cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Debris flows from small catchments of the Ma Ha Tuak Range, metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona

Abstract Debris flows debauch from tiny but steep mountain catchments throughout metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Urban growth in the past half-decade has led to home construction directly underneath hundreds of debris-flow channels, but debris flows are not recognized as a potential hazard at present. One of the first steps in a hazard assessment is to determine occurrence rates. The north flank of the Ma Ha Tuak Range, just 10 km from downtown Phoenix, was selected to determine the feasibility of using the varnish microlaminations (VML) method to date every debris-flow levee from 127 catchment areas. Only 152 of the 780 debris-flow levees yielded VML ages in a first round of sampling; this high failure rate is due to erosion of VML by microcolonial fungi. The temporal pattern of preserved debris-flow levees indicates anomalously high production of debris flows at about 8.1 ka and about 2.8 ka, corresponding to Northern Hemisphere climatic anomalies. Because many prior debris flows are obliterated by newer events, the minimum overall occurrence rates of 1.3 debris flows per century for the last 60 ka, 2.2 flows/century for the latest Pleistocene, and 5 flows/century for the last 8.1 ka has little meaning in assessment of a contemporary hazard. This is because newer debris flows have obliterated an unknown number of past deposits. More meaningful to a hazards analysis is the estimate that 56 flows have occurred in the last 100 years on the north side of the range, an estimate that is consistent with direct observations of three small debris flows resulting events from a January 18–22, 2010 storm producing 70 mm of precipitation in the Ma Ha Tuak Range, and a 500 m long debris flow in a northern metropolitan Phoenix location that received over 150 mm of precipitation in this same storm. These findings support the need for a more extensive hazard assessment of debris flows in metropolitan Phoenix.
Prediction of interfacial crack path: a direct boundary integral approach and experimental study

This paper presents the development of a higher-order direct boundary integral-displacement discon- tinuity method for crack propagation in layered elastic materials. The method is based on the dual boundary integral equations of linear elasticity which are solved by means of a quadratic boundary element formulation. The analytical solution for a point force within a bonded half-plane region is used to derive the kernel functions of the boundary integral equations. Square-root displacement-discontinuity elements are used to model the crack tips, and stress intensity factors may be computed using the numerically predicted values of the displacement discontinuity components at the midpoints of these crack-tip elements. An algorithm based on the maximum tensile-stress criterion is then developed and incorporated into the boundary element model to predict the paths of cracks propagating in layered elastic materials. In the experimental part of this study, crack profiles for straight-through-cracked, compact-tension specimens of the anodically bonded silicon/Pyrex glass system are measured by profilometry. The plane strain prediction of the crack-propagation path is compared with the experimentally measured crack profiles. Consistent with the prediction, the interfacial crack is observed to kink away from the strong, anodicaUy-bonded interface and propagate into the more compliant glass layer. The predicted initial kink angle of 26 ° agrees very well with the average measured value of 280 . The measured path of the crack is also in very good agreement with the predicted path over about the first 120 microns of crack growth with increasing deviation observed beyond that.
THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF THE HPG-THYMIC AXIS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM REGULATION

It is well established that gonadal steroids play an important role in the regulation of immune response. These substances exert their effect through estradiol and possibly dihydrotestosterone receptors located in the thymic reticuloepithelial cell matrix. In vivo treatment of male rats with estradiol has been shown to depress the cell mediated immune response as mediated through thymic serum factors. Castration stimulates the cell mediated immune response while thymectomy inhibits this effect. It also appears that growth hormone at physiological concentrations can directly inhibit thymocyte blast transformation in vitro while leutinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and prolactin do not directly affect thymocyte function. A tentative scheme for immune system regulation by the HPG-thymic axis is presented.
The maternal pheromone and brain development in the preweanling rat

Preweanling rats selectively approach and consume pheromone-containing maternal feces. This selectivity suggests that the consumption of maternal feces might be important for the growing pup. Previous research suggested that such feces might promote brain development. A series of experiments was carried out in which pups were denied access to maternal feces. These pups were clearly inferior to control pups in brain growth and neurobehavioral maturation, as well as in the quantity of brain myelin.
Pion charge-exchange scattering on nuclei and isobaric analog resonances

Abstract A discussion of the theory of the (π + , π o p) reaction and its usefulness for the study of isobaric analog resonances in certain nuclei is presented.
The ATLAS facility at argonne national laboratory

Abstract The Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) is a super-conducting low-energy heavy-ion accelerator [1]. Its primary purpose is to provide beams for research in nuclear structure physics. It therefore seems quite fitting that ATLAS is located in Building 203 at Argonne National Laboratory, the same building where Marie Goeppert-Mayer worked on her Nobel-prize-winning contributions to the nuclear shell model.
Effect of alterations in membrane lipid unsaturation on the properties of the insulin receptor of Ehrlich ascites cells

We have altered the phospholipid composition of the plasma membranes of Ehrlich ascites cells, grown in mice and studied the effects on the properties of the insulin receptor of this cell. The insulin receptor of the Ehrlich cell demonstrated all of the binding characteristics of mammalian insulin receptors: specificity for insulin and insulin analogs, saturability, inverse relationship of steady-state binding levels to temperature, and negative cooperativity. Cellular phospholipids enriched in monounsaturated fatty acyl groups were produced by growth in animals that were maintained on a diet rich in coconut oil; cellular phospholipids enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acyl groups were produced in animals fed sunflower oil. Insulin receptors were present in the normal cells at 180,000 sites/cell but this fell to 125000 (P less than 0.001) in cells enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids and rose to 386,000 (P less than 0.001) in cells enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The normal cells had affinity constants (Ke and Kf) of 0.03 and 0.01 nM-1. The cells enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids had an increase in these affinity constants to 0.06 and 0.03 nM-1 whereas values of 0.01 and 0.005 mM-1 were obtained in the cells enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (all comparison P less than 0.001). Thus, increased unsaturation of plasma membrane phospholipids, produced by dietary manipulations, was associated with an increase in insulin receptor number but a decrease in binding affinity. In contrast, increased saturation of the phospholipids of the plasma membrane was associated with a decrease in receptor number and an increase in affinity. The results can be explained by a model in which the insulin receptor is assumed to be multimeric.
Selectivity Evaluation for Two Experimental Gill-Net Configurations Used to Sample Lake Erie Walleyes

Abstract We used length frequencies of captured walleyes Sander vitreus to indirectly estimate and compare selectivity between two experimental gill-net configurations used to sample fish in Lake Erie: (1) a multifilament configuration currently used by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) with stretched-measure mesh sizes ranging from 51 to 127 mm and a constant filament diameter (0.37 mm); and (2) a monofilament configuration with mesh sizes ranging from 38 to 178 mm and varying filament diameter (range = 0.20–0.33 mm). Paired sampling with the two configurations revealed that the catch of walleyes smaller than 250 mm and larger than 600 mm was greater in the monofilament configuration than in the multifilament configuration, but the catch of 250–600-mm fish was greater in the multifilament configuration. Binormal selectivity functions yielded the best fit to observed walleye catches for both gill-net configurations based on model deviances. Incorporation of deviation terms in the binormal se...
Vertical vibrations of circular flexible foundations on layered media

The paper presents the analysis of vertical oscillations of a flexible circular plate on the surface of an elastic half-space and an elastic layered system by the 'ring method'. The matrix of influence coefficients for the layered system is evaluated based on the stiffness matrix approach, and numerical integration is used to perform the inverse Hankel transforms. The plate discretization is achieved by the finite difference energy method. Vertical oscillations have been analyzed to determine the displacement and soil reaction distributions at the soil-plate interface, and the impedance functions. The results indicate that the response of a flexible plate strongly depends on the material and geometrical properties of both a soil system and a plate, and the load distribution on the plate. In most cases the behavior of a flexible plate differs significantly from the behavior of a rigid one.
The cyclical nature of markups in Canadian manufacturing: A production theory approach

In this paper the effects of cost and demand characteristics on the magnitude and cyclical behaviour of markups in Canadian manufacturing are measured within a production theory framework. Price to marginal cost ratios for various manufacturing industries are computed, and the impact art their secular and cyclical trends from changes in capacity utilization, scale economies, variable input prices, import competition, unemployment and other exogenous market and technological determinants are explored using adjusted markup indexes and elasticities. The measured price margins seem weakly procyclical. Further, evaluation of the determinants of these cycles suggests that the procyclical nature of markups is primarily related to exogenous factors affecting costs such as energy price ‘shocks’, and that cost characteristics underlying scale economies provide a countercyclical influence that counteracts the profitability arising from markups.
Soybean Hulls as an Iron Source for Bread Enrichment

Soybean hulls, a concentrated source of iron, may have potential as a source of iron fortification in baked products. Retention of 59Fe in rats from white bread containing intrinsically labeled soybean hulls did not differ significantly (p<0.05) from extrinsically labeled white bread fortified with bakery grade ferrous sulfate (70.4 and 63.1%, respectively). Physical and sensory evaluations of bread containing up to 5% soybean hulls did not differ from white bread in loaf volume, cross-sectional area, tenderness or overall acceptance. These results suggest that soybean hulls are a good source of available iron and may be added to bakery products without deleterious effects in baking performance and sensory acceptability.
Chern-Simons theory coupled to bifundamental scalars

We study the three-dimensional theory of two Chern-Simons gauge fields coupled to a scalar field in the bifundamental representation of the SU(N ) k × SU(M )−k gauge group. At small but fixed M ≪ N , this system approaches the theory of a Chern-Simons field coupled to fundamental matter, conjectured to be dual to a parity-violating version of Vasiliev’s higher-spin gauge theory in AdS4. At finite M/N and large ’t Hooft coupling this theory (or its SUSY version) is expected to be dual to an Einstein-like gravity. We show at two loops that this theory possesses a line of fixed points at any value of M/N . We also prove that turning on a finite but small M/N gaps out the light states that Chern-Simons theory coupled to fundamental matter develops when placed on a torus. We also comment on the higher genus case.
A BOUND ON THE NUMBER OF RATIONAL POINTS OF CERTAIN ARTIN-SCHREIER FAMILIES

ABSTRACT Let for some and consider the extension with . We consider families of curves of the form . We call such families Artin-Schreier families, even though not every curve in need be an Artin-Schreier curve. It is easy to see that the members of such a family can have at most affine -rational points. Using a well-known coding theory technique, we determine the condition under which can attain this bound and we obtain some simple, but interesting, corollaries of this result. One of these consequences shows the existence of maximal curves of Artin-Schreier type. Our main result is important for minimum distance analysis of certain two-dimensional cyclic codes.
ACCELERATED PORK PROCESSING: FRANKFURTER EMULSION PROPERTIES

Considerable research has been conducted in recent years on the accelerated method of pork processing, the processing of pork without carcass chilling. A limited amount of information exists regarding the emulsion properties of tissues handled in this manner. Alternate sides from 48 pork carcasses were processed in either an accelerated or conventional manner. Lean and fat tissue from the sides was incorporated in a standard frankfurter emulsion. Proximate analyses of the frankfurters prepared from the two forms of processed pork revealed no significant differences. Similarly, no differences were found for normal or severe cookout of finished frankfurters. Differences in emulsion stability values were not significant for total ml of loss per 100g emulsion (6.35 and 5.69, respectively, for accelerated and conventional). Accelerated processed frankfurters possessed greater (P < 0.01) gel/water loss (4.89 ml/g). than conventionally processed pork frankfurters (4.61 ml/g). The accelerated processed pork resulted in less fat loss (P < 0.05) than did the conventionally processed franks; and the accelerated pork emulsion percent solids (0.84 ml/g) was higher (P < 0.01) than the conventionally processed pork frankfurters (0.38 ml/g). No significant difference was obtained for emulsification capacity of the lean pork tissue that had undergone accelerated or conventional processing prior to use in frankfurter production.
Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Copolymers for NLO Response

Interest is currently high in the utility of organic compounds and, in particular, polymeric organics as nonlinear optical (nlo) materials. Several recent publications1-3 have described the advantages and uniqueness of these carbon based species. Polymeric organic materials offer additional key features such as fabricability, ease of processing and the ability to form thin films of high optical quality. Very recently reports have appeared on side chain liquid crystalline polymers as candidate nlo materials.4-7 Rationale for use of side chain mesogenic polymers as nlo materials includes their ease of dipolar orientation in an external electric field; formation of a poled, transparent, glassy solid state having liquid crystalline orientation of the pendant groups; and the possibility of designing and incorporating it-electron conjugation in the pendant moiety.
The Group Dynamics of Women’s Self-Defense Training:

The current study examines the role of group interaction in a women’s self-defense class. Study methods included individual interviews with women who had completed a college-based women-only self-defense course as well as supplemental observation of group behavior during a mock “attack” simulation class. The unique relationship that develops among women’s self-defense classmates seems to improve overall learning and performance due to the group collaboration and vicarious experiences. Results demonstrated that women’s self-defense courses offer participants a beneficial and supportive group atmosphere.
An ultrasonic approach to localization of fiducial markers for interactive, image-guided neurosurgery. II. Implementation and automation

For pt. I see ibid., vol. 45, no. 5, p. 620-30 (1998). Registration of image space and physical space lies at the heart of any interactive, image guided neurosurgery system. This paper, in conjunction with the previous companion paper (pt. I), describes a localization technique that enables bone-implanted fiducial markers to be used for the registration of these spaces. The nature of these subcutaneous markers allows for their long-term use for registration which is desirable for surgical follow-up, monitoring of therapy efficacy, and performing fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery. The major challenge to using implanted markers is determining the location of the markers in physical space after implantation. The A-mode ultrasonic technique described here is capable of determining the three-dimensional (3-D) location of small implanted cylindrical markers. Accuracy tests were conducted on a phantom representing a human head. The accuracy of the system was characterized by comparing the location of a marker analogue as determined with an optically tracked pointer and the location as determined with the ultrasonic localization. Analyzing the phantom in several orientations revealed a mean system accuracy of 0.5 mm with a /spl plusmn/0.1-mm 95% confidence interval. These tests indicate that transcutaneous localization of implanted fiducial markers is possible with a high degree of accuracy.
A Three Tiered Approach for Articulated Object Action Modeling and Recognition

Visual action recognition is an important problem in computer vision. In this paper, we propose a new method to probabilistically model and recognize actions of articulated objects, such as hand or body gestures, in image sequences. Our method consists of three levels of representation. At the low level, we first extract a feature vector invariant to scale and in-plane rotation by using the Fourier transform of a circular spatial histogram. Then, spectral partitioning [20] is utilized to obtain an initial clustering; this clustering is then refined using a temporal smoothness constraint. Gaussian mixture model (GMM) based clustering and density estimation in the subspace of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are then applied to thousands of image feature vectors to obtain an intermediate level representation. Finally, at the high level we build a temporal multi-resolution histogram model for each action by aggregating the clustering weights of sampled images belonging to that action. We discuss how this high level representation can be extended to achieve temporal scaling in-variance and to include Bi-gram or Multi-gram transition information. Both image clustering and action recognition/segmentation results are given to show the validity of our three tiered representation.
The scholar statesman: Henry Kissinger

Statesmen become statesmen as much by the power of their office and the force of their personality and vision as by the circumstances and conditions of their time. Rarely does history allow men to ...
Some characteristics and consequences of snowmelt during rainfall in western Oregon

Abstract Hydrometeorological data for two watersheds in western Oregon indicate snowmelt during rainfall has been a dominant hydrologic process which is responsible for erosion within headwater areas and for downstream flooding. The majority of the larger peak flows in both watersheds result from snowmelt during rainfall. In a stream draining a 60-ha watershed in the zone of transient shallow snowpacks, a major peak flow of 10 l/s per ha is five times more likely to result from rain-on-snow than from rain alone. In a 62.4-km 2 watershed, largely within the transient snowpack zone, 85% of all landslides which could be accurately dated were associated with snowmelt during rainfall. By increasing melt caused by condensation and convective heat transfer, clearcut logging, especially on southwestern-facing slopes, may be increasing water input to soil up to 25% during infrequent combinations of shallow snowpacks, heavy rains, relatively warm air and wind. Under more frequent combinations, increases in water input still could be 10%. Limitations in present knowledge are discussed.
A School for Everyone?: The Swedish School System's Struggles to Reconcile Societal Goals with School and Classroom Practices.

(2007). A School for Everyone?: The Swedish School System's Struggles to Reconcile Societal Goals with School and Classroom Practices. Childhood Education: Vol. 83, International Focus Issue 2007, pp. 374-379.
Regulation of the overlapping pic/set locus in Shigella flexneri and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.

Shigella flexneri and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) are enteric pathogens implicated as agents of diarrheal disease throughout the world. Whereas multiple virulence factors and mechanisms have been elucidated for these organisms, most of the work has focused on plasmid-borne virulence genes. However, several recent studies suggest that genes on the chromosomes of these pathogens are likely to play important roles in pathogenesis (1, 4, 9, 12, 13, 22, 34). We and others have shown that most S. flexneri 2a and EAEC strains share a chromosomal locus, designated pic/set, which encodes at least two putative virulence factors (1, 4, 9). In S. flexneri, pic/set is encoded on a pathogenicity island called SHI-1 (1); the sequence of the island encoding pic/set in EAEC has not been reported. pic/set encodes a high-molecular-weight mucinase (Pic), which is a serine protease secreted by the autotransporter mechanism (12). Pic degrades intestinal mucin and may play a role in mucosal colonization by both EAEC and S. flexneri 2a strains. Encoded on the opposite strand but completely within the pic gene is an oligomeric enterotoxin called Shigella enterotoxin 1 (ShET1), which is thought to comprise a single 20-kDa catalytic A subunit (encoded by the setA gene) and five 7-kDa B subunits (encoded by the setB gene) (9). The ShET1 mode of action has not been defined, but it does not appear to act via the traditional mediators of toxin-induced intestinal secretion, such as cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP (10). S. flexneri and EAEC have different pathogenetic strategies. S. flexneri is a large-bowel pathogen which causes invasive and inflammatory colitis (for a review, see reference 11). Many shigellosis patients experience a watery prodromal phase, which may be a manifestation of early small-bowel involvement and to which ShET1 may contribute. In contrast, EAEC are thought to be distal small-bowel and/or colonic pathogens which typically cause watery diarrhea without evidence of invasion or frank inflammation (26). Nevertheless, recent data suggest that EAEC may induce mild inflammatory enteritis (31). We approached the characterization of the pic/set locus with the aim of understanding when in the pathogenic sequence these loci are expressed and how this expression is controlled. Clarification of these events will provide further understanding of EAEC and S. flexneri pathogenesis and may also shed light on signals recognized by enteric pathogens in general. Our data suggest that both loci are expressed in the intestinal lumen; moreover, our results suggest a novel mechanism of ShET1 regulation and the existence of pathogen-specific regulators of pic and setBA. We also report for the first time the use of a continuous anaerobic culture to study expression of virulence genes.
If high folic acid aggravates vitamin B12 deficiency what should be done about it

The most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in older people is malabsorption of food-bound vitamin B12. Thus, it is suggested that the recommended daily allowance of 2.4 μg/d be met primarily with crystalline vitamin B12, which is believed to be well absorbed in individuals who have food-bound malabsorption. There is concern that high intakes of folic acid from fortified food and dietary supplements might mask the macrocytic anemia of vitamin B12 deficiency, thereby eliminating an important diagnostic sign. One recent study indicates that high serum folate levels during vitamin B12 deficiency exacerbate (rather than mask) anemia and worsen cognitive symptoms. Another study suggests that once vitamin B12 deficiency is established in subjects with food-bound malabsorption, 40 μg/d to 80 μg/d of oral crystalline vitamin B12 for 30 d does not reverse the biochemical signs of deficiency. Together, these studies provide further evidence that public health strategies are needed to improve vitamin B12 status in order to decrease the risk of deficiency and any potentially adverse interactions with folic acid.
A comparison of executable model based approaches for embedded systems

Designing and building embedded systems is a challenging problem. Designers must ensure that the software architecture meets its functional requirements and also, since embedded systems often have real-time constraints, meets its performance requirements. It is usually difficult to determine whether or not the embedded system designs will meet functional and performance requirements. To help increase confidence in embedded software architectures, designers often turn to executable model based approaches to assess their systems. There are many different approaches for designing and analyzing real-time embedded systems. This paper is intended to help designers in their choice by comparing two different executable model based approaches for designing and validating real-time embedded systems, namely state machines and colored Petri nets. Both approaches are compared using seven different comparison criteria and examples are given from a cruise control system case study.
The Al-Co (Aluminum-Cobalt) system

tetragonal distortion of the fcc lattice in the ferromagnetic state); (3) the cph (•Co) solid solution, stable below -422 °C; (4) monoclinic Al9Co2, with nil homogeneity range, which is formed peritectically from the melt and All3Co 4 at -970 °C; (5) C-centered monoclinic A113Co4, with nil homogeneity range, which is formed peritectically from the melt and Al3Co at - 1093 °C; (6) Al3Co, of undetermined structure and nil homogeneity range, which is formed peritectically from the melt and AlsCo 2 at -1135 °C; (7) hexagonal AlsCo2, with a homogeneity range of -1 at.%, which is formed peritectically from the melt and AICo at - 1180 °C; and (8) AICo, with CsCI structure, which is formed congruently from the melt at -50 at.% Co and near 1640 °C, with homogeneity extending from -46 to -78 at.% Co.
The Immune Tolerance Network The “Holy Grail” Comes to the Clinic

The concept of reprogramming immune cells in a way that would eliminate pathogenic responses while preserving normal immune function has excited immunologists for decades. Often promised but never fully realized, these highly specific tolerogenic therapies would replace current immunosuppressive
Child Behavior Problems and Family Functioning as Predictors of Adherence and Glycemic Control in Economically Disadvantaged Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Prospective Study

Objective This prospective study examined how child behavior problems and family functioning predict adherence behavior and glucose regulation (glycemic control) in a sample of economically disadvantaged children. Methods Children with type 1 diabetes (N = 116; 58.6% African American) were assessed for externalizing and internalizing behavior problems and family adaptability and cohesion and followed for a mean of 3.8 years. Glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c]) was assessed at baseline and follow-up, and adherence was assessed at follow-up. Results Analyses controlled for baseline HbA1c and years to follow-up. Multivariate analyses indicated that better adherence was predicted by high family cohesion. Better glycemic control was predicted by high family cohesion, the absence of externalizing behavior problems, and the presence of internalizing behavior problems. In addition, tests of moderation indicated that better follow-up glycemic control occurred among girls from high cohesion families and younger children from low adaptability families. Although better adherence predicted better glycemic control, adherence did not mediate the relationships of behavior problems or family functioning with glycemic control. Conclusions A child's behavior problems and family functioning may influence both adherence to the diabetes regimen and glycemic control several years later, suggesting the potential value of interventions that address child behavior and family functioning.
Interdisciplinary Discourse and “Boundary Rhetoric” The Case of S. E. Jelliffe

Interdisciplinary research is often described as the recasting of disciplinary boundaries, suggesting that interdisciplinary writing might require a “boundary rhetoric”—one that negotiates the borders between the various disciplinary rhetorics involved. An example of such a boundary rhetoric can be found in the work of S. E. Jelliffe, a prominent physician-writer who proposed an innovative and controversial theory of psychosomatic medicine that offers to unite neurology and Freudian psychoanalysis. Jelliffe's work—in both its successes and failures—suggests some of the textual and conventional ways in which a boundary rhetoric can operate. At its most successful, Jelliffe's boundary rhetoric blurs the generic conventions and expectations of his constituent fields and “translates” the values and principles of one discipline into the language and discourse forms of the other. Given the increasing interdisciplinary character of much modern scholarship, Jelliffe's case is important in helping to illuminate po...
Botulinum toxin treatment of supranuclear ocular motility disorders

We treated one patient with bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia nd another with skew deviation with extraocular muscle botulinum toxin injection. Both patients had pre-injection symptomatic diplopia in primary position, one for 1 month and the other for 12 months. Resolution of diplopia and permanent binocular fusion in primary position was obtained within 3 to 4 days in both cases.
A differential biclustering algorithm for comparative analysis of gene expression

Convergences and divergences among related organisms (S.cerevisiae and C.albicans for example) or same organisms (healthy and disease tissues for example) can often be traced to the differential expression of specific group of genes. Yet, algorithms to characterize such differences and similarities using gene expression data are not well developed. Given two related organisms A and B, we introduce and develop a differential biclustering algorithm, that aims at finding convergent biclusters, divergent biclusters, partially conserved biclusters, and split conserved biclusters. A convergent bicluster is a group of genes with similar functions that are conserved in A and B. A divergent bicluster is a group of genes with similar function in A (or B) but which play different role in B (or A). Partially conserved biclusters and split conserved biclusters capture more complicated relationships between the behavior and functions of the genes in A and B. Uncovering such patterns can elucidate new insides about how related organisms have evolved or the role played by some group of genes during the development of some diseases. Our differential biclustering algorithm consists of two steps. The first step consists of using a parallel biclustering algorithm to uncover all valid biclusters with coherent evolutions in each set of data. The second step consists of performing a differential analysis on the set of biclusters identified in step one, yielding sets of convergent, divergent, partially conserved and split conserved biclusters.
Equilibrium between Host and Cancer Caused by Effector T Cells Killing Tumor Stroma

The growth of solid tumors depends on tumor stroma. A single adoptive transfer of CD8(+) CTLs that recognize tumor antigen-loaded stromal cells, but not the cancer cells because of MHC restriction, caused long-term inhibition of tumor growth. T cells persisted and continuously destroyed CD11b(+) myeloid-derived, F4/80(+) or Gr1(+) stromal cells during homeostasis between host and cancer. Using high-affinity T-cell receptor tetramers, we found that both subpopulations of stromal cells captured tumor antigen from surrounding cancer cells. Epitopes on the captured antigen made these cells targets for antigen-specific T cells. These myeloid stromal cells are immunosuppressive, proangiogenic, and phagocytic. Elimination of these myeloid cells allowed T cells to remain active, prevented neovascularization, and prevented tumor resorption so that tumor size remained stationary. These findings show the effectiveness of adoptive CTL therapy directed against tumor stroma and open a new avenue for cancer treatments.
Characterization of the fraction obtained from the cns of jimpy mice by a procedure for myelin isolation.

— A subcellular fraction (called the 0·85-fraction) was isolated from the brains of Jimpy mice by a procedure for obtaining myelin of high purity from immature normal brains. The yield of this fraction obtained from 17-day-old Jimpy mice was only 5 per cent of that from age matched controls. In the electron microscope, the O·85-fractions obtained from 9- and 17-day-old control mice showed many multilayered whorls of myelin, whereas the corresponding fraction from the Jimpy mice was free of multilayered structures which could be recognized as myelin. Basic proteins, proteolipid protein and galactocerebrosides could not be detected in the 0·85-fraction from Jimpy mice although they were major components of the 0·85-fractions from both 9- and 17-day-old control mice. The specific activity of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′- phosphohydrolase in the Jimpy 0·85-fraction was only 15 per cent of the value for controls. These results can be explained either by the 0·85-fraction from Jimpy brain being a very abnormal ‘myelin’ or by its being primarily non-myelin contaminants. Little or none of the major glycoprotein found in normal myelin fractions was found in the 0·85-fraction from Jimpy brains. This finding is strong evidence indicating that the glycoprotein is closely associated with normal myelin in situ.
Syntactic Identifier Conciseness and Consistency

Readers of programs have two main sources of domain information: identifier names and comments. It is therefore important for the identifier names (as well as comments) to communicate clearly the concepts that they are meant to represent. Dei?enb?ock and Pizka recently introduced rules for concise and consistent variable naming. One requirement of their approach is an expert provided mapping from identifiers to concepts. An approach for the concise and consistent naming of variables that does not require any additional information (e.g., a mapping) is presented. Using a pool of 48 million lines of code, experiments with the resulting syntactic rules for concise and consistent naming illustrate that violations of the syntactic pattern exist. Two case studies show that three quarters of the violations uncovered are "real". That is they would be identified using a concept mapping. Techniques for reducing the number of false positives are also presented. Finally, two related studies show that evolution does not introduce rule violations and that programmers tend to use a rather limited vocabulary.
Population dynamics of the Cui-ui of Pyramid Lake, Nevada: A Potamodromous catostomid subject to failed reproduction

AbstractFishes of the Truckee River basin (California and Nevada) evolved in an aquatic system that has been episodically diminished by extended drought. For potamodromous species, such as the endangered Cui-ui endemic to Pyramid Lake, Nevada, prehistoric episodic severe drought presumably led to periods of failed reproduction due to restricted access to spawning habitat. The response of the Cui-ui population to more recent failed reproduction caused by anthropogenic activity was studied to learn how to manage this species through periods of spawning disruption. Adult Cui-ui survival averaged 91% and 89% for females and males, respectively, in drought years when spawning migrations were either precluded or few fish migrated because of no or low stream flow. In each of 2 years when stream access was precluded, the adult survival was nearly 100% suggesting that Cui-ui survival is extended in the absence of a spawning migration. Survival averaged 62% and 60% for females and males, respectively, in years of s...
Exploiting temporal independence in distributed preemptive circuit simulation

In digital circuit simulation hidden opportunities for concurrent execution of models often exist, arising from the propagation delay associated with the generation of output events by the circuit models. An event prediction algorithm is developed to identify such parallelism, increasing the simulation execution rate. The algorithm uses an event prediction network and simulates circuits asynchronously and deadlock free, while honoring the preemptive semantics associated with digital circuit simulation.
The Rpd3-Sin3 Histone Deacetylase Regulates Replication Timing and Enables Intra-S Origin Control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The replication of eukaryotic genomes follows a temporally staged program, in which late origin firing often occurs within domains of altered chromatin structure(s) and silenced genes. Histone deacetylation functions in gene silencing in some late-replicating regions, prompting an investigation of the role of histone deacetylation in replication timing control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion of the histone deacetylase Rpd3 or its interacting partner Sin3 caused early activation of late origins at internal chromosomal loci but did not alter the initiation timing of early origins or a late-firing, telomere-proximal origin. By delaying initiation relative to the earliest origins, Rpd3 enables regulation of late origins by the intra-S replication checkpoint. RPD3 deletion suppresses the slow S phase of clb5Delta cells by enabling late origins to fire earlier, suggesting that Rpd3 modulates the initiation timing of many origins throughout the genome. Examination of factors such as Ume6 that function together with Rpd3 in transcriptional repression indicates that Rpd3 regulates origin initiation timing independently of its role in transcriptional repression. This supports growing evidence that for much of the S. cerevisiae genome transcription and replication timing are not linked.
Polymer‐Polymer interactions via analog calorimetry. 1—blends of polystyrene with poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)

Analog calorimetry is used as a tool to study the interaction of polystyrene, PS, with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), PPO, and with poly(1,4-phenylene oxide). Electrostatic charge calculations were used as a guide to divide polymer repeat units and analogs into groups. A mean-field binary interaction model was used to cvaluate group interaction energies. The enthalpic interaction energy for the blend of PS-PPO obtained from this study is −1.35 ± 0.19 cal/cm3, which is in good agreement with values obtained from neutron scattering. The results indicate that electronic rearrangements between the phenyl ring and substituted methyl groups in PPO have a large influence on the interaction with polystyrene. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dis-Incorporation of the American Business Model

ABSTRACT: The U.S. federal government raises most of its revenue from three sources: individual income tax, payroll tax, and corporate income tax. The corporate tax share of total federal revenue has declined dramatically over the last three decades, while tax from individual income has been consistent during the same period. There may be a number of reasons for the decrease in the contribution corporate income taxes make to federal revenues. One of those reasons may be that there has been a dramatic change in how businesses are being organized and operated in the United States. For many years, business entities could choose to operate as either a corporation or a partnership. However, currently, businesses can choose from a variety of entities in which to operate. This article will examine the changes in capital business formations and their impact on the federal revenue collected. In addition, the article will explore the tax policy implications of these new strategies.
Cross-Calibration of Daily Growth Increments, Stable Isotope Variation, and Temperature in the Gulf of California Bivalve Mollusk Chione cortezi: Implications for Paleoenvironmental Analysis

Abstract Annual-oxygen isotope profiles from two live-collected specimens of Chione cortezi Carpenter were analyzed in conjunction with daily growth-increment width profiles and high-resolution temperature records from the same site in the northern Gulf of California. The daily growth-increment profiles serve to date the deposition of the δ18O samples. Then the δ18O values were compared with high-resolution temperature records from the same site. Shell deposition began in late March or early April and ended in late November or early December. δ18O-derived estimates of the maximum and minimum temperature thresholds of growth agree well with those obtained from the dated increment width profile. Shell deposition in these two specimens of C. cortezi from the northern Gulf began when temperature warmed above ∼17°C and slowed or halted when temperature rose above ∼31°C. The temporal resolution of stable isotope samples varies throughout the year. Samples with the coarsest resolution (>3 weeks) were taken from ...
Investigation and analysis on content of formaldehyde in water-soaked foodstuffs in market

Objective:To test residual formaldehyde in water-soaked foodstuffs on sale so as to find situation of use of formaldehyde.Methods:Thes test was performed according to standards(SC/T 3025-2006) issued by Ministry of Agriculture of PRC.Results:Among 45 samples,19 were detected to have formaldehyde.The positive rate was 42.2% and content of Formaldehyde was up to 142.47 mg/kg.Conclusion:Formaldehyde had been widely used in water-soaked foodstuffs on sale.It should be conducted to strengthen market supervision and management of food in order to protect the health of consumers.
Supervaluational propositional content

It’s not clear what supervaluationists should say about propositional content. Does a vague sentence, e.g., ‘Harry is bald’, express one proposition, or a barrage of propositions, or none at all? Or is the matter indeterminate? The supervaluationist canon is not decisive on the issue; authoritative passages can be cited in favor of each of the proposals just mentioned. Furthermore, some detractors have argued that supervaluationism is incapable of providing any coherent account of propositional content. This paper considers each of the proposals for how many propositions are expressed by a vague sentence: none, some, all, or it’s indeterminate. Most of these proposals turn out to be unworkable in the metalanguage. I conclude that orthodox supervaluationists—those who identify truth with supertruth—must either relax the standard requirement that propositions be bivalent, or else alter the standard relation between sentences and propositions in which a sentence inherits its truth-conditions from the proposition it expresses. The best option going forward for the orthodox supervaluationist is perhaps the most surprising—amend the requirement that propositions be bivalent. I argue that propositions having supervaluational truth-conditions are best suited to fill the propositional roles in the semantic theory of a vague language. These propositions admit of truth-value gaps, and gappy propositions are controversial, but I argue that they earn their keep.
Field Evaluation of the Natural Female Pheromone of Dacus oleae Gmelin

Traps baited with 30–50 female equivalents of natural female pheromones were tested for efficiency in capturing lab-cultured male olive fruit flies during the 1979 olive growing season. Densities of 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.266 traps/tree were tested; the average percent of fly recovery was 57.2, 40.1, 36.7 and 20.7, respectively. A single trap in an olive tree attracts males of that tree and neighboring trees, provided that no other pheromone traps are present. Flies of a tree with a trap do not respond to traps of neighboring trees. Male response to pheromone traps decreases with increasing distance. A trap density of 0.5 trap/tree throughout the experimental field and one trap/tree in the periphery is proposed for mass trapping tests with this pest.
Security of Future eEnabled Aircraft Ad hoc Networks

This paper focuses on security concerns with a future ad hoc network of data linked eEnabled airplanes, and proposes a framework to protect communications. The framework identifies emerging threats and vulnerabilities, specifies security requirements and mitigation solutions. Major security challenges anticipated in the ground infrastructure and eEnabled airplanes are presented along with some open problems.
On the Theoretical Basis of a Measure of National Risk Attitudes

This paper examines one method to measure the willingness of nations to take risks in international conflicts. Because war is inherently risky, the willingness to take risks is one of the most important predictors of escalation. This paper examines alliance behavior to find a measure for national risk attitudes. The willingness to take risks is identified with the trade-off between autonomy and security expressed in a nation's alliances. Two rational-choice models, one for alliance behavior and one for war decisions, are linked to create this identification. Formally, the odds of the break-even probability of success that a nation will accept for a given war equal its marginal rate of substitution between autonomy and security. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of one existing measure of national risk attitudes are analyzed in light of the argument.
Spring-neap tidal contrasts and nutrient dynamics in a marsh-dominated estuary

This contribution presents a new perspective on water chemistry and its relation to tidal hydrology in marsh-dominated estuaries. Results are derived from both field and modeling experiments. A heuristic model based on a tidally-averaged advection-dispersion equation is used in conjunction with source-sink terms (for benthic, marsh surface, and open-water exchanges) to make predictions of nutrient concentrations in the water column. Spring-neap tidal contrasts are associated with significant changes in water-column chemistry for a variety of nutrients sampled during the growing season in the Parker River estuary (Massachusetts). For ammonium, phosphate, nitrate plus nitrite, total dissolved N, and total dissolved P, concentrations are significantly lower during spring tides (marshes flooded) than during neap tides (marshes unflooded). Model results indicate that physical changes and open-water processing are insufficient to produce the observed effect, and that explicit biogeochemical processing on marsh surfaces is required. Field observations of changes in nutrient to nutrient ratios with the onset of marsh inundation also support this conclusion. As tides progress from the neap to spring condition, a “spectrum” of trajectories emerges in salinity-nutrient plots developed from both observational datasets and model output. Care must therefore be exercised in designing sampling programs for water chemistry in marsh-dominated ecosystems and in interpreting the resulting mixing diagrams.