cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale probing of image-potential states and electron transfer doping in borophene polymorphs

Because synthetic 2D materials are generally stabilized by interfacial coupling to growth substrates, direct probing of interfacial phenomena is critical for understanding their nanoscale structure and properties. Using field-emission resonance spectroscopy with an ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope, we reveal Stark-shifted image-potential states of the v1/6 and v1/5 borophene polymorphs on Ag(111) with long lifetimes, suggesting high borophene lattice and interface quality. These image-potential states allow the local work function and interfacial charge transfer of borophene to be probed at the nanoscale and test the widely employed self-doping model of borophene. Supported by apparent barrier height measurements and density functional theory calculations, electron transfer doping occurs for both borophene phases from the Ag(111) substrate. In contradiction with the self-doping model, a higher electron transfer doping level occurs for denser v1/6 borophene compared to v1/5 borophene, thus revealing the importance of substrate effects on borophene electron transfer.
Law as an Achievement of Governance

Investigations into the concept of law have attempted to characterize the species “law” without a characterization of the genus “governance.” The failure to attend to the complex concept of governance has led philosophers to see law as a mode, rather than an achievement, of governance. This essay highlights several elements of governance; most importantly, it identifies a distinction between governance structures and functioning governance systems as a central reason for the confusion of modes with achievements. It then introduces the idea of an achievement concept of law. It argues that Hart is best understood as contributing to our understanding of governance generally while Dworkin’s concept of law illustrates the confusion of a mode for an achievement. The essay concludes by noting several advantages of treating law as an achievement.
Student Plagiarism: Never-Ending Challenges and Possibilities for Faculty.

Student plagiarism is a never-ending challenge for faculty. This column introduction shares faculty experiences as well as some successful interventions. The author grounds faculty student plagiari...
Monitoring, security, and dynamic configuration with the dynamicTAO reflective ORB

Conventional middleware systems fail to address important issues related to dynamism. Modern computer systems have to deal not only with heterogeneity in the underlying hardware and software platforms but also with highly dynamic environments. Mobile and distributed applications are greatly affected by dynamic changes of the environment characteristic such as security constraints and resource availability. Existing middleware is not prepared to react to these changes. In many cases, application developers know when adaptive changes in communication and security strategies would improve system performance. But often, they are not able to benefit from it because the middleware lacks the mechanisms to support monitoring (to detect when adaptation should take place) and on-the-fly reconfiguration. dynamicTAO is a CORBA-compliant reflective ORB that supports dynamic configuration. It maintains an explicit representation of its own internal structure and uses it to carry out run time customization safely. After describing dynamicTAO's design and implementation, we discuss our experience on the development of two systems benefiting from the reflective nature of our ORB: a flexible monitoring system for distributed objects and a mechanism for enforcing access control based on dynamic security policies.
Effects of hydrogel properties and extrusion parameters on 3D bioprinting

In recent years, advances in tissue engineering have brought about the development of 3D bioprinting. By encapsulating cells within a biomaterial for three-dimensional extrusion, this efficient and integrated biofabrication method overcomes the limitations of two-dimensional cell culture, allows for the study of complex cell interactions in a physiologically relevant microenvironment and is a promising stepping stone to the functional replacement of lost or damaged tissue. Despite efforts to improve the cytocompatibility of the extruded biomaterial and to induce specific tissue formation upon extrusion, the effects of hydrogel properties on the extruded construct have been poorly characterized. Here, we assess the impact of various parameters, including biomaterial composition, computer-designed structure and printing speed, on the structural integrity, stress distribution and resolution of the extruded construct.
Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems—CCXXXV

Abstract The mass spectra of deuterium labeled hexananilides show an unexpected rearrangement of a hydrogen atom from C-4 with formation of a C 6 H 7 N + ion. The decomposition of the McLafferty rearrangement ion in these compounds is shown to involve expulsion of the elements of ethynyl alcohol rather than ketene.
Psychosomatic clinic or pain clinic: Which is more viable?

Outpatient consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatry has been beset with problems concerning funding and patient acceptance. Though the consultation, liaison, and referral clinic models for outpatient C-L psychiatry each offer advantages, they have not conquered these fundamental problems. This paper introduces the multidisciplinary pain clinic as an alternative means of addressing somatic symptoms and psychiatric disorders in an ambulatory medical population. The multidisciplinary pain clinic offers advantages in terms of reimbursement, patient acceptance, and opportunities for interdisciplinary research. The pain clinic model has disadvantages that include administration by departments other than psychiatry, traditional location in a tertiary care hospital, and limitations to who can be treated. However, it offers a place where both the physiological and psychological aspects of somatic symptoms may be addressed. The pain clinic nurtures the priorities and goals of primary care for a patient population whose complexities may outstrip the resources of a single primary care physician.
Role of Endogenous Glucocorticoids in Immune System Function: Regulation and Counterregulation

The sections in this article are: 1 In Vivo Versus in Vitro Glucocorticoids 2 Natural Versus Synthetic Glucocorticoids 2.1 Corticosteroid Receptor Subtypes 2.2 Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin 3 Physiological Versus Nonphysiological Concentrations of Glucocorticoids 4 Factors Regulating Immune Cell Exposure to Glucocorticoids 4.1 Factors in the Absence of Immune Challenge 4.2 Factors in the Presence of Immune Challenge 5 Direct Effects of Glucocorticoids on Immune Cells 5.1 Molecular Features of Intracellular Glucocorticoid Receptors 5.2 Regulatory Effects of Glucocorticoids on the Expression of Immunologically Important Genes 5.3 Possible Alternative Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid Action 6 Strategies for Assessing the Role of Endogenous Glucocorticoids in Immune System Function 6.1 Circadian Studies 6.2 Stress Studies 6.3 In Vivo Secretagogue Stimulation Studies 6.4 Adrenalectomy and Glucocorticoid Replacement Studies 6.5 Other More Selective Manipulations of Glucocorticoid Action 7 Glucocorticoid Effects on Immune Subsystems 7.1 Immune Cell Maturation, Differentiation, and Turnover 7.2 Immune Cell Trafficking 7.3 Inflammation 7.4 Septic Shock 7.5 T helper 1 and T helper 2 Response 7.6 Antibody Production 7.7 Cytotoxicity and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity 8 General Models of Glucocorticoid Regulation of the Immune System 8.1 Counterregulatory Role of Glucocorticoids 8.2 Regulatory Role of Glucocorticoids 8.3 Regulatory Role of Glucocorticoids During Stress 8.4 Bidirectional Regulatory Effects of Glucocorticoids
Calculation of 1 0 D q . III. Average-of-Configuration Interpretation in Ni F 6 − 4

Recent molecular-orbital calculations on Ni${\mathrm{F}}_{6}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ by Soules, Richardson, and Vaught are reinterpreted in the framework of the ${d}^{8}$ average-of-configuration (AOC) Roothaan method. It is shown that the ligand-field-splitting parameter $10Dq$ can be obtained as an orbital energy difference, and that the energies of all excited ${d}^{8}$ states can be obtained fairly accurately by using reduced Racah parameters $B$ and $C$, without detailed consideration of the ten independent $d\ensuremath{-}d$ interelectronic-repulsion parameters.
Comparison of Hematologic and Biochemical Results on Blood Obtained by Jugular Venipuncture as Compared with Intravenous Catheter in Adult Horses

Background: During hospitalization, horses typically undergo frequent blood sampling for diagnostic testing and monitoring. The need for numerous samples in hospitalized horses makes acquisition from an intravenous catheter (IVC) both convenient and less stressful to the patient. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that there would be no significant difference in the plasma chemistry and CBC variables from blood samples obtained from a jugular catheter as compared with direct jugular venipuncture. Animals: Fifty adult hospitalized horses; 25 receiving constant rate crystalloid therapy, and 25 receiving low volume IV medication. Methods: This study was conducted using a prospective, blinded, cross-over design. Samples were obtained sequentially by direct venipuncture of the jugular vein and aspiration from an IVC in the contralateral vein after an appropriate presample of blood was obtained and discarded. Samples were submitted for blinded analysis including CBC, plasma chemistry analysis, stall side plasma glucose concentration, PCV, and total protein concentration. Data obtained were analyzed using a Student's t-test with compensation for unequal variances between the 2 groups. Analyses were Bonferroni corrected for a 5% 2-tailed hypothesis test. Results: There were no statistically significant or clinically relevant differences associated with sampling method (venipuncture versus catheter) regardless of fluid administration status in any of the 24 analytes measured. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Blood samples obtained by IVC have clinically equivalent values to those taken by direct venipuncture in commonly performed analyses. Additional investigation is warranted to establish if this technique is associated with increased complications such as phlebitis or bacteremia.
Erythroid “burst promoting” activity in serum of patients with the anemia of prematurity

32. Fraser JK, Tan AS, Lin F-K, Berridge MV. Expression of specific high-affinity binding sites for erythropoietin on rat and mouse megakaryocytes. Exp Hematol 1989;17:10-6. 33. Schloesser LL, Kipp MA, Wenzel FJ. Thromboeytosis in iron-deficiency anemia. J Lab Clin Med 1965;66:107-14. 34. Xanthou M. Leucocyte blood picture in healthy full-term and premature babies during neonatal period. Arch Dis Child 1970;45:242-9. 35. Manroe BL, Weinberg AG, Rosenfeld CR, Browne R. The neonatal blood count in health and disease. I. Reference values for neutrophilic cells. J PED1ATR 1979;95:89-98. 36. Blanchette V, Zipursky A. Neonatal hematology. In: Avery GB, ed, Neonatology: pathophysiology and management of the newborn. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1987:638-86. 37. Christensen RD, Rothstein G. Pitfalls in the interpretation of leukocyte counts of newborn infants. Am J Clin Pathol 1979; 12:608-11. 38. Christensen RD, Koenig JM, Viskochil DH, Rothstein G. Down-modulation of neutrophil production by erythropoietin in human hematopoietic clones. Blood 1989;74:651-9. 39. Bunn HF. Human hemoglobins: normal and abnormal. In: Nathan DG, Oski FA, eds. Hematology of infancy and childhood. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1987:613-40. 40. Al-Khatti A, Veith RW, Papayannopoulou T, Fritsch EF, Goldwasser E, Stamatoyannopoulos G. Stimulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis by erythropoietin in baboons. N Engl J Med 1987;317:415-20.
Caregiver commitment to foster children: the role of child behavior.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to examine the association between child behavior problems and caregiver commitment to their child in a group of young foster children. Method The sample consisted of 102 caregiver-child dyads from the greater Baltimore area. Child behavior was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL; Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–8 and 1991 profile . Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry; Achenbach, T. M. (1992). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/2–3 and 1992 profile . Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry], and caregiver commitment was assessed using a semi-structured interview known as the “This is My Baby” Interview [Bates, B., & Dozier, M. (1998). “ This Is My Baby ” coding manual . Unpublished manuscript, University of Delaware, Newark]. For a sub-sample of the dyads ( N = 76), we examined caregiver commitment and parent-reported child behavior at two time points in order to examine the stability of a caregiver's commitment over time and to examine the direction of the association between the two variables. Results Overall, caregiver reported child behavior was significantly associated with caregiver commitment. Both caregiver reported child behavior and caregiver commitment were highly stable over an 11-month period. When we examined the data over time, the effect of caregiver reported child behavior at time 1 on caregiver commitment at time 2 was not significantly larger than the effect of caregiver commitment at time 1 on caregiver reported child behavior at time 2. As a result, we were not able to determine the direction of the association between caregiver reported child behavior and caregiver commitment. Conclusions Our results indicate that caregiver reported child behavior is significantly associated with caregiver commitment to their foster children, even after controlling for factors including age of entry into foster care and time in placement.
Preparation of Highly Regular Poly(1-hydrido-1,3,3,5,5-pentamethyltrisiloxane) and Its Chemical Modification by Hydrosilylation

High molecular weight poly(1-hydrido-1,3,3,5,5-pentamethyltrisiloxane) (II) with a highly regular microstructure has been prepared by dilithium diphenylsilanediolate-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of 1,3,3,5,5-pentamethylcyclotrisiloxane. The microstructure of II was determined by 29Si NMR. Chemical modification of II has been achieved. Quantitative hydrosilylation of II with benzophenone can be catalyzed by activated dihydridocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium. Karstedt-catalyzed hydrosilylation of II with pentafluorostyrene has been achieved. The high molecular weight modified copolymers also have regular microstructures.
Multistage thermoelectric microcoolers

Multistage thermoelectric coolers have been used for a long time because they offer a larger temperature difference than single-stage thermoelectric coolers. Microelectromechanical systems technology leads to the possibility to fabricate multistage thermoelectric microcoolers in batches without much increase in complexity compared to single-stage cooler fabrication. In this paper, we design and analyze such multistage coolers, focusing on the optimization of the maximum temperature difference, which is of particular interest for multistage microcoolers. As an example, a two-stage thermoelectric microcooler is designed for the thermal management of a 10 mW mid-infrared laser. The heat leakage issue, the most important degradation mechanism for the performance of thermoelectric microcoolers, is discussed and possible solutions are also outlined.
Relatedness of pituitary growth hormone from various vertebrate classes.

WE have previously reported the relatively high degree of species specificity in the interaction of pituitary growth hormone (GH) from several mammalian species with rabbit antisera to bovine or human growth hormone (BGH or HGH), on the basis of precipitin reactions in agar and hormone neutralization studies in vivo1. These findings were subsequently confirmed by others. In contrast to earlier reports, Tashjian et al.2, using micro-complement fixation, recently reported that rabbit antiserum to HGH would cross-react with bovine, ovine and porcine GHs. We report here studies in which monkey antiserum to rat pituitary growth hormone has been used to investigate the immunochemical relatedness of GH not only among mammals1–4 but also among birds, reptiles and amphibians, down to the fishes.
Characterization of p‐coumarate accumulation, p‐coumaroyl transferase, and cell wall changes during the development of corn stems

BACKGROUND: Developmental changes occur in corn (Zea mays L.) stems from cell initiation to fully mature cell types. During cell wall maturation the lignin is acylated with p-coumarates (pCA). This work describes characterization studies of the p-coumaroylation process in relation to corn stem development. RESULTS: Corn plants from three locations were harvested and tissues were analyzed from all nodes and even-numbered internodes above soil line. Changes in carbohydrates reflect a shift to lignification at the expense of structural polysaccharide synthesis. Accumulation of pCA paralleled the incorporation of lignin while ferulate (FA) remained relatively constant as a proportion of the cell wall (5–7 g kg−1 CW). The p-coumaroyl transferase (pCAT), which is responsible for attaching pCA to lignin monomers, displayed maximum levels of activity in the middle region of the stem (internodes 10–12, 2–3 nmol L−1 min−1 mg−1). The syringyl content as a proportion of the total lignin did not change significantly with cell wall maturation although there was a trend towards increased amounts of syringyl units in the more mature cell walls. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporation of pCA into corn cell walls not only mirrored lignification but the pCAT activity as well. Levels of pCAT activity may be an indicator of rapid lignification specifically for syringyl type lignin. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of methods for determining fatty acid oxidation produced by ultraviolet irradiation

The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction for fatty acid oxidation has been compared with Lundberg and Chipault's method for peroxides, the Kreis test for aldehydes, and with the degree of conjugation, using fatty acid esters exposed to ultraviolet light for various periods. The TBA test paralleled the other methods for methyl linolenate and methyl linoleate but was essentially negative for methyl oleate oxidation.
Thermal conductivity of superconducting alloy films in a perpendicular magnetic field

We have measured the thermal conductivity of superconducting films of indium-bismuth alloys in a perpendicular magnetic field. The films were condensed onto glass substrates held at 77 K, and had thicknesses ranging from 1050 to 4570 A. Values of the ratio of the BCS coherence length to the electron mean free path for these films were approx. = 9. We made measurements at temperatures T between 0.3 and 1.0 K for magnetic fields ranging from zero to above the upper critical field H/sub c/. We plotted the thermal conductivity as a function of magnetic field. The resulting curve, except for some rounding very close to H/sub c/, was found to be approximately linear for magnetic fields greater than 60% of H/sub c/. This linear behavior is in qualitative agreement with the theory of Caroli and Cyrot for the electronic part of the thermal conductivity of a dirty superconductor near H/sub c/. This theory predicts that the ratio of the slope of the thermal-conductivity curve to the slope of the magnetization curve at H/sub c/ is a universal function of the reduced temperature t = T/T/sub c/, where T/sub c/ is the zero-field transition temperature. We infer the magnetization of ourmore » films with the help of theoretical calculations which are based on the critical-field values. The experimental values of the ratio of the slopes are 10--30% below the theoretical values. In attempting to explain this discrepancy, we speculate that kappa/sub 2/ varies more rapidly as a function of temperature than theory predicts. The same conclusion has been drawn previously from both similar and different types of experiments. (AIP)« less
Creep and constant-speed compression of a fine-grained SnPb eutectic alloy

Abstract The deformation kinetics of fine-grained (4.6 μm) samples of Sn-38.1wt.%Pb at 313 K displayed a sigmoidal stress dependence. Below 0.6 MPa (region I) the stress exponent n was 3.1; between 0.6 and 10 MPa (region II), n was 1.6; above 10 MPa (region III), n was 3.0. The activation energy of region II creep was 49 kJ mol −1 , which compares with that of diffusion along grain boundaries or interphase boundaries. In region II the grain size exponent of the steady creep rate was 3.0. A decelerating primary stage of creep occurred in region I and in much of region II.
Triose Phosphate Isomerase as an Endogenous Time-temperature Integrator to Verify Adequacy of Roast Beef Processing-

: Bovine muscle type had a large influence on the initial activity and heat stability of triose phosphate isomerase (TPI). TPI activity in the round muscles was more heat labile than in the chuck muscles. Residual TPI activity in bovine semimembranosus muscle was determined after cooking using adequate and corresponding inadequate U.S. Department of Agriculture processing schedules. In both water bath and pilot oven studies, TPI activity was similar in adequately processed beef (about 2 U/g) and increased when inadequately processed by reducing the holding time by 0.5 and 1.0 log at each temperature. Taken together, these results suggested that TPI could be used as an endogenous time-temperature indicator to verify processing adequacy of roast beef if the muscle used in the product was known.
Pharmacological classes that extend lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans.

Recent progress in the field of aging has resulted in ever increasing numbers of compounds that extend lifespan in C. elegans. Lifespan extending compounds include metabolites and synthetic compounds, as well as natural products. For many of these compounds, mammalian pharmacology is known, and for some the actual targets have been experimentally identified. In this review, we explore the data available in C. elegans to provide an overview of which pharmacological classes have potential for identification of further compounds that extend lifespan.
A density control algorithm for doing insertions and deletions in a sequentially ordered file in a good worst-case time

Abstract Consider a file which arranges records in sequential order, and stores them with possible empty spaces in M consecutive pages of memory. We develop an insertion-deletion algorithm which runs in a worst-case time approximately proportional to log 2 M divided by the page-size when the set of manipulated records has cardinality O ( M ).
A synopsis of the genus Rhinagrion with description of two new species from the Philippines (Odonata: Megapodagrionidae)

A synopsis is given of the knowledge of the genus Rhinagrion. The males of two new species are described from the Philippines: R. schneideri sp. nov. (holotype: Samar Island, Hinubangan, San Isidro, 31 March–5 April 1992) and R. reinhardi sp. nov. (holotype: Mindanao Island, Surigao del Sur, Carmen, 24 April 1995). Rhinagrion yokoii is synonymized with R. hainanense and R. viridatum is removed from synonymy with R. mima. A key to the males is given and the distribution of all species is discussed and maps are provided. The scant information available on behaviour and habitat is summarized.
Influence of particle size on rectal absorption of aspirin.

The rectal absorption of aspirin from theobroma oil suppositories was studied in seven human subjects using urinary excretion measurements. The effect of particle size on the excretion rate and cumulative amount of total salicylate excreted was demonstrated by the administration of a 600‐mg dose as powdered aspirin and as aspirin disks having 0.023 as much surface as powdered aspirin. In vitro dissolution profiles of aspirin from the suppositories were studied. By the NF XIII Method II, the time required for 50% of the aspirin to dissolve from the suppository was 50 and 100 min for the powdered aspirin and the aspirin disks, respectively. In the bioavailability study, the diffusion equilibrium was attained at approximately 4–5 and 9–10 hr after the rectal administration of powdered aspirin and aspirin disks, respectively. No correlation was found between bioavailability and the dissolution profiles as determined by the USP XVIII dissolution method.
Hydrodynamic delivery of Cre protein to lineage-mark or time-stamp mouse hepatocytes in situ.

Cre-responsive fluorescent marker alleles are powerful tools for cell lineage tracing in mice; however their utility is limited by regulation of Cre activity. When targeting hepatocytes, hydrodynamic delivery of a Cre-expression plasmid can convert Cre-responsive alleles without inducing the intracellular or systemic antiviral responses often associated with viral-derived Cre-expression vectors. In this method, rapid high-volume intravenous inoculation induces hepatocyte-targeted uptake of extracellular molecules. Here we tested whether hydrodynamic delivery of Cre protein or Cre fused to the HIV-TAT cell-penetrating peptide could convert Cre-responsive reporters in hepatocytes of mice. Hydrodynamic delivery of 2 nmol of either Cre or TAT-Cre protein converted the reporter allele in 5 to 20% of hepatocytes. Neither protein gave detectable Cre activity in endothelia, non-liver organs, or non-hepatocyte cells in liver. Using mice homozygous for a Cre-responsive marker that directs red- (Cre-naive) or green- (Cre-converted) fluorescent proteins to the nucleus, we assessed sub-saturation Cre-activity. One month after hydrodynamic inoculation with Cre protein, 58% of hepatocyte nuclei that were green were also red, indicating that less than half of the hepatocytes that had obtained enough Cre to convert one marker allele to green were able to convert all alleles. For comparison, one month after hydrodynamic delivery of a Cre-expression plasmid with a weak promoter, only 26% of the green nuclei were also red. Our results show that hydrodynamic delivery of Cre protein allows rapid allelic conversion in hepatocytes, but Cre-activity is sub-saturating so many cells will not convert multiple Cre-responsive alleles.
Cystatin C-estimated glomerular filtration rate in pediatric autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Formal evaluation of kidney function is essential to determine chemotherapy dosing based on established treatment protocols in children undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. Cystatin C has been widely studied as a marker of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), although data regarding its use in stem cell transplantation are limited. We evaluated the performance of cystatin C-based equations and determined their sensitivity to detect a nuclear GFR of
Determination of Vascular Impedance in the Peripheral Circulation by Transcutaneous Pulsed Doppler Ultrasound

Instantaneous blood flow velocity characteristics and vascular impedance spectra derived noninvasively by pulsed Doppler ultrasound and invasively by electromagnetic flow probe were compared in the canine common femoral artery to validate the pulsed Doppler technique for determination of vascular impedance in the peripheral circulation. Although Doppler ultrasonography is routinely performed to evaluate blood flow velocity patterns in the human peripheral circulation; the validity of this technique to derive peripheral vascular impedance has yet to be investigated. Simultaneous measurements of blood flow velocity were determined by both noninvasive pulsed Doppler ultrasound and surgically implanted electromagnetic flow probe in the common femoral artery of eight dogs and compared in both time and frequency domains. Vascular impedance spectra derived from measurements of blood flow velocity determined by Doppler ultrasound and electromagnetic flow probe and simultaneous measurement of arterial pressure by a micromanometer-tipped catheter were obtained at baseline and after intra-arterial injection of acetylcholine in five additional dogs. During the first 10 to 20% of the cardiac cycle, Doppler ultrasound blood flow velocity was transiently greater than the simultaneously recorded electromagnetic blood flow velocity. During the remainder of the cardiac cycle, the two blood flow velocity waveforms were nearly superimposable. The frequency spectra of the blood flow velocity waveforms derived from Doppler ultrasound and electromagnetic flow probes were similar for harmonies less than 10 Hz. Vascular impedance spectra derived from measurements of blood flow velocity determined by Doppler ultrasound and electromagnetic flow probe with simultaneous measurement of arterial pressure by a micromanometer-tipped catheter were similar at baseline and after regional administration of acetylcholine. Mean vascular resistance (impedance at 0 Hz), characteristic impedance, and the first minima of the impedance modulus derived from Doppler ultrasound and electromagnetic flow probe blood flow velocity measurements were closely correlated at baseline and after dilation with acetylcholine (r ≥0.89, p (CHEST 1995; 108:515-21)
Utilization of substituted polyazine bridging ligands to tune the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of bimetallic ruthenium complexes

Abstract The polyazine bridging ligands Cl 2 dpq and Me 2 dpq (where Cl 2 dpq=6,7-dichloro-2,3-bis(2′-pyridyl)quinoxaline and Me 2 dpq=6,7-dimethyl-2,3-bis(2′-pyridyl)quinoxaline) have been synthesized and their electrochemical and spectroscopic properties studied. Cl 2 dpq is easier to reduce than the unsubstituted dpq (dpq=2,3-bis(2′-pyridyl)quinoxaline) ligand by 250 mV, while Me 2 dpq is harder to reduce than dpq by 180 mV. These two substituted dpq ligands, along with dpp, dpq and dpb (dpp=2,3-bis(2′-pyridyl)pyrazine and dpb=2,3-bis(2′-pyridyl)benzoquinoxaline), give a series of five polyazine bridging ligands which provide a similar coordination environment to metals. In addition, this series of ligands makes possible the systematic variation of the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), the bridging ligand based π*. The relative energy of the π* orbitals is dpp>Me 2 dpq>dpq>Cl 2 dpq>dpb. The new monometallic and bimetallic systems of the form [(bpy) 2 Ru(BL)] 2+ and [(bpy) 2 Ru]2(BL) 4+ (where BLMe 2 dpq and Cl 2 dpq) have been synthesized and their spectroscopic and electrochemical properties studied. In addition, the previously studied systems with dpp, dpq and dpb as the bridging ligand have been prepared and their properties are reported herein for comparison. The metal complexes become easier to reduce as a function of bridging ligand with E 1/2 (reduction) for dpp 2 dpq 2 dpq E abs or E em for dpp>Me 2 dpq>dpq>Cl 2 dpq>dpb. These results indicate that it is possible to tune the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of multimetallic complexes through the incorporation of substituent groups on polyazine bridging ligands.
Spectrum of Vanadium in the Tri-positive Oxidation State (V 3+ ) in Tetrahedral Co-ordination +

VANADIUM in the tri-positive oxidation state has two unpaired electrons in the 3d shell. The interaction of the crystalline electric field with the two d-shell electrons has been treated theoretically for fields of various symmetries1–3. Most of the information concerning the electronic structure of V3+ comes from work on compounds in which the metal ion is co-ordinated to six ligands.
The anthropology of Latin America

Dwight B. Heath, ed. Contemporary Cultures and Societies of Latin America: A Reader in the Social Anthropology of Middle and South America [Second ed.]. New York: Random House, 1974. xvii + 572 pp. Charts, tables, figures, and bibliography. $11.95 (cloth).
Distributed algebraic multigrid for finite element computations

The Finite Element Method has been successfully applied to a variety of problems in engineering, medicine, biology, and physics. However, this method can be computationally intensive, particularly for problems in which an unstructured mesh of elements is generated. In such situations, the Algebraic Multigrid (AMG) can prove to be a robust method for solving the discretized linear systems that emerge from the problem. Unfortunately, AMG requires a large amount of storage (thus causing swapping on most sequential machines), and typically converges slowly. We show that distributing the algorithm across a cluster of workstations can help alleviate these problems. The distributed algorithm is run on a number of geomechanics problems that are solved using finite elements. The results show that distributed processing is extremely useful in maintaining the performance of the AMG algorithm with increasing problem size, particularly by reducing the amount of disk swapping required.
Isomaltose and maltose in the urine of severely injured humans.

Abstract Severe injury has been found to increase the urinary excretion of oligosaccharides in humans. The most strikingly elevated disaccharide, containing only glucose, was isolated from the urine of two such patients. By paper chromatography, high voltage electrophoresis, and enzymatic analysis this disaccharide has been identified as isomaltose. Strong isomaltosuria in particular appears to have been an integral part of the systemic response to severe accidental and surgical trauma. Maltose was found to be increased only very moderately. This is the first demonstration of the presence of isomaltose in human urine.
Stereochemistry of Hydride Transfer by Group III Alcohol Dehydrogenases Involved in Phosphonate Biosynthesis

Reduction of phosphonoacetaldehyde to 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate is a common step in the biosynthesis of phosphonate natural products. The facial selectivity of hydride transfer from NADPH to phosphonoacetaldehyde was determined in this study in an effort to interrogate the biosynthetic pathway towards fosfomycin.
Persistent production of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and associated MHC and adhesion molecule expression at the site of infection and disease in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infections.

Abstract Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans and experimental animals often results in a chronic heart and gut inflammation and a dysfunction known as Chagas' disease. Previous studies have shown that the cellular infiltrate in the hearts of animals with chronic Chagas' disease consists mainly of CD8 + T cells. In this study, we have used immunohistochemical techniques to further characterize the immunological nature of chagasic heart lesions in three murine models of experimental Chagas' disease. Double-staining immunohistochemistry revealed that 10–30% of the infiltrating CD8 + T cells in the hearts of infected mice expressed the activation molecules, IL-2 receptor and CD44. In addition, large numbers of cells producing TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-1α, and IL-6 were consistently observed in the heart lesions, appearing during the acute infection and persisting throughout the chronic stage of infection (>300 days). In contrast, IFN-γ- and IL-10-producing cells were detected in relatively low numbers and only transiently between approximately 3 and 9 weeks postinfection. Cells producing IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 were not observed in the hearts of mice at any point during the infection. The appearance of cytokine-producing cells in the hearts correlated with an increased local expression of class I and class II MHC molecules and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, LFA-1, VLA-4, and VCAM-1). The results of this study suggest that the chronic inflammation in chagasic hearts is highly active and associated with a stable immunological pattern extending from the early acute stage of the infection through the late chronic stage. The pattern of cytokine production in heart is distinct from that observed in lymphoid organs and is not suggestive of an association between particular classes of cytokines and disease development. Instead it appears that both inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines determine the pattern of the cellular response and the severity of disease in T. cruzi infection.
Storm Water Events in a Small Agricultural Watershed: Characterization and Evaluation of Improvements in Stream Water Microbiology Following Implementation of Best Management Practices

Both storm water event and nonevent flow contributed to the annual discharge from Graywood Gully, a small sub-watershed of Conesus Lake, New York USA, whose land use is 74% agriculture. While events contributed significant amounts of water in short periods of time, nonevents accounted for the majority of water on a yearly basis and could have flow rates matching those that occurred during events. Event storm water was elevated in materials associated with particulates such as total suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Water from high flow nonevents was elevated in soluble components such as sodium, nitrate, and soluble reactive phosphorus. As a result, events contributed the majority of particulates to the yearly loading from Graywood Gully whereas nonevents contributed the majority of soluble materials. The levels of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and total heterotrophic bacteria were elevated in storm water relative to nonevent flow, indicating that they acted as particulates. The median level of E. coli in nonevents was 200 CFU/100 mL whereas the median level during events was 3660 CFU/100 mL. Consequently, storm events accounted for 92% of all E. coli loading from Graywood Gully. Best Management Practices (BMPs) resulted in the mean, median, maximum and minimum levels of event-driven E. coli loading from Graywood Gully to decrease 10 fold over a 5-year period. The implementation of BMPs in the Graywood Gully watershed has improved the microbiology of event waters and consequently decreased the role that the watershed plays as a contributor of microbial pollution to Conesus Lake.
2-ghastly spaces with the disjoint homotopies property: The method of fractured maps

Abstract The 2-ghastly spaces, first constructed by Daverman and Walsh, are resolvable generalized manifolds that contain no embedded 2-cells. In this paper, we demonstrate that there are 2-ghastly spaces of dimension n ⩾4 with the disjoint homotopies property. Such spaces are necessarily codimension one manifold factors.
Effect of autolymphocyte therapy on survival and quality of life in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma.

Abstract To assess the value of autolymphocyte therapy (ALT) in the treatment of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma, 90 patients were randomised to receive every month for six months oral cimetidine plus an infusion of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes activated in vitro by a previously generated autologous lymphokine mixture, or cimetidine alone. The median follow-up was 15 months. Survival time for the autolymphocyte group was approximately 2·5 times that for the cimetidine group (p = 0·008). Patients who had >500 pg interleukin-1 (IL-1) per ml autologous lymphokine mixture had a six-fold survival advantage over those with
A finite element formulation for transient analysis of viscoplastic solids with application to stress wave propagation problems

Abstract A brief note on a finite element formulation for the transient analysis of viscoplastic solids is presented. Attention is confined to small strains in the present discussion and the emphasis is on stress wave propagation problems. The algorithm is based on straightforward explicit integration of both the equations of motion and the plastic rate equations. The explicit central difference method, which appears suitable for wave propagation problems, is used for integration of the equation of motion. The stress update is accomplished by means of a forward gradient scheme based on an estimate of the plastic flow over a time increment (Peirce, Shih and Needleman, Comput. Struct. 18 , 875–887, 1984). A number of simple numerical examples are presented to illustrate the method.
A Strategic Approach to Police Interactions Involving Persons with Mental Illness

A growing challenge for law enforcement is dealing appropriately and effectively with persons with mental illness. Individuals experiencing acute symptoms of mental illness may respond differently than what front-line officers expect. Thus, persons with mental illness raise risk issues regarding intervention, strategy, and program framing. As the population grows and ages, so does the number of persons with mental illnesses. First, we look at the prevalence of mental illness. Second, the evolving research on the relationship between violence and mental illness is presented. Third, we discuss how individuals with mental illnesses are also at risk of being victimized by crime. Fourth, we examine what additional risk factors police can explore to determine the threat level posed when responding to a person with mental illness. A specific technique that officers can employ to more effectively gather information, reduce the risk of confrontation, and promote cooperation is used as an example.
The non-linear deformation of magnetically dilute magnetostrictive particulate composites

A new theory is presented of the non-linear magnetoelastic behavior of magnetically dilute magnetostrictive particulate composites. The theory assumes a uniform external magnetic field is operating on a large number of well-distributed, crystallographically and shape parallel ellipsoidal magnetostrictive particles encased in an elastic, non-magnetic composite matrix. The aspect ratio of the particulates may vary between 1 and infinity and the volume fraction of the particulates may vary between 0 and 1. Example calculations show that the longitudinal magnetostriction versus applied magnetic field curves of the composite are sensitive to particle aspect ratio and volume fraction. Additional calculations show that the model is able to provide qualitatively correct magnetostriction curves for both homogenous Terfenol-D rod and experimental Terfenol-D particulate actuated epoxy matrix composites.
Olanzapine use in adolescent anorexia nervosa

Several case reports and open label trials describe olanzapine in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN). We report 5 adolescents with AN who received olanzapine in addition to psychotherapy for their eating disorder. Body mass index (BMI) of each case increased while on olanzapine. At doses of 5 mg per day and above, patients reported decreased anxiety around eating, improved sleep, and decreased rumination about food and body concerns. Morning sedation was the most commonly reported adverse effect. Olanzapine appeared to be useful in addition to psychotherapy for these adolescents. This report augments a limited literature on the treatment of this disorder, and an almost nonexistent literature specific to pharmacotherapy for adolescents with AN.
Learning and transfer effects in simulated industrial information processing tasks

Abstract Practice and alternation among a set of jobs are the characteristics of any jobbing industry. Learning and transfer of learning, which are the main human factors issues in practice and alternation, were investigated through laboratory simulation of two typical industrial information processing tasks. In the first experiment a location task was examined while a search task was investigated in experiment two. In both experiments two levels of task complexity, two groups of subjects, and two positions were combined in a 2 × 2 latin square formation with 800 trials in each task level. The results show that learning pattern appears to be task dependent, with quicker learning in location tasks than in search tasks. Learning also transfers differently for the tasks considered. Implications for the industrial training program for assembly tasks are discussed.
Pseudospectral Feedback Control for Three-Axis Magnetic Attitude Stabilization in Elliptic Orbits

In this paper a pseudospectral control law is applied to the magnetic attitude control of satellites in elliptic low Earth orbits. Our results show that three-axis magnetic attitude stabilization can be achieved by using a pseudospectral control law via the receding horizon control in elliptic orbits. The solutions from the pseudospectral control law are in excellent agreement with those obtained from the Riccati equation, but the computation speed improves by one order of magnitude. For the case investigated, the results show the effects of the known disturbing pitch torque are minimized when the satellite is in an unstable gravity gradient configuration.
HIF-1α dysfunction in diabetes

Diabetic wounds are a significant public health burden, with slow or nonhealing diabetic foot ulcers representing the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputation in developed countries. These wounds heal poorly as a result of compromised blood vessel formation in response to ischemia. We have recently shown that this impairment in neovascularization results from a high glucose-induced defect in transactivation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), the transcription factor regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. HIF-1 dysfunction is the end result of reactive oxygen species-induced modification of its coactivator p300 by the glycolytic metabolite methylglyoxal. Use of the iron chelator-antioxidant deferoxamine (DFO) reversed these effects and normalized healing of humanized diabetic wounds in mice. Here, we present additional data demonstrating that HIF-1alpha activity, not stability, is impaired in the high glucose environment. We demonstrate that high glucose-induced impairments in HIF-1alpha transactivation persist even in the setting of constitutive HIF-1alpha protein overexpression. Further, we show that high glucose-induced hydroxylation of the C-terminal transactivation domain of HIF-1alpha (the primary pathway regulating HIF-1alpha/p300 binding) does not alter HIF-1alpha activity. We extend our study of DFO's therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of impaired wound healing by demonstrating improvements in tissue viability in diabetic mice with DFO-induced increases in VEGF expression and vascular proliferation. Since DFO has been in clinical use for decades, the potential of this drug to treat a variety of ischemic conditions in humans can be evaluated relatively quickly.
Important issues related to using pooled samples for environmental chemical biomonitoring

Pooling samples for analysis was first proposed in the 1940s to reduce analytical measurement costs associated with screening World War II recruits for syphilis. Later, it progressed to more complex screening strategies, to population prevalence estimation for discrete quantities, and to population mean estimation for continuous quantities. Recently, pooled samples have also been used to provide efficient alternatives for gene microarray analyses, epidemiologic studies of biomarkers of exposure, and characterization of populations regarding environmental chemical exposures. In this study, we address estimation and bias issues related to using pooled-sample variance information from an auxiliary source to augment pooled-sample variance estimates from the study of interest. The findings are illustrated by using pooled samples from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2002 to assess exposures to perfluorooctanesulfonate and other polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the U.S. population. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.