cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early infectious complications in autologous bone marrow transplantation: a review of 219 patients.

The objective of this study was to define the incidence, type and timing of early infectious complications, occurring within the first 30 days, in autologous bone marrow transplant (autoBMT) recipients over a 45-month period, and in addition to assess the effects of growth factors and primed peripheral blood progenitor cells on the rate of infectious complications. The paper describes a retrospective and observational study, carried out at the bone marrow transplantation unit at a tertiary referral center. The subjects were two hundred and nineteen patients who underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation for a variety of indications from April 1989 to December 1992. The median duration of neutropenia after autologous bone marrow transplantation was 12 days. There was a direct correlation between the duration of neutropenia and the incidence of infectious complications. The overall incidence of infections and isolated febrile episodes was 35%. Septicemia occurred in 7.8% of patients, pneumonia in 2.7%, skin infection in 1.8%, other infections in 2.7% and isolated febrile episodes in 20.1%. Viridans streptococci were the most common cause of septicemia. Invasive fungal infections occurred in only 2.3% of patients. There were no documented viral infections. The use of growth factors and primed peripheral blood progenitor cells was associated with a shorter duration of neutropenia; a decrease in the overall incidence of infections, particularly septicemia and fungal infections ; a shorter length of stay in the hospital and a lower mortality rate in the first 30 days after transplantation. We found a lower incidence of bacterial and fungal infections compared to previous studies. The critical factor associated with the occurrence of any early infection was the duration of neutropenia, which was significantly shortened by the use of growth factors and peripheral blood progenitor cells. Septicemia was uncommon in our population and viridans streptococci were the most common bloodstream isolates.
Comparison of Canonical versus Silver(I)-Mediated Base-Pairing on Single Molecule Conductance in Polycytosine dsDNA

Intercalation of metal ions into double-stranded DNA has recently been proposed as a path to efficient charge transport in DNA wires. Until now, the effect of Ag(I) intercalation between mismatched cytosine nucleobases on the conductance of DNA has not been assessed. Here we use a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) break-junction technique to evaluate and compare the single molecule conductance of polynucleotide sequences of 11 base pairs in length. The resulting single molecule conductance for Ag(I)–polyC is found to be an order of magnitude greater than the control strand made using canonical Watson–Crick pairing. This finding suggests that Ag(I) intercalation alters the dominant electron transport process from standard π-orbital delocalization common in sequences with multiple stacked guanines to an alternate and ultimately more efficient conduit.
A Second-Order Immersed Boundary Projection Method for Elliptic and Parabolic Problems

We present a second-order accurate version of the Immersed Boundary Projection Method for imposing Dirichlet boundary conditions at irregular boundaries while using a Cartesian grid and a standard discretization, applicable to elliptic and parabolic PDEs. No modication to the stencil is required. Rather, boundary conditions are enforced by applying a force at the boundary that is unknown a priori. This boundary force is solved by applying additional constraints to the system, i.e. the boundary conditions desired on the immersed boundary. The accuracy of the algorithm is demonstrated by applying it to several examples arising from discretizations of Laplace’s equation and the heat equation, where second-order accuracy is obtained at all grid points.
Methylplatinum(II) and Molecular Oxygen: Oxidation to Methylplatinum(IV) in Competition with Methyl Group Transfer To Form Dimethylplatinum(IV)

Reaction of molecular oxygen with the methylplatinum(II) complex K[(κ2-NNO)PtII(CH3)(OH)] (3; NNO = bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate) in D2O results in oxidation to (κ3-NNO)PtIV(CH3)(OD)2 along with competitive methyl transfer to produce (κ3-NNO)PtIV(CH3)2(OD). Methyl transfer is favored under more alkaline conditions and at higher temperatures. Mechanistic studies are consistent with the direct reaction of 3 with molecular oxygen as a common first reaction step on the path to both products.
IgM antibodies in fish mucus.

Discussion and SummaryAs early as 1935, Nigrelli (4) observed that the mucus of certain fishes was toxic to parasites and suggested that this activity might be due to antibody or that the mucus itself might be toxic to parasites.Our studies have indicated that normal gar mucus contains detectable antibody to several erythrocytes. Other work in this laboratory (Bradshaw, C. M., and Sigel, M. M., unpublished work) with mucus of normal snapper, Lutjaneus griseus, and normal bowfin, Amia calva, also demonstrated detectable antibody activity in surface mucus. After primary immunization of gar with SHE their surface mucus antibody levels increases considerably. Lower titers of hemagglutinin were recently reported by Fletcher and Grant in the mucus of plaice (5).We have previously reported that normal gar serum contains cold agglutinins with maximum reactivity at 4°. Interestingly, the normal and immune mucus antibody titers were increased by downshifting the temperature from 35 to 20° but no further enhancement...
Including Memory Friction in Single- and Two-State Quantum Dynamics Simulations.

We present a simple computational algorithm that allows for the inclusion of memory friction in a quantum dynamics simulation of a small, quantum, primary system coupled to many atoms in the surroundings. We show how including a memory friction operator, F, in the primary quantum system’s Hamiltonian operator builds memory friction into the dynamics of the primary quantum system. We show that, in the harmonic, semi-classical limit, this friction operator causes the classical phase-space centers of a wavepacket to evolve exactly as if it were a classical particle experiencing memory friction. We also show that this friction operator can be used to include memory friction in the quantum dynamics of an anharmonic primary system. We then generalize the algorithm so that it can be used to treat a primary quantum system that is evolving, non-adiabatically on two coupled potential energy surfaces, i.e., a model that can be used to model H atom transfer, for example. We demonstrate this approach’s computational ...
The Characterization of Shakespeare's Cleopatra

RITICISM has not dealt kindly with Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. Dr. Johnson's charge of loose construction has $ C Xbeen repeated often enough to become a comfortable platitude of literary history; Bradley refused to place the play with 5* 3 ! the great tragedies because it failed to arouse pity and fear to the utmost; and Schiicking has used it as a specific horrible example of that inconsistency of character and action which he finds to be a general feature of Shakespearian drama.' In recent years, it is true, various studies of imagery have pointed to the play's unity in terms of its larger political theme;2 and we may hope that these beginnings will encourage further critical study of one of the most neglected works in the canon. Discussion of Antony and Cleopatra is still primarily concerned, however, with the problem of characterization, especially the motivation of character in Cleopatra, which is closely related to the question of "realistic" dramatic resolution. Indeed most critics have concentrated upon Cleopatra, holding that since her self-expression is psychologically inconsistent, the resolution of the tragedy is unrealistic and confusing. But the evidence for such conclusions is generally to be found in the critic's own assumptions as to the nature of reality and dramatic technique; and the character of Cleopatra is, therefore, judged to be unconvincing because both the central point of the action and the heroine's relationship to that action have been obscured by the intrusion of irrelevant standards of realism. Here, for example, is Professor Schiicking's realism at work on the ending of Antony and Cleopatra:
Three-dimensional reconstruction of complex geometry of female pelvis

AIM: To establish the three-dimensional reconstruction of complex geometry of organs within the female pelvic.METHODS: A range of female pelvic MRI images with thickness of 0.8 mm were selected and the three-dimensional image reconstructive software MIMICS was used to reconstruct the three-dimensional geometric structure.RESULTS: An independent three-dimensional geometric structure was obtained respectively for the obturator internus,levator ani,bladder,urethra,vagina and rectum,which exactly manifested the relative position of their anatomical structure.CONCLUSION: The three-dimensional model of female pelvic organs demonstrates their anatomical structures and geometric shapes,which provides evidence for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of dysfunction of the female pelvic organs.
Resistance of Culex pipiens pallens larvae to common used insecticides in Baoji city

Objective To survey the resistance status of Culex pipiens pallens to common used insecticides in Baoji city.Methods The methods of discrimination dosages and lethal dosage(LD50) were adopted to measure the Cx.pipiens pallens sensitivity to common used insecticides.Results On the basis of anti-dosage evaluation standard,Cx.pipiens pallens to DDT,DDVP,permethrin and deltamethrin were resistance groups.Compared with laboratory sensitive insects,the levels of Cx.pipiens pallens resistance to all insecticides were higher than those of sensitive insects,with the resistant multiple of 2.67-23.85,of which the largest difference was that to permethrin(23.85 times).The resistance to premethrin was high-leveled resistance,beta-cypermethrin,cypermethrin,DDT and propoxur was moderate resistantce;and the resistance to other insecticides was low resistance.Conclusion Based on insecticides should be used scientifically,the resistance investigation,comprehensive prevention and control should be promoted.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Risk Perceptions of Skin Cancer: A Review

Background: Perceived risk is commonly conceived as a joint function of the perceived evaluations about the probability estimate of a negative outcome, and the perceived seriousness of the consequences of that negative outcome. Theories typically posit that once people perceive their vulnerability to health risks or outcomes, they form intentions to take preventive actions to reduce their risk. This theoretical proposition is not supported in skin cancer preventative behavior studies, which could be due to improper measurement of perceived risk. Purpose and Methods: The purpose of this manuscript was to assess how risk perception of skin cancer has been conceptualized and measured in the literature to date. Literature retrieval was facilitated through EBSCO, PubMed, PsycInfo, MEDLINE, and ERIC databases. Twenty potentially relevant articles were identified for this review. Results: In the literature, skin cancer risk has been operationalized in two ways: absolute risk and comparative risk. However, these measures have some serious limitations. For example, there is great uncertainty regarding the quality of risk perception measurements (i.e., whether the items used to measure perceived risk are reliable and valid). Future studies are warranted to better understand the significance of using conditional risk measures.
Amlodipine-induced hypersensitivity reaction mimicking CD30+ mycosis fungoides

We report the case of a drug-induced morbilliform eruption associated with amlodipine that mimicked the presentation of CD30+ mycosis fungoides, both clinically and histologically. The rash resolved after discontinuation of the amlodipine, suggesting that the event was a rare CD30+ pseudolymphoma cutaneous reaction to this drug.
Light emission from LDPE during electrical tree initiation

The characteristics of light emitted during the initiation of an electrical tree in low density polyethylene (LDPE) subjected to highly divergent fields have been studied. Needles having tip radii of between 3 and 10 µm were molded into the LDPE to create the divergent field. Light was not only detected in degassed specimens as reported by other workers but also in air-impregnated (normal) specimens as well as in those impregnated with other gases. The light characteristics of degassed specimens were found to be different from all others. It is proposed that the light from degassed specimens could be due to radiation from electron-hole recombination only whereas in all other specimens a combination of this and other radiative phenomena could be responsible. The tree inception voltage of specimens molded in air was found to be lower than that of specimens impregnated with inert gases. Based on the charge transfer at the electrode-polymer interface it is proposed that injected charges are responsible for the radiative phenomena observed. Some of the emitted light in turn could cause bond scissions and subsequent degradation of the polymer, leading to the formation of an electrical tree.
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Depletes Naïve (CD45RA+) CD4+ Lymphocytes from the Blood and Lymph Nodes of Domestic Cats during Acute Pediatric Infection.

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is an immunosuppressive lentivirus of domestic cats that serves as an animal model for the pathogenesis of CD4+ lymphopenia and thymus dysfunction in HIV infected humans. During most cases of adult and pediatric HIV infection, naive CD4+ T lymphocytes recognized by the expression of the RA isoform of the leukocyte common antigen (CD45RA) are infected at a lower level than memory CD4+ T− lymphocytes; however, children with rapidly progressive disease due to thymic insufficiency harbor high levels of HIV within the CD45RA+ subpopulation. In FIV infected cats, the fate of naive CD4 lymphocytes is unknown due to the lack of specific markers. Recently, a mAb (755) was reported to recognize the feline homologue to CD45RA, allowing the enumeration of naive CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in cats. The purpose of this study was to characterize the fate of CD4+CD45RA+ blood cells eight weeks after FIV infection. One-day-old kittens (n=6) were infected with virions either from a wild type clone (JSY3) or mutant ORF-A clone at equivalent reverse transcriptase units and compared to historical control data. Eight weeks after inoculation, the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ cells belonging to the CD45RA+ subpopulation were measured by two-color flow cytometry. Both FIV inocula were associated with a reduction in total CD4+ lymphocytes from a median of 13% in controls to 8% in infected cats (P=0.004), contributing to a reduction in the CD4:CD8 ratio from 2.45 in controls to 0.76 in infected cats (P=0.007). The decline in CD4+ lymphocytes was attributable to a disproportionate loss of CD4+CD45RA+ cells: 69% of CD4+ cells were CD45RA+ in controls, as compared to 7% in FIV infected cats (P=0.004). In contrast, naive CD8+ lymphocytes did not change significantly with FIV infection (67% of CD8+ cells were CD45RA+ in FIV infected cats as compared to 80% in controls). The distribution of CD45RA+ cells in the lymph nodes of FIV infected cats mirrored those in the blood. Together, these data suggest that acute FIV infection results in a rapid depletion of naive CD4 lymphocytes throughout the blood and secondary lymphoid tissues, while proportions of naive CD8 lymphocytes remain unchanged. CD4+CD45RA+ cells may be depleted during pediatric FIV infection through lytic infection or a transition to a memory phenotype lacking CD45RA.
IMPACT OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAM CHANGES ON MORTALITY IN ASYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS AND ELEVATED TROPONIN

Background: The role of EKG changes among septic patients with elevated troponin (e-Tn) without symptoms is not clear. We hypothesized that ischemic changes on EKG are associated with mortality in septic patients with e-Tn. Methods: We examined 936 consecutive patients with e-Tn and sepsis on
Interaction of renal cortical cyclooxygenase-2 and angiotensin II in postnatal nephrogenesis

Both renal cortical cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and angiotensin II (Ang II) are involved in postnatal nephrogenesis and maturation. Crosstalk between renal cortical COX-2 and Ang II exists in the adult kidney. However, the potential role of the interaction between renal cortical COX-2 and Ang II in postnatal nephrogenesis and maturation has not been previously investigated. A study by Frolich et al. now strongly indicates that cortical COX-2 promotes postnatal nephrogenesis and maturation through activation of Ang II–angiotensin type 1 receptor signaling.
Spatially periodic activation patterns of retrosplenial cortex encode route sub-spaces and distance travelled

Traversal of a complicated route is often facilitated by considering it as a set of related sub-spaces. Such compartmentalization processes could occur within retrosplenial cortex, a structure whose neurons simultaneously encode position within routes and other spatial coordinate systems. Here, retrosplenial cortex neurons were recorded as rats traversed a track having recurrent structure at multiple scales. Consistent with a major role in compartmentalization of complex routes, individual RSC neurons exhibited periodic activation patterns that repeated across route segments having the same shape. Concurrently, a larger population of RSC neurons exhibited single-cycle periodicity over the full route, effectively defining a framework for encoding of sub-route positions relative to the whole. The same population simultaneously provides a novel metric for distance from each route position to all others. Together, the findings implicate retrosplenial cortex in the extraction of path sub-spaces, the encoding of their spatial relationships to each other, and path integration.
How to Make a Soul: The Wisdom of John Keats

Keats, with his short life, great gifts, lower middle class background and ongoing quest to reconcile with mortality, must be one of English poetry’s most sympathetic characters. His rare personal ...
FACTORS PREDICTING IMPROVEMENT IN CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS AS MEASURED BY METABOLIC EQUIVALENTS OF TASK IN PATIENTS WHO COMPLETED PHASE 2 CARDIAC REHABILITATION

Phase 2 Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) improves cardiovascular (CV) fitness, and has been shown to reduce CV events and death. However, little is known about predictors of improvement during CR. We retrospectively reviewed 827 consecutive patients enrolled in phase 2 CR from 2006-2016 who had both
Achieving Optimal Cardiovascular Health: a Social Epidemiological Approach

The American Heart Association (AHA) created the cardiovascular health (CVH) index to measure and monitor population-level reduction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with a goal of 20% reduction in CVD morbidity and mortality by 2020. Few U.S. adults meet all seven ideal CVH metrics (non-smoking behavior, healthy diet and body weight, active lifestyle, good cholesterol, glucose, and blood pressure scores), with 17% of men and women only achieving five or more ideal CVH metrics. This review describes the importance of considering sociodemographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors as key strategies to achieve the AHA 2020 goals. Men, racial/ethnic minorities, and individuals of lower socioeconomic status are less likely to achieve ideal CVH—which may start in early childhood. An emerging body of literature indicates that individuals with high-quality social relationships, positive childhood experiences and psychological functioning, along with lifestyle factors, may impact attainment of optimal CVH. For example, exploring the role of food insecurity in CVH attainment demonstrates the complex interplay between contextual factors and lifestyle behaviors that may promote or deter ideal CVH. Evidence also suggests that the CVH index has convergent validity with intermediate and hard endpoints of CVD. Interventions that seek to promote multi-system resiliency may help close the gap in attainment of the AHA 2020 goals. Research on psychosocial and behavioral factors suggests that social connections, psychological resources, and health-maintaining behaviors are important areas to target to improve CVH in minorities and other vulnerable groups.
Integrative Cases for Preclinical Medical Students: Connecting Clinical, Basic Science, and Public Health Approaches

Background Healthcare and public health systems are each transforming, resulting in a need for better integration between clinical and population-based approaches to improve the health of populations. These changes also demand substantial transformations in the curriculum for medical students. Integrative Cases were designed for all first- and second-year medical students to provide them with more awareness, knowledge, and skills in integrating public health into clinical medicine. Each case examines basic science factors, clinical approaches, and public health determinants, including risk factors and direct and indirect contributing factors. Purpose This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of Integrative Cases in the medical student curriculum. Methods Integrative Cases were formatively evaluated using standardized online post-event questionnaires emailed to students after each case. The questionnaires focused on goals specific to each case, ratings of particular sessions and facilitators, general impressions of the case, and student suggestions for improvement. Results Student evaluations indicate that Integrative Cases achieved their goals, especially providing experiences that offer a more expansive view of medicine and public health, stimulating interest and questions that anticipate future learning and making connections across basic science, medicine, and health. Students also indicated that these cases added to their understanding of public health issues and how to apply what they had learned to patient care. Conclusions Integrative Cases demonstrate the effectiveness of a comprehensive approach that integrates clinical medicine with basic science and public health perspectives.
A Neurotrophic Factor — SNTF — for Serotonergic Neurons

We have found that the 5-HT target tissue of denervated adult rat brain contains high levels of a serotonergic neurons related-trophic factor(s) [SNTF]. Specific denervation of 5-HT fibers from the hippocampus [by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine injection in the afferent pathway] induces 5-HT homotypic collateral sprouting in a month. The 5-HT-denervated hippocampus was shown to be a rich environment for the growth of grafted fetal 5-HT neurons. Grafted fetal 5-HT neurons exhibited higher 5-HT levels and 5-HT synaptosomal high-affinity uptake, more dense fibers and larger cell bodies in the 5-HT-denervated hippocampus than in normal hippocampus. Extracts [hypotonic solution in high-speed supernatant fraction] obtained from the denervated hippocampus were found to be trophic in vitro and in vivo. Extracts placed in raphe cell culture [rich in 5-HT neurons] increased the 5-HT high-affinity uptake. Extracts when added to grafted 5-HT neurons increased the 5-HT content of fetal 5-HT neurons in the normal hippocampus. The grafted 5-HT neurons and trophic extracts were also tested in the cerebellum, a brain region with sparse 5-HT innervation. We found that grafted 5-HT neurons seldom survived in this brain region. The denervated hippocampal extracts greatly increased the survival rate of the grafted 5-HT neurons, and significantly increased the density of the fibers in the cerebellum. These observations indicate that brain derived SNTF is trophic to 5-HT neurons at three levels — survival, neurite extension and transmitter maturation.
Single-stage versus two-stage revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review

Importance Despite advances in surgical techniques and postoperative rehabilitation, long-term anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft rupture rate remains high. The increasing number of primary ACL reconstructions in an ageing population will lead to increasing revision reconstructions. Revision cases may have higher failure rates and worse patient-reported outcomes compared with primaries. While two-stage revisions may be indicated in certain complex cases, whether this is comparatively equivalent or even superior to revisions done in a single stage would assist preoperative planning. Objective The objective of this systematic review was to analyse and compare patient-reported outcomes and failure rate of single-stage versus two-stage revision ACL reconstruction. Evidence review Using PubMed, MEDLINE Complete and Ovid MEDLINE databases, a review was performed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines to identify level I–IV outcomes of revision ACL reconstruction with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. Findings Three studies reported outcomes of two-stage revisions with mean follow-up of 61.6 months, while 21 studies reported single-stage revisions with mean follow-up of 47.4 months. Pooled rate of two-stage revisions was 3.1% compared with 6.8% in single-stage (p=0.068). Clinical failure was reported in 5.1% of 79 two-stage patients compared with 13.8% of 533 single-stage patients (p 48 months follow-up had a higher rerupture rate (+5%, p Conclusions and relevance Although two-stage revisions may be performed in more complex cases, there are limited short-term data available regarding their outcomes. Two-stage revisions demonstrated comparable clinical outcomes and lower rate of revision surgery and clinical failure compared with single-stage revisions. Studies with shorter follow-up (24–48 months) showed higher clinical failure rates. Those with longer follow-up (>48 months) showed higher graft rerupture rates. The decision to perform staged reconstruction should made on whether adequate tunnel placement and fixation can be established in a single setting. Level of evidence Level IV.
Phylogenomic characterization of red seabream iridovirus from Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus maricultured in the Caribbean Sea

Between 2010 and 2016, six mortality events were observed in Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) maricultured in the Dominican Republic. Histopathological examination and conventional PCR confirmed a megalocytivirus (MCV) infection in each case. Subsequently, next-generation sequencing and phylogenomic analyses confirmed that MCV DNA was present in the infected pompano tissue samples from 2010, 2014, and 2016, and each was determined to be red seabream iridovirus (RSIV). Annotation of the RSIV genome sequences identified 121 open reading frames, and BLASTN analysis revealed the highest nucleotide sequence identity (> 99%) to a RSIV clade 1 MCV isolated from a moribund red seabream (Pagrus major) maricultured in Japan. These cases represent the first fully sequenced RSIV genomes detected outside of Asia and are the earliest reports of MCV infections in Florida pompano. This recent geographical expansion of RSIV warrants further attention to determine its potential economic and ecological impact.
Summary of Workshop: Host Resistance

The workshop on host resistance was introduced by the review of epidemiologic studies by Michael S. Kramer from Canada. Kramer raised several questions about the validity of certain studies, but his review left little doubt that human milk feedings contribute to the protection of the infant against infections. With few exceptions, investigations of this protective capacity have focused upon the overall effect of breast feeding and thus do not allow assignment of specific protective function to individual factors in human milk. Kramer was less impressed with the studies reporting that breast-feeding protects against allergic disorders. The first two presentations of this workshop addressed the fate and function of human milk components of possible value in the infant’s host defense.
Many are called but few are chosen: the emergence of Latino congressional candidates

Prior work has shown that Latino candidates do not under-perform compared to other candidates, and that Latino underrepresentation is a function of supply rather than demand (Juenke, Eric Gonzalez....
Computational tools for automated histological image analysis and quantification in cardiac tissue

Image processing and quantification is a routine and important task across disciplines in biomedical research. Understanding the effects of disease on the tissue and organ level often requires the use of images, however the process of interpreting those images into data which can be tested for significance is often time intensive, tedious and prone to inaccuracy or bias. When working within resource constraints, these different issues often present a trade-off between time invested in analysis and accuracy. To address these issues, we present two novel open source and publically available tools for automated analysis of histological cardiac tissue samples: •Automated Fibrosis Analysis Tool (AFAT) for quantifying fibrosis; and•Macrophage Analysis Tool (MAT) for quantifying infiltrating macrophages.
Open Accessibility in Education Research: Enhancing the Credibility, Equity, Impact, and Efficiency of Research.

Openness is a foundational principle in science. Making the tools and products of scientific research openly accessible advances core aims and values of education researchers, such as the credibili...
Drug Repurposing: Claiming the Full Benefit from Drug Development.

Drug development has evolved over the years from being one-at-a-time to be massive screens in an industrial manner. Bringing a new therapeutic agent from concept to bedside can take a decade and cost billions of dollars—with most concepts failing along the way. Of the few compounds that make it to clinical testing, less than one out of eight make it to approval. This traditional drug development pipeline is challenging for prevalent diseases and makes the development of new therapeutics for rare diseases financially intractable. Repurposing of drugs is an alternative to identify new applications for the thousands of compounds that have already been approved for clinical use. There is now a range of strategies for such efforts that leverage clinical data, pharmacologic data, and/or genomic or transcriptomic data. These strategies, together with examples, are detailed in this review. Drug repurposing bypasses the pre-clinical work and thereby opens up the opportunity to provide targeted treatment at a fraction of the cost that is accompanied with the development from ideation to full approval. Such an approach makes drug discovery for any disease process more efficient but holds particular promise for rare diseases for which there is little to no other viable drug development channel.
Contribution of Uremia to Ureaplasma-Induced Hyperammonemia

Lung transplant recipients (LTRs) are vulnerable to unexplained hyperammonemia syndrome (HS) in the early post-operative period, a condition typically unresponsive to non-antibiotic interventions. Recently, we showed that HS in LTRs is strongly correlated with Ureaplasma infection of the respiratory tract. It is not well-understood what makes LTRs preferentially susceptible to this phenomenon, compared to other immunocompromised hosts. Ureaplasma species harbor highly active ureases that convert urea to ammonia and CO2, utilizing the generated transmembrane potential to synthesize ATP. Post-operative LTRs commonly experience renal failure, resulting in uremia. We hypothesized that uremia could be a potentiating comorbidity to the development of HS secondary to Ureaplasma infection in LTRs by providing increased substrate for ureaplasmal ureases. We designed a novel dialyzed flow system to test the ammonia producing capacity of four isolates of Ureaplasma parvum and six isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum in media formulations relating to normal and uremic host conditions. For all isolates, growth under uremic conditions resulted in significantly increased ammonia production over 24 hours, despite similar end-point bacterial quantities. Specifically, the isolates produced, on average, 1776.52 [standard deviation=263.98] μmol/L more ammonia when grown under uremic compared to normal conditions. This suggests that uremia, common in early post-operative LTRs, is a plausible contributing factor to the phenomenon of Ureaplasma-induced HS in this patient population.
Lies and imagined intent to lie: Personality, sexism beliefs and false claims of assault

Research on the issues surrounding false allegations of assault against men has been largely based on review of official documentation, not on questions asked of the women themselves. This limits what we know about variables that might contribute explanation as to why some women deliberately lie about having been assaulted. In our survey of 255 women (both college students and community members), 18 admitted they had fictitiously claimed to have been assaulted either to official investigators, or to friends and family members. Their stated motives included revenge, fear, and embarrassment. Our participants also rated the extent to which they could imagine a situation in which they would make a(nother) false claim in the future—101 (39.6%) of them rated this item positively to differing degrees. We also examined individual difference variables including the ‘dark triad’ traits and four measures of sexist beliefs. While Machiavellianism and psychopathy had positive relationships with how easily participants could imagine making a false claim, several of the sexism beliefs explained more variance in imagined intent to falsify a claim, particularly among the women who admitted having made one previously.
Damping Behavior of 6061 Al/SiC/Gr Spray-Deposited Composites

Spray deposition processed 6061Al/SiC/Gr hybrid metal matrix composites (MMCs), in their as-extruded condition, have been demonstrated to exhibit both relatively high damping and high elastic modulus, but a reduced strength in comparison with that of unreinforced 6061-T6A1 alloy. In order to explore the possibility of obtaining optimal mechanical properties for potential structural applications, the present work reports on the effect of T6 heat treatment on the damping capacity, elastic modulus, yield, and ultimate strengths of the hybrid MMCs. Both damping capacity and dynamic modulus were measured using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer at frequencies of 0.1, 1, and 10 Hz over a 30 to 250°C temperature range. Tension tests were conducted at room temperature on an Instron testing machine. Experimental results revealed that the 6061 Al/SiC/Gr MMCs, following T6 heat treatment, exhibit an optimum combination of room temperature mechanical properties along with an improved damping capacity in the intermediate testing temperature range. The operative damping mechanisms are discussed on the basis of microstructural analyses.
School Resource Officers and Exclusionary Discipline in U.S. High Schools: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Over the past few decades, schools in the U.S. have increasingly relied on school resource officers (SROs) to provide safety and order within school settings. In spite of the intuitive appeal that SROs might offer for making schools safer, critics suggest that there may be unintended negative consequences to this trend, including an increase in exclusionary discipline (i.e., suspensions and expulsions) of students in schools with SROs. This study presents a synthesis of the existing quasi-experimental literature examining the relationship between the presence of SROs and exclusionary discipline in U.S. high schools. Following a systematic literature search, random effects meta-analysis was used to summarize ten effect sizes from seven reports. One meta-analytic model with seven effect sizes achieved statistical significance, yielding a mean rate ratio of 1.21, 95 % CI (1.04, 1.40), indicating that the presence of SROs in high schools was associated with higher rates of exclusionary discipline. A second meta-analytic model with three effect sizes indicated no statistically significant relationship between SRO presence and rates of exclusionary discipline [rate ratio = 1.54, 95 % CI (0.78, 3.06)]. There were high levels of heterogeneity in both models, indicating that unmeasured moderating variables would likely explain some of the variance. Implications for research are discussed.
TILT ROTOR TECHNOLOGY THRUSTS

This paper provides an overview of the results of on-going research investigations associated with the XV-15 program. The XV-15 data and an understanding of the technological elements that go into tilt rotor design can provide a series of benchmark points from which to proceed with new design. The work to refine the estimates of vertical-lift performance, the influence of airframe aerodynamics, and the work planned to establish rotor-limiting flight conditions are discussed. An initial look at short takeoff and landing (STOL) performance is provided and the lessons learned and on-going work in aeroelastic testing and data handling is described. Structural loads and stability and control systems work which have applicability to new design efforts are also shown. The paper concludes with some ideas for longer-range generic investigations to advance the state of the art.
China’s Fighting Strength and Fighting Faith

My friends, I come to you in the midst of news reports most disheartening to all the United Nations. As President Roosevelt has warned us, “there is peril ahead for us all and sorrow for many.” The Prime Minister of Great Britain has also warned us that “many misfortunes, severe torturing losses, remorseless and gnawing anxieties lie before us.”
Collaborative Treatment of Medical Disorders: The Management of Diabetes

Most psychologists in private practice have a clientele as varied as all other professionals in our field, limited only by local demographics and legal strictures. Either by personal interest, history, or by accidental training placement, specializations develop that fit us professionally. Some psychologists go so far as to limit the scope of their practice to a particular population and/or treatment modality. Originally, this was the standard path as many completed postdoctoral courses of study in psychoanalysis, family therapy, cognitive–behavioral methods, neuropsychological or forensic assessment, and myriad others, while some specialize in various clinical syndromes. The medical psychologist, who specializes in support of healing medical conditions, is a very special case – a combination of a health psychologist and a psychopharmacologist.
Drug-induced renal medullary necrosis: IV. Effects on the urinary sodium output and systemic blood pressure

Abstract Renal medullary necrosis was produced in rats by administration of 2-bromo-ethylamine hydrobromide and the resulting functional alterations of the kidneys, such as renal handling of sodium and potassium, response to salt-loading and glomerular filtration rate, and the effects of necrosis on the systolic blood pressure were investigated. The pair-fed rats drinking either distilled water or 0.9% NaCl solution had exaggerated natriuresis during the period examined. Glomerular filtration rate measured on day 2 and week 16 was significantly reduced. In addition, experimental rats consumed a large amount of 0.9% NaCl solution. Elevation of systolic blood pressure was seen in some of the experimental rats that drank 0.9% NaCl solution. In conclusion, the renal medullary necrosis in rats either primarily or secondarily influences the function of the kidneys. The renal medullary necrosis per se appears to have little effect on the systolic blood pressure unless it is coupled with NaCl loading.
Models of Self-Stabilization and Sensor Networks

The advent of large-scale sensor networks highlights problems of fault tolerance and scale in distributed system, motivating designs that autonomously recover from transient faults and spontaneous reconfiguration. Self-stabilization is an attractive approach for such problems, however the standard model of research for self-stabilizing algorithms does not suit ad hoc networks of wirelessly communicating sensor nodes. The paper surveys some standard models of self-stabilization and relates these models to a sensor network. Challenges and opportunities are for integrating self-stabilization with sensor networks are illustrated with examples.
CORRELATION OF THE PREHOSPITAL RPM TRIAGE SCORE WITH THE NEED FOR TRAUMA TEAM ACTIVATION AND TRAUMA PATIENT OUTCOME

(2004). CORRELATION OF THE PREHOSPITAL RPM TRIAGE SCORE WITH THE NEED FOR TRAUMA TEAM ACTIVATION AND TRAUMA PATIENT OUTCOME. Prehospital Emergency Care: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 101-101.
Making Active Learning Effective

The term “active learning” is a concept that is known more for what it is not. The emphasis on active learning originated as a contrast to the perceived “passive” atmosphere of the lecture. It quickly acquired a “face validity” since it is an instructional method that can be both seen and heard. However, a consideration ofmetacognition in this report will reveal that effectiveness is not assured for active learning, regardless of the appearance. These same insights also reveal that lectures do not have to be passive learning experiences.When the metacognition of active learning is truly understood, then its effectiveness will be assured and lectures could even regain some respect as an active learning environment. Active learning in the medical curriculum usually involves the scheduling of small group activities to replace a portion of the lecture schedule. But, active learning has been defined more broadly to include all activities that are involved in information gathering and problem solving whether individual or with a group. For example, it has been proposed that active learning occurs as the result of the following tasks: (1) active construction of meaning (constructivism), (2) learning declarative knowledge (what?) and procedural knowledge (how?), (3) integration (transference between domains), (4) collaborative comparison of reasoning, and (5) meaningful learning through articulation [9]. Although these attempts to define and understand the process of active learning are comprehensive regarding pedagogical principles, the one element that determines effectiveness is still missing. That element is metacognition. One of the three key findings of studies conducted by the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education of the National Research Council revealed that the educational process can be hampered without an understanding of metacognition on the part of both students and teachers [3]. An understanding of the active learning process is essential to an understanding of effective teaching. Metacognition helps students take control of their own learning by defining goals and monitoring progress in achieving those goals. It also helps teachers to understand the responsibilities of the student in learningmore than content. They must also learn how to learn. Lack of attention to metacognitive awareness results in an inefficient use of curriculum time by teachers and of learning time by students. By comparison, inclusion of metacognitive awareness facilitates the ultimate goal of medical education to assure transformation of the student into a self-directed, lifelong learner. Metacognition is thinking about thinking. It is an examination of how information is processed and the factors both psychological and biological that contribute to learning from thinking. The use of metacognition is supported by research on the Growth Mindset, a belief that intelligence can be increased through hard work.
How extending your middle finger affects your perception of others: Learned movements influence concept accessibility

Body movements both express and influence how people feel and think. Conceptualizations of this bidirectional influence assume that movement–concept associations can be innate or learned, although evidence for learned associations remained ambiguous. Providing a conservative test of learned movement–concept associations, two studies investigate the influence of culture-specific body movements, which involve an arbitrary relationship between movements and associated concepts. Paralleling the influence of hostility primes, extending the middle finger influenced the interpretation of ambiguously aggressive behaviors as hostile, but did not influence unrelated trait judgments (Study 1). Paralleling the effects of global evaluative primes, upward extension of the thumb resulted in more positive evaluations of the same target along all trait dimensions and higher liking of the target (Study 2).
Comparison of experimental and acute clinical pain responses in humans as pain phenotypes.

Abstract This study evaluates the sensitivity of normal subjects (N = 617; 369 women, 248 men) to experimentally induced pain including thermal stimuli and the cold pressor test to delineate individual response patterns and pain phenotypes. A subset of subjects (n = 157; 99 women and 58 men) also underwent standardized oral surgery, and the responses to clinically induced acute inflammatory pain were evaluated. A wide range of pain responses was found in both the experimental and clinical situations. The latency for withdrawal in the cold pressor test exhibited a dichotomous distribution of short and long times. Women exhibited higher responses to cold ( P P P P P Perspective The findings of the present study suggest that investigations of pain phenotypes should take into consideration the subjects' gender and ethnicity and the pain-inducing stimuli. The predictive value of experimental pain for clinically induced pain is weak and not reliable.
Stromal hyaluronan interaction with epithelial CD44 variants promotes prostate cancer invasiveness by augmenting expression and function of hepatocyte growth factor and androgen receptor.

The main aim of our study is to determine the significance of the stromal microenvironment in the malignant behavior of prostate cancer. The stroma-derived growth factors/cytokines and hyaluronan act in autocrine/paracrine ways with their receptors, including receptor-tyrosine kinases and CD44 variants (CD44v), to potentiate and support tumor epithelial cell survival. Overexpression of hyaluronan, CD44v9 variants, and stroma-derived growth factors/cytokines are specific features in many cancers, including prostate cancer. Androgen/androgen receptor interaction has a critical role in regulating prostate cancer growth. Our previous study showed that 1) that increased synthesis of hyaluronan in normal epithelial cells promotes expression of CD44 variants; 2) hyaluronan interaction with CD44v6-v9 promotes activation of receptor-tyrosine kinase, which stimulates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-induced cell survival pathways; and 3) CD44v6/short hairpin RNA reduces colon tumor growth in vivo (Misra, S., Hascall, V. C., De Giovanni, C., Markwald, R. R., and Ghatak, S. (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284, 12432–12446). Our results now show that hepatocyte growth factor synthesized by myofibroblasts associated with prostate cancer cells induces activation of HGF-receptor/cMet and stimulates hyaluronan/CD44v9 signaling. This, in turn, stabilizes the androgen receptor functions in prostate cancer cells. The stroma-derived HGF induces a lipid raft-associated signaling complex that contains CD44v9, cMet/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, HSP90 and androgen receptor. CD44v9/short hairpin RNA reverses the assembly of these components in the complex and inhibits androgen receptor function. Our results provide new insight into the hyaluronan/CD44v9-regulated androgen receptor function and the consequent malignant activities in prostate cancer cells. The present study describes a physiologically relevant in vitro model for studying the molecular mechanisms by which stroma-derived HGF and hyaluronan influence androgen receptor and CD44 functions in the secretory epithelia during prostate carcinogenesis.