cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work of breathing associated with pressure support ventilation in two different ventilators

The purpose of this study was to compare the work of breathing during pressure support ventilation (PSV) with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) utilizing the Siemens SV300 (SV300) and Drager Evita 4 (EV4) ventilators. Our hypothesis was that patients' work of breathing (WOB(P)) would be unchanged in PSV utilizing flow triggering (FT) in both the SV300 and EV4. We compared two ventilators using six healthy, intubated, sedated, spontaneously breathing pigs weighing approximately 10 kg each. WOB(P) (j/L) and ventilator work of breathing (WOB(V)) (j/L) were measured using a portable monitor which utilizes an esophageal balloon and flow transducer. Each breath was further analyzed for duration of inspiratory effort and negative deflection of pressure needed to trigger PSV. Animals were studied with the SV300 and EV4 on a pressure support of 5 cmH(2)O and PEEP settings of 0 and 5 cmH(2)O. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test with significance set at P <or= 0.05 WOB(P) was 90% (PS 5, PEEP 0) and 52% (PS 5, PEEP 5) lower on the SV300 compared to the EV4. WOB(V) was 94% (PS 5, PEEP 0) and 39% (PS 5, PEEP 5) higher on the SV300 when compared to the EV4. The change in airway pressure (delta p) from baseline and most negative deflection of pressure were greater with the EV4 as compared to the SV300, although delta pressure was not found to be statistically significant on PS of 5 cmH(2)O and PEEP of 5 cmH(2)O. The SV300 also had shorter duration of inspiratory effort from initiation of breath to most negative deflection of pressure and to maximum flow than the EV4. In conclusion, these results suggest there are significant differences in WOB(P) between the SV300 and EV4 ventilators. Response time of the ventilators may explain the differences in duration of inspiratory effort and the patient's work of breathing and thus may have an impact on weaning time for ventilated patients.
The Tablet Device in Hospital Neurology and in Neurology Graduate Medical Education A Preliminary Study

Background and Purpose:There is limited literature on tablet devices for neurohospitalists and in neurological graduate medical education. This study evaluated utilization, benefits, and limitations of customized tablets on inpatient neurology practice and resident education. The hypothesis was the perception of the tablet would be positive, given their portability, convenience to accessing point-of-care reference, and accessibility to the electronic medical record.Methods:Second-generation iPads with neurology-specific applications and literature were provided to our in-hospital general, stroke, and consult neurology teams. After 1 year, residents on these teams were surveyed on demographic data, familiarity, and utilization of the iPad and their perceptions of the device.Results:All 27 residents responded to the survey. Most participants (23 of 27) used a tablet while on inpatient service. Twelve regularly utilized the neurology-specific apps and/or accessed scientific articles. Technologically savvy re...
Barriers to predicting changes in global terrestrial methane fluxes: analyses using CLM4Me, a methane biogeochemistry model integrated in CESM

Abstract. Terrestrial net CH4 surface fluxes often represent the difference between much larger gross production and consumption fluxes and depend on multiple physical, biological, and chemical mechanisms that are poorly understood and represented in regional- and global-scale biogeochemical models. To characterize uncertainties, study feedbacks between CH4 fluxes and climate, and to guide future model development and experimentation, we developed and tested a new CH4 biogeochemistry model (CLM4Me) integrated in the land component (Community Land Model; CLM4) of the Community Earth System Model (CESM1). CLM4Me includes representations of CH4 production, oxidation, aerenchyma transport, ebullition, aqueous and gaseous diffusion, and fractional inundation. As with most global models, CLM4 lacks important features for predicting current and future CH4 fluxes, including: vertical representation of soil organic matter, accurate subgrid scale hydrology, realistic representation of inundated system vegetation, anaerobic decomposition, thermokarst dynamics, and aqueous chemistry. We compared the seasonality and magnitude of predicted CH4 emissions to observations from 18 sites and three global atmospheric inversions. Simulated net CH4 emissions using our baseline parameter set were 270, 160, 50, and 70 Tg CH4 yr−1 globally, in the tropics, in the temperate zone, and north of 45° N, respectively; these values are within the range of previous estimates. We then used the model to characterize the sensitivity of regional and global CH4 emission estimates to uncertainties in model parameterizations. Of the parameters we tested, the temperature sensitivity of CH4 production, oxidation parameters, and aerenchyma properties had the largest impacts on net CH4 emissions, up to a factor of 4 and 10 at the regional and gridcell scales, respectively. In spite of these uncertainties, we were able to demonstrate that emissions from dissolved CH4 in the transpiration stream are small (
Heat penetration and thermocouple location in home canning

We processed applesauce, tomato juice, and cranberries in pint jars in a boiling water canner to test thermal processing theories against home canning of high-acid foods. For each product, thermocouples were placed at various heights in the jar. Values for fh (heating), fcl (cooling), and F82.2°C (lethality) were determined for each thermocouple location, and did not depend substantially on thermocouple location in accordance with heat transfer theory. There was a cold spot in the jar, but the cold spot during heating became the hot spot during cooling. During heating, the geometric center was the last to heat, and remained coldest the longest, but during coooling, it was also the last to cool, and remained hottest the longest. The net effect was that calculated lethality in home canning was not affected by thermocouple location. Most of the lethality during home canning occurred during air cooling, making cooling of home canned foods of great importance. Calculated lethality was far greater than the required 5-log reduction of spores in tomato juice and vegetative cells in cranberries, suggesting a wide margin of safety for approved home-canning processes for high-acid foods.
Order-free co-regionalized areal data models with application to multiple-disease mapping

With the ready availability of spatial databases and geographical information system software, statisticians are increasingly encountering multivariate modelling settings featuring associations of more than one type: spatial associations between data locations and associations between the variables within the locations. Although flexible modelling of multivariate point-referenced data has recently been addressed by using a linear model of co-regionalization, existing methods for multivariate areal data typically suffer from unnecessary restrictions on the covariance structure or undesirable dependence on the conditioning order of the variables. We propose a class of Bayesian hierarchical models for multivariate areal data that avoids these restrictions, permitting flexible and order-free modelling of correlations both between variables and across areal units. Our framework encompasses a rich class of multivariate conditionally autoregressive models that are computationally feasible via modern Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We illustrate the strengths of our approach over existing models by using simulation studies and also offer a real data application involving annual lung, larynx and oesophageal cancer death-rates in Minnesota counties between 1990 and 2000.
Sniffing controls an adaptive filter of sensory input to the olfactory bulb

Most sensory stimuli are actively sampled, yet the role of sampling behavior in shaping sensory codes is poorly understood. Mammals sample odors by sniffing, a complex behavior that controls odorant access to receptor neurons. Whether sniffing shapes the neural code for odors remains unclear. We addressed this question by imaging receptor input to the olfactory bulb of awake rats performing odor discriminations that elicited different sniffing behaviors. High-frequency sniffing of an odorant attenuated inputs encoding that odorant, whereas lower sniff frequencies caused little attenuation. Odorants encountered later in a sniff bout were encoded as the combination of that odorant and the background odorant during low-frequency sniffing, but were encoded as the difference between the two odorants during high-frequency sniffing. Thus, sniffing controls an adaptive filter for detecting changes in the odor landscape. These data suggest an unexpected functional role for sniffing and show that sensory codes can be transformed by sampling behavior alone.
Nonlinear stress relaxation behavior of ductile polymer glasses from large extension and compression

Abstract We study nonlinear stress relaxation behavior of several polymer glasses during ductile large deformation of either extension or compression over a wide range of deformation rate at room temperature. In the pre-yield regime, the stress decline is logarithmically slow and essentially independent of the applied rate. The stress relaxation from the post-yield regime shows universal time rescaling, i.e., its time dependence is identical after multiplying the elapsing time with the deformational rate, for different polymer glasses undergoing either uniaxial extension or compression. After initial fast “plastic” relaxation, the stress decay returns to the same manner as that displayed by the pre-yield stress relaxation. After reviewing available modeling, we propose to interpret these results in terms of a recent picture for polymer glasses under large deformation that envision a chain networked embedded in a glassy matrix. Specifically we suggest that a) the enhanced molecular mobility during deformation is produced by load-bearing strands (LBSs) of the chain network, b) the initial high molecular mobility upon termination of external deformation survives thanks to the residual chain tension in LBSs, and c) the initial rapid “plastic relaxation” ceases when chain tension drops below a threshold that can no longer keep the segments (surrounding LBSs) activated.
A morphometric ultrasound blornicroscopice study of the aging rhesus monkey ciliary region

Age changes in human ciliary muscle morphometry have been measured from histological sections (Tamm, Tamm & Rohen, 1992).
The Effect of Noisy Miners on Small Bush Birds: an Unofficial Cull and Its Outcome

This paper documents the bird community in a small (~15 ha) patch of remnant woodland New South Wales sheep? wheat belt (i) before Noisy Miners Manorina melanocephala were abundant in the patch (1972-79), (ii) after a dense miner colony became established (1980-1990), (iii) after the miners were removed (1991?92) and, subsequently, (iv) while extensive, dense plantings of native trees became established (1992-2006). Bird species richness in the patch was, respectively, 64, 18, 45 and 83 species in each time period. Totals for small (<120 g) bush birds, mostly insectivorous passerines, were 26, 0, 22 and 46 species in the respective time periods. Although this was an unofficial, unreplicated and uncontrolled activity, the results support those of previous similar studies that indicate that Noisy Miners are a major contributor to the local decline of many woodland birds. The results also affirm the value of a shrub layer to small birds.
Proportions of the heart: poems that play with mathematics

Proportions of the Heart by Emily Grosholz is a lovely book of poetry. A cover and illustrations by Robert Fathauer enable a layout that keeps the poems separate from each other and pleasing to the...
Stent and Stent-Graft Use in Arteriovenous Dialysis Access

Dialysis access failure is a major cause of mortality and morbidity among dialysis patients. Preservation of access is critical to maintaining hemostasis, avoiding uremia, and managing the complications of kidney failure. While angioplasty remains the most common method of managing arteriovenous (AV) access stenoses, the use of stents and stent grafts to manage venous stenoses associated with AV access has become more prominent. There have been several prospective randomized trials that have demonstrated the benefit of these devices in maintaining the target lesion patency of the treated areas. In this article, the author reviews the data relating to stent and stent-graft use at the venous anastomosis and outflow veins for pseudoaneurysms of grafts, at the cephalic arch, and for central venous stenoses.
Reliability of the Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS).

Background As new standardized tests become commercially available, it is critical that clinicians have access to the information about a test's psychometric properties, including aspects of reliability. Aims The purpose of the three studies reported in this article was to investigate the reliability of a new test, the Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS), with consideration of both internal and external sources of measurement error. Methods & Procedures The TILLS was administered to children aged 6;0–18;11 years. The participants varied in terms of their language and literacy skills and included children with typical language development as well as those diagnosed with language or learning disability. The sample of children also varied in terms of their racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Study 1 (N = 1056) assessed the internal consistency of TILLS calculating the coefficient omega for each subtest. Study 2 (N = 103) and Study 3 (N = 39) used the intra-class correlation coefficients to report on test–retest and inter-rater reliability respectively. Outcomes & Results The results indicate strong internal consistency and inter-rater reliability for all subtests of TILLS. The test–retest reliability was strong for all but one subtest, for which the intra-class correlation coefficient was in the acceptable range. Conclusion & Implications This article provides clinicians with essential scientific information that supports the internal and external reliability of a new test of oral and written language skills, the TILLS. Information about reliability is critical for guiding the selection of an appropriate diagnostic tool amongst a number of options.
The Fourth Singularity and the Future of Jobs

In recent years, millions of U.S. jobs have been outsourced to other countries with very low-wage rates. Moreover, a recent study noted that 40 percent of the jobs that remain in America are low-income jobs. This trend is not going away, and in fact is spreading. Even nations like China and India are beginning to find outsourcing profitable. As robots and computer systems become capable of more and more complex tasks, that once provided satisfying and well-paying jobs to humans, new approaches must be found to preserve the middle class as we know it in America. Although no complete solution appears feasible, this article offers suggestions for actions that government and businesses can take that may help mitigate the effects of outsourcing and slow the replacement of humans by machines in the white-collar workforce.
Report of the Forest Aphidae (Homoptera) of Nova Scotia Together with Species and Host Plant Lists

Beginning in May, 1948, a taxonomic, faunistic or synoptic study was begun of the Aphids or plant lice found on forest trees and adjacent plants in forested areas in the several counties of Nova Scotia, Canada, which were observed and where collections were made during a period of six summers. This work was undertaken for the purpose of providing information concerning the number of kinds of aphids found in the Province in these types of ecological areas, their characteristics, distribution, host relationships, seasonal adjustments, importance economically as potential enemies of forest trees, and something of their life cycles.
S9.3 The programme science of scale: the Avahan experience

The Avahan HIV prevention programme of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in India has achieved scale/quality/coverage, and is beginning to show signs of HIV impact on high risk groups and the general population. The approach of the programme has been to combine business principles of scaling up with technical aspects of HIV programming to develop a model for scaling up public health interventions through designing, organising, executing and sustaining for scale. This presentation will share the background of the Avahan programme, its results, and a framework for the programme science of scaling up.
Application of flow cytometric method for micronucleus test

The microcleaus assay is already widely used in genetic toxicity evaluation,because of its clear endpoint,high reproducibility and easy accessibility.The relative rarity of the micronucleated cells makes microscopy based scoring a time-consuming,labor-intensive and experience-based process.Furthermore,the traditional microscopic method is facing increasing difficulty meeting a large number of genetic toxicity evaluations.Flow cytometry as a rapid high-throughput automated method in microcleaus assay is an important innovation.In this review,the latest research progress about the technological development,regulatory validation and some application of the flow cytometric analysis of micronuclei in vivo was reviewed.The discussion of the potential extension of the technology to in vitro assay of micronuclei and its prospect of extensive practical application are also included.
Studying Nuclear Receptor Complexes in the Cellular Environment

The ligand-regulated structure and biochemistry of nuclear receptor complexes are commonly determined by in vitro studies of isolated receptors, cofactors, and their fragments. However, in the living cell, the complexes that form are governed not just by the relative affinities of isolated cofactors for the receptor but also by the cell-specific sequestration or concentration of subsets of competing or cooperating cofactors, receptors, and other effectors into distinct subcellular domains and/or their temporary diversion into other cellular activities. Most methods developed to understand nuclear receptor function in the cellular environment involve the direct tagging of the nuclear receptor or its cofactors with fluorescent proteins (FPs) and the tracking of those FP-tagged factors by fluorescence microscopy. One of those approaches, Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy, quantifies the transfer of energy from a higher energy "donor" FP to a lower energy "acceptor" FP attached to a single protein or to interacting proteins. The amount of FRET is influenced by the ligand-induced changes in the proximities and orientations of the FPs within the tagged nuclear receptor complexes, which is an indicator of the structure of the complexes, and by the kinetics of the interaction between FP-tagged factors. Here, we provide a guide for parsing information about the structure and biochemistry of nuclear receptor complexes from FRET measurements in living cells.
SU-F-T-107: Correlations Between Dosimetric Indices of Pharyngeal Constrictors and Proximal Esophagus with Associated Patient-Reported Outcomes Six Months After Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose: To compare the correlations between different dosimetric indices derived from the pharyngeal constrictor muscles and proximal esophagus with patient-reported difficulty in swallowing 6 months post radiotherapy using a novel patient reported outcome version of CTCAE (PRO-CTCAE). Methods: Forty-three patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma were treated on a prospective multi-institutional study. All patients received de-intensified 60 Gy intensity modulated radiotherapy. We investigated correlations of individual patient dosimetric data of the superior (SPC), middle (MPC), inferior (IPC) pharyngeal constrictor muscles, the superior esophagus (SES), and the inferior esophagus (IES) to their self-reported 6 month post-treatment swallowing difficulty responses. Mild (≥ Grade 1) swallowing difficulty responses were used as the clinical endpoint indicating response. The predictive efficacy of Dmean and dose-volume (VD) points were assessed through the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) and Odds Ratio (OR). Results: The SES and SPC had more favorable area under the curves (AUC) for the Dmean (0.62 and 0.70) while the Dmean to the IPC, MPC, and IES produced suboptimal AUCs (0.42, 0.48, and 0.52). Additionally, over the range of VD, the V54 and V55 for the SES and SPC demonstrated the highest AUCs: AUC(SES) = 0.76–0.73 and AUC(SPC) = 0.72–0.69, respectively. The IES, IPC, and MPC had worse AUC results over the range of VD. An optimal OR can be found when V54 = 96% for the SPC, where OR = 3.96 (1.07–14.62). Conclusion: The V45 and V55 of the SES and SPC had the highest correlation to the clinical endpoint compared to the commonly used dosimetric index, Dmean for both the esophagus and constrictor muscles. The reported dosimetric data demonstrates that new dosimetric indices may need to be considered in the setting of dose de-escalation and self-reported outcomes.
Determination of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Process Flavors by a Modified Liquid Chromatographic Method

A liquid chromatographic method for determining heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) was modified so that it can be used to quantitate the following 5 HAAs in complex process flavors : 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) ; 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ) ; 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) ; 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (diMeIQx) ; and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhlP). By changing the initial extraction procedure, PhlP recovery improved from 35 to 87%. An additional cleanup step using ion-exchange solid-phase extraction reduced the levels of interfering components, thus allowing determination of low levels of the amines. Recoveries from process flavors spiked at 25 ppb averaged 83-90%.
Regulated tRNA Cleavage in Biology and Medicine: Roles of tRNA Modifications

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) play a key role in translating genomic information and regulating gene expression. tRNA cleavage is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon serving versatile functions in different organisms. The size distribution and abundance of tRNA-derived fragments suggests that tRNA modifications play important roles in mechanisms that regulate tRNA cleavage and degradation. Here, we discuss the importance of posttranscriptional modifications in controlling processing of tRNAs and describe the functions of tRNA-derived fragments in cell physiology and pathophysiology.
The Categorical-Instrumental Imperative

Chapter 1 argued that moral philosophy should be based on Firm Foundations — on truths commonly recognized by human observers — and that the following conception of normative rationality is the firmest such foundation: Instrumentalism: if one’s motivational interests would be best satisfied by φ-ing, then it is instrumentally rational for one to φ — that is, one instrumentally ought to φ.
The Rational Basis of Irrational Politics: Examining the Great Texas Political Shift to the Right

Right-wing social movements in the United States have been underexplored in the sociological literature. This article examines how right-wing social movements have been able to capture a foothold in the Texas state Republican Party, and maintain political support even as their policies and politics have grown increasingly partisan and increasingly extreme. Through in-depth analysis of the state Republican Party’s internal battles over the past twenty years, coupled with a fixed-effects regression analysis of statewide election results 1994–2012, the article uses the context of statewide battles over equalization of education finance to explain how right-wing movements in Texas have maintained durable support for radical, right-wing candidates and policies. The article demonstrates the role played by material and symbolic “threats” in maintaining and increasing support for the Republican Party, even among previously moderate populations.
Electrical Stimulation of Intact or Split Steer or Cow Carcasses.

Fifteen carcasses, 10 from steers and 5 from cows, were used for the present study. Five steer carcasses (group A) were electrically stimulated as intact, unsplit carcasses. The left sides of 5 steer carcasses (group B) and of 5 cow carcasses (group C) were electrically stimulated; the right sides of the same 5 steer carcasses (group D) and of the same 5 cow carcasses (group E) were used as controls and were not electrically stimulated. Electrically stimulated carcasses and sides (groups A and B) had brighter, more youthful colored lean, less "heat-ring" and produced more tender and more palatable rib steaks than did control sides (group D). Electrical stimulation did not (P > .05) affect ultimate pH or sarcomere length in steers or cows. Light and electron micrographs revealed increased (P .05) increased when intact steer carcasses were electrically stimulated and compared to unstimulated sides. Troponin-T was reduced in SDS gels of muscle from electrically stimulated, as compared to control, sides of cow carcasses (group C versus group E); no differences in percentage of protein subunits were observed between electrically stimulated and control sides of steer carcasses (group B versus group D). Electrical stimulation can be done on intact carcasses or sides of young beef to improve USDA lean maturity and lean color scores, to reduce "heat-ring" incidence and to improve tenderness.
Integrated omics analyses reveal the details of metabolic adaptation of Clostridium thermocellum to lignocellulose-derived growth inhibitors released during the deconstruction of switchgrass

Clostridium thermocellum is capable of solubilizing and converting lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol. Although much of the work-to-date has centered on characterizing this microbe’s growth on model cellulosic substrates, such as cellobiose, Avicel, or filter paper, it is vitally important to understand its metabolism on more complex, lignocellulosic substrates to identify relevant industrial bottlenecks that could undermine efficient biofuel production. To this end, we have examined a time course progression of C. thermocellum grown on switchgrass to assess the metabolic and protein changes that occur during the conversion of plant biomass to ethanol. The most striking feature of the metabolome was the observed accumulation of long-chain, branched fatty acids over time, implying an adaptive restructuring of C. thermocellum’s cellular membrane as the culture progresses. This is undoubtedly a response to the gradual accumulation of lignocellulose-derived inhibitory compounds as the organism deconstructs the switchgrass to access the embedded cellulose. Corroborating the metabolomics data, proteomic analysis revealed a corresponding time-dependent increase in various enzymes, including those involved in the interconversion of branched amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine to iso- and anteiso-fatty acid precursors. Additionally, the metabolic accumulation of hemicellulose-derived sugars and sugar alcohols concomitant with increased abundance of enzymes involved in C5 sugar metabolism/pentose phosphate pathway indicates that C. thermocellum shifts glycolytic intermediates to alternate pathways to modulate overall carbon flux in response to C5 sugar metabolites that increase during lignocellulose deconstruction. Integrated omic platforms provided complementary systems biological information that highlight C. thermocellum’s specific response to cytotoxic inhibitors released during the deconstruction and utilization of switchgrass. These additional viewpoints allowed us to fully realize the level to which the organism adapts to an increasingly challenging culture environment—information that will prove critical to C. thermocellum’s industrial efficacy.
Place: An Argument for Bioregional History

As he told the story, Walter Prescott Webb-widely-accepted among American environmental historians as one of the founding fathers of our discipline-began to conceptualize his most famous work, The Great Plains: A Study in Institutions and Environment, at the age of five. Raised as a young child in Panola County, Texas, deep in the heart of Southern culture, where thickly-timbered rolling hills screened the horizon and even the overhead sky was only partially visible through the soaring loblolly pines, Webb had not yet started to school when his family moved to Central Texas. In the Western Cross Timbers province at the edge of the Great Plains, the future thinker of big ideas found himself stimulated by another world. Here no loblollies blocked the skies, and across the grasslands the horizon was miles distant, visible like the encircling rim of a bowl in every direction. Here King Cotton and backwoods truck-garden farms gave way to fenced spreads enclosing the Sacred Cow. Young Walter Webb was fascinated at the
Sleeping with an Android.

Sleep quality and duration are strong indicators of an individual’s health and quality of lifebut they are difficult to track in everyday life. Mobile apps such as Sleep as Android leverage smartphone sensors to track sleep patterns and make recommendations to improve sleeping habits.
Microstructured Surface Arrays for Injection of Zebrafish Larvae

Microinjection of zebrafish larvae is an essential technique for delivery of treatments, dyes, microbes, and xenotransplantation into various tissues. Although a number of casts are available to orient embryos at the single-cell stage, no device has been specifically designed to position hatching-stage larvae for microinjection of different tissues. In this study, we present a reusable silicone device consisting of arrayed microstructures, designed to immobilize 2 days postfertilization larvae in lateral, ventral, and dorsal orientations, while providing maximal access to target sites for microinjection. Injection of rhodamine dextran was used to demonstrate the utility of this device for precise microinjection of multiple anatomical targets.
Reduced optimism and a heightened neural response to everyday worries are specific to generalized anxiety disorder, and not seen in social anxiety.

Background Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) are co-morbid and associated with similar neural disruptions during emotion regulation. In contrast, the lack of optimism examined here may be specific to GAD and could prove an important biomarker for that disorder. Method Unmedicated individuals with GAD (n = 18) and age-, intelligence quotient- and gender-matched SAD (n = 18) and healthy (n = 18) comparison individuals were scanned while contemplating likelihoods of high- and low-impact negative (e.g. heart attack; heartburn) or positive (e.g. winning lottery; hug) events occurring to themselves in the future. Results As expected, healthy subjects showed significant optimistic bias (OB); they considered themselves significantly less likely to experience future negative but significantly more likely to experience future positive events relative to others (p < 0.001). This was also seen in SAD, albeit at trend level for positive events (p < 0.001 and p < 0.10, respectively). However, GAD patients showed no OB for positive events (t 17 = 0.82, n.s.) and showed significantly reduced neural modulation relative to the two other groups of regions including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and caudate to these events (p < 0.001 for all). The GAD group further differed from the other groups by showing increased neural responses to low-impact events in regions including the rostral mPFC (p < 0.05 for both). Conclusions The neural dysfunction identified here may represent a unique feature associated with reduced optimism and increased worry about everyday events in GAD. Consistent with this possibility, patients with SAD did not show such dysfunction. Future studies should consider if this dysfunction represents a biomarker for GAD.
Analysis of Origins of Admission for Solid Tumor Oncology Inpatients: Disease Severity and Outcomes.

Purpose:Hospital transfers may affect clinical outcomes. Evaluation of admission by source of transfer, time of admission, and provider type may identify opportunities to improve inpatient outcomes.Methods:We reviewed charts of patients admitted to the solid tumor oncology service between July and December 2014 from the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF) Main Campus emergency department (ED), CCF Regional EDs, outside hospital (OSH) ED, OSH inpatient services, and CCF outpatient clinics. Data collected included time of admission, mortality and severity risk scores, and provider type. Risk factors were assessed for clinical outcomes, including activations of the Adult Medical Emergency Team, intensive care unit transfers, in-hospital mortality, and length of stay (LOS).Results:Five hundred admissions were included. OSH inpatient transfers had significantly higher disease severity compared with all other origins of admission. OSH inpatient transfers demonstrated significantly longer LOS compared with all oth...
Architecture for Belief Revision in Multi-Agent Intelligent Systems

The Semantic Web provides a framework for agents to easily publish and consume structured knowledge suitable for automatic reasoning. However, the open and distributed nature of the Web causes information of dubious quality to be published by sinister or incompetent agents. At the same time, Web accessible knowledge can change often. As a result, agents are forced to function in an environment of unreliable, incomplete, and contradictory information. They require mechanisms to change their beliefs dynamically and remove contradictions while maintaining the quality of the knowledge base. Computational agents might rely on social networks to judge information quality. Relationships of trust help determine the degree of belief an agent may ascribe to a given proposition. A previous work has proposed a formal logic for agent-oriented reasoning about belief and trust. This logic allows agents to deduce their confidence levels on both received and inferred knowledge. The present paper shows how to employ this logic in a collaborative document repository for scientific literature. Such a system relies on user-supplied classification data to construct comprehensive, personalized taxonomies for document browsing and search. It is based on a system of multiple agents representing users, constantly involved in knowledge acquisition and belief revision to provide the users with the best data available. The paper describes the theoretical foundations and briefly outlines a software implementation.
Thermally Stable Type II FBGs Written Through Polyimide Coatings of Silica-Based Optical Fiber

Type II-IR fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) were written directly through the protective polyimide coatings of off-the-shelf pure silica core and standard telecom Ge-doped silica core single mode fibers using ultrafast IR radiation and the phase mask FBG writing method. Using a short focal length acylindrical lens and nonlinear photoluminescent imaging, type II grating structures could be created when Fourier transform limited pulses were chirped to 500 fs. The resulting gratings in the Ge-doped fibers were thermally stable up to 1000 °C and could be used directly as fabricated without annealing to stabilize the structure.
Silicene catalyzed reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline: A mechanistic study

Abstract The reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline has broad applications in chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The high reaction temperatures and pressures and unavoidable hazardous chemicals of current metal catalysts call for more environmentally friendly non-metal catalysts. In this study, the plausibility of silicene as a potential catalyst for nitrobenzene reduction is investigated with a focus on the distinct reaction mechanism based on the density functional theory. The direct reaction pathway was shown to be distinctly different from the Haber mechanism following PhNO2∗ → PhNO∗ → PhNHO∗ → PhNH2O∗ → PhNH2∗. The hydroxyl groups remain bound to silicene after aniline is formed and acquire a high activation barrier to remove.
1012 Opportunities for worksite-based cervical cancer screening among female firefighters

Introduction Recent studies have documented differences in cancer rates between female and male U.S. firefighters, including cervical cancer. Despite heightened concern that firefighters may have an increased cancer risk, few studies have examined the cancer prevention strategies pertinent to female firefighters. Cervical cancer is among one of the most common cancers diagnosed in this cohort. Screening underutilization likely accounts for most of the observed, excess cervical cancer risk. This study aims to circumvent the barriers of shift work with the implementation of a Human Papillomavirus (HPV) self sampler in a sample of active female firefighters in Florida, United States. Methods Female firefighters were recruited from their departments during station visits and cancer eductaion seminars. Women completed eligibility screeners and informed consent prior to participation. If eligible, women received a HPV self-sampler to complete at home or at the fire station. Specimens were returned to the lab for analysis. HPV results were given over the telephone and those who screened HPV positive were referred for folllow-up care with their primary physician. Result A total of 251 female firefighters were screened for eligibility, of whom 31 (12.3%) were eligible and interested in participating. Self-sampling kits were sent to 31 of the eligible subjects; 14 (45.0%) participants returned the kits, and 1 (7.0%) received a positive HPV result. Particpants felt self-sampling was easy to self-administer and would repeat the use of the self-sampler as per national screening guidelines. Discussion Female firefighters who completed the self sampling kit in this pilot study reported preference for work-site based education and screening options as compared to a traditional women’s health exam with a healthcare provider. Further strategies to increase cancer screeining among female firefighters engaging in shift work may be helpful in reducing the cervical cancer burden in the fire service.
Holistic Strategies in the Management of Chronic Pain

Years of faulty problem definition have added significantly to the ranks of 40 million chronic pain sufferers in the United States. The isomorphic conviction that persistent pain complaints must be based on some underlying organic pathology has led well-meaning clinicians inadvertently to incur drug addiction, to surgically augment pain, to foster functional invalidism and to further dislocate the lives of chronic pain sufferers and their families. The economic toll of lost wages, medical costs and related expenses, and compensation payments is estimated to be as high as 35 to 50 billion dollars a year. The extent of mismanagement of chronic pain patients has reached the proportion of a national tragedy.
Unknown primary tumors: an example of accelerated (type 2) tumor progression.

The acquisition of the malignant phenotype (invasiveness and metastasis) by tumor cells has been attributed to tumor progression, a term used by Foulds to describe the acquisition of permanent irreversible changes in a neoplasm1. Progression in turn has generally been presumed to result from “genetic instability” that results in the emergence of neoplastic cells that have lost control of the mechanisms governing or regulating gene expression2,3. From these ideas evolved the proposal that tumor progression is generally unidirectional, since genetic or genomic changes favoring malignant cells with some form of a presumed growth advantage generally come to dominate tumor growth. The advantages acquired by these cells were hypothesized to be due to an increasing rate of genomic instability that accompanied the increasingly malignant phenotype4,5. Thus, it is believed that only cells with an increased rate of genomic instability become malignant (metastatic). In short the transformation of normal cells into tumor cells is thought to be accompanied by the destabilization of the genome, leading to tumor heterogeneity which in turn accompanies tumor progression to a malignant phenotype. One difficulty with this paradigm is that we have only a minimal understanding of the events responsible for the transformation of a normal to a malignant cell. It has therefore been accepted a priori that any analysis of tumor initiation, promotion and progression accept this gap in knowledge and proceed from there.
Dynamics of lake herring (Coregonus artedi) reactive volume for different crustacean zooplankton

Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) can drastically alter the zooplankton community of a lake through size-selective predation. I studied the first step in the predation sequence, reaction to prey, for different zooplankton taxa by lake herring. Reactive distance was significantly shorter for smaller zooplankton taxa (p < 0.0001). Reactive volume was calculated from measured distances and angles of elevation and bearing. This volume augments the reactive distance data and showed a three dimensional geometry, roughly analogous to a deflated basketball, that is amenable to a cruising style of planktivory. Reactive volume is dynamic with respect to variations in prey size (p < 0.001). Reactive volume is a refined measure of a ‘reaction’ by fish to a prey item than are simple, linear distances or other, assumed shapes. Thus, for a cruising planktivore, three dimensions need to be considered.
Combatting Marginalization and Fostering Critical Consciousness for Decent Work

As a result of global economic and technological changes, populations across the globe are losing access to decent work that is critical for meeting essential economic, social, and psychological needs. This chapter is designed to address the challenges for marginalized groups in accessing decent work during a time of growing work scarcity. In so doing, we seek to respond to the call of Guichard (Career guidance, education and dialogues for a fair and sustainable human development. In: Guichard J, Drabik-Prodogorna V, Podogorny M (eds) Counselling and dialogue for sustainable human development. Adam Marszalek, Torun, pp 17–43, 2016) for the development of career guidance, education and life design that promotes fairness. In alignment with the Psychology of Working Theory (PWT: Duffy RD, Blustein DL, Diemer MA, Autin KL, J Counsel Psychol 63:127–148, 2016), we suggest that critical consciousness (CC: Freire P, Education for critical consciousness. Continuum, New York, 1973) can serve to combat marginalization by equipping oppressed groups with adaptive and liberating narratives as well as reducing discriminatory beliefs and practices among those with greater privilege and power. While critical consciousness has its roots in efforts to liberate oppressed peoples in undeveloped nations in the southern hemisphere, much of the recent work on the specific application of critical consciousness for vocational development has been advanced in developed contexts. We propose a practice and research agenda that integrates critical consciousness in life design and career education practice with attention to contextual variation across diverse regions of the globe.
Alpha Testing, Beta Testing, and Customized Testing

Once some digital learning contents have been created and provisionally “finalized,” these are ready to be put through more formal review and revision. This chapter deals with development-based assessments, commonly termed “Alpha Testing, Beta Testing, and Customized Testing.” These include internal and external assessments. The typical work of the in-house alpha (α) test involves various elements, including legal requirements, ethical requirements, pedagogical design, accessibility, usability, informational accuracy, technological functionalities, device playability, language(s) clarity, metadata accuracy and completeness, research and usage monitoring, branding, and others. The work of the beta (β) test, which involves the bringing in of outside representative target users, involves testing for user interactivity, user experiential learning, user feedback for learning, social aspects in support of learning, and others. This chapter also addresses other types of customized tests that may be written for particular unique features of specific learning resources, based on their designs, versioning, and adaptations, and other aspects. After the testing, revisions are made to the learning resources albeit not usually a full redesign or retrofitting (based on expense). If anything, unless fundamental errors were made, the revisions and edits will be piecemeal and at the margins. Finally, there is a section on how to assess the practical efficacy of the respective alpha, beta, and customized tests.
Microstructural Evolution of Asphalt Binder under Combined Action of Moisture and Pressure

AbstractMoisture-induced damage in asphalt mixes can lead to various distresses in the pavement. The primary cause of such distresses is the loss in adhesion and cohesion properties of the asphalt ...
4/20 Cannabis Use is Greater than Other High-Risk Events: Identification of Psychosocial Factors Related to 4/20 Use

Cannabis is the most commonly used federally illicit drug, yet little research has identified risk factors for high-risk use. Although April 20 (“4/20”) has been identified as a day on which cannabis users use more cannabis than they typically do, it remains unknown whether 4/20 is a high-risk event for greater use than other heavy use days (e.g., other holidays) and whether use on 4/20 is related to greater use-related problems. Such information has important implications for event-specific prevention efforts. Thus, the present study tested whether 4/20 is associated with greater cannabis use than other high-risk cannabis use events (e.g., Spring Break), whether 4/20 cannabis use is associated with event-specific use-related problems and subjective intoxication, and whether event-specific psychosocial factors (i.e., motives, normative beliefs) influence 4/20 use among 68 past-year cannabis using undergraduates who reported using cannabis on 4/20 (in a state where cannabis is legal for medical but not recreational purposes). A majority reported experiencing problems related to their 4/20 use and use was greater on 4/20 than on all other high-risk days. Quantity of 4/20 use was significantly, positively correlated with 4/20 cannabis use-related problems and subjective intoxication. 4/20-specific descriptive norms were a stronger predictor of 4/20 cannabis use and use-related problems than 4/20-specific cannabis use motives whereas 4/20-specific enjoyment motives were stronger predictors of subjective intoxication on 4/20. The current study identifies 4/20 as an especially high-risk cannabis use event and is the first to test psychosocial factors related to 4/20 use and use-related problems. Event-specific descriptive norms and enjoyment motives may be important targets for campus-wide efforts to prevent risky use on this high-use day.