cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defect tolerant sorting networks for WSI implementation

To overcome the yield problem in WSI, it is necessary to include redundancy and use more regular architectures for implementation. The authors present a novel hierarchical fault tolerant sorting network which satisfies both application requirements and area-time complexity constraints. It is very regular in structure and hence more easily reconfigurable than any existing sorting network with the same time complexity. Redundancy is provided at each level of the hierarchy. Hierarchical reconfiguration is implemented by replacing the faulty cells with spare cells at the lowest level first, and go to the next higher level to perform reconfiguration if there is not enough redundancy at the current level. In addition to defect tolerance after fabrication, these redundant cells can also be used for single error correction at run time. >
Automatic Compensation for Parser Figure-of-Merit Flaws

Best-first chart parsing utilises a figure of merit (FOM) to efficiently guide a parse by first attending to those edges judged better. In the past it has usually been static; this paper will show that with some extra information, a parser can compensate for FOM flaws which otherwise slow it down. Our results are faster than the prior best by a factor of 2.5; and the speedup is won with no significant decrease in parser accuracy.
Standard cell floorplanning within the FHDL automatic placement tool

Techniques which are being developed for the floorplanning of layouts in the Florida Hardware Design Language (FHDL) layout tool are present. These techniques show a different approach to the floorplanning of those layouts which are to contain a mixture of standard cells and macrocells. General cell placement and floorplanning are discussed. Standard cell collection, block generation, and placement optimization are discussed. >
Design and Properties of a Thin-Film, Mems-Based Magnetostrictive Magnetometer

The principles of operation of a MEMS-based magnetometer designed on the magnetoelastic effect are described. The active transduction element is a commercial (001) silicon microcantilever sputter coated with an amorphous thin film of the giant magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D [(Dy0.7Tb0.3)Fe2]. The easy axis of magnetization of the Terfenol-D film lies in the plane of the microcantilever and along the acicular direction. In addition to the magnetostrictive transducer, basic components include: (a) mechanical resonance of the coated-microcantilever through coupling to an ac magnetic field; and, (b) detection by optical beam deflection of the microcantilever motion utilizing a laser diode source and a position-sensitive detector. The sensitivity of this magnetostrictive magnetometer is currently 1 μT, which is three orders of magnitude better than a magnetometer based on a similar-sized piezoresistive cantilever.
In vitro/in vivo correlations in biopharmaceutics: scientific and regulatory implications

This paper explains the regulatory and scientific reasons for the regulatory authorities employing dissolution as a key variable for regulatory approval of batch to batch bioequivalence assurance, site of manufacture change, formulation changes, and batch size scale-up for immediate release dosage forms. It also explains the scientific and regulatory reasons why either an in vivo/in vitro correlation using USP’s Level ‘A’, ‘B’ or ‘C’, or a newly proposed ‘mapping’ approach will be required for allowing such changes for controlled-release dosage forms.
Protective effect of recombinant human erythropoietin against acute myocardial infarction in rats

AIM: To study the protective effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) on heart function and infarct size in rats with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to explore the mechanism of the protective effect. METHODS: Sixteen Wistar rats were divided randomly into 2 groups: AMI group (n=8) and treatment group (n=8). AMI models were made by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD). rhEPO was injected in treatment group (3000 IU/ kg, ip) once daily for 3 conse- cutive days (1 d before, at the start of, and 1 d after surgery) and 2 wk later (14-16 d after surgery). Transthoracic echocardiography was carried out 2 and 21 d after operation respectively. Then the rats were sacrificed. Infarct sizes were measured by TTC stain, vascular density and the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax examined by immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in baseline LV functions between AMI group and treatment group 2 d after operation. LVEF and LVDs were significantly improved in treatment group than those in AMI group on 21 d after operation. Also,the smaller infracted size [(26.0±0.9)% vs (28.1±1.5)%, P0.05], and higher capillary density[(10.4±1.5)/scope vs (6.3±0.7)/scope, P0.05] were confirmed in treatment group than those in AMI group on 21 d after operation. An up- regulation of Bcl-2 A value [(0.116±0.005) vs (0.103± 0.006), P0.05] and a down-regulation of Bax A value [ (0.125±0.010) vs (0.147± 0.014), P0.05 ] were found in treatment group as compared with those of AMI group. CONCLUSION: RHuEPO could improve rats heart function and reduce infarct size after myocardial infarction, which may be related with reducing apoptosis and stimulating angiogenesis.
Pulmonary and neutrophil responses to priming effects of platelet-activating factor in pigs.

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether platelet-activating factor (PAF) primes the porcine pulmonary response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and what effect PAF priming has on porcine neutrophil superoxide (SO) release. ANIMALS 8- to 10-week old pigs. PROCEDURES After pigs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and instrumented for standard cardiopulmonary hemodynamic measurements, they were randomly assigned to receive PAF (0.1 ng/kg of body weight/min, 0 to 2 hours) plus saline solution (2 to 6 hours), saline solution (0 to 2 hours) plus LPS (0.25 microgram/kg/h, 2 to 6 hours), or PAF plus LPS. Cardiopulmonary variables were measured throughout the study. Neutrophils were isolated from saline- or PAF-treated pigs at 0 (baseline) and 2 hours, and the effect of in vivo PAF exposure on ex vivo phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced SO release was measured. Additionally, neutrophils isolated from immune-naive pigs were primed in vitro for 10 minutes with 10 microM PAF, and PMA-induced SO release was measured. RESULTS PAF infusion significantly enhanced the increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and hypoxemia associated with LPS administration. The infusion increased ex vivo neutrophil SO release, and in vitro PAF exposure primed neutrophils for enhanced SO release that was inhibited by pretreatment of cells with indomethacin. CONCLUSIONS PAF primes the porcine pulmonary system for the response to LPS. It primes porcine neutrophils in vivo and in vitro for PMA-induced SO release, and in vitro priming is mediated by cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism. CLINICAL RELEVANCE PAF may modulate the porcine inflammatory response by acting as a priming agent, making pigs more responsive to the negative effects of bacterial LPS.
On the Dominance of Minimum-Parallelism Multiprocessor Supply

Many approaches have been proposed to enable disparate real-time software components to share a physical multiprocessor platform by giving each component the "illusion" of executing on a dedicated virtual platform. Such an illusion is supported by specifying a supply interface that indicates how computation time is made available to a component over time. A number of approaches for defining such interfaces have been proposed: so many that sifting through them all can be confusing for the practitioner. In the case of soft real-time applications, one particular proposed interface—minimum-parallelism (MP) supply—has been shown to enable the co-scheduling of different components with no utilization loss. In the case of hard real-time applications, it follows from prior work that MP supply easily dominates other choices if the simplifying assumption is made that supply is allocated on different processors using a common, synchronized allocation period. The main contribution of this paper is to show that the dominance of MP supply is retained if this simplifying assumption is removed, provided the period of allocation is defined properly. This result suggests that MP supply should be the focus in future work on real-time multiprocessor virtualization.
A Study of the Impact of Disability Studies on the Perceptions of Education Professionals

Scholars in the field of Disability Studies (DS) have asserted that introducing future and current educators to the field of DS may impact their perceptions of disability and their practices in supporting students with disabilities. However, little empirical research exists on how introduction to DS actually shifts their perspectives. This study examined the impact of Disability Studies online modules on the perceptions of education professionals. Results of this study suggested that participating in online modules and learning about Disability Studies did impact the ways in which some participants viewed disability, as well as their views on supporting students. These findings suggest that online DS learning modules could be a powerful tool in preparing education professionals to work with students with disabilities.
Tobacco Product Use Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents

OBJECTIVES: Sexual minority youth face health disparities and a high risk of substance abuse. This study sought to fully characterize the disparity of tobacco use and risk factors in this high-risk subpopulation. METHODS: Using data from the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, the current use of various tobacco products (cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, cigars, and e-cigarettes) was compared according to sex and distinct sexual identities (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and unsure). Heterosexual/straight adolescents served as the control group. RESULTS: Of 14 703 respondents, 88.8% were heterosexual/straight, 2.0% were lesbian or gay, 6.0% were bisexual, and 3.2% were unsure about their sexual identity. Sexual minorities had a higher prevalence of tobacco product use than their heterosexual/straight counterparts. Sex had a significant effect on the disparities of tobacco use. Lesbian and bisexual girls had higher odds of reporting current use of any tobacco product, cigarettes, cigars, and e-cigarettes than did straight girls, whereas sexual minority boys had similar smoking behaviors compared with straight boys. Substance use, including marijuana use, drinking, and binge drinking, was significantly associated with any tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco use differs among subgroups of sexual minority youth, with lesbians and bisexual girls having a higher prevalence of tobacco use than their straight peers. Heterogeneity of tobacco use across distinct sexual identity groups underscores the need to develop evidence-based tobacco control strategies for sexual minority youth.
Records and descriptions of Anisops Spinola, 1840 from Namibia and South Africa (Hemiptra: Notonectidae)

The Namibian and South African representatives of the notonectid genus Anisops Spinola, 1840 are dealt with. Two new species, A. arnoldi (Namibia) and A. londti (South Africa), are descriptionbed and a key for the separation of all 23 species is presented.
Field theories and fluids for an interacting dark sector

We consider the relationship between fluid models of an interacting dark sector and the field theoretical models that underlie such descriptions. This question is particularly important in light of suggestions that such interactions may help alleviate a number of current tensions between different cosmological datasets. We construct consistent field theory models for an interacting dark sector that behave exactly like the coupled fluid ones, even at the level of linear perturbations, and can be trusted deep in the nonlinear regime. As a specific example, we focus on the case of a Dirac, Born-Infeld (DBI) field conformally coupled to a quintessence field. We show that the fluid linear regime breaks before the field gradients become large; this means that the field theory is valid inside a large region of the fluid nonlinear regime.
ALD synthesis of platinum nanoparticles on single-crystal SrTiO3 pretreated with wet chemical etching

Abstract Formic acid-hydrogen peroxide and buffered hydrogen fluoride-hydrogen peroxide solutions were used to etch single-crystal strontium titanate to remove carbon contamination and increase hydroxyl group density to improve atomic layer deposition onto these materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that both are effective for carbon contamination removal. However, for increasing hydroxyl group density on the strontium titanate surface, the buffered hydrogen fluoride-hydrogen peroxide is more effective. Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoemission show enhanced platinum deposition on the etched strontium titanate surface. These results provide the basis for optimizing atomic layer deposition for other technologically relevant materials.
The Lady Tasting Tea

This short case describes a famous experiment conducted by Sir Ronald A. Fisher and colleagues to test Dr. B. Muriel Bristol's claim that she could tell "only by tasting" whether milk or tea was poured first into her cup. Using hypothesis testing, students must answer the question of how many correct picks the lady tasting tea (LTT) must make in order to "prove" her claim. This case will become an "exercise" when such an option exists--mainly for pricing purposes. In the meantime, it will be internal use only. Excerpt UVA-QA-0771 Aug. 31, 2011 The Lady Tasting Tea The photo to the right is of R. A. Fisher (1890–1962), who was one of the founders of modern statistics. In 1919, Fisher had begun working at Rothamsted Experimental Station, an agricultural research institution in England. The following is an account of what has become a famous event in the history of the development of statistics: Already, quite soon after [Fisher] had come to Rothamsted, his presence had transformed one commonplace tea time to [a] historic event. It happened one afternoon when he drew a cup of tea from the urn and offered it to the lady beside him, Dr. B. Muriel Bristol, an algologist [one who studies algae]. She declined it, stating that she preferred a cup into which the milk had been poured first. "Nonsense," returned Fisher, smiling, "Surely it makes no difference." But she maintained, with emphasis, that of course it did. From just behind, a voice suggested, "Let's test her." It was William Roach, who was not long afterward to marry Miss Bristol. Immediately, they embarked on the preliminaries of the experiment, Roach assisting with the cups and exulting that Miss Bristol divined correctly more than enough of those cups into which tea had been poured first to prove her case. Miss Bristol's personal triumph was never recorded, and perhaps Fisher was not satisfied at that moment with the extempore experimental procedure. One can be sure, however, that even as he conceived and carried out the experiment beside the trestle table, and the onlookers, no doubt, took sides as to its outcome, he was thinking through the questions it raised: How many cups should be used in the test? Should they be paired? In what order should the cups be presented? What should be done about chance variations in the temperature, sweetness, and so on? What conclusion could be drawn from a perfect score or from one with one or more errors? This event is also discussed in chapter 1 of the book The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century. For the purposes of our discussion, assume the experiment will consist of 10 pairs of cups (each pair comprising one cup with milk poured before tea and the other with tea poured before milk) for which Dr. B. Muriel Bristol, the algologist, will be asked to determine whether milk or tea was poured first. . . .
Seventeen-Year Visit

Pierre comes to the pediatric clinic by himself for a physical examination for his working papers. Pierre weighs 68.8 kg (151.75 pounds) and stands 176.8 cm (69.5 in.), placing him in the 50th percentile. His BMI is 22, which is in the 52nd percentile. His blood pressure is 118/67. His tanner stage is: 4. He is planning to be a driver to deliver pizza for a local store. His parents came from Quebec to Rochester before Pierre was born for his father’s job teaching engineering at the university there. The family speaks French at home. Pierre likes to be independent and wants this job to save up for college. Pierre is concerned because he has no idea what he wants to study in college and he is worried about fitting into the social scene at college.
Shattering the Glass Ceiling: Female Entrepreneurs in Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

In this study, we leverage network theory to examine the social position of female entrepreneurs in a municipal entrepreneurial ecosystem. Using respondent-driven sampling procedures we collected r...
Anesthesia for the Ballistic Casualty

For the ballistic trauma casualty, the intraoperative period is critical. The anesthetic care received in this period can be the difference between life and death – between complication and recovery. This chapter provides practical recommendations to deliver effective anesthesia care to these challenging patients.
Perfusion of the Male Rat Reproductive Tract: A Model for the Study of Androgen Secretion and Action

The feasibility of perfusion of the testis has been established by the development and characterization of methods for the testes of dogs, rabbits, rams and boars (1–3). However, these methods require considerable technical expertise to cannulate the internal spermatic artery and to establish adequate perfusion without a long period of ischemia. Although a method for short term perfusion of rat testes has been reported (4), a critical evaluation of such a system has not been undertaken previously. A technique for perfusion of the male rat reproductive tract would allow performance of replicate experiments under defined conditions in a species in which the knowledge of reproductive physiology is extensive.
Process and Tool Monitoring

Process control, an important element in the success of any manufacturing operation, is especially critical for the complex processes in semiconductor manufacturing. This chapter discusses what should be done in the early phases of process development to have an optimum, manufacturable process. It then describes the process control techniques currently practiced and new methods being incorporated in tools for in situ measurement and control. It is essential that engineers develop process controls during the early development phases of each technology. Cost-effective manufacturing mandates that these controls be imbedded in the process design as the development-to-manufacturing cycle is compressed. Process control requires identification of significant process parameters, and the correlation of each of these to critical product design specifications. One must ensure that the design of the product and process are as insensitive to material variations as possible. Having designed a robust product, one must have control of the process to minimize variability within the process limits as needed for maximum productivity.
Urinary Protein Patterns Predict Survival in Primary Systemic Amyloidosis (AL)

Serum creatinine level was measured in 153 patients with primary systemic amyloidosis (AL). The median survival of patients with a serum creatinine ≤1.3 mg/dL and >1.3 mg/dL was 25.6 and 14.9 months, respectively (P = 0.007). Patients with a monoclonal lambda light chain in the urine had an inferior survival compared to those with kappa light chain or no monoclonal protein in the urine. The survivals were 12 months, 30 months, and 35 months, respectively (P = 0.01). The total protein excretion had no bearing on survival. Patients with lambda monoclonal protein in the urine excreted 4.56 g of protein per day. Patients with no monoclonal protein and a urinary kappa monoclonal protein excreted 0.52 g/day and 1.09 g/day, respectively. The loss of monoclonal lambda protein in the urine did not result in a higher serum creatinine level. A monoclonal protein was detected in the urine of three-fourths of the patients. The urinary kappa-to-lambda ratio was 1:2.5, but for those patients with nephrotic range proteinuria, the ratio was 1:4.7, suggesting that patients with lambda monoclonal protein in the urine are more likely to have amyloid nephrotic syndrome than patients with no monoclonal protein or kappa monoclonal protein in the urine.
Evaluation of Dual-Zone Loading over Uniform Loading for Shipping Spent Nuclear Fuel

Current fuel assembly designs can achieve burnups that exceed the design burnups for many shipping casks. A proposed solutionfor this situation is regionalized loading, which involves administratively separating the fuel basket of a shipping cask into two or more regions and loading fuel with different burnup, cooling times, and enrichments into each region. The analysis evaluated how regionalized loading affected spent-fuel shipments. Fuel having a range of burnups and a shipping cask were used in the analysis. The SCALE5 control module SAS2 was used to develop the radiological source terms, and MCNP5 was used to calculate the dose rates associated with the different loading patterns. The analysis indicated that the use of dual-zone loading patterns violated the principles of as-low-as-reasonably-achievable radiation levels. However, the analysis also showed that dual-zone loading patterns reduced the dose rates associated with shipping high-burnup fuel and reduced the time required to ship the fuel. Further analyses were performed to see if a compromise existed.
Situating 'Thinking Like a Lawyer' within Legal Pedagogy

The articles explores the nature of the term "thinking like a lawyer" by developing the pedagogical assumptions packed into that phrase by legal educators. I conclude that "thinking like a lawyer" is an ontological concept that is designed to introduce law students to the profession by indoctrinating them into the basic professional and lived experiences of others in the domain.
SDN Testbed for Evaluation of Large Exo-Atmospheric EMP Attacks

Large-scale nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attacks and natural disasters can cause extensive network failures across wide geographic regions. Although operational networks are designed to handle most single or dual faults, recent efforts have also focused on more capable multi-failure disaster recovery schemes. Concurrently, advances in software-defined networking (SDN) technologies have delivered highly-adaptable frameworks for implementing new and improved service provisioning and recovery paradigms in real-world settings. Hence this study leverages these new innovations to develop a robust disaster recovery (counter-EMP) framework for large backbone networks. Detailed findings from an experimental testbed study are also presented.
Transtracheal Needle Ventilation

For detailed descriptions of the anatomy of the adult larynx and trachea, please refer to surgical anatomy in Chapter 3: Open Tracheostomy and Chapter 4: Cricothyroidotomy. There are anatomical differences between the adult and pediatric airway that merit emphasis. In children less than 10–12 years of age the airway is small and the cartilaginous prominences can be subtle on palpation. Some anatomical features in children, such as larger tongue/mouth ratio, smaller pharynx, larger floppy epiglottis, anterior vocal cords/larynx, narrower cricoid cartilage, and softer tracheal rings, make endotracheal intubation more difficult than in adults. In older children and adolescents, the laryngeal prominence at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage is easily felt, with the cricothyroid membrane palpated immediately inferior to the thyroid cartilage. In infants and younger children, the laryngeal prominence is not developed, and the thyroid cartilage is not easily identified. A better method to identify the cricothyroid membrane is to begin at the tracheal rings and palpate superiorly to locate the prominence of the cricoid cartilage. The cricothyroid membrane resides superiorly. If the cricothyroid membrane cannot be identified, percutaneous transtracheal needle ventilation (TTNV) can be safely performed by inserting the needle between the tracheal rings.
REMARKS ON THE PROBLEM OF SCOPE IN IP

In these remarks, given as the keynote talk at the University of Washington conference on The Art and Science of the IP Deal, I discuss the relationship between the scope of IP rights and potential IP transactions, with particular focus on the context of design. I emphasize the impact of disparate claiming methodologies used by different IP regimes and the ways our legal system struggles to determine and enforce the scope of a party’s rights.
Military Teleconsultation Services Facilitate Prompt Recognition and Treatment of a Case of Syphilitic Uveitis Aboard a United States Navy Aircraft Carrier at Sea During Combat Operations Without Evacuation Capability.

Background: In the United States Armed Forces, telemedicine can bring specialist care into the field, augmenting the capabilities of health care providers in remote, austere environments to nearly ...
Dynamic Range Considerations for Modern Digital Array Radars

Dynamic range (DR) is generally defined as the ratio between the largest and smallest identifiable signals in a radar and is often quoted as a critical metric when referring to the performance of a radar system. However, the definition of DR can vary widely depending on the context; there are a large number of cited DR definitions in the literature, many of which differ only very slightly. In the increasingly crowded wireless spectrum of today's world, a more complete definition of DR, specifically for digital phased arrays, is needed for clarity and consistency. This paper reviews several useful DR definitions and evaluates their overall ability to accurately define radar performance in light of impairments that occur, especially in recently developed digital arrays. Additionally, while digital arrays can experience DR improvements on the order of 10 $\text{log}_{10}(N)$ , where $N$ is the number of transceivers, this improvement has been shown to be limited by the correlation of spurious products. Methods for removing these spurs and decorrelating any remaining nonlinear distortion are briefly mentioned to highlight their effect on the overall system DR. Ultimately, the goal of this paper is to take a system-level approach to evaluating the DR of modern digital array radar systems that leverage recent advancements in digital signal processing techniques.
Making a Difference: Developing Actionable Knowledge for Practice and Theory:

There is a widely acknowledged gap between academic research and practice. While the field of organizational studies and development has had an impact on management practice in some organizations, ...
Evidence of torpor in the tusks of Lystrosaurus from the Early Triassic of Antarctica.

Antarctica has hosted a wide range of ecosystems over the past 500-million years. Early in the Mesozoic, the Antarctic portion of southern Pangaea had a more habitable climate, but its position within the polar circle imposed extreme photoperiod seasonality on its resident flora and fauna. It remains unclear to what degree physiological adaptations underpinned the ability of tetrapods to establish the terrestrial communities captured in the fossil record. Here we use regular and stressful growth marks preserved in the dentine of ever-growing tusks of the Early Triassic mammalian predecessor, Lystrosaurus, to test for adaptations specific to this polar inhabitant. We find evidence of prolonged stress indicative of torpor when compared to tusk samples from non-polar populations of Lystrosaurus. These preliminary findings are to our knowledge the oldest instance of torpor yet reported in the fossil record and demonstrate unexpected physiological flexibility in Lystrosaurus that may have contributed its survivorship through the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Whitney and Sidor examine the growth marks on Lystrosaurus tusks from the Early Triassic, and demonstrate evidence of torpor in polar specimens. These preliminary findings give insight into physiological adaptations that could have aided in survival and recovery from the Permo-Triassic mass extinction.
Infant Mortality Associated With Prenatal Opioid Exposure

Importance Knowledge of health outcomes among opioid-exposed infants is limited, particularly for those not diagnosed with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). Objectives To describe infant mortality among opioid-exposed infants and identify how mortality risk differs in opioid-exposed infants with and without a diagnosis of NOWS compared with infants without opioid exposure. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study of maternal-infant dyads was conducted, linking health care claims with vital records for births from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2014, with follow-up of infants until age 1 year (through 2015). Maternal-infant dyads were included if the infant was born in Texas at 22 to 43 weeks’ gestational age to a woman aged 15 to 44 years insured by Texas Medicaid. Data analysis was performed from May 2019 to October 2020. Exposure The primary exposure was prenatal opioid exposure, with infants stratified by the presence or absence of a diagnosis of NOWS during the birth hospitalization. Main Outcomes and Measures Risk of infant mortality (death at age Results Among 1 129 032 maternal-infant dyads, 7207 had prenatal opioid exposure, including 4238 diagnosed with NOWS (mean [SD] birth weight, 2851 [624] g) and 2969 not diagnosed with NOWS (mean [SD] birth weight, 2971 [639] g). Infant mortality was 20 per 1000 live births for opioid-exposed infants not diagnosed with NOWS, 11 per 1000 live births for infants with NOWS, and 6 per 1000 live births in the reference group (P Conclusions and Relevance In this study, opioid-exposed infants appeared to be at increased risk of mortality, and the treatments and supports provided to those diagnosed with NOWS may be protective. Interventions to support opioid-exposed maternal-infant dyads are warranted, regardless of the perceived severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal.
Syndesmosis Repair Affects in Vivo Distal Interosseous Tibiofibular Ligament Elongation Under Static Loads and During Dynamic Activities.

BACKGROUND Ligamentous ankle injuries are the most common injuries sustained by athletes and by the general population, with an incidence of approximately 2 million per year in the U.S. Injuries to the ankle syndesmosis (i.e., "high ankle sprains") are generally treated operatively. Although cadaveric studies can evaluate syndesmosis fixation strength, they cannot predict how healing, neuromuscular adaptation, or dynamic loading will affect in vivo biomechanics. Using dynamic biplane radiography (DBR), we tested the hypothesis that syndesmosis repair would restore ankle kinematics and ligament elongation during static and dynamic loading. METHODS A convenience sample of 6 male patients who had undergone fixation (2 screw, 3 suspensory, 1 hybrid) of syndesmosis injury were assessed with use of DBR during forward running, backpedaling, a 45° angled single-leg hop, and 1 static standing trial at 2 to 4.5 years postoperatively. Three-dimensional ankle kinematics and elongation of the distal interosseous ligament, anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, and the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament were measured bilaterally. Comparisons were made between the operative and uninjured sides. Clinical outcomes were evaluated with use of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure. RESULTS Static load increased the lengths of the distal interosseous ligament (p = 0.02 to 0.05) and middle segment of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (p = 0.02) in the operative ankle. The distal syndesmosis length was greater on the operative side during the static unloaded and loaded conditions (p = 0.02). Length of the distal syndesmosis on the operative side was greater than the corresponding healthy syndesmosis length during all 3 dynamic activities. On average, the operative ankle was in less dorsiflexion over the support phase of the angled hop (p = 0.05) and running (p < 0.01). The average Foot and Ankle Ability Measure Activities of Daily Living and Sports subscale scores were 95 and 88, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first in vivo evidence of post-fixation changes in biomechanics after syndesmosis repair. Syndesmosis repair fails to restore healthy static and dynamic distal tibiofibular anatomy, even in patients who report good to excellent clinical outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Examining the EU Safe Harbor Decision and Impacts for Transatlantic Data Flows

"The [2015] decision of the European Court is also a reminder that US law needs to be updated. American consumers today confront skyrocketing identity theft, data breaches, and financial fraud. All of the polls point to broad-based support, within the United States, for updating privacy safeguards. The United States should take four steps to update domestic privacy law: (1) enact the Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights, (2) Modernize the Privacy Act, (3) establish an independent data protection agency, and (4) ratify the International Privacy Convention. This is the strategy that enables transborder data flows to continue and protects the interests of US consumers and US businesses. The United States should not update its privacy law because of a judgment of the European Court. The United States should update its privacy law because it is long overdue, because it is widely supported, and because the ongoing failure to modernize our privacy law is imposing an enormous cost on American consumers."
Marek’s Disease Virus Telomeric Integration Profiles of Neoplastic Host Tissues Reveal Unbiased Chromosomal Selection and Loss of Cellular Diversity during Tumorigenesis

The avian α-herpesvirus known as Marek’s disease virus (MDV) linearly integrates its genomic DNA into host telomeres during infection. The resulting disease, Marek’s disease (MD), is characterized by virally-induced lymphomas with high mortality. The temporal dynamics of MDV-positive (MDV+) transformed cells and expansion of MD lymphomas remain targets for further understanding. It also remains to be determined whether specific host chromosomal sites of MDV telomere integration confer an advantage to MDV-transformed cells during tumorigenesis. We applied MDV-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (MDV FISH) to investigate virus-host cytogenomic interactions within and among a total of 37 gonad lymphomas and neoplastic splenic samples in birds infected with virulent MDV. We also determined single-cell, chromosome-specific MDV integration profiles within and among transformed tissue samples, including multiple samples from the same bird. Most mitotically-dividing cells within neoplastic samples had the cytogenomic phenotype of ‘MDV telomere-integrated only’, and tissue-specific, temporal changes in phenotype frequencies were detected. Transformed cell populations composing gonad lymphomas exhibited significantly lower diversity, in terms of heterogeneity of MDV integration profiles, at the latest stages of tumorigenesis (>50 days post-infection (dpi)). We further report high interindividual and lower intraindividual variation in MDV integration profiles of lymphoma cells. There was no evidence of integration hotspots into a specific host chromosome(s). Collectively, our data suggests that very few transformed MDV+ T cell populations present earlier in MDV-induced lymphomas (32–50 dpi), survive, and expand to become the dominant clonal population in more advanced MD lymphomas (51–62 dpi) and establish metastatic lymphomas.
THE AERODYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE 1986 EUROPEAN FORD TRANSIT

The paper presents an overview of the aerodynamic development of a medium-size commercial vehicle. It deals with the setting out and achievement of the objectives of reducing aerodynamic drag as well as other aspects of aerodynamic design development such as engine cooling, heating and ventilating, and sensitivity to side Winds. Referance is made to measures taken to develop heater intake designs which are suitable for a low-resistance vehicle with a fast attached flow over most of the forward surfaces. For the covering abstract see IRRD 819832.
Facebooking in Distance Education: Constructing Virtual Communities of Practice

The growth of distance education warrants a closer look at how virtual communities of practice form in asynchronous online classrooms. Prior studies have sought to identify a process to virtual community formation, which may vary depending upon the media used for collaboration. This microstudy examines how one student group in a distance writing course used the popular social media site Facebook to construct community and whether the stages of virtual community development were observed in this setting. Findings suggest that revisions might be made to our current understanding of the process of building virtual community within small groups. "Othering" and social norming should be considered as an important step in the group's progress toward a co-identity and knowledge-sharing community. The construction of social norms is so important to group co-identity that it transgresses the established norms of communicating through Facebook. Further, the use of a social media site for group communication may encourage social interaction and cyber-play among the group, to either the detriment of work-related discourse or benefit of friendship-making. Further, the process of virtual community formation is largely iterative where the quality of discourse depends on the nature of group tasks rather than time.
Webview: a distributed geographical image retrieval system

With the increasing number of geographical image databases on the Internet, it is a very important issue to know about the most relevant image databases for given user queries, in order to achieve high efficiency in retrieving the images. To address this problem, we have developed a novel system, Webview, which intelligently ranks the distributed geographical image databases based on their visual content. Our system summarizes the visual content of each database in a metadatabase, which is a collection of automatically generated image templates and statistical metadata. With the metadatabase, our system can guide the user queries toward the most relevant image databases in a distributed environment.
The evolving global agri-food system and African–Eurasian food flows

Agriculture, long a backwater development topic, erupted onto the global stage in 2007–2008 when food riots broke out across globe. The ways in which governments responded (by blocking grain exports, intensifying domestic food production with new technologies, and exploring new sources of food in other countries) exposed and reinforced a longer-term trend of deepening connections between the food economies of Eurasia and Africa. These ties are deeply synergistic, involving back and forth flows of food and agriculture-related commodities, inputs, investment capital, and ideas. This paper surveys the geographic literature on two inter-related themes: the global food crisis and the New Green Revolution, with a particular focus on Asian–African connections. It highlights the way in which this research has been evolving over time and the contributions of the geographic lens relative to other disciplinary perspectives. While most of the paper is constructed as a critical review of the literature, the section on...
A Unity of Science, Especially Among Physicists, Is Urgently Needed to End Medicine's Lethal Misdirection

We have all read that: (1) organized medicine was laughing at the germ theory and refused to wash its hands in the late 1800's while women died of childbed fever and other patients of wound sepsis (scientists in general, including physicists, were among those who died); and (2) during the 1900's, and still today, organized medicine is laughing at the essential nutrient theory. We now hear the medical quality assurance boards enforce MANY MISTAKEN VIEWS and DO NOT recognize that: "xenobiotics can't be substituted for essential nutrients; ascorbic acid is NOT a vitamin and hence, is needed in multi-gram (not minute amounts) for optimum health; there is great harm in a diet deriving half its calories from refined carbohydrates as is common in the US today; dietary correction is possible at a stage when surgery is contemplated for a cardiac patient; mercury dental fillings and even the high-copper variety most widely used are extremely unsafe;" etc. The purpose of this manuscript is to elicit coordinated collective effort of physicists, other scientists and the Union of Concerned Scientists to educate the public and end this tyranny of organized medicine whose methods are reported to cause much M&M (over a million unnecessary US deaths at a cost of many billion dollars annually). The biochemistry of these errors would be trivial to understand for physicists and other scientists (who are all still going innocently to slaughter among those dying needlessly, even today).
Posttransplant CD30+ (Ki-1) Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma

Abstract Posttransplant CD30+ (Ki-1) anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is rare. A review of the literature revealed only 3 such cases. All 3 cases were developed after single-organ transplantation. We describe CD30+ (Ki-1) ALCL in a dual-organ (liver and heart) transplantation recipient. The patient was a 68-year-old white female who underwent an orthotopic heart transplantation in 1999 and a liver transplantation in 2000. She presented with nausea and was found to have CD30+ (Ki-1) ALCL by pathologic examination of the gastric antrum biopsy specimen. To our knowledge, this patient represents the first reported case of posttransplant CD30+ ALCL following a dual-organ transplantation.
Adaptive estimation control strategies for non-linear multiple equations of environmental systems

The paper is concerned with the problem of designing optimal control strategies for precise parameter estimation in the context of non‐linear multiple equations of environmental models with changing coefficients. Since the computation of the optimal closed‐loop policy is highly nontrivial exercise in stochastic control, open‐loop feedback (OLF) sequential procedures for handling non‐linear restrictions on model parameters implied by the structural form are suggested and the combination of Kalman filtering and design control strategies feature a market improvement in the behavior of estimates over the open‐loop (OL) formulation. The active identification experimental control problem considered in this paper can also be treated as an indirect adaptive control problem. The synthesis of the experimental design control for parameter estimation and of a passively adaptive control law (such as the cautious control law) will avoid solution to a more difficult dual control problem.
New Directions for Starch and Glucose Research

Enzymes have become a prime commercial tool for modification of starch and glucose. Today we see enzymes used to convert starch to glucose and again to convert glucose to a mixture of glucose and fructose, invert sugar in the terminology of cane and beet sugar manufacturers. We will expect to see greater use of enzymes to modify starch granules to produce a new way of dextrinization of starch. Enzymes may also be used to modify starch molecules to increase the degree of branching producing new properties among which can be those giving solutions of low viscosity, but high solids contents. Starch or glucose derivatives can also be sources of sugar for derivatizing protein to produce glycoproteins a potential new class of water soluble gums or food additives. Low caloric sweetners are possibly by more extensive modification of glucose similar to thio-glucose or sugar sweetner attached to nondigestible polysaccharides such as cellulose. Isomerization of glucose to fructose can provide crystalline fructose which may find wider use in special diet foods. Appropriate derivatization of starch could produce polymers compatible with pure synthetic plastics in which they could act to modify and improve plastic properties.
Systematic Review of the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Anorexia and Weight Loss

Purpose We systematically assessed the efficacy and safety of appetite stimulants in the management of cancer-related anorexia. Literature databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of appetite stimulants in the treatment of cancer anorexia. Materials and Methods Studies were graded according to quality. Fifty-five studies met inclusion criteria. Results Only two drugs have evidence to support their use for anorexia (progestins and corticosteroids). There is strong evidence against the use of hydrazine sulfate. The outcomes of these trials have been mixed and patient population heterogeneous. Conclusion The optimal dose, time to start, and duration of treatment for many appetite stimulants for cancer anorexia is still unknown. A more systematic approach to research methodology with universal outcome measure and prospective randomized studies are needed. Combination regimens are needed but this cannot at the present time be supported by the data presented.
ON THE GLOBAL STABILIZATION OF n th-ORDER REACTIONS

It is shown that n th-order reactions (n ≥ 0) are globally stabilized by employing a reference model controller.
HIGH LEVELS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE MERCANTILIST ERA

This article draws attention to the high levels of unemployment in the mercantilist era, a parallel to conditions in the less developed countries at the present time. Understandably, distinguished economists of the twentieth century, writing before the publication of Keynes’ General Theory, tended to underestimate this problem. Actual causes of the high levels of unemployment are examined, including the fluctuating impacts of merchant entrepreneurs, agricultural revolutions, political unrest, and warfare, as well as nutritional deficiencies, which contributed directly to unemployment.
Feeding Preterm Infants Schedule or Demand

Weight gain, length of hospitalization, and feeding behaviors were compared for preterm infants who were fed on demand (n = 15) with preterm infants who were fed on a schedule (n = 14). Weight gain and hospital stays were similar for both groups, and self-regulated feeding was found to be safe for physiologically stable infants. Benefits related to feeding behaviors included longer rest periods between interventions and the opportunity for infants to demonstrate hunger cues. The study findings indicate that feeding on demand may enhance contingency interactions between parents and their preterm infants.