cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-term memory: The role of d-Amphetamine ☆

d-Amphetamine injections produce a dose-dependent disruption of performance within a discrete delayed alternation and a spatial delayed matching-to-sample task. Since d-amphetamine in the doses used had no deleterious effects on discrimination performance (no delay condition), it is suggested that d-amphetamine disrupts neuronal activity representing short-term memory. The data provide support for an independence model of short- and long-term memory.
A 10–67-GHz CMOS step attenuator with improved flatness and large attenuation range

A four-bit CMOS step attenuator is designed using a new design method to achieve improved flatness and large attenuation range from 10-67 GHz. The design method is based on the frequency-response characteristics of the conventional Pi-, T-, and distributed attenuators. Over 10-67 GHz, the measured results exhibit attenuation flatness of 6.8 dB and attenuation range of 32-42 dB.
Determination of speed limitations in acoustic-to-seismic mine detection using a laser Doppler vibrometer

Landmine detection research demonstrates that acoustically-induced vibrations into the ground creates a vibrational response originating from landmines which can be differentiated from that of background. Field tests utilizing acoustic technology performed under static conditions has yielded high probabilities of detection coupled with low false alarm rates. Current research has proven acoustic mine detection can be performed on a forward moving platform. The speed limitations have not yet been discovered though. This paper will present the results of a series of field tests in which a laser doppler vibrometer suspended from a moving trolley is passed over buried land mine targets that are excited by an acoustic source. The paper will discuss the experimental protocol, the results and the interpretation of these results. This paper will also discuss our future efforts at acoustic land mine detection.
Magnetic Moment of the Neutron

An experiment has been performed to measure the magnetic moment of the neutron to a greater precision than has heretofore been obtained. The method is somewhat similar to that of atomic-beam magnetic resonance using separated oscillating fields. A beam of slow neutrons is polarized by reflection from a magnetized cobalt mirror and then reflected again from a similar mirror used as an analyzer. Between the two mirrors the neutrons pass through a region of uniform magnetic field where they may become depolarized by a resonant rf magnetic field. This results in a drop in intensity of neutrons reflected from the second mirror. The resonance frequency for depolarization is compared with the proton moment resonance frequency in the same transition region. In order to achieve high resolution of the neutron resonance, the path length of the neutrons in the uniform magnetic field was 110 cm. The measured ratio of resonant frequencies $\frac{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{n}}{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{p}}=0.685057\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000017$. This corresponds to a value of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{n}=\ensuremath{-}1.913148\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000066$ nm.
Nrf2 plays an important role in coordinated regulation of Phase II drug metabolism enzymes and Phase III drug transporters

The nuclear transcription factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been shown to play pivotal roles in preventing xenobiotics-induced toxicity and carcinogen- related tumorigenesis. These protective effects are mainly attributed to the induction of Phase II drug metabolizing/detoxification and antioxidant enzymes through the Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathways. In this review, we will summarize the current research status on the identification of Nrf2-regulated drug metabolism enzymes (DMEs), especially Phase II DMEs, and Phase III drug transporters. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying the coordinated regulation of Phase II DMEs and Pharse III transporters are also discussed based on finding published in the literatures.
Discerning the forest from the trees: an essay on scaling canopy stomatal conductance

Abstract Stomata are major conduits for the diffusion of many trace gases between leaves and the atmosphere. The role of the stomata in controlling gas exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere at the landscape, meso- and global scales has only recently been appreciated. Further advances in modeling trace gas exchange will depend on our ability to provide realistic information on stomatal mechanics at the sub-grid scale of landscape and meso scale models; in other words, information is needed at the canopy scale. This paper describes two approaches for estimating canopy stomatal conductance. These are the ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ scaling methods. The bottom-up method entails computing canopy stomatal conductance by integrating the response of individual leaves to controling biotic and abiotic factors, which are determined by the micrometeorology of the canopy. The top-down approach entails inverting a descriptive stand-level, trace gas exchange model to estimate canopy stomatal conductance. The model is driven with abiotic variables measured at a reference point above the canopy. The strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches are discussed, and recommendations for future research are presented.
Leadership Development as a Systematic and Multidisciplinary Enterprise.

Abstract Leadership development is a fundamental responsibility of colleges and universities. In this article, the authors present the theoretical foundation of an innovative initiative, as well as criteria for assessing leadership development programs in higher education. They use the Student Leadership Development Institute at Rutgers University as a case study for demonstrating that leadership development initiatives should be systematic, multidisciplinary, and research oriented and have several experiential components.
Alkaloids of cigarette smoke condensate

Abstract The high boiling basic portion of tobacco smoke condensate from the IRI research cigarette has been studied. Three previously unreported alkaloids were isolated and their structures conclusively established. Five other alkaloids, previously suggested to be present, have been conclusively characterized by NMR and MS analysis. Two new basic compounds with MWs of 190 and 243 respectively have been detected.
Comparison of dexamethasone pharmacokinetics in female rats after intravenous and intramuscular administration

This study seeks a route of drug administration that would produce a pharmacokinetic profile for dexamethasone not significantly different from the intravenous route in female rats and would offer reproducible drug input with minimal stress to the animals. The intramuscular (i.m.) route of drug administration vs intravenous (i.v.) injection were compared in three female Wistar rats administered 1 mg/kg dexamethasone phosphate. Dexamethasone plasma concentrations were measured by a normal phase HPLC assay for 12 h after drug administration. Dexamethasone exhibited monoexponential behavior after intravenous dosing and was absorbed rapidly after intramuscular dosing (absorption half-life of 14 min) with 86% bioavailability. Dexamethasone had a terminal half-life of 2.3 h after drug administration by either route. The volume of distribution of 0.78 l/kg and the clearance of 0.23 l/h/kg are in good agreement with reported pharmacokinetic parameters in male rats. Intravenous dosing can be replaced by intramuscular dosing without causing any marked difference in dexamethasone pharmacokinetics.
Enduring influence of elizabethan ophthalmic texts of the 1580s: bailey, grassus, and guillemeau.

Three English ophthalmic texts of the 1580s were frequently republished: 1) Walter Bailey's A Briefe Treatise Touching the Preseruation of the Eie Sight, 2) The Method of Phisicke, an adaptation of the medieval treatise of Benevenutus Grassus, and 3) A Worthy Treatise of the Eyes, a translation of Jacques Guillemeau's treatise. Their history is intertwined through composite publications, some of which lacked clear attribution. At least 21 editions incorporated these texts. Although not previously realized, major elements of all 3 works are found in Two Treatises Concerning the Preseruation of Eie-sight, first published in 1616. To preserve eyesight, Bailey recommended eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis), fennel (Faeniculum vulgare), and a moderate lifestyle incorporating wine. In the works of Grassus and Guillemeau, cataracts were believed to lie anterior to the 'crystalline humor,' and were treated by the 'art of the needle,' or couching. Links are found between Grassus, Guillemeau, and eighteenth century glaucoma concepts. Although one of his students has traditionally received credit, it was English oculist John Thomas Woolhouse who first combined the early concepts and used the term glaucoma to describe the palpably hard eye in the early eighteenth century. The three primary ophthalmic texts of 1580s England influenced ophthalmic thought for over a century.
Milk Yield and Composition of Lactating Cows Fed Steam-Flaked Sorghum and Graded Concentrations of Ruminally Degradable Protein

To determine the effect of various amounts of ruminally undegradable protein in the diets of lactating cows fed steam-flaked sorghum, 24 Holstein cows (90 +/- 50 d in milk) were assigned to three treatments: 0.8% urea, 6% soybean meal, or 5% fish meal. Respective percentages of ruminally undegradable protein in the diets (as a percentage of crude protein) were 30, 35, and 39%. All diets contained 37% alfalfa hay; 3 to 5% cottonseed hulls; 10 to 13% whole cottonseed; 39% steam-flaked sorghum (360 g/L); 5% of a molasses, mineral, and vitamin supplement; and the different protein supplements. Intake of dry matter was higher for cows fed urea than for cows fed soybean meal or fish meal diets. In cows that yielded more than 40 kg/d of milk (4 cows per treatment), the soybean meal and fish meal diets resulted in higher yields of milk and 3.5% fat-corrected milk and a greater efficiency of conversion of feed to milk than did the urea diet. Cows that yielded less than 40 kg/d of milk (4 cows per treatment) at the beginning of treatment tended to yield more milk when fed urea than when fed the protein supplements. Nutrient digestibilities were not greatly affected by source of N, suggesting a beneficial effect of urea supplementation on nutrient digestibilities because replacement of protein supplements with cottonseed products caused the neutral detergent fiber content of the urea diet to be about 7% higher than that of the other diets. These data show that response to ruminally undegradable protein in diets of lactating cows fed steam-flaked sorghum was related to milk yield.
Co-expression of Arabidopsis thaliana phytochelatin synthase and Treponema denticola cysteine desulfhydrase for enhanced arsenic accumulation.

Arsenic is one of the most hazardous pollutants found in aqueous environments and has been shown to be a carcinogen. Phytochelatins (PCs), which are cysteine-rich and thio-reactive peptides, have high binding affinities for various metals including arsenic. Previously, we demon- strated that genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing phytochelatin synthase (AtPCS) produced PCs and accumulated arsenic. In an effort to further improve the overall accumulation of arsenic, cysteine desulfhydrase, an aminotransferase that converts cysteine into hydrogen sulfide under aerobic condition, was co-expressed in order to promote the formation of larger AsS complexes. Yeast cells producing both AtPCS and cysteine desulfhydrase showed a higher level of arsenic accumulation than a simple cumulative effect of expressing both enzymes, confirming the coordinated action of hydrogen sulfide and PCs in the overall bioaccumulation of arsenic. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012;109: 605-608. 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Public policy for dangerous inventions

This study explores the relationship between dangerous invention characteristics and US local, state, and federal government safety policy-making patterns and effectiveness. When an invention prototype appears and its existence is recognized, an initial policy direction is established quickly if the invention is treated by society as being similar to a previous way of doing things. In this case the invention's dangers will be regulated within the established legal and administrative framework. If an invention is perceived as being entirely new, its introduction tends to be followed by governmental inaction for years or even decades. When government finally responds it is likely to be at the federal level.
Collagen injections. A case study in the erosion of the medical profession.

• Physicians as professionals are people dedicated to promoting the health and welfare of their patients rather than simply catering to patient requests and desires. Collagen injections are examined to determine whether or not they can be considered legitimate medical treatment to be offered by physicians. It is concluded that until a more vigorous clinical effort is made to determine the efficacy of the injections in promoting the health and welfare of recipients, it is not clear that they constitute medical treatment. It is argued that the safety of the injections coupled with a patient's desire for them is insufficient to constitute the injections being considered medical treatment. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;117:270-272)
The Bi-factor method

The Bi-factor Method of factor analysis is described and illustrated with a small group of fourteen tests. A detailed illustration is given of how the method may be modified to the case of overlapping group factors. It is advocated that the Bi-factor pattern in unmodified form be used to determine the adequacy of tests for the measurement of unitary traits.
Opposite effects of opiate agonists on metabolic weight loss in mice

Morphine (M) produced a dose-related decrease in metabolic weight loss (MWL) over a three-hour period, despite the fact that it significantly enhanced locomotor activity in male mice. This conservation of energy was specific to opioid receptors because naltrexone HCl (N) blocked it. These receptors were localized mainly to the periphery because a form of N that does not enter the brain, MR2663 BR (QN) eliminated the conservation response and instead increased MWL. The increase in MWL induced by M plus QN was blocked by MR2266 (MR), a specific kappa receptor antagonist. We suggest that this increase is due to the unmasking of a kappa opioid system located in the brain that acts to enhance energy expenditure. In support of this idea, administration of the kappa receptor agonist U-50,488H (U) produced a dose-related increase in MWL to levels nearly twice that of saline controls, while markedly reducing locomotor activity. These actions were blocked by MR but not by N. They were not blocked by QN and this suggests they originate mainly in the brain. Increasing amounts of M caused increasing inhibition of metabolic weight loss induced by a constant amount of U. This supports the idea of an antagonistic relationship between the two opioid systems.
Emotional expression and modality: an analysis of affective arousal and linguistic output in a computer vs. paper paradigm

The authors hypothesized that writing longhand and typing about a stressful experience are equivalent in terms of emotional arousal and essay content. 168 college students were randomly assigned to describe either a neutral or emotional topic by typing or writing longhand, in a 2×2 factorial design. Compared with students in the neutral conditions, students instructed to describe an emotional topic reported greater negative affect following the writing task and produced essays that contained significantly more personal and psychological content. Consistent with the hypothesis, participants writing longhand and typing were equivalent in the direction and degree of this difference. These findings suggest that at least a portion of the population (i.e. college students) is now comfortable and/or adept in expressing themselves emotionally on a computer.
Application of mercury intrusion porosimetry on clay bricks to assess freeze-thaw durability —a bibliography with abstracts

Abstract A bibliography of published papers describing the evolution and usefulness of pore properties in the evaluation of porous materials has been collected. A list of publications describing the theory, measurement technique, apparatus and practical use of mercury intrusion porosimetry is presented. References describing the application of mercury intrusion porosimetry to various building or construction materials are provided. An annotated bibliography dealing with mercury intrusion porosimetry applied exclusively to clay bricks with an intention to study their freeze-thaw durability is presented.
Peptide rescues GLUT4 recruitment, but not GLUT4 activation, in insulin resistance

Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 recruitment to the plasma membrane is impaired in insulin resistance. We recently reported that a cell permeable phosphoinositide-binding peptide induces GLUT4 recruitment as potently as insulin, but does not activate GLUT4 to initiate glucose uptake. Here we investigated whether the peptide-induced GLUT4 recruitment is intact in insulin resistance. The expression levels of GLUT1 and GLUT4 were unaffected by chronically treating 3T3-L1 adipocytes with insulin. GLUT4 recruitment by acute insulin stimulation after chronic insulin treatment was significantly reduced, but was fully restored by the peptide treatment. However, subsequent acute insulin stimulation to activate GLUT4 failed to increase glucose uptake in peptide-pretreated cells. Insulin-stimulated GLUT1 recruitment was unaffected by the peptide pretreatment. These results suggest that the GLUT4 recruitment signal caused by the peptide is intact in insulin resistance, but GLUT4 activation that occurs subsequent to recruitment is not rescued by the peptide treatment.
A colorimetric assay optimization for high-throughput screening of dihydroorotase by detecting ureido groups

Dihydroorotase (DHOase) is the third enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway and is a potential new antibacterial drug target. No target-based high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for this enzyme has been reported to date. Here, we optimized two colorimetric-based enzymatic assays that detect the ureido moiety of the DHOase substrate, carbamyl-aspartate (Ca-asp). Each assay was developed in a 40-μl assay volume using 384-well plates with a different color mix, diacetylmonoxime (DAMO)–thiosemicarbazide (TSC) or DAMO–antipyrine. The sensitivity and color interference of both color mixes were compared in the presence of common HTS buffer additives, including dimethyl sulfoxide, reducing agents, detergents, and bovine serum albumin. DAMO–TSC (Z′-factors 0.7–0.8) was determined to be superior to DAMO–antipyrine (Z′-factors 0.5–0.6) with significantly less variability within replicates. An HTS pilot screening with 29,552 compounds from four structurally diverse libraries confirmed the quality of our newly optimized colorimetric assay with DAMO–TSC. This robust method has no heating requirement, which was the main obstacle to applying previous assays to HTS. More important, this well-optimized HTS assay for DHOase, the first of its kind, should make it possible to screen large-scale compound libraries to develop new inhibitors against any enzymes that produce ureido functional groups.
Job-Specific or General Training: A Quantitative Assessment

This work introduces a framework for developing job-specific training as well as training that is useful across operational contexts by combining 2 theories of training design: identical elements and general principles. Thirty-six participants were assigned to 1 of 3 training conditions, 2 utilizing identical elements (pilot training and flight dispatcher training) and 1 utilizing general principles. Training effectiveness was measured by participants' scores on operational tasks completed after training. Participants in both identical elements training groups exhibited significantly higher scores on tasks related to their training, suggesting that identical elements benefit job-specific training. The general principles training group performed well on flight dispatcher tasks, but did not perform well on pilot tasks, a result that suggests general principles are beneficial in some situations but may best be utilized in combination with job-specific training.
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of vanadyl alkylphosphonates VORPO3 · H2O

Abstract A series of layered compounds of general composition VO(C n H 2 n +1 PO 3 ) · y H 2 O ( y = 1.5, 1 ⩽ n ⩽ 3; y = 1.0, 4 ⩽ n ⩽ 8) has been synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of V 2 O 3 and the corresponding alkylphosphonic acid in water at 200 °C. The compounds with n ⩽ 3 have structures similar to that of VO(HPO 4 ) · 0.5H 2 O. The compositions with4 ⩽ n ⩽ 8 also are layered, with structures apparently related to that of VO(C 6 H 5 PO 3 ) · H 2 O. The phases with n ⩾ 4 have compositions and structures identical to those of the compounds prepared via water treatment of the benzyl alcohol intercalation compounds VO(C n H 2 n +1 PO 3 ) · H 2 O · C 6 H 5 CH 2 OH, which were reported previously.
Jesus, as security risk: Insurgency in first century Palestine?

No trial and execution have generated more literature or speculation than those of Jesus of Nazareth. Yet, they have never been examined as an intelligence problem for the Roman governor of Jerusalem. Who was Jesus and the men who surrounded him? Were they involved in an attempted insurrection to overthrow Roman rule? It was the job of Pontius Pilate and his security staff to answer these questions. He had no way of knowing the political, social and religious repercussions his actions would cause, but his decision to execute Jesus was a rational one based on the intelligence he had at hand.
Multidimensional detection of explosives and explosive signatures via laser electrospray mass spectrometry

Nitro- and inorganic-based energetic material is vaporized at atmospheric pressure using nonresonant, 70 femtosecond laser pulses prior to electrospray post-ionization and transfer into a time-of-flight mass spectrometer for mass analysis. Measurements of a nitro-based energetic molecule, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), adsorbed on metal and dielectric surfaces indicate nonresonant vaporization of intact molecules, demonstrating the universality of laser electrospray mass spectrometry (LEMS) technique for explosives. In addition, RDX is analyzed at a distance of 2 meters to demonstrate the remote detection capability of LEMS. Finally, the analysis and multivariate statistical classification of inorganic-based explosives containing ammonium nitrate, chlorate, perchlorate, black powder, and an organic-based explosive is presented, further expanding the capabilities of the LEMS technique for detection of energetic materials.
Tolerability of High-Volume Subcutaneous Injections of a Viscous Placebo Buffer: A Randomized, Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects

Monoclonal antibody biotherapeutics are often administered by subcutaneous (SC) injection. Due to dose requirements and formulation limitations, SC injections >1 mL are often required. We used a viscous placebo buffer (5 cP), characteristic of a high-concentration antibody formulation, to investigate the effect of dose volume and injection rate on the tolerability of higher-volume SC injections. In this randomized, crossover, single-center study, 48 healthy adults received one 1.2-mL bolus injection over 5 s and three 3.5-mL injections over 1, 4, and 10 min in different abdominal quadrants, with each injection separated by approximately 2 h. The primary objective was to compare pain scores associated with the injections, immediately after administration and 1 h later, using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). Secondary objectives included assessment of adverse events, including injection site reactions and swelling. Mean age was 38.4 (11.6) years and 20 subjects (42%) were female. Lowest mean VAS score was for the 10-min (6.83 mm) and highest for the 1-min injection (19.13 mm). One hour after administration, mean VAS scores were <3.5 mm for all injections. Swelling was similar among the three 3.5-mL injections. After needle removal, leakage occurred following 14 (29%) 1.2-mL injections, eight (17%) 4-min injections, five (10%) 1-min injections, and four (8%) 10-min injections. Fifteen subjects (31%) experienced an adverse event, none of which was serious, fatal, or led to study discontinuation. All injection durations were well tolerated, suggesting a single large-volume SC injection of a biotherapeutic agent could be used instead of multiple injections.
31P Nuclear magnetic resonancepH titrations of myo-inositol hexaphosphate

With the use of 31P n.m.r. spectroscopy, the separate pKa values of each of the six phosphoric monoester groups of myo-inositol hexaphosphate were determined. The range of hydrogen-ion concentrations covered extended from that required for the phosphonium salts to that for the full dodecyl anion, and the determinations were carried out in the presence of sodium and tetrabutylammonium cations. The pKa for each phosphate grouping in the transition from the free acid forms of each group to the monoanion form of each group was determined to be: 1.1, C-2; 1.5, C-1 and C-3; 2.1, C-4 and C-6; and 1.7, C-5. In the mono- to di-anion transition, the pKa values were: 6.85, C-2; 7.60, C-5; 5.70 and 12.0, C-1 and C-3; and 10.0, C-4 and C-6. These data and the appearance of the 31P hexaphosphate n.m.r. multiplet are discussed in terms of conformations of myo-inositol hexaphosphate.
A longitudinal study of the T cell activation marker CD26 in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis

Activated T cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Serial measurements of T cell activation molecules and T cell subpopulations were performed over 12 months in patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis and healthy controls, and correlated with clinical indices of disease progression measured by standardized disability scores. Of the markers studied, the activation molecule CD26 appeared to exhibit a more consistent pattern and to be elevated in MS patients; therefore we concentrated our attention on this marker, especially in view of recent evidence of its role in T cell activation. In this small patient group, the elevation of CD26 in the MS patients did not reach statistical significance, when compared to the level in the controls. Interestingly, the percentage of CD26 but not CD25 or HLA-DR correlated with the MS patients' disability scores. However, the clinical significance of this observation as an indication of disease activity in chronic progressive MS remains to be demonstrated in studies of larger patient populations.
Security risk analysis for chemical process facilities

In response to the events of September 11, many companies stepped up security efforts in chemical process facilities and other installations. Since resources are limited, a system for ranking relative risk would be useful in establishing priorities for implementing physical-security infrastructure and programs. This paper presents the elements of a relative risk assessment that can augment conventional process hazard analysis (PHA). This assessment is based on categorizing threat, vulnerability, and the consequences of deliberate actions by terrorists, disgruntled employees, and others.
Practice patterns of intraperitoneal chemotherapy in women with ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objectives To determine the current patterns of IP chemotherapy use in women with ovarian cancer. Methods A survey concerning the use of intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy was sent to all members of the SGO listed in the 2005 SGO directory and to 200 members of ASCO randomly selected from the ASCO directory in two mailings. Results There were 209 completed responses to the survey, which included 24% of the SGO and 3% of the ASCO members sampled ( P 2 (54%), followed by 100 mg/m 2 (38%). Only 6% use carboplatin primarily, but 60% reduce the cisplatin dose based on age. Currently 58% have modified the paclitaxel infusion to allow administration of this regimen in the outpatient setting and 17% plan to do so in the near future. Those using lower doses of platinum are also more likely to offer chemotherapy in the outpatient setting. Concern over toxicity, lack of coverage by residents or fellows, or type of practice did not predict a reduction in platinum dose. A single lumen IP catheter was used by 60% of respondents and a fenestrated is preferred by 40%. This catheter is placed at the time of primary surgery by 58% and 37% routinely place the catheter during a second procedure. Conclusion The toxicity of IP therapy remains a concern and there does not appear to be any standard IP regimen that is used in women with ovarian cancer. The majority of the SGO members give IP chemotherapy in an outpatient setting at a dose lower than was used in clinical trials. This survey probably represents an overestimate in the use of IP therapy as there is likely a bias in completing the survey by those who currently use this modality. Based on this assumption, it appears that the use of IP chemotherapy by medical oncologists is low.
Exposing Financial Exploitation of Impaired Elderly Persons

There is a dearth of medical publications on financial exploitation of elderly persons, but a significant amount of information on this subject is contained in the literature of other disciplines. Financial abuse accounts for up to one-half of all types of elder abuse in the United States, accounting for over 500,000 victims. Psychological abuse, including deception, intimidation, and threats, always accompanies financial exploitation. Despite the devastating emotional and financial losses incurred, physicians are reluctant to recognize, diagnose, and assist impaired elderly victims of financial exploitation.
Development of Nonlinearity in the Wind-Wave Interaction in a Mistral Event

Abstract Wavelet bicoherence is considered a state-of-the art technique in detecting the phase coupling and nonlinear interactions that occur in a signal or signals. It is used in this study to analyze the nonlinear wind-wave interactions for the simultaneously measured wind speed and wave height during 6 hours of wave generation in a mistral event. The results show that wavelet coherence can detect the linear coherence between wind and wave. On the other hand, the wavelet bicoherence has the ability to detect the phase coupling and nonlinear development between wind and wave during wave growth. This study shows that the phase coupling and nonlinear wind-wave interaction can occur over a certain range of frequencies and that this range is different from one record to another because of the nonstationary feature of the data set.
Investigation of thermal and hydrogen effects on emissivity of refractory metals and carbides

Abstract Direct thermal-to-electric power-conversion systems operate at high temperatures to ensure high power density and proper heat transfer in such systems, critical to their stability. Radiation in this temperature regime is a main means of heat transfer and the control of the surface characteristics of radiative components is thus an important issue. High-temperature normal spectral emissivity of various high-temperature components was investigated. Materials examined include tungsten, a dispersion strengthened tungsten (WHfC), a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) coating (CVD-W) and five types of carbides (WC, TaC, NbC, ZrC and HfC). Spectral emissivities were measured using single- and dual-wavelength radiation thermometries. Emissivity of tungsten was found to be 0.5 and remained constant even after vacuum annealing up to 2723 K. The five carbides were exposed to high temperatures, both in vacuum and in hydrogen. Results show the process to be thermally activated and hydrogen to have little effect on the ceramics examined. Tungsten carbide was the least stable and it transformed into W 2 C upon annealing whereas NbC decomposed after similar exposure. Hafnium carbide and ZrC were found to be the most stable and possessed the highest emissivity (0.9) among the carbides investigated. The experimental observation was examined in terms of thermodynamics of the materials. The implications of emissivity on the thermal characteristics of a typical space nuclear power system were examined.
Optimal preventive and repair maintenance of a machine subject to failure

Machine maintenance policies comprise two important activities: (a) the performance of preventive maintenance to prevent or postpone future breakdowns; and (b) the decision once a breakdown has actually occurred either to repair or to junk the machine. In this paper we study a control-theoretic model in which both of these activities are decision variables. The optimal preventive maintenance policy is determined as an ordinary control variable, whereas the breakdown-repair policy is determined as an impulsive control variable. A real-time iterative procedure is presented for making the repair-or-junk decision at the time of each actual breakdown. Various theoretical results are presented which connect the preventive and breakdown-repair policies.
Fog and Hazy Simulation for outside Lighting Study

With the high humidity caused by the urban microclimate, the visibility is greatly reduced due to the fog weather as well as the hazy weather formed by the accumulation of pollutant and vapor. In order to evaluate how the fog and haze weather affects outside lighting, a hazy simulation environment is introduced in this paper. An ultrasonic humidifier is used to produce droplets for fog simulation. Haze is simulated by using air blower to blow plant ashes. Transmittance of several different light sources under the simulated fog and haze conditions is shown. The results can be used to study outside lighting.
Bone mineral density after immobilization for fractures in adolescents: commentary on an article by Dimitri Ceroni, MD, et al.: "Effects of cast-mediated immobilization on bone mineral mass at various sites in adolescents with lower-extremity fracture".

Although the adult orthopaedic literature is replete with papers addressing the effects of fractures and consequent treatment on bone density and the potential effect of low bone density in terms of refracture, little has been written about fractures in children and their effect on bone density. This paucity of literature certainly is not related to a lack of recognition that refractures occur in the pediatric population; indeed, refracture following pediatric forearm fractures has long been recognized as a serious and common complication1,2. Nor is the paucity of literature related to a lack of recognition that osteopenia occurs following fractures and subsequent immobilization3. Rather, the tools to begin to quantitatively understand these changes are only now beginning to be applied to the pediatric population. This paper by Ceroni et al. and a recent paper by Fung et …
Civic Engagement in Higher Education: Concepts and Practices

Civic Engagement in Higher Education is a timely publication because it focuses higher education's attention once more on a topic that many of us have long thought as central to the mission of American colleges and universities.
Scent Marking in Female Prairie Voles: a Test of Alternative Hypotheses

We conducted three experiments with females in different stages of reproductive condition to test alternative hypotheses for the function of scent marking in female prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster. The three reproductive categories were isolated females prior to sexual stimulation (anoestrous), sexually stimulated (oestrous) and lactating. Females in different reproductive condition were given the opportunity to scent mark clean unmarked substrate or areas that had previously been marked by adult females or adult males. The numbers of scent marks deposited by females did not differ statistically for females in different reproductive condition. However, there was a trend for anoestrous females to mark the most, oestrous females less, and lactating females the least. The lack of scent marking by lactating females might be to reduce conspicuousness to conspecifics or predators. Oestrous females tended to mark the most in the area marked previously by males, although the difference was not statistically significant. Our results provide some support for a mate-attraction hypothesis and a territorial-defense hypothesis, but were most consistent with a self-advertisement hypothesis. Over marking was uncommon and did not differ by experiment or sex of previous donor. Our results suggest that the number and placement of scent marks by females are highly variable and function primarily to convey individual identity.
New alkylzinc complexes with bulky tris(triazolyl)borate ligands: Surprising water stability and reactivity

Bulky alkylzinc complexes, (TtztBu,Me)ZnMe and (TtztBu,Me)ZnEt, show remarkable stability towards water and both complexes crystallize with one molecule of adventitious water hydrogen bonded to two triazole rings; in contrast the less bulky complex, (TtzPh,Me)ZnEt, reacts with water to yield (TtzPh,Me)2Zn.
Conjunction, ellipsis, and other discontinuous constituents in the constituent object parser

Abstract The Constituent Object Parser (COP) is a domain independent syntactic parser developed for use in information retrieval and similar applications. Its purpose is to extract a simple hierarchical description of a phrase or sentence that can be used in very general pattern matching procedures to determine the structural similarity of sentences or phrases that contain equivalent terms. This paper discusses the mechanisms by which COP handles the problems of conjunction, ellipsis, and discontinuous constituents. These structures are usually particularly difficult to handle in a parser that does not employ domain knowledge or even general semantic knowledge. cop's mechanisms for these structures are directly tailored for, and, in part, even made possible by, the nature of the intended uses of the outputs by the information retrieval matching procedures.
Declining Stroke Incidence and Improving Survival in US Communities: Evidence for Success and Future Challenges

Stroke affects an estimated 795 000 Americans each year, remains the fourth leading cause of death, and is the main cause of adult disability in the United States.1 Worldwide, stroke ranks as the second leading cause of death, responsible for 9.5% of total deaths each year, with a greater burden in developing countries.2 Over the past decade, overall stroke mortality has declined, primarily in western countries. Moreover, several studies have documented a decrease in stroke incidence rates.3- 6 These favorable trends are likely due to better vascular risk factor control and improvements in acute stroke treatment at many institutions, including specialized stroke centers.7 In the United States, however, there are persistent racial, ethnic, sex, and regional disparities in age-adjusted stroke mortality rates,8- 10 and long-term temporal trend data on validated stroke incidence by race and ethnicity are scarce.
Protein Gene Product 9.5 is Expressed by Fibroblasts in Human Cutaneous Wounds

In a study initially designed to evaluate reinnervation of human cutaneous wounds using an antibody to the neuroneal marker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, we observed marked immunostaining of cells with morphologic features of fibroblasts in the wounds. PGP 9.5has recently been shown to be an important enzyme in the highly conserved ubiquitin system of proteolysis. Because the ubiquitin system is known to play an important role in regulating the cell cycle, the presence of PGP 9.5 in cells at a wound site was of considerable interest. Our objectives were to clarify the time frame for the appearance of PGP 9.5 and ubiquitin in wounds, to verify that PGP 9.5 is produced by wound fibroblasts, and to evaluate a potential role for these proteins in the tissue repair process. Standard incisional human wounds were stained with antibodies specific for PGP 9.5 and ubiquitin. At 7 d, stellate cells with morphologic features of fibroblasts stained for PGP 9.5, whereas earlier wounds were generally negative. In 14 and 21 d incised wounds and in chronic granulation tissue from nonhealing ulcers there was strong cellular staining for PGP 9.5 and for ubiquitin. These stellate cells also showed expression of mRNA for PGP 9.5 by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in situ hybridization. PGP 9.5 was detected in cultured fibroblasts both by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and by northern blot analysis. Confocal microscopy showed colocalization of antibodies to PGP 9.5 and prolyl-4-hydroxylase (a fibroblast marker) as well as colocalization of PGP 9.5 and the platelet derived growth factor β receptor. We conclude that ubiquitin and PGP 9.5 were expressed by fibroblasts during the granulation tissue and remodeling phases wound healing. The mRNA for PGP 9.5 was demonstrated in stellate cells in chronic wounds and in fibroblasts in culture. The appearance of these degradative proteins in later wounds suggests a downregulation function in the wound healing response.
A short-standoff bistatic lidar system for aerosol cloud backscatter cross section measurement

A short-standoff bistatic lidar system coupled with an aerosol chamber has been built to measure aerosol optical backscatter and laser induced fluorescence cross-sections. Preliminary results show good sensitivity across all channels with high signal-to-noise ratio.
Insights into enzyme function from studies on mutants of dihydrofolate reductase

Kinetic analysis and protein mutagenesis allow the importance of individual amino acids in ligand binding and catalysis to be assessed. A kinetic analysis has shown that the reaction catalyzed by dihydrofolate reductase is optimized with respect to product flux, which in turn is predetermined by the active-site hydrophobic surface. Protein mutagenesis has revealed that specific hydrophobic residues contribute 2 to 5 kilocalories per mole to ligand binding and catalysis. The extent to which perturbations within this active-site ensemble may affect catalysis is discussed in terms of the constraints imposed by the energy surface for the reaction.
Image retrieval on compressed images: Can we tell the difference?

In this work, we discuss the benefits of image compression on FITS image files to perform image retrieval tasks on the enormous NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) image repository. With the objective of making solar image files more portable and easy to distribute and archive, we test several lossless compression algorithms as well as lossy compression algorithms in order to determine the rate we can compress standard FITS solar image files and still produce equal or comparable image processing and retrieval results. Our analysis comes from an image processing and retrieval viewpoints since we want to determine if the compression algorithms can reduce storage costs and analysis time. We believe that we might be able to hold huge repositories such as the SDO repository in a considerably smaller amount of disk space and still be able to perform the same image analysis experiments on this reduced and more portable repository.
Empirical Verification of Theoretical Models on Performance Characteristics of Micro-Pillar Wick Structures

Two-phase passive heat carriers/spreaders are effective thermal management tools. However, their thermal performance is limited due to the transport characteristics of their wick structure. To enhance the performance of passive heat spreaders and expand their use to applications with high heat loads and severe operating environments, better wick structures are being developed. Advancements in the design of these structures have been hampered by a lack of models that can predict fluid flow rate in wicks over a wide range of geometrical parameters. The focus of this study is to find such a model for micro-pillar arrays. The model is intended for use in optimizing an array to achieve maximum liquid permeability at a given hydrostatic pressure. Two wicking devices with different pillar spacings were fabricated. The maximum heat transfer capacities of the devices at various wicking lengths were compared with predictions of selected correlations. A model by Byon et al. [1] predicted the experimental results with reasonable accuracy.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Estimation of multiple target location in multi-path wireless systems

This paper addresses the problem of estimating the location of a target based on measurements of the signal run length from one transmitter, via the (passive) target, to multiple receivers. In particular we address the case that there are multiple targets that differ in their locations, but otherwise have the same characteristics, and thus cannot be distinguished by their “signatures” or other unique characteristics. Thus localization requires to correctly “pair” the time-of-arrivals (TOAs) of the reflections arriving at the different receivers. As a further challenge, in practical scenarios the number of the targets are unknown, and the wireless signal propagation can suffer from indirect paths (IPs). We present in this paper an algorithm that can localize the targets even under these difficult circumstances. Its steps include a clustering stage that gives the number and locations of targets, and an IP detection mechanism based on the likelihood of several TOA measurements being direct paths from the same target. The algorithm has much lower computational complexity than the exhaustive maximum likelihood estimation (EMLE), while our simulations demonstrate that it achieves almost the same performance as the EMLE.
Using Coupled Mesoscale Experiments and Simulations to Investigate High Burn-Up Oxide Fuel Thermal Conductivity

Nuclear energy is a mature technology with a small carbon footprint. However, work is needed to make current reactor technology more accident tolerant and to allow reactor fuel to be burned in a reactor for longer periods of time. Optimizing the reactor fuel performance is essentially a materials science problem. The current understanding of fuel microstructure have been limited by the difficulty in studying the structure and chemistry of irradiated fuel samples at the mesoscale. Here, we take advantage of recent advances in experimental capabilities to characterize the microstructure in 3D of irradiated mixed oxide (MOX) fuel taken from two radial positions in the fuel pellet. We also reconstruct these microstructures using Idaho National Laboratory’s MARMOT code and calculate the impact of microstructure heterogeneities on the effective thermal conductivity using mesoscale heat conduction simulations. The thermal conductivities of both samples are higher than the bulk MOX thermal conductivity because of the formation of metallic precipitates and because we do not currently consider phonon scattering due to defects smaller than the experimental resolution. We also used the results to investigate the accuracy of simple thermal conductivity approximations and equations to convert 2D thermal conductivities to 3D. It was found that these approximations struggle to predict the complex thermal transport interactions between metal precipitates and voids.
Impending aortic penetration following thoracolumbar spinal fixation: a case study

Spinal instrumentation is a commonly performed procedure in modern surgery. Potential injury to the large vessels in the chest is a known complication of these procedures. We present a case of aortic impingement identified on a CT scan one year following a thoracic spinal procedure. Operative revision of the hardware was carried out to avoid delayed perforation or aneurysm formation.