cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nihydrazone and the Salmonella Infections

Abstract CAMP (1960), Cloyd et al. (1960), and Wolfgang and Burkhart (1960), found that nihydrazone was an efficient coccidiostat when used in the feed of broilers. Camp (1960) established that the 0.011% level was uniformly effective. Reid et al. (1960) produced evidence that the 0.011% level would also protect against blackhead disease in broilers. In view of these indications of a broad antimicrobial activity, experiments were conducted to appraise nihydrazone’s efficiency against the Salmonella infections. In this study, two battery experiments were conducted with Salmonella typhimurium in chicks and four floor pen experiments with S. typhimurium in chicks and S. gallinarum in chicks and poults. Mortality results were used as the principle means of demonstrating the effectiveness of nihydrazone medication. Bierer (1960 Bierer (1961) reported that mortality could be enhanced by exposing chicks and poults to infection around 24 hours of age or earlier and by reducing brooder temperatures 10 to 15 …
Characteristics of the Unsteady Shock‐Induced Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate

The unsteady shock‐induced laminar boundary layer on a flat plate is theoretically studied for shock speeds ranging from 1.12 to 9 km/sec. Boundary layer flows for real air, assumed to be in thermochemical equilibrium, are analyzed by extending Lam's work on shock‐induced laminar boundary layers to equilibrium dissociated and ionized flows. A complete description of the unsteady nature of the boundary layer is presented in terms of heat transfer and several boundary layer thickness quantities as functions of a single time‐position variable. Boundary layer development is considered for two points of view. Time‐dependent boundary layer development and approach to steady state for any fixed position on the plate is described, as is the configuration of the boundary layer with position on the plate at any point in time. Quantities presented in graphical form permit accurate values for descriptive boundary layer quantities to be easily obtained for post shock pressures at or near 1 atm. Results indicate that in shock‐tube experiments where observations of the flow are made through a boundary layer that influences experimental measurements, it is desirable to employ a flat plate to generate a boundary layer that minimizes the boundary layer thickness and diminishes or eliminates boundary layer unsteadiness.
On accelerating Newton's method based on a conic model

Abstract We discuss a method that utilizes a conic approximating model function and second-order derivative information, in much the same way that Newton's method utilizes a quadratic approximating model function and second-order information. It defines a search direction as the Newton direction augmented by a multiple of the preceding step, and thus resembles a preconditioned conjugate gradient iteration in a metric defined by the current Hessian matrix. Algorithmic implications of this interpretation are briefly explored.
The structure, organization and differential expression of the gene encoding rat heme oxygenase-2

Overlapping phage lambda clones were utilized to determine the complete nucleotide (nt) sequence of the rat gene encoding HO-2, the major heme oxygenase isozyme in the brain. This isozyme is the constitutive cognate of HSP32 (HO-1). The 12,563-bp gene consists of five exons and four introns, the first two exons are separated by a large intron of 8429 nt. The minus strand of intron 1 contains a nested sequence of 1046 nt with 87% identity to the cDNAs encoding the mouse and human non-histone chromosomal protein, HMG-17. In addition to the coding region, the similarity includes 40 bp upstream from the putative start codon and 800 bp of 3' untranslated sequence. The HO-2 gene lacks a conventional TATA box, but a TATA-like sequence (TAACTA) is found 26 nt upstream from the major transcription start point (tsp), as determined by primer extension. Upstream of the tsp, only a glucocorticoid-response element is found. The structure of the regulatory region is consistent with the previously demonstrated refractory nature of this isozyme to common inducers of gene expression and its apparent response to developmental changes in the adrenal steroid hormone profile. HO-2 is encoded by two transcripts (approx. 1.3 and approx. 1.9 kb), the larger of which is translated less efficiently than the smaller. Presently, we show that the transcripts are the products of a single gene and differ in the use of the polyadenylation signal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Numbers of neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons selectively increased in rat ventral striatum following acute haloperidol administration

The effect of haloperidol (HAL) on neurotensin (NT) levels in various structures of the rat brain was evaluated using an immunoperoxidase method. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given intraperitoneal injections of either HAL (2 mg/kg) or vehicle at twenty-four and four hours prior to sacrifice. The brains were fixed, cut at 50 micron on the vibratome, and prepared to demonstrate NT immunoreactivity, or its absence following appropriate control incubations. The distributions of NT-immunoreactive (IR) cell bodies were plotted using the camera lucida, and the numbers of NT-IR neurons in various structures were recorded. The numbers of NT-IR perikarya in striatal and ventral striatal structures of HAL-treated rats greatly exceeded those observed in the same structures of control animals. In other NT-IR rich regions including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central amygdala, hypothalamus and septum, HAL and control values did not differ. Conversely, HAL treatment appeared to effect a decrease in the number of immunoreactive perikarya in the medial amygdala and caudal part of the endopiriform area. It was noted that in brain regions where D-2 receptors are reported to be numerous, the number of NT-stained cells increased following HAL treatment, whereas in regions where D-1 receptors predominate, the number remained stable or decreased. Subjective evaluation of axon terminal immunoreactivity revealed a change only in the globus pallidus, where the proportional area of that structure exhibiting NT-immunoreactivity expanded following HAL.
Comparison of Alternative Outcome Measures for Antiepileptic Drug Trials

• Studies to determine the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs often use seizure frequency as an outcome measure. Time to k th seizure ( k up to 12) was investigated as an alternative endpoint. Monte Carlo simulations, based on seizure behavior in previous clinical trials, were used to evaluate crossover studies with these endpoints. Tests on seizure frequency exhibited the highest power. However, tests on time to the 12th seizure, for a sample size of 50, approached the power of tests on seizure frequency with a sample size of 20. Including patients with less severe epilepsy (two vs four seizures per month) did not change the power of tests on time to the k th seizure and lowered it only moderately for tests on seizure frequency. The simulation methodology presented can be adapted to evaluate other design variations.
Evaluation of the shelf life of sterile instrument packs

No published studies have specifically addressed the shelf life of sterile packaging materials commonly used in dentistry. This study examined the effect of time on the sterile integrity: paper envelopes, peel pouches, and nylon sleeves. Seven thousand two hundred sample packs, each containing three glass rods, were prepared and steam sterilized. After sterilization, half the packs (control packs) were immediately opened and the contents were analyzed for bacterial contamination. The other half (test packs) were randomly sorted and stored in dental treatment operatories. At monthly intervals for 12 months, 100 packs of each type were similarly opened and analyzed. The contamination rates between the control packs were not significantly different from one another. Differences in contamination rates between control packs and test packs for both the paper envelopes (0.4% and 0.7%) and the peel pouches (0.2% and 0.2%) were also insignificant. However, a significant difference (p less than 0.01) between control and test packs (0.3% and 1.5%) was found for the nylon sleeves. This increase was not time related and was attributed to difficulty in removing the glass rods from the nylon packs in a sterile manner. The most important finding was the absence of a trend toward an increased rate of contamination over time for any pack type. This indicates that when these materials are placed in covered storage in dental operatories, a 12-month storage period is not detrimental to their sterile integrity.
Template-directed synthesis on short oligoribocytidylates

The oligonucleotides C(pC)n, n=4, 5, 6, 7, are efficient templates for the oligomerization of guanosine-5′-phospho-2-methylimidazole (2-MeImpG). They yield oligomeric products that are substantially less regiospecific than those obtained on polycytidylate [poly(C)]. The overall distributions of products obtained on oligo(C)s are generally similar to those of products obtained on oligodeoxycytidylates [oligo(dC)s], but there are substantial differences in the ratios of isomers.
Relationship of dietary fat and serum cholesterol ester and phospholipid fatty acids to markers of insulin resistance in men and women with a range of glucose tolerance

High-fat diets are associated with insulin resistance, however, this effect may vary depending on the type of fat consumed. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between intakes of specific dietary fatty acids (assessed by 3-day diet records and fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters [CEs] and phospholipids [PLs]) and glucose and insulin concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Nineteen men and 19 women completed the study. Nine subjects had type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Fasting insulin correlated with reported intakes of total fat (r = .50, P < .01), monounsaturated fat (r = .44, P < .01), and saturated fat (r = .49, P < .01), but not with trans fatty acid intake (r = .11, not significant [NS]). Fasting glucose also correlated with total (r = .39, P < .05) and monounsaturated fat intakes (r = .37, P < .05). In multivariate analysis, both total and saturated fat intake were strong single predictors of fasting insulin (R2 approximately .25), and a model combining dietary and anthropometric measures accounted for 47% of the variance in fasting insulin. Significant relationships were observed between fasting insulin and the serum CE enrichments of myristic (C14:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), and dihomo-gamma-linolenic (C20:3n-6) acids. In multivariate analysis, a model containing CE 14:0 and percent body fat explained 45% of the variance in fasting insulin, and C14:0 and age explained 30% of the variance in fasting glucose. PL C20:3n-6 explained 30% of the variance in fasting insulin, and a model including PL C18:1n-11 cis, C20:3n-6, age and body fat had an R2 of .58. In conclusion, self-reported intake of saturated and monounsaturated fats, but not trans fatty acids, are associated with markers of insulin resistance. Furthermore, enhancement of dihomo-gamma-linolenic and myristic acids in serum CE and PL, presumably markers for dietary intake, predicted insulin resistance.
Effect of sloshing on the mechanics of dewar systems in low-gravity

Abstract The mechanics of a spacecraft or space module, that contains a dewar system, is affected by sloshing of the cryogen. When a spacecraft is in orbit the acceleration level is very low and sloshing differs in several ways from that on Earth. Surface tension replaces gravity as the restraining force. The liquid–gas interface is curved and the depth is variable. Cryogens have low surface tension and this causes the resonant frequencies of sloshing to be very low. Programs were developed to calculate sloshing in low-g in dewars with annular and circular cross sections and with segmented and ring baffles. The programs correct for surface curvature and variable depth. The driving force for sloshing is the motion of the wall of the dewar. Dewar motion is an unknown because the sloshing force contributes to the motion of the support structure. Programs were also written for the dynamics of the system treating the motion of the dewar as an unknown. The combined program for sloshing and dynamics is called LOWGSLOSH. The calculations are carried out in the frequency domain so that both coherent and random driving forces can be used as input. The output is the motion of the spacecraft if the dewar is firmly attached to the vehicle. For modules suspended by a vibration-isolation interface, the output is the acceleration spectrum of the module. The calculations show the conditions when sloshing has an appreciable effect on the spacecraft or module. The timeline of spacecraft maneuvers is very important in determining the sloshing amplitude. In many cases, it is possible to reduce sloshing drastically by timing a maneuver properly. The results are illustrated using calculations on two NASA projects: the Space Infrared Telescope Facility spacecraft (SIRTF) and the Low Temperature Microgravity Physics Facility (LTMPF), a module for the International Space Station.
Studies on the Colloidal Proteins of Skimmilk. II. The Effect of Heat and Disodium Phosphate on the Composition of the Casein Complex

Summary The molar ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the so-called "colloidal calcium phosphate" of the casein complex was calculated to be approximately 1.5 in raw skimmilk. This ratio was reduced to 1.25 when 0.15% Na 2 HPO 4 was added before heating to 88° C. for 15 minutes, indicating that some diphosphate was formed. The composition of the sedimented complex with respect to calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen was practically constant regardless of particle size. The calcium in the serum phase was reduced to about one-third its original value by adding 0.15% Na 2 HPO 4 before preheating skimmilk.
Limits to the detection of early warning signals of population collapse

Background/Question/Methods The recog-ni-tion that ecosys-tems can undergo sud-den shifts to alter-nate, less desir-able sta-ble states has led to the desire to iden-tify early warn-ing signs of these impend-ing col-lapses. This search has been moti-vated by the math-e-mat-ics of bifur-ca-tions, in which sud-den shifts result not from direct per-tur-ba-tions to the state (i.e. the pop-u-la-tion abun-dance, through mech-a-nisms such as over-harvesting) but to a slowly chang-ing para-me-ter that impacts the sys-tem sta-bil-ity. While these col-lapses can-not be antic-i-pated by observ-ing only the mean dynam-ics (as described by a deter-min-is-tic model), signs of the impend-ing col-lapse are expressed in the ran-dom per-tur-ba-tions, or noise, inher-ent in real sys-tems. The math-e-mat-i-cal the-ory of early warn-ing signs exploits this fact by seek-ing to detect pat-terns such as “crit-i-cal slow-ing down” of these per-tur-ba-tions due to the grad-ual loss of sta-bil-ity which leads to a bifurcation.While much atten-tion has been given to empha-siz-ing the exis-tence both of sud-den col-lapses and of signs of crit-i-cal slow-ing down, lit-tle atten-tion has been paid to its detec-tion. Faced with only finite data, any method risks both false alarms and failed detec-tion events. We believe that weigh-ing these risks must be the bur-den of man-age-ment pol-icy, while research must first pro-vide a reli-able way to quan-tify the rel-a-tive risks of each. We present a method which quan-ti-fies this risk and show how to decrease the uncer-tainty inher-ent in com-mon summary-statistic approaches through the use of a like-li-hood based mod-el-ing approach.Results/Conclusions We demon-strate that com-monly used cor-re-la-tion tests applied to sum-mary sta-tis-tics such as auto-cor-re-la-tion and vari-ance are both inap-pro-pri-ate and insuf-fi-cient tests of early warn-ing signals.Our method esti-mates directly the para-me-ters of a gen-er-al-ized model of the bifur-ca-tion pos-tu-lated by early warn-ing sig-nals the-ory, with and with-out the pres-ence of a grad-ual change lead-ing towards col-lapse. Using Monte Carlo sim-u-la-tion we gen-er-ate the dis-tri-b-u-tion of warning-signal sta-tis-tics expected under each model. From this we can quan-tify the risk of false alarms and missed detec-tion. We then show how apply-ing this approach to the data directly rather than the sum-mary sta-tis-tic increases the power of detec-tion. We illus-trate the approach in both sim-u-lated and empir-i-cal data of sud-den eco-log-i-cal shifts.
Extracellular matrix and lung inflammation.

Lung injury triggers an acute inflammatory response characterized by increased expression and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as fibronectin and collagen. Although the function of newly deposited matrices in injured lungs is unknown, their ability to affect the migration, proliferation, differentiation, and activation state of cells in vitro suggests an important role in the initiation and maintenance of the inflammatory response in vivo. Interactions between immune and nonimmune cells with the lung ECM are mediated via cell surface receptors of the integrin family which link the ECM with intracellular molecules involved in signal transduction. Activation of integrin-mediated intracellular signals may promote inflammation by facilitating leukocyte recruitment and cytokine expression. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A02GS030 00009
Automatic definition of modular neural networks

This article illustrates an artificial developmental system that is a computationally efficient technique for the automatic generation of complex artificial neural networks (ANNs). The artificial developmental system can develop a graph grammar into a modular ANN made of a combination of simpler subnetworks. A genetic algorithm is used to evolve coded grammars that generate ANNs for controlling six-legged robot locomotion. A mechanism for the automatic definition of neural subnetworks is incorporated Using this mechanism, the genetic algorithm can automatically decompose a problem into subproblems, generate a subANN for solving the subproblem, and instantiate copies of this subANN to build a higher-level ANN that solves the problem. We report some simulation results showing that the same problem cannot be solved if the mechanism for automatic definition of subnetworks is suppressed. We support our argument with pictures that describe the steps of development, how ANN structures are evolved, and how the AN...
The impact of fraction magnitude knowledge on algebra performance and learning

Abstract Knowledge of fractions is thought to be crucial for success with algebra, but empirical evidence supporting this conjecture is just beginning to emerge. In the current study, Algebra 1 students completed magnitude estimation tasks on three scales (0–1 [fractions], 0–1,000,000, and 0–62,571) just before beginning their unit on equation solving. Results indicated that fraction magnitude knowledge, and not whole number knowledge, was especially related to students’ pretest knowledge of equation solving and encoding of equation features. Pretest fraction knowledge was also predictive of students’ improvement in equation solving and equation encoding skills. Students’ placement of unit fractions (e.g., those with a numerator of 1) was not especially useful for predicting algebra performance and learning in this population. Placement of non-unit fractions was more predictive, suggesting that proportional reasoning skills might be an important link between fraction knowledge and learning algebra.
Radiographic-pathologic correlation in bronchopulmonary dysplasia

THE CHEST RADIOGRAPH is an essential modality in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. 1 Some authors have questioned the degree of correlation of the radiographic staging of BPD with the pathologic staging of the diseaseY 3 Determining this correlation could facilitate attempts to establish prognosis, using changes in the chest radiograph as one of the clinical markers. The purpose of this study was to compare retrospectively the radiographic staging of BPD with the histopathologic staging of changes in the lungs of a series of patients with respiratory distress syndrome who died after receiving mechanically assisted ventilation and supplemental oxygen therapy.
The Biodiversity Heritage Library : advancing metadata practices in a collaborative digital library

The Biodiversity Heritage Library is an open access digital library of taxonomic literature, forming a single point of access to this collection for use by a worldwide audience of professional taxonomists, as well as “citizen scientists.” A successful mass-scanning digitization program, one that creates functional and findable digital objects, requires thoughtful metadata work flow that parallels the work flow of the physical items from shelf to scanner. This article examines the needs of users of taxonomic literature, specifically in relation to the transformation of traditional library material to digital form. It details the issues that arise in determining scanning priorities, avoiding duplication of scanning across the founding 12 natural history and botanical garden library collections, and the problems related to the complexity of serials, monographs, and series. Highlighted are the tools, procedures, and methodology for addressing the details of a mass-scanning operation. Specifically, keeping a s...
Highly Ionized High-Velocity Clouds: Hot Intergalactic Medium or Galactic Halo?

We use spectroscopic data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) to study the wide range of ionization states of the "highly ionized high-velocity clouds" (HVCs). Studied extensively in O VI absorption, these clouds are usually assumed to be infalling gas in the Galactic halo at distances less than 50 kpc. An alternative model attributes the O VI (and O VII X-ray absorption) to cosmological structures of low-density, shock-heated intergalactic gas, distributed over 1-3 Mpc surrounding the Milky Way. The latter interpretation is unlikely, owing to the enormous required mass of gas (4 × 1012 M☉). Our detection, in 9 of 12 sight lines, of low-ionization stages (C II/III/IV; Si II/III/IV) at similar high velocities as O VI requires gas densities far above that (nH ≈ 5 × 10-6 cm-3) associated with the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM). These HVCs are probably cooling, multiphase gas in the Galactic halo, bow shocks, and interfaces between clouds falling through a hot, rotating gaseous halo. The velocity segregation of these HVCs in Galactic coordinates is consistent with a pattern in which infalling clouds reflect the sense of Galactic rotation, with peculiar velocities superposed.
3-hydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione: Application of novel carboxylic acid bioisostere to an in-vivo active non-tetrazole angiotensin-II antagonist

Application of the novel carboxylic acid bioisostere 3-hydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione to the design of a potent, non-peptidic, non-tetrazole angiotensin II antagonist 4 is described.
Dynamics of guessing behavior: Between-group versus within-group designs

Within-group and between-group designs have traditionally been employed in research studies that investigate test-taking behavior, particularly guessing behavior. Although within-group designs provide both control for random between-group differences and increased statistical power to detect treatment effects, they are potentially flawed due to carryover effects incurred by administering the same items to the same subjects. Although between-group designs provide a potentially cleaner assessment of test-taking behavior, they allow only inferences to group, not individual, test-taking behaviors. Since test-taking behavior has been shown to be related to individual differences in personality variables, results from between-group designs provide less than optimal information about individual-specific test-taking behavior. By utilizing modifications of the typical within-group designs, carryover effects may be estimated and controlled for, allowing for increased internal validity of within-group designs for the study of test-taking behavior.
Corporate risk management to reduce borrowing costs

Abstract We present simple adverse selection model in which a firm finds it advantageous to insure against bad outcomes and thereby improve its credit quality and reduce its cost of capital.
Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels: Process development and technoeconomic evaluation

Abstract Levulinic acid (LA) has been identified as a platform chemical, which can be produced from lignocellulosic materials and transformed into liquid fuels, fuel additives and even other specialty chemicals. These conversions have been made possible through recent advances in heterogeneous catalysis. Taking advantage of novel chemistries and catalytic materials, we have developed a LA-based strategy to convert lignocellulosic biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels. To assess the economic potential of this approach, a process synthesis effort supported by detailed process simulation and capital/operational cost calculations has been undertaken. Furthermore, we study different feedstocks and perform sensitivity analysis studies for several process and economic parameters. Finally, we present the results of an energy efficiency analysis and discuss biomass transportation aspects.
Intracortical kainic acid induces an assymmetrical behavioral response in the rat

Five nanomolar doses of kainic acid injected into the right frontal cortex of rats produced a significantly greater spontaneous hyperactivity than identical injections into the left hemisphere. Hyperactivity began one week after injection and slowly continued to increase throughout the 30 day postoperative period. These results taken with our previous studies suggest that the neural asymmetry which leads to hyperactivity following right hemisphere lesions may be postsynaptic to cortical noradrenergic terminals.
Timing of procedure and compliance with outpatient endoscopy among an underserved population in an inner-city tertiary institution.

Purpose Anecdotal evidence suggests that patient compliance with colonoscopy is poorer with Monday procedures and better during the winter months because “there is not much else to do.” We examined patients' compliance with scheduled outpatient endoscopy by time of the day, days of the week, and seasons of the year. Methods We included 2873 patients who were scheduled for endoscopy from September 2009 to August 2010. Compliant patients were those who showed up for their procedures whereas noncompliant patients were those who did not show up without canceling or rescheduling their procedures up to 24 hours before their scheduled procedures. We used logistic regression models to evaluate the association between the timing of the scheduled procedure and compliance. Results A total of 574 (20%) patients did not show up. There was no difference in compliance by time of day of the procedures. However, when compared with patients scheduled for procedures on Monday, there was a trend towards improved compliance as the week progressed, becoming significant on Friday (odds ratio 1.46; 95% confidence interval 1.06–2.00). There was also better compliance in the warmer months. Conclusions Noncompliance with outpatient endoscopy is substantial among underserved populations with limited predictive pattern of compliance by the timing of the procedures.
Design Team Framing: Paths and Principles

This paper addresses two major challenges new product development teams face in making a product people want. The first challenge is to frame the design situation based on a real need of a customer. The second challenge is to get everyone on the team in agreement about what that framing is — everyone needs to be on the same page about what it is they’re doing. Yet these two challenges are not independent, they are intertwined with each other, connected by the concrete research and sharing activities the teams perform. We introduce a framework to help understand the path of a design team along these two dimensions as well as illustrations of the three most common paths observed among graduate multidisciplinary new product development teams as supported by interviews and survey data. These case studies form the basis of four themes to help teams navigate the new product development process.© 2008 ASME
Magnesium activation of nuclease enzymes—the importance of water

Abstract Enzymatic metal-mediated hydrolysis of phosphate esters may proceed through either inner- or outer-sphere pathways. Theoretical and experimental consideration of this problem suggests that outer-sphere pathways should predominate for magnesium-promoted reactions, where hydrogen bonding to metal-bound waters is the dominant stabilizing interaction, Comparison of a variety of magnesium-dependent enzymes reflects a requirement for differentially hydrated metal cofactor, which can only be achieved by limiting the number of protein ligands to the metal. As a result, these enzymes have evolved distinct mechanisms for control of metal binding affinities ( K D ), all of which lie in the range of ∼0.5 mM. This article describes and discusses these issues, which have not previously been considered in detail.
Modulation of the phenylacetic acid metabolic complex by quinic acid alters the disease-causing activity of Rhizoctonia solani on tomato

Abstract The metabolic control of plant growth regulator production by the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (teleomorph = Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk) and consequences associated with the parasitic and saprobic activity of the fungus were investigated. Fourteen genetically distinct isolates of the fungus belonging to anastomosis groups (AG) AG-3, AG-4, and AG-1-IA were grown on Vogel’s minimal medium N with and without the addition of a 25 mM quinic acid (QA) source of carbon. The effect of QA on fungal biomass was determined by measuring the dry wt of mycelia produced under each growth condition. QA stimulated growth of 13 of 14 isolates of R. solani examined. The production of phenylacetic acid (PAA) and the chemically related derivatives 2-hydroxy-PAA, 3-hydroxy-PAA, 4-hydroxy-PAA, and 3-methoxy-PAA on the two different media was compared by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The presence of QA in the growth medium of R. solani altered the PAA production profile, limiting the conversion of PAA to derivative forms. The effect of QA on the ability of R. solani to cause disease was examined by inoculating tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants with 11 isolates of R. solani AG-3 grown on media with and without the addition of 25 mM QA. Mean percent survival of tomato plants inoculated with R. solani was significantly higher when the fungal inoculum was generated on growth medium containing QA. The results of this study support the hypotheses that utilization of QA by R. solani leads to reduced production of the plant growth regulators belonging to the PAA metabolic complex which can suppress plant disease development.
The role of dye affinity in optical measurements of Cai2+ transients in cardiac muscle

Previous experiments in cultures of neonatal rat myocytes demonstrated that the shape of Cai2+ transients measured using high-affinity Ca2+-sensitive dyes may be misrepresented. The purpose of this...
Modification of Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes with Nucleic Acids: Detection of Attomole Quantities of Immobilized DNA by Electrocatalysis

Indium tin oxide electrodes were modified with DNA, and the guanines in the immobilized nucleic acid were used as a substrate for electrocatalytic oxidation by Ru(bpy)33+ (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine). Nucleic acids were deposited onto 12.6-mm2 electrodes from 9:1 DMF/water mixtures buffered with sodium acetate. The DNA appeared to denature in the presence of DMF, leading to adsorption of single-stranded DNA. The nucleic acid was not removed by vigorous washing or heating the electrodes in water, although incubation in phosphate buffer overnight liberated the adsorbed biomolecule. Acquisition of cyclic voltammograms or chronoamperomograms of Ru(bpy)32+ at the modified electrodes produced catalytic signals indicative of oxidation of the immobilized guanine by Ru(III). The electrocatalytic current was a linear function of the extent of modification with a slope of 0.5 μA/pmol of adsorbed guanine; integration of the current−time traces gave 2.2 ± 0.4 electrons/guanine molecule. Use of long DNA strands therefore ga...
The combustion synthesis of copper aluminides

The formation of Cu-Al alloys by the thermal explosion mode of the combustion synthesis method was investigated for compositions ranging from 25 to 50 at. pct Al. Through X-ray, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses, the nature of the reaction between powders of the two metals was determined. Solid-state diffusional reactions preceded the main combustion reaction which, in turn, was triggered by the appearance of a liquid phase. The relative amounts of phases formed through solid-state and liquid-phase reactions depended on heating rate. A significant amount of volume growth is observed during the solid-state reaction stage, and it is concluded that it is caused by pore formation by the Kirkendall effect.
Plk1 negatively regulates PRC1 to prevent premature midzone formation before cytokinesis

Plk1, but not Cdk1, phosphorylates PRC1 on Thr-602 to prevent premature midzone assembly in metaphase. Microtubules enhance this phosphorylation. Plk1, PRC1, and microtubules together regulate home...
Boundary Layer Effects in Ion Absorption by Roots and Storage Organs of Plants

In plant nutrition studies with culture solutions it is tacitly assumed that replenishment of ions at the root surface is guaranteed by the turbulence of the stirred solution. That this belief may be erroneous is demonstrated in this study with barley roots and discs of beet roots and potato tubers. At very low concentrations of RbCl (in presence of CaCl2) the uptake of Rb by roots is strongly controlled by the rate of stirring. The results are interpreted in the light of the Nernst hydrodynamic boundary film which surrounds solids and through which ions must diffuse to reach the root surface. “Film-controlled” and “root-controlled” ion uptake is visualized.
Multiscale Reconstruction for Photon-Limited Shifted Excitation Raman Spectroscopy

Shifted excitation Raman spectroscopy results in multiple observations of the sum of a material's fluorescent and Raman spectra. The fluorescent spectrum is typically stationary with respect to the excitation frequency induced by the instrument, while the Raman spectrum is subject to a nonlinear shift which depends explicitly and in a known manner upon the excitation frequency. This phenomenon has been exploited to reconstruct Raman spectra indirectly by subtracting spectra observed at two closely spaced excitation frequencies. The technique, known as shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS), is of limited utility, however, in that observations with low photon counts are difficult to process accurately, and that one must still reconstruct the spectrum from the estimate of the derivative. This paper presents an innovative alternative approach to Raman spectrum reconstruction based on an expectation-maximization algorithm and multiresolution photon-limited signal analysis. Using this method, it is shown that using multiple excitation frequencies (while keeping the total excitation laser power and total expected photon counts constant) can result in dramatic improvements in reconstruction accuracy.
A Survey of Student Assessment Practice in Physical Education: Recommendations for grading

(2011). A Survey of Student Assessment Practice in Physical Education: Recommendations for grading. Strategies: Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 24-26.
The phase-plane cardiogram: preliminary findings on a healthy population.

Summary A method for increasing the diagnostic capability of the clinical electrocardiogram has been further developed. The coordinated display of voltage against the time derivative of voltage (dv/dt), i.e., PPC, was found to be remarkably sensitive to subtle aberrations in QRS contours not easily visualized in the standard electrocardiographic portrayal of voltage against time. A standard twelve-lead electrocardiogram and phase-plane loops were displayed and photographed on an oscillographic recorder, the latter by placing voltage (V) on the vertical axis and the first time derivative of voltage on the horizontal axis. Data storage on magnetic tape and computer analysis of the data were also carried out. Data from 100 “normal” (as determined from clinical ECG, history, and physical examination) subjects demonstrated evident, repeatable notching patterns in the PPC. The repeatability of these patterns was demonstrated from beat-to-beat in each lead of every individual, and was found to be consistent even when the readings were taken over long periods of time. The PPC's of different individuals showed consistent common notching patterns which would indicate that anatomical and physiological bases exist to explain this phenomenon.
Impact‐modified poly(vinyl chloride) and methyl methacrylate copolymer blends. Part 2: Thermal‐mechanical properties

The objectives of this study were to determine the compatibility of various blends of commercially available rigid, unplasticized, impact-modified polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) copolymers. The effects of acrylic type and loading level on compatibility were investigated. The resultant alloys or blends were subsequently evaluated for compatibility through examination of the following properties: processability, rigidity, strength, impact resistance, heat resistance, clarity, and ultra-violet aging. This report limits itself to the discussion of the thermal-mechanical properties, specifically dynamic mechanical properties in torsion (ASTM D 5279).
New foundations to geometry

Leyton's books in MIT Press, Springer and Birkhauser have developed New Foundations to Geometry which are opposed to the Standard Foundations to Geometry. In the Standard Foundations, a geometric object is defined as an invariant, which, Leyton argues, destroys memory storage. In contrast, in Leyton's New Foundations, a geometric object is defined as a memory store, and he has created the corresponding mathematics, which has fundamental differences from standard mathematics. Leyton's mathematics has been applied by scientists in over 40 disciplines, which shows their interoperability. Furthermore, because, he argues that this mathematics gives the structure of memory stores, it is appropriate for the history-based parametrics program of ISO. Since, in the New Foundations, the geometry is generative, it is also called Generative Geometry. Two basic principles of this geometry are maximisation of transfer and maximisation of recoverability of the generative operations. Leyton's geometry invents the mathematics of transfer and recoverability.
Supporting role of lysine 13 and glutamate 16 in the acid-base mechanism of saccharopine dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH) catalyzes the NAD+ dependent oxidative deamination of saccharopine to form lysine (Lys) and α-ketoglutarate (α-kg). The active site of SDH has a number of conserved residues that are believed important to the overall reaction. Lysine 13, positioned near the active site base (K77), forms a hydrogen bond to E78 neutralizing it, and contributing to setting the pKa of the catalytic residues to near neutral pH. Glutamate 16 is within hydrogen bond distance to the Ne atom of R18, which has strong H-bonding interactions with the α-carboxylate and α-oxo groups of α-kg. Mutation of K13 to M and E16 to Q decreased kcat by about 15-fold, and primary and solvent deuterium kinetic isotope effects measured with the mutant enzymes indicate hydride transfer is rate limiting for the overall reaction. The pH-rate profiles for K13M exhibited no pH dependence, consistent with an increase in negative charge in the active site resulting in the perturbation in the pKas of catalytic groups. Elimination of E16 affects optimal positioning of R18, which is involved in binding and holding α-kg in the correct conformation for optimum catalysis. In agreement, a ΔΔG°′ of 2.60 kcal/mol is estimated from the change in Kα-kg for replacing E16 with Q.
Cadherin expression in the developing mouse olfactory system.

Although odor receptors have been implicated in establishing the topography of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory bulb (OB), it is likely other molecules are also involved. The cadherins (CDHs) are a large family of cell adhesion molecules that mediate cell:cell interactions elsewhere in the central nervous system. However, their distribution and role in the olfactory system have remained largely unexplored. We previously demonstrated that intracellular binding partners of cadherins, the catenins, have unique spatiotemporal patterns of expression in the developing olfactory system. To further our understanding of cadherin function within the developing olfactory system, we now report on the localization of 11 classical cadherins—CDH1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 15. We demonstrate the expression of all but CDH5 and CDH15 in neuronal and/or glial cells in primary olfactory structures. CDH1 and CDH2 are expressed by OSNs; CDH2 expression closely parallels that seen for γ-catenin in OSN axons. CDH3 and CDH11 are expressed by olfactory ensheathing glia, which surround OSN axons in the outer OB. CDH2, CDH4, and CDH6 are expressed within neuropil. CDH2, CDH4, CDH6, CDH8, CDH10, CDH11, and CDH13 are expressed by projection neurons within the main and accessory OBs. We conclude that cadherin proteins in the developing olfactory system are positioned to underlie the formation of the odorant map and local circuits within the OB. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:483–497, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A nonlinear finite element approach to kineto-static analysis of elastic beams

Recently the demand for higher speed in design of mechanical systems has led to an intensive research in the formulation of the elastic mechanisms. In this study it is shown that the kineto-static solution is close to full dynamic solution for typical dimensions of the links. The formulation presented here uses the Timoshenko Beam Model with geometric stiffening. The element matrices and nodal forces are reported as integral of product of shape functions. This gives a more generic form and can be easily applied to other shape functions. A new formalism is introduced for the nonlinear effect (geometric stiffening). Fundamental to this approach is the introduction of a tensor and its assembly which plays a similar role as element matrices of the linear terms. Several numerical simulations are conducted to quantify the effect of geometric stiffening, tip mass, and normal and tangential acceleration on the nodal displacements.
A Fully Parameterized Finite Element Model of a Grand Piano Soundboard for Sensitivity Analysis of the Dynamic Behavior

This work in progress aims at investigating the influence of several parameters on the modal behavior of a grand piano soundboard. The sensitivity analysis is made possible by the development of a fully parameterized Finite Element model of the soundboard which allows the user to modify most geometric and material parameters involved in its dynamic behavior. In addition, crowning and downbearing are included in the model. This study also considers the influence of geometric nonlinearities due to downbearing. The sensitivity analysis is performed using Spearman rank correlation and Sobol indices.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effect of dietary nitrogen on gypsy moth larval nutritional indices, development and lipid content

Nutritional indices, development rates, percent dry weights and total lipids were determined in gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar L.) reared on a high wheat germ (HWG) diet or diets prepared from lyophilized, ball-milled oak or pine foliage as the only source of dietary nitrogen (N). With regard to both total and proteinaceous N content, HWG diet > oak diet > pine diet. All nutritional indices measured were significantly lower in second instars fed pine diet vs. oak diet. Protein supplementation of pine diet with either casein or ovalbumin to bring total N up to the level present in oak diet resulted in small increases in approximate digestibility (AD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), but relative growth rate (RGR) remained unaffected. The low RGR of larvae fed pine diet (unsupplemented or protein supplemented), as compared to those fed HWG or oak diet, was accompanied by significantly lower larval percent dry weight and percent total lipid. In contrast, RGR, larval percent dry weight and total lipid values were comparable in second instars fed HWG or oak diet. Insects reared from the first through the final instar on oak diet exhibited lower pupal weights compared to those reared on HWG. Casein addition to oak diet generally resulted in even more extended larval development times and further reduced pupal weights, but wheat germ addition to oak diet did not alter development rates and caused an increase in pupal weights.
Weight Cycling, Weight Gain, and Risk of Hypertension in Women

To assess prospectively the relation between body mass index, weight gain, repeated intentional weight losses, and the risk of self-reported hypertension, the authors studied 46,224 women who were participants in the Nurses Health Study II, who were free of hypertension in 1993, and who completed questions on intentional weight losses between 1989 and 1993. Women who reported they had intentionally lost > or =20 lbs (9 kg) > or =3 times were classified as severe weight cyclers. Women who had intentionally lost > or =10 lbs (4.5 kg) > or =3 times, but who did not meet the criteria for severe weight cycling, were classified as mild weight cyclers. Between 1993 and 1995, 1,107 incident cases of diagnosed hypertension were reported. Body mass index and weight gain, but not weight cycler status, were independently associated with the development of hypertension. For each 10 lb (4.5 kg) gain in weight between 1989 and 1993, the risk of hypertension increased 20% (odds ratio (OR) = 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15, 1.24). After adjustment for body mass index and weight gain, the risks associated with mild weight cycling (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.00, 1.33) and severe weight cycling (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.79, 1.61) were small and not significant. Thus, the results of this study offer support for the current weight guidelines and provide further evidence of the health risks associated with excessive weight and weight gain. However, these data do not suggest an independent effect of weight cycling on risk of hypertension.
A new mechanistic model for pool boiling CHF on horizontal surfaces

Abstract This work proposes a new mechanistic model for predicting the critical heat flux (CHF) in horizontal pool boiling systems. It is postulated that when the vapor momentum flux is sufficient to lift the liquid macrolayer from the heating surface, wetting is no longer feasible, and a transition from nucleate to film boiling occurs. This is the same mechanism that has found success in predicting CHF in flow boiling systems. An experimental investigation of CHF with pentane, hexane, and FC-72 in saturated horizontal pool boiling with chamber pressures of 150, 300, and 450 kPa provides evidence that the new model captures the variation of CHF with pressure reasonably well compared with other well known models. The new model is also compared with existing data from the literature over a reduced pressure range of 2 × 10 −5 –2 × 10 −1 . The mean deviation between the predicted and measured CHF is typically within 20% over the parameter space covered.