cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Maize Stalk Rot Occurrence in Bt and Non-Bt Hybrids

Gatch, E. W., Hellmich, R. L., and Munkvold, G. P. 2002. A comparison of maize stalk rot occurrence in Bt and non-Bt hybrids. Plant Dis. 86:1149-1155. Stalk rots, caused by a complex of fungal species, are among the most widespread and destructive diseases of maize. Larvae of the European corn borer (ECB) (Ostrinia nubilalis) promote stalk rot development by creating entry points for fungi, serving as vectors of pathogens, and causing physiological stress that may predispose plants to stalk decay. Field experiments were conducted in 1998, 1999, and 2000 to determine whether the use of transgenic Bt hybrids expressing insecticidal proteins would influence stalk rot symptoms (pith disintegration, pith discoloration, and lodging). Five hybrids representing different Bt types (or “Bt events”) (176, BT11, MON810, DBT418, and CBH351) were paired with their near-isogenic, non-Bt counterparts and subjected to treatments of manual and natural infestation with ECB larvae. Manual infestation resulted in significantly more ECB tunneling than natural infestation in 1998 and 1999 and significantly more lodging in 1998. There were significant linear correlations between ECB injury and stalk rot symptoms in non-Bt hybrids in 1998 and 1999, but not in 2000. A standard foliar insecticide treatment for ECB did not significantly affect stalk rot symptoms. In 1998, Bt hybrids had significantly less ECB tunneling, stalk discoloration, pith disintegration, and lodging compared with non-Bt hybrids, but these effects depended upon the Bt event and the infestation treatment. Similar but less pronounced effects of Bt events were observed in 1999. The 2000 results were more variable; the amount of pith disintegration was significantly lower but discoloration was significantly higher in the BT11 hybrid compared with its non-Bt counterpart, and the amount of lodging was significantly higher in the event 176 hybrid compared with its non-Bt counterpart. The ratio of stalk strength to grain weight did not consistently differ between Bt and non-Bt hybrids. These results indicate that, although specific Bt events in some years may cause reductions in stalk rot, the overall effect of Bt transformation on stalk rot occurrence is highly variable.
trans‐2‐Dodecenoic Acid

trans-2-Dodecenoic acid reactant: 30.0 g. (0.15 mole) of dodecanoic acid product: 2-dodecenoic acid Keywords: elimination, dehydrohalogenation; halogenation, bromination; bromine; potassium tert-butoxide in tert-butyl alcohol; potassium
Social Stratification, Health, and Violence in the Very Young

Inequalities in human social groups contribute in important ways to the initiation and perpetuation of violence. Because both social inequalities and interpersonal aggression emerge in early life, it is important to study their developmental origins in the collective and individual behavior of young children. As young as 2 years of age, children assemble stable, linearly transitive dominance hierarchies when brought together in novel social groups. Just as the consequences of socioeconomic status may be due in part to experiences of social ordering per se, subjective childhood experiences of occupying a lesser or greater position on a scale of social influence may similarly affect health, safety, and behavior in early development. Children's experiences with social ordering may represent a first, formative encounter with the hierarchical social relations that affect health and susceptibility to violence over the human lifespan. We have studied the health correlates of group stressors, dominance positions, and biobehavioral reactivity within cohorts of preschool children and semi free-ranging rhesus macaques. Social position is ascertained using naturalistic observations of critical dyadic events, and stress-reactivity is measured using assessments of behavioral and biological responses to standardized challenges. Outcome measures, including indicators of mental and physical health and interpersonal injuries, have been assessed--in the case of children--with parent- and teacher-report questionnaires, child self-report protocols, and frequent, objective physical examinations of the child and--in the case of rhesus monkeys--with daily observations of violence-related injuries. Results to date have suggested the following provisional conclusions: (1) Children and monkeys form stable, linearly transitive social hierarchies in which identifiable subgroups of individuals occupy dominant and subordinate social positions. (2) Individuals occupying subordinate positions within the social group show exaggerated adrenocortical and/or autonomic reactivity to challenge and disproportionate rates of chronic medical conditions or violent injuries. (3) Stress-reactivity, naturally occurring stressors, and social position are interactively predictive of rates of morbidity. Monkeys who displayed high biobehavioral reactivity sustained disproportionate numbers of violent injuries during a confinement stressor. Children who were high in the dominance hierarchy and low in reactivity showed significantly higher rates of externalizing mental health symptoms, while those who were in subordinate social positions and high in reactivity showed higher prevalences of internalizing symptoms. In conclusion, the prevention of youth violence--and other forms of early disorder--will require a deeper, developmental understanding of the "headwaters" of aggression and victimization in early childhood and a stronger accounting of how early social inequalities set trajectories toward healthy or disordered behavior.
Tannin rich peanut skins lack anthelmintic properties

Abstract Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) resistance to synthetic anthelmintics in small ruminants has led to the evaluation of feed sources containing naturally occurring bioactive secondary metabolites that lessen parasite activity. Plants rich in condensed tannins (CT) can have beneficial anthelmintic properties. Peanut ( Arachis hypogea L.) skins (testa), an agricultural by-product, are a rich source of CT, have low fiber and high levels of oil and crude protein, and have been incorporated into feed products for the cattle industry. Anthelmintic activity of pellets formulated with peanut skins was compared to that of commercial alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) pellets (control diet) fed to lambs in two separate experiments, one with initially low (220 eggs g −1 feces; 2008) and the other high (4260 eggs g −1 feces; 2009) burden of GIN. In both experiments lambs were maintained on bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactyon (L.) Pers.) pastures except when pellets were fed (six lambs per treatment) at 2.3% BW every other day three times a week. Overall, average daily intake of CT as quebracho ( Schinopsis sp.) equivalents of peanut skin pellets formulated with 5% molasses was 0.38% BW (low GIN lambs), and that of peanut skin pellets formulated with 48% alfalfa and 7% molasses was 0.53% BW (high GIN lambs). Regardless of the initial level of GIN burden and the formulation of the peanut skin pellets, average daily weight gain of all lambs was about 94 ± 7.2 g per day. Increases in fecal egg count and decreases in blood packed cell volumes that occurred during the trials were not significantly different ( P > 0.05) between lambs fed the control alfalfa pellets and lambs fed peanut skin containing pellets. In these trials, intake of peanut skin may have been insufficient to decrease GIN parasite activity, or perhaps the low prodelphinidin subunit composition of CT in peanut skin prevented a beneficial response.
The development of application specific integrated circuits using the System Design Synthesis Tool

The application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) development process can be improved by the use of an integrated set of design tools which allows a system designer to transform the system requirements into computational structures, specify and capture the proposed architecture, and estimate rapidly the performance/implementation costs. The use of the System Design Synthesis Tool (SDST), which provides these three features with the additional capability of translating the specified design to a form accepted by a silicon compiler, is discussed. >
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ALGAL PYRENOID. I. ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CYTOCHEMISTRY DURING ZOOSPOROGENESIS OF TETRACYSTIS EXCENTRICA1

SUMMARY The fine structure of the pyrenoid in the mature vegetative cell of Tetracystis excentrica Brown and Bold is described. During zoosporogenesis, the pyrenoid undergoes regression, and the ultrastructure of this process is described in detail. The ground substance undergoes dissolution, and reticulate fibrillar structures appear as well as intruding chloroplast thylakoids. Pyrenoid-associated starch plates diminish, and quantities of starch not associated with the pyrenoid are produced. New pyrenoids appear late in the division cycle after all other major organelles associated with the motile cell have been formed. Zoospore pyrenoids develop in thylakoid-free spaces of the chloroplast which are similar to the DNA-containing regions. The new pyrenoid ground substance, which is loosely fibrillar, arises in close proximity to starch grains which may be formed in the stroma. Then the zoospore pyrenoid produces 2 hemispherical starch plates identical to those in the mature vegetative cell. Zoospore pyrenoids lack the 2 convoluted thylakoids between the starch plates and the ground substance characteristic of those in the mature vegetative cell. Instead, the thylakoids are identical to those of the chloroplast at first, and then develop into a convoluted state in the vegetative cell. Cytochemical tests for DNA, RNA, and protein were made for the cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, and pyrenoid. Conclusive evidence is presented for the presence of RNA in the cytoplasm and nucleolus, DNA in the nucleus, and protein in the pyrenoid. The tests did not conclusively demonstrate the presence or absence of DNA and RNA in the pyrenoid; however, they suggested that small amounts of both DNA and RNA may be present.
Performance degradation due to crosstalk in multiwavelength optical networks using dynamic wavelength routing

Performance degradation due to homowavelength crosstalk is evaluated for end-to-end transmissions in multiwavelength optical networks using dynamic wavelength routing. Effects of homowavelength crosstalk on the performance are identified. One effect is crosstalk-spontaneous beat noise, another is possible signal-crosstalk beat interference. With the assumption of crosstalk-power addition and then field addition to the signal, we give a lower bound and an upper bound on the performance degradation due to the homowavelength crosstalk. >
AdvoCATE: an assurance case automation toolset

We present AdvoCATE, an Assurance Case Automation ToolsEt, to support the automated construction and assessment of safety cases. In addition to manual creation and editing, it has a growing suite of automated features. In this paper, we highlight its capabilities for (i) inclusion of specific metadata, (ii) translation to and from various formats, including those of other widely used safety case tools, (iii) composition, with auto-generated safety case fragments, and (iv) computation of safety case metrics which, we believe, will provide a transparent, quantitative basis for assessment of the state of a safety case as it evolves. The tool primarily supports the Goal Structuring Notation (GSN), is compliant with the GSN Community Standard Version 1, and the Object Modeling Group Argumentation Metamodel (OMG ARM).
Induced meiotic gynogenesis in shovelnose sturgeon

Gynogenesis was induced in three shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus pIatorynchus) by heat shock after egg activation with UV-treated paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) milt. Ultraviolet dosage (J m−2) for the pooled milt samples was calculated using the following linear regression equation: Dosage = 2405.27 − 352.80X 19.78X2 (X = percent transmittance of milt). Activated eggs were incubated at 18 °C until shocking at 35 °C. Shock duration was applied at 0.05τ0 intervals from 0.15 to 0.40 τ0 (8.25 to 22.00 min post-fertilization; τ0 at 18 °C = 55 min). The highest yield of gynogenotes (16%) was observed at 0.25 τ0 for female 3, 10 % at 0.30 τ0 for female 2 and 12% at 0.35 τ0 for female 1. The percentage of viable gynogenotes responded quadratically to the tau index (τs/τ0) when shock treatments were applied. The higher yields of viable diploid sturgeon gynogenotes were achieved when eggs were heat shocked at embryological ages ranging from 0.25 to 0.35 τ0 (approximately 14 to 19 min post-activation at 18 °C). No viable hybrids were produced in the control fertilization of sturgeon eggs with intact paddlefish sperm which verified the gynogenetic origin of the offspring produced. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
Bio-absorbable antibiotic impregnated beads for the treatment of prosthetic vascular graft infections.

ObjectiveThere is limited investigation into the use of bio-absorbable antibiotic beads for the treatment of prosthetic vascular graft infections. Our goal was to investigate the rates of infection eradication, graft preservation, and limb salvage in patients who are not candidates for graft explant or extensive reconstruction.MethodsA retrospective review of patients implanted with antibiotic impregnated bio-absorbable calcium sulfate beads at a major university center was conducted.ResultsSix patients with prosthetic graft infections were treated with bio-absorbable antibiotics beads from 2012–2014. Grafts included an aortobifemoral, an aorto-hepatic/superior mesenteric artery, and four extra-anatomic bypasses. Pathogens included Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Half of the patients underwent graft explant with reconstruction and half debridement of the original graft, all with antibiotic bead placement around the graft. Mean follow-up was 7.3 ± 8.3 months; all patients had infection resolution...
Microfacies characteristics of No.4 sand beds group of Gaotaizi reservoirs in Taikang area of north Songliao Basin

Based on a great deal of seismic data, logging and cores, using principles and methods of sedimentology and seismic stratigraphy, this paper clarified the microfacies characteristics of No.4 sand beds group of Gaotaizi reservoirs in Taikang area of North Songliao Basin. There are 2 sedimentary facies districts can be divided in No.4 sand beds group of Gaotaizi reservoirs in Taikang area. Deltic sedimentary facies belt developed in the west part, sinuosity river delta developed in northwest and braided river delta developed in the southwest part. Deep lake subfacies sedimentary facies belts featured by thick dark shale developed in the west part. There are abound sandstone bodies caused by sediments gravity flow developed in it.
The bacteriostatic,anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects of Erding granule

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Erding granule of bacteriostatic for anti-inflammation and immunomodulatory.METHODS Bacteriostasis test in vitro were carried out by xylol induced swelling of mouse ears,carrageenin induced swelling of rat hind paws,clearance rate of charcoal particles and 2,4-dinitrochloro benzene induced delayed ear swelling immunity in mice.RESULTS Antibacterial activity of Erding granule against 37 strains of clinical isolates was observed.The MIC of Erding granule was 0.084-1.34 g·ml~(-1).The Erding granule had inhibitory effects on acute inflammation reaction of mouse ears induced by xylol and rat hind paws induced by carrageenin.The delayed hypersensitivity reaction induced by 2,4-dinitrochloro benzene in mice was inhibited and the phagocytic function of mononuclear phagocyte was enhanced.CONCLUSION These results suggested that Erding granule has inhibitory effects on acute inflammation reaction,bacteriostasis and immunomodulation effects.
Measurement of Formation Permeability Using Stoneley Waves From an LWD Acoustic Tool

Recent development of LWD acoustic technology has stimulated interest in measuring permeability using LWD acoustic tools. In order to determine whether this was possible, a feasibility study on this subject was performed. A theoretical model was constructed to simulate Stoneley wave propagation, allowing for the analysis of the wave's characteristics in the LWD environment. The results show that the presence of an LWD tool in the borehole substantially increases the sensitivity of the Stoneley wave to formation permeability, as compared to the wireline scenario. The much enhanced sensitivity suggests that it is possible to use the Stoneley waves to determine formation permeability in the LWD environment. An adverse effect in the LWD environment, besides various drilling noises, is the decentralization of the LWD tool during drilling. This effect can adversely affect the velocity of the Stoneley wave traveling along the borehole. The use of stabilizers at the ends of the LWD tool helps reduce the tool decentralization effect. Results from analyzing recent field data validate the theoretical analyses. The results of this study establish the feasibility of permeability measurement using Stoneley waves acquired by an LWD acoustic tool.
Closeness before the law: purity, prayer, and al-Tulaytuli's Mukhtasar

ABSTRACTThe present study focuses on the intersection between Islamic jurisprudence, poetics, and manuscript culture in the secret Muslim communities (moriscos) of sixteenth-century Aragon. Using as a theoretical rubric the Islamic legal concept of curf (“custom”), I argue that early modern Aragonese Muslims made use of handwritten Islamic legal texts, and the physical books that contained them, to incorporate specific and adaptive local innovations into their religious and cultural practice. At the center of such innovation is the practice of translation and the specific forms that Aljamiado legal texts took within the space of the manuscript folio. All of these features and practices, I argue, revolve around a broader concern with closeness at the physical, social, linguistic, and ultimately metaphysical levels.
Design considerations for high power high frequency transformers

Various design considerations for high-power (multikilowatt), high-frequency transformers for DC-DC power converters are investigated. Although Ferrite (PC40) is lossier than Permalloy80 (0.5 mil) at the frequencies of interest (25-50 kHz) the use of the former is justified on the basis of cost, weight, and wide ranges of shapes. The influence of the leakage flux distribution in the window region on the copper losses has been demonstrated for various conventional winding arrangements. However, it is seen that in conventionally wound transformers a considerable amount of leakage flux enters the core, resulting in localized core saturation and hot-spots. This becomes a very critical issue for high-power, high-frequency transformers. Coaxially wound transformers are seen to be a viable alternative, in that the leakage flux is contained with the interwinding space, with very little or none of it permeating the core. Such transformers can also realize multiple benefits of a low distributed and controllable leakage inductance, robust construction, low electromechanical forces, and low core and copper losses. Test results on two coaxially wound transformers with different tube geometries, designed for 50 kW, 50 kHz, primary voltage of 200 V, and secondary voltage of 1000 V (two windings), are presented. Finally the concept of coaxial winding technique for three-phase transformers is also presented. >
Genome Mining of Streptomyces mobaraensis DSM40847 as a Bleomycin Producer Providing a Biotechnology Platform To Engineer Designer Bleomycin Analogues.

Streptomyces mobaraensis DSM40847 has been identified by genome mining and confirmed to be a new bleomycin (BLM) producer. Manipulation of BLM biosynthesis in S. mobaraensis has been demonstrated, as exemplified by the engineered production of 6′-deoxy-BLM A2, providing a biotechnology platform for BLM biosynthesis and engineering. Comparison of DNA cleavage efficiency and kinetics among 6′-deoxy-BLM A2 and selected analogues supports the wisdom of altering the disaccharide moiety to fine-tune BLM activity.
Electrochemical Generation of Individual O2 Nanobubbles via H2O2 Oxidation

Herein, we use Pt nanodisk electrodes (apparent radii from 4 to 80 nm) to investigate the nucleation of individual O2 nanobubbles generated by electrooxidation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A single bubble reproducibly nucleates when the dissolved O2 concentration reaches ∼0.17 M at the Pt electrode surface. This nucleation concentration is ∼130 times higher than the equilibrium saturation concentration of O2 and is independent of electrode size. Moreover, in acidic H2O2 solutions (1 M HClO4), in addition to producing an O2 nanobubble through H2O2 oxidation at positive potentials, individual H2 nanobubbles can also be generated at negative potentials. Alternating generation of single O2 and H2 bubbles within the same experiment allows direct comparison of the critical concentrations for nucleation of each nanobubble without knowing the precise size/geometry of the electrode or the exact viscosity/temperature of the solution.
Medical Advances of the World Wars

Throughout the history of warfare, military leaders have recognized the potentially devastating consequences of ailing armies. Outbreaks of disease among the ranks have contributed to the collapse of empires and the falls of dynasties. Even today, we are just one mutation away from catastrophic consequences that would literally reshape the world as we know it. While it is true that the World Wars underscore the capacity of armed conflict among world powers to spread disease on a global scale, they also highlight the medical advances that often accompany modern warfare. Herein, we reflect upon the role of the World Wars in establishing a trajectory for modern medicine and posit an organizational role for our armed forces as a platform of cooperation in global public health.
Interconnectedness and Interdependence: Challenges for Public Health Ethics.

An increasing number of contemporary voices in both bioethics and environmental ethics have grown dissatisfied with the schisms, abysses, and raging torrents that continue to flow between those two...
Interview with a Quality Leader: Beth Lanham on Six Sigma in Healthcare

Beth Lanham, BSN RN, is a Six Sigma Coordinator in the department of quality management, staff development and safety, at Froedtert Hospital in Milwaukee, WI. Ms. Lanham received her bachelor's degree from Otterbein College in Westerville, OH and has an extensive clinical and management background in critical care nursing. In April 2000, Ms. Lanham completed the Six Sigma Black Belt training program through the American Society for Quality. She is currently working as a Six Sigma Black Belt and is actively involved with numerous committees and projects aimed at reducing medical errors and enhancing patient safety. Ms. Lanham has presented Six Sigma initiatives at the International Quality Congress sponsored by the American Society for Quality, the University Healthcare Consortium National Conference, the International Quality and Productivity Center National Conference on Six Sigma for Healthcare Providers, and the American Hospital Association Patient Safety Leadership Fellowship Retreat. Six Sigma projects at Froedtert Hospital are aimed at reducing errors associated with patient controlled analgesia pumps, continuous intravenous infusions, narcotic sedation in postoperative patients, insulin therapy, and handling of laboratory specimens. Six Sigma has also been applied toward reducing falls on a rehabilitation unit.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Myofascial Pain Arising from Trigger Points

Dr. Rinehart has correctly told us (see “Tension and Stress,” this volume) that stress is the reaction of the body to noxious stimuli. He has given us a fairly comprehensive list of such stimuli which we face in our every day lives. Whether tension is the cause or a result of stress remains moot. The adverse reaction of the person to noxious stimuli, however, is largely predictable in its effects which are manifested in the musculoskeletal system, the various visceral systems and in mental changes.
CYLINDRICAL LIQUID JET GRIDS FOR BEAM-PORT PROTECTION OF THICK-LIQUID HEAVY-ION FUSION TARGET CHAMBERS

CYLINDRICAL LIQUID JET GRIDS FOR BEAM-PORT PROTECTION OF THICK-LIQUID HEAVY-ION FUSION TARGET CHAMBERS R. Abbott, S. Pemberton, P.F. Peterson G.-P. Sun, P. Wright R. Holmes J. Latkowski, R. Moir, K. Springer Dept. of Nuclear Engineering Dept. of Mechanical Eng. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory University of California University of California Livermore, CA 94551 Berkeley, CA 94720-1730 Berkeley, CA 94720-1730 ABSTRACT Thick-liquid pockets have the potential to protect structural materials and increase power density in heavy-ion fusion chambers. Here we show that cylindrical liquid jets have interesting advantages for creating shielding grids for heavy-ion beam lines. A cylindrical nozzle design with a very low convergence ratio was developed, and the fabrication methods needed for inexpensive numerically-controlled machining of large nozzle arrays demonstrated. Cylindrical jets were studied because they give the highest surface smoothness for a given degree of turbulence suppression, allow flow control to individual nozzles for control of jet pointing, and attenuate target-induced shocks effectively. Improved control of the grid geometry allows the driver energy to be delivered by a larger number of beams. These smaller beams—up to 160 in the example here—improve focusing and reduce neutron collimation up beam lines. I. INTRODUCTION The use of liquid jets for thick-liquid shielding for inertial fusion energy (IFE) target chambers remains an important goal for heavy-ion fusion, due to the potential to effectively protect target chamber structures from neutron damage. Additional advantages come from reductions in activation and waste generation, and from the capability to reduce final-focus magnet stand off distance. Liquid protection for fusion chambers was first suggested in the early 1970’s,
Shark-Skin Surface for Fluid-Drag Reduction in Turbulent Flow

Nature has created ways of reducing drag in fluid flow, evident in the efficient movement of fish, dolphins, and sharks. The mucus secreted by fish causes a reduction in drag as they move through water, protects the fish from abrasion by making the fish slide across objects rather than scrape, and prevents disease by making the surface of the fish difficult for microscopic organisms to adhere to (Shephard, 1994). [Accumulation of unwanted biological matter on surfaces with biofilms created by microorganisms is referred to as biofouling (Bixler and Bhushan, 2012).] It has been known for many years that by adding as little as a few hundred parts per million guar, a naturally occurring polymer, friction in pipe flow, can be reduced by up to two thirds. Other synthetic polymers provide an even larger benefit (Hoyt, 1975). The compliant skin of the dolphin has also been studied for drag-reducing properties. By responding to the pressure fluctuations across the surface, a compliant material on the surface of an object in a fluid flow has been shown to be beneficial. Though early studies showed dramatic drag reduction benefits, later studies have only been able to confirm 7% drag reduction (Choi et al., 1997).
Verifying Robustness of Human-Aware Autonomous Cars

Author(s): Sadigh, D; Sastry, SS; Seshia, SA | Abstract: As human-robot systems make their ways into our every day life, safety has become a core concern of the learning algorithms used by such systems. Examples include semi-autonomous vehicles such as automobiles and aircrafts. The robustness of controllers in such systems relies on the accuracy of models of human behavior. In this paper, we propose a systematic methodology for analyzing the robustness of learning-based control of human-cyber-physical systems. We focus on the setting where human models are learned from data, with humans modeled as approximately rational agents optimizing their reward functions. In this setting, we provide a novel optimization-driven approach to find small deviations in learned human behavior that lead to violation of desired (safety) objectives. Our approach is experimentally validated via simulation for the application of autonomous driving.
Trauma of the Aorta

Traumatic aortic injury is a major cause of lethal injury in the trauma population. Those patients that do survive the injury are at high risk of mortality. The severity of the injury was recognized in the literature over 60 years ago, and significant advancements in diagnosis and management have been made. The pathophysiology of the injury is not clearly understood, but many models have been purported and tested. Patients with this injury do not present with discrete injuries. Rather they present with a complex variation of injuries oftentimes in extremis. It is the mechanism of injury and the pattern of injury that must tip the astute trauma team to investigate for this lethal injury in the wake of a dizzying array of associated serious injuries. The use of computed tomography has propelled the recognition of traumatic aortic lesions including ones that would have previously been untreated. Enhanced understanding of the natural history of traumatic aortic lesions has led to the development of improvements in surgical treatments and conservative management without surgery.
‘Evotrunfo’: uma estratégia didática alternativa para o ensino de evolução humana

Para responder ao desafio do ensino de evolucao humana no Ensino Fundamental II e desconstruir o senso comum que permeia a visao popular sobre o tema, essa pesquisa buscou desenvolver uma alternativa pedagogica. O jogo “EvoTrunfo” foi criado para contribuir para o ensino de evolucao humana por meio de uma estrategia didatica ludica envolvendo atividades em grupos. Como uma pesquisa de vies qualitativo, buscou a contribuicao dos pares na disciplina de Evolucao Humana no Mestrado em Ciencias e Matematica do Instituto Federal do Espirito Santo (IFES) por meio de um questionario aplicado. O resultado posterior, em sala de aula, expoe que e possivel identificar os conteudos e conceitos utilizados no produto educacional e que o mesmo facilita o processo de ensino-aprendizagem.
Is the Brief Interview of Mental Status (BIMS) Adequate to Predict Posthospital Cognitive and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Risk

Date Presented 04/05/19 This study was conducted to compare the BIMS to alternate screening measures in the identification of individuals with functional cognition and IADL impairment that may compromise community independence post-hospital-discharge. Findings demonstrate that the BIMS, along with a brief performance-based screening measure and self-report, could better identify individuals who are at risk for poor outcomes in acute or postacute settings. Primary Author and Speaker: Timothy Marks Additional Authors and Speakers: Brittany Nguyen, Courtney Smith, Erika Hoffman, Hayley Engel, Muhammad Al-Heizan, Gordon Giles, Dorothy Farrar Edwards
The effects of atmospheric entry heating on organic matter in interplanetary dust particles and micrometeorites

Abstract Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) and micrometeorites (MMs) were likely major sources of extraterrestrial organics at the surface of the early Earth. However, these particles experience heating to >500 °C for up to several seconds during atmospheric entry. In this study, we aim to understand the effects of atmospheric entry heating on the dominant organic component in IDPs and MMs by conducting flash heating experiments (4 s to 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C) on insoluble organic matter (IOM) extracted from the meteorite Cold Bokkeveld (CM2). For each of the experimental charges, the bulk isotopic compositions of H, N, and C were analyzed by IRMS, the H isotopic heterogeneities (occurrence of deuterium hotspots) of the samples were measured by NanoSIMS, and the functional group chemistry and ordering of the IOM was evaluated by using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Organic matter in particles heated to ≥600 °C during atmospheric entry experienced significant alteration. Loss of isotopically heavy, labile H and N groups results in decreases in bulk δD, δ 15 N, H/C and, upon heating ≥800 °C, in N/C. The H isotopic heterogeneity was not greatly affected by flash heating to ≤600 °C, although the hotspots tended to be less isotopically anomalous in the 600 °C sample than in the 400 °C sample. However, the hotspots all but disappeared in the 800 °C sample. Loss of C=O groups occurred at 800 °C. Based on the Raman G-band characteristics, the heating resulted in increased ordering of the polyaromatic component of the IOM. The data presented in this study show that all aspects of the composition of organic matter in IDPs and MMs are affected by atmospheric entry heating. Modelling and temperature estimates from stepwise release of He has shown that most IDPs and MMs are heated to >500 °C ( Love and Brownlee, 1991 ; Nier and Schlutter, 1993 ; Joswiak et al., 2007 ), hence, atmospheric entry heating is expected to have altered the organic matter in most such particles.
Complication rate of ultrasound-guided paravertebral block for breast surgery

Background and objectives Thoracic paravertebral blockade is often used as an anesthetic and/or analgesic technique for breast surgery. With ultrasound guidance, the rate of complications is speculated to be lower than when using landmark-based techniques. This investigation aimed to quantify the incidence of pleural puncture and pneumothorax following non-continuous ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral blockade for breast surgery. Methods Patients who received thoracic paravertebral blockade for breast surgery were identified by retrospective query of our institution’s electronic database over a 5-year period. Data collected included patient demographics, level of block, type and volume of local anesthetic, occurrence of pleural puncture, occurrence of pneumothorax, evidence of local anesthetic toxicity, and patient vital signs. The incidence of block complications, including pleural puncture, pneumothorax, and local anesthetic toxicity, were ascertained. Results 529 patients underwent 2163 thoracic paravertebral injections. Zero pleural punctures were identified during block performance; however, two patients were found to have a pneumothorax on postoperative chest X-ray (3.6 per 1000 surgeries, 95% CI 0.5 to 13.6; 0.9 per 1000 levels blocked, 95% CI 0.1 to 3.3). There were no cases of local anesthetic systemic toxicity or associated lipid emulsion therapy administration. Conclusions Pneumothorax following non-continuous ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block using a parasagittal approach is an uncommon occurrence, with a similar rate to pneumothorax following breast surgery alone.
Giftedness, Talent, and Genius: Untangling Conceptual Confusions

Although my own research has focused on genius, according to standard dictionary definitions, genius has considerable conceptual overlap with both giftedness and talent. Thus, the goal of this chapter is to disentangle any conceptual confusions among the three concepts. I begin with giftedness, endorsing unmodified the definition put forward by the National Association for Gifted Children. That endorsement allows me to introduce a distinctive definition for talent. Given those two definitions, I turn to genius, offering yet another conception that renders that construct distinct from either giftedness or talent. From there I advance to the practical implications by addressing the following questions about each of the three concepts: Is high IQ required? What’s the relative role of nature and nurture? Where is it placed in the life span? How is it identified? And can it be enhanced through interventions?
Language, Gender and Parenthood Online: Negotiating Motherhood in Mumsnet Talk Jai Mackenzie (2019)

Language, Gender and Parenthood Online: Negotiating Motherhood in Mumsnet Talk Jai Mackenzie (2019) New York: Routledge, 124 pp.
Effects of Brief Training Plus Electronic Feedback on Increasing Quantity and Intonation of Behavior Specific Praise Among Preschool Teachers

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a brief training plus e-mail-specific performance feedback (ESPF) on increasing preschool teacher’s use of behavior-specific praise (BSP) statements. Quantity of BSP was measured using a frequency count, while voice intonation of BSP statements was measured using a voice recording system. A multiple probe design across four preschool teachers who taught in inclusive preschool classrooms was used to evaluate the effectiveness of ESPF on BSP delivery. As an outcome measure, researchers examined whether changes to the teacher’s BSP affected children’s task engagement during class activities. Results indicated a functional relation between ESPF and an increase in the quantity of BSP statements. Voice intonation of BSP statements increased for three participants following ESPF; however, a clear functional relation was not present in the data. Results also indicated that increased quantity and intonation of BSP statements resulted in a tendency for increased mean task engagement across all children; this finding may warrant further investigation. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
End‐stage renal disease patients undergoing angioplasty and bypass for critical limb ischemia have worse outcomes compared to non‐ESRD patients: Systematic review and meta‐analysis

BACKGROUND End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality following lower extremity amputation for critical limb ischemia (CLI). Angioplasty and bypass are used in ESRD patients with CLI; however, the treatment of choice remains controversial. We compared the long-term outcomes in patients with CLI undergoing angioplasty or bypass to evaluate the differences between patients with ESRD and those without ESRD. METHODS Established databases were searched for observational studies comparing outcomes following bypass or angioplasty for CLI in patients with ESRD to those in non-ESRD patients. End points included survival, limb salvage, amputation-free survival (AFS), and primary and secondary patency at 1-year post-procedure. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random effect model. RESULTS We included 20 studies with a total of 24,851 patients. ESRD patients compared to non-ESRD patients with CLI had significantly lower survival post-angioplasty (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.36-0.72, p < .001) and post-bypass (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.15-0.45, p < .001). ESRD patients had lower rates of limb salvage post-bypass (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.21-0.53, p < .001) and post-angioplasty (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.41-0.70, p < .001). AFS was significantly lower in ESRD patients compared to non-ESRD patients following angioplasty (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.32-0.71, p < .001) and bypass (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.16-0.47, p < .001) despite no significant differences in primary patency. ESRD patients had overall worse secondary patency post-angioplasty and/or bypass (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32-0.94, p = .03) compared to non-ESRD patients. A meta-analysis of four studies directly comparing survival in ESRD patients with CLI based on whether they underwent angioplasty or bypass showed no difference (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.64-1.35, p = .69). CONCLUSION ESRD patients have worse survival, limb salvage, and AFS outcomes following angioplasty and bypass for CLI compared to non-ESRD patients. Large randomized controlled trials comparing these two modalities of treatment in this patient population are needed for further clarity.
Functional Hazard Analysis for Engineering Safe Software Requirements

Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA) is an inductive hazard analysis method used to evaluate the potential causes and hazardous consequences of a system's functional failures. Software safety uses the FHA to assess the software contribution to the system hazards and identify software improvement opportunities. The FHA integrates risk-driven and quality assurance-driven approaches into a single safety analysis method for safe software requirements engineering. Our paper reviews the use of the MIL-STD-882E FHA to support the development of software requirements for safety-critical systems. First, we summarize the distinguishing features of the FHA as a hazard analysis method. Second, we explain how to use this method to identify software safety risks and recommend software safety improvements in the software requirements engineering process.
A Model for Understanding the Effects of Sediment Dynamics on Oyster Reef Development

Previous field studies have demonstrated that sedimentation is an important factor that can limit oyster reef growth and restoration success. High relief reefs are more productive and resilient than low relief reefs, in part, because increasing reef height reduces sedimentation and enhances oyster growth. In this study, we investigated the relationship between initial reef height and reef development using a simple model. The model contains three coupled differential equations that describe changes in oyster volume, shell volume, and sediment volume per unit area of reef with time. The model was used to investigate how parameters such as flow speed, sediment grain size, and food concentration affect reef survival and final reef height. Whether or not a reef survives depends primarily on the shape of the sediment concentration profile relative to the initial reef height. Over a long time period, three different steady-state reef heights are possible, depending on the environmental parameters and initial reef height: (1) If growth outpaces sedimentation, the reef achieves the maximum possible height, which is independent of sedimentation parameters; (2) if deposition outpaces growth and the shear stress does not exceed the critical shear stress, the reef is buried in sediment and dies; and (3) if deposition outpaces growth and the shear stress exceeds the critical shear stress, a reduced steady-state height is achieved that depends on both growth and sedimentation parameters. The model can be used to assess the ways in which measurable environmental parameters affect reef restoration success.
Technology Transfer and Its Role in the Practice of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility

This chapter is very different from the other chapters in this book. Rather than addressing specific reproductive endocrinology and infertility diagnostic and therapeutic needs and situations, it is intended to help clinicians who come up with ideas that have the potential to improve the practice of reproductive endocrinology and infertility translate those ideas from bench to bedside.
A Note on the Interpretation and Application of the Gini Coefficient

We show that the Gini coefficient is a simple linear transformation of the center of gravity of income distribution. The new derivation and inequality decomposition methods are applied to income data for Korea in order to analyze the distributional impact of the recent economic crisis. We also discuss the potential benefits of using additional higher moments of the relative income rankings.
Random Behavior in Numerical Analysis, Decision Theory, and Macrosystems: Some Impossibility Theorems

For many topics, including decision analysis, policy making, and the normative study of certain macrosystems, tools of analysis are applied to determine the essence or the state of a problem. The one commonality among these tools is that we want them to be “reliable”. For certain standard tools, it is shown that this goal of reliability may be impossible to attain. For some of these impossibility statements, alternative approaches are suggested.
The NO(a4Π) state: first gas phase kinetic measurements

Abstract Observation of the temporal evolution of NO ( a 2 Π− X 2 Π) emission following one-photon excitation of the NO ( a 4 Π) state is used to study NO(a) kinetics. Loss rate coefficients are determined for the v = 11 level, using NO and He as colliders. The loss rate coefficient for NO is (1.44 ± 0.29) × 10−10 cm3 s−1, and that for He is (1.23 ± 0.16) × 10−12 cm3 s−1; comparisons are made with the approximately isoenergetic v = 2 level of the B 2 Π state. Details of the a → B electronic energy transfer process are investigated. Transfer to the nearest B 2 Π level, v = 2, occurs relatively rapidly, whereas population of the v = 0 level requires vibrational cascading within the quartets.
An adaptive approach to control of distributed parameter systems

A method is presented for augmenting a finite dimensional linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller for a distributed parameter system with an adaptive output feedback element. The theory is discussed for a problem concerning control of vibrations in a nonlinear structure with bounded disturbance.
Chapter 9 Functional Properties of Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels

Publisher Summary Voltage-dependent calcium channels (Ca2+ channels) are present on all excitable cells and are central to the biological processes that occur on a time scale of seconds or less. They are molecular pores on the surface membrane that open in response to the depolarization of the membrane voltage and selectively allow Ca2+ to enter the cell. The entering Ca2+ can perform a variety of tasks. The first is to provide additional positive charge to depolarize the cell membrane further. After sensing an electrical depolarization, Ca2+ channels act to amplify it to the voltages that are more positive. Ca2+ channels serve as elements that can sense, amplify, and terminate the electrical signals. Ca2+ channels translate the electrical signal on the surface membrane into a chemical signal within the cytoplasm. The entering Ca2+ serves as the cytoplasmic trigger for movement, secretion, or a variety of enzymatic processes, by binding to different Ca2+-sensitive proteins. This chapter describes the functional properties of Ca2+ channels (selectivity, activation, inactivation, and facilitation) and discusses the issues regarding multiple types of Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ selectivity—permeability versus selectivity, the role of a high-affinity Ca2+ binding site, and models of permeation and selectivity are discussed in the chapter. There is description of voltage-dependent activation—the need for gating charge that the S4 helix defines a family of voltage-activated channels and the expression of cloned Ca2+ channels. The chapter discusses the facilitation and gating modes, low-threshold (T-type) Ca2+channels, controversies about high-threshold Ca2+ channels, and Ca2+ channel types involved in neurosecretion.