cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of desiccated thyroid, propylthiouracil, vitamin B12 and caloric restriction on somatic growth, food intake and dentinogenesis in cortisone-treated immature albino rats.

Abstract Seven groups of twenty male rats were weaned and given an intraperitoneal injection of alizarin red S at 21 days of age. For the next 20 days the rats were reared on one of the following dietary regimes: 1, CAdeit (0d2 mg cortisone/g food) ad libitum ; 2, TCAdiet (0.2 mg desiccated thyroid/g CAdiet) ad libitum ; 3, PTUCAdiet (0.2 mg propylthiovracil/g CAdiet) ad libitum ; 4, Rdiet (control food) ad libitum ; 5, Rdiet in restricted amounts; 6, B 12 CAdiet (200 μg vitamin B 12 /kg CAdiet ad libitum ; 7, B 12 CAdiet in restricted amounts. The 21–41 day increments of dentine were measured on tracings of comparable, central, undecalcified sections (95–105μthick), cut mesio-distally, parallel to the long axes of the mandibular first molars. Body weight and food intake of the 140 rats were recorded regularly. The final wet weights of the adrenal glands, submaxillary together with the major sublingual salivary glands, testes and eyes were recorded for ten rats in each of the seven groups. Results showed that CAdiet retarded dentinogenesis and increments in body weight, depressed food intake and weights of all glands and organs. Caloric restriction also affected somatic growth, but markedly less than CAdiet. Dentine apposition was not retarded by the caloric restriction. TCAdiet resulted in greater food intake and body weight than did CAdiet. The desiccated thyroid did not alter the effects of cortisone on weights of glands and organs, but apparently augmented the depressing effects on dentine formation. Propylthiouracil produced goitre. The PTUCAdiet resulted in smaller food intake, i.e. cortisone-dosage, and did not per se augment the effects of cortisone on dentinogenesis, on body weight, on weights of organs and glands, except the adrenals which were markedly smaller than those of rats raised on the CAdiet. Vitamin B 12 resulted in greater food intake, i.e. cortisone-dosage, of rats raised on the B 12 CAdiet ad libitum . B 12 did not protect the rats from the effects of cortisone on body weight, but did in part counteract the retardation of dentinogenesis and of salivary gland weight. Finally, exophthalmos occured in 80 per cent of all cortisone-treated rats, it was not due to enlarged eyes per se .
The Role of Glutamine 114 in Old Yellow Enzyme

Next Section Abstract Glutamine 114 of OYE1 is a well conserved residue in the active site of the Old Yellow Enzyme family. It forms hydrogen bonds to the O2 and N3 of the flavoprotein prosthetic group, FMN. Glutamine 114 was mutated to asparagine, introducing an R-group that is one methylene group shorter. The resultant enzyme was characterized to determine the effect of the mutation on the mechanistic behavior of the enzyme, and the crystal structure was solved to determine the effect of the mutation on the structure of the protein. The Q114N mutation results in little change in the protein structure, moving the amide group of residue 114 out of H-bonding distance, allowing repositioning of the FMN prosthetic group to form new interactions that replace the lost H-bonds. The mutation decreases the ability to bind ligands, as all dissociation constants for substituted phenols are larger than for the wild type enzyme. The rate constant for the reductive half-reaction with β-NADPH is slightly greater, whereas that for the oxidative half-reaction with 2-cyclohexenone is smaller than for the wild type enzyme. Oxidation with molecular oxygen is biphasic and involves formation and reaction with O⨪2, a phenomenon that is more pronounced with this mutation than with wild type enzyme. When superoxide dismutase is added to the reaction, we observe a single-phase reaction typical of the wild type enzyme. Turnover reactions using β-NADPH with 2-cyclohexenone and molecular oxygen were studied to further characterize the mutant enzyme.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support after the Fontan operation

Objective Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been used to support children with cardiac failure after the Fontan operation. Mortality is high, and causes of mortality remain unclear. We evaluated the in-hospital mortality and factors associated with mortality in these patients. Methods Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry data on patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after the Fontan operation from 1987 to 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographics and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation data were compared for survivors and nonsurvivors. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with mortality. Results Of 230 patients, 81 (35%) survived to hospital discharge. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was more frequent (34% vs 17%, P = .04), and median fraction of inspired oxygen concentration was higher (1 [confidence interval, 0.9–1.0] vs 0.9 [confidence interval, 0.8–1.0], P = .03) before extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in nonsurvivors compared with survivors. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration and incidence of complications, including surgical bleeding, neurologic injury, renal failure, inotrope use on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and bloodstream infection, were higher in nonsurvivors compared with survivors ( P Conclusions Cardiac failure requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after the Fontan operation is associated with high mortality. Complications during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support increase mortality odds. Prompt correction of surgical bleeding when possible may improve survival.
Photoconductive processes in pure and doped triphenylene

Abstract A systematic study of the photoconductive properties of pure and doped triphenylene films and crystals has been made to determine the involvement of the singlet and triplet states of both host and guest in the conduction process. The guest molecules were the aromatic hydrocarbons coronene, anthracene, azulene, phenanthrene, pyrene, tetracene and pentacene, in concentrations between 1–3 per cent. In pure triphenylene photoconductivity arises by excitation in the singlet wavelength region. No evidence is observed that the triplet level participates in photoconduction. For doped triphenylene the lower lying impurity singlets are more effective in promoting photoconduction than the triphenylene singlet itself. The observed variation of the photocurrent with light intensity follows powers both greater or less than unity. Power greater than unity is explained by the mechanism of exciton-exciton interactions for the creation of free carriers. Exciton recombination rates calculated from the experimental results and the theory formulated to include single and double exciton processes are in good agreement with the theoretically calculated values by Choi and Rice. For powers less than one, the single exciton model is used. That the experimentally observed power of the intensity dependence is not quite equal to two, as is expected for the double exciton process, is explained by the presence of trapping levels. A consequence of the double exciton mechanism is that additional energy is required to promote an electron from an excited triphenylene or impurity singlet into triphenylene conduction levels. This locates the conduction level above the triphenylene singlet state.
SOME BASIC PROBLEMS IN FRACTURE MECHANICS AND NEW CONCEPTS

Abstract Although fracture mechanics has gained a sufficient amount of recognition in the past, it is not always clear how the laboratory measurements on fracture toughness or crack growth rate help engineers to design a safe structure. One is hopeful that the current theory can be generalized and extended to explain the various fracture phenomena. However, should it be discovered that the theory was developed on false premises and that the theory and experiment just happen to agree reasonably well, then, guided by the basic laws of physics, we must reconstruct our model. There is no doubt that new concepts are needed to explain many of the presently misunderstood fracture phenomena which are observed on the microscopic level as well as the macroscopic. Without fundamental new ideas, fracture mechanics will remain only a laboratory tool. The object of this paper is to re-examine some of the fundamental concepts of the classical theory of fracture and to discuss the numerous inconsistencies and misconceptions that have not received attention. The following topics have been selected for this discussion: 1. (1) Re-examination of the Griffith concept. 2. (2) Modified Griffith theory for ductile material. In addition, the concept of the strain-energy density field will be introduced and applied to the formulation of a new fracture theory.
Cyanogenesis in Acacia subgenus Aculeiferum

Abstract Cyanogenic glycosides are for the first time identified from members of Acacia subgenus Aculeiferum . The aromatic glycosides prunasin and sambunigrin occur in A. caffra and A. hereroensis . These African species are placed in section Aculeiferum subsection Polyacanthae . These data support other evidence derived from pollen and free amino acids in seeds that subgenus Aculeiferum is more closely related to the predominantly Australian subgenus Phyllodineae than to the pan-tropical subgenus Acacia .
Competing resort hotels. Word-of-mouth communication and guest retention.

Abstract Word-of-mouth (WOM) communications were the most often reported method of first learning about hotel choices in an ocean resort area. WOM communications were associated positively with customer retention by resort hotels, ie resort hotels having the most WOM communications had the highest reported most recent visits from customers known to have stayed at the respective hotels. Specific hotel services perceived to have been better than expected were found to be associated with WOM communication. The study Included a five-page questionnaire sent to samples of customers of six hotels. Comparisons of WOM communications by customers across hotels are provided.
History-dependent thermal expansion in NbO2F

Abstract Materials with cubic ReO3-type structures are of interest for their low or negative thermal expansion characteristics. TaO2F is known to display almost zero thermal expansion over a wide temperature range. On heating NbO2F, its volume coefficient of thermal expansion decreases from ~+45 ppm K−1 at 100 K to almost zero at 400 K. NbO2F is cubic between 100 and 500 K. Samples of “NbO2F” prepared by the digestion of Nb2O5 in aqueous HF followed by mild drying contain hydroxyl defects and metal vacancies. On heating, they can undergo irreversible chemical changes while maintaining a cubic ReO3-type structure. The possibility of hydroxyl defect incorporation should be considered when preparing oxyfluorides for evaluation as battery materials.
Assessment of the Role of Oxytocin Receptors in Phenylpropanolamine-Induced Anorexia in Rats

The anorexic effects of phenylpropanolamine (PPA) have been attributed to activation by PPA of alpha 1-adrenoceptors within rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The PVN, however, is a nexus for a number of ascending and descending fibers systems that release transmitters and modulators known to inhibit appetite. The focus of the present study was to assess the possibility that oxytocin activity might play a role in the anorexic action of PPA. The present study therefore examined the effects of systemic administration of the oxytocin antagonist L-366,948 on PPA-induced anorexia. Adult male rats (n = 10 per group) were pretreated (i.p.) with either 0, 1, or 2 mg/kg L-366,948 15 min prior to treatment injections (i.p.) of either 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg PPA. Food and water intakes were recorded for a 30 min period (1600 h) starting 30 min after the treatment injection. Rats pretreated with vehicle and then treated with PPA exhibited a dose-dependent suppression of feeding with a maximal effect evident at 15 mg/kg PPA. Pretreatment with 1 or 2 mg/kg L-366,948 alone did not alter feeding nor did these doses alter the anorexia induced by PPA. These results suggest that direct or indirect oxytocin activity is not a factor in the anorexic action of PPA, a finding that further strengthens the notion that PPA inhibits food intake via activation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors.
Genetic linkage analysis and homology relationships of genes located on human chromosome 11q.

Abstract We have used DNA polymorphisms detected by probes for 11q to order 16 genes and to determine the genetic distances between them. Our map includes the genes for CD20, tyrosinase, progesterone receptor, stromelysin, collagenase, N-CAM, dopamine-D 2 receptor, apolipoproteins AI-CIII-AIV, CD3-ϵ, -δ, and -γ, porphobilinogen deaminase, thy-1, and ets -1. These genes have previously been sequenced as well as placed on the 11q cytogenetic map, which now makes them anchor points between the cytogenetic, genetic, and physical maps of this region. The ordering and distances between these genes are of immediate use in testing hypotheses of candidate genes for human genetic diseases associated with chromosome 11q. A comparison between our genetic map and similar maps from other species defines regions of homologous synteny that may be useful in mapping human genetic disease genes localized to the 11q region. Analysis of such homology provides additional bases for speculation of the evolutionary histories of gene families in this region.
PRIMARY SEQUENCE OF A PUTATIVE PYROPHOSPHATE-LINKED PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE GENE OF GIARDIA LAMBLIA

Abstract Based on sequence information from a cosmid library, we obtained a genomic clone that encodes a putative inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi)-linked phosphofructokinase of Giardia lamblia. The open reading frame specified a protein of 59.8 kDa homologous to PPi- and ATP-linked phosphofructokinases. The greatest similarity (over 50% positional identity) was noted to the β-subunits of both the Solanum tuberosum (potato) and Ricinus communis (castor bean) PPi-phosphofructokinases.
Risk Factors for Infection at the Operative Site after Abdominal or Vaginal Hysterectomy

We studied risk factors for postoperative infections at the operative site after hysterectomies. Data were collected prospectively on all women undergoing vaginal hysterectomies (323 patients) or abdominal hysterectomies (1125 patients) at the Boston Hospital for Women between February 1976 and April 1978. Logistic-regression analysis indicated that factors significantly associated (P less than 0.05) with a higher risk of infection at the operative site were increased duration of operation, lack of antibiotic prophylaxis, younger age, being a clinic patient, and an abdominal approach. After these variables were accounted for, the variables of obesity, preoperative functional and anatomical diagnoses, postoperative anatomical and pathological diagnoses, estimated blood loss, menopausal status, and operation by a specific surgeon did not add predictive power. An increasing duration of operation was associated with a decreasing effect of antibiotic prophylaxis, the preventive fraction of which diminished from 80 per cent at one hour to an unmeasurable effect at 3.3 hours.
Problem-Solving Appraisal and Depression: Evidence for a Recovery Model

The purpose of this study was to examine whether problem-solving appraisal plays a role in recovery from depression in a university population. It was predicted that self-appraised effective problem solvers would be more likely to recover from a depressive episode than self-appraised ineffective problem solvers. Consistent with this hypothesis, there was a significant Time 1 problem-solving appraisal x Time 1 depression interaction in predicting Time 2 depression scores. More specifically, by Time 2 the self-appraised effective problem solvers reported only mild levels of depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI] = 12), whereas the self-appraised ineffective problem solvers reported levels of depression that were moderate to severe (BDI = 20).
The Role of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer: A Single-Institution Experience

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a promising option for patients with pancreatic cancer (PCA); however, limited data support its efficacy. This study reviews our institutional experience of SBRT in the treatment of locally advanced (LAPC) and borderline resectable (BRPC) PCA. Charts of all PCA patients receiving SBRT at our institution from 2010 to 2014 were reviewed. Most patients received pre-SBRT chemotherapy. Primary endpoints included overall survival (OS) and local progression-free survival (LPFS). Patients received a total dose of 25–33 Gy in five fractions. A total of 88 patients were included in the analysis, 74 with LAPC and 14 with BRPC. The median age at diagnosis was 67.2 years, and median follow-up from date of diagnosis for LAPC and BRPC patients was 14.5 and 10.3 months, respectively. Median OS from date of diagnosis was 18.4 months (LAPC, 18.4 mo; BRPC, 14.4 mo) and median PFS was 9.8 months (95 % CI 8.0–12.3). Acute toxicity was minimal with only three patients (3.4 %) experiencing acute grade ≥3 toxicity. Late grade ≥2 gastrointestinal toxicity was seen in five patients (5.7 %). Of the 19 patients (21.6 %) who underwent surgery, 79 % were LAPC patients and 84 % had margin-negative resections. Chemotherapy followed by SBRT in patients with LAPC and BRPC resulted in minimal acute and late toxicity. A large proportion of patients underwent surgical resection despite limited radiographic response to therapy. Further refinements in the integration of chemotherapy, SBRT, and surgery might offer additional advancements toward optimizing patient outcomes.
The reaction of perfluoro (N-alklyl-cyclic amines) with oleum. The formation and characterization of perfluorolactams

Abstract Treatment of several kinds of perfluoro (N-alkyl-cyclic amines) (-pyrrolidines, -morpholines, -piperidines and -hexahydroazepin) with oleum at 140 ∼ 170 °C afforded the corresponding perfluorolactams in fair yields. The reaction conditions and the properties of perfluorolactams are described.
Self-Assembly of β-Peptides: Insight from the Pair and Many-Body Free Energy of Association

Oligomers of β-peptides with cyclic residues make very stable helices where the amphiphilicity can be tailored via the sequence. These molecules display large-scale hierarchical self-assembly that is very sensitive to the sequence. For example, the globally amphiphilic (GA) sequence of one molecule, βY-(ACHC-ACHC-βK) 3 (model A), self-assembles into long cylinders, which can display a nematic phase, but the nonglobally amphiphilic (non-GA) sequence does not. Interestingly, for a closely related sequence, βY-(ACHC-βF-βK) 3 (model B), the opposite is true; that is, the non-GA sequence self-assembles into long hollow cylinders, and the GA sequence does not. In this work, the pair and many-body potential of mean force (PMF) between β-peptides is studied using computer simulations with explicit and implicit solvent. The PMF studies rationalize the experimentally observed trends. In particular, for the sequences that form hollow cylinders, the most stable configuration of a pair of molecules is when they are side-to-side and parallel. The two sequences that do make cylinders have side-to-side parallel configurations with a slight curvature at the minimum in the triplet PMF. The implicit solvent simulations are in qualitative accord with explicit solvent simulations for the pair PMF, suggesting that one could use multibody PMF studies with implicit solvent models to provide insight into the self-assembly of complex molecules.
Energy sources for chemolithotrophs in an arsenic‐ and iron‐rich shallow‐sea hydrothermal system

The hydrothermally influenced sediments of Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea, are ideal for investigating the chemolithotrophic activities of micro-organisms involved in arsenic cycling because hydrothermal vents there expel fluids with arsenite (As(III)) concentrations as high as 950 μg L(-1) . These hot (99 °C), slightly acidic (pH ~6), chemically reduced, shallow-sea vent fluids mix with colder, oxidized seawater to create steep gradients in temperature, pH, and concentrations of As, N, Fe, and S redox species. Near the vents, iron oxyhydroxides precipitate with up to 6.2 wt% arsenate (As(V)). Here, chemical analyses of sediment porewaters from 10 sites along a 300-m transect were combined with standard Gibbs energies to evaluate the energy yields (-ΔG(r)) from 19 potential chemolithotrophic metabolisms, including As(V) reduction, As(III) oxidation, Fe(III) reduction, and Fe(II) oxidation reactions. The 19 reactions yielded 2-94 kJ mol(-1) e(-) , with aerobic oxidation of sulphide and arsenite the two most exergonic reactions. Although anaerobic As(V) reduction and Fe(III) reduction were among the least exergonic reactions investigated, they are still potential net metabolisms. Gibbs energies of the arsenic redox reactions generally correlate linearly with pH, increasing with increasing pH for As(III) oxidation and decreasing with increasing pH for As(V) reduction. The calculated exergonic energy yields suggest that micro-organisms could exploit diverse energy sources in Tutum Bay, and examples of micro-organisms known to use these chemolithotrophic metabolic strategies are discussed. Energy modeling of redox reactions can help target sampling sites for future microbial collection and cultivation studies.
Economics of technology standards: implications for offline movie piracy in a global context

Reduced sizes of music files due to compression technologies has allowed for piracy to become a rampant problem on the Internet even in the absence of significant bandwidth. However given the large sizes of video files, movies are still largely pirated by duplicating DVDs, VCDs and other physical media. Conventionally DVD formats have differed across various regions in the world albeit for controlling theatrical releases of movies. This paper formulates an analytical model to study the implication of varying technology standards of DVD players across different regions on the piracy of movies. This research identifies conditions under which consumers engage in global and regional piracy. Our findings show that maintaining separate technology standards across regions is effective in not only thwarting global piracy but it also allows movie studios to create variable quality movies and engage in discriminatory pricing. While consumers may still engage in local piracy, the overall profits to the firm under variable technology standards are shown to be higher then when a common DVD standard is adopted across all regions. The paper concludes with recommendations for research and practice.
AWARENESS OF TEXT STRUCTURE IN RECOGNITION AND PRODUCTION OF EXPOSITORY DISCOURSE

This study had three purposes in examining college students' awareness of four expository text structures. The first was to determine whether students were more aware of some text structures than of others in reading and writing. A second was to determine how performance on these text structure measures related to performance on a general com- prehension measure. The third was to examine the relationship between awareness of these text structures in reading and writing. Fifty-two college students who were equally divided into two ability groups were given two tasks, one which assessed their awareness of the text structures in reading and the other which assessed awareness in writing. Findings related to the first aim indicated that awareness of the four text structures varied in both the recognition and production of relevant information. With respect to the second aim, performance on both recognition and production measures was related to performance on a general comprehension measure, with high-ability students more sensitive to intrusive information in the recogni- tion task and more able to produce missing text structure information than low-ability students. Findings related to the final aim indicated that the relationship between recognition and production performances was mod- erate.
Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Induced Granuloma Formation Depends on Gamma Interferon and CD40 Ligand but Does Not Require CD28

Progressive granuloma formation is a hallmark of chronic mycobacterial infection. Granulomas are localized, protective inflammatory reactions initiated by CD4+ T cells, which contribute to control of bacterial growth and blockade of bacterial dissemination. In order to understand the costimulatory requirements that allow CD4+ T cells to directly or indirectly induce granulomas, we studied granuloma formation after 6 weeks in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected CD28- and CD40 ligand (CD40L)-deficient mice and compared it to granuloma formation in infected wild-type inbred mice and infected cytokine-deficient mice. We characterized granulomas morphologically in liver sections, analyzed granuloma infiltrating cells by flow cytometry, and measured cytokine production by cultured granuloma cells. CD28-deficient mice have no defect at the local inflammatory site, inasmuch as they form protective granulomas and control bacterial growth. However, there are fewer activated T cells in the spleen compared to infected wild-type animals, and quantitative differences in the cellular composition of the granuloma are observed by flow cytometry. In CD40L-deficient mice, the granuloma phenotype is very similar to the phenotype in gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-deficient mice. Both IFN-gamma-deficient and CD40L-deficient mice form granulomas which prevent bacterial dissemination, but control of bacterial growth is significantly impaired. The relative proportion of CD4+ T cells in granulomas from both CD28(-/-) and CD40L(-/-) mice is significantly decreased compared with wild-type animals. Both models demonstrate that the phenotype and activation stage of systemic T cells do not always correlate with the phenotype and activation stage of the localized granulomatous response.
Enhancement of Antibody Class-Switch Recombination by the Cumulative Activity of Four Separate Elements

Class-switch recombination of Ab isotype is mediated by a recombinational DNA deletion event and must be robustly upregulated during Ag-driven differentiation of B cells. The enhancer region 3′ of the Cα gene is important for the upregulation of switch recombination. Using a transgene of the entire H chain C region locus, we demonstrate in this study that it is the four 3′ enhancer elements themselves (a total of 4.7 kb) that are responsible for the upregulation rather than the 24 kb of DNA in between them. Neither allelic exclusion nor transgenic μ expression is reduced by deletion of the four 3′ enhancers. We also test deletions of two or three of the 3′ enhancers and show that deletion of more 3′ enhancers results in a progressive reduction in both switch recombination and germline transcription of all H chain genes. Nevertheless, we find evidence for special roles for some 3′ enhancers; different H chain genes are affected by different 3′ enhancer deletions. Thus, we find that the dramatic induction of class-switch recombination during Ag-driven differentiation is the result of an interaction among four separated regulatory elements.
Clinical and pathologic manifestations of necrobiosis lipoidica-like skin involvement in sarcoidosis

Necrobiosis lipoidica dibeticum (NLD) is a granulomatous skin disease mostly associated with diabetes mellitus. NLD has been reported in patients with other systemic disease. Also, the lesions of NLD may be clinically, and sometimes even histologically indistinguishable from other inflammatory skin lesions. We described three patients with established diagnosis of sarcoidosis that developed skin lesions consistent with NLD. The association of NLD-like skin lesion in sarcoidosis is not widely appreciated. The subject of NLD and sarcoidosis is reviewed.
Racial and ethnic differences: Sociocultural and contextual explanations.

With the increasing focus on racial and ethnic diversity in studies of adolescence, this review highlights trends in this research over the past decade. Not only is the sheer number of studies incorporating diverse youth increasing, this research has penetrated many areas of the study of adolescence. Some of this research has attempted to recognize and also capture the contextual and/or sociocultural processes that may explain racial and ethnic diversity or differences among youth in the United States and other countries. Research examining sociocultural and contextual processes underlying racial and ethnic differences is especially evident in the areas of parenting and family socialization. A considerable amount of research on ethnic minority and immigrant youth has also been conducted on their ethnic identity and acculturation, including processes of ethnic identity development, discrimination experiences, and the role of ethnic identity and discrimination in relation to adolescents' well-being. The theoretical implications of this research will be addressed in terms of what we have learned from studying diverse youth and how this focus has contributed to our theories of adolescence.
Pulsed ultrasound and the hyperbarically exposed mouse fetus

To enhance the likelihood of cavitation, pregnant mice were subjected to hyperbaric conditions and quickly returned to atmospheric pressure. Following this treatment, they were exposed to spatial average, pulse average intensities of 100 W/cm2 (2.2-MHz, 20-microseconds pulses with a duty cycle of 1/1000 or a temporal average spatial average intensity of 0.1 W/cm2). Fetal weights, deaths and malformations were scored. No statistically significant effects were observed in the offspring.
Compiler-directed physical address generation for reducing dTLB power

Address translation using the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) consumes as much as 16% of the chip power on some processors because of its high associativity and access frequency. While prior work has looked into optimizing this structure at the circuit and architectural levels, this paper takes a different approach of optimizing its power by reducing the number of data TLB (dTLB) lookups for data references. The main idea is to keep translations in a set of translation registers, and intelligently use them in software to directly generate the physical addresses without going through the dTLB. The software has to work within the confines of the translation registers provided by the hardware, and has to maximize the reuse of such translations to be effective. We propose strategies and code transformations for achieving this in array-based and pointer-based codes, looking to optimize data accesses. Results with a suite of Spec95 array-based and pointer-based codes show dTLB energy savings of up to 73% and 88%, respectively, compared to directly using the dTLB for all references. Despite the small increase in instructions executed with our mechanisms, the approach can in fact provide performance benefits in certain cases.
Teaching Mathematics with a New Curriculum: Changes to Classroom Organization and Interactions

This report describes a high school mathematics teacher's decisions about classroom organization and interactions during his first two years using a new curriculum intended to support teachers' development of student-centered, contributive classroom discourse. In year one, the teacher conducted class and interacted with students primarily in small groups. In year two, he conducted more whole-class instruction. In both years, teacher-student interactions contained univocal and contributive discourse, but in year two the teacher sustained contributive discourse with students for longer periods. The teacher facilitated the most significant changes to classroom discourse in the instructional format with which he had the greatest experience (whole-class instruction). Over the period of this study, two key factors appeared to affect the teacher's decisions about classroom organization and interactions: his perception of students' expectations about mathematics classroom roles and activity, and his own discomfor...
Estimation of ordered parameters from k stochastically increasing distributions

There are given k (⩾ 2) univariate cumulative distribution functions (c.d.f.'s) G(x; θi) indexed by a real-valued parameter θi, i=1,…, k. Assume that G(x; θi) is stochastically increasing in θi. In this paper interval estimation on the ith smallest of the θ's and related topics are studied. Applications are considered for location parameter, normal variance, binomial parameter, and Poisson parameter.
A large-scale analysis of mRNAs expressed by primary mesenchyme cells of the sea urchin embryo

The primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) of the sea urchin embryo have been an important model system for the analysis of cell behavior during gastrulation. To gain an improved understanding of the molecular basis of PMC behavior, a set of 8293 expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) was derived from an enriched population of mid-gastrula stage PMCs. These ESTs represented approximately 1200 distinct proteins, or about 15% of the mRNAs expressed by the gastrula stage embryo. 655 proteins were similar (P<10-7 by BLAST comparisons) to other proteins in GenBank, for which some information is available concerning expression and/or function. Another 116 were similar to ESTs identified in other organisms, but not further characterized. We conservatively estimate that sequences encoding at least 435 additional proteins were included in the pool of ESTs that did not yield matches by BLAST analysis. The collection of newly identified proteins includes many candidate regulators of primary mesenchyme morphogenesis, including PMC-specific extracellular matrix proteins, cell surface proteins, spicule matrix proteins and transcription factors. This work provides a basis for linking specific molecular changes to specific cell behaviors during gastrulation. Our analysis has also led to the cloning of several key components of signaling pathways that play crucial roles in early sea urchin development.
Cleft tongue and choristomas: A case report

Abstract The cleft tongue is a rare malformation with few reported cases in the literature. Choristomas are tumor-like masses that rarely occur in the oral cavity but when they do occur they have a predilection for the tongue. We present the first case report of a cleft tongue associated with choristomas of the tongue and oral cavity treated by surgical resection and uniting of the cleft tongue.
An energy budget for Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae)

Energy values for Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and for the vertebrate blood which constitutes its food were determined. On this basis, energy budgets for the hunger cycle were drawn up over a range of temperatures. The results indicate that daily flight duration for females is limited to a few minutes, while for males it averages about 15 min in the hot season and more than twice as long in the cold season.
A simple stack algorithm for a code division multiple access communication system

A frequency hopping multiple access communication system with an infinite population of potential users is considered. By making use of the idea of the t-orthogonal frequency hopping pattern of order ?, the channel is split into a number of mutually interference free subchannels; then the idea of frequency hopping pattern sensing (FHPS) is adopted to provide ternary feedback information to the users. A packet is made to consist of a number of minipackets, which are capable of revealing the frequency hopping pattern that was used in the transmission of the whole packet. A simple algorithm, that belongs to the class of the STACK algorithms, is adopted for conflict resolutions. The performance of the system in terms of throughput and average packet delay is investigated and both analytical and simulation results are provided.
Defining and Implementing a Standard for Therapeutic Relationships

As family-centered care gradually became the norm in care of infants and children, relationships between staff, patients, and families became more complex. Because the complexity of these relationships was rarely, if ever, addressed, widely divergent, sometimes detrimental, behaviors evolved. Therapeutic relationships, which promote caring and define relationships with patients and families, are a positive and professional means to promote a family's control over their own child's health. This article describes assessment of nurse/patient/family relationships using family systems theory as a framework The experience of implementing a culture shift toward therapeutic relationships is described.
Rationality and intertemporal choice

The alleged problems associated with self-control, hyperbolic discounting and other examples of seemingly irrational intertemporal choice are examined in the context of an evolution-based neurobiological model that emphasizes the role of the biological evolution of big brains and language and the cultural evolution of institutions. There is no utility function in the brain; it has no central-planner, in fact, the brain is a self-organized complex system, a decentralized spontaneous order. This spontaneous order is coordinated, much like an economy, by a distributed network that maintains and makes available the discounted net value of various options to decentralized and specialized areas in the brain when making decisions. Further, that decision making is embodied and embedded in the decision making environment. For humans, an important part of that environment is the social environment consisting of institutions and other components of culture. It was, in part, the evolution of this environment that made long-range planning possible. Additionally, it is very often the lack of embedded experience with the environment that leads to what seems to be irrational intertemporal choices. In fact, under close examination the evidence for consistent irrational intertemporal choice is weak.
Design of a 16-bit CMOS divider/square-root circuit

We have developed a 16-bit VLSI circuit for division and square-root operations used extensively in digital signal applications. The circuit uses the nonrestoring method to obtain quotient (root) bits. The quotient (root) value in each iterative step is kept in binary form whereas the partial remainders (radicands) are in redundant binary representations. The iterative core is a redundant binary and binary subtraction, implemented by a carry-save adder. The quotient (root) bit selection logic inputs leading three digits of partial remainders (radicands) and can be implemented in a simple circuit. The resultant circuit in 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology has an area of 6.72 mm/sup 2/ and a speed of 47.7 ns and 49.2 ns for rounded quotient and square-root outputs respectively. >
Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Fever

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an association between brain monoamines and febrile responses in animals. It has been found that endotoxin fever is associated with an increase in brain 5-HT in the presence of phenylisopropylhydrazine (JB-516, an monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor) and that MAO inhibition potentiates the febrile response to endotoxin. Norepinephrine infused into the lateral ventricle or placed directly into the hypothalamus produces fever in some, but not all rabbits; while 5-HT, administered by these routes, caused hypothermia in some but not all rabbits. Recent studies have indicated that the dog and monkey respond to NE, E, and 5-HT in a manner similar to the cat, but unlike the rabbit. It is found that 5-HT produces hypothermia in the sheep as well as in the rabbit. However, some discrepancy in results is because of species differences. These results, nevertheless, suggest that brain 5-HT and NE play some role in thermoregulation. The actual direction each amine can drive temperature has not been ascertained but the reciprocal relationship may be destroyed when normal stores of either amine are considerably elevated. In this condition, there tends to be increased heat production, decreased heat loss, or both, and enhanced fever response. On the other hand, when 5-HT stores are low, the animal also has difficulty cooling itself; but when NE stores are low, the animal cannot maintain the heat of fever.
Advertising, information, and space: Considering the informal regulation of the Los Angeles landscape:

This article analyzes a municipal inventory of billboards within the City of Los Angeles. It has long been rumored that thousands of the billboards in the city were illegal; since completing their ...
Control of Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters with antimicrobials in the formulation and by dipping in organic acid solutions.

The antilisterial activity of sodium lactate (SL) and sodium diacetate (SD) was evaluated in a frankfurter formulation and in combination with a dipping treatment into solutions of lactic acid or acetic acid after processing and inoculation. Pork frankfurters were formulated with 1.8% SL or 0.25% SD or combinations of 1.8% SL with 0.25 or 0.125% SD. After processing, frankfurters were inoculated (2 to 3 log CFU/cm2) with a 10-strain composite of Listeria monocytogenes and left undipped or were dipped (2 min) in 2.5% solutions of lactic acid or acetic acid (23 +/- 2 degrees C) before vacuum packaging and storage at 10 degrees C for 40 days. Total microbial populations and L. monocytogenes, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and molds were enumerated during storage. Sensory evaluations also were carried out on frankfurters treated and/or formulated with effective antimicrobials. The combination of 1.8% SL with 0.25% SD provided complete inhibition of L. monocytogenes growth throughout storage. Dipping in lactic acid or acetic acid reduced initial populations by 0.7 to 2.1 log CFU/cm2, but during storage (12 to 20 days), populations on dipped samples without antimicrobials in the formulation reached 5.5 to 7.9 log CFU/cm2. For samples containing single antimicrobials and dipped in lactic acid or acetic acid, L. monocytogenes growth was completely inhibited or reduced over 12 and 28 days, respectively, whereas final populations were lower (P 0.05) the flavor and overall acceptability of products compared with controls. The results of this study may be valuable to meat processors as they seek approaches for meeting new regulatory requirements in the United States.
Experiments With a New Ribbed Blade Tip and Endwall Geometry on a High Pressure Turbine Blade

A new blade tip and endwall geometry were studied experimentally. The blade tips and endwall included ribs directed in the pitchwise direction. The blade tip ribs fit between the endwall ribs, with a gap of 1.5% of axial chord between the top of each rib and the surface which it faced. Hence, a tip gap was maintained, but the tip flow area was divided into pitchwise directed channels. Experiments were conducted in a linear turbine cascade with wakes generated by moving upstream rods. Cases were documented both with and without wakes. The total pressure drop coefficient, ψ, through the cascade was measured in the endwall region. Velocity fields were acquired in two planes normal to the flow direction using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The rib geometry eliminated the strong tip leakage vortex present in comparison cases with flat and squealer tipped blades. The passage vortex was strengthened and moved farther from the endwall. In spite of the elimination of the tip leakage vortex, total pressure drops were higher with the ribs than with a squealer tip and the same tip gap. Additional experiments showed that dividing the leakage flow area into channels did not reduce the total pressure change, and the endwall ribs acted as roughness and increased ψ. Although the increase in ψ was a negative outcome for the cascade experiment, the elimination of the tip leakage vortex could have some benefit if its detrimental effect were reduced in downstream stages.© 2015 ASME
Supplementary Inorganic Sulfate and Methionine for Young Turkeys

Abstract Two replicated experiments utilizing a total of 864 Large White turkeys were conducted to determine the effects and possible interactions of supplementary inorganic sulfate and DL-methionine on body weight gain and feed consumption. Experimental diets, in which a corn-soybean meal basal diet was supplemented with inorganic sulfate either in the form of sodium sulfate (0, .0952, and .1904%) or potassium sulfate (0, .1180, and .2360%), and with methionine (0, .05, .10 and .15%) in the place of glucose monohydrate, were fed in a 3 × 2 × 4 experimental design. Each diet was fed to 9 males and 9 females from 1 day to 7 weeks of age. For 0, .05, .10, and .15% added methionine, 7-week body weights were 2020, 2162, 2238, and 2243 g, and feed consumptions were 3346, 3478, 3587, and 3571 g, respectively, producing significant (P
Culture Wars: The U.S. Art Lobby and Congressional Tariff Legislation during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

From 1883 to World War I, disputes over art tariffs roiled America's art community, drawing preeminent painters, sculptors, architects, and illustrators into national lobbying campaigns. This essay exposes artists’ agency in tariff politics, illuminates their ideologies, and explains congressional debates, legislation, and diplomacy regarding U.S. art schedules, while demonstrating how the art tariff imbroglio often challenged longstanding partisan patterns in Washington with respect to tariff protectionism. It also contributes to Atlantic world studies by exploring how artists’ anti-tariff positions derived from transoceanic systems of art pedagogy and exhibitions and by showing how protectionists (including a minority of artists) capitalized upon persistent popular stereotypes of national cultural inferiority. Finally, this essay argues that growing disparities of wealth and class sensitivities increasingly affected turn-of-the-century tariff discourse. Protectionists demanded punitive retribution against the international collecting activities of America's ostentatious plutocrats; free-art proponents craved tariff reforms for the didactic purpose of elevating popular taste through exposure to European masterworks.