cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the Control of Glucose Metabolism in Mammals and Teleost Fish1

Glucose metabolism in mammalian species and teleost fish is controlled by different metabolic pathways. These include differences in the function of several major hormones, especially insulin and GLP-1. The major physiological role of GLP-1 in mammals is to connect the consumption of nutrients with glucose metabolism. The glucose lowering effects of GLP-1 in the postprandial state of mammals are regulated predominantly through metabolic pathways that integrate different physiological processes. These are: (i) stimulation of insulin release from the pancreatic β-cell during hyperglycemia and (ii) inhibition of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. These effects are mediated by a same type of a highly selective GLP-1 receptor, often referred to as the “pancreatic GLP-1 receptor.” In teleost fish GLP-1 increases glucose levels through the activation of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis from liver. Functional characterization of the recombinant GLP-1 receptor from zebrafish, which is the first example of a recombinant fish GLP-1 receptor, demonstrated that zebrafish GLP-1 receptor has a binding specificity towards a wider range of GLP-1 structures than the mammalian GLP-1 receptor. This property of the zebrafish GLP-1 receptor, and most likely other fish GLP-1 receptors, sets apart the structure of the zebrafish GLP-1 receptor from the structures of mammalian GLP-1 receptors. These differences in the binding specificity between the zebrafish and mammalian GLP-1 receptors might reflect in part the differences in the mechanism by which GLP-1 regulates glucose metabolism in mammals and teleost fish.
Habitat segregation in stream crayfishes: implications for conservation

AbstractThree-quarters of the world’s crayfish fauna are found in the US and Canada. Small natural ranges, habitat disturbance, and introduced crayfish species threaten many species, and nearly ½ are imperiled. Naturally small ranges are considered the leading factor for crayfish vulnerability to loss, yet species with small ranges have received little research attention. Orconectes saxatilis is a rare crayfish species with a range restricted to the upper Kiamichi River watershed in southeastern Oklahoma. We examined the distribution, habitat use, and life-history characteristics of O. saxatilis and 2 sympatric crayfish species in the upper Kiamichi River watershed to determine factors that might limit its distribution. Surveys for O. saxatilis expanded its known range and confirmed its restriction to tributaries of the upper Kiamichi River. Orconectes saxatilis showed a strong affinity for riffles, contrary to previous data, whereas Orconectes palmeri longimanus, a regionally abundant sympatric species, ...
Disaster Health Competencies and Their Application: Caring for Seniors

Disaster medicine and public health (disaster health) competencies are presented from a broad and inclusive perspective for all health professions. Concepts presented include the all-hazards approach, key competency audiences (educators and lifelong learners), linkages to national frameworks and goals, a detailed description of current core competencies, contextual proficiency variations, and considerations for access and functional needs populations. The absence of reference to disaster health competencies in existing geriatric competencies is highlighted with concern. A potential strength in the disaster context is the routine biopsychosocial approach inherent in caring for Seniors. To engage the learner, a series of seven questions cross-referenced to the core competencies is offered as a means to assist health professionals and systems in becoming better able to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. A more detailed discussion of the questions, with linkages to the geriatric disaster context, is offered.
MISCLASSIFICATION AND THE DESIGN OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Many authors have documented the existence of effects due to misclassification. This paper examines the size of these effects in the context of environmental studies. Misclassification occurs because of the use of surrogate measures of exposure. Misclassification causes relative risks to appear smaller than they are, with larger relative risks being seriously affected. The power of statistical tests is reduced, but not as seriously.
Studies on a strain of Caulobacter from water. II. Nutrition, with implications for cytology.

Inaprevious paper(Bowers etal., 1954) the isolation ofastalked bacterium fromwaterand itsidentification asCaulobacter vibrioides Henrici andJohnson weredescribed. Thecultural, biochemical, andcytological characteristics ofthe organism werereported. Thispaperisareport onitsnutrition andonsomeofitscytological features asindicated byitsnutrition. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND RESULTS Optimum growth conditions. Theoptimum pH andtemperature ranges forgrowth weredeterminedinnutrient broth. Tubesofmediumwith pHvalues of5,6,7,8,9,and9.5wereinoculated withsingle loopfuls ofa washedsuspension of organisms fromagarslant cultures inphysiological saline solution. Duplicate cultures were incubated at20,25,30,and37C.Theamounts ofgrowth wereobserved at24hourintervals witha Coleman, Model11,Universal spectrophotometer. Fromtheresults intable 1itcanbeseen thatthebestgrowth temperature was30C. Almost asmuchgrowth occurred at25C,but itdeveloped moreslowly. Growthdidnotoccur atpH5orpH9.5atanytemperature. A shift toward a loweroptimumpH forgrowth was noticed atthehigher growth temperatures. At 20and25C thepH 8cultures gavethemost growth throughout the96hourgrowth period, at30C thepH 6cultures becamebetter after 72hours, andat37Cafter 48hours. Asaresult ofthis study anincubation temperatureof30C wasselected fortheremainder of thework.Allmediawereadjusted topH 6.5 to6.8before sterilization. Organic requirements forgrowth. Theorganic growth requirements weredetermined primarily bystarting witha chemically defined medium
Pulse self-ordering in soliton fiber lasers

Erbium-doped fiber ring lasers pumped far above threshold often maintain for seconds on end evenly spaced trains of pulses of roughly equal energies.1 The experimental setup we use to investigate this phenomenon is a simple soliton laser, similar to the setup shown in Ref. 2. Polarization additive-pulse mode locking (APM) is achieved with bulk wave plates. A quartz filter is used for tuning. The loop length is 11.9 m, corresponding to a fundamental repetition rate of 16.8 MHz, and the total net dispersion is −0.16 ps2. The erbium fiber (donated by AT&T) is 1.1 m long and has an estimated dispersion of +0.075 ps2. The rest of the laser is constructed of 10.3 m of Coming SMF-28 fiber and a 0.5-m segment of Corning Flexcor 1060 fiber comprising the wavelength-division-multiplexing coupler. The output pulse width is 0.64 ps, and the spectral width is 7.6 nm, giving a time-bandwidth product of 0.61.
More than Just Speculation: The Costs of Restrictions on Speculative Investing

Recent regulatory restrictions on proprietary trading by banks, such as the “Volcker Rule”, have elevated discussion about the potential costs to non-financial firms of restricting investments of major institutional investors, such as banks. History provides some hints to the possible costs of excluding banks from “speculative” investments. On February 15th, 1936 the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency unexpectedly announced that member banks of the Federal Reserve System, one of the largest investors in corporate bonds, were no longer allowed to purchase securities rated as speculative grade by rating agencies. This controversial ruling affected more than half of all publicly traded corporate bonds and represented the inception of federal rating-contingent bank investment restrictions. Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity at the investment grade cut-off, I find that following the announcement financing constraints induced by the exclusion of banks from the speculative grade corporate debt market cause a persistent 3-5% decline in the equity market value of firms requiring speculative financing. I find that this decline is concentrated among firms in industries reliant on external financing. This decline does not, however, appear to be driven by a change in perceived default risk or direct debt financing costs, since bond yields do not change. Instead, I find that firms who initially require speculative financing reduce the size of their debt issuances to improve their credit rating. These firms subsequently have less long-term debt, fewer investments, and slower asset growth in the years following the ruling. Overall these results provide evidence that regulators may need to consider the costs to non-financial firms of policies that attempt to curb speculative trading by banks.
The Study of Abirritation of A First Type of New Drug, Felbinac Trometamol Injection

Objective: To evaluate the abirritation of the First Type of New Drug, Felbinac Trometamol (FT) injection. Methode: a series of ache models were estimated to the abirritation of FT injection, such as Formaldehyde. hot water, electroforms stimulate and hot board methods. And the positive groups were Flurbiprofen Axetil and Pentazocine injection, respectively. Result: The abirritation of FT injection showed significantly which was superior to the same dosage of Flurbiprofen Axetil in Formaldehyde and hot board models, but not obviously in electro stimulate and hot water model. Conclusions: The abirritation of FT injection, a new peripheral abimtation of NSAIDs, is better than Flurbiprofen Axetii with a huge potential for development.
Clinical Observation of Zhibai Dihuang Pill Treating Ureaplasma Urealyticum Infected Infertility of Male

In order to observe the therapeutic efficacy of Zhibai Dihuang Pill on ureaplasma urealyticum infected infertility of male,the research selected 120 cases of UU infected infertility patients and divided them into treatment group and control group,and compared the effects after therapy.The results showed Zhibai Dihuang Pill can inhibit the UU infection and promote semen liquefaction,so as to improve the quality of sperm,lower sperm abnormality rate and increase sperm motility.
Hand gesture recognition in confined spaces with partial observability and occultation constraints

Human activity detection and recognition capabilities have broad applications for military and homeland security. These tasks are very complicated, however, especially when multiple persons are performing concurrent activities in confined spaces that impose significant obstruction, occultation, and observability uncertainty. In this paper, our primary contribution is to present a dedicated taxonomy and kinematic ontology that are developed for in-vehicle group human activities (IVGA). Secondly, we describe a set of hand-observable patterns that represents certain IVGA examples. Thirdly, we propose two classifiers for hand gesture recognition and compare their performance individually and jointly. Finally, we present a variant of Hidden Markov Model for Bayesian tracking, recognition, and annotation of hand motions, which enables spatiotemporal inference to human group activity perception and understanding. To validate our approach, synthetic (graphical data from virtual environment) and real physical environment video imagery are employed to verify the performance of these hand gesture classifiers, while measuring their efficiency and effectiveness based on the proposed Hidden Markov Model for tracking and interpreting dynamic spatiotemporal IVGA scenarios.
Posaconazole: Use in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of Fungal Infections

Posaconazole, a fluorinated triazole antifungal drug, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for (1) prophylaxis against Aspergillus and Candida infections in immunocompromised patients at high risk for these infections and (2) oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), including cases refractory to fluconazole and/or itraconazole. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has approved posaconazole for (1) treatment of aspergillosis, fusariosis, chromoblastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of other azoles or amphotericin B; (2) first-line therapy for OPC for severe disease or in those unlikely to respond to topical therapy; and (3) prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in high-risk hematologic patients and stem cell transplant recipients. In addition to approved indications, posaconazole has been used with success as salvage therapy for invasive mold infections and endemic mycoses in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of other antifungal agents, and as prophylaxis or salvage therapy in children, for whom indications are more limited owing to a paucity of data. Posaconazole has potent in vitro activity against a broad range of fungi and molds, including Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, filamentous fungi, and endemic mycoses including coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis. Importantly, posaconazole is much more active than other azoles against many Mucorales species and the combination of posaconazole with other antifungal agents may be synergistic. Hence, posaconazole is a potential candidate as a single or combination agent for difficult-to-treat fungal infections. Posaconazole has an excellent safety profile; to date, serious side effects are rare, even with prolonged use. However, newer posaconazole formulations achieve higher blood levels and it remains to be seen whether this may lead to an increase in the rate of adverse effects. Currently, posaconazole is used predominantly for prophylaxis and salvage therapy of fungal infections in adults. Indications for use as initial therapy of fungal infections and for broader use in children will depend on the accrual of additional clinical data.
Identity Crisis: CD301b+ Mononuclear Phagocytes Blur the M1-M2 Macrophage Line

Obesity shifts the immune phenotype from M2 macrophage polarization to M1, which causes metabolic dysfunction. In this issue of Immunity, Kumamoto et al. (2016) identify a tissue-resident mononuclear phagocyte population that promotes weight gain and glucose intolerance but are defined by the M2 marker CD301b.
Development and Application of the Remote Food Photography Method to Measure Food Intake in Exclusively Milk Fed Infants: A Laboratory-Based Study.

Background Accurate methods of assessing food intake in infants are needed to assess the relationship between infant feeding practices and risk of childhood obesity. Current methods are either subjective or have limited ability for use beyond clinical research settings. Objective To assess the accuracy of the RFPM to evaluate simulated milk intake including energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intake compared to direct weighing within a controlled study. Methods Individuals were recruited to prepare three 2 fl oz, 4 fl oz, 6 fl oz, and 8 fl oz servings of infant formula and to capture photographs at different stages of preparation (dry powdered formula, prepared formula, and liquid waste) using the SmartIntake® application. Gram weights of the bottles were obtained by the RFPM and direct weighing. Using the United States Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient values were generated from gram weights. Results Intake of formula prepared from powder measured by the RFPM was equivalent to weighed intake within 7.5% equivalence bounds among all servings and each serving size. The mean difference between methods varied among servings sizes with the RFPM underestimating intake by 1.6 ± 0.4 kcals in 2 fl oz servings, 4.8 ± 0.6 kcals in 4 fl oz servings, and 6.2 ± 1.0 kcals in 6 fl oz servings, and overestimating intake by 0.1 ± 1.2 kcals in 8 fl oz servings. Bland-Altman analysis showed that the RFPM overestimated intake at lower levels food intake and underestimated intake at higher levels. Considering photographs of only the prepared formula bottle and the bottle with formula waste to simulate ready-to-feed formula and human breast milk, intake estimated by the RFPM was equivalent to the directly weighed intake within 7.5% for all servings. Conclusions The RFPM has higher accuracy than subjective methods and similar accuracy as compared to the objective methods in estimating simulated intake of milk and formula with lower burden to caregivers. The RFPM is a viable method for measuring intake in exclusively milk fed infants by caregivers in a controlled environment with potential for widespread use in research and clinical practice.
Objective reports versus subjective perceptions of crime and their relationships to accelerometer-measured physical activity in Hispanic caretaker-child dyads.

Crime and safety are commonly cited barriers to physical activity (PA). We had three objectives, 1) describe the association between objective crime measures and perceptions of crime, 2) analyze the relationships between each type of crime and accelerometer-measured physical activity in caretakers and young children (ages 3–5 years), and 3) explore for early gender differences in the relationship between crime and physical activity in young children. Data are from the cross-sectional baseline data of an ongoing randomized controlled trial in Nashville, Tennessee spanning September 2012 through May 2014. Data was analyzed from 480 Hispanic dyads (adult caretaker and 3–5 year old child). Objective crime rate was assessed in ArcGIS and perception of crime was measured by caretaker agreement with the statement “The crime rate in my neighborhood makes it unsafe to go on walks.” The primary outcome was accelerometer-measured physical activity over seven consecutive days. Objective and perceived crime were significantly positively correlated. Caretaker vigorous PA was significantly related to perceptions of crime; however, its relationship to objective crime was not significant. Child PA was not significantly related to caretaker perceptions of crime. However, interactions suggested that the relationship between crime rate and PA was significantly more negative for girls than for boys. Objective and subjective measures of crime rate are expected to be important correlates of PA, but they appear to have complex relationships that are different for adults than they are for young children, as well as for young girls compared to boys, and research has produced conflicting findings.
A novel role of exosomes in the vaccination approach.

Exosomes are the type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from inward budding of the inner endosomal membrane to form multivesicular bodies, followed by the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane (1).
The Mathematics of Descriptions in Descriptive Epidemiology

Identifying patterns of disease distribution in a population is the task of descriptive epidemiology, where the patterns are descriptions of how the disease is distributed in the population. In everyday public health practice it is descriptive epidemiology that is hard at work when we inform the public about health problems, monitor its health status, gather information for planning and administrative purposes, or generate hypotheses to be tested by further analytic investigations. In this paper we pursue a formalization of the population descriptions that are the heart of descriptive epidemiology. We call attention to a fact, so far unrecognized by epidemiologists, that the set of (complete) population descriptions, suitably defined, has an associated relational and algebraic structure. This formalization allows us to access mathematical properties of this structure of an epidemiologic dataset with methods developed over the past 30 years.
Associations Between Enteral Nutrition and Acute Respiratory Infection Among Patients in New York Metropolitan Region Pediatric Long-Term Care Facilities.

BACKGROUND Pediatric long-term care facilities (pLTCF) serve a complicated and resource-intensive patient population with high usage of nutrition support. However, the relationship between nutrition support and outcomes among pLTCF residents is not well understood. We described this relationship in three metropolitan New York pLTCF and a subsample of infants from one of these facilities with a feeding disorders unit. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, we used logistic regression to assess relationships between enteral nutrition (EN), and acute respiratory infections (ARI) among residents (n = 720, 50% male, mean age = 5.5 years, mean number comorbidities = 2.1) and infant subsample (<1 year, n = 208, 50% male, mean number comorbidities = 2.0). We tested these associations in multivariable models controlling for numbers of comorbidities and infections. RESULTS Many residents received nutrition via percutaneous (59%) or nasogastric (15%) feeding tubes. In univariate analyses, residents receiving EN had more comorbidities. In multivariable analyses, EN was associated with ARI (incidence rate ratio = 1.65, p < .001). Among infants in the specialized unit, greater risk of ARI was associated only with percutaneous (incidence rate ratio = 1.94, p < .01) feeding. EN was associated with lower odds of being discharged home (OR = 0.45, p < .01). CONCLUSION The prevalence of EN, complexity of cases, and necessity of long-term EN make nutrition support important in pLTCFs. Differences in EN types and adverse outcomes in the infant subsample suggest different care is necessary for this subpopulation. Results provide context for improving quality of care and clinician/caregiver education for this population.
Value creation, CEO incentives and remuneration: evidence from integrated reporting adopters

This study is motivated by the growing importance of Integrated Reporting as an innovative reporting initiative to foster representation of sustainable value creation over time. Focusing on the International Integrated Reporting Council’s (IIRC) framework on Integrated Reporting , it examines: whether adoption is associated with Integrated Thinking, conceived as a long-term and broad concept of value creation focused on financial and nonfinancial capitals (e.g. human, natural, social, or intellectual), as well as with Integrated Performance, a balanced view of results based on economic, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) pillars. To capture Integrated Thinking, it looks at nonfinancial and long-term targets in CEO compensation and the presence of ‘integrated’ strategy and management, while it considers the combined economic, environmental, social and governance scores, as proxies of Integrated Performance. Evidence shows that, compared to non-adopters, adopters (as identified in the IIRC’s website) are more likely to embrace Integrated Thinking by linking CEO compensation to non-financial targets (human, intellectual, social, and natural) and to the ability to create value in the long term. Furthermore, such firms achieve superior Integrated Performance and better ESG results. Finally, they are also transparent about executives’ incentive and remuneration and their link with value creation by mean of the capitals, disclosing such information through the . Overall, these results shed light on the potential of to increase Integrated Thinking and performance measured both in financial and non-financial terms and also show that plays a role in fostering transparency for remuneration, and more generally for incentives policies.
Analog RC Polyphase Filter and Mixer Design for Large Image Rejection

Achieving adequate image rejection poses the major obstacle to full integration of a superheterodyne wireless receiver (RX). Zero-IF RX’s are attractive for full integration because the image of one half of a channel is the other half of the same channel. Thus, it is sufficient to reject the image by, say, 15 dB more than the final SNRmin required. Also, the receiver power dissipation is potentially lower because the subsequent amplification and filtering is at baseband. However, zero-IF suffers from several drawbacks such as DC offset and flicker noise, which cannot be easily filtered if the modulated spectrum at zero IF contains sensitive information at DC. The low-IF architecture solves this problem by downconverting the desired channel to frequencies beyond the flicker noise corner. The IF amplifiers and filters operate at frequencies substantially the same as in a zero-IF receiver, but now the image consists of some other unrelated channel two times IF away in frequency, which may be substantially larger than the desired channel. All of a sudden, an image rejection of up to 60 dB becomes necessary.
Magnetic net and a bouncing magnetic ball

Motivated by observing a tennis ball bounce off of a tennis racket we envision a parallel scenario where a magnetic ball bounces off a virtual magnetic net. A steady DC current in a closed horizontal loop casts the invisible elastic magnetic net. Contrary to a mechanical net the magnetic net continuously stays in contact with the magnetic ball. By adjusting the relevant parameters we seek for steady bounces. The equation describing the oscillation is a highly nonlinear differential equation and is symbolically unsolvable. Deploying Mathematica [1] we solve the equation numerically conducive to kinematics. Inclusion of viscosity generalizes the scope of the analysis resulting modified kinematics. We include also a 3D animation simulating the nonlinear oscillations of the magnetic ball.
CRIMINAL LAW—AN EMBEZZLEMENT INTERMEZZO: SCHEMING TO SIDE-STEP TOUSSIE V. UNITED STATES’S CONTINUING OFFENSE TEST

Though federal statutes of limitations normally act as predictable time bars on prosecution, if a crime is a continuing offense then the statute will be tolled until the last act in furtherance of the crime is complete. Recently, a split has emerged among the federal circuit courts, and even within the Federal District Courts of Massachusetts, as to whether the crime of embezzlement is a continuing offense when it is performed as a passive scheme, such as via automated deposits into a checking account. The author argues that embezzlement, as codified in 18 U.S.C. § 641, should never be considered a continuing offense. The plain language of the statute does not label embezzlement a continuing offense. Furthermore, the Toussie v. United States decision, which created the modern test for whether a crime is a continuing offense, supports a narrow interpretation of the doctrine. The test for whether a crime is a continuing offense turns on the nature of a crime, not the manner in which it is committed in a specific case. Therefore, embezzlement cannot become a continuing offense when the particular mechanism used in the theft is automated. Rather, the continuing offense exception should not apply to embezzlement because embezzlement is closely related to larceny, an instantaneous offense. In addition, a narrow application of the continuing offense doctrine reduces the chance of unfair trials and limits the potential abuse of prosecutorial discretion. Instead of expanding the continuing offense doctrine, the judiciary should adhere to the legislature’s decision to provide a five-year cutoff date for prosecutions of embezzlement.
Simulation in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Simulation training in obstetrics and gynecology has been used for hundreds of years. The apprenticeship model of training has evolved to include group simulations and virtual reality trainers. The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and other professional societies have recognized the importance of simulation and formulated recommendations and/or curricula for appropriate training of residents, fellows, students, and staff. Obstetrics has utilized simulation mannequins to teach the birthing process and is taking advantage of simulation and the associated debriefing sessions for training in emergency and uncommon scenarios as well as in multidisciplinary training. Gynecology has used box trainers and virtual reality simulation to improve procedural skills of trainees outside the operating room using proficiency-based training paradigms. Simulation has also allowed for improvements in the objectivity of assessments. Future directions may include crowdsourcing for the evaluation of surgical proficiency and possibly for credentialing purposes.
Precise removal of Calm1 long 3′ UTR isoform by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing impairs dorsal root ganglion development in mice

Most mammalian genes are subject to Alternative cleavage and PolyAdenylation (APA), often resulting in alternative length 3′ UTR isoforms. Thousands of extended or long 3′ UTR variants are preferentially expressed in neuron-enriched tissues of metazoans. However, the in vivo functions of these long 3′ UTR isoforms are largely unknown. Calmodulin 1 (Calm1) is a key integrator of calcium signaling that is required for correct neural development. Calm1 generates short (Calm1-S) and long 3′ UTR (Calm1-L) mRNA isoforms via APA. We found Calm1-S to be broadly expressed across mouse tissues, whereas Calm1-L expression was largely restricted to neural tissues, including the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, a series of mouse deletion lines were generated that successfully eliminated expression of Calm1-L while maintaining expression of Calm1-S. One of these lines, Calm1Δ3′ UTR, carried a 163 bp deletion surrounding the distal polyA site. Examination of Calm1Δ3′ UTR embryos revealed disrupted development of the DRG. In Calm1Δ3′ UTR DRG explant cultures undergoing axon outgrowth we observed a dramatic increase in axon fasciculation. These results demonstrate a physiological role for Calm1-L in DRG development, and more generally, establish a genome-editing strategy to study in vivo functions of long 3′ UTR isoforms.
Addressing food and nutrition security from a human rights-based perspective: A mixed-methods study of NGOs in post-Soviet Armenia and Georgia

Abstract Increasing numbers of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) declare a move from a needs- to a human rights-based approach (HRBA) in addressing food and nutrition security. Little work, however, has been done to reveal how HRBA to food is realized at a country level. Using a mixed methods approach, we demonstrate main challenges for NGOs’ adoption of HRBA in Armenia and Georgia. A combination of NGO operational and state level factors hamper rights-based food and nutrition work of NGOs. NGOs’ willingness and capacity to engage with HRBA to food and confront the state is influenced by the history of post-Soviet transition, views on the state versus market, and isolation from transnational actors propagating the right to adequate food.
NON-UNIVERSAL SUSY BREAKING, HIERARCHY AND SQUARK DEGENERACY

I discuss non-trivial effects in the soft SUSY breaking terms which appear when one integrates out heavy fields. The effects exist only when the SUSY breaking terms are non-universal. They may spoil (1) the hierarchy between the weak and high-energy scales, or (2) degeneracy among the squark masses even in the presense of a horizontal symmetry. I argue, in the end, that such new effects may be useful in probing physics at high-energy scales from TeV-scale experiments.
Getting the Maximum From the Minimum: An Adaptive System for Scaling School Reform

This article presents findings from a study of the minimum conditions needed to scale a previously successful model of high school reform in New York City. Most studies of scale work backward to id...
Between Love, Pain and Identity: Armenian Women After World War I

This chapter addresses questions of love and identity by exploring the destinies of Armenian women who were abducted and, in many cases, forcibly married to Muslim husbands as part of the genocidal campaigns of 1915–1920. In the aftermath of World War I, international organizations, such as the Near East Relief and the League of Nations, but also Armenian individuals and national organizations, attempted to locate those Armenian women who had survived the genocide in order to rescue them from slavery and forced marriage. Many of these organizations worked tirelessly to this end, yet some girls and woman, once discovered, refused to return to their Armenian community. The reasons were diverse. Some were afraid they would not be accepted, if they returned to Armenia. Others knew that none of their family members had survived the genocide and were fearful of a future life with an unknown Armenian family. Some, however, refused to return because they had fallen in love with their Muslim husbands and did not want to abandon their children. Thus, they were forced to choose between love and their Armenian identity. Based on records of Armenian women from various Armenian sources, including the Armenian National Delegation Archives in the Nubarian Library in Paris and the National Archives of Armenia in Yerevan, this chapter explores the emotional and moral complexities behind these choices.
Laparoscopic Right Hemicolectomy

This chapter describes the technical aspects of laparoscopic right hemicolectomy, including patient positioning, instrumentation, type of incision and port placement, approach (lateral-to-medial and medial-to-lateral), steps of dissection and resection, and steps of reconstruction. In addition, the authors provide pearls and pitfalls.
The molecular perspective: DNA polymerase.

The Oncologist 2004;9:108-109 www.TheOncologist.com DNA polymerase is our most accurate enzyme, for a good reason. It is the keeper of our most precious resource: our genetic information. DNA polymerase takes our DNA, gently unwinds it, and builds a complementary mate to each strand (Fig. 1). Thymine is paired with adenine, and cytosine is paired with guanine. The result is two identical copies of the genome, for use as cells divide or for passing on to our children. As you can imagine, this process must be as close to perfect as possible, so that the information is not corrupted. However, the hydrogen bonds between the four bases—two between adenine and thymine and three between cytosine and guanine—are only so strong. These bases can also form improper pairings, albeit with significantly weaker binding strength. If DNA polymerase relied only on the difference in pairing strength between proper matches and improper matches, it would make a mistake once in 10,000 nucleotides. This would introduce far too many mutations when our genome of six billion nucleotides is duplicated. DNA polymerase uses several schemes to improve the accuracy of its copying. The first is a proofreading capability. Fundamentals of Cancer Medicine The Oncologist
The New Normal: Key Considerations for Effective Serious Illness Communication Over Video or Telephone During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic.

In-person communication with patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and their families is often not possible. This article provides helpful guidance on how to have meaningful conversations about serious illness using telecommunication.
Diabetes consultation versus diabetes education in patients with poor glycaemic control: A telemedicine intervention study.

IntroductionThe prevalence of diabetes is increasing around the world, especially in populations with limited health service resources. Diabetes is associated with increased mortality and cost. The...
Public Portrayals of Indiana STEM Certified Schools

A national shift in educational policies has been underway that is focused on increasing STEM integration in K-12 classrooms. Yet, what constitutes STEM still remains ambiguous and needs to be explicitly defined and agreed upon. Is STEM simply each associated field or it is a more complex entity that integrates the field disciplines? The state of Indiana has responded to this national call for increased STEM by integrating it increasingly within the K-12 settings in STEM certified schools. To become STEM certified is a lengthy and multiple step process. We decided to investigate how these STEM certified schools publicly portray themselves on three levels: how, what, and who is being portrayed with regard to STEM. We used content analysis of each schools publicly available school websites and twitter feeds, if available. Results varied greatly for how STEM is portrayed across both grade level and cohort of certification. Twitter across all grades was the most frequently utilized media source for showing STEM school activities. The STEM certified elementary schools were the only grade level to have “STEM specialists”. Thus, even within the state of Indiana, which has a rigorous process by which schools become STEM certified, the portrayal of STEM across and within grade bands is highly variable.
What makes thinking for pleasure pleasurable

When left to their own devices, people could choose to enjoy their own thoughts. But recent work suggests they do not. When given the freedom, people do not spontaneously choose to think for pleasure, and when directed to do so, struggle to concentrate successfully. Moreover, people find it somewhat boring and much less enjoyable than other solitary activities. One reason for this is that people may not know how to think for pleasure. Specifically, they may not know what to think about to make this both a meaningful and pleasant experience. We tested this prediction in two preregistered studies, by providing specific examples of meaningful topics (Study 1) or instructing participants to think "meaningful" thoughts (Study 2). Although providing specific examples of meaningful topics boosted how meaningful and enjoyable people found thinking for pleasure (Study 1), asking people to think "meaningful" thoughts (as compared with pleasurable ones) did not, because some of the meaningful topics people thought about were negative (Study 2). In order for thinking for pleasure to be pleasurable, people need to focus on topics that are both meaningful and positive. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
The Consequences of Mortgage Credit Expansion: Evidence from the U.S. Mortgage Default Crisis

We conduct a within-county analysis using detailed ZIP code—level data to document new findings regarding the origins of the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression. The sharp increase in mortgage defaults in 2007 is significantly amplified in subprime ZIP codes, or ZIP codes with a disproportionately large share of subprime borrowers as of 1996. Prior to the default crisis, these subprime ZIP codes experience an unprecedented relative growth in mortgage credit. The expansion in mortgage credit from 2002 to 2005 to subprime ZIP codes occurs despite sharply declining relative (and in some cases absolute) income growth in these neighborhoods. In fact, 2002 to 2005 is the only period in the past eighteen years in which income and mortgage credit growth are negatively correlated. We show that the expansion in mortgage credit to subprime ZIP codes and its dissociation from income growth is closely correlated with the increase in securitization of subprime mortgages.
Bienvenidos and Happy 20-Year Anniversary!

The Role of Latinx Fathers in Their Daughters’ College Success: Shifting Cultural Paradigms?By Gabriela Diaz de Sabates and Kay Ann TaylorTestimonios and Liberation Psychology as Praxis: Informing ...
Abyei: Between the Two Sudans: edited by Francis Mading Deng, Luka B. Deng Kuol, and Daniel Jok M. Deng, Trenton, Red Sea Press, 2020, v + 300 pp.

Readers of Francis Mading Deng et al.’s latest book will come away with an understanding of the history of the contested territory of Abyei, claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan, as well as its un...
Optimizing OCTG Thread Manufacturing Operation Using Automation

The paper discusses a unique technique developed initially at Nation Institute of Technology, Surat that is remodeled in real-world applications. The concept consists primarily of a user-friendly s...
Use of a Thermal-Gradient Furnace to Study the Effects of Liquid Phase on the Formation of Bi-HTSC

Firing a long specimen in a thermal gradient furnace is an efficient way of looking for the fine details of synthesis/morphology behavior in Ag-“doped” (Bi,Pb)-HTSC as a function of temperature. “2223” type (110K phase) begins to form only from a eutectic-liquid at ∼822°C. Ca2PbO4 dissolves in this liquid and, on cooling, some “2201” precipitates. The accompanying morphological changes are readily seen and interpreted by SEM/EDS of fractured surfaces
Restoring Image Quality Through Structure Preserving De-noising

In many image transmission and acquisition situations, the image may become corrupted by additive noise. De-noising refers to the process of removing the noise while maintaining good visual quality. This problem has assumed major significance with the increase in image related communication that has accompanied the exponential growth of the internet. Traditionally, image quality is measured in terms of PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) which may have limited relation, at best, to the perceptual quality of the image. In this paper we present a novel de-noising scheme which results in significantly improved performance in terms of both perceptual quality and PSNR. Furthermore, we show that the de-noising framework that we propose encompasses the usual linear transform based de-noising schemes as special cases.
An Interactive Approach for Teaching Social Work Practice with the Aging.

Abstract This paper describes three interactive approaches used in teaching aging content. Through an intergenerational classroom setting, volunteer work, and afield trip, students are given opportunities to integrate knowledge with practice issues. A review of the literature regarding the three approaches identified above is included along with a discussion of four propositions that the interactive approach addresses. An evaluation and discussion of the interactive approach is included along with recommendations for implementing it.
Children as income-producing assets: the case of teen illegitimacy and government transfers.

This paper develops a classical model of the teen fertility decision in the presence of public income transfers. The theoretical model predicts that welfare payments will encourage fertility holding constant other economic opportunities and that better economic opportunities will discourage fertility. Considering the possible simultaneity of illegitimacy rates and benefit levels due to the collective choice process the authors confirm the theoretical models predictions with state-level data from 1980 through 1990. The authors find that including fixed effects in the regression to control for unobserved differences between states does not sufficiently control for endogeneity. After controlling for endogeneity real welfare benefits are strongly and robustly related to teen illegitimacy. The point estimates of the elasticity with respect to changes in the illegitimacy rate are around +1.3 for White teens and +2.1 for Black teens. Real wages for women with a high school education or less are negatively related to teen illegitimacy for White teens with an elasticity of around -0.4. Finally male wages appear to have little effect on the illegitimacy rate for White teens but appear negatively correlated with the illegitimacy rate for Black teens in some model specifications. (authors)
Solubilization and Partial Characterization of the Colicin I Receptor of Escherichia coli

Treatment of the cell envelope of a colicin I-sensitive strain of Escherichia coli with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 solubilizes an envelope component which forms a complex with 125I-colicin Ia and Ib. A similar component could not be shown in a strain known to be lacking active colicin I receptors. On this basis, this component is assumed to be the colicin I receptor. The colicin I receptor was found to be sensitive to trypsin, but insensitive to DNase, RNase, periodate, and phospholipases. Its capacity to bind colicin I was inhibited by salt. Sedimentation analysis in 5 to 20% sucrose gradients containing 0.05% Triton X-100 revealed that the colicin Iareceptor complex has a sedimentation constant of 12.4 S. Based on its behavior in gel filtration on Sepharose 6B columns containing detergent, the complex was shown to have a Stokes radius of 73.5 A. On the basis of these experiments, the colicin I-receptor complex has a molecular weight of 387,000 and a frictional ratio of about 1.5 and an axial ratio of about 8 or 9 for prolate or oblate ellipsoids, respectively.
Isolation of pathogenic bacteria in the amniotic fluid during pregnancy and labor.

Abstract Thirty-nine samples of amniotic fluid selected by abdominal amniocentesis during pregnancy and 78 samples obtained during labor were placed in aerobic and anaerobic cultures. Once during pregnancy (2.56 per cent) and 8 times during labor (10.25 per cent), pathogenic bacteria were isolated in the amniotic fluid. Thus, a total incidence of 7.69 per cent of bacterial invasion into the amniotic cavity was found without any clinical symptoms in the mother or the newborn infant.
Majorana mass zeros from Higgs triplet vacuum expectation values without a Majoron problem

It is shown how to obtain recently proposed two-zero Majorana mass textures in models with three Higgs triplets with small vacuum expectation values and a sufficiently massive triplet Majoron by using Abelian discrete symmetries. The relationship in SU(5) grand unification where the triplets occur in 15's of the neutrino textures to up- and down-quark mass textures is briefly discussed.
Answering Student Queries: Functionality and Mechanisms

This paper discusses the design of an explanation facility for answering student-initiated questions. The facility is based on a hybrid planning architecture that models functionally distinct subtasks of explanation planning with mechanisms suited for those tasks. The paper focuses on mechanisms for four of these tasks: selection of knowledge relevant to a query, choice of conceptual model on which to base the explanation, addition of pedagogically motivated material, and coherent ordering. Specific recommendations are made for the design of an ITS capable of providing these functionalities when responding to student initiated queries.
PORCELLIONIDES FLORIA, NEW SPECIES, FROM NORTH AMERICA; PROVINCIALITY IN THE COSMOPOLITAN ISOPOD PORCELLIONIDES PRUINOSUS (BRANDT)

ABSTRACT Porcellionidespruinosus (Brandt) is widely distributed throughout the world but shows extensive, albeit subtle, geographical variation in morphology. This morphological variation has resulted in a complex and confused taxonomic history for the genus, with many new species having been described only to be subsequently synonymized with P. pruinosus. What has previously been considered to be P. pruinosus in North America is shown here to be two separate species. Although these species differ only subtly in morphology, they are electrophoretically, reproductively, and distributionally distinct. For one of these species, P. pruinosus(Brandt), electrophoretic, morphological, and reproductive comparisons of North American individuals with European samples suggest a European origin. The other species is not referable to any other described species of Porcellionides and is described as a new species. The results of this study suggest that Porcellionides pruinosus (as formerly defined) may consist of a number of distinct and localized species rather than one cosmopolitan species. Therefore, it would appear that the taxonomic status of Porcellionides pruinosus is in need of re-evaluation on a world-wide basis.