cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VisTrails provenance traces for benchmarking

The benchmark provenance traces that we have collected come from the VisTrails system for exploratory data analysis and visualization and from the VisTrails, Inc. provenance plugin for Autodesk Maya [1]. They contain diþerent kinds of provenance information, including prospective and retrospective provenance as well as provenance of the evolution of work ows and models [4]. Our traces are stored using a change-based representation to compactly save all directions a user explored when developing a result.
Ex-vivo expanded baboon CD4+ CD25 Hi Treg cells suppress baboon anti-pig T and B cell immune response.

Singh AK, Seavey CN, Horvath KA, Mohiuddin MM. Ex-vivo expanded baboon CD4+ CD25Hi Treg cells suppress baboon anti-pig T and B cell immune response. Xenotransplantation 2012; 19: 102–111. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Background: CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in regulating immune responses. A very small number of Treg cells are present in peripheral blood and lymphoid organs, but due to their ability to suppress the immune response, they have a high potential for immunotherapy in clinics. Successful ex-vivo expansion of naturally occurring CD4+ CD25+ T cells has been achieved after TCR stimulation in the presence of T cell growth factors. In this study, we evaluated the role of these Treg cells in suppressing proliferative response of baboon T and B cells to pig xenoantigens. Methods: Naturally occurring baboon CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (nTreg) were sorted from peripheral blood and expanded in the presence of either anti-CD3/CD28 beads or irradiated pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells with IL-2. Treg cells were also enriched directly from CD4+ T cells cultured in the presence of rapamycin (0.1–10 nm). Mixed lymphocyte culture and polyclonal B cell stimulation with ex-vivo Treg cells were performed to assess the function of ex-vivo expanded Treg cells. Results: The nTreg cells were expanded to more than 200-fold in 4 weeks and retained all the nTreg cell phenotypic characteristics, including high levels of FoxP3 expression. 2-fold increase in enrichment of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg cells from CD4+ cells was observed with rapamycin compared to cultures without rapamycin. The ex-vivo expanded Treg cells obtained from both methods were able to suppress the baboon anti-porcine xenogeneic T and B cell immune response in-vitro efficiently (more than 90% suppression at 1 : 1 ratio of T regulatory cells: T effector cells), and their suppression potential was retained even at 1 : 256 ratio. However, freshly isolated nTreg cells had only 70% suppression at 1 : 1 ratio, and their suppressive ability was reduced to ≤50% at 1 : 16 ratio. Furthermore, we have found that ex-vivo expanded Treg can also suppress the proliferation of B cells after polyclonal stimulation. Forty to 50 percent reduction in B cell proliferation was observed when ex-vivo expanded Treg cells were added to the culture at a 1 : 1 ratio. The addition of CD4+ CD25Neg cells however induced vigorous proliferation. Conclusion: Ex-vivo expanded CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg cells can be used to efficiently suppress xenogeneic immune responses by inhibiting T and B cell proliferation. These ex-vivo expanded Treg cells may also be used with other immunosuppressive agents to overcome xenograft rejection in preclinical xenotransplantation models.
Molecular Mechanisms and Evolutionary Processes Contributing to Accelerated Divergence of Gene Expression on the Drosophila X Chromosome

In species with a heterogametic sex, population genetics theory predicts that DNA sequences on the X chromosome can evolve faster than comparable sequences on autosomes. Both neutral and nonneutral evolutionary processes can generate this pattern. Complex traits like gene expression are not predicted to have accelerated evolution by these theories, yet a "faster-X" pattern of gene expression divergence has recently been reported for both Drosophila and mammals. Here, we test the hypothesis that accelerated adaptive evolution of cis-regulatory sequences on the X chromosome is responsible for this pattern by comparing the relative contributions of cis- and trans-regulatory changes to patterns of faster-X expression divergence observed between strains and species of Drosophila with a range of divergence times. We find support for this hypothesis, especially among male-biased genes, when comparing different species. However, we also find evidence that trans-regulatory differences contribute to a faster-X pattern of expression divergence both within and between species. This contribution is surprising because trans-acting regulators of X-linked genes are generally assumed to be randomly distributed throughout the genome. We found, however, that X-linked transcription factors appear to preferentially regulate expression of X-linked genes, providing a potential mechanistic explanation for this result. The contribution of trans-regulatory variation to faster-X expression divergence was larger within than between species, suggesting that it is more likely to result from neutral processes than positive selection. These data show how accelerated evolution of both coding and noncoding sequences on the X chromosome can lead to accelerated expression divergence on the X chromosome relative to autosomes.
Safety of MR-guided focused ultrasound treatment of pedunculated subserosal uterine leiomyomas

There has previously been a concern about whether it is safe to use minimally invasive methods to treat pedunculated subserosal uterine leiomyomas. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the safety of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) ablation of pedunculated subserosal uterine leiomyomas. All cases of MRgFUS ablations performed at our institution from March 2005 through March 2010 were reviewed to identify patients in whom a pedunculated subserosal leiomyoma was treated. Follow-up clinical and surgical data were reviewed to assess for complications. A pedunculated leiomyoma was treated in 11 of 179 patients. Only two of the 11 patients had complications, both of which were minor and likely unrelated specifically to the pedunculated leiomyomas. One patient had transient lumbar plexopathy contralateral to the pedunculated leiomyoma, and one patient had transient voiding difficulty. Operative findings in three other patients who subsequently had myomectomy or hysterectomy found no adhesions or other complications related to the pedunculated leiomyomas. Pedunculated subserosal leiomyomas are not a contraindication to treatment by MRgFUS. We found no evidence of complications specifically related to pedunculated subserosal leiomyomas.
The Power of Prestige: Why Young Men Report Having more Sex Partners than Young Women

In a survey of 48 men and 61 women from a southwestern US college, the gender difference in reported number of sex partners was mediated by the degree to which individuals felt that men and women who had many sexual partners were prestigious. In addition, men cared about the quantity and quality of their sex partners more than women did and these two factors were also related to reported number of sexual partners. The gender difference in reported sex partners is not veridical; it can be accounted for with attitudinal measures related to status and sex that are more common in men than women. Results are discussed in terms of understanding biased reporting in young American men and women.
Adaptive Noise Waveform Design for Radar

This paper introduces an adaptive radar waveform technique where a standard LFM waveform is used as an initial seed. The seed waveform is changed using a phase-only adaptive technique to minimize the resulting waveform's power in specific areas associated with in-band and adjacent-band spectral regions. Adjacent-band power minimization reduces interference to other spectral users, while in-band power minimization improves the waveform performance in matching interference environments. The resulting waveform retains a constant modulus which is valuable for practical transmitters, yet exhibits a variable degree of phase noise. Results are shown for three levels of computational convergence in the power minimization process. Ambiguity functions are plotted for each waveform to illustrate waveform performance characteristics such as radar resolution, target ambiguities, sidelobe response, and Doppler tolerance.
Impact of eutrophication on wood frog, Rana sylvatica, tadpoles infected with Echinostoma trivolvis cercariae

In freshwater systems, environmental changes, such as eutrophication, are occurring that could impact the outcome of host–parasite interactions. Using tadpole infection with trematode cercariae as a host–parasite system, this study examined (i) growth, development, and maintenance of trematode (Echinostoma trivolvis (Cort, 1914)) infection levels in second intermediate host larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica LeConte, 1825) and (ii) post-infection impacts of eutrophication on R. sylvatica tadpoles infected to varying degrees with E. trivolvis cercariae. Results from the first experiment suggest no impact of infection with 50 cercariae on R. sylvatica growth and development compared with uninfected controls. Results from the second experiment, investigating the impact of eutrophication on infected tadpoles, showed that survival to metamorphosis of the individuals in the highest infection treatment (80 cercariae) was reduced regardless of eutrophication treatment. However, for individuals surviving infection ...
Multiple-view, Multiple-selection Visualization of Simulation Geometry in CMS

Fireworks, the event-display program of CMS, was extended with an advanced geometry visualization package. ROOT's TGeo geometry is used as internal representation, shared among several geometry views. Each view is represented by a GUI list-tree widget, implemented as a flat vector to allow for fast searching, selection, and filtering by material type, node name, and shape type. Display of logical and physical volumes is supported. Color, transparency, and visibility flags can be modified for each node or for a selection of nodes. Further operations, like opening of a new view or changing of the root node, can be performed via a context menu. Node selection and graphical properties determined by the list-tree view can be visualized in any 3D graphics view of Fireworks. As each 3D view can display any number of geometry views, a user is free to combine different geometry-view selections within the same 3D view. Node-selection by proximity to a given point is possible. A visual clipping box can be set for each geometry view to limit geometry drawing into a specified region. Visualization of geometric overlaps, as detected by TGeo, is also supported. The geometry visualization package is used for detailed inspection and display of simulation geometry with or without the event data. It also serves as a tool for geometry debugging and inspection, facilitating development of geometries for CMS detector upgrades and for SLHC.
Oncostatin M stimulates tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 via a MEK-sensitive mechanism in human myofibroblasts.

Abstract Background/Aims : We previously showed that in cultured human myofibroblasts (hMFBs), Oncostatin M (OSM)-stimulated collagen accumulation is associated with increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)1 message. However, the mechanism is unknown. Methods : hMFBs were isolated by outgrowth from cirrhotic liver explants and cultured. Using OSM (10 ng/ml) stimulation, with and without PD98059 (PD, a specific mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase (MEK) inhibitor), we measured: TIMP-1 protein in culture medium by Western blot, TIMP-1 mRNA levels and stability by Northern analysis, TIMP-1 promoter activity (including transcription site mutation analysis), DNA binding activity to nuclear proteins by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and total and phosphorylated MAP kinase in hMFB extracts by Western blot. Results : OSM stimulation of hMFBs increased TIMP-1 protein production 1.69-fold, TIMP-1 mRNA levels 2.36-fold, promoter activity 2.22-fold, TIMP-1 message stability, and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). PD inhibited OSM-mediated stimulation of TIMP-1 protein, mRNA, promoter activity, phosphorylation of MAPK, and TIMP-1 message stability. An SP-1 transcription site of the TIMP-1 promoter is essential for OSM induction of TIMP-1 promoter activity. EMSA demonstrates that this site binds to transcriptional factors SP-1 and SP-3. Conclusions : OSM stimulates the TIMP-1 axis in hMFBs in vitro via a MEK-MAP kinase cascade.
Pharmacology of Melatonin as a Neural Antioxid Ant

In 1993, Tan and colleagues (1) reported that melatonin, which in vertebrates exhibits a circadian rhythm in the blood, is an effective scavenger of the hydroxyl radical (•OH). The significance of this finding is that the •OH is devastatingly toxic to macro-molecules and thereby its persistent damage can severely compromise organ and eventually organismal function. The following year, Pieri and co-workers (2) claimed that melatonin was also a significant scavenger of the peroxyl radical (LOO•), a molecule generated especially in lipid-rich environments which is sufficiently toxic to propagate the peroxidation of lipids. Additionally, Cagnoli et al (3) presented evidence that melatonin may also quench another oxygen derivative, singlet oxygen (1O2), which also is capable of damaging macromolecules. Subsequent studies from a variety of sources have confirmed and extended these observations (4–6) and it now appears that melatonin may play an important role in the antioxidative defense system of all vertebrates (7). Besides being capable of direct free radical scavenging activity, melatonin also readily synergizes with other better known free radical scavengers, i.e., ascorbate, tocopherol and glutathione, thereby increasing their efficacy (8). Finally, in vivo melatonin has been found to be powerful antioxidant in providing protection against both physical and chemical agents which generate free radicals (9, 10).
Cost and health implications of cholesterol lowering.

BACKGROUND A broad, scientific consensus supports the role of cholesterol as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and agrees that lowering cholesterol levels will reduce coronary heart disease incidence. Cost-effectiveness analysis is a potentially powerful method for measuring the benefits to be achieved by expenditures of health care dollars. METHODS AND RESULTS The literature related to the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cholesterol lowering was reviewed. Application of cost-effectiveness methodology to the question of cholesterol reduction generally supports the use of population-wide educational programs and the aggressive use of cholesterol-lowering therapy for the secondary prevention of subsequent coronary events in persons with preexisting coronary heart disease. For primary prevention, however, therapy with medication has a favorable cost-effectiveness ratio only in identifiable high-risk persons, and the different costs of the various available medications should be taken into account. Therapy with medications, especially for primary prevention, would be more appealing if the price of the available medications were lower. CONCLUSIONS High priority should be given to research that could validate these cost-effectiveness projections as well as to further studies of the elderly and women, in whom direct data on the precise costs, risks, and benefits of interventions to lower cholesterol remain sparse.
Dating a Paleoindian Site in the Amazon in Comparison with Clovis Cuture

Anna Roosevelt et al . ([1][1]) present important new data relative to the peopling of the New World. The radiocarbon ages from stratum 17 indicate that subsistence, based on plant gathering, occurred in Amazonia penecontemporaneously with big-game hunting by Paleoindians of the Great Plains.
A review of research trends in strategic information-systems planning

Research that addresses the alignment of information systems (IS) and business strategies has been a subject of growing interest to both academicians and business practitioners. Strategic IS planning (SISP) plays a major role in the alignment of IS strategy with the business strategy. Although a number of studies have explored various aspects of SISP and its role in the alignment, there is lack of review papers that examine specific research-trends in SISP. This article examines four aspects of recent SISP research, namely, research context, research subtopic, research method, and the unit of analysis by examining 132 articles from three prime IS journals specifically, ISR, MISQ, and JMIS. The results indicate that the most frequent research context was single-organisational, the most common research topic was alignment of IT and business plans, the most widely used research-method was empirical, and the most frequent unit-of-analysis was the top management.
THE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL OF COLOR PYRAMID TEST INSTRUCTIONS.

Summary.-The semantic differential was employed to evaluate the use of alternative translations of the term schoene. For both male and female undergraduates the semantic profiles of either choice, pretty vs beautiful, were nearly identical. The findings were also remarkably consistent with those reported in a similar scudy. The present study resulted from a problem encountered during the routine administration of the Color Pyramid Test to a professional artist. Following the standard instructions as translated by Schaie (1963), S was instructed to make a pretty pyramid. He responded, "Do yo11 want me to make it pretty or really beautiful?" When asked how this would affect his performance, he stated that something pretty would appeal to the population at large while his production of something beautiful would entail constructing a design that was really pleasing to him. Reference to WebsterJs New lnterlzational Dictionary (2nd ed.), also yields differences in the denotative meaning for the two terms: precty being distinguished by not indicating such a striking or impressive attraction as beautiful. The German record blanks use schoene to designate the attractive pyramids. A German dictionary (Breul, 1939) lists the common translation of schoene as beautiful while also indicating that it may mean pretty but in the ironic sense. A possibly more exact German equivalent of pretcy is the term haebsch. Discussion with others also indicated that the two terms, pretty and beautiful, might possess both denotative and connotative differences in meaning. Before proceeding with the use of this test the present investigation was utilized as a means of evaluating the extent to which connotative meanings in these two terms might be discriminably distinct for the population on whom the test was to be administered. It should be noced that a similar problem does not exist for the latter portion of Schaie's instmctions: baessliche is unequivocably "ugly."
Studies on cellular adhesion in tissue culture. XI. Some effects of ouabain.

Abstract Ouabain in final concentrations down to 10−6 M, increased the rate of adhesion of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells to glass in vitro. Other reagents affecting transport across cell surface membranes also enhanced adhesion. An asymmetric distribution of K+ and Na+ partially maintains the transmembrane potential, and ouabain is known to reduce this asymmetry. It is therefore possible that the ouabain-induced, presumptive decrease in transmembrane potential, in some way triggers off cell adhesion to glass. The experimental observations are thus compatible with Wolpert & Gingell's earlier speculations on the role of cell surface potential as a sensor.
Extension of the CHARMM General Force Field to sulfonyl-containing compounds and its utility in biomolecular simulations.

Presented is an extension of the CHARMM General force field (CGenFF) to enable the modeling of sulfonyl-containing compounds. Model compounds containing chemical moieties such as sulfone, sulfonamide, sulfonate and sulfamate were used as the basis for the parameter optimization. Targeting high-level quantum mechanical and experimental crystal data, the new parameters were optimized in a hierarchical fashion designed to maintain compatibility with the remainder of the CHARMM additive force field. The optimized parameters satisfactorily reproduced equilibrium geometries, vibrational frequencies, interactions with water, gas phase dipole moments and dihedral potential energy scans. Validation involved both crystalline and liquid phase calculations showing the newly developed parameters to satisfactorily reproduce experimental unit cell geometries, crystal intramolecular geometries and pure solvent densities. The force field was subsequently applied to study conformational preference of a sulfonamide based peptide system. Good agreement with experimental IR/NMR data further validated the newly developed CGenFF parameters as a tool to investigate the dynamic behavior of sulfonyl groups in a biological environment. CGenFF now covers sulfonyl group containing moieties allowing for modeling and simulation of sulfonyl-containing compounds in the context of biomolecular systems including compounds of medicinal interest.
Bulk acoustic wave resonator as a sensing platform for NOx at high temperatures

Abstract Diesel engines, generating harmful NO x , will be subjected to legislation that stipulates large reductions in emission levels beginning in 2007. For controlling emissions, a NO x sensor is needed to provide feedback to the engine management system. In this work, we take advantage of the high mass sensitivity of resonant sensors and the chemical reaction of barium carbonate (BaCO 3 ) with NO 2 gas as the basis for a sensor that can be used in such applications. We show that a resonant sensor based on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and BaCO 3 is sensitive to NO 2 at 300 °C and above, with ability to resolve different NO 2 concentrations.
The role of the environmental scanning electron microscope in the investigation of cement-based materials

The role of the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) in the study of cement-based materials is reviewed. Since water is an intrinsic part of the microstructure of cement paste, techniques that facilitate the study of wet specimens are necessary. The evolution of techniques is traced from standard microscopic methods to the use of the ESEM for in situ analysis. The importance of past and current work is discussed, including novel analytical methods designed for the study of cement pastes. Directions for future work are also discussed.
Hemodynamic and biochemical effects of a new positive inotropic agent. Antibiotic ionophore RO 2-2985

The antibiotic ionophores RO 2-2985 (Hoffman-LaRoche; X537A) and A23187 (Lilly) produced an abrupt release of previously bound calcium from isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum. Only RO 2-2985 produced a significant inhibition of sodium, potassium-adenosinetriphosphatase activity. In anesthetized, open-chest dogs, RO 2-2985 caused a marked increase in right and left ventricular contractile force, aortic and coronary flow, and mean central aortic blood pressure with modest changes in heart rate and no change in calculated mean peripheral resistance. A single injection of 1 mg/kg produced a sustained augmentation of mean blood pressure from a control of 45 mm Hg in dogs that were in induced shock to approximately 125 mm Hg for a period up to 7-9 hours. At that time, tyramine produced a release of catecholamines, and norepinephrine and isoproterenol produced a marked increase in force of contraction. Dogs that were treated with reserpine did not respond to the drug. RO 2-2985, but not A23187, produced positive inotropism in isolated rabbit atrial and perfused ventricular preparations. RO 2-2985 still produced an augmentation in blood pressure after β-receptor blockade. It is suggested that RO 2-2985 acts by a mechanism involving a very slow release of humoral substances, by a direct effect on a specific calcium-proton exchange, or by both. It is thought that this agent has potential therapeutic applications.
Immunity in Schistosomiasis: A Holistic View

Schistosomes are parasites of ancient lineage. Mammalian and avian schistosomes, in the family Schistosomatidae, are members of a natural, monophyletic group of digenetic trematodes, the superfamily Schistosomatoidea, which also includes other families of blood flukes found in lower vertebrates (LaRue, 1957). These are the Aporocotylidae and Sanguinicolidae in fishes and the Spirorchiidae in reptiles. Byrd (1939) has suggested that the Aporocotylidae are the most primitive of the blood flukes, later giving rise to the Spirorchiidae (and Sanguinicolidae), which then gave rise to the schistosomes. Blood flukes probably evolved as such in the Permian (G. M. Davis, personal communication, 1982), which means they have had something on the order of 230−280 × 106 years in which to perfect survival tactics appropriate to their intravascular location in their vertebrate hosts and (of particular interest to this readership) their coexistence with their vertebrate host’s immune system.
Virtue and Health/Medicine in Pre-Christian Antiquity

In current usage the word ‘virtue’ retains little of its etymological meaning. Derived from the Latin virtus (‘valor or manliness’), it now usually refers to moral integrity or uprightness. In popular usage the kind of moral behavior which it and its adjective, ‘virtuous’, convey is sexual as, for instance, in the phrase, ‘a virtuous woman’. A definite influence in the development of this specialized and etymologically-remote nuance is the emphasis of Christianity on sexual purity. Even in its broader sense of moral integrity or uprightness generally, ‘virtue’ today typically has connotations that reflect Christian rather than classical values. These Christian values are qualities that are associated with the triad of the Christian graces of faith, hope, and love. The Apostle Paul describes the “fruit of the Spirit” as “love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, temperance” (Galatians 5:22–23, AV). It is these qualities that have produced the Christian ideal of the virtuous individual. Yet they were for the most part undervalued by the classical world in providing the basis for moral conduct. Lecky observed that whereas Christianity has stressed those virtues traditionally regarded as feminine, the classical world admired the virtues that were thought to be distinctively masculine ([19], Vol. 2, pp. 361–363). The qualities that were valued in paganism included courage, loyalty, magnanimity, and patriotism. They were part of the heroic ideal that dominated classical culture for a thousand years.
Anticipating Prosecution of the Gardner Heist

A recent arrest has brought the already high profile 1990 art heist from the Gardner Museum back into the headlines. While the Gardner theft may catch headlines, art theft from museums is common and when a theft occurs it illuminates the patchwork of criminal laws inadequately equipped to deter these thefts or deal with them. This article first explores the facts of the Gardner theft and then applies the statutes potentially available to prosecutors. After a thorough review of the state law, here Massachusetts, the article analyzes the federal statutes that may be applicable. Specifically, the National Stolen Property Act has been applied to theft of artwork but was not designed for this purpose and may not provide adequate remedies. The Theft of Major Artwork (TOMA) statute was passed at least partially in response to the Gardner theft and fills some of the gaps in state and federal laws applied to the theft of artwork. The article concludes by analyzing how and when TOMA applies and provides a critique of potential challenges to TOMA as currently written.
Implicit Motor Sequence Learning in Individuals with Parkinson Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Background Deficits in implicit motor sequence learning (IMSL) in individuals with Parkinson disease (PD) compared to age matched healthy controls (HC) are unclear. Objective The purpose of this paper is to present results of a systematic review with a meta-analysis examining the hypothesis that IMSL is impaired in individuals with PD when compared to HC. Methods Fifteen articles met our final criteria and assessed 299 individuals with PD and 244 HC. Raw mean and standard deviation data for the final block of repeated and final block of random practice trials were obtained to calculate sequence-specific learning (SSL) for individuals with PD and HC. Forest plots were used to depict the comparison of the groups by assessing standardized mean difference with random effect size. Results A significant and moderate effect size, 0.83 was found suggesting that individuals with PD demonstrated impaired SSL of motor sequences compared to HC. Conclusions Individuals with PD demonstrate a deficit compared with HC in their ability to implicitly learn motor tasks. Existing research lacks detail on the factors which may alter IMSL, either negatively or positively, such as the design features of current IMSL paradigms utilized and disease-specific characteristics. Successful motor rehabilitation of functional tasks in persons with PD is highly dependent on IMSL; therefore, an improved knowledge of the influence of these additional variables is critical.
Reconciling City and Citizen: The 19th Century Urban Environmentalism and Republicanism of Frederick Law Olmsted and Jane Addams

The civic republican tradition in the U.S. began with a strong anti-urban bias, as the Jeffersonian republicans saw cities as fundamentally corrupt and championed the yeoman farmer as an exemplar of civic virtue. However, this anti-urban bias in U.S. republicanism was eventually challenged. This paper argues that the nineteenth century urban environmentalism of Frederick Law Olmsted and Jane Addams fundamentally involved an effort to re-urbanize American republicanism. Both tied betterment of the urban environment (whether with regard to parks in the case of Olmsted or public health, housing, and working conditions in the case of Addams) with a recovery of urban civic space, individual civic character, and communitarian, democratic values. Both also presage the fusion of republican political values and concerns about environmental quality that is evident in the contemporary environmental justice and civic environmentalist movements.
AMG 479, a fully human anti IGF-1 receptor monoclonal antibody, is efficacious against Ewing’s sarcoma and osteosarcoma xenografts

A64 AMG 479 is a fully human monoclonal antibody that is currently being tested in the clinic against Ewing’s sarcoma. AMG 479 binds insulin-like growth factor receptor type I (IGF-1R) and inhibits IGF-1 and IGF-2 binding as well as receptor activation. In vivo, AMG 479 is efficacious against human pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma xenografts as a single agent and shows enhanced efficacy in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. In the present study, we tested the ability of AMG 479 to inhibit the growth of human sarcoma xenografts in vivo. Recent evidence suggests that the EWS/FLI-1 translocation which is present in 90% of Ewing’s tumors regulates IGF signaling by down-regulating IGFBP-3 expression. We confirmed the presence of the EWS/FLI-1 fusion transcript in two Ewing’s sarcoma cell lines, SK-ES-1 and SK-NEP-1, and one rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, A673. All cell lines had undetectable level of IGFBP-3 in cell culture supernatants. Treatment of A673 xenografts with AMG 479 (300 μg/dose, 2x/week, 3 weeks) showed no tumor growth inhibition. In contrast, treatment with AMG 479 resulted in better than 70% tumor growth inhibition and reduced IGF-1R expression in the Ewing’s sarcoma xenografts. AMG 479 also achieved greater than 80% tumor growth inhibition against the EWS/FLI-1 negative osteosarcoma model, SJSA-1. The potential benefit of combining AMG 479 with targeted agents in Ewing’s sarcoma was tested using the SK-ES-1 model. Treatment with AMG 479 (300 μg/dose, 2x/week, 3 weeks) in combination with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (0.5 mg/kg, 2x/week) resulted in significant (p=0.02 vs AMG 479, p=0.005 vs rapamycin) tumor growth inhibition compared to either therapy alone, suggesting that the two agents can be combined clinically for the treatment of Ewing’s sarcoma patients. Together, the data suggest that AMG 479 has therapeutic potential in treating Ewing’s sarcoma as well as osteosarcoma patients both as monotherapy and in combination with experimental agents.
The New Jewish-American Literature

A holy day celebrated at dawn on April 8, 1981, is emblematic of the endurance of Jewish-American literature. On that day, Jews recited the Blessing of the Sun in commemoration of the fourth day of creation. The sun assumes this position in the heavens only once every 28 years, so the privilege of reciting this blessing comes only two or three times in a lifetime. The prayer that reminds us of the world's first Wednesday is transmitted from one generation to the next. The form, retrieved only thrice a century, persists. This season, so auspiciously ushered in by the Blessing of the Sun, seems to be an era of the retrieval of indigenous forms. The most vital of these traditional shapes seems to be the hasidic tale. This type of story recuperates the earliest Yiddish genre, translating it into an American setting. It authenticates itself through the thirteen tales which Rabbi Nahman of Bratslav told to his disciples between the summer of 1806 and the spring of 1810. This great-grandson of the Ba'al Shem Tov validated his enigmatic fantasies in a sophisticated narratology, recorded by his disciple Nathan in 1815. Cosmic events, like the creation of the world, and its eventual redemption, are domesticated (Nathan says "garbed" or "veiled") in folkloric motifs. Their mystical armature, the Lurianic Cabbala, has been minutely explicated through the monumental researches of Gershom Sholem. They have never ceased exerting their fascination in translations by Martin Buber, by Eli Weisel, by Meyer Levin, by Arnold Band, and by Arthur Green.
Iron(II) complexes containing octadentate tetraazamacrocycles as paraCEST magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents.

Iron(II) complexes of the macrocyclic ligands 1,4,7,10-tetrakis(carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (TCMC) and (1S,4S,7S,10S)-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (STHP) contain a highly stabilized FeII center in the high-spin state, which is encapsulated by an octadentate macrocycle. The complexes are resistant to acid, metal cations, phosphate, carbonate, and oxygen in aqueous solution. [Fe(TCMC)]2+ contains exchangeable amide protons, and [Fe(STHP)]2+ contains exchangeable protons attributed to alcohol OH donors, which give chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) peaks at physiological pH and 37 °C at 50 and 54 ppm from bulk water, respectively. The distinct pH dependence of the CEST peak of the two complexes over the range of pH 6–8 shows that these two groups may be useful in the development of ratiometric pH sensors based on iron(II).
Novel insights into RAD51 activity and regulation during homologous recombination and DNA replication

In this review we focus on new insights that challenge our understanding of homologous recombination (HR) and Rad51 regulation. Recent advances using high-resolution microscopy and single molecule techniques have broadened our knowledge of Rad51 filament formation and strand invasion at double-strand break (DSB) sites and at replication forks, which are one of most physiologically relevant forms of HR from yeast to humans. Rad51 filament formation and strand invasion is regulated by many mediator proteins such as the Rad51 paralogues and the Shu complex, consisting of a Shu2/SWS1 family member and additional Rad51 paralogues. Importantly, a novel RAD51 paralogue was discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans, and its in vitro characterization has demonstrated a new function for the worm RAD51 paralogues during HR. Conservation of the human RAD51 paralogues function during HR and repair of replicative damage demonstrate how the RAD51 mediators play a critical role in human health and genomic integrity. Together, these new findings provide a framework for understanding RAD51 and its mediators in DNA repair during multiple cellular contexts.
Consumer Preference for Locally Grown Produce: An Analysis of Willingness-To-Pay and Geographic Scale

This study examines consumers' willingness-to-pay for locally grown fresh produce under five definitions of "local," including a generic term "locally grown" and four geographic intervals: multistate, state, regional, and county. A survey of 482 area residents in Evansville, Indiana, was conducted to examine how estimated price premiums vary with geographic scale. The results suggest that as the geographical scale shrinks, the estimated price premium increases. However, the differences across geographic intervals may not be substantial. Therefore, producers may expect similar price premiums when sourcing from larger geographic areas, and local food systems may ensure consistent profit margins while minimizing the costs of acquiring "local" foods.
Pilot Studies on Augmentation of Rhinocyllus conicus (Col.: Curculionidae) for Carduus Thistle Control

Manipulation of Rhinocyllus conicus via sequential releases of overwintered adults to extend the ovipositional range to be more compatible with a greater proportion of the flowering of musk and plumeless thistle was evaluated. In field cage tests, sequentially released adults extended the ovipositional period and improved synchronization with Carduus thistle development, but the overwintered weevils suffered reduced fecundity because of the prolonged period of captivity. Oviposition was related to the developmental stage of thistle heads. For musk thistle, preference was for the bud stage over the more advanced heads, while the highest infestation of plumeless thistle was on the intermediate stages. Larval survival was reduced in plumeless thistle because of insufficient time for weevil development.
Outcome of Infant Extracerebral Fluid Collections

Cases of benign infantile extracerebral fluid collections and nontraumatic chronic subdural hygroma or hematoma were reviewed retrospectively at Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha.
NORMAL REGIONAL ANATOMY OF THE SHOULDER

The shoulder joint is a remarkable structure enjoying a greater range of motion than any other articulation in the human body. The shoulder is not a single joint but actually four separate articulations that act synergistically. The authors review the complex anatomy of the shoulder.
Renal transplantation--the changing scene.

The collective experience with kidney transplantation is giving partial answers to some of the perplexing issues relating to rejection, histocompatibility and immunosuppression. The information gained may help to explain why grafts fail in some well-matched recipients and succeed in some mismatched ones. The high morbidity and mortality associated with excessive immunosuppression are recognized. Presumptive therapy of rejection can be a serious mistake.
Effect of Deep-Frying or Conventional Oven Cooking on Thermal Inactivation of Shiga Toxin-Producing Cells of Escherichia coli in Meatballs.

ABSTRACT We investigated the effects of deep-frying or oven cooking on inactivation of Shiga toxin–producing cells of Escherichia coli (STEC) in meatballs. Finely ground veal and/or a finely ground beef-pork-veal mixture were inoculated (ca. 6.5 log CFU/g) with an eight-strain, genetically marked cocktail of rifampin-resistant STEC strains (STEC-8; O111:H, O45:H2, O103:H2, O104:H4, O121:H19, O145:NM, O26:H11, and O157:H7). Inoculated meat was mixed with liquid whole eggs and seasoned bread crumbs, shaped by hand into 40-g balls, and stored at −20°C (i.e., frozen) or at 4°C (i.e., fresh) for up to 18 h. Meatballs were deep-fried (canola oil) or baked (convection oven) for up to 9 or 20 min at 176.7°C (350°F), respectively. Cooked and uncooked samples were homogenized and plated onto sorbitol MacConkey agar with rifampin (100 μg/ml) followed by incubation of plates at 37°C for ca. 24 h. Up to four trials and three replications for each treatment for each trial were conducted. Deep-frying fresh meatballs for...
Drosophila Cellular Immune System: Dorothy Encodes a UDP Glycosyltransferase

Immune defense in Drosophila has humoral and cellular components that act effectively to control infectious organisms through the production of antimicrobial proteins and the phagocytosis and encapsulation of invading organisms (reviewed in 9). The main tissue of humoral immune defense is the fat body, which corresponds to the mammalian liver. Cellular immune defense is mediated by the hematopoietic system, which consists of hemocytes and lymph glands.
Violations of Local Realism in a Hardy-Jordan-Type Experiment Without Use of Bell Inequalities

Recently some new two-photon correlation measurements for testing local realism without explicit use of Bell inequalities were proposed by Hardy 1, and the idea was further developed by Jordan2. The interpretation of the results of the proposed measurements is close in spirit to the original ideas put forward by Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen3. We have carried out 2 photon-coincidence counting measurements based on the new Hardy-Jones approach that lead to a violation of local realism by about 45 standard deviations.4
The Auschwitz-Birkenau Women’s Orchestra

In this chapter, Eischeid describes the formation and realization of the only all-female orchestra in the Nazi camp system. Recruitment for the organization is detailed, as well as the orchestra’s living conditions, personnel, and repertoire. Although focusing on the prisoner musicians, the chapter also explores the sponsorship of the orchestra by leading camp officials Franz Hossler and Maria Mandl. Important members of the ensemble are introduced, including conductor Alma Rose, niece of famed composer Gustav Mahler. The chapter closes with the ultimate dissolution of the orchestra and the fate of the survivors.
A Classification and Comparison of Credit Assignment Strategies in Multiobjective Adaptive Operator Selection

Adaptive operator selection (AOS) is a high-level controller for an optimization algorithm that monitors the performance of a set of operators with a credit assignment strategy and adaptively applies the high performing operators with an operator selection strategy. AOS can improve the overall performance of an optimization algorithm across a wide range of problems, and it has shown promise on single-objective problems where defining an appropriate credit assignment that assesses an operator’s impact is relatively straightforward. However, there is currently a lack of AOS for multiobjective problems (MOPs) because defining an appropriate credit assignment is nontrivial for MOPs. To identify and examine the main factors in effective credit assignment strategies, this paper proposes a classification that groups credit assignment strategies by the sets of solutions used to assess an operator’s impact and by the fitness function used to compare those sets of solutions. Nine credit assignment strategies, which include five newly proposed ones, are compared experimentally on standard benchmarking problems. Results show that eight of the nine credit assignment strategies are effective in elevating the generality of a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm and outperforming a random operator selector.
Real-time capabilities in functional languages

Functional programming languages play an important role in the development of provably correct software systems. As embedded devices become pervasive and perform critical tasks in our lives, their reliability becomes paramount. This presents a natural opportunity to explore the application of functional programming languages to systems that demand highly predictable behavior. In this paper we explore existing functional programming language compilers and their applicability to realtime, embedded systems.
Evaluating the efficacy of radium-223 dichloride using conventional bone scintigraphy

2718 Objectives Radium-223 dichloride became FDA approved in May 2013 for the treatment of bone metastasis resulting from castration resistant prostate cancer(CRPC). Since that time, our institution has administered treatments routinely. Using nuclear medicine bone scintigraphy, the objective was to visually analyze the efficacy of radium-223 on osseous metastatic disease resulting from CRCP. Methods 85 patients have been treated with at least one dose of radium-223 at our facility. Of those patients, 39 had conventional bone scans at time points prior to beginning treatment and post administration of at least one Ra-223 treatment dose. The patients9 post treatment scans were visually compared to their baseline scan and the comparisons were classified into 3 categories: Disease Improvement, Disease Stable and Disease Progression, when analyzing the extent of osseous metastatic disease present at baseline. Results The number of treatment doses received by the patients analyzed for this study was as follows: 15 patients received all 6 treatments, 8 patients received 5 treatments, 5 patients received 4 treatments, 6 patients received 3 treatments and 5 patients received only 1 treatment. The patients who did not receive all 6 cycles discontinued Ra-223 treatments for various reasons. Comparing post treatment scan to their baseline scan, 20 patients(51.3%) exhibited disease improvement in their post treatment scan versus their baseline scan. 17patients(43.6%) exhibited disease progression. 2 patients(5.1%) showed no change in their osseous metastatic disease state. The percentage of patients who exhibited disease improvement was similar across all groups regardless of the number of Ra-223 treatments received: 6 treatments- 8 of 15(53%), 5 treatments- 4 of 8(50%), 4 treatments- 2 of 5(40%), 3 treatments- 4 of 6(67%), 1 treatment- 2 of 5(40%) exhibited osseous disease improvement. Conclusions Radium-223 dichloride has a positive impact on osseous metastatic disease resulting from CRPC. Scintigraphic improvement in the osseous metastatic disease state is demonstrated in more than 50% of patients with castration resistant prostate cancer. Its effectiveness can be seen even after only 1 administered dose.
ASSESSING GLOBAL SERVICE-LEARNING: A MIXED-METHODS APPROACH TO EVALUATING STUDENTS’ INTERCULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Research problem: Global Service-Learning (GSL), as service-learning that takes place outside of an institutionâ€™s home culture, has long been touted as an important contributor to studentâ€™s intercultural development. However, GSL practitioners have not yet established effective and consistent methods for evaluating the growth that students experience as a result of GSL experiences. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of cultural immersion as a service-learning project and to use the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) to better understand the changes in student development as a result of this project. Methods. A mixed method approach was used to assess studentsâ€™ intercultural development, utilizing a functionalist instrument (quantitative), alongside critical-reflection guided student journals and participant observation (qualitative). Results. The results showed that the program accomplished some of its goals, however, the structure of the program was not facilitative (at least short term) of allowing all students to access the learning and transformation which was available for them. Conclusions. In conclusion, the authors note emphasizing participation, critical reflection, and intercultural growth, while also using the interplay between functionalist instruments, student generated reports, and the researcher-as-an-instrument through ethnography seem to be a natural and helpful contribution to service-learning.Â