cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occupancy models for data with false positive and false negative errors and heterogeneity across sites and surveys

Summary 1. False positive detections, such as species misidentifications, occur in ecological data, although many models do not account for them. Consequently, these models are expected to generate biased inference. 2. The main challenge in an analysis of data with false positives is to distinguish false positive and false negative processes while modelling realistic levels of heterogeneity in occupancy and detection probabilities without restrictive assumptions about parameter spaces. 3. Building on previous attempts to account for false positive and false negative detections in occupancy models, we present hierarchical Bayesian models that utilize a subset of data with either confirmed detections of a species’ presence (CP model) or both confirmed presences and confirmed absences (CACP model). We demonstrate that our models overcome the challenges associated with false positive data by evaluating model performance in Monte Carlo simulations of a variety of scenarios. Our models also have the ability to improve inference by incorporating previous knowledge through informative priors. 4. We describe an example application of the CP model to quantify the relationship between songbird occupancy and residential development, plus we provide instructions for ecologists to use the CACP and CP models in their own research. 5. Monte Carlo simulation results indicated that, when data contained false positive detections, the CACP and CP models generated more accurate and precise posterior probability distributions than a model that assumed data did not have false positive errors. For the scenario sw e expect to be most generally applicable, those with heterogeneity in occupancy and detection, the CACP and CP models generated essentially unbiased posterior occupancy probabilities. The CACP model with vague priors generated unbiased posterior distributions for covariate coefficients. The CP model generated unbiased posterior distributions for covariate coefficients with vague or informative priors, depending on the function relating covariates to occupancy probabilities. We conclude that the CACP and CP models generate accurate inference in situations with false positive data for which previous models were not suitable.
A Frequency-based Technique to Improve the Spelling Suggestion Rank in Medical Queries

Objective: There is an abundance of health-related information online, and millions of consumers search for such information. Spell checking is of crucial importance in returning pertinent results, so the authors propose a technique for increasing the effectiveness of spell-checking tools used for health-related information retrieval. Design: A sample of incorrectly spelled medical terms was submitted to two different spell-checking tools, and the resulting suggestions, derived under two different dictionary configurations, were re-sorted according to how frequently each term appeared in log data from a medical search engine. Measurements: Univariable analysis was carried out to assess the effect of each factor (spell-checking tool, dictionary type, re-sort, or no re-sort) on the probability of success. The factors that were statistically significant in the univariable analysis were then used in multivariable analysis to evaluate the independent effect of each of the factors. Results: The re-sorted suggestions proved to be significantly more accurate than the original list returned by the spell-checking tool. The odds of finding the correct suggestion in the number one rank were increased by 63% after re-sorting using the authors' method. This effect was independent of both the dictionary and the spell-checking tools that were used. Conclusion: Using knowledge about the frequency of a given word's occurrence in the medical domain can significantly improve spelling correction for medical queries.
Lutzomyia spp. (Diptera: Psychodidae) response to olfactory attractant- and light emitting diode-modified Mosquito Magnet X (MM-X) traps.

ABSTRACT Mosquito Magnet-X traps were modified for use with blue, green, red, and blue-green-red light-emitting diodes and olfactory attractants to determine the response of Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar) and Lutzomyia vexator (Coquillett) (Diptera: Psychodidae) field populations to these attractants. Red and blue-green-red-baited traps captured the highest numbers of Lu. shannoni and Lu. vexator, respectively, although, there were no significant differences between the colors. Baiting the traps with CO2 attracted significantly higher numbers of Lu. shannoni but showed no effect on Lu. vexator capture. In comparison with CO2 alone, Lu. shannoni preferred 1-octen-3-ol and 1-hexen-3-ol (0.05 g per trap) in combination with CO2.
Key Adverse Events in Recent HBOC Phase III Clinical Trials and Their Causal Relationship to Test HBOC’s

Synopsis: Hemoglobin based oxygen carriers (HBOC) are used for management of acute surgical and medical anemia. In this chapter, the clinical application, dosing, administration, side effects and toxicities of three HBOC that have undergone recent Phase III clinical trials are discussed. Side effects include gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and bloating), skin rashes, jaundice without elevated bilirubin, fever, and plasma hemoglobin interference with laboratory assays, and methemoglobinemia. Toxicities of these three HBOC include elevated blood pressure, hemostatic effects, myocardial infarction and in the elderly, stroke. HBOC because of side effects, are not ideal resuscitation fluids from acute anemia, but have advantages when blood is unavailable or refused. HBOC could be useful in the pre-hospital environment, military conflicts, disasters, and in the developing world, and in other situations where blood is not readily accessible. HBOC management of acute anemia is not without risk, but should be used when the benefits outweigh such risks, as HBOC toxicities are transient, readily reversible, and less than 1 % result in fatalities.
Service Design for Improved Satisfaction: Decoding the Mechanism for Impact of Patient Callback in Emergency Healthcare

Healthcare delivery is becoming a significant proportion of the service economy around the world. Within healthcare, the emergency department ED constitutes one of the most challenging areas of service delivery. Patient customer arrival is highly unpredictable, job scope is variable and uncertain, and timely service response is essential to save lives. In addition, emergency physicians and hospitals may soon be monitored and compensated based on patient satisfaction measured after service delivery. In this paper, we seek to understand how a process design piloted at two academic EDs-involving the addition of a new process step that uses health provider follow-up patient calls after discharge from the ED-influences patient assessment of the service. We examine the overall impact of this process redesign on patient satisfaction as measured by the "likelihood to recommend" question on patient surveys and develop an identification strategy to uncover the mechanism by which callbacks influence patient satisfaction. Our findings indicate that the follow-up callback design improves patient appraisals across the board, and not just as a service recovery tool where it moderates the assessment of select patient groups. These findings can help hospitals implement a redesign of the ED service process for callback in an effective manner. Underlying fundamental implications and future work possibilities are discussed.
Role of 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate in the activation of adenylyl cyclase by parathyroid hormone.

We have studied the effects of guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), an analogue of GTP, on the stimulation of renal cortical adenylyl cyclase by bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH, or bPTH-(1-81)). Incubation of canine renal membranes with bPTH-(3-34), a specific antagonist of parathyroid hormone, in either the presence or absence of Gpp(NH)p, prevented subsequently added bPTH-(1-84) from stimulating adenylyl cyclase. The addition of the antagonist to a cyclase system previously activated by both bPTH-(1-81) and Gpp(NH)p, however, produced no inhibition of enzyme activity. Removal of bPTH by washing the membranes virtually abolished activity, but washing after addition of bPTH plus Gpp(NH)p did not prevent continued accumulation of cAMP. The persistence of the activity of the enzyme brought about by the addition of Gpp(NH)p plus bPTH, despite washing or addition of specific inhibitor of bPTH action, indicates that the activity of the hormone-specific adenylyl cyclase in membrane suspensions is independent o...
Ropivacaine 0.025% mixed with fentanyl 3.0 μg/ml and epinephrine 0.5 μg/ml is effective for epidural patient-controlled analgesia after cesarean section

Background and Aims: We aimed to determine the ropivacaine concentration that provided adequate analgesia with early ambulation and minimal urinary retention or other side-effects when used with fentanyl and epinephrine for patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) after elective cesarean section. Material and Methods: Forty-eight patients were randomized to four groups in a double-blinded fashion. All groups received an initial 10 ml/h of epidural study solution for 24 h. The solution contained: 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, or 0.025% ropivacaine for Groups I-IV, respectively, with fentanyl 3.0 μg/ml and epinephrine 0.5 μg/ml. Patients could administer additional PCEA doses of 4 ml of their study solution with a lock-out time of 10 min. Overall satisfaction, side-effects, motor block, neurologic function, and pain using Visual Analog Scale were assessed. Results: Patients in all groups showed no difference in sedation, pruritus, nausea, vomiting, and uterine cramps. Pain scores at rest were lower for Group IV than Groups I-III (P Conclusion: 0.025% ropivacaine PCEA combined with fentanyl and epinephrine provided effective pain relief after cesarean section with early ambulation and without sensory loss, urinary retention, or increase of side-effects.
Enzymatic Studies of Base Excision Repair in Cultured Human Fibroblasts and in Escherichia coli

With the discovery some six years ago of uracil DNA glycosylase by Lindahl,1 it became possible to define a new mode of excision repair, “base excision repair,”2 which was hypothesized to occur by (i) removal of a DNA base by hydrolysis of the glycosylic bond, (ii) cleavage of a phosphodiester bond adjacent to the resulting apurinic/ apyrimidinic (AP) site by an “AP endonuclease,” and (iii) subsequent excision of the sugar and resynthesis by DNA polymerase. In the past few years it has been the goal of our laboratory to study the base-excision processes in depth in order to determine exactly the sequence and mechanisms of the enzymatic events involved, and the relation of this repair mode to nucleotide excision repair processes. This article summarizes some of the recent studies from our laboratory toward this goal. Space considerations prevent a review of related studies from other laboratories and such an omission should not be taken to indicate that our results are particularly unique. Indeed we encourage the reader to consult articles on similar endeavors that are found elsewhere in this volume as well as to consult Lindahl’s recent comprehensive review.3
Cooperative Clinical Trials: The Second Ticho Memorial Lecture

As exemplified by the collaborative Diabetic Retinopathy Study, all the appropriate techniques involved in a clinical trial-random assignment of treatment, appropriate controls, and avoidance of investigator bias-should be incorporated during the earliest testing of a new therapy for a chronic disease, for the sake of the patient and for the progress of medical science. This approach to clinical trials in the testing of new ocular therapies can provide the most scientifically sound and rational therapy to the patient.
Reexamining the Definition of Death and Becoming Clearer about What It is to be Alive

The papers by Martin Pernick and Roland Puccetti are more complimentary than may at first be apparent. Pernick portrays the interplay, through time, of four major clusters of questions regarding death. In the process, his paper provides a history that leads to the issues examined by Roland Puccetti. These four clusters of questions are: (1) What does it mean to be alive? (2) What does it mean to be embodied? (3) What tests will provide us with an acceptably low number of false-positive tests for being dead? and (4) How does one choose a point of death along a continuum from being alive to having died? These questions in turn depend for their answers on the meaning of being alive. Human life has variously been interpreted as equivalent to: (a) the presence of a soul as an animating and rational entity, (b) the presence of a soul as a vital principle, (c) life as biological integration, and (d) life as the presence of a person.
Understanding the Hydrodenitrogenation of Heteroaromatics on a Molecular Level

The cleavage of recalcitrant C–N linkages in heteroaromatic molecules is a critical component of hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) reactions, the processes by which N atoms are removed from crude fuels. C–N bond cleavage of heteroaromatics with traditional HDN catalysts such as sulfided Ni/Mo-Al2O3 and Ni/W-Al2O3 requires aggressive conditions to hydrogenate the heterocyclic rings and often unnecessarily saturates the carbocyclic rings as part of the C–N cleavage process. In contrast, small-molecule models have illustrated selective hydrogenation of the heterocyclic ring, providing mechanistic insight into HDN processes and inspiring the design of new, more selective HDN catalysts.
A Review of “Second dialect acquisition”: by J. Siegel, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010, v + 277 pp., $93.96/£60.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-521-51687-7

This book deals with a previously unchartered subfield of second language acquisition (SLA), second dialect acquisition (SDA). While many studies, outlined by Siegel in this book (mostly Chapter 2)...
Joint re-encoding and successive interference cancellation for multi-hop relay networks

In this paper, for single-source wireless ad hoc networks, we develop a joint re-encoding and successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme to realize interference-immune multi-hop relaying. Interference immunity means that the transmission rate is not affected by the mutual interference among the relays. This leads to a greedy near-optimal algorithm that is similar to the Dijkstra's algorithm for wireless relay selection and multi-hop routing. To evaluate the practical performance of this scheme, we analyze quantitatively the performance of SIC under channel model errors and channel estimation errors. The vital role of the relative signal strength and the training sequence length is determined. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate that the proposed scheme maximizes transmission rate and reduces scheduling overhead drastically.
WIDECARS Measurements of Major Species Concentration and Temperature in an Air-Ethylene Flame

Width increased dual-pump enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (WIDECARS) measurements were conducted in a McKenna air-ethylene premixed burner, at NASA Langley Research Center, at nominal equivalence ratio range between 0.55 and 2.50 to provide quantitative measurements of six major combustion species (C2H4, N2, O2, H2, CO, CO2) concentration and temperature simultaneously. The purpose of this test was to investigate the uncertainties in the experimental and spectral modeling methods in preparation for an upcoming scramjet C2H4/air combustion test at the University of VirginiaAerospace Research Laboratory. A broadband Pyrromethene (PM) PM597 and PM650 dye laser mixture was optimized to excite the Raman shift of all the target species. Two hundred single shot recorded spectra were processed, theoretically fitted and then compared to computational models, to verify where chemical equilibrium or adiabatic condition occurred, providing experimental flame location and formation, species concentrations, temperature, and heat losses inputs to computational kinetic models. The Stark effect, temperature, and concentration errors are discussed.
Characterization of drug and alcohol use among senior drivers fatally injured in U.S. motor vehicle collisions, 2008-2012.

ABSTRACTObjective: Adults 65 years of age and older comprise the fastest growing demographic in the United States. As substance use is projected to increase in this population, there is concern that more seniors will drive under the influence of impairing drugs. The purpose of this analysis was to characterize the drug and alcohol usage among senior drivers fatally injured (FI) in traffic collisions.Methods: Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System were analyzed from 2008 to 2012. Commonly used classes and specific drugs were explored. Rates of drug use, multiple drugs, concomitant drug and alcohol use, and alcohol use alone were generated using Poisson regression with robust error variance estimation. Rates were compared to a reference population of FI middle-aged drivers (30 to 50 years old) using rate ratios.Results: Drug use among FI senior drivers occurred in 20.0% of those tested. Among drug-positive FI senior drivers, narcotics and depressants were frequent. The prevalence of testing positi...
Ecological aspects of North American leafhoppers and their role in agriculture

Appearing before you today in this role of memorial lecturer, I wish to express my appreciation and gratitude to the Society, the committee which selected me, and the sponsors of the Memorial Lecture for this honor and the opportunity to present to you a few thoughts from a field of entomology to which I have devoted a large amount of time during the past fifty years. I accept this honor and assignment very humbly because I am aware of the excellent presentations by those who have preceded me, and I recognize also the great potential in talent and ability of those who are members of this Society. If I may judge from statements made by previous memorial lecturers, I am sure they reacted to your invitation to address you with the same degree of surprise or shock as I did when I was invited to appear before you today.
Drinking: Discriminative conditioning in the rat

The Pavlovian conditioning of drinking in rats was demonstrated and shown to be under stimulus control. Distinctive conditioned stimuli previously paired with injections of thirst-inducing hypertonic saline-procaine enhanced drinking over stimuli paired with no injections. Extinction, reconditioning, and reextinction also were demonstrated.
Seismic Isolation Design and Its Application of the Main Control Building of Linjiang 330 kV Substation

The damage data of the May 12th Wenchuan Earthquake show that the anti-seismic capacity of such structures as the main control buildings of various-level substations is poor.It is therefore essential to adopt the seismic isolation technology to improve the anti-seismic capacities of the main control buildings of the key substations situated in earthquake-prone areas.According to the structural characteristics of the main control building of the Linjiang 330 kV substation,the seismic-isolation bearing is selected and layout design is conducted for the seismic-isolation layer of the main control building,and the seismic-isolation design is analyzed and checked by FEM.It is concluded that seismic isolation technology can effectively reduce the earthquake response of the main control buildings and the expected objectives of the seismic-isolation design are achieved.
Neutrality in future public clouds: implications and challenges

With public cloud providers poised to become indispensable utility providers, neutrality-related mandates will likely emerge to ensure a level playing field among their customers ("tenants"). We analogize with net neutrality to discuss: (i) what form cloud neutrality might take, (ii) what lessons might the net neutrality debate have to offer, and (iii) in what ways cloud neutrality would be different from (and even more difficult than) net neutrality. We use idealized thought experiments and simple workload case studies to illustrate our points and conclude with a discussion of challenges and future directions. Our paper points to a rich and important area for future work.
Inhibition of brain sodium- and potassium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity by chlorpromazine free radical.

Ultraviolet light was observed to have a profound effect on the inhibition in vitro of rat brain microsomal sodium- and potassium-stimulated ATPase activity [Mg2+-dependent, (Na+ + K+)-stimu1ated ATP phosphohydrolase, EC. 3.6.1.3] by chlorpromazine. The inhibition of the enzyme activity was minimal when the experiments were carefully performed, avoiding exposure to light. However, a significant inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity was observed when the chlorpromazine free radical was added to the enzyme mixture after it had been generated either by ultraviolet irradiation or by chemical oxidation (with sulfuric acid) of chlorpromazine solutions. The concentration required for 50% inhibition of enzyme activity (I50) was 40 µM. Even greater inhibition was observed when the chlorpromazine free radical was generated by ultraviolet irradiation in a mixture containing enzyme. Under these experimental conditions, the I50 was 3.5 µM. The ultraviolet irradiation of the drug-enzyme mixture failed to enhance the inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity when inhibitory concentrations of ouabain or p-hydroxymercuribenzoate were used. A positive correlation was observed between the amount of chlorpromazine transformed by ultraviolet irradiation and the enhancement of inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity by a corresponding amount of irradiation of the chlorpromazine-enzyme mixture. An enhanced inhibition (I50 = 15 µM) was also observed when the chlorpromazine free radical was generated in the ATPase assay system in the simultaneous presence of peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. The inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity by chlorpromazine sulfoxide was minimal even in the presence of peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. It is concluded that a semiquinone free radical of chlorpromazine, rather than chlorpromazine itself, may be responsible for the inhibition of sodium- and potassium-stimulated ATPase activity in vitro.
WE-H-207B-04: Strategies for Adaptive RT

In recent years, steady progress has been made towards the implementation of MRI in external beam radiation therapy for processes ranging from treatment simulation to in-room guidance. Novel procedures relying mostly on MR data are currently implemented in the clinic. This session will cover topics such as (a) commissioning and quality control of the MR in-room imagers and simulators specific to RT, (b) treatment planning requirements, constraints and challenges when dealing with various MR data, (c) quantification of organ motion with an emphasis on treatment delivery guidance, and (d) MR-driven strategies for adaptive RT workflows. The content of the session was chosen to address both educational and practical key aspects of MR guidance. Learning Objectives: 1.Good understanding of MR testing recommended for in-room MR imaging as well as image data validation for RT chain (e.g. image transfer, filtering for consistency, spatial accuracy, manipulation for task specific); 2.Familiarity with MR-based planning procedures: motivation, core workflow requirements, current status, challenges; 3.Overview of the current methods for the quantification of organ motion; 4.Discussion on approaches for adaptive treatment planning and delivery. T. Stanescu - License agreement with Modus Medical Devices to develop a phantom for the quantification of MR image system-related distortions.; T. Stanescu, N/A
Transition of Care From Pediatric to Adult Surgery.

In 2002, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American College of Physicians jointly published a seminal treatise on transitional care for the medically complex pediatric patient.1 In it they laid the framework for providing comprehensive and coordinated care for the estimated 500 000 children with complex medical conditions entering adulthood annually. Subsequent research has highlighted the challenges with providing this type of transition, finding a decade later that 60% of teenagers with special needs and their families did not receive any structured transitional care planning.2 The root causes of these failures are multiple, including lack of provider awareness or preparedness and a shortage of adult providers familiar with diseases such as cystic fibrosis, trisomy 21, and cerebral palsy. Patient and family reluctance in exchanging a protective, well-established, and nurturing pediatric environment for a more streamlined adult health care model may also contribute to this unease. Pediatric surgery has been late to the table in discussing transition of care. Most congenital surgically corrected anomalies are now survivable. This scenario leaves a growing cohort of patients needing structured and anticipatory guidance on long-term care for their diseases such as esophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, functional and anatomic colonic obstructions, abdominal wall defects, and others. Recent … Address correspondence to David H. Rothstein, MD, MS, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Women and Children’s Hospital of Buffalo, 219 Bryant St, Buffalo, NY 14222. E-mail: drothstein{at}kaleidahealth.org
Fast hierarchy construction for dense subgraphs

Discovering dense subgraphs and understanding the relations among them is a fundamental problem in graph mining. We want to not only identify dense subgraphs, but also build a hierarchy among them (e.g., larger but sparser subgraphs formed by two smaller dense subgraphs). Peeling algorithms (k-core, k-truss, and nucleus decomposition) have been effective to locate many dense subgraphs. However, constructing a hierarchical representation of density structure, even correctly computing the connected k-cores and k-trusses, have been mostly overlooked. Keeping track of connected components during peeling requires an additional traversal operation, which is as expensive as the peeling process. In this paper, we start with a thorough survey and point to nuances in problem formulations that lead to significant differences in runtimes. We then propose efficient and generic algorithms to construct the hierarchy of dense subgraphs for k-core, k-truss, or any nucleus decomposition. Our algorithms leverage the disjoint-set forest data structure to efficiently construct the hierarchy during traversal. Furthermore, we introduce a new idea to avoid traversal. We construct the subgraphs while visiting neighborhoods in the peeling process, and build the relations to previously constructed subgraphs. We also consider an existing idea to find the k-core hierarchy and adapt for our objectives efficiently. Experiments on different types of large scale real-world networks show significant speedups over naive algorithms and existing alternatives. Our algorithms also outperform the hypothetical limits of any possible traversal-based solution.
Increasing evidence indicates low bioaccumulation of carbon nanotubes

As the production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) expands, so might the potential for release into the environment. The possibility of bioaccumulation and toxicological effects has prompted research on their fate and potential ecological effects. For many organic chemicals, bioaccumulation properties are associated with lipid-water partitioning properties. However, predictions based on phase partitioning provide a poor fit for nanomaterials. In the absence of data on the bioaccumulation and other properties of CNTs, the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) within the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) subjects new pre-manufacture submissions for all nanomaterials to a higher-level review. We review the literature on CNT bioaccumulation by plants, invertebrates and non-mammalian vertebrates, summarizing 40 studies to improve the assessment of the potential for bioaccumulation. Because the properties and environmental fate of CNTs may be affected by type (single versus multiwall), functionalization, and dosing technique, the bioaccumulation studies were reviewed with respect to these factors. Absorption into tissues and elimination behaviors across species were also investigated. All of the invertebrate and non-mammalian vertebrate studies showed little to no absorption of the material from the gut tract to other tissues. These findings combined with the lack of biomagnification in the CNT trophic transfer studies conducted to date suggest that the overall risk of trophic transfer is low. Based on the available data, in particular the low levels of absorption of CNTs across epithelial surfaces, CNTs generally appear to form a class that should be designated as a low concern for bioaccumulation.
Design of test pattern generators for built-in test

This paper presents methods for designing cost-effective on-chip built-in test generators. Given an unordered test set, these methods produce an area and time efficient generator circuit using a small ROM and some additional logic. Some simulation results are presented.
New Physics Searches Using Precision Spectroscopy

Abstract The exceptional precision attainable using modern spectroscopic techniques provides a promising avenue to search for signatures of physics beyond the Standard Model in tiny shifts of the energy levels of atoms and molecules. We briefly review three categories of new physics searches based on precision measurements: tests of QED using measurements of the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the value of the fine-structure constant, searches for time variation of the fundamental constants, and searches for a permanent electric dipole moment of an electron or atomic nucleus.
Problematic usage of the Zhang and Luck mixture model

A common method, due to Zhang and Luck (2008), for analyzing delayed-estimation data with a circular stimulus variable is to fit a mixture of a Von Mises distribution and a uniform distribution. The uniform distribution represents random guesses, presumably made when an item is not kept in memory. When I generate synthetic data from a variable-precision model with zero guessing, the method estimates the guess rate to be nonzero and often high. This is due to model mismatch: the fitted model is not matched to the data-generating (true) model. In real data, this could be a problem if one considers the variable-precision model a plausible candidate model and draws conclusions based on the estimated guess rates. I describe five solutions to this problem: analyzing the residual, ruling out the variable-precision model, robust inference, fitting a hybrid model, and using model-free statistics. I hope that these solutions can contribute to good data analysis practices in the study of working memory.
REPRESENTATIONS OF LIE ALGEBRAS FROM REPRESENTATIONS OF QUANTUM GROUPS

In paper [*] (P. Moylan: Czech. J. Phys., Vol. 47 (1997), p. 1251) we gave an explicit embedding of the three dimensional Euclidean algebra ɛ(2) into a quantum structure associated with Uq(so(2, 1)). We used this embedding to construct skew symmetric representations of ɛ(2) out of skew symmetric representations of Uq(so(2, 1)). Here we consider generalizations of the results in [*] to a more complicated quantum group, which is of importance to physics. We consider Uq(so(3, 2)), and we show that, for a particular representation, namely the “Rac” representation, many of the results in [*] carry over to this case. In particular, we construct representations of so(3, 2), P(2, 2), the Poincare algebra in 2+2 dimensions, and the Poincare algebra out of the Rac representation of Uq(so(3, 2)). These results may be of interest to those working on exploiting representations of Uq(so(3, 2)), like the Rac, as an example of kinematical confinement for particle constituents such as the quarks.
Singularities of viscous flow

The force and torque on a slender body in Stokes flow is obtained by using a distribution of singularities along the centreline and the required image system to satisfy the no-slip condition and the plane boundary. It is found that the force on a slender body increases rapidly as it approaches within a body length of the boundary, but not the torque. To rule out “wall effects”, experiments on slender bodies, such as flagellated or ciliated micro-organisms, should be carried out a distance of many body lengths (not radii!) from all boundaries. The ratio of normal to tangential resistance coefficients is found to be greater than 2 (the maximum in an infinite fluid) in the presence of walls.
Conclusions and Reflections

This article summarizes what has been learned from the isotopic investigations of the settlement of the North Atlantic. In addition, I consider what questions remain and where future research may take us. I begin with a brief synthesis of the interpretation of human mobility in the North Atlantic region with a specific focus on the issue of local vs. non-local individuals on Iceland and Greenland. The results of the isotopic analyses provide new insight on the settlement of the North Atlantic. It is also possible to compare the results from Iceland and Greenland to examine similarities and differences in the process of colonization. The article concludes with a review of the research questions raised in the introduction to this volume, some of the answers that have been found, and some of the questions that remain.
New Technologies for Collaborative Learning

Hear about a Mason study of using wikis for collaborative learning, and see how Twitter, blogs, and wikis can help your students more successfully collaborate on knowledge-production assignments.
3D printed testing aids for radiographic quality control.

Quality control testing of radiographic and fluoroscopic imaging systems requires positioning of test objects in the x-ray beam in a precise and repeatable fashion. In this work we present several three-dimensional (3D) printed testing aids that improve efficiency, accuracy, and repeatability of quality control testing. We also present a new device for determining the location of the perpendicular ray in radiographic systems. These devices were designed in an open source software program (OpenScad, http://www.openscad.org) and 3D models were saved in .stl format for printing. The models were printed on either a MakerBot Replicator 2 or Replicator Z18 printer (MakerBot Industries, LLC, Brooklyn, NY). The testing aids were printed using polylactic acid (PLA) filament. To investigate the radiographic characteristics of the PLA used, test articles were printed and used to measure the half-value layer (HVL) thicknesses in mm of PLA and half-value densities (HVD) in g/cm2 of PLA for two different colors and over a wide range of radiographic beam qualities, using a portable fluoroscopic c-arm system. HVL thicknesses of clear PLA ranged from approximately 20 mm at 50 kV nominal tube voltage to 27 mm at 120 kV nominal tube voltage. For green PLA, the HVL thickness was 19 mm at 50 kV tube voltage and 25.7 mm at 120 kV tube voltage. The HVD of clear PLA ranged from 2.37 g/cm2 at 50 kV nominal tube voltage to 3.19 g/cm2 at 120 kV nominal tube voltage. For green PLA, the HVD was 2.35 g/cm2 at 50 kV tube voltage and 3.17 g/cm2 at 120 kV tube voltage. The cost of the devices range from under $2 to approximately $20 in materials. The files used to create the models are freely available at https://github.com/Upstate3DLab/3D-Printed-Radiographic-Test-Tools.
Inductive tissue interaction in development.

Publisher Summary This chapter explores that the inductive tissue interaction takes place in development whenever, two or more tissues of different history and properties become intimately associated and alteration of the developmental course of the interactants results. This occurs most characteristically in the establishment of a new developmental system or subsystem from two or more components of different origin, as in the formation of the eye from optic vesicle and superficial ectoderm or of the kidney from Wolffian duct and intermediate mesoderm. It is assumed that at the very least for its heuristic value, involved in embryonic induction, are the origins of relations and materials that form the basis of the relative stability of structure and function of the adult. The purpose of this chapter is to provide some notion of current progress and thinking in the field of inductive tissue interaction in vertebrates. It concentrates almost entirely on post-war activity, which followed a lull occasioned both by the war and by the frustration of earlier efforts to isolate and chemically identify “organizer” substances. The chapter concluds that the various inductive systems are brought under more adequate experimental control and are better understood as to their general nature at the biological level, increasingly fruitful analysis at the biochemical and biophysical levels should be possible.
Rational Design of 5-(4-(Isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-(3-(4-((methylamino)methyl)phenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyrazin-2-amine (VX-970, M6620): Optimization of Intra- and Intermolecular Polar Interactions of a New Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated and Rad3-Related (ATR) Kinase Inhibitor

The DNA damage response (DDR) is a DNA damage surveillance and repair mechanism that can limit the effectiveness of radiotherapy and DNA-damaging chemotherapy, commonly used treatment modalities in cancer. Two related kinases, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related kinase (ATR), work together as apical proteins in the DDR to maintain genome stability and cell survival in the face of potentially lethal forms of DNA damage. However, compromised ATM signaling is a common characteristic of tumor cells, which places greater reliance on ATR to mediate the DDR. In such circumstances, ATR inhibition has been shown to enhance the toxicity of DNA damaging chemotherapy to many cancer cells in multiple preclinical studies, while healthy tissue with functional ATM can tolerate ATR inhibition. ATR therefore represents a very attractive anticancer target. Herein we describe the discovery of VX-970/M6620, the first ATR inhibitor to enter clinical studies, which is based on a 2-aminopyrazine core fir...
Correlation between air quality and lung cancer incidence: A county by county analysis.

Abstract Background Poor air quality has previously been associated with lung cancer development, but the risks associated with regional differences in air quality are poorly understood. We investigated the association of air quality indices with development of lung cancer in all Texas counties. Methods Lung cancer incidence, air quality indicators (particulate matter Results Lung cancer incidence ranged from 27.6 to 103.4 cases per 100,000 people. In the study, 2.5 μm was associated with increased lung cancer incidence (β = 4.38, P Conclusion There are wide differences in the incidence of lung cancer across Texas. These differences seem to be related to air quality. Identifying high-risk areas may help to guide strategies such as implementation of targeted lung cancer screening programs.
Impact of Hospice on Spending and Utilization Among Patients With Lung Cancer in Medicare

Objectives:To compare patterns and understand drivers of spending and utilization by month in the last 6 months of life between patients with lung cancer who used hospice versus those who did not.S...
Head Mounted Display Application for Contextual Sensory Integration Training: Design, Implementation, Challenges and Patient Outcomes

Patients with vestibular disorders display difficulty with multisensory integration and complain of dizziness and imbalance in busy and complex visual environments. Patients who experience symptoms or a fall within a certain environment are likely to develop fear of that situation. It has been suggested that multisensory integration should be addressed in conditions as close as possible to real-life situations, but these are often challenging to replicate in the clinical setting. Virtual reality (VR) can provide a non-threatening method for patients to practice multisensory integration in a functional context. Advances in technology make Head Mounted Displays (HMDs) accessible and affordable in the clinic. We developed a VR HMD application that allows patients to practice contextual sensory integration (C.S.I) while sitting, standing, turning or stepping within diverse scenes. This application can become an integral part of vestibular rehabilitation. For successful implementation, usability is critical. In this pilot, usability and preliminary outcomes were tested in a mixed-methods descriptive study. Six physical therapists in a Vestibular Rehabilitation Clinic treated 12 patients with peripheral or central vestibular disorders. Therapists viewed the system as a bridge for a functional carry over from the clinic to the outside world. While they reported challenges in operating the technology within the clinical time constraints, they liked the ability to gradually introduce a challenging sensory stimulus and bring reality to the clinic. Several patients dropped out prior to completing training. Nine out of 12 patients who completed training thus far improved their disability score, 9 improved their visual vertigo and 10 improved their balance confidence following training with the app. Recommendation for future research and clinical implementation are discussed.
Production of alanine and glutamine by atrial muscle from fed and fasted rats

During incubation in vitro, rat atrial and rabbit papillary muscles synthesized and released large amounts of alanine and even higher amounts of glutamine. The amino groups used in the synthesis of alanine and glutamine appeared to be derived from the catabolism of other amino acids, specifically, leucine, isoleucine, valine, aspartate, glutamate, asparagine, arginine, and proline. The total amount of glutamine and alanine synthesized increased by 45% in atrial muscle from fasted rats, in which the oxidation of branched-chain amino acids is enhanced. In atria from fed rats, addition of leucine stimulated by about 20% the production of both alanine and glutamine, probably by providing additional amino groups for transamination with alpha-ketoglutarate. However, in cardiac muscle from fasted rats and rabbits, leucine increased the production of glutamine, but not of alanine. Isoleucine and valine, by contrast, enhanced production of both alanine and glutamine in these tissues. In the presence of leucine, low levels of pyruvate seem to limit the production of alanine, apparently because leucine, unlike isoleucine or valine, promotes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.
Chapter 8 – Linear Programming Methods for Optimum Design

A standard model for linear programming (LP) problems is defined as minimization of a cost function subject to equality constraints and nonnegative design variables. Basic concepts and terminology related to LP problems are explained with a sample problem. The concept of basic solutions of a rectangular system of linear equations Ax = b is explained and basic and nonbasic variables are defined. The basic idea of the Simplex method and its steps are explained with all “less than or equal to” type constraints. Then the two-phase Simplex method for general LP problems is presented, explained, and illustrated. In Phase I, artificial variables are introduced for equality and “greater than or equal to” type constraints, and an artificial cost function is minimized to obtain a basic feasible solution for the original LP problem. In Phase II, the Simplex method continued to obtain an optimum solution for the LP problem. Postoptimality analysis for the problem is presented where changes to the constraint limits, ranging of the right side parameters and ranging of the cost coefficients are discussed and illustrated with examples.
Versatile Desktop Experiment Module (DEMo) on Heat Transfer.

This paper outlines a new Desktop Experiment Module (DEMo) engineered for a chemical engineering junior-level Heat Transfer course. This new DEMo learning tool is versatile, fairly inexpensive, and portable such that it can be positioned on student desks throughout a classroom. The DEMo system can illustrate conduction of various materials, thermal energy generation, thermal contact resistance, heat dissipation from fins, and convection across surfaces of varying geometry. Advantages of this approach are that students can closely examine and fiddle with the system to see cause and effect better than with instructor led demonstrations. These learning tools can also serve as vibrant hands-on experiments with high school students.
Anisotropic optical properties of single Si2Te3 nanoplates.

We report a combined experimental and computational study of the optical properties of individual silicon telluride (Si2Te3) nanoplates. The p-type semiconductor Si2Te3 has a unique layered crystal structure with hexagonal closed-packed Te sublattices and Si–Si dimers occupying octahedral intercalation sites. The orientation of the silicon dimers leads to unique optical and electronic properties. Two-dimensional Si2Te3 nanoplates with thicknesses of hundreds of nanometers and lateral sizes of tens of micrometers are synthesized by a chemical vapor deposition technique. At temperatures below 150 K, the Si2Te3 nanoplates exhibit a direct band structure with a band gap energy of 2.394 eV at 7 K and an estimated free exciton binding energy of 150 meV. Polarized reflection measurements at different temperatures show anisotropy in the absorption coefficient due to an anisotropic orientation of the silicon dimers, which is in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations of the dielectric functions. Polarized Raman measurements of single Si2Te3 nanoplates at different temperatures reveal various vibrational modes, which agree with density functional perturbation theory calculations. The unique structural and optical properties of nanostructured Si2Te3 hold great potential applications in optoelectronics and chemical sensing.
A Generative Adversarial Learning Framework for Breaking Text-Based CAPTCHA in the Dark Web

Cyber threat intelligence (CTI) necessitates automated monitoring of dark web platforms (e.g., Dark Net Markets and carding shops) on a large scale. While there are existing methods for collecting data from the surface web, large-scale dark web data collection is commonly hindered by anti-crawling measures. Text-based CAPTCHA serves as the most prohibitive type of these measures. Text-based CAPTCHA requires the user to recognize a combination of hard-to-read characters. Dark web CAPTCHA patterns are intentionally designed to have additional background noise and variable character length to prevent automated CAPTCHA breaking. Existing CAPTCHA breaking methods cannot remedy these challenges and are therefore not applicable to the dark web. In this study, we propose a novel framework for breaking text-based CAPTCHA in the dark web. The proposed framework utilizes Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to counteract dark web-specific background noise and leverages an enhanced character segmentation algorithm. Our proposed method was evaluated on both benchmark and dark web CAPTCHA testbeds. The proposed method significantly outperformed the state-of-the-art baseline methods on all datasets, achieving over 92.08% success rate on dark web testbeds. Our research enables the CTI community to develop advanced capabilities of large-scale dark web monitoring.