cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal lesions and two cue discrimination in the rat.

Abstract Hippocampally lesioned and control rats (N = 36) were run in three 2-cue discrimination tasks. In the first task relevant cues were black/white and rough/smooth. All groups mastered the 2 cues to the same extent. In the second task the familiar rough/smooth cue and a novel olfactory cue were available. After 60 trials with both the novel and familiar cue present all groups had mastered the novel olfactory cue. In the third task half of the animals in each group learned a stripe cue discrimination. The remaining animals were given 20 trials with the familiar tactile cue and novel stripe cue both available prior to training with the stripe cue alone. Learning the stripe cue alone was improved significantly ( p >0.05) for all groups by the 20 prior 2-cue trials. The data restrict the generality of an attention shift model of hippocampal function.
Early experiences with participation in persuasive technology design

Persuasive technology, designed to change behaviors and attitudes, stands on uneasy moral ground. A key concern is the appropriateness of the means of persuasion and the intent to persuade. Engaging with those who will use the persuasive technology can ensure that it aligns with their own desires for change. This paper presents an early case study applying participatory design methods to persuasive technology in the context of a college EcoHouse. After presenting the methods and results, I synthesize lessons learned for the intersection of participatory design and persuasive technology design: begin with participants who want change, attend to power relations, promote reflection, start with simple behaviors, use examples to educate and inspire, explore designs in parallel, and be open to not designing technology. Finally, I identify challenges for future work: designing an effective design process, negotiating tensions between effectiveness and reflectiveness, and evaluating the impact of participation.
Epidemic response scenario: decision making in a time of plague.

The objective of this scenario is to illuminate what we believe are three of the most critical and complex issues that might arise in the management of an epidemic after a biological weapons attack on civilian populations: scarcity, containment of contagious disease, and decision-making processes. By scarcity, we mean conditions, even if local or temporary, that limit or constrain the availability of essential, potentially life-saving resources such as health care professionals, antibiotics, vaccines, equipment, and other logistical capabilities. By containment, we mean a spectrum of measures that might be used to limit the spread of contagious disease. These measures include the use of simple surgical masks, isolation of infected patients, mandatory immunization, travel advisories, prohibition of public gatherings, and forced quarantine of entire areas. By decision-making processes, we mean those rapid and complicated decision-making processes that a bioweapons attack would be likely to precipitate, forcing collaboration among a diverse array of individuals, organizations, and professional communities who do not typically interact.
Whole-language reading processes from a Vygotskian perspective

Vygotsky (1978) has stressed that children learn best when what is to be learned is functional and relevant, indicating that learning to read would be better approached as a whole-to-part or whole-language process which encourages understanding and pleasure in the written word (Weaver, 1988). This paper presents a description of whole-language reading processes as an illumination of Vygotskian theory. Particular attention is given to teaching children within the “zone of proximal development,” encouraging social interaction, providing meaningful experiences, and promoting responsible risk-taking.
An uncertain role for Cu(II) in stimulating Mn(II) oxidation by Leptothrix discophora SS-1.

In an effort to improve understanding of the role of Cu(II) in bacterial Mn(II) oxidation, a model Mn(II)-oxidizing bacterium, Leptothrix discophora SS-1, was grown in presence of toxic and non-toxic concentrations of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II). Mn(II)-oxidizing activity increased by 40% when cells were grown in the presence of 0.05 μM of Cu(II) and increased twofold at 0.18 μM Cu(II). Toxic levels of Cd(II) did not stimulate Mn(II) oxidizing activity, indicating that Mn(II) oxidation is not a response to metal toxicity. Stimulation by Cu(II) confirms the specific role of Cu(II) in Mn(II) oxidation. Comparison of transcript levels of the multicopper oxidase mofA gene in the presence and absence of added Cu(II) do not indicate a statistically significant change in mofA transcript levels in cultures supplemented with Cu(II). Thus, the exact role of Cu(II) in Mn(II) oxidation and its affect on mofA gene expression remain uncertain.
Application of Schapery's theory of viscoelastic fracture to solid propellant

The analysis of time-dependent crack propagation in viscoelastic materials in general, and solid propellants in particular, has been hampered by the difficulty of the mathematical analysis of a cracked viscoelastic material. The viscoelastic solution to the singular line crack has not provided a realistic fracture criterion, whereas various approximations to this problem have compared more favorably with experiments. However, it is difficult to assess the generality of the approximations involved. Recently, Schapery has generalized the Barenblatt model to the viscoelastic case and thus developed a model that appears to be consistent with both theory and experiment. The objective of the present work was to obtain a detailed comparison of this model with laboratory results available in the literature on a PBAN solid propellant. The results of the comparison are extremely good over a wide range of variables. A time-dependent fracture energy is found to result which can be incorporated readily into the theory.
The Effectiveness of Storytelling on Adult Learning

Purpose – As two doctoral students and adult learners, the authors strongly believe that story telling can be a great tool for educators working with adult learners. The purpose of this paper is to increase awareness of how effective storytelling can be for adult learners.Design/methodology/approach – The approach of this paper is one of gathering information from literature written on storytelling and adult learning. The paper is designed to introduce storytelling as an effective tool for adult educators while also pointing out the different types of storytelling and its implications on e‐learning.Findings – The findings from the literature review completed confirmed the authors' view that storytelling is effective for adult learners.Research limitations/implications – Because of the chosen research approach, a more comprehensive qualitative study should be completed to enhance the research on the effectiveness of storytelling on adult learning.Practical implications – The paper gives insight as to how s...
Energy of a low density neutron gas

Abstract The energy of a neutron gas is calculated in the low density limit using the singlet S state shift corresponding to the Gammel-Thaler potential. The corrections to this energy are evaluated assuming a factorable interaction (i.e. a separable potential). The correction due to the Pauli exclusion principle and the pairing corection, i.e., depression of the ground state energy due to pair correlations (similar to that in the theory of superconductivity) are calculated. It is concluded that a pure neutron gas is unbound even at very low densities.
Experimental demonstration of compact 16 channels-50 GHz Si 3 N 4 arrayed waveguide grating

We experimentally demonstrate 16 channel−50 GHz arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) on Si 3 N 4 for DWDM applications. The device achieves 1.8 dB loss, −20 dB crosstalk, phase errors below ± π over 10 on a 3.7×0.7 mm2 footprint.
Coping with Conflict during Initial Encounters in Chimpanzees

When strangers meet, conflict is likely to arise from incompatibilities in motivations and expectations, as well as from the absence of predictability in interactions. This study explores the mechanisms that mitigate aggression, permit mutual evaluation, establish tolerance, and facilitate the development of social bonds between unfamiliar chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Data collected during the initial half-hour of the introduction of 33 unfamiliar pairs (16 female-male and 17 female-female) at the Yerkes Primate Center and Detroit Zoo were used to assess the sequence of events during initial encounters and the function of different behaviour patterns in the formation of relationships. Initial encounters followed a regular sequence of interactions (i.e. a ‘species-typical etiquette’), commencing with agonistic behaviour, followed by brief friendly touches, and finally allogrooming. Brief friendly touches, which are associated with conciliatory and tension-reducing functions in established relationships, appeared to serve an evaluative function related to status differentiation during initial interactions. In fact, individuals more closely matched in competitive ability (inferred from their eventual dominance rank distance) exchanged friendly touches at higher rates than those more obviously mismatched. These evaluative touches may represent a safer alternative to more assertive interactions when assessments of competitive ability are required in situations likely to escalate. Allogrooming promoted the development of tolerance and relaxed proximity; it was, in fact, effective in reducing agonism and negative-outcome approaches. Allogrooming may take on a particularly important role in reducing agonism because it begins the commerce of benefits that balance the dispersive competitive forces and enable cohesive social groupings.
MrgX2 Is a High Potency Cortistatin Receptor Expressed in Dorsal Root Ganglion

MrgX2 is a recently identified orphan G-protein-coupled receptor whose ligand and physiological function were unknown. Here we describe cortistatin, a neuropeptide for which no specific receptor has been identified previously, as a high potency ligand at MrgX2. Cortistatin has several biological functions including roles in sleep regulation, locomotor activity, and cortical function. Using a "reverse pharmacology" approach, we have identified a number of additional cyclic peptide agonists for MrgX2, determined their rank order of potency, and demonstrated that this receptor has a pharmacological profile distinct from the other characterized members of the Mrg (Mas-related genes) family. In MrgX2-expressing cells, cortistatin-stimulated increases in intracellular Ca2+ but had no effect on basal or forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels, suggesting that this receptor is Gq-coupled. Immunohistochemical and quantitative PCR studies show MrgX2 to have a limited expression profile, both peripheral and within the central nervous system, with highest levels in dorsal root ganglion.
Geotextile stabilization of seabeds: large scale experiments

Abstract Large-scale laboratory experiments were conducted to validate a Biot consolidation model for cyclic loading of layered seabeds. A three-layered horizontal soil system was modelled as a fine sand covered by a gravel overburden with various geotextiles separating the two unique geologic materials. Soil response was monitored with longitudinal and depth profiled pressure measurements. Monochromatic wave testing conditions were generated for shallow to deep water waves. Experimental results verified the theoretical model, yielding a pore pressure response which was linear with respect to wave amplitude and which decayed hyperbolically with depth. Higher frequencies showed increased depth attenuation. All geotextiles tested functioned to maintain a sharp interface between the soil layers but were shown to be hydraulically transparent.
Polymorphous sweat gland carcinoma

We describe nine cases of a distinctive cutaneous neoplasm showing features of eccrine adnexal differentiation that were characterized by their variegated histological appearance and low-grade malignant behaviour. The term polymorphous sweat gland carcinoma is proposed to designate these lesions. The tumours presented as large, long-standing, slow growing, dermal nodules showing a marked predilection for the extremities. Six patients were women. The patients were aged 42-70 years (mean, 59.8 years). Histologically, the lesions were characterized by a highly cellular proliferation displaying a variety of growth patterns, including solid, trabecular, tubular, pseudopapillary and cylindromatous, with prominent stromal changes including haemorrhage, hyalinization and cystic change, and displaying moderate cytological atypia and mitoses. Focal areas showing features associated with eccrine differentiation (i.e. tubular structures, small glandular lumina) could be identified in all cases. Clinical follow-up in six cases showed that two of the lesions recurred locally over a period of 3-6 years, and one tumour metastasized to regional lymph nodes 3 years after excision. Polymorphous sweat gland carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neoplastic epithelial dermal proliferations; complete but conservative surgical excision appears to be the treatment of choice for these lesions.
Maternal diet influences reproductive development in male prairie vole offspring.

Abstract The plant compound, 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (6-MBOA), is found in the meristematic tissue of young, vegetatively growing grasses, and its ingestion stimulates the reproductive system of rodents in both short and long photoperiods. The present study demonstrates the existence of a novel mechanism whereby the presence of 6-MBOA in the diet of pregnant prairie voles ( Microtus ochrogaster ) enhances gonadal development in their male offspring. Female voles were fed specially milled food in which 6-MBOA was present (50 μg of 6-MBOA/g food) or absent (0 μg of 6-MBOA/g food) prior to the birth of their young; all of these dams received a diet that lacked 6-MBOA after the pups were born. Other females were fed food without 6-MBOA throughout pregnancy, but received one of the two diets during lactation. The pups from all experimental groups were weaned at 3 weeks of age and fed thereafter one of the two diets for 3 additional weeks. Prenatal exposure to 6-MBOA enhanced male reproductive development. Maternal ingestion of 6-MBOA during lactation or postweaning intake of 6-MBOA by the young did not influence reproductive development of males. This mechanism may be involved in the rapid rate of sexual maturation observed prior to peak population densities of microtine rodents.
Central Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome: Implications for Primary Care Providers

Purpose: To describe screening measures that will determine which clients are at risk For the metabolic syndrome, common manifestations of the syndrome, preventive diagnostic considerations, and management and treatment options that primary care providers can implement. Data Sources: Review of the clinical and research literature, supplemented with specific diagnostic criteria. Conclusions: Central obesity is the cornerstone of the metabolic syndrome, which may lead to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Generalized obesity is defined as body weight that is considerably greater than the ideal weight and that is distributed on all parts of the body. Generalized obesity has long been considered a significant risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Those clients of ideal body weight have been considered at less risk For developing these conditions. However, this perception may not always be accurate. Weight distribution plays a major role in acquiring the metabolic syndrome. Because waist circumference is as important as overall body weight, central obesity is key to determining the risk. Implications for Practice: The metabolic syndrome has now been given a CPT code (277.7). It is more likely that clients at risk for or with the metabolic syndrome may first be seen by a primary care provider. Primary care providers need to be able to diagnose, treat, and provide preventive interventions for the metabolic syndrome. Clients at risk will likely be identified during routine health screening. Early detection of and interventions focused on the metabolic syndrome may reduce the occurrence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Use of a tape measure to determine waist circumference may help the provider to identify at-risk clients who are of normal weight, and thus not previously believed to be at risk, as well as those more obviously at risk. It is necessary to determine not only patients' overall body weight but also their waist circumference. A measuring tape may be the key tool for establishing a patient's early risk for the metabolic syndrome and, ultimately, for prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Conflict of Interest Statement: No relationship that might represent a conflict of interest exists between any of the authors and any commercial entity or product mentioned in this manuscript. No inducements have been made by any commercial entity to submit this article for publication.
Neuromuscular blocking N,N′-polymethylene bistropanium, bis 3α-hydroxytropanium and bis 3-oxotropanium compounds

To explore the role of ester groups in the neuromuscular blocking (NMB) property of various quaternary ammonium tropinesters, we have synthesized and pharmacologically evaluated twenty bisquaternary ammonium derivatives where two tropane (I), 3alpha-hydroxytropane (II), or 3-oxotropane (III) moieties were connected on their nitrogen atoms with a polymethylene chain of C3-C12 length. The rank order of potency of these agents in the rat (evoked EMG responses of the ant. tibial muscle) was: I, II, and III. Most potent were the longer chain (e.g. C10-C12) compounds of series I, yet they were inferior to bisquaternary ammonium tropinester derivatives (e.g. N,N'-polymethylene bisquaternary tropinesters, or bisquaternary derivatives of dicarboxylic acid tropinesters). Although some of the agents (series I and II) showed a rapid onset and short duration of action-profile, they also exhibited cardiovascular side effects (e.g. cardiac vagal block and blood pressure changes). In the design of new NMB agents of rapid onset and short duration of action the presence of different ester groups in addition to an azabicyclo ring system (e.g. tropane), seems to be essential.
MT1-MMP regulates the turnover and endocytosis of extracellular matrix fibronectin

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is dynamically remodeled by cells during development, normal tissue homeostasis and in a variety of disease processes. We previously showed that fibronectin is an important regulator of ECM remodeling. The deposition and/or polymerization of fibronectin into the ECM controls the deposition and stability of other ECM molecules. In addition, agents that inhibit fibronectin polymerization promote the turnover of fibronectin fibrils and enhance ECM fibronectin endocytosis and intracellular degradation. Endocytosis of ECM fibronectin is regulated by β1 integrins, including α5β1 integrin. We have examined the role of extracellular proteases in regulating ECM fibronectin turnover. Our data show that membrane type matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MT1-MMP; also known as MMP14) is a crucial regulator of fibronectin turnover. Cells lacking MT1-MMP show reduced turnover and endocytosis of ECM fibronectin. MT1-MMP regulates ECM fibronectin remodeling by promoting extracellular cleavage of fibronectin and by regulating α5β1-integrin endocytosis. Our data also show that fibronectin polymerization stabilizes fibronectin fibrils and inhibits ECM fibronectin endocytosis by inhibiting α5β1-integrin endocytosis. These data are the first to show that an ECM protein and its modifying enzyme can regulate integrin endocytosis. These data also show that integrin trafficking plays a major role in modulating ECM fibronectin remodeling. The dual dependence of ECM fibronectin turnover on extracellular proteolysis and endocytosis highlights the complex regulatory mechanisms that control ECM remodeling to ensure maintenance of proper tissue function.
SELF‐INJURY IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS: “PATHOLOGY” OF PRISONS OR OF PRISONERS?*

Although self-injury is not a new behavior, public awareness of it has increased dramatically since the mid-1990s (Adler and Adler, 2005). Selfinjury is generally defined as the deliberate act of physically hurting oneself, usually without conscious suicidal intent, in a manner that results in superficial, rather than traumatic, damage to body tissue. Despite typically being perceived as psychological in nature (Favazza, 1998; Muehlenkamp, 2005), the etiology is not often clear. The bulk of selfinjury behavior (SIB) research comes from a mental health perspective, rather than from sociology or related disciplines; yet the DSM IV (1994) says little about SIB, other than listing it as a symptom for other “disorders.” Clinically, self-injury consistently has been linked to a broad range of individual-level problems, ranging from intellectual and developmental difficulties to emotional dysfunctions, and to physical and behavioral maladaptation. Such typologies reduce the act to individual pathology rather than, as Kilty (2006) notes, a possible coping mechanism in a debilitating environment. Estimates of the prevalence of self-injury in the non-prisoner population are inconsistent, varying from 1% to 4% and between 12% to over 40% among adolescents and college-aged samples (Muehlenkamp, 2005; White Kress, 2003). One of the few common claims across studies is that selfinjury typically begins during early adolescence and tends to persist for an average of 10 to 15 years, although it may continue for decades (Favazza, 1998; Muehlenkamp, 2005).
The horizon-ratio relation as information for relative size in pictures

The horizon-ratio relation was found to be an effective source of information for relative size in pictures under some conditions: when the difference in image size of depicted “same real size” objects was not too great (Experiment 1), and when the horizon line was not too high or too low in the picture (Experiment 2). The latter finding seemed to be linked to the observers’ identification of the horizontal line as the horizon (and not as the edge of a finite surface). In addition, individual patterns of response were remarkably systematic even in the absence of a horizon, or any other pictorial information, (Experiment 3). It is suggested that in this case observers imposed a horizon on the picture on which to base their relative size judgments, possibly based on the observer’s own eye level or on the content of the picture. It is concluded that although the horizon-ratio relation provides the same kind of information as that available in the optic arrays from real scenes, pictorial information requires the satisfaction of additional constraints in order to be fully effective.
Muscle activation patterns in point-to-point and reversal movements in healthy, older subjects and in subjects with Parkinson’s disease

When young, healthy subjects perform rapid point-to-point and reversal movements over a range of distances, the patterns of muscle activation associated with accelerating the limb toward the target are modulated in the same way for both movement tasks. Differences in patterns of muscle activation for these two movement types are not observed until the deceleration phase of the movements. In this study, we first test the hypothesis that healthy, older subjects and subjects with Parkinson’s disease will modulate the pattern of muscle activation in the same way during the acceleration phase of point-to-point and reversal elbow movements. Second, we test the hypothesis that healthy, older subjects and subjects with Parkinson’s disease exhibit the same relationship in muscle activation patterns between the two movement types that have been observed for the young in the deceleration phase of the movements. Subjects performed point-to-point and reversal movements initiated in the direction of flexion over three distances (36, 54 and 72 degrees) “as fast as possible”. Angle, velocity, acceleration and surface EMGs from biceps and triceps were recorded. With respect to the first hypothesis, the EMG, kinetic, and kinematic measures related to the acceleration phase of the movements were modulated in the same way for both movement types in the healthy older subjects. In the Parkinson’s disease group, the kinematic and kinetic measures during the acceleration phase of the movements were the same in both movement types; however, the flexor and extensor EMG activation was smaller during reversal movements than during point-to-point movements. With respect to the second hypothesis, in contrast to that found in young subjects, in healthy older subjects, there was no significant difference between the movement types in the flexor EMG activity immediately after the time of peak velocity. This difference between younger and older subjects may be attributed to the fact that older subjects perform both movement types more slowly than do younger subjects. Although subjects with Parkinson’s disease also move slowly, the flexor EMG shuts off more abruptly and more completely just after the time of peak velocity during reversal movements than during point-to-point movements. These results show that (1) for healthy subjects, when the task requirements are the same for the two movement types (acceleration phase), muscle activation patterns are modulated in the same way, and (2) both age and disease alter the relationship of muscle activation, kinetics and kinematics between point-to-point and reversal movements.
Time of Day Estimates at Six Times of Day under Normal Conditions

75 adults were asked to estimate the correct time of day without reference to clocks at each of 6 times of day from 8:00 A.M. to 8:00 P.M. Significant group mean differences were found, with underestimation of correct time at mid-day and overestimation at early (8:00–10:00 A.M.) and later (6:00–8:00 P.M.) times of day.
Bias sputter deposition of PdAuSi and PdSi: Composition and thermal behavior

Abstract Amorphous films of PdAuSi and PdSi were prepared by bias sputter deposition. Variation of the substrate bias voltage used in rf sputter deposition of PdAuSi films produced changes in chemical composition and thermal behavior as observed by differetial scanning calorimetry. The amount of Ar incorporated during sputtering initially increases with increasing bias voltage, then decreases to a minimum at approximately −200 V and increases rapidly thereafter. Amorphous films of the binary alloy PdSi were prepared by both rf and dc sputter deposition at a single substrate bias voltage of −200 V. The heats of crystallization of the ternary sputter deposited films were within 10–20% of those of melt-quenched alloys with similar compositions.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation of fog clouds due to ambient air vaporizers

Abstract Ambient air vaporizers (AAVs) are widely used to regasify liquefied industrial gases, which are liquefied for transport and storage. Depending on the conditions (temperature and relative humidity) of ambient air and AAV effluent, the potential exists for the formation of fog as the two fluids mix with each other. This has raised some regulatory and environmental concerns that the fog cloud may impact human activities in the vicinity of the AAV arrays. This paper describes a CFD-based modeling approach to predict the formation, dispersion and dissipation of a fog cloud due to AAV operation. The model uses the psychrometrics equations to determine when saturated air conditions are reached and to calculate mass and energy transfer between the moist air and the fog cloud. A parametric study is presented, based on an array of 6 AAVs, to demonstrate the effects of wind speed and AAV discharge elevation on the behavior of the fog cloud.
On-Campus Intern Program in Dairy Cattle Management

An on-campus intern program is used as an aid in teaching dairy cattle management. The program involves 12 students who operate and manage a herd of 30 cows. The program offers participating students the opportunity to acquire experience and skill in dairy husbandry and herd management, to accept and discharge responsibility, and to develop leadership and interpersonal relationship skills. The program has met with high success and is supported widely by students and industry.
Climatic warming in north america: analysis of borehole temperatures.

The primary database used to assess climatic warming over the last 100 to 150 years is the history of surface air temperatures (SATs) as recorded on a daily basis for weather forecasting. Climatic information missing from the truncated SAT record may be found in borehole temperature profiles. Changes in ground surface temperature (GST) propagate into the subsurface, exponentially decreasing in amplitude with increasing time and depth. Studies to date have shown that changes in SAT tend to be tracted in GST changes and GST is a valid indicator of climate change. Studies of borehole temperatures provide a relatively good constraint on the total magnitude of warming; inferences concerning the date at which the warming trend began and the rate at which it proceeded are much less certain. The available evidence from both GST and SAT studies is sonsistant with a major climatic warming over the North American Continent that likely began near the middle of the 19th century in the east, later in the west. The magnitude of warming in the east estimated from changes in GST significantly exceeds that estimated from SAT. A cause and effect relationship between anthropogenic activities and climatic warming cannot be demonstrated unambiguously at themore » present time. 29 refs., 2 figs.« less
A further examination of the active form of crotalus adamanteus phospholipase A2

Abstract The phospholipase A 2 from Crotalus adamanteus venom has been shown to be active as the dimer or 30 000 molecular weight species, at concentrations used for enzyme assay (0.1–10 μg/ml). Gel filtration of the enzyme in the presence of Ca 2+ and monomeric concentrations of the substrate dihexanoylphos-phatidylcholine showed that all the protein migrated as a 30 000 molecular weight species. Active enzyme sedimentation velocity experiments using the same conditions gave s 20,w 0 = 2.85 ± 0.05 S, which compares favorably with the value obtained at mg/ml concentrations (3.11 S). These results confirm the results of Shen et al. (Shen B.W., Tsao F.H.C., Law J.H. and Kezdy F.J. (1975) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 1205–1208).
Bridging the Gender Gap In Bill Sponsorship

Under what circumstances do men sponsor issues that are traditionally regarded as salient primarily to women? By examining the sponsorship of legislation in the upper and lower chambers of 15 state legislatures in 2001, we explored the conditions under which men are likely to focus attention on policy areas involving women's issues and children's issues. We found little effect of institutional context (such as party control of the legislature or diversity within the legislature) on the sponsorship behavior of either men or women. Personal characteristics such as race, education, age, and family circumstances are associated with sponsorship by men, but not by women. Committee service is also strongly associated with sponsorship behavior, particularly for men. Differences in sponsorship are relatively marked in the sponsorship of legislation that focuses on reproduction or other health issues particularly relevant to women. We conclude that the boundaries of the set of issues traditionally defined as “women's issues” may be changing over time and that it is important to recognize that the influences on the sponsorship of women's issues can be different for men than they are for women.
PS2-52: Building a Simulation System to Train Dentists to Practice Evidence-Based Dentistry

Background/Aims: Because of the distributed nature of dental practice, dentists tend to develop practice patterns based on the training they received in dental school. While their training was current at their graduation, as the period post-graduation increases more recent research holds the potential to improve dental care. Innovative methods are needed to educate dentists in the latest evidence-based approaches to practice. The aim of this study is to build a case-based internet simulation interface to educate dentists on the latest evidence-based approaches to practice. Methods: Due to the complexity of the project it was decided to work on multiple components in parallel. One team was formed to review possible guidelines using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) standards. Insufficient high quality guidelines necessitated examining systematic reviews using an approach based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses). A second team began work to develop standards for case creation. A third team of internet programmers began to create the frontand back-end for the case-based interface. Communication between the teams is facilitated by partial shared team membership and the attention of the principal investigator. Results: In order to complete the system within the one year development timeline, we discovered that we needed to make specific compromises to balance the ideal and the practical scenarios. First, each case would involve a single encounter where the provider would be given sufficient information to identify the problems and plan treatments for future encounters. Second, in order to limit the options for gaming the system, all sub-actions will be linked to specific time intervals. Each encounter will then be assigned total completion time based on the sum of the sub-action times. Conclusions: Case-based learning, structured around an internet interface and presented to dentists distributed across small practices throughout the world, should be an important link in educating dentists on uniform evidence-based dental information.
Implementation of capillary blood glucose monitoring in a teaching hospital and determination of program requirements to maintain quality testing

Abstract purpose: To study the implementation of bedside capillary glucose monitoring using a hospital-wide quality control (QC) program. methods: A prospective study of QC performance in 7 outpatient and 39 inpatient treatment units was performed in a large teaching hospital over a 2-year period. Approximately 800 nurses were trained to perform bedside capillary glucose monitoring (Accu-Chek II, Boehringer-Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN). An eight-point QC program was instituted including proficiency testing, instrument maintenance, performance of daily controls, storage of reagent strips and supplies, instrument calibration, and documentation procedures. results: Comparison of laboratory and bedside test results (split-sample proficiency testing) revealed Y=1.004X + 7.26, r=0.95, with a mean percent difference of −4.2% (p conclusions: Bedside capillary glucose assays can be widely implemented in large hospitals with an acceptable degree of accuracy. QC programs with frequent inspections are necessary to identify units that function inadequately, and a formal disciplinary policy is required to ensure compliance with the program.
Sorption of Cs and Sr to profundal sediments of a Savannah River Site reservoir

Laboratory measurements of the sorption and desorption of 134Cs and 85Sr to sediments were conducted. These sediments were sampled from the top 1 cm of the profundal zone of Par Pond at the Savannah River Site, Aiken, South Carolina. The isotopes 134Cs and 85Sr were used to trace the sorption properties of the main contaminants found in the reservoir, which are 137Cs and 90Sr, respectively. The sorption behavior of these two elements was studied using spiked sediment/water slurries of a variable, but known, mass to volume ratio. The results reveal that Sr undergoes significant reversible sorption while a fraction of Cs irreversibly sorbs to the sediment. The Kd for 137Cs was a function of the slurry ratio, pH, conductivity, and contact time. These factors were inter-related since the sediments released ions to the slurry mixture which simultaneously decreased the pH and increased the conductivity. The calculated Kd at equilibrium was 2.8 × 104 for 134Cs after 60 days and 1 × 103 for 85Sr after 7 days at a pH ~ 6 and a slurry ratio of 1:1000 g/ml.
Memory, Trauma, and the French-Algerian War: Michael Haneke's Caché (2005)

This article examines Michael Haneke's 2005 film Cache and its treatment of the October 1961 massacre in light of recent scholarship about memory and trauma. It argues that the film demands of its viewers a complex, critical position, requiring us not merely to passively re-witness the traumatising events of 17 October, but to take on as spectators a more active role in the work of remembering. The article examines narrative and visual elements in the film in order to demonstrate how Cache illustrates and questions how film and other media forms contribute to the working through of collective trauma and, in so doing, function as potential ‘sites of memory’.
On the electrodynamics in the presence of moving matter

Electrodynamics in presence of moving matter, considering models of minkowski, of chu and of boffi, based on method of motional flux
Variational Formulation, Discrete Conservation Laws, and Path-Domain Independent Integrals for Elasto-Viscoplasticity

A discrete variational formulation of plasticity and viscoplasticity is developed based on the principle of maximum plastic dissipation. Lack of invariance of the discrete Lagrangian relative to the group of material translations precludes the classical Eshelby law from being a conservation law. However, a discrete inhomogeneous form of Eshelby's conservation law is derived which leads to a path-domain independent integral
Comparison of different types of variability when using lot splitting in a dynamic open job shop

Previousshop floor control research has shown that lot splitting can improve flow time performance and that disruptions to smooth and even material flow through the production process are detrimental. We use a simulation model to extend the literature by differentiating between four types of variability that might disrupt material flow and by analysing their effects on the magnitude of flow time improvement from lot splitting in dynamic open job shops with a range of utilisations, setup to processing time ratios, and job sizes. We believe that we are the first to show that those types of variability have vastly different effects on how much flow time improvement lot splitting can offer. The findings will help manufacturers identify processes that will benefit the most from lot splitting and aid researchers in developing better experimental designs.
EXPRESSION AND GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PRTB, A GENE THAT ENCODES A HIGHLY CONSERVED PROLINE-RICH PROTEIN EXPRESSED IN THE BRAIN

A mouse gene, designated prtb (proline codon-rich transcript, brain expressed) was identified and characterized from a gene trap embryonic stem cell line. It encodes a proline-rich protein of 168 amino acids that shares 99% amino acid sequence identity with its human homologue and is located on the distal region of mouse chromosome 15. To determine the expression pattern and function of prtb, mice that carry the prtbgt allele were generated. During embryogenesis, prtb gene expression as revealed by β-galactosidase (β-gal) marker gene activity was highly regulated. Between embryonic day (E) 11.5 and E12.5, β-gal activity was restricted to the developing heart. From E13.5 on, expression in the heart was extinguished. However, very strong β-gal activity could be detected in the brains of adult mice, suggesting a role for this gene in brain function. Mice homozygous for the mutation were viable, fertile, and did not display any obvious abnormalities. This could be due to functional redundancy as Northern blot hybridization analysis clearly demonstrated that prtbgt is likely to be a null allele. Dev Dyn 1999;215:108–116. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Defect-Driven Restructuring of TiO2 Surface and Modified Reactivity Toward Deposited Gold Atoms

A partially reduced TiO2 surface exhibits increasingly complex nature when forming various defects, whose stoichiometry, structure and properties are markedly different from those of bulk TiO2. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory, we investigate different types of surface defects formed by Ti interstitials on TiO2 (110) and their reactivity toward deposited gold atoms. Sub-stoichiometric strands greatly enhance bonding of Au by transferring the excess charges from the reduced Ti3+ onto the strands. Thus the sub-stoichiometric strands behave as strong electron donor sites toward reactants. On the contrary, fully stoichiometric nanoclusters provide increased Au bonding through its 1-coordinated oxygen, which acts as a strong electron acceptor site. Specific interactions between Au and defects as well as the implication of electron donor/acceptor complexes for catalytic reactions are discussed.
Reaction design: Nature-inspired total synthesis.

Nature's approach to biosynthesis often involves the rapid generation of advanced, enantiopure intermediates from simple starting materials. A new, highly efficient strategy adapts this approach, using organocascade catalysis to quickly construct a key intermediate that can be converted into several complex natural products.
Rapid early Holocene retreat of a Laurentide outlet glacier through an Arctic fjord

Marine-terminating outlet glaciers control the stability of ice sheets. Exposure ages and radiocarbon dates show that an Arctic outlet glacier of the Laurentide ice sheet rapidly retreated about 9,500 years ago, and imply strong feedbacks between bathymetry and ice movement.
Phase-resolved X-ray spectra of magnetars and the coronal outflow model

We test a model recently proposed for the persistent hard X-ray emission from magnetars. In the model, hard X-rays are produced by a decelerating electron-positron flow in the closed magnetosphere. The flow decelerates as it radiates its energy away via resonant scattering of soft X-rays, then it reaches the top of the magnetic loop and annihilates there. We test the model against observations of three magnetars: 4U 0142+61, 1RXS J1708-4009, and 1E 1841-045. We find that the model successfully fits the observed phase-resolved spectra. We derive constraints on the angle between the rotational and magnetic axes of the neutron star, the object inclination to the line of sight, and the size of the active twisted region filled with the plasma flow. Using the fit of the hard X-ray component of the magnetar spectrum, we revisit the remaining soft X-ray component. We find that it can be explained by a modified two-temperature blackbody model. The hotter blackbody is consistent with a hot spot covering 1-10% of the neutron star surface. Such a hot spot is expected at the base of the magnetospheric e+- outflow, as some particles created in the e+- discharge flow back and bombard the stellar surface.
Portrait of a Leader? George Bernard Shaw's Saint Joan

Abstract Characteristics of leadership, as they are discovered—or created—in scholarly research on the subject, will sometimes turn upon themselves. That is, positive qualities lead somewhat readily to negative qualities. An arena in which one might find this illustrated, surprisingly perhaps, is that of dramatic literature. Looked at one way, this is not so surprising, as drama depends upon conflict, and conflict is inevitable when any leader's positive qualities take that negative turn. This essay chooses to pursue these ideas by looking at the treatment of one of history's most controversial “leaders,” Joan of Arc, by one of literature's most controversy-loving playwrights, George Bernard Shaw. Toward that end, the essay will put together a composite of the most widely acknowledged characteristics of a “leader,” then investigate the ways in which Shaw attributes those characteristics—and their negative corollaries—to his compelling and tragic portrait of Saint Joan.
Serogrouping of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: correlation of serogroup with disseminated gonococcal infection.

Gonococci can be divided into serogroups WI, WII, and WIII by coagglutination. To assess the clinical correlation of serogroups of gonococci, we studied isolates of gonococci from patients with disseminated and uncomplicated gonococcal infections in three cities in the United States. Strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae belonging to serogroup WI represented 85 (84%) of 101 isolates from patients with disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) and 68 (40%) of 168 isolates from patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea (P less than .001). The auxotype Arg-, Hyx-, Ura- (AHU) represented 62 (61%) of 101 isolates from DGI and 54 (32%) of 168 isolates from uncomplicated infection (p less than .001); all AHU isolates were serogroup WI. Among other auxotypes, WI strains represented 25 (64%) of 39 isolates from patients with DGI and 14 (12%) of 114 from uncomplicated infections (P less than .001). In Atlanta only, 13 (34%) of 38 isolates from DGI were AHU, but 31 (82%) were serogroup WI (P less than .001). Thus gonococci of serogroup WI are associated with DGI in these cities of the United States, and this correlation appears to be independent of auxotype. Serogroup WI is correlated with serum resistance.
Weak versus strong production of top flavor at the proton-antiproton collider

The weak production of a top particle of mass ≅35 GeV is seen to be an order of magnitude lower than the most conservative estimate of strong production, and two orders of magnitude lower than the rate required to explain the UA1 single jet electron events. All the kinematic distributions are very similar for the two production mechanisms. Detailed comparison of the rate and kinematic distributions are shown, for the decay electron (muon)pT cut of 10 and 15 GeV.
A critical overview of progress in studies of migration of dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera), with emphasis on North America

Migration by Odonata has been recorded sporadically for several centuries, but only recently have new technologies and a new wave of interest in these ancient insects sparked a concerted effort to understand the extent, behavioral mechanisms, adaptive significance, and ecological consequences of this phenomenon. Here I review our current knowledge of these sometimes spectacular flights, focusing on the few species in North America that are known to migrate more or less annually. One of these, the Common Green Darner, Anax junius, has been shown to traverse hundreds to thousands of kilometers from north to south during fall migration. Pantala flavescens (Wandering Glider) is plausibly inferred to make an overseas flight from India to East Africa with the Northeast Monsoon, although its migrations in North America are less well understood. Large scale movements of these and other species raises questions about population connectivity, ecosystem impacts, the nature and evolution of cues that initiate migration, and effects of climate change on these phenomena.
Identification of receptors for myristoylated proteins by chemical crosslinking

A technique for identifying proteins that bind to myristoylated polypeptide sequences is described. A myristoylated peptide containing the amino-terminal sequence of the myristoyl-polypeptide of interest, with a carboxyl-terminal Tyr residue appended to facilitate radioiodination, is synthesized. Radiolabeled myristoyl-peptide is incubated with a cell fraction in the presence of chemical crosslinker. Following separation of crosslinked material from free peptide, the radiolabeled crosslinked proteins are identified by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Factors to be considered in the choice of myristoyl-peptide sequence and of crosslinking reagents are discussed, and detailed protocols for radioiodination of peptides and crosslinking reactions are provided.