cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical outcomes of HIV-1 infected patients switched from complex multi-tablet regimens to tenofovir alafenamide based single-tablet regimens plus a boosted protease inhibitor in a real-world setting.

Background Multi-tablet regimens (MTRs) are associated with increased adverse events and non-adherence. Single tablet regimens (STRs) plus boosted protease inhibitors (PIs) are a simplification option for MTR-treated patients; however, data is needed to validate this therapeutic strategy. Methods This retrospective analysis included all HIV-1 infected patients seen at a single center from March 2016 to December 2017 who were switched from twice-daily (BID) regimens or regimens containing ​≥ ​3 pills daily to elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir-alafenamide (E/C/F/TAF) plus darunavir (DRV) or rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir-alafenamide (RPV/F/TAF) plus DRV boosted with ritonavir or cobicistat (DRV/r-c). Eligible patients had baseline HIV-1 RNA<200 copies/mL and were followed for 48 weeks. The primary endpoint was HIV-1 RNA≥50 copies/mL at Week 48. Adherence and safety data were recorded throughout the study. Results Of 61 patients included, median age was 53 years, the median number of pills taken daily (range) was 5 (3-9), 80% were taking BID regimens, 97% had baseline HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/mL, 56 (92%) were switched to E/C/F/TAF plus DRV and 5 (8%) to RPV/F/TAF plus DRV/r-c. At Week 48, 2 patients (3%) had HIV-1 RNA≥ 50 copies/mL, both were treated with E/C/F/TAF plus DRV and neither had evidence of treatment-emergent resistance. Fifty-nine (97%) had an HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/mL. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurred in 3/61 (5%) (all Grade 2) leading to 3/61 (5%) ADR-related discontinuations. Conclusion In this real-world cohort of MTR-treated patients, switching to a TAF-based STR plus boosted PI maintained virologic control in 97% and was well-tolerated, supporting potential use of this strategy for regimen simplification.
Scapulothoracic and Glenohumeral Contributions to Humerothoracic Kinematics in Single Versus Double Tendon Transfers in Patients with Brachial Plexus Birth Injury.

Purpose Evidence suggests that patients with brachial plexus birth injury are more likely to retain midline function following a teres major tendon transfer without a concomitant latissimus dorsi transfer. Both procedures increase shoulder external rotation and abduction, but whether increased loss of midline frequency following double transfer is due to glenohumeral (GH) joint motion or scapulothoracic (ST) compensation is unknown. We hypothesized that double tendon transfers would exhibit greater GH external rotation than single tendon transfers, thus requiring greater ST rotation to internally rotate the shoulder, while GH and ST contributions to elevation remained equivalent between both groups. Methods Twenty-six postsurgical children with C5/C6 brachial plexus birth injuries participated in this study. Thirteen patients with single tendon transfers were matched with 13 with double tendon transfer. Coordinate systems of the thorax, scapula , and humerus were measured utilizing motion capture in 6 arm positions. Joint angles were calculated by the helical (ST) and modified globe method (GH and humerothoracic [HT]). Differences between groups were compared with repeated measures of multivariate analyses of variance for each position. Pending significant multivariate analyses of variance, univariate analyses of variance determined joint differences between transfer groups. Results Joint rotations from neutral were similar between groups in 5 of 6 tested positions, with double tendon transfers consistently demonstrating 15°–20˚ more internal rotation at the GH and HT joints. Still, only the internal rotation position showed statistically significant differences in GH and HT joint angles. The ST joint angles were similar in this position (45.2˚ and 48.5˚). Conclusions The arc of motion for patients with double tendon transfer was more internally rotated than in patients with single tendon transfer at the GH and HT joints for all positions. However, both groups demonstrated little active rotation from neutral. Based on this data, teres major-only tendon transfers may not reduce the risk of loss of midline function. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Russian Perspectives on US–China Relations and the Twenty-First-Century Global System

Russia’s foreign policy is characterized by a combination of several conflicting narratives which coexist in a general space of rhetoric on identity, security, and civilizational divisions. Russian perceptions of the United States and China provide a powerful lens for framing not only how modern Russia conceives its foreign policy, but also for understanding its national identity transformations. Culturally and historically, Russia deems itself a part of Western civilization. China looks alien and lacking intellectual and emotional appeal to many Russians. However, the image of the United States in the eyes of the Russian political elite is essentially ambivalent and conflicting, while China is described as a reliable partner. Finding the right balance between the Euro-Atlantic and Asia-Pacific vectors will be the key challenge to Russian foreign policy in the years to come. The USA is watching China closely and cautiously; part of this caution will be keeping an eye on Chinese relations with the rest of the world. China is doing the same when it looks at the United States. Within this triangular construct, not losing sight of Russia will be a priority for both the USA and China. This situation creates many opportunities for Russia—if it plays its cards right.
An Episode of Moose

This loneliness is nothing compared to moose. Antlers like hands mid-clap, a body's volume, the inex?cutable bending of knees. I have encountered moose, inconsolable and dusty, drooping from a lodge wall into air close with pancakes, smoked wool, the unwashed parts of men; zoo moose on concrete, ink-blot shadows, austere among zebras, the anomalous apes swinging, climbing, swinging. I have witnessed a wake of moose penetrating water, heads disembodied by moon; sudden moose in dense forest
The effects of room acoustics on the speech privacy of meeting rooms

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of room acoustics on the speech privacy of meeting rooms. The study found that the uniform weighted signal-to-noise ratio can be used to predict the intelligibility and audibility of speech inside a room. It was also observed that the the criterion values can be influenced by spatial and temporal room acoustics effects. The study used an initial listening test in free-field conditions to determine the signal-to-noise ratio. The intelligibility of the transmitted speech and the threshold of the intelligibility of the speech were found different. New listening tests was used to investigate the spatial and temporal room acoustics effects on the speech privacy. The spatial and temporal room acoustics factors can have a great impact on the speech privacy of an enclosed rooms.
Purification and properties of maleylacetone cis-trans isomerase from vibrio 01.

Abstract An enzyme from Vibrio 01 catalyzing cis-trans isomerization of maleylacetone has been identified and purified. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 35,000 and appears to be a single unit. Its density is low compared to other proteins. Glutathione is specifically required as a coenzyme. Treatment of the enzyme with sodium borohydride in the presence of substrate and GSH leads to increased activity while in the absence of substrate, treatment with sodium borohydride leads to inhibition. Formation of a Schiff base intermediate between substrate and enzyme appears to be unlikely. N-Ethylmaleimide leads to inactivation of enzyme and suggests the importance of one or more thiol groups near the active site. Other inhibitors and potential inhibitors have been tested. The enzyme also isomerized maleylacetoacetate at a slightly faster rate.
Real-world project management in the academic environment

Instructors of many team-based project courses commonly focus on technical aspects such as experimenting with the best software development methods, developing processes that improve important software factors like reliability, usability, and maintainability, and researching software tools that enhance a team's productivity. This paper describes the management aspect of teaching two team-based project courses over the course of a two academic year period. We summarize practical ways of managing teams, explain procedures used to evaluate students, and describe ways of simulating a company environment in the classroom. Issues and solutions found in our classroom management process will aid future instructors in organizing, managing, and teaching similar upper-level undergraduate courses. As a result of taking these courses, students feel more confident in team projects and are ready to assume more responsibility within a team environment.
Electron microscope heteroduplex studies of sequence relations among plasmids of Escherichia coli: VIII. The structure of bacteriophage φ80d3ilv+su+7, including the mapping of the ribosomal RNA genes

The sequences present on the DNA of the transducing phage, φ80d3ilv+su+7 have been mapped by electron microscope heteroduplex methods. In addition to some φ80 sequences, the phage DNA contains sequences from the extreme counterclockwise region and from the extreme clockwise region of the bacterial chromosomal part of F14. The former includes ilv, the latter a 16 S and a 23 S ribosomal RNA gene. These two regions are joined on the transducing phage DNA by the 2.8 to 8.5F sequence. By direct observation of the structure of the rRNA/DNA hybrids, the 16 S and 23 S genes have lengths of 1.38 ± 0.14 and 2.66 ± 0.17 kilobases. They are separated by a spacer of length 0.57 ± 0.13 kilobases. The rRNA genes (rrn) of φ80d3ilv+su+7 are derived from and are identical with the rrnB gene set of F14. In heteroduplexes between the rrnB gene set of φ80d3ilv+su+7, and the rrnA gene set of F14 we observe that there is a region of non-homology of length 0.25 ± 0.06 kilobases within the spacer sequence. This confirms observations in the preceding paper on the structure of out-of-register duplexes of the two rRNA gene sets of F14. A model for the integration and excision events involved in the formation of φ80d3ilv+su+ 7 from φ80dmet(K) is proposed.
Odorants differentially enhance phosphoinositide turnover and adenylyl cyclase in olfactory receptor neuronal cultures

Both the cAMP and the phosphoinositide (PI) second messenger systems have been implicated in olfactory signal transduction. We have developed a primary culture system of mammalian olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs; Ronnett et al., 1991a) to permit analysis of odorant-induced second messenger system activation in the intact ORN. The ability of a series of odorants to stimulate PI turnover and adenylyl cyclase was examined. All odorants stimulated both second messenger systems, although with differential potencies. Stimulation of PI turnover desensitized upon reexposure of cultures to odorant. The enhancement by single odorants of both adenylyl cyclase and PI turnover, but to varying degrees, affords a mechanism for increased specificity in olfactory signal transduction.
β Oxidation in Glyoxysomes from Castor Bean Endosperm

Crude particulate preparations from castor bean endosperm contain most of the β oxidation activity present in initial extracts. Measurements on organelles separated by sucrose density centrifugation of the crude particles show that glyoxysomes (density 1.25) contain more than 80% of the particulate β oxidation activity, with virtually none in the mitochondria (density 1.19). Thiolase shows a similar distribution. Glyoxysomes do not oxidize NADH, but O2 is required for β oxidation. Addition of palmitoyl coenzyme A to glyoxysomes results in O2 uptake, NADH accumulation, and acetyl-CoA production, in a 0.5:1:1 stoichiometry. Cyanide has no effect on NADH accumulation, but doubles the rate of O2 uptake. These data are consistent with an O2-requiring oxidation of the prosthetic group of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase to yield H2O2, which is broken down by catalase in the glyoxysome. Acetyl-CoA produced by β oxidation is consumed in the glyoxylate cycle, which is also located in this organelle.
A new approach to on-demand loop-free multipath routing

We present and verify ROAM, an on-demand routing algorithm that maintains multiple loop-free paths to destinations. Each router maintains entries only for those destinations for which data flows through the router which reduces storage space requirements and the amount of bandwidth needed to maintain correct routing tables. In ROAM, routes are established and maintained on demand using diffusing computations. A router does not send updates for active destinations, unless its distance to them increases beyond a given threshold. ROAM maintains a state that informs routers when a destination is unreachable and prevents routers from sending unnecessary search packets attempting to find paths to an unreachable destination. ROAM is shown to converge in a finite time after an arbitrary sequence of topological changes and is shown to be loop-free at every instant. The time and communication complexities of ROAM are analyzed.
Toddlers' Social- emotional Competence in the Contexts of Maternal Emotion Socialization and Contingent Responsiveness in a Low- income Sample

Early social-emotional development occurs in the context of parenting, particularly via processes such as maternal emotion socialization and parent–child interactions. Results from structural equation modeling indicated that maternal contingent responsiveness partially mediated the relationship between maternal emotion socialization of toddlers (N = 119, ages 12–36 months) and toddlers' social-emotional competence. Effect size was strongest for the direct path between maternal emotion socialization and toddler social–emotional competence. Toddler age and maternal demographic risk status (covariates) predicted toddler competence. Study results extend the previous literature on early competencies by focusing on toddlers rather than preschool-aged children and by employing a contextual model in which both low-income mothers' emotion socialization and their contingent responsiveness predicted toddlers' competencies.
A parallel backtracking framework (BkFr) for single and multiple clusters

There is a wide class of important problems, typified by the NP-complete SAT problem, for which the best known solutions are obtained using the backtracking strategy and heuristics to bound the search of the associated state-space tree. The backtracking strategy is well suited to parallelization, since different portions of the state-space tree can be assigned to different processes. The resulting strategy is often referred to in the literature as parallel depth-first search or parallel backtracking. In this paper we introduce Backtracking Framework (BkFr) that simplifies implementation of the parallel backtracking paradigm in the single cluster environment, and supports the extension of computations over multiple clusters. BkFr uses two communication methods -- MPI for intra-cluster communication and ICI (Inter-Cluster Interface) for inter-cluster communication. What differentiates ICI from MPI-2, Globus and other libraries that support inter-cluster message passing is its lightweight (requiring only Unix socket API and little or no systems administration support), and its fault-tolerant capabilities. The latter capability was one of our principal motivations for developing ICI, since it allows new clusters to join an ongoing computation anytime without affecting the integrity of the whole system. Also, a sudden failure of a cluster that is part of the computation will result in a reassignment of its work to another resource. There are a number of other parallel frameworks for parallel state-space tree searching, such as the ZRAM framework, but they do not support the multi-cluster fault-tolerant option. In addition to its ease of implementation, BkFr offers a simple interface (less than 10 functions) for new compute modules, making it relatively simple for the user to alter existing code to a form suitable for the BkFr framework. To further simplify the utilization of BkFr for solving user-defined problems, we have developed our own Shared Variable Emulation layer, which hides MPI and ICI communication functions, and allows the user to send information (messages) as variables. Because of its lightweight features, our framework does not incur significant additional overhead, and performance data shows good speedup on problems ranging from a simply implemented version of the sum of subsets problem, to complicated implementations of SAT solvers such as SBSAT and zChaff. While the current implementations of ICI and BkFr are developed in the context of MPI, they can readily be adapted to other message passing environments.
Suppressive Effect of Insulin on the Gene Expression and Plasma Concentrations of Mediators of Asthmatic Inflammation

Background and Hypothesis. Following our recent demonstration that the chronic inflammatory and insulin resistant state of obesity is associated with an increase in the expression of mediators known to contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma and that weight loss after gastric bypass surgery results in the reduction of these genes, we have now hypothesized that insulin suppresses the cellular expression and plasma concentrations of these mediators. Methods. The expression of IL-4, LIGHT, LTBR, ADAM-33, and TSLP in MNC and plasma concentrations of LIGHT, TGF-β1, MMP-9, MCP-1, TSLP, and NOM in obese patients with T2DM were measured before, during, and after the infusion of a low dose (2 U/h) infusion of insulin for 4 hours. The patients were also infused with dextrose or saline for 4 hours on two separate visits and served as controls. Results. Following insulin infusion, the mRNA expression of IL-4, ADAM-33, LIGHT, and LTBR mRNA expression fell significantly ( for all). There was also a concomitant reduction in plasma NOM, LIGHT, TGF-β1, MCP-1, and MMP-9 concentrations. Conclusions. Insulin suppresses the expression of these genes and mediators related to asthma and may, therefore, have a potential role in the treatment of asthma.
Data link layer design issues in a home automation system

In this paper, we examine design issues relevant to the implementation of a data link layer of a home automation system based on the Electronics Industries Association (EIA) Consumer Electronics Bus (CEBus). The hardware and software components of the system are described along with several techniques that enhance the performance of the system, allow for a faster implementation using off-the-shelf components and provide low overhead. The proposed design has been incorporated into a basic home automation system (BHAS) that is used as a testbed for alternative technologies and algorithms.
Humanizing the Understanding of the Acculturation Experience with Phenomenology

Multiple disciplines have contributed to acculturation research with aims to measure, conceptualize, and theorize this complex phenomenon. Few studies, however, have attempted to find meaning in how acculturation is lived and, this lack may have contributed to acculturation being understood as a construct removed from human experience. The purpose of this article is to show how a research methodology based on phenomenological epistemology can humanize the understanding of the acculturation experience. This contribution is demonstrated in a study that used a phenomenological approach to describe and elucidate acculturation as a lived experience in the context of Latina adolescents who emigrated from Mexico to the US. Thus, this article illustrates how the phenomenological approach used in this study allows new meanings of acculturation to be experientially revealed.
Renal duplex sonography after treatment of renovascular disease

Abstract Purpose: To define the value of renal duplex sonography (RDS) to detect the presence of critical renal artery (RA) stenosis or occlusion after surgical repair or percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTRA), we retrospectively reviewed our recent 71-month experience. Methods: From January 1987 through November 1992, 272 patients underwent 279 operative RA repairs and 35 patients underwent PTRA. Three hundred twenty-five RDS examinations were performed in 176 patients after operative intervention or PTRA during the study period. Forty-one of these patients had conventional angiography providing 61 RA for RDS comparison, and these data form the basis of this analysis. Twenty-four women and 17 men (mean age 57 years) underwent 44 operative RA repairs or 17 PTRA for correction of atherosclerotic disease (51 arteries) or fibromuscular dysplasia (10 arteries). Before their renovascular procedure each patient had significant hypertension (mean 193/106 mm Hg). RDS after surgery or PTRA was technically complete for all 61 RA. Results: Compared with angiography RDS correctly identified 47 of 48 repairs with less than 60% RA stenosis, 7 of 11 repairs with 60% to 99% stenosis, and 2 renal artery occlusions, providing a 69% sensitivity rate, 98% specificity rate, 90% positive predictive value, and a 92% negative predictive value. These results were adversely affected by branch RA disease, which accounted for three of four false-negative RDS study results. For 50 kidneys undergoing correction of main RA disease, RDS demonstrated an 89% sensitivity rate, 98% specificity rate, and 96% overall accuracy. RDS results were equivalent for both surgical and PTRA treatment. Conclusions: From this experience we conclude that RDS is useful for anatomic evaluation after surgical RA repair or PTRA. A negative RDS result excludes stenosis or occlusion of a main RA reconstruction but does not exclude significant branch level disease. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:381-90.)
Purification and Characterization of Syringacin 4-A, a Bacteriocin from Pseudomonas syringae 4-A

Syringacin 4-A, a bacteriocin produced by Pseudomonas syrinagae 4-A, was obtained by induction with ultraviolet irradiation or mitomycin C. Approximately 1,000-fold purification of the bacteriocin was achieved by manganous chloride precipitation, differential centrifugation, and chromatography on hydroxyapatite columns. The purified syngacin was homogeneous on hydroxyapatite columns and sucrose density gradients; it also sedimented as a single entity in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The buoyant density of purified syringacin in cesium chloride was 1.294 g/ml. The sedimentation coefficient was calculated as 120 S , and the diffusion coefficient was 6.49 × 10 −8 cm 2 /s. The molecular weight was calculated as 1.6 × 10 7 from physical data and 1.7 × 10 7 from biological data. The syringacin was composed of about 88.4% protein, 8.5% arabinose, 2.2% galacturonic acid, and 0.7% glucosamine. Amino acid analysis indicated a predominance of leucine (12.1%), aspartic acid (12.2%), and glutamic acid (12.7%). The ultraviolet spectrum showed a maximum absorbance peak at 276 nm. The syringacin was heat and alcohol sensitive, but resistant to trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, Pronase, protease, lysozyme, steapsin, deoxyribonuclease, and ribonuclease. Maximum pH stability was between 5 and 8. Crude bacteriocin was stable at room temperature for at least a year, and purified material was stable for at least 3 months at 4 C. Images
Aerodynamic Characteristics of Paradrogue Assembly in an Aerial Refueling System

Unmanned aerial vehicles are now considered an integral part of modern military operations. One of the challenging issues in future unmanned aerial vehicles operations is autonomous aerial refueling, which will raise the current unmanned aerial vehicle mission boundaries set by vehicle endurance and range limitations. Aerial refueling is considered a routine procedure for human operators, but for unmanned aerial vehicle applications, it requires a high level of autonomous technologies based on solid recognition of the overall refueling system design principles. In this paper, the aerodynamic characteristics of a paradrogue assembly in a hose-drogue-probe type of aerial refueling system are investigated through wind-tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulation analysis. In particular, the drag characteristics of a paradrogue assembly with various component geometric configurations (struts and canopy) are studied. An empirical model based upon a statistical design methodology is constructed, which allows prediction of the drag coefficient of a paradrogue assembly upon these configuration changes.
The case for pumped storage units in the Indian electricity sector

We prove the case for using efficiently managed pumped storage systems in Indian electricity market. We apply our analysis and quantify the savings of building the storage system with data from the Maharashtra State Electricity Board (MSEB). We provide a heuristic algorithm that beats the current gold standard approach of Dynamic Programming in terms of computational complexity. We conclude with a brief and cogent motivation for the use of pumped storage systems in the sector.
Magazine coverage of child sexual abuse, 1992-2004

This article analyzes trends in the coverage of child sexual abuse in popular magazines since the early 1990s. The article employs systematic analysis to identify and analyze articles in four popular magazines. Articles are analyzed by subject, length, and publication. The results affirm established theories of newsworthiness related to the coverage of specific stories over time. However, interest in the subject waned in the past 10 years, with the brief and dramatic exception of coverage connected to the Catholic Church in 2002. The findings demonstrate systematic differences between the slants of the four magazines studied. The findings also suggest that child abuse professionals could improve the quality of coverage by agreeing to interviews in connection with articles about childhood sexual abuse.
Conifer Cover Increase in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: Frequency, Rates, and Spatial Variation

Extensive fires in recent decades in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) garnered much attention for causing a significant decrease in the extent of conifer forest cover. Meanwhile, conifer forests in unburned parts of the GYE have continued to increase in extent and density. Conifer cover increase has been well documented by repeat historical photography, but the average rate of increase and the spatial variation remain unquantified. We examined changes in conifer cover across biophysical gradients in the GYE based on stratified random samples from aerial photographs. The percent conifer cover for samples in 1971 and 1999 was quantified to determine the frequency and rate of conifer cover change. A slight majority of samples (56%) showed no change, whereas increases (22%) were balanced by decreases (22%). However, among samples that were not recently burned or logged, or already closed-canopy, nearly 40% increased in conifer cover, at an average annual rate of 0.22%. We quantified significant variability in the frequency and rate of conifer cover increase across gradients of elevation, aspect, vegetation type, and proximity to nearby conifer forest. The most dynamic locations were low density conifer woodlands on northerly aspects at lower elevations, with average annual rates of increase up to 0.51%. This study is significant because it demonstrates that rates of conifer cover increase vary across biophysical gradients, an important consideration for management of dynamic forest ecosystems. Improved understanding of this variability helps us to better understand what factors ultimately cause conifer cover increase. It is also a critical step towards accurate quantification of the magnitude of carbon uptake by conifer cover increase.
Coupling 3D Monte Carlo light transport in optically heterogeneous tissues to photoacoustic signal generation

The generation of photoacoustic signals for imaging objects embedded within tissues is dependent on how well light can penetrate to and deposit energy within an optically absorbing object, such as a blood vessel. This report couples a 3D Monte Carlo simulation of light transport to stress wave generation to predict the acoustic signals received by a detector at the tissue surface. The Monte Carlo simulation allows modeling of optically heterogeneous tissues, and a simple MATLAB™ acoustic algorithm predicts signals reaching a surface detector. An example simulation considers a skin with a pigmented epidermis, a dermis with a background blood perfusion, and a 500-μm-dia. blood vessel centered at a 1-mm depth in the skin. The simulation yields acoustic signals received by a surface detector, which are generated by a pulsed 532-nm laser exposure before and after inserting the blood vessel. A MATLAB™ version of the acoustic algorithm and a link to the 3D Monte Carlo website are provided.
Prolonged inhibition of primate spinothalamic tract cells by peripheral nerve stimulation

Abstract Inhibition of spinothalamic tract (STT) cells was produced by repetitive peripheral nerve conditioning stimulation with high intensity and low frequency pulses. Identified STT cells were recorded from the lumbosacral spinal cord of intact, anesthetized monkeys. In addition, presumed STT cells were recorded from both unanesthetized, decerebrated and decerebrated, spinalized monkeys. These cells were identified by antidromically activating them from the contralateral ventral lateral funiculus of the cervical spinal cord. Both C fiber activity evoked by electrical stimulation of the sural nerve and activity evoked by noxious heat were greatly inhibited by repetitive conditioning stimuli applied either to the common peroneal or tibial nerve with a strong enough intensity for activation of C fibers at 2 Hz for 15 min. The inhibition was maintained during the period of conditioning stimulation and often outlasted stimulation by 20–30 min. The inhibition of cells produced by peripheral nerve stimulation was observed in decerebrate and spinalized animals as well as in intact anesthetized monkeys, although the mean recovery time in the decerebrate group was faster. This indicates that anesthetics did not interfere with the inhibitory mechanism. Furthermore, the presence of inhibition in spinalized animals means the inhibition must depend in part on spinal cord neuronal circuitry. Intravenous injection of naloxone produced a significant but small reduction of the recovery phase of the inhibition. No pharmacological agent was found that substantially interfered with the powerful inhibition produced during peripheral conditioning stimuli. The experimental animal model used in these experiments seems appropriate for studying the mechanisms of analgesia produced by peripheral nerve stimulation.
Role of monoamines in the anorexigenic actions of fenfluramine, amphetamine and p-chloromethamphetamine

Abstract Rats pretreated with methergoline, cyproheptadine, cinanserin, methysergide or chlorimipramine were partially protected against the reduction in food intake elicited by a subsequent injection of 6 mg/kg of fenfluramine. With the exception of methergoline, none of these compounds attenuated the anorexigenic action of 3 or 1.5 mg/kg of fenfluramine. Prior treatment with α-methyl-p-tyrosine diminished the anorexic activity of 6 mg/kg of amphetamine, but this compound was ineffective against 3 or 1.5 mg/kg. The anorexigenic action of amphetamine, 6 or 3 mg/kg, was reduced by prior administration of haloperidol, whereas 1.5 mg/kg of amphetamine was not affected. All of the substances used for pretreatment exhibited selectivity, i.e. in no instance did an antagonist of fenfluramine also reduce the effect of amphetamine and vice versa. Animals pretreated with the indoleamine antagonists, chlorimipramine, α-methyl-p-tyrosine and haloperidol, were also tested with p-chloromethamphetamine. The results indicated that p-chloromethamphetamine cannot be classified as either primarily fenfluramine-like or amphetamine-like in its mode of action. It was concluded that 5-hydroxytryptamine is involved in the anorexigenic effect of high doses of fenfluramine, that catecholamines (principally dopamine) are important in the action of high (and perhaps intermediate) dose levels of amphetamine, and that the anorexia which follows low doses of fenfluramine and amphetamine occurs via mechanisms not involving 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine or dopamine.
The analysis of human nails for 24 elements via k0 and cyclic neutron activation analysis

Abstract The possibility of using human nails as a monitor for the exposure from occupation is presented. The concentrations of 24 elements in the human toenails from 129 construction workers were determined by cyclic instrumental neutron activation analysis (CINAA) and k 0 -standardization method. For CINAA, samples were irradiated and counted for three cycles with one day decay between cycles, and then the spectra were summed. The detection limits of fluoride, scandium, and silver were improved by a factor of two over conventional single irradiation method when CINAA was applied. Twenty two elements were determined using the k 0 method. The accuracy and precision of the k 0 method are discussed in this paper.
Requirements and Benefits of Effective Interactive Instruction: Learner Control, Self-Regulation, and Continuing Motivation.

While educational technologies provide increasing opportunities for interactive exploration in a learning environment, crucial questions remain: Will learners be able to exercise control and effectively regulate their own learning in flexible learning systems? Will they be motivated enough really to explore? Theory and research suggest that learners can and will, if the instructional systems are well-designed and if the learners are adequately prepared. In this paper, the components of learner control, self-regulated learning, and continuing motivation are examined as possible requirements and benefits of effective interactive instruction. A theoretical framework is advanced which illustrates the interdependence and mutual importance of these three components. Educational research in each of these three areas is analyzed, inconsistencies are discussed, and further support is developed for consideration of these components within an instructional situation. Finally, recommendations are offered for future research, to develop further what we know about what makes instruction effective and learners successful.
Solutions of the Kirkwood–Salsburg equation for a lattice classical system of one-dimensional oscillators with positive finite-range many-body interaction potentials

In terms of the grand canonical ensemble, we consider an equilibrium (Gibbs) system of one-dimensional oscillators whose coordinates q x ∈ R are indexed by nodes of the lattice Z d with the use of a sequence of correlation functions (with selected external field) ρ = { ρ ( q X ) , X ⊂ Z d }, where q X = ( q x , x ∈ X ) is a collection of coordinates indexed by the finite number X of nodes of the set X. This system satisfies the lattice Kirkwood–Salsburg equation of the resolvent type
Effects of contextual interference on the memory of older females differing in levels of physical activity.

The acquisition and retention effects of contextual interference on a coincidence anticipation task over long retention intervals were investigated on older females (54 to 83 yr.) differing in leve...
Powder Loading Effects of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia in Atmospheric dc Plasma Spraying

Powder loading effects have been reexamined for various yttria-stabilized zirconia powders under atmospheric dc plasma spraying. A laser illumination method was utilized to observe powder injection into the plasma jet, while single particle and ensemble methods to measure particle state parameters. Statistical temperature distributions of in-flight particles suggested a rapid increase in the number of semi-molten particles above a certain powder loading rate. Despite drops in the particle temperature and velocity due to the powder loading effect, the deposition efficiency tends to have increased in some cases. Reliability of the single particle and ensemble methods has also been examined at various powder feed rates. Particle temperature measurement by the ensemble method at low powder feed rates could cause a significant error, which may affect powder injection optimization. Particle plume trajectory was not affected as much by the powder loading, which hence had only a limited effect on the particle diagnostics.
INTRODUCTION: PUBLIC SPACE AND THE CITY

(1996). INTRODUCTION: PUBLIC SPACE AND THE CITY. Urban Geography: Vol. 17, Public Space and the City I, pp. 127-131.
Biosynthesis of Prostaglandin D2,15-ketoprostaglandin E2, and Hydroxy Fatty Acids by Ram Seminal Vesicle Microsomes

At high arachidonic acid concentrations (164 μM) and without exogenous cofactors, ram seminal vesicle microsomes produced prostaglandin E2 and two less polar products, identified as prostaglandin D2 and 15-ketoprostaglandin E2. The ratio of the biosynthetic products formed depended on the exogenous cofactor and on the arachidonic acid concentration. At high arachidonic acid concentrations (>150 μM), tryptophan, phenol, and glutathione stimulated prostaglandin E2 formation, but each affected the formation of the other prostaglandins differently. Ascorbic acid markedly stimulated hydroxy fatty acid formation. GLC-mass spectral analysis of the hydroxy fatty acid fraction indicated the presence of 11-hydroxy-5,8,12,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid, and 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid. At low arachidonic acid concentrations (30 μM). glutathione still stimulated prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis, but the other cofactors stimulated 6-ketoprostaglandin F1α” and hydroxy fatty acid formation.
Using Action Research to Improve Educational Practices: Where We Are and Where We Are Going

In the current era of school accountability triggered by the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) (2001), teachers and other school professionals are expected to ensure that all students reach academic standards set by each state. Pressure is on schools to make progress each year toward the goal of 100% of students reaching those minimum standards, regardless of their background or exceptionality. Though few would disagree with the merit of the intent of NCLB, one consequence of the resulting political climate is an over reliance on “scientifically-based” curricular reforms. These reforms promise broad student success but can take away teachers’ autonomy and are counter to the idea that teachers are able professionals with the knowledge and skills needed to improve their practices for the benefit of students’ academic success. For those of us who teach and facilitate in-service teachers’ action research studies, it has become increasingly difficult to help teachers navigate school climates where they are expected to focus on students’ attainment of standards but are not given a voice in how best to meet that goal. After a year of conducting action research studies, the teachers and administrators with whom I work state emphatically that the process made them more reflective professionals who view themselves as practitionerresearchers with the ability to make real changes in schools. However, few continue with action research studies beyond their graduate program requirements because of competing professional obligations, school cultures that do not support action research, or conflicts with school and district goals. In one case, an elementary teacher and former student contacted me for advice about a new reading curriculum the teachers at her school were required to implement. This teacher was told to adhere to the model without straying from the prescribed instructional methods, which were not working for her population of students. She subversively collected data by observing students, conferencing with them, and engaging them in think-alouds, and she was confident she could alter the curriculum to make it more effective for her students. She knew, though, that this might mean losing her job. In the end, she made the changes, kept quiet about it, and watched her students’ test scores increase. Her subversion, which was nothing more than engaging in the reflective activities of a professional educator, benefited students’ achievement. But her additions and alterations to the reading curriculum also benefited a curriculum package that, because of her students’ success, appeared to be more powerful than it actually was in her classroom.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing surgical site infection.

P P I THE IMPORTANCE OF PREVENTING postoperative surgical site infection is well established. To accomplish this goal, good infection control techniques (e.g., proper cleansing of the skin and strict perioperative aseptic technique) and normal blood glucose levels are necessary. In addition, appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis is important. The antibiotic(s) should be administered when the risk of infection is high, the severities of the consequences of surgical site infection are significant, and/or antibiotic prophylaxis has been demonstrated to be effective in that particular type of surgery. Prophylactic antibiotics are not appropriate for all patients, however, because inappropriate use can promote the development of resistant organisms.
The role of tunnel ionization in terahertz gas photonics

The role of tunnel ionization in the generation and detection of terahertz waves in gases is explored both theoretically and experimentally. It is shown through comparison of their respective intensity dependence trends that only the generation process requires ionization of the gas, helping to elucidate the difference in the underlying physical mechanisms. This difference in power dependence shows good agreement with quantum mechanical modeling based on solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. In the case of detection, the behavior is well described by four-wave mixing, a result of third order perturbation theory.
EFFECTS OF HUE, VALUE, AND GARMENT STYLE ON COLLEGE RECRUITERS' ASSESSMENTS OF EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL

To investigate the effects of garment hue, garment value, and garment style on college recruiters' assessments of employment potential a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design was used. Experimental conditions were based on recommendations from a commercial color analysis system to evaluate also the role of personal color analysis. Photographs were attached to questionnaires which contained seven employment potential statements. Factor analysis generated two employment potential factors, Leadership and Compatibility. Multivariate analysis of factor scores yielded a significant 2-way interaction for hue × value. Univariate F tests gave a significant effect for Compatibility. Generally, value appeared to have a greater influence on assessments of employment than did hue. There were no significant effects associated with style of garment. In addition, the results did not fully support the commercial color recommendations.
Women’s “Storylines” of Methamphetamine Initiation in the Midwest

Scholars have learned a great deal about the age at which individuals typically initiate particular drugs, the contexts in which they initiate use, and some of the motivations for initiation. Despite this attention, there remain few scholarly examinations of the accounts or "storylines" that users themselves give as explanation for their initiation. The authors present research from 40 interviews with female methamphetamine (meth) users incarcerated in Missouri, a state that has gained national attention for having high numbers of meth lab seizures. This study focuses specifically on the ways in which women articulate their storylines of initiation into meth use. These reveal a number of important findings, including the most common contexts in which women describe first using meth and their motivations for doing so. In particular, the findings highlight the role of family drug use, prior victimization experiences, and meth's known pharmacological effects in women's motivations for initiation. Language: en
A Case Study of Three Childrens' Original Interpretations of the Moon's Changing Appearance

A case study of three children was conducted to shed light on the process that children undergo in developing their understanding of physical phenomena. Using the notion of spontaneous construction and its relationship with school learning of scientific concepts, children's early thoughts of the moon's appearance were explored. Research questions were primarily concerned with how children view the moon's appearance, explain how and/or why its appearance changes, quantify the moon's size and its distance to Earth, and explain the moon's illumination. A Piagetian interview was conducted with each child and then each was asked to tell a story about the moon. The external interest of this research study involves when and why do children develop the commonly held Earth's shadow alternative conception as the cause of the moon's phases. The findings show that children have stories and experiences that give meaning to the existence of such things as the moon, stars, sun, and clouds. Similarities were found in the children's interpretations with regard to their natural tendencies to animate celestial objects. Clues were discovered of cultural influence such as family, personal observations and experiences, books, pictures, car travel, and even a strategically placed Palladian window.
Process variability in surface roughening of SU-8 by oxygen plasma

This study investigates variability in the topography of SU-8 photoresist subject to surface roughening by oxygen plasma treatment. Surface roughness (expressed as root mean square deviation from the mean) under the range of experimental conditions varied from 8 nm for an untreated baseline to as high as 472 nm. At 200 W RF-power and 200 mTorr chamber pressure, the mean surface roughness was 295 nm with standard deviation less than 10 nm across the specimen and 15 nm across the plasma chamber. The standard deviation in surface roughness at higher power and pressure combinations including 500 W and 800 mTorr was as high as 80 nm, with mean surface roughness less than 200 nm. Replicate runs under identical conditions revealed that run-to-run repeatability can be compromised by chamber conditions, evidenced by second runs having higher standard deviation by nearly 20 % over first runs without intermediate chamber cleaning.
Novel thiolated carboxymethyl chitosan-g-β-cyclodextrin as mucoadhesive hydrophobic drug delivery carriers

Abstract A novel thiolated carboxymethyl chitosan-g-β-cyclodextrin (CMC-g-β-CD) drug delivery carrier was synthesized and characterized. Thiolated CMC-g-β-CD was synthesized using two steps. First, carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin (CM β-CD) was grafted onto carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) using water-soluble 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) as the condensing agents. Next, the resultant product was further grafted with cysteine methyl ester hydrochloride (CMEH). Its structure was confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectral analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis on the resulting product showed that the peaks at 2θ = 10° and 20° decreased greatly in thiolated polymers, indicating that these polymers are more amorphous in nature. The swelling study showed that the water uptake of thiolated CMC-g-β-CD was higher than that of the unmodified chitosan control. The adhesive properties of thiolated CMC-g-β-CD were evaluated in vitro on a freshly excised mouse mucosa, and a fivefold increase in the adhesion time was found in thiolated CMC-g-β-CD when compared with the unmodified chitosan control. The drug release profile showed that thiolated CMC-g-β-CD tablets provided a slower release of the entrapped hydrophobic model drug, ketoprofen, than the chitosan control, and the release behavior was influenced by the amounts of thiol groups present on the polymer chains. These results suggest that thiolated CMC-g-β-CD with improved mucoadhesive properties may potentially become an effective hydrophobic drug delivery system with controlled drug release capability.