching technology offers several advantages over previously reported designs including simple 2-mask fabrication and operation (no flow restrictors needed), capability for different flow velocities for the column and detector, low dead volume, low pressure drop, low detector power consumption, and an injection-event indicator. Our particular design is distinctly different from others in the number of fluidic ports (only 2 ports), channel design (circular cross section), and column type (open tubular). This μGG- μTCD chip separated and detected a 200 nl sample mixture consisting of alkanes in less than 2 minutes with power dissipation less than 400 mW.
Influence of Turbidity on Brook Trout Reactive Distance and Foraging Success

Abstract Past research has focused on the effects of sediment action on stream morphology and the habitat of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Throughout the Appalachian Mountains, the watersheds in which brook trout reside are being influenced by timber harvesting and related road construction. Although these streams may have gradients steep enough to prevent deleterious sediment deposition, elevated stream turbidity is nevertheless common. An understanding of the sublethal effects of increased sedimentation and turbidity is essential to further our knowledge of the effects of increased sediment loading on stream fish production and how these effects differ among species living in sympatry. The specific objectives of this study were to determine (1) the effects of turbidity on the reactive distance of brook trout, (2) how turbidity affects encounter rates between brook trout and their prey, and (3) how turbidity affects brook trout's foraging success. We used videographic techniques to study brook trout...
First report of stem dieback and leaf spot of Leucothoe caused by Cylindrocladium colhounii in North Carolina.

Leucothoe fontanesiana (L. catesbaei) and L. axillaris are common in the nursery trade for landscape use in USDA Zones 5 to 8. This is the first report of C. colhounii attacking L. axillaris and L....
A New Chemistry Education Research Frontier

Chemistry education research (CER) has predominately focused on enhancing learning and instruction in classrooms. However, a host of unexplored research opportunities in informal learning environments can contribute to more effective communication of chemistry to the public. The current lack of chemistry-centered materials in informal science is beginning to change, thus, creating key questions about how learning occurs in these unique, unstructured, and dynamic environments. Science centers are one particular area of focus for informal learning. How to best incorporate chemistry in museum environments as well as how chemistry learning is best facilitated in museums are open areas of investigation. CER in informal environments can use similar theory and methods as CER in formal settings to explore various dimensions of chemistry learning.
Professional Roles and the Professional Roles and the Public Interest in Planning

A central ethical issue for planners today is how they can justify the use of administrative discretion in a democratic society. One major indicator of how planners think about their relationship to decisionmakers and to the public is how they define the "public interest. " The argument is made here that unless there are countervailing controls, the further planners'ideas of the public interest diverge from the ordinary moral principle of democratic responsiveness, the more difficult they will be to legitimate. This article explores four ideas of the planner's role and the ideas of the public interest associated with them. They are pluralist aggregation, an economic/analytical approach, the common interest, and the good reasons approach.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Induces Apoptosis through Caspase Activation

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr is a 96-amino-acid protein that is found associated with the HIV-1 virion. Vpr induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and this arrest is followed by apoptosis. We examined the mechanism of Vpr-induced apoptosis and found that HIV-1 Vpr-induced apoptosis requires the activation of a number of cellular cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteases (caspases). We demonstrate that ectopic expression of anti-apoptotic viral proteins, which inhibit caspase activity, and addition of synthetic peptides, which represent caspase cleavage sites, can inhibit Vpr-induced apoptosis. Finally, inhibition of caspase activity and subsequent inhibition of apoptosis results in increased viral expression, suggesting that therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing Vpr-induced apoptosis in vivo require careful consideration.
On the Contribution of Spatial Genome Organization to Cancerous Chromosome Translocations

The formation of cancer translocations requires the physical interaction of the translocating chromosomes. It has been postulated that the nonrandom spatial organization of the genome within the cell nucleus contributes to determining the outcome of chromosomal translocation. Comparative analysis of the spatial arrangement of translocations partners and their frequency of translocation suggests that translocations occur preferentially among proximally positioned genome regions. This model makes predictions about mechanisms of translocations and the dynamic properties of genome regions in vivo. Elucidating the contribution of spatial genome organization to the formation of chromosome translocations is an integral part of understanding how translocations form in vivo and has provoked the interrogation of several fundamental aspects of genome cell biology, including tissue-specific differences in genome organization, dynamics of genomes in vivo, and the mechanisms that are determining genome organization in vivo.
Transient High-Field Behavior of Niobium Superconducting Cavities

Tests have been performed on the breakdown behavior of a TM010 mode, S-band niobium cavity at low temperatures. Unloaded Q's of 9 × 107 at 4.2 K and of 7 × 109 at 1.35 K were measured during several tests performed using pulses long enough for the cavity to reach steady state. The breakdown field at 1.35 K was increased from 15 to 20 MV/m by processing the cavity at room temperature using 1 MW, 2.5 ps pulses. The response of the cavity at 4.2 K to 1 MW, 2.5?s pulses was also tested in several cool-downs. In these tests the cavity was heavily overcoupled to lower its time constant to a value of 0.80 timnes the RF pulse length of 2.5 ?s. This condition maximizes the energy transfer from the klystron source to the cavity. Measurements made during these experiments clearly indicated that fields of about 50 MV/m were being reached in the cavity without breakdown.
Scattered, Hausdorff-reducible, and hereditarily irresolvable spaces

Abstract We show that a topological space is hereditarily irresolvable if and only if it is Hausdorff-reducible. We construct a compact irreducible T 1 -space and a connected Hausdorff space, each of which is strongly irresolvable. Furthermore, we show that the three notions of scattered, Hausdorff-reducible, and hereditarily irresolvable coincide for a large class of spaces, including metric, locally compact Hausdorff, and spectral spaces.
Involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in pulmonary pathophysiology.

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 is a transcription factor that is activated in response to hypoxia and growth factor/cytokine signaling via regulation of the HIF-1α subunit. HIF-1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension based on both experimental and clinical data. In a mouse model of pulmonary hypertension, hypoxia-induced increases in right ventricular mass, right ventricular pressure, and medial wall thickness of pulmonary arterioles were impaired in mice that were heterozygous for a null allele at the locus encoding HIF-1α compared to wild-type littermates. Electrophysiologic analyses revealed that the hypoxia-induced hypertrophy and depolarization of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from wild-type mice was significantly impaired in heterozygotes. In clinical studies, immunohistochemical analyses of plexiform lesions within the lungs of patients with severe pulmonary hypertension revealed dramatic overexpression of HIF-1α within proliferating endothelial cells. These cells also expressed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is the product of a known HIF-1 target gene, indicating that autocrine VEGF-VEGF receptor signaling may contribution to the pathogenesis of plexiform lesions. These studies implicate HIF-1 in pathophysiologic alterations of both smooth muscle and endothelial cell biology in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
Public Opinion on Immigration in Western Europe: Economics, Tolerance, and Exposure

Several studies of cross-national attitudes on immigration use a theory of self-interest that focuses upon the relative size of the immigrant group and the economic situation of the survey respondent. Kunovich wrote that attitudes can also be shaped by national economics, political structure, and culture. This study examines the influences of national economics and one factor of culture: political tolerance. I build upon previous explanations of public attitudes on immigration in two ways. First, I add to the current knowledge concerning the influence of the national economy on attitudes by including estimates of economic wealth and growth. Second, I examine the influence of political tolerance on attitudes on immigration. This study uses ordered probit to examine data from the 1997 Eurobarometer survey. The results show that both economic and political tolerance influence public opinion on immigration. Therefore, attitudes are shaped by numerous factors beyond self-interest economic theories, including the health of the national economy and political tolerance.
The interpretation of exposure effect estimates in chronic air pollution studies

In this article we consider the interpretation of regression parameters used to represent 'chronic' or 'long-term' air pollution exposure effects. Although scientific interest typically lies in understanding such effects at the level of the individual, studies have generally employed a semi-ecological design; outcomes and confounder information are collected on individuals while exposure is only available at the aggregate-or group-level. A precise interpretation of results from a semi-ecological design must take into account the aggregated nature, both spatial and temporal, of the exposure measure. The most common analysis approach for assessing chronic exposure effects has been within the Cox proportional hazards model framework; specific analyses are tailored to accommodate the shortcomings of the available exposure information. We revisit the underlying assumptions of the Cox model and discuss the implications of two common aspects of chronic effects studies: time-dependent exposures and time-varying effects. Focusing on the consequences of temporal aggregation of exposure, we show that an estimate obtained from a time-aggregated semi-ecological design can correspond to very different underlying time-varying exposure and risk scenarios. Further, distinguishing which of these is correct is not possible from the semi-ecological data alone. Our goal is to highlight some statistical issues faced by existing studies of chronic air pollution effects, and aid in the development and planning of future studies.
Metabolomics study of esophageal adenocarcinoma

Objective The objective of this study was to detect and evaluate reliable metabolite markers for screening and monitoring treatment of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) by studying metabolomics. The sensitivity and specificity of the study were evaluated not only for EAC but also for Barrett esophagus and high-grade dysplasia, which are widely regarded as precursors of EAC. Methods Profiles of metabolites in blood serum were constructed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and statistical analysis methods. The metabolite biomarkers discovered were selected to build a predictive model that was then used to test the classifications accuracies. Results Eight metabolites showed significant differences in their levels in patients with cancer and in the control group on the basis of Student t test. A partial least-squares discriminant analysis model built on these metabolites provided excellent classifications of patients with cancer and the control group, with the area under the receiver operating in a characteristic curve of > 0.85 for both training and validation sample sets. Evaluated by the same model, the Barrett esophagus samples were of mixed classification, and the high-grade dysplasia samples were classified primarily as cancer samples. A pathway study indicated that altered energy metabolism and changes in the trochloroacetic acid cycle were the dominant factors in the biochemistry of EAC. Conclusions 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance–based metabolite profiling analysis was shown to be an effective approach to differentiating between patients with EAC and healthy subjects. Good sensitivity and selectivity were shown by using the 8 metabolite markers discovered to predict the classification of samples from the healthy control group and the patients with the disease. Serum metabolic profiling may have potential for early diagnosis of EAC and may enhance our understanding of its mechanisms.
A coordinated strategy for evaluating new vaccines for human and animal tuberculosis

There is a remarkable convergence in the current efforts to develop and evaluate new tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidates for use in humans, domestic animals, and wild animal reservoirs. It is quite likely that similar vaccination strategies will prove useful in these diverse host species. Many TB vaccine candidates are being screened for protective efficacy in conventional laboratory animals (e.g. mouse, guinea pig), in captive wild species under laboratory conditions (e.g. brushtail possum), and in the target hosts (e.g. cattle, deer). These systems share some important features, e.g. direct challenge infection of the lung by intratracheal or aerosol exposure, and the use of bacterial enumeration, and gross and microscopic histopathology, as the readouts. Some TB vaccine candidates have been tested in many models, yielding important insights into common mechanisms of resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis, and providing evidence of the vaccine's ability to induce protection under widely different circumstances. Coordination of this global search for better TB vaccines, irrespective of target species, would facilitate the rapid application of new technologies and maximize the sharing of materials and experiences between human and veterinary TB researchers. The creation of liaisons between TB vaccine research efforts of government-sponsored medical and agricultural research programs, international bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Community (EC), private foundations and the vaccine industry, will yield a high return.
The Passion, and Passions, of Max Weber:

When Marianne Weber, the widow of Max Weber, published her biography of her hus band in 1926, six years after his death, it was considered to be so unusually frank about Weber's life and his enormous person al sufferings, that one of Weber's former col leagues sarcastically remarked that the biography gave one insight into the value of the institution of widow-burning. Yet, starting after her death almost 30 years later, more and more information, and then docu mentation, began to become available to scholars that painted an even more intimate picture of Weber's psychological sufferings and personal experiences, and in particular his apparently "redemptive" extramarital love life, details of which, understandably, Marianne chose not to reveal in her book, assuming she herself even knew the details. Although some works began to appear that challenged aspects of the idealized picture of Weber? notably Wolfgang J. Mommsen's Max Weber and German Politics (1959) on Weber's nationalist politics?the works that then began to reveal, or to speculate, about his intimate life in more detail were not writ
Wave diversity limits for wireless communication

We survey recent advancements in multi-user wireless communications following from the application of Bucci and Franceschettipsilas diversity limits on the electromagnetic field radiated by any bounded domain.
RESEARCH IN RETROSPECT:Some Biograffiti of a Journeyman Chemist

Small effusive leaks in vacuum systems, as in Knudsen cells and classical molecular beam machines, are responsible for many contributions to science in the twentieth century. Beginning in the 1950s, big convective leaks have turned out to be even more powerful and versatile investigative tools. Forming supersonic free jets, they have greatly expanded molecular beam methods, become the cornerstone of cluster science and technology, rewritten the book on molecular spectroscopy, and are adding new dimension to mass spectrometry. This account is the story of one man's experiences as a bystander and participant in these developments.
The preparation and properties of some fluorinated activated carbons

Abstract Granular activated carbons were modified by treatment with fluorine (5% vol in N2) at temperatures below 200°C. The nature and amounts of any gaseous products formed were dependent upon the type of carbon and the reaction temperature, but in each case the extent of carbon gasification was small. Nitrogen adsorption indicated that fluorination resulted in a progressive reduction in micropore volume and external surface area. Water adsorption—desorption isotherms suggested that the polarity of the carbon surface was not reduced as a consequence of fluorination and also that the modified carbons were unstable. Qualitative differences in the thermal stability of the modified carbons were noticeable, and it was apparent that the bulk of the fluorine was weakly adsorbed. Carbons fluorinated or outgassed below 350°C were acidic in nature, and liberated iodine from potassium iodide solution. The adsorption of chloropicrin from a humid airstream by all the modified carbons was poor in comparison to control samples.
Active and Realistic Passive Marijuana Exposure Tested by Three Immunoassays and GCIMS in Urine

Human urine samples obtained before and after active and passive exposure to marijuana were analyzed by immune kits (Roche, Amersham, and Syva) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Seven of eight subjects were positive for the entire five-day test period with one immune kit. The latter correlated with GC/MS in 98% of the samples. Passive inhalation experiments under conditions likely to reflect realistic exposure resulted consistently in less than 10 ng/mL of cannabinoids. The 10-100-ng/mL cannabinoid concentration range essential for detection of occasional and moderate marijuana users is thus unaffected by realistic passive inhalation.
Biomarkers of Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Chronic GVHD

Before Onset Age at HCT, y 18-40 29 Ref 41-55 70 1.8 0.5-6.4 0.3 > 55 59 2.3 0.7-8.05 0.2 Related donor 79 0.6 0.3-1.2 0.2 Reduced Intensity Conditioning 51 1.1 0.5-2.4 0.7 History of aGVHD III-IV 20 4.0 1.9-8.5 < .001 Onset Karnofsky Performance Score 70% 31 4.6 2.5-9.5 < .001 NIH Onset Severity Mild 23 Ref Moderate 79 0.6 0.2-1.8 0.4 Severe 56 1.2 0.4-3.4 0.7 Progressive onset vs De novo/Quiescent 34 2.1 1.0-4.5 0.05 Platelets < 100,000/mm at onset 42 1.4 0.7-3.1 0.3 On steroids at onset 28 2.0 0.9-4.5 0.09 NIH grade 1 liver at onset 40 0.3 0.1-0.9 0.03 NIH grade 2/3 lung at onset 17 3.3 1.0310.3 0.04 Abstracts / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 19 (2013) S313eS341 S332
Self-Evaluation of Criminal Justice Curricula

Criminal justice education is in the throes of confusion as to the most appropriate curriculum and the most viable means of evaluation. Accreditation guidelines have been established, yet to impose these standards on what seems to be a disorganized discipline would be an exercise infutility. The proposal in this article isfor the implementation of an objective self-evaluation of curriculum through Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. A pilot study evaluating and comparing the criminal justice courses of three universities shows that Bloom 's Taxonomy is a viable selfevaluation tool with manifest and latentfunctions. The implementation of a standard method of evaluation is a necessary intermediate step toward external evaluation and accreditation.
Time-Dependent Global Energy Modeling.

Abstract A time-dependent model equation of the energy balance of the earth-atmosphere-ocean is derived. A numerical solution to this basic energy equation is formulated. The earth is divided into 10° latitudinal belts with a corresponding sea level temperature for each belt, which is computed yearly. The radiation relationships and the turbulent exchange coefficients are basically the same as used by Sellers. A number of numerical experiments are performed with the conclusions that. 1) the heat capacity of the oceans play a dominant role in the model's transients; 2) the temperature of the polar latitudinal belts are very sensitive to changes in the temperate and equatorial zone; 3) future internal heat generation by man may cause substantial changes; and 4) with the present method of solution the double solution for the temperature found by Sellers does not exist.
Determinants of Sport Commitment among Junior Tennis Players: Enjoyment as a Mediating Variable

This study examined determinants of junior tennis players’ motivation to continue involvement using the sport commitment model as the theoretical framework (20). Based on the sport enjoyment literature, a version of the original sport commitment model (i.e., all determinants directly predict commitment) and a revised model where enjoyment was a mediator of the relationships between determinants and level of commitment were tested. Tennis players (N = 198; ages 10–18 years) completed self-report questionnaires on the constructs of interest. Hypothesized relationships among variables were tested using structural equation modeling. Results provided support for both the original and mediational models, with enjoyment exerting the strongest effect on tennis commitment in both models. An alternative model was tested where both direct and indirect effects through enjoyment on commitment were specified. The alternative model was accepted as most theoretically appealing because determinants of commitment and sourc...
Comparative analysis of complete chloroplast genome sequence and inversion variation in Lasthenia burkei (Madieae, Asteraceae).

 Premise of the study: Complete chloroplast genome studies can help resolve relationships among large, complex plant lineages such as Asteraceae . We present the fi rst whole plastome from the Madieae tribe and compare its sequence variation to other chloroplast genomes in Asteraceae.  Methods: We used high throughput sequencing to obtain the Lasthenia burkei chloroplast genome. We compared sequence structure and rates of molecular evolution in the small single copy (SSC), large single copy (LSC), and inverted repeat (IR) regions to those for eight Asteraceae accessions and one Solanaceae accession.  Key results: The chloroplast sequence of L. burkei is 150 746 bp and contains 81 unique protein coding genes and 4 coding ribosomal RNA sequences. We identifi ed three major inversions in the L. burkei chloroplast, all of which have been found in other Asteraceae lineages, and a previously unreported inversion in Lactuca sativa . Regions fl anking inversions contained tRNA sequences, but did not have particularly high G + C content. Substitution rates varied among the SSC, LSC, and IR regions, and rates of evolution within each region varied among species. Some observed differences in rates of molecular evolution may be explained by the relative proportion of coding to noncoding sequence within regions.  Conclusions: Rates of molecular evolution vary substantially within and among chloroplast genomes, and major inversion events may be promoted by the presence of tRNAs. Collectively, these results provide insight into different mechanisms that may promote intramolecular recombination and the inversion of large genomic regions in the plastome.
Where Are the Foxes in Mathematics Education

Mathematics education researchers have produced many important research insights into how students learn mathematics, but relatively few of these insights have influenced the practice of classrooms. This chapter takes up Kilpatrick’s call for more “foxes” in mathematics education and considers the ways the field may move to work in more “foxy” ways. This includes reviewing some examples of fox-like research, and offering suggestions for ways in which researchers of mathematics education may turn their research results into useful and useable aspects of practice.
Local Economic Development Incentives in an Era of Globalization: The Exploitation of Decentralization and Mobility

This essay discusses the dilemma corporate mobility through globalization presents for cities that are fixed geographically. Corporations seek and cities offer business incentives that with questionable benefits to local residents. The essay recommends that the local government dilemma and susceptibility to exploitation be acknowledged. While the essay recommends that cities seek to limit their efforts to be providers of local infrastructure (eg., roads, utilities, an educated workforce) it also recommends that the cities are incapable of addressing the corporate mobility issue on their own and are prone to continued exploitation.
Academic Archivists and the SAA, 1938-1979: From Arcana Siwash to the C&U PAG

This paper traces the historical development of archivists and archival programs in institutions of higher education, from their existence as a handful of manuscript repositories in the 1930s to the creation in 1979 of the Society of American Archivists's College and University (C&U) Professional Affinity Group representing 40 percent of the society's membership. The evolution of C&U activities is illustrated using surveys of academic archivists, publication projects, and education and training programs. The role of academic archivists within their institutions, their influence on the wider profession and on archival institutions, and the increasing importance of their collections are examined in detail.
Search for an Optimum Vibrator Location for Bone Conduction Communication

The military is interested in ways to increase soldier effectiveness by improving radio communication. Bone conduction (BC) radio communication is attractive because the lightweight, compact design of BC vibrators offers the ability to receive radio communication without compromising situation awareness. Several companies are attempting to accommodate the needs of the military by creating communication devices incorporating BC technologies. However, the effectiveness of these devices differs in many respects. One factor that affects the detectability of signals received via bone conduction is the location of the vibrator on the skull. The intent of this study was to identify optimum locations for the placement of BC vibrators based on hearing threshold levels of various signals. Eleven signals were transmitted via bone conduction to 11 skull locations of 12 volunteers. Results of the study indicate that the condyle might be the most appropriate location because it resulted in the lowest overall threshold ...
DOE’s program on the application of high-Tc wire

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Superconductivity Program for Electric Power Systems is engaged in activities to develop high-critical-temperature superconducting wire technology. The major thrust toward applications is done through the Superconductivity Partnership Initiative, which features four industrial consortia developing precommercial power technology. The success of the program depends on wire performance and cost-meeting application requirements when commercialization activities begin between 1998 and 2000.
Intrinsic birefringence in 193nm and 157nm lithography crystalline optics

Recent efforts to push optical lithography deeper into the ultraviolet has run up against unexpected difficulties as a result of having to incorporate crystalline materials in the optical systems. 193 nm lithography needs a second UV material to complement fused silica for correcting chromatic aberrations, and 157 nm lithography needs entirely crystalline refractive optics, since fused silica is not transparent enough at this wavelength. This incorporation of crystalline optics was not initially considered a serious problem since these have been used routinely for UV optics, and a well-known symmetry argument seemed to provide assurance that cubic-symmetry crystals such as CaF2 would be free of the intolerable natural birefringence of non-cubic crystals like MgF2.
The Relationship Between Nasality Score Values and Oral and Nasal Sound Pressure Level

This study is concerned first with the correlation between judgments of hypernasality and measures of oral and nasal sound pressure level, and secondly with comparison of these measures in subjects...
The Role of Catalysis in Alkanediol Decomposition: Implications for General Detection of Alkanediols and Their Formation in the Atmosphere.

Quantum chemical calculations have been carried out to investigate the gas-phase structure, stability, and decomposition of the two simplest alkanediols, methanediol and 1,1-ethanediol, in the presence of various catalysts. Three different conformers for monomeric alkanediols namely cis, trans, and trans′ were considered. The calculations reveal that alkanediols may exist not only as monomers but also as dimers that have high binding energies of 7–11 kcal/mol due to hydrogen bonding among the oxygenate functionalities. Some of these dimers have high dipole moments and, thus, may be more easily detected experimentally than the monomers of alkanediols. For the decomposition of alkanediols, the calculations dominantly favor dehydration over dehydrogenation. The relatively low barrier for the decomposition of 1,1-ethanediol suggests that the structure of an alkanediol plays a role in its decomposition. Though the dehydration of alkanediols with or without water catalyst involves large barriers, organic and in...
Students’ Critical Meta-Awareness in a Figured World of Achievement Toward a Culturally Sustaining Stance in Curriculum, Pedagogy, and Research

Students’ academic experiences are often shaped by normalized conceptions of literacy that do not honor the interrelatedness of multiple identities, languages, and literacies. This qualitative case study in an urban middle school highlights students’ critical meta-awareness of their identities-in-practice in the figured world of their classroom via a narrative analysis of students’ writing, interviews, and focus group discussions. The author focuses on students’ internalization and/or resistance of the curriculum as a basis for developing culturally sustaining stances toward curriculum, pedagogy, and research that actively disrupt cultural, ethnic, racial, and epistemological hierarchies of power in academic contexts and beyond.
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in individuals with psoriasis: associations with body surface area and subjective disease severity.

Aim Psoriasis is associated with serious comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. These comorbidities are related to low physical activity in the general population. Limited research has evaluated physical activity in psoriasis, and thus, the purpose of this investigation was to compare physical activity between individuals with and without psoriasis as well as explore the associations between measures of psoriasis severity and physical activity. Methods Cross-sectional study using data from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Self-reported psoriasis diagnosis and psoriasis severity were regressed on moderate/vigorous physical activity, as measured objectively by accelerometers. Measures of psoriasis severity included rating of psoriasis as a problem in life and body surface area involvement. Results A total of 4316 individuals had data on psoriasis, moderate/vigorous physical activity, and relevant covariates, with 3.6% (population weighted) of participants (N.=117) reporting a diagnosis of psoriasis. A psoriasis diagnosis was not associated with moderate/vigorous physical activity, and furthermore, body surface area involvement was not associated with moderate/vigorous physical activity among participants with psoriasis. However, every tertile increase in psoriasis as a problem in life was associated with 28% less moderate/vigorous physical activity, which remained significant after adjusting for covariates and removing outliers. Conclusion While a diagnosis of psoriasis and body surface area involvement do not appear to be associated with less moderate/vigorous physical activity, individuals that rate their psoriasis to be a large problem engage in less moderate/vigorous physical activity.
Comments on the Papers on East-West Trade : 3

There is a notable congruence of theme and a basic agreement on outstanding issues in the papers by Professors Nove and Vajda on which I shall anchor my comments.1 This congruence, I suspect, stems from a common approach, which these two authors share with Adler-Karlssen and with other European authorities on East-West trade: they are interested in the nature of the political and economic obstacles to trade and in the ways by which they might be removed; their analysis — this applies particularly to Vajda’s paper — is sharply focussed on the liberal policies they advocate for both East and West. While most of their points are valid and many are quite perspicuous, their instrumental approach puts a special stamp on the character of their contributions.
The Function of Odoardo in Lessing’s Emilia Galotti

(1972). The Function of Odoardo in Lessing’s Emilia Galotti. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 243-258.
Generation of global political priority for early childhood development: the challenges of framing and governance.

Summary Despite progress, early childhood development (ECD) remains a neglected issue, particularly in resource-poor countries. We analyse the challenges and opportunities that ECD proponents face in advancing global priority for the issue. We triangulated among several data sources, including 19 semi-structured interviews with individuals involved in global ECD leadership, practice, and advocacy, as well as peer-reviewed research, organisation reports, and grey literature. We undertook a thematic analysis of the collected data, drawing on social science scholarship on collective action and a policy framework that elucidates why some global initiatives are more successful in generating political priority than others. The analysis indicates that the ECD community faces two primary challenges in advancing global political priority. The first pertains to framing: generation of internal consensus on the definition of the problem and solutions, agreement that could facilitate the discovery of a public positioning of the issue that could generate political support. The second concerns governance: building of effective institutions to achieve collective goals. However, there are multiple opportunities to advance political priority for ECD, including an increasingly favourable political environment, advances in ECD metrics, and the existence of compelling arguments for investment in ECD. To advance global priority for ECD, proponents will need to surmount the framing and governance challenges and leverage these opportunities.
Multi-mode strain and curvature sensors for soft robotic applications

Abstract In this paper we describe the fabrication and testing of elastomer-based sensors capable of measuring both uniaxial strain and curvature. These sensors were fabricated from Sylgard 184, which is a transparent silicone elastomer. We created microchannels directly in silicone elastomer substrates using a laser to ablate material. The sensing element was an alloy of gallium and indium, which is liquid at room temperature, contained within the laser-created microchannels. As the substrate deformed, the microchannel deformed within it, resulting in a measurable change in electrical resistance. By fabricating two matching resistive strain-sensing elements on opposite sides of the sensor, we were able to unambiguously measure uniaxial strain and curvature by observing the common mode and differential mode changes in resistance, respectively. There was very little coupling between modes, demonstrating the utility of the differential sensor design. We characterized the sensor in terms of its response to strain and curvature, its noise, and its stability over time. We believe that this type of sensor has application in soft sensory skins and can observe pose in soft robotic systems.
Nepotism and the Jackson County School Board.

In 2015, the superintendent of the Jackson County School District revised the existing nepotism policy, and, subsequently, his wife was hired to a newly created position of director of innovation a...
A discrete-event simulation approach to identify rules that govern arbor remodeling for branching cutaneous afferents in hairy skin

In mammals, touch is encoded by sensory receptors embedded in the skin. For one class of receptors in the mouse, the architecture of its Merkel cells, unmyelinated neurites, and heminodes follow particular renewal and remodeling trends over hair cycle stages from ages 4 to 10 weeks. As it is currently impossible to observe such trends across a single animal's hair cycle, this work employs discrete event simulation to identify and evaluate policies of Merkel cell and heminode dynamics. Well matching the observed data, the results show that the baseline model replicates dynamic remodeling behaviors between stages of the hair cycle - based on particular addition and removal polices and estimated probabilities tied to constituent parts of Merkel cells, terminal branch neurites and heminodes. The analysis shows further that certain policies hold greater influence than others. This use of computation is a novel approach to understanding neuronal development.
Selenium Supplementation Alters Hepatic Energy and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Mice.

Background Human and animal studies have raised concerns that supplemental selenium can increase the risk of metabolic disorders, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. Objective We used an integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis of liver to test for functional pathway and network responses to supplemental selenium in mice. Methods Male mice (8-wk-old, C57BL/6J) fed a standard diet (0.41 ppm Se) were given selenium (Na2SeO4, 20 μmol/L) or vehicle (drinking water) for 16 wk. Livers were analyzed for selenium concentration, activity of selenoproteins, reduced glutathione (GSH) redox state, gene expression, and high-resolution metabolomics. Transcriptomic and nontargeted metabolomic data were analyzed with biostatistics, bioinformatics, pathway enrichment analysis, and combined transcriptome-metabolome-wide association study (TMWAS). Results Mice supplemented with selenium had greater body mass gain from baseline to 16 wk (55% ± 5%) compared with controls (40% ± 3%) (P < 0.05); however, no difference was observed in liver selenium content, selenoenzyme transcripts, or enzyme activity. Selenium was higher in the heart, kidney, and urine of mice supplemented with selenium. Gene enrichment analysis showed that supplemental selenium altered pathways of lipid and energy metabolism. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome network analysis showed 2 major gene-metabolite clusters, 1 centered on the transcript for the bidirectional glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) and the other centered on the transcripts for carnitine-palmitoyl transferase 2 (Cpt2) and acetyl-CoA acyltransferase (Acaa1). Pathway analysis showed that highly associated metabolites (P < 0.05) were enriched in fatty acid metabolism and bile acid biosynthesis, including acylcarnitines, triglycerides and glycerophospholipids, long-chain acyl-coenzyme As, phosphatidylcholines, and sterols. TMWAS of body weight gain confirmed changes in the same pathways. Conclusions Supplemental selenium in mice alters hepatic fatty acid and energy metabolism and causes increases in body mass. A lack of effect on hepatic selenium content suggests that signaling involves an extrahepatic mechanism.
Excited States of Small Molecules — Collisional Quenching and Photodissociation

In the early days of quantum chemistry research, major emphasis was placed on method development and calculations were performed on physical systems more to evaluate calculational methods than to gain new insight into these systems. The field has now matured to the point where present-day methods are capable of providing reliable information for systems of experimental interest, including those where large numbers of excited states are involved. Predicting the cross sections and products of photodissociation requires knowledge of large numbers of excited state potential curves or surfaces, particularly repulsive potential curves that are not easily studied spectroscopically. Also, theoretical study of collisions between excited species requires information about excited state potential curves. Calculations of excited state potential curves discussed in this paper support the assertion that current quantum chemistry techniques are now providing physical insight for systems of interest.
A New Science Gateway to Provide Decision Support on Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a promising technology for mitigating climate change, and its implementation is considered critical to meeting threshold targets for global warming in the 21st century. We have developed a new science gateway application for the successful modeling software known as SimCCS that is used for evaluating complex, integrated CCS infrastructure. Using the Apache Airavata middleware and high-performance computing resources made available by the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment, we built the SimCCS Gateway to expand the tool's scalability for decision support and risk assessment. Case studies developed for evaluating a proposed CCS technology at Duke Energy's Gibson Station coal-fired power plant in southwest Indiana demonstrate its improved ability in data analysis as well as risk assessment at various uncertainty levels. Further work is continuing to expand the functionality of both web and desktop clients, and to develop an active user group community in research and industry via the SimCCS Gateway interface.
Counselor preferences of female high school students in the state of Illinois.

Abstract This investigation studied, through the use of a questionnaire, the counselor preferences of female high school students in the state of Illinois (N=460). It was determined that students select the people they would consult for help with their personal-social-emotional problems on the basis of certain personality traits rather than on that person's educational training in the area of guidance and counseling. The students' first choice of a person to consult for help with occupational-educational concerns and school concerns was the professional school counselor. However, for problems concerning morality, health, and physical development, home and family relationships, and relationships with members of the opposite sex, the students chose a school-age friend as their preferred consultant. Parents were the first choice of the person to consult for help with problems concerning the student herself and her interactions with others. Contrary to previous research, the physical education teacher was not...
Kane, Balaguer, Libertarianism, and Luck

In his event-causal libertarian theory of free will, Robert Kane maintains that in the moments leading up to an undetermined free choice the agent engages in competing efforts of will and he regards this as crucial in establishing agent control over and responsibility for such undetermined free choices. In contrast, Mark Balaguer puts forward an event-causal theory of undetermined free choice in which such competing efforts of will are not a required element. In a recent published exchange between these two, Kane has made the argument that without including the dual efforts as an essential component of undetermined free choice Balaguer’s view falls prey to a certain version of the luck argument. Balaguer has argued that (1) his position is immune to such a luck argument and (2) if it is not immune to it, then Kane’s view suffers from the same problem. In this paper the author explains the nature of their different views as well as the nature of this recent debate in which they’ve engaged. He shows that despite Balaguer’s attempt at rebutting Kane’s arguments he fails to offer adequate defense of points (1) and (2).