cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outside the Economy: Women’s Work and Feminist Economics in the Construction and Critique of National Income Accounting

ABSTRACTConcerns about women’s work were present at the advent of the modern method of national income accounting, and they have featured prominently in the most radical critiques of this method. During and after the Second World War, Phyllis Deane, a young researcher working under the supervision of Richard Stone, Austin Robinson and Arthur Lewis, grappled with the conceptual difficulties involved in measuring the ‘national’ incomes of mostly rural subsistence colonies in British central Africa. In constructing her estimates, Deane relied heavily on a multidisciplinary survey of nutrition conducted in interwar Nyasaland. Deane’s work was essentially an exercise in reductionism and bounding; she sought to extract from these data a single monetary estimate of production. Yet Deane also proved unwilling to exclude too much. She broke with her advisors’ favoured convention that activities not involved in market exchange should be excluded from the national income. Successive national income accountants aroun...
The Effects Of Medicaid Expansion Under The ACA: A Systematic Review

Expanding eligibility for Medicaid was a central goal of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), which continues to be debated and discussed at the state and federal levels as further reforms are considered. In an effort to provide a synthesis of the available research, we systematically reviewed the peer-reviewed scientific literature on the effects of Medicaid expansion on the original goals of the ACA. After analyzing seventy-seven published studies, we found that expansion was associated with increases in coverage, service use, quality of care, and Medicaid spending. Furthermore, very few studies reported that Medicaid expansion was associated with negative consequences, such as increased wait times for appointments—and those studies tended to use study designs not suited for determining cause and effect. Thus, there is evidence to document improvements in several areas of health care delivery following the ACA Medicaid expansion. We outline areas for future research that can further reduce current knowledge gaps.
The REPAIRER Reporting System for Integrating Human Factors into SMS in Aviation Maintenance

Acknowledging the FAA’s well-known PEAR model, and the influence of the dirty dozen in aviation maintenance, the authors examine a tracking and reporting system that fulfills FAA requirements for safety management systems in aviation maintenance organizations. Implications and suggestions for a robust safety management system which encompasses human factors and ORM, applicable to an aviation maintenance environment are presented, with the inclusion of specific risk hazards. The resulting safety reporting system proposed addresses both consistency and reliability challenges, unique to the aviation maintenance environment. Using the four pillars of safety as a foundation, the REPAIRER strategy procedures serves as the safety policy pillar, through the examination and rating of potential risk hazards, based on the dirty dozen. The resulting reporting system leverages aviation maintenance-specific factors to identify and correct for human errors, improving the reliability of maintenance procedures, enhancing safety practices, and ultimately creating a greater state of operational readiness.
Scapolite Phase Equilibria: Additional Constraints on the Role of CO2 in Granulite Genesis

The scapolite decarbonation equilibrium Meionite + Quartz = Anorthite + Grossular + CO2 is used to calculate the activity of CO2 (a Co2) in scapolite granulites and lower crustal xenoliths. Granulites from exposed regional terranes yield a CO2 less than 0.5 with most in the range 0.1 to 0.3. These values are consistent with metamorphism in the presence of a mixed C-O-H-S fluid phase in which CO2 is not the dominant component, or more likely, with metamorphism in the absence of a free fluid phase or presence of a melt phase. Calculations of H2O activities and C-O-H-S fluid speciation for the Furua Granulite Complex in Tanzania suggest that peak metamorphism occurred in the absence of a fluid phase, but they are not consistent with CO2-flooding as a mechanism for producing lowered water activities in these granulites. Lower crustal xenoliths yield a wider range of values, and some are consistent with metamorphism in the presence of a CO2-rich fluid phase. These samples may represent the recrystallized equivalents of underplated basalt magmas that had high CO2 contents.
Buckling of Columns

Elastic Columns, plates, shells and some other structures can collapse at a modest stress level, due to an instability of the equilibrium. Viscoelastic structures display similar, but more complex phenomena, which we now shall study for the case of a simple column.
Monocrystalline 1.7 eV MgCdTe double-heterostructure solar cell with 11.2% efficiency

A dual-junction 1.7-eV/1.1-eV tandem cell has a theoretical efficiency limit of 45% under the AM1.5G spectrum. Combining an efficient thin-film semiconductor with a 1.7 eV bandgap as the top cell with a 1.1 eV silicon subcell offers a practical pathway to further cost-reduction of solar power generation. This paper reports the demonstration of a monocrystalline 1.7 eV Mg0.13Cd0.87Te solar cell grown by molecular beam epitaxy with an active-area efficiency of 11.2% and an open-circuit voltage of 1.176 V.
Ischemic Cardiomyopathy is Associated with Increased Hemocompatibility Related Adverse Events Compared to Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy in LVAD Patients

Purpose Hemocompatibility Related Adverse Events (HRAE) remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in LVAD patients. The association between device specific factors and HRAE has been studied, however less is known about patient specific factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the etiology of heart failure on HRAE. Methods Retrospective single center chart review of all patients who underwent LVAD implantation from 3/2014 to 8/2018 was performed. The etiology of heart failure was classified as Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (ICM) or Non Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (NICM). An age matched cohort was analyzed using propensity score matching. Results 50 patients with ICM (age 61 yrs ± 11, 73% male) were compared to 49 patients with NICM (age 60 yrs ± 10, 76% male). There was no significant difference in heart failure free survival at 2 years(ICM= 50.2% vs NICM 58.3%,p=0.39) or all-cause mortality(ICM=25.8% vs NICM 27.7%,p=0.69) between the two groups. There was a statistically significant increase in HRAE -free survival in patients with NICM(61.9%) compared to ICM (25.5%) at 2 years(p=0.006) (Figure 1) Conclusion ICM is a risk factor for increased HRAE compared to NICM. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether these patients may benefit with different management strategies to avoid HRAE.
EEG Effects of Clozapine: Assocation or Dissocation of EEG and Behavior?

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the EEG effects of clozapine. In the past two decades, a theory of the association of EEG and behavior and a methodology designed to predict the useful role of new psychoactive drugs have been developed. The theory states that psychoactive drugs systematically affect brain functions such that distinctive EEG patterns are elicited that are directly related to the behavioral effects in man. Drugs with similar EEG patterns have similar behavioral effects, and drugs that fail to elicit EEG effects fail to have systematic behavioral effects. The theory was first challenged by pharmacologic studies with anticholinergic drugs in which surface EEG electrodes showed slow frequency high-voltage patterns characteristic of sleep while the studied animal was restless, exhibited running movements, and vocalized. An increase in EEG slow waves and in fast frequencies, a decrease in alpha amplitudes, an increase in variability of frequencies, and a decrease in rhythmicity is associated with heightened mood, increased psychomotor activity, and decreased vigilance and alertness. These effects are seen with the tricyclic and tetracyclic thymoleptic antidepressant drugs.
Quantification of IGF-1 Receptor May be Useful in the Differential Diagnosis of Essential Thrombocytosis from Reactive Thrombocytosis- Suggested to Add IGF-1Receptor Quantification As the Minor Criteria for the Diagnosis of ET

Introduction. The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia lists the criteria for the diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia (ET ) as 1) Platelet count more than 450 x 109/L 2) BM biopsy 3) Not meeting WHO criteria for BCR-ABL CML, PV, PMF, myelodysplastic syndromes, or other myeloid neoplasms, 4) Presence of JAK2, CALR, or MPL mutation . The minor criteria included Presence of a clonal marker or absence of evidence for reactive thrombocytosis .Among these criteria , the most reliable criteria for diagnosis of ET is the "presence of JAK2, CALR, or MPL mutation", these mutually exclusive "driver" mutations with respective incidences of 55%, 25%, and 3% , so approximately 17% are so called "triple-negative ET ". These 17 % cases will depend on other criterias to make a definite diagnosis as ET. Bone marrow criteria is helpful in some cases but in many cases, the differential from re-active thrombocytosis (RT) could be misleading , So a substantial portion of triple-negative patients with ET have evidence of polyclonal: the use of cytoreductive drugs in these patients is questionable . We have recently published using IGF-1R quantification by flow cytometry could be helpful in differentiating polycythemia from secondary polycythemia . Now we also found quantification of IGF-1R by flow cytometry to be helpful in the diagnosis of ET from reactive thrombocytosis. Materials and Methods: Nineteen patients with ET (treatment naive), 20 with reactive thrombocytosis (RT) (5 sickle cell disease, 5 arthritis, 5 iron deficiency, 3 metastatic Cancer, 2 with infection, one with bleeding) and 23 normal volunteer controls were studied. Flow cytometry: MNC were isolated from peripheral blood then incubated with fluorophore-conjugated primary antibody or isotype controls for 30 min at room temperature and analyzed by FACS Calibur System (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). PE-conjugated antibody against human IGF-1R was purchased from R&D Systems. Results: Untreated ET patients had significantly higher IGF-1R (290.8, 86.83-475.2) than RT patients (127.0, 47.75-177.2),(P =220 means that a patient belongs to ET group, with sensitivity of 47.4% and specificity equal to 94.7%. Conclusion: Quantification of IGF-1 receptor may be useful in the differential diagnosis of Essential thrombocythemia from reactive thrombocytosis, especially in those cases where no driver mutations were detected (triple negative). Disclosures Wang: Celgen: Research Funding.
Effects of temperature and viscosity on miracidial and cercarial movement of Schistosoma mansoni: ramifications for disease transmission.

Abstract Parasites with complex life cycles can be susceptible to temperature shifts associated with seasonal changes, especially as free-living larvae that depend on a fixed energy reserve to survive outside the host. The life cycle of Schistosoma, a trematode genus containing some species that cause human schistosomiasis, has free-living, aquatic miracidial and cercarial larval stages that swim using cilia or a forked tail, respectively. The small size of these swimmers (150–350 µm) dictates that their propulsion is dominated by viscous forces. Given that viscosity inhibits the swimming ability of small organisms and is inversely correlated with temperature, changes in temperature should affect the ability of free-living larval stages to swim and locate a host. By recording miracidial and cercarial movement of Schistosoma mansoni using a high-speed camera and manipulating temperature and viscosity independently, we assessed the role each factor plays in the swimming mechanics of the parasite. We found a positive effect of temperature and a negative effect of viscosity on miracidial and cercarial speed. Reynolds numbers, which describe the ratio of inertial to viscous forces exerted on an aquatic organism, were
Self-compassion and Fear of Self-compassion: Mechanisms Underlying the Link between Child Maltreatment Severity and Psychological Distress in College Women

Women are at increased risk for depression and anxiety associated with child maltreatment, given higher rates of exposure to childhood maltreatment and a greater sensitivity resulting in maltreatment-related distress. Thus, there is a need to identify mechanisms of resilience among female survivors of child maltreatment. Self-compassion may promote resilience, whereas fear of self-compassion may diminish this protective effect. Moreover, distinct facets of self-compassion (e.g., self-kindness) versus self-coldness (e.g., self-judgment) may differentially explain risk or resilience for child maltreatment outcomes. College women (N = 586) completed anonymous online surveys assessing the severity of different types of child maltreatment, self-compassion, fear of self-compassion, depression, anxiety, and stress. Severity of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, and emotional and physical neglect, was positively associated with elevated fear of self-compassion and the absence of self-compassion (i.e., self-coldness). In contrast, emotional abuse and neglect severity were the only maltreatment variables negatively associated with self-compassion. Models indicated an indirect relation between increased maltreatment severity and heightened psychological distress via fear of self-compassion and self-coldness (i.e., isolation, overidentification). Statistical patterns indicative of suppression among the positive facets of self-compassion occurred. The centrality of emotional maltreatment, along with fear of self-compassion, isolation, and overidentification, emerged across analyses. Findings suggest the absence of self-compassion (i.e., self-coldness) is associated with specific forms of distress. Additional research with child maltreatment survivors should examine self-compassion components rather than a unidimensional construct.
Transurethral bipolar plasmakinetic resection for superficial bladder tumors

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the bipolar plasmakinetic system in transurethral resection for bladder tumors (TURBt). Methods 57 patients aged 38 to 82 (42 male and 15 female; mean age, 58.2 years) with bladder tumors were treated by the bipolar plasmakinetic system. Single tumor was noted in 38 patients and multiple tumors in 19. Results All the patients received only one TURBt. The mean operation time was 22 min and mean hospital stay was( 5 ± 0.36 )days. 55 patients were followed up and 2 were lost. 12 patients relapsed within 24 months of follow-up. 8 had to receive second transurethral resection and 4 required radical cystectomy. Conclusions The bipolar plasmakinetic system in TURBt is minimally invasive, effective and safe. Key words: Superficial bladder tumor; Bipolar plasmakinetic; Transurethral resection; Therapy
Designing Effective and Practical Interventions to Contain Epidemics

Vaccination is a standard public health intervention for controlling the spread of epidemics. However, the supply of vaccines is typically limited, and therefore, their deployment needs to be optimized. Further, vaccines are produced over time, so the strategies have to be temporal. We study the problem EpiControl> of designing vaccination strategies, within available budget constraints, to minimize the spread of an outbreak. This is a challenging stochastic optimization problem. We design a bicriteria approximation algorithm, which combines a linear programming based rounding, along with the sample average approximation technique. Our approach also provides the empirical approximation factor for the problem instance, relative to the optimum. We find that the approximation factor is significantly better than the worst case bound, and, in practice, is a small constant factor. Further, our method shows significantly better performance than all prior heuristics for this problem. With additional pruning techniques, we are able to scale our algorithm to networks with millions of edges.
Ethics, Economics, and Ransomware: How Human Decisions Grow the Threat.

This paper examines the modern history of ransomware and its evolution to the current form of large-scale ransomware attacks (ones that disrupt entire organizations). Within that timeframe, public reporting, articles, and news media reporting on large-scale ransomware attacks is reviewed to create an empirical analysis of ransom payments, conditions that led to those payments, and if data was ultimately recovered.
Effectiveness of Quetiapine as a Sedative Adjunct in Mechanically Ventilated Adults Without Delirium.

Background:Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic that is commonly used in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The utility of quetiapine as a sedative adjunct has not yet been evaluated, but has been d...
Nonsurgical Treatment for Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Comprehensive Review

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), and recently termed areca nut-induced oral fibrosis, is a debilitating disorder that hampers oral health and systemic health of patients. The management for this disorder involves a wide variety of modalities, including palliative, medicinal, and surgical. Regardless of tremendous research published in the literature, the management of OSMF has remained controversial due to the complexity of the disorder. Accordingly, this article aims to enlighten the clinicians with a comprehensive review of the current situation of the disorder and discuss the available medicinal treatment modalities for OSMF.
Correction to: (Sex) Crime and Punishment in the #MeToo Era: How the Public Views Rape

The original version of this article mistakenly listed “the Foundations of Human Behavior Initiative at Harvard University” in Acknowledgements section. The proper acknowledgement is “the Pershing Square Fund for Research on the Foundations of Human Behavior at Harvard University”.
The role of interdependence in trust

Abstract In this chapter, we argue that interdependence relationships are the mechanism employed to actively manage the processes that assess trustworthiness of the technology and that enable accurate trust calibration by the people who use it. This work proposes a new model of risk-taking trust relationships. It emphasizes the critical role of context and the role of interdependence in the trust process. The work further proposes that interdependence relationships are the mechanism by which relational trust is established, developed, and maintained. The proposed model is used to explain how Interdependence Analysis (IA) provides a contextual lens for interpreting trust and can be an effective tool for understanding and designing systems capable of actively managing trust through interdependence relationships.
Cardiogenetics: genetic testing in the diagnosis and management of patients with aortic disease.

Thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection have a potent genetic underpinning with 20% of individuals having an affected relative. Heritable thoracic aortic diseases (HTAD) may be classified as syndromic (including Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and others) or non-syndromic (without recognisable phenotypes) and relate to pathogenic variants in multiple genes affecting extracellular matrix proteins, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signalling and smooth muscle contractile function. Clinical and imaging characteristics may heighten likelihood of an underlying HTAD. HTAD should be investigated in individuals with thoracic aortic aneurysm or aortic dissection, especially when occurring in younger individuals, in those with phenotypic features and in those with a family history of aneurysm disease. Screening family members for aneurysm disease is important. Consultation with a medical geneticist and genetic testing of individuals at increased risk for HTAD is recommended. Medical management and prophylactic aortic surgical thresholds are informed by an accurate clinical and molecular diagnosis.
Fabrication of Ordered Au–Co Nanoparticle Arrays

In this work, we present a novel fabrication strategy for large-area nanoparticle (NP) arrays on flexible glass. Nanosphere lithography (NSL) is used in combination with thermal degradation to produce ordered arrays of gold (Au)/cobalt (Co) NPs. Polystyrene (PS) beads were assembled on Willow® glass to form a hexogonally-packed monolayer. Next, Au and Co were applied onto the PS beads using co-deposition via e-beam evaporation. The PS bead template was degraded under high temperature (600° C), leaving behind an ordered Au–Co array with average particle diameter of 118±11 nm. The total integrated transmission, T int , and forward scattering, S f , were measured using a spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. Both measurements revealed a minimum and maximum peak at ~660 nm, respectively.
Holocaust survivorship and religiosity: Meaning and identity

Religion and spirituality play a vital role in the quality of life among survivors of trauma. Studies indicate that individuals may experience diverse trajectories based upon personal experiences i...
The nonlinear viscoelastic response of suspensions of rigid inclusions in rubber: I—Gaussian rubber with constant viscosity

Abstract A numerical and analytical study is made of the macroscopic or homogenized viscoelastic response of suspensions of rigid inclusions in rubber under finite quasistatic deformations. The focus is on the prototypical case of random isotropic suspensions of equiaxed inclusions firmly embedded in an isotropic incompressible Gaussian rubber with constant viscosity. From a numerical point of view, a robust scheme is introduced to solve the governing initial–boundary-value problem based on a conforming Crouzeix–Raviart finite-element discretization of space and a high-order accurate explicit Runge–Kutta discretization of time, which are particularly well suited to deal with the challenges posed by finite deformations and the incompressibility constraint of the rubber. The scheme is deployed to generate sample solutions for the basic case of suspensions of spherical inclusions of the same (monodisperse) size under a variety of loading conditions. From a complementary point of view, analytical solutions are worked out in the limits: ( i ) of small deformations, ( i i ) of finite deformations that are applied either infinitesimally slowly or infinitely fast, and ( i i i ) when the rubber loses its ability to store elastic energy and reduces to a Newtonian fluid. Strikingly, in spite of the fact that the underlying rubber matrix has constant viscosity, the solutions reveal that the viscoelastic response of the suspensions exhibits an effective nonlinear viscosity of shear-thinning type. The solutions further indicate that the viscoelastic response of the suspensions features the same type of short-range-memory behavior — as opposed to the generally expected long-range-memory behavior — as that of the underlying rubber. Guided by the asymptotic analytical results and the numerical solutions, a simple yet accurate approximate analytical solution for the macroscopic viscoelastic response of the suspensions is proposed.
Chronic kidney disease detection, staging and treatment in cardiovascular disease prevention.

Globally, nearly 10% of the population has chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as a glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or a urinary albumin to creatinine ratio greater than 30 mg/g (3 mg/mmol). Persons with CKD have a substantially high risk of cardiovascular disease. Indeed, most persons with CKD are far more likely to develop a cardiovascular event than to progress to end-stage kidney disease. Although early detection and staging of CKD could help prevent its cardiovascular consequences, current rates of testing for CKD are very low, even among high-risk populations such as persons with diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we first describe the need to test for both estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria among persons at high risk of CKD in order to properly stage CKD and enhance cardiovascular risk stratification. We then discuss how detection and staging for CKD could help prioritise patients at high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heart failure who could derive the largest benefit from cardiovascular preventive interventions. In addition, we discuss the central role of CKD detection and staging in the initiation of cardiorenal preventive therapies, such as the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, which have shown overwhelming evidence of cardiorenal protection. We conclude by discussing strategies to overcome historical barriers to CKD detection and treatment.
Trends in ion exchange: Analysis of the literature

Abstract Ion exchange is an elegant concept whose simplicity has allowed a wide range of applications in separations (e.g., water treatment, chromatography, radiochemistry, food processing), catalysis and synthesis. The objective of this Perspective is to map its origin and present status, then propose a trajectory into the future. This is addressed with data mined from the open literature as reported in the Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics) via a search of the keyword “ion exchange” for the period 1900–1960, then narrowed to 1941–1960, followed by subsequent 20-year periods to the present day. Data are sorted into the top ten WoS Categories, Research Areas, Publication Titles and Countries, then further defined with additional keywords. Interest in ion exchange was found to be constant across the vicennial periods as the number of references kept pace with growth in the chemical (open) literature. The period to 1960 had 1213 references with chemistry the dominant area (60.9%) and engineering at only 4.5% of the papers; resins were the dominant material with membranes a distant second. The period 1961–1980 had 5175 references with chemistry retaining its top ranking but engineering significantly increasing; resins and membranes were the primary materials while separations dominated and catalysis barely registered. There were 21,901 references in 1981–2000 with environmental science appearing as a research area for the first time; resins ended the century as they began – the primary material – but by a small margin over membranes. The 21st century (2001−2020) began with 52,187 references, chemistry held steady compared to the preceding period while engineering and materials science increased significantly and environmental science doubled its percentage, joined by water resources; membranes continued their upward trend, surpassing resins. Output from China increased to outperform the USA. In the last three years of that period, environmental science made a stronger showing and energy fuels replaced biotechnology. In comparing the vicennial periods, the rise of engineering, materials science and ecology combined with water was impressive. In comparing Research Areas in the initial period with those from the latest, it is seen that chemistry fell from 61% to 41% while engineering increased from 4% to 25%. Applications were more likely to involve membranes. Separations remained steady from the initial to the current period while catalysis moved equal to them, Examining the most cited papers in the latest period shows an emphasis on metal-organic frameworks, tailored materials, membranes for energy and environmental applications, and to an array of applications in environmental remediation. Ion exchange is applied as a preparative technique in, for example, batteries, photocatalysts, electrocatalysts, supercapacitors, and perovskite nanocrystals. Ion exchange is thus poised to continue well into the 21st century. It has flourished by its ability to adapt. As the analysis of the literature shows, it will continue to flourish.
Next steps in research on aggression in borderline personality disorder: Commentary on "Aggression in borderline personality disorder--A multidimensional model".

Comments on the article by F. Mancke et al. (see record 2015-31349-001). The article proposes a multidimensional model of aggression in borderline personality disorder (BPD) on the basis of an overview of empirical studies supporting the proposed dimensions. We applaud the authors for the timeliness of this piece and their comprehensive summary of the empirical literature on aggression in BPD. We highlight several issues for further attention and study. We first discuss the proposed multidimensional model itself with an emphasis on the choice of constructs, clinical applications, and limitations. We acknowledge the importance of this first step in model-building (i.e., the identification of potentially important dimensions as inferred from variable-focused, group-based comparisons). However, we encourage the necessary next steps-a movement toward a mechanistic and dynamic understanding of these dimensions that relies more heavily on a person-centered approach and enhances clinical relevance. In that spirit, we make some suggestions for future research on aggression in BPD that may have increased translational value for prevention and intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
Pollen‐host specificity and evolutionary patterns of host switching in a clade of specialist bees (Apoidea: Diadasia)

We examined the levels of pollen-host specificity in North American Diadasia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), a clade of specialist bees. We analysed the scopal pollen loads of 409 individuals representing 25 of the 30 species of Diadasia that occur in North America. Each Diadasia species showed a preference for one of five plant families. However, the 25 species varied in their level of host specificity: the average percentage by volume of the preferred host in pollen loads ranged from > 99% to < 75%. In 17 of the 25 species, all or most individuals examined contained pure loads of one host taxon, while in eight species individuals were less specialized and carried mixtures of several unrelated host taxa. Mapping these host preferences onto a phylogenetic tree indicated that Malvaceae is the most likely ancestral host for the genus, and use of other hosts can be explained by a single switch to each of the other four host-plant families. Thus, most speciation events were not associated with a host switch; this pattern does not support host switching as a niche partitioning strategy to avoid competition. Diadasia species are more likely to use host-plant families that are used by other Diadasia and Emphorine bees; however, there was no evidence of residual adaptation to ancestral hosts. Diet breadth appears to be a labile trait: transitions from narrower to broader host use, as well as vice versa, were observed. The observed patterns of host-use evolution may be driven, in part, by host morphology and/or chemistry. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 86 , 487‐ 505.
Pathogenesis and clinical approach to extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), both should be considered as systemic diseases as they are associated with clinical manifestations involving the organs outside the alimentary tract. In a genetically susceptible host with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), complex interaction of bacterial or other local factors in the colon with antigen presenting cells may trigger an immune reaction to a shared antigen in the involved organs. These extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) are observed in up to 20-40% of the patients with IBD. Patients with CD are more susceptible to EIMs than patients with UC. Joints, eyes, skin and biliary tract are the most commonly involved organ systems. Some manifestations such as uveitis, episcleritis may precede the onset bowel disease and some may occur in conjunction with or subsequent to the diagnosis of active bowel disease. Although many EIMs tend to follow the clinical course of IBD and respond to the treatment of underlying bowel disease, some EIMs such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and ankylosing spondylitis tend to follow a course independent of the bowel disease activity. Biological agents, particularly anti-TNFa based therapies now assume an important role in the treatment of EIMs. Early recognition and treatment of EIMs are crucial in preventing major morbidity.
Basis for the Observed Fluctuation of Carboxypeptidase II Activity During the Cell Cycle in BUG 6, a Temperature-Sensitive Division Mutant of Escherichia coli

Diaminopimelyl-d-alanyl carboxypeptidase (carboxypeptidase II) is most active at the time of division, whether measured in toluene-treated cells of Escherichia coli K-12 strain D11-1, fractionated by size, or in toluene-treated cells of the temperature-sensitive division mutant, BUG 6 (B. D. Beck and J. T. Park, 1976). The present investigation has now shown that, under conditions that permit division, the increased carboxypeptidase II activity in toluenetreated cells of BUG 6 is probably not due to protein synthesis. Although dividing cells are more permeable than nondividing cells, permeability differences are not sufficient to account for the changes in carboxypeptidase II activity. Thus, in the toluene-treated nondividing cells, carboxypeptidase II is present, but its activity is masked, which suggests the presence of an inhibitor. Another striking difference between nondividing and dividing cells is that carboxypeptidase II is much more readily released from dividing cells by both tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and toluene treatment. Carboxypeptidase II was partially purified and found to be an 86,000-molecular-weight protein consisting of two 43,000-molecular-weight polypeptides. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment of nondividing cells releases less than 10% of the carboxypeptidase II and other periplasmic proteins that are releasable from dividing cells.
Edge Effects and Isolation: Red‐Backed Voles Revisited

We examined demographic responses of California red-backed voles (Clethrionomys californicus) to forest fragmentation in southwestern Oregon at sites where this species has previously shown negative responses to fragmentation. Voles were captured in live traps and released. Voles were rarely caught in clearcuts surrounding 11 forest fragments, but relative vole density did not decrease from the forest-fragment interiors to edges. The first result agrees with previous findings at these sites 6 years earlier, but the latter result does not. There was no evidence that vole response to edge changes with fragment age. Two years of intensive mark- recapture efforts at two forest-fragment sites and two unfragmented (control) sites did not show negative effects of fragmentation on vole survival, an important demographic rate. Vole capture probabilities varied greatly across space and time on these four sites, which may explain the differences in vole responses to edge seen between this and the previous study. These results suggest that reliable appraisal of edge effects may be difficult for many species on small fragments because the data necessary to apply population estimators require great efforts to obtain and the use of indices leads to a confounding of detection probabilities with demographic change.
Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders: Why Do Some People Suffer From Both?

Social workers intervene with clients with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders in their daily practice. Many social workers may not have a full understanding of the theories about why people have co-occurring disorders. The theory that social workers are most familiar with, the self-medication model, may not best explain the client's experience and may cause social workers to overlook the needs of some clients. In this article, the four main models used to explain why people have co-occurring disorders are examined, empirical literature related to each model is critiqued, and implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed.
Passive and carrier‐mediated intestinal absorption components of captopril

The intestinal absorption mechanism of captopril was investigated in fasted rats using a single-pass perfusion method. Captopril and captopril disulfide were analyzed by HPLC. A modified boundary-layer solution was applied to determine the apparent intestinal wall permeabilities (Pw*). The results indicated that captopril is very permeable in the small intestine but not in the colon, and the permeability in the small intestine is both pH and concentration dependent. The estimated parameters for the carrier are: Km*, 6 mM; Jmax*, 12 mM; and Pc*, 2. There is also a significant passive component to captopril absorption in the small intestine. Furthermore, the intestinal permeability of captopril was significantly decreased by the withdrawal of sodium from the perfusate (3 times), and the addition of 85 mM of gly-gly (2.5 times), 15 mM of gly-pro (4 times), dipeptide mixture (4.5 times), 0.5 mM of 2,4-dinitrophenol (4 times), and 10 mM of cephradine (6 times). This is the first demonstration that an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor is at least in part transported by a carrier-mediated process in the intestine via the peptide carrier system. In addition, the results showed that the peptide carrier system can transport a substrate without a "N" terminal nitrogen atom.
Electromyographic recording of the cricopharyngeus muscle in humans

Electromyography of the cricopharyngeus muscle is helpful in the study of normal swallowing and in the evaluation of various conditions leading to dysphagia. This article describes the technical aspects of the studies and the findings in normal controls and in various disease states.
The Moderating Impact of Family Role Configurations

This study examines the impact of across domain social support, work-family conflict (WFC) and job satisfaction, and explores the influence of family role allocations among these relationships. Family roles include breadwinner and caregiver. Direct effects were found for two types of support and both WFC and job satisfaction. Additionally, results provided some evidence that family roles moderated the support-outcome relationship, particularly for caregivers. The research and practical implications, as well as limitations of this study are discussed.
Do protective devices prevent needlestick injuries among health care workers

Abstract Objectives: To determine the effectiveness and direct cost of two protective devices—a shielded 3 ml safety syringe (Safety-Lok; Becton Dickinson and Co., Becton Dickinson Division, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) and the components of a needleless IV system (InterLink; Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, Ill.)-in preventing needlestick injuries to health care workers. Design: Twelve-month prospective, controlled, before-and-after trial with a standardized questionnaire to monitor needlestick injury rates. Setting: Six hospital inpatient units, consisting of three medical units, two surgical units (all of which were similar in patient census, acuity, and frequency of needlesticks), and a surgical-trauma intensive care unit, at a 900-bed urban university medical center. Participants: All nursing personnel, including registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, nursing aides, and students, as well as medical teams consisting of an attending physician, resident physician, interns, and medical students on the study units. Intervention: After a 6-month prospective surveillance period, the protective devices were randomly introduced to four of the chosen study units and to the surgical-trauma intensive care unit. Results: Forty-seven needlesticks were reported throughout the entire study period, 33 in the 6 months before and 14 in the 6 months after the introduction of the protective devices. Nursing staff members who were using hollow-bore needles and manipulating intravenous lines accounted for the greatest number of needlestick injuries in the pre-intervention period. The overall rate of needlestick injury was reduced by 61%, from 0.785 to 0.303 needlestick injuries per 1000 health care worker—days after the introduction of the protective devices (relative risk=1.958; 95% confidence interval, 1.012 to 3.790; p = 0.046). Needlestick injury rates associated with intravenous line manipulation, procedures with 3 ml syringes, and sharps disposal were reduced by 50%; however, reductions in these subcategories were not statistically significant. No seroconversions to HIV-1 or hepatitis B virus seropositivity occurred among those with needlestick injuries. The direct cost for each needlestick prevented was $789. Conclusions: Despite an overall reduction in needlestick injury rates, no statistically significant reductions could be directly attributed to the protective devices. These devices are associated with a significant increase in cost compared with conventional devices. Further studies must be concurrently controlled to establish the effectiveness of these devices.
Adverse effect profile of Lidocaine injections for occipital nerve block in occipital neuralgia

To determine whether there are differences in the adverse effect profile between 1, 2 and 5% Lidocaine when used for occipital nerve blocks (ONB) in patients with occipital neuralgia. Occipital neuralgia is an uncommon cause of headaches. Little is known regarding the safety of Lidocaine injections for treatment in larger series of patients. Retrospective chart analysis of all ONB was performed at our headache clinic during a 6-year period on occipital neuralgia patients. 89 consecutive patients with occipital neuralgia underwent a total of 315 ONB. All the patients fulfilled the IHS criteria for Occipital Neuralgia. Demographic data were collected including age, gender, and ethnicity. The average age of this cohort was 53.25 years, and the majority of patients were females 69 (78%). Ethnicity of patients was diverse, with Caucasian 48(54%), Hispanics 31(35%), and others 10 (11%). 69 patients had 1%, 18 patients had 2% and 29 patient were given 5% Lidocaine. All Lidocaine injections were given with 20 mg Depo-medrol and the same injection technique and location were used for all the procedures. Eight patients (9%)had adverse effects to the Lidocaine and Depo-medrol injections, of which 5 received 5% and 3 received 1% Lidocaine. Majority of patients who had adverse effects were female 7(87%), and had received bilateral blocks (75%). ONB is a safe procedure with 1% Lidocaine; however, caution should be exerted with 5% in elderly patients, 70 or older, especially when administering bilateral injections.
Cost-Effectiveness of Abbreviating the Duration of Intravenous Antibacterial Therapy with Oral Fluoroquinolones

Comprehensive economic analyses should include outpatient as well as inpatient resources. A healthcare system that includes both inpatient and outpatient care, such as prescriptions, physician care, laboratory tests and multiple other items, has been termed an Integrated Healthcare Network (IHN). Thus, cost-effectiveness analyses from the perspective of an IHN are necessary. We report a cost-effectiveness analysis from an IHN perspective on 187 evaluable hospitalised patients with serious infection who participated in randomised clinical trials that evaluated either: (i) standard regimens of intravenous (i.v.) antibacterial therapy, usually followed by oral antibacterial therapy; or (ii) an abbreviated regimen of intravenous antibacterials for 2 to 4 days, followed by either oral ciprofloxacin or oral enoxacin as early switch therapy. Clinical success rates were similar for the 2 treatment groups. The median number of days of in-hospital antibacterial treatment was 11 for standard i.v. therapy and 10 for switch therapy. Adverse events occurred in 33% of the standard i.v. therapy group and in 50% of the switch therapy group. Sensitivity analysis of drug price and hospital bed cost showed that switch therapy was consistently more cost effective than standard i.v. therapy. Standard i.v. therapy would have to be 10% more effective than switch therapy to change the economic decision. In this analysis, switch therapy was a cost-effective treatment with no demonstrated change in efficacy compared with standard i.v. therapy.
The Prevalence of Undiagnosed Thyroid Disease in Patients With Symptomatic Vocal Fold Paresis

Summary Objective Vocal fold paresis has a multifactorial etiology and is idiopathic in many individuals. The incidence of thyroid-related neuropathy in the larynx has not been previously described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of previously undiagnosed thyroid disease in patients with laryngeal neuropathy and to compare this prevalence with that in a cohort of patients with a neurotologic neuropathy. Study Design and Setting Case series with chart review; tertiary care, otolaryngology practice. Subjects and Methods Charts of 308 consecutive patients with dysphonia and vocal fold paresis and 333 consecutive patients with sensorineural hearing loss, who presented for evaluation during a 3-year period, were reviewed. Results One hundred forty-six of 308 (47.4%) patients with vocal fold paresis were diagnosed with concurrent thyroid disease, whereas 55 of 333 (16.5%) patients with sensorineural hearing loss were diagnosed with concurrent thyroid disease ( P Conclusions Thyroid abnormalities are more prevalent in patients with dysphonia and vocal fold paresis than in patients with symptomatic sensorineural hearing loss, suggesting a greater association between previously undiagnosed thyroid abnormalities and laryngeal neuropathy than that between neurotologic neuropathy and thyroid disease.
Electrostatic charge effect on respirable aerosol particle deposition in a cadaver based throat cast replica

Abstract This study investigated the integrated effects of particle size and electrostatic charge on the deposition of inhaled aerosol particles in a polyester resin cadaver based throat cast replica (TCR). Many lung diseases are associated with exposure to atmospheric dust particles and other pollutants. The most harmful respirable particles are smaller than 5 μm in size which efficiently reach the alveolar region. Since the human throat is an effective filter, we devised a novel idea of charging particles and studying their deposition in the TCR. Aerosol particles were generated from a commercially available nebulizer and charged by a corona charger. Their size and charge distribution were characterized by an Electronic Single Particle Aerodynamic Relaxation Time (ESPART) analyzer. Charged and uncharged particles were allowed to pass through a polyester resin cast of a cadaver based throat, a replica of a human oropharyngeal region. Again their size and charge distribution were characterized. The study results revealed that charging the particles increased agglomeration of smaller (aerodynamic diameter, d a
Characteristics of Ti/Pt/Au Ohmic Contacts on p-type GaN/AlxGa1-xN Superlattices

Ti/Pt/Au metallization on p-type GaN/Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1{minus}x}N (x = 0.10 and 0.20) superlattices (SL) were investigated as ohmic contacts. Current-voltage and specific contact resistance measurements indicate enhanced p-type doping in the superlattice structures compared to that in GaN. Ti/Pt/Au is shown to be an effective ohmic metallization scheme on p-type GaN/Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1{minus}x}N superlattices. A specific contact resistance of R{sub c} = 4.6 x 10{sup {minus}4} {Omega}-cm{sup 2} is achieved for unalloyed Ti/Pt/Au on GaN/Al{sub 0.2}Ga{sub 0.8}N Sl. This is reduced to 1.3 x 10{sup {minus}4} {Omega}-cm{sup 2} after annealing for 5 minutes at 300 C.