cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microcystin distribution in physical size class separations of natural plankton communities

Abstract Phytoplankton communities in 30 northern Missouri and Iowa lakes were physically separated into 5 size classes (>100 μm, 53–100 μm, 35–53 μm, 10–35 μm, 1–10 μm) during 15–21 August 2004 to determine the distribution of microcystin (MC) in size fractionated lake samples and assess how net collections influence estimates of MC concentration. MC was detected in whole water (total) from 83% of lakes sampled, and total MC values ranged from 0.1–7.0 μg/L (mean = 0.8 μg/L). On average, MC in the >100 μm size class comprised ~40% of total MC, while other individual size classes contributed 9–20% to total MC. MC values decreased with size class and were significantly greater in the >100 μm size class (mean = 0.5 μg/L) than the 35–53 μm (mean = 0.1 μg/L), 10–35 μm (mean = 0.0 μg/L), and 1–10 μm (mean = 0.0 μg/L) size classes (p < 0.01). MC values in nets with 100-μm, 53-μm, 35-μm, and 10-μm mesh were cumulatively summed to simulate the potential bias of measuring MC with various size plankton nets. On aver...
Mutual Influence in Psychodynamic Supervision

This article examines three hypotheses: (1) supervisory process is reciprocal, (2) supervisors as well as supervisees benefit, and (3) supervisors and supervisees benefit personally as well as professionally. The article begins with a comparison of three relationally oriented approaches to the “teach-or-treat” controversy and continues by briefly summarizing the psychoanalytic literature on mutual transformation. Two case summaries illustrate mutual change: the first describes how supervising an MSW student early in my career affected my professional and personal development, whereas the second illustrates bidirectional supervisory action in case consultations with an experienced therapist.
MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF COYOTE FECES IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Abstract Coyotes (Canis latrans) are common in urban areas throughout North America. However, their urban diets have been studied rarely, possibly because tools to discriminate coyote feces (i.e., scats) from those of domestic dogs have not been available. We used molecular techniques to discriminate between scats from coyotes and domestic dogs. Our objective was to assess field accuracy in identifying coyote scat from dog scat. We collected and analyzed 34 scats (classified as coyote scat) via DNA analysis to determine whether they were deposited by coyotes. Ten scats classified in the field as coyote were from domestic dogs. We could not distinguish between coyote and dog scats in Tucson simply by observing scats. The role that available food items play in feeding strategies of coyotes needs to be examined thoroughly to fully understand their ecology and relationships to dogs and humans in urban areas. DNA analysis used for scat identification provides a mechanism to distinguish canid scats.
Mapping atrial fibrillation. Uncertainty despite resolution.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects more than six million people in the U.S. alone. It has been estimated to cause nearly 40% of all strokes in patients older than 70 years of age [(1)][1]. Billions of health care dollars are spent each year on the care of patients with this arrhythmia and its sequalae
Herding During the Stock Market Bubble: An Intraday Analysis

This paper tests for the presence of herding on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). We measure the degree of herding from 1998-2001, the “bubble” period and its collapse. We estimate the incidence of herding by applying a test of serial independence in the observed interarrival times of trades. Our first and the most important finding is that the NYSE appears to function efficiently for the most part. However, the market does show some evidence of systemic herding. Second, the herding tends to be confined to larger stocks. Third, we find a weak negative relationship between dispersion of opinion among investors and herding measures. A noteworthy aspect of the analysis is that the data is analyzed using two different herding tests, and the results of the tests are compared using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for repeated tests of independence.
Efficacy of Commonly Used Disinfectants for the Inactivation of Calicivirus on Strawberry, Lettuce, and a Food-Contact Surface

Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) are important causes of foodborne gastroenteritis in restaurant-related outbreaks. Efficacy of common disinfection methods against these viruses on food-contact surfaces and fresh produce is not known partially because of their nonculturability. Seven commercial disinfectants for food-contact surfaces and three sanitizers for fruits and vegetables were tested against cultivable feline calicivirus (FCV). Disks of stainless steel, strawberry, and lettuce were contaminated with known amounts of FCV. The disinfectants were applied at one, two, and four times the manufacturer's recommended concentrations for contact times of 1 and 10 min. The action of disinfectant was stopped by dilution, and the number of surviving FCVs was determined by titration in cell cultures. An agent was considered effective if it reduced the virus titer by at least 3 log10 from an initial level of 10(7) 50% tissue culture infective dose. None of the disinfectants was effective when used at the manufacturer's recommended concentration for 10 min. Phenolic compounds, when used at two to four times the recommended concentration, completely inactivated FCV on contact surfaces. A combination of quaternary ammonium compound and sodium carbonate was effective on contact surfaces at twice the recommended concentration. Rinsing of produce with water alone reduced virus titer by 2 log10. On artificially contaminated strawberry and lettuce, peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide was the only effective formulation when used at four times the manufacturers' recommended concentration for 10 min. These findings suggest that FCV and perhaps NLVs are very resistant to commercial disinfectants. However, phenolic compounds at two to four times their recommended concentrations appear to be effective at decontaminating environmental surfaces and may help control foodborne outbreaks of calicivirus in restaurants.
Hillslope response to insect‐induced land‐cover change: an integrated model of end‐member mixing

Current understanding of streamflow composition in mountain watersheds is often limited by inherent uncertainties and collection limitations in field data and assumptions associated with modelling techniques. Additional complexity arises in catchments experiencing land-cover change. Here, a hillslope model with fully integrated processes from the subsurface through the canopy is combined with Lagrangian particle tracking through the surface and subsurface domains to understand changes in flow paths and source waters with insect-induced tree death. This approach explicitly simulates end-member mixing by tracking parcels of water tagged as rain, snow, and pre-simulation (‘old’) groundwater and provides a method of separating outflows from these sources. Model simulations identify increases in subsurface water availability resulting from transpiration loss and altered canopy processes that increase throughfall and land-surface energy. Combined with changes in snowmelt timing, the shallower depth to saturation associated with tree death results in increased old groundwater contributions to streamflow. This shift in the source of outflow is consistent with prior field analysis of changing streamflow contributions with tree mortality from widespread insect infestation in the Rocky Mountains of North America. Model results also highlight mixing of old water and new precipitation within the groundwater end-member. Mixed hillslope outflows indicate that combinations of topography and precipitation can drive a range of signatures in groundwater inputs over meaningful time periods. Ultimately, this work and analysis of field observations provide insight into hillslope hydrologic processes and can serve as a platform for more complex simulations of land-cover perturbations to streamflow source partitioning. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer and Programming Basics

As AutoCAD users we sit at a computer for several hours every day. To have a common frame of reference when learning what AutoLISP can do for us, we should have at least a cursory knowledge of the various hardware components of a computer system. There are also a number of concepts and terms that are useful to know when talking about computers. An understanding of these will facilitate your study of AutoLISP.
Preoperative Partial Breast Radiation Therapy: Short-term Imaging Outcomes With Two Unique Treatment Regimens

Preoperative Partial Breast Radiation Therapy: Short-term Imaging Outcomes With Two Unique Treatment Regimens J.K. Horton, J.A. Baker, R. Blitzblau, G.S. Georgiade, E.S. Hwang, E.A. Duffy, M. Morgan, S.J. Feigenberg, W. Citron, S. Kesmodel, E. Bellavance, C. Drogula, K. Tkaczuk, J. Galandak, and E.M. Nichols; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
HISTOCHEMICAL AND LIPID STUDIES ON HUMAN CHOROID PLEXUS.

SummarySome histochemical features of human choroid plexus are described and the lipid pattern of chloroform:methanol extracts of choroid plexus are compared with CSF. Two phosphoinositides were demonstrated in both specimens, and although cardiolipin is present in choroid plexus it is plasmalogen negative.
Method for Random Sampling Insect Populations

A computer program was written in Microsoft BASIC to efficiently generate random coordinates for sampling insect populations in large field studies. Written for extension and research personnel, it requires no programming knowledge and is intended to be flexible enough to use with any field crop. This program generates a user-defined number of random sampling coordinates, within specified upper and lower limits, and arranges them so that the coordinate nearest to the most recently sampled point is sampled next (next nearest order). A field verification study confirmed that this program increased sampling efficiency more than 7-fold over that of nonordered random sampling.
Voltage and current unbalance compensation using a static var compensator

A three-phase insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based static var compensator (STATCOM) is used for voltage and/or current unbalance compensation. An instantaneous power theory is adopted for real-time calculation and control. Three control schemes - current control, voltage control and integrated control - are proposed to compensate the unbalance of current, voltage or both. The compensation results of the different control schemes in unbalance cases (load current unbalance or voltage unbalance) are compared and analysed. The simulation and experimental results show that the control schemes can compensate the unbalance in load current or in the voltage source. Different compensation objectives can be achieved, that is, balanced and unity power factor source current, balanced and regulated voltage or both, by choosing appropriate control schemes.
Tropical climate chaos

The climate in the eastern part of the tropical Pacific Ocean – off the coast of Mexico, Central America and as far south as Chile – fluctuates irregularly between warm and rainy "El Nino" and cold, dry "La Nina" conditions. El Nino occurs approximately every three years and has a global effect on the atmosphere – it is associated with failure of the monsoons over India, droughts over southern Africa, the western tropical Pacific and parts of Australia, and unusual weather patterns over northern and southern America. The oscillation in the climatic state corresponds to a natural mode of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system, but reasons for the irregularity, and hence limited predict–ability, of El Nino are uncertain.
Nicotine-induced and D1-receptor-dependent dendritic remodeling in a subset of dorsolateral striatum medium spiny neurons

Nicotine is one of the most addictive substances known, targeting multiple memory systems, including the ventral and dorsal striatum. One form of neuroplasticity commonly associated with nicotine is dendrite remodeling. Nicotine-induced dendritic remodeling of ventral striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) is well-documented. Whether MSN dendrites in the dorsal striatum undergo a similar pattern of nicotine-induced structural remodeling is unknown. A morphometric analysis of Golgi-stained MSNs in rat revealed a natural asymmetry in dendritic morphology across the mediolateral axis, with larger, more complex MSNs found in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). Chronic nicotine produced a lasting (at least 21day) expansion in the dendritic complexity of MSNs in the DLS, but not dorsomedial striatum (DMS). Given prior evidence that MSN subtypes can be distinguished based on dendritic morphology, MSNs were segregated into morphological subpopulations based on the number of primary dendrites. Analysis of these subpopulations revealed that DLS MSNs with more primary dendrites were selectively remodeled by chronic nicotine exposure and remodeling was specific to the distal-most portions of the dendritic arbor. Co-administration of the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) antagonist SCH23390 completely reversed the selective effects of nicotine on DLS MSN dendrite morphology, supporting a causal role for dopamine signaling at D1 receptors in nicotine-induced dendrite restructuring. Considering the functional importance of the DLS in shaping and expressing habitual behavior, these data support a model in which nicotine induces persistent and selective changes in the circuit connectivity of the DLS that may promote and sustain addiction-related behavior.
Sovereignty, Law, and Finance: Evidence from American Indian Reservations

In 1953, Congress supplanted the tribal civil law on some American-Indian reservations with the civil law of the US state in which they are located. In the vein of cross-national literature on law and finance, I demonstrate that Congress's action reduced external financial actors' uncertainty over the enforcement of contracts on some reservations. Using novel data on 20,000 home loans to tribal members guaranteed by a US Housing and Urban Development program (1996–2013), I find a causal effect at the individual level: mortgage holders governed by US state civil law pay consistently lower interest rates. Thus, externally imposed law generates long-term benefits for tribal members. Nonetheless, qualitative extensions suggest that neither the presence nor the magnitude of the effect offsets many tribes' prioritization of their sovereignty, rather than the individual-level economic benefits that can result from compromising it.
Nematode parasites of Chrysomelidae

Representatives of three groups of nematodes naturally parasitize Chrysomelidae; the Mermithidae of the order Mermithida in the class Adenophorca. the Allantonematidae in the order Tylenchida of the class Secernentea and the Steinernematidac and Hetcrorhabditidac of the order Rhabditida in the class Secernentea. Each one of these three groups possesses a distinct life cycle and host parasite relationship which will be covered below. Because of their conspicuous size, members of the family Mermithidae appear to be the first recorded nematode parasites of Chrysomelidae. The earliest of such reports was made by Holten in 1797 when he described Filaria chrysomelae from Agelastica alni in Denmark. Since the description was insufficient, the above name will have to remain ’species inquirenda’. In the 18th century, many mermithids were placed in the collective genus Filaria which has no nomenclatorial status at present. The first discussion of nematode-chrysomelid associations was presented in 1950 by Jolivet and Theodorides. who treated all helminth parasites including hairworms or members of the Phylum Nematomorpha. Superficially, hairworms often resemble mermithids however the former are not nematodes and will not be covered in the present work. Some of the early reports of chrysomelid parasites are difficult to interpret because of this similarity between mermithids and nematomorphs.
Feasibility of Automated Mobility Assessment of Older Adults via an Instrumented Cane

This study explored the feasibility of automated characterization of functional mobility via an Instrumented Cane System (ICS) within an older adult sample of cane users. An off-the-shelf offset cane was instrumented with inertial, force, and ultrasound sensors for noninvasive data collection. Eighteen patients from a neurological out-patient rehabilitation clinic and nine independently mobile controls participated in standard clinical evaluations of mobility using the ICS while under the care of an attending physical therapist. Feasibility of the ICS was gauged through two studies. The first demonstrated the capability of the ICS to reliably collect meaningful usage metrics, and the second provided preliminary support for the discriminability of high and low falls risk from system-reported metrics. Specifically, the cane significantly differentiated patients and controls ( p partial r = 0.61, p < 0.01). These findings may ultimately serve to complement and even extend current clinical assessment practices.
Incorporating real-time acoustic ranging and glider-based Doppler measurements to aid vehicle navigation

In the summer of 2017, two Seagliders equipped with low frequency acoustic recorders and 1 MHz acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) were deployed in the Canada Basin as part of a large-scale acoustic tomography experiment. Acoustic tomography sources were moored at approximately 175 m depth within an acoustic duct enabling acoustic transmission to be received at long ranges. The sources transmitted at a center frequency of approximately 250 Hz every four hours, and ranges between the sources and Seaglider were estimated in real time using a WHOI MicroModem. These ranges can be incorporated into an extended Kalman filter for navigation. In addition, glider-mounted upward-looking ADCPs recorded ~26.5 m shear profiles every 15 seconds. These overlapping profiles can be used to estimate (in post-processing) both the local current profile on a per-dive basis and the glider's relative velocity through the water. In real time, the close-range ADCP velocity measurements can be used to estimate the glider's relative (Through The Water, TTW) velocity to improve the glider's subsea position estimate. We will describe our recent developments in using these Doppler measurements to aid glider navigation, comparing the results to previous developments in range-aided navigation.In the summer of 2017, two Seagliders equipped with low frequency acoustic recorders and 1 MHz acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) were deployed in the Canada Basin as part of a large-scale acoustic tomography experiment. Acoustic tomography sources were moored at approximately 175 m depth within an acoustic duct enabling acoustic transmission to be received at long ranges. The sources transmitted at a center frequency of approximately 250 Hz every four hours, and ranges between the sources and Seaglider were estimated in real time using a WHOI MicroModem. These ranges can be incorporated into an extended Kalman filter for navigation. In addition, glider-mounted upward-looking ADCPs recorded ~26.5 m shear profiles every 15 seconds. These overlapping profiles can be used to estimate (in post-processing) both the local current profile on a per-dive basis and the glider's relative velocity through the water. In real time, the close-range ADCP velocity measurements can be used to estimate the glider's ...
Antimicrobial stewardship impact on Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptibility to meropenem at a tertiary pediatric institution.

An antimicrobial stewardship program was implemented throughout 2012 at a tertiary pediatric institution with guideline development preceding prospective audit and feedback starting in 2013. Meropenem use decreased over 62% during the next 5 years. Non-cystic fibrosis Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate susceptibility to meropenem increased from 89% in 2011 to 98% in 2017 (P
Measuring and compensating for ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration

It is well known that the eye's optics and media introduce monochromatic and chromatic aberration unique to each individual. Once monochromatic aberrations are removed with adaptive optics (AO), longitudinal chromatic aberrations (LCA) define the fidelity for multi-wavelength, high-resolution vision testing and retinal imaging. AO vision simulation systems and AO scanning laser ophthalmoscopes (AOSLOs) typically use the average population LCA to compensate for focus offsets between different wavelengths precluding fine, individualized control. The eye's LCA has been characterized extensively using either subjective (visual perception) or objective (imaging) methods. Classically, these have faced inconsistencies due to extraneous factors related to depth of focus, monochromatic aberration, and wavelength-dependent light interactions with retinal tissue. Here, we introduce a filter-based Badal LCA compensator that offers the flexibility to tune LCA for each individual eye and demonstrate its feasibility for vision testing and imaging using multiple wavelengths simultaneously. Incorporating the LCA compensator in an AOSLO allowed the first objective measurements of LCA based on confocal, multi-wavelength foveal cone images and its comparison to measures obtained subjectively. The objective LCA thus obtained was consistent with subjective estimates in the same individuals and hence resolves the prior discrepancies between them. Overall, the described approach will benefit applications in retinal imaging and vision testing where the focus of multiple wavelengths needs to be controlled independently and simultaneously.
Rheological and chemical characteristics of asphalt binders recycled using different recycling agents

Abstract The incorporation of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in the construction of new asphalt pavement is limited due to issues with the short-term and long-term performance of pavement. To enhance the aged binder properties, recycling agents (RAs) are added to RAP mixtures. There are different RAs available, and they impact the asphalt binder properties differently, resulting in various aging rates of recycled asphalt. Therefore, in this study, the rheological and chemical characteristics of 100% recycled asphalt binder using different RAs were investigated using Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy – Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR). The Rolling Thin-Film Oven (RTFO) and Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) were used to simulate the short-term and long-term aging of asphalt binder, respectively. The long-term aging of the binder was simulated by aging asphalt binder with two PAV cycles. This study aims to identify the proper RA for the recycling of binders according to the aging rate, and the short- and long-term performance of recycled asphalt binder. The results show that the recycled binders with a specific RA that have the minimum initial concentration of sulfoxide and carbonyl could provide better performance in compared to recycled binders with other RAs. This result can be used to predict the long-term performance of recycled asphalt, in addition to identifying the proper RA in the recycling process of asphalt pavement.
Focal Chondral and Subchondral Bone Lesions of the Knee: Current Evidence for the Use of Biologic Treatment

Abstract Focal chondral and subchondral injuries of the knee are increasingly recognized and treated pathologies. Many operative approaches to these injuries have been established, including both reparative and reconstructive procedures. More recently, biologic approaches such as platelet rich plasma, bone marrow aspirate concentrate, and stem cells have been studied as potential adjuncts following joint preserving procedures. However, outcomes of biologic injections are mixed and evolving, which may partially be due to the underappreciated role of the subchondral bone in regulating the physiologic response of cartilage to stresses. The current review provides a comprehensive synopsis of the current literature with regards to the use of intra-articular biologics following cartilage preservation surgery as well as the use of biologics in treating subchondral and bone marrow lesions.
Fringe Benefits and Chinese Import Competition

While many studies have quantified the impact of Chinese import competition on U.S. wages, to my knowledge this is the first study to also estimate the effect on fringe benefits. This is important because in the United States, fringe benefits are now more than 30% of compensation. I first argue that if trade affects the share of benefits in compensation, focusing on wages and ignoring fringe benefits may give us misleading estimates of the effect of trade on workers' total compensation. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I track the subsequent outcomes of workers who were working in manufacturing in 1996. Similar to Autor et al. (2014), I find that exposure to Chinese competition negatively affects wage income. As to fringe benefits, the effect on participation in a defined benefit retirement plan and the availability of vacation days is negative and significant. The effects on other benefits are usually negative but imprecisely estimated. The effect on the overall dollar value of benefits is negative and significant. However, in percentage terms, the effect on benefits is smaller than the effect on wages. This suggests that, in percentage terms, the impact of Chinese import competition on overall compensation is less severe than the one found in Autor et al. (2014) for wages.
Detection of chromosome aberration and lymphocytes subsets of the population around a nuclear power plant

Objective To study the effect of the long-term operation of a nuclear power plant (NPP) on population health,and to collect the health related data of the population around (NPP).Methods Four research areas,named 0-10 km area,10-20 km area,20-30 km area and control area,were set up interms of the distance from the nuclear power plant.Human blood samples were collected to detect chromosome aberration and lymphocytes subsets.Results The rates of cells with chromosome aberration at 0-10 km area,10-20 km area,20-30 km area and control area were 0.157％,0.167％,0.070％ and 0.111％,respectively.The differences of rates in the four areas were not statistically significant.The percentages of T lymphocytes,helper T lymphocytes,suppressor T lymphocytes,B lymphocytes and natural killer lymphocytes were all normal.The difference of percentages among 0-10 km area,10-20 km area,20-30 km area were not statistically significant.Conclusions In the operational condition,less significant impact is caused to the population around nuclear power plant. Key words: Nuclear power plant; Chromosome aberration; Lymphocytes subsets
Exploring the process of strategic planning in emergency management

This study examined the strategic planning practices of county-level emergency management agencies (EMAs) throughout the USA, with a focus on the strategic planning process. A theoretical framework was developed by reviewing the literature on public sector strategic planning and identifying the features that characterise 'high quality' strategic planning. The analysis revealed that success in using strategic planning in the public sector depended on the inclusion of key planning components, the availability of advanced planning capabilities, strong planning process leadership, broad planning process participation, and post-strategic planning integration and implementation. Using this framework, the study found considerable variation in the underlying structure and characteristics of the strategic planning processes used by county-level EMAs. The data revealed that while many county-level EMAs attempted to undertake and fully execute most, if not all, of the components of strategic planning, they often struggled with inadequate planning capabilities, leadership, participation, and post-planning integration and implementation.
GOLDIE: Harmonization and Orchestration Towards a Global Directory for IoT

To scale the Internet of Things (IoT) beyond a single home or enterprise, we need an effective mechanism to manage the growth of data, facilitate resource discovery and name resolution, encourage data sharing, and foster cross-domain services. To address these needs, we propose a GlObaL Directory for Internet of Everything (GOLDIE). GOLDIE is a hierarchical location-based IoT directory architecture featuring diverse user-oriented modules and federated identity management. IoT-specific features include discoverability, aggregation and geospatial queries, and support for global access. We implement and evaluate the prototype on a Raspberry Pi and Intel mini servers. We show that a global implementation of GOLDIE could decrease service access latency by 87% compared to a centralized-server solution.
Data-driven reaction coordinate discovery in overdamped and non-conservative systems: application to optical matter structural isomerization

Optical matter (OM) systems consist of (nano-)particle constituents in solution that can self-organize into ordered arrays that are bound by electrodynamic interactions. They also manifest non-conservative forces, and the motions of the nano-particles are overdamped; i.e., they exhibit diffusive trajectories. We propose a data-driven approach based on principal components analysis (PCA) to determine the collective modes of non-conservative overdamped systems, such as OM structures, and harmonic linear discriminant analysis (HLDA) of time trajectories to estimate the reaction coordinate for structural transitions. We demonstrate the approach via electrodynamics-Langevin dynamics simulations of six electrodynamically-bound nanoparticles in an incident laser beam. The reaction coordinate we discover is in excellent accord with a rigorous committor analysis, and the identified mechanism for structural isomerization is in very good agreement with the experimental observations. The PCA-HLDA approach to data-driven discovery of reaction coordinates can aid in understanding and eventually controlling non-conservative and overdamped systems including optical and active matter systems. Optical matter consisting of nanoparticle constituents in solution is of key interest due to the exhibited self-assembling mechanisms. The authors propose a principal components analysis based data-driven approach to determine the collective modes of colloidal clusters mimicking optical binding used in colloidal self-assembly.
Knowledge About Risks, Benefits, and Curative Potential of Immunotherapy Among Patients with Advanced Cancer

Background Immunotherapy is the first-line treatment for melanoma and lung cancer and brings new risks of immune-related adverse events. We aimed to describe patients' knowledge about risks, benefits, and goals of immunotherapy. Materials and methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with advanced melanoma or non-small cell lung cancer that used a 9-item knowledge survey and questions from the Prognosis and Treatment Perceptions Questionnaire. Results We surveyed 105 participants (57 with melanoma, 48 with lung cancer) with median age 69 years (range 36-89). Participants' responses revealed knowledge deficits about immunotherapy mechanism of action and lack of awareness about the timing and severity of side effects. One third (34%; 36/105) of participants reported that the primary goal of their treatment is to cure their cancer. Conclusion Given the widespread use of immunotherapy, patients would benefit from educational tools so that they know what to expect regarding side effects and prognosis.
Intrusion detection in internet of things using supervised machine learning based on application and transport layer features using UNSW-NB15 data-set

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are well-connected; they generate and consume data which involves transmission of data back and forth among various devices. Ensuring security of the data is a critical challenge as far as IoT is concerned. Since IoT devices are inherently low-power and do not require a lot of compute power, a Network Intrusion Detection System is typically employed to detect and remove malicious packets from entering the network. In the same context, we propose feature clusters in terms of Flow, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) by using features in UNSW-NB15 data-set. We eliminate problems like over-fitting, curse of dimensionality and imbalance in the data-set. We apply supervised Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, i.e., Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine and Artificial Neural Networks on the clusters. Using RF, we, respectively, achieve 98.67% and 97.37% of accuracy in binary and multi-class classification. In clusters based techniques, we achieved 96.96%, 91.4% and 97.54% of classification accuracy by using RF on Flow & MQTT features, TCP features and top features from both clusters. Moreover, we show that the proposed feature clusters provide higher accuracy and requires lesser training time as compared to other state-of-the-art supervised ML-based approaches.
INNOVATION IN VERTICALLY RELATED MARKETS

We examine the impact of vertical industry structure on upstream process innovation. We find that vertical integration (VI) generally enhances innovation under downstream Cournot competition, but can diminish innovation under downstream Bertrand competition. We also find that under Bertrand competition, VI can increase innovation when the direct incentives for innovation are limited, but can reduce innovation when the direct incentives are pronounced.
Fast analytical techniques for electrical and electronic circuits

The only method of circuit analysis known to most engineers and students is nodal or loop analysis. Although this works well for obtaining numerical solutions, it is almost useless for obtaining analytical solutions in all but the simplest cases. In this unusual 2002 book, Vorperian describes remarkable alternative techniques to solve, almost by inspection, complicated linear circuits in symbolic form and obtain meaningful analytical answers for any transfer function or impedance. Although not intended to replace traditional computer-based methods, these techniques provide engineers with a powerful set of tools for tackling circuit design problems. They also have great value in enhancing students' understanding of circuit operation, making this an ideal course book, and numerous problems and worked examples are included. Originally developed by Professor David Middlebrook and others at Caltech (California Institute of Technology), the techniques described here are now widely taught at institutions and companies around the world.
Hybrid implementation of Extended Kalman Filter on an FPGA

Radar Tracker is a functional block of almost every radar system. It is used to smooth the radar measurements while estimating the closest path of the target. A typical implementation can be done using an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). EKF is a recursive complex algorithm. Due to irregularity of the algorithm it is typically implemented on microprocessors using software. However, due to high computational cost, the performance of such system is limited to given processor capabilities. It's possible to partition the algorithm in such a way that part of the algorithm would be offloaded to a co-processor. Such architecture would enable more capable systems. In particular, it allows increased Radar Tracker performance. The following paper demonstrates such a concept when EKF is implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).
Drugs and Driving: A Systematic Analytical Approach

To collect useful epidemiological data about drug involvement in highway safety, it is essential that sensitive and specific analytical procedures be used to establish the presence of and to determine the concentrations of drugs and metabolites in samples collected from drivers. This paper describes a comprehensive and systematic screening procedure requiring 6 mL of blood, which has been used for the analysis of samples collected from injured and fatally injured drivers. The procedure uses radioimmunoassay, gas chromatography with selective detectors, and high performance liquid chromatography. Drugs and metabolites presumptively identified are then confirmed primarily using gas chromatography$#x2014;chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
Awakening the People's "Giant": Sovereign Immunity and the Constitution's Republican Guarantee

This Article explores the relationship between two constitutional doctrines that have faced withering criticisms. The first is the scant jurisprudence emanating from the Guarantee Clause, a provision that requires the United States to ensure republican forms of government in every state. John Hart Ely and Richard Posner, among others, have observed that the Clause has been interpreted in ways that demote it to a dormant aspiration, hibernating in a dusty corner of the Constitution where courts dare not enter. The second is sovereign immunity, which protects states from most federal lawsuits. Scholars have labeled sovereign immunity’s application as unprincipled and “embarrassing,” primarily because this jurisprudence has purportedly outpaced the language of the Constitution.Taken seriously, however, the Guarantee Clause could reaffirm and reform the troubled doctrine of sovereign immunity. Reaffirm, because the Clause has the ability to pillar important aspects of sovereign immunity with a more plausible textual basis than any currently cited by the Supreme Court. The text and history of the Guarantee Clause illustrate that it protects representative democracy, a form of government that stands as one means of ensuring stability among the states. Protecting representative government and ensuring states’ stability are among the very aims that animate sovereign immunity jurisprudence. Reform, because the Clause also reflects a textual commitment to the principle of popular sovereignty. Therefore, any account of sovereign immunity must reconcile how the People and the States may both claim the mantle of sovereignty in our federal system. The Court’s current approach to sovereign immunity fails to engage, let alone resolve, this quandary.I offer a detailed alternative approach to implementing sovereign immunity that is far more consonant with popular sovereignty and the principle of representative government. This proposal would expand plaintiffs’ ability to challenge states for violations of constitutional violations bearing a substantial nexus with representative government. It would also expand state legislatures’ ability to protect states from certain classes of statutory lawsuits through a new concept called “popular immunity.”
The Evolution of Entrepreneurial Spirit and the Process of Development

This research suggests that the evolution of entrepreneurial spirit played a significant role in the process of economic development and the evolution of inequality within and across societies. The study argues that entrepreneurial spirit evolved non-monotonically in the course of human history. In early stages of development, the rise in income generated an evolutionary advantage to entrepreneurial, growth promoting traits and their increased representation accelerated the pace of technological advancements and the process of economic development. Natural selection therefore had magnified growth promoting activities in relatively wealthier economies as well as within the upper segments of societies, enlarging the income gap within as well as across societies. In mature stages of development, however, non-entrepreneurial individuals gained an evolutionary advantage, diminishing the growth potential of advanced economies and contribution to the convergence of the intermediate level economies to the advanced ones.
An intrusion detection tool for AODV-based ad hoc wireless networks

Mobile ad hoc network routing protocols are highly susceptible to subversion. Previous research in securing these protocols has typically used techniques based on encryption and redundant transmission. These techniques prevent a range of attacks against routing protocols but are expensive to deploy on energy-constrained wireless devices. Experience in securing wired networks has demonstrated that, in addition to intrusion prevention techniques, it is useful to deploy intrusion detection techniques as a second line of defense. In this paper, we discuss some of the threats to wireless ad hoc networks, and, specifically, some attacks against the AODV routing protocol. We also present a tool aimed at real-time detection of these attacks. The tool monitors network packets to detect local and distributed attacks within its radio range. Experiments show that the tool provides effective intrusion detection functionality while using only a limited amount of resources.
A scrabble crossword game playing program

A program that plays the SCRABBLE Crossword Game has oeen designed and implemented in SIMULA 67 on a DECSystem-10 and in Pascal on a CYBER 173. The heart of the design is the data structure for the lexicon and the algorithm for searching it. The lexicon is represented as a letter table, or trie using a canonical ordering of the letters in the words rather than the original spelling. The algorithm takes the trie and a collection of letters, including blanks, and finds all words that can be formed from any combination and permutation of the letters. Words are found in approximately the order of their value in the game.
Single Gene Obesities in Rodents: Possible Relevance to Human Obesity

Obesity is a complex phenotype which "resolves" the influences of genes, development and environment. In any individual - and in the same individual at different times of life - the relative influence of these factors may vary. In this sense, obesity is a prototype of many of the diseases now confronting medical science. Among the most important concepts regarding such phenotypes is the idea that relevant genes mediate susceptibility to disease in a specific environmental context, not the inevitable occurrence of the phenotype regardless of the environment. Individuals with otherwise potent genetic predisposition to obesity will be lean in an environment of food deprivation/high demand for physical activity, and individuals not genetically predisposed to obesity may become so in an environment that includes tasty, calorically dense foods and/or few inducements to physical activity. Thus, in any effort to elucidate the genetic bases for susceptibility to obesity, the "environment" in which the obesity is occurring remains a critical factor regarding what sorts of genes will be identified. Because the genes that mediate susceptibility to obesity may affect energy intake, energy expenditure and/or the partitioning of calories between lean tissues and fat, the ability to define the gross metabolic basis for the obesity is very important in determining which genes are relevant to the phenotype. Because it is so difficult to experimentally define/control the environment of humans, and because the attainment of an obese state may actually rectify the metabolic differences predisposing to obesity, animal models of obesity have been looked at intensively for clues to the relevant genes in humans. Over the past 40 years, a series of autosomal dominant (Yellow) and recessive (obese, diabetes, tubby, fat, fatty) obesity mutations have been described in mice and rats. The molecular cloning of all of these genes has been accomplished within the past 4 years, providing an exciting array of new reagents for the molecular analysis of obesity. These genes encode molecules that appear to interact in physiologic systems that influence body fat stores. The genes and their apparent functions are summarized in the Table . The locations of these genes in the genomes of rodents and human are known, as are their genetic structure/sequence. Thus, their role(s) in human obesity can now be assessed directly.
Endoscopic Lothrop procedure: when should it be considered?

Purpose of reviewThe endoscopic Lothrop procedure has proved to be an effective intranasal approach to the treatment of frontal sinus disorders. When successful, the operation re-establishes normal or near-normal frontal sinus function (especially physiologic evacuation of frontal sinus contents). R
Aging-related changes and topology of adhesion responses sensitive to cycloheximide on collagen substrata by human dermal fibroblasts

Abstract Human dermal fibroblasts (both papillary and reticular) were tested during in vivo or in vitro aging for their responses on collagen and/or fibronectin (FN) substrata, as well as on topologically mixed substrata. Cycloheximide treatments were used to evaluate whether receptors to these matrix molecules, mediating F-actin reorganization into stress fibers, are altered during aging processes. Late-passage (but not mid-passage) papillary and reticular cells from both an elderly male and a newborn infant spread effectively on collagen ± FN but failed to generate stress fibers after lengthy pretreatment of cells with cycloheximide. In contrast, treatment with cycloheximide only when cells were reattaching was not inhibitory. None of the treatments had any effect on stress fiber formation of cells on FN-only substrata, demonstrating that drug sensitivity was specific for collagen responses. The inhibition could be reversed by rinsing cycloheximide out of cultures and could be prevented by prior growth of cells in ascorbate-supplemented medium to stimulate production/maturation of collagen and possibly collagen-specific receptors. Adjacent regions of coverslips were adsorbed with collagen and a proteolytic fragment of plasma FN lacking the collagen-binding domain but retaining other binding domains; cells bridging the interface were of special interest. When fragment F155 containing both the RGDS cell-binding and the heparin II -binding domains was tested in this paradigm, cells generated stress fibers continuous from the collagenfacing side into the F155-facing side of the same cell, consistent with the compatability of both collagen and FN receptors in generating the same stress fiber. However, F110 lacking the heparin II domain was incapable of facilitating stress fiber formation; fibers formed effectively on the collagen side and terminated abruptly at the collagen:F110 interface. These experiments demonstrate stringent regulation of where stress fibers begin, span, and terminate in the cytoplasm by matrix receptors at the cell's undersurface and establish that there are alterations of collagen-specific receptors as a consequence of in vitro aging, but not of in vivo aging, in both papillary and reticular human dermal fibroblasts.
Exact rates of almost sure convergence of a recursive kernel estimate of a probability densiy function: Application to regression and hazard rate estimation

Let X1…, X n be a random sample of R d -valued random variables from the probability density function f, and let f n *(x) be a recursive kernel estimate of f(x) based on this random sample. Conditions are given under which the exact rates of almost sure convergence of f n *(x) to f(x) are determined. This is done both for d≦1 and also for the special case d = 1. These results are suitably used to establish exact rates for almost sure convergence of a recursive estimate m n *(x) of the regression function m(x). A further application yields exact rates of almost sure convergence of a recursive estimate r n (x) of the hazard rate r(x).