cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double-chambered right ventricle.

Thirty (10.8%) of 279 patients undergoing correction of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) from January, 1972, to September, 1986, also had a double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV). Age at operation ranged from 1.3 to 18.8 years (mean, 6.7 +/- 4.5 years [+/- standard deviation]). Seventeen patients were male, and 13 were female. Two-dimensional echocardiography was used after 1978 in the initial evaluation of 20 patients; however, the diagnosis of DCRV was made with the use of subcostal views only since 1984 in 4 of 5 patients. Surgical correction consisted of closure of the VSD and resection of anomalous muscle bundles through a right ventriculotomy (28 patients), and right atriotomy (2 patients). All patients survived and are asymptomatic 4.2 +/- 3.4 years following operation. Six patients have undergone catheterization postoperatively and 8 patients had intraoperative pressure recordings. The mean preoperative ratio of right ventricular to left ventricular pressures was 0.67 +/- 0.22 compared with 0.34 +/- 0.15 postoperatively (p less than .001). In 2 patients, DCRV was not recognized preoperatively or at VSD closure through a right atriotomy, and reoperation was necessary after DCRV was demonstrated at postoperative catheterization. DCRV may occur in approximately 10% of patients undergoing correction of VSD. Careful evaluation of echocardiographic and catheterization data preoperatively and careful evaluation of the anatomy intraoperatively are necessary so that DCRV not be overlooked, especially because most VSDs are now closed through the right atrium. Successful correction of VSD and DCRV is associated with excellent long-term results.
Reduced external calcium or sodium stimulates calcium influx in Pelvetia eggs.

The effect of external calcium and sodium ion concentrations on the calcium fluxes on the Pelvetia fastigiata De Toni egg was measured. Decreasing external [Ca2+] greatly increased the permeability of the eggs to Ca2+; at 1 mM external Ca2+ this permeability was 60 times as great as it was at the normal [Ca2+] of 10 mM. Lowering the external [Na+] also increased Ca2+ influx; at 2 mM Na+, the Ca2+ influx was 2–3 times as great as it was at the normal [Na+] if choline was used as a Na+ substitute. Lithium was less effective as a Na+ substitute in increasing Ca2+ influx. The extra Ca2+ influx in low [Na+] seemed to be dependent on internal [Na+]. The Ca2+ efflux increased transiently and then declined in low Na+ media.
Identification of neuronal target genes for CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins.

Abstract CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Proteins (C/EBPs) play pivotal roles in the development and plasticity of the nervous system. Identification of the physiological targets of C/EBPs (C/EBP target genes) should therefore provide insight into the underlying biology of these processes. We used unbiased genome-wide mapping to identify 115 C/EBPβ target genes in PC12 cells that include transcription factors, neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, protein kinases and synaptic vesicle proteins. C/EBPβ binding sites were located primarily within introns, suggesting novel regulatory functions, and were associated with binding sites for other developmentally important transcription factors. Experiments using dominant negatives showed C/EBPβ to repress transcription of a subset of target genes. Target genes in rat brain were subsequently found to preferentially bind C/EBPα, β and δ. Analysis of the hippocampal transcriptome of C/EBPβ knockout mice revealed dysregulation of a high percentage of transcripts identified as C/EBP target genes. These results support the hypothesis that C/EBPs play non-redundant roles in the brain.
Resource availability and population size in cactophilic Drosophila

1. Four species of Drosophila, Drosophila nigrospiracula (Patterson & Wheeler 1942), Drosophila mettleri (Heed 1977), Drosophila pachea (Patterson & Wheeler 1942), and Drosophila mojavensis (Patterson & Crow 1940), are endemic to the Sonoran Desert of North America and breed in different species of necrotic columnar cacti. Differences in resource availability have been suggested to explain the interspecific variability in fly population biology, but resource availability for these species has not been quantitatively assessed thoroughly in either spatial or temporal terms. The resource availability was quantified quarterly at three sites for 3 years and population sizes for each Drosophila species were estimated. 2. Spatial and temporal availability of resources differed significantly among species of host cacti, with organpipe cactus (Stenocereus thurberi) being the least abundant and senita (Lophocereus schottii) the most abundant spatially. 3.Drosophila species differed significantly in population size. The largest population sizes were found for D. nigrospiracula and D. mojavensis and smallest for D. pachea. Populations of D. mettleri were intermediate to these. 4. Population size was greatest for fly species utilizing host species having the largest and longest lasting necroses. 5. Resource availability does not explain the reduction of fly populations in the summer. Necroses were most abundant when flies were absent.
P–V equation of state for Fe2P and pressure-induced phase transition in Fe3P

As part of our ongoing investigations of elasticity and high-pressure stability in the Fe–P system, we have measured the room-temperature bulk modulus (K 0T) of Fe2P, barringerite, to 8 GPa using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and diamond anvil cells. A second-order fit (i.e. dK/dP fixed at 4) to our experimental data using the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state produces a K 0T of 165±3 GPa. This value is ∼4% less than the experimental values for Fe3P. For comparison with the experimental data, we have also performed first-principle theoretical calculations on this phase. For ferromagnetic Fe2P at zero pressure, we find that the magnetic moments increase rapidly for a Hubbard U>1 eV and are significantly higher than observed experimentally. Thus, our results support previous findings that magnetism in Fe2P is largely itinerant with at most a minor component due to on-site correlation in the iron-3d shell. Additionally, we present new high-pressure diffraction data for a natural Fe3P, schreibersite, ...
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus disrupts adherens junctions and increases endothelial permeability by inducing degradation of VE-cadherin

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a vascular tumor of proliferative endothelial cells caused by infection of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Aberrant vascular permeability is a hallmark of KS manifested as multifocal edematous skin and visceral lesions with dysregulated angiogenesis and vast inflammatory infiltrations. In this study, we showed that KSHV infection increased the permeability of confluent endothelial monolayers to serum albumin, blood-derived cells, KSHV-infected cells and KSHV virions. KSHV-induced permeability was associated with the disruption of adherens junctions and degradation of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin protein. Ultraviolet irradiation that inactivated KSHV virions and cycloheximide that blocked de novo protein synthesis failed to reverse KSHV-induced disruption of adherens junctions. However, soluble heparin that blocked KSHV entry into cells completely inhibited KSHV-induced permeability. Furthermore, KSHV-induced degradation of VE-cadherin was dose-dependent on the internalized virus particles. Together, these results indicate that KSHV infection induces vascular permeability by inducing VE-cadherin degradation during virus entry into cells. KSHV-induced aberrant vascular permeability could facilitate virus spread, promote inflammation and angiogenesis, and contribute to the pathogenesis of KSHV-induced malignancies.
Methamphetamine use: hazards and social influences.

Use of methamphetamine, a potent central nervous system stimulant, increased in the early- to mid-1990s in the United States, concentrated in the west, midwest, and south. The use and trade of methamphetamine was facilitated by a fairly simple production process and the involvement of numerous small entrepreneurs as well as drug-trafficking syndicates. National data from the 1994 Drug Abuse Warning network revealed that for the period from 1991 to 1994 methamphetamine use among short-stay hospital patients more than tripled, and methamphetamine-related deaths reported by medical examiner offices nearly tripled. In addition, the Treatment Episode Data Set revealed a 43 percent increase in treatment-program admissions in which clients identified methamphetamine as the primary drug of abuse. Nonetheless, methamphetamine use did not become widespread in the U.S. population. Low-income and unemployed young white men continue to be the group most likely to use methamphetamine, but by the mid-1990s the drug had ...
Clinical impact of the different options used to treat a drug-eluting stent failure

substance P and A23187 was significantly impaired in PES at NSRS (Pb.05 vs. BMS and naive, respectively). Local O2 − production at both proximal and distal NSRS was elevated for PES compared to BMS and naive arteries (proximal: PES 36±3 vs. BMS 15±2 and naive 12±1, Pb.001; distal: PES 77±4 vs. BMS 23±5 and naive 19±1 RLU/s per milligram of tissue, Pb.001). Conclusions: Abnormal endothelium-dependent relaxation was demonstrated after overlapping PES implantation. Profound localized inflammatory reaction, as well as enhanced local oxidative stress, may contribute to vasomotor dysfunction.
Decreased striatal D1 binding as measured using PET and [11C]SCH 23,390 in patients with major depression with anger attacks

This study assessed striatal dopamine 1 (D1) receptor binding in patients with major depressive disorder and anger attacks (MDD+A) and healthy volunteers. We used positron emission tomography with [(11)C]SCH 23,390 to compare 10 patients with MDD+A to 10 healthy volunteers. [(11)C]SCH 23,390 binding in bilateral striata was significantly lower in the MDD+A group when compared to healthy volunteers. These results implicate striatal D1 receptor dysfunction in MDD+A and further suggest an association between dopaminergic transmission and anger or aggression.
Classification and subject analysis : Looking to the future at a distance

SUMMARY Classic classification schemes are uni-dimensional, with few exceptions. One of the challenges of distance education and new learning strategies is that the proliferation of course work defies the traditional categorization. The rigidity of most present classification schemes does not mesh well with the burgeoning fluidity of the academic environment. One solution is a return to a largely forgotten area of study—classification theory. Some suggestions for exploration are nonmonotonic logic systems, neural network models, and non-library models.
Inhibition of the Carcinogenic Action of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene by Beta-Naphthoflavone∗:

SummaryBeta-naphthoflavone, a potent inducer of increased polycyclic hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, was found to inhibit the occurrence of neoplastic lesions resulting from DMBA in experiments in which the beta naphthoflavone was given prior to the carcinogen. Pulmonary adenoma formation in the A/HeJ strain mouse resulting from oral administration of DMBA and mammary tumor formation in the Sprague-Dawley rat also from oral administration of the same carcinogen were both inhibited by beta-naphthoflavone.
ORDER PARAMETER FOR THE MOTT-HUBBARD TRANSITION IN ONE DIMENSION

We propose an order parameter for the one-dimensional Mott-Hubbard transition and provide numerical evidence and general theoretical arguments for the correctness of our proposal. In addition, we discuss some of the implications of this picture of the one-dimensional Mott-Hubbard transition and speculate about possible higher dimensional analogs.
Buckling and cyclic inelastic analysis of steel tubular beam-columns

Abstract An numerical procedure combining the Finite Segment Method (FSM) with the Influence Coefficient Method (ICM) is presented for estimating the inelastic behaviour of steel tubular beam-columns under post-buckling and cyclic loading conditions. This combination takes the advantages of FSM and ICM, overcoming the difficulties encountered in numerical analysis at the stages of buckling and post-buckling. The effects of initial imperfections, residual stresses, and end-restraints are taken into account. Generalized stress-strain relationships are used in the analysis. Complete results obtained for a pin-ended beam-column are discussed and compared with available theoretical results.
Binary coefficients: A theoretical and empirical study

Binary coefficients can be assigned to several categories on the basis of algebraic and conceptual properties. The phi coefficient of association is related algebraically to the chi-square statistic for 2-by-2 contingency tables, and use of this coefficient in cluster analysis permits the objective, nonarbitrary partitioning of objects among groups on the basis of previously selected levels of significant, positive association. Similarity, matching, and distance coefficients possess neither conceptual nor operational statistical meaning for many geological data sets. The weighted pair group method and flexible clustering strategy may give an overly conservative partitioning of objects among groups. Clustering by the unweighted pair group method, using the phi coefficient, is recommended for the analysis of biostratigraphic and paleoecologic presence—absence data.
Evaluation of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee : comparison between partial flexion true sagittal and extension sagittal oblique positions during MR imaging

Objective To compare partial flexion true sagittal (FS) magnetic resonance (MR) images with extension sagittal oblique (ESO) MR images with regard to delineation of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee. Design : To establish the appropriate degree of flexion of the knee joint, two human cadaveric knee joints were used as a supplementary technique. FS and ESO images then were performed in 17 knees with an intact ACL and six knees with a torn ACL. In 22 of the 23 knees in which the MR diagnosis of intact or torn ACL corresponded to that derived from arthroscopy, the paired MR images were rated by a three-point scale. Results : FS images were rated superior to ESO images in 53%, 41% and 47% of cases with regard to femoral attachment sites, midportions and tibial attachment sites of intact ACLs, respectively. FS images allowed better assessment of disrupted ACLs and residual ligamentous structures. Overall the FS images were either equal to or better than the ESO in the majority of cases. Conclusion : FS images are useful when the ACL is not well visualized in initial ESO images.
Autoradiographic and microspectrophotometric studies of DNA synthesis in excised tobacco pith tissue.

Pith tissue was cultured on modified White’s nutrient medium supplemented, except for controls, with 2 mg/l of IAA and/or 0,5 mg/l of kinetin. For autoradiographs sections were used from tissue grown on medium containing tritiated thymidine.
Hematogenous Candida Endophthalmitis in Patients Receiving Parenteral Hyperalimentation Fluids

To determine the incidence of hematogenous candida endophthalmitis in seriously ill patients given parenteral hyperalimentation fluids, 131 hyperalimented postoperative patients were prospectively evaluated. All patients were screened weekly for the development of chorioretinal lesions, blood cultures positive for Candida albicans, and signs and symptoms of candida infection. Thirteen (9.9%) of 131 patients developed chorioretinal lesions compatible with hematogenous candida endophthalmitis. Seven of the 13 patients with eye lesions had blood cultures positive for yeast, whereas only two of 118 without eye lesions had blood cultures positive for yeast (P < 0.0005). Thus, the occurrence of eye lesions consistent with hematogenous candida endophthalmitis correlated with positive blood cultures for yeast and strongly suggested invasive candidiasis. Infections due to Candida albicans have become considerably more common in the past two decades, primarily because of the introduction of technology that allows prolonged life support. More aggressive surgical intervention, increased use of hyperalimentation fluids, use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and use of radiation and chemo
Spectrum of depolarized light scattered from nitroethane-isooctane mixture near its critical point

Abstract We present the results of a study of the spectrum of depolarized light scattered from the critical nitroethane—isooctane mixture which has a very weak critical opalescence. Near the critical point only slight narrowing of the spectrum is observed.
n-Fold tensor products of GL(N,C) and decomposition of fock spaces

Abstract Fock spaces over n × N complex matrices are introduced to deal with the reduction of n-fold tensor products of representations of GL(N, C ). These spaces are decomposed into orthogonal direct sums of finite-dimensional polynomial spaces P (M) that are invariant under GL(N, C ). A Frobenius reciprocity theorem is proved which relates the number of times an irreducible representation of GL(N, C ) appears in P (M) to the number of times this irreducible representation contains a representation of its diagonal subgroup. A GL(n, C ) action is shown to commute with the GL(N, C ) action and is used to find maps that send irreducible representations of GL(N, C ) into the P (M) spaces. Invariant Casimir operators are introduced to deal with the multiplicity occurring in n-fold tensor products.
Optimal algorithms of Gram–Schmidt type

Abstract Three algorithms of Gram–Schmidt type are given that produce orthogonal decompositions of finite d-dimensional symmetric, alternating, or Hermitian forms over division rings. The first uses d 3 / 3 + O ( d 2 ) products in Δ . Next, that algorithm is adapted in two new directions. One is a nearly optimal sequential algorithm whose complexity matches the complexity of matrix multiplication. The other is a parallel algorithm.
The perineal scent gland and social dominance in the male guinea pig

Abstract The relationship between sebum production of the perineal glands of male guinea pigs and social dominance was examined. Experiment 1 indicated that, while sebum production before social grouping did not predict subsequent position in a dominance hierarchy, sebum production after 6 weeks of group living did reflect relative dominance status with more dominant animals producing larger quantities. Further, social grouping resulted in increased sebum production in all animals. Finally, the frequency of the perineal drag, a scent-marking behavior, was positively related to social status and hence sebum production. In Experiment 2 it was found that changes in dominance status were usually followed by changes in the same direction in sebum production.
Review of one year of drug prescribing for the elderly in a hospital clinic.

Abstract A chart review of one year of drug prescribing for 163 ambulatory patients ≥ 75 years trated at a university hospital primary care clinic was done. Cardiovascular-renal drugs were the most frequently prescribed, reflecting the high prvalence of circulatory system diseases. The average number of drugs per patient for the year was 4.8 with an average of one of the drugs having potential psychitric effects. About one-fifth of the patients prescribed potassium-depleting diuretics were neither monitored appropriately nor prescribed potassium supplements. Dosage regiment information often was not found in the medical record.
Clinical management of renal cell carcinoma with venous tumor thrombus

Objectives Venous invasion is common in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) due to the unique biology of this cancer. The presence of a tumor thrombus often makes clinical management challenging. In this review, we detail specific preoperative, perioperative, and surgical strategies involving the care of the complex kidney cancer patient with venous tumor involvement.
Matthew Arnold and His Critics on the Truth of Christianity A Reappraisal For the Centenary of Literature and Dogma

NINETEEN seventy-three marks the centenary of the publication of Matthew Arnold's Literature and Dogma. The book was Arnold's second major effort in religious criticism, having been preceded by St. Paul and Protestantism in 1870. There followed God and the Bible in 1875 and Last Essays on Church and Religion in 1877. Thus it was that during the 1870's, the classic decade of Victorian rationalism, Arnold found himself thrust in the role of theological apologist against both the new scientific positivism and a largely obscurantist orthodoxy. He became spokesman for a reconception of Christianity which would find no favor with either the Frederick Harrisons or the Bishop Wilberforces.
Far-field superposition method for three-dimensional computation of light scattering from multiple cells

A linear coherent superposition method for estimating the plane wave far-field scattering pattern from multiple biological cells computed by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is presented. The method enables the FDTD simulation results of scattering from a small number of complex scatterers, such as biological cells, to be used to estimate the far-field pattern from a large group of those same scatterers. The superposition method can be used to reduce the computational cost of FDTD simulations by enabling a single large scattering problem to be broken into smaller problems with more practical computational requirements. It is found that the method works best in cases where there is little multiple scattering interaction between adjacent cells, so the far-field pattern of multicell geometry can simply be calculated as a phase-adjusted linear superposition of the scattering from individual cells. A strategy is also presented for choosing the minimum number of cells in cases with significant multiple scattering interactions between cells.
Improving the prediction accuracy of residue solvent accessibility and real-value backbone torsion angles of proteins by guided-learning through a two-layer neural network.

This paper attempts to increase the prediction accuracy of residue solvent accessibility and real-value backbone torsion angles of proteins through improved learning. Most methods developed for improving the backpropagation algorithm of artificial neural networks are limited to small neural networks. Here, we introduce a guided-learning method suitable for networks of any size. The method employs a part of the weights for guiding and the other part for training and optimization. We demonstrate this technique by predicting residue solvent accessibility and real-value backbone torsion angles of proteins. In this application, the guiding factor is designed to satisfy the intuitive condition that for most residues, the contribution of a residue to the structural properties of another residue is smaller for greater separation in the protein-sequence distance between the two residues. We show that the guided-learning method makes a 2-4% reduction in ten-fold cross-validated mean absolute errors (MAE) for predicting residue solvent accessibility and backbone torsion angles, regardless of the size of database, the number of hidden layers and the size of input windows. This together with introduction of two-layer neural network with a bipolar activation function leads to a new method that has a MAE of 0.11 for residue solvent accessibility, 36° for ψ, and 22° for ϕ. The method is available as a Real-SPINE 3.0 server in http://sparks.informatics.iupui.edu.
The illusion of control: industrialized agriculture, nature, and food safety

I explore the role of nature in the agrifood system and how attempts to fit food production into a large-scale manufacturing model has lead to widespread outbreaks of food borne illness. I illustrate how industrial processing of leafy greens is related to the outbreak of E. coli 0157:H7 associated with spinach in the fall of 2006. I also use this example to show how industry attempts to create the illusion of control while failing to address weaknesses in current processing systems. The leafy greens industry has focused efforts on sterilizing the growing environment and adopting new technologies, while neglecting to change the concentrated structure of processing systems. Repeated breakdowns in these systems illustrate a widening fault line between attempted and failed control of nature in industrial food production.
Comparison of laparoscopic and percutaneous cryoablation for treatment of renal masses.

Objective To compare perioperative and oncologic outcomes between laparoscopic (LCA) and percutaneous cryoablation (PCA) and identify predictors of treatment failure after cryoablation. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on 145 patients undergoing LCA and 118 patients undergoing PCA at our institution between July 2000 and June 2011. Results LCA and PCA were performed on 167 and 123 tumors, respectively. Perioperative complication rates were 10% for both the groups. Mean length of stay was significantly shorter for the PCA group (2.1 ± 0.5 vs 3.5 ± 3.1 days, P Conclusion Mean length of stay was shorter for patients undergoing PCA as compared with LCA. Complication rates and decline in renal function at most recent follow-up were similar between groups. Oncologic outcomes were influenced by baseline patient and tumor characteristics rather than the cryoablation approach.
A validation of Amazon Mechanical Turk for the collection of acceptability judgments in linguistic theory.

Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (AMT) is a Web application that provides instant access to thousands of potential participants for survey-based psychology experiments, such as the acceptability judgment task used extensively in syntactic theory. Because AMT is a Web-based system, syntacticians may worry that the move out of the experimenter-controlled environment of the laboratory and onto the user-controlled environment of AMT could adversely affect the quality of the judgment data collected. This article reports a quantitative comparison of two identical acceptability judgment experiments, each with 176 participants (352 total): one conducted in the laboratory, and one conducted on AMT. Crucial indicators of data quality—such as participant rejection rates, statistical power, and the shape of the distributions of the judgments for each sentence type—are compared between the two samples. The results suggest that aside from slightly higher participant rejection rates, AMT data are almost indistinguishable from laboratory data.
Radio-frequency arbitrary waveform generation on a silicon chip

We demonstrate ultra-compact spectral shaping via thermo-optically tunable multiple-channel microring resonators on a silicon chip, and combine it with frequency-time mapping to achieve photonic radio-frequency arbitrary waveform generation (RFAWG).
Colonic Polyps in Children: Frequently Multiple and Recurrent

A retrospective chart review on 77 children and adolescents (45 males and 32 females) with colorectal polyps seen over a 15-year period (1980-1994) was undertaken. Their presenting symptoms, demographic data, methods of diagnosis, pathologic diagnosis, and outcome were assessed. The age at presentation varied from 6 months to 19 years (mean age 77 months), 66.2% presenting under 6 years of age. The presenting symptoms were rectal bleeding in 71 patients, mass per rectum in 12, abdominal pain in nine, diarrhea in nine, vomiting in two, and one patient was asymptomatic. Air contrast barium enema was confirmatory in 41/54 patients (76%). Polyps were palpable in 16 patients during the rectal examination. A single polyp was present in 50 patients, whereas two to five polyps were present in 20 patients, and more than five in seven patients. Successful endoscopic removal was accomplished in 71/73 patients (97.3%). In 83.1% of patients polyps were located in the rectosigmoid area and in 32.5% polyps occurred proximal to the sigmoid colon. However, multiple polyps in the same location or at other locations were also present simultaneously. Recurrence was observed in five of 63 patients (7.9%) with juvenile polyps, in one patient with infantile polyposis, and in one with solitary adenomatous polyp. We conclude that a full colonoscopic evaluation should be performed in all patients with suspected polyps if feasible, for multiple polyps occurred in 35% of children without polyposis syndromes in this series. Parents of patients with more than three polyps and/or a family history of juvenile polyposis should be warned regarding the possibility of an increased risk of malignancy in future if polyps continue to recur.
LPS binding protein is important in the airway response to inhaled endotoxin

Abstract Background Inhaled endotoxin is a risk factor for asthma exacerbation, and endotoxin inhalation by itself recapitulates many of the classical features of asthma in mice, including reversible airflow obstruction and inflammation, airways hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling. Objective Our objective was to determine the importance of LPS binding protein (LBP) in the response to inhaled LPS. Methods We challenged LBP-deficient mice (C57BL/6 LBP−/− ) and C57BL/6 mice with inhaled endotoxin for 4 hours, 5 days, or 4 weeks, followed by 3 days of recovery. Results LBP in the lung was significantly increased in LPS-exposed C57BL/6 mice from all 3 groups. Only LPS-exposed C57BL/6 mice had significantly enhanced airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine. Total lavage cells in LPS-exposed C57BL/6 LBP−/− mice were significantly reduced compared with those seen in LPS-exposed C57BL/6 mice; however, the percentage of PMNs was similarly increased in both the C57BL/6 and C57BL/6 LBP−/− mice. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 protein concentrations in whole-lung lavage fluid from C57BL/6 LBP−/− mice were also significantly reduced when compared with those seen in C57BL/6 mice. In C57BL/6 LBP−/− mice submucosal cell proliferation was significantly reduced in the 1-week group when compared with that seen in similarly exposed C57BL/6 mice. The 4-week exposed C57BL/6 mice had significantly thickened airway submucosa and significantly increased lavaged TGF-β 1 protein compared with that seen in C57BL/6 LBP−/− mice. Conclusions These findings indicate that LBP is one of the critical molecules regulating the acute and chronic airway response to inhaled LPS.
Comparative Analysis of Robust Fault Attack Resistant Architectures for Public and Private Cryptosystems

The adaptive and active nature of fault based side-channel attacks along with the large arsenal of fault injection methods complicates the design of effective countermeasures. To overcome the unpredictability of fault attackers protection methods based on robust codes were proposed which can provide uniform error detection against all errors eliminating possible weaknesses in the protection. In this paper we evaluate and compare the error detection properties and hardware overheads of architectures based on robust, partially robust, and minimum distance robust codes for both public and private key cryptosystems.
On Bezier curves and surfaces

Bezier curves, which are extensively used in model building and computer graphics, are treated. Concepts developed previously by the author are further explored. The author also poses and partially answers the question of whether an equation of Bezier surfaces can be constructed that is simpler than those appearing in the current literature. >
Differential autophosphorylation of CaM kinase II from phasic and tonic smooth muscle tissues

Ca+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) is regulated by calcium oscillations, autophosphorylation, and its subunit composition. All four subunit isoforms were detected in gastric...
Distributed discrete event control structures with controller interactions

A framework is introduced for distributed discrete event controllers interacting over a communications channel. Within this framework, the distributed controllers each observe a limited portion of the system state, exchange information with other controllers, and use this information to determine appropriate control actions. The authors consider control for forbidden state avoidance, and determine conditions on the extent of controller interaction necessary for the existence of distributed control laws to achieve the maximally permissive control.
Forest habitat, not leaf phenotype, predicts late-season folivory of Quercus alba saplings

Summary 1. Natural sunlight gradients occur on multiple scales in space and time. However, the direct (via habitat) and indirect effects (via plant quality) of light environment are often confounded, obscuring the relative importance of each in influencing herbivore responses. 2. Potted saplings of Quercus alba (white oak, Fagaceae) were grown in either full sun or full shade from budburst to leaf hardening to manipulate leaf phenotype (creating sun or shade leaves), then placed in either sunny light gaps or adjacent shaded forest understorey habitats. This two-way factorial design isolated the effects of sunlight level during leaf expansion from light environment late in the growing season on leaf phenology, leaf traits associated with host plant quality for herbivores, herbivore density and folivory. 3. Sunlight level during leaf expansion and hardening had strong and persistent effects on Q. alba leaf phenology and phenotype. Shade saplings had later budburst (c. 4 days), and fewer but larger leaves, resulting in greater total leaf area compared with sun leaf saplings. Shade leaves had higher water content, specific leaf area and nitrogen content, and lower toughness, carbon content, C/N ratios and concentrations of hydrolysable and condensed tannins than sun leaves. 4. Despite the apparent higher quality of shade leaves, forest habitat better predicted damage by folivores than leaf type, suggesting that the direct effects of light environment predominate for herbivory. Potted saplings of both leaf types placed in the shaded understorey suffered almost two times more folivory, on average, than saplings in sunny light gaps, despite more than three times higher mid-season herbivore density on sun leaf saplings relative to shade leaf saplings. 5. Taken together, these results suggest that both leaf phenotype and forest habitat, two factors frequently confounded in nature, have significant but distinct effects on leaf quality and herbivory. These findings have implications for plant–herbivore interactions following disturbances such as treefalls, when shade leaves may be present in sunny habitats, and may help explain patterns of herbivory in understorey plants with early leaf flushing phenology relative to the canopy, when sun leaves are present in the shaded understorey.
Case-parents design for gene-environment interaction.

The scientific and public health implications of gene-environment interaction warrant that the most powerful study designs and methods of analysis be used. Because traditional case-control designs, which use nonrelated subjects, have demonstrated the need for large samples to detect interactions, alternative study designs may be worthwhile, such as sampling diseased cases and their parents. If the transmission of particular alleles from parents to their diseased child appears to be distorted from Mendelian expectation, then this suggests an etiologic association of the alleles with disease; if the frequency of transmission differs between exposed and nonexposed cases, then gene-environment interaction is suggested. We present likelihood-based methods to assess interaction, as well as an extension of the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT). For these statistical tests, we also derive methods to compute sample size and power. Comparisons of sample size requirements between the case-parents design and the case-control design indicate that the case-parents design can be more powerful to detect gene-environment interactions, particularly when the disease susceptible allele is rare. Also, one of the derived likelihood methods, based on additive effects of alleles, tended to be the most robust in terms of power for a broad range of genetic mechanisms, and so may be useful for broad applications to assess gene-environment interactions. Genet. Epidemiol. 16:261–273, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The CENTURY model

The CENTURY model simulates the dynamics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) for different plant-soil systems. The model can simulate the dynamics of grassland systems, agricultural crop systems, forest systems, and savanna systems. The grassland/crop and forest systems have different plant production submodels which are linked to a common soil organic matter submodel. The soil organic matter submodel simulates the flow of C, N, P, and S through plant litter and the different inorganic and organic pools in the soil. The model runs using a monthly time step and the major input variables for the model include: (1) monthly average maximum and minimum air temperature, (2) monthly precipitation, (3) lignin N, P, and S content of plant material, (4) soil texture, and (5) atmospheric and soil N inputs.
Immobilized Enzymes and other Materials for the Study of Mammalian Cell Surfaces

The branched chain sugar molecules that extend from the surface of mammalian cells appear to play key roles in the regulation of cell growth and cell differentiation, the immune response, and trans-membrane as well as intercellular communication. These sugar chains, known as glycolipids or glycoproteins, extend from protein or lipid moities that are embedded in the ordered lipid bilayer membrane that encloses the cell. In addition, these lipid or protein moieties are capable of undergoing lateral and rotational diffusion within the bilayer membrane. This relative movement of the membrane components gives rise to changing localized surface concentrations of specific cell surface sugars (1, 2). The purpose of this short chapter is to point out a few of the possibilities for the use of immobilized enzymes and other compounds in the study and modification of cell surface constituents.
Extracellular vesicles and infectious diseases: new complexity to an old story

Exosomes and other extracellular microvesicles (ExMVs) have important functions in intercellular communication and regulation. During the course of infection, these vesicles can convey pathogen molecules that serve as antigens or agonists of innate immune receptors to induce host defense and immunity, or that serve as regulators of host defense and mediators of immune evasion. These molecules may include proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Pathogen molecules may be disseminated by incorporation into vesicles that are created and shed by host cells, or they may be incorporated into vesicles shed from microbial cells. Involvement of ExMVs in the induction of immunity and host defense is widespread among many pathogens, whereas their involvement in immune evasion mechanisms is prominent among pathogens that establish chronic infection and is found in some that cause acute infection. Because of their immunogenicity and enrichment of pathogen molecules, exosomes may also have potential in vaccine preparations and as diagnostic markers. Additionally, the ability of exosomes to deliver molecules to recipient cells raises the possibility of their use for drug/therapy delivery. Thus, ExMVs play a major role in the pathogenesis of infection and provide exciting potential for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Modeling common misconceptions in learning process data

Student mistakes are often not random but, rather, reflect thoughtful yet incorrect strategies. In order for educational technologies to make full use of students' performance data to estimate the knowledge of a student, it is important to model not only the conceptions but also the misconceptions that a student's particular pattern of successes and errors may indicate. The student models that drive the "outer loop" of Intelligent Tutoring Systems typically do not represent or track misconceptions. Here, we present a method of representing misconceptions in the Knowledge Component models, or Q-Matrices, that are used by student models to estimate latent knowledge. We show, in a case study on a fraction arithmetic dataset, that incorporating a misconception into the Knowledge Component model dramatically improves the overall model's fit to data. We also derive qualitative insights from comparing predicted learning curves across models that incorporate varying misconception-related parameters. Finally, we show that the inclusion of a misconception in the Knowledge Component model can yield individual student estimates of misconception strength that are significantly correlated with out-of-tutor measures of student errors.
Digit Span Performance in Children with Dystrophinopathy: A Verbal Span or Working Memory Contribution?

Objectives: In a large cohort of boys with dystrophinopathies and their unaffected siblings, we examined whether consistently observed performance on digit span is due primarily to a verbal span or executive deficit. We additionally assessed whether digit span performance contributed to the observed variability in reading performance noted in this population. Methods: Performance of 170 boys with dystrophinopathy was compared to 95 unaffected sibling controls on measures of verbal function, reading, and digit span. Maximum digit span forward (DSF) and backward (DSB) lengths were converted to Z-scores using normative data. Independent sample t tests, analysis of variance, and hierarchical multiple regression were run (α=0.05). Results: Probands performed worse than controls on digit span, even after accounting for differences in general verbal function (p<.0001). Differences were significant for both DSF (p<.005) and DSB (p<.0001) span length, and an interaction effect yielded significantly worse DSB compared with DSF (p=.01). Reading performance was also lower in probands (p<.0001). The contribution of general level of verbal function, and forward and backward span lengths, did not vary between groups. Conclusions: In boys with dystrophinopathy, decreased performance on digit span appears to be due to both decreased span forward (measuring verbal span only) and backward (measuring verbal span and working memory). The extent to which sibling controls exhibited better performance compared to the probands was significantly greater for backward span when compared with forward span. Thus, immediate verbal memory and executive control are differentially compromised among boys with dystrophinopathy, and both of these abilities independently contribute to reading performance. (JINS, 2016, 22, 777–784)
Microvascular pathophysiology of skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion.

Abstract Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a continuing challenge to vascular surgeons. Microvascular factors and mechanisms underlying edema and compartment syndrome provide a useful end point for analysis and planning of therapy. We review the pivotal role of endothelium-leukocyte interactions and of cytokines in the genesis of postischemic damage in muscle. Clinical considerations and future directions based on research and practice are presented.
Distribution of 3He–4He Mixtures in a Bi-Porous System

We have investigated the distribution of 3He–4He mixtures in a system comprised of two porous materials: aerogel and silver sinter. The particle number density, and thus the 3He–4He concentration, was measured directly in the aerogel sample. We discuss both the observed history dependence for the low temperature equilibrium 4He fraction in aerogel and the temperature evolution of the 4He fraction.
Performance of Coded FH/MFSK with a Quantizer-Limiter in a Worst-Case Partial Band Gaussian Interference Channel

The performance of coded FH/MFSK with a quantizerlimiter soft decision metric is presented for a worst-case two-level partial band Gaussian interference channel. This receiver structure is easy to implement and does not require side information concerning the on-off state of the interference. For a constraint length seven (K = 7), rate one-half (R = 1/2) convolutional code with Viterbi decoding, this receiver performs within 1.4 dB of the required E b /N o at P b = 10-5 when compared to an ideal unquantized soft decision receiver assisted by perfect side information. The cutoff rate parameter R o is plotted versus channel symbol signal-to-noise ratio for alphabet sizes M = 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32.
Using EEG Data Analytics to Measure Meditation

This paper presents the study we have done to detect “meditation” brain state by analyzing electroencephalographic (EEG) data. We firstly discuss what is “meditation” state and some prior studies on meditation. We then discuss how meditation state can be reflected in the subject’s brain waves; and what features of the brain waves data can be used in machine learning algorithms to classify meditation state from other states. We studied the suitability of 3 types of entropy: Shannon entropy, approximate entropy, and sample entropy in different circumstances. We found that overall Sample entropy is a good tool to extract information from EEG data. Discretization of EEG data enhances the classification rates by using both the approximate entropy and Shannon entropy.
Politische Imaginative. Vom Narrativ der Öffentlichkeit zu transnationalen Diskursräumen

Sozialwissenschaftliche Begriffe sind nicht voraussetzungslos, sondern lassen sich als Imaginative kennzeichnen, in denen historisch gewachsene Kategorien forschungspragend zum Ausdruck kommen. Ein solch wirkmachtiges Imaginativ ausert sich im Begriff der Offentlichkeit, der in den zeitgenossischen Diskursen der Wissenschaft und Praxis immer wieder zu vernehmen ist. In der Literatur werden allerdings unterschiedliche Bezeichnungen fur Meta-Konzepte verwendet, die auf die Beschreibung der performativen Kraft sozialwissenschaftlicher Begriffe abzielen. In diesem Beitrag wird argumentiert, dass dieser Sachverhalt mit dem Begriff des Imaginativs theoretisch-konzeptionell gescharft werden kann. Basis der begrifflichen Scharfung ist ein konstruktivistisch-wissenssoziologischer Ansatz, der die Frage nach der Konstituierung von Wissensordnungen stellt, wie sie in Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft fur Kommunikationen grundlegend sind. Welche Wissensordnungen uber ein Imaginativ vermittelt werden, hangt von den historisch gewachsenen Wahrnehmungs- und Deutungsmustern sowie von den jeweils etablierten Werten und Symbolen, ab.
Amino-Acid-Conjugated Gold Clusters: Interaction of Alanine and Tryptophan with Au8 and Au20

The stability and electronic properties of gold (Au) clusters interacting with the amino acids alanine (Ala) and tryptophan (Trp) in their canonical and zwitterionic configurations were investigated using first-principles density functional theory (DFT). We found that the geometrical structures of the Au clusters and the polarities of the amino acids determine the nature of the interactions in the gas and solvent phases. In the gas phase, the Au8 (D4h) and Au20 (Td) clusters prefer single-site interactions through the amine group for the canonical amino acids, whereas in the solvent phase, the carboxylic site is preferred for the zwitterionic amino acids. The limited screening of the intermolecular interactions introduced by the solvent medium for the canonical forms of Ala and Trp conjugated with the Aun complexes suggests that the bonding is primarily covalent in nature. The screening is significantly more pronounced for the zwitterionic complexes for which the electrostatic interactions dominate. The c...