cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Anatomy of Marine and Freshwater Algal Reefs, Bermuda and Central New York

A comparative study of the cup reefs of Bermuda and the reefs of Green Lake, Fayetteville, New York, and of other central New York lakes indicates similarities in form and growth pattern. In both instances, algae are major contributors to growth. The cup reefs, or “boilers,” grow near the margin of the Bermuda platform and rise 2 to 10 m from a coral floor to the intertidal zone. They are composed principally of encrusting calcareous red (coralline) algae and colonial vermetid gastropods. The material composing the reefs is primarily high-Mg calcite with lesser amounts of aragonite. The algal reefs in Green Lake grow as lobate, overhanging ledges that protrude 2 to 8 m into the lake. The ledges extend from lake level to a depth of approximately 12 m. These reefs are composed of low-Mg calcite algal sediment and cement. The same processes of sediment production, trapping, and cementation are at work in both environments but in differing proportions. In Green Lake, the main sediment producer is the calcareous alga Chara , which is analogous to the calcareous alga Liagora valida on the cup reefs. In the quiet waters of Green Lake, surface growth of the reef occurs by trapping and binding of sediment by blue-green algae and mosses, and later cementation is by precipitated calcium carbonate. In the cup reefs, trapping and binding is primarily confined to protected cavities, and surface growth in the agitated water is mainly by encrusting calcareous algae. In both environments, cementation continues inside cavities by precipitation of calcium carbonate.
Pathways for homologous recombination between chromosomal direct repeats in Salmonella typhimurium.

Homologous recombination pathways probably evolved primarily to accomplish chromosomal repair and the formation and resolution of duplications by sister-chromosome exchanges. Various DNA lesions initiate these events. Classical recombination assays, involving bacterial sex, focus attention on double-strand ends of DNA. Sexual exchanges, initiated at these ends, depend on the RecBCD pathway. In the absence of RecBCD function, mutation of the sbcB and sbcC genes activates the apparently cryptic RecF pathway. To provide a more general view of recombination, we describe an assay in which endogenous DNA damage initiates recombination between chromosomal direct repeats. The repeats flank markers conferring lactose utilization (Lac(+)) and ampicillin resistance (Ap(R)); recombination generates Lac(-) Ap(S) segregants. In this assay, the RecF pathway is not cryptic; it plays a major role without sbcBC mutations. Others have proposed that single-strand gaps are the natural substrate for RecF-dependent recombination. Supporting this view, recombination stimulated by a double-strand break (DSB) in a chromosomal repeat depended on RecB function, not RecF function. Without RecBCD function, sbcBC mutations modified the RecF pathway and allowed it to catalyze DSB-stimulated recombination. Sexual recombination assays overestimate the importance of RecBCD and DSBs, and underestimate the importance of the RecF pathway.
Imputation of missing longitudinal data: a comparison of methods.

Background and Objective: Missing information is inevitable in longitudinal studies, and can result in biased estimates and a loss of power. One approach to this problem is to impute the missing data to yield a more complete data set. Our goal was to compare the performance of 14 methods of imputing missing data on depression, weight, cognitive functioning, and self-rated health in a longitudinal cohort of older adults. Methods: We identified situations where a person had a known value following one or more missing values, and treated the known value as a “missing value.” This “missing value” was imputed using each method and compared to the observed value. Methods were compared on the root mean square error, mean absolute deviation, bias, and relative variance of the estimates. Results: Most imputation methods were biased toward estimating the “missing value” as too healthy, and most estimates had a variance that was too low. Imputed values based on a person’s values before and after the “missing value” were superior to other methods, followed by imputations based on a person’s values before the “missing value.” Imputations that used no information specific to the person, such as using the sample mean, had the worst performance. Conclusions: We conclude that, in longitudinal studies where the overall trend is for worse health over time and where missing data can be assumed to be primarily related to worse health, missing data in a longitudinal sequence should be imputed from the available
Structural Basis of Microtubule Plus End Tracking by XMAP215, CLIP-170, and EB1

Microtubule plus end binding proteins (+TIPs) localize to the dynamic plus ends of microtubules, where they stimulate microtubule growth and recruit signaling molecules. Three main +TIP classes have been identified (XMAP215, EB1, and CLIP-170), but whether they act upon microtubule plus ends through a similar mechanism has not been resolved. Here, we report crystal structures of the tubulin binding domains of XMAP215 (yeast Stu2p and Drosophila Msps), EB1 (yeast Bim1p and human EB1), and CLIP-170 (human), which reveal diverse tubulin binding interfaces. Functional studies, however, reveal a common property that native or artificial dimerization of tubulin binding domains (including chemically induced heterodimers of EB1 and CLIP-170) induces tubulin nucleation/assembly in vitro and, in most cases, plus end tracking in living cells. We propose that +TIPs, although diverse in structure, share a common property of multimerizing tubulin, thus acting as polymerization chaperones that aid in subunit addition to the microtubule plus end.
Diabetes insipidus in pregnancy: a treatable cause of oligohydramnios.

Background : Diabetes insipidus, which presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and profound electrolyte abnormalities, occurs rarely in pregnancy. We report a patient with severe oligohydramnios that resolved after treatment of diabetes insipidus. Case : A 14-year-old girl was admitted at 33 weeks' gestation with cramping and vaginal spotting. A sonogram indicated oligohydramnios and an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of 2.6, with normal fetal kidneys and bladder. On hospital day 2, the AFI was 0.0. Recorded fluid was 8 L in and 13.6 L out. Serum sodium was 153 mEq/L. Diabetes insipidus was diagnosed and treated with intranasal desmopressin acetate. The oligohydramnios resolved rapidly, and the patient delivered a healthy 2700-g male infant at 38 weeks. Conclusion : Although rare, diabetes insipidus may present initially in pregnancy and should be considered in patients with oligohydramnios. Simple diagnosis with determination of 24-hour urine volume and serum electrolytes can identify this potentially reversible cause of oligohydramnios and poor obstetric outcome.
Wealth Effects on Self-insurance

This paper considers the wealth effects on self-insurance investment that reduces loss. Wealthier individuals can bear the risk better, and invest less in self-insurance with two states of the world. Self-insurance, like insurance, is thus an inferior good. This known result does not extend to many states. The reason is that an increase in self-insurance does not necessarily reduce final wealth in good states and increase it in bad states. Self-insurance thus may not act as insurance, and wealthier individuals may not necessarily invest less in self-insurance. The paper proposes a condition under which self-insurance is inferior, and a condition under which it is normal.
T cell costimulatory pathways: blockade for autoimmunity

The activation of T lymphocytes is thought to require at least two signals, one delivered by the T cell receptor (TCR) complex after antigen recognition, and one provided on engagement of costimulatory receptors. The B7-1/B7-2–CD28/cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and CD154–CD40 pathways have been shown to be crucial in regulating T cell activation and tolerance. Novel members of the B7–CD28 superfamily have recently been discovered and they seem to be particularly important for regulating the responses of previously activated T cells. Superimposition of inhibitory signals like those delivered by CTLA-4 and programmed death (PD)-1–PD-1-ligand (PD-L1) pathway leads to a complex network of positive and negative costimulatory signals, the integration of which modulates immune responses. Furthermore, expression of several B7 homologues on cells other than professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), indicate new mechanisms for regulating T cell responses in peripheral tissues. This review focuses on...
The influence of obesity on arterial compliance in adult men and women

The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in large and small arterial compliance existed among normal weight, overweight, and obese older men and women, and whether large and small arterial compliance were associated with abdominal, hip, and subcutaneous fat distribution. A total of 134 individuals who were 40 years of age and older (age = 62 +/- 11 years; mean +/- SD) were grouped into normal weight (BMI: 18.5-24.9 kg/m2; n = 33), overweight (BMI: 25.0-29.9 kg/m2; n = 48), or obese (BMI: > or =30.0 kg/m2; n = 53) categories. The hemodynamic and arterial compliance measurements were obtained using the HDI/PulseWave CR-2000 CardioVascular Profiling System (Hypertension Diagnostics, Inc). Body mass index, nine-site sum of skinfolds, and circumference measures around the hip and waist were used for analysis. Large and small arterial compliance was lower (p 0.05) to waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio. In conclusion, obesity was associated with a decrease in large and small arterial compliance independent of conventional risk factors. Additionally, subcutaneous fat and fat around the hips were inversely related to arterial compliance.
Electron Microscope Study of a Cell-Free Induced Leukemia of the Mouse: A Preliminary Report

Preliminary results of an electron microscope study of a leukemia of the mouse transmissible by cell-free filtrates are reported. In twelve out of forty-seven specimens examined, virus-like particles were observed. So far, these particles have not been observed in control, non-leukemic animals. They are located inside the cytoplasm of leukemic cells which infiltrate the spleen or the liver. Their diameter is approximately 78 mµ. Their resemblance to other particles recently described in different mouse tumors is stressed. Their significance and, in correlation with ultrafiltration data, their possible etiological meaning are discussed.
Self-Control Moderates the Effectiveness of Influence Attempts Highlighting Injunctive Social Norms:

Across three experiments involving different target behaviors, the trait of impulsivity reduced the effectiveness of persuasive messages framed using injunctive norms. In two of the three experimen...
The pulmonologist's perspective regarding the solitary pulmonary nodule.

Abstract The pulmonologist's goal in managing a patient with a solitary pulmonary nodule is to distinguish the benign from malignant nodule and, where malignancy is either confirmed or strongly suspected, to expedite resection. By using established clinical features (eg, age, smoking status) and radiographic findings (eg, calcification, growth rate, size), a probability of malignancy can be determined. If necessary, noninvasive or adjuvant invasive testing is used to alter the probability to one that permits observation or demands resection. The proper use of these tests mandates knowledge about their performance characteristics. Decision-analytic approaches, using Bayesian analysis, may assist with the calculation of probability. These models have not consistently outperformed the clinician or adjuvant testing. The use of low-dose computed tomography (CT) scanning as a screening tool has led to the discovery of many small, indeterminate nodules. Management decisions for these nodules are influenced by their low prevalence of malignancy and small size. Future advances will add to our ability to effectively meet our stated goal. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
A CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE ACTIVITIES IN DROSOPHILA

ABSTRACT The genome of Drosophila melanogaster has been surveyed for chromosomal regions which exert a dosage effect on the activities of cAMP phosphodiesterase or cGMP phosphodiesterase. Two regions increase cAMP phosphodiesterase activity when present as duplications. A region of the X chromosome increases cAMP phosphodiesterase activity when duplicated and decreases that activity when deficient. This region has been delimited to chromomeres 3D3 and 3D4, with 3D4 being the most probable locus, and may contain a structural gene for cAMP phosphodiesterase. A region on the third chromosome, 90E-91B, increase cAMP phosphodiesterase activity when duplicated but has no affect on the activity when deficient. Two regions increase cGMP phosphodiesterase activity when present as duplications. A region of the X chromosome, 5D-9C, increases cGMP phosphodiesterase activity when duplicated, but smaller duplications covering this region fail to show such an increase, indicating that a single locus is not responsible for the increase observed for the larger duplication. A region of the third chromosome, 88C-91B, also increases cGMP phosphodiesterase activity when duplicated. Smaller duplications covering this region show smaller increases than that observed for the larger duplication, suggesting that at least three loci between 88C and 91B contribute to the observed increase by that region. Deficiencies covering region 88C-91B do not affect cGMP phosphodiesterase activity. No locus for a presumptive structural gene for cGMP phosphodiesterase has been found. Limitations of the use of segmental aneuploidy in locating structural genes for enzymes are discussed.
New Insights from Coarse Word Sense Disambiguation in the Crowd

We use crowdsourcing to disambiguate 1000 words from among coarse-grained senses, the most extensive investigation to date. Ten unique participants disambiguate each example, and, using regression, we find surprising features which drive differential WSD accuracy: (a) the number of rephrasings within a sense definition is associated with higher accuracy; (b) as word frequency increases, accuracy decreases even if the number of senses is kept constant; and (c) spending more time is associated with a decrease in accuracy. We also observe that all participants are about equal in ability, practice (without feedback) does not seem to lead to improvement, and that having many participants label the same example provides a partial substitute for more expensive annotation.
Possession in Two Balinese Trance Ceremonies

I discuss the construction of Balinese trance behaviors using two examples of trance possession in temple ceremonies. The view that trance states are socially constructed has long roots in anthropology. However, a closer examination of this view is warranted. In particular, I am interested in the question of the possible diversity of the constructed behavior. On the one hand, one may expect a set of general trance behaviors or experiences throughout a given society—e.g. that vision quests in a particular tribe will contain common elements, but these will vary from tribe to tribe (Lowie 1963). On the other hand, a society may offer the general outlines of acceptable trance behavior or experience, but expect them to be radically individual, depending, e.g., on the particular revelatory experience of the person. The Balinese construction of trance fits neither of these poles; rather, trance behaviors are contextualized to a particular temple but not to individual persons. Thus, the trances of the Balinese exhibit a high degree of variety from locale to locale. This unusual variety is due to two factors: a key element of Balinese Hinduism, adat (local custom), as well as a unique feature of how Balinese deities (who possess individuals in trance) are conceived.
Response to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccination in HIV-Positive Individuals on Long Term Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.

Background and objectives: Streptococcus pneumoniae continues to cause serious infections in HIV-positive individuals in the era of highly active anti-retroviral therapy. This led to the recommendation to revaccinate HIV-positive individuals with PPV23 five years after primary vaccination. The benefits of revaccination and the impact of long term highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) on antigen-specific B cell reconstitution have remained unclear thus far and were investigated. Design and methods: We assessed antibody levels, opsonophagocytic activity and phenotype of pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPS) specific-B cells post-revaccination in long term HAART cohorts stratified according to CD4 count as group A (CD4>200) and group B (CD4<200). Anti-PPS IgG, IgM and functional antibody response against vaccine serotypes 14 and 23F were measured by ELISA and opsonophagocytic assay followed by phenotypic analysis of PPS14 and 23F-specific B cells using fluorescently labeled PPS. Results: Significant increases in total and functional antibody titers were noted in groups A and B post-vaccination concomitant with significant rise in PPS-specific IgM memory B cells, a critical B cell subset required for protection against PPS although the overall response remained significantly diminished compared to HIV-negative volunteers. Conclusion: Comparable increases in opsonophagocytic titers between study groups A and B concomitant with a comparable rise in PPS-specific IgM memory B cells indicate revaccination to be beneficial regardless of the degree of CD4 T cell reconstitution. These findings emphasize the importance of defining effective vaccination practices amongst high-risk individuals.
Assignment stack shrinking

Assignment stack shrinking is a technique that is intended to speed up the performance of modern complete SAT solvers. Shrinking was shown to be efficient in SAT’04 competition winners Jerusat and Chaff. However, existing studies lack the details of the shrinking algorithm. In addition, shrinking’s performance was not tested in conjunction with the most modern techniques. This paper provides a detailed description of the shrinking algorithm and proposes two new heursitics for it. We show that using shrinking is critical for solving well-known industrial benchmark families with the latest versions of Minisat and Eureka.
Diffusion-Based Noise Analysis for Molecular Communication in Nanonetworks

Molecular communication (MC) is a promising bio-inspired paradigm, in which molecules are used to encode, transmit and receive information at the nanoscale. Very limited research has addressed the problem of modeling and analyzing the MC in nanonetworks. One of the main challenges in MC is the proper study and characterization of the noise sources. The objective of this paper is the analysis of the noise sources in diffusion-based MC using tools from signal processing, statistics and communication engineering. The reference diffusion-based MC system for this analysis is the physical end-to-end model introduced in a previous work by the same authors. The particle sampling noise and the particle counting noise are analyzed as the most relevant diffusion-based noise sources. The analysis of each noise source results in two types of models, namely, the physical model and the stochastic model. The physical model mathematically expresses the processes underlying the physics of the noise source. The stochastic model captures the noise source behavior through statistical parameters. The physical model results in block schemes, while the stochastic model results in the characterization of the noises using random processes. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the capability of the stochastic model to express the diffusion-based noise sources represented by the physical model.
The value proposition for high lifetime (p-type) and thin silicon materials in solar PV applications

Most silicon PV road maps forecast a continued reduction in wafer thickness, despite rapid declines in the primary incentive for doing so - polysilicon feedstock price. Another common feature of most silicon-technology forecasts is the quest for ever-higher device performance at the lowest possible costs. The authors present data from device-performance and manufacturing- and system-installation cost models to quantitatively establish the incentives for manufacturers to pursue advanced (thin) wafer and (high efficiency) cell technologies, in an age of reduced feedstock prices. This analysis exhaustively considers the value proposition for high lifetime (p-type) silicon materials across the entire c-Si PV supply chain.
Temperature Regulation in Bee- and Waspmimicking Syrphid Flies

SUMMARY 1. Thoracic temperatures were measured in 12 syrphid species. 2. During field activity the flies maintained thoracic temperatures near 30°C by a combination of basking and endothermy. In the 10 species which were mimics of Hymenoptera, thoracic temperatures averaged a few degrees below those of their models. 3. All of the syrphids tested demonstrated a marked capacity for endothermic warm-up in the laboratory. Warm-up rates ranged from 1-2-5-5°C min" 1 . The maximum rate of warm-up increased in a linear fashion with body mass, with a slope of 4-3. 4. The flies sometimes sustained endothermy beyond the 2—S min necessary for thoracic temperature to reach flight temperature. One individual maintained an average temperature excess of 134°C for more than 26 min. 5. Cooling rates were highly dependent on body mass and did not differ significantly between pubescent Bombus mimics and glabrous species. Removal of pile from the thorax of Bombus mimics increased their cooling rates by about 30%. 6. From the comparisons between wasp and bee mimics, we conclude that although the pubescence of Zfow6(«-mimicking flies aids endothermy, it is not necessary to achieve it. Their pubescence has apparently evolved primarily to improve visual mimicry.
Can computed tomography angiography of the coronary arteries characterize atherosclerotic plaque composition? Is the CAT (scan) out of the bag?

Several different methodologies are available for the visualization of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, including invasive modalities, such as intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) ([1][1]), angioscopy ([2][2]), and optical coherence tomography ([3][3]), and noninvasive modalities, such as magnetic
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Across the Lifespan

Up to 10% of school-age children have attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which often persists into adulthood. ADHD can be associated with significant comorbidity of disruptive, mood, and anxiety disorders. Although many children with ADHD have good long-term outcomes, a significant subset has substance abuse, antisocial behavior, and mood disorders as adults. Pharmacotherapy with stimulants, atomoxetine, and alpha-agonists is highly effective in the short term; behavior therapy is valuable as an adjunct to medication or to address comorbid conditions. Multiple genes each likely contribute small effects to the risk of ADHD. Neuroimaging studies suggest that individuals with ADHD have insufficient activation of cortical attention networks, reduced activity of ventral striatal reward systems, and dysregulated control of the default mode network. No neuroimaging technique is yet useful clinically. More long-term studies of both medication and psychosocial interventions are needed to improve outcomes.
Simultaneous deletion of 3′ETV6 and 5′EWSR1 genes in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: case report and literature review

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematologic malignancy. Based on literature reports of limited cases, over 50 % of BPDCN have chromosomal abnormalities, but no single chromosomal change has been identified as diagnostic of this entity. In this report, we present a case of BPDCN with complicated chromosomal abnormalities involving chromosomes 12 and 22 and resulting in a simultaneous partial deletion of ETV6 and EWSR1. Notably, these aberrations were identified in bone marrow myeloid precursors in the absence of bone marrow involvement by BPDCN. Analysis of 46 BPDCN cases with abnormal karyotypes (45 from literature reports plus this case) showed that 12p- is one of the most common structural aberrations in BPDCN. The ETV6 and CDKN1B on 12p deserve further investigations as potential markers of BPDCN.
Antidepressant use and recurrent falls in community-dwelling older adults: findings from the Health ABC Study

Background: Few studies have compared the risk of recurrent falls across various antidepressant agents—using detailed dosage and duration data—among community-dwelling older adults, including those who have a history of a fall/fracture. Objective: To examine the association of antidepressant use with recurrent falls, including among those with a history of falls/fractures, in community-dwelling elders. Methods: This was a longitudinal analysis of 2948 participants with data collected via interview at year 1 from the Health, Aging and Body Composition study and followed through year 7 (1997-2004). Any antidepressant medication use was self-reported at years 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 and further categorized as (1) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), (2) tricyclic antidepressants, and (3) others. Dosage and duration were examined. The outcome was recurrent falls (≥2) in the ensuing 12-month period following each medication data collection. Results: Using multivariable generalized estimating equations mo...
Application of the concept of "moral luck" in a case involving a pharmacist.

Through the application of scientific, clinical, and economic expertise, pharmacists have become influential in decisions about which pharmaceutical products are made available for use by medical staff within institutional settings. This influence can improve outcomes for patients and reduce health
A Study of Sexuality In Sapromyces Reinschii

In the studies of sexuality in the lower fungi the pioneer work of Blakeslee (2, 3, 4) on the Mucorales was of especial significance since for the first time it demonstrated by experiment that in these Zygomycetes there were two distinct types of sexuality. In one, which he named homothallic, the individual mycelium (plant) comprised both sexes so that on it conjugation and the formation of zygotes regularly took place. In the other, which he named heterothallic, an individual mycelium was of one sex only, either pure male (minus), or pure female (plus), and therefore mating with a mycelium of the opposite sex was necessary for sexual reproduction. So clear cut and definite were these sexual conditions established by Blakeslee and so effective was his experimental approach that subsequent investigations in the whole field of sexuality in the lower plants were notably stimulated and influenced. Kniep (17) has effectively summarized the progress of this investigation up to 1929 and has pointed out the need for further study. In another phycomycetous group, the Oomycetes, heterothallism was demonstrated by Couch (13) in 1926 in Dictyuchus monosporus Leitgeb, a member of the Saprolegniaceae. One of Couch's female strains, however, was remarkable for its possession of latent male potentialities. Another significant contribution was the discovery by Raper (22) in Achlya bisexualis Coker, of three types of sexual strains, male, female and hermaphroditic-female. Studies in the Saprolegniaceae, therefore, indicate a more complex type of sexuality than has been thus far observed in the Mucoraceae.
Characterization of Atomoxetine Biotransformation and Implications for Development of PBPK Models for Dose Individualization in Children

Atomoxetine (ATX) is a second-line nonstimulant medication used to control symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Inconsistent therapeutic efficacy has been reported with ATX, which may be related to variable CYP2D6-mediated drug clearance. We characterized ATX metabolism in a panel of human liver samples as a basis for a bottom-up PBPK model to aid in ATX exposure prediction and control. Km, Vmax, and Clint values in pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) were 2.4 µM, 479 pmol/min/mg protein, and 202 µl/min/mg protein, respectively. Mean population values of kinetic parameters are not adequate to describe variability in a population, given that Km, Vmax, and Clint values from single-donor HLMs ranged from 0.93 to 79.2 µM, 20.0 to 1600 pmol/min/mg protein, and 0.3 to 936 µl/min/mg protein. All kinetic parameters were calculated from 4-hydroxyatomoxetine (4-OH-ATX) formation. CYP2E1 and CYP3A contributed to 4-OH-ATX formation in livers with CYP2D6 intermediate and poor metabolizer status. In HLMs with lower CYP2D6 activity levels, 2-hydroxymethylatomoxetine (2-CH2OH-ATX) formation became a more predominant pathway of metabolism, which appeared to be catalyzed by CYP2B6. ATX biotransformation at clinically relevant plasma concentrations was characterized in a panel of pediatric HLM (n = 116) samples by evaluating primary metabolites. Competing pathways of ATX metabolism [N-desmethylatomoxetine (NDM-ATX) and 2-CH2OH-ATX formation] had increasing importance in livers with lesser CYP2D6 activity, but, overall ATX clearance was still compromised. Modeling ATX exposure to individualize therapy would require comprehensive knowledge of factors that affect CYP2D6 activity as well as an understanding of competing pathways, particularly for individuals with lower CYP2D6 activity.
Effect of water ingestion on capacity for exercise.

(1949). Effect of Water Ingestion on Capacity for Exercise. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 398-401.
Urinary tract disorders in children: new approaches.

Reappraisal and revision of diagnosis and management practices have revolutionized pediatric urology in the past decade. Noninvasive studies performed early—even in utero—now provide accurate assessment of congenital disorders. Advances in nonoperative as well as surgical management have dramatically improved the outlook for children with such problems.
Measuring the gap between programmable and fixed-function accelerators: A case study on speech recognition

As power and energy consumption have become the key design constraint of mobile systems, mobile system-on-chip (SoC) architects have dedicated a progressively larger area budget to custom accelerators: graphics processors, audio/video codecs, and image signal processors abound. Fixed-function accelerators now occupy more than half of the die area of these chips [2], and we foresee this trend only to progress in the near future. Indeed, for applications that have adopted a well-defined standard, constructing dedicated fixed-function accelerators may prove to be the best approach [5]. But for applications that are not standardized and are still in flux, we ask: Is building fixed-function accelerators the right answer, or should dedicated accelerators become more programmable? To this end, we first measure the performance and energy consumption gap between programmable and fixed-function accelerators for automatic speech recognition (ASR), an application that is not yet standardized but whose adoption is on on the near horizon. We then analyze these results to gain insight into this problem.
Exploring Dynamical Assessments of Affect, Behavior, and Cognition and Math State Test Achievement.

There is increasing evidence that fine-grained aspects of student performance and interaction within educational software are predictive of long-term learning. Machine learning models have been used to provide assessments of affect, behavior, and cognition based on analyses of system log data, estimating the probability of a student’s particular affective state, behavior, and knowledge (cognition). These measures have (in aggregate) successfully predicted outcomes such as performance on standardized exams. In this paper, we employ a different approach of relating interaction patterns to learning outcomes, using dynamical methods that assess patterns of fine-grained measures of affect, behavior, and knowledge as they occur across time. We use Hurst exponents and Entropy scores computed from assessments of affect, behavior, performance, and knowledge acquired from 1,376 middle school students who used a math tutoring system (ASSISTments), and analyze the relations of these dynamical measures to the students’ end-of-year state test (MCAS) performance. Our results show that fine-grained changes in affect, behavior, and knowledge are significantly related to and predictive of their eventual MCAS performance, providing a new lens on the dynamic and nuanced nature of student interaction within online learning platforms and how it affects achievement.
Reaching the Unserved and Underserved: Medical Care in Rural and Urban Settings

Children and adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in rural and urban settings face specific barriers in accessing quality healthcare services. In rural areas, poverty, a lack of transportation, and a shortage of qualified providers – particularly in the subspecialties – are associated with reduced levels of care and unmet needs. In urban areas, difficulties in obtaining healthcare are somewhat more nuanced. Poverty remains a major factor, but transportation and a trained pool of providers, while ostensibly available, are not always accessible. This chapter explores geographic and socioeconomic variables contributing to individuals being unserved or underserved. We will also consider both the systems that have traditionally provided a safety net for this population, as well as several long-term public health efforts aimed toward enhancing the capacity and infrastructure to assist children and adults with IDD and their families in optimizing their health outcomes.
Connections to Phases and Phase Transitions

This chapter reveals the chemistry fundamentals that are instrumental in phases and phase transitions between different states of matter. The issues dealt with in this chapter are— the process of cloud seeding, the chemical principles that growers apply to protect their crops, reasoning behind the dark spot on the inside of a burned-out light bulb, the red or silver liquids in thermometers, and so on. Meteorologists use sound chemical principles to induce precipitation. Clouds, formed as masses of warm, moist air, rise by convection into cooler regions, causing the water vapor to condense into liquid water droplets or ice crystals. To induce precipitation in supercooled clouds, substances are introduced to act as condensation nuclei, around which water droplets coalesce. Dry ice pellets could induce the formation of ice crystals in a cloud composed of water droplets in a deep-freeze box. The ice crystals continued to grow in size and eventually dropped to the bottom of the container. Grains of dry ice can be dispersed from airplanes to create the same effect in the atmosphere. Other substances, notably silver iodide, mimic the structure of ice and can serve as a nucleus for ice crystal formation. These substances can be introduced into clouds via aircraft or alternatively from the ground using rockets carrying a pyrotechnic substance ingrained with silver iodide. When these iodide salts are burned in air, a smoke of tiny particles is generated that can be carried upward by air currents.
Digitale Chirurgie im digitalen Krankenhaus: Erster Schritt in eine bessere Zukunft oder Sackgasse?

Zielsetzung: Erste Erfahrungen einer digitalen Chirurgie in einem komplett digitalen Krankenhauses sollen anhand eines Vierjahreszeitraums untersucht werden. Wesentliche Kriterien fur die Analyse sollen dabei die Vor- und Nachteile durch die digitale Technik geanderter Prozesablaufen in einer chirurgischen Klinik und ihre Auswirkungen auf die tagliche Arbeit sein. Im zweiten Schritt soll gepruft werden inwieweit die digitale Technik unter den zukunftigen Rahmenbedingungen im Gesundheitswesen einen Wettbewerbsvorteil fur die jeweilige Klinik und eine hohere Effizienz fur das Gesundheitswesen insgesamt bringen kann. Material und Methoden: 1997 wurde ein Schwerpunktkrankenhaus mit 538 Betten in 12 Kliniken und 2 Fachabteilungen mit dem Schwerpunkt der Behandlung Unfallverletzter als digitales Krankenhaus mit modernem Krankenhauskommunikations- und Informationssystem sowie digitaler Radiologie eroffnet. Prinzip des digitalen Systems ist die einmalige Erfassung relevanter Patientendaten, Untersuchungsergebnisse wie auch der bildgebenden Diagnostik, die danach ubiquitar im Krankenhaus allen autorisierten Mitarbeiten zur Verfugung stehen.
Visualization of electrical current flow with a new streamline technique: application in mono- and bidomain simulations of cardiac tissue

Mathematical modeling and computer-based simulation of electrical fields in the heart provide important insights into the cardiac electrophysiological behavior. Streamline based techniques are frequently applied for visualization of these electrical fields. In this work we present a new automated technique for placement of seed points of streamlines. The technique is based on a sequential optimization algorithm. In each step a set of random seed points is created. A single point of these is selected, which is optimal in such a manner that the distribution of density of streamlines fits best to the distribution of electrical current density. The iteration ends, when a pre-given number of streamlines was generated. Several examples illustrate the characteristic properties of the technique in electrical fields of small complexity. Additionally, results from a bidomain simulation of excitation propagation are visualized.
Modified Vogel and Johnson Agar for Staphylococcus aureus

The formula for a modified Vogel and Johnson Agar is presented. In addition to the ingredients found in Vogel and Johnson Agar, the new medium contains, per liter: 5 g of beef extract, 2 g of deoxyribonucleic acid, 2 g of phosphatidyl choline and 780 units of catalase spread on the plates before inoculation. This new medium is as effective as Baird-Parker Agar in enumeration of stressed Staphylococcus aureus, and in enumeration of staphylococci from naturally contaminated processed food samples.
Representational Structure and Strategic Processes for Movement Production

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the strategic processing responsible for the differential retention interval effect on response accuracy and latency measures reported by Shea (1977). It was found that subjects use previously presented movements in addition to well learned memory structures for movement production. These findings emphasize the constructive nature of movement production. A description of motor skill acquisition incorporating both representational structure and its closely associated strategic processing is offered.
Development and analysis of residential change-point models from smart meter data

Abstract As access to residential energy use data becomes more widely available, it is possible to identify significant energy consumers and provide guidance on mitigating such large loads. In hotter climates, such as Texas, air-conditioning (AC) systems are important contributors to overall residential electricity demand. Providing a quick, simple and effective framework to describe and compare electricity demand patterns between different houses is valuable to identify potential candidates for peak load reduction and overall energy use mitigation. In this study, we evaluate the application of daily change-point models to describe the demand patterns of residential AC systems for 45 actual houses in Austin, TX during 2013. While previous research regarding change-point models has been focused on monthly data for commercial buildings, this study extends its application to daily residential energy use. The resulting models describe a behavior where energy consumption with relation to outdoor dry-bulb temperature is negligible up until a change-point, after which AC energy use increases linearly and results in an “energy slope.” An analysis of the neighborhood shows the distribution of the AC “energy slopes” is left-skewed and centered on 0.08 kW per °C dry bulb temperature. Energy audit information found eight house characteristics to be correlated with a higher energy slope. A subsequent parametric analysis using data from the energy simulation software BEopt confirmed the direction of the correlation. This work provides a screening tool to compare energy demand patterns of houses and target houses with the largest magnitude of energy slopes for future energy audits.
Metabolism Supports Macrophage Activation

Macrophages are found in most tissues of the body, where they have tissue- and context-dependent roles in maintaining homeostasis as well as coordinating adaptive responses to various stresses. Their capacity for specialized functions is controlled by polarizing signals, which activate macrophages by upregulating transcriptional programs that encode distinct effector functions. An important conceptual advance in the field of macrophage biology, emerging from recent studies, is that macrophage activation is critically supported by metabolic shifts. Metabolic shifts fuel multiple aspects of macrophage activation, and preventing these shifts impairs appropriate activation. These findings raise the exciting possibility that macrophage functions in various contexts could be regulated by manipulating their metabolism. Here, we review the rapidly evolving field of macrophage metabolism, discussing how polarizing signals trigger metabolic shifts and how these shifts enable appropriate activation and sustain effector activities. We also discuss recent studies indicating that the mitochondria are central hubs in inflammatory macrophage activation.
The Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test: Second Edition.

This chapter describes the essential characteristics of the UNIT2, its strengths and limitations, changes and improvements. The test is multidimensional, and assesses memory, reasoning, and quantitative reasoning using both a symbolic and nonsymbolic administration format. The UNIT2 is easy to administer, score, and interpret, and follows the same general format as the UNIT. The UNIT2 Examiner’s Manual includes a wealth of data describing the technical properties of the test, in greater detail than other intelligence tests (e.g., tables related to the adequacy of ceilings, floors, and item gradients; and a chapter devoted to fairness and equity studies). The UNIT2 maintained all of the original strengths of the UNIT derived from its nonverbal assessment approach. In addition to retaining its strongest features, the UNIT2 also addresses several of the identified limitations of the original test by expanding the age range of the assessment, improving floors and ceilings, improving the representative sample, updating item quality both visually and color-wise, and fine-tuning the test to make it even more user-friendly.
Contextual Factors Associated with the Use of Corporal Punishment in U.S. Public Schools.

•We examined correlates of school corporal punishment (SCP) use and disparities.•Cultural, socioeconomic, and racial characteristics all predicted SCP use.•School and county racial composition predicted disparate use against Black students.
Abstract #1940: Prominin1/CD133 marks adult intestinal stem cells that are susceptible to neoplastic transformation

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO Cancer stem cells (CSC) are remarkably similar to normal stem cells: both self-renew, are multipotent and express common surface markers, e.g., PROMININ-1 (PROM1, CD133). What remains unclear is whether CSC are the direct progeny of mutated stem cells, or more mature cells that reacquire stem cell properties during tumor formation. Answering this important question will require knowledge of whether normal stem cells are susceptible to cancer causing mutations; however, this has proved difficult to test since the identity of most adult tissue stem cells is not known. Here, using an inducible-Cre-nuclear(n)LacZ reporter allele knocked into the Prom1 locus ( Prom1C-L ), we show that Prom1 is expressed in a variety of developing and adult tissues. Lineage-tracing studies of adult Prom1+/C-L mice containing the Rosa26-YFP reporter allele showed that Prom1+ cells are located at the base of crypts in the small intestine, co-express Lgr5, generate the entire intestinal epithelium, and are therefore likely to be the small intestinal stem cell. Prom1 was reported recently to mark CSC of human intestinal tumors that arise frequently as a consequence of aberrant Wingless (WNT) signaling. Activation of endogenous Wnt signaling in Prom1+/C-L mice containing a Cre-dependent mutant allele of Beta-catenin ( Ctnnb1lox(ex3) ) resulted first in a gross disruption of crypt architecture and a disproportionate expansion of Prom1+ cells at the crypt base. Lineage-tracing demonstrated that the progeny of these cells replaced the mucosa of the entire small intestine with neoplastic tissue that was characterized by focal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and crypt adenoma formation. Although all neoplastic cells arose from Prom1+ cells in these mice, only 7% of tumor cells retained Prom1 expression. Our data indicate that Prom1 marks stem cells in the adult small intestine, which are susceptible to transformation into tumors retaining a fraction of mutant-Prom1+ tumor cells. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 1940.
Reducing the celiac disease antigenicity of wheat

Celiac disease (CD) affects nearly 1 in 110 people in the United States, and it is caused by specific prolamin proteins found in cereals such as, wheat, rye and barley. When these proteins are consumed, they trigger a cascade of immune reactions in those who are genetically predisposed to the disease, and the result of these reactions is damage to the small intestine. Currently, the only medical solution for celiac patients is a gluten-free diet. However, there is growing interest in breeding for wheat, barley, and rye cultivars that are safe for CD patients. Theoretically, if the antigenic property of these cereals is removed, they would be safe for consumption by those with CD. One challenge in producing such cultivars is preserving the viscoelastic properties of dough, since these proteins have a vital role in the formation and viscoelasticity of dough. In this review, approaches to reducing the CD antigenicity of wheat are discussed in the context of utilizing genetic variations among cultivars, genom...
Synthesis, characterization and application of biodegradable polymer grafted novel bioprosthetic tissue.

Animal tissue has an extended history of clinical use in applications like heart valve bioprosthesis devices, cardiovascular surgical applications etc. but often does not last long after implantati...
Why are preterm newborns at increased risk of infection

One in 10 newborns will be born before completion of 36 weeks' gestation (premature birth). Infection and sepsis in preterm infants remain a significant clinical problem that represents a substantial financial burden on the healthcare system. Many factors predispose premature infants for having the greatest risk of developing and succumbing to infection as compared with all other age groups across the age spectrum. It is clear that the immune system of preterm infants exhibits distinct, rather than simply deficient, function as compared with more mature and older humans and that the immune function in preterm infants contributes to infection risk. While no single review can cover all aspects of immune function in this population, we will discuss key aspects of preterm neonatal innate and adaptive immune function that place them at high risk for developing infections and sepsis, as well as sepsis-associated morbidity and mortality.