cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remembering computer command names: Effects of subject generation versus experimenter imposition

Two experiments analyzed the effectiveness of goal statements in aiding recall of self-generated as opposed to experimenter-imposed command names. Subjects were presented with a series of before-after pairs representing the computer states before and after a command was executed. In Experiment 1, during study, one group of subjects generated a command name in response to each pair; a second group generated a goal statement describing the goal to be accomplished in addition to generating a command name. During recall, half of each group was required to recall the name, whereas the other half was required to describe the goal before attempting to recall the name. In Experiment 2, during study, command names (and goals for those subjects in the goal condition) were imposed by the experimenter rather than generated by the subject. Subjects who generated goals and names recalled more command names than did those who generated only names or who received imposed goals and/or names. Generation of an appropriate goal at study improved encoding by helping subjects to select more appropriate command names; generation of an appropriate goal at test improved retrieval for appropriate names only, presumably by activating a relevant subset of names. Even in the relatively simple task of naming and remembering command names, having an appropriate model of the domain through the use of specific goal statements substantially improved performance.
Are major risk factors for myocardial infarction the major predictors of degree of coronary artery disease in men

Abstract Although numerous cross-sectional studies have reported associations of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, smoking, and/or obesity with the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD), correlations of these risk factors for myocardial infarction (MI) with the degree or progression of CAD have been less consistent. Nevertheless, these risk factors are generally assumed to be major determinants not only of MI, but of the degree of CAD as well. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the relationship of major risk factors for MI to degree of CAD. From 182 men who underwent diagnostic coronary arteriography, the 154 with CAD were selected for study. These 154 patients were divided into 2 groups, those with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, smoking, and/or obesity (n = 121) and those with none of these risk factors (n = 33). The mean degree of CAD in the group with risk factors for MI (44.4%) and in the group without (50.6%) was not significantly different ( P = .15); nor was the increase in CAD with age augmented by the presence of these risk factors. On multiple regression analysis, none of these risk factors was associated with degree of CAD. Three other variables that were considered in this study, age, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and free testosterone (FT), did show an independent association with degree of CAD. These findings, together with the findings of previous studies from other laboratories, raise the possibility that in men selected for coronary arteriography, age, HDL-C, and FT may be stronger predictors of degree of CAD than are blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, and body mass index (BMI).
The effect of 6-nitro-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran as a partial estrogen in the female rat uterus

Administration of 6-nitro-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran (6-NCDF) caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in uterine wet weight and cytosolic and nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) levels in immature female Sprague-Dawley rats. These estrogenic effects persisted for up to 96 or 144 hr after initial administration of 6-NCDF and could be observed at a dose as low as 2 μmol/kg. In contrast, 6-NCDF (25 μmol/kg) did not increase rat uterine peroxidase activity or epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor binding activity. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which exhibits a broad spectrum of antiestrogenic effects in the female rat uterus, inhibited the 17β-estradiol-induced increase in uterine wet weights, cytosolic and nuclear ER and PR levels, peroxidase activity, and EGF receptor binding activity. In contrast, 2,3,7,8-TCDD inhibited the uterotropic effects caused by 6-NCDF but did not affect the 6-NCDF-induced uterine ER and PR levels. 6-NCDF is a weak inducer of hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity and competitively binds to the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor but not the PR or ER. Thus both 6-NCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDD, two ligands which bind to the Ah receptor, exhibit both partial estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties and serve as useful models for delineating the complex biochemical interactions between the ER and Ah receptor signal transduction pathways.
Interactive visual analysis of time-series microarray data

Estimating dynamic regulatory pathways using DNA microarray time-series can provide invaluable information about the dynamic interactions among genes and result in new methods of rational drug design. Even though several purely computational methods have been introduced for DNA pathway analysis, most of these techniques do not provide a fully interactive method to explore and analyze these dynamic interactions in detail, which is necessary to obtain a full understanding. In this paper, we present a unified modeling and visual approach focusing on visual analysis of gene regulatory pathways over time. As a preliminary step in analyzing the gene interactions, the method applies two different techniques, a clustering algorithm and an auto regressive (AR) model. This approach provides a successful prediction of the dynamic pathways involved in the biological process under study. At this level, these pure computational techniques lack the transparency required for analysis and understanding of the gene interactions. To overcome the limitations, we have designed a visual analysis method that applies several visualization techniques, including pixel-based gene representation, animation, and multi-dimensional scaling (MDS), in a new way. This visual analysis framework allows the user to quickly and thoroughly search for and find the dynamic interactions among genes, highlight interesting gene information, show the detailed annotations of the selected genes, compare regulatory behaviors for different genes, and support gene sequence analysis for the interesting genes. In order to enhance these analysis capabilities, several methods are enabled, providing a simple graph display, a pixel-based gene visualization technique, and a relation-displaying technique among gene expressions and gene regulatory pathways.
Organizing From Diversity in the Name of Community: Lessons From the Disability Civil Rights Movement

The recent passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act and other pieces of legislation affecting the disability community and other civil rights communities suggests a level of cohesion within the disability movement that blurs the reality and the power of the tensions which did and do exist. Examining the struggles to maintain an effective, cohesive entity provides an opportunity to explore the complexity of the disability movement as well as lessons for policy and program planning and for community organizing.
Substance Use, Confrontation of Impaired Colleagues, and Psychological Functioning among Counseling Psychologists: A National Survey

Three hundred and ninety-three members of APA Division 17 (Counseling Psychology) completed a survey examining their past and current substance use, identification and confrontation of impaired psychologists, life satisfaction, work stress, and psychological distress. Respondents indicated favorable perceptions of their personal and professional satisfaction, low to moderate work stress, and minimal psychological distress. Overall, reported current levels of alcohol use were modest and use of other substances was low, although approximately 10% reported having been confronted for their substance abuse in the past. Forty-three percent of respondents reported knowledge of a male psychologist's and 28% reported knowledge of a female psychologist's current alcohol use problem; however, results suggested a general disinclination to confront impaired colleagues. The need to reconcile ethical obligations with the practical realities of confronting impaired psychologists is addressed.
Calcidiol and PTH Levels in Women Attending an Osteoporosis Program

We performed a retrospective study of 237 patients attending a specialty osteoporosis practice. Secondary causes for reduced bone mineral density (BMD) were evaluated in 196 postmenopausal women and 41 premenopausal women; mean age was 56 ± 13.8 years (mean ± SD). BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (QDR 1000W/2000 Hologic). Levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcidiol [25(OH)D], thyroid-stimulating hormone, and 24-hour urinary calcium were measured, and serum and urine protein (SPEP and UPEP) electrophoresis were performed. Overall, 16% of our patients had 25(OH)D levels 65 pg/ml, upper normal limit of assay) were present in 11.5%, and hyperthyroidism in 4%. A 25(OH)D level of <25 ng/ml in women (n = 86) with no known secondary causes of low BMD was associated with an iPTH level above 49 pg/ml. The measurement of 25(OH)D levels is recommended in the evaluation of secondary causes for reduced BMD. Supplementation with vitamin D appears needed to keep 25(OH)D above 25 ng/ml, the level required to prevent increments in iPTH levels.
Total dietary fat and omega-3 fatty acids have modest effects on urinary sex hormones in postmenopausal women.

Background: Total fat and omega-3 fatty acids in the diet may affect breast cancer risk by altering estrogen metabolism. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of differing total fat and omega-3 fatty acid content of diets on a panel of urinary estrogens and metabolites. Findings: A controlled, cross-over feeding trial was conducted in postmenopausal women using three test diets: high fat diet (HF; 40% energy from fat), low fat diet (LF; 20% of energy from fat) and low fat, high omega-3 diet (LFn3; 23% energy from fat; 3% omega-3 fatty acids) for 8 week periods. Urinary hormone concentrations for 16 women were compared among diets using a linear mixed model, and within diet comparisons were made using paired t-tests. Urinary excretion of estrone was greater after the LF and LFn3 compared to the HF (P = 0.004). Estrone excretion was increased from baseline within the LF only (P = 0.02). Total estrone + estradiol + estriol increased from baseline with LF (P = 0.02) and was greater than the other two diets at 8 weeks (P = 0.03). There were no effects on estrogen metabolites, including the 2-hydroxy estrone:16α-hydroxy estrone ratio. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that urinary sex hormone metabolism was modestly altered in postmenopausal women by a low fat dietary intervention.
Histone function in transcription.

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Quantum structures in Zn-Se-Te system containing submonolayer quantities of Te

In this paper we show that a multilayer Zn-Se-Te system, grown by molecular beam epitaxy in such a way as to contain sub-monolayer quantities of Te (so-called delta-doped ZnSe:Te), exhibits optical properties consistent with the presence of quantum size centers. We present results of excitation intensity and temperature dependent cw photoluminescence (PL) as well as time-resolved PL measurements that explicitly show that the ensemble of type-II quantum islands is formed in this system. Specifically, for the 2.46–2.51 eV PL we show that (1) its maximum shifts as a cube root of excitation intensity; (2) its fullwidth-at-half-maximum decreases with the temperature while its maximum undergoes a red shift in the temperature interval where the integrated PL intensity stays approximately constant; (3) the PL decay is non-exponential at high excitation intensities and a single exponential decay at low excitation intensities; (4) the PL life-time initially increases with temperature from of 86 ns at T = 15 K to 143 ns at T = 115 K before deceasing due to non-radiative processes.
Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy

Abstract Healing events after nonsurgical periodontal therapy in patients with periodontal pockets 4–7 mm deep were investigated. Incisors, cuspids and premolars in 15 patients were treated by plaque control and supra- and subgingival debridement using hand or ultrasonic instruments in a split mouth approach. The results were evaluated by recordings of plaque scores, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depths and probing attachment levels. All these parameters were improved during the initial 4–5 months after start of therapy. Little change occurred during the rest of the 13-month observation period. No difference of results could be observed comparing hand and ultrasonic instrumentation or comparing the results of two different operators. Initially a total of 106 sites demonstrated probing pocket depths ≥ 6 mm. At 13 months only 13 such sites were observed. The apparently successful results of conservative treatment of patients with 4–7 mm deep pockets in the present study raise the question to what extent nonsurgical therapy is feasible also in patients with severely advanced lesions.
A comparison of mapped estimates of long-term runoff in the northeast United States

Abstract We evaluated the relative accuracy of four methods of producing maps of long-term runoff for part of the northeast United States: MAN, a manual procedure that incorporates expert opinion in contour placement; RPRIS, an automated procedure based on water balance considerations; PnET-II, a physiologically based model of carbon/water balance in forests; and MAPSS (Mapped Atmosphere-Plant Soil System), a rule/process-based vegetation distribution/water balance model. Our goal was to confirm the accuracy of the modeling and mapping procedures, and to see if any improvements to the models and methods might be suggested. In our analyses, we compared contour maps derived from the four methods both qualitatively (visual inspection) and quantitatively (raster overlay and uncertainty analysis). The manual and automated (RPRIS) methods gave the best results. Our analyses suggest that methods directly integrating gaged runoff data (i.e. MAN and RPRIS) provide the best results under current climatic conditions. For predicting runoff under altered conditions, e.g. climate change, the existing models studied here (i.e. PnET-II and MAPSS) hold significant promise.
From Cardiovascular Disease to Cardiovascular Health: A Quiet Revolution?

The thesis of this essay is that the longstanding emphasis on cardiovascular disease (CVD) has at last yielded to a mounting force behind cardiovascular health (CVH), manifest in adoption by the American Heart Association (AHA) of its 2020 Impact Goal: “By 2020, to improve the CVH of all Americans by 20% while reducing deaths from CVDs and stroke by 20%.”1 It is proposed that this shift in focus from CVD to CVH is nothing short of a revolution—whether only internal to AHA or much farther reaching—is a point to be pondered. Three questions are posed: (1) Seeds of the revolution—where did it come from? A focus on health, in priority over disease, can be traced over a long history. The recent quantum change can be attributed to several precipitating factors; (2) Signs of change—when did it happen? Increasingly broader concepts of health have gained currency over recent decades. It is argued that this progression culminated in 1 specific act, critical for CVH, on February 26, 2009; (3) Securing the gains—how can the revolution be sustained and its promise fulfilled? If the revolution is to have its full potential impact, multiple approaches must be intensified—primordial and remedial strategies, early in life and throughout the life course, reaching both populations and patients. It is suggested that the need is great, the opportunity is immense, and the time is now. Two points may be helpful as background to this essay. One is to note that public health revolutions have occurred previously but never before with such clear implications for CVH. The second is to highlight several nodal points in development of concepts of health, which give this postulated revolution its meaning and significance. Some of the more no table signposts along the road to revolution are highlighted in this review (Table). …
Hidden linkage: a comparison of the affected sib pair (ASP) test and transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT)

I compare the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) and affected sib pair (ASP) test under a general algebraic model describing a bi-allelic disease locus. Assuming linkage to a bi-allelic marker, I derive two binomial probabilities, one for parental allele ‘transmission’ (Pt ) which determines the magnitude of the TDT χ2 statistic (χ2tdt), and a second for identity-by-descent (ibd) marker allele ‘sharing’ (Ps) which determines the magnitude of the ASP test statistic (χ2asp). I also consider the ASP test applied to a completely polymorphic marker and demonstrate that the probability of ASP marker allele sharing (Ps) is identical to Ps observed for a bi-allelic marker in equilibrium with the disease locus. I present a general framework for determining the power of the TDT and ASP test based on expressions for Pt, Ps and the proportion (H/F) of ascertained parents who are informative at the marker. Two previous analytic investigations of TDT power based on the work of Ott (1989), and Risch & Merikangas (1996) are shown to be special cases of this general framework. In addition, I show the relationship between the framework I present and a third analytic investigation of TDT power for multi-allelic markers based on the work of Sham & Curtis (1995).
Some pioneers in plastic surgery of the facial region.

Much of this complex history comes from Europe, with contributions and advances from dentists, otolaryngologists, and general surgeons. Prior to World War I there wasnospecificplasticsurgeryspecialty.For example, Sir Harold Gillies, an otolaryngologist, learned many dental skills and techniques from Charles Auguste Valadier, a rogue French practitioner of dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. (Valadier is said to have treated most of his patients in an automotive vehicle described as a “traveling dental parlour” around 1900.) Gillies,extraordinarilyinnovative,technically superb, and politically adept, was called by some the “father of plastic surgery,” although such a descriptor probablydoesnotpayproperhomageandcredit to his many European predecessors. Gillies drew heavily from these surgeons and teachers in Britain and continental Europe,astheythemselveshadadvancedtheir own training and expertise.
MOTIONS IN A VISCOUS INORGANIC LIQUID : FERROUS ION IN COLD PHOSPHORIC ACID

The two main purposes of this work were to decide : a) are there rotational relaxation effects when diffusion becomes important above the glass transition temperature Tg ; and b) can the intensity of the MB absorption be understood in terms of glass and liquid dynamics ? We report that rotational relaxation is not seen, and that there is a rapid increase in soft modes with temperature beginning at Tg seen both by Mossbauer technique and by Raman scattering.
A Model for the Failure Process of Semicrystalline Polymer Materials under Static Fatigue

A semicrystalline polymer fiber is a composite material consisting of difficult-to-deform crystals joined by more easily deformed and more easily broken amorphous materials. The failure process begins at the atomic level in the amorphous regions where random thermal fluctuations cause, at some time, a molecule to slip relative to other molecules or to rupture at one of its atomic bonds. The frequency of such random events is greatly enhanced by small increases in stress. As molecules slip or rupture, neighboring molecules become overloaded, thus increasing their failure rates. Such molecule failures accumulate locally and give rise to growing microcracks, although the exact kinetic mechanisms are not well understood. These growing minute cracks are the irreversible changes in the microstructure of the material that ultimately lead to macroscopic failure of the fiber.
Feedbacks of Vegetation on Summertime Climate Variability over the North American Grasslands. Part I: Statistical Analysis

Abstract Feedbacks of vegetation on summertime climate variability over the North American Grasslands are analyzed using the statistical technique of Granger causality. Results indicate that normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) anomalies early in the growing season have a statistically measurable effect on precipitation and surface temperature later in summer. In particular, higher means and/or decreasing trends of NDVI anomalies tend to be followed by lower rainfall but higher temperatures during July through September. These results suggest that initially enhanced vegetation may deplete soil moisture faster than normal and thereby induce drier and warmer climate anomalies via the strong soil moisture–precipitation coupling in these regions. Consistent with this soil moisture–precipitation feedback mechanism, interactions between temperature and precipitation anomalies in this region indicate that moister and cooler conditions are also related to increases in precipitation during the preceding m...
Characterization of Cannabinoid Agonists and Apparent pA2 Analysis of Cannabinoid Antagonists in Rhesus Monkeys Discriminating Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are hypothesized to mediate the discriminative stimulus effects of cannabinoids. This study characterized a Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC; 0.1 mg/kg i.v.) discriminative stimulus and examined antagonism of cannabinoid agonists in rhesus monkeys. High levels of responding on the Δ9-THC lever were produced by cannabinoid agonists with the following rank order potency: CP 55940 [(–)- cis -3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]- trans -4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol] > Δ9-THC = WIN 55212-2 [(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3[(4-morpholinyl)methyl]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazinyl]-(1-naphthalenyl)methanone mesylate salt] > arachidonylcyclopropylamide = ( R )-methanandamide. A CB2-selective agonist, AM 1241 [( R )-3-(2-iodo-5-nitrobenzoyl)-1-(1-methyl-2-piperidinylmethyl)-1 H -indole], and noncannabinoids (cocaine, ketamine, midazolam, and morphine) did not produce high levels of Δ9-THC lever responding. The CB1-selective antagonist SR 141716A [ N -(piperidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1 H -pyrazole-3-carboxamide] surmountably antagonized the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC and CP 55940, and Schild analysis was consistent with a simple, competitive interaction (apparent p A 2 values were 6.1 and 6.7, respectively). SR 141716A surmountably antagonized WIN 55212-2; however, larger doses disrupted responding, precluding Schild analysis. The CB1-selective antagonist AM 251 surmountably antagonized Δ9-THC, CP 55940, and WIN 55212-2, and Schild analysis was consistent with a simple, competitive interaction (apparent p A 2 values were 6.3, 6.1, and 6.2, respectively). The CB2-selective antagonist SR 144528 [ N -[(1 S )- endo -1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-yl]5-(4-chloro-3-methyl-phenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide] did not modify the Δ9-THC discriminative stimulus. These results demonstrate that the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC are selective for cannabinoid activity, and the results of Schild analysis suggest that the same receptors mediate the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC, CP 55940, and WIN 55212-2. CB2 receptors do not seem to mediate the discriminative stimulus effects of cannabinoid agonists. Schild analysis has the potential for identifying receptor subtypes that mediate the in vivo effects of cannabinoid agonists.
DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: High-yield thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology: an update focused on ancillary techniques improving its accuracy

Thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is a fast growing field. One of the most developing areas is represented by molecular tests applied to cytological material. Patients that could benefit the most from these tests are those that have been diagnosed as 'indeterminate' on FNA. They could be better stratified in terms of malignancy risk and thus oriented with more confidence to the appropriate management. Taking in to consideration the need to improve and keep high the yield of thyroid FNA, professionals from various fields (i.e. molecular biologists, endocrinologists, nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists) are refining and fine-tuning their diagnostic instruments. In particular, all these developments aim at increasing the negative predictive value of FNA to improve the selection of patients for diagnostic surgery. These advances involve terminology, the application of next-generation sequencing to thyroid FNA, the use of immunocyto- and histo-chemistry, the development of new sampling techniques and the increasing use of nuclear medicine as well as molecular imaging in the management of patients with a thyroid nodule. Herein, we review the recent advances in thyroid FNA cytology that could be of interest to the 'thyroid-care' community, with particular focus on the indeterminate diagnostic category.
Historical Synthesis-Analysis of Changes in Grain Nitrogen Dynamics in Sorghum

Unraveling the complexity underpinning nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) can be physiologically approached via examining grain N sources and N internal efficiency (NIE) (yield to plant N content ratio). The main objective of this original research paper is to document and understand sorghum NUE and physiological mechanisms related to grain N dynamics. The study of different grain N sources, herein defined as the reproductive-stage shoot N remobilization (Remobilized N), reproductive-stage whole-plant N content (Reproductive N), and vegetative-stage whole-plant N content (Vegetative N), was pursued with the goal of synthesizing scientific literature for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] crop. A detailed literature review was performed and summarized on sorghum NUE (13 studies; >250 means) with three Eras, defined by the year of the study, named as Old Era (1965-1980); Transient Era (1981-2000); and New Era (2001-2014). The most remarkable outcomes from this synthesis were: (1) overall historical (1965-2014) cumulative yield gain was >0.5 Mg ha(-1) (yields >7 Mg ha(-1)); (2) NIE did not change across the same time period; (3) grain N concentration (grain %N) accounted for a large proportion (63%) of the variation in NIE; (4) NIE increased as grain %N diminished, regardless of the Eras; (5) Remobilized N was strongly (>R (2) 0.6) and positively associated with Vegetative N, presenting a unique slope across Eras; and (6) a trade-off was documented for the Remobilized N and Reproductive N (with large variation, <R (2)) relationship, suggesting complex regulation processes governing N forces. Improvements in NUE are subjected to the interplay between N supply (N from non-reproductive organs) and grain N demand, sink- (driven by grain number) and source-modulated (via restriction of grain N demand).
Effect of Plasma Marking on the Fatigue Properties of Grade 50W Steel

AbstractHigh-strength low-alloy (HSLA) weathering steels are the conventional material used for nonredundant fracture-critical members in bridge construction. Guidelines from state departments of transportation (DOTs) prevent material suppliers from scribing marks which remain on the surface of fracture-critical members when in service due to the possibility of degrading mechanical properties. Currently, any automated scribe marking, namely mechanical milling, is either cut from the end of the part, or welded over, thereby effectively removing it before service. All other markings are either manually die-stamped, or spray-painted on, which can be accidentally removed during sand blasting or shipping. Safe automated methods of scribing fracture-critical members are needed such that markings will remain throughout the production process but will not compromise the integrity over the lifetime of the part. In this study, a microstructural evaluation of 50W (or 345W) weathering steel was conducted to character...
A Correlation of Interspecific Fertility and Conidial Morphology in Species of Helminthosporium Exhibiting Bipolar Germination

Of 8124 attempted interspecific crosses between 174 isolates of 16 species of Helminthosporium exhibiting bipolar germination, 47 produced viable ascospores and 24 produced sterile asci. The 16 spe...
Conflict Resolution and Ethnic Relations

Many writers have debated the distinctions (or significant lack of them) between such terms as ethnicity, race, and nationality. Some argue that even religion or linguistic affiliation “counts.” One way to conceptualize these terms collectively is to see them as alternative though nonexclusive bases of social identity which, in different degrees of subjective salience, constitute for individuals a “basic group identity,” which in turn becomes a primary basis of group affiliation (Isaacs 1975). This entry treats all the various components of basic group identity under the general rubric of ethnicity, and relations among groups so constituted as ethnic relations. In that case, it will be noted in examining the titles of several classics in the field (Esman 1977; Smith 1981; Horowitz 1985 [2000]; Stone 1986), that ethnic relations seems inevitably to imply ethnic conflict. Following this, the focus of this entry is on different modalities of the management or resolution of ethnic conflict. Resolution is used in this entry as a cover term to refer to several different processes. Keywords: ethnic conflict; ethnicity; violence
Retroperitoneoscopic-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors.

OBJECTIVE Minimally invasive approaches to the management of renal tumors are being studied intensively in urology. Herein, we describe the use of multiple organ-sparing techniques for the management of tumors in a patient with von Hippel Lindau disease (VHL). MATERIALS AND METHODS A 42 year-old woman with VHL underwent a right partial adrenalectomy and a left renal radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of two renal tumors. RESULTS A 2.2 cm solitary right adrenal pheochromocytoma was resected using a transperitoneal approach. A retroperitoneal approach to the left kidney was performed and RFA of the two renal tumors completed using sonographic guidance. On the 5-month follow-up CT scan, there was no evidence of residual adrenal tumors and both renal lesions lacked contrast enhancement. No complications occurred during the post-operative recovery. CONCLUSIONS Multiple organ-ablative laparoscopic procedures may be performed in a single sitting. Laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy is an effective technique in patients with bilateral tumors or a familial syndrome predisposing to multiple adrenal tumors. Further study of renal RFA is required to assess the long-term durability of the procedure.
Low-dose cranial boost in high-risk adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients undergoing bone marrow transplant

Abstract Purpose Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has a predilection for CNS involvement. Patients with high-risk ALL are often managed with transplant using a radiation-based conditioning regimen. Historically, a high-dose prophylactic cranial boost (CB) of ≥12 Gy was given to reduce risk of central nervous system (CNS) recurrence. However, the use of CB has fallen out of favor because of toxicity concerns. In high-risk adults undergoing transplant at our institution, we have used a low-dose 6 Gy CB to reduce toxicity while conditioning adults with fully developed brains. The safety, efficacy, and utility of a low-dose CB in adults are poorly studied; herein, we report their outcomes and toxicity. Methods and materials We identified all high-risk ALL patients undergoing total body irradiation as part of their conditioning regimen. Those who received 6 Gy CB or no CB were included (55 total). Their charts were reviewed and statistical analyses were completed with R, version 2.15.2. Results In patients undergoing CB, 3-year CNS disease-free survival and overall survival were 94.7% and 62.7%. In those not undergoing CBs, survivals were 81.8% and 51.5%. Notably, within the CB cohort, patients without prior CNS involvement had no CNS failures. In contrast, in the non-CB cohort, there were 2 CNS failures in patients with no history of CNS involvement. In the CB cohort, the only notable acute toxicity was parotitis (2.8%). Late toxicity in the CB cohort included 1 instance of cataracts (2.8%) without any evidence of cognitive impairment or potential radiation induced secondary malignancy. Conclusions A dose of 6 Gy CB is well-tolerated in the adult ALL population as part of a radiation-based conditioning regimen. Low-dose CB may be considered in adult patients with high-risk ALL without prior CNS involvement to reduce the likelihood of recurrence.
A Carrot & Stick Intervention for Medication Adherence using Mobile Phone

Medication adherence is one of the major challenges for healthcare professionals and patients. Lack of medication adherence leads to worse medical treatment outcomes, higher hospitalization rates, and increased health care costs. For years, numerous interventions have been tried with mixed success. In this paper, we present an intervention for medication adherence based on rewards and punishment (carrot and stick). In addition to its operation, we also study the cost effectiveness of the intervention in terms of healthcare cost saving for chronic diseases. Our results show that the ROI is highest when rate of adherence is increased significantly for majority of patients for long duration or for low development cost. More work is needed in determining various thresholds and values of rewards and punishment, and testing with real patients for intervention effectiveness.
"Same-Patient Processing" for multiple cardiac SPECT studies. 1. Improving LV segmentation accuracy.

Objectives This paper describes a novel approach (same-patient processing, or SPP) aimed at improving left ventricular segmentation accuracy in patients with multiple SPECT studies, and evaluates its performance compared to conventional processing in a large population of 962 patients undergoing rest and stress electrocardiography-gated SPECT MPI, for a total of 5,772 image datasets (6 per patient).
Eric E. McCollum. (2015). Mindfulness for Therapists: Practice for the Heart

In Mindfulness for Therapists: Practice for the Heart, McCollum (2015) brings attention to the concept of mindfulness and the ways in which therapists can use this technique within their personal a...
A restorative justice approach to legalising unauthorised immigrants

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the author argues for a restorative justice approach towards regularising the status of long-term residents who entered a country without authorisation or overstayed their visas. Citizens have an interest in enforcing their immigration laws. However, the author questions the benefit of incarcerating and deporting long-term unauthorised immigrant residents who are willing to make amends for their immigration offences. Here, the author examines two possible applications of restorative justice processes as alternatives to deportation for immigration offences: victim–offender mediation where there is an individual victim who is directly harmed by an unauthorised immigrant’s use of false documents; and community reparative boards to address the more diffuse harms arising from entering and remaining in a country without authorisation. As alternatives to detention and deportation, these processes may provide unauthorised immigrants an opportunity to make amends for immigration offences and...
The Carbonic Anhydrases

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) (EC 4.2.1.1.) was first characterized in erythrocytes in 1933 directly as a result of a search by several laboratories for a catalytic factor in the erythrocytes that had been theoretically determined as necessary for rapid transit of the HCO 3 − from the erythrocyte to the pulmonary capillary. Two laboratories simultaneously published papers describing a catalytic factor. From Dr. Roughton’s laboratory at Cambridge University came a paper with an elegant title including a name for what they thought was a single enzyme (“Carbonic Anhydrase: Its Preparation and Properties”)61; from Dr. Stadie’s laboratory in Philadelphia came another paper with a less concise title (“The Catalysis of the Hydration of Carbon Dioxide and Dehydration of Carbonic Acid by the Enzyme Isolated from Red Blood Cells”; the other author was Dr. Helen O’Brien).73 Perhaps the more frequent citation of the Cambridge paper is due to the shorter title with scholarly colon as well as the confident naming of this newly discovered enzyme. The adjective “late” before the senior author’s name describes the tragically premature end of N. M. Meldrum’s life by his own hand not long after a crippling accident. Dr. Roughton remained in Cambridge until his death in 1971; he worked with many stellar white male scientists from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean (e.g., Sir Joseph Barcroft, Sir Hans Krebs, P E Scholander, Britton Chance, Quentin Gibson, Robert Forster, and J. W. Severinghaus). Dr. Roughton continued his interest in CO2 transport until his death; his life and career have been discussed and his list of publications documented by Dr. Quentin Gibson, a fellow member of the Royal Society and one-time colleague.31 Dr. Stadie continued in the field of metabolism, and by his death in the 1940s he was a noted researcher in diabetes. Dr. O’Brien also left the CA field.
User performance evaluation and real-time guidance in cloud-based physical therapy monitoring and guidance system

The effectiveness of traditional physical therapy may be limited by the sparsity of time a patient can spend with the physical therapist (PT) and the inherent difficulty of self-training given the paper/figure/video instructions provided to the patient with no way to monitor and ensure compliance with the instructions. In this paper, we propose a cloud-based physical therapy monitoring and guidance system. It is able to record the actions of the PT as he/she demonstrates a task to the patient in an offline session, and render the PT as an avatar. The patient can later train himself by following the PT avatar and getting real-time guidance on his/her device. Since the PT and user (patient) motion sequences may be misaligned due to human reaction and network delays, we propose a Gesture-Based Dynamic Time Warping algorithm that can segment the user motion sequence into gestures, and align and evaluate the gesture sub-sequences, all in real time. We develop an evaluation model to quantify user performance based on different criteria provided by the PT for a task, trained with offline subjective test data consisting of user performance and physical therapist scores. Moreover, we design three types of guidance which can be provided after each gesture based on user score, and conduct subjective tests to validate their effectiveness. Experiments with multiple subjects show that the proposed system can effectively train patients, give accurate evaluation scores, and provide real-time guidance which helps the patients learn the tasks and reach the satisfactory score with less time.
How do consumer perceptions of "local" production benefits influence their visual attention to state marketing programs?

With increasing market potential due to consumer interest in locally sourced foods, state marketing promotional campaigns are becoming increasingly popular. We quantify consumers’ perceptions of local production benefits and assess the impact of Florida's state agricultural promotional campaign on consumer preferences for and visual attention to fruit‐producing plants. A rating‐based experiment and eye tracking measures were integrated to investigate the relationship between consumers’ perceived benefits of local production, purchase likelihood, and visual attention. Local economy benefits were perceived as the most beneficial (compared to environmental or product quality benefits) with participants’ demographics influencing their perceptions of those benefits. Visual attention to the agricultural promotional campaign logo increased consumers’ purchase likelihood if they perceived locally grown plants as benefiting the local economy. The local production attribute had a positive impact even though consumers who became familiar with the visual stimulus (after repetitive exposures) spent relatively less time visually attending to the campaign logo. [EconLit citations: M3].
Improving performance of CDCL SAT solvers by automated design of variable selection heuristics

Many real-world engineering and science problems can be mapped to Boolean satisfiability problems (SAT). CDCL SAT solvers are among the most efficient solvers. Previous work showed that instances derived from a particular problem class exhibit a unique underlying structure which impacts the effectiveness of a solver's variable selection scheme. Thus, customizing the variable scoring heuristic of a solver to a particular problem class can significantly enhance the solver's performance; however, manually performing such customization is very labor intensive. This paper presents a system for automating the design of variable scoring heuristics for CDCL solvers, making it feasible to tailor solvers to arbitrary problem classes. Experimental results are provided demonstrating that this system, which evolves variable scoring heuristics using an asynchronous parallel hyper-heuristics approach employing genetic programming, has the potential to create more efficient solvers for particular problem classes.
Sb-incorporation in MBE-grown metamorphic InAsSb for long-wavelength infrared applications

InAs1-xSbx is a unique semiconductor as it possesses the lowest bandgap (Eg) of the conventional III–V materials, yielding emission out to nearly 15 μm at room temperature. As such, it is well-suited as the absorber material in long-wavelength infrared (IR) applications such as chemical sensing and large format IR imaging. However, the compositions at the longest wavelengths are significantly lattice-mismatched to conventional substrates. Overcoming this lattice-mismatch requires using thick graded buffers, and to date, little work has focused on the effect of growth conditions on the Sb-incorporation or optical quality of the longest-wavelength InAs1-xSbx materials. Here, the authors investigate the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of this potential absorber material by using solid source MBE to grow InAs1-xSbx on step-graded buffers on GaSb substrates. The authors have achieved cap-layer compositions as high as x ≈ 0.55 under various substrate temperatures (Tsub) and V/III beam equivalent pressure ra...
Can We Nudge Users Toward Better Password Management?: An Initial Study

Nudge theory has been widely used in government and health interventions for the subtlety with which it positively influences choices. But, can this gentle nudge influence users to exhibit secure online account behaviors? And further, which of the nudge types is most effective? We conducted a between-subjects experiment with five conditions, plus a control, in which participants (n = 263) experienced different types of nudges (incentives, norms, default, salience, ego) before indicating their comfort levels with an auto-generated password and intentions to create a new password. Results show the salience nudge most effectively reduced one's comfort level with keeping the auto-generated password. These preliminary findings imply nudges using multiple psychological effects could serve as important design cues, thereby making intended behaviors easy to perform.
Dietary challenges differentially affect activity and sleep/wake behavior in mus musculus: Isolating independent associations with diet/energy balance and body weight

Background and aims Associated with numerous metabolic and behavioral abnormalities, obesity is classified by metrics reliant on body weight (such as body mass index). However, overnutrition is the common cause of obesity, and may independently contribute to these obesity-related abnormalities. Here, we use dietary challenges to parse apart the relative influence of diet and/or energy balance from body weight on various metabolic and behavioral outcomes. Materials and methods Seventy male mice (mus musculus) were subjected to the diet switch feeding paradigm, generating groups with various body weights and energetic imbalances. Spontaneous activity patterns, blood metabolite levels, and unbiased gene expression of the nutrient-sensing ventral hypothalamus (using RNA-sequencing) were measured, and these metrics were compared using standardized multivariate linear regression models. Results Spontaneous activity patterns were negatively related to body weight (p<0.0001) but not diet/energy balance (p = 0.63). Both body weight and diet/energy balance predicted circulating glucose and insulin levels, while body weight alone predicted plasma leptin levels. Regarding gene expression within the ventral hypothalamus, only two genes responded to diet/energy balance (neuropeptide y [npy] and agouti-related peptide [agrp]), while others were related only to body weight. Conclusions Collectively, these results demonstrate that individual components of obesity—specifically obesogenic diets/energy imbalance and elevated body mass—can have independent effects on metabolic and behavioral outcomes. This work highlights the shortcomings of using body mass-based indices to assess metabolic health, and identifies novel associations between blood biomarkers, neural gene expression, and animal behavior following dietary challenges.
Association of Pharmaceutical Industry Marketing of Opioid Products to Physicians With Subsequent Opioid Prescribing.

This database analysis examines the extent to which pharmaceutical industry marketing of opioid products to physicians during 2014 was associated with opioid prescribing during 2015.
Why Does Interest in Government Careers Decline among Public Affairs Graduate Students

This study explores the predictors of government career preferences using a higher education socialization framework. Existing research suggests that students’ interest in government careers declin...
An ensemble feature selection method for biomarker discovery

Feature selection in Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics data (biomarker discovery) have become an important topic for machine learning researchers. High dimensionality and small sample size of LC-MS data make feature selection a challenging task. The goal of biomarker discovery is to select the few most discriminative features among a large number of irreverent ones. To improve the reliability of the discovered biomarkers, we use an ensemble-based approach. Ensemble learning can improve the accuracy of feature selection by combining multiple algorithms that have complementary information. In this paper, we propose an ensemble approach to combine the results of filter-based feature selection methods. To evaluate the proposed approach, we compared it to two commonly used methods, t-test and PLS-DA, using a real data set.