cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tracking on a graph

This paper considers the problem of tracking objects with sparsely located binary sensors. Tracking with a sensor network is a challenging task due to the inaccuracy of sensors and difficulties in sensor network localization. Based on the simplest sensor model, in which each sensor reports only a binary value indicating whether an object is present near the sensor or not, we present an optimal distributed tracking algorithm which does not require sensor network localization. The tracking problem is formulated as a hidden state estimation problem over the finite state space of sensors. Then a distributed tracking algorithm is derived from the Viterbi algorithm. We also describe provably good pruning strategies for scalability of the algorithm and show the conditions under which the algorithm is robust against false detections. The algorithm is also extended to handle non-disjoint sensing regions and to track multiple moving objects. Since the computation and storage of track information are done in a completely distributed manner, the method is robust against node failures and transmission failures. In addition, the use of binary sensors makes the proposed algorithm suitable for many sensor network applications.
Brief Report: Systematic Review of Rett Syndrome in Males

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurogenetic disorder in which a period of typical development is followed by loss of previously acquired skills. Once thought to occur exclusively in females, increasing numbers of male cases of RTT have been reported. This systematic review included 36 articles describing 57 cases of RTT in males. Mutations of the MECP2 gene were present in 56 % of cases, and 68 % of cases reported other genetic abnormalities. This is the first review of published reports of RTT in male patients.
Molecular and clinical markers of pancreas cancer.

Pancreas cancer has the worst prognosis of any solid tumor but is potentially treatable if it is diagnosed at an early stage. Thus there is critical interest in delineating clinical and molecular markers of incipient disease. The currently available biomarker, CA 19-9, has an inadequate sensitivity and specificity to achieve this objective. Diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, and chronic pancreatitis are associated with pancreas cancer. However, screening is currently only recommended in those with hereditary pancreatitis and genetic syndromes which predispose to cancer. Ongoing work to identify early markers of pancreas cancer consists of high throughput discovery methods including gene arrays and proteomics as well as hypothesis driven methods. While several promising candidates have been identified none has yet been convincingly proven to be better than CA 19-9. New methods including endoscopic ultrasound are improving detection of pancreas cancer and are being used to acquire tissue for biomarker discovery. Image: University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA, USA (logo).
Enhanced Correlation of SMART Active Flap Rotor Loads

This is a follow-on study to a 2010 correlation effort. Measured data from the SMART rotor test in the NASA Ames 40- by 80- Foot Wind Tunnel are compared with CAMRAD II calculations. As background, during the wind tunnel test, unexpectedly high inboard loads were encountered, and it was hypothesized at that time that due to changes in the flexbeams over the years, the flexbeam properties used in the analysis needed updating. Boeing Mesa, recently updated these properties. This correlation study uses the updated flexbeam properties. Compared to earlier studies, the following two enhancements are implemented: i) the inboard loads (pitchcase and flexbeam loads) correlation is included for the first time (reliable prediction of the inboard loads is a prerequisite for any future anticipated flight-testing); ii) the number of blade modes is increased to better capture the flap dynamics and the pitchcase-flexbeam dynamics. Also, aerodynamically, both the rolled-up wake model and the more complex, multiple trailer wake model are used, with the latter slightly improving the blade chordwise moment correlation. This sensitivity to the wake model indicates that CFD is needed. Three high-speed experimental cases, one uncontrolled free flap case and two commanded flap cases, are considered. The two commanded flap cases include a 2o flap deflection at 5P case and a 0o flap deflection case. For the free flap case, selected modifications to the HH-06 section flap airfoil pitching moment table are implemented. For the commanded 2o flap case, the experimental flap variation is approximately matched by increasing the analytical flap hinge stiffness. This increased flap hinge stiffness is retained for the commanded 0o flap case also, which is treated as a free flap case, but with larger flap hinge stiffness. The change in the mid-span and outboard loads correlation due to the updating of the flexbeam properties is not significant. Increasing the number of blade modes results in an effective, commanded flap hinge stiffness of 4X baseline, not 3X as reported earlier. The inboard loads correlation is reasonable, but needs further study. Overall, the free flap case correlation is reasonable, thus confirming the basic correctness of the current semi-empirical modifications; the correlation for the commanded 2o flap at 5P case and the 0o flap case is also reasonable.
Dependence of effective molarity on linker length for an intramolecular protein-ligand system.

This paper reports dissociation constants and “effective molarities” (Meff) for the intramolecular binding of a ligand covalently attached to the surface of a protein by oligo(ethylene glycol) (EGn) linkers of different lengths (n = 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20) and compares these experimental values with theoretical estimates from polymer theory. As expected, the value of Meff is lowest when the linker is too short (n = 0) to allow the ligand to bind noncovalently at the active site of the protein without strain, is highest when the linker is the optimal length (n = 2) to allow such binding to occur, and decreases monotonically as the length increases past this optimal value (but only by a factor of ∼8 from n = 2 to n = 20). These experimental results are not compatible with a model in which the single bonds of the linker are completely restricted when the ligand has bound noncovalently to the active site of the protein, but they are quantitatively compatible with a model that treats the linker as a random-coil p...
A Generic Proxy Mechanism for Secure Middlebox Traversal

Firewalls/NATs have brought significant connectivity problems along with their benefits, causing many applications to break or become inefficient. Due to its bi-directional communication, huge scale, and multi-organizational nature, the grid may be one of the areas damaged most by the connectivity problem. Several ideas to deal with the connectivity problem were investigated and many systems are available. However, many issues still remain unanswered. Most systems are firewall/NAT unfriendly and are considered harmful to network security; the tussle between these devices trying to investigate pay loads and applications trying to protect their content from observation and modification must be reconciled. This paper discusses how a simple relay-based system, called XRAY (middlebox traversal by relaying), deals with these issues and provides other benefits such as flexible traffic control. This paper also discusses how relay-based traversal systems can help applications to communicate over firewalls/NATs and also complement firewall/NAT operations to help network security
The integrated antioxidant system

Abstract The diversity and depth of the body's antioxidant protection system is reviewed. Components of both endogenous and exogenous origins contribute protection, and new data suggests that some components interact to spare or replace each other. Evidence from both animal and human studies shows that glutathione and vitamin C can act in concert to alleviate a variety of oxidant stresses. Results from in vitro and animal studies indicate that vitamin C regenerates tocopherol in the lipid phase, but this interaction has not yet been shown to be important to human nutrition and metabolism. Newer evidence suggests that β-carotene and tocopherol may act synergistically against lipid peroxidation, and that polyphenols, such as flavonoids provide antioxidant protection which is enhanced by vitamin C. The diverse roles of iron and copper in redox biochemistry is illustrated by their incorporation in protective metalloenzymes and by some proposed interactions with vitamins. The emerging picture of synergisms and interactions suggests that antioxidant protection may be more flexible and efficient than indicated by studies of single nutrient effects. The apparent versatility of the oxidant defense system implys that it is capable of taking advantage of diverse antioxidants provided by the diet, as well as excesses of a particular antioxidant nutrient.
Infrared absorption spectroscopy of molecular ions in a corona-discharge slit expansion

Abstract A new corona slit nozzle has been constructed to study, by means of direct infrared absorption, molecular ions generated in a continuous supersonic expansion. Spectra of the ions H 3 + , D 2 H + , D 3 + , HN 2 + , H 3 O + and ArH + , were detected in the 1900–3600 cm −1 region using difference frequency and diode laser sources. The new jet source gives a significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio and a reduction in rotational temperature compared to our previously reported hollow-cathode jet discharge source. The effective rotational and translational temperatures were in the ranges 33–93 and 50–100 K, respectively. The experimental factors influencing the performance of the source are discussed.
Rat hepatocyte engraftment in severe combined immunodeficient x beige mice using mouse-specific anti-fas antibody.

: Background: Hepatocyte transplantation holds promise as a treatment for acute and chronic liver failure; however, robust model systems needed to study xenogeneic hepatocyte transfer are lacking. Severe combined immunodeficient × beige (SCID/bg) hybrid mice readily accept foreign tissue. Repopulation of C.B-17 SCID/bg mouse liver with rat hepatocytes was studied following induction of mouse hepatocyte apoptosis using an anti-mouse agonistic fas monoclonal antibody (Jo2 mAb) that does not engage xenogeneic fas. Methods: SCID/bg mice were transplanted with 1 × 106 fresh adult rat hepatocytes intrasplenically and treated with various doses, routes and frequencies of Jo2 mAb. Rat cell repopulation was characterized by quantitative immunofluorescent antibody (q-IFA) staining specific for rat dipeptidyl peptidase type IV (DPP-IV) and leucine amino peptidase, amplification of rat genomic DNA using polymerase chain reaction and histopathological and serum biochemistry analyses. Results: Analysis of liver sections from mice treated twice weekly for 12 weeks with 0.4 mg/kg Jo2 mAb intraperitoneally consistently demonstrated >50% rat hepatocytes in the parenchymal mass by q-IFA. Rat hepatocyte engraftment protected mice from Jo2 mAb-mediated liver hemorrhage and hepatocyte apoptosis. Serum liver enzyme levels did not increase in Jo2 mAb-treated mice that were highly engrafted with rat hepatocytes, in contrast to matched non-engrafted mice. At 12 weeks post-engraftment, minimal fibrosis and inflammation were apparent and liver architecture had returned to near normal. Jo2 mAb did not induce histopathological abnormalities in other tissues known to express fas antigen (i.e. heart, lung). Conclusions: This novel model represents a simple and robust system of xenogeneic hepatocyte transplantation that could be applied to studies of liver biology, regeneration and hepatocyte transplantation.
A 3-dimensional trimeric β-barrel model for Chlamydia MOMP contains conserved and novel elements of Gram-negative bacterial porins.

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases and the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. Global control of Chlamydia will best be achieved with a vaccine, a primary target for which is the major outer membrane protein, MOMP, which comprises ∼60% of the outer membrane protein mass of this bacterium. In the absence of experimental structural information on MOMP, three previously published topology models presumed a16-stranded barrel architecture. Here, we use the latest β-barrel prediction algorithms, previous 2D topology modeling results, and comparative modeling methodology to build a 3D model based on the 16-stranded, trimeric assumption. We find that while a 3D MOMP model captures many structural hallmarks of a trimeric 16-stranded β-barrel porin, and is consistent with most of the experimental evidence for MOMP, MOMP residues 320–334 cannot be modeled as β-strands that span the entire membrane, as is consistently observed in published 16-stranded β-barrel crystal structures. Given the ambiguous results for β-strand delineation found in this study, recent publications of membrane β-barrel structures breaking with the canonical rule for an even number of β-strands, findings of β-barrels with strand-exchanged oligomeric conformations, and alternate folds dependent upon the lifecycle of the bacterium, we suggest that although the MOMP porin structure incorporates canonical 16-stranded conformations, it may have novel oligomeric or dynamic structural changes accounting for the discrepancies observed.
Investigation of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) processing parameters on performance for wholly aromatic hydrocarbon-based proton exchange membranes

Abstract The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is well known to be the critical component of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The interface between the membrane and the electrodes plays a significant role in controlling overall performance and durability. Moreover, the processing parameters to produce MEA have a major influence on the interface and allow novel materials to be evaluated in high performance fuel cell devices. In this paper, several parameters influencing processing conditions for MEAs with membranes based on novel wholly aromatic polymers were investigated and optimized processing parameters are suggested. This paper demonstrates that the water content present in the copolymers during MEA fabrication significantly influences the nature of the interface and, consequently, fuel cell performance. The optimized fabrication temperature reflects viscoelastic behavior and appears to be close to the hydrated glass transition or α relaxation temperature of the copolymer. It is suggested to be a function of both water content, which can plasticize and reduce Tg, and molecular weight of the copolymer.
Inaccuracies on applications for emergency medicine residency training.

Objectives: Studies have shown erroneous claims of authorship by medical students applying for residency. Authors have hypothesized that investigation of advanced degrees, Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) status, and peer-reviewedpublications all show important rates of inaccuracy. Methods: A retrospective review of all applicants offered an interview for the authors' emergency medicine (EM) residency (entering class of 2002), excluding foreign medical graduates and current residents, was conducted. After verifying peer-reviewed publications by MEDLINE search and journal review, errors were tabulated as follows: reference not found, not referenced as an abstract, incorrect author list, or clerical error. AOA status was verified by the AOA organization. Advanced degrees were verified by the awarding institutions. Results: Of 194 applications screened (58.3% of applications), 21 (10.8%) were excluded (9 foreign medical graduates, 12 current residents). Multiple inaccuracies on a single application were counted separately. Of the 173 remaining applications, 23 (13.3%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 8.8% to 19.5%) had at least one mis-representation and seven of 173 (4.0%; 95% CI = 1.8% to 8.5%) had two or more. Authorship of at least one peer-reviewed article was claimed by 47 of 173 (27.2%), with ten of 47 (21.3%; 95% CI = 11.2% to 36.1%) having one inaccuracy and six of 47 (12.8%, 95% CI = 5.3% to 26.4%) having two or more. AOA membership was claimed by 14 applicants (8.1%), but five claims (35.7%, 95% CI = 14.0% to 64.4%) were inaccurate. Advanced degrees were claimed by 15 (8.7%); four (26.7%, 95% CI = 8.9% to 55.2%) were in error. Conclusions: Applications for EM residency contain frequent inaccuracies in publications listed, AOA status, and advanced degrees. Careful review of applications is necessary to ensure appropriate credit is given for claims of these types.
Musical versus Visual Graphs: Cross-Modal Equivalence in Perception of Time Series Data

By applying multidimensional scaling procedures and other quantitative analyses to perceptual dissimilarity judgments, we compared the perceptual structure of visual line graphs depicting simulated time series data with that of auditory displays (musical graphs) presenting the same data. Highly similar and meaningful perceptual structures were demonstrated for both auditory and visual modalities, showing that important data characteristics (function slope, shape, and level) were perceptually salient in either presentation mode. Auditory graphics may be a highly useful alternative to traditional visual graphics for a variety of data presentation applications.
Does concept-mapping strategy work for everyone? The levels of generativity and learners' self-regulated learning skills.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of concept-mapping strategies with three different generativity levels (expert-generated concept map, partially learner-generated concept map, fully learner-generated concept map) on knowledge acquisition. Interaction between learners' self-regulated learning (SRL) skills and different levels of generativity was also tested. One hundred twenty-four undergraduate students, randomly assigned to three different concept-mapping groups, were differentiated by high and low levels of SRL skills. The findings suggest that the participants in the fully learner-generated map group significantly outperformed the participants in the expert-generated map group, and participants with high SRL skills significantly outperformed those with low SRL skills across all treatment levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Characterization of electromigration parameters in VLSI metallizations by 1/ƒ noise measurements

Abstract Low-frequency (LF) noise measurements were performed on aluminum thin films biased at current densities of 5 × 10 5 to 3 × 10 6 A/cm 2 at different temperatures up to 200°C. Correlation between the mechanisms causing these LF fluctuations and electromigration was investigated. Contrary to the 1/ f 2 form observed by other researchers, we observed 1/ f γ noise spectra where γ varied between 0.8 and 1.5. Through the Arrhenius plot of noise power spectral density, activation energies ranging from 0.60 to 0.69 eV have been obtained which agree with activation energies obtained through 1/ f 2 noise measurements. These values also agree with activation energies measured by conventional stressing techniques and are in the same range as electromigration mechanisms originating from grain boundaries. Through the current dependence of γ, and the current dependence of the noise power magnitude, we attempted to predict electromigration damage and time-to-failure. For the first time, we incorporated the current dependence of the spectral form in the analysis of noise magnitude for electromigration.
Thermal effects in styrene-butadiene rubber at high hydrostatic pressures

Abstract The temperature changes as a result of rapid hydrostatic pressure applications are reported for unvulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) in the reference temperature range from 292 to 405 K and in the pressure range from 13.8 to 200 MN m−2. The thermal effects were found to be a function of pressure and temperature. A curve fitting analysis showed that the empirical curve ( ∂T ∂P )=ab(ΔP) b−1 , described the experimental thermoelastic coefficients obtained from the experiments. The data were analysed by determining the predicted thermoelastic coefficients derived from the Thomson equation ( ∂T ∂P )= αT o ϱC p . The experimental and the predicted Gruneisen parameter γT were also estimated. Close agreement was found at low pressure but differences were observed at higher pressures between the experimental and expected values for the thermoelastic coefficients and the Gruneisen parameter.
Why privacy discussions about pervasive online customer profiling should focus on the expanding roles of third-parties

Network advertising associations, consumer databases, data mining services and advertising exchanges play important roles in the online behavioural advertising industry. The participation of such third-party businesses in consumer profiling to generate targeted direct marketing communications raises significant consumer privacy and data protection concerns. This article analyses the regulatory frameworks of the European Union and the USA and legal developments on this topic to assess how well consumers' privacy concerns are being addressed. It then makes suggestions for regulatory reform specific to third-party involvement in the behavioural advertising industry aimed at enhancing consumers' privacy and data protection.
Size and Topology Optimization for Supercapacitor-Based Sub-Watt Energy Harvesters

This paper explores sizing and topology reconfiguration strategies for charging and discharging multiple supercapacitors as energy storage in sub-Watt-scale energy harvesters. To maximize energy efficiency for storage ( $\eta_{E_{\rm storage}}$ ), total leakage power is kept low by selecting the supercapacitors to charge sequentially, alternately, or in series based on their voltages. To maximize energy efficiency for driving load ( $\eta_{E_{\rm driving}}$ ), residual energy is minimized by switching to series composition of the supercapacitors in order to raise the voltage above the minimum input voltage of the load-side dc–dc converter. Due to the nonlinear, stateful, load-dependent behavior of such harvesters, parameter sweeping is used for system-level optimization. A topology-reconfigurable structure consisting of two larger, symmetric “reservoir” supercapacitors and one voltage-raising “bootcap” proves to be efficient and practical when considering combinations of symmetric and asymmetric capacitance values. Experimental results on an actual implementation show that for charging, series topology is best when input power is high due to lower leakage, and individual topology is best when input power is low due to lower voltage; for discharging, series topology is effective in reducing residual energy while individual topology with alternating discharging effectively minimizes leakage.
Log-based receiver-reliable multicast for distributed interactive simulation

Reliable multicast communication is important in large-scale distributed applications. For example, reliable multicast is used to transmit terrain and environmental updates in distributed simulations. To date, proposed protocols have not supported these applications' requirements, which include wide-area data distribution, low-latency packet loss detection and recovery, and minimal data and management over-head within fine-grained multicast groups, each containing a single data source.In this paper, we introduce the notion of Log-Based Receiver-reliable Multicast (LBRM) communication, and we describe and evaluate a collection of log-based receiver reliable multicast optimizations that provide an efficient, scalable protocol for high-performance simulation applications. We argue that these techniques provide value to a broader range of applications and that the receiver-reliable model is an appropriate one for communication in general.
Co-occurrence of calcium-binding proteins and calcium-permeable glutamate receptors in the primary gustatory nucleus of goldfish.

Primary vagal gustatory afferents utilize glutamate as a neurotransmitter acting on AMPA/kainate receptors of second-order neurons. Some forms of ionotropic glutamate receptors permit passage of Ca++ ions upon activation by appropriate ligands. Calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) play a buffering role for regulating the concentration of intracellular calcium. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution and morphology of neurons with CaBPs, including calretinin, calbindin, and parvalbumin, and to compare this distribution with neurons exhibiting Ca++-permeable glutamate receptors as determined by kainate-stimulated uptake of Co++ in the vagal lobe of goldfish. Calretinin- and calbindin-positive neurons occurred throughout the sensory zone including round unipolar, horizontal; and perpendicular bipolar or multipolar somata. Parvalbumin neurons were mainly round monopolar neurons, especially common in the superficial layers of the sensory zone. In the motor zone, while parvalbumin labeled nearly all motoneurons, calretinin labeled only external motoneurons. In double labeling with calretinin and parvalbumin, few neurons in the sensory layer labeled with both antisera. Immunocytochemistry following kainate-stimulate uptake of Co++ showed that most calretinin, but few parvalbumin immunopositive neurons also were labeled by cobalt in the central and deep layers of the sensory zone. All motoneurons were labeled by Co++, including those immunoreactive for calretinin or parvalbumin. These results indicate that calretinin expression is strongly correlated with calcium-permeable ionotropic glutamate receptors in the neurons of the sensory zone of the goldfish vagal lobe, but even within this limited region, not all Ca++-permeable neurons possess any of the CaBPs examined. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:90–105, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Observations of oviposition in northern clade Bufo fowleri in kettle lakes at Cape Cod National Seashore, USA: implications for management

Kettle lakes are important breeding habitats for Fowler's toad (Bufo fowleri) and are also used for human recreation. We sampled four kettle lakes used for recreation at Cape Cod National Seashore, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, USA to examine patterns in B. fowleri oviposition. Most oviposition occurred within 4 m of shorelines in shallow water and on vegetation or debris that positioned embryos close to the water's surface. Only 1.22% of egg strings were located in recreational-use accessways. Public-use related habitat disturbance likely inhibits B. fowleri oviposition due to the removal of attachment substrates. Resource managers should consider restricting human activity in kettle lakes so that egg strings and attachment substrates are not destroyed.
Terminal Chalcogenido Complexes of Gallium Supported by Tris(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolyl)hydroborato Ligation: [TpBut2]GaE (E = Se, Te)

Terminal selenido and tellurido complexes of gallium supported by the tris(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolyl)hydroborato ligand, [TpBut2]GaE (E = Se, Te), have been prepared by oxidative addition of the elemental chalcogens to the three-coordinate gallium(I) complex [TpBut2]Ga. The positions of the equilibria involving chalcogenido transfer between [TpBut2]M (M = Ga, In) and Et3PSe demonstrate that the strengths of the X≈Se interactions decrease in the sequence [TpBut2]GaSe > Et3PSe > [TpBut2]InSe.
Magnetic measurement of pulsed laser-induced nanomagnetic arrays using Surface Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect

Efficient and dependable characterization methods of magnetic-plasmonic nanostructures are essential towards the implementation of new nanoscale materials in magneto-optical applications. Surface magneto-optic Kerr effect (SMOKE) is a powerful characterization technique, because of its simplicity and high sensitive to even monolayer thick magnetic materials. It relies on the measurement of polarization and absorption changes of reflected light in the presence of a magnetic field. While SMOKE has been applied in the past to investigate the magnetic information of continuous films, there is little work on applying it to characterize arrays of nanoparticles with variable magnetic and optical properties. Here, we have used it to investigate the magnetic behavior of nanoparticle arrays made by nanosecond pulsed laser self-organization. This technique produces an array of single-domain magnetic nanoparticles with size-dependent magnetic orientation. Nanoparticle arrays of Co and Ni were prepared on SiO2 substrates. SMOKE measurements were performed for a variety of different particle sizes and material. Systematic differences in saturation and coercivity were observed for the different samples. These results demonstrated that SMOKE is a reliable technique to rapidly characterize the magnetic behavior of nanoparticle arrays.
SYNTHESIS OF Nα‐FORMYL‐MET‐LEU‐PHE‐OH: AN INDUCER OF CHEMOTAXIS IN PERITONEAL POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHILS

A chemotactic peptide CHO.Met.Leu.Phe.OH has been synthesized classically using the mixed anhydride procedure. The formyl group was introduced by coupling formic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to the partially protected triptide. The final product was obtained by treatment of the intermediate CHO.Met.Leu.Phe.OBzl with hydrogen fluoride. The ED50 of the peptide in the Boyden chamber assay was 7 x 10(-11) M; in the lysozyme release assay 2.4 x 10(-10) M and in the beta-glucuronidase release assay 2.6 x 10(-10) M. In a radioreceptor assay the ID50 of the peptide was 3.3 x 10(-10) M.
Exploring the Interplay between Topology and Secondary Structural Formation in the Protein Folding Problem

models) have been successful in providing a qualitativeunderstanding of the folding mechanism of small globular proteins. Can we go beyond this qualitativeunderstanding and make more detailed quantitative connections to experiments? To achieve this goal, a tractableframework of protein representations whose complexity falls between C
A Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph Survey for Broad Absorption Lines in a Sample of Low-redshift Weak [O III] Quasi-stellar Objects*

The study by Boroson & Meyers led to the suggestion that radio-quiet QSOs with weak [O III] and strong Fe II emission spectra form a class of QSOs that has a high probability of exhibiting broad absorption lines (BALs) in their spectra. Furthermore, they argued that since narrow-line [O III] emission is almost certainly emitted isotropically, this indicates that such objects have relatively large BAL region covering factors. Low covering factor models are consistent with scenarios in which most QSOs have BAL regions, while higher covering factor models are consistent with scenarios in which there are special classes of QSOs with large BAL region outflows. By making Hubble Space Telescope (HST) FOS observations and using IUE or HST archival data when available, the details of the Boroson & Meyers suggestion have been explored by directly searching for classical C IV BALs in a sample of 18 QSOs with weak [O III] and often strong Fe II emission. Six of the 18 QSOs are found to exhibit C IV BALs. (In the archival sample, four of six objects have BALs, while two of the 12 new objects observed with the HST FOS have BALs.) However, there is evidence that the sample is heterogeneous, with IRAS-selected objects and high-luminosity objects having a greater tendency to exhibit BALs. If an isotropic model for [O III] emission equivalent width is considered, the results suggest that for the 18 object sample as a whole the average BAL region covering factor is ≈ 0.33 -->+ 0.20−0.09, which is significantly larger (with a more than 99% probability) than the overall fraction of QSOs observed to have BALs (normally taken as ≈ 0.1). Given possible selection effects, in the context of an isotropic model the results may indicate that some of the sample objects have covering factors 0.33, while others have covering factors 0.33. At the same time, it is impossible to rule out in a non-model-dependent way a scenario in which orientation effects are important and covering factors are generally small. Results such as these ultimately provide constraints on QSO geometries, intrinsic QSO properties, and evolutionary processes in QSOs.
Income and choice between different goods.

In Experiment 1, 3 rats chose between two simultaneously operating variable-interval schedules, one of which provided saccharin water and the other, food. In five conditions, the absolute (and equal) reinforcement rates provided by the pair of equal-valued schedules were manipulated in the range of 36 to 240 per hour. Experiment 2 was identical to Experiment 1 except that these schedules operated successively, arranged by requiring the rat to stand on the side of the chamber correlated with each schedule. Food/saccharin choice ratios were inversely related to reinforcement rate in both experiments, although this effect was stronger in Experiment 2. When delivery rates were high, preference for food over saccharin often reversed as the session progressed. The results were interpretable in terms of economic accounts of choice (e.g., the minimum-needs hypothesis), as well as in terms of traditional psychological accounts (e.g., matching theory).
Numerical investigation of 2D convection with extremely large viscosity variations

Previous experimental studies of convection in fluids with temperature‐dependent viscosity reached viscosity contrasts of the order of 105. Although this value seems large, it still might not be large enough for understanding convection in the interiors of Earth and other planets whose viscosity is a much stronger function of temperature. The reason is that, according to theory, above 104–105 viscosity contrasts, convection must undergo a major transition—to stagnant lid convection. This is an asymptotic regime in which a stagnant lid is formed on the top of the layer and convection is driven by the intrinsic, rheological, temperature scale, rather than by the entire temperature drop in the layer. A finite element multigrid scheme appropriate for large viscosity variations is employed and convection with up to 1014 viscosity contrasts has been systematically investigated in a 2D square cell with free‐slip boundaries. We reached the asymptotic regime in the limit of large viscosity contrasts and obtained s...
A new species and new records of palicoid crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Palicoidea, Palicidae, Crossotonotidae) from the Indo-West Pacific region

Castro P. 2010. — A new species and new records of palicoid crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Palicoidea, Palicidae, Crossotonotidae) from the Indo-West Pacific region. Zoosystema 32 (1): 73-86.
Landscape or Mindscape? Seamus Heaney's Bogs

In the tradition of literary geography, Seamus Heaney's poetical descriptions of bogs are examined in terms of how closely his imagery fits the physical reality of the landscape itself, While studies in vegetational succession and geomorphology mas help to explain the origin and development of bogs, both in Ireland and worldwide, humanistic geography also considers place-creation to be subjective, based on landscape perceptions which take into account cultural responses as well as purely environmental factors. Poetic license may stretch description of a regional landscape beyond (he confines of measurable reality, bringing to light a stronger objectivity, inclusive not only of the physical environment, but also of the social, psychological, and the historical climate.
A Cycle-to-Cycle Method to Predict HCCI Combustion Phasing

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) is a low temperature combustion strategy that simultaneously improves fuel efficiency and lowers engine-out NOx emissions. Unfortunately, broad usage of HCCI is hampered by combustion instabilities and a limited operation envelope. To help understand these limitations, this paper treats individual cylinders in a production four-cylinder engine as dynamical systems that iterate CA90 (the crank angle where 90% of net heat release is achieved) cycle-to-cycle as the engine operates in an unboosted, negative valve overlap HCCI combustion mode. This approach is shown to provide qualitative understanding of the stability limit bifurcation behavior, while also enabling quantitative cycle-to-cycle predictions of combustion phasing across a wide variety of transient and steady-state conditions, right up to complete misfire.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Predicting integrals of diffusion processes

Abstract Consider predicting the integral of a diffusion process Z in a bounded interval A, based on the observations Z(t1n),…,Z(tnn), where t1n,…,tnn is a dense triangular array of points (the step of discretization tends to zero as n increases) in the bounded interval. The best linear predictor is generally not asymptotically optimal. Instead, we predict ∫ A Z(t) d t using the conditional expectation of the integral of the diffusion process, the optimal predictor in terms of minimizing the mean squared error, given the observed values of the process. We obtain that, conditioning on the observed values, the order of convergence in probability to zero of the mean squared prediction error is Op(n−2). We prove that the standardized conditional prediction error is approximately Gaussian with mean zero and unit variance, even though the underlying diffusion is generally non-Gaussian. Because the optimal predictor is hard to calculate exactly for most diffusions, we present an easily computed approximation that is asymptotically optimal. This approximation is a function of the diffusion coefficient.
Electronic structure of deformed carbon nanotubes

Electronic structure of deformed carbon nanotubes varies widely depending on their chirality and deformation mode. We present a framework to analyze these variations by quantifying the dispersion relation and density of states. The theory is based on the H\"uckel tight-binding model and confirmed by four orbital tight-binding simulations of nanotubes under stretching, compression, torsion, and bending. It unriddles and unifies previous band gap studies and predicts the shifting, merging, and splitting of Van Hove singularities in the density of state, and the zigzag pattern of band gap change with strains. Possible applications to nanotube devices and spectroscopy research are also presented.
On the static magnetic field associated with a thin film ferromagnetic slab

Abstract In the fabrication of magnetic thin film memories, some measure of the magnetic coupling between sensing conductors and the film is required. The magnetic field configuration and the corresponding flux linkages are of interest in determining the sensitivity of the film-conductor geometry. This paper develops expressions for the magnetic scalar potential, the magnetic vector field, and the flux linkages between an idealized thin film slab and a parallel conductor.
Positive Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclase Activity by a GαiHomolog inNeurospora crassa

GNA-1 and GNA-2 are two G protein alpha subunits from the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Loss of gna-1 leads to multiple phenotypes, while Deltagna-2 strains do not exhibit visible defects. However, Deltagna-1Deltagna-2 mutants are more affected in Deltagna-1 phenotypes. Here we report a biochemical investigation of the roles of GNA-1 and GNA-2 in cAMP metabolism. Assays of Mg2+ ATP-dependent adenylyl cyclase activity (+/-GppNHp) in extracts from submerged cultures indicated that Deltagna-2 strains were normal, whereas Deltagna-1 and Deltagna-1Deltagna-2 strains had only 10-15% the activity of the wild-type control. Levels of the Gbeta protein, GNB-1, were normal in Deltagna-1 strains, excluding altered GNB-1 production as a factor in loss of adenylyl cyclase activity. Steady-state cAMP levels in Deltagna-1 and Deltagna-1Deltagna-2 mutants were reduced relative to wild-type under conditions that result in morphological abnormalities (solid medium), while levels in submerged culture were normal. cAMP phosphodiesterase activities in submerged cultures of Deltagna-1 and/or Deltagna-2 strains were lower than in wild-type; the individual deletions were additive in decreasing activity. These results suggest that in submerged culture, N. crassa, like mammalian systems, possesses compensatory mechanisms that maintain cAMP at relatively constant levels. Furthermore, the finding that Mg2+ATP-dependent adenylyl cyclase activity in wild-type cell extracts could be inhibited using anti-GNA-1 IgG suggests that GNA-1 directly interacts with adenylyl cyclase in N. crassa.
Switching effects in electron-beam-deposited polymer films

Abstract Switching effects in thin-film sandwiches of tetrabutyltin polymerized by electron bombardment are described. The switch was a memory type with two distinct metastable resistance states. The conduction mechanism may have been either Schottky emission or the Poole-Frenkel effect, and the switching can be explained by phase changes caused by ohmic heating along filamentary paths. A forming process was not necessary since the virgin junctions were already in the low-resistance state. The switching time was of the order of one microsecond and the junctions could be switched at least one hundred times.
Modular organization and combinatorial energetics of proline-tyrosine nuclear localization signals.

Proline–tyrosine nuclear localization signals (PY-NLSs) are recognized and transported into the nucleus by human Karyopherin (Kap) β2/Transportin and yeast Kap104p. Multipartite PY-NLSs are highly diverse in sequence and structure, share a common C-terminal R/H/KX2–5PY motif, and can be subdivided into hydrophobic and basic subclasses based on loose N-terminal sequence motifs. PY-NLS variability is consistent with weak consensus motifs, but such diversity potentially renders comprehensive genome-scale searches intractable. Here, we use yeast Kap104p as a model system to understand the energetic organization of this NLS. First, we show that Kap104p substrates contain PY-NLSs, demonstrating their generality across eukaryotes. Previously reported Kapβ2–NLS structures explain Kap104p specificity for the basic PY-NLS. More importantly, thermodynamic analyses revealed physical properties that govern PY-NLS binding affinity: (1) PY-NLSs contain three energetically significant linear epitopes, (2) each epitope accommodates substantial sequence diversity, within defined limits, (3) the epitopes are energetically quasi-independent, and (4) a given linear epitope can contribute differently to total binding energy in different PY-NLSs, amplifying signal diversity through combinatorial mixing of energetically weak and strong motifs. The modular organization of the PY-NLS coupled with its combinatorial energetics lays a path to decode this diverse and evolvable signal for future comprehensive genome-scale identification of nuclear import substrates.
Unusual hemodynamic findings of diagnostic value in a case of left atrial myxoma

Abstract Unusual laboratory findings in a case of left atrial myxoma are presented. The end-diastolic pressure gradient between the left ventricle and wedge position ranged from 0 to 21 mm. Hg with no relation to heart rate or rhythm, respiration, or wedge position. The y descent was slow rather than the usual rapid y descent associated with mobile atrial myxomas. These findings probably were caused by left atrial inflow obstruction rather than outflow obstruction. Pressure transients owing to sudden acceleration and deceleration of the tumor and surrounding blood, with subsequent oscillations of the heart and great vessels, were recorded in the left ventricle, aorta, external carotid pulse, and external phonocardiogram during the phase of isovolumic contraction and during a period beginning with isovolumic relaxation through rapid ventricular filling. These findings, when present, strongly suggest the presence of a mobile atrial tumor.
Differential association of adipophilin and TIP47 proteins with cytoplasmic lipid droplets in mouse enterocytes during dietary fat absorption

Recently, we found that enterocytes dynamically store triglycerides (TGs) in cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs) during dietary fat absorption. A dynamic pool of TG in the form of CLDs which expands and depletes relative to time post dietary fat challenge is present in the absorptive cells of the small intestine, enterocytes. To identify cellular factors which may play a role in the regulation of this dynamic process we investigated the expression and localization of a lipid droplet associated protein family, PAT proteins, in enterocytes of mice chronically and acutely challenged by dietary fat. We found that adipophilin and Tip47 are the only PAT genes present in mouse intestinal mucosa and both genes are present at higher levels after high-fat challenges. We found TIP47 protein present in the intestine from chow and high-fat challenged mice; however, adipophilin protein was only present after high-fat challenges. In addition, TIP47 protein level was higher after an acute than a chronic high-fat challenge whereas adipophilin protein level was higher after a chronic than an acute high-fat challenge. We co-imaged TG in CLDs using CARS microscopy and TIP47 or adipophilin using immunocytochemistry in isolated enterocytes from mice challenged chronically and acutely by high levels of dietary fat. TIP47, but not adipophilin, coats CLDs in enterocytes after an acute high-fat challenge suggesting that TIP47 plays a role in the synthesis of CLDs from newly synthesized TG at the beginning of the process of dietary fat absorption in enterocytes. Adipophilin, on the other hand, coats CLDs only in enterocytes of chronic high-fat fed mice suggesting that adipophilin may play a role in the stabilization of TG stored in CLDs in longer term. These results suggest distinct roles for TIP47 and adipophilin in dietary fat absorption.
Design of microstructure-sensitive properties in elasto-viscoplastic polycrystals using multi-scale homogenization

Abstract Evolution of properties during processing of materials depends on the underlying material microstructure. A finite element homogenization approach is presented for calculating the evolution of macro-scale properties during processing of microstructures. A mathematically rigorous sensitivity analysis of homogenization is presented that is used to identify optimal forging rates in processes that would lead to a desired microstructure response. Macro-scale parameters such as forging rates are linked with microstructure deformation using boundary conditions drawn from the theory of multi-scale homogenization. Homogenized stresses at the macro-scale are obtained through volume-averaging laws. A constitutive framework for thermo-elastic–viscoplastic response of single crystals is utilized along with a fully-implicit Lagrangian finite element algorithm for modelling microstructure evolution. The continuum sensitivity method (CSM) used for designing processes involves differentiation of the governing field equations of homogenization with respect to the processing parameters and development of the weak forms for the corresponding sensitivity equations that are solved using finite element analysis. The sensitivity of the deformation field within the microstructure is exactly defined and an averaging principle is developed to compute the sensitivity of homogenized stresses at the macro-scale due to perturbations in the process parameters. Computed sensitivities are used within a gradient-based optimization framework for controlling the response of the microstructure. Development of texture and stress–strain response in 2D and 3D FCC aluminum polycrystalline aggregates using the homogenization algorithm is compared with both Taylor-based simulations and published experimental results. Processing parameters that would lead to a desired equivalent stress–strain curve in a sample poly-crystalline microstructure are identified for single and two-stage loading using the design algorithm.