cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective damage to the hippocampal region blocks long‐term retention of a natural and nonspatial stimulus‐stimulus association

Normal rats rapidly acquire and remember associations between nonspatial stimuli as expressed in the social transmission of food preferences. In the present study, rats with selective neurotoxic lesions including all subdivisions of the hippocampal region (hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, and subiculum) normally acquired and briefly retained the food odor association as demonstrated by intact memory immediately after social training. However, long-term memory in these animals was severly impaired in contrast to strong 24-h retention by intact rats. More selective lesions to the hippocampus proper plus dentate gyrus alone, or the subiculum alone had no effect on memory at either test interval. These finding indicate that the hippocampal region is required for long-term retention of a nonspatial form of natural memory. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Monte Carlo calculation of high- and low-field AlxGa1-xN electron transport characteristics

The Monte Carlo technique is used to simulate electron transport in bulk, wurtzite phase Al x Ga 1−x N. A multi-valley analytical band model consisting of five spherical, non-parabolic conduction band valleys at the Γ, U, M, and K symmetry points of the Brillouin zone is matched to band structures of GaN and AlN. Parameters for the Al x Ga 1−x N alloy are obtained by linear interpolation. The Monte Carlo simulations are performed for ambient temperatures in the range of 300K to 600K. Scattering mechanisms taken into account include ionized impurity scattering and alloy scattering, in addition to deformation potential scattering (intra- and inter-valley), and polar optical phonon scattering. We present results for the electron steady-state drift velocity and the valley occupancy for electric fields up to 500 kV/cm. Low-field drift mobilities are extracted from the Monte Carlo calculations as functions of the electron concentration, of the ambient temperature, and of the alloy composition.
NYC3DCars: A Dataset of 3D Vehicles in Geographic Context

Geometry and geography can play an important role in recognition tasks in computer vision. To aid in studying connections between geometry and recognition, we introduce NYC3DCars, a rich dataset for vehicle detection in urban scenes built from Internet photos drawn from the wild, focused on densely trafficked areas of New York City. Our dataset is augmented with detailed geometric and geographic information, including full camera poses derived from structure from motion, 3D vehicle annotations, and geographic information from open resources, including road segmentations and directions of travel. NYC3DCars can be used to study new questions about using geometric information in detection tasks, and to explore applications of Internet photos in understanding cities. To demonstrate the utility of our data, we evaluate the use of the geographic information in our dataset to enhance a parts-based detection method, and suggest other avenues for future exploration.
Segregation and Residential Mobility of Vietnamese Immigrants in Brisbane, Australia

The study focuses on residential mobility propensities of Vietnamese immigrants in the city of Brisbane, Australia, as a principal force contributing to the persistence or change of ethnic residential segregation over time. Using 1990 survey data, discrete-time logit models are estimated to assess the effects of locational, contextual, and personal characteristics on the likelihood of changing residence within the city. The results indicate that locational variables operate in such a way that the most dominant Vietnamese neighborhood in Brisbane increases its prominence even further, while secondary Vietnamese clusters are likely to weaken. The results also indicate that initial settlement conditions are important for the first move only, whereas personal attributes contribute to variations in mobility propensities primarily in the second move. This implies that the composition of the immigrant population potentially influences the speed at which changes in ethnic residential patterns will occur in urban ...
Conservation of blood during cardiovascular surgery

Conservative use of allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is a growing trend in cardiovascular surgery. Recent advances in blood conservation measures have reduced, and in some cases eliminated, the need for allogeneic RBC transfusions in some of these patients. Reduced reliance on allogeneic RBC transfusion requires close collaboration among the clinical pathology, anesthesia, and surgery services managing the patient. Preoperative conservation measures include donation of autologous blood and treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (Epoetin alfa). Meticulous surgical technique, moderate hemodilution, aprotinin, hemostatic techniques, blood salvage, and autotransfusion are intraoperative measures that can reduce blood loss. Postoperatively, even severe blood deficits can often be restored with adequate diet and rest and the use of actinics.
Using uncertainty in reputation methods to enforce cooperation in ad-hoc networks

This paper gives an approach to reputation computation that incorporates "uncertainty" based on subjective logic. Uncertainty can arise when a node joins the network and thus has no history, or when a node's behavior changes in a way that is not clearly malicious, but at least suspicious. This uncertainty indicates when a node evaluating the reputation rating of another node should poll its neighbors for recommendations, because its local opinion is not sufficiently well-informed.The uncertainty based algorithm has several parameters and the computed reputation depends on these parameters. To evaluate the effectiveness of the uncertainty based method and to determine the effect of the parameters on the reputation computations, we have implemented a simulation infrastructure for the behavior of ad-hoc networks using the uncertainty based scheme. The simulator can also use other previously proposed mechanisms for reputation computation. The simulator is used to determine optimal parameters for the various schemes and how well each scheme a) ensures cooperative nodes receive service when requested, and b) throttles the ability of free-loading (malicious) nodes to consume service without contributing. The simulations show that the reputation computation that incorporates uncertainty provides superior recognition of "malicious" behavior in a variety of ad-hoc network situations. These initial results are sufficiently promising to motivate continuing study of reputation computations incorporating uncertainty to additional models of malicious behavior and a broader range of network behaviors.
Reconciliation in Aceh: Addressing the social effects of prolonged armed conflict

Abstract Aceh, Indonesia is one of the few societies that have successfully navigated a post-disaster transition following simultaneous natural and man-made disasters. Since the August 2005 peace agreement, Aceh’s road to recovery from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and 30 years of separatist war has been largely successful. However, key challenges remain to consolidate the success of Aceh’s post-disaster transition and ensure sustainable peace in the province. Reconciliation is among the challenges that has to date been largely neglected. While significant political and economic change has occurred, prolonged armed conflict left behind a legacy of negative intergroup relations in Aceh that has yet to be addressed. As political realities have delayed implementation of mechanisms designed to promote reconciliation such as the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Human Rights Court, this paper argues that peacebuilding practitioners should adopt complementary approaches to reconciliation such as intergroup contact programs that are being proven effective in various international contexts. It will explore an important, and largely neglected aspect of Aceh’s post-disaster transition by providing an overview of the literature on reconciliation and intergroup contact, and highlighting key efforts to pilot these techniques and advance reconciliation in Aceh.
Chemistry: Tips for moving single molecules.

Scanning tunnelling microscopes provide a unique perspective on chemistry at the level of single molecules. Now there is a new way of using the tip of such a microscope to manipulate a single molecule.
Bayesian Approach to Estimate AUC, Partition Coefficient and Drug Targeting Index for Studies with Serial Sacrifice Design

Purpose The current study presents a Bayesian approach to non-compartmental analysis (NCA), which provides the accurate and precise estimate of AUC0∞ and any AUC0∞ -based NCA parameter or derivation.
Imagining Head-Smashed-In: Aboriginal Buffalo Hunting on the Northern Plains

Imagining Head-Smashed-In: Aboriginal Buffalo Hunting on the Northern Plains, by Jack W. Brink. Forward by Eldon Yellowhorn. Athabasca University Press, Athabasca University, Edmonton, Alberta, Can...
Plant transpiration at high elevations: Theory, field measurements, and comparisons with desert plants.

The influence of elevational changes on plant transpiration was evaluated using leaf energy balance equations and well-known elevational changes in the physical parameters that influence water vapor diffusion. Simulated transpirational fluxes for large leaves with low and high stomatal resistances to water vapor diffusion were compared to small leaves with identical stomatal resistances at elevations ranging from sea level to 4 km. The specific influence of various air temperature lapse rates was also tested. Validation of the simulated results was accomplished by comparing actual field measurements taken at a low elevation (300 m) desert site with similar measurements for a high elevation (2,560 m) mountain research site. Close agreement was observed between predicted and measured values of transpiration for the environmental and leaf parameters tested. Substantial increases in solar irradiation and the diffusion coefficient for water vapor in air (D wv) occurred with increasing elevation, while air and leaf temperatures, the water vapor concentration difference between the leaf and air, longwave irradiation, and the thermal conductivity coefficient for heat in air decreased with increasing elevation. These changes resulted in temperatures for sunlit leaves that were further above air temperature at higher elevations, especially for large leaves. For large leaves with low stomatal resistances, transpirational fluxes for low-elevation desert plants were close to those predicted for high-elevation plants even though the sunlit leaf temperatures of these mountain plants were over 10°C cooler. Simulating conditions with a low air temperature lapse rate (0.003° C m-1 and 0.004° C m-1) resulted in predicted transpirational fluxes that were greater than those calculated for the desert site. Transpiration for smaller leaves decreased with elevation for all lapse rates tested (0.003° C m-1 to 0.010° C m-1). However, transpirational fluxes at higher elevations were considerably greater than expected for all leaves, especially larger leaves, due to the strong influence of increased solar heating and a greater D wv. These results are discussed in terms of similarities in leaf structure and plant habit observed among low-elevation desert plants and high-elevation alpine and subalpine plants.
Effects of LSD on auditory perception: a signal detection analysis.

The effects of LSD on perceptual behavior were analyzed with a signal detection procedure. This procedure is designed so that at least two of the parameters of a discrimination can be examined. The parameters examined were the physical properties of the stimuli being discriminated (e. g., sensory modality, discrimination difficulty) and the relative reinforcing properties of the environment (e. g., reinforcement probability). Two experiments were run. One experiment investigated the effect of LSD on the detection of tones of different frequencies, the other investigated LSD's effect on a temporal discrimination.
Intergenerational preference differences and optimal national saving

Abstract This paper investigates the problem facing national planners who realize that their successors may employ different social welfare criteria for determining economic policies than they do. In such a situation, we show that the present planners may want to leave future generations a smaller capital stock than they would if they thought the stock would be managed in a way consistent with their own preferences. On the other hand, we also identify cases in which the opposite is true. We obtain the results by studying an optimal aggregate growth model the utility function of which changes randomly from one generation to the next. We analyze the model using a system of functional equations in place of the conventional Bellman equation from dynamic programming theory.
Social Factors in Mental Disorders in Texas

The majority of psychiatric surveys in the United States have been conducted in only two regions, and primarily in urban communities. Only two such studies were on as large a scale as an entire state and both were confined to the same New England region. (4, 11) The smaller studies have been conducted in cities, counties, and health districts within cities (1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 15), and nearly all of these have been in only one type of city, the commercial-industrial. Not all studies of mental disorder have standardized or ad-
Rate Variations of a Hetero-Diels−Alder Reaction in Supercritical Fluid CO2

The hetero-Diels−Alder reaction between anthracene and excess 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione has been investigated in supercritical CO2 at 40 °C and pressures between 75 and 216 bar. Bimolecular reaction rate constants have been measured via fluorescence spectroscopy by following the decrease in anthracene concentration with reaction time. The reaction rate is elevated in the vicinity of the critical pressure. This difference is consistent with local composition enhancement and can be modeled with the Peng−Robinson equation of state.
Molecular dynamics of pancake vortices with realistic interactions : Observing the vortex lattice melting transition

In this paper we describe a version of London Langevin molecular dynamics simulations that allows for investigations of the vortex lattice melting transition in the highly anisotropic high-temperature superconductor material ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$. We include the full electromagnetic interaction as well as the Josephson interaction among pancake vortices. We also implement periodic boundary conditions in all directions, including the $z$ axis along which the magnetic field is applied. We show how to implement flux cutting and reconnection as an analog to permutations in the multilevel Monte Carlo scheme and demonstrate that this process leads to flux entanglement that proliferates in the vortex liquid phase. The first-order melting transition of the vortex lattice is observed to be in excellent agreement with previous multilevel Monte Carlo simulations.
Three-dimensional instability of standing waves

We investigate the three-dimensional instability of finite-amplitude standing surface waves under the influence of gravity. The analysis employs the transition matrix (TM) approach and uses a new high-order spectral element (HOSE) method for computation of the nonlinear wave dynamics. HOSE is an extension of the original high-order spectral method (HOS) wherein nonlinear wave–wave and wave–body interactions are retained up to high order in wave steepness. Instead of global basis functions in HOS, however, HOSE employs spectral elements to allow for complex free-surface geometries and surface-piercing bodies. Exponential convergence of HOS with respect to the total number of spectral modes (for a fixed number of elements) and interaction order is retained in HOSE. In this study, we use TM-HOSE to obtain the stability of general three-dimensional perturbations (on a two-dimensional surface) on two classes of standing waves: plane standing waves in a rectangular tank; and radial/azimuthal standing waves in a circular basin. For plane standing waves, we confirm the known result of two-dimensional side-bandlike instability. In addition, we find a novel three-dimensional instability for base flow of any amplitude. The dominant component of the unstable disturbance is an oblique (standing) wave oriented at an arbitrary angle whose frequency is close to the (nonlinear) frequency of the original standing wave. This finding is confirmed by direct long-time simulations using HOSE which show that the nonlinear evolution leads to classical Fermi–Pasta–Ulam recurrence. For the circular basin, we find that, beyond a threshold wave steepness, a standing wave (of nonlinear frequency . From the cases we consider, the critical wave steepness is found to generally decrease/increase with increasing radial/azimuthal mode number of the base standing wave. Finally, we show that the instability we find for both two- and three-dimensional standing waves is a result of third-order (quartet) resonance.
The role of social media in shaping first-generation high school students' college aspirations: A social capital lens

Using survey data collected from a sample of high school students in the United States (N = 504), this study examined how different types of social capital associated with parents, close friends, and Facebook Friends were related to students' confidence about their knowledge of the college application process and their expectations about succeeding in college. We found that social media use plays a significant role only for first-generation students - students whose parents did not graduate from college. For first-generation students, finding information about college through social media was associated with higher levels of efficacy about college application procedures. Having access via social media to a broader network of people who could actively answer questions and provide informational support was positively related with first-generation students' expectations about their ability to be successful in college, but was not the case for non first-generations.
Effect of pressure-dependent slip on flow curve multiplicity

Various microstructural pictures for slip at polymer/solid interfaces lead to relations which have a region where multiple values of slip velocity are predicted for the same shear stress. This leads to the expectation of multivalued flow curves, which has been verified in specific cases by numerous researchers. We study the effect of pressure dependence on flow curve multiplicity using a simple multivalued slip relation to model the phenomena of hysteresis and spurt flow in polymer extrusion. A continuation technique is used to trace out the boundaries of the region of flow curve multiplicity as pressure drop and die length to diameter (L/D) ratio are changed. Results for Newtonian, shear thinning and viscoelastic constitutive equations show that, despite the multivalued nature of the slip model, multiplicity (and thus hysteresis) is absent at high L/D. For the sake of completeness, we also carry out time-dependent simulations at constant piston speed taking fluid compressibility into account. These simulations show that oscillations in the pressure drop and exit volumetric flow rate result only if the system is operated in the multiplicity region of the steady state flow curve, in agreement with the results of similar simulations by researchers using various multivalued slip models without pressure dependence. The results demonstrate that a multivalued slip model does not guarantee multiplicity in the flow curve for the constant pressure drop operation, nor oscillations for constant piston speed operation.
Forest-tree breeding

The breeding of forest trees by means of selection and of hybridization in order to obtain increased disease resistance and improved utilitarian qualities in pulp and timber trees is still in the experimental stage, but long-range planning along these lines offers one means of balancing diminishing timber supplies.
Follow up Approaches in Thyroid Cancer: A Risk Adapted Paradigm

The primary goal in the follow up of thyroid cancer patients is to identify and treat persistent and recurrent disease at a time that minimizes morbidity and disease specific mortality. This article presents a risk-adapted follow-up paradigm to guide both intensity and methodology of follow-up testing based on initial risk stratification, ongoing risk stratification, and secondary risk stratification that incorporates each of the well-known risk factors for recurrence and death from thyroid cancer, with a response to therapy variable as well as duration of disease-free survival. With a proper understanding of the biology of the disease and with accurate assessments of response to therapy, clinicians are better able to tailor a risk-appropriate follow-up approach to individual patients, minimizing excessive testing while still providing adequate testing to detect clinically significant disease recurrence in a timely fashion.
Simple zero dispersion detection technique using alternating chirp signal in automatic dispersion equalisation system

Zero dispersion in installed fibres can be detected by using an alternating chirp signal, which has alternate optical frequency shifts. In a test of this novel simple technique using a signal modulated at 10 GHz, zero dispersion was detected in the range -600 to 600 ps/nm.
Chemical Kinetics Models for Semiconductor Processing

Chemical reactions in the gas-phase and on surfaces are important in the deposition and etching of materials for microelectronic applications. A general software framework for describing homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction kinetics utilizing the Chemkin suite of codes is presented. Experimental, theoretical and modeling approaches to developing chemical reaction mechanisms are discussed. A number of TCAD application modules for simulating the chemically reacting flow in deposition and etching reactors have been developed and are also described.
Brain neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing hormone in mediating stress and anxiety

Neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) have been implicated not only in acute regulation of stress/anxiety-related behaviors, but adaptations and changes in these neuropeptide systems may also participate in the regulation of behavior and endocrine responses during chronic stress. NPY is an endogenous anxiolytic neuropeptide, while CRH has anxiogenic properties upon central administration. Changes in these neuropeptide systems may contribute to disease states and give us indications for putative treatment targets for stress/anxiety disorders as well as alcohol/drug dependence. In this review, we briefly present these two systems and review their involvement in mediating the responses to acute and chronic stressors, as well as their possible roles in the development and progression of stress/anxiety disorders. We suggest that neuropeptides may be attractive in treatment development for stress/anxiety disorders, as well as for alcohol/drug dependence, based on their specificity and activity following exposure to external challenges, i.e. stressors, and their differential adaptations during transition from an acute to a chronic stress exposure state.
Seagrass depth limits in the Indian River Lagoon (Florida, U.S.A.): Application of an optical water quality model

Abstract A model of spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance in terms of the inherent optical properties of optically important water quality parameters was calibrated near two seagrass beds in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, U.S.A. One of the seagrass sites was near the outflow of a canal discharging highly coloured water, and is regularly inundated by a plume of coloured water. Attenuation coefficients for photosynthetically active radiation predicted by the model agreed with observations within about 15 %. Observed ecological compensation depth for the seagrass bed more distant from the colour source agreed well with the central tendency of the 20 % penetration depth predicted by the optical model using the observed distributions of water quality parameters. Depth distributions of the seagrass bed near the coloured water source were about 0 ·5 m shallower, a result predicted by the optical model assuming the seagrass bed is inundated by the coloured water plume 50 –70 % of the time. At depths less than their ecological compensation depths, the two seagrass beds had similar species composition, shoot densities and biomass characteristics. Application of the model to hypothetical scenarios to reduce the impact of coloured water on the depth distribution of seagrasses near the discharge site indicated that any improvement in water quality would improve conditions for seagrass growth. The results indicate the utility of optical modelling in conjunction with limited field surveys of seagrasses for setting water quality objectives.
Symplectic geometry on T∗M derived from n-symplectic geometry on LM

Abstract We establish the relationship between n-symplectic geometry on the bundle of linear frames LM of an n-dimensional manifold M and canonical symplectic geometry on the cotangent bundle T∗M. We show that all basic features of the canonical symplectic geometry of polynomial observables on T∗ M are induced from the n-symplectic geometry on LM. Moreover, the Cx bundle Lx over T∗M associated with geometric quantization theory is identified with a fiber bundle associated to the principal bundle of affine frames AM of the manifold M. Viewing AM as a principal R n bundle over LM we show that the connection on Lx used in geometric quantization theory is induced from a canonical connection on AM that is constructed from the R n-valued n-symplectic potential. We then show that the connection preserving vector fields on Lx that are related to linear polynomial observables on T∗M are also induced from connection preserving vector fields on AM.
Dear subscribers and readers of the journal

The year 2006 will witness significant changes in the Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics which, we hope, will greatly improve the visual and the functional aspects of the Journal. We are very pleased to be able to announce the implementation of a milestone in this reorganization, which is planned to be completed by July 2006. The Journal will now be apart of the Online First program, which will automatically load a revised manuscript on the Journals website in both HTML format as well as PDF format. The advantages of this process include: Articles are published days after authors have corrected their electronic proofs, thereby cutting weeks off the publication time. The online article is citable. Articles are published days, weeks, or even months before appearing in a print issue. The publication of the author's article is never delayed due to the status of other articles in the journal. The online article is sent to the various indexing services for inclusion in their databases. This online system will also update the submission process for authors. Starting in Volume 23, Number 1, at the end of the contents page, we will refer the author to a URL site they can access to find the most up-to-date author instructions. By not having the complete author instructions in print, we will avoid the problem of authors using outdated author instructions because they look in an old print issue of the journal. Also, since this journal utilizes an electronic peer review system, this will allow the author to utilize the online workflow for both preparing and delivering the manuscript. Finally, at the end of this volume year we will no longer be including a printed author/subject index. Now that the journal is online, the user will be able to electronically search not only in the current year volume but also previous years’ volumes for specific author and subject information. This is an important feature for the reader who will now have a greater pool of content from which to find specific and related information. All these changes will be beneficial in that they help to focus the journal's electronic capabilities in order to encourage easier usage and discovery of the journal's content for the reader. This in turn gives the journal greater exposure to the community it presently serves and it is hoped that it will encourage exposure to the community it has yet to serve.
Parametric pumping: Behavior of open systems part 1: Analytical solutions

Abstract An analytical solution of the model equations which describe continuous direct thermal parametric pumping systems is presented. Although the solution is strictly applicable only in the limit of equilibrium operation, it does provide insight into the qualitative behavior of nonequilibrium systems. It is shown how this analytical solution can be used quantitatively for comparing various open system configurations and operations. Earlier work on batch systems is extended to include the effect of reservoir dead volume.
A phase I study of subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2a.

Background. Both recombinant interferon alfa and interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been shown to have some activity as single agents in metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC), although their activity is minimal in more common solid tumors. Recent preclinical studies have suggested that the combination of these two agents is especially promising. Methods. Subcutaneous recombinant interferon alfa-2a and IL-2 were administered at one of five dose levels to 33 patients with refractory solid tumors, including 21 patients with RCC. A constant ratio of 5:1 of interferon alfa-2a to IL-2 was used. Interferon alfa-2a and IL-2 were administered three and five times weekly, respectively, for a total of 4 weeks, followed by a rest of 1–3 weeks between cycles. Results. The dose-limiting toxic effects included hypotension, nephrotoxicity, and fatigue. At the recommended Phase II dose of 7.5 million units (MU)/m2 of interferon alfa-2a and 1.5 MU/m2 of IL-2, 12 patients were treated. Ten of 12 completed the 4-week cycle without modification. Four patients at that dose level had Grade 3–4 toxic effects. Partial responses were observed in 4 of 16 assessable patients with RCC. Conclusions. Subcutaneous interferon alfa-2a and IL-2 can be self-administered safely on an outpatient basis. At tolerable doses, responses can be achieved in metastatic RCC.
Designing U.S. Economic Policy: An Analytical Biography of Leon H. Keyserling . By W. Robert Brazelton. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. ix, 181. $65.00.

Leon H. Keyserling (1908–1987) participated in almost all of the major macroeconomic debates in the United States from the early 1930s to the late 1970s. From 1933 until 1937 he served as a key aide to Senator Robert F. Wagner (D-NY) and drafted pathbreaking labor and housing legislation. As general counsel of the United States Housing Authority from 1937 to 1945 he played a central role in formulating and implementing New Deal housing policy. Keyserling was a founding member of the Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) in 1946 and was appointed chairman in 1950. After his term on the CEA ended in 1953, he became a private consultant, wrote frequently for major newspapers and magazines, and testified regularly before Congressional committees.
Low Cost System Using Parents to Monitor the Development of At-Risk Infants

Monitoring the developmental progress of infants designated as at-risk for medical or environmental reasons is an important activity that is often not carried out because accurate low-cost methods of tracking and screening infants are not available. To address this problem, state agencies have adopted varying strategies to follow and screen groups of at-risk infants. Several counties in Oregon are examining the use of a screening system that uses parents to complete a series of developmental questionnaires. The questionnaires are short and easy to complete and are mailed to parents when the infant is 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 30, and 36 months of age. A series of studies on the cost, reliability, and validity of the questionnaires have been conducted on a population of at-risk infants and their parents. These data indicate the questionnaires are low-cost and have substantial agreement with standardized test assessment of the infants.
Tumor induction by direct injection of cloned v-src DNA into chickens.

Abstract The in vitro transforming potential of Rous sarcoma viruses has been shown to reside in a gene segment, v-src. To provide direct proof that the isolated v-src sequence contains all the information necessary for sarcoma induction in vivo, we have injected subgenomic and genomic cloned DNA carrying v-src directly into chickens. We report that v-src, without the complements of other viral genes, can effectively induce sarcomas in the host within weeks after injection. The sarcoma tumors generated by subgenomic v-src DNA are of mono- or oligoclonal origin. They have acquired v-src sequences in the genome and expressed high levels of src messages. Intact long terminal repeats do not seem to be essential in the tumorigenic process.
PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN ISOLATES AND CONCENTRATES FROM OILSEED FLOUR EXTRACTS USING INDUSTRIAL ULTRAFILTRATION AND REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS

The consumption of protein isolates from oilseed flours is expected to continue its upward trend as meat analogs from vegetable proteins are more widely marketed. However, conventional protein isolation procedures are lengthy and somewhat expensive. These processes also result in whey-like liquid by-products which constitute a water pollution threat unless properly processed. Preparation of protein isolates and concentrates from glandless cottonseed and soy flours by extracting the protein and ultrafiltering the solubilized protein directly from the liquid extract was investigated. In the process devised, proteins normally precipitated to produce isolates were recovered together with the conventional whey protein by ultrafiltration (UF). The UF permeate was further processed with a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. Different industrial UF and RO systems were utilized in 22–60 lb extractions. UF membranes were found which gave desirably high permeation rates and satisfactory constituent separations, especially with cottonseed storage protein (SP) extract. With SP extract, initial LJF permeate flux achieved was in excess of 1.50 gal of permeate per square foot of membrane area per day (gfd). The flux declined to 96 gfd over a period of 8 hr while the volume of original extract in the feed solution was being reduced by a ratio of 12.5 to 1 in the final UF concentrate. As expected, nonstorage protein (NSP) and SP extracts from cottonseed were found to require membranes having different molecular weight cutoff points. Noncellulose-based membranes performed better for this application because of their broader pH and temperature operating ranges.
A calculated response: control of inflammation by the innate immune system

Inflammation is a rapid yet coordinated response that can lead to the destruction of microbes and host tissue. Triggers capable of inducing an inflammatory response include tissue damage and infection by pathogenic and nonpathogenic microbes. Each of these triggers represents a qualitatively distinct stress to the host immune system, yet our understanding of whether they are interpreted as such remains poor. Accumulating evidence suggests that recognition of these distinct stimuli converges on many of the same receptors of the innate immune system. Here I provide an overview of these innate receptors and suggest that the innate immune system can interpret the context of an inflammatory trigger and direct inflammation accordingly.
Increases in cytosolic Ca++ down regulate thyrotropin receptor gene expression by a mechanism different from the cAMP signal.

Thyrotropin (TSH) receptor mRNA levels in rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells are decreased by treatment with the calcium ionophores, A23187 or ionomycin, as well as with TSH, choleratoxin, forskolin, and 8-bromo-cAMP. Down regulation is, in each case, associated with a decrease in [125I]TSH binding and a decreased ability of TSH to increase cAMP levels. The ionophore does not alter cAMP levels and ethylene glycol-bis-(β-aminoethyl ether) N, N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) in the medium prevents down regulation of TSH receptor mRNA levels by the ionophore, but not by TSH; the EGTA action is reversed by the simultaneous addition of Ca++. Whereas down regulation by TSH and its cAMP signal requires the presence of insulin and/or serum in the medium; down regulation by a calcium ionophore is still evident in their absence. Down regulation of TSH receptor mRNA levels and receptor desensitization by TSHcAMP or an ionophore is lost in cells transfected with a full length TSH receptor cDNA devoid of regulatory elements, but able to reconstitute TSH receptor signal generation.
An Isomorphic Notation of Switching Circuits

An isomorphic notation is introduced to switching circuits which gives a one-to-one correspondence between the equation and the implementation. The application of nested parentheses makes the notation suitable for programming. It maintains essentially the ordinary algebraic equation form and may facilitate the development of more minimization theorems.
Compliance with government mandates: The case of advance notice law

Abstract In 1988 Congress passed the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act, which mandates private-sector employers with 100 or more workers to provide advance notice 60 days before plant closings and mass layoffs. Literature review suggests that the compliance with this law is likely to be weakened due to two design problems of the law: (1) exclusions and exemptions under the law; (2) use of adjudication as the primary enforcement tool. Using data from the Current Population Survey , this study analyzes the compliance with advance notice. The results show that the law did not appear to benefit displaced workers in terms of increasing their chance of receiving advance notice, which suggest that passing a federally mandated notice does not necessarily guarantee its compliance. I also discuss the limitations and implications of my findings.
Stabilizing bootstrap-t confidence intervals for small samples

A major use of the bootstrap methodology is in the construction of nonparametric confidence intervals. Although no consensus has yet been reached on the best way to proceed, theoretical and empirical evidence indicate that bootstra.-t intervals provide a reasonable solution to this problem. However, when applied to small data sets, these intervals can be unusually wide and unstable. The author presents techniques for stabilizing bootstra.-t intervals for small samples. His methods are motivated theoretically and investigated though simulations. Les methodes d'auto-amorcage sont souvent utilises pour la construction d'intervalles de confiance non parametriques. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas encore de consensus sur la facon optimale de proceder, plusieurs arguments de nature theorique et experimentale militent en faveur des intervalles de type bootstrap-t. Lorsque la taille de l'echantillon est faible, ces intervalles peuvent neanmoins s'averer tres larges et instables. L'auteur presente ici des techniques permettant de stabiliser les intervalles bootstrap-t dans de telles situations. Ses methodes sont motivees au plan theorique et testers au moyen de simulations.
Quantum phase transitions

In this talk I will try to summarize current activity in the condensed matter physics community on quantum phase transitions with disorder. I will describe some examples and explain in what ways these transitions differ from conventional phase transitions at finite temperature. In particular similarities with, and u~fferences from, phase transitions studied in lattice gauge theories will be brought out.
President Bush's Enthymeme of Evil: The Amalgamation of 9/11, Iraq, and Moral Values

Ted Windt’s description of presidential crisis rhetoric helps explain the successes and the difficulties of President Bush’s war on terror. Immediately after the attacks, the president moved rhetorically to provide reassurance and to delegate policy direction. But President Bush’s rhetorical transformation of a faceless coward’s attack on our country into evil’s attack on everything good and proper in the world prepared us to respond against enemies beyond “those responsible for these attacks” even as his top advisors warned against doing so. The devil-angel melodrama provided the dramatistic proof Windt described, and when the president cast it in the form of a jeremiad, it reconciled contradictions and complicated counterargument and deliberation.
Caftaric and coutaric acids in fruit of Vitis

Abstract The contents of trans and cis caftaric and coutaric acids were determined by HPLC under conditions fully protecting against oxidation in berry juices from five non- Vitis species, 28 Vitis species, 20 white and 17 red Vitis vinifera cultivars, six Vitis labrusca cultivars and 11 other varieties. These components appear to be genetically determined to a considerable degree. Replicate samples of the same variety from different sources generally gave similar composition. The compounds were absent from or present only in trace amounts in Vitis rotundifolia and four (of five) non- Vitis species. Other Vitis species all contained them but the content ranged from 5 mg/1 to 1350 mg/1 of caftaric and from a trace to 340 mg/1 of coutaric acid. Cultivars of Vitis vinifera did not differ appreciably whether white or red berries were involved, but ranged from 16 to 430 mg/1 of trans-caftaric acid, averaging 145 mg/1. Vitis labrusca and its cultivars averaged notably higher and hybrids were generally intermediate with their parent species. The cis percentage increased, particularly for coutaric with the varieties arranged in order of decreasing caftaric concentration, but appeared to reflect environmental rather than genetic influences. The proportion of coutaric acid, however, appeared quite variable (3-33 % of the caftaric content in the vinifera cultivars) by variety and was apparently genetically controlled.
Stochastic dynamic models with stock-dependent rewards

Abstract We examine the behavior of optimal consumption and investment policies in aggregate stochastic growth models when utility depends on both consumption and the stock level. Such models arise in the study of renewable resources, monetary growth, and growth with public capital. Conditions are given which guarantee that optimal policies are monotonic. The limiting behavior of the optimal consumption, investment, and output processes is characterized.
Influence of planktonic and sessile Listeria monocytogenes on Caenorhabditis elegans.

Listeria monocytogenes is the etiologic agent of listeriosis, a food-borne disease affecting humans and a variety of animals. In order to combat this pathogen, it is crucial to have an understanding of its natural interplay with the environment. For this reason, the free soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was focused upon because of its shared natural habitat with Listeria and its potential as a model organism for Listeria pathogenesis. Previous studies have generated some contradictory results on Listeria’s ability to kill C. elegans, making additional interaction studies such as this more attractive. In our study, we carried out a series of killing assays in a systematic manner using different Listeria strains under different growth conditions. In addition to studying the effects of planktonic cells, we examined the interaction between C. elegans and sessile listerial cells. Our findings suggest that, rather than causing infection and death, L. monocytogenes may extend the life span of C. elegans. This indicates that Listeria is not pathogenic to C. elegans. We also found that C. elegans can feed and ingest sessile cells, as well as carry the pathogen in its gut, implying that C. elegans could be a vehicle for L. monocytogenes spread in the environment.
Simulations of crack propagation in elastic-plastic graded materials

Abstract This paper introduces a criterion suitable for the simulation of crack propagation in elastic–plastic graded materials. It proposes a power-law relationship between the two critical failure parameters, surface separation energy and peak separation stress, which are spatial variants in graded solids. To investigate its feasibility, this criterion is implemented in finite element models and tested under various dynamic failure conditions. First, dynamic crack propagation in double cantilever beam model is considered and the effects of the failure parameters are investigated. The results show crack propagation behavior is highly dependent on the variations of the failure parameters. Evolutions of various energy components are also monitored during the crack growth to evaluate failure characteristics of graded materials. Unlike homogeneous materials, crack propagation in elastic–plastic graded materials never attains a steady state and the fracture energy associated with crack growth continues to vary as the crack propagates through the graded region. In a subsequent analysis, impact failure of a ceramic–metal graded layer is considered. In this case, multiple crack initiate and propagate at various locations. Additionally, different through-thickness compositional gradations are examined to study their effects on cracking profiles and energy absorption characteristics. It is demonstrated that the cracking substantially alters the overall pattern of energy evolutions even though the energy directly consumed by the surface separations remains small. This study concludes that similar approaches can be employed for investigating failure in other inhomogeneous/heterogeneous materials to optimize their design.
The effect of location on closure measurements after overloads

Abstract Crack opening displacements were measured before and after single overloads on 2024-T351 aluminum specimens. A computer-controlled in-plane optical interferometric system was used to measure the displacements at various positions behind the crack tip. Opening load ratios were determined from those records and found to be higher closer to the tip and higher after an overload.
Chronic Adductor Tendinitis in a Female Swimmer

Although hip and groin pathologies are not as prevalent as other lower extremity injuries, information on the course of physical therapy to remedy these injuries is needed. This case studyreviews an episode of chronic adductor tendinitis and the subsequent course of treatment. A 16-year-old female swimmer developed symptoms of an adductor strain that failed to respond to varied conservative treatments over 1 year. A unilateral tenotomy was performed, and follow-up treatment was provided. Although this patient is not symptom-free, she is swimming competitively at a major Division I college. Consideration of more than one causative factor and aggressive early diagnosis must be performed to prevent groin pain from becoming chronic.