cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemistry in the identification of nitric oxide synthase isoenzymes in myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, as measured by conversion of L-14C-arginine to L-14C-citrulline is significantly increased in infarcted rabbit myocardium as compared to healthy myocardium 48 h after coronary occlusion. The aim of this study was to localise the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in normal myocardium and compare these findings with NOS activity in cells of the infarcted region. METHODS: Activities of NOS isoforms were enzymatically assayed in normal and infarcted myocardium. Localisation of NOS was performed on identical sections using specific monoclonal IgG antibodies against endothelial constitutive (cNOS) and macrophage inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthase. In addition, macrophages were identified using fluorescein conjugated ChromPure rabbit IgG, Fc fragment. RESULTS: iNOS activity increased significantly in infarcted as compared to normal myocardium [0.42(SEM 0.03) v 0.85(0.08) fmol.microgram-1.min-1, P = 0.02, respectively]. However, cNOS did not increase significantly in infarcted regions [0.18(0.04) v 0.24(0.06) fmol.microgram-1.min-1; P = 0.16, respectively]. cNOS was immunohistochemically localised in endothelial and endocardial cells in normal and infarcted tissues. The presence of iNOS activity in macrophages in infarcted myocardium was identified immunohistochemically. Cardiomyocytes and neutrophils did not label with the antibodies to cNOS and iNOS. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Infiltrating macrophages are the main site of increased iNOS activity in infarcted rabbit myocardium. (2) cNOS activity is not significantly increased in infarcted tissues as compared to normal myocardium. (3) Neutrophils and cardiomyocytes do not express NOS immunoreactivity in infarcted and normal rabbit myocardium.
Parametric Duality Models for Semi-infinite Discrete Minmax Fractional Programming Problems Involving Generalized (η,ρ)-Invex Functions

In this paper, we discuss a fairly large number of nonparametric duality results under various generalized (η, ρ)-invexity assumptions for a semi-infinite minmax fractional programming problem.
SecA Folding Kinetics: A Large Dimeric Protein Rapidly Forms Multiple Native States

Abstract SecA, a 202 kDa dimeric protein, is the ATPase for the Sec-dependent translocase of precursor proteins in vivo. SecA must undergo conformational changes, which may involve dissociation into a monomer, as it translocates the precursor protein across the inner membrane. To better understand the dynamics of SecA in vivo, protein folding studies to probe the native, intermediate, and unfolded species of SecA in vitro have been done. SecA folds through a stable dimeric intermediate and dimerizes in the dead-time of a manual-mixing kinetic experiment (∼5–7 seconds). Here, stopped-flow fluorescence and CD, as well as ultra-rapid continuous flow fluorescence techniques, were used to further probe the rapid folding kinetics of SecA. In the absence of urea, rapid, near diffusion-limited (∼109 M−1 s−1) SecA dimerization occurs following a rate-limiting unimolecular rearrangement of a rapidly formed intermediate. Multiple kinetic folding and unfolding phases were observed and SecA was shown to have multiple native and unfolded states. Using sequential-mixing stopped-flow experiments, SecA was determined to fold via parallel channels with sequential intermediates. These results confirm that SecA is a highly dynamic protein, consistent with the rapid, major conformational changes it must undergo in vivo.
Highly Stereoselective β-Anomeric Glycosidation of a 2‘-Deoxy Syn-5‘-Configured 4‘-Spironucleoside

A direct enantioselective pathway that delivers exclusively the β-anomer of a 4‘-spironucleoside has been successfully developed. The key starting material is the enantiomerically pure dihydroxy lactone 19, which has proven amenable to conversion to glycal 22 via the chloro acetonide. This intermediate is then capped as the 3,5-O-(tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl) glycal. The latter can enter into N-iodosuccinimide-promoted glycosidation with persilylated thymine. Only the β anomer is formed. Ensuing deiodination and desilylation proceed quantitatively to furnish the targeted, previously elusive anomer.
Cholecystokinin and bombesin effects on rewarded and nonrewarded operants

Abstract Rats were food-rationed (15 g/day) and trained to bar-press for food. In Experiment 1, the animals were injected with cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK, 2 μg/kg), bombesin (BBS, 12 μg/kg), normal saline, or prefed with 20 Noyes 45 mg pellets. The animals were then tested for one hour for bar-pressing responses with food reward. In Experiment 2, the animals were similarly trained, treated, and tested for bar-pressing responses without food reward. The results showed that BBS and prefeeding decreased bar-pressing, rewarded or non-rewarded, but the CCK effect was greatly decreased when food was withheld. It appeared that the CCK effect was more dependent upon the presence of food than the BBS or prefeeding effects. The results were discussed in terms of involvement of the food and reward-related oropharyngeal stimuli for the CCK effect and the drive-related stimuli for the BBS and prefeeding effects.
Distance distributions in native and random-coil troponin I from frequency-domain measurements of fluorescence energy transfer.

We used time-dependent fluorescence energy transfer to determine the distribution of donor-to-acceptor distances in native and denatured troponin I(TnI). The single tryptophan residue (Trp 158) of TnI served as the donor (D), and the acceptor (A) was a labeled cysteine residue (Cys 133). The time-dependent intensity decays of the donor were measured by the frequency-domain method from 10 to 320 MHz. The frequency response of the donor emission, in the absence and presence of acceptor, was used to recover the distribution of D to A distances, using an algorithm that accounts for the intrinsic multiexponential decay of the donor. In the native state the D–A distribution is characterized by an average distance of 23 A and a half-width of 12 A. Denaturation results in a modest increase in the average distance to 27 A, and a dramatic increase in half-width to 47 A. We believe the ability to recover distance distributions will have numerous applications in the characterization of biological macromolecules.
Equivalencies between open and closed queueing networks with finite buffers

Abstract Equivalencies between open and closed models of queueing networks with finite buffers are investigated. Interarrival times in open networks and service times are assumed to be exponentially distributed. Using these equivalencies, bounds on the throughput of open networks are established.
(−)-trans-7(S)-Methoxytetradec-4-enoic acid and related amides from the marine cyanophyte Lyngbya majuscula

Abstract (−)-trans-7(S)-Methoxytetradec-4-enoic acid and the related amides, malyngamides A, B and C, were found as constituents of shallow-water varieties of the marine blue-green alga Lyngbya majuscule.
Towards a process model of human personality traits

A goal-based analysis of human personality traits is presented with the objective of developing a comprehensive simulation model. It is shown that understanding trait attributions is an integral part of story comprehension and therefore much of natural language processing. The model of personality traits is derived from the goal trees in the POLITICS system, the notion of social prototypes, and planning/counterplanning strategies. It is argued that the goal-expectation setting, created from an analysis of personality traits attributed to actors in a story, establishes a best-first evaluation criterion that makes more tractable the search problem inherent in story understanding.
Effect of Inhaled Nitric Oxide and High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation in Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

Effect of Inhaled Nitric Oxide and High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation in Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
A dual-parameter optical sensor fabricated by gradient axial doping of an optical fibre

There is a general need for optical sensors that respond to multiple substances or physical parameters. Multiple-parameter sensing is not only more efficient, but also permits interacting or interdependent parameters to be individually determined. In this paper, we describe a novel approach to the fabrication of an optical sensor, sensitive to two separate atmospheric conditions, but made from a single fibre optic. The optical fibre is drawn from polycarbonate, with a temperature-sensitive phosphor (La2O2S:Eu3+) incorporated directly into the core. Thus, the light-guiding portion of the fibre is responsible for determining the first parameter of measurement, ambient temperature. A thin fibre cladding is subsequently added to the temperature-sensitive core and serves as a chemically sensitive component. This cladding is made from Nafion®, and is doped with rhodamine 800. Fluorescence at 750 nm from the rhodamine 800 is shown to be enhanced by the presence of atmospheric moisture, and is used in conjunction with a ratiometric means of measuring temperature provided by the phosphorescence from the fibre core. This scheme provides a simple and potentially inexpensive way to manufacture fibre-optic sensors capable of multicomponent determinations. In addition, the temperature-sensitive core material provides a built-in normalization factor for the temperature-dependent response of the chemically sensitive cladding. The developed dual sensor was evaluated over the temperature range from 20 to 95 °C and demonstrated better than 1% relative standard deviation (RSD). The humidity sensor component was evaluated over the range of relative humidity (RH) from 0 to 20% RH over temperatures up to 56 °C. The detection limits for the humidity sensor were 0.17 and 2.35% RH at 20 and 56 °C, respectively.
Respect yourself, protect yourself: Latina girls and sexual identity

Lorena Garcίa's book, Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself: Latina Girls and Sexual Identity, is an excellent example of how gender, race, patriarchy, heterosexism, and class intersect in the formati...
Erratum to “On the nature and evolution of human know-how” [Research Policy 31 (2002) 719–733]

Abstract There has been very little overlap or even interchange between scholars studying technological advance, and scholars in the field of cognitive science. Yet both fields of study are concerned with human know-how, the former at the level of society, and the latter at the level of the individual. Recent developments in cognitive science have made possible greater contact between the two fields. This essay reviews several of those developments, and points to a variety of interesting connections.
A survey of polar and nonpolar lipids extracted from snake skin

The cast skins of 24 species of snake (four families) were extracted with chloroform:methanol and the lipids recovered (4.2-14.0% of dry weight of shed epidermis) were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Skins from all species had large amounts of cholesterol and free fatty acids and most had one or more lipids with TLC mobility similar to triglycerides. Many had a lipid with mobility similar to cholesterol esters. Polar lipids showed much less variation in composition. All species showed large amounts of phospholipids (sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine). All skins contained glycolipids with mobilities similar to monohexosylceramides as well as a number of lipids with mobilities similar to those of ceramides but giving glycolipid-like color reactions when heated with sulfuric acid.
Parallel memory systems for image processing

A novel memory system is proposed for image processing. Latin squares, which are well known combinatorial objects, are used as the skew function of the memory system. A Latin square with desired properties for image-array access is introduced. The resulting memory system provides access to various subsets of image data (rows, columns, diagonals, main subsquares, etc.) without memory conflict. The memory modules are fully utilized for most frequently used subsets of image data. The address generation can be performed in constant time. This memory system achieves constant-time access to rows, columns, diagonals, and subarrays using a minimum number of memory modules. >
Auditory and Visual Rhythm Perception in Relation to Reading Ability in Fourth Grade Boys

Auditory-temporal rhythm perception or the ability to transpose from auditory-temporal to visual-spatial patterns is related to reading in fourth-grade boys in a way that is not fully accounted for by general intelligence.
Response of hot isostatically pressed Ti–6Al–4V targets to normal impact by conical and blunt projectiles

First experimental results are reportedon ballistic performance of hot isostatically pressed(HIPed ) texture-free targets using rapidly solidified powders of Ti–6Al–4V alloy (PREP and ELI-PREP). Plastic deformation by ball milling of these powders was performed to modify the microstructure of the materials. HIPed samples of 40 mm diameter and a thickness of 10–30 mm were shrinkfit into holes in larger diameter steel plates andstruck by 50 caliber 60 1 cylindro-conical projectiles of hardness Rc 60 with contact prod ucedeither by the conical or blunt surface. The mass of the projectile was about 31 g andthe initial velocities rangedfrom 300 to 450 m/s for flat-end edandfrom 900 to 950 m/s for the conical impacts. Comparative behavior of HIPed samples and standard samples made from commercially available Ti–6Al– 4V alloy MIL-T-9047G (bar, forged, annealed)—baseline material after impact with the same geometry was investigated. As a rule the final velocity of the plug for HIPed alloy was smaller (or no penetration was observed) than that of the baseline material for impact with the conical projectile. Slightly sloped cylindrical shear plugs were characteristic for both materials upon impact by flat projectiles andtheir velocities were usedto evaluate the shear resistance of HIPedmaterial to plugging. Comparative features of fracture in both cases are presented. The texture-free HIPed materials from powders demonstrated better ballistic performance than the baseline material andcouldbe successfully usedfor ballistic applications. This is the first step in the development of high-gradient composite materials using a Ti–6Al–4V matrix from powder. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Systems Engineering of Datacasting for Public Safety Vehicles

Public safety officers need current, accurate and complete information to maintain the security of their communities. Existing communications systems for public safety officers consist of analog and digital radios, supplemented with cell phone communications. Dispatchers with a need to broadcast information can only do so via voice. Small data packets can be exchanged via point-to-point methods with modern digital radios, but no data broadcast exists for public safety communications. Broadcasting images, audio and text to officers in the field will offer a better collection of information necessary to make critical, time-sensitive public safety decisions. Live updates to in-vehicle databases and computer systems will provide officers with critical, up-to-the-minute information. Working with New Hampshire Public Television and the National Institute of Justice, we are researching a system to utilize excess bandwidth available in the public television broadcast spectrum. The system is to be implemented using the onboard data and car management system known as Project54TM. The use of this excess bandwidth for the delivery of digital data in a one-way, high-speed, broadcast stream is called datacasting. While datacasting has existed since the initial draft ATSC standards defining digital television, few locations have installed full datacasting capabilities, and no other datacasting effort has implemented a mobile, two-way datacasting system. This paper will outline the design of the datacasting environment for the New Hampshire Department of Safety, the results of field tests performed by 10 State Police vehicles collecting data during routine public safety patrols, and the status of the two-way datacasting implementation.
Internet-based TSP computation with Javelin++

Javelin++ is a Java-based infrastructure for Internet computing. This paper presents an extension of Javelin++ to solve the traveling salesman problem (TSP), which is a computationally complex combinatorial problem. Javelin++'s piecework computational model is extended to support a branch-and-bound model that is applied to the TSP computation. This extension implements the pipelined RAM model of cache consistency. Like Javelin++'s piecework computational model, the underlying architecture of this branch-and bound model is based on clients and hosts coordinated by brokers. The paper presents: a branch-and-bound computational model, the implementation of a scalable task scheduler using distributed work-stealing, the design and implementation of fault tolerance and load balancing via eager scheduling, and the results of performance experiments which appear promising. The paper focuses on a scalable implementation of branch-and-bound (especially the "bound" part) on internetworked computers. Javelin++'s seamless integration of distributed work-stealing, bound propagation, and lazy, lightweight, eager scheduling is the principle contribution of this paper.
SOI MOSFET effective channel mobility

The standard bulk MOSFET definition for effective electric field is modified for SOI devices to account for nonzero electric field at the back oxide interface. The effective channel mobility in fully-depleted n-channel SOI MOSFET's is shown to be independent of applied backgate bias when the modified E/sub eff/ definition is used. The effective channel mobility as a function of E/sub eff/ is also shown to be independent of film thickness for fully-depleted devices. >
Lesion-specific DNA-binding and repair activities of human O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase

Binding experiments with alkyl-transfer-active and -inactive mutants of human O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) show that it forms an O6-methylguanine (6mG)-specific complex on duplex DNA that is distinct from non-specific assemblies previously studied. Specific complexes with duplex DNA have a 2:1 stoichiometry that is formed without accumulation of a 1:1 intermediate. This establishes a role for cooperative interactions in lesion binding. Similar specific complexes could not be detected with single-stranded DNA. The small difference between specific and non-specific binding affinities strongly limits the roles that specific binding can play in the lesion search process. Alkyl-transfer kinetics with a single-stranded substrate indicate that two or more AGT monomers participate in the rate-limiting step, showing for the first time a functional link between cooperative binding and the repair reaction. Alkyl-transfer kinetics with a duplex substrate suggest that two pathways contribute to the formation of the specific 6mG-complex; one at least first order in AGT, we interpret as direct lesion binding. The second, independent of [AGT], is likely to include AGT transfer from distal sites to the lesion in a relatively slow unimolecular step. We propose that transfer between distal and lesion sites is a critical step in the repair process.
Chiral heliconical ground state of nanoscale pitch in a nematic liquid crystal of achiral molecular dimers

Freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy study of the nanoscale structure of the so-called “twist–bend” nematic phase of the cyanobiphenyl (CB) dimer molecule CB(CH2)7CB reveals stripe-textured fracture planes that indicate fluid layers periodically arrayed in the bulk with a spacing of d ∼ 8.3 nm. Fluidity and a rigorously maintained spacing result in long-range-ordered 3D focal conic domains. Absence of a lamellar X-ray reflection at wavevector q ∼ 2π/d or its harmonics in synchrotron-based scattering experiments indicates that this periodic structure is achieved with no detectable associated modulation of the electron density, and thus has nematic rather than smectic molecular ordering. A search for periodic ordering with d ∼ in CB(CH2)7CB using atomistic molecular dynamic computer simulation yields an equilibrium heliconical ground state, exhibiting nematic twist and bend, of the sort first proposed by Meyer, and envisioned in systems of bent molecules by Dozov and Memmer. We measure the director cone angle to be θTB ∼ 25° and the full pitch of the director helix to be pTB ∼ 8.3 nm, a very small value indicating the strong coupling of molecular bend to director bend.
Studies of iron deposits, inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in a rat model for esophageal adenocarcinoma.

A rat model was developed recently in our laboratory to study the pathogenesis of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and its progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Eightweek-old male Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent esophagoduodenal anastomosis (EDA) to produce gastric and duodenal reflux in their distal esophagi. The rats were given iron dextran (50 mg of Fe/kg, i.p.) starting 2 weeks after surgery and this was continued once a month. BE was observed as early as week 3 and the incidence of BE and EAC increased with time: 58 and 17% at week 23; 91 and 73% at week 31. There was a progression in epithelial cell proliferation and inflammation from mild to severe in the distal one-third of the esophagus. Iron deposition in the esophagus also increased with time. Iron deposits in the stromal tissue adjacent to the epithelium in the distal one-third of the esophagus were associated with areas of severe inflammation. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positive inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in the stromal macrophages directly beneath the epithelium in the distal one-third of the esophagus in 36, 83 and 100% of the rats at weeks 17, 23 and 31, respectively. A significant increasing linear trend (P J 0.001) was seen in nitrotyrosine immunostaining (number of positive cells/high power field) in the distal esophagus. Strong positive nitrotyrosine staining was seen in the macrophages and weaker positive staining was seen in the adjacent epithelium starting at week 17. Furthermore, iron supplemented rats killed at week 31 had significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of inflammation, cell proliferation, iNOS and nitrotyrosine as well as more tumors in their distal esophagi than did rats that received no iron supplement. These results suggest that iron supplementation enhanced inflammation and the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the esophageal epithelium. These processes could contribute to the formation of BE and its progression to EAC.
Optimizing the Layout of Heaters for Distributed Active De-icing of Wind Turbine Blades

Ice accumulation on wind turbines operating in cold regions reduces power generation by degrading aerodynamic efficiency and causes mass imbalance and fatigue loads on the blades. Due to blade rotation and variation of the pitch angle, different locations on each blade experience large variations of Reynolds number, Nusselt number, heat loss, and non-uniform ice distribution. Hence, applying different amounts of heat flux in different blade locations can provide more effective de-icing for the same total power consumption. This large variation of required heat flux highly motivates using distributed resistive heating with the capability of locally adjusting thermal power as a function of location on the blade. To optimize thermal actuation strategy, improving de-icing efficiency, and reducing power consumption, development of a numerical model was investigated for distributed resistive heaters using a computational approach with ANSYS. The numerical model was validated with experimental results. Then, ice...
Principles of auditory information-processing derived from neuroethology

For auditory imaging, a bat emits orientation sounds (pulses) and listens to echoes. The parameters characterizing a pulse-echo pair each convey particular types of biosonar information. For example, a Doppler shift (a difference in frequency between an emitted pulse and its echo) carries velocity information. For a 61-kHz sound, a 1.0-kHz Doppler shift corresponds to 2.8 ms-1 velocity. The delay of the echo from the pulse conveys distance (range) information. A 1.0-ms echo delay corresponds to a target distance of 17 cm. The auditory system of the mustached bat, Pteronotus parnelli, from Central America solves the computational problems in analyzing these parameters by creating maps in the cerebral cortex. The pulse of the mustached bat is complex. It consists of four harmonics, each of which contains a long constant-frequency (CF) component and a short frequency-modulated (FM) component. Therefore, there are eight components in the emitted pulse (CF1-4 and FM1-4). The CF signal is particularly suited for target velocity measurement, whereas the FM signal is suited for target distance measurement. Since the eight components differ from each other in frequency, they are analyzed in parallel at different regions of the basilar membrane in the inner ear. Then, they are separately coded by primary auditory neurons and are sent up to the auditory cortex through several auditory nuclei. During the ascent of the signals through these auditory nuclei, neurons responding to the FM components process range information, while other neurons responding to the CF components process velocity information. A comparison of the data obtained from the mustached bat with those obtained from other species illustrates both the specialized neural mechanisms specific to the bat9s auditory system, and the general neural mechanisms which are probably shared with many different types of animals.
Lysine Conservation and Context in TGFβ and Wnt Signaling Suggest New Targets and General Themes for Posttranslational Modification

TGFβ and Wnt pathways play important roles in the development of animals from sponges to humans. In both pathways posttranslational modification as a means of regulating their function, such as lysine modification by ubiquitination and sumoylation, has been observed. However, a gap exists between the immunological observation of posttranslational modification and the identification of the target lysine. To fill this gap, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of lysine conservation and context in TGFβ and Wnt pathway receptors and signal transducers and suggest numerous high-probability candidates for posttranslational modification. Further comparison of results from both pathways suggests two general features for biochemical regulation of intercellular signaling: receptors are less frequent targets for modification than signal transduction agonists, and a lysine adjacent to an upstream hydrophobic residue may be a preferred context for modification. Overall the results suggest numerous applications for an evolutionary approach to the biochemical regulation of developmental pathways, including (1) streamlining of the identification of the target lysine, (2) determination of when members of a multigene family acquire distinct activities, (3) application to any conserved protein family, and (4) application to any modification of a specific amino acid.
Detection of Infectious Bronchitis Virus by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase–Polymerase Chain Reaction and Identification of a Quasispecies in the Beaudette Strain

Abstract SUMMARY. In this report, we describe a real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) diagnostic test for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) with the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology. Two primers that amplify a 383-base pair product between nucleotide positions 703 and 1086 relative to the start codon for the S1 gene of the Massachusetts 41 virus were designed and used to amplify the Beaudette, Massachusetts 41, Florida 18288, Connecticut, Iowa 97, Arkansas DPI, CA/NE95/99, DE/072/92, and GA/0470/98 strains of IBV. The primers were specific and did not amplify New Castle disease virus, Mycoplasma spp., or infectious laryngotracheitis virus. For RRT-PCR by FRET, an anchor probe conjugated to fluorescein and a detection probe conjugated to a red fluorophore were designed to anneal to a hypervariable region within the 383-base pair product. The level of sensitivity was 1 × 104 RNA molecules used as starting template. After amplification, a melting c...
Claims, Arguments, and Decisions: Formalisms for Representation, Gaming, and Coordination

Decisions in large corporations continually evolve from several group processes, shaping the focus of business activities over time. These decisions arise out of a combination of formal analyses and less formal interactions among decision makers. We address the pragmatics of group decision processes from the perspective of argumentation and analysis. We develop formalisms for the representation of argumentative knowledge, gaming the argumentation process and the coordination of the games. The representation formalism provides a framework for organizing the logic underlying the claims and arguments in a group. The gaming formalism provides a framework for conducting and regulating the group interactions. The coordination formalism addresses the issues of scheduling the games and the resolution process. The three formalisms together constitute the basis for designing computer-assisted systems that support argumentation processes in groups. We introduce the term Argumentative Reasoning Facilitation Systems ARFS, and develop a framework for their design. These systems would serve to record, organize, regulate and coordinate argumentative decision processes in organizations. The formalisms provide new windows for research on novel applications of decision support systems in organizations. Some of the systemic, organizational and behavioral research issues identified from this work are also presented.
FOREST EDGES NEGATIVELY AFFECT GOLDEN-CHEEKED WARBLER NEST SURVIVAL

Abstract Abstract. I used an information-theoretic approach to determine support for hypotheses concerning the effects of edge and temporal factors on Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia) nest survival on Fort Hood Military Reservation, Texas, during 2003–2006. I predicted that nest survival would be greater earlier in the breeding season than later in the breeding season, in areas with less forest edge than in areas with more forest edge, and during the laying and incubation stages than during the nestling stage. I used the logistic-exposure method to model nest survival as a function of the explanatory variables and to produce model-based estimates of daily and period survival. The overall daily survival rate was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94, 0.97) and overall period survival was 0.34 (95% CI: 0.23, 0.46). Forest edge density had the strongest effect on nest survival. Nest survival decreased as forest edge density increased. Period survival tended to decrease as the breeding season progressed, but the 9...
Rain-, Wind-, and Touch-Induced Expression of Calmodulin and Calmodulin-Related Genes in Arabidopsis

In response to water spray, subirrigation, wind, touch, wounding, or darkness, Arabidopsis regulates the expression of at least four touch-induced (TCH) genes. Ten to thirty minutes after stimulation, mRNA levels increase up to 100-fold. Arabidopsis plants stimulated by touch develop shorter petioles and bolts. This developmental response is known as thigmomorphogenesis. TCH 1 cDNA encodes the putative Arabidopsis calmodulin differing in one amino acid from wheat calmodulin. Sequenced regions of TCH 2 and TCH 3 contain 44% and 70% amino acid identities to calmodulin, respectively. The regulation of this calmodulin-related gene family in Arabidopsis suggests that calcium ions and calmodulin are involved in transduction of signals from the environment, enabling plants to sense and respond to environmental changes.
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of CE-156811, a Novel Analog Derived from Hygromycin A

We evaluated a novel truncated hygromycin A analog in which the furanose ring was replaced with a 2-fluoro-2-cyclopropylethyl substituent for its activity against multidrug resistant gram-positive bacteria and compared its activity to the activities of linezolid, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and vancomycin. CE-156811 demonstrated robust in vitro activity against gram-positive bacteria that was comparable to that of linezolid.
Industry-University Collaboration: A University of Dayton Model

This paper introduces industry-university collaboration activities currently in place at the University of Dayton's School of Engineering. These collaborations are important to prepare industry-ready graduates who excel in technical, entrepreneurial, and leadership skills. One of the key curricular component is the industry sponsored multidisciplinary projects. Industry involvement in advisory committee, strategic research partnerships, and other forms are discussed.
Marriage and Divorce

By the year 2000, 13% of the U.S. population will be over 65 years old (Peterson and Bahr, 1989); by 2040 it is estimated that this proportion will reach nearly 25% (Goldberg, 1992). Soon the average American will live up to 25 years after raising children to adulthood. A quarter of one’s adult life may be spent in retirement. People entering retirement may have to deal with taking care of their aging parents as the number of people over 75 years of age increases (Goldberg, 1992). These significant changes in the demographics of our aging population suggest that families will be composed of more older people and fewer younger people; more divorces and remarriages will require important adjustments between husbands and wives. In particular, there is concern for women in their late 50s and 60s who will be called upon to care for (a) their elderly parents, (b) their adult children, and (c) their spouses (Goldberg, 1992; Peterson and Bahr, 1989). Because women generally outlive their husbands by a decade, it begs the question, “Who will provide for these women?” In this ominous context, marriage, as the persistent and venerable institution that it is, will become more challenged and will be an important resource for the elderly.
A Century of Institutions and Ecology in East Africa’s Rangelands: Linking Institutional Robustness with the Ecological Resilience of Kenya’s Maasailand

In analyzing the interactions between institutions and ecology, it is useful to evaluate the robustness of the designed governance system and the resilience of the ecological system that together comprise a Social-Ecological System (SES). In this chapter, we will examine the patterns of interaction between ever-changing governance institutions related to the highly variable ecology of Eastern Africa extending in time from prior to the British colonial rule until early in this century. That will enable us to examine three questions: (1) Which of the institutions that have existed during this time are more robust and why? (2) How does institutional robustness influence ecosystem resilience? and (3) What assumptions can be made about human behavior and incentives in light of this sweep of human history? We find that the indigenous institutions of the Maasai people were the most robust of the set of institutions studied over time since pre-colonial days until contemporary times. And, these robust institutions were associated with a more resilient ecology.
Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase and its Isoenzymes in Men with Maldescended Testes

AbstractSerum lactate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were determined as a screen for testicular germ cell neoplasia in 130 men with maldescended testes. A testicular tumor was found on clinical examination in 1 patient, which was revealed to be embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, yolk sac tumor and carcinoma in situ on orchiectomy. Subclinical testicular germ cell neoplasia was found on testicular biopsy in 3 men (1 with microinvasive seminoma and 2 with carcinoma in situ). These 4 patients had normal serum lactate dehydrogenase and serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase was noted in 3 men without testicular germ cell neoplasia: 1 had predominantly increased serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes 1 to 3 and 2 had slightly increased serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes 3 and 4. Serum lactate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were not sensitive to detect testicular germ cell tumors in a subclinical stage.
A Responsive Regulatory System is Revealed by Sense Suppression of Pigment Genes in Petunia Flowers

Plant transgenes can suppress the expression of homologous genes in at least two ways. One is a phenomenon known as epigene conversion,whereby one copy of a gene causes the transcriptional silencing of another copy, and the altered expression state of the silenced gene is heritable after loss of the gene causing the silencing (as in paramutation). The other mode of homology-dependent gene silencing is best referred to as sense suppression, a posttranscriptional phenomenon usually resulting in the cosuppression of homologous transgenes and endogenes. The homology required for sense suppression can be limited to the transcribed regions of the genes. Sense suppression is observed frequently in transgenic plants, generally as a paradoxical outcome of attempts to increase expression of an endogenous gene by the introduction of a chimeric transgene comprised of a strong promoter fused to a copy of the endogene’s coding sequence in the sense orientation. The varied observations and possible mechanisms for homology-dependent transgene silencing phenomena in plants have been much discussed in the literature, citations to which may be found in Matzke and Matzke (1995), de Carvahlo Niebel et al. (1995), and Jorgensen (1995).
Pre-Computable Multi-Layer Neural Network Language Models

In the last several years, neural network models have significantly improved accuracy in a number of NLP tasks. However, one serious drawback that has impeded their adoption in production systems is the slow runtime speed of neural network models compared to alternate models, such as maximum entropy classifiers. In Devlin et al. (2014), the authors presented a simple technique for speeding up feed-forward embedding-based neural network models, where the dot product between each word embedding and part of the first hidden layer are pre-computed offline. However, this technique cannot be used for hidden layers beyond the first. In this paper, we explore a neural network architecture where the embedding layer feeds into multiple hidden layers that are placed “next to” one another so that each can be pre-computed independently. On a large scale language modeling task, this architecture achieves a 10x speedup at runtime and a significant reduction in perplexity when compared to a standard multilayer network.
Human Geohelminthes Infection in Wulong County,Chongqing

Objective To Analyze the current distribution of human geohelminthes infection in Wulong County and to provide the basis for the development of countermeasures of control and prevention of helminthes infection.Methods Parasite eggs were collected from children under age 12 using anal swabs method.The eggs were identified using the modified Kato's method and the results were statistically analyzed.Results A total of 1 487 subjects were studied.Eggs from roundworm and hookworm were found in 93 infected persons,and the total infection rate was 6.25%.The infection rate with roundworm and hookworm was 4.57% and 1.68%,respectively.Compared with the infection rates obtained in 1990,the total rate of infection with roundworm,hookworm and pinworm was dropped to 92.92%,94.08% and 95.15%,respectively.Conclusion Wulong County is now classified as State Class-Ⅱ endemic area of geohelminthes.Disease control and prevent is still required in this area.
Failure of ischemia to break the dog's gastric mucosal barrier.

Vagally denervated (Heidenhain) pouches of the dog’s oxyntic gland area of the stomach were irrigated with 100 mN HC1, and net fluxes of H+ and Na+ together with aminopyrine clearances were measured. An increase in output of Na+ and an increase in disappearance of H+, in absence of secretion, were sought as indices of damage to the gastric mucosal barrier. Ischemia was produced by repeated subcutaneous injection of vasopressin (20 U every 30 min), by a single hemorrhage (estimated 30% of blood volume), by repeated hemorrhages holding the dog’s mean arterial blood pressure at 80 mm Hg, and by intravenous infusion of vasopressin (4 U per hr) or norepinephrine (2-μg base per kg-min). Infusion of vasoconstrictor drugs was combined with infusion of histamine (50-μg base per kg-hr), bethanechol chloride (50 μg per kg-hr), or pentagastrin (8 μg per kg-hr). In no instance did ischemia lasting 4, 5, or 6 hr have any effect upon the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier. Repeated subcutaneous injection of vasopressin or a single, rapid hemorrhage does not induce ischemia lasting longer than 5 to 6 hr. When histamine or bethanechol and pentagastrin are given, the vasoconstrictor drugs are incapable of causing lasting mucosal ischemia.
Cryogenic Gas for Rapid Cooling of Commercially Processed Shell Eggs Before Packaging.

Research was initiated to evaluate the effects on egg quality and microbial counts of rapidly cooling eggs by using cryogenic gases. Four trials were conducted utilizing a 2 × 2 factorial design with cryogenic cooling and Pseudomonas inoculation as the main variables. The 1440 eggs used in each trial were evaluated for cracked shells, Haugh units, and albumen pH. Cryogenically cooled treatment groups were successfully cooled from 37°C to 7°C in significantly less time than in a traditionally cooled pallet. The Haugh unit values obtained from traditionally cooled eggs were significantly (P > .001) lower than those from cryogenically cooled eggs. There was no significant difference in the albumen pH of the two groups. Internal and external bacterial counts revealed significantly fewer bacteria in the interior of cryogenically cooled eggs than in the interior of traditionally cooled eggs. However, after a 30-day storage period at 7°C, no difference was found in external and internal bacterial contamination r...
Functional complementation of a genetic deficiency with human artificial chromosomes (HACs)

Natalay Kouprina received her M.Sc. in physical chemistry from the St. Petersburg State University, Russia, and her Ph.D. and Dr. Sc. in Cell Biology from the Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences. While in Russia, she worked on the identification of genes that control the replication and segregation of chromosomes in budding yeast. In 1991, she moved to the United States and focused her interests in genomics. At present she is a staff scientist at the National Cancer Institute, USA. Her current interest is to combine a transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning technology that allows selective isolation of a gene of interest up to 300 kb in size from complex genomes, including humans, with the human artificial chromosome or HAC-based gene delivery vector to develop a novel system for the delivery and expression of full-length mammalian genes. Such a novel approach has a potential for gene functional studies and gene therapy. She has 83 publications in many leading journals. Functional complementation of a genetic deficiency with human artificial chromosomes (HACs)
Mulching fuels treatments promote understory plant communities in three Colorado, USA, coniferous forest types

Abstract Mulching fuels treatments have been increasingly implemented by forest managers in the western USA to reduce crown fire hazard. These treatments use heavy machinery to masticate or chip unwanted shrubs and small-diameter trees and broadcast the mulched material on the ground. Because mulching treatments are relatively novel and have no natural analog, their ecological impacts are poorly understood. We initiated a study in 2007 to examine the effects of mulching on vascular understory plant communities and other ecological properties and processes. We established 15 study areas in Colorado, USA, distributed across three broadly-defined coniferous forest types: pinyon pine – juniper (Pinus edulis – Juniperus spp.); ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) and ponderosa pine – Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii); and lodgepole pine (P. contorta) and mixed conifer (lodgepole pine, limber pine (P. flexilis), and other conifers). Measurements were conducted along 50-m transects 2–4 years post-treatment (2007 or 2008), and again 6–9 years post-treatment (2012), in three mulched and three untreated stands per study area. Mulching dramatically reduced overstory basal area (i.e., basal area of trees >1.4 m tall) and increased forest floor biomass (i.e., the biomass of litter, duff, and woody material
Methane emissions from freshwater cypress (Taxodium distichum) swamp soils with natural and impacted hydroperiods in Southwest Florida

Abstract Wetlands are natural sources of methane (CH 4 ) emissions, with the majority of those releases in tropical and subtropical regions. Land-use modifications can change a wetland's hydroperiod and flow-through conditions, among the most important factors controlling methanogenesis. The goal of this research was to determine and compare CH 4 fluxes from six subtropical cypress ( Taxodium ) swamps in southwest Florida with different hydroperiods and noticeably different land-use conditions. Three of the swamps were at a highly protected strand of cypress swamps in Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary and three were on a university campus, which had been exposed to historical land-use and hydrologic modifications well before the campus was constructed in the 1990s. Gas samples were taken twice daily at 10 times over a year. Fluxes from the reference sites were significantly higher than fluxes from the disturbed sites. Mean CH 4 emissions (± standard error) were 25.9 ± 15.6, 22 ± 21.8 and 49.5 ± 24.7 mg CH 4 -C m −2 d −1 for the reference bald cypress slough, pond cypress slough and cypress dome, respectively, and 4.0 ± 3.8, −1.4 ± 0.8, and 0.5 ± 0.5 mg CH 4 -C m −2 d −1 for the disturbed pond cypress slough and two cypress domes, respectively. Deeper water and higher soil temperatures at the time of sampling, by themselves, did not explain higher CH 4 fluxes. More continuous surface flooding at the reference sites compared to seasonal flooding at the disturbed wetlands appear to be the main cause for the differences in methane emissions at the two sites.
Introducing Parallel and Distributed Computing to K12

The paper introduces a visual programming language and corresponding web- and cloud-based development environment called NetsBlox. NetsBlox is an extension of Snap! and it builds upon its visual formalism as well as its open source code base. NetsBlox adds distributed programming capabilities to Snap! by introducing two simple abstractions: messages and NetsBlox services. Messages containing data can be exchanged by two or more NetsBlox programs running on different computers connected to the Internet. Services are called on a client program and are executed on the NetsBlox server. These two abstractions make it possible to create distributed programs, for example multi-player games or client-server applications. We believe that NetsBlox provides increased motivation to high-school students to become creators and not just consumers of technology. At the same time, it helps teach them basic distributed programming concepts.